bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efeito de dentifrícios clareadores na rugosidade superficial de resina composta nanoparticulada
Authors: Matta Mônica Cardoso da , Araújo Roberto Paulo Correia , Canedo Paula Mathias de Morais 
Published: September 2017

<p><strong>Introdução</strong>: atualmente, existem no mercado diversos dentifrícios com composições e funções distintas para atender à crescente demanda estética por métodos clareadores. Determinadas empresas desenvolveram produtos de uso simplificado e acessíveis aos pacientes, como os dentifrícios clareadores. Alguns estudos relacionam o uso desses dentifrícios ao desgaste acentuado do esmalte dental e das restaurações com resinas compostas. Contudo, novos materiais são regularmente lançados no mercado, e a interação entre eles, assim como os seus efeitos, devem ser investigados. <strong>Objetivo</strong>: avaliar, <em>in vitro</em>, o efeito da escovação com dentifrícios clareadores sobre a rugosidade superficial de uma resina composta nanoparticulada. <strong>Material e Métodos</strong>: foram confeccionados 40 corpos-de-prova em resina composta (Filtek Z350XT, 3M ESPE), medindo 0,8mm de diâmetro e 0,2mm de espessura. Em seguida,<strong> </strong>os corpos-de-prova<strong> </strong>foram fixados na máquina de escovação e submetidos ao efeito individual de quatro dentifrícios clareadores, simulando um período de seis meses de aplicação. A rugosidade superficial (Ra) foi avaliada em dois momentos, antes e após a escovação, sendo que cada corpo de prova funcionou como o seu próprio controle. <strong>Resultados</strong>: as médias dos valores obtidos foram tabuladas e submetidas ao teste estatístico ANOVA One Way, não apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. <strong>Conclusão</strong>: nas condições em que foram realizados os ensaios, os dentifrícios clareadores avaliados <em>in vitro</em> revelaram graus de abrasividade semelhantes sobre a resina composta nanopartícula testada.</p>
Reflexões sobre a prática clínica supervisionada em cursos de especialização em terapia cognitiva-comportamental no Brasil
Authors: Velasquez Michella Lopes , Thomé Célia Regina , Oliveira Irismar Reis de 
Published: September 2017

<p><strong>Introdução</strong>: a qualidade do tratamento oferecido em psicoterapia tornou-se um grande desafio para cursos de graduação e pós-graduação em Psicologia. Dados promissores sugerem que a supervisão clínica tem um efeito positivo no desenvolvimento e manutenção de competências terapêuticas, reforçando a relevância de pesquisas sobre os elementos associados a uma maior eficácia na supervisão clínica, bem como a investigação de alternativas para disseminação da prática clínica supervisionada de boa qualidade. <strong>Objetivo:</strong> este estudo visa contribuir para uma maior compreensão do processo através do qual as competências terapêuticas são construídas na supervisão clínica em terapia cognitiva-comportamental (TCC) em cursos de formação no Brasil. <strong>Metodologia:</strong> todas as instituições regularmente credenciadas junto ao MEC que oferecem cursos de pós-graduação em TCC, que concordaram em participar do estudo, responderam a um questionário eletrônico, sem identificação do respondente, contendo questões gerais e específicas sobre a prática clínica supervisionada em TCC e sobre o desenvolvimento profissional do supervisor clínico. <strong>Resultado:</strong> todos os cursos oferecem sessões de supervisão em grupo, geralmente mensais, com pelo menos 75 horas da carga horária do curso dedicadas a supervisão clínica em 61,54% das instituições. A maioria dos participantes não relatou o uso de uma estrutura de supervisão. O desempenho dos alunos em supervisão é regularmente avaliado na maioria dos cursos (84,62%), embora a avaliação dos supervisores seja menos frequente e estruturada (53,85%), assim como a prática de meta-supervisão (23,08%). <strong>Conclusão</strong>: em tempos de prática baseada em evidências, dados mais robustos sobre a eficácia do treinamento de supervisores e seu impacto na construção e manutenção de habilidades terapêuticas podem apoiar futuras práticas para aumentar a qualidade do atendimento oferecido aos pacientes em todo o mundo.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p>
Lower Mantle Substructure Embedded in the Farallon Plate: The Hess Conjugate
Authors: Ko Justin Yen‐Ting , Helmberger Don V. , Wang Huilin , Zhan Zhongwen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe morphologies of subducted remnants in the lower mantle are essential to our understanding of the history of plate tectonism. Here we image a high‐velocity slab‐like (HVSL) anomaly beneath the southeastern U.S. using waveforms from five deep earthquakes beneath South America recorded by the USArray. In addition to travel time anomalies, the multipathing of S and ScS phases at different distances are used to constrain the HVSL model. We jointly invert S and ScS traveltimes, amplitudes, and waveform complexities to produce a best fitting block model characterized by a rectangular shape with a 2.5% S wave velocity increase and tapered edges. While the Farallon slab is expected to dip primarily eastward, the HVSL structure apparently dips 40° to 50° to the SE and appears to be related to the eclogitized Hess conjugate.
CaSiO3 Perovskite May Cause Electrical Conductivity Jump in the Topmost Lower Mantle
Authors: Fei Hongzhan , Huang Rong , Yang Xiaozhi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe electrical conductivity of CaSiO3 perovskite was measured in situ between 17–24 GPa and 1300–2000 K using a multianvil apparatus and Solartron 1260 Impedance/Gain‐Phase Analyzer in the frequency range of 107–1 Hz. The activation energies are 95–100 and 100–120 kJ/mol, and the activation volumes are 0.06 ± 0.08 and −0.46 ± 0.03 cm3/mol, at 1300–1800 and 1800–2000 K, respectively. Conduction under lower mantle conditions may be dominated by the ionic diffusion of oxygen. The electrical conductivity of CaSiO3 perovskite is higher than that of bridgmanite, majoritic garnet, and ferropericlase, the main constituents of the topmost lower mantle. Therefore, CaSiO3‐perovsktie may significantly contribute to the electrical structure of the topmost lower mantle in spite of its relatively small volume proportion.
Instrumental Variables in Health Services Research
Authors: Newhouse Joseph P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe technique of instrumental variables (IV) was developed by econometricians in the 1930s and 1940s to address situations in which an explanatory variable or variables are correlated with the error term in an ordinary least squares regression. In such a case, ordinary least squares (OLS) methods produce inconsistent estimates of the regression coefficients. Because economists can rarely conduct controlled experiments, this situation arises frequently in analyses of economic data. As a result, IV methods have been widely used – some might say overused – in applied econometrics and are described in virtually every econometrics text. In the 1990s, IV methods began to be used in health services research to analyze observational data, where they have achieved a modicum of popularity. In this article, I first give an intuitive explanation of the method and then sketch it more formally. I next describe an actual example and conclude by emphasizing the limitations of the IV estimator.
Human Genome Project
Authors: Sebastiani Paola , Palmer Lyle J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The Human Genome Project generated the first draft of the human DNA sequence and the first comprehensive catalog of DNA polymorphisms that contain the key to decipher the genetic basis of common and complex diseases. Advances in technology and statistical methods have produced a wealth of genetic information that may translate genetics discoveries into precision medicine tools. The challenge of analyzing massive genetic data stimulated the development of innovative statistical methods, including genome‐wide principal component analysis to adjust genetic association for confounding by ethnicity, and imputation methods that have greatly facilitated analysis across different studies. The unique challenges of these analyses also fostered a new culture of collaboration, data sharing, scientific rigor, and interdisciplinary research that greatly benefited the field of biostatistics.
Causal‐Comparative Study
Authors: Busk Patricia L. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

A nonexperimental design that is employed to explore cause‐and‐effect relationships is called
ex post facto
or causal‐comparative. The title
ex post facto
is applied to studies in which data are gathered retrospectively, whereas causal‐comparative is used when data are gathered from groups and the independent variable is not manipulated as in an experiment.
Analysis of Covariance: Nonparametric
Authors: Martin Keshia‐Lee 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThere are numerous benefits in adjusting an analysis for one or several covariates, but often, these benefits come at the price of having to make additional assumptions, such as distributional assumptions or assumptions regarding the relationship between a covariate and a response variable. For example, the validity of the popular analysis of covariance model is predicated on a variety of assumptions. Clearly, the need to make assumptions, or to restrict the results so that they apply only when these assumptions are true, is a weakness, and it would be preferable to reap the benefits of covariate adjustment without having to rely on unreasonable assumptions. There is a body of nonparametric covariate adjustment techniques that aim to allow for this. Specific techniques depend on the nature of the covariate (e.g., binary or continuous).
Confidence Intervals in Clinical Trials
Authors: Reiczigel Jenő 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA confidence interval (CI) or interval estimate for an unknown parameterθis a “from–to” range calculated from the sample so that it containsθwith a high – usually 90%, 95%, or 99% – probability. CIs can be given for unknown population parameters such as the mean, variance, median, and proportion; model parameters such as a regression coefficient, odds ratio, and correlation coefficient; or functions of the abovementioned parameters such as the variance/mean ratio and the difference of two proportions or two means. In clinical studies, CIs are typically given for the mean or median treatment effect, proportion of cure, difference in these outcome measures comparing two treatments, and so on. Practically for anything for which an estimate from the sample is meaningful at all, a CI is also meaningful. For curves such as a regression line, ROC curve, or survival function, interval estimation results in a so‐called confidence band.
Binary Data and Quantal Response
Authors: Piegorsch Walter W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Many forms of data occur as discrete values. One of the simplest forms of discrete data is a dichotomous indicator of whether or not an event has occurred, that is, a “success” or a “failure.” Such an outcome can be coded simply as either 1 or 0 – corresponding to success or failure – and we refer to this as a case of binary data. This article introduces methods for analyzing binary observations, with emphasis on basic models for describing such data.
National Security Risk Analysis
Authors: Wilson Alyson G. , Fronczyk Kassandra M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Risk analysis provides a scientific basis for making decisions in the presence of uncertainty. It is an essential tool to identify, manage, communicate, and assess risks. Each of these steps is complex and requires careful thought. Risk assessment of rare events, particularly in the reliability arena, and/or decisions against an intelligent adversary are of significant importance in the national security context. For a quantitative assessment, there are a multitude of proposed frameworks in the literature. Given the need to leverage multiple sources of information and the general sparsity of data, these methods primarily follow the Bayesian paradigm. A brief introduction to the Bayesian approach is provided, along with notes and considerations for several quantitative risk assessment techniques.
Computationally Intensive Two‐Stage Designs for Clinical Trials
Authors: Shan Guogen , Wilding Gregory E. , Hutson Alan D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMultiple‐stage designs are preferable in early‐phase clinical trials (e.g., Oncology trials) in order to allow a study to be stopped early to protect patients and reduce costs. Recently, adaptive designs have been developed and implemented in clinical trials to increase the effectiveness of a study by allowing it to be modified during the course of a trial based on the sequential information. This article focuses on designs for early‐phase clinical trials with a binary primary outcome. For such studies, exact approaches are often preferable in computing sample probabilities in order to guarantee the nominal level. For a multiple‐stage design, it becomes computationally intensive to compute error rates exactly when multiple groups are compared in a study. A naive search for an adaptive design without using integer‐based algorithms becomes infeasible owing to the numerous sizes of all possible designs. In this article, we review several recent developments in multiple‐stage designs and adaptive single‐arm two‐stage optimal designs.
Finite Difference Methods
Authors: Axelsson Owe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIt is shown how difference methods lead to monotone operators with uniformly bounded inverses for which discretization error estimates for the solution and its derivatives can readily be derived. Higher order of accuracy can be achieved for sufficiently regular solutions by extrapolation or by the use of various higher order difference methods.Properties of solutions of elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic, and convection‐dominated convection–diffusion problems as well as positivity and continuous and discrete maximum principles of the solution are shown. Computational aspects of solving difference equations are discussed. Stable discretization of time‐dependent problems is shown for parabolic problems and hyperbolic problems of first and second order. Various discretization methods for convection‐dominated convection–diffusion problems, including method of characteristics, are presented.Difference methods have their main advantages in that regular meshes can be used. To handle more general problems, adaptive mesh refinement and use of graded meshes are discussed. Use of local Green's functions and other examples of exact difference schemes are also presented.
Discrete Element Methods
Authors: Bićanić Nenad 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis introductory chapter on the mathematical theory of finite element methods (FEMs) discusses its h‐version for elliptic boundary value problems in the displacement formulation. Topics addressed range froma prioritoa posteriorierror estimates and also include weak forms of elliptic PDEs, Galerkin schemes, finite element spaces, and adaptive local mesh refinement. Nonconformities and variational crimes as well as algorithmic aspects conclude the chapter.
Eradication of Multidrug‐Resistant Staphylococcal Infections by Light‐Activatable Micellar Nanocarriers in a Murine Model
Authors: Liu Yong , van der Mei Henny C. , Zhao Bingran , Zhai Yan , Cheng Tangjian , Li Yuanfeng , Zhang Zhenkun , Busscher Henk J. , Ren Yijin , Shi Linqi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBacterial infections are mostly due to bacteria in their biofilm mode‐of‐growth, making them recalcitrant to antibiotic penetration. In addition, the number of bacterial strains intrinsically resistant to available antibiotics is alarmingly growing. This study reports that micellar nanocarriers with a poly(ethylene glycol) shell fully penetrate staphylococcal biofilms due to their biological invisibility. However, when the shell is complemented with poly(β‐amino ester), these mixed‐shell micelles become positively charged in the low pH environment of a biofilm, allowing not only their penetration but also their accumulation in biofilms without being washed out, as do single‐shell micelles lacking the pH‐adaptive feature. Accordingly, bacterial killing of multidrug resistant staphylococcal biofilms exposed to protoporphyrin IX‐loaded mixed‐shell micelles and after light‐activation is superior compared with single‐shell micelles. Subcutaneous infections in mice, induced with vancomycin‐resistant, bioluminescent staphylococci can be eradicated by daily injection of photoactivatable protoporphyrin IX‐loaded, mixed‐shell micelles in the bloodstream and light‐activation at the infected site. Micelles, which are not degraded by bacterial enzymes in the biofilm, are degraded in the liver and spleen and cleared from the body through the kidneys. Thus, adaptive micellar nanocarriers loaded with light‐activatable antimicrobials constitute a much‐needed alternative to current antibiotic therapies.
Recent Advances in Alternating Current‐Driven Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Pan Yufeng , Xia Yingdong , Zhang Haijuan , Qiu Jian , Zheng Yiting , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), typically operated with constant‐voltage or direct‐current (DC) power sources, are candidates for next‐generation solid‐state lighting and displays, as they are light, thin, inexpensive, and flexible. However, researchers have focused mainly on the device itself (e.g., development of novel materials, design of the device structure, and optical outcoupling engineering), and little attention has been paid to the driving mode. Recently, an alternative concept to DC‐driven OLEDs by directly driving devices using time‐dependent voltages or alternating current (AC) has been explored. Here, the effects of different device structures of AC‐driven OLEDs, for example, double‐insulation, single‐insulation, double‐injection, and tandem structure, on the device performance are systematically investigated. The formation of excitons and the dielectric layer, which are important to achieve high‐performance AC‐driven OLEDs, are carefully considered. The importance of gaining further understanding of the fundamental properties of AC‐driven OLEDs is then discussed, especially as they relate to device physics.
Progress and Perspective of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction for Renewable Carbonaceous Fuels and Chemicals
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Hu Yi , Ma Lianbo , Zhu Guoyin , Wang Yanrong , Xue Xiaolan , Chen Renpeng , Yang Songyuan , Jin Zhong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe worldwide unrestrained emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) has caused serious environmental pollution and climate change issues. For the sustainable development of human civilization, it is very desirable to convert CO2 to renewable fuels through clean and economical chemical processes. Recently, electrocatalytic CO2 conversion is regarded as a prospective pathway for the recycling of carbon resource and the generation of sustainable fuels. In this review, recent research advances in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are summarized from both experimental and theoretical aspects. The referred electrocatalysts are divided into different classes, including metal–organic complexes, metals, metal alloys, inorganic metal compounds and carbon‐based metal‐free nanomaterials. Moreover, the selective formation processes of different reductive products, such as formic acid/formate (HCOOH/HCOO−), monoxide carbon (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), etc. are introduced in detail, respectively. Owing to the limited energy efficiency, unmanageable selectivity, low stability, and indeterminate mechanisms of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, there are still many tough challenges need to be addressed. In view of this, the current research trends to overcome these obstacles in CO2 electroreduction field are summarized. We expect that this review will provide new insights into the further technique development and practical applications of CO2 electroreduction.
Grainyhead‐like 2 (GRHL2) regulates epithelial plasticity in pancreatic cancer progression
Authors: Nishino Hitoe , Takano Shigetsugu , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Suzuki Kensuke , Kagawa Shingo , Shimazaki Reiri , Shimizu Hiroaki , Furukawa Katsunori , Miyazaki Masaru , Ohtsuka Masayuki 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET) contribute to cancer metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We explored the role of grainyhead‐like 2 (GRHL2), a suppressor of EMT, in the progression of PDAC. Expressions of GRHL2 were assessed using surgically resected PDAC tissues by immunohistochemistry analysis, and in vitro using human and mouse PDAC cells. Effects on epithelial plasticity and stemness of GRHL2 were examined in vitro using liver metastatic PDAC cells (CFPAC‐1) with GRHL2 knockdown by specific siRNAs. GRHL2 has a significantly positive correlation with E‐cadherin and CD133 in 155 resected human primary PDAC tissues. GRHL2 is highly expressed in liver metastatic cells than in primary invasive cells of both human and mouse PDAC, accompanied by a positive correlation with E‐cadherin expression. GRHL2 knockdown CFPAC‐1 cells demonstrated morphological changes into mesenchymal appearances and reduced proliferation through EMT. Notably, knockdown studies followed by flow cytometry analysis for a subpopulation of CD133+ showed that GRHL2 facilitates CFPAC‐1 cells to maintain stem‐like characters including self‐renewal capacity and anoikis resistance. GRHL2 regulates epithelial plasticity along with stemness in PDAC, both of which are crucial for metastasis, implicating the possibility of GRHL2 as a therapeutic target for PDAC liver metastasis.
Covalent Functionalization of FeCo/Graphitic Shell Nanocrystals via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Kim Da Jeong , Hong Yonghoon , Seo Yu Jeong , Yang Daehee , Lee Sung Woo , Gil Na‐Yeon , Moon Bongjin , Cha Hyuk‐Jin , Lee Gaehang , Seo Won Seok 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCovalently functionalized water‐soluble FeCo/graphitic shell nanocrystals (f−FeCo/GC NCs) were synthesized via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated in situ from sarcosine and glucose. The FeCo core has superparamagnetic properties at room temperature, and the graphitic shell exhibits near‐infrared optical absorbance. Acetylation of the hydroxyl groups on the f−FeCo/GC NCs gives doubly functionalized FeCo/GC (ff−FeCo/GC) NCs that are soluble only in organic solvents such as ethyl acetate. The f−FeCo/GC NCs were shown to be excellent T1 or T2 MRI contrast agents. Especially, due to the hydrophilic and compact surface functionalization, f−FeCo/GC NCs exhibit a doubled r1 relaxivity and half r2/r1 ratio compared to those of the non‐covalently PL‐PEG‐functionalized FeCo/GC NCs. This work shows not only the first synthesis of covalently functionalized highly water‐soluble metal NCs coated with a single‐layered graphitic shell, but also for the first time the MR enhancing properties of the covalently functionalized magnetic NCs.