bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ingrowth core and sequential soil core methods for estimating belowground net primary production in grass–clover swards
Authors: Chen S. , Lin S. , Reinsch T. , Loges R. , Hasler M. , Taube F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEstimation of belowground net primary production (BNPP) is crucial for prediction of grassland soil organic carbon sequestration, but there are high coefficients of variation (CV) among methods of estimation. We compared accuracy and precision of two variations of the traditional soil core method and three of the ingrowth core method, over 2 years on grass–white clover swards in Germany. The ingrowth core method (5‐ to 9‐week ingrowth period) provided the most accurate BNPP estimate (471 g m−2) with the highest precision (CV: 31%), whereas the two soil core approaches resulted in underestimation and high error. Comparing results with other grassland studies, we found that reliability of the ingrowth core method was influenced by ingrowth period and sward rooting pattern related to grass phenological stages, while the precision was determined by ingrowth period and grassland productivity. We therefore recommend using the ingrowth core method for managed grasslands where belowground productivity is relatively high and installation disturbance is likely to be negligible. Using a 6‐ to 8‐week ingrowth period, the method delivers reliable and feasible BNPP estimates for temperate managed grasslands which can be applied to long‐term soil carbon budget simulation. Results from our work and other studies also indicated that standing root biomass masks seasonal pattern of rooting due to synchrony between root birth and death. The soil core method is likely to lead to underestimates and higher errors than the ingrowth core methods and thus should be avoided.
Evaluation of bond strength in single‐cone fillings of canals with different cross‐sections
Authors: Pereira R. D. , Brito‐Júnior M. , Leoni G. B. , Estrela C. , de Sousa‐Neto M. D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of root canal cross‐sectional shape on single‐cone root filling bond strength, as well as to determine the percentage of gutta‐percha‐filled areas (PGFA) and sealer‐filled areas (PSFA), establishing a relationship between these variables.MethodologyDistal roots of mandibular molars were selected using microcomputed tomography imaging and allocated into three groups (n = 10) according to canal shape: round, oval and long oval. The canals were prepared with an R40 reciprocating instrument and filled with matching single‐cone gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer. Two 1‐mm‐thick dentine slices were obtained from each third of each root. PGFA and PSFA were calculated in digital images (x25 magnification) of each slice. Next, the slices were subjected to a push‐out test and the failure modes (adhesive, cohesive or mixed) were assessed. Data were analysed using parametric tests (P < 0.05).ResultsIn the coronal (2.17 ± 0.56MPa) and middle thirds (1.78 ± 0.45MPa), the round canals were associated with higher bond strength values (P < 0.01), with no difference between the groups for the apical third (P > 0.05). Adhesive and mixed failures predominated in round canals, whilst cohesive failures were more frequent in oval and long oval canals. Round canals had significantly higher PGFA and lower PSFA than all other groups (P = 0.000). The PGFA and PSFA had a positive (r = 0.521, P = 0.000) and a negative (r = −0.523, P = 0.000) correlation with bond strength, respectively.ConclusionBond strength values of gutta‐percha and sealer were affected by canal shape. Higher percentage of gutta‐percha‐filled area resulted in higher bond strength to dentine.
Patency of Litomosoides sigmodontis infection depends on Toll‐like receptor 4 whereas Toll‐like receptor 2 signalling influences filarial‐specific CD4+ T‐cell responses
Authors: Rodrigo Maria B. , Schulz Sandy , Krupp Vanessa , Ritter Manuel , Wiszniewsky Katharina , Arndts Kathrin , Tamadaho Ruth S. E. , Endl Elmar , Hoerauf Achim , Layland Laura E. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBALB/c mice develop a patent state [release of microfilariae (Mf), the transmission life‐stage, into the periphery] when exposed to the rodent filariae Litomosoides sigmodontis. Interestingly, only a portion of the infected mice become patent, which reflects the situation in human individuals infected with Wuchereria bancrofti. Since those individuals had differing filarial‐specific profiles, this study compared differences in immune responses between Mf+ and Mf– infected BALB/c mice. We demonstrate that cultures of total spleen or mediastinal lymph node cells from Mf+ mice produce significantly more interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) to filarial antigens but equal levels of IL‐10 when compared with Mf– mice. However, isolated CD4+ T cells from Mf+ mice produced significantly higher amounts of all measured cytokines, including IL‐10, when compared with CD4+ T‐cell responses from Mf– mice. Since adaptive immune responses are influenced by triggering the innate immune system we further studied the immune profiles and parasitology in infected Toll‐like receptor‐2‐deficient (TLR2−/−) and TLR4−/− BALB/c mice. Ninety‐three per cent of L. sigmodontis‐exposed TLR4−/− BALB/c mice became patent (Mf+) although worm numbers remained comparable to those in Mf+ wild‐type controls. Lack of TLR2 had no influence on patency outcome or worm burden but infected Mf+ mice had significantly lower numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and dampened peripheral immune responses. Interestingly, in vitro culturing of CD4+ T cells from infected wild‐type mice with granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor‐derived TLR2−/− dendritic cells resulted in an overall diminished cytokine profile to filarial antigens. Hence, triggering TLR4 or TLR2 during chronic filarial infection has a significant impact on patency and efficient CD4+ T‐cell responses, respectively.
Employment regulation, game theory and weak employee voice in liberal economies
Authors: DOBBINS Tony , DUNDON Tony , CULLINANE Niall , HICKLAND Eugene , DONAGHEY Jimmy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article analyses the impact of information and consultation regulations – specifically the European Information and Consultation Directive – on worker participation or “employee voice” in liberal market economies (LMEs), providing both empirical and theoretical insights to complement existing research on the Directive. Using game theory and the prisoner's dilemma framework, and empirical data from 16 case studies, the authors explain why national legislation implementing the Directive is largely ineffective in diffusing mutual‐gains cooperation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Three theoretical explanatory propositions advance understanding of the policy impact of information and consultation regulations in LMEs.
Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and anxiety: shared familial transmission and cross‐assortative mating
Authors: Duvekot Jorieke , van der Ende Jan , Constantino John N. , Verhulst Frank C. , Greaves‐Lord Kirstin 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundIn order to shed more light on the frequent co‐occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and anxiety in children, the aims of the study were (a) to examine whether ASD and anxiety share familial transmission indicated by cross‐symptom associations between parental and children's symptoms (e.g., parental anxiety predicting children's ASD) in addition to associations for similar symptoms; (b) to investigate the possibility that cross‐assortative mating (i.e., whether ASD symptoms in one parent are positively associated with anxiety symptoms in the other parent) increases the risk for both ASD and anxiety in children.MethodIn 231 families of clinically referred children, parents rated both their own and the other parent's ASD and anxiety symptoms and one parent those of the index child and siblings (n = 447, aged 2.5–18 years). ASD symptoms were assessed using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS‐2) and anxiety symptoms using the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) instruments.ResultsParental ASD and anxiety symptoms predicted similar symptoms in children, dependent on the informant type. Additionally, parental anxiety symptoms across both self‐report and informant‐report predicted children's ASD symptoms and maternal self‐reported ASD symptoms predicted children's anxiety symptoms. ASD and anxiety symptoms were correlated within parents, but we found only one cross‐symptom association between parents.ConclusionsCross‐symptom associations between parental and children's ASD and anxiety symptoms suggest shared familial transmission of ASD and anxiety, but further research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Cross‐assortative mating does not seem a likely explanation for the co‐occurrence of ASD and anxiety in children.
Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials
Authors: Kashiwagi Atsunori , Yoshida Satoshi , Nakamura Ichiro , Kazuta Kenichi , Ueyama Eiji , Takahashi Hideyuki , Satomi Hayato , Kosakai Yoshinori , Kawamuki Kosei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe influence of overweight/obesity on the clinical efficacy and safety of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors is unclear. We carried out a pooled analysis to examine the impact of body mass index on the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin.Materials and MethodsPatient‐level data were pooled for five Japanese double‐blind trials (NCT00621868, NCT01057628, NCT01135433, NCT01225081 and NCT01242215) in which patients were randomized to ipragliflozin or a placebo as monotherapy, or in combination with metformin, pioglitazone or a sulfonylurea. Outcomes included the changes in hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, bodyweight and treatment‐emergent adverse events. Patients were divided into four body mass index categories.ResultsHemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose and bodyweight decreased significantly in the ipragliflozin group compared with the placebo group in all body mass index categories, and in the total cohort (all P < 0.001). Hemoglobin A1c did not improve in 11.2 and 69.2% of patients in the ipragliflozin and placebo groups, respectively. The change in hemoglobin A1c was weakly correlated with the change in bodyweight in all patients (r = 0.136, P = 0.002). Regarding laboratory variables, the placebo‐subtracted difference tended to be greater in patients with higher body mass index for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and uric acid. The incidences of treatment‐emergent adverse events were similar between the ipragliflozin and placebo groups in all patients combined and in the four body mass index categories.ConclusionsThese results show that the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin are not influenced by obesity/overweight in Japanese patients.
Androgen deprivation therapy is associated with diabetes: Evidence from meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Huimin , Sun Xiangyu , Zhao Lin , Chen Xiuju , Zhao Jinsheng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionThere is still no obvious evidence proving that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) would increase the risk of diabetes. To determine if ADT is associated with diabetes in men with prostate cancer, we carried out the present study.Materials and MethodsWe systematically searched Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library Central Register through 2014. Studies comparing ADT vs control aimed at treating prostate cancer reporting diabetes as outcome were included. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. This meta‐analysis was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses checklist. Observational studies were evaluated through the Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist.ResultsEight studies were identified with 65,695 ADT users and 91,893 non‐ADT users. The pooled incidence of diabetes was 39% higher in ADT groups. A significant association was observed in the overall analysis (risk ratio [RR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.53; P < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, diabetes was found to be significantly associated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) alone (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.36–1.54; P < 0.001), GnRH plus oral antiandrogen (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.01–1.93; P = 0.04) and orchiectomy (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.20–1.50; P < 0.001), but not with antiandrogen alone (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.75–2.36; P = 0.33). Diabetes was strongly related to long duration of ADT (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.22–1.68; P < 0.001), and was slightly associated with short duration of ADT (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.12–1.49; P = 0.0004).ConclusionsADT, especially long duration (>6 months) of this treatment, GnRH alone, GnRH plus antiandrogen and orchiectomy can increase the incidence of diabetes.
Hybrid female mate choice as a species isolating mechanism: environment matters
Authors: Schmidt E. M. , Pfennig K. S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA fundamental goal of biology is to understand how new species arise and are maintained. Female mate choice is potentially critical to the speciation process: mate choice can prevent hybridization and thereby generate reproductive isolation between potentially interbreeding groups. Yet, in systems where hybridization occurs, mate choice by hybrid females might also play a key role in reproductive isolation by affecting hybrid fitness and contributing to patterns of gene flow between species. We evaluated whether hybrid mate choice behaviour could serve as such an isolating mechanism using spadefoot toad hybrids ofSpea multiplicataandSpea bombifrons. We assessed the mate preferences of female hybrid spadefoot toads for sterile hybrid males vs. pure‐species males in two alternative habitat types in which spadefoots breed: deep or shallow water. We found that, in deep water, hybrid females preferred the calls of sterile hybrid males to those ofS. multiplicatamales. Thus, maladaptive hybrid mate preferences could serve as an isolating mechanism. However, in shallow water, the preference for hybrid male calls was not expressed. Moreover, hybrid females did not prefer hybrid calls to those ofS. bombifronsin either environment. Because hybrid female mate choice was context‐dependent, its efficacy as a reproductive isolating mechanism will depend on both the environment in which females choose their mates as well as the relative frequencies of males in a given population. Thus, reproductive isolation between species, as well as habitat specific patterns of gene flow between species, might depend critically on the nature of hybrid mate preferences and the way in which they vary across environments.
Local human pressures influence gene flow in a hybridizingDaphniaspecies complex
Authors: Alric B. , Möst M. , Domaizon I. , Pignol C. , Spaak P. , Perga M.‐E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAnthropogenic environmental changes are considered critical drivers of the genetic structure of populations and communities through, for example, the facilitation of introgressive hybridization between syntopic species. However, the mechanisms by which environmental perturbations trigger changes in the genetic structure of populations and communities, such as the processes that determine the directionality of hybridization and patterns of mitochondrial introgression over many generations, remain largely unexplored. In this study, the changes in genetic structure of hybridizing members of theDaphnia longispinaspecies complex were reconstructed over the last 100 years for three large temperate lakes under strong anthropogenic pressures via palaeogenetic analyses of resting egg banks. Drastic changes in the genetic structure of theDaphniacommunity, associated with hybridization events betweenD. longispinaandD. galeataand subsequent introgression, were detected in Lakes Geneva and Bourget. In Lake Bourget, these changes were induced by the successful establishment ofD. galeatawith rising phosphorus levels and reinforced by the sensitivity ofD. longispinato fish predation pressure. In Lake Geneva, the pattern of hybridization during eutrophication is more likely a function of the original taxonomic composition of the species complex in this lake. Lakes seem to require at least a meso‐oligotrophic status to allowD. galeatapopulations to establish and accordingly noD. galeatagenotypes were found in the egg bank of oligotrophic Lake Annecy. In contrast to the generally assumed pattern of unidirectional hybridization in this species complex, bidirectional hybridization was recorded in Lakes Geneva and Bourget. Our results also demonstrate complex genetic trajectories within this species complex and highlight the irreversibility of changes in the genotypic architecture of populations driven by local human pressures. Finally, we show that extensive hybridization and introgression do not necessarily result in a large and homogenous hybrid swarm.
The wheat MYB‐related transcription factor TaMYB72 promotes flowering in rice
Authors: Zhang Lichao , Liu Guoxiang , Jia Jizeng , Zhao Guangyao , Xia Chuan , Zhang Lina , Li Fu , Zhang Qiang , Dong Chunhao , Gao Shuangcheng , Han Longzhi , Guo Xiuping , Zhang Xin , Wu Jinxia , Liu Xu , Kong Xiuying 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYThrough large‐scale transformation analyses, TaMYB72 was identified as a flowering time regulator in wheat. TaMYB72 is a MYB family transcription factor localized to the nucleus. Three TaMYB72 homologs, TaMYB72‐A, TaMYB72‐B and TaMYB72‐D, cloned from hexaploid wheat were mapped to the short arm of the group 6 chromosomes. Under the long‐day conditions, over‐expression of the TaMYB72 in rice shortened the flowering time by approximately 12 d. Expression analyses suggest that TaMYB72 may function through up‐regulation of florigen genes Hd3a and RFT1.
Formulation and evaluation of sublingual delivery of piroxicam using thermosensitive polymer with an inverted Franz diffusion cell
Authors: Sivaraman Arunprasad , Banga Ajay K 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of the study was to prepare a sublingual formulation for piroxicam using a thermosensitive polymer and to evaluate its permeation through porcine sublingual mucosa.

Methods
Formulation technique utilized the transition property of poloxamer from solution state at room temperature to gel state at oromucosal temperature (37 °C). The permeation of the drug was evaluated using an inverted Franz diffusion cell technique that allowed the dosage form to be directly applied onto the substrate with required volume of saliva. The formulation was characterized for microscopy of the piroxicam crystals, sol–gel transition property and in-vitro diffusion study.

Key findings
Poloxamer-based formulation enhanced solubility and increased permeability of the piroxicam.

Conclusion
Poloxamer formulation with 0.1% w/w piroxicam delivered a cumulative amount of 11.99 ± 7.82 and 11.23 ± 1.79 μg/cm2, while non-poloxamer formulation delivered 3.57 ± 2.20 and 4.60 ± 6.90 μg/cm2 with 0.1 and 0.5 ml artificial saliva, respectively, through porcine sublingual tissue in 6 h. A similar delivery profile was observed for 0.05% w/w piroxicam formulation as well.
When it gets cold, plant size matters – a comment on treeline
Authors: Körner Christian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMany questions in vegetation science related to species ranges and species performance could be resolved by appropriate bioclimatological data. In the case of small‐stature plants, such as herbs and grasses, but also seedlings of trees, weather station data are inappropriate to describe their life conditions – an important point not only in empirical research, but also for modellers.
A significant effect of the killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor ligand human leucocyte antigen‐C on fibrosis progression in chronic C hepatitis with or without liver transplantation
Authors: Buhler Stéphane , Giostra Emiliano , Gbame Corinne , de Rham Casimir , Mullhaupt Beat , Dufour Jean‐François , Majno Pietro , Negro Francesco , Bochud Pierre‐Yves , Villard Jean ,   the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study (SCCS) and Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS)
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsThe interaction of killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptors with their human leucocyte antigen ligands drives the activation and inhibition of natural killer cells. Natural killer cells could be implicated in the development of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.MethodsWe analysed 206 non‐transplanted and 53 liver transplanted patients, selected according to their Metavir fibrosis stage. Several variables such as the number of activator killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptors or the human leucocyte antigen ligands were considered in multinomial and logistic regression models. Possible confounding variables were also investigated.ResultsThe killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptors were not significant predictors of the fibrosis stage. Conversely, a significant reduction of the human leucocyte antigen‐C1C2 genotype was observed in the most advanced fibrosis stage group (F4) in both cohorts. Furthermore, the progression rate of fibrosis was almost 10 times faster in the subgroup of patients after liver transplantation, and human leucocyte antigen‐C1C2 was significantly reduced in this cohort compared with non‐transplanted patients.ConclusionThis study suggests a possible role of killer cell immunoglobulin–like receptors and their ligands in the development of liver damage. The absence of C1 and C2 ligands heterozygosity could lead to less inhibition of natural killer cells and a quicker progression to a high level of fibrosis in patients infected with hepatitis C virus, especially following liver transplantation.
Effects of stromal interaction molecule 1 or Orai1 overexpression on the associated proteins and permeability of podocytes
Authors: Miao Li , Wei Dongyue , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Jiansheng , Lu Siguang , Zhang Aihua , Huang Songming 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe present study was conducted to determine whether two important signalling molecules of store‐operated channel (SOC), stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Orai1, were involved in glomerular podocyte injury. We explored the effects of STIM1/Orai1 overexpression on podocyte associated proteins and cell permeability.MethodsThe expression of STIM1 and Orai1 were examined in the renal cortex of adriamycin‐induced nephropathy mice by real‐time RT‐PCR. The recombinant plasmid of STIM1/Orai1, identified by restriction enzyme digestion and PCR, was transfected into MPC5 cells via lipofectamine 2000. The transfecting efficiency was observed by a fluorescence microscope. RT‐PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the expression levels of STIM1, Orai 1 and some podocyte‐associated molecules in the transfected MPC5 cells. In addition, we examined the diffusion of FITC‐dextran across the podocyte monolayer to investigate whether STIM1/Orai1 overexpression could affect cell permeability.ResultsWe found that the mRNA levels of STIM1 and Orai1 were increased in adriamycin‐induced nephropathy mice. STIM1/Orai1 overexpression significantly decreased the expression of podocin and CD2‐associated protein (CD2AP), whereas it increased the expression of α‐actinin‐4. The permeability was significantly increased in the STIM1/Orai1 overexpression group.ConclusionOur findings suggested that STIM1/Orai1 overexpression could affect the cell permeability and the expression of partial podocyte‐associated proteins, which may ultimately result in podocyte injury.