bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean pH time‐series and drivers of variability along the northern Channel Islands, California, USA
Authors: Kapsenberg Lydia , Hofmann Gretchen E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEastern boundary current systems (EBCSs) experience dynamic fluctuations in seawater pH due to coastal upwelling and primary production. The lack of high‐resolution pH observations in EBCSs limits the ability to relate field pH exposures to performance of coastal marine species under future ocean change (acidification, warming). This 3‐yr study describes spatio‐temporal pH variability across the northern Channel Islands, along a persistent temperature gradient (1–4°C) within the eastern boundary California Current System. pH and Conductivity, Temperature, Depth, and Oxygen sensors were deployed on island piers in eelgrass and kelp habitat and on a subtidal mooring. Due to event‐scale primary production, the temperature gradient across the islands did not manifest in a pH gradient. We resolved spatial pH variability on diel (ΔpHT 0.05–0.2: photosynthesis), event‐scale (ΔpHT <0.1–0.2: upwelling, phytoplankton blooms, wind relaxation), and seasonal (ΔpHT 0.06: warming) time frames. In the kelp forest, summer mean pHT (8.01–8.02) and magnitude of diel pHT cycles (ΔpHT 0.12–0.10) were comparable year‐to‐year, despite 2.1°C warming from 2012 to 2014. Compared to nearby mainland sites, the northern Channel Islands experienced few low pH events. The majority of pHT observations were >7.9. The lowest pH observations (>1 SD below mean pHT) occurred under either warm (respiration during warm nights) or cold (advection of upwelled water) temperatures. We emphasize the importance of incorporating site‐specific environmental variability in studies of ocean change biology, particularly in the design of multistressor experiments.
Influence of lee waves and rotors on the near‐surface flow and pressure fields in the northern foreland of the Tatra Mountains
Authors: Szmyd Jakub 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis study presents the results of a field campaign aimed at observing near‐surface flow and pressure fields downwind of the Tatra Mountains. The general objective was to study low‐level turbulence associated with lee waves and rotors and to improve weather forecasts for aviation. The main instrumentation consisted of a network of nine weather stations arranged as a transect perpendicular to the Tatra Mountains. The stations recorded the wind speed and direction (at 10 m), atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity (at 2 m) for ∼2 years. Gliding flights and cloud cover observations using two digital sky cameras also formed part of the campaign. The measurements were supported by data from atmospheric soundings in Poprad (Slovakia) and satellite images provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). During a stable southerly flow, episodes of flow separation were observed, which are associated with lee‐wave and rotor activity aloft. Based on data from the selected period, surface‐pressure perturbations arranged as alternate positive and negative anomalies with extreme values of up to ∼0.7 hPa were detected. Positive (negative) anomalies are assumed to be a response of the surface‐pressure field under the influence of descending (ascending) wave or rotor currents because of the downward (upward) component of the air movement in the atmosphere. The relationship between the decreasing magnitudes of the pressure perturbations with the distance from the Tatra Mountains was exposed. It was also possible to demonstrate the dependence of the position and intensity of pressure anomalies in relation to changes in wind conditions.
Mapping immune cell infiltration using restricted diffusion MRI
Authors: Yeh Fang‐Cheng , Liu Li , Hitchens T. Kevin , Wu Yijen L. 
Published: February 2016

PurposeDiffusion MRI provides a noninvasive way to assess tissue microstructure. Based on diffusion MRI, we propose a model‐free method called restricted diffusion imaging (RDI) to quantify restricted diffusion and correlate it with cellularity.Theory and MethodsAn analytical relation between q‐space signals and the density of restricted spins was derived to quantify restricted diffusion. A phantom study was conducted to investigate the performance of RDI, and RDI was applied to an animal study to assess immune cell infiltration in myocardial tissues with ischemia‐reperfusion injury.ResultsOur phantom study showed a correlation coefficient of 0.998 between cell density and the restricted diffusion quantified by RDI. The animal study also showed that the high‐value regions in RDI matched well with the macrophage infiltration areas in the H&E stained slides. In comparison with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), RDI exhibited its outperformance to detect macrophage infiltration and delineate inflammatory myocardium.ConclusionRDI can be used to reveal cell density and detect immune cell infiltration. RDI exhibits better specificity than the diffusivity measurement derived from DTI. Magn Reson Med 77:603–612, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Binding of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and N‐desmethylthiamethoxam to nicotinic receptors of Myzus persicae: pharmacological profiling using neonicotinoids, natural agonists and antagonists
Authors: Kayser Hartmut , Lehmann Katrin , Gomes Marilyne , Schleicher Wolfgang , Dotzauer Karin , Moron Margarethe , Maienfisch Peter 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe increasing structural diversity of the neonicotinoid class of insecticides presently used in crop protection calls for a more detailed analysis of their mode of action at their cellular targets, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.RESULTSComparative radioligand binding studies using membranes of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and representatives of the chloropyridyl subclass (imidacloprid), the chlorothiazolyl subclass (thiamethoxam), the tetrahydrofuranyl subclass (dinotefuran), as well as the novel sulfoximine type (sulfoxaflor), which is not a neonicotinoid, reveal significant differences in the number of binding sites, the displacing potencies and the mode of binding interference. Furthermore, the mode of interaction of [3H]thiamethoxam and the nicotinic antagonists methyllycaconitine and dihydro‐β‐erythroidine is unique, with Hill values of >1, clearly different to the values of around unity for [3H]imidacloprid and [3H]N‐desmethylthiamethoxam. The interaction of [3H]N‐desmethylthiamethoxam with the agonist (−)nicotine is also characterised by a Hill value of >1.CONCLUSIONSThere is no single conserved site or mode of binding of neonicotinoids and related nicotinic ligands to their target receptor, but a variety of binding pockets depending on the combination of receptor subunits, the receptor subtype, its functional state, as well as the structural flexibility of both the binding pockets and the ligands. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Electron–phonon correlation in cubic zirconia: @DFPT scheme
Authors: Dabiri Zohreh , Kazempour Ali , Sadeghzadeh Mohammad Ali 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe indirect carrier–phonon vertex function is evaluated for cubic zirconia by employing the many‐body perturbation theory on top of the frozen phonon model. The phonon‐induced renormalizations are illustrated for each individual lattice vibronic mode. Our results show that for the indirect electron–phonon scattering, optical phonons make up the dominant contribution. Furthermore, it is observed that, despite the phonon–phonon interaction, there is a substantial polaronic character for all the activated optical vibration modes that is in accordance with the previous experimental and theoretical findings. In addition, a small to large polaron transition is observed in the presence of the optical phonons.
Morphofunctional study of the tongue in the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica, Anatidae): LM and SEM study
Authors: Skieresz-Szewczyk Kinga , Jackowiak Hanna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe domestic duck, as a representative of birds living in the water, is considered as a specialist filter-feeder. Behavioral observations of foraging revealed that these birds also use a terrestrial feeding mechanism such as grazing and pecking. This study examined the entirety of the lingual mucosa in relation to the structural adaptations required for this range of feeding activities. The structures on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, the conical and filiform papillae, constitute the food filtration apparatus. The process of pecking involves the spatula-shaped apex of the tongue and a specific horny plate—the lingual nail. In the grazing mechanism, large conical papillae and lamellae in the beak are required. Structures engaged in intra-oral transport include the median groove, lingual combs, the rostral border of the lingual prominence and distinct rows of conical papillae on the lingual prominence. Two types of keratinized epithelia, the ortho- and parakeratinized epithelium, as well as nonkeratinized epithelium cover individual areas of the tongue. The rostral and caudal lingual glands present in the lamina propria of the body, lingual prominence and root of the tongue produce mucus. The specific arrangement of Grandry and Herbst corpuscles form so-called bill-tongue organ monitoring food transportation. Our research confirm that the lingual mucosa in domestic duck is characterized by microstructural species-specific modifications of particular areas of the tongue, which is formed not only under the influence of the filtering mechanism, but also by terrestrial feeding mechanisms such as grazing or pecking.
Successful quantification of 4′-methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP) in human urine using LC–TOF-MS in an autopsy case
Authors: Shintani-Ishida Kaori , Kakiuchi Yasuhiro , Ikegaya Hiroshi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The toxicological detection of the new synthetic cathinone 4′-methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MPHP) in urine samples has been impossible, because much of MPHP is metabolized before its excretion into urine. In this study, we successfully quantified unmetabolized MPHP in urine of an autopsy case using a sensitive method by liquid chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The quantification method showed good linearity in the range of 1.00–100 ng/mL, and the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL in human urine. In the autopsy case, the concentrations of MPHP in urine, plasma, and liver tissue samples were determined to be 60.1, 32.9 ng/mL, and 63.1 ng/g, respectively.
Histological examination of the right atrial appendage after failed catheter ablation for focal atrial tachycardia complicated by cardiogenic shock in a post‐partum patient
Authors: Mizukami Akira , Suzuki Makoto , Nakamura Rena , Kuroda Shunsuke , Ono Maki , Matsue Yuya , Iwatsuka Ryota , Yonetsu Taishi , Matsumura Akihiko , Hashimoto Yuji 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA 26‐year‐old woman in her first pregnancy presented with persistent atrial tachycardia (AT). AT was resistant to medications, cardioversions, and the first attempt of catheter ablation. Two months after delivery she developed severe systolic dysfunction and circulatory collapse. Emergent catheter ablation was performed with the support of percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass and intraaortic balloon pump. The AT originated in the apex of the right atrial appendage (RAA). Repeated attempts at ablation were unsuccessful, prompting surgical RAA resection, which terminated the tachycardia and improved the cardiac function. Histological examination of resected RAA provided insights into mechanism of resistance to catheter ablation.
Associations Between Penetration Cognitions, Genital Pain, and Sexual Well-Being in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Anderson Alexandra B. , Rosen Natalie O. , Price Lisa , Bergeron Sophie 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionProvoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a common vulvovaginal pain condition that negatively impacts women's psychological and sexual well-being. Controlled studies have found that women with PVD report greater negative and less positive cognitions about penetration; however, associations between these types of cognitions and women's pain and sexual well-being remain unknown. Further, researchers have yet to examine how interpersonal variables such as sexual communication may impact the association between women's penetration cognitions and PVD outcomes.AimWe examined associations between vaginal penetration cognitions and sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain in women with PVD, as well as the moderating role of sexual communication.MethodsSeventy-seven women (M age = 28.32, SD = 6.19) diagnosed with PVD completed the catastrophic and pain cognitions and positive cognitions subscales of the Vaginal Penetration Cognition Questionnaire, as well as the Dyadic Sexual Communication Scale. Participants also completed measures of sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain.Main Outcome MeasuresDependent measures were the (i) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (ii) Female Sexual Function Index; and (iii) Present Pain Intensity scale of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, with reference to pain during vaginal intercourse.ResultsWomen's lower catastrophic and pain cognitions, higher positive cognitions, and higher sexual communication were each uniquely associated with higher sexual satisfaction and sexual function. Lower catastrophic and pain cognitions also were associated with women's lower pain. For women who reported higher sexual communication, as positive cognitions increased, there was a significantly greater decrease in pain intensity during intercourse compared to women who reported lower levels of sexual communication.ConclusionFindings may inform cognitive-behavioral interventions aimed at improving the pain and sexual well-being of women with PVD. Targeting the couple's sexual communication and women's penetration cognitions may improve women's sexual adjustment and reduce pain.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is Associated with Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Duman Deniz Güney , Biçakci Ercan , Çelikel Çiğdem Ataizi , Akbal Cem 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although the link between MetS and erectile dysfunction (ED) is well known, clinical studies investigating the association between NAFLD and ED are scant.AimTo evaluate the relationship between NAFLD and ED.MethodsMale patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD were prospectively asked to fill the five-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Their clinical and histologic variables were compared with the IEFF scores.Main Outcome MeasuresIIEF scores; proportions of NAFLD patients who demonstrated ED and/or MetS; association between the severity of histological hepatic damage and ED.ResultsForty male patients having an age range of 33 (24–57) and a mean age of 40.13 ± 10.22 years with biopsy-proven NAFLD had a median IIEF-5 score of 16 (9–25) and MetS was present in 23 (57.5%). ED severity distributions as moderate, mild, and no ED were 11 (27.5%), 16 (40%), and 13 (32.5 %), respectively. Histological NAFLD score was significantly higher in patients having ED compared with patients with no ED (5.63 ± 1.39 vs 4.15 ± 1.46; P = .006). MetS diagnosis was significantly more common in patients having ED, compared with those without ED [19 (70.4%) vs 4 (30.8%), respectively, P = .018)]. When patients with and without ED were compared, gamma glutamyl transferase was significantly lower in ED, whereas components of MetS did not correlate with ED. After multivariate analysis, NAFLD score has remained the only significant outcome associated with ED [P = .03; OR (95% CI): 2.38 (1.079–5.238)].ConclusionThe current clinical study demonstrates a significant association between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and ED for the first time. Our findings suggest liver damage may play role in the pathogenesis of ED in patients with NAFLD. Future studies are needed to expand the underlying common mechanisms responsible for this novel hypothesis.
Decreased Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Generation in Penile Tissues of Diabetic Rats with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Zhang Yan , Yang Jun , Wang Tao , Wang Shao-Gang , Liu Ji-Hong , Yin Chun-Ping , Ye Zhang-Qun 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter. The levels of H2S-generating enzyme expression and endogenous H2S production in diabetic rats with erectile dysfunction (ED) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the H2S-generating enzymes and endogenous production of H2S in penile tissues of diabetic ED rats.MethodsExperimental rats were randomly divided into normal control group, apomorphine (APO)-positive group and APO-negative group. Primary rat corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) and aortic endothelial cells (AECs) were isolated and cultured in vitro under 3 different conditions: normal glucose (NG) condition, high glucose (HG) condition, and osmotic control (OC) condition.Main Outcome MeasuresErectile function; H2S concentrations in plasma or penile tissues; expression of H2S-generating enzymes and endogenous H2S production in penile tissues, CCSMCs, and AECs.ResultsErectile function was significantly decreasedin the APO-negative group. In addition to significantly decreased expression of cysteine aminotransferase (CAT), d-amino acid oxidase (DAO), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), the H2S concentrations in plasma and penile tissues and endogenous H2S production were significantly decreased in the APO-negative group. Endogenous H2S production by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) decreased to the same levels in the APO-negative and APO-positive groups as that in the normal control group. However, CBS and CSE expression remained unchanged in the 3 groups. Under HG conditions, H2S-generating enzyme expression in AECs did not change, while CAT, DAO, and 3-MST expression in CCSMCs was significantly decreased. In both cell types, H2S production by these enzymes was decreased in the HG group.ConclusionEndogenous H2S production was significantly decreased in the diabetic ED rats' penile tissues due to downregulated expression of the CAT/3-MST and DAO/3-MST pathways and low activities of CBS and CSE.
Special Issue of The Aeronautical Journal, marking the 150th Anniversary of the Founding of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Authors: Bearman Peter 
Published: February 2016

This special issue is one of a number of activities taking place this year to celebrate the founding of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866. The decision to form the Society was taken on 12 January 1866 at a meeting of distinguished people held in London and chaired by the Duke of Argyll. One of those present, James Glaisher, addressed the gathering and it is interesting to revisit an extract from his statement: “The first application of the balloon as a means of ascending into the upper regions of the atmosphere has been almost within the recollection of men now living but with the exception of some of the early experimenters it has scarcely occupied the attention of scientific men, nor has the subject of aeronautics been properly recognised as a distinct branch of science. . .”. The meeting resolved “that it is desirable to form a Society for the purpose of increasing by experiments our knowledge of Aeronautics and for other purposes incidental thereto and that a Society be now formed under the title of the ‘Aeronautical Society of Great Britain’ to be supported by annual subscriptions and donations.”
On the role and challenges of CFD in the aerospace industry
Authors: Spalart P. R. , Venkatakrishnan V. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis article examines the increasingly crucial role played by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the analysis, design, certification, and support of aerospace products. The status of CFD is described, and we identify opportunities for CFD to have a more substantial impact. The challenges facing CFD are also discussed, primarily in terms of numerical solution, computing power, and physical modelling. We believe the community must find a balance between enthusiasm and rigor. Besides becoming faster and more affordable by exploiting higher computing power, CFD needs to become more reliable, more reproducible across users, and better understood and integrated with other disciplines and engineering processes. Uncertainty quantification is universally considered as a major goal, but will be slow to take hold. The prospects are good for steady problems with Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modelling to be solved accurately and without user intervention within a decade – even for very complex geometries, provided technologies, such as solution adaptation are matured for large three-dimensional problems. On the other hand, current projections for supercomputers show a future rate of growth only half of the rate enjoyed from the 1990s to 2013; true exaflop performance is not close. This will delay pure Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) for aerospace applications with their high Reynolds numbers, but hybrid RANS-LES approaches have great potential. Our expectations for a breakthrough in turbulence, whether within traditional modelling or LES, are low and as a result off-design flow physics including separation will continue to pose a substantial challenge, as will laminar-turbulent transition. We also advocate for much improved user interfaces, providing instant access to rich numerical and physical information as well as warnings over solution quality, and thus naturally training the user.
Computational aerodynamics: Advances and challenges
Authors: Drikakis Dimitris , Kwak Dochan , Kiris Cetin C. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTComputational aerodynamics, which complement more expensive empirical approaches, are critical for developing aerospace vehicles. During the past three decades, computational aerodynamics capability has improved remarkably, following advances in computer hardware and algorithm development. However, most of the fundamental computational capability realised in recent applications is derived from earlier advances, where specific gaps in solution procedures have been addressed only incrementally. The present article presents our view of the state of the art in computational aerodynamics and assessment of the issues that drive future aerodynamics and aerospace vehicle development. Requisite capabilities for perceived future needs are discussed, and associated grand challenge problems are presented.
Airbus Group: A Story of Continuous Innovation
Authors: Botti Jean 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe 150th anniversary of the Royal Aeronautical Society offers an ideal opportunity to reflect on the spirit of innovation and collaboration fostered by the Society and its members over the past century and a half. Dr Jean Botti, an engineer with 31 patents to his name and Chief Technical Officer at Airbus Group, reflects on key innovation milestones for both Airbus Group and the industry as a whole. He also discusses the benefits of collaboration between the RAeS members and industry, and looks forward to an exciting new era of discovery – from electric flight (e-flight) to ‘smarter skies’ and the future development of new modes of flight which can only be imagined today.