bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycerol metabolism of haloarchaea
Authors: Williams Timothy J. , Allen Michelle , Tschitschko Bernhard , Cavicchioli Ricardo 
Published: October 2016

SummaryHaloarchaea are heterotrophic members of the Archaea that thrive in hypersaline environments, often feeding off the glycerol that is produced as an osmolyte by eucaryotic Dunaliella during primary production. In this study we analyzed glycerol metabolism genes in closed genomes of haloarchaea and examined published data describing the growth properties of haloarchaea and experimental data for the enzymes involved. By integrating the genomic data with knowledge from the literature, we derived an understanding of the ecophysiology and evolutionary properties of glycerol catabolic pathways in haloarchaea.
Global transcriptional response of solvent‐sensitive and solvent‐tolerant Pseudomonas putida strains exposed to toluene
Authors: Molina‐Santiago Carlos , Udaondo Zulema , Gómez‐Lozano María , Molin Soren , Ramos Juan‐Luis 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPseudomonas putida strains are generally recognized as solvent tolerant, exhibiting varied sensitivity to organic solvents. Pan‐genome analysis has revealed that 30% of genes belong to the core‐genome of Pseudomonas. Accessory and unique genes confer high degree of adaptability and capabilities for the degradation and synthesis of a wide range of chemicals. For the use of these microbes in bioremediation and biocatalysis, it is critical to understand the mechanisms underlying these phenotypic differences. In this study, RNA‐seq analysis compared the short‐ and long‐term responses of the toluene‐sensitive KT2440 strain and the highly tolerant DOT‐T1E strain. The sensitive strain activates a larger number of genes in a higher magnitude than DOT‐T1E. This is expected because KT2440 bears one toluene tolerant pump, while DOT‐T1E encodes three of these pumps. Both strains activate membrane modifications to reduce toluene membrane permeability. The KT2440 strain activates the TCA cycle to generate energy, while avoiding energy‐intensive processes such as flagellar biosynthesis. This suggests that KT2440 responds to toluene by focusing on survival mechanisms. The DOT‐T1E strain activates toluene degradation pathways, using toluene as source of energy. Among the unique genes encoded by DOT‐T1E is a 70 kb island composed of genes of unknown function induced in response to toluene.
Mode of resistance to viral lysis affects host growth across multiple environments in the marine picoeukaryote Ostreococcus tauri
Authors: Heath Sarah E. , Collins Sinead 
Published: October 2016

SummaryViruses play important roles in population dynamics and as drivers of evolution in single‐celled marine phytoplankton. Viral infection of Ostreococcus tauri often causes cell lysis, but two spontaneously arising resistance mechanisms occur: resistant cells that cannot become infected and resistant producer cells that are infected but not lysed, and which may slowly release viruses. As of yet, little is known about how consistent the effects of viruses on their hosts are across different environments. To measure the effect of host resistance on host growth, and to determine whether this effect is environmentally dependent, we compared the growth and survival of susceptible, resistant and resistant producer O. tauri cells under five environmental conditions with and without exposure to O. tauri virus. While the effects of exposure to virus on growth rates did not show a consistent pattern in populations of resistant cells, there were several cases where exposure to virus affected growth in resistant hosts, sometimes positively. In the absence of virus, there was no detectable cost of resistance in any environment, as measured by growth rate. In fact, the opposite was the case, with populations of resistant producer cells having the highest growth rates across four of the five environments.
The lives of Mary Foote: painter and Jungian
Authors: Trousdell Richard 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMary Foote (1872‐1968) was a successful early twentieth century American artist who suddenly closed her New York studio in 1926 to go to Zurich to study with Jung. There she joined his ‘Interpretation of Visions’ seminars (1930‐1934), which she recorded and edited. This work won Jung's praise and his friendship, but all too often Foote was seen merely as a secretary or background figure. Deirdre Bair's biography of Jung suggested that Foote's life and work deserved fuller study, if only to rebalance our view of Jung's early women followers. This paper takes up that work to ask how Foote's early life and career led to her important work in preserving and describing Jung's earliest attempts to apply his theories to clinical practice.
Nina Coltart and the border of Bethlehem
Authors: Kime Philip 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNina Coltart's freedom in addressing delicate areas such as spirituality and Buddhism within a psychoanalytic framework has opened borders between different psychoanalytic communities. This paper sets out to identify a deep‐rooted philosophical tension that runs through several aspects of Coltart's work starting from her ‘Slouching towards Bethlehem … or, thinking the unthinkable in psychoanalysis’. In exploring this central topic in depth psychology, of the distinction between thinkable and unthinkable contents, the author argues that it is not a fundamental distinction in Coltart's work but is rather a particular example of a more fundamental structural dichotomy which pervades her approach and which manifests in several different guises. It is the breadth and sincerity of Coltart's writings which make this a useful exercise, not only for understanding the structure of her work but also in illuminating some structural tensions which permeate depth‐psychological pursuits in general.
Longitudinal Patterns of Emergency Department Visits: A Multistate Analysis of Medicaid Beneficiaries
Authors: Agarwal Parul , Bias Thomas K. , Sambamoorthi Usha 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal patterns of emergency department (ED) visits among adult fee‐for‐service Medicaid.Data SourcesData were obtained from the Medicaid analytic eXtract files, Area Health Resource File, and County Health Rankings.Study DesignA retrospective longitudinal study design, with four observations for each individual was used. The study population consisted of 33,393 Medicaid beneficiaries who met inclusion criteria. ED visits were time‐lagged and time‐varying patient‐level factors were measured for each year. Time‐invariant characteristics (gender and race/ethnicity) were measured in 2006. Multivariable hurdle models with logistic (ED use versus no ED use) and negative binomial regressions (ED visits among ED users) were used to analyze the ED visits over time. To account for correlation due to repeated observations, mixed effect models with robust standard errors were performed.Principal FindingsIn both unadjusted and adjusted analysis, the likelihood of ED use did not change from year to year (AOR = 1.00, 95 percent CI: 0.99, 1.01). Among ED users, the estimated number of ED visits increased over time (IRR = 1.01, 95 percent CI: 1.01, 1.03).ConclusionsPrimary care resources should be a major focus to reduce the increased burden on the EDs.
Reliability of 30‐Day Readmission Measures Used in the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program
Authors: Thompson Michael P. , Kaplan Cameron M. , Cao Yu , Bazzoli Gloria J. , Waters Teresa M. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the reliability of risk‐standardized readmission rates (RSRRs) for medical conditions and surgical procedures used in the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP).Data SourcesState Inpatient Databases for six states from 2011 to 2013 were used to identify patient cohorts for the six conditions used in the HRRP, which was augmented with hospital characteristic and HRRP penalty data.Study DesignHierarchical logistic regression models estimated hospital‐level RSRRs for each condition, the reliability of each RSRR, and the extent to which socioeconomic and hospital factors further explain RSRR variation. We used publicly available data to estimate payments for excess readmissions in hospitals with reliable and unreliable RSRRs.Principal FindingsOnly RSRRs for surgical procedures exceeded the reliability benchmark for most hospitals, whereas RSRRs for medical conditions were typically below the benchmark. Additional adjustment for socioeconomic and hospital factors modestly explained variation in RSRRs. Approximately 25 percent of payments for excess readmissions were tied to unreliable RSRRs.ConclusionsMany of the RSRRs employed by the HRRP are unreliable, and one quarter of payments for excess readmissions are associated with unreliable RSRRs. Unreliable measures blur the connection between hospital performance and incentives, and threaten the success of the HRRP.
AutoRAPID: A Model for Prompt Streamflow Estimation and Flood Inundation Mapping over Regional to Continental Extents
Authors: Follum Michael L. , Tavakoly Ahmad A. , Niemann Jeffrey D. , Snow Alan D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article couples two existing models to quickly generate flow and flood‐inundation estimates at high resolutions over large spatial extents for use in emergency response situations. Input data are gridded runoff values from a climate model, which are used by the Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge (RAPID) model to simulate flow rates within a vector river network. Peak flows in each river reach are then supplied to the AutoRoute model, which produces raster flood inundation maps. The coupled tool (AutoRAPID) is tested for the June 2008 floods in the Midwest and the April‐June 2011 floods in the Mississippi Delta. RAPID was implemented from 2005 to 2014 for the entire Mississippi River Basin (1.2 million river reaches) in approximately 45 min. Discretizing a 230,000‐km2 area in the Midwest and a 109,500‐km2 area in the Mississippi Delta into thirty‐nine 1° by 1° tiles, AutoRoute simulated a high‐resolution (~10 m) flood inundation map in 20 min for each tile. The hydrographs simulated by RAPID are found to perform better in reaches without influences from unrepresented dams and without backwater effects. Flood inundation maps using the RAPID peak flows vary in accuracy with F‐statistic values between 38.1 and 90.9%. Better performance is observed in regions with more accurate peak flows from RAPID and moderate to high topographic relief.
Magnetic resonance imaging features of gemistocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Simkin Paul M , Yang Natalie , Tsui Alpha , Kalnins Renate M , Fitt Greg , Gaillard Frank 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionGemistocytic astrocytoma is the second most common subtype of World Health Organization grade 2 astrocytoma, but has a worse prognosis than other grade 2 lesions. We aim to describe the MR imaging features of histopathologically proven gemistocytic tumours.MethodsEthics approval was obtained from both institutions. Patient consent was not required for this retrospective study. We reviewed MR imaging findings of 16 consecutive cases of histopathologically proven gemistocytic astrocytoma and anaplastic astrocytoma with gemistocytic features.ResultsAverage patient age was 48 years, with a 3:1 male to female ratio. Based on our series, the typical appearance of a gemistocytic astrocytoma is a large, heterogeneous mass most commonly supratentorial and lobar. Regions of cyst formation, partial signal suppression on FLAIR images and contrast enhancement are all common features. Additionally, contrary to previous literature that describes gemistocytic astrocytoma as a purely supratentorial lesion, we present two cases of gemistocytic astrocytoma involving the brainstem.ConclusionsThe possibility of gemistocytic astrocytoma should be considered in patients presenting with large heterogeneous tumours that have regions of cyst formation, partial FLAIR suppression and contrast enhancement. This may be especially useful in reconciling a lesion with high‐grade MR imaging features with low‐grade histopathology. An infratentorial location does not preclude the diagnosis of gemistocytic astrocytoma.
Identification of sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, ‘Symphyta’) through DNA barcodes: successes and caveats
Authors: Schmidt Stefan , Taeger Andreas , Morinière Jérôme , Liston Andrew , Blank Stephan M. , Kramp Katja , Kraus Manfred , Schmidt Olga , Heibo Erik , Prous Marko , Nyman Tommi , Malm Tobias , Stahlhut Julie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe ‘Symphyta’ is a paraphyletic assemblage at the base of the order Hymenoptera, comprising 14 families and about 8750 species. All have phytophagous larvae, except for the Orussidae, which are parasitoids. This study presents and evaluates the results of DNA barcoding of approximately 5360 specimens of ‘Symphyta’, mainly adults, and 4362 sequences covering 1037 species were deemed of suitable quality for inclusion in the analysis. All extant families are represented, except for the Anaxyelidae. The majority of species and specimens are from Europe, but approximately 38% of the species and 13% of the specimens are of non‐European origin. The utility of barcoding for species identification and taxonomy of ‘Symphyta’ is discussed on the basis of examples from each of the included families. A significant level of cryptic species diversity was apparent in many groups. Other attractive applications include the identification of immature stages without the need to rear them, community analyses based on metabarcoding of bulk samples and association of the sexes of adults.
High phylogenetic utility of an ultraconserved element probe set designed for Arachnida
Authors: Starrett James , Derkarabetian Shahan , Hedin Marshal , Bryson Robert W. , McCormack John E. , Faircloth Brant C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractArachnida is an ancient, diverse and ecologically important animal group that contains a number of species of interest for medical, agricultural and engineering applications. Despite their importance, many aspects of the arachnid tree of life remain unresolved, hindering comparative approaches to arachnid biology. Biologists have made considerable efforts to resolve the arachnid phylogeny; yet, limited and challenging morphological characters, as well as a dearth of genetic resources, have hindered progress. Here, we present a genomic toolkit for arachnids featuring hundreds of conserved DNA regions (ultraconserved elements or UCEs) that allow targeted sequencing of any species in the arachnid tree of life. We used recently developed capture probes designed from conserved regions of available arachnid genomes to enrich a sample of loci from 32 diverse arachnids. Sequence capture returned an average of 487 UCE loci for all species, with a range from 170 to 722. Phylogenetic analysis of these UCEs produced a highly resolved arachnid tree with relationships largely consistent with recent transcriptome‐based phylogenies. We also tested the phylogenetic informativeness of UCE probes within the spider, scorpion and harvestman orders, demonstrating the utility of these markers at shallower taxonomic scales and suggesting that these loci will be useful for species‐level differences. This probe set will open the door to phylogenomic and population genomic studies across the arachnid tree of life, enabling systematics, species delimitation, species discovery and conservation of these diverse arthropods.
City Diplomacy: Towards More Strategic Networking? Learning with WHO Healthy Cities
Authors: Acuto Michele , Morissette Mika , Tsouros Agis 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCities are increasingly capturing the attention of major international actors and now regularly feature in multilateral processes. Yet while there are many studies on networking among cities, there have been few studies of ‘city networks’ as formal and institutionalized governance structures facilitating city‐to‐city and city‐to‐other actors cooperation, or ‘city diplomacy’. Institutionalized networks of cities, while not new, are becoming a growing presence on the international scene, almost omnipresent and perhaps even too common. Might it be time for a ‘Darwinian’ selection between city networking options? Diving deeper into this networked challenge, this essay focuses on the effects this networked diplomacy and overlap it might have on cities. Drawing on a research collaboration between the UCL City Leadership Laboratory at University College London and the World Health Organization's Healthy Cities Network and both a global dataset of city networks as well as qualitative focus group data, we consider the growth of these governance structures, their strengths, but also the weaknesses associated with their rapid growth, and how cities can engage with this networked landscape more strategically. In short, we argue that the potential of city networks must go hand‐in‐hand with more integrative and strategic thinking at both local and international levels.
How Strong is the “FakeIDEffect?” An Examination Using Propensity Score Matching in Two Samples
Authors: Stogner John , Martinez Julia A. , Miller Bryan Lee. , Sher Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundUnderage college students who obtain and use false identification (fakeID) are at risk for negative outcomes. However, it is currently unclear how uniquely the fakeIDitself serves as a vehicle to subsequent harm (i.e., the “fakeIDeffect”) over and above general and trait‐related risk factors (e.g., deviant peers, low self‐control).MethodsTo investigate whether the “fakeIDeffect” would hold after accounting for phenotypic risk, we utilized propensity score matching (PSM) in a cross‐sectional sample of 1,454 students, and a longitudinal replication sample of 3,720 undergraduates. Individualswitha fakeIDwere matched with individualswithouta fakeID, in terms of a number of trait‐based and social risk factors. These matched groups were then compared on 5 problematic outcomes (i.e., frequent binge drinking, alcohol‐related problems, arrests, marijuana use, and hard drug use).ResultsFindings showed that “fakeIDeffects” were substantially—although not fully—diminished followingPSM. The “fakeIDeffect” remained strongest for alcohol‐related arrests. This may relate to issues of enforcement and students’ willingness to engage in deviant behavior with a fakeID, or it may be a function of combined processes.ConclusionsOverall, the findings suggest that interventions should not only be aimed at reducing the fakeID‐related alcohol access specifically, but should also be aimed more generally toward at‐risk youths’ access to alcohol. Future research might examine whether fakeIDs have their strongest potency as moderators of the effects of risky traits—such as impulsiveness—on drinking outcomes.
IL‐7/IL‐7R signaling pathway might play a role in recurrent pregnancy losses by increasing inflammatory Th17 cells and decreasing Treg cells
Authors: Wu Li , Li Jie , Xu Hui Li , Xu Bo , Tong Xian Hong , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Liu Yu Sheng 
Published: October 2016

ProblemWe aim to investigate a possible role of IL‐7/IL‐7R signaling pathway in recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL).Material and methodsUsing the abortion‐prone (AP) and non‐abortion‐prone (NP) mice model, fetal resorption rates (FRR), Th17 and Treg cells‐related factors, and the effect of IL‐7 and IL‐7R antagonist were investigated by flow cytometry, quantitative real‐time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. IL‐7 and IL‐7R expressions in human decidua were investigated by immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn the AP mice, IL‐7R antagonist treatment significantly decreased FRR by downregulating Th17 and upregulating Treg‐related factors. When the NP mice were treated with IL‐7, FRR was significantly increased by upregulating Th17 and downregulating Treg‐related factors. In decidual stromal cells of women with RPL, increased IL‐7 and decreased IL‐7R expressions were present when compared to normal controls.ConclusionIL‐7/IL‐7R signaling pathway plays a possible role in RPL by upregulating Th17 immunity, meanwhile downregulating Treg immunity. Regulation of IL‐7/IL‐7R may be a new therapeutic strategy for RPL.
Kinetic activity, membrane mitochondrial potential, lipid peroxidation, intracellular pH and calcium of frozen/thawed bovine spermatozoa treated with metabolic enhancers
Authors: Boni R. , Gallo A. , Cecchini S. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryOwing to the progressive decline of sperm motility during storage there is a need to find substances capable of enhancing sperm energy metabolism and motility and/or preserving it from oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate in frozen/thawed bovine spermatozoa the effect of several compounds, such as myo‐inositol, pentoxifylline, penicillamine + hypotaurine + epinephrine mixture (PHE), caffeine and coenzyme Q10+ zinc + d‐aspartate mixture (CZA), on either kinetic or metabolic parameters. Sperm kinetics was evaluated by Sperm Class Analyser whereas specific fluorochromes were used to evaluated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular pH, intracellular calcium concentration and lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation was also evaluated by TBARS analysis. Treatments significantly affected total and progressive motility with different dynamics in relation to the incubation time. After the first hour of incubation, CZA treatment produced the best performance in total and progressive sperm motility as well as in curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and amplitude of head displacement, whereas pentoxifylline stimulated the highest straight‐line velocity. MMP showed higher values (p < 0.01) after treatment with pentoxifylline and PHE. Intracytoplasmic calcium concentration and lipid peroxidation were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the incubation time rather than the treatments. Intracellular pH varied significantly (p < 0.01) in relation to either the incubation time or treatments. In particular, it showed a progressive increase throughout incubation with values in control group significantly higher than in myo‐inositol, PHE, caffeine, pentoxifylline and CZA groups (7.37 ± 0.03 vs. 7.29 ± 0.03, 7.28 ± 0.03, 7.26 ± 0.03, 7.22 ± 0.03 and 7.00 ± 0.03, respectively; p < 0.01).; however, among treatments, CZA displayed the lowest values. Significant correlations were found between sperm kinetic and metabolic parameters. These findings provide new comparative information on the effects of putative metabolic enhancers on kinetics and metabolic activities of bovine spermatozoa. In this study, a rapid methodological approach for evaluating sperm quality is proposed.