bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’écriture habitée : à propos de quelques caractéristiques de la nouvelle écriture syrienne
Authors: Al-Haj Saleh Yassin 
Published: January 2017

La révolution syrienne a entrainé l’apparition d’une nouvelle écriture syrienne qui se caractérise par la centralité de l’expérience personnelle, le sentiment tragique, l’imbrication des genres, une nouvelle confiance en soi, la radicalité et la mondialité. Cette nouvelle écriture s’appuie sur une grande diversité de supports et de formes, internet y joue un rôle décisif, et permet de s’exprimer pour de « nouveaux auteurs » issus d’horizons bien plus larges qu’auparavant. A la différence de l’écriture « par en-haut », « vide d’humanité », de la majeure partie des auteurs de la période assadienne, la nouvelle écriture est « habitée » d’une multitude d’expériences et de détails vécus dans le contexte tragique de ces années révolutionnaires et de guerre. 1
Le salafisme à l’épreuve de la Révolution
Authors: Zaghloul Shalata Ahmed 
Published: January 2017

La production académique sur le salafisme est restée relativement limitée et confidentielle jusqu’en janvier 2011. Les rares travaux disponibles ont tendance à rendre cohérente et homogène une dynamique sociale marquée par son caractère disparate et à laquelle est prêtée un même comportement à l’égard du politique, fait de distance voire de condamnation. C’est ainsi que l’entrée en 2011 au parlement égyptien d’une des composantes du courant salafiste, avant son éviction aux élections législatives en 2015, a rendu perplexes les observateurs du champ politique égyptien. Afin de mieux cerner ce qui fait la réalité sociale et politique du salafisme égyptien contemporain, cet article se propose d’en dresser une vue d’ensemble avant la Révolution de 2011, pour comprendre les transformations subies à l’épreuve du politique, jusqu’à aujourd’hui.
Un « pivot » inamovible ? Genèse(s) et usages du Heartland de Halford J. Mackinder
Authors: Page Arnaud 
Published: January 2017

Plus d’un siècle après sa première formulation, la pensée du géographe britannique Halford J. Mackinder (1861-1947) demeure très fréquemment mobilisée pour éclairer des questions géopolitiques contemporaines, notamment concernant l’Asie centrale. Ses notions de « pivot géographique de l’histoire » et de Heartland sont ainsi régulièrement présentées comme des concepts toujours pertinents et qui permettent de mieux penser certains enjeux stratégiques du XXI e siècle. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter les éléments clés de la pensée de Mackinder en les replaçant dans le contexte ayant présidé à leur élaboration. Cette contextualisation permet de montrer que le travail du géographe britannique est façonné par des circonstances et des objectifs précis et ainsi d’insister sur le caractère fluctuant et très nettement situé (historiquement, géographiquement, politiquement) de ses idées. Cet article propose également, en conclusion, quelques pistes de réflexion concernant les raisons de la popularité de Mackinder et du Heartland .
Cathelicidin-WA Improves Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Enhances Host Defense against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection
Authors: Yi Hongbo , Hu Wangyang , Chen Shan , Lu Zeqing , Wang Yizhen 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Impaired epithelial barrier function disrupts immune homeostasis and increases inflammation in intestines, leading to many intestinal diseases. Cathelicidin peptides suppress intestinal inflammation and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function independently of their antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) on intestinal epithelial barrier function, as well as the underlying mechanism, by using enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)–infected mice and intestinal epithelial cells. The results showed that CWA attenuated EHEC-induced clinical symptoms and intestinal colitis, as did enrofloxacin (Enro). CWA decreased IL-6 production in the serum, jejunum, and colon of EHEC-infected mice. Additionally, CWA alleviated the EHEC-induced disruption of mucin-2 and goblet cells in the intestine. Interestingly, CWA increased the mucus layer thickness, which was associated with increasing expression of trefoil factor 3, in the jejunum of EHEC-infected mice. CWA increased the expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum of EHEC-infected mice. Using intestinal epithelial cells and a Rac1 inhibitor in vitro, we demonstrated that the CWA-mediated increases in the tight junction proteins might depend on the Rac1 pathway. Furthermore, CWA improved the microbiota and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the cecum of EHEC-infected mice. Although Enro and CWA had similar effects on intestinal inflammation, CWA was superior to Enro with regard to improving intestinal epithelial barrier and microbiota in the intestine. In conclusion, CWA attenuated EHEC-induced inflammation, intestinal epithelial barrier damage, and microbiota disruption in the intestine of mice, suggesting that CWA may be an effective therapy for many intestinal diseases.
Effective Combination of Innate and Adaptive Immunotherapeutic Approaches in a Mouse Melanoma Model
Authors: Rakhmilevich Alexander L. , Felder Mildred , Lever Lauren , Slowinski Jacob , Rasmussen Kayla , Hoefges Anna , Van De Voort Tyler J. , Loibner Hans , Korman Alan J. , Gillies Stephen D. , Sondel Paul M. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Most cancer immunotherapies include activation of either innate or adaptive immune responses. We hypothesized that the combined activation of both innate and adaptive immunity will result in better antitumor efficacy. We have previously shown the synergy of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40) and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in activating macrophages to induce tumor cell killing in mice. Separately, we have shown that a direct intratumoral injection of immunocytokine (IC), an anti-GD2 Ab linked to IL-2, can activate T and NK cells resulting in antitumor effects. We hypothesized that activation of macrophages with anti-CD40/CpG, and NK cells with IC, would cause innate tumor destruction, leading to increased presentation of tumor Ags and adaptive T cell activation; the latter could be further augmented by anti–CTLA-4 Ab to achieve tumor eradication and immunological memory. Using the mouse GD2+ B78 melanoma model, we show that anti-CD40/CpG treatment led to upregulation of T cell activation markers in draining lymph nodes. Anti-CD40/CpG + IC/anti–CTLA-4 synergistically induced regression of advanced s.c. tumors, resulting in cure of some mice and development of immunological memory against B78 and wild type B16 tumors. Although the antitumor effect of anti-CD40/CpG did not require T cells, the antitumor effect of IC/anti–CTLA-4 was dependent on T cells. The combined treatment with anti-CD40/CpG + IC/anti-CTLA-4 reduced T regulatory cells in the tumors and was effective against distant solid tumors and lung metastases. We suggest that a combination of anti-CD40/CpG and IC/anti-CTLA-4 should be developed for clinical testing as a potentially effective novel immunotherapy strategy.
PU.1 Regulates Ig Light Chain Transcription and Rearrangement in Pre-B Cells during B Cell Development
Authors: Batista Carolina R. , Li Stephen K. H. , Xu Li S. , Solomon Lauren A. , DeKoter Rodney P. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
B cell development and Ig rearrangement are governed by cell type– and developmental stage–specific transcription factors. PU.1 and Spi-B are E26-transformation–specific transcription factors that are critical for B cell differentiation. To determine whether PU.1 and Spi-B are required for B cell development in the bone marrow, Spi1 (encoding PU.1) was conditionally deleted in B cells by Cre recombinase under control of the Mb1 gene in Spib (encoding Spi-B)–deficient mice. Combined deletion of Spi1 and Spib resulted in a lack of mature B cells in the spleen and a block in B cell development in the bone marrow at the small pre-B cell stage. To determine target genes of PU.1 that could explain this block, we applied a gain-of-function approach using a PU.1/Spi-B–deficient pro-B cell line in which PU.1 can be induced by doxycycline. PU.1-induced genes were identified by integration of chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing and RNA-sequencing data. We found that PU.1 interacted with multiple sites in the Igκ locus, including Vκ promoters and regions located downstream of Vκ second exons. Induction of PU.1 induced Igκ transcription and rearrangement. Upregulation of Igκ transcription was impaired in small pre-B cells from PU.1/Spi-B–deficient bone marrow. These studies reveal an important role for PU.1 in the regulation of Igκ transcription and rearrangement and a requirement for PU.1 and Spi-B in B cell development.
Widespread Virus Replication in Alveoli Drives Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Aerosolized H5N1 Influenza Infection of Macaques
Authors: Wonderlich Elizabeth R. , Swan Zachary D. , Bissel Stephanie J. , Hartman Amy L. , Carney Jonathan P. , O’Malley Katherine J. , Obadan Adebimpe O. , Santos Jefferson , Walker Reagan , Sturgeon Timothy J. , Frye Lonnie J. , Maiello Pauline , Scanga Charles A. , Bowling Jennifer D. , Bouwer Anthea L. , Duangkhae Parichat A. , Wiley Clayton A. , Flynn JoAnne L. , Wang Jieru , Cole Kelly S. , Perez Daniel R. , Reed Douglas S. , Barratt-Boyes Simon M. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus are frequently fatal but the mechanisms of disease remain ill-defined. H5N1 infection is associated with intense production of proinflammatory cytokines, but whether this cytokine storm is the main cause of fatality or is a consequence of extensive virus replication that itself drives disease remains controversial. Conventional intratracheal inoculation of a liquid suspension of H5N1 influenza virus in nonhuman primates likely results in efficient clearance of virus within the upper respiratory tract and rarely produces severe disease. We reasoned that small particle aerosols of virus would penetrate the lower respiratory tract and blanket alveoli where target cells reside. We show that inhalation of aerosolized H5N1 influenza virus in cynomolgus macaques results in fulminant pneumonia that rapidly progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome with a fatal outcome reminiscent of human disease. Molecular imaging revealed intense lung inflammation coincident with massive increases in proinflammatory proteins and IFN-α in distal airways. Aerosolized H5N1 exposure decimated alveolar macrophages, which were widely infected and caused marked influx of interstitial macrophages and neutrophils. Extensive infection of alveolar epithelial cells caused apoptosis and leakage of albumin into airways, reflecting loss of epithelial barrier function. These data establish inhalation of aerosolized virus as a critical source of exposure for fatal human infection and reveal that direct viral effects in alveoli mediate H5N1 disease. This new nonhuman primate model will advance vaccine and therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat human disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Recruitment Reveals the Efficacy of FPR1 Blockade in Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Honda Masaki , Takeichi Takayuki , Hashimoto Shintaro , Yoshii Daiki , Isono Kaori , Hayashida Shintaro , Ohya Yuki , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Inomata Yukihiro 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Neutrophils are considered responsible for the pathophysiological changes resulting from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a complication of trauma, shock, liver resection, and transplantation. Recently, evidence is accumulating that formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) signaling constitutes an important danger signal that guides neutrophils to sites of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate dynamic neutrophil recruitment using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM) in response to FPR1 blockade during hepatic I/R. LysM-eGFP mice were subjected to partial warm hepatic I/R. They were pretreated with an FPR1 antagonist, cyclosporine H (CsH), or formyl peptide, fMLF. Liver was imaged after hepatic laser irradiation or I/R using the TPLSM technique. CsH treatment alleviated hepatic I/R injury, as evidenced by decreased serum transaminase levels, reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis, and diminished inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and oxidative stress. In contrast, systemic administration of fMLF showed few effects. Time-lapse TPLSM showed that FPR1 blockade inhibited the accumulation of neutrophils in the necrotic area induced by laser irradiation in vivo. In the CsH-treated I/R group, the number and crawling velocity of neutrophils in the nonperfused area were lower than those in the control group. Meanwhile, FPR1 blockade did not affect monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Hepatic I/R promoted the retention of neutrophils and their active behavior in the spleen, whereas CsH treatment prevented their changes. Intravital TPLSM revealed that formyl-peptide–FPR1 signaling is responsible for regulating neutrophil chemotaxis to allow migration into the necrotic area in hepatic I/R. Our findings suggest effective approaches for elucidating the mechanisms of immune cell responses in hepatic I/R.
Improved Customer Churn and Retention Decision Management Using Operations Research Approach
Authors: Adebiyi Sulaimon Olanrewaju , Oyatoye Emmanuel Olateju , Amole Bilqis Bolanle 
Published: January 2017

The relevance of operations research cannot be overemphasized, as it provides the best possible results in any given circumstance, through analysis of operations and the use of scientific method thus, this paper explore the combination of two operations research models (analytic hierarchy process and Markov chain) for solving subscribers’ churn and retention problem peculiar to most service firms. A conceptual model for unraveling the problem customer churn and retention decision management was proposed and tested with data on third level analysis of AHP for determining appropriate strategies for customer churn and retention in the Nigeria telecommunication industries. A survey was conducted with 408 subscribers; the sample for the study was selected through multi-stage sampling. Two analytical tools were proposed for the analysis of data. These include: Expert Choice/Excel Solver (using Microsoft Excel) and Windows based Quantitative System for Business (WinQSB). This paper plays important role in understanding various strategies for effective churn and retention management and the ranking of churn and retention drivers in order of importance to stakeholders` decision-making. The study provided a framework for understanding the application of AHP and Markov chain for modeling, analysing and proffering solution to problem of churn and retention. The study recommends organizational strategies (corporate, business and functional) that reverse the churn alternatives with high priority and equally strengthen service delivery on high priority retention alternatives in order to ensure firms sustainable competitive advantage. An erratum to this article has been published as https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2017.131.
Entrepreneurial University Perspective: Tracking Labor Force Capacity to Support Industrialization Processes in the Emerging Markets, Evidence from Kazakhstan Data
Authors: Orynbassarova Dilara 
Published: January 2017

Industrialisation is considered as main engine of growth in economic development of the most emerging markets. This is especially true for Central Asian transitional countries as Kazakhstan, which obtained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. For enhancing country’s competitiveness potential, Kazakhstan National Program for 2010-2014 aimed to accelerate industrial-innovative development of the country. While many papers published about the importance of industrialization activities in Kazakhstan, few have focused on examining the current capacity of labor market to meet the industry demand. Main aim of this paper was to investigate if current manpower is adequate to maintain the planned rate of growth in the country. Higher level of economic production led to higher demand of engineering labor force. High demand with low frequency supply created an imbalance in the labor market that resulted what we see as shortage of technically skilled labor. Low frequency of supply is influenced by such factors as high engineers’ outflow rate, low students enrolment and graduation rates, and lack of practical skills of the graduates hired. An erratum to this article has been published as https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2017.132.
Ionospheric electron density inversion for Global Navigation Satellite Systems radio occultation using aided Abel inversions
Authors: Chou Min Yang , Lin Charles C. H. , Tsai Ho Fang , Lin Chi Yen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Abel inversion of ionospheric electron density profiles with the assumption of spherical symmetry applied for radio occultation soundings could introduce a greater systematic error or sometimes artifacts if the occultation rays trespass regions with larger horizontal gradients in electron density. The aided Abel inversions have been proposed by considering the asymmetry ratio derived from ionospheric total electron content (TEC) or peak density (NmF2) of reconstructed observation maps since knowledge of the horizontal asymmetry in ambient ionospheric density could mitigate the inversion error. Here we propose a new aided Abel inversion using three‐dimensional time‐dependent electron density (Ne) based on the climatological maps constructed from previous observations, as it has an advantage of providing altitudinal information on the horizontal asymmetry. Improvement of proposed Ne‐aided Abel inversion and comparisons with electron density profiles inverted from the NmF2‐ and TEC‐aided inversions are studied using observation system simulation experiments. Comparison results show that all three aided Abel inversions improve the ionospheric profiling by mitigating the artificial plasma caves and negative electron density in the daytime E region. The equatorial ionization anomaly crests in the F region become more distinct. The statistical results show that the Ne‐aided Abel inversion has less mean and RMS error of error percentage above 250 km altitudes, and the performances for all aided Abel inversions are similar below 250 km altitudes.
On the dynamics of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe on 20 November 2003
Authors: Borries Claudia , Jakowski Norbert , Kauristie Kirsti , Amm Olaf , Mielich Jens , Kouba Daniel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIonospheric disturbances, often associated with geomagnetic storms, may cause threats to radio systems used for communication and navigation. One example is the super storm on 20 November 2003, when plenty of strong and unusual perturbations were reported. This paper reveals additional information on the dynamics in the high‐latitude ionosphere over Europe during this storm. Here analyses of wavelike traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) over Europe are presented, based on estimates of the total electron content (TEC) derived from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements. These TIDs are ionospheric signatures of thermospheric surges initiated by space weather events. The source region of these TIDs is characterized by enhanced spatial gradients, TEC depression, strong uplift of the F2 layer, the vicinity of the eastward auroral electrojet, and strong aurora E layers. Joule heating is identified as the most probable driver for the TIDs observed over Europe during 20 November 2003. The sudden heating of the thermosphere leads to strong changes in the pressure and thermospheric wind circulation system, which in turn generates thermospheric wind surges observed as TID signatures in the TEC. Either the dissipation of the eastward auroral electrojet or particle precipitation are considered as the source mechanism for the Joule heating. In the course of the storm, the TEC observations show a southward shift of the source region of the TIDs. These meridional dislocation effects are obviously related to a strong compression of the plasmasphere. The presented results demonstrate the complex interaction processes in the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐magnetosphere system during this extreme storm.
MAVEN measured oxygen and hydrogen pickup ions: Probing the Martian exosphere and neutral escape
Authors: Rahmati A. , Larson D. E. , Cravens T. E. , Lillis R. J. , Halekas J. S. , McFadden J. P. , Dunn P. A. , Mitchell D. L. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Eparvier F. G. , DiBraccio G. A. , Espley J. R. , Mazelle C. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSoon after the MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft started orbiting Mars, the SEP (Solar Energetic Particle), SWIA (Solar Wind Ion Analyzer), and STATIC (Supra‐Thermal and Thermal Ion Composition) instruments on board the spacecraft detected planetary pickup ions. SEP can measure energetic (>60 keV) oxygen pickup ions, the source of which is the extended hot oxygen exosphere of Mars. Model results show that these pickup ions originate from tens of Martian radii upstream of Mars and are energized by the solar wind motional electric field as they gyrate back toward Mars. SWIA and STATIC can detect both pickup oxygen and pickup hydrogen with energies below ~30 keV and created closer to Mars. In this study, data from the SEP, SWIA, and STATIC instruments containing pickup ion signatures are provided and model‐data comparisons are shown. During the times when MAVEN is outside the Martian bow shock and in the upstream undisturbed solar wind, the solar wind velocity measured by SWIA and the solar wind (or interplanetary) magnetic field measured by the MAG (magnetometer) instrument can be used to model pickup oxygen and hydrogen fluxes. By comparing measured pickup ion fluxes with model results, the Martian thermal hydrogen and hot oxygen neutral densities can be probed outside the bow shock, providing a helpful tool in constraining estimates of neutral oxygen and hydrogen escape rates. Our analysis reveals an order of magnitude density change with Mars season in the hydrogen exosphere, whereas the hot oxygen exosphere was found to remain steadier.
Idealized numerical experiments on the microphysical evolution of warm‐type heavy rainfall
Authors: Song Hwan‐Jin , Sohn Byung‐Ju , Hong Song‐You , Hashino Tempei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecent satellite observations suggested that medium‐depth heavy rain systems (i.e., warm‐type heavy rainfall) were predominantly found in the Korean peninsula under moist‐adiabatically near neutral conditions in contrast to the traditional view that deep convection induced by convective instability produced heavy rainfall (i.e., cold‐type heavy rainfall). In order to examine whether a numerical model could explain the microphysical evolution of the warm‐type as well as cold‐type heavy rainfall, numerical experiments were implemented with idealized thermodynamic conditions. Under the prescribed humid and weakly unstable conditions, the warm‐type experiments resulted in a lower storm height, earlier onset of precipitation, and heavier precipitation than was found for the cold‐type experiments. The growth of ice particles and their melting process were important for developing cold‐type heavy rainfall. In contrast, the collision and coalescence processes between liquid particles were shown to be the mechanism for increasing the radar reflectivity toward the surface in the storm core region for the warm‐type heavy rainfall.