bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stagnation séculaire et accumulation de capital
Authors: Le Garrec Gilles , Touzé Vincent 
Published: January 2016

La crise économique et financière de 2008 a provoqué une crise profonde caractérisée par une croissance potentielle affaiblie et une persistance de l’ output gap . Dans cet article, nous proposons un modèle qui explique la crise et sa persistance par le passage d’un équilibre de plein emploi à un équilibre de sous-emploi. Dans ce dernier, le taux d’intérêt réel d’équilibre est négatif et l’économie est en déflation. La politique monétaire visant à contrôler l’inflation devient alors inactive en raison d’une contrainte de non négativité du taux directeur ( zero lower bound ). Cet équilibre de stagnation séculaire est obtenu en introduisant, dans le cadre d’un modèle à générations imbriquées, deux imperfections de marché : un rationnement du crédit et une rigidité nominale des salaires. Pour sortir de la trappe à stagnation séculaire, nous étudions l’impact de différentes politiques économiques. Un accroissement de la cible d’inflation (assouplissement de la politique monétaire) est efficace si la banque centrale est suffisamment crédible. Des politiques structurelles telles qu’un accroissement de la productivité ou une réduction des rigidités ont des effets déflationistes contreproductifs. Enfin une politique budgétaire redistributive, en soutenant la demande globale, peut aider l’économie à sortir de la stagnation séculaire. Toutefois une telle politique se fait aux prix d’un affaiblissement du potentiel de plein emploi en raison d’une moindre incitation à accumuler du capital.
FOR DIGNITY AND POWER: Black Women’s Political Leadership in Postwar St. Louis
Authors: Ervin Keona K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSt. Louis was not only one of the most segregated cities in the twentieth century, but it was also a major hub of organized resistance led especially by Black women. The Gateway City was a crucible for the emergence of Black women’s leadership in the post-World War II period. A mid-sized border city, St. Louis was a point of regional confluence. Its relatively small Black population, rigid lines of racial demarcation in jobs and housing, and the local Black freedom movement that centered on working-class interests all factored into Black women’s formal political leadership of mainstream civil rights institutions in St. Louis, where they held considerable public voice. From the 1940s to early 1980s in St. Louis, Pearl S. Maddox, Marian Oldham, DeVerne Calloway, Jean King, and Ora Lee Malone fought locally to expose and ameliorate the structural causes of racialized poverty. Leading campaigns for jobs, decent working conditions, affordable housing, state-based economic protections, living wages, welfare rights, and unfettered Black access to urban space and the consumer marketplace, women activists were key architects of freedom agendas. They pushed political progress not only in civil rights organizations but also in unions and state government, as they addressed the compounding impact of urban inequality in postwar America.
90‐90‐90 – Charting a steady course to end the paediatric HIV epidemic
Authors: Abrams Elaine J , Strasser Susan 
Published: January 2016

IntroductionThe new “90‐90‐90” UNAIDS agenda proposes that 90% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status, 90% of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy and 90% of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral suppression by 2020. By focusing on children, the global community is in the unique position of realizing an end to the paediatric HIV epidemic.DiscussionDespite vast scientific advances in the prevention and treatment of paediatric HIV infection over the last two decades, in 2014 there were an estimated 220,000 new paediatric infections attributed to mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (MTCT) and 150,000 HIV‐related paediatric deaths. Furthermore, adolescents remain at particularly high risk for acquisition of new HIV infections, and HIV/AIDS remains the second leading cause of death in this age group. Among the estimated 2.6 million children less than 15 years of age living with HIV infection, only 32% were receiving life‐saving antiretroviral treatment. After decades of languishing, good progress is now being made to prevent MTCT. Unfortunately, efforts to scale up HIV treatment services have been less robust for children and adolescents compared with adult populations. These discrepancies reflect substantial gaps in essential services and numerous missed opportunities to prevent HIV transmission and provide effective life‐saving antiretroviral treatment to children, adolescents and families. The road to an AIDS‐free generation will require bridging the gaps in HIV services and addressing the particular needs of children across the developmental spectrum from infancy through adolescence. To reach the ambitious new targets, innovations and service improvements will need to be rapidly escalated at each step along the prevention‐treatment cascade.ConclusionsCharting a successful course to reach the 90‐90‐90 targets will require sustained political and financial commitment as well as the rapid implementation of a broad set of systematic improvements in service delivery. The prospect of a world where HIV no longer threatens the lives of infants, children and adolescents may finally be within reach.
Optimized MOL‐PCR for Characterization of Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Wuyts Véronique , Roosens Nancy H.C. , Bertrand Sophie , Marchal Kathleen , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C.J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCharacterization of microbial pathogens is necessary for surveillance, outbreak detection, and tracing of outbreak sources. This unit describes a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation‐PCR (MOL‐PCR) optimized for characterization of microbial pathogens. With MOL‐PCR, different types of markers, like unique sequences, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels, can be simultaneously analyzed in one assay. This assay consists of a multiplex ligation for detection of the markers, a singleplex PCR for signal amplification, and hybridization to MagPlex‐TAG beads for readout on a Luminex platform after fluorescent staining. The current protocol describes the MOL‐PCR, as well as methods for DNA isolation, probe design, and data interpretation and it is based on an optimized MOL‐PCR assay for subtyping of Salmonella Typhimurium. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Variations of oxygen charge state abundances in the global magnetosphere, as observed by Polar
Authors: Allen R. C. , Livi S. A. , Goldstein J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGeomagnetically trapped oxygen ions of solar and ionospheric origin have previously been observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. Early observations from Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/CCE have studied this distribution within a limited spatial range of L shells over all magnetic local times (MLT). This study expands on these early results using observations from the Polar spacecraft. The distributions by charge state show O6+, from the solar wind, charge exchanging into O5+, O4+, and O3+ as the ion populations drift to lower L shells. Meanwhile, ionospheric O+ and O2+ are primarily seen at low L shells and may also play a role in O3+ populations. We also present here the Dst, Vsw∗Bz, and AE dependencies of oxygen charge states (O+ through O6+) in MLT and L shell in the magnetosphere of the Earth. The distributions of these charge states provide insight into the injection and energization of both ionospheric oxygen as well as solar wind ions inside the magnetosphere.
Lidar observations of persistent gravity waves with periods of 3–10 h in the Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere at McMurdo (77.83°S, 166.67°E)
Authors: Chen Cao , Chu Xinzhao , Zhao Jian , Roberts Brendan R. , Yu Zhibin , Fong Weichun , Lu Xian , Smith John A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPersistent, dominant, and large‐amplitude gravity waves with 3–10 h periods and vertical wavelengths ~20–30 km are observed in temperatures from the stratosphere to lower thermosphere with an Fe Boltzmann lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica. These waves exhibit characteristics of inertia‐gravity waves in case studies, yet they are extremely persistent and have been present during every lidar observation. We characterize these 3–10 h waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using lidar temperature data in June from 2011 to 2015. A new method is applied to identify the major wave events from every lidar run longer than 12 h. A continuous 65 h lidar run on 28–30 June 2014 exhibits a 7.5 h wave spanning ~60 h, and 6.5 h and 3.4 h waves spanning 40 and 45 h, respectively. Over the course of 5 years, 323 h of data in June reveal that the major wave periods occur in several groups centered from ~3.5 to 7.5 h, with vertical phase speeds of 0.8–2 m/s. These 3–10 h waves possess more than half of the spectral energy for ~93% of the time. A rigorous prewhitening, postcoloring technique is introduced for frequency power spectra investigation. The resulting spectral slopes are unusually steep (−2.7) below ~100 km but gradually become shallower with increasing altitude, reaching about −1.6 at 110 km. Two‐dimensional fast Fourier transform spectra confirm that these waves have a uniform dominant vertical wavelength of 20–30 km across periods of 3.5–10 h. These statistical features shed light on the wave source and pave the way for future research.
Gas hydrate distribution and hydrocarbon maturation north of the Knipovich Ridge, western Svalbard margin
Authors: Dumke Ines , Burwicz Ewa B. , Berndt Christian , Klaeschen Dirk , Feseker Tomas , Geissler Wolfram H. , Sarkar Sudipta 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR) occurs west of Svalbard in water depths exceeding 600 m, indicating that gas hydrate occurrence in marine sediments is more widespread in this region than anywhere else on the eastern North Atlantic margin. Regional BSR mapping shows the presence of hydrate and free gas in several areas, with the largest area located north of the Knipovich Ridge, a slow spreading ridge segment of the Mid Atlantic Ridge system. Here heat flow is high (up to 330 mW m−2), increasing toward the ridge axis. The coinciding maxima in across‐margin BSR width and heat flow suggest that the Knipovich Ridge influenced methane generation in this area. This is supported by recent finds of thermogenic methane at cold seeps north of the ridge termination. To evaluate the source rock potential on the western Svalbard margin, we applied 1‐D petroleum system modeling at three sites. The modeling shows that temperature and burial conditions near the ridge were sufficient to produce hydrocarbons. The bulk petroleum mass produced since the Eocene is at least 5 kt and could be as high as ~0.2 Mt. Most likely, source rocks are Miocene organic‐rich sediments and a potential Eocene source rock that may exist in the area if early rifting created sufficiently deep depocenters. Thermogenic methane production could thus explain the more widespread presence of gas hydrates north of the Knipovich Ridge. The presence of microbial methane on the upper continental slope and shelf indicates that the origin of methane on the Svalbard margin varies spatially.
In situ development of high‐elevation, low‐relief landscapes via duplex deformation in the Eastern Himalayan hinterland, Bhutan
Authors: Adams B. A. , Whipple K. X. , Hodges K. V. , Heimsath A. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrior studies have proposed tectonic and climatic mechanisms to explain surface uplift throughout the Bhutan Himalaya. While the resulting enigmatic, low‐relief landscapes, elevated above deeply incised canyons, are a popular setting to test ideas of interacting tectonic and climatic forces, when and why these landscapes formed is still debated. We test the idea that these landscapes were created by a spatially variable and recent increase in rock uplift rate associated with the formation of structural duplexes at depth. We utilize a new suite of erosion rates derived from detrital cosmogenic nuclide techniques, geomorphic observations, and a landscape evolution model to demonstrate the viability of this hypothesis. Low‐relief landscapes in Bhutan are eroding at a rate of ~70 m/Ma, while basins from surrounding steep landscapes yield erosion rates of ~950 m/Ma, demonstrating that this portion of the range is in a transient period of increasing relief. Applying insights from our erosion rates, we explore the influence of an active duplex on overlying topography using a landscape evolution model by imposing a high rock uplift rate in the middle of a mountain range. Our simulations show that low‐relief landscapes with thick alluvial fills form upstream of convex knickpoints as rivers adjust to higher uplift rates downstream, a pattern consistent with geologic, geomorphic, and thermochronometric data from Bhutan. With our new erosion rates, reconstructed paleo‐river profiles, and landscape evolution simulations, we show that the low‐relief landscapes were formed in situ as they were uplifted ~800 m in the past ~0.8–1 Ma.
Capsule–Capsule Conversion by Guest Encapsulation
Authors: Wang Shitao , Sawada Tomohisa , Ohara Kazuaki , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Fujita Makoto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGuest‐induced M18L6–M24L8 capsule–capsule conversion is reported. Both capsules are composed of PdII ethylenediamine units (M) and 1,3,5‐tris(3,5‐pyrimidyl)pyrimidine (L), and form trigonal bipyramidal (M18L6) and octahedral (M24L8) closed‐shell structures with huge hydrophobic inner spaces. The M18L6 trigonal bipyramid is converted to the M24L8 octahedron through encapsulation of large aromatic guests, with the latter capsule possessing a cavity volume three times larger than the former. Despite the dynamic properties of the capsule host, the encapsulated guests are difficult to extract and are thus isolated from the external environment.
Oxyhydroxide Nanosheets with Highly Efficient Electron–Hole Pair Separation for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Huang Junheng , Shang Qichao , Huang Yuanyuan , Tang Fumin , Zhang Qun , Liu Qinghua , Jiang Shan , Hu Fengchun , Liu Wei , Luo Yi , Yao Tao , Jiang Yong , Pan Zhiyun , Sun Zhihu , Wei Shiqiang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe facile electron–hole pair recombination in earth‐abundant transition‐metal oxides is a major limitation for the development of highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocatalysts. In this work, the thickness of a layered β‐CoOOH semiconductor that contains metal/hydroxy groups was reduced to obtain an atomically thin, two‐dimensional nanostructure. Analysis by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that electron–hole recombination is almost suppressed in the as‐prepared 1.3 nm thick β‐CoOOH nanosheet, which leads to prominent electron–hole separation efficiencies of 60–90 % upon irradiation at 350–450 nm, which are ten times higher than those of the bulk counterpart. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and first‐principles calculations demonstrate that [HO−CoO6−x] species on the nanosheet surface promote H+ adsorption and H2 desorption. An aqueous suspension of the β‐CoOOH nanosheets exhibited a high hydrogen production rate of 160 μmol g−1 h−1 even when the system was operated for hundreds of hours.
Conformational Slippage Determines Rotational Frequency in Five‐Component Nanorotors
Authors: Samanta Soumen K. , Rana Anup , Schmittel Michael 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeveral five‐component nanorotors ROT‐3 that rotate at different rates were prepared by adding phenanthrolines of distinct lateral size as brake blocks to the four‐component nanorotor ROT‐2. The brake blocks interfere with the 180° rotor causing the rotational frequency to drop from 97 kHz to 5 kHz. The effect of the rotating brake blocks on the rotational frequency in ROT‐3 is accurately predicted by a nanomechanical model called “conformational slippage”. For quantification, the interaction of the brake blocks with the trajectory of the main rotator is gauged based on the number of interfering vs. non‐interfering conformations as computed by PM6.
The improved Noah land surface model based on storage capacity curve and Muskingum method and application in GRAPES model
Authors: Wang Lili , Chen Dehui , Bao Hongjun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNoah‐LSM, applied in GRAPES model, cannot express the changes of runoff‐yield area effectively and describe hydrological cycle completely. It is improved as follows: (1) Add saturation excess runoff generation module, which considers the change in runoff‐yielding area based on a storage capacity curve for the better grid runoff simulation; (2) introduce routing module based on Muskingum method, to consider the redistribution of soil moisture in two‐dimensional level. The improved model application results indicated that the meteorological elements in the surface layer simulated are influenced by land surface water cycle process, such as soil moisture, 2 m temperature, is closer to the observed.
Clearing skeletal muscle with CLARITY for light microscopy imaging
Authors: Milgroom Andrew , Ralston Evelyn 
Published: January 2016

AbstractViewing subcellular details over large tissue volumes is becoming an essential condition of the success of large‐scale projects aimed at visualizing cell connections in whole organs or tissues. However, tissue opacity remains an obstacle to deep tissue imaging. This situation has brought renewed interest for techniques of tissue clearing; new protocols, such as CLARITY (Clear Lipid‐exchanged Acrylamide‐hybridized Rigid Imaging/Immunostaining/In situ hybridization‐compatible Tissue‐hYdrogel), have recently been developed. So far, most of the tests of these techniques have been applied to brain or other soft tissues. Here we show that CLARITY clears mouse hindlimb skeletal muscles and maintains the basic structural features of muscle and its fibers. However, tagging with fluorescent markers was not successful.
C2 Arylated Benzo[b]thiophene Derivatives as Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors
Authors: Liger François , Bouhours Pascale , Ganem‐Elbaz Carine , Jolivalt Claude , Pellet‐Rostaing Stéphane , Popowycz Florence , Paris Jean‐Marc , Lemaire Marc 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn innovative and straightforward synthesis of second‐generation 2‐arylbenzo[b]thiophenes as structural analogues of INF55 and the first generation of our laboratory‐made molecules was developed. The synthesis of C2‐arylated benzo[b]thiophene derivatives was achieved through a method involving direct arylation, followed by simple structural modifications. Among the 34 compounds tested, two of them were potent NorA pump inhibitors, which led to a 16‐fold decrease in the ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the SA‐1199B strain at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 μg mL−1 (1 and 1.5 μm, respectively). This is a promising result relative to that obtained for reserpine (MIC=20 μg mL−1), a reference compound amongst NorA pump inhibitors. These molecules thus represent promising candidates to be used in combination with ciprofloxacin against fluoroquinolone‐resistant strains.
Isoxazolines: A Novel Chemotype Highly Effective on Ectoparasites
Authors: Weber Tina , Selzer Paul M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEfficient control of arthropod ectoparasite infestations has a long‐standing history in the agriculture and veterinary sectors, aiming to decrease the parasite burden of affected crops and animals. Ligand‐gated chloride channels (LGCCs) modulated by γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate have been identified as suitable molecular targets, and several classes of potent parasiticides have been devised. Due to the increase in cross‐resistance and decreased development of new chemical entities, an urgent need for new parasiticides or prevention schemes has emerged. In the last decade, an innovative isoxazoline chemotype appears to offer promise for inhibiting LGCCs with a new mode of action and distinct binding site from that of historical agents. Considerable efforts have focused on optimizing the antiparasitic activity of isoxazolines and may provide the potential for future human use.
Synthesis of γ‐Valerolactone from Carbohydrates and its Applications
Authors: Zhang Zehui 
Published: January 2016

Abstractγ‐Valerolactone (GVL) is a valuable chemical intermediate that can be obtained by catalytic reduction of levulinic acid (LA) or alkyl levulinates (AL). There are many reports on the synthesis of GVL from LA or AL. However, the demand for the large‐scale synthesis of GVL requires more environmentally friendly and cost‐effective production processes. This article focuses on the recent advance in the synthesis of GVL from carbohydrates or lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, application of GVL as the reaction solvents, fuel additives, and as precursor for the synthesis of jet fuel and polymer monomers is also discussed.
Recyclable Earth‐Abundant Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for Selective Transfer Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to Produce γ‐Valerolactone
Authors: Gowda Ravikumar R. , Chen Eugene Y.‐X. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) derived from earth‐abundant metal(0) carbonyls catalyze conversion of bio‐derived levulinic acid into γ‐valerolactone in up to 93 % isolated yield. This sustainable and green route uses non‐precious metal catalysts and can be performed in aqueous or ethanol solution without using hydrogen gas as the hydrogen source. Generation of metal NPs using microwave irradiation greatly enhances the rate of the conversion, enables the use of ethanol as both solvent and hydrogen source without forming the undesired ethyl levulinate, and affords recyclable polymer‐stabilized NPs.
Study on the reaction of amines with internal epoxides
Authors: Radojčić Dragana , Hong Jian , Ionescu Mihail , Wan Xianmei , Javni Ivan , Petrović Zoran S. 
Published: January 2016

The reactivity of internal epoxides, as in epoxidized fatty acids, with primary amines was investigated using primary amines and a model epoxide compound, which was a mixture involving cis‐ and trans‐isomers of 9,10‐epoxyoctadecane.The reactions were carried out at 100, 170, and 200°C for 24 h. It was observed that the reaction of an amine with an internal epoxide does not proceed to any significant extent even at 200°C in the absence of catalysts.Practical applications: The model reaction of an amine with 9,10‐epoxyoctadecane is helpful to understand the reaction of amines with epoxidized vegetable oils. It revealed that the key step in the reaction of amine with epoxidized vegetable oils, in the absence of a catalyst, is amidation.Model compound, 9,10‐epoxyoctadecane (E‐OCD), was prepared and reacted with n‐octylamine and ehtanolamine without catalysts. GPC showed that in the absence of catalysts, ring opening of an internal epoxide with amine does not take place to any significant extent. While ring opening in the presence of OH groups happens to a higher extent. OH groups could act as reactants or catalysts.