bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TGF-β Controls the Formation of Kidney-Resident T Cells via Promoting Effector T Cell Extravasation
Authors: Ma Chaoyu , Mishra Shruti , Demel Erika L. , Liu Yong , Zhang Nu 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells, a population of noncirculating memory T cells, are one of the essential components of immunological memory in both mouse and human. Although CD69+CD103+ TRM cells represent a major TRM cell population in barrier tissues including the mucosal surface and the skin, CD69+CD103− TRM cells dominate most nonbarrier tissues, such as the kidney. TGF-β is required for the differentiation of CD69+CD103+ TRM cells in barrier tissues. However, the developmental control of CD69+CD103− TRM cells in nonbarrier tissues remains largely unknown and the involvement of TGF-β signaling is less clear. In this study we demonstrated that TGF-β promoted the formation of kidney-resident T cells via enhancing the tissue entry of effector T cells. Mechanistically, TGF-β enhanced E- and P-selectin and inflammatory chemokine-mediated extravasation of effector T cells. Thus TGF-β controls the first developmental checkpoint of TRM cell differentiation in nonbarrier tissues.
Baseline Neurocognitive Performance and Clearance for Athletes to Return to Contact
Authors: Asken Breton M. , Clugston James R. , Snyder Aliyah R. , Bauer Russell M. 
Published: December 2016

Context: Computerized neurocognitive assessments are commonly used to manage sport-related concussion. Variations in baseline performance may influence neurocognitive performance after injury as well as the amount of time needed for an athlete to be cleared for return to sport participation.Objective: To investigate the relationship between mean baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) scores and postconcussion reliable decline as well as the association between postconcussion cognitive decline and days missed after injury.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: University concussion databank.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 84 collegiate athletes who sustained a concussion between 2008 and 2015 were studied. For each ImPACT composite score (verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time), athletes were grouped based on the presence or absence of reliable decline and on the presence of reliable decline in 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 cognitive domains.Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures were baseline ImPACT composite scores and days missed due to concussion.Results: Athletes with a reliable decline in visual memory scored higher on baseline visual memory than did athletes with no decline or an improvement (t82 = −2.348, P = .021, d = 0.65). When comparing athletes who displayed a reliable decline with those who showed no change or an improvement in any composite score, days missed did not differ. The number of composite scores with a reliable decline demonstrated no main effect on days missed (P = .530).Conclusions: Athletes who exhibited cognitive decline in most or all of the composite scores did not miss more days after injury than athletes with a decline in fewer or none of the composite scores. Athletes should be educated regarding the lack of association between baseline neurocognitive scores and the presence or absence of a reliable decline after concussion, as well as the fact that, on average, individuals with a reliable decline across multiple domains did not miss more time after concussion.
A free church perspective on military chaplains role in its historical context
Authors: Allison Neil E. 
Published: December 2016

The waning influence of Christianity in the United Kingdom’s armed forces since 1960 and the growing ignorance of personnel who have ties to a particular denomination, gave rise to a new assessment of the military chaplain in a modern and postmodern context. This article gives an overview of the practice during the two world wars and after the 1960s. It also gives an overview of the debate on the current role of the military chaplain, especially the beliefs of Herspring, Zahn, Coleman and McCormack, and eventually set up a role model from a Free Church perspective. It is shown that an operating model that is only defined in pastoral terms does not satisfy. The pastoral and spiritual definition, in terms of a liminal serving as an alternative, is suggested because it frees the chaplain to act more independent and also describes the best practice that has always prevailed in the British army.
SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTROL OF AIR-BORNE CONTAMINATION IN MILK AND FOOD PLANTS1,2
Authors: Heldman D. R. 
Published: December 2016

Summary
The control or elimination of air-borne contamination in the food industry provides many distinct advantages. Obtaining maximum shelf-life of packaged non-sterile food products, gaining full economic advantages of continuous sterilization of fluid food products and maintaining overall high quality levels are among the advantages. By control or elimination of sources such as floor drains ventilation systems and plant workers, populations of air-borne microorganisms can be reduced significantly. Recent results reveal that 68% of the air-borne bacteria counts in packaging areas of a dairy plant are greater than 6 per ft3. Nearly 45% of the air-borne bacteria are associated with particles between 2.0 and 5.5 microns. Contamination control can be accomplished by preventing transport of air-borne contaminants from source to point of contamination. Air turbulence is one of the primary mechanisms contributing to transport. Laminar flow of filtered air has provided effective control under experimental situations.
THE POTENTIAL AND PROBLEMS OF FOOD HARVEST FROM THE OCEANS1
Authors: Green J. H. 
Published: December 2016

There is a rich potential source of food in the sea to help supply protein to the world's needs. The problems associated with the fishing industry are many and complex. Problems of preservation of the fisherman's catch are directly connected to proper sanitation practices and the control of microorganisms. To solve these problems for the trawl fisherman, several projects are underway at the Gloucester Technological Laboratory which consider industrial sanitation type improvements and steps to govern microbial outgrowth by use of antimicrobial agents.
These projects are concerned with the application of gamma irradiation by different types of colbalt-60 irradiators, the improvement of vessel and shore handling procedures, the use of antimicrobial agents, and even by special innovations in shipping containers and principles. These projects are discussed with their special aspects of sanitation and microbial control.
The fishing industry is learning from the experience of other food industries and hopes to greatly extend the shelf-life of fishery products by application of improved industrial sanitary practices and by the control of microorganisms.
STERILIZATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SPACE EXPLORATION1
Authors: McDade J. J. , Favero M. S. , Hall L. B. 
Published: December 2016

Summary
Planetary landing space hardware is required to be sterilized. The probability of obtaining sterile space hardware is enhanced considerably when the level of microbial contamination of the hardware is kept very low prior to terminal sterilization. Such control requires constant and efficient monitoring of the hardware and the intramural environments where flight hardware is assembled, tested, and encapsulated before terminal sterilization. This study demonstrates that the levels and types of microbial contaminants recovered from space hardware, or from test surfaces exposed within assembly areas, depend upon the degree of environmental and personnel control. Operating personnel was the chief source of contamination. However, the intramural environment may become a reservoir of contamination, especially when environmental control measures are inadequate. It appears that one of the best means for maintaining microbial contamination at a low level is by use of vertical laminar flow clean rooms.
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF FRESH FILLETS
Authors: Silverrio Remedios , Levin R. E. 
Published: December 2016

Summary
The use of a nutrient broth consisting of 0.5% tryptone, 0.25% yeast extract, and 0.1% dextrose for blending and diluting fish tissue resulted in a 10 fold higher count compared to that obtained when distilled water was used. No specific preference was shown for yeast extract, beef extract or tryptone for yielding maximum total counts between 0.1 – 0.5% concentrations. A fish infusion agar representing a 1:10 dilution of fish tissue in distilled water yielded lower counts than conventional nutrient media. The addition of 0.1 – 0.5% glucose, glycerol, and sodium lactate to a basal medium of 0.1% yeast extract and 0.2% tryptone failed to increase total counts above those obtained with the basal medium alone. The addition of 0.05% – 0.5% sodium citrate to enumerating media markedly suppressed the total count; 0.3% reduced the count by 64% from fresh haddock and by 95% from stale haddock. The addition of 0.1 – 0.5% NaCl to enumerating media did not influence total counts but was essential for pigment formation by Pseudomonas putrefaciens. Plate counts determined at 20 and 25 C exceeded those from plates incubated at 3 C from fresh haddock while the reverse was true for stale haddock.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDTA AS A FISH PRESERVATIVE1
Authors: Levin Robert E. 
Published: December 2016

Summary
A concentration of 0.005% Na4EDTA markedly inhibited the growth of the facultative psychrophiles P. putrefaciens, P. Fragi and P. fluorescens in half strength nutrient broth at pH 7.0. Achromobacter lipolyticum was the only psychrophilic organism of 20 tested which was found to be insensitive to EDTA. The application of a 1.0% dip of Na4EDTA to haddock fillets for 1 min failed to suppress the increase in bacterial numbers on fillets stored at 3 C when compared to untreated control fillets. Refrigerated storage at 3 C was, however, extended by the dip from 5 to 9–10 days based on odor and taste evaluations. The formation of trimethylamine and volatile basic nitrogen was markedly suppressed in EDTA dipped fillets.
TEST METHODS FOR MEASURING MINIMUM HOLDING TIMES IN CONTINUOUS EGG PASTEURIZERS1
Authors: Kaufman Vern F. , Putnam George W. , Ijichi Kosuke 
Published: December 2016

Two test methods that may be used in commercial egg pasteurizers while in normal operation are described. Either may be used without damage to the product and with almost no disturbance to regular plant procedures. These tests have been needed to help determine the degree of compliance with pasteurization requirements.
The first method requires injection of a cold shot into the flow stream entering the holding tube and determination of the time required for the first of this material to arrive at the outlet of the holding tube. The cold shot is introduced into the line by use of a by-pass loop. The arrival of the cold shot at the end of the holding tube is detected by use of a sensitive recorder to indicate the temperature change.
The second method is based on the use of a fluorocarbon compound as a tracer. The compound is dissolved in yolk, which is injected into the flow stream entering the holding tube. Samples taken at the end of the holding tube are checked with a fluorocarbon leak detector of the type used in the refrigeration industry. The first positive sample is taken as the time of arrival of the injected tracer. Fluorocarbon compound 12 which is permitted in the immersion freezing of foods may be used and has no effects on the functional properties of the products.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE WISCONSIN MASTITIS TEST1
Authors: Richter R. L. , Randolph H. E. , Rudnick A. W. 
Published: December 2016

The influence of chemical sanitizers, lysozyme, DNAase, storage time and temperature, hydrolytic rancidity, and heat treatment on the Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT) was studied.
Concentrations of 25 to 50 ppm of iodophor and quaternary ammonium compound sanitizers caused significant reductions in WMT values. The test was not affected by chlorine, chloramine-T; or an acid sanitizer. The WMT reaction was completely destroyed by 12.5 μg or more of DNAase/9 ml of milk.
Significant decreases in WMT values occurred after storage for longer than 24 hr and the rate of decline increased when storage temperatures above 4.5 C were used. Lysozyme concentrations of 50 to 200 μg/100 ml of milk decreased the rate at which the WMT values declined during storage. The test values were not affected by increases in acid degree values.
Heat treatments greater than 43 C for 1 min caused severe reductions in WMT values. The effect increased as the severity of the heat treatment was increased.
SELF-CERTIFICATION IN THE VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE PROGRAM1
Authors: Delmore Fred J. 
Published: December 2016

In 1964, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) embarked on a voluntary Compliance Program designed to assist and encourage the regulated industries to adopt concepts of self-regulation. Administered by the Bureau of Voluntary Compliance, this program is aimed at providing industry with facts and techniques that will give industry the greatest opportunity to comply with FDA regulations and standards. FDA will do all it can to provide industry with: (a) advisory assistance and information, (b) an explanation of how laws and regulations affect it, (c) results of our scientific research and improved analytical methodology, and (d) recommendations for controlling bacterial contamination and adopting good manufacturing practices.
FDA's traditional reliance on enforcement through its own staff is being reinforced to include an Industry-State-FDA partnership. Self-Certification, an example of such a partnership, is a co-operative approach of Government and industry to assure the quality of our American food supply. Under this program, industry and FDA agree upon and share specifications for products covered. These include operating guidelines, product specifications in the form of tolerances, and complete quality control programs. In addition, the company and FDA share reports of inspections, reports of analyses, and consumer complaints.
At present priority attention is given to products with a public health problem, namely microbiological hazards. However, when agreements are negotiated, problems of less priority are included so that products under the agreement comply fully with the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act.
Two pilot programs are presently operating. One of these involves an industry-State-FDA agreement. We are confident that this is a fore-runner of many other agreements in which regulatory officials join industry and FDA in this partnership.
MANUFACTURE AND KEEPING QUALITY OF LOW FAT DAIRY SPREAD1
Authors: Goel M. C. , Calbert H. E. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

Six lots of dairy spread containing 35 to 50% milk fat and 8 to 13% solids-not-fat (SNF) were prepared using the following stabilizers: (a) gelatin; (b) a propylene glycol alginate; (c) a product containing propylene glycol alginate, carrageenin, and an emulsifier; and (d) a product composed of carboxymethylcellulose, carrageenin, and locust bean gum. A portion of one lot of dairy spread was fortified with nisin in addition to stabilizer (d) above. Bacterial counts, syneresis measurements, and organoleptic evaluations were made on two lots, whereas the others were only subjected to body strength and syneresis measurements.
It was found that an increase in the fat to SNF ratio was accompanied by an increase in wheying-off; a decrease in body strength; and a deterioration of body, texture, and appearance of the dairy spread. In contrast to this, a decrease in the fat to SNF ratio was accompanied by improvements in body, texture and appearance, and by less wheying-off. However, reducing the fat to SNF ratio below 40:13 was detrimental to over-all quality, although wheying-off was significantly reduced. Choice of storage temperature (40 F instead of 45 F), stabilizer (carboxymethylcellulose-carrageenin-locust bean gum product used at a level of 0.18% yielded a superior product), as well as addition of nisin (1,465 ppm), were important in determining over-all product quality, and thus the shelf-life of dairy spread. A shelf-life of 5 to 6 weeks was obtained when the product was made from high quality ingredients, under sanitary conditions, and with the procedures outlined in this paper.
THE SPOKANE CITY HEALTH DEPARTMENT MASTITIS CONTROL PROGRAM1
Authors: Olson Roy T. 
Published: December 2016

The City of Spokane Health Department was asked by the U. S. Public Health Service to study and instigate a practical abnormal milk control program in 1962. From May until November 1962 composite bulk tank samples were tested using the Modified Whiteside Test. Some abnormal milk appeared in 42% of the bulk tank samples. With this information, a meeting was called which included personnel from the U. S. Public Health Service, State Department of Health, State Department of Agriculture, Idaho Health Department, Extension Service, Dairy Industry, the Dairy Science Departments of Washington State University and the University of Idaho. A program was started using five committees recommended by the National Mastitis Council and a steering committee. The Direct Microscopic Leucocyte Count (DMLC) was adopted for official use and an educational program was started.
In April 1965, it was agreed that enforcement was needed to bring the leucocyte level below 1,000,000 per ml. After a few suspensions, the results were amazing, dropping from 22% to 1% of the producers continually with over a million per ml of milk.
In April 1966, the City adopted the 1965 U. S. Public Health Service Grade “A” Milk Ordinance and included an Abnormal Milk Section with 800,000 leucocytes/ml as a limit and using the 3 out of 5 method of suspension. At present, the DMLC is the official method and the industry is using the Wisconsin Mastitis Test monthly on all their producers.
The program has been very successful because of the cooperation of the milk industry, machine installers, Extension Service, Dairy Science Departments and Health Departments. It will be possible in the future to meet the 500,000 leucocytes per ml limit.
REMOVAL OF EXTRANEOUS MATTER FROM CREAM USED FOR BUTTERMAKING
Authors: Maloney P. , Armstrong J. G. 
Published: December 2016

Butter with consistently low levels of extraneous matter can be produced from farm-separated cream only if a suitable clarifying or filtering step is included in processing. The following sequence of plant operations is proposed: (a) pass cream through a strong nylon bag of about 30 mesh per inch, to remove larger pieces of extraneous matter; (b) heat cream to 70–80 F and neutralize; (c) heat to 130–140 F and clarify or filter; (d) heat to 170–175 F to pasteurize; (e) cool, allow to stand overnight and churn.
A number of choices are open to plant operators respecting equipment and operating conditions. For a filtering process, choices exist respecting at least the filter size, filter material, and flow rate. Filtering and clarifying appear about equally effective in the removal of extraneous matter.
ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE AND OTHER AIR-BORNE MICROORGANISMS IN TURKEY PROCESSING PLANTS1,2
Authors: Zottola Edmnd A. , Schmeltz D. L. , Jezeski J. J. 
Published: December 2016

The air in seven Minnesota turkey processing plants was analyzed microbiologically for total numbers of bacteria per cubic foot, number of coliform organisms per cubic foot, and the presence of salmonellae. Plant environmental samples, that is walls, floors, and equipment adjacent to air sampling areas, also were tested for the presence of salmonellae. Areas sampled included: live bird area (hanging, stunning, killing), scald and picking areas, evisceration line, packaging line, and further Processing.
Total numbers of bacteria in the air of one plant (T-5) ranged from more than 200,000/ft3 in the live bird area to 1/ft3 near the. evisceration line. Coliform numbers in the air of .a second plant (T-l) ranged from 400/ft3 in the live bird area to none in 100 ft3 in the other areas of the plant. Similar results were obtained in the other plants.
Salmonellae were found in the air of the live bird area in 6 of the 7 plants and in the picking room of the other one. In each of the 7 plants salmonellae were not recovered from the air in other processing areas. The data indicate that salmonellae are frequently found in the air of areas where live birds are handled but difficult to isolate or find in other areas of the plant.
MICROBIOLOGY OF RAW AND PROCESSED WILD RICE1
Authors: Goel M. C. , Gaddi Blanca L. , Marth E. H. , Stuiber D. A. , Lund D. B. , Lindsay R. C. , Brickbauer E. 
Published: December 2016

Raw wild rice was tested for its microbiological condition and was found to contain, per gram, up to 21 × 108 total aerobic count, 63 × 106 coliforms, 98 × 107 psychrotrophs, 16 × 106 streptococci, 26 × 104 yeasts, and 83 × 105 molds. Although the product was free of coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella infantis and Escherichia coli were found in some samples.
Rice was parched at 51.7 C (125 F) for 8 hr, 65.6 C (150 F) for 180 min, 79,4 C (175 F) for 180 min, and 121.1 C (250 F) for 105 min. Parching reduced the number of viable organisms and greatest changes appeared when the higher temperatures were used. Unhulled rice parched at 79.4 C contained, per gram, 40 × 106 total aerobic count, 33 × 103 psychrotrophs, 46 × 102 coliforms, 100 × 103 streptococci, &lt;10 yeasts, and 62 × 104 molds. Most organisms present in parched rice were associated with the hulls rather than the kernels after rice was hulled. Boiling of parched wild rice, as might be done when it is prepared for consumption, reduced the total aerobic count to 140 per gram. Other microorganisms for which tests were conducted could not be recovered from cooked wild rice.
Samples of wild rice obtained from local supermarkets contained, per gram, up to 106 total aerobic count and 104 coliforms. Other types of microorganisms for which tests were made, could not be recovered from most samples.
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FOOD POISONING1,2
Authors: Duncan C. L. 
Published: December 2016

Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning in man is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain. The disease usually follows ingestion of food contaminated with large numbers of C. perfringens cells. During the past 3 to 5 years, the role of this organism in food poisoning incidents in the United States has acquired new emphasis as a result of the increasing number of reported outbreaks and the alarming number of cases associated with these outbreaks. In 1968, C. perfringens was responsible for approximately 28% of the food poisoning outbreaks and 49% of the cases, when compared with food poisoning caused by Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Shigella, and Clostridium botulinum.
The majority of reported outbreaks and cases resulting from C. perfringens are associated with mass feeding establishments. The most common vehicles are beef and poultry products. The mode of action by which C. perfringens causes food poisoning symptoms is not fully understood. Control of this type of food poisoning must be concerned with prevention of spore germination and/or multiplication of the vegetative cells in cooked foods.