bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molar Pregnancy and Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Authors: Goldstein Donald P. , Berkowitz Ross S. , Horowitz Neil S. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewGestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is among the rare human malignancies that can be cured in the presence of widespread metastases. GTN includes a spectrum of interrelated tumors, including hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental‐site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT), which has varying propensities for local invasion and metastasis. With the exception of PSTT and ETT, all GTNs arise from the cytotrophoblast and syncytial cells of the villous trophoblast and produce abundant amounts of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Measurement of hCG levels serves as a reliable tumor marker for diagnosis, monitoring of treatment response, and follow‐up to detect recurrence. PSTT and ETT originate from the intermediate cells of extravillous trophoblast and produce hCG sparsely, making its use as a tumor marker that is less reliable. Although GTN most commonly follows a molar pregnancy, it may follow any gestational event, including therapeutic or spontaneous abortion and ectopic or term pregnancy. Before the development of effective chemotherapy in 1956, the majority of patients with GTN localized to the uterus were cured with hysterectomy, but metastatic disease was almost always fatal. Most women can now be cured and their reproductive function preserved if treated early and according to well‐established guidelines. GTN patients are categorized using a prognostic scoring system into low‐ and high‐risk disease based on response to single‐agent chemotherapy. Low‐risk GTN generally responds to monotherapy while high‐risk disease requires multiagent regimens to achieve remission. Despite chemotherapy, subsequent pregnancy outcomes are similar to the general population.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Portlock Carol S. , Kumar Anita , Armitage James 
Published: March 2017

OverviewThis chapter provides a historical perspective on the marked advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy that have contributed to significant improvements in the curability of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) over the past several decades. The classic features and new insights into the epidemiology, biology, and pathologic characteristics of HL are described. With emphasis on the modern clinical approach to the staging, imaging, and treatment of HL, the chapter highlights how current management approaches, such as refined risk stratification, use of PET imaging, and the reduction of radiation field and dose, seek to limit long‐term toxicities of therapy while maintaining excellent cure rates. Finally, the authors describe how the development of novel, biologically targeted therapies has contributed to significant changes in the therapeutic landscape for patients with relapsed, refractory HL.
Mycosis Fungoides andSézary Syndrome
Authors: Hoppe Richard T. , Kim Youn H. , Advani Ranjana H. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewMycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (MF/SS) is the most common cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. It originates in the skin and its presentation may range from very limited patch disease to wide‐spread cutaneous tumors. When there is peripheral blood involvement, usually in conjunction with erythroderma, it is known as the SS. Although patients with limited patch disease have a very long natural history, respond to a variety of topical therapies, and even enjoy a survival similar to age‐matched control populations, patients who present with cutaneous tumors or extracutaneous disease have a relentless progressive course of disease. Treatments for patients with limited disease are primarily topical and include topical chemotherapy (nitrogen mustard), radiation therapy, and phototherapy. When the disease is advanced, topical therapies are still often needed, but systemic treatment becomes essential. Conventional chemotherapy (single agent or combination) is often not effective. However, systemic biologics such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, the interferons, photopheresis, alemtuzumab, and brentuximab vedotin may achieve responses. Most recently, hematopoietic cell transplant, especially with nonablative conditioning regimens, has shown promising results in a cohort of patients with advanced MF or SS.
Skeletal Complications
Authors: Via Michael A. , Iofin Ilya , Mechanick Jeffrey I. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewMetabolic bone disease is highly prevalent among cancer patients, owing to the systemic effects of malignancy, the humoral response, and to commonly prescribed cancer therapies. Surgical approaches to acute fracture can drastically impact quality of life. The use of bone antiresorptive agents can prevent fractures in this population and can reduce bone pain in patients with skeletal metastases.
Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support
Authors: Kaufman Richard M. , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewMany of the fundamental therapies used to treat cancer (chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation) disrupt normal hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. As a result, blood transfusion for patients with cancer is an essential supportive modality. The primary focus of this chapter is on “classical” blood component support: how red cells, plasma, platelets, and granulocytes are collected, tested, stored, and administered to address specific deficiencies in patients with cancer. Particular attention is paid to studies of prophylactic platelet transfusion, which over the past several decades has been critical in allowing myelosuppressive treatments to be applied to a variety of malignant disease states. Current infectious risks of blood products are reviewed.
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications in Cancer Patients
Authors: Bresalier Robert S. , Herlong H. Franklin , Blechacz Boris 
Published: March 2017

OverviewGastrointestinal and hepatic complications represent some of the most common and potentially life‐threatening disorders associated with treatment of the cancer patient. The expansion of therapeutic options for these patients has been accompanied by a growing number of direct and indirect consequences that effect the rapidly dividing cells of the GI tract. Cytotoxic, immunologic, and infectious insults often combine to increase toxicity. Recognition of these complications, together with proper evaluation and management, is key to the well being of these patients.
Reduction in stray radiation dose using a body‐shielding device during external radiation therapy
Authors: Zhang Shuxu , Jiang Shaohui , Zhang Quanbin , Lin Shengqu , Wang Ruihao , Zhou Xiang , Zhang Guoqian , Lei Huaiyu , Yu Hui 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWith the purpose of reducing stray radiation dose (SRD) in out‐of‐field region (OFR) during radiotherapy with 6 MV intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), a body‐shielding device (BSD) was prepared according to the measurements obtained in experimental testing. In experimental testing, optimal shielding conditions, such as 1 mm lead, 2 mm lead, and 1 mm lead plus 10 mm bolus, were investigated along the medial axis of a phantom using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The SRDs at distances from field edge were then measured and analyzed for a clinical IMRT treatment plan for nasopharyngeal carcinoma before and after shielding using the BSD. In addition, SRDs in anterior, posterior, left and right directions of phantom were investigated with and without shielding, respectively. Also, the SRD at the bottom of treatment couch was measured. SRD decreased exponentially to a constant value with increasing distance from field edge. The shielding rate was 50%–80%; however, there were no significant differences in SRDs when shielded by 1 mm lead, 2 mm lead, or 1 mm lead plus 10 mm bolus (P>0.05). Importantly, the 10 mm bolus absorbed back‐scattering radiation due to the interaction between photons and lead. As a result, 1 mm lead plus 10 mm bolus was selected to prepare the BSD. After shielding with BSD, total SRDs in the OFR decreased to almost 50% of those without shielding when irradiated with IMRT beams. Due to the effects of treatment couch and gantry angle, SRDs at distances were not identical in anterior, posterior, left and right direction of phantom without BSD. As higher dose in anterior and lower dose in posterior, SRDs were substantial similarities after shielding. There was no significant difference in SRDs for left and right directions with or without shielding. Interestingly, SRDs in the four directions were similar after shielding. From these results, the BSD developed in this study may significantly reduce SRD in the OFR during radiotherapy, thus decreasing the risk of secondary cancers.
Perturbation effects of the carbon fiber‐PEEK screws on radiotherapy dose distribution
Authors: Nevelsky Alexander , Borzov Egor , Daniel Shahar , Bar‐Deroma Raquel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRadiation therapy, in conjunction with surgical implant fixation, is a common combined treatment in cases of bone metastases. However, metal implants generally used in orthopedic implants perturb radiation dose distributions. Carbon‐Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone (CFR‐PEEK) material has been recently introduced for production of intramedullary nails and plates. The purpose of this work was to investigate the perturbation effects of the new CFR‐PEEK screws on radiotherapy dose distributions and to evaluate these effects in comparison with traditional titanium screws. The investigation was performed by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for a 6 MV photon beam. The project consisted of two main stages. First, a comparison of measured and MC calculated doses was performed to verify the validity of the MC simulation results for different materials. For this purpose, stainless steel, titanium, and CFR‐PEEK plates of various thicknesses were used for attenuation and backscatter measurements in a solid water phantom. For the same setup, MC dose calculations were performed. Next, MC dose calculations for titanium, CFR‐PEEK screws, and CFR‐PEEK screws with ultrathin titanium coating were performed. For the plates, the results of our MC calculations for all materials were found to be in good agreement with the measurements. This indicates that the MC model can be used for calculation of dose perturbation effects caused by the screws. For the CFR‐PEEK screws, the maximum dose perturbation was less than 5%, compared to more than 30% perturbation for the titanium screws. Ultrathin titanium coating had a negligible effect on the dose distribution. CFR‐PEEK implants have good prospects for use in radiotherapy because of minimal dose alteration and the potential for more accurate treatment planning. This could favorably influence treatment efficiency and decrease possible over‐ and underdose of adjacent tissues. The use of such implants has potential clinical advantages in the treatment of bone metastases.
A comparison between hydrogel spacer and endorectal balloon: An analysis of intrafraction prostate motion during proton therapy
Authors: Hedrick Samantha G. , Fagundes Marcio , Robison Ben , Blakey Marc , Renegar Jackson , Artz Mark , Schreuder Niek 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate intrafraction prostate motion in patients treated with proton therapy and an endorectal balloon or a hydrogel spacer using orthogonal x‐rays acquired before and after each treatment field. This study evaluated 10 patients (662 fields throughout treatment) treated daily with an endorectal balloon (ERB) and 16 patients (840 fields throughout treatment) treated with a hydrogel spacer (GEL) without an ERB. Patient shifts were recorded before and after each treatment field, correlated with a treatment time, using x‐ray imaging and implanted fiducial alignment. For each shift, recorded in X, Y, and Z, a 3D vector was calculated to determine the positional change. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean vector shift between ERB (0.06 cm) and GEL (0.09 cm), (P < 0.001). The mean includes a large number of zero shifts, but the smallest non‐zero shift recorded was 0.2 cm. The largest shifts were, on average, in the Z direction (anterior to posterior). The average Z shift was +0.02 cm for both ERB and GEL. There was no statistical difference between ERB and GEL for shifts greater than 0.3 cm (P = 0.13) or greater than 0.5 cm (P = 0.36). For treatment times between 5 and 9 min, a majority of shifts were less than 0.2 cm, 85.9% for ERB and 73.2% for GEL. There was a significant positive correlation between the vector shifts and field time for both ERB (r = 0.2, P < 0.001) and GEL (r = 0.07, P < 0.04). We have shown that prostate motion is clinically comparable between an ERB and a hydrogel spacer, and the time dependencies are similar. A large majority of shifts for both ERB and hydrogel are well within a typical robust planning margin. For GEL patients, we chose to maintain slightly larger planning margins than for ERB due to already improved rectal sparing with GEL.
Activation of hip prostheses in high energy radiotherapy and resultant dose to nearby tissue
Authors: Keehan Stephanie , Smith Ryan L. , Millar Jeremy , Esser Max , Taylor Michael L. , Lonski Peta , Kron Tomas , Franich Rick D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHigh energy radiotherapy can produce contaminant neutrons through the photonuclear effect. Patients receiving external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis may have high‐density hip prostheses. Metallic materials such as those in hip prostheses, often have high cross‐sections for neutron interaction. In this study, Thackray (UK) prosthetic hips have been irradiated by 18 MV radiotherapy beams to evaluate the additional dose to patients from the activation products. Hips were irradiated in‐ and out‐of field at various distances from the beam isocenter to assess activation caused in‐field by photo‐activation, and neutron activation which occurs both in and out‐of‐field. NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors were used to measure the subsequent gamma‐ray emissions and their half‐lives. High sensitivity Mg, Cu, P doped LiF thermoluminescence dosimeter chips (TLD‐100H) were used to measure the subsequent dose at the surface of a prosthesis over the 12 h following an in‐field irradiation of 10,000 MU to a hip prosthesis located at the beam isocenter in a water phantom. 53Fe, 56Mn, and 52V were identified within the hip following irradiation by radiotherapy beams. The dose measured at the surface of a prosthesis following irradiation in a water phantom was 0.20 mGy over 12 h. The dose at the surface of prostheses irradiated to 200 MU was below the limit of detection (0.05 mGy) of the TLD100H. Prosthetic hips are activated by incident photons and neutrons in high energy radiotherapy, however, the dose resulting from activation is very small.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomatizing Alkoxydiarylation of Furan Rings by Coupling with Arylboronic Acids: Access to Polysubstituted Oxabicyclic Compounds
Authors: Li Jiuyi , Lu Lin , Pan Qi , Ren Yanwei , Liu Bo , Yin Biaolin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe report a protocol for palladium‐catalyzed dearomatizing alkoxydiarylation of furan rings via aerobic oxidative coupling between arylboronic acids and 5‐aryl‐2‐hydroxyalkylfurans. This green protocol starting from furan derivatives, which can be sustainably sourced, provides rapid access to polysubstituted 2,3,3a,6a‐tetrahydrofuro[3,2‐b]furans and hexahydrofuro[3,2‐b]furans, oxabicyclic frameworks that are shared by various natural products and synthetic molecules with important biological activities.magnified image
(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed C–H Bond Functionalization: From Discovery to Unique Reactivity and Selectivity
Authors: Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHigh‐valent (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) [Cp*Co(III)] catalysts were found as inexpensive alternatives to (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III) [Cp*Rh(III)] catalysts in the field of C—H bond functionalization, and applied to a variety of transformations. In this review, after the discovery and early examples of Cp*Co(III)‐catalyzed C—H bond functionalization are summarized, the unique reactivity and selectivity of Cp*Co(III) and the differences between the cobalt and rhodium catalysis are intensively discussed. Such differences are assumed to be caused by the lower electronegativity, hard nature, and smaller ionic radius of cobalt.magnified image
Baby boomers in the United States: Factors associated with working longer and delaying retirement
Authors: Dong Xiuwen Sue , Wang Xuanwen , Ringen Knut , Sokas Rosemary 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesThis study estimated the self‐reported probability of working full‐time past age 62 (P62) or age 65 (P65) among four cohorts of Americans born between 1931 and 1959.MethodsData from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were analyzed. Respondents in four age cohorts were selected for comparison. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess cohort differences in P62 and P65 while adjusting for covariates.ResultsP62 and P65 increased among boomers despite worsened self‐rated health compared to the two preceding cohorts, with 37% and 80% increases among mid‐boomers in construction trades. Cohort differences in P62 and P65 remained after controlling for covariates. Changes in pensions, income inequity, and education were significantly associated with work expectations, but SSA policy was not.ConclusionsBaby boomers expect to work longer than their predecessors. Efforts to improve work quality and availability for older workers are urgently needed, particularly in physically demanding occupations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:315–328, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenetic changes in limb postures and their impact on effective limb length in baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Zeininger Angel , Shapiro Liza J. , Raichlen David A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesDigitigrade hand and foot postures and extended elbows and knees are considered adaptations to running in cursorial mammals because they increase effective limb lengths (ELLs). However, the relationship between digitigrady and ELL in primates is not well understood. We documented the ontogeny of limb postures in baboons to better understand the function of digitigrady during walking. We hypothesized that the hand and foot would become more elevated and the elbow and knee more extended, leading to increased relative ELLs throughout ontogeny.Materials and MethodsLongitudinal kinematic data were collected on four infant yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) as they aged from two to nine months, and again at two to three years. Hand/foot postures, elbow/knee angles, relative fore/hind limb ELLs, and dimensionless velocity were measured for 404 symmetrical walking strides.ResultsDigitigrade hand and foot postures were preferred at all ages. The elbow extended slightly and the knee flexed slightly with age. Elevated proximal hands, extended elbows, and extended knees were associated with long relative ELLs. For a given age, relative hind limb ELL was longer than relative forelimb ELL.DiscussionIn the forelimb, digitigrade hand postures and extended elbows function to increase relative ELL at slow walking velocity. Increased forelimb ELL may be an attempt to equalize forelimb and hind limb ELLs in baboons with an absolutely longer hind limb. Pedal digitigrady is not a main contributing factor to hind limb ELL. Results suggest that manual and pedal digitigrady in terrestrial cercopithecoids does not function to increase velocity.
Age‐related changes of sulcal imprints on the endocranium in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Van Minh Nguyen , Hamada Yuzuru 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe degree of expression of sulcal patterns on endocasts of nonhuman primates has been shown to depend primarily on species (brain size) and age of the individual. It has been suggested that brain details on endocasts are reproduced better in juvenile than adult primates. Here, we investigated age‐related changes in the imprint of the major sulci on the endocranium of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) from the juvenile period to adulthood.Materials and methodsUsing CT scans of 25 (12 males, 13 females) cranial specimens from macaques, we generated virtual endocasts to assess imprints of the seven main sulci on the endocranial surface. Expression of each sulcal imprint was evaluated by imprint score method.ResultsThe degree of expression of sulcal imprints differed between sulci. Arcuate, superior temporal, and principal sulci were well defined, whereas lunate and intraparietal sulci were poorly represented. Sulcal imprints showed significant age‐related changes in Japanese macaques from juvenile to elderly. Sulcal imprints showed a slight decrease in degree of expression from the juvenile period (2–4 years) to adolescence (4–6 years), and then remained unchanged until mid‐adulthood (15–16 years). The degree of expression of the sulcal imprints significantly decreased from mid‐adulthood to old age (>20 years).ConclusionsThe degree of expression of the sulcal imprints (relief forms) in inner table bone surface (endocranium) reveals significant age‐related decreases in adults. The great decrease starts at around 20 years of age. The endocranial volume showed a significant age‐related increase, and thus, it is suggested that the endocranial surface in macaques may be resorbed with advancing age.
The observation of PP/EVA blends in which isotactic PP was preradiated with different radiation absorbed doses
Authors: Zhang Yicheng , Li Jianxi , Shen Liguo , Lin Hongjun , Shan Yongdong 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIsotactic polypropylene (PP) was preradiated by γ ray with different absorbed doses and subsequently blended with ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) co‐polymer to prepare PP/EVA blends. The average molecular weight (Mn) of isotactic PP decreased with the increasing radiation absorbed dose, which indicated that high energy radiation of γ ray broke the isotactic long PP chains into shorter ones. The melt flow rate results evidenced that the processing ability of PP/EVA blends was continuously promoted with the increasing absorbed dose. The β crystal was obtained in the PP/EVA blends by the radiation method. The onset temperatures and peaks of crystallization of PP/EVA blends decreased slightly with the increasing radiation absorbed dose, while high energy radiation was inclined to enhance the crystallinity of PP/EVA blends. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests confirmed an interesting phenomenon that PP tended to move to the surface of the PP/EVA blends with the increasing radiation absorbed dose. Mechanical tests proved that the PP/EVA blends remained a comparative stable mechanical property under the absorbed dose of 30 kGy. The experimental results indicated that PP/EVA blend was a potential candidate for industrial applying. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45057.