bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An empirically based steady state friction law and implications for fault stability
Authors: Spagnuolo E. , Nielsen S. , Violay M. , Di Toro G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEmpirically based rate‐and‐state friction laws (RSFLs) have been proposed to model the dependence of friction forces with slip and time. The relevance of the RSFL for earthquake mechanics is that few constitutive parameters define critical conditions for fault stability (i.e., critical stiffness and frictional fault behavior). However, the RSFLs were determined from experiments conducted at subseismic slip rates (V < 1 cm/s), and their extrapolation to earthquake deformation conditions (V > 0.1 m/s) remains questionable on the basis of the experimental evidence of (1) large dynamic weakening and (2) activation of particular fault lubrication processes at seismic slip rates. Here we propose a modified RSFL (MFL) based on the review of a large published and unpublished data set of rock friction experiments performed with different testing machines. The MFL, valid at steady state conditions from subseismic to seismic slip rates (0.1 µm/s < V < 3 m/s), describes the initiation of a substantial velocity weakening in the 1–20 cm/s range resulting in a critical stiffness increase that creates a peak of potential instability in that velocity regime. The MFL leads to a new definition of fault frictional stability with implications for slip event styles and relevance for models of seismic rupture nucleation, propagation, and arrest.
Demonstrating soil moisture remote sensing with observations from the UK TechDemoSat‐1 satellite mission
Authors: Chew Clara , Shah Rashmi , Zuffada Cinzia , Hajj George , Masters Dallas , Mannucci Anthony J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe ability of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) bistatic radar receivers to sense changes in soil moisture is investigated using observations from the low Earth orbiting UK TechDemoSat‐1 satellite (TDS‐1). Previous studies using receivers on aircraft or towers have shown that ground‐reflected GNSS signals are sensitive to changes in soil moisture, though the ability to sense this variable from space has yet to be quantified. Data from TDS‐1 show a 7 dB sensitivity of reflected signals to temporal changes in soil moisture. If the effects of surface roughness and vegetation on the reflected signals can be quantified, spaceborne GNSS bistatic radar receivers could provide soil moisture on relatively small spatial and temporal scales.
Subsolar magnetopause observation and kinetic simulation of a tripolar guide magnetic field perturbation consistent with a magnetic island
Authors: Eriksson S. , Cassak P. A. , Retinò A. , Mozer F. S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Polar satellite recorded two reconnection exhausts within 6 min on 1 April 2001 across a subsolar magnetopause that displayed a symmetric plasma density, but different out‐of‐plane magnetic field signatures for similar solar wind conditions. The first magnetopause crossing displayed a bipolar guide field variation in a weak external guide field consistent with a symmetric Hall field from a single X line. The subsequent crossing represents the first observation of a tripolar guide field perturbation at Earth's magnetopause in a strong guide field. This perturbation consists of a significant guide field enhancement between two narrow guide field depressions. A particle‐in‐cell simulation for the prevailing conditions across this second event resulted in a magnetic island between two simulated X lines across which a tripolar guide field developed consistent with the observation. The simulated island supports a scenario whereby Polar encountered the asymmetric quadrupole Hall magnetic fields between two X lines for symmetric conditions across the magnetopause.
Charged particle behavior in the growth and damping stages of ultralow frequency waves: Theory and Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Wang Zi‐Han , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Rankin Robert , Kivelson Margaret G. , Chen Xing‐Ran , Blake J. Bernard , Wygant John R. , Kletzing Craig A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) electromagnetic waves in Earth's magnetosphere can accelerate charged particles via a process called drift resonance. In the conventional drift resonance theory, a default assumption is that the wave growth rate is time independent, positive, and extremely small. However, this is not the case for ULF waves in the real magnetosphere. The ULF waves must have experienced an earlier growth stage when their energy was taken from external and/or internal sources, and as time proceeds the waves have to be damped with a negative growth rate. Therefore, a more generalized theory on particle behavior during different stages of ULF wave evolution is required. In this paper, we introduce a time‐dependent imaginary wave frequency to accommodate the growth and damping of the waves in the drift resonance theory, so that the wave‐particle interactions during the entire wave lifespan can be studied. We then predict from the generalized theory particle signatures during different stages of the wave evolution, which are consistent with observations from Van Allen Probes. The more generalized theory, therefore, provides new insights into ULF wave evolution and wave‐particle interactions in the magnetosphere.
Geoeffective jets impacting the magnetopause are very common
Authors: Plaschke F. , Hietala H. , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe subsolar magnetosheath is penetrated by transient enhancements in dynamic pressure. These enhancements, also called high‐speed jets, can propagate to the magnetopause, causing large‐amplitude yet localized boundary indentations on impact. Possible downstream consequences of these impacts are, e.g., local magnetopause reconnection, impulsive penetration of magnetosheath plasma into the magnetosphere, inner magnetospheric and boundary surface waves, drop outs and other variations in radiation belt electron populations, ionospheric flow enhancements, and magnetic field variations observed on the ground. Consequently, jets can be geoeffective. The extend of their geoeffectiveness is influenced by the amount of mass, momentum, and energy they transport, i.e., by how large they are. Their overall importance in the framework of solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling is determined by how often jets of geoeffective size hit the dayside magnetopause. In this paper, we calculate such jet impact rates for the first time. From a large data set of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) multispacecraft jet observations, we find distributions of scale sizes perpendicular and parallel to the direction of jet propagation. They are well modeled by an exponential function with characteristic scales of 1.34RE (perpendicular) and 0.71RE (parallel direction), respectively. Using the distribution of perpendicular scale sizes, we derive an impact rate of jets with cross‐sectional diameters larger than 2RE on a reference area of about
of the subsolar magnetopause. That rate is about 3 per hour in general, and about 9 per hour under low interplanetary magnetic field cone angle conditions (<30°), which are favorable for jet occurrence in the subsolar magnetosheath.
Specialty Tier‐Level Cost Sharing and Biologic Agent Use in the Medicare Part D Initial Coverage Period Among Beneficiaries With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Doshi Jalpa A. , Hu Tianyan , Li Pengxiang , Pettit Amy R. , Yu Xinyan , Blum Marissa 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo examine associations between specialty tier‐level cost sharing and use of biologic agents for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during Medicare Part D's initial coverage period (ICP).MethodsThis was a retrospective study using 2007–2010 5% sample Medicare files to examine RA patients with use of a Part D RA biologic agent in the prior year. Patients without low‐income subsidies (non‐LIS group), who faced specialty tier‐level cost sharing, were compared to a control group of low‐income subsidy patients (LIS group), who faced nominal out‐of‐pocket costs in the ICP. Outcomes included use of a Part D or Part B RA biologic agent during the ICP and presence of a ≥30‐day continuous gap in treatment among Part D biologic agent users in the ICP. Risk‐adjusted outcomes were estimated using logistic regressions, controlling for patient demographic, clinical, and Part D plan characteristics.ResultsOn average, a 30‐day Part D biologic agent supply cost the non‐LIS group $484 out of pocket (29.9% cost sharing) versus $5 (0.3% cost sharing) for the LIS group. The non‐LIS group was less likely to fill Part D biologic agents (61.2% versus 72.7%, odds ratio [OR] 0.58 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.46–0.72]; P < 0.001), more than twice as likely to receive Part B biologic agents (9.9% versus 4.4%, OR 2.41 [95% CI 1.61–3.60]; P < 0.001), and less likely to use any biologic agent (70.1% versus 76.9%, OR 0.69 [95% CI 0.55–0.88]; P = 0.002). The non‐LIS subgroup filling Part D biologic agents had approximately twice the odds of a gap in both Part D biologic agent and any biologic agent availability.ConclusionSpecialty tier‐level cost sharing was associated with interruptions in RA biologic agent treatment among Medicare patients.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Triple Therapy Versus Etanercept Plus Methotrexate in Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Jalal Hawre , O'Dell James R. , Bridges S. Louis , Cofield Stacey , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Mikuls Ted R. , Moreland Larry W. , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of all 4 interventions in the Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR) clinical trial: immediate triple (IT), immediate etanercept (IE), step‐up triple (ST), and step‐up etanercept (SE). Step‐up interventions started with methotrexate and added either etanercept or sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine to patients with persistent disease activity.MethodsWe built a Markov cohort model that uses individual‐level data from the TEAR trial, published literature, and supplemental clinical data. Costs were in US dollars, benefits in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), perspective was societal, and the time horizon was 5 years.ResultsThe immediate strategies were more efficacious than step‐up strategies. SE and IE were more costly than ST and IT, primarily due to treatment cost differences. In addition, IT was the least expensive and most effective strategy when the time horizon was 1 and 2 years. When the time horizon was 5 years, IE was marginally more effective than IT (3.483 versus 3.476 QALYs), but IE was substantially more expensive than IT ($148,800 versus $52,600), producing an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $12.5 million per QALY. These results were robust to both one‐way deterministic and joint probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ConclusionIT was highly cost‐effective in the majority of scenarios. Although IE was more effective in 5 years, a substantial reduction in the cost of biologic agents was required in order for IE to become cost‐effective in early aggressive RA under willingness‐to‐pay thresholds that most health care settings may find acceptable.
Epidemiology and Characteristics of Kikuchi‐Fujimoto Disease in the African‐Descent Population of Martinique, French West Indies
Authors: Moinet Florence , Molinié Vincent , Béraud Guillaume , Polomat Katlyne , Cordel Nadège , Sainte‐Marie Dominique , Duffas Olivier , Duflo Suzy , Bomahou Charlène , Arfi Serge , Deligny Christophe 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo provide an epidemiologic description of Kikuchi‐Fujimoto disease (KFD), and to describe its relationship with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a population of sub‐Saharan origin.MethodsPatients were retrospectively included on the basis of lymph node histology compatible with KFD reported in Martinique from 1991 until 2013. In order to describe the characteristics of the disease in a larger cohort, we subsequently included more patients of Afro‐Caribbean origin from Guadeloupe and French Guiana.ResultsIn Martinique, mean annual incidence between 1991 and 2013 was 2.78 cases for 1 million inhabitants (95% confidence interval 1.73–3.93). A total of 36 Afro‐Caribbean patients from the 3 French American regions were included. Mean age was 30.5 years (range 5–59 years) and the female:male ratio was 3:1. The main characteristics were cervical adenopathies (88.8%), fever (83.3%), asthenia (73.0%), weight loss (64.4%), and recurrence in 33.3%. KFD was associated with lupus (n = 9 for SLE, n = 2 for cutaneous lupus) in 36.6% (11 of 30).ConclusionWe report the first epidemiologic description of KFD in a population of sub‐Saharan origin. According to our data, this disease is present in the black African diaspora and is strongly associated with autoimmune diseases, particularly lupus.
Repairing Peripheral Nerves: Is there a Role for Carbon Nanotubes?
Authors: Oprych Karen M. , Whitby Raymond L. D. , Mikhalovsky Sergey V. , Tomlins Paul , Adu Jimi 
Published: March 2016

Peripheral nerve injury continues to be a major global health problem that can result in debilitating neurological deficits and neuropathic pain. Current state‐of‐the‐art treatment involves reforming the damaged nerve pathway using a nerve autograft. Engineered nerve repair conduits can provide an alternative to the nerve autograft avoiding the inevitable tissue damage caused at the graft donor site. Commercially available nerve repair conduits are currently only considered suitable for repairing small nerve lesions; the design and performance of engineered conduits requires significant improvements to enable their use for repairing larger nerve defects.Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an emerging novel material for biomedical applications currently being developed for a range of therapeutic technologies including scaffolds for engineering and interfacing with neurological tissues. CNTs possess a unique set of physicochemical properties that could be useful within nerve repair conduits. This progress report aims to evaluate and consolidate the current literature pertinent to CNTs as a biomaterial for supporting peripheral nerve regeneration. The report is presented in the context of the state‐of‐the‐art in nerve repair conduit design; outlining how CNTs may enhance the performance of next generation peripheral nerve repair conduits.
Recent Advances in Gold‐Catalyzed N‐ and O‐Functionalizations of Alkynes with Nitrones, Nitroso, Nitro and Nitroxy Species
Authors: Huple Deepak B. , Ghorpade Satish , Liu Rai‐Shung 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNitrone and nitroso species are versatile compounds to react with alkenes or butadienes to access five‐ and six‐membered nitroxy (NO) containing heterocycles, to offer further access to acyclic 1,3‐ and 1,4‐amino alcohols after facile cleavage of the NO bonds. The N‐ and O‐functionalizations of alkynes with nitrones or nitroso species have been explored less well than the corresponding alkene reactions. In recent decades, gold catalysts have enabled the electrophilic activation of alkynes with weak nucleophiles. This review summarizes recent progress to implement N‐ and O‐functionalizations of alkynes with common NO containing species including nitrone, nitroso, nitro and other nitroxy derivatives. Reported reactions include the following three topics: (i) 1,2‐difunctionalizations, (ii) cyclizations and (iii) cycloaddition or annulation reactions. The review is organized according to the types of nucleophiles, followed by reactions of the mentioned types. Enantioselective functionalizations of alkynes with these nitroxy nucleophiles are also included.magnified image
The influence of house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy on the TSLP‐OX40L signaling pathway in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Meng Qingxiang , Liu Xiaolong , Li Peng , He Long , Xie Jinghua , Gao Xionghui , Wu Xiaozhong , Su Fang , Liang Yong 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with house dust mite (HDM) extract and to examine T helper 2 (Th2)‐type immune responses mediated by the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP‐OX40L) signaling pathway in patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis (AR) after 12‐month HDM SLIT.MethodsForty‐six cases of HDM‐sensitized patients with persistent AR in southern China were enrolled in this study. Clinical efficacy of SLIT was assessed by determining the individual nasal symptom score (INSS) and total nasal symptom score (TNSS) after 12‐month HDM SLIT. Moreover, the TSLP‐OX40L signaling pathway was investigated through measurements of TSLP by enzyme‐labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and OX40L by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and flow cytometry.ResultsAfter 12 months of HDM SLIT, TNSS and INSS were significantly decreased overall compared with baseline values (p < 0.001). By the end of the 12‐month HDM SLIT, TNSS had declined by ∼50% compared with baseline, and the corresponding level of TSLP in nasal lavage decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The level of OX40L messenger RNA (mRNA) in blood was markedly decreased significantly after 12‐month HDM SLIT compared with baseline (t = 12.300, p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant decreases in OX40L expression on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (t = 13.100, p < 0.05) and OX40L expression on the surface of CD11c+CD86+ cells in PBMCs (t = 9.946, p < 0.05) after 12‐month HDM SLIT were observed.ConclusionHDM SLIT downregulated Th2‐type immune responses mediated by the TSLP‐OX40L signaling pathway in patients with persistent moderate to severe AR.
Transparent Films from CO2‐Based Polyunsaturated Poly(ether carbonate)s: A Novel Synthesis Strategy and Fast Curing
Authors: Subhani Muhammad Afzal , Köhler Burkhard , Gürtler Christoph , Leitner Walter , Müller Thomas E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTransparent films were prepared by cross‐linking polyunsaturated poly(ether carbonate)s obtained by the multicomponent polymerization of CO2, propylene oxide, maleic anhydride, and allyl glycidyl ether. Poly(ether carbonate)s with ABXBA multiblock structures were obtained by sequential addition of mixtures of propylene oxide/maleic anhydride and propylene oxide/allyl glycidyl ether during the polymerization. The simultaneous addition of both monomer mixtures provided poly(ether carbonate)s with AXA triblock structures. Both types of polyunsaturated poly(ether carbonate)s are characterized by diverse functional groups, that is, terminal hydroxy groups, maleate moieties along the polymer backbone, and pendant allyl groups that allow for versatile polymer chemistry. The combination of double bonds substituted with electron‐acceptor and electron‐donor groups enables particularly facile UV‐ or redox‐initiated free‐radical curing. The resulting materials are transparent and highly interesting for coating applications.
Physical aging and mechanical performance of poly(l‐lactide)/ZnO nanocomposites
Authors: Lizundia Erlantz , Pérez‐Álvarez Leyre , Sáenz‐Pérez Míriam , Patrocinio David , Vilas José Luis , León Luis Manuel 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work nanocomposites based on poly (l‐lactide) (PLLA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with a concentration up to 5 wt % have been prepared by solvent‐precipitation followed by compression moulding at 200 °C. Structural evolution of nanocomposites as a function of time and nanoparticle concentration has been monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results reveal a marked reduction of the enthalpy relaxation rate βH from 3.273 J/g for neat polymer to 0.912 J/g for its 0.25 wt % reinforced counterpart, revealing slower aging dynamics induced by zinc oxide. It is shown by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) that concentrations larger than 1 wt % yield nanoparticle agglomeration. These large aggregates decrease the amount of nanoparticle surfaces exposed to PLLA chains, notably reducing the efficiency of ZnO nanoparticles to delay the physical aging of its hosting matrix. Mechanical tests show an increased stiffness upon ZnO loading as denoted by the increase in modulus from 2310 MPa to 2780 MPa for the 1 wt % nanocomposite. Obtained findings through this work lead the way for the development of nanocomposites based on renewable polymers and natural fillers to be used in packaging applications, where the use of nonbiodegradable materials for short‐term applications is extended. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43619.
Population structure, residency patterns and movements of whale sharks in Southern Leyte, Philippines: results from dedicated photo‐ID and citizen science
Authors: Araujo Gonzalo , Snow Sally , So Catherine Lee , Labaja Jessica , Murray Ryan , Colucci Anna , Ponzo Alessandro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, is a charismatic umbrella species whose highly mobile nature is not yet fully understood. Whale sharks roam the Philippine archipelago with two major aggregations known to occur at Donsol and at a provisioning site in Cebu.
This is the first description of a previously identified aggregation occurring off Panaon Island, Southern Leyte through the use of photographic identification. In total, 93 individual whale sharks were identified, with significant male bias (58%). The mean estimated total length of individuals was 5.72 ± 1.02 m S.D., indicating a juvenile aggregation.
Partial or complete fin amputations, potentially resulting from fishing lines, boat propellers or net entanglement, were observed on 27% of animals, highlighting some of the risks human activities can have on this threatened species. Multiple parallel scars, identified as propeller impact, were observed on 45% of animals.
Dedicated research seasons in 2013 and 2014 yielded very different whale shark encounters with 366 in 2013 and 12 in 2014, yet highlighted the recurrence of individuals at the study site. Complemented by data collected through citizen science, maximum likelihood methods were used to model mean residency of whale sharks at Panaon Island of 27.04 days. The modelled lagged identification rate showed that many whale sharks return to the study site over time.
Whale sharks from Panaon Island were identified through photo‐ID and citizen science at other sites in the Philippines, as well as a match to Taiwan, representing the first international match through photo‐ID in South‐east Asia with a minimum distance covered of 1600 km.
Given the highly mobile nature and recent exploitation of this species, management is recommended as a single unit regionally in South‐east Asia. Additional research is needed to focus on the drivers of variation in encounters at whale shark aggregation sites.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.