bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Wine Have a Place in Kant's Theory of Taste?
Authors: CRISTY RACHEL 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT:Kant claims in the third Critique that one can make about wine the merely subjective judgment that it is agreeable but never the universally valid judgment that it is beautiful. This follows from his views that judgments of beauty can be made only about the formal (spatiotemporal) features of a representation and that aromas and flavors consist of formless sensory matter. However, I argue that Kant's theory permits judgments of beauty about wine because the experience displays a temporal structure: the aromas and flavors evolve over the course of a tasting from the bouquet through the palate to the finish. An analogy with music, which Kant describes as ‘a play of sensations in time’, illuminates how wine qualifies as an object of pure judgments of taste: the ‘structure’ of a wine can be compared to harmonic structure, and its development throughout the taste can be compared to the unfolding of melody and harmonic progression.
Anuran helminth communities from contrasting nature reserve and pasture sites in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil
Authors: Campião K.M. , Ribas A.C.A , Silva I.C.O. , Dalazen G.T. , Tavares L.E.R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStudies of amphibian macroparasites are relevant for the investigation of parasite community ecology and disease dynamics. Here, the parasite communities of five anuran species (Hypsiboas raniceps, Phyllomeduza azurea, Pseudis paradoxa, Leptodactylus fuscus and Leptodactylus podicipinus) are described from two habitats with different levels of preservation (pasture versus nature reserve). Specifically, we used mixed-effect models to test whether helminth species richness, prevalence and abundance differ between the two host collection sites. A total of 120 anuran individuals and 25 helminth parasite taxa were collected. Helminth communities differed between collection sites and among host species. In general, helminth species richness, prevalence and abundance were higher in hosts collected in the pond from the nature reserve. In all, these data help fill the gap in parasite biodiversity knowledge in a changing area, within a sensitive group of vertebrate hosts.
Technical reserves in non-life insurance with particular reference to motor insurance
Authors: Beard R. E. 
Published: February 2016

At the ASTIN Colloquium held in Lucerne I reported on the request from the 6th Conference of European Insurance Supervisors for co-operation in the studies being made into the subject of technical reserves in non-life insurance. Copies of notes prepared for the 6th Conference were distributed to members and an advisory committee was formed to assist in dealing with the request. Two reports have been sent to all members of this committee. It has not been practicable to prepare further reports and the present paper sets out the current position of the work being done.2. It will be recalled that in a number of papers I have represented that research into methods of determining technical reserves has been severely restricted because of the absence of suitable statisticson which to experiment. This point has been well taken by the European Insurance Supervisors and recently suitable statistics of motor insurance on which to experiment have been made available on a confidential basis relating to 6 Swedish, 7 German, 5 French, 6 Italian and 4 British companies. These returns, whilst not compiled on a uniform basis, provide an immense amount of data not previously obtainable, and it will be appreciated that the analysis of the data is a task of considerable magnitude.3. I have made certain preliminary studies as a result of which a number of points of detail have arisen which have been referred back for clarification or explanation. Nevertheless these studies have provided a very useful background to the whole problem and the present paper is written against this background and of my earlier papers on the topic. Since the detailed statistics are confidential and agreement for publication would mean some delay, only the broadest indications of numerical values are given. Nevertheless, the comments made are based on the studies of the figures for the 28 companies and thus have a considerable practical utility.
Different registers, different grammars? Subject expression in English conversation and narrative
Authors: Travis Catherine E. , Lindstrom Amy M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs a so-called non-null subject language, it has been proposed that in English, unexpressed subjects occur only in registers that have specific grammatical properties. We test this hypothesis through a comparison of the conditioning of subject expression for third-person singular human specific subjects in English conversation and narrative. Despite a stark difference in the rates of nonexpression (4% in conversation vs. 22% in narratives), there is no evidence of different grammars across the registers—in both, outside of coreferential clauses conjoined with a coordinating conjunction, unexpressed subjects only occur in prosodic initial position in main clause declaratives. Within the variable context, in both registers, expression is sensitive to accessibility, priming, and temporal sequentiality. A register effect is, however, evident in the contextual distribution, with a larger proportion of the narrative tokens occurring in contexts propitious to unexpressed subjects, and it is this that accounts for the higher rate of nonexpression in this register.
Phonological leveling, diffusion, and divergence: /t/ lenition in Liverpool and its hinterland
Authors: Clark Lynn , Watson Kevin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the phonological leveling and diffusion of variants of /t/ in Liverpool, northwest England, and two localities in its hinterland. We show that lenited realizations of /t/, thought to be historically restricted to Liverpool, are increasing over time and spreading over geographical space. We explore Labov's (2007) claims that linguistic changes that progress via transmission, within a speech community, are reproduced in all their structural complexity, whereas changes that spread across speech communities, via diffusion, are “simplified” en route. We find support for these hypotheses. Using a comparative sociolinguistic methodology, we show that the linguistic constraints operating on the realization of /t/ as [h] in Liverpool have remained stable over time, while those in a nearby town—Skelmersdale—seem to have simplified. However, we show that not all speakers from Skelmersdale share the same constraints on this variable form, and we connect this with speakers' positive or negative attitudes toward Skelmersdale or Liverpool.
Disaster Preparedness among Active Duty Personnel, Retirees, Veterans, and Dependents
Authors: Annis Heather , Jacoby Irving , DeMers Gerard 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundWith the increase in natural and manmade disasters, preparedness remains a vital area of concern. Despite attempts by government and non-government agencies to stress the importance of preparedness, national levels of preparedness remain unacceptably low. A goal of commands and installations is to ensure that US Navy beneficiaries are well prepared for disasters. This especially is critical in active service members to meet mission readiness requirements in crisis settings.ObjectiveTo evaluate active duty Navy personnel, dependents, veterans, and retirees regarding disaster preparedness status.MethodsThe authors conducted an anonymous 29-question survey for US Navy active duty, dependents, veterans, and retirees of the Greater San Diego Region (California, USA) evaluating actual basic disaster readiness as determined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) standards of 3-day minimum supply of emergency stores and equipment. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to analyze data.ResultsOne thousand one hundred and fifty surveys were returned and analyzed. Nine hundred and eight-three were sufficiently complete for logistic regression analysis with 394 responding “Yes” to having a 72-hour disaster kit (40.1%) while 589 had “No” as a response (59.9%).ConclusionThe surveyed population is no more prepared than the general public, though surveyed beneficiaries overall are at an upper range of preparedness. Lower income and levels of education were associated with lack of preparedness, whereas training in disaster preparedness or having been affected by disasters increased the likelihood of being adequately prepared. Unlike results seen in the general public, those with chronic health care needs in the surveyed population were more, rather than less, likely to be prepared and those with minor children were less likely, rather than more likely, to be prepared. Duty status was assessed and only veterans were emphatically more probable than most to be prepared.AnnisH, JacobyI, DeMersG. Disaster preparedness among active duty personnel, retirees, veterans, and dependents. Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(2):132–140.
Generic Substitution for Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: Blier Pierre 
Published: February 2016

Most antidepressants and other psychotropics in clinical use are available as generic formulations (Table). The availability of lower-priced, generic drugs can benefit patients and third-party payers, but it should not be assumed that all generic drugs are equally beneficial. There are numerous reports in the literature of unexpected and untoward consequences that occur when a generic drug is substituted for the original brand-name drug. A previously stable clinical response may suddenly deteriorate, or the patient may experience new or more severe adverse events (AEs). The United States Food and Drug Administration requires that manufacturers of generic drugs demonstrate that their formulation has pharmacokinetic properties similar (or bioequivalent) to the brand-name drug. Bioequivalency studies are conducted in healthy volunteers, not in patients who would be treated with that drug. Moreover, bioequivalency studies are conducted on a current lot of the branded drug and do not account for variability between lots of the generic formulation. The manufacturer is only required to submit bioequivalency data that support the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA); the FDA does not require disclosure of failed bioequivalence studies. Unlike brand-name drugs, lengthy and costly clinical studies are not required to show that the generic drug is effective and safe.Although the FDA has taken the position that bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence are equal, many questions related to the use of generic drugs remain unanswered. The following question-and-answer session is an excerpt of an interview with Pierre Blier, MD, PhD, conducted by Diane Sloan, PharmD, which addresses the issue of generic substitution of psychotropic drugs.
Switching and Combining Antipsychotics
Authors: Correll Christoph U. 
Published: February 2016

Pharmacologic knowledge can inform clinical decision-making, particularly the dosing and switching decisions made with antipsychotics. Of relevance are the pharmacokinetic (what does the body do to the drug) and the pharmacodynamic (what does the drug do to the body) properties of antipsychotics.The goal of antipsychotic dosing is to achieve sufficient dopa-mine blockade in areas where dopamine excess can lead to psychosis, mania, or aggression. Using positron emission topography, one investigation showed that response rates were considerably higher in patients who achieved >65% striatal dopamine blockade. Conversely, striatal dopamine blockade >80% predicted the emergence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) or akathisia.There is, however, considerable intra-individual variability in achieving the desired 60% to 80% striatal dopamine blockade. Such variability is likely due to inter-individual differences in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of medications. At the same time, antipsychotics themselves differ in their general pharmacokinetic profiles. For example, ziprasidone absorption is ~50% less when ingested on an empty stomach than when taken with a meal; the degree of absorption depends on the caloric content, while the fat content is not relevant.
Advanced Image Acquisition and Analytical Techniques for Studies of Living Cells and Tissue Sections
Authors: Franek Michal , Suchánková Jana , Sehnalová Petra , Krejčí Jana , Legartová Soňa , Kozubek Stanislav , Večeřa Josef , Sorokin Dmitry V. , Bártová Eva 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStudies on fixed samples or genome-wide analyses of nuclear processes are useful for generating snapshots of a cell population at a particular time point. However, these experimental approaches do not provide information at the single-cell level. Genome-wide studies cannot assess variability between individual cells that are culturedin vitroor originate from different pathological stages. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence are fundamental experimental approaches in clinical laboratories and are also widely used in basic research. However, the fixation procedure may generate artifacts and prevents monitoring of the dynamics of nuclear processes. Therefore, live-cell imaging is critical for studying the kinetics of basic nuclear events, such as DNA replication, transcription, splicing, and DNA repair. This review is focused on the advanced microscopy analyses of the cells, with a particular focus on live cells. We note some methodological innovations and new options for microscope systems that can also be used to study tissue sections. Cornerstone methods for the biophysical research of living cells, such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, are also discussed, as are studies on the effects of radiation at the individual cellular level.
2-Photon Characterization of Optical Proteolytic Beacons for Imaging Changes in Matrix-Metalloprotease Activity in a Mouse Model of Aneurysm
Authors: Haskett Darren G. , Maestas David , Howerton Stephen J. , Smith Tyler , Ardila D. Catalina , Doetschman Tom , Utzinger Urs , McGrath Dominic , McIntyre J. Oliver , Vande Geest Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbdominal aortic aneurysm is a multifactorial disease that is a leading cause of death in developed countries. Matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) are part of the disease process, however, assessing their role in disease initiation and progression has been difficult and animal models have become essential. Combining Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) proteolytic beacons activated in the presence of MMPs with 2-photon microscopy allows for a novel method of evaluating MMP activity within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Single and 2-photon spectra for proteolytic beacons were determined in vitro. Ex vivo experiments using the apolipoprotein E knockout angiotensin II-infused mouse model of aneurysm imaged ECM architecture simultaneously with the MMP-activated FRET beacons. 2-photon spectra of the two-color proteolytic beacons showed peaks for the individual fluorophores that enable imaging of MMP activity through proteolytic cleavage. Ex vivo imaging of the beacons within the ECM revealed both microstructure and MMP activity. 2-photon imaging of the beacons in aneurysmal tissue showed an increase in proteolytic cleavage within the ECM (p<0.001), thus indicating an increase in MMP activity. Our data suggest that FRET-based proteolytic beacons show promise in assessing MMP activity within the ECM and will therefore allow future studies to identify the heterogeneous distribution of simultaneous ECM remodeling and protease activity in aneurysmal disease.
Switchable friction enabled by nanoscale self-assembly on graphene
Authors: Gallagher Patrick , Lee Menyoung , Amet Francois , Maksymovych Petro , Wang Jun , Wang Shuopei , Lu Xiaobo , Zhang Guangyu , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Goldhaber-Gordon David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGraphene monolayers are known to display domains of anisotropic friction with twofold symmetry and anisotropy exceeding 200%. This anisotropy has been thought to originate from periodic nanoscale ripples in the graphene sheet, which enhance puckering around a sliding asperity to a degree determined by the sliding direction. Here we demonstrate that these frictional domains derive not from structural features in the graphene but from self-assembly of environmental adsorbates into a highly regular superlattice of stripes with period 4–6 nm. The stripes and resulting frictional domains appear on monolayer and multilayer graphene on a variety of substrates, as well as on exfoliated flakes of hexagonal boron nitride. We show that the stripe-superlattices can be reproducibly and reversibly manipulated with submicrometre precision using a scanning probe microscope, allowing us to create arbitrary arrangements of frictional domains within a single flake. Our results suggest a revised understanding of the anisotropic friction observed on graphene and bulk graphite in terms of adsorbates.
Graphene oxide/metal nanocrystal multilaminates as the atomic limit for safe and selective hydrogen storage
Authors: Cho Eun Seon , Ruminski Anne M. , Aloni Shaul , Liu Yi-Sheng , Guo Jinghua , Urban Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInterest in hydrogen fuel is growing for automotive applications; however, safe, dense, solid-state hydrogen storage remains a formidable scientific challenge. Metal hydrides offer ample storage capacity and do not require cryogens or exceedingly high pressures for operation. However, hydrides have largely been abandoned because of oxidative instability and sluggish kinetics. We report a new, environmentally stable hydrogen storage material constructed of Mg nanocrystals encapsulated by atomically thin and gas-selective reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. This material, protected from oxygen and moisture by the rGO layers, exhibits exceptionally dense hydrogen storage (6.5 wt% and 0.105 kg H2 per litre in the total composite). As rGO is atomically thin, this approach minimizes inactive mass in the composite, while also providing a kinetic enhancement to hydrogen sorption performance. These multilaminates of rGO-Mg are able to deliver exceptionally dense hydrogen storage and provide a material platform for harnessing the attributes of sensitive nanomaterials in demanding environments.
Achieving quantum precision limit in adaptive qubit state tomography
Authors: Hou Zhibo , Zhu Huangjun , Xiang Guo-Yong , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe precision limit in quantum state tomography is of great interest not only to practical applications but also to foundational studies. However, little is known about this subject in the multiparameter setting even theoretically due to the subtle information trade-off among incompatible observables. In the case of a qubit, the theoretic precision limit was determined by Hayashi as well as Gill and Massar, but attaining the precision limit in experiments has remained a challenging task. Here we report the first experiment that achieves this precision limit in adaptive quantum state tomography on optical polarisation qubits. The two-step adaptive strategy used in our experiment is very easy to implement in practice. Yet it is surprisingly powerful in optimising most figures of merit of practical interest. Our study may have significant implications for multiparameter quantum estimation problems, such as quantum metrology. Meanwhile, it may promote our understanding about the complementarity principle and uncertainty relations from the information theoretic perspective.
Facile Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin-Film by One-Step Pulsed Hybrid Electrophoretic and Electroplating Deposition
Authors: Tsai Hung-Wei , Chen Chia-Wei , Thomas Stuart R. , Hsu Cheng-Hung , Tsai Wen-Chi , Chen Yu-Ze , Wang Yi-Chung , Wang Zhiming M. , Hong Hwen-Fen , Chueh Yu-Lun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe use of costly and rare metals such as indium and gallium in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) based solar cells has motivated research into the use of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) as a suitable replacement due to its non-toxicity, abundance of compositional elements and excellent optical properties (1.5 eV direct band gap and absorption coefficient of ~104 cm−1). In this study, we demonstrate a one-step pulsed hybrid electrodeposition method (PHED), which combines electrophoretic and electroplating deposition to deposit uniform CZTS thin-films. Through careful analysis and optimization, we are able to demonstrate CZTS solar cells with the VOC, JSC, FF and η of 350 mV, 3.90 mA/cm2, 0.43 and 0.59%, respectively.
A replaceable liposomal aptamer for the ultrasensitive and rapid detection of biotin
Authors: Sung Tzu-Cheng , Chen Wen-Yih , Shah Pramod , Chen Chien-Sheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBiotin is an essential vitamin which plays an important role for maintaining normal physiological function. A rapid, sensitive and simple method is necessary to monitor the biotin level. Here, we reported a replacement assay for the detection of biotin using a replaceable liposomal aptamer. Replacement assay is a competitive assay where a sample analyte replaces the labeled competitor of analyte out of its biorecognition element on a surface. It is user friendly and time-saving because of washing free. We used aptamer as a competitor, not a biorecognition element as tradition. To label aptamers, we used cholesterol-conjugated aptamers to tag signal-amplifying-liposomes. Without the need of conjugation procedure, aptamers can be easily incorporated into the surface of dye-encapsulating liposomes. Two aptamers as competitors of biotin, ST-21 and ST-21M with different affinities to streptavidin, were studied in parallel for the detection of biotin using replacement assays. ST-21 and ST-21M aptamers reached to limits of detection of 1.32 pg/80 μl and 0.47 pg/80 μl, respectively. The dynamic ranges of our assays using ST-21 and ST-21M aptamers were seven and four orders of magnitude, respectively. This assay can be completed in 20 minutes without washing steps. These results were overall better than previous reported assays.
Mutual association of Broad bean wilt virus 2 VP37-derived tubules and plasmodesmata obtained from cytological observation
Authors: Xie Li , Shang Weina , Liu Chengke , Zhang Qinfen , Sunter Garry , Hong Jian , Zhou Xueping 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe movement protein VP37 of broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV 2) forms tubules in the plasmodesmata (PD) for the transport of virions between cells. This paper reports a mutual association between the BBWV 2 VP37-tubule complex and PD at the cytological level as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The generation of VP37-tubules within different PD leads to a different occurrence frequency as well as different morphology lines of virus-like particles. In addition, the frequency of VP37-tubules was different between PD found at different cellular interfaces, as well as between single-lined PD and branched PD. VP37-tubule generation also induced structural alterations of PD as well as modifications to the cell wall (CW) in the vicinity of the PD. A structural comparison using three-dimensional (3D) electron tomography (ET), determined that desmotubule structures found in the center of normal PD were absent in PD containing VP37-tubules. Using gold labeling, modification of the CW by callose deposition and cellulose reduction was observable on PD containing VP37-tubule. These cytological observations provide evidence of a mutual association of MP-derived tubules and PD in a natural host, improving our fundamental understanding of interactions between viral MP and PD that result in intercellular movement of virus particles.