bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anionic Polymerization of Divinylbenzenes Possessing Methoxy Group
Authors: Otake Kohei , Matsumoto Masayoshi , Tanaka Shunsuke , Uchida Satoshi , Goseki Raita , Hirao Akira , Ishizone Takashi 
Published: February 2017

The anionic polymerizations of novel methoxy‐substituted divinylbenzenes possessing nonequivalent vinyl groups, such as 2‐methoxy‐1,4‐divinylbenzene (1), 4‐methoxy‐1,2‐divinylbenzene (2), and 4‐methoxy‐1,3‐divinylbenzene (3), are carried out with oligo(α‐methylstyryl)lithium (αMSLi) in the presence of potassium tert‐butoxide (tBuOK) in tetrahydrofuran at −78 °C. The poly(1)–poly(3) obtained with αMSLi/tBuOK are completely soluble and possess predicted molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD) (M
w/M
n < 1.1). On the other hand, the corresponding symmetrical divinylbenzenes, 2‐methoxy‐1,3‐divinylbenzene (4) and 5‐methoxy‐1,3‐divinylbenzene (5), undergo anionic polymerization to afford polymers with broad MWDs, indicating the occurrence of a serious intermolecular side reaction. The stability of the propagating carbanion derived from 1–3 is demonstrated by the quantitative efficiency of the sequential copolymerization with tert‐butyl methacrylate. The chemical structure of the repeating unit of poly(1)–poly(3) is characterized by the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, suggesting that the polymerization of asymmetrical divinylbenzenes, 1–3, proceeds mainly on one of the nonequivalent vinyl groups. The electronic and steric effects of the electron‐donating methoxy group play important roles in realizing the living anionic polymerization of these divinylbenzenes. The resulting poly(1)–poly(3) show a thermal cross‐linking property over 300 °C, indicating the reactivity of the residual pendant vinyl group in each repeating unit.
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On Cartan's theorem for linear operators
Authors: Chen Wei , Han Qi , Qu Jingjing 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a second main theorem of holomorphic curves in , of hyper‐order strictly less than 1, that involves a general linear operator . As an application, we derive a truncated second main theorem of degenerate holomorphic curves of hyper‐order strictly less than 1 using Nochka weights.
Serial echocardiography for immune‐mediated heart disease in the fetus: results of a risk‐based prospective surveillance strategy
Authors: Kan Nobuhiko , Silverman Earl D. , Kingdom John , Dutil Nathalie , Laskin Carl , Jaeggi Edgar 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveMothers carrying anti‐Ro antibodies are frequently referred for weekly echocardiograms to early detect and treat antibody‐mediated fetal heart disease. We tested a surveillance strategy based on anti‐Ro antibody titers.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2014, 232 pregnancies were referred for maternal anti‐Ro antibodies. At the baseline echocardiogram, anti‐Ro titers were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent essay and results categorized as negative (<8 U/mL; n = 43; excluded), low–moderate positive (8–49 U/mL; n = 62; group 1) or high positive (50 – >100 U/mL; n = 127; group 2). Serial echocardiograms to ≥24 weeks were only recommended for group 2 mothers.ResultsGroup 1 patients underwent significantly less fetal echocardiograms when compared with group 2 mothers (median 2 vs. 4; p < 0.001). Isolated endocardial fibroelastosis (n = 1) and incomplete (n = 4) or complete (n = 4) heart block were diagnosed in 9 (8%) pregnancies with anti‐Ro titers >100 U/mL but none with lower titers (odds ratio 17.78; p = 0.004). Incomplete block and endocardial fibroelastosis regressed with transplacental corticosteroid and immune globulin therapy.ConclusionsLimiting serial fetal echocardiograms to women with high anti‐Ro antibody levels is safe and more cost effective. While numbers of echocardiograms were significantly reduced in referrals with anti‐Ro titers <50 U/mL, reversible abnormalities with prenatal treatment were detected by serial echocardiography in group 2 patients. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Types, frequencies, and burden of nonspecific adverse events of drugs: analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trials
Authors: Mahr Alfred , Golmard Clara , Pham Emilie , Iordache Laura , Deville Laure , Faure Pierre 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPurposeScarce studies analyzing adverse event (AE) data from randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trials (RPCCTs) of selected illnesses suggested that a substantial proportion of collected AEs are unrelated to the drug taken. This study analyzed the nonspecific AEs occurring with active‐drug exposure in RPCCTs for a large range of medical conditions.MethodsRandomized placebo‐controlled clinical trials published in five prominent medical journals during 2006–2012 were searched. Only trials that evaluated orally or parenterally administered active drugs versus placebo in a head‐to‐head setting were selected. For AEs reported from ≥10 RPCCTs, Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to determine the relationship between AE rates in placebo and active‐drug recipients. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were used to compute proportions of nonspecific AEs, which were truncated at a maximum of 100%, in active‐drug recipients.ResultsWe included 231 trials addressing various medical domains or healthy participants. For the 88 analyzed AE variables, AE rates for placebo and active‐drug recipients were in general strongly correlated (r > 0.50) or very strongly correlated (r > 0.80). The pooled proportions of nonspecific AEs for the active‐drug recipients were 96.8% (95%CI: 95.5–98.1) for any AEs, 100% (97.9–100) for serious AEs, and 77.7% (72.7–83.2) for drug‐related AEs. Results were similar for individual medical domains and healthy participants. The pooled proportion of nonspecificity of 82 system organ class and individual AE types ranged from 38% to 100%.ConclusionThe large proportion of nonspecific AEs reported in active‐drug recipients of RPCCTs, including serious and drug‐related AEs, highlights the limitations of clinical trial data to determine the tolerability of drugs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjusting the Ga grading during fast atmospheric processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell absorber layers using elemental selenium vapor
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian Simon , Wolf Christian , Rodriguez‐Alvarez Humberto , Bäcker Jan‐Peter , Kaufmann Christian Alexander , Merdes Saoussen , Ziem Florian , Hartig Manuel , Cinque Sonja , Dorbandt Iris , Köble Christine , Abou‐Ras Daniel , Mainz Roland , Schlatmann Rutger 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe study the sequential fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) absorber layers by using an atmospheric pressure selenization with a process duration of only a few minutes and the utilization of elemental selenium vapor from independent Se sources. This technology could proof to be an industrially relevant technology for the fabrication of thin‐film solar cells. Controlling the amount of Se provided during the selenization of metal precursors is shown to be an effective measure to adjust the Ga in‐depth distribution. A reduced Se supply for CIGSe formation leads to a more homogeneous Ga distribution within the absorber. The underlying growth dynamics is investigated by interrupting the selenization at different times. At first, CIGSe formation occurs in accordance with previously suggested growth paths and Ga segregates at the Mo back contact. Between 520 and 580 °C, the growth dynamics differs distinctly, and In and Ga distribute far more uniformly within the absorber depth. We also studied the impact of the precursor architecture. The best performing precursor in terms of efficiency of the respective solar cells was a multilayer with 22 In/CuGa/In triple layers. Simple bilayers stacks lead to films of higher roughness and correlated shunting. By optimizing the precursor architecture and the Ga in‐depth distribution in the CIGSe layer, a conversion efficiency of up to 15.5% (active area) could be achieved. To our knowledge, this is the highest reported efficiency for sulfur free CIGSe‐based solar cells utilizing fast (few minutes) atmospheric processes and elemental Se vapor. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic activity profile of an antimicrobial peptide against multidrug‐resistant and extensively drug‐resistant strains of Gram‐negative bacterial pathogens
Authors: Pollini Simona , Brunetti Jlenia , Sennati Samanta , Rossolini Gian Maria , Bracci Luisa , Pini Alessandro , Falciani Chiara 
Published: February 2017

Infection sustained by multidrug‐resistant and extensively drug‐resistant bacterial pathogens is often untreatable with the standard of care antibiotics, and the combination of anti‐infective compounds often represents the only therapeutic strategy to face this major clinical treat. SET‐M33 is a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria and has shown interesting features in preclinical evaluations. Particularly, it showed efficacy against a number of multidrug‐resistant and extensively drug‐resistant clinical strains of Gram‐negative pathogens, in in vitro and in vivo assessments.Here, we explored the potential synergistic activity of SET‐M33 in combination with different standard of care antibiotics by the checkerboard method against a panel of six strains of Gram‐negative pathogens including multidrug‐resistant and extensively drug‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii.SET‐M33 showed synergistic activity with antibiotics of different families against these clinically relevant strains. A synergistic effect was observed for SET‐M33 in combination with rifampin, meropenem, aztreonam, and tobramycin mostly on K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii strains, while the SET‐M33 plus ciprofloxacin combination was additive with all tested strains. Synergy was not apparently linked to the bacterial species or phenotype but was rather strain‐specific, highlighting the need for individual strain testing for synergistic antimicrobial combinations.These findings extend current knowledge on synergistic activity of AMPs in combination with conventional agents and support the potential role of SET‐M33 as a novel therapeutic agent against antibiotic‐resistant Gram‐negative pathogens. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EpCAM+ Liver Cancer Stem-Like Cells Exhibiting Autocrine Wnt Signaling Potentially Originate in Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Khosla Ritu , Rastogi Archana , Ramakrishna Gayatri , Pamecha Viniyendra , Mukhopadhyay Ashok , Vasudevan Madavan , Sarin Shiv Kumar , Trehanpati Nirupma 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is believed to originate from cancer stem cells (CSCs). While epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a marker of normal hepatic stem cells (HSCs), EpCAM+ cells from HCC behave like CSCs. Since HCC mostly develops on a cirrhotic background, we sought to determine whether CSC-like EpCAM+ cells exist in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry showed that frequency of EpCAM+ cells in advanced cirrhosis was increased as compared to control. To determine whether increased EpCAM population in advanced cirrhosis harbors any CSC-like cells, we compared molecular and functional features of EpCAM+ cells from advanced cirrhosis (Ep+CIR; n = 20) with EpCAM+ cells from both HCC (Ep+HCC; n = 20) and noncancerous/noncirrhotic (control) (Ep+NSC; n = 7) liver tissues. Ep+CIRs displayed similarity with Ep+HCC cells including upregulated expression of stemness and Notch pathway genes, enhanced self-renewal in serial spheroid assay and generation of subcutaneous tumors in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Moreover, transcriptome and miRNome of Ep+CIRs appeared closer to that of Ep+HCC cells than Ep+NSCs. Interestingly, more than 50% micro RNAs (miRNAs) and transcripts specifically expressed in Ep+HCCs were also expressed in Ep+CIRs. However, none of Ep+NSC specific miRNAs and only 7% Ep+NSC specific transcripts were expressed in Ep+CIRs. Further, according to gene expression and in vitro Wnt inhibition analysis, autocrine Wnt signaling appeared to be a distinct feature of Ep+CIR and Ep+HCC cells, which was absent from Ep+NSCs. EpCAM+ cells in advanced cirrhosis possibly include a population of CSC-like cells which can be explored for early diagnosis of HCC development.
In–situ Synthesizing and Optimizing the Surface Structure of Nanoporous PtBi Electrocatalysts for Formic Acid Electro–oxidation
Authors: Yang Yanfei , Yin Huiming , He Meifeng , Pan Deng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAiming at the effect mechanism of bismuth species on Pt in formic acid oxidation reaction, different coverages of Bi adatoms on nanoporous Pt electrocatalyst surfaces are controllably prepared under the protection of hydrogen gas. Owing to Bi dissolution, in‐situ potential cycling in formic acid solution can successively increase surface Pt/Bi molar ratios, and hence influence the electrocatalytic activity towards formic acid oxidation. In particular, the optimized PtBi electrocatalyst shows about 100 times higher catalytic activity than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. By integrating the results from electrochemical detection, this enhancement is ascribed to “third body” effect.
Polymer Brush‐Modified Microring Resonators for Partition‐Enhanced Small Molecule Chemical Detection
Authors: Stanton Alexandria L. D. , Miller Kali A. , Braun Paul V. , Bailey Ryan C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSilicon photonic microring resonators have emerged as a promising technology for the sensitive detection of biological macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. However, not all species of interest are large biologics that can be targeted by highly specific capture agents. For smaller organic chemicals, including many toxic and regulated species, a general approach to improving sensitivity would be desirable. By functionalizing the surface of silicon photonic microring resonators with polymer brushes, small molecules can selectively partition into the surface‐confined sensing region of the optical resonators. This in turn leads to response enhancements in excess of 1000% percent, relative to non‐functionalized sensors, for representative targets including 4‐methylumbelliferyl phosphate, a simulant for highly toxic organophosphates, Bisphenol A, an industrial pollutant, as well as other small organic analytes of interest. There are many polymer brush chemistries compatible with silicon resonators, making this a general strategy towards tuning sensor selectivity and specificity by optimizing interactions between the agent(s) of interest and the polymer construct.
Classification of acute phase febrile upper respiratory tract infection: Retrospective chart review
Authors: Yoshino Tetsuhiro , Takada Tetsuya , Horiba Yuko , Watanabe Kenji 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTAimAcute upper respiratory tract infections (URI) are a common problem in primary care settings. In traditional East Asian medicine, URI are categorized into three major disorders: influenza‐like; common cold; and warmth disorders. The categorization of acute febrile URI, however, is yet to be ascertained. Here, we conducted a single‐center retrospective chart review and classification of the various symptoms of acute phase febrile URI.MethodsA retrospective chart review between December 2013 and May 2015 was performed. We included febrile (≥38°C) patients with upper respiratory symptoms within 48 h from the onset of fever. Patient profile and symptoms were investigated at the first consultation and clusters were constructed based on symptoms.ResultsThe study included 135 patients. Patients were divided into two groups, day 1 and day 2, according to the time from fever onset. The incidence rate of symptoms, such as general fatigue and muscle pain, were higher in day 1 visitors. Local symptoms, including cough, sore throat, and nasal symptoms, were more frequent in day 2 visitors. Three clusters were observed: chills without sweating (60.0%); chills with sweating (23.0%); and without chills (17.0%).ConclusionSymptoms in acute fever vary. The present three clusters observed suggest that the classical classification of febrile disease is still true. Further studies are necessary to confirm the course of febrile URI described in classical textbooks.
Quantitative total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis of directly collected aerosol samples
Authors: Prost J. , Wobrauschek P. , Streli C. 
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the results of a feasibility study, investigating a new quantification method of directly collected aerosol samples, are shown. As sampling substrates, quartz reflectors suitable for total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis were used, and the spot patterns produced by a three‐stage Dekati impactor were considered. For calibration, the mentioned spot patterns were simulated on the surface of quartz reflectors using a self‐developed nanoliter deposition unit and multielement standard solutions. A droplet containing 5 ng of Y was applied in the center of each reflector and served as internal standard. Calibration standards and aerosol samples were prepared and analyzed in the same way. Linear calibration curves and good recovery rates were obtained. Aerosol samples were collected at the Atominstitut on quartz reflectors greased with petroleum jelly (‘Vaseline’). The Vaseline layer is removed by cold‐plasma ashing, and afterwards, the internal standard is added. The samples can be then analyzed directly by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence without any further chemical pretreatment steps. As an application of the described method, two indoor and two outdoor samplings were carried out. In the investigated size range (>1 μm), mostly crustal elements were found and Ca values exceeded 100 ng/m3 in the size fractions below 10 μm. Detection limits of around 10 pg/m3 were achieved for medium Z elements (Fe to Sr) in the largest size fraction, whereas values for the two smaller stages typically lie between 30 and 100 pg/m3. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond a Moral Obligation: A Legal Framework for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Anesthesia
Authors: Chawla Kashmira S. , Rutkow Lainie , Garber Kent , Kushner Adam L. , Stewart Barclay T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundAccess to quality and timely emergency and essential surgical care and anesthesia (EESCA) is an integral component of the right to health as reinforced by the ratification of the World Health Assembly Resolution 68.15. However, this resolution is merely a guideline and has not been able to bolster the necessary political will to promote EESCA. Our objective was to evaluate international treaties, which carry legal obligations, for EESCA‐related text, and develop a human rights‐based framework to support EESCA advancement and advocacy.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive review of all the UN Treaty Collection—Certified True Copies (CTCs) of multilateral treaties database from December 2015 to April 2016. The relevant text was manually searched to abstract and analyze to identify major themes supporting a human rights‐based approach to EESCA.ResultsMultiple treaties in the UN database addressed EESCA in the areas of human rights, refugees and stateless persons, health, penal matters, and disarmament. A total of 13 treaties containing 23 articles had language that endorsed aspects of EESCA. The three major themes, supported by the phraseology in the treaties, included: (1) equal access to EESCA (eight articles); (2) timely care of injured and those with emergency surgical conditions (eight articles); and (3) protection, rehabilitation, psychosocial support, and social security (seven articles).ConclusionsA number of United Nations multilateral treaties support available and equitable EESCA. These findings can be used to galvanize support and encourage signatory Member States to promote and implement EESCA development initiatives.
Emotional Variation and Fertility Behavior
Authors: Axinn William G. , Ghimire Dirgha J. , Smith-Greenaway Emily 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEmotional influences on fertility behaviors are an understudied topic that may offer a clear explanation of why many couples choose to have children even when childbearing is not economically rational. With setting-specific measures of the husband-wife emotional bond appropriate for large-scale population research matched with data from a long-term panel study, we have the empirical tools to provide a test of the influence of emotional factors on contraceptive use to limit fertility. This article presents those tests. We use long-term, multilevel community and family panel data to demonstrate that the variance in levels of husband-wife emotional bond is significantly associated with their subsequent use of contraception to avert births. We discuss the wide-ranging implications of this intriguing new result.
Wronging Sempronia
Authors: Beness J. Lea , Hillard Tom 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn 133 BC, when Scipio Aemilianus heard of the violent death of his cousin and brother-in-law, Ti. Gracchus, he uttered a line from Homer: ‘Thus perish all who attempt such.’ In effect, this endorsed the lynching of Gracchus. At a deeper level, it cast Gracchus (in the Homeric context of that quotation) as the tyrant Aegisthus. It may also have suggested an image of moral turpitude, Aegisthus having debauched his cousin Agamemnon’s wife. By analogy (if intended), that would have suggested an adulterous union between Gracchus and his sister Sempronia. It is further suggested that gossip arising from this extraordinary insinuation might have prompted a special reading of the claimscirca102 BC of L. Equitius to be the bastard son of Gracchus.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis in Critical Care Patients With Seizures
Authors: Scramstad Carly , Jackson Alan C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectives: To assess the etiology of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis in critical care patients with seizure(s) or status epilepticus (SE). Many previous studies, some performed decades ago, concluded that CSF pleocytosis may be entirely attributable to seizure activity. Methods: We undertook a retrospective chart review of adult patients with an admitting or acquired diagnosis of seizure(s) or SE in critical care units at the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre between 2009 and 2012. Patients were identified through a critical care information database at a tertiary care center. We limited our study to patients who had lumbar punctures at our center within 5 days of seizure(s) or SE. Results: Of 426 patients with seizures in critical care units, 51 met the inclusion criteria. Seizure subtypes included focal seizures (5 or 10%), generalized seizures (14 or 27%), and SE (32 or 63%). Twelve (seven with SE) of the 51 (24%) were found to have CSF pleocytosis. A probable etiological cause for the CSF pleocytosis was identified in all 12 cases. Conclusions: We conclude that seizures do not directly induce a CSF pleocytosis. Instead, the CSF pleocytosis more likely reflects the underlying acute or chronic brain process responsible for the seizure(s). This was not readily apparent in early studies without magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and currently available laboratory investigations. An etiological cause of CSF pleocytosis must always be sought when patients present with seizures and it should never be assumed that seizures are the cause.