bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a Self-Installing Innovative Floating Platform for Wind Turbine for Deepwater Offshore USA West Coast
Authors: Srinivasan Nagan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Offshore wind farms gain momentum in the Atlantic Ocean with Jacket type of the Structures to support the wind turbines. The shallow water attracts the use of the Jacket structure piled into the seabed. The West Coast Pacific Ocean has deep water where the floating wind farms are recommended. Due to commercial and economic reasons, the offshore wind farm in the West Coast of the U. S. water has yet be initiated though it present important potential future opportunities. This paper addresses an innovative Offshore Wind Support Design with a floating vessel concept that avoids the need of the large crane supported and expensive day rate installation vessel. The specialty of this design is that it has two levels of telescopic configuration one for the floating vessel and the second for the turbine supporting tower. The installation vessel free configuration is the source of large cost reduction. The turbine is feasible to have pre-assembled, preinstalled and pre-commissioned in the controlled harbor facility on the shore before towed into the water. That increases the reliability of the system and reduces the construction time in the offshore. The most attractive result is that the capital cost per MW estimated is below the market price of the already installed and planned wind farms in the East Coast of the U. S.
Strengths and Weaknesses in the HP/HT Design Verification Process within Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Patel Harish , Ji Jing , Meruva Satya , Lin Jessie 
Published: April 2017

Technology advancements applied to the design of high-pressure, high-temperature (HP/HT) equipment for offshore drilling and production during recent years has increased. Now being manufactured, installed and operated on producing wells in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), this HP/HT equipment has enabled the development of fields that were previously considered to be unviable. Regulations require an independent third party (I3P) verification process to be conducted on HP/HT equipment. The verification process is to assure conformance with applicable industry codes and standards. The mandated verification and validation raises some questions: What can be learned by these processes? Are there opportunities for design improvements in any of the HP/HT equipment?
The industry is learning how to apply advanced analysis methods which are based on the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Section VIII, Division 3 methods for pressure vessels. These advanced methods require detailed equipment design verification. Regulatory officials and operators alike need assurance that the technology qualification process addresses all of the appropriate failure modes. Likewise, are hazards associated with these HP/HT operations fully identified and mitigated by appropriate procedures? Are the design analyses performed accurate, complete, and do they provide a high degree of confidence for each stakeholder?
In the text of this paper, details on how the appropriate verification process is being applied to each of the various HP/HT equipment systems are discussed. The paper will detail a list of common issues that have arisen, and describe how each has been addressed. The actions being taken to assist the offshore industry with a verification process to fully comply with the intent of several applicable design codes are addressed. It will also show how the identified risks are being addressed during verification. These descriptions will assist in creating focused discussions with subsequent improvements for HP/HT environments and new, advanced technology for future HP/HT equipment being applied.
The views expressed in this paper are of the authors in their individual capacities and do not reflect the positions or opinions of the authors' employer – American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).
Low-Temperature Dispersant Improves Cement Slurry Properties in Deepwater Operations
Authors: Diarra R. , Bogaerts M. , Andrews H. , Lehr J. , Osteen N. , Cammarata R. 
Published: April 2017

The cementation of tophole sections in deepwater operations is very challenging due to the conditions in which those jobs take place. Tophole sections in deepwater operations often have a narrow margin between the pore and fracture gradients and shallow hazards, such as gas or water flow, associated with them. The low temperature found at seabed results in high fluid viscosities, slow gel strength development, and delayed early compressive strength development of the slurry.
To optimize the low-temperature slurries currently used, a novel low-temperature dispersant was developed that enables designing the slurry to meet the required properties. The new dispersant has several main benefits in slurry design and properties. The dispersant enables the slurry to develop faster gel strength and has no retarding effect compared to conventional dispersants. The new dispersant will provide a flat rheology over time, allowing better control of the circulating pressures during placement.
Laboratory tests show less gelation and an improvement in static gel strength development as compared to current dispersants. The dispersant also provides better rheological properties, often at lower concentrations, thereby facilitating a simplified slurry design.
Following laboratory testing, the low-temperature dispersant was introduced in Gulf of Mexico operations with very good results. Operationally, the dispersant is easy to handle. It is compatible with all typical cementing additives and can be used with conventional cementing equipment and liquid additive systems.
The low-temperature dispersant has been used in various types of deepwater slurries such as lightweight, conventional, and foamed slurry system, using drill water or seawater as the base fluid, often requiring less concentration and improving key slurry properties to achieve successful cementing operations in challenging low-temperature conditions.
A Review of the Corrosivity and Degradability of Aminopolycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Almubarak Tariq , Ng Jun Hong , Nasr-El-Din Hisham 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAminopolycarboxylic acids (APCA) have been used in a variety of application in the oil and gas industry. These applications include scale removal, standalone stimulation, and iron control. Because of the recent developments in this industry, the chemicals are required to function under harsher conditions. Knowledge of APCA corrosivity and degradation properties is important in designing successful treatments. Understanding the degradability of fluids used is also important for proper post-treatment fluid disposal. The objective of this work is to give the reader a better understanding of APCA degradability and corrosivity in the oil and gas industry.This paper reviews results that were obtained through various laboratory tests, which aid in understanding chelating agent interactions with metals and their degradation. Results were obtained through a variety of tests including corrosion tests, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), chromatography, and gel filtration.At high temperatures, conventional acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) show severe corrosion, lack of penetration and sludging characteristics. Several organic acids were proposed to solve these issues. However, even organic acids have shown solubility and incompatibility issues. Based on these shortcomings, chelating agents are often used and show good dissolving power, low corrosion, low sludging tendencies, excellent iron control, and some are highly degradable and environmentally friendly.This review summarizes work done in determining the corrosivity of chelating agents at bottomhole conditions and their susceptibility to photo-, bio-, and thermal degradation. Many papers were reviewed to provide a better understanding of corrosion caused by chelating agents, their operational limits, and their resistance to various degradation techniques. Readers can expand on this paper to further understand the wide range of applications chelating agents can offer the oil and gas industry and their impact on the environment.
Exploration of Applications of Metallic Additive Manufacturing for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Zhong Allan , Ornelaz Richard , Krishnan Karthik 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a novel method of manufacturing. With this method, a part is built by the addition of material on a layer-by-layer basis, as opposed to traditional manufacturing, in which portions of a block of material are removed until only the desired part remains. The metallic AM technology has matured rapidly in the past five years and is now used across many industries, including aerospace, medical, and automotive. This manufacturing technology can also provide many benefits and opportunities for the oil and gas industry.
This paper presents a survey of existing metallic AM technologies with their advantages and disadvantages. Challenges encountered in the application of AM are discussed, which include printability, printed material properties, design for AM, and technical competency in AM. Selected work on printing various downhole tools, such as flow control related flow manifolds and an extrusion limiter, is used to illustrate the benefits of metallic AM.
Metallic 3D printing has been shown to significantly reduce the cost and time for prototyping geometrically complex components, which are either very expensive or impossible to manufacture using traditional methods. Many challenges are associated with the fabrication of 3D printed parts, and techniques to overcome these challenges are developed. Metallurgical properties of printed metals, such as yield strength, elongation at break, and impact strength, are measured using specimens made in-situ along with the parts and compared to those of wrought materials. The paper also describes the effect of build direction on mechanical properties. The results of physical tests on a 3D printed flow manifold will be presented in a separate paper.
In addition to making geometrically complex tools, reducing number of parts in a multi-component tool, and providing the capacity for fast prototyping, the most meaningful application of AM is to design for functionality; this can be achieved through the topological optimization of tool design. An outlook is presented of the path forward for applications of metallic AM for oil and gas applications.
Time-Lapse Attempt Using AUV Survey Data in Geohazards Prone Area, Results and Lessons Learned
Authors: Unterseh Stephan , Letaief Walid 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the context of a field development in deep offshore West Africa, 1200 to 2000m water depth, we have collected three high resolution datasets (bathymetry, side scan sonar mosaics and 2D sub-bottom profiles), spatially overlapping and acquired within a 6 year period using Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) technology. Since the area is geohazard prone, with the occurrence of multiple hydrocarbon-fluid migration features (pockmarks, asphalts domes, High Impedance Reflectors (HIR), etc.) at or near seabed, the analysis of the different datasets, following a time-lapse approach, was a unique opportunity to investigate the potential evolution of these geohazards over an engineering time-scale. Our study presents the methodology deployed to compare the datasets, with a particular focus on quality control to properly estimate changes over time on the seabed and within the shallow overburden.
None of the AUV datasets were designed for a time-lapse approach (e.g. baseline plus monitoring survey with accurate subsea positioning, similar sensors, etc.). Consequently, significant horizontal and vertical mismatches on fixed objects (e.g. wellheads), clearly associated with positioning and measurement uncertainties were identified. The horizontal mismatch is the most penalizing, with offsets observed randomly oriented and up to 7m. To overcome this mismatching, we based our analysis on a method developed by Gafeira et al. (2012), which provides semi-automatically geomorphological characteristics of pockmarks. The method is applied to each bathymetry dataset and the numerical outputs are directly compared using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Any pockmark showing significant changes through time (above the vertical and horizontal uncertainties) is thoroughly analysed to detect any unreliable data, before final time-lapse comparison, including interpretation of the other AUV sensors (e.g. sub-bottom profiler).
The methods detected 670 pockmarks in overlapping areas of the three datasets. The analysis of their geomorphological characteristics confirmed that 5 of these pockmarks have potentially evolved over the 6-year period between the surveys. Among these 5 pockmarks, 3 are localized on top of a salt diapir associated with hydrocarbon fluid migration. Modifications are only observed at the very bottom of the pockmarks (no widening) and consist only in a localized depression reduction. In the same area, the interpretation of 2D sub-bottom profiles reveals changes over time of HIR buried depth (upward migration). Simultaneous modifications in time at seabed and within the overburden suggest an area of active hydrocarbon migration.
This study reveals unprecedented information regarding the potential evolution of hydrocarbon migration features over an engineering time-scale. It also provides quantitative information regarding positioning uncertainty effects and proposes a methodology to compare datasets not specifically designed for a time-lapse approach.
Reliable and Accurate Determination of Life Extension for Offshore Units
Authors: Boutrot Jonathan , Giorgiutti Yann , Rezende Flavia , Barras Steven 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
As offshore units near the end of their design life, Operators are often faced with the requirement of extending the operating life of the facility, either to continue producing from an existing and still productive field, or to pursue new opportunities and/or defer new CAPEX as is often the case with MODUs, construction and support vessels and leased production units.
Life extension presents a unique engineering challenge from the perspective of risk management; requiring a complete structural re-assessment of the facility, from its current, as-is condition in order to determine the remaining life of the unit, along with any repairs required in order to achieve the desired additional service life.
This paper describes a methodology, developed by Bureau Veritas, for the engineering reassessment of aging offshore units that will help operators with decision making relating to life extension. It will focus on the two main degradation mechanisms affecting the structure: corrosion and fatigue.
Resulting directly from Bureau Veritas's digital transformation strategy, the methodology is built around the concept of a 3-D "digital twin" model of the asset, which is updated periodically and automatically with critical inspection data collected by connected surveyors. This facilitates continuous updating of the model to ensure a "real-time" equivalence to the "as-is" physical asset.
Furthermore, interfaces between the "digital twin" and conventional structural and hydrodynamics analysis software enable accurate condition assessment analyses to be performed, at any time, on the current state of the asset; providing critical information to be used in the assessment of feasibility of life extension and in determining actual expected remaining life.
In the event of extended life operations, the output of these condition assessment calculations can also be used to develop a Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) programme, based on the criticality and condition of each structural element, to monitor the critical degradation mechanisms, and measure and predict on-going degradation and calculate any consequences to the actual remaining life, using the continuously updated "digital twin". This approach maximizes the useful life of any facility while minimizing the overall cost of inspection, without compromising safety.
While the focus of this paper is life extension of existing assets, this methodology is equally applicable and valid for application on new-build assets, allowing risk-based and just-in-time management of maintenance and repair operations as well as real-time determination of existing asset life from the earliest stages of an assets deployment.
Strength Assessment of Degraded Mooring Chains
Authors: Crapps Justin , He Haiping , Baker David , Bhattacharjee Subir , Majhi Sai , Wilutis Erik 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This paper presents a framework for strength assessment of degraded mooring chains, based upon laboratory break tests and finite element simulations of degraded chain. Four different modes of degradation, all observed in the field, are considered including: 1) general corrosion, 2) localized corrosion with large single and dual pits, 3) interlink wear, and 4) chain abrasion due to contact with the seabed. For each case, laser scanning was used to obtain the actual geometry of degraded chain taken from the field and the links were then loaded in tension to failure. Material properties were derived from coupon tests of adjacent links to those loaded to failure and the analytic predictions were compared with the actual break loads for each case, validating and demonstrating the robustness of the method. This paper discusses the strength capacity of mooring chains and does not discuss load or demand placed on the mooring system or fatigue endurance of degraded chains. However, mooring system demand will be an integral part of the holistic evaluation of any degraded chains.
Case studies detailing the development of strength assessment curves for general corrosion, interlink wear, abrasion, and localized corrosion are presented. A comprehensive investigation covering these four degradation modes is not available to the industry at present. The assessment methodology has a strong technical basis and is expected to provide significant improvements to current industry practice.
Guidance for Performing Time-Domain Mooring Analysis of Floating Systems in Squall Environments
Authors: Oberlies Robert R. , Bhattacharjee Subir , He Haiping 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology for the design and analysis of offshore floating systems governed by squall wind events. A clear methodology on this subject currently does not exist in industry codes and standards. A well-defined methodology is necessary because squalls govern the strength-based design of moored systems in areas such as offshore West Africa.
This work focuses on the identification of load cases for time-domain analysis of wind squall events for spread and turret moored vessels. This paper also proposes a method for determining the characteristic design value of extreme line tension and presents various approaches for characterizing extreme vessel offsets. These recommendations are supported and illustrated using results from time-domain analyses of three different offshore systems: two turret-moored ships and one spread-moored ship.
This work identifies the conditions that determine maximum offsets and mooring line tensions. These correspond to (1) the relative heading between the vessel and the squall, and (2) the characteristics of the squall. This paper highlights:Modeling details, sensitivity cases, and convergence studies used to establish confidence in characteristic design values that result from the analyses;The number and type of squalls to be considered and identifies topics requiring further research
The recommendations in this paper can provide a basis for updates to industry codes and standards related to the design of mooring systems governed by squall events. Prior to the updating of codes and standards, the recommendations included here can be applied to future analyses of moored systems governed by squall events.
Systematic Use of Real Time Data Analysis for Primary Cementing and Cement Job Verification
Authors: Gomes Paulo J. , James Mark , Therond Emmanuel 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOperators and service providers have been working together to push the boundaries of real time data analysis. This work describes a software tool that allows visualisation and interpretation of data streaming from the rig during a primary cement job. Algorithms running in the background allow users to check if the operation is proceeding per plan and to make informed decisions in real time and perform rapid post job evaluation and cement placement verification.This tool was developed to take advantage of an integrated platform: design and execution information are merged with real time data. It has been deployed globally on 13 rigs with hundreds of primary cementing jobs monitored successfully. This paper describes the tool's capabilities in detail, including: A methodology for the assessment of losses in real time to evaluate the impact on Top of Cement.A methodology for the real time estimation of Top of Cement using pressures measured at surface during cement job execution.To display key job parameters monitored in real time and provide efficient comparison to the job plan.To display fluid interface positions, updated in real time, on a representative Wellbore Schematic taking lost volumes into account if applicable.The paper will also use case histories to compare and validate the Top of Cement output, from the real time analysis of surface pressures, against Cement Bond Logs.
Defining the Difference Between Laboratory and Field-Generated Foamed Cement
Authors: Cunningham Erick , Heathman James , Kutchko Barbara , Benge Glen , Maxson Joe , DeBruijn Gunnar , Buford Charles 
Published: April 2017

Foamed cement has been used extensively across a variety of applications for oil and gas well cementing, including deepwater riserless cementing, low fracture gradient cementing, horizontal well cementing, steam injection well cementing, and high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) cementing.
When using foamed cement, laboratory testing is used to estimate the performance characteristics of foamed cement slurries that are designed for well applications. It is well known that significant differences exist between the methods used to generate foamed cement in the laboratory and those used to generate foamed cement for field applications. The implications of these differences on foamed slurry characteristics (e.g., bubble size distribution) and performance properties (e.g., stability, permeability, mechanical properties) has not been well analyzed or well understood.
This paper documents a project that was undertaken through a joint effort between API Sub-Committee 10 and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to examine the differences between foamed slurries generated with laboratory equipment and field foamed cementing equipment. Methods for generating and capturing foamed cement samples using field equipment are discussed, as well as analytical methods for evaluating the characteristics of foamed cements. References to the resulting data are provided. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are presented that were developed during the course of the project.