bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ant Control on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An irrigated bentgrass section of the ninth fairway at Shadow Ridge Golf Course in Ionia, MI was divided into forty eight 12 X 12 ft plots with a 3 ft walkway between them. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. The treatments were applied on 12 Jun and 9 Jul with a CO2 powered R&D backpack boom sprayer at 175 gal finished spray/acre at 50 psi with four 8008 nozzles. Evaluations were made on 12 Jun, 20 Jun, 26 Jun, 2 Jul, 9 Jul, 19 Jul, and 25 Jul by counting active ant mounds in each plot.
Dose-Response Tests with Neem Azal-T Against the Cabbage Moth, 1995
Authors: Meadow Richard , Seljåsen Randi 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage plants in pots were inverted and dipped in 1.5 liters of a solution of Neem Azal-T (Trifolio-M GmbH, Germany). Neem Azal-T contains 5% azadirachtin, generally considered the active ingredient in neem extracts. Neem Azal-T was diluted in water at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 ppm azadirachtin. Each plant was held in the solution for 60 sees. After dipping, the plants were set in a screened insectary to dry for 3 hours, cabbage moth larvae in the early 2nd instar were placed in net bags, 20 larvae per bag, and the bags were placed over each plant and secured at the base of the stem. The plants were arranged on the concrete insectary floor in a RCB design with 5 replications. The average air temperature during the experiment was 15.5°C. The average day length was 18 h. The experiment lasted 16 days, at which time larval mortality was assessed.
Laboratory Tests for Adult Red Shoulder Bug Control with Beauveria Bassiana Fungus, 1996
Authors: Reinert James A. , Knauf T. A. , Maranz S. J. , Bishr M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Red shoul der bug is a household nuisance pest across the range of its primary host, Chinaberry. When Chinaberry is present in the landscape, this pest often reaches high populations on the developing yellow berries. A large number of adults migrate into houses throughout the summer and early fall. Adults were collected on 23 Jul as they migrated up/down the trunk of 3 Chinaberry trees on the campus at Texas A&M Univ. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Dallas, TX. In the lab, 5 randomly selected adults were introduced into 9 cm diam X 15 mm deep plastic feeding chambers labeled for each treatment in a RCB design with 5 replicates. Each chamber received 2 water-saturated 7.5 cm diam filter papers, to provide high humidity, and two chinaberry fruits as a food source during the study. Four concentrations of BioCide-TRF™ (Mycotrol GH-ES) Beauveria bassiana (2.0 X 1013 conidia/qt), oneof Dursban (standard), and an untreated check were evaluated. Adults within each chamber were anesthetized with CO2 gas, and a 2.5 μ/ droplet of the respective test material was applied to the prothorax of each adult. Silwet (0.04%) was added to each material as a wetting agent to ensure adherence to the normally hydrophobic insect cuticle. Treated insects were observed daily for mortality; all dead insects were held for several days to confirm the fungus activity, as indicated by an expression of mycelia from the joints of dead insects.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Citrus, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different rates of Experimental CM-006, alone and tank-mixed with NR 435 Oil, were. compared with the standard acaricide Agri-Mek + NR 435 oil. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on plots of 6 trees each in a block of 11 -yr-old grapefruit trees planted on 18 X 24 ft. spacing. Treatment sprays were applied 20 May using a FMC 1229 single volute commercial air blast sprayer operating at 1 mph, with nozzling and pressure calibrated to apply 200 gpa. At weekly intervals post treatment, 25 fruit per replicate (100/treatment) were randomly selected and examined for CRM in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1 cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
California Red Scale Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1995
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of three insect growth regulators (IGR) and a new chemistry insecticide for the control of CRS were compared with an organophosphate insecticide and an untreated check. The insecticides were applied to 12 year old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. Various rates, timings, and numbers of insecticide treatments were applied to single trees, replicated 10 times, based on pretreatment densities of CRS. Admire was applied to the soil on 4 May and irrigated for 8 hours. Foliar treatments were timed for emergence of 1st generation (25, 26 May) or 2nd generation (2, 4 Aug) scale crawler activity. All foliar spray applications were made with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 1200 gpa (14–15 gallons per tree). Twig sampling was conducted by counting 1 st and 2nd instar scale and 3rd instar female scale from five randomly selected 2 yr-old twig samples per tree. Five randomly selected fruit per tree were also evaluated when fruit became available. At harvest, the percentage of fruit infested with ≥10 CRS was evaluated for each of the treatments.
Western Bean Cutworm Control in Dry Beans with Foliar Sprays, 1996
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Beans were planted 31 May and furrow irrigated. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Eight treatments and one untreated check were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each plot was 6 rows by 25 ft long. Western bean cutworm larvae were reared from egg masses in laboratory petri plates on garden bean leaves. Approximately 100 1st and 2nd instar larvae per plot were released on 26 Jul and 100 larvae again on 29 Jul by placing bean leaflet sections containing larvae within the plant canopy on randomly selected plants in the center two plot rows. All treatments were applied on 6 Aug, a second application of both Bt formulations on 12 Aug, and a third application of both Bt formulations on 19 Aug. A broadcast S was applied with a backpack, CO2 sprayer at a rate of 20 gpa (30 psi; 4, 10X hollow cone nozzles). On 27-28 Aug, pods were collected from the center two plot rows. These pods were inspected for damage and percentages of damaged pods and seeds per treatment were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keul’s multiple means comparison (P = .05).
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Hinova’ cabbage was transplanted at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 28 Jun. Treflan 4 E at 2 pts/acre was incorporated 27 Jun prior to planting. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 39 ft long, and separated by 11 ft alleys. Plants were on 1 ft spacing within the rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 2, 13, 26 Aug, and 13 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gpa at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and inspected for DBM, ICW, and CL small (lst-2nd instars) and large (≥3rd instars) larvae, and ICW and CL eggs, on 29 Jul, 7, 19 Aug, 3, 9, and 19 Sep. To rate marketability, 20 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 26 Sep, and rated according to Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800). On 1 Oct., five plants per plot were randomly selected and the heads were removed and weighed.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Boltz Melanie , Cain Carol 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 31 Jul. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 29 Aug; 4, 11, 19, 25 Sep and 2 Oct. Foliage injury was rated on a scale of 1–6; 1 = no apparent insect feeding; 2 = minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3 = moderate insect feeding on wrapper outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4 = moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11 -30% of leaf area eaten; 6 = considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Insecticide Evaluation II, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 0.8 acre block of 17-yr-old trees on MM106 rootstock. Trees measured 13.5 ft in height and 14.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 18 X 24 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single plot of 3 rows X 8 trees/row for each of two spray treatments which were separated by a single untreated plot of 4 rows X 8 trees/row. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa in treatment 1 and 250 gpa in treatment 2. Dates of application were 2 May [petal fall (PF)], 14 May [first cover (1C)], 29 May [second cover (2C)], 12 Jun [third cover (3C)], 24 Jun [fourth cover (4C)], 8 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 22 Jul [sixth cover (6C)], 5 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], 19 Aug [eighth cover (8C)], and 2 Sep [ninth cover (9C)]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments prebloom were COCS, Dithane, and Nova. Other materials applied postbloom at various times in tank mix with treatment 1 were Nova, Dithane, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting arthropod pests or injury on 4 single-tree replications of ‘Delicious’ for European red mite, and ‘Golden Delicious’ for all other pests, in each plot periodically during the season. RAA control was evaluated by counting colonies per tree. Control of SA was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 5 terminals per tree. Treatment effect against WALH and RLH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. PLH control was determined by counting adults and nymphs on the 5 youngest leaves on each of 10 terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was deter-mined by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. STLM control was evaluated by counting all tissue-feeder mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples and up to 100 drop apples per replication of ‘Golden Delicious’ on 17 Sep. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit were also rated for russeting as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;50% russeted surface).
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control with Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Golden Queen’ sweet corn was seeded on 22 I Apr near Calabash, NC in Brunswick Co. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft were used I between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Test 1 and Test 2 were in the same field with a 75 ft spacing of untreated area between the two test sites. Applications were made to both Test 1 and Test 2 twice a week on 27 and 30 Jun, and 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 Jul. Insect-damaged ears were assayed on 21 Jul when all ears were harvested from both tests.
Melon Thrips Management on Eggplant, 1997
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park. The field was set up in a RCB design with seven treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of a double row of eggplant planted at 30-inch between-plant spacing. Each row consisted of 14 plants for a total length of approximately 35 ft. A spacing of 8-ft width separated treatment plots. Blocks were separated by a 4-ft spacing. Total field size was 0.35 acre. Treatments were applied at 60 psi with an output of 100 gpa using a compressed CO2 sprayer. One flat fan 6504 spray nozzle was used. Treatments were applied at 7-day intervals on 25 Jun, 2, 9, and 19 Jul. In-sect surveys were made on a weekly basis 5-days after the previous treatment application for a total of three post-treatment surveys. At each survey, one-half of the third leaf from the apical growing tip was sampled and placed in separate plastic zip-lock bags. Ten randomly selected leaves were sampled per treatment plot. Each sample was washed separately with a detergent solution and the thrips were collected on a 150-mesh sieve. Thrips were recorded by developmental stages first instar larvae (LI), second instar larvae (LII), and adults (A). Percent MT feeding damage under the calyx of the fruit was also recorded on the mature fruit harvested from the treated plots.
Control of Western Black Flea Beettle on Mustard Greens, 1997
Authors: Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was conducted at the Horticulture Field Research Farm north of Ft. Collins, CO. Plots were established by transplanting, 4 June, “Green Wave” mustard to single 32-in rows, at 12-inch in-row spacing. Experimental design was a RCB, with 4 replications and individual plots consisted of two 15-ft rows. Treatments were first applied 14 Jun, using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 18 gpa. A reapplication was made 17 Jun. Evaluations were made by counting all flea beetles on the center 4 plants from each row per plot (8 plants/plot total).
New and Labeled Foliar Materials and Tank Mixesl To Control Insects on Potatoes, 1997
Authors: Nault Brian A. , Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 3 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 20-ft-long rows. Plots were separated across rows by 3 ft and within rows by 6 ft of bare ground. There were 6 treatments plus an untreated control arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Insecticide application timings were targeted for control of CPB, not ECB. Initial applications were made on 28 May when small (LI + L2) and large (L3 + L4) CPB larvae were present and many of the egg masses in the field had hatched. Two additional applications were made at 14-d intervals (11 and 30 Jun). Insecticides were applied using a propane-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows calibrated to deliver 46 il. of spray/acre at 40 psi. Data were taken weekly from 3 through 30 Jun from the center 2 rows of each plot and included the following: the number of CPB adults, egg masses, small and large larvae/10 randomly selected stems in each plot, the number of ECB-damaged stems/20 randomly chosen stems per plot, and a visual estimation of percent defoliation within each plot. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 10 Jul and tubers were graded and weighed.
Evaluation of Selected Foliar Insecticides for Control of White Grub and Whitefringed Beetle on Sweetpotatoes, 1997
Authors: Story R. N. , Hammond A. M. , Murray M. J. , McLemore W. B. , Cannon James M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A test was conducted at the Sweet Potato Research Station, LSU AC, Chase, LA, to determine the efficacy of 9 insecticide treatments for the control of white grub and whitefringed beetle. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was planted on 9 Jun. Plots were 4 rows wide (40 inches/row) and 40 ft long. Insecticides were applied on an approximately weekly basis starting one month after transplanting (10, 17, 24, 31 Jul; 7, 14, 21, 28 Aug; 4, 11, 18 Sep). A CO2-pressurized tractor mounted system was used (40 psi) with a four-row boom (20 inches spacing) containing 8 nozzles (Cone Jet tx-vs-6) and calibrated to deliver 15 gpa. Sweetpotatoes were harvested on 25 Sep and rated for damage. From each plot, 25 roots were randomly selected and the presence or absence of white grub and whitefringed beetle feeding damage was determined.
Control of Southern Armyworm on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Fall 1996
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set 4 Sep, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15-ft row with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 30 Sep, 14, 21, 28 Oct, 4, 18 Nov, and 3 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa the first two applications, 90 gpa the third application and 120 gpa the last four applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. Fruit were harvested on 14, 26 Nov, and 11 Dec. The number and weight of un-damaged fruit and fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined.
Flea Beetle Control Compared for 3 Varieties of Spring Canola, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were seeded 28 May at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA, at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart. Plots were 6 X 20 ft. replicated 4 times in a RCBD, situated next to a crested wheat grass field. At planting treatments of Gaucho 75 ST at 16.0 oz/cwt. were applied as a seed treatment to each variety. Checks for the 3 varieties were established. A mean of 80 FB per 6.6 ft of row were present on 2d after emergence (DAE). The plants were in the early cotyledon stage of growth. FB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = no damage, and 6 = total destruction of apical meristem on 2-DAE, 5-DAE, 8-DAE, 12-DAE, and 18-DAE.
Late-Season Flea Beetle Control on Spring Canola, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were seeded 28 May at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Plots were 6 X 20 ft. replicated 4 times in a RCBD, situated next to a crested wheat grass field. Treatments of CR-10 at 2.5 lb product/acre were applied as granules with the seed, and 4 rates of Gaucho 75 ST were applied as seed treatments at planting. Four other treatments were made at the appearance of flea beetles 2 d after emergence (DAE) with a COz_ powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi. An untreated check was established. A mean of 80 FB per 6.6 ft of row were present at the time of treat-ment. The plants were in the early-cotyledon stage of growth. FB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = damage, and 6 = total destruction of apical meristem at the pre-treatment count, 2-DAT, 5-DAT, 9-DAT, and 15-DAT.
Southwestern Corn Borer Control on Irrigated Corn, 1997
Authors: Royer T. A. , Giles K. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seven insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of second-generation southwestern corn borer on irrigated corn at the Panhandle Research Station, Goodwell, OK. Each treatment was applied to plots measuring 7 ft X 25 ft and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. On 5 Aug, pre-treatment counts of egg masses collected during pollen shed indicated SWCB populations were 2-3 times higher than the economic threshold. Insecticide treatments were applied on 6 Aug with a CO2-charged hand held sprayer through 0015 flat-fan nozzles at 30 psi for a total volume of 20 gpa. On 26 Aug, 10 plants per plot were split from root to tassel and evaluated for the number of borer-induced tunnels and borer larvae. Plots were harvested for yield on 3 Oct. Data were subjected to ANOVA and individual means compared by Fishers protected LSD.
Efficacy of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Second-Generation European Corn Borer, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Each plot consisted of four 30-inch-wide by 100-ft-long rows with four replications. Treatments were applied to the center two rows of each plot leaving two untreated rows between each plot. A RCB design with four replications was utilized. Two untreated check plots were included in each replication and were averaged for the ANOVA. Manual ECB infestations to simulate the second generation were made at corn anthesis on 8 Aug, by applying one ECB egg mass (black-head stage) per leaf axil above and below the ear node to 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle two rows of a 4-row plot. All insecticide treatments were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV). Liquid insecticides were applied on 21 Aug, with two 8003 TeeJet flat-fan nozzles (one per row), as a broadcast over the row, with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 9.7 gpa at 20 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph. The height of the nozzles above the whorls was 10 to 12 inches.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Alternatives for Tobacco Budworm Control, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 1 May in a Faceville loamy sand on 38-inch rows near Laurel Hill in southeastern NC. Recommended practices for fertility and weed management were followed, and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips control. Plots were 45 ft X 6 rows, with 10-ft alleys and 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S on 19 Jun to encourage TBW establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. A single application was applied to all plots on 30 Jun. All applications were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gpa at 50 psi with a single Spraying Systems TX-8 hollow-cone nozzle per row. On 8 Jul, 25 terminals from each plot (total 100 per treatment) were examined for terminal and square damage by TBW and live larvae. Plots were not harvested. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Nucotn 33B Cotton, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size as 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 untreated rows between plots and a 10-ft planted buffer at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 11 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row and calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 40 psi at 3 mph. Carrier of the in-secticide was water. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of two levels on the plant: upper (first fully expanded leaf), and mid (mainstem leaf located one-third down the plant), aphids were counted on the underside of each leaf. Yield (lb of seed cotton per acre) was determined by mechani-cally harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and measuring the actual area picked.