bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variational multi-scale finite element approximation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Bayona Roa Camilo Andrés , Baiges Joan , Codina R 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to apply the variational multi-scale framework to the finite element approximation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations written in conservation form. Even though this formulation is relatively well known, some particular features that have been applied with great success in other flow problems are incorporated.Design/methodology/approach– The orthogonal subgrid scales, the non-linear tracking of these subscales, and their time evolution are applied. Moreover, a systematic way to design the matrix of algorithmic parameters from the perspective of a Fourier analysis is given, and the adjoint of the non-linear operator including the volumetric part of the convective term is defined. Because the subgrid stabilization method works in the streamline direction, an anisotropic shock capturing method that keeps the diffusion unaltered in the direction of the streamlines, but modifies the crosswind diffusion is implemented. The artificial shock capturing diffusivity is calculated by using the orthogonal projection onto the finite element space of the gradient of the solution, instead of the common residual definition. Temporal derivatives are integrated in an explicit fashion.Findings– Subsonic and supersonic numerical experiments show that including the orthogonal, dynamic, and the non-linear subscales improve the accuracy of the compressible formulation. The non-linearity introduced by the anisotropic shock capturing method has less effect in the convergence behavior to the steady state.Originality/value– A complete investigation of the stabilized formulation of the compressible problem is addressed.
Freemium business model: construct development and measurement validation
Authors: Huang Hao-Chen 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– In recent years, the freemium model is popular with online users in internet markets. Regarding operation, the characteristics of the freemium business model are the focus of all websites and software managers. However, research lacks the literature on the development of the dimensions of the freemium business model and validation of measurement. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to probe into the development of the dimensions of the freemium business model and validate the measurement.Design/methodology/approach– First, by related literature and practical observations, this study reorganizes the characteristics of the freemium business model and develops dimensions and items of the freemium business model to design the items of scale. The development of scale is based on the procedures of standardized testing, including draft, expert consultation, and pretest and test analysis, in order to test the reliability and validity of the scale. This study treated online users as the questionnaire subjects and analyzed 1,016 valid questionnaires.Findings– Regarding empirical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis is conducted to test the internal quality of the model, including composite reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. According to the empirical result, the freemium business model can be divided into basic free tier, two-sided markets, revenue sharing, service convenience, and network effect, which are the key factors of users’ selection of freemium products or services. This study developed 25 items of scale for the freemium business model.Originality/value– Finally, this study plans to develop a scale of the freemium business model, which can serve as an appropriate measurement tool to measure the freemium business model, as well as help websites and software developers to plan or execute the introduction of freemium products and services. Hence, it can develop and design products and services meeting the needs of online consumers. Website and software managers can adjust their products and services to satisfy online users’ needs.
Predicting good deeds in virtual communities of consumption
Authors: Hsu Sheila Hsuan-Yu , Yen Hsiuju Rebecca 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– Motivated by situational strength theory and multi-level theory, the purpose of this paper is to propose a cross-level model to examines whether virtual community citizenship behaviors (VCCBs) are affected by consumers’ individual differences on reciprocity, other consumers’ collective citizenship behaviors at community-level (members citizenship behaviors, MCBs), and their interaction effects.Design/methodology/approach– The research model is tested with a sample of 340 consumers collected from the 34 virtual communities of consumptions (VCCs). Because consumers are embedded in communities, the authors employ the hierarchical linear modeling for data analyses.Findings– The findings reveal positive effects of individual’s prosocial values and community-level MCBs, and a negative effect of exchange ideology, on VCCBs. There is a significant cross-level moderation effect of MCBs such that MCBs reduce the negative influence of exchange ideology on VCCBs.Research limitations/implications– This research suggests that participation in VCCs could be simultaneously driven by the dispositions to help and to get fair reciprocity, while such effects are constrained by others’ citizenship behaviors within the VCC. Future research should identify other contextual factors that could confine or amplify the personality-behavior links in the context of VCCs.Practical implications– Managers who intend to build a VCC of high co-creation should establish mechanisms that could facilitate norm of VCCBs. Also, it is crucial to take into account the participants’ dispositions on reciprocity in recruiting community members and developing member portfolio.Originality/value– This is one of the first studies to offer insights regarding the role of community-level citizenship behavior as a strong situation to mitigating the influences of individuals’ reciprocity-based dispositions.
Kenneth Fisher’s heuristics
Authors: Massironi Carlo , Chesini Giusy 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The authors are interested in building descriptive – real life – models of successful investors’ investment reasoning and decision-making. Models designed to be useful for trying to replicate and evolve their reasoning and decision-making. The purpose of this paper, a case study, is to take the substantial material – on innovating the investing tools – published in four books (2006/2012, 2010, 2011, 2015) by a US stock investor named Kenneth Fisher (CEO of Fisher Investments, Woodside, California) and sketch Fisher’s investment innovating reasoning model.

Design/methodology/approach
To sketch Fisher’s investment innovating reasoning model, the authors used the Radical constructivist theory of knowledge, a framework for analyzing human action and reasoning called Symbolic interactionism and a qualitative analytic technique called Conceptual analysis. The authors have done qualitative research applied to the study of investment decision-making of a single professional investor.

Findings
In the paper, the authors analyzed and described the heuristics used by Fisher to build subsequent generations of investing tools (called by Fisher “Capital Markets Technology”) to try to make better forecasts to beat the stock market. The authors were interested in studying the evolutive dimensions of the tools to make forecasts of a successful investor: the “how to build it” and “how to evolve it” dimension.

Originality/value
The paper offers an account of Kenneth Fisher’s framework to reason the innovation of investing tools. The authors believe that this paper could be of interest to professional money managers and to all those who are involved in the study and development of the tools of investing. This work is also an example of the use of the Radical constructivist theory of knowledge, the Symbolic interactionist framework and the Conceptual analysis to build descriptive models of investment reasoning of individual investors, models designed to enable the reproduction/approximation of the conceptual operations of the investor.
Light availability experienced in the field affects ability of following generations to respond to shading in an annual grassland plant
Authors: Heger Tina 
Published: May 2016

Summary

For plants competing for light, grasslands represent complex environments. Grassland microhabitats vary in the amount of available light and in the spatial distribution of patches with full sunlight, light shade and deep shade. Plant populations have been shown to adapt to specific competitors and shading conditions, but it is an open question how tightly the responses of populations to different shading situations are linked to the light availability previously experienced in the field.

Using maternal families collected in grasslands ranging from open to closed canopies, I tested the effects of no shading, homogeneous and heterogeneous shade created in the glasshouse on trait expression in the annual Erodium cicutarium. Heterogeneous shading was simulated by a patchwork of single and double layers of light filters lowering the R:FR ratio of transmitted light and clear filters simulating gaps.

Heterogeneous shading induced a stronger shade avoidance response than homogeneous shading, with larger leaf length, greater vegetative height and larger specific leaf area. Time to first flowering was longer under heterogeneous shading, and plants produced less fruits.

Populations differed in their time to first flowering under the shading treatments, and these differences could be traced back to light availability measured in the field. Plants from populations with lower light availability showed a postponed date of first flowering even if they were not shaded. These differences were attributable to plasticity of the maternal families. Across shading treatments, plants from low‐light environments produced more above‐ground biomass.

Synthesis. This study indicates that there is a close linkage between the light availability experienced in the field and the ability of following generations to respond to shading. Low average light availability experienced in the past seems to induce a trade‐off of vegetative growth against early flowering, providing the following generations with the capacity to overtop neighbours. This capacity is utilized especially if plants experience a mixture of gaps and deep shade.
Land‐use history augments environment–plant community relationship strength in a Puerto Rican wet forest
Authors: Hogan James Aaron , Zimmerman Jess K. , Uriarte María , Turner Benjamin L. , Thompson Jill 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Environmental heterogeneity influences the species composition of tropical forests, with implications for patterns of diversity and species coexistence in these hyperdiverse communities. Many studies have examined how variability in soil nutrients and topography influence plant community composition, with differing results. None have quantified the relative contribution of environmental heterogeneity versus endogenous processes to variability in forest community composition over time and with respect to successional recovery.

Using five consecutive trees censuses of a forest plot in Puerto Rico, conducted between 1990 and 2011, we evaluated the influence of edaphic and topographic variability on community composition. The plot has a well‐documented land‐use history and is subject to periodic hurricane disturbance. Using multiple canonical distance‐based redundancy analyses, we studied how spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrients and topography structure community composition over time, as the forest recovers from long‐term land‐use effects and two major hurricanes in 1989 and 1998.

For the entire plot, spatial variables (principle coordinates of neighbourhood matrices), representing the autocorrelation of tree species in the community, explained the majority (49–57%) of the variability in tree community composition. The explanatory power of spatial variables decreased over time, as forest structure recovered from hurricane damage and the stems in the understorey died. Soil nutrients and topography, collectively, explained a moderate portion (33–37%) of the species compositional variation and were slightly more robust in explaining compositional differences in areas of more intense past land use.

Areas of less‐intense past land use showed weaker community–environmental trends overall, illustrating a tendency for stronger resource competition (i.e. light, water and soil nutrients) between species in these areas. This illustrates how environmental–plant community interactions are strengthened by the lasting effects of human land‐use legacies, which persist for decades to centuries.

Synthesis. Our findings confirm past land use to be a fundamental driver of the structure and composition of secondary forests through its impacts on the tree community, the abiotic terrestrial environment and their interaction. Since the extent of second‐growth tropical forests continues to increase, our findings highlight the importance of understanding the processes that determine the rate and nature of their succession.
Hyperoxia‐mediated LC3B activation contributes to the impaired transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) to type I cells (AECIs)
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhao Shuang , Yuan Lijie , Wu Hongmin , Jiang Hong , Luo Gang 
Published: May 2016

SummaryLife‐saving mechanical ventilation can also cause lung injury through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)‐like symptoms in preterm infants. It is reported that the autophagic protein microtubule‐associated protein‐1 light chain (LC)‐3B can confer protection against hyperoxia‐induced DNA damage in lung alveolar epithelium. However, its role in the transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs) to type I cells (AECIs) is unclear and requires further investigation. In this study, newborn Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to 90% oxygen for up to 14 days to mimic BPD in human infants, with neonatal pups exposed to room air (21% oxygen) as controls. Primary rat AECIIs were cultured under hyperoxic conditions for up to 24 hours to further investigate the underlying mechanisms. This study found that hyperoxia promoted a significant and time‐dependent increase of AECII marker surfactant protein (SP)‐C in the lung. The increase of AECI marker T1α was repressed by hyperoxia during lung development. These results indicated an impaired AECII transdifferentiation. Pulmonary ROS concentration and expression of autophagic protein LC‐3B were increased gradually in response to hyperoxia exposure. Furthermore, AECIIs produced more ROS when cultured under hyperoxic conditions in vitro. Both the LC3B expression and the conversion from LC3BI to LC3BII were enhanced in hyperoxic AECs. Interestingly, inhibition of LC3B either by ROS inhibitor N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) or adenovirus‐mediated LC3B shRNA could partly restore AECII transdifferentiation under hyperoxia condition. In summary, the current study reveals a novel role of activated LC3B induced by hyperoxia in AECII transdifferentiation.
Two Cheers for Richards and Smith: Beyond Anti‐Politics?
Authors: Marsh David , Vines Emma , Halupka Max 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn a recent issue of The Political Quarterly, Richards and Smith critiqued Flinders’ work on anti‐politics, suggesting that there needs to be much more focus on supply‐side explanations and recognising that much of the problem lies with politicians, contra Flinders. Here, we argue instead that it is crucial to recognise how supply‐side and demand side explanations interact. For us, politicians need to be more responsive to citizens, but, at the same time, citizens need to recognise problems of contemporary governing. Overall, much is changing in the way in which citizens engage and it is crucial that these changes are understood.
Fair Value Accounting and Debt Contracting: Evidence from Adoption of SFAS 159
Authors: DEMERJIAN PETER R. , DONOVAN JOHN , LARSON CHAD R. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTWe examine how fair value accounting affects debt contract design, specifically the use and definition of financial covenants in private loan contracts. Using SFAS 159 adoption as our setting, we find that a small but significant proportion of loans (14.5%) modify covenant definitions to exclude the effects of SFAS 159 fair values. Only a limited number of these modifications exclude assets elected at fair value (less than 7%), while all exclude liabilities elected at fair value. Notably, we document that covenant definition modification is unassociated with ex ante fair value elections. We find that covenant definition modification positively varies with common incentive problems attributed to fair value accounting and negatively varies with benefits attributed to fair value accounting. Our results suggest that fair value accounting is not uniformly detrimental for debt contracting and fair value adjustments are included when they are most likely to improve performance measurement.
1 Archaeology of the Human Experience: An Introduction
Authors: Hegmon Michelle 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe Archaeology of the Human Experience (AHE) is concerned with understanding what it was like to live in the past, an endeavor that speaks to established archaeological traditions and to much broader audiences. AHE has four components: (1) Investigating the conditions of life; (2) Understanding how those conditions came to be; (3) Considering how those conditions are part of, and affect, the larger social and cultural context; and (4) Exploring the experience of those conditions. Many established methods can be used to investigate the first three; the fourth raises delicate questions about whether and how we can know others. Future work will continue to develop systematic measures that might shed light on how and why conditions worsen or improve in some cases.
3 The Variability of the Human Experience: Marginal People and the Creation of Power
Authors: Cameron Catherine M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTArchaeologists often characterize small scale societies as egalitarian and uniform. We tend to see the experiences of the people who made up these societies as similar. I argue instead that most small scale societies contained people of a variety of statuses, including those whose social position was marginal. I examine one such category of social person, captives, who were common in small scale societies worldwide. I suggest that their lives could be significantly different from those of other group members and that their presence, labor, and skills could create status and power for their captor and other group members.
6 The Social Costs of Resilience: An Example from the Faroe Islands
Authors: Brewington Seth D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTWhen viewed at the level of social‐ecological system, the Faroe Islands are a model of long‐term resilience and sustainable resource management. But what have been the costs of this system‐level success in terms of human well‐being? In this chapter I focus on two key components of well‐being—food and environmental security—during the transformative 12th and 13th centuries. Though faced with a series of significant environmental and political challenges, medieval‐period Faroese society appears to have adequately maintained food and environmental security, due in large part to a number of legal restrictions on access to key natural resources. The social costs of doing so were not benign, however, as these policies, while effective as conservation measures, disproportionately excluded those with the least socio‐economic power.
10 The Bioarchaeology of Pain and Suffering: Human Adaptation and Survival during Troubled Times
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Harrod Ryan P. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTAncient human remains can be analyzed with an eye toward clarifying the limits of human adaptation to many of life's hardships. Data collected from the remnants of skeletonized bodies provides information on the costs of living under trying times and the pain, suffering, and disability experienced. Focusing on the survivors of stressful conditions such as colonization, endemic warfare, climate change, or slavery provides a way to examine the experience of survival as well as the human costs of adapting to the environmental or political‐economic processes creating the condition.
Ginkgolide K protects the heart against endoplasmic reticulum stress injury by activating the inositol‐requiring enzyme 1α/X box‐binding protein‐1 pathway
Authors: Wang Shoubao , Wang Zhenzhong , Fan Qiru , Guo Jing , Galli Gina , Du Guanhua , Wang Xin , Xiao Wei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and PurposeEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is increasingly recognized as an important causal factor of many diseases. Targeting ER stress has now emerged as a new therapeutic strategy for treating cardiovascular diseases. Here, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanism of ginkgolide K (1,10‐dihydroxy‐3,14‐didehydroginkgolide, GK) on cardiac ER stress.Experimental ApproachCell death, apoptosis and ER stress‐related signalling pathways were measured in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, treated with the ER stress inducers tunicamycin, hydrogen peroxide and thapsigargin. Acute myocardial infarction was established using left coronary artery occlusion in mice, and infarct size was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Echocardiography was used to assess heart function and transmission electron microscopy for evaluating ER expansion.Key ResultsGinkgolide K (GK) significantly decreased ER stress‐induced cell death in both in vitro and in vivo models. In ischaemic injured mice, GK treatment reduced infarct size, rescued heart dysfunction and ameliorated ER dilation. Mechanistic studies revealed that the beneficial effects of GK occurred through enhancement of inositol‐requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1) activity, which in turn led to increased ER‐associated degradation‐mediated clearance of misfolded proteins and autophagy. In addition, GK was also able to partly repress the pro‐apoptotic action of regulated IRE1‐dependent decay and JNK pathway.Conclusions and ImplicationsIn conclusion, GK acts through selective activation of the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway to limit ER stress injury. GK is revealed as a promising therapeutic agent to ameliorate ER stress for treating cardiovascular diseases.