bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFORMATION OPACITY AND FITCH BOND RATINGS
Authors: Livingston Miles , Zhou Lei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe examine the marginal impact of Fitch ratings on the at‐issuance yields of industrial and utility bonds rated by Moody's and Standard & Poor's. We find that Fitch ratings reduce the yield premiums on information‐opaque bonds by about 30%, or 15 basis points. The finding is robust even when a Fitch rating exactly equals the two major ratings or their average. The findings suggest that Fitch ratings are not redundant but bring additional information to investors. Increased competition in the rating industry enhances the information efficiency of the bond market, and the existence of smaller rating agencies is economically justified.
U.S. BANK LENDING ACTIVITY IN THE POSTCRISIS WORLD
Authors: Cyree Ken B. , Griffiths Mark D. , Winters Drew B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere are three main reasons banks may not be lending. First, banks could be rationing credit. We show that banks have excess reserves of more than $2 trillion, so demand exceeding supply is unlikely. Second, banks could be experiencing a capital crunch. We find no evidence of a capital crunch. Third, banks could be choosing to restrict lending, creating a credit crunch. We find that postcrisis loan growth rates are lower than crisis loan growth rates, but postcrisis loan growth is similar to precrisis growth. We find no evidence to suggest that banks are systematically restricting lending.
Objective Longitudinal Measures of Physical Activity and Bone Health in Older Japanese: the Nakanojo Study
Authors: Shephard Roy J. , Park Hyuntae , Park Sungjin , Aoyagi Yukitoshi 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo examine dose/response relationships between habitual physical activity and bone health in the elderly.DesignLongitudinal.SettingCommunity of Nakanojo.ParticipantsCommunity‐living Japanese aged 65 to 84 (212 men, 284 women).MeasurementsDaily 24‐h pedometer/accelerometer data were collected continuously for 5 years. A quantitative calcaneal osteosonic index (OSI) was determined annually.ResultsYear‐end OSI values were higher in those with greater daily step counts and especially a greater duration of activity >3 metabolic equivalents (METs). However, after controlling for baseline OSI, age and body mass, final OSI values were not significantly greater in the fourth than in the third activity quartile, where men and women, respectively, took means of 7,700 and 7,500 steps/day and/or exercised at an intensity >3 METs for means of 19 and 17 min/day. A multivariate‐adjusted proportional hazards model predicted that the OSI values of men and women were, respectively, 2.6 (1.4–4.4) and 3.3 (2.1–5.2) and/or 2.8 (1.5–5.6) and 3.9 (2.4–6.7) times more likely to drop below the OSI fracture threshold over 5 years in the two lowest activity quartiles (<7,000 and <6,900 steps/day and/or <18 and <17 min/day at >3 METs) than in the highest quartile (>9,100 and >8,800 steps/day and/or >30 and >25 min/day at >3 METs).ConclusionAfter adjustment for potential confounders, the calcaneal health of seniors is associated with both the daily step count and the duration of activity at an intensity >3 METs. The bone health is optimal in elderly people who take at least 7,000‐8,000 steps/day and/or spend at least 15–20 min/day at an intensity >3 METs.
Self‐Reported Physical Activity Levels of Older Cancer Survivors: Results from the 2014 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Tarasenko Yelena , Chen Chen , Schoenberg Nancy 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo examine adherence to the American College of Sports Medicine and American Cancer Society guidelines on leisure‐time aerobic and muscle‐strengthening physical activity (PA) of older cancer survivors.DesignCross‐sectional study based on the 2014 National Health Interview Survey.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsYoung‐old (65–74) (n = 627), old‐old (≥75) (n = 656), and middle‐aged (45–64) (n = 786) cancer survivors and adults without cancer (n = 18,369), stratified according to the same age groups.MeasurementsWeighted percentages were used to describe sociodemographic and health‐related characteristics of the study population. Unadjusted and adjusted predicted probabilities from generalized ordered and multinomial logistic regressions were estimated to examine levels of aerobic and muscle‐strengthening PA in the study population.ResultsCancer survivors and those without a cancer diagnosis had similarly low rates of adherence to PA guidelines according to age group. In unadjusted analyses, the age effect was statistically significant in long‐term cancer survivors only. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health‐related characteristics, on average, 34.0% of young‐old and 35.4% of old‐old cancer survivors engaged in sufficient levels of aerobic PA, versus 44.3% of their middle‐aged counterparts (P's <.05). Approximately 10% of older cancer survivors met aerobic and muscle‐strengthening guidelines, compared with 19.1% of middle‐aged cancer survivors (P = .001).ConclusionAdherence to the recommended levels of leisure‐time aerobic and muscle‐strengthening PA is lower in older than middle‐aged cancer survivors in the United States. Greater efforts must be made to encourage and support PA participation in this population.
Mediating Role of Memory of Another Person's Choicein Social Influence on Preference
Authors: Nakamura Koyo , Kawabata Hideaki 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe often tend to fit our subjective preference with those of others after merely being faced with what other people prefer. This is known as social conformity. However, it is still unclear how the impact of such a social influence on subjective preference is modulated by the personal characteristics of the other person (e.g., whether the person is trustworthy) and the explicit memory of those personal characteristics (e.g., remembering who evaluated the objects). To clarify explicit memory's underlying role regarding social influence, we asked participants to evaluate their preference for abstract paintings both before and after observing binary choices made by others whose behaviors could be labeled as trustworthy, neutral, or untrustworthy. The results showed the following: (a) even without explicit memory of who made a choice and which painting was chosen, the participants preferred chosen over unchosen paintings; and (b) such preference changes were modulated by the subjective trustworthiness of others only when they explicitly remembered who made a choice.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of ceftiofur crystalline‐free acid following subcutaneous administration in domestic goats
Authors: Waraich G. S. , Sidhu P. K. , Daundkar P. S. , Kaur G. , Sharma S. K. 
Published: December 2016

Pharmacokinetic (PK)–pharmacodynamic (PD) integration of crystalline ceftiofur‐free acid (CCFA) was established in six healthy female goats administered subcutaneously (s.c.) on the left side of the neck at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg body weight. Serum concentrations of ceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur (DFC) were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Mutant prevention concentration (MPC), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ceftiofur were determined forPasteurella (P.) multocida. Mean terminal half‐life and mean residence time of ceftiofur +DFCwere 48.6 h and 104 h, respectively.In vitroplasma protein binding of ceftiofur was 46.6% in goats. TheMICandMBCvalues of ceftiofur were similar in serum andMHBand a very small difference between these values confirmed bactericidal activity of drug againstP. multocida. In vitroandex vivotime–kill curves forP. multocidademonstrated a time‐dependent killing action of drug. Considering target serum concentration of 0.20 μg/mL,PK‐PDvalues forAUC24 h/MIC90and T > MIC90, respectively, were 302 h and 192 h againstP. multocida. AMPC/MICratio of 10–14 indicated that selective pressure for proliferation of resistant mutants ofP. multocidais minimal afterCCFAsingle‐dose administration. Based onMPC = 1.40 μg/mL forP. multocida, thePK‐PDindices,viz. T > MPCandAUC24/MPC, were 48 h and 43 h, respectively. The data suggested the use of single dose (6.6 mg/kg, s.c.) ofCCFAin goats to obtain clinical and bacteriological cure of pneumonia due toP. multocida.
Short‐duration treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus with daclatasvir, asunaprevir, beclabuvir and sofosbuvir (FOURward study)
Authors: Sulkowski Mark S. , Flamm Steve , Kayali Zeid , Lawitz Eric J. , Kwo Paul , McPhee Fiona , Torbeyns Anne , Hughes Eric A. , Swenson Eugene S. , Yin Philip D. , Linaberry Misti 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsThe phase 2, FOURward study (NCT02175966) investigated short‐duration therapy (4/6 weeks) with four direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) with distinct mechanisms of action in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype‐1.MethodsNon‐cirrhotic patients were randomized 1:1 to DCV‐TRIO (fixed‐dose daclatasvir 30 mg, asunaprevir 200 mg and beclabuvir 75 mg) twice‐daily + sofosbuvir 400 mg once‐daily for 4 or 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response at post‐treatment Week 12 (SVR12). Patients without SVR12 were offered retreatment based on the DAA resistance profile at failure; patients with resistance to ≤1 DCV‐TRIO component received DCV‐TRIO + RBV for 12 weeks.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients with HCV genotype‐1 were enrolled; 79% had genotype‐1a infection and median baseline HCV‐RNA levels were high (9 × 106 IU/mL). Most patients had undetectable HCV‐RNA at end of treatment (96% [n=27/28]); however, relapse occurred in 77% (n=10/13) and 43% (n=6/14) treated for 4 and 6 weeks, leading to SVR12 rates of 29% (n=4/14) and 57% (n=8/14) respectively. SVR12 was higher in patients with lower baseline HCV‐RNA (<2 million IU/mL, 71% [n=5/7]; ≥2 million IU/mL, 33% [n=7/21]). None of the 16 non‐SVR12 patients had NS3 or NS5B resistance‐associated substitutions (RAS) detected at failure. All 15 patients retreated with DCV‐TRIO + RBV for 12 weeks achieved SVR12. All regimens were well tolerated.ConclusionsShort‐duration treatment with four DAAs with distinct mechanisms of action was insufficient for most patients with genotype‐1 infection and high baseline viraemia. Non‐SVR12 was not associated with emergence of NS3 or NS5B RAS and retreatment with DCV‐TRIO + RBV for 12 weeks led to SVR in all patients.
Hepatogenous diabetes: Is it time to separate it from type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Orsi Emanuela , Grancini Valeria , Menini Stefano , Aghemo Alessio , Pugliese Giuseppe 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBy definition, hepatogenous diabetes is directly caused by loss of liver function, implying that it develops after cirrhosis onset. Therefore, it should be distinguished from type 2 diabetes developing before cirrhosis onset, in which specific causes of liver disease play a major role, in addition to traditional risk factors. Currently, although hepatogenous diabetes shows distinct pathophysiological and clinical features, it is not considered as an autonomous entity. Recent evidence suggests that the failing liver exerts an independent “toxic” effect on pancreatic islets resulting in β‐cell dysfunction. Moreover, patients with hepatogenous diabetes usually present with normal fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1c levels and abnormal response to an oral glucose tolerance test, which is therefore required for diagnosis. This article discusses the need to separate hepatogenous diabetes from type 2 diabetes occurring in subjects with chronic liver disease and to identify individuals suffering from this condition for prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
Influence of the Po River runoff on the bacterioplankton community along trophic and salinity gradients in the Northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Pizzetti Ilaria , Lupini Giuliano , Bernardi Aubry Fabrizio , Acri Francesco , Fuchs Bernhard M. , Fazi Stefano 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Po River runoff strongly affects the oceanographic and ecological characteristics of the Northern Adriatic Sea. Catalysed reported deposition ‐ fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH) analysis was employed to assess how the composition of the coastal bacterioplankton community is influenced by the river runoff in two different seasons (spring and autumn). Samples were collected from the water column along a coastal–offshore transect in the Northern Adriatic Sea at different depths. Four clone libraries were then constructed from coastal (0 m) and offshore waters (−65 m). Higher abundances of bacteria were recorded in coastal waters as compared with the offshore samples. This result was mainly due to the trophic state of the water column, and it was related to salinity. Particularly, Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were affected by the riverine inputs, whereas Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria showed only minor responses. This was particularly clear in the autumn sample, in which a clear difference between the coastal and the offshore samples was found due to a strong influence of the less saline river water with high nutrient concentrations. Analysis of 205 partial length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated a high diversity with the dominance of Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria mainly affiliated to coastal and marine bacterioplankton clades. Actinobacteria were also detected and, together with Gammaproteobacteria, strongly follow the freshwater intrusion. Overall, our results indicate that the seasonal difference in the Po River discharge greatly affects the bacterioplankton community. In spring we observed a smooth transition from coastal to open‐sea conditions owing to the more superficial freshwater plume. In autumn the deeper freshwater intrusion in the coastal site and thermal stratification offshore resulted in a marked difference between the coastal and offshore microbial communities.
Acropora coral colonies as microhabitats for sponges in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Pineda‐Munive Eliana M. , García‐Urueña Rocío del P. , Zea Sven 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSponges are sessile organisms capable of colonizing diverse substrata. In the Caribbean, coral reefs have suffered a drastic decline, and branching corals of the genus Acropora have been widely decimated. On dead coral skeletons and around surviving tissue the settling of sessile organisms can be observed, sponges being common. In order to investigate whether or not sponges have a preference for a particular species of coral, or for specific microhabitats of the colonies, we evaluated species composition, cover, richness and diversity of sponges colonizing the dead parts of still live colonies of the branching corals Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis in five locations of the Tayrona National Natural Park in the Colombian Caribbean. Ten colonies of Ac. palmata were quantified in each of the five locations, and eight Ac. cervicornis colonies in each of two locations. Quantification was carried out using video taken within 0.625‐m2 photoquadrats. Seventeen sponge species were found, 13 of them associated with Ac. palmata and seven with Ac. cervicornis. Desmapsamma anchorata, Clathria venosa and Scopalina rutzleri were found to be common to all Ac. palmata locations, while De. anchorata occurred in the two Ac. cervicornis locations. On Ac. palmata, encrusting sponges dominated, while on Ac. cervicornis branched and lobed sponges predominated. Significant differences in sponge cover were not found among locations but were observed in the sponge species present. On Ac. palmata the species with highest cover were D. anchorata and Cla. venosa, while on Ac. cervicornis it was De. anchorata. The richness and diversity of sponges were low for both coral species, and their varying distribution can be attributed to the differences in available substrate for attachment, given coral colony morphology; for Ac. palmata, sponges predominated on the underside of the branches, semi‐cryptic areas and colony bases, whereas for Ac. cervicornis, they were located over the entire area of the cylindrical branches. Surviving colonies of Ac. palmata and Ac. cervicornis that are still erect offer additional microhabitats for reef sponges, some of which can be found directly interacting with live coral tissue, further threatening their recovery.
Biological limits on nitrogen use for plant photosynthesis: a quantitative revision comparing cultivated and wild species
Authors: Rotundo José L. , Cipriotti Pablo A. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

The relationship between leaf photosynthesis and nitrogen is a critical production function for ecosystem functioning. Cultivated species have been studied in terms of this relationship, focusing on improving nitrogen (N) use, while wild species have been studied to evaluate leaf evolutionary patterns. A comprehensive comparison of cultivated vs wild species for this relevant function is currently lacking. We hypothesize that cultivated species show increased carbon assimilation per unit leaf N area compared with wild species as associated with artificial selection for resource‐acquisition traits.

We compiled published data on light‐saturated photosynthesis (Amax) and leaf nitrogen (LNarea) for cultivated and wild species. The relationship between Amax and LNarea was evaluated using a frontier analysis (90th percentile) to benchmark the biological limit of nitrogen use for photosynthesis.

Carbon assimilation in relation to leaf N was not consistently higher in cultivated species; out of 14 cultivated species, only wheat, rice, maize and sorghum showed higher ability to use N for photosynthesis compared with wild species.

Results indicate that cultivated species have not surpassed the biological limit on nitrogen use observed for wild species. Future increases in photosynthesis based on natural variation need to be assisted by bioengineering of key enzymes to increase crop productivity.
Electrode Contact Force‐Controlled Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation: Different Effects on Lesion Size between Dual‐ and Single‐Bath Preparations
Authors: CHINUSHI MASAOMI , SAITOH OSAMU , WATANABE JUNYA , SUGAI AYARI , SUZUKI KATSUYA , HOSAKA YUKIO , FURUSHIMA HIROSHI 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundDuring bipolar (BIP) radiofrequency (RF) ablation using two catheters in humans, each catheter is placed in separate cardiac chambers or spaces. We developed a contact force‐controlled experimental preparation, and compared measurements made with two catheters placed in a single bath (SB), versus each catheter placed in separate baths, in order to assess the preparation‐dependent differences in the results of BIP‐RF ablation.MethodsIn the SB experiments, a porcine heart was placed in the center of the bath, while in the dual‐bath (DB) experiments, it was placed between two half baths communicating through windows.ResultsThe initial impedance was greatest (110.5 ± 7.2 Ω) with the BIP‐DB, followed by the BIP‐SB (92.0 ± 5.6 Ω) and the unipolar (UNIP) DB (84.9 ± 4.7 Ω) configurations. During 50‐W ablation for 60 seconds at a 20‐g contact force, the root mean square voltage was 75.7 ± 2.5 V in the BIP‐DB, 68.0 ± 2.1 V in the BIP‐SB, and 66.8 ± 2.0 V in the UNIP‐DB. The mean surface lesion diameters were similar among the three configurations. However, the endocardial lesion depth was 5.60 ± 0.56 mm with the BIP‐DB, 4.71 ± 0.64 mm with the BIP‐SB, and 4.24 ± 0.58 mm with the UNIP‐DB configuration. On average, the endocardial lesions were significantly deeper than the epicardial ones.ConclusionsBIP ablation created much deeper lesions as compared to UNIP ablation. Lesion depth could be different depending on experimental preparation, and contact force‐controlled DB preparation may be a much more appropriate model for studying the effects of BIP ablation.
Simultaneous stimulation of sedoheptulose 1,7‐bisphosphatase, fructose 1,6‐bisphophate aldolase and the photorespiratory glycine decarboxylase‐H protein increases CO2 assimilation, vegetative biomass and seed yield in Arabidopsis
Authors: Simkin Andrew J. , Lopez‐Calcagno Patricia E. , Davey Philip A. , Headland Lauren R. , Lawson Tracy , Timm Stefan , Bauwe Hermann , Raines Christine A. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIn this article, we have altered the levels of three different enzymes involved in the Calvin–Benson cycle and photorespiratory pathway. We have generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered combinations of sedoheptulose 1,7‐bisphosphatase (SBPase), fructose 1,6‐bisphophate aldolase (FBPA) and the glycine decarboxylase‐H protein (GDC‐H) gene identified as targets to improve photosynthesis based on previous studies. Here, we show that increasing the levels of the three corresponding proteins, either independently or in combination, significantly increases the quantum efficiency of PSII. Furthermore, photosynthetic measurements demonstrated an increase in the maximum efficiency of CO2 fixation in lines over‐expressing SBPase and FBPA. Moreover, the co‐expression of GDC‐H with SBPase and FBPA resulted in a cumulative positive impact on leaf area and biomass. Finally, further analysis of transgenic lines revealed a cumulative increase of seed yield in SFH lines grown in high light. These results demonstrate the potential of multigene stacking for improving the productivity of food and energy crops.
Genome editing of the disease susceptibility gene CsLOB1 in citrus confers resistance to citrus canker
Authors: Jia Hongge , Zhang Yunzeng , Orbović Vladimir , Xu Jin , White Frank F. , Jones Jeffrey B. , Wang Nian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCitrus is a highly valued tree crop worldwide, while, at the same time, citrus production faces many biotic challenges, including bacterial canker and Huanglongbing (HLB). Breeding for disease‐resistant varieties is the most efficient and sustainable approach to control plant diseases. Traditional breeding of citrus varieties is challenging due to multiple limitations, including polyploidy, polyembryony, extended juvenility and long crossing cycles. Targeted genome editing technology has the potential to shorten varietal development for some traits, including disease resistance. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA technology to modify the canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1 in Duncan grapefruit. Six independent lines, DLOB2, DLOB3, DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12, were generated. Targeted next‐generation sequencing of the six lines showed the mutation rate was 31.58%, 23.80%, 89.36%, 88.79%, 46.91% and 51.12% for DLOB2, DLOB3, DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12, respectively, of the cells in each line. DLOB2 and DLOB3 showed canker symptoms similar to wild‐type grapefruit, when inoculated with the pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). No canker symptoms were observed on DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12 at 4 days postinoculation (DPI) with Xcc. Pustules caused by Xcc were observed on DLOB9, DLOB10, DLOB11 and DLOB12 in later stages, which were much reduced compared to that on wild‐type grapefruit. The pustules on DLOB9 and DLOB10 did not develop into typical canker symptoms. No side effects and off‐target mutations were detected in the mutated plants. This study indicates that genome editing using CRISPR technology will provide a promising pathway to generate disease‐resistant citrus varieties.
Using Cultural Theory to Analyze the Metagovernance of the Nuclear Renaissance in Britain, France, and the United States
Authors: Baker Keith 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe governments of Britain, France, and the United States are seeking to promote renewed investment in nuclear power through metagovernance. Metagovernance describes the way governments can leverage state power and resources to shape the behavior of networked actors to advance policy goals. To metagovern, governments use a variety of policy tools but the factors shaping the design of these policy tools remains unclear. Grid‐group cultural theory is used to show that the design of the policy tools used in metagovernance reflects both an underlying cultural bias within government and prevailing institutional circumstances. The paper demonstrates the utility of cultural theory in the study of metagovernance.