bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene Therapy and Modification as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer
Authors: Chaudhry Ahsen Tahir , Akhtar Daud 
Published: May 2016

Gene therapy is an exciting new field of personalized medicine, allowing for medical procedures that can target diseases such as cancer in novel ways. Technologies that involve gene transfer treatments allow for the insertion of foreign DNA into tumour cells, resulting in restored protein expression or altered function. Gene therapy can also be used as a form of immunotherapy, either by modifying cancer cells to make them better targeted by the immune system, or by modifying the body’s immune cells to make them more ag­gressive towards tumours. Additionally, oncolytic virotherapy uses classes of genetically modified viruses that can specifically target and interfere with tumour cells. The ongoing development of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool may also have promise in future therapeutic applications, with the tool being capable of removing cancer-causing, latent viral infections, such as HPV, from afflicted cells. Nonetheless, there are still many questions of safety, efficacy, and commercial viability which remain to be resolved with many gene therapy procedures. There is also emerging controversy over the ethical, legal, and moral implications that modifying the genetic content of human beings will have on society. These concerns must be confronted and addressed if the benefits promised by gene therapy are to be properly realized. La thérapie génétique est un nouveau domaine d’étude médicale personnalisée qui permet de cibler des maladies spécifiques comme le cancer de façon innovatrice. Cette thérapie utilise le transfert de gènes avec une insertion d’ADN étrangère dans les cellules can­céreuses dans le but de restaurer l’expression des protéines et de retrouver la fonction cellulaire. La thérapie génétique peut aussi être utilisée comme une forme d’immunothérapie, soit en modifiant les cellules cancéreuses pour qu’elles soient mieux ciblées par le système immunitaire ou en modifiant les cellules immunitaires du corps pour les rendre plus agressives envers les tumeurs. De plus, une virothérapie oncolytique utilise des virus génétiquement modifiés qui peuvent cibler spécifiquement et interférer avec des cellules cancéreuses. Le développement du système d’édition génétique CRISPR/Cas9 s’avère prometteur pour les applications thérapeutiques futures. Cet outil est capable d’enlever les infections virales latentes dans les cellules affectées qui peuvent causer le cancer, tel que l’HPV. Malgré ces découvertes, plusieurs questions importantes demeurent quant à la sécurité et à l’efficacité de leur application. Il s’agit d’un domaine controversé avec des implications éthiques, légales, et morales, car le tout implique une modification du contenu génétique humain. Ces inquiétudes doivent être adressées afin de pouvoir continuer à explorer les bienfaits de cette thérapie géné­tique. En poursuivant la recherche dans ce domaine, il serait possible de valider cette thérapie et optimiser ses bienfaits.
The Implications of the Similarity between Fraud Numbers and the Numbers in Financial Accounting Textbooks and Test Banks
Authors: Nigrini Mark J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Accounting students learn financial accounting through examples. The examples in accounting textbooks, and the exam questions in the test banks, use round numbers excessively. After graduation, these individuals could be asked to audit client journal entries and to scan transactions to identify unusual items. They will be expected to realize that, in this context, those familiar round numbers are now red flags for fraud. This study reviews the auditing standards and the authoritative practice aids that state that inappropriate journal entries have characteristics that include round numbers and consistent ending digits. Four fraud schemes in which the investigation of the round numbers would have uncovered the frauds are then described. The realism of the numbers in accounting textbooks and test banks is then evaluated using Benford's Law, their round number frequencies, and their number duplications. This analysis finds that the first digits of the textbook numbers conform to Benford's Law, but the second digits do not. It also finds that textbooks frequently use numbers that are both large and round. The concluding discussion explains why round numbers might be used so often in accounting textbooks and includes recommendations aimed at remedying the round-number conundrum.
Data Availability: The datasets were created by manually entering the textbook and test bank numbers into several spreadsheets. Each record in the final database includes the dollar amount, the chapter number, the page number, and a chapter-body or end-of-chapter-material indicator. The author will consider requests to share the data.
Phenotypic plasticity of leaves enhances water‐stress tolerance and promotes hydraulic conductivity in a tall conifer
Authors: Chin Alana R. O. , Sillett Stephen C. 
Published: May 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Leaves respond to environmental signals and acclimate to local conditions until their ecological limits are reached. Understanding the relationships between anatomical variation in leaves and the availability of water and light improves our ability to predict ecosystem‐level impacts of foliar response to climate change, as it expands our knowledge of tree physiology.METHODS:We examined foliar anatomy and morphology of the largest plant species, Sequoiadendron giganteum, from leafy shoot samples collected throughout crowns of trees up to 95 m tall and assessed the functionality of within‐crown variation with a novel drought/recovery experiment.KEY RESULTS:We found phenotypic variation in response to water availability in 13 anatomical traits of Sequoiadendron leaves. Shoot expansion was constrained by the hydrostatic gradient of maximum water potential, while functional traits supporting succulence and toughness were associated with sites of peak hydraulic limitation. Water‐stress tolerance in experimental shoots increased dramatically with height.CONCLUSION:We propose a heat–sink function for transfusion tissue and uncover a suite of traits suggesting rapid hydraulic throughput and flexibility in water‐stress tolerance investments as strategies that help this montane species reach such enormous size. Responses to water stress alter the amount of carbon stored in foliage and the rate of the eventual release of carbon.
TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS OF A MAGNETAR WITH A TANGLED MAGNETIC FIELD*
Authors: Link Bennett , van Eysden C. Anthony 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Motivated by stability considerations and observational evidence, we argue that magnetars possess highly tangled internal magnetic fields. We propose that the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) seen to accompany giant flares can be explained as torsional modes supported by a tangled magnetic field, and we present a simple model that supports this hypothesis for SGR 1900+14. Taking the strength of the tangle as a free parameter, we find that the magnetic energy in the tangle must dominate that in the dipolar component by a factor of ∼14 to accommodate the observed 28 Hz QPO. Our simple model provides useful scaling relations for how the QPO spectrum depends on the bulk properties of the neutron star and the tangle strength. The energy density in the tangled field inferred for SGR 1900+14 renders the crust nearly dynamically irrelevant, a significant simplification for study of the QPO problem. The predicted spectrum is about three times denser than observed, which could be explained by preferential mode excitation or beamed emission. We emphasize that field tangling is needed to stabilize the magnetic field, so should not be ignored in treatment of the QPO problem.
INTERACTION CROSS SECTIONS AND SURVIVAL RATES FOR PROPOSED SOLAR SYSTEM MEMBER PLANET NINE
Authors: Li Gongjie , Adams Fred C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Motivated by the report of a possible new planetary member of the solar system, this work calculates cross sections for interactions between passing stars and this proposed Planet Nine. Evidence for the new planet is provided by the orbital alignment of Kuiper belt objects, and other solar system properties, which suggest a Neptune-mass object on an eccentric orbit with a semimajor axis

a

9

≈ 400–1500 au. With such a wide orbit, Planet Nine has a large interaction cross section and is susceptible to disruption by passing stars. Using a large ensemble of numerical simulations (several million) and Monte Carlo sampling, we calculate the cross sections for different classes of orbit-altering events: (A) scattering the planet into its proposed orbit from a smaller orbit, (B) ejecting it from the solar system from its current orbit, (C) capturing the planet from another system, and (D) capturing a free-floating planet. Results are presented for a range of orbital elements with planetary mass

m

9

= 10 M
⊕. Removing Planet Nine from the solar system is the most likely outcome. Specifically, we obtain ejection cross sections

σ

int

∼ 5 × 106 au2 (5 × 104 au2) for environments corresponding to the birth cluster (field). With these cross sections, Planet Nine is likely to be ejected if the Sun resides within its birth cluster longer than Δt ≳ 100 Myr. The probability of ejecting Planet Nine due to passing field stars is ≲3% over the age of the Sun. Probabilities for producing the inferred Planet Nine orbit are low (≲5%).
SPECTROSCOPIC DIAGNOSTICS OF SOLAR MAGNETIC FLUX ROPES USING IRON FORBIDDEN LINE
Authors: Cheng X. , Ding M. D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
In this Letter, we present Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph Fe xxi 1354.08 Å forbidden line emission of two magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) that caused two fast coronal mass ejections with velocities of ≥1000 km s−1 and strong flares (X1.6 and M6.5) on 2014 September 10 and 2015 June 22, respectively. The extreme-ultraviolet images at the 131 and 94 Å passbands provided by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board Solar Dynamics Observatory reveal that both MFRs initially appear as suspended hot channel-like structures. Interestingly, part of the MFRs is also visible in the Fe xxi 1354.08 forbidden line, even prior to the eruption, e.g., for the SOL2014-09-10 event. However, the line emission is very weak and that only appears at a few locations but not the whole structure of the MFRs. This implies that the MFRs could be comprised of different threads with different temperatures and densities, based on the fact that the formation of the Fe xxi forbidden line requires a critical temperature (∼11.5 MK) and density. Moreover, the line shows a non-thermal broadening and a blueshift in the early phase. It suggests that magnetic reconnection at that time has initiated; it not only heats the MFR and, at the same time, produces a non-thermal broadening of the Fe xxi line but also produces the poloidal flux, leading to the ascension of the MFRs.
AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPLANETARY SOLAR RADIO EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A CORONAL MASS EJECTION
Authors: Krupar V. , Eastwood J. P. , Kruparova O. , Santolik O. , Soucek J. , Magdalenić J. , Vourlidas A. , Maksimovic M. , Bonnin X. , Bothmer V. , Mrotzek N. , Pluta A. , Barnes D. , Davies J. A. , Oliveros J. C. Martínez , Bale S. D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of magnetized plasma that may cause severe geomagnetic storms if Earth directed. Here, we report a rare instance with comprehensive in situ and remote sensing observations of a CME combining white-light, radio, and plasma measurements from four different vantage points. For the first time, we have successfully applied a radio direction-finding technique to an interplanetary type II burst detected by two identical widely separated radio receivers. The derived locations of the type II and type III bursts are in general agreement with the white-light CME reconstruction. We find that the radio emission arises from the flanks of the CME and are most likely associated with the CME-driven shock. Our work demonstrates the complementarity between radio triangulation and 3D reconstruction techniques for space weather applications.
Des entreprises marchandes dans l’univers associatif sportif. Le cas des établissements équestres
Authors: Chevalier Vérène 
Published: May 2016

Résumé Dans le contexte institutionnel de la cogestion ­ par les pouvoirs publics et par le monde associatif ­ de l'offre d'activités sportives au public, la forme commerciale de distribution de ces pratiques fait figure d'exception. L'analyse du cas des entreprises équestres proposée dans cet article permet de questionner en creux les ressorts d'un « service public du sport » en apesanteur économique et sociale ; de retracer la genèse de leur inscription dans un modèle entrepreneurial et d'en examiner quelques effets paradoxaux.
Poétesses en marge
Authors: Dragani Amalia 
Published: May 2016

À partir d’un cas ethnographique – un concours de poésie touarègue au sein d’un festival au nord du Niger – cet article aborde la relation entre l’espace public et religieux, le genre et les normes, contestés, d’usage de la parole à la veille de la rébellion touarègue de 2007-2009. L’exclusion des femmes du concours poétique suscita différentes réactions de la part des intéressées. Les poétesses les plus jeunes furent marginalisées en raison du contenu politique de leur production. Une poétesse seulement, T., tirant légitimité de son aînesse, appuyée en cela par une partie du public et par les poètes, s’autorisa à saboter le concours en s’invitant à tout moment sur la scène, en volant le microphone et en déclamant ses tišiway (poèmes). Cet article présente un « poème de critique » récité par T. lors du concours. Après avoir abordé brièvement le champ sémantique du rire dans la société touarègue, des exemples de la production satirique féminine sont offerts pour contextualiser le poème de T. à l’intérieur d’un genre poétique touareg, l’abayak (littéralement « critique », satire ou invective). En 2006, après des négociations avec les touristes, des femmes furent admises au concours. L’une d’elles, A., remporta la victoire. Deux de ses poèmes rentrent dans le genre de la louange (temmal) notamment aux autorités politiques présentes. L’article les compare avec la critique voilée mais abrasive de T. et des poétesses « engagées », qui demeurèrent exclues du concours.
Design and development of a two wheel tractor driven coconut fertilizer applicator
Authors: Fernando A. J. , Adhikarinayake T. B. , Weerasooriya G. V. T. V. 
Published: May 2016

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial tree crop with about 60 years of economic life span. Decreasing soil fertility over several decades due to inadequate replenishment of the exhausted nutrients is a major problem affecting coconut production. The annual yield from a single tree can be increased from 50-70 nuts up to 100-125 nuts by proper application of fertilizer. There is no efficient method to apply fertilizer to coconut estates at present except manual application, which is laborious. The general objective of this research was to investigate an efficient method for applying fertilizer to coconut estates. After investigating physical properties of raw materials and their influences on the performance of fertilizer application, a two-wheel tractor driven granular fertilizer applicator was developed. Main components of the applicator are hopper, opposite-direction screw, two sets of furrow openers, fertilizer tubes, and a furrow closer. Power transmission from the engine to the applicator was done by chain and sprockets. The applicator was designed to apply 5 kg of fertilizer mixture per palm at an optimum speed of 1.1 km/h. The fertilizer applicator was evaluated in a coconut estate and received satisfactory results. It performed at a fertilizer feeding capacity of 0.45 ha/hr with 72.7 % efficiency. Compared to the traditional method, this fertilizer applicator could save 96.5 % of time and 94 % of the cost of fertilizer application per hectare. COCOS Vol. 20: 27-37 (2013)
Preferential Use of Public TCR during Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Zhao Yunqian , Nguyen Phuong , Ma Jing , Wu Tianhua , Jones Lindsay L. , Pei Deqing , Cheng Cheng , Geiger Terrence L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
How the TCR repertoire, in concert with risk-associated MHC, imposes susceptibility for autoimmune diseases is incompletely resolved. Due largely to recombinatorial biases, a small fraction of TCRα or β-chains are shared by most individuals, or public. If public TCR chains modulate a TCRαβ heterodimer’s likelihood of productively engaging autoantigen, because they are pervasive and often high frequency, they could also broadly influence disease risk and progression. Prior data, using low-resolution techniques, have identified the heavy use of select public TCR in some autoimmune models. In this study, we assess public repertoire representation in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at high resolution. Saturation sequencing was used to identify &gt;18 × 106 TCRβ sequences from the CNSs, periphery, and thymi of mice at different stages of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and healthy controls. Analyses indicated the prominent representation of a highly diverse public TCRβ repertoire in the disease response. Preferential formation of public TCR implicated in autoimmunity was identified in preselection thymocytes, and, consistently, public, disease-associated TCRβ were observed to be commonly oligoclonal. Increased TCR sharing and a focusing of the public TCR response was seen with disease progression. Critically, comparisons of peripheral and CNS repertoires and repertoires from preimmune and diseased mice demonstrated that public TCR were preferentially deployed relative to nonshared, or private, sequences. Our findings implicate public TCR in skewing repertoire response during autoimmunity and suggest that subsets of public TCR sequences may serve as disease-specific biomarkers or influence disease susceptibility or progression.
Decreased SAP Expression in T Cells from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Contributes to Early Signaling Abnormalities and Reduced IL-2 Production
Authors: Karampetsou Maria P. , Comte Denis , Kis-Toth Katalin , Terhorst Cox , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Tsokos George C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display a number of abnormalities, including increased early signaling events following engagement of the TCR. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family cell surface receptors and the X-chromosome–defined signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) adaptor are important in the development of several immunocyte lineages and modulating the immune response. We present evidence that SAP protein levels are decreased in T cells and in their main subsets isolated from 32 women and three men with SLE, independent of disease activity. In SLE T cells, SAP protein is also subject to increased degradation by caspase-3. Forced expression of SAP in SLE T cells normalized IL-2 production, calcium (Ca2+) responses, and tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins. Exposure of normal T cells to SLE serum IgG, known to contain anti-CD3/TCR Abs, resulted in SAP downregulation. We conclude that SLE T cells display reduced levels of the adaptor protein SAP, probably as a result of continuous T cell activation and degradation by caspase-3. Restoration of SAP levels in SLE T cells corrects the overexcitable lupus T cell phenotype.
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Fyn Regulates TLR4-Elicited Responses on Mast Cells Controlling the Function of a PP2A-PKCα/β Signaling Node Leading to TNF Secretion
Authors: Martín-Ávila Alejandro , Medina-Tamayo Jaciel , Ibarra-Sánchez Alfredo , Vázquez-Victorio Genaro , Castillo-Arellano Jorge Iván , Hernández-Mondragón Alma Cristal , Rivera Juan , Madera-Salcedo Iris K. , Blank Ulrich , Macías-Silva Marina , González-Espinosa Claudia 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Mast cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR4 ligands, but the signaling pathways involved are not fully described. In this study, the participation of the Src family kinase Fyn in the production of TNF after stimulation with LPS was evaluated using bone marrow–derived mast cells from wild-type and Fyn-deficient mice. Fyn−/− cells showed higher LPS-induced secretion of preformed and de novo–synthesized TNF. In both cell types, TNF colocalized with vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)3-positive compartments. Addition of LPS provoked coalescence of VAMP3 and its interaction with synaptosomal-associated protein 23; those events were increased in the absence of Fyn. Higher TNF mRNA levels were also observed in Fyn-deficient cells as a result of increased transcription and greater mRNA stability after LPS treatment. Fyn−/− cells also showed higher LPS-induced activation of TAK-1 and ERK1/2, whereas IκB kinase and IκB were phosphorylated, even in basal conditions. Increased responsiveness in Fyn−/− cells was associated with a lower activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and augmented activity of protein kinase C (PKC)α/β, which was dissociated from PP2A and increased its association with the adapter protein neuroblast differentiation–associated protein (AHNAK, desmoyokin). LPS-induced PKCα/β activity was associated with VAMP3 coalescence in WT and Fyn-deficient cells. Reconstitution of MC-deficient Wsh mice with Fyn−/− MCs produced greater LPS-dependent production of TNF in the peritoneal cavity. Our data show that Fyn kinase is activated after TLR4 triggering and exerts an important negative control on LPS-dependent TNF production in MCs controlling the inactivation of PP2Ac and activation of PKCα/β necessary for the secretion of TNF by VAMP3+ carriers.
Optimal Strategy for Limit Order Book Submissions in High Frequency Trading
Authors: Song Na , Xie Yue , Ching Wai-Ki , Siu Tak-Kuen , Yiu Cedric Ka-Fai 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn optimal selection problem for bid and ask quotes subject to a stock inventory constraint is investigated, formulated as a constrained utility maximisation problem over a finite time horizon. The arrivals of buy and sell orders are governed by Poisson processes, and a diffusion approximation is employed on assuming the Poisson arrivals intensity is sufficiently large. Using the dynamic programming principle, we adopt an efficient numerical procedure to solve this constrained utility maximisation problem based on a successive approximation algorithm, and conduct numerical experiments to analyse the impacts of the inventory constraint on a dealer's terminal profit and stock inventory level. It is found that the stock inventory constraint significantly affects the terminal stock inventory level.