bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land‐use change has no detectable effect on reproduction of a disturbance‐adapted, hawkmoth‐pollinated plant species
Authors: Skogen Krissa A. , Jogesh Tania , Hilpman Evan T. , Todd Sadie L. , Rhodes Matthew K. , Still Shannon M. , Fant Jeremie B. 
Published: November 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Land‐use change is cited as a primary driver of global biodiversity loss, with myriad consequences for species, populations, and ecosystems. However, few studies have examined its impact on species interactions, particularly pollination. Furthermore, when the effects of land‐use change on pollination have been studied, the focus has largely been on species pollinated by diurnal pollinators, namely, bees and butterflies. Here, we focus onOenothera harringtonii, a night‐flowering, disturbance‐adapted species that has experienced a range‐wide gradient of land‐use change. We tested the hypothesis that the negative impacts of land‐use change are mitigated by long‐distance pollination.METHODS:Our study included both temporal (4 yr) and spatial (19 populations range‐wide, and 1, 2, and 5 km from the population center) data, providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of land‐use change on pollination biology and reproduction.KEY RESULTS:We first confirmed thatO. harringtoniiis self‐incompatible and reliant on pollinators for reproduction. We then showed that hawkmoths (primarilyHyles lineata) are highly reliable and effective pollinators in both space and time. Unlike other studies, we did not detect an effect of population size, increased isolation, or a reduction in suitable habitat in areas with evidence of land‐use change on pollination (visitation, pollen removal and deposition). Furthermore, the proportion of suitable habitat and other fragmentation metrics examined were not associated with population size or density in this plant species.CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that nocturnal pollination ofOenothera harringtoniivia hawkmoths is robust to the negative impacts of land‐use change.
Validity of the Stage of Exercise Scale in Children with Rheumatologic Conditions
Authors: Stephens Samantha L. , Tremblay Mark S. , Faulkner Guy , Beyene Joseph , Nguyen Tri H. , Koohsari Suneye , Limenis Elizaveta , Feldman Brian M. 
Published: November 2016

Objective.To determine the face, content, and construct validity of the Stages of Exercise Scale (SOES) in children with rheumatologic conditions [juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM)], and if the validity of the SOES differs by disease type by comparing it with a disease control with a chronic respiratory illness [cystic fibrosis (CF)].Methods.Sixty-seven children and adolescents (43 female) ages 11 to 18 years with a diagnosis of either JDM (n = 15), JIA (n = 39), or CF (n = 13) completed the SOES; scales of sensibility, process of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy; the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire; and patient/physician ratings of disease severity. Physical activity was measured by an accelerometer. Relationships among SOES and measured constructs were determined by ANOVA and with logistical modeling.Results.SOES, decisional balance, and self-efficacy as well as behavioral and cognitive processes from the process of change demonstrated significant differences across the staging subgroups. Disease groups did not significantly differ on the scoring across the SOES. Children and adolescents in higher stages participated in more minutes of vigorous physical activity compared with those in the lower stages.Conclusion.The SOES demonstrated good face, content, and construct validity in children and adolescents with rheumatic disease.
The Direct Economic Burden of Gout in an Elderly Canadian Population
Authors: Fischer Aren , Cloutier Michel , Goodfield Jason , Borrelli Richard , Marvin Dawn , Dziarmaga Alison 
Published: November 2016

Objective.To estimate the direct healthcare cost and resource use from the public payer perspective between patients with incident gout and matched gout-free patients in Ontario.Methods.Patients with incident gout aged ≥ 66 with uninterrupted Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) coverage in the 1-year baseline period were included in the study. Patients with gout were indexed at first gout diagnosis or prescription over the study period April 1, 2008, to March 31, 2014. Gout-free patients with no gout diagnosis within history were matched (up to 5:1) to each patient with gout. Linked medical records were analyzed until end of study, death, or OHIP ineligibility. Bang and Tsiatis adjusted healthcare costs and resource use were compared using bootstrap p-values and 95% CI.Results.A total of 29,894 patients with gout and 148,231 gout-free patients were included in the study. Patients were 56% male, had a median Adjusted Clinical Group healthcare resource use band of moderate morbidity, and had a median age of 75–79 years. Baseline comorbidities were similar between groups except for renal disease. Analyzing 5-year total healthcare costs, patients with gout ($44,297) incurred a significantly higher average healthcare cost compared to gout-free patients ($33,965), for an incremental cost of $10,332 (95% CI $9617–$11,039; p < 0.01). Similar trends were observed in all individual healthcare component cost and use metrics.Conclusion.Following onset of gout, patients in Ontario incur significantly greater healthcare costs and resource use compared to matched gout-free patients. Alternative gout management strategies should be investigated to reduce the incremental burden of gout borne by the Ontario healthcare system.
Numerical Study of Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma Actuator in Laminar Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Authors: Zheng J. G. , Li J. , Zhao Z. J. , Cui Y. D. , Khoo B. C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNanosecond (ns) pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator in a laminar flat plate boundary layer is investigated numerically in an attempt to gain some new insights into the understanding of ns DBD actuation mechanism. Special emphasis is put on the examination, separation and comparison of behaviors of discharge induced micro shock wave and residual heat as well as on the investigation of response of external flow to the two effects. The shock wave is found to introduce highly transient, localized perturbation to the flow and be able to significantly alter the flow pattern shortly after its initiation. The main flow tends to quickly recover to close to its undisturbed state due to the transient nature of perturbation. However, with the shock decay and final disappearance, another perturbation source in the vicinity of discharge region, which contains contribution from both residual heat and shock, becomes increasingly pronounced and eventually develops into a perturbation wave train in the boundary layer. The perturbation is relatively weak and may not be a Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave and not trigger the laminar-turbulent transition of boundary layer. Instead, it is more likely to manipulate the flow stability to achieve the strong control authority of this kind of actuation in the case of flow separation control. In addition, a parametric study over the different electrical and hydrodynamic parameters is also conducted.
An Element Decomposition Method for the Helmholtz Equation
Authors: Wang Gang , Cui Xiangyang , Li Guangyao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is well-known that the traditional full integral quadrilateral element fails to provide accurate results to the Helmholtz equation with large wave numbers due to the “pollution error” caused by the numerical dispersion. To overcome this deficiency, this paper proposed an element decomposition method (EDM) for analyzing 2D acoustic problems by using quadrilateral element. In the present EDM, the quadrilateral element is first subdivided into four sub-triangles, and the local acoustic gradient in each sub-triangle is obtained using linear interpolation function. The acoustic gradient field of the whole quadrilateral is then formulated through a weighted averaging operation, which means only one integration point is adopted to construct the system matrix. To cure the numerical instability of one-point integration, a variation gradient item is complemented by variance of the local gradients. The discretized system equations are derived using the generalized Galerkin weakform. Numerical examples demonstrate that the EDM can achieves better accuracy and higher computational efficiency. Besides, as no mapping or coordinate transformation is involved, restrictions on the shape elements can be easily removed, which makes the EDM works well even for severely distorted meshes.
A Conservative Parallel Iteration Scheme for Nonlinear Diffusion Equations on Unstructured Meshes
Authors: Yu Yunlong , Yao Yanzhong , Yuan Guangwei , Chen Xingding 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a conservative parallel iteration scheme is constructed to solve nonlinear diffusion equations on unstructured polygonal meshes. The design is based on two main ingredients: the first is that the parallelized domain decomposition is embedded into the nonlinear iteration; the second is that prediction and correction steps are applied at subdomain interfaces in the parallelized domain decomposition method. A new prediction approach is proposed to obtain an efficient conservative parallel finite volume scheme. The numerical experiments show that our parallel scheme is second-order accurate, unconditionally stable, conservative and has linear parallel speed-up.
El niño como persona y su relación con los derechos del niño
Authors: Lozano Vicente Agustín 
Published: November 2016

<p>La fundamentación normativa de los derechos del niño dista mucho de ser una cuestión clara y distinta, constituyendo todo un inventario de dificultades. Una de estas dificultades tiene como principal motivo la atribución de la categoría de persona a los menores de edad como requisito para ser titulares de derechos. Se exponen las distintas perspectivas que se tienen en cuenta para considerar al niño como persona moral así como las dificultades y controversias a las que ha dado lugar. En función de los diferentes resultados de las disciplinas científicas sobre la persona y según la perspectiva adoptada, se tienen ideas diferentes sobre el estatus de los derechos del niño.</p><p> El problema principal que suscita la idea de persona humana podría ser planteado como el problema de la naturaleza de la conexión entre la individualidad y su relación con la idea de persona. Siendo esto así, se señala que la consideración del niño como persona supone el reconocimiento universal, como norma de carácter ético, de su individualidad. Sin embargo, el estado de sujeto personal sólo se alcanzará plenamente en el seno de una determinada configuración social capaz de dotar de valor a dicha individualidad.</p><p> Siendo esto así, los derechos del niño se enuncian desde los fundamentos ideológicos y doctrinales de los legisladores que los declaran, con la artificiosidad y limitaciones que tales coordenadas llevan consigo y en pugna con otras posibles alternativas ideológicas también presentes.</p>
Islamic Sukuk and Its Role in Supporting the Budget Deficit: Case Study on The Central Bank in The Jordan
Authors: Al-abedallat Abedalfattah Zuhair 
Published: November 2016

Market Sukuk (Arabic word meaning bond) grown very large in the recent period, which is similar to conventional Eurobonds, Islamic Sukuk increased in the current period, and it is a good substitute for conventional bonds, but in Jordan instruments Islamic Market still suffers a lot of obstacles, though that Jordan suffers greatly from debt and increasing annually, but there is no practical step by the central bank to issue instruments Islamic alternative for the issuance of government bonds.The purpose of the study to investigate the obstacles that prevented the issuance of central bank for those instruments, and the study approach is the Data was collected by two methods first, primary data was collected using questionnaire, second, secondary data was collected using literature.The study found that there are obstacles prevented the issuance of central bank the instruments Islamic including: regulatory risk, and liquidity risk, and regulatory obstacles, and the cost of issuance, and the research has recommended that: the central bank should prepare the laws to issuance Islamic sukuk, and the central bank should encourage the Islamic banks to issuance Islamic sukuk.
De opkomst van de nudge unit
Authors: Scherpenisse Jorren 
Published: November 2016

Rise of the nudge unit
The world of public administration is changing: in many countries around the globe specialized behavioral insights units are on the rise in governments. Behavioral insights teams (or nudge units) are often modelled on the famous BIT UK, although there are important national variations. These units specialize in the application of behavioral insights to the design and evaluation of public policies. This article reports on an interview with the the leader of the Behavioral Insights Team of the Ministry of Economical Affairs in the Netherlands. Four main items are discussed: (1) What projects should behavioral insights units undertake? (2) What mix of professional expertise is necessary? (3) What processes should be instituted? And (4) How should these units be positioned within existing government departments?
Technisch duwtje in de rug, maar in welke richting?
Authors: Korthagen Iris , Timmer Jelte 
Published: November 2016

A technical nudge – but to what end?
Technology is increasingly being used to change people’s behavior. Such persuasive technologies can be understood as a cybernetic loop: data about the individual is collected and analyzed and, via feedback mechanisms, the technology exerts influence on the behavior of the individual. In practice, we see persuasive technology in various applications. This article discusses how persuasive technology can be responsibly implemented in a collective context, on the basis of two emerging practices: smart energy meters and fitness tracking. The cases reveal the tensions between corporate, commercial and individual interests. Due to datafication, a strong reduction is taking place in terms of what the smart meter defines as sustainable behavior and the fitness trackers understand to be healthy behavior. Each step in the process of technological persuasion (collecting, analyzing, providing feedback) presents its own challenges, which urges policy makers to reflect on preconditions for responsible persuasion.
De 21ste-eeuwse overheidsmanager
Authors: van der Wal Zeger 
Published: November 2016

The 21st century public manager
This article examines who ‘21st century public managers’ are and which skills and roles they have to master to function effectively in the 21st century. Based on a large scale analysis of literature and years of interaction with senior practitioners, seven key 21st century demands for public managers are identified, each of which creates dilemmas as well as opportunities. 21st century public managers utilize a combination of traditional and new roles, competencies, and values to turn demands into opportunities. The article concludes with implications for public administration research and education.
Use of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment to Manage Compensated Trendelenburg Gait Caused by Sacroiliac Somatic Dysfunction
Authors: Gilliss Adam C. , Swanson Randel L. , Janora Deanna , Venkataraman Venkat 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Gait dysfunctions are commonly encountered in the primary care setting. Compensated Trendelenburg gait is a gait dysfunction that was originally described in patients with weakness of ipsilateral hip abduction. This condition is thought to result from neuronal injury or myopathy. No treatment modalities currently exist for compensated Trendelenburg gait. The authors present a case in which osteopathic manipulative treatment may have improved a Trendelenburg gait dysfunction in a man aged 65 years with multiple sclerosis. Evidence of this improvement was obtained with the GaitMat II system for measuring numerous gait parameters. Based on the results reported in the present case, the authors propose that compensated Trendelenburg gait may arise from somatic dysfunction and may be corrected by osteopathic manipulative treatment.
Insight into metal-enhanced oxidation using barium on 4H-SiC surfaces
Authors: Chanthaphan Atthawut , Katsu Yoshihito , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Metal-enhanced oxidation (MEO) using ultrathin Ba layers on 4H-SiC surfaces was investigated by physical and electrical characterizations. We found that while comparable oxidation rates were enhanced for Si- and C-face surfaces even at a low temperature, significant surface and interface roughness were induced by initial MEO termed the incubation period. Depth profiling revealed that although most Ba atoms aggregated on the oxide surface, a tiny amount (∼1014 cm−2) remaining at the oxide interface was responsible for the following stable MEO reaction and the reduced interface state density with the drawbacks of degraded leakage current and breakdown characteristics of SiC-MOS devices.
Proximity gettering of C3H5 carbon cluster ion-implanted silicon wafers for CMOS image sensors: Gettering effects of transition metal, oxygen, and hydrogen impurities
Authors: Kurita Kazunari , Kadono Takeshi , Okuyama Ryousuke , Hirose Ryo , Onaka-Masada Ayumi , Koga Yoshihiro , Okuda Hidehiko 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A new technique is described for manufacturing silicon wafers with the highest capability yet reported for gettering transition metallic, oxygen, and hydrogen impurities in CMOS image sensor fabrication. It is demonstrated that this technique can implant wafers simultaneously with carbon and hydrogen elements that form the projection range by using hydrocarbon compounds. Furthermore, these wafers can getter oxygen impurities out-diffused from the silicon substrate to the carbon cluster ion projection range during heat treatment. Therefore, they can reduce the formation of transition metals and oxygen-related defects in the device active regions and improve electrical performance characteristics, such as dark current and image lag characteristics. The new technique enables the formation of high-gettering-capability sinks for transition metals, oxygen, and hydrogen impurities under device active regions of CMOS image sensors. The wafers formed by this technique have the potential to significantly reduce dark current in advanced CMOS image sensors.
Crack suppression of silica glass formed by zoned F2 laser-induced photochemical surface modification of hard silicone thin film coating on polycarbonate
Authors: Nojiri Hidetoshi , Okoshi Masayuki 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The surface layer of a hard silicone thin film coating on polycarbonate was modified to silica glass (SiO2) through F2-laser-induced photochemical reactions. To obtain samples with higher abrasion resistances, SiO2 films of 1 µm thickness and over were successfully formed without cracking, by zoning the laser-irradiated area of micrometer order. With the conversion of silicone to SiO2, the volumetric shrinkage of the sample was induced, which simply depended on the number of photons, by varying the single-pulse fluence and irradiation time of a F2 laser. The ratio of volumetric shrinkage to the original silicone was estimated to be approximately 0.85, generating tensile stress in SiO2. The stress could be suppressed to be lower than 48 MPa for typical SiO2 by reducing the laser-irradiated area to be of micrometer order. Also, when the length of one side of the irradiated area is 1 mm, the thickness of the SiO2 film is expected to increase to approximately 5 µm.
The Ecology of Stress: linking life-history traits with physiological control mechanisms in free-living guanacos
Authors: Ovejero Aguilar Ramiro J.A. , Jahn Graciela A. , Soto-Gamboa Mauricio , Novaro Andrés J. , Carmanchahi Pablo 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundProviding the context for the evolution of life-history traits, habitat features constrain successful ecological and physiological strategies. In vertebrates, a key response to life’s challenges is the activation of the Stress (HPA) and Gonadal (HPG) axes. Much of the interest in stress ecology is motivated by the desire to understand the physiological mechanisms in which the environment affects fitness. As reported in the literature, several intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect variability in hormone levels. In both social and non-social animals, the frequency and type of interaction with conspecifics, as well as the status in social species, can affect HPA axis activity, resulting in changes in the reproductive success of animals. We predicted that a social environment can affect both guanaco axes by increasing the secretion of testosterone (T) and Glucocorticoid (GCs) in response to individual social interactions and the energetic demands of breeding. Assuming that prolonged elevated levels of GCs over time can be harmful to individuals, it is predicted that the HPA axis suppresses the HPG axis and causes T levels to decrease, as GCs increase.MethodsAll of the data for individuals were collected by non-invasive methods (fecal samples) to address hormonal activities. This is a novel approach in physiological ecology because feces are easily obtained through non-invasive sampling in animal populations.ResultsAs expected, there was a marked adrenal (p-value = .3.4e−12) and gonadal (p-value = 0.002656) response due to seasonal variation inLama guanicoe. No significant differences were found in fecal GCs metabolites between males/females*season for the entire study period (p-value = 0.2839). Despite the seasonal activity variation in the hormonal profiles, our results show a positive correlation (p-value = 1.952e−11, COR = 0.50) between the adrenal and gonadal system. The marked endocrine (r2 = 0.806) and gonad (r2 = 0.7231) response due to seasonal variation in male guanaco individuals highlights the individual’s energetic demands according to life-history strategies. This is a remarkable result because no inhibition was found between the axes as theory suggests. Finally, the dataset was used to build a reactive scope model for guanacos.DiscussionGuanacos cope with the trade-off between sociability and reproductive benefits and costs, by regulating their GCs and T levels on a seasonal basis, suggesting an adaptive role of both axes to different habitat pressures. The results presented here highlight the functional role of stress and gonad axes on a critical phase of a male mammal’s life—the mating period—when all of the resources are at the disposal of the male and must be used to maximize the chances for reproductive success.