bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of biodiversity loss: Spatial mismatch in land‐use impacts on species, functional and phylogenetic diversity of European bees
Authors: De Palma Adriana , Kuhlmann Michael , Bugter Rob , Ferrier Simon , Hoskins Andrew J. , Potts Simon G. , Roberts Stuart P.M. , Schweiger Oliver , Purvis Andy 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimAgricultural intensification and urbanization are important drivers of biodiversity change in Europe. Different aspects of bee community diversity vary in their sensitivity to these pressures, as well as independently influencing ecosystem service provision (pollination). To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of human impacts on bee diversity across Europe, we assess multiple, complementary indices of diversity.LocationOne Thousand four hundred and forty six sites across Europe.MethodsWe collated data on bee occurrence and abundance from the published literature and supplemented them with the PREDICTS database. Using Rao's Quadratic Entropy, we assessed how species, functional and phylogenetic diversity of 1,446 bee communities respond to land‐use characteristics including land‐use class, cropland intensity, human population density and distance to roads. We combined these models with statistically downscaled estimates of land use in 2005 to estimate and map—at a scale of approximately 1 km2—the losses in diversity relative to semi‐natural/natural baseline (the predicted diversity of an uninhabited grid square, consisting only of semi‐natural/natural vegetation).ResultsWe show that—relative to the predicted local diversity in uninhabited semi‐natural/natural habitat—half of all EU27 countries have lost over 10% of their average local species diversity and two‐thirds of countries have lost over 5% of their average local functional and phylogenetic diversity. All diversity measures were generally lower in pasture and higher‐intensity cropland than in semi‐natural/natural vegetation, but facets of diversity showed less consistent responses to human population density. These differences have led to marked spatial mismatches in losses: losses in phylogenetic diversity were in some areas almost 20 percentage points (pp.) more severe than losses in species diversity, but in other areas losses were almost 40 pp. less severe.Main conclusionsThese results highlight the importance of exploring multiple measures of diversity when prioritizing and evaluating conservation actions, as species‐diverse assemblages may be phylogenetically and functionally impoverished, potentially threatening pollination service provision.
Do children understand fraction addition?
Authors: Braithwaite David W. , Tian Jing , Siegler Robert S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMany children fail to master fraction arithmetic even after years of instruction. A recent theory of fraction arithmetic (Braithwaite, Pyke, & Siegler, 2017) hypothesized that this poor learning of fraction arithmetic procedures reflects poor conceptual understanding of them. To test this hypothesis, we performed three experiments examining fourth to eighth graders' estimates of fraction sums. We found that roughly half of estimates of sums were smaller than the same child's estimate of one of the two addends in the problem. Moreover, children's estimates of fraction sums were no more accurate than if they had estimated each sum as the average of the smallest and largest possible response. This weak performance could not be attributed to poor mastery of arithmetic procedures, poor knowledge of individual fraction magnitudes, or general inability to estimate sums. These results suggest that a major source of difficulty in this domain is that many children's learning of fraction arithmetic procedures develops unconstrained by conceptual understanding of the procedures. Implications for education are discussed.
Native insect herbivory overwhelms context dependence to limit complex invasion dynamics of exotic weeds
Authors: Schultz Emily L. , Eckberg James O. , Berg Sergey S. , Louda Svata M. , Miller Tom E. X. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the role of consumers in density‐dependent plant population dynamics is a long‐standing goal in ecology. However, the generality of herbivory effects across heterogeneous landscapes is poorly understood due to the pervasive influence of context‐dependence. We tested effects of native insect herbivory on the population dynamics of an exotic thistle, Cirsium vulgare, in a field experiment replicated across eight sites in eastern Nebraska. Using hierarchical Bayesian analysis and density‐dependent population models, we found potential for explosive low‐density population growth (λ > 5) and complex density fluctuations under herbivore exclusion. However, herbivore access drove population decline (λ < 1), suppressing complex fluctuations. While plant–herbivore interaction outcomes are famously context‐dependent, we demonstrated that herbivores suppress potentially invasive populations throughout our study region, and this qualitative outcome is insensitive to environmental context. Our novel use of Bayesian demographic modelling shows that native insect herbivores consistently prevent hard‐to‐predict fluctuations of weeds in environments otherwise susceptible to invasion.
Medieval and Renaissance Rome: Mending the divide
Authors: Palmer James A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHistorians of late medieval and renaissance Italy have long seen the fourteenth century as a dramatic period of upheaval and transformation. Yet despite the fact that Rome has long fascinated scholars, the city's fourteenth‐century history is often given short shrift. Only the dazzling figure of Cola di Rienzo consistently draws scholarly attention, resulting in his somewhat exaggerated role in Roman political history. With important exceptions, Anglophone scholars primarily interested in the Italian Renaissance have traditionally begun their histories in the mid‐fifteenth century with the result that fourteenth‐century Rome is largely passed over. The Avignon Papacy, 1309–1377, is seen as a period of abandonment and ruin. The situation is different among scholars, mostly Continental, whose study of fourteenth‐century Rome's social and economic history has been appearing over the last few decades. This historiography, which has largely operated discretely from the Anglophone tradition, has conclusively demonstrated that late medieval Rome must be considered alongside Italy's city communes. This has transformative implications for Roman historiography. Recent work on Rome's earlier medieval history, as well as on the history and character of the Italian communes, suggests that now more than ever there is much to be gained by bringing these discrete strands of scholarship on late medieval Rome to bear on one another.
Role of robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in locally advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Saika Takashi , Miura Noriyoshi , Fukumoto Tetsuya , Yanagihara Yutaka , Miyauchi Yuki , Kikugawa Tadahiko 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLocally advanced prostate cancer is regarded as a very high‐risk disease with a poor prognosis. Although there is no definitive consensus on the definition of locally advanced prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer as a primary treatment or part of a multimodal therapy has been reported. Robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy is currently carried out even in high‐risk prostate cancer because it provides optimal outcomes. However, limited studies have assessed the role of robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. Herein, we summarize and review the current knowledge in terms of the definition and surgical indications of locally advanced prostate cancer, and the surgical procedure and perisurgical/oncological outcomes of robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer.
Surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: 3‐year results from a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Carcuac Olivier , Derks Jan , Abrahamsson Ingemar , Wennström Jan L. , Petzold Max , Berglundh Tord 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study reports on the 3‐year follow‐up of patients enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial on surgical treatment of advanced peri‐implantitis.Material and MethodsA total of 100 patients with advanced peri‐implantitis were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Surgical therapy aiming at pocket elimination was performed and, in three test groups, supplemented by either systemic antibiotics, use of an antiseptic agent for implant surface decontamination or both. Outcomes were evaluated after 1 and 3 years by means of clinical and radiological examinations. Differences between groups were explored by regression analysis.ResultsClinical examinations at 3 years after treatment revealed (i) improved peri‐implant soft tissue health with a mean reduction in probing depth of 2.7 mm and a reduction in bleeding/suppuration on probing of 40% and (ii) stable peri‐implant marginal bone levels (mean bone loss during follow‐up: 0.04 mm). Implant surface characteristics had a significant impact on 3‐year outcomes, in favour of implants with non‐modified surfaces. Benefits of systemic antibiotics were limited to implants with modified surfaces and to the first year of follow‐up.ConclusionIt is suggested that surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis is effective and that outcomes of therapy are affected by implant surface characteristics. Potential benefits of systemic antibiotics are not sustained over 3 years.
Covered duodenal self‐expandable metal stents prolong biliary stent patency in double stenting: The largest series of bilioduodenal obstruction
Authors: Hori Yasuki , Naitoh Itaru , Hayashi Kazuki , Kondo Hiromu , Yoshida Michihiro , Shimizu Shuya , Hirano Atsuyuki , Okumura Fumihiro , Ando Tomoaki , Jinno Naruomi , Takada Hiroki , Togawa Shozo , Joh Takashi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic biliary and duodenal stenting (DS; double stenting) is widely accepted as a palliation therapy for malignant bilioduodenal obstruction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the patency and adverse events of duodenal and biliary stents in patients with DS.MethodsPatients who underwent DS from April 2004 to March 2017 were analyzed retrospectively with regard to clinical outcomes and predictive factors of recurrent biliary and duodenal obstruction (recurrent biliary obstruction [RBO] and recurrent duodenal obstruction [RDO]).ResultsA total of 109 consecutive patients was enrolled. Technical success of DS was achieved in 108 patients (99.1%). Symptoms due to biliary and duodenal obstruction were improved in 89 patients (81.7%). RBO occurred in 25 patients (22.9%) and RDO in 13 (11.9%). The median times to RBO and RDO from DS were 87 and 76 days, respectively. Placement of a duodenal uncovered self‐expandable metal stent (U‐SEMS) was significantly associated with RBO in the multivariable analysis (P = 0.007). Time to RBO was significantly longer in the duodenal covered self‐expandable metal stent group than in the U‐SEMS group (P = 0.003). No predictive factors of RDO were detected, and duodenal stent type was not associated with the time to RDO (P = 0.724).ConclusionsDouble stenting was safe and effective for malignant bilioduodenal obstruction. Duodenal U‐SEMS is a risk factor for RBO. The covered self‐expandable metal stent is the preferred type of duodenal SEMS in patients with DS (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000027606).
Binswanger's disease: biomarkers in the inflammatory form of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Rosenberg Gary A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a major public health concern because of the increased incidence of vascular disease in the aging population and the impact of vascular disease on Alzheimer's disease. VCID is a heterogeneous group of diseases for which there are no proven treatments. Biomarkers can be used to select more homogeneous populations. Small vessel disease is the most prevalent form of VCID and is the optimal form for treatment trials because there is a progressive course with characteristic pathological changes. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease of the Binswanger type (SIVD‐BD) has a characteristic set of features that can be used both to identify patients and to follow treatment. SIVD‐BD patients have clinical, neuropsychological, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and imaging features that can be used as biomarkers. No one feature is diagnostic, but a multimodal approach defines the SIVD‐BD spectrum disorder. The most important features are large white matter lesions with axonal damage, blood–brain barrier disruption as shown by magnetic resonance imaging and CSF, and neuropsychological evidence of executive dysfunction. We have used these features to create a Binswanger Disease Scale and a probability of SIVD‐BD, using a machine‐learning algorithm. The patients discussed in this review are derived from published studies. Biomarkers not only aid in early diagnosis before the disease process has progressed too far for treatment, but also can indicate response to treatment. Refining the use of biomarkers will allow dementia treatment to enter the era of precision medicine.
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This article is part of the Special Issue “Vascular Dementia”.
Antifungal and Mechanical Properties of Tissue Conditioner Containing Plant‐Derived Component: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Naito Yoshihito , Yumoto Hiromichi , Kumar HS Kiran , Matsuo Takashi , Hirota Katsuhiko , Miyake Yoichiro , Nagao Kan , Tomotake Yoritoki , Jimbo Ryo , Ichikawa Tetsuo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the antifungal activity and mechanical properties of a novel antifungal tissue conditioner containing Juncus powder.Materials and MethodsJuncus powder was mixed with GC tissue conditioner at concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0% by mass. The cylindrical specimens of Juncus‐mixed tissue conditioner (dimensions: 10 mm in diameter and 2 and 6 mm in height for antimicrobial and mechanical tests, respectively) were prepared. The specimens placed on the bottom of the 24‐well tissue culture plate were cultured with Candida albicans CAD1 for 2 and 4 days. The proliferation of the C. albicans in the wells was determined by measuring the optical density of fungal culture, and the surface of the specimens were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To assess the mechanical properties of the specimens, the fluidity and hardness of Juncus‐mixed tissue conditioner were measured using the methods certified according to ISO 10139‐1.ResultsJuncus‐mixed tissue conditioner significantly exhibited growth inhibitory effect in a Juncus concentration‐dependent manner after both 2‐ and 4‐ day cultures. SEM observation showed that the amount of C. albicans on Juncus‐mixed specimens drastically decreased, and biofilm formation was markedly inhibited. Moreover, both mechanical properties were found to be within the ranges regulated and specified by ISO.ConclusionThese findings demonstrated that the tissue conditioner including Juncus powder has a significant growth inhibitory effect against C. albicans, and it is suggested that the application of Juncus‐mixed tissue conditioner may prevent denture stomatitis and oral candidiasis in denture wearers.
Administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in patients undergoing haemodialysis: A time and motion study
Authors: Johnson David W. , Cleland Bruce , Eris Josette , Rafferty Tom , Sud Kamal , Chow Josephine S. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYBackgroundInternational guidelines recommend treatment of anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs).ObjectiveTo document the time required and the cost in terms of nursing time to prepare and administer ESAs to patients on facility based haemodialysis (HD) with anaemia due to CKD before and after the introduction of long‐acting ESAs.DesignA time and motion study was implemented at four HD units in Australia to determine the time and costs associated with preparing and administering ESAs before and after the introduction of long‐acting ESAs.ParticipantsThis was a prospective, observational study of workplace practices at four HD units in Australia.MeasurementsOutcome data included the time taken to prepare, and administer ESAs.ResultsThe time costs of preparation and administration per patient per year had a wide variability within each unit and ranged from Australian AUD$55.75 (38 euros) to AUD$90.49 (62 euros) before the introduction of long‐acting ESAs. This dropped by 73–80% following the introduction of long‐acting ESAs, representing an annual cost savings of between AUD$2,591 and AUD$5,914 if all patients on HD were switched to a long acting ESA.ConclusionSwitching from a short‐acting to a long‐acting ESA in HD units leads to a significant reduction in time costs of health professionals in preparation and administration of ESAs by up to 80%.Practical application: This time and motion study has added further evidence on reduction of human effort by taking advantages of new research development, such as the long acting ESAs.
Arousal responses to respiratory events during sleep: the role of pulse wave amplitude
Authors: Bosi Marcello , Milioli Giulia , Riccardi Silvia , Melpignano Andrea , Vaudano Anna E. , Cortelli Pietro , Poletti Venerino , Parrino Liborio 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe study aims at assessing the changes in electroencephalography (as measured by the A‐phases of cyclic alternating pattern) and autonomic activity (based on pulse wave amplitude) at the recovery of airway patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Analysis of polysomnographic recordings from 20 male individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was carried out in total sleep time, non‐rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep. Scoring quantified the combined occurrence (time range of 4 s before and 4 s after respiratory recovery) or separate occurrence of A‐phases (cortical activation), and pulse wave amplitude drops (below 30%) to apneas, hypopneas or flow limitation events. A dual response (A‐phase associated with a pulse wave amplitude drop) was the most frequent response (71.8% in total sleep time) for all types of respiratory events, with a progressive reduction from apneas to hypopneas and flow limitation events. The highly significant correlation in total sleep time (r = 0.9351; P < 0.0001) between respiratory events combined with A‐phases and respiratory events combined with pulse wave amplitude drops was confirmed both in non‐rapid eye movement (r = 0.9622; P < 0.0001) and rapid eye movement sleep (r = 0.7162; P < 0.0006). In conclusion, a dual cortical and autonomic activation is the most common manifestation at the recovery of airway patency. The significant correlation between A‐phases and relevant pulse wave amplitude drops suggests a possible role of pulse wave amplitude as a marker of cerebral response to respiratory events.
Factors affecting false guilty pleas in a mock plea bargaining scenario
Authors: Zimmerman David M. , Hunter Samantha 
Published: September 2017

PurposeWe sought to investigate key factors that legal scholars believe are contributing to false guilty pleas.MethodsUndergraduates playing the role of an innocent defendant in a plea bargaining scenario (N = 382) were randomly assigned to condition in a 2 (trial penalty: mandatory minimum of 10 years, judicial discretion of 4–6 years) × 3 (likelihood of conviction: 10%, 50%, 90%), × 2 (attorney recommendation: take the plea deal, use best judgement) between‐subjects design – false guilty pleas (2 years in prison) were the primary dependent variable.ResultsParticipants faced with a mandatory minimum were more likely to falsely plead guilty, and this effect was mediated by perceptions that life would be more difficult serving the sentence associated with losing at trial compared to that of the plea. Participants given a 90% likelihood of conviction at trial were more likely to falsely plead guilty than those in the 50% and 10% conditions, and this effect was mediated by perceptions of case strength. Finally, female participants (via increased perceptions of case strength) were more likely to falsely plead guilty than male participants. Contrary to our predictions, attorney recommendation did not impact false guilty pleas, perhaps due to the absence of a proper social influence component to the manipulation.ConclusionsOverall, the findings provide evidence supporting the apparent causal mechanisms underlying the ‘innocence problem’ in plea bargaining, and we discuss future directions for plea bargaining research pertaining to both research questions and methodology.
Weapons of maths destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy
Authors: Hollis Leo 
Published: September 2017

A former Wall Street analyst, mathematician Cathy O'Neil's new book dissects the mathematical models that pervade modern life and threaten to rip apart our social fabric.Here she tells Leo Hollis how the age of the algorithm risks undermining our democracy and sharpening inequality – and what we can do to tame the dark side of ‘big data’.
Comparison of anaesthetic regime in patients undergoing third molar extraction
Authors: McCarthy C. , Warren E. , Sleeman D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimsPart 1: To determine whether intra‐operative local infiltration with lidocaine improves patient satisfaction following third molar extraction and the effect if any, its use has on the magnitude of acute pain.Part 2: To determine if bupivacaine has a prolonged effect on the period of acute post‐operative pain when compared to lidocaine. To analyse patient's preference in terms of local anaesthetic choice.Materials and methodsThis two part, double blind, randomised, interventional clinical trial included 120 patients in total. All patients had symmetrically impacted lower third molars removed under general anaesthetic. Part 1 of the study involved 52 patients who received local anaesthetic in the form of 2% lidocaine with 1: 80,000 epinepherine on one randomly allocated side. Pain was measured at 0, 30 and 60 min post‐surgery using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Part 2 enrolled 68 patients who received plain 0.5% bupivacaine on one randomly allocated side, with 2% lidocaine with 1: 80,000 epinepherine administered on the opposite side. Pain was measured at 0, 30, 60 min (phase 1) and 3, 4, 6 and 8 h (phase 2) post‐surgery. Both studies involved psychological evaluations and patient reported outcomes, including patient satisfaction.ResultsThe difference in mean pain scores was statistically significant (P < 0.001) for part 1 of this study. A significant difference (P<0.05) was seen during phase 2 in part 2 of this study.ConclusionsLocal anaesthetic is effective in reducing post‐surgical pain. Longer lasting anaesthetics such as bupivacaine can offer a longer period of analgesia, and improve overall patient satisfaction.
Successful venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postoperative septic shock in a child with liver transplantation: A case report
Authors: Abe Michiko , Ide Kentaro , Nishimura Nao , Nakagawa Satoshi , Fukuda Akinari , Sakamoto Seisuke , Kasahara Mureo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRefractory septic shock after LT is a life‐threatening complication. VA ECMO is used to treat refractory cardiorespiratory failure. We present herein the case of a 5‐year‐old girl with post‐Kasai biliary atresia, who underwent a living donor LT and suffered refractory septic shock. VA ECMO was indicated due to progressive cardiac deterioration. After full recovery of her EF, she has been steadily improving and has shown good liver function and no neurological sequelae. This is the first report of successful VA ECMO in a post‐ LT patient with refractory septic shock.