bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Er apostrofen et økologisk instrument?
Authors: Lind Hans 
Published: September 2017

Hans Lind: “The apostrophe – an ecological instrument?”This article investigates the relationship between the lyrical apostrophe and ecological thinking. Drawing on literary theories and ecological thinkers such as Jane Bennett and Timothy Morton, the article concludes that the apostrophe is related to the concept of ecological sensibility and is useful for communicating complex ecological ideas such as coexistence. These conclusions are based on an analysis of several poems containing apostrophes and a discussion of the role of poetry in soci ety and its ability to facilitate ecological thinking and awareness.
ENSO‐Driven Variability of Denitrification and Suboxia in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Yang Simon , Gruber Nicolas , Long Matthew C. , Vogt Meike 
Published: September 2017

The Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) hosts two of the world's three Oxygen Deficient Zones (ODZs), large bodies of suboxic water that are subject to high rates of water column denitrification (WCD). In the mean, these two ODZs are responsible for about 15 to 40% of all fixed N loss in the ocean, but little is known about how this loss varies in time. Here we use a hindcast simulation with the ocean component of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model over the period 1948 to 2009 to show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives large variations in the rates of WCD in this region. During mature La Niña (El Niño) conditions, peak denitrification rates are up to 70% higher (lower) than the mean rates. This large variability is the result of wind‐driven changes in circulation and isopycnal structure concurrently modifying the thermocline distribution of O2 and organic matter export in such a way that the response of WCD is strongly amplified. During average La Niña (El Niño) conditions, the overall changes in ODZ structure and primarily the shoaling (deepening) of the upper boundary of both ODZs by 40 to 100 m explains 50% of the changes in WCD in the North Pacific and 94% in the South Pacific. Such a large variability of WCD in the ETP has strong implications for the assessments of trends, the balance of the marine N cycle and the emission of the greenhouse gas N2O.
Empirical Modeling of Planetary Boundary Layer Dynamics Under Multiple Precipitation Scenarios Using a Two‐Layer Soil Moisture Approach: An Example From a Semiarid Shrubland
Authors: Sanchez‐Mejia Zulia Mayari , Papuga Shirley A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn semiarid regions, where water resources are limited and precipitation dynamics are changing, understanding land surface‐atmosphere interactions that regulate the coupled soil moisture‐precipitation system is key for resource management and planning. We present a modeling approach to study soil moisture and albedo controls on planetary boundary layer height (PBLh). We used Santa Rita Creosote Ameriflux and Tucson Airport atmospheric sounding data to generate empirical relationships between soil moisture, albedo, and PBLh. Empirical relationships showed that ∼50% of the variation in PBLh can be explained by soil moisture and albedo with additional knowledge gained by dividing the soil profile into two layers. Therefore, we coupled these empirical relationships with soil moisture estimated using a two‐layer bucket approach to model PBLh under six precipitation scenarios. Overall we observed that decreases in precipitation tend to limit the recovery of the PBL at the end of the wet season. However, increases in winter precipitation despite decreases in summer precipitation may provide opportunities for positive feedbacks that may further generate more winter precipitation. Our results highlight that the response of soil moisture, albedo, and the PBLh will depend not only on changes in annual precipitation, but also on the frequency and intensity of this change. We argue that because albedo and soil moisture data are readily available at multiple temporal and spatial scales, developing empirical relationships that can be used in land surface‐atmosphere applications have great potential for exploring the consequences of climate change.
The Missing Silica Sink: Revisiting the Marine Sedimentary Si Cycle Using Cosmogenic 32Si
Authors: Rahman S. , Aller R. C. , Cochran J. K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBurial of biogenic silica (bSitotal) in high sedimentation rate continental margins remains highly uncertain. Cosmogenic 32Si (t1/2~140 years) can be used to trace the fates of bSitotal postdeposition, including as opal (bSiopal) and diagenetically altered opal (bSialtered), the latter dominantly authigenic clay (bSiclay). To determine the magnitude and form of bSitotal storage in coastal sediments, conventional operational leaches targeting bSiopal and bSialtered (including bSiclay) were modified for large‐scale samples necessary for measurement of 32Si. The 32Si activity was used to estimate total biogenic silica burial (bSitotal = bSiopal + bSialtered) in several depositional settings: Gulf of Papua, Gulf of Mexico, Long Island Sound, and in the previously studied Amazon‐Guianas deltaic system. In subtropical and temperate regions, 32Si was detected in both traditional biogenic silica leaches (bSiopal) and residual authigenic clays. Traditional bSiopal and modified operational leaches designed to target the most reactive authigenic silicates (~bSialtered) consistently underestimate authigenic clay formation (bSiclay) and thus the magnitude of bSitotal burial in temperate coastal zones and subtropical deltas by 2–4‐fold. In tropical deltas, 32Si activities in the residual fraction after removal of bSiopal demonstrate rapid and almost complete alteration of initial bSiopal to new forms, most likely bSiclay. Globally, 4.5–4.9 Tmol/yr Si may be trapped in marine nearshore deposits as rapidly formed clay (bSiclay), 100% of the “missing silica sink” in the marine silica budget.
Multidecadal Scale Detection Time for Potentially Increasing Atlantic Storm Surges in a Warming Climate
Authors: Lee Benjamin Seiyon , Haran Murali , Keller Klaus 
Published: September 2017

AbstractStorm surges are key drivers of coastal flooding, which generate considerable risks. Strategies to manage these risks can hinge on the ability to (i) project the return periods of extreme storm surges and (ii) detect potential changes in their statistical properties. There are several lines of evidence linking rising global average temperatures and increasingly frequent extreme storm surges. This conclusion is, however, subject to considerable structural uncertainty. This leads to two main questions: What are projections under various plausible statistical models? How long would it take to distinguish among these plausible statistical models? We address these questions by analyzing observed and simulated storm surge data. We find that (1) there is a positive correlation between global mean temperature rise and increasing frequencies of extreme storm surges; (2) there is considerable uncertainty underlying the strength of this relationship; and (3) if the frequency of storm surges is increasing, this increase can be detected within a multidecadal timescale (≈20 years from now).
Are Simulated and Observed Twentieth Century Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Trends Significant Relative to Internal Variability?
Authors: Coats S. , Karnauskas K. B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHistorical trends in the tropical Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient (SST gradient) are analyzed herein using 41 climate models (83 simulations) and 5 observational data sets. A linear inverse model is trained on each simulation and observational data set to assess if trends in the SST gradient are significant relative to the stationary statistics of internal variability, as would suggest an important role for external forcings such as anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. None of the 83 simulations have a positive trend in the SST gradient, a strengthening of the climatological SST gradient with more warming in the western than eastern tropical Pacific, as large as the mean trend across the five observational data sets. If the observed trends are anthropogenically forced, this discrepancy suggests that state‐of‐the‐art climate models are not capturing the observed response of the tropical Pacific to anthropogenic forcing, with serious implications for confidence in future climate projections. There are caveats to this interpretation, however, as some climate models have a significant strengthening of the SST gradient between 1900 and 2013 Common Era, though smaller in magnitude than the observational data sets, and the strengthening in three out of five observational data sets is insignificant. When combined with observational uncertainties and the possibility of centennial time scale internal variability not sampled by the linear inverse model, this suggests that confident validation of anthropogenic SST gradient trends in climate models will require further emergence of anthropogenic trends. Regardless, the differences in SST gradient trends between climate models and observational data sets are concerning and motivate the need for process‐level validation of the atmosphere‐ocean dynamics relevant to climate change in the tropical Pacific.
Global Distribution of Nighttime Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Seen by Swarm Satellites
Authors: Kil Hyosub , Paxton Larry J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe activity of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) in middle latitudes (±25°–40° magnetic latitudes) is investigated using the measurements of the electron density by Swarm satellites. Fractional electron density fluctuation is used as a proxy for MSTIDs, and the MSTID distribution is derived from the observations in December 2013–January 2017. The MSTID activity shows a semiannual variation in most longitudes with the primary and secondary peaks during the June and December solstices, respectively. The distinguishing feature in the MSTID distribution is the high occurrence rate of MSTIDs around 150°E longitude in June–August. The longitudinal and annual distribution of MSTIDs shows a hemispheric symmetry, which we interpret as the demonstration of conjugacy in MSTIDs.
BedMachine v3: Complete Bed Topography and Ocean Bathymetry Mapping of Greenland From Multibeam Echo Sounding Combined With Mass Conservation
Authors: Morlighem M. , Williams C. N. , Rignot E. , An L. , Arndt J. E. , Bamber J. L. , Catania G. , Chauché N. , Dowdeswell J. A. , Dorschel B. , Fenty I. , Hogan K. , Howat I. , Hubbard A. , Jakobsson M. , Jordan T. M. , Kjeldsen K. K. , Millan R. , Mayer L. , Mouginot J. , Noël B. P. Y. , O'Cofaigh C. , Palmer S. , Rysgaard S. , Seroussi H. , Siegert M. J. , Slabon P. , Straneo F. , van den Broeke M. R. , Weinrebe W. , Wood M. , Zinglersen K. B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGreenland's bed topography is a primary control on ice flow, grounding line migration, calving dynamics, and subglacial drainage. Moreover, fjord bathymetry regulates the penetration of warm Atlantic water (AW) that rapidly melts and undercuts Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers. Here we present a new compilation of Greenland bed topography that assimilates seafloor bathymetry and ice thickness data through a mass conservation approach. A new 150 m horizontal resolution bed topography/bathymetric map of Greenland is constructed with seamless transitions at the ice/ocean interface, yielding major improvements over previous data sets, particularly in the marine‐terminating sectors of northwest and southeast Greenland. Our map reveals that the total sea level potential of the Greenland ice sheet is 7.42 ± 0.05 m, which is 7 cm greater than previous estimates. Furthermore, it explains recent calving front response of numerous outlet glaciers and reveals new pathways by which AW can access glaciers with marine‐based basins, thereby highlighting sectors of Greenland that are most vulnerable to future oceanic forcing.
Spatial Distribution and Properties of 0.1–100 keV Electrons in Jupiter's Polar Auroral Region
Authors: Ebert R. W. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Clark G. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Kurth W. S. , Levin S. , Louarn P. , Mauk B. H. , McComas D. J. , Paranicas C. , Reno M. , Saur J. , Szalay J. R. , Thomsen M. F. , Valek P. , Weidner S. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe present observations of 0.1–100 keV electrons from Juno's Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment Electron instrument over Jupiter's polar auroral region for periods around four Juno perijoves (PJ1, PJ3, PJ4, and PJ5). The observations reveal regions containing magnetic field aligned beams of bidirectional electrons having broad energy distributions interspersed between beams of upward electrons with narrow, peaked energy distributions, regions void of these electrons, and regions dominated by penetrating radiation. The electrons show evidence of acceleration via parallel electric fields (inverted‐V structures) and via stochastic processes (bidirectional distributions). The inverted‐V structures shown here were observed from ~1.4 to 2.9 RJ and had spatial scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers along Juno's trajectory. The upward electron energy flux was typically greater than the downward flux, the latter ranging between ~0.01 and 5 mW m−2 for two cases shown here which we estimate could produce ~0.1–50 kR of ultraviolet emission.
Quantifying the Zonal‐Mean Structure of Tropical Precipitation
Authors: Popp M. , Lutsko N. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe tropical zonal‐mean precipitation in climate models is well known to have substantial biases such as an erroneous double intertropical convergence zone in the Pacific, but a comprehensive quantification of these biases is currently missing. Therefore, we introduce a set of nine indicators that fully characterize the position and magnitude of the tropical extrema in zonal‐mean precipitation. An analysis of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) historical and Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations reveals large biases in the position and, especially, in the magnitude of the zonal‐mean precipitation extrema in both sets of simulations relative to observations. We find some of the nine indicators to be correlated, and that the structure of tropical precipitation can be well represented using four indicators, though these indicators are different in AMIP and CMIP. Previously defined indicators can only partly explain the biases, and so the more comprehensive terminology introduced here is a useful tool for characterizing tropical precipitation.
Wastewater Disposal and the Earthquake Sequences During 2016 Near Fairview, Pawnee, and Cushing, Oklahoma
Authors: McGarr A. , Barbour Andrew J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEach of the three earthquake sequences in Oklahoma in 2016—Fairview, Pawnee, and Cushing—appears to have been induced by high‐volume wastewater disposal within 10 km. The Fairview M5.1 main shock was part of a 2 year sequence of more than 150 events of M3, or greater; the main shock accounted for about half of the total moment. The foreshocks and aftershocks of the M5.8 Pawnee earthquake were too small and too few to contribute significantly to the cumulative moment; instead, nearly all of the moment induced by wastewater injection was focused on the main shock. The M5.0 Cushing event is part of a sequence that includes 48 earthquakes of M3, or greater, that are mostly foreshocks. The cumulative moment for each of the three sequences during 2016, as well as that for the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma, and nine other sequences representing a broad range of injected volume, are all limited by the total volumes of wastewater injected locally.
Seismic Oceanography in the Tyrrhenian Sea: Thermohaline Staircases, Eddies, and Internal Waves
Authors: Buffett G. G. , Krahmann G. , Klaeschen D. , Schroeder K. , Sallarès V. , Papenberg C. , Ranero C. R. , Zitellini N. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe use seismic oceanography to document and analyze oceanic thermohaline fine structure across the Tyrrhenian Sea. Multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data were acquired during the MEDiterranean OCcidental survey in April–May 2010. We deployed along‐track expendable bathythermograph probes simultaneous with MCS acquisition. At nearby locations we gathered conductivity‐temperature‐depth data. An autonomous glider survey added in situ measurements of oceanic properties. The seismic reflectivity clearly delineates thermohaline fine structure in the upper 2,000 m of the water column, indicating the interfaces between Atlantic Water/Winter Intermediate Water, Levantine Intermediate Water, and Tyrrhenian Deep Water. We observe the Northern Tyrrhenian Anticyclone, a near‐surface mesoscale eddy, plus laterally and vertically extensive thermohaline staircases. Using MCS, we are able to fully image the anticyclone to a depth of 800 m and to confirm the horizontal continuity of the thermohaline staircases of more than 200 km. The staircases show the clearest step‐like gradients in the center of the basin while they become more diffuse toward the periphery and bottom, where impedance gradients become too small to be detected by MCS. We quantify the internal wave field and find it to be weak in the region of the eddy and in the center of the staircases, while it is stronger near the coastlines. Our results indicate this is because of the influence of the boundary currents, which disrupt the formation of staircases by preventing diffusive convection. In the interior of the basin, the staircases are clearer and the internal wave field weaker, suggesting that other mixing processes such as double diffusion prevail.
CO2‐Induced Ocean Warming of the Antarctic Continental Shelf in an Eddying Global Climate Model
Authors: Goddard Paul B. , Dufour Carolina O. , Yin Jianjun , Griffies Stephen M. , Winton Michael 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOcean warming near the Antarctic ice shelves has critical implications for future ice sheet mass loss and global sea level rise. A global climate model with an eddying ocean is used to quantify the mechanisms contributing to ocean warming on the Antarctic continental shelf in an idealized 2xCO2 experiment. The results indicate that relatively large warm anomalies occur both in the upper 100 m and at depths above the shelf floor, which are controlled by different mechanisms. The near‐surface ocean warming is primarily a response to enhanced onshore advective heat transport across the shelf break. The deep shelf warming is initiated by onshore intrusions of relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), in density classes that access the shelf, as well as the reduction of the vertical mixing of heat. CO2‐induced shelf freshening influences both warming mechanisms. The shelf freshening slows vertical mixing by limiting gravitational instabilities and the upward diffusion of heat associated with CDW, resulting in the buildup of heat at depth. Meanwhile, freshening near the shelf break enhances the lateral density gradient of the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) and disconnect isopycnals between the shelf and CDW, making cross‐ASF heat exchange more difficult. However, at several locations along the ASF, the cross‐ASF heat transport is less inhibited and heat can move onshore. Once onshore, lateral and vertical heat advection work to disperse the heat anomalies across the shelf region. Understanding the inhomogeneous Antarctic shelf warming will lead to better projections of future ice sheet mass loss.
From Extension to Shortening: Tectonic Inversion Distributed in Time and Space in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean
Authors: Martínez‐García Pedro , Comas Menchu , Lonergan Lidia , Watts Anthony B. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract2D seismic reflection data tied to biostratigraphical and log information from wells in the central and southeastern Alboran Sea have allowed us to constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of rifting and inversion. Normal faults, tilted basement blocks, and growth wedges reveal a thinned continental crust that formed in response to NW‐SE extension. To the east, a secondary SW‐NE trend of extension affects the transitional crust adjacent to the oceanic Algerian Basin. The maximum thickness of syn‐rift sediments is ~3.5 km, and the oldest recorded deposits are Serravallian. The WNW‐ESE Yusuf fault formed a buttress separating and accommodating variable extension between two different tectonic domains: the thinned continental crust of Alboran and the oceanic spreading of the Algerian Basin. Late Tortonian to present‐day NW‐SE Africa/Eurasia plate convergence drove shortening and reactivation of some of the earlier extensional structures as reverse and strike‐slip faults, forming complex, compartmentalised subbasins. Tectonic inversion coexisted with the formation of new faults and folds. Inversion was partial along the Habibas Basin and Al‐Idrisi fault, but complete along the Alboran Ridge, where some SW‐NE trending faults were perpendicular to the recent NW‐SE plate convergence and were reactivated as thrusts. The WNW‐ESE Yusuf fault is oblique to the convergence vector, and therefore, reactivation is mainly expressed as transpressional deformation. Volcanic rocks intruded along the Alboran Ridge and Yusuf faults during the latest stages of extension formed rheological anisotropies that localised the later inversion.
Reply to Comments on “the Cenozoic Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt of Eastern Sardinia: Evidences from the Integration of Field Data With Numerically Balanced Geological Cross Section” by Arragoni et al. (2016)
Authors: Salvini F. , Arragoni S. , Cianfarra P. , Maggi M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe comment by Berra et al. (2017) on the evidence of Alpine tectonics in Eastern Sardinia proposed by Arragoni et al. (2016) is based on the sedimentological interpretations of few local outcrops in a marginal portion of the study area. The Cenozoic Alpine fold‐and‐thrust setting, which characterizes this region, presents flat‐over‐flat shear planes acting along originally stratigraphic contacts, where stratigraphic continuity is obviously maintained. The ramp sectors present steeply dipping bedding attitudes, and there is no need to invoke and to force prograding clinoforms with unrealistic angles to justify them. The balanced geological cross section proposed by Arragoni et al. (2016) is fully supported by robust newly collected structural data and is compatible with the overall tectonic setting, while the interpretation proposed by Berra et al. (2017) lacks a detailed structural investigation. We believe that the partial application of the techniques available to modern geology may lead to incorrect interpretations, thus representing an obstacle for the progress of knowledge in the Earth sciences.