bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Approaches to the Management of Post-stroke Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Basilakos Alexandra 
Published: January 2018

AbstractApraxia of speech (AOS) is a motor speech disorder that disrupts the planning and programming of speech motor movements. In the acute stage of stroke recovery, AOS following unilateral (typically) left hemisphere stroke can occur alongside dysarthria, an impairment in speech execution and control, and/or aphasia, a higher-level impairment in language function. At this time, perceptual evaluation (the systematic, although subjective, description of speech and voice characteristics) is perhaps the only “gold standard” for differential diagnosis when it comes to motor speech disorders. This poses a challenge for speech-language pathologists charged with the evaluation of poststroke communication abilities, as distinguishing production impairments associated with AOS from those that can occur in aphasia and/or dysarthria can be difficult, especially when more than one deficit is present. Given the need for more objective, reliable methods to identify and diagnose AOS, several studies have turned to acoustic evaluation and neuroimaging to supplement clinical assessment. This article focuses on these recent advances. Studies investigating acoustic evaluation of AOS will be reviewed, as well as those that have considered the extent that neuroimaging can guide clinical decision making. Developments in the treatment of AOS will also be discussed. Although more research is needed regarding the use of these methods in everyday clinical practice, the studies reviewed here show promise as emerging tools for the management of AOS.
Regional Brain Dysfunction Associated with Semantic Errors in Comprehension
Authors: Shahid Hinna , Sebastian Rajani , Tippett Donna , Saxena Sadhvi , Wright Amy , Hanayik Taylor , Breining Bonnie , Bonilha Leonardo , Fridriksson Julius , Rorden Chris , Hillis Argye 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHere we illustrate how investigation of individuals acutely after stroke, before structure/function reorganization through recovery or rehabilitation, can be helpful in answering questions about the role of specific brain regions in language functions. Although there is converging evidence from a variety of sources that the left posterior-superior temporal gyrus plays some role in spoken word comprehension, its precise role in this function has not been established. We hypothesized that this region is essential for distinguishing between semantically related words, because it is critical for linking the spoken word to the complete semantic representation. We tested this hypothesis in 127 individuals with 48 hours of acute ischemic stroke, before the opportunity for reorganization or recovery. We identified tissue dysfunction (acute infarct and/or hypoperfusion) in gray and white matter parcels of the left hemisphere, and we evaluated the association between rate of semantic errors in a word-picture verification tasks and extent of tissue dysfunction in each region. We found that after correcting for lesion volume and multiple comparisons, the rate of semantic errors correlated with the extent of tissue dysfunction in left posterior-superior temporal gyrus and retrolenticular white matter.
Versorgungsorganisation – Die neue S3-Leitlinie Alkohol und ihre Bedeutung für die Versorgungspraxis
Authors: Günthner Arthur , Weissinger Volker , Fleischmann Heribert , Veltrup Clemens , Jäpel Bettina , Längle Gerhard , Amann Klaus , Hoch Eva , Mann Karl 
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Alkoholabhängigkeit gehört in Deutschland zu den schwerwiegendsten Suchterkrankungen. Die neue S3-Leitlinie "Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen“ wurde im Jahre 2015 vorgestellt und fasst den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zur Diagnose und Behandlung von schädlichem und abhängigem Alkoholkonsum zusammen.
Methoden Die Entwicklung der Leitlinie basiert auf einem vierjährigen Entwicklungsprozess im Rahmen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wissenschaftlich Medizinischer Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Die Federführung lag bei der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Suchtforschung und Suchttherapie (DG-Sucht). In die Entwicklung waren insgesamt mehr als 50 Fachgesellschaften, Berufsverbände und Gesundheitsorganisationen sowie über 60 ausgewiesene Suchtexperten involviert, unter Beteiligung von Selbsthilfe- und Angehörigenverbänden. Die Arbeitsgruppe „Versorgungsorganisation“, deren Ergebnisse hier dargestellt werden, war eine von dreizehn Autorengruppen und widmete sich der Aufgabe, wie die Leitlinie unter den Rahmenbedingungen des deutschen Gesundheitssystems mit seinen Versorgungssektoren und Schnittstellen umgesetzt werden kann.
Ergebnisse Für das Kapitel „Versorgungsorganisation“ wurden 27 Empfehlungen konsentiert, von denen viele speziell für dieses Kapitel von den entsprechenden Arbeitsgruppen erarbeitet wurden. Die Empfehlungen beziehen sich auf Screening und Diagnostik sowie Kurzinterventionen, Entgiftung und Entzug sowie Pharmakotherapie, körperliche Komplikationen und psychische Komorbidität, Entwöhnung und andere Formen der Postakutbehandlung, die hausärztliche Versorgung, sowie besondere Zielgruppen wie Kinder und Jugendliche, Frauen/Schwangere sowie Ältere. Zusätzlich wurde der Bereich „Selbsthilfe“ aufgenommen.
Schlussfolgerung Für die bedarfsgerechte Diagnostik und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen bieten leitliniengestützte Empfehlungen zur Versorgungsorganisation einen Orientierungsrahmen für die Zusammenarbeit und Koordinierung aller Sektoren und Berufsgruppen, besonders an den Schnittstellen der Versorgung. Dies schließt die Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem medizinischen und psychosozialen Hilfesystem mit ein und reicht von der Schadensbegrenzung bis hin zur sozialen Inklusion der Betroffenen. Insbesondere die Rehabilitation mit ihren Teilhabezielen ist auf diese Zusammenarbeit angewiesen.
Breast Cancer Treatment and Survival Among Department of Defense Beneficiaries: An Analysis by Benefit Type and Care Source
Authors: Manjelievskaia Janna , Brown Derek , Shao Stephanie , Hofmann Keith , Shriver Craig D , Zhu Kangmin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Use of treatment for breast cancer is dependent on the patient’s cancer characteristics and willingness to undergo treatment and provider treatment recommendations. Receipt of breast cancer treatment varies by insurance status and type. It is not clear whether different benefit types and care sources differ in breast cancer treatment and outcomes among Department of Defense beneficiaries.

Methods
The objectives of this study are to assess whether receipt of breast cancer treatment varied by benefit type (TRICARE Prime vs non-Prime) or care source (direct care, purchased care, and both) and to examine whether survival and recurrence differed by benefit type and/or care source among female Department of Defense beneficiaries with the disease. Study subjects were women aged 40–64 yr, diagnosed with malignant breast cancer between 2003 and 2007. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the likelihood of receiving treatment by benefit type or care source. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate differences in survival and recurrence by benefit type or care source.

Findings
A total of 2,668 women were included in this study. Those with Prime were more likely to have chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, breast-conserving surgery, surveillance mammography, and recurrence than women with non-Prime. Survival was high, with 94.86% of those with Prime and 92.58% with non-Prime alive at the end of the study period. Women aged 50–59 yr with non-Prime benefit type had better survival than women with Prime of the same age. No survival differences were seen by care source. In regard to recurrence, women aged 60–64 yr with TRICARE Prime were more likely to have recurrent breast cancer than women with non-Prime. Additionally, women aged 50–59 yr who used purchased care were less likely to have a recurrence than women who used direct care only.

Discussion/Impact/Recommendations
To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine breast cancer treatment and survival by care source and benefit type in the Military Health System. In this equal access health care system, no differences in treatment, except mastectomy, by benefit type, were observed. There were no overall differences in survival, although patients with non-Prime tended to have better survival in the age group of 50–59 yr. In regard to care source, women who utilized mostly purchased care or utilized both direct and purchased care were more likely to receive certain types of treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiation, as compared with women who used direct care only. However, survival did not differ between different care sources. Future research is warranted to further investigate variations in breast cancer treatment and its survival gains by benefit type and care source among Department of Defense beneficiaries.
Use of new technologies to evaluate the environmental footprint of feedlot systems
Authors: Cole N Andy , Parker David B , Todd Richard W , Leytem April B , Dungan Robert S , Hales Kristen E , Ivey Shanna L , Jennings Jenny 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
With increased concern over the effects of livestock production on the environment, a number of new technologies have evolved to help scientists evaluate the environmental footprint of beef cattle. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of some of those techniques. These techniques include methods to measure individual feed intake, enteric methane emissions, ground-level greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, feedlot and pasture emissions, and identify potential pathogens. The appropriate method to use for measuring emissions will vary depending upon the type of emission, the emission source, and the goals of the research. These methods should also be validated to assure they produce accurate results and achieve the goals of the research project. In addition, we must not forget to properly use existing technologies and methods such as proper feed mixing, feeding management, feed/ingredient sampling, and nutrient analysis.
A Pilot Study of the Immunologic, Virologic, and Pathologic Consequences of Intra-anal 5% Imiquimod in HIV-1–Infected Men With High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Authors: Cranston Ross D. , Baker Jonathan R. , Siegel Aaron , Brand Rhonda M. , Janocko Laura , McGowan Ian 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
Imiquimod can be used to treat internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. In HIV-1–infected individuals there is a theoretical concern for increased HIV replication in anorectal tissue secondary to imiquimod-induced mucosal inflammation.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to assess local virologic, immunologic, and pathologic effects of imiquimod treatment in HIV-infected individuals.

DESIGN:
This was a pilot study at a single academic center.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Anal Dysplasia Clinic.

PATIENTS:
HIV-1–infected individuals with biopsy-confirmed internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were included.

INTERVENTION:
Imiquimod cream was prescribed for intra-anal use 3 times per week for 9 weeks.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Anal human papillomavirus typing, anal and rectal tissue HIV-1 RNA and DNA quantification, cytokine gene expression, and anal histology were measured.

RESULTS:
Nine evaluable participants (1 participant was lost to follow-up) were all white men with a median age of 46 years (interquartile range = 12 y) and a median CD4 T-cell count of 480 cells per cubic millimeter (interquartile range = 835). All were taking antiretroviral therapy, and 7 of 9 had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter. The median dose of imiquimod used was 27.0 (interquartile range = 3.5), and there was a median of 11 days (interquartile range = 10 d) from last dose to assessment. There was no progression to cancer, no significant change in the number of human papillomavirus types detected, and no significant change in quantifiable cytokines/HIV-1 RNA or DNA levels in anal or rectal tissue. Seven (35%) of 20 high-grade lesions resolved to low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

LIMITATIONS:
The study was limited by the small number of participants and variable time to final assessment.

CONCLUSIONS:
Intra-anal imiquimod showed no evidence of immune activation or increase in HIV-1 viral replication in anal and rectal tissue and confirmed efficacy for intra-anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion treatment morbidity. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A498.
Improving the Clinical Pharmacologic Assessment of Abuse Potential
Authors: Sellers Edward M. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Purpose
This article discusses the conduct of a human abuse potential study as outlined in the Food and Drug Administration Final Guidance to Industry on Assessment of Abuse Potential. In addition, areas where alternative approaches should be considered are proposed.

Procedures
The design, end points, conduct, and interpretation of the human abuse potential study were reviewed, analyzed, and placed in the context of current scientific knowledge and best practices to mitigate regulatory risk and expedite drug development.

Findings
The guidance is based on regulatory needs and current scientific practices. However, the reliability and utility of such studies can be improved with better subject selection, data collection, standardization of data collection and staff training, and a better understanding of the measurement properties of the dependent measures.

Conclusions
The guidance provides a useful framework for conduct of human abuse potential studies. However, design assumptions, poor choice of end points, failure to consider alternate approaches, and limited experience with interpretation can result in an inadequate study or one that does not fairly represent the abuse potential of a new chemical entity. Methodologic development is needed to strengthen the regulatory framework. The Food and Drug Administration or the National Institutes on Drug Abuse could take a targeted initiative to encourage this work.
Community Participatory Interventions to Improve Farmer Knowledge and Practices of Household Biogas Unit Operation in Ha Nam Province, Vietnam
Authors: Luu Quoc Toan , Nguyen Mai Huong , Nguyen-Viet Hung , Pham Giang , Dinh-Xuan Tung , MacDonald Lauren E. , Pham-Duc Phuc 
Published: January 2018

Context:
The use of biogas systems to treat livestock waste is a common practice in Vietnam. However, farmers' knowledge and practices of the safe and appropriate use of household biogas units (HBUs) are still limited and could negatively impact human, animal, and environmental health.

Objective:
To assess the effectiveness of an intervention to improve knowledge and practices of biogas operation among farmers in 2 communes of Ha Nam Province, Vietnam.

Design:
A community-based intervention approach.

Setting:
This study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in 2 communes of Ha Nam Province, Vietnam.

Participants:
Only farmers with HBUs (N = 399) participated in this research. Farmers were assigned to either an intervention group or a control group at a ratio of 1:2.

Intervention:
Two intervention steps were implemented over a 6-month period as follows: (i) the core farmer group trained in 6 steps of HBU safe handling practice; and (ii) the core farmer group conducted peer-to-peer communication with its neighbors in the commune using the provided material.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Farmers' knowledge and practices in biogas operation were assessed by a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered before (baseline) and after the intervention (follow-up) to both the control and intervention groups.

Results:
There was a significant difference in the knowledge and practices of biogas operation between the 2 groups, in which farmers in the intervention group demonstrated better understanding of the related topic than the control group (P < .05, t test). A linear regression model indicated that baseline and follow-up scores in both knowledge and practices of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group. After the intervention, the mean difference score in knowledge and practices between the intervention and control groups was 5.0 and 2.0 points, respectively (P < .01).

Conclusion:
A community-based intervention approach could be applied to improve knowledge and practices among farmers in using biogas systems. However, further studies should be conducted to assess the sustainability and effectiveness of this model.
The Association Between Gender Inequalities and Women's Utilization of Maternal Health Services: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Eight South Central Coast Provinces, Vietnam
Authors: Bui Ha Thi Thu , Le Thi Minh , Van Pham Tac , Doan Duong Thi Thuy , Nguyen Duy Anh , Nguyen Canh Chuong , Duong Duc Minh 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Gender inequalities influence the utilization of maternal health services in Vietnam, but little research has been published. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the association between gender inequalities and women's utilization of maternal health services in Vietnam.

Methods:
The study was conducted in 8 provinces in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam during August 2013 to May 2014. A total of 907 women who delivered a year prior to the date of interview participated in the study. A multiple logistic regression model was used to examine the association between gender inequalities (including sociodemographic determinants of health) and utilization of 4 or more antenatal care (ANC4+) services, institutional delivery, and ever used contraceptive methods.

Results:
The utilization rate of maternal health services was varied, from 53.9% for ANC4+ to 87.7% for ever used a contraceptive method and 97% for institutional delivery. Ethnicity was identified as the most influential variable out of all sociodemographic determinants of health. Regarding gender inequalities, couple communication was the only variable having significant association with women's utilization of maternal health services.

Conclusion:
Women's equal role within context of their daily life and relations with their husbands (discussing maternal care with husband and having equal income to husband) supported their use of maternal health services. Therefore, there should be concerted efforts from all relevant stakeholders including the health system to focus on disadvantaged women in planning and delivery of maternal health services, especially to ethnic minority women. Male involvement strategy should be implemented to promote maternal health care, especially during the prenatal and postpartum period. To provide more culturally sensitive and right-based approaches in delivery of maternal health services to disadvantaged women in Vietnam, interventions are recommended that promote male involvement, that is, to engage men in service delivery to adapt and ensure the most appropriate and effective maternal health care.
Validation of a Falls Risk Screening Tool Derived From InterRAI Acute Care Assessment
Authors: Peel Nancye May , Jones Lee Vanessa , Berg Katherine , Gray Leonard Charles 
Published: January 2018

Objectives
This study aimed to develop and validate a falls risk screening tool derived from interRAI Acute Care (AC) Assessment.

Methods
For derivation and validation, two prospective cohorts were recruited from AC hospitals in Australia. The derivation cohort comprised 1418 patients from 11 hospitals. In the validation cohort, 393 patients were recruited from four hospitals. The interRAI AC tool was used to collect comprehensive geriatric assessment data at admission. In-hospital falls were documented from medical records. A falls risk score was calculated using logistic regression. Predictive ability was compared with St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool In Falling elderlY (STRATIFY), using area under curve (AUC). The validation cohort provided external validity.

Results
Complete data in the derivation cohort were available for 1288 patients (91%), with 75 (5.8%) having an in-hospital fall. The derived interRAI AC falls risk score (range = 0–6) had significantly better predictive ability (AUC = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.63–0.76) compared with St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool In Falling elderlY (AUC = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.58–0.70) (P = 0.033). At a cut point of three, 54 of 75 falls were correctly predicted by the falls risk score derived from interRAI AC (sensitivity = 0.72 [95% CI = 0.60–0.82] and specificity = 0.60 [95% CI = 0.57–0.62]). The falls risk score performed similarly in the validation cohort.

Conclusions
The falls risk tool developed from interRAI AC is a valid measure to screen for in-hospital falls. Reduction in assessment burden without loss of fidelity can be achieved through integrating the risk screener within the interRAI hospital system, which automatically triggers protocols for falls prevention based on identified risk.
Renormalization group flow of the Higgs potential
Authors: Gies Holger , Sondenheimer René 
Published: January 2018

We summarize results for local and global properties of the effective potential for the Higgs boson obtained from the functional renormalization group, which allows one to describe the effective potential as a function of both scalar field amplitude and renormalization group scale. This sheds light onto the limitations of standard estimates which rely on the identification of the two scales and helps in clarifying the origin of a possible property of meta-stability of the Higgs potential. We demonstrate that the inclusion of higher-dimensional operators induced by an underlying theory at a high scale (GUT or Planck scale) can relax the conventional lower bound on the Higgs mass derived from the criterion of absolute stability.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Higgs cosmology’.
Gravitational waves from a first-order electroweak phase transition: a brief review
Authors: Weir David J. 
Published: January 2018

We review the production of gravitational waves by an electroweak first-order phase transition. The resulting signal is a good candidate for detection at next-generation gravitational wave detectors, such as LISA. Detection of such a source of gravitational waves could yield information about physics beyond the Standard Model that is complementary to that accessible to current and near-future collider experiments. We summarize efforts to simulate and model the phase transition and the resulting production of gravitational waves.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Higgs cosmology’.