bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Polymerization Syntheses: Incorporating Bioactives into Poly(anhydride‐esters)
Authors: Faig Jonathan J. , Smith Kervin , Moretti Alysha , Yu Weiling , Uhrich Kathryn E. 
Published: June 2016

To reduce raw material consumption and increase synthetic efficiency, bioactive‐based poly(anhydride‐esters) containing aliphatic dicarboxylic acid‐linkages and bioactives, salicylic and p‐hydroxybenzyl acid, are synthesized via one‐pot melt‐condensation polymerizations. One‐pot poly(anhydride‐esters) physicochemical characteristics, molecular weight, and thermal properties are analyzed and compared. One‐pot salicylic acid‐based poly(anhydride‐esters) are further evaluated against analogous polymers synthesized via established methods, possessing statistically similar polymer and thermal properties while drastically reducing reaction time and solvent usage. Interestingly, p‐hydroxybenzyl acid‐based poly(anhydride‐ester) synthesis is temperature‐dependent, as higher reaction temperatures facilitate polyester formation. Compared to their poly(anhydride‐ester) analogs, these are found to possess improved thermal properties and higher molecular weight while. Accelerated hydrolytic degradation studies confirm complete bioactive release and polymer degradation. Furthermore, polymer cytotoxicity studies using 3T3 mouse fibroblasts show all polymers to be cytocompatible above therapeutically relevant concentrations. This method demonstrates that the synthesis of high‐yielding monomers can be followed by melt‐condensation polymerization in situ for the synthesis of polyanhydrides and their derivatives.
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Does epicatechin contribute to the acute vascular function effects of dark chocolate? A randomized, crossover study
Authors: Dower James I. , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Kroon Paul A. , Philo Mark , Mensink Marco , Kromhout Daan , Hollman Peter C. H. 
Published: June 2016

ScopeCocoa, rich in flavan‐3‐ols, improves vascular function, but the contribution of specific flavan‐3‐ols is unknown. We compared the effects of pure epicatechin, a major cocoa flavan‐3‐ol, and chocolate.Methods and resultsIn a randomized crossover study, twenty healthy men (40–80 years) were supplemented with: (1) 70g dark chocolate (150 mg epicatechin) with placebo capsules; (2) pure epicatechin capsules (2 × 50 mg epicatechin) with 75g white chocolate; and (3) placebo capsules with 75 g white chocolate (0 mg epicatechin). Vascular function (flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and augmentation index (AIx)) were measured before and 2 hours after interventions. Epicatechin metabolites time‐profiles were measured in blood to calculate the bioavailability. Pure epicatechin did not significantly improve FMD (+0.75%; p = 0.10) or AIx (–2.2%; p = 0.23) compared to placebo. Dark chocolate significantly improved FMD (+0.96%; p = 0.04) and AIx (–4.6%; p = 0.02). Differences in improvements in FMD (+ 0.21%; p = 0.65) or Aix (–2.4%; p = 0.20) between pure epicatechin and dark chocolate were not significant. The bioavailability of epicatechin did not differ between pure epicatechin and dark chocolate (p = 0.14).ConclusionsDespite differences in epicatechin dose, improvements in vascular function after pure epicatechin and chocolate were similar and the bioavailability did not differ, suggesting a role for epicatechin.
Genealogy of hypoplasticity and barodesy
Authors: Kolymbas Dimitrios , Medicus Gertraud 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThis article is an attempt at providing an insight into the development of hypoplasticity (including barodesy, which is a recent development of hypoplasticity) as a theory elaborated since 1977, when the first version was published by the first author, until present. The multiplicity of the many versions published since then is hard to overlook. This article presents a review and insight into the evolution of a theory and the struggle to formulate a satisfactory constitutive law. Among the many proposed versions, we focus on those ones that can be seen as changes of paradigm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel donor–donor polymeric dyad of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐block‐oligo(anthracene‐9,10‐diyl): Synthesis, solid‐state packing, and electronic properties
Authors: Ananthakrishnan Soundaram Jeevarathinam , Strain Jacob , Neerudu Sreeramulu Niharika , Mitul Abu , McNamara Louis E. , Iefanova Anastasiia , Hammer Nathan I. , Qiao Qiquan , Rathnayake Hemali 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA new polymeric dyad of oligo‐anthracene‐block‐poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (Oligo‐ANT‐b‐P3HT) has been synthesized as a donor–donor dyad building block for organic photovoltaics. The polymer dyad and oligomer of anthracene‐9,10‐diyl (Oligo‐ANT) are prepared by Grignard Metathesis. The higher order of crystallinity and molecular chains ordering at solid phase reveal the intrinsic optical and electrical properties of polymeric dyad resulting in relatively higher light harvesting ability compared to the oligo(anthracene‐9,10‐diyl). The UV‐visible spectrum of (Oligo‐ANT‐b‐P3HT) in solution shows broad absorption with two sets of absorption from both anthracene and thiophene core units, covering a wide range of the visible spectrum. The test devices of the blends of polymeric dyad with fullerene C61 (PCBM) show improved photovoltaic performance with a power conversion efficiency of 3.26% upon subjecting to pre‐fabrication thermal treatments. With optimized morphology of the interpenetrating network and the shorter fluorescence lifetime of the annealed dyad/PCBM blends, the effective charge transfer from the donor dyad to PCBM has evidenced. Thus, these studies will allow further synthetic advances to make potential high crystalline polymeric dyads with significantly improved light harvesting capability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3032–3045
Interdomain salt‐bridges in the Ebola virus protein VP40 and their role in domain association and plasma membrane localization
Authors: GC Jeevan B. , Johnson Kristen A. , Husby Monica L. , Frick Cary T. , Gerstman Bernard S. , Stahelin Robert V. , Chapagain Prem P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Ebola virus protein VP40 is a transformer protein that possesses an extraordinary ability to accomplish multiple functions by transforming into various oligomeric conformations. The disengagement of the C‐terminal domain (CTD) from the N‐terminal domain (NTD) is a crucial step in the conformational transformations of VP40 from the dimeric form to the hexameric form or octameric ring structure. Here, we use various molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the dynamics of the VP40 protein and the roles of interdomain interactions that are important for the domain–domain association and dissociation, and report on experimental results of the behavior of mutant variants of VP40. The MD studies find that various salt‐bridge interactions modulate the VP40 domain dynamics by providing conformational specificity through interdomain interactions. The MD simulations reveal a novel salt‐bridge between D45‐K326 when the CTD participates in a latch‐like interaction with the NTD. The D45‐K326 salt‐bridge interaction is proposed to help domain–domain association, whereas the E76‐K291 interaction is important for stabilizing the closed‐form structure. The effects of the removal of important VP40 salt‐bridges on plasma membrane (PM) localization, VP40 oligomerization, and virus like particle (VLP) budding assays were investigated experimentally by live cell imaging using an EGFP‐tagged VP40 system. It is found that the mutations K291E and D45K show enhanced PM localization but D45K significantly reduced VLP formation.
Phase I Trial of Anti‐PSMA Designer CAR‐T Cells in Prostate Cancer: Possible Role for Interacting Interleukin 2‐T Cell Pharmacodynamics as a Determinant of Clinical Response
Authors: Junghans Richard P. , Ma Qiangzhong , Rathore Ritesh , Gomes Erica M. , Bais Anthony J. , Lo Agnes S.Y. , Abedi Mehrdad , Davies Robin A. , Cabral Howard J. , Al‐Homsi A. Samer , Cohen Stephen I. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUNDChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐modified “designer” T cells (dTc, CAR‐T) against PSMA selectively target antigen‐expressing cells in vitro and eliminate tumors in vivo. Interleukin 2 (IL2), widely used in adoptive therapies, was proven essential in animal models for dTc to eradicate established solid tumors.METHODSPatients under­went chemotherapy condi­tion­ing, followed by dTc dosing under a Phase I escalation with continuous infusion low dose IL2 (LDI). A target of dTc escalation was to achieve ≥20% engraftment of infused activated T cells.RESULTSSix patients enrolled with doses prepared of whom five were treated. Patients received 109 or 1010 autologous T cells, achieving expansions of 20–560‐fold over 2 weeks and engraftments of 5–56%. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses established the impact of conditioning to promote expansion and engraftment of the infused T cells. Unexpectedly, administered IL2 was depleted up to 20‐fold with high engraftments of activated T cells (aTc) in an inverse correlation (P < 0.01). Clinically, no anti‐PSMA toxicities were noted, and no anti‐CAR reactivities were detected post‐treatment. Two‐of‐five patients achieved clinical partial responses (PR), with PSA declines of 50% and 70% and PSA delays of 78 and 150 days, plus a minor response in a third patient. Responses were unrelated to dose size (P = 0.6), instead correlating inversely with engraftment (P = 0.06) and directly with plasma IL2 (P = 0.03), suggesting insufficient IL2 with our LDI protocol to support dTc anti‐tumor activity under optimal (high) dTc engraftments.CONCLUSIONSUnder a Phase I dose escalation in prostate cancer, a 20% engraftment target was met or exceeded in three subjects with adequate safety, leading to study conclusion. Clinical responses were obtained but were suggested to be restrained by low plasma IL2 when depleted by high levels of engrafted activated T cells. This report presents a unique example of how the pharmaco­dynamics of “drug–drug” interactions may have a critical impact on the efficacy of their co‐application. A new Pilot/Phase II trial is planned to test moderate dose IL2 (MDI) together with high dTc engraftments for anticipated improved therapeutic efficacy. Prostate 76:1257–1270, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Multisubstituted Olefins through Regio‐ and Stereoselective Addition of Interelement Compounds Having B–Si, B–B, and Cl–S Bonds to Alkynes, and Subsequent Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Iwasaki Masayuki , Nishihara Yasushi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMultisubstituted olefins are fundamental motifs in organic compounds. In this account, we describe the synthesis of organic molecules bearing an olefinic moiety by the transition‐metal‐catalyzed regio‐ and stereoselective addition of a variety of interelement compounds to alkynes. Regio‐ and stereoselective silaboration, diborylation, and chlorothiolation have been achieved by using the transition‐metal catalysts. The subsequent cross‐coupling reactions of the boron‐containing alkenes to install various aryl groups afforded the corresponding tri‐ and tetraarylated olefins. This account describes our research on the highly regio‐ and stereoselective synthesis of multifunctionalized olefins such as tetraarylethenes with four different aryl groups.
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Detection of t(8;14) c-myc/IgH gene rearrangement by long-distance polymerase chain reaction in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Kiaei Arezoo , Onsori Habib , Alijani Aylar , Andalib Sasan , Ghorbian Saeid , Sakhinia Ebrahim 
Published: June 2016

Objective/background:
Specific chromosomal translocations are found in human leukemias and lymphomas. These translocations are closely related to particular histological and immunological phenotypes. In Burkitt's lymphoma, translocation t(8;14)(q24;q32), which involves the c-myc gene (8q24) and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus (14q32), accounts for 90-95% of all chromosomal translocations. This translocation can be found in 2-5% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Long-distance polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR) assays, which can identify oncogene/Ig gene rearrangement, can detect these fusion genes. The objective of this study was to detect t(8;14) c-myc/IgH gene rearrangement by LD-PCR in patients with DLBCL.

Methods:
In this study, 54 DLBCL cases were tested by LD-PCR with specific primers. LD-PCR was used for two breakpoints in both the IgH gene (joining region and γ switch region) and the myc gene (Exons 2 and 3).

Results:
As much as 1.85% of the samples were positive for the γ constant region and Exon 2 of the myc gene.

Conclusion:
LD-PCR can be used for the detection of t(8;14) c-myc/IgH gene rearrangement in patients with DLBCL.
Heat and mass transfer of a second grade magnetohydrodynamic fluid over a convectively heated stretching sheet
Authors: Das Kalidas , Sharma Ram Prakash , Sarkar Amit 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe present work is concerned with heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting second grade MHD fluid past a semi-infinite stretching sheet with convective surface heat flux. The analysis accounts for thermophoresis and thermal radiation. A similarity transformations is used to reduce the governing equations into a dimensionless form. The local similarity equations are derived and solved using Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique together with Runge–Kutta sixth order integration scheme. Results for various flow characteristics are presented through graphs and tables delineating the effect of various parameters characterizing the flow. Our analysis explores that the rate of heat transfer enhances with increasing the values of the surface convection parameter. Also the fluid velocity and temperature in the boundary layer region rise significantly for increasing the values of thermal radiation parameter.Highlights Effect of thermal radiation on second grade fluid in the presence of thermophoresis is studied. The rate of mass transfer increases with the increase of thermophoretic parameter. The rate of heat transfer increases for increasing the values of the surface convection parameter. The temperature profile enhances with increase in the thermal radiation parameter.
The ASEAN Human Rights System: A Critical Analysis
Authors: BUI Hien 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article offers a critical analysis of the human rights system established by ASEAN. It first investigates concrete evidence of the system’s ineffectiveness by comparing the cases of Myanmar and Thailand, which illustrate ASEAN’s failure to address human rights violations both before and after the creation of the ASEAN system. It then examines the substantive and procedural limitations of the ASEAN human rights instruments and mechanisms. Specifically, while restrictions on rights and freedoms contained in the instruments undermine the universality of human rights, ASEAN’s mechanisms lack independence and offer only weak protection mandates to address rights violations. In addition, the absence of a judicial body to hear complaints and issue binding remedies makes the system incomplete. The article recommends the creation of an ASEAN court of human rights and suggests changes to the existing instruments and mechanisms that might accommodate the new court.
A Simple Stated Preference Tool for Estimating the Value of Travel Time in Rural Africa
Authors: Cook Joseph , Kimuyu Peter , Blum Annalise G. , Gatua Josephine 
Published: June 2016

Despite its importance in benefit-cost analyses in the water supply, transportation, and health care sectors, there are relatively few empirical estimates of the value of travel time savings (VTT) in low-income countries, particularly in rural areas. Analysts instead often rely on a textbook “rule of thumb” of valuing time at 50% of prevailing unskilled wage rates, though these benchmarks have little empirical support in these settings. We estimate the value of travel time through the use of a repeated discrete choice stated preference exercise. We asked 325 rural households in Meru County, Kenya to rank two new hypothetical water sources against their current water source. The two new hypothetical sources were described as safe and reliable to use, but varied only in their distance from the household and the price charged per water container. Results from random-parameters logit models imply an average value of travel time of 18 Ksh/hr, and generally support the 50% rule. These models produce the first individual-level VTT estimates reported in a low-income setting, and indicate statistically-significant heterogeneity in VTTs, though the heterogeneity is not well correlated with observables. A latent-class approach identifies four classes of respondents: one class (about one third of respondents) values time very highly (49 Ksh/hr), one poorer group values time hardly at all (less than 1 Ksh/hr), and two groups value time at approximately 9 Ksh/hr.
Script Generation and Executive Dysfunction in Patients with Anterior and Posterior Brain Lesions
Authors: Emmanouel Anna , Boelen Danielle , Mouza Eirini , Allain Phillipe , Kessels Roy P.C. , Fasotti Luciano 
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Studies on script processing have shown inconsistent relations between deficits in script action generation and frontal lobe pathology. Therefore, we investigated which difficulties in script action generation are linked to anterior lesions. Moreover, we explored whether verbal script generation can be predicted by specific executive processes.Methods: Fifty-two patients with acquired brain injury (mean age: 44.23 years, 30 male/22 female) were included, of whom 30 had anterior and 22 had posterior lesions. Several indices of the Everyday Description Task were investigated: relevant central actions (RCAs); relevant trivial actions (RTAs); relevant and irrelevant intrusions (RI & IRI); sequencing (SEs) and perseverative (PEs) errors. Additionally, fivez-composite scores representing planning, response generation, working memory, inhibition and shifting were calculated. Correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were computed.Results: Anteriorly lesioned patients produced significantly less RCAs and more PEs and SEs compared to posteriorly damaged patients. No differences were found with RTAs, RI and IRI. RCAs were predicted by planning, response generation and working memory, RI by response generation and working memory, IRI by inhibition, PEs and SEs by response generation and shifting. None of these executive processes predicted RTAs.Conclusions: Difficulties in RCAs, PEs and SEs are sensitive indicators of anterior brain damage and script generation demands various executive abilities.
Convection at an isothermal wall in an enclosure and establishment of stratification
Authors: Caudwell T. , Flór J.-B. , Negretti M. E. 
Published: June 2016

In this experimental–theoretical investigation, we consider a turbulent plume generated by an isothermal wall in a closed cavity and the formation of heat stratification in the interior. The buoyancy of the plume near the wall and the temperature stratification are measured across a vertical plane with the temperature laser induced fluorescence method, which is shown to be accurate and efficient (precision of $0.2\,^{\circ }$C) for experimental studies on convection. The simultaneous measurement of the velocity field with particle image velocimetry allows for the calculation of the flow characteristics such as the Richardson number and Reynolds stress. This enables us to give a refined description of the wall plume, as well as the circulation and evolution of the stratification in the interior. The wall plume is found to have an inner layer close to the heated boundary with a laminar transport of hardly mixed fluid which causes a relatively warm top layer and an outer layer with a transition from laminar to turbulent at a considerable height. The measured entrainment coefficient is found to be dramatically influenced by the increase in stratification of the ambient fluid. To model the flow, the entrainment model of Morton, Taylor & Turner (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 234 (1196), 1956, pp. 1–23) has first been adapted to the case of an isothermal wall. Differences due to their boundary condition of a constant buoyancy flux, modelled with salt by Cooper & Hunt (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 646, 2010, pp. 39–58), turn out to be small. Next, to include the laminar–turbulent transition of the boundary layer, a hybrid model is constructed which is based on the similarity solutions reported by Worster & Leitch (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 156, 1985, pp. 301–319) for the laminar part and the entrainment model for the turbulent part. Finally, the observed variation of the global entrainment coefficient, which is due to the increased presence of an upper stratified layer with a relatively low entrainment coefficient, is incorporated into both models. All models show reasonable agreement with experimental measurements for the volume, momentum and buoyancy fluxes as well as for the evolution of the stratification in the interior. In particular, the introduction of the variable entrainment coefficient improves all models significantly.
Unsteadiness in a large turbulent separation bubble
Authors: Mohammed-Taifour Abdelouahab , Weiss Julien 
Published: June 2016

The unsteady behaviour of a massively separated, pressure-induced turbulent separation bubble (TSB) is investigated experimentally using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) and piezo-resistive pressure sensors. The TSB is generated on a flat test surface by a combination of adverse and favourable pressure gradients. The Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness of the incoming boundary layer is 5000 and the free stream velocity is$25~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to separate the different unsteady modes in the flow. The first POD mode contains approximately 30 % of the total kinetic energy and is shown to describe a low-frequency contraction and expansion, called ‘breathing’, of the TSB. This breathing is responsible for a variation in TSB size of approximately 90 % of its average length. It also generates low-frequency wall-pressure fluctuations that are mainly felt upstream of the mean detachment and downstream of the mean reattachment. A medium-frequency unsteadiness, which is linked to the convection of large-scale vortices in the shear layer bounding the recirculation zone and their shedding downstream of the TSB, is also observed. When scaled with the vorticity thickness of the shear layer and the convection velocity of the structures, this medium frequency is very close to the characteristic frequency of vortices convected in turbulent mixing layers. The streamwise position of maximum vertical turbulence intensity generated by the convected structures is located downstream of the mean reattachment line and corresponds to the position of maximum wall-pressure fluctuations.
Stability of multiclass queueing networks under longest-queue and longest-dominating-queue scheduling
Authors: Pedarsani Ramtin , Walrand Jean 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We consider the stability of robust scheduling policies for multiclass queueing networks. These are open networks with arbitrary routeing matrix and several disjoint groups of queues in which at most one queue can be served at a time. The arrival and potential service processes and routeing decisions at the queues are independent, stationary, and ergodic. A scheduling policy is called robust if it does not depend on the arrival and service rates nor on the routeing probabilities. A policy is called throughput-optimal if it makes the system stable whenever the parameters are such that the system can be stable. We propose two robust policies: longest-queue scheduling and a new policy called longest-dominating-queue scheduling. We show that longest-queue scheduling is throughput-optimal for two groups of two queues. We also prove the throughput-optimality of longest-dominating-queue scheduling when the network topology is acyclic, for an arbitrary number of groups and queues.