bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF DNA BY COORDINATION COMPLEXES. SUPEROXIDE FORMATION IN THE OXIDATION OF 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE‐CUPROUS COMPLEXES BY OXYGEN ‐ RELEVANCE TO DNA‐CLEAVAGE REACTION
Authors: GRAHAM D. R. , MARSHALL L. E. , REICH K. A. , SIGMAN D. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAnhand von spektroskopischen Untersuchungen in Gegenwart des Farbstoffes Nitroblautetrazolium wird der Mechanismus der Spaltreaktion untersucht, wobei ein direkter Beweis für die Bildung des Superoxidions in der Oxidation des Bis‐ [phenanthrolin]‐Cu(I)‐Komplexes, erzeugt in situ aus der Reduktion des Cu(II)‐Analogen mit Thiolen, erbracht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SILVER(I) COMPLEXES WITH N‐PROTECTED AMINO ACIDS
Authors: ANTOLINI L. , MENABUE L. , SALADINI M. , MORINI P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWäßrige oder methanolische Lösungen von AgNO3 oder AgClO4 reagieren mit den Na‐Salzen der N‐Acetyl‐ und N‐Benzoylderivate von Glycin, α‐ und β‐Alanin, Valin, Leucin und Tryptophan zu 1:1‐Komp1exen.
ChemInform Abstract: INVERSE SUBSTRATES. IX. AMIDINOPHENYL ESTERS DERIVED FROM AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES AS TRYPSIN SUBSTRATES
Authors: FUJIOKA T. , TANIZAWA K. , NAKAYAMA H. , KANAOKA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEs werden verschiedene Methoden zur Herstellung der Amidinophenylester von Aminosäuren aufgeführt, wobei der Schutz der Amidin‐Funktion insbesondere durch die Benzyloxycarbonylgruppe und ihre Abspaltung durch katalytische Hydrierung vorgenommen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DL‐SEPTICINE
Authors: IWASHITA T. , SUZUKI M. , KUSUMI T. , KAKISAWA H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Cycloadditionsreaktion von Pyrrolin‐N‐oxid (I) mit dem Bis‐(dimethoxyphenyl)‐butadien (II) liefert zwei stereoisomere Addukte (III) und (IV), von denen (III) bei der Umsetzung mit Zink/Eisessig jedoch nicht zu dem erwarteten Ringschluß führt, sondern (V) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ANTHRACYCLINONES VIA O‐QUINODIMETHANS
Authors: FARINA F. , PRIMO J. , TORRES T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus dem Anthrachinon (I) durch Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion mit Butadien (II) hergestellte Addukt (III) wird durch Acetylierung, nachfolgende katalytische Hydrierung und anschließende Oxidation mit Chromsäure in das tetracyclische Diacetoxychjnon (VI) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: ARENE‐METAL COMPLEXES. 13. REACTION OF SUBSTITUTED (BENZENE)TRICARBONYLCHROMIUM COMPLEXES WITH N‐BUTYLLITHIUM
Authors: CARD R. J. , TRAHANOVSKY W. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den substituierten Komplexen (I) werden die Substitutionsprodukte (II) erhalten; die Isomerenverteilung wird bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF 2‐HALO‐N‐ALLYLANILINES TO INDOLES VIA PALLADIUM(0) OXIDATIVE ADDITION‐INSERTION REACTIONS
Authors: ODLE R. , BLEVINS B. , RATCLIFF M. , HEGEDUS L. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den 2‐Halogen‐N‐allyl‐anilinen (I) entstehen mit Pd(O) über die Zwischenstufen (II) und (III) die 3‐Methyl‐indole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOUNDS WITH APPARENT ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY. PART V. HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVES OF 6‐SUBSTITUTED 5‐FORMYLIMIDAZO(2,1‐B)THIAZOLES AND 2,3‐DIHYDRO‐5‐FORMYLIMIDAZO(2,1‐B)THIAZOLES
Authors: ANDREANI A. , RAMBALDI M. , BONAZZI D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung von 5Formyl‐imidazo‐thiazolen (I) bzw. (III) mit Thiosemicarbazid bzw. Tosylhydrazin erhält man die Hydrazone (II) bzw. (IV), die keine signifikante antileukämische Wirkung haben.
ChemInform Abstract: A MILD AND FACILE SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL‐ AND ALKYLPHOSPHONYL DICHLORIDES UNDER NEUTRAL CONDITIONS. REACTION OF BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL) PHOSPHONATES WITH PHOSPHORUS(V) CHLORIDE
Authors: MORITA T. , OKAMOTO Y. , SAKURAI H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPhosphonsäuredialkylester (I) werden über die Trimethylsilylverbindungen (III) glatt und in hohen Ausbeuten in die Phosphonyldichloride (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. PART XV. 4‐TERT‐BUTYL‐2,6,7‐TRIOXA‐1‐PHOSPHABICYCLO(2.2.2)OCTANE AND ITS OXIDE
Authors: EDMUNDSON R. S. , FORTH C. I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer durch Ozonolyse aus Dimethylpenten erhältliche Aldehyd (I) reagiert mit Formaldehyd (II) zum Triol (III), das mit Triethylphosphit (IV) zum bicyclischen Phosphit (V) umgeestert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF 1‐METHYLIMIDAZOLINE‐2(3H)‐THIONE
Authors: RAPER E. S. , O'NEILL M. E. , DANIELS J. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelkomplexe (I) und (II) wurden mit 35‐55% Ausb. durch Reaktion der Ni‐Salze mit dem Liganden in wasserfreiem EtOH dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF N,O‐DIACYL‐N‐TERT‐BUTYLHYDROXYLAMINES
Authors: UCHIDA Y. , HASHIMOTO Y. , KOZUKA S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie aus dem Hydroxylamin (I) mit einem Überschuß der Aroylchloride (II) erhaltenen N,O‐Diaroyl‐ Derivate (III) liefern bei Thermolyse in Tetralin die Benzamide (IV), die Carbonsäuren (V) und als Tetralin‐Abkömmlinge das Bitetralyl (VI) und das Dihydronaphthalin (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 2,3‐DIPHENYLTHIIRENE 1,1‐DIOXIDE WITH NUCLEOPHILES
Authors: JARVIS B. B. , STAHLY G. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn Gegenwart von Kronenether erhält man aus 2,3‐Diphenylthiiren‐l ,l‐dioxid (I) neben Diphenylacetylen (II) das Sulfonylfluorid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF TRIFLIC ANHYDRIDE WITH GRIGNARD REAGENTS. OXIDIZING PROPERTIES OF TRIFLIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: CREARY X. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Grignardverbindungen (I) erhält man mit Trifluorsulfonsäureanhydrid (II) Mischungen aus den Halogeniden (III) und den Trifluormethylsulfonen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: IN SITU ALKYLATION OF 2‐FORMYL‐1,3‐DITHIANE
Authors: WILSON S. R. , MATHEW J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract1,3‐Dithian (I) kann nach Metallierung im Eintopfverfahren mit Dimethylformamid und 3‐Bromcyclohexen (II) zum Cyclohexenyl‐formyl‐dithian (III) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHOLE (2 + 2) AND (4 + 2) DIMERIZATIONS AROUND METAL CARBONYL MOIETIES. STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF A NEW TYPE OF EXO (4 + 2) DIMERS
Authors: SANTINI C. C. , FISCHER J. , MATHEY F. , MITSCHLER A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie UV‐Bestrahlung von Gemischen der 3,4‐Dimethylphosphole (I) und der Hexacarbonyle (II) führt neben den klassischen Komplexen (III) zu den Produkten (IV), in denen Diels‐Alder‐ [4 + 2]‐Phospholdimere als Chelatliganden fungieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF METALLACYCLOPENTANES CONTAINING TWO METALS IN THE RING. THERMAL DECOMPOSITION TO CYCLOPROPANE AND LIGAND‐INDUCED CONVERSION TO STABLE MONONUCLEAR METALLACYCLOPENTANONES
Authors: THEOPOLD K. H. , BERGMAN R. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWährend die Umsetzung des Radikalanions (II) mit MeI zur Bildung von (I) führt, bewirkt die Zugabe von 1,3‐Diiodopropan durch intramolekulare Dialkylierung die Bildung des stabilen Dimetallacyclopentans (III), das durch IR‐, NMR‐ und MS‐Daten charakterisiert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOMOLYBDATE (MOS42‐) AND THIOMOLYBDATE (MOOS32‐) AS STRUCTURALLY VERSATILE AND BIOCHEMICALLY INTERESTING LIGANDS IN CRYSTALLINE COPPER AND IRON MULTINUCLEAR COMPLEXES
Authors: MUELLER A. + , BOEGGE H. + , TOELLE H.‐G. + , JOSTES R. , SCHIMANSKI U. , DARTMANN M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Komplexe (I) und (II) werden durch Umsetzung wäßriger Lösungen von Cs2MoOS3 bzw. (NH4)2 M084 mit CuCl2 ‐ 2 H2O in Gegenwart von PPh3 in Methylenchlorid und der Komplex (III) aus (Ph4P)2MoS4, FeClz ‐4 H2O und [PhCH2 ‐NMe3]Cl in Acetonitril in Form reiner Kristalle erhalten (Ausb‐Angabe in Gramm).
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION OF CIS‐DIAQUODIAMMINEPLATINUM DINITRATE WITH RIBOSE DINUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATES
Authors: CHOTTARD J. C. , GIRAULT J. P. , CHOTTARD G. , LALLEMAND J. Y. , MANSUY D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Chelatbildung des Pt‐Tite1komplexes mit den drei Homodinueleosiden von Inosin, Guanin und Adenin und den zwei Heterodinucleosiden von Guanin oder Adenin und Cytosin in wäßriger Lösung wird mittels 1 H‐NMR‐ und CD‐Analysen sowie chromatographiseher Methoden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: MIMOCIN, A NEW ISOQUINOLINEQUINONE ANTIBIOTIC
Authors: KUBO A. , NAKAHARA S. , IWATA R. , TAKAHASHI K. , ARAI T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFür Mimocin wird die Struktur (V) sichergestellt, u.a. durch eine unabhängige Synthese aus dem Isochinolin‐chinon (I) in der angegebenen Weise.
ChemInform Abstract: Me2Zn‐Mediated Catalytic Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Addition of TosMIC to Ketones.
Authors: Keeri Abdul Raheem , Gualandi Andrea , Mazzanti Andrea , Lewinski Janusz , Cozzi Pier Giorgio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe asymmetric addition of tosylmethyl isocyanide to unactivated ketones affords oxazolines via aldol addition/cyclization with excellent yields, high enantioselectivities, and complete diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu and Cu‐Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis
Authors: Gawande Manoj B. , Goswami Anandarup , Felpin Francois‐Xavier , Asefa Tewodros , Huang Xiaoxi , Silva Rafael , Zou Xiaoxin , Zboril Radek , Varma Rajender S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReview: 800 refs.
High Plasma Levels of Gremlin‐1 and Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, but Not Their Ratio, Indicate an Increased Risk for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Müller Karin A.L. , Rath Dominik , Schmid Martina , Schoenleber Heiko , Gawaz Meinrad , Geisler Tobias , Müller Iris I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundChronic inflammation promotes atherosclerosis and is a prognostic factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are at risk for progressive atherosclerosis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key player in atherosclerosis, mediating pro‐inflammatory responses. Its endogenous antagonist Gremlin‐1 inhibits foam‐cell formation and atheroprogression by binding MIF, neutralizing its proatherosclerotic functions.HypothesisPlasma levels of MIF and Gremlin‐1 correlate with the stability of CAD in patients with DM2.MethodWe assessed plasma levels of Gremlin‐1 and MIF in 198 nondiabetic and 88 diabetic patients with symptomatic CAD using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsPlasma levels of Gremlin‐1 were higher DM2 patients (278.8 ± 16.6 vs 224.7 ± 6.7 ng/mL; P = 0.001). MIF levels were elevated but not significantly increased in DM2 (P = 0.098). Interestingly, we found that Gremlin‐1 plasma levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP; n = 53) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS; n = 35) compared with nondiabetic patients with SAP (P = 0.008 and P = 0.011, respectively). MIF levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with ACS compared with SAP (P < 0.001). Although the single plasma parameters showed an association with DM2 and CAD status, we could not confirm that the Gremlin‐1/MIF ratio is significantly different in patients stratified by DM2 and CAD (P = 0.072). Hence, Gremlin‐1/MIF ratio was significantly lower in patients with ACS compared with SAP (1.1 ± 0.1 vs 4.4 ± 1.1; P = 0.003).ConclusionsDiabetic patients with ACS show increased levels of Gremlin‐1 and MIF, leading to unfavorable Gremlin‐1/MIF ratios. However, DM2 alone is not associated with low Gremlin‐1/MIF ratios.
The evolution of whisker‐mediated somatosensation in mammals: Sensory processing in barrelless S1 cortex of a marsupial, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Ramamurthy Deepa L. , Krubitzer Leah A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTMovable tactile sensors in the form of whiskers are present in most mammals, but sensory coding in the cortical whisker representation has been studied almost exclusively in mice and rats. Many species that possess whiskers lack the modular “barrel” organization found in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice and rats, but it is unclear how whisker‐related input is represented in these species. We used single‐unit extracellular recording techniques to characterize receptive fields and response properties in S1 of Monodelphis domestica (short‐tailed opossum), a nocturnal, terrestrial marsupial that shared its last common ancestor with placental mammals over 160 million years ago. Short‐tailed opossums lack barrels and septa in S1 but show active whisking behavior similar to that of mice and rats. Most neurons in short‐tailed opossum S1 exhibited multiwhisker receptive fields, including a single best whisker (BW) and lower magnitude responses to the deflection of surrounding whiskers. Mean tuning width was similar to that reported for mice and rats. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical receptive fields were present. Neurons tuned to ventral whiskers tended to show broad tuning along the rostrocaudal axis. Thus, despite the absence of barrels, most receptive field properties were similar to those reported for mice and rats. However, unlike those species, S1 neuronal responses to BW and surround whisker deflection showed comparable latencies in short‐tailed opossums. This dissimilarity suggests that some aspects of barrel cortex function may not generalize to tactile processing across mammalian species and may be related to differences in the architecture of the whisker‐to‐cortex pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3587–3613, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ hybridization analyses of claustrum‐enriched genes in marmosets
Authors: Watakabe Akiya 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe claustrum/endopiriform nucleus is a unique structure that sits between the striatum and the cerebral cortex. Recent genome‐wide mapping of gene expression in mice identified various genes concentrated in this structure, suggesting a requirement for a special set of genes for its function. In situ hybridization histochemistry was performed for such “claustrum‐enriched” genes in the marmoset brain. In marmosets, nurr1 and netrinG2 genes exhibited highly concentrated expression in the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus, as well as in a subpopulation of layer 6 neurons across the entire cortex, consistent with their expression patterns as described in macaques. Cux2 showed enriched expression in the upper layers (layers 2–4) and the claustrum/endopiriform nucleus. GNG2 was expressed strongly in the claustrum/endopiriform nucleus, but was abundant across cortical areas in a ventral high‐dorsal low gradient. Latexin was detected in the claustrum and dorsal endopiriform nucleus, but not in cortical regions. GNB4 and Tmem163 genes were both concentrated in the claustrum/endopiriform nucleus, as reported in mice, but their cortical expression in the marmoset differed from the mouse pattern. Thus, the gene set required for the claustrum appears to be broadly conserved across species, despite various differences that suggest species‐specific differentiation of brain architecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1442–1458, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinal pigment epithelial integrity is compromised in the developing albino mouse retina
Authors: Iwai‐Takekoshi Lena , Ramos Anna , Schaler Ari , Weinreb Samuel , Blazeski Richard , Mason Carol 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn the developing murine eye, melanin synthesis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) coincides with neurogenesis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Disruption of pigmentation in the albino RPE is associated with delayed neurogenesis in the ventrotemporal retina, the source of ipsilateral RGCs, and a reduced ipsilateral RGC projection. To begin to unravel how melanogenesis and the RPE regulate RGC neurogenesis and cell subpopulation specification, we compared the features of albino and pigmented mouse RPE cells during the period of RGC neurogenesis (embryonic day, E, 12.5 to 18.5) when the RPE is closely apposed to developing RGC precursors. At E12.5 and E15.5, although albino and pigmented RPE cells express RPE markers Otx2 and Mitf similarly, albino RPE cells are irregularly shaped and have fewer melanosomes compared with pigmented RPE cells. The adherens junction protein P‐cadherin appears loosely distributed within the albino RPE cells rather than tightly localized on the cell membrane, as in pigmented RPE. Connexin 43 (gap junction protein) is expressed in pigmented and albino RPE cells at E13.5 but at E15.5 albino RPE cells have fewer small connexin 43 puncta, and a larger fraction of phosphorylated connexin 43 at serine 368. These results suggest that the lack of pigment in the RPE results in impaired RPE cell integrity and communication via gap junctions between RPE and neural retina during RGC neurogenesis. Our findings should pave the way for further investigation of the role of RPE in regulating RGC development toward achieving proper RGC axon decussation. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3696–3716, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Hybridization in Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Wang Kai , Yu Weichang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is widely used in cytogenetics to determine the localization of DNA sequences on target chromosomes, to provide visible information regarding the physical position of DNA sequences, to determine the abundance and distribution of repetitive sequences that comprise a large proportion of genomes, and to determine the relative chromosome positions of multiple sequences in physical mapping. By mapping on extended chromatin fibers, fiber‐FISH can be used to determine the structure and organization of genes or DNA sequences with a high resolution (to a few kilobases). The protocols described here will provide procedures of FISH on metaphase chromosomes and extended chromatin fibers of rice (Oryza sativa). © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Soluble Sugar and Starch Extraction and Quantification from Maize (Zea mays) Leaves
Authors: Leach Kristen A. , Braun David M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn easy‐to‐perform protocol for isolating and quantifying soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch from maize (Zea mays) leaf tissue is described. The method has been optimized to extract non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) from frozen, finely ground tissue in a methanol:chloroform:water solution. Three rounds of tissue extraction for 30 min each at 50°C provide quantitative recovery of soluble sugars. The use of alternative extraction solvents is discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents. Additionally, we provide two support protocols. The first quantifies the isolated NSC via commercially available enzymatic kits that couple the amount of each specific sugar to the production of NADPH, which is detected using equipment readily available to most laboratories. The second describes the preparation of a purification column to remove strongly charged or hydrophobic molecules from the extracted sugar solution, which is required prior to quantification with high‐pressure liquid chromatography or high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography. The protocols are robust and easily adapted for use in measuring NSC extracted from other plant species or tissues, making them ideal for new users. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Graphene in an Electro‐Fenton System: In Situ Generation of H2O2 for the Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Chen Chen‐Yu , Tang Cheng , Wang Hao‐Fan , Chen Cheng‐Meng , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Huang Xia , Zhang Qiang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFenton oxidation using an aqueous mixture of Fe2+ and H2O2 is a promising environmental remediation strategy. However, the difficulty of storage and shipment of concentrated H2O2 and the generation of iron sludge limit its broad application. Therefore, highly efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts are in great need. Herein, a graphene catalyst is proposed for the electro‐Fenton process, in which H2O2 is generated in situ by the two‐electron reduction of the dissolved O2 on the cathode and then decomposes to generate .OH in acidic solution with Fe2+. The π bond of the oxygen is broken whereas the σ bond is generally preserved on the metal‐free reduced graphene oxide owing to the high free energy change. Consequently, the oxygen is reduced to H2O2 through a two‐electron pathway. The thermally reduced graphene with a high specific surface area (308.8 m2 g−1) and a large oxygen content (10.3 at %) exhibits excellent reactivity for the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction to H2O2. A highly efficient peroxide yield (64.2 %) and a remarkable decolorization of methylene blue (12 mg L−1) of over 97 % in 160 min are obtained. The degradation of methylene blue with hydroxyl radicals generated in situ is described by a pseudo first‐order kinetics model. This provides a proof‐of‐concept of an environmentally friendly electro‐Fenton process using graphene for the oxygen reduction reaction in an acidic solution to generate H2O2.
In Situ Coating of Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2 Particles to Enable Aqueous Electrode Processing
Authors: Loeffler Nicholas , Kim Guk‐Tae , Mueller Franziska , Diemant Thomas , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Behm R. Jürgen , Passerini Stefano 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe aqueous processing of lithium‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes has the potential to notably decrease the battery processing costs and paves the way for a sustainable and environmentally benign production (and recycling) of electrochemical energy storage devices. Although this concept has already been adopted for the industrial production of LIB graphite anodes, the performance decay of cathode electrodes based on transition metal oxides processed in aqueous environments is still an open issue. In this study, we show that the addition of small quantities of phosphoric acid into the cathodic slurry yields Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2 electrodes that have an outstanding electrochemical performance in lithium‐ion cells.
Directional genetic differentiation and relative migration
Authors: Sundqvist Lisa , Keenan Kevin , Zackrisson Martin , Prodöhl Paulo , Kleinhans David 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the population structure and patterns of gene flow within species is of fundamental importance to the study of evolution. In the fields of population and evolutionary genetics, measures of genetic differentiation are commonly used to gather this information. One potential caveat is that these measures assume gene flow to be symmetric. However, asymmetric gene flow is common in nature, especially in systems driven by physical processes such as wind or water currents. As information about levels of asymmetric gene flow among populations is essential for the correct interpretation of the distribution of contemporary genetic diversity within species, this should not be overlooked. To obtain information on asymmetric migration patterns from genetic data, complex models based on maximum‐likelihood or Bayesian approaches generally need to be employed, often at great computational cost. Here, a new simpler and more efficient approach for understanding gene flow patterns is presented. This approach allows the estimation of directional components of genetic divergence between pairs of populations at low computational effort, using any of the classical or modern measures of genetic differentiation. These directional measures of genetic differentiation can further be used to calculate directional relative migration and to detect asymmetries in gene flow patterns. This can be done in a user‐friendly web application called divMigrate‐online introduced in this study. Using simulated data sets with known gene flow regimes, we demonstrate that the method is capable of resolving complex migration patterns under a range of study designs.