bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Organizations and Arrangements
Authors: De Wet Erika 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the African Union’s (AU) military operations since the turn of the century and the legal framework pertaining to its regional security. It examines the AU’s increasing involvement in peace operations since the late 1990s in the context of its relationship with the United Nations Charter. The chapter first clarifies the meaning of the term ‘regional organizations’ based on Article 53(1) of the UN Charter before discussing whether and to what extent regional enforcement action can be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the UN Security Council. It then evaluates the legal basis of the AU’s military operations and their relationship with the UN Security Council, citing the cases of Burundi, Sudan, Somalia, and the Comoros.
A Novel Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium Species Causing an Abdominal Cerebrospinal Fluid Pseudocyst Infection
Authors: Hussain Cory K. , de Man Tom J. B. , Toney Nadege C. , Kamboj Kamal , Balada-Llasat Joan-Miquel , Wang Shu-Hua 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a rare cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections. We describe the isolation and identification of a novel, rapidly growing, nonpigmented NTM from an abdominal cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst. The patient presented with fevers, nausea, and abdominal pain and clinically improved after shunt removal. NTM identification was performed by amplicon and whole-genome sequencing.
The Difference that Peter I Made
Authors: Zitser Ernest A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Arguing that the modernity, rationality and secularity of Peter the Great’s project have been generally over-emphasized, this chapter contends that the Tsar’s drive to transform his vast realm into a wealthy, powerful and well-regulated Empire derived less from his fondness for things foreign or from the constant demands of warfare than from his sense of divine election for his imperial vocation and his unswerving belief—nurtured by his intimates, tested by the ups-and-downs of political and military fortune, and represented by ceremonies and spectacles, both sacred and profane—that he was predestined for greatness.
Music Education, Social Justice, and the “Student Voice”
Authors: Spruce Gary 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers issues around “student voice,” social justice, and the alienation and disengagement of young people from school music education. It begins by arguing that the subtle and problematized accounts of student voice found in much of the literature has generally failed to influence the implementation of student voice initiatives in school. Rather, “student voice” has come to be a tool for the furtherance of performative and managerial agendas. Moving on, the argument will be made that despite a disposition toward inclusion and participation, music education in England has often failed to “hear” the student voice in the discourse of curriculum, pedagogy, and musical value, resulting in the disengagement of many young people from formal music education in school. In the final section a dialogical approach to music education is posited as one way in which the voice of the student might be heard within music education discourses.
Organizational Evolution and Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A. , Marino Alessandro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article examines the importance of plasticity and diversity in organizational adaptation and with respect to dynamic capabilities. It begins by conceptualizing what elements comprise a dynamic capability within an evolving organization using the contrast between templates (genotypes) and realized practices (phenotypes). It then introduces a model of hierarchical learning inside organizations with the goal of elucidating the interrelationships underlying the adaptive properties of the internal ecology of organizational evolution. In particular, it compares higher-level selection/recombination mechanisms with lower-level learning capabilities. This article highlights the importance of recognizing the interplay among the mechanisms and forces at work in the evolutionary dynamics of organizations. It shows that processes of variation and selection can be a valuable substitute for the capacity to adapt individual behaviors and that plasticity of templates may mitigate the effective selection of more or less promising templates.
Palmyrene
Authors: Cussini Eleonora 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The rich epigraphic corpus from the Syrian caravan city of Palmyra (first century BCE–third century CE) is an invaluable source for the study of the complex and multifaceted local culture. In addition, Palmyrene epigraphic records come from other Near Eastern sites, for example Dura Europos, and have also been unearthed in Europe, in the UK and elsewhere. The inscriptions are mainly carved on stone and may be classified as honorific, dedicatory and funerary. Among significant documents is the Tariff, a long Greek and Palmyrene record of municipal levies on imported and exported goods. Although many inscriptions have a formulaic, somewhat fixed structure, they contain a lot of information and significant variations and are an invaluable source for the reconstruction of Palmyrene legal language, aspects of religion and culture, of the interaction of various ethnic components at Palmyra and for the study of Palmyrene Aramaic.
Mandaic Literature
Authors: Buckley Jorunn J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Still extant, the Mandaeans are the longest-surviving Gnostic people from the era of late antiquity. Belonging to the rubric of Gnostic Baptists, the Mandaeans may have had a historical connection to John the Baptist before they emigrated to Iraq and Iran in the first century. In terms of sheer bulk, their enormous literary canon—which exists in a variety of forms, and in their own language, Mandaic—has no rival among Gnostic groups. This literature, including the Ginza (The Book of Adam), their holy book, is described, with an emphasis on the most prominent documents and with reference to the principal western scholars and translators of Mandaean texts.
Women
Authors: Dodge Mary 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Women appear as white-collar offenders with far less frequency than do men, despite a contemporary workplace that offers more opportunities for female crime. High-level corporate positions for women that are conducive to elite deviance, however, remain relatively rare. Research on whether women are committing more white-collar crimes is inconclusive. On the victimization side of the equation, evidence is less equivocal. Both women and men are victimized by white-collar crime, but the nature of victimization is gendered. For some types of fraud, particularly reproductive medicine, women are more likely to be targets for illegal or unethical behavior. Occupational segregation increases the relative victimization risks for men and women in unique ways. This essay provides an in-depth exploration of female offending and victimization in occupational and corporate crime.
Social Concern and Crime
Authors: Chouhy Cecilia , Agnew Robert , Cullen Francis T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSocial concern theory (SCT) states that individuals are naturally inclined to show concern for the welfare of others, desire close ties to others, follow certain moral intuitions, and conform to the behavior and views of others. SCT describes the implications of these inclinations for crime. This essay begins by discussing the conceptions of human nature in different crime theories. It then describes the propositions of SCT, with the major proposition being that individuals high in the elements of social concern are generally less likely to engage in crime. It next reviews the limited research on this proposition, followed by a discussion of the policy implications of SCT and directions for further research.
Sentencing Policies and Practices in Minnesota
Authors: Frase Richard S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis essay evaluates the origins, purposes, operation, and evolution of Minnesota’s sentencing guidelines system, implemented in 1980. Topics examined include key guidelines provisions, related statutes, charging and sentencing practices, departure rates, interpretive case law, and correctional populations. The essay concludes that the goals of this pioneering sentencing reform have largely been achieved: punishments have become more uniform and proportionate; policy formulation is more comprehensive and informed by data; sentencing has been coordinated with available correctional resources to avoid prison overcrowding and set priorities in the use of prison beds; there is a greater degree of “truth in sentencing;” prison sentences are used relatively sparingly; and the guidelines remain fairly simple to understand and apply. Minnesota has also achieved a sustainable balance between conflicting sentencing purposes, between uniformity versus flexibility, and in the powers of the sentencing commission, the legislature, courts, and practitioners to control sentencing policy and case outcomes.
The Ptolemies
Authors: Pfeiffer Stefan 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article explores the character(s) of Ptolemaic kingship in Egypt. A special focus is placed on the legitimation of kingship and the different forms of (self-) representation of the king. After remarks on the king’s court and principles of state organization, the concept of the Hellenistic basileus is explained by using Ptolemy III as a model of the Ptolemaic king. This is followed by a discussion of the Egyptian side of Ptolemaic kingship, which also can best be explained by the representation of Ptolemy III. In the last section of this essay the question of mixed forms of Ptolemaic representation and self-conception is discussed.
Current Questions and New Directions in Archaeological Obsidian Studies
Authors: Dillian Carolyn 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article discusses the current status of archaeological obsidian studies, including techniques used in characterization and sourcing studies, obsidian hydration, and regional syntheses. It begins with an overview of obsidian and the unique formation processes that create it before turning to a discussion of the significance of characterization and sourcing techniques for understanding prehistoric obsidian trade and exchange. It then considers the problematic aspects of the term “sourcing,” despite its ubiquitous use in archaeology and archaeometry, along with the use of X-ray fluorescence in the chemical characterization of obsidian. It also explores obsidian hydration dating methods and equations, factors that can affect the date assignments for hydration specimens, and the various uses of obsidian in prehistoric times. Finally, it addresses some important questions relating to obsidian research and suggests new directions in the field.
Buddhist Studies beyond the Nation-State
Authors: Payne Richard K. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This essay examines a variety of dysfunctional consequences of employing modern nation-states as the default organizing category for Buddhist studies regardless of the period being studied. Two of these consequences are directly related to one another: conflating contemporary nation-states with religious cultures, and equating religious and ethnic identities. Additionally, the organizing category tends to privilege some particular tradition as representative of or the essence of Buddhism in a specific nation-state, marking that tradition as uniquely authoritative. More broadly, research is constrained within the boundaries of nation-states, and the continuity of Buddhist traditions that cross nation-state boundaries is obscured. At the same time artificial continuities are retrospectively imposed, and the tradition comes to be defined by forms located at the center of political power. The work of four contemporary scholars is discussed as exemplifying the arguments for and value of moving away from nation-state categories. Consideration is given to the formative role of the training of missionaries and other agents of empire in the institutionalization of nation-state categories.
Data and Doing: Using Wound Size to Evaluate Wound Care in Venous Ulcers
Authors: Bates-Jensen Barbara , Bohn Gregory A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Measuring and monitoring wound progress by size are an important management tool. Wound progress and size can help assess effectiveness of therapy and predict healing, while preparing for application of advanced wound products and treatments. The authors outline methods of tracking wound size and predictors of healing in venous leg ulcers.
Effect of High- and Low-Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Angiogenesis and Myofibroblast Proliferation in Acute Excisional Wounds in Rat Skin
Authors: Machado Aline F. P. , Liebano Richard E. , Furtado Fabianne , Hochman Bernardo , Ferreira Lydia M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
This study evaluated the effects of high- (HF) and low-frequency (LF) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on angiogenesis and myofibroblast proliferation in acute excisional wounds in rat skin.

DESIGN:
This was an experimental controlled and randomized study.

PARTICIPANTS:
An excisional wound was made on the back of 90 adult male EPM1-Wistar rats using an 8-mm punch.

INTERVENTIONS:
The animals were randomly assigned to the HF group (80 Hz), LF group (5 Hz), or control group. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (pulse duration, 200 microseconds; current amplitude, 15 mA) was delivered (session length, 60 minutes) on 3 consecutive days.

MEAN OUTCOME MEASURE:
Immunohistochemistry was performed on postoperative days 3, 7, and 14 for counting blood vessels and myofibroblasts.

MEAN OUTCOME RESULTS:
The LF group had significantly more blood vessels than the HF group on day 3 (P = .004). The HF group had significantly less blood vessels than did the control group on days 7 (P = .002) and 14 (P = .034) and less myofibroblasts than did both the LF and control groups on day 3 (P = .004) and less than did the control group on day 7 (P = .001).

CONCLUSION:
There seems to be a benefit to the use of LF transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the healing of acute excisional wounds, but further studies are warranted.
Urinary Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 7 for Risk Stratification of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Sepsis
Authors: Honore Patrick M. , Nguyen H. Bryant , Gong Michelle , Chawla Lakhmir S. , Bagshaw Sean M. , Artigas Antonio , Shi Jing , Joannes-Boyau Olivier , Vincent Jean-Louis , Kellum John A. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To examine the performance of the urinary biomarker panel tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in patients with sepsis at ICU admission. To investigate the effect of nonrenal organ dysfunction on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in this population.

Method:
In this ancillary analysis, we included patients with sepsis who were enrolled in either of two trials including 39 ICUs across Europe and North America. The primary endpoint was moderate-severe acute kidney injury (equivalent to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome stage 2–3) within 12 hours of enrollment. We assessed biomarker performance by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values at three cutoffs: 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 (ng/mL)2/1,000. We also calculated nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores for each patient on enrollment and compared tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 results in patients with and without acute kidney injury and across nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Finally, we constructed a clinical model for acute kidney injury in this population and compared the performance of the model with and without tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7.

Results:
We included 232 patients in the analysis and 40 (17%) developed acute kidney injury. We observed significantly higher urine tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in patients with acute kidney injury than without acute kidney injury in both patients with low and high nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI) of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 was 0.84 (0.73–0.92) and 0.85 (0.76–0.94), in low and high nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score subgroups. Performance of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 test was not modified by nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (p = 0.70). In multivariate analysis, the addition of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 significantly improved the performance of a clinical model for predicting acute kidney injury (p = 0.015).

Conclusion:
Urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 accurately predicts acute kidney injury in septic patients with or without other organ failures.
Impact of Weight Extremes on Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Ward Shan L. , Gildengorin Virginia , Valentine Stacey L. , Sapru Anil , Curley Martha A. Q. , Thomas Neal , Willson Douglas F. , Flori Heidi R. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To determine whether weight extremes impact clinical outcomes in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Design:
Post hoc analysis of a cohort created by combining five multicenter pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome studies.

Setting:
Forty-three academic PICUs worldwide.

Patients:
A total of 711 subjects prospectively diagnosed with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Intervention:
Subjects more than 2 years were included and categorized by Center for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index z score criteria: underweight (< –1.89), normal weight (–1.89 to +1.04), overweight (+1.05 to +1.64), and obese (≥ +1.65). Subjects were stratified by direct versus indirect lung injury leading to pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. In survivors, secondary analyses included duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 331 patients met inclusion criteria; 12% were underweight, 50% normal weight, 11% overweight, and 27% obese. Overall mortality was 20%. By multivariate analysis, body mass index category was independently associated with mortality (p = 0.004). When stratified by lung injury type, there was no mortality difference between body mass index groups with direct lung injury; however, in the indirect lung injury group, the odds of mortality in the obese were significantly lower than normal weight subjects (odds ratio, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02–0.84). Survivors with direct lung injury had no difference in the duration of mechanical ventilation or ICU length of stay; however, those with indirect lung injury, the overweight required longer duration of mechanical ventilation than other groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
These data support the obesity paradox in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Obese children with indirect lung injury pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome have a lower risk of mortality. Importantly, among survivors, the overweight with indirect lung injury requires longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Our data require prospective validation to further elucidate the pathobiology of this phenomenon.
The Impact of Pharmacokinetic Interactions With Eslicarbazepine Acetate Versus Oxcarbazepine and Carbamazepine in Clinical Practice
Authors: Johannessen Landmark Cecilie , Svendsen Torleiv , Dinarevic Jasmin , Kufaas Ruben F. , Reimers Arne , Brodtkorb Eylert , Baftiu Arton , Burns Margrete L. , Johannessen Svein I. 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a new anti-epileptic drug (AED) chemically related to oxcarbazepine (OXC) and carbamazepine (CBZ) and is increasingly used in clinical practice. The purpose of the study was to investigate 2-way pharmacokinetic interactions between ESL and other AEDs as compared to OXC and CBZ.

Methods:
Anonymous data regarding age, gender, use of AEDs, daily doses and serum concentration measurements of ESL, OXC, CBZ and lamotrigine (LTG) and other AEDs were retrieved from 2 therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) databases in Norway. Drugs were categorized according to their known potential for interactions. Concentration/dose (C/D) ratios were calculated.

Results:
Data from 1100 patients were available. The C/D ratios of ESL and OXC were unchanged in combination with enzyme-inducing AEDs or valproate (VPA). The C/D ratio of CBZ decreased by 40% and 22% in combination with other enzyme-inducing AEDs or VPA, respectively, pointing to an increased clearance. ESL demonstrated no significant enzyme-inducing effect on LTG metabolism although there was a 20% and 34% decrease in the C/D ratio of LTG in combination with OXC and CBZ, respectively.

Conclusions:
Possible pharmacokinetic interactions have been studied for ESL as compared to OXC and CBZ. The pharmacokinetics of ESL is not affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs or VPA and does not affect the metabolism of LTG in contrast to OXC and CBZ. The study demonstrates the value of using TDM databases to explore the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions of new AEDs.
Ultrafast Online SPE-MS/MS Method for Quantification of 3 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Human Plasma
Authors: Vrobel Ivo , Janečková Hana , Faber Edgar , Bouchalová Kateřina , Mičová Kateřina , Friedecký David , Adam Tomáš 
Published: July 2016

Background:
With an increasing number of cancer patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), therapeutic drug monitoring of these molecules is becoming more widespread today. It is mainly based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods with typical run times of several minutes. In an online solid phase extraction-MS/MS (SPE-MS/MS) system, the chromatography column is replaced with a reusable solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and the analysis time is shortened to less than half a minute. The aim of this study was to develop such a method and test the performance of this high-throughput system in the analysis of imatinib (IMA), nilotinib (NIL), and lapatinib (LAP) in human plasma.

Methods:
Samples were prepared by simple protein precipitation with methanol containing deuterated internal standards. After centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted 10 fold with a mixture of methanol and water (1:1). A C4 cartridge was used for SPE and the analytes were eluted by acetonitrile. All the analytes were measured within a wide calibration range (50–5000 ng/mL for nilotinib and imatinib, 100–10,000 ng/mL for lapatinib). The method was compared with the LC-MS/MS method by the analysis of 176 clinical samples.

Results:
Intraday and interday inaccuracies within 15% and a coefficient of variation less than 15% were achieved for all the TKIs that were measured. Even though the matrix effects were higher in comparison with LC-MS/MS methods, their effect on the performance of the method was eliminated by the usage of deuterated internal standards. The total run time of the new method was 29 seconds for one analysis and the results were fully comparable with LC-MS/MS.

Conclusions:
Routine clinical practice requiring high-throughput methods for therapeutic drug monitoring of TKIs may benefit from the online SPE-MS/MS method that provides fast, low-cost analysis, and results that are comparable with conventional methods.