bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sea levels, shorelines and settlements on Pacific reef islands
Authors: NUNN PATRICK D. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA reassessment is made of the model of Dickinson (2003, Journal of Coastal Research), which proposed that many Pacific island coasts were settled only after the palaeoreef flats or shore platforms that formed during the mid‐Holocene sea‐level highstand emerged above high‐tide level: a point in time known as the crossover date. Focusing on reef (atoll) islands, the analysis suggests that this model has potential when applied to islands east of 178°E, with some, such as Funafuti (Tuvalu) and Atafu (Tokelau), being settled around the time of their crossover dates and others to the east and north‐east a few centuries later. The model fails to explain the settlement of atolls in the north‐west Pacific (Marshall Islands and eastern Kiribati), where islands formed well before crossover dates, something that can be attributed to the larger tidal range and complex interplay between sea level and reef upgrowth. The enduring legacy of Dickinson to Pacific archaeology is the demonstration that people were operating in a dynamic environment that presented them with new challenges and opportunities rather than in an environment that was static.
Progression of Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis to Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Runsheng , Gabriel Sherine E. , Ward Michael M. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveThe long‐term outcome of patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is unclear, particularly whether few or most progress to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Our objective was to examine the progression to AS in a population‐based inception cohort of patients with nonradiographic axial SpA.MethodsThe Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) is a longstanding population‐based study of health in the residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. We searched the REP from 1985 to 2010 using diagnostic and procedural codes for back pain, HLA–B27, and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis, and we performed detailed chart reviews to identify subjects who fulfilled the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial SpA but did not have AS. We followed these subjects from disease onset to March 15, 2015, and used survival analysis to measure the time to progression to AS.ResultsAfter screening 2,151 patients, we identified 83 subjects with new‐onset nonradiographic axial SpA. Over a mean follow‐up of 10.6 years, progression to AS occurred in 16 patients. The probability that the condition would remain as nonradiographic axial SpA at 5, 10, and 15 years was 93.6%, 82.7%, and 73.6%, respectively. There was more frequent and more rapid progression among subjects in the imaging arm (n = 18) than among those in the clinical arm (n = 65) (28% versus 17%; hazard ratio 3.50 [95% confidence interval 1.15–10.6], P = 0.02).ConclusionProgression to AS occurred in a minority (26%) of patients with nonradiographic axial SpA over as long as 15 years of follow‐up. This suggests that the classification criteria for nonradiographic axial SpA identifies many patients in whom the condition is unlikely to progress to AS or that nonradiographic axial SpA represents a prolonged prodromal state that takes longer to evolve to AS and thus requires longer follow‐up.
Brief Report: Utilization of the First Biosimilar Infliximab Since Its Approval in South Korea
Authors: Kim Seoyoung C. , Choi Nam‐Kyong , Lee Joongyub , Kwon Kyoung‐Eun , Eddings Wesley , Sung Yoon‐Kyoung , Ji Song Hong , Kesselheim Aaron S. , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveThe US Food and Drug Administration is considering an application for a biosimilar version of infliximab, which has been available in South Korea since November 2012. The aim of the present study was to examine the utilization patterns of both branded and biosimilar infliximab and other tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in South Korea before and after the introduction of this biosimilar infliximab.MethodsUsing claims data from April 2009 to March 2014 from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database, which includes the entire South Korean population, the number of claims for biosimilar infliximab was assessed. A segmented linear regression model was used to examine the utilization patterns of infliximab (the branded and biosimilar versions) and other TNF inhibitors (adalimumab and etanercept) before and after the introduction of the biosimilar infliximab.ResultsIn total, 20,976 TNF inhibitor users were identified from the South Korean claims database, including 983 with a prescription claim for biosimilar infliximab. Among all of the claims for any version of infliximab, the proportion of biosimilar infliximab claims increased to 19% through March 2014. Before November 2012, each month there were 33 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 32, 35) more infliximab claims, 44 (95% CI 40, 48) more etanercept claims, and 50 (95% CI 47, 53) more adalimumab claims. After November 2012, there were significant changes in the slopes for trend in usage, with additional increases in the use of branded and biosimilar infliximab (9 more claims per month, 95% CI 2, 17) and decreases in the use of etanercept (−52 claims per month, 95% CI −66, −38) and adalimumab (−21 claims per month, 95% CI −35, −6).ConclusionDuring the first 15 months since its introduction in South Korea, one‐fifth of all infliximab claims were for the biosimilar version. Introduction of biosimilar infliximab may affect the use of other TNF inhibitors, and the magnitude of change in usage will likely differ in other countries.
Correlation between lignin physicochemical properties and inhibition to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose
Authors: Yang Qiang , Pan Xuejun 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTUsing isolated organosolv lignins from hardwood poplar and softwood lodgepole pine with varied physicochemical properties (molecular weight, aliphatic hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl, and hydrophobicity), the inhibitory effect of the lignins on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated and the relationship between lignin properties and the inhibitory effect was elucidated. The results indicated that the lignin inhibition to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was closely related to the hydrophobicity and the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the lignin. The overall hydrophobicity of the lignin quantified by contact angle could serve as a predictor of the inhibitory effect of lignin. Hydrophilic modification of the lignin by carboxylation and sulfonation reduced the hydrophobicity by 22–30% and thereby removed the lignin inhibition by 76–96%. Phenolic hydroxyl group was a crucial factor affecting the inhibitory effect of lignin. Blocking free phenolic hydroxyl group by chemical reaction such as hydroxypropylation significantly (65–91%) reduced the inhibitory effect of lignin. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1213–1224. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple LabVIEW‐MATLAB implementation to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode with a diffraction grating
Authors: Rivera‐Ortega Uriel 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIt is well known that one of the features of a laser diode is its wavelength tunability, which can be modulated with a variable injection current and/or temperature of its active region. The wavelength of a laser source is commonly associated with its output color in the visible spectrum; however, if a wavelength change is not long enough to be observed as a color variation in the output beam, a wavelength meter or an interferometer setup should be needed for a quantitative or qualitative observation, respectively. In this manuscript, it is described a simple method to observe the wavelength tunability of a laser diode when a variable voltage is applied to its input by analyzing the diffraction orders displacements produced when the output beam passes through a transmissive diffraction grating. This demonstration is suitable to be implemented in undergraduate engineering laboratories for topics related to optics, helping students understand basic physics concepts such as diffraction and wavelength. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:365–370, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21714
Onocerin Biosynthesis Requires Two Highly Dedicated Triterpene Cyclases in a Fern Lycopodium clavatum
Authors: Araki Takeshi , Saga Yusuke , Marugami Momo , Otaka Junnosuke , Araya Hiroshi , Saito Kazuki , Yamazaki Mami , Suzuki Hideyuki , Kushiro Tetsuo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOnocerin is known for its unusual structure among triterpenoids, with a symmetrical structure that is formed by cyclizations at the both termini of dioxidosqualene. The nature of the enzyme catalyzing these unusual cyclizations has remained elusive for decades. Here, we report the cloning of genes responsible for these reactions; they exhibited unprecedented substrate specificities among oxidosqualene cyclase family members. Two genes, LCC and LCD, were identified from the fern Lycopodium clavatum. Expression in yeast revealed that both were required to produce α‐onocerin. LCC, the first dioxidosqualene cyclase, catalyzed the production of a novel intermediate pre‐α‐onocerin from only dioxidosqualene as a substrate; LCD catalyzed the second half of the cyclization, exclusively from pre‐α‐onocerin. These results demonstrated that these two most unusual oxidosqualene cyclases were involved in onocerin biosynthesis.
A Facile Approach to Optically Active Hydroquinoline‐2‐carboxylates by a One‐Pot Asymmetric Michael/Transamination/Cyclization Process
Authors: Rong Chao , Pan Hongjie , Liu Mao , Tian Hua , Shi Yian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient one‐pot synthesis of optically active hydroquinoline‐2‐carboxylates from 1,3‐cyclohexanediones, β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto ester, and benzylamine in the presence of a chiral base catalyst and 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) with good diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity is described. The reaction proceeds by a sequential asymmetric Michael/transamination/cyclization process.
CaII Binding Regulates and Dominates the Reactivity of a Transition‐Metal‐Ion‐Dependent Diesterase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Pedroso Marcelo M. , Larrabee James A. , Ely Fernanda , Gwee Shuhui E. , Mitić Nataša , Ollis David L. , Gahan Lawrence R. , Schenk Gerhard 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe diesterase Rv0805 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dinuclear metallohydrolase that plays an important role in signal transduction by controlling the intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides. As Rv0805 is essential for mycobacterial growth it is a promising new target for the development of chemotherapeutics to treat tuberculosis. The in vivo metal‐ion composition of Rv0805 is subject to debate. Here, we demonstrate that the active site accommodates two divalent transition metal ions with binding affinities ranging from approximately 50 nm for MnII to about 600 nm for ZnII. In contrast, the enzyme GpdQ from Enterobacter aerogenes, despite having a coordination sphere identical to that of Rv0805, binds only one metal ion in the absence of substrate, thus demonstrating the significance of the outer sphere to modulate metal‐ion binding and enzymatic reactivity. CaII also binds tightly to Rv0805 (Kd≈40 nm), but kinetic, calorimetric, and spectroscopic data indicate that two CaII ions bind at a site different from the dinuclear transition‐metal‐ion binding site. CaII acts as an activator of the enzymatic activity but is able to promote the hydrolysis of substrates even in the absence of transition‐metal ions, thus providing an effective strategy for the regulation of the enzymatic activity.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation on Pentacoordinated Cobalt(III) Complexes with an Intermediate S=1 Spin State: How Halide Ligands Affect their Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Brazzolotto Deborah , Gennari Marcello , Yu Shengying , Pécaut Jacques , Rouzières Mathieu , Clérac Rodolphe , Orio Maylis , Duboc Carole 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Maylis Orio at the Aix‐Marseille University and Carole Duboc at the University of Grenoble Alpes. The image depicts the magnetic behavior dependence to the halide nature in CoIII species represented by ribbons as “double‐well” diagrams, which are traditionally used to depict magnetization processes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201502997.
Smart and Covalently Cross‐Linked: Hybrid Shape Memory Materials Reinforced through Covalent Bonds by Zirconium Oxoclusters
Authors: Gibin Giacomo , Lorenzetti Alessandra , Callone Emanuela , Dirè Sandra , Dolcet Paolo , Venzo Alfonso , Causin Valerio , Marigo Antonio , Modesti Michele , Gross Silvia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe first examples of organic–inorganic hybrid materials reinforced by transition‐metal oxoclusters that exhibit shape memory properties, based on the covalent incorporation of zirconium‐based inorganic building blocks, are reported. Methacrylate‐functionalized zirconium oxoclusters Zr4O2(OMc)12 and [Zr6O4(OH)4(OOCCH2CH3)3{OOCC(CH3)=CH2}9]2, with the covalent incorporation in a butyl acrylate (BA)/polycaprolactone dimethacrylate (PCLDMA) copolymer and the noncovalent incorporation of [Zr6O4(OH)4(OOCCH2CH3)12]2 are focused upon herein. Shape recovery and fixity rates are studied to observe if the shape memory properties are preserved upon going from a simple copolymer to noncovalent or covalent‐based hybrids. These rates display values higher than 90 %, which provides evidence that the oxocluster does not hinder the shape memory properties in the hybrid materials. The introduction of an inorganic phase and the progressively more stable interactions between organic and inorganic parts lead to an enhancement of the thermomechanical properties. The materials are characterized through FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and swelling tests. Dynamic–mechanical analyses are used to investigate whether the hybrid materials display thermally activated shape memory properties. The stability of the hybrid materials are evaluated by a combined spectroscopic approach based on FTIR, solid‐state NMR, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy.
Mean HbA1c and mortality in diabetic individuals with heart failure: a population cohort study
Authors: Elder Douglas H.J. , Singh Jagdeep S.S. , Levin Daniel , Donnelly Louise A. , Choy Anna‐Maria , George Jacob , Struthers Allan D. , Doney Alex S.F. , Lang Chim C. 
Published: December 2015

AimsControversy exists regarding the importance of glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic heart failure (CHF) based on conflicting reports using single baseline glycosyated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Using the time‐weighted mean of serial HbA1c measurements has been found to be a better predictor of diabetic complications as it reflects the glycaemic burden for that individual over time. We therefore sought to confirm this in a large cohort of patients with T2DM and incident CHF.Methods and resultsA time‐weighted mean HbA1c was calculated using all HbA1c measurements following CHF diagnosis. Patients were grouped into five categories of HbA1c (≤6.0%, 6.1–7.0%, 7.1–8.0%, 8.1–9.0%, and >9.0%). The relationship between time‐weighted mean HbA1c and all‐cause death after CHF diagnosis was assessed. A total of 1447 patients with T2DM met the study criteria. During a median follow‐up of 2.8 years, there were 826 (57.1%) deaths, with a crude death rate of 155 deaths per 1000 person‐years [95% confidence interval (CI) 144–166]. A Cox regression model, adjusted for all significant predictors, with the middle HbA1c category (7.1–8.0%) as the reference, showed a U‐shaped relationship between HbA1c and outcome [HbA1c <6.0%, hazard ratio (HR) 2.5, 95% CI 1.8–3.4; HbA1c 6.1–7.0%, HR 1.4, 95% 1.1–1.7; HbA1c 8.1–9.0%, HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6; and HbA1c >9.0%, HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.3]. Further analysis revealed a protective effect of insulin sensitizers (i.e. metformin) (HR 0.7, 95% CI 0.61–0.93) but not other drug classes.ConclusionsIn patients with T2DM and CHF, our study shows a U‐shaped relationship between HbA1c and mortality, with the lowest risk in patients with modest glycaemic control (HbA1c 7.1–8.0%) and those treated with insulin sensitizers.
Probing the Influence of N‐Donor Capping Ligands on Supramolecular Assembly in Molecular Uranyl Materials
Authors: Carter Korey P. , Kalaj Mark , Cahill Christopher L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe syntheses and crystal structures of six new compounds containing the UO22+ cation, 3,5‐dichlorobenzoic acid, and a chelating N‐donor [2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), 4,7‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dimethylphen), 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (terpy), 4′‐chloro‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (Cl–terpy), or 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐s‐triazine (TPTZ)] are reported. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of these materials enabled the exploration of the structural relationship between the benzoic acids and the chelating N‐donor as well as providing a platform to evaluate the effects of ligand choice on uranyl hydrolysis and subsequent oligomerization. At an unadjusted pH (ca. 3), a mix of uranyl monomers and dimers are observed, dimer formation resulting from both bridging carboxylate linkers and hydroxo bridges. Assembly by halogen‐ and hydrogen‐bonding interactions as well as π–π interactions was observed depending on the experimental conditions utilized. Further, spectroscopic characterization (both vibrational and luminescence) of complexes 1, 4, and 5 to explore the effects of the electron‐donating ability of the capping ligand on the corresponding uranyl luminescence and vibrational spectra suggests that there is a relationship between the observed bathochromic shifts and the electron‐donating ability of the capping ligands.
Framework Isomerism: Highly Augmented Copper(II)‐Paddlewheel‐­Based MOF with Unusual (3,4)‐Net Topology
Authors: Zhu Nianyong , Sensharma Debobroto , Wix Paul , Lennox Matthew J. , Düren Tina , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Schmitt Wolfgang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and structure of a new, highly augmented {Cu2}‐“paddlewheel”‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) that is stabilized by tritopic benzoate ligands is reported. The structure adopts an uncommon, less symmetrical, (3,4)‐connected net topology and represents a rare framework isomer of the extensively studied {Cu2}‐based pto and tbo analogues related to the purely inorganic, solid‐state structures of platinum oxide or the twisted boracite. The concomitant formation of three isomeric forms by using {Cu}2‐“paddlewheel” complexes and a single triangular, trifunctional ligand is unique and stems from the rotational flexibility of the benzoate moieties. Computational analyses support the structural studies and underline that this observed net topology can give rise to an exceptionally high surface area (greater than 3500 m2/g) despite the triple‐interpenetrated nature of the compound.
Facile Synthesis of Carbon–Metal Fluoride Nanocomposites for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Reddy M. Anji , Breitung Ben , Wall Clemens , Trivedi Shivam , Chakravadhanula Venkata Sai Kiran , Helen M. , Fichtner Maximilian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMetal‐fluoride‐based conversion materials have gained interest as cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical energy densities. However, metal fluorides are electrically insulating and experience large volume changes during the charge and discharge processes. Effective synthesis of carbon–metal fluoride nanocomposites (CMFNCs) with stable morphology is one of the keys to achieve high capacities with sustainable cycle life. A general method for the synthesis of CMFNCs is described here. The redox‐mediated reaction between CFx and metal‐carbonyl precursors at relatively low temperatures leads to the formation of the respective CMFNCs. The reaction mechanism for the formation of CFx‐derived C–FeF2 nanocomposites has been investigated. Also, the synthesis and lithium‐storage properties of C–CoF2 and C–MoF3 nanocomposites are reported. In addition, by changing from CFx to graphite oxide and sulfur‐infused porous carbon, the synthesis of C–FeOx and C–FeS nanocomposites is reported.
Crustal thinning and extension in the northwestern continental margin of the South China Sea
Authors: Zhu Junjiang , Li Jian , Sun Zongxun , Li Sanzhong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMultichannel seismic data on the continental shelf have been used to image the rift‐related shallow structural units of the Pearl River Mouth Basin across the northwestern margin of the South China Sea. The Hainan Uplift, Zhu 3 Depression and Shenhu‐Ansha Uplift zones are bounded by normal faults or listric‐normal faults, which suggest lithospheric extension on the continental shelf. Graben structures 10–15 km wide are imaged on the Wanshan Uplift and Northern Fault Terrace from the reflection data. The thinned continental crust and anomaly rift‐related crust in the depression zone and the transitional crust indicated by the wide‐angle OBS velocity model dominate the crustal structure of the continental shelf in the continental margin of the South China Sea. The different total crustal stretching factors in different shallow structural units suggest that non‐uniform horizontal stretching controls the crustal thinning. The total crustal stretching factor is ca. 1.4–1.6 at the coast area, ca. 1.67–1.8 in the rift‐depression zone and ca. 1.7–1.75 in the transitional crustal domain. Pure‐shear crustal thinning controls the crustal extension in the rift‐depression zone. The high heat flow anomaly in the vicinity of the seismic lines and anomaly rift‐depression velocity structure suggest that the crustal thinning on the continental shelf of the South China Sea can be produced by lateral mantle flow within the hotter regional lithospheric background. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whatever Happened to Human Experimentation?
Authors: Elliott Carl 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeveral years ago, the University of Minnesota hosted a lecture by Alan Milstein, a Philadelphia attorney specializing in clinical trial litigation. Milstein, who does not mince words, insisted on calling research studies “experiments.” “Don't call it a study,” Milstein said. “Don't call it a clinical trial. Call it what it is. It's an experiment.” Milstein's comments made me wonder: when was the last time I heard an ongoing research study described as a “human experiment”? The phrase is now almost always associated with abuses. Asking a prospective subject to sign up for a medical experiment would probably get roughly the same response as asking him or her to sign up for a police interrogation.It wasn't always this way. In the early days of American bioethics, scholars used the word “experimentation” in the same neutral way that they later began to use “research study” and “clinical trial.”