bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, health systems and stakeholders in rheumatic heart disease in Africa: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Moloi Annesinah Hlengiwe , Watkins David , Engel Mark E , Mall Sumaya , Zühlke Liesl 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionRheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic disease affecting the heart valves, secondary to group A streptococcal infection (GAS) and subsequent acute rheumatic fever (ARF). However, RHD cure and preventative measures are inextricably linked with socioeconomic development, as the disease mainly affects children and young adults living in poverty. In order to address RHD, public health officials and health policymakers require up-to-date knowledge on the epidemiology of GAS, ARF and RHD, as well as the existing enablers and gaps in delivery of evidence-based care for these conditions. We propose to conduct a systematic review to assess the literature comprehensively, synthesising all existing quantitative and qualitative data relating to RHD in Africa.Methods and analysisWe plan to conduct a comprehensive literature search using a number of databases and reference lists of relevant articles published from January 1995 to December 2015. Two evaluators will independently review and extract data from each article. Additionally, we will assess overall study quality and risk of bias, using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme criteria for quantitative and qualitative studies, respectively. We will meta-analyse estimates of prevalence, incidence, case fatality and mortality for each of the conditions separately for each country. Qualitative meta-analysis will be conducted for facilitators and barriers in RHD health access. Lastly, we will create a list of key stakeholders. This protocol is registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of systematic reviews, registration number CRD42016032852.Ethics and disseminationThe information provided by this review will inform and assist relevant stakeholders in identifying key areas of intervention, and designing and implementing evidence-based programmes and policies at the local and regional level. With slight modifications (ie, to the country terms in the search strategy), this protocol can be used as part of a needs assessment in any endemic country.
Regional scale-up of an Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) training programme from a referral hospital to primary care health centres in Guatemala
Authors: Kapoor Rupa , Sandoval Maria Antonieta , Avendaño Leslie , Cruz Andrea T , Soto Miguel A , Camp Elizabeth A , Crouse Heather L 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveEmergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) was developed by the WHO to teach paediatric assessment, triage and initial management to healthcare workers (HCWs) in resource-limited hospital-based settings. This study sought to evaluate the extension of ETAT training from a regional hospital to paediatric HCWs at local primary care health centres (PHCs) in Guatemala.MethodsPrior to providing a 16 h ETAT training module, immediately after, and at 3, 6 and 12 months, we used written pre-tests and post-tests and five-point Likert surveys to evaluate, respectively, clinical knowledge and provider confidence in providing acute care paediatrics; hands-on clinical skills were tested at 3, 6 and 12 months.ResultsFifty-two HCWs (14 general physicians, 38 nurses) from four regional PHCs participated; 65%, 60% and 46% completed 3-month, 6-month and 12-month follow-ups, respectively. Test scores show significant acquisition of clinical knowledge initially, which was retained over time when tested at 3, 6 and 12 months (46 vs 70, p<0.001). Hands-on clinical skills scores demonstrated retention at 3, 6 and 12 months. Although participants were more confident about acute care paediatrics immediately after training (66 vs 104, p<0.001), this decreased with time, though not to pre-intervention levels.ConclusionsETAT trainings were successfully extended to PHCs in a resource-limited setting with significant knowledge acquisition and retention over time and improved HCW confidence with acute care paediatrics. This process could serve as a successful model for in-country and international scale-up of ETAT.
Exploitation of natural killer cells for the treatment of acute leukemia
Authors: Handgretinger Rupert , Lang Peter , André Maya C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in surveillance and elimination of malignant cells. Their spontaneous cytotoxicity was first demonstrated in vitro against leukemia cell lines, and NK cells might play a crucial role in the therapy of leukemia. NK cell activity is controlled by an array of germ line–encoded activating and inhibitory receptors, as well as modulating coreceptors. This biologic feature can be exploited in allogeneic cell therapy, and the recognition of “missing-self” on target cells is crucial for promoting NK cell–mediated graft-versus-leukemia effects. In this regard, NK cells that express an inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (iKIR) for which the respective major histocompatibility complex class I ligand is absent on leukemic target cells can exert alloreactivity in vitro and in vivo. Several models regarding potential donor–patient constellations have been described that have demonstrated the clinical benefit of such alloreactivity of the donor-derived NK cell system in patients with adult acute myeloid leukemia and pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Moreover, adoptive transfer of mature allogeneic NK cells in the nontransplant or transplant setting has been shown to be safe and feasible, whereas its effectivity needs further evaluation. NK cell therapy can be further improved by optimal donor selection based on phenotypic and genotypic properties, by adoptive transfer of NK cells with ex vivo or in vivo cytokine stimulation, by the use of antibodies to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or to block iKIRs, or by transduction of chimeric antigen receptors.
Representation of anatomy in online atlases and databases: a survey and collection of patterns for interface design
Authors: Clarkson Melissa D. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background
A large number of online atlases and databases have been developed to mange the rapidly growing amount of data describing embryogenesis. As these community resources continue to evolve, it is important to understand how representations of anatomy can facilitate the sharing and integration of data. In addition, attention to the design of the interfaces is critical to make online resources useful and usable.

Results
I first present a survey of online atlases and gene expression resources for model organisms, with a focus on methods of semantic and spatial representation of anatomy. A total of 14 anatomical atlases and 21 gene expression resources are included. This survey demonstrates how choices in semantic representation, in the form of ontologies, can enhance interface search functions and provide links between relevant information. This survey also reviews methods for spatially representing anatomy in online resources. I then provide a collection of patterns for interface design based on the atlases and databases surveyed. These patterns include methods for displaying graphics, integrating semantic and spatial representations, organizing information, and querying databases to find genes expressed in anatomical structures.

Conclusions
This collection of patterns for interface design will assist biologists and software developers in planning the interfaces of new atlases and databases or enhancing existing ones. They also show the benefits of standardizing semantic and spatial representations of anatomy by demonstrating how interfaces can use standardization to provide enhanced functionality.
Stage Use As the Tools of Creative Educational Process Stimulation
Authors: Сенновская  , Sennovskaya E. 
Published: May 2016

The article discusses the problem of using the technologies of the stage as the creative component of the educational process and an effective
mean of stimulation of the interest in school training by children (by the example of school with one teacher), all-round development of the skills
and person of a schoolchild, development of feeling of own successfulness. The author gives examples of the activities in which schoolchildren of
different ages.
Bespoke bookselling for the twenty-first century: John Smith’s and current UK higher education
Authors: Frost Simon 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The JS Group is the business home to the prize-winning chain of booksellers for higher education institutions, John Smith’s. Under the deceptively simple term ‘bookseller’, however, lies a shift in thinking about books published by John Smith’s, which deserves articulation. This shift moves from regarding books as a source of knowledge conveyed through the book’s text to books as an agency capable of producing a range of notably different outcomes, of which knowledge is one, for each of the actors involved in its book-retail network. Through their aggregated engagement with what Darnton calls the communications circuit, John Smith’s manages to deliver different outcomes for students, lecturers, parents, student support services, for university executive management and for the state. These outcomes are only heightened when combined with Smith’s smart card system, sometimes called ASPIRE. In conjunction with a Samsung tablet, ASPIRE is then able to deliver ‘free’ digitized learning, funded through the UK fair access bursaries. The article examines John Smith’s model and questions the trade-off between effectiveness and freedom, finding the alternatives to be wanting. The research emerges from ongoing work into reading within the frame of commodity culture and, as such, the disciplinary fields supporting it are sociologies of literature, economics and book history studies, expressed in terms of cultural and critical discourse. The combination, it is hoped, will provide a fresh perspective.
Properties of the characteristic polynomials and spectrum of Pn and Cn
Authors: El Seidy Essam , Hussein Salah Eldin , Mohamed Atef 
Published: May 2016

We consider a finite undirected and connected simple graph Â with vertex set Â and edge set .We calculated the general formulas of the spectra of a cycle graph and path graph. In this discussion we are interested in the adjacency matrix, Laplacian matrix, signless Laplacian matrix, normalized Laplacian matrix, and seidel adjacency matrix.
A Parthenogenesis Gene Candidate and Evidence for Segmental Allopolyploidy in Apomictic Brachiaria decumbens
Authors: Worthington Margaret , Heffelfinger Christopher , Bernal Diana , Quintero Constanza , Zapata Yeny Patricia , Perez Juan Guillermo , De Vega Jose , Miles John , Dellaporta Stephen , Tohme Joe 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Apomixis, asexual reproduction through seed, enables breeders to identify and faithfully propagate superior heterozygous genotypes by seed without the disadvantages of vegetative propagation or the expense and complexity of hybrid seed production. The availability of new tools such as genotyping by sequencing and bioinformatics pipelines for species lacking reference genomes now makes the construction of dense maps possible in apomictic species, despite complications including polyploidy, multisomic inheritance, self-incompatibility, and high levels of heterozygosity. In this study, we developed saturated linkage maps for the maternal and paternal genomes of an interspecific Brachiaria ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C. M. Evrard) × B. decumbens Stapf. F1 mapping population in order to identify markers linked to apomixis. High-resolution molecular karyotyping and comparative genomics with Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv provided conclusive evidence for segmental allopolyploidy in B. decumbens, with strong preferential pairing of homologs across the genome and multisomic segregation relatively more common in chromosome 8. The apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR) was mapped to a region of reduced recombination on B. decumbens chromosome 5. The Pennisetum squamulatum (L.) R.Br. PsASGR-BABY BOOM-like (psASGR–BBML)-specific primer pair p779/p780 was in perfect linkage with the ASGR in the F1 mapping population and diagnostic for reproductive mode in a diversity panel of known sexual and apomict Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. and P. maximum Jacq. germplasm accessions and cultivars. These findings indicate that ASGR–BBML gene sequences are highly conserved across the Paniceae and add further support for the postulation of the ASGR–BBML as candidate genes for the apomictic function of parthenogenesis.
TENDENCIAS DISCIPLINARES Y PROFESIONALES DE LA GEOGRAFÍA EN COSTA RICA: EL CASO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
Authors: Araya-Ramírez Iliana 
Published: May 2016

El objetivo del artículo consiste en examinar las tendencias disciplinarias y profesionales de la Geografía, así como discutir las principales relaciones entre el desarrollo disciplinar y profesional.La actualización del currículum de la carrera de Ciencias Geográficas con énfasis en Ordenamiento del Territorio, toma como referencia tales tendencias y las integra en una Geografía aplicada para responder a la necesidad de formar profesionales en geografía, que ofrezca soluciones en la ordenación del territorio tendiente a la equidad y el compromiso con el desarrollo nacional. Las áreas de desarrollo disciplinar y profesional de la carrera corresponden a Pensamiento, epistemología yenseñanza de la Geografía, Gestión y ordenamiento del territorio, Territorio y ambiente y Ciencia de la información geográfica.ABSTRACTThe article aims at considering disciplinary and professional Geographic trends and discussing the main relationships between discipline and the professional development of Geography. Updating the curriculum of the Carrera de Ciencias Geográficas con énfasis en ordenamiento del territorio(Geographic Science Career with An Emphasis on Spatial Planning) is based on those trends and integrates them into an applied Geography to respond the needs of training professionals that provide spatial planning solutions aimed at the equity and commitment to national development. The disciplinary and professional development areas of the career correspond to Thinking, Epistemology and Geography Teaching, Land Use Planning and Management, Territory and Environment, and Geographic Information Science
UNA PROPUESTA PARA LA FUNDAMENTACIÓN TEÓRICA Y FILOSÓFICA DE LA EDUCACIÓN EN DERECHOS HUMANOS
Authors: Naranjo Segura Juan Carlos 
Published: May 2016

El presente artículo tiene como meta plantear una reflexión acerca de la fundamentación teóricay filosófica de la educación en derechos humanos. Para ello, se parte de la comprensión deque los derechos son un escenario de resignificaciones sociales, donde la base para alcanzar loscambios sociales, radica en la posibilidad de que cada persona pueda posicionarse en su propiocontexto, lo comprenda e intente cambiarlo cuando este violente o atente contra la dignidadde la persona. Desde esta lógica, se define los derechos humanos como espacios de lucha, enlos cuales la educación puede cumplir un papel clave, en cuanto permita la comprensión dela propia realidad. De esta manera, se analizará cómo la Filosofía de la Liberación permite serun insumo desde el cual se puede alcanzar un humanismo que permite, desde los espacios de lacotidianidad, la vivencia de los valores propios del respeto de los derechos. AbstractThis article aims to establish a reflection on the theoretical and philosophical foundation of humanrights education, to do so, we start from the understanding that rights are a system new social meaningsscenario, where the basis for achieving such purpose lies in the possibility that people have to be placedin their own context, to understand it and change it every time this violates or undermines the dignityof the human person. From this logic, human rights are defined as sites of struggle, where educationshould play a key role, as it must allow an understanding of reality itself. Thus, it will be analyzed howthe Philosophy of Liberation becomes an input from where people can reach a humanism that permitsto experience values of respect for human rights on everyday life.
Introduction to the Arctic Oil and Gas Research Centre
Authors: Johnstone Rachael Lorna , Hansen Anne Merrild 
Published: May 2016

(Published: May 2016)Citation: R. L. Johnstone and A. M. Hansen. “Introduction to the Arctic Oil and Gas Research Centre.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2016, pp. 107–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.421
Greenland, Business in the Arctic, the Polar Code and Coast Guard Cooperation
Authors: Ravna Øyvind 
Published: May 2016

(Published: May 2016)Citation: Ø. Ravna. “Greenland, Business in the Arctic, the Polar Code and Coast Guard Cooperation.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.445
Analysis of Subgingival Plaque Ability to Stimulate Toll‐Like Receptor 2 and 4
Authors: Ziauddin S.M. , Montenegro Raudales Jorge Luis , Sato Kayo , Yoshioka Hidenobu , Ozaki Yukio , Kaneko Takashi , Yoshimura Atsutoshi , Hara Yoshitaka 
Published: May 2016

Background: It has been shown that toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2‐ and TLR4‐stimulating abilities of supragingival plaque (SPP) are associated with periodontal conditions. It is hypothesized that SPP might affect the periodontium through its influence on subgingival plaque (SBP). This study investigates relationships between TLR2‐ and TLR4‐stimulating abilities of SBP and periodontal conditions.Methods: One hundred thirteen SBP samples were collected from the deepest pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis. TLR2‐ and TLR4‐stimulating abilities were measured using genetically engineered nuclear factor‐kappa B reporter cells. Numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in each plaque sample were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with SBP samples in presence or absence of TLR4 or TLR2 inhibitor. Production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐8 was analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: TLR4‐stimulating ability of SBP was associated with plaque index (PI), but not with other clinical parameters at sampling sites. TLR2‐stimulating ability of SBP was associated with none of the parameters. Number of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans in each plaque sample was not associated with TLR2‐ or TLR4‐stimulating ability of SBP. PBMCs stimulated with SBP samples produced TNF‐α and IL‐8, which was inhibited by TLR4 but not by TLR2 inhibitor.Conclusion: TLR4‐ but not TLR2‐stimulating ability of SBP is associated with PI. Enhanced TLR4‐stimulating ability at sites with accumulated plaque may mediate gingival inflammation.
Clipless Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An initial experience of 50 cases in Bangladesh
Authors: Saha PK , Roy Ratna Rani , Rahman Mamunur , Khan Emrul Hasan , Reza Syed Masud , Rabbani Md. Golam , Alom Kazi Shafiqul 
Published: May 2016

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is one of the most common general surgical procedure. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to observe the surgical outcomes of the patients after clipless laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methodology: This case series were performed in the Department of Surgery at Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka from June 2014 to April 2015. After several modifications, the success of intracorporeal separate knotting of cystic artery and duct was observed with Vicryl and was successfully used separate ligation of cystic artery and duct (SLAD) with Vicryl 1/0 in symptomatic cholelithiasis patients. Result: A total number of 50 cases were undergone elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Most of the patients were female (80.0%). Average age of patients was 39 yr (15-65). There was no bile leak or other complications related to ligature. The time taken for tie varied from 2 to 4 minutes (average 3 min). There were 10(25.0%) acute calculus cholecystitis, including empyema, gangrenous cholecystitis. No patient had port infection. Conclusion: Clipless LC is a safe and effective method.Journal of Science Foundation, 2015;13(1):11-14DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v13i1.27828
Pathophysiological Reaction of the Body to Trauma: A Review Update
Authors: Talukder Abdur Rabban , Quader Feroze , Momen MA 
Published: May 2016

Trauma to tissues can be of large magnitude (macrotrauma), such as the trauma that exists with crush injuries and both moderate and severe sprains or strains. The trauma can also be of small magnitude (microtrauma), such as the trauma that typically exists with stress fractures and other overuse syndromes. Regardless of magnitude, trauma exists in several forms, including physical, chemical, thermal, metabolic, and biological. Injury from any of these sources induces an inflammatory response whose magnitude largely depends on the severity of the injury and the degree of vascularization of the tissue. A local inflammatory response always occurs in relation to trauma. Severe injury or multiple trauma evoke a systemic inflammatory response. This systemic inflammatory response to major injury is caused by hormonal, metabolic and immunological mediators, and is associated with a haemodynamic response. Accidental unanaesthetised trauma is also to a larger extent associated with ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypovolemia and the immunological reactions secondary to blood transfusion. The systemic inflammatory response is required for tissue repair and has evolved in all mammals to optimize the healing potential of an organism. In uncomplicated trauma patients the systemic inflammatory response is temporary, predictable and well balanced between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. If the patient is exposed to severe major trauma an initial exaggerated proinflammatory response may be observed. In this review the pathophysiological changes have been described after trauma to the body.Journal of Science Foundation, 2015;13(1):15-20DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v13i1.27829
Criação de conhecimento sob a ótica da aprendizagem organizacional em uma empresa criativa
Authors: D'Arisbo Anelise , Cislaghi Tatiane Pellin , Fachinelli Ana Cristina , Larentis Fabiano 
Published: May 2016

The creation of knowledge can be associated to the creative economy by considering the value creation from creativity, intellectual assets and knowledge. Although studies have evolved with specific characteristics in each field, on organizational context learning can be considered as an intrinsic processes of knowledge creation process. Thus, the article aims to analyze the knowledge creation , from the organizational learning perspective in a creative company from the knowledge creation's theory, from Nonaka and Takeuchi (1997), in order to examine the relationship between knowledge creation and learning. We conducted exploratory and descriptive research associated with a case study. The results indicate prevalence of the knowledge sharing's practices in informal methods and experiences of each employee. The case analysis also reveals the social aspects of learning and situated learning in both epistemological and ontological dimension of knowledge creation.