bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Multiple Plane to Plane Waterflooding in Fractured Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Bhargav Bhaskar J. , Economides Christine Ehlig. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Waterflooding is common in conventional reservoirs, but efforts to apply waterflooding to unconventional tight oil formations have not met much success. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of a novel 3-well pattern using horizontal wells (one injector and two producers, or one producer and two injectors) with multiple transverse hydraulic fractures nested to create arrays of plane-to-plane injector-producer waterflood displacements between propped hydraulic fractures.
The model for each plane-to-plane displacement uses pseudorelative permeability functions to account for conductive secondary fracture networks induced by hydraulic fracturing of the horizontal wells. Each pseudorelative permeability function is computed using inputs for the matrix and secondary fracture porosity and absolute permeability values, and matrix and secondary fracture relative permeability curves generated from Corey functions. To represent heterogeneity, input parameters are randomly generated, and the computed pseudorelative permeability functions are fit using Corey function parameters. Then we apply the Buckley-Leverett model for each displacement using the pseudorelative permeability curves. Finally, the pattern waterflood model accounts for the simultaneous multiple displacements using constant pressure well conditions and assuming minimal pressure losses along the wells and in the created hydraulic fractures.
Sensitivity studies have been carried out on a sample pattern with a smaller number of waterflood units undergoing plane to plane displacement, while full-scale simulation of a pattern with 408 waterflood units has been carried out to study the effectiveness of waterflooding in an unconventional reservoir using the proposed pattern. The study showed that pattern recovery factors increased for reduced secondary fracture porosity, and decreasing the hydraulic fracture spacing accelerated recovery. Further, rapid water breakthrough through in any individual displacement could short-circuit the displacement, and multiple short-circuits can cause poor pattern recovery efficiency. The proposed 3-well pattern offers a way to avoid well to well short-circuiting through propped fractures and enables a large number of simultaneous displacements. This work evaluates both the potential recovery efficiency increase and the potential risk and uncertainty related to the presence of induced secondary fractures.
Design of a Cyclic Steam Stimulation Pilot Test for the Orinoco Oil Belt. A New Vision About Steam Injection Flow Rates
Authors: Rodriguez Hilario Martin , Souraki Yaser , León Mª Fernanda , Bezerra Ricardo , Peña Gilberto , Guitian José , Escobar Elena 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In some of the giant extra-heavy oil fields from the Orinoco Oil Belt (OOB), the challenge is to increase recovery over primary production by about 10%, to meet its ambitious development plan. To get this, it is necessary to apply EOR processes.
It is visualized the integral design of a cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) pilot test, using a high steam injection rate. It is identified and quantified the main variables and operational parameters affecting the performance of CSS, for an oil field at OOB.
The design of this pilot test covers the location of the area, visualization of thermal well, identification and quantification of the variables that potentially influence to a greater extent the performance of this technology, conceptual design of EOR surface facilities and a complete monitoring plan.
A cluster with 10 long horizontal wells of different lengths is evaluated. The variables studied are: specific steam flowrate per unit length of well, well length, and well thermal insulation. We apply design of experiments to select the combinations of the values taken for the different variables. The duration of the different stages in every cycle is given by previous results applying optimization of CSS to sector modeling.
The main constrains dictated for the thermal well are identified and taken into account to define the maximum steam injection and production rates for this test.
The pilot test is simulated for three complete cycles, with two approaches: High (2.2 – 3 bbl/day*ft) and Low (1.5 bbl/day*ft) specific steam flowrates. Important production variables as drawdown, bottom-hole pressure, field average pressure, gas oil ratio and water cut have been evaluated.
Results for the main operating parameters (High/Low approaches), and the economic evaluation, are shown. These results show once again that higher specific steam flow rates get higher recovery and are even more profitable.
The study encourages a review of the paradigm that limits steam injection rates in high-productivity projects currently underway at OOB. Additionally, it is identified that at present is the thermal well and not the surface facilities, which limit the application of CSS at higher rates, needing an urgent improvement in its concept.
The steam injection rate is conventionally expressed as daily rates (bbl/day), absolute amounts per unit thickness of formation (bbl/ft), etc. This practice creates misunderstandings, especially in the case of horizontal wells. The variable proposed in this study (specific steam flow rate per unit length of well) is valid for any type of well, and it has a physical significance related to well injectivity.
Another novelty introduced in this study is a higher specific steam flow rate (2.2-3 bbl/day*ft), between 50% and 100% higher than references found in the literature (1.5-2 bbl/day*ft).
M-9 Zawtika Marginal Field Development Study
Authors: Chaowarit L. , Pongpat H. , Korakote P. , Pariyachat O. , Pithak H. , Sirawat B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
M-9 Zawtika Project is a gas field development project located in the Gulf of Moattama offshore, Myanmar. The field lies approximately 300 km south of Yangon and 290 km west of Tavoy on the Myanmar coast. PTTEPI has operated under Production Sharing Contract (PSC) and gas production was commenced since year 2014. The characteristic of future prospects is expected to be small volume and scatter. The marginal field development study is then conducted to support the future development for maintaining production plateau after conventional wellhead platform cannot be developed. The study aims to identify and assess other development options to commercialize marginal and scatter prospects in M-9 Zawtika Field apart from conventional wellhead platform design.
The marginal field development study is based on three (3) development options comprised of MMFP (Myanmar Minimized Facilities Platform), Subsea Production Facilities and Reused wellhead platforms topside. The method of the selected development option is to identify the prospect with suitable development option based on prospect volume, number of development well requirement and economic justification.
The keys of each facility development optimization option are as below.
Myanmar Minimized Facilities Platform (MMFP) is to minimize/optimize the excessive equipment e.g. well slot number, flow line combination, and remove booster compressor unit/area, material design life, structure minimization. Subsea production facilities are planned to produce hydrocarbon with 1 - 4 wells and tie back to nearby existing wellhead platform. Reused wellhead platform topside in Zawtika field is planned to utilize the existing topside from non-productive location in order to minimize cost of topside facilities, however, this option is still have the cost and installation of jacket. This option is considered as long term plan when the existing production platforms are depleted and not economical to continue operate.
The study shows that these three development options are expected to apply for the marginal prospects and can provide longer production plateau comparing with development by conventional wellhead platform only. With these three (3) initiative development options, CAPEX is expected to reduce up to 15% compared with developed by conventional wellhead platform. Some marginal prospects are expected to be commercial and can be developed in the future. The novelty of this study is to identify the suitable development option for long term field development plan. The study will help optimizing CAPEX and improving the value of marginal prospects. Thus, the production plateau can be prolonged until the end of PSC.
Variable In-Field Geomagnetic Referencing for Improved Wellbore Positioning in Directional Drilling
Authors: Kabirzadeh Hojjat , Rangelova Elena , Lee Gyoo Ho , Jeong Jaehoon , Woo Ik , Zhang Yu , Kim Jeong Woo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Safe and economical determination of wellbore trajectory in directional drilling is traditionally achieved by measurement-while-drilling (MWD) methods which implement magnetic north-seeking sensor packages. However, inaccuracies in determination of well path rise because of random and systematic errors in measurements of the sensors. Multi-station analysis (MSA) and magnetic in-field referencing (IFR) have already demonstrated the potential to decrease the effects of errors due to magnetization of drillstring components along with variable errors due to irregularities in magnetization of crustal rocks in the vicinity of wells. Advanced MSA methodologies divide a bore-hole into build and lateral sections and utilize average reference values of total magnetic field, declination, and dip angle at only two levels (surface and lateral depth) for analysis of errors in each section. Our investigations indicate that the variable-reference MSA (VR-MSA) can lead to a better determination of errors, specifically in areas of high magnetization. In this methodology, magnetic reference values are estimated at each station using a series of forward and inverse modelling of surface magnetic observations from IFR surveys. The fixed errors in magnetometer components are then calculated by minimizing the variance of the difference between the measured and unique estimated reference values at each station. A Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is adapted to solve the non-linear optimization problem. Examination of this methodology using MWD data confirms improvements in well path determination by comparing the results with gyro surveys.
Novel Environmentally Benign Hydrogel: Nano-Silica Hybrid Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide/ Polyethyleneimine Gel System for Conformance Improvement in High Temperature High Salinity Reservoir
Authors: Ma Liping , Wang Shitou , Long Yifu , Zhu Changqian , Yang Hongbin , Yang Tangying , Liu Xiaochun , Li Xiaorong , Bai Baojun , Kang Wanli 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In order to address the conformance problem in high temperature and high salinity/hardness reservoir, an environmentally benign in-situ gel was developed based on hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Moreover, silica nanoparticle (SNP) was embedded to improve the performance of HPAM/PEI gel. To achieve the optimum formulation of HPAM/PEI-SNP gel, a comprehensive investigation was first conducted with the respect of gelation time, gel strength, and thermal stability. In addition, the particle size of SNP was determined by Dynamic Light Scatter (DLS) and the microstructure of HPAM/PEI-SNP gel was characterized via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
The optimum formulation, containing the polymer/crosslinker ratio of 10,000-2,000 using high molecular weight HPAM (10-15 million Dalton) with a low hydrolysis degree of 3-7%, was obtained. Given the compatibility of comparability of SNP and formation water, LS nano silica with an SNP concentration of 30 wt% was selected as hybrid resource. The results indicated that the gelation time of novel gel system was prolonged to 132 hours attributed to the introducing of nanomaterial. Taking advantage of nano-composite, the strength of HPAM/PEI-SNP gel maintained as Grade G for 312 h. Furthermore, the HPAM/PEI-SNP gel exhibited an excellent thermal stability at 85 °C for 660 hours without syneresis. Subsequently, SEM images confirmed the successful incorporation of SNP in the 3-dimentional network of hydrogel, supporting an effective surface modification.
This work demonstrated that the novel environmentally benign HPAM/PEI-SNP gel system can be used as a potential plugging agent for the conformance improvement in high temperature high salinity reservoirs.
An Integrated Approach to the Integrity Diagnostics of Underground Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Kantyukov R. , Grishin D. , Nikitin R. , Aslanyan A. , Aslanyan I. , Minakhmetova R. , Soroka S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a modern integrated logging suite in well integrity diagnostics, or, particularly, in identification of channelling and location of potential leaks in casing and other downhole equipment in underground gas storage (UGS) reservoirs of different types: an aquifer, salt dome, or depleted gas reservoir.
To check the integrity of UGS wells, a conventional integrated downhole logging suite supplemented with High-Defenition Spectral Noise Logging Tool (SNL-HD) was run. The Spectral Noise Logging survey was performed using a new generation SNL-HD tool which is capable of recording acoustic data in a wide range of amplitudes (90 dB) and frequencies (8-58,600 Hz). In addition to the SNL-HD, High-Precision Temperature (HPT) survey was run to identify and study thermal anomalies caused by fluid flows in the reservoir and the wellbore. Pulsed Neutron logging (PNL) method was used to determine gas and water content in the reservoir and microannuli between casing and cement sheath.
The SNL-HD was found highly informative in assessing the integrity of operating wells in all UGS types, especially when used in combination with HPT tool and pressure gauges. For example, the SNL-HD successfully identified and distinguished noises generated by gas flows through the reservoir and behind casing in an UGS located in an aquifer. PNL tool detected gas in cement sheath fractures and microannuli. For the UGS located in a salt dome with a partially washed-out cavern, SNL-HD identified the cause of sustained annulus pressure (SAP). Pulsed electromagnetic defectoscope (EmPulse) detected leaks which coincided with casing collar locations. HPT survey proved to be uninformative because of low-rate casing and annular flows.
In the UGS located in a depleted gas field, the primary objective was to identify the source of increased water cut, which was successfully done using SNL-HD and then confirmed by other logging techniques. Based on the survey results, workovers were carried out in the surveyed wells.
Overcoming the Challenge of Forecasting EOR in Giant Extra-Heavy Oil Fields
Authors: Escobar E. , Coll R. , Leon_Carrera M. F. , Pérez S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The development of giant fields of extra-heavy crude oil (XHO), through the massive application of thermal EOR processes, involves investments of several millions of dollars.
It is a technical challenge to evaluate, by means of numerical simulation, and in a reasonable period of time, the behavior of EOR processes in giant fields. This paper describes a semi-analytical methodology to evaluate thermal processes of EOR and to provide, in a suitable time, the input data required by the investment decision makers.
The methodology follows 4 main steps. 1) The field is divided in sectors using a special defined EOR-Quality Index. 2) Six representative Model-sectors are selected in each reservoir and used to perform numerical simulations of all EOR processes to be evaluated in the field. 3) Extrapolation of simulation results to all the individual sectors of the field (Field-sectors), by using a defined extrapolation function. 4) Synchronization of injection and production profiles for each EOR technology, in each individual Field-sector following the field development plan.
The methodology was successfully applied to a giant-XHO field, in the Orinoco Oil Belt, where primary production followed by combinations of different sequences of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), Steam Flooding, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage and Horizontal Alternate Steam Drive were evaluated at fullfield scale. The proposed methodology allows analyzing many more production strategies without losing the vision of the global impact of EOR operations in the whole field.
Two validation tests were performed to check the robustness of the method. The first test checked the extrapolation function. A set of random selected Field-sectors in which EOR recovery performances were evaluated through both numerical simulation, and also with the extrapolation function. Comparable results were obtained by both methods.
A final validation test was done performing a fullfield simulation study for a CSS application. The simulation model had 23MM active blocks, about 1000 horizontal wells, thermal PVT formulation, and 40 years of production. Comparable results in terms of production potential and plateau duration were obtained, which validates the proposed methodology. The numerical fullfield test took around one week, and it was also expensive in resources.
The presented semi-analytical methodology overcomes the challenges of expensive and long numerical simulations, by an innovative way to characterize the dynamic response of Model-sectors and to extrapolate it into the all Field-sectors. The methodology is flexible enough to consider different kind of EOR processes configuration sequences, as well as, the evaluation of the processes at different scales as: sector, reservoir units and fullfield.
Lattice Boltzmann Analysis of Orifice Plates with Slotted Rim for Improved Wet Gas Metering
Authors: Noui-Mehidi Mohamed N. , Ahmad Talha J , Jindan Jana 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In industrial applications, especially in oil and gas, orifice meters are the most widely used either upstream or downstream in the processing lines. Over many decades, the used of orifice meters was satisfactory to the users, however, particularly for wet gas applications, orifice plates suffers a few problems when it comes to the mechanical reliability of the system when liquid surges hit the plates and risk to damage them. In the present paper, a design modification to the orifice plate is proposed to overcome the liquid surge effect. The system is investigated numerically by the use of a Lattice Boltzmann approach. The numerical results obtained in the modified system are compared to the classical orifice plate arrangement for different β values and Reynolds numbers. The study has demonstrated that adding a rim to the upper part of the orifice plate helps bleeding the excess of liquid during a liquid surge without compromising the quality of the differential pressure measurements.
Happiness Affecting the Workplace Environment and Employees Wellbeing
Authors: Qubaisi Hamda Sanad 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to establish why it is favorable to prioritize happiness at work. The paper focuses on the means as well as the outcomes of establishing and cultivating a happiness culture. It also helps us in focusing on maintaining happiness at work due to intensified competition and economic uncertainties. Also, its guides us with maintaining happiness at work through different perspectives.
Organizations should focus on implementing a culture that takes into consideration the employees' happiness as well as the employees' satisfaction (Frederickson & Branigan, 2005). Management should create efficient communication systems and
Job autonomy is another factor that influences job happiness. Institutions with minimum external supervision through democratic leadership, and teamwork increase the self-motivation, and are translated in to happiness at work.
Job security is also a factor that influences happiness at work. The job with a longer duration is considered a job with better or higher security, and this enhances the employee's happiness at work (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005).
Happiness at work is the chief cause of exemplary job performance. Employees who are happy at work deliver their best. This is mainly portrayed through the absenteeism from work which seems to be minimal among happy employees. A good number of institutions have a happiness human resource manager whose main duty is to ensure that the employees enjoy doing their work (Cropanzano & Wright, 2001)…
Notably, happiness at work ensures emotional stability among the employees. Emotional stability is principal to the employees' health since it ensures that they do not acquire diseases due to stress (Cropanzano & Wright, 2001). Finally, happiness at work influences employee turnover. To some extent, even the unhappy employees seem to conduct their jobs properly because they have no other alternative. Happy employees will often maintain their jobs since their experience at work is pleasant. Happiness at work saves excessive expenditure due to employee retention.
It is important for institutions to embrace the virtue of happiness at work. It enhances productivity as well as the employee's well-being. If possible, employers should create departments that focus on employee happiness, thereby raising employee satisfaction for the organization's benefit as well as the employee's well-being.
Most of the existing literature work focuses on the problems and barriers at job, while this paper is a unique set of knowledges which enlighten a totally different perspective of increasing efficiency and productivity at work through highlighting the element of Happiness or happy culture at work.
A Project Mode in Developing Oil and Gas on Artificial Islands: Cases Study of EPC, Batch Operation and Extended Reach Drilling
Authors: Lyu Yixiang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Developing the offshore oil and gas resources on an artificial island is relatively economical compared to a drilling platform, thus it is adopted widely by oil companies. Nevertheless, it still has higher construction, maintenance and development costs than onshore field developments as well as added technical issues. To overcome those challenges, a proper contract, management and technical proposal would benefit artificial islands projects, especially with current low oil price circumstances.
To establish a proper project mode for reservoir development on the artificial islands, this paper describes cases in 3 different aspects: first of all, the principal activities in the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract of Garraf drilling project in Iraq are introduced, including the complete service system, organization structure and human resources, health, safety and environment (HSE) management, cost and risk control, project period, research and technical support. After that, the batch operations in Weiyuan shale gas project in China are presented to demonstrate the production process. Finally, the experience of technical optimization of extended reach drilling (ERD) in Cuba is shared.