bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRISPR
‐Cas Systems for the Study of Immune Function
Authors: Pelletier Stephane 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

The ability to manipulate genomes has provided a wealth of knowledge about the structure and function of the immune system. For decades, genome manipulation has relied on transgenesis and homologous recombination to introduce or excise genetic material. The recent development of targetable DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)‐modifying enzymes that allow the precise modification of any given locus within genomes of all species has transformed the way genome editing and engineering are performed. These targetable enzymes, in particular the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats–CRISPR‐associated (CRISPR‐Cas) systems, have made it more accessible to generate genetically modified organisms in laboratories. In addition to genome editing and engineering, CRISPR‐Cas systems have been adapted to regulate gene expression, visualise genomic loci as well as RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcripts and modify DNA and DNA‐interacting protein markings.

Key Concepts

Forward and reverse genetics have played a key role in identifying genes involved in the development and function of the immune system.

CRISPR‐Cas/Cpf1 systems for genome editing use short RNA molecules to direct an endonuclease (Cas9 or Cpf1) to virtually any location within the genome and introduce DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs).

The newly introduced DNA DSBs trigger DNA repair pathways and facilitate the introduction of random or engineered mutations.

Four pathways are involved in the repair of DNA DSBs; of them, the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) are the most prominent.

Repair via the NHEJ pathway is error prone and can result in the random insertion or deletion of genetic material (indels).

Repair via the HR pathway is error free and uses the sister chromatid as a template. The HR pathway can be taken over by providing a repair template [homology‐directed repair (HDR) template] containing engineered mutations. These HDR templates can be used to introduce specific genetic modifications or repair disease‐causing mutations.

In addition, CRISPR‐Cas9 systems have been adapted to stimulate or repress gene expression, visualise chromosomal regions, modify DNA and DNA‐binding protein marking and track RNA molecules.

CRISPR‐Cas systems have been used to identify genes involved in the development and function of the immune system, ranging from innate to adaptive immunity as well as to model human diseases.
POLG2 deficiency causes adult‐onset syndromic sensory neuropathy, ataxia and parkinsonism
Authors: Van Maldergem Lionel , Besse Arnaud , De Paepe Boel , Blakely Emma L. , Appadurai Vivek , Humble Margaret M. , Piard Juliette , Craig Kate , He Langping , Hella Pierre , Debray François‐Guillaume , Martin Jean‐Jacques , Gaussen Marion , Laloux Patrice , Stevanin Giovanni , Van Coster Rudy , Taylor Robert W. , Copeland William C. , Mormont Eric , Bonnen Penelope E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveMitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as ataxia and Parkinson's disease. We describe an extended Belgian pedigree where seven individuals presented with adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia, axonal peripheral ataxic neuropathy, and tremor, in variable combination with parkinsonism, seizures, cognitive decline, and ophthalmoplegia. We sought to identify the underlying molecular etiology and characterize the mitochondrial pathophysiology of this neurological syndrome.MethodsClinical, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological evaluations were conducted. Patient muscle and cultured fibroblasts underwent extensive analyses to assess mitochondrial function. Genetic studies including genome‐wide sequencing were conducted.ResultsHallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction were present in patients’ tissues including ultrastructural anomalies of mitochondria, mosaic cytochromecoxidase deficiency, and multiple mtDNAdeletions. We identified a splice acceptor variant inPOLG2,c.970‐1G>C, segregating with disease in this family and associated with a concomitant decrease in levels ofPOLG2 protein in patient cells.InterpretationThis work extends the clinical spectrum ofPOLG2 deficiency to include an overwhelming, adult‐onset neurological syndrome that includes cerebellar syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, and parkinsonism. We therefore suggest to includePOLG2sequencing in the evaluation of ataxia and sensory neuropathy in adults, especially when it is accompanied by tremor or parkinsonism with white matter disease. The demonstration that deletions of mtDNAresulting from autosomal‐dominantPOLG2variant lead to a monogenic neurodegenerative multicomponent syndrome provides further evidence for a major role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathomechanism of nonsyndromic forms of the component neurodegenerative disorders.
Convergence analysis of generalized conjugate direction method to solve general coupled Sylvester discrete‐time periodic matrix equations
Authors: Hajarian Masoud 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe discrete‐time periodic matrix equations have been extensively applied as a main tool of analysis and design for periodic systems. This study is intended to provide a generalization of conjugate direction method for solving the general coupled Sylvester discrete‐time periodic matrix equations

urn:x-wiley:acs:media:acs2742:acs2742-math-0001
The convergence theorem guarantees that the generalized conjugate direction method can compute the solutions of the general coupled Sylvester discrete‐time periodic matrix equations after a finite number of iterations in the absence of round‐off errors. Finally, numerical results are given to exhibit the accuracy and efficiency of the generalized conjugate direction method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mood Swings: Architectural Affective Disorder
Authors: McMorrough John 
Published: November 2016

What is architectural mood? Is it subjective, or objective? Phenomenological, or conceptual? Consistent, or constantly evolving?John McMorrough, Associate Professor of Architecture at the University of Michigan, here considers the theme from four different angles – indicative, imperative, interrogative and subjunctive. He suggests that we are embarking on a ‘manic’ phase, in which the noise of modern life makes making an impression ever more difficult, but the vocabulary of mood in architecture just might be growing richer as a result.
Relationships among fat mass, fat‐free mass and height in adults: A new method of statistical analysis applied to NHANES data
Authors: Burton Richard F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe positive influence of fat mass (FM) on fat‐free mass (FFM) has been quantified previously by various methods involving regression analysis of population data, but some are fundamentally flawed through neglect of the tendency of taller individuals to carry more fat. Differences in FFM due to differences in FM—and not directly related to differences in height—are expressed as ΔFFM/ΔFM, denoted KF. The main aims were to find a sounder regression‐based method of quantifying KF and simultaneously of estimating mean BMI0, the BMI of hypothetical fat‐free individuals. Other, related, objectives were to check the linearity of FFM‐FM relationships and to quantify the correlation between FM and height.MethodsNew statistical methods, explored and verified by Monte Carlo simulation, were applied to NHANES data. Regression of height2 on FFM and FM produced estimates of mean KF and indirectly of BMI0. Both were then adjusted to allow for variability in KF around its mean. Its standard deviation was estimated by a novel method.ResultsRelationships between FFM and FM were linear, not semilogarithmic as is sometimes assumed. Mean KF is similar in Mexican American men and women, but higher in men than women in non‐Hispanic European Americans and African Americans. Mean BMI0 is higher in men than in women. FM correlates more strongly with height than has been found previously.ConclusionsA more accurate way of quantifying mean BMI0 and the dependence of FFM on FM is established that may be easily applied to new and existing population data.
Workers’ compensation filings of temporary workers compared to direct hire workers in Illinois, 2007–2012
Authors: Madigan Dana , Forst Linda , Friedman Lee S. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundThe physical and psychological risks of temporary employment are well documented but there are still many questions regarding the consequences of injuries among these workers.MethodsThis analysis examines Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission filings from 2007 through 2012 to compare total cost of the decision, days of work missed, and percent disability of employees of temporary agencies with direct hire claims.ResultsTotal award median was $5,813.66 for direct hire employees and $2,625.00 for temporary workers. Of those employees claiming time off from work, median total time off was 1.3 weeks for direct hire employees compared to 1.2 weeks for temporary workers. Median total percent disability was 16.0% for direct hire and 10.0% for temporary employees.ConclusionsThere are differences between temporary workers and direct hire employees in terms of total workers' compensation awards, total time off, and percent disability. Additional studies are needed to validate these findings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:11–19, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Markerfreie molekulare Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe durch lineare und nichtlineare Raman‐spektroskopische Ansätze
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Schmitt Michael , Schie Iwan W. , Cialla‐May Dana , Matthäus Christian , Bocklitz Thomas , Popp Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRaman‐Spektroskopie ist eine aufstrebende Technik in der Analyse und Bildgebung von Biomaterialien, da sie in der Lage ist, einen einzigartigen spektroskopischen Fingerabdruck zu erzeugen. Die Darstellung von Zellen und Geweben durch Raman‐Mikrospektroskopie stellt einen zerstörungsfreien und markerfreien Ansatz dar. Dabei tragen alle Komponenten zu den Raman‐Signalen bei, die komplexe spektrale Signaturen liefern. Verfahren wie Resonanz‐Raman‐Streuung und oberflächenverstärkte Raman‐Streuung verstärken die Signale und ergeben einfachere Spektren. Raman‐aktive Markierungen können eingeführt werden, um die Spezifität und die Multimodalität zu erhöhen. Nichtlineare kohärente Raman‐Streuung bietet höhere Empfindlichkeiten, die eine schnelle Abbildung größerer Probenflächen ermöglichen. Schließlich eröffnen faserbasierte Bildgebungsverfahren den Weg zu In‐vivo‐Anwendungen der Raman‐Spektroskopie. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Grundlagen der medizinischen Raman‐Bildgebung und ihre Fortschritte seit 2012 zusammen.
A Two‐Coordinate Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)silylene: Balancing Thermal Stability and Reactivity
Authors: Kosai Tomoyuki , Ishida Shintaro , Iwamoto Takeaki 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA crystalline two‐coordinate cyclic (alkyl)(amino)silylene (1) was successfully synthesized and isolated. Its 29Si NMR and UV/Vis spectra indicate that the electronic properties of 1 fall between those of cyclic dialkylsilylenes and diaminosilylenes. At very low temperature, the color of a solution of 1 turned from colorless to yellow, which was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. DFT calculations supported the hypothesis that head‐to‐head dimers (disilenes) with a very long Si–Si distance are formed at such low temperatures. Although 1 is thermally stable, it readily undergoes cycloadditions, Si−H insertions, and photochemical reactions with benzene similar to dialkylsilylenes. At higher temperatures, 1 is also susceptible to intermolecular benzylic C−H insertion reactions, as well as unprecedented dehydrogenation reactions with cyclohexa‐1,4‐diene and 9,10‐dihydroanthracene to afford benzene and anthracene, respectively.
Label‐Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Schmitt Michael , Schie Iwan W. , Cialla‐May Dana , Matthäus Christian , Bocklitz Thomas , Popp Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRaman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label‐free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman‐active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber‐based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
Co6H8(PiPr3)6: A Cobalt Octahedron with Face‐Capping Hydrides
Authors: Ohki Yasuhiro , Shimizu Yuki , Araake Ryoichi , Tada Mizuki , Sameera W. M. C. , Ito Jun‐Ichi , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA square‐planar Co4 amide cluster, Co4{N(SiMe3)2}4 (2), and an octahedral Co6 hydride cluster, Co6H8(PiPr3)6 (4), were obtained from metathesis‐type amide to hydride exchange reactions of a CoII amide complex with pinacolborane (HBpin) in the absence/presence of PiPr3. The crystal structure of 4 revealed face‐capping hydrides on each triangular [Co3] face, while the formal CoII2CoI4 oxidation state of 4 indicated a reduction of the cobalt centers during the assembly process. Cluster 4 catalyzes the hydrosilylation of 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one favoring the conjugate reduction. Generation of the catalytically reactive Co cluster species was indicated by a trapping experiment with a chiral chelating agent.
A Dinuclear Mercury(II)‐Mediated Base Pair in DNA
Authors: Mandal Soham , Hebenbrock Marian , Müller Jens 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe first dinuclear metal‐mediated base pair containing divalent metal ions has been prepared. A combination of the neutral bis(monodentate) purine derivative 1,N6‐ethenoadenine (ϵA), which preferentially binds two metal ions with a parallel alignment of the N−M bonds, and the canonical nucleobase thymine (T), which readily deprotonates in the presence of HgII and thereby partially compensates the charge accumulation due to the two closely spaced divalent metal ions, yields the dinuclear T‐HgII2‐ϵA base pair. This metal‐mediated base pair stabilizes the DNA oligonucleotide duplex as shown by an increase of 8 °C in its melting temperature. Formation of the base pair was demonstrated by temperature‐dependent UV spectroscopy as well as by titration experiments monitored by UV and CD spectroscopy.
Metal‐free Synthesis of Aryl Amines: Beyond Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H. , Stuart David R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA mild and metal‐free approach to C−N coupling is described that employs diaryliodonium salt electrophiles and secondary aliphatic amine nucleophiles. This reaction results in direct ipso‐substitution of the iodonium moiety and unsymmetrical aryl(TMP)iodonium salts are primarily employed. Moreover, arene substituents and substitution patterns that currently pose a challenge to classical metal‐free methods are accommodated and the alicyclic amine nucleophiles used here are unprecedented in other contemporary metal‐free C−N coupling reactions.
Anomalous behavior of the dielectric and electrical properties of polymeric nanodielectric poly(vinyl alcohol)–titanium dioxide films
Authors: Choudhary Shobhna , Sengwa Ram Jeewan 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe complex dielectric permittivity, alternating‐current electrical conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance spectra of polymeric nanocomposite (PNC) films consisting of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix dispersed with nanosize particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2); (i.e., PVA–x wt % TiO2, where x is 0, 1, 3, or 5) were investigated in the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz at ambient temperature. A detailed analysis of the results showed that the values of the dielectric and electrical parameters of these PNC‐based nanodielectric films varied anomalously with increasing TiO2 concentration. The temperature‐dependent dielectric characterization of the PVA–3 wt % TiO2 film revealed that the dielectric polarization at a fixed frequency increased nonlinearly with increasing temperature. The temperature‐dependent electric modulus relaxation time values of the nanodielectric film obeyed Arrhenius behavior. The X‐ray diffraction study confirmed that the crystalline phase of the PVA matrix decreased with increasing TiO2 concentration; this suggested that the interaction of the TiO2 nanoparticles caused some destruction of the hydroxyl group dipolar ordering in the hydrogen‐bonded crystalline structure of the pristine PVA matrix. The intensities of the diffraction peaks of the TiO2 nanofiller were enhanced as its concentration increased in these nanodielectrics; this confirmed the existence of TiO2 nanoparticles inside the crystalline phases of the PVA matrix. The surface morphology of the films was examined by the study of their scanning electron micrographs. The feasibility of using these flexible polymeric nanodielectric films as electrical insulators and dielectric substrates in low‐power microelectronic devices operated at audio‐ and radio‐frequency electric fields was explored. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44568.
Preparation of high‐flux ultrafiltration membranes by blending strongly charged polymer
Authors: Ou Ranwen , Wang Yaqin , Zhang Huacheng , Wang Huanting , Xu Tongwen 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThree kinds of high‐flux ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated by blending strongly charged polymer [sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO)] with neutral polymer [cellulose acetate (CA), polyethersulfone (PES), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)]. After blending with SPPO, the pure water flux of CA‐SPPO, PES‐SPPO, and PVDF‐SPPO membrane increase by 3, 76, and 30 times at a transmembrane pressure of 100 kPa. Compared with the unblended membranes, the pore radius of CA‐SPPO, PES‐SPPO, and PVDF‐SPPO membrane increased from 31.9 to 33.2 nm, 26.1 to 28.6 nm, and 19.8 to 25.7 nm, respectively. The addition of strongly charged polymer decreased the thermodynamic stability of casting solutions, promoting the phase inversion process and resulting in highly porous structure. The charged groups and hydrophilicity of the polymer facilitate the formation of an additive concentration gradient (more additive in the active layer), endowing the blend membrane with better hydrophilicity and greater wettability gradient. The high porosity, good hydrophilicity, and larger wettability gradient enable the high permeation of blend membranes. This work shows how the strongly charged polymer affects the formation and performance of blend membrane, which will be useful for designing high‐performance membrane. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44570.
Effect of molecular weight of curing agents on properties of nanocomposites based on epoxy resin and organoclay with reactive modifier
Authors: Jagtap Siddheshwar B. , Ratna Debdatta 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTNanocomposites of epoxy resin and clay modified with half neutralized salt of Jeffamine D400 were prepared by curing separately with three polyetheramines curing agents of different molecular weights and reactivity. The molecular weight of curing agents and their structural similarity with modifier played an important role in deciding the curing behavior, thermomechanical, and morphological properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites. Morphological analysis carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) clearly show that the dispersion of clay layers in epoxy matrix decreases with decreasing molecular weight of the curing agents. Curing study done by using temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) demonstrates that extragallery reaction rate increases with decreasing molecular weight of curing agents. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of epoxy/3 wt % modified clay composite prepared by curing with curing agent of higher molecular weight shows around 270% improvement in storage modulus (glassy) as compared with its neat epoxy network. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44595.
Developmental andEvolutionarySignificance of theZygomaticBone
Authors: Heuzé Yann , Kawasaki Kazuhiko , Schwarz Tobias , Schoenebeck Jeffrey J. , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe zygomatic bone is derived evolutionarily from the orbital series. In most modern mammals the zygomatic bone forms a large part of the face and usually serves as a bridge that connects the facial skeleton to the neurocranium. Our aim is to provide information on the contribution of the zygomatic bone to variation in midfacial protrusion using three samples; humans, domesticated dogs, and monkeys. In each case, variation in midface protrusion is a heritable trait produced by one of three classes of transmission: localized dysmorphology associated with single gene dysfunction, selective breeding, or long‐term evolution from a common ancestor. We hypothesize that the shape of the zygomatic bone reflects its role in stabilizing the connection between facial skeleton and neurocranium and consequently, changes in facial protrusion are more strongly reflected by the maxilla and premaxilla. Our geometric morphometric analyses support our hypothesis suggesting that the shape of the zygomatic bone has less to do with facial protrusion. By morphometrically dissecting the zygomatic bone we have determined a degree of modularity among parts of the midfacial skeleton suggesting that these components have the ability to vary independently and thus can evolve differentially. From these purely morphometric data, we propose that the neural crest cells that are fated to contribute to the zygomatic bone experience developmental cues that distinguish them from the maxilla and premaxilla. The spatiotemporal and molecular identity of the cues that impart zygoma progenitors with their identity remains an open question that will require alternative data sets. Anat Rec, 299:1616–1630, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Anatomical Record Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elastic Properties of Chimpanzee Craniofacial Cortical Bone
Authors: Gharpure Poorva , Kontogiorgos Elias D. , Opperman Lynne A. , Ross Callum F. , Strait David S. , Smith Amanda , Pryor Leslie C. , Wang Qian , Dechow Paul C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTRelatively few assessments of cranial biomechanics formally take into account variation in the material properties of cranial cortical bone. Our aim was to characterize the elastic properties of chimpanzee craniofacial cortical bone and compare these to the elastic properties of dentate human craniofacial cortical bone. From seven cranial regions, 27 cylindrical samples were harvested from each of five chimpanzee crania. Assuming orthotropy, axes of maximum stiffness in the plane of the cortical plate were derived using modified equations of Hooke's law in a Mathcad program. Consistent orientations among individuals were observed in the zygomatic arch and alveolus. The density of cortical bone showed significant regional variation (P < 0.001). The elastic moduli demonstrated significant differences between sites, and a distinct pattern where E3 > E2 > E1. Shear moduli were significantly different among regions (P < 0.001). The pattern by which chimpanzee cranial cortical bone varies in elastic properties resembled that seen in humans, perhaps suggesting that the elastic properties of craniofacial bone in fossil hominins can be estimated with at least some degree of confidence. Anat Rec, 299:1718–1733, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.