bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable Moving Particle Semi Implicit Method for Modeling Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides
Authors: Nabian Mohammad Amin , Farhadi Leila 
Published: June 2016

A mesh-free numerical formulation, known as Moving Particle Semi Implicit (MPS) Method, is used for modeling waves generated by submarine landslides. In this formulation, approximations are provided to the strong form of PDEs on the basis of integral interpolants. The governing equations, Navier-Stokes equations, are solved in a 2D fully Lagrangian form. This method utilizes a fractional step method and splits each time step in two steps. The fluid is represented with particles and the motion of each particle is calculated through interactions with neighboring particles by means of a kernel function.
Landslides in this paper are simulated by a submerged triangle rigid wedge sliding along an inclined plane into a water tank. As the wedge sinks, a wave and a vortex is formed. The water surface profile, velocity field and pressure field are represented at different times. To confirm the accuracy of the model, the water surface profile is compared with the experimental data, showing good agreement. Simulations can continue for a long period of time without any instability occurrence and this is a remarkable competency amongst other particle methods. A discussion on multi-size particle strategy and its ability to increase the efficiency of MPS method is provided at the end of the paper.
Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Population Sample of Girls and Boys Aged 6 to 8 Years
Authors: Lintu Niina , Savonen Kai , Viitasalo Anna , Tompuri Tuomo , Paananen Jussi , Tarvainen Mika P. , Lakka Timo 
Published: June 2016

Background:There are few studies on determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among girls and boys separately in population samples of children.Methods:We therefore investigated the determinants of CRF, assessed by maximal workload per height using allometric scaling, in a population sample of 162 girls and 177 boys aged 6 to 8 years. We used automated bootstrap feature selection and linear regression models.Results:The strongest determinants of CRF among girls were maximal heart rate (HR; standardized regression coefficient [β] = 0.31, P < .001), unsupervised physical activity (β = 0.29, P < .001), lean body mass (β = 0.23, P = .001), and errors in static balance test (β = –0.16, P = .02), accounting altogether for 25.7% of variation in CRF. In boys, unsupervised physical activity (β = 0.24, P < .001), resting HR (β = –0.25, P < .001), hand grip strength (β = 0.21, P = .001), errors in static balance test (β = –0.16, P = .01), organized football (β = 0.16, P = .01), and unsupervised trampoline jumping (β = 0.14, P = .04) were the strongest determinants of CRF, accounting altogether for 29.7% of variation in CRF.Conclusions:These findings suggest that unsupervised physical activity is sufficient in improving CRF in both sexes. Furthermore, larger muscle mass and better balance are associated with higher CRF that has to be taken into account when assessing CRF using maximal cycle ergometer exercise test among children.
The Effects of Unsupervised Home-based Exercise Upon Functional Capacity After 6 Months of Discharge From Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Borges Juliana Pereira , Mediano Mauro Felippe Felix , Farinatti Paulo , Coelho Marina Pereira , Nascimento Pablo Marino Correa , Lopes Gabriella de Oliveira , Kopiler Daniel Arkader , Tibiriçá Eduardo 
Published: June 2016

Background:It remains unclear whether self-regulated exercise is sufficient to maintain the benefits acquired during formal cardiac rehabilitation (CR). This retrospective observational study investigated the effects of a home-based exercise intervention after discharge from CR upon anthropometric and aerobic capacity markers in clinically stable patients.Methods:Fifty patients with cardiovascular disease were discharged after 6 months of CR and encouraged to maintain aerobic exercise without supervision. Subsequent to 6 months of follow-up, patients were assigned to compliant (n = 34) or noncompliant (n = 16) groups according to their compliance to the home-based program. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and anthropometric data were assessed before CR, at discharge, and after 6 months of follow-up.Results:No statistical differences between compliant and noncompliant groups were observed at baseline and at discharge from CR. At the end of the follow-up, statistical differences across groups were not found for body mass or body mass index, but increases in VO2peak (+3.6 vs. –0.6 ml/kg·min, P = 0.004) and oxygen pulse (+1.5 vs. +0.2 ml/bpm, P = .03) were greater in compliant than noncompliant group.Conclusions:Self-regulated exercising following CR discharge seems to be effective to maintain gains in exercise capacity acquired during supervised center-based programs.
Objectively Measured Steps/Day in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Saunders Travis , Campbell Nerissa , Jason Timothy , Dechman Gail , Hernandez Paul , Thompson Kara , Blanchard Chris M. 
Published: June 2016

Background:Although individual studies have reported on the number of steps/day taken by individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this evidence has not been systematically reviewed or synthesized.Methods:MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched for studies reporting objectively-measured steps/day and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) in patients with COPD. Meta-analyses were used to estimate steps/day across studies, while metaregression was used to estimate between-study variance based on clinical and demographic factors (year and location of study, activity monitor brand, number of days wearing the monitor, whether participants were about to enter pulmonary rehabilitation, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), FEV1%, age, and sex).Results:38 studies including 2621 participants met inclusion criteria. The pooled mean estimate was 4579 steps/day (95% CI:4310 to 5208) for individuals with COPD. Only 6MWD, FEV1% and whether patients were about to undergo pulmonary rehabilitation explained a significant portion of the variance (P < 0.1) in univariate meta-regression. In a multivariate model including the above risk factors, only FEV1% was associated with steps/day after adjustment for other covariates.Conclusions:These results indicate that patients with COPD achieve extremely low levels of physical activity as assessed by steps/day, and that severity of airflow obstruction is associated with activity level.
Human Survivors of Disease Outbreaks Caused by Ebola or Marburg Virus Exhibit Cross-Reactive and Long-Lived Antibody Responses
Authors: Natesan Mohan , Jensen Stig M. , Keasey Sarah L. , Kamata Teddy , Kuehne Ana I. , Stonier Spencer W. , Lutwama Julius Julian , Lobel Leslie , Dye John M. , Ulrich Robert G. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

A detailed understanding of serological immune responses to Ebola and Marburg virus infections will facilitate the development of effective diagnostic methods, therapeutics, and vaccines. We examined antibodies from Ebola or Marburg survivors 1 to 14 years after recovery from disease, by using a microarray that displayed recombinant nucleoprotein (NP), viral protein 40 (VP40), envelope glycoprotein (GP), and inactivated whole virions from six species of filoviruses. All three outbreak cohorts exhibited significant antibody responses to antigens from the original infecting species and a pattern of additional filoviruses that varied by outbreak. NP was the most cross-reactive antigen, while GP was the most specific. Antibodies from survivors of infections by
Marburg marburgvirus
(MARV) species were least cross-reactive, while those from survivors of infections by
Sudan virus
(SUDV) species exhibited the highest cross-reactivity. Based on results revealed by the protein microarray, persistent levels of antibodies to GP, NP, and VP40 were maintained for up to 14 years after infection, and survival of infection caused by one species imparted cross-reactive antibody responses to other filoviruses.
Infection Susceptibility in Gastric Intrinsic Factor (Vitamin B
12
)-Defective Mice Is Subject to Maternal Influences
Authors: Mottram Lynda , Speak Anneliese O. , Selek Reza M. , Cambridge Emma L. , McIntyre Zoe , Kane Leanne , Mukhopadhyay Subhankar , Grove Carolyn , Colin Amy , Brandt Cordelia , Duque-Correa Maria A. , Forbester Jessica , Nguyen Tu Anh Pham , Hale Christine , Vasilliou George S. , Arends Mark J. , Wren Brendan W. , Dougan Gordon , Clare Simon 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Mice harboring a mutation in the gene encoding gastric intrinsic factor (Gif), a protein essential for the absorption of vitamin B
12
/cobalamin (Cbl), have potential as a model to explore the role of vitamins in infection. The levels of Cbl in the blood of
Gif
tm1a/tm1a
mutant mice were influenced by the maternal genotype, with offspring born to heterozygous (high Cbl, F
1
) mothers exhibiting a significantly higher serum Cbl level than those born to homozygous (low Cbl, F
2
) equivalents. Low Cbl levels correlated with susceptibility to an infectious challenge with
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium or
Citrobacter rodentium
, and this susceptibility phenotype was moderated by Cbl administration. Transcriptional and metabolic profiling revealed that Cbl deficient mice exhibited a bioenergetic shift similar to a metabolic phenomenon commonly found in cancerous cells under hypoxic conditions known as the Warburg effect, with this metabolic effect being exacerbated further by infection. Our findings demonstrate a role for Cbl in bacterial infection, with potential general relevance to dietary deficiency and infection susceptibility.

IMPORTANCE
Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in countries with weak infrastructures. In communities with a high prevalence of poor diet, malnourishment and infectious disease can impact vulnerable individuals such as pregnant women and children. Here, we describe a highly flexible murine model for monitoring maternal and environmental influences of vitamin B
12
metabolism. We also demonstrate the potential importance of vitamin B
12
in controlling susceptibility to bacterial pathogens such as
C. rodentium
and
S
. Typhimurium. We postulate that this model, along with similarly vitamin deficient mice, could be used to further explore the mechanisms associated with micronutrients and susceptibility to diseases, thereby increasing our understanding of disease in the malnourished.
Patient and family satisfaction levels in the intensive care unit after elective cardiac surgery: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a preoperative patient education intervention
Authors: Lai Veronica Ka Wai , Lee Anna , Leung Patricia , Chiu Chun Hung , Ho Ka Man , Gomersall Charles David , Underwood Malcolm John , Joynt Gavin Matthew 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionPatients and their families are understandably anxious about the risk of complications and unfamiliar experiences following cardiac surgery. Providing information about postoperative care in the intensive care unit (ICU) to patients and families may lead to lower anxiety levels, and increased satisfaction with healthcare. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative patient education provided for patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.Methods and analysis100 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft, with or without valve replacement surgery, will be recruited into a 2-group, parallel, superiority, double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Participants will be randomised to either preoperative patient education comprising of a video and ICU tour with standard care (intervention) or standard education (control). The primary outcome measures are the satisfaction levels of patients and family members with ICU care and decision-making in the ICU. The secondary outcome measures are patient anxiety and depression levels before and after surgery.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong—New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee (reference number CREC 2015.308). The findings will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. Study participants will receive a 1-page plain language summary of results.Trial registration numberChiCTR-IOR-15006971.
A novel flow cytometric-based method to measure kinase inhibition in sputum from COPD subjects
Authors: Nicholson G C , Holloway R A , Leaker B R , Kilty I , Salganik M , Tan L , Barnes P J , Donnelly L E 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionJanus kinases (JAKs) regulate inflammatory gene expression through phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Expression of STAT proteins is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and may be involved in driving chronic inflammation. Oral JAK inhibitors are effective as anti-inflammatory therapy but exhibit dose-limiting adverse effects. Development of inhaled compounds would be enhanced by robust biomarkers that directly reflect the anti-inflammatory and pharmacological activity in the lung.MethodsA novel flow cytometry assay was developed to measure STAT1 phosphorylation in sputum inflammatory cells. The standard sputum processing method was refined to improve sputum cell viability. The flow cytometric assay was used to assess the reproducibility of the measurement of STAT1 phosphorylation and the in vitro activity of a pan JAK-inhibitor on three separate visits in patients with COPD.ResultsUpregulation of STAT1 phosphorylation was measured following in vitro IFNγ stimulation of sputum macrophages (stimulated/unstimulated ratio 1.57; p<0.00001). Upregulation was inhibited following in vitro preincubation with a pan JAK-inhibitor (inhibited+stimulated/unstimulated ratio 0.97). STAT1 phosphorylation activity could only be measured in macrophages.ConclusionsSputum from patients with COPD can be used to reproducibly measure phospho-STAT expression in sputum macrophages. The flow cytometry-based method can be used to evaluate kinase inhibitors in vitro and subsequently in ex vivo studies. The assay is particularly useful for the assessment of inhaled compounds where whole blood assays may not be relevant.
Enhancing generational change in patient safety attitudes through peer leadership
Authors: Walpola Ramesh L , Fois Romano A , McLachlan Andrew J , Chen Timothy F 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundDespite peer-led teaching demonstrating benefits in patient safety education, few studies have evaluated these programmes from the perspective of peer leaders.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of peer leader participation in a patient safety education workshop in improving their patient safety attitudes.Participants34 final year pharmacy student peer leaders.MethodsAn interactive peer-led patient safety workshop was delivered to 249 first year pharmacy students. Peer leaders' attitudes were assessed 2 months prior to and immediately after peer leader training; and immediately after and 1 month following the workshop. Using a validated patient safety attitudinal survey, repeated measures analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate changes in four key attitudes over time: being quality improvement focused; internalising errors; questioning more senior healthcare professionals' behaviours; and attitudes towards the open disclosure of errors.ResultsCompared to baseline, peer leaders' attitudes towards open disclosure significantly improved immediately following the workshop (p=0.010) and were sustained after 1 month (p=0.028). Attitudes towards being quality improvement focused also improved significantly 1 month after the workshop (p=0.003).ConclusionsParticipation in a peer-led patient safety education programme benefits both students and peer leaders, enabling further mastery of concepts and enhancing generational change in patient safety practices.
An assessment of Palaeogene and Neogene clay deposits in Denmark as possible host rocks for final disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste
Authors: Gravesen Peter , Pedersen Stig A. Schack , Nilsson Bertel , Binderup Merete 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In Denmark, mapping and preliminary investigations of Palaeogene and Early Neogene clay deposits have been performed over the past 5 years. The goal was to locate potential host rocks for the final disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste from the Danish Research Centre Risø, which has to be decommissioned within the next 5–8 years. Five areas with low-permeability Paleocene and Oligocene clay formations, situated in northern Jylland, NE Fyn and southern Lolland, not far from the Baltic coast at Femern Belt, have been suggested. The clay formations are between 75 and 150 m thick, and have large lateral distribution. They are covered by thin layers of glacial clayey tills and the shallow depth to the clay formations is attractive, partly because they are easy to access and partly because there are no groundwater aquifers situated above or below the clay deposits. The paper gives an overall review of the characteristics of the six different clay formations within four of the areas.
Combining high-resolution two-phase with simplified single-phase simulations in order to optimize the performance of PA/SA simulations for a deep geological repository for radioactive waste
Authors: Schaedle Philipp , Kaempfer Thomas , Pépin Guillaume , Wendling Jacques , Brommundt Juergen 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The transport of a radioactive solute during the transient thermo-hydraulic regime with gas generation in and around a disposal cell depends on complex multi-phase processes. Numerical simulations can improve the understanding of the system by providing detailed information on the temporal and spatial distribution of the radionuclides. In particular, their fluxes can be computed under the given transient conditions considering radionuclide, heat and gas release from the waste. However, such detailed multi-phase simulations are very demanding with respect to computational resources and time. Based on the knowledge gained from such complex simulations, we have developed a robust simplified single-phase approach for performance and safety assessment, the improved efficiency of which enables extensive parameter studies. The simplified approach comprises, on the one hand, homogenization of features of high detail and, on the other hand, the employment of two-phase simulation results that are used to deduce equivalent single-phase parameterizations. The results have been validated with various benchmark criteria at well-defined interfaces in the modelled disposal cells based on the simulated radionuclides fluxes.
Towards efficient traffic-analysis resistant anonymity networks
Authors: Le Blond Stevens , Choffnes David , Zhou Wenxuan , Druschel Peter , Ballani Hitesh , Francis Paul 
Published: June 2016

Existing IP anonymity systems tend to sacrifice one of low latency, high bandwidth, or resistance to traffic-analysis. High-latency mix-nets like Mixminion batch messages to resist traffic-analysis at the expense of low latency. Onion routing schemes like Tor deliver low latency and high bandwidth, but are not designed to withstand traffic analysis. Designs based on DC-nets or broadcast channels resist traffic analysis and provide low latency, but are limited to low bandwidth communication.
In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Aqua, a high-bandwidth anonymity system that resists traffic analysis. We focus on providing strong anonymity for BitTorrent, and evaluate the performance of Aqua using traces from hundreds of thousands of actual BitTorrent users. We show that Aqua achieves latency low enough for efficient bulk TCP flows, bandwidth sufficient to carry BitTorrent traffic with reasonable efficiency, and resistance to traffic analysis within anonymity sets of hundreds of clients. We conclude that Aqua represents an interesting new point in the space of anonymity network designs.
Ambient backscatter
Authors: Liu Vincent , Parks Aaron , Talla Vamsi , Gollakota Shyamnath , Wetherall David , Smith Joshua R. 
Published: June 2016

We present the design of a communication system that enables two devices to communicate using ambient RF as the only source of power. Our approach leverages existing TV and cellular transmissions to eliminate the need for wires and batteries, thus enabling ubiquitous communication where devices can communicate among themselves at unprecedented scales and in locations that were previously inaccessible.
To achieve this, we introduce ambient backscatter, a new communication primitive where devices communicate by backscattering ambient RF signals. Our design avoids the expensive process of generating radio waves; backscatter communication is orders of magnitude more power-efficient than traditional radio communication. Further, since it leverages the ambient RF signals that are already around us, it does not require a dedicated power infrastructure as in traditional backscatter communication. To show the feasibility of our design, we prototype ambient backscatter devices in hardware and achieve information rates of 1 kbps over distances of 2.5 feet and 1.5 feet, while operating outdoors and indoors respectively. We use our hardware prototype to implement proof-of-concepts for two previously infeasible ubiquitous communication applications.
SIMPLE-fying middlebox policy enforcement using SDN
Authors: Qazi Zafar Ayyub , Tu Cheng-Chun , Chiang Luis , Miao Rui , Sekar Vyas , Yu Minlan 
Published: June 2016

Networks today rely on middleboxes to provide critical performance, security, and policy compliance capabilities. Achieving these benefits and ensuring that the traffic is directed through the desired sequence of middleboxes requires significant manual effort and operator expertise. In this respect, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) offers a promising alternative. Middleboxes, however, introduce new aspects (e.g., policy composition, resource management, packet modifications) that fall outside the purvey of traditional L2/L3 functions that SDN supports (e.g., access control or routing).
This paper presents SIMPLE, a SDN-based policy enforcement layer for efficient middlebox-specific "traffic steering''. In designing SIMPLE, we take an explicit stance to work within the constraints of legacy middleboxes and existing SDN interfaces. To this end, we address algorithmic and system design challenges to demonstrate the feasibility of using SDN to simplify middlebox traffic steering. In doing so, we also take a significant step toward addressing industry concerns surrounding the ability of SDN to integrate with existing infrastructure and support L4-L7 capabilities.