bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shifting gears: dynamic muscle shape changes and force-velocity behavior in the medial gastrocnemius
Authors: Dick Taylor J. M. , Wakeling James M. 
Published: September 2017

When muscles contract, they bulge in thickness or in width to maintain a (nearly) constant volume. These dynamic shape changes are tightly linked to the internal constraints placed on individual muscle fibers and play a key functional role in modulating the mechanical performance of skeletal muscle by increasing its range of operating velocities. Yet to date we have a limited understanding of the nature and functional implications of in vivo dynamic muscle shape change under submaximal conditions. This study determined how the in vivo changes in medial gastrocnemius (MG) fascicle velocity, pennation angle, muscle thickness, and subsequent muscle gearing varied as a function of force and velocity. To do this, we obtained recordings of MG tendon length, fascicle length, pennation angle, and thickness using B-mode ultrasound and muscle activation using surface electromyography during cycling at a range of cadences and loads. We found that that increases in contractile force were accompanied by reduced bulging in muscle thickness, reduced increases in pennation angle, and faster fascicle shortening. Although the force and velocity of a muscle contraction are inversely related due to the force-velocity effect, this study has shown how dynamic muscle shape changes are influenced by force and not influenced by velocity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During movement, skeletal muscles contract and bulge in thickness or width. These shape changes play a key role in modulating the performance of skeletal muscle by increasing its range of operating velocities. Yet to date the underlying mechanisms associated with muscle shape change remain largely unexplored. This study identified muscle force, and not velocity, as the mechanistic driving factor to allow for muscle gearing to vary depending on the contractile conditions during human cycling.
History of Comorbidities and Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients, Results from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium
Authors: Minlikeeva Albina N. , Freudenheim Jo L. , Eng Kevin H. , Cannioto Rikki A. , Friel Grace , Szender J. Brian , Segal Brahm , Odunsi Kunle , Mayor Paul , Diergaarde Brenda , Zsiros Emese , Kelemen Linda E. , Köbel Martin , Steed Helen , deFazio Anna , Jordan Susan J. , Fasching Peter A. , Beckmann Matthias W. , Risch Harvey A. , Rossing Mary Anne , Doherty Jennifer A. , Chang-Claude Jenny , Goodman Marc T. , Dörk Thilo , Edwards Robert , Modugno Francesmary , Ness Roberta B. , Matsuo Keitaro , Mizuno Mika , Karlan Beth Y. , Goode Ellen L. , Kjær Susanne K. , Høgdall Estrid , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Terry Kathryn L. , Cramer Daniel W. , Bandera Elisa V. , Paddock Lisa E. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , Massuger Leon F.A.G. , Sutphen Rebecca , Anton-Culver Hoda , Ziogas Argyrios , Menon Usha , Gayther Simon A. , Ramus Susan J. , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Pearce Celeste L. , Wu Anna H. , Kupryjanczyk Jolanta , Jensen Allan , Webb Penelope M. , Moysich Kirsten B. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Background: Comorbidities can affect survival of ovarian cancer patients by influencing treatment efficacy. However, little evidence exists on the association between individual concurrent comorbidities and prognosis in ovarian cancer patients.
Methods: Among patients diagnosed with invasive ovarian carcinoma who participated in 23 studies included in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium, we explored associations between histories of endometriosis; asthma; depression; osteoporosis; and autoimmune, gallbladder, kidney, liver, and neurological diseases and overall and progression-free survival. Using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age at diagnosis, stage of disease, histology, and study site, we estimated pooled HRs and 95% confidence intervals to assess associations between each comorbidity and ovarian cancer outcomes.
Results: None of the comorbidities were associated with ovarian cancer outcome in the overall sample nor in strata defined by histologic subtype, weight status, age at diagnosis, or stage of disease (local/regional vs. advanced).
Conclusions: Histories of endometriosis; asthma; depression; osteoporosis; and autoimmune, gallbladder, kidney, liver, or neurologic diseases were not associated with ovarian cancer overall or progression-free survival.
Impact: These previously diagnosed chronic diseases do not appear to affect ovarian cancer prognosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(9); 1470–3. ©2017 AACR.
The Challenge for Development of Valuable Immuno-oncology Biomarkers
Authors: Mehnert Janice M. , Monjazeb Arta M. , Beerthuijzen Johanna M.T. , Collyar Deborah , Rubinstein Larry , Harris Lyndsay N. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The development of immunotherapy is an important breakthrough for the treatment of cancer, with antitumor efficacy observed in a wide variety of tumors. To optimize immunotherapy use, approaches must be developed to identify which patients are likely to achieve benefit. To minimize therapeutic toxicities and costs, understanding the ideal choice and sequencing of the numerous immuno-oncology agents available for individual patients is thus critical, but fraught with challenges. The immune tumor microenvironment (TME) is a unique aspect of the response to immuno-oncology agents and measurement of single biomarkers does not adequately capture these complex interactions. Therefore, multiple potential biomarkers are likely needed. Current candidates in this area include PD-L1 expression, CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor mutation load and neoantigen burden, immune-related gene signatures, and multiplex IHC assays that examine the pharmacodynamic and spatial interactions of the TME. The most fruitful investigations are likely to use several techniques to predict response and interrogate mechanisms of resistance. Immuno-oncology biomarker research must employ validated assays to ask focused research questions utilizing clinically annotated tissue collections and biomarker-focused clinical trial designs to investigate specific endpoints. Real-time input from patients and their advocates into biomarker discovery is necessary to ensure that the investigations pursued will improve both clinical outcomes and quality of life. We herein provide a framework of recommendations to guide the search for immuno-oncology biomarkers of value. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 4970–9. ©2017 AACR.
See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Clinical Trial Design Considerations in the Immuno-oncology Era.”
Fast-TRKing Drug Development for Rare Molecular Targets
Authors: Parikh Aparna R. , Corcoran Ryan B. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Summary: Drug development for rare molecular targets in oncology presents unique challenges. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Drilon and colleagues report the accelerated development and innovative initial clinical trial strategy of a next-generation TRK inhibitor, LOXO-195, designed to overcome common secondary TRK resistance mutations. Cancer Discov; 7(9); 934–6. ©2017 AACR.
See related article by Drilon et al., p. 963.
What Is the Relationship Between Dairy Intake and Blood Pressure in Black and White Children and Adolescents Enrolled in a Weight Management Program?
Authors: DellaValle Diane M. , Carter Janet , Jones Molly , Henshaw Melissa Howard 
Published: September 2017

Background
The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) clinical trials and other studies have demonstrated a relationship between diet and cardiovascular outcomes in adults, yet little is known of this relationship in children. Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, with similar increases in hypertension among this population. The purpose of our study was to examine the association between dairy intake and blood pressure (BP) in a cohort of children and adolescents (aged 4–17 years) enrolled in a weight management program.

Methods and Results

Dietary intake was assessed using the Block Kids 2004 food frequency questionnaire in a cross‐sectional sample of participants enrolled in the Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome Study at the Children's Hospital (Charleston,
SC
). BP and other anthropometrics were obtained at baseline. Only children with complete baseline data and food frequency questionnaires were included in this analysis (n=117). Associations between food group/nutrient intake and BP were examined across race and sex using
ANOVA
and Pearson correlations. Linear regression models were controlled for body mass index and age. In the total sample, a significant inverse relationship was found between the intake of dairy and systolic BP (
r
=−0.24,
P
=0.009). The effect of dairy on systolic BP, however, differed by race. We observed a decrease of 11.2 mm Hg for each serving of dairy consumed by white children, and no decrease in systolic BP in black children (
P
=0.001 for the race–dairy serving interaction).

Conclusions
Nutrition professionals must consider nonnutrition factors contributing to childhood hypertension, as current dietary recommendations appear to have differential outcomes across races.
Sex Differences in Associations of Arterial Compliance With Coronary Artery Plaque and Calcification Burden
Authors: Coutinho Thais , Yam Yeung , Chow Benjamin J.W. , Dwivedi Girish , Inácio João 
Published: September 2017

Background

Coronary artery disease is a leading killer of women. Arterial stiffness predicts myocardial infarction, and postmenopausal women have lower arterial compliance (
AC
) than men. We hypothesized that lower
AC
would be associated with greater burden of coronary artery plaque and calcification, and that these associations would be stronger in women than men.

Methods and Results

We evaluated 3639 consecutive adults without coronary artery disease history who had coronary computed tomography between 2006 and 2014. Coronary artery calcification was calculated using the Agatston method. Plaque extent was assessed by the number of arterial segments with visible plaque divided by the number of visualized segments ×100 (percent plaque score). Indexed
AC
was calculated as stroke volume index/central pulse pressure. We used step‐wise multivariable linear regression to assess associations of log indexed
AC
with log (percent plaque score+1) and log (coronary artery calcification+1). Sex‐specific models were performed if the interaction sex×
AC
was significant. Mean age was 57±11 years, 53% were men, and 71% were hypertensive. Interaction term sex×
AC
was significant for both models (
P
=0.008 for percent plaque score and 0.022 for coronary artery calcification). Lower indexed
AC
was associated with higher percent plaque score and coronary artery calcification in women (β±
SE
: −0.231±0.113,
P
=0.042 and −0.334±0.166,
P
=0.044, respectively), but not in men (β±
SE
: −0.062±0.104,
P
=0.551 and 0.114±0.173,
P
=0.510, respectively).

Conclusions

Lower
AC
is associated with greater burden of coronary artery plaque and calcification in women, but not in men. Our findings highlight low
AC
as a correlate of more‐advanced coronary artery disease and as a potential link to the worse cardiovascular outcomes in women.
Inter‐Relations of Orthostatic Blood Pressure Change, Aortic Stiffness, and Brain Structure and Function in Young Adults
Authors: Cooper Leroy L. , Himali Jayandra J. , Torjesen Alyssa , Tsao Connie W. , Beiser Alexa , Hamburg Naomi M. , DeCarli Charles , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Seshadri Sudha , Pase Matthew P. , Mitchell Gary F. 
Published: September 2017

Background
Relations of orthostatic change in blood pressure with brain structure and function have not been studied thoroughly, particularly in younger, healthier individuals. Elucidation of factors that contribute to early changes in brain integrity may lead to development of interventions that delay or prevent cognitive impairment.

Methods and Results

In a sample of the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation (N=2119; 53% women; mean age±SD, 47±8 years), we assessed orthostatic change in mean arterial pressure (
MAP
), aortic stiffness (carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity), neuropsychological function, and markers of subclinical brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess relations between orthostatic change in
MAP
and brain structural and neuropsychological outcomes. Greater orthostatic increase in
MAP
on standing was related to better Trails B‐A performance among participants aged <49 years (β±
SE
, 0.062±0.029;
P
=0.031) and among participants with carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity <6.9 m/s (β±
SE
, 0.063±0.026;
P
=0.016). This relation was not significant among participants who were older or had stiffer aortas. Conversely, greater orthostatic increase in
MAP
was related to larger total brain volume among older participants (β±
SE
, 0.065±0.029;
P
=0.023) and among participants with carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity ≥6.9 m/s (β±
SE
, 0.078±0.031;
P
=0.011).

Conclusions

Blunted orthostatic increase in
MAP
was associated with smaller brain volume among participants who were older or had stiffer aortas and with poorer executive function among persons who were younger or who had more‐elastic aortas. Our findings suggest that the brain is sensitive to orthostatic change in
MAP
, with results dependent on age and aortic stiffness.
Sex‐Specific Associations of Oral Anticoagulant Use and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Palamaner Subash Shantha Ghanshyam , Mentias Amgad , Inampudi Chakradhari , Kumar Anita A. , Chaikriangkrai Kongkiat , Bhise Viraj , Deshmukh Abhishek , Patel Nileshkumar , Pancholy Samir , Horwitz Phillip A. , Mickelsen Steven , Bhave Prashant D. , Giudici Michael , Oral Hakan , Vaughan Sarrazin Mary S. 
Published: September 2017

Background

Sex‐specific effectiveness of rivaroxaban (
RIVA
), dabigatran (
DABI
), and warfarin in reducing myocardial infarction (
MI
), heart failure (
HF
), and all‐cause mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation are not known. We assessed sex‐specific associations of
RIVA
,
DABI
, or warfarin use with the risk of
MI
,
HF
, and all‐cause mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods and Results

Medicare beneficiaries (men: 65 734 [44.8%], women: 81 135 [55.2%]) with atrial fibrillation who initiated oral anticoagulants formed the study cohort. Inpatient admissions for
MI
,
HF
, and all‐cause mortality were compared between the 3 drugs separately for men and women using 3‐way propensity‐matched samples. In men,
RIVA
use was associated with a reduced risk of
MI
admissions compared with warfarin use (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (
CI
): 0.59 [0.38–0.91]), with a trend towards reduced risk compared with
DABI
use (0.67 [0.44–1.01]). In women, there were no significant differences in the risk of
MI
admissions across all 3 anticoagulants. In both sexes,
RIVA
use and
DABI
use were associated with reduced risk of
HF
admissions (men:
RIVA
; 0.75 [0.63–0.89],
DABI
; 0.81 [0.69–0.96]) (women:
RIVA
; 0.64 [0.56–0.74],
DABI
; 0.73 [0.63–0.83]) and all‐cause mortality (men:
RIVA
; 0.66 [0.53–0.81],
DABI
; 0.75 [0.61–0.93]) (women:
RIVA
; 0.76 [0.63–0.91],
DABI
; 0.77 [0.64–0.93]) compared with warfarin use.

Conclusions

RIVA
use and
DABI
use when compared with warfarin use was associated with a reduced risk of
HF
admissions and all‐cause mortality in both sexes. However, reduced risk of
MI
admissions noted with
RIVA
use appears to be limited to men.
Physiological Assessment of Ventricular Myocardial Voltage Using Omnipolar Electrograms
Authors: Magtibay Karl , Massé Stéphane , Asta John , Kusha Marjan , Lai Patrick F. H. , Azam Mohammed Ali , Porta‐Sanchez Andreu , Haldar Shouvik , Malebranche Daniel , Labos Christopher , Deno D. Curtis , Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy 
Published: September 2017

Background
Characterization of myocardial health by bipolar electrograms are critical for ventricular tachycardia therapy. Dependence of bipolar electrograms on electrode orientation may reduce reliability of voltage assessment along the plane of arrhythmic myocardial substrate. Hence, we sought to evaluate voltage assessment from orientation‐independent omnipolar electrograms.

Methods and Results
We mapped the ventricular epicardium of 5 isolated hearts from each species—healthy rabbits, healthy pigs, and diseased humans—under paced conditions. We derived bipolar electrograms and voltage peak‐to‐peak (Vpps) along 2 bipolar electrode orientations (horizontal and vertical). We derived omnipolar electrograms and Vpps using omnipolar electrogram methodology. Voltage maps were created for both bipoles and omnipole. Electrode orientation affects the bipolar voltage map with an average absolute difference between horizontal and vertical of 0.25±0.18 mV in humans. Vpps provide larger absolute values than horizontal and vertical bipolar Vpps by 1.6 and 1.4 mV, respectively, in humans. Bipolar electrograms with the largest Vpps from either along horizontal or vertical orientation are highly correlated with omnipolar electrograms and with Vpps values (0.97±0.08 and 0.94±0.08, respectively). Vpps values are more consistent than bipoles, in both beat‐by‐beat (CoV, 0.28±0.19 versus 0.08±0.13 in human hearts) and rhythm changes (0.55±0.21 versus 0.40±0.20 in porcine hearts).

Conclusions
Omnipoles provide physiologically relevant and consistent voltages that are along the maximal bipolar direction on the plane of the myocardium.
Spatial Coverage of Monitoring Networks: A Climate Observing System Simulation Experiment
Authors: Weatherhead Elizabeth C. , Bodeker Greg E. , Fassò Alessandro , Chang Kai-Lan , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Clack C. T. M. , Hurst Dale F. , Hassler Birgit , English Jason M. , Yorgun Soner 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObserving systems consisting of a finite number of in situ monitoring stations can provide high-quality measurements with the ability to quality assure both the instruments and the data but offer limited information over larger geographic areas. This paper quantifies the spatial coverage represented by a finite set of monitoring stations by using global data—data that are possibly of lower resolution and quality. For illustration purposes, merged satellite temperature data from Microwave Sounding Units are used to estimate the representativeness of the Global Climate Observing System Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). While many metrics exist for evaluating the representativeness of a site, the ability to have highly accurate monthly averaged data is essential for both trend detection and climatology evaluation. The calculated correlations of the monthly averaged upper-troposphere satellite-derived temperatures over the GRUAN stations with all other pixels around the globe show that the current 9 certified GRUAN stations have moderate correlations (r ≥ 0.7) for approximately 10% of the earth, but an expanded network incorporating another 15 stations would result in moderate correlations for just over 60% of the earth. This analysis indicates that the value of additional stations can be quantified by using historical, satellite, or model data and can be used to reveal critical gaps in current monitoring capabilities. Evaluating the value of potential additional stations and prioritizing their initiation can optimize networks. The expansion of networks can be evaluated in a manner that allows for optimal benefit on the basis of optimization theory and economic analyses.
An appraisal of practice guidelines for smoking cessation in people with severe mental illness
Authors: Sharma Ratika , Alla Kristel , Pfeffer Daniel , Meurk Carla , Ford Pauline , Kisely Steve , Gartner Coral 
Published: September 2017

Objective: To review the quality of current smoking cessation guidelines that include recommendations for people with severe mental illness. Methods: A systematic search of scientific databases, central government health authority websites, psychiatry peak bodies, guideline clearing houses and Google was undertaken for relevant smoking cessation guidelines. Three reviewers independently assessed guideline quality using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation II) instrument. Two reviewers extracted recommendations specific to smokers with severe mental illness. Results: Thirteen guidelines met the inclusion criteria. Seven guidelines scored ⩾60% in at least four domains. Median scores for ‘Editorial independence’, ‘Rigour of development’, ‘Stakeholder Involvement’ and ‘Applicability’ were less than 60%. The highest median scores were for ‘Scope and purpose’ (87%, 69–96%) and ‘Clarity of presentation’ (87%, 56–98%). ‘Editorial independence’ (33.3%, 0–86%) and ‘Rigour of development’ (54%, 11–92%) had the lowest median domain scores. The guidelines varied greatly in their recommendations but the majority recommended nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline as first-line pharmacotherapy, along with behavioural support. Conclusion: Many guidelines did not adequately report their methods or the competing interests of the authors. Future guidelines development may benefit from more specifically addressing AGREE II criteria and the needs of smokers with severe mental illness.
Intergenerational Similarity of Religiosity Over the Family Life Course
Authors: Min Joohong , Silverstein Merril , Gruenewald Tara L. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives: Research consistently shows that parents influence children’s religiosity. However, few studies acknowledge that there is within-group variation in the intergenerational transmission of religiosity. In this article, we examine whether and how congruence in religiosity between generations changes over the family life course and identifies unique parent–child trajectory classes. Method: We used eight waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations, including 1,084 parent–child dyads beginning in 1971 when the children were adolescents and young adults, followed up to 2005. Growth mixture models (GMM) were tested. Results: GMM revealed four temporal patterns: stable similar, child weakens, child strengthens, and child returns. Results showed that children who were married were more likely to be members of the child-returns class than members of the stable-similar class. Discussion: Results are discussed in terms of the utility of the separation-individuation process and the life-course framework for understanding intergenerational differences and their stability over time.
Toward a New Approach to Authentic Leadership: The Practice of Embodied Dialogical “Thinking” and the Promise of Shared Power
Authors: Hanold Maylon 
Published: September 2017

The Problem Traditional descriptions of authentic leadership are highly individualistic and based on rational processes. Unfortunately, this view of authentic leadership reproduces the power and privilege of the all-knowing individual as uniquely situated as the problem solver. Such conceptions do not facilitate collaboration, a dynamic in which shared power plays a critical role. While recent critiques of authentic leadership consider the relational aspects of authentic leadership, they do not go far enough to help us understand how to navigate these power differentials. The Solution This article presents an embodied, dialogical approach to authentic leadership that attends to how shared power can be developed within the context of authenticity. Drawing from the experiences of students enrolled in a graduate leadership development course, this case study provides insights into how individual power is relinquished and rational thinking is subordinated to embodied dialogue. Findings are promising and show enhanced performance via these approaches. Stakeholders Leadership development practitioners and human resource development (HRD) specialists can benefit from this relational approach to authentic leadership because it enables diverse understandings of authentic leadership such that all individuals can feel empowered to be authentic leaders. Further, this case study offers insights into a relational understanding of authentic leadership.