bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on Fibroblast Cells Viability
Authors: Paramitta Vincentia Adya , Heni Tetiana Haniastuti , Susilowati Susilowati 
Published: December 2016

Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is widely used as medicament in dental pulp and root canal therapy. Previous studies demonstrate the ability of calcium hydroxide to induce necrosis in dental pulp tissue. However, the mechanism of tissue destruction remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate fibroblast cell viability in response to calcium hydroxide exposure. In this study, Vero fibroblast cell line was treated with various concentrations of calcium hydroxide for 24 hours. Cell viability was measured by using MTT assay. Our results showed significant decrease in cell viability after exposed with calcium hydroxide at concentration 62.5 and 125 µg/ml. The result indicated that calcium hydroxide induced cell death in Vero cell line in a dosedependent manner. This study suggests that fibroblast cell death may involved in the mechanism of pulp tissue necrosis caused by calcium hydroxide
Transport and Surface Properties of Liquid Metals using their Diffusion Data
Authors:   Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl–796004, India, Lalneihpuii R. , Mishra Raj Kumar 
Published: December 2016

The atomic diffusion in liquid Na, K, Cs, Mg, Al, In and Pb have been evaluated from the well-known Einstein’s formula of self-diffusion coefficient, D  D  kBT ⎞ under square well (SW) interaction. The friction coefficient, ( of liquid 	  ⎝	⎠ metals has been computed on the basis of Helfand-Rice-Nachtrieb approach under Helfand’s linear trajectory (LT) approximation. Shear viscosity of liquid metals were determined using modified Stokes-Einstein equation for SW potential. Dzugutov’s scaling was modified for SW interaction and has been employed to compute excess entropy of the considered liquids. The isothermal compressibility of liquid metals was determined using equation of state of SW potential. Surface entropy of these liquids has been determined through temperature derivative of surface tension. Dzugutov’s scaling law has also been tested in these liquid metals. It is found that the various transport and surface properties of these liquid metals extracted from the diffusion coefficients are in a good agreement with the experimental data.
Pinus ponderosa: A checkered past obscured four species
Authors: Willyard Ann , Gernandt David S. , Potter Kevin , Hipkins Valerie , Marquardt Paula , Mahalovich Mary Frances , Langer Stephen K. , Telewski Frank W. , Cooper Blake , Douglas Connor , Finch Kristen , Karemera Hassani H. , Lefler Julia , Lea Payton , Wofford Austin 
Published: December 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Molecular genetic evidence can help delineate taxa in species complexes that lack diagnostic morphological characters. Pinus ponderosa (Pinaceae; subsection Ponderosae) is recognized as a problematic taxon: plastid phylogenies of exemplars were paraphyletic, and mitochondrial phylogeography suggested at least four subdivisions of P. ponderosa. These patterns have not been examined in the context of other Ponderosae species. We hypothesized that putative intraspecific subdivisions might each represent a separate taxon.METHODS:We genotyped six highly variable plastid simple sequence repeats in 1903 individuals from 88 populations of P. ponderosa and related Ponderosae (P. arizonica, P. engelmannii, and P. jeffreyi). We used multilocus haplotype networks and discriminant analysis of principal components to test clustering of individuals into genetically and geographically meaningful taxonomic units.KEY RESULTS:There are at least four distinct plastid clusters within P. ponderosa that roughly correspond to the geographic distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. Some geographic regions have intermixed plastid lineages, and some mitochondrial and plastid boundaries do not coincide. Based on relative distances to other species of Ponderosae, these clusters diagnose four distinct taxa.CONCLUSIONS:Newly revealed geographic boundaries of four distinct taxa (P. benthamiana, P. brachyptera, P. scopulorum, and a narrowed concept of P. ponderosa) do not correspond completely with taxonomies. Further research is needed to understand their morphological and nuclear genetic makeup, but we suggest that resurrecting originally published species names would more appropriately reflect the taxonomy of this checkered classification than their current treatment as varieties of P. ponderosa.
OBSERVATIONAL SIGNATURES OF A MASSIVE DISTANT PLANET ON THE SCATTERING DISK
Authors: Lawler S. M. , Shankman C. , Kaib N. , Bannister M. T. , Gladman B. , Kavelaars J. J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The orbital element distribution of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with large pericenters has been suggested to be influenced by the presence of an undetected, large planet at >200 au from the Sun. To find additional observables caused by this scenario, we present here the first detailed emplacement simulation in the presence of a massive ninth planet on the distant Kuiper Belt. We perform 4 Gyr N-body simulations with the currently known solar system planetary architecture, plus a 10 M
⊕ planet with similar orbital parameters to those suggested by Trujillo & Sheppard or Batygin & Brown, and 105 test particles in an initial planetesimal disk. We find that including a distant super-Earth-mass planet produces a substantially different orbital distribution for the scattering and detached TNOs, raising the pericenters and inclinations of moderate semimajor axis (50 < a < 500 au) objects. We test whether this signature is detectable via a simulator with the observational characteristics of four precisely characterized TNO surveys. We find that the qualitatively very distinct solar system models that include a ninth planet are essentially observationally indistinguishable from an outer solar system produced solely by the four giant planets. We also find that the mass of the Kuiper Belt’s current scattering and detached populations is required to be 3–10 times larger in the presence of an additional planet. We do not find any evidence for clustering of orbital angles in our simulated TNO population. Wide-field, deep surveys targeting inclined high-pericenter objects will be required to distinguish between these different scenarios.
A SELF-CONSISTENT AND SPATIALLY DEPENDENT MODEL OF THE MULTIBAND EMISSION OF PULSAR WIND NEBULAE
Authors: Lu Fang-Wu , Gao Quan-Gui , Zhang Li 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
A self-consistent and spatially dependent model is presented to investigate the multiband emission of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). In this model, a spherically symmetric system is assumed and the dynamical evolution of the PWN is included. The processes of convection, diffusion, adiabatic loss, radiative loss, and photon–photon pair production are taken into account in the electron’s evolution equation, and the processes of synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scattering, synchrotron self-absorption, and pair production are included for the photon’s evolution equation. Both coupled equations are simultaneously solved. The model is applied to explain observed results of the PWN in MSH 15–52. Our results show that the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of both electrons and photons are all a function of distance. The observed photon SED of MSH 15–52 can be well reproduced in this model. With the parameters obtained by fitting the observed SED, the spatial variations of photon index and surface brightness observed in the X-ray band can also be well reproduced. Moreover, it can be derived that the present-day diffusion coefficient of MSH 15–52 at the termination shock is

, the spatial average has a value of

, and the present-day magnetic field at the termination shock has a value of

and the spatial averaged magnetic field is

. The spatial changes of the spectral index and surface brightness at different bands are predicted.
THE EFFECT OF ROTATION ON OSCILLATORY DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION (SEMICONVECTION)
Authors: Moll Ryan , Garaud Pascale 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Oscillatory double-diffusive convection (ODDC, more traditionally called semiconvection) is a form of linear double-diffusive instability that occurs in fluids that are unstably stratified in temperature (Schwarzschild unstable), but stably stratified in chemical composition (Ledoux stable). This scenario is thought to be quite common in the interiors of stars and giant planets, and understanding the transport of heat and chemical species by ODDC is of great importance to stellar and planetary evolution models. Fluids unstable to ODDC have a tendency to form convective thermocompositional layers that significantly enhance the fluxes of temperature and chemical composition compared with microscopic diffusion. Although a number of recent studies have focused on studying properties of both layered and nonlayered ODDC, few have addressed how additional physical processes such as global rotation affect its dynamics. In this work, we study first how rotation affects the linear stability properties of rotating ODDC. Using direct numerical simulations, we then analyze the effect of rotation on properties of layered and nonlayered ODDC, and we study how the angle of the rotation axis with respect to the direction of gravity affects layering. We find that rotating systems can be broadly grouped into two categories based on the strength of rotation. The qualitative behavior in the more weakly rotating group is similar to nonrotating ODDC, but strongly rotating systems become dominated by vortices that are invariant in the direction of the rotation vector and strongly influence transport. We find that whenever layers form, rotation always acts to reduce thermal and compositional transport.
PHOTOPHORETIC LEVITATION AND TRAPPING OF DUST IN THE INNER REGIONS OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS
Authors: McNally Colin P. , McClure Melissa K. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
In protoplanetary disks, the differential gravity-driven settling of dust grains with respect to gas and with respect to grains of varying sizes determines the observability of grains, and sets the conditions for grain growth and eventually planet formation. In this work, we explore the effect of photophoresis on the settling of large dust grains in the inner regions of actively accreting protoplanetary disks. Photophoretic forces on dust grains result from the collision of gas molecules with differentially heated grains. We undertake one-dimensional dust settling calculations to determine the equilibrium vertical distribution of dust grains in each column of the disk. In the process we introduce a new treatment of the photophoresis force which is consistent at all optical depths with the representation of the radiative intensity field in a two-stream radiative transfer approximation. The levitation of large dust grains creates a photophoretic dust trap several scale heights above the mid-plane in the inner regions of the disk where the dissipation of accretion energy is significant. We find that differential settling of dust grains is radically altered in these regions of the disk, with large dust grains trapped in a layer below the stellar irradiation surface, where the dust to gas mass ratio can be enhanced by a factor of a hundred for the relevant particles. The photophoretic trapping effect has a strong dependence on particle size and porosity.
CONSTRAINING THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION FROM THE OBSERVED PROPERTIES OF THE HIGH-z UNIVERSE
Authors: Salvador-Solé Eduard , Manrique Alberto , Guzman Rafael , Espinosa José Miguel Rodríguez , Gallego Jesús , Herrero Artemio , Mas-Hesse J. Miguel , Franch Antonio Marín 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We combine observational data on a dozen independent cosmic properties at high-z with the information on reionization drawn from the spectra of distant luminous sources and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to constrain the interconnected evolution of galaxies and the intergalactic medium since the dark ages. The only acceptable solutions are concentrated in two narrow sets. In one of them reionization proceeds in two phases: a first one driven by Population III stars, completed at

, and after a short recombination period a second one driven by normal galaxies, completed at

. In the other set both kinds of sources work in parallel until full reionization at

. The best solution with double reionization gives excellent fits to all the observed cosmic histories, but the CMB optical depth is 3σ larger than the recent estimate from the Planck data. Alternatively, the best solution with single reionization gives less good fits to the observed star formation rate density and cold gas mass density histories, but the CMB optical depth is consistent with that estimate. We make several predictions, testable with future observations, that should discriminate between the two reionization scenarios. As a byproduct our models provide a natural explanation to some characteristic features of the cosmic properties at high-z, as well as to the origin of globular clusters.
THE MEGAMASER COSMOLOGY PROJECT. IX. BLACK HOLE MASSES FOR THREE MASER GALAXIES
Authors: Gao F. , Braatz J. A. , Reid M. J. , Condon J. J. , Greene J. E. , Henkel C. , Impellizzeri C. M. V. , Lo K. Y. , Kuo C. Y. , Pesce D. W. , Wagner J. , Zhao W. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
As part of the Megamaser Cosmology Project, we present VLBI maps of nuclear water masers toward five galaxies. The masers originate in sub-parsec circumnuclear disks. For three of the galaxies, we fit Keplerian rotation curves to estimate their supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses, and determine (2.9 ± 0.3) × 106
M
⊙ for J0437+2456, (1.7 ± 0.1) × 107
M
⊙ for ESO 558–G009, and (1.1 ± 0.2) × 107
M
⊙ for NGC 5495. In the other two galaxies, Mrk 1029 and NGC 1320, the geometry and dynamics are more complicated and preclude robust black hole mass estimates. Including our new results, we compiled a list of 15 VLBI-confirmed disk maser galaxies with robust SMBH mass measurements. With this sample, we confirm the empirical relation of R
out ∝ 0.3M
SMBH reported in Wardle & Yusef-Zadeh. We also find a tentative correlation between maser disk outer radii and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer luminosity. We find no correlations of maser disk size with X-ray 2–10 keV luminosity or [O iii] luminosity.
FIVE YEARS OF SYNTHESIS OF SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE FROM SDID/SISA AND SDO/AIA IMAGES
Authors: Fontenla J. M. , Codrescu M. , Fedrizzi M. , Fuller-Rowell T. , Hill F. , Landi E. , Woods T. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
In this paper we describe the synthetic solar spectral irradiance (SSI) calculated from 2010 to 2015 using data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument, on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft. We used the algorithms for solar disk image decomposition (SDID) and the spectral irradiance synthesis algorithm (SISA) that we had developed over several years. The SDID algorithm decomposes the images of the solar disk into areas occupied by nine types of chromospheric and 5 types of coronal physical structures. With this decomposition and a set of pre-computed angle-dependent spectra for each of the features, the SISA algorithm is used to calculate the SSI. We discuss the application of the basic SDID/SISA algorithm to a subset of the AIA images and the observed variation occurring in the 2010–2015 period of the relative areas of the solar disk covered by the various solar surface features. Our results consist of the SSI and total solar irradiance variations over the 2010–2015 period. The SSI results include soft X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and far-infrared observations and can be used for studies of the solar radiative forcing of the Earth’s atmosphere. These SSI estimates were used to drive a thermosphere–ionosphere physical simulation model. Predictions of neutral mass density at low Earth orbit altitudes in the thermosphere and peak plasma densities at mid-latitudes are in reasonable agreement with the observations. The correlation between the simulation results and the observations was consistently better when fluxes computed by SDID/SISA procedures were used.
P-TYPE PLANET–PLANET SCATTERING: KEPLER CLOSE BINARY CONFIGURATIONS
Authors: Gong Yan-Xiang 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
A hydrodynamical simulation shows that a circumbinary planet will migrate inward to the edge of the disk cavity. If multiple planets form in a circumbinary disk, successive migration will lead to planet–planet scattering (PPS). PPS of Kepler-like circumbinary planets is discussed in this paper. The aim of this paper is to answer how PPS affects the formation of these planets. We find that a close binary has a significant influence on the scattering process. If PPS occurs near the unstable boundary of a binary, about 10% of the systems can be completely destroyed after PPS. In more than 90% of the systems, there is only one planet left. Unlike the eccentricity distribution produced by PPS in a single star system, the surviving planets generally have low eccentricities if PPS take place near the location of the currently found circumbinary planets. In addition, the ejected planets are generally the innermost of two initial planets. The above results depend on the initial positions of the two planets. If the initial positions of the planets are moved away from the binary, the evolution tends toward statistics similar to those around single stars. In this process, the competition between the planet–planet force and the planet-binary force makes the eccentricity distribution of surviving planets diverse. These new features of P-type PPS will deepen our understanding of the formation of these circumbinary planets.
HOW TO FIND GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE
Authors: Goldstein Daniel A. , Nugent Peter E. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that are multiply imaged by gravitational lensing can extend the SN Ia Hubble diagram to very high redshifts (z ≳ 2), probe potential SN Ia evolution, and deliver high-precision constraints on H
0, w, and Ω
m
via time delays. However, only one, iPTF16geu, has been found to date, and many more are needed to achieve these goals. To increase the multiply imaged SN Ia discovery rate, we present a simple algorithm for identifying gravitationally lensed SN Ia candidates in cadenced, wide-field optical imaging surveys. The technique is to look for supernovae that appear to be hosted by elliptical galaxies, but that have absolute magnitudes implied by the apparent hosts’ photometric redshifts that are far brighter than the absolute magnitudes of normal SNe Ia (the brightest type of supernovae found in elliptical galaxies). Importantly, this purely photometric method does not require the ability to resolve the lensed images for discovery. Active galactic nuclei, the primary sources of contamination that affect the method, can be controlled using catalog cross-matches and color cuts. Highly magnified core-collapse SNe will also be discovered as a byproduct of the method. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we forecast that the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope can discover up to 500 multiply imaged SNe Ia using this technique in a 10 year z-band search, more than an order of magnitude improvement over previous estimates. We also predict that the Zwicky Transient Facility should find up to 10 multiply imaged SNe Ia using this technique in a 3 year R-band search—despite the fact that this survey will not resolve a single system.
Transcatheter pulmonary valve perforation using chronic total occlusion wire in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Bakhru Shweta , Marathe Shilpa , Saxena Manish , Verma Sudeep , Saileela Rajan , Dash Tapan K , Koneti Nageswara Rao 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Perforation of pulmonary valve using radiofrequency ablation in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA IVS) is a treatment of choice. However, significant cost of the equipment limits its utility, especially in the developing economies.

Objective:
To assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of perforation of pulmonary valve using chronic total occlusion (CTO) wires in patients with PA IVS as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation.

Methods:
This is a single-center, nonrandomized, retrospective study conducted during June 2008 to September 2015. Twenty-four patients with PA IVS were selected for the procedure during the study period. The median age and weight of the study population were 8. days and 2.65 kg, respectively. Four patients were excluded after right ventricular angiogram as they showed right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation. The pulmonary valve perforation was attempted using various types of CTO wires based on the tip load with variable penetrating characteristics.

Results:
The procedure was successful in 16 of twenty patients using CTO wires: Shinobi in nine, Miracle in four, CROSS-IT in two, and Conquest Pro in one. Two patients had perforation of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Pericardiocentesis was required in one patient to relieve cardiac tamponade. Later, the same patient underwent successful hybrid pulmonary valvotomy. The other patient underwent ductus arteriosus (DA) stenting. Balloon atrial septostomy was needed in three cases with systemic venous congestion. Desaturation was persistent in five cases necessitating DA or RVOT stenting to augment pulmonary blood flow. There were two early and two late deaths. The mean follow-up was 22.66 ± 16 months. Three patients underwent one and half ventricle repair and one Blalock–Taussig shunt during follow-up.

Conclusion:
Perforation of the pulmonary valve can be done successfully using CTO wires in selected cases of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
Interpretation of Daba Script: Gemu from Wujiao Village
Authors: XU Duoduo 
Published: December 2016

Daba calendars are the only written texts of Dabaism discovered so far. Some studies have been discontinuously conducted on this topic since the first report on this script in 1940. However, some unclear and obscure hermeneutic points of Daba script have still to be investigated in-depth. In this paper, I present an interpretation of a Daba calendar based on my original field work data. This Daba calendar, entitled "Gemu", is from Wūjiǎo (屋脚) Village. It is relatively old, showing a more archaic version of Daba calendars if compared with other ones and with the classification proposed in Song (2003). The present study aims to expand our knowledge of Daba script and of the context in which it was and is still used. Further on, this paper can contribute in establishing a philological foundation for further researches on Daba script, originating possibly related comparative studies.
La pragmática intercultural y la relevancia de la comunicación no verbal en el aprendizaje de ELE
Authors: Villegas Paredes Gladys Luisa 
Published: December 2016

<p class="Standard"><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p class="Standard">El presente estudio pretende analizar los aportes de la pragmática intercultural en la enseñanza-aprendizaje del español como lengua extranjera, y contribuir a delinear actuaciones didácticas que favorezcan la comunicación intercultural. La pragmática intercultural enfatiza la relevancia de los sistemas de comunicación no verbal en el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa del aprendiente; señala la necesidad de considerar la cultura del alumno, junto a la cultura y lengua meta, como mecanismo para superar choques culturales, errores pragmáticos y malentendidos, a fin de alcanzar una comunicación eficaz e intercultural.</p><p> </p><p> </p>