bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant, herbivore and parasitoid community composition in native Nothofagaceae forests vs. exotic pine plantations
Authors: Peralta Guadalupe , Frost Carol M. , Didham Raphael K. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractConverting natural areas into land used for production causes dramatic changes in the configuration of landscapes. Both the loss and fragmentation of native habitats contribute to biodiversity loss world‐wide and the consequent creation of artificial edges can have a significant influence on community assembly. The conservation value of plantation forests has been identified for specific species, but it is not clear whether exotic pine plantations can also be used for the preservation of native communities in general.We studied whether community composition of different trophic levels (plants, herbivorous caterpillars, parasitoids) changed across native Nothofagaceae forests to exotic pine plantations, and whether habitat edges affected communities differently depending on the forest type considered. To accomplish this, we sampled plants, herbivorous caterpillars and parasitoids in native Nothofagaceae and exotic pine plantation forests and compared community composition of each trophic level across habitats.We found that community composition of plants, herbivorous caterpillars and parasitoids differed significantly between native and exotic plantation forests, and that variation in the composition of the upper trophic levels was strongly dependent on variation in the composition of the lower trophic level. Moreover, differences in community composition were mostly the result of species turnover, suggesting that plantations are complementary habitats for some species, but cannot be a substitute habitat for all native forest species. Furthermore, edge effects had a strong impact on the composition of native communities, such that certain species were only present in the interior of the native habitat.Synthesis and applications. Large areas of native vegetation, where the interior remains intact, are essential to preserve species that are susceptible to edge effects and that cannot occupy other habitat types. Creating straight instead of winding edges could decrease the impact that plantations have on native forests. Furthermore, increasing the representativeness of native plant communities in exotic plantation forests would cascade up to higher consumer trophic levels, considerably increasing the conservation value of these commercial stands.
Maternal protein malnutrition induced‐hypertension: New evidence about the autonomic and respiratory dysfunctions and epigenetic mechanisms
Authors: de Brito Alves José Luiz , Costa‐Silva João Henrique 
Published: November 2017

SummaryMaternal protein malnutrition during the critical stages of development (pregnancy, lactation and first infancy) can lead to adult hypertension. Studies have shown that renal and cardiovascular dysfunctions can be associated to the development of hypertension in humans and rats exposed to maternal protein malnutrition. The etiology of hypertension, however, includes a complex network involved in central and peripheral blood pressure control. Recently, the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in protein‐restricted rats has been reported. Studies have shown that protein malnutrition during pregnancy and/or lactation alters blood pressure control through mechanisms that include central sympathetic‐respiratory dysfunctions and epigenetic modifications, which may contribute to adult hypertension. Thus, this review will discuss the historical context, new evidences of neurogenic disruption in respiratory‐sympathetic activities and possible epigenetic mechanisms involved in maternal protein malnutrition induced‐ hypertension.
Varying access to professional, special educational support: a total population comparison of special educators in Swedish independent and municipal schools
Authors: Magnússon Gunnlaugur , Göransson Kerstin , Nilholm Claes 
Published: November 2017

Independent schools are securely established in the Swedish education system. Prior research shows they generally have fewer pupils in need of support and lower proportions of special educators. Here, results are presented from a total population study of Swedish special educators (n = 4252) examined after 2001. The aim was to explore and compare the occupational situations of special educators working in Swedish municipal and independent schools. This is done by studying their occupational situations and the values they express regarding identification of – and work with – special support. The results show that while the respondents are demographically similar and express similar values, they have very different occupational situations. Those employed in independent schools have fewer years’ experience as special educators, are more often employed part‐time than full‐time and are more likely to hold other positions in schools (such as head teacher) than those employed in municipal schools. The results further illustrate different organisational approaches towards special educational support. Apparent is that independent schools offer professional special educational resources to a lower degree and utilise them differently. This is likely to influence the situation of pupils in need of support, and has consequences for the image of the Swedish education system.
Does habitat heterogeneity affect the diversity of epigaeic arthropods in vineyards?
Authors: Gonçalves Fátima , Carlos Cristina , Aranha José , Torres Laura 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The aims of this research performed in vineyards within the Douro Demarcated Region were to determine the species composition of vineyard epigaeic arthropods assemblages and to determine the influence of certain factors on their activity densities and diversity: (i) landscape composition in buffers (125, 250, 500 and 750 m) around each study site; (ii) adjacent vegetation; and (iii) vineyards' ground cover. Arthropods' were assessed using pitfall traps located inside the vineyards at three distances from adjacent vegetation (5, 50 and 100 m).
Activity densities and diversity increased from spring to summer for all the studied trophic groups (omnivores, detritivores, predators, phytophages), thus showing them to be affected by season.
The activity densities of phytophages were always higher at a distance of 5 m from the adjacent vegetation, which suggests that, although they could originate from these habitats, they do not move too far into the vineyard. Predators reported higher activity densities at 5 m during spring. Meanwhile, in summer, no significant differences were found with the increasing distance from the edge. This result suggests that these habitats could serve both as a refuge and a hibernation habitat, from which predators could colonize the vineyard.
Ultrastructure of plasma cells in harderian gland of laying hens
Authors: Bejdić P. , Avdić R. , Amidžić Lj. , Ćutahija V. , Tandir F. , Hadžiomerović N. , Katica A. , Mlaćo N. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryUltrastructure of plasma cells in Harderian gland was investigated using the transmission electron microscopy. For this research, we examined the glands of 32 laying hens collected at 1, 7, 20 and 40 days and 4, 6, 8 and 12 months of the birds' ages. The research showed that the stroma of the gland contains a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Most of the plasma cells are mature, but morphologically do not show productive activity. Only some individual plasma cells, situated under the secretory epithelium of primary and secondary ducts, have extremely dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum which contain moderately dense, granular material. The morphology of these cells indicates that they are in active stage of immunoglobulin production. Also, we identified plasma cells with two types of Russell bodies. One type of these bodies was small, round or oval, while the other had irregular, angular shape. It was noted that one plasma cell never contains both type of Russell bodies at the same time. These cells were often affected by apoptosis. Among them, in deeper part of the stroma, were situated the small plasmablast cells.
Foraging behaviour of wild impala (Aepyceros melampus) and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) in relation to sward height
Authors: Mwasi Shem M. , Heitkönig Ignas M. A. , Van Wieren Sipke E. , Prins Herbert H. T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractForaging behaviour plays a key role in the interaction between herbivores and vegetation, their predominant food source. Understanding this interaction is crucial to providing information that is useful for conservation of herbivores. The objective of this study was to determine how sward height influences functional response and movement patterns of free ranging wild impala and zebra at the Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute. The study was conducted for 3 months. Sward height is an important parameter that indicates how intensive a sward has been grazed and it influences intake rate through its effect on bite size. Bite size, instantaneous intake rate, specific mass intake rate and feeding station interval for impala and zebra increased with sward height. Sward height in combination with an animal's sex was found to have a profound effect on specific mass intake rate in impala. Zebra had a longer feeding station interval and lower stepping rate in tall swards compared to impala. Despite differences in their specific body mass and digestive strategies, impala and zebra maximized their intake rates in tall swards as a trade‐off among the swards. Tall swards are therefore critical in the study area and should be protected from bush encroachment which is a persistent problem.
Individual Investor Sentiment and IPO Stock Returns: Evidence from the Korean Stock Market
Authors: Chung Chune Young , Kim Joohwan , Park Jinwoo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of individual investors’ premarket and aftermarket sentiment on initial public offering (IPO) stock returns, based on 382 IPO firms in the Korean stock market from 2007 to 2014. The results reveal that individual investors’ premarket sentiment is significantly and positively related to the initial returns, as measured by the difference between the offer price and the first‐day opening price. The findings also show that individual investors’ premarket sentiment is positively associated with their aftermarket sentiment, implying a spillover effect from premarket to aftermarket sentiment. However, after high initial returns in IPO firms with individual investors’ high premarket sentiment, we find subsequent underperformance; this is more pronounced in firms with high premarket and aftermarket sentiment. Overall, our results imply that individual investors’ premarket sentiment can largely explain IPO stock returns. Additionally, premarket sentiment followed by aftermarket sentiment can account for IPO stocks’ underperformance. Nevertheless, the impact of individual investor sentiment on IPO stock returns seems to be a short‐term phenomenon, as high initial returns and subsequent underperformance are more evident within the first month after the IPO.
Cervical HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in immunosuppressed Danish women
Authors: Roensbo Mette T. , Blaakær Jan , Skov Karin , Hammer Anne 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionWomen receiving immunosuppressive treatment due to organ transplantation are at increased risk of Human papilloma virus (HPV)‐related diseases, including cervical neoplasia. This pilot study aimed to describe the cervical HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in immunosuppressed Danish women.Material and methodsWe included women who underwent renal (RTR) or bone marrow transplantation (BMTR) in 2009–2012 or 2014 at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Women undergoing transplantation in 2009–2012 had one cervical cytology performed, whereas women undergoing transplantation in 2014 had three, one before and two after transplantation. The samples were examined for cytological abnormalities and tested for HPV using Cobas® HPV Test and CLART® HPV2 Test.ResultsOf 94 eligible cases we included 60 RTR and BMTR. The overall prevalence of high‐risk HPV was 15.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1–26.6] and the prevalence was higher among BMTR (29.4; 95% CI 10.3–56.0) than RTR (9.3%, 95% CI 2.6–22.1), although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.10). The distribution of high‐risk HPV was broad, with HPV 45 as the most common genotype (3.3%). The prevalences of high‐risk HPV types included in the bivalent/quadrivalent and the nonavalent vaccines were 1.7 and 8.3%, respectively. The prevalence of low‐grade and high‐grade cytological abnormalities was 6.7 and 5.0%, respectively.ConclusionsImmunosuppressed women were infected with a broad range of high‐risk HPV genotypes and the prevalence of cytological abnormalities was higher than found in previous studies of the general population. The nonavalent HPV vaccine will offer immunosuppressed individuals a greater protection against HPV‐related diseases compared with the bivalent/quadrivalent HPV vaccines.
Decreasing trends in number of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate starters in Norway – a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Roksvaag Ingvild , Skjeldestad Finn E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionIn this study, we examined changes in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) prescriptions over a time‐period when new professions started prescribing, and when the method gained some negative media attention.Material and methodsThe Norwegian Prescription Database provided data on hormonal contraception from 2006 through 2012. We estimated the annual number of DMPA users by calculating doses sold per day/1000 women and calculated, for each contraceptive method on annual basis, a proportion of defined daily doses of all hormonal contraceptives in five‐year age groups at reproductive age. All analyses were done in SPSS, version 22, with Chi‐square test, t‐test, and survival analysis with p < 0.05 as significance level.ResultsThere were minor differences in overall DMPA use during the study years. The take‐out rate was equivalent to 11–12/1000 women aged 15–49 years. DMPA sales amounted to nearly 4% of all daily doses of hormonal contraceptives sold. General practitioners and physicians without a specialty were the major prescribers. The number of starters decreased by nearly 40% during the study years and was consistent across age groups. The average use duration among starters was 17.7 (95% CI 17.5–17.9) months (range 0–90). There were minor changes in the relative proportion of long‐term users beyond 24 months during the study years.ConclusionsDMPA plays a minor role in the overall use of hormonal contraception in Norway, even among teenagers. The number of starters is decreasing, indicating a more restrictive attitude toward first use, especially among general practitioners.
Clinical decision analysis in perinatology
Authors: D'Souza Rohan , Shah Prakesh S. , Sander Beate 
Published: November 2017

AbstractClinical decision‐making in perinatology involves trade‐offs between two intricately related individuals – mother and fetus. Decision‐making in perinatology is challenging due to competing interests of the mother and the fetus. Although decision analytic methods are increasingly used to develop processes for clinical and cost‐effectiveness analyses in perinatology, there are no guidelines on the conduct and reporting of decision analysis studies that takes into account the complexities of the mother–fetus dyad. This article describes the basics of decision analysis and highlights areas that require special consideration in the perinatal context. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining patient preferences related to combined maternal‐fetal health states, stresses the relevance of both maternal and offspring health outcomes over appropriate time horizons, and explains challenges around the use of quality‐adjusted life years as an outcome measure in perinatology. It also provides insight into the complexities of dyad status in clinical and cost‐effectiveness analyses in perinatology.
Maternal body mass index as a predictor for delivery method
Authors: Pettersen‐Dahl Anita , Murzakanova Gulim , Sandvik Leiv , Laine Katariina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionHigh maternal body mass index (BMI) is associated with complications during pregnancy and delivery such as gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, perineal injuries and macrosomia. The aim of this study was to assess the association between maternal BMI and delivery method in non‐breech, singleton deliveries, after 36 weeks of gestation, in women with no more than one previous cesarean section, in Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål.Material and methodsThis retrospective register study used data from the hospital obstetrical database in 2011–2012, forming a cohort of 8821 women. Women were categorized into five different BMI classes and stratified into subgroups according to parity and previous cesarean delivery. Mode of delivery was categorized to spontaneous delivery, instrumental vaginal delivery, planned cesarean section and emergency cesarean section.ResultsIncidence of emergency cesarean delivery increased with increasing maternal BMI. Among primiparous women with overweight or obesity, the caesarean delivery rate was doubled (23.2 and 29.1%, respectively), compared with women with underweight or normal weight (12.5 and 13.7%). Also among parous women, maternal BMI ≥30 doubled the risk for cesarean delivery. The strongest risk factor for planned or emergency cesarean delivery was previous cesarean section [adjusted odds ratio 16.41 (confidence interval 12.19–22.08) and 8.72 (6.33–12.02), respectively]. Maternal BMI ≥30 increased the risk of planned cesarean delivery by 77%, and doubled the risk of emergency cesarean delivery.ConclusionsPrepregnancy BMI ≥30 was an independent risk factor for delivery by emergency cesarean section for both primiparous and parous women.
Comparing safety information of biosimilars with their originators: a cross‐sectional analysis of European risk management plans
Authors: Lepelaars Leroy R. A. , Renda Francesca , Pani Luca , Pimpinella Giuseppe , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Trifirò Gianluca , Tafuri Giovanni , Mantel‐Teeuwisse Aukje K. , Trotta Francesco 
Published: November 2017

Background and aimsBiosimilars have been available in the European Union (EU) since 2006. However, their uptake in routine care is heterogeneous across countries. The aim of the present study was to compare the safety information of biosimilars and their originators based on the information in the European risk management plan (RMP).MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis on publicly available regulatory documents (RMPs and Summaries of Product Characteristics) of biosimilars and corresponding originators up to 1 November 2015 was performed. The safety concerns were extracted and merged into general safety concerns, and clinical relevance was assessed. The frequency of safety concerns and the representation of these safety concerns per general safety concern were assessed by either comparing RMPs of biosimilars and originators (if available for both) or comparing RMPs with the Summary of Product Characteristics of the originator.ResultsNineteen biosimilars and six originators were included. Overall, 55 general safety concerns (12 low, 21 medium and 22 highly clinically relevant) were identified. For all active substances, except for infliximab, no or only one difference was found in the listed general safety concerns. Comparison of regulatory documents for infliximab identified three medium clinically relevant general safety concerns more for infliximab biosimilars and two general safety concerns more for its originator.ConclusionBased on publicly available information filed for regulatory purposes, no substantial differences were observed in the reporting of safety information for biosimilars and related originators. A direct comparison between biosimilars and related originators through formal postmarketing studies is needed to evaluate specific safety issues emerging during the products’ life cycle.
Variation in the Response of Clozapine Biotransformation Pathways in Human Hepatic Microsomes to CYP1A2‐ and CYP3A4‐selective Inhibitors
Authors: Murray Michael , Zhang Wei V. , Edwards Robert J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe atypical antipsychotic agent clozapine (CLZ) is effective in many patients who are resistant to conventional antipsychotic drugs. Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 1A2 and 3A4 oxidize CLZ to norCLZ and CLZ N‐oxide in human liver. Concurrent treatment with inducers and inhibitors of CYP1A2 modulates CLZ elimination that disrupts therapy. Drug–drug interactions involving CYP3A4 are also significant but less predictable. To further characterize the factors underlying these interactions, we used samples from a cohort of human livers to assess variation in CLZ oxidation pathways in relation to intrinsic CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activities and the effects of the corresponding selective inhibitors ketoconazole (0.2 and 2 μM) and fluvoxamine (1 and 10 μM). The CYP3A4‐selective inhibitor ketoconazole (2 μM) impaired CLZ N‐oxide formation in all 14 of the livers used in inhibition studies (≥50% inhibition) while the CYP1A2‐selective inhibitor fluvoxamine (10 μM) decreased norCLZ formation in nine. Ketoconazole effectively inhibited CLZ metabolism in five of seven livers that catalysed CYP3A4‐dependent testosterone 6β‐hydroxylation at or above the median rate and in four other livers with lower intrinsic CYP3A4 activity. Similarly, fluvoxamine (10 μM) readily inhibited CLZ oxidation in seven livers with high CYP1A2‐mediated 7‐ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylation activity (at or above the median) and three livers with lower intrinsic CYP1A2 activity. In three livers, CLZ biotransformation was impaired by both ketoconazole and fluvoxamine, consistent with a major role for both CYPs. These findings suggest that the intrinsic activities of CYPs 1A2 and 3A4 are unrelated to the response to CYP‐selective inhibitors and that assessment of the activities in vivo may not assist the prediction of drug–drug interactions.
Perceptions of the effects of childbirth on sexuality among nulliparous individuals
Authors: Cappell Jaclyn , Pukall Caroline F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundMedia representations of sexuality after childbirth depict vaginal birth as harmful and cesarean delivery as protective, although research does not support these depictions. The objective of the current study was to investigate perceptions of the effects of mode of delivery on sexuality.MethodsNulliparous participants who were able to and interested in giving birth (N = 1428) completed an online survey about their preferences for mode of delivery and their perceptions of childbirth as they specifically relate to sexuality. Participants provided demographic information, rated how influential different sources of information about childbirth were, and completed the Attitudes Toward Women's Genitals Scale.ResultsUp to half (16‐48%), the participants agreed with different statements about vaginal birth as harmful to, and cesarean delivery as protective of, future sexuality. Participant characteristics that were independently predictive of endorsing these beliefs were: self‐identifying as heterosexual, holding negative attitudes toward women's genitals, and reporting that reality media, nonreality media, and online media sources are influential sources of childbirth information. Participants who rated health care professionals as an influential source of information were less likely to endorse these beliefs.ConclusionGiven that there is no clear evidence in the empirical literature to support the claim that vaginal births are harmful and cesarean delivery is protective to one's future sexual life, it is important to dispel the existing misconceptions. Various media sources likely play a role in the perpetuation of this misinformation.