bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biologic Dating Techniques
Authors: Cánovas Juan Antonio Ballesteros , Stoffel Markus 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Absolute dating procedures generally focus on achieving a better understanding of geomorphic processes. More specifically, biological proxies such as tree rings, lichens, and/or corals represent valuable paleorecorders of environmental changes and can be used to date past geomorphic activity in various geographic contexts. Biological dating procedures therefore allow the reconstruction, quantification, and interpretation of geomorphic processes with high precision. In particular, tree rings have been used profusely to track different geomorphic processes with up to seasonal resolution. Lichenometry and coral dating have been employed as well, yet less often, although their sensitivity to ecological changes and representation in different environments makes them highly valuable recorders of environmental changes. In this entry, the scientific bases of dendrogeomorphology, lichenometry, and coral dating are reviewed and summarized. Several case studies are presented and the utility and applicability of the approaches discussed.
Biopolitics
Authors: Minca Claudio 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The notion of biopolitics is at the core of many contemporary scholarly discussions involving both life and politics. Biopolitics originates from positivistic ideas in life and political sciences in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Michel Foucault's critical work on biopolitics in the 1970s, along with major contributions from contemporary scholars such as Giorgio Agamben and Donna Haraway, initiated the “biopolitical turn” in the social sciences and the humanities. In human geography, and especially political geography, efforts to consider biopolitics have yielded not only significant theoretical work but also rich and innovative empirical work, covering a wealth of diverse topics such as historical bio‐geopolitics, (post)colonial politics, biosecurity, state and population governance, spaces of exception, global health, (im)mobility, and animal and more‐than‐human geographies.
Biomes
Authors: Malanson George P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The term “biome” is a level of biological classification with the most straightforward definition but the most varied applications. It is the unit of biogeography one conceptual step below the planetary biosphere, but the degree of division is a matter of choice. The concept is often used to illustrate basic relations between biogeographic patterns, emphasizing plant physiognomy, and climate. New work on microbiomes and anthropogenic biomes, as well as the need for bases for conservation, has reinvigorated thinking on the concept.
Borders, Boundaries, and Borderlands
Authors: Newman David 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Borders have been a major theme in the study of political geography. The lines which demarcate and delineate the territorial configuration of the state were considered sacrosanct during much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, despite the fact that many of them were created in arbitrary fashion. The last fifty years has witnessed alternative border discourses, ranging from the opening and removal of borders (the so called “borderless” world) to the return of borders as evidenced in the construction of new fences and walls as a result of the post‐9/11‐era securitization discourses. This entry discusses the main themes which have emerged in the renaissance of border studies during the past two decades. The entry also focuses on alternative ways of understanding contemporary processes of bordering in terms of diverse spatial scales, non‐spatial processes of bordering, critical analyses of bordering, and the ways in which borders are represented in diverse texts, ranging from maps to films, literature, and caricatures.
Biogeography: History
Authors: Riddle Brett R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Biogeography, the study of the geography of life, emerged as a recognizable science as plant and animal collections grew during the eighteenth‐century age of exploration. The foundation of biogeography, that geographically disjunct regions with similar environments have distinct plants and animals, appeared as Buffon's Law in 1761. While being further developed within both evolutionary and ecology frameworks by late nineteenth‐century naturalists, including Wallace, Sclater, and Darwin, biogeography then developed along the two often distinct and separate trajectories of historical (evolution, systematics, paleontology) and ecological (population, community, ecosystem) biogeography. A revitalization of biogeography occurred in the 1960s alongside acceptance of the plate tectonic model of continental drift, and development of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography. Biogeography currently integrates four persistent themes (biogeographic regionalization, historical reconstruction, turnover among areas and across gradients, and geographic variation within and among closely related species) within emerging subdisciplines including phylogeography, macroecology, and conservation biogeography.
Unprotected Aziridines: A Synthetic Overview
Authors: Sabir Shekh , Kumar Ganesh , Jat Jawahar L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUnprotected (N−H) aziridines are the key components in several biologically active natural products and important building blocks in organic synthesis. However, the synthesis of unprotected aziridines is much more difficult than their oxygen counterparts (epoxides). Therefore, the development of efficient routes for their synthesis represents an attractive task for organic chemists and, as a result, a variety of methods have been developed. In this Focus Review, we have described the various approaches that have been reported for the synthesis of NH‐aziridines.
Preparation and antimicrobial activity of sulfopropyl chitosan in an ionic liquid aqueous solution
Authors: Wang Zhaodong , Zheng Liuchun , Li Chuncheng , Wu Shaohua , Xiao Yaonan 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTTo improve the solubility and antibacterial activity of chitosan and expand its applications, we synthesized sulfopropyl chitosan (SP‐CS) with various degrees of substitution (DSs) under mild and green reaction conditions in the aqueous solution of an ionic liquid by a green process. The chemical structures of the polymers were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and1H‐NMR, and the thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. After modification, the water solubility of chitosan was improved significantly, and SP‐CS showed excellent solubility in water at neutral pH. The antibacterial activities of the SP‐CSs with various DSs were systematically studied for the first time by the Oxford cup method and optical density method. The results suggest that the antimicrobial properties of SP‐CS were enhanced by the introduction of sulfopropyl and increased with increasing DS. The application of chitosan could be expanded, and SP‐CS has the potential to be used as a water‐soluble antimicrobial. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44989.
Impact of acute fat mobilisation on the pharmacokinetics of the highly fat distributed compound TAK‐357, investigated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation
Authors: Goto Akihiko , Tagawa Yoshihiko , Moriya Yuu , Sato Sho , Furukawa Yoshiyuki , Wakabayashi Takeshi , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , DeJongh Joost , van Steeg Tamara J. , Moriwaki Toshiya , Asahi Satoru 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn a dog toxicokinetic study, an unusual plasma concentration increase of the highly lipophilic compound TAK‐357 was observed 2 weeks after termination of a 2‐week repeated dosing in one dog with acute body weight loss. The present study investigates the cause of this increase. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed using the rat and dog pharmacokinetic data. Using the constructed model, the TAK‐357 concentration profile in the case of body weight change was simulated. The PBPK model‐derived simulation suggested that redistribution from adipose tissues to plasma due to a loss of body fat caused the observed concentration increase of TAK‐357 in dog plasma. The analysis demonstrates that the disposition of a highly lipophilic and fat‐distributed compound can be affected by acute changes in adipose tissue mass. PBPK modeling and simulation proved to be efficient tools for the quantitative hypothesis testing of apparently atypical PK phenomena resulting from acute physiological changes.
Exploratory Studies on the in Vitro Anti‐inflammatory Potential of Two Herbal Teas (Annona muricata L. and Jasminum grandiflorum L.), and Relation with Their Phenolic Composition
Authors: Oliveira Andreia P. , Sá Ivone , Pereira David M. , Gonçalves Rui F. , Andrade Paula B. , Valentão Patrícia 
Published: March 2017

The need of new anti‐inflammatory drugs has led to the search for safer and more potent molecules in distinct sources, such as natural products. This work aimed to explore the anti‐inflammatory potential of aqueous extracts from two herbal teas (Annona muricata L. and Jasminum grandiflorum L.) in RAW 264.7 macrophages cells and in cell‐free assays. Furthermore, the phenolic composition of both extracts and of their hydrolysates was characterized by HPLC‐DAD, in order to establish possible relationships with the biological activity. In a general way, A. muricata displayed a stronger capacity to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production and the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), displaying an IC50 value of 142 μg/ml against this enzyme. A deeper look at phenolic compounds revealed that aglycones had more capacity to inhibit NO and PLA2 than their corresponding glycosides, quercetin being clearly the most potent one (IC50 = 7.47 and 1.36 μm, respectively). In addition, 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, at 1.56 μm, could also inhibit PLA2 (ca. 35%). Our findings suggest that the consumption of both herbal teas may be a preventive approach to inflammatory disorders.
Protein NMR Studies of Substrate Binding to Human Blood Group A and B Glycosyltransferases
Authors: Grimm Lena Lisbeth , Weissbach Sophie , Flügge Friedemann , Begemann Nora , Palcic Monica M. , Peters Thomas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDonor and acceptor substrate binding to human blood group A and B glycosyltransferases (GTA, GTB) has been studied by a variety of protein NMR experiments. Prior crystallographic studies had shown these enzymes to adopt an open conformation in the absence of substrates. Binding either of the donor substrate UDP‐Gal or of UDP induces a semiclosed conformation. In the presence of both donor and acceptor substrates, the enzymes shift towards a closed conformation with ordering of an internal loop and the C‐terminal residues, which then completely cover the donor‐binding pocket. Chemical‐shift titrations of uniformly 2H,15N‐labeled GTA or GTB with UDP affected about 20 % of all crosspeaks in 1H,15N TROSY‐HSQC spectra, reflecting substantial plasticity of the enzymes. On the other hand, it is this conformational flexibility that impedes NH backbone assignments. Chemical‐shift‐perturbation experiments with δ1‐[13C]methyl‐Ile‐labeled samples revealed two Ile residues—Ile123 at the bottom of the UDP binding pocket, and Ile192 as part of the internal loop—that were significantly disturbed upon stepwise addition of UDP and H‐disaccharide, also revealing long‐range perturbations. Finally, methyl TROSY‐based relaxation dispersion experiments do not reveal micro‐ to millisecond timescale motions. Although this study reveals substantial conformational plasticity of GTA and GTB, the matter of how binding of substrates shifts the enzymes into catalytically competent states remains enigmatic.
Semiconducting Self‐Assembled Nanofibers Prepared from Photostable Octafluorinated Bisanthene Derivatives
Authors: Hayashi Hironobu , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBisanthene is an important class of small two‐dimensional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a zigzag‐edged graphene nanoribbon character. Therefore, the functionalization and deep understanding of the structure–property relationship of bisanthene would provide an effective design for small organic molecular devices. In this study, octa‐ and tetrafluorinated bisanthene derivatives were synthesized for investigating the effect of electronegative fluorine substitution on the structure and physical property of bisanthene. Firstly, the octafluorinated bisanthene derivative has a twisted structure due to the steric repulsion of fluorine atoms at the bay region. Secondly, the absorption and fluorescence peak maxima are blueshifted with an increase in the degree of fluorine substitution. Notably, a triisopropylsilylethynyl‐substituted octafluorinated derivative (F8) exhibited strong fluorescence at 657 nm with high fluorescence quantum yield (84 %). Additionally, cyclic voltammograms indicate the positive effect of fluorine substitution on the high highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the molecules; thus, F8 molecule exhibited a remarkably increased photostability. Finally, the self‐assembled behavior of fluorinated compounds was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Specifically, F8 self‐assembled to form bundles of long semicrystalline nanofibers exhibiting hole‐transporting properties (3.4×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1).
Divalent Naphthalene Diimide Ligands Display High Selectivity for the Human Telomeric G‐quadruplex in K+ Buffer
Authors: Street Steven T. G. , Chin Donovan N. , Hollingworth Gregory J. , Berry Monica , Morales Juan C. , Galan M. Carmen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSelective G‐quadruplex ligands offer great promise for the development of anti‐cancer therapies. A novel series of divalent cationic naphthalene diimide ligands that selectively bind to the hybrid form of the human telomeric G‐quadruplex in K+ buffer are described herein. We demonstrate that an imidazolium‐bearing mannoside‐conjugate is the most selective ligand to date for this quadruplex against several other quadruplex and duplex structures. We also show that a similarly selective methylpiperazine‐bearing ligand was more toxic to HeLa cancer cells than doxorubicin, whilst exhibiting three times less toxicity towards fetal lung fibroblasts WI‐38.
Physiochemical Tuning of Potent Escherichia coli Anti‐Adhesives by Microencapsulation and Methylene Homologation
Authors: Alvarez Dorta Dimitri , Chalopin Thibaut , Sivignon Adeline , de Ruyck Jérôme , Dumych Tetiana I. , Bilyy Rostyslav O. , Deniaud David , Barnich Nicolas , Bouckaert Julie , Gouin Sébastien G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThiazolylaminomannosides (TazMan) are FimH antagonists with anti‐adhesive potential against adherent‐invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) promoting gut inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease. The lead TazMan is highly potent in vitro, but shows limited in vivo efficiency, probably due to low pH stability and water solubility. We recently developed a second generation of stable TazMan, but the anti‐adhesive effect was lower than the first. Herein we report a co‐crystal structure of the lead TazMan in FimH, revealing that the anomeric NH group and the second thiazole moiety provide a positive hydrogen bonding interaction with a trapped water molecule, and π‐stacking with Tyr48 of FimH, respectively. Consequently, we developed NeoTazMan homologated with a methylene group for low‐pH and mannosidase stability with a conserved NH group and bearing various heterocyclic aglycones. Microencapsulation of the lead NeoTazMan in γ‐cyclodextrin dramatically improved water solubility without disrupting the affinity for FimH or the anti‐adhesive effect against AIEC isolated from patients with Crohn's disease.
The centrifugal visual system of a palaeognathous bird, the Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria)
Authors: Krabichler Quirin , Vega‐Zuniga Tomas , Carrasco Denisse , Fernandez Maximo , Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez Cristián , Marín Gonzalo , Luksch Harald 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe avian centrifugal visual system, which projects from the brain to the retina, has been intensively studied in several Neognathous birds that have a distinct isthmo‐optic nucleus (ION). However, birds of the order Palaeognathae seem to lack a proper ION in histologically stained brain sections. We had previously reported in the palaeognathous Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria) that intraocular injections of Cholera Toxin B subunit retrogradely label a considerable number of neurons, which form a diffuse isthmo‐optic complex (IOC). In order to better understand how this IOC‐based centrifugal visual system is organized, we have studied its major components by means of in vivo and in vitro tracing experiments. Our results show that the IOC, though structurally less organized than an ION, possesses a dense core region consisting of multipolar neurons. It receives afferents from neurons in L10a of the optic tectum, which are distributed with a wider interneuronal spacing than in Neognathae. The tecto‐IOC terminals are delicate and divergent, unlike the prominent convergent tecto‐ION terminals in Neognathae. The centrifugal IOC terminals in the retina are exclusively divergent, resembling the terminals from “ectopic” centrifugal neurons in Neognathae. We conclude that the Tinamou's IOC participates in a comparable general IOC‐retina‐TeO‐IOC circuitry as the neognathous ION. However, the connections between the components are structurally different and their divergent character suggests a lower spatial resolution. Our findings call for further comparative studies in a broad range of species for advancing our understanding of the evolution, plasticity and functional roles of the avian centrifugal visual system.
Research and primary evaluation of an automatic fusion method for multisource tooth crown data
Authors: Dai Ning , Li Dawei , Yang Xu , Cheng Cheng , Sun Yuchun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWith the development of 3‐dimensional (3D) scanning technologies in dentistry, high accuracy optical scanning data from the crown and cone beam computed tomography data from the root can be acquired easily. In many dental fields, especially in digital orthodontics, it is useful to fuse the data from the crown and the root. However, the manual fusion method is complex and difficult. A novel automatic fusion method for 2‐source data from the crown and the root was researched, and its accuracy was evaluated in this study.An occlusal splint with several alumina ceramic spheres was fabricated using heat‐curing resin. A multipoint (center of each sphere) alignment method was performed to achieve rapid registration of the crown data from optical scanning and the root data from cone beam computed tomography. The segmentation algorithm based on heuristic search was adopted to perform extraction and segmentation of the crown from whole optical scanning data. The level set algorithm and the marching cubes (MC) algorithm were used to reconstruct digital imaging and communications in medicine data into a 3D model. A novel multisource data fusion algorithm, which is based on iterative Laplacian deformation (ILD), was researched and applied to achieve automatic fusion. Finally, the 3D errors of the method were evaluated.The 3 groups of typical tooth data were automatically fused within 2 seconds. The mean standard deviation was less than 0.02 mm.The novel method can aid the construction of a high‐quality 3D model of complete teeth to enable orthodontists to safely, reliably, and visually plan tooth alignment programs.
RNA Whole‐Mount In Situ Hybridization Proximity Ligation Assay (rISH‐PLA), an Assay for Detecting RNA‐Protein Complexes in Intact Cells
Authors: Roussis Ioannis M. , Myers Fiona A. , Scarlett Garry P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTechniques for studying RNA‐protein interactions have lagged behind those for DNA‐protein interactions as a consequence of the complexities associated with working with RNA. This unit describes a method for the adaptation of the In Situ Hybridization—Proximity Ligation Assay (ISH‐PLA) to the study of RNA regulation (rISH‐PLA). The rISH‐PLA assay allows the identification of a given RNA‐protein complex at subcellular and single‐cell resolution, thus avoiding the lack of spatial resolution and sensitivity associated with assaying heterogeneous cell populations from which conventional RNA‐protein interaction detection techniques suffer. This technique will be particularly usefully for studying the activity of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in complex mixtures of cells, for example tissue sections or whole embryos. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunoblotting and Immunodetection
Authors: Ni Duojiao , Xu Peng , Gallagher Sean 
Published: March 2017

AbstractImmunoblotting (western blotting) is used to identify specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. This unit provides protocols for all steps, starting with solubilization of the protein samples, usually by means of SDS and reducing agents. Following solubilization, the material is separated by SDS‐PAGE and the antigens are electrophoretically transferred to a membrane, a process that can be monitored by reversible staining with Ponceau S. The transferred proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, providing access to immunodetection reagents. After nonspecific binding sites are blocked, the membrane is probed with the primary antibody and washed. The antibody‐antigen complexes are tagged with fluorophores, horseradish peroxidase, or alkaline phosphatase coupled to a secondary anti‐IgG antibody, and detected using appropriate fluorescent imaging technologies or with chromogenic or luminescent substrates. Finally, membranes may be stripped and reprobed. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extending the Gauss–Huard method for the solution of Lyapunov matrix equations and matrix inversion
Authors: Benner Peter , Ezzatti Pablo , Quintana‐Ortí Enrique S. , Remón Alfredo 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe solution of linear systems is a recurrent operation in scientific and engineering applications, traditionally addressed via the LU factorization. The Gauss–Huard (GH) algorithm has been introduced as an efficient alternative in modern platforms equipped with accelerators, although this approach presented some functional constraints. In particular, it was not possible to reuse part of the computations in the solution of delayed linear systems or in the inversion of the matrix. Here, we adapt GH to overcome these two deficiencies of GH, yielding new algorithms that exhibit the same computational cost as their corresponding counterparts based on the LU factorization of the matrix. We evaluate the novel GH extensions on the solution of Lyapunov matrix equations via the LRCF‐ADI method, validating our approach via experiments with three benchmarks from model order reduction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.