bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Capacity in Zebrafish Using SaCas9
Authors: Feng Yan , Chen Cheng , Han Yuxiang , Chen Zelin , Lu Xiaochan , Liang Fang , Li Song , Qin Wei , Lin Shuo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The type II CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used widely for genome editing in zebrafish. However, the requirement for the 5′-NGG-3′ protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) of Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) limits its targeting sequences. Here, we report that a Cas9 ortholog from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9), and its KKH variant, successfully induced targeted mutagenesis with high frequency in zebrafish. Confirming previous findings, the SpCas9 variant, VQR, can also induce targeted mutations in zebrafish. Bioinformatics analysis of these new Cas targets suggests that the number of available target sites in the zebrafish genome can be greatly expanded. Collectively, the expanded target repertoire of Cas9 in zebrafish should further facilitate the utility of this organism for genetic studies of vertebrate biology.
Selection on Inversion Breakpoints Favors Proximity to Pairing Sensitive Sites in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Corbett-Detig Russell B 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Chromosomal inversions are widespread among taxa, and have been implicated in a number of biological processes including adaptation, sex chromosome evolution, and segregation distortion. Consistent with selection favoring linkage between loci, it is well established that length is a selected trait of inversions. However, the factors that affect the distribution of inversion breakpoints remain poorly understood. “Sensitive sites” have been mapped on all euchromatic chromosome arms in Drosophila melanogaster, and may be a source of natural selection on inversion breakpoint positions. Briefly, sensitive sites are genomic regions wherein proximal structural rearrangements result in large reductions in local recombination rates in heterozygotes. Here, I show that breakpoints of common inversions are significantly more likely to lie within a cytological band containing a sensitive site than are breakpoints of rare inversions. Furthermore, common inversions for which neither breakpoint intersects a sensitive site are significantly longer than rare inversions, but common inversions whose breakpoints intersect a sensitive site show no evidence for increased length. I interpret these results to mean that selection favors inversions whose breakpoints disrupt synteny near to sensitive sites, possibly because these inversions suppress recombination in large genomic regions. To my knowledge this is the first evidence consistent with positive selection acting on inversion breakpoint positions.
Remarkably Long-Tract Gene Conversion Induced by Fragile Site Instability inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Chumki Shahana A , Dunn Mikael K , Coates Thomas F , Mishler Jeanmarie D , Younkin Ellen M , Casper Anne M 
Published: June 2016

AbstractReplication stress causes breaks at chromosomal locations called common fragile sites. Deletions causing loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in human tumors are strongly correlated with common fragile sites, but the role of gene conversion in LOH at fragile sites in tumors is less well studied. Here, we investigated gene conversion stimulated by instability at fragile site FS2 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our screening system, mitotic LOH events near FS2 are identified by production of red/white sectored colonies. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms between homologs to determine the cause and extent of LOH. Instability at FS2 increases gene conversion 48- to 62-fold, and conversions unassociated with crossover represent 6–7% of LOH events. Gene conversion can result from repair of mismatches in heteroduplex DNA during synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA), double-strand break repair (DSBR), and from break-induced replication (BIR) that switches templates [double BIR (dBIR)]. It has been proposed that SDSA and DSBR typically result in shorter gene-conversion tracts than dBIR. In cells under replication stress, we found that bidirectional tracts at FS2 have a median length of 40.8 kb and a wide distribution of lengths; most of these tracts are not crossover-associated. Tracts that begin at the fragile site FS2 and extend only distally are significantly shorter. The high abundance and long length of noncrossover, bidirectional gene-conversion tracts suggests that dBIR is a prominent mechanism for repair of lesions at FS2, thus this mechanism is likely to be a driver of common fragile site-stimulated LOH in human tumors.
De las Oposiciones Radicales a una Ética para Convivir en la Diferencia
Authors: Molina Sebastián 
Published: June 2016

En pocas ocasiones la diferencia ha podido expresarse en Colombia, sobre todo porque desde la conformación de la Republica se institucionalizaron dos ideologías que excluyeron toda alternativa: la conservadora y la liberal. Sin embargo, en 1984 el presidente Belisario Betancur otorgó amnistía a la guerrilla de las Farc, y se les permitió, junto con el Partido Comunista Colombiano, la creación del partido político Unión Patriótica. A cambio el grupo se comprometió a no utilizar el secuestro, la extorsión y los asesinatos como prácticas de guerra. Sin embargo, como al final no renunciaron a las armas, los Paramilitares, grupo de extrema derecha financiado ilegalmente por ganaderos, comerciantes, políticos y narcotraficantes, encontraron la justificación perfecta para exterminarlas. A pesar de que la UP se encontró con un marco legal democrático que respaldó su ejercicio político, por ser un derivado intelectual de la guerrilla comunista y una plataforma para que estas llevaran sus políticas a los centros urbanos, fue trágicamente exterminada a través de una estratégica y sistemática aniquilación concebida, en ultimas, como un genocidio político. Los sobrevivientes de este proceso de exterminio, en aras de satisfacer sus ansias de justicia, han tenido que demandar al Estado; ejercicio que encuentra su fundamento en el deseo de la memoria comprender unos hechos que cuestionan su civilización. Luego, ni las leyes ni la moral en este país han sido suficientes para evitar la depuración de la diferencia. Por tanto se hace necesario apelar a una suerte de principios que den cuenta de las diferentes voces, memorias e identidades, que por lo menos logren subsanar la controversial convivencia bajo las diferencias y las oposiciones radicales, de una manera recíprocamente justa.
Faktor Kesehatan Reproduksi Ibu Hamil dan Hubungannya dengan Kejadian Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah di Kota Sukabumi Tahun 2005-2006
Authors: Saraswati Etna 
Published: June 2016

Di Indonesia, bayi berat badan rendah (BBLR) merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang berpengaruh terhadap kematian perinatal dan neonatal . Di Propinsi Jawa Barat dilaporkan 6,4% bayi lahir dengan berat badan kurang dari 2,5 Kg. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui berbagai faktor kesehatan reproduksi yang berhubungan dengan kejadian. Penelitian yang menggunakan disain kasus kontrol ini dengan menggunakan formulir kohort ibu hamil di Dinas Kesehatan Kota Sukabumi. Kasus adalah bayi dengan BBLR yang lahir pada tahun 2005 sampai Juni 2006, sedangkan kontrol adalah bayi bukan BBLR yang lahir pada periode yang sama. Pengambilan variabel independen dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan ibu bayi pada kunjungan rumah dan telaah dokumen melalui kohort ibu, kartu pemeriksaan kehamilan atau KMS ibu hamil. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa jarak kelahiran, status anemia, ukuran LILA , kenaikan berat badan <10 kg, status ibu bekerja, dan proporsi pengeluaran konsumsi non pangan berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kejadian BBLR. Penelitian ini juga menemukan interaksi antara variabel jarak kelahiran dengan status anemia. Kata kunci: Kesehatan reproduksi, BBLR, kasus kontrol.AbstractIn Indonesia, Low Birth Weight (LBW) is main factor related to perinatal and neonatal mortalities. In West Java province, it was reported that the proportion of LBW (less than 2500 grams) was 6.4%. The objective of this study is to understand reproductive health factors related to LBW. The study was conducted in Sukabumi City with case-control design using pregnant mothers cohort data available at Sukabumi City Health Office. Cases are LBW infants born in the period of January 2005-June 2006, while controls were non-LBW infants born in the same period. Data on independent variables were collected through interview with mothers at their homes and document review including mother cohort data, pregnancy card or pregnant mothers healthy card ( Kartu Menuju Sehat). The study shows that birth spacing, anemia status, upper arm circumference, weight gain more less 10 kilograms, working status, and proportion of non food expenditure significantly associated with LBW. The study also find an interaction between birth spacing and anemia status. Keywords: Reproductive health, Low Birth Weight, case-control
Penggunaan Obat yang Tidak Rasional pada Balita dengan Diare di Kalangan Bidan, di Kabupaten Sumedang Tahun 2006
Authors: Wahyudin Uyu , Besral Besral 
Published: June 2016

Pengobatan diare pada balita di Puskesmas Kabupaten Sumedang dilaksanakan di Poli KIA yang sehari-harinya ditangani oleh bidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan bidan dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan bidan dalam penggunaan obat secara rasional pa-da balita diare akut non spesifik. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel 109 bidan yang berasal dari 18 puskesmas yang dipilih secara random. Pengukuran kepatuhan dilakukan dengan pengamatan terhadap resep yang ditulis oleh bidan untuk balita penderita diare akut non spesifik. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan tingkat kepatuhan bidan adalah 69,7%. Hasil analisis regresi logistik ganda memperlihatkan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan adalah adalah pengetahuan dan sikap bidan terhadap obat rasional dan supervisi dari atasan. Penelitian ini juga menda-patkan hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dan persepsi orang tua balita terhadap obat rasional dengan kepatuhan bidan dalam penggunaan obat rasional. Dalam rangka mengatasi ketidakrasionalan pengobatan diare akut non spesifik, maka Puskesmas harus berupaya meningkatkan pengetahuanbidan terhadap penggunaan obat rasional, melakukan supervisi, dan meningkatkan penyuluhan kepada pasien tentang penggunaan obat rasional. Kata kunci: Obat rasional, diare, bidanAbstractDiarrhea medication among children under five years old at primary health care, sub-province of Sumedang is performed at Mother and Child Polyclinic which is handled by a midwife everyday. This research purpose to obtain the description of compliance level of midwives and its factors related of midwives compliance in the usage of rational drugs among children with non specific acute diarrhea. Research used cross-sectional design with samples size were 109 midwives which were come from 18 primary health care , which were selected randomly.To measure the compliance, the observation was performed of prescriptions that written by midwives to children with non specific acute diarrhea. This research result showed that compliance level was 69,7%. Result analysis of multiple logistic regression showed that related factors were knowledge and midwives attitude of usage of rational drugs and supervision. This research also showed the association between knowledge and parent’s perception of children under five years old of rational drugs and compliance level of midwives in the usage of rational drugs. It is suggested that primary health care should increase midwives knowledge in usage of rational drugs, doing supervision and improve socialization the usage of rational drugs to patient.Keywords: Rational drugs, diarrhea, midwive
Determinan Indeks Massa Tubuh Remaja Putri di Kota Bukit Tinggi, Tahun 2006
Authors: Santy Rini 
Published: June 2016

Di Indonesia, pada 1999-2003, remaja putri yang mengalami Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK). akibat asupan energi yang kurang adalah 35 – 40% dan sekitar 50% remaja putri menderita status gizi kurang (IMT < 18,5 kg/m2). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi. IMT remaja putri dan berbagai faktor yang berhubungan Rancangan studi yang digunakan adalah rancangan potong lintang ( cross sectional ). Populasi adalah remaja putriberusia 16-18 tahun yang tinggal di Buki Tinggi dan sampel adalah 156 siswi kelas III SLTA (SMA, MA, dan SMK) usia 16 – 18 tahun yang terpilih dari 11 sekolah yang diamati. Analisis data dilakukan secara multivariate dengan metoda logistic regression ganda. Hasil penelitian (1) Rata-rata IMT remja putri adalah 20,69 kg/m2 + 2,63. (2) Proporsi siswi dengan IMT<18,5 kg/m2 adalah 19,9% yang meliputi 14,1% kekurangan gizi ringan dan 5,8% kekurangan gizi berat.(3) Rata-rata asupan energi remaja putri adalah 1694 kalori dan. rata-rata kontribusi terhadap total energi protein (11,8%), lemak (26,7%) dan karbohidrat (58,7%). (4) Rata-rata asupan energi dibanding AKG meliputi total energi (77%), protein (93,6%). Variabel yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan IMP pada remaja meliputi total energi, kebiasaan makan dan citra tubuh dengan IMT remaja putri dengan variabel utama adalah total energi.Kata Kunci : IMT, kekurangan energi kronik, remaja putriAbstractIn Indonesia, in period of 1999 – 2003, abot 35 – 40% women in productive age of 15 – 19 are at risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) becouse of in-sufficient consumption of energy. This research is aimed at obtaining the description of nutritional status of girls in Bukittinggi and factors related to it. The re-search that was conductec in period of February tol March 2006 used the design of cross sectional. The study population is the girls studied are represented by the third-grade female students of senior high schools of 16 –18 who are categorized as a late teenager who is very close to pregnant period. The sample consist of 156 female student that was selected by systematic random sampling at 11 schools. The results show that the BMI of the girls is 20.69 kg/m2 ± 2.63 on average. The proportion of students having BMI<18.5 kg/m2 is 19.9% all of which is distributed to 14.1% of light level of malnutrition and 5.8% for heavy level of malnutrition. Intake per day is 1694 calorie on average with protein contributed to intake is 11,8%, fat 26,7% dan carbohydrat 58,7%. Intake energy compared with Recommended Dietary Allowence (RDA) are total energy consumption 77%, protein 93,6%, lemak 65,3% and carbohydrat 84,7%. There is a significant relation between energy consumption, eating habit, body image, by BMI. Variable energy consumption is the dominant variable influencing BMI.Keywords : BMI, chronic energy deficiency, teenagers
Kematian Perinatal di Indonesia dan Faktor yang Berhubungan, Tahun 1997-2003
Authors: Prameswari Meidy Farenti 
Published: June 2016

WHO memperkirakan bahwa setiap tahun lebih dari 9 juta bayi meninggal pada periode perinatal dan hampir semua terjadi di negara berkembang. Kini angka kematian perinatal di Indonesia adalah 24 per 1000 kelahiran, sekitar 77% merupakan sumbangan kematian neonatal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian kematian perinatal di Indonesia dan memperkirakan program intervensi yang paling berperan dan menurunkannya. Studi ini menggunakan sdumber data sekunder Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2002-2003. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang (cross sectional). Hasil menemukan variabel yang berhubunganterhadap kematian perinatal di Indonesia selama periode 1997-2003 adalah jarak kelahiran;komplikasi persalinan; tingkat pendidikan ibu; BBLR; tenaga penolong persalinan; riwayat kunjungan ANC; riwayat, serta wilayah tempat tinggal ibu. Berdasarkan perhitungan PAR, BBLR memiliki nilai PAR% sebesar 14,90. Artinya jika penurunan angka kematian perinatal difokuskan kepada program intervensi untuk menurunkan prevalensi bayi BBLR maka akan terjadi pengurangan resiko kematian perinatal sebesar 15% dari total kasus di seluruh populasi bayi lahir hidup.Kata kunci : Kematian perinatal, BBLR, ANCAbstractWHO predicted that every year there are more than 9 millions perinatal deaths and almost all occurred in developing countries. In Indonesia, at present time the perinatal mortality rate is 24 per 1000 life birth, and about 77% was contributed by neonatal death. The objective of this study is to know factors related to perinatal mortality in Indonesia and to assess the most important intervention program to reduce it. The study used secondary data source, that is Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in the period of 2002-2003. Design of the study is cross sectional. The results show that variables related to perinatal mortality are parity, delivery complications, maternal education, low birth weight, birth assistant, ANC visit, and residential address. Based on PAR calculation, low birth weight has PAR% of 14.90 meaning that if intervention program is focused on reducing prevalence of low birth weight, the perinatal mortality risk will be reduced by around 15% of the total cases among live newborn infants population. Keywords : Perinatal mortality, low birth weight, ANC
Analisis Pembiayaan Kesehatan Bersumber Pemerintah di Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Rahmaniawati Nia Aryani 
Published: June 2016

Pembiayaan kesehatan bidang kesehatan di Kabupaten Bogor yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber dianggap besar, tetapi derajat kesehatan dari tahun ke tahun tidak beranjak banyak. Padahal pada era desentralisasi peningkatan tersebut seharusnya menyentuh pelayanan langsung kepada masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui sumber dana pemerintah, besar dana yang telah dianggarkan, realisasi alokasi anggaran kesehatan yang diberikan pe- merintah. Penelitian dibatasi pada biaya kesehatan yang dikelola oleh Dinkes, Badan Rumah Sakit Daerah Cibinong dan Ciawi dengan menggunakan sumber data sekunder berbagai dokumen anggaran tahun 2003-2005. Ditemukan bahwa bidang kesehatan merupakan APBD Kabupaten, tetapi proporsi anggaran kesehatan tertinggi tahun 2005 (9,8%) lebih rendah dari kesepakatan bupati/walikota (15%). Sumber pendanaan kesehatan berasal dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) Kabupaten dan Propinsi, Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) Pinjaman Luar Negeri (PLN), Bantuan Luar Negeri (BLN) serta bantuan natura obat dengan proporsi terbesar APBD Kabupaten. Penggunaan dana bidang kesehatan lebih besar pada belanja publik, proporsi berdasar line item lebih banyak untuk biaya operasional, Berdasar unit pengelola dinas kesehatan cenderung pada bidang yankes, Biaya Unit unit kerja terbesar adalah rumah sakit umum daerah. Berdasar fungsi yankes lebih besar pada fungsi kuratif. Realisasi anggaran yang telah direncanakan belum terlaksana sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah ditetapkan.Kata kunci: Pembiayaan kesehatanAbstractFunding for health development in Bogor District from different sources is considered as relatively big, however, improvement in health status has been limited for years. In the decentralization era, improvement in health status should reach direct public services. This study objective is to understand funding sourced from government, budgeting and allocation, as well as the realization of budget and allocation plan of health funding from government. The study is limited to health funding managed by District Health Office, Cibinong and Ciawi Hospitals using 2003-2005 budget documents as secondary data.The study found that health sector is included in the District Budget Plan (APBD) with highest proportion of health budget was in 2005 (9.8%) which was still lower than Head of District’s stated commitment (15%). Health funding came from Province and District Budget Plans (APBD), National Budget Plan (APBN), grants and loans, and medicinal supplies with District Budget Plan as the highest contributor. Health funding is mainly allocated for public spending, while line item proportion is mainly found in operational cost. Based on implementing unit, health service units received most funds with local hospitals as highest receivers, and therefore, more emphasis on curative function. The realization schedule have not been promptly implemented as planned. from management system related to health sector.Key word: Health funding
Political Marketing Mix in Indonesia Parties
Authors: Simbolon Freddy 
Published: June 2016

The reform era has changed the paradigm of Indonesian politics. Multiparty system has demanded a political party to be able to compete for their constituents. Article aimed to convey a political marketing concept that can helppolitical parties in planning a strategy to win the election. Research method used descriptive method analysis. The results suggest that the approach of the marketing mix that includes the product, price, place, and promotion areapproaches that are very helpful in presenting a plan to win the marketing strategy of political parties in elections.
The Impact Of Economic Crisis On Tourism Industry: A Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Haque Md. Ziaul 
Published: June 2016

The tourism sector is experiencing numerous challenges as a result of the global economic crisis. After a significant contraction in 2009, tourism rebounded strongly in 2010 and in 2011 the international tourist arrivals and receipts are projected to increase substantially. The Tourism industry is expected to show a sustained recovery in 2012. The crisis has particularly strong impact and slightly negative consequences in Bangladesh. The country is undergoing a political crisis, as well, and it seems that the forthcoming elections may be the only solution for the restoration of stability and social peace. In addition, tourism can be the driving force behind Bangladesh economic recovery. However, for its achievement the country’s policy makers should take several measures towards restructuring and improving the sector. These measures include: enhancement of alternative forms of tourism; environmental protection; creation of quality infrastructure; and boost of competitiveness through a tourism product that offers value for money