bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methane and carbon dioxide total column retrievals from cloudy GOSAT soundings over the oceans
Authors: Schepers D. , Butz A. , Hu H. , Hasekamp O. P. , Arnold S. G. , Schneider M. , Feist D. G. , Morino I. , Pollard D. , Aben I. , Landgraf J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present a novel physics‐based retrieval method to infer total column mixing ratios of methane (XCH4) and carbon dioxide (XCO2) from space‐borne short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR) Earth radiance observations over the cloud‐covered ocean. In nadir observing geometry in the SWIR spectral range, backscattering at the ocean surface is negligible. Hence, space‐borne radiance measurements of ocean scenes generally do not provide sufficient level to retrieve XCO2 and XCH4. Our approach specifically targets cloudy GOSAT ocean soundings to provide sufficient radiance signal in nadir soundings in ocean areas. Currently, exploiting space‐borne SWIR soundings over oceans relies on soundings in Sun glint geometry, observing the specular solar reflection at the ocean surface. The glint observation mode requires cloud‐free conditions and a suitable observation geometry, severely limiting their number and geographical coverage. The proposed method is based on the existing RemoTeC algorithm that is extensively used to retrieve CH4 and CO2 columns from GOSAT SWIR measurements over land. For ocean pixels, we describe light scattering by clouds and aerosols by a single‐layer water cloud with Gaussian height distribution. We infer the height and the geometrical thickness of the cloud layer jointly with the droplet size and the number density and the column abundances of CO2, CH4, and H2O. The CO2 and CH4 column product is validated with ground‐based total column measurements performed at eight stations from the TCCON network that are geographically close to an ocean coastline. For the TCCON site with the most robust statistics (Lauder, New Zealand), we find a retrieval bias of 0.36% for XCH4 combined with a standard deviation of retrieval errors of 1.12%. For XCO2, the bias is 0.51% combined with a standard deviation of 1.03%. Averaged over all TCCON sites, our retrievals are biased −0.01% for XCO2 and −0.32% for XCH4. The standard deviation of station biases amounts to 0.45% for XCO2 and 0.35% for XCH4.
Dependence of entrainment in shallow cumulus convection on vertical velocity and distance to cloud edge
Authors: Tian Yang , Kuang Zhiming 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe dependence of entrainment rate on environmental conditions and cloud characteristics is investigated using large eddy simulations (LES) of the response of shallow cumulus convection to a small‐amplitude temperature perturbation that is horizontally uniform and localized in height. The simulated cumulus fields are analyzed in the framework of an ensemble of entraining plumes by tracking a large number of Lagrangian parcels embedded in the LES and grouping them into different plumes based on their detrainment heights. The results show that fractional entrainment rate per unit height of a plume is inversely proportional to the plume's vertical velocity and its distance to the cloud edge, while changes in environmental stratification and relative humidity, the plume's buoyancy, or the vertical gradient of its buoyancy due to the temperature perturbation have little effect on the plume's entrainment rate.
Incorporating an Alternating Donor–Acceptor Structure into a Ladder Polymer Backbone
Authors: Kass Kim‐Julia , Forster Michael , Scherf Ullrich 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIncorporation of the donor–acceptor structure of an alternating conjugated copolymer into a rigid ladder polymer backbone is reported. The resulting ladder polymers show optical features typical of rigid ladder polymers, but present an increased Stokes shift if compared to their non‐polar counterparts. This behavior reflects the occurrence of charge transfer processes during excitation and leads to a positive solvatochromism.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbocyclization–Borylation of Enallenes to Cyclobutenes
Authors: Qiu Youai , Yang Bin , Zhu Can , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA highly efficient palladium‐catalyzed oxidative borylation of enallenes was developed for the selective formation of cyclobutene derivatives and fully‐substituted alkenylboron compounds. Cyclobutenes are formed as the exclusive products in MeOH in the presence of H2O and Et3N, whereas the use of AcOH leads to alkenylboron compounds. Both reactions showed a broad substrate scope and good tolerance for various functional groups, including carboxylic acid ester, free hydroxy, imide, and alkyl groups. Furthermore, transformations of the borylated products were conducted to show their potential applications.
Iron and Manganese Catalysts for the Selective Functionalization of Arene C(sp2)−H Bonds by Carbene Insertion
Authors: Conde Ana , Sabenya Gerard , Rodríguez Mònica , Postils Verònica , Luis Josep M. , Díaz‐Requejo M. Mar , Costas Miquel , Pérez Pedro J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe first examples of the direct functionalization of non‐activated aryl sp2 C−H bonds with ethyl diazoacetate (N2CHCO2Et) catalyzed by Mn‐ or Fe‐based complexes in a completely selective manner are reported, with no formation of the frequently observed cycloheptatriene derivatives through competing Buchner reaction. The best catalysts are FeII or MnII complexes bearing the tetradentate pytacn ligand (pytacn= 1‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐4,7‐dimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane). When using alkylbenzenes, the alkylic C(sp3)−H bonds of the substituents remained unmodified, thus the reaction being also selective toward functionalization of sp2 C−H bonds.
A Graphene Composite Material with Single Cobalt Active Sites: A Highly Efficient Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Cui Xiaoju , Xiao Jianping , Wu Yihui , Du Peipei , Si Rui , Yang Huaixin , Tian Huanfang , Li Jianqi , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Deng Dehui , Bao Xinhe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe design of catalysts that are both highly active and stable is always challenging. Herein, we report that the incorporation of single metal active sites attached to the nitrogen atoms in the basal plane of graphene leads to composite materials with superior activity and stability when used as counter electrodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A series of composite materials based on different metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) were synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical measurements revealed that CoN4/GN is a highly active and stable counter electrode for the interconversion of the redox couple I−/I3−. DFT calculations revealed that the superior properties of CoN4/GN are due to the appropriate adsorption energy of iodine on the confined Co sites, leading to a good balance between adsorption and desorption processes. Its superior electrochemical performance was further confirmed by fabricating DSSCs with CoN4 /GN electrodes, which displayed a better power conversion efficiency than the Pt counterpart.
Rechargeable Room‐Temperature Na–CO2 Batteries
Authors: Hu Xiaofei , Sun Jianchao , Li Zifan , Zhao Qing , Chen Chengcheng , Chen Jun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDeveloping rechargeable Na–CO2 batteries is significant for energy conversion and utilization of CO2. However, the reported batteries in pure CO2 atmosphere are non‐rechargeable with limited discharge capacity of 200 mAh g−1. Herein, we realized the rechargeability of a Na–CO2 battery, with the proposed and demonstrated reversible reaction of 3 CO2+4 Na↔2 Na2CO3+C. The battery consists of a Na anode, an ether‐based electrolyte, and a designed cathode with electrolyte‐treated multi‐wall carbon nanotubes, and shows reversible capacity of 60000 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 (≈1000 Wh kg−1) and runs for 200 cycles with controlled capacity of 2000 mAh g−1 at charge voltage <3.7 V. The porous structure, high electro‐conductivity, and good wettability of electrolyte to cathode lead to reduced electrochemical polarization of the battery and further result in high performance. Our work provides an alternative approach towards clean recycling and utilization of CO2.
Amide pectin: A carrier material for colon‐targeted controlled drug release
Authors: Li Chen , Nie Hui , Chen Yu , Xiang Zhou‐Yang , Li Jian‐Bin 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn order to deliver bioactive components to the colon, an oral colon‐targeted bioadhesive microparticle delivery system based on pectin was developed. Unmodified pectin exhibited a poor hydrophobicity and weak tablet‐crushing strength. Pectin was modified by an amide reaction, which results in a dramatic decrease in water solubility and viscosity, as well as favorable controlled release properties. Amide pectin (AP) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results of FTIR and 1H‐NMR revealed that amide groups were introduced into the pectin molecules; DSC analysis exhibited that the thermal stability of pectin was decreased. An in vitro release assay demonstrated that matrix tablets prepared by AP could deliver bioactive components to the colon when the pectin content and hydrophobicity were properly controlled. The relationship between the structure and in vitro release properties of amide pectin suggests that an optimal tablet structure and composition can be responsible for a suitable BSA release rate. The optimal tablets making conditions were using methylcellulose (MC) as tablet adhesive, amidation reaction time of 60 min, drug loading of 0.008 g and tableting pressure of 8 kg/mm. The results indicated that matrix tablets made by AP exhibited good colon‐targeted drug release. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43697.
Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid on to styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) to improve morphology and mechanical properties of SBR/polyurethane blend
Authors: Taheri Shahed , Hassani Yones , Sadeghi Gity Mir Mohamad , Moztarzadeh Fathollah , Li Mei‐Chun 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTGraft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) on to styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is carried out via free radical polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. Graft yield (GY) and graft efficiency (GE) measurements reveal that the optimum grafting is achieved when 100 wt % of AA and 3 wt % of BPO are used for a reaction time of 6 h at 60 °C. The execution of the grafting process is confirmed through ATR‐IR spectroscopy and DMTA analysis. Tan δ thermograms indicate that the graft copolymerization occurs in the styrene segments of the SBR backbone. An in situ polymerized, semicrystalline polyurethane (PU) is then used to prepare a series of SBR‐g‐PAA/PU blends. It is found that the SBR‐g‐PAA with the highest GY exhibits the best compatibility with PU matrix. One‐phase morphology (SEM), as well as the appearance of only one glass transition (DMTA) verify the homogeneous miscibility of the modified blend compositions. Moreover, the integration of PUs crystalline structure into blends gives rise to elongation‐induced crystallinity as the prominent phenomenon in tensile testing, which proves to synchronously enhance tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, and toughness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43699.
A cellular automata (CA) model for motorized vehicle flows influenced by bicycles along the roadside
Authors: Chen Qun , Wang Yan 
Published: April 2016

SummaryOn many urban low‐grade or branch roads, especially in medium or small cities in China, bicyclists and motorists commonly share the non‐barrier road surface. Because bicycles are unpredictable and unstable when moving, motorized vehicles must reduce their speed to safely approach and overtake them. In this study, the gradual deceleration process a motorized vehicle undergoes before it passes a bicycle was analyzed. The motorist was assumed to prefer a comfortable deceleration and to select a higher deceleration rate only when the distance to the bicycle was insufficient to reduce the car's speed to the expected value at a comfortable deceleration rate. Cellular automata (CA) simulations were used to reveal the flow characteristics of motorized vehicles reacting to bicycles traveling along the roadside, and the results show that for the general velocities of motorized vehicles and bicycles traveling on urban branch roads, the road capacity for motorized vehicles is not related to the number of bicycles present. However, the average travel time of motorized vehicles is significantly affected by the presence of bicycles when the number of motorized vehicles on the road is small. In addition, motorized vehicles' average travel time is more influenced by disturbances in the flow of motorized vehicles than by bicycles when the number of motorized vehicles on the road is large. Field observations and surveys were used to validate the traffic behaviors and simulation results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New UVA‐emitting BaAlBO3F2:Eu2+ phosphor with PL and TL properties for phototherapy lamp
Authors: Kunghatkar R. G. , Dhoble S. J. , Hemne P. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present a new phosphor material, BaAlBO3F2 doped with Eu2+ ions, having emission in the UVA region. The phosphor material is prepared by a simple wet chemical method. Phase confirmation was carried out using the Rietveld refinement program which shows that BaAlBO3F2:Eu2+ has an hexagonal crystal system. Using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy graph, we studied the bond stretching present in the phosphor material. Photoluminescence (PL) characterization, carried out using a RF spectrofluorophotometer, shows two types of PL excitation and emission. Before reduction, emission is in the blue region at 431 nm; after reduction, excitation is at 258 nm and emission is at 361 nm, which is in the UVA region. Some thermoluminescence (TL) studies were carried out in this material for the first time, for example, determination of the trapping parameters, linearity, fading, glow curve convolution and deconvolution (GCCD) function for curve fitting and the Tm–Tstop method for confirmation of the trapped centers in the TL glow peak. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamline performance of Excel in stepwise implementation of numerical solutions
Authors: Niazkar Majid , Afzali Seied Hosein 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTExcel spreadsheet not only provides useful facilities to solve various kinds of engineering problems, but also can be simply utilized to enhance the curriculum of engineering courses. In this paper, first a summary of literature review on the application of spreadsheets was presented. Reviewing the literature of the application of Excel in different engineering fields shows that Excel was only applied for different individual applicants; while it can be utilized to implement the solution of all kinds of physical problems because of various facilities which Excel provides. In this regard, the step‐by‐step numerical solutions of several examples from all kinds of physical problems in civil engineering were implemented into Excel. The educational merit of this study is the stepwise implementation of Excel and Visual Basic Application (VBA) solution to simple examples of all kinds of physical problems without any advanced requirement of prior knowledge of the software. The robust performance of Excel in solving all the considered examples demonstrates that the Excel appraisal in solving engineering problems should be more addressed than what it is in the current literature. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:555–566, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21731
A Potent Phytotoxic Substance in Aglaia odorata Lour.
Authors: Kato‐Noguchi Hisashi , Suzuki Masahiko , Noguchi Kazutaka , Ohno Osamu , Suenaga Kiyotake , Laosinwattana Chamroon 
Published: April 2016

Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae) was found to have very strong allelopathic activity and a bioherbicide PORGANIC™ was developed from its leaf extracts. However, the phytotoxic substances causing the strong allelopathic activity of the plants have not yet been determined. Therefore, we investigated allelopathic properties and phytotoxic substances in A. odorata. Aqueous EtOH extracts of A. odorata leaves inhibited root and shoot growth of garden cress (Lepidum sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and Echinochloa crus‐galli with the extract concentration‐dependent manner. The extracts were then purified and a major phytotoxic substance with allelopathic activity was isolated and identified by spectral data as rocaglaol. Rocaglaol inhibited the growth of garden cress and E. crus‐galli at concentrations > 0.3 and 0.03 μm, respectively. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition ranged from 0.09 to 2.5 μm. The inhibitory activity of rocaglaol on the weed species, E. crus‐galli, was much greater than that of abscisic acid. These results suggest that rocaglaol may be a major contributor to the allelopathic effect of A. odorata and bioherbicide PORGANIC™.
Selective Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceric Acid in Base‐Free Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature Catalyzed by Platinum Supported on Carbon Activated with Potassium Hydroxide
Authors: Tan Hua , Tall Omar E. , Liu Zhaohui , Wei Nini , Yapici Tahir , Zhan Tong , Hedhill Mohamed Nejib , Han Yu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPt supported on KOH‐activated mesoporous carbon (K‐AMC) was used to catalyze glycerol oxidation under base‐free conditions at room temperature. To study the relationship between the carbon surface chemistry and the catalytic performance of the K‐AMC‐based Pt catalysts, different levels of surface oxygen functional groups (SOFGs) on the AMC supports were induced by thermal treatment at different temperatures under inert or H2 gas. A strong effect of the surface chemistry was observed on AMC‐supported Pt catalysts for glycerol oxidation. The presence of carboxylic acid groups impedes the adsorption of glycerol, which leads to the reduction of catalytic activity, whereas the presence of high‐desorption‐temperature SOFGs, such as phenol, ether, and carbonyl/quinone groups, provide hydrophilicity to the carbon surface that improves the adsorption of glycerol molecules on Pt metal surface, which is beneficial for the catalytic activity.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Derived Boron‐Doped Cobalt‐Coordinating Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Materials for Enhanced Catalytic Activity
Authors: Chen Yuan , Fu Lingling , Liu Zhigang , Wang Yong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe structural diversity of ionic liquids can control the properties and structures of carbon materials at the molecular level. A nitrogen and boron codoped and highly crystalline metal porous carbon material was synthesized through cothermal condensation of the [Bmim][BF4] (Bmim=1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) ionic liquid and cobalt(II) 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin. In this approach, the ionic liquid acted as both a soft template and a heteroatom precursor. The resulting B‐doped Co‐N‐C nanomaterial showed significantly enhanced catalytic performance toward the selective oxidation of ethylbenzene, in that the conversion of ethylbenzene was approximately four times higher than that of the catalyst without the introduced B atoms. Moreover, the CoNCB‐2 catalyst was successfully recycled several times without any significant loss in activity. Such a boron, nitrogen, and metal ternary codoped porous carbon shows promise as a catalyst for chemocatalysis.
An Aged Precatalyst Solution Leads to High Catalytic Activity: Oxidative Cyclization of 1,5‐Dienes Using ppm Amounts of Ruthenium
Authors: Adrian Juliane , Roth Stefanie , Stark Christian B. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe ruthenium tetroxide catalyzed direct oxidative cyclization is a powerful synthetic method for the diastereoselective preparation of THF diols from simple achiral 1,5‐diene starting materials with significant relevance to target‐oriented and natural product synthesis. We here report that an aged precatalyst solution exhibits an extraordinarily high reactivity. Thus, even at 50 ppm catalyst loading, impressive results were achieved with good to high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities for the four stereogenic centers that were established in this single‐step transformation. Turnover numbers of up to 15 000 and turnover frequencies of up to 3660 h−1 were obtained. The ageing effect was analyzed spectroscopically and a preliminary hypothesis to explain the reactivity is given. Finally, the generality of this effect in oxidative cyclization chemistry was demonstrated by using a set of substrates with different substitution patterns and different geometries of the reacting double bonds.
Synergistic Effect of Tungsten Nitride and Palladium for the Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde at the C=C bond
Authors: Wang Dong , Zhu Yujun , Tian Chungui , Wang Lei , Zhou Wei , Dong Yongli , Yan Haijing , Fu Honggang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHerein, a series of catalysts made of Pd–WN on various supports was synthesized by modifying supports with small‐size WN NPs firstly and loading Pd subsequently. Their catalytic performances were evaluated for selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to hydrocinnamaldehyde (HALD). Interestingly, it was found the synergistic effect between Pd and WN can improve conversion and selectivity of CAL to HALD. Among these catalysts, Pd–WN/SBA‐15 shows best performance with highest conversion (99 %) and selectivity to HALD (97 %), which is superior to commercial 5 % Pd/C catalyst. The hydrogenation kinetics of Pd–WN/SBA‐15 has been adequately represented by a standard pseudo‐first‐order approximation, and it discloses that the existence of WN can effectively decrease the activation energy (23.2 kJ mol−1). The synergistic effect of Pd and WN results in enriching the electron density of Pd, increasing the ratio of surface Pd0 and decreasing the size of Pd on the Pd–WN/SBA‐15 catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF α‐TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM TRICHLOROMERCURATE(II)
Authors: SANDSTROEM M. , LIEM D. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Struktur von NEt4HgCl3 wird anhand dreidimensionaler Röntgen‐Einkristalldaten bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: ANODIC OXIDATION OF COBALT IN NEUTRAL AND BASIC SOLUTION
Authors: SATO N. , OHTSUKA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie anodische Oxidation von Co in boratgepufferter Lösung (pH 7‐11) hat in Abhängigkeit vom Potential aktive Auflösung, Passivierung und transpassive Auflösung zur Folge.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF PALLADIUM‐IMPLANTED TITANIUM
Authors: MCCAFFERTY E. , HUBLER G. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIonenimplantation von Pd in Ti‐Oberflächen führt zur Verminderung der Leerlaufkorrosionsgeschwindigkeit in siedender 1 M H2SO4‐Lösung um einen Faktor 1000.
ChemInform Abstract: STRESS CORROSION CRACK PROPAGATION IN α‐BRASS IN 15N AMMONIACAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: KERMANI M. , SCULLY J. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Spannungskorrosionsrisse wird als Funktion der Cu‐ und NH3‐Konzentration, von NaOH und Glycerinzusätzen sowie des Potentials gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF SILICON OXIDES GROWN IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID OXYGEN AMBIENTS
Authors: MONKOWSKI J. , TRESSLER R. E. , STACH J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractElektronenmikroskopische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen der Si‐oxide während ihres Wachstums in HCl/Oz‐Atmosphären unter wechselnden Bedingungen (6‐10 Vol.‐% HCl, 1150‐1300°C und 15 min‐6 h Reaktionsdauer) zeigen, daß sich zuerst eine SiO2‐Schicht bildet und nach einiger Zeit an der Grenzfläche Oxid‐Si eine weitere kondensierte Phase auftritt, die die Hauptmenge des Chlors enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION OF INTERMEDIATES IN CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF SILICON NITRIDE (SI3N4) FROM TETRACHLOROSILANE AND AMMONIA
Authors: LIN S.‐S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der chemischen Abscheidung von Si3N4 aus der Gasphase gemäß Bruttoreaktion Atreten zahlreiche Moleküle als Zwischenstufe auf, was auf Keimbildung und Kondensation in der Gasphase bei hohen Tempp.