bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes insipidus in pregnancy
Authors: Quigley James , Shelton Cliff , Issa Basil , Sripada Sreebala 
Published: January 2018

Key content

There are various types of diabetes insipidus that occur due to different pathology that occurs outside of, during, and as a result of pregnancy.

All pregnant women presenting with polyuria and polydipsia should be investigated with blood tests including urea and electrolytes, calcium levels and thyroid function tests. Plasma and urine osmolality can also be helpful in making the diagnosis. Additional symptoms that are suggestive of diabetes insipidus secondary to other underlying pathology (e.g. a pituitary tumour) are likely to require radiological imaging.

Women diagnosed with diabetes insipidus should have regular consultant review in clinic with monitoring of serum electrolytes. They should also receive an antenatal anaesthetic review. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted during labour and they should be managed on delivery suite with senior obstetric and anaesthetic input.

Pre‐eclamptic toxaemia (PET) and haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) can exacerbate diabetes insipidus as hepatic dysfunction leads to a reduction in vasopressinase metabolism. Furthermore, it has been suggested that pituitary hypoperfusion due to this syndrome could also be a cause of gestational diabetes insipidus. These women present a therapeutic challenge as they are in a volume‐depleted state as a consequence of DI, however they require judicious fluid management because of their PET.

Early detection and effective management will reduce morbidity and mortality in both the mother and fetus. Untreated or undiagnosed, it has the potential to have serious consequences for the expectant mother and fetus.

Learning objectives

To understand the different subtypes of diabetes insipidus, their pathophysiologies and their effects during the ante‐, peri‐ and postnatal periods.

To appreciate that diabetes insipidus can herald the onset of underlying hepatic dysfunction with associated serious maternal and fetal consequences arising from both the biochemical abnormalities associated with diabetes insipidus and the secondary problems of impaired liver function.

To appraise the current theories of the link between PET and diabetes insipidus.
Small rubber particle proteins from Taraxacum brevicorniculatum promote stress tolerance and influence the size and distribution of lipid droplets and artificial poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene) bodies
Authors: Laibach Natalie , Schmidl Sina , Müller Boje , Bergmann Maike , Prüfer Dirk , Schulze Gronover Christian 
Published: January 2018

SummaryNatural rubber biosynthesis occurs on rubber particles, i.e. organelles resembling small lipid droplets localized in the laticifers of latex‐containing plant species, such as Hevea brasiliensis and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. The latter expresses five small rubber particle protein (SRPP) isoforms named TbSRPP1–5, the most abundant proteins in rubber particles. These proteins maintain particle stability and are therefore necessary for rubber biosynthesis. TbSRPP1–5 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts and the proteins were found to be localized on lipid droplets and in the endoplasmic reticulum, with TbSRPP1 and TbSRPP3 also present in the cytosol. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed pairwise interactions between all proteins except TbSRPP2. The corresponding genes showed diverse expression profiles in young T. brevicorniculatum plants exposed to abiotic stress, and all except TbSRPP4 and TbSRPP5 were upregulated. Young Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpressed TbSRPP2 and TbSRPP3 tolerated drought stress better than wild‐type plants. Furthermore, we used rubber particle extracts and standards to investigate the affinity of the TbSRPPs for different phospholipids, revealing a preference for negatively charged head groups and 18:2/16:0 fatty acid chains. This finding may explain the effect of TbSRPP3–5 on the dispersity of artificial poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene) bodies and on the lipid droplet distribution we observed in N. benthamiana leaves. Our data provide insight into the assembly of TbSRPPs on rubber particles, their role in rubber particle structure, and the link between rubber biosynthesis and lipid droplet‐associated stress responses, suggesting that SRPPs form the basis of evolutionarily conserved intracellular complexes in plants.
In the grass species Brachypodium distachyon, the production of mixed‐linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) occurs in the Golgi apparatus
Authors: Kim Sang‐Jin , Zemelis‐Durfee Starla , Jensen Jacob Krüger , Wilkerson Curtis G. , Keegstra Kenneth , Brandizzi Federica 
Published: January 2018

SummaryMixed‐linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) is a glucose polymer with beneficial effects on human health and high potential for the agricultural industry. MLG is present predominantly in the cell wall of grasses and is synthesized by cellulose synthase‐like F or H families of proteins, with CSLF6 being the best‐characterized MLG synthase. Although the function of this enzyme in MLG production has been established, the site of MLG synthesis in the cell is debated. It has been proposed that MLG is synthesized at the plasma membrane, as occurs for cellulose and callose; in contrast, it has also been proposed that MLG is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, as occurs for other matrix polysaccharides of the cell wall. Testing these conflicting possibilities is fundamentally important in the general understanding of the biosynthesis of the plant cell wall. Using immuno‐localization analyses with MLG‐specific antibody in Brachypodium and in barley, we found MLG present in the Golgi, in post‐Golgi structures and in the cell wall. Accordingly, analyses of a functional fluorescent protein fusion of CSLF6 stably expressed in Brachypodium demonstrated that the enzyme is localized in the Golgi. We also established that overproduction of MLG causes developmental and growth defects in Brachypodium as also occur in barley. Our results indicated that MLG production occurs in the Golgi similarly to other cell wall matrix polysaccharides, and supports the broadly applicable model in grasses that tight mechanisms control optimal MLG accumulation in the cell wall during development and growth. This work addresses the fundamental question of where mixed linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) is synthesized in plant cells. By analyzing the subcellular localization of MLG and MLG synthase in an endogenous system, we demonstrated that MLG synthesis occurs at the Golgi in Brachypodium and barley. A growth inhibition due to overproduced MLG in Brachypodium supports the general applicability of the model that a tight control of the cell wall polysaccharides accumulation is needed to maintain growth homeostasis during development.
A new automated turbidimetric immunoassay for the measurement of canine C‐reactive protein
Authors: Piñeiro Matilde , Pato Raquel , Soler Lourdes , Peña Raquel , García Natalia , Torrente Carlos , Saco Yolanda , Lampreave Fermín , Bassols Anna , Canalias Francesca 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundIn dogs, as in humans, C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein that is rapidly and prominently increased after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. CRP measurements are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious and inflammatory diseases.ObjectivesThe study aim was to develop and validate a turbidimetric immunoassay for the quantification of canine CRP (cCRP), using canine‐specific reagents and standards.MethodsA particle‐enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay was developed. The assay was set up in a fully automated analyzer, and studies of imprecision, limits of linearity, limits of detection, prozone effects, and interferences were carried out. The new method was compared with 2 other commercially available automated immunoassays for cCRP: one turbidimetric immunoassay (Gentian CRP) and one point‐of‐care assay based on magnetic permeability (Life Assays CRP).ResultsThe within‐run and between‐day imprecision were <1.7% and 4.2%, respectively. The assay quantified CRP proportionally in an analytic range up to 150 mg/L, with a prozone effect appearing at cCRP concentrations >320 mg/L. No interference from hemoglobin (20 g/L), triglycerides (10 g/L), or bilirubin (150 mg/L) was detected. Good agreement was observed between the results obtained with the new method and the Gentian cCRP turbidimetric immunoassay.ConclusionsThe new turbidimetric immunoassay (Turbovet canine CRP, Acuvet Biotech) is a rapid, robust, precise, and accurate method for the quantification of cCRP. The method can be easily set up in automated analyzers, providing a suitable tool for routine clinical use.
Identification and correction of human errors in real‐time – a blood banking surveillance system
Authors: Jamal Saba , Shaikh Isra , Sohail Shomaila , Ata Uzma , Saeed Aamir , Saleem Shazia 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundHuman errors are a major challenge in blood banking. Innovative ICT‐based strategies for error interception and prevention must be developed and investigated for their efficacy.Materials and MethodsA browser‐based Blood Bank Management Information System (BBMIS) intercepting real‐time human errors was implemented at The Indus Hospital Blood Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. Data were analysed for 6 blood bank, and three transfusion‐related categories of errors intercepted, from December 2013 to December 2016, during which the blood centre drew 45 425 donors.ResultsA total of 413 errors were intercepted and corrected. There was an attempt to prepare 16 of 2199 quarantined components. Reagent quality assurance was not performed in 3 of 1126 instances. There were 169 misinterpretations of 113 536 blood groups, 44 of 90 850 mismatches at donor blood group reconfirmation and wrong blood group labelling in 98 of 141 417 cases. At unit verification, 26 of 28 581 units were not physically discarded. Wrong blood in tube was identified in 7 of 24 962 cases. Incorrect sample tube was selected for testing in 25 of 32 857 cases. There were 11 attempts to issue units to the wrong patient of 14 644 issues.ConclusionAuto‐generated alerts on interception of human errors in real‐time eliminate bias of under‐reporting due to human dependent surveillance systems, thus, providing a better representation of the range of human errors in the blood bank and transfusions. The BBMIS was able to intercept errors at inception, halting further processing and prompting the user to take corrective actions, thus, enabling correction of all errors in the studied categories.
Identical genotypes of community‐associated MRSA (ST59) and livestock‐associated MRSA (ST9) in humans and pigs in rural China
Authors: Bi Z. , Sun C. , Börjesson S. , Chen B. , Ji X. , Berglund B. , Wang M. , Nilsson M. , Yin H. , Sun Q. , Hulth A. , Wang Y. , Wu C. , Bi Z. , Nilsson L. E. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThis study investigated the prevalence of MRSA in samples taken in households, with and without backyard pigs in villages in a rural area of Shandong Province, China. Community‐associated MRSA and livestock‐associated MRSA, belonging to ST59 and ST9, respectively, were identified in both humans and pigs. The genotypic and phenotypic comparison of isolates indicates that bidirectional transmission of MRSA has occurred between humans and pigs in the villages.
Never at rest: insights into the conformational dynamics of ion channels from cryo‐electron microscopy
Authors: Lau Carus , Hunter Mark J. , Stewart Alastair , Perozo Eduardo , Vandenberg Jamie I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe tightly regulated opening and closure of ion channels underlies the electrical signals that are vital for a wide range of physiological processes. Two decades ago the first atomic level view of ion channel structures led to a detailed understanding of ion selectivity and conduction. In recent years, spectacular developments in the field of cryo‐electron microscopy have resulted in cryo‐EM superseding crystallography as the technique of choice for determining near‐atomic resolution structures of ion channels. Here, we will review the recent developments in cryo‐EM and its specific application to the study of ion channel gating. We will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the current technology and where the field is likely to head in the next few years.
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Human placental oxygenation in late gestation: experimental and theoretical approaches
Authors: Nye Gareth A. , Ingram Emma , Johnstone Edward D. , Jensen Oliver E. , Schneider Henning , Lewis Rohan M. , Chernyavsky Igor L. , Brownbill Paul 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe placenta is crucial for life. It is an ephemeral but complex organ acting as the barrier interface between maternal and fetal circulations, providing exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products and immunoglobulins. Many gaps exist in our understanding of the detailed placental structure and function, particularly in relation to oxygen handling and transfer in healthy and pathological states in utero. Measurements to understand oxygen transfer in vivo in the human are limited, with no general agreement on the most appropriate methods. An invasive method for measuring partial pressure of oxygen in the intervillous space through needle electrode insertion at the time of Caesarean sections has been reported. This allows for direct measurements in vivo whilst maintaining near normal placental conditions; however, there are practical and ethical implications in using this method for determination of placental oxygenation. Furthermore, oxygen levels are likely to be highly heterogeneous within the placenta. Emerging non‐invasive techniques, such as MRI, and ex vivo research are capable of enhancing and improving current imaging methodology for placental villous structure and increase the precision of oxygen measurement within placental compartments. These techniques, in combination with mathematical modelling, have stimulated novel cross‐disciplinary approaches that could advance our understanding of placental oxygenation and its metabolism in normal and pathological pregnancies, improving clinical treatment options and ultimately outcomes for the patient.
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Factors Affecting the Selection of Refrigerating Equipment in the Citrus Industry: Refrigeration for Frozen Concentrated Citrus Juices
Authors: Rex Harland 
Published: January 2018

To the Refrigerating Engineer, the Citrus Industry presents a challenging and interesting array of problems. The tremendous acceptance of Air Conditioning coupled with the wide use of refrigeration in processes of all types has led to development of many acceptable refrigerants and refrigerating machines. For the concentration, freezing, and storage of citrus juices, refrigeration is required at various temperature levels.
Paper published with permission.
Spray Irrigation of Citrus Wastes
Authors: Young W. H. , Thompson E. A. 
Published: January 2018

The Citrus Processing industry has come a long way in the last twenty years. In some respects the handling of plant wastes may be said to have kept pace with this growth. Two decades ago, the only by-product was peel oil. Peelings and pulp were hauled away to groves or other suitable locations by crude forerunners of modern dump trucks. The more remote this location was the better since the odor could be terrific. Any suitable lake or city sewer or underground well was used for liquid wastes.
Paper published with permission.
Products From Citrus Peel
Authors: Kilburn R. W. 
Published: January 2018

Almost four million tons of citrus fruit were used by the Florida processing plants last year. Juice obtained from citrus represents only approximately half of the weight of the fruit. Two million tons of peel, pulp and seeds, accumulated yearly at processing plants, presents a challenge and an opportunity. This is a large amount of raw material, readily available, concentrated in a relatively small number of locations, and produced over a period of time which makes possible economical handling and processing.
Paper published with permission.
Can Handling Systems
Authors: Stilling J. F. 
Published: January 2018

It is well-known that methods for handling empty cans in can plants and packing plants have been undergoing considerable change during the past few years. I know that many of you here today have been active in promoting such changes and in cooperating with the can producers to the end that the changes may be of mutual benefit. That there has been considerable progress in can handling methods is particularly true of the Florida Citrus Industry — which has used over 1-1/2 billion 6 oz. juice cans annually to pack fresh, frozen concentrated orange juice.
Paper published with permission.
Cost Advantages of Bulk Handling Through the Citrus Packing House
Authors: Phillips R. V. 
Published: January 2018

The Citrus Industry is always interested in finding economies, but it usually takes some stimulus to bring in new methods. The stimulus for handling fresh fruit in bulk from the field to the packing house came during the 1947–48 citrus season, when delivered-in fruit prices were exceptionally low. With grapefruit widely quoted as low as 5¢ per box on-the-tree, a tremendous amount of interest was generated in finding cheaper methods of handling. Several commercial concerns experimented with various types of bulk handling for fresh fruit by attempting, unsuccessfully, to adapt the cannery fruit systems for this purpose.
Paper published with permission.
Old and New Ideas in the Citrus Pulp Industry
Authors: Prosser D. S. 
Published: January 2018

The annual production of dried citrus pulp within the Florida Citrus Industry has risen during the past twenty five years from a modest beginning to a total of over 330,000 tons per year. To this must be added another 52,000 tons of citrus meal and citrus molasses produced last year so that the combined total by-products production for cattle feed purposes during the 1958–59 season was approximately 380,000 tons. This was estimated to be worth over 14 million dollars.
Paper published with permission.
Stainless Steels for the Citrus Processing Industry
Authors: Tiffin William T. 
Published: January 2018

A previous paper presented at this Conference in 1955 was concerned principally with corrosion resistant materials for processing citrus products. Although this paper considered several different materials, each of which might prove satisfactory for certain operating conditions, the citrus processing industry has been able to satisfy most of its requirements with a relatively few alloys. These alloys are principally the chromium and the chromium-nickel alloys that are generally classified as stainless steels. This series of steels lends itself to certain basic treatments that have a very significant effect upon the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. This paper will be concerned principally with these basic treatments and with certain specific treatments for special requirements.
Paper published with permission.
A Brixometer for Fresh Juice Testing
Authors: Reed Francis S. 
Published: January 2018

Industry everywhere is undergoing a complete revolution which is not apparent to the average citizen. The artistic and craftsmanship abilities of the early industrial worker to create a perfect piece of goods has been supplanted by the emphasis on mass production, lower costs and machine precision of the more recent years. As a result of this development a tremendous pressure is being exerted upon industry to produce even more for even less costs which has created a situation where the machines are now capable of exceeding the abilities of the men who operate them.
Paper published with permission.
Centrifuges in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Distelkamp Adolf 
Published: January 2018

The practical use of the centrifuge was first made about 80 years ago, for the separation of cream from skim milk. In the years since, the applications to which centrifuges have become suitable are too numerous to mention. It is not my intention to give a complete history of centrifuges, but rather, to point out the benefits of the centrifuge to you in the industry. However, a short explanation of the principles is in order. Basically, the principles of a centrifuge are quite simple. Centrifugation is the separation of insoluble materials that have different specific gravities — whether 2 phase liquid-liquid mixtures, liquid-solid mixtures, or 3 phase liquid-liquid-solid mixtures. A centrifuge is merely a rotating settling tank, wherein the settling process is speeded up tremendously, to accomplish in seconds what may have needed hours, days, weeks and even months in a gravity settling process (See Figure 1).
Paper published with permission.
Automated Control of Fruit Flow and Pulp Washing
Authors: MacClarence W. R. , Lang A. A. 
Published: January 2018

Automated control is an old story in the concentrate industry and is typified by the normal evaporator control systems, brix blenders, etc. that are installed in all of the concentrate plants. The phase of automation to be discussed here concerns the control of the rate of oranges being conveyed from the storage bins to and through the juicing operation. The purpose of this control system is to allow the extraction, finishing and pulp wash processes to take place at continuous uniform rates in direct and continued relationship to evaporator requirements.
Paper published with permission.
Integral Rivet Easy Open Ends
Authors: Althen Phillip C. 
Published: January 2018

The January, 1964, issue of Market Horizons, a publication of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, summed up one of today’s most exciting challenges with the delightful understatement, “Consumers are requiring the food trades to perform more services.” One of the most important of these mushrooming services is the development of more and better convenience packaging for the consumer who today demands and is willing to pay for easy-to-handle and easy-to-open packages. Because of this market for convenience packaging, plus a host of new products that demand better packaging protection and better merchandising characteristics, the packaging industry is going through another technological revolution.
Paper published with permission.
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Applicable to the Citrus Industry
Authors: Farber Erich A. 
Published: January 2018

With the present trend toward increasing output, raising efficiency and improving design in order to do the most with available materials, the problem of heat transfer and a better understanding of it has become an important one. While other techniques may tell one how much heat has to be transferred (or prevented from being transferred), heat transfer principles tell whether it is possible and, if possible, how to do it.
Paper published with permission.
Research to Improve Methods for the Determination of Pounds-Solids
Authors: Blair James G. 
Published: January 2018

While the expression “pounds-solids” is understood by most people in the citrus industry, it is just possible that a specific definition at the beginning of this presentation will be helpful. Pounds-solids is the term used to express the amount of sugar in oranges. This should not be confused with soluble solids which is an expression of the percentage of sugar in the juice. The percentage of soluble solids, or Brix, multiplied by the amount of juice-yield gives pounds of solids. The reason for determining such a figure is to establish an equitable and basic measurement of fruit quality over which the buyer and seller may bargain as to the value. The results are based on sampling and any practical sampling system must be built around the law of probability. Therefore, to a large degree, the over-all program is one of statistics combined with good, sound engineering design. Now that the term pounds-solids has been clearly defined and related to the citrus industry, let us go back and see why, and how, this whole thing came about.
Paper published with permission.