bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Scalp Tension with and without Intraoral Subperiosteal Release of the Midface in Laser-Assisted Endoscopic Browlift
Authors: Stone Thomas L. , Watson Stephen W. , Throckmorton Gaylord S. , Tharanon Wichit , Sinn Douglas P. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Since the introduction of the endoscopic browlift, several techniques have been advocated to improve long-term stability and results. These include extensive undermining of the flap, muscle plication, and a variety of fixation techniques. At our institution, intraoral subperiosteal dissection is used in combination with the laser-assisted endoscopic browlift. No clinical studies have compared flap tension using the different methods of periosteal release. The purpose of this study was to compare scalp tension when the flap was pulled posteriorly 10 mm and 15 mm with and without intraoral subperiosteal release of the midface. Materials and Methods: This study included 37 patients and consisted of 4 men and 33 women. They underwent a laser-assisted endoscopic browlift with general anesthesia or intravenous sedation. Scalp tension was measured with a spring scale. Scalp tension was measured at 6 locations (the incisions over the right and left medial brows, brow heights, and temporal regions). After the laser-assisted endoscopic browlift, measurement of scalp tension at each location was recorded while the scalp was pulled posteriorly 10 mm and then 15 mm. Tensions were measured prior to and after intraoral subperiosteal release of the midface. Tensions at each incision site before and after subperiosteal release were compared using paired t tests. Tensions between the medial brow, brow height and temporal flaps for each side were also compared using paired t tests. Results: Subperiosteal release of the midface significantly reduced tension at every incision site by more than 200 g. The average amount of tension reduction gradually increased from the midline sites to the temporal sites prior to subperiosteal release of the midface. Tension was reduced by more than 300 g at the temporal sites after subperiosteal release of the midface. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that by including intraoral broad subperiosteal detachment of the midface, there is less tension on the flap at all incision sites. Reduced tension and more equally distributed tension would be expected to contribute to better would healing, improved predictability, and assumed longevity of results.
Laser Resurfacing with a Dual-Mode, Long-Pulse Erbium:YAG Laser Compared to the 950-μs Pulsed CO2 Laser
Authors: Rostan Elizabeth F. , Goldman Mitchel P. , Fitzpatrick Richard E. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Laser resurfacing with the 950-μs pulsed CO2 laser (UPCO2) is an effective treatment for photodamage and acne scarring. Adverse sequelae such as prolonged erythema and delayed would healing are not uncommon after resurfacing. Less adverse sequelae are seen with the use of erbium lasers alone; however, the same degree of improvement cannot be achieved as with the CO2 laser. New long-pulse erbium:YAG lasers (LP Er:Yag) have been developed to deliver increased thermal effects to tissue. It is hypothesized that, with use of these lasers, improved clinical outcomes may be achieved while still allowing for diminished erythema and improved wound healing. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients were randomized to receive laser resurfacing with the UPCO2 followed by short-pulse erbium:YAG ablation on one half of the face and LP Er:YAG followed by traditional short-pulse erbium laser on the other half. Patients were evaluated clinically before resurfacing and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Histologic samples taken at various time periods before and after resurfacing were also evaluated. Results: Overall clinical improvement was equal for both UPCO2 and LP Er:YAG treated sides, with an average improvement in photoaging scores of 53%. In 5 patients, greater clinical improvement in periorbital lines, perioral lines, or both was noted on the UPCO2 side, but overall average photoaging scores were equal. There was a tendency toward faster healing and less edema on the LP Er:YAG-treated side. Histologic examination of tissue taken after resurfacing revealed greater thermal damage on the UPCO2-treated side, and both sides showed evidence of new collagen formation 3 months after the procedure. Conclusion: The LP Er:YAG laser can achieve a similar degree of improvement as seen with short-pulse CO2 laser resurfacing, with decreased thermal tissue effects and decreased risk for adverse sequelae.
Endoscopic CO2 Laser-Assisted Capsulotomy (Minimally Invasive Method for Treatment of Capsular Contracture)
Authors: Karlinsky-Bellini Victoria , Tobin Howard , Perenack Jon 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Capsular contracture is a common problem faced by cosmetic/plastic surgeons and their patients. This retrospective study looks at the effectiveness of and overall patient satisfaction with endoscopic laser-assisted capsulotomy and suggests it is a safe and effective method of treating capsular contracture while minimizing morbidity and scarring and allowing patients to return to their daily activities almost immediately. Materials and Methods: The authors present their experience with 56 patients over a 7-year period. The operation is performed through a small (5–7 mm) periareolar access incision into the capsule, followed by horizontal and radial release of the capsular contracture using a CO2 laser visualized with a 4-mm endoscope with a specialized sleeve designed and built by the senior surgeon. Each patient was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Capsular contracture was graded based on Baker's classification method. The procedure was performed on patients with silicone and saline implants. Postoperative complications and patient satisfaction were noted. Results: Of 56 patients in the study, 6 (10.7%) were excluded: 2 had prior radiation therapy, 1 had reconstructive breast surgery for cancer prior to having the implant put in, 2 had a deflation 3 months postprocedure, and 1 had the procedure to treat an implant that had not adequately settled. Many of the patients had been previously treated elsewhere 1 or more times with recurrent capsule formation. One of the 50 patients (2%) presented with Baker II capsular contracture but was lost to follow-up. According to the chart review, the patient was happy with the results postprocedure, and Baker I score was achieved. Thirty-six of 50 patients (72%) presented initially with a Baker III capsular contracture, and of these, 20 (55%) were lost to follow-up, and thus long-term results of the procedure could not accurately be established. Of 16 patients with long-term follow-up, 6 (38%) achieved a score of Baker I and were pleased with the results. Ten patients (62%) experienced improvement initially but recurred shortly after (2–6 months). Thirteen of 50 patients (26%) presented initially with a Baker IV capsular contracture of which 7 (54%) were lost to long-term follow-up, and long-term results could not accurately be established. Two of 6 patients (34%) followed long term achieved a score of Baker I and were pleased with the results. Four patients (66%) recurred shortly after the procedure (2–6 months). Complications included 1 infection postprocedure requiring removal of the implant (in the patient excluded from the study) and 2 drain placements (both patients were lost to follow-up). The mean follow-up was 21 months.
A Cost-Savings Analysis of Skin Closure Devices: Incorporating Opportunity Cost into Operating Time Efficiency
Authors: Chatterjee Abhishek , Kerrigan Carolyn 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: The surgeon's armamentarium of skin closure techniques is abundant. This research aims to show the potential costs savings using 3M's Steri-Strip S (3S) when compared with sutures for skin closure. The current goal was to translate time savings into cost savings using 2 models: (1) the historical model is a strict analysis of variable (operating room [OR] time costs) and fixed (material) cost and (2) the true cost model estimates the opportunity cost available and adds this to the costs of the historical model. Materials and Methods: OR time costs per minute ($OR/min) were computed based on hospital estimates. Direct material costs were based on purchase prices of 4–0 PDS and 3S. Historical cost was computed from the equation OR procedure closure time × $OR/min + device costs. To assess opportunity cost, the potential time saved in an average surgeon's full OR day by using 3S instead of sutures was estimated. This available time was then revalued using the profit from an additional surgical procedure that could be performed in the time saved. Results: The hospital $OR/min is estimated to be $30. 4–0 PDS costs are $3.75 per suture, and 3S costs are $14.82 per device. The average breast reduction used 6 sutures or 16 3S devices for the final layer of skin closure. Similarly, the average abdominal case used 2 sutures and 14 3S devices. When using 3S instead of 4–0 PDS, time saved in the OR was noted to be 19.74 and 11.6 minutes per breast reduction and abdominal case, respectively. This resulted in historical cost savings of $377.58 and $148.02 per breast reduction and abdominal case, respectively. By using profit margin data from carpal tunnel release (a procedure that could be performed during the time saved), we estimated an opportunity cost of $97.30 per minute. By incorporating the opportunity cost, the true cost savings by using 3S instead of 4–0 PDS was $2298.28 and $1276.70 per bilateral breast reduction and abdominal case, respectively. Conclusion: Given that there is a significant time saving in using 3S over suture closure in approximating the skin, the authors conclude that 3S allows for greater efficiency in operating time use that leads to potential cost savings. Furthermore, although there appears to be cost savings in the historical model, there is a demonstration of greater cost savings if the opportunity cost is applied.
A Combination Technique for Resection of Redundant Scrotal Skin
Authors: Lombardo Maria A. , Jackson Robert F. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: This article describes a combination technique to restore normal anatomy, appearance, and function to the mons pubis and scrotal skin following massive weight loss. Materials and Methods: A 51-year-old man with excessive suprapubic/mons and scrotal skin redundancy was treated with a combination surgical technique of a modified Avelar abdominoplasty and scrotal skin resection. The details of the procedure are presented. Results: Postoperative follow-up showed a satisfactory result, with cessation of recurrent intertriginous infections and restoration of urinary and sexual function. Discussion: The combination technique presented is a straightforward procedure that can be used for the correction of scrotal skin redundancy. The relevant anatomy must be understood to preserve function and avoid complications.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Early Passage Cervical Epithelial Cultures
Authors: Patrick S L , Wright T C , Fox H E , Ginsberg H S 
Published: January 2017

Women are infected with HIV in increasing numbers; the predominant mode of spread is through heterosexual transmission. Little is known regarding the mechanism of HIV transit through the female genital tract. We investigated whether early passaage cervical epithelial cells could be directly infected with HIV-1LAI*. Virus production was measured using the reverse transcriptase (RT) assay and direct assay for syncytia-forming units. In-situ hybridization was performed on infected cervical cell cultures. Immunostaining was carried out using a monoclonal antibody to leukocyte common antigen (LCA). Virus was recovered in the supernatants of all infected cervical cultures. Localization of HIV infection using in-situ hybridization identified rare cells in the population which gave a strong signal. These infected cells had a lymphoid morphology and were also detected using immunostaining for LAC. Cervical epithelial cells were uninfected in this in vitro model; cells in this population which supported viral replication were most likely of the macrophage/monocyte lineage.
Used Automotive Engines in a Solar Assist, Biomass Fuelled Power System
Authors: Walker G. , Reader G. , Fauvel O.R. 
Published: January 2017

A new concept for an air-charged open-cycle engine is presented. The engine is based on a modified automotive engine because these are cheap and readily available when derived from scrap cars. Such engines can often be readily modifed and lightly renovated to provide long life, low cost, light load systems. The proposed heating system includes locally manufactured linear parabolic solar collectors with low cost tubular biomass furnaces for heating in the dark hours. Use of either or both types of heater is optional depending on local circumstances. Pressurised air from the engine is circulated through the furnace/collector heating system and back to the engine. The same air is the working medium in the engine. In a typical case two cylinders operate as expansion engines, two as compression cylinders with two regenerators added, one experiencing the hot blow, one experiencing the cold blow. Switching valves are operated by the crankshaft.
California Wind Energy Development: Environmental Support - and Opposition
Authors: Bosley P. , Bosley K. 
Published: January 2017

Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted during 1988 and 1989 with regards to California's large wind energy developments. Environmental support as well as environmental opposition was studied. Environmental concerns, especially those of local environmentalists and activists within the host communities, are limiting wind energy well below its potential in California. “Visual Intrusion” is by far the most salient environmental concern. The tradeoffs between scenic preservation and windpower's reliable, economical, pollution-free electricity production need to be realistically addressed. This cannot occur until perceptions regarding wind energy's attributes catch up with its technology.
Exploration for Oil in the Soviet Union: Special Problems Facing Western Companies
Authors: Smith Michael R. 
Published: January 2017

The Soviet Union, including its Republics and Autonomous Regions, although remaining the world's largest oil and gas producer, is seeking the co-operation of the international oil industry to assist in further developing its vast reserves and potential resources. A legislation and taxation system that allows for foreign investment in the Soviet oil industry is being created. Many international oil companies, large and small, are currently evaluating opportunities in the country. Western companies have not been directly involved in Soviet oil operations since 1918. During the intervening years significant diversities of approach, particularly with regard to exploration methods and geological analysis, have emerged between Soviet and western geoscientists. Such differences have caused a myriad of special problems for geologists and geophysicists employed by western oil companies newly evaluating the petroleum potential of the country. These probems must be addressed and overcome before embarking on an expensive exploration or development venture.
Effects on developmental landmarks and reproductive capability of 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3',4,4',5- Pentacholorobiphenyl in offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy
Authors: Faqi A S , Dalsenter P R , Merker H-J , Chahoud I 
Published: January 2017

1 Pregnant Wistar rats were treated orally with a single dose of 100 mg3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77)/ kg b.w. or 10 mg3,3',4,4',5 pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126)/kg b.w. on day 15 of pregnancy. The control rats received peanut oil at the same day. Developmental landmarks were assessed in all offspring rats and reproductive effects of PCB 77 and PCB 126 on male offspring were studied on postnatal day 65 (at puberty) and on postnatal day 140 (at adulthood). 2 The ano-genital distance as well as the ratio anogenital distance to body length was reduced in male pups of the PCB 126 group and the age at vaginal opening was significantly delayed in the female pups. 3 Testis, brain weights and daily sperm production were permanently increased and seminal vesicle weights were decreased in male offspring of the PCB 77 group. In male rats of PCB 126 group, the brain weights were permanently increased and ventral prostate weights permanently reduced. In both PCB groups, however, serum testosterone concentration was reduced only at adulthood. Additionally, the male rats of the PCB 126 group showed alterations in sexual behavior. In these rats the number of mounts with intromissions was significantly increased. 4 The results of this study show that PCB 126 elicits some TCDD-like reproductive effects after in utero exposure, while the reproductive effects of in utero exposure to PCB 77 on male offspring may be attributed to the neonatal hypothyroidism induced by the substance during early fetal development. Further studies using multiple doses and providing thyroid hormone data will be necessary to support this hypothesis.
Subchronic effects of ochratoxin A on young adult rat brain and partial prevention by aspartame, a sweetener
Authors: Belmadani A , Tramu G , Betbeder A M , Creppy E E 
Published: January 2017

1. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fungi, especially Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Many food and foodstuffs can be contaminated by ochratoxin A, which is consequently found in blood of animals and humans. 2. The distribution into the brain of young adult rats fed OTA for 1 to 6 weeks and some consequences have been investigated in the present study. 3. Our results on rats given OTA (289 mg/kg/48 h) indicated that OTA accumulated in the whole brain as function of time according to a regression curve, Y=78.723 a+16.72 with a correlation coefficient of r=0.989, where Y-axis is the OTA concentration in ng/ g of brain and X-axis is the duration of the treatment in weeks. The brain OTA contents was 11.95+2.2, 23.89+4.4, 39.9+4.5, 50.3+7.3, 78.8+6.3, 94+16 ng/g of brain in the mycotoxin-treated animals for respectively 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6-weeks treatment. OTA induced modifications of free amino-acid concentrations in the brain, mainly, Tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe). Tyr decreased significantly as compared to control (p50.05). Phe increased signifi-cantly as compared to control (p<50.05). 4. Aspartame, (25 mg/kg/48 h) a structural analogue of OTA largely modified the distribution and prevented the accumulation of OTA in the brain since the respective brain OTA contents decreased respectively to 9.6+7.9, 19.2+3.0, 26.8+4.2, 19.7+1.9, 13.7+5.6 and 11.0+6.0 ng/g of tissue, for the same duration of treatment. It also prevented the modifications of Tyr and Phe levels. 5. The histological investigations showed several necrotic cells with pyknotic nucleus, detected in OTA treated animals with higher frequency as compared to the controls and Aspartame treated ones. Aspar-tame appeared to significantly prevent this nuclear effect as well, the meaning of which is discussed.
Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by glutathione esters
Authors: Andrew D J , Lindsay C D 
Published: January 2017

1 Human and animal lung cells have been used successfully to model the toxic effects of inhaled sulphur mustard (HD). The epithelia of the upper respiratory tract are, however, the primary targets of inhaled HD. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of the mono- and di-isopropyl esters of glutathione (MIPE and DIPE respectively) as cytoprotectants in the human upper respiratory tract cell lines BEAS-2B and RPMI 2650. 2 The optimal concentrations for cytoprotection were shown to be 1.0 mg/ml for both DIPE and MIPE. Both compounds were found to protect cells by pretreatment, slightly less protection was observed in cells simultaneously exposed to sulphur mustard. The greatest protection was shown where MIPE or DIPE were in in situ atthetimeofexposuretoHD.The optimum pre-treatment times were found to be 1 h for MIPE and 2 h for DIPE. Limited protection of cells treated with MIPE or DIPE immediately following HD exposure was also demonstrated. No protection was observed if MIPE or DIPE were not administered immediately following HD exposure. 3 Results suggest that MIPE and DIPE may be effective treatments for exposure to HD by inhalation.
Unique cerebral dysfunction following triphenyltin acetate poisoning
Authors: Lin Tzeng-Jih , Hung Dong-Zong , Kao Chia-Hung , Hu Wei-Hsiung , Yang Dar-Yu 
Published: January 2017

1 In animal studies, TPTA was found to be neurotoxic. In humans, variable CNS pictures have been described with or without significant EEG findings. Brain CT does not usually reveal any abnormalities. 2 Our patient presented with intermittent unique spontaneous involuntary movement of hands, facial twitching, silly smile and crying. Diplopia, drowsiness, giddiness, vertigo, bidirectional nystagmus, impairment of calculation ability, as well as disorientation to time, people and place also developed. EEG showed mild cortical dysfunction without seizures. MRI and Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT revealed no significant findings. TPTA may cause cellular dysfunction of brain without structural damage, which results in variable CNS clinical presentations. 3 Nadir of leucopenia was noted on the sixth day after consumption of TPTA. Liver impairment occurred on the ninth day. Borderline demyelinated neuropathy developed on the fifty-third day. CNS abnormalities, delayed peripheral neuropathy, hepatitis and leucopenia deserve monitoring for a prolonged period, even when the victim initially presents with GI upset only after consumption of TPTA.
Current management of lupus nephritis: popular misconceptions
Authors: Jayne D 
Published: January 2017

The management of lupus nephritis is typified by popular misconceptions: that there is a ‘standard of care’, that treatment has well-defined aims and that the optimum length of treatment is established. In reality, however, uncertainties still exist and the evidence base remains weak. Until recently, initial therapy for class IV lupus nephritis typically involved intravenous cyclophosphamide, yet although cyclophosphamide is superior to azathioprine in improving renal function, it is not superior in terms of mortality. In fact, recent studies show mycophenolate mofetil to be superior to cyclophosphamide in terms of response rate and safety profile and at least as effective as other immunosuppressants. The role of steroids is unclear. Clearly, no standard of care exists in lupus nephritis. The Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial found that treatment response at six months, in terms of reduced serum creatinine and proteinuria, was the best predictor of long-term renal outcome. Proteinuria, however, can take a long time to reach baseline levels, and normalization of urine is not the same as loss of histological disease activity. Response to treatment thus is not the same as disease remission. Although treatment should aim to reduce the risk of end-stage renal disease and death, control of proteinuria and prevention of flares are also important. Patients who have nephritic flares are almost seven times as likely to progress to end-stage renal disease compared with those who do not. Regimens involving maintenance phases have been developed, but uncertainty remains about the risk of flares and how they can be predicted. The optimum duration of treatment has yet to be determined.