bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Harvest Control of Codling Moth on Pear, 1994
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Gaither M. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Fairfield, Calif. Six treatments were replicated four times in a RCBD. Treatments were applied post-harvest on 10 Aug with a commercial airblast sprayer (Air-O-Fan) delivering 100 gpa of finished spray at a ground speed of 2 mph. Each replicate was 0.96 acre in size (nine rows × eight trees at 24 × 24 ft spacing). Effectiveness of the treatments on CM was evaluated by inspecting 25 rat-tail and 25 large green fruit/replicate (200 total fruit per treatment) for 4 wk. Fruit were flagged in the center of each replicate on 8-9 Aug. CM-infested fruit were removed weekly and replaced with uninfested fruit. Flagged fruit which had dropped during the week were replaced with uninfested fruit. Suppression of the diapausing larvae by the treatments was evaluated by banding 25 trees per replicate (100 trees per treatment) with single-sided corrugated cardboard. The trees were banded on 19 Aug and the bands examined on 12 Oct for diapausing CM larvae.
European Earwig Control, 1994
Authors: Bradley S. J. , Mayer D. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 5-yr-old orchard with trees planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of two tree, randomized blocks with guard trees between blocks. Insecticides were applied on 15 Jun with a Rears Pak-Blast airblast sprayer delivering 400 gpa. Prior to treatment, 4 in. wide strips of (4 cpi) one sided corrugated cardboard were placed around 4 limbs per tree at 6-8 ft high. Limb bands were removed and earwigs counted 5 days after spraying.
Fireworm Control, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 22 Jul for RSF larval control to 8- by 8-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Township 18, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a RCBD with a minimum 2-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 75% tip die-back and larvae were beginning to appear. On sample dates indicated in the table, all stems with leaves webbed together by larvae were counted in 4, sq ft areas per plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test; 0.78 inches of rain were recorded on 27 Jul and 1.75 inches fell during the month of Aug.
Sawfly Control, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 8 Jun for mid- to late instar BS control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Columbia, Maine. There were 2 replications of each treatment in a CRD with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 5% loose cluster, 90% bloom, 5% fruit set. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the tests; 0.5 inches of rain fell between 10 and 13 Jun.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1994
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the grape berry moth in an experimental ‘Concord’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 13 Jul and 27 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 19 Sep, 20 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infected by grape berry moth as well as the number of damaged berries per cluster.
Strawberry, Slug Control with Deadline Bullet, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A molluscicide was applied to 2 year old strawberries at a commercial field near Fennville, MI at three different rates (10, 20, and 40 lb. per acre) on 19 Jun. Chemical was applied as a band application on both sides of the treatment row. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design consisting of 4 ft. by 20 linear ft. plots, replicated 4 times. The entire experiment was conducted in one row of strawberries located 4 rows from the edge of a field bordered by woods. Evaluations were conducted on 17 Jun (precount), 22 Jun and 29 Jun. Each evaluation consisted of a slug count in the field and a berry damage assessment. Slug counts were conducted by counting the number of slugs beneath a 1 ft2 piece of 0.5-inch plywood placed flat on the ground next to the row in each plot. Fruit damage was evaluated for one pint of berries from each plot. The total number of berries and the number of berries fed upon by slugs were counted and converted to a percent injury value.
Citrus Cutworm Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1994
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of citrus cutworm were evaluated on 29 yr old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. The insecticide applications were made on 28-29 Apr with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 300 gpa (3—4 gal/tree). Lorsban was applied after sunset to reduce the detrimental impact of the insecticide on honey bees in the orchard. The 14 treatments were assigned based on pretreatment sampling of larvae and each of the treatments were applied to single trees, replicated 8 times. Larval collections were accomplished by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm × 75 cm) beneath the outside foliage of the tree and vigorously shaking the foliage 10 times. Citrus cutworm larvae which fell onto the canvas were counted and recorded by instar, then returned to the foliage. Pretreatment larval counts were made on 20 Apr by sampling the northeast and southwest quadrants of each tree. Post treatment counts were made on 9 May by sampling all four quadrants of each sample tree, again recording each instar. Percentage of scarred fruit due to citrus cutworm feeding was evaluated on 7 Sept on each of the sample trees within a 2 m vertical swath around the tree beginning approximately 20 cm above ground level and extending approximately 40 cm into the tree interior. In 1994, late Apr and early May temperatures at Lindcove ranged from relatively cool to warm, with daily maximums between 61°F and 90°F (mean of 72.5°F).
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1994
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated in 2 fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus ,thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-757 speed-sprayer. In Field 23, different rates and timings of Agri-Mek were evaluated using 125 gpa and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). In Field 41-42, 5 treatments were compared against an untreated control and were applied similarly. Field 23 was divided into 10 plots and Field 41-42 was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and replicated twice in each field. Each plot was 6 rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 10 data trees were chosen from the center 2 rows of the plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instars was monitored twice a week for 6 wks after petal fall by examining 5 fruit randomly from each data tree (50 fruit per plot, 100 fruit per treatment in each field). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct 1994 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are about 5% severe scars.
Effect of Larval Infestation Timing on Insecticidal Control of European Corn Borer in Minnesota Snap Bean, 1994
Authors: Sonterre C. R. , Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D. , Bolin P. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota, Rosemount Experiment Station, in snap beans planted 2 Jun. Plots consisted of three 30 ft (9.14 m) rows on 30 inch (0.76 m) centers. Two untreated border rows and 7 ft (2.13 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Insecticide treatments were assigned to whole plots, while infestation timings consisted of single-row sub-plots within each whole plot. Treatments were applied 12 Jul using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 7 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles delivering 27 gpa (252.5 liter/ha) at 50 psi (3.51 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hour). Plots were manually infested with ECB using a ‘bazooka’ applicator on 8, 15 and 19 Jul, corresponding to bud stage (72%), bloom (63%), and pod growth stages (75% at 0.5-3 inch length), respectively. On each infestation date, eleven consecutive plants in one row of each whole plot were infested with approximately 75 first-instar ECB larvae/plant. Infestations were designed to evaluate the activity of each material 4-d pretreatment, 3-d posttreatment and 7-d posttreatment. Beans were planted so that peak flowering would occur between the first and second generation ECB flights; feral ECB moth flights during this time were low. All treatments were evaluated 8 Aug by selecting five consecutive plants from the center of each infested row. Total pods, pods with feeding damage, stalk damage, and total ECB larvae were recorded.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm (ICW) on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 4 Aug. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custombuilt row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 2, 8, 15, 29 Sep; 6 Oct. Foliage injury rating ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Efficacy of Granular Insecticides for Controlling the Root Aphid, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A new root aphid was found on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The field trail to evaluate granular insecticides was installed on a cooperating grower’s farm at Kula, Maui in a field that contained broccoli heavily infested by the pest. The experimental plots were adjacent to a broccoli planting that was also heavily infested by the root aphid. The adjacent broccoli crop was removed by the grower 6 weeks after the field trial began. The field site was plowed and rotivated on 24 Nov 1993 and planted 1 week later with transplants in the 6-8 true leaf seedling stage. The treatments tested were Diazinon 14 G (14 lbs/A), Lorsban 15G (13.4 lbs/A), Di-Syston 15G (7.7 lbs/A), and an untreated check. Insecticides were applied in-furrow prior to transplanting. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block plot design. Each treatment replication consisted of four rows of cabbage with 25 plants per row at 18 inches inter plant spacing. Treatment plots were separated by a 3 feet buffer. The treatments were evaluated at 3, 7, and 12 weeks after planting to assess aphid populations on the roots. During each evaluation, the roots of 15 plants were taken from each treatment plot and individually bagged. Each root sample was washed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon calcium chloride per gallon water) to float the aphids, and the aphids were counted.
Field Evaluation of Bio-Rational Insecticides and Combinations for Controlling DBM, 1993
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Ruggero W. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park. The field was set up in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft. by 7.5 ft. It consisted of six rows of cabbage in 3 beds on 36 inch centers and 18 inch in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 3 ft. border. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. border that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. From 1 to 7 treatments were applied on 12, 17, 24 Nov and 1, 8, 15, 22 Dec using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks of twin jet (TJ 8006, Spraying Systems) nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank, therefore, spray output to specific treatment plot could be easily controlled. Sprays were applied at 150 gpa (40 psi) for the first three applications and increased to 200 gpa (60 psi) for the last three. A pretreatment count was made on 11 Nov and post treatment surveys were conducted on a weekly basis six days after treatment. Ten plants were randomly selected from the two center rows and removed for examination of insects. DBM immatures were counted in separate age groups: early larvae, late larvae, and pupae. Early larvae were those in the first two larval instars. They were identified by their small size and the occurrence of black colored head capsules. Late larvae were those in the last two larval instars. They were identified by their larger size and the occurrence of green or brown head capsules. Pupae were easily identified by their net like cocoons.
Field Evaluation of a Neem and BT Product for DBM Control, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Ruggero W. S. , Shimabuku R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park from Jun through Aug. The field was set up in a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft. by 4.5 ft. It consisted of four rows of cabbage in 2 beds on 36 inch centers and 18 inch in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 4.5 ft. border. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. border that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. From 1 to 8 treatments were applied on 29 Jun, 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul, and 2, 9, 16 Aug using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks of hollow cone (TX-26, Spraying Systems) nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank, therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled. Sprays were applied at 100 psi at a rate of 150 gpa on a weekly basis from one day after transplanting into the field to one week before harvest. A pretreatment count was made on 28 Jun and post treatment surveys were conducted on 11, 25 Jul, 8 or 22 Aug. Ten plants were randomly selected from the two center rows and removed for examination of insects. DBM immatures were counted in separate age groups; early larvae, late larvae, and pupae. Early larvae were those in the first two larval instars. They were identified by their small size and the occurrence of black colored head capsules. Late larvae were those in the last two larval instars. They were identified by their larger size and the occurrence of green or brown head capsules. Pupae were easily identified by their net like cocoon.
Control of Diamondback Moth and Cross-Striped Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Azadirachtin and Bacillus Thuringienls Aizawai, 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted in single rows on 30 Mar on 32 inch beds, 240 feet long on 6 foot centers covered whiteface polyethylene film. Six treatments and a control were assigned to 6 plots 19 ft long per bed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by 3 ft of fall-planted collards to provide inocula of target pests. Spray treatments were applied for 8 consecutive weeks starting 13 Apr using a 12 tank sprayer equipped with a diaphragm pump powered by a gasoline engine mounted on a small trailer drawn by a 4-wheel drive Suzuki ATV. A single row boom consisting of 2 side drops with 2 nozzles each plus one nozzle over the row gave a total of 5 nozzles. Yellow Albuz® ceramic tipped nozzles were used at 80 PSI of pump pressure for a delivery rate of 35 gpa. Weekly evaluations were carried out on 8 randomly selected plants per plot by evaluating the inner 5 wrapper leaves and the head of each plant. Number and size of live DBM and CSCW larvae plus pupae were recorded. Damage was assessed using a Horsfall type rating scale from 1 (no apparent damage) to 6 (&gt;30% leaf area eaten, head heavily damaged). At maturity the 8 best heads per plot were selected and graded for marketability based on insect damage to the head and the inner two wrapper leaves. Heads were considered marketable if they had less than 5% damage and the wrapper leaves had less than 10% damage.
Efficacy of Imidacloprid on Whitefly in Fall Cantaloupes, 1994
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cantaloupes were direct seeded on 23 Jun into beds spaced 80 inches apart at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of 2 beds, 100 ft long with a 10 ft buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of soil applications of Admire 240 FS at 0.31, 0.25, 0.18 and 0.12 lbs Al/acre; Metasystox-R 2SC at 0.5 lbs AI/acre, and an untreated check. All treatments were applied to the soil 2 inches sub seed furrow prior to planting (22 Jun) through narrow shanks in 15 gpa total volume of water. Plots were established and insecticide incorporated with furrow irrigation. SPWF densities were estimated by counting the number of eggs and nymphs on two-cm2 disk sections from each of 10 leaves per plot on 14, 28, and 42 DAT. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data was transformed (log10 x + 1) prior to analysis. Treatment differences among means were estimated with a protected LSD)0.05.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Insects in Celery, 1993
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trimble J. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 17 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Applications were weekly from 30 Sep through 24 Nov (total of 9 applications for all chemicals except Avid and Avid + Lannate). Actual dates of application were: 30 Sep, 6, 14, 20, 27 Oct, and 3, 10, 17, 24 Nov. Avid was applied on the first two dates and again for dates 6-9 in Nov. The Avid + Lannate treatment was the same except that Lannate was applied on dates 3-5. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 125 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four SVi × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 5, 13, 19, 27 Oct and 2, 9, 16 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (30 Nov). Beet army worm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms on Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 11 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. An early maturing variety, ‘Seneca Horizon’, and a late maturing variety, ‘Silver Queen’, were planted. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. The same treatments were applied to both varieties on the dates indicated in the table. Sprays were applied with a single hollow cone nozzle boom compressed gas backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Latron B 1956 (8 oz product/100 gal water) was added to each treatment. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of the numbers of marketable (0 damage), processing (up to 1.5 inch tip damage), and cull (greater than 1.5 inch tip damage and/or damage elsewhere on the ear) ears, and the numbers of live worms, on 12 ears/plot.