bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity, Stress, and Metabolic Risk Score in 8- to 18-Year-Old Boys
Authors: Holmes Megan E. , Eisenmann Joey C. , Ekkekakis Panteleimon , Gentile Douglas 
Published: August 2016

Background:We examined whether physical activity modifies the relationship between stress and the metabolic risk score in 8- to 18-year-old males (n = 37).Methods:Physical activity (PA) and television (TV)/videogame (VG) use were assessed via accelerometer and questionnaire, respectively. Stress was determined from self-report measures. A metabolic risk score (MRS) was created by summing age-standardized residuals for waist circumference, mean arterial pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Results:Correlations between PA and MRS were low (r < –.13), and TV and VG were moderately associated with MRS (r = .39 and .43, respectively). Correlations between stress-related variables and MRS ranged from r = .19 to .64. After partitioning by PA, significant correlations were observed in the low PA group between school- and sports-related self-esteem and anxiety with the MRS.Conclusions:The results provide suggestive evidence that PA might modify the relationship between stress and MRS in male adolescents.
Using Accelerometer Feedback to Identify Walking Destinations, Activity Overestimates, and Stealth Exercise in Obese and Nonobese Individuals
Authors: Brown Barbara B. , Werner Carol M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Accelerometer output feedback might enable assessment of recall biases for moderate bouts by obese and nonobese individuals; accelerometry might also help residents recall destinations for moderate-intensity walking bouts.Methods:Adult residents’ 1-week accelerometer-measured physical activity and obesity status were measured before and after a new rail stop opened (n = 51 Time 1; n = 47 Time 2). Participants recalled the week’s walking bouts, described them as brisk (moderate) or not, and reported a rail stop destination or not.Results:At the end of the week, we provided accelerometry output to residents as a prompt. Recall of activity intensity was accurate for about 60% of bouts. Nonobese participants had more moderate bouts and more “stealth exercise” —moderate bouts recalled as not brisk—than did obese individuals. Obese participants had more overestimates—recalling light bouts as brisk walks—than did nonobese individuals. Compared with unprompted recall, accelerometry-prompted recalls allowed residents to describe where significantly more moderate bouts of activity occurred.Conclusion:Coupling accelerometry feedback with self-report improves research by measuring the duration, intensity, and destination of walking bouts. Recall errors and different patterns of errors by obese and nonobese individuals underscore the importance of validation by accelerometry.
Validity and Reliability of a School Travel Survey
Authors: Evenson Kelly R. , Neelon Brian , Ball Sarah C. , Vaughn Amber , Ward Dianne S. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Despite the growing interest in active (ie, nonmotorized) travel to and from school, few studies have explored the measurement properties to assess active travel. We evaluated the criterion validity and test–retest reliability of a questionnaire with a sample of young schoolchildren to assess travel to and from school, including mode, travel companion, and destination after school.Methods:To assess test–retest reliability, 54 children age 8 to 11 years completed a travel survey on 2 consecutive school days. To assess criterion validity, 28 children age 8 to 10 years and their parents completed a travel survey on 5 consecutive weekdays.Results:test–retest reliability of all questions indicated substantial agreement. The questions on mode of transport, where you will go after school, and how you will get there also displayed substantial agreement between parental and child reports.Conclusions:For this population, a questionnaire completed by school-age children to assess travel to and from school, including mode, travel companion, and destination after school, was reliably collected and indicated validity for most items when compared with parental reports.
Physical Activity Patterns Among Preadolescent Children in Cyprus: The CYKIDS Study
Authors: Lazarou Chrystalleni , Soteriades Elpidoforos S. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to summarize patterns of correlations between variables and reduce a large number of variables to a smaller number of factors.Methods:During 2005 we conducted a national, cross-sectional, multistage study among 1140 children (mean age = 10.70 ± 0.98). Principal component analysis was employed to extract the main factors out of 21 variables assessing children’s duration of physical and sedentary activities.Results:Eight factors emerged as important, explaining 63% of the total variance in children’s PA patterns. The combined explained variance of 3 factors for exercise was 24.1% (PA and sports after school [11.6%]; home and outside home chores, aerobics, gymnastics, sports [6.8%]; Sports for All, after-school activities [except sports] [5.7%]) and of 5 factors for sedentary activities was 38.9% (video, electronic games, and computers [10.2%]; watching TV, video, and DVD [9.5%]; homework and private lessons [7.3%]; theater cinema, use of mobile phone [6.2%]; afternoon sleep, less private lessons [5.8%]). Further analyses of the emerged factors by gender showed that boys, on a daily basis, are engaged in higher duration in physical activity and sports after school (factor 1) and in electronic games and computers (factor 2), whereas they are engaged in lower durations in factor 4 type behavior (homework and private lessons) and factor 6 type behavior (theater cinema, use of mobile phone).Conclusion:Use of the above factors will inform further research and enable researchers to identify potential differences in physical and sedentary activities patterns by various environmental and sociodemographic variables. Furthermore, associations of factors by gender may inform public health programs.
Testing Compensation: Does Recreational Basketball Impact Adult Activity Levels?
Authors: Lynch Kelly B. , Corbin Charles B. , Sidman Cara L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Current guidelines encourage adults to perform regular physical activity (PA) for optimal health, yet the majority of adults fail to meet the guidelines. One explanation for the difficulty in adding PA to meet recommended levels is an internal PA control center that may result in a compensatory lowering of normal activity levels after “added activity” sessions during the day. The purpose of this study was to test the compensation hypothesis by assessing PA on days of “added” PA among adults.Methods:Twenty middle-aged adults recorded daily step counts, in addition to step counts and minutes of basketball play. To test for compensation, step counts on nonbasketball days were compared with steps counts on basketball days (excluding basketball steps).Results:No significant differences (F = 0.711) were found between groups. In summary, no compensatory decrease in PA was identified on basketball participation days in this population. When steps in basketball were added, differences (P = .01) in daily step counts existed between basketball days (mean = 15,568) and nonbasketball days (mean = 8,408).Conclusion:These results suggest that “added” PA (basketball) does not result in compensatory reductions in typical daily PA on days of “added” activity for the population studied.
Development of a Pedestrian Walkability Database of Northern Kentucky Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Authors: Hansen William , Kalapasev Ned , Gillespie Amy , Singler Mary , Ball Marsha 
Published: August 2016

Background:Rising obesity rates in the United States has spurred efforts by health advocates to encourage more active lifestyles including walking. Ensuring the availability, quality, and safety of pedestrian walkways has become an important issue for government at all levels.Methods:Pedestrian paths in Campbell County Kentucky were evaluated using a ranking criteria developed by the Walking and Bicycling Suitability Assessment (WABSA) project at the University of North Carolina School of Public Health. A pedestrian path Geographic Information System (GIS) data-layer was created, and mobile GIS units were used to assess the sidewalk segments using the ranking. Data from sidewalk surveys were compared with Census 2000 block group information on age of housing, population density, and household transportation characteristics to examine the correlation between these factors and sidewalk presence and quality. The analysis explored the use of census data to predict walkability factors and looked for trends in quality and availability of pedestrian paths over time.Results:Results showed higher overall scores for older urban areas adjacent to the Ohio River and Cincinnati. Housing built in the 1970s and 1980s showed the lowest scores, while more recent housing showed improvement over earlier decades. Age of housing was determined to be a useful predictor, while economic and population density attributes showed no correlation with walkability factors.Conclusion:Census housing age data are the most useful predictor of walkability demonstrating clear trends over time. The study shows improvements in walkways availability over the past few decades; however, infrastructure improvements are needed to provide more extensive pedestrian walkways and linkages between existing walkways in Campbell County.
Objectively Measured Age-Related Changes in the Intensity Distribution of Daily Physical Activity in Adults
Authors: Ayabe Makoto , Yahiro Takuya , Yoshioka Myumi , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Higaki Yasuki , Tanaka Hiroaki 
Published: August 2016

Background:The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between age and the intensity of the daily physical activity in men and women, aged 18 to 69 years.Methods:A total 507 volunteers continuously wore a pedometer with a uni-ax-ial accelerometer (Lifecorder, Kenz, Japan) for 7 days, to determine the number of steps (steps/day) as well as the time spent in physical activity (minutes/day) at light (below 3 METs), moderate (3 to 6 METs), and vigorous (above 6 METs) intensities, respectively. All procedures carried out in the present investigation were conducted from 1999 to 2000 in Japan.Results:The time spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity significantly decreased with aging (P < 0.01). In contrast, the middle- to older-aged individuals spent a longer time in light intensity physical activity in comparison with the younger individuals (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these age-associated differences of physical activity were also significant, even though the number of steps did not differ significantly.Conclusions:These results indicate that the intensity of daily physical activity decreases with increasing age regardless of the amount of daily physical activity.
Eight-Month Follow-Up of Physical Activity and Central Adiposity: Results From an Internet-Delivered Randomized Control Trial Intervention
Authors: Carr Lucas J. , Bartee R. Todd , Dorozynski Chris M. , Broomfield James F. , Smith Marci L. , Smith Derek T. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Less than half of U.S. adults engage in the recommended amount of physical activity (PA). Internet-delivered PA programs increase short-term PA but long-term adherence is largely equivocal.Purpose:To determine whether increased PA following the 16-week internet-delivered Active Living Every Day (ALED-I) program is maintained 8 months later in sedentary and overweight rural adults.Methods:In our previous randomized controlled trial (N = 32; 18 intent-to-treat controls, 14 ALED-I interventions), the ALED-I group increased PA (+1384 steps/day; E.S. = 0.95) and reduced central adiposity. Nine original intervention participants and ten delayed intent-to-treat control participants completed ALED-I and an 8-month follow-up. Pedometer-measured PA, anthropometric variables, and cardiometabolic disease risk factors were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and at 8 months.Results:Control crossover participants increased PA (+1337 steps/day; P = .04). Eight months following completion of ALED-I (N = 19), PA levels relapsed (–1340 steps/day) and were similar to levels before the intervention (6850 ± 471 steps/day vs. 6755 ± 543 steps/day; P = .89). Total cholesterol and triglycerides improved, –9.9% and –18.2%, respectively, and reductions in central adiposity were maintained (97.1 ± 2.2 cm vs. 97.2 ± 2.2 cm; P = .66).Conclusions:The ALED-I intervention was efficacious in the short-term but did not produce longer-term adherence to PA. Future theory- based internet-delivered interventions that produce habituation of increased PA are warranted. Study conducted in Laramie, WY from January 2007 through November 2007.
Compliance and Acceptability of Maintaining a 6-Month Pedometer Diary in a Rural, African American Community-Based Walking Intervention
Authors: Zoellner Jamie , Powers Alicia , Avis-Williams Amanda , Ndirangu Murugi , Strickland Earline , Yadrick Kathy 
Published: August 2016

Background:Limited research has been done on the compliance and acceptability of maintaining pedometer diaries for an extensive time frame in community-based interventions targeting minority populations.Methods:Community “coaches” led participants in a 6-month community-based walking intervention that included wearing pedometers and maintaining pedometer diaries for the study duration. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA tests were used to evaluate compliance rates for maintaining diaries and daily step counts. After the intervention, focus groups were used to explore opinions regarding pedometers. Audiotapes were transcribed and evaluated using systematic content analysis.Results:The 8 coaches and 75 enrolled walking participants were primarily African American (98%) women (94%). Overall, the group (N = 83) submitted 85% of all possible pedometer diaries and recorded 73% of all possible daily step counts. Walking-group members were significantly (P < .01) more compliant if their coach was also compliant. Identified benefits of wearing pedometers and maintaining diaries outnumbered the barriers. Participants were enthusiastic about wearing the pedometers and indicated that the weekly diaries provided a source of motivation.Conclusions:This research suggests pedometer diaries are a viable intervention tool and research method for community-based physical activity interventions targeting African Americans and highlights the need for social support to promote pedometer diary compliance.
Addressing the Challenges, Barriers, and Enablers to Physical Activity Participation in Priority Women’s Groups
Authors: Caperchoine Cristina , Mummery William K. , Joyner Kelly 
Published: August 2016

Background:The Women’s Active Living Kits (WALK) Pilot Program was an Australian federal government initiative designed to identify an effective model for extending physical activity participation in government identified priority women’s groups. The purpose of this study is to address the barriers and challenges to physical activity participation in selected priority women’s groups and present possible strategies to assist with engaging these groups in physical activity.Methods:Ten focus group evaluation sessions were undertaken with priority women’s groups who took part in the WALK program. Participants were encouraged to share their opinions, perceptions and beliefs regarding their physical activity behaviors, in a semistructured, open table discussion.Results:Participants reported a number of psychological and cognitive, sociocultural, and environmental factors which restricted their participation in physical activity. Participants also highlighted strategies they felt would enable physical activity participation.Conclusions:These findings are valuable and should be used as a platform to inform the design and implementation of future physical activity interventions for priority women’s groups.
Epidemiology of Leisure, Transportation, Occupational, and Household Physical Activity: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Authors: Florindo Alex Antonio , Guimarães Vanessa Valente , Cesar Chester Luiz Galvão , de Azevedo Barros Marilisa Berti , Alves Maria Cecília Goi Porto , Goldbaum Moisés 
Published: August 2016

Background:To estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with physical activity in leisure, transportation, occupational, and household settings.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating living and health conditions among the population of São Paulo, Brazil. Data on 1318 adults aged 18 to 65 years were used. To assess physical activity, the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was applied. Multivariate analysis was conducted using a hierarchical model.Results:The greatest prevalence of insufficient activity related to transportation (91.7%), followed by leisure (77.5%), occupational (68.9%), and household settings (56.7%). The variables associated with insufficient levels of physical activity in leisure were female sex, older age, low education level, nonwhite skin color, smoking, and self-reported poor health; in occupational settings were female sex, white skin color, high education level, self-reported poor health, nonsmoking, and obesity; in transportation settings were female sex; and in household settings, with male sex, separated, or widowed status and high education level.Conclusion:Physical activity in transportation and leisure settings should be encouraged. This study will serve as a reference point in monitoring different types of physical activities and implementing public physical activity policies in developing countries.
Physical Activity and Other Lifestyle Behaviors in a Portuguese Sample of Adults: Results From the Azorean Physical Activity and Health Study
Authors: Santos Rute , Santos Maria Paula , Ribeiro José Carlos , Mota Jorge 
Published: August 2016

Background:The aims of this study were to describe physical activity (PA) prevalence and compare it with other countries and to investigate possible associations between PA and other lifestyle behaviors in Azorean adults.Methods:9991 adults (5723 women), aged 37.8 ± 9.5 years, of the 2004 Azorean Physical Activity and Health Study. IPAQ assessed PA. All other lifestyle behaviors (age, gender, education level, income, employment, marital status, number of children, meal frequency, sleep time, sitting time, body mass index and alcohol and tobacco consumptions) were also self-reported.Results:57.1% of the participants met current PA recommendations and 32.2% were categorized as Health Enhancing PA (HEPA). Women were less likely to achieve PA recommendations, as well as the HEPA level. In both genders, higher education level, employment status, higher income, and sitting for more than 3h/day were negative predictors of HEPA; and, having at least 5 meals/day was positive predictor for the same PA level.Conclusions:There is a significant proportion of Azoreans, particularly women, that does not do enough PA. Targeted programs for Azoreans aimed to increase PA levels should pay special attention on women, and consider a multifactorial approach, once several lifestyle behaviors seem to interact with PA levels, in this population.
Validation of the Jackson Heart Study Physical Activity Survey in African Americans
Authors: Smitherman Todd A. , Dubbert Patricia M. , Grothe Karen B. , Sung Jung Hye , Kendzor Darla E. , Reis Jared P. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Newton Robert L. , Lesniak Karen T. , Taylor Herman A. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical inactivity has been consistently linked to cardiovascular disease, yet few instruments have been validated for assessment of physical activity in African Americans, a group particularly vulnerable to heart disease. The current study aimed to establish the psychometric properties of the activity survey used in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) among African Americans, the JHS Physical Activity Cohort survey (JPAC).Methods:Test-retest reliability over 2 weeks was assessed using a convenience sample of 40 African Americans. Convergent validity with accelerometer and pedometer data were assessed in 2 samples from the JHS (N = 404 and 294, respectively).Results:Test-retest reliability was excellent, with intraclass correlations = .99 for the JPAC total and index scores. Higher JPAC total scores were significantly associated with higher raw accelerometer and pedometer counts. Spearman correlations between JPAC total scores and accelerometer (rho = .24) and pedometer counts (rho = .32) were consistent with these results. Most subscales were significantly correlated with the objective measures. The JPAC total score was most strongly associated with objectively-measured activity.Conclusion:This study provides support for the reliability and validity of the JPAC as a tool for assessing physical activity among African Americans across a variety of domains.
Objective Measures of the Environment and Physical Activity—Results of the Environment and Physical Activity Study in English Adults
Authors: Foster Charlie , Hillsdon Melvyn , Jones Andy , Grundy Chris , Wilkinson Paul , White Martin , Sheehan Bart , Wareham Nick , Thorogood Margaret 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical activity has been positively associated with a range of objectively measured environmental variables. We explored the relationship of walking and other categories of physical activity with objectively measured activity specific environmental variables in a UK population.Methods:We used a geographical information system (GIS) and gender specific multivariate models to relate 13,927 participants’ reported levels of physical activity with a range of measures of the environment.Results:Access to green space and area levels of crime were not associated with walking for recreation. Distance to facilities had either no or only a small effect on the uptake of different activities. Odds ratios of cycling for leisure dropped as local traffic density increased for both genders. Compared with the lowest quartile for traffic density the likelihood of reporting any cycling for leisure was OR 0.42, (95% CI 0.32 to 0.52, P < .001) for women and OR 0.41, (95% CI 0.33 to 0.50, P < .001) for men in the highest quartile.Conclusions:We were unable to reproduce results observed in previous studies. Future research should use large representative population samples from multiple areas to maximize environmental variability and if feasible use both objective and subjective measures of physical activity and the environment.