bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deductibles In Industrial Fire Insurance
Authors: Strauss Jürgen 
Published: July 2016

In recent times, the subject of deductibles in Industrial Fire insurance has gained significance to an increasing extent. In fact, up to a short time ago it was by no means common to apply deductibles in Industrial Fire insurance in Europe. The situation is entirely different in the USA where deductibles are the usual thing and are even obligatory with individual risk categories (e.g. petroleum refineries), hazards (e.g. explosion), or special types of companies (e.g. factory mutuals).Today, however, there is a definite increase in the demand for deductibles in Industrial Fire insurance in Europe, too.This trend may be explained by the fact that in order to reorganize their business successfully, insurers have been forced to increase their premiums by a considerable amount. It seems to be an unwritten law that when premiums in general are increased considerably, the point will some time or other be reached when the insured do not accept any further premium increases. Thus, even if such increases are completely justified in a view of claims experience, the insured will demand that premiums are reduced either by the insurer granting rebates for appropriate loss prevention measures or by the introduction of deductibles. In the USA, for example, such a situation arose around 1960 when considerable premium increases very quickly led to the introduction of substantial deductibles in Industrial business. In some European countries we are currently experiencing a similar development.
An Estimation of Claims Distribution
Authors: Eshita Nawojiro 
Published: July 2016

There are two phases of difficulties in estimating a claims distribution. If we are going to estimate the claims distribution as accurately as possible, we should gather considerably long terms statistics. While economical and social environment will change. As a result the statistics gathered should be amended by a kind of trend value. One of difficulties here is the estimation of that trend value. Another difficulty is the estimation of claims distribution as being the stochastic distribution. In the case of considering claim size, the estimation becomes more difficult.The intention of this paper is to propose an actual way of estimating stochastic claims distribution considering various kind of claim size by the use of a computer. Regarding the problem of amending claims distribution by a trend Value I will discuss at another time.
How Insolvent are We?
Authors: Johnson P. D. 
Published: July 2016

As we grapple with the problems of conducting non-life insurance in a world of high inflation, we should perhaps pause for a moment to look for historical analogies for our present predicament. Let us, then, look back at a distressing period many years ago in the history of the Kingdom of Carmania.Inflation was by no means new to the citizens of Carmania. Year after year, all prices and incomes had been rising at a steady rate of 5% per annum. The economy functioned quite well, albeit in a rather uninteresting way, and the people were accustomed to the idea that the purchasing power of the Carmanian dollar would fall by roughly 5% every year. There were, however, some economists who argued that inflation was both undesirable and unnecessary, and prevailed upon the King to adopt some measures which, they assured him, would quickly reduce the rate of inflation to zero. The measures were adopted, and the following year the rate of inflation rose to 10%.At this point a rival group of economists explained that this unfortunate development was simply what should have been expected, and they set out an alternative policy which would undoubtedly reverse the trend and bring inflation quickly under control. Convinced by the weight of their arguments, the King introduced what became known as Phase 2 of the counter-inflation policy. By the next year, the rate of inflation had risen to 20%.
Occurrence and spread of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in Norwegian pig herds based on active serosurveillance from 2010 to 2014
Authors: ER C. , SKJERVE E. , BRUN E. , FRAMSTAD T. , LIUM B. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe incursion of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was detected by Norway's active serosurveillance of its pig population in 2009. Since then, surveillance data from 2010 to 2014 revealed that 54% of 5643 herd tests involving 1567 pig herds and 28% of 23 036 blood samples screened positive for antibodies against influenza A virus. Positive herds were confirmed to have influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection by haemagglutination inhibition test. In 50% of positive herd tests, ⩾60% of the sampled pigs in each herd had antibodies against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. This within-herd animal seroprevalence did not vary for type of production, herd size or year of test. The overall running mean of national herd seroprevalence, and annual herd incidence risks fluctuated narrowly around the means of 45% and 32%, respectively, with the highest levels recorded in the three densest pig-producing counties. The probability of a herd being seropositive varied in the five production classes, which were sow pools, multiplier herds, conventional sow herds, nucleus herds, and fattening herds in descending order of likelihood. Large herds were more likely to be seropositive. Seropositive herds were highly likely to be seropositive the following year. The study shows that influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus is established in the Norwegian pig population with recurrent and new herd infections every year with the national herd seroprevalence in 2014 hovering at around 43% (95% confidence interval 40–46%).
ON ANALOGUES OF THE CHURCH–TURING THESIS IN ALGORITHMIC RANDOMNESS
Authors: PORTER CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this article, I consider the status of several statements analogous to the Church–Turing thesis that assert that some definition of algorithmic randomness captures the intuitive conception of randomness. I argue that we should not only reject the theses that have appeared in the algorithmic randomness literature, but more generally that we ought not evaluate the adequacy of a definition of randomness on the basis of whether it captures the so-called intuitive conception of randomness to begin with. Instead, I argue that a more promising alternative is to evaluate the adequacy of a definition of randomness on the basis of whether it captures what I refer to as a “notion of almost everywhere typicality.” In support of my main claims, I will appeal to recent work in showing the connection between of algorithmic randomness and certain “almost everywhere” theorems from classical mathematics.
How Escherichia coli lands and forms cell clusters on a surface: a new role of surface topography
Authors: Gu Huan , Chen Aaron , Song Xinran , Brasch Megan E. , Henderson James H. , Ren Dacheng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBacterial response to surface topography during biofilm formation was studied using 5 μm tall line patterns of poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Escherichia coli cells attached on top of protruding line patterns were found to align more perpendicularly to the orientation of line patterns when the pattern narrowed. Consistently, cell cluster formation per unit area on 5 μm wide line patterns was reduced by 14-fold compared to flat PDMS. Contrasting the reduced colony formation, cells attached on narrow patterns were longer and had higher transcriptional activities, suggesting that such unfavorable topography may present a stress to attached cells. Results of mutant studies indicate that flagellar motility is involved in the observed preference in cell orientation on narrow patterns, which was corroborated by the changes in cell rotation pattern before settling on different surface topographies. These findings led to a set of new design principles for creating antifouling topographies, which was validated using 10 μm tall hexagonal patterns.
Selective local lysis and sampling of live cells for nucleic acid analysis using a microfluidic probe
Authors: Kashyap Aditya , Autebert Julien , Delamarche Emmanuel , Kaigala Govind V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHeterogeneity is inherent to biology, thus it is imperative to realize methods capable of obtaining spatially-resolved genomic and transcriptomic profiles of heterogeneous biological samples. Here, we present a new method for local lysis of live adherent cells for nucleic acid analyses. This method addresses bottlenecks in current approaches, such as dilution of analytes, one-sample-one-test and incompatibility to adherent cells. We make use of a scanning probe technology - a microfluidic probe - and implement hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement (hHFC) to localize multiple biochemicals on a biological substrate in a non-contact, non-destructive manner. hHFC enables rapid recovery of nucleic acids by coupling cell lysis and lysate collection. We locally lysed ~300 cells with chemical systems adapted for DNA or RNA and obtained lysates of ~70 cells/μL for DNA analysis and ~15 cells/μL for mRNA analysis. The lysates were introduced into PCR-based workflows for genomic and transcriptomic analysis. This strategy further enabled selective local lysis of subpopulations in a co-culture of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, validated by characteristic E-cadherin gene expression in individually extracted cell types. The developed strategy can be applied to study cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions locally, with implications in understanding growth, progression and drug response of a tumor.
TERT promoter mutations in pancreatic endocrine tumours are rare and mainly found in tumours from patients with hereditary syndromes
Authors: Vinagre João , Nabais Joana , Pinheiro Jorge , Batista Rui , Oliveira Rui Caetano , Gonçalves António Pedro , Pestana Ana , Reis Marta , Mesquita Bárbara , Pinto Vasco , Lyra Joana , Cipriano Maria Augusta , Ferreira Miguel Godinho , Lopes José Manuel , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel , Soares Paula 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOne of the hallmarks of cancer is its unlimited replicative potential that needs a compensatory mechanism for the consequential telomere erosion. Telomerase promoter (TERTp) mutations were recently reported as a novel mechanism for telomerase re-activation/expression in order to maintain telomere length. Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) were so far recognized to rely mainly on the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. It was our objective to study if TERTp mutations were present in pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) and could represent an alternative mechanism to ALT. TERTp mutations were detected in 7% of the cases studied and were mainly associated to patients harbouring hereditary syndromes. In vitro, using PET-derived cell lines and by luciferase reporter assay, these mutations confer a 2 to 4-fold increase in telomerase transcription activity. These novel alterations are able to recruit ETS transcription factor members, in particular GABP-α and ETV1, to the newly generated binding sites. We report for the first time TERTp mutations in PETs and PET-derived cell lines. Additionally, our data indicate that these mutations serve as an alternative mechanism and in an exclusive manner to ALT, in particular in patients with hereditary syndromes.
IgG subclass switching and clonal expansion in cutaneous melanoma and normal skin
Authors: Saul Louise , Ilieva Kristina M. , Bax Heather J. , Karagiannis Panagiotis , Correa Isabel , Rodriguez-Hernandez Irene , Josephs Debra H. , Tosi Isabella , Egbuniwe Isioma U. , Lombardi Sara , Crescioli Silvia , Hobbs Carl , Villanova Federica , Cheung Anthony , Geh Jenny L. C. , Healy Ciaran , Harries Mark , Sanz-Moreno Victoria , Fear David J. , Spicer James F. , Lacy Katie E. , Nestle Frank O. , Karagiannis Sophia N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractB cells participate in immune surveillance in human circulation and tissues, including tumors such as melanoma. By contrast, the role of humoral responses in cutaneous immunity is underappreciated. We report circulating skin-homing CD22+CLA+B cells in healthy volunteers and melanoma patients (n = 73) and CD22+ cells in melanoma and normal skin samples (n = 189). Normal and malignant skin featured mature IgG and CD22 mRNA, alongside mRNA for the transiently-expressed enzyme Activation-induced cytidine Deaminase (AID). Gene expression analyses of publically-available data (n = 234 GEO, n = 384 TCGA) confirmed heightened humoral responses (CD20, CD22, AID) in melanoma. Analyses of 51 melanoma-associated and 29 normal skin-derived IgG sequence repertoires revealed lower IgG1/IgGtotal representation compared with antibodies from circulating B cells. Consistent with AID, comparable somatic hypermutation frequencies and class-switching indicated affinity-matured antibodies in normal and malignant skin. A melanoma-associated antibody subset featured shorter complementarity-determining (CDR3) regions relative to those from circulating B cells. Clonal amplification in melanoma-associated antibodies and homology modeling indicated differential potential antigen recognition profiles between normal skin and melanoma sequences, suggesting distinct antibody repertoires. Evidence for IgG-expressing B cells, class switching and antibody maturation in normal and malignant skin and clonally-expanded antibodies in melanoma, support the involvement of mature B cells in cutaneous immunity.
Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of Survivin Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Xie Yongpeng , Ma Xin , Gu Liangyou , Li Hongzhao , Chen Luyao , Li Xintao , Gao Yu , Fan Yang , Zhang Yu , Yao Yuanxin , Zhang Xu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have elevated the prognostic value of survivin in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). To increase statistical power and improve translation, we systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Embase to identify relevant studies until December 2015 and conducted a standard meta-analysis. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 12 studies, including 2051 patients, were eligible for further analysis. Results showed that high survivin expression in RCC was associated with poor OS (HR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.68–4.79), CSS (HR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.41–3.95) and PFS (HR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.58–3.08). Survivin expression was also correlated with TNM stage (RR = 2.75, 95% CI 2.21–3.44), pathological T stage (RR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.75–2.75), lymph node metastasis (RR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.61–3.25), distant metastasis (RR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.16–2.08), Fuhrman grade (RR = 2.81, 95% CI 2.29–3.45), tumor size (RR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.24–1.78). Our study suggested that survivin was a prognostic marker in RCC. High survivin expression was correlated with poor prognosis and more advanced clinicopathological features and it could serve as a biomarker for disease management.
Tripartite motif containing 28 (TRIM28) promotes breast cancer metastasis by stabilizing TWIST1 protein
Authors: Wei Chunli , Cheng Jingliang , Zhou Boxv , Zhu Li , Khan Md. Asaduzzaman , He Tao , Zhou Sufang , He Jian , Lu Xiaoling , Chen Hanchun , Zhang Dianzheng , Zhao Yongxiang , Fu Junjiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTRIM28 regulates its target genes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Here we report that a TRIM28-TWIST1-EMT axis exists in breast cancer cells and TRIM28 promotes breast cancer metastasis by stabilizing TWIST1 and subsequently enhancing EMT. We find that TRIM28 is highly expressed in both cancer cell lines and advanced breast cancer tissues and the levels of TRIM28 and TWIST1 are positively correlated with the aggressiveness of breast carcinomas. Overexpression and depletion of TRIM28 up- and down-regulates the protein, but not the mRNA levels of TWIST1, respectively, suggesting that TRIM28 upregulates TWIST1 post-transcriptionally. Overexpression of TRIM28 in breast cancer cell line promotes cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of TRIM28 reduces the protein level of TWIST1 with concurrent upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and consequently inhibits cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays demonstrated that TRIM28 interacts with TWIST1 directly and this interaction is presumed to protect TWIST1 from degradation. Our study revealed a novel mechanism in breast cancer cells that TRIM28 enhances metastasis by stabilizing TWIST1, suggesting that targeting TRIM28 could be an efficacious strategy in breast cancer treatment.
Identification of novel candidate drivers connecting different dysfunctional levels for lung adenocarcinoma using protein-protein interactions and a shortest path approach
Authors: Chen Lei , Huang Tao , Zhang Yu-Hang , Jiang Yang , Zheng Mingyue , Cai Yu-Dong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTumors are formed by the abnormal proliferation of somatic cells with disordered growth regulation under the influence of tumorigenic factors. Recently, the theory of “cancer drivers” connects tumor initiation with several specific mutations in the so-called cancer driver genes. According to the differentiation of four basic levels between tumor and adjacent normal tissues, the cancer drivers can be divided into the following: (1) Methylation level, (2) microRNA level, (3) mutation level and (4) mRNA level. In this study, a computational method is proposed to identify novel lung adenocarcinoma drivers based on dysfunctional genes on the methylation, microRNA, mutation and mRNA levels. First, a large network was constructed using protein-protein interactions. Next, we searched all of the shortest paths connecting dysfunctional genes on different levels and extracted new candidate genes lying on these paths. Finally, the obtained candidate genes were filtered by a permutation test and an additional strict selection procedure involving a betweenness ratio and an interaction score. Several candidate genes remained, which are deemed to be related to two different levels of cancer. The analyses confirmed our assertions that some have the potential to contribute to the tumorigenesis process on multiple levels.
A C-type lectin with an immunoglobulin-like domain promotes phagocytosis of hemocytes in crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Wen , Wang Yue , Wang Xian-Wei , Wang Lei , Mu Yi , Wang Jin-Xing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractC-type lectins are important immune molecules that participate in host defense response. The present work reports a novel C-type lectin (PcLec3) from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Sequence analysis found that PcLec3 encodes a polypeptide with252 amino acid residues, which contains an immunoglobulin-like domain (IG) and a C-type lectin domain (CTLD) arranged in tandem. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that PcLec3 is enriched expressed in hemocytes and hepatopancreas cells, in which PcLec3 was up-regulated following bacterial challenge by Vibrio anguillarum. Function analysis using recombinant full-length PcLec3, IG and CTLD proteins revealed that these recombinant proteins had the capacity to bind carbohydrates and bacteria, while IG determined the cell binding activity. However, only full-length PcLec3 promotes the phagocytic activity of hemocytes and subsequent clearance of invasive bacteria. Taken together, these results manifest that PcLec3 acts as a hemocyte adhesion molecule to promote hemocyte phagocytosis against invasive V. anguillarum.
Strictly convex central configurations of the planar five-body problem
Authors: Chen Kuo-Chang , Hsiao Jun-Shian 
Published: July 2016

In this paper we investigate strictly convex central configurations of the planar five-body problem, and prove some necessary conditions for such configurations. In particular, given such a central configuration with multiplier

λ
\lambda

and total mass

M
M

, we show that all exterior edges are less than

r
0

=
(
M

/

λ

)

1

/

3

r_0=(M/\lambda )^{1/3}

, at most two interior edges are less than or equal to

r
0

r_0

, and its subsystem with four masses cannot be a central configuration. We also obtain some other necessary conditions for strictly convex central configurations with five bodies, and show numerical examples of strictly convex central configurations with five bodies that have either one or two interior edges less than or equal to

r
0

r_0

. Our work develops some formulae in a classic work by W. L. Williams in 1938 and we rectify some unsupported assumptions there.
Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States
Authors: Tuerk Helmut 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The growing realization of the enormous resources and economic potential of the seas along with concerns over the impact of long-distance fishing fleets on coastal fish stocks and the threats posed by pollution from ships to coastal communities and ocean life have caused a major shift towards more national authority over maritime areas, leading to a diminution of the extent of the high seas and an attenuation of its freedoms. This development has directly affected the landlocked States as well as other States in a less favourable geographical position with respect to the seas and their resources. This chapter analyzes how landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States sought to safeguard their rights and interests in connection with the emergence of a new law of the sea; the rights granted to them under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC); how these rights have been realized in practice; and the role of these States in the further development of the law of the sea.
The United Nations
Authors: Corell Hans 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the contributions of the United Nations to the development of the law of the sea during the period following the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982. It covers preparing for the entry into force of the LOSC; informal consultations relating to the implementation of Part XI of the LOSC; establishing the Convention institutions after the entry into force of the LOSC; the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS); United Nations conferences on the human environment; the role of the General Assembly; the Meeting of States Parties to the LOSC; sustainable fisheries and straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; the Oceans and Coastal Areas Network (UN-Oceans); the United Nations open-ended informal consultative process on oceans and the law of the sea; the so-called Regular Process; the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction; and piracy on the agenda of the Security Council.
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations
Authors: Rayfuse Rosemary 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter assesses the contribution of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) to the achievement of the principles of conservation and cooperation articulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It begins with a brief historical introduction to the institutionalisation of cooperation through RFMOs and an examination of their structural limitations. It then considers the role and contribution of RFMOs in developing the specific content of the obligation to conserve, including the implications for RFMOs of the increasing recognition of the need to protect, conserve, and manage marine biodiversity in general. Finally, it examines the challenges to RFMOs posed by climate change.
Charting the Future for the Law of the Sea
Authors: Rothwell Donald , Oude Elferink Alex , Scott Karen , Stephens Tim 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter assesses the future of the law of the sea in light of the analysis of the past and present development of the law of the sea provided in the preceding chapters. It looks at key themes emerging from this Handbook, with particular attention to the future of maritime limits and zones, law of the sea actors and institutions, substantive regimes under the law of the sea, and regional seas. It considers the future for the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), the ‘Constitution of the Oceans’.