bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Al-Qadi Abu Ya‘la: Thoughts and Influence on the Development of Legal Theory of Islamic Civilization and Sciences of Jurisprudence
Authors: Yusuf Abdul Azeez 
Published: October 2016

Abstract: Al-Qāḍī Abū Ya‘lā ibn al-Farrā’ (380-458 A.H / 990-1065 C.E) is regarded as the most prominent Hanbali scholar and one of the early Muslim jurists who played dynamic roles in formulating a systematic legal framework and constitutional theory on Islamic system of government during the first half of the 5th/11th Century in Baghdad, and which are still found to be relevant in the modern day constitutional legal theories. Attempt would, therefore, be made in this paper to examine the contributions of this Leading Legal Luminary to the Legal theory of Islamic civilization and sciences of jurisprudence of the Ḥanbali Madhhab (Hanbali School of Law). Other areas of relevance critically examined in this paper are his education and legal background, contemporary pursuits of intellectuals and prominent fuqahā’ (jurists) of his time, as well as a detailed account of his notable students, works and influence in the development of the Ḥanbali Madhhab Key words: Islamic Civilization, Islamic Jurisprudence, Hanbali Madhhab, Hanbali Scholars, Legal theory.
THE WORD ‘ALLAH’ AND ITS USAGE: AN ANALYSIS INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE
Authors: Yaacob Solehah 
Published: October 2016

The issue of the word ‘Allah’ is evidence that Malaysia’s society is not yet deeply enlightened on the origins of the Arabic language, that is, the language of the Qur’an. To explain this issue in more details towards the origins of this language of the Qur’an, research on the word ‘Allah’ is sample proof that the nahw systems have been practiced, thus the word ‘Allah’ through an Arabic linguistic nahw approach has to be phrased to determine when did this word appear. Ibnu Manzur, in his book Lisaan al- Arab, had discussed the meaning of the word ‘Allah’ in depth. The word ‘Allah’ in fact originates from the word إِلاَهٌ from the wazn فِعَالٌ that then became wazn مَفْعُوْلٌ or مَأْلُوْهٌ meaning ‘who is worshipped’. Sibawaih had also mentioned, in his book al-Kitab, that pre-Islamic Arabs had used the word لاهٌ, with omission of the second `Lam` in this word ‘Allah’. This means that when the word لاهٌ is perfect or complete in nominative rules it is pronounced as `الله ` where this is only used in the Qur’an. Therefore, Books before the Qur’an had not used the word ‘الله’. Thus research such as this one has to be discussed in details, since this word ‘Allah’ involves the Aqidah of the Muslim Ummah. Keywords: Word “Allah”, Arabic Language, Arabic Literature
TAWARRUQ BERASASKAN KREDIT PRABAYAR TELEFON: TINJAUAN TERHADAP PRODUK PEMBIAYAAN PERIBADI DI RHB ISLAMIC BANK
Authors: Kasmon Siti Aishah , Noordin Kamaruzaman 
Published: October 2016

Tawarruq was introduced in Malaysia as an alternative to controversial bayʻ al-ʻῑnah. However, the second type of tawarruq which is organized tawarruq was disputed by among scholars. The opponents claimed that the implementation of organized tawarruq is not complying Shariah requirements. The introduction of airtime credit as an underlying asset in tawarruq transaction by Sedania As Salam Capital Sdn Bhd (Sedania) is seems to neutralize the argumentation. Hence, this study aimed to review the implementation of tawarruq in personal financing product using airtime credit at Sedania’s first client which is RHB Islamic Bank (RHBIB). Interview sessions with the representatives of Sedania and RHBIB will be held in collecting the information of the modus operandi and also using the literature review in studying the tawarruq concept. The study found that choosing Sedania as a platform in doing tawarruq transaction by using airtime credit as the commodity is the best solution in personal financing product. However, the consumption of this underlying asset in bigger market such as corporate banking and treasury should be considered and more research about this are suggested. Keywords: Tawarruq, Airtime Credit, RHB Islamic Bank, Sedania as Salam Capital Sdn Bhd, Personal Financing, Underlying Asset
APLIKASI TAKAFUL MODEL WAKAF DI MALAYSIA: KEPERLUAN DAN PERMASALAHANNYA
Authors: Rosele Muhammad Ikhlas , Johari Abdul Hakim 
Published: October 2016

Takaful coverage schemes are increasingly accepted by society today, especially in Malaysia. However, it does not mean that the system has been set up by takaful companies really meet the Shariah principles or does not arise any issues. Among the issues that arise are the tabarru' contract in takaful practices have a downside though is not seen. A variety of solutions put forward to overcome that issue, among them introducing the waqf based takaful model. Therefore, this research will do a review and preliminary analysis of the needs of the waqf based takaful model in Malaysia. In addition, this study will identify the problems that exist if the waqf based takaful model applied in Malaysia. Kata Kunci: Takaful, model wakaf, tabarru’, keperluan.
Distinct subcellular mechanisms for the enhancement of the surface membrane expression of SK2 channel by its interacting proteins, α‐actinin2 and filamin A
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Ledford Hannah A. , Park Seojin , Wang Wenying , Rafizadeh Sassan , Kim Hyo Jeong , Xu Wilson , Lu Ling , Lau Victor C. , Knowlton Anne A. , Zhang Xiao‐Dong , Yamoah Ebenezer N. , Chiamvimonvat Nipavan 
Published: October 2016

Key points
Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that are synthesized within the cells but need to be trafficked to the cell membrane for the channels to function.
Small‐conductance, Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (SK, KCa2) are unique subclasses of K+ channels that are regulated by Ca2+ inside the cells; they are expressed in human atrial myocytes and responsible for shaping atrial action potentials.
We have previously shown that interacting proteins of SK2 channels are important for channel trafficking to the membrane.
Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and confocal microscopy, we studied the mechanisms by which the surface membrane localization of SK2 (KCa2.2) channels is regulated by their interacting proteins.
Understanding the mechanisms of SK channel trafficking may provide new insights into the regulation controlling the repolarization of atrial myocytes.
AbstractThe normal function of ion channels depends critically on the precise subcellular localization and the number of channel proteins on the cell surface membrane. Small‐conductance, Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (SK, KCa2) are expressed in human atrial myocytes and are responsible for shaping atrial action potentials. Understanding the mechanisms of SK channel trafficking may provide new insights into the regulation controlling the repolarization of atrial myocytes. We have previously demonstrated that the C‐ and N‐termini of SK2 channels interact with the actin‐binding proteins α‐actinin2 and filamin A, respectively. However, the roles of the interacting proteins on SK2 channel trafficking remain incompletely understood. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we studied the mechanisms of surface membrane localization of SK2 (KCa2.2) channels. When SK2 channels were co‐expressed with filamin A or α‐actinin2, the membrane fluorescence intensity of SK2 channels increased significantly. We next tested the effects of primaquine and dynasore on SK2 channels expression. Treatment with primaquine significantly reduced the membrane expression of SK2 channels. In contrast, treatment with dynasore failed to alter the surface membrane expression of SK2 channels. Further investigations using constitutively active or dominant‐negative forms of Rab GTPases provided additional insights into the distinct roles of the two cytoskeletal proteins on the recycling processes of SK2 channels from endosomes. α‐Actinin2 facilitated recycling of SK2 channels from both early and recycling endosomes while filamin A probably aids the recycling of SK2 channels from recycling endosomes.
Oscillatory dynamics and functional connectivity during gating of primary somatosensory responses
Authors: Wiesman Alex I. , Heinrichs‐Graham Elizabeth , Coolidge Nathan M. , Gehringer James E. , Kurz Max J. , Wilson Tony W. 
Published: October 2016

Key Points
Sensory gating is important for preventing excessive environmental stimulation from overloading neural resources.
Gating in the human somatosensory cortices is a critically understudied topic, particularly in the lower extremities.
We utilize the unique capabilities of magnetoencephalographic neuroimaging to quantify the normative neural population responses and dynamic functional connectivity of somatosensory gating in the lower extremities of healthy human participants.
We show that somatosensory processing is subserved by a robust gating effect in the oscillatory domain, as well as a dynamic effect on interhemispheric functional connectivity between primary sensory cortices.
These results provide novel insight into the dynamic neural mechanisms that underlie the processing of somatosensory information in the human brain, and will be vital in better understanding the neural responses that are aberrant in gait‐related neurological disorders (e.g. cerebral palsy).
AbstractSensory gating (SG) is a phenomenon in which neuronal responses to subsequent similar stimuli are weaker, and is considered to be an important mechanism for preventing excessive environmental stimulation from overloading shared neural resources. Although gating has been demonstrated in multiple sensory systems, the neural dynamics and developmental trajectory underlying SG remain poorly understood. In the present study, we adopt a data‐driven approach to map the spectrotemporal amplitude and functional connectivity (FC) dynamics that support gating in the somatosensory system (somato‐SG) in healthy children and adolescents using magnetoencephalography (MEG). These data underwent time‐frequency decomposition and the significant signal changes were imaged using a beamformer. Voxel time series were then extracted from the peak voxels and these signals were examined in the time and time‐frequency domains, and then subjected to dynamic FC analysis. The results obtained indicate a significant decrease in the amplitude of the neural response following the second stimulation relative to the first in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). A significant decrease in response latency was also found between stimulations, and each stimulation induced a sharp decrease in FC between somatosensory cortical areas. Furthermore, there were no significant correlations between somato‐SG metrics and age. We conclude that somato‐SG can be observed in SI in both the time and oscillatory domains, with rich dynamics and alterations in inter‐hemispheric FC, and that this phenomenon has already matured by early childhood. A better understanding of these dynamics may provide insight to the numerous psychiatric and neurologic conditions that have been associated with aberrant SG across multiple modalities.
Altering intracellular pH reveals the kinetic basis of intraburst gating in the CFTR Cl− channel
Authors: Chen Jeng‐Haur , Xu Weiyi , Sheppard David N. 
Published: October 2016

Key points
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is defective in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF), forms a gated pathway for chloride movement regulated by intracellular ATP.
To understand better CFTR function, we investigated the regulation of channel openings by intracellular pH.
We found that short‐lived channel closures during channel openings represent subtle changes in the structure of CFTR that are regulated by intracellular pH, in part, at ATP‐binding site 1 formed by the nucleotide‐binding domains.
Our results provide a framework for future studies to understand better the regulation of channel openings, the dysfunction of CFTR in CF and the action of drugs that repair CFTR gating defects.
AbstractCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an ATP‐gated Cl− channel defective in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). The gating behaviour of CFTR is characterized by bursts of channel openings interrupted by brief, flickery closures, separated by long closures between bursts. Entry to and exit from an open burst is controlled by the interaction of ATP with two ATP‐binding sites, sites 1 and 2, in CFTR. To understand better the kinetic basis of CFTR intraburst gating, we investigated the single‐channel activity of human CFTR at different intracellular pH (pHi) values. When compared with the control (pHi 7.3), acidifying pHi to 6.3 or alkalinizing pHi to 8.3 and 8.8 caused small reductions in the open‐time constant (τo) of wild‐type CFTR. By contrast, the fast closed‐time constant (τcf), which describes the short‐lived closures that interrupt open bursts, was greatly increased at pHi 5.8 and 6.3. To analyse intraburst kinetics, we used linear three‐state gating schemes. All data were satisfactorily modelled by the C1 ↔ O ↔ C2 kinetic scheme. Changing the intracellular ATP concentration was without effect on τo, τcf and their responses to pHi changes. However, mutations that disrupt the interaction of ATP with ATP‐binding site 1, including K464A, D572N and the CF‐associated mutation G1349D all abolished the prolongation of τcf at pHi 6.3. Taken together, our data suggest that the regulation of CFTR intraburst gating is distinct from the ATP‐dependent mechanism that controls channel opening and closing. However, our data also suggest that ATP‐binding site 1 modulates intraburst gating.
Molecular recognition at cholinergic synapses: acetylcholine versus choline
Authors: Bruhova Iva , Auerbach Anthony 
Published: October 2016

Key points
Neuromuscular acetylcholine (ACh) receptors have a high affinity for the neurotransmitter ACh and a low affinity for its metabolic product choline.
At each transmitter binding site three aromatic groups determine affinity, and together provide ∼50% more binding energy for ACh than for choline.
Deprotonation of αY190 by a nearby lysine strengthens the interaction between this aromatic ring and both ACh and choline.
H‐bonds position ACh and choline differently in the aromatic cage to generate the different affinities.
AbstractAcetylcholine (ACh) released at the vertebrate nerve‐muscle synapse is hydrolysed rapidly to choline (Cho), so endplate receptors (AChRs) are exposed to high concentrations of both of these structurally related ligands. To understand how these receptors distinguish ACh and Cho, we used single‐channel electrophysiology to measure resting affinities (binding free energies) of these and other agonists in adult‐type mouse AChRs having a mutation(s) at the transmitter‐binding sites. The aromatic rings of αY190, αW149 and αY198 each provide ∼50% less binding energy for Cho compared to ACh. At αY198 a phenylalanine substitution had no effect, but at αY190 this substitution caused a large, agonist‐independent loss in binding energy that depended on the presence of αK145. The results suggest that (1) αY190 is deprotonated by αK145 to strengthen the interaction between this benzene ring and the agonist's quaternary ammonium (QA) and (2) AChRs respond strongly to ACh because an H‐bond positions the QA to interact optimally with the rings, and weakly to Cho because a different H‐bond tethers the ligand to misalign the QA and form weaker interactions with the aromatic groups. The results suggest that the difference in ACh versus Cho binding energies is determined by different ligand positions within a fixed protein structure.
FLEX Loss of Instrumentation Guidance for PWRs Enhances Severe Accident Diagnostics
Authors: Lutz Robert J. , Lynde James , Pierson Steven 
Published: October 2016

The industry response to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Order EA-12-049 is based on a set of Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategies (commonly referred to as FLEX) for beyond design basis external events as described in NEI 12-06. The Pressurized Water Reactors Owners Group (PWROG) developed generic guidance for response to these Beyond Design Basis External Events (BDBEE), called FLEX Support Guidelines (FSGs). These guidelines are referenced from the plant Emergency Operating Procedures (EOPs) when it is determined that an event exhibits certain beyond design basis characteristics such as an Extended Loss of all AC Power (ELAP). These generic FLEX Support Guidelines provide a uniform basis for all PWRs to implement the FLEX guidance in NEI 12-06 that was endorsed by the NRC to maintain core, containment and spent fuel cooling.
The PWROG generic FSGs include guidance in FSG-7, “Loss of Vital Instrumentation or Control Power” for obtaining information for key plant parameters in an ELAP event. The key parameters were selected based on industry guidance and plant specific implementation. This set of key parameters will allow the licensed operators to have vital instrumentation to safely shutdown the core and maintain the core in a shutdown condition, including core, containment and spent fuel pool cooling. These parameters are used in the EOPs as well as the FSGs that are designed to mitigate a beyond design basis event. The requirements of NEI 12-06, as implemented through the FSGs, enhance both availability and reliability of instrumentation by requiring diverse methods of providing DC power for instrumentation and control as well as protection of instrumentation from the beyond design basis event.
The subsequent implementation of this guidance at the Byron Station has proven to also be beneficial for diagnosis of severe accident conditions (where core cooling could not be maintained). The same parameter values that are needed to verify core, containment and spent fuel cooling prior to core damage are also needed to diagnose severe accident conditions. Guidance provided within FSG-7, as implemented at the Byron Station, contains several layers of diverse methods to obtain parametric values for key variables that can be especially useful when the environmental qualification is exceeded for the primary instrumentation that provides this information. The methods range from the use of self-powered portable monitoring equipment to the use of local mechanical instrumentation. The FSG-7 guidance is referenced from the Byron Severe Accident Management Guidance (SAMG) to either obtain parameter information during a severe accident or to validate the information that is available from the primary instrumentation.
The Importance of Reliable Indications for Accident Management
Authors: Lutz Robert J. , Williamson Bill T. 
Published: October 2016

The accidents at the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) and Fukushima Daiichi Units 1, 2, and 3 demonstrate the critical importance of accurate, relevant, and timely information on the status of reactor systems during a severe accident. There is evidence that the failure of key instrumentation to provide reliable information to the control room licensed operators contributed to the severity of the accident at both TMI and Fuskushima Daiichi. These events also highlight the critical importance of understanding and focusing on the key elements of system status information in an environment where operators may be overwhelmed with superfluous and sometimes conflicting data and yet have to make urgent decisions. While progress in these areas has been made since TMI-2, the accident at Fukushima suggests there may still be some potential for further improvement in critical plant instrumentation. As a result, several approaches are being employed to provide better information to emergency response personnel during a severe accident.
The first approach being taken by the PWROG and BWROG is the identification of methods to obtain information related to key plant parameters when there is a loss of dc power for instrumentation and control. The FLEX guidance in NEI 12-06 requires that reliable instrumentation be available to ensure core, containment and spent fuel pool cooling is maintained for the beyond design basis events for which FLEX was intended. For the most part, this instrumentation that is important for FLEX is the same instrumentation that is used for diagnosis of severe accident conditions and challenges to fission product barriers. Generic FLEX Support Guidelines have been developed to provide a uniform basis for plants to meet the NEI 12-06 requirements that includes methods to obtain key parameter values in the event of a loss of all dc instrument power.
The PWROG and the BWROG have also taken a complimentary approach to provide Technical Support Guidance (TSG) for instrumentation during a severe accident. This approach identifies the primary instrumentation as well as alternate instrumentation and other tools to validate the indications from the primary instrumentation. The validation consists of: a) comparing the primary instrument indications to the alternate instrumentation, b) comparing instrument indications to related instrumentation, c) comparing instrument indications and trends to expected trends based on the accident progression and actions already implemented, and d) comparing instrument indications to information in calculational aids.
Testing the Impact on Emergency Diesel Performance of Water in Diesel Fuel
Authors: Cryer Robert , O’Connell Mark 
Published: October 2016

This paper focuses on testing results of the impact of water contamination in diesel fuel on the ability of an emergency diesel generator (EDG) to successfully start and operate during an emergency. This testing program resulted from the discovery of degraded vent pipes on diesel fuel feed tanks that could have allowed rain water to enter and collect at the bottom of the diesel fuel system and potentially prevent satisfactory engine start-up and operation. The nuclear regulator notified the nuclear plant of a potential yellow finding.
The initial analysis effort focused on the use of diesel engine combustion software (Ricardo’s WAVE© 1D engine performance simulation software). Two medium-speed diesel engine models were analyzed with added water content ranging from 10% to 40% water in the diesel fuel. The analyses demonstrated that the engines could start and operate with those percentages of water in the fuel, but that the engine output would experience a power loss or derate proportional to the water content. The regulator was not convinced that the analysis was sufficient.
The validity of the analytical findings above was demonstrated by full-scale tests conducted by MPR Associates on a large diesel engine. To accomplish this, Entergy, the nuclear power plant owner constructed a simulation of the diesel fuel supply system at a facility having the same make and model EDG. Water was introduced into the diesel fuel day tank by two different approaches; slow trickle flow and large slugs of water. These conditions simulated either a steady rainfall while the EDG was operating or a large volume of water collected in the system while the EDG was in standby.
Under both water contamination scenarios, which consisted of more than 50 hours of testing, the diesel engine and generator set responded with negligible loss of frequency or voltage. Further, the engine was confirmed to have undergone no increased wear or degradation as a result of the high levels of water in the combustion chambers. Following a detailed review of the test program and the successful results, the regulator concluded that neither a non-cited violation nor a penalty was warranted.