bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a Theorem regarding the Difference between any Two Terms of the Adjugate Determinant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

If we take the set of equationsthe eliminant of which isand from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd eliminate xyw and xyz, from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th eliminate xyz and yzw, from the 3rd, 4th, and 1st eliminate yzw and xzw, and from the 4th, 1st, and 2nd eliminate xzw and xyw, we obtain the setthe eliminant of which is clearly
On the Absorption of Carbohydrates by the Intestinal Epithelium: An Experimental Inquiry into Pavy's Theory of the Action of the Epithelium on Carbohydrates
Authors: Paton D. Noel , Gulland G. Lovell 
Published: June 2016

One of the most important conclusions arrived at by Pavy in his Physiology of the Carbohydrates, is that the intestinal epithelium acts as a barrier to the passage of carbohydrates into the circulation by converting them into fats (p. 248 et seq.).Although the fact that the amount of sugar in the portal blood varies with the amount of carbohydrates taken would seem to indicate that the intestinal epithelium passes sugar on to the blood for the most part unchanged, the well-known observations on the conversion of carbohydrates to fats in the animal body suggest at least the possibility that such a change as that maintained by Pavy may take place.
The ‘Unwilling or Unable’ Test: Has it Been, and Could it be, Accepted?
Authors: CORTEN OLIVIER 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOn 23 September 2014, the United States of America sent a letter to the Security Council justifying the launch of an air campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on Syrian territory. In this letter, the US referred to a formula that appeared a few years ago in certain scholarly writings: the ‘unwilling or unable’ test. The aim of this article is to show that this test has not been accepted by the international community of states as a whole in the Syrian case. It is also to stress that such an acceptance would lead to a radical transformation of thejus contra bellumregime, one that a large majority of states is probably not ready to accept.
Family instability and children's effortful control in the context of poverty: Sometimes a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
Authors: Sturge-Apple Melissa L. , Davies Patrick T. , Cicchetti Dante , Hentges Rochelle F. , Coe Jesse L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEffortful control has been demonstrated to have important ramifications for children's self-regulation and social–emotional adjustment. However, there are wide socioeconomic disparities in children's effortful control, with impoverished children displaying heightened difficulties. The current study was designed to demonstrate how instability within the proximal rearing context of young children may serve as a key operant on the development of children's effortful control in the context of poverty. Two separate studies were conducted that included samples of children living within homes characterized by heightened economic risk. In Study 1, we tested the differential prediction of family instability on two domains of children's effortful control: cool effortful control and delay control. Consistent with hypotheses, elevated instability was associated with decreased hot effortful control but not cool effortful control over the span of 2 years. In Study 2, we examined how children's basal cortisol activity may account for associations between heightened instability and effortful control in reward tasks. The results were consistent with sensitization models, suggesting that elevated cortisol activity arising from increased uncertainty and unpredictability in rearing contexts may influence children's hot effortful control. The findings are interpreted within emerging evolutionary–developmental frameworks of child development.
A comparison of concepts from computable analysis and effective descriptive set theory
Authors: GREGORIADES VASSILIOS , KISPÉTER TAMÁS , PAULY ARNO 
Published: June 2016

Computable analysis and effective descriptive set theory are both concerned with complete metric spaces, functions between them and subsets thereof in an effective setting. The precise relationship of the various definitions used in the two disciplines has so far been neglected, a situation this paper is meant to remedy.As the role of the Cauchy completion is relevant for both effective approaches to Polish spaces, we consider the interplay of effectivity and completion in some more detail.
The role of inflammatory biomarkers in CHD-associated pulmonary hypertension in children
Authors: Oz-Tuncer Gokcen , Olgunturk Rana , Pektas Ayhan , Cilsal Erman , Kula Serdar , Oguz Deniz A. , Tunaoglu Sedef F. , Pasaoglu Ozge T. , Pasaoglu Hatice 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aims to identify the role of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fractalkine in CHD-associated pulmonary hypertension in children.MethodsThis is a prospective review of 37 children with CHD-related pulmonary hypertension, 21 children with congenital heart defects, and 22 healthy children.ResultsSerum C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in the children with CHD-related pulmonary hypertension (respectively, p=0.049 and 0.026). Serum C-reactive protein concentrations correlated negatively with ejection fraction (r=−0.609, p=0.001) and fractional shortening (r=−0.452, p=0.007) in the pulmonary hypertension group. Serum fractalkine concentrations correlated negatively with ejection fraction (r=−0.522, p=0.002) and fractional shortening (r=−0.395, p=0.021) in the children with pulmonary hypertension. Serum interleukin-6 concentrations also correlated negatively with Qs (r=−0.572, p=0.021), positively with Rs (r=0.774, p=0.001), and positively with pulmonary wedge pressure (r=0.796, p=0.006) in the pulmonary hypertension group. A cut-off value of 2.2 IU/L for C-reactive protein was able to predict pulmonary hypertension with 77.5% sensitivity and 77.5% specificity. When the cut-off point for interleukin-6 concentration was 57.5 pg/ml, pulmonary hypertension could be predicted with 80% sensitivity and 75% specificity.ConclusionInflammation is associated with the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension. The inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 may have a role in the clinical evaluation of paediatric pulmonary hypertension related to CHDs.
Cognitive Flexibility in Primary Dystonia
Authors: Lange Florian , Seer Caroline , Dengler Reinhard , Dressler Dirk , Kopp Bruno 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectives Although primary dystonia is typically characterized as a movement disorder, it is also associated with cognitive alterations in the domain of executive functioning which may arise from changes in cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Specifically, in comparison to healthy controls, patients with dystonia show deficits in neuropsychological tests of cognitive flexibility. However, it is unclear whether cognitive inflexibility is caused by the pathomechanisms underlying primary dystonia or by confounding factors such as depression or symptom-related distraction.Methods The present study aimed to eliminate these confounds by examining cognitive flexibility in dystonia patients and in patients with similar motor symptoms but without a comparable central pathophysiology. Eighteen patients with primary blepharospasm, a common form of dystonia affecting the muscles around the eyes, and 19 patients with hemifacial spasm, a facial nerve disorder causing similar eyelid spasms, completed a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (cWCST). The two groups were further compared on tests of global cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, health status, and impulsiveness. Results Blepharospasm patients committed significantly more errors on the cWCST than patients with hemifacial spasm. Group differences were most pronounced with regard to integration errors, a measure of rule-inference processes on the cWCST. Integration errors were also associated with impulsiveness in patients with blepharospasm. Conclusions Primary blepharospasm is related to deficits in cognitive flexibility, even when blepharospasm patients are compared with patients who suffer from motor symptoms of non-dystonic origin. Our results support the possibility that cognitive inflexibility results from the specific pathophysiological processes underlying primary dystonia. (JINS, 2016, 22, 662–670)
Verbal Initiation, Suppression, and Strategy Use and the Relationship with Clinical Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Martin Andrew K. , Gibson Emily C. , Mowry Bryan , Robinson Gail A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectives: Individuals with schizophrenia have difficulties on measures of executive functioning such as initiation and suppression of responses and strategy development and implementation. The current study thoroughly examines performance on the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT) in individuals with schizophrenia, introducing novel analyses based on initiation errors and strategy use, and association with lifetime clinical symptoms. Methods: The HSCT was administered to individuals with schizophrenia (N=77) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (N=45), along with background cognitive tests. The standard HSCT clinical measures (initiation response time, suppression response time, suppression errors), composite initiation and suppression error scores, and strategy-based responses were calculated. Lifetime clinical symptoms [formal thought disorder (FTD), positive, negative] were calculated using the Lifetime Dimensions of Psychosis Scale. Results: After controlling for baseline cognitive differences, individuals with schizophrenia were significantly impaired on the suppression response time and suppression error scales. For the novel analyses, individuals with schizophrenia produced a greater number of initiation errors and subtly wrong errors, and produced fewer responses indicative of developing an appropriate strategy. Strategy use was negatively correlated with FTD symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. Conclusions: The current study provides further evidence for deficits in the initiation and suppression of verbal responses in individuals with schizophrenia. Moreover, an inability to attain a strategy at least partly contributes to increased semantically connected errors when attempting to suppress responses. The association between strategy use and FTD points to the involvement of executive deficits in disorganized speech in schizophrenia. (JINS, 2016, 22, 735–743)
Consumer preferences for fixed versus variable quantities of electricity: joint estimation of contingent quantity and valuation methods
Authors: Manning Dale T. , Loomis John B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe structure of stated preference questions to value consumption from public infrastructure can vary depending on the conditions of consumption facing the household. Specifically, a good could be offered as a quasi-public or quasi-private good. This paper demonstrates how consumption from two alternative electricity allocation options can be valued using two types of stated preference questions. Since surveyed households were asked two types of questions, the authors develop a joint model of a contingent valuation question and a contingent quantity behavior response that allows for correlation in error terms across models. In their application to two villages in Rwanda, the authors find higher WTP for electricity consumed as a quasi-private good rather than a quasi-public good, with four hours of electricity per day, only in the evening. They also find correlation in the error terms across the two models, suggesting that their joint estimator is more efficient than estimating each model individually.
Characterization at Atomic Resolution of Carbon Nanotube/Resin Interface in Nanocomposites by Mapping sp2-Bonding States Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Su Yi-Feng , Park Jin G. , Koo Ana , Trayner Sarah , Hao Ayou , Downes Rebekah , Liang Richard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFunctionalization is critical for improving mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polymer nanocomposites. A fundamental understanding of the role of the CNT/polymer interface and bonding structure is key to improving functionalization procedures for higher mechanical performance. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemical functionalization on the nanocomposite interface at atomic resolution to provide direct and quantifiable information of the interactions and interface formation between CNT surfaces and adjacent resin molecules. We observed and compared electronic structures and their changes at the interfaces of nonfunctionalized and functionalized CNT/polymer nanocomposite samples via scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum imaging techniques. The results show that the state of sp2 bonding and its distribution at the CNT/resin interface can be clearly visualized through EELS mapping. We found that the functionalized CNT/polymer samples exhibited a lower fraction of sp2 bonding and a lower π*/σ* ratio compared with the nonfunctionalized cases. A good correlation between near-edge fine structures and low-loss plasmon energies was observed.
SCM Agreement Revisited: Climate Change, Renewable Energy, and the SCM Agreement
Authors: LEE JAEMIN 
Published: June 2016

AbstractClimate change poses a grave threat to the international community, thus prompting global action on all fronts. Various ‘green energy programs’ are being adopted by many governments. To the extent that governmental support is indispensable for the initiation and maintenance of these green energy programs, the SCM Agreement is directly implicated in this regard. Unfortunately, the agreement does not include any exceptions to these programs, even if the exceptions are undertaken due to the growing concerns of the global community. Under such circumstances, a practical solution should be found from within the existing framework, and be derived from an interpretation of the present SCM Agreement based on current jurisprudence. The collective jurisprudence of the WTO arguably stands for the proposition that certain renewable energy programs constitute ‘general infrastructure’ projects of a state, and thus are excluded from the financial contributions by the government under Article 1.1(a)(1)(iii) of the SCM Agreement.
Electrically driven optical metamaterials
Authors: Le-Van Quynh , Le Roux Xavier , Aassime Abdelhanin , Degiron Aloyse 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe advent of metamaterials more than 15 years ago has offered extraordinary new ways of manipulating electromagnetic waves. Yet, progress in this field has been unequal across the electromagnetic spectrum, especially when it comes to finding applications for such artificial media. Optical metamaterials, in particular, are less compatible with active functionalities than their counterparts developed at lower frequencies. One crucial roadblock in the path to devices is the fact that active optical metamaterials are so far controlled by light rather than electricity, preventing them from being integrated in larger electronic systems. Here we introduce electroluminescent metamaterials based on metal nano-inclusions hybridized with colloidal quantum dots. We show that each of these miniature blocks can be individually tuned to exhibit independent optoelectronic properties (both in terms of electrical characteristics, polarization, colour and brightness), illustrate their capabilities by weaving complex light-emitting surfaces and finally discuss their potential for displays and sensors.
Rapid, High-Resolution Forest Structure and Terrain Mapping over Large Areas using Single Photon Lidar
Authors: Swatantran Anu , Tang Hao , Barrett Terence , DeCola Phil , Dubayah Ralph 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSingle photon lidar (SPL) is an innovative technology for rapid forest structure and terrain characterization over large areas. Here, we evaluate data from an SPL instrument - the High Resolution Quantum Lidar System (HRQLS) that was used to map the entirety of Garrett County in Maryland, USA (1700 km2). We develop novel approaches to filter solar noise to enable the derivation of forest canopy structure and ground elevation from SPL point clouds. SPL attributes are compared with field measurements and an existing leaf-off, low-point density discrete return lidar dataset as a means of validation. We find that canopy and ground characteristics from SPL are similar to discrete return lidar despite differences in wavelength and acquisition periods but the higher point density of the SPL data provides more structural detail. Our experience suggests that automated noise removal may be challenging, particularly over high albedo surfaces and rigorous instrument calibration is required to reduce ground measurement biases to accepted mapping standards. Nonetheless, its efficiency of data collection and its ability to produce fine-scale, three-dimensional structure over large areas quickly strongly suggests that SPL should be considered as an efficient and potentially cost-effective alternative to existing lidar systems for large area mapping.
Impact of Information based Classification on Network Epidemics
Authors: Mishra Bimal Kumar , Haldar Kaushik , Sinha Durgesh Nandini 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFormulating mathematical models for accurate approximation of malicious propagation in a network is a difficult process because of our inherent lack of understanding of several underlying physical processes that intrinsically characterize the broader picture. The aim of this paper is to understand the impact of available information in the control of malicious network epidemics. A 1-n-n-1 type differential epidemic model is proposed, where the differentiality allows a symptom based classification. This is the first such attempt to add such a classification into the existing epidemic framework. The model is incorporated into a five class system called the DifEpGoss architecture. Analysis reveals an epidemic threshold, based on which the long-term behavior of the system is analyzed. In this work three real network datasets with 22002, 22469 and 22607 undirected edges respectively, are used. The datasets show that classification based prevention given in the model can have a good role in containing network epidemics. Further simulation based experiments are used with a three category classification of attack and defense strengths, which allows us to consider 27 different possibilities. These experiments further corroborate the utility of the proposed model. The paper concludes with several interesting results.
Accelerated age-related olfactory decline among type 1 Usher patients
Authors: Ribeiro João Carlos , Oliveiros Bárbara , Pereira Paulo , António Natália , Hummel Thomas , Paiva António , Silva Eduardo D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUsher Syndrome (USH) is a rare disease with hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and, sometimes, vestibular dysfunction. A phenotype heterogeneity is reported. Recent evidence indicates that USH is likely to belong to an emerging class of sensory ciliopathies. Olfaction has recently been implicated in ciliopathies, but the scarce literature about olfaction in USH show conflicting results. We aim to evaluate olfactory impairment as a possible clinical manifestation of USH. Prospective clinical study that included 65 patients with USH and 65 normal age-gender-smoking-habits pair matched subjects. A cross culturally validated version of the Sniffin’ Sticks olfaction test was used. Young patients with USH have significantly better olfactory scores than healthy controls. We observe that USH type 1 have a faster ageing olfactory decrease than what happens in healthy subjects, leading to significantly lower olfactory scores in older USH1 patients. Moreover, USH type 1 patients showed significantly higher olfactory scores than USH type 2, what can help distinguishing them. Olfaction represents an attractive tool for USH type classification and pre diagnostic screening due to the low cost and non-invasive nature of the testing. Olfactory dysfunction should be considered among the spectrum of clinical manifestations of Usher syndrome.
The impact of genotype calling errors on family-based studies
Authors: Yan Qi , Chen Rui , Sutcliffe James S. , Cook Edwin H. , Weeks Daniel E. , Li Bingshan , Chen Wei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFamily-based sequencing studies have unique advantages in enriching rare variants, controlling population stratification, and improving genotype calling. Standard genotype calling algorithms are less likely to call rare variants correctly, often mistakenly calling heterozygotes as reference homozygotes. The consequences of such non-random errors on association tests for rare variants are unclear, particularly in transmission-based tests. In this study, we investigated the impact of genotyping errors on rare variant association tests of family-based sequence data. We performed a comprehensive analysis to study how genotype calling errors affect type I error and statistical power of transmission-based association tests using a variety of realistic parameters in family-based sequencing studies. In simulation studies, we found that biased genotype calling errors yielded not only an inflation of type I error but also a power loss of association tests. We further confirmed our observation using exome sequence data from an autism project. We concluded that non-symmetric genotype calling errors need careful consideration in the analysis of family-based sequence data and we provided practical guidance on ameliorating the test bias.
The chimeric ubiquitin ligase SH2-U-box inhibits the growth of imatinib-sensitive and resistant CML by targeting the native and T315I-mutant BCR-ABL
Authors: Ru Yi , Wang Qinhao , Liu Xiping , Zhang Mei , Zhong Daixing , Ye Mingxiang , Li Yuanchun , Han Hua , Yao Libo , Li Xia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by constitutively active fusion protein tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL. Although the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) against BCR-ABL, imatinib, is the first-line therapy for CML, acquired resistance almost inevitably emerges. The underlying mechanism are point mutations within the BCR-ABL gene, among which T315I is notorious because it resists to almost all currently available inhibitors. Here we took use of a previously generated chimeric ubiquitin ligase, SH2-U-box, in which SH2 from the adaptor protein Grb2 acts as a binding domain for activated BCR-ABL, while U-box from CHIP functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase domain, so as to target the ubiquitination and degradation of both native and T315I-mutant BCR-ABL. As such, SH2-U-box significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in CML cells harboring either the wild-type or T315I-mutant BCR-ABL (K562 or K562R), with BCR-ABL-dependent signaling pathways being repressed. Moreover, SH2-U-box worked in concert with imatinib in K562 cells. Importantly, SH2-U-box-carrying lentivirus could markedly suppress the growth of K562-xenografts in nude mice or K562R-xenografts in SCID mice, as well as that of primary CML cells. Collectively, by degrading the native and T315I-mutant BCR-ABL, the chimeric ubiquitin ligase SH2-U-box may serve as a potential therapy for both imatinib-sensitive and resistant CML.