bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primates and climate change: a review of current knowledge
Authors: Korstjens Amanda H. , Hillyer Alison P. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Climate change is affecting primate environments in all primate habitat countries. Based on climate predictions, Malagasy, most Asian, and Neotropical primates are facing an increased frequency of extreme precipitation events and cyclones that can decimate whole communities. West and South African primates are facing a reduction in precipitation while East African primates will experience increased rainfall. As relatively long-lived species with short dispersal distances and limited ranges, primates are unlikely to keep up with the pace at which climate change is occurring. It is, however, very difficult to predict how individual populations or species will adapt to climate change because of the complexity of the expected changes and the interaction between climate change and human habitat disturbance. Species’ responses will depend on species-specific traits, socio-ecology, and phenotypic and genetic plasticity, and ultimately on how humans mitigate climate change through policy, population management, and forest management.
People–primate interactions: implications for primate conservation
Authors: Humle Tatyana , Hill Catherine 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, patterns of interactions are reviewed, from benign to mutually harmful, that characterize people–primate relationships, and the main social and ecological factors shaping people–primate coexistence are summarized. The reasons why certain primate species are better able to share landscapes with their human neighbours are examined, along with factors that influence people’s perceptions of, and attitudes, towards them. The chapter stresses how, at a local level, variations in socio-economic and cultural norms and values often underlie negative interactions between humans and primates. Lessons learned from studies to reduce negative interactions between people and primates are discussed, and broader scale landscape approaches that could facilitate effective primate conservation and human livelihood objectives examined. Finally, it is emphasized that understanding people–primate interactions requires a multifaceted approach, combining detailed understanding of the context, and needs of the different stakeholders, human and animal, and drivers of changing patterns of coexistence.
On Aristotle’s World
Authors: Kukkonen Taneli 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter argues that the concept of kosmos as it was understood in Greek philosophy from Plato onwards ill fits Aristotle’s principal philosophical commitments. Accordingly, it occupies only a marginal place in his writings. Aristotle’s use of kosmos, as a matter of fact, is essentially dialectical and opportunist. Furthermore, the chapter demonstrates that from a certain point of time onwards, the more robustly theological and ‘cosmic’ portrayals of the unity of physical reality that were put forward by the Platonic and Stoic schools began to make it seem as though there was something missing from the Aristotelian picture. The efforts of various Peripatetics to meet this challenge are reflected in part in their increased appeals to the concept of kosmos, just as the shortcomings of the source materials are reflected in their struggles to incorporate the notion into a framework that scarcely has a need for it.
The Economics of the Global Response to HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The global response to HIV/AIDS has been a major aspect of global health and development policy over the last decades. The book illustrates the devastating health impacts of the epidemic, with life expectancy in some countries falling to the lowest levels observed anywhere, and the remarkable success of the global HIV/AIDS response in reversing such extreme outcomes. Concerns about the implications of HIV/AIDS for economic development have played a role in motivating the global HIV/AIDS response. However, evidence on the impacts of HIV/AIDS on economic growth or poverty is weak, and the magnitude and relevance of such economic effects appears trivial compared to the consequences for life and health. Because of the success in extending access to treatment globally, HIV/AIDS has effectively transitioned into a chronic disease. This means that HIV/AIDS absorbs not only a substantial chunk of current global and national financial resources, but that these spending needs are projected to persist over decades. The costs of the HIV/AIDS response thus resemble a long-term financial liability, shaped by past and current policies. Relatedly, the calculus of cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions has changed. People who become infected with HIV can now expect not to die because of AIDS; at the same time, each HIV infection results in medical needs and expenditures extending over decades. The book presents a framework for integrating these financial consequences and the transmission dynamics of HIV in the analysis of cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions and in the design of HIV/AIDS programmes.
Macroeconomic Consequences of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
While it is plausible that HIV/AIDS slows down GDP growth in the longer run, as a relatively smaller population translates into lower GDP, the empirical evidence on the impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth is weak. In the empirical literature on economic growth, life expectancy is often used as a proxy for ‘health capital’, and studies calibrating the impact of HIV/AIDS on growth through such a growth regression, combined with an estimate of the link between life expectancy and GDP, find large effects of HIV/AIDS on growth. However, studies estimating the link between HIV/AIDS and growth directly, including estimates of the state of HIV/AIDS in a growth regression, tend to find no effect. Studies evaluating the impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality and on living standards, applying concepts like ‘full income’ or the ‘value of statistical life,’ return an estimated loss of up 70 per cent of GDP (Botswana, 2000).
Current Policy Challenges and Economic Perspectives
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
From about 2008, in part motivated by the global financial crisis and a perceived slowdown in external funding, the emphasis in the global response to HIV/AIDS has shifted to improving cost-effectiveness and securing the financial sustainability of the HIV/AIDS response. The most prominent formulation of this shift is the UNAIDS investment framework, launched in 2011. At the same time, the calculus of cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS-related interventions has changed fundamentally as people living with HIV in most countries now have a good chance of obtaining treatment, survive for decades, and quite possibly not die because of AIDS. The chapter provides an informal framework for assessing the cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS policies and interventions, taking into account health, economic, development, and fiscal consequences, and provides an analysis of the changing consequences of HIV infections as treatment eligibility and coverage improve.
Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Programmes
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The chapter reviews common approaches to assessing the cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS programmes. A principal challenge in the evaluation of HIV/AIDS programmes are the long time frames. Because HIV/AIDS is a chronic disease, current policies have consequences, in terms of spending needs, which extend over decades. The chapter offers a re-interpretation of the costs of HIV/AIDS policies which is built around the concept of fiscal space—what is the magnitude of financial resources committed by an HIV/AIDS policy, including the costs during some programme period, but also taking into account the spending commitments (largely from treatment need) beyond the policy period, as people living with HIV will continue to require treatment. The chapter closes with a discussion of the contribution of HIV/AIDS programmes to national development objectives, such as improved overall health outcomes and any economic returns to investment in the HIV/AIDS response.
Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS Interventions
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The chapter develops a forward-looking analysis of the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions, taking into account HIV transmission dynamics and spending commitments implied by new HIV infections. The dynamic and population-level effects of averting an HIV infection differ because an individual not infected because of an intervention does not infect others and so on, but he or she may become infected at a later time. As HIV is predominantly transmitted sexually, the impacts of HIV prevention interventions differ according to risk behaviour, but also to factors (e.g. age) of the individuals targeted. The chapter discusses HIV infections averted and financial savings achieved through condom use across age groups; population-level effects of averting one HIV infection across risk groups; the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and the financial returns to investments of male circumcision; and the cost-effectiveness of treatment, in terms of immediate health outcomes and HIV prevention.
Industrial Policy and Development in Ethiopia
Authors: Gebreeyesus Mulu 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Ethiopia’s economy has been on a continuous and high growth trajectory since the turn of the millennium, registering an average annual growth of over 10 per cent. This is about double the average growth rate recorded for sub-Saharan Africa over much the same period. Despite its recent impressive growth performance, Ethiopia remains among the world’s poorest countries. Agriculture continues to be the main source of livelihood employing 85 per cent of the labour force. The industry contribution to the economy remains at about 14 per cent. Ethiopia is also one of the few African countries to have formulated full-fledged industrial policy and has been aggressively pursuing it. This chapter looks to understand the policy choices and their implementation, as well as their efficacy, which is of paramount importance.
Industrial Policy in Ghana
Authors: Ackah Charles , Adjasi Charles , Turkson Festus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the evolution of industry in Ghana over the post-independence era from an inward overprotected ISI strategy of 1960–83 to an outward liberalized strategy during 1984–2000, and since 2001, to the private sector-led accelerated industrial development strategy based on value-addition. Industry in Ghana is mainly dominated by micro and small firms, privately owned and mainly located within urban areas in the form of industrial clusters. Patterns of labour productivity and wages indicate the food processing sub-sector, foreign owned and older firms as the most productive. The emerging policy issues from Ghana’s current industrial policy include how to empower SMEs to expand productive employment and technological capacity within a highly competitive manufacturing sector; how to promote agro-based industrial development to ensure value-addition to manufactures and Ghana’s exports among others.
Mozambique’s Industrial Policy
Authors: Cruz António Sousa , Guambe Dina , Marrengula Constantino Pedro , Ubisse Amosse Francisco 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The current Mozambican industrial development pattern, a mix of private sector initiative and a public sector licensing mechanism, replaced the post-independence public sector-led industrialization of the central planning countries’ tradition. The transition to a market-driven economy in the mid-1980s followed an international trend with the collapse of the socialist bloc countries and the end of the Cold War era. Before its independence from Portugal in 1975, Mozambique had the mixed industrialization pattern of a dual society. On one hand, there was a growing colonial, urban, and industrializing population, and on the other hand, a local majority population dedicated to low-productive agriculture and other manual activities such as mining and public works. Although the rules of a market economy applied, the public sector was heavily present, distorting labour relations. This national discrimination within an international market economy system partially explained the choice of a socialist economic system after independence.
An Introduction to Clifford Algebras and Spinors
Authors: Vaz, Jr. Jayme , da Rocha, Jr. Roldão 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis book is unique in the literature on spinors and Clifford algebras in that it is accessible to both students and researchers while maintaining a formal approach to these subjects. Besides thoroughly introducing several aspects of Clifford algebras, it provides the geometrical aspects underlying the Clifford algebras, as well as their applications, particularly in physics. Previous books on spinors and Clifford algebras have either required the reader to have some prior expertise in these subjects, and thus were difficult to access, or did not provide a deep approach. In contrast, although this book is mathematically complete and precise, it demands little in the way of prerequisites—indeed, a course in linear algebra is the sole prerequisite. This book shows how spinors and Clifford algebras have fuelled interest in the no man’s land between physics and mathematics, an interest resulting from the growing awareness of the importance of algebraic and geometric properties in many physical phenomena. There is much common ground between Clifford algebras, including the geometry arising from those algebras, the classical groups, and the so-called spinors and their three definitions, including pure spinors and twistors, with their main point of contact being the representations of Clifford algebras and the periodicity theorems. Clifford algebras constitute a highly intuitive formalism and have an intimate relationship with quantum field theory; thus, this book will be useful for physicists as well as for mathematicians.
Clifford Algebras, and Associated Groups
Authors: Vaz Jayme , da Rocha Roldão 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, the groups which can be defined within a Clifford algebra are examined. The groups which deserve special attention are the Clifford—Lipschitz group, the Pin group, and the Spin group. The Cartan–Dieudonné theorem plays a prominent role on the construction of the classical groups. The Lie algebras associated with those groups are hence constructed and implemented, together with some of their applications. Conformal transformations and the standard twistors of Penrose are introduced from the algebraic point of view in a straightforward formulation, as geometric multivectors.
The Effect of Termination upon Post-Employment Obligations
Authors: Cabrelli David 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter probes the interplay between the common-law rules governing the employment contract in post-employment mode and the obligations that continue to bind the employer and the employee when their relationship enters that particular phase. The argument is made that the obligations (i) imposed by the foundational wage-work bargain, and (ii) governing the ongoing and future performance of work, are erased post-employment. The analysis then turns to an exploration of the juridical nature of the obligations of the contracting parties that do continue when the employment contract has entered the post-employment phase. In the final section, the chapter underlines the vitality of public policy controls when the employment contract is in the post-employment stage, as mediated through the restraint of trade doctrine including restrictive covenants and garden leave. It is also shown how powerful that doctrine is when the employment contract is in the full employment mode.
What Is Matter Made Of?
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
What are the smallest grains of matter and how do they interact to form the matter we observe around us? This chapter explains how matter is built from a handful of tiny “bricks” called fundamental particles. Although twelve different bricks have been found, only three are needed to form all atoms found on Earth, in stars and in galaxies. The Standard Model is the current theoretical model that describes the fundamental particles and how they interact, giving us a clear representation of the material world. This model also predicts the behavior of these particles with a very high level of accuracy. Each particle comes with its own antiparticle. But why has nearly all the antimatter mysteriously disappeared from our Universe? Why are there useless bricks? These are some of the many puzzles described in this chapter that physicists are still trying to elucidate.
What about the Higgs Boson?
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
How do fundamental particles acquire mass? To understand this, three elements are needed: a mathematical mechanism, a physical field and a new particle, the Higgs boson. The Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism is a mathematical formalism that allows theorists to rearrange their equations to produce massive particles as observed in nature, instead of the massless particles obtained otherwise. This mechanism has revealed the existence of a new physical entity, now called the Brout–Englert–Higgs field. This field, just like space and time, is a property of our Universe. All particles interacting with this field acquire a mass, that is, a resistance to motion. The Higgs boson itself is an excitation of this field, just as a wave is an excitation of the surface of the ocean. Finding the Higgs boson proved the existence of this field. However, composite objects such as protons and atoms get their mass from the binding energy between their constituents.
What Could the Next Big Discoveries Be?
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has only just started and could produce enough data in the next twenty years to revolutionize particle physics. If supersymmetric particles exist, the chances are huge that they will be discovered soon. But, if not, theorists will have enough experimental data to formulate better hypotheses to go further. The Higgs boson should reveal all its secrets: is it unique or supersymmetric, and does it link ordinary matter to dark matter? In the coming decade, the many ongoing and planned dark matter experiments should also provide some answers or even discover the first dark matter particles. And, who knows, the next discovery could be something completely unexpected. With the increase in energy and intensity of the LHC and the construction of second-generation dark matter detectors, the chances of new discoveries are tremendous. We could be on the verge of a huge scientific revolution.
Trade-offs and adaptations
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Variations of individual traits are usually cross-constrained, and the components of fitness are generically traded off. A series of examples illustrate that constraints on inherited variation are the consequences of morphological or physiological features, most of which are inevitable due to physical or chemical laws and often can be modelled by allocation trade-offs. Life-history trade-offs can be easily masked by differences in individual environmental conditions or individual qualities. A certain set of environmental conditions impose directional phenotypic selection on inherited variation implying that the actual trade-off function between the fitness components is subject to optimization. However, optimal strategies change in response to regulating and modifying environmental conditions. Density-dependent optimization theory and experiments reveal that increased mortality levels can be balanced by increased optimal fecundity in a regulated population. The chapter concludes with a classification of primary plant strategies corresponding to the levels of the main regulating and modifying factors.
Population regulation and the ecological niche
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
On the basis of the theory of robust coexistence the ecological niche—one of the most controversial concepts in ecology—can be appropriately defined and operationalized. Abstract definitions for the notions of niche space, regulating variable, niche, niche overlap, and niche segregation are given in this chapter, with the range of their interpretation extended to alleles and clones besides the usual ecological (species-oriented) one. Models formulated in discrete and continuous niche spaces and temporal niches with circular (seasonal) timescales are explained. Several empirical examples of the three types of niche segregation (-trophical, spatial, and temporal) are introduced. Relation of temporal niche segregation and the storage effect is discussed. The community context dependence of the niche space and of the niche of any specific variant is emphasized and explicated. An evolutionary toy model of competition-induced diversification—the central idea of Darwin—closes the chapter.
A structural comparison of Latin and Romance
Authors: Vincent Nigel 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In contrast to most historically-oriented research on Romance which has focused either on analysing or reconstructing changes that have taken place in the passage from Latin to modern Romance, this chapter compares from a distance the ‘before’ and the ‘after’. The perspective then is not so much diachronic as metachronic: the juxtaposition of patterns over time without an assumption that there is a direct historical connection between them. In terms of linguistic typology, the chapter also highlights how Latin and Romance should not only be compared with each other but that the structures they exhibit should in turn be fitted into the larger space of possible grammars of natural languages. Specific topics dealt with include: Vowels and diphthongs; Nominal morphology and case; Inflection and periphrasis; Conditionals and counterfactuals; Causatives; Non-finite forms; Complementation; Configurationality and analyticity.
Romance linguistic geography and dialectometry
Authors: Goebl Hans 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the diachronic and synchronic relation between language and space, critically considering some of the most important advances made within Romance linguistic geography and dialectometry. It reviews the early work of the dialect geographers in recording regional variation by means of detailed linguistic atlases and in tracing dialect areas, while reflecting upon the linguistic nature of the major discontinuities and their historical significance in explaining the fragmentation of Latin. The second part of the chapter concentrates on more recent taxometric and cartographic achievements of dialectometry in its quantitative investigations and interpretations of traditional linguistic atlases, exploring the non-coincidence of single areas and their surrounding isoglosses; difficulties in measuring the data of linguistic atlases; integration of quantitative methods with traditional qualitative geolinguistics; discovery of lower and higher ranking structural patterns concealed in traditional presentations of atlas data; and cartographic exploitation of similarity and distance matrices.