bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Field Cage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Beet Armyworm on Transgenic Bt Cotton, 1997
Authors: Halcomb J. L. , Benedict J. H. , Correa J. C. , Mann J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transgenic cotton, expressing the crylA(c) gene (Bollgard Gene, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO) from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki and non-transgenic cotton were planted 17 Apr in Corpus Christi, Texas. Plots consisted of 4 rows X 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 5 replications. A 6-inch band of insecticide, Temik 15 G (0.7 lb [AI]/acre), was applied at the time of planting and all plots were oversprayed with insecticides as needed for control of non-lepidopteran pests such as cotton fleahoppers, aphids, and boll weevils. Beneficial insects were eliminated by overspraying the entire test with pyrenone on 14 Jun, 2 d prior to infesting cages with beet armyworms. Tracer (0.045 lb [AI]/acre) and Pirate (0.09 lb [AI]/acre) were applied on the appropriate plots on 16 (replicates 1, 2, and 3) and 17 Jun (replicates 4 and 5) using a backpack CO2-powered sprayer with a 2-row hand-held spray boom. Plants were caged and infested within 4 h following the spray applications of Pirate and Tracer. In each plot, two nylon organdy cages were placed over blooming cotton plants, 3 adjacent plants per cage. Then the plants in each cage were uniformly infested with 50 beet armyworm neonates. Natural infestations of bollworm, tobacco budworm, fall armyworm, and cabbage looper were also present. Cages containing the cotton plants were removed lid after infestation and taken to the laboratory for evaluation. Data collected per cage were number of larvae, larval weight, number of injured terminals, flower buds and bolls, and an overall rating of leaf injury. The leaf injury was visually rated using the following scale: 0≤5%; 1=6-25%; 2 = 26-50%; 3&gt;50% of leaves injured. All data, except larval weight and leaf injury rating were transformed ln(x + 1) prior to statistical analysis. Untransformed means are presented here.
Evaluation of Combinations of Fulfill and Curacron for Control of Cotton Aphids, 1997
Authors: Parajulee M. N. , Slosser J. E. , Idol G. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 19 Jun in 40-inch rows (8-row X 75-ft plot) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Chillicothe, Texas. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 insecticide treatments and a check replicated 4 times. Cotton was inspected for aphids on 17, 22, and 29 Jul to determine the treatment threshold of �20 aphids per leaf. Ten leaves from the top half and 10 leaves from the lower half of plants from each plot were examined, and the numbers of aphids were counted and recorded on each inspection date. Pre-treatment counts were made and the insecticide treatments were applied on 5 Aug. Treatments were applied with a John Deere High Cycle 6000 sprayer. Spray drops were used to provide 3 nozzles per row, delivering 11.7 total gallons of spray solution per acre at 40 psi. After the application of Fulfill (all replicates), Curacron alone (1st and 3rd replicate) and Curacron + Fulfill + Organosilicant (3rd replicate and one-half of 2nd replicate), it rained hard on the treatment plots. As a result, the spray materials were probably washed off the plants. Also, Curacron foamed badly and sprayer pressure was completely lost; the pressure bypass and agitation system were then turned off to eliminate foaming. Thereafter, all treatments were reapplied on those plots that were sprayed before the rain. Approximately 30 h post-treatment, it rained again 0.38 inches which probably washed the aphids off of the leaves to some degree. Post-treatment aphid counts were made at 3, 7, 13, and 17 DAT. Test plots received additional rainfall on 10 Aug (1.75") and 19 Aug (1.85").
Toxicities of Selected Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bug Adults Caged on Seedling Cotton, 1997
Authors: Russell J. S. , Gore J. , Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The toxicities of selected insecticides were evaluated against TPB at the Macon Ridge Location of the Northeast Research Station. Cotton seed was planted 5 May in a Gigger Gilbert silt loam in plots four rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecti-cides were applied on 5 Jun using a John Deere 5400N equipped with a 4-row boom calibrated to deliver 10gpaat40psi with 8001 flat-fan nozzles (1/row). TPB adults were collected on 5 Jun from flowering Coreopsis spp. with a 15-inch diameter sweep net, held in the laboratory in a 1.5-ft3 wire mesh cage, and fed green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. After 24 h, TPB were placed in 20-ml glass vials (5/vial), transported to the field, and caged in 3 X 4-inch mesh bags over a terminal. Plant terminals from 5 plants randomly chosen from the 2 center rows of each plot were infested. The bags were removed and TPB mortality was determined at 24 h after infestation. Mortality was analyzed with ANOVA, and means separated with DMRT. No rainfall was recorded dur-ing this test.
Control of Insects on Lentils, 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E. , Burns J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established 12 May near Albion, WA, on the Mills-Farr farm in a RCBD with 4 replicates of 6 X 10 ft. each. Seven insecticide treatments and an untreated check were used, with Gaucho 480 applied as a seed treatment at 0.5 and 1.0 oz (AI)/cwt. Foliar treatments were applied at the appearance of PA ca. 40-DAE using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi. All treatments were rated by counts of PA per 20 cm terminal stem 4 per replicate at pre-treatment, PrCt, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 DAT. Counts of (TPB) damaged lentils/100 lentil sample per replicate were made at harvest. Yield data in oz lentils per replicate were collected by threshing through a stationary thresher.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 80698A 75 Fs in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and treated with Ordram 15 G at 17 lb/acre. Selected plots were sprayed with selected insecticide treatments on 19 Apr using a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens); hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16 gpa. The insecticides were incorporated into dry League soil using a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flooded. On 22 Apr, plots were planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seeds were prepared by soaking untreated, dry seed for 24 h followed by draining and drying for 24 h. Selected plots were hand planted with selected seed treatments which were applied using the “Le Sak” method in which sprouted seed was placed in a plastic bag and insecticide poured over the seed. The seed and insecticide were mixed inside the bag until seed adsorbed all insecticide. The bag was opened and insecticide allowed to dry on seed. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and reflooded 29 Apr. Rice in most treatments emerged through water on 1 May; however, untreated rice and rice seed treated with EXP 80698A at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre did not emerge through water for 1 to 3 d later. On 10 May (9 d after emergence of rice through water), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a hand-held shaker jar. On each of 22 May, 11 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to plots during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 28 May and 10 Jun (27 and 43 d, respectively, after emergence of rice through water), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (15 Aug = 106 to 109 d after emergence of rice through water) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil, with Exp 60949A and Exp 80572B in a Water-Seeded, Pinpoint Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. On 19 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre, treated with Ordram 15 G at 27 lb/acre, and selected plots treated with EXP 60949A 1.5 G at the rates shown in the table. Fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. On 19 Apr, plots were flooded to a depth of about 4 inches, and on 22 Apr, plots were hand planted with sprouted seed at 120 lb dry seed/acre. Sprouted seed was prepared by soaking untreated seed 24 h then draining and drying 24 h. The seed treatment (EXP 80572B 44.1 FC) was applied to sprouted seed using the “Le Sak” method in which sprouted seed was placed in a plastic bag and insecticide poured over the seed. The seed and insecticide were mixed inside the bag until seed adsorbed all insecticide. The bag was opened and insecticide allowed to dry on seed. On 25 Apr, plots were drained and reflooded 3 d later. Immediately before reflooding, selected plots were treated with EXP 60949A 1.5 G at the rates shown in the table. On 1 May, rice emerged through water. On 10 May (9 after emergence of rice through water), Furadan 3 G was applied at 20 lb/acre to selected plots. All granular insecticides were applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 22 May, 11 Jun, and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 30 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 203 lb/acre. On each of 30 May and 9 Jun (29 and 39 d, respectively, after emergence of rice through water), five, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (16 Aug =110 d from permanent flood to harvest) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Insecticidal Control of the Sugarcane Borer-Small-Plot Test, 1997
Authors: Ostheimer E. A. , Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticidal control of SCB was evaluated in ; RCB design (5 replications) first ratoon sugarcane at the St. Gabriel Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA, during the summer of 1997. All treatments were applied to 18 X 30 ft (3-6 ft wide rows) plots utilizing an ATV-mounted CO2 sprayer adjusted to 14 inches above the canopy. Three TK 2.5 (Spraying Systems Inc.) nozzles (1 per row) were used to apply a 10-gpa finished formulation. Prior to experiment initiation, the study field was treated twice (5 lun and 24 Jun with Lorsban 15 G at 15 product/acre to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae. The experiment was treated when the SCB infestation reachec treatment threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leaf sheats). The initial application was made 18 Jul, following a delay caused by environ mental conditions. Second and third applications were made on 4 and 27 Aug, respectively, when the re-infestation level in the Asana treated plots exceedec threshold. SCB injury was assessed by determining the percentage of internodes with boring and emergence holes from 75 randomly selected stalks of sugar cane (15 stalks/plot) in each treatment. Due to lateness of the first application, the first internode (if bored) was dropped from the analysis if the stalk had 12 or more internodes. Conform treatments were applied with Latron CS-7 at 0.125% v/v. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Foliar Applied Insecticides for the Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle on Wheat, 1994 and 1995
Authors: Ihrig R. A. , Duyn J. Van , Herbert A. , Bradley J. R. , Bowman D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in the spring of 1994 at the V. G. James Research and Extension Center in Plymouth, NC and 1995 at the Gaylon Ambrose farm near Washington, NC. A RCB test design was employed each season. Plots in each year were 6.0 ft X 50.0 ft with 6.0 ft alleyways between plots. Insecticide applications were made on 21 Apr 1994 and 28 Apr 1995. Treatments were applied by a CO, powered backpack sprayer equipped with three hollow cone Tee Jet® X-8 nozzles spaced 1.5 ft apart. The sprayer delivered 14.9 gpa at 44.0 psi which provided an effective spray swath of 4.5 ft when operated at 2.0 ft above the canopy. Treatments were evaluated four days after application by taking 25 and 15 sweeps from each plot in 1994 and 1995, respectively. The sweep net had a standard 1.0-inch.
Suppression of Black Cutworm Larvae with Spinosad, Bifenthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Experimental Formulations on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatment plots were 6 x 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. White PVC cylinders (8-inch diam x 6 inch length) were placed in each replicate and secured in place. One cylinder was placed in each replicate per evaluation period (28 Jul and 30 Jul). Fifteen 0.125-inch black cutworm larvae were placed in each cylinder on 22 Jul. Bird netting was placed over the experimental area from 22 Jul through 28 Jul to prevent bird predation. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with 4 8002VS Tee-Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 363 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (25 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 63° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 62° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 60° F; RH, 96%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 61.3% sand, 27.7% silt, 11.0% clay; soil percent water weight (percent by weight), 24.2%; organic matter, 5.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; time of application, early morning; and overcast skies. A total of 2.8 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 22 Jul through 25 Jul; a total of 0.3 inch rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 25 Jul through 26 Jul; and a total of 1.0 inch rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 27 Jul through 30 Jul. Efficacy data were recorded on 28 Jul and 30 Jul by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within each PVC cylinder by using a soap irritant drench.
Management of Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Halofenozide and Imida-Cloprid Formulations, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in Bedford County, PA. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with four 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 272 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker with top-dressing sand used to provide even distribution of product. At treatment time (2 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 61° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 54° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 64° F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.375 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 15.6% sand, 59.7% silt, 24.7% clay; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 34.0%; organic matter, 10.2%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.1; application time, late morning; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water immediately after treatment. A total of 9.73 inches of rain was recorded from 2 May through 24 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 24 Jun. Annual blue-grass weevil control was evaluated by removing two 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Concentration-Response Evaluation of Imidacloprid Against Western Corn Rootworm Adults, 1996
Authors: Chandler L. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The chloronicotinyle insecticide imidacloprid, BAY NTN 33893 240FS, was evaluated to determine its potential effectiveness against WCR adults. A topical bioassay was conducted using formulated insecticide. Six concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 1.12% (AI) were mixed in water and topically applied (1.0 μl/insect) to the ventral abdomen of WCR adults obtained from a colony at the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory. Insects were also treated with water only (untreated check). On each treatment date, 40 individuals were treated per concentration (total tested/date = 280). After application of the insecticide, beetles were placed into 100-mm petri dishes containing artificial diet and held in the laboratory at 24° C and 50% RH. The numbers of mori-bund and alive insects were determined at 1, 2,4, and 24 hours after application. The bioassay was repeated four times. Data were analyzed using an analysis of variance (SAS Institute, 1988) and the POLO-PC Probit procedure (LeOra Software, 1987).
Grain Yield of Sorghum Midge-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids, 1997
Authors: Peterson Gary C. , Jones Jerry W. , Teetes George L. , Pendleton Bonnie B. , Anderson Roger M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Resistance to sorghum midge (SM) was evaluated ir a 3-replication RCB design experiment composed of 52 sorghum hybrids at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center a Corpus Christi and the Texas A&M University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station. Evaluated were 43 resistant X resistant experimental hybrids, 3 resistant X resistant checks, 1 resistant X susceptible check, and 5 susceptible checks. Three weeks before planting the experimental hybrids, eight rows of a susceptible hybrid were planted adjacent to the area to be used for the experiment. This sorghum provided a source of sorghum midge to infest the experimental sorghums. At Corpus Christi, seed of the experimental sorghum was planted 8 Apr in 6-m-long plots, with 97.1 cm between rows. Sorghum was planted at College Station 8 May, with 76.2 cm between rows. The sorghums were planted approximately 1 month late than normal for the region. SM were not controlled with insecticide. Performance of the experimental hybrids was compared with that of the checks (resistant X resistant, resistant X susceptible, and susceptible X susceptible) for grain yield (kg/ha) and damage caused by SM. Sorghum at physiological maturity was rated by plot for SM damage based on a scale of 1 to 9: 1 = 1-10%, 2=11-20%, to 9 = 81-100% of kernels failed to develop. Sorghun panicles in plots (0.0025 ha) were hand harvested and threshed using a stationary plot thresher. Threshed grain weight (g) was converted to kg/ha to ob tain grain yield. ANOVA and LSD0.05 were used for data analysis and mean separation, respectively.
California Citrus Thrips Small Plot Trial, 1997
Authors: Morse J. G. , Schweizer H. , Urena A. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips during spring, 1997 in Field 12 (27-year-old ‘Atwood’ navel oranges) at the University of California’s Lindcove Research and Extension Center near Exeter, California. The majority of pesticides were applied to trees with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. One treatment was applied to the soil: the Metasystox-R soil treatment was applied by pre-watering trees for 2 hours, applying the chemical in 1 gallon of water to the area between 2 trees wetted by drippers, and post-watering for an additional 4 hours (Bowsmith emitters, 2 under each tree, 10 gallons of water per hour per emitter). Field 12 was divided into 4 contiguous blocks of 96 trees and 24 treatments were applied with one replicate of each treatment assigned randomly to each block; each replicate included four contiguous trees. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were done early September on all fruit of the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring a fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Collard, 1997
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Peters M. , Duthie J. , Roberts W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Collard seed was planted in Mar at the AREC, Lane, OK. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates and 9 treatments. Plots were 2 rows wide (72 inches) and 20 ft long with 20 ft alleys cut between plots. Plots were treated with insecticides using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a broadcast application of 72 inches from 4 hollow-cone nozzles applying 33 gal/A at 40 psi. Plots were treated on 4, 8, and 14 Jul. Plots were surveyed to determine larval abundance on 7, 11, and 17 Jul by examining 3 plants per plot and recording all larvae present.
Assessment of Tear Film Using Videokeratoscopy Based on Fractal Dimension
Authors: Llorens-Quintana Clara , Iskander D. Robert 
Published: December 2017

SIGNIFICANCE
The proposed automated approach for estimating the quality of the tear film closes the gap between the manual and automated assessment, translating the high-speed videokeratoscopy technology from scientific laboratories to a clinical practice.

PURPOSE
To develop and test a new method for characterizing Tear Film Surface Quality with high-speed videokeratoscopy utilizing a fractal dimension approach.

METHODS
The regularity of the reflected pattern in high-speed videokeratoscopy (E300; Medmont) depends on tear film stability. Thus, determining tear film stability can be addressed by estimating the fractal dimension of the reflected pattern. The method is tested on 39 normal subjects. The results of the fractal dimension approach are compared with those obtained using previously proposed automated method, based on a gray-level co-occurrence matrix approach, and with subjective results obtained by two operators that were assessing the video recordings in ideal conditions.

RESULTS
Fractal dimension method was less affected by eye movements and changes in the videokeratoscopic image background than gray-level co-occurrence matrix method. Median difference of the noninvasive break-up time between manual and automated methods was 0.03 s (IQR = 4.47 s) and 0.0 s (IQR = 2.22 s) for gray-level co-occurrence matrix and fractal dimension approaches, respectively. Correlation coefficient with manual noninvasive break-up time was r
2 = 0.86 (P < 0.001) for gray-level co-occurrence matrix approach, and r
2 = 0.82 (P < 0.001) for fractal dimension approach. Significant statistical difference was found between noninvasive break-up measurements of manual and gray-level co-occurrence matrix method (P = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS
The proposed method has the potential to characterize tear film dynamics in more detail compared to previous methods based on high-speed videokeratoscopy. It showed good correlation with manual assessment of tear film.