bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Technology for Uniform Distribution of Water Injection in Different Layers for Better Waterflood Management in Giant Clastic Upper Burgan Reservoir, Raudhatain Field, Kuwait
Authors: Al-Hajeri Nasser , Chellappan Suresh , Jamal Mariam , Mahato Anil 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In the current and future scenario of increasing demand for hydrocarbons, Multi-Disciplinary Integrated Waterflood Management team is the key to achieve ultimate recovery. In Raudhatain Upper Burgan reservoir production started in 1959 with initial reservoir pressure of 3850 psi. Decline in reservoir pressure with sustained rate of production indicated weak aquifer support and initiated water injection during the year 2001. With four major flow units, poor sweep efficiency often results from spatial variation and/or heterogeneity in the permeability of the reservoir rock, usually resulting in an irregular displacement front of the injected fluid. The initial completion design did not address the injection profile control. The integrated waterflood management team initiated number of projects to increase the productivity like Water Flow Regulator technology (WFR). The objective of using this technology is flooding all the units so as to improve the overall sweep efficiency.
To optimize vertical & areal sweep efficiency and enhance production from the uncontacted portions of this reservoir, a paradigm shift in water flood strategy was adopted for selective injection strings using WFR. These devices enable to control injection rates in specific layers with different reservoir pressure, permeability, skin damage or any other factors that would normally affect flow. The new completion design with WFR was installed in one of the water injector wells, thereby recompleting the well, switching from the conventional to the straddled packer completion, grouping four flow units into 3 zones with WFR, rationalizing the splits as per needs per layer vis-a-vis to the perforations in nearby producers.
This novel technology was successfully applied in three Raudhatain upper Burgan wells. The results are very encouraging, vertical injection profile vastly improved by enabling higher injection rates into layers that never received water. Before commissioning of water flow regulator, most of the injected water was traversing through the high permeable zone only. The vertical water injection profile due to WFR approach resulted in choking the flow through high permeable layer and improved the flow in the remaining uncontacted layers. Production logging was conducted before and after commissioning of WFR to confirm the results. In the long term, this approach is likely to add production, reserves and ultimate recovery factor.
The first implementation of WFR in North Kuwait Field, has proved the concept of improving vertical injection profile. Based on comprehensive evaluation, a campaign of completing 9 more vertical injector wells with this selective-string design is planned by KOC. The re-engineering of injection profile has paved the way for application of this technique in other similar reservoirs of Kuwait.
A Comprehensive Reservoir Characterization and Water Flooding Optimization for Different Types of Reservoir – Case Study of a Giant Carbonate Reservoir in the Middle East
Authors: Wei Chenji , Xiong Lihui , Zheng Jie , Li Baozhu 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Carbonate reservoirs are of strong heterogeneity. Their geological features and dynamic behaviors vary significantly for different types of carbonates. Characterizing the distribution of different types of carbonates and proposing different development strategies are critical for a successful development of carbonate reservoirs. This paper focuses on a super-giant carbonate reservoir with OOIP (Original Oil in Place) of more than 20 billion barrels. However, it has been naturally depleted over the past 40 years. Its reservoir pressure is approaching the bubble point pressure. Therefore, it is critical and urgent to propose optimized water flooding plan for this reservoir.
In this paper, the dataset includes seismic data, well logs, production history, dynamic surveillance data, et al. Firstly, three reservoir types are characterized as good, medium and poor reservoirs based on static and dynamic data. Then, the stacking patterns of different reservoir types are concluded and their distributions are determined, which provide us the foundation to propose customized water flooding plan. Finally, the water flooding performances of different stacking patterns are analyzed and full-field development strategies are proposed based on fine-scale geological modeling and numerical simulation.
Results indicate that stacking pattern has intimate relationship with facies map. For example, the distribution of stacking pattern A, in which good reservoir accounts for the majority, is consistent with the distribution of favorable grainstone shore facies, indicating very good reservoir quality that resulted in higher production rate, longer stable production period, and slow decline. In addition, different offtakes, well patterns, pressure maintenance, well types of different reservoir stacking pattern are determined based on the simulation results and distribution of different stacking patterns. The EUR is increased by more than 20% compared with natural depletion.
This paper offers a reference case of grouping different types of reservoirs and proposing customized water flooding plan, which help engineers and geologists to better develop other similar fields.
Production Enhancement by Replacing a Poor-Boy Gas Lifted Well with a Hydraulic Jet Pumping System
Authors: Ahmed Kalwar Shuaib , Quddos Awan Abdul , Khakwani Khizer Mehmood 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Artificial lift systems are among the most widely used production technologies in global oil and gas operations. Wells that cannot produce liquids to the surface under their own pressure require lift technologies to enable production. Some liquid wells need lift assistance from the beginning and almost all require it sooner or later.
In this paper, a poor-boy gas lifted well was replaced with a jet pumping system to enhance production. Well –2A was spud in July, 1984 and drilled to 14808 ft TD. After performing Drill Stem Test (DST), the well was completed with dual strings of 3-1/2 inche. It produced from Chorgali/Sakessar formations with an average 3,500 BOPD, 9.0 MMSCFD at 2,500 psi of WHP since 1985. However, the production declined to zero between 1991–1995, the well was revived on production, yet halted again. It was then brought back on production in 2002 and 2004, with the help of poor-boy gas lift, by tubing punches, but the water cut reached 100% during the lift and the well was shut in.
Well –2A was revitalized again on production by poor-boy gas lift, in which gas was injected through the ports of a jet pump Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA), after performing a work-over, where it was completed with a single string. Yet, because of repeated failure of the gas compressors, unavailability of high-pressure compressors and marginal production, the well was put on jet pump. The jet pump was run in hole with 12A Nozzle/Throat combination in free-style after ensuring sufficient liquid level within the wellbore.
Based on the results, a marginal well was optimized with the cumulative production of 820 BPD i.e., an average of 120 BOPD and 700 BWPD, which was higher than the targeted production rates evaluated for this well. A free-style jet pump deployment achieved the expected performance and reliability. Moreover, the jet pump can easily be re-optimized by reversing it out to change the nozzle and/or throat without requiring sick-line job.
Production Enhancement in Mature Fields of Assam Arakan Basin by Radial Jet Drilling- A Case Study
Authors: Maut Partha Protim , Jain Deepak , Mohan Rahul , Talukdar Dhruba , Baruah Tridip , Sharma Pritam , Verma Sanjay 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Decline of production or premature shut-in of wells due to various problems like reservoir pressure depletion, adverse reservoir characteristics, formation damage (skin) etc. is an increasing problem in the oil and gas production sector. In most of such cases, the remaining resources are likely to be abandoned in view of failure to re-establish the production of the field. Oil India Limited (OIL) has attached a significant thrust on improving recovery from such reservoirs by use of some modern fit-for-purpose technologies. Based on the result of pilot radial jet drilling project, a second campaign has been completed successfully in OIL.
The paper represents the operational involvements for the successful completion of the radial jet drilling operations in four (4) nos. of wells (3 oil well & 1 gas well) in four (4) different mature reservoirs of Oil India Limited. The depth of the target reservoirs varied from 2866 m to a record depth of around 3319 m (deepest well in India where radial jet drilling has been implemented). The first well was completed with 4 laterals (length 100 m each) with 90° phasing. The second well had 6 laterals (length 50 m-100 m) with 90° phasing in two different reservoir depths. The third well was completed with 5 laterals (length 10 m- 100 m) while the fourth well was successfully completed with 4 laterals of length 100 m each at targeted reservoir depth.
In this paper, the detailed post radial jet drilling production performance of the wells have been discussed and covered. The post job production gain of nearly 800% was obtained.
This is the second time; this technique was applied to increase production in the mature fields of OIL, Assam. The technical experience and knowledge gathered from the radial jet drilling campaign certainly confirms that radial jet drilling is a viable alternative to improve or unlock an untapped potential for incremental production for shallow to deep (approx. 3400 m) reservoirs conditions in Oil India Limited as well as in other exploration and production (E&P) operators worldwide.
First Removal of Manganese Tetraoxide Water-Based Mudcake in HP/HT Wells with H2S and CO2 Environment Using Acetic Acid Conveyed with Coiled Tubing
Authors: Chendrika Lusiana , Purwitaningtyas I. M. , Fuad Muhammad , Etuhoko Michael , Nurdin Syaiful , Jihong Lian , Rusli Barne 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Manganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) drilling fluid weighting material was first applied in two high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) Madura Sea, Indonesia wells, BD-A and BD-B. Mn3O4 is less damaging to the environment and formation than other weighting agents. In the BD wells, coiled tubing (CT) will perform Mn3O4 mudcake removal by spotting an acid solution. The main challenges come from the formation characteristics: temperature up to 305°F, pressure of 8100 psi, 5,000 ppm H2S, and 5.5% CO2.
Slow-reacting acid was preferred to prevent creating a corrosive environment. The reaction of acetic acid, formic acid, and a chelating agent with Mn3O4 at 305°F was studied. A corrosion test was performed to see the effect of the acid and 5,000 ppm H2S on CT string and completion tubing metal. Viscosimeter and densitometer testing was done on 155 ppb Mn3O4 mud that was mixed at laboratory scale to represent actual drilling mud in the well. Filter cake was made using an HP/HT filter press and 10-micron alloxite disc to represent formation permeability.
Using the mix of acetic acid and chelating agent solution, 100% solubility of filter cake was achieved after 6 hours reaction time, giving enough time for CT to spot the acid in the entire 1,000-ft openhole interval and provide a uniform filter cake removal. With additional organic acid inhibitor and H2S inhibitor, the corrosion rate on CT and completion tubing metal after 16 hours test was found acceptable without pitting observed.
This method has been proven effective to remove Mn3O4 filter cake with significant pressure drawdown reduction, hence increasing well productivities. The utilization of CT improves cost efficiency by accurately placing a right amount of acid solution across the openhole section.
This stimulation fluid system is the first application in the world and was proven to be effective to remove Mn3O4 based filter cake and protect CT and tubing metal against H2S and CO2 in an HP/HT environment.
How to Select Polymer Molecular Weight and Concentration to Avoid Blocking in Polymer Flooding?
Authors: Guo Hu 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Recently, there are increasing interest on polymer flooding due to its high enhanced oil recovery (10%- 20% OOIP in field tests in Daqing) and much lower cost compared to surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding and alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding. How to select polymer molecular weight (Mw) and concentration to improve mobility ratio and avoid blocking in less permeability strata is important but difficult issue. Maximum allowable polymer Mw and concentration for given permeabilities by using different techniques is studied. Maximum allowable polymer Mw and concentration for a given permeability in polymer flooding varies according to different methods. Even in Daqing Oilfield, where the largest polymer flooding industrial application in the world has been carried out since 1996, and the annual oil production from polymer flooding is more than 10 million tons, no agreement on the maximum allowable polymer Mw and concentration exists. Different criteria of resistance factors (Fr) and residual resistance factor (Frr) used in China are reviewed and compared. These criteria are generally based core flow tests with less or no consideration on heterogeneity and oil saturation effect. Recent studies shows that Frr is misleading and incorrect because of insufficient injection volumes. Too high viscosity and molecular may block low/less permeability layer. Polymer molecular is seen as a sphere and the average diameter ratio to average pore-throat should be higher than 5 or 10 to avoid blocking. Though the pore- throat of a core can be got from mercury intrusion method, the average diameter of hydrolyzed polymer (HPAM) is subjected to change with different method, not to say the scattered range of Mw. Fr and Frr was frequently used in determining whether a certain Mw or concentration polymer is blocked in a certain permeability. However, the critical values varies. Another theory connects the polymer Mw and concentration with allowable flow rate in field test.
Power Study and Tailored Solution for High H2S Environment Extends ESP Run Life in Douglas Field in the Irish Sea
Authors: Pastre L.. , Carolini A.. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Douglas is an oil field in the Irish Sea where electric submersible pumps (ESPs) are used as artificial lift method. This paper presents the ESP failures and root causes in early stages of production, and the improvements implemented that contributed to the outstanding improvement in ESP run life. These improvements increased field production, minimized deferred production, and minimized workover costs.
Every ESP system pulled from the Douglas field was dismantled, and a failure analysis was performed to identify the failure root cause. When the root cause is confirmed, applicable equipment upgrades were recommended to address the failure modes and increase ESP run life. In order to monitor system performance, reliability was tracked and compared over the years. The ESP reliability was analyzed using data gathered from ESP run life and failure analysis covering more than 20 years of ESP operation in the Douglas field.
Failure analysis performed in the pulled strings indicated failures related to poor electrical power quality. A power study was performed on the Douglas platform, and it was observed that the wells exhibited natural system resonance frequency amplifying drive harmonics. Resonant peak frequencies were observed between five and seven kilohertz, and voltage impulses were observed up to nine kilovolts. Such impulses were weakening insulation in some downhole components, such as penetrators, cables, and motors. Following the recommendations from the study, load filters were installed in every well to eliminate voltage overshoots. The filters provided cleaner voltage and current waveforms to the system, power cable, and at the motor terminals.
In addition to the power supply issues, it was noted that there was H2S contamination in the protectors and motors pulled from the field. In order to increase ESP reliability, an advanced H2S scavenger protector design was introduced. The advanced protector has features that delay the ingression of H2S into the motor and copper liners that serve as sacrificial parts to be consumed by H2S.
The solutions proposed for ESP operation in combination with ESP design improvements helped to improve ESP reliability considerably allowing ESP systems to achieve outstanding run lives in the Douglas field.
Criminalidade feminina:um estudo comparativo entre os dados estatísticos acerca das mulheres detidas no Brasil e na Argentina
Authors: De Araújo Alves Jaiza Sammara 
Published: November 2017

<p>O presente artigo tem por finalidade investigar o perfil das mulheres que se encontram encarceradas no Brasil e na Argentina, analisando as suas condições sócio-econômicas. Inicialmente, será feita uma análise sobre a inferioridade feminina através da história, bem como sobre a criminalidade feminina que por muito tempo fora desconsiderada pelos operadores do direito. Finalmente será feito um estudo acerca dos dados estatísticos colhidos em ambos os países, a fim de observar as características comuns e divergentes entre as mulheres que se encontram detidas em virtude da prática de crimes no Brasil e na Argentina.</p><p> Palavras-chave: mulheres; encarceramento; Brasil; Argentina</p>
As Ilusões Inerentes aos Direitos Humanos
Authors: Leite Kelma Lima Cardoso 
Published: November 2017

<p>Redigido a partir do seu discurso de aceitação do título de doutor honoris causa pela Universidade de Brasília, o livro do professor português Boaventura de Sousa Santos, intitulado "Direitos Humanos, Democracia e Desenvolvimento", apresenta um prefácio do Professor José Geraldo Sousa Júnior, então reitor na UnB, e uma rápida apresentação realizada pela coautora da obra, a filósofa Marilena Chaui. A obra supracitada foi dividia pelo autor em dois capítulos e uma breve conclusão. O proeminente estudioso dos direitos humanos, respeitado no meio jurídico brasileiro e internacional, inicia sua discussão convidando à reflexão acerca do paradoxo entre o discurso hegemônico dos direitos humanos e a realidade perturbadora de milhares de pessoas no mundo que constituem os não sujeitos de direitos humanos. Daí, segundo ele, a necessidade de se perguntar “será a hegemonia de que goza hoje o discurso dos direitos humanos o resultado de uma vitória histórica ou, pelo contrário, de uma derrota histórica?” O empreendimento investido na tentativa de responder a tal questionamento exigiu do referido teórico e pesquisador uma postura definida por ele mesmo como hermenêutica de suspeita, que suscita uma reflexão crítica da concepção convencionalmente construída pela matriz liberal ocidental. Para começar, Boaventura recupera historicamente a genealogia dos direitos e do direito na modernidade ocidental. O sociólogo ibero-americano afirma conceber as versões dominantes da modernidade ocidental como balizadas num pensamento abissal que dividiu o mundo entre sociedades metropolitanas e coloniais. </p>
Improving capability of conceptual modeling of watershed rainfall–runoff using hybrid wavelet-extreme learning machine approach
Authors: Roushangar Kiyoumars , Alizadeh Farhad , Nourani Vahid 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Rainfall–runoff process identification, due to uncertainties and complexities, requires advanced modeling strategies. For this end, this study presented different strategies to explore spatio-temporal variation of rainfall–runoff process for the Ajichay watershed located in northwest Iran. Extreme learning machine (ELM) was used to predict the runoff in conceptual models. First, a geomorphology integrated ELM (G-ELM) was used to predict watershed runoff in multiple-stations form for the watershed. The spatial and temporal features of sub-basins were selected as input data wherein temporal features were pre-processed by wavelet transform (WT). Results confirmed the capability of G-ELM in successive prediction of watershed runoff. Afterwards, an integrated ELM (I-ELM) was developed based on conceptual reservoir modeling to predict monthly river runoff where the model had the semi-distributed specifications of ELM. This model was capable of exploring spatial variation of rainfall–runoff process without requiring physical characteristics of sub-basins. To meter sufficiency of the modeling strategies, cross-validation technique was performed for station 3 in which G-ELM performed better in comparison to I-ELMs. Furthermore, classic and wavelet-based modeling (W-ELM) of rainfall–runoff was performed for one-step-ahead predictions. Statistical evaluations confirmed the W-ELM, I-ELM, and G-ELM performance, respectively.
Microorganism levels in spray from warm-water bidet toilet seats: factors affecting total viable and heterotrophic plate counts, and examination of the fluctuations and origins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Iyo Toru , Asakura Keiko , Nakano Makiko , Omae Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to conduct an appropriate microbial evaluation of warm-water bidet toilet seats. Health-related advantages and disadvantages have been associated with using warm-water bidet toilet seats, which are classified according to the tank type, including tanks equipped with reservoir water heaters and on-demand tankless systems equipped with an instantaneous water heater. However, related bacterial research is sparse. Here, we performed a long-term survey of the behavior of microorganisms (i.e., the total viable count (TVC), heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa count) in a university campus. We also examined the differences between the tank and on-demand types, and the origins of P. aeruginosa. A low TVC (≤1/mL) in the spray waters from both on-demand and tank-type warm-water bidet toilet seats showed low bacterial contamination, although there was an increase in HPC, i.e., growth of biofilms, inside in the warm-water bidet toilet seats. When P. aeruginosa was detected in spray water over an extended duration, the P. aeruginosa origin was considered as either from feces or tap water. Collectively our findings demonstrate that hygienic safety of warm-water bidet toilet seats is being maintained overall.