bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel method to estimate the maximization ratio of the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) using regional climate model output
Authors: Rouhani Hassan , Leconte Robert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe moisture maximization approach has a simple technique for controlling the risk of overestimating the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP): the maximization ratio is limited by an upper bound. The upper bound limit depends on storm records and watershed characteristics. However, it is not readily available in many watersheds. A robust scientific justification for limiting the maximization ratio is missing. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to estimate the maximization ratio which does not impose an upper limit. The new approach, which uses regional climate model data, is based on constructing annual maximum precipitable water time series with precipitable water values for which atmospheric variables are similar to the original event to be maximized. These time series are then used to estimate the 100 year return period of the precipitable water value required to calculate the ratio. The new approach was tested in three watersheds in the province of Québec, Canada. Results showed that maximization ratio values were lower than the proposed upper bound value for these watersheds. In comparison to the approach using an upper bound, the proposed approach reduced the PMPs in these watersheds by 11%.
Precipitation estimation using L‐band and C‐band soil moisture retrievals
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Brocca Luca , Crow Wade T. , Burgin Mariko S. , De Lannoy Gabrielle J. M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn established methodology for estimating precipitation amounts from satellite‐based soil moisture retrievals is applied to L‐band products from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite missions and to a C‐band product from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) mission. The precipitation estimates so obtained are evaluated against in situ (gauge‐based) precipitation observations from across the globe. The precipitation estimation skill achieved using the L‐band SMAP and SMOS data sets is higher than that obtained with the C‐band product, as might be expected given that L‐band is sensitive to a thicker layer of soil and thereby provides more information on the response of soil moisture to precipitation. The square of the correlation coefficient between the SMAP‐based precipitation estimates and the observations (for aggregations to ∼100 km and 5 days) is on average about 0.6 in areas of high rain gauge density. Satellite missions specifically designed to monitor soil moisture thus do provide significant information on precipitation variability, information that could contribute to efforts in global precipitation estimation.
Die Wassergas‐Shift‐Reaktion in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Ambrosi Andrea , Denmark Scott E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSeit ihrer Entdeckung vor mehr als hundert Jahren hat die Wassergas‐Shift‐Reaktion (WGSR) entscheidende Bedeutung in der industriellen Chemie, indem sie den Wasserstoff zur Beschickung grundlegender großtechnischer Prozesse wie der Haber‐Bosch‐Synthese von Ammoniak liefert. Obwohl die Produktion von Wasserstoff immer noch die Hauptanwendung der WGSR ist, markierte die Einführung der homogenen Katalyse in den 1970er Jahren den Beginn einer Synergie zwischen der WGSR und der organischen Chemie. Dabei wurde das Reduktionsvermögen des CO/H2O‐Paars in der Synthese von Feinchemikalien nicht nur für Hydrierungsreaktionen genutzt, sondern auch für katalytische Prozesse, deren Umsatz einen Reduktionsschritt im Katalysezyklus erfordert. Ungeachtet des Potenzials und der einzigartigen Eigenschaften der WGSR sind ihre Anwendungen in der organischen Synthese bisher noch wenig entwickelt. Dieses Thema wird hier kritisch besprochen in der Hoffnung, dass eine erhöhte Wahrnehmung zu neuen, kreativen Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet anregt.
Place‐based approaches to marine mammal conservation
Authors: di Sciara Giuseppe Notarbartolo , Hoyt Erich , Reeves Randall , Ardron Jeff , Marsh Helene , Vongraven Dag , Barr Bradley 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Place‐based conservation can be an effective tool for addressing threats to marine mammals, but this approach presents many challenges, such as the dilemma of whether to aim for protection at appropriately large scales or through networks of smaller protected areas, and how to address the socio‐economic conditions of human societies whose welfare may conflict with marine mammal survival.
Protecting places to conserve marine mammals started about 50 years ago, when the first parks and reserves were established to protect the critical habitat of specific populations. However, the challenges of protecting habitats that cross national borders and span oceans including the high seas remain problematic. International cooperation is needed, e.g. within the framework of multilateral environmental agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), as well as a potential new agreement through the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
Increasingly, the process of demarcating marine protected areas (MPAs) is being supported by other spatial designations, including CBD's ecological or biologically significant areas (EBSAs), the International Maritime Organization's particularly sensitive sea areas (PSSAs), IUCN's key biodiversity areas (KBAs), and biologically important areas (BIAs) adopted by the USA and Australia. Recently, the important marine mammal areas (IMMA) designation has been introduced by the IUCN Task Force on marine mammal protected areas. Such approaches have the potential to increase the protection of marine mammals within the overarching approach of systematic marine spatial planning.
Considering the attributes of marine mammals as sentinel, umbrella and flagship species, it is likely that emerging place‐based approaches that incorporate IMMAs will not only benefit marine mammal populations, but also contribute more generally to the conservation of marine and aquatic species and ecosystems.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐operation between large‐scale MPAs: successful experiences from the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Friedlander Alan M. , Wagner Daniel , Gaymer Carlos F. , Wilhelm T. ‘Aulani , Lewis Nai‘A , Brooke Samantha , Kikiloi Kekuewa , Varmer Ole 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Nations have recently committed to protecting 20–30% of the ocean at various global summits; however, marine protected areas currently cover <3% of the ocean. Large‐scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs, >100 000 km2) are a new concept in global marine conservation that offer real hope in achieving global conservation targets.
Many of the existing LSMPAs are remote islands in the Pacific that share common natural history, threats, culture, as well as scientific and management needs.
As a result of their common ancestry, many Pacific cultures have a long history of collaboration, including sharing resources, information and expertise to ensure the long‐term sustainability of their resources.
Management, governance and research capacity limitations are magnified in LSMPAs, therefore highlighting the need to return to these prior forms of collaboration to achieve conservation objectives.
Several LSMPAs in the Pacific have collaborated to achieve their management and scientific goals, including documented collaborations among the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, the Motu Motiru Hiva Marine Park, the Natural Park of the Coral Sea, and the Cook Islands Marine Park.
Collaborations among LSMPAs in the Pacific include bilateral agreements, learning exchanges, as well as research, monitoring and enforcement activities. By working together, Pacific LSMPAs have been able to overcome some of the management and scientific challenges associated with conserving vast areas of the oceans.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fishing livelihoods as key to marine protected areas: insights from the World Parks Congress
Authors: Charles Anthony , Westlund Lena , Bartley Devin M. , Fletcher Warrick J. , Garcia Serge , Govan Hugh , Sanders Jessica 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become a widely used tool for marine conservation and fisheries management. In coastal areas, it has become clear that the success of MPAs, and the achievement of sustainable fishery production, requires a combination of effective management and conservation frameworks, maintenance of decent fisheries livelihoods, and a governance system that allows for effective participation of coastal communities, fishing people, and other ocean users in considering, designing and implementing MPAs. These ingredients are crucial to provide the social sustainability needed to achieve ecological sustainability, and in particular, to reconcile fisheries and marine conservation objectives, in light of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Since its inception in 1962, the series of World Parks Congresses (WPC) has focused on protected areas, in both terrestrial and marine domains. The 2014 WPC in Sydney reinforced the apparent movement, started at the Durban WPC of 2003, towards recognition of social and economic issues related to MPAs, including the importance of food security and livelihoods, and the crucial nature of interactions between MPAs and fisheries. Many discussions at the 2014 WPC focused on these human dimensions of MPAs, and the need to incorporate them into MPA decision‐making.
This article examines the process and outcomes of the 2014 WPC, with emphasis on the role of people (in particular, fishers) in marine conservation, and particularly in coastal MPAs. In doing so, the article examines the process of producing a Marine Statement at the end of the WPC, as a component of the final ‘Promise of Sydney’ declaration. That process led to a range of concerns including (i) issues over transparency and inclusiveness in the statement's development, and (ii) content issues focused on representation of the social and economic conclusions, and advocacy of a specific MPA target for no‐take areas. The article focuses on potential strategies for moving constructively beyond the still existing tensions between environment‐ and people‐focused conservation and development.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building towards the marine conservation end‐game: consolidating the role of MPAs in a future ocean
Authors: D. Spalding Mark , Meliane Imen , J. Bennett Nathan , Dearden Philip , G. Patil Pawan , D. Brumbaugh Robert 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Progress on spatial conservation efforts in marine environments is often summarized with the simplistic metric of extent. However, targets require a more nuanced view, where ecological effectiveness, biodiversity, representation, connectivity and ecosystem services must all be recognized. Furthermore, these targets must be achieved through equitable processes and produce equitable outcomes.
This paper calls for a clearer definition of what is to be ‘counted’ in assessing progress in marine conservation, through the use of both traditionally defined marine protected areas and a limited subset of other equivalent areas. It calls for future effort to draw a clear distinction between non‐extractive areas such as no‐take marine reserves, and the more numerous extractive areas. To be considered protected, sites must be ecologically effective, and be equitably managed to support all stakeholders.
Spatial extent of coverage is only one constituent part of conservation effort, however, and much greater effort is needed to ensure that sites are selected to achieve optimum conservation outcomes for biodiversity and for ecosystem services. The paper reviews some of the existing views and approaches to defining and delimiting marine protection priorities.
It recommends that with a clearer set of metrics for defining protection, and for assessing progress and setting future targets, marine conservation will be better placed to achieve lasting outcomes, including halting biodiversity loss and securing or enhancing ecosystem service provision. Protected spaces will continue to play a major role in future oceans, but they also need to be configured within a wider spatial framework.
Optically Biaxial, Re‐entrant and Frustrated Mesophases in Chiral, Non‐symmetric Liquid Crystal Dimers and Binary Mixtures
Authors: Padmini Vediappen , Babu Palakurthy Nani , Nair Geetha G. , Rao D. S. Shankar , Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwar V. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSixteen optically active, non‐symmetric dimers, in which cyanobiphenyl and salicylaldimine mesogens are interlinked by a flexible spacer, were synthesized and characterized. While the terminal chiral tail, in the form of either (R)‐2‐octyloxy or (S)‐2‐octyloxy chain attached to salicylaldimine core, was held constant, the number of methylene units in the spacer was varied from 3 to 10 affording eight pairs of (R & S) enantiomers. They were probed for their thermal properties with the aid of orthoscopy, conoscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray powder diffraction. In addition, the binary mixture study was carried out using chiral and achiral dimers with the intensions of stabilizing optically biaxial phase/s, re‐entrant phases and important phase sequences. Notably, one of the chiral dimers as well as some mixtures exhibited a biaxial smectic A (SmAb) phase appearing between a uniaxial SmA and a re‐entrant uniaxial SmA phases. The mesophases such as chiral nematic (N*) and frustrated phases viz., blue phases (BPs) and twist grain boundary (TGB) phases, were also found to occur in most of the dimers and mixtures. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the dimers possessing oxybutoxy and oxypentoxy spacers show interdigitated (SmAd) phase where smectic periodicity is over 1.4 times the molecular length; whereas in the intercalated SmA (SmAc) phase formed by a dimer having oxydecoxy spacer the periodicity was found to be approximately half the molecular length. The handedness of the helical structure of the N* phases formed by two enantiomers was examined with the aid of CD measurements; as expected, these enantiomers showed optical activities of equal magnitudes but with opposite signs. Overall, it appears that the chiral dimers and mixtures presented herein may serve as model systems in design and developing novel materials exhibiting the apolar SmAb phase possessing D2h symmetry and nematic‐type biaxiality.
Reaction of Amino Acids, Di‐ and Tripeptides with the Environmental Oxidant NO3.: A Laser Flash Photolysis and Computational Study
Authors: Nathanael Joses G. , Hancock Amber N. , Wille Uta 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAbsolute rate coefficients for the reaction between the important environmental free radical oxidant NO3. and a series of N‐ and C‐protected amino acids, di‐ and tripeptides were determined using 355 nm laser flash photolysis of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in the presence of the respective substrates in acetonitrile at 298±1 K. Through combination with computational studies it was revealed that the reaction with acyclic aliphatic amino acids proceeds through hydrogen abstraction from the α‐carbon, which is associated with a rate coefficient of about 1.8×106 m−1 s−1 per abstractable hydrogen atom. The considerably faster reaction with phenylalanine [k=(1.1±0.1)×107 m−1 s−1] is indicative for a mechanism involving electron transfer. An unprecedented amplification of the rate coefficient by a factor of 7–20 was found with di‐ and tripeptides that contain more than one phenylalanine residue. This suggests a synergistic effect between two aromatic rings in close vicinity, which makes such peptide sequences highly vulnerable to oxidative damage by this major environmental pollutant.
Thyroid function and survival following breast cancer
Authors: Brandt J , Borgquist S , Almquist M , Manjer J 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
Thyroid function has been associated with breast cancer risk, and breast cancer cell growth and proliferation. It is not clear whether thyroid function affects prognosis following breast cancer but, if so, this could have an important clinical impact. The present study analysed prospectively collected measurements of free tri-iodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) in relation to breast cancer survival.

Methods
The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study is a prospective cohort study of 17 035 women in Sweden. Study enrolment was conducted between 1991 and 1996. Patients with incident breast cancer were identified through record linkage with cancer registries until 31 December 2006. Information on vital status was collected from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry, with the endpoint breast cancer mortality (31 December 2013). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) were obtained by Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results
Some 766 patients with incident breast cancer were identified, of whom 551 were eligible for analysis. Compared with patients in the first free T4 tertile, breast cancer mortality was lower among those in the second tertile (HR 0·49, 95 per cent c.i. 0·28 to 0·84). There was an indication, although non-significant, of lower breast cancer mortality among patients in the second TSH tertile (HR 0·63, 0·37 to 1·09) and in those with positive TPO-Ab status (HR 0·61, 0·30 to 1·23). Free T3 showed no clear association with mortality.

Conclusion
In the present study, there was a positive association between free T4 levels and improved breast cancer survival.
Structure‐Guided Redesign of CYP153AM.aq for the Improved Terminal Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids
Authors: Hoffmann Sara M. , Danesh‐Azari Hamid‐Reza , Spandolf Claudia , Weissenborn Martin J. , Grogan Gideon , Hauer Bernhard 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe structure of a P450 ω‐hydroxylase bound to its fatty acid product was determined, which revealed a narrow substrate tunnel that leads to the heme. The introduction of an arginine side chain in proximity to the carboxyl group of the fatty acid led to a reduced KM value for dodecanoic acid, which suggests the importance of an anchoring point in the active site. An increase in the flexibility of the substrate recognition region was also engineered, which resulted in a threefold improved product formation.
Oxygen‐Deficient BiOBr as a Highly Stable Photocatalyst for Efficient CO2 Reduction into Renewable Carbon‐Neutral Fuels
Authors: Kong Xin Ying , Lee W. P. Cathie , Ong Wee‐Jun , Chai Siang‐Piao , Mohamed Abdul Rahman 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA highly facile one‐pot ethylene glycol‐assisted solvothermal process was employed to fabricate bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) with oxygen‐deficient defects. These defects played an indispensable role for superior photocatalytic CO2 reduction, in which the as‐prepared sample demonstrated a remarkable improvement of 3.3 and 5.7‐fold for CH4 production over pristine BiOBr and P25, respectively. The enhancement could be attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies, which acted as the active sites for CO2 adsorption and activation. In addition, the oxygen–deficiency–induced defect states could effectively trap photogenerated electrons, thus improving the separation of the electron–hole pairs and significantly slow down the recombination rate of charge carriers. On top of that, oxygen‐deficient BiOBr exhibited long term stability (>50 hours of catalytic reaction) for CO2 photoreduction under simulated solar light, where no reducing agent or any post‐treatment was needed to regenerate the oxygen vacancies.
Mechanochemical Immobilisation of Metathesis Catalysts in a Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Spekreijse Jurjen , Öhrström Lars , Sanders Johan P. M. , Bitter Johannes H. , Scott Elinor L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA simple, one‐step mechanochemical procedure for immobilisation of homogeneous metathesis catalysts in metal–organic frameworks was developed. Grinding MIL‐101‐NH2(Al) with a Hoveyda–Grubbs second‐generation catalyst resulted in a heterogeneous catalyst that is active for metathesis and one of the most stable immobilised metathesis catalysts. During the mechanochemical immobilisation the MIL‐101‐NH2(Al) structure was partially converted to MIL‐53‐NH2(Al). The Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst entrapped in MIL‐101‐NH2(Al) is responsible for the observed catalytic activity. The developed synthetic procedure was also successful for the immobilisation of a Zhan catalyst.
Air‐Stable Spirofluorene‐Containing Ladder‐Type Bis(alkynyl)borane Compounds with Readily Tunable Full Color Emission Properties
Authors: Wong Ben Yiu‐Wing , Wong Hok‐Lai , Wong Yi‐Chun , Chan Mei‐Yee , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA series of air‐stable spiro‐fused ladder‐type boron(III) compounds has been designed, synthesized, and the electrochemistry and photophysical behavior have been characterized. By simply varying the substituents on the pyridine ring and extending the π‐conjugation of the spiro framework, the emission color of these compounds can be easily fine‐tuned spanning the visible spectrum from blue to red. All compounds exhibit a broad and structureless emission band across the entire visible region, assigned as an intramolecular charge‐transfer transition originating from the thiophene of the spiro framework to the pyridine‐borane moieties. In addition, these compounds demonstrate high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.81 in dichloromethane solution and 0.86 in doped thin films. Some of the compounds have also been employed as emissive materials, in which solution‐processed organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) with tunable emission colors spanning the visible spectrum from blue, green to red have been realized, demonstrating the potential applications of these boron compounds in OLEDs.
A Porous Zirconium‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework with the Potential for the Separation of Butene Isomers
Authors: Liu Huimin , He Yabing , Jiao Jingjing , Bai Dongjie , Chen De‐li , Krishna Rajamani , Chen Banglin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBy using a novel C3‐symmetrical tricarboxylate (4,4′,4′′‐benzene‐1,3,5‐triyl‐1,1′,1′′‐trinaphthoic acid), a novel zirconium‐based metal‐organic framework ZJNU‐30 was solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analyses show that ZJNU‐30 consists of Zr6‐based nodes connected by the organic linkers to form a (3,8)‐connected network featuring the coexistence of two different polyhedral cages: octahedral and cuboctahedral cages with the dimensions of about 14 and 22 Å, respectively. Remarkably, ZJNU‐30 is very stable when exposed to air for one month. More importantly, with a moderately high surface area, hierarchical pore structures, and an aromatic‐rich pore surface in the framework, ZJNU‐30, after activation, exhibits a promising potential for the selective adsorptive separation of industrially important butene isomers consisting of cis‐2‐butene, trans‐2‐butene, 1‐butene, and iso‐butene at ambient temperature. This separation was established exclusively by gas adsorption isotherms and simulated breakthrough experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating porous metal‐organic frameworks for butene‐isomer separation.