bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
250 Effects of corn processing on growth performance, starch digestibility, and blood metabolites in receiving beef steers
Authors: Rients Emma L , Smerchek Dathan T , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Corn is the most common grain ingredient fed to feedlot cattle in the U.S. and most corn goes through some processing to increase the energy availability. This study examined the effects of a novel corn processing method on the growth performance, starch digestibility, and blood metabolites of growing steers compared with traditional corn processing methods. Angus-cross steers [n = 218; body weight (BW) = 230 ± 18.5 kg] were sorted into pens of 6 or 7 steers upon arrival and fed a common receiving diet for 2 d prior to being weighed, processed, and starting dietary treatments (n = 12 pens/treatment) on d 0. Treatments included diets with dry rolled corn (ROLL), steam flaked corn (FLAKE), and high shear dry extruded corn (EXT; High-Gel Insta-Pro International, Grimes, IA). Corn was included at 30% DM of a corn silage and SweetBran-based diet. Due to illness concerns, diets were adjusted to reduce corn in the diet to 25% on d 5; in feed antibiotic was fed d 5 to 9, and all calves were weighed and administered Draxxin (1.1 mL/45.45 kg) on d 17. Final BW were collected on d 37 and 38 and serum (glucose, insulin) and fecal samples (total tract starch digestibility) were collected from one steer per pen. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. Treatment did not affect midpoint (d 17) BW or average daily gain (ADG) from d 0 to 17 (P ≥ 0.31). Final BW, ADG, and dry matter intake were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.15). Feed efficiency (gain:feed) was greatest in EXT (0.261) compared with ROLL (0.232) with FLAKE (0.259) being intermediate and not different from other treatments (P = 0.007). Total tract starch digestibility was determined using the equations from Zinn et al. (2007) and was increased in EXT and FLAKE compared with ROLL (P = 0.0002). Serum glucose and insulin on d 36 were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.19). Overall, a growing diet of 25% high shear dry extruded corn increased feed efficiency and total tract starch digestibility over dry rolled corn and resulted in similar performance to steers fed steam flaked corn.
256 Evaluating the effect limit feeding yearling beef steers for 56 or 86 d of a 140-d finishing period on growth performance and carcass trait responses
Authors: Delver Justin J , Rusche Warren C , Thompson Logan R , Francis Forest L , Francis Becca B Grimes , Leeson Riley J , Ribeiro Thiago L Maia , Olinger Grace H , Ross Cassidy R , Smith Zachary K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of limit feeding yearling beef steers for 56 or 86 d before offering ad libitum feed for the remainder of the 140-d finishing period on growth performance and carcass traits. Black Angus steers [n = 194; initial body weight (SBW) = 410 ± 17.9 kg] were allocated into 24 pens (8 steers/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to one of three treatments in a randomized complete block design; feed offered ad libitum for the entire finishing period (ADLIB), feed offered at 92% of ad libitum for 56 d then ad libitum for the remainder of the finishing period (RES56), and feed offered at 92% of ad libitum for 86 d then ad libitum for the remainder of the finishing period (RES86). Feed restrictions began on d 22 after diet adaptation with RES56 and RES86 pens being offered 92% of the ADLIB pen within the daily feed offering of their block. Bunks were evaluated daily, and refusals were weighed weekly. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment and block as the fixed and random effects, respectively. From d 1 to 21 RES56 had lesser average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (gain to feed; G:F), and a lighter SBW than ADLIB and RES86 (P ≤ 0.02), but DMI did not differ (P ≥ 0.31). From d 22 to 107, G:F was similar (P = 0.45), but ADLIB had a greater SBW, ADG, and DMI than RES56 and RES86 (P &lt; 0.01). From d 78 to 107 RES56 were allowed ad libitum feed intake while RES86 was still restricted. The d 108 SBW tended to be greatest in the ADLIB and least in the RES86 group (P = 0.07), and DMI was least in the RES86 group (P &lt; 0.01). RES56 had the greatest ADG, RES86 the least, and ADLIB were intermediate (P &lt; 0.01). RES56 and RES86 also had increased G:F than ADLIB during this period (P &lt; 0.01). From d 108 to 140 all cattle had ad libitum access to feed, and DMI did not differ (P = 0.31). RES86 had greater ADG and G:F than ADLIB and RES56 during this period (P ≥ 0.31). Cumulatively, final SBW, ADG, and G:F did not differ between the treatments (P ≥ 0.13), but the ADLIB group had increased DMI (P &lt; 0.01). Ribeye area and hot carcass weight (HCW) did not differ (P ≥ 0.12), but rib fat thickness (P = 0.05) and marbling were greater for ADLIB (P = 0.03). Limit feeding yearling beef steers for a portion of the finishing period before resuming ad libitum feed intake resulted in less cumulative DMI without affecting ADG, G:F, final shrunk BW, or HCW; but decreased fat and marbling scores.
350 Awardee Talk: Beef cattle mineral nutrition: What do we know and where do we go from here
Authors: Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trace minerals are pivotal in enhancing cattle growth and ensuring profitability in beef production. Historically, supplementation strategies have aimed at preventing deficiencies, significantly improving growth and reproductive performance. However, as cattle breeding has evolved to achieve remarkable growth rates, the challenges related to health and stress during the feeding period have intensified. This presentation explores refined trace mineral recommendations, focusing on zinc’s “stress requirement” for cattle undergoing transit and health challenges, and its impact on performance. The segmented nature of the beef industry, necessitating multiple transports, induces physiological stress and oxidative stress, highlighting the need for tailored mineral supplementation. Further, when recognizing feedlot cattle as the high-performing athletes they are, the potential benefits of adjusted trace mineral concentrations become apparent. Preliminary findings suggest that optimal zinc concentrations may exceed current National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) 2016 recommendations, whereas for other minerals like copper and manganese, the existing guidelines remain appropriate. This presentation will explore the differential effects of increasing dietary zinc and copper in conjunction with various growth-promoting technologies. Preliminary data indicates that increasing zinc concentrations can linearly enhance average daily gain (ADG) and hot carcass weight (HCW), especially when using potent anabolic implants, while the response to increased copper concentrations exhibits a more quadratic relationship with performance. Building upon the foundational work of pioneering researchers in the field of mineral nutrition, this presentation advocates for the continuous refinement and optimization of trace mineral supplementation strategies. By integrating cutting-edge technologies and fostering collaborative research efforts, we aim to further enhance the sustainability of the beef industry. A deeper understanding of trace mineral requirements in the face of modern production challenges will pave the way for more precise and effective nutritional strategies.
360 Effect of the administration of a protected source of calcium gluconate on growth, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, and health in beef cattle
Authors: Grossi Silvia , van Kuijk Sandra , Vandoni Stefano , Rossi Carlo Angelo Sgoifo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has a central role in production efficiency due to its involvement in the digestive function as well as in immunological, nervous, and metabolic functions. In ruminants, a great deal of attention is placed on ruminal functionality and safety. However, it is now recognized that the hindgut is involved in the onset of some metabolic issues, normally associated with ruminal imbalances, as well as in the digestion efficiency. Thus, the application of nutritional strategies that target the hindgut are gaining interest in cattle nutrition. The study evaluated the effects of a protected source of calcium gluconate on performance, digestibility, and health in beef cattle. Charolaise bulls (n = 241) were randomly divided into two groups: i) Control (n = 120) basal diets + 10g/head/day of a placebo of wheat bran; ii) Treatment (n = 121) basal diets + 10 g·bull⁻¹·d⁻¹of a protected source of calcium gluconate (Lactibute, Selko Trouw Nutrition). The population was further divided into two subgroups: i) “Overall population” (n = 201) housed in pens of 7to 8 animals each; ii) “Beefmonitor population” (n = 40). The latter was housed in two pens (Control and Treatment) with 20 animals each equipped with two automatic scales for BW located at the drinkers, to evaluate the daily growth trends. Growth performance, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), were evaluated with specific approaches in the two populations. The incidence of diseases was evaluated equally in the two populations. The apparent total tract digestibility (aTTD) was evaluated on 10 representative pens per group using a portable near-infrared system that compares the composition of the diets and the correlated feces. All the data were analyzed statistically using the SAS software and applying specific models. The average daily gain (ADG) was improved by the Treatment (+40 and +43 g·bull⁻¹·d⁻¹compared with the Control group, in the “Overall” and “Beefmonitor” populations; Table 1 and Figure 1; P = 0.0084 and &lt; 0.0001, respectively), and the final BW were also heavier (706.82 and 705.83 vs 699.75 and 697.33 kg in the “Overall” and “Beefmonitor” populations; P = 0.0084 and 0.037, respectively). The treatment improved both, FCR (6.90 and 7.03 vs 7.51 and 7.28 in the “Overall” and “Beefmonitor” populations; P = 0.0008 and &lt; 0.0001 respectively; Table 1 and Figure 1) and the aTTDs of starch (97.05 vs 95.71%; P &lt; 0.0001), cellulose (57.91 vs 52.95%; P &lt; 0.0001) and NDF (52.02 vs 50.02%; P = 0.020). The incidence of lameness was reduced in the Treatment group (0.99 vs 7%; P = 0.0282). Including protected sources of calcium gluconate can be functional to improve production efficiency and animal health, as a consequence of its proactive role on intestinal health, functionality and epithelial integrity.
352 Supplementing bovine satellite cells with anabolic hormones and/or zinc at differentiation impacts abundance of mRNA involved in growth, mineral transport, and oxidative stress
Authors: Alberto Anthony F , Brown Bailee , Crump Zachary C , Okamoto Lillian , Hansen Stephanie L , Thornton-Kurth Kara J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is the most utilized metal in biological processes and supports growth through critical roles in protein turnover. The Zn requirements of skeletal muscle may be augmented when growth promoting technologies, such as anabolic hormones are being utilized. Both anabolic hormones and Zn affect protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms through which Zn may interact with anabolic hormones to support skeletal muscle growth remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether trenbolone acetate (TBA), estradiol (E2) and Zn interact to promote differentiation of bovine satellite cell (BSC) cultures by assessing abundance of mRNA involved in growth, mineral transport, differentiation, protein turnover and oxidative stress. To do this, primary BSC cultures were isolated from three different steers and grown to 80% confluency and induced to differentiate in 3% horse serum, at which time a factorial design was employed to assess the impact of Zn (0, 10, 20 or 40 μM) as ZnCl2 and/or the impact of hormone (10 nM TBA,10 nM E2, 10 nM TBA and 10 nM E2). Zinc concentrations represent physiologically relevant plasma Zn concentrations. Total mRNA was isolated from the treated cultures at 4 h, 12 h and 24 h post-treatment. Assays utilizing cultures from each steer were run in duplicate (n = 6). The mRNA abundance of 45 genes were examined and analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with time as a repeated measure to evaluate the fixed effects of hormone, mineral, time, and all interactions. No effects (P ≥ 0.19) of hormone x mineral x time, hormone x time, hormone x mineral or hormone were noted. A mineral x time effect (P ≤ 0.04) was noted for the igf1r, slc39a7, mapk1, mmp2, and G6pd. A mineral effect was found for hormone receptors (ir, ar, esr1, esr2, and gper; P ≤ 0.03), mRNA involved in mineral transport (slc30a10, slc30a7, sod1, sod2, slc2a4, and slc39a8; P ≤ 0.009), and genes related to skeletal muscle differentiation (pax7, myf5, myf6, spry1, myog, mef2a, and myod; P ≤ 0.02) and protein turnover (akt1, fox01, fox04, mstn,fbox32, fox03, mtor, trim63, and CKM; P ≤ 0.03). These differences are generally driven by abundance being increased (P ≤ 0.05) in cultures treated with 40 or 20 μM Zn compared with cultures receiving 0 or 10 μM Zn. These results indicate that while Zn and hormone do not appear to interact to influence gene expression of differentiating primary BSC cultures at the time points measured, increased concentrations of Zn appear to increase mRNA abundance of hormone receptors, mineral transporters, and genes involved in skeletal muscle differentiation and protein turnover.
359 Optimization of calcium inclusion levels in diets fed to growing and finishing beef cattle
Authors: Long Nathan S , Beck Matthew R , Smith Jason K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is a mineral that has an essential role in many biochemical pathways and functions of beef cattle. Limestone is the primary supplemental source of Ca in diets fed to growing and finishing cattle in the United States. Preliminary data indicated that inclusion of dietary Ca above the NASEM (2016) requirements as well as mean and modal concentrations reported by the most recent survey of consulting nutritionists may improve average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (gain to feed ration; G:F) of finishing beef cattle. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to determine the optimal concentration of Ca in growing and finishing diets when limestone was the supplemental source of added Ca. A database was constructed containing 89 treatment means from 23 experiments published from 1963 to 2024 where dietary Ca inclusion via limestone represented treatments. Search parameters to construct the database included a combination of Ca, limestone, performance, efficiency, ADG, G:F, feedlot cattle, finishing cattle, growing cattle, and backgrounding cattle. Data were analyzed in JMP Pro 17 using a mixed model to determine linear and quadratic relationships between dietary Ca and ADG, DMI, or G:F with citation as a random effect. An economic sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine variables most influential to the dietary Ca concentration projected to minimize cost of gain using the above models. Concentration of dietary calcium was selected as the explanatory variable for the models rather than limestone because a greater proportion of variation was accounted for in the response variables prior to the citation adjustment (Ca R2 0.05 to 0.25; limestone R2 0.06 to 0.21). Diet Ca concentration and DMI were unrelated (P ≥ 0.75), but diet Ca was related to both ADG (R2 = 0.84; RMSE = 0.36; P ≤ 0.03) and G:F (R2 = 0.74; RMSE = 0.01; P &lt; 0.01) in a quadratic fashion. Maximum ADG occurred when Ca was included at 1.20% of diet DM; approximately 2.6-fold greater than Ca requirements estimated by NASEM (2016). Cost of gain was minimized when Ca was 1.35% of diet DM. Sensitivity analysis revealed Ca concentration to minimize cost of gain was sensitive to changes in DMI, ADG, days on feed, ration cost and cost of yardage. These results provide further evidence that it may be beneficial to feed a greater amount of Ca than currently recommended by the NASEM (2016) for growing and finishing cattle. Future pen-scale feeding trials are warranted to validate the results of this meta-analysis and to determine the dose response of cattle fed graded levels of Ca. Future research should also be conducted to determine the mechanism of action responsible for the observed improvements in animal performance and efficiency resulting from feeding an increased amount of dietary Ca.
358 The effect of increasing dietary limestone concentration on growth performance, gas flux, and carcass characteristics in finishing beef cattle
Authors: Long Nathan S , Proctor Jarret , Foster Ryan C , Gouvêa Vinicius N , Beck Matthew R , Smith Jason K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Reducing methane (CH4) emissions from beef cattle is desirable as CH4 is a greenhouse gas that represents an energetic loss from the production system. Limestone is commonly fed to cattle as a source of calcium but may also act as a rumen buffer and decrease CH4 emissions by limiting hydrogen availability for methanogenesis. The objective of this experiment was to determine if diet limestone concentration influences growth performance, gas flux, and carcass characteristics in finishing beef cattle. Yearling steers [n = 16; initial body weight (BW) 619 ± 34 kg] were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 isocaloric and isonitrogenous dietary treatments in a completely randomized design where limestone was included at 1.3% (1X) or 2.6% (2X) of diet dry matter (DM). Finishing diets were formulated to contain 0.43 or 0.96% DM as Ca and were fed ad libitum using automated cattle feeders (SmartFeed Pro; C-Lock Inc.; Rapid City, SD) in a single pen for the final 37 d of finishing. Body weights were measured on d -1, 0, 36, and 37. An automated head chamber system (GreenFeed; C-Lock Inc.) was used to measure gas flux. Analysis of variance was conducted using JMP Pro 17 to determine the fixed effect of treatment with individual animal as the experimental unit. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ 0.05 with a tendency defined as 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. Increasing the dietary limestone concentration from 1.3 to 2.6% of DM did not influence DM intake, but numerically increased final shrunk BW (P = 0.68) and hot carcass weight (P = 0.75) and increased average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.02) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) by approximately 12%. Cattle fed the 2X diet tended to have 6.5% greater ribeye area (P = 0.09), but similar USDA yield grade, backfat thickness, and dressing percentage (P ≥ 0.34) when compared with cattle fed the 1X diet. Daily CO2 and CH4 emissions, daily O2 consumption, CH4 yield, and respiratory quotient were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.47). The improvement in ADG resulted in a tendency for CH4 emission intensity to be decreased by 9.1% (P = 0.09) when the concentration of limestone was 2.6% of dietary DM. While increasing dietary limestone concentration from 1.3 to 2.6% of diet DM did not influence absolute daily CH4 emissions, it increased ADG through an improvement in feed efficiency, which translated to a tendency for a reduction in CH4 emission intensity. These preliminary data suggest that there may be a benefit to feeding limestone or calcium at levels greater than currently recommended by the NASEM (2016). Future research should focus on determining optimum dietary limestone or calcium levels for finishing cattle.
398 Effects of timing of fat supplementation on intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and methane emissions of finishing beef cattle
Authors: Foster Ryan C , Beck Matthew R , Proctor Jarret , Long Nathan S , Pennington John , Prado Mykael Bichofi Do , Hernandez Mario , Gouvêa Vinicius N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Feeding supplemental fat is a common strategy to increase energy density of finishing diets and mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions. Recent increases in cost of supplemental fat sources may warrant reduced inclusion and modified feeding strategies. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different fat supplementation strategies on growth performance and CH4 emissions of finishing beef cattle. Crossbred steers (n = 54; initial body weight [BW] = 451 ± 3.86 kg) were housed in 6 pens equipped with electronic gates (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH) allowing individual measurement of feed intake. The basal diet consisted of (DM basis): 62% steam-flaked corn, 20% Cargill Sweet Bran, 3.4% dried distillers grains, 9% corn stalks, 0.6% urea, and 5% vitamin and mineral supplement. Steers were ranked by paired-day unshrunk BW (d -1 and 1), blocked as light or heavy, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) no supplemental fat throughout the finishing phase (d 1 to 119; NoFat); 2) 1.5% supplemental fat throughout the finishing phase (d 1 to 119; TotalFat); 3) 1.5% supplemental fat from d 1 to 58 followed by no supplemental fat from d 59 to 119 (EarlyFat); or 4) no supplemental fat from d 1 to 58 followed by 1.5% supplemental fat from d 59 to 119 (LateFat). For treatment diets containing added fat, 1.5% of steam-flaked corn was replaced with 1.5% of corn oil on a DM basis. Paired-day unshrunk BW was recorded on d -1, 1, 58, 59, 118, and 119 to determine average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (gain to feed; G:F). GreenFeed systems (C-Lock Inc.; Rapid City, SD) measured daily CH4 production (DMP; g CH4∙d-1) which was used to determine CH4 yield (MY; g CH4∙kg DMI-1) and CH4 emission intensity (MI; g CH4∙kg ADG-1). Animals were harvested on d 119 to determine hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage (DP), 12th rib fat thickness (FT), ribeye area (REA), kidney pelvic and heart fat (KPH), and USDA yield grade (YG). Data were analyzed using SAS with steer as the experimental unit, a fixed effect of treatment, and random effects of block and steer(treatment). There was no treatment effect on BW, DMI, ADG, or G:F (P ≥ 0.85). There was no treatment effect on DMP, MY, or MI (P ≥ 0.49). There was no treatment effect on HCW, DP, FT, REA, and KPH (P ≥ 0.19). TotalFat had greater (P &lt; 0.05) YG than EarlyFat, but no other differences in YG were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Supplementing crude corn oil at 1.5% of diet DM does not affect growth performance or reduce CH4 emissions of finishing beef cattle; indicating there may be a minimum threshold of fat inclusion to elicit significant changes.