bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective outcome study observing patients with severe traumatic brain injury over 10–15 years
Authors: Andersson E. , Rackauskaite D. , Svanborg E. , Csajbók L. , Öst M. , Nellgård B. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundSevere traumatic brain injury (sTBI) can be divided into primary and secondary injuries. Intensive care protocols focus on preventing secondary injuries. This prospective cohort study was initiated to investigate outcome, including mortality, in patients treated according to the Lund Concept after a sTBI covering 10–15 years post‐trauma.MethodsPatients were included during 2000–2004 when admitted to the neurointensive care unit, Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Inclusion criteria were: Glasgow coma scale score of ≤8, need for artificial ventilation and intracranial monitoring. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to evaluate outcome both at 1‐year and 10–15 years post‐trauma.ResultsNinety‐five patients, (27 female and 68 male), were initially included. Both improvement and deterioration were noted between 1‐ and 10–15 years post‐injury. Mortality rate (34/95) was higher in the studied population vs. a matched Swedish population, (Standard mortality rate (SMR) 9.5; P < 0.0001). When dividing the cohort into Good (GOS 4–5) and Poor (GOS 2–3) outcome at 1‐year, only patients with Poor outcome had a higher mortality rate than the matched population (SMR 7.3; P < 0.0001). Further, good outcome (high GOS) at 1‐year was associated with high GOS 10–15 years post‐trauma (P < 0.0001). Finally, a majority of patients demonstrated symptoms of mental fatigue.ConclusionThis indicates that patients with severe traumatic brain injury with Good outcome at 1‐year have similar survival probability as a matched Swedish population and that high Glasgow outcome scale at 1‐year is related to good long‐term outcome. Our results further emphasise the advantage of the Lund concept.
A high proportion of prehospital emergency patients are not transported by ambulance: a retrospective cohort study in Northern Finland
Authors: Hoikka M. , Silfvast T. , Ala‐Kokko T. I. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThe number of missions in the emergency medical services (EMS) has increased considerably in recent years. People are requesting ambulance for even minor illnesses and non‐medical problems, which is placing financial and resource burdens on the EMS. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of non‐transportation missions in Northern Finland and the reasons for these missions.MethodsAll ambulance missions in two hospital districts in Northern Finland during the 6‐month period of January 1 through June 30, 2014, were retrospectively evaluated from the EMS charts to identify missions in which the patients were not transported by the EMS. The non‐transportation rates and reasons were calculated and expressed as percentages.ResultsIn 41.7% of the 13,354 missions, the patient was not transported from the scene by an ambulance. After a medical assessment and care was provided by the EMS, 48.2% of these non‐transport patients were evaluated as not needing further treatment in the emergency department and were directed to contact the municipal health care center during office hours. There was no need for any medical care in 39.9% of non‐transportation missions.ConclusionThis study showed a high rate of EMS missions resulting in non‐transportation in two hospital districts in Northern Finland. In the majority of these missions there was no need for emergency admission to an emergency department or for any medical care at all. These findings indicate that an improvement in the dispatch process and primary care resources might be of benefit.
Recent invasion of European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on to Fraser Island (K'gari) and South Stradbroke Island
Authors: Allen Benjamin L. , Behrendorff Linda , Willsher Lyn , Kaluza Janina , Oakey Jane 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInvasive predators are globally significant drivers of threatened fauna population decline and extinction, and the early detection of new incursions is critical to the chances of successful predator eradication and fauna conservation. Here, we provide evidence of the recent invasion of European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on to two large and internationally significant islands off the southeast coast of Queensland, Australia – Fraser Island (K'gari) and South Stradbroke Island. From camera trap footage collected on Fraser Island since 2009, foxes have now been observed on seven different occasions between 2012 and 2016. Two scats collected on South Stradbroke Island in 2013 and 2014 tested positive for fox DNA (and negative for Canis spp. DNA), with fox presence confirmed by subsequent camera trap footage in 2016. These data confirm the recent incursion of foxes on to these islands and suggest that small populations now exist there. Fraser Island and South Stradbroke Island represent key RAMSAR wetland areas of refuge for populations of multiple threatened fauna that have never been previously been exposed to foxes. Fox impacts on these fauna can only be expected to increase without management intervention to eradicate them before they become widespread.
Learning from Latino voices: Focus Groups’ Insights on Participation in Genetic Research
Authors: Martinez Priscilla , Cummings Cory , Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Chartier Karen G. 
Published: April 2017

Background and ObjectivesThere is a paucity of genetics research examining alcohol use among Latinos. The purpose of this study is to examine Latino perceptions of participation in alcohol studies that collect biological samples, an important precursor to increasing their participation in genetics research.MethodsA synthesis of the literature addressing participation of racial/ethnic minorities in alcohol genetics research was undertaken. We developed a framework of themes related to barriers and facilitators for participation, which we then used to analyze two focus groups held with 18 Latino participants.ResultsFrom the literature review, we identified nine themes related to facilitators of and barriers to participation. They are, on continua: curiosity to disinterest; trust to mistrust; understanding to confusion; safety to danger; inclusion to exclusion; sense of connection to disconnection; hope to despair; ease to hassle; and benefit to cost. Another theme emerged from the focus groups: previous experience to no previous experience with health research.ConclusionsApplying the themes from the literature review to Latino perspectives on providing biological samples for alcohol research helps expand their definition and applicability. Consideration of these themes when designing recruitment/retention materials and strategies may encourage Latino participation in alcohol genetics research.Scientific SignificanceAn understanding of these themes and their significance for Latinos is offered in the form of “guiding questions” for researchers to consider as we strive for more inclusive research. Focus group participants were Mexican American; future research should further explore perspectives of this heterogeneous demographic group by studying other Latino subgroups. (Am J Addict 2017;26:477–485)
Improving the sexual lives of older Australians: Perspectives from a qualitative study
Authors: Fileborn Bianca , Lyons Anthony , Hinchliff Sharron , Brown Graham , Heywood Wendy , Dow Briony , Malta Sue , Minichiello Victor 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo examine older Australian's perspectives on how their sexual lives can best be supported and/or improved.MethodsFifty‐three, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with Australian men (n = 30) and women (n = 23) aged 60 and over.ResultsParticipants identified a range of key issues and areas where their sexual lives could be further supported or improved upon, including normalising the occurrence of sex and sexual desire in later life; increasing and improving on the quality of, cultural representations of older adults; introducing policy, educational and practice‐based changes in age care facilities to support the consensual sexual expression of residents; and ensuring that sexual health campaigns and education are inclusive of older people.ConclusionOur findings present clear implications for further developing sexuality education and public health campaigns, training and education of health‐care professionals, and generating social and cultural change pertaining to the acceptability of the diversity of sexual expression in later life.
Editorial: rethinking predictors of response to the low FODMAP diet – should we retire fructose and lactose breath‐hydrogen testing and concentrate on visceral hypersensitivity? Authors’ reply
Authors: Wilder‐Smith C. H. , Olesen S. S. , Materna A. , Drewes A. M. 
Published: April 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Tuck et al and Wilder‐Smith et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14024 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13978.
Ethical Considerations of Triage Following Natural Disasters: The IDF Experience in Haiti as a Case Study
Authors: Ram‐Tiktin Efrat 
Published: April 2017

AbstractNatural disasters in populated areas may result in massive casualties and extensive destruction of infrastructure. Humanitarian aid delegations may have to cope with the complicated issue of patient prioritization under conditions of severe resource scarcity. A triage model, consisting of five principles, is proposed for the prioritization of patients, and it is argued that rational and reasonable agents would agree upon them. The Israel Defense Force's humanitarian mission to Haiti following the 2010 earthquake serves as a case study for the various considerations taken into account when designing the ethical‐clinical policy of field hospitals. The discussion focuses on three applications: the decision to include an intensive care unit, the decision to include obstetrics and neonatal units, and the treatment policy for compound fractures.
Construct validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth UK Edition with a referred Irish sample: Wechsler and Cattell–Horn–Carroll model comparisons with 15 subtests
Authors: Canivez Gary L. , Watkins Marley W. , Good Rebecca , James Kate , James Trevor 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundIrish educational psychologists frequently use the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth UK Edition (WISC–IVUK; Wechsler, 2004, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fourth UK Edition, London, UK, Harcourt Assessment) in clinical assessments of children with learning difficulties. Unfortunately, reliability and validity studies of the WISC–IVUK standardization sample have not yet been reported. Watkins et al. (2013, International Journal of School and Educational Psychology, 1, 102) found support for a bifactor structure with a large sample (N = 794) of Irish children who were administered the 10 WISC–IVUK core subtests in clinical assessments of learning difficulties and dominance of general intelligence. Because only 10 subtests were available, Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC; McGrew, 1997, 2005, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, New York, NY: Guilford; Schneider & McGrew, 2012, Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, New York, NY, Guilford Press) models could not be tested and compared.Aim, Sample and MethodThe present study utilized confirmatory factor analyses to test the latent factor structure of the WISC–IVUK with a sample of 245 Irish children administered all 15 WISC–IVUK subtests in evaluations assessing learning difficulties in order to examine CHC‐ and Wechsler‐based models. One through five, oblique first‐order factor models and higher order versus bifactor models were examined and compared using CFA.ResultsMeaningful differences in fit statistics were not observed between the Wechsler and CHC representations of higher‐order or bifactor models. In all four structures, general intelligence accounted for the largest portions of explained common variance, whereas group factors accounted for small to miniscule portions of explained common variance. Omega‐hierarchical subscale coefficients indicated that unit‐weighted composites that would be generated by WISC–IVUK group factors (Wechsler or CHC) would contain little unique variance and thus be of little value.ConclusionThese results were similar to those from other investigations, further demonstrating the replication of the WISC–IV factor structure across cultures and the importance of focusing primary interpretation on the FSIQ.
The role of habit in different phases of exercise
Authors: Kaushal Navin , Rhodes Ryan E. , Meldrum John T. , Spence John C. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesThe primary purpose of this study was to investigate how habit strength in a preparatory and performance phase predicts exercise while accounting for intention. The secondary purpose was to determine the strength of potential habit antecedents (affective judgement, perceived behavioural control, consistency, and cues) in both exercise phases.DesignThis was a prospective study with measures collected at baseline and week 6.MethodsParticipants (n = 181) were a sample of adults (18–65) recruited across nine gyms and recreation centres who completed baseline and follow‐up questionnaires after 6 weeks.ResultsIntention (β = .28, p = .00) and habit preparation (β = .20, p = .03), predicted exercise, and change of exercise with coefficients of β = .25, (p = .00) and β = .18, (p = .04), respectively, across 6 weeks but not habit performance (p>.05).ConclusionsThis study highlighted the distinction between the two phases of exercise and the importance of preparatory habit in predicting behaviour. Focusing on a consistent preparatory routine could be helpful in establishing an exercise habit.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

A recent meta‐analysis found habit to correlate r = .43 with behaviour (Gardner, de Bruijn, & Lally, ).

Verplanken and Melkevik () propose that habit in exercise should be measured in separate components.

Phillips and Gardner () interpreted this as habitual instigation (thought) to exercise and execution.

What does this study add?

Extended pervious work and identified two distinct behavioural phases (preparation and performance) for exercise.

Habit model revealed that temporal consistency was the strongest predictor in both phases of exercise.

Intention and habit of preparatory behaviour predicted exercise fluctuations in gym members.
FLK West (Lower Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania): a new early Acheulean site with evidence for human exploitation of fauna
Authors: Yravedra José , Diez‐Martín Fernando , Egeland Charles P. , Maté‐González Miguel Ángel , Palomeque‐González Juan Francisco , Arriaza Mari Carmen , Aramendi Julia , García Vargas Elena , Estaca‐Gómez Verónica , Sánchez Policarpo , Fraile Cristina , Duque Javier , de Francisco Rodríguez Sara , González‐Aguilera Diego , Uribelarrea David , Mabulla Aundax , Baquedano Enrique , Domínguez‐Rodrigo Manuel 
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a detailed taphonomic study of the faunal assemblage from FLK West (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), a site with an Acheulean component that dates to 1.7 Ma. The faunal sample analysed here is distributed in different archaeological levels and is associated with a significant lithic accumulation including several large format tools and handaxes. The fauna indicates the proliferation of open environments similar to those found in other Bed II and late Bed I sites. Evidence of anthropogenic activity (e.g. defleshing activities and marrow consumption) has been identified in the form of cut and percussion marks. A photogrammetric and morphometric analysis suggests that these marks were produced with quartzite flakes and not with handaxes. Evidence of interaction with carnivores was also noted; tooth marks were observed on some bones. Such interaction indicates the existence of competition between humans and carnivores for the same ecological niche, and might lead us to reflect on the survival strategies of Lower Pleistocene hominins.
Weathering regime in the Eastern Himalaya since the mid‐Miocene: indications from detrital geochemistry and clay mineralogy of the Kameng River Section, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Vögeli Natalie , Huyghe Pascale , van der Beek Peter , Najman Yani , Garzanti Eduardo , Chauvel Catherine 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIt is crucial to understand lateral differences in paleoclimate and weathering in order to fully understand the evolution of the Himalayan mountain belt. While many studies have focused on the western and central Himalaya, the eastern Himalaya remains poorly studied with regard to paleoclimate and past weathering history. Here, we present a multi‐proxy study on the Mio‐Pliocene sedimentary foreland‐basin section along the Kameng River in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India, in order to obtain better insight in the weathering history of the eastern Himalaya. We analysed a continuous sedimentary record over the last 13 Ma. Heavy‐mineral and petrography data give insight into diagenesis and provenance, showing that the older part of the section is influenced by diagenesis and that sediments were not only deposited by a large Trans‐Himalayan river and the palaeo‐Kameng river, but also by smaller local tributaries. By taking into account changes in diagenesis and provenance, results of clay mineralogy and major element analysis show an overall increase in weathering intensity over time, with a remarkable change between ca. 10 and ca. 8 Ma.
Diversity of fungus‐growing termites (Macrotermes) and their fungal symbionts (Termitomyces) in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem, Kenya
Authors: Vesala Risto , Niskanen Tuula , Liimatainen Kare , Boga Hamadi , Pellikka Petri , Rikkinen Jouko 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFungus‐growing termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae together with their highly specialized fungal symbionts (Termitomyces) are primary decomposers of dead plant matter in many African savanna ecosystems. The termites provide crucial ecosystem services also by modifying soil properties, translocating nutrients, and as important drivers of plant succession. Despite their obvious ecological importance, many basic features in the biology of fungus‐growing termites and especially their fungal symbionts remain poorly known, and no studies have so far focused on possible habitat‐level differences in symbiont diversity across heterogeneous landscapes. We studied the species identities of Macrotermes termites and their Termitomyces symbionts by excavating 143 termite mounds at eight study sites in the semiarid Tsavo Ecosystem of southern Kenya. Reference specimens were identified by sequencing the COI region from termites and the ITS region from symbiotic fungi. The results demonstrate that the regional Macrotermes community in Tsavo includes two sympatric species (M. subhyalinus and M. michaelseni) which cultivate and largely share three species of Termitomyces symbionts. A single species of fungus is always found in each termite mound, but even closely adjacent colonies of the same termite species often house evolutionarily divergent fungi. The species identities of both partners vary markedly between sites, suggesting hitherto unknown differences in their ecological requirements. It is apparent that both habitat heterogeneity and disturbance history can influence the regional distribution patterns of both partners in symbiosis.
Seed dispersal kernel of the largest surviving megaherbivore—the African savanna elephant
Authors: Bunney Katherine , Bond William J. , Henley Michelle 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOwing to the late Pleistocene extinctions, the megafauna of Europe, Australia and the Americas disappeared, and with them the dispersal service they offered megafaunal fruit. The African savanna elephant, the largest remaining megaherbivore, offers valuable insights into the seed dispersal services provided by extinct megafauna in prehistoric times. Elephant seed dispersal studies have for the most part concentrated on African and Asian forest elephants. African savanna elephants are morphologically distinct from their forest counterparts. Like the forest elephants they consume large quantities of fruit from a large number of tree species. Despite this little is known of the savanna trees that rely on elephants for their dispersal or the spatial scale at which these seeds are dispersed. We combined information from feeding trials conducted on four park elephants with field telemetry data from 38 collared elephants collected over an 8‐year period in APNR/Kruger National Park to assess the seed dispersal service provided by savanna elephants. This study provides the first detailed account of the spatial scale at which African savanna elephants disperse seeds. Our mechanistic model predicts that 50 percent of seeds are carried over 2.5 km, and distances up to 65 km are achievable in maximum gut passage time. These findings suggest the savanna elephant as the longest distance terrestrial vertebrate disperser yet investigated. Maintaining their ecological role as a seed disperser may prove a significant factor in the conservation of large‐fruited tree diversity within the savannas. These results suggest that extinct megafauna offered a functionally unique dispersal service to megafaunal fruit.
Association of ESAT-6/CFP-10-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 with clinical tuberculosis: evidence from cohorts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, household contacts and community controls in an endemic setting
Authors: Abebe F , Belay M , Legesse M , Mihret A , Franken K S 
Published: April 2017

SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) early secreted protein antigen 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) are among candidate vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). Results of experimental animal models show that these antigens are associated with induction of strong T cell immunity [interferon (IFN)-γ production], while others report that these proteins as virulent factors involved in pathogenicity of Mtb infection. However, the role of ESAT-6/CFP-10 during natural Mtb infections in humans has not been established. In this paper we present results of a longitudinal study from an Mtb-infected human population from an endemic setting. Whole blood assay was used to determine levels of IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 in TB patients, household contacts and community controls. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 at baseline were significantly higher in patients and community controls than in household contacts. In patients, no significant difference was observed in the level of these cytokines before and after chemotherapy whereas, in contacts, the level of these cytokines increased significantly and progressively over time. The study shows that the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 are depressed during Mtb infection or exposure but are elevated during clinical TB. Our findings from a study of naturally infected human population suggest that IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 against rESAT-6/CFP-10 are markers for clinical TB but not for protective immunity.