bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycerol monoalkanediol diethers: a novel series of archaeal lipids detected in hydrothermal environments
Authors: Bauersachs Thorsten , Schwark Lorenz 
Published: December 2015

RationaleRecent advances in analytical techniques used to study archaeal membrane lipids have led to the identification of several novel di‐ and tetraether lipid structures. Here, we report the presence of a previously unknown series of archaeal diethers that have been detected exclusively in hydrothermally affected environments.MethodsPolar lipid extracts were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI‐MS). Identification of the novel archaeal diethers was achieved using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in MS/MS mode and by comparison of characteristic retention time patterns.ResultsModern and fossil sediments deposited under hydrothermal conditions contained variable abundances of archaeal lipids including archaeol, glycerol trialkyl glycerol tetraether (GTGT‐0), isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGTs) and glycerol dialkanol diethers (GDDs). In addition to these well‐established archaeal lipids, we detected a novel series of archaeal diethers (i.e., glycerol monoalkanediol diethers (GMDs)) that are structurally related to GMGTs but which lack one terminal glycerol moiety and contain 0–2 cyclopentyl ring systems.ConclusionsThe unique presence of GMDs in hydrothermally affected environments suggests that these compounds may constitute an exclusive and yet unknown component of the cell wall membrane of (hyper)thermophilic Archaea. The presented mass spectral characteristics will facilitate detection of these components in pure cultures of Archaea and natural environments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hospital Utilization of Nationally Shared Liver Allografts from 2007 to 2012
Authors: Ertel Audrey E. , Wima Koffi , Hoehn Richard S. , Abbott Daniel E. , Shah Shimul A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundDue to the current geographic disparities in liver allocation a policy, which endorses broader sharing of allografts, has been proposed. We performed a retrospective cohort study to identify how nationally shared allografts, under the current policy, affect perioperative outcomes and resource utilization following liver transplantation (LT).MethodsUnivariate and multivariate analysis identified how patient characteristics and hospital outcomes were associated with national sharing. This analysis was based on 12,282 deceased donor liver transplants performed between 2007 and 2012 using the scientific registry of transplant recipients linked to the University HealthSystem Consortium database.ResultsCompared to locally distributed livers, nationally shared livers are more likely to have a donor risk index >1.8 (64.3 vs. 11.6 %), to be classified as expanded criteria donors (44.6 vs. 24.8 %), and transplanted into healthier recipients. Nationally shared LTs were more likely to be performed at high‐volume centers (49.1 vs. 30.6 %), resulted in longer length of stay (11 vs. 9 days), and had higher in‐hospital mortality (6.6 vs. 3.3 %). Additionally, nationally shared allografts were independent predictors of in‐hospital mortality (OR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.13–2.39) and length of stay (OR 1.12, 95 % CI 1.02–1.21).ConclusionThese data suggest that increased national sharing of livers may result in inferior patient outcomes and increased resource utilization.
Evaluation of bearing, gears and gearboxes performance with different wind turbine gear oils
Authors: Martins Ramiro Carneiro , Fernandes Carlos M. C. G. , Seabra Jorge H. O. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe oil viscosity specification for wind turbine gear oils is ISO VG 320, although there are quite different viscosity indexes oils for that viscosity specification. This work evaluates the behaviour of different base oil formulations, since polyalphaolefin (PAO), mineral, ester and polyalkeleneglycol (PAG) that withstand quite different viscosity indexes. The oils evaluation was done in rolling bearing tests and gear tests. Their behaviour was compared for operating conditions in the range observable in a wind turbine gearbox.The experimental results showed considerable differences between the different oils and it was observed that depending on the contact type the relative behaviour of the lubricants would change, i.e., the best lubricant for the rolling bearing would not imply the best result on the gear tests.The gear geometry is also very important toward the transmission efficiency, once using a low loss gear concept a decrease of up to 25% in torque loss could be achieved.Numerical models were implemented with the purpose of performing a better simulation of the mechanical system and also to obtain the friction coefficient promoted by the tested oils.
A Survey of Infection Prevention and Control Practices among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Centers
Authors: Beam Elena , Keating Michael R. , Razonable Raymund R. 
Published: December 2015

This survey of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Disease Community of Practice demonstrates variations in clinical practices among hematopoietic stem cell transplant centers on selected infection prevention and control practices. Our findings highlight a need and emphasize an opportunity to optimize patient care through standardization of practices in this vulnerable population.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):348–351
The changing nature of managerial skills, mindsets and roles: Advancing theory and relevancy for contemporary managers
Authors: Laud Robert , Arevalo Jorge , Johnson Matthew 
Published: December 2015

AbstractManagement research has been challenged by the altering realities of organization life, job roles, and individual motivations that have long guided traditional theoretical thinking. The classical frameworks regarding managerial performance requirements have been largely based upon organizationally driven underpinnings. We propose a cognitive shift suggesting that individually driven roles and desires are impacting the relevancy of conventional job requirements. Our study analyzes the utilization of managerial skills, mindsets, and roles as perceived by 259 executives representing nine industries and ~200 organizations. The results reveal that the interpretation and application of managerial roles are primarily influenced by the individual’s intentions rather than adherence to the current organizationally based theoretical taxonomy as taught by many business schools. These findings illuminate the gap between the vast amount of effort researchers and educators have expended on taxonomic precision and its questionable relationship to organizational and individual learning and effectiveness. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed along with recommendations to extend the current research.
Islamic work ethics and individualism in managing a globalized workplace: Does religiosity and nationality matter?
Authors: Alam Muhammad A , Talib Nadeem 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe integration of work ethic theories with religious beliefs and Hofstede’s national culture typology implies that Islamic work ethics peculiarly support social symbiosis and collectivism. On the contrary, present globalized workplace is pragmatically driven by individualism. To sort out these concerns, this cross-cultural study links Islamic work ethics to individualism at globalized workplace and examines the moderating influence of employee religiosity and nationality. A stratified sample of 307 employees from leading multinational corporations operating in United States, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom and Pakistan participated in the study. The study found a strong positive relationship between Islamic work ethics and individualism, and no significant interaction effect of employee nationality and religiosity was observed. Together, the findings suggest that Islamic work ethics advocate a great deal of individualism, and can benefit the multinational corporations in managing their diversified workforce with a view to get maximum advantage of the opportunities offered by globalization.
Reionisation and High-Redshift Galaxies: The View from Quasar Absorption Lines
Authors: Becker George D. , Bolton James S. , Lidz Adam 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDetermining when and how the first galaxies reionised the intergalactic medium promises to shed light on both the nature of the first objects and the cosmic history of baryons. Towards this goal, quasar absorption lines play a unique role by probing the properties of diffuse gas on galactic and intergalactic scales. In this review, we examine the multiple ways in which absorption lines trace the connection between galaxies and the intergalactic medium near the reionisation epoch. We first describe how the Ly α forest is used to determine the intensity of the ionising ultraviolet background and the global ionising emissivity budget. Critically, these measurements reflect the escaping ionising radiation from all galaxies, including those too faint to detect directly. We then discuss insights from metal absorption lines into reionisation-era galaxies and their surroundings. Current observations suggest a buildup of metals in the circumgalactic environments of galaxies overz~ 6 to 5, although changes in ionisation will also affect the evolution of metal line properties. A substantial fraction of metal absorbers at these redshifts may trace relatively low-mass galaxies. Finally, we review constraints from the Ly α forest and quasar near zones on the timing of reionisation. Along with other probes of the high-redshift Universe, absorption line data are consistent with a relatively late end to reionisation (5.5 ≲z≲ 7); however, the constraints are still fairly week. Significant progress is expected to come through improved analysis techniques, increases in the number of known high-redshift quasars from optical and infrared sky surveys, large gains in sensitivity from next-generation observing facilities, and synergies with other probes of the reionisation era.
Becoming Workers? Strikes by Hotel and Restaurant Staff in Italy (1902−1923)
Authors: Raspadori Paolo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWorking conditions and labour unrest among service employees in the hotel and restaurant sector have, for a long time, have not been at the centre of attention of labour historians, especially in Italy. However, from the late nineteenth century a considerable number of cooks and waiters in Italian cities began to organize in order to improve their working conditions and to create alternative, cost-free forms of employment. From the early twentieth century, the trade unions of the employees of hotels and restaurants (grouped together in a National Federation in 1907) attempted to achieve these goals by means of strikes and demonstrations, some of them remarkably militant. Using a broad range of primary sources and quantitative data, this paper will first describe the characteristics of the working conditions of workers in hotels and restaurants in Italy; second, it will analyse the evolution of organizations, demands, and strike action by these staff from the beginning of the twentieth century to the advent of fascism. Distinguishing two waves of mobilization (1902−1907/1908 and 1919−1920), this paper aims, firstly, to highlight the similarities and differences between union actions by hotel and restaurant employees, on the one hand, and those of other workers on the other. Secondly, it focuses on the ways that the strikes induced serving staff to feel like “real” workers in terms of the outlook and behaviour of industrial workers.
Ivory poachers and poison: drivers of Africa's declining vulture populations
Authors: Ogada Darcy , Botha André , Shaw Phil 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFour species of African vultures have been recategorized as Critically Endangered, and two as Endangered, on the IUCN Red List. Their declining status is attributed partly to the impacts of widespread poisoning. Prior to 2012 poisoning of vultures was mostly associated with illegal predator control by livestock farmers, in which vultures were typically unintended victims. More recently, ivory poachers have been using poisons to kill elephants Loxodonta africana or to contaminate their carcasses specifically to eliminate vultures, whose overhead circling might otherwise reveal the poachers’ presence. Between 2012 and 2014 we recorded 11 poaching-related incidents in seven African countries, in which 155 elephants and 2,044 vultures were killed. In at least two incidents the harvesting of vulture body parts (for fetish) may have provided an additional motive. We show that vulture mortality associated with ivory poaching has increased more rapidly than that associated with other poisoning incidents, and now accounts for one-third of all vulture poisonings recorded since 1970. This recent surge in the illegal use of poisons exposes weaknesses in the regulations, for which we propose measures aimed primarily at retail controls. However, because ivory poachers already operate outside any legal framework, African governments require international support in applying more punitive sentencing against mass wildlife poisoning.
THE MUSIC OF LAURENCE CRANE AND A POST-EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE PRACTICE
Authors: Thomas Philip 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLaurence Crane's music is often described as experimental or considered as a continuation of the English experimental tradition. In this first extended examination of Crane's music it is proposed that, instead of relying upon associations and aesthetic alignments, the music might be considered as experimental through a particularly experimental approach to performance. After a brief overview of Crane's output his position as a composer is considered within the context of the experimental music tradition. This tradition is then considered in relation to performance practice, both historical and contemporary. A selection of Crane's music is examined in the light of that practice, whilst aspects of the composer's approaches to tonality, instrumentation, form and notation are also highlighted.
OCCAM NOTIONS: COLLABORATION AND THE PERFORMER'S PERSPECTIVE IN ÉLIANE RADIGUE'S OCCAM OCEAN
Authors: Nickel Luke 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAfter nearly 40 years of creating recorded electronic music, for the last 10 years Éliane Radigue has created music exclusively in collaboration with performers, using solely oral and aural transmission. Focusing on the details of this ‘scoreless’ working method, this article considers the performer's perspective on Radigue's Occam Ocean (2011–), a series of 22 infinitely combinable solos and over 20 chamber pieces. Through interviews with the performers and Radigue, a composite understanding of their collaboration is reached, focusing on the emergent ideas of virtuosity, memory, images, scores, hospitality and non-hierarchy. A typical transmission and collaboration is described, and a new lens for viewing this method is proposed, the living score. The article concludes with a brief discussion of how Radigue and her collaborators' non-hierarchical model of collaboration may offer an alternative compositional framework.
COMPOSITION, RESEARCH AND PSEUDO-SCIENCE: A RESPONSE TO JOHN CROFT
Authors: Reeves Camden 
Published: December 2015

AbstractJohn Croft's ‘Composition is Not Research’ (TEMPO Vol. 69, No. 272 (2015), pp. 6–11) argues that, ‘the very idea that musical composition is a form of research is a category error’ (p. 6). My response argues that Croft's analysis is borne of a widespread, misguided and essentialist attempt to reduce all research to the paradigm of scientific method, and that he accepts this paradigm uncritically. Whilst asserting that ‘composition is research’ does not entail a category mistake (as the whole point about research is that it is not delimited in any way), assuming that all research must be reducible to the scientific paradigm of method does entail the requisite reification to constitute such a mistake. The imposition of this reductionist paradigm has a distorting impact on the Humanities more generally and, whilst these distortions are particularly acute with musical composition, that is no reason to single it out for persecution. I argue that where the tenets of scientific method are adopted outside of science, this constitutes, more often than not, superficial pseudo-science (or scientism), whereby the tenets of scientific method are fetishized and applied divorced from the complete scientific method and scientific objectives. I conclude that the Humanities would do better to develop its own paradigms – paradigms that are better suited and intrinsic to its respective disciplines.
COMPOSITION AND PERFORMANCE CAN BE, AND OFTEN HAVE BEEN, RESEARCH
Authors: Pace Ian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractJohn Croft's article ‘Composition is not Research’ challenges a conception and ideal of compositional work in academia which has grown in prominence over several decades in the UK. As a performer-scholar, who also writes non-performance-related scholarship, I welcome this challenge, share some of Croft's reservations about the ways in which these conceptions often manifest themselves, and also have concerns about the rushed integration of practitioners into academia and the implications for more traditional forms of scholarship. However, I find many of Croft's formulations and assumptions too narrow, and instead argue that a good deal of the process of composition and performance does constitute research – grappling with difficult questions, exploring solutions, and producing creative work which embodies these solutions and from which others can draw much of value.
COMPOSING, RESEARCHING AND WAYS OF TALKING
Authors: Croft John 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis reply addresses a number of misunderstandings that have arisen with regard to my argument in ‘Composition is not Research’; notably that it rests on a definition of research derived from ‘scientific method’, and that it somehow entails the view that composers should not be asked to write about their music. It is argued here that referring to composition as ‘research’ is at best a perverse (if institutionally expedient) way of talking about what composers have always done, and at worst leads to a distorted picture of compositional work and musical value.
Injuries of Hospital Employees From Needles and Sharp Objects
Authors: Jacobson Julie T. , Burke John P. , Conti Marlyn T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDuring a 30-month period in our 570-bed private community hospital, employees reported 218 injuries from needles and other sharp objects. Five of these injuries were from needles used on patients known to be hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) positive. Four were from blades or scalpels used on HBsAg positive patients. A nother needle injury resulted in serious Staphylococcus aureus infection. Thirty-three percent of the injuries were from improperly disposed objects, generally in trash baskets in patient rooms. Housekeeping employees were the “innocent victims” of more than one-half of the injuries from such improperly disposed objects. A survey of reporting practices revealed housekeepers reported all their injuries. Underreporting was identified as a problem with laboratory personnel and nurses who tended to make their own judgment concerning the extent of the injury. An effective innovation resulting from our survey was the use of plastic irrigation bottles as an inexpensive and readily available container for disposal of sharps.
Physiological disturbances in plants caused by air pollutants
Authors: Wolfenden J. , Mansfield T. A. 
Published: December 2015

SynopsisThe physiological and biochemical features of plants that are responsible for determining susceptibility or tolerance to air pollutants have often proved hard to identify. In recent years, however, there has been new experimental evidence of responses which may be of critical importance. These include (a) changes in stomatal behaviour, affecting plant-water relations, (b) alterations in carbon and nitrogen assimilation and partitioning which can influence root growth, and (c) interference with the processes of winter hardening. Evidence of these changes to physiological processes, and the ways in which responses to pollutants may become more significant to plant survival in the presence of other environmental stresses, are discussed. The longer-term consequences, or secondary responses, such as effects on associations with other organisms, are also briefly reviewed. We have also examined the possibility that ecosystems may be overloaded with inputs of nitrogen from the atmosphere.
Path Ramsey Number for Random Graphs
Authors: LETZTER SHOHAM 
Published: December 2015

Answering a question raised by Dudek and Prałat, we show that if pn → ∞, w.h.p., whenever G = G(n, p) is 2-edge-coloured there is a monochromatic path of length (2/3 + o(1))n. This result is optimal in the sense that 2/3 cannot be replaced by a larger constant.As part of the proof we obtain the following result. Given a graph G on n vertices with at least $(1-\varepsilon)\binom{n}{2}$ edges, whenever G is 2-edge-coloured, there is a monochromatic path of length at least $(2/3 - 110\sqrt{\varepsilon})n$. This is an extension of the classical result by Gerencsér and Gyárfás which says that whenever Kn is 2-coloured there is a monochromatic path of length at least 2n/3.
Pesticide Tax, Cropping Patterns, and Water Quality in South Central Texas
Authors: Shumway C. Richard , Chesser Rayanne R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe impact of an ad valorem pesticide tax on cropping patterns and pesticide use was examined in the South Central Texas Crop Reporting District. Output supply equations were econometrically estimated and used in the simulation. A 25 percent tax on pesticide was estimated to have major impacts on cropping patterns and on pesticide use. Assuming other input and output prices were unaffected, the supply of one important crop would fall by more than half. Demand for some of the highly soluble and persistent pesticides, which present the greatest threat to groundwater quality, would also decrease substantially (some as much as 50 percent).
Drug Treatment of Epilepsy: When Does It Fail and How to Optimize Its Use?
Authors: Kwan Patrick , Brodie Martin J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough modern community-based studies have shown that a majority of people with newly diagnosed epilepsy will enter long-term remission, seizures remain refractory to treatment in a substantial proportion of this population—perhaps as much as 40%. A consensus is being reached that, for operational purposes, pharmacoresistance can be suspected when two appropriately chosen, well-tolerated, first-line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or one monotherapy and one combination regimen have failed due to lack of efficacy. Poor prognostic factors include lack of response to the first AED, specific syndromes, symptomatic etiology, family history of epilepsy, psychiatric comorbidity, and high frequency of seizures. These observations suggest that prognosis can often be determined early in the course of the disorder. We propose a management paradigm that aims to maximize the chance of successful AED therapy, including the early use of “rational polytherapy” for patients not responding to monotherapy, and to identify efficiently patients suitable for “curative” resective surgery, in particular those with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. An orderly approach to each epilepsy syndrome will optimize the chance of perfect seizure control and help more patients achieve a fulfilling life.