bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intimate Partner Violence and Adherence to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in African Women in HIV Serodiscordant Relationships: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Roberts Sarah T. , Haberer Jessica , Celum Connie , Mugo Nelly , Ware Norma C. , Cohen Craig R. , Tappero Jordan W. , Kiarie James , Ronald Allan , Mujugira Andrew , Tumwesigye Elioda , Were Edwin , Irungu Elizabeth , Baeten Jared M. ,   for the Partners PrEP Study Team
Published: May 2016

Background:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with higher HIV incidence, reduced condom use, and poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy and other medications. IPV may also affect adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Methods:
We analyzed data from 1785 HIV-uninfected women enrolled in a clinical trial of PrEP among African HIV serodiscordant couples. Experience of verbal, physical, or economic IPV was assessed at monthly visits by face-to-face interviews. Low PrEP adherence was defined as clinic-based pill count coverage <80% or plasma tenofovir levels <40 ng/mL. The association between IPV and low adherence was analyzed using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for potential confounders. In-depth interview transcripts were examined to explain how IPV could impact adherence.

Results:
Sixteen percent of women reported IPV during a median of 34.8 months of follow-up (interquartile range 27.0–35.0). Overall, 7% of visits had pill count coverage <80%, and 32% had plasma tenofovir <40 ng/mL. Women reporting IPV in the past 3 months had increased risk of low adherence by pill count (adjusted risk ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 1.89) and by plasma tenofovir (adjusted risk ratio 1.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 2.15). Verbal, economic, and physical IPV were all associated with low adherence. However, the impact of IPV diminished and was not statistically significant 3 months after the reported exposure. In qualitative interviews, women identified several ways in which IPV affected adherence, including stress and forgetting, leaving home without pills, and partners throwing pills away.

Conclusions:
Women who reported recent IPV in the Partners PrEP Study were at increased risk of low PrEP adherence. Strategies to mitigate PrEP nonadherence in the context of IPV should be evaluated.
Functions of phytoliths in vascular plants: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Strömberg Caroline A. E. , Di Stilio Verónica S. , Song Zhaoliang 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Solid biosilica (phytoliths) deposited in plant tissues is thought to function as structural support, as a cost‐effective alternative to lignin, and in herbivore defence, by limiting nutrient access/extraction and abrading herbivore mouthparts. It has been assumed that active phytolith accumulation evolved for these purposes, but these hypotheses remain untested. For example, an influential idea holds that grasses became so silica‐rich through antagonistic co‐evolution with mammalian grazers during the Cenozoic.

We examine whether phytoliths fulfil criteria established for adaptations, focusing on three aspects. First, we evaluate the recent debate concerning whether plant silica wears herbivore mouthparts/teeth. Secondly, we test whether the evolutionary pattern of phytolith accumulation is consistent with adaptive hypotheses by mapping silica content onto time‐calibrated land plant and grass phylogenies. Thirdly, we compare with palaeontological evidence for the timing of the ‘demand’ for the hypothesized function (structural support, herbivore defence).

Our survey demonstrates that phytoliths meet several criteria for adaptations, but key aspects require further study. For example, phytoliths wear teeth but are likely less important than dietary grit, suggesting that silica deterrence is ineffective against large mammalian grazers.

Mapping analysis indicates that active silica accumulation evolved numerous times, rather than being ancestral in land plants. However, a clear temporal link between these events and hypothesized functional ‘demands’ is still missing. For example, we find no convincing evidence for Cenozoic grass‐grazer co‐evolution.

Synthesis. Phytoliths help support and defend plants today, but the adaptive origin of this trait requires further testing. Such tests should integrate the phylogenetic distributions of phytoliths with ecology and biomechanics and use fossil evidence to evaluate the correlation between functional ‘demand’ and plant evolution.
Below‐ground biological responses to pyrogenic organic matter and litter inputs in grasslands
Authors: Soong Jennifer L. , Dam Marie , Wall Diana H. , Cotrufo M. Francesca 
Published: May 2016

SummaryTerrestrial ecosystems are often burned by both managed and wildfires. During a fire, the above‐ground biomass that would typically accumulate and be decomposed as litter on the soil surface is combusted. Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) remaining after a fire is a considerably more recalcitrant organic input to the soil than fresh litter. The activity and community composition of soil organisms responsible for decomposition of organic matter and nutrient recycling in the soil could thus be affected by altered resource availability caused by frequent fires.We examined the effect of PyOMvs. fresh litter inputs to soil biota at both an annually burned and an infrequently burned tallgrass prairie site by tracing13C‐ and15N‐labelled litter and PyOMinto growing plant roots, microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and soil nematodes for 1 year.Litter‐derived C or N was incorporated into microbes, nematodes and roots, while PyOMcontributed minimally to soil microbes and plant roots and was not detectable in nematodes. Soil microbial and nematode abundances in the PyOMamended plots did not significantly differ from the bare soil plots, but nematodes were more abundant and microbialPLFAs less abundant in litter‐amended plots. The annually burned site had less predator and omnivore nematodes, with increased abundance of microbial feeders and greater microbial uptake of litter C.An alteration of the soil food web structure caused by burning and the removal of the litter layer, along with the accumulation of non‐microbially decomposed PyOMin the soil, contributes to the limitation of N cycling in frequently burned ecosystems.ALay Summaryis available for this article.
Choice of primary outcomes evaluating treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Herman MC , Penninx JPM , Geomini PM , Mol BW , Bongers MY 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundHeavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common problem with a variety of treatment options and many studies have been performed evaluating treatment effects. Consistency in the choice and definition of primary and secondary outcomes is important for the interpretation of data and for the synthesis of data in systematic reviews or individual patient data meta‐analysis (IPDMA).ObjectiveTo give insight into the primary endpoints and outcome measures chosen in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews regarding the treatment of HMB.Search strategyPublished systematic reviews and RCTs.Selection criteriaFull reports of RCTs or systematic reviews.Data collection and analysisFor RCTs, we used the primary outcomes, as they were used for the sample size calculation. For systematic reviews, all outcomes listed as primary were included. Four authors selected the studies.ResultsTwelve different primary outcomes were reported by 66 RCTs, most blood loss‐ related (44/66 studies). Amenorrhoea was the most common blood loss primary outcome (16/44 studies) and the Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) was the most used measurement tool (27/44 studies). Satisfaction was the second most prevalent primary outcome measure (13/66 studies). In all, 14/26 (54%) systematic reviews prespecified a single primary outcome, whereas all other reviews used composite primary outcomes. Blood loss was the most studied outcome (12/26 reviews).ConclusionsThe most used primary outcomes in HMB studies relate to blood loss but there is no consistency regarding the endpoints chosen or measurement tools used to describe blood loss. Standardising outcomes will aid valid comparison and interpretation of data pertaining to the treatment of HMB.Tweetable abstractA standardised collection of outcomes in heavy menstrual bleeding research is urgently needed.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Eke AC , Saccone G , Berghella V 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundDepression is a prevalent condition in pregnancy affecting about 10% of women. Maternal depression has been associated with an increase in preterm births (PTB), low birthweight and fetal growth restriction, and postnatal complications. Available treatments for depressive disorders are psychotherapeutic interventions and antidepressant medications including selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRI use during pregnancy has been associated with several fetal and neonatal complications; so far, however, the risk of PTB in women using SSRIs during pregnancy is still a subject of debate.ObjectiveTo evaluate the risk of preterm birth (PTB) in cases of exposure to SSRIs during pregnancy.Search strategyElectronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched from their inception until May 2015 with the use of a combination of the following text words ‘depression’, ‘pregnancy’, ‘exposure’, ‘antidepressant’, ‘SSRI’, ‘selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor’, ‘preterm birth’, ‘small for gestational age’ and ‘prematurity’.Selection criteriaWe included studies evaluating the effect of SSRIs exposure in utero and pregnancy outcomes. All cohort and case‐control studies were eligible to be included if they reported the incidence of PTB after any exposure to SSRIs and had a comparison group of unexposed pregnant women. Studies without a control group were excluded.Data collection and analysisThe primary outcome was the incidence of PTB <37 weeks. Subgroup analysis of studies in which controls were defined as women with depression but without SSRI exposure during pregnancy were planned.Main resultsEight studies (1 237 669 women) were included: 93 982 in the exposure group and 1 143 687 in the control group. After adjusting for confounders, the incidence of PTB was significantly higher in the group of women treated with SSRIs compared with controls (i.e. both women with depression but without SSRI exposure and women without depression) (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.24, 95% CI 1.09–1.41). In the subgroup analysis of studies in which controls were defined as women with depression but without SSRI exposure during pregnancy, an increased risk of PTB (6.8 versus 5.8%; OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.10–1.25) in the SSRI group was found compared with controls (i.e. depressed women treated with psychotherapy alone).ConclusionsWomen who received SSRIs during pregnancy had a significantly higher risk of developing PTB compared with controls. This higher risk remained significant even when comparing depressed women on SSRI with women not on SSRI.Tweetable abstractSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be associated with preterm birth.
Determination of Nicotine, Cotinine and Trans‐3′‐Hydroxycotinine using LC/MS/MS in Forensic Samples of a Nicotine Fatal Case by Oral Ingestion of e‐cigarette Liquid,
Authors: You Gundong , Rhee Jongsook , Park Yuran , Park Sunhye 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNicotine is a potent neurotoxin alkaloid and is used in e‐cigarette liquid. The LC/MS/MS method was linear over 0.01–1.0 mg/L (r2 = 0.992–0.995). Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.001 mg/L (S/N = 3) and 0.003 (S/N = 10). The inaccuracy and imprecision were <13.2%. The recoveries were >99.3%. A 39‐year‐old dentist was found dead lying on the floor under the couch in his dental clinic. The concentration of nicotine, cotinine, and trans‐3′‐hydroxycotinine (heart blood/peripheral blood) was analyzed as follows: 87.2/85.2 mg/L (ratio 1.0), 1.4/1.1 mg/L (ratio 1.3), and 0.012/0.0089 mg/L (ratio 1.3), respectively. The concentration of nicotine was determined to be 6734.8 mg/kg in gastric contents and 7262.0 mg/L in remaining e‐liquid. Only, high concentration of nicotine was detected in the gastric contents as well as the two pieces of evidence collected from the death scene. This fatal case resulted from oral ingestion of e‐cigarette liquid. It is estimated that at least 714 mg of nicotine was orally ingested.
Extraction and Purification of Quercitrin, Hyperoside, Rutin, and Afzelin from Zanthoxylum Bungeanum Maxim Leaves Using an Aqueous Two‐Phase System
Authors: He Fengyuan , Li Dengwu , Wang Dongmei , Deng Ming 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study, an aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) based on ethanol/NaH2PO4 was developed for the extraction and purification of quercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, and afzelin from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim leaves. These 4 flavonoids were 1st extracted from dried Z. bungeanum leaves using a 60% ethanol solution and subsequently added to the ATPS for further purification. The partition behavior of the 4 flavonoids in ATPS was investigated. The optimal ATPS conditions were: 29% (w/w) NaH2PO4, 25% (w/w) ethanol concentration, 1% (w/w) added amount of leaf extracts, no pH adjustment, and repeated 1 h extractions at 25 °C. Under the optimal conditions for the 10 g ATPS, the absolute recovery of quercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, and afzelin reached 90.3%, 83.5%, 92.3%, and 89.1%, respectively. Compared to the 60% ethanol extracts, the content of quercitrin (44.8 mg/g), hyperoside (65.6 mg/g), rutin (56.4 mg/g), and afzelin (6.84 mg/g) in the extracts increased by 49.9%, 38.8%, 45.6%, and 36.8% respectively. The extracts after ATPS also exhibited stronger antioxidant activities, the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl IC50 value (10.5 μg/mL) decreased by 41.8%, and the 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt value (966 μmol Trolox/g) and ferric reducing power value (619 μmol Trolox/g) increased by 29.8% and 53.7%, respectively. Furthermore, scale‐up experiments indicated that a larger scale experiment was feasible for the purification of the 4 flavonoids.
Identification of novel microRNA genes in freshwater and marine ecotypes of the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Rastorguev S. M. , Nedoluzhko A. V. , Sharko F. S. , Boulygina E. S. , Sokolov A. S. , Gruzdeva N. M. , Skryabin K. G. , Prokhortchouk E. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) is an important model organism for studying the molecular mechanisms of speciation and adaptation to salinity. Despite increased interest to microRNA discovery and recent publication on microRNA prediction in the three‐spined stickleback using bioinformatics approaches, there is still a lack of experimental support for these data. In this paper, high‐throughput sequencing technology was applied to identify microRNA genes in gills of the three‐spined stickleback. In total, 595 miRNA genes were discovered; half of them were predicted in previous computational studies and were confirmed here as microRNAs expressed in gill tissue. Moreover, 298 novel microRNA genes were identified. The presence of miRNA genes in selected ‘divergence islands’ was analysed and 10 miRNA genes were identified as not randomly located in ‘divergence islands’. Regulatory regions of miRNA genes were found enriched with selective SNPs that may play a role in freshwater adaptation.
metaBIT, an integrative and automated metagenomic pipeline for analysing microbial profiles from high‐throughput sequencing shotgun data
Authors: Louvel Guillaume , Der Sarkissian Clio , Hanghøj Kristian , Orlando Ludovic 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMicro‐organisms account for most of the Earth's biodiversity and yet remain largely unknown. The complexity and diversity of microbial communities present in clinical and environmental samples can now be robustly investigated in record times and prices thanks to recent advances in high‐throughput DNA sequencing (HTS). Here, we develop metaBIT, an open‐source computational pipeline automatizing routine microbial profiling of shotgun HTS data. Customizable by the user at different stringency levels, it performs robust taxonomy‐based assignment and relative abundance calculation of microbial taxa, as well as cross‐sample statistical analyses of microbial diversity distributions. We demonstrate the versatility of metaBIT within a range of published HTS data sets sampled from the environment (soil and seawater) and the human body (skin and gut), but also from archaeological specimens. We present the diversity of outputs provided by the pipeline for the visualization of microbial profiles (barplots, heatmaps) and for their characterization and comparison (diversity indices, hierarchical clustering and principal coordinates analyses). We show that metaBIT allows an automatic, fast and user‐friendly profiling of the microbial DNA present in HTS shotgun data sets. The applications of metaBIT are vast, from monitoring of laboratory errors and contaminations, to the reconstruction of past and present microbiota, and the detection of candidate species, including pathogens.
Determination of Nursing Diagnoses in Children of Agricultural Laborer Families in South Eastern Regions of Turkey
Authors: Karatas Hulya , Müller‐Staub Maria , Erdemir Firdevs 
Published: May 2016

PURPOSEIdentifying functional health patterns and nursing diagnoses of migrant agricultural laborer families.METHODSInterpretative—qualitative study based on interviews with 162 mothers of 0‐ to 2‐year‐old children in two Turkish provinces.FINDINGSHealth perception‐health management: growth and development, risk for being delayed; health maintenance, ineffective; health behavior, risk‐prone; risk for contamination; risk for sudden infant death syndrome; and risk for injury. Nutritional‐metabolic: Risk for infection; and breastfeeding, interrupted. Self‐perception: risk for chronic low self‐esteem, disturbed self‐esteem; and powerlessness. Role‐relationship: impaired parenting; and dysfunctional family process. Coping‐stress tolerance: coping, disabled family; violence, risk for other‐directed. Cognitive‐perceptive: knowledge deficitCONCLUSIONSNursing diagnoses of this population were reported for the first time.IMPLICATIONSAddressing agricultural laborer families’ diagnoses will positively affect maternal—child health.
Decadal changes in mean annual rainfall drive long‐term changes in bush‐encroached southern African savannas
Authors: Shekede Munyaradzi D. , Murwira Amon , Masocha Mhosisi , Zengeya Fadzai M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBush encroachment can have profound effects on the ability of savanna ecosystems to provide goods and services to society. It is therefore crucial to understand the key drivers of bush encroachment in savannas. In this study, we test whether decadal changes in mean annual rainfall significantly explain changes in the dominant patch size as well as the density of bush patches at six protected savanna sites located along a rainfall gradient in Zimbabwe. We first performed Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet transform within the intensity‐dominant scale theoretical framework on multi‐temporal aerial photographs and high spatial resolution satellite imagery to objectively detect changes in the dominant patch dimension as well as the intensity of bush cover over a 40‐year period at six test sites. We then pooled the data and performed regression analysis relating changes in dominant scale and intensity to decadal changes in mean annual rainfall in order to deduce a possible connection between dynamics of bush encroachment and rainfall variability. Our results indicate a significant nonlinear relationship between changes in the dominant scale and decadal changes in mean annual rainfall (R2 = 0.85, F13 = 35.96, P < 0.01). In contrast, the relationship between decadal changes in mean annual rainfall and changes in intensity was weak and not significant (R2 = 0.29, F13 = 2.69, P = 0.106). These results imply the importance of annual rainfall in explaining long‐term changes in the dominant scale of woody patches. However, mechanisms other than rainfall probably explain changes in the intensity of bush cover, and this needs further investigation.
Microbiome and its impact on gastrointestinal atopy
Authors: Muir A. B. , Benitez A. J. , Dods K. , Spergel J. M. , Fillon S. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe prevalence of allergic conditions has continuously increased in the last few decades in Westernized countries. A dysbiotic gut microbiome may play an important role in the development of allergic diseases. Genetic, environmental, and dietary factors may alter the commensal microbiota leading to inflammatory dysregulation of homeostasis. Murine and human studies have begun to elucidate the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies. However, the role of the microbiome in most eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) is not yet known. This review provides an overview of what is currently known about the development of tolerance from both molecular and clinical standpoints. We also look at the gut‐specific microbiome and its role in atopic conditions with the hope of applying this knowledge to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of EGIDs, particularly EoE.
Longitudinal evaluation of computerized cardiotocographic parameters throughout pregnancy in normal fetuses: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Amorim‐Costa Célia , Costa‐Santos Cristina , Ayres‐de‐Campos Diogo , Bernardes João 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe longitudinal cardiotocographic (CTG) changes throughout pregnancy in normal fetuses have never been fully described. We aimed at characterizing the evolution of CTG parameters in healthy fetuses, from 24 to 41 weeks of gestation.Material and methodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in singleton fetuses without structural abnormalities on second‐trimester ultrasound. At least one CTG was performed in each of the following intervals: 24–26 weeks+6d, 27–29 weeks+6d, 30–32 weeks+6d, 33–35 weeks+6d, 36–38 weeks+6d and ≥39 weeks; tracings were analyzed by the OMNIVIEW‐SISPORTO 3.6 system. Cases of preterm delivery, fetal death, birthweight under the 10th percentile, low five‐minute Apgar, umbilical artery acidemia or neonatal intensive care unit admission were subsequently excluded.ResultsA total of 1049 eligible tracings were obtained from 145 fetuses. There was a significant increase over time in average long‐term variability (LTV), average short‐term variability (STV), number of accelerations and uterine contractions. Conversely, fetal heart rate (FHR) baseline and number of decelerations decreased. A high inter‐fetal variability was observed, but there was considerable intra‐fetal consistency. Fetuses showing a marked decrease in FHR baseline and those with a marked increase in average LTV had a significantly lower birthweight. Cesarean section rate was significantly higher in cases with a decrease in average STV throughout gestation.ConclusionsThis prospective longitudinal study shows an evolution in computerized CTG parameters during pregnancy, indicating the need to adapt interpretation criteria based on gestational age. The high inter‐fetal variability and considerable intra‐fetal consistency suggests the possible value of using each fetus as its own reference in serial assessments.