bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lumbar Lordosis and Pelvic Inclination in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Youdas James W , Garrett Tom R , Egan Kathleen S , Therneau Terry M 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. The causes of lumbopelvic imbalances in standing have been widely accepted by physical therapists, but there is a lack of scientific evidence available to support them. We examined the association between 9 variables and pelvic inclination and lumbar lordosis during relaxed standing. Subjects. Thirty men and 30 women with chronic low back pain (CLBP) for at least 4 months were examined (mean age=54.9 years, SD=9, range=40.4–69.8). Methods. Multiple linear regression modeling was used to assess the association of pelvic inclination and the magnitude of lumbar lordosis in standing with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Oswestry Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) scores, physical activity level, hip flexor muscle length, abdominal muscle force, and range of motion (ROM) for lumbar flexion and extension. Results. In women, age, BMI, and ODQ scores were associated univariately and multivariately with pelvic inclination. In men, lumbar extension ROM was related univariately to pelvic inclination; age, lumbar extension ROM, and ODQ scores were associated multivariately. Lumbar lordosis was associated univariately with only lumbar extension ROM for women and men. A weak correlation was found between angle of pelvic inclination and magnitude of lumbar lordosis in standing (r=.31 for women, r=.37 for men). Conclusion and Discussion. The odds ratio of having CLBP is increased if the score on the double-leg lowering test for abdominal muscles exceeds 50 degrees for men and 60 degrees for women. In patients with CLBP, the magnitude of the lumbar lordosis and pelvic inclination in standing is not associated with the force production of the abdominal muscles.
Alterations in Shoulder Kinematics and Associated Muscle Activity in People With Symptoms of Shoulder Impingement
Authors: Ludewig Paula M , Cook Thomas M 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Treatment of patients with impingement symptoms commonly includes exercises intended to restore “normal” movement patterns. Evidence that indicates the existence of abnormal patterns in people with shoulder pain is limited. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze glenohumeral and scapulothoracic kinematics and associated scapulothoracic muscle activity in a group of subjects with symptoms of shoulder impingement relative to a group of subjects without symptoms of shoulder impingement matched for occupational exposure to overhead work. Subjects. Fifty-two subjects were recruited from a population of construction workers with routine exposure to overhead work. Methods. Surface electromyographic data were collected from the upper and lower parts of the trapezius muscle and from the serratus anterior muscle. Electromagnetic sensors simultaneously tracked 3-dimensional motion of the trunk, scapula, and humerus during humeral elevation in the scapular plane in 3 hand-held load conditions: (1) no load, (2) 2.3-kg load, and (3) 4.6-kg load. An analysis of variance model was used to test for group and load effects for 3 phases of motion (31°–60°, 61°–90°, and 91°–120°). Results. Relative to the group without impingement, the group with impingement showed decreased scapular upward rotation at the end of the first of the 3 phases of interest, increased anterior tipping at the end of the third phase of interest, and increased scapular medial rotation under the load conditions. At the same time, upper and lower trapezius muscle electromyographic activity increased in the group with impingement as compared with the group without impingement in the final 2 phases, although the upper trapezius muscle changes were apparent only during the 4.6-kg load condition. The serratus anterior muscle demonstrated decreased activity in the group with impingement across all loads and phases. Conclusion and Discussion. Scapular tipping (rotation about a medial to lateral axis) and serratus anterior muscle function are important to consider in the rehabilitation of patients with symptoms of shoulder impingement related to occupational exposure to overhead work.
Effectiveness of a Bed Positioning Program for Treating Older Adults With Knee Contractures Who Are Institutionalized
Authors: Fox Patricia , Richardson Julie , McInnes Bonnie , Tait Diane , Bedard Michel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Although contractures in patients in long-term care institutions are an important issue, there have been only a few studies that have evaluated interventions for contractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a bed positioning program (BPP) for the treatment of patients with knee flexion contractures. Subjects. Sixteen patients with a high level of cognitive and functional impairment (mean age=82 years, SD=6.48, range=71–93) in a chronic care hospital participated in the study. Methods. The BPP consisted of stretching a patient's knee into extension and then securing and maintaining the position for a period of 40 minutes, 4 times per week. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n=8 in each group). One group received a BPP for 8 weeks, followed by 8 weeks of no intervention. The other group received the intervention in the reverse order. Once a week, participants were assessed for range of knee extension, knee pain, and skin integrity. Results. Twelve participants completed the study. There was no improvement in participants' range of knee extension during the intervention period. Overall, there was no difference in mean range of knee extension between the intervention period and the no-intervention period. Conclusion and Discussion. The results of this study do not support the use of a BPP for treating patients with knee flexion contractures.
Experiences of Older Women With Cancer Receiving Hospice Care: Significance for Physical Therapy
Authors: Mackey Kimberly McCord , Sparling Joyce W 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. The number of older adults with cancer is growing, increasing the need for professionals who are able to meet these patients' special needs. In palliative care settings, physical therapists strive to promote quality of life. Minimal research exists, however, to guide therapists working with patients with terminal illness. The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge that can be used by physical therapists to more effectively assess and treat older people with cancer who are receiving hospice care. Subjects and Methods. A qualitative single-case study with replication was conducted with 3 older women with cancer who are receiving hospice care. Interview data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. Results. Four themes emerged as central to the experience of the informants: social relationships, spirituality, outlook on mortality, and meaningful physical activity. Conclusion and Discussion. In addition to maintaining physical function, physical therapists, who attend to nonphysical as well as physical aspects of care, may foster social cohesion, help maximize life's meaning, and support stabilizing strategies of older women with cancer who receive hospice care.
Abdominal Muscle Response During Curl-ups on Both Stable and Labile Surfaces
Authors: Vera-Garcia Francisco J , Grenier Sylvain G , McGill Stuart M 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. With the current interest in stability training for the injured low back, the use of labile (movable) surfaces, underneath the subject, to challenge the motor control system is becoming more popular. Little is known about the modulating effects of these surfaces on muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to establish the degree of modulating influence of the type of surface (whether stable or labile) on the mechanics of the abdominal wall. In this study, the amplitude of muscle activity together with the way that the muscles coactivated due to the type of surface under the subject were of interest. Subjects. Eight men (mean age=23.3 years [SD=4.3], mean height=177.6 cm [SD=3.4], mean weight=72.6 kg [SD=8.7]) volunteered to participate in the study. All subjects were in good health and reported no incidence of acute or chronic low back injury or prolonged back pain prior to this experiment. Methods. All subjects were requested to perform 4 different curl-up exercises—1 on a stable surface and the other 3 on varying labile surfaces. Electromyographic signals were recorded from 4 different abdominal sites on the right and left sides of the body and normalized to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) amplitudes. Results. Performing curl-up exercises on labile surfaces increased abdominal muscle activity (eg, for curl-up on a stable surface, rectus abdominis muscle activity was 21% of MVC and external oblique muscle activity was 5% of MVC; for curl-up with the upper torso on a labile ball, rectus abdominis muscle activity was 35% of MVC and external oblique muscle activity was 10% of MVC). Furthermore, it appears that increases in external oblique muscle activity were larger than those of other abdominal muscles. Conclusion and Discussion. Performing curl-ups on labile surfaces changes both the level of muscle activity and the way that the muscles coactivate to stabilize the spine and the whole body. This finding suggests a much higher demand on the motor control system, which may be desirable for specific stages in a rehabilitation program.
Seating and Mobility Considerations for People With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Minkel Jean L 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFor people with spinal cord injuries, the selection of a wheelchair and seating system involves many factors. This clinical perspective describes a model that includes consideration of the person, the wheelchair, the immediate environment between the person and the wheelchair, the intermediate environment of the home and work, and the community environment. The seated posture is examined biomechanically, and literature is reviewed that highlights the differences in the seated position of people with spinal cord injuries and people without spinal cord injuries. Reports regarding overuse injuries of the shoulder and wrists are discussed along with methods of relieving pressure at the buttock and seat interface. The impact that research findings should have on current clinical practice and the need for more research to provide evidence to either support or change current practice are discussed.
Comparison of the University of California–Los Angeles Shoulder Scale and the Simple Shoulder Test With the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index: Single-Administration Reliability and Validity
Authors: Roddey Toni S , Olson Sharon L , Cook Karon F , Gartsman Gary M , Hanten William 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Shoulder scales are often used to evaluate treatment efficacy, yet little is known about the psychometric properties of these scales. Only one scale has undergone psychometric scrutiny: the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). This study compared 2 shoulder measures—the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Scale and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST)—with the SPADI. Subjects. One hundred ninety-two patients with shoulder disorders were recruited from one physician's office to complete the self-report sections of the 3 scales. Methods. Cronbach alpha values and standard errors of measurement (SEM) were calculated for each of the multi-item subscales. Validity was examined through calculation of correlation coefficients among the 3 scales. Factor analysis was completed to assess the underlying constructs of the SPADI and the SST. Results. Cronbach alpha values ranged from .85 to .95. The SEM values for the multi-item scales ranged from 4.75 to 11.65. Evidence for validity to reflect function was indicated by the correlation between the SST and the SPADI disability subscale. The factor analysis of the SPADI revealed loading on 1 factor, whereas the SST loaded on 2 factors. Conclusion and Discussion. All scales demonstrated good internal consistency, suggesting that all items for each scale measure the same construct. However, the SEMs for all scales were high. Factor loading was inconsistent, suggesting that patients may not distinguish between pain and function.
Effects of Immobilization on Plantar-Flexion Torque, Fatigue Resistance, and Functional Ability Following an Ankle Fracture
Authors: Shaffer Michael A , Okereke Enyi , Esterhai John L , Elliott Mark A , Walter Glenn A , Yim Steven H , Vandenborne Krista 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. The goal of this investigation was to study the recovery of ankle plantar-flexor peak torque, fatigue resistance, and functional ability (stair climbing, walking) following cast immobilization in patients with ankle fractures. Subjects. The participants were 10 patients who underwent open reduction-internal fixation and 8 weeks of cast immobilization following a fracture of the ankle mortise and 10 age- and sex-matched, noninjured comparison subjects. Methods. Plantar-flexor torque and fatigue resistance were measured at 1, 5, and 10 weeks of rehabilitation using an isokinetic dynamometer. Ankle plantar-flexor peak torque and fatigue resistance were correlated to timed ambulation, timed stair climbing, and unilateral heel-rises. Results. Following immobilization, plantar-flexor peak torque was decreased at all angular speeds and positions. The decrease in peak torque was associated with an increase in fatigue resistance. With rehabilitation, ankle plantar-flexor torque and fatigue resistance normalized. Regression analysis revealed a strong relationship between plantar-flexor peak torque and functional measures. By 10 weeks post-immobilization, peak torque, fatigue resistance, and all measures of functional performance had returned to control levels. Conclusion and Discussion. The decrease in muscle performance, functional ability, and fatigue resistance induced by 8 weeks of cast immobilization can be reversed with 10 weeks of supervised physical therapy. In addition, this study demonstrated that ankle-plantar flexor torque is a good predictor of stair-climbing and walking performance in patients with ankle fractures.
Neuroanatomical Substrates of Functional Recovery After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Implications of Basic Science Research for Human Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Basso D Michele 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHuman spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in persistent motor deficits. Considerable basic and clinical research is directed at attenuating these deficits. Many basic scientists use animal models of SCI to: (1) characterize lesion development, (2) determine the role of spared axons in recovery, and (3) develop therapeutic interventions based on these findings. In this article, current research is reviewed that indicates: (1) most individuals with SCI will have some sparing of white matter at the lesion epicenter even when the lesion appears clinically complete, (2) even minimal tissue sparing has a profound impact on segmental systems and recovery of function, and (3) facilitatory intervention such as weight bearing and locomotor training after SCI may be more effective than compensatory strategies at inducing neuroplasticity and motor recovery. Body weight supported treadmill step training is discussed as an example of new facilitatory interventions based on basic science research using animal models.
Measurements Used to Characterize the Foot and the Medial Longitudinal Arch: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Williams Dorsey S , McClay Irene S 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Abnormality in the structure of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is commonly thought to be a predisposing factor to injury. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the reliability and validity of several measurements used to characterize various aspects of the foot, including the medial longitudinal arch. Subjects. One hundred two feet (both feet of 51 subjects) were measured to establish a reference database. From this group, a subset of 20 feet (both feet of 10 subjects) was used to determine intertester and intratester reliability. Radiographs of a further subset of 10 feet (right feet of 10 subjects) were used to determine validity. Methods. Five foot measurements were taken in 2 stance conditions: 10% of weight bearing and 90% of weight bearing. Results. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intertester and intratester measurements were between .480 and .995. The most reliable method of characterizing arch type in 10% of weight bearing between testers was dividing navicular height by foot length in 10% of weight bearing. However, this measure yielded highly unreliable measurements in 90% of weight bearing. The most valid measurements were navicular height divided by truncated foot length, navicular height divided by foot length in 10% of weight bearing, and navicular height divided by foot length in 90% of weight bearing. Dorsum height at 50% of foot length divided by truncated foot length showed relatively high intertester reliability (ICC=.811 in 10% of weight bearing, ICC=.848 in 90% of weight bearing) and validity (ICC=.844 in 10% of weight bearing, ICC=.851 in 90% of weight bearing). Conclusion and Discussion. These data suggest that, of the measures tested, the most reliable and valid method of clinically assessing arch height across 10% and 90% of weight bearing was dividing the dorsum height at 50% of foot length by truncated foot length.
Improved Scaling of the Gross Motor Function Measure for Children With Cerebral Palsy: Evidence of Reliability and Validity
Authors: Russell Dianne J , Avery Lisa M , Rosenbaum Peter L , Raina Parminder S , Walter Stephen D , Palisano Robert J 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. This study examined the reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change of measurements obtained with a 66-item version of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) developed using Rasch analysis. Subjects and Methods. The validity of measurements obtained with the GMFM-66 was assessed by examining the hierarchy of items and the GMFM-66 scores for different groups of children from a stratified random community-based sample of 537 children with cerebral palsy (CP). A subset of 228 children who had been reassessed at 12 months was used to test the hypothesis that children who are young (&lt;5 years of age) and have “mild” CP will demonstrate greater change in GMFM-66 scores than children who are older (≥5 years of age) and whose CP is more severe. Data from an additional 19 children with CP who were assessed twice, one week apart, were used to examine test-retest reliability. Results. The overall changes in GMFM-66 scores over 12 months and a time × severity × age interaction supported our hypotheses. Test-retest reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient=.99). Conclusion and Discussion. This study demonstrated that the GMFM-66 has good psychometric properties. By providing a hierarchical structure and interval scaling, the GMFM-66 can provide a better understanding of motor development for children with CP than the 88 item GMFM and can improve the scoring and interpretation of data obtained with the GMFM.
Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test
Authors: Shumway-Cook Anne , Brauer Sandy , Woollacott Marjorie 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) under single-task versus dual-task conditions for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falling. Subjects. Fifteen older adults with no history of falls (mean age=78 years, SD=6, range=65–85) and 15 older adults with a history of 2 or more falls in the previous 6 months (mean age=86.2 years, SD=6, range=76–95) participated. Methods. Time taken to complete the TUG under 3 conditions (TUG, TUG with a subtraction task [TUGcognitive], and TUG while carrying a full cup of water [TUGmanual]) was measured. A multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. The TUG was found to be a sensitive (sensitivity=87%) and specific (specificity=87%) measure for identifying elderly individuals who are prone to falls. For both groups of older adults, simultaneous performance of an additional task increased the time taken to complete the TUG, with the greatest effect in the older adults with a history of falls. The TUG scores with or without an additional task (cognitive or manual) were equivalent with respect to identifying fallers and nonfallers. Conclusions and Discussion. The results suggest that the TUG is a sensitive and specific measure for identifying community-dwelling adults who are at risk for falls. The ability to predict falls is not enhanced by adding a secondary task when performing the TUG.
We Have Arrived!
Authors: Massey Ben F 
Published: February 2017

APTA President Ben Massey shared the 2001 Presidential Address with members and other participants during the Opening Plenary at PT 2001: Annual Conference & Exposition of the American Physical Therapy Association, June 20, 2001. As part of Massey's enthusiastic and motivational presentation, he introduced a new 60-second video, “We Live for Moments Like These,” that APTA has developed for members to use as a promotional tool. The video is now available to members at cost and also can be viewed from the APTA Web site at www.apta.org.
When I ran for election a little more than a year ago, I did so with pride and passion and a profound commitment to this profession and our Association. I was prepared for the work that would be required of the job, but I was not as prepared for what I would experience in return. I've had the privilege of meeting hundreds of you this past year. And your pride, and your passion, and your commitment have inspired me.
I am so proud to be a member of a profession that transforms and restores people's lives. And I am equally proud to be part of an association membership who stands up for the public we serve—and who goes after what we believe in.
The images you just viewed [in APTA's new video “We Live for Moments Like These” are extraordinary. And what is perhaps equally extraordinary is that these are the images of everyday physical therapy—from making it possible for a grandmother with debilitating arthritis pain to hold her grandchild to enabling a prima ballerina who has been injured to return to the stage. Yes, any one of you could have been featured in this video for the extraordinary things that you do every single day, that you do with skill and expertise and a unique body of knowledge backed by scientific proof, that you do with heart, and soul, and passion.
[Massey BF Jr. 2001 APTA Presidential Address: We have arrived! Phys Ther. 2001;81:1830-1833.]