bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contract | Equity
Authors: Grower Julius AW 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the borderline between contract and equity, and in particular at the boundary between equity’s exclusive jurisdiction and the law of contract (a subject which consists mostly of common law rules and principles). The chapter explains that, through the so-called promise-based strand of proprietary estoppel, equity has the ability to affect the de facto enforcement of undertakings which, for one reason or another, contract is reluctant to. It provides an overview of the argument that equity is now running something akin to a shadow law of contract and advances several objections to that state of affairs.
Tort’s Borderlines
Authors: Carr Lady 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the borderlines between the law of tort and other areas of private law. It then explains that the law of tort is a broad conceptual category with principles that are influenced by the interests that they protect, which include personal injury, economic loss, and property interests. Moreover, tort law primarily responds to fault-based wrongs, imposed by law, for which compensation is the principal remedy. The chapter then discusses borderline cases featuring the interplay of tort with contracts, property, equity, and unjust enrichment. It provides an overview of the overlap and tension between the borderlines, which are often untidy and expose inconsistencies and arbitrary distinctions.
Tort | Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Gregson Rory 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the borderline between the law of tort and the law of unjust enrichment. The courts have repeatedly fallen into the trap of assuming that, because a claim is within the law of unjust enrichment, it must be governed by certain rules. This chapter suggests that the law of unjust enrichment is like the law of tort because different unjust enrichment claims, like different torts, are justified by different reasons. It also provides an overview of the notion of correlativity which influenced the Supreme Court’s decision in Prudential Assurance v Revenue & Customs Commissioners. It explains that correlativity cannot support the Court’s reasoning, which should be doubted.
Unjust Enrichment | Equity
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the notion of the borderline between Equity and the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It explains that it is more accurate to analyse the relationship in terms of influence. Unjust Enrichment brought order and sense into analysis of the legal basis of certain Equitable jurisdictions. The chapter discusses the Equity’s influence on the grounds of restitution, defences to claims, and available remedies. It clarifies that the interface between the Law of Unjust Enrichment and Equity provides insight into Equity’s real function, including its relationship with the Common Law and the rationale for recognising the Law of Unjust Enrichment.
Equity’s Borderlines
Authors: Marcus Smith Justice 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the borderlines of equity. Equitable rules and common law rules are now administered by the same courts in the same cases at the same time, often without differentiation, but legal coherence between these two bodies of law is nonetheless required. The chapter provides an overview on the vertical delineation where equity supplements the rules of common law, and horizontal delineation which involves layering, whereby the same case delivers different responses. It uses the doctrine of rectification as an example of where an appreciation of the vertical delineation is helpful. It uses the law of trusts as an example of where an appreciation of the horizontal delineation is helpful.
Property | Contract
Authors: Worthington Sarah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into (what appears to be) the lack of a substantive borderline between property and contract. All the characteristics typically associated with property are found to be equally associated with contracts. However, borderlines have served as valuable analytical tools accurately allocating territories while indicating a great deal about the consequences to follow. The chapter discusses how insolvency protection is delivered through property law, which remains the linchpin for its necessary differentiation from contract. However, property and contract should not be regarded as territories in opposition to one another while providing different and useful perspectives when examining various areas of law.
Property’s Borderlines
Authors: Fancourt Justice 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the borderlines of properties. It considers the unclear borders of property law with other areas of law and the correlation of rights to property and rights under contract. The law of England and Wales accords great significance to property and proprietary rights as it reflects the precepts of life in a modern, liberal, Western democracy. Equity provides a very substantial overlay and supplement to the common law of property. The chapter also considers the law of nuisance following the decision of the UK Supreme Court in Fearn v Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.
Property | Tort
Authors: Waghorn Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers tortious remedies for interference with property rights. It discusses the famous American case of Edwards v Lee’s Administrator, where the defendant had been committing the tort of trespass in taking visitors into those parts of the cave to which the claimant had title. Two plausible responses were user damages and disgorgement of profits. User damages refer to a sum of money calculated at the amount which the claimant could reasonably have charged the defendant to permit him to act as he did. Meanwhile, disgorgement is available under statute where a defendant profits by infringing a claimant’s patent. The chapter considers concepts of property in justifying either approach.
Notes for Cellists
Authors: Wilson Miranda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Notes for Cellists: A Guide to the Repertoire is an essential resource for anyone seeking to enrich their understanding of cello music. Written by the cellist and cello professor Miranda Wilson, this book explores the world of cello repertoire with analytical overviews and background information on compositions spanning five centuries. In an engaging and accessible style, Notes for Cellists guides readers through the repertoire, providing detailed insights into the lives of composers and the cellists who inspired them. From Bach and Beethoven to contemporary works by living composers, Notes for Cellists offers historical and analytical contexts for over three dozen works. Whether you’re a student, professional, teacher, college faculty member, amateur player, or simply an enthusiast of the cello, Notes for Cellists is an indispensable tool. With extended program notes on over three dozen works, this book serves as a guide for reference or a starting point for further research.
Robert Schumann (1810–1856)
Authors: Wilson Miranda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The cello arguably became the equal of the violin as a solo concerto instrument in the nineteenth century. This was no doubt due in part to the codification of advanced techniques by the great nineteenth-century performer-pedagogues, including Romberg, Dotzauer, Kummer, Grützmacher, and Piatti. The dazzling technical etudes and showpieces by these cellist-composers revealed new possibilities for solo playing. This may explain why most of the major Romantic composers wrote at least one concerto for the cello Works by Schumann, Dvořák, and Elgar developed new ways of using the instrument’s technique, sonority, and registers, while character pieces such as Tchaikovsky’s Variations on a Rococo Theme and Bloch’s Schelomo provided alternatives to traditional concerto forms. Twentieth-century concerto literature by Shostakovich also became central to the repertoire for cello and orchestra, and provided an example for later composers to follow.
Nocturnal behavior and dietary specialization of Vespa binghami (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in South Korea
Authors: Do Yuno , Choi Moon Bo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study comprehensively explored the ecological roles, behaviors, and adaptive strategies of the enigmatic nocturnal hornet species Vespa binghami du Buysson, 1905 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in South Korea. Using time-series analysis, we identified the hornet’s peak activity to be between 23:00 and 00:00, consistent with its dietary preference for species of the order Lepidoptera as identified through cytochrome c oxidase I metabarcoding. Metabarcoding revealed a specialized diet that predominantly consists of moths belonging to the family Noctuidae, suggesting a co-evolutionary predator-prey relationship. However, our sample size was limited; therefore, this observation should be considered preliminary. Our findings also provide evidence of opportunistic predation on bees, indicating adaptive flexibility in foraging behavior. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that the hornets exhibited peak activity during late summer and that they are mainly found at elevations between 100 m and 400 m. Despite their adaptability, sightings are regionally limited within South Korea. Observations indicated that the hornets prefer nesting in tree cavities, which have architectural features uniquely adapted to their nocturnal lifestyle. Taken together, these findings offer a multidimensional understanding of the nocturnal behaviors, specialized adaptations, and ecological significance of V. binghami. Moreover, they highlight the need for further multidisciplinary research to fully elucidate the role of this hornet in its ecosystem and its potential as a bioindicator of environmental stability and habitat quality.
Additional reporting of diffuse and homogeneous ROS-1 SP384 immunoreactivity enhances prediction of ROS1 fusion–positive non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ahn Bokyung , Jang Se Jin , Hwang Hee Sang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
ROS-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a common method for screening ROS1 fusion in the clinical management of non-small cell lung cancer. The interpretation criteria for ROS-1 SP384 IHC, however, remain unestablished.

Methods
Sixty-five non-small cell lung cancer cases underwent AmoyDx ROS1 fusion real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study and ROS-1 SP384 IHC tests, which were retrieved for analysis. ROS-1 IHC tests were interpreted based on the established classifiers as well as the presence of diffuse homogeneous immunoreactivity. The diagnostic accuracies of these ROS-1 IHC interpretation methods were evaluated by comparing them with the ROS1 real-time PCR results.

Results
Previous ROS-1 IHC classifiers demonstrated high sensitivity for positive ROS1 real-time PCR results (100%), but they showed low specificities (25%-50%) and overall accuracies (58%-72%). In contrast, the diffuse homogeneous ROS-1 immunoreactivity predicted positive ROS1 real-time PCR results with much higher specificity (94%) and overall accuracy (95%), albeit with a slightly lower sensitivity (97%). Some cases that showed discrepancy between diffuse homogeneous ROS-1 immunoreactivity and real-time PCR results involved rare ROS1::LDLR fusion and suboptimal IHC staining.

Conclusions
A 3-tier reporting system for ROS-1 SP384 IHC testing combining previous interpretation criteria and diffuse and homogeneous immunoreactivity may better predict ROS1 fusion status without decreasing specificity.
Death ORACL: An Algorithm to Predict Death Using Insurance Claims Data
Authors: Young Jessica C , Pack Kenneth , Gibson Teresa B , Yoon Frank , DiPrete Bethany L , Pate Virginia , Irwin Debra E , Cooper Toska , Bloemers Sarah , Dasgupta Nabarun 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The inability to identify dates of death in insurance claims data is the United States is a major limitation to retrospective claims-based research. While deaths result in disenrollment, disenrollment can also occur due to changes in insurance providers. We created an algorithm to differentiate between disenrollment from health plans due to death and disenrollment for other reasons. We identified 5,259,735 adults who disenrolled from private insurance between 2007 and 2018. Using death dates ascertained from the Social Security Death Index, inpatient discharge status, and death indicators in the administrative data, 7.6% of all disenrollments were classified as resulting from death. We used elastic net regression to build an algorithm using claims data in the year prior to disenrollment; candidate predictors included medical conditions, individual demographic characteristics, treatment utilization, and structural factors related to health insurance eligibility and coding. Using a predicted probability threshold of 0.9 (selected to reflect the corresponding known prevalence of mortality), internal validation found that the algorithm classified death at disenrollment with a positive predictive value of 0.815, sensitivity of 0.721 and specificity of 0.986 (AUC=0.97). Independent data sources were used for external validation and for an applied example. Code for implementation is publicly available.
Disparities in Telomere length by Sexual Orientation in Adults from the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging Cohort
Authors: Rivera Adovich S , Chao Chun R , Hechter Rulin C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The weathering hypothesis proposes that marginalized people experience faster biologic aging due to cumulative stress which translates to chronic disease disparities. We assessed telomere length (TL) differences, an aging biomarker, by sexual orientation (bisexual, gay/lesbian, straight) among 102,258 individuals enrolled in the Resource for Genetic Epidemiology Research on Aging Cohort during 2008 through 2011 (mean age of 60.6 years, 58% female, and 7.6% bisexual/gay/lesbian). We used linear models to estimate differences in telomere length, stratified by sex/gender and adjusted for age (at salivary sample) and socio-demographic variables and Kitagawa-Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to quantify contributions of participant factors on TL differences. Among females, there was no significant difference in age-adjusted telomere length by sexual orientation after adjustment for socio-demographics (ref: straight; bisexual 0.007, 95%CI: -0.03 to 0.04; lesbian: 0.005, 95%CI: -0.02 to 0.03). Among males, only gay (-0.04, 95%CI: -0.06 to -0.02) but not bisexual (-0.02, 95%CI: -0.06 to 0.02) men had significantly shorter age-adjusted telomere length compared to straight men after adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Decomposition analysis identified ever smoking and marital status as significant drivers of the gay-straight disparity. Studies confirming our findings are needed and the implications of shorter telomeres on gay men’s health requires further investigation.
The princeps investigates: two cases of domestic violence in Tacitus’ Annals
Authors: Harris Kimberly 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
This article considers two case studies of intimate partner violence from Tacitus’ Annals: the murders of Apronia in ad 24 (Tac. Ann. 4.22) and Pontia Postumina in ad 58 (Tac. Ann. 13.44). Tacitus’ account of these acts of violence and the legal proceedings that follow are considered in detail to demonstrate that legal and non-legal action could be taken in response to some instances of domestic violence in the ancient Roman world and that the emperor could intervene in certain cases. It examines these case studies in the context of other examples of domestic violence in the Annals as one avenue through which to explore attitudes towards domestic violence in early Imperial Rome.
A tale of two Octavias: historical empathy and intimate partner ‘violence’
Authors: Lawrence Sarah 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
This paper starts with the contention that the category of ‘violence’ is culturally constructed and varies according to one’s cultural and historical context. This is not intended to excuse contemporary acts that violate our laws and standards, but instead to provide a platform for examining Roman ideas of acceptable and unacceptable force so far as we can access them via texts written by male members of the elite. By examining Nero’s treatment of Octavia as it is depicted in Tacitus’ Annals, I argue that we can identify Roman social/moral condemnation of (technically legal) violence inflicted on Octavia by Nero. However, comparison with the depiction of the same events in the anonymous Octavia demonstrates how conditional this condemnation could be on the victim’s presentation as a moral and social exemplar.
CD8 positive T-cells decrease neurogenesis and induce anxiety-like behaviour following hepatitis B vaccination
Authors: Zhou Tuo , Gao Yuxuan , Wang Zhiling , Dai Chunfang , Lei Ming , Liew Aubrey , Yan Sen , Yao Zhibin , Hu Dandan , Qi Fangfang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of peripheral immunity in the regulation of brain function, influencing aspects such as neuronal development, emotion, and cognitive abilities. Previous studies from our laboratory have revealed that neonatal hepatitis B vaccination can downregulate hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and spatial learning memory. In the current post-epidemic era characterized by universal vaccination, understanding the impact of acquired immunity on neuronal function and neuropsychiatric disorders, along with exploring potential underlying mechanisms, becomes imperative. We employed hepatitis B vaccine-induced CD3 positive T cells in immunodeficient mice to investigate the key mechanisms through which T cell subsets modulate hippocampal neurogenesis and anxiety-like behaviours. Our data revealed that mice receiving hepatitis B vaccine-induced T cells exhibited heightened anxiety and decreased hippocampal cell proliferation compared to those receiving phosphate-buffered saline-T cells or wild-type mice. Importantly, these changes were predominantly mediated by infiltrated CD8+ T cells into the brain, rather than CD4+ T cells. Transcriptome profiling of CD8+ T cells unveiled that C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 positive (CXCR6+) CD8+ T cells were recruited into the brain through microglial and astrocyte-derived C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16). This recruitment process impaired neurogenesis and induced anxiety-like behaviour via tumour necrosis factor-α-dependent mechanisms. Our findings highlight the role of glial cell derived CXCL16 in mediating the recruitment of CXCR6+CD8+ T cell subsets into the brain. This mechanism represents a potential avenue for modulating hippocampal neurogenesis and emotion-related behaviours after hepatitis B vaccination.
Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension: rationale for correcting pressures for flow and guide to non-invasive diagnosis
Authors: Dhont Sebastiaan , Verwerft Jan , Bertrand Philippe B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (exPHT) is a haemodynamic condition linked to increased morbidity and mortality across various cardiopulmonary diseases. Traditional definitions of exPHT rely on absolute cut-offs, such as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) above 30 mmHg during exercise. However, recent research suggests that these cut-offs may not accurately reflect pathophysiological changes, leading to false positives and false negatives. Instead, the mPAP over cardiac output (CO) slope, which incorporates both pressure and flow measurements, has emerged as a more reliable indicator. A slope exceeding 3 mmHg/L/min is now considered diagnostic for exPHT and strongly correlates with adverse outcomes. Stress echocardiography serves as a viable alternative to invasive assessment, enabling broader implementation. This review discusses the physiological basis of pulmonary haemodynamics during exercise, the advantages of the mPAP/CO slope over absolute pressure measurements, the evidence supporting its inclusion in clinical guidelines, and provides a practical guide for non-invasive determining the mPAP/CO slope in clinical practice.
Spider silk tensile performance does not correlate with web use
Authors: Wolff Jonas O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Spider silk is amongst the toughest materials produced by living systems, but its tensile performance varies considerably between species. Despite the extensive sampling of the material properties and composition of dragline silk, the understanding of why some silks performs better than others is still limited. Here, I adopted a phylogenetic comparative approach to reanalyze structural and mechanical data from the Silkome database and the literature across 164 species to (a) provide an extended model of silk property evolution, (b) test for correlations between structural and mechanical properties, and (c) to test if silk tensile performance differs between web-building and nonweb-building species. Unlike the common notion that orb-weavers have evolved the best-performing silks, outstanding tensile properties were found both in and outside the araneoid clade. Phylogenetic linear models indicated that the mechanical and structural properties of spider draglines poorly correlate, but silk strength and toughness correlated better with birefringence (an indicator of the material anisotropy) than crystallinity. Furthermore, in contrast to previous ideas, silk tensile performance did not differ between ecological guilds. These findings indicate multiple unknown pathways toward the evolution of spider silk tensile super-performance, calling for better integration of nonorb-weaving spiders in spider silk studies.
Microbial hub signaling compounds: natural products disproportionally shape microbiome composition and structure
Authors: Brakhage Axel A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Microbiomes are shaped by abiotic factors like nutrients, oxygen availability, pH, temperature, and so on, but also by biotic factors including low molecular weight organic compounds referred to as natural products (NPs). Based on genome analyses, millions of these compounds are predicted to exist in nature, some of them have found important applications e.g. as antibiotics. Based on recent data I propose a model that some of these compounds function as microbial hub signaling compounds, i.e. they have a higher hierarchical influence on microbiomes. These compounds have direct effects e.g. by inhibiting microorganisms and thereby exclude them from a microbiome (excluded). Some microorganisms do not respond at all (nonresponder), others respond by producing themselves NPs like a second wave of information molecules (message responder) influencing other microorganisms, but conceivably a more limited spectrum. Some microorganisms may respond to the hub compounds with their chemical modification (message modifiers). This way, the modified NPs may have themselves signaling function for a subset of microorganisms. Finally, it is also likely that NPs act as food source (C- and/or N-source) for microorganisms specialized on their degradation. As a consequence, such specialized microorganisms are selectively recruited to the microbiota.