bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Left Ventricular Dissipative Energy Loss by Vector Flow Mapping in Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Zhong Yue , Liu Yanting , Wu Ting , Song Huizi , Chen Zhongxiu , Zhu Wei , Cai Yuyan , Zhang Wen , Bai Wenjuan , Tang Hong , Rao Li 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesDissipative energy loss derived from vector flow mapping represents the viscous dissipation of turbulent blood flow. We aimed to determine the left ventricular (LV) energy loss in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD).MethodsPatients with ESRD and a preserved LV ejection fraction, who consisted of a group receiving peritoneal dialysis, a group receiving hemodialysis, and a group receiving preparation for dialysis initiation, were examined by echocardiography; a group of healthy control participants were examined as well. Vector flow mapping analysis was then performed from the apical 4‐chamber view to calculate the energy loss during diastole and systole in the left ventricle.ResultsConventional transthoracic echocardiography and LV energy loss calculations were successfully performed in 63 cases and 50 controls. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher diastolic energy loss [median (interquartile range), 71.73 (46.08–106.75) versus 23.32 (17.17–29.26) mW/m; P < .001] and higher systolic energy loss [25.28 (19.03–33.93) versus 12.52 (9.35–16.47) mW/m; P < .001]. A significant difference in diastolic energy loss between the peritoneal dialysis and preparation groups was found [54.92 (39.28–89.94) versus 84.82 (62.58–171.4) mW/m; P = .04]. In patients with ESRD, the log‐transformed diastolic energy loss had a significant association with the peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (P = .011), peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity–to–peak early diastolic mitral annular flow velocity ratio (P = .001), LV mass index (P = .017), and heart rate (P = .003).ConclusionsImpaired blood flow efficiency was detected in patients with ESRD by using dissipative energy loss derived from vector flow mapping. The energy loss value could be a novel parameter for evaluating the ventricular workload of uremic hearts in terms of fluid mechanics.
Axillary Staging of Early‐Stage Invasive Breast Cancer by Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: Zhu Ying , Zhou Wei , Zhou Jian-qiao , Fei Xiao-chun , Ye Ting-Jun , Huang Ou , Chen Xiao-song , Zhan Wei-Wei 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesUltrasound (US)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is able to identify patients with extensive node involvement before surgery. In this study, we aimed to establish the optimal US criterion to identify abnormal lymph nodes on US‐guided FNAC for detection of patients with 3 or more metastatic axillary nodes.MethodsA total of 445 axillae from 443 patients with histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer (cT1–2 cN0) were examined with US at Ruijin Hospital from August 2013 to August 2014. Ultrasound‐guided FNAC was performed on suspicious nodes when the cortex was eccentrically or concentrically thickened to greater than 2 mm; 269 axillae (60.4%) met the criterion and underwent US‐guided FNAC. We retrospectively analyzed the US characteristics of axillary lymph nodes, the US‐guided FNAC results, and the extent of axillary nodal involvement. For diagnostic performance, the sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves were obtained.ResultsEighty‐six patients (19.4%) were confirmed to have 3 or more positive lymph nodes by pathologic analysis. There was a significant association between the morphologic change in the most suspicious node and the extent of axillary nodal involvement (P < .001). When we applied the cutoff point (cortical thickness >3.5 mm) at which the maximal sum of sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of 3 or more axillary lymph node metastases was achieved, we found that the sensitivity and specificity were 75.6% and 82.7%, respectively. When combining this criterion with US‐guided FNAC of the most suspicious nodes, the sensitivity and specificity were 64.2% and 94.5%, and 36.1% of cases could be spared an unnecessary 1‐step axillary lymph node dissection.ConclusionsCortical thickness of greater than 3.5 mm in the most suspicious nodes is appropriately predictive of patients with 3 or more tumor‐involved axillary nodes. When this criterion for US‐guided FNAC was adopted, a group of patients with 1 or 2 metastatic nodes could be spared unnecessary 1‐step axillary lymph node dissection.
Seasonal trends of Amazonian rainforest phenology, net primary productivity, and carbon allocation
Authors: Girardin Cécile A. J. , Malhi Yadvinder , Doughty Christopher E. , Metcalfe Daniel B. , Meir Patrick , del Aguila‐Pasquel Jhon , Araujo‐Murakami Alejandro , da Costa Antonio C. L. , Silva‐Espejo Javier E. , Farfán Amézquita Filio , Rowland Lucy 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe seasonality of solar irradiance and precipitation may regulate seasonal variations in tropical forests carbon cycling. Controversy remains over their importance as drivers of seasonal dynamics of net primary productivity in tropical forests. We use ground data from nine lowland Amazonian forest plots collected over 3 years to quantify the monthly primary productivity (NPP) of leaves, reproductive material, woody material, and fine roots over an annual cycle. We distinguish between forests that do not experience substantial seasonal moisture stress (“humid sites”) and forests that experience a stronger dry season (“dry sites”). We find that forests from both precipitation regimes maximize leaf NPP over the drier season, with a peak in production in August at both humid (mean 0.39 ± 0.03 Mg C ha−1 month−1 in July, n = 4) and dry sites (mean 0.49 ± 0.03 Mg C ha−1 month−1 in September, n = 8). We identify two distinct seasonal carbon allocation patterns (the allocation of NPP to a specific organ such as wood leaves or fine roots divided by total NPP). The forests monitored in the present study show evidence of either (i) constant allocation to roots and a seasonal trade‐off between leaf and woody material or (ii) constant allocation to wood and a seasonal trade‐off between roots and leaves. Finally, we find strong evidence of synchronized flowering at the end of the dry season in both precipitation regimes. Flower production reaches a maximum of 0.047 ± 0.013 and 0.031 ± 0.004 Mg C ha−1 month−1 in November, in humid and dry sites, respectively. Fruitfall production was staggered throughout the year, probably reflecting the high variation in varying times to development and loss of fruit among species.
Eddy properties in the Western Mediterranean Sea from satellite altimetry and a numerical simulation
Authors: Escudier Romain , Renault Lionel , Pascual Ananda , Brasseur Pierre , Chelton Dudley , Beuvier Jonathan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThree different eddy detection and tracking methods are applied to the outputs of a high‐resolution simulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea in order to extract mesoscale eddy characteristics. The results are compared with the same eddy statistics derived from satellite altimetry maps over the same period. Eddy radii are around 30 km in altimetry maps whereas, in the model, they are around 20 km. This is probably due to the inability of altimetry maps to resolve the smaller mesoscale in the region. About 30 eddies are detected per day in the basin with a very heterogeneous spatial distribution and relatively short lifespans (median life around 13 days). Unlike other areas of the open ocean, they do not have a preferred direction of propagation but appear to be advected by mean currents. The number of detected eddies seems to present an annual cycle when separated according to their lifespan. With the numerical simulation, we show that anticyclones extend deeper in the water column and have a more conic shape than cyclones.
Rerouting of subglacial water flow between neighboring glaciers in West Greenland
Authors: Chu Winnie , Creyts Timothy T. , Bell Robin E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInvestigations of the Greenland ice sheet's subglacial hydrological system show that the connectivity of different regions of the system influences how the glacier velocity responds to variations in surface melting. Here we examine whether subglacial water flow paths can be rerouted beneath three outlet glaciers in the ablation zone of western Greenland. We use Lamont‐Doherty and Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets of University of Kansas (CReSIS) ice‐penetrating radar data to create a new ice thickness map. We then use a simple subglacial water flow model to examine whether flow paths can be rerouted and identify the topographic conditions that are sensitive to subglacial rerouting. By varying water pressures within an observationally constrained range, we show that moderate changes in pressure can cause flow paths to reroute and exchange water from one subglacial catchment to another. Flow across subglacial overdeepenings is particularly sensitive to rerouting. These areas have low hydraulic gradients driving flow, so subtle water pressure variations have a strong influence on water flow direction. Based on correlations between water flow paths and ice velocity changes, we infer that water piracy between neighboring catchments can result in a different spatial pattern of hydrologically induced ice velocity speedup depending on the amount and timing of surface melt. The potential for subglacial water to reroute across different catchments suggests that multiple hydrographs from neighboring glaciers are likely necessary to accurately ascertain melt budgets from proglacial point measurements. The relationship between surface runoff, ice dynamics, and proglacial discharge can be altered by rerouting of subglacial water flow within and across outlet glaciers.
Predicting convective rainfall over tropical oceans from environmental conditions
Authors: Raymond David J. , Flores Marcos M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA cloud resolving model in spectral weak temperature gradient mode is used to explore systematically the response of mean convective rainfall to variations tropical environmental conditions. A very large fraction of the variance in modeled rainfall is explained by three variables, the surface moist entropy flux, the instability index (a measure of low to midlevel moist convective instability), and the saturation fraction (a kind of column‐averaged relative humidity). The results of these calculations are compared with the inferred rainfall from 37 case studies of convection over the tropical west Pacific, the tropical Atlantic, and the Caribbean, as well as in the NCEP FNL analysis and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. The model shows significant predictive skill in all of these cases. However, it consistently overpredicts precipitation by about a factor of three, due possibly to simplifications made in the model. These calculations also show that the saturation fraction is not a predictor of rainfall in the case of strong convection. Instead, saturation fraction covaries with the precipitation as a result of a moisture quasi‐equilibrium process.
Relation between grid, channel, and Peano networks in high‐resolution digital elevation models
Authors: De Bartolo Samuele , Dell'Accio Francesco , Frandina Giuseppe , Moretti Giovanni , Orlandini Stefano , Veltri Massimo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe topological interconnection between grid, channel, and Peano networks is investigated by extracting grid and channel networks from high‐resolution digital elevation models of real drainage basins, and by using a perturbed form of the equation describing how the average junction degree varies with Horton‐Strahler order in Peano networks. The perturbed equation is used to fit the data observed over the Hortonian substructures of real networks. The perturbation parameter, denoted as “uniformity factor,” is shown to indicate the degree of topological similarity between Hortonian and Peano networks. The sensitivities of computed uniformity factors and drainage densities to grid cell size and selected threshold for channel initiation are evaluated. While the topological relation between real and Peano networks may not vary significantly with grid cell size, these networks are found to exhibit the same drainage density only for specific grid cell sizes, which may depend on the selected threshold for channel initiation.
Separating climate‐induced mass transfers and instrumental effects from tectonic signal in repeated absolute gravity measurements
Authors: Van Camp M. , de Viron O. , Avouac J. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe estimate the signature of the climate‐induced mass transfers in repeated absolute gravity measurements based on satellite gravimetric measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. We show results at the globe scale and compare them with repeated absolute gravity (AG) time behavior in three zones where AG surveys have been published: Northwestern Europe, Canada, and Tibet. For 10 yearly campaigns, the uncertainties affecting the determination of a linear gravity rate of change range 3–4 nm/s2/a in most cases, in the absence of instrumental artifacts. The results are consistent with what is observed for long‐term repeated campaigns. We also discuss the possible artifact that can result from using short AG survey to determine the tectonic effects in a zone of high hydrological variability. We call into question the tectonic interpretation of several gravity changes reported from stations in Tibet, in particular the variation observed prior to the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.
New cases of trepanations from the 5th to 3rd millennia BC in Southern Russia in the context of previous research: Possible evidence for a ritually motivated tradition of cranial surgery?
Authors: Gresky Julia , Batieva Elena , Kitova Alexandra , Kalmykov Alexey , Belinskiy Andrey , Reinhold Sabine , Berezina Nataliya 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesIt is a big challenge to diagnose the motives behind trepanations in prehistoric crania. Surgical‐therapeutic attempts may be apparent by the presence of fractures, however, ritual or nonmedical motives are rarely supported by visible evidence in the bones. This article presents data on the trepanations of several individuals from South Russia dating to the Eneolitic and Bronze Age that may indicate a ritual procedure. In these crania an operation was performed in the identical location, the midline, furthermore in one of the most dangerous places, on the obelion. No evidence for traumatic or other pathological reasons for performing the operations was observable.Material and MethodsInvestigations of two nearby areas of South Russia revealed 13 individuals showing complete perforations in the midline of the cranium. Another one, displaying a depression in the same place, primarily diagnosed as an incomplete trepanation, is discussed considering all differential diagnoses. The trepanations were investigated macroscopically, by plain radiography and computed tomography. The lesions were described in detail, including data on technique, position, size, shape, state of healing, and complications.ResultsMales and females received the operation between the age of 10 years and mature/senile age. Only grooving and scraping techniques were used and their application differed between sexes. The majority of the patients survived the intervention for a long time.DiscussionThe region of Southern Russia seems to be a center for special trepanations performed by skilled surgeons, the specific position of the perforations implying more a ritual than therapeutic reason for trepanning. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:665–682, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of 2‐Indolyltetrahydroquinolines by Zinc(II)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation‐Redox Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of N‐Propargylanilines with Indoles
Authors: Li Guangzhe , Nakamura Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn intramolecular hydroarylation‐redox cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of propargylic anilines with indoles proceeded in the presence of zinc(II) catalysts to give 2‐indolyltetrahydroquinolines in good to high yields. Three C−H bonds (two sp2 and one sp3) are activated in one shot and these hydrogen atoms are trapped by a propargylic triple bond in the molecule.
Cluster Fusion: Face‐Fused Nine‐Atom Deltahedral Clusters in [Sn14Ni(CO)]4−
Authors: Perla Luis G. , Sevov Slavi C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe title anion was synthesized by heating dimethylformamide (DMF) solution of the known Ni‐centered and Ni(CO)‐capped tin clusters [Ni@Sn9Ni(CO)]3−. The new anion represents the first example of face‐fused nine‐atom molecular clusters. The two clusters are identical elongated tricapped trigonal prisms of nido‐[Sn8Ni(CO)]6− with nickel at one of the capping positions. They are fused along a triangular face adjacent to a trigonal prismatic base and made of two Sn and one Ni atoms. The new anion is structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction in the compound (K[222‐crypt])4[Sn14Ni(CO)]⋅DMF. Its presence in solution is corroborated by electrospray mass spectrometry.
Synthesis, characterization, and photo‐responsive properties of Y‐shaped amphiphilic azo triblock copolymer
Authors: Wei Renbo , Ma Jinyi , Zhang Hongxing , He Yaning 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, we report the synthesis, characterization, and photo‐responsive properties of a new Y‐shaped amphiphilic azo triblock copolymer composed of two isotropic polyethylene glycol (PEG) blocks and an azobenzene liquid crystalline block. The azo block, with two ending groups suitable for the azo coupling reaction, is polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization with a synthesized initiator containing two functional terminal groups. The macromolecular diazonium salts are prepared by the diazotization of PEG terminated with an amino group. The triblock copolymer is obtained by the azo coupling reaction between the azo block and macromolecular diazonium salts in DMF under mild condition. The intermediates and the obtained triblock copolymer are characterized by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, GPC, POM, DSC, TEM, and UV‐vis. The photoinduced isomerization behavior of the azo copolymer is investigated by UV‐vis. With the addition of water into the solution of the triblock copolymer, spherical aggregates with an average diameter of about 400 nm can be easily obtained. The aggregates are elongated when irradiated with polarized 365 nm UV light. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43695.
Micro‐Focus X‐Ray Tomography Study of the Microstructure and Morphometry of the Eggshell of Ostriches (Struthio Camerus)
Authors: Willoughby Bronwyn , Steyn Lindi , Bam Lunga , Olivier Adriaan J. , Devey Richard , Maina John N. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn ostrich husbandry, economic losses have mainly been attributed to low hatchability of eggs, which has mostly been attributed to the structure of the eggshell. The main aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the ostrich eggshell using micro‐focus X‐ray computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. The mean weight and volume of the eggs were 1,312 ± 56SE g and 1,333 ± 44SE cm3, respectively. The mean thickness and the mean surface area of the eggshell was 1.83 ± 0.10SE mm and 619 ± 15SE cm2 respectively and the mean total number of pores in the shell was 40,596 ± 1832SE. No significant correlations were found between the thickness of the shell and the weight of the eggs, the volume of the egg and the thickness of the shell, the diameter of the pores and the number of pores, the volume of the pores and the number of pores or the surface area of the pores and the number of pores. The mean diameters of the pores on the blunt (air cell) − (0.02 ± 0.04SE mm) and the sharp (0.26 ± 0.36SE mm) parts of the eggshell were significantly different (P = 0.0001) while the mean volumes and the surface areas of the pores in these parts were not significantly different (P = 0.203 and P = 0.089, respectively). The sizes of the pores differed in different parts of the eggshell, which consisted mainly of tightly arranged mammillary cones that that fused to the palisade columns. The external surface of the ostrich eggshell was covered by a cuticle. Anat Rec, 299:1015–1026, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Improved Fuel Economy
Authors: Yu K. , Tan X. , Yang H. , Liu W. , Cui L. , Liang Q. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis brief proposes a model predictive control method using preceding vehicle information within hybrid electric vehicles' (HEVs') predictive cruise control system to improve car following performance and reduce fuel consumption. This paper adds two original contributions to the related literature. First, a real‐time optimization approach using Pontryagin's minimum principle with analytical methods rather than numerical iteration methods is proposed. Second, to compute the desired battery state of charge trajectory as a function of vehicle position, only the topographic profile of the future road segments must be known. Both the fuel economy and the driving profile are optimized using the proposed approach. Simulation results show that fuel economy using the proposed method is improved significantly.
The evolving concept of air pollution: a small‐world network or scale‐free network?
Authors: Sun Linan , Liu Zuhan , Wang Jiayao , Wang Lili , Bao Xuecai , Wu Zhaoming , Yu Bo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo analyze the dynamics of air pollution, a homogenous partition of the coarse graining process is employed to transform the daily air pollution index series in Lanzhou into a character series consisting of five characters (R, r, e, d and D). The nodes of the pollution fluctuation network are 125 three‐symbol strings (i.e. 125 fluctuation patterns in a duration of 3 days) linked in the network's topology by a time sequence. The network contains integrated information about the interconnections and interactions among the fluctuation patterns of pollution in the network topology. After calculating the dynamical statistics of degree and degree distribution, we find that the distribution follows a three‐stage power‐law distribution characterized by a scale‐free property with hierarchy structure and small‐world effect. Therefore, the pollution fluctuation network is not only a scale‐free network with hierarchy but also a small‐world network. The higher the degree of the node is, the greater the probability that the pollution fluctuation modes will occur. The main nodes of pollution fluctuation networks generally contain the symbols R and r, which demonstrates that the feature of pollution fluctuation is mainly ascending.
Gene cloning, identification, and characterization of the multicopper oxidase CumA from Pseudomonas sp. 593
Authors: Yang Sheng , Long Yan , Yan Hong , Cai Huawan , Li Yadong , Wang Xingguo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe cumA, a gene encoding a multicopper oxidase (MCO), was cloned from the soil‐dwelling bacterium Pseudomonas sp. 593. Its corresponding product was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and purified to homogeneity through Ni‐affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the CumA of Pseudomonas sp. 593 was strongly homologous to that of CumA as previously reported. The CumA was quite stable in neutral pH and had poor thermostability. Meanwhile, its optimum pH and temperature toward laccase substrates 2,6‐dimethoxyphenol (DMP), syringaldazine (SGZ), and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were 5.0 and 55 °C, 7.5 and 60 °C, and 5.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Cu2+ remarkably enhanced the activity of the CumA. By contrast, the activity of the CumA was inhibited by the addition of Fe2+. Kinetic studies gave the Km, kcat, and kcat/Km values of 0.438 mmol·L−1, 0.056 Sec−1, and 0.128 Sec−1·mmol−1·L for DMP; 0.017 mmol·L−1, 0.031 Sec−1, and 1.824 Sec−1·mmol−1·L for SGZ; and 0.101 mmol·L−1, 0.393 Sec−1, and 3.891 Sec−1·mmol−1·L for ABTS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloning, expressing in E. coli of the cumA from Pseudomonas and characterization of the CumA.