bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protected areas and imperilled endemic freshwater biodiversity in the Western Ghats Hotspot
Authors: Raghavan Rajeev , Das Sandeep , Nameer P.O. , Bijukumar A. , Dahanukar Neelesh 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Fresh waters and their resources continue to be one of the most imperilled ecosystems on Earth, yet very little emphasis has been placed on identifying and developing in situ conservation mechanisms, such as freshwater protected areas. In the southern region of the Western Ghats Hotspot, India, a globally important eco‐region harbouring unique freshwater taxa, there has been very little effort to identify the role played by terrestrial protected areas in freshwater biodiversity conservation.
Around 130 species of freshwater‐dependent fauna belonging to five taxonomic groups (fish, amphibians, crabs, shrimps and odonates) are endemic to the region, of which 25% have a high risk of extinction. More than half of the 130 species are not represented in the current protected area (PA) network, and the distributions of 12 endemic and threatened species (10 fish, one amphibian and one shrimp), of which five are single‐location species, also fall wholly outside the PA network.
Although 44% (58 species) of endemic freshwater‐dependent fauna of the region occur either wholly (25 species) or partly (33 species) inside terrestrial PAs, they are rarely subject to species‐specific management or monitoring plans.
To improve freshwater biodiversity conservation at the local level, and to achieve global conservation targets, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi targets (for example targets 11 and 12), the PA network of the region should be doubled. This may be achieved by expanding the area of existing PAs to incorporate priority sites for freshwater taxa, creating new PAs by specifically targeting areas that are of significance to freshwater biodiversity, and developing and implementing freshwater‐specific management plans in existing PAs of the region.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change sensitivity of threatened, and largely unprotected, Amazonian fishes
Authors: Frederico Renata G. , Olden Julian D. , Zuanon Jansen 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Climate change is poised to have fundamental impacts on the freshwater environments of the Amazon River Basin, and protected areas are routinely proposed as a possible management strategy to conserve freshwater fishes. However, there remains a paucity of information regarding the sensitivity of threatened fish species to climate‐induced changes in water quantity and quality.
An expert‐based survey was used to address the following questions: (1) Are currently threatened fish species in Brazil also sensitive to projected effects of climate change? (2) Does the current conservation status of fish species also reflect their degree of sensitivity to climate change? and (3) What are the specific aspects of climate change that are likely to contribute the most to species sensitivity?
Survey respondents evaluated 35 species (11 families) representing 50% of the threatened species in the Brazilian Amazon. The results suggest that the majority of threatened Brazilian fish species are considered highly sensitive to climate change impacts.
Climate‐induced changes in water quality were, on average, considered a greater threat to species persistence than potential changes in water quantity. Survey results also suggest that fishes exhibit high sensitivity to changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen, and moderate to high sensitivity to changes in high‐flow (i.e. flood) and low‐flow (i.e. drought) regimes.
A considerable mismatch was found between species conservation status and sensitivity to climate change, suggesting that perceptions of present‐day extinction risk do not necessarily provide insight into future risks associated with climate change.
Species sensitivity to climate change showed no relationship to dispersal ability, indicating that protected areas may serve as important refugia for those species unable to keep pace with climate change. Despite this, the number and size of protected areas in Brazil have decreased over the past decade, largely to support the exploitation of hydropower and mining. Strategic conservation planning that involves existing and new protected areas for those species most at risk to climate change is warranted.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expect the unexpected: place‐based protections can lead to unforeseen benefits
Authors: Flitcroft Rebecca L. , Bottom Daniel L. , Haberman Karen L. , Bierly Ken F. , Jones Kim K. , Simenstad Charles A. , Gray Ayesha , Ellingson Kami S. , Baumgartner Erin , Cornwell Trevan J. , Campbell Lance A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Protection of places important for aesthetic, ecological, and cultural values has been a goal of conservationists for over 150 years. Cornerstones of place‐based conservation include legal designations, international agreements, and purchase by public or non‐profit organizations.
In the Salmon River catchment, Oregon, protections were initially developed in the 1930s for the freshwater riparian corridor and forestry research in the uplands. Over time, additional protections in the estuary and nearshore marine environments were added, motivated by local desire to protect and restore habitats and fish populations.
Removal of three levees in the Salmon River estuary occurred over three consecutive 9‐year time‐steps, and provided the opportunity for research on tidal marsh recovery in the framework of a space‐for‐time chrono‐series. Elevation, channel morphology, and vegetation all exhibited trajectories toward reference conditions. Fish and macroinvertebrates also served as indicators of tidal marsh recovery, although their recovery patterns were not strictly related to the chrono‐series trajectories. The extent of restoration provided a novel opportunity to measure a significant response of biotic indicators at the site and catchment scales.
Salt marsh restoration augmented protected freshwater habitats by expanding rearing habitats for juvenile salmonids and increasing expression of life‐history diversity for both Chinook and coho salmon. This finding highlights linkages between freshwater and marine habitats and populations, and has the potential to influence important policy advances and changes in management of Pacific salmon.
Restoration promoted collaborations among stakeholders, community involvement, and inspiring educational opportunities that enabled more comprehensive research than any single sponsor could have accomplished.
Protected status designations have fostered a wealth of opportunities that were not specifically envisioned when the protections were first put in place. In particular, dedicated scientific investigation of landscape‐scale change did not occur by design, but was pieced together as funding opportunities arose over time.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A disconnectivity index for improving choices in managing protected areas for rivers
Authors: Rivers‐Moore Nick , Mantel Sukhmani , Ramulifo Pfananani , Dallas Helen 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Ecological processes in freshwater lotic systems are disrupted when upstream–downstream connectivity is broken. Changes in catchment land use, catchment density of small dams, and instream impoundments result in changes to thermal and flow regimes, which in turn affect natural biological turnover patterns and rates, as well as organism exchange and dispersal.
This study describes the development of a comprehensive connectivity index for rivers, and how this can be used as a spatial product to prioritize areas of freshwater importance within the province of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.
A longitudinal connectivity index (i.e. in‐channel barriers) reflected as a cumulative downstream score, as well as the characterization of these barriers as a spectrum from absolute to partial, was developed for the main rivers in the province of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. This was combined with a lateral connectivity index based on the effects of catchment fragmentation and a density index for small dams.
The impacts of instream barriers on flow and water temperature time series were assessed using metrics describing magnitude, frequency, duration and timing of thermal and flow events for time series before and after impoundment. These impacts were spatially mapped using a surrogate function that related reset distance to average discharge, and the assumption that should the unimpounded downstream river length exceed the reset distance, the river species patterns would revert to natural conditions.
It is concluded that a multi‐metric connectivity surface should be used as a cost layer for freshwater conservation plans for the province. Assessed in tandem with protected areas, it provides a tool for setting priorities for whole river systems suitable for immediate conservation versus systems that may require rehabilitation.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin Disruption Results in Altered Morphology of Basal Tubulobulbar Complexes in Rat Seminiferous Epithelium
Authors: Sriram Aarati , Lyon Kevin R.P. , Ho Clement Dallas , Huynh Nghi , Vogl A. Wayne 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTBasal tubulobulbar complexes (TBCs) that occur at attachment sites between neighboring Sertoli cells are subcellular machines that internalize intercellular junctions during movement of spermatocytes from basal to adluminal compartments of the seminiferous epithelium. Each complex consists of an elongate tubular extension of two attached plasma membranes, and is capped at its distal end by a clathrin‐coated pit. The tubular region is surrounded by a cuff of actin arranged in a dendritic network. Near the end of the complex, a bulbous region forms that lacks the actin cuff but is closely associated with cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The bulb eventually buds from the complex and enters endocytic compartments of the Sertoli cell. Previous research has shown that when the actin network is perturbed using the actin filament–disruptor, cytochalasin D, apical tubulobulbar complexes that are associated with spermatids were associated with lower levels of actin, patchy actin networks and swollen tubular regions. Here we explored the effects of actin network perturbation on the morphology of basal tubulobulbar complexes in stage V seminiferous tubules. Isolated rat testes were perfused ex vivo for one hour with oxygenated Krebs‐Henseleit buffer (with BSA) containing either 40 μM cytochalasin D or control solution containing DMSO and perfusion‐fixed for electron microscopy. Compared to control, actin cuffs in drug‐treated TBCs appeared less uniform and patchy. In addition, the tubular regions of the complexes appeared swollen. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that intact networks of actin filaments are required for maintaining the structural integrity of basal TBCs. Anat Rec, 299:1449–1455, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Catalyzed Reductive N‐Alkylation of Amides with N‐Tosylhydrazones Derived from Ketones
Authors: Xu Peng , Qi Fu‐Ling , Han Fu‐She , Wang Yan‐Hua 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA CuI‐catalyzed reductive coupling of ketone‐derived N‐tosylhydrazones with amides is presented. Under the optimized conditions, an array of N‐tosylhydrazones derived from aryl–alkyl and diaryl ketones could couple effectively with a wide variety of (hetero)aryl as well as aliphatic amides to afford the N‐alkylated amides in high yields. The method represents the very few examples for reliably accessing secondary and tertiary amides through a reductive N‐alkylation protocol.
Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles via Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Ethyl Allenoates with Activated Isocyanides
Authors: Lu Kui , Ding Fang , Qin Long , Jia Xiaoliang , Xu Chuanming , Zhao Xia , Yao Qingwei , Yu Peng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of di‐ and trisubstituted pyrroles via copper‐catalyzed cyclization of ethyl allenoates with activated isocyanides has been developed. In contrast to related annulation reactions previously reported, this new process features a skeletal rearrangement in which the aryl sulfonyl moiety, which functions as the electron‐withdrawing group in the α‐carbon of the isocyanide, was found to migrate to the γ‐carbon of the starting allenoate in the final product for the first time.
Base‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides with Diborons
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaro , Matsubara Hiroshi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe base‐free palladium‐catalyzed borylation of aryl chlorides with diborons was achieved. The base‐free conditions offered acceptable functional group compatibility. Based on experimental and computational studies, it was shown that smooth boryl transfer from the diborons to the arylpalladium chloride was promoted by strong interaction between the Lewis acidic boron and the chlorine atom on palladium.
Ambient Pressure Photoemission Spectroscopy Reveals the Mechanism of Carbon Soot Oxidation in Ceria‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Soler Lluís , Casanovas Albert , Escudero Carlos , Pérez‐Dieste Virginia , Aneggi Eleonora , Trovarelli Alessandro , Llorca Jordi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRemoving soot is one of the most important challenges in minimizing the impact of combustion engines on the environment. Catalysts based on CeO2 have proved suitable to oxidize soot owing to their capacity to store and release oxygen easily while maintaining structural integrity, although their mode of operation in a complex environment involving two solid phases (catalyst and soot) and a gas phase (oxygen) is not yet fully understood. Herein, we provide a study of the surface/subsurface of ceria–soot and ceria–zirconia–soot mixtures under working conditions by means of near‐ambient‐pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. Soot abatement involves two cooperative routes: one occurring at the ceria–soot interface with formation of oxygen vacancies and CeIII and the other at the surface of soot, mediated by active superoxide species, which result from the reaction between gas‐phase O2 and oxygen vacancies. The two routes occur simultaneously and mutually reinforce each other.
Small BODIPY Probes for Combined Dual 19F MRI and Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Huynh Anh Minh , Müller Andreas , Kessler Sonja M. , Henrikus Sarah , Hoffmann Caroline , Kiemer Alexandra K. , Bücker Arno , Jung Gregor 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe combination of the two complementary imaging modalities 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI) possesses high potential for biological and medical applications. Herein we report the first design, synthesis, dual detection validation, and cytotoxic testing of four promising BODIPY dyes for dual 19F MRI–fluorescence detection. Using straightforward Steglich reactions, small fluorinated alcohols were easily covalently tethered to a BODIPY dye in high yields, leaving its fluorescence properties unaffected. The synthesized compounds were analyzed with various techniques to demonstrate their potential utility in dual imaging. As expected, the chemically and magnetically equivalent trifluoromethyl groups of the agents exhibited a single NMR signal. The determined longitudinal relaxation times T1 and the transverse relaxation times T2, both in the lower second range, enabled the imaging of four compounds in vitro. The most auspicious dual 19F MRI–fluorescence agent was also successfully imaged in a mouse post‐mortem within a 9.4 T small‐animal tomograph. Toxicological assays with human cells (primary HUVEC and HepG2 cell line) also indicated the possibility for animal testing.
A Novel Way To Radiolabel Human Butyrylcholinesterase for Positron Emission Tomography through Irreversible Transfer of the Radiolabeled Moiety
Authors: Sawatzky Edgar , Al‐Momani Ehab , Kobayashi Ryohei , Higuchi Takahiro , Samnick Samuel , Decker Michael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is known to be involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics in blood plasma and is associated with the progress of neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes type 2, obesity, and diseases of the cardiovascular system. In the present study, we developed carbamate‐based inhibitors serving as positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers with 18F and 11C as radioisotopes to visualize BChE distribution. These inhibitors are radiolabeled at the carbamate site and transfer this moiety onto BChE, which thus results in covalent and permanent radiolabeling of the enzyme. There are no comparable radiotracers for cholinesterases described to date. By ex vivo autoradiography experiments on mice brain slices and kinetic investigations, selective and covalent transfer of the radiolabeled carbamate moiety onto BChE was proven. These tracers might provide high resolution of BChE distribution in vivo to enable investigations into the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases associated with alterations in BChE occurrence.
Impact of Afirma gene expression classifier on cytopathology diagnosis and rate of thyroidectomy
Authors: Sacks Wendy L. , Bose Shikha , Zumsteg Zachary S. , Wong Ronnie , Shiao Stephen L. , Braunstein Glenn D. , Ho Allen S. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUNDThe Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) assesses malignancy risk in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. Afirma putatively reduces costs by classifying certain nodules as benign and thereby avoiding unnecessary surgery. Prior studies have evaluated its impact exclusively on GEC‐tested nodules. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effect of Afirma on 1) cytopathology diagnosis, 2) the rate of surgery, and 3) the rate of malignancy on all indeterminate nodules at a high‐volume thyroid center.METHODSA retrospective cohort analysis of indeterminate (Bethesda III/IV) thyroid nodules from 2012 through 2014 was performed. Cases were evaluated from January 2012 to July 2013 (pre‐Afirma), and from July 2013 to December 2014 (post‐Afirma).RESULTSOf 4292 fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) performed, 13.2% were classified as indeterminate. The GEC was used in 45.3% of post‐Afirma cases, with the GEC‐Benign call rate at 37.1%. In comparing pre‐Afirma and post‐Afirma cohorts, a significant increase in Bethesda III (10.7% vs 13.4%; P<.005) and Bethesda IV (1.8% vs 2.9%; P<.01) rates were observed. Conversely, the incidence of Bethesda II was found to be significantly decreased (74.6% vs 68.8%; P<.001). The rate of surgery did not change significantly between pre‐Afirma and post‐Afirma cohorts (37.7% vs 45.1%; P = .11), nor did the malignancy rate (25.3% vs 36.0%; P = .12).CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of indeterminate FNA diagnoses significantly increased after Afirma became routinely available, whereas the incidence of benign diagnoses significantly decreased. These data suggest that Afirma may shift FNA interpretation toward Bethesda III/IV, in which molecular testing is used. Moreover, the institutional rates of surgery and malignancy did not appear to change, raising uncertainty regarding the benefits of molecular assay risk stratification. Afirma may produce unintended collateral effects, increasing the number of indeterminate FNA diagnoses while not affecting the institutional thyroidectomy rate or malignancy yield. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:722–8. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Diacetylene‐Bridged Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas with Aggregates: Synthesis and Charge/Energy‐Transfer Properties
Authors: Wang Hui , Han Shuhua , Hu Yongfeng , Dynes James J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDiacetylene‐bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (DAPMOs) with aggregates were synthesized and characterized. The DAPMO‐based donor–acceptor charge‐transfer (CT) system was prepared under ambient conditions, in which the diacetylenic groups in the pore walls were the electron donors and the decylviologen molecules acted as electron acceptors in the pore channels. The UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and soft X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed the formation of the CT complex. Importantly, energy transfer from the diacetylene aggregates to the CT complex occurred upon excitation at 330 nm, which was demonstrated by the fluorescence spectra of the CT systems. This design of hybrid organic–inorganic materials based on PMOs is promising to construct effective electron and energy transfer systems to fabricate optoelectronic materials.
Tuning the Redox Properties of the Nanostructured CoMoO4 Electrode: Effects of Surfactant Content and Synthesis Temperature
Authors: Barmi Maryam Jozegholami , Minakshi Manickam 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA systematic study was performed to examine the effects of surfactant content and synthesis temperature on the morphologies and the redox properties of cobalt molybdate (CoMoO4). The results revealed that varying the concentration of surfactant (F127) varies the morphology from nanorods to nanospheres and nanoneedles. A concentration of metal‐to‐surfactant ratio of 1:1 outperformed that of 1:0.5 and 1:2 ratios in specific capacitance, energy density and cycling stability. The surfactant at the optimised ratio significantly influenced the morphology and particle size of the CoMoO4 material and acted as a template, whereas increasing the synthetic temperature did not contribute much to the energy storage. An asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated based on CoMoO4 as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode in 2 m NaOH electrolyte. The CoMoO4 material synthesised at 300 °C in the presence of F127 (1:1) showed a specific capacitance of 79 F g−1 and an energy density of 21 W h kg−1 when tested as a hybrid device. This suggests that the redox activity and its storage capability depend on the surfactant content as well as its self‐assembly behaviour. CoMoO4 showed excellent cycling stability retaining over 75 % of its initial capacitance after 2000 cycles, which makes it a very promising candidate for large‐scale energy‐storage applications.
A Gross‐Margin Model for Defining Technoeconomic Benchmarks in the Electroreduction of CO2
Authors: Verma Sumit , Kim Byoungsu , Jhong Huei‐Ru “Molly” , Ma Sichao , Kenis Paul J. A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe introduce a gross‐margin model to evaluate the technoeconomic feasibility of producing different C1–C2 chemicals such as carbon monoxide, formic acid, methanol, methane, ethanol, and ethylene through the electroreduction of CO2. Key performance benchmarks including the maximum operating cell potential (Vmax), minimum operating current density (jmin), Faradaic efficiency (FE), and catalyst durability (tcatdur) are derived. The Vmax values obtained for the different chemicals indicate that CO and HCOOH are the most economically viable products. Selectivity requirements suggest that the coproduction of an economically less feasible chemical (CH3OH, CH4, C2H5OH, C2H4) with a more feasible chemical (CO, HCOOH) can be a strategy to offset the Vmax requirements for individual products. Other performance requirements such as jmin and tcatdur are also derived, and the feasibility of alternative process designs and operating conditions are evaluated.
Methane‐induced Activation Mechanism of Fused Ferric Oxide–Alumina Catalysts during Methane Decomposition
Authors: Reddy Enakonda Linga , Zhou Lu , Saih Youssef , Ould‐Chikh Samy , Lopatin Sergei , Gary Daniel , Del‐Gallo Pascal , Basset Jean‐Marie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractActivation of Fe2O3–Al2O3 with CH4 (instead of H2) is a meaningful method to achieve catalytic methane decomposition (CMD). This reaction of CMD is more economic and simple against commercial methane steam reforming (MSR) as it produces COx‐free H2. In this study, for the first time, structure changes of the catalyst were screened during CH4 reduction with time on stream. The aim was to optimize the pretreatment conditions through understanding the activation mechanism. Based on results from various characterization techniques, reduction of Fe2O3 by CH4 proceeds in three steps: Fe2O3→Fe3O4→FeO→Fe0. Once Fe0 is formed, it decomposes CH4 with formation of Fe3C, which is the crucial initiation step in the CMD process to initiate formation of multiwall carbon nanotubes.