bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial communities mediating algal detritus turnover under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Morrison Jessica M. , Murphy Chelsea L. , Baker Kristina , Zamor Richard M. , Nikolai Steve J. , Wilder Shawn , Elshahed Mostafa S. , Youssef Noha H. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundAlgae encompass a wide array of photosynthetic organisms that are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Algal species often bloom in aquatic ecosystems, providing a significant autochthonous carbon input to the deeper anoxic layers in stratified water bodies. In addition, various algal species have been touted as promising candidates for anaerobic biogas production from biomass. Surprisingly, in spite of its ecological and economic relevance, the microbial community involved in algal detritus turnover under anaerobic conditions remains largely unexplored.ResultsHere, we characterized the microbial communities mediating the degradation ofChlorella vulgaris(Chlorophyta),Charasp. strain IWP1 (Charophyceae), and kelpAscophyllum nodosum(phylum Phaeophyceae), using sediments from an anaerobic spring (Zodlteone spring, OK; ZDT), sludge from a secondary digester in a local wastewater treatment plant (Stillwater, OK; WWT), and deeper anoxic layers from a seasonally stratified lake (Grand Lake O’ the Cherokees, OK; GL) as inoculum sources. Within all enrichments, the majority of algal biomass was metabolized within 13–16 weeks, and the process was accompanied by an increase in cell numbers and a decrease in community diversity. Community surveys based on the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene identified different lineages belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria (alpha, delta, gamma, and epsilon classes), Spirochaetes, and Firmicutes that were selectively abundant under various substrate and inoculum conditions. Within all kelp enrichments, the microbial communities structures at the conclusion of the experiment were highly similar regardless of the enrichment source, and were dominated by the genusClostridium, or familyVeillonellaceaewithin the Firmicutes. In all other enrichments the final microbial community was dependent on the inoculum source, rather than the type of algae utilized as substrate. Lineages enriched included the uncultured groups VadinBC27 and WCHB1-69 within the Bacteroidetes, genusSpirochaetaand the uncultured group SHA-4 within Spirochaetes,Ruminococcaceae,Lachnospiraceae,Yongiibacter,Geosporobacter, andAcidaminobacterwithin the Firmicutes, and generaKluyvera,Pantoea,EdwardsiellaandAeromonas,andButtiauxellawithin the Gamma-Proteobaceteria order Enterobacteriales.ConclusionsOur results represent the first systematic survey of microbial communities mediating turnover of algal biomass under anaerobic conditions, and highlights the diversity of lineages putatively involved in the degradation process.
Anatomical mechanism of spontaneous recovery in regions caudal to thoracic spinal cord injury lesions in rats
Authors: Li Lu-sheng , Yu Hao , Raynald Raynald , Wang Xiao-dong , Dai Guang-hui , Cheng Hong-bin , Liu Xue-bin , An Yi-hua 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundThe nerve fibre circuits around a lesion play a major role in the spontaneous recovery process after spinal cord hemisection in rats. The aim of the present study was to answer the following question: in the re-control process, do all spinal cord nerves below the lesion site participate, or do the spinal cord nerves of only one vertebral segment have a role in repair?MethodsFirst we made a T7 spinal cord hemisection in 50 rats. Eight weeks later, they were divided into three groups based on distinct second operations at T7: ipsilateral hemisection operation, contralateral hemisection, or transection. We then tested recovery of hindlimbs for another eight weeks. The first step was to confirm the lesion had role or not in the spontaneous recovery process. Secondly, we performed T7 spinal cord hemisections in 125 rats. Eight weeks later, we performed a second single hemisection on the ipsilateral side at T8–T12 and then tested hindlimb recovery for another six weeks.ResultsIn the first part, the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores and the electrophysiology tests of both hindlimbs weren’t significantly different after the second hemisection of the ipsilateral side. In the second part, the closer the second hemisection was to T12, the more substantial the resulting impairment in BBB score tests and prolonged latency periods.ConclusionsThe nerve regeneration from the lesion area after hemisection has no effect on spontaneous recovery of the spinal cord. Repair is carried out by all vertebrae caudal and ipsilateral to the lesion, with T12 being most important.
Doppler measurement of cerebral and lower limb flow during a lower body negative pressure test for predicting orthostatic intolerance.
Authors: Tobal N , Roumy J , Herault S , Fomina G , Arbeille P 
Published: January 2017

To quantify the cardiovascular response to an orthostatic test for predicting orthostatic intolerance.Cerebral and lower limb arterial flow and resistance were assessed by Doppler ultrasonography during lower body negative pressure (7 minutes each at ‐25 and ‐45 mm Hg). Cardiovascular deconditioning was induced by 42 days in head‐down tilt at ‐6 degress (7 subjects) and 6‐month spaceflights (10 cosmonauts).Orthostatic intolerance during a stand test was observed in 57% of the head‐down‐tilt subjects and 83% of the cosmonauts. At the lower body negative pressure after head‐down tilt and during or after flight, the average cerebral flow velocity and vascular resistance did not change significantly from before head‐down tilt and before flight. Conversely, there was a lack of lower limb arterial vasoconstriction (‐24% from before head‐down tilt and ‐43% from before flight; P < .01), and the cerebral‐femoral flow ratio increased less (‐27% from before head‐down tilt and ‐52% from before flight; P < .01). The lack of vasoconstriction was more pronounced in intolerant subjects (‐25% from before head‐down tilt and ‐48% from before flight) compared with tolerant subjects (‐22% from before head‐down tilt and ‐14% from before flight; P > .01). Also, the lack of a cerebral‐femoral flow ratio increase was more pronounced in intolerant subjects (‐49% from before head‐down tilt and ‐55% from before flight; P < .01) than in tolerant subjects (‐1% from before head‐down tilt and ‐33% from before flight; P < .01). The cerebral flow deficit at the lower body negative pressure before head‐down tilt was greater than 8% in 3 of the 4 intolerant head‐down‐tilt subjects and less than 8% in the 3 tolerant subjects. The 3 cosmonauts who were intolerant after flight had a preflight cerebral flow deficit greater than 8%, whereas the tolerant cosmonaut had a cerebral flow deficit less than 8%.Lack of lower limb vasoconstriction and a lower cerebral‐femoral flow ratio during lower body negative pressure in disadapted subjects were associated with orthostatic intolerance. A cerebral flow deficit during lower body negative pressure before disadaptation allowed measurement of the predisposition of the subjects to become intolerant.
Reliability and validity of three‐dimensional fetal brain volumes.
Authors: Endres L K , Cohen L 
Published: January 2017

To determine the intraobserver and interobserver variability in calculating three‐dimensional fetal brain volumes and to examine the relationship between these volumes and biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements and estimated gestational age.Eighty‐five subjects between 16 and 40 completed weeks' gestation participated in the Institutional Review Board‐approved study. Fetal head images were obtained axially and stored on a magnetic optical disk. The fetal brain volumes were calculated in triplicate by each of 2 observers using 8 to 10 coronal cuts. The coefficient of variation was determined for both physicians. Pearson correlations and linear regression were used to evaluate the relationship between three‐dimensional head volume and standard biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements and estimated gestational age.The coefficients of variation were low for both investigators, at 2.04% and 2.44%. The correlations between fetal brain volumes and biparietal diameter, head circumference, and estimated gestational age were all highly significant (P < .001). The linear regression of brain volumes with estimated gestational age was also highly significant (P < .001).Three‐dimensional fetal brain volume measurements had excellent intraobserver and interobserver reliability. The volumes correlated very well with standard biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements. These volumes can also be used to determine estimated gestational age.
Pattern of Doppler flow indices at the carotid bifurcation: evaluation by hemodynamic color Doppler imaging.
Authors: Lin G S , Naval V S 
Published: January 2017

To visualize the spatial variation of Doppler indices, principally the pulsatility index, taken proximal to the carotid bifurcation and to evaluate their relationship to the geometry of the carotid bulb.The pattern of ultrasonographic Doppler indices was studied in healthy volunteers by using hemodynamic color Doppler imaging, which computes and displays a Doppler index at each color pixel from a sequence of color Doppler image frames taken over several cardiac cycles.In carotid bulbs with laminar flow (n = 5), the spatial partitioning between low‐resistance internal carotid artery and high‐resistance external carotid artery flows could be followed over 5 cm upstream in the common carotid artery. However, normal reverse or vortex flows at the carotid bulb (n = 15) obliterated upstream flow partitioning within 2 cm of the flow divider The pulsatility index was neither laterally nor axially uniform in the common carotid artery.Localization of "core flow" where meaningful Doppler indices may be measured is determined by the expansion geometry of the carotid bulb and usually requires positioning of a small sample volume in the center of the lumen at least 3 cm upstream from the flow divider However, in the absence of reverse or vortex flows, placement of a spectral Doppler sample volume is best guided by hemodynamic color Doppler imaging.
Ultrasonographic texture analysis of parenchymatous organs by the four‐neighborhood‐pixels algorithm: clinical experiment.
Authors: Yao W , Zhao B , Zhao Y , Wang W , Qian G 
Published: January 2017

The parenchyma of organs such as liver, thyroid, and mammary gland during climacterium have common ultrasonographic textural features, which together form what we call small‐dot‐structure texture. To study this texture we designed the 4‐neighborhood‐pixels algorithm, an ultrasonographic texture analysis algorithm. The objective of this study was to confirm whether the 4‐neighborhood‐pixels algorithm can reflect the features of small‐dot‐structure texture.A changed small‐dot‐structure texture and 3 other textures were compared with the normal small‐dot‐structure texture in 4 groups, and a histogram algorithm was used for contrast with the 4‐neighborhood‐pixels algorithm.The 4‐neighborhood‐pixels algorithm could reflect all the textural differences, but the histogram algorithm could reflect only some of them.The 4‐neighborhood‐pixels algorithm is a good algorithm for analyzing ultrasonographic small‐dot‐structure texture. Not only can it reflect changes in the small‐dot‐structure texture, but it can also differentiate between small‐dot‐structure and non‐small‐dot‐structure textures.
Importance of evaluating organ parenchyma during screening abdominal ultrasonography after blunt trauma.
Authors: Brown M A , Casola G , Sirlin C B , Hoyt D B 
Published: January 2017

To determine the benefit of screening ultrasonography for parenchymal abnormalities as well as free fluid during screening abdominal ultrasonography in patients with blunt trauma.A total of 2693 patients with blunt trauma who were triaged to a level 1 trauma center underwent screening abdominal ultrasonography in the resuscitation suite. Examinations were performed by experienced sonographers and included a screen for free intraperitoneal fluid and evaluation of the abdominal organ parenchyma and heart for traumatic injury. Screening ultrasonographic findings were reviewed and compared with findings from autopsy, laparotomy, diagnostic peritoneal lavage, computed tomography, repeated ultrasonography, cystography, and clinical outcome. Imaging studies of all patients with confirmed or suspected injuries were reviewed to identify those in whom parenchymal findings aided diagnosis.One hundred seventy‐two patients were found to have evidence of abdominal injury due to blunt trauma on the basis of clinical data, imaging, laparotomy, or autopsy. Forty‐four of these patients had no sonographic evidence of hemoperitoneum at the time of initial ultrasonography. Screening ultrasonographic findings were positive for injury in 19 of 44 patients on the basis of parenchymal findings or small retroperitoneal collections of fluid thought to be indicative of trauma. In the remaining 25 patients, screening ultrasonography showed no abnormalities, and injuries were detected by repeated ultrasonography, subsequent computed tomography, or diagnostic peritoneal lavage performed for suspected occult injury on the basis of clinical parameters. In addition, 47 of 126 injured patients with sonographically detected free fluid had parenchymal findings that helped localize injury. Sixteen of those patients were taken to the operating room on the basis of clinical and sonographic findings without undergoing computed tomography.The inability to show injuries with no hemoperitoneum or with delayed hemoperitoneum has been shown to be a limitation of ultrasonography in patients with blunt trauma. In our series, 26% of all patients with documented injuries had no free fluid visible on screening ultrasonography Attention to findings other than free fluid allowed detection in 43% of injured patients without sonographic evidence of hemoperitoneum.
Analysis of three‐dimensional Doppler ultrasonographic quantitative measures for the discrimination of prostate cancer.
Authors: Moskalik A P , Rubin M A , Wojno K J , Bree R , Rubin J M , Fowlkes J B , Montie J E , Manley S , Carson P L 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine whether several quantitative ultrasonographic measures have potential to discriminate prostate cancer from normal prostate and to determine the best combination of these measures. The true spatial distributions of cancer within the prostates studied were obtained histologically after radical prostatectomy. The relationship between Doppler ultrasonography and microvessel count was also investigated.Three‐dimensional Doppler ultrasonographic data were acquired from 39 patients before radical prostatectomy. The removed prostate was sectioned, and whole‐mount hematoxylineosin‐stained slides were used to identify all regions of cancer within each prostate. These histologic and ultrasonographic data were spatially registered. Doppler ultrasonographic measures were calculated within uniformly sized three‐dimensional regions that were either entirely cancerous or noncancerous, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed on the results. Microvessel counts were made within each contiguous cancerous region and correlated with ultrasonographic measures.Color pixel density was the best simple measure for discriminating prostate cancer (accuracy, 80%). The mean power mode value (normalized mean power in color pixels) was inversely related to cancer with an accuracy of 1‐‐normalized mean power in color pixels = 65% (low mean power is more cancerous). When color pixel density was combined with the normalized mean power in color pixels, its accuracy improved slightly to 84%. The peak microvessel count had a negative correlation with color pixel density as well as with cancer stage.Doppler ultrasonography does provide discriminatory information for prostate cancer, with color pixel density being the most promising measure.
Shape reconstruction of the left ventricle: accuracy of limited‐plane three‐dimensional echocardiography.
Authors: Jakrapanichakul D , Tanabe K , Belohlavek M , Seward J B 
Published: January 2017

To assess the accuracy of left ventricular cavity shape reproduction from 8 spatially related, apical two‐dimensional ultrasonographic images.We scanned 6 dog heart specimens. Left ventricular cavity casts were reconstructed from 48‐tomogram (high‐density), 8‐tomogram (octaplane), and 2‐tomogram (low‐density biplane) apical data sets. The 48‐plane left ventricular cast served as the reference. Spatial shape resolution of 3 mm in radial distance from the rotational axis to the interpolated endocardium was used as the criterion of shape accuracy.The adjusted limits of agreement for the octaplane and biplane left ventricular casts were +/‐2.31 and +/‐6.84 mm, respectively.The three‐dimensional left ventricular cavity shape can be accurately reproduced by using a low‐data density apical octaplane echocardiographic examination.
An approach to acoustic properties of biological tissues using acoustic micrographs of attenuation constant and sound speed.
Authors: Okawai H , Kobayashi K , Nitta S 
Published: January 2017

To develop a method for two‐dimensional measurement of acoustic properties of biological tissue elements at the microscopic level for specimens with a thickness of approximately 10 microm.The procedure was developed on the basis of mechanically scanned acoustic microscopic techniques in the frequency range of 100 to 200 MHz and the theory of interference phenomena. Various tissues and samples were prepared to evaluate the method and to interpret sound propagation properties.Tissues with high protein content, low water content, or both had a high attenuation constant and sound speed. The exponent n of attenuation against frequency was almost unity at the microscopic level, whereas it was greater than unity when the specimen thickness was greater. Sound speed dispersion was not observed.The method was shown to be reproducible, and the data were interpreted acoustically and pathologically with reference to tissue type and specimen thickness.
The use of renal Doppler ultrasonography to diagnose patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants.
Authors: Armstrong D L , Teele R L , Kuschel C A , Harding J E 
Published: January 2017

To prospectively study the diagnostic usefulness of altered renal waveforms in patent ductus arteriosus.We studied preterm infants undergoing echocardiography for a suspected patent ductus arteriosus. A spectral Doppler display was acquired for both renal arteries, and a resistive index was obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated using a clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus (>1.5‐mm diameter on color Doppler ultrasonography) as the standard of reference.Fifty infants had 78 scans. A significant patent ductus arteriosus was present on 39 scans. When the renal resistive index was greater than 1.0, the likelihood ratio for a significant patent ductus arteriosus was 24.8 (specificity, 97.2%; SD, 3.8%). When the renal resistive index was 1.0 or less, the likelihood ratio for a significant patent ductus arteriosus was 0.2 (sensitivity, 77.2%; SD, 9.4%).Renal resistive index measurement is a simple investigation that can predict a significant patent ductus arteriosus in patients without congenital heart disease or other causes of diastolic runoff when echocardiography is unavailable.
Feasibility of performing a virtual patient examination using three‐dimensional ultrasonographic data acquired at remote locations.
Authors: Nelson T R , Pretorius D H , Lev-Toaff A , Bega G , Budorick N E , Hollenbach K A , Needleman L 
Published: January 2017

To evaluate the feasibility of performing three‐dimensional ultrasonographic studies that meet American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and American College of Radiology ultrasonographic examination guidelines with review off‐line and at remote locations.One hundred patients were studied at 2 institutions using high‐end two‐dimensional clinical ultrasonographic scanners and commercially available three‐dimensional ultrasonography for a variety of organ systems (first‐ and second‐trimester fetus, abdomen, and female pelvis). We evaluated several parameters, including measurements, completeness of organ visualization, abnormalities identified, image quality, number of volumes required, and discrepancies between interpretations.Overall, three‐dimensional ultrasonography could produce diagnostic‐quality results comparable with those of two‐dimensional ultrasonography. Three‐dimensional ultrasonographic image quality was lower than that of two‐dimensional ultrasonography. Two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasonographic measurements were comparable (<5% difference), as was the extent of organ visualization, although some structures were challenging for both two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasonography. In general, organs completely imaged in the scanner field of view required 1 to 1.5 volumes, whereas larger organs required between 3 and 6 volumes. Differences among reviewers' interpretations highlighted the need for standardization of acquisition and reviewing protocols for sonographers and physicians.Our results show that it is clinically feasible to acquire three‐dimensional ultrasonographic data at one site and to obtain accurate interpretation by off‐line review at another within the context of providing high‐quality clinical diagnostic studies.
Intraoperative sonographic localization of breast masses: success with specimen sonography and surgical bed sonography to confirm excision.
Authors: Feld R I , Rosenberg A L , Nazarian L N , Needleman L , Lev-Toaff A S , Segal S R , Johnson P T , Parker L , O'Reilly T 
Published: January 2017

To assess the use of intraoperative sonography for localization of breast masses at excisional biopsy, with specimen and surgical bed sonography to confirm excision.A computer search of the 5‐year period from January 1993 through January 1998 revealed 138 consecutive women referred for sonographically guided excisional biopsy of 148 masses; 35 masses were excluded because they had no postoperative mammograms. One hundred thirteen masses constituted the study group. Specimen sonography (n = 60) or surgical bed sonography (n = 53) was performed as the initial evaluation to confirm excision, but ultimately, surgical bed sonography may have been necessary after specimen sonography, and specimen sonography may have been necessary after surgical bed sonography. The miss rates determined by postoperative imaging were calculated for each group and compared with those of mammographically guided needle localization series from the literature.Follow‐up physical examination and mammography showed no residual mass in the region of surgery in any patient. However, follow‐up sonography had 1 miss in the initial specimen sonogram group (1 [1.7%] of 60) and 1 miss in the initial surgical bed group (1 [1.9%] of 53). As shown by the Fisher exact test, there was no significant difference between the miss rates of the 2 initial methods of confirming lesion excision or between the miss rates of these initial methods, both groups combined, and 6 mammographic localization series from the literature.Intraoperative breast sonography, using specimen sonography and scanning the surgical bed, has miss rates comparable with those of mammographic needle localization. Follow‐up sonography must be performed if there is any doubt of complete excision.