bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving Beyond the Nation State? Reflections on European Environmental History
Authors: Kalb Martin 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This historiographical essay outlines and discusses major trends within European environmental history. More precisely, it traces recent developments and conversations within various national and regional contexts, hoping to provide a coherent overview. In no way comprehensive and complete given the mere scope of the topic, language barriers, and accessibility of materials, the objective of this essay is to capture recent developments and inclinations within a diverse and very complex scholarship. The importance of nature, wilderness, forests, water, political movements, and numerous other themes are discussed in this context, as the essay focuses on different nation states and regions. It highlights recent discussions and future possibilities regarding collaboration across national borders and contexts, and ultimately argues for more transnational cooperation within the field of environmental history.
Environmental Change, Control and Management in Africa
Authors: Kwashirai Vimbai C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
African environments have been studied across many disciplines in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. This study draws on economic and environmental historical approaches to explore the consumption-conservation nexus in the use of African natural resources. It explores environmental changes resulting from a range of interactive factors, including climate, population, disease, vegetation and technology. Ecological issues are important in the synopsis, but this work does not develop a detailed record of Africa’s environmental changes. Instead, it explores the role and impact of the state, whether exploitative or conservationist, from pre-colonial times to the present. The relationship between economic development, nature and conservation is central, given that the main axiom of world conservation strategy is that development depends upon conservation, and lasting development is impossible without conservation.
Climatic Changes in the Carpathian Basin during the Middle Ages. The State of Research
Authors: Vadas András , Rácz Lajos 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present a summary of the current scholarship on the climate of the Carpathian Basin in the Middle Ages. It draws on the results of three substantially differing branches of science: natural sciences, archaeology and history are all taken into consideration. Based on the most important results of the recent decades different climatic periods can be identified in the scholarship. The paper attempts to summarize the different view of these major climatic periods. Based on present scholarship the milder climate of the Roman Period was followed by a cooler period from the 4th century, attested by both historical and natural-historical sources, and apparently climate had also become drier. The cool period of the Great Migrations concluded in the Carpathian Basin between the end of the 7th and the turn of the 8th-9th centuries. The winters in the first half of the 9th century were probably milder. In the warmer medieval period (called Medieval Climatic Anomaly in recent scholarship) winters had clearly become milder and summers warmer, while the climate was probably still dry. The first cooling signs of the “Little Ice Age” had already become apparent in the 13th century, but the cold and rainy character of the climate could only become dominant in the Carpathian Basin in the early 14th century, which then, albeit with great anomalies, endured until the second half of the 19th century.
Reframing the Land Grab Debate: The Need to Broaden and Deepen the Agenda
Authors: Zoomers Annelies , van Westen Guus 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article does not present new evidence about the land rush, but reveals the urgent need of broadening the debate by including a few key issues that are so far neglected. Transnational land acquisitions are a logical outcome of globalisation and neoliberal policies resulting in processes of disembedding land from local societies. Control over land is decreasingly vested in territorially defined communities or societies, and increasingly dictated by global actors and processes, leading to a patchwork of locally disembedded land holdings responding to different translocal network logics. Global actors play an increasingly important role in reserving spaces for global goods, securing food, preserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change in widely dispersed localities. The resulting fragmentation is not conducive for inclusive and sustainable development at the local level. Findings are based on ongoing research on the consequences of transnational land acquisitions in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
An Editorial Flop Revisited: Rethinking the Impact of M. Bookchin’s
Our Synthetic Environment
on its Golden Anniversary
Authors: Pérez Cebada Juan Diego 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

2012 is the golden anniversary of two important books in the history of the American Environmental movement:
Our Synthetic Environment
(OSE), written by Murray Bookchin (under the pseudonym “Lewis Herber”) and Rachel Carsons’ canonical
Silent Spring
, published just a few months later. Both books deal with the complex problem of chemicals in food, and have a clear objective: to achieve a popular audience. But, these books had a very different reception on the part of critics and public. While
Silent Spring
was a genuine bestseller, OSE seemed to fall l into oblivion. For some, even, it was a complete flop. This article however revises the reception of Bookchin’s work and shows that although Bookchin cannot certainly be considered a mass author like Carson, he was an influential thinker in selected North American and European academic circles of his time. The book had its origin in an article entitled 'The Problems of Chemicals in Food' (1952). In the first part of this article, we study this and other related articles that preceded the publication of OSE as well as their impact in the intellectual world. The second section analyzes specific bibliography and documentation from Jonathan Cape Ltd, the English publisher of the book (1963), in order to establish its reception. Jonathan Cape had hired Durrant’s, a well known press cutting firm, to prepare a complete report on references to the book in newspapers and other periodical publications both in the U.K. and the Commonwealth. Durrant´s dossier confirms that the book was favorably appraised in the United States by outstanding figures such as B. Commoner, R. Dubos or W. Vogt. However the documentation shows a better reception of the book in Europe, especially in U.K. and Germany. The final section stresses the contribution of OSE to the Environmental movement and the Green left thought.
Inductive verification of smart card protocols
Authors: Bella Giampaolo 
Published: May 2016

An existing approach based on induction and theorem proving is tailored to the verification of security protocols that make use of smart cards. Smart cards are modelled operationally, hence only their functionalities, rather than their implementative technicalities, are of interest. The spy can steal certain smart cards, and clone others while learning their stored secrets. In terms of generality, the approach scales up to protocols that assume secure or insecure means between agents and smart cards, as well as to smart cards being PIN-operated or PIN-less. In terms of extensibility, new, application-dependent smart card functionalities can be easily included. The approach is demonstrated on the key distribution protocol designed by Shoup and Rubin [30], and the assumptions are studied that are necessary on the smart cards for the protocol goals to be met. It is found that, if the data buses of the smart cards are unreliable as to produce outputs in an unspecified order, then the protocol does not confirm to the peers its goals of confidentiality, authentication, and key distribution because of lack of explicitness. A simple fix is introduced and proved.
Searchable symmetric encryption: Improved definitions and efficient constructions
Authors: Curtmola Reza , Garay Juan , Kamara Seny , Ostrovsky Rafail 
Published: May 2016

Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) allows a party to outsource the storage of his data to another party in a private manner, while maintaining the ability to selectively search over it. This problem has been the focus of active research and several security definitions and constructions have been proposed. In this paper we begin by reviewing existing notions of security and propose new and stronger security definitions. We then present two constructions that we show secure under our new definitions. Interestingly, in addition to satisfying stronger security guarantees, our constructions are more efficient than all previous constructions. Further, prior work on SSE only considered the setting where only the owner of the data is capable of submitting search queries. We consider the natural extension where an arbitrary group of parties other than the owner can submit search queries. We formally define SSE in this multi-user setting, and present an efficient construction.
SIMULATING THE FORMATION OF MASSIVE PROTOSTARS. I. RADIATIVE FEEDBACK AND ACCRETION DISKS
Authors: Klassen Mikhail , Pudritz Ralph E. , Kuiper Rolf , Peters Thomas , Banerjee Robi 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present radiation hydrodynamic simulations of collapsing protostellar cores with initial masses of 30, 100, and 200 M
⊙. We follow their gravitational collapse and the formation of a massive protostar and protostellar accretion disk. We employ a new hybrid radiative feedback method blending raytracing techniques with flux-limited diffusion for a more accurate treatment of the temperature and radiative force. In each case, the disk that forms becomes Toomre-unstable and develops spiral arms. This occurs between 0.35 and 0.55 freefall times and is accompanied by an increase in the accretion rate by a factor of 2–10. Although the disk becomes unstable, no other stars are formed. In the case of our 100 and 200 M
⊙ simulations, the star becomes highly super-Eddington and begins to drive bipolar outflow cavities that expand outwards. These radiatively driven bubbles appear stable, and appear to be channeling gas back onto the protostellar accretion disk. Accretion proceeds strongly through the disk. After 81.4 kyr of evolution, our 30 M
⊙ simulation shows a star with a mass of 5.48 M
⊙ and a disk of mass 3.3 M
⊙, while our 100 M
⊙ simulation forms a 28.8 M
⊙ mass star with a 15.8 M
⊙ disk over the course of 41.6 kyr, and our 200 M
⊙ simulation forms a 43.7 M
⊙ star with an 18 M
⊙ disk in 21.9 kyr. In the absence of magnetic fields or other forms of feedback, the masses of the stars in our simulation do not appear to be limited by their own luminosities.
Expression of microRNA during bovine adipogenesis
Authors: Pratt Scott L. , Burns T. Ashley , Curry Erin , Duckett Susan K. 
Published: May 2016

Studies have recently indicated that the adipogenic process and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism may be regulated in part at the post-transcriptional level by a class of small RNA called microRNA (miRNA). The objectives of this study were to i) determine if miRNAs are differentially expressed, and ii) evaluate expression of known miRNA targets in bovine adipocytes. Bovine adipose samples were collected from castrated males fattened on a high concentrate diet (C) or pasture (PA) and were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C, or used to generate primary stromal-vascular cells (SV). SV cells were cultured to confluence (Control) or differentiated at confluence and harvested 2 (D2), 6 (D6), or 12 (D12) days post-confluence. A 3x3 microarray analysis was performed comparing Control and differentiated samples. miR-21, -221, and -222 (P less than 0.05) were differentially expressed. qRT-PCR was conducted using the<em> in vitro</em> samples, and all three miRNAs were down regulated on D2 (P less than 0.05). miR-221 and -222 were decreased on D6 compared to Control (P less than 0.05), but only miR-222 expression was decreased at D12 (P less than 0.05) compared to Control. miR-21 increased in expression compared to Control on D12 (P less than 0.05). <em>In vivo</em>, only miR-21 expression was affected and it was reduced in PA compared to C fat samples (P less than 0.05). Two targets of miR-21 are Programmed Cell Death Protein 4 (PDCD4) and Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN), and neither messenger RNA was differentially expressed<em> in vitro</em> (P greater than 0.05), but both messenger RNAs were elevated for PA compared to C (P less than 0.05). These data show that miRNAs are differentially expressed in adipose cells and tissue, and that miR-21 may be involved in adipocyte function by regulating the translation of PDCD4 and PTEN.
Guiding Principles for a Pediatric Neurology ICU (neuroPICU) Bedside Multimodal Monitor
Authors: Eldar Yonina , Gopher Daniel , Gottlieb Amihai , Lammfromm Rotem , Mangat Halinder , Peleg Nimrod , Pon Steven , Rozenberg Igal , Schiff Nicholas , Stark David , Yan Peter , Pratt Hillel , Kosofsky Barry , Grinspan Zachary 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPhysicians caring for children with serious acute neurologic disease must process overwhelming amounts of physiological and medical information. Strategies to optimize real time display of this information are understudied.Our goal was to engage clinical and engineering experts to develop guiding principles for creating a pediatric neurology intensive care unit (neuroPICU) monitor that integrates and displays data from multiple sources in an intuitive and informative manner.To accomplish this goal, an international group of physicians and engineers communicated regularly for one year. We integrated findings from clinical observations, interviews, a survey, signal processing, and visualization exercises to develop a concept for a neuroPICU display.Key conclusions from our efforts include: (1) A neuroPICU display should support (a) rapid review of retrospective time series (i.e. cardiac, pulmonary, and neurologic physiology data), (b) rapidly modifiable formats for viewing that data according to the specialty of the reviewer, and (c) communication of the degree of risk of clinical decline. (2) Specialized visualizations of physiologic parameters can highlight abnormalities in multivariable temporal data. Examples include 3-D stacked spider plots and color coded time series plots. (3) Visual summaries of EEG with spectral tools (i.e. hemispheric asymmetry and median power) can highlight seizures via patient-specific “fingerprints.” (4) Intuitive displays should emphasize subsets of physiology and processed EEG data to provide a rapid gestalt of the current status and medical stability of a patient.A well-designed neuroPICU display must present multiple datasets in dynamic, flexible, and informative views to accommodate clinicians from multiple disciplines in a variety of clinical scenarios.
Assembly processes of gastropod community change with horizontal and vertical zonation in ancient Lake Ohrid: a metacommunity speciation perspective
Authors: Hauffe Torsten , Albrecht Christian , Wilke Thomas 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Balkan Lake Ohrid is the oldest and most diverse freshwater lacustrine system in Europe. However, it remains unclear whether species community composition, as well as the diversification of its endemic taxa, is mainly driven by dispersal limitation, environmental filtering, or species interaction. This calls for a holistic perspective involving both evolutionary processes and ecological dynamics, as provided by the unifying framework of the “metacommunity speciation model”.The current study used the species-rich model taxon Gastropoda to assess how extant communities in Lake Ohrid are structured by performing process-based metacommunity analyses. Specifically, the study aimed (1) to identifying the relative importance of the three community assembly processes and (2) to test whether the importance of these individual processes changes gradually with lake depth or discontinuously with eco-zone shifts.Based on automated eco-zone detection and process-specific simulation steps, we demonstrated that dispersal limitation had the strongest influence on gastropod community composition. However, it was not the exclusive assembly process, but acted together with the other two processes – environmental filtering and species interaction. The relative importance of the community assembly processes varied both with lake depth and eco-zones, though the processes were better predicted by the latter.This suggests that environmental characteristics have a pronounced effect on shaping gastropod communities via assembly processes. Moreover, the study corroborated the high importance of dispersal limitation for both maintaining species richness in Lake Ohrid (through its impact on community composition) and generating endemic biodiversity (via its influence on diversification processes). However, according to the metacommunity speciation model, the inferred importance of environmental filtering and biotic interaction also suggests a small but significant influence of ecological speciation. These findings contribute to the main goal of the Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) deep drilling initiative – inferring the drivers of biotic evolution – and might provide an integrative perspective on biological and limnological dynamics in ancient Lake Ohrid.
O ESTATUTO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE EM PORTUGAL: MARCOS E CONTEXTOS
Authors: Grochoska Grochoska Andreia 
Published: May 2016

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar contribuições para os debates da valorização do professor tendo como referência o estatuto da carreira docente e a unicidade das carreiras. Para esta construção utilizou-se dos estudos bibliográficos, análise de documentos, em especial os decretos e leis que regulamentam a carreira e, de entrevistas com professores e dirigentes sindicais portugueses. O texto se divide em três momentos: o primeiro apresentará as bases históricas de como se deu a aprovação do estatuto; o segundo abordará por meio da legislação, as questões de como se estrutura a carreira dos professores e por último uma breve apresentação da conjuntura atual no que diz respeito à valorização docente no país. A organização deste trabalho tem como pano de fundo, a organização do Estado Português, que diferente do Brasil, organiza-se de forma federativa, Portugal tem uma organização unitária. Tal condição, mesmo não sendo o ponto central da análise deste texto, promove sem dúvida intervenções nos aspectos referentes à valorização do professor. Em linhas gerais podemos concluir que apesar das diferenças de organização, as preocupações com a valorização do professor nos aproximam, enquanto em Portugal a profissionalização significa a valorização, no Brasil, a valorização pode também ser traduzida em profissionalização do professor.
A Diachronic Approach to the Motive of Crypto-Functions of Formal Markers in English
Authors: Dong Baohua 
Published: May 2016

<p>This paper, based on the exploration of crypto-functions of formal markers in English (Dong, 2016), preliminarily attempts to explicate the motive of their crypto-functions in systemic functional framework through a diachronic approach. The study firstly claims that formal markers can be treated as one of multiple linguistic expressions deployed for constructing the experiential phenomenon. Then the study assumes that the motive of crypto-functions of formal markers can be revealed from the diachronic conventionalization of multiple linguistic expressions towards formal markers in their process of experience construction. And such an assumption has then been tested with the distribution frequencies of formal markers in Corpus of Historical American English (COHA). It is found that, with the diachronic increase of the distribution frequencies of formal markers in COHA, the diachronic conventionalization of multiple linguistic expressions towards formal markers does exist, and that such a conventionalization is then attributed to language chunk composed of formal markers together with other following elements and renders formal markers prefabricate potential, thus resulting in their crypto-functions. </p>
Durability to oxygen reactive ion etching enhanced by addition of synthesized bis(trimethylsilyl)phenyl-containing (meth)acrylates in ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Ito Shunya , Sato Hiroki , Tasaki Yuhei , Watanuki Kimihito , Nemoto Nobukatsu , Nakagawa Masaru 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We investigated the selection of bis(trimethylsilyl)phenyl-containing (meth)acrylates as additives to improve the durability to oxygen reactive ion etching (O2 RIE) of sub-50 nm imprint resist patterns suitable for bubble-defect-free UV nanoimprinting with a readily condensable gas. 2,5-Bis(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene, which has a diacrylate chemical structure similar to that of glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate used as a base monomer, and 3-(2-methacryloyloxyethoxy)-1-(hydroxylethoxy)-2-propoxy-3,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene, which has a hydroxy group similar to the base monomer, were synthesized taking into consideration the Ohnishi and ring parameters, and the oxidization of the trimethylsilyl moiety to inorganic species during O2 RIE. The addition of the latter liquid additive to the base monomer decreased etching rate owing to the good miscibility of the additive in the base monomer, while the addition of the former crystalline additive caused phase separation after UV nanoimprinting. The latter additive worked as a compatibilizer to the former additive, which is preferred for etching durability improvement. The coexistence of the additives enabled the fabrication of a 45 nm line-and-space resist pattern by UV nanoimprinting, and its residual layer could be removed by O2 RIE.
Effects of alkali treatments on Ag nanowire transparent conductive films
Authors: Kim Sunho , Kang Jun-gu , Eom Tae-yil , Moon Bongjin , Lee Hoo-Jeong 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this study, we employ various alkali materials (alkali metals with different base strengths, and ammonia gas and solution) to improve the conductivity of silver nanowire (Ag NW)-networked films. The alkali treatment appears to remove the surface oxide and improve the conductivity. When applied with TiO2 nanoparticles, the treatment appears more effective as the alkalis gather around wire junctions and help them weld to each other via heat emitted from the reduction reaction. The ammonia solution treatment is found to be quick and aggressive, damaging the wires severely in the case of excessive treatment. On the other hand, the ammonia gas treatment seems much less aggressive and does not damage the wires even after a long exposure. The results of this study highlight the effectiveness of the alkali treatment in improving of the conductivity of Ag NW-networked transparent conductive films.