bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment with the natural FXR agonist chenodeoxycholic acid reduces clearance of plasma LDL whilst decreasing circulating PCSK9, lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein C‐III
Authors: Ghosh Laskar M. , Eriksson M. , Rudling M. , Angelin B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe natural farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) suppresses hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and reduces biliary cholesterol secretion and triglyceride production. Animal studies have shown that bile acids downregulate hepatic LDL receptors (LDLRs); however, information on LDL metabolism in humans is limited.MethodsKinetics of autologous 125I‐LDL were determined in 12 male subjects at baseline and during treatment with CDCA (15 mg kg−1 day−1). In seven patients with gallstones treated with CDCA for 3 weeks before cholecystectomy, liver biopsies were collected and analysed for enzyme activities and for specific LDLR binding. Serum samples obtained before treatment and at surgery were analysed for markers of lipid metabolism, lipoproteins and the LDLR modulator proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).ResultsChenodeoxycholic acid treatment increased plasma LDL cholesterol by ~10% as a result of reduced clearance of plasma LDL‐apolipoprotein (apo)B; LDL production was somewhat reduced. The reduction in LDL clearance occurred within 1 day after initiation of treatment. In CDCA‐treated patients with gallstones, hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase and HMG‐CoA reductase activities were reduced by 83% and 54%, respectively, and specific LDLR binding was reduced by 20%. During treatment, serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 and total and LDL cholesterol increased, whereas levels of 7α‐hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one, lathosterol, PCSK9, apoA‐I, apoC‐III, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides and insulin were reduced.ConclusionsChenodeoxycholic acid has a broad influence on lipid metabolism, including reducing plasma clearance of LDL. The reduction in circulating PCSK9 may dampen its effect on hepatic LDLRs and plasma LDL cholesterol. Further studies of the effects of other FXR agonists on cholesterol metabolism in humans seem warranted, considering the renewed interest for such therapy in liver disease and diabetes.
Frequency of Guns in the Households of High School Seniors
Authors: Coker Ann L. , Bush Heather M. , Follingstad Diane R. , Brancato Candace J. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn 2013, President Obama lifted the federal ban on gun violence research. The current study provides one of the first reports to estimate household gun ownership as reported by youth.METHODSIn this cohort study of 3006 high school seniors from 24 schools, we examined the frequency of household guns ownership.RESULTSAbout 65% reported having at least 1 gun in their household. White males were more likely to have a gun and to have more guns than other demographically characterized groups. After adjustment for race and sex, those of higher income, who lived in suburban or rural areas, identified as being exclusively attracted to the opposite sex, and in a romantic relationship, were more likely to have a gun in their household. Having a gun was not associated with increasing symptoms of depression or current poor physical or mental health.CONCLUSIONSWhereas we cannot determine gun types or reasons for having a gun, this research indicates that high school seniors are aware of and may have access to guns for use other than their intended purpose. Household gun ownership among students at higher risk for violence may pose safety challenges for communities and schools.
Combined Patterns of Risk for Problem and Obesogenic Behaviors in Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis Approach
Authors: Fleary Sasha A. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSeveral studies have used latent class analyses to explore obesogenic behaviors and substance use in adolescents independently. We explored a variety of health risks jointly to identify distinct patterns of risk behaviors among adolescents.METHODSLatent class models were estimated using Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 2011 data. Behaviors in the models included substance use, physical fights, physical activity (PA), sedentary activity, sleep, fruit and vegetables (F&V) consumption, and weight‐related variables. Models were estimated separately by sex. Constrained and unconstrained models were computed for race. Age and perceived and calculated weight status were compared among emergent latent classes using latent multinomial logistic regressions.RESULTSFour and 5 latent class solutions emerged for boys and girls, respectively. Healthy, sedentary, and physically active (PA) groups were common in both boys and girls. The sample of boys also included a health risk behavior (HRB)/PA group and the sample of girls included HRB and HRB/F&V groups.CONCLUSIONSThe results confirm that obesogenic and HRBs should be conceptualized as combined patterns of risk. Health education programming in schools should adopt a multiple health behavior approach to target the continuum of risks adolescents engage in simultaneously.
Differential effects of the combination of tyrosol with chlorhexidine gluconate on oral biofilms
Authors: do Vale LR , Delbem ACB , Arias LS , Fernandes RA , Vieira APM , Barbosa DB , Monteiro DR 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveThis study assessed the effect of tyrosol and chlorhexidine gluconate in combination against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans in the planktonic state or forming biofilms in vitro.Materials and MethodsCheckerboard assays were performed for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Biofilms were cultivated during 24 h on specimens of acrylic resin and hydroxyapatite and treated with the drugs alone or in combination twice a day for 1 min, during 3 days. The antibiofilm effect was determined by quantification of the metabolic activity and cultivable cells. The drug combination was also applied on C. albicans to investigate its action on the number of hyphae. Data were statistically examined by two‐way ANOVA and Holm–Sidak test (P < 0.05).ResultsThe effect of drug combination on planktonic cells was classified as antagonistic for C. albicans and indifferent for the other strains. Also, the drugs were ineffective against the tested biofilms. However, the drug combination showed a synergistic effect in reducing the number of hyphae by C. albicans.ConclusionThe combination of tyrosol with chlorhexidine gluconate was only effective in reducing the number of hyphae by C. albicans, a relevant virulence factor of this species.
Flagellar filament structural protein induces Sjögren's syndrome‐like sialadenitis in mice
Authors: Higuchi T , Haruta I , Shibata N , Yanagisawa N , Yagi J 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveSjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects lacrimal and salivary glands. We previously reported that FliC derived from Escherichia coli could induce autoimmune pancreatitis‐like lesions. From these results, we speculated that FliC could also induce SS‐like exocrinopathy. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure to FliC on lacrimal and salivary glands and the possibility that it might lead to an autoimmune response.MethodsC57BL/6 mice were repeatedly injected with FliC and histological changes, serum levels of cytokine/chemokines and autoantibodies were evaluated at different time points after the final injection. The presence of sialadenitis was diagnosed by histological methods.ResultsIn FliC‐treated groups, 57% of subjects developed inflammatory cell infiltrates around ducts in mandibular salivary glands, but not lacrimal glands. In addition, serum levels of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were significantly higher in FliC‐treated groups. Intriguingly, serum anti‐SSA/Ro levels were also significantly higher in FliC‐treated groups. Cytokine analysis revealed that serum levels of IL‐1β, IL‐12p70, IL‐13, IFN‐γ, IL‐15, and IL‐23 seemed to be higher in FliC‐treated mice.ConclusionsOur data suggest that FliC‐treated mice develop an SS‐like phenotype. Our model may elucidate the relationship between commensal bacteria and SS.
Pediatric renal transplant practices in India
Authors: Sethi Sidharth Kumar , Sinha Rajiv , Rohatgi Smriti , Kher Vijay , Iyengar Arpana , Bagga Arvind 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLimited access to tertiary‐level health care, limited trained pediatric nephrologists and transplant physicians, lack of facilities for dialysis, lack of an effective deceased donor program, non‐affordability, and non‐adherence to immunosuppressant drugs poses a major challenge to universal availability of pediatric transplantation in developing countries. We present the results of a survey which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first such published attempt at understanding the current state of pediatric renal transplantation in India. A designed questionnaire formulated by a group of pediatric nephrologists with the aim of understanding the current practice of pediatric renal transplantation was circulated to all adult and pediatric nephrologists of the country. Of 26 adult nephrologists who responded, 16 (61.5%) were involved in pediatric transplantation, and 10 of 15 (66.6%) pediatric nephrologists were involved in pediatric transplantation. Most of the centers doing transplants were private/trust institution with only three government institutions undertaking it. Induction therapy was varied among pediatric and adult nephrologists. There were only a few centers (n=5) in the country routinely doing >5 transplants per year. Preemptive transplants and protocol biopsies were a rarity. The results demonstrate lower incidence of undertaking pediatric transplants in children below 6 years, paucity of active cadaveric programs and lack of availability of trained pediatric nephrologists and staff. In contrast to these dissimilarities, the immunosuppressant use seems to be quite similar to Western registry data with majority favoring induction agent and triple immunosuppressant (steroid, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus) for maintenance. The survey also identifies major concerns in availability of this service to all regions of India as well as to all economic segments.
Storage medium of platelet transfusions and the risk of transfusion‐transmitted bacterial infections
Authors: Kreuger Aukje L. , Middelburg Rutger A. , Kerkhoffs Jean‐Louis H. , Schipperus Martin R. , Wiersum‐Osselton Johanna C. , van der Bom Johanna G. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDTransfusion‐transmitted bacterial infections (TTBIs) are among the most concerning risks of transfusion of platelet (PLT) concentrates. Storage medium influences bacterial growth dynamics and thereby the sensitivity of screening tests for bacterial contamination.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe aim of this study was to quantify the association of storage media with the incidence of TTBIs after transfusion of PLT concentrates. In the Netherlands, the choice of storage medium is determined solely by geographic location of the hospital. We compared types of storage medium of all reported cases of TTBIs after transfusion of a PLT concentrate with types of storage medium of all produced PLT concentrates in the Netherlands from 2003 to 2014.RESULTSFourteen cases of TTBIs were reported, of which 57.1% received a PLT concentrate stored in PLT additive solution (PAS) and 42.9% a PLT concentrate stored in plasma. Of all produced PLT concentrates 22.3% were stored in PAS and 77.7% in plasma. The relative risk of TTBI after transfusion of a PAS‐stored PLT concentrate was 4.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4‐16.2) compared to transfusion of a plasma‐stored PLT concentrate. The incidence of TTBIs was 22.2 per million (95% CI, 12.1‐37.2 per million) transfused buffy coat PLT concentrates.CONCLUSIONTransfusion of PAS‐stored PLT concentrates is associated with a fourfold increased incidence of TTBIs, compared to plasma‐stored PLT concentrates.
Cost‐effectiveness of the screening of blood donations for hepatitis E virus in the Netherlands
Authors: de Vos Anneke S. , Janssen Mart P. , Zaaijer Hans L. , Hogema Boris M. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDThe incidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) has increased substantially in Europe recently, thereby threatening blood safety. A cost‐effectiveness analysis for HEV screening of blood donations in the Netherlands was performed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA simulation model was developed to mimic the process of donation, infections in the donor population, donation testing, and transmission to transfusion recipients. The variability of viral loads among donors was modeled using observed loads. The number of (incurable) chronic HEV infections among organ and stem cell transplant patients and the costs avoided by implementing blood screening were estimated.RESULTSHEV screening of whole blood donations in pools of 24 would prevent 4.52 of the 4.94 transfusion‐associated chronic HEV infections expected annually, at approximately €310,000 per prevented chronic case. Per case not curable by ribavirin prevention, costs are approximately 10 times higher. Selective screening, if logistically feasible, could reduce screening costs by 85%. Sensitivity analyses show that uncertainty in the HEV transmissibility and the frequency of HEV clearing greatly impact the estimated cost‐effectiveness. Of all HEV infections nationwide one in 700 is estimated to be due to blood transfusion, while for chronic infections this is one in 3.5.CONCLUSIONDespite uncertainties in our estimates, preventing HEV transmission by screening of blood donations appears not excessively expensive compared to other blood‐screening measures in the Netherlands. However, the impact on HEV disease burden may be relatively small as only a minority of all HEV cases is transmitted by blood transfusion.
Duodenojejunal mesenteric rents: Survival and complications after surgical correction in 38 broodmares (2006‐2014)
Authors: Lawless Shauna P. , Werner Laura A. , Baker W. True , Hunt Robert J. , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo describe short‐term and long‐term survival of horses with duodenojejunal mesenteric rents, and to examine the association of selected preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors with survival or colic after discharge, in horses with duodenojejunal mesenteric rents.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsHorses undergoing surgery for correction of small intestinal lesions secondary to duodenojejunal mesenteric rents (n = 38).MethodsMedical records (2006‐2014) of horses admitted to a referral hospital in Kentucky were reviewed. Data for preoperative and intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, and short‐term survival to discharge were recorded Long‐term (>12 months) survival was determined by follow‐up telephone query. Association of factors with survival and colic after discharge was determined using logistic regression.ResultsAll 38 horses were Thoroughbred broodmares. Short‐term survival was 76% overall and 88% among horses that recovered from general anesthesia. Long‐term survival was 74% overall and 97% for mares that survived to discharge. All long‐term survivors and 85% of mares that recovered from general anesthesia returned to use for breeding. The odds of survival were significantly higher for horses ≤10 years of age (OR = 6.2; 95% CI, 1.1‐34.4). Failure to close the rent was associated with increased odds of colic after discharge, but had no effect on survival.ConclusionShort‐term and long‐term survival was high relative to prior reports and mares surviving to discharge following mesenteric rent surgery had an excellent prognosis for long‐term survival. Based on our data, closure of rents is recommended to prevent recurrence of colic, but may be unnecessary for survival.
Vesicopreputial anastomosis for the treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in goats
Authors: Cypher Elizabeth Erin , van Amstel Sarel R. , Videla Ricardo , Force Clark Kyle , Anderson David E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a novel surgical technique for the correction of recurrent obstructive urolithiasis in male goats.Study DesignClinical case series.AnimalsCastrated male goats (n = 4).MethodsMedical records of male goats having undergone vesicopreputial anastomosis (VPA) as a treatment for obstructive urolithiasis were reviewed for history, signalment, clinical signs, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Long‐term follow‐up (≥12 months) was obtained by telephone interview with owners or by clinical examination.ResultsAll goats had undergone at least one surgical procedure (median, 2.5, range 2‐4) to correct obstructive urolithiasis before undergoing VPA. Postoperative complications included premature removal of the tube from the bladder (1 goat), bacterial cystitis (2), and abscess formation (1). One goat suffered stricture of the anastomosis site 3 months following the original procedure and underwent a second VPA and 1 goat died 7 months after surgery due to severe, acute hydronephrosis and renal failure. Long‐term survival ≥12 months was good with 3/4 goats (75%) or 3/5 VPA procedures (60%) having unobstructed urine flow at 12 months.ConclusionVesicopreputial anastomosis is a feasible surgical procedure for the correction of recurrent obstructive urolithiasis in male goats and one that can result in a favorable clinical outcome. Further investigation in a larger population of goats is warranted for the evaluation of the suitability of VPA in male goats with obstructive urolithiasis.
Perspektif Ibu Bapa Terhadap Permasalahan dan Cabaran dalam Pembentukan Nilai Murni Pelajar
Authors: Haji Othman Mohamad Khairi , Mohd Yusoff Mohd Zailani , Abdul Rahim Fauziah , Puteh Alis , Kasa Muhamad Dzahir , Roslan NurFasihah 
Published: February 2017

This study aims to examine parents’ perspective towards issues and challenges in developing good values among secondary school students. This descriptive-survey study was conducted on a few respondents comprised of parents, through interviews, in one the states in Malaysia. This study found that the issue faced by parents is related to family relationship factors such as limited time spent with children, preference of children to share problems or stories with other people, parents’ attitudes and children’s own attitudes. Meanwhile, challenges faced by parents are children’s peer influence and excessive use of technology. In conclusion, issues and challenges presented in this study are significant and should be made aware so that children can be molded at early stages to become future successors. Parenting skill is vital to ensure peace and harmony in the family. Good tutelage and support should be provided to the children according to their age so that there will be positive reception and feedback.
Frequency of TV viewing and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ghose Bishwajit 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundResearch in developed countries has demonstrated an association of varying degrees between watching TV and the risk of being overweight and obese. However, there is no evidence of such an association in the context of the South Asian population.ObjectiveTo investigate whether watching TV increases the risk of being overweight and obese among women in Bangladesh.SettingRural and urban areas in Bangladesh.ParticipantsParticipants were 16 624 non-pregnant women aged between 15 and 49 years.MethodsThe study was based on cross-sectional data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) conducted in 2014. The main outcome variables were overweight and obesity measured by body mass index. Data were analysed by using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample population were, respectively, 4.5% (4.18% to 4.82%) and 20% (95% CI 19.39% to 20.61%). In the multivariable analysis, no statistically significant association was found between watching TV and being overweight. However, the odds of being obese among rural women were 63% higher (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.625, 95% CI 1.179 to 2.241) among those who watched less than once a week, and 68% (AOR 1.683, 95% CI 1.029 to 2.751) higher among women who watched TV at least once a week compared to those who did not watch TV at all. Urban women who watched TV at least once a week were 67% more likely to be obese (AOR 1.665, 95% CI 1.079 to 2.568) compared to those who did not watch at all.ConclusionsPrevalence of overweight and obesity has risen considerably among women aged between 15 and 49 years since the previous estimates based on BDHS data. Frequent TV watching was associated with a higher risk of being obese among adult women in rural areas.
Intuitive Cognition and Models of Human–Automation Interaction
Authors: Patterson Robert Earl 
Published: February 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide an analysis of the implications of the dominance of intuitive cognition in human reasoning and decision making for conceptualizing models and taxonomies of human–automation interaction, focusing on the Parasuraman et al. model and taxonomy. Background: Knowledge about how humans reason and make decisions, which has been shown to be largely intuitive, has implications for the design of future human–machine systems. Method: One hundred twenty articles and books cited in other works as well as those obtained from an Internet search were reviewed. Works were deemed eligible if they were published within the past 50 years and common to a given literature. Results: Analysis shows that intuitive cognition dominates human reasoning and decision making in all situations examined. The implications of the dominance of intuitive cognition for the Parasuraman et al. model and taxonomy are discussed. A taxonomy of human–automation interaction that incorporates intuitive cognition is suggested. Application: Understanding the ways in which human reasoning and decision making is intuitive can provide insight for future models and taxonomies of human–automation interaction.
The Neuroergonomics of Vigilance
Authors: Funke Matthew E. , Warm Joel S. , Matthews Gerald , Funke Gregory J. , Chiu Peter Y. , Shaw Tyler H. , Greenlee Eric T. 
Published: February 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of uncertainty about where in the field of view critical signals for detection appear during a vigilance task (spatial uncertainty) on cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and oculomotor fatigue. Background: Neuroergonomics is a dimension of human factors founded by Raja Parasuraman that studies brain functions underlying performance at work. Neuroergonomic studies have shown that observers in vigilance tasks lose information-processing resources over time and experience oculomotor fatigue as indexed by a temporal decline in CBFV and elevation in eye closure as reflected in the PERCLOS metric. Because spatial uncertainty increases an observer’s need for visual scanning relative to a spatial certainty condition, it was anticipated that spatial uncertainty would result in a greater temporal decline in CBFV and increased eye closure in a vigilance session. Method: Observers performed a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control task wherein collision flight paths were the events to be detected. UAV images could appear at random in any one of five locations on the controller’s display (spatial uncertainty) or only in a fixed location (spatial certainty). Results: Signal detection was poorer in the spatial-uncertain relative to the certain condition, and predictions regarding CBFV and eye closure were confirmed. Conclusion: Vigilance tasks involving spatial uncertainty are more neurophysiologically taxing than those in which spatial uncertainty is not a factor. Application: The neuroergonomic approach helps in understanding the effects of psychophysical factors in vigilance and to signify when performance aiding is needed.