bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aluminum Open Cell Foams as Efficient Supports for Carbon Dioxide Methanation Catalysts: Pilot‐Scale Reaction Results
Authors: Frey Myriam , Bengaouer Alain , Geffraye Genevieve , Edouard David , Roger Anne‐Cécile 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTo control the highly exothermal nature of carbon dioxide methanation (ΔRH=−165 kJ mol−1), a reactor capable of efficiently evacuating the heat generated is essential. A pilot‐scale (≈75 cm3) structured bed filled with an aluminum open cell foam (OCF) was chosen for the many advantages of this kind of reactor (high surface/volume ratio, low pressure drop, intensification of mass and heat transfer). A coating procedure for aluminum OCF was first developed. Different catalytic test conditions allowed a low temperature increase with a maximal value of 25 °C, as well as the influence of reaction temperature, pressure and flow rate on the axial temperature profile along the bed, to be shown. Finally, a comparison of the data collected herein for a powder fixed bed shows that the methane productivity obtained is similar to that obtained for the same catalyst in the powder form, but a much lower temperature increase due to the reaction and a lower pressure drop where clearly observed when using the aluminum OCF‐supported catalyst.
Efficient estimation of factor models with time and cross‐sectional dependence
Authors: Heinemann Alexander 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis paper studies the efficient estimation of large‐dimensional factor models with both time and cross‐sectional dependence assuming (N,T) separability of the covariance matrix. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator of the factor and factor‐loading space under factor stationarity is derived and compared to that of the principal component (PC) estimator. The paper also considers the case when factors exhibit a unit root. We provide feasible estimators and show in a simulation study that they are more efficient than the PC estimator in finite samples. In application, the estimation procedure is employed to estimate the Lee–Carter model and life expectancy is forecast. The Dutch gender gap is explored and the relationship between life expectancy and the level of economic development is examined in a cross‐country comparison.
Towards a new definition for “visiting friends and relatives”
Authors: Munoz Julio R. , Griffin Tom , Humbracht Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract“Visiting friends and relatives” (VFR) is a tourism term used in academic and practitioner vernacular that refers to a substantial amount of activity and is yet commonly disregarded. This paper builds on previous literature that has demonstrated how a lack of understanding of what VFR encompasses facilitates the phenomenon to be undervalued and misunderstood. Without a clear conceptual definition, VFR continues to be presented with inconsistent and conflicting parameters, which creates discursive confusion rather than clarity and appreciation. This is important as tourism is often presented as a positive force for economic development in a wide range of communities, and VFR is almost routinely overlooked with high‐yield (hotel consuming) markets favoured; this is despite a growing body of literature that has explored the sustainability and positive community impacts of VFR activity and potential. A review of existing definitional work on VFR is provided, and a new conceptual definition is offered. Mobility influenced by a host is first distinguished from other forms of human movement; VFR is then positioned as a form of mobility influenced by a host that includes face‐to‐face interaction between a host and visitor who have a preexisting relationship. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Tourism taxation: A synthetic control method for policy evaluation
Authors: Biagi Bianca , Brandano Maria Giovanna , Pulina Manuela 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTo date, few studies have explored the relationship between tourism inflows and city taxes. This study investigates how the introduction of a city tax impacts on both national and international tourism demand by using the synthetic control method. The case study is based on a panel of Italian municipalities, for the time span 2006–2011. Results from estimations with the synthetic control method show that the introduction of a visitor tax leads to a decline in domestic tourism demand. In contrast, there is no effect on international tourism inflows.
Eddy current–nulled convex optimized diffusion encoding (EN‐CODE) for distortion‐free diffusion tensor imaging with short echo times
Authors: Aliotta Eric , Moulin Kévin , Ennis Daniel B. 
Published: April 2017

PurposeTo design and evaluate eddy current–nulled convex optimized diffusion encoding (EN‐CODE) gradient waveforms for efficient diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that is free of eddy current–induced image distortions.MethodsThe EN‐CODE framework was used to generate diffusion‐encoding waveforms that are eddy current–compensated. The EN‐CODE DTI waveform was compared with the existing eddy current–nulled twice refocused spin echo (TRSE) sequence as well as monopolar (MONO) and non–eddy current–compensated CODE in terms of echo time (TE) and image distortions. Comparisons were made in simulations, phantom experiments, and neuro imaging in 10 healthy volunteers.ResultsThe EN‐CODE sequence achieved eddy current compensation with a significantly shorter TE than TRSE (78 versus 96 ms) and a slightly shorter TE than MONO (78 versus 80 ms). Intravoxel signal variance was lower in phantoms with EN‐CODE than with MONO (13.6 ± 11.6 versus 37.4 ± 25.8) and not different from TRSE (15.1 ± 11.6), indicating good robustness to eddy current–induced image distortions. Mean fractional anisotropy values in brain edges were also significantly lower with EN‐CODE than with MONO (0.16 ± 0.01 versus 0.24 ± 0.02, P < 1 x 10‐5) and not different from TRSE (0.16 ± 0.01 versus 0.16 ± 0.01, P = nonsignificant).ConclusionsThe EN‐CODE sequence eliminated eddy current–induced image distortions in DTI with a TE comparable to MONO and substantially shorter than TRSE. Magn Reson Med 79:663–672, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
2D multi‐spectral imaging for fast MRI near metal
Authors: Hargreaves Brian A. , Taviani Valentina , Litwiller Daniel V. , Yoon Daehyun 
Published: April 2017

PurposeTo develop a fast 2D method for MRI near metal with reduced B0 in‐plane and through‐slice artifacts.MethodsMulti‐spectral imaging (MSI) approaches reduce artifacts in MR images near metal, but require 3D imaging of multiple excited volumes regardless of imaging geometry or artifact severity. The proposed 2D MSI method rapidly excites a limited slice and spectral region using gradient reversal between excitation and refocusing pulses, then uses standard 2D imaging, with the process repeating to cover multiple spectral offsets that are combined as in other MSI techniques. 2D MSI was implemented in a spin‐echo‐train sequence and validated in phantoms and in vivo by comparing it with standard spin‐echo imaging and existing MSI techniques.Results2D MSI images for each spatial‐spectral region follow isocontours of the dipole‐like B0 field variation, and thus frequency variation, near metal devices. Artifact correction in phantoms and human subjects with metal is comparable to 3D MSI methods, and superior to standard spin‐echo techniques. Scan times are reduced compared with 3D MSI methods in cases where a limited number of slices are needed, though signal‐to‐noise ratio is also reduced as expected.Conclusion2D MSI offers a fast and flexible alternative to 3D MSI for artifact reduction near metal. Magn Reson Med 79:968–973, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Do we assess urethral function adequately in LUTD and NLUTD? ICI‐RS 2015
Authors: Gajewski Jerzy B. , Rosier Peter F.W.M. , Rahnama'i Sajjad , Abrams Paul 
Published: April 2017

INTRODUCTIONUrethral function, as well as anatomy, play a significant role in voiding reflex and abnormalities in one or both contribute to the pathophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD). We have several diagnostic tools to assess the urethral function or dysfunction but the question remains, are these adequate?METHODSThis is a report of the proceedings of Think Tank P1: ‘Do we assess urethral function adequately in LUTD and NLUTD?’ from the annual International Consultation on Incontinence—Research Society, which took place September 22–24, 2014 in Bristol, UK.RESULTSWe have collected and discussed, as a committee, the evidence with regard to the urethra and the available relevant methods of testing urethral function, with the emphasis on female and male voiding dysfunction. We looked into previous research and clinical studies and compiled summaries of pertinent testing related to urethral function. The discussion has focused on clinical applications and the desirability of further development of functional tests and analyses in this field.CONCLUSIONSThere are limitations to most of the urethral function tests. Future perspectives and research should concentrate on further development of functional testing and imaging techniques with emphasis on standardization and clinical application of these tests. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:935–942, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can we create a valid treatment algorithm for patients with drug resistant overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome or detrusor overactivity (DO)? Results from a think tank (ICI‐RS 2015)
Authors: Apostolidis Apostolos , Averbeck Marcio Augusto , Sahai Arun , Rahnama'i Mohammad Sajjad , Anding Ralf , Robinson Dudley , Gravas Stavros , Dmochowski Roger 
Published: April 2017

AIMSTo review and assess the definitions of drug resistance and the evidence supporting treatment for drug resistant overactive bladder/detrusor overactivity (OAB/DO).METHODSEvidence review of the extant literature and consensus of opinion was used to derive the summary recommendations.RESULTSDrug resistance or drug refractory status has been inconsistently defined and reported in current evident sources. Recent publications use some correlation of lack of efficacy and or experienced side effects to define drug resistance. Algorithms based upon these definitions largely relate to the appropriate use of neuromodulation or botulinum neurotoxin, based upon patient selection and patient choice. Current treatment pathways are hampered by inability to consistently profile patients to optimize management, particularly after failure of initial pragmatic treatment.CONCLUSIONSFurther research is recommended to better identify patient phenotype for purposes of directing optimized therapy for OAB/DO. Current treatment algorithms are influenced by extensive data generated from recent neuromodulation and botulinum neurotoxin trials.
The association of LAMB1 polymorphism and expression changes with the risk of coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Authors: Ji Xiaoming , Wu Baiqun , Han Ruhui , Yang Jingjin , Ayaaba Esther , Wang Ting , Han Lei , Ni Chunhui 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundPneumoconiosis is a serious occupational disease worldwide, which is characterized by irreversible and diffuse lung fibrotic lesions. Laminin beta 1(LAMB1) is widely expressed in tissues and it is crucial for both lung morphogenesis and physiological function. In this study, we explored the association between LAMB1 rs4320486 and risk of pneumoconiosis in a Chinese population, as well as its mechanisms.MethodsIn this case‐control study, 600 CWP patients and 605 controls were genotyped for the LAMB1 rs4320486 polymorphism using TaqMan methods. Luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the LAMB1 transcriptional activities. The protein levels in cells and tissues were detected by western blot, and mRNA levels were determined by qRT‐PCR.ResultsLogistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with LAMB1 rs4320486 CT/TT genotypes had a significantly decreased risk of CWP (adjusted OR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.64‐0.94), compared with individuals with CC genotypes. Luciferase assays showed that the LAMB1 rs4320486(C > T) substitution could decrease the expression of LAMB1. Compared with normal groups, mRNA levels of LAMB1 were up‐regulated in lung tissues of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, expressions of LAMB1 and α‐SMA were enhanced progressively, along with the development of lung fibrosis, while E‐cadherin decreased.ConclusionsIn this study, the functional LAMB1 rs4320486 mutation was associated with a decreased risk of CWP in a Chinese population, probably owing to the reduced activity of LAMB1 transcription. LAMB1 expression was increased in the progress of lung fibrosis, which suggests that LAMB1 may affect the initiation and progression of pneumoconiosis, or serve as a potential biomarker of pneumoconiosis for diagnosis and genetic susceptibility.
Drones and digital photogrammetry: from classifications to continuums for monitoring river habitat and hydromorphology
Authors: Woodget Amy S. , Austrums Robbie , Maddock Ian P. , Habit Evelyn 
Published: April 2017

Recently, we have gained the opportunity to obtain very high‐resolution imagery and topographic data of rivers using drones and novel digital photogrammetric processing techniques. The high‐resolution outputs from this method are unprecedented, and provide the opportunity to move beyond river habitat classification systems, and work directly with spatially explicit continuums of data. Traditionally, classification systems have formed the backbone of physical river habitat monitoring for their ease of use, rapidity, cost efficiency, and direct comparability. Yet such classifications fail to characterize the detailed heterogeneity of habitat, especially those features which are small or marginal. Drones and digital photogrammetry now provide an alternative approach for monitoring river habitat and hydromorphology, which we review here using two case studies. First, we demonstrate the classification of river habitat using drone imagery acquired in 2012 of a 120 m section of the San Pedro River in Chile, which was at the technological limits of what could be achieved at that time. Second, we review how continuums of data can be acquired, using drone imagery acquired in 2016 from the River Teme in Herefordshire, England. We investigate the precision and accuracy of these data continuums, highlight key current challenges, and review current best practices of data collection, processing, and management. We encourage further quantitative testing and field applications. If current difficulties can be overcome, these continuums of geomorphic and hydraulic information hold great potential for providing new opportunities for understanding river systems to the benefit of both river science and management. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1222. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1222This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Water and Life > Methods
Mental Health Policy in Britain
Authors: Rogers Anne , Pilgrim David 
Published: April 2017

The second edition of this acclaimed book offers a critical analysis of the transition from institutional to community care for people with mental health problems. Despite the almost complete abandonment of the old Victorian asylum system, the powerful cultural legacy of segregation remains potent in modern thought.
Rogers and Pilgrim analyse the impact of new policies introduced by the Labour government since it came to power in 1997, identifying both the processes and causes of policy change and assessing its value in the context of longer term debates about madness and distress.
Does nest box use reduce the fitness of a tree‐cavity dependent mammal?
Authors: Goldingay Ross L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractNest boxes are frequently used in conservation programs for tree‐cavity dependent wildlife. There is growing concern that the poor insulation properties of nest boxes may produce an ecological trap, because species may require microclimates less extreme or less variable than those experienced inside nest boxes. I investigated the fitness consequences of nest box use in a non‐flying mammal. Fifty‐two of 104 squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) trapped over a 3‐year period used nest boxes. Population modelling of the capture data revealed that the probability of apparent survival increased with increasing nest box use. There was no difference in breeding frequency between females that used or did not use nest boxes. There was no evidence that offspring development was hindered within nest boxes. These findings may arise because: (1) gliders could access tree hollows during extreme temperatures, (2) ambient temperatures were mild during the study, (3) gliders construct leaf nests which insulate against low temperatures in winter, and (4) gliders breed between autumn and spring when temperatures are relatively benign. The estimate of annual survival of animals using nest boxes (0.60), was equivalent to estimates at locations where squirrel gliders were either reliant on nest boxes (0.54) or on tree cavities (0.55) for shelter. Studies such as this need to be conducted on a range of species across a range of locations to better understand the influence of nest box use on non‐flying mammals.
Clinical Issues‐May 2017
Authors: Fearon Mary C. 
Published: April 2017

This MonthStandardized room layouts for minimally invasive surgery in a hybrid ORKey words: room setup, equipment placement, no‐fly zone, collision.Measuring fluids during minimally invasive surgery proceduresKey words: fluid distention media, hyponatremia, isotonic solution, hypotonic solution.Magnetic resonance imaging safety zonesKey words: MRI, safety, zones, screening.Robot‐assisted surgery competenciesKey words: robotics, credentialing, competency verification.
Case Management for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury in Community Settings: A Scoping Review
Authors: Young Jenny , Lukersmith Sue , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Stancliffe Roger 
Published: April 2017

Background: Acquired brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in children after infancy. Childhood brain injury has long-term consequences for children and parents, including challenges with returning to school, ongoing health and behaviour concerns, family functioning and demands on carers. Community-based case management interventions are a vital contribution to community supports.Aims: This scoping study aims to scope and map the literature on case management, to identify how case management is described in the literature for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury (0–17 years).Methods: A scoping review was completed of published articles on case management from four major databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMed and Embase) between 2005 and 2015. Articles were selected against inclusion criteria and reviewed.Results: Eight articles of 2688 records met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Case management was provided by case managers and other health professionals. The case management interventions described were mapped to the International Classification of Health Interventions and the Brain Injury Case Management Taxonomy (BICM-T). Case management addressed a range of needs including return to school, family issues and ongoing medical needs. There were anecdotal reports of effectiveness of case management during the return to school process.Conclusion: This scoping study reveals a lack of information on this topic. Improved reporting of case management interventions and more research on case management is needed for children and adolescents with brain injury.
The ELD: Applicability to Nanotechnology Risk and the Liability Implications of Environmental Damage
Authors: HESTER Karena , MULLINS Martin , FORD Robert , MURPHY Finbarr 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the potential impact of the European Union’s Environmental Liability Directive (ELD)1 on the nanotechnology (NT) sector. In terms of risk governance the ELD represents a new paradigm, affording the environment an enhanced status both in legal and indeed ontological terms. However, the nature of the NT industry itself is such as to create complexity in the implementation of the ELD. Whilst the field of nano-toxicology is making advances, debate still prevails around issues pertaining to exposure, (eco)-toxicity, metrics, potential impact and legal causation. Levels of uncertainty remain high and hence measuring environmental impact is problematic. The paper addresses the potential environmental liability exposures of NT manufacturers and producers pursuant to the provisions of the ELD and by extension highlights the importance of the insurability of the liability risk all of which bears significance for the sustainability of the industry. It also examines the legal and regulatory challenges of the application of the ELD in the context of the NT industry, highlighting the challenges which this pervasive technology presents for regulatory policy. A cursory discussion of the legal theoretical underpinning of the directive helps to explain the rationale of the directive.
The Obligation to Undertake an Environmental Assessment in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ: A Principle in Search of Autonomy
Authors: RUOZZI Elisa 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe practice of carrying out an environmental impact assessment (EIA) has gained strength in international law and jurisprudence, finding application in the case law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). If, on the one hand, the ICJ has recognized the customary nature of this principle, on the other its application poses a set of challenges, mainly linked to the autonomy of this obligation from other international environmental law norms. More precisely, the obligation at issue has been applied in connection with the due diligence and notification principles, creating uncertainty about its scope, as well as about its substantive or procedural nature. Likewise, the autonomy of the obligation to perform an EIA has been challenged in relation to the definition of the content and scope of the obligation itself, which in turn is linked to the existence of applicable treaty provisions or of soft law. This article discusses the impact of these elements on the reasoning of the Court in the cases at issue, in order to demonstrate how such lack of autonomy can undermine the coherence of the reasoning itself and, therefore, an effective application of the principle.