bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasitic Gregarine blattarum Found Infecting American Cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, in a Population in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Authors: Zary Shariman Yahaya  , Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzaudin  , Ainul Farhana Abdul Razak  
Published: February 2017

A study on the prevalence of a common endoparasite in the wild population of the American cockroach was conducted in Penang Island using a trapping method at several sampling sites on the island. Gregarine blattarum was found in the digestive tract in 5 out of 115, or 4.35%, of the wild American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, that were sampled. This is the first report in Malaysia of Gregarine blattarum in local American cockroaches.

Satu kajian ke atas prevalens endoparasit biasa dalam populasi Lipas Amerika liar di Pulau Pinang dilakukan dengan kaedah perangkap di beberapa kawasan pensampelan di pulau tersebut. Gregarine blattarum ditemui dalam saluran pencernaan 5 daripada 115, atau 4.35%, dari Lipas Amerika liar, Periplaneta americana yang disampel. Ini merupakan penemuan pertama Gregarine blattarum di dalam Lipas Amerika tempatan yang dilaporkan di Malaysia.
Prevalence of Muscular Sarcosporidiosis in Slaughtered Domestic Pigs in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Fazly Ann Zainalabidin  , Muhamad Syamsul Naim Noorazmi  , Wan Normaziah Wan Omar Bakri  , Geethamalar Sathaya  , Mohd Iswadi Ismail  
Published: February 2017

Sarcosporidiosis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites, namely, Sarcocystis spp. In pigs, three species of Sarcocystis spp. have been recognised, including Sarcocystis meischeriana, Sarcocystis porcifelis and Sarcocystis suihominis. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of muscular sarcosporidiosis in pigs using the pepsin digestion technique. A total of 150 fresh heart, oesophagus and thigh muscle samples from 50 Yorkshire and Landrace pigs were collected from two local abattoirs in Perak from May to August 2014. All the fresh muscle samples were thoroughly examined for macrocyst-forming Sarcocystis spp. and processed using the peptic digestion technique to detect bradyzoites. The results from the muscle samples showed that 58% (29 out of 50) of the pigs were positive for Sarcocystis spp. These findings highlight the importance of implementing stringent measures for screening pigs in abattoirs for Sarcocystis spp. infection because this infection in pigs is a public health concern.

Sarkosporidiosis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa intraselular iaitu Sarcocystis spp. Pada khinzir, tiga spesis Sarcocystis spp. telah dikenalpasti antaranya Sarcocystis meischeriana, Sarcocystis porcifelis dan Sarcocystis suihominis. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan prevalens sarkosporidiosis otot pada khinzir dengan menggunakan teknik penghadaman peptik. Sebanyak 150 sampel segar otot jantung, esofagus dan paha daripada 50 khinzir jenis Yorkshire dan Landrace telah dikumpulkan dari dua buah tempat sembelihan tempatan di Perak mulai bulan Mei hingga Ogos 2014. Kesemua sampel segar tersebut diperiksa secara kasar untuk mengesan pembentukan-makrosis Sarcocystis spp. dan seterusnya diproses secara teknik penghadaman peptik bagi mengesan kehadiran bradizoit. Hasil yang diperolehi menunjukkan 58% (29 daripada 50) khinzir adalah positif terhadap Sarcocystis spp. Penemuan ini menggambarkan kepentingan untuk melaksanakan langkah-langkah yang ketat dalam pemeriksaan khinzir-khinzir di rumah sembelihan terhadap infeksi Sarcocystis spp. kerana kepentingannya terhadap kesihatan awam.
Rattan (Calamoideae) Diversity and Biomass Change in Different Habitat Types During Two Years
Authors: Nadine Ruppert  , Asyraf Mansor  , Shahrul Anuar Mohd Sah  
Published: February 2017

Rattans (subfamily Calamoideae) are an important component of the forests of the Old World. However, few studies have been conducted on the distribution of these abundant palms within different habitats, specifically in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was aimed at assessing rattan diversity, abundance and biomass change across two different habitat types, namely, dipterocarp forests and fresh-water swamps within the Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Perak, within two years. All rattan stems within five 100 m × 100 m sized study plots (A–E) of the two habitat types were counted in 2011 and 2013, and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices (H’) and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indices were calculated. A total of 11 species from 5 genera (161 stems ha–1) were sampled. Rattan abundance was higher in all swamp plots; however, rattan diversity (H’) was highest in the dipterocarp plot (D: H’(2011)1.79; H’(2013)1.84). Bray-Curtis indices of rattan abundance (highest similarity in swamp: plot BC(2011) 0.484, BC(2013) 0.262) and biomass were highest for study plots with the same vegetation types in both years. For rattan biomass, the most similar plot pairs changed during the years: dipterocarp plots A and D were most similar in 2011 (0.509), and swamp plots B and C were most similar in 2013 (0.282). This study helped contribute information regarding the distribution and dynamics of rattans in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia.

Rotan (subfamily Calamoideae) adalah satu komponen penting dalam hutan paleotropik. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak banyak kajian yang dijalankan berkaitan kelimpahan palma ini, khususnya di Semenanjung Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kepelbagaian rotan, kelimpahan, dan biomassa rotan di dua jenis habitat yang berbeza, iaitu hutan dipterokarpa dan paya air tawar di dalam Hutan Simpan Segari Melintang, Perak selama tempoh dua tahun. Semua batang rotan dalam lima plot kajian (A–E) berukuran 100 × 100 m setiap satu di kedua-dua jenis habitat telah dikira pada tahun 2011 dan 2013 dan indeks kepelbagaian Shannon-Wiener (H') dan indeks ketidak samaan Bray-Curtis turut dikira. Sebanyak 11 spesies dari 5 genera (161 batang ha–1) telah disampel. Kelimpahan rotan adalah lebih tinggi di plot kawasan berpaya, bagaimanapun, kepelbagaian rotan (H') adalah paling tinggi dalam kawasan dipterokarpa plot D: H'(2011)1.79; H'(2013)1.84. Indeks-indeks Bray-Curtis bagi kelimpahan (persamaan tertinggi di paya air tawar: plot-plot BC(2011) 0.484, BC(2013) 0.262) dan biomassa adalah tertinggi bagi plot kajian dengan jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan yang sama untuk kedua-dua tahun. Bagi biomassa rotan, pasangan plot paling serupa berubah dari tahun ke tahun: plot-plot dipterokarpa A dan D adalah paling serupa bagi tahun 2011 (0.509), plot-plot berpaya B dan C adalah paling serupa bagi tahun 2013 (0.282). Kajian ini dapat membantu dalam menyumbang maklumat kepada taburan spesies rotan tempatan di hutan hujan primer Semenanjung Malaysia.
Isolation and Characterisation of a Molybdenum-reducing and Metanil Yellow Dye-decolourising Bacillus sp. strain Neni-10 in Soils from West Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Rusnam Mansur  , Neni Gusmanizar  , Muhamad Akhmal Hakim Roslan  , Siti Aqlima Ahmad  , Mohd Yunus Shukor  
Published: February 2017

A molybdenum reducing bacterium with the novel ability to decolorise the azo dye Metanil Yellow is reported. Optimal conditions for molybdenum reduction were pH 6.3 and at 34°C. Glucose was the best electron donor. Another requirement includes a narrow phosphate concentration between 2.5 and 7.5 mM. A time profile of Mo-blue production shows a lag period of approximately 12 hours, a maximum amount of Mo-blue produced at a molybdate concentration of 20 mM, and a peak production at 52 h of incubation. The heavy metals mercury, silver, copper and chromium inhibited reduction by 91.9, 82.7, 45.5 and 17.4%, respectively. A complete decolourisation of the dye Metanil Yellow at 100 and 150 mg/L occurred at day three and day six of incubations, respectively. Higher concentrations show partial degradation, with an approximately 20% decolourisation observed at 400 mg/L. The bacterium is partially identified based on biochemical analysis as Bacillus sp. strain Neni-10. The absorption spectrum of the Mo-blue suggested the compound is a reduced phosphomolybdate. The isolation of this bacterium, which shows heavy metal reduction and dye-decolorising ability, is sought after, particularly for bioremediation.

Satu bakteria penurun molibdenum dengan keupayaan baru untuk menyahwarna pewarna azo Kuning Metanil dilaporkan. Kondisi optimum untuk penurunan molibdenum adalah pada pH 6.3 dan pada suhu 34°C. Glukosa adalah penderma elektron yang terbaik. Keperluan-keperluan lain termasuklah kepekatan fosfat yang sempit di antara 2.5 dan 7.5 mM. Profil masa pengeluaran Mo-biru menunjukkan tempoh sela masa kira-kira 12 jam, jumlah maksimum Mo-biru dihasilkan pada kepekatan molibdat 20 mM dan pengeluaran maksimum pada masa 52 jam inkubasi. Logam-logam berat seperti merkuri, perak, tembaga dan kromium merencat penurunan sebanyak 91.9, 82.7, 45.5 dan 17.4%, masing-masing. Penyahwarnaan pewarna Kuning Metanil pada kepekatan 100 dan 150 mg/L berlaku pada hari ketiga dan hari enam inkubasi, masing-masing. Kepekatan yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan degradasi separa, dengan penyahwarnaan warna sebanyak 20% berlaku pada kepekatan 400 mg/L. Bakteria ini dikenal pasti secara separa berdasarkan analisis biokimia sebagai Bacillus sp. strain Neni-10. Spektrum penyerapan Mo-biru mencadangkan bahawa kompaun terhasil adalah fosfomolibdat terturun. Pengasingan bakteria ini, yang menunjukkan penurunan logam berat dan keupayaan penyahwarnaan pewarna, adalah diperlukan, terutamanya untuk bioremediasi.
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF A HIGH DOSE OF THAUMATIN IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: Khayata Warid , Kamri Ahmad , Alsaleh Rasha 
Published: February 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this work was to investigate the capability of a high dose of thaumatin; a sweet tasting protein, of improving induced protein malnutrition in male Wistar rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this study, 12 rats were divided into 2 groups and treated orally along with a high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet as follows: water group as a negative control, and thaumatin group at a dose of 464 mg/kg for 3 consecutive w. Blood samples were collected to analyse glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and total protein, and body weight was measured. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out at the end of the experiment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite the high amount of<strong> </strong>thaumatin used, only a slight increase in blood glucose occurred and was within the normal range, whereas serum triglycerides and cholesterol decreased significantly unlike control. Body weight had declined in both groups due to a low-protein diet, while total protein and glucose tolerance remained unchanged.</p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is found that<strong> </strong>thaumatin is safe to consume by Wistar rats even at high doses. Besides that high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet caused falling of body weight, it had drawbacks of increased triglycerides and cholesterol levels which can be useful to create animal models of abnormal lipid metabolism without obesity. However, simultaneous ingestion of thaumatin with this diet had altered the outcomes to the best case. In future, it may be possible to use this combination for achieving healthy eating patterns without drug intervention that is needed for obese patients with various dysglycemia or dyslipidemia manifestations and people following regimes for weight reduction.<p> </p>
DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND PRELIMINARY PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NEW METFORMIN DERIVATIVES
Authors: Mahdi Monther F. , Arif Inam S. , Jubair Najwan K. 
Published: February 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this work was to enhance oral bioavailability of metformin by incorporation of different amino acid residues through the glycolic acid spacer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two series of metformin derivatives (V a-e) and (VI a-e) were synthesized by incorporation of five amino acids (glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, proline and GABA amino butyric acid) and their methyl esters respectively into metformin through glycolic acid spacer and preliminary evaluation for the antihyperglycemic activity was carried out using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><em>In vivo</em> anti-hyperglycemic activity of the final compounds (V a-e) and (VI a-e) showed that compounds (V b, V c, VI c and V e) produced higher percent of decrease in blood glucose level compared to metformin after 5 h of the treatment while compounds (VI b, VI c, V d, VI d, V e and VI e) showed profound effect after 24 h of the treatment. Although compounds (V a, VI a, V b and V c) showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level at 5 h but their effect diminished at 24 h. Compound (V e) showed higher anti-hyperglycemic effect than metformin and its effect continued up to 24 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From this study, it was concluded that incorporation of these amino acids or their methyl esters maintained or enhanced the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin. </p>
REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVE POTENTIAL OF HARAD IN MALE ALBINO MICE
Authors: Gupta Prakash Chandra 
Published: February 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Developing a male contraceptive of plant origin has always been of great interest among researchers. The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the contraceptive potential of <em>Terminalia chebula</em> R. (Harad) with respect to dose and reversibility in male albino mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Aqueous bark extract of Harad was administered orally at 100 (G III), 300 (G IV) and 500 (G V) mg/kg b.w. to males for 35 d, and the effect on histology of testis and accessory sex organs, enzymes 3ß-and 17ß-HSDs, SOD, catalase and LPO levels, sialic acid and fructose levels, sperm parameters, serum testosterone and fertility parameters was determined. Toxicological and recovery studies (G VI and VII) were also carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Harad-treated mice showed dose-related histological alterations in reproductive organs with reductions in weights, the height of germinal epithelium, germ cell number and diameter of stage VII tubules, along with adverse effect on biochemical and sperm parameters compared to controls. No alterations were noticed in SOD, catalase and LPO levels, though, mice in G V showed an increased LPO level. Libido was not affected, but fertility suppressed significantly in Harad-treated males (G VI) compared to controls. However, 42 d after treatment withdrawal, alterations in reproductive end points and fertility recovered to control levels. Body and organ weights, histo-architecture of vital organs, levels of ALT, AST and creatinine, and hematological parameters remained unchanged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that Harad causes dose-dependent reversible contraception in mice without any toxicity. </p>
DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF AMINOACETYLENIC TETRAHYDROPHTHALIMIDE ANALOGUES AS NOVEL CYCLOOXYGENASE (COX) INHIBITORS
Authors: Basim Ahmed , Eldeen Zuhair A. Muhi , Al-kaissi Elham N. , Suaifan Ghadeer , Ghattas Mohammad A. , Arafat Tawfeeq , Al-adham Ibrahim S. 
Published: February 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To design and synthesise a new amino acetylenic tetrahydro phthalimide derivative and investigate their selective inhibitory activity to COXs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Aminoacetylenic tetrahydro phthalimide derivatives were synthesised by alkylation of tetrahydro phthalimide with propargyl bromide afforded 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione. The alkylated tetrahydro phthalimide was subjected to Mannich reaction afforded the desired amino acetylenic tetra phthalimide derivatives (AZ 1-6). The elemental analysis was indicated by the EuroEA elemental analyzer and biological characterization was via IR, <sup>1</sup>H-NMR, [13]C-NMR, DSC was determined with the aid of Bruker FT-IR and Varian 300 MHz spectrometer and DMSO-d<sub>6</sub> as a solvent, molecular docking was done using the Autodock Tool software (version 4.2). ChemBioDraw was used in the drawing of our schemes.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>:<strong> </strong>The IR, <sup>1</sup>H-NMR, <sup>13</sup>C-NMR, DSC and elemental analysis were consistent with the assigned structures. The designers of the compounds as COXs inhibitor activity were based on the nationalisation of the important criteria that provide effective inhibitory binding with COXs–receptor. The results indicated that the synthesised compounds (AZ1-6) showed a close similarity in the binding affinity to both COXs and may be more specific to COX-1. AZ-5 showed the highest % of inhibition for COX-1 even better than aspirin. Which may suggest that the aryl group is required for COX-2 inhibition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For the first time, we indicate the requirement of aromaticity in COX-2 structural inhibitory activity. </p>
SYNTHESIS OF WOUND-HEALING KERATIN HYDROGELS USING CHICKEN FEATHERS PROTEINS AND ITS PROPERTIES
Authors: Kumaran Priyaah , Gupta Arun , Sharma Swati 
Published: February 2017

<p><strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong>A novel cross-linked keratin hydrogel was prepared by integrating keratin from chicken feather into an aloe-vera, Chitosan and honey based dressing formulation separately.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>:<strong> </strong>Keratin fibres extracted from chicken feathers are eco-friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable, insoluble in organic solvents and having good mechanical properties, hydrophobic behaviour, low density and finally cheap. Keratin based hydrogels were prepared with five types of ingredients and studied for their wound healing properties. The analysis of keratin-based hydrogel was done by Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>:<strong> </strong>Keratinocytes containing keratin travel from the wound border to initiate the process of healing. The characteristics of keratin-based hydrogel derived from chicken feather made it an effective wound care therapeutic product. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the crystallinity index in between 30-50% of the hydrogen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>:<strong> </strong>The test for swelling and solubility were carried out on the hydrogen to determine the solid content and water absorbance capacity. Overall, this product is safe to use as an effective wound healing product with appropriate properties. </p>
Strategic Cost Shifting and State Tax Minimization
Authors: Hall Curtis M. , Lusch Stephen J. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
In this study, we predict and find that multistate bank holding companies strategically allocate costs among their subsidiary banks to minimize tax. In particular, we find that high tax subsidiary banks report higher costs than low tax subsidiary banks within the same bank holding company. Additional tests provide evidence of cost shifting rather than operational differences among states. In particular, we find that high tax subsidiary banks of multistate bank holding companies report higher costs than single-state banks in the same high tax state. Our study provides a unique contribution to the cost allocation and tax management literature by directly linking tax reduction incentives to cost allocation and documenting an alternative type of state tax-minimization strategy in the banking industry.
JEL Classifications: M41; H25; H71; G21.
IDEOLOGI NYEGARA GUNUNG: SEBUAH KAJIAN SOSIOKULTURAL KEMISKINAN PADA MASYARAKAT PESISIR DI BALI UTARA
Authors: Mudana I Wayan 
Published: February 2017

Target khusus yang ingin dicapai dalam tahun ini adalah terdeskrepsikannya fenomenan kemiskinan sosiokultural dan geneologis kemiskinan sosiokultural masyarakat pesisir; terdeskrepsikannya secara kritis ideologi nyegara gunung yang berkembang pada masyarakat pesisir; terdeskrepsikannya secara kritis keberfungsian ideologi nyegara gunung dalam mengatasi masalah kemiskinan sosiokultural pada masyarakat pesisir di Bali Utara; serta tersdeskrepsikannya peranan masyarakat politik, ekonomi dan sipil dalam pengentasan kemiskinan sosiokultural berbasis ideologi nyegara gunung pada masyarakat prsisir di Bali Utara. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini pada tahun pertama adalah pendekatan yang bersifat etnografis kritis. Sehunbungan dengan hal itu, informan penelitian ini menggunakan purposive smowball, pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi pustaka, analisis data menggunakan analisis kritis deskreptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan pendekatan tersebut di atas dapat dikemukakan hasil kajian ini sebagai berikut: Kemiskinan sosiokultural masyarakat di Bali Utara dapat dilihat dari lingkungan pemukiman masyarakat pesisir yang berada di sekitar pantai pada umumnya menempati tanah negara dan dengan kondisi bangunan yang sangat sederhana. Kemiskinan sosiokultural yang dimilikinya juga tercermin oleh tingkat pendidikan dan penguasan teknologi kebaharian yang masih terbatasa. Kondisi ini tentu saja juga terkait dengan keterbatasan modal finansial yang dimiliki oleh m syarakat pesisir.Terjadinya kemiskinan sosiokultural pada masyarakat pesisir secara geneologis disebabkan oleh keterbatasan modal financial yang dimiliki dan kebijakan-kebijakan pembangunan yang kurang berpihak pada masyarakat pesisir yang mengalami jeratan gurita kemiskinan. Dalam mengatasi kemiskinan sosiokultural, masyarakat pesisir mengembangkan berbagai aktivitas sosial ekonomi yang dilandasi kesadarannya terhadap kebenaran ideologi nyegara gunung, dan menjadikan laut sebagai ruang hidup yang menjanjikan. Di samping itu, masyarakat pesisir juga mengembangkan berbagai diversifikasi usaha dan kelembagaan kredit sosial dan ekonomi sebagai bentuk adaptasinya dalam mengatasi kemiskinan sosiokultural yang ada. Dalam mengatasi kemiskinan, masyarakat politik, ekonomi dan sipil ikut berperan, baik dalam bentuk pendampingan modal maupun pembinaan terhadap masyarakat pesisir.
VARIASI PEMAKAIAN BAHASA PADA MASYARAKAT TUTUR KOTA SINGARAJA
Authors: Ramendra D. P. 
Published: February 2017

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk (1) memerikan variasi pemakaian Bahasa pada masyarakat tutur Kota Singaraja dalam kaitannya dengan wangsa, pekerjaan dan umur, dan (2) menguraikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya variasi tersebut. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, peneliti menerapkan pendekatan mixed method dengan melibatkan 120 subjek penelitian yang diperoleh melalui secara purposive dengan memperhatikan kriteria wangsa, pekerjaan dan umur. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket, wawancara dan perekaman.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada 3 variasi bahasa pada masyarakat tutur kota Singaraja yang terkait dengan tipe subjek. Pemakaian BA sebagai variasi dominan dipakai oleh tipe penutur TAD, TBD, TCD dan TCM. Mereka adalah kelompok penutur dari tri wangsa dari tipe pekerjaan yang bervariasi dan didominasi oleh umur tua. Sedangkan, variasi pemakaian BI didominasi oleh tipe subjek TAM, TBM, NAM dan NBM. Kelompok ini merupakan usia muda dari kelas sosial (pekerjaan) menengah ke atas, dan tri wangsa dan jaba. Terakhir, pemakaian BB didominasi oleh tipe subjek NAD,NBD, NCD dan NCM. Kelompok ini merupakan kelompok jaba dari tiga tipe pekerjaan dan didominasi oleh umur tua. Variasi pemakaian bahasa yang berbeda tersebut terkait erat dengan identitas yang ingin diproyeksikan oleh subjek (penutur).