bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud‐resolving model intercomparison of an MC3E squall line case: Part I—Convective updrafts
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Han Bin , Varble Adam , Morrison Hugh , North Kirk , Kollias Pavlos , Chen Baojun , Dong Xiquan , Giangrande Scott E. , Khain Alexander , Lin Yun , Mansell Edward , Milbrandt Jason A. , Stenz Ronald , Thompson Gregory , Wang Yuan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAn intercomparison study of a midlatitude mesoscale squall line is performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 1 km horizontal grid spacing with eight different cloud microphysics schemes to investigate processes that contribute to the large variability in simulated cloud and precipitation properties. All simulations tend to produce a wider area of high radar reflectivity (Ze > 45 dBZ) than observed but a much narrower stratiform area. The magnitude of the virtual potential temperature drop associated with the gust front passage is similar in simulations and observations, while the pressure rise and peak wind speed are smaller than observed, possibly suggesting that simulated cold pools are shallower than observed. Most of the microphysics schemes overestimate vertical velocity and Ze in convective updrafts as compared with observational retrievals. Simulated precipitation rates and updraft velocities have significant variability across the eight schemes, even in this strongly dynamically driven system. Differences in simulated updraft velocity correlate well with differences in simulated buoyancy and low‐level vertical perturbation pressure gradient, which appears related to cold pool intensity that is controlled by the evaporation rate. Simulations with stronger updrafts have a more optimal convective state, with stronger cold pools, ambient low‐level vertical wind shear, and rear‐inflow jets. Updraft velocity variability between schemes is mainly controlled by differences in simulated ice‐related processes, which impact the overall latent heating rate, whereas surface rainfall variability increases in no‐ice simulations mainly because of scheme differences in collision‐coalescence parameterizations.
Atmospheric response to anomalous autumn surface forcing in the Arctic Basin
Authors: Cassano Elizabeth N. , Cassano John J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractData from four reanalyses are analyzed to evaluate the downstream atmospheric response both spatially and temporally to anomalous autumn surface forcing in the Arctic Basin. Running weekly mean skin temperature anomalies were classified using the self‐organizing map algorithm. The resulting classes were used to both composite the initial atmospheric state and determine how the atmosphere evolves from this state. The strongest response was to anomalous forcing—positive skin temperature and total surface energy flux anomalies and reduced sea ice concentration—in the Barents and Kara Seas. Analysis of the evolution of the atmospheric state for 12 weeks after the initial forcing showed a persistence in the anomalies in this area which led to a buildup of heat in the atmosphere. This resulted in positive 1000–500 hPa thickness and high‐pressure circulation anomalies in this area which were associated with cold air advection and temperatures over much of central and northern Asia. Evaluation of days with the opposite forcing (i.e., negative skin temperature anomalies and increased sea ice concentration in the Barents and Kara Seas) showed a mirrored, opposite downstream atmospheric response. Other patterns with positive skin temperature anomalies in the Arctic Basin did not show the same response most likely because the anomalies were not as strong nor did they persist for as many weeks following the initial forcing.
Predictors of symptomatic myelopathy in degenerative cervical spinal cord compression
Authors: Kadanka Zdenek , Adamova Blanka , Kerkovsky Milos , Kadanka Zdenek , Dusek Ladislav , Jurova Barbora , Vlckova Eva , Bednarik Josef 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo update a previously established list of predictors for neurological cervical cord dysfunction in nonmyelopathic degenerative cervical cord compression (NMDCCC).Material and MethodsA prospective observational follow‐up study was performed in a cohort of 112 consecutive NMDCCC subjects (55 women and 57 men; median age 59 years, range 40–79 years), either asymptomatic (40 subjects) or presenting with cervical radiculopathy or cervical pain (72 subjects), who had completed a follow‐up of at least 2 years (median duration 3 years). Development of clinical signs of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) as the main outcome was monitored and correlated with a large number of demographic, clinical, electrophysiological, and MRI parameters including diffusion tensor imaging characteristics (DTI) established at entry.ResultsClinical evidence of the first signs and symptoms of DCM were found in 15 patients (13.4%). Development of DCM was associated with several parameters, including the clinical (radiculopathy, prolonged gait and run‐time), electrophysiological (SEP, MEP and EMG signs of cervical cord dysfunction), and MRI (anteroposterior diameter of the cervical cord and cervical canal, cross‐sectional area, compression ratio, type of compression, T2 hyperintensity). DTI parameters showed no significant predictive power. Multivariate analysis showed that radiculopathy, cross‐sectional area (CSA) ≤ 70.1 mm2, and compression ratio (CR) ≤ 0.4 were the only independent significant predictors for progression into symptomatic myelopathy.ConclusionsIn addition to previously described independent predictors of DCM development (radiculopathy and electrophysiological dysfunction of cervical cord), MRI parameters, namely CSA and CR, should also be considered as significant predictors for development of DCM.
Spontaneous dissection limited to left gastric artery
Authors: Tago Masaki , Oda Yoshimasa , Furukawa Naoko E. , Yamashita Shu‐ichi 
Published: August 2017

Key Clinical MessageSpontaneous dissection without an aneurysm limited to left gastric artery is fairly rare. Physicians should be alert to the possibility of this condition in patients with sudden‐onset abdominal pain.
Full Free Energy Diagram of an Electrocatalytic Reaction over a Single‐Crystalline Model Electrode
Authors: Exner Kai S. , Sohrabnejad‐Eskan Iman , Anton Josef , Jacob Timo , Over Herbert 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA long‐term aim of chemical kinetics is to gain detailed information on the full free energy diagram along the reaction coordinate of electrocatalytic processes such as those encountered in fuel cells, batteries, and industrial electrolysis. We present here a universal approach to construct the free energy landscape of an electrocatalyzed reaction over a single‐crystalline model electrode without relying on full kinetics from first principles, a highly computer‐resource‐demanding approach. The free energies of the transition states are determined by a dedicated evaluation scheme of experimental Tafel plots, whereas ab initio thermodynamics calculations provide the free energies of the reaction intermediates. We exemplified this approach with the chlorine and oxygen evolution reactions over a well‐defined RuO2(110) model electrode, both reactions constitute large‐scale industrial processes.
Conducting Organic Polymer Electrodes with Embedded Polyoxometalate Catalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Blasco‐Ahicart Marta , Soriano‐López Joaquin , Galán‐Mascarós Jose Ramon 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPolyoxometalates (POMs) from earth‐abundant metals are promising electrocatalysts to promote the oxygen evolution reaction in a green process to obtain hydrogen from water and a renewable energy source. Taking advantage of their high anionic charge, we have incorporated a cobalt‐based POM as dopant into an organic conducting polymer matrix (polypyrrole). This heterostructure combines the catalytic water oxidation features from the POM, together with the unique processability of polypyrrole. We have optimized the electrocatalytic performance by studying the effect of several parameters, such as the POM content, film thickness, counter anions, and so forth. It is remarkable that less than 6 % POM content in a polypyrrole film multiplies oxygen evolution reaction currents by one order of magnitude, reducing the required overpotentials by approximately 200 mV. Despite the moderate efficiency (ca. 65 %), this strategy, being based on inexpensive and readily available raw materials, may be useful for the preparation of water splitting anodes that can be adapted to any surface, geometry, or support.
Mouse Models of Acinetobacter baumannii Infection
Authors: Harris Greg , KuoLee Rhonda , Xu H. Howard , Chen Wangxue 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis unit describes basic protocols for infecting mice through intranasal and intraperitoneal routes with Acinetobacter baumannii to induce associated pneumonia and sepsis, the two most common manifestations of clinical infections with this pathogen. By selecting the appropriate protocols and bacterial strains of different virulence, these mouse models provide an opportunity to study the infection pathogenesis and host‐immune responses, and to evaluate the efficacies of prophylactic and therapeutic anti‐A. baumannii candidates. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bismuth Nanoparticles@Porous Silicon Nanostructure, Application as a Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Thioridazine
Authors: Ensafi Aliasghar , Hedayati Pardis , Abarghoui Mehdi Mokhtari , Rezaei Behzad 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA bismuth@porous silicon (Bi/PSi) nanostructure is fabricated and used as a new highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for measurement of thioridazine. For this purpose, commercial silicon powder is converted to porous silicon using metal‐assisted chemical etching method. Then, bismuth nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of the porous silicon that synthesized in the previous step. The effects of pH and instrumental parameters are studied on the sensor response. After optimization of the parameters, differential pulse voltammetry is used to determine sub‐micro molar amounts of thioridazine. The Linear region of the electrochemical sensor is in the range of 0.1 to 260 μmol L−1 thioridazine with a detection limit of 0.03 μmol L−1, when Bi/PSi/CNTPE is used as an electrochemical sensor. The precision and accuracy of the sensor is evaluated. The Bi/PSi/CNTPE is used as an appropriated tool for accurate measurement of low amounts of thioridazine in real samples with satisfactory results.
The underground water systems of Ma'abarta—Flavia Neapolis, Israel
Authors: Frumkin Amos 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Roman city Flavia Neapolis (Hebrew—Shechem; Arabic—Nablus) and its predecessor Hellenistic Ma'abarta, is a continuously active city, located close to Israel's water divide. The city prospered due to water abundance from local springs, associated with its setting along the natural outlet of the karstic aquifer of Mt. Gerizim, the holy site of the Samaritans. Complicated tunnel systems were constructed for water distribution and consumption during the Hellenistic‐Roman periods. The subterranean systems of the major springs within the city, Ras el 'Ein, 'Ein Qaryun, and 'Ein Dafna, as well as the main tunnel running along the city include rock‐hewn tunnels for groundwater collection, and masonry‐built tunnels for the distribution of spring water to the city by gravitation, and for drainage. Architectural features and structures below the Roman city indicate that some tunnels had already been constructed during the preceding Hellenistic period. A potential cultic element of the urban hydrographic system can be inferred from the elaborate entrance structures of the large springs, Ras el 'Ein and 'Ein Qaryun, as well as from historic accounts. Documentary references to the subterranean water system indicate that its existence may date as far back as 2000 years ago.
Amide proton transfer‐weighted imaging to differentiate malignant from benign pulmonary lesions: Comparison with diffusion‐weighted imaging and FDG‐PET/CT
Authors: Ohno Yoshiharu , Kishida Yuji , Seki Shinichiro , Yui Masao , Miyazaki Mitsue , Koyama Hisanobu , Yoshikawa Takeshi 
Published: August 2017

PurposeTo compare the capability of amide proton transfer‐weighted (APTw) imaging, diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and FDG‐PET/CT for the differentiation of malignant from benign pulmonary nodules.Materials and MethodsIn all, 82 consecutive patients with pulmonary nodules underwent APTw imaging and DWI with a 3T system, and FDG‐PET/CT. All nodules were divided as either malignant (n = 49) or benign (n = 39) groups based on pathological and follow‐up examinations. To evaluate the capability for differentiation of malignant from benign nodules, magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym)(3.5ppm) on APTw imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and maximum value of standard uptake value (SUVmax) were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to computationally determine each feasible threshold value. Next, McNemar's test was used for comparing diagnostic performance with each other as well as with a combination of the significant factors determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsAlthough sensitivity of ADC was significantly higher than that of MTRasym(3.5 ppm) (P = 0.002) and SUVmax (P = 0.004), specificity of MTRasym(3.5 ppm) and SUVmax was significantly higher than that of ADC (P < 0.05). Sensitivity of combined MTRasym(3.5ppm) with SUVmax was significantly higher than that of MTRasym(3.5ppm) (P = 0.001) and SUVmax (P = 0.002) alone. Moreover, specificity and accuracy of combined MTRasym(3.5ppm) with SUVmax were significantly higher than that of ADC (specificity: P = 0.002, accuracy: P = 0.008).ConclusionAPTw imaging appears to be as useful as DWI and FDG‐PET/CT for differentiation of malignant from benign nodules.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1013–1021.
Phosphorus in agricultural constructed wetland sediment is sparingly plant‐available
Authors: Laakso Johanna , Uusitalo Risto , Heikkinen Janne , Yli-Halla Markku 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAgricultural constructed wetlands (CWs) are intended to retain sediment and phosphorus (P) carried off with runoff and drainage water. The accumulated sediment, with adsorbed P, is often advised to be recycled to agricultural land, but little is known about the fertilizer value of sediment‐associated P. This study examined the effects on P adsorption characteristics and P plant availability of mixing CW sediment into soil. Although the total P content in the sediment was approximately equal to that in catchment soil and the NaOH‐extractable P content was higher to that in catchment soil, in adsorption‐desorption tests sediment P solubility decreased and affinity for P increased with increasing addition rate of CW sediment to soil. Already the lowest sediment addition rate (12.5% of dry weight) decreased the equilibrium P concentration (EPC0') by 60% on average compared to unamended catchment soil. In a greenhouse pot experiment, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.) yield was largely unaffected by CW sediment application, but P uptake systematically decreased when the rate of sediment application to soil increased. When 12.5% dry weight of sediment was added, plant P uptake decreased by 6–50% in P‐unfertilized pots and by 6–17% in P‐fertilized pots (150 mg P kg−1) compared with P uptake of ryegrass grown in unamended field soil. Our other results suggest that the plant availability of P in CW sediments is very low due to high clay content and high concentrations of aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides in the sediment. Thus, if applied to agricultural fields in large quantities, dredged CW sediment may impair crop P supply.
Genomic insights into the pathogenicity and environmental adaptability of Enterococcus hirae R17 isolated from pork offered for retail sale
Authors: Peng Zixin , Li Menghan , Wang Wei , Liu Hongtao , Fanning Séamus , Hu Yujie , Zhang Jianzhong , Li Fengqin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGenetic information about Enterococcus hirae is limited, a feature that has compromised our understanding of these clinically challenging bacteria. In this study, comparative analysis was performed of E. hirae R17, a daptomycin‐resistant strain isolated from pork purchased from a retail market in Beijing, China, and three other enterococcal genomes (Enterococcus faecium DO, Enterococcus faecalis V583, and E. hirae ATCC™9790). Some 1,412 genes were identified that represented the core genome together with an additional 139 genes that were specific to E. hirae R17. The functions of these R17 strain‐specific coding sequences relate to the COGs categories of carbohydrate transport and metabolism and transcription, a finding that suggests the carbohydrate utilization capacity of E. hirae R17 may be more extensive when compared with the other three bacterial species (spp.). Analysis of genomic islands and virulence genes highlighted the potential that horizontal gene transfer played as a contributor of variations in pathogenicity in this isolate. Drug‐resistance gene prediction and antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated E. hirae R17 was resistant to several antimicrobial compounds, including bacitracin, ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, thereby limiting chemotherapeutic treatment options. Further, tolerance to biocides and metals may confer a phenotype that facilitates the survival and adaptation of this isolate against food preservatives, disinfectants, and antibacterial coatings. The genomic plasticity, mediated by IS elements, transposases, and tandem repeats, identified in the E. hirae R17 genome may support adaptation to new environmental niches, such as those that are found in hospitalized patients. A predicted transmissible plasmid, pRZ1, was found to carry several antimicrobial determinants, along with some predicted pathogenic genes. These data supported the previously determined phenotype confirming that the foodborne E. hirae R17 is a multidrug‐resistant pathogenic bacterium with evident genome plasticity and environmental adaptability.
Estimating model error covariances using particle filters
Authors: Zhu Mengbin , van Leeuwen Peter J. , Zhang Weimin 
Published: August 2017

A method is presented for estimating the error covariance of the errors in the model equations in observation space. Estimating model errors in this systematic way opens up the possibility to use data assimilation for systematic model improvement at the level of the model equations, which would be a huge step forward. This model error covariance is perhaps the hardest covariance matrix to estimate. It represents how the missing physics and errors in parametrizations manifest themselves at the scales the model can resolve.A new element is that we use an efficient particle filter to avoid the need to estimate the error covariance of the state as well, which most other data assimilation methods do require. Starting from a reasonable first estimate, the method generates new estimates iteratively during the data assimilation run, and the method is shown to converge to the correct model error matrix. We also investigate the influence of the accuracy of the observation error covariance on the estimation of the model error covariance and show that, when the observation errors are known, the model error covariance can be estimated well, but, as expected and perhaps unavoidably, the diagonal elements are estimated too low when the observation errors are estimated too high, and vice versa.
The genetic encoded toolbox for electron microscopy and connectomics
Authors: Shigemoto Ryuichi , Joesch Maximilian 
Published: August 2017

Developments in bioengineering and molecular biology have introduced a palette of genetically encoded probes for identification of specific cell populations in electron microscopy. These probes can be targeted to distinct cellular compartments, rendering them electron dense through a subsequent chemical reaction. These electron densities strongly increase the local contrast in samples prepared for electron microscopy, allowing three major advances in ultrastructural mapping of circuits: genetic identification of circuit components, targeted imaging of regions of interest and automated analysis of the tagged circuits. Together, the gains from these advances can decrease the time required for the analysis of targeted circuit motifs by over two orders of magnitude. These genetic encoded tags for electron microscopy promise to simplify the analysis of circuit motifs and become a central tool for structure‐function studies of synaptic connections in the brain. We review the current state‐of‐the‐art with an emphasis on connectomics, the quantitative analysis of neuronal structures and motifs. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e288. doi: 10.1002/wdev.288This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes
Tales of accountability: a Q-method study of discourses amongst Tanzanian members of parliament
Authors: Katomero Jesper , Hoppe Robert , Wesselink Anna 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe hallmark of accountability in a democracy centres on the way the elected parliament holds the executive to account. If the parliament does not perform its oversight role effectively, lower authorities would have fewer incentives to do the same vis-à-vis local executives. In this article we therefore ask whether or not different meanings of accountability can be discerned amongst Tanzanian Members of Parliament (MPs). In our Q-method research we found four clearly identifiable discourses on accountability amongst Tanzanian MPs:Partycrats;My Electorate's Advocates;Frustrated Account Holders; andPragmatic Account Holders.We understand MPs discourses within the broader context of political clientelism and we argue that this combination of discourses, or accountability culture, enables the executive to rule in semi-autocratic ways. Even if opposition parties would obtain a parliamentary majority, this accountability culture stands in the way of achieving greater democratic responsiveness.
Disentangling the coupling between sea ice and tundra productivity in Svalbard
Authors: Macias-Fauria Marc , Karlsen Stein Rune , Forbes Bruce C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe rapid decline in Arctic sea ice poses urgent questions concerning its ecological effects, such as on tundra terrestrial productivity. However, reported sea ice/terrestrial productivity linkages have seldom been constrained, and the mechanism governing them remains elusive, with a diversity of spatial scales and metrics proposed, at times in contradiction to each other. In this study, we use spatially explicit remotely sensed sea ice concentration and high-resolution terrestrial productivity estimates (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) across the Svalbard Archipelago to describe local/sub-regional and large-scale components of sea ice/terrestrial productivity coupling. Whereas the local/sub-regional component is attributed to sea breeze (cold air advection from ice-covered ocean onto adjacent land during the growing season), the large-scale component might reflect co-variability of sea ice and tundra productivity due to a common forcing, such as large-scale atmospheric circulation (North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO). Our study clarifies the range of mechanisms in sea ice/terrestrial productivity coupling, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses about its past, present, and future dynamics across the Arctic.