bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing model parameters for wave‐induced dune erosion using observations from Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Overbeck J. R. , Long J. W. , Stockdon H. F. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractModels of dune erosion depend on a set of assumptions that dictate the predicted evolution of dunes throughout the duration of a storm. Lidar observations made before and after Hurricane Sandy at over 800 profiles with diverse dune elevations, widths, and volumes are used to quantify specific dune erosion model parameters including the dune face slope, which controls dune avalanching, and the trajectory of the dune toe, which controls dune migration. Wave‐impact models of dune erosion assume a vertical dune face and erosion of the dune toe along the foreshore beach slope. Observations presented here show that these assumptions are not always valid and require additional testing if these models are to be used to predict coastal vulnerability for decision‐making purposes. Observed dune face slopes steepened by 43% yet did not become vertical faces, and only 50% of the dunes evolved along a trajectory similar to the foreshore beach slope. Observations also indicate that dune crests were lowered during dune erosion. Moreover, analysis showed a correspondence between dune lowering and narrower beaches, smaller dune volumes, and/or longer wave impact.
Suprathermal electron acceleration in the near‐Earth flow rebounce region
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. , Xu Y. , Wang T. Y. , Cao J. B. , Sun X. G. , Yao Z. H. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFlux pileup regions (FPRs) are traditionally referred to the strong‐Bz bundles behind dipolarization fronts (DFs) in the Earth's magnetotail and can appear both inside earthward and tailward bursty bulk flows. It has been widely reported that suprathermal electrons (40–200 keV) can be efficiently accelerated inside earthward FPRs, leaving the electron acceleration inside tailward FPRs as an open question. In this study, we focus on the electron acceleration inside a tailward FPR that is formed due to the flow rebounce in the near‐Earth region (XGSM ≈ −12 RE) and compare it quantitatively with the acceleration inside an earthward FPR. By examining the Cluster data in 2008, we sequentially observe an earthward FPR and a tailward FPR in the near‐Earth region, with the earthward one belonging to decaying type and the tailward one belonging to growing type. Inside the earthward FPR, Fermi acceleration and betatron cooling of suprathermal electrons are found, while inside the tailward FPR, Fermi and betatron acceleration occur. Whistler‐mode waves are observed inside the tailward FPR; their generation process may still be at the early stage. We notice that the suprathermal electron fluxes inside the tailward FPR are about twice as large as those inside the earthward FPR, suggesting that the acceleration of suprathermal electrons is more efficient in the flow rebounce region. These acceleration processes have been successfully reproduced using an analytical model; they emphasize the role of flow rebounce in accelerating suprathermal electrons and further reveal how the MHD‐scale flow modulates the kinetic‐scale electron dynamics in the near‐Earth magnetotail.
Coupling of swelling, internal stress evolution, and diffusion in coal matrix material during exposure to methane
Authors: Liu Jinfeng , Fokker Peter A. , Spiers Christopher J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe construct theoretical models for time‐dependent swelling of coal matrix material upon adsorption of a single gas, taking into account a coupling between stress, strain, chemical potential, and diffusion. Two models are developed. The first (model A) corresponds to diffusion and hence swelling rates being controlled by the jump frequency of adsorbed molecules between closely spaced adsorption sites and the second (model B) to transport controlled by diffusion of unadsorbed molecules through diffusion paths linking distant adsorption sites. To test these models, we performed axial swelling experiments on a single 4 mm sized cylindrical sample of medium volatile bituminous coal, exposed to CH4 at pressures up to 40 MPa, at 40°C, using 1‐D, high‐pressure dilatometry. The models were calibrated to the experimental data by adjustment of a single‐valued diffusion coefficient, independent of gas pressure and adsorbed concentration. The results show that the data can be accurately explained only by model B. The implication is that the gas transport, the associated adsorption, and hence time‐dependent swelling are controlled by the diffusion of unadsorbed molecules and not by molecules jumping between the adjacent adsorption sites. Our model describes a full coupling between stress, strain, sorption, and diffusion in coal matrix material in terms of parameters that have clear physical meaning and are easily obtained from sorption and swelling experiments on coal of any rank exposed to any gas. It therefore offers an important tool for modeling permeability evolution with time during (enhanced) coalbed methane operations.
The properties of optical lightning flashes and the clouds they illuminate
Authors: Peterson Michael , Deierling Wiebke , Liu Chuntao , Mach Douglas , Kalb Christina 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOptical lightning sensors like the Optical Transient Detector and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) measure total lightning across large swaths of the globe with high detection efficiency. With two upcoming missions that employ these sensors—LIS on the International Space Station and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper on the GOES‐R satellite—there has been increased interest in what these measurements can reveal about lightning and thunderstorms in addition to total flash activity. Optical lightning imagers are capable of observing the characteristics of individual flashes that include their sizes, durations, and radiative energies. However, it is important to exercise caution when interpreting trends in optical flash measurements because they can be affected by the scene. This study uses coincident measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite to examine the properties of LIS flashes and the surrounding cloud regions they illuminate. These combined measurements are used to assess to what extent optical flash characteristics can be used to make inferences about flash structure and energetics. Clouds illuminated by lightning over land and ocean regions that are otherwise similar based on TRMM measurements are identified. Even when LIS flashes occur in similar clouds and background radiances, oceanic flashes are still shown to be larger, brighter, longer lasting, more prone to horizontal propagation, and to contain more groups than their land‐based counterparts. This suggests that the optical trends noted in literature are not entirely the result of radiative transfer effects but rather stem from physical differences in the flashes.
Experimental investigation of the impact of compound‐specific dispersion and electrostatic interactions on transient transport and solute breakthrough
Authors: Muniruzzaman Muhammad , Rolle Massimo 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of compound‐specific diffusion/dispersion and electrochemical migration on transient solute transport in saturated porous media. We conducted laboratory bench‐scale experiments, under advection‐dominated regimes (seepage velocity: 0.5, 5, 25 m/d), in a quasi two‐dimensional flow‐through setup using pulse injection of multiple tracers (both uncharged and ionic species). Extensive sampling and measurement of solutes' concentrations (∼1500 samples; >3000 measurements) were performed at the outlet of the flow‐through setup, at high spatial and temporal resolution. The experimental results show that compound‐specific effects and charge‐induced Coulombic interactions are important not only at low velocities and/or for steady state plumes but also for transient transport under high flow velocities. Such effects can lead to a remarkably different behavior of measured breakthrough curves also at very high Péclet numbers. To quantitatively interpret the experimental results, we used four modeling approaches: classical advection‐dispersion equation (ADE), continuous time random walk (CTRW), dual‐domain mass transfer model (DDMT), and a multicomponent ionic dispersion model. The latter is based on the multicomponent formulation of coupled diffusive/dispersive fluxes and was used to describe and explain the electrostatic effects of charged species. Furthermore, we determined experimentally the temporal profiles of the flux‐related dilution index. This metric of mixing, used in connection with the traditional solute breakthrough curves, proved to be useful to correctly distinguish between plume spreading and mixing, particularly for the cases in which the sole analysis of integrated concentration breakthrough curves may lead to erroneous interpretation of plume dilution.
Identifying modern and historic recharge events from tracer‐derived groundwater age distributions
Authors: McCallum James L. , Cook Peter. G. , Dogramaci Shawan , Purtschert Roland , Simmons Craig T. , Burk Lawrence 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUnderstanding groundwater ages offers insight into the time scales of recharge, aquifer storage turnover times, and contaminant protection time frames. The ability to quantify groundwater age distributions heavily depends on the choice of the interpretive model, and often important features of the age distribution cannot be identified with the subset of available models. In this paper, we implemented a multiple tracer method using a technique that assumes limited details regarding the shape of the age distribution and applied it to dewatering wells at a mine site in the Pilbara region of north‐western Australia. Using our method, we were able to identify distinct age components in the groundwater. We calculated the presence of four distinct age groups in the samples. All wells contained water aged between zero and 20 years. However, the rest of the samples were composed of water between 50 and 100 years, 100 and 600 years, or water approximately 1000 years old. These were consistent with local recharge sources (50–100 years) and knowledge of paleoclimate from lake sediment records. We found that although the age components were well constrained, the relative proportions of each component were highly sensitive to errors of environmental tracer data. Our results show that our method can identify distinct age groups in groundwater samples without prior knowledge of the age distribution. The presence of distinct recharge times gives insight into groundwater flow conditions over long periods of time.
History of Dermatology
Authors: Levell Nick J. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Dermatology encompasses all of medicine. The history of dermatology stretches back to the earliest records of human activity throughout the world. Ancient Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Middle Eastern and European scripts mention skin disease and treatments. Dermatology texts have reclassified skin disorders as understanding of the mechanisms has improved through research and by observation and analysis. This evolution of dermatology continues to the present day with advances in molecular medicine.
Release from Prison
Authors: Petersilia Joan , Threatt Jimmy 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDiscretionary parole has been under attack since its beginnings. Starting in the late 1970s, states began abolishing discretionary parole boards. By 2010, 16 states had done so, and fewer than 20% of inmates released from prison were released by a parole board. Opponents of discretionary parole hoped that abolishing parole would reduce disparities in prison time served – and it did. Research shows, however, that inmates actually servelongerprison terms in states retaining discretionary parole, and their parolees have higher success rates. Retaining discretionary parole may serve to refocus prison and corrections staff on planning for release rather than merely opening the prison door at the end of the prescribed term. Significantly, discretionary parole systems also provide a means by which inmates representing continuing public safety risks can be kept in prison. In the last few years, as states have grappled with their increasingly large prison populations, more and more prisoners have been released discretionarily.
Pains of Imprisonment
Authors: Shammas Victor L. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Imprisonment is widely seen as a humane improvement over corporal punishment. But social observers like Gresham M. Sykes pointed out that imprisonment entailed its own distinct set of deprivations, including the loss of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security. According to the deprivation model, prison culture and inmate behavior are shaped by constraints encountered in the prison environment. Contrary to the deterrence hypothesis, which contends that greater pains of imprisonment yield lower offending rates, research suggests that harsher punishments may have criminogenic effects. Recent empirical work has emphasized secondary pains of imprisonment that extend beyond the individual offender to negatively impact families and communities outside the prison.
T
hailand, Corrections in
Authors: Bing Robert L. , Albano Brandy 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This entry provides insights into the history of the prison system in the Kingdom of Thailand. The responsibilities of the government to the inmate are detailed and contradictions between policy and practice are also outlined. The entry also provides information on the nature of prisons in Thailand, including issues related to overcrowding, healthcare, and death row.
Clinical Profiles of Young Adults With Juvenile‐Onset Fibromyalgia With and Without a History of Trauma
Authors: Nelson Sarah , Cunningham Natoshia , Peugh James , Jagpal Anjana , Arnold Leslie M. , Lynch‐Jordan Anne , Kashikar‐Zuck Susmita 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo examine the differential presentation(s) of psychological and health‐related outcomes in young adults with juvenile‐onset fibromyalgia (FM) with and without a history of trauma, compared to healthy controls.MethodsIn total, 110 participants (86 with juvenile‐onset FM and 24 healthy controls, with a mean age of 23.4 years) completed a structured clinical interview to assess for trauma and psychological comorbidities, as well as self‐report questionnaires on pain, physical functioning, and health care utilization.ResultsOf the juvenile‐onset FM participants, 37% (n = 32) reported a history of trauma. Three group comparisons (i.e., juvenile‐onset FM with trauma versus juvenile‐onset FM with no trauma versus healthy controls) revealed that juvenile‐onset FM participants significantly differed from healthy controls on all psychological and health‐related outcomes. Further, although juvenile‐onset FM participants with and without a history of trauma did not significantly differ on pain and physical functioning, juvenile‐onset FM participants with a history of trauma were significantly more likely to have psychological comorbidities.ConclusionThis is the first controlled study to examine the differential outcomes between juvenile‐onset FM participants with and without a history of trauma. Group comparisons between juvenile‐onset FM participants and healthy controls were consistent with previous research. Further, our findings indicate that juvenile‐onset FM participants with a history of trauma experience greater psychological, but not physical, impairment than juvenile‐onset FM participants without a history of trauma.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Tetrasubstituted Cyclic Enamides: Efficient Access to Chiral Cycloalkylamine Derivatives
Authors: Li Xiuxiu , You Cai , Yang Hailong , Che Jinteng , Chen Pengyu , Yang Yusheng , Lv Hui , Zhang Xumu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn efficient rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of challenging tetrasubstituted cyclic enamides has been developed, affording cyclic chiral amides with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield and >99% ee). This novel methodology provides an efficient and concise synthetic route to chiral cycloalkylamines with two contiguous stereogenic centers. The potential utility of this protocol in the synthesis of bioactive molecules is also disclosed.magnified image
Evaluating predictors of lead exposure for activities disturbing materials painted with or containing lead using historic published data from U.S. workplaces
Authors: Locke Sarah J. , Deziel Nicole C. , Koh Dong‐Hee , Graubard Barry I. , Purdue Mark P. , Friesen Melissa C. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesWe evaluated predictors of differences in published occupational lead concentrations for activities disturbing material painted with or containing lead in U.S. workplaces to aid historical exposure reconstruction.MethodsFor the aforementioned tasks, 221 air and 113 blood lead summary results (1960–2010) were extracted from a previously developed database. Differences in the natural log‐transformed geometric mean (GM) for year, industry, job, and other ancillary variables were evaluated in meta‐regression models that weighted each summary result by its inverse variance and sample size.ResultsAir and blood lead GMs declined 5%/year and 6%/year, respectively, in most industries. Exposure contrast in the GMs across the nine jobs and five industries was higher based on air versus blood concentrations. For welding activities, blood lead GMs were 1.7 times higher in worst‐case versus non‐worst case scenarios.ConclusionsJob, industry, and time‐specific exposure differences were identified; other determinants were too sparse or collinear to characterize. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:189–197, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olefin Insertion into a Pd–F Bond: Catalyst Reactivation Following β‐F Elimination in Ethylene/Vinyl Fluoride Copolymerization
Authors: Wada Shinji , Jordan Richard F. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe discrete (phosphinoarenesulfonate)Pd fluoride complex (POBp,OMe)PdF(lutidine), where POBp,OMe=(2‐MeOC6H4)(2‐{2,6‐(MeO)2C6H3}C6H4)(2‐SO3‐5‐MeC6H3)P, inserts vinyl fluoride (VF) to form (POBp,OMe)PdCH2CHF2(lutidine) and inserts multiple ethylene (E) units to generate polyethylene that contains −CH2F chain ends. These results provide strong evidence that the −CHF2 and −CH2F chain ends in E/VF copolymer generated by (phosphinoarenesulfonate)PdR catalysts form by β‐F elimination of Pd(β‐F‐alkyl) species, VF or E insertion of the resulting (PO)PdF species, and subsequent chain growth. These results also imply that β‐F elimination is not an important catalyst deactivation reaction in this system.
An Exonuclease III‐Powered, On‐Particle Stochastic DNA Walker
Authors: Qu Xiangmeng , Zhu Dan , Yao Guangbao , Su Shao , Chao Jie , Liu Huajie , Zuo Xiaolei , Wang Lihua , Shi Jiye , Wang Lianhui , Huang Wei , Pei Hao , Fan Chunhai 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDNA‐based machines have attracted rapidly growing interest owing to their potential in drug delivery, biocomputing, and diagnostic applications. Herein, we report a type of exonuclease III (Exo III)‐powered stochastic DNA walker that can autonomously move on a spherical nucleic acid (SNA)‐based 3D track. The motion is propelled by unidirectional Exo III digestion of hybridized DNA tracks in a burnt‐bridge mechanism. The operation of this Exo III‐propelled DNA walker was monitored in real time and at the single‐particle resolution using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF). We further interrogated the morphological effect of the 3D track on the nuclease activity, which suggested that the performance of the DNA walker was critically dependent upon the DNA density and the track conformation. Finally, we demonstrated potential bioanalytical applications of this SNA‐based stochastic DNA walker by exploiting movement‐triggered cascade signal amplification.
Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungsbildung in einem schwachen Ligandenfeld: Nutzung von Open‐Shell‐Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren der ersten Übergangsperiode
Authors: Chirik Paul J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractÜbergangsmetallkatalysatoren auf Basis der reichlich vorhandenen Metalle der ersten Übergangsperiode zeigen herausragende Eigenschaften in C‐C‐Bindungsbildungsreaktionen. So stellen Eisen‐ und Cobaltdihalogenid‐Komplexe von Aryl‐substituierten Bis(imino)pyridinen, die durch Alkylaluminiumreagentien aktiviert werden, hochaktive Katalysatoren für die Polymerisation von Ethylen dar. Eisen‐ und Cobalt‐Alkylkomplexe mit offener Koordinationsschale (Open‐Shell‐Komplexe) wurden synthetisiert, die als Einzelkomponenten‐Katalysatoren für die Olefin‐Polymerisation agieren. Ebenso wurden reduzierte Eisen‐ und Cobalt‐Distickstoff‐Komplexe mit Bis(imino)pyridin‐Liganden gefunden, die eine einzigartige [2+2]‐Cycloaddition unaktivierter terminaler Alkene herbeiführen. Untersuchungen der Elektronenstruktur weisen auf Open‐Shell‐Intermediate hin, die sich von den herkömmlichen metallorganischen Starkfeld‐Komplexen, die bisher als Katalysatoren für C‐C‐Bindungsbildungen verwendet wurden, deutlich abgrenzen.
Au/La2Ti2O7 Nanostructures Sensitized with Black Phosphorus for Plasmon‐Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in Visible and Near‐Infrared Light
Authors: Zhu Mingshan , Cai Xiaoyan , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Zhang Junying , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEfficient utilization of solar energy is a high‐priority target and the search for suitable materials as photocatalysts that not only can harvest the broad wavelength of solar light, from UV to near‐infrared (NIR) region, but also can achieve high and efficient solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion is one of the most challenging missions. Herein, using Au/La2Ti2O7 (BP‐Au/LTO) sensitized with black phosphorus (BP), a broadband solar response photocatalyst was designed and used as efficient photocatalyst for H2 production. The optimum H2 production rates of BP‐Au/LTO were about 0.74 and 0.30 mmol g−1 h−1 at wavelengths longer than 420 nm and 780 nm, respectively. The broad absorption of BP and plasmonic Au contribute to the enhanced photocatalytic activity in the visible and NIR light regions. Time‐resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed efficient interfacial electron transfer from excited BP and Au to LTO which is in accordance with the observed high photoactivities.
Molecular Polygons Probe the Role of Intramolecular Strain in the Photophysics of π‐Conjugated Chromophores
Authors: Wilhelm Philipp , Vogelsang Jan , Poluektov Georgiy , Schönfelder Nina , Keller Tristan J. , Jester Stefan‐Sven , Höger Sigurd , Lupton John M. 
Published: January 2017

Abstractπ‐Conjugated segments, chromophores, are the electronically active units of polymer materials used in organic electronics. To elucidate the effect of the bending of these linear moieties on elementary electronic properties, such as luminescence color and radiative rate, we introduce a series of molecular polygons. The π‐system in these molecules becomes so distorted in bichromophores (digons) that these absorb and emit light of arbitrary polarization: any part of the chain absorbs and emits radiation with equal probability. Bending leads to a cancellation of transition dipole moment (TDM), increasing excited‐state lifetime. Simultaneously, fluorescence shifts to the red as radiative transitions require mixing of the excited state with vibrational modes. However, strain can become so large that excited‐state localization on shorter units of the chain occurs, compensating TDM cancellation. The underlying correlations between shape and photophysics can only be resolved in single molecules.