bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying cerebrovascular reactivity in anterior and posterior cerebral circulations during voluntary breath holding
Authors: Bruce Christina D. , Steinback Craig D. , Chauhan Uday V. , Pfoh Jamie R. , Abrosimova Maria , Vanden Berg Emily R. , Skow Rachel J. , Davenport Margie H. , Day Trevor A. 
Published: September 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We developed and validated a ‘stimulus index’ (SI; ratio of end‐tidal partial pressures of CO2 and O2) method to quantify cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in anterior and posterior cerebral circulations during breath holding. We aimed to determine whether the magnitude of CVR is correlated with breath‐hold duration.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Using the SI method and transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we found that the magnitude of CVR of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations is not positively correlated with physiological or psychological break‐point during end‐inspiratory breath holding. Our study expands the ability to quantify CVR during breath holding and elucidates factors that affect break‐point.

The central respiratory chemoreflex contributes to blood gas homeostasis, particularly in response to accumulation of brainstem CO2. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) affects chemoreceptor stimulation inversely through CO2 washout from brainstem tissue. Voluntary breath holding imposes alterations in blood gases, eliciting respiratory chemoreflexes, potentially contributing to breath‐hold duration (i.e. break‐point). However, the effects of cerebrovascular reactivity on break‐point have yet to be determined. We tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of CVR contributes directly to breath‐hold duration in 23 healthy human participants. We developed and validated a cerebrovascular stimulus index methodology [SI; ratio of end‐tidal partial pressures of CO2 and O2 ()] to quantify CVR by correlating measured and interpolated values of (r = 0.95, P < 0.0001), (r = 0.98, P < 0.0001) and SI (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001) during rebreathing. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we then quantified the CVR of the middle (MCAv) and posterior (PCAv) cerebral arteries by plotting cerebral blood velocity against interpolated SI during a maximal end‐inspiratory breath hold. The MCAv CVR magnitude was larger than PCAv (P = 0.001; +70%) during breath holding. We then correlated MCAv and PCAv CVR with the physiological (involuntary diaphragmatic contractions) and psychological (end‐point) break‐point, within individuals. There were significant inverse but modest relationships between both MCAv and PCAv CVR and both physiological and psychological break‐points (r < −0.53, P < 0.03). However, these relationships were absent when MCAv and PCAv cerebrovascular conductance reactivity was correlated with both physiological and psychological break‐points (r > −0.42; P > 0.06). Although central chemoreceptor activation is likely to be contributing to break‐point, our data suggest that CVR‐mediated CO2 washout from central chemoreceptors plays no role in determining break‐point, probably because of a reduced arterial‐to‐tissue CO2 gradient during breath holding.
Oestrogen upregulates the expression levels and functional activities of duodenal mucosal CFTR and SLC26A6
Authors: Jin Hai , Wen Guorong , Deng Shili , Wan Shuo , Xu Jingyu , Liu Xuemei , Xie Rui , Dong Hui , Tuo Biguang 
Published: September 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Duodenal ulcer is a common disease. A sex‐based difference in the incidence of duodenal ulcer has long been observed clinically, but the cause is unclear.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion is the most important protective factor in duodenal mucosa against acid‐induced damage. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the solute‐linked carrier 26 gene family A6 (SLC26A6) are two key bicarbonate transport proteins that mediate duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. We demonstrate that endogenous oestrogen upregulates the expression levels and functional activities of duodenal mucosal CFTR and SLC26A6, which contributes to the sex difference in the prevalence of duodenal ulcer.

The incidence of duodenal ulcer is markedly lower in women than men, but the cause of the sex difference is not clear. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the solute‐linked carrier 26 gene family A6 (SLC26A6) are two key bicarbonate transport proteins that mediate duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion, which is an important protective factor against acid‐induced duodenal injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oestrogen on the expressions and functional activities of CFTR and SLC26A6 in duodenal mucosa. We found that the expression levels of duodenal CFTR and SLC26A6 were markedly higher in young (20‐ to 30‐year‐old) women than in young men and old (60‐ to 70‐year‐old) women and men. The expression levels of CFTR and SLC26A6 in young women were markedly higher in preovulatory phases than in premenstrual phases, which was consistent with the changes of serum estradiol concentrations. Further results showed that duodenal CFTR and SLC26A6 expression levels in female mice were markedly decreased after ovariectomy, and supplementation with estradiol reversed the changes in CFTR and SLC26A6. 17β‐Estradiol increased CFTR and SLC26A6 expression levels of human duodenocytes in experiments in vitro. Functional experiments showed that basal and forskolin‐ and prostaglandin E2‐stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion in ovariectomized mice was markedly decreased and, likewise, supplementation with 17β‐estradiol reversed the changes. In conclusion, endogenous oestrogen upregulates the expressions and functional activities of CFTR and SLC26A6 in duodenal mucosa, which could contribute to protection of the duodenum and explain the sex difference in the prevalence of duodenal ulcer.
Role of respiratory changes in the modulation of arterial pressure in rats submitted to sino‐aortic denervation
Authors: Amorim Mateus R. , Bonagamba Leni G. H. , Souza George M. P. R. , Moraes Davi J. A. , Machado Benedito H. 
Published: September 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The arterial baroreflex regulates arterial pressure within a narrow range of variation. After sino‐aortic denervation (SAD), rats show a large increase in arterial pressure variability, but mean arterial pressure levels remain similar to those of control rats. Considering that breathing influences the control of arterial pressure, the question is: to what extent does SAD cause changes in breathing?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Removal of arterial baroreceptors produced changes in breathing in rats, marked by a reduction in respiratory frequency, but not hypertension. These findings are indicative of a possible interaction of respiratory and autonomic neural mechanisms in the regulation of arterial pressure after SAD.

Sino‐aortic denervated (SAD) rats exhibit a mean arterial pressure (MAP) similar to that of control rats. Given that respiration modulates MAP, we hypothesized that conscious SAD rats show respiratory changes associated with the normal MAP. In this study, we evaluated the cardiovascular and respiratory activities and arterial blood gases in control and SAD rats. Male juvenile Wistar rats (postnatal day 19–21) were submitted to SAD, sham surgery or selective removal of the carotid bodies (CBX), and the three groups were evaluated 10 days after the surgery (SAD, n = 21; Sham, n = 18; and CBX, n = 13). The MAP in Sham, SAD and CBX groups was similar (P > 0.05), but the variability of MAP was significantly higher in SAD than in Sham and CBX rats (P < 0.0001). The duration of expiration and inspiration increased in SAD rats compared with Sham and CBX rats, which resulted in a reduced respiratory frequency and minute ventilation (P < 0.05). The arterial partial pressure of O2 and the haemoglobin saturation were reduced in SAD and CBX compared with Sham rats, whereas the arterial partial pressure of CO2 was increased in SAD compared with Sham rats. The short‐ and long‐term respiratory variability were significantly higher in SAD than in Sham and CBX rats (P < 0.05). In addition, the reductions in MAP during deep breaths were greater in SAD than in Sham and CBX rats (P < 0.0001). The data show that SAD rats exhibit respiratory changes, which may be one of the compensatory mechanisms associated with the maintenance of normal levels of MAP in the absence of arterial baroreceptors.
Improving and accelerating the differentiation and functional maturation of human stem cell‐derived neurons: role of extracellular calcium and GABA
Authors: Kemp Paul J. , Rushton David J. , Yarova Polina L. , Schnell Christian , Geater Charlene , Hancock Jane M. , Wieland Annalena , Hughes Alis , Badder Luned , Cope Emma , Riccardi Daniela , Randall Andrew D. , Brown Jonathan T. , Allen Nicholas D. , Telezhkin Vsevolod 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNeurons differentiated from pluripotent stem cells using established neural culture conditions often exhibit functional deficits. Recently, we have developed enhanced media which both synchronize the neurogenesis of pluripotent stem cell‐derived neural progenitors and accelerate their functional maturation; together these media are termed SynaptoJuice. This pair of media are pro‐synaptogenic and generate authentic, mature synaptic networks of connected forebrain neurons from a variety of induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cell lines. Such enhanced rate and extent of synchronized maturation of pluripotent stem cell‐derived neural progenitor cells generates neurons which are characterized by a relatively hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, higher spontaneous and induced action potential activity, enhanced synaptic activity, more complete development of a mature inhibitory GABAA receptor phenotype and faster production of electrical network activity when compared to standard differentiation media. This entire process – from pre‐patterned neural progenitor to active neuron – takes 3 weeks or less, making it an ideal platform for drug discovery and disease modelling in the fields of human neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia.
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The Diagnosis and Manifestations of Liver Injury Secondary to Off-Label Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use
Authors: Cabb Elena , Baltar Shanna , Powers David Wes , Mohan Karthik , Martinez Antonio , Pitts Eric 
Published: September 2016

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents as a broad spectrum of adverse drug reactions which can range from a mild elevation in liver enzymes to fulminant liver failure. The primary goal is to identify DILI early when the patient’s liver enzymes are elevated and to discontinue the offending agent as soon as possible to prevent further injury. Herbal, dietary supplements and anabolic steroids represent a significant component of the drugs thought to cause DILI in the United States. Unlike all other drugs known to cause DILI, these drugs fall into a category of injury that is neither intrinsic nor idiosyncratic due to overlapping characteristics between the two. Here, we present a case of the off-label use of androgenic anabolic steroids inducing liver injury. A combination of clinical, laboratory, and histologic workup eventually led to the diagnosis of DILI. This can be a diagnostic challenge for practitioners. The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) published guidelines to aid the clinician in diagnosing DILI. Proving that an episode of liver injury is caused by a drug is difficult in many cases as it requires the exclusion of alternative etiologies. Some of the variables include temporal association, clinical-biochemical features, type of injury (hepatocellular and/or cholestatic), extrahepatic features, and the likelihood that a given agent is the culprit based on its known manifestations with prior cases. This case illustrates the utility of the diagnostic tools used for DILI as recommended by the ACG, along with a supplemental histopathologic diagnosis.
“ ‘Signature Event Context’ … in, well, context”
Authors: Kates Joshua 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article concerns a moment in French intellectual history when the self-evidences of structuralism become doubtful under the pressure exerted by discourse; it thus treats a second turn within the linguistic turn as it occurred in France. The work of Emile Benveniste, and texts by Jean-Francois Lyotard and Paul Ricoeur, flesh out this development. I use them, as well as John Searle’s response, to approach anew Derrida’s essay “Signature Event Context.” Derrida’s distance from this second linguistic turn thereby becomes visible (including from Lacan’s, Barthes’, and Foucault’s versions of it), and the distinct status of discourse in Derrida’s own thought emerges. Finally, critiquing Derrida’s folding of discourse into a notion of “signifying form” in sec, while drawing on his account there of “citationality,” I sketch new directions for conceiving of context and discourse themselves, ones arguably able to withstand Derrida’s express concerns.
A 20-Year History of NSF-Supported Atmospheric Science Field Campaigns: Statistics and Demographics
Authors: Avallone Linnea M. , Baeuerle Brigitte 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the National Science Foundation’s Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences (AGS) has funded nearly 200 atmospheric science–related field campaigns that have included deployment of AGS-sponsored observing facilities. These projects have spanned the range from modest, single-investigator experiments to massive, multi-investigator, multiagency campaigns. They have occurred both domestically and abroad, on every continent and over most oceans. In this article, we present an analysis of some of the details about these campaigns, including such elements as deployment location and cost of the campaign, and of statistics related to the principal investigators (e.g., type and location of institution, gender, years since degree). In addition, we assess trends in field campaign cost. These results provide a retrospective view of atmospheric science field work that has been supported since 1992.
The Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX)
Authors: Wan Qilin , Wang Bin , Wong Wai Kin , Hu Zhiqun , Jou Ben Jong-Dao , Lin Yanluan , Johnson Richard H. , Chang Chih-Pei , Zhu Yuejian , Zhang Xubin , Wang Hui , Xia Rudi , Ma Juhui , Zhang Da-Lin , Gao Mei , Zhang Yijun , Liu Xi , Chen Yangruixue , Huang Huijun , Bao Xinghua , Ruan Zheng , Cui Zhehu , Meng Zhiyong , Sun Jiaxiang , Wu Mengwen , Wang Hongyan , Peng Xindong , Qian Weimiao , Zhao Kun , Xiao Yanjiao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDuring the presummer rainy season (April–June), southern China often experiences frequent occurrences of extreme rainfall, leading to severe flooding and inundations. To expedite the efforts in improving the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) of the presummer rainy season rainfall, the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) initiated a nationally coordinated research project, namely, the Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX) that was endorsed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a research and development project (RDP) of the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP). The SCMREX RDP (2013–18) consists of four major components: field campaign, database management, studies on physical mechanisms of heavy rainfall events, and convection-permitting numerical experiments including impact of data assimilation, evaluation/improvement of model physics, and ensemble prediction. The pilot field campaigns were carried out from early May to mid-June of 2013–15. This paper: i) describes the scientific objectives, pilot field campaigns, and data sharing of SCMREX; ii) provides an overview of heavy rainfall events during the SCMREX-2014 intensive observing period; and iii) presents examples of preliminary research results and explains future research opportunities.
Long-Path Quantum Cascade Laser–Based Sensor for Methane Measurements
Authors: Michel Anna P. M. , Miller David J. , Sun Kang , Tao Lei , Stanton Levi , Zondlo Mark A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA long-path methane (CH4) sensor was developed and field deployed using an 8-μm quantum cascade laser. The high optical power (40 mW) of the laser allowed for path-integrated measurements of ambient CH4 at total pathlengths from 100 to 1200 m with the use of a retroreflector. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy was used to make high-precision measurements of atmospheric pressure–broadened CH4 absorption over these long distances. An in-line reference cell with higher harmonic detection provided metrics of system stability in rapidly changing and harsh environments. The system consumed less than 100 W of power and required no consumables. The measurements intercompared favorably (typically less than 5% difference) with a commercial in situ methane sensor when accounting for the different spatiotemporal scales of the measurements. The sensor was field deployed for 2 weeks at an arctic lake to examine the robustness of the approach in harsh field environments. Short-term precision over a 458-m pathlength was 10 ppbv at 1 Hz, equivalent to a signal from a methane enhancement above background of 5 ppmv in a 1-m length. The sensor performed well in a range of harsh environmental conditions, including snow, rain, wind, and changing temperatures. These field measurements demonstrate the capabilities of the approach for use in detecting large but highly variable emissions in arctic environments.
A Characterization of the Quality of the Stratospheric Temperature Distributions from SABER based on Comparisons with COSMIC Data
Authors: Fan Z. Q. , Sheng Z. , Shi H. Q. , Zhang X. H. , Zhou C. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGlobal stratospheric temperature measurement is an important field in the study of climate and weather. Dynamic and radiative coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere has been demonstrated in a number of studies over the past decade or so. However, studies of the stratosphere were hampered by a shortage of observation data before satellite technology was used in atmospheric sounding. Now, the data from the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics, and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (TIMED/SABER) observations make it easier to study the stratosphere. The precision and accuracy of TIMED/SABER satellite soundings in the stratosphere are analyzed in this paper using refraction error data and temperature data obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation sounding system and TIMED/SABER temperature data between April 2006 and December 2009. The results show high detection accuracy of TIMED/SABER satellite soundings in the stratosphere. The temperature standard deviation (STDV) errors of SABER are mostly in the range from of 0–3.5 K. At 40 km the STDV error is usually less than 1 K, which means that TIMED/SABER temperature is close to the real atmospheric temperature at this height. The distributions of SABER STDV errors follow a seasonal variation: they are approximately similar in the months that belong to the same season. As the weather situation is complicated and fickle, the distribution of SABER STDV errors is most complex at the equator. The results in this paper are consistent with previous research and can provide further support for application of the SABER’s temperature data.
Inhibition of interleukin-1 signaling enhances elimination of tyrosine kinase inhibitor–treated CML stem cells
Authors: Zhang Bin , Chu Su , Agarwal Puneet , Campbell Victoria L. , Hopcroft Lisa , Jørgensen Heather G. , Lin Allen , Gaal Karl , Holyoake Tessa L. , Bhatia Ravi 
Published: September 2016

Key Points
CML LSC demonstrate increased IL-1 receptor expression and enhanced signaling response. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling using the antagonist IL-1RA enhances targeting of CML LSC in combination with TKI.
Evidence synthesis and decision modelling to support complex decisions: stockpiling neuraminidase inhibitors for pandemic influenza usage
Authors: Watson Samuel I. , Chen Yen-Fu , Nguyen-Van-Tam Jonathan S. , Myles Puja R. , Venkatesan Sudhir , Zambon Maria , Uthman Olalekan , Chilton Peter J. , Lilford Richard J. 
Published: September 2016

Objectives: The stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antivirals as a defence against pandemic influenza is a significant public health policy decision that must be made despite a lack of conclusive evidence from randomised controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of NAIs on important clinical end points such as mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether NAIs should be stockpiled for treatment of pandemic influenza on the basis of current evidence. Methods: A decision model for stockpiling was designed. Data on previous pandemic influenza epidemiology was combined with data on the effectiveness of NAIs in reducing mortality obtained from a recent individual participant meta-analysis using observational data. Evidence synthesis techniques and a bias modelling method for observational data were used to incorporate the evidence into the model. The stockpiling decision was modelled for adults (≥16 years old) and the United Kingdom was used as an example. The main outcome was the expected net benefits of stockpiling in monetary terms. Health benefits were estimated from deaths averted through stockpiling. Results: After adjusting for biases in the estimated effectiveness of NAIs, the expected net benefit of stockpiling in the baseline analysis was £444 million, assuming a willingness to pay of £20,000/QALY ($31,000/QALY). The decision would therefore be to stockpile NAIs. There was a greater probability that the stockpile would not be utilised than utilised. However, the rare but catastrophic losses from a severe pandemic justified the decision to stockpile. Conclusions: Taking into account the available epidemiological data and evidence of effectiveness of NAIs in reducing mortality, including potential biases, a decision maker should stockpile anti-influenza medication in keeping with the postulated decision rule.
Consumer Choice Models with Endogenous Network Effects
Authors: Wang Ruxian , Wang Zizhuo 
Published: September 2016

Network externality arises when the utility of a product depends not only on its attributes but also on the number of consumers who purchase the same product. In this paper, we study consumer choice models that endogenize such network externality. We first characterize the choice probabilities under such models and conduct studies on comparative statics. Then we investigate the assortment optimization problem under such choice models. Although the problem is generally NP-hard, we show that a new class of assortments, called quasi-revenue-ordered assortments, which consist of a revenue-ordered assortment plus at most one additional item, are optimal under mild conditions. We also propose an iterative estimation method to calibrate such choice models, for both uncensored and censored data cases. An empirical study on a mobile game data set shows that our proposed model can provide better fits for the data, increase the prediction accuracy for consumer choices, and potentially increase revenue.This paper was accepted by Noah Gans, stochastic models and simulation.