Concrete Roads: Sustainable Paving
Authors: Santos Gustavo Soares , Marotta Luiza Ignez Mollica , Clemente Guilherme Augusto Bertelli Fernandes , Lima Gilberto de Miranda , Scarano Davidson , Oliveira Clayton Reis de 
Published: September 2024

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the technical and economic benefits of using concrete pavements on Brazilian highways, considering their durability, resistance, maintenance costs and advantages in relation to traditional asphalt pavements.

Theoretical Reference: Road paving is a fundamental area of transportation infrastructure, with asphalt and concrete pavements being the main options used on roads and highways. While flexible asphalt-based pavement is widely used due to its lower initial cost and ease of application, rigid concrete pavement has gained prominence due to its advantages in durability and reduced maintenance requirements over time. Despite the higher initial cost, concrete becomes a more economical and sustainable solution in the long term, especially on highways with heavy traffic, where asphalt pavements tend to present deformations, cracks and frequent need for repairs. In addition, concrete pavement offers greater resistance to fatigue and climate variations, characteristics that contribute to its longer service life, around 30 years, compared to the typical 10 years of asphalt pavements. From an environmental and safety perspective, concrete pavements also have advantages, such as lower energy consumption for lighting, due to their high reflectivity, and better performance in rainy conditions, reducing the risk of hydroplaning and accidents. Therefore, the choice between asphalt and concrete pavements should consider not only the initial cost, but also the life cycle of the project, the traffic intensity, local climate conditions and the required durability, with rigid pavement offering a better cost-benefit ratio in situations of heavy traffic and where frequent maintenance is not feasible.

Method and Material: This study was developed based on a bibliographical research and comparative analysis between the different types of road paving, focusing on rigid concrete and flexible asphalt pavements. The research was structured in three main stages: literature review, material performance analysis and evaluation of construction techniques. In the first stage, scientific articles, technical standards and paving manuals were consulted to identify the technical characteristics and main advantages and disadvantages of each type of pavement. The second stage consisted of analyzing the performance of the pavements under different traffic and climate conditions, taking into account durability, fatigue resistance, adhesion, deformability and maintenance costs. In the third stage, an evaluation of the construction techniques and requirements for the application of concrete pavements was carried out, including the analysis of initial costs and the need for specialized labor. In addition, a comparison was made between the initial and maintenance costs over the useful life of each type of pavement, considering different traffic scenarios and road demand. The methodology followed a qualitative approach, with the collection of secondary data from existing studies and reports on road paving.
Results and Discussions: The results obtained in this study confirm the advantages of concrete pavement over asphalt pavement, especially in scenarios of intense and heavy traffic. The comparative analysis showed that concrete pavement, despite having an initial installation cost approximately 30% higher than asphalt pavement, compensates for this investment over time due to its durability, which can reach up to 30 years without the need for major maintenance. In contrast, asphalt pavement, with an average useful life of 10 years, requires more frequent interventions to correct common pathologies, such as plastic deformations, wheel tracks and cracks caused by fatigue. In addition, concrete offers greater road safety, with a lower risk of hydroplaning and greater grip, especially in rainy conditions, which reduces braking time and, consequently, the occurrence of accidents. Another relevant point is its superior resistance to abrasion and the action of repetitive loads, which makes it ideal for highways with heavy traffic, bus corridors and industrial areas. Concrete pavement also stood out for its sustainable characteristics, since it can incorporate recycled materials and industrial waste into its composition, contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts. On the other hand, the application of concrete pavement requires greater technical precision and strict control during execution, since errors in its installation can result in high costs for correction. Thus, the results indicate that the choice between rigid and flexible pavements should be based on a technical and economic analysis that considers the volume of traffic, the need for maintenance, long-term costs and environmental impacts, with concrete pavement being the most suitable solution for high-demand highways with heavy traffic, while asphalt may be more advantageous on roads with less traffic and in need of frequent repairs.

Research Implications: Research implications include the need to reevaluate paving choices in highway projects, favoring the use of concrete in high-traffic situations due to its durability, sustainability, and lower long-term maintenance costs.

Originality/Value: The originality and value of this research lies in its comprehensive and comparative approach between asphalt and concrete pavements, highlighting aspects often overlooked in previous studies. The research provides a detailed analysis of the durability, maintenance costs and sustainability of concrete pavements, highlighting their advantages in high-traffic contexts and their positive environmental implications. By integrating current data and considerations on environmental impact, such as the use of recycled materials, the study not only contributes to a deeper understanding of paving options, but also provides a basis for more informed public policy and more sustainable engineering practices. This innovative approach provides critical insight that can influence future infrastructure decisions and promote greater adoption of environmentally responsible paving solutions.