bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
InGaP/GaAs heterojunction photosensor powered by an on-chip GaAs solar cell for energy harvesting
Authors: Than Phuc Hong , Uchida Kazuo , Makino Takahiro , Ohshima Takeshi , Nozaki Shinji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, an InGaP/GaAs heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) and a GaAs solar cell were monolithically integrated into an HPT epitaxial wafer, and the battery-free operation of the HPT was demonstrated for energy harvesting. Although the thickness and doping condition of the layers were optimized for the HPT performance, but not for the solar cell performance, the obtained short-circuit current was high enough to operate the InGaP/GaAs HPT in a two-terminal (2T) configuration. A collector photocurrent of 0.63 mA was obtained when the energy-harvesting InGaP/GaAs 2T-HPT was exposed to white light with a power density of 35 mW/cm2, and it linearly increased with the power density. For a potential application of the energy-harvesting InGaP/GaAs HPT as a photosensor in space, the device was irradiated with electrons of 1 MeV energy and 1015 cm−2 fluence. No significant degradation of the fabricated energy-harvesting 2T-HPT after the high-energy electron irradiation guarantees its battery-free operation in space.
Sequential and combined acceleration tests for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules
Authors: Masuda Atsushi , Yamamoto Chizuko , Uchiyama Naomi , Ueno Kiyoshi , Yamazaki Toshiharu , Mitsuhashi Kazunari , Tsutsumida Akihiro , Watanabe Jyunichi , Shirataki Jyunko , Matsuda Keiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The sequential combination test for photovoltaic modules is effective for accelerating degradation to shorten the test time and for reproducing degradation phenomena observed in modules exposed outdoors for a long time. The damp-heat (DH) test, thermal-cycle (TC) test, humidity-freeze (HF) test or dynamic mechanical load (DML) test is combined for the test modules. It was confirmed that chemical corrosion degradation or physical mechanical degradation is reproduced by the combination of the above tests. Cracks on the back sheet and delamination, often observed upon outdoor exposure, were well reproduced by the combination of DH and TC tests and TC and HF tests, respectively. Sequential DH and TC tests and DML and TC tests accelerated the degradation. These sequential tests are expected to be effective in reducing the required time of indoor testing for ensuring long-term reliability.
Enantiospecific Formal Synthesis of Inthomycin C
Authors: Athawale Paresh R. , Kashinath K. , Reddy D. Srinivasa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn enantiospecific synthesis of Hatakeyama's intermediate enynol has been accomplished in both enantiomeric forms. As these intermediates can be converted to (3R)‐inthomycin C and (3S)‐inthomycin C through respective enynol intermediates using reported procedures, present effort may be regarded as formal synthesis of inthomycin C in both enantiomeric forms. Our synthesis highlights the use of pantolactone chiral pool and thus reconfirms the previously assigned absolute stereochemistry as 3R to the natural product inthomycin C.
In situ Detection of a Single Bacterium in Complex Environment by Hyperspectral CARS Imaging
Authors: Hong Weili , Liao Chien‐Sheng , Zhao Hansen , Younis Waleed , Zhang Yinxin , Seleem Mohamed N. , Cheng Ji‐Xin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDetection of bacteria is essential for clinical diagnosis of infectious disease and food safety purposes. However, it is still a challenging task to rapidly detect bacteria, especially in their natural environment. By fiber‐laser based hyperspectral coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging, we showed that bacteria can be detected in a single cell level using spectral focusing in the C−H stretching region, with a total recording time of 1‐2 minutes. With phase retrieval and multivariate curve resolution analysis, we further showed that a single bacterium can be detected in complex environment such as milk and urine, without need of culturing, labelling, or sample contact. Our work promises hyperspectral CARS imaging to be a mobile and inexpensive setup for in situ detection of bacteria and bacterial activity studies.
Comparison of extra-corporeal knot-tying suture and metallic endo-clips in laparoscopic appendiceal stump closure in uncomplicated acute appendicitis
Authors: Nadeem M. , Khan S.M. , Ali S. , Shafiq M. , Elahi M.W. , Abdullah F. , Hussain I. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Background:
An adequate closure of the appendiceal stump is vital to minimize intra-abdominal and surgical site infections. There are various techniques for the closure of base of appendix while performing a laparoscopic appendectomy like endoloops, knotting, clips and staplers.

Objective:
To compare the extracorporeal knot-tying suture with metallic endoclips in laparoscopic appendiceal stump closure in terms of complications, operative time, hospital stay and cost.

Methodology:
This study was conducted as a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Patients undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomies in three tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, i.e. Khyber Teaching Hospital, Lady Reading Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex from June 1, 2013 to June 1, 2014 were included in the study and randomized into two groups – extra-corporeal knotting group and the metallic endoclip group. Data on demographics, complications, operative time, hospital stay and cost for the two techniques were collected and analyzed. Statistics analyses were done with IBM SPSS v19 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). T-test was use for comparison of continuous data; Chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 68 patients were enrolled in the study and randomized into two groups: metallic endoclip group n = 32 (47.1%), extracorporeal knot group n = 36 (52.9%). The two groups didn't significantly differ in age (P = 0.9). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of complication rates (P > 0.05) and hospital stay (P > 0.05). The mean operative time for the endoclip group was shorter (mean 42.1 ± 7.4 min) as compared to the extracorporeal knot group (mean 48.3 ± 8.4 min) (P = 0.002). The cost of endoclip group was higher (800PKR = 8.10US$) as compared to the extracorporeal knot group (220PKR = 2.23US$).

Conclusion:
The use of metallic endoclip for appendix stump closure is safe and less time consuming but costs higher. Because of the simplicity of the technique it's a useful alternative to the extracorporeal knotting especially for learners.

Highlights:
The Prevalence of Latent Trigger Points in Lower Limb Muscles in Asymptomatic Subjects
Authors: Zuil‐Escobar Juan Carlos , Martínez‐Cepa Carmen Belén , Martín‐Urrialde Jose Antonio , Gómez‐Conesa Antonia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundLatent trigger points (LTrPs) are prevalent in persons with musculoskeletal pain. Because they could be present in healthy persons, it is necessary to evaluate the prevalence of LTrPs in asymptomatic subjects.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of LTrPs in lower limb muscles, to evaluate the relationship between LTrP prevalence, gender, and leg dominance, and to determine intra‐rater reliability for the diagnosis of LTrPs.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingUniversity community.PatientsA total of 206 asymptomatic subjects (113 women and 93 men, aged 23.2 ± 5.2 years).InterventionNot applicable.Main Outcomes MeasuresThe prevalence of the LTrPs located in the gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis was studied, using the diagnosis criteria recommended by Simons, Travell, and Simons. The pressure pain threshold was also evaluated.ResultsOf the 206 subjects evaluated, 166 (77.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72‐83.4) were found to have at least one LTrP in the lower limb muscles. The average number of LTrPs found per individual was 7.5 ± 7.7. The prevalence in each muscle group ranged from 19.9% (95% CI, 14.4‐25.4) to 37.4% (95% CI, 30.8‐44), with gastrocnemius LTrPs being the most prevalent. Women had more LTrPs (9.6 ± 7.8) than did men (4.9 ± 6.6) (P < .01). No relationship was found between the LTrPs and leg dominance (P > .05). The most prevalent diagnosis criteria were the presence of a taut band and a tender spot (98%‐100%); the local twitch response was the least prevalent diagnosis criteria (0%‐3.5%). Intra‐rater reliability was excellent for all the diagnosis criteria in all the muscles evaluated (κ = 0.762‐1), except for the jump sign and the referred pain in several LTrPs.ConclusionLTrPs were prevalent in the lower limb muscles of asymptomatic subjects. Women have more LTrPs than do men. No differences in LTrP prevalence were found between sides. The presence of the taut band and the tender spot were the most prevalent and reliable diagnosis criteria. It is necessary to determine if the evaluation of LTrPs in the lower limb muscles of asymptomatic subjects has clinical relevance.Level of EvidenceIV
Mental health system governance in Nigeria: challenges, opportunities and strategies for improvement
Authors: Abdulmalik J. , Kola L. , Gureje O. 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionA health systems approach to understanding efforts for improving health care services is gaining traction globally. A component of this approach focuses on health system governance (HSG), which can make or mar the successful implementation of health care interventions. Very few studies have explored HSG in low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Studies focusing on mental health system governance, are even more of a rarity. This study evaluates the mental HSG of Nigeria with a view to understanding the challenges, opportunities and strategies for strengthening it.MethodologyThis study was conducted as part of the project, Emerging Mental Health Systems in Low and Middle Income Countries (Emerald). A multi-method study design was utilized to evaluate the mental HSG status of Nigeria. A situational analysis of the health policy and legal environment in the country was performed. Subsequently, 30 key informant interviews were conducted at national, state and district levels to explore the country's mental HSG.ResultsThe existing policy, legislative and institutional framework for HSG in Nigeria reveals a complete exclusion of mental health in key health sector documents. The revised mental health policy is however promising. Using the Siddiqi framework categories, we identified pragmatic strategies for mental health system strengthening that include a consideration of existing challenges and opportunities within the system.ConclusionThe identified strategies provide a template for the subsequent activities of the Emerald Programme (and other interventions), towards strengthening the mental health system of Nigeria.
Morphometric analysis of graphoglyptid trace fossils in two dimensions: implications for behavioral evolution in the deep sea
Authors: Lehane James R. , Ekdale A. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGraphoglyptids are deep-marine trace fossils, often found preserved as casts in positive relief on the base of turbidites. Previous analyses of the behavioral evolution of graphoglyptids suggested they were slowly diversifying, becoming optimized, and getting smaller over time until the Late Cretaceous, when a sudden increase in diversification occurred. This current study quantifies the morphology of approximately 400 different graphoglyptid specimens, ranging in age from the Cambrian to the present, in order to evaluate the behavioral evolutionary interpretations made previously. Results from this study indicate that although some general evolutionary patterns can be discerned, they are not as straightforward as previously reported.Different topological categories of trace fossils represent organisms’ responses to evolutionary pressures in unique ways. While burrow widths of meandering traces were becoming smaller over time, as predicted by previous workers, the burrow widths of the network traces were becoming smaller only until the Late Cretaceous, when they started to get larger again. The times of significant evolutionary changes in behavior were not consistent among various topological categories, with some morphological features being affected in the Late Cretaceous and others during the beginning of the Eocene. It is likely that the behavioral evolution of graphoglyptids was influenced by deep-marine global influences linked to climate change, glaciation, and deep-ocean warming. These influences affected each topological group uniquely, suggesting that different species or genera of trace makers were creating each of the topological categories. This is contrary to the hypothesis that all graphoglyptids were created by closely related species.
Disruption of spermatogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica by two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate
Authors: O'Neill J.F. , Johnston R.C. , Halferty L. , Hanna R.E.B. , Brennan G.P. , Fairweather I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn in vivo study in the laboratory rat model has been carried out to monitor changes to the spermatogenic cells in the testis tubules of adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment with the artemisinins, artemether and artesunate. Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment (pt). Rats infected with the TCBZ-resistant Oberon isolate were dosed orally with artesunate at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered 24, 48, 72 and 96 h pt. The flukes were processed for histological and transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. Changes to the spermatogenic cells were evident at 24 h pt with artemether. The spermatogonial and spermatocyte cells contained abnormal mitochondria, there were fewer spermatids and spermatozoa in the tubules than normal, and a number of cells showed signs of apoptosis. There was a further decline in cell numbers at 48 h pt and the organization of the spermatocyte and spermatid rosettes was atypical. Sperm formation had become abnormal and those spermatozoa present possessed only a single axoneme. By 72 h pt, the testis tubules were vacuolated and filled with abnormal cells and cell debris. Only spermatogonial cells could be identified and there was widespread evidence of apoptosis in the cells. Distinct cellular changes following artesunate treatment did not become apparent until 48 h pt. The changes seen were similar to those described for artemether, but were generally less severe at matching time-periods. The fine structural changes occurring in the spermatogenic cells were compared to those observed in other cell types and fluke tissues and the overall information was collated to identify the cellular targets for artemisinin action and to establish the time-line for drug action.
Development of a stage-dependent prognostic model to predict psychosis in ultra-high-risk patients seeking treatment for co-morbid psychiatric disorders
Authors: Ising H. K. , Ruhrmann S. , Burger N. A. F. M. , Rietdijk J. , Dragt S. , Klaassen R. M. C. , van den Berg D. P. G. , Nieman D. H. , Boonstra N. , Linszen D. H. , Wunderink L. , Smit F. , Veling W. , van der Gaag M. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundCurrent ultra-high-risk (UHR) criteria appear insufficient to predict imminent onset of first-episode psychosis, as a meta-analysis showed that about 20% of patients have a psychotic outcome after 2 years. Therefore, we aimed to develop a stage-dependent predictive model in UHR individuals who were seeking help for co-morbid disorders.MethodBaseline data on symptomatology, and environmental and psychological factors of 185 UHR patients (aged 14–35 years) participating in the Dutch Early Detection and Intervention Evaluation study were analysed with Cox proportional hazard analyses.ResultsAt 18 months, the overall transition rate was 17.3%. The final predictor model included five variables: observed blunted affect [hazard ratio (HR) 3.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–7.35, p < 0.001], subjective complaints of impaired motor function (HR 5.88, 95% CI 1.21–6.10, p = 0.02), beliefs about social marginalization (HR 2.76, 95% CI 1.14–6.72, p = 0.03), decline in social functioning (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.17, p = 0.03), and distress associated with suspiciousness (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03, p = 0.01). The positive predictive value of the model was 80.0%. The resulting prognostic index stratified the general risk into three risk classes with significantly different survival curves. In the highest risk class, transition to psychosis emerged on average ⩾8 months earlier than in the lowest risk class.ConclusionsPredicting a first-episode psychosis in help-seeking UHR patients was improved using a stage-dependent prognostic model including negative psychotic symptoms (observed flattened affect, subjective impaired motor functioning), impaired social functioning and distress associated with suspiciousness. Treatment intensity may be stratified and personalized using the risk stratification.
Theory of mind as a predictor of maternal sensitivity in women with severe mental illness
Authors: Rigby J. , Conroy S. , Miele-Norton M. , Pawlby S. , Happé F. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundResearch has shown that maternal mental illness can affect mother–infant interactions with implications for infant outcomes. Severe and chronic mental illness (SMI), particularly schizophrenia, is associated with the greatest risk. Schizophrenia is also associated with impairments in attribution of mental states, ‘theory of mind’ (ToM). Recent attachment research has suggested that maternal mentalizing skills are strongly associated with attachment outcome in infants. To date, no research has explored the relationship between ToM and maternal sensitivity in mothers with SMI using standard tests of ToM. The present study was designed as an exploratory study in order to investigate this.MethodA total of 40 women with SMI in the postpartum period were administered a battery of ToM tasks and general neuropsychological tasks. The women were also filmed in an unstructured play session with their infants, which was coded for maternal sensitivity using the Crittenden CARE-Index.ResultsOne ToM task, the Frith–Happé Animations, predicted maternal sensitivity across all diagnoses. There was also an effect of diagnosis, with lower sensitivity observed in women with schizophrenia. ToM impairments did not fully explain the effect of diagnosis on sensitivity. Mothers of girls were rated as being more sensitive than mothers of boys.ConclusionsThe results suggest that ToM is a significant predictor of maternal sensitivity across all mental health diagnoses, extending the results of studies focusing on healthy populations. Clinical interventions emphasizing the importance of understanding the perspective of the infant may enhance maternal sensitivity.
Norovirus as the cause of medically attended gastroenteritis: a hospital-based experience
Authors: GASTAÑADUY A. S. , ZABALETA J. , LI L. , BÉGUÉ R. E. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYGastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the introduction of vaccines against rotavirus, interest has shifted to understanding the epidemiology of norovirus (NoV). While the importance of NoV in gastroenteritis outbreaks is well established, its role in sporadic gastroenteritis is less known. To better define the role of NoV as a cause of sporadic gastroenteritis we investigated its prevalence in the patients seen in our paediatric hospital with special emphasis on its seasonal and age distribution. Over a 12-month period discarded stool specimens submitted to our paediatric hospital for testing of an infectious aetiology were retrieved and additionally tested for NoV by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction; demographical and clinical information were also obtained. Overall, NoV was the single most commonly identified pathogen and found in 68/892 (7·6%) total specimens or 68/258 (26%) of pathogen-positive specimens. The highest rates of NoV were detected in children aged 6 months to 4 years (50/332, 15·1%) and presenting between October and January (46/314, 14·7%). NoV has become the main cause of gastroenteritis in our paediatric population.
Sudden cardiac arrest following ventricular fibrillation attributed to anabolic steroid use in an adolescent
Authors: Lichtenfeld Jana , Deal Barbara J. , Crawford Susan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnabolic androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote the growth of skeletal muscles and have many recognised cardiovascular effects. We report the clinical presentation and pathological findings of an adolescent male whose sudden cardiac arrest following ventricular fibrillation was attributed to anabolic androgenic steroid use. The age of our patient reflects the usage of anabolic androgenic steroids among younger athletes and highlights the need for increased awareness among practitioners.
A contemporary review of paediatric heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support
Authors: Kindel Steven J. , Everitt Melanie D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractImprovements in the care of children with cardiomyopathy, CHDs, and acquired heart disease have led to an increased number of children surviving with advanced heart failure. In addition, the advent of more durable mechanical circulatory support options in children has changed the outcome for many patients who otherwise would have succumbed while waiting for heart transplantation. As a result, more children with end-stage heart failure are being referred for heart transplantation, and there is increased demand for a limited donor organ supply. A review of important publications in the recent years related to paediatric heart failure, transplantation, and mechanical circulatory support show a trend towards pushing the limits of the current therapies to address the needs of this growing population. There have been a number of publications focussing on previously published risk factors perceived as barriers to successful heart transplantation, including elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, medication non-adherence, re-transplantation, transplantation of the failed Fontan patient, and transplantation in an infant or child bridged with mechanical circulatory support. This review will highlight some of these key articles from the last 3 years and describe recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of children with end-stage heart disease.