bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Liquid Solvation versus Catalysis: Computational Insight from a Multisubstituted Imidazole Synthesis in [Et2NH2][HSO4]
Authors: Abdullayev Yusif , Abbasov Vagif , Ducati Lucas C. , Talybov Avtandil , Autschbach Jochen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe mechanisms of a tetrasubstituted imidazole [2‐(2,4,5‐triphenyl‐1 H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)ethan‐1‐ol] synthesis from benzil, benzaldehyde, ammonium acetate, and ethanolamine in [Et2NH2][HSO4] ionic liquid (IL) are studied computationally. The effects of the presence of the cationic and anionic components of the IL on transition states and intermediate structures, acting as a solvent versus as a catalyst, are determined. In IL‐free medium, carbonyl hydroxylation when using a nucleophile (ammonia) proceeds with a Gibbs free energy (ΔG≠) barrier of 49.4 kcal mol−1. Cationic and anionic hydrogen‐bond solute–solvent interactions with the IL decrease the barrier to 35.8 kcal mol−1. [Et2NH2][HSO4] incorporation in the reaction changes the nature of the transition states and decreases the energy barriers dramatically, creating a catalytic effect. For example, carbonyl hydroxylation proceeds via two transition states, first proton donation to the carbonyl (ΔG≠=9.2 kcal mol−1) from [Et2NH2]+, and then deprotonation of ammonia (ΔG≠=14.3) via Et2NH. Likewise, incorporation of the anion component [HSO4]− of the IL gives comparable activation energies along the same reaction route and the lowest transition state for the product formation step. We propose a dual catalytic IL effect for the mechanism of imidazole formation. The computations demonstrate a clear distinction between IL solvent effects on the reaction and IL catalysis.
Termiticidal lectins from Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) cause midgut damage when ingested by Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae) workers
Authors: Lima Thâmarah A , Fernandes Kenner M , Oliveira Ana Patrícia S , Dornelles Leonardo P , Martins Gustavo F , Napoleão Thiago H , Paiva Patrícia MG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDMyracrodruon urundeuva is a hardwood tree, and its bark, heartwood and leaf contain lectins (MuBL, MuHL and MuLL respectively) with termiticidal activity against Nasutitermes corniger. In this work, the effects of these lectins on the midgut of N. corniger workers were evaluated.RESULTSThe insects were supplied with an artificial diet containing the lectins at their respective LC50 (previously determined). At 48 h after treatment, the midguts were dissected and fixed for histopathology analyses. Toluidine‐blue‐stained midguts from lectin‐treated workers showed disorganisation, with the presence of debris in the lumen and the absence of brush border. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the numbers of digestive and proliferating cells were lower in lectin‐treated individuals than in the control, and caspase‐3 staining confirmed the occurrence of cell apoptosis. Enteroendocrine cells were not seen in the treated individuals. The midguts from treated insects showed greater staining for peroxidase than the control, suggesting that the lectins caused oxidative stress. Staining with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to FITC revealed that the lectins interfered with the integrity of the peritrophic matrix.CONCLUSIONThis study showed that termiticidal lectins from M. urundeuva cause severe injuries, oxidative stress and cell death in the midgut of N. corniger workers. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel and emergent sandfly‐borne phleboviruses in Asia Minor: a systematic review
Authors: Ergunay Koray , Ayhan Nazli , Charrel Remi N. 
Published: August 2016

SummarySandfly‐transmitted phleboviruses are globally spread agents causing febrile diseases and central nervous system infections. The activity of pathogenic phleboviruses, as well as several novel strains, has been reported from Turkey, a transboundary country connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa with suitable habitats for sandflies. This study overviews all published data on phleboviruses from Turkey and evaluates the impact from the virological, epidemiological, and public health perspectives. A systematic review of Web‐based global and local resources was performed. Comparison and phylogenetic analyses of particular phlebovirus sequences were also undertaken. Through the evaluation of 1693 international and regional entries, 31 manuscripts providing data on case reports or outbreaks, serological surveillance, animal infections and exposure, virus characterization, vector surveillance, and/or diagnostics were accessed. Detailed information on 5 novel phleboviruses completely or partially characterized during 2008–2015 as well as on clinical and epidemiological features of major phleboviruses established as human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Sicilian virus has been compiled. The ongoing activity of these agents, as indicated by consistently reported symptomatic cases and confirmed exposure in vertebrates including humans, was noted. The circulation in the Anatolian peninsula of phleboviruses with surprising diversity as well as distinct virus species is documented. Specific phlebovirus strains constitute a public health threat for local populations and travelers and must be considered in the diagnostic workup of clinically compatible cases. Human health impact and epidemiological aspects of certain viruses require further investigation via intensive surveillance.
Development of an Empirically Based Learning Performances Framework for Third‐Grade Students’ Model‐Based Explanations About Plant Processes
Authors: ZANGORI LAURA , FORBES CORY T. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTo develop scientific literacy, elementary students should engage in knowledge building of core concepts through scientific practice (Duschl, Schweingruber, & Schouse, 2007). A core scientific practice is engagement in scientific modeling to build conceptual understanding about discipline‐specific concepts. Yet scientific modeling remains underemphasized in elementary science learning environments, and little past research has explored early learners’ engagement in domain‐specific modeling practices. Here we report on a design‐based study to investigate the ways in which third‐grade students generate model‐based explanations about two core plant growth and development processes: plant structure/function and plant life cycles. First, using design‐based research, we developed and empirically tested a learning performance framework that integrates discipline‐specific content with scientific practice to examine third‐grade students’ engagement in epistemic features of model‐based explanations about plant growth and development. Next, we used the learning performance framework as a rubric to measure third‐grade students mechanism‐based scientific explanations generated from the models they developed prior to and after a long‐term plant curriculum enactment. Findings from the learning performance highlight that students hold conceptual resources about plant processes and use this knowledge to reason in sophisticated ways. However, our findings from the pre/postmodels suggest that when students do not have opportunities to build conceptual knowledge, they depend on anthropomorphic analogies to reason about plant processes. Study findings imply that third‐grade students require more sophisticated opportunities in building knowledge about how and why plant processes occur so they can use this knowledge to scientifically reason about how and why plants grow, develop, and survive.
Why Do Some Cores Remain Starless?
Authors: Anathpindika S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrestellar cores, by definition, are gravitationally bound but starless pockets of dense gas. Physical conditions that could render a core starless (in the local Universe) is the subject of investigation in this work. To this end, we studied the evolution of four starless cores, B68, L694-2, L1517B, L1689, and L1521F, a VeLLO. We demonstrate: (i) cores contracted in quasistatic manner over a timescale on the order of ~ 105 yr. Those that remained starless briefly acquired a centrally concentrated density configuration that mimicked the profile of a unstable BonnorEbert sphere before rebounding, (ii) three cores viz. L694-2, L1689-SMM16, and L1521F remained starless despite becoming thermally super-critical. By contrast, B68 and L1517B remained sub-critical; L1521F collapsed to become a VeLLO only when gas-cooling was enhanced by increasing the size of dust-grains. This result is robust, for other starless cores viz. B68, L694-2, L1517B, and L1689 could also be similarly induced to collapse. The temperature-profile of starless cores and those that collapsed was found to be radically different. While in the former type, only very close to the centre of a core was there any evidence of decline in gas temperature, by contrast, a core of the latter type developed a more uniformly cold interior. Our principle conclusions are: (a) thermal super-criticality of a core is insufficient to ensure it will become protostellar, (b) potential star-forming cores (the VeLLO L1521F here), could be experiencing dust-coagulation that must enhance gasdust coupling and in turn lower gas temperature, thereby assisting collapse. This also suggests, mere gravitational/virial boundedness of a core is insufficient to ensure it will form stars.
Exploring attitudes and understanding of global conservation practice among birders and avitourists for enhanced conservation of birds
Authors: STEVEN ROCHELLE , MORRISON CLARE , CASTLEY J. GUY 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBirders are generally nature-oriented; however, their understanding of key bird conservation issues remains under-examined. We surveyed English-speaking birders online and face-to-face, asking questions related to their views on conservation, conservation funding and their understanding of a global bird conservation programme (BirdLife International’s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas [IBAs]). Most birders who responded to the survey were from Australia, the United Kingdom, South Africa and the USA. Birders tend to value bird conservation in an ecocentric way, often citing the overarching importance of general biodiversity. The ecological roles that birds play were also highlighted, but this varied across socio-demographic groups. Despite their positive support for conservation, less than half of all birders surveyed were familiar with the IBA programme. Familiarity with IBAs was driven by socio-demographic factors, with males more familiar than females and South African birders more familiar than birders from Australia and the United Kingdom. Most birders are willing to make contributions to bird conservation when visiting key birding sites, however they also feel governments should remain the main funders of conservation. Opportunities to enhance engagement between birders and bird conservation groups exist with most indicating a desire to learn more about bird conservation at birding sites. Increasing access to relevant information and presenting opportunities to contribute to conservation at birding sites could provide tangible benefits for bird habitats, protected areas and bird conservation groups.
Development of Mass-casualty Life Support-CBRNE (MCLS-CBRNE) in Japan
Authors: Anan Hideaki , Otomo Yasuhiro , Kondo Hisayoshi , Homma Masato , Koido Yuichi , Morino Kazuma , Oshiro Kenichi , Harikae Kiyokazu , Akasaka Osamu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis report outlines the need for the development of an advanced course in mass-casualty life support (MCLS) and introduces the course content. The current problems with education on disasters involving chemical agents, biological agents, radiation/nuclear attacks, or explosives (CBRNE) in Japan are presented. This newly developed “MCLS-CBRNE” program was created by a Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (Tokyo, Japan) research group based on these circumstances. Modifications were then made after a trial course. Training opportunities for relevant organizations to learn how to act at a CBRNE disaster site currently are lacking. The developed course covers initial responses at a disaster site. This one-day training course comprises lectures, three tabletop simulations, and practical exercises in pre-decontamination triage and post-decontamination triage. With regard to field exercises conducted to date, related organizations have experienced difficulties in understanding each other and adapting their approaches. Tabletop simulations provide an opportunity for participants to learn how organizations working on-site, including fire, police, and medical personnel, act with differing goals and guiding principles. This course appears useful as a means for relevant organizations to understand the importance of developing common guidelines. The MCLS-CBRNE training is proposed to support CBRNE disaster control measures during future events.AnanH, OtomoY, KondoH, HommaM, KoidoY, MorinoK, OshiroK, HarikaeK, AkasakaO. Development of mass-casualty life support-CBRNE (MCLS-CBRNE) in Japan. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):547–550.
The fine-scale genetic structure of the malaria vectors Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in the north-eastern part of Tanzania
Authors: Gélin P. , Magalon H. , Drakeley C. , Maxwell C. , Magesa S. , Takken W. , Boëte C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of altitude and ecological heterogeneity at a fine scale on the populations of malaria vectors is essential to better understand and anticipate eventual epidemiological changes. It could help to evaluate the spread of alleles conferring resistance to insecticides and also determine any increased entomological risk of transmission in highlands due to global warming. We used microsatellite markers to measure the effect of altitude and distance on the population genetic structure ofAnopheles funestusandAnopheles gambiae s.s. in the Muheza area in the north-eastern part of Tanzania (seven loci for each species). Our analysis reveals strong gene flow between the different populations ofAn. funestusfrom lowland and highland areas, as well as between populations ofAn. gambiaesampled in the lowland area. These results highlight forAn. funestusthe absence of a significant spatial subpopulation structuring at small-scale, despite a steep ecological and altitudinal cline. Our findings are important in the understanding of the possible spread of alleles conferring insecticide resistance through mosquito populations. Such information is essential for vector control programmes to avoid the rapid spread and fixation of resistance in mosquito populations.
Clustering of massive compact galaxies at 1 ≤ z ≤ 3 in CANDELS/3D-HST
Authors: Fan Lulu , Lin Xiaozhi , Kong Xu , Fang Guanwen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present a measurement of the spatial clustering of massive compact galaxies at 1 ≤ z ≤ 3 in CANDELS/3D-HST. We obtain the correlation length and characteristic DM halo masses for compact quiescent galaxies (cQGs) at z ~ 1.5 and compact starforming galaxies (cSFGs) at z ~ 2.5. By comparison with extended starforming galaxies (eSFGs), our result indicates that eSFGs are less possible to be the progenitors of cQGs at lower redshift. Our results indicates that cQGs at z ~ 1.5 could be the progenitors of local luminous ETGs and the descendants of cSFGs and SMGs at z > 2.
New emerging results on molecular gas, stars, and dust at z ~ 2, as revealed by low star formation rate and low stellar mass star-forming galaxies
Authors: Dessauges-Zavadsky Miroslava , Zamojski Michel , Schaerer Daniel , Combes Françoise , Egami Eiichi , Sklias Panos , Swinbank Mark A. , Richard Johan , Rawle Tim 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent CO surveys of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at z ~ 2 have revolutionized our picture of massive galaxies. It is time to expand these studies toward the more common z ~ 2 SFGs with SFR < 40 M⊙ yr−1 and M* < 2.5 × 1010 M⊙. We have derived molecular gas, stars, and dust in 8 such lensed SFGs. They extend the LIR–L'CO(1-0) distribution of massive z>1 SFGs and increase the spread of the SFG star formation efficiency (SFE). A single star formation relation is found when combining all existing CO-detected galaxies. Our low-M* SFGs also reveal a SFE decrease with M* as found locally. A rise of the molecular gas fraction (fgas) with redshift is observed up to z ~ 1.6, but it severely flattens toward higher redshifts. We provide the first insight into the fgas upturn at the low-M* end 109.4 < M*/M⊙ < 1010 reaching fgas ~ 0.7, it is followed by a fgas decrease toward higher M*. Finally, we find a non-universal dust-to-gas ratio among local and high-redshift SFGs and starbursts with near-solar metallicities.
Environmental Effects on LRGs as Cosmic Chronometers
Authors: Liu Gaochao , Lu Youjun , Xie Lizhi , Chen Xuelei , Zhao Yongheng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMassive luminous red galaxies (LRGs) are believed to be evolving passively and can be used as cosmic chronometers to estimate the Hubble constant (the differential age method). However, different LRGs may be located in different environments. We investigate the environmental and mass dependence of the formation of ‘quiescent’ LRGs by using the population synthesis software STARLIGHT. We derive the stellar populations in each LRG, and obtain the mean age distribution and the mean star formation history (SFH) of those LRGs. We find that there is no apparent dependence of the mean age and the SFH of quiescent LRGs on their environment, while the ages of these quiescent LRGs depend weakly on their mass. We also evaluate the possible uncertainties in estimating the Hubble constant by the differential age method when using LRGs as cosmic chronometers.
Properties of galaxies around the most massive SMBHs
Authors: Shirasaki Yuji , Komiya Yutaka , Ohishi Masatoshi , Mizumoto Yoshihiko 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present result of the clustering analysis performed between AGNs and galaxies. AGN samples with redshift 0.1–1.0 were extracted from AGN properties catalogs which contain virial mass estimates of SMBHs. Galaxy samples were extracted from SDSS DR8 catalog and UKIDSS DR9 LAS catalog. The catalogs of SDSS and UKIDSS were merged and used to estimate the IR-opt color and IR magnitude in the rest frame by SED fitting. As we had no redshift information on the galaxy samples, stacking method was applied. We investigated the BH mass dependence of cross correlation length, red galaxy fraction at their environment, and luminosity function of galaxies. We found that the cross correlation length increase above MBH ≥ 108.2M⊙, and red galaxies dominate the environment of AGNs with MBH ≥ 109M⊙. This result indicates that the most massive SMBHs are mainly fueled by accretion of hot halo gas.
Probing Reionization at z ≳ 7 with HST's Near-Infrared Grisms
Authors: Schmidt Kasper B. ,   The GLASS Team
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe epoch of reionization, i.e. the phase transition of the inter-galactic medium from neutral to fully ionized, is essential for our understanding of the evolution of the Universe and the formation of the first stars and galaxies. The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) has obtained spectra of ten thousands of objects in and behind 10 massive galaxy clusters, including the six Hubble Frontier Fields. The grism spectroscopy from GLASS results in hundreds of spectra of z ≳ 7 galaxy candidates. Taking advantage of the lensing magnification from the foreground clusters, the GLASS spectra reaches unprecedented depths in the near-infrared with observed flux limits of ~ 5 × 10−18erg/s/cm2 before correcting for the lens magnification. This has resulted in several Lyα detections at z ~ 7 and tight limits on the emission line fluxes for non-detections. From an ensemble of different photometric selections, we have assembled more than 150 z ≳ 7 galaxy candidates from six of the ten GLASS clusters. Among these more than 20 objects show emission lines consistent with being Lyα at z ≳ 7. The spatial extent of Lyα estimated from a stack of the most promising Lyα emitters at 〈z〉 = 7.2 is consistent with the spatial extent of the UV continuum emission. From the stack we obtain upper limits on the emission line ratios between prominent rest-frame UV emission lines, finding that fCIV/fLyα ≲ 0.32 and fCIII]/fLyα ≲ 0.23 in good agreement with values published in the literature.
The Enhancement of BAO in the SDSS MGS
Authors: Tian H. J. , Neyrinck M. C. , Budavári T. , Szalay A. S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe show that redshift-space distortions of galaxy correlations have a strong effect on correlation functions with the signature of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO). Near the line of sight, the features become sharper as a result of redshift-space distortions. We analyze the SDSS DR7 main-galaxy sample (MGS), splitting the sample into slices 2.5 deg on the sky in various rotations. Measuring 2D correlation functions in each slice, we do see a sharp bump along the line of sight. Using Mexican-hat wavelets, we localize it to (110 ± 10) h − 1 Mpc and estimate its significance at about 4σ.
Discovery of a 12 billion solar mass black hole at redshift 6.3 and its challenge to the black hole/galaxy coevolution at cosmic dawn
Authors: Wu Xue-Bing , Wang Feige , Fan Xiaohui , Yi Weimin , Zuo Wenwen , Bian Fuyan , Jiang Linhua , McGreer Ian D. , Wang Ran , Yang Jinyi , Yang Qian , Thompson David , Beletsky Yuri 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe existence of black holes with masses of about one billion solar masses in quasars at redshifts z > 6 presents significant challenges to theories of the formation and growth of black holes and the black hole/galaxy co-evolution in the early Universe. Here we report a recent discovery of an ultra-luminous quasar at redshift z = 6.30, which has an observed optical and near-infrared luminosity a few times greater than those of previously known z > 6 quasars. With near-infrared spectroscopy, we obtain a black hole mass of about 12 billion solar masses, which is well consistent with the mass derived by assuming an Eddington-limited accretion. This ultra-luminous quasar with at z > 6 provides a unique laboratory to the study of the mass assembly and galaxy formation around the most massive black holes at cosmic dawn. It raises further challenges to the black hole/galaxy co-evolution in the epoch of cosmic reionization because the black hole needs to grow much faster than the host galaxy.
Alignment of Red-Sequence Cluster Dwarf Galaxies: From the Frontier Fields to the Local Universe
Authors: Barkhouse Wayne A. , Archer Haylee , Burgad Jaford , Foote Gregory , Rude Cody , López-Cruz Omar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate the alignment effect of red-sequence dwarf galaxies using a sample of 121 low-redshift galaxy clusters and cluster galaxies selected from the HST Frontier Fields.
Dark Matter Halos and the Main Sequence of Starforming Galaxies
Authors: Aussel Hervé , Peirani Sébastien , Vigroux Laurent 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate why hydrodynamical numerical simulations have difficulties (Weinmann et al. 2011) in reproducing the Main Sequence (MS) of star-forming galaxies, i.e. the fact that galaxies forming stars lie on a tight power law sequence in the stellar mass (M*), star formation rate (SFR) plane (Schreiber et al. 2015). Instead of trying to improve the agreement of simulations with the observations by modifying the subgrid recipes of baryons, we take here a step back to check whether the accretion onto dark matter halos is consistent with the existence of the main sequence of star forming galaxies.