bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concept of control points in hybrid discontinuous Galerkin methods—Application to geometrically nonlinear crystal plasticity
Authors: Alipour Atefeh , Wulfinghoff Stephan , Bayat Hamid Reza , Reese Stefanie , Svendsen Bob 
Published: December 2017

SummaryA new concept for hybrid discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods is presented: control points. These are defined on the interelement boundaries. The concept makes it possible to formulate element shape functions without nodes. Moreover, the theory is not restricted to certain element shapes. Furthermore, one can formulate the discrete model such that the displacement is either continuous or discontinuous at the control points. Classical continuous isoparametric elements are included as special case. As an additional new feature, a regularization technique for very high strain rate sensitivity exponents up to 1000 in finite single crystal viscoplasticity is presented and implemented into the new hybrid DG framework. In addition, the numerical linearization used in an earlier work is carried out analytically in this work. To the knowledge of the authors, this work presents the first hybrid DG implementation of geometrically nonlinear plasticity, here in the context of single crystal plasticity. The regularization method in combination with the DG formulations facilitates a very simple implementation leading to a numerically efficient, robust, and locking‐free model. Two examples are investigated: the deformation of a planar double slip single crystal exhibiting localization in the form of shear bands and an oligocrystal under uniaxial load.
Revealing the glioma cancer stem cell interactome, one niche at a time
Authors: Silver Daniel J , Lathia Justin D 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) cancer stem cells (CSCs) are insidious. They extensively infiltrate brain tissue, resist radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and are thought to represent the ultimate drivers of disease progression. New research has identified CD109, a GPI‐anchored protein, on a population of perivascular CSCs. Investigation of primary human tumour tissue suggests a role for CD109‐expressing CSCs in the progression from low‐grade to high‐grade glioma, and animal modelling reveals a critical role for CD109 in the maintenance of the GBM CSC phenotype. Furthermore, CD109‐expressing CSCs appear to drive the proliferation of adjacent non‐stem tumour cells (NSTCs) in a rare example of CSC–NSTC cooperative interaction. With this Commentary, we highlight the newly revealed biology of CD109, and offer a synthesis of the published information on glioma CSCs in a variety of anatomical growth zones. We also discuss the landscape of interacting cells within GBM tumours, emphasizing the few reported examples of pro‐tumourigenic, interactive tumour cell partnerships, as well as a variety of tumour cell–non‐transformed neural cell interactions. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting DNA repair: the genome as a potential biomarker
Authors: Nesic Ksenija , Wakefield Matthew , Kondrashova Olga , Scott Clare L , McNeish Iain A 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGenomic instability and mutations are fundamental aspects of human malignancies, leading to progressive accumulation of the hallmarks of cancer. For some time, it has been clear that key mutations may be used as both prognostic and predictive biomarkers, the best‐known examples being the presence of germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, which are not only associated with improved prognosis in ovarian cancer, but are also predictive of response to poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Although biomarkers as specific and powerful as these are rare in human malignancies, next‐generation sequencing and improved bioinformatic analyses are revealing mutational signatures, i.e. broader patterns of alterations in the cancer genome that have the power to reveal information about underlying driver mutational processes. Thus, the cancer genome can act as a stratification factor in clinical trials and, ultimately, will be used to drive personalized treatment decisions. In this review, we use ovarian high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) as an example of a disease of extreme genomic complexity that is marked by widespread copy number alterations, but that lacks powerful driver oncogene mutations. Understanding of the genomics of HGSC has led to the routine introduction of germline and somatic BRCA1/2 testing, as well as testing of mutations in other homologous recombination genes, widening the range of patients who may benefit from PARP inhibitors. We will discuss how whole genome‐wide analyses, including loss of heterozygosity quantification and whole genome sequencing, may extend this paradigm to allow all patients to benefit from effective targeted therapies. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multispectral imaging for quantitative and compartment‐specific immune infiltrates reveals distinct immune profiles that classify lung cancer patients
Authors: Mezheyeuski Artur , Bergsland Christian Holst , Backman Max , Djureinovic Dijana , Sjöblom Tobias , Bruun Jarle , Micke Patrick 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSemiquantitative assessment of immune markers by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has significant limitations for describing the diversity of the immune response in cancer. Therefore, we evaluated a fluorescence‐based multiplexed immunohistochemical method in combination with a multispectral imaging system to quantify immune infiltrates in situ in the environment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A tissue microarray including 57 NSCLC cases was stained with antibodies against CD8, CD20, CD4, FOXP3, CD45RO, and pan‐cytokeratin, and immune cells were quantified in epithelial and stromal compartments. The results were compared with those of conventional IHC, and related to corresponding RNA‐sequencing (RNAseq) expression values. We found a strong correlation between the visual and digital quantification of lymphocytes for CD45RO (correlation coefficient: r = 0.52), FOXP3 (r = 0.87), CD4 (r = 0.79), CD20 (r = 0.81) and CD8 (r = 0.90) cells. The correlation with RNAseq data for digital quantification (0.35–0.65) was comparable to or better than that for visual quantification (0.38–0.58). Combination of the signals of the five immune markers enabled further subpopulations of lymphocytes to be identified and localized. The specific pattern of immune cell infiltration based either on the spatial distribution (distance between regulatory CD8+ T and cancer cells) or the relationships of lymphocyte subclasses with each other (e.g. cytotoxic/regulatory cell ratio) were associated with patient prognosis. In conclusion, the fluorescence multiplexed immunohistochemical method, based on only one tissue section, provided reliable quantification and localization of immune cells in cancer tissue. The application of this technique to clinical biopsies can provide a basic characterization of immune infiltrates to guide clinical decisions in the era of immunotherapy. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monogenic diseases in respiratory medicine: Clinical perspectives
Authors: Yao Yao , Shen Kunling 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWith the increasing awareness of genetics in respiratory medicine and improvements in molecular diagnostic techniques, many complicated and rare diseases in respiratory medicine can be diagnosed. Most respiratory diseases have no specific phenotype. However, the clinical spectrum of monogenic diseases in respiratory medicine varies, from pulmonary disease to other inherited disorders that involve the lung. The genes that mediate some of these diseases have been identified. Certain monogenic diseases remain poorly characterized clinically. Because of the specificity of the phenotype of respiratory disease, a future challenge will be to correlate the phenotype and genotype and understand its phenotypic variability. With the development of precision medicine, research on monogenic disorders has been intensive and vigorous. In this article, we provide a brief clinical introduction to monogenic diseases in pediatrics.
Management and outcomes of congenital chylothorax in the neonatal intensive care unit: A case series
Authors: Healy Helen , Gipson Kevin , Hay Susanne , Bates Sara , Kinane Thomas Bernard 
Published: December 2017

AbstractImportanceCongenital chylothorax is a rare condition with pulmonary and multiorgan system effects, for which there are no standardized treatment recommendations. Collective review of known cases offers some conclusions and suggestions for treatment.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to present a case series of 5 patients who were treated in the neonatal intensive care unit with chylothorax.MethodsWe describe 5 infants who were diagnosed prenatally with hydrops fetalis and postnatally had clinically significant congenital chylothorax.ResultsTreatment guidelines specific to congenital forms of chylothorax have not yet been developed, although there are consistent trends across our cases. Four of the 5 infants in this study have survived to date. Chylothorax was treated with chest tube placement and chylous fluid drainage, scrupulous attention to fluid balance, mechanical ventilation, and nutritional management and, in 3 cases, with octreotide infusions. Some of the infants also required treatment for immunodeficiency and altered coagulation pathways. None of the infants underwent surgical thoracic duct ligation.InterpretationAided by the advantage of prenatal diagnosis, many cases of congenital chylothorax can be successfully treated by a combination of nutritional and medical management as well as careful attention to fluid and electrolyte balance and avoidance of infection, thereby avoiding the need for surgical ligation of the thoracic duct.
Physical assessment and reference growth curves for children with 46, XY disorders of sex development
Authors: Wu Di , Chen Hui , Gong Chunxiu 
Published: December 2017

AbstractImportanceImpaired growth is an important factor in patients with disorders of sex development (DSD).ObjectiveTo profile the growth of children with 46, XY DSD.MethodsWe compared heights between 46, XY DSD children and normal boys and obtained growth curves for DSD using the λ‐median coefficient of variation method. The study subjects were categorized into groups with good response and poor response to the human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) test according to testosterone levels and were compared height standard deviation scores (HtSDS) with normal boys.ResultsA total of 571 children with noncongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) 46, XY DSD were enrolled in this study. The overall HtSDS for the DSD subjects were −0.031 ± 1.202. The HtSDS of DSD boys were lower than those for normal boys among multiple age groups since early infancy. In children aged ≥12 years, the HtSDS values were significantly lower than the normal reference values for boys of the same age in both the good and poor response groups (P = .025 and P = .003, respectively).The HtSDS in the poor response group was generally lower than the normal reference value (P = .017). The average HtSDS values in the poor response groups were lower than those in the good response groups across multiple age groups.InterpretationGrowth retardation was evident in boys with non‐CAH 46,XY DSD in early childhood and puberty. The level of growth retardation was related to testosterone level. DSD‐specific growth curves can improve our understanding of growth dynamics and minimize the scope for bias in the assessment of growth in these children.
Synthesis and characterization of highly conjugated side‐group‐substituted benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐based copolymer for use in organic solar cells
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Park Jong Baek , Lee Woo‐Hyung , Moon Jiwon , Kim Joonghan , Hwang Do‐Hoon , Kang In‐Nam 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTA new donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated copolymer based on benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) and thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) was synthesized via a Stille cross‐coupling reaction. A highly conjugated thiophene‐based side group, tris(thienylenevinylene) (TTV), was incorporated into each BDT unit to generate the two‐dimensional D–A copolymer (PBDT‐TTV). An alkoxy‐substituted BDT‐based TPD copolymer (PBDT‐OR) was synthesized using the same polymerization method for comparison. PBDT‐TTV thin films produced two distinct absorption peaks. The shorter wavelength absorption (458 nm) was attributed to the BDT units containing the TTV group, and the longer wavelength band (567–616 nm) was attributed to intramolecular charge transfer between the BDT donor and the TPD acceptor. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of PBDT‐OR and PBDT‐TTV were calculated to be −5.53 and −5.61 eV, respectively. PBDT‐TTV thin films harvested a broad solar spectrum covering the range 300–700 nm. A comparison with the PBDT‐OR films revealed stronger interchain π–π interactions in the PBDT‐TTV films and, thus, a higher hole mobility. A polymer solar cell device prepared using PBDT‐TTV as the active layer was found to exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency than a device prepared using PBDT‐OR under AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm2) conditions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 653–660
Mechanical hysteresis, interface and filler–filler structural breakdowns in ethylene vinyl acetate organoclay composites internally lubricated via radiolytically degraded PTFE microparticles
Authors: Dubey Kumar Abhinav , Sastry Pulya Umamaheswara , Kumar Jitendra , Mondal Raj Kumar , Jayakrishnan Vaisyappattu Balakrishnan , Melo Jose Savio , Bhardwaj Yatinder Kumar , Varshney Lalit 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTInclusion of two or more distinct fillers (hybrid fillers) in a matrix is envisaged to entail synergetic advantages. This study reports synthesis and property evaluation of a novel hybrid filler‐based polymer composite containing two types of fillers with distinct attributes namely mechanical reinforcement and internal lubrication. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) micro‐particles (PTFEMP) were synthesized via radiolytic‐mechanical degradation and used as an internal lubricant for organoclay (OC) reinforced ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. Mechanical hysteresis, nonlinear and linear small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology, morphology, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic coefficient of friction (DCoF), surface wetting and thermoxidative stability of binary and ternary composites were investigated. In EVA/OC composites, PTFEMP acted as an internal lubricant and reduced DCoF in a volume fraction‐dependent fashion. OC and PTFEMP both increased the mechanical hysteresis of EVA; though the magnitude of hysteresis was much less in PTFEMP. Intriguingly, PTFEMP reduced mechanical hysteresis of EVA/OC composites that is work done during loading and unloading stress–strain cycles was considerably reduced with the inclusion of PTFEMP in EVA/OC composites. SAXS results revealed mass fractals and the presence of an interfacial layer in EVA/OC composites but not in EVA/PTFEMP composites. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 509–519
A Perspective on Proteomics of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Venkatesh Apoorva , Gil Concha , Fuentes Manuel , LaBaer Joshua , Srivastava Sanjeeva 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPneumonia, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and several other diseases caused by pathogens largely contribute to the enormous burden of infectious diseases. Over the last few decades, the impact of infectious diseases on a population has been drastic and remains a major health concern even today. Despite advances in science and technology in this era of health and development, there is a substantial knowledge gap in our understanding of the molecular basis of these infectious diseases. The availability of valuable genomic information for a number of pathogens and their hosts has improved our understanding of disease pathogenesis but has not always been useful in addressing important biological questions. The primary reason lies in the fact that genes do not best reflect the status of a cell. Proteins represent the functional molecules of a cell and are ultimately responsible for controlling most aspects of cellular function. Their existence as different isoforms owing to posttranslational modifications suggests that many proteins can be produced by the same gene. Furthermore, not all mRNAs are translated at all times justifying the need to develop additional tools to study proteins as separate molecular entities. Their presence or absence under disease conditions, varying levels, different forms, and functions need to be carefully studied to understand molecular alterations in response to a disease. Here, we describe the applications of proteomics‐based approaches to study infectious diseases with a note on the objectives of the Human Proteome Project (HPP)‐Human Infectious Diseases (HID) project under the HUPO's flagship program.
Effects of MgH2/Mg(BH4)2 Powders on the Mechanical Sensitivity of Conventional Explosive Compounds
Authors: Yao Miao , Ding Wen , Rao Guoning , Chen Liping , Peng Jinhua 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMgH2 and Mg(BH4)2 powders were mixed with AN, TNT, RDX and a desensitized RDX(D‐RDX) in this work. The impact and friction sensitivities of the mixtures were measured by a drop hammer machine and a pendulum type friction machine. The result shows that MgH2 powder significantly increases the mechanical sensitivity of all the explosive compounds. The H50 of RDX/MgH2 mixture could be as low as 7.8 cm with a 2 kg weight hammer. D‐RDX/MgH2 mixture is even more sensitive to mechanical stimulates than pure RDX. By contrast, Mg(BH4)2 has a less influence on the mechanical sensitivity of the compounds. But still, it is not beneficial to the safety of the explosives. Vacuum stability tests were conducted to study the compatibility between MgH2/Mg(BH4)2 powders and the explosives. The result shows that MgH2 releases more gas product and has a higher reactivity with the compounds than Mg(BH4)2 at a temperature of 100 °C. The free hydrogen existed on the surface of MgH2 crystal lattice has been considered as a potential reason of high gas production at low temperature which could increase the number of hot spots. The hardness of MgH2 particles has also been thought to be the major reason of high mechanical sensitivity for the mixtures.
The impact of residential immobility and population turnover on the support networks of older people living in rural areas: Evidence from CFAS Wales
Authors: Burholt Vanessa , Sardani Alexandra Vanta 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article addresses two questions: Are “stayers”—defined as older people who were born in an area and lived there for 25 years or more prior to interview—more likely to have locally integrated or family dependent networks than other types of networks in the 21st century? Does population turnover influence the support networks of older people more strongly than being a “stayer”? A sample of 1,870 participants living in rural areas is drawn from cross‐sectional (Wave 1) data (version 2) from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS Wales). Five multinomial logistic regression models are used to establish how demographic covariates, cumulative population turnover, inflow, outflow, and stayer influence membership of family dependent, locally integrated, local self‐contained, wider community focused, and private restricted support networks. The results reveal significant differences in the distribution of network types between stayers and non‐stayers. Stayers were more likely to have locally integrated or family dependent networks and were less likely to have wider community focused or private restricted networks than non‐stayers. Gender, marital status, education, disability, childlessness, area deprivation, and cumulative population turnover, inflow, and outflow (by age group) also influence membership of different networks. The research has implications for planning of formal services in rural places characterised by “ageing in place” or as “ageing places” and comprising socially engaged and socially marginalised networks. In particular, providers of social care should take into account the different types of support that may be required to bolster socially marginalised support networks.
Assimilation of SMOS L‐band wind speeds: impact on Met Office global NWP and tropical cyclone predictions
Authors: Cotton J. , Francis P. , Heming J. , Forsythe M. , Reul N. , Donlon C. 
Published: December 2017

A new generation of L‐band sensors, such as the European Space Agency (ESA)'s Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, have the capability to provide information on the ocean surface wind speed under high wind and rain conditions. In this study we evaluate the use of SMOS wind speeds within Met Office numerical weather prediction (NWP). Observation minus model background (O−B) departure statistics are used to investigate SMOS error characteristics, quality flags, and develop a quality‐control method. Observation errors and spatial correlation distances are estimated using a statistical method. Observing system experiments are performed to diagnose the impact of SMOS on NWP forecasts and analyses, including tropical cyclone (TC) predictions.The quality of SMOS retrievals appears reduced in the presence of sea ice, strong river plumes, and radio‐frequency interference (RFI) contamination. SMOS wind retrievals have reduced sensitivity at low–moderate winds speeds. Above 15 m s−1, SMOS winds tend to be faster than the model and have higher O−B variance compared to scatterometer winds from ASCAT. Above 30 m s−1, root‐mean‐square errors from SMOS are smaller than ASCAT. The impact of SMOS on TC predictions is sensitive to the use of the Met Office TC Central Pressure Initialisation Scheme (TCCPIS) which is confirmed to have a large, beneficial impact on intensity predictions. The assimilation of SMOS results in a small increase in TC intensity leading to a reduction in pressure/wind errors in the analysis and short‐range forecasts, but cannot replicate the impact from the TCCPIS. The spatial resolution of SMOS is a clear limitation for analysing TC structure. In the case of Hurricane Kilo, the analysed and short‐range forecast central pressures are closer to best‐track when the storm radius is large and the eye is resolved. The challenge is to extract the useful information on intensity whilst preserving storm structure.
New control charts for monitoring the Weibull percentiles under complete data and Type‐II censoring
Authors: Wang Fu‐Kwun , Bizuneh Berihun , Cheng Xiao‐Bin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we propose 3 new control charts for monitoring the lower Weibull percentiles under complete data and Type‐II censoring. In transforming the Weibull distribution to the smallest extreme value distribution, Pascaul et al (2017) presented an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart, hereafter referred to as EWMA‐SEV‐Q, based on a pivotal quantity conditioned on ancillary statistics. We extended their concept to construct a cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart denoted by CUSUM‐SEV‐Q. We provide more insights of the statistical properties of the monitoring statistic. Additionally, in transforming a Weibull distribution to a standard normal distribution, we propose EWMA and CUSUM control charts, denoted as EWMA‐YP and CUSUM‐YP, respectively, based on a pivotal quantity for monitoring the Weibull percentiles with complete data. With complete data, the EWMA‐YP and CUSUM‐YP control charts perform better than the EWMA‐SEV‐Q and CUSUM‐SEV‐Q control charts in terms of average run length. In Type‐II censoring, the EWMA‐SEV‐Q chart is slightly better than the CUSUM‐SEV‐Q chart in terms of average run length. Two numerical examples are used to illustrate the applications of the proposed control charts.