bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐temperature copolyamides obtained by the efficient transamidation of crystalline–crystalline polyamide blends
Authors: Cretenoud Julien , Galland Sylvain , Plummer Christopher J. G. , Michaud Véronique , Bayer Andreas , Lamberts Nikolai , Hoffmann Botho , Frauenrath Holger 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTHigh‐performance thermoplastic composites based on semiaromatic polyamides are prime candidates for metal replacement in lightweight structural applications. However, the low ductility and toughness of semiaromatic polyamides remain major obstacles to their wider industrial application. In this study, we showed that novel random copolymers were formed by the unexpectedly efficient transamidation during the melt compounding of semicrystalline semiaromatic and aliphatic polyamides. Thus, homogeneous materials with a single glass transition and a high degree of crystalline order were obtained from blends of the semiaromatic poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide‐co‐isophthalamide) (PA6TI) with poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (PA66) or poly(hexamethylene sebacoamide) (PA610). By contrast, phase segregation and a less efficient transamidation was observed for cocompounded PA6TI and polylaurolactam (PA12). We attributed this to differences in the hydrogen‐bonding patterns of the two polyamides. This study opened the way for the preparation of novel high‐performance thermoplastic polyamides and composites through simple melt compounding. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44349.
Triple‐shape‐memory polymer films created by forced‐assembly multilayer coextrusion
Authors: Ji Shanzuo , Wang Jia , Olah Andrew , Baer Eric 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTTriple‐shape‐memory polymers are capable of memorizing two temporary shapes and sequentially recovering from the first temporary shape to the second temporary shape and eventually to the permanent shape upon exposure to a stimulus. In this study, unique three‐component, multilayered films with an ATBTA configuration [where A is polyurethane (PU), B is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and T is poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)] were produced as a triple‐shape‐memory material via a forced‐assembly multilayer film coextrusion process from PU, EVA, and PVAc. The two well‐separated thermal transitions of the PU–EVA–PVAc film, the melting temperature of EVA and the glass‐transition temperature of PVAc, allow for the fixing of the two temporary shapes. The cyclic thermomechanical testing results confirm that the 257‐layered PU–EVA–PVAc films possessed outstanding triple‐shape‐memory performance in terms of the shape fixity and shape‐recovery ratios. This approach allowed greater design flexibility and simultaneous adjustment of the mechanical and shape‐memory properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44405.
Freedom of expression in Egypt: how long hair, pink shirts, novels, amateur videos and facebook threaten public order and morality!
Authors: Mansour Khaled 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFreedom of expression suffers from a ferocious crackdown in Egypt because of gaping narcissistic injuries to a chauvinist, patriarchal national psyche that has been repackaged in Egypt's early post‐colonial years. Decades of cultural and socio‐economic decay has torn Egypt's stereotypical psyche between claims of grandeur and righteousness on the one hand and a reality of failures and debasement on the other hand. Dislocated, many Egyptians are desperate and willing to submit to any comforting system of meaning. Their alienation and sense of shame drive them to seek a clean origin and to disavow reality, a state that is conducive to an obsession with blaming the other, or the minority or the neighboring communities, for instigating this shame. There is a symbiotic deadlock of the impossible return to an imagined past and the feared submission to an ill‐defined new. This creates a state of neurosis where the two essentialist “selves” propagated by the religious and neoliberal elites are meant to preserve a status quo under the benevolent hand of the father/dictator. A challenge to this setup means also a challenge to the father whose protection is sought and loathed in such a torturous neurotic state whose end or dissolution could mean to many the end of the world as they know it. For Egypt to get out of this quagmire, deep political and institutional reforms will have to evolve through social resistance and transformation. This will take time because ultra‐nationalism and patriarchy are instrumentalized and integral to deep vested material and psychological interests.
Facile Synthesis of Platinum–Cerium(IV) Oxide Hybrids Arched on Reduced Graphene Oxide Catalyst in Reverse Micelles with High Activity and Durability for Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Yao Qilu , Shi Yao , Zhang Xiaoliang , Chen Xiangshu , Lu Zhang‐Hui 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHighly dispersed Pt‐CeO2 hybrids arched on reduced graphene oxide (Pt‐CeO2/rGO) were facilely synthesized by a combination of the reverse micelle technique and a redox reaction without any additional reductant or surfactant. Under a N2 atmosphere, the redox reaction between Ce3+ and Pt2+ occurs automatically in alkaline solution, which results in the formation of Pt‐CeO2/rGO nanocomposites (NCs). The as‐synthesized Pt‐CeO2/rGO NCs exhibit superior catalytic performance relative to that shown by the free Pt nanoparticles, Pt/rGO, Pt‐CeO2 hybrid, and the physical mixture of Pt‐CeO2 and rGO; furthermore, the nanocomposites show significantly better activity than the commercial Pt/C catalyst toward the hydrolysis of ammonia borane (NH3BH3) at room temperature. Moreover, the Pt‐CeO2/rGO NCs have remarkable stability, and 92 % of their initial catalytic activity is preserved even after 10 runs. The excellent activity of the Pt‐CeO2/rGO NCs can be attributed not only to the synergistic structure but also to the electronic effects of the Pt‐CeO2/rGO NCs among Pt, CeO2, and rGO.
Evaluating microalgae‐to‐energy ‐systems: different approaches to life cycle assessment (LCA) studies
Authors: Collotta Massimo , Busi Leonardo , Champagne Pascale , Mabee Warren , Tomasoni Giuseppe , Alberti Marco 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLife cycle assessment (LCA) is a valuable tool for determining the environmental impacts associated with different products and has been widely used to assess biofuel production. As a scientific methodology rather than a standardized test, every LCA may be thought of as unique in terms of the selection of functional units or determination of system boundaries. Researchers generally tailor the method to meet the specific goals of their own investigations. This review examines a number of LCAs used to evaluate microalgae‐to‐energy systems, and evaluates their contributions in terms of their ability to support commercialization efforts in this sector. To this end, a new scoring system for LCAs is proposed based on input/output flows, data origin, production technologies and system boundaries, selection of assumptions and variables, as well as the ability to track environmental, economic, and social impacts. The review suggests that, while a wide variety of new technological pathways for microalgae‐to‐energy systems are being assessed, the majority of studies reported employ relatively limited system boundaries that may not capture the full impacts of the processes. The number of environmental impact factors being tracked is limited, and many studies do not consider important impacts such as water or land use. Most studies do not incorporate critical information about economics related to new process configurations, which will be essential to support commercialization efforts in this area. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Mangiferin: A review of sources and interventions for biological activities
Authors: Jyotshna  , Khare Puja , Shanker Karuna 
Published: September 2016

AbstractXanthones are naturally synthesized in various biological systems such as plants, lichens, and fungi and are stored as by‐products. In addition to taxonomic significance they are also important in the treatment/management of a number of human disorders. Mangiferin and its derived lead molecule have never qualified for use in a clinical trial despite a number of pharmacological studies that have proven its effectiveness as an antioxidant, analgesic, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, chemopreventive, radioprotective, cardiotonic, immunomodulatory, and diuretic. For centuries in the traditional practice of medicine in India and China the use of plants containing mangiferin has been a major component for disease management and health benefits. While it resembles biflavones, the C‐glucosyl xanthone (mangiferin) has great nutritional and medicinal significance due to its unique structural characteristics. The C‐glycoside link of mangiferin, mimicked to nucleophilic phloroglucinol substitution, facilitates its bioavailability and also is responsible for its antioxidant properties. Researchers have also utilized its xanthonic framework for both pharmacophoric backbone and for its use as a substitution group for synthesis and prospects. To date more than 500 derivatives using about 80 reactions have been generated. These reactions include: lipid peroxidation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, fermentation, deglycosylation, hydrolysis, polymerization, sulfation, acylation, etherification, peroxidation among others. Multiple studies on efficacy and safety have increased the global demand of mangiferin‐based food supplements. This review highlights the distribution of mangiferin in plants, its isolation, and assay methods applicable to different sample matrices. In addition we include updates on various strategies and derived products intended for designated pharmacological actions. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):504–514, 2016
Outcome and Efficacy of Interventions by a Public Figure Threat Assessment and Management Unit: A Mirrored Study of Concerning Behaviors and Police Contacts Before and After Intervention
Authors: James David V. , Farnham Frank R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSpecialized units for the assessment and management of concerning behaviors towards public figures have been set up in various jurisdictions. Their efficacy has been demonstrated descriptively and in terms of reduction in concern rates. This study of 100 consecutive cases from the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre (FTAC) in the UK uses a novel measure of outcome in the form of reduction in behaviors of concern and in police call‐outs/stops, using data culled from police and health service records. It adopts a mirrored design, comparing individuals over 12‐month and 2‐year periods before and after FTAC intervention. It demonstrates significant reductions in both numbers of individuals involved in, and number of actual incidents of, concerning communication and problematic approach, as well as police call‐outs/stops. Most results are consistent across subgroups with regard to gender, previous convictions, concern level, compulsory hospitalization and grievance‐driven behavior. Such threat assessment units reduce risky behavior and save police time and, possibly, costs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Enhanced‐Performance LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries by using a Divalent Transition‐Metal Phosphate as an Intermediate
Authors: Li Jianlong , Wang Yan , Wu Jinhua , Zhao Hang , Wu Hao , Zhang Yun , Liu Heng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe olivine‐structured LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C composite is an alternative cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries with excellent high‐rate capability and cycle stability. A facile synthesis is achieved by applying a divalent transition metal phosphate as intermediate, spray drying, and annealing. A phosphate hydrate with a low degree of crystallinity is coprecipitated and characterized by XRD and SEM. SEM and TEM investigations show that the LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C particles are porous microspheres with a diameter of 2–5 μm, and that the primary nanoparticles are wrapped by a 4–6 nm‐thick carbon layer. Compared with LiFePO4/C and LiMnPO4/C, the LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C microspheres exhibit higher energy density and enhanced discharge capacities of 156, 147, and 133 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 1 and 10 C, respectively, as well as excellent cycle performance at high rates.
Liquid‐Crystalline Ionic Liquids as Ordered Reaction Media for the Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Bruce Duncan W. , Gao Yanan , Canongia Lopes José Nuno , Shimizu Karina , Slattery John M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLiquid‐crystalline ionic liquids (LCILs) are ordered materials that have untapped potential to be used as reaction media for synthetic chemistry. This paper investigates the potential for the ordered structures of LCILs to influence the stereochemical outcome of the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate. The ratio of endo‐ to exo‐product from this reaction was monitored for a range of ionic liquids (ILs) and LCILs. Comparison of the endo:exo ratios in these reactions as a function of cation, anion and liquid crystallinity of the reaction media, allowed for the effects of liquid crystallinity to be distinguished from anion effects or cation alkyl chain length effects. These data strongly suggest that the proportion of exo‐product increases as the reaction media is changed from an isotropic IL to a LCIL. A detailed molecular dynamics (MD) study suggests that this effect is related to different hydrogen bonding interactions between the reaction media and the exo‐ and endo‐transition states in solvents with layered, smectic ordering compared to those that are isotropic.
Protein Staining Agents from Cationic and Neutral Luminescent Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Zhou Yuyang , Jia Junli , Wang Xiaomei , Guo Weiqiang , Wu Zhengying , Xu Nan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSeven luminescent iridium(III) complexes were prepared to investigate the relationships between chemical structures and properties of protein staining. For the first time, the effect of the main ligand, the π conjugation effect of the ancillary ligand, and the charge effect of organometallic complexes on protein staining has been revealed. Most importantly, this study gives the first experimental evidence of the potential applications of charge‐neutral organometallic complexes in protein staining, which could open an avenue of exploiting novel protein staining agents in the future.
Vereinfachte Auslegung der simulierten Gegenstromchromatographie mittels des Hodographenraums
Authors: Kaspereit Malte , Neupert Bernhard 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAuf der Basis der Gleichgewichtstheorie wird eine vereinfachte explizite Auslegungsmethode für die Chromatographie mit simuliertem Gegenstrom vorgeschlagen. Ihre Anwendbarkeit wird anhand des Hodographenraums für kompetitive Gleichgewichte mit variabler Selektivität, modifizierte Langmuir‐, Bi‐Langmuir‐ und Jovanovic‐Adsorptionsisothermen, diskutiert. Bei der Validierung mittels Literaturdaten erreicht der Ansatz eine hohe Genauigkeit. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass in Systemen mit modifizierten und Bi‐Langmuir‐Isothermen grundsätzlich komplexe nichtlineare Phänomene auftreten können.
American trees shift their niches when invading Western Europe: evaluating invasion risks in a changing climate
Authors: Camenen Etienne , Porté Annabel J. , Benito Garzón Marta 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFour North American trees are becoming invasive species in Western Europe:Acer negundo,Prunus serotina,Quercus rubra, andRobinia pseudoacacia. However, their present and future potential risks of invasion have not been yet evaluated. Here, we assess niche shifts between the native and invasive ranges and the potential invasion risk of these four trees in Western Europe. We estimated niche conservatism in a multidimensional climate space using niche overlap Schoener'sD, niche equivalence, and niche similarity tests. Niche unfilling and expansion were also estimated in analogous and nonanalogous climates. The capacity for predicting the opposite range between the native and invasive areas (transferability) was estimated by calibrating species distribution models (SDMs) on each range separately. Invasion risk was estimated usingSDMs calibrated on both ranges and projected for 2050 climatic conditions. Our results showed that native and invasive niches were not equivalent with low niche overlap for all species. However, significant similarity was found between the invasive and native ranges ofQ. rubraandR. pseudoacacia. Niche expansion was lower than 15% for all species, whereas unfilling ranged from 7 to 56% when it was measured using the entire climatic space and between 5 and 38% when it was measured using analogous climate only. Transferability was low for all species.SDMs calibrated over both ranges projected high habitat suitability in Western Europe under current and future climates. Thus, the North American and Western European ranges are not interchangeable irrespective of the studied species, suggesting that other environmental and/or biological characteristics are shaping their invasive niches. The current climatic risk of invasion is especially high forR. pseudoacaciaandA. negundo. In the future, the highest risks of invasion for all species are located in Central and Northern Europe, whereas the risk is likely to decrease in the Mediterranean basin.
Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Siberian roe deer, Caproulus pygargus, in central and peripheral populations
Authors: Lee Yun Sun , Markov Nickolay , Argunov Alexander , Voloshina Inna , Bayarlkhagva Damdingiin , Kim Baek‐Jun , Min Mi‐Sook , Lee Hang , Kim Kyung Seok 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCurrent understanding of phylogeographical structure and genetic diversity of Siberian roe deer remains limited mainly due to small sample size and/or low geographical coverage in previous studies. Published data suggest at least two phylogroups: western (Ural Mountains and Western Siberia) and eastern (east from lake Baikal, including the Korean peninsula), but their phylogenetic relationship remains unclear. Combined sequences of cytochrome b (1140 bp) and the mtDNA control region (963 bp) were analyzed from 219 Siberian roe deer from 12 locations in Russia, Mongolia, and South Korea, which cover a large part of its range, to assess genetic diversity and phylogeographical status. Special emphasis was placed on the demographic history and genetic features of central, peripheral, and isolated populations. Results of median‐joining network and phylogenetic tree analyses indicate that Siberian roe deer from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean are genetically diverse and that geographical distribution and composition of haplogroups coincide with previously described ranges of the subspecies Capreolus pygargus pygargus and Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus. We found that peripheral populations in the northwestern parts of the species range (Urals), as well as the isolated population from Jeju Island, are genetically distinct from those in the core part of the range, both in terms of genetic diversity and quantitative composition of haplogroups. We also found that northwestern (Urals) and northern (Yakutia) peripheral populations share the same haplogroup and fall into the same phylogenetic clade with the isolated population from Jeju Island. This finding sheds light on the taxonomic status of the Jeju Island population and leads to hypotheses about the discordance of morphological and genetic evolution in isolated populations and specific genetic features of peripheral populations.
Dealing with paralogy in RADseq data: in silico detection and single nucleotide polymorphism validation in Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Authors: Verdu Cindy F. , Guichoux Erwan , Quevauvillers Samuel , De Thier Olivier , Laizet Yec'han , Delcamp Adline , Gévaudant Frédéric , Monty Arnaud , Porté Annabel J. , Lejeune Philippe , Lassois Ludivine , Mariette Stéphanie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe RADseq technology allows researchers to efficiently develop thousands of polymorphic loci across multiple individuals with little or no prior information on the genome. However, many questions remain about the biases inherent to this technology. Notably, sequence misalignments arising from paralogy may affect the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and the estimation of genetic diversity. We evaluated the impact of putative paralog loci on genetic diversity estimation during the development of SNPs from a RADseq dataset for the nonmodel tree species Robinia pseudoacacia L. We sequenced nine genotypes and analyzed the frequency of putative paralogous RAD loci as a function of both the depth of coverage and the mismatch threshold allowed between loci. Putative paralogy was detected in a very variable number of loci, from 1% to more than 20%, with the depth of coverage having a major influence on the result. Putative paralogy artificially increased the observed degree of polymorphism and resulting estimates of diversity. The choice of the depth of coverage also affected diversity estimation and SNP validation: A low threshold decreased the chances of detecting minor alleles while a high threshold increased allelic dropout. SNP validation was better for the low threshold (4×) than for the high threshold (18×) we tested. Using the strategy developed here, we were able to validate more than 80% of the SNPs tested by means of individual genotyping, resulting in a readily usable set of 330 SNPs, suitable for use in population genetics applications.
What does body size mean, from the “plant's eye view”?
Authors: Tracey Amanda J. , Stephens Kimberly A. , Schamp Brandon S. , Aarssen Lonnie W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlternative metrics exist for representing variation in plant body size, but the vast majority of previous research for herbaceous plants has focused on dry mass. Dry mass provides a reasonably accurate and easily measured estimate for comparing relative capacity to convert solar energy into stored carbon. However, from a “plant's eye view”, its experience of its local biotic environment of immediate neighbors (especially when crowded) may be more accurately represented by measures of “space occupancy” (S–O) recorded in situ—rather than dry mass measured after storage in a drying oven. This study investigated relationships between dry mass and alternative metrics of S–O body size for resident plants sampled from natural populations of herbaceous species found in Eastern Ontario. Plant height, maximum lateral canopy extent, and estimated canopy area and volume were recorded in situ (in the field)—and both fresh and dry mass were recorded in the laboratory—for 138 species ranging widely in body size and for 20 plants ranging widely in body size within each of 10 focal species. Dry mass and fresh mass were highly correlated (r2 > .95) and isometric, suggesting that for some studies, between‐species (or between‐plant) variation in water content may be unimportant and fresh mass can therefore substitute for dry mass. However, several relationships between dry mass and other S–O body size metrics showed allometry—that is, plants with smaller S–O body size had disproportionately less dry mass. In other words, they have higher “body mass density” (BMD) — more dry mass per unit S–O body size. These results have practical importance for experimental design and methodology as well as implications for the interpretation of “reproductive economy”—the capacity to produce offspring at small body sizes—because fecundity and dry mass (produced in the same growing season) typically have a positive, isometric relationship. Accordingly, the allometry between dry mass and S–O body size reported here suggests that plants with smaller S–O body size—because of higher BMD—may produce fewer offspring, but less than proportionately so; in other words, they may produce more offspring per unit of body size space occupancy.