bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separability and entanglement of n-qubit and a qubit and a qudit using Hilbert–Schmidt decompositions
Authors: Ben-Aryeh Y. , Mann A. 
Published: August 2016

Hilbert–Schmidt (HS) decompositions are employed for analyzing systems of [Formula: see text]-qubit, and a qubit with a qudit. Negative eigenvalues, obtained by partial-transpose (PT) plus local unitary (PTU) transformations for one qubit from the whole system, are used for indicating entanglement/separability. A sufficient criterion for full separability of the [Formula: see text]-qubit and qubit–qudit systems is given. We use the singular value decomposition (SVD) for improving the criterion for full separability.General properties of entanglement and separability are analyzed for a system of a qubit and a qudit and [Formula: see text]-qubit systems, with emphasis on maximally disordered subsystems (MDS) (i.e. density matrices for which tracing over any subsystem gives the unit density matrix). A sufficient condition that [Formula: see text] (MDS) is not separable is that it has an eigenvalue larger than [Formula: see text] for a qubit and a qudit, and larger than [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]-qubit system. The PTU transformation does not change the eigenvalues of the [Formula: see text]-qubit MDS density matrices for odd [Formula: see text]. Thus, the Peres–Horodecki (PH) criterion does not give any information about entanglement of these density matrices. The PH criterion may be useful for indicating inseparability for even [Formula: see text].The changes of the entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ state, the Braid entangled state and the [Formula: see text] state by mixing them with white noise are analyzed by the use of the present methods. The entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ-diagonal density matrices, composed of mixture of 8[Formula: see text]GHZ density matrices with probabilities [Formula: see text], is analyzed as function of these probabilities. In some cases, we show that the PH criterion is both sufficient and necessary.
Cell-Intrinsic Determinants of Ibrutinib-Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Amin Nisar A. , Balasubramanian Sriram , Saiya-Cork Kamlai , Shedden Kerby , Hu Nan , Malek Sami N. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and CLL with del17p. Mechanistically, ibrutinib interferes with B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling as well as multiple CLL cell-to-microenvironment interactions. Given the importance of ibrutinib in the management of CLL, a deeper understanding of factors governing sensitivity and resistance is warranted.
Experimental Design: We studied 48 longitudinally sampled paired CLL samples, 42 of which were procured before and after standard CLL chemotherapies, and characterized them for well-studied CLL molecular traits as well as by whole-exome sequencing and SNP 6.0 array profiling. We exposed these samples to 0.25 to 5 μmol/L of ibrutinib ex vivo and measured apoptosis fractions as well as BCR signaling by immunoblotting. We disrupted TP53 in HG3, PGA1, and PG-EBV cell lines and measured BCR signaling and ibrutinib responses.
Results: CLL samples demonstrated a surprisingly wide range of ex vivo sensitivities to ibrutinib, with IC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 9.7 μmol/L. Unmutated IGVH status, elevated ZAP70 expression, and trisomy 12 were associated with heightened sensitivity to ibrutinib treatment. Five CLL samples were substantially more resistant to ibrutinib following relapse from chemotherapy; of these, three had acquired a del17p/TP53-mutated status. A validation sample of 15 CLL carrying TP53 mutations, of which 13 carried both del17p and a TP53 mutation, confirmed substantially less sensitivity to ibrutinib-induced apoptosis.
Conclusions: This study identifies that CLL harboring del17p/TP53-mutated cells are substantially less sensitive to ibrutinib-induced apoptosis than del17p/TP53 wild-type cells. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1049–59. ©2016 AACR.
Impact of Hemoglobin Levels and Anemia on Mortality in Acute Stroke: Analysis of UK Regional Registry Data, Systematic Review, and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Barlas Raphae S. , Honney Katie , Loke Yoon K. , McCall Stephen J. , Bettencourt‐Silva Joao H. , Clark Allan B. , Bowles Kristian M. , Metcalf Anthony K. , Mamas Mamas A. , Potter John F. , Myint Phyo K. 
Published: August 2016

Background
The impact of hemoglobin levels and anemia on stroke mortality remains controversial. We aimed to systematically assess this association and quantify the evidence.

Methods and Results

We analyzed data from a cohort of 8013 stroke patients (mean±
SD
, 77.81±11.83 years) consecutively admitted over 11 years (January 2003 to May 2015) using a
UK
Regional Stroke Register. The impact of hemoglobin levels and anemia on mortality was assessed by sex‐specific values at different time points (7 and 14 days; 1, 3, and 6 months; 1 year) using multiple regression models controlling for confounders. Anemia was present in 24.5% of the cohort on admission and was associated with increased odds of mortality at most of the time points examined up to 1 year following stroke. The association was less consistent for men with hemorrhagic stroke. Elevated hemoglobin was also associated with increased mortality, mainly within the first month. We then conducted a systematic review using the Embase and Medline databases. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. When combined with the cohort from the current study, the pooled population had 29 943 patients with stroke. The evidence base was quantified in a meta‐analysis. Anemia on admission was found to be associated with an increased risk of mortality in both ischemic stroke (8 studies; odds ratio 1.97 [95% CI 1.57–2.47]) and hemorrhagic stroke (4 studies; odds ratio 1.46 [95%
CI
1.23–1.74]).

Conclusions
Strong evidence suggests that patients with anemia have increased mortality with stroke. Targeted interventions in this patient population may improve outcomes and require further evaluation.
Turbulence Estimation Using Fast-Response Thermistors Attached to a Free-Fall Vertical Microstructure Profiler
Authors: Goto Yasutaka , Yasuda Ichiro , Nagasawa Maki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEstimation of turbulence intensity with a fast-response thermistor is examined by comparing the energy dissipation rate from a Fastip Probe, model 07 (FP07), thermistor with from a shear probe, both of which are attached to a free-fall microstructure profiler with the fall rate of 0.6–0.7 m s−1. Temperature gradient spectra corrected with previously introduced frequency response functions represented by a single-pole low-pass filter yields with a bias that strongly depends on turbulence intensity. Meanwhile, the correction with the form of a double-pole low-pass filter derives less bias than of single-pole low-pass filter. The rate is compatible with when the double-pole correction with the time constant of 3 × 10−3 s is applied, and 68% of data are within a factor of 2.8 of in the wide range of = 10−10–3 × 10−7 W kg−1. The rate is still compatible with even in the anisotropy range, where the buoyancy Reynolds number is 20–100. Turbulence estimation from the fast-response thermistor is thus confirmed to be valid in this range by applying the appropriate correction to temperature gradient spectra. Measurements with fast-response thermistors, which have not been common because of their poor frequency response, are less sensitive to the vibration of profilers than those with shear probes. Hence, measurements could be available when a fast-response thermistor is attached to a CTD frame or a float, which extends the possibility of obtaining much more turbulence data in deep and wide oceans.
A Comparative Study of Moored/Point and Acoustic Tomography/Integral Observations of Sound Speed in Fram Strait Using Objective Mapping Techniques
Authors: Dushaw Brian D. , Sagen Hanne 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEstimation of the exchange of seawater of various properties between the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans presents a challenging observational problem. The strong current systems within Fram Strait induce recirculations and a turbulent ocean environment dominated by mesoscale variations of 4–10-km scale. By employing a simple parameterized model for mesoscale variability within Fram Strait, the authors examine the ability of a line array of closely spaced moorings and an acoustic tomography line to measure the average sound speed, a proxy variable for ocean temperature or heat content. Objective maps are employed to quantify the uncertainties resulting from the different measurement approaches. While measurements by a mooring line and tomography result in similar uncertainties in estimations of range- and depth-averaged sound speed, the combination of the two approaches gives uncertainties 3 times smaller. The two measurements are sufficiently different as to be complementary; one measurement provides resolution for the aspects of the temperature section that the other misses. The parameterized model and its assumptions as to the magnitudes and scales of variability were tested by application to a hydrographic section across Fram Strait measured in 2011. This study supports the deployment of the 2013–16 Arctic Ocean under Melting Ice (UNDER-ICE) network of tomographic transceivers spanning the ongoing moored array line across Fram Strait. Optimal estimation for this ocean environment may require combining disparate data types as constraints on a numerical ocean model using data assimilation.
Wind Structure Discrepancies between Two Best Track Datasets for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSymmetric and wavenumber-1 asymmetric characteristics of western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) outer wind structures are compared between best tracks from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) from 2004 to 2014 as well as the Multiplatform Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Analysis (MTCSWA) product from 2007 to 2014. Significant linear relationships of averaged wind radii are obtained among datasets, in which both gale-force and storm-force wind radii are generally estimated slightly smaller (much larger) by JTWC (JMA) than by MTCSWA. These correlations are strongly related to TC intensity relationships discussed in earlier work. Moreover, JTWC (JMA) on average represents a smaller (greater) derived shape parameter than MTCSWA does, implying that JTWC (JMA) typically assesses a more compact (less compact) storm than MTCSWA. For the wavenumber-1 asymmetry, large differences among datasets are found regardless of the magnitude or the direction of the longest radius. JTWC estimates more asymmetric storms than JMA, and it provides greater wavenumber-1 asymmetry magnitudes on average. Asymmetric storms are most frequently oriented toward the east, northeast, and north in JTWC and MTCSWA, whereas they are most frequently oriented toward the southeast, east, and northeast in JMA. The direction of the longest gale-force (storm force) wind radius in JTWC is statistically rotated 18° (32°) clockwise to that in JMA. Although the wind radii in JTWC are of higher quality than those in JMA when using MTCSWA as a baseline, there remains a need to provide a consistent and reliable wind radii estimating process among operational centers.
Program requirements for fellowship education in venous and lymphatic medicine
Authors: Comerota Anthony J , Min Robert J , Rathbun Suman W , Khilnani Neil , Rooke Thom , Wakefield Thomas W , Carman Teresa L , Lurie Fedor , Vedantham Suresh , Zimmet Steven E 
Published: August 2016

Background In every field of medicine, comprehensive education should be delivered at the graduate level. Currently, no single specialty routinely provides a standardized comprehensive curriculum in venous and lymphatic disease. Method The American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine formed a task force, made up of experts from the specialties of dermatology, family practice, interventional radiology, interventional cardiology, phlebology, vascular medicine, and vascular surgery, to develop a consensus document describing the program requirements for fellowship medical education in venous and lymphatic medicine. Result The Program Requirements for Fellowship Education in Venous and Lymphatic Medicine identify the knowledge and skills that physicians must master through the course of fellowship training in venous and lymphatic medicine. They also specify the requirements for venous and lymphatic training programs. The document is based on the Core Content for Training in Venous and Lymphatic Medicine and follows the ACGME format that all subspecialties in the United States use to specify the requirements for training program accreditation. The American Board of Venous & Lymphatic Medicine Board of Directors approved this document in May 2016. Conclusion The pathway to a vein practice is diverse, and there is no standardized format available for physician education and training. The Program Requirements for Fellowship Education in Venous and Lymphatic Medicine establishes educational standards for teaching programs in venous and lymphatic medicine and will facilitate graduation of physicians who have had comprehensive training in the field.
Soluble Leptin Receptor and Risk of Gestational Diabetes in a Multiethnic Population: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sommer Christine , Gulseth Hanne Løvdal , Jenum Anne Karen , Sletner Line , Thorsby Per Medbøe , Birkeland Kåre Inge 
Published: August 2016

Context:
Soluble leptin receptor (sOb-R), a potential marker of leptin resistance, is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes, independently of leptin concentrations. We have previously shown that ethnic difference in leptin concentration may partly explain the increased risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) in South Asians.

Objective:
Our objective was to investigate whether sOb-R concentrations are associated with risk of GDM, whether concentrations of sOb-R differ across ethnic groups, and whether ethnic differences in sOb-R explain the ethnic differences in GDM risk.

Design and Setting:
The STORK Groruddalen study; a prospective cohort study of pregnant women living in Oslo, Norway, between May 2008 and May 2010.

Participants:
Of the total sample (n = 823), 680 (47.1% Europeans) had sOb-R measured in pregnancy week 15 and an oral glucose tolerance test performed in week 28.

Main outcome measure:
GDM was diagnosed according to World Health Organization 2013 criteria.

Results:
sOb-R was inversely associated with GDM (odds ratio, 0.76 [95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.83] per ng/ml increase in sOb-R, P &lt; .001) in crude analysis. The association was attenuated after adjustments for covariates and leptin (0.85 [0.77–0.95], P = .004). Compared to women with sOb-R higher than 5 ng/ml, the odds ratio of GDM was 0.29(0.11–0.78; P = .014) among women with sOb-R greater than 10 ng/ml and 0.59 (0.37–0.94; P = .026) among women with sOb-R 5–10 ng/ml, in adjusted analysis. sOb-R levels did not differ across ethnic groups, and sOb-R did not explain ethnic differences in GDM risk.

Conclusions:
There was an independent, inverse association between sOb-R and GDM, with the lowest risk of GDM observed among higher sOb-R concentrations.
Prognostic Utility of Galectin-3 for Recurrent Cardiovascular Events During Long-term Follow-up in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart Disease: Results of the KAROLA Study
Authors: Jansen Henning , Koenig Wolfgang , Jaensch Andrea , Mons Ute , Breitling Lutz P , Scharnagl Hubert , Stojakovic Tatjana , Schunkert Heribert , Brenner Hermann , Rothenbacher Dietrich 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Galectin-3 has emerged as a potential useful novel biomarker for heart failure and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it remains unclear whether galectin-3 is associated with recurrent cardiovascular events during long-term follow-up of patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) after adjustment for multiple established and novel risk factors.

METHODS
We measured galectin-3 at baseline in a cohort consisting of 1035 CHD patients and followed them for 13 years to assess a combined CVD end point. Moreover, we adjusted for multiple traditional and novel risk factors.

RESULTS
Galectin-3 concentration was positively associated with the number of affected coronary arteries, history of heart failure, and multiple traditional risk factors. Also, galectin-3 correlated significantly with emerging risk factors [e.g., cystatin C, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity (hs)-troponin]. During follow-up (median 12.0 years), 260 fatal and nonfatal CVD events occurred. The top quartile of galectin-3 concentration was significantly associated with CVD events compared to the bottom quartile after adjustment for age and sex [hazard ratio (HR) 1.88 (95% CI, 1.30–2.73), P = 0.001 for trend] as well as for established CVD risk factors (HR 1.67, 95% CI, 1.14–2.46, P = 0.011 for trend). However, after adjustment for other biomarkers available [including eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), sST2 protein, GDF-15 (growth differentiation factor 15), NT-proBNP, and hs-troponin], the association was no longer statistically significant [HR 1.11 (95% CI 0.72–1.70), P = 0.82 for trend].

CONCLUSIONS
Galectin-3 does not independently predict recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with established CHD after adjustment for markers of hemodynamic stress, myocardial injury, inflammation, and renal dysfunction.
Breastfeeding practices in mothers: a qualitative study
Authors: Marzuki Nanis S. , Yohmi Elizabeth , Nainggolan Eveline , Hegar Badriul , Oswari Hanifah , Partiwi I Gusti Ayu Nyoman 
Published: August 2016

Background Despite the WHO and UNICEF recorrunendations, the well-known breastfeeding benefits, and the efforts to promote and support breastfeeding; exclusive breastfeeding by Indonesian mothers remains low and contributes to high infant mortality rates.Objective To elucidate the fac tors that influence mothers' choices for infant feedingMethods This qualitative study was conducted as part of a nationwide survey. The study included 36 in-depth interviews of mothers with infants aged 0-11 months, and health care professionals, including general practitioners, pediatricians, and midwives. This study was performed between 0 cto ber - November 2 0 l 0 in both rural and urban areas of 4 provinces in Indon esia.Results We found that most mothers intended to breastfeed and had positive perceptions of breastfeeding. However, mothers faced many challenges in the practice of exclusive and proper breastfeeding. Additionally, the perceived definition of exclusive breastfeeding varied among the participants, leading to n on-exclusive breastfeeding attitudes. The most frequent reasons for mothers to introduce additional milk formula or food were the perception of an inadequate milk supply, infant dissatisfaction or fu ssiness after feeding. Different perceptions were also demonstrated in different regions and the varying levels of socioeconomic status. Health care practitioners (HCPs) were the most reliable source for giving adequate information, but unfortunately, they were not easily accessible and provided inconsistent information. Consequently, closely-related family members were the major contributors of information to a mother'schoice of infant feeding; because they were easily accessible.Conclusion Factors influencing mothers in their breastfeeding practices are their basic knowledge, demographic and socioeconomic status, as well as the availability of support from closelyrelatedfamily members, friends, and HCPs.
Fundamentals of Stereolithography, an Useful Tool for Diagnosis in Dentistry
Authors: Islas Ruiz DDS Ma. del Socorro , Loyola Frías DDS Miguel Ángel , Martínez Rider DDS Ricardo , Pozos Guillén DDS, PhD Amaury , Garrocho Rangel DDS, PhD Arturo 
Published: August 2016

Advancements in digital technology and imaging over the last 25 years have permitted the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) modeling protocols in Dentistry. The use of stereolithographic models has progressively replaced traditional milled models and x-rays in the management of craniofacial anomalies and in implant rehabilitation. Diverse advantages can be mentioned, including better visualization of complex anatomical structures and more precise and sophisticated pre-surgical planning, through a simulated insight of the procedures of interest. The aim of this review is to provide essential information about the different applications and limitations of stereolithography, addressed to those general dentists and dental students interested in gaining experience in the reconstructive surgery and implant placement fields.
N-Telopeptide of Type I Collagen Long-Term Dynamics in Breast Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases: Clinical Outcomes and Influence of Extraskeletal Metastases
Authors: Ferreira Arlindo R. , Alho Irina , Shan Ning , Matias Margarida , Faria Mariana , Casimiro Sandra , Leitzel Kim , Ali Suhail , Lipton Allan , Costa Luís 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background.
Markers of bone metabolism, such as N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), have been demonstrated to be prognostic in previous trials of breast cancer (BC) patients with bone metastases (BMs). In the present study, we tested the survival effect of the NTX response to zoledronic acid (ZA) at 3 and 12 months in a contemporaneous cohort of BC patients with BMs and evaluated the influence of extraskeletal metastatic disease on NTX variation.

Patients and Methods.
The present study was a prospective cohort study of consecutive BC patients diagnosed and treated at a single center. Patients presenting with de novo radiological evidence of BMs who started monthly intravenous ZA were included. Urinary NTX was measured at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after ZA introduction.

Results.
Overall, 71 patients were enrolled, 32 with BMs and 39 with BMs plus extraskeletal metastases. The proportion of patients with elevated NTX at baseline and 3 and 12 months was 49.3%, 26.6%, and 34.2%, respectively. The variables associated with survival included age at diagnosis, tumor estrogen receptor status, and NTX at 3 and 12 months. Multivariate analysis showed that, in addition to age at diagnosis, only the 3-month NTX level was significantly associated with survival. Patients with BMs plus extraskeletal metastases had an erratic NTX variation pattern, unrelated to survival.

Conclusion.
In the present contemporaneous cohort of BC patients with BMs, the NTX response at 3 months was strongly associated with survival. Furthermore, an early response to ZA was strongly associated with long-term NTX control. Finally, patients with BMs plus extraskeletal metastases had an erratic NTX variation.