bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pinch-induced behavioural inhibition (clipthesia) as a restraint method for cats during veterinary examinations: preliminary results on cat susceptibility and welfare
Authors: Nuti V , Cantile C , Gazzano A , Sighieri C , Mariti C 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCats are often subjected to minimally painful or forced procedures during routine clinical practice, which can be poorly tolerated, leading veterinary surgeons to need to offer physical restraint, usually aided by an assistant. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and ultimate welfare implications of using clipthesia as a method of restraint during veterinary examination. This was carried out in a real clinical setting and compared to manual scruffing. Twenty-seven cats were restrained, during a veterinary examination, using two stationery clips placed on the skin along the cervical dorsal midline, whilst a group of 13 cats were restrained through gentle manual scruffing. Susceptibility to clipthesia (ie a positive clip score) was observed in 81.5% of cats, while a complete response was found in 40.7% of subjects. The presence or absence of a disease/condition did not affect the susceptibility. Heart rate and the number of cats showing mydriasis (pupillary dilation) was statistically higher during manual scruffing, whilst plasma cortisol did not differ between the two groups. The more responsive the cats were to clipthesia, the more they displayed kneading and purring. These preliminary findings suggest that clipthesia is not more stressful than manual scruffing in restraining cats during a veterinary examination. However, not all cats were found to be susceptible to this method of restraint. Further research is needed to clarify whether clipthesia should be implementated as a matter of course in veterinary practice from the point of view of welfare and safety.
Low-temperature photoluminescence of 8H-SiC homoepitaxial layer
Authors: Hatayama Tomoaki , Henry Anne , Yano Hiroshi , Fuyuki Takashi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Low-temperature photoluminescence of a nitrogen-doped 8H-SiC epilayer homoepitaxially grown by a chemical vapor deposition method is reported. The polytype and stacking sequence of the epilayers were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analyses. The identification of emission lines is discussed in terms of the temperature dependence of the luminescence spectra. Luminescence related to the free excitons and the nitrogen-bound excitons is observed, which allows the determination of the excitonic bandgap of the 8H-SiC polytype. In addition, the low binding energies found for the nitrogen-bound excitons imply shallow levels for the nitrogen donors.
Red phosphorescent trilayer organic light-emitting field-effect transistors with a wide recombination zone
Authors: Chang Jui-Fen , Chen Wei-Ren , Lai Yi-Chien , Chien Fan-Ching 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We report on red phosphorescent trilayer organic light-emitting field-effect transistors (LEFETs), which exhibit ambipolar transport characteristics but strong emission in the unipolar hole regime, with an exceptionally wide recombination zone of 60–70 µm and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.21%. From the results of detailed electroluminescence characterization, we clarify how the energy-level matching condition and transport geometry of the heterostructure govern the charge distribution and recombination, and affect the overall device performance.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and characterization of (Al,Si)O dielectrics for GaN-based devices
Authors: Chan Silvia H. , Tahhan Maher , Liu Xiang , Bisi Davide , Gupta Chirag , Koksaldi Onur , Li Haoran , Mates Tom , DenBaars Steven P. , Keller Stacia , Mishra Umesh K. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we report on the growth and electrical characterization of (Al,Si)O dielectrics grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using trimethylaluminum, oxygen, and silane as precursors. The growth rates, refractive indices, and composition of (Al,Si)O films grown on Si(001) were determined from ellipsometry and XPS measurements. Crystallinity and electrical properties of (Al,Si)O films grown in situ on c-plane GaN were characterized using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and capacitance–voltage with current–voltage measurements, respectively. Si concentration in the films was found to be tunable by varying the trimethylaluminum and/or oxygen precursor flows. The Si incorporation suppressed the formation of crystalline domains, leading to amorphous films that resulted in reduced interfacial trap density, low gate leakage and ultra-low hysteresis in (Al,Si)O/n-GaN MOS-capacitors.
First-principles study of energy band gap of single-layer Mo1−
xCrxS2
Authors: Ueda Akiko , Honda Syuta , Imamura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The electronic structures of single-layer Mo1−

x
Cr
x
S2 are calculated by the spin-polarized density functional method. Single-layer Mo1−

x
Cr
x
S2 exhibits a direct band gap for any Cr concentration (x). The energy band gap monotonically decreases as a function of x and takes an ideal value for photovoltaic applications at x ≃ 0.23.
Air-assisted flow and two-step spin-coating for highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells
Authors: Eze Vincent Obiozo , Lei Binglong , Mori Tatsuo 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
There is a multitude of reports on different methods of fabricating organic–inorganic halide perovskite films for high-efficiency solar cells. In this study, planar heterojunction (PHJ) CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells were prepared by the two-step spin-coating method. The uniformity of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is enhanced by air-assisted flow (AAF). We compared the photovoltaic performance characteristics of films prepared with and without AAF. Perovskite solar cells constructed without AAF showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.67%, whereas a higher PCE of 13.28% was obtained with an AAF-based perovskite solar cell. Our study presents a useful technique for preparing high-quality perovskite films.
Eocene to Pleistocene magmatic evolution of the Delarof Islands, Aleutian Arc
Authors: Schaen Allen J. , Jicha Brian R. , Kay Suzanne M. , Singer Brad S. , Tibbetts Ashley 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Delarof Islands in the Aleutian Arc near 179º W record ∼37 million years of discontinuous arc magmatism along a SW‐NE cross‐arc transect from near the trench to the active volcanic front. Geochemical and geochronologic data from the pre‐Pleistocene volcanic record in this region are limited and the 40Ar/39Ar, isotopic, and trace element data presented here are the first from units older than the Pleistocene‐Holocene volcanoes (Tanaga, Gareloi). Twenty‐two new 40Ar/39Ar ages establish a temporal framework for geochemical data and reveal that magmatism in the Delarof region was coincident with two arc‐wide magmatic flare ups in the late Eocene/early Oligocene and latest Miocene/Pliocene. Mafic lavas and plutons in the southern Delarofs give 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages ranging from 36.8 ± 0.2 to 26.9 ± 0.6 Ma on Amatignak Island and 37.0 ± 0.2 to 29.3 ± 1.0 Ma on Ulak Island. To the north 25 km, 40Ar/39Ar ages from the central Delarof Islands, Kavalga, Ogliuga, and Skagul are late Miocene (6.28 ± 0.04 Ma) to Pliocene (4.77 ± 0.18 Ma) with younger ages to the northeast. A significant transition in arc chemistry occurs in the Pleistocene where lavas from active volcanoes Gareloi and Tanaga exhibit higher sediment and hydrous fluid signatures (Th/La, Cs/Ta, La/Sm, LILE abundances) and lower 143Nd/144Nd than older Delarof Island units closer to the trench. Similar findings from Eocene‐Miocene lavas from Amchitka to Adak suggest that a previously minor sediment melt component became more pronounced in the Quaternary.
Electrical conductivity of NaCl‐H2O fluid in the crust
Authors: Sakuma Hiroshi , Ichiki Masahiro 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIonic electrical conductivity of NaCl‐H2O fluid as a function of pressure (0.2–2.0 GPa), temperature (673–2000 K), and NaCl concentration (0.6–9.6 wt %) was investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Conductivity versus NaCl concentration has a nonlinear relationship due to the presence of electrically neutral ion pairs in concentrated solutions. The calculated conductivity at 0.6 wt % NaCl is consistent with the available experimental data, and the calculated conductivity at higher temperatures shows a greater degree of pressure dependence. The major factors controlling the conductivity are the density of the NaCl‐H2O fluid and the permittivity of solvent H2O. A purely empirical equation for deriving the conductivity was proposed. Highly conductive zones below a depth of 35 km in the middle portion of the continental crust can be interpreted by the presence of NaCl‐H2O fluid with the salinity ranging from 0.2 to 7.0 wt %. A highly conductive zone observed at a depth of 20 to 40 km above the subducting oceanic crust in Cascadia can be explained by the presence of low‐salinity (0.5 wt %) NaCl‐H2O fluid possibly generated by the dehydration of basalt.
Rupture characteristics of major and great (Mw  ≥ 7.0) megathrust earthquakes from 1990 to 2015: 1. Source parameter scaling relationships
Authors: Ye Lingling , Lay Thorne , Kanamori Hiroo , Rivera Luis 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSource parameter scaling for major and great thrust‐faulting events on circum‐Pacific megathrusts is examined using uniformly processed finite‐fault inversions and radiated energy estimates for 114Mw ≥ 7.0 earthquakes. To address the limited resolution of source spatial extent and rupture expansion velocity (Vr) from teleseismic observations, the events are subdivided into either group 1 (18 events) having independent constraints onVrfrom prior studies or group 2 (96 events) lacking independentVrconstraints. For group 2, finite‐fault inversions withVr = 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 km/s are performed. The productVr3ΔσE, with stress drop ΔσEcalculated for the slip distribution in the inverted finite‐fault models, is very stable for each event across the suite of models considered. It has little trend withMw, although there is a baseline shift to low values for large tsunami earthquakes. Source centroid time (Tc) and duration (Td), measured from the finite‐fault moment rate functions vary systematically with the cube root of seismic moment (M0), independent of assumedVr. There is no strong dependence on magnitude orVrfor moment‐scaled radiated energy (ER/M0) or apparent stress (σa). ΔσEaverages ~4 MPa, with direct trade‐off betweenVrand estimated stress drop but little dependence onMw. Similar behavior is found for radiation efficiency (ηR). We useVr3ΔσEandTc/M01/3to explore variation of stress drop,Vrand radiation efficiency, along with finite‐source geometrical factors. Radiation efficiency tends to decrease with average slip for these very large events, and fracture energy increases steadily with slip.
Probabilistic Flood Maps to support decision‐making: Mapping the Value of Information
Authors: Alfonso L. , Mukolwe M. M. , Di Baldassarre G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFloods are one of the most frequent and disruptive natural hazards that affect man. Annually, significant flood damage is documented worldwide. Flood mapping is a common preimpact flood hazard mitigation measure, for which advanced methods and tools (such as flood inundation models) are used to estimate potential flood extent maps that are used in spatial planning. However, these tools are affected, largely to an unknown degree, by both epistemic and aleatory uncertainty. Over the past few years, advances in uncertainty analysis with respect to flood inundation modeling show that it is appropriate to adopt Probabilistic Flood Maps (PFM) to account for uncertainty. However, the following question arises; how can probabilistic flood hazard information be incorporated into spatial planning? Thus, a consistent framework to incorporate PFMs into the decision‐making is required. In this paper, a novel methodology based on Decision‐Making under Uncertainty theories, in particular Value of Information (VOI) is proposed. Specifically, the methodology entails the use of a PFM to generate a VOI map, which highlights floodplain locations where additional information is valuable with respect to available floodplain management actions and their potential consequences. The methodology is illustrated with a simplified example and also applied to a real case study in the South of France, where a VOI map is analyzed on the basis of historical land use change decisions over a period of 26 years. Results show that uncertain flood hazard information encapsulated in PFMs can aid decision‐making in floodplain planning.
Performance study of pyrolysis of Indonesian low rank coal using a thermogravimetric analyzer and bubble fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Kang Tae‐Jin , Namkung Hueon , Xu Li‐Hua , Park HyeJung , Khan Hakizimana Jean De Dieu , Kim Hyung‐Taek 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPyrolysis is a process of thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. Gasification occurs first and is accompanied by complete or partial oxidation. Pyrolysis can generate syngas at low temperatures. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis and a fluidized‐bed reactor were used to conduct pyrolysis reaction experiments. The objective was to determine the characteristics of syngas produced by this process. The influence of K2CO3 catalyst on the syngas composition and reaction rate of pyrolysis was studied, and experimental values of the activation energy and pre‐exponential were obtained and evaluated. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the introduction of Co and Ce‐doping on NO oxidation over Cr‐based composite oxides
Authors: Cao Yan , Cai Wei 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNO oxidation reaction was studied over a series of Ce–Co–Cr–O catalysts with different Co/Cr and various Ce doped prepared by sol–gel method to evaluate the correlation of their structural with catalytic performance. These catalysts were investigated in detail by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis (BET), high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H2‐temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR) and temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD). The results demonstrate that the concentration of Co3+ is the key factor that influences the activity, and high Ce‐doped amount could well disperse the Co species. Hence Ce(3)–Co(3)–Cr(1) catalyst exhibits the higher activity for NO oxidation among all catalysts. The activation energy (Ea) are also calculated, and the results explain that the pre‐exponential factor value is important when Ea are close. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitronifedipine release from poly(lactic acid)/chitosan nanoparticles loaded with nifedipine
Authors: Chinh Nguyen Thuy , Trang Nguyen Thi Thu , Giang Nguyen Vu , Thanh Dinh Thi Mai , Hang To Thi Xuan , Tung Nguyen Quang , Truyen Chu Quang , Quan Pham Minh , Long Pham Quoc , Hoang Thai 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, nanoparticles based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), chitosan (CS), and nifedipine (NIF) were prepared by an emulsion method with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as an emulsifier. We investigated the most suitable conditions for preparing the poly(lactic acid)/chitosan/nifedipine nanoparticles (PCNs) by changing the distilled water volume, PEO content, and PLA/CS ratio. NIFs with different contents were loaded into poly(lactic acid)/chitosan nanoparticles (PCs) to studyin vitrodrug‐delivery systems. The PCNs were characterized with a Zetasizer particle size analyzer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) methods. From the obtained results of the particle size parameters of the PCNs, the most suitable conditions for the preparation of the PCNs were found. The FTIR spectroscopy and XRD results show that NIF was loaded into the PCs. The PCNs had major basic particle sizes in the range 20–40 nm. NIF release from the PCNs was studied as a function of the pH of the immersed solution, the immersion time, and the NIF content. The kinetics of drug release were investigated and are reported to determine the type of release mechanism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43330.
The formation of the S‐shaped edge‐on lamellae on the thin porous polylactic acid membrane via phase separation induced by water microdroplets
Authors: Hu Ruiqing , Pi Yuping , Wang Na , Zhang Qian , Feng Jinqi , Xu Weilin , Dong Xia , Wang Dujin , Yang Hongjun 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBiodegradable polymers have received increased attention due to their potential application in the medicine and food industries; in particular, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a primary biopolymer because of its excellent biocompatibility and absorbability features. In this study, a porous PLA membrane was fabricated by phase separation using water microdroplets produced by an ultrasonic atomizer as a coagulation bath. The formation of S‐type clusters was attributed to the slow exchange rate between solvent and coagulant, which provided time for the movement of polymer molecules. The effect of preparation conditions on the structure of S‐type clusters, including polymer concentration in solution and ambient temperature was investigated. The PLA porous membrane prepared from water micro‐droplets with different morphology compared with the sample fabricated from distilled water has potential application in fields of tissue engineering and artificial organ generation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43355.
Charge Transfer Through Dithieno[2,3‐a:3′,2′‐c]phenazine: Effect of Substitution Pattern on the Optoelectronic Properties of Regioisomeric Luminophores
Authors: Chen Yijing , Lu Xuefeng , Xiang Chunlan , Ling Yuan , Zhou Gang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTwo series of regioisomeric luminophores that contained a dithieno[2,3‐a:3′,2′‐c]phenazine (DTP) unit as an electron acceptor have been designed and synthesized. To investigate the effect of substitution pattern on the optoelectronic properties of these luminophores, electron donors (N,N‐dihexylaniline or N,N‐dihexyl‐4‐vinylaniline) were incorporated at the 2,5‐, 8,11‐, and 9,10‐positions of the DTP unit. We found that the optoelectronic properties of the regioisomeric luminophores were greatly affected by the substitution pattern: functionalization at the 8,11‐positions of the DTP unit was superior to the other two substitution patterns in extending the effective π‐conjugation and strengthening the intramolecular charge‐transfer interactions. Moreover, the insertion of vinyl groups between the DTP and N,N‐dihexylaniline units narrowed the energy band‐gap for isomers 4 and 5. However, hypsochromically shifted absorption and photoluminescence maxima were observed for isomeric luminophore 6, in which electron donors were substituted at the 2,5‐positions of the DTP unit. These results should facilitate greater understanding of the structure–property relationships in regioisomeric semiconductors and present a new way to design optoelectronic materials with effective substitution patterns.
The Seller's Sense: Buying–Selling Perspective Affects the Sensitivity to Expected Value Differences
Authors: Yechiam Eldad , Abofol Taher , Pachur Thorsten 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrevious work comparing pricing decisions by buyers and sellers has primarily focused on the endowment effect, the phenomenon that selling prices exceed buying prices. Here, we examine whether pricing decisions by buyers and sellers also vary in sensitivity to differences between objects' expected values (EVs). Both a loss‐aversion account (which posits that losses are weighted more heavily than gains) and a loss‐attention account (which posits increased attention to a task when it involves possible losses) predict that pricing decisions by sellers should exhibit higher sensitivity. The latter, however, additionally predicts that this pattern should only emerge under certain conditions. In studies 1 and 2, we reanalyzed two published datasets in which participants priced monetary lotteries as sellers or buyers. It emerged that sellers showed greater EV sensitivity (defined as the rank correlation between the set price for each lottery and its EV) except in a condition with an extended deliberation time of 15 seconds. In study 3, the buyer–seller difference in EV sensitivity was replicated even when the pricing task was presented repeatedly, while in study 4, it was eliminated when buying and selling trials were randomly mixed. The reduction of the “seller's sense” in long deliberation and mixed trials settings supports an attentional resource‐based account of the differences between sellers and buyers in their EV sensitivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epoxomicin and Eponemycin Biosynthesis Involves gem‐Dimethylation and an Acyl‐CoA Dehydrogenase‐Like Enzyme
Authors: Zettler Judith , Zubeil Florian , Kulik Andreas , Grond Stephanie , Kaysser Leonard 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe α′,β′‐epoxyketone moiety of proteasome inhibitors confers high binding specificity to the N‐terminal threonine in catalytic proteasome β‐subunits. We recently identified the epoxomicin and eponemycin biosynthetic gene clusters and have now conducted isotope‐enriched precursor feeding studies and comprehensive gene deletion experiments to shed further light on their biosynthetic pathways. Leucine and two methyl groups from S‐adenosylmethionine were readily incorporated into the epoxyketone warhead, suggesting decarboxylation of the thioester intermediate. Formation of the α′,β′‐epoxyketone is likely mediated by conserved acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase‐like enzymes, as indicated by complete loss of epoxomicin and eponemycin production in the respective knockout mutants. Our results clarify crucial questions in the formation of epoxyketone compounds and lay the foundation for in vitro biochemical studies on the biosynthesis of this pharmaceutically important class of proteasome inhibitors.
Apelin: an endogenous peptide essential for cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via activating extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and 5
Authors: Wang Li , Zhu Zhi‐Ming , Zhang Ning‐Kun , Fang Zhi‐Rong , Xu Xiao‐Hong , Zheng Nan , Gao Lian‐Ru 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGrowing evidence has shown that apelin/APJ system functions as a critical mediator of cardiac development as well as cardiovascular function. Here, we investigated the role of apelin in the cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord in vitro. In this research, we used RNA interference methodology and gene transfection technique to regulate the expression of apelin in Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and induced cells with a effective cardiac differentiation protocol including 5‐azacytidine and bFGF. Four weeks after induction, induced cells assumed a stick‐like morphology and myotube‐like structures except apelin‐silenced cells and the control group. The silencing expression of apelin in Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells decreased the expression of several critical cardiac progenitor transcription factors (Mesp1, Mef2c, NKX2.5) and cardiac phenotypes (cardiac α‐actin, β‐MHC, cTnT, and connexin‐43). Meanwhile, endogenous compensation of apelin contributed to differentiating into cells with characteristics of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Further experiment showed that exogenous apelin peptide rescued the cardiomyogenic differentiation of apelin‐silenced mesenchymal stem cells in the early stage (1–4 days) of induction. Remarkably, our experiment indicated that apelin up‐regulated cardiac specific genes in Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells via activating extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and 5.