bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GALACTIC COSMIC RAY ORIGINS AND OB ASSOCIATIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SuperTIGER OBSERVATIONS OF ELEMENTS 26Fe THROUGH 40Zr
Authors: Murphy R. P. , Sasaki M. , Binns W. R. , Brandt T. J. , Hams T. , Israel M. H. , Labrador A. W. , Link J. T. , Mewaldt R. A. , Mitchell J. W. , Rauch B. F. , Sakai K. , Stone E. C. , Waddington C. J. , Walsh N. E. , Ward J. E. , Wiedenbeck M. E. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
We report abundances of elements from 26Fe to 40Zr in the cosmic radiation measured by the SuperTIGER (Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder) instrument during 55 days of exposure on a long-duration balloon flight over Antarctica. These observations resolve elemental abundances in this charge range with single-element resolution and good statistics. These results support a model of cosmic ray origin in which the source material consists of a mixture of

% material from massive stars and ∼81% normal interstellar medium material with solar system abundances. The results also show a preferential acceleration of refractory elements (found in interstellar dust grains) by a factor of ∼4 over volatile elements (found in interstellar gas) ordered by atomic mass (A). Both the refractory and volatile elements show a mass-dependent enhancement with similar slopes.
Art contemporain et conformisme
Authors: Fessaguet Dominique 
Published: November 2016

Une partie de l’art contemporain en mal de reconnaissance s’est laissé séduire par les sirènes du pouvoir qui a enfermé les artistes dans un conformisme où provocation et transgression se trouvent normalisées et la surenchère orchestrée par le marché de l’art mondial. Cet art issu du ready-made de M. Duchamp, au plus près de la banalité, évoque la concrétude d’un objet qu’on pourrait nommer « objet magico-sexuel ».
Examining the Role Mentorship Plays in the Development of Athletic Training Preceptors
Authors: Nottingham Sara , Barrett Jessica L. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M. 
Published: November 2016

Context: Mentorship has been identified as a contributor to the socialization of athletic training preceptors. Understanding how mentorship occurs and contributes to preceptor development may help athletic training educators facilitate effective mentorship within their athletic training programs.
Objective: Examine preceptors' perceptions of mentoring as part of their socialization into this role.
Design: Qualitative study.
Setting: Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education programs.
Patients or Other Participants: Twelve athletic trainers representing 4 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts, including 5 men and 7 women, average age = 32 ± 10.5 years, and average of 5 ± 5.0 years' experience as a preceptor.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants responded to 14 interview questions regarding their perceptions of mentoring. Two researchers analyzed data using an inductive approach to identify themes and supporting categories. Trustworthiness was established by piloting the interview, using multiple analyst triangulation, and peer review.
Results: Four themes emerged from the data: (1) characteristics, (2) processes, (3) mentoring by emulating, and (4) roles of mentoring. Participants identified that communication and commitment are characteristics of effective mentorship. Preceptors learn to mentor by emulating other preceptors, and mentoring relationships develop through both formal and informal processes. Mentoring serves multiple roles for preceptors, including providing a support system and facilitating reciprocal learning for both mentors and protégés.
Conclusions: Participants perceive mentoring as beneficial to their initial and ongoing development as preceptors. Preceptors learn to mentor by emulating current and past mentors, emphasizing the importance of modeling for both preceptors and students. Clinical education coordinators can facilitate the mentoring of preceptors by educating them on the benefits of engaging in it as well as connecting experienced preceptors with newer preceptors.
Rationale and Design of Randomized Clinical Trial for the Assessment of Macitentan Efficiency as Coadjuvant Treatment to Open and Endovascular Revascularization in Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Michel Ignacio , De Haro Joaquin , Bleda Silvia , Laime Ilsem V. , Uyaguari Jhenifer , Acin Francisco 
Published: November 2016

Introduction Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is defined by ischemic rest pain, tissue loss, or both, secondary to arterial insufficiency, and its prevalence is increasing mainly as a result of the worldwide high prevalence of diabetes. Currently, there are no available conclusive data on the efficacy of any coadjuvant therapy after revascularization procedure benefiting amputation and patency rates. Macitentan is an orally active dual endothelin (ET) receptor antagonist that may contribute to reduce the amputation rate and improve revascularization patency in CLI. Methods/Design REVASC is a proposed pilot, open-label, controlled, randomized, single-center clinical double-blind trial to be conducted in Spain on a study population of European patients with CLI, which will compare the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of macitentan coadjuvant treatment after limb revascularization with the standard antiplatelet treatment strategy for severe limb ischemia. Patients are randomized 1:1 to receive macitentan or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary clinical end point will be amputation-free survival rate at 12 months, defined as the time to major (above the ankle) amputation for the index (trial) limb or death from any cause, whichever comes first. Secondary outcomes include overall survival, quality of life, in-hospital mortality and morbidity, repeat interventions, healing of tissue loss, and hemodynamic changes following revascularization. Sample size is estimated as 120 patients. The economic analysis will consist of two components: a “within-study” analysis, which will be based on study end points; and a “model-based” analysis, which will extrapolate and compare costs and effects likely to accrue beyond the study follow-up period. Discussion The REVASC trial is designed to be pragmatic and represents current practice of the real-world population management after limb revascularization for CLI due to atherosclerosis. Current evidence does not support any coadjuvant treatment. A new pathway of treatment may be opened with the use of ET receptor antagonists in these patients.
Mastermind-like Gene Family: A New Ray of Hope in Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Nikunj Maniar 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

How to cite this article
Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Nikunj M, Patil S. Mastermind-like Gene Family: A New Ray of Hope in Cancer Therapeutics. World J Dent 2016;7(3):111-112.
Comparative Study of Lifestyle-related Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease among Urban and Rural Population of India
Authors: Acharya Shashidhar , Singla Ritesh , Singla Nishu 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTAimTo compare participants’ lifestyle-related risk factors for periodontal disease between urban and rural population.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study consisting of a structured questionnaire on health practice index (HPI), oral health-related behavior, and personal habits as well as sociodemographic variables was conducted on 800 subjects aged 20 to 50 years attending dental outreach centers of Manipal College of Dental Sciences in urban and rural areas of Udupi District. Clinical examination for periodontal status was done by using community periodontal index, simplified oral hygiene index, and gingival index. Statistical analysis of the data was done using chi-square.ResultsIt was found that except the number of hours of work/day (p = 0.02) urban participants had significantly better occupations, higher education, more income, better oral health care behaviors like dental visits, device of cleaning, frequency of cleaning, method of cleaning, healthier personal habits like tobacco chewing, pan chewing (< 0.001 respectively), physical exercise, mental stress levels and healthier overall lifestyles (p < 0.001 respectively) than the rural participants. It was also found that more number of urban participants had better oral hygiene status (p < 0.001), gingival status (p < 0.001), and healthier periodontium (p = 0.002) than the rural counterparts.ConclusionThese findings suggest that rural participants had more lifestyle-related risk factors for periodontitis as well as less healthy periodontium than the urban participants. Patient's involvement in self-care by promoting healthy lifestyles is needed especially in rural areas where adequate treatment facilities are lacking.How to cite this articleSingla R, Acharya S, Singla N. Comparative Study of Lifestyle-related Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease among Urban and Rural Population of India. World J Dent 2016;7(3):129-134.
Watermelon (Citrullus Vulgaris): An Innovative Plant that accelerates the Healing of Pulpal Wound
Authors: Agusnar Harry , Dennis D 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionPulpal wounds are the result of injuries like iatrogenic procedures or traumatic to the pulp of teeth that disrupt the pulp. Healing of a wound is a complex and protected process of tissue repair and remodeling in response to injury. In tooth with pulpal exposure, the healing is to reconstitute the lost continuum at the pulp—dentin border in order to effectively restore the lost dentin structure.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted to investigate the phytoconstituents derived from watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and to analyze the particle size of watermelon frost.ResultsWatermelon, the same as the other plants, contained triterpenoid/steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, and saponin, while the mean particle size is 12.34 ìm. It is seen that watermelon has the ability to promote wound healing as a result of injury.ConclusionWatermelon can be developed as a plant that has a therapeutic effect for tissue engineering in dentistry, especially in the field of conservation of teeth to maintain the health of dentin—pulp complex.How to cite this articleAbidin T, Agusnar H, Dennis D. Watermelon (Citrullus Vulgaris): An Innovative Plant that accelerates the Healing of Pulpal Wound. World J Dent 2016;7(3):155-161
Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Abnormalities in Dental Patients in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Gunasekar C , Mohanavalli S , Vijayabala G Sree , Janagarathinam VA , Kumar S Suresh , Kumar U Rajesh 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
The incidence of oral mucosal lesions is increasing day by day due to adverse oral habits and emerging infections. Hence, a novel attempt is made to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities in patients visiting dental department of ESIC Hospital and Medical College, KK Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Materials and methods
A retrospective study was designed to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities in ESIC Hospital and Medical College, KK Nagar, Chennai. A total of 2315 patients were assessed between May 2014 and October 2014 to find the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities.

Results and conclusion
The prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities was found to be 13.31%. The most prevalent oral mucosal abnormalities were smoker's palate, frictional keratosis, aphthous ulcers, oral submucous fibrosis, and traumatic ulcers.

Clinical significance
Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities is very significant because early detection and prompt treatment of the same would help in reducing the morbidity and enhancing the patients’ quality of life.

How to cite this article
Vijayabala GS, Mohanavalli S, Gunasekar C, Janagarathinam VA, Kumar SS, Kumar UR. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Abnormalities in Dental Patients in Tamil Nadu. World J Dent 2016;7(4):186-188.
Overheidsparticipatie in burgerprojecten
Authors: Schuilenburg M.B. 
Published: November 2016

The role of the government in civilian projects: On the program ‘Community Governs’, Hillesluis and Schrödinger’s Cat
The article is an ethnographical study of a program called ‘Community Governs’ (Buurt Bestuurt) in Rotterdam’s neighborhood Hillesluis. ‘Community Governs’ is a community-based program which goal is to solve crime and disorder problems. The article investigates the role of the local government in this program. Three different roles are discerned: (1) performance, (2) procedural justice, and (3) participation. The results indicate that to the residents of Hillesluis the performance by the local government is the cornerstone of ‘Community Governs’.
Vrijwilligers bij de Nationale Politie: leren van andere organisaties
Authors: Thaens M. , de Kool D. 
Published: November 2016

Volunteers in the Dutch National Police: Learning from other organizations
This article summarizes the results of a study into new innovative forms of volunteer work which could possibly help the Dutch National Police to increase the number of volunteers. The empirical data were collected by a desk study, the analysis of five case studies and two focus groups. Three different themes were analyzed: mobilizing target groups, matching expectations, and formalization and institutionalization of volunteering work. Public organizations in general don’t realize enough the value of volunteers. Often there is lack of a clear vision, while more attention should go to managing expectations, customization, furthering the education of police volunteers, acceptance and support, guidance and support, recognition, appreciation and reward, and finally more room for volunteers.
Tussen Heumensoord en Winschoten
Authors: Terpstra J. 
Published: November 2016

Between Heumensoord and Winschoten. On the contradictory meanings of civilian participation in public security
In the concluding article of this special issue on civilian participation in public security it is argued that this term covers many different phenomena, from neighborhood watchers cooperating with the police to extremist militia. Much of the literature on civilian participation implicitly and wrongfully has an instrumental perspective. The participation of civilians in public security however, is much more than just an instrument of public administration or the police. Not all activities of citizens in the field of public security are decent or according to the perspective of the administration and the police. Moreover, there is no consensus on what public security exactly means, while the motives of people to get involved in public security activities differ greatly. Mobilizing citizens on the basis of fighting crime bears the risk of producing differences and conflicts in society instead of creating open, tolerant and inclusive communities.
Salivary microbiomes of indigenous Tsimane mothers and infants are distinct despite frequent premastication
Authors: Han Cliff S. , Martin Melanie Ann , Dichosa Armand E.K. , Daughton Ashlynn R. , Frietze Seth , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael D. , Alcock Joe 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundPremastication, the transfer of pre-chewed food, is a common infant and young child feeding practice among the Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon. Research conducted primarily with Western populations has shown that infants harbor distinct oral microbiota from their mothers. Premastication, which is less common in these populations, may influence the colonization and maturation of infant oral microbiota, including via transmission of oral pathogens. We collected premasticated food and saliva samples from Tsimane mothers and infants (9–24 months of age) to test for evidence of bacterial transmission in premasticated foods and overlap in maternal and infant salivary microbiota. We extracted bacterial DNA from two premasticated food samples and 12 matched salivary samples from maternal-infant pairs. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). We evaluated maternal and infant microbial composition in terms of relative abundance of specific taxa, alpha and beta diversity, and dissimilarity distances.ResultsThe bacteria in saliva and premasticated food were mapped to 19 phyla and 400 genera and were dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The oral microbial communities of Tsimane mothers and infants who frequently share premasticated food were well-separated in a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) plot. Infant microbiotas clustered together, with weighted Unifrac distances significantly differing between mothers and infants. Infant saliva contained more Firmicutes (p < 0.01) and fewer Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) than did maternal saliva. Many genera previously associated with dental and periodontal infections, e.g. Neisseria,Gemella,Rothia,Actinomyces,Fusobacterium, andLeptotrichia, were more abundant in mothers than in infants.ConclusionsSalivary microbiota of Tsimane infants and young children up to two years of age do not appear closely related to those of their mothers, despite frequent premastication and preliminary evidence that maternal bacteria is transmitted to premasticated foods. Infant physiology and diet may constrain colonization by maternal bacteria, including several oral pathogens.
Antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in China: results from a national survey
Authors: Li Ruili , Xiao Feng , Zheng Xiaoguo , Yang Huimin , Wang Lihong , Yin Delu , Yin Tao , Xin Qianqian , Chen Bowen 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundAntibiotic resistance is one of the world’s biggest public health issues, and the situation in China is particularly grave. The objective of this study is to investigate the antibiotics usage pattern among Chinese children and provide further insight in developing strategies for promoting public health education.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study, in the study, participants are from 53,665 guardians of children aged 0–6 years, who were recruited with multistage stratified random cluster sampling in 2013/2014 from 46 community health centers in 14 provinces across China Mainland. Children’s guardians completed surveys on their previous experience on using antibiotics in treating diarrhea of their children without a prescription from any pediatrician. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) for the association between antibiotic use and its predictors were estimated using multilevel logistic regression models, with antibiotic rational use group as a reference group.ResultsThe prevalence of antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in the eastern, middle and western areas of China and associations between antibiotic misuse and its predictors were studied. The average rate of antibiotic misuse is 35.12%. Multilevel logistic regression revealed that living in urban areas (OR = 0.79 (0.76, 0.83)), female children (OR = 0.92 (0.88, 0.96)), guardians having higher education (OR = 0.60 (0.55, 0.66)), being raised by parents (OR = 0.90 (0.85, 0.94)), guardians having basic health knowledge (OR = 0.82 (0.79, 0.86)) are protective factors and children’s age (1–3 years OR = 1.62 (1.54, 1.71)); 4–6 years OR = 1.90 (1.77, 2.03)) is a risk factor of antibiotic misuse among children aged 0–6 years with diarrhea in China.ConclusionsOur findings confirmed that there has been a high rate of antibiotic misuse without a prescription in children with diarrhea in China, which requires considerable attention. Suitable regulations and interventions are needed to solve this problem.
Archaeal Ecology
Authors: Colman Daniel R , Ferrera Isabel , Takacs‐Vesbach Cristina D , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

The Archaea represent one of the three domains of life and are distinguished from the Bacteria and Eukarya both phylogenetically and biochemically. As a group, the Archaea are physiologically diverse and inhabit a wide range of ecosystems, including the most extreme environments on Earth. While traditionally thought to be restricted to just a few phyla and primarily inhabiting extreme environments, Archaea are now known to be globally distributed across many environments and of significant importance in multiple biogeochemical cycles. The Archaea also comprise a phylogenetically and metabolically diverse group of organisms in several recognised phyla and many more recently proposed phylum‐level lineages representing uncultivated organisms. The use of environmental genomics to understand uncultured archaeal diversity has recently shed light on many new potential lineages of Archaea and continues to expand and revise our understanding of Archaea in natural environments.

Key Concepts

The archaeal domain consists of numerous metabolically diverse phyla which are ubiquitously distributed among both extreme and mesic environments.

Many proposed new archaeal phyla have been discovered with the use of environmental genomic techniques and remain uncultured. These include the proposed ‘Woesearchaeaota’, ‘Bathyarchaeota’, ‘Pacearchaeota’, ‘Thorarchaeaota’ and ‘Lokiarchaeota’ among others.

Archaea inhabit the most extreme habitats known, including hypersaline, hyperacidic and high‐temperature environments.

While not restricted only to extreme habitats, there is a significant amount of archaeal diversity in thermal and acidic habitats, where they are often dominant members of microbial communities there.

In addition to surface hydrothermal features such as hot springs and deep‐sea vents, Archaea are also abundant in subsurface environments, an area of on going research interest.

Methanogens, thus far only known from the Euryarchaeota, are responsible for the terminal step in carbon cycling (the production of CH
4
) and are important members of anaerobic environments, including animal digestive tracts.

Members of the Thaumarchaeota phylum play a critical role in global nitrogen cycling through nitrification (i.e. ammonia oxidation) in soils and oceans.

Genomes of the uncultivated members of the proposed ‘Bathyarchaeota’ phylum suggest that these organisms may be key members in global carbon cycling and have been implicated in acetogenesis.
Immunodeficiency: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Authors: Chinn Ivan K , Shearer William T 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is defined as (1) absence or very low number of T cells (<300 CD3
+
T cells/mm
3
) and no or very low T‐cell function (<10% of lower limit of normal) as measured by response to phytohaemagglutinin or (2) presence of T cells of maternal origin. It has an incidence of approximately 1 per every 58 000 live births. SCID is caused by defects in at least 16 different genes, each of which results in failure to produce functional host‐derived T cells through various pathogenic mechanisms. Improved understanding of these fundamental processes has led to significant advances in the diagnosis, management and definitive treatment of individuals with this life‐threatening condition.

Key Concepts

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease is defined by a congenital lack of functional T cells, resulting in death from infections by 1–2 years of age.

Many molecular defects underlying SCID have been identified, yielding valuable insights regarding immune biology.

Diagnosis has been enhanced by newborn screening, resulting in successful treatment of affected infants.

Definitive therapy options include haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy, the latter of which has shown promise and remains actively investigated.

Optimal outcomes have been associated with definitive treatment before 3.5 months of age and onset of active infections.