bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of cefiderocol heteroresistance among patients treated with cefiderocol for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections
Authors: Shields Ryan K , Dorazio Ava J , Tiseo Giusy , Squires Kevin M , Leonildi Alessandro , Giordano Cesira , Kline Ellen G , Barnini Simona , Iovleva Alina , Griffith Marissa P , Van Tyne Daria , Doi Yohei , Falcone Marco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Cefiderocol exhibits potent in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb), but this activity has not consistently translated to improved outcomes among patients. Cefiderocol heteroresistance, or the presence of a resistant subpopulation, has been proposed as one possible explanation. The objective of this study was to explore associations between heteroresistance and outcomes of patients with CRAb infections.

Methods
Baseline CRAb isolates were collected from 27 consecutive patients in the USA and Italy. Cefiderocol susceptibility was tested by broth microdilutions in triplicate. Heteroresistance was defined by population analysis profiling in duplicate. Resistance mechanisms and strain relatedness were evaluated through comparative genomic analysis.

Results
Overall, 59% of infecting CRAb isolates were identified as cefiderocol-heteroresistant; rates were higher among isolates from Italy (79%) than the USA (38%). The median Charlson Comorbidity and SOFA scores were 4 and 5, respectively; 44% of patients had pneumonia, which was the most common infection type. Rates of 28-day clinical success and survival were 30% and 73%, respectively. By broth microdilution, cefiderocol MICs ≥1 mg/L were associated with higher failure rates than MICs ≤0.5 mg/L (81% versus 55%). Rates of clinical failure were numerically higher among patients infected by cefiderocol-heteroresistant compared with susceptible CRAb (81% versus 55%). Whole-genome sequencing identified a premature stop codon in the TonB-dependent receptor gene piuA in six isolates, all of which were heteroresistant.

Conclusions
This pilot study supports the hypothesis that cefiderocol treatment failure may be associated with higher MICs and/or the presence of heteroresistance. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Variety is the spice of life: nongenetic variation in life histories influences population growth and evolvability
Authors: Forsythe Amy B , Otto Sarah P , Nelson William A , Day Troy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Individual vital rates, such as mortality and birth rates, are key determinants of lifetime reproductive success, and variability in these rates shapes population dynamics. Previous studies have found that this vital rate heterogeneity can influence demographic properties, including population growth rates. However, the explicit effects of the variation within and the covariance between vital rates that can also vary throughout the lifespan on population growth remain unknown. Here, we explore the analytical consequences of nongenetic heterogeneity on long-term population growth rates and rates of evolution by modifying traditional age-structured population projection matrices to incorporate variation among individual vital rates. The model allows vital rates to be permanent throughout life (“fixed condition”) or to change over the lifespan (“dynamic condition”). We reduce the complexity associated with adding individual heterogeneity to age-structured models through a novel application of matrix collapsing (“phenotypic collapsing”), showing how to collapse in a manner that preserves the asymptotic and transient dynamics of the original matrix. The main conclusion is that nongenetic individual heterogeneity can strongly impact the long-term growth rate and rates of evolution. The magnitude and sign of this impact depend heavily on how the heterogeneity covaries across the lifespan of an organism. Our results emphasize that nongenetic variation cannot simply be viewed as random noise, but rather that it has consistent, predictable effects on fitness and evolvability.
Divergent ornamentation within a single population of the barn swallow
Authors: Arai Emi , Hasegawa Masaru , Yoshimizu Chikage , Ishikawa Naoto F , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Tayasu Ichiro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Differential migration strategies favour different sets of characteristics, including sexually selected ornamentation. Such phenotypic variation is particularly evident in a population with partial migration, where migrants and nonmigrants co-exist. Partial migration provides insights into the link among migration, local environment, and ornamentation, although empirical studies remain scarce. Here, we studied the plumage traits of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) in southern Japan, where both winterings and migrants breed sympatrically. We further examined this relationship with multiple isotopes (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S), which provides insight into their moulting habitat. Among males, winterings and migrants differed in their morphological traits: wintering males had shorter wings, which suggests the high demand for flight apparatus in migratory birds. Moreover, wintering males had larger white tail spots and less colourful throat patches than migratory males, indicating ornament divergence between them. Wintering males had a significantly smaller isotopic space when examining the combinations of δ34S with the other isotopes compared to migratory males, which indicates a differential geographic range between them, perhaps because of the limited variation in the distance to the sea in wintering males. As in males, wintering females had a significantly smaller isotopic space than migrant females, but there were few morphological differences between migratory and wintering females. Instead, some morphological traits were related to isotope values in females. These results indicate sex-specific linkage among migration, local environment, and ornamentation.
The National Cancer Institute clinical trials planning meeting to address gaps in observational and intervention trials for cancer-related cognitive impairment
Authors: Janelsins Michelle C , Van Dyk Kathleen , Hartman Sheri J , Koll Thuy T , Cramer Christina K , Lesser Glenn J , Barton Debra L , Mustian Karen M , Wagner Lynne I , Ganz Patricia A , Cole Peter D , Bakos Alexis , Root James C , Hardy Kristina , Magnuson Allison , Ferguson Robert J , McDonald Brenna C , Saykin Andrew J , Gonzalez Brian D , Wefel Jeffrey S , Morilak David A , Dahiya Saurabh , Heijnen Cobi J , Conley Yvette P , Morgans Alicia K , Mabbott Donald , Monje Michelle , Rapp Stephen R , Gondi Vinai , Bender Catherine , Embry Leanne , McCaskill Stevens Worta , Hopkins Judith O , St. Germain Diane , Dorsey Susan G 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment is a broad term encompassing subtle cognitive problems to more severe impairment. The severity of this impairment is influenced by host, disease, and treatment factors, and the impairment affects patients before, during, and following cancer treatment. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Symptom Management and Health-Related Quality of Life Steering Committee (SxQoL SC) convened a clinical trial planning meeting to review the state of the science on cancer-related cognitive impairment and develop phase II/III intervention trials aimed at improving cognitive function in cancer survivors with non–central nervous system disease and longitudinal studies to understand the trajectory of cognitive impairment and contributing factors. Participants included experts in the field of cancer-related cognitive impairment, members of the SxQoL SC, patient advocates, representatives from all 7 NCI Community Oncology Research Program research bases, and the NCI. Presentations focused on the following topics: measurement, lessons learned from pediatric and geriatric oncology, biomarker and mechanism endpoints, longitudinal study designs, and pharmacological and behavioral intervention trials. Panel discussions provided guidance on priority cognitive assessments, considerations for remote assessments, inclusion of relevant biomarkers, and strategies for ensuring broad inclusion criteria. Three clinical trial planning meeting working groups (longitudinal studies as well as pharmacological and behavioral intervention trials) convened for 1 year to discuss and report on top priorities and to design studies. The meeting experts concluded that sufficient data exist to advance phase II/III trials using selected pharmacological and behavioral interventions for the treatment of cancer-related cognitive impairment in the non–central nervous system setting, with recommendations included herein.
Ancient Olympia
Authors: Pilz Oliver 
Published: September 2024

Located in the western Peloponnese in the fertile valley of the river Alpheios, the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia was a major Panhellenic cult place. Cult activity can be traced back to the eleventh century bce. Its initial focus was an Early Helladic tumulus still visible at the end of the Bronze Age. “Black layers” of earth mixed with ash, charcoal, and abundant dedicatory material detected throughout the northwestern section of the Altis, the sacred precinct of Zeus, testify to the cult activity there during the Protogeometric, Geometric, and Early Archaic periods. The cult centered on an ash altar inside the Altis. At least until the Classical period, an oracle of Zeus operated at the ash altar. On the occasion of the great festival of Zeus, which took place every four years during summer, prestigious athletic and equestrian contests, the Olympic Games, were held. By the end of the seventh century bce, the sanctuary had developed into an important meeting place for visitors and athletes from the entire Greek world. Around 600 bce, the construction of the first temple, presumably dedicated to Hera, marked the beginning of the monumentalization of the sanctuary. At an unknown date in the Archaic period, probably during the sixth century bce, the Eleans seized direct control of Olympia and the surrounding region. The Temple of Zeus with its sculptural decoration was largely completed by 456 bce. In the 430s bce, Phidias created the cult image for the temple, a colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus. The multitude of victory and other monuments erected by Greek poleis testifies to the Panhellenic importance of Olympia as a place of display. During the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods, the infrastructure of the sanctuary was improved by the construction of the Leonidaion, the South Stoa, the Palaestra, and the Gymnasium. Several bath complexes, partly superseding older thermal buildings, were added in the Roman imperial period. The last known Olympic victor is recorded for 385 ce, but both the cult of Zeus and the competitions may have lingered on in a more informal manner for some time. In the early fifth century ce, a Christian settlement was established in the area of the sanctuary and existed at least until around 600 ce. A Slavic cemetery existed in the area of the new Museum from the second quarter of the seventh century ce onward. The site of the sanctuary was gradually covered by thick layers of sediment and fell into oblivion.
Incidence ofStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia in Patients Following Implantation of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Bengtsen Kasper Høtoft , Falkentoft Alexander Christian , Le Melanie Vuong , Haugan Ketil , Philbert Berit Thornvig , Johansen Jens Brock , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Riahi Sam , Nielsen Jens Cosedis , Larroudé Charlotte , Petersen Andreas , Larsen Anders Rhod , Østergaard Lauge , Fosbøl Emil , Bruun Niels Eske , Ruwald Anne-Christine 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is a high-risk condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the presence of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), SAB may cause or clinically indicate device infection. We aimed to estimate the 10-year absolute risk of SAB in adult Danish first-time CIED carriers. Secondary aims included identification of risk factors associated with SAB.MethodsA registry-based study utilizing Danish nationwide registers and including consecutive Danish patients undergoing first CIED implantation between 2000 and 2020 was conducted. The primary outcome was first-time SAB after CIED implantation.ResultsA total of 87 257 patients with first CIED implantation in the study period were identified (median age, 75 years; 62.6% were male; median follow-up, 3.8 years). Patients with pacemakers (PMs) were older and with more noncardiovascular comorbidities compared to patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices with or without defibrillator capacity (CRTs). In total, 1366 patients (1.6%) developed SAB. The 10-year absolute risk (95% confidence interval) of SAB was 2.0% (1.9%–2.1%) for PM, 2.6% (2.2%–3.1%) for ICD, and 3.7% (3.0%–4.5%) for CRT. A multivariable Cox analysis identified hemodialysis (hazard ratio [HR], 8.51), SAB before CIED (HR, 2.76), liver disease (HR, 2.35), and carrying a CRT device (HR, 1.68) among the covariates associated with increased risk of SAB.ConclusionsThe absolute risk of SAB in Danish CIED carriers increased with more advanced CIED systems. The risk was highest within the first 3 months after CIED implantation and increased with the presence of certain covariates including renal dialysis, SAB before CIED, male sex, and advancing age.
Benefits of Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Virus-induced Cross-neutralization Potential in Immunocompromised Transplant Patients and Healthy Individuals
Authors: Hauser David , Urda Lorena , Lang Christopher , Mittelholzer Christian , Otte Fabian , Kipfer Enja , Zhang Yuepeng , Lett Martin , Schebitz Christiane , Müller Roman-Ulrich , Klimkait Wilfried , Klimkait Thomas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Current COVID-19 vaccines primarily target the Spike protein of defined virus variants, offering limited protection against emerging variants in immunocompetent individuals. Similarly, protective immunity following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection is variable and of short duration, raising concerns about immunocompromised individuals' vaccination strategies.

Methods
This prospective multicenter study examined 66 sera from 59 immunocompromised and 451 sera from 215 immunocompetent individuals from different pandemic periods. We establish and validate a live virus-based neutralization assay to determine the virus-inactivating potential against ancestral and current SARS-CoV-2 isolates.

Results
Our virus-based neutralization assay demonstrated superior performance over surrogate neutralization assays. We found strong but transient immunity after complete vaccination schemes, with single doses providing minimum neutralization, regardless of vaccine type. Combining vaccination-induced immunity with SARS-CoV-2 infection before or after vaccination yielded higher neutralizing titers than vaccination or infection alone, consistent across both study groups. Additional doses after a full vaccination course restored neutralization levels.

Conclusions
Potentially protective SARS-CoV-2 neutralization is reliably induced in immunocompromised individuals by prior attenuation of immunosuppression. First-generation vaccines protect against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in immunocompetent individuals, with effective cross-neutralization demonstrated up to the Delta variant but largely absent for later Omicron variants. Continuous vaccine updates are necessary to address emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
The High Cost of Doing Good: Earnings in Social Assistance Jobs in the United States
Authors: Gautham Leila , Folbre Nancy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Workers in care occupations and industries in the United States earn less than counterparts with similar personal characteristics in other jobs. We document considerable gradation within care services, showing that workers employed in social assistance earn less than workers in other care industries such as education and healthcare. We posit that social assistance providers are particularly vulnerable to pay penalties because their clients suffer from low bargaining power, weak political voice, and cultural stigmatization. Institutional context matters—social assistance has witnessed a shift from public to private provision since the 1980s; unlike other care industries, private sector workers in social assistance (most of whom work in non-profits) earn less than their counterparts in the public sector. We suggest that public subcontracting to private firms is a cost-cutting strategy that has put downward pressure on the wages of social assistance providers.
Closed Reduction Followed by Percutaneous Fixation of Acute Femoral Neck Fractures in Young Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Michelitsch Christian , Jochum Benedikt , Baer Andrin , Haupt Samuel , Stillhard Philipp F. , Copp Jonathan , Sommer Christoph 
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the surgical outcomes of femoral neck fractures (FNF) in young adults treated with a closed reduction technique because it pertains to reduction quality, rates of union, and risk factors for complication.

METHODS:

Design:
Retrospective cohort study with radiograph and electronic medical record review.

Setting:
Level 1 Swiss Trauma Center.

Patient Selection Criteria:
Between 2012 and 2021, young adults with isolated FNF (AO/OTA 31-B1) treated with percutaneous internal fixation were selected. Exclusion criteria were open reduction technique, age older than 65 years or younger than 16 years, pathologic fractures, and associated femoral head or shaft fractures.

Outcome Measures and Comparisons:
Primary outcome was quality of reduction, as assessed by 3 experienced trauma surgeons' evaluation of intraoperative and/or first postoperative radiographs using the overall impression, the Garden alignment index, and Lowell criteria. In addition, clinical outcomes, conversion to arthroplasty, and complications after closed reduction and fixation of femoral neck fractures were reviewed.

RESULTS:
A total of 54 patients with a median interquartile range age of 57.5 (48–60) years were included. Among them, 22 (41%) were women and 32 (59%) were men. The closed reduction technique demonstrated satisfactory reduction results in up to 87% of cases. Major complications occurred in 19%, with 17% requiring conversion to total hip arthroplasty. Unacceptable or borderline acceptable reduction quality correlated significantly with the need for later conversion (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS:
The study supported the use of the closed reduction technique for acute FNF in patients younger than 65 years, achieving satisfactory reduction results in up to 87% of cases with comparable complication rates to treatment of young femoral neck fractures with open reduction. Furthermore, it underscored the significance of the surgeon's overall impression of reduction quality, alongside the established reduction criteria, the Garden alignment index, and Lowell criteria, in evaluating the quality of the reduction. In addition, risk of conversion to total hip arthroplasty was associated with worse closed reduction quality.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The 5T's of health disparities in multiple myeloma in Latin America
Authors: Martinez-Cordero Humberto , Fuentes-Lacouture Cynthia , von Glasenapp Alana , Peña Camila 
Published: September 2024

Purpose of review
Health disparities or inequities, which are defined as differences in the quality of medical and healthcare between populations among racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, have been validated in numerous studies as determinants of survival and quality of life in different diseases, including cancer.
Compared to the improvement in overall survival in developed countries in relation to better diagnostic opportunity and novel therapeutic approaches, low and middle-income countries still have significant barriers in accessing these therapies.
The potential impact of overcoming these barriers is immense and offers hope for better outcomes.

Recent findings
There is great heterogeneity in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to multiple myeloma among different latitudes. Latin America has been characterized by important limitations in using the best technologies currently available in developed countries.

Summary
Overcoming health disparities in multiple myeloma in LMICs could help improve survival and quality of life outcomes. Likewise, it is necessary to increase the representation of the Latin population in clinical studies, primarily in our region.
Perioperative immunotherapy in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Renzhi , Zou Chun , Zeng Liang , Zhang Yongchang 
Published: September 2024

Purpose of review
To evaluate and summarize the current clinical efficacy, safety, treatment patterns, and potential biomarkers, to guide future treatment strategies for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), improve patient prognosis, and provide a scientific basis for personalized therapy.

Recent findings
In recent years, the class of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), with programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors at the helm, has catalyzed groundbreaking advancements within the perioperative treatment milieu for NSCLC. With the positive results of several phase III clinical trials, perioperative immunotherapy has been confirmed to significantly reduce the risk of postoperative recurrence in resectable NSCLC, becoming the new standard for perioperative treatment of stages II to III NSCLC. With the advent of the perioperative immunotherapy era, clinical issues such as the selection of the treatment population, the choice of regimen, the duration of treatment, whether patients with pCR need further adjuvant therapy, and the comprehensive management of patients throughout the perioperative period have attracted widespread attention.

Summary
The perioperative treatment of NSCLC has fully entered the era of immunotherapy. Multiple clinical studies have confirmed that perioperative immunotherapy can significantly improve the survival benefit of resectable stages II to III NSCLC, establishing a new standard for the perioperative treatment of stages II to III NSCLC.
Interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis: Metabolism, function, and diseases
Authors: Jiang Qiaoling , Wan Rongjun , Jiang Juan , Li Tiao , Li Yantong , Yu Steven , Zhao Bingrong , Li Yuanyuan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent programmed cell death process driven by reactive oxygen species-mediated lipid peroxidation, is regulated by several metabolic processes, including iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and redox system. Macrophages are a group of innate immune cells that are widely distributed throughout the body, and play pivotal roles in maintaining metabolic balance by its phagocytic and efferocytotic effects. There is a profound association between the biological functions of macrophage and ferroptosis. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate three key aspects of the unique relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis, including macrophage metabolism and their regulation of cellular ferroptosis; ferroptotic stress that modulates functions of macrophage and promotion of inflammation; and the effects of macrophage ferroptosis and its role in diseases. Finally, we also summarize the possible mechanisms of macrophages in regulating the ferroptosis process at the global and local levels, as well as the role of ferroptosis in the macrophage-mediated inflammatory process, to provide new therapeutic insights for a variety of diseases.