bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loneliness in old age: Psychosocial and health predictors
Authors: Kaasa Karen 
Published: June 2016

Study objectives Design Main results 17% (CI 12.5–23.0) of the respondents answered yes. A significant correlation was demonstratedbetween a feeling of loneliness and low self-perceived health, low vision and poor hearing, low activity of dailylife (ADL) function, loss of a spouse, low social network, no hobbies and possession of a safety alarm. After amultiple regression analysis of the significant variables, the remaining variables as predictors for lonelinessincluded: number of social contacts, self-perceived health, using hearing aid and having a safety alarm.: : The information is obtained from a survey conducted among 232 inhabitants in this age group in the municipalityof Tønsberg, its Northern District. The interview data are composed of the responses from 202 elderlypeople living in a house or apartment (non-institutionalized) to the question «do you generally feel lonely?».The purpose of this article is to study the prevalence of loneliness in a group of elderly peopleover 80 years old and the sociodemographic, health-related and social predictors for experiencing loneliness.ABSTRACT:
First‐line antiretroviral therapy durability in a 10‐year cohort of naïve adults started on treatment in Uganda
Authors: Castelnuovo Barbara , Kiragga Agnes , Mubiru Frank , Kambugu Andrew , Kamya Moses , Reynolds Steven J 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionThe majority of studies from resource‐limited settings only report short‐term virological outcomes of patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART). We aim to describe the long‐term durability of first‐line ART and identify factors associated with long‐term virological outcomes.MethodsAt the Infectious Diseases Institute in Kampala, Uganda, 559 adult patients starting ART in 2004 were enrolled into a research cohort and monitored with viral load (VL) testing every six months for 10 years. We report the proportion and cumulative probability of 1) achieving virologic suppression (at least one VL <400 copies/ml); 2) experiencing virologic failure in patients who achieved suppression (two consecutive VLs >1000 copies/ml or one VL >5000, for those without a subsequent one); 3) treatment failure (not attaining virologic suppression or experiencing virologic failure). We used Cox regression methods to determine the characteristics associated with treatment failure. We included gender, baseline age, WHO stage, body mass index, CD4 count, propensity score for initial ART regimen, VL, time‐dependent CD4 count and adherence.ResultsOf the 559 patients enrolled, 472 (84.8%) had at least one VL (67 died, 13 were lost to follow‐up, 4 transferred, 2 had no VL available); 73.6% started on d4T/3TC/nevirapine and 26.4% on AZT/3TC/efavirenz. Patients in the two groups had similar characteristics, except for the higher proportion of patients in WHO Stage 3/4 and higher VL in the efavirenz‐based group. Four hundred thirty‐nine (93%) patients achieved virologic suppression with a cumulative probability of 0.94 (confidence interval (CI): 0.92–0.96); 74/439 (16.9%) experienced virologic failure with a cumulative probability of 0.18 (CI: 0.15–0.22). In the multivariate analysis, initial d4T/3TC/nevirapine regimen (hazard ratio (HR): 3.02; CI: 3.02 (1.66–5.44, p<0.001)) and baseline VL ≥5 log10 copies/ml (HR: 2.29; CI: 1.29–4.04) were associated with treatment failures; patients of older age (HR: 0.87 per five‐year increase; CI: 0.77–0.99), with adherence >95% (HR: 0.04; CI: 0.02–0.11) and with higher time‐dependent CD4 count (HR: 0.94 per 50 cells/µl increase; CI: 0.92–0.99, p<0.001) were less likely to experience treatment failure.ConclusionsThe long‐term virological outcomes from this cohort are promising and comparable to those from research‐rich settings. Our results provide further evidence that efavirenz is associated with better virological outcomes.
Silicon and Silicon Alloys, Production and Uses
Authors: Dosaj Vishu , Tveit Halvard 
Published: June 2016

Silicon, a low density chemical element having nonmetallic characteristics, is the second most abundant element in the lithosphere (after oxygen). Silicon occurs naturally in the form of oxides and silicates and constitutes over 25% of the earth's crust.The production of silicon from silica and silicon refining technology are discussed in this article as well as the primary uses in the chemical, aluminum, solar electronics, and ceramic industries are also discussed. Silicon is the chemical precursor of silicones, a versatile, fast‐growing market, and of advanced ceramics such as silicon nitride. It forms alloys with a large number of metallic elements; many of these alloys are of importance to the production and refining of irons and steels. The most prevalent are the ferrosilicons, production of which is discussed. Silicon is also one of the leading elements used for making photovoltaic cells for conversion of sun light to electricity and for manufacturing semiconductors in the electronics industry.
Dyeing
Authors: Bide Martin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDyes are used to color textile fibers, paper, and leather. The properties of the dyes and of the substrates to which they are applied drive the dyeing process. Dyeing occurs when a soluble colorant is adsorbed at the surface of a fibrous substrate, and then diffuses into the substrate. The article provides a detailed examination of this basic process in both theoretical and practical terms.
Immunoassay
Authors: Taylor Richard F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractImmunoassay, a diagnostic and measurement method that utilizes antibodies to detect and quantify specific analytes (antigens), is characterized by high analyte specificity, high sensitivity (routinely detecting ng to pg analyte levels), and rapid data output. It is amenable to a variety of formats, from single immunoassays carried out manually, to fully automated instruments capable of performing multiple assays on the same or different analytes. Immunoassay quantification methods are based on immunoprecipitation, such as agglutination assays, or on specific indicator reagents linked to antibody or antigen reagents used in the immunoassay. These include radioisotopes for radioimmunoassay, enzymes for enzyme‐linked immunoassay, fluorophores for fluorescence immunoassay, and chemicals or proteins for chemiluminescent or bioluminescent immunoassay. Immunoassay technology is continuing to evolve and applications have moved beyond traditional clinical settings to industry and the environment. Immunoassays are also serving as the basis for newer measurement technologies including hybrid immunoassay‐nucleic acid probe assays, immunobiosensors, and antibody‐based microarrays.
Diesel Fuels for Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Hancsók Jenő 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDiesel fuel is used in a wide variety of engines ranging from small passenger cars to large trucks and construction equipment. Currently, light‐ and heavy‐duty cars and buses mainly have diesel engines. Unlike the spark‐ignited gasoline engine, the diesel engine employs compression ignition, which offers a number of advantages such as improved energy efficiency and no knock concerns but also has some disadvantages.Some consumers, especially in the United States, perceive diesel as noisy, smoky, and hard to start in the winter. The fuel economy benefit that diesel engines can offer is not attractive when gasoline prices are relatively low. However, in other countries, diesel engines have a more positive image; in the European Union, for example, diesel engines constituted more than 60% of new car passenger and light‐duty truck sales (2013).The article describes the principles of diesel engine operation, and the composition, characteristics, and standards and production of diesel fuel.
Understanding evapotranspiration trends and their driving mechanisms over the NLDAS domain based on numerical experiments using CLM4.5
Authors: Parr Dana , Wang Guiling , Fu Congsheng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPrevious studies documented a recent decline of the global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) trend, of which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Based on experiments using the Community Land Model version 4.5 driven with the North American Land Data Assimilation System phase‐2 (NLDAS‐2) forcing data, this study investigates the variation and changes of ET trends at the continental scale and the mechanisms underlying these changes. Simulations are conducted over the NLDAS domain including the contiguous U.S. and part of Mexico for the period of 1980–2014. Changes of ET trend are derived based on the two subperiods 1982–1997 and 1998–2008. The strongest signals of trend change, of either sign, are primarily located in dry regimes, where ET is limited by water rather than energy. Sensitivity experiments were performed to isolate the impact of some of the most influential factors on the changing ET trends. Results indicate that trends in wind speed and surface air temperature had negligible impact on the ET trend and its changes within the study domain, and the ET trend and its changes are dominated by changes in precipitation amount. Changes in precipitation characteristics including the frequency and intensity are suggested to have a secondary effect on the ET trend changes through modifying the partitioning of water between infiltration and runoff. These findings are further supported by correlation coefficients between ET and various driving factors. Results from this study may be region specific and therefore may not hold for ET trend changes over the rest of the globe.
Linking high‐frequency DOC dynamics to the age of connected water sources
Authors: Tunaley C. , Tetzlaff D. , Lessels J. , Soulsby C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe combined high‐frequency dissolved organic matter fluorescence (FDOM) data with stable isotope observations to identify the sources and ages of runoff that cause temporal variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within a peat‐dominated Scottish catchment. FDOM was strongly correlated (r2 ∼ 0.8) with DOC, allowing inference of a 15 min time series. We captured 34 events over a range of hydrological conditions. Along with marked seasonality, different event responses were observed during summer depending on dry or wet antecedent conditions. The majority of events exhibited anticlockwise hysteresis as a result of the expansion of the riparian saturation zone, mobilizing previously unconnected DOC sources. Water ages from the main runoff sources were extracted from a tracer‐aided hydrological model. Particularly useful were ages of overland flow, which were negatively correlated with DOC concentration. Overland flow age, which ranged between 0.2 and 360 days, reflected antecedent conditions, with younger water generally mobilizing the highest DOC concentrations in summer events. During small events with dry antecedent conditions, DOC response was proportionally higher due to the displacement and mixing of small volumes of previously unconnected highly concentrated riparian soil waters by new precipitation. During large events with wet antecedent conditions, the riparian saturation zone expands to organic layers on the hillslopes causing peaks in DOC. However, these peaks were limited by dilution and supply. This study highlights the utility of linking high‐frequency DOC measurements with other tracers, allowing the effects of hydrologic connectivity and antecedent conditions on delivery of DOC to streams to be assessed.
Causes of unrest at silicic calderas in the East African Rift: New constraints from InSAR and soil‐gas chemistry at Aluto volcano, Ethiopia
Authors: Hutchison William , Biggs Juliet , Mather Tamsin A. , Pyle David M. , Lewi Elias , Yirgu Gezahegn , Caliro Stefano , Chiodini Giovanni , Clor Laura E. , Fischer Tobias P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRestless silicic calderas present major geological hazards, and yet many also host significant untapped geothermal resources. In East Africa, this poses a major challenge, although the calderas are largely unmonitored their geothermal resources could provide substantial economic benefits to the region. Understanding what causes unrest at these volcanoes is vital for weighing up the opportunities against the potential risks. Here we bring together new field and remote sensing observations to evaluate causes of ground deformation at Aluto, a restless silicic volcano located in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data reveal the temporal and spatial characteristics of a ground deformation episode that took place between 2008 and 2010. Deformation time series reveal pulses of accelerating uplift that transition to gradual long‐term subsidence, and analytical models support inflation source depths of ∼5 km. Gases escaping along the major fault zone of Aluto show high CO2 flux, and a clear magmatic carbon signature (CO2‐δ13C of −4.2‰ to −4.5‰). This provides compelling evidence that the magmatic and hydrothermal reservoirs of the complex are physically connected. We suggest that a coupled magmatic‐hydrothermal system can explain the uplift‐subsidence signals. We hypothesize that magmatic fluid injection and/or intrusion in the cap of the magmatic reservoir drives edifice‐wide inflation while subsequent deflation is related to magmatic degassing and depressurization of the hydrothermal system. These new constraints on the plumbing of Aluto yield important insights into the behavior of rift volcanic systems and will be crucial for interpreting future patterns of unrest.
Propagation of equatorial noise to low altitudes: Decoupling from the magnetosonic mode
Authors: Santolík O. , Parrot M. , Němec F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEquatorial noise (often phenomenologically described as magnetosonic waves in the literature) is a natural electromagnetic emission, which is generated by instability of ion distributions and which can interact with electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. We use multicomponent electromagnetic measurements of the DEMETER spacecraft to investigate if equatorial noise propagates inward down to the Earth. Analysis of a selected event recorded under disturbed geomagnetic conditions shows that equatorial noise can be observed at an altitude of 700 km, while propagating radially downward as a superposition of spectral lines from different distant sources observed at frequencies both below and above the local proton cyclotron frequency. Changes in the local ion composition encountered by the waves during their inward propagation disconnect the identified wave mode from the low‐frequency magnetosonic mode. The local ion composition also induces a cutoff which prevents the waves from propagating down to the ground.
Dominant role of winds near Sri Lanka in driving seasonal sea level variations along the west coast of India
Authors: Suresh I. , Vialard J. , Izumo T. , Lengaigne M. , Han W. , McCreary J. , Muraleedharan P. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe strong seasonal cycle of sea level along the west coast of India (WCI) has important consequences for ecosystem and fisheries, and the Lakshadweep high/low in the southeast Arabian Sea is important for fisheries and the Indian summer monsoon. Previous studies suggested that WCI sea level variability is primarily driven by remote wind forcing from the Bay of Bengal and equatorial Indian Ocean through coastal Kelvin wave propagation. Using a linear ocean model, we demonstrate that wind forcing in a relatively small region around the southern tip of India and east of Sri Lanka contribute to ~60% of this variability. Wind variations from the rest of the Bay and the equator only account respectively for ~20% and ~10%. Sea level signals forced by the “southern tip” winds extend westward into the eastern Arabian Sea through Rossby wave propagation, with more than 50% contribution in the Lakshadweep high/low region.
Reconstructing time series and their uncertainty from observations with universal noise
Authors: Sambridge M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA new approach is presented for the reconstruction of time series and other (y,x) functions from observables with any type of stochastic noise. In particular, noise may exist in both dependent and independent variables, i.e.,yandx, ort, and may even be correlated between these variables. This situation occurs in many areas of the geosciences when the independent time variable is itself the result of a measurement process, such as in paleo– sea level estimation. Uncertainty in the recovered time series is quantified in probabilistic terms using Bayesian changepoint modeling. The main contribution of the paper is the derivation of a new form of integrated likelihood function which can measure the data fit for a curve to (y,t) observables contaminated by any type of random noise. Closed form expressions are found for the special case of correlated Gaussian data noise and curves built from the sum of piecewise linear polynomials. The technique is illustrated by estimating relative sea level variations, over the last five glacial cycles, from a data set of 1928δ18O measurements. Comparisons are also made with other techniques including those that assume an error free “independent” variable. Experiments illustrate several benefits of accounting for timing errors. These include allowing rigorous uncertainty information of both time‐dependent signals and their gradients. Derivatives of the integrated likelihood function are also given, which allow implementation of likelihood maximization. The new likelihood function better reflects real errors in data and can improve recovery of the estimated time series.
An intercomparison of the thermal offset for different pyranometers
Authors: Sanchez G. , Cancillo M. L. , Serrano A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn unprecedented intensive intercomparison campaign focused on the experimental measurement of the thermal offset of pyranometers has been conducted at Badajoz (Spain) with the participation of three main manufacturers. The purpose of this study is to compare the thermal offset of six commercially available pyranometers, being some of them widely used and others recently commercialized. In this campaign, the capping methodology has been used to experimentally measure the daytime thermal offset of the pyranometers. Thus, a short but intense campaign has been conducted in two selected summer days under clear‐sky conditions, covering a large range of solar zenith angle, irradiance, and temperature. Along the campaign, a total of 305 capping events have been performed, 61 for each pyranometer. The daytime thermal offset obtained for different pyranometers ranges between 0 and −16.8 W/m2 depending on the environmental conditions, being sometimes notably higher than values estimated indoors by manufacturers. The thermal offset absolute value of all instruments shows a diurnal cycle, increasing from sunrise to central hours of the day and decreasing from midafternoon to sunset. The analysis demonstrates that thermal offset is notably higher and more variable during daytime than during nighttime, requiring specific daytime measurements. Main results emphasize the key role played by wind speed in modulating the thermal offset.
Discovery of a widespread low‐latitude diurnal CO2 frost cycle on Mars
Authors: Piqueux Sylvain , Kleinböhl Armin , Hayne Paul O. , Heavens Nicholas G. , Kass David M. , McCleese Daniel J. , Schofield John T. , Shirley James H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhile the detection of CO2 ice has only been reported outside the Martian polar regions at very high elevation (i.e., Elysium, Olympus Mons, and the Tharsis Montes), nighttime surface observations by the Mars Climate Sounder on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter document the widespread occurrence of atmospherically corrected ground temperatures consistent with the presence of extensive carbon dioxide frost deposits in the dusty low thermal inertia units at middle/low latitudes. Thermal infrared emissivities, interpreted in conjunction with mass balance modeling, suggest micrometer size CO2 ice crystals forming optically thin layers never exceeding a few hundreds of microns in thickness (i.e., 10−2 kg m−2) locally, which is insufficient to generate a measurable diurnal pressure cycle (<<0.1% of the Martian atmosphere). Atmospheric temperatures at middle/low latitudes are not consistent with precipitation of CO2 ice, suggesting that condensation occurs on the surface. The recurring growth and sublimation of CO2 ice on Martian dusty terrains may be an important process preventing soil induration and promoting dynamic phenomena (soil avalanching and fluidization and regolith gardening), maintaining a reservoir of micrometer size dust particles that are mobile and available for lifting. The discovery of this diurnal CO2 cycle represents an important step forward in our understanding of the way the Martian atmosphere interacts with the surface.
Analytical Nanotoxicology
Authors: Caballero‐Díaz Encarnación 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The inclusion of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in a large number of consumer products and their potential use for medical purposes leads to an urgent need for designing and establishing toxicity assessment protocols that allow for obtaining information on potential harmful effects of NPs at cellular and organism levels (in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively). For defining the toxicological profile of NPs, exhaustive characterization studies are firstly needed in order to correlate the observed biological response with well‐characterized NPs. This article summarizes the key aspects about NP characterization to be considered in any toxicological study. Characterized NPs are then assayed by in vitro toxicity screening tests based on cell culture systems, existing numerous available testing platforms whose choice depends on the cellular effect to be analyzed. For further corroboration of the effects reported on cell lines, in vivo experiments are finally conducted on experimental animals where investigation about pharmacokinetics provides a better understanding on biological behavior of NPs, creating more realistic scenarios for risk assessment. This article describes the most commonly used analytical strategies for in vitro and in vivo nanotoxicity assessment. A final section is also included for setting the reader in a context on challenges and future prospects in nanotoxicity.
Single‐Cell Hypoxia: Current Analytical Techniques and Future Opportunities
Authors: Pappas Dimitri 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Hypoxia, or insufficient dissolved oxygen, can be both a driver of biological function and a by‐product of disease. Hypoxia response in cells is a complex process, regulated by hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1. Single‐cell analysis allows both differences in hypoxia response and differences in oxygen transport to be studied. In this article, we discuss the biological aspects of hypoxia in both normal and diseased tissues and cells. We also review new and emerging analytical methods to study hypoxia, including microfluidic hypoxia systems, spectroscopic probes, and analyses for drug resistance, cell biology, and other applications.