bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic surfactant-stripped frozen micelles
Authors: Zhang Yumiao , Song Wentao , Geng Jumin , Chitgupi Upendra , Unsal Hande , Federizon Jasmin , Rzayev Javid , Sukumaran Dinesh K. , Alexandridis Paschalis , Lovell Jonathan F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractInjectable hydrophobic drugs are typically dissolved in surfactants and non-aqueous solvents which can induce negative side-effects. Alternatives like ‘top-down’ fine milling of excipient-free injectable drug suspensions are not yet clinically viable and ‘bottom-up’ self-assembled delivery systems usually substitute one solubilizing excipient for another, bringing new issues to consider. Here, we show that Pluronic (Poloxamer) block copolymers are amenable to low-temperature processing to strip away all free and loosely bound surfactant, leaving behind concentrated, kinetically frozen drug micelles containing minimal solubilizing excipient. This approach was validated for phylloquinone, cyclosporine, testosterone undecanoate, cabazitaxel and seven other bioactive molecules, achieving sizes between 45 and 160 nm and drug to solubilizer molar ratios 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than current formulations. Hypertonic saline or co-loaded cargo was found to prevent aggregation in some cases. Use of surfactant-stripped micelles avoided potential risks associated with other injectable formulations. Mechanistic insights are elucidated and therapeutic dose responses are demonstrated.
High-energy side-peak emission of exciton-polariton condensates in high density regime
Authors: Horikiri Tomoyuki , Yamaguchi Makoto , Kamide Kenji , Matsuo Yasuhiro , Byrnes Tim , Ishida Natsuko , Löffler Andreas , Höfling Sven , Shikano Yutaka , Ogawa Tetsuo , Forchel Alfred , Yamamoto Yoshihisa 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn a standard semiconductor laser, electrons and holes recombine via stimulated emission to emit coherent light, in a process that is far from thermal equilibrium. Exciton-polariton condensates–sharing the same basic device structure as a semiconductor laser, consisting of quantum wells coupled to a microcavity–have been investigated primarily at densities far below the Mott density for signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation. At high densities approaching the Mott density, exciton-polariton condensates are generally thought to revert to a standard semiconductor laser, with the loss of strong coupling. Here, we report the observation of a photoluminescence sideband at high densities that cannot be accounted for by conventional semiconductor lasing. This also differs from an upper-polariton peak by the observation of the excitation power dependence in the peak-energy separation. Our interpretation as a persistent coherent electron-hole-photon coupling captures several features of this sideband, although a complete understanding of the experimental data is lacking. A full understanding of the observations should lead to a development in non-equilibrium many-body physics.
Nutritional properties of the largest bamboo fruit Melocanna baccifera and its ecological significance
Authors: Govindan Balaji , Johnson Anil John , Nair Sadasivan Nair Ajikumaran , Gopakumar Bhaskaran , Mallampalli Karuna Sri Lakshmi , Venkataraman Ramaswamy , Koshy Konnath Chacko , Baby Sabulal 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMelocanna baccifera is a unique bamboo which produces the largest fruits in the grass family. Its gregarious flowering once in 45–50 years in north east India and adjacent regions is a botanical enigma, resulting in a glut of fruits. Proper utilization of M. baccifera fruits is not extant and huge quantities of fruits are left underexploited due to lack of scientific information on their chemical composition and nutritional potential. Here we report the nutritional properties of M. baccifera fruits and the ecological significance of its fruiting. This pear-shaped, fleshy bamboo fruit is rich in amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid), sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) and phenolics (ferulic acid). Protein content (free, bound) in M. baccifera fruits is very low. Fruits are rich in saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid), minerals (potassium) and only B series vitamins (B3) are detected in them. Rat feeding experiments showed that M. baccifera fruit alone is not a complete food, but with other protein supplements, it is a valuable food additive. This study could lead to better utilization of M. baccifera fruits during future flowering/fruiting events. These results could also help in the successful management of rodent outbreaks and other ecological problems associated with M. baccifera fruiting.
Cell-cell contact and matrix adhesion promote αSMA expression during TGFβ1-induced epithelial-myofibroblast transition via Notch and MRTF-A
Authors: O’Connor Joseph W. , Mistry Krunal , Detweiler Dayne , Wang Clayton , Gomez Esther W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDuring epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) epithelial cells lose cell-cell adhesion, exhibit morphological changes and upregulate the expression of cytoskeletal proteins. Previous studies have demonstrated that complete disruption of cell-cell contact can promote transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT and the expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Furthermore, increased cell spreading mediates TGFβ1-induced αSMA expression during EMT. Here, we sought to examine how the presence of partial cell-cell contacts impacts EMT. A microfabrication approach was employed to decouple the effects of cell-cell contact and cell-matrix adhesion in TGFβ1-induced EMT. When cell spreading is controlled, the presence of partial cell-cell contacts enhances expression of αSMA. Moreover, cell spreading and intercellular contacts together control the subcellular localization of activated Notch1 and myocardin related transcription factor (MRTF)-A. Knockdown of Notch1 or MRTF-A as well as pharmacological inhibition of these pathways abates the cell-cell contact mediated expression of αSMA. These data suggest that the interplay between cell-matrix adhesion and intercellular adhesion is an important determinant for some aspects of TGFβ1-induced EMT.
Removal of electrostatic artifacts in magnetic force microscopy by controlled magnetization of the tip: application to superparamagnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Angeloni Livia , Passeri Daniele , Reggente Melania , Mantovani Diego , Rossi Marco 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMagnetic force microscopy (MFM) has been demonstrated as valuable technique for the characterization of magnetic nanomaterials. To be analyzed by MFM techniques, nanomaterials are generally deposited on flat substrates, resulting in an additional contrast in MFM images due to unavoidable heterogeneous electrostatic tip-sample interactions, which cannot be easily distinguished from the magnetic one. In order to correctly interpret MFM data, a method to remove the electrostatic contributions from MFM images is needed. In this work, we propose a new MFM technique, called controlled magnetization MFM (CM-MFM), based on thein situcontrol of the probe magnetization state, which allows the evaluation and the elimination of electrostatic contribution in MFM images. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated through a challenging case study, i.e., the analysis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in absence of applied external magnetic field. Our CM-MFM technique allowed us to acquire magnetic images depurated of the electrostatic contributions, which revealed that the magnetic field generated by the tip is sufficient to completely orient the superparamagnetic nanoparticles and that the magnetic tip-sample interaction is describable through simple models once the electrostatic artifacts are removed.
Terahertz Modulator based on Metamaterials integrated with Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Varactors
Authors: Nouman Muhammad Tayyab , Kim Hyun-Woong , Woo Jeong Min , Hwang Ji Hyun , Kim Dongju , Jang Jae-Hyung 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe terahertz (THz) band of the electromagnetic spectrum, with frequencies ranging from 300 GHz to 3 THz, has attracted wide interest in recent years owing to its potential applications in numerous areas. Significant progress has been made toward the development of devices capable of actively controlling terahertz waves; nonetheless, further advances in device functionality are necessary for employment of these devices in practical terahertz systems. Here, we demonstrate a low voltage, sharp switching terahertz modulator device based on metamaterials integrated with metal semiconductor metal (MSM) varactors, fabricated on an AlGaAs/InGaAs based heterostructure. By varying the applied voltage to the MSM-varactor located at the center of split ring resonator (SRR), the resonance frequency of the SRR-based metamaterial is altered. Upon varying the bias voltage from 0 V to 3 V, the resonance frequency exhibits a transition from 0.52 THz to 0.56 THz, resulting in a modulation depth of 45 percent with an insertion loss of 4.3 dB at 0.58 THz. This work demonstrates a new approach for realizing active terahertz devices with improved functionalities.
Forearm Fixation is Not Necessary in the Treatment of Pediatric Floating Elbow
Authors: Blumberg Todd J. , Bremjit Prashoban , Bompadre Viviana , Steinman Suzanne 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Ipsilateral supracondylar humerus and forearm fractures in the pediatric population are an uncommon injury associated with high-energy trauma. Current literature suggests a high rate of compartmental syndrome with this fracture pattern and recommends surgical stabilization of both injuries. We investigate whether surgical treatment of the supracondylar fracture with closed reduction of the forearm fracture and placement into a noncircumferential cast may be an appropriate treatment.

Methods:
Retrospective clinical and radiographic review of 47 patients (22 male, 25 female; mean age 6 y) with modified Gartland type 2 or type 3 supracondylar humerus fracture requiring surgical stabilization and an ipsilateral forearm fracture from a single institution over 78 months.

Results:
Forty-seven pediatric “floating elbow” cases that had operative management of the supracondylar fracture were identified. A total of 21/47 (45%) had displaced forearm fractures that required closed manipulation. Of these, 17/21 (81%) underwent closed reduction of the displaced forearm fracture(s) and were placed into a noncircumferential cast or splint. No patients lost reduction or required remanipulation of either fracture. No patients developed signs of elevated compartment pressures. All patients went on to radiographic union without secondary procedures.

Conclusions:
We demonstrate that a supracondylar humerus fracture with an ipsilateral forearm fracture can be safely managed with operative stabilization of the supracondylar humerus fracture alone. Simultaneous closed reduction of the ipsilateral displaced forearm fracture and use of noncircumferential immobilization postoperatively is safe and was not associated with the development of elevated compartment pressures or need for remanipulation. Previous studies that relate a high rate of compartment syndrome with this injury pattern may be misguided, as method of postoperative immobilization may be a more significant factor in the development of elevated compartment pressures than the injury pattern.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF A MACULAR HOLE IN X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS
Authors: Stein Gregory E. , Lee Song Eun , Chen Royce W. S. , Yannuzzi Lawrence , Chang Stanley 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of full-thickness macular hole in a patient with X-linked retinoschisis and the outcome after surgical repair.

Methods:
A 15-year-old boy with a history of X-linked retinoschisis presented to his ophthalmologist for routine follow-up and was found to have a Stage-3 macular hole in his left eye. His vision was 20/200. The patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling, and he received long-acting gas. Color fundus photography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditech Inc, Dublin, CA) recorded images at office visits, before and after surgical repair.

Results:
The initial spectral domain optical coherence tomography of the left eye showed a full-thickness macular hole of 1,370 μm in diameter as well as schisis cavities in the macula. After pars plana vitrectomy and repeat fluid–gas exchange, the hole was closed at the sixth-week follow-up visit. The patient noted a subjective decrease in the size of a central scotoma. Best-corrected visual acuity returned to the baseline of 20/80.

Conclusion:
A large full-thickness macular hole can develop in X-linked retinoschisis, and pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling may be helpful for successful surgical closure.
An 11-Year Review of Keratoplasty in a Tertiary Referral Center in Turkey: Changing Surgical Techniques for Similar Indications
Authors: Bozkurt Tahir Kansu , Acar Banu , Kilavuzoglu Ayşe Ebru , Akdemir Mehmet Orçun , Hamilton David Rex , Cosar Yurteri Cemile Banu , Acar Suphi 
Published: May 2016

Objectives:
Study aims to evaluate the indications and surgical techniques for corneal transplantation and to report changes in trends for preferred keratoplasty surgical techniques.

Methods:
Clinical records of 815 consecutive corneal transplantations between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2014 in Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital Eye Clinic were analyzed and classified into seven broad groups according to indications. Main outcome measures were change of leading indications and trends for surgical techniques.

Results:
Leading indications for keratoplasty were keratoconus (KCN) (27.7%), bullous keratopathy (BK) (23%), postinfectious corneal scars (13.5%), regrafts (13.1%), corneal dystrophies (12.1%), and noninfectious corneal scars (5.4%). Regrafts were the only indication with a significantly increasing trend (P<0.01). Since the introduction of lamellar keratoplasty (LK) techniques including deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), there was a significant increasing trend in number and percentage of both LK techniques (DALK; P=0.001 and P=0.007, and DSAEK; P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) and a significant corresponding decline in the percentage of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) (P<0.01). Similarly, DALK and DSAEK replaced PK as the preferred surgical technique for KCN and BK indications, (P=0.007 and P=0.01, respectively). Although PK was the most common surgical technique over the 11-year period (54.7%), both anterior and posterior LK techniques showed an emerging trend as the procedures of choice when indicated.

Conclusions:
No major shift was observed in the clinical indications for corneal transplantation over the previous 11 years, except for regrafts. Lamellar keratoplasty techniques largely overtook the PK technique, but PK was still the overall preferred technique in the era when both LK techniques were used.
Residual Gastric Volume After Bowel Preparation With Polyethylene Glycol for Elective Colonoscopy
Authors: Cheng Chi-Liang , Liu Nai-Jen , Tang Jui-Hsiang , Kuo Yen-Lin , Lin Cheng-Hui , Tsui Yi-Ning , Lee Bai-Ping , Tai Yun-Chiu , Su Ming-Yao , Chiu Cheng-Tang 
Published: May 2016

Goal:To examine the residual gastric volume (RGV) in colonoscopy after bowel preparations with 3-L polyethylene glycol (PEG).Background:Obstacles to high-volume bowel preparation by anesthesia providers resulting from concerns over aspiration risk are common during colonoscopy.Study:Prospective measurements of RGV were performed in patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and morning colonoscopy with split-dose PEG preparation, patients undergoing EGD and afternoon colonoscopy with same-day PEG preparation, and patients undergoing EGD alone under moderate conscious sedation. Colonoscopy patients were allowed to ingest clear liquids until 2 hours before the procedure. Patients undergoing EGD alone were instructed to eat/drink nothing after midnight.Results:There were 860 evaluated patients, including 330 in the split-dose preparation group, 100 in the same-day preparation group, and 430 in the EGD-only group. Baseline demographics and disease/medication factors were similar. The mean RGV in patients receiving the same-day preparation (35.4 mL or 0.56 mL/kg) was significantly higher than that in patients receiving the split-dose preparation (28.5 mL or 0.45 mL/kg) and in patients undergoing EGD alone (22.8 mL or 0.36 mL/kg) (P=0.023 andP<0.0001, respectively). Within the bowel-preparation groups, patients with fasting times of 2 to 3 hours had similar RGV compared with patients who had fasting times >3 hours. The shape of the distribution and the range of RGV among the 3 study groups were similar. No aspiration occurred in any group.Conclusions:PEG bowel preparations increase RGV mildly, but seem to have no clinical significance. These results support the current fasting guidelines for colonoscopy.
Young women’s lived experience of participating in a positive youth development programme
Authors: Sorhaindo Annik , Mitchell Kirstin , Fletcher Adam , Jessiman Patricia , Keogh Peter , Bonell Chris 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– Evaluation of the Teens & Toddlers (T & T) positive youth development (PYD) and teenage pregnancy prevention programme suggested that the intervention had minimal effectiveness partly due to its unclear theory of change. The purpose of this paper is to examine the lived experiences of young women participating in the programme to contribute to a clearer understanding of intervention process and potential mechanisms.Design/methodology/approach– The authors conducted four focus groups (n=20), eight paired or triad interviews (n=12) and 15 interviews with young women participating in an randomized controlled trial of the T & T programme in England, analysing these data using a phenomenological approach.Findings– T & T provided some opportunities to experience the “five Cs” that underpin PYD programme theory: competence, confidence, connection, character and caring. However, the young women did not experience the programme in a way that would consistently develop these characteristics. The lack of opportunities for skill-building and challenge in the activities constrained their ability to build competence and confidence. Some programme facilitators and counsellors were able to achieve connections and caring relationships with the young women, though other adults involved in the programme were sometimes perceived by the participants as overly critical. The character development activities undertaken in the programme addressed attitudes towards sexual risk-taking.Originality/value– Few studies of the PYD approach examine young people’s perspectives. This research suggests that the young women were not consistently provided with opportunities to achieve youth development within the T & T programmes. In refining the programme, more thought is needed regarding how delivery of particular components may facilitate or impede a PYD experience.
The real mission of pricing: beyond numbers to management partner
Authors: Docters Robert G. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to point out that most pricing organizations are not forward looking, rather they are focused on outdated price points and reviewing past negotiations. For the greatest return, pricing organizations must be strategic, and this will boost returns from 1-2 per cent (which may represent the “Hawthorne Effect”) to 5-10+% revenue growth.

Design/methodology/approach
The author examines best practices in the airline, hi-tech, software, chemical, diagnostic testing and manufacturing industries. Case studies show that sales and other line organizations are highly adept at subverting pricing rules not compatible with market dynamics.

Findings
Pricing organizations must be designed with broader scope of influence and situated so as to work closely with other functions. Pricing organizations require “analytic horsepower” to correctly anticipate the market, and be credible within company. The head of pricing must be sufficiently senior (VP or SVP) to be part of top-management dialogues for sufficient results.

Research limitations/implications
This paper is based on examination of 20+ industries only.

Practical implications
The author offers guidance on organizational structure, resources and return on building a world-class pricing function, and highlights common mis-steps and best practices.

Social implications
The paper also details the differences between a narrow “transactional” approval function and a strategic market-oriented function. Social implication is moving from focus on increasing price level to increasing revenues and better price structures which address needs.

Originality/value
This paper offers a new perspective on pricing functions within companies. Most managers are not aware that pricing organizations are focused on the past. The papers’ value is to shift management focus to future pricing challenges, new structures, price points, discounting rules and competitors.
Playing with pirates: how companies can win the endgame
Authors: Grolleau Gilles , El Harbi Sana , Békir Insaf 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to expose two mechanisms by which pirated firms that market cultural goods can strategically use piracy to increase their profits.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors interpret several world examples through the lens of behavioral economics to identify mechanisms that can make pirates’ initiatives profitable for the intellectual property rights holders. They also address two principal objections to “beneficial piracy”.

Findings
First, intrinsically motivated pirates can be in a better position to shape consumers’ preferences in a sense favorable to the firm profit. Second, pirates can generate strategic information that can help original producers to increase their profits.

Research limitations/implications
Fighting piracy can be perfectly justified from a legal viewpoint while constituting simultaneously a bad decision for a business viewpoint. Moreover, some pirates follow ethical rules that can lead to a symbiotic relationship with pirated businesses. Nevertheless, the generalization of our analysis must be undertaken with caution given that our arguments have been developed out of observations of particular institutional settings.

Practical implications
Distinguishing “good pirates” from “bad ones” can lead managers to reconsider the systematic disapproval of copyright infringement in favor of more nuanced approaches.

Social implications
Piracy can be useful under some circumstances for the pirated firm and even for the whole society, by increasing access to cultural goods.

Originality/value
The authors identify two mechanisms that can make piracy profitable for pirated firms. These insights can help managers to avoid a “one-size-fits-all” policy regarding piracy and to seek how to create conditions for a mutual and shared success.