bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De relatie tussen racisme en criminaliteit in Nederland
Authors: Joosen Katharina J. 
Published: December 2016

The relation between racism and criminality in the Netherlands
Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean migrants have been overrepresented in (official) Dutch crime statistics for years. From Hirschi’s Social Control Theory and the Theory of African-American Offending, this study investigates to what degree racism based on skin color is related to self-reported offending among Surinam and Dutch Caribbean migrants in The Netherlands. A total of 91 online questionnaires were filled out regarding skin color, experiences with racism, and offending. Results show that darker-skinned respondents experienced more racism and that more racism was reported by the respondents who committed more offenses; especially regarding violent and drug-related offenses.
De bestuurlijke aanpak van het jihadisme
Authors: van der Vorm Benny 
Published: December 2016

The administrative approach to Jihadism
In the fight against terrorism, administrative measures are increasingly applied. This is called the administrative approach on terrorism. A recent bill seeks to the withdrawal of the Dutch citizenship of those who are suspected of certain terrorist activities abroad and when such is needed in the context of national security. Under this bill it is made possible to withdraw the Dutch citizenship of those who voluntarily join a terrorist group abroad. The idea behind this proposed administrative measure is to protect the national security of the Netherlands, by banning those who voluntarily joined a jihadi organization and pose a threat to national security due to their return. The bill has several major drawbacks: the limited legal protection of the persons concerned, the possible criminal nature of this measure and doubts about its effectiveness.
Weerbaarder door reflectie
Authors: Geenen Marie-José , Stolzenbach Frank , Tedeschi Diana , van der Roest Camiel , Jansen Janine , Kolthoff Emile 
Published: December 2016

More resilience through reflection Experiences in a Dutch prison
This article discusses the importance of reflection for prison staff. Their work is both physical and emotionally incriminating. That increases risk on turnover, burn-out, psychosomatic diseases and negative experiences with prisoners. To render all challenges in their work it’s important to build up resiliency. One of the means to stimulate resilience is organized reflection. It is described how guided by experts, reflecting on own experiences can contribute to resilience of prison employees and strengthen their learning capacity. That is done by literature study and a description of experiences with organized reflection in PI Vught.
The State of Delaware: A Preeminent Forum to Resolve Business Disputes
Authors: O’Toole M.J. , Kelly C.N. 
Published: December 2016

The State of Delaware: A Preeminent Forum to Resolve Business Disputes
This article provides a brief overview of Delaware’s two business courts – the Court of Chancery and the Superior Court’s Complex Commercial Litigation Division – as well as its business-friendly Rapid Arbitration Act.
Drie drugsnetwerken in een kleine stad
Authors: Bervoets Eric , Van Wijk Anton 
Published: December 2016

Three drug trafficking networks in a small town
Recently, we conducted a study on drug trafficking criminal networks in a Dutch town. In this article, we examine the results of this study by assessing the development of criminal networks and the way in which individuals get involved with these networks. Our analysis of the qualitative data focuses on three central empirical findings derived from earlier (mainly Dutch) research on criminal networks. A first outcome of earlier studies was that criminal networks are not based on a specific kind of crime and therefore do not resemble goal driven companies. Our fieldwork suggests, however, that the networks seemed less ‘flat’ and more goal driven than previously assumed. Second, earlier studies conclude that the structure of social opportunities facilitates a subjects’ inclination towards committing crime. Our study seems to confirm this finding: social pressure from peers and family is strong and encourages involvement in drug trafficking networks. Finally, earlier research pointed out that involvement in criminal networks was not a result of intentional recruitment. In our study we found – anecdotic – evidence of the opposite. We found evidence that suggests that most youth criminals are not ‘persisters’, however, mobs may serve as gateways to organised crime.
Het episodisch geheugen en getuigenverhoor: wat moeten politieverhoorders hiervan weten?
Authors: Rispens Imke , van Amelsvoort Adri 
Published: December 2016

Episodic memory and interviewing witnesses. What do police interviewers need to know about this topic?
Last year the article ‘Episodic memory and interviewing witnesses. What do police interviewers know about this topic?’ (Odinot, Boon & Wolters, 2015, TvC, 57(3), 279-299) was published in this journal. The article describes a study that explored the knowledge of police interviewers about episodic memory. The researchers concluded that police interviewers had insufficient knowledge of episodic memory and that this was related to the lack of psychological terms in the manual of the curriculum of police training. In this article we describe the lack of scientific consensus about episodic memory and the consequences of this for doing research with lists with theses about this subject. Differences between interviewing witnesses and suspects will be discussed. We also question whether it is necessary that police interviewers have thorough knowledge of episodic memory. More important is what knowledge does police need when doing interviews and how are these conducted? Some factors have a negative impact on the quality of those interviews, so we end up with some recommendations for improving the quality of interviews in police practice.
Uitdagingen voor de toekomst van de (groene) criminologie
Authors: Bisschop Lieselot 
Published: December 2016

Challenges for the future of (green) criminology
This narrative aims to identify a number of challenges for the future of (green) criminology. It discusses what the three traditional criminological questions about criminalization, etiology and the social reaction imply in a ‘green’ context. For each of those topics, we analyse where the goals of green and mainstream criminology align and pay attention to research projects on these topics in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the end, this allows us to identify the following challenges for the future of (green) criminology: theoretical foundations, methodological creativity, interdisciplinary research projects and dialogue, and a research focus that goes beyond a preoccupation with the Global North.
Krachten op Straat: waar politiemensen uit putten en mee worstelen in hun alledaagse werk
Authors: van Hulst Merlijn , van den Brink Gabriel , Hendrikx Wiljan , Maalsté Nicole , Mali Bas 
Published: December 2016

Forces that matter in street-level police work
This article scrutinizes the forces that are at play during the work of police officers in the Netherlands in order to unravel how they shape and give meaning to police officers’ workaday practice. By doing so, we contribute to scholarly debates in the fields of criminology and public administration and give a new impulse to the Dutch debate on policy culture. Using insights from the literatures on police culture, policing, police morality and police styles as theoretical background, an empirical study was conducted using fifteen focus groups with a total of 83 police officers working at street-level as main method of data collection. After analyzing the transcripts through an iterative coding process, four main forces that influence police officers’ workaday practice emerged from the data, partly confirming and partly expanding existing research: 1) environment and public; 2) group culture; 3) organization and its supervisors; and 4) personal factors. However, by acquiring a deeper understanding of these forces in relation to each other and to their workaday practice, police officers’ ‘moral resilience’ will increase: it will help them to act well-considered, strengthening their ability to explain the logic of their actions.
Verhalen van plattelandspolitie – constructie van een beroepsidentiteit onder druk
Authors: Terpstra Jan 
Published: December 2016

Stories of rural police officers – constructing an identity under threaten
This paper focusses on the cultural aspects of rural policing by analyzing the stories of rural police officers. It shows that some central elements can be found in these stories. The core element of these stories is the constructed contrast with the imagined urban police: the rural police are said to be better integrated in the local communities, have more personal and direct relations with citizens, and have other strategies to solve problems. Rural officers often feel that they are seen and treated as inferior police. In contrast to this image they emphasize that they are more competent and have better methods of policing than the urban police, by avoiding the use of violence and escalation. These stories are an important way to construct an identity as rural police. They become more manifest at the moments that the specific identity of the rural police is under threaten.
Ústavní hodnoty a autonomie vůle v právním jednání v soukromém právu
Authors: Ondřejek Pavel 
Published: December 2016

Článek analyzuje horizontální působení základních práv na základě strukturální analýzy souboru hodnot a systémových, případně protisystémových elementů v právu. Dotýká se tak relevance dichotomie soukromého a veřejného práva, kterou popisuje na kauze přípustnosti bankovních poplatků, jejíž řešení v českém a německém právu se podstatně lišilo. Přijmeme-li jako východisko ústřední roli právních principů a hodnot v současném právu a rozšíříme-li Jestaedtovu tezi o ústavě „za“ (psanou) ústavou na obecnější myšlenku existence práva v podobě nepsaných normativních standardů na pozadí psaného práva, pak naznačený konflikt mezi smluvní autonomií a základními právy je nutné vnímat šířeji: nejen jako konflikt pozitivněprávních úprav v ústavě a zákonech soukromého práva, ale i fundamentálních zásad a hodnot v obou těchto právních odvětvích.
Riešenie kolízie práv druhej generácie v rozhodovacej činnosti Ústavného súdu Slovenskej republiky
Authors: Zelenajová Zuzana 
Published: December 2016

Príspevok sa zameriava na používanie metodológie na posudzovanie ústavnosti obmedzenia hospodárskych, sociálnych a kultúrnych základných práv a slobôd. Autorka reaguje na nejasnosť metodológie používanej Ústavným súdom Slovenskej republiky, ktorý uplatňuje jednak menej prísnu verziu klasického testu proporcionality a jednak osobitný test racionality prebratý od Ústavného súdu Českej republiky.
Odměňování soudců jako součást soudcovské nezávislosti
Authors: Blisa Adam 
Published: December 2016

Článek se zabývá specifickou rolí odměňování soudců a možnými dopady manipulace se složkami odměňování na soudcovskou nezávislost. Vymezuje složky odměňování soudců a jeho vztah k soudcovské nezávislosti a analyzuje rozhodnutí vrcholných soudů (USA, Kanada, Česká republika, Slovensko, Polsko). Přístup soudů následně podrobuje kritice a poukazuje na aspekty vztahu soudcovské nezávislosti a odměňování soudců, které byly doposud do značné míry opomíjeny.
Quality Assurance in Breast Pathology: Lessons Learned From a Review of Amended Reports
Authors: Harrison Beth T. , Dillon Deborah A. , Richardson Andrea L. , Brock Jane E. , Guidi Anthony J. , Lester Susan C. 
Published: December 2016

Context.—A review of amended pathology reports provides valuable information regarding defects in the surgical pathology process.Objective.—To review amended breast pathology reports with emphasis placed on interpretative errors and their mechanisms of detection.Design.—All amended pathology reports for breast surgical specimens for a 5-year period at a large academic medical center were retrospectively identified and classified based on an established taxonomy.Results.—Of 12 228 breast pathology reports, 122 amended reports were identified. Most (88 cases; 72%) amendments were due to noninterpretative errors, including 58 report defects, 12 misidentifications, and 3 specimen defects. A few (34 cases; 27.9%) were classified as misinterpretations, including 14 major diagnostic changes (11.5% of all amendments). Among major changes, there were cases of missed microinvasion or small foci of invasion, missed micrometastasis, atypical ductal hyperplasia overcalled as ductal carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ involving sclerosing adenosis mistaken for invasive carcinoma, lymphoma mistaken for invasive carcinoma, and amyloidosis misdiagnosed as fat necrosis. Nine major changes were detected at interpretation of receptor studies and were not associated with clinical consequences. Three cases were associated with clinical consequences, and of note, the same pathologist interpreted the corresponding receptor studies.Conclusions.—Review of amended reports was a useful method for identifying error frequencies, types, and methods of detection. Any time that a case is revisited for ancillary studies or other reasons, it is an opportunity for the surgical pathologist to reconsider one's own or another's diagnosis.
Statistical Literacy Among Academic Pathologists: A Survey Study to Gauge Knowledge of Frequently Used Statistical Tests Among Trainees and Faculty
Authors: Schmidt Robert L. , Chute Deborah J. , Colbert-Getz Jorie M. , Firpo-Betancourt Adolfo , James Daniel S. , Karp Julie K. , Miller Douglas C. , Milner Danny A. , Smock Kristi J. , Sutton Ann T. , Walker Brandon S. , White Kristie L. , Wilson Andrew R. , Wojcik Eva M. , Yared Marwan A. , Factor Rachel E. 
Published: December 2016

Context.—Statistical literacy can be defined as understanding the statistical tests and terminology needed for the design, analysis, and conclusions of original research or laboratory testing. Little is known about the statistical literacy of clinical or anatomic pathologists.
Objective.—To determine the statistical methods most commonly used in pathology studies from the literature and to assess familiarity and knowledge level of these statistical tests by pathology residents and practicing pathologists.
Design.—The most frequently used statistical methods were determined by a review of 1100 research articles published in 11 pathology journals during 2015. Familiarity with statistical methods was determined by a survey of pathology trainees and practicing pathologists at 9 academic institutions in which pathologists were asked to rate their knowledge of the methods identified by the focused review of the literature.
Results.—We identified 18 statistical tests that appear frequently in published pathology studies. On average, pathologists reported a knowledge level between “no knowledge” and “basic knowledge” of most statistical tests. Knowledge of tests was higher for more frequently used tests. Greater statistical knowledge was associated with a focus on clinical pathology versus anatomic pathology, having had a statistics course, having an advanced degree other than an MD degree, and publishing research. Statistical knowledge was not associated with length of pathology practice.
Conclusions.—An audit of pathology literature reveals that knowledge of about 12 statistical tests would be sufficient to provide statistical literacy for pathologists. On average, most pathologists report they can interpret commonly used tests but are unable to perform them. Most pathologists indicated that they would benefit from additional statistical training.
Innu-Natukuna
Authors: Lavoie Kathia , Mollen Julie , Napess Agathe , Mestokosho Georgette , Mestokosho Priscilla 
Published: December 2016

Fruit de la collaboration entre Hydro-Québec et Innu-Natukuna, la mesure d’atténuation présentée s’inscrit dans le suivi environnemental du complexe de la Romaine. L’objectif : organiser la cueillette de plantes médicinales dans les aires d’ennoiement des réservoirs de la Romaine-1 et de la Romaine-4 en collaboration avec la communauté innue d’Ekuanitshit. De 2011 à 2014, une équipe de cueilleuses innues, accompagnées d’une conseillère en environnement d’Hydro-Québec, a récolté des plantes médicinales sur le site des réservoirs projetés. Les séjours ont été entièrement organisés par les membres de l’équipe innue : choix du site pour le campement, installation, planification de la cueillette, etc. Au total, seize espèces de plantes médicinales ont été cueillies dans le cadre de cette mesure d’atténuation. Les plantes récoltées ont été transformées puis déposées dans la pharmacie communautaire de la communauté d’Ekuanitshit.
Self-reported frequency, severity of, and awareness of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients in Turkey
Authors: Büyükkaya Besen Dilek , Arda Sürücü Hamdiye , Koşar Cansu 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesHypoglycemia is a common side effect of insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Limited data exist on the frequency of hypoglycemic events in type 2 diabetic patients in Turkey. Our study investigated self-reported hypoglycemic events and awareness of hypoglycemia in Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsPeople with type 2 diabetes older than 18 years of age were recruited from the two university hospital diabetes clinics. The frequency and severity of hypoglycemia and awareness of hypoglycemia during the preceding year were determinated using questionnaires by the face-to-face interview method.ResultsIn this study of 187 patients with type 2 diabetes, 83.4% had impaired awareness of their hypoglycemia, and 62% reported that they had missed some of the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Of the patients reporting hypoglycemic symptoms and severity level, 84.1% experienced mild hypoglycemia, 60% moderate, and 15.5% severe hypoglycemia in the past year. No significant association was made between hypoglycemia awareness and age, body-mass index (BMI), years of diabetes, dose of insulin, duration of insulin use, number of meals, or amount of snacking. A significant correlation was found between A1c levels and hypoglycemia awareness and severity of hypoglycemia. A significant correlation was found between dose of insulin, amount of snacking, and severity of hypoglycemia. No significant association was made between severity of hypoglycemia and age, BMI, years of diabetes, duration of insulin use, or the number of meals. However, the group with severe hypoglycemia had diabetes longer, and the average daily dose of insulin use was higher than in other groups.ConclusionsAccording to the study results, the percentage of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia is high, and 62% of patients reported that they had missed some of the symptoms of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In addition, the percentage of severe hypoglycemic events is not low. Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia is a major risk factor for severe hypoglycemic events. Patients should be educated about the danger of hypoglycemia. Education should be improved, and a determined attempt should be made to eradicate the problem.
Dendrobium alkaloids prevent Aβ25–35-induced neuronal and synaptic loss via promoting neurotrophic factors expression in mice
Authors: Nie Jing , Tian Yong , Zhang Yu , Lu Yan-Liu , Li Li-Sheng , Shi Jing-Shan 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundNeuronal and synaptic loss is the most important risk factor for cognitive impairment. Inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and preventing synaptic loss are promising therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we investigate the protective effects of Dendrobium alkaloids (DNLA), a Chinese medicinal herb extract, on β-amyloid peptide segment 25–35 (Aβ25-35)-induced neuron and synaptic loss in mice.MethodAβ25–35(10 µg) was injected into the bilateral ventricles of male mice followed by an oral administration of DNLA (40 mg/kg) for 19 days. The Morris water maze was used for evaluating the ability of spatial learning and memory function of mice. The morphological changes were examined via H&E staining and Nissl staining. TUNEL staining was used to check the neuronal apoptosis. The ultrastructure changes of neurons were observed under electron microscope. Western blot was used to evaluate the protein expression levels of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cortex.ResultsDNLA significantly attenuated Aβ25–35-induced spatial learning and memory impairments in mice. DNLA prevented Aβ25–35-induced neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cortex, increased the number of Nissl bodies, improved the ultrastructural injury of neurons and increased the number of synapses in neurons. Furthermore, DNLA increased the protein expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF, CNTF and GDNF in the hippocampus and cortex.ConclusionsDNLA can prevent neuronal apoptosis and synaptic loss. This effect is mediated at least in part via increasing the expression of BDNF, GDNF and CNTF in the hippocampus and cortex; improving Aβ-induced spatial learning and memory impairment in mice.
Biodiversity data obsolescence and land uses changes
Authors: Escribano Nora , Ariño Arturo H. , Galicia David 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundPrimary biodiversity records (PBR) are essential in many areas of scientific research as they document the biodiversity through time and space. However, concerns about PBR quality and fitness-for-use have grown, especially as derived from taxonomical, geographical and sampling effort biases. Nonetheless, the temporal bias stemming from data ageing has received less attention. We examine the effect of changes in land use in the information currentness, and therefore data obsolescence, in biodiversity databases.MethodsWe created maps of land use changes for three periods (1956–1985, 1985–2000 and 2000–2012) at 5-kilometres resolution. For each cell we calculated the percentage of land use change within each period. We then overlaid distribution data about small mammals, and classified each data as ‘non-obsolete or ‘obsolete,’ depending on both the amount of land use changes in the cell, and whether changes occurred at or after the data sampling’s date.ResultsA total of 14,528 records out of the initial 59,677 turned out to be non-obsolete after taking into account the changes in the land uses in Navarra. These obsolete data existed in 115 of the 156 cells analysed. Furthermore, more than one half of the remaining cells holding non-obsolete records had not been visited at least for the last fifteen years.ConclusionLand use changes challenge the actual information obtainable from biodiversity datasets and therefore its potential uses. With the passage of time, one can expect a steady increase in the availability and use of biological records—but not without them becoming older and likely to be obsolete by land uses changes. Therefore, it becomes necessary to assess records’ obsolescence, as it may jeopardize the knowledge and perception of biodiversity patterns.