bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prompt Engineering Paradigms for Medical Applications: Scoping Review
Authors: Zaghir Jamil , Naguib Marco , Bjelogrlic Mina , Névéol Aurélie , Tannier Xavier , Lovis Christian 
Published: September 2024

Background
Prompt engineering, focusing on crafting effective prompts to large language models (LLMs), has garnered attention for its capabilities at harnessing the potential of LLMs. This is even more crucial in the medical domain due to its specialized terminology and language technicity. Clinical natural language processing applications must navigate complex language and ensure privacy compliance. Prompt engineering offers a novel approach by designing tailored prompts to guide models in exploiting clinically relevant information from complex medical texts. Despite its promise, the efficacy of prompt engineering in the medical domain remains to be fully explored.

Objective
The aim of the study is to review research efforts and technical approaches in prompt engineering for medical applications as well as provide an overview of opportunities and challenges for clinical practice.

Methods
Databases indexing the fields of medicine, computer science, and medical informatics were queried in order to identify relevant published papers. Since prompt engineering is an emerging field, preprint databases were also considered. Multiple data were extracted, such as the prompt paradigm, the involved LLMs, the languages of the study, the domain of the topic, the baselines, and several learning, design, and architecture strategies specific to prompt engineering. We include studies that apply prompt engineering–based methods to the medical domain, published between 2022 and 2024, and covering multiple prompt paradigms such as prompt learning (PL), prompt tuning (PT), and prompt design (PD).

Results
We included 114 recent prompt engineering studies. Among the 3 prompt paradigms, we have observed that PD is the most prevalent (78 papers). In 12 papers, PD, PL, and PT terms were used interchangeably. While ChatGPT is the most commonly used LLM, we have identified 7 studies using this LLM on a sensitive clinical data set. Chain-of-thought, present in 17 studies, emerges as the most frequent PD technique. While PL and PT papers typically provide a baseline for evaluating prompt-based approaches, 61% (48/78) of the PD studies do not report any nonprompt-related baseline. Finally, we individually examine each of the key prompt engineering–specific information reported across papers and find that many studies neglect to explicitly mention them, posing a challenge for advancing prompt engineering research.

Conclusions
In addition to reporting on trends and the scientific landscape of prompt engineering, we provide reporting guidelines for future studies to help advance research in the medical field. We also disclose tables and figures summarizing medical prompt engineering papers available and hope that future contributions will leverage these existing works to better advance the field.
“Del daguerreotipo al cinematógrafo, del Parián a Plateros. El siglo XIX en las calles de la ciudad”. Crónicas periodísticas del siglo XIX. Antología
Authors: Mercado Noyola Francisco Rodolfo 
Published: September 2024

Reseña de Crónicas periodísticas del siglo XIX. Antología. Coordinación, selección y prólogo de Miguel Ángel Castro; colaboración, edición y asesoría de Ana María Romero Valle y María Bertha V. Guillén. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas, 2023, 542 p. ISBN: 978-607-30-7619-7.
Falsehood in Wartime: Hiding Truths and Spreading Untruths in Russia During the First Year of Putin’s War in Ukraine’
Authors: Black L.J. 
Published: September 2024

The old adage that truth is the first casualty of war held fast during the build-up to, and the conduct of, the ‘special military operation’ (SVO) launched by Vladimir Putin against Ukraine on 24 February 2022 is no exception to the rule. The Russian state’s methods for sustaining its changing official narrative about the SVO are detailed here, as are the ways and means the dissident portion of Russia’s citizenry made their objections to the war in Ukraine heard during its first year. The Kremlin’s already firm grip in the distribution of information was tightened. Russia’s wordsmiths were silenced, jailed or fled the country. School curricula were re-organized so that they became incubators of young Russian patriots. The paper concludes with conjecture on why the state’s message found such a welcoming audience among Russians, at least during the first year of war.
Les réponses du Kremlin aux voix pacifistes en Russie : annoncer la couleur pendant la première année de la guerre
L’« opération militaire spéciale » (SVO), déclenchée par Vladimir Poutine contre l’Ukraine le 24 février 2022, a surpris la majorité des Russes. Il a fallu les persuader de sa justesse, par tous les moyens possibles. Cet article détaille les méthodes employées par l’État russe pour appuyer son discours officiel changeant au sujet de la SVO ainsi que les moyens trouvés par les groupes dissidents de la société civile pour faire entendre leur voix durant la première année de la guerre. Le Kremlin a affermi sa poigne déjà puissante sur la distribution des informations tandis que les opposants vocaux ont été réduits au silence, emprisonnés ou forcés de fuir le pays. Les programmes des écoles ont été modifiés afin qu’elles servent d’incubateurs de jeunes patriotes russes. L’article se conclut par une conjecture sur les raisons qui ont poussé le public russe à accepter le message étatique si chaleureusement, du moins pendant la première année de la guerre.
Sanksi Pidana terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana yang Memberi Keterangan Palsu dalam Persidangan Perkara Pidana
Authors: I Made Fery Suryawan  , I Made Sepud  , Ketut Adi Wirawan  
Published: September 2024

Memberikan kesaksian yang berbeda dengan apa yang telah diterangkan dalam Berita Acara Pemeriksaan dapat menimbulkan dampak yang cukup besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaturan tindak pidana memberi keterangan palsu dalam persidangan dan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku tindak pidana memberi keterangan palsu dalam persidangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tipe penelitian normatif. Sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan yaitu dari peraturan perundang undangan dan buku hukum, teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yaitu dengan studi kepustakaan, analisis bahan hukum yaitu dengan analisis kualitatif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu Pengaturan tindak pidana memberi keterangan palsu dalam persidangan diatur dalam Pasal 163 KUHAP bahwa jika keterangan saksi di sidang berbeda dengan keterangannya yang terdapat dalam berita acara, hakim ketua sidang mengingatkan saksi, minta keterangan mengenai perbedaan dan dicatat dalam berita acara pemeriksaan sidang. Sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku tindak pidana memberi keterangan palsu dalam persidangan diatur Pasal 242 ayat (1) (2) KUHP yaitu 7 dan 9 tahun penjara.
Biological Evaluation of Novel Synthesized 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives
Authors: Solet Sanwar Mal , Sharma Neetesh Kumar , Bhadauria Raghvendra Singh 
Published: September 2024

Synthesis of a series of various 2, 5-disubstituted-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (7a-7v) have been done previously. These novel synthesized derivatives (7a-7v) have been tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram +ve S. aureus and Gram -ve E. Coli bacterias by broth dilution method. A comparative study has been done for all derivatives. Based on the visual turbidity, the MIC of the evaluated molecules has been studied, the evaluation concentration was used single therefore, the exact MIC could not determined and results are represented in less than and more than based on growth of microorganism. To get more exact MIC of the tested molecules need to be evaluated at low concentration. Further testing for all compounds at lower concentrations is required to compare their activity with standard Streptomycin at its MIC to get exact MIC the synthesized compounds.
Previously novel synthesized derivatives are; 2-(phenoxymethyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7a), 4-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7b), 3-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl) aniline (7c), 2-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7d), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-(phenoxymethyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7e), 2-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7f), 2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7g), 4-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7h), 3-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7i), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7j), 2-(5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (7k), 2-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-(4-(methylthio)benzyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7l), (Z)-2-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7m), (S)-4-(2-(5-((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propyl)phenol (7n), 2-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole (7o), 4-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7p), 3-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)aniline (7q), 2-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7r), 2, 4-dinitro-6-(5-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol (7s), 2-(4-(methylthio) benzyl)-5-((4-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7t), (Z)-2-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)-5-styryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (7u) and 5-((2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (7v).
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Transfersomal Gel of Metronidazole
Authors: Shukla Kavita Verma , Meshram Rajat , Yadav Monika 
Published: September 2024

Metronidazole is an antibiotic that is used to treat a wide variety of infections. It works by stopping the growth of certain bacteria and parasites. This antibiotic treats only certain bacterial and parasitic infections. It may also be used with other medications to treat certain stomach/intestinal ulcers caused by bacteria (H. pylori). A transferosome is the first generation of an elastic liposome prepared from phospholipids and edge activators. An edge activator is often a single-chain surfactant with a high radius of curvature that destabilizes the lipid bilayers of vesicles and increases the deformability of the bilayers, thereby making the vehicle ultra-deformable. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of transfersomal gel formulations for transdermal delivery of metronidazole and to evaluate the effect of lipid concentration, ethanol concentration, drug concentration and stirrer time. Characterization of transfersomes performed by vesicle size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency and zeta potential. Characterization of transfersome containing gel performed by the measurement of viscosity, drug content, extrudability study, spreadability and in vitro drug diffusion study. It was found that viscosity of prepared gel was 3560cps, % assay was 98.89±0.45, extrudability was 1156g and spreadibility (g.cm/sec) was found that 11.23(g.cm/sec) respectively. In vitro drug release from transfersomes gel was carried out using Franz diffusion cell method and found 85.56% in 12 hr. In first 30 min it was 22.2 % drug release which slightly high. It was due to the release of free drug present in bag after leaching from transfersomes. Drug release from transferosomal gel formulation was found in very sustained and controlled manner. The results were obtained which showed that transfersomal gel was a promising candidate for transdermal delivery with targeted and prolonged release of a drug. It also enhances skin permeation of many drugs.
Keywords: Transfersomal gel, Metronidazole, Antibiotic, Characterization, Franz diffusion cell
IDENTIDADE E SABERES DOCENTES: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA EPISTEMOLOGIA DE LUDWIK FLECK
Authors: Santana Paixão Milene , Alves dos Santos Jane Darley , Alves de Paiva Joseilson 
Published: September 2024

O presente artigo visa compreender como o docente universitário constrói a sua identidade profissional, a partir da Epistemologia de Ludwik Fleck. Partindo destes pressupostos, tem-se a seguinte questão norteadora: Como é constituída a formação e saberes no processo de desenvolvimento docente dos professores de Ciências da Natureza da Universidade Federal do Norte do Tocantins (UFNT)? Tendo como objetivo analisar como o professor da área das Ciências da Natureza da UFNT constitui a sua formação no seu processo de desenvolvimento profissional. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida dentro de abordagem qualitativa, se caracterizando como um Estudo de Caso. Sobre a coleta de dados, foi realizada uma entrevista individual com professores da área das Ciências da Natureza da Universidade, já em relação à análise dos dados, partiu-se de categorias fleckianas a priori: estilo e coletivo de pensamento, e a partir das entrevistas construiu-se as categorias a posteriori: Identidade Docente e Saberes Docentes necessários para o ensino superior. Foi possível identificar, no discurso produzido por essa metodologia de análise, os elementos estruturais da identidade docente desses professores. Logo, os dados nos revelam o que cada professor entrevistado confere à atividade docente no seu cotidiano a partir de seus valores, do modo de situar-se no mundo, da história de vida e principalmente, de seus saberes.
Rates and causes of death after release from incarceration: an individual participant data meta-analysis from 1,471,526 people in eight high- and middle-income countries
Authors: Borschmann Rohan , Kinner Stuart , MARIC team  
Published: September 2024

BackgroundFormerly incarcerated people have exceptionally poor health profiles and are at increased risk of preventable mortality when compared to their general population peers. However, not enough is known about the epidemiology of mortality in this population – specifically the rates, causes, and timing in specific subgroups and regions – to inform the development of targeted, evidence-based responses.
MethodsWe examined mortality outcomes for 1,471,526 people released from incarceration in eight countries from 1980-2018, across 10,534,441 person-years of follow-up (range: 0-24 years per person). We combined data from 18 cohort studies using two-step individual participant data meta-analyses to estimate pooled all-cause and cause-specific crude mortality rates (CMRs) per 100,000 person-years, with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), for specific time periods after release, overall and stratified by age, sex, and region.
Findings75,427 deaths were recorded. The all-cause CMR was highest during the first week. The highest cause-specific rates of death during the first week were due to alcohol and other drug poisoning, suicide, and cardiovascular disease. We observed considerable variation in cause-specific CMRs over time since release and across regions. Pooled all-cause CMRs were similar between males and females, and were higher in older age groups.
InterpretationThe markedly elevated rate of death in the first week post-release underscores an urgent need for investment in evidence-based, coordinated transitional healthcare, including treatment for mental illness and substance use disorders. Variations in both rates and causes of death over time highlight the need for routine monitoring of post-release mortality.
Patient Identity Management in The Global Health Context
Authors: Ong Toan , Pittman Mary , Biondich Paul , Mamlin Burke , Onions Brett , Suleman Martin , Shivers Jennifer 
Published: September 2024

ObjectiveEffective management of patient identity is crucial in population health and quality improvement. Patient identity management (PIM) in healthcare refers to the processes and technologies used to match, authenticate, and authorize patients within healthcare systems. Identifying duplicate patient records, however, is complicated by variations in how individual patients are identified within and across different systems. We aim to understand the PIM use cases, challenges, and solutions from mid and low-income countries in the Open Health Information Exchange (OpenHIE) communities to support knowledge sharing and collaboration with the goal of delivering safe and effective patient care.
ApproachData collection methods used at the OHIE 2023 held in Lilongwe, Malawi, from May 1st to May 5th, 2023, include:

Cognitive collaborative hackathon: facilitation of international exchange, with participants from diverse countries elucidating the necessity for PIM within their respective nations.
Unconferencing: a novel and participatory approach to knowledge and information exchange prioritizes the specific interests of the attendees over a pre-established agenda.
One-on-one interview: Country-specific discussion on PIM

ResultIn various sessions at the conference, 12 countries shared their experiences on PIM activities related to linkage methods, biometrics, data security, privacy, and policy. Key challenges include lack of connectivity, interoperability, poor data quality and compatibility, high costs, and linkages of newborn data.
ConclusionsLow- and middle-income countries face unique challenges in developing and implementing robust PIM systems. Despite these challenges, countries in the OpenHIE community are actively working on implementing PIM systems, adopting various approaches tailored to their specific needs.
Improving Responsiveness: Our Journey from Manual Yearly Updates to Automated Linkage for Near Real-Time Understanding of Outcomes and Modelling Future Service Demand
Authors: Witowski Philip , Sipthorp Mark , Ismail Adam , Sulaiman Windra , Phillips Beverley , Williams Sharon 
Published: September 2024

ObjectiveDemand for real-time data during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed a need to increase efficiencies in manual linkage processes to respond to events in near real-time. In response, our jurisdictional linkage agency transitioned from yearly to daily, weekly and monthly linkage practices through increasing automation and improving process flows.
ApproachOur linkage agency transitioned to a fully automated process utilising scalable cloud infrastructure. Source data is now provided directly to a common data platform. This data is split into linkage and content, cleansed and quality assured in Python and set to automatically run via Azure data pipelines. The data is then linked via a combination of deterministic and probabilistic criteria, with data quality checks automatically performed along the way. Researchers can analyse this data in a secure virtual machine that only they can access and retrieve data from.
Results This infrastructure expedites the data linkage process allowing daily linkage results to select datasets, and enables advanced research such as a predictive micro-simulation model, which leverages the platform to predict and intervene on outcomes influenced by governmental policies. This model relies on timely administrative data to build targeted interventions for groups with poor future outcomes, tests these interventions, and monitors outcomes in near real-time.
ConclusionOur linkage agency has transitioned from manual to automated linkage processes in response to increasing need for timely data. By embracing cloud infrastructure and leveraging automation, we have streamlined our operations, enabling responsive linkage depending on need and expediting the provision of de-identified, linked data to researchers.
Family Matters: Enhancing Insight in Linked Administrative Data Through Familial Linkage
Authors: Phillips Beverley , Witowski Philip , Ismail Adam , Sulaiman Windra , Sipthorp Mark , Williams Sharon 
Published: September 2024

ObjectiveFamilial relationships can provide researchers with important insight into genetic, environmental, and social influences across many domains of research. While most administrative datasets do not collect information about relationships, familial linkage is an approach which seeks to identify such relationships among individuals within a linked data environment. We sought to develop a familial linkage resource which permits researchers access to relationship information otherwise not available in unlinked disparate administrative collections.
ApproachLeveraging birth and marriage registration data, we sought to identify relationships between Victorians. Familial links were formed by summarising relationships that were either explicit in the data (e.g. Parent and Child), or implied (e.g. A parent of a parent is a grandparent). Resulting relationship data was stored in a data asset which interfaces with our linkage infrastructure for easy access and use by linked data end-users.
ResultsThrough familial linkage, we have identified over 8.8 million unique relationships for Victorians, spanning 24 relationship subtypes which include both biological and non-biological connections. This data can be linked to all administrative datasets within our linkage environment, however representation varies across sources. Overall, the highest coverage of known relationships is found in datasets which specialise in child services, while older Victorians remain a gap.
Conclusion and ImplicationsFamilial linkage offers new dimensions of insight to researchers than what is accessible in source data alone. This information enables our data end-users to gain critical insights into the complex interplay between biological and social influences on Victorians’ health and well-being.
Privacy Preserving Evaluation of Sensitive Population Record Linkage in the Absence of Ground Truth Data
Authors: Song Jie , Nanayakkara Charini , Christen Peter , Garrett Eilidh 
Published: September 2024

ObjectivesLinkage of data containing personal information allows extensive studies in the health and social sciences for population level studies. However, real-world linkage applications often lack ground truth (GT) data, generally due to privacy concerns, which hinders linkage quality assessment. We propose a method to assess the linkage of sensitive population data in the absence of GT data.
ApproachOur method takes as input a set of sensitive and public population clusters. The sensitive clusters are generated with some record linkage algorithm, whereas the public population dataset, which is considered an approximation for the GT, is assumed to have a group identifier allowing generation of known clusters, such as households or families. We encode clusters as bit vectors and conduct cluster matching across the sensitive and public datasets using vector comparisons. Based on matched clusters, the population linkage quality of sensitive data is estimated.
ResultsWe conducted experiments on a sensitive Scottish birth data set containing 17,613 records from 1861 to 1901, and four successive publicly available Scottish census datasets from 1871 to 1901. Using the quality measures precision, recall and the F-measure, we show that our estimations are close to GT quality, with a high correlation in F-measure values ranging from 88% to 99%.
ConclusionWe proposed a method to estimate the linkage quality of sensitive population data for situations where public data with similar characteristics are available for approximating the GT. Our experimental evaluation showed that our method was effective in estimating true linkage quality with high accuracy.