bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algorithms looking for patterns of cell loss in glaucoma models
Authors: Davis B. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWhole‐retinal mounts have proven an invaluable tool for the assessment of retinal health in rodent models of disease with well‐established protocols for labelling of a variety of retinal cell populations including Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs). Loss of RGCs is thought to play a central role in many ocular disorders such as glaucoma, and RGC preservation is an established therapeutic endpoint. Nevertheless, a limitation of this approach is the high variability in RGC density between central and peripheral rodent retina, which can complicate RGC quantification by sampling. Whilst automated whole‐retinal measures of RGC density have added scientific rigour to the quantification of RGC populations, this technique still discards a lot of useful information. This talk outlines recent developments in the extraction of additional information from retinal whole‐mounts and reviews future directions for this technique in developing our understanding of disease pathology.
Novel diagnostic tools in DRP – from science to clinical relevance
Authors: Brunner S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryDue to a diabetes pandemia with more than 360 million people affected by 2030 worldwide, Diabetic Retinopathy (DRP) will remain the leading cause of vision loss although the percentage incidences of DRP have been substantially reduced. By careful management more than 90% of cases with blindness can be prevented. This presentation will demonstrate new findings from medical science with a potential to ease or improve diagnostics of DRP in the future. In particular, these methods can be used by non‐ophthalmologists to estimate or suggest the individual risk for DRP, as well as by ophthalmologists to refine diagnosis and learn more about the systemic situation of their patients. Some of the most promising methods in the past years were (1) blood‐circulating factors, as Angiogenin, other cytokines and different Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) in correlation to DRP and furthermore (2) the use of the 1060‐μm Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to map choroidal thickness in patients with DRP. Results of clinical trials as well as considerations for a possible practial implementation of these new methods will be presented.
OCT in AD
Authors: Normando E.M. , Crawley L. , Ahmed F. , Bloom P. , Cordeiro M.F. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAlzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common cause of dementia characterized by progressive deterioration in cognitive function.These neurodegenerative disorders present ocular manifestations which could precede systemic signs and symptoms of disease. Correlations between the eye and the brain have been confirmed by recent advances in imaging technologies such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Hardware and software improvements have given the possibility of examining structures previously inaccessible. Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer (RNFL) thinning has been recognised to occur in both AD and PD and OCT segmentation software are now available as an aid for understanding the involvement of retinal layers other than the RNFL in these pathological processes.The aims of this talk is to explore the current application of OCT retinal imaging in AD and PD. Additionally, novel OCT applications will be discussed to generate a multidisciplinary debate.
Suspicious choroidal naevi: when to observe, when to treat
Authors: Kivelä T. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryTo find and characterize all existing choroidal naevi, a systematic fundus examination with the indirect ophthalmoscope and the slit lamp using a non‐contact or contact lens for detail are mandatory. These are ideally supplemented with optical coherence tomography (subretinal fluid, thickness and internal structure of lesions <1 mm thick), fundus autofluorescence (recent and chronic subretinal fluid, orange pigment), and ultrasonography (thickness and acoustic profile of lesions >1 mm thick). Despite such imaging, the challenge lies in telling a small melanoma from a naevus. The mnemonic ‘To Find Small Ocular Melanomas’ reminds us to look for tumour Tickness more than 2 mm, subretinal Fluid, visual Symptoms, Orange pigment and tumour Margin touching the optic disc. Each of these features roughly doubles the likelihood of growth and, hence, malignancy. None of them are specific though – about 8% of benign naevi have orange pigment and subretinal fluid, and naevi can grow slowly, especially in patients <45 years of age, whereas the smallest melanomas show none of these 5 features. Surveillance for growth, a biopsy, or both may thus be needed for a treatment decision. This talk will introduce these principles with examples.
Pseudophakic retinal detachment
Authors: Pournaras C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPars plana vitrectomy alone or combined with scleral buckling and scleral buckling are effective methods for repairing pseudophakic retinal detachments (PRDs). The currently available literature points to no compelling difference in single surgery or final anatomic success rates between those techniques.The considerable improvements of the vitrectomy tools have created an increasing interest for their use as an initial procedure for the management of (PRDs). There is little evidence to support the routine addition of a scleral buckle to pars plana vitrectomy. Combined vitrectomy and scleral buckle results to an added operative time, greater postoperative (and sometimes intraoperative) discomfort, the induced refractive error and the potential for other buckle‐related complications.Pars plana vitrectomy alone, allows the avoidance of complications associated with scleral buckles and at this time seems to be the procedure of choice for pseudophakic retinal detachment.
Are scleral lenses safe for the meibomian gland?
Authors: Mekki M.B. , Yahiaoui S. , Titah O. , Belaoudmou R. , Taibi A. , Bouguerfa R. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryNowadays, we are experiencing scleral lens rebirth through the development of new designs and materials respecting the anterior ocular surface represented by the cornea, the limbus and the anterior bulbar conjunctiva. But what about the posterior ocular surface, represented by the tarsal conjunctiva, the lid margin and meibomian glands? The interaction of the scleral lens with the posterior ocular surface will be assessed clinically in keratoconus patients wearing scleral lens for more than 2 years and compared in a randomized manner with soft lens, hybrid lens and corneal rigid gas permeable lens wearers and with control sample. Lid wiper epitheliopathy grade, tear film break up time, quality of meibum and meibomian gland trophicity will be compared between different groups…
Transparency of the lens and the eye
Authors: Prieto P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryEye media transparency, and in particular that of the crystalline lens, is a requirement for good vision. Incipient lens opacification reduces retinal illumination and also increases intraocular scattering, producing unwanted visual artifacts, such as glare, that affect retinal image quality. A ripe cataract results in blindness.Even before a cataract can be observed and diagnosed, intraocular scattering is known to gradually increase with age but also to depend on genetic and environmental factors.Precise quantification of intraocular scattering can be a very useful tool to study some aspects of the eye's aging process and to develop an objective classification method for cataracts. However, this is not a simple task, especially at an early stage. In recent years, several objective, subjective or mixed‐approach procedures and devices have been developed, aiming to tackle this issue.In this talk, the effects of a decreased lens transparency and increased will be summarized, the factors involved in the progression of this condition will be reviewed, and the methods to quantitatively study the problem will be briefly discussed.
Interpretation of keratoconus indices
Authors: Eppig T. , Spira‐Eppig C. , Szentmáry N. , Langenbucher A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe provide an overview on the dedicated keratoconus indices of Pentacam (Scheimpflug‐based tomographer), CASIA SS‐1000 (anterior segment optical coherence tomographer), TMS‐5 (Scheimpflug and Placido tomo‐/topographer) and Ocular Response Analyzer (pneumotonometer which features measurement of biomechanical properties). We demonstrate how modern keratoconus screening software modules such as the Belin‐Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display (BAD) or the ectasia screening of the CASIA/TMS‐5 work in comparison to the classical McDonnell/Rabinowitz and Smolek/Klyce/Maede indices, and we point out the differences between metric keratoconus indices and classificators. We will also discuss the diagnostic capacity of the devices and indices/classificators in detail.
Imaging in uveitis: techniques and indications
Authors: Herbort C.P. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryUveitis has become a precise clinical science, in part thanks to the development of performing imaging methods. Laser flare photometry (LFP), although not an imaging method ‘stricto sensu’, measures back‐scattered photons from the anterior chamber produced by a laser beam and so establishes the exact level of intraocular inflammation at any time and allows precise monitoring of uveitis. Fluorescein angiography (FA) has been used for more than 50 years and gives indications on inflammation of superficial structures of the fundus, optic disc and the retinal pigment epithelium. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) became available in the early 1990 ties and is essential in the precise investigation of the inflammatory, otherwise occult reaction in the choroidal compartment, giving panfundal information that is otherwise not available. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) analyses both the retina and choroid (in the enhanced depth mode – EDI) of the posterior pole. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is useful to analyse inflammation in the retroiridal space. Other imaging methods such as fundus autofluorescence (FAF) or Angio‐OCT are still being evaluated for their utility in uveitis.
Instrument assisted diagnostics – biometry, topography and wave‐front analysis
Authors: Eppig T. , Spira‐Eppig C. , Szentmáry N. , Langenbucher A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe start with an overview on biometric, tomographic, topographic and other complimentary examination techniques and instruments. Criteria and indicators are presented to tailor out whether measurements qualify for an appropriate calculation of pseudophakic and phakic toric lens implants. As a hot topic we show how to discriminate between regular and irregular portion of astigmatism in a tomographic or topographic measurement and how to use this information for calculation. We will address the issue, which data from the large set of information provided by the instrument software should be used for toric lens calculation. We will provide hints where to look at the printouts from the devices. Finally, we provide a compact workflow for device assisted examination for toric lens planning.
Central serous chorioretinopathy complicating inflammation suppressive treatment
Authors: Herbort C.P. , Papadia M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCentral serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) can sometimes be mistaken for posterior uveitis. Its diagnosis is of utmost importance as CSC as failure to do so will worsen when steroid therapy is erroneously given. The situation is even more tricky when CSC is complicating IST including steroids given for uveitis. In a collective of 1739 patients seen from 1995 to 2014 at the COS, 16 patients (0.9%) with CSC were misdiagnosed as posterior uveitis of which the development of CSC was missed in 4 uveitis patients under IST including corticosteroids. The mean diagnostic delay in the latter group was 2.4 ± 1.9 months, substantially shorter than the group of patients misdiagnosed at the onset (56.3 ± 60.6 months). The key to rapid diagnosis of a decrease of VA due to CSC in uveitis, is to search on one side whether inflammatory parameters such as laser flare photometry and dual fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) are improving combined with the search of CSC signs including serous detachments and/or small PEDs on OCT as well as typical CSC angiographic signs on dual FA/ICGA angiography. Although CSC complicating uveitis treatment is rare, prompt diagnosis is of utmost importance to avoid deleterious consequences.
Inside out Diode laser for rubeotic glaucoma in the anti VEGF era
Authors: Ahmed F. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryModern management for recalcitrant rubeotic glaucoma involves a multi‐step process involving intra‐vitreal anti‐ VEGF injection, out patient pan retinal photocoagulation and glaucoma drainage device surgery implant in theatre.We re‐visit the use of a 2 step pathway with intra‐vitreal anti‐VEGF injection followed by combined ciliary body ablation and pan‐retinal photocoagulation using a transcleral diode laser. This out of vogue treatment can performed in an out patient setting under local anaesthetic and is an effective method of treating rubeotic glaucoma and may also be more cost‐ effective.In addition the role of Micro‐pulse Diode laser will be also reviewed.
OCT‐A and FA findings in ocular Drepanocytosis
Authors: Ambresin A. 
Published: September 2016

SummarySickle cell disease (SCD) can present various degrees of retinal vascular alterations both in the periphery and in the macular region. The aim of the presentation is to describe OCTA features of consecutive pediatric and adult SCD patients seen in the Medical Retina Unit of Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Switzerland. Comparison of architectural changes will be made with fluorescein angiography.Quantitative measures of vascular density, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and non‐flow area (NF) measured in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and the deep capillary plexus (DCP) using the automated software will be presented. Qualitative assessment of perifoveal architecture changes made on the central 3 × 3 mm OCTA images will be detailed. Published studies on OCTA and sickle cell disease will be reviewed.
OCT‐A versus FA guided focal laser, in macular ischemic microangiopathies
Authors: Pournaras C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe clinically significant macular oedema, related to the macular microcirculation abnormal permeability, ischemic changes or aneurysmal changes, were identified during the evolution of the most common retinal ischemic micro‐angiopathies.Intravitreal anti‐VEGF or steroids demonstrated their efficacy to reverse the macular blood retinal barrier changes, resolving the characteristic oedematous macular changes leading to the observed clinically significant functional improvement.The confrontation of the OCT‐angiography monitoring of the superficial and deep capillaries plexus changes to the fluoresceine angiography observed persistent leaking capillaries segment or micro‐aneurysms, allows the applications precise focal laser treatment.Intravitreal anti‐VEGF associated to focal laser treatment results to superior functional results than intravitreal anti‐VEGF alone in late onset treated BRVO cases.
OCT and IVCM in corneal imaging
Authors: Dua H.S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryOptical coherence tomography (OCT) and In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) are two very useful imaging modalities in examination of the cornea. OCT provides non‐contact, cross sectional images with a wide angle of view, under high magnification, simulating histology but in fact are dependent on the reflectivity of tissues. Imaging through scars is poor. Clinically is it very useful in examining interfaces created by refractive surgery and lamellar corneal surgery.IVCM provides en‐face images with a restricted field of view but with a resolution range of 1.5–4 μm allowing examination at a cellular level. The different layers of the epithelium, sub‐basal plexus, Bowman's zone, stroma with keratocytes and nerves, the Descemet's membrane and endothelial cells can be clearly visualised in health and disease. Besides providing detailed morphology of the above structures it also enable visualisation of invading organisms such as acanthamoeba and fungi.Software associated with both OCT and IVCM allow measurement of dimensions of objects/area (s) of interest. OCT is more accurate in measurement of depth while IVCM enables quantification of cell size, shape and numbers. Interpretation skills require experience for both.
Linear and nonlinear microscopy for AS imaging: principles and pathbreaking application
Authors: Stachs O. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLinear microscopy is an established imaging technology for ocular surface imaging. Nonlinear microscopy is a new non‐invasive imaging technique, which allows a visualization of biological tissue with high signal contrast due to spectral separation combined with high resolution. This talk presents the physical principles of different contrast mechanisms. Exemplary experimental results based on various linear and nonlinear signals are shown, opportunities of this technology are discussed and the prospect of translating this imaging technique into a clinical application is addressed.
Usefulness of OCT for imaging the choroid, the vitreous and the optic nerve during uveitis
Authors: Denniston A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryImaging – and its quantitative analysis – provides the opportunity for us to transform how we assess intraocular inflammation. The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT), particularly as it increases in depth of sampling and width of field, supported by novel approaches to the analysis of these images have the potential to supersede many of our subjective clinical assessments. In this presentation, we consider how OCT of the whole posterior segment – not just the retina – has the potential to facilitate both diagnosis and quantitative objective assessment of intraocular inflammation. Finally we consider how this is likely to impact both routine clinical practice and the design of clinical trials.
Anterior segment OCT in corneal diseases and surgery
Authors: Nubile M. , Calienno R. , Salgari N. , De Nicola C. , Lappa A. , Mastropasqua A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPurposeOptical coherence tomography (OCT) after extended use in diagnosis of retinal diseases has now become a new cross‐sectional imaging approach useful for anterior segment (AS) imaging. The potential advantages and limits using AS‐OCT in corneal diseases and surgery are presented.MethodsSystematic literature review search and clinical examples focused in the fields of corneal ulcerations, opacities and corneal graft penetrating and lamellar surgery.ResultsAS‐OCT provides accurate morphology and measurements of different structures of the AS and of the cornea. Corneal loss of transparency in general permits visualization of the deeper AS structures facilitating surgical choice in complex cases. In contrast ciliary bodies are barely visualized, in contrast to UBM, due to light absorption by pigmented iris layers. Morphometry of corneal structures is particularly useful in the preoperative evaluation of thinning disorders, corneal ulcerations, infections and loss of transparency and after penetrating and lamellar surgery, including assessment of LASIK flaps and of deep anterior keratoplasty interfaces and endothelial keratoplasty lenticules adhesion. New generation optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system for the assessment of corneal neovascularisation may be useful to evaluate ocular surface and corneal diseases in which the growth of vessels plays a role in the history and management of pathology.ConclusionsAS‐OCT presents advantages in the clinical practice in the field of corneal disease and surgery. This technology alone should not substitute a comprehensive clinical examination but may offer valuable insights in the quantification and observation of fine details which can be obscured or not detectable during conventional slit‐lamp examination.
The view of a director of training
Authors: Garcia‐Feijoo J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryTraining residents is a task that poses a challenge and an opportunity to every Institution. A teaching centre has a dual responsibility, first to assure the adequate care for the patients and second to guaranty the residents and fellows the best possible training. For these reasons management decisions have to promote the best standard of care for the patient while creating the opportunities for residents to learn. Moreover, residents should not only be trained in just clinical Ophthalmology as research is an important part or the learning process. So trainees should be actively involved in the research program of the Institutions. All these and the continuous rotation of the residents creates logistical and planning challenges that should be solve.In summary a complete and successful program requires commitment of the Institution, the Staff/Consultant Ophthalmologists and the residents.
Corneal imaging after treatment in dystrophic eyes (OCT, CM)
Authors: Dobrowolski D. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIn late follow‐up after lamellar or penetrating keratoplasty dystrophic corneas can develop again changes in the stroma. Advanced analysis of corneal morphology and morphometry based on OCT devices can predict such pathology. More specific imaging for early deposits delivers confocal microscopy. Analysis of corneal collagen layers, stromal keratinocytes and extracellular matrix deposits shows natural recurrence of the disease in transplanted cornea.
Update in graves’ orbitopathy
Authors: Ludgate M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThyroid eye disease or Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune condition most common in people with hyperthyroid Graves’ disease (GD). GD is caused by thyroid stimulating antibodies which bind the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). The TSHR is probably also implicated in GO since it is expressed in orbital fat, particularly during adipogenesis. GO is the result of tissue remodelling, mainly overproduction of extra‐cellular matrix and excess adipogenesis, which together produce proptosis. In vitro models have increased understanding of the signalling cascades regulating these processes and identified possible novel treatments. However progress in identifying the triggers of the autoimmune response is lacking but a possible role for the microbiome has been proposed. Hopefully recent developments, including a TSHR induced model of GO in mice, will help to address these issues.
Is glutamate dehydrogenase in astrocytes one of the keys to control brain glutamate homeostasis?
Authors: Waagepetersen H. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBrain glutamate concentration needs to be balanced to avoid excitoxicity. Following glutamatergic neurotransmission astrocytes are responsible for clearance of the synaptic cleft via glutamate transporters. In the astrocyte the conversion of glutamate to glutamine is an essential part of the glutamate‐glutamine cycle. But, a substantial amount of glutamate is oxidatively metabolized in the mitochondria, which to a large extent may be dependent on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Thus, astrocytes are likely the main regulator of the brain glutamate concentration, but how do they do it? We have investigated the role of GDH in astrocytes with focus on energy and glutamate neurotransmitter homeostasis. We have used cultured astrocytes originating from CNS‐specific GDH1 knock‐out mice and cultures of astrocytes treated with siRNA against GDH. We find that an impaired GDH activity force glutamate to be only partially oxidized via the truncated TCA cycle and formation of another excitatory amino acid, aspartate. Astrocytes totally lacking GDH exhibit an increased glycolysis and impaired glucose oxidation, supporting that astrocytes are in a need for glutamate oxidation to sustain energy metabolism.