bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The utilization and mode of action of organic acids in the feeds of cultured aquatic animals
Authors: Ng Wing‐Keong , Koh Chik‐Boon 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe use of antibiotics in the feeds of cultured aquatic animals to mitigate infectious diseases or to boost growth performance is commonly practised. In recent years, the prophylactic use of antibiotics has been criticized which eventually led to their ban in animal production by many countries. In view of the current restrictions on antibiotic use, there is a critical need to evaluate alternatives. One potential substitute for antibiotic growth promoters in aquafeeds is organic acids and/or their respective salts. The use of dietary organic acids in the culture of aquatic animals has been the focus of much research and commercial interest recently. This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the current knowledge on the use of organic acids in aquafeeds, with emphasis on its impacts on growth, nutrient utilization, mineral availability, gut microbiota and disease resistance. Many studies have reported that some organic acids can significantly enhance the growth performance and health status of fish. Contradictory results have also been reported, which seems to depend on the aquatic animal species, type and concentrations of organic acids and the culture conditions used. Recent research indicating the beneficial impact of dietary organic acids on shrimp growth and health is highlighted. Possible mechanisms of action of these functional feed additives are discussed. Strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of dietary organic acids are given. This review aims to contribute to the sustainability of global aquaculture production by providing a viable alternative to harmful antibiotics, thereby meeting the growing consumer demand for antibiotic‐free seafood products.
Can the Genetic Origin Affect Rabbit Seminal Plasma Protein Profile along the Year?
Authors: Casares‐Crespo L , Talaván AM , Viudes‐de‐Castro MP 
Published: March 2016

ContentsThe study was designed to evaluate the influence of genetic origin on rabbit seminal plasma protein profile variation along the year. Seminal plasma of rabbits from line A (maternal line) and R (paternal line) collected during a natural year was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The electrophoretic profile of rabbit seminal plasma resulted in multiple protein bands of different intensity ranging from 9 to 240 kDa. Results showed that seven protein bands were significantly different between genetic lines, and among these, three protein bands were significantly different between seasons. The differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF or LC‐MS/MS analysis and were the following ones: FAM115E‐like (220, 113 and 59 kDa), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 isoform X2 (72 kDa), annexin A5 (32 kDa), lipocalin allergen Ory c 4 precursor (19 kDa), and haemoglobin subunit zetalike (13 kDa) between genetic lines and FAM115E‐like (113 kDa), haemoglobin subunit zetalike (13 kDa) and β‐nerve growth factor (12 kDa) between seasons. These results indicate that proteins from rabbit seminal plasma are under both seasonal control and genetic control. Furthermore, the differential presence of these proteins could be one of the causes explaining the differences observed in fertility and seminal parameters between these two lines in earlier studies.
Hume and the Problem of Paternalism: When is Humanity Sufficient?
Authors: Pollock Ryan 
Published: March 2016

AbtractHume states that if a group of powerless, rational creatures lived amongst human beings, then humans would be required to treat this species with humanity but not with justice. Michael Ridge has argued that this implies humans would be required to engage in a morally dubious form of paternalism toward this imagined species. I argue that a proper understanding of why this imagined species is excluded from the scope of justice shows Hume has a plausible moral reason for requiring paternalism in this instance. The reason the imagined species is excluded is that they are incapable of feeling what I term “the pain of dependence,” or unease arising from complete dependence upon those who are more powerful. Those capable of the pain of dependence will have reason to resent exclusion from the scope of justice (and the accompanying susceptibility to paternalism). However, I contend that Hume did not think that the imagined species was capable of feeling the pain of dependence. This means that the imagined species would not consider themselves wronged when subject to paternalistic treatment, and, consequently, there is good reason to think the sort of paternalism that Hume's theory allows is not morally objectionable.
The Temporal Dynamics of Surprise
Authors: Noordewier Marret K. , Topolinski Sascha , Van Dijk Eric 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGuided by a temporal dynamics perspective, we review and integrate theories and empirical evidence on surprise. We conceptualize surprise as the initial response to unexpected events, which should be differentiated from subsequent states that occur after people had time to make sense of the unexpected outcome. To understand the nature of surprise, it is therefore important to take time into account. Following this, a review of immediate cognitive correlates of surprise shows that irrespective of the valence of the outcome, the initial responses are the same. Moreover, the temporal dynamics perspective reconciles seemingly contradictory findings regarding the valence of surprise, such that studies that focus on surprise while it happens (initial interruption) support the notion that it feels relatively negative, whereas studies that focus on states after cognitive mastering show that subsequent experiential states depend on the valence of the outcome.
Experience‐Dependent Brain Development as a Key to Understanding the Language System
Authors: Westermann Gert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn influential view of the nature of the language system is that of an evolved biological system in which a set of rules is combined with a lexicon that contains the words of the language together with a representation of their context. Alternative views, usually based on connectionist modeling, attempt to explain the structure of language on the basis of complex associative processes. Here, I put forward a third view that stresses experience‐dependent structural development of the brain circuits supporting language as a core principle of the organization of the language system. In this view, embodied in a recent neuroconstructivist neural network of past tense development and processing, initial domain‐general predispositions enable the development of functionally specialized brain structures through interactions between experience‐dependent brain development and statistical learning in a structured environment. Together, these processes shape a biological adult language system that appears to separate into distinct mechanism for processing rules and exceptions, whereas in reality those subsystems co‐develop and interact closely. This view puts experience‐dependent brain development in response to a specific language environment at the heart of understanding not only language development but adult language processing as well.
Effect of storage time and donor sex of transfused red blood cells on 1‐year survival in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: an observational study
Authors: Desmarets Maxime , Bardiaux Laurent , Benzenine Eric , Dussaucy Alain , Binda Delphine , Tiberghien Pierre , Quantin Catherine , Monnet Elisabeth 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDRed blood cell (RBC) storage lesions and RBCs from females transfused into male recipients may have adverse effects on transfusion recipients' survival. We hypothesized that the effect of donor sex and the effect of age of blood on mortality would be most apparent in cardiac surgery patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSUsing data from French Blood Services and two university hospitals, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on cardiac surgery patients whose first transfusion occurred between 2007 and 2011. The age of blood and donor sex effects on 1‐year survival were studied using Cox regression modeling, with time‐dependent stratification on the number of RBCs and adjustments for the type of surgery and other products transfused.RESULTSAmong the 2715 cardiac surgery patients, 85.1% were alive after 1 year. Age of blood and donor sex were associated with survival before adjustments (p < 0.0001). However, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients transfused with blood stored for 29 days or more versus 14 days or less were 0.97 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.69‐1.35; p = 0.98) and 1.22 (95% CI, 0.81‐1.82) for patients who received only sex‐mismatched RBCs versus all matched units (p = 0.27). For males transfused solely with female RBCs, the HR was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.57‐1.61; p = 0.69); in females transfused only with male RBCs, it was 2.03 (95% CI, 0.87‐4.73; p = 0.17).CONCLUSIONSIn this first study of survival after transfusion in France, there was no significant effect for age of blood or donor sex. Contrary to previously reported data, female RBCs appear to be safe for male recipients.
Epidemiological Outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Are Not Limited to Kidney Transplant Recipients: Genotyping Confirms Common Source of Transmission in a Liver Transplantation Unit
Authors: Desoubeaux Guillaume , Dominique Manon , Morio Florent , Thepault Rose-Anne , Franck-Martel Claire , Tellier Anne-Charlotte , Ferrandière Martine , Hennequin Christophe , Bernard Louis , Salamé Ephrem , Bailly Éric , Chandenier Jacques 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Over a 5-month period, four liver transplant patients at a single hospital were diagnosed with
Pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia (PCP). This unusually high incidence was investigated using molecular genotyping. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) obtained from the four liver recipients diagnosed with PCP were processed for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at three loci (
SOD
, mt26s, and
CYB
). Twenty-four other BALF samples, which were positive for
P. jirovecii
and collected from 24 epidemiologically unrelated patients with clinical signs of PCP, were studied in parallel by use of the same method.
Pneumocystis jirovecii
isolates from the four liver recipients all had the same genotype, which was different from those of the isolates from all the epidemiologically unrelated individuals studied. These findings supported the hypothesis of a common source of contamination or even cross-transmission of a single
P. jirovecii
clone between the four liver recipients. Hospitalization mapping showed several possible encounters between these four patients, including outpatient consultations on one particular date when they all possibly met. This study demonstrates the value of molecular genotyping of
P. jirovecii
isolated from clinical samples for epidemiological investigation of PCP outbreaks. It is also the first description of a common source of exposure to a single
P. jirovecii
clone between liver transplant recipients and highlights the importance of prophylaxis in such a population.
Microbiology Learning and Education Online
Authors: Guarner Jeannette , Niño Silvia M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The ubiquity of devices that connect to the Internet has exploded, allowing for easy dissemination of information. Many teachers from kindergarten to universities use the information obtained online or post material they want their students to access. Online media readily places articles, books, videos, and games at our fingertips. The public in general also gathers health information from the Internet. The following review will explore what has been published regarding microbiology education and learning online and the use of electronic media by microbiologists for scientific purposes.
Coordinated Neutralization and Immune Activation by the Cytosolic Antibody Receptor TRIM21
Authors: Fletcher Adam J. , James Leo C. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
TRIM21 is a high-affinity antibody receptor uniquely expressed in the cytosol of mammalian cells. Here we summarize its role in extending antibody protection into the intracellular environment and allowing nonprofessional cells to benefit from adaptive immunity. We highlight recent work that has shed light on how TRIM21 acts as both an immune sensor and effector. We also review how TRIM21 synergizes with other innate immune receptors to promote an integrated antiviral response.
PrPSc-Specific Antibody Reveals C-Terminal Conformational Differences between Prion Strains
Authors: Saijo Eri , Hughson Andrew G. , Raymond Gregory J. , Suzuki Akio , Horiuchi Motohiro , Caughey Byron 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the structure of PrPScand its strain variation has been one of the major challenges in prion disease biology. To study the strain-dependent conformations of PrPSc, we purified proteinase-resistant PrPSc(PrPRES) from mouse brains with three different murine-adapted scrapie strains (Chandler, 22L, and Me7) and systematically tested the accessibility of epitopes of a wide range of anti-PrP and anti-PrPScspecific antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that epitopes of most anti-PrP antibodies were hidden in the folded structure of PrPRES, even though these epitopes are revealed with guanidine denaturation. However, reactivities to a PrPSc-specific conformational C-terminal antibody showed significant differences among the three different prion strains. Our results provide evidence for strain-dependent conformational variation near the C termini of molecules within PrPScmultimers.IMPORTANCEIt has long been apparent that prion strains can have different conformations near the N terminus of the PrPScprotease-resistant core. Here, we show that a C-terminal conformational PrPSc-specific antibody reacts differently to three murine-adapted scrapie strains. These results suggest, in turn, that conformational differences in the C terminus of PrPScalso contribute to the phenotypic distinction between prion strains.
Derivation and Characterization of a CD4-Independent, Non-CD4-Tropic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Swanstrom Adrienne E. , Haggarty Beth , Jordan Andrea P. O. , Romano Josephine , Leslie George J. , Aye Pyone P. , Marx Preston A. , Lackner Andrew A. , Del Prete Gregory Q. , Robinson James E. , Betts Michael R. , Montefiori David C. , LaBranche Celia C. , Hoxie James A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

CD4 tropism is conserved among all primate lentiviruses and likely contributes to viral pathogenesis by targeting cells that are critical for adaptive antiviral immune responses. Although CD4-independent variants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been described that can utilize the coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in the absence of CD4, these viruses typically retain their CD4 binding sites and still can interact with CD4. We describe the derivation of a novel CD4-independent variant of pathogenic SIVmac239, termed iMac239, that was used to derive an infectious R5-tropic SIV lacking a CD4 binding site. Of the seven mutations that differentiate iMac239 from wild-type SIVmac239, a single change (D178G) in the V1/V2 region was sufficient to confer CD4 independence in cell-cell fusion assays, although other mutations were required for replication competence. Like other CD4-independent viruses, iMac239 was highly neutralization sensitive, although mutations were identified that could confer CD4-independent infection without increasing its neutralization sensitivity. Strikingly, iMac239 retained the ability to replicate in cell lines and primary cells even when its CD4 binding site had been ablated by deletion of a highly conserved aspartic acid at position 385, which, for HIV-1, plays a critical role in CD4 binding. iMac239, with and without the D385 deletion, exhibited an expanded host range in primary rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells that included CCR5
+
CD8
+
T cells. As the first non-CD4-tropic SIV, iMac239-ΔD385 will afford the opportunity to directly assess the
in vivo
role of CD4 targeting on pathogenesis and host immune responses.

IMPORTANCE
CD4 tropism is an invariant feature of primate lentiviruses and likely plays a key role in pathogenesis by focusing viral infection onto cells that mediate adaptive immune responses and in protecting virions attached to cells from neutralizing antibodies. Although CD4-independent viruses are well described for HIV and SIV, these viruses characteristically retain their CD4 binding site and can engage CD4 if available. We derived a novel CD4-independent, CCR5-tropic variant of the pathogenic molecular clone SIVmac239, termed iMac239. The genetic determinants of iMac239's CD4 independence provide new insights into mechanisms that underlie this phenotype. This virus remained replication competent even after its CD4 binding site had been ablated by mutagenesis. As the first truly non-CD4-tropic SIV, lacking the capacity to interact with CD4, iMac239 will provide the unique opportunity to evaluate SIV pathogenesis and host immune responses in the absence of the immunomodulatory effects of CD4
+
T cell targeting and infection.
The Vaccinia Virus H3 Envelope Protein, a Major Target of Neutralizing Antibodies, Exhibits a Glycosyltransferase Fold and Binds UDP-Glucose
Authors: Singh Kavita , Gittis Apostolos G. , Gitti Rossitza K. , Ostazeski Stanley A. , Su Hua-Poo , Garboczi David N. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The highly conserved H3 poxvirus protein is a major target of the human antibody response against poxviruses and is likely a key contributor to protection against infection. Here, we present the crystal structure of H3 from vaccinia virus at a 1.9-Å resolution. H3 looks like a glycosyltransferase, a family of enzymes that transfer carbohydrate molecules to a variety of acceptor substrates. Like glycosyltransferases, H3 binds UDP-glucose, as shown by saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and this binding requires Mg
2+
. Mutation of the glycosyltransferase-like metal ion binding motif in H3 greatly diminished its binding to UDP-glucose. We found by flow cytometry that H3 binds to the surface of human cells but does not bind well to cells that are deficient in surface glycosaminoglycans. STD NMR experiments using a heparin sulfate decasaccharide confirmed that H3 binds heparin sulfate. We propose that a surface of H3 with an excess positive charge may be the binding site for heparin. Heparin binding and glycosyltransferase activity may be involved in the function of H3 in the poxvirus life cycle.

IMPORTANCE
Poxviruses are under intense research because of bioterrorism concerns, zoonotic infections, and the side effects of existing smallpox vaccines. The smallpox vaccine using vaccinia virus has been highly successful, but it is still unclear why the vaccine is so effective. Studying the antigens that the immune system recognizes may allow a better understanding of how the vaccine elicits immunity and how improved vaccines can be developed. Poxvirus protein H3 is a major target of the immune system. The H3 crystal structure shows that it has a glycosyltransferase protein fold. We demonstrate that H3 binds the sugar nucleotide UDP-glucose, as do glycosyltransferases. Our experiments also reveal that H3 binds cell surface molecules that are involved in the attachment of poxviruses to cells. These structural and functional studies of H3 will help in designing better vaccines and therapeutics.
How do authors of systematic reviews deal with research malpractice and misconduct in original studies? A cross-sectional analysis of systematic reviews and survey of their authors
Authors: Elia Nadia , von Elm Erik , Chatagner Alexandra , Pöpping Daniel M , Tramèr Martin R 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo study whether systematic reviewers apply procedures to counter-balance some common forms of research malpractice such as not publishing completed research, duplicate publications, or selective reporting of outcomes, and to see whether they identify and report misconduct.DesignCross-sectional analysis of systematic reviews and survey of their authors.Participants118 systematic reviews published in four journals (Ann Int Med, BMJ, JAMA, Lancet), and theCochrane Library, in 2013.Main outcomes and measuresNumber (%) of reviews that applied procedures to reduce the impact of: (1) publication bias (through searching of unpublished trials), (2) selective outcome reporting (by contacting the authors of the original studies), (3) duplicate publications, (4) sponsors’ and (5) authors’ conflicts of interest, on the conclusions of the review, and (6) looked for ethical approval of the studies. Number (%) of reviewers who suspected misconduct are reported. The procedures applied were compared across journals.Results80 (68%) reviewers confirmed their data. 59 (50%) reviews applied three or more procedures; 11 (9%) applied none. Unpublished trials were searched in 79 (66%) reviews. Authors of original studies were contacted in 73 (62%). Duplicate publications were searched in 81 (69%). 27 reviews (23%) reported sponsors of the included studies; 6 (5%) analysed their impact on the conclusions of the review. Five reviews (4%) looked at conflicts of interest of study authors; none of them analysed their impact. Three reviews (2.5%) looked at ethical approval of the studies. Seven reviews (6%) suspected misconduct; only 2 (2%) reported it explicitly. Procedures applied differed across the journals.ConclusionsOnly half of the systematic reviews applied three or more of the six procedures examined. Sponsors, conflicts of interest of authors and ethical approval remain overlooked. Research misconduct is sometimes identified, but rarely reported. Guidance on when, and how, to report suspected misconduct is needed.
Osteomyelitis and fracture callus abscessation secondary to a foreign body reaction in a traumatic open fracture of the zygomatic bone of a puppy
Authors: Delisser Peter J , Warren‐Smith Chris 
Published: March 2016

A five‐month‐old male labrador retriever presented with a large (6×3×5 cm) firm swelling associated with the right zygomatic arch. The dog suffered a bite wound two months previously, causing puncture wounds dorsal to the orbit where radiographs demonstrated a minimally displaced fracture of the zygomatic arch and surrounding soft, fluctuant swelling. Following three to four weeks of conservative management, the swelling had partially ossified. CT of the skull demonstrated a large cavitary osseous lesion of the right zygomatic arch associated with the previous fracture site. A lateral approach was used to perform marginal excision of the mass, preserving the eye. Histopathology of the mass revealed woven bone formation, granulation tissue lining the cavity and a fragment of plant material within the cavity. The recovery from surgery was unremarkable, and the dog did not suffer any intraoperative or postoperative complications. The dog was clinically normal at follow‐up 21 months post surgery.
Effects of Y2O3insertion layer on anisotropic magnetoresistance of Ni81Fe19 films
Authors: Wang Shuyun , Huang Huaxue , Sun Yang , Gao Tiejun , He Yuan 
Published: March 2016

A series of Ta(4 nm)/Y2O[Formula: see text]/Ni[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text](20 nm)/Y2O[Formula: see text]/Ta(3 nm) films were prepared on glass substrates by magnetron sputtering under appropriate conditions. AMR value, phase composition and magnetic hysteresis hoop of Ni[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text] films were measured and analyzed by four-point probe technology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. Influence of Y2O3which work as oxidation intercalation on AMR values of Ni[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text] films was investigated. The experiment results show that, at the substrate temperature of 450[Formula: see text]C, the AMR value of the film with Y2O3layer thickness of 2.5 nm can reach 4.61%, increasing by 71.3% compares with the film without Y2O3layer.