bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and prediction of shrinkage of a small glacier in the Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Kadota Tsutomu , Fujita Koji , Seko Katsumoto , Kayastha Rijan B. , Ageta Yutaka 
Published: February 2017

In 1978, the first detailed glaciological studies were carried out on the small glacier AX010 in a glacier inventory of Dudh Kosi region, in the Nepal Himalaya. Its length, area and highest and lowest elevations in 1978 were 1.7 km, 0.57 km2, 5360 and 4950 m a.s.l., respectively. Two resurveys of its terminus position and/or surface elevations were carried out in 1989 and 1991. The glacier retreated by about 30 and 28 m during the periods 1978–89 and 1989–91, respectively.
In 1995, annual monitoring of this glacier by means of ground survey, stake method and topographical mapping began, in order to obtain its mass balance, surface flow velocity and extent, and link them with climatic conditions. The results obtained in 1995 are summarized as follows: (1) During the period 1991–95, the glacier retreated by 12 m. (2) Associated with the ice-thickness loss in the lower part of the glacier, the horizontal surface velocities along the center line in 1995 (June–October) showed a remarkable decrease on the glacier tongue, to about 50% of those in 1978.
Shrinkage of the glacier in the near future is predicted from a simple model calculation for the case that climatic conditions remain unchanged from 1995. The results show that the present shrinkage should continue and accelerate.
The relative strengths of debris-laden basal ice and clean glacier ice: some evidence from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Lawson Wendy 
Published: February 2017

An understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the basal zone of an ice mass is fundamental to understanding the overall dynamics of that ice mass. Despite the fact that debris-laden ice is found in the basal zones of many glaciers and ice sheets, its mechanical behaviour is only poorly understood. This paper attempts to expand our knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of debris-laden ice by examining the uniaxial compressive strength of debris-laden basal ice sampled from the snout of the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica.
The mechanical behaviour of debris-laden ice (debris content 5–20% by volume) under uniaxial compression, and the relationship between the behaviours of debris-laden basal ice and ‘clean’ glacier ice, is complex and variable. At the relatively warm temperatures at which uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted in the field, debris-laden ice was generally weaker than clean glacier ice. At these temperatures, between 0° and −5°C, pressure melting was the dominant deformation mechanism in the debris-laden ice and cracking the dominant deformation mechanism in clean ice. At −25°C, however, debris-laden ice reached higher strengths than lite clean glacier ice and cracking was the dominant deformation mechanism in both ice types. The change in relationship between the strengths of debris-laden and clean ice with temperature is inferred to be attributable to the temperature dependence of the rate of pressure melting.
These results suggest that the dynamic effects and significance of the presence of a debris-laden ice layer in the basal zone of an ice mass are likely to be highly variable in space and time.
On the improvement of sea-ice models for climate simulations: the sea ice model intercomparison project
Authors: Lemke Peter , Hibler W.D. , Flato G. , Harder M. , Kreyscher M. 
Published: February 2017

Experiments with dynamic thermodynamic sea-ice models indicate a strong dependence of the net freezing rate, sea-ice transport and variability on dynamic model parameters. Although current dynamic—thermodynamic sea-ice models show relatively good agreement with observations, an optimization seems to be necessary, especially for the parameterizations of dynamic processes.
Presently, only a few coupled climate models use dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice models. In order to promote, by means of coordinated numerical experiments, the development of an optimal sea-ice model for climate research, the Sea Ice Ocean Modelling Panel of the Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS, a project of the World Climate Research Programme has initiated the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP). The first results from this model hierarchy approach are presented.
Drifting-snow acoustic detector: experimental tests in La Molina, Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: Font D. , Naaim-Bouvet F. , Roussel M. 
Published: February 2017

A new gauge to detect drifting snow has been tested at an experimental site at La Molina, eastern Spanish Pyrenees during the 1996 winter.
Based on an acoustic principle, it consiste of a miniature microphone located at the base of an aluminium pole of a Variable length (depending on the average height of the snow accumulated in a season). While snowdrifting occurs and the pole is exposed to the flux (wind + snow particles), the snow grains impact on the pole and the sound produced by these collisions is recorded as an electrical signal.
30 m away from the snowdrifting detector, there is an anemometric station. The comparison of both records allows determination of thresholds and deposit wind velocities. In addition, this gauge allows users to know, during a wind episode, the exact amount of time during which snowdrifting occurs without being in the field. The interpretation of the values obtained using the acoustic detector is not yet an easy subject to discuss. We slill do not know what the drift-density equivalents for tile recorded noise levels are. However, these are only preliminary results and we expect to complete the calibration of the gauge during the coming months.
Short-term numerical avalanche forecast used operationally at Météo-France over the Alps and Pyrenees
Authors: Durand Yves , Giraud Gérald , Mérindol Laurent 
Published: February 2017

Avalanche-hazard estimation for the present and the following days is one of the main tasks of the avalanche forecaster. For 4 years, some have used the results of a series of automatic numerical models in the Alpine massifs of France. Thee programs describe in real time the main meteorological conditions(SAFRAN),the evolution of the snow cover(Crocus)and the resulting avalanche risks[MÉPRA)at different elevations, slopes and aspects of the massifs considered.This paper presents the latest evolution of this automatic tool. With the new version it is now possible to provide 1 day forecasts of the state of the snow cover over the massifs of both the Alps and Pyrenees, including the main characteristics of the snowpack and an assessment of the corresponding avalanche hazards.To achieve this result, the main changes were with SAFRAN. Two combined methods are used within the same package: adaptations of larger-scale meteorological forecasts and use of observations of analogous weather situations from the past. These two approaches are complementary especially for evaluating precipitation where the second solution has important fine-scale information while the first exhibits important local biases.Validation of this new application was done carefully and proved the quality of the method, now used in real-time by local forecasters. We present some validation results, concerned both with forecasted precipitation fields at the scale of the massif and forecasted avalanche risks deduced fromMÉPRA.
Sediment-mass exchange between turbid meltwater streams and proglacial deposits of storglaciären, northern Sweden
Authors: Holmlund Per , Burman Helene , Rost Torbjörn 
Published: February 2017

Detailed changes in surface elevation of a recently deglaciated area have been mapped using a high-resolution photogrammetric method, with a view to estimating the contribution of debris from the proglacial area to the meltwater streams draining Storglaciären, northern Sweden, over the period 1980-90. The net contribution of sediments originating from the deglaciated area immediately in front of the glacier was of the order of 50% of the suspended silt load transported by meltwater at the flume Rännan downstream from the glacier, but at the same time, a similar amount of sediment accumulated along the streams. Though there is a significant exchange of mass, the net change is close to zero. Moreover, the survey provides detailed information about morphological changes in the landscape. Different processes, such as melting of permafrost, fluvial erosion and sedimentation, have been active.Erosion and sedimentation rates were calculated from the difference between digital terrain models based on aerial photographs taken in 1980 and 1990. The result shows erosion in the central part of the proglacial area and accumulation of coarser sediments along the braided streams. In places, the ground is sinking, possibly due to melting of permafrost.Where the ice is thinner, in the marginal zone, the thermal regime of ice in the tongue of Storglaciären corresponds well with the proglacial geomorphology. At present, the glacier has a 30-40 m thick cold surface layer which at the thinner marginal zone corresponds to a 100-200 m wide frozen rim. The temperature distribution within the ice was mapped using high-resolution radar.
A 1200 year record of accumulation from northern Greenland
Authors: Friedmann Arne , Moore John C. , Thorsteinsson Thorsteinn , Kipfstuhl Josef , Fischer Hubertus 
Published: February 2017

We present the first detailed study of regional and secular changes in accumulation rate from northern Greenland. Four 100–150 m ice cores from this previously little investigated region have been dielectrically profiled and a good chronology for all four ice cores established by modelling the density profiles and identifying volcanic peaks in the records. This made it possible to calculate the accumulation rates of each core. The current accumulation rates show that there is a large region of low accumulation rate to the northeast of central Greenland with drops in accumulation rate of 25% 150 km, and 50% 300 km from Summit.
Relatively large variations in accumulation rate over time are seen in all the cores. We have compared the resulting accumulation-rate record, which should be related to changes in local air temperature over northern Greenland, with Scandinavian tree-ring records and have interpreted the data as showing an early Medieval Warm Epoch, but no pronounced “Little Ice Age” and no unequivocal greenhouse warming effect as yet in northern Greenland.
The central part of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica: internal structures revealed by 40MHz monopulse RES
Authors: Blindow N. 
Published: February 2017

About 1200 km of surface-based radio-echo sounding (RES) profiles were measured during the German Antarctic field season 1989-90 on the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS), Antarctica, with a 40 MHz monopulse sounder developed in Münster. In the area investigated, downstream of Doake Ice Rumples and Henry Ice Rise, a basal layer of marine ice up to 400 m thick was found below the meteoric ice, which is less than 100 m thick in some places. High absorption losses and low bottom reflectivity of the basal layer prevented sounding of the total ice thickness, except for areas near the ice edge with strong melting.
From common mid-point (CMP) measurements, the velocities of electromagnetic waves in the ice shelf were determined, to obtain precise depths from travel times for airborne and surface-based soundings.
The continuous profiling yielded the total ice thickness in the northern part and a variety of internal structures, including lavers in the meteoric and the marine ice, remnants of crevasses, varying reflections of the meteoric-marine interface reflection (MMR). From these data, it is shown that the most-disturbed MMR signatures originate at grounding zones at Doake lee Rumples and at both sides of Henry Ice Rise. The status of the meteoric ice bottom is preserved by the formation of marine ice. Hence, structures remain widely unchanged over 400 km of flow. Internal features that can be correlated on parallel profiles perpendicular to the flow provide an independent means for the construction of flow lines. Even in areas with a smooth MMR, reflection amplitudes show variations by a factor of 2. Their spatial frequency is maximal on profiles prependicular to the now direction. A possible explanation for the amplitude variations is the varying salinity of the top of the marine ice.
Formation of high-power, high-voltage rectangular pulses with the controlled stabilization of the pulse peak
Authors: Petrov A.V. , Pavlov S.K. , Usov Y.P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe pulse shaper based on a capacitive storage device with an active switch operating on a resistive load is considered. The electrical circuit includes a capacitor with a reference voltage for the stabilization of peak of the pulse. The capacitor connected in parallel with a load via the unilateral conductive switch. A general analysis of the shaping circuit was carried out. Analytical expressions for determination of the stabilization accuracy and the stabilization duration have been obtained. The results of computer simulation of dependence of these characteristics as function of pulse parameters and shaper features are presented. The influence of short-term and abrupt change of the resistance load on the stabilization process of peak of the pulse is considered. The possibility of obtaining of pulses with a controlled stability of pulse peaks <1% for pulses with duration to 100 µs at voltages up to 20 kV and energy stored in a capacitor to 3.4 kJ is shown in prototype of the shaper.
Low Drag Aerofoils
Authors: Whitehead L. G. 
Published: February 2017

During the past few years a new series of low drag aerofoils has been developed which represents a radical departure from earlier practice. The changes envisaged are much greater than those which accompanied the general change-over from the biplane to the monoplane, and give rise to many problems whose solution requires considerable theoretical and experimental work. An important feature of the new sections is the precision in design and manufacture which is essential for their success. This has given renewed interest to the investigation of many of the detailed problems of air flow and calls for parallel improvements in manufacturing technique so as to achieve the high standard of surface finish required.The purpose of this paper is to give a brief account of the theoretical basis of the design and application of the modified profiles as aircraft wing sections. It deals with the design of aerofoils for the subsonic range only, or, to be more precise, for flight at speeds below the critical Mach Number at which shock waves are first formed. The critical value usually lies in the range 0.6 to 0.8, depending on the wing shape and incidence, as will be described in more detail later.
The Derivation and Use of Aerodynamic Transfer Functions of Airframes
Authors: Spearman F. R. J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe aerodynamic characteristics of airframes are expressed as aerodynamic transfer functions, giving the relationships between input and output for each of the three separate planes of motion, roll, pitch, and yaw. By assuming no cross-coupling between planes and linear aerodynamics, and by making certain other assumptions, which apply particularly to conventional airframes with fixed wings and rear controls, relatively simple approximate algebraic transfer functions giving the relationships between the control surface deflection (the input) and any airframe motion (the output), are obtained.The open loop aerodynamic transfer functions thus obtained are used as part of the auto-pilot block diagram, in which the performance of other components, such as actuators, instruments and electrical networks, are also expressed in transfer function form. The aerodynamic transfer functions are useful in auto-pilot evolution and synthesis in that they aid selection of the airframe motions to be measured, modified, and fed back to close the auto-pilot loop.For mathematical assessment of closed loop performance and stability, open loop transient and frequency responses are used, and curves of airframe responses are plotted in linear, logarithmic and polar form by standard methods from the aerodynamic transfer functions. Some methods of using these curves, which follow the general lines adopted in servo-mechanism and electronic amplifier design, are explained briefly.Analogue computers are frequently used when the computations to be made are so complicated as to need the use of a computing machine. The aerodynamic transfer functions then form one block of the simulator set-up, and on larger computers the more exact form, including any non-linearities and cross-coupling effects, can be used.
The Flight of Birds
Authors: Fullerton Colonel 
Published: February 2017

1. The object of this paper is to explain the principles upon which the flapping flight of birds depend and to show how the velocities, power expended and gliding angles can be approximately calculated. The birds are considered to be flying on a horizontal course with constant velocity. The calculations have been made for five birds, the Teal, the Grouse, the Common Swift, the Starling and the Stork, but the formulae given can of course be used for any bird.2. The results obtained seem to show that:—1st.—As regards velocities, the very high speeds given by some writers are by no means so impossible as is generally supposed.2nd.—The power expended at these high speeds is much less than the estimates usually made.
Reliability of Aircraft Engines
Authors: Siddeley J. D. 
Published: February 2017

The progress of mechanical flight to the present stable position occupied by aircraft as a means of transport has been so closely related with the problems associated with the development of the power unit, that an examination of such an important factor as its “ reliability ” appears justified.In searching for possible means to produce power, it was natural that the use of steam as a motive power should have been considered. First Langley and then Maxim in 1895 produced a steam plant designed for aircraft. No practical success was attained by these early efforts, and a considerable period elapsed before the successful power unit for aircraft was evolved.
American Scientists on the structure of social life amongst Baboons
Authors: Horr David Agee , Warshall Peter 
Published: February 2017

If one watches a troop of baboons closely, the major categories of individuals present can soon be distinguished. The largest animais are invariably the adult males and, in some areas (such as Nairobi Park), their size is exaggerated by a very heavy mantle of fur around the heads and shoulders.
An adult male baboon has the distinction of possessing perhaps the largest canine teeth of his size in the animal kingdom. These have developed as a means of defence and are sufficiently impressive to keep most other animais at a distance.
Book Reviews: Coddington et al. - The Crisis in Health Care: Costs, Choices, and StrategiesDean C. Coddington, David J. Keen, Keith D. Moore, and Richard L. Clarke San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991, 303 pp. US$30.95 cloth. ISBN 1-55542-273-X. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea L. 
Published: February 2017

PrécisThe authors assume that costs can no longer be contained in the United States health care system and that the present system cannot be sustained beyond the near future. Three of the authors are affiliated with an applied economic research and consulting firm, and the fourth is president of the Healthcare Financial Management Association. They are trained in business and city planning. The bibliography lists articles from such journals as Hospitals, Business & Health, Business Insurance, and Medical Economics.The book is directed to members of hospital governing boards and other hospital administrators, but it will be of interest to students of health policy. Part I highlights tensions between what the authors call the worlds of doctors and hospital administrators struggling to survive, on the one hand, and health care planners worried about spiraling costs on the other. Part II contains five chapters that suggest reasons for growing costs and that criticize cost shifting as a remedy.In Part III the authors evaluate alternative health care systems by presenting four future scenarios: incremental change, universal access, consumer choice model, and single payer system. In these chapters they also approach the fundamental purpose of the book—to “help physicians, hospitals, and health plans take the next steps to position themselves for the future.” While not highly analytical, the book is a readable and thoughtful supplement to more abstract critiques of the impact of today's health care system on distributive justice.
A Balanced Paradigm of Crime Control: Programmatic and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Wolf Yuval 
Published: February 2017

Bryan Vila's general paradigm for understanding criminal behavior focuses on the role of developmental factors in determining motivation for crime (1994:338). In his recent proposal in PLS, Vila states that criminality is “a predisposition that disproportionately favors criminal behavior” (1997:4). He suggests, further, that
there always are some people who are motivated to use force, fraud, or stealth to obtain resources: either to make the best out of a bad situation, or to take advantage of a good situation. That is, some individuals have competitive advantages over others within a particular niche….(1997:8)
Comparing intake estimations based on food composition data with chemical analysis in Malian women
Authors: Koréissi-Dembélé Yara , Doets Esmee L , Fanou-Fogny Nadia , Hulshof Paul JM , Moretti Diego , Brouwer Inge D 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveFood composition databases are essential for estimating nutrient intakes in food consumption surveys. The present study aimed to evaluate the Mali food composition database (TACAM) for assessing intakes of energy and selected nutrients at population level.DesignWeighed food records and duplicate portions of all foods consumed during one day were collected. Intakes of energy, protein, fat, available carbohydrates, dietary fibre, Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin A were assessed by: (i) estimating the nutrient intake from weighed food records based on an adjusted TACAM (a-TACAM); and (ii) chemical analysis of the duplicate portions. Agreement between the two methods was determined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Bland–Altman plots.SettingBamako, Mali.SubjectsApparently healthy non-pregnant, non-lactating women (n36) aged 15–36 years.ResultsCorrelation coefficients between estimated and analysed values ranged from 0·38 to 0·61. At population level, mean estimated and analysed nutrient intakes differed significantly for carbohydrates (203·0v. 243·5 g/d), Fe (9·9v. 22·8 mg/d) and vitamin A (356v. 246 µg retinol activity equivalents). At individual level, all estimated and analysed nutrient intakes differed significantly; the differences tended to increase with higher intakes.ConclusionsThe a-TACAM is sufficiently acceptable for measuring average intakes of macronutrients, Ca and Zn at population level in low-intake populations, but not for carbohydrate, vitamin A and Fe intakes, and nutrient densities.