bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of high‐resolution regional climate model simulations of snow cover and albedo over the Rocky Mountains, with implications for the simulated snow‐albedo feedback
Authors: Minder Justin R. , Letcher Theodore W. , Skiles S. McKenzie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe snow‐albedo feedback (SAF) strongly influences climate over midlatitude mountainous regions. However, over these regions the skill of regional climate models (RCMs) at simulating properties such as snow cover and surface albedo is poorly characterized. These properties are evaluated in a pair of 7 year long high‐resolution RCM simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model over the central Rocky Mountains. Key differences between the simulations include the computational domain (regional versus continental) and land surface model used (Noah versus Noah‐MP). Simulations are evaluated against high‐resolution satellite estimates of snow cover and albedo from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Both simulations generally reproduce the observed seasonal and spatial variability of snow cover and also exhibit important biases. One simulation substantially overpredicts subpixel fractional snow cover over snowy pixels (by up to 0.4) causing large positive biases in surface albedo, likely due in part to inadequate representation of canopy effects. The other simulation exhibits a negative bias in areal snow extent (as much as 19% of the analysis domain). Surface measurements reveal large positive biases in snow albedo (exceeding 0.2) during late spring caused by neglecting radiative effects of impurities deposited onto snow. Semi‐idealized climate change experiments show substantially different magnitudes of SAF‐enhanced warming in the two simulations that can be tied to the differences in snow cover in their control climates. More confident projections of regional climate change over mountains will require further work to evaluate and improve representation of snow cover and albedo in RCMs.
Associations between male testosterone and immune function in a pathogenically stressed forager‐horticultural population
Authors: Trumble Benjamin C. , Blackwell Aaron D. , Stieglitz Jonathan , Thompson Melissa Emery , Suarez Ivan Maldonado , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesDespite well‐known fitness advantages to males who produce and maintain high endogenous testosterone levels, such phenotypes may be costly if testosterone‐mediated investment in reproductive effort trade‐off against investment in somatic maintenance. Previous studies of androgen‐mediated trade‐offs in human immune function find mixed results, in part because most studies either focus on a few indicators of immunity, are confounded by phenotypic correlation, or are observational. Here the association between male endogenous testosterone and 13 circulating cytokines are examined before and after ex vivo antigen stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in a high pathogen population of Bolivian forager‐horticulturalists.Materials and methodsA Milliplex 13‐plex cytokine panel measured cytokine concentration in whole blood samples from 109 Tsimane men aged 40–89 (median = 50 years) before and after antigen stimulation with PHA and LPS. Urinary testosterone was measured via enzyme immunoassay, demographic, and anthropometric data were collected as part of the Tsimane Health and Life History Project.ResultsHigher endogenous testosterone was associated with down‐regulated responses in all cytokines after PHA stimulation (but significantly in only 2/13 cytokines), controlling for age and body mass index. In contrast, testosterone was not significantly associated with down‐regulation of cytokines after LPS stimulation. MANOVAs indicate that men with higher testosterone showed reduced cytokine responses to PHA compared with LPS (p = 0.0098).DiscussionEndogenous testosterone appears to be immunomodulatory rather than immunosuppressive. Potentially costlier forms of immune activation like those induced by PHA (largely T‐cell biased immune activation) are down‐regulated in men with higher testosterone, but testosterone has less impact on potentially less costly immune activation following LPS stimulation (largely B‐cell mediated immunity).
Large circular dichroism and optical rotation in titanium doped chiral silver nanorods
Authors: Titus Jitto , Larsen George , Zhao Yiping , Perera A. G. Unil 
Published: July 2016

The circular dichroism of titanium‐doped silver chiral nanorod arrays grown using the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) method is investigated in the visible and near infrared ranges using transmission ellipsometry and spectroscopy. These films are found to have significant circular polarization effects across broad ranges of the visible to NIR spectrum, including large values for optical rotation. The characteristics of these circular polarization effects are strongly influenced by the morphology of the deposited arrays. Thus, the morphological control of the optical activity in these nanostructures demonstrates significant optimization capability of the GLAD technique for fabricating chiral plasmonic materials.
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Controlling the Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum Clusters by Dopant‐Induced Electronic Structure Modification
Authors: Ferrari Piero , Molina Luis M. , Kaydashev Vladimir E. , Alonso Julio A. , Lievens Peter , Janssens Ewald 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA major drawback of state‐of‐the‐art proton exchange membrane fuel cells is the CO poisoning of platinum catalysts. It is known that CO poisoning is reduced if platinum alloys are used, but the underlying mechanism therefore is still under debate. We study the influence of dopant atoms on the CO adsorption on small platinum clusters using mass spectrometry experiments and density functional calculations. A significant reduction in the reactivity for Nb‐ and Mo‐doped clusters is attributed to electron transfer from those highly coordinated dopants to the Pt atoms and the concomitant lower CO binding energies. On the other hand Sn and Ag dopants have a lower Pt coordination and have a limited effect on the CO adsorption. Analysis of the density of states demonstrates a correlation of dopant‐induced changes in the electronic structure with the enhanced tolerance to CO poisoning.
Surface polarity of porous polymers at different coverages
Authors: Gus'kov Vladimir Yu. , Ganieva Alina G. , Kudasheva Florida Kh. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAt different surface coverages (θs), the dispersion component (ΔFdisp) and specific components (induction and orientation interactions; ΔFio and donor‐acceptor interactions; ΔFda) of the sorption free energy and the polarities were calculated for three porous polymers: the microporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer Dowex L‐285, the microporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene MN‐200, and the macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer Polysorb‐1. Two methods were used to calculate ΔFdisp, ΔFio and ΔFda: the linear free energy relationship method and the Dong polarization method. For styrene–divinylbenzene sorbents, ΔFdisp decreased with θ, whereas ΔFio and ΔFda increased; this caused the polarity to rise. This phenomenon was caused by the sorbat–sorbat lateral interactions on the polymer's surface; these were stronger for polar molecules. In the case of hypercrosslinked polystyrene, ΔFdisp and ΔFio varied equally, and the polarity was almost constant. This trend could be explained by the absorption of the molecules into the bulk of the polymer; this prevented lateral interactions. We concluded that the lateral interactions were a function of the porous polymer's surface properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44146.
The Future of Ecosystem Services in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Kubiszewski Ida , Anderson Sharolyn J. , Costanza Robert , Sutton Paul C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe estimated the current value of ecosystem services for terrestrial ecosystems in 47 countries in the Asia and the Pacific region. Currently, these provide $US14 trillion/yr. in benefits, most of which are non‐marketed and do not show up in GDP. We also estimated the changes in terrestrial ecosystem services value for scenarios to the year 2050, built around the four Great Transition Initiative archetypes: (1) Market Forces (MF); (2) Fortress World (FW); (3) Policy Reform (PR); and (4) Great Transition (GT). Results show that under the MF and FW scenarios the ecosystem services value in the region continues to decline from $14 trillion/yr in 2011 to $11 and $9 trillion/yr in 2050, respectively. In the PR scenario, the value is maintained around $14 Trillion/yr in 2050 and in the GT scenario it is significantly restored to $17 Trillion/yr. We also show more detailed maps and results for 8 selected countries in the region (Bhutan, China, India, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) and compare our results with a previous national study of Bhutan. Our results indicate that adopting a set of policies like those assumed in the GT scenario would greatly enhance human wellbeing and sustainability in the region.
Development and validation of a quantification method for oleanolic acid and hederagenin in rat plasma: application to the pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Heng , Jing Fanbo , Zhang Zonglin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of oleanolic acid and hederagenin in rat plasma. After the two analytes were extracted with liquid–liquid extraction, chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r > 0.995) over the ranges of 0.41–82.0 ng/mL for oleanolic acid and 0.32–64.0 ng/mL for hederagenin, respectively. The lower limit of quantifications (LLOQs) in plasma were 0.41 ng/mL for oleanolic acid and 0.32 ng/mL for hederagenin. The established LLOQs were within the concentration needed for the assay in plasma, which met the requirements to evaluate their pharmacokinetics of oleanolic acid and hederagenin. This developed assay was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of oleanolic acid and hederagenin in rats after oral administration of Rhizoma Clematidis extract.
Lentivirus‐mediated shRNA interference of ghrelin receptor blocks proliferation in the colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Liu An , Huang Chenggang , Xu Jia , Cai Xuehong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGhrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) to stimulate the release of growth hormone. Moreover, it has a range of biological actions, including the stimulation of food intake, modulation of insulin signaling and cardiovascular effects. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ghrelin has a proliferative and antiapoptotic effects in cancers, suggesting a potential role in promoting tumor growth. However, it remains unknown whether GHSR contributes to colorectal cancer proliferation. In this study, the therapeutic effect of lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ghrelin receptor 1a (GHSR1a) was analyzed in colorectal cancer cell line SW480 both in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrated that ghrelin and GHSR1a are significantly upregulated in cancerous colorectal tissue samples and cell lines. In vitro, human colorectal cancer cell line SW480 with downregulation of GHSR1a by shRNA showed significant inhibition of cell viability compared with blank control (BC) or scrambled control (SC) regardless of the application of exogenous ghrelin. Furthermore, GHSR1a silencing by target specific shRNA was shown capable of increasing PTEN, inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and promoting the release of p53 in SW480 cells. In addition, the effects of GHSR1a knockdown were further explored in vivo using colorectal tumor xenograft mouse model. The tumor weights were decreased markedly in GHSR1α knockdown SW480 mouse xenograft tumors compared with blank control or negative control tumors. Our results suggested that the expression of GHSR1a is significantly correlated with the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and the GHSR1a knockdown approach may be a potential therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
A novel hedgehog inhibitor iG2 suppresses tumorigenesis by impairing self‐renewal in human bladder cancer
Authors: Zhu Lihong , Ni Chen , Dong Baijun , Zhang Yong , Shi Yuefeng , Niu Haitao , Li Chong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTumor recurrence is still a major challenge for clinical treatment of bladder cancer. Cumulative evidences indicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to drug resistance and leave a putative source for disease relapse. Identifying novel agents targeting CSCs may represent a new paradigm in the therapy of bladder cancer. Here, we separated a novel hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, iG2, from streptomyces roseofulvus, which dramatically blocked the activation of Gli2 in bladder cancer cells. The iG2 strongly repressed the growth of cancer cells rather than the peri‐tumor stroma cells. Attenuated proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells were observed upon iG2 stimulation. Furthermore, iG2 reduced the self‐renewal ability of bladder CSCs as well as the tumor formation. Collectively, iG2 is potentially used as a novel therapeutic agent for bladder cancer by targeting self‐renewal through inhibiting Hh pathway.
Blood‐based markers of efficacy and resistance to cetuximab treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from CALGB 80203 (Alliance)
Authors: Hatch Ace J. , Sibley Alexander B. , Starr Mark D. , Brady J. Chris , Jiang Chen , Jia Jingquan , Bowers Daniel L. , Pang Herbert , Owzar Kouros , Niedzwiecki Donna , Innocenti Federico , Venook Alan P. , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Nixon Andrew B. ,   the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
Published: July 2016

AbstractCirculating protein markers were assessed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with cetuximab in CALGB 80203 to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Patients with locally advanced or metastatic CRC received FOLFOX or FOLFIRI chemotherapy (chemo) or chemo in combination with cetuximab. Baseline plasma samples from 152 patients were analyzed for six candidate markers [epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin‐binding EGF (HBEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, HER3, and CD73]. Analyte levels were associated with survival endpoints using univariate Cox proportional hazards models. Predictive markers were identified using a treatment‐by‐marker interaction term in the Cox model. Plasma levels of EGF, HBEGF, HER3, and CD73 were prognostic for overall survival (OS) across all patients (KRAS mutant and wild‐type). High levels of EGF predicted for lack of OS benefit from cetuximab in KRAS wild‐type (WT) patients (chemo HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.74–1.29; chemo+cetuximab HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.05–2.25; interaction P = 0.045) and benefit from cetuximab in KRAS mutant patients (chemo HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.02–2.92; chemo+cetuximab HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.67–1.21; interaction P = 0.026). Across all patients, higher HER3 levels were associated with significant OS benefit from cetuximab treatment (chemo HR = 4.82, 95% CI = 1.68–13.84; chemo+cetuximab HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.31–2.95; interaction P = 0.046). CD73 was also identified as predictive of OS benefit in KRAS WT patients (chemo HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.88–1.84; chemo+cetuximab HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.32–1.13; interaction P = 0.049). Although these results are preliminary, and confirmatory studies are necessary before clinical application, the data suggest that HER3 and CD73 may play important roles in the biological response to cetuximab.
Rational Design of Lanthanoid Single‐Ion Magnets: Predictive Power of the Theoretical Models
Authors: Baldoví José J. , Duan Yan , Morales Roser , Gaita‐Ariño Alejandro , Ruiz Eliseo , Coronado Eugenio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report two new single‐ion magnets (SIMs) of a family of oxydiacetate lanthanide complexes with D3 symmetry to test the predictive capabilities of complete active space ab initio methods (CASSCF and CASPT2) and the semiempirical radial effective charge (REC) model. Comparison of the theoretical predictions of the energy levels, wave functions and magnetic properties with detailed spectroscopic and magnetic characterisation is used to critically discuss the limitations of these theoretical approaches. The need for spectroscopic information for a reliable description of the properties of lanthanide SIMs is emphasised.
Halogen Bonding in Organic Synthesis and Organocatalysis
Authors: Bulfield David , Huber Stefan M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHalogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction similar to hydrogen bonding, which is based on electrophilic halogen substituents. Hydrogen‐bonding‐based organocatalysis is a well‐established strategy which has found numerous applications in recent years. In light of this, halogen bonding has recently been introduced as a key interaction for the design of activators or organocatalysts that is complementary to hydrogen bonding. This Concept features a discussion on the history and electronic origin of halogen bonding, summarizes all relevant examples of its application in organocatalysis, and provides an overview on the use of cationic or polyfluorinated halogen‐bond donors in halide abstraction reactions or in the activation of neutral organic substrates.
A Modular Class of Fluorescent Difluoroboranes: Synthesis, Structure, Optical Properties, Theoretical Calculations and Applications for Biological Imaging
Authors: Bachollet Sylvestre P. J. T. , Volz Daniel , Fiser Béla , Münch Stephan , Rönicke Franziska , Carrillo Jokin , Adams Harry , Schepers Ute , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Bräse Stefan , Harrity Joseph P. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTen borylated bipyridines (BOBIPYs) have been synthesized and selected structural modifications have been made that allow useful structure–optical property relationships to be gathered. These systems have been further investigated using DFT calculations and spectroscopic measurements, showing blue to green fluorescence with quantum yields up to 41 %. They allow full mapping of the structure to determine where selected functionalities can be implemented, to tune the optical properties or to incorporate linking groups. The best derivative was thus functionalised with an alkyne linker, which would enable further applications through click chemistry and in this optic, the stability of the fluorophores has been evaluated.
Prefunctionalized Porous Organic Polymers: Effective Supports of Surface Palladium Nanoparticles for the Enhancement of Catalytic Performances in Dehalogenation
Authors: Zhong Hong , Liu Caiping , Zhou Hanghui , Wang Yangxin , Wang Ruihu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree porous organic polymers (POPs) containing H, COOMe, and COO− groups at 2,6‐bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridyl (BTP) units (i.e., POP‐1, POP‐2, and POP‐3, respectively) were prepared for the immobilization of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The ultrafine palladium NPs are uniformly encapsulated in the interior pores of POP‐1, whereas uniform‐ and dual‐distributed palladium NPs are located on the external surface of POP‐2 and POP‐3, respectively. The presence of carboxylate groups not only endows POP‐3 an outstanding dispersibility in H2O/EtOH, but also enables the palladium NPs at the surface to show the highest catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability in dehalogenation reactions of chlorobenzene at 25 °C. The palladium NPs on the external surface are effectively stabilized by the functionalized POPs containing BTP units and carboxylate groups, which provides a new insight for highly efficient catalytic systems based on surface metal NPs of porous materials.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy and Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndromes Managed Medically Without Revascularization: Insights From the TRILOGY ACS Trial
Authors: Jackson Larry R. , Piccini Jonathan P. , Cyr Derek D. , Roe Matthew T. , Neely Megan L. , Martinez Felipe , Lüscher Thomas F. , Lopes Renato D. , Winters Kenneth J. , White Harvey D. , Armstrong Paul W. , Fox Keith A.A. , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Bhatt Deepak L. , Magnus Ohman E. , Corbalán Ramón 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAssociations between atrial fibrillation (AF), outcomes, and response to antiplatelet therapies in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) managed medically without revascularization remain uncertain. We examined these associations for medically managed ACS patients randomized to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) using patient data from the TRILOGY ACS trial. DAPT included aspirin plus clopidogrel 75 mg/d or prasugrel 10 mg/d (5 mg/d for those <60 kg or age ≥75 years). Patients receiving oral anticoagulants were excluded. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to characterize associations between patients with AF (AF+) vs those without (AF−) and risk of ischemic and bleeding events, and to explore effects of randomized treatment on outcomes. Among 9101 patients with baseline AF status, 710 (7.8%) had AF. AF+ patients were older and had more comorbidities. Unadjusted associations of the composite of cardiovascular death/myocardial infarction/stroke were significantly higher among AF patients at 30 months (31.1% vs 18.4%; HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.35‐1.92, P < 0.001), but differences did not persist after adjustment (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.97‐1.39, P = 0.11). When individual components of the composite endpoint were evaluated, 30‐month risk of events in AF+ patients was significantly higher. Thirty‐month risk of all‐cause death was significantly higher in AF+ patients: 18.1% vs 11.1% (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.30‐2.02, P < 0.001). There was no significant interaction with randomized treatment and AF for the primary endpoint. Among medically managed high‐risk ACS patients receiving DAPT, AF was associated with higher unadjusted risks of ischemic and bleeding outcomes that were similar by treatment group.