bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antitumor and apoptotic effects of bergaptol are mediated via mitochondrial death pathway and cell cycle arrest in human breast carcinoma cells
Authors: Ge Zhi-Cheng , Qu Xiang , Yu He-Fen , Zhang Hui-Ming , Wang Zi-Han , Zhang Zhong-Tao 
Published: April 2016

<p class="Abstract">The aim of the present research work was to investigate the anti-cancer and apoptotic effects of bergaptol in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The effects on cell cycle arrest and caspase activation were evaluated. MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of the compound on cell viability. Cellular morphology was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to analyze effect of bergaptol on cell cycle and apoptosis. The results revealed that bergaptol induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cell viability showing IC<sub>50</sub> value of 52.2 µM. Bergaptol induced both early and late apoptosis in concentration-dependent manner. After treatment with bergaptol, an increase in the proportion of cells in the S-phase (37.2, 45.3 and 65.1% as compared to 28.6% in untreated cells) and a reduction in the fraction of cells in the G1 phase (44.1, 41.6 and 35.2% as compared to 51.2% in the untreated cells) was observed.</p><p> </p>
RESOLVING GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS IN NGC 300: A FIRST LOOK WITH THE SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY
Authors: Faesi Christopher M. , Lada Charles J. , Forbrich Jan 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the first high angular resolution study of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 300, based on observations from the Submillimeter Array (SMA). We target eleven 500 pc sized regions of active star formation within the galaxy in the 12CO(J = 2-1) line at 40 pc spatial and 1 km s−1 spectral resolution and identify 45 individual GMCs. We characterize the physical properties of these GMCs, and find that they are similar to GMCs in the disks of the Milky Way and other nearby spiral galaxies. For example, the GMC mass spectrum in our sample has a slope of 1.80 ± 0.07. Twelve clouds are spatially resolved by our observations, of which ten have virial mass estimates that agree to within a factor of two with mass estimates derived directly from 12CO integrated intensity, suggesting that the majority of these GMCs are bound. The resolved clouds show consistency with Larson’s fundamental relations between size, linewidth, and mass observed in the Milky Way. We find that the linewidth scales with the size as ΔV ∝ R
0.52±0.20, and the median surface density in the subsample is 54 M
⊙ pc−2. We detect 13CO in four GMCs and find a mean 12CO/13CO flux ratio of 6.2. Our interferometric observations recover between 30% and 100% of the integrated intensity from the APEX single dish 12CO observations of Faesi et al., suggesting the presence of low-mass GMCs and/or diffuse gas below our sensitivity limit. The fraction of APEX emission recovered increases with the SMA total intensity, as well as with the star formation rate.
Xp11.2 Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed by Immunohistochemistry and Cytogenetics
Authors: Dey Biswajit , Badhe Bhawana , Govindarajan Krishna Kumar , Ramesh Ranjith Arumbakkam 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTXp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinomas (TRCCs) are a group of neoplasms with distinct clinical, histopathological appearance, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic profile. We report a case of Xp11.2 translocation TRCC in an 11-year-old male diagnosed based on immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Wyoming Big Sagebrush and Herbaceous Cover Relationships
Authors: Sowell Bok , Wambolt Carl , Paddock Jennifer , Lane Vanessa , Frisina Michael 
Published: April 2016

<p class="emsd"><span lang="EN-GB">We measured 328 sites in northern, central, and southern Montana and northern Wyoming during 2003 to test the competitive relationship of herbaceous cover in the interspaces to Wyoming big sagebrush (<em>Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis)</em> cover. Long term annual precipitation at all sites was approximately 31 cm. Sagebrush and total herbaceous cover varied from 5 to 45 percent and 3.5 to 55 percent, respectively. Simple linear regression was the best fit model for predicting herbaceous cover from sagebrush cover using the highest R<sub><span>a</span></sub><sup><span>2</span></sup> values as the model selection criteria. In northern Montana, herbaceous vegetation was predicted by sagebrush cover with the following model: Y = 37.4 – 0.61X (<a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a>R<sub><span>a</span></sub><sup><span>2</span></sup> = 0.16, P &lt; 0.001, n = 87). In central Montana, the model was Y = 14.0 – 0.00X (R<sub><span>a</span></sub><sup><span>2</span></sup> = 0.00, P = 1.0, n = 155). In southern Montana, the model was Y = 35.9 – 0.39X (R<sub><span>a</span></sub><sup><span>2</span></sup> = 0.14, P &lt; 0.001, n = 86). When all sites were combined, the best fit model was Y = 23.7 – 0.15X (R<sub><span>a</span></sub><sup><span>2</span> </sup>= 0.01, P &lt; 0.061, n = 328). This analysis determined that only 1 percent of the variation in herbaceous vegetation cover was associated with Wyoming big sagebrush cover. Management suggestions to reduce Wyoming big sagebrush in order to increase long-term herbaceous production for greater sage-grouse (<em>Centrocercus urophasianus</em>) would not be recommended.</span></p>
A Small Special Needs Class or a Smaller Class at the Beginning of the Educational Path?
Authors: Valli Raine , Jokinen Katja 
Published: April 2016

<p>This article is based on the case study which focuses on the small class (in this article used to describe a small special needs class) operation of one medium-sized Finnish town. In the study an attempt was made to clarify what kind of alternative the small class is to the first grade of general education at the beginning of the child's educational path, what kind of experiences the teachers had of the pupils of the small class, of multi-vocational cooperation and of pupils' integration and success in general education. The results of the study showed that a large part of the pupils who come to the small classes had learning difficulties, and attention and behavioural disorders. If the children in need of support would receive it already during pre-school education, most of them could start their school directly in the first grade in general education. </p>
Are domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) able to use complex humangiven cues to find a hidden reward?
Authors: Nawroth C , Ebersbach M , von Borell E 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnderstanding human-animal interactions in livestock production systems is crucial for improving animal welfare. It is therefore of general interest to investigate how livestock animals obtain information from humans. By using an object-choice paradigm, we investigated whether domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) (n = 4) were able to use a variety of human-given cues, such as different pointing gestures, to find a hidden food reward. In Experiment 1, an experimenter pointed towards a baited location in front of the pig while the extent of the protrusion of his hand from the upper body was varied. Pigs had problems using pointing gestures that did not protrude from the upper body of the experimenter, but were able to successfully use a long cross pointing administered with the contralateral hand of an experimenter to find a hidden reward. In Experiment 2, an experimenter indicated a baited location that was behind the pig using either a pointing gesture, his body or his head orientation. All four individuals used the pointing gesture and one pig was able to use the head orientation to find the hidden reward. The results provide additional evidence of pigs’ ability to use novel human-given cues as well as on the limits of their abilities, and will contribute to a better understanding of pigs’ perception of their stockpersons and handlers.
Empathy towards animals and belief in animal-human-continuity in Italian veterinary students
Authors: Colombo ES , Pelosi A , Prato-Previde E 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEmpathy towards animals and beliefs in animal-human continuity appear to play an important role in shaping the human-animal relationship and in determining the way animals are treated and cared for. Veterinary medicine plays a central role in animal welfare and has been recognised as a highly caring profession, especially in companion animal practice: however, a number of studies have indicated that veterinary students show a decline in empathy towards animals and an increasing tendency to see them in Cartesian terms as they progress through veterinary education. In the present study we used the Animal Empathy Scale and the Human-Animal Continuity Scale to investigate empathy towards animals and beliefs in animal-human continuity in a sample of first-year (n = 131) and final-year (n = 158) veterinary students of the University of Milan, Italy. Results revealed a difference in empathy towards animals, with first-year students scoring significantly higher than those at the end of their academic training. This variation in empathy over time emerged in both male and female students, however females always had higher empathy scores than males. Moreover, veterinary students at the end of their course reported a more instrumental attitude toward animals, more pronounced in males than in females. Similarly, there was a difference in the perception of continuity between humans and animals which was more evident in males, with first-year students scoring higher than fifth-year students in some items. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies carried out in other countries and, given the importance of empathy in the veterinary profession, potential reasons underlying its apparent decrease are considered.
Une belle occasion ratée : l’établissement d’un système universel et gratuit de garderies au Québec grâce à l’effet « Pig in the Python » pour les baby-boomers
Authors: Légaré Jacques 
Published: April 2016

Le vieillissement des baby-boomers est le sujet de l’heure dans le monde industrialisé. C’est le cas en particulier au Québec, où le nombre de naissances est passé d’environ 80 000 au début des années 1940 à près de 145 000 en 1959, pour retomber à environ 95 000 au milieu des années 1970. Certains auteurs ont qualifié ce phénomène de « Pig in the Python », en ce sens que, tout au long de leur histoire, les baby-boomers ont été plus nombreux que leurs prédécesseurs et que leurs descendants. Cet effet a eu des répercussions importantes sur la taille des cohortes du système scolaire primaire et secondaire : on est passé d’une population de près de 1 500 000 aux environs de 1970 à environ 1 000 000 au tournant du 21e siècle. À l’aide des données de l’État civil, il est possible d’estimer la décroissance de la taille du système scolaire obligatoire cumulée à près de 550 000 élèves-années au tournant du siècle. À l’aide d’un modèle de macrosimulation « simple », comme les aimait Jacques Henripin, on montrera ici que le Québec pourrait avoir aujourd’hui un système de garderies universel et… gratuit.
Growth of silicon-doped Al0.6Ga0.4N with low carbon concentration at high growth rate using high-flow-rate metal organic vapor phase epitaxy reactor
Authors: Ikenaga Kazutada , Mishima Akira , Yano Yoshiki , Tabuchi Toshiya , Matsumoto Koh 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The relationship between the carbon concentration and electrical characteristics of silicon-doped AlGaN (Al > 0.5) was investigated using a high-flow-rate metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor. The carbon concentration and electrical properties of AlGaN (Al > 0.5) were measured as a function of the growth rate, V/III ratio, and growth temperature. The growth rate of Al0.6Ga0.4N was linearly controlled up to 7.2 µm/h under a constant ammonia (NH3) flow rate. However, a decrease in V/III ratio resulted in an increase in carbon concentration to 8 × 1017 cm−3. With increased growth temperature, the carbon concentration decreased to less than 2 × 1017 cm−3 without showing any reduction in growth rate. As a result, n-type Al0.6Ga0.4N with a carrier concentration of 5.4 × 1018 cm−3 and a resistivity of 2.2 × 10−2 Ω·cm was obtained.
Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging for Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Xu Jun-Mei , Xu Hui-Xiong , Zhang Yi-Feng , Guo Le-Hang , Liu Lin-Na , Bo Xiao-Wan , Xu Xiao-Hong 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the additional value of the area ratio on Virtual Touch tissue imaging (VTI; Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) for diagnosis of thyroid nodules referred to surgery.MethodsFrom April 2013 to February 2014, 205 consecutive patients with 225 histologically proven thyroid nodules were enrolled in this retrospective study. Virtual Touch tissue imaging and area ratio measurements were performed for each nodule. The area ratio was defined as the area of the nodule on VTI divided by the area on B‐mode sonography. Nodule stiffness on VTI was graded from I (soft) to VI (hard). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses of VTI, area ratio, and the combination of VTI and area ratio were performed. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Youden index were also evaluated.ResultsBy receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, the cutoff values were VTI grade IV and area ratio of 1.09, respectively. Nodules with VTI grade IV or higher or area ratio of 1.09 or higher were more likely to be malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, and Youden index were 78.6%, 92.3%, 88.0%, 82.1%, 90.5%, and 0.709 for VTI and 81.4%, 87.1%, 85.3%, 74.0%, 91.2%, and 0.685 for area ratio (all P > .05). However, when using the criterion of VTI grade IV or higher and area ratio of 1.09 or higher as a combination, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, and Youden index increased to 94.3%, 97.4%, 96.4%, 94.3%, 97.4%, and 0.917 (all P< .05 compared to VTI or area ratio alone, except for specificity between VTI and the combination).ConclusionsThe diagnostic performance of VTI grading and the area ratio for differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules is equivalent. The performance is further improved with a combination of VTI grading and area ratio analysis.
Value of Multimode Sonography for Assessment of Pelvic Lipomatosis Compared With Computed Tomography
Authors: Sun Yaqin , Wang Jianhua , Chiang Mouhsun , Li Huiwen , Liu Ji-Bin , Wang Shumin 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo assess imaging features of pelvic lipomatosis with a multimode sonographic technique, including 2‐dimensional (2D) grayscale sonography, 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography, and transrectal sonography, and compare its diagnostic features with those of computed tomography (CT).MethodsIn this study, 7 patients with different clinical manifestations were incidentally discovered by 2D sonography and followed by 3D and transrectal sonography before CT was performed for comparison. The urinary tract morphologic characteristics, bladder shape, and amount and distribution of perivesical or perirectal fatty tissue in all 7 patients were evaluated by both imaging modalities. Ten healthy participants were recruited and imaged as a control group.ResultsThe following sonographic features were shown in all 7 patients: (1) bilateral hydroureters and hydronephrosis on 2D sonography; (2) bladder shifting anteriorly and superiorly on 2D sonography; (3) nonvisualization of the prostate through the bladder window on transabdominal scanning and nonvisualization of the bladder when the prostate was scanned by transrectal sonography; (4) bladder elongation in the craniocaudal dimension, which appeared as a gourd or pear shape on 3D sonography; and (5) excessive fat accumulation between the prostate and rectum as well as in perivesical or perirectal regions on 2D and transrectal sonography. Computed tomography in these patients confirmed the sonographic findings, with evidence of hydronephrosis, bladder location shift and elongation, and excessive fitty tissue with extrinsic compression.ConclusionsThis preliminary study has shown that the application of a multimode sonographic technique (ie, 2D, 3D, and transrectal sonography) can provide unique evidence and imaging features of pelvic lipomatosis, which are comparable with CT for making a suggestive diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis. Thus, multimode sonography may be the modality of choice for assessment of patients with a suspicion of lipomatosis.
Perceived Difficulty and Success Rate of Standard Versus Ultrasound‐Guided Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in a Novice Study Group
Authors: Vitto Michael J. , Myers Melissa , Vitto Christina M. , Evans David P. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo our knowledge, no previous studies have evaluated the perceived levels of difficulty between traditional and ultrasound (US)‐guided peripheral intravenous (IV) access in the novice provider. We attempt to show that, in a group of medical students who have limited peripheral IV experience, US‐guided peripheral IV cannulation can be achieved more effectively and with a lesser degree of difficulty than standard peripheral IV cannulation.MethodsWe performed a randomized crossover study of 61 first‐ and second‐year medical students. After a 1‐hour training session, participants were randomized to either standard cannulation on a standard peripheral IV trainer or US‐guided cannulation on a standard US IV trainer.ResultsOne hundred percent (61 of 61) of the participants in the US‐guided IV group successfully achieved cannulation versus 56% (34 of 61) of the participants in the standard IV group (P < .001). The average number of attempts to obtain access in the US‐guided IV group was 1.31 versus 2.16 in the standard IV group (P < .001). The average difficulty score assigned to US‐guided cannulation was 2.81 of 10 versus 3.90 of 10 in the standard IV group (P = .003).ConclusionsOur study shows a decrease in perceived difficulty and a concomitant increased ability to cannulate a vein using US versus traditional landmark guidance techniques, even in the novice phlebotomist.
Outcomes of an Advanced Ultrasound Elective
Authors: Prats Michael I. , Royall Nelson A. , Panchal Ashish R. , Way David P. , Bahner David P. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesMany medical specialties have adopted the use of ultrasound, creating demands for higher‐quality ultrasound training at all levels of medical education. Little is known about the long‐term benefit of integrating ultrasound training during undergraduate medical education. This study evaluated the effect of a longitudinal fourth‐year undergraduate medical education elective in ultrasound and its impact on the future use of ultrasound in clinical practice.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey of medical graduates from The Ohio State University College of Medicine (2006–2011) was done, comparing those who participated and those who did not participate in a rigorous ultrasound program for fourth‐year medical students. A 38‐item questionnaire queried graduates concerning ultrasound education in residency, their proficiency, and their current use of ultrasound in clinical practice.ResultsSurveys were completed by 116 respondents, for a return rate of 40.8% (116 of 284). The participants of the undergraduate medical education ultrasound elective (n = 61) reported more hours of ultrasound training after graduation (hands‐on training, bedside scanning, and number of scans performed; P < .001), higher ultrasound proficiency (proficiency in using ultrasound for clinical decision making, use in emergency settings, and use of novel techniques; P< .001), and higher rates of ultrasound use in clinical practice (P < .001).ConclusionsThe longitudinal undergraduate medical education ultrasound elective produced physicians who were more likely to seek additional training in residency, evaluate themselves as more proficient, and use ultrasound in their clinical practice. Early training in bedside ultrasound during undergraduate medical education yields physicians who are better prepared for integration of ultrasound into clinical practice.
Shear Wave Elastography of the Spleen for Monitoring Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Function
Authors: Gao Jing , Zheng Xiao , Zheng Yuan-Yi , Zuo Guo-Qing , Ran Hai-Tao , Auh Yong Ho , Waldron Levi , Chan Tiffany , Wang Zhi-Gang 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the feasibility of splenic shear wave elastography in monitoring transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) function.MethodsWe measured splenic shear wave velocity (SWV), main portal vein velocity (PVV), and splenic vein velocity (SVV) in 33 patients 1 day before and 3 days to 12 months after TIPS placement. We also measured PVV, SVV, and SWV in 10 of 33 patients with TIPS dysfunction 1 day before and 3 to 6 days after TIPS revision. Analyses included differences in portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG), PVV, SVV, and mean SWV before and after TIPS procedures; comparison of median SWV before and after TIPS procedures; differences in PVV, SVV, and SWV before and at different times up to 12 months after TIPS placement; accuracy of PVV, SVV, and SWV in determining TIPS dysfunction; and correlation between PPG and SWV.ResultsDuring 12 months of follow‐up, 23 of 33 patients had functioning TIPS, and 10 had TIPS dysfunction. The median SWV was significantly different before and after primary TIPS placement (3.60 versus 3.05 m/s; P = .005), as well as before and after revision (3.73 versus 3.06 m/s; P = .003). The PPG, PVV, and SVV were also significantly different before and after TIPS placement and revision (P < .001). The PPG and SWV decreased, whereas PVV and SVV increased, after successful TIPS procedures. A positive correlation was observed between PPG and SWV (r = 0.70; P < .001), and a negative correlation was observed between PPG and PVV and SVV (r = −0.65; P < .001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for PVV, SVV, and SWV in determining TIPS dysfunction were 0.82, 0.84, and 0.81, respectively.ConclusionsSplenic SWV is compatible with splenoportal venous velocity in quantitatively monitoring TIPS function and determining TIPS dysfunction.
Growth Patterns of Fetal Lung Volumes in Healthy Fetuses and Fetuses With Isolated Left‐Sided Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Ruano Rodrigo , Britto Ingrid Schwach Werneck , Sananes Nicolas , Lee Wesley , Sangi-Haghpeykar Haleh , Deter Russell L. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate fetal lung growth using 3‐dimensional sonography in healthy fetuses and those with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).MethodsRight and total lung volumes were serially evaluated by 3‐dimensional sonography in 66 healthy fetuses and 52 fetuses with left‐sided CDH between 20 and 37 weeks' menstrual age. Functions fitted to these parameters were compared for 2 groups: (1) healthy versus those with CDH; and (2) fetuses with CHD who survived versus those who died.ResultsFetal right and total lung volumes as well as fetal observed‐to‐expected right and total lung volume ratios were significantly lower in fetuses with CDH than healthy fetuses (P< .001) and in those fetuses with CDH who died (P< .001). The observed‐to‐expected right and total lung volume ratios did not vary with menstrual age in healthy fetuses or in those with CDH (independent of outcome).ConclusionsLung volume rates were lower in fetuses with left‐sided CDH compared to healthy fetuses, as well as in fetuses with CDH who died compared to those who survived. The observed‐to‐expected right and total lung volume ratios were relatively constant throughout menstrual age in fetuses with left‐sided CDH, suggesting that the origin of their lung growth abnormalities occurred before 20 weeks and did not progress. The observed‐to‐expected ratios may be useful in predicting the outcome in fetuses with CDH independent of menstrual age.