bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen-Reactive Metabolites Are Not Detected at the Effector-Target Interface During Natural Killing
Authors: Storkus Walter J , Dawson Jeffrey R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Oxygen-reactive metabolites are not detected at the natural killer (NK)-target cell interface in quantities comparable to those seen for other effector-target cell interactions. A novel luminol-coated target cell chemiluminescence assay is described in which luminol is conjugated to the target cell surface with the bifunctional crosslinker 3,3′-dithiobis(propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (DSP). This modification of the basic chemiluminescence assay precludes exclusion of the detection system from the tightly occluded intercellular junction, a possible deficiency in previous investigations. Luminol conjugation does not affect NK-mediated conjugate formation or cytolysis. As NK activity is enriched by a standard series of effector fractionation procedures, chemiluminescence generated against labeled target cells diminishes. Residual chemiluminescence in the most highly NK-active effector fraction is ablated upon antibody and complement depletion of MO2+ cells. This indicates that monocyte contamination is the source of luminol-detectable oxygen-reactive metabolites.
Effect of Inapparent Murine Hepatitis Virus Infections on Macrophages and Host Resistance
Authors: Dempsey Walla L , Smith Abigail L , Morahan Page S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Inapparent infections of mice with murine hepatitis virus (MHV) altered host resistance to experimental infection with a second virus, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC), reduced the protective effects of exogeneously administered interferon against EMC infections, and it altered macrophage ectoenzyme phenotypes in two macrophage populations. Resident peritoneal macrophages from mice experimentally infected with one of two strains of MHV also demonstrated altered ectoenzyme phenotypes. These data demonstrate that inapparent infections with MHV alter several host resistance and macrophage parameters and directly demonstrate that effects of inapparent MHV infection on macrophage parameters can be reproduced experimentally.
Enhanced Luminol-Dependent Chemiluminescence of Stimulated Rat Alveolar Macrophages by Pretreatment With Alveolar Lining Material
Authors: Webb Deborah S A , Jeska Edward L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Previous reports indicate that the in vitro bactericidal activity of rat alveolar macrophages (AM) is dependent on the lipid fraction (ALM-L) of the alveolar lining material (ALM). The present study demonstrates that luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of stimulated rat AM is increased when rat AM are preincubated in the ALM or in the ALM-L. Evidence is presented that oxidation of the unsaturated lipids is responsible for the increase. In addition to pretreatment with the ALM, cells were also pretreated in commercial preparations of several lipids found to be present in the ALM. Preincubation in these lipids produced a significant increase in the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence response. However, when a saturated lipid, dipalmitoyl phosphatidycholine, was used no increase was found. Pretreatment in ALM did not increase the nitro blue tetrazolium dye reduction by the AM, nor was the phagocytosis of latex beads by the AM altered by the addition of the ALM.
Cell-Surface Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition and Response
Authors: Brandley Brian K , Schnaar Ronald L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Complex carbohydrates coat the surfaces of cells and have the potential to carry the information necessary for cell–cell recognition. Sugar-specific receptors (lectins) are also present on cells, and can interact with sugars on apposing cells. This may result in the adhesion of the two cells via carbohydrates and specific cell-surface receptors. Such carbohydrate-directed cell adhesion appears to be important in many intercellular activities including infection by bacteria and viruses, communication among cells of lower eukaryotes, specific binding of sperm to egg; and recirculation of lymphocytes, among others [50]. New approaches involving synthesis of chemically defined cell-surface analogs, in conjunction with inhibition experiments, are beginning to reveal the mechanics of a potential carbohydrate “language” involved in intercellular interactions.
Differential Recovery of Antibody Production Potential After Sublethal, Whole-Body Irradiation of Mice
Authors: Brooks Bradford O , Newman Edward L , Reed Norman D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Mice were given single injections of sheep erythrocytes (SE) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at various times after sublethal, whole-body irradiation (550 rad 60CO) and direct, antigen-specific, plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses were quantified. Irradiated mice did not respond to SE or PVP when immunized 15 d postirradiation (PI); by day 30 PI, the responses by irradiated mice were 40–126% of normal to SE and 3–38% of normal to PVP. The impaired recovery after irradiation of immune responses to PVP was not due to altered antigen dose requirements or altered time of peak PFC response and occurred after irradiation of mice by doses as low as 200 rad. Both athymic and euthymic mice had impaired responses to PVP after whole-body irradiation. The impaired response of irradiated mice to PVP was repaired by adoptive transfer of normal bone marrow, fetal liver, or spleen cells and also by spleen cell preparations enriched in Ig+ cells but not by spleen cell preparations enriched in Thy.1+ or Ig− cells. With the aid of additional antigens it was observed that by day 30 PI, mice had recovered ability to respond to the T-cell-dependent antigen SE and the T-cell-independent type-1 antigens 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-Brucella abortus and butanol-extracted bacterial lipopolysaccharide, but at that time they gave impaired responses to the T-cell-independent type-2 antigens PVP, type III pneumococcal polysaccharide, and phenol-extracted bacterial lipopolysaccharide; they had an immune response pattern similar to that of CBA/N mice having an X-linked immunodeficiency.
The Ontogeny of Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages in Parabiotic Mice
Authors: Sawyer Richard T 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A bilateral distribution of labeled blood monocytes was achieved by unilaterally labeling donor members of surgically parabiosed B6D2F1/J mice with tritiated thymidine (3HTdR). Labeled pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were found in lung lavage fluid of donors. By contrast, no labeled PAM were found in lung lavage fluid from unstimulated recipients, even 12 days after labeling. Contralateral 3HTdR flash labeling showed that in recipients 3%, or about 104, PAM were in S phase of the cell cycle. Contralateral intratracheal challenge of recipient members with either Corynebacterium parvum vaccine or with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide induced the emigration of labeled blood monocytes of donor origin into recipient alveoli. These data show that in parabiotic mice, blood monocytes do not regularly enter the alveolar compartment. It may be concluded that monocytes are not needed on a daily basis to sustain PAM populations.
Eosinophil Chemotactic Factors From Granuloma of Kimura's Disease, With Special Reference to T Lymphocyte-Derived Factors
Authors: Hirashima M , Tashiro K , Sakata K , Muramoto K , Iyama K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The granuloma of patients with Kimura's disease characterized by tissue and peripheral blood eosinophilia was reviewed with respect to eosinophil infiltration. An infiltrate of inflammatory cells with histiocytes and a sprinkling of eosinophils were observed in the fibrous stroma surrounding the newly formed vessels. Mast cells were rarely seen in the areas where eosinophils were grouped together. Three different eosinophil chemotactic factors (ECF) were isolated from the granulomas of Kimura's disease. They were termed as low molecular weight (LMW), intermediate molecular weight (IMW), and high molecular weight (HMW)-ECF according to the profile on gel filtration (LMW-ECF, about 500; IMW-ECF, about 12,500; HMW-ECF, 45,000–70,000). In terms of their activity when extracted from the granuloma, LMW-ECF and HMW-ECF seemed to be major natural mediators for the tissue eosinophilia, whereas IMW-ECF was a minor one. In an in vitro system, it was shown that granuloma lymphoid cells produce spontaneously at least two ECF having similar properties to LMW- and HMW-ECF, respectively. By analysis with monoclonal antibodies, granuloma T cells, probably OKT4-positive cells, were shown to be responsible for the production of those two ECF. It was thus suggested that prolonged synthesis of LMW- and HMW-ECF by OKT4-positive T cells plays a crucial role in the local eosinophilia of Kimura's disease.
Fibronectin Is Present on B-Cells but not on OKT 3-Positive T-Lymphocytes or LEU 11-Positive Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Klingemann Hans G , Ebert Jörg , Deeg H Joachim 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We examined T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells of four normal individuals for surface-bound fibronectin (FN) using fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and double fluorescence labeling with monoclonal antibodies. While Leu 12 (CD 19)-positive B-cells stained also uniformly with anti-FN antibody, neither OKT 3 (CD 3)-positive T-cells nor Leu 11 (CD 16)-positive natural killer cells could be labeled with anti-FN. Although an anti-FN receptor antibody was not available, these data strongly suggest a distinct pattern of FN-binding by human lymphocytes.
The Immunoregulatory Nature of Iron. II. Lymphocyte Surface Marker Expression
Authors: Bryan Christopher F , Leech Stephen H , Bozelka Brian 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Previously, we presented preliminary evidence that supported our hypothesis for the immunoregulatory nature of iron [7]. The objective of the present work was to test that hypothesis in greater detail. Our approach was to examine the effect that iron had on the expression of the surface markers on lymphocytes that had been activated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The two categories of lymphoid surface molecules were enumerated on those cells; first were those that identify T lymphocytes and second, those that appear on the membrane of T cells following activation. The results, as regards T cell-associated molecules, demonstrated that iron suppresses the expression of the molecules identified by the monoclonal antibodies OKT3 and OKT4. It suppressed expression of the T4 molecule in PWM-activated cells (30.6% ± 4.5; n = 5) compared with untreated but activated cells (52.2% ± 2.9; n = 5; P = 1.9 × 10−3) resulting in a reduced helper:suppressor T cell ratio from 2.2 ± 0.4 to 1.2 ± 0.3. With regard to activation-associated lymphocyte markers, iron significantly enhanced expression of the receptor for transferrin as identified by the monoclonal antibody, OKT9. However, it failed to change significantly the expression of three other activation-associated markers, namely, la, T10, and the receptor that forms thermostable erythrocyte-rosettes (TE-R) with sheep red blood cells (SRC). We conclude from those results that iron has a differential immunoregulatory influence on the expression of certain lymphocyte surface molecules on actively dividing lymphocytes.
Transient Catecholamine Modulation of Neutrophil Activation: Kinetic and Intracellular Aspects of Isoproterenol Action
Authors: Tecoma Evelyn S , Motulsky Harvey J , Traynor Alexis E , Omann Geneva M , Muller Heinz , Sklar Larry A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Modulation of neutrophil activation by catecholamines may reflect regulatory mechanisms that couple beta-adrenergic and N-formyl peptide receptors to antagonistic biochemical pathways. We examined kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the inhibition by catecholamines of neutrophil activation by formyl peptides. Inhibition of oxidant production by isoproterenol (ISO) was detected as low as 3 nM, had an ID50 of 10−7 M, and could be blocked and reversed by propranolol. Recovery of cell function occurred over a period of minutes when the concentration of ISO was less than 10−6 M. These observations are discussed in terms of the interaction of ISO with the adrenergic receptors.
The site of catecholamine action is addressed. ISO neither influences formyl peptide-receptor interaction nor does it inhibit oxidant production by phorbol ester. These results suggest an impairment of intracellular signalling processes that couple the formyl peptide-receptor binding to cell activation. We observed inhibition of intracellular Ca+ + elevation by ISO only at low formyl peptide concentrations. This inhibition is consistent with a partial inhibition of phosphoinositide metabolism, which was observed. Several other cell responses, including actin polymerization and right angle light scatter, are minimally inhibited by 10−6 M ISO indicating that the cell activation process is not entirely obliterated. The presence of catecholamine and formyl peptide results in a synergistic elevation of cAMP. The intracellular targets of ISO action may be regulated by cAMP dependent kinases and could follow a branchpoint in the activation sequence that leads distinctly to oxidase activation and cytoskeletal activation.
Naturally Acquired Leprosy in the Nine-Banded Armadillo: A Decade of Experience 1975–1985
Authors: Walsh Gerald P , Meyers Wayne M , Binford Chapman H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A decade has passed since our first report of naturally acquired leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo. Our studies and those of others during this period confirm the identification of the etiologic agent as Mycobacterium leprae. Confirmation is based on the results of histopathologic examination and microbiologic evaluations that included attempts to culture the organism, flourescent antibody studies, mycolic acid analysis, and DNA determinations demonstrating complete relatedness between the natural agent and M. leprae. Surveys involving large numbers of animals demonstrate a significant prevalence of the disease in armadillos captured in Louisiana and Texas. The discovery of naturally acquired leprosy in a chimpanzee in 1977 and a sooty mangabey monkey in 1979 reinforce the concept of leprosy as a zoonosis. Extensive contact with armadillos has been implicated by other observers in seven patients with leprosy in Texas. We believe the prevalence of leprosy in wild armadillos requires that they be considered a source of infection in patients from geographic areas where leprosy and armadillos co-exist.
Intravascular Macrophages in the Sheep Lung
Authors: Wheeldon Eric B , Hansen-Flaschen John H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The presence of a resident population of intravascular macrophages in the sheep lung was investigated. Injection of fluorescent microspheres into the sheep results in uptake by a population of large phagocytic cells scattered within the alveolar capillaries of the lung. By contrast, the rat lung has no uptake of these fluorescent microspheres into the alveolar walls. The cells are large, extremely irregular in shape, often exceed 30 μm in length, and lie within the vascular lumen, apposed to the underlying endothelium. They have several features characteristic of mature macrophages including numerous pseudopodia, a partially preserved cell coat, wormlike bodies (“micropinocytosis vermiformis”), and numerous phagosomes that often contain erythrocytes. Unlike other species such as the rat, in which the mononuclear phagocyte system is distributed primarily in the liver and spleen, the sheep lung has a significant clearance function. Moreover, the presence of these cells in the lung may have important implications for studies of the inflammatory response to pulmonary vascular injury in the sheep.
Effect of Pentoxifylline on the Phagocytic Activity, cAMP Levels, and Superoxide Anion Production by Monocytes and Polymorphonuclear Cells
Authors: Bessler H , Gilgal R , Djaldetti M , Zahavi I 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The effect of pentoxifylline (Trental) on the phagocytic capacity, cAMP levels, and superoxide anion production of human peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclears (PMNs) was studied. The drug inhibited the phagocytosis of latex particles by both monocytes and PMNs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, superoxide anion production during the phagocytic process was also reduced following incubation of the cells with pentoxifylline. It is suggested that this inhibitory effect is due to the increased intracellular levels of cAMP induced by the drug.
Model for Leukocyte Regulation by Chemoattractant Receptors: Roles of a Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Protein and Polyphosphoinositide Metabolism
Authors: Snyderman Ralph , Smith Charles D , Verghese Margrith W 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Binding of chemoattractants to their receptors on phagocytes activates a guanine nucleotide regulatory (N) protein through the substitution of GTP for GDP on N. The activated N protein in turn stimulates a membrane-associated phospholipase C by lowering the Ca2+ concentration required to activate this enzyme from supraphysiologic levels to ambient intracellular concentrations. The phospholipase C hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into the Ca2+ mobilizer inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the protein kinase C activator 1,2-diacylglycerol. In addition to promoting cellular activation, the products of this hydrolysis initiate processes which feed back to inhibit polyphosphoinositide breakdown. The regulatory model proposed herein may be relevant to other receptors which stimulate polyphosphoinositide metabolism.
Preferential Loss of DNA Polymerase α Following Suppression of Replicative DNA Synthesis of Guinea Pig Macrophages by the Immunostimulants Muramyl Dipeptide or Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Haraguchi Tokuko , Nagao Shigeki , Tanaka Atsushi , Nagano Hiroshi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Oil-induced guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages were found to incorporate 3H-thymidine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction. In pulie labeling experiments, the moorporsted 3H-thymiome was detected in short fragmetns or DNVA, wnicn corresponded to the Okazaki fragments. These results indicate that the observed thymidine incorporation is due to nuclear DNA replication but not DNA repair. The observed DNA synthesis of the macrophages was remarkably suppressed when the cells were cuftured in a presence of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) or bacterial lipoporysaccharide (LPS). The significant decrease of DNA polymerase a activity was found in the celts treated with MDP or LPS. in contrast, the activity of polymerase β was not at all affected by the same treatment.
FACS Analysis of Tumor-Associated Macrophage Replication: Differences Between Metastatic and Nonmetastatic Murine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Mahoney Keith H , Heppner Gloria H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The proliferation activity of adherent, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) from three related murine mammary carcinoma lines was measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of the incorporation of 5′-Bromo-2′deoxyuridine (BrdU) in vivo during a 1 hr period prior to tumor removal. The tumor lines examined were line 67 which is nonmetastatic following either subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV) injection, line 168 which colonizes the lung after IV injection but not SC, and line 66 which can colonize the lung from either site.
The percentage of total cells identified morphologically as macrophages were similar for tumors from lines 66 and 67 (41% and 38%, respectively), as compared to line 168 tumors, in which, after digestion, 27% of cells were identified as macrophages (P &lt; 0.05).
Adherent TAM from line 66 tumors had the greatest percentage of BrdU incorporating cells, with an average of 22%. This was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.01) from TAM from tumors of line 67, which were 13% positive. The percentage of adherent TAM from line 168 tumors (18% positive) was also significantly different from 67 TAM (P &lt; 0.01).
These results demonstrate a possible correlation between the percentage of TAM undergoing replication and the ability of the host tumor to colonize the lung. There is no apparent relationship between the percentage of TAM in replication and the number of macrophages associated with a tumor.
A Role for the Laminin Receptor in Leukocyte Chemotaxis
Authors: Bryant G , Rao C N , Brentani M , Martins W , Lopes J D , Martin S E , Liotta L A , Schiffmann E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Previous studies on the mechanism of leukocyte traversal of basement membranes showed that rabbit peritoneal exudate polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) preferentially used laminin, a major constituent of basement membrane, to attach to another component, type IV collagen. PMN also responded chemotactically to nanomolar levels of laminin. We have now determined that PMN possess a receptor for laminin. Scatchard analysis using 125I laminin indicates a single class of saturable high affinity binding sites (kd = 6.15 nM/L) on PMN and 3.6 x 104 sites per cell. A chymotryptically derived fragment of laminin, C1, which lacks both the long arm and the globular end regions of the short arm (i.e., matrix binding sites) but retains the laminin receptor binding region, gave similar results. Immunoperoxidase studies using monoclonal antibodies to the laminin receptor (mAbLR) indicated the presence of the receptor on the surface of PMN. These cells responded chemotactically to nanomolar levels of C1 and laminin, a result consonant with binding data. PMN chemotaxis to a formyl peptide was markedly inhibited by mAbLR, suggesting that the laminin receptor may be required for PMN chemotaxis in general. Our results suggest that PMN extravasation across basement membranes is aided both by reversible attachment of the cells to laminin in the matrix and by chemotaxis to a gradient of soluble intact and possibly degraded laminin. These characteristics have much in common with those of highly metastatic tumor cells.
Monokines Mediate Decreased Hepatic Glucocorticoid Binding in Endotoxemia
Authors: Hill Molly R , Stith Rex D , McCallum Roderick E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether endotoxin decreased hepatic glucocorticoid binding by the action of mediator(s). Steroid binding in liver cytosol, plasma glucose levels, and plasma corticosterone levels were assayed in C3HeB/FeJ LPS normoresponsive and C3H/HeJ LPS hyporesponsive mice. In C3HeB/FeJ mice, endotoxin significantly depressed the maximum number of steroid binding sites (Bmax) to 30% of control. Plasma glucose levels were decreased to 50% of control, and plasma corticosterone levels increased 4-fold. No changes in these parameters were seen in C3H/HeJ mice given endotoxin, except for decreased plasma glucose levels at the highest dose of endotoxin. Decreased steroid binding was observed in C3H/HeJ mice 4-6 hours after receiving C3HeB/FeJ peritoneal exudate cells (elicited with thiogiycollate) and endotoxin. No change in steroid binding was observed in C3H/HeJ mice that received C3H/HeJ peritoneal exudate cells and endotoxin. Mediator-rich plasma was produced in CF-1 mice by infecting them with 1 x 107 BCG and by challenging them with endotoxin (2 μg) 2 weeks later for 2 h. Transfer of BCG-endotoxin plasma to C3H/HeJ mice also resulted in decreased steroid binding and plasma glucose. These results indicate that perturbation of glucocorticoid action during endotoxin shock is mediated by soluble factor(s) other than endotoxin. A likely source of mediator(s) is the mononuclear phagocyte.