bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ATP-Dependent C–F Bond Cleavage Allows the Complete Degradation of 4-Fluoroaromatics without Oxygen
Authors: Tiedt Oliver , Mergelsberg Mario , Boll Kerstin , Müller Michael , Adrian Lorenz , Jehmlich Nico , von Bergen Martin , Boll Matthias 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Complete biodegradation of the abundant and persistent fluoroaromatics requires enzymatic cleavage of an arylic C–F bond, probably the most stable single bond of a biodegradable organic molecule. While in aerobic microorganisms defluorination of fluoroaromatics is initiated by oxygenases, arylic C–F bond cleavage has never been observed in the absence of oxygen. Here, an oxygen-independent enzymatic aryl fluoride bond cleavage is described during the complete degradation of 4-fluorobenzoate or 4-fluorotoluene to CO
2
and HF in the denitrifying
Thauera aromatica
: the ATP-dependent defluorination of 4-fluorobenzoyl-coenzyme A (4-F-BzCoA) to benzoyl-coenzyme A (BzCoA) and HF, catalyzed by class I BzCoA reductase (BCR). Adaptation to growth with the fluoroaromatics was accomplished by the downregulation of a promiscuous benzoate-CoA ligase and the concomitant upregulation of 4-F-BzCoA-defluorinating/dearomatizing BCR on the transcriptional level. We propose an unprecedented mechanism for reductive arylic C–F bond cleavage via a Birch reduction-like mechanism resulting in a formal nucleophilic aromatic substitution. In the proposed anionic 4-fluorodienoyl-CoA transition state, fluoride elimination to BzCoA is favored over protonation to a fluorinated cyclic dienoyl-CoA.

IMPORTANCE
Organofluorides are produced as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals and comprise approximately one quarter of all organic compounds in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors; they are considered a growing class of environmentally relevant persistent pollutants. Especially in the case of fluoroaromatics, biodegradation is hampered by the extreme stability of the arylic C–F bond. In aerobic microorganisms, degradation proceeds via oxygenase-dependent C–F bond cleavage reactions, whereas the enzymes involved in the degradation of fluoroaromatics at anoxic sites are unknown. Here we report a strategy for the complete biodegradation of a fluoroaromatic to CO
2
and HF in a denitrifying bacterium via activation to a CoA ester, followed by oxygen-independent arylic C–F bond cleavage catalyzed by an ATP-dependent enzyme. This reaction, in conjunction with a transcriptional adaptation to fluorinated growth substrates, is essential for the anoxic biodegradation of 4-fluorobenzoate/4-F-toluene and probably other fluoroaromatics.
Glycomics for Microbes and Microbiologists
Authors: Lipke Peter N. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

The recent article “Lectin-Glycan Interaction Network-Based Identification of Host Receptors of Microbial Pathogenic Adhesins” by Ielasi et al. describes a new development in microbial carbohydrate analysis [Ielasi FS, Alioscha-Perez M, Donohue D, Claes S, Sahli H, Schols D, Willaert RG, mBio 7(4):e00584-16, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00584-16
]. Specific carbohydrate ligands have been identified from the patterns of lectin binding to oligosaccharides printed on a chip. The new technique links the output to a comprehensive glycan database and offers a number of data visualization options. The graphs highlight the occurrence of potential ligands, organized by organism, tissue, and patterns of association with disease states. The analysis has successfully predicted novel glycoprotein ligands for microbial lectins, including an interaction of
E. coli
FimH with HIV gp120.
Salmonella
Rapidly Regulates Membrane Permeability To Survive Oxidative Stress
Authors: van der Heijden Joris , Reynolds Lisa A. , Deng Wanyin , Mills Allan , Scholz Roland , Imami Koshi , Foster Leonard J. , Duong Franck , Finlay B. Brett 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria provides protection against toxic molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Decreased OM permeability can promote bacterial survival under harsh circumstances and protects against antibiotics. To better understand the regulation of OM permeability, we studied the real-time influx of hydrogen peroxide in
Salmonella
bacteria and discovered two novel mechanisms by which they rapidly control OM permeability. We found that pores in two major OM proteins, OmpA and OmpC, could be rapidly opened or closed when oxidative stress is encountered and that the underlying mechanisms rely on the formation of disulfide bonds in the periplasmic domain of OmpA and TrxA, respectively. Additionally, we found that a
Salmonella
mutant showing increased OM permeability was killed more effectively by treatment with antibiotics. Together, these results demonstrate that Gram-negative bacteria regulate the influx of ROS for defense against oxidative stress and reveal novel targets that can be therapeutically targeted to increase bacterial killing by conventional antibiotics.

IMPORTANCE
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved ways to circumvent inflammatory immune responses. A decrease in bacterial outer membrane permeability during infection helps protect bacteria from toxic molecules produced by the host immune system and allows for effective colonization of the host. In this report, we reveal molecular mechanisms that rapidly alter outer membrane pores and their permeability in response to hydrogen peroxide and oxidative stress. These mechanisms are the first examples of pores that are rapidly opened or closed in response to reactive oxygen species. Moreover, one of these mechanisms can be targeted to artificially increase membrane permeability and thereby increase bacterial killing by the antibiotic cefotaxime during
in vitro
experiments and in a mouse model of infection. We envision that a better understanding of the regulation of membrane permeability will lead to new targets and treatment options for multidrug-resistant infections.
Evaluation of dietary cholesterol intake in elderly Chinese: a longitudinal study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Jia Xiaofang , Su Chang , Wang Zhihong , Wang Huijun , Jiang Hongru , Zhang Bing 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate daily cholesterol intake across demographic factors and its food sources in elderly Chinese.DesignA longitudinal study was conducted using demographic and dietary data for elders aged 60 and above from eight waves (1991–2011) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey.SettingThe data were derived from urban and rural communities of nine provinces (autonomous regions) in China.ParticipantsThere were 16 274 participants (7657 male and 8617 female) in this study.OutcomesThe primary outcome was daily cholesterol intake, which was calculated by using the Chinese Food Composition Table, based on dietary data.ResultsDaily consumption of cholesterol in the elderly significantly increased by 34% from 1991 to 2011 (p<0.0001) and reached 253.9 mg on average in 2011. Secular trends in the proportion of subjects with an intake of >300 mg/day increased significantly during 1991–2011 (p<0.0001). The major food sources of cholesterol by ranked order were eggs, pork, and fish and shellfish in 1991 and 2011, while organ meats which ranked fourth in the contribution to total intake in 1991 was replaced by poultry in 2011. Moreover, younger elders, male elders and elders from a high-income family or a highly urbanised community had higher cholesterol intakes and larger proportions of subjects with excessive cholesterol consumption in each survey year.ConclusionsThe large growth in daily cholesterol intake may pose major challenges for the health of elders in China. Reduced exposure to food enriched in cholesterol is required for elderly Chinese.
FTY720 (Fingolimod) Inhibits HIF1 and HIF2 Signaling, Promotes Vascular Remodeling, and Chemosensitizes in Renal Cell Carcinoma Animal Model
Authors: Gstalder Cécile , Ader Isabelle , Cuvillier Olivier 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is characterized by intratumoral hypoxia and chemoresistance. The hypoxia-inducible factors HIF1α and HIF2α play a crucial role in ccRCC initiation and progression. We previously identified the sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) pathway as a new modulator of HIF1α and HIF2α under hypoxia in various cancer cell models. Here, we report that FTY720, an inhibitor of the S1P signaling pathway, inhibits both HIF1α and HIF2α accumulation in several human cancer cell lines. In a ccRCC heterotopic xenograft model, we show that FTY720 transiently decreases HIF1α and HIF2α intratumoral level and modifies tumor vessel architecture within 5 days of treatment, suggesting a vascular normalization. In mice bearing subcutaneous ccRCC tumor, FTY720 and a gemcitabine-based chemotherapy alone display a limited effect, whereas, in combination, there is a significant effect on tumor size without toxicity. Noteworthy, administration of FTY720 for 5 days before chemotherapy is not associated with a more effective tumor control, suggesting a mode of action mainly independent of the vascular remodeling. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that FTY720 could successfully sensitize ccRCC to chemotherapy and establish this molecule as a potent therapeutic agent for ccRCC treatment, independently of drug scheduling. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2465–74. ©2016 AACR.
In‐Hospital Vital Status and Heart Transplants After Intervention for Congenital Heart Disease in the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium: Completeness of Ascertainment Using the National Death Index and United Network for Organ Sharing Datasets
Authors: Spector Logan G. , Menk Jeremiah S. , Vinocur Jeffrey M. , Oster Matthew E. , Harvey Brian A. , St. Louis James D. , Moller James , Kochilas Lazaros K. 
Published: August 2016

Background

The long‐term outcomes of patients undergoing interventions for congenital heart disease (
CHD
) remain largely unknown. We linked the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (
PCCC
) with the National Death Index (
NDI
) and the United Network for Organ Sharing Dataset (
UNOS
) registries to study mortality and transplant occurring up to 32 years postintervention. The objective of the current analysis was to determine the sensitivity of this linkage in identifying patients who are known to have died or undergone heart transplant.

Methods and Results

We used direct identifiers from 59 324 subjects registered in the
PCCC
between 1982 and 2003 to test for completeness of case ascertainment of subjects with known vital and heart transplant status by linkage with the
NDI
and
UNOS
registries. Of the 4612 in‐hospital deaths, 3873 were identified by the
NDI
as “true” matches for a sensitivity of 84.0% (95%
CI,
82.9–85.0). There was no difference in sensitivity across 25 congenital cardiovascular conditions after adjustment for age, sex, race, presence of first name, death year, and residence at death. Of 455 known heart transplants in the
PCCC
, there were 408 matches in the
UNOS
registry, for a sensitivity of 89.7% (95%
CI
, 86.9–92.3). An additional 4851 deaths and 363 transplants that occurred outside the
PCCC
were identified through 2014.

Conclusions

The linkage of the
PCCC
with the
NDI
and
UNOS
national registries is feasible with a satisfactory sensitivity. This linkage provides a conservative estimate of the long‐term death and heart transplant events in this cohort.
Interannual Signature in Daily ITCZ States in the East Pacific in Boreal Spring
Authors: Yang Wenchang , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the east Pacific is located north of the equator during most of the year. In daily data it is most variable in March–April when it may be located north of the equator (nITCZ), on both sides of the equator (dITCZ), or south of the equator (sITCZ), or it may be absent (when convection does not take on a zonally elongated form). Additionally, in strong El Niño years it is located on the equator during the boreal winter half-year. Here the focus is on conditions when the ITCZ has a presence south of the equator (dITCZ, sITCZ) and composites of various fields are compared to “normal conditions” [i.e., when the ITCZ is north of the equator (nITCZ)]. Composites of sea surface temperature (SST), precipitation, outgoing longwave radiation, and the upper-level circulation show very similar patterns for dITCZ and sITCZ days, where the latter cases have almost double the amplitude of the former. The sITCZ state is viewed as an extreme case of the dITCZ state. Both are found to be related to the central Pacific (CP) La Niña with anomalous positive SST and atmospheric heating over the western tropical Pacific and anomalous negative SST and cooling over the central tropical Pacific. Ocean–atmosphere interaction plays an important role in developing the dITCZ and sITCZ anomalies. These daily composite patterns can be reproduced by the regression of monthly fields on the cold CP El Niño–Southern Oscillation mode, suggesting that the interannual rather than day-to-day variability dominates in contributing to the patterns of the composites.
A Linear Stochastic Field Model of Midlatitude Mesoscale Variability
Authors: Samelson R. M. , Schlax M. G. , Chelton D. B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA semiempirical model of midlatitude sea surface height (SSH) variability is formulated and tested against two decades of weekly global fields of merged altimeter data. The model is constrained to match approximately the observed SSH wavenumber power spectrum, but it predicts the spatiotemporal SSH field structure as a propagating, damped, linear response to a stochastic forcing field. An objective, coherent-eddy identification and tracking procedure is applied to the model and altimeter SSH fields, with a focus on eddies with lifetimes L ≥ 16 weeks. The model eddy dataset reproduces the basic global-mean characteristics of the altimeter eddy dataset, including the structure of mean amplitude and scale life cycles, the number distributions versus lifetime, and the distributions of all eddy length scale realizations. The model underpredicts the numbers of eddy realizations with large amplitudes and large scales, overpredicts the growth of mean amplitude and scale with lifetime, and modestly overpredicts the curvature of the mean amplitude life cycle and the number of eddies with intermediate lifetimes. The stochastic forcing evidently represents nonlinear dynamical interactions, implying that eddy splitting and merging events are equally likely, and that mesoscale nonlinearity is weaker than longwave linearity but as strong as shortwave dispersion. The time-reversal symmetry of the life cycles is explained by the time reversibility of the underlying stochastic model. The random SSH increment processes are effectively continuous on the derived 25-week damping time scale, with SSH-increment standard deviation σW ≈ 2.5 × 10−3 cm s−1/2.
Overview of MPLNET Version 3 Cloud Detection
Authors: Lewis Jasper R. , Campbell James R. , Welton Ellsworth J. , Stewart Sebastian A. , Haftings Phillip C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration Micro Pulse Lidar Network, version 3, cloud detection algorithm is described and differences relative to the previous version are highlighted. Clouds are identified from normalized level 1 signal profiles using two complementary methods. The first method considers vertical signal derivatives for detecting low-level clouds. The second method, which detects high-level clouds like cirrus, is based on signal uncertainties necessitated by the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio exhibited in the upper troposphere by eye-safe network instruments, especially during daytime. Furthermore, a multitemporal averaging scheme is used to improve cloud detection under conditions of a weak signal-to-noise ratio. Diurnal and seasonal cycles of cloud occurrence frequency based on one year of measurements at the Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Maryland) site are compared for the new and previous versions. The largest differences, and perceived improvement, in detection occurs for high clouds (above 5 km, above MSL), which increase in occurrence by over 5%. There is also an increase in the detection of multilayered cloud profiles from 9% to 19%. Macrophysical properties and estimates of cloud optical depth are presented for a transparent cirrus dataset. However, the limit to which the cirrus cloud optical depth could be reliably estimated occurs between 0.5 and 0.8. A comparison using collocated CALIPSO measurements at the Goddard Space Flight Center and Singapore Micro Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) sites indicates improvements in cloud occurrence frequencies and layer heights.
Brightness Temperature Simulation of Observed Precipitation Using a Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Model
Authors: Adams Ian S. , Bettenhausen Michael H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study demonstrates the capabilities of a three-dimensional radiative transfer model coupled to a polarized microwave surface emissivity model. Simulations are performed at 10, 19, and 37 GHz for TMI and WindSat using three-dimensional fields of rain, snow, and graupel derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission observations of moderate Tropical Storm Asma in conjunction with atmospheric profiles and surface fields from ECMWF. Simulations are well behaved and compare well with measured brightness temperatures. Comparisons are made between simulations with a wind-roughened surface and simulations assuming a specular surface. This theoretical study, which is supported with WindSat retrievals, shows the frequencies and conditions under which surface emissions may be detected in the presence of rain.
Drivers and effects of labour market reforms: Evidence from a novel policy compendium
Authors: Adascalitei Dragos , Pignatti Morano Clemente 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The paper analyses the determinants and short-term effects of labour market reforms, using information from a novel policy compendium that covers 110 developed and developing economies between 2008 and 2014. We find that the approval of reforms is positively associated with the unemployment rate, the simultaneous implementation of fiscal consolidation measures and the presence of a fixed exchange rate regime. Differences in the results are explored by looking at the direction of reforms (i.e. increasing or decreasing legislation), temporal horizon (i.e. temporary or permanent measures) and coverage (i.e. complete or two-tier reforms); while also analysing separately reforms’ determinants across domains of labour legislation (e.g. permanent contracts, collective dismissals). Finally, we find that deregulatory labour market reforms tend to increase the unemployment rate in the short run when they are approved during contractionary periods—while they have a non-significant effect when approved during periods of economic stability or expansion.

JEL Classification: J20, J52, J38, J48, J58, K31
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cystic Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Frisch Christopher D. , Jacob Jeffrey T. , Carlson Matthew L. , Foote Robert L. , Driscoll Colin L.W. , Neff Brian A. , Pollock Bruce E. , Link Michael J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The optimum treatment for cystic vestibular schwannoma (VS) remains controversial. Anecdotally, many treating physicians feel that cystic VSs do not respond to stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as well as noncystic tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To present outcomes after treatment of predominantly cystic VS with SRS.

METHODS: A prospectively maintained clinical database of patients undergoing Gamma Knife (Elekta Instruments, Stockholm, Sweden) radiosurgery (GKRS) for VS at a single tertiary academic referral center was retrospectively reviewed. Patients diagnosed with cystic VS who were treated with GKRS between 1997 and 2014 were analyzed. Size-matched solid tumors treated with GKRS during this period were selected as controls.

RESULTS: Twenty patients (12 women; median age at treatment, 56 years; range, 36-85 years) with cystic VS met inclusion criteria. The median radiologic follow-up within the cystic group was 63 months (range, 17-201 months), and the median change in tumor size was −4.9 mm (range, −10.4 to 9.3 mm). Sixteen tumors (80%) shrank, 2 (10%) remained stable, and 2 (10%) enlarged, accounting for a tumor control rate of 90%. The median radiologic follow-up in the noncystic control group was 67 months (range, 6-141 months), and the median change in size was −2.0 mm (range, −10.4 to 2.5 mm). Tumor control in the solid group was 90%. Comparing only those tumors that decreased in size showed that there was a trend toward a greater reduction within the cystic group (P = .05).

CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that tumor control after SRS for cystic VS may not differ from that of noncystic VS in selected cases.
Cinema como lugar de memória: reflexões a partir de filmes amadores Super-8 retomados no curta 'Supermemórias'
Authors: Bosi Maíra Magalhães 
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo versa sobre o cinema amador como possibilidade de construção de lugares de memória. Para isso, apresentamos uma reflexão teórica sobre o conceito de lugares de memória, cunhado por Pierre Nora (1984), e sobre o desejo de memória presente nos filmes amadores que registram acontecimentos da esfera de vida particular de quem os realizou. Em seguida, analisamos dois filmes em formato Super-8, produzidos na cidade de Fortaleza (Brasil), em 1978, e retomados pela montagem do curta-metragem brasileiro Supermemórias (Danilo Carvalho, 2010). Essa percurso reflexivo nos permite compreender a montagem como procedimento de construção de um novo lugar de memória e reafirmar a relevância do cinema amador como material empírico para estudos contemporâneos.
Violence as art experience
Authors: Smieskova Alena 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The article discusses Nicolas Winding Refn’s film Only God Forgives (2013), and focuses on questions of artistic representation and reception in relation to such cinematic elements as genre film, style, mise-en-scène, graphic violence and art experience. The arguments for the analyses are supported by John Dewey’s theory of art as experience where he claims that aesthetic experience is essentially infused with emotions that provide for a unifying quality cementing diverse constituent parts of the artwork. The article also takes into consideration Refn’s standpoint on the use of violence in art. While violence is a way of externalizing emotions, as Refn claims, it may not necessarily be the real experience viewers want to entertain; however, through an art experience, which is integral and complete as Dewey asserts, they are able to perceive and detect meanings that were “scattered and weakened in the material of other experiences”.