bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nomenclature of storms in Arabic
Authors: Thawabteh Mohammad Ahmad 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This article deals with the naming of ecology-related objects in Arabic, as illustrated in the naming of the snowstorms “Storm Huda”, “Storm Jana” and “Storm Zina” which whipped through the Middle East countries on January 6 and February 19, 2015 respectively. The article analyses a corpus of headlines taken from four online newspapers and one news agency, examines the strong connotative values of the snowstorm names, and discusses their relations to translation. The findings of the study show a consensus amongst journalists and meteorologists in Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Saudi Arabia to avoid Arabicisation and opt instead for a full adaptation of foreign storm names in line with the poetics of the receiving culture, one seemingly infused with several echoes from Arab-Islamic culture and particularly the Qur’an. The meticulous care in their choice of words is fully compatible with the perceived target language (TL) audience belonging to Arab-Islamic culture, one with little affinity to English culture.
Making sense of neural machine translation
Authors: Forcada Mikel L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The last few years have witnessed a surge in the interest of a new machine translation paradigm: neural machine translation (NMT). Neural machine translation is starting to displace its corpus-based predecessor, statistical machine translation (SMT). In this paper, I introduce NMT, and explain in detail, without the mathematical complexity, how neural machine translation systems work, how they are trained, and their main differences with SMT systems. The paper will try to decipher NMT jargon such as “distributed representations”, “deep learning”, “word embeddings”, “vectors”, “layers”, “weights”, “encoder”, “decoder”, and “attention”, and build upon these concepts, so that individual translators and professionals working for the translation industry as well as students and academics in translation studies can make sense of this new technology and know what to expect from it. Aspects such as how NMT output differs from SMT, and the hardware and software requirements of NMT, both at training time and at run time, on the translation industry, will be discussed.
Locating foci of translation on Wikipedia
Authors: Shuttleworth Mark 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In spite of its highly multilingual nature, it is generally accepted that most Wikipedia content is the product of original writing rather than being translated from another language version of the encyclopaedia. Wikipedia represents what is almost a complete, self-contained but vast research ecosystem; however, an unusual initial challenge for the researcher is to identify the primary data for a specific research project. The main aim of this paper is to make a number of proposals towards a possible methodology for discovering where the main foci of this new type of collaborative translation are located. Significant methods for this include the use of the encyclopaedia’s list-based structure and of different features of page anatomy. The article also aims to outline specific topics for research and, during the discussion, offers some initial findings of its own, using Russian and Chinese to English translation as its main sources of examples.
Negotiating Identity: Israel, Apartheid, and the United Nations, 1949–1952
Authors: Giladi Rotem 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Orthodox historiographies on Israel’s early policies in ‘black’ Africa and its relations with ‘white’ South Africa commonly, if disjointedly, assert that the state’s Jewish identity had played, in the early 1960s, a key role in Israel’s participation in the international ‘struggle against apartheid’. Revisiting this assertion, I examine Israel’s involvement in early United Nations debates on South Africa’s race policies. I trace the making of Israel’s position on South Africa’s treatment of persons of Indian origins in preparation for the 1950 General Assembly; present Israel’s voting praxis in that session; and demonstrate the persistence of both position and praxis in the 1952 Assembly session where apartheid first appeared on the UN agenda. Against the grain of existing accounts, I argue first that, on Africa, Israel’s multilateral diplomacy preceded its bilateral diplomacy; Israel’s encounter with Africa began not in the early 1960s but with its 1949 UN admission, compelling its envoys to vote and reflect on African and colonial questions, including apartheid. Secondly, I demonstrate that Israel approached apartheid with equivocation; at the UN, its diplomats devised and acted on a formula allowing them, in their words, ‘to have our cake and eat it’—even if, on the whole, Israel’s diplomatic praxis was far more progressive than that of Western states. Thirdly, I demonstrate how Jewish identity, constructed through the prism of Israel’s foundational ideology, affected such equivocation: it defined Israel’s dilemma on apartheid but, at the same time, also offered a route out of that conundrum. Finally, I illustrate that the elasticity of Jewish identity displayed by Israel’s envoys drew on sensibilities that were often formed in South Africa itself by their own previous encounters with racially-managed society and, later, with apartheid.
High spectral resolution observations of HNC3 and HCCNC in the L1544 pre-stellar core
Authors: Vastel C , Kawaguchi K , Quénard D , Ohishi M , Lefloch B , Bachiller R , Müller H S P 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
HCCNC and HNC3 are less commonly found isomers of cyanoacetylene, HC3N, a molecule that is widely found in diverse astronomical sources. We want to know if HNC3 is present in sources other than the dark cloud TMC-1 and how its abundance is relative to that of related molecules. We used the Astrochemical Studies At IRAM unbiased spectral survey at IRAM 30 m towards the prototypical pre-stellar core L1544 to search for HNC3 and HCCNC which are by-product of the HC3NH+ recombination, previously detected in this source. We performed a combined analysis of published HNC3 microwave rest frequencies with thus far unpublished millimetre data because of issues with available rest frequency predictions. We determined new spectroscopic parameters for HNC3, produced new predictions and detected it towards L1544. We used a gas–grain chemical modelling to predict the abundances of N-species and compare with the observations. The modelled abundances are consistent with the observations, considering a late stage of the evolution of the pre-stellar core. However, the calculated abundance of HNC3 was found 5–10 times higher than the observed one. The HC3N, HNC3, and HCCNC versus HC3NH+ ratios are compared in the TMC-1 dark cloud and the L1544 pre-stellar core.
In Vivo Endothelial Cell Density Decline in the Early Postoperative Phase After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Miron Alina , Bruinsma Marieke , Ham Lisanne , Schaal Sontje-Chiao , Baydoun Lamis , Dapena Isabel , Oellerich Silke , Melles Gerrit R. J. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose:
To evaluate endothelial cell density (ECD) in the first 6 months after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) by eliminating method error as a confounding variable.

Methods:
From 24 DMEK eyes operated for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, from which specular microscopy images could be taken at 1 day and 6 months postoperatively, ECD values were compared between these 2 time points.

Results:
Using the 1-day ECD measurement as baseline, mean ECD decreased from 1913 (±326) cells/mm2 to 1524 (±393) cells/mm2 at 6 months, a decline of −18 (±19)%. With the 1-week ECD as baseline [1658 (±395) cells/mm2], the decline at 6 months was −6 (±19)% and when using preoperative ECD as baseline [2521 (±122) cells/mm2], the decline was −39 (±16)% at 6 months.

Conclusions:
After DMEK, ECD shows an in vivo decline of 18% from 1 day to 6 months postoperatively, with a sharp 13% drop in the first week, and a slower decrease thereafter. The remaining difference of 20% from preoperative ECD values may be attributed to a measurement error in the eye bank with an overestimation of the graft's viable endothelial cell population and/or intraoperative trauma to the graft.
Effect of Inhalation Aromatherapy on Procedural Pain and Anxiety After Needle Insertion Into an Implantable Central Venous Port Catheter
Authors: Yayla Ezgi Mutluay , Ozdemir Leyla 
Published: December 2017

Background
Needle insertion into an implantable central venous port catheter may lead to procedural pain and anxiety in cancer patients.

Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on procedural pain and anxiety after needle insertion into an implantable central venous port catheter.

Methods
This study included 123 cancer patients who were scheduled to undergo chemotherapy. Patients were randomly assigned to either the lavender group (n = 41), the eucalyptus group (n = 41), or a control group (n = 41). Participants in the intervention groups inhaled 3 drops of essential oil for 3 minutes before needle insertion into an implantable venous port catheter. Patients in the control group received no intervention before needle insertion. Data were collected using the visual analog scale (VAS) and State Anxiety Inventory.

Results
The average VAS scores of the lavender group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the average VAS scores between the eucalyptus group and the control group (P > .05). In addition, the average State Anxiety Inventory scores of the lavender group, the eucalyptus group, and the control group were not significantly different (P > .05).

Conclusion
Inhalation aromatherapy with lavender may be an effective technique to relieve pain related to needle insertion into an implantable central venous port catheter.

Implications for Practice
Inhalation aromatherapy with lavender oil may be useful in the management of procedural pain levels during needle procedure. However, further randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this study.
Creating a Research Agenda and Setting Research Priorities for Clinical Nurse Specialists
Authors: Foster Jan , Bautista Cynthia , Ellstrom Kathleen , Kalowes Peggy , Manning Jennifer , Pasek Tracy Ann 
Published: December 2017

Purpose/Objectives:
The purpose of this article is to describe the evolution and results of the process for establishing a research agenda and identification of research priorities for clinical nurse specialists, approved by the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists (NACNS) membership and sanctioned by the NACNS Board of Directors.

Description of the Project/Program:
Development of the research agenda and identification of the priorities were an iterative process and involved a review of the literature; input from multiple stakeholders, including individuals with expertise in conducting research serving as task force members, and NACNS members; and feedback from national board members.

Outcome:
A research agenda, which is to provide an enduring research platform, was established and research priorities, which are to be applied in the immediate future, were identified as a result of this process.

Conclusion:
Development of a research agenda and identification of research priorities are a key method of fulfilling the mission and goals of NACNS. The process and outcomes are described in this article.
“It Just Is What It Is”
Authors: Skrastins Olivia , Fletcher Paula C. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose:
This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of women diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and/or irritable bowel syndrome enrolled in postsecondary education.

Methods:
Nine women aged 18 to 26 years participated in this study. Data collection consisted of an informed consent form, a background questionnaire, and a semistructured one-on-one interview. This interview explored the lived experiences of these individuals regarding perceived positive and negative effects of living with these conditions.

Results:
Salient themes that emerged from the data were (1) “It can add to my life,” (2) “Why me?: My condition runs my life,” and (3) “I’m doing the best I can with what I have.” Themes 1 and 2, the themes addressed in this article, were subdivided into (1) change in perception of self, condition, and others and (2) healthy lifestyle and (1) unpredictability and inconsistencies of inflammatory bowel disease/irritable bowel syndrome, (2) lack of understanding, and (3) the inconvenience of inflammatory bowel disease/irritable bowel syndrome, respectively. All participants expressed both positive and negative effects of living with their conditions.

Conclusion:
Community health nurses should be aware of the positive and negative effects of living with these conditions to help build relationships and assist with condition management. Other implications are discussed.
RIFRAF: a frame-resolving consensus algorithm
Authors: Eren Kemal , Murrell Ben 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMotivationProtein coding genes can be studied using long-read next generation sequencing. However, high rates of indel sequencing errors are problematic, corrupting the reading frame. Even the consensus of multiple independent sequence reads retains indel errors. To solve this problem, we introduce RIFRAF, a sequence consensus algorithm that takes a set of error-prone reads and a reference sequence and infers an accurate in-frame consensus. RIFRAF uses a novel structure, analogous to a two-layer hidden Markov model: the consensus is optimized to maximize alignment scores with both the set of noisy reads and with a reference. The template-to-reads component of the model encodes the preponderance of indels, and is sensitive to the per-base quality scores, giving greater weight to more accurate bases. The reference-to-template component of the model penalizes frame-destroying indels. A local search algorithm proceeds in stages to find the best consensus sequence for both objectives.ResultsUsing Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequences of NL4-3 env, we compare our approach to other consensus and frame correction methods. RIFRAF consistently finds a consensus sequence that is more accurate and in-frame, especially with small numbers of reads. It was able to perfectly reconstruct over 80% of consensus sequences from as few as three reads, whereas the best alternative required twice as many. RIFRAF is able to achieve these results and keep the consensus in-frame even with a distantly related reference sequence. Moreover, unlike other frame correction methods, RIFRAF can detect and keep true indels while removing erroneous ones.AvailabilityRIFRAF is implemented in Julia, and source code is publicly available at https://github.com/MurrellGroup/Rifraf.jlContactbmurrell@ucsd.edu
Assessing the Landscape of U.S. Postdoctoral Salaries
Authors: Athanasiadou Rodoniki , Bankston Adriana , Carlisle McKenzie , Niziolek Carrie , McDowell Gary 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPurposePostdocs make up a significant portion of the biomedical workforce. However, data about the postdoctoral position are generally scarce, including salary data. The purpose of this study was to request, obtain and interpret actual salaries, and the associated job titles, for postdocs at U.S. public institutions.MethodologyFreedom of Information Act Requests were submitted to U.S. public institutions estimated to have at least 300 postdocs according to the National Science Foundation’s Survey of Graduate Students and Postdocs. Salaries and job titles of postdoctoral employees as of December 1st, 2016 were requested.FindingsSalaries and job titles for over 13,000 postdocs at 52 public U.S. institutions and 1 private institution around the date of December 1st, 2016 were received, and individual postdoc names were also received for approximately 7,000 postdocs. This study shows evidence of gender-related salary discrepancies, a significant influence of job title description on postdoc salary, and a complex relationship between salaries and the level of institutional NIH funding.ValueThese results provide insights into the ability of institutions to collate actual payroll-type data related to their postdocs, highlighting difficulties faced in tracking, and reporting data on this population. Ultimately, these types of efforts, aimed at increasing transparency, may lead to improved tracking and support for postdocs at all U.S. institutions.
Phylogenomics places orphan protistan lineages in a novel eukaryotic super-group
Authors: Brown Matthew W. , Heiss Aaron , Kamikawa Ryoma , Inagaki Yuji , Yabuki Akinori , Tice Alexander K , Shiratori Takashi , Ishida Ken-ichiro , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Simpson Alastair G.B. , Roger Andrew J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent phylogenetic analyses position certain ‘orphan’ protist lineages deep in the tree of eukaryotic life, but their exact placements are poorly resolved. We conducted phylogenomic analyses that incorporate deeply sequenced transcriptomes from representatives of collodictyonids (diphylleids), rigifilids, Mantamonas and ancyromonads (planomonads). Analyses of 351 genes, using site-heterogeneous mixture models, strongly support a novel supergroup-level clade that includes collodictyonids, rigifilids and Mantamonas, which we name ‘CRuMs’. Further, they robustly place CRuMs as the closest branch to Amorphea (including animals and fungi). Ancyromonads are strongly inferred to be more distantly related to Amorphea than are CRuMs. They emerge either as sister to malawimonads, or as a separate deeper branch. CRuMs and ancyromonads represent two distinct major groups that branch deeply on the lineage that includes animals, near the most commonly inferred root of the eukaryote tree. This makes both groups crucial in examinations of the deepest-level history of extant eukaryotes.
In silico and in vitro screening of FDA-approved drugs for potential repurposing against tuberculosis
Authors: Brindha Sridharan , Sundaramurthi Jagadish Chandrabose , Vincent Savariar , Velmurugan Devadasan , Gnanadoss John Joel 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMotivationRepurposing of known drugs to newer clinical conditions is a promising avenue for finding novel therapeutic applications for tuberculosis.MethodsWe performed docking-based virtual screening for 1554 known drugs against two of the potential drug targets, namely trpD and coaA of M. tuberculosis. In the first round of in silico screening we used rigid docking using Glide and AutoDock Vina. We subjected the consistently ranked drugs for induced-fit docking by these tools against the same target proteins. We performed luciferase reporter phage (LRP) assay to determine the biological activity of five selected drugs against M. tuberculosis.ResultsWe observed lymecycline and cefpodoxime to be active against drug susceptible and drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. In addition, lymecycline and cefpodoxime showed synergistic activity with rifampin and isoniazid against M. tuberculosis.ConclusionOur results suggest that lymecycline and cefpodoxime have potential to be repurposed for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Reassessing the evolution of strigolactone synthesis and signalling
Authors: Walker Catriona , Bennett Tom 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTStrigolactones (SLs) are an important class of carotenoid-derived signalling molecule in plants, which function both as exogenous signals in the rhizosphere, and as endogenous plant hormones. In flowering plants, SLs are synthesized by a core pathway of four enzymes, and are perceived by the DWARF14 (D14) receptor, leading to degradation of SMAX1-LIKE7 (SMXL7) target proteins in a manner dependent on the SCFMAX2 ubiquitin ligase. The evolutionary history of SLs is poorly understood, and it is not clear whether SL synthesis and signalling are present in all land plant lineages, nor when these traits evolved. We have utilized recently-generated genomic and transcriptomic sequences from across the land plant clade to resolve the origin of each known component of SL synthesis and signalling. We show that all enzymes in the core SL synthesis pathway originated at or before the base of land plants, consistent with the previously observed distribution of SLs themselves in land plant lineages. We also show that the late-acting enzyme LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE (LBO) is considerably more ancient than previously thought. We perform a detailed phylogenetic analysis of SMXL proteins, and show that specific SL target proteins only arose in flowering plants. We also assess diversity and protein structure in the SMXL family, identifying several previously unknown clades. Overall, our results suggest that SL synthesis is much more ancient than canonical SL signalling, consistent with the idea that SLs first evolved as rhizosphere signals, and were only recruited much later as hormonal signals.
Dimensions of distance
Authors: Nonkenge Babalwa , Luiz John Manuel 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to examine how distance manifests in terms of air passenger transport links between countries and focuses on the 48 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It asks to what extent do existing flight connections reflect economic relations between countries, and if so, do they represent past, current or future relations? It asks whether the impact of distance is similar for all countries and at different stages of development.

Design/methodology/approach
Passenger flight connection data were extracted to generate map images and flight frequencies to observe interrelationships between different locations and to observe emerging patterns. The paper uses ESRI’s ArcGIS software to visualise all these data into maps.

Findings
SSA is poorly connected both intra- and inter-continentally. Cultural and historical ties dominate and elements of historical determinism appear within flight connections in SSA reflecting the biases associated with colonialism. Larger economies in SSA are less dependent on these past ties, and their flight connections reveal a greater level of diversity and interests. SSA has generally been slow to develop flight routings to the new emerging markets.

Originality/value
Its contribution lies not only in examining these flight patterns for an under-researched region but also in aiding future work on SSA and its integration into the global economy and international business networks. It argues that whilst distance matters, how it matters varies.
Integration of African firms into global value chains
Authors: You Weimu , Salmi Asta , Kauppi Katri 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the roles that African suppliers play in global value chains and the strategies that foreign firms adopt to integrate African firms into their supply chains.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical research of this paper is based on a multiple case study and on interview data of foreign buyers and their entry into African supply markets: five Finnish companies and five Chinese companies were interviewed in 2014-2015.FindingsThe authors find that Finnish firms make relatively small investments and start sourcing operations on a small scale, whereas Chinese firms are running large infrastructural projects, relying on local sourcing. African firms typically only play modest roles with little value capture in the chain, supplying raw materials and simple products. The African infrastructural and cultural context makes it challenging for foreign firms to provide local suppliers with more strategic roles in their chains, thus hindering integration of local firms into global value chains.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first to offer a comparison of Finnish (Western) and Chinese (other emerging economy) firms’ sourcing from Africa and provides understanding of the role of African suppliers in current value chains. The authors offer a qualitative exploration of why companies invest in African suppliers and of the scope of African presence in global value chains.