bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hypertensive Patients towards Hypertension in a Secondary Health Care Facility in Delta State
Authors: Aghoja OC  , Okinedo PO  , Odili VU  
Published: August 2017

Developing countries undergoing epidemiological transition face the double burden of communicable and non communicable diseases. Although safe and effective drugs and evidence- based treatment guidelines are available, the management of hypertension remains sub-optimal. This was a descriptive prospective study to determine the level of knowledge, practice and attitude (KAP) of hypertensive patients receiving medical care at Central Hospital Sapele towards hypertension. Pre-tested questionnaires were administered to 330 hypertensive patients, and the KAP of the patients assessed. Females 58.5% were more represented than males 41.5%. Respondents aged 65 and over were more represented (36.4%). A majority (43.3%) were unemployed, 58.8% were married and majority (51.2%) had a tertiary level of education. 8.8% were smokers while 25.5% alcoholics. Majority (53.3%) had family history of hypertension and most (36.7%) of them have had hypertension for over 5 years. 45.5% reported the presence of one or more co-morbidity of which diabetes mellitus (43.3%) was found to be the most co-morbid condition. Age, occupation, marital status and duration of hypertension were significantly related to KPA, p< 0.05. Only 53.3% reported satisfaction. Respondents demonstrated good knowledge and attitude but very good practice towards hypertension. The most prevalent co-morbid condition with hypertension was found to be diabetes mellitus. Majority of the respondents were satisfied with the level of care received from this institution.
Radiation Response (Low Dose Gamma Radiation) of Members of the Enterobacteriaceae in Dry Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus and Their Identification Using API 20E System
Authors: Nii Korley Kortei  , George Tawia Odamtten  , Mary Obodai  , Michael Wiafe- Kwagyan  
Published: August 2017

The effectiveness of using low dose gamma radiation (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kiloGray) was tested on dry fruit bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus stored in polythene and polypropylene and stored at 28-30 oC up to 12 months for identification of members of Enterobacteriaceae with API 20E test kit (Biomerieux ®, France). Encountered microorganisms of the Control samples (0 kGy) of both packages recorded included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeroginosa Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marscesens and Enterobacter spp. There was an observed decrease in bacteria species with increasing dose. However, Klebsiella pneumonia persisted after the application 5 kGy dose in both packaging materials. Health and immuno compromised persons stand a greater health risk after interaction with some of these bacteria spp. Case in point, infection of patients with cystic fibrosis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be lethal over a long period of time. Information on Enterobacteria in the food industry is essential since they are potential food poisoning agents and thus their control is imperative.
Changes in Seedling Growth and Biochemical Contents in Abrus precatorius L. Under Nickel Treatment
Authors: Milvee K. Vyas  
Published: August 2017

An attempt was made to study the effect of nickel on the growth of Abrus precatorius, a medicinal plant growing in South Gujarat used in Ayurved. The seeds of Abrus precatorius were germinated in petri dishes by 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm nickel sulphate solution for experimental work. The germination percentage, seedling growth, dry matter yield and changes in biochemical contents of total sugar, protein and pigments were investigated ten days after showing. The study indicates that the lower level of nickel has no adverse effect on germination, seedling growth and biochemical content whereas the higher concentration decreased the same accept the protein. Nickel increased the protein content at lower concentration and has been reducing effect at higher level.
Tobacco Industry Research on Nicotine Replacement Therapy: “If Anyone Is Going to Take Away Our Business It Should Be Us”
Authors: Apollonio Dorie , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: August 2017

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is recommended for tobacco cessation on the basis of pharmaceutical industry research showing its effectiveness when combined with counseling. The tobacco industry opposed NRT when it first appeared in the 1980s but by 2016 was marketing its own NRT products. We used internal tobacco industry documents dated 1960 through 2010 to identify the industry’s perceptions of NRT. As early as the 1950s, tobacco companies developed nonsmoked nicotine replacements for cigarettes, but they stopped out of concern that marketing such products would trigger Food and Drug Administration regulation of cigarettes. In the 1990s, after pharmaceutical companies began selling prescription NRT, tobacco companies found that many smokers used NRT to supplement smoking rather than to quit. In 2009, once the Food and Drug Administration began regulating tobacco, tobacco companies restarted their plans to capture the nicotine market. Although the tobacco industry initially viewed NRT as a threat, it found that smokers often combined NRT with smoking rather than using it as a replacement and began marketing their own NRT products.
Medicaid Reimbursement for the Female Condom
Authors: Witte Susan S. , MacPhee Colleen , Ginsburg Natalie , Deshmukh Neha 
Published: August 2017

Objectives. To examine state-level female condom use through Medicaid from 2004 to 2014, because in 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) allowed for expanded Medicaid coverage in many states, extending requirements for contraceptive care to more of the poorest women in the United States and to most women with private insurance. Methods. We collected data via brief survey of Medicaid offices in all 50 states between March 2015 and March 2016. Results. The number of states providing Medicaid reimbursement for the female condom increased 33% (from 25 to 36) since 2007. Twenty-nine states provided data showing low numbers of claims for female condoms but high rates of reimbursement. Conclusions. This period of heightened access demands that the public health community seize the moment to increase awareness about and promote the female condom among health care professionals and consumers. The pending repeal of the ACA may thwart important gains in access; policies promoting women’s reproductive health must be implemented immediately.
The Epidemic of Despair Among White Americans: Trends in the Leading Causes of Premature Death, 1999–2015
Authors: Stein Elizabeth M. , Gennuso Keith P. , Ugboaja Donna C. , Remington Patrick L. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives. To evaluate trends in premature death rates by cause of death, age, race, and urbanization level in the United States. Methods. We calculated cause-specific death rates using the Compressed Mortality File, National Center for Health Statistics data for adults aged 25 to 64 years in 2 time periods: 1999 to 2001 and 2013 to 2015. We defined 48 subpopulations by 10-year age groups, race/ethnicity, and county urbanization level (large urban, suburban, small or medium metropolitan, and rural). Results. The age-adjusted premature death rates for all adults declined by 8% between 1999 to 2001 and 2013 to 2015, with decreases in 39 of the 48 subpopulations. Most decreases in death rates were attributable to HIV, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. All 9 subpopulations with increased death rates were non-Hispanic Whites, largely outside large urban areas. Most increases in death rates were attributable to suicide, poisoning, and liver disease. Conclusions. The unfavorable recent trends in premature death rate among non-Hispanic Whites outside large urban areas were primarily caused by self-destructive health behaviors likely related to underlying social and economic factors in these communities.
Children’s Access to Dental Care Affected by Reimbursement Rates, Dentist Density, and Dentist Participation in Medicaid
Authors: Chalmers Natalia I. , Compton Robert D. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives. To assess the relation between Medicaid reimbursement rates and access to dental care services in the context of dentist density and dentist participation in Medicaid in each state. Methods. Data were from Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment reports for 2014, Medicaid reimbursement rate in 2013, dentist density in 2014, and dentist participation in Medicaid in 2014. We assessed patterns of mediation or moderation. Results. Reimbursement rates and access to dental care were directly related at the state level, but no evidence indicated that higher reimbursement rates resulted in overuse of dental services for those who had access. The relation between reimbursement rates and access to care was moderated by dentist density and dentist participation in Medicaid. We estimate that more than 1.8 million additional children would have had access to dental care if reimbursement rates were higher in states with low rates. Conclusions. Children who access the dental care system receive care, but reimbursement may significantly affect access. States with low dentist density and low dentist participation in Medicaid may be able to improve access to dental services significantly by increasing reimbursement rates.
Assessing Years of Life Lost Versus Number of Deaths in the United States, 1995–2015
Authors: Taksler Glen B. , Rothberg Michael B. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives. To assess years of life lost to each cause of death in the United States between 1995 and 2015, and compare it with the number of deaths.Methods. We used Vital Statistics mortality data and defined “life-years lost” as remaining life expectancy for each decedent’s age, sex, and race. We calculated the share of life-years lost to each cause of death in each year, and examined reasons for changes.Results. In 2015, heart disease caused the most deaths, but cancer caused 23% more life-years lost. Life-years lost to heart disease declined 6% since 1995, whereas life-years lost to cancer increased 16%. The increase for cancer was entirely attributable to population growth and longer life expectancy; had these factors remained constant, life-years lost to heart disease and cancer would have fallen 56% and 38%, respectively. Accidents (including overdoses), suicides, and homicides each caused twice the share of life-years lost as deaths. Measuring life-years lost highlighted racial disparities in heart disease, homicides, and perinatal conditions.Conclusions. Life-years lost may provide additional context for understanding long-term mortality trends.
An Iterative Response-Surface Methodology by Use of High-Degree-Polynomial Proxy Models for Integrated History Matching and Probabilistic Forecasting Applied to Shale-Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Wantawin Marut , Yu Wei , Dachanuwattana Silpakorn , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: August 2017

Summary
Response-surface methodology (RSM) has been widely used in the petroleum industry as an assistive tool for numerical-reservoir-simulation studies. Instead of generating simulation cases exhaustively to solve history-matching (HM) problems, proxy models that are created by RSM provide useful benefits in terms of simplicity and computational efficiency. However, the capability of proxy models to fully capture uncertainty ranges of HM results and production forecasts might be deficient in complex problems if the simplified proxy models only deliver partial solutions. Hence, to decide whether the uncertainty-assessment process by proxy models is complete, the models should deliver as many HM solutions as required to build probability distribution of production forecasts. Therefore, we developed the work flow to combine both processes into an integrated proxy-based approach that searches for the accepted HM solution while probabilistic forecasts are evaluated simultaneously. In addition, the combined work flow is an iterative approach. It gradually modifies the proxy models dependent on the increasing number of completed simulation runs, which continually update the original proxy model into higher degree of polynomial. The use of higher-degree-polynomial equations appears to have the benefit to provide an expanded set of HM solutions inside the uncertain parameter space compared with the commonly used quadratic form. More solutions found from the iterations could eventually approximate wider uncertainty ranges of probabilistic forecasts, which is consistent with the direct Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method but with a significant reduction of simulated cases. Finally, this paper applies the proxy-based approach to a reservoir-simulation model containing a horizontal hydraulic-fractured well in the Marcellus Shale formation. This proxy-based approach helps assess the uncertainty of reservoir and fracture properties of unconventional reservoirs. Also, it is useful for evaluating the ranges of ultimate gas recovery.
Tracking Bacteria through the Entire Gastrointestinal Tract of a Beef Steer
Authors: Durso Lisa M. , Miller Daniel N. , Schmidt Ty B. , Callaway Todd 
Published: August 2017

Core Ideas
50–80% of operational taxonomic units can be attributed to the GIT's upstream compartment.
Rumen and feces are dominated by firmicutes, 70% of which are in both compartments.
Abomasum, small‐, and large‐intestine samples each had distinct taxonomic composition.
Ingesta had more proteobacteria and bacteroidetes; tissue had more clostridia.
One‐third of the OTUs in the pre‐gastric samples were also found in the rectum.
Biological processes within beef cattle gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) influence animal health, and the output (feces) is an important vector for zoonotic pathogens and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Historically, outside of the rumen, little attention was paid to the bacteria along the GIT, despite their essential role in catabolizing feed into feces. Here we characterize bacteria from 15 GIT sites within a beef steer and examine the proportion of bacteria contributed by upstream compartments. This animal displayed characteristic differences between tissue and digesta communities in gastric and large‐intestine, but not small‐intestine, samples. The GIT sites shared between 50 and 80% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with their neighboring upstream compartment, with the exception of the ileum. The ileum shared only 11% with the jejunum but displayed a similar phylum‐level taxonomic distribution with the jejunum. It is unclear whether the observed changes between compartments represent a nonrandom decrease in bacterial number or rapid multiplication of certain taxa.
In‐Season Canopy Reflectance Can Aid Fungicide and Late‐Season Nitrogen Decisions on Winter Wheat
Authors: Cruppe Giovana , Edwards Jeffrey T. , Lollato Romulo P. 
Published: August 2017

Core Ideas
Wheat grain yield response to foliar fungicide is highly dependent on environment.
Late‐season N can offset protein dilution from fungicide‐driven yield increase.
Foliar N rates necessary to impact grain protein have potential for leaf burn.
Controlled‐release N and urea ammonium nitrate both impacted wheat responses similarly.
In‐season canopy reflectance can aid in fungicide decision.
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) response to foliar fungicide and late‐season N is inconsistent. We evaluated various late‐season N fertilizer‐by‐foliar fungicide combinations to test whether wheat anthesis normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) could aid fungicide decisions. Six site‐years were conducted with N fertility >120 kg N ha−1 during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 in Oklahoma, using a three‐way factorial arrangement of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fungicide treatment (with or without), foliar N source (urea ammonium nitrate [UAN] or controlled‐release N), and N rate (0, 2.8, 5.6, or 28 kg N ha−1) were applied during anthesis. Statistical analyses were performed by site‐year, by yielding environment (low [LY] <3.2 Mg ha−1 and high [HY] >3.2 Mg ha−1), and pooled across site‐years. Grain yield was 0.21 Mg ha−1 greater due to fungicide in the pooled analysis, mostly led by the 0.59 Mg ha−1 yield advantage in HY as opposed to non‐significance in LY. Fungicide increased test weight in 6 to 7 kg m−3 across all analyses, and 28 kg N ha−1 increased grain protein by ∼10 g kg−1 but caused leaf burn. Anthesis NDVI <0.6 occurred when preanthesis abiotic stresses restricted yield potential, not warranting fungicide application. Fungicide can benefit grain yield and test weight and could be considered when anthesis NDVI >0.6, but yield response will depend on grain‐filling conditions. Foliar N rates needed to increase grain protein in a well‐fertilized crop have potential for leaf burn.
A Public–Industry Partnership for Enhancing Corn Nitrogen Research and Datasets: Project Description, Methodology, and Outcomes
Authors: Kitchen Newell R. , Shanahan John F. , Ransom Curtis J. , Bandura Christopher J. , Bean Gregory M. , Camberato James J. , Carter Paul R. , Clark Jason D. , Ferguson Richard B. , Fernández Fabián G. , Franzen David W. , Laboski Carrie A. M. , Nafziger Emerson D. , Qing Zhisheng , Sawyer John E. , Shafer Matt 
Published: August 2017

Core IdeasThe geographic scope, scale, and unique collaborative arrangement warrant documenting details of this work.The purpose of this article is to describe how the research was undertaken, reasons for the research methods, and the project's potential value.The project generated a valuable dataset across a wide array of weather and soils that allows evaluation of N decision tools.Due to economic and environmental consequences of N lost from fertilizer applications in corn (Zea maysL.), considerable public and industry attention has been devoted to the development of N decision tools. Needed are research and databases and associated metadata, at numerous locations and years to represent a wide geographic range of soil and weather scenarios, for evaluating tool performance. The goals of this research were to conduct standardized corn N rate response field studies to evaluate the performance of multiple public‐domain N decision tools across diverse soils and environmental conditions, develop and publish new agronomic science for improved crop N management, and train new scientists. The geographic scope, scale, and unique collaborative arrangement warrant documenting details of this research. The objectives of this paper are to describe how the research was undertaken, reasons for the methods, and the project's anticipated value. The project was initiated in a partnership between eight U.S. Midwest land‐grant universities, USDA‐ARS, and DuPont Pioneer. Research using a standardized protocol was conducted over the 2014 through 2016 growing seasons, yielding a total of 49 sites. Preliminary observations of soil and crop variables measured from each site revealed a magnitude of differences in soil properties (e.g., texture and organic matter) as well as differences in agronomic and economic responses to applied N. The project has generated a valuable dataset across a wide array of weather and soils that allows investigators to perform robust evaluation of N use in corn and N decision tools.
Structural Equation Model of Total Phosphorus Loads in the Red River of the North Basin, USA and Canada
Authors: Ryberg Karen R. 
Published: August 2017

Attribution of the causes of trends in nutrient loading is often limited to correlation, qualitative reasoning, or references to the work of others. This paper represents efforts to improve causal attribution of water‐quality changes. The Red River of the North basin provides a regional test case because of international interest in the reduction of total phosphorus loads and the availability of long‐term total phosphorus data and ancillary geospatial data with the potential to explain changes in water quality over time. The objectives of the study are to investigate structural equation modeling methods for application to water‐quality problems and to test causal hypotheses related to the drivers of total phosphorus loads over the period 1970 to 2012. Multiple working hypotheses that explain total phosphorus loads and methods for estimating missing ancillary data were developed, and water‐quality related challenges to structural equation modeling (including skewed data and scaling issues) were addressed. The model indicates that increased precipitation in season 1 (November–February) or season 2 (March–June) would increase total phosphorus loads in the basin. The effect of agricultural practices on total phosphorus loads was significant, although the effect is about one‐third of the effect of season 1 precipitation. The structural equation model representing loads at six sites in the basin shows that climate and agricultural practices explain almost 60% of the annual total phosphorus load in the Red River of the North basin. The modeling process and the unexplained variance highlight the need for better ancillary long‐term data for causal assessments.Core IdeasMultiple working hypotheses for the causes of total phosphorus loads were developed.Challenges associated with water‐quality and related ancillary data are addressed.Hypotheses with appropriate data were tested with structural equation modeling.Climate and agricultural practices explain 57% of the variation in the load.Climate has a greater effect on P loads than do agricultural practices.
Anaesthetic considerations in a 15 month old with Patau's Syndrome: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Amin Molly , Haroun Leanne , Quraishi Faraz , Aziz Rania , Patel Anuradha 
Published: August 2017

SummaryPatau's syndrome, trisomy 13, is associated with multiple abnormalities of various organ systems, all of which present a challenge to the anaesthetist. Mortality in infancy is high; therefore there are few published reports regarding the anaesthetic management of patients with Patau's syndrome. Our case report describes the anaesthetic management for a 15‐month‐old male who underwent elective cleft palate repair and we review previous published cases. Anaesthetic considerations and the common abnormalities found in Trisomy 13, such as craniofacial, cardiac and renal defects are discussed.
Emergent contaminants in the wastewater effluents of two highly populated tropical cities
Authors: Soler-Llavina Sheila M. , Ortiz-Zayas Jorge R. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Exposure to the anthropogenic chemicals known as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) may result in negative biological effects. Low levels of EDCs in the environment aggravate the problem as exposure is constant. Urban areas concentrate pollution as greater volumes are released from human activities. Water for public supply is particularly vulnerable as the sewage treatment facilities may not eliminate EDCs. The goal was to assess estrogenicity and effectiveness of removal of phthalates in primary and tertiary wastewater treatment facilities in urban cities in the tropical island of Puerto Rico. A yeast bioassay used to measure estrogenicity showed higher removal with tertiary treatment. However, results in the picomolar range suggest low doses of estrogenic compounds were being released to receiving waters. For the phthalates, solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed removals ranging from 42.9% to 92.4% with tertiary treatment. More than 90% removal was achieved for benzylbutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. However, concentrations ranging from 0.86 to 1.29 ppm for the phthalates in the outflow were detected even at the tertiary waste water treatment plant effluent implying failure of EDC removal. These results can assist managers in evaluating pollution control technologies to ameliorate the impacts of EDCs in the tropics.