bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Vulnerability‐Based, Bottom‐up Assessment of Future Riverine Flood Risk Using a Modified Peaks‐Over‐Threshold Approach and a Physically Based Hydrologic Model
Authors: Knighton James , Steinschneider Scott , Walter M. Todd 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThere is a chronic disconnection among purely probabilistic flood frequency analysis of flood hazards, flood risks, and hydrological flood mechanisms, which hamper our ability to assess future flood impacts. We present a vulnerability‐based approach to estimating riverine flood risk that accommodates a more direct linkage between decision‐relevant metrics of risk and the dominant mechanisms that cause riverine flooding. We adapt the conventional peaks‐over‐threshold (POT) framework to be used with extreme precipitation from different climate processes and rainfall‐runoff‐based model output. We quantify the probability that at least one adverse hydrologic threshold, potentially defined by stakeholders, will be exceeded within the next N years. This approach allows us to consider flood risk as the summation of risk from separate atmospheric mechanisms, and supports a more direct mapping between hazards and societal outcomes. We perform this analysis within a bottom‐up framework to consider the relevance and consequences of information, with varying levels of credibility, on changes to atmospheric patterns driving extreme precipitation events. We demonstrate our proposed approach using a case study for Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY, USA, where we estimate the risk of stakeholder‐defined flood metrics from three dominant mechanisms: summer convection, tropical cyclones, and spring rain and snowmelt. Using downscaled climate projections, we determine how flood risk associated with a subset of mechanisms may change in the future, and the resultant shift to annual flood risk. The flood risk approach we propose can provide powerful new insights into future flood threats.
Interpretation of Ground Temperature Anomalies in Hydrothermal Discharge Areas
Authors: Price Adam N. , Lindsey Cary R. , Fairley Jerry P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractResearchers have long noted the potential for shallow hydrothermal fluids to perturb near‐surface temperatures. Several investigators have made qualitative or semiquantitative use of elevated surface temperatures; for example, in snowfall calorimetry, or for tracing subsurface flow paths. However, a quantitative framework connecting surface temperature observations with conditions in the subsurface is currently lacking. Here, we model an area of shallow subsurface flow at Burgdorf Hot Springs, a rustic commercial resort in the Payette National Forest, north of McCall, ID, USA. We calibrate the model using shallow (0.2 m depth) ground temperature measurements and overburden thickness estimates from seismic refraction studies. The calibrated model predicts negligible loss of heat energy from the laterally migrating fluids at the Burgdorf site, in spite of the fact that thermal anomalies are observed in the unconsolidated near‐surface alluvium. Although elevated near‐surface ground temperatures are commonly assumed to result from locally high heat flux, this conflicts with the small apparent heat loss during lateral flow inferred at the Burgdorf site. We hypothesize an alternative explanation for near‐surface temperature anomalies that is only weakly dependent on heat flux, and more strongly controlled by the Biot number, a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate at which convection carries heat away from the land surface to the rate at which it is supplied by conduction to the interface.
Intra‐ and inter‐fractional liver and lung tumor motions treated with SBRT under active breathing control
Authors: Lu Lan , Diaconu Claudiu , Djemil Toufik , Videtic Gregory MM , Abdel‐Wahab May , Yu Naichang , Greskovich John , Stephans Kevin L , Xia Ping 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeTo assess intra‐ and inter‐fractional motions of liver and lung tumors using active breathing control (ABC).Methods and MaterialsNineteen patients with liver cancer and 15 patients with lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) were included in this retrospective study. All patients received a series of three CTs at simulation to test breath‐hold reproducibility. The centroids of the whole livers and of the lung tumors from the three CTs were compared to assess intra‐fraction variability. For 15 patients (8 liver, 7 lung), ABC‐gated kilovoltage cone‐beam CTs (kV‐CBCTs) were acquired prior to each treatment, and the centroids of the whole livers and of the lung tumors were also compared to those in the planning CTs to assess inter‐fraction variability.ResultsLiver intra‐fractional systematic/random errors were 0.75/0.39 mm, 1.36/0.97 mm, and 1.55/1.41 mm at medial‐lateral (ML), anterior‐posterior (AP), and superior‐inferior (SI) directions, respectively. Lung intra‐fractional systematic/random errors were 0.71/0.54 mm (ML), 1.45/1.10 mm (AP), and 3.95/1.93 mm (SI), respectively. Substantial intra‐fraction motions (>3 mm) were observed in 26.3% of liver cancer patients and in 46.7% of lung cancer patients. For both liver and lung tumors, most inter‐fractional systematic and random errors were larger than the corresponding intra‐fractional errors. However, these inter‐fractional errors were mostly corrected by the treatment team prior to each treatment based on kV CBCT‐guided soft tissue alignment, thereby eliminating their effects on the treatment planning margins.ConclusionsIntra‐fractional motion is the key to determine the planning margins since inter‐fractional motion can be compensated based on daily gated soft tissue imaging guidance of CBCT. Patient‐specific treatment planning margins instead of recipe‐based margins were suggested, which can benefit mostly for the patients with small intra‐fractional motions.
On the use of bolus for pacemaker dose measurement and reduction in radiation therapy
Authors: Yan Huagang , Guo Fanqing , Zhu Dengsong , Stryker Stefan , Trumpore Sharron , Roberts Kenneth , Higgins Susan , Nath Ravinder , Chen Zhe , Liu Wu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSpecial attention is required in planning and administering radiation therapy to patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), such as pacemaker and defibrillator. The range of dose to CIEDs that can induce malfunction is large among CIEDs. Clinically significant defects have been reported at dose as low as 0.15 Gy. Therefore, accurate estimation of dose to CIED and dose reduction are both important even if the dose is expected to be less than the often‐used 2‐Gy limit. We investigated the use of bolus in in vivo dosimetry for CIEDs. Solid water phantom measurements of out‐of‐field dose for a 6‐MV beam were performed using parallel plate chamber with and without 1‐ to 2‐cm bolus covering the chamber. In vivo dosimetry at skin surface above the CIED was performed with and without bolus covering the CIED for three patients with the CIED <5 cm from the field edge. Chamber measured dose at depth ~0.5–1.5 cm below the skin surface, where the CIED is normally located, was reduced by ~7–48% with bolus. The dose reduction became smaller at deeper depths and with smaller field size. In vivo dosimetry at skin surface also indicated ~20%–60% lower dose when using bolus for the three patients. The dose measured with bolus more accurately reflects the dose to CIED and is less affected by contaminant electrons and linac head scatter. In general, the treatment planning system (TPS) calculation underestimated the dose to CIED, but it predicts the CIED dose more accurately when bolus is used. We recommend the use of 1‐ to 2‐cm bolus to cover the CIED during in vivo CIED dose measurements for more accurate CIED dose estimation. If the CIED is placed <2 cm in depth and its dose is mainly from anterior beams, we recommend using the bolus during the entire course of radiation delivery to reduce the dose to CIED.
Oriented Multiwalled Organic–Co(OH)2 Nanotubes for Energy Storage
Authors: Lau Garrett C. , Sather Nicholas A. , Sai Hiroaki , Waring Elizabeth M. , Deiss‐Yehiely Elad , Barreda Leonel , Beeman Emily A. , Palmer Liam C. , Stupp Samuel I. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn energy storage materials, large surface areas and oriented structures are key architecture design features for improving performance through enhanced electrolyte access and efficient electron conduction pathways. Layered hydroxides provide a tunable materials platform with opportunities for achieving such nanostructures via bottom‐up syntheses. These nanostructures, however, can degrade in the presence of the alkaline electrolytes required for their redox‐based energy storage. A layered Co(OH)2–organic hybrid material that forms a hierarchical structure consisting of micrometer‐long, 30 nm diameter tubes with concentric curved layers of Co(OH)2 and 1‐pyrenebutyric acid is reported. The nanotubular structure offers high surface area as well as macroscopic orientation perpendicular to the substrate for efficient electron transfer. Using a comparison with flat films of the same composition, it is demonstrated that the superior performance of the nanotubular films is the result of a large accessible surface area for redox activity. It is found that the organic molecules used to template nanotubular growth also impart stability to the hybrid when present in the alkaline environments necessary for redox function.
Nanomorphology Effects in Semiconductors with Native Ferromagnetism: Hierarchical Europium (II) Oxide Tubes Prepared via a Topotactic Nanostructure Transition
Authors: Trepka Bastian , Erler Philipp , Selzer Severin , Kollek Tom , Boldt Klaus , Fonin Mikhail , Nowak Ulrich , Wolf Daniel , Lubk Axel , Polarz Sebastian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSemiconductors with native ferromagnetism barely exist and defined nanostructures are almost unknown. This lack impedes the exploration of a new class of materials characterized by a direct combination of effects on the electronic system caused by quantum confinement effects with magnetism. A good example is EuO for which currently no reliable routes for nanoparticle synthesis can be established. Bottom‐up approaches applicable to other oxides fail because of the labile oxidation state +II. Instead of targeting a direct synthesis, the two steps—“structure control” and “chemical transformation”—are separated. The generation of a transitional, hybrid nanophase is followed by its conversion into EuO under full conservation of all morphological features. Hierarchical EuO materials are now accessible in the shape of oriented nanodisks stacked to tubular particles. Magnetically, the coupling of either vortex or onion states has been found. An unexpected temperature dependence is governed by thermally activated transitions between these states.
Ultrafine Capillary‐Tube Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Active Sensor for Microliquid Biological and Chemical Sensing
Authors: Chen Bao Dong , Tang Wei , He Chuan , Jiang Tao , Xu Liang , Zhu Lai Pan , Gu Guang Qin , Chen Jian , Shao Jia Jia , Luo Jian Jun , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA practical, highly flexible capillary‐tube triboelectric nanogenerator (ct‐TENG) is reported as a microfluidic sensor. The ct‐TENG is composed of an ultrafine tubular sandwich structure of polytetrafluoroethylene capillary tube, double helix aluminum foil, and silicon rubber hermetic tube. For the first time, microliter sampling (sampling volume, 0.5 µL), nondestructive and highly flexible, is achieved simultaneously for a microliquid sensing device. The self‐powered ct‐TENG is capable of outputting selectable electrical signals (1.1 V, 10 nA, 0.9 nC) used for sensing a volume of 0.5 µL microliquid due to Maxwell's displacement current generated with energy converted from microliquid flow. It also achieves both total aerobic count monitoring and electrical conductivity (κ) detection. Moreover, the ct‐TENG is ultrafine/highly flexible structure and enables its application as a microliter magnitude active sensor for qualitative/quantitative detection. This work provides new opportunities for multifunctional sensing and potential applications in microliquid biological and chemical monitoring/detection technology.
Metal‐Free Thiolation of Imidazopyridines with Functionalized Haloalkanes Using Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Rong , Zhan Ling‐Zhi , Wei Liang , Ning Yun‐Yun , Zhong Xiao‐Lin , Lai Jing‐Xiong , Xu Li , Tang Ri‐Yuan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe assembly of two functional molecules via a sulfur linking atom allows an access to a diverse array of thioether‐containing compounds. Herein, we disclose a metal‐free thiolation of imidazopyridines with a variety of functionalized haloalkanes using elemental sulfur.magnified image
Sunlight‐promoted Direct Irradiation of N‐centred Anion: The Photocatalyst‐free Synthesis of Pyrazoles in Water
Authors: Zhang Te , Meng Yunge , Lu Jinye , Yang Yuting , Li Gong‐Qiang , Zhu Chunyin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA practical method through sunlight mediated annulation of α,β‐unsaturated hydrazones has been developed for the synthesis of pyrazole. Based on the analysis of UV‐Vis absorption of the substrate, the reaction was designed to avoid the use of external photocatalysis and proceeds via direct irradiation of N‐centred anion by sunlight. The key features of this reaction include operational simplicity, readily available reagents, and amenability to gram‐scale synthesis.magnified image
Engineering of Highly Active Silver Nanoparticles for Oxygen Electroreduction via Simultaneous Control over Their Shape and Size
Authors: Garlyyev Batyr , Liang Yunchang , Butt Faheem K. , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most important electrocatalytic reactions, which requires efficient and economically viable electrocatalysts. While Pt(Pd)‐based catalysts show the best ORR performance for automotive applications, their use in large‐scale industrial processes, for instance at the oxygen depolarized cathodes in chloralkali industry, is questionable due to the high cost of Pt(Pd). Silver, being much more affordable than platinum, is known as the “second‐active” ORR electrocatalyst in alkaline media. Shape‐selected Ag nanoplates of three different sizes are synthesized using a one‐step bottom‐up approach. With no alloying, optimal Ag nanoplates show specific activity of ≈2.6 mA cm−2 (3 times higher than Ag (110)) and mass activity of (6.5 times higher compared to state‐of‐the‐art Ag nanospheres) toward ORR at 0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. These activities are the highest reported in the literature for pure Ag electrocatalysts (both single crystalline and nanostructured) measured under similar conditions.
Hydrothermal Cation Exchange Enabled Gradual Evolution of Au@ZnS–AgAuS Yolk–Shell Nanocrystals and Their Visible Light Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Feng Jingwen , Liu Jia , Cheng Xiaoyan , Liu Jiajia , Xu Meng , Zhang Jiatao 
Published: November 2017

AbstractYolk–shell hybrid nanoparticles with noble metal core and programmed semiconductor shell composition may exhibit synergistic effects and tunable catalytic properties. In this work, the hydrothermal cation exchange synthesis of Au@ZnS–AgAuS yolk–shell nanocrystals (Y–S NCs) with well‐fabricated void size, grain‐boundary‐architectured ZnS–AgAuS shell and in situ generated Au cocatalyst are demonstrated. Starting from the novel cavity‐free Au@AgAuS core‐shell NCs, via aqueous cation exchange reaction with Zn2+, the gradual evolution with produced Au@ZnS–AgAuS Y–S NCs can be achieved successfully. This unprecedented evolution can be reasonably explained by cation exchange initialized chemical etching of Au core, followed by the diffusion through the shell to be AgAuS and then ZnS. By hydrothermal treatment provided optimal redox environment, Au ions in shell were partially reduced to be Au NCs on the surface. The UV–vis absorption spectra evolution and visible light photocatalytic performances, including improved photodegradation behavior and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, have demonstrated their potential applications. This new one‐pot way to get diverse heterointerfaces for better photoinduced electron/hole separation synergistically can be anticipated for more kinds of photocatalytic organic synthesis.
The Ecology of Teachers’ Experiences with Violence and Lack of Administrative Support
Authors: McMahon Susan D. , Reaves Samantha , McConnell Elizabeth A. , Peist Eric , Ruiz Linda ,   the APA Task Force on Classroom Violence Directed Against Teachers
Published: November 2017

HighlightsTeacher‐directed violence is a significant problem in schools.Lack of support from administrators was one of teachers’ most upsetting experiences.An ecological framework was used to examine lack of administrative support across multiple levels.Implications for research, practice, and policy are provided to improve administrative support.
Prevalence of hearing loss among noise‐exposed workers within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector, 2003‐2012
Authors: Masterson Elizabeth A. , Themann Christa L. , Calvert Geoffrey M. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hearing loss among noise‐exposed US workers within the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting (AFFH) sector.MethodsAudiograms for 1.4 million workers (17 299 within AFFH) from 2003 to 2012 were examined. Prevalence, and the adjusted risk for hearing loss as compared with the reference industry (Couriers and Messengers), were estimated.ResultsThe overall AFFH sector prevalence was 15% compared to 19% for all industries combined, but many of the AFFH sub‐sectors exceeded the overall prevalence. Forestry sub‐sector prevalences were highest with Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products at 36% and Timber Tract Operations at 22%. The Aquaculture sub‐sector had the highest adjusted risk of all AFFH sub‐sectors (PR = 1.70; CI = 1.42‐2.04).ConclusionsHigh risk industries within the AFFH sector need continued hearing conservation efforts. Barriers to hearing loss prevention and early detection of hearing loss need to be recognized and addressed.
Workplace violence injury in 106 US hospitals participating in the Occupational Health Safety Network (OHSN), 2012‐2015
Authors: Groenewold Matthew R. , Sarmiento Raymond F.R. , Vanoli Kelly , Raudabaugh William , Nowlin Susan , Gomaa Ahmed 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundWorkplace violence is a substantial occupational hazard for healthcare workers in the United States.MethodsWe analyzed workplace violence injury surveillance data submitted by hospitals participating in the Occupational Health Safety Network (OHSN) from 2012 to 2015.ResultsData were frequently missing for several important variables. Nursing assistants (14.89, 95%CI 10.12‐21.91) and nurses (8.05, 95%CI 6.14‐10.55) had the highest crude workplace violence injury rates per 1000 full‐time equivalent (FTE) workers. Nursing assistants' (IRR 2.82, 95%CI 2.36‐3.36) and nurses' (IRR 1.70, 95%CI 1.45‐1.99) adjusted workplace violence injury rates were significantly higher than those of non‐patient care personnel. On average, the overall rate of workplace violence injury among OHSN‐participating hospitals increased by 23% annually during the study period.ConclusionImproved data collection is needed for OHSN to realize its full potential. Workplace violence is a serious, increasingly common problem in OHSN‐participating hospitals. Nursing assistants and nurses have the highest injury risk.
Sensation, mechanoreceptor, and nerve fiber function after nerve regeneration
Authors: Krarup Christian , Rosén Birgitta , Boeckstyns Michel , Ibsen Sørensen Allan , Lundborg Göran , Moldovan Mihai , Archibald Simon J. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveSensation is essential for recovery after peripheral nerve injury. However, the relationship between sensory modalities and function of regenerated fibers is uncertain. We have investigated the relationships between touch threshold, tactile gnosis, and mechanoreceptor and sensory fiber function after nerve regeneration.MethodsTwenty‐one median or ulnar nerve lesions were repaired by a collagen nerve conduit or direct suture. Quantitative sensory hand function and sensory conduction studies by near‐nerve technique, including tactile stimulation of mechanoreceptors, were followed for 2 years, and results were compared to noninjured hands.ResultsAt both repair methods, touch thresholds at the finger tips recovered to 81 ± 3% and tactile gnosis only to 20 ± 4% (p < 0.001) of control. The sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) remained dispersed and areas recovered to 23 ± 2% and the amplitudes only to 7 ± 1% (P < 0.001). The areas of SNAPs after tactile stimulation recovered to 61 ± 11% and remained slowed. Touch sensation correlated with SNAP areas (p < 0.005) and was negatively related to the prolongation of tactile latencies (p < 0.01); tactile gnosis was not related to electrophysiological parameters.InterpretationThe recovered function of regenerated peripheral nerve fibers and reinnervated mechanoreceptors may differentially influence recovery of sensory modalities. Touch was affected by the number and function of regenerated fibers and mechanoreceptors. In contrast, tactile gnosis depends on the input and plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), which may explain the absence of a direct relation between electrophysiological parameters and poor recovery. Dispersed maturation of sensory nerve fibers with desynchronized inputs to the CNS also contributes to the poor recovery of tactile gnosis. Ann Neurol 2017. Ann Neurol 2017;82:940–950
Synthese und Reaktivität von Nickel‐stabilisierten μ2:η2,η2‐P2‐, As2‐ und PAs‐Einheiten
Authors: Hierlmeier Gabriele , Hinz Alexander , Wolf Robert , Goicoechea Jose M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReaktionen der paramagnetischen Nickel(I)‐Verbindungen CpNi(NHC) (Cp=Cyclopentadienyl; NHC=1,3‐Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐yliden (IMes) bzw. 1,3‐Bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐yliden (IPr)) mit [Na(Dioxan)x][PnCO] (Pn=P, As) ergeben symmetrische bimetallische Verbindungen (μ2:η2,η2‐E2){Ni(NHC)(CO)}2. Mehrere Intermediate wurden identifiziert und charakterisiert, unter anderem eine Verbindung mit dem für das PCO−‐Anion zuvor unbekannten μ2:η2,η2‐Koordinationsmodus. Untersuchungen der Folgechemie zeigten, dass bei der Reaktion von (μ2:η2,η2‐Pn2){Ni(IMes)(CO)}2 mit Kohlenstoffmonoxid die Pn2‐Einheit freigesetzt wird. Im Fall der phosphorhaltigen Spezies führt dies zur Bildung von P4 und im Fall von (μ2:η2,η2‐As2){Ni(IMes)(CO)}2 zur Bildung von elementarem Arsen.
Surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers via controlled radical graft polymerization
Authors: Tamizifar Maryam , Sun Gang 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTFunctional chemical modifications on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers via radical graft polymerization could be controlled by managing mutual interactions and affinities between different components in the grafting reaction system. Hansen solubility parameters was used as a tool to quantify affinities of related agents and the polymer, and provided reliable results. The latest results proved the practicality of using Hansen solubility parameters in controlling radical graft polymerizations on surface modifications of PET fibers. Four different monomers with different hydrophilic properties in different solvent and initiator systems were examined, and results confirmed that interactions of initiator‐PET, initiator‐solvent, monomer‐PET, monomer‐solvent, and monomer‐initiator play important roles in determining the grafting reaction efficiency. Results revealed that for the selected grafting systems studied, hydrophilic monomers presented overall favoring affinities toward PET leading to higher grafting yields compared to hydrophobic monomers. The results have instructive impact to commercial applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45990.