bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DC/FO, A Lean and Powerful DC Subsea Control Infrastructure
Authors: Michel Ronan , Vareille Ghislaine , El Boussairi Hanae , Verhaege Thierry , Lemaitre Romuald , Audebert Rodolph 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Subsea controls architectures have been traditionally based on large size project-specific umbilicals integrating hydraulics, data, power and chemicals. Tieback length and power consumption drive the dimensioning of umbilical cross-section.
The submarine telecom industry has an extensive track record of highly reliable, long reach, standardized solutions for DC powering and data transport.
An alternative cost effective subsea control infrastructure solution has been developed leveraging on the submarine telecom industry experience, based on reliable super-structural and standardized DC subsea power and optical fiber communication cable network, compatible with existing brown fields and future green fields subsea control systems, so-called DC/FO solution.
This innovative solution offers a number of advantages inspired from the telecom industry: Standardization – the same standard cross section can be used regardless of tie back length or power consumption demand; Reparability and Extendibility – The cable and its end terminations can be lifted to surface for repairs or extensions at sea with standardized jointing technology, simplifying the tie-back of new prospects and enabling phased development; Open platform – electrical power and communication interfaces can be connected to any SPS supplier equipment; Virtually unlimited reach within Oil and Gas fields – the system is dimensioned to serve the longest tie backs currently contemplated by the industry; Large power supply capability.
This solution is an enabler for new applications such as AUV recharge or E-Field sensing. On longer term, all-Electric trees can be powered through DC/FO solution, allowing further downsizing and cost reduction of legacy umbilical cross-section with the removal of hydraulic tubes.
Industrial Policy and Local Content: Brazil's Pre-Salt Area Case
Authors: Jesus F. D. , Silva J. F. , Roitman T. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to analyze the Local Content, as industrial policy in Brazil, especially in a low geological risk area as the pre-salt. The paper will regard its history, as well as its role, in the oil and gas supply chain, identifying the positive and negative aspects and discuss possible changes in the policy and its importance to the sector's growth recovery.
This paper promotes the discussion of the Brazilian Local Content policy as a form of industrial policy for the development of Oil & Gas sector, which is a very representative sector in terms of investment. This work involves the policy evaluation, identifying the reasons that have led to this choice in Brazil and comparing it to other examples around the world. The paper also analyses the possibility of using different types of industrial policies applied globally in Oil & Gas sector.
As the results of this study, it was identified that the Local Content policy is capable of promoting the sector's development and it can be positive for the players, especially in a low geological risk environment as Brazilian pre-salt. However, the policy must be adjusted so it allows the increase of competitiveness on a global scale, not only by the oil companies but also by the suppliers. A competitive national production is beneficial for the companies that operate in Brazil, which could reduce import of equipment, labor and services, making their production processes agiler. Regarding the suppliers, incentive policies are needed to promote their development and their establishment at a competitive level with other global companies. It was verified, however, that the policy needs adjustments, mainly with respect to focus definition of the sector's industrial policy. It is clearthat it is important to define key segments to be prioritized and to consider the Local Content policy as part of a wider industrial policy in Brazil.
The paper's original contribution is therefore to bring a wider theoretical framework to the current discussions taking place in Brazil about Local Content, considering the industrial policy theories. The discussion itself is relevant, in a moment of policy changes regarding the sector's development in Brazil and representativeness of the pre-salt in terms of impacts in the industry's production chain.
Plain Sailing? Observations of Cybersecurity and Network Health Problems in Control Systems at Sea
Authors: Csorba M. J. , Ramos de Carvalho C. , Boff S. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Threats to cybersecurity continue to increase in number and appear from unexpected new angles due to an increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks. A novel methodology is required not only for data protection but also to achieve safe and reliable operations at sea. The first step towards securing control systems is to make sure they are designed and operated per recognized international standards and recommendations, such as the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27000 series, the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 62443 family of standards, the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) framework, or the IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors) cybersecurity guidelines. In addition, testing and probing these systems and their associated networks for possible vulnerabilities and robustness under high traffic loads are important to verify that the implementation of the design is safe, secure and carried out in accordance with the vendor’s or the system integrator’s documentation.
This paper provides tangible examples of findings from cybersecurity and network health tests performed on various vessels and installations, such as shuttle tankers, drilling rigs and FPSOs (floating production, storage and offloading), by DNV GL Marine Cybernetics Advisory. Typical pitfalls of on-board cybersecurity are discussed, such as inadequate protection mechanisms, installation failures and mismatches between documentation and installation, vulnerabilities in controllers, and insufficient network capacities.
Subsea Concept Alternatives for Brazilian Pre-Salt Fields
Authors: Buckley Kevin , Uehara Ricardo 
Published: October 2017

The objective is to identify and compare subsea development concept alternatives for typical Brazilian pre-salt deep water applications, based on generic system functional requirements, SWOT analysis and comparative cost-benefit analysis of each alternative.
This is a fast track approach to perform screening assessment of multiple subsea concept alternatives. Key premises from project disciplines are set as givens to determine the subsea functional specifications. The process consists of identifying subsea layout architecture options capable to meet those functionalities and defining ways of application.
A SWOT analysis of each selected subsea concept is performed, together with a superficial cost-benefit analysis comparing those concepts.
In order to meet the premises and requirements (Subsurface / Wells / Topsides) for the characteristics of the Brazilian pre-salt deep water fields, the following subsea concepts were considered competitive:
Satellite configuration with flexible risers and flowlines
Daisy chain configuration with rigid risers and flowlines
Subsea cluster configuration with manifolds, rigid risers and flowlines and flexible jumpers
Hybrid solutions with rigid risers and flexible flowlines (with and without manifolds)
The SWOT analysis of each concept is based on pre-determined requirements / criteria and evaluated considering their TIC (Total Installed Cost) for the possible subsea systems. This essay discusses the preferred subsea concepts depending on application, criteria, premises and field characteristics.
Subsea scope represents typically between 25 – 40% of a project in a deep-water development. The relevance of this essay is to serve as a guidance of choice of potential subsea concepts for a project, in view of their benefits and their associated cost, where capital cost intensity and return on investment are key value drivers in a low oil price environment.
Multiphase Flow Measurement: Advantages and Brazilian Regulation
Authors: Saad Hugo C. , Ribeiro Luiz F. C. , Oliveira Moises 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Multiphase measurement is still a complex process and involves an important analysis of the produced fluids in the oil industry. Intense research and technological developments in the field have been gaining important breakthroughs in the onshore sectors and especially in the offshore industry. Many companies have already developed meters that are able to read more accurately the multiphase flows and this way these developments have brought a significant number of advantages to measurement processes. The present work aims to list the important concepts that allow understanding the operation of the meters, the advantages that the multiphase measurement presents for the oil industry, including regulatory aspects for of this technology.
Real-Time Asset Optimisation - Integrity Management of Flexible Pipe Systems: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Eckold Geoff , White Roger 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Delivering better outcomes by embracing new ideas requires a different mind-set from what currently prevails in today's oil & gas industry. Impactful change can be best realised when organisations are emboldened to think and act differently.
Our industry has been seeking holistic and integrated solutions that maximise economic recovery of E&P operator assets. Although we are seeing improvements in certain areas, there is still an opportunity to enable faster technology introduction, apply more collaborative working and adopt innovative commercial models. By looking at the production system holistically, operators can increase production efficiency, maximise economic recovery and more effectively extend the life of their brownfield assets.
Flexible Pipe is an essential component within the overall production system, where its unique characteristics provide an enabling capability for the cost-effective exploitation of oil & gas resources using floating production systems.
However, the design and construction of such systems is complex rendering the application of conventional integrity management technology ineffective. Manufacturers of flexible pipe, including GE Oil & Gas, have risen to this challenge, meeting the needs of operators through the offer of a comprehensive package of products and services not only for the assurance of on-going integrity, but also to provide the essential information necessary to answer questions related to remnant life, changing operating conditions, service upsets and lifetime extension.
This paper describes a number of the technologies now available that have been specifically designed to cater for those degradation mechanisms that can impact the service life of flexible pipe, whilst accommodating the nuances of its design. Examples, include the use of embedded sensors incorporated within the pipe during manufacture, monitoring equipment that can be mounted externally to the pipe, and bespoke inspection solutions targeted at specific elements of the pipe construction. Particular focus is given on fibre optic and electrical sensor systems for the detection of outer sheath breaches, the most common form of damage seen in flexible pipe during service, and in the application of the MAPS® stress measurement technology. The latter can provide a unique insight into the integrity of the primary load bearing elements within the pipe design.
Closed-Loop Field Development Under Geological Uncertainties: Application in a Brazilian Benchmark Case
Authors: Hidalgo Davi M. , Emerick Alexandre A. , Couto Paulo , Alves José L. D. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The closed-loop field development (CLFD) under geological uncertainties is a general methodology that aims to optimize an objective function by successively adjust the development plan (DP) of an oil field as new information is made available by drilling and production of new wells. In this work, we propose a CLFD procedure and demonstrate its feasibility in the UNISIM-I benchmark case, based on the Namorado Field of the Brazilian Campos Basin. The CLFD cyclically uses the steps of history matching, selection of representative models and optimization of the DP in an ensemble of uncertain models, elaborated with a limited amount of initial information. For the first step, we use an ensemble-based data assimilation method to match production data and well logs obtained from a reference model that reproduces the behavior of the real reservoir. The representative models are selected based on their similarity considering dynamics and statics parameters of the reservoir. For the DP optimization, we use a genetic algorithm with nonlinear constrains over the selected models. The net present value (NPV) of the project is the objective function used to evaluate the methodology. The comparison between the NPV of the reference model using the DP generated by the methodology and an initial DP is used to measures the gains. The results show a 40.8% increase in NPV when applying the methodology compared to the initial DP. Moreover, the proposed CLFD procedure is able to improve decision making by systematically increasing the NPV of the set of uncertain models.
Intelligent Completions Used during Extended Well Test of Exploratory Wells in Brazil
Authors: Costa L. , Rodrigues D. , da Silva R. , Souza I. , Fernandes M. A. 
Published: October 2017

This paper describes an extended well test (EWT) campaign using intelligent completions in a presalt reservoir. Brazil is recognized as a promising deepwater province because of large oil discoveries in the presalt polygon. One such discovery contains an estimated eight billion barrels of recoverable oil and is considered to be one of the largest fields recently identified. Several challenges and risks are associated with ensuring economic returns, such as properly constructing wells and extracting value from their lifecycles. Most presalt fields contain thick carbonate reservoirs with significant variations in vertical permeability and unknown behavior affecting long-term production. Most of those uncertainties can be reduced using extended well testing; however, the solution implemented uses multizone completions to perform EWT, providing a new level of reservoir understanding.
To better understand reservoir behavior during production, several options were analyzed for the first EWT to help minimize uncertainties concerning the extensive pay zone. Drilling wells provides valuable rock and formation knowledge; however, this information is not sufficient to simulate formation flow behavior during the field lifecycle and reduce production uncertainties. In addition, current oil market conditions imposed another challenge to maximize output during EWT, impacting some well designs and the campaign strategy. A triple-zone intelligent completion was envisioned as the optimum solution to be applied for properly understanding how each interval would behave under production or injection.
EWT was performed on two producers and one injector. Based on project requirements, gas and water had to be reinjected into the reservoir. Additionally, using two producers allowed the operator to maximize oil output while performing the EWT with production details from each zone rather than the entire well. Both producers were completed with dual-zone intelligent completions systems because of technical limitations, while the injector was completed as planned with three zones.
Proper planning, preparation, and experience from other projects contributed to the campaign success in such a challenging exploratory completion. During preparation, several evaluations and studies were performed to help ensure the proper technology was selected and the system could withstand the extremely high flow rates with high scaling potential expected along with other flow assurance concerns.
A future commissioning campaign in this field should allow further evaluation of the applicability of this concept to other fields, which is promising for reservoir evaluation studies.
Predicting and Detecting Equipment Malfunctions Using Machine Learning
Authors: Bangert Patrick 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Condition Monitoring usually analyzes each measurement separately using static limit information. This results in false alarms and unhealthy conditions that are not alarmed. Using machine learning techniques, the big data gathered around large equipment or an entire plant can be analyzed as a single coherent whole to draw conclusions about its current state of health. First, a mathematical model of the relevant measurement is created using the other measurements available. This model represents the equipment or plant as a unit when it is operating as it should. Second, this expected value is compared to the measured value. If they agree, the current state is healthy. If they do not, an alarm is released and a maintenance activity must follow. This method is seen to be far more successful than standard condition monitoring thus preventing false alarms and always alarming unhealthy states.
Pre-Lay of Flexible Risers in Lazy Wave Configuration in Pre-Salt Projects: Overcoming Technical Challenges and Enabling Installation
Authors: Laquini S. , Fernandes P. Tavares , da Costa B. P. M. , Delalibera C. A. Armani , Moura P. H. S. , Gonçalves F. F. , Costa C. H. O. , Oliveira J. G. , Pereira M. C. , de Oliveira R. Caldeira 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the technical solutions assessment and details of the first implementation of the pre-laying procedure of flexible lazy wave risers, including buoyancy modules, before FPU arrival, on a Pre-Salt scenario.
Flexible risers are easily handled due to the small bending radius allowed during installation phase. Despite of that, the water depth and differential pressure in Pre-Salt scenario result in several customized flexible pipe structures, which makes pre-lay much more complex. Other limitations regarding monitoring system, recovery strategy, hibernation conditions, commissioning, buoyancy modules design water depth and intention of pre-laying several risers also turn installation limitations in evidence.
To overcome all these challenges, a hard work together with flexible riser suppliers and installer specialists had to be done to find a feasible way for pre-laying. The results obtained with assessment studies and first installations were crucial to mapping the risks and benefits associated to the pre-laying of flexible risers. A large part of the riser installation time is consumed by the required time to assemble the buoyancy modules on pipe. Thus, pre-laying strategy optimizes major milestones for offshore installation, anticipating first oil production, increasing the ramp up and mitigating the schedule risks due to decoupling of the arrival of FPU from the risers installation.
The early engagement and planning of operations were key factors to achieve benefits of this kind of installation. This engagement and discussions together among operator, suppliers and installers helped a lot to mitigate risks. The achieved maturity inspires confidence for the development of new similar operations. Relevant steps were detected in the pre-laying and recovery operations sequence, which may affect the layout design during the development planning, in order to optimize the operation.
Automatic Verification of Instrumentation Lessons Learned in New FPSO Projects by Using Constructability-Based Queries Applied to CAE Computer Aided Engineering Tools Databases
Authors: Torres M. S. , dos Santos B. P. , Diniz F. C. , Cintra P. V. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
During development of FPSO projects for Brazilian pre-salt exploration, some cases regarding instrumentation requirements and specification checks in detailed design were analyzed due to its complexity and deep influence in platform safety and operability. Those cases were identified in constructability reviews and, applying Computer Aided Engineering tools, queries were developed to detect those issues in order to identify and solve inconsistencies between several involved disciplines in detailed design prior to procurement, construction and commissioning phases.
According to AACE International "Constructability is the integration of construction expertise into all phases of the project to benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives. The successful use of construction knowledge and expertise increases the probability of project success."
Instrumentation team detected, in Constructability reviews, some issues with huge impact in procurement, construction and commissioning phases, if not properly solved. Engineering design automation team were then involved to develop a set of queries to detect those cases and obtain proper data, from design database, which was then used to determine detail design consistency level and take corrective measures.
Three queries were developed to be applied over CAE tools databases for special cases in verification of instrumentation requirements.
Constructability value improving practices combined with CAE tools were the key factor for success in detecting and preventing inconsistencies concerning instrumentation specifications. Constructability is the systematic method that integrates, from the initial stages of the project, knowledge and experience in construction and assembly in all phases to enhance competitiveness and ensure predictability of proposed results.
Considering the amount of documents and interfaces existing in megaprojects, automated verification saves time and resources compared to conventional methods.
A Step Change in Safety and Quality for ESP Deployment in the North Sea
Authors: Pastre L. , Barclay W. , Elrick D. , Kriptanto A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The oil industry is going through a transformation in which reducing costs and increasing rig efficiency became paramount. In spite of this changing period, safety is, and must remain, the main concern for every offshore installation. In order to achieve a step change in safety during offshore ESP deployment in the North Sea, procedures and standard working instructions were reviewed and opportunities for improvements were identified. Innovative tools including a new cable spooling system and special subs were developed to increase safety and address operator concerns during ESP assembly. Special attention was also paid to the service quality and efficiency of the ESP offshore installation. The toolstore used during ESP completion was redesigned using lean and 5S techniques to optimize installation time, and a high efficiency tool was introduced to install cable protectors, considerably reducing ESP installation time. In order to monitor the changes and continue improving, a recording system was introduced and every offshore installation is recorded and used for assessment and training. The objective of this paper is to describe novel ideas developed in the North Sea that created a new level of safety and quality during ESP deployment. The improvements described in the paper might inspire other initiatives to increase quality and safety standards in the oil industry.