bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Chlorinated and Non‐chlorinated Polyols from Model Cross‐Metathesis Modified Triacylglycerols
Authors: Pillai Prasanth K. S. , Li Shaojun , Bouzidi Laziz , Narine Suresh S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThree pure triacylglycerols (TAG) containing decenoic acid (D), and stearic acid (S), were hydroxylated into chlorinated and non‐chlorinated polyols and studied in detail. D is a fatty moiety that can result from the cross metathesis of small olefins with common vegetable oils such as soybean oil. A fundamental understanding relating chemical composition and derived structure, particularly the number and position of the hydroxyl groups, to physical properties was established allowing us to add some perspective to the growing body of knowledge on industrially relevant polyol and polyurethane systems produced with metathesis‐modified TAG (MTAG). The hydroxyl value, crystallization and melting behaviors, thermal degradation behavior of the polyols were directly related to their peculiar shortened and primary functionality inherited from the parent MTAG. The effect of regiochemistry on the physical properties of the polyols was investigated with the chromatography fractions of the trichlorinated polyol of propane‐1,2,3‐triyl tris(dec‐9‐enoate), giving an unhindered insight into the role of short and terminal functionality of MTAG polyols that will help select the optimal isomer composition for designer polyurethane materials.
The effect of the top 20 Alzheimer disease risk genes on gray‐matter density and FDG PET brain metabolism
Authors: Stage Eddie , Duran Tugce , Risacher Shannon L. , Goukasian Naira , Do Triet M. , West John D. , Wilhalme Holly , Nho Kwangsik , Phillips Meredith , Elashoff David , Saykin Andrew J. , Apostolova Liana G. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe analyzed the effects of the top 20 Alzheimer disease (AD) risk genes on gray‐matter density (GMD) and metabolism.MethodsWe ran stepwise linear regression analysis using posterior cingulate hypometabolism and medial temporal GMD as outcomes and all risk variants as predictors while controlling for age, gender, and APOE ε4 genotype. We explored the results in 3D using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8.ResultsSignificant predictors of brain GMD were SLC24A4/RIN3 in the pooled and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); ZCWPW1 in the MCI; and ABCA7, EPHA1, and INPP5D in the AD groups. Significant predictors of hypometabolism were EPHA1 in the pooled, and SLC24A4/RIN3, NME8, and CD2AP in the normal control group.DiscussionMultiple variants showed associations with GMD and brain metabolism. For most genes, the effects were limited to specific stages of the cognitive continuum, indicating that the genetic influences on brain metabolism and GMD in AD are complex and stage dependent.
Patrons, Parties, Political Linkage, and the Birth of Competitive-Authoritarianism in Africa
Authors: Cheeseman Nic 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:Few scholars have taught us more about African voters, legislators, and legislatures than Joel Barkan. Drawing on Barkan’s analysis, the first part of this article argues that the African one-party state can be usefully viewed as a competitive-authoritarian system underpinned by a form of political linkage that allows for elements of coercion and competition. Building on this framework, the second part demonstrates that the political linkage structures that emerged in single-party systems such as those of Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania have played an important role in shaping the dynamics of multiparty politics and the prospects for democratic reform.
Applying a Counterfactual: Would 1966 Ugandan University Students Be Surprised by Ugandan Governance Today?
Authors: Kasfir Nelson 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:Joel Barkan surveyed Ugandan university students’ attitudes in 1966 and worked on Ugandan national governance three decades later. These two inquiries facilitate an unusual counterfactual analysis. Counterfactuals typically test historical explanation by manipulating an antecedent to estimate change to a known outcome. But a counterfactual can be constructed to examine how an antecedent would react to a later activity. By extrapolating from 1966 students’ responses to Barkan’s survey and their expected knowledge of political events, we can estimate their likely attitudes to later governance. Applying this unconventional counterfactual helps establish how far prior perception of politics illuminates later governmental practice.
Legislatures and Democratic Development in Africa
Authors: Mattes Robert , Mozaffar Shaheen 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:Afrobarometer data collected three decades after Joel Barkan’s pioneering survey of rural Kenyans confirm his insights that voters stress MPs’ linkage roles in terms of representation (carrying views upward to the capital) and constituency service (bringing goods downward from national government) over their institutional roles (lawmaking and oversight). And, contrary to conventional wisdom, they prefer collective goods for the constituency over private goods. An African Legislatures Project survey of 822 MPs in seventeen countries revealed, however, that MPs misinterpret this as a demand for material goods and development and underappreciate the demand for representation, prompting—among other things—the adoption of controversial Constituency Development Funds.
Devolution and the New Politics of Development in Kenya
Authors: Kanyinga Karuti 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:Joel Barkan had a special interest in decentralization and local development. He was persuaded that decentralization, and devolution in particular, had the potential of addressing Kenya’s longstanding challenges in regard to equity, ethnic inequalities, inclusion, and service delivery. Although political patronage and ethnic interests historically had hindered efforts to introduce decentralization, Kenya’s 2010 Constitution promised a devolved system of government to address regional imbalances in development, promote equitable access to basic services, and give powers of self-governance to the people. Will devolution under the 2010 Constitution succeed, or will it fail just like the other initiatives before it?
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections Following Neurosurgical Spinal Fusion Operations: A Case Control Study
Authors: Walsh Thomas L. , Querry Ashley M. , McCool Sheila , Galdys Alison L. , Shutt Kathleen A. , Saul Melissa I. , Muto Carlene A. 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVETo determine risk factors for the development of surgical site infections (SSIs) in neurosurgery patients undergoing spinal fusion.DESIGNRetrospective case-control study.SETTINGLarge, academic, quaternary care center.PATIENTSThe study population included all neurosurgery patients who underwent spinal fusion between August 1, 2009, and August 31, 2013. Cases were defined as patients in the study cohort who developed an SSI. Controls were patients in the study cohort who did not develop an SSI.METHODSTo achieve 80% power with an ability to detect an odds ratio (OR) of 2, we performed an unmatched case-control study with equal numbers of cases and controls.RESULTSDuring the study period, 5,473 spinal fusion procedures were performed by neurosurgeons in our hospital. With 161 SSIs recorded during the study period, the incidence of SSIs associated with these procedures was 2.94%. While anterior surgical approach was found to be a protective factor (OR, 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08–0.52), duration of procedure (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.29–1.93), American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 or 4 (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.00–3.18), and hospitalization within the prior 30 days (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.37–24.57) were found in multivariate analysis to be independent predictors of SSI following spinal fusion. Prior methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) nares colonization was highly associated with odds 20 times higher of SSI following spinal fusion (OR, 20.30; 95% CI, 4.64–8.78).CONCLUSIONSIn additional to nonmodifiable risk factors, prior colonization with MRSA is a modifiable risk factor very strongly associated with development of SSI following spinal fusion.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:348–352
Independent professionals (IPros) and well-being: An emerging focus for research?
Authors: Syrett Michel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, the author, a freelance writer and researcher who has worked in this way for over 30 years, draws on his own experience of independent working to present freelancing and well-being as an important yet neglected area of research. The paper is therefore presents a brief overview of the context of freelancing, particularly in the United Kingdom and Europe as this is the working environment of the author. This overview is blended with a review the existing research on the topic of freelancer well-being. The aim is to reveal the questions and issues that the author feels encompass well-being in this context as well as to highlight some recent initiatives where independent workers and their clients have worked together to support key areas of their vulnerability compared with those in full-time employment. Setting this often intensely personal perspective set against the wider context of academic and practitioner research reveals that, in contrast to some the common public opinion that freelance and contract work is ‘second-rate’ option, many independent professionals are happy about the way they work and experience high levels of job satisfaction. However, what does also emerge is that beyond local professional bodies and associations, many feel almost completely unsupported. Of greatest concern were reports of being treated with neglect and even suspicion by policy and law makers. The hope is that this paper heralds the beginnings of a wider research agenda into this important but neglected aspect of the independent professional workforce.
Dietary live yeast and mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation attenuate intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction induced by Escherichia coli in broilers
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Li Zhui , Han Qiqi , Guo Yuming , Zhang Bo , D’inca Romain 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe effects of live yeast (LY) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal disruption induced by Escherichia coli in broilers were investigated. The experimental design was a 3×2 factorial arrangement with three dietary treatments (control, 0·5 g/kg LY (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 1·0×1010 colony-forming units/g), 0·5 g/kg MOS) and two immune treatments (with or without E. coli challenge from 7 to 11 d of age). Samples were collected at 14 d of age. The results showed that E. coli challenge impaired (P<0·05) growth performance during the grower period (1–21 d) and the overall period (1–35 d) of broilers, increased (P<0·05) serum endotoxin and diamine oxidase levels coupled with ileal myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities, whereas reduced (P<0·05) maltase activity, and compromised the morphological structure of the ileum. Besides, it increased (P<0·05) the mRNA expressions of several inflammatory genes and reduced occludin expression in the ileum. Dietary treatment with both LY and MOS reduced (P<0·05) serum diamine oxidase and ileal myeloperoxidase levels, but elevated villus height (P<0·10) and the ratio of villus height:crypt depth (P<0·05) of the ileum. It also alleviated (P<0·05) E. coli-induced increases (P<0·05) in ileal Toll-like receptor 4, NF-κB and IL-1β expressions. Moreover, LY supplementation reduced (P<0·05) feed conversion ratio of birds during the grower period and enhanced (P<0·05) the community diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) of ileal microbiota, whereas MOS addition counteracted (P<0·05) the decreased ileal IL-10 and occludin expressions in challenged birds. In conclusion, both LY and MOS supplementation could attenuate E. coli-induced intestinal disruption by alleviating intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction in broilers. Moreover, LY addition could improve intestinal microbial community structure and feed efficiency of broilers.
Effect of surgical intervention on middle-ear cholesteatoma with associated facial paralysis
Authors: Ozkul Y , Songu M , Onal K , Imre A , Arslanoglu S , Horoz E , Bayrak F , Pinar E 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectives:To investigate the presenting symptoms, intra-operative findings and long-term facial nerve function in patients treated for cholesteatoma with associated facial paralysis.Methods:Fifteen patients with facial paralysis due to middle-ear cholesteatoma who underwent tympanomastoidectomy surgery from February 2000 to February 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. After removal of the cholesteatoma, a limited area of the fallopian canal, in which facial nerve oedema or redness was evident, was opened. Incision of the epineural sheath for nerve decompression was not performed.Results:Pre-operative House–Brackmann grade was grade II in two patients, grade III in four, grade IV in seven, grade V in one and grade VI in one. Facial nerve perineurium damage was observed in two patients with poor prognoses. All patients treated within the first 15 days after paralysis onset showed normal facial function at long-term follow up. Post-operative House–Brackmann grade was grade I in 11 patients, grade II in 1, grade III in 2 and grade VI in 1.Conclusion:Early surgical treatment is more likely to give good results, and poor outcomes are observed in patients with facial nerve perineurium damage.
Task shifting to clinical officer-led echocardiography screening for detecting rheumatic heart disease in Malawi, Africa
Authors: Sims Sanyahumbi Amy , Sable Craig A. , Karlsten Melissa , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Kazembe Peter N. , Minard Charles G. , Penny Daniel J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundEchocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in asymptomatic children may result in early diagnosis and prevent progression. Physician-led screening is not feasible in Malawi. Task shifting to mid-level providers such as clinical officers may enable more widespread screening.HypothesisWith short-course training, clinical officers can accurately screen for rheumatic heart disease using focussed echocardiography.MethodsA total of eight clinical officers completed three half-days of didactics and 2 days of hands-on echocardiography training. Clinical officers were evaluated by performing screening echocardiograms on 20 children with known rheumatic heart disease status. They indicated whether children should be referred for follow-up. Referral was indicated if mitral regurgitation measured more than 1.5 cm or there was any measurable aortic regurgitation. The κ statistic was calculated to measure referral agreement with a paediatric cardiologist. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a generalised linear mixed model, and were calculated on the basis of World Heart Federation diagnostic criteria.ResultsThe mean κ statistic comparing clinical officer referrals with the paediatric cardiologist was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.82). The κ value ranged from a minimum of 0.57 to a maximum of 0.90. For rheumatic heart disease diagnosis, sensitivity was 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.86, 0.95) and specificity was 0.65 (95% confidence interval: 0.57, 0.72).ConclusionThere was substantial agreement between clinical officers and paediatric cardiologists on whether to refer. Clinical officers had a high sensitivity in detecting rheumatic heart disease. With short-course training, clinical officer-led echo screening for rheumatic heart disease is a viable alternative to physician-led screening in resource-limited settings.
High-dose adenosine for refractory supraventricular tachycardia: a case report and literature review
Authors: Dadi Gal , Fink Daniel , Weiser Giora 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSupraventricular tachycardia is the most common significant arrhythmia in children. If prolonged, it may cause heart failure and progress to cardiogenic shock warranting prompt treatment. The recommended interventions following vagal manoeuvres are intravenous adenosine and in the unstable patient electrical cardioversion. We present an infant with an unstable supraventricular tachycardia that was resistant to electrical cardioversion and recommended doses of adenosine. He reverted to sinus rhythm with a higher dose of adenosine, suggesting that such doses may be required in refractory supraventricular tachycardia.
Buying less and wasting less food. Changes in household food energy purchases, energy intakes and energy density between 2007 and 2012 with and without adjustment for food waste
Authors: Whybrow Stephen , Horgan Graham W , Macdiarmid Jennie I 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveConsumers in the UK responded to the rapid increases in food prices between 2007 and 2009 partly by reducing the amount of food energy bought. Household food and drink waste has also decreased since 2007. The present study explored the combined effects of reductions in food purchases and waste on estimated food energy intakes and dietary energy density.DesignThe amount of food energy purchased per adult equivalent was calculated from Kantar Worldpanel household food and drink purchase data for 2007 and 2012. Food energy intakes were estimated by adjusting purchase data for food and drink waste, using waste factors specific to the two years and scaled for household size.SettingScotland.SubjectsHouseholds in Scotland (n 2657 in 2007; n 2841 in 2012).ResultsThe amount of food energy purchased decreased between 2007 and 2012, from 8·6 to 8·2 MJ/adult equivalent per d (P<0·001). After accounting for the decrease in food waste, estimated food energy intake was not significantly different (7·3 and 7·2 MJ/adult equivalent per d for 2007 and 2012, respectively; P=0·186). Energy density of foods purchased increased slightly from 700 to 706 kJ/100 g (P=0·010).ConclusionsWhile consumers in Scotland reduced the amount of food energy that they purchased between 2007 and 2012, this was balanced by reductions in household food and drink waste over the same time, resulting in no significant change in net estimated energy intake of foods brought into the home.
JOB AUTHORITY AND EMERGING RACIAL INCOME INEQUALITIES IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: Wilson George , Roscigno Vincent J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHas the adoption of “new governance” reforms over the last two decades eroded the public sector as a long-standing occupational niche for African Americans? Utilizing data from the General Social Survey, we address this issue in the context of earnings “returns” to three levels of job authority for African American men and women relative to their White counterparts. Findings, derived from analyses of three waves of the General Social Survey, indicate that the acceleration of this “business model” of work organization in the public sector has had relatively profound and negative consequences for African American income. Specifically, racial parity in earnings returns at all levels of authority in the “pre-reform” period (1992–1994) progressively eroded during “early reform” (2000–2002) and then even more so during the “late reform” (2010–2012) period. Much of this growing public sector disadvantage—a disadvantage that is approaching that seen in the private sector—is driven largely by income gaps between White and African American men, although a similar (though smaller) racial gap is witnessed among women. We conclude by discussing the occupational niche status of public sector work for African Americans, calling for further analyses of the growing inequality patterns identified in our analyses, and drawing attention to the implications for contemporary racial disadvantages.
“IT’S LIKE WE HAVE AN ‘IN’ ALREADY”
Authors: Waring Chandra D. L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe increasing bi/multiracial1community in the United States has generated much literature about racial identity and social psychological well-being. Drawing on sixty in-depth interviews with Black/White biracial Americans, this paper shifts the theoretical focus from identity and well-being to the conceptual development of how race shapes bi/multiracial Americans’ social interactions with both Whites and Blacks. The majority of participants reported interacting differently when in predominately White settings versus predominately Black settings. I offer the concept of “racial capital” to highlight the repertoire of racial resources (knowledge, experiences, meaning, and language) that biracial Americans use to negotiate racial boundaries in a highly racialized society. These findings reveal the continuing significance of racial boundaries in a population that is often celebrated as evidence of racial harmony in the United States.
Complementarity of PALM and SOFI for super-resolution live-cell imaging of focal adhesions
Authors: Deschout Hendrik , Lukes Tomas , Sharipov Azat , Szlag Daniel , Feletti Lely , Vandenberg Wim , Dedecker Peter , Hofkens Johan , Leutenegger Marcel , Lasser Theo , Radenovic Aleksandra 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLive-cell imaging of focal adhesions requires a sufficiently high temporal resolution, which remains a challenge for super-resolution microscopy. Here we address this important issue by combining photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) with super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). Using simulations and fixed-cell focal adhesion images, we investigate the complementarity between PALM and SOFI in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. This PALM-SOFI framework is used to image focal adhesions in living cells, while obtaining a temporal resolution below 10 s. We visualize the dynamics of focal adhesions, and reveal local mean velocities around 190 nm min−1. The complementarity of PALM and SOFI is assessed in detail with a methodology that integrates a resolution and signal-to-noise metric. This PALM and SOFI concept provides an enlarged quantitative imaging framework, allowing unprecedented functional exploration of focal adhesions through the estimation of molecular parameters such as fluorophore densities and photoactivation or photoswitching kinetics.
A neuronal network of mitochondrial dynamics regulates metastasis
Authors: Caino M. Cecilia , Seo Jae Ho , Aguinaldo Angeline , Wait Eric , Bryant Kelly G. , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Hayden James E. , Vaira Valentina , Morotti Annamaria , Ferrero Stefano , Bosari Silvano , Gabrilovich Dmitry I. , Languino Lucia R. , Cohen Andrew R. , Altieri Dario C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe role of mitochondria in cancer is controversial. Using a genome-wide shRNA screen, we now show that tumours reprogram a network of mitochondrial dynamics operative in neurons, including syntaphilin (SNPH), kinesin KIF5B and GTPase Miro1/2 to localize mitochondria to the cortical cytoskeleton and power the membrane machinery of cell movements. When expressed in tumours, SNPH inhibits the speed and distance travelled by individual mitochondria, suppresses organelle dynamics, and blocks chemotaxis and metastasis, in vivo. Tumour progression in humans is associated with downregulation or loss of SNPH, which correlates with shortened patient survival, increased mitochondrial trafficking to the cortical cytoskeleton, greater membrane dynamics and heightened cell invasion. Therefore, a SNPH network regulates metastatic competence and may provide a therapeutic target in cancer.