bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the caries‐preventive effect of toothpaste containing surface prereacted glass‐ionomer filler
Authors: Amaechi Bennett Tochukwu , Key Meredith C. , Balu Sabarathnam , Okoye Linda Ogechukwu , Gakunga Peter Thiuri 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimAlthough fluoride interventions have the most consistent benefit in preventing caries, caries still develop in high‐risk individuals. Authors have evaluated the effectiveness of toothpastes containing surface prereacted glass‐ionomer (S‐PRG) filler in preventing tooth demineralization.MethodsHuman tooth enamel blocks were randomly assigned to six groups (30 blocks/group): no treatment (a), and toothpaste containing either 1500 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) (b), 0 wt% S‐PRG (b), 1 wt% S‐PRG (d), 5 wt% S‐PRG (e), or 20 wt% S‐PRG (f). Early caries developed on each block by 7‐days demineralization using a microbial caries model. Mineral loss (Δz) and lesion depth (LD) were determined using transverse microradiography.ResultsRelative to the control, all toothpastes, except 0% S‐PRG, significantly (analysis of variance, Tukey's, P<.0001) reduced Δz and LD at varying percentages. With regard to Δz, all comparisons were significant (P<.0001), except 0% S‐PRG vs the control. Otherwise, S‐PRG 1%, 5%, and 20% had 0.50, 0.37, and 0.27 times Δz compared to the control, respectively, while NaMFP had 0.61 times Δz compared to the control. LD followed an almost similar trend as Δz.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study demonstrate the effectiveness of toothpaste containing S‐PRG filler in inhibiting tooth demineralization in the presence of bacterial plaque, thus highlighting its potential as an effective caries‐control tool for individuals at high risk of developing caries.
Integrated Thinking and the Transparency of Tax Disclosures in the Corporate Reports of Firms
Authors: Venter Elmar R. , Stiglingh Madeleine , Smit Anna‐Retha 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to link two global corporate developments, namely integrated thinking and the transparency of tax disclosures. The International Integrated Reporting Council's long‐term vision is for integrated thinking to be embedded in mainstream business practice, facilitated by integrated reporting. The development of the transparency of tax disclosures was driven by tax avoidance practices of multinational companies. The vision of embedding integrated thinking into mainstream business and the increased focus on the transparency of tax disclosures have developed independently, but thus far there has been no serious consideration of how they may be related. We argue that there is a natural relationship between these two developments. We use PwC's (2014) framework for measuring the transparency of tax disclosures and apply the framework to the corporate reports of a sample of 45 large firms. We use regression analysis to test the association between the transparency of tax disclosures in corporate reports and integrated thinking and find them to be positively associated.
A multilevel framework to reconstruct anatomical 3D models of the hepatic vasculature in rat livers
Authors: Peeters Geert , Debbaut Charlotte , Laleman Wim , Monbaliu Diethard , Vander Elst Ingrid , Detrez Jan R. , Vandecasteele Tim , De Schryver Thomas , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Favere Kasper , Verbeke Jonas , Segers Patrick , Cornillie Pieter , De Vos Winnok H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe intricate (micro)vascular architecture of the liver has not yet been fully unravelled. Although current models are often idealized simplifications of the complex anatomical reality, correct morphological information is instrumental for scientific and clinical purposes. Previously, both vascular corrosion casting (VCC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) have been separately used to study the hepatic vasculature. Nevertheless, these techniques still face a number of challenges such as dual casting in VCC and limited imaging depths for IHC. We have optimized both techniques and combined their complementary strengths to develop a framework for multilevel reconstruction of the hepatic circulation in the rat. The VCC and micro‐CT scanning protocol was improved by enabling dual casting, optimizing the contrast agent concentration, and adjusting the viscosity of the resin (PU4ii). IHC was improved with an optimized clearing technique (CUBIC) that extended the imaging depth for confocal microscopy more than five‐fold. Using in‐house developed software (DeLiver), the vascular network – in both VCC and IHC datasets – was automatically segmented and/or morphologically analysed. Our methodological framework allows 3D reconstruction and quantification of the hepatic circulation, ranging from the major blood vessels down to the intertwined and interconnected sinusoids. We believe that the presented framework will have value beyond studies of the liver, and will facilitate a better understanding of various parenchymal organs in general, in physiological and pathological circumstances.
Is serum level of nestin useful in detecting epithelial ovarian cancer?
Authors: Sal Veysel , Kahramanoglu Ilker , Bese Tugan , Demirkiran Fuat , Sofiyeva Nigar , Soyman Zeynep , Durmus Sinem , Gelisgen Remisa , Arvas Macit , Uzun Hafize 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of nestin as a discriminative marker between benign and malignant ovarian tumors.MethodsDuring the 1 year from January 2015 through December 2015, a nonconsecutive series of 80 patients (40 malignant, 40 benign) who underwent surgery for an adnexal mass were enrolled in the study. Intraoperative frozen section evaluation was performed if there was a suspicion in diagnosis. Statistical analyses were performed using spss ver. 16.0, while clinicopathological variables, including the categorical data, were analyzed using the χ2‐test or Fisher's exact test. A P‐value < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant.ResultsPreoperative serum carbohydrate antigen (CA)‐125, CA‐15‐3, and nestin levels were significantly higher in the malignant group compared to patients with benign ovarian tumors (P < 0.001, respectively). Serum nestin levels did not differ significantly on the basis of histologic subtypes. Serum nestin levels had specificity of 89.7%, which demonstrates nestin's sufficiency to distinguish benign from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. The positive likelihood ratio of nestin was found to be superior to that of CA‐125 and CA‐15‐3.ConclusionThe results obtained from our study suggest that measurement of nestin level, alongside physical examination, transvaginal ultrasound, and serum CA‐125 and CA‐15‐3 levels, can help differentiate benign ovarian tumors from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. The findings of our study need to be supported with additional studies.
Cross‐culture and gender invariance of the Warr (1990) job‐related well‐being measure
Authors: Laguna Mariola , Mielniczuk Emilia , Razmus Wiktor , Moriano Juan Antonio , J. Gorgievski Marjan 
Published: December 2016

The job‐related affective well‐being measure developed by Warr (1990, J. Occup. Psychol., 63, 193) has been a frequently used tool estimating affect in the work context. The main purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance of the instrument across cultures and genders. The model with four correlated factors, representing anxiety, comfort, depression, and enthusiasm, had a superior fit compared to alternative models in a sample of 807 employees and was used as the basis of measurement invariance tests. The results of multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed partial metric invariance across samples of employees from the Netherlands (n = 254), Poland (n = 436), and Spain (n = 207), as well as full scalar invariance across genders (female n = 323; male n = 466). This indicates that cross‐cultural comparisons of relationships between job‐related affect as measured with this instrument and other constructs can be meaningful. Additionally, mean scores on the scales of the instrument can be meaningfully compared across genders, but not across countries.Practitioner points

Warr's job‐related affective well‐being measure is a valid and reliable operationalization of four correlated affective dimensions: anxiety, comfort, depression, and enthusiasm.

Mean scores on these dimensions can be meaningfully compared across genders, but comparisons of mean scores between countries should be interpreted with caution.
Cognitive Control of Attentional Guidance by Visual and Verbal Working Memory Representations
Authors: Kawashima Tomoya , Matsumoto Eriko 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBoth visual and verbal information in working memory guide visual attention toward a memory‐matching object. We tested whether: (a) visual and verbal representations have different effects on the deployment of attention; and (b) both types of representations can be used equally in a top‐down manner. We asked participants to maintain a visual cue or a verbal cue at the beginning of each trial, and ended with a memory task to ensure that each cue was represented actively in working memory. Before the memory task, a visual search task appeared where validity was manipulated as valid, neutral, or invalid. We also manipulated the probability of valid trials (20%, 50%, and 80%), which had been told to the participants prior to the task. Consistent with earlier findings, attentional guidance by visual representations was modulated by the probability. We also found that this was true for verbal representations, and that these effects did not differ between representation types. These results suggest that both visual and verbal representations in working memory can be used strategically to control attentional guidance.
Towards a multigene phylogeny of the Cymatosiraceae (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae) I: novel taxa within the subfamily cymatosiroideae based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Dąbek Przemysław , Ashworth Matt P. , Witkowski Andrzej , Li Chunlian , Bornman Thomas G. , Gonçalves Vítor , Park Jinsoon , Khim Jong Seong 
Published: December 2016

The family Cymatosiraceae, composed of two subfamilies (Cymatosiroideae and Extubocelluloideae), are elongate, non‐pennate diatoms and are commonly reported in marine planktonic and benthic assemblages all over the world. The combination of the gross bilateral symmetry of the frustule and radial symmetry of the valve poration, distinct pore fields at the valve apices and DNA sequence data place this family in the controversial diatom class Mediophyceae, sister to the pennate diatoms. The relationships of the Cymatosiraceae within the Mediophyceae, and the monophyly of the two cymatosiroid subfamilies, have become less stable with the addition of new DNA sequence data. In this paper, we examined 24 cymatosiraceaen strains, including the new taxa Lambertocellus africana (Dąbek & Witkowski) Dąbek, Witkowski & Ashworth comb. nov., Leyanella probus Ashworth, Dąbek & Witkowski sp. nov., and Leyanella pauciporis Ashworth, Dąbek & Park sp. nov. to create the most complete molecular phylogeny of the Cymatosiraceae to date, using a three‐gene (SSU, rbcL and psbC) data set. The results of the phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyly of the Cymatosiraceae, but not the monophyly of the subfamilies Cymatosiroideae and Extubocelluloideae. The phylogenetic analysis also suggested a close relationship of the Cymatosiraceae to the family Eupodiscaceae. The phylogenetic results have lead us to re‐evaluate the taxonomy of L. africana, which is sister to Cymatosira lorenziana rather than Minutocellus as suggested in the original description.
Changes in sleep duration and recreational screen time among Canadians, 1998–2010
Authors: Leech Judith A. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIt is commonly claimed that sleep duration has declined in recent years – over a period coinciding with a marked increase in personal electronics and communications use. The aim of this study was to assess change in sleep duration among Canadians from 1998 to 2010, and examine any associations with non‐work‐related screen time. The analysis uses population‐representative data from Statistics Canada's General Social Survey cycles of 1998 and 2010; the respective samples numbered 10 749 and 15 390 individuals. Response rates were 80% in 1998 and 55% in 2010. Respondents were aged 15 years and older, residing in private households in the 10 Canadian provinces. The General Social Survey is administered by computer‐assisted telephone interviewing. Data on sleep duration (excluding naps outside essential sleep time) and recreational screen time were obtained using a 24‐h time‐use diary. Survey weights were applied to adjust for non‐response and non‐landline households. Frequencies (respondent characteristics) and averages (time‐use variables) were estimated by age group and sex. Sleep duration was examined by weighted quartile of screen time. Confidence intervals (95%) were calculated around estimates. Average sleep duration increased from 8.1 h in 1998 to 8.3 h in 2010. Average screen time increased from 140 min in 1998 to 154 min in 2010. Sleep duration and screen time were positively related in both years. The percentage of people averaging less than 6 h sleep decreased from 9.6% in 1998 to 8.6% in 2010. Between 1998 and 2010, increases in screen time did not occur at the expense of sleep duration.
Population genomics reveals structure at the individual, host‐tree scale and persistence of genotypic variants of the undomesticated yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus in a natural woodland
Authors: Xia Wenjing , Nielly‐Thibault Lou , Charron Guillaume , Landry Christian R. , Kasimer Dahlia , Anderson James B. , Kohn Linda M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGenetic diversity in experimental, domesticated and wild populations of the related yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus, has been well described at the global scale. We investigated the population genomics of a local population on a small spatial scale to address two main questions. First, is there genomic variation in a S. paradoxus population at a spatial scale spanning centimetres (microsites) to tens of metres? Second, does the distribution of genomic variants persist over time? Our sample consisted of 42 S. paradoxus strains from 2014 and 43 strains from 2015 collected from the same 72 microsites around four host trees (Quercus rubra and Quercus alba) within 1 km2 in a mixed hardwood forest in southern Ontario. Six additional S. paradoxus strains recovered from adjacent maple and beech trees in 2015 are also included in the sample. Whole‐genome sequencing and genomic SNP analysis revealed five differentiated groups (clades) within the sampled area. The signal of persistence of genotypes in their microsites from 2014 to 2015 was highly significant. Isolates from the same tree tended to be more related than strains from different trees, with limited evidence of dispersal between trees. In growth assays, one genotype had a significantly longer lag phase than the other strains. Our results indicate that different clades coexist at fine spatial scale and that population structure persists over at least a one‐year interval in these wild yeasts, suggesting the efficacy of yearly sampling to follow longer term genetic dynamics in future studies.
The quick and the dead: microbial demography at the yeast thermal limit
Authors: Maxwell Colin S. , Magwene Paul M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe niche of microorganisms is determined by where their populations can expand. Populations can fail to grow because of high death or low birth rates, but these are challenging to measure in microorganisms. We developed a novel technique that enables single‐cell measurement of age‐structured birth and death rates in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and used this method to study responses to heat stress in a genetically diverse panel of strains. We find that individual cells show significant heterogeneity in their rates of birth and death during heat stress. Genotype‐by‐environment effects on processes that regulate asymmetric cell division contribute to this heterogeneity. These lead to either premature senescence or early life mortality during heat stress, and we find that a mitochondrial inheritance defect explains the early life mortality phenotype of one of the strains we studied. This study demonstrates how the interplay of physiology, genetic variation and environmental variables influence where microbial populations survive and flourish.
Gasserian Ganglion and Retrobulbar Nerve Block in the Treatment of Ophthalmic Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Case Report
Authors: Huang Jie , Ni Zhongge , Finch Philip 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesVaricella zoster virus reactivation can cause permanent histological changes in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neural inflammatory changes or damage to the dorsal root ganglia sensory nerve fibers during reactivation can lead to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). For PHN of the first division of the fifth cranial nerve (ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion), there is evidence of inflammatory change in the ganglion and adjacent ocular neural structures. First division trigeminal nerve PHN can prove to be difficult and sometimes even impossible to manage despite the use of a wide range of conservative measures, including anticonvulsant and antidepressant medication. Steroids have been shown to play an important role by suppressing neural inflammatory processes. We therefore chose the trigeminal ganglion as an interventional target for an 88‐year‐old woman with severe ophthalmic division PHN after she failed to respond to conservative treatment.MethodsUnder fluoroscopic guidance, a trigeminal ganglion nerve block was performed with lidocaine combined with dexamethasone. A retrobulbar block with lidocaine and triamcinolone settled residual oculodynia.ResultsAt 1‐year follow‐up, the patient remained pain free and did not require analgesic medication.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ophthalmic division PHN successfully treated with a combination of trigeminal ganglion and retrobulbar nerve block using a local anesthetic agent and steroid for central and peripheral neural inflammatory processes.
Shade tolerance and herbivory are associated with RGR of tree species via different functional traits
Authors: Salgado‐Luarte C. , Gianoli E. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Relative growth rate (RGR) plays an important role in plant adaptation to the light environment through the growth potential/survival trade‐off. RGR is a complex trait with physiological and biomass allocation components. It has been argued that herbivory may influence the evolution of plant strategies to cope with the light environment, but little is known about the relation between susceptibility to herbivores and growth‐related functional traits.

Here, we examined in 11 evergreen tree species from a temperate rainforest the association between growth‐related functional traits and (i) species’ shade‐tolerance, and (ii) herbivory rate in the field. We aimed at elucidating the differential linkage of shade and herbivory with RGR via growth‐related functional traits.

We found that RGR was associated negatively with shade‐tolerance and positively with herbivory rate. However, herbivory rate and shade‐tolerance were not significantly related. RGR was determined mainly by photosynthetic rate (Amax) and specific leaf area (SLA). Results suggest that shade tolerance and herbivore resistance do not covary with the same functional traits. Whereas shade‐tolerance was strongly related to Amax and to a lesser extent to leaf mass ratio (LMR) and dark respiration (Rd), herbivory rate was closely related to allocation traits (SLA and LMR) and slightly associated with protein content.

The effects of low light on RGR would be mediated by Amax, while the effects of herbivory on RGR would be mediated by SLA. Our findings suggest that shade and herbivores may differentially contribute to shape RGR of tree species through their effects on different resource‐uptake functional traits.
Volatile compounds released by maize grains and silks in response to infection by Fusarium verticillioides and its association with pathogen resistance
Authors: Fauguel C. M. , Campos Bermudez V. A. , Iglesias J. , Fernandez M. , Farroni A. , Andreo C. S. , Presello D. A. 
Published: December 2016

Many plants respond to fungal infections by producing and/or emitting a specific blend of oxylipins, some of them through the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. In vitro bioassays revealed that volatiles from silks and grains of a set of six maize genotypes with variable resistance to Fusarium verticillioides affected fungal growth in different ways. Analyses by solid phase microextraction and GC‐MS showed different volatile profiles in silks and grains of each genotype. Susceptible genotypes with higher concentrations of precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids produced more volatiles, mainly C9 compounds, in comparison to moderately resistant ones. Real‐time PCR from several lipoxygenase transcripts revealed that levels of gene expression depended on the genotype and the inoculation level and suggested that F. verticillioides could use compounds from the 9‐LOX pathway to promote infection in grains. On the other hand, volatiles produced by the 13‐LOX pathway were more important in moderately resistant genotypes and could be associated to field resistance. Results from this set of genotypes indicate that LOX‐regulated volatile compounds might be important in F. verticillioides infection and should be targeted in further research to understand disease resistance.
Estimation and Inference Procedures for Semiparametric Distribution Models with Varying Linear‐Index
Authors: Huang Ming‐Yueh , Chiang Chin‐Tsang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMore flexible semiparametric linear‐index regression models are proposed to describe the conditional distribution. Such a model formulation captures varying effects of covariates over the support of a response variable in distribution, offers an alternative perspective on dimension reduction and covers a lot of widely used parametric and semiparameteric regression models. A feasible pseudo likelihood approach, accompanied with a simple and easily implemented algorithm, is further developed for the mixed case with both varying and invariant coefficients. By justifying some theoretical properties on Banach spaces, the uniform consistency and asymptotic Gaussian process of the proposed estimator are also established in this article. In addition, under the monotonicity of distribution in linear‐index, we develop an alternative approach based on maximizing a varying accuracy measure. By virtue of the asymptotic recursion relation for the estimators, some of the achievements in this direction include showing the convergence of the iterative computation procedure and establishing the large sample properties of the resulting estimator. It is noticeable that our theoretical framework is very helpful in constructing confidence bands for the parameters of interest and tests for the hypotheses of various qualitative structures in distribution. Generally, the developed estimation and inference procedures perform quite satisfactorily in the conducted simulations and are demonstrated to be useful in reanalysing data from the Boston house price study and the World Values Survey.