bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of variety distinctness decisions under yearly heterogeneity
Authors: ROBERTS A. M. I. , NEVISON I. M. , CHRISTIE T. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYTo gain protection under the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plant, new plant varieties must be distinguishable from existing varieties in at least one important characteristic. Assessment of quantitative characteristics often uses a procedure based on analysis of variance of variety-by-year means for 2 years of trials. In the current paper, a new method is described that can identify those reference varieties that are so different from a candidate that there would be no reason to compare them in the subsequent year, resulting in potential cost savings. It is more objective and transparent than existing practice for quantitative characteristics based on expert opinion. The method calculates thresholds for quantitative characteristics. The thresholds are defined so that if in the first year the difference between two varieties in a characteristic is larger than the characteristic's threshold then it is highly likely that the varieties would be distinct after 2 years. Thresholds were derived based on statistical predictions of the full decision after 2 years using the first year results combined with historical data. It is shown that these thresholds are sensitive to yearly heterogeneity in the variety-by-year variation. The method accommodates this heterogeneity by modelling yearly residual variances with the inverse gamma distribution. This extension meant that exact analytical formulae were not available so an approximation was suggested. Using simulation it was found that the approximation was reasonable; for thresholds corresponding to a high probability of distinctness, the approximate thresholds were a little higher than required. The method was evaluated on a 19-year data set for field pea, comparing decisions based on first year thresholds with those based on the full 2 years. It was found that with the probability of distinctness set at 0·99, the calculated thresholds were generally lower than the existing expert-set thresholds but had acceptable levels of false positives and false negatives.
Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation reactivation on symptoms and neuroendocrine parameters in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: de Koning P P , Figee M , Endert E , van den Munckhof P , Schuurman P R , Storosum J G , Denys D , Fliers E 
Published: January 2016

AbstractImprovement of obsessions and compulsions by deep brain stimulation (DBS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often preceded by a rapid and transient mood elevation (hypomania). In a previous study we showed that improvement of mood by DBS for OCD is associated with a decreased activity of the hypothalamus–pituitary adrenal axis. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the time course of rapid clinical changes following DBS reactivation in more detail and to assess their association with additional neuroendocrine parameters. We included therapy-refractory OCD patients treated with DBS (>1 year) and performed a baseline assessment of symptoms, as well as plasma concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, growth hormone, copeptin and homovanillic acid. This was repeated after a 1-week DBS OFF condition. Next, we assessed the rapid effects of DBS reactivation by measuring psychiatric symptom changes using visual analog scales as well as repeated neuroendocrine measures after 30 min, 2 h and 6 h. OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms markedly increased during the 1-week OFF condition and decreased again to a similar extent already 2 h after DBS reactivation. We found lower plasma prolactin (41% decrease, P=0.003) and TSH (39% decrease, P=0.003) levels during DBS OFF, which increased significantly already 30 min after DBS reactivation. The rapid and simultaneous increase in TSH and prolactin is likely to result from stimulation of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which may underlie the commonly observed transient mood elevation following DBS.
Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States: Contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets
Authors: Lee Ben H. , Mohr Claudia , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Lutz Anna , Hallquist Mattias , Lee Lance , Romer Paul , Cohen Ronald C. , Iyer Siddharth , Kurtén Theo , Hu Weiwei , Day Douglas A. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. , Xu Lu , Ng Nga Lee , Guo Hongyu , Weber Rodney J. , Wild Robert J. , Brown Steven S. , Koss Abigail , de Gouw Joost , Olson Kevin , Goldstein Allen H. , Seco Roger , Kim Saewung , McAvey Kevin , Shepson Paul B. , Starn Tim , Baumann Karsten , Edgerton Eric S. , Liu Jiumeng , Shilling John E. , Miller David O. , Brune William , Schobesberger Siegfried , D'Ambro Emma L. , Thornton Joel A. 
Published: January 2016

Significance
We present online field observations of the speciated molecular composition of organic nitrates in ambient atmospheric particles utilizing recently developed high-resolution MS-based instrumentation. We find that never-before-identified low-volatility organic species, which are highly functionalized, explain a major fraction of the total particle nitrate mass measured by the traditional aerosol mass spectrometer. An observationally constrained box model shows that these organic nitrates are likely derived from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons and persist in the particle phase for only a few hours. Given their high rate of loss, their fates have significant implications for the budgets of secondary organic aerosol particles and nitrogen oxides but are currently unknown.
Near-linear response of mean monsoon strength to a broad range of radiative forcings
Authors: Boos William R. , Storelvmo Trude 
Published: January 2016

Significance
Previous studies have argued that monsoons, which are continental-scale atmospheric circulations that deliver water to billions of people, will abruptly shut down when aerosol emissions, land use change, or greenhouse gas concentrations reach a critical threshold. Here it is shown that the theory used to predict such “tipping points” omits a dominant term in the equations of motion, and that both a corrected theory and an ensemble of global climate model simulations exhibit no abrupt shift in monsoon strength in response to large changes in various forcings. Therefore, although monsoons are expected to change in response to anthropogenic forcings, there is no reason to expect an abrupt shift into a dry regime in the next century or two.
Cryptochrome 2 mediates directional magnetoreception in cockroaches
Authors: Bazalova Olga , Kvicalova Marketa , Valkova Tereza , Slaby Pavel , Bartos Premysl , Netusil Radek , Tomanova Katerina , Braeunig Peter , Lee How-Jing , Sauman Ivo , Damulewicz Milena , Provaznik Jan , Pokorny Richard , Dolezel David , Vacha Martin 
Published: January 2016

SignificanceThe photosensitive protein Cryptochrome (Cry) is involved in the detection of magnetic fields (MFs) inDrosophila. However, Cry-dependent responses to natural MF intensities and to the direction of the MF vector have not been demonstrated previously in any insect. Birds, monarch butterflies, and many other species perceive the direction of geomagnetic field (GMF) lines, but the involvement of Cry has not been rigorously proven using genetic tools. In this study, by combining behavioral and genetic approaches, we provide the first unambiguous evidence to our knowledge of a Cry-dependent sensitivity to the direction of GMF in two cockroach species. Furthermore, by eye-covering experiments and by immunolocalization of a crucial mammalian-type Cry2 under the retina, we clearly show that the eye is an indispensable organ for the directional GMF response.
Successful immunotherapy induces previously unidentified allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell subsets
Authors: Ryan John F. , Hovde Rachel , Glanville Jacob , Lyu Shu-Chen , Ji Xuhuai , Gupta Sheena , Tibshirani Robert J. , Jay David C. , Boyd Scott D. , Chinthrajah R. Sharon , Davis Mark M. , Galli Stephen J. , Maecker Holden T. , Nadeau Kari C. 
Published: January 2016

SignificanceThe mechanisms through which successful immunotherapy induces possible deletion, replacement, or reprogramming of T cells are unknown. By evaluating the expression of T-cell–related genes, and using appropriate multivariate statistical approaches, our data show that successful immunotherapy can induce previously unidentified CD4+ T-cell subtypes during treatment that could help to predict an “immune-tolerant” clinical phenotype identified after cessation of treatment. The ability to use “anergic” transcriptional phenotypes in single T cells to predict successful “immune tolerance” induction in the clinic setting, as suggested by our findings, could lead to transformative impacts in the field of immunotherapy.
Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale
Authors: Mark Welch Jessica L. , Rossetti Blair J. , Rieken Christopher W. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Borisy Gary G. 
Published: January 2016

Significance
The physiology and ecology of complex microbial communities are strongly dependent on the immediate surroundings of each microbe, including the identity of neighboring microbes; however, information on the micron-scale organization of microbiomes is largely lacking. Using sequencing data combined with spectral fluorescence imaging, we have discovered a multigenus, highly organized microbial consortium in human dental plaque. The spatial structure of the consortium reveals unanticipated interactions and provides a framework for understanding the organization, metabolism, and systems biology of the microbiome and ultimately, its effect on the health of the human host. Our synthesis of high-throughput sequencing data with spatial and structural information shows the informative value of microbial biogeography at the micron scale.
Reduction lists as tool for cost control in public building projects
Authors: Olsson Nils O.E. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the use of potential scope reductions in major construction projects for special-purpose buildings. Scope reductions may result in buildings that are less fit for purpose; this will be negative according to a facilities management perspective. The paper discuses to what extent this is the case. Potential reductions of project scope have been a tool for cost control of governmental investments in Norway since 2001.Design/methodology/approach– The study is based on lists of possible reductions that were identified in the early phase of the projects. Information about the outcome of these possible reductions is collected from eleven public building projects.Findings– In the studied projects, reduction lists were equivalent to 2.7 per cent of projects budgets, ranging from 0 to 9 per cent. Contingencies for these projects were 9.5 per cent on average, ranging from 5 to 13 per cent. The reduction lists were typically smaller than the contingencies’ lists. Seven of 11 studied projects had reduction lists established during the front-end phase. Only two projects implemented some of the reductions. These reductions were general reductions of the quality of spaces.Research limitations/implications– Empirical research results are based on Norwegian experiences. Results are compared to international practices. Future research can include comparisons between facilities projects and other types of investments.Practical implications– The Norwegian reduction lists can be seen as a type of value engineering. The studied potential reductions are based on an unusually high degree of specification of the potential actions for cost control. International best practice is more concerned with general approaches. The practice of identifying specific potential reductions has little use as an active tool for controlling costs. General reduction options work better than specific reductions. The potential scope reductions do not appear to be a threat in a facilities management perspective.Originality/value– This is the first study of how potential reductions have been used in public building projects. The findings are of interest related to cost control of major investments in facilities.
Mapping recreational fishers’ informal learning of scientific information using a fuzzy cognitive mapping approach to mental modelling
Authors: Li O. , Gray S. A. , Sutton S. G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFisheries management benefits from improving the communication of scientific information to recreational fishers through improved compliance and greater contributions during consultation and engagement. This study uses fuzzy cognitive mapping to collect detailed, graphic information about recreational fishers’ mental models as a way to improve the way scientific information is communicated to them. Fishers were given three examples of scientific information to understand the affective, cognitive and conative reactions to different types of fisheries‐related information that they often encounter, and mental models were derived based on topics they found most and least interesting. This study identifies driving variables and constraints to fishers’ interest in taking up scientific information. The results suggest a message's clarity, perceived regular usefulness, good and bad emotion and investments in money and time influence fishers’ interest in taking up scientific information. Fishers’ initial levels of interest in a topic also significantly affect the complexity of thought processes leading to further interest in informal learning and the relative roles of the driving variables and constraints.
Female behaviour and the interaction of male and female genital traits mediate sperm transfer during mating
Authors: Friesen C. R. , Uhrig E. J. , Mason R. T. , Brennan P. L. R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNatural selection and post‐copulatory sexual selection, including sexual conflict, contribute to genital diversification. Fundamental first steps in understanding how these processes shape the evolution of specific genital traits are to determine their function experimentally and to understand the interactions between female and male genitalia during copulation. Our experimental manipulations of male and female genitalia in red‐sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) reveal that copulation duration and copulatory plug deposition, as well as total and oviductal/vaginal sperm counts, are influenced by the interaction between male and female genital traits and female behaviour during copulation. By mating females with anesthetized cloacae to males with spine‐ablated hemipenes using a fully factorial design, we identified significant female–male copulatory trait interactions and found that females prevent sperm from entering their oviducts by contracting their vaginal pouch. Furthermore, these muscular contractions limit copulatory plug size, whereas the basal spine of the male hemipene aids in sperm and plug transfer. Our results are consistent with a role of sexual conflict in mating interactions and highlight the evolutionary importance of female resistance to reproductive outcomes.
Biopsy‐proven pulmonary capillaritis: A retrospective study of aetiologies including an in‐depth look at isolated pulmonary capillaritis
Authors: Thompson Gwen , Klecka Mary , Roden Anja C. , Specks Ulrich , Cartin‐Ceba Rodrigo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground and objectivePulmonary capillaritis is generally secondary to a systemic autoimmune process. Little is known regarding other causes of pulmonary capillaritis, particularly isolated pulmonary capillaritis (IPC). IPC is defined as pulmonary capillaritis in the absence of evidence of a systemic disease. We aim to describe the aetiology of biopsy‐proven pulmonary capillaritis to add to the existing knowledge on aetiologies of pulmonary capillaritis and provide a more detailed description of IPC cases.MethodsA retrospective cohort of biopsy‐proven pulmonary capillaritis was conducted at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester over a 17‐year period. Histologic slides were re‐reviewed by a lung pathologist. Medical records were reviewed to identify a possible aetiology of the pulmonary capillaritis. A subset analysis of patients identified with IPC was then performed.ResultsThirty‐six cases of biopsy‐proven pulmonary capillaritis were identified. The majority of cases were secondary to a systemic autoimmune disease, most commonly granulomatosis with polyangiitis. There were four cases of IPC in this cohort. Median follow‐up was 116.5 months with no evidence of systemic disease development. No risk factors for IPC were identified. All patients presented sub‐acutely with haemoptysis and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage with a delay in diagnosis. After initiation of immunosuppression, most patients obtained remission with a benign clinical course.ConclusionPulmonary capillaritis is most commonly secondary to systemic autoimmune disorders, predominantly ANCA‐associated vasculitis. IPC is a rare form of pulmonary capillaritis with very few cases described in the literature, the availability of effective treatment makes this rare disease important to recognize.
Volunteering is associated with increased survival in able-bodied participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Rogers Nina Trivedy , Demakakos Panayotes , Taylor Mark Steven , Steptoe Andrew , Hamer Mark , Shankar Aparna 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundVolunteering has been linked to reduced mortality in older adults, but the mechanisms explaining this effect remain unclear. This study investigated whether volunteering is associated with increased survival in participants of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and whether differences in survival are modified by functional disabilities.MethodsA multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards model was used to estimate the association of volunteering with survival over a period of 10.9 years in 10 324 participants, while controlling for selected confounders. To investigate effect modification by disability, the analyses were repeated in participants with and without self-reported functional disabilities.ResultsVolunteering was associated with a reduced probability of death from all causes in univariate analyses (HR=0.65, CI 0.58 to 0.73, p<0.0001), but adjustment for covariates rendered this association non-significant (HR=0.90, CI 0.79 to 1.01, p=0.07). Able-bodied volunteers had significantly increased survival compared with able-bodied non-volunteers (HR=0.81, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.95, p=0.009). There was no significant survival advantage among disabled volunteers, compared with disabled non-volunteers (HR=1.06, CI 0.88 to 1.29, p=0.53).ConclusionsVolunteering is associated with reduced mortality in older adults in England, but this effect appears to be limited to volunteers who report no disabilities.
Parametric Rietveld refinement of coexisting disordered clay minerals
Authors: Ufer K. , Kleeberg R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractX-ray diffraction is one of the most effective tools for the characterization of the stacking defects which occur frequently in clay minerals. Modelling of the diffraction patterns of oriented mounts is often used for obtaining structural information about the nature of stacking order. Manual matching of calculated and observed patterns is time consuming and the results are user dependent and especially troublesome if a consistent model of the same mineral measured under different conditions needs to be obtained. It was shown recently that the Rietveld method could be applied successfully for the evaluation of the X-ray patterns of oriented mounts. Nevertheless, this automatic refinement procedure can also lead to inconsistent results if independent refinements are performed that describe the same sample measured under different conditions. One way to solve this problem is the application of parametric Rietveld refinement. For this approach a set of different measurements of the same sample was collected and fitted in one combined refinement by the connection of the structural models via external parameters. These conditions may involve different pre-treatments (e.g. different intercalations), different temperatures or relative humidities and/or different experimental setup (powder or oriented samples). All patterns were fitted in one overall refinement process by the BGMN software.This approach was demonstrated on a mixture of two disordered reference materials and on a set of geological samples. Two different states for each sample were refined independently and parametrically and it was shown that this approach leads to consistent results, saves computation time and may even resolve small structural differences.
X-ray Fluorescence Holography for a Ti–Nb Binary Alloy Consisting of the Martensite, Austenite and Omega Phase
Authors: Yamamoto Tokujiro , Hayashi Kouichi , Happo Naohisa , Hosokawa Shinya 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The local atomic structure near an Nb atom in
a Ti–20 at. %Nb alloy single crystal, which
consists of the β, α′′ and ω
Ti phases, was investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence
holography (XFH). The atomic images were reconstructed in the vicinity
of an Nb atom, which is one of the typical β stabilizing
elements in β Ti alloys. Most atoms in the β
Ti primary phase were reconstructed clearly. The atoms in the
α′′ Ti martensite phase could not be
reconstructed, because the α′′ Ti
martensite has the crystal structure with low symmetry. Some atoms in
the ω Ti fine precipitates were reconstructed
successfully, although the amount of the ω Ti phase was
much smaller than that of the β phase. An Nb atom and its
first nearest neighbors tend to keep the BCC structure even upon the
ω Ti phase formation.
The Destruction of Pharmaceutical Products as an Element of the Efficiency of State Control (Supervision) Over the Circulation of Medicines
Authors: Bidarova Fatima Nikolaevna 
Published: January 2016

Background: The modern system of state quality control over medicine makes it possible to reveal and withdraw drugs, that do not meet the requirements. However the problem of the turnover of substandard and fake drug and their destruction in the Russian Federation is still urgent. The aim of the study: to evaluate the effectiveness of state quality control over medicine and the practice of fake medicine destruction. Methods: data of the official websites of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania, Russian Sanitary Inspection, National Center of Quality control and Certification of Drugs were included in the investigation. Method of unrepeated samples was used in sociological investigations. 225 questionnaires have been worked out. The research was carried out in the North-Ossetian State Medical academy during the period from 2013 to 2015 with the help of the National Center of Quality Control and Certification of Drugs. Results: The shortcomings of the state quality control over the rules of fake drug destruction were studied. It was found out that the mechanism of permanent data collection monitoring of revealing, moving and destruction of substandard and fake drug destruction has not been determined. The ineffectiveness of controlling measures under the condition of critical legal base deficiency has been confirmed. The analysis of terminology characterizing the order of fake drug destruction was carried out. Conclusion: deficiencies related to the implementation of the state quality control over the fake drug destruction rules revealed during the course of investigations prove the necessity of adopting measures in creating new model of control functions, increasing the results of activity.