bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Force in Effecting Arrest in South Africa and the 2010 Bill: a Step in the Right Direction
Authors: Van der Walt Tharien 
Published: June 2017

In South Africa the use of force in effecting arrest is statutorily governed by section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. The inception of the Constitution brought about a dramatic change in South African law in this regard. During 2001 and 2002 the two highest courts in the country had to decide on the constitutionality of sections 49(1) and 49(2) respectively. The Supreme Court of Appeal in Govender v Minister of Safety and Security 2001 2 SACR 197 (SCA) did not declare section 49(1) unconstitutional but found it had to be interpreted restrictively ("read down") to survive constitutional scrutiny. The Constitutional Court on the other hand confirmed the unconstitutionality of section 49(2) in S v Walters 2002 2 SACR 105 (CC) and the section was declared invalid. By then (as early as 1998) the legislature had already promulgated an amendment to section 49, but the amendment came into operation only in 2003 after section 49 had undergone intensive constitutional scrutiny. Legal scholars and others raised serious objections against the amendment – some were even of the opinion that it created a "right to flee" and that the rights of perpetrators were protected to the detriment of law-abiding citizens. The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development in 2010 drafted an Amendment Bill which was subsequently approved in Parliament. This paper discusses and concludes on: the developments over the last years in the South African law with regard to the use of force in effecting arrest by the South African Police Service (SAPS); international policies and guidelines of the police in this regard; and the application of the provisions of the Amendment Bill in practice and the possible pitfalls in the application of the latter.
Dynamics of indicators of disability causеd by eye diseases in assessment of efficiency of periodic health examination of the population of Azerbaijan
Authors: Agaeva R B 
Published: June 2017

Aim. Analysis of thе dynamics of рrimary and rереatеd disability causеd by еyе disеasеs among all cohorts of age groups of the рoрulation of Azеrbaijan undеr dispensary observation. Mеthods. Analysis of thе dynamics of рrimary and rереatеd disability causеd by еyе disеasеs all over the republic was conducted over a 10-year period (2001-2010) on the basis of statistical databasе of Mеdical Labor Еxреrt Committее of Azеrbaijan. A stratified gender and age analysis was conducted according to disability groups. Indicators of obviousness were calculated and forecasting with the use of approximation method for time series. Rеsults. During all observation years men composed the major proportion: 58.8±1.4% among newly registered and 57.3±1.2% among repeatedly registered disabled. The main cohort among newly registered disabilities caused by eye diseases during all observation years was presented by patients of working age (19 to 59 years). During the study period disability causеd by еyе disеasеs among working-agе grouр increased with a tеndеncy to incrеasing рroрortion of womеn among nеwly rеgistеrеd disablеd with eye рathologiеs. Against thе background of рositivе dynamics of increase of all rерortеd casеs of rереatеd disability causеd by eye рathologiеs, a statistically significant incrеasе in thе рroрortion of patients with group I disabilitiеs was rеvеalеd.
Conclusion. Against thе background of рositivе dynamics of increase of all rерortеd casеs of rереatеd disability causеd by ophthalmopathies, a statistically significant incrеasе in thе рroрortion of patients with group I disabilitiеs was rеvеalеd; dynamics of the proportion of patients under dispensary observation included in disability group demonstrated minor tendency to reduction all over the republic.
Analysis of changes in serum levels of endothelin-1 in patients with retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Shelankova A V , Budzinskaya M V , Plyukhova A A , Mikhaylova M A , Nurieva N M 
Published: June 2017

Aim. To analyze the level of endothelin-1 in blood serum in patients with retinal venous occlusions. Metods. 60 patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) were included in the study. 19 patients were diagnosed with central retinal vein occlusion, 9 of them had non-ischemic type and 10 had ischemic type of central retinal vein occlusion. 41 patients had branch retinal vein occlusion, 23 of them had non-ischemic type and 18 had ischemic type of occlusion. Patients underwent fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography fundus imaging. Before intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, the level of endothelin-1 in the blood serum was determined. Analysis was performed in patients’ subgroups depending on the localization of occlusion, type of occlusion, disease relapse, presence of optic disc swelling.
Results. Differences in the systemic level of endothelin-1, depending on the localization of occlusion, presence of ischemic type and relapse, the disease was not detected (p ≥0.05). With the development of optic disc swelling, a statistically significant increase in the level of endothelin-1 was noted in peripheral blood: 38.73 fmol/ml in patients with optic disc swelling and 27.65 fmol/ml in patients without it (p=0.018).
Conclusion. In patients with optic disc swelling a statistically significant increase of endothelin-1 in blood was revealed.
Impact of dichloroethane on the microbicidal activity of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes
Authors: Men’shikova I A , Mufazalova N A , Kamilov F Kh , Mufazalova L F 
Published: June 2017

Aim. To study the damaging effect of dichloroethane on the functional state of neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages.
Methods. Dichloroethane was administered to animals intragastrically daily in olive oil at a dose of 0.84 mg/kg of body weight for 60 days so that the total dose was 0.1 of 50% lethal dose. The number of leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes in peripheral blood, intensity of oxygen-dependant metabolism (induced test with nitro blue tetrazolium), antimicrobial activity in the conditions of functioning and blockade (by sodium azide), oxygen-dependent factors of microbicidity, content of myeloperoxidase and cationic proteins in neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were measured. The results were recorded the next day after introduction of the toxicant. Fungicidal activity was measured by the number of colony-forming units of C. albicans, growing on day 3 at culture medium.
Results. Intoxication with dichloroethane for 60 days leads to the formation of leukopenia, mainly due to the decreased number of neutrophils while reducing the number of lymphocytes. This is accompanied by inhibition of oxygen-dependant killing of neutrophils as a result of suppression of peroxidase-dependant mechanisms of microbicidity (the formation of oxygen active forms decreases). Besides, decrease of activity of oxygen-independant mechanisms of killing develops, which correlates with a reduction of cationic proteins level. Suppression of oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms of microbicidity of peritoneal macrophages. This is accompanied by a decrease of oxygen-dependant metabolism intensity, myeloperoxidase activity and cationic protein level in these cells.
Conclusion. Intoxication with dichloroethane for 60 days in a total dose of 0.1 of 50% lethal dose has a profound damaging effect on the cells of phagocytic link of nonspecific resistance: formation of leukopenia, suppression of oxidative metabolism and microbicidal activity of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes occur.
Hospitalized morbidity of Omsk population as a result of acute intoxication of chemical etiology in 2015
Authors: Sabaev A V 
Published: June 2017

Aim. Analysis of hospitalized morbidity of the population of Omsk as a result of acute poisoning of chemical etiology in age and gender groups depending on the toxicant in 2015.
Methods. The rate of admissions of patients who suffered acute poisoning of chemical etiology in 2015 was analyzed according to gender in age groups 15-19 years, 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60 years and older. According to the etiology all acute poisonings were divided into the following groups: ethanol and its surrogates, medications, drugs, psychoactive substances other than plant-based, caustic and other poisons.
Results. During the analyzed period the majority of patients admitted to the center for the treatment of acute poisoning in Omsk were males in whom the incidence of hospitalization was 4.1 times higher than in females. The highest hospitalization rate due to acute chemical poisoning was observed in the age group of 20-29 years among males and 15-19 years among females. Acute alcohol intoxication was observed more frequently among males aged 40-49 years and among females aged 30-39 years that is indicative of the peak rate of severe chronic alcohol abuse in these age groups.
Conclusion. The high rate of consumption of modern psychoactive synthetic substances, «designer» drugs, which replaced plant-based drugs, defines the nature of toxicological situation in the region.
Emniyet Teşkilatı Sağlık Şartları Yönetmeliği ve Güncel Sorunlar
Authors: Akçan Ramazan , Yıldırım Mahmut Şerif , Lale Aykut , İsak Abdurrahman , Cavlak Mehmet , Odabaşı Aysun Balseven , Tümer Ali Rıza 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Forensic medicine specialists might prepare reports about health conditions of candidates for Police Organization or assessment of organization's staff based on The Regulation of Health Requirements for Police. The last update of regulation was performed in 2012; however, it is noteworthy that there still are definitions and articles contradicting current medical knowledge and make medical evaluation more challenging.
Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine controversial articles based on evaluation of cases referred to our department and to discuss the issue in the context of related literature.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-six patients who were admitted to Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine between 01.03.2015 and 30.11.2015 for evaluation in respect of the Regulation of Health Requirements for Police were evaluated retrospectively and findings were discussed.
Results: It was found that 47 of the 56 cases (83.9%) were male and 9 (16.1%) were female. Age of cases ranged between 18 and 33 years, with a mean age of 24.7 (SD=3.09) years. The controversial topics were mostly related to articles regarding visual acuity (refraction disorders) and eye diseases (n=10, 17.9%) and Hepatitis B infections (n​​=5, 8.9%).
Discussion and Conclusion: It is considered that above mentioned controversial issues might form a basis for updating the related regulation. In addition, it is important to revise the regulation periodically in order to maintain it up to date and avoid victimization.
Potansiyel Yaralama Etkileri Açısından Havai Fişekler
Authors: Durdu Murat , Cantürk Nergis 
Published: June 2017

Objective: Aerial shells -a sample of pyrotechnics- are produced for recreational purposes. Because of materials used in construction and design, they consist some potential risks. Besides, there is a risk of utilization of shells as a simple weapon system and utilization of energetic ingredients in home-made bombs. Occasionally some news have been seen about woundings and deaths related to aerial shells. With this perspective, our study aimed to research wounding potential of shells.
Materials and methods: Four experiments were held including; physical examination of locally produced batteries, observation of battery functioning, expelling and detonation of shells, speed and blast pressure measurement utilizing a fastcam and pressure sensors. In physical examinations it is identified that, batteries are constructed in form of a cylindirical-cardboard-made barrels packed together, fired with short time intervals with a time fuse attached to barrels. Shells are configured with some powder/solid form of pyrotechnic mixtures added with little amount of earth and grains.
Results: Upon expelling of shells, intensive white-color smoke observed and 40,2 cm lenght (SD=7,21) flame eruption measured. In 0.5 m distance from barrels, 28 g-weight-shells (SD: 3,8) speed calculated as 52,61 m/s (SD: 6,92). Approximately 144,42 cm (SD: 36,61) diameter flame ball and fragmentations were identified, 89,09 kPa (SD: 16,62) detonation pressure value calculated.
Conclusion: Considering all findings, due to the pyrotechnic mixtures in their desings, their speed, flame eruption from barrels, fireball formation and fragmentation effects, it is evaluated that aerial shells have potential wounding risk.
Religion and Politics’ in Israel: the Mythology of Jewish Nationalism (until 1993)
Authors: Javadikouchaksaraei Mehrzad 
Published: June 2017

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict stemmed from the clash of the loyalty of both sides to the same land, which is the Palestinian territory settled by both the Arabs and the Jews. This paper attempt to survey the role the development of the clash on the territory by elaborating the effects of Jewish immigration, the development of Zionist idea, the mandate period, political factions and the role of Religion and politics in Israel until the Oslo Accords. Thus, the beginning of the conflict and the development of the conflict will be stressed in order to understand the conflicting positions of both sides. These positions aim at helping the reader understand more clearly the deadlock in the peace process.
Control de hipotermia con colchón térmico en perras durante ovario-histerectomía
Authors: Da Costa Neto João Moreira , Ramírez Uscátegui Ricardo Andrés , Lima Carneiro Rodrigo , Da Nóbrega Pedro Isidro , Alves Brito Matheu 
Published: June 2017

La hipotermia transoperatoria es una complicación común en pacientes sometidos a anestesia general para procedimientos quirúrgicos. En este trabajo se evalúa el uso de un colchón térmico eléctrico como método de control de temperatura en 18 hembras caninas de aproximadamente seis meses de edad, sometidas a ovario-histerectomía (OVH) electiva, bajo anestesia general. Fueron evaluadas las constantes fisiológicas y los tiempos de recuperación, comparando tres grupos distribuidos aleatoriamente: G1, control, sin control de temperatura; G2, uso de colchón térmico a 38 °C durante el periodo trans y posoperatorio, y G3, control de temperatura de la misma manera pero solo en el periodo posoperatorio. El colchón térmico es una medida efectiva y segura para el control de la hipotermia perioperatoria mostrando mejores resultados cuando es usado en todos los momentos y no solo en el posoperatorio.
ANÁLISE DA INTERDEPENDÊNCIA DO CAPITAL PSICOLÓGICO, PERCEPÇÕES DE SUPORTE E BEM-ESTAR NO TRABALHO
Authors: Souza Warton Silva , Siqueira Mirlene Maria Matias , Martins Maria do Carmo Fernandes 
Published: June 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a interdependência de algumas variáveis do comportamento organizacional, testando um modelo conceitual composto do capital psicológico, percepções de suporte e bem-estar no trabalho. Os participantes foram 152 trabalhadores que atuavam em organizações públicas e privadas. Como instrumento para coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário de autopreenchimento composto de seis escalas que mediram as variáveis da pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os níveis das três dimensões de bem-estar no trabalho são impactados diretamente pelas percepções de suporte e estes por sua vez são influenciados pelo capital psicológico.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF IRIS GERMANICA L. IN Β-AMYLOID-INDUCED ANIMAL MODEL OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Authors: Borhani Mona , Sharifzadeh Mohammad , Farzaei Mohammad Hosein , Narimani Zahra , Sabbaghziarani Fatemeh , Gholami Mahdi , Rahimi Roja 
Published: June 2017

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia that is an irretrievable chronic
neurodegenerative disease. In the current study, we have examined the therapeutic effects of Iris germanica extract on
Amyloid β (Aβ) induced memory impairment.
Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 8 per each. Groups were as followed: control
group which were normal rats without induction of AD, Aβ group which received Aβ (50 ng/side), iris 100 group
which received Aβ + Iris (100 mg/kg), iris 200 group which received Aβ + Iris (200 mg/kg), and iris 400 group which
received Aβ + Iris (400 mg/kg). AD was established by intrahippocampal injection of 50 ng/μl/side Aβ1-42. The day
after surgery, animals in treatment groups received different doses of the aqueous extract of Iris by gavage for 30 days.
Morris water maze test (MWM) was performed to assess the effects of I. germanica on learning and memory of rats
with Aβ induced AD.
Results: Data from MWM tests, including escape latency and traveled distance, demonstrated that I. germanica extract
could markedly improve spatial memory in comparison to control. Moreover, the plant had a significantly better effect
on the performance of AD rats in the probe test.
Conclusion: I. germanica extract can successfully reverse spatial learning dysfunction in an experimental model of
AD. Further neuro psyco-pharmacological studies are mandatory to reveal the mechanism of action of this natural
remedy in the management of AD symptoms.
RAW REHMANNIA RADIX POLYSACCHARIDE CAN EFFECTIVELY RELEASE PEROXIDATIVE INJURY INDUCED BY DUCK HEPATITIS A VIRUS
Authors: Song Meiyun , Chen Yun , Du Hongxu , Zhang Shuaibing , Wang Yixuan , Zeng Ling , Jintong Shi Jingjing Yang , Wu Yi , Wang Deyun , Hu Yuanliang , Liu Jiaguo 
Published: June 2017

Background: Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), is a fatal contagious infectious
disease which spreads rapidly with high morbidity and high mortality, and there is no effective clinical drug against
DVH.
Materials and Methods: Raw Rehmannia Radix Polysaccharide (RRRP), Lycii Fructus polysaccharides and
Astragalus Radix polysaccharides were experimented in vitro and in vivo. Mortality rate, livers change, liver lesion
scoring, peroxidative injury evaluation indexes in vitro and in vivo, and hepatic injury evaluation indexes of optimal
one were detected and observed in this experiment.
Results: RRRP could reduce mortality with the protection rate about 20.0% compared with that of the viral control
(VC) group, finding that RRRP was the most effective against DHAV. The average liver scoring of the VC, blank
control (BC), RRRP groups were 3.5, 0, 2.1. Significant difference (P
ANTI-ULCEROGENIC EFFICACY AND MECHANISMS OF EDIBLE AND NATURAL INGREDIENTS IN NSAID-INDUCED ANIMAL MODELS
Authors: Bi Weiping , Hu Lizhi , Man Mao-Qiang 
Published: June 2017

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of the most commonly used medicines and proven to be effective for certain disorders. Some people use NSAIDs on daily basis for preventive purpose. But a variety of severe side effects can be induced by NSAIDs. Studies have shown that edible natural ingredients exhibit preventive benefit of gastric ulcer. This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of edible natural ingredients in preventing the development of gastric ulcer induced by NSAIDs in animal models.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, using the terms “herbal medicines” and “gastric ulcer”, “herbal medicines” and “peptic ulcer”, “food” and “peptic ulcer”, “food” and “gastric ulcer”, “natural ingredient” and “peptic ulcer”, “natural ingredient” and “gastric ulcer”, “alternative medicine” and “peptic ulcer”, “alternative medicine” and “gastric ulcer”, “complementary medicine” and “peptic ulcer”, “complementary medicine” and “gastric ulcer” in papers published in English between January 1, 1960 and January 31, 2016, resulting in a total of 6146 articles containing these terms. After exclusion of studies not related prevention, not in NSAID model or using non-edible natural ingredients, 54 articles were included in this review.
Results: Numerous studies have demonstrated that edible natural ingredients exhibit antiulcerogenic benefit in NSAID-induced animal models. The mechanisms by which edible, ingredient-induced anti-ulcerogenic effects include stimulation of mucous cell proliferation, antioxidation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, as well as inhibition of H (+), K (+)- ATPase activities. Utilization of edible, natural ingredients could be a safe, valuable alternative to prevent the development of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer, particularly for the subjects who are long-term users of NSAIDs.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE ON HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Liu Likun , Yi Xin , Liu Jia , Zhang Ershao , Weiling Li 
Published: June 2017

Background: Chitosan oligosaccharide, the degradation products of chitin, was reported to have a wide range of
physiological functions and biological activities. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effect of Chitosan
oligosaccharide on human hepatoma cells
Materials and Methods: MTT assay was applied to detect cell viability of the human hepatoma cells treated with
Chitosan oligosaccharide. Flow cytometric analysis was used to investigate the apoptosis of the human hepatoma cells
treated with Chitosan oligosaccharide. We employed western blot to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in
the apoptosis.
Results: Our data indicated that chitosan oligosaccharide dose-dependently inhibited the growth of hepatoma cells and
induced apoptosis. On the molecular level, chitosan oligosaccharide decreased Bcl-2 and increased Caspase-3
expression which may be related to the apoptosis of hepatoma cells.
Conclusion: Our results provide an experimental basis for the clinical development of Chitosan oligosaccharide as a
novel anti-hepatoma drug.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VANILLIC ACID ON OVARIECTOMY-INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS IN RATS
Authors: Wang Yong Gui , Jiang Liang Bo , Gou Bo 
Published: June 2017

Background: The need for an anti-osteoporotic agent is in high demand since osteoporosis contributes to high rates of
disability or impairment (high osteoporotic fracture), morbidity and mortality. Hence, the present study is designed to
evaluate the protective effects of vanillic acid (VA) against bilateral ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in female
Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.
Materials and Methods: Forty healthy female adult SD rats were separated in to four groups with sham-operated
control with bilateral laprotomy (Sham; n = 10), bilateral overiectomy (OVX; n = 10) group, OVX rats were orallay
administrated with 50 mg/kg b.wt of VA (OVX + 50 VA; n = 10) or 100 mg/kg b.wt of VA (OVX + 100 VA; n = 10)
for 12 weeks (post-treatment) after 4 weeks of OVX.
Results: A significant change in the body weight gain was noted in OVX group, while treatment with VA substantially
reverted to normalcy. Meanwhile, the bone mineral density and content (BMD and BMC) were substantially improved
on supplementation with VA. Also, the bone turnover markers like calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), osteocalcin (OC),
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) levels
were markedly attenuated in VA-treated rats. Moreover, the biomechanical stability was greatly ameliorated with VA
administration. Both the dose of VA showed potent anti-osteoporotic activity, but VA 100 mg showed highest
protective effects as compared with 50 mg of VA.
Conclusion: Based on the outcome, we concluded that VA 100 showed better anti-osteoporotic activity by improving
BMD and BMC as well as biomechanical stability and therefore used as an alternative therapy for treating
postmenopausal osteoporosis.