bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Ultrasound: A Survey Study of Fellowship Graduate Characteristics and Career Paths
Authors: Goldflam Katja , Papanagnou Dimitrios , Lewiss Resa E. 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesThere are sparse data on the career pathways of graduates of emergency ultrasound fellowships. The authors sought to define the characteristics of graduates and their reported career paths after training through this survey study.MethodsA 26‐question anonymous survey was emailed to 597 graduates of 70 fellowships over a 4‐week period. No incentives were provided for completion of the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics are reported. For qualitative data, open‐ and axial‐coding methods were used.ResultsA total of 336 participants completed the study for a response rate of 56%. The average age of respondents was 36.4 years, and 58% were male. Most graduates had MD degrees (89%) or DO degrees (10%). Sixty percent of graduates attended a 3‐year emergency medicine residency, and 29% attended a 4‐year residency. Only 11% pursued additional fellowship training, most commonly pediatric emergency medicine (n = 14). After fellowship, 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62.9, 63.1) of graduates began working full‐time in an academic setting, whereas 24% (95% CI, 23.9, 24.1) worked full‐time in a community setting. Thirty‐three percent (95% CI, 32.7, 33.3) took an immediate position as ultrasound division director, whereas 4% (95% CI, 3.7, 4.3) became fellowship directors and 3% (95% CI, 2.7, 3.3) became ultrasound medical student directors. Currently, 67% (95% CI, 66–68%) identify ultrasound as their leading academic focus.ConclusionsAlthough not all fellowship graduates pursue academic positions, most note the impact of fellowship on their career paths. Graduates hold a variety of leadership positions. Approximately two thirds still consider ultrasound as their academic focus.
Serial Evaluation of Endometrial Blood Flow for Prediction of Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients Who Underwent Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer
Authors: Koo Hwa Seon , Park Chan Woo , Cha Sun Hwa , Yang Kwang Moon 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate endometrial blood flow during the menstrual cycle in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo transfer (ET) and prediction of pregnancy outcomes based on these characteristics.MethodsEndometrial blood flow was measured in 35 patients undergoing COH and IVF‐ET (nonpregnant [n = 15] and pregnant [n = 20]) by measuring the resistive index (RI) of the uterine radial artery using 2‐dimensional Doppler ultrasonography. Measurements were obtained in 4 different phases of the menstrual cycle day: early follicular, midfollicular, preovulatory, and midluteal.ResultsThe uterine radial artery RI during the early follicular phase was significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the nonpregnant group (mean ± SD, 0.61 ± 0.01 versus 0.66 ± 0.01; P = .029). There was no significant difference between groups during the midfollicular, preovulatory, and midluteal phases (mean ± SD, 0.60 ± 0.02 versus 0.60 ± 0.01; P = .84; 0.61 ± 0.09 versus 0.57 ± 0.01; P = .12; 0.54 ± 0.01 versus 0.57 ± 0.02; P = .32, respectively). There was a significant difference in endometrial blood flow between the pregnant and nonpregnant groups during each phase (P = .016). The difference in the changes of the uterine radial artery RI from the preovulatory to midluteal phase between the pregnant and non pregnant groups was significant (−0.002 ± 0.03 versus 0.07 ± 0.02; P = .038).ConclusionsIncreased endometrial blood flow during the midluteal phase, compared to the preovulatory phase, may correlate with successful COH and IVF‐ET. Additionally, sufficient blood flow at initiation of COH may affect COH and IVF‐ET results.
Normal Development of the Corpus Callosum and Evolution of Corpus Callosum Sexual Dimorphism in Infancy
Authors: Chang Chaw‐Liang , Chiu Nan‐Chang , Yang Yi‐Chen , Ho Che‐Sheng , Hung Kun‐Long 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to establish reference ranges for the corpus callosum in infancy and to clarify how sexual dimorphism evolves between the fetal stage and infancy.MethodsNormal sonograms from cerebral ultrasonographic examinations of 1‐ to 6‐month‐old healthy full‐term infants were selected. The length and thickness of the corpus callosum were determined, and the effect of sex on these values was analyzed. Studies on corpus callosum sexual dimorphism were reviewed.ResultsIn total, sonograms from 236 1‐ to 6‐month‐old infants (120 male and 116 female) were collected, and the typical values (5th–95th percentiles) of the corpus callosum were determined for each group. During the first 2 months, with and without brain size adjustment, the corpus callosum in female infants was significantly thicker than that in male infants (mean thickness ± SD: 1 month, male infant, 1.8 ± 0.3 mm; female infant, 2.1 ± 0.3 mm; P = .005; 2 months, male infant, 1.8 ± 0.2 mm; female infant, 2.0 ± 0.3 mm; P = .002). The corpus callosum thickness of male and female infants had no significant differences after 2 months of age. Sexual dimorphism was not detected in corpus callosum length.ConclusionsOur study provides reference data on typical corpus callosum development in infants. In the fetal period and early infancy, the corpus callosum in female infants is thicker than that in male infants. From 3 months onward, the corpus callosum sexual dimorphism becomes insignificant throughout childhood. The evolvement of corpus callosum sexual dimorphism suggests that maternal factors may influence brain development.
Relationship of stroke risk and hearing loss in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Sorrel Jonathan E. , Bishop Charles E. , Spankovich Christopher , Su Dan , Valle Karen , Seals Samantha , Schweinfurth John M. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the relationships among measures of stroke risk and hearing in an African American cardiovascular study cohort.Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsThe relationships between stroke risk profiles and hearing of 1,107 individuals from a cohort of African Americans were assessed. Several different hearing pure‐tone averages (PTAs) were constructed representing different frequency regions of hearing, namely PTA low, PTA mid, and PTA high. Stroke risk profiles were calculated using validated 10‐year cardiovascular disease risk scores. Gamma regression analyses were performed for each PTA given as a continuous variable with change in stroke risk score. Logistic regression analyses, presented as odds ratios, were performed with hearing loss defined as any PTA >25 dB hearing level. Stratification models were analyzed for age quarterlies and among sex.ResultsSingle unit increases of stroke risk percentage were found to be predictive of increases in all PTA threshold levels in gamma regression analyses for the overall pooled sample. The relationship was influenced by age, where fewer significant relationships were observed at higher ages. When analyzed with respect to stroke risk categories, using low risk as the reference group, there was found to be a significant association between stroke risk and hearing loss in the medium‐ and high‐risk groups, with a stronger relationship in the high‐risk group for all PTA threshold levels.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that stroke risk has a positive predictive relationship with hearing pure‐tone threshold.Level of Evidence2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1438–1444, 2018
The Índice Flesch‐Szigriszt and Spanish Lexile Analyzer to evaluate Spanish patient education materials in otolaryngology
Authors: Nassif Samih J. , Wong Kevin , Levi Jessica R. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives/HypothesisEvaluate the reading difficulty of Spanish patient education materials using the validated Índice Flesch‐Szigriszt (INFLESZ) and Spanish Lexile Analyzer, and to identify relationships between English and Spanish readability formulas.Study DesignCross‐sectional analysis.MethodsAll otolaryngology‐related patient education articles written in Spanish from the health libraries of the top 10 US News & World Report–ranked hospitals, top 10 Doximity‐ranked otolaryngology residencies, the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery website, and the US National Library of Medicine online section on ears, nose and throat were collected. Reading difficulty was assessed using the INFLESZ and Spanish Lexile Analyzer. Additional readability assessments included the traditional English tools: Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease Score, and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook score.ResultsA total of 497 articles were reviewed. The average INFLESZ score for all articles was 57.75, which is considered normal and requires the reading ability of a student who finished Escuela Secundaria Obligatoria or 10th grade equivalent in the United States. The average Spanish Lexile measure for all articles was 1062L, equivalent to a reading level between the 6th and 12th grade. English readability tools calculated a more difficult reading level compared to Spanish tools when performed on the same text.ConclusionsCurrent Spanish patient education materials in otolaryngology may be too difficult for the average Spanish‐speaking reader to understand. Future improvements may be warranted to improve the readability of educational materials and increase health literacy.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 128:E21–E26, 2018
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of major salivary gland malignancies in children
Authors: Radomski Shannon , Dermody Sarah , Harley Earl H. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives/HypothesisDetermine demographics, clinical characteristics, and survival rates for children with primary salivary gland malignancies.Study DesignRetrospective, population‐based cohort study.MethodsAll cases of primary salivary gland malignancies diagnosed between the years of 2002 and 2013 in patients ages 0 to 19 years were extracted from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Additional variables collected included age, gender, ethnicity, tumor histological subtype, tumor size, treatment modality, vitality status, and follow‐up time. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were generated.ResultsTwo hundred forty‐five primary salivary gland malignancies were identified (220 parotid, 25 submandibular). Median age at diagnosis was 15 years. Most patients were female (59%), white (74%), and non–Spanish/Hispanic/Latino (81%). Among parotid tumors, mean tumor size was 2.3 cm, and there were 109 (50%) mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 86 (39%) acinic cell carcinomas. Most patients underwent surgery (n = 212, 96%) and 64 (29%) received adjuvant radiation. At a mean follow‐up of 62.4 months, 10 patients (5%) were deceased. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves illustrated that black children exhibited higher mortality rates than white children (15.8% vs. 4.6%, log‐rank = 0.0260) as did those who underwent adjuvant radiation (15.73% vs. 3.2%, log‐rank = 0.0209). Among submandibular tumors, mean tumor size was 3.1 cm, and there were 11 (44%) mucoepidermoid carcinomas. All patients underwent surgery and most received adjuvant radiation (n = 15, 60%). At a mean follow‐up of 51.25 months, one patient was deceased.ConclusionsSalivary gland malignancies in children and adolescents are rare. Overall survival for both parotid and submandibular tumors in children is good.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 128:1126–1132, 2018
National trends in otolaryngology intern curricula following Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education changes
Authors: Kovatch Kevin J. , Harvey Rebecca S. , Prince Mark E. P. , Thorne Marc C. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives/HypothesisIn 2016, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements for curriculum and resident experiences were modified to require entering postgraduate year (PGY)‐1 residents to spend 6 months of structured education on otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (ORL‐HNS) rotations. We aimed to determine how ORL‐HNS training programs have adapted curricula in response to 2016 ACGME curriculum requirement changes.Study DesignSurvey study.MethodsA national survey of ACGME‐accredited ORL‐HNS programs was distributed via the Otolaryngology Program Directors Organization.ResultsThirty‐seven program directors responded (34.9%). Most common ORL‐HNS rotations included general otolaryngology (80.6% of programs, up to 6 months) and head and neck oncology (67.7%, up to 4 months), though more months are also spent on other subspecialty rotations (laryngology, otology, rhinology, and pediatrics) than previously. All programs continue at least 1 month of anesthesiology, intensive care unit, and general surgery. Programs have preferentially eliminated rotations in emergency medicine (77% decrease) and additional months on general surgery (48% decrease). Curricula have incorporated supplemental teaching modalities including didactic lectures (96.3% of programs), simulation (66.7%), dissection courses (63.0%), and observed patient encounters (55.5%), to a greater degree following ACGME changes. More interns are involved in shared call responsibilities than in previous years (70.4% vs. 51.8%). A stable minority of interns take the Otolaryngology Training Examination (approximately 20%).ConclusionsNew ACGME requirements have challenged ORL‐HNS training programs to develop effective 6‐month rotation schedules for PGY‐1 residents. Significant variation exists between programs, and evaluation of first‐year curricula and readiness for PGY‐2 year is warranted.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 1811–1816, 2018
Parametric Amplification of Phase‐Locked Few‐Cycle Pulses and Ultraviolet Harmonics Generation in Solids at High Repetition Rate
Authors: Storz Patrick , Tauch Jonas , Wunram Marcel , Leitenstorfer Alfred , Brida Daniele 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA high‐power femtosecond Yb:fiber system is seeded by a phase‐locked Er:fiber source and drives an ultra‐broadband optical parametric amplifier that operates at 10 MHz repetition rate. The resulting pulses display precise control of the carrier‐envelope phase. Their 8.3 fs temporal duration corresponds to 2.3 optical cycles of the 1100 nm carrier wavelength. Focusing 200 nJ of pulse energy into widegap materials generates optical harmonics up to fifth order. Even in a perturbative regime, strong effects of the carrier‐envelope phase on the emitted spectra are observed.
Ex vivo feasibility study of endoscopic intraductal laser ablation of the breast
Authors: de Boorder Tjeerd , Waaijer Laurien , van Diest Paul J. , Witkamp Arjen J. 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility and safety of breast endoscopic thulium laser ablation for treatment of intraductal neoplasia.Study DesignDuctoscopy is a minimally invasive endoscopic approach of the milk ducts of the breast via the nipple. Besides diagnosis in women with pathologic nipple discharge (PND), it allows non‐invasive removal of intraductal lesions with a stalk like papillomas. Removal, however, is often incomplete and flat lesions cannot be targeted. We therefore developed laser ductoscopy.MethodsDosimetry of laser ductoscopy was assessed in thirteen mastectomy specimens, applying power settings of 1–5 W with 100–1000 ms pulsed exposure to a 375‐μm outer diameter thulium fiber laser. Subsequently histology was obtained from the breast tissue that was treated with the Thulium laser.ResultsEndoscopic view was maintained during ductoscopic laser ablation at 1–3 W. Increasing power to 4–5 W caused impaired vision due to shrinkage of the main duct around the ductoscope tip. Histology revealed localized ablation of the duct wall.ConclusionWe show for the first time that laser ductoscopy is technically feasible. The Thulium laser enables a superficial intraductal ablation and is a useful tool for intraductal interventions. An in vivo prospective study is needed to further demonstrate its potential. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:137–142, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatiotemporal modeling of laser tissue soldering using photothermal nanocomposites
Authors: Mushaben Madaline , Urie Russell , Flake Tanner , Jaffe Michael , Rege Kaushal , Heys Jeffrey 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveLaser tissue soldering using photothermal solders is a technology that facilitates rapid sealing using heat‐induced changes in the tissue and the solder material. The solder material is made of gold nanorods embedded in a protein matrix patch that can be placed over the tissue rupture site and heated with a laser. Although laser tissue soldering is an attractive approach for surgical repair, potential photothermal damage can limit the success of this approach. Development of predictive mathematical models of photothermal effects including cell death, can lead to more efficient approaches in laser‐based tissue repair.MethodsWe describe an experimental and modeling investigation into photothermal solder patches for sealing porcine and mouse cadaver intestine sections using near‐infrared laser irradiation. Spatiotemporal changes in temperature were determined at the surface as well as various depths below the patch. A mathematical model, based on the finite element method, predicts the spatiotemporal temperature distribution in the patch and surrounding tissue, as well as concomitant cell death in the tissue is described.ResultsFor both the porcine and mouse intestine systems, the model predicts temperatures that are quantitatively similar to the experimental measurements with the model predictions of temperature increase often being within a just a few degrees of experimental measurements.ConclusionThis mathematical model can be employed to identify optimal conditions for minimizing healthy cell death while still achieving a strong seal of the ruptured tissue using laser soldering. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:143–152, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Click and Click‐Inspired Chemistry for the Design of Sequence‐Controlled Polymers
Authors: Martens Steven , Holloway Joshua O. , Du Prez Filip. E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDuring the previous decade, many popular chemical reactions used in the area of “click” chemistry and similarly efficient “click‐inspired” reactions have been applied for the design of sequence‐defined and, more generally, sequence‐controlled structures. This combination of topics has already made quite a significant impact on scientific research to date and has enabled the synthesis of highly functionalized and complex oligomeric and polymeric structures, which offer the prospect of many exciting further developments and applications in the near future. This minireview highlights the fruitful combination of these two topics for the preparation of sequence‐controlled oligomeric and macromolecular structures and showcases the vast number of publications in this field within a relatively short span of time. It is divided into three sections according to the click‐(inspired) reaction that has been applied: copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, thiol‐X, and related thiolactone‐based reactions, and finally Diels–Alder‐chemistry‐based routes are outlined, respectively.
Molecular Weight Distribution Simulation in Equilibrium Ring‐Opening Polymerization: A New Macroscopic Model
Authors: Long Teng , Zhang Chen , Liu Hui , Chen Xin , Zhao Shigui , Zhou Chuanjian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCompared with other types of polymerization, the molecular weight and its distribution (MWD) of equilibrium ring‐opening polymerization (EROP) are complicated and have not been extensively studied. By using statistic method, a series of equations based on polymerization mechanism is established to describe numbers of rings, chains, and active centers. Using this new model, the predicted results of polydimethylsiloxane synthesized by EROP agree well with experimental results. This model has advantages in molecule number, calculation speed, and stability when compared with the Monte Carlo simulation. It also has the potential to replace Monte Carlo simulation in MWD prediction.
Characterization of garlic endophytes isolated from the black garlic processing
Authors: Qiu Zhichang , Lu Xiaoming , Li Ningyang , Zhang Mingjie , Qiao Xuguang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to isolate and identify garlic endophytes, and explore the characteristics of dominant strains. Garlic endophytes were studied through phenotypical characterization and comparative sequence analysis of 16S rDNA based on culture‐dependent approaches. Representative strains inferred from 16S rDNA sequencing were selected for further identification by gyrA and rpoB gene loci and phylogenetic analysis based on concateneted house‐keeping sequences. Seven kinds of Bacillus were found from garlic and black garlic, respectively. Further studies demonstrated that the total bacteria and endophytes showed a sharp decrease firstly, followed by a rapid rise, then maintained at a certain level, and finally slowed down during the black garlic processing. B. subtilis, B. methylotrophicus, and B. amyloliquefaciens were the dominant strains. The selected strains were capable of fermenting glucose, lactose, sucrose, and garlic polysaccharide to produce acid but no gas, with a strong ability of heat resistance. The results indicated that there were a certain number of garlic endophytes during the black garlic processing, and Bacillus was the dominant strains under the conventional culture‐dependent methods. This report provided useful information for the presence and type of garlic endophytes during the black garlic processing, which were of great significance to study the formation mechanism and quality improvement of black garlic in the future, as well as the security of garlic powder.
Comparison of the Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marin Clinical Rating Scale and the Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale
Authors: Ondo William , Hashem Vera , LeWitt Peter A. , Pahwa Rajesh , Shih Ludy , Tarsy Daniel , Zesiewicz Theresa , Elble Rodger 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marin Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (FTM) has been used in large trials for essential tremor (ET), but its anchors for ratings from 0 to 4 of upper limb tremor are probably too low for patients with severe tremor (tremor amplitude >4 cm; grade 4). The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS) is a validated clinical scale designed specifically for the assessment of ET severity. TETRAS has anchors that span a larger range of tremor amplitudes (>20 cm = grade 4), making it more suitable for assessing patients with severe ET. However, there is no direct comparison of these scales in any clinical trial.MethodsUpper limb postural and kinetic tremor items from both scales were compared using blinded, video‐recorded examinations of patients with moderate‐to‐severe ET who participated in a trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy.ResultsFTM ratings of postural and kinetic tremor correlated strongly with those of TETRAS. However, FTM exhibited a ceiling effect for severe tremor. Rest tremor, exclusive to FTM, correlated poorly with postural and kinetic tremor and had very poor test‐retest reliability. In contrast, wing‐beating postural tremor, exclusive to TETRAS, exhibited excellent test‐retest reliability and a strong correlation with kinetic and limbs‐extended‐forward postural tremor. Test‐retest reliabilities of the other TETRAS and FTM ratings were excellent, and both scales had good sensitivity to treatment effect.ConclusionsTETRAS has 2 main advantages over FTM in the assessment of tremor severity: (1) the absence of a ceiling effect in patients with severe ET, and (2) the inclusion of wing‐beating tremor.