bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations Between Bladder Dysfunction and Falls in People with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zelaya Jaime E. , Murchison Charles , Cameron Michelle 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Bladder dysfunction and falls are common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but associations between these problems are unclear. We sought to clarify the association between specific types of bladder dysfunction and prospectively recorded falls in people with MS.

Methods:
Fifty-one people aged 18 to 50 years with relapsing-remitting MS and mild-to-moderate disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≤6.0) completed a self-report questionnaire regarding urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency at baseline and then prospectively recorded their falls daily for 3 months using fall calendars. Participants were classified as recurrent fallers (two or more falls) or nonrecurrent fallers (fewer than 2 falls) for one regression model and then as fallers (one or more falls) or nonfallers (no falls) for another regression model. Associations between baseline bladder dysfunction and faller status were assessed using logistic regression adjusted for the potential confounders of age, sex, and disability.

Results:
Fifteen participants were recurrent fallers, 36 were nonrecurrent fallers, 32 were fallers, and 19 were nonfallers. After adjusting for age, sex, and disability, there was a significant association between urinary urgency with incontinence and recurrent falls in the 3 months after baseline (odds ratio, 57.57; 95% CI, 3.43–966.05; P = .005).

Conclusions:
Urinary urgency with incontinence is associated with recurrent falls in people with relapsing-remitting MS with mild-to-moderate disability. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying this association and to evaluate the effect of bladder management programs on falls.
Ficolin-2 inhibitors are present in sera after prolonged storage at −80 °C
Authors: Geno Kimball Aaron , Kennedy Richard E. , Sawyer Patricia , Brown Cynthia J. , Nahm Moon H. 
Published: November 2016

Ficolins can activate the lectin pathway of the complement system that provides innate immune protection against pathogens, marks host cellular debris for clearance, and promotes inflammation. Baseline inflammation increases with aging in a phenomenon known as “inflammaging.” Although IL-6 and C-reactive protein are known to increase with age, contributions of many complement factors, including ficolins, to inflammaging have been little studied.Ficolin-2 is abundant in human serum and can recognize many target structures; therefore, ficolin-2 has potential to contribute to inflammaging. We hypothesized that inflammaging would alter ficolin-2 levels among older adults and examined 360 archived sera collected from older individuals. We found that these sera had apparently reduced ficolin-2 levels and that 84.2% of archived sera exhibited ficolin-2 inhibitors, which suppressed apparent amounts of ficolin-2 detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fresh serum samples were obtained from donors whose archived sera showed inhibitors, but the fresh sera did not have ficolin-2 inhibitors. Ficolin-2 inhibitors were present in other long-stored sera from younger persons. Furthermore, noninhibiting samples and fresh sera from older adults had apparently normal amounts of ficolin-2. Thus, ficolin-2 inhibitors may arise as an artifact of long-term storage of serum at −80 °C.
Solar geoengineering economics: From incredible to inevitable and half‐way back
Authors: Harding Anthony , Moreno‐Cruz Juan B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSolar geoengineering technologies are unique in many ways, and the economic incentives they could unleash are just as interesting. Since their introduction as a potential alternative, economists have been intrigued by the potential of these technologies to dramatically alter the way we think about climate policy. As our scientific understanding of the technologies evolve, so does the way economists think about them. In this paper, we document the evolution of economic thinking around these technologies since before Crutzen (2006) until today and provide some fruitful areas for further research.
Ionosonde observations of daytime spread F at low latitudes
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Yang Guobin , Liu Jing , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Komolmis Tharadol , Song Huan , Lan Ting , Zhou Chen , Zhang Yuannong , Zhao Zhengyu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSpread F on ionograms has been considered to be a phenomenon mainly occurred at nighttime. This study presented a case study of daytime spread F observed by the ionosonde installed at Puer (PUR; 22.7°N, 101.05°E; dip latitude 12.9°N), where daytime spread F that lasted for more than 2 h (about 08:30 LT~10:45 LT) was observed on 14 November 2015. To investigate the possible mechanism, ionograms recorded at PUR and Chiang Mai (18.76°N, 98.93°E; dip latitude 9.04°N) were used in this study. We found that traveling ionospheric disturbances were observed before the occurrence of daytime spread F. Meanwhile, the movement of the peak height of the ionosphere was downward. We suggested that downward vertical neutral winds excited by traveling atmospheric disturbances/atmospheric gravity waves might play a significant role in forming daytime spread F over PUR during geomagnetic storms.
Impacts of SABER CO2‐based eddy diffusion coefficients in the lower thermosphere on the ionosphere/thermosphere
Authors: Salinas Cornelius Csar Jude H. , Chang Loren C. , Liang Mao‐Chang , Yue Jia , Russell James , Mlynczak Martin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis work estimates global‐mean Kzz using Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry/Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics monthly global‐mean CO2 profiles and a one‐dimensional transport model. It is then specified as a lower boundary into the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM). Results first show that global‐mean CO2 in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region has annual and semiannual oscillations (AO and SAO) with maxima during solstice seasons along with a primary maximum in boreal summer. Our calculated AO and SAO in global‐mean CO2 are then modeled by AO and SAO in global‐mean Kzz. It is then shown that our estimated global‐mean Kzz is lower in magnitude than the suggested global‐mean Kzz from Qian et al. (2009) that can model the observed AO and SAO in the ionosphere/thermosphere (IT) region. However, our estimated global‐mean Kzz is similar in magnitude with recent suggestions of global‐mean Kzz in models with explicit gravity wave parameterization. Our work therefore concludes that global‐mean Kzz from global‐mean CO2 profiles cannot model the observed AO and SAO in the IT region because our estimated global‐mean Kzz may only be representing eddy diffusion due to gravity wave breaking. The difference between our estimated global‐mean Kzz and the global‐mean Kzz from Qian et al. (2009) thus represents diffusion and mixing from other nongravity wave sources not directly accounted for in the TIE‐GCM lower boundary conditions. These other sources may well be the more dominant lower atmospheric forcing behind the AO and SAO in the IT region.
Global distribution and variability of quasi 2 day waves based on the NOGAPS‐ALPHA reanalysis model
Authors: Pancheva Dora , Mukhtarov Plamen , Siskind David E. , Smith Anne K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study presents the analysis of 14 months (January 2009 to February 2010) of continuous hourly Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System‐Advanced Level Physics High Altitude reanalysis data used for examining the quasi 2 day wave (QTDW). The global structure and seasonal variability of the eastward and westward traveling QTDWs in all meteorological fields (geopotential height, zonal and meridional wind, and temperature) have been studied. The use of hourly reanalysis data allows a comprehensive understanding of the global spatial‐temporal QTDW distribution by simultaneous separations of all tides and planetary waves. The wave characteristics (amplitudes and phases) are presented in latitude range ±80° and altitudes from 15 to 95 km. Two different types of eastward traveling waves are identified: (i) waves at middle and high latitudes with zonal wave numbers 2 and 3, which are observed in the local winters, and (ii) waves observed predominantly over the equator with zonal wave number 2, which do not have a well‐defined seasonal variability but show some enhancement between June and August. While the first type waves are seen in all meteorological fields, the second ones are not seen in the meridional wind and belong to the ultrafast Kelvin waves. Two different types of westward traveling waves have been identified as well: (i) waves at middle and high latitudes with zonal wave numbers 2, 3, and 4, which are observed mainly in summer hemisphere, and (ii) waves observed predominantly over the equator with zonal wave numbers 1, 2, and 3, enhanced predominantly at both solstices but are seen in other seasons as well. While the first type waves are seen in all meteorological fields, the second ones are observed in the meridional wind and are Rossby‐gravity normal modes.
Effects of soil‐type datasets on regional terrestrial water cycle simulations under different climatic regimes
Authors: Zheng H. , Yang Z.‐L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHydrological simulations play an important role in estimating terrestrial water budgets and monitoring extreme events such as floods. This study investigates how these simulations are affected by soil‐type datasets and characterizes how these effects vary with climate. We study the differences between two ensemble simulations in China with the Noah‐MP land surface model using two soil datasets from the Food and Agriculture Organization and Beijing Normal University. The differences in ensemble means are analyzed over a 10 year period from 2003 to 2012 with respect to estimated soil moisture, the partition of precipitation between evapotranspiration and runoff, and a flood magnitude index. Results show that the hydrological simulations using sandier soil types result in lower soil moisture, lower evapotranspiration, and higher subsurface runoff. Each of these effects varies uniquely with aridity. The changes in soil moisture decrease with increasing aridity, while the changes in water balance components (evapotranspiration and runoff) peak in the transitional zone between humid and arid regions. The flood magnitude, expressed as the maximum daily flow normalized by annual flow, is also substantially influenced by the input soil type. Soil types with more clay and less sand content yield significantly bigger floods, especially in arid regions.
Comparison of simulated and observed convective gravity waves
Authors: Kalisch S. , Chun H.‐Y. , Ern M. , Preusse P. , Trinh Q. T. , Eckermann S. D. , Riese M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGravity waves (GWs) from convection have horizontal wavelengths typically shorter than 100 km. Resolving these waves in state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric models still remains challenging. Also, their time‐dependent excitation process cannot be represented by a common GW drag parametrization with static launch distribution. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the excitation and three‐dimensional propagation of GWs forced by deep convection in the troposphere and estimate their influence on the middle atmosphere. For that purpose, the GW ray tracer Gravity‐wave Regional Or Global Ray Tracer (GROGRAT) has been coupled to the Yonsei convective GW source model. The remaining free model parameters have been constrained by measurements. This work led to a coupled convective GW model representing convective GWs forced from small cells of deep convection up to large‐scale convective clusters. In order to compare our simulation results with observed global distributions of momentum flux, limitations of satellite instruments were taken into account: The observational filter of a limb‐viewing satellite instrument restricts measurements of GWs to waves with horizontal wavelengths longer than 100 km. Convective GWs, however, often have shorter wavelengths. This effect is taken into account when comparing simulated and observable GW spectra. We find good overall agreement between simulated and observed GW global distributions, if superimposed with a nonorographic background spectrum for higher‐latitude coverage. Our findings indicate that parts of the convective GW spectrum can indeed be observed by limb‐sounding satellites.
Impact of North American intense fires on aerosol optical properties measured over the European Arctic in July 2015
Authors: Markowicz K. M. , Pakszys P. , Ritter C. , Zielinski T. , Udisti R. , Cappelletti D. , Mazzola M. , Shiobara M. , Xian P. , Zawadzka O. , Lisok J. , Petelski T. , Makuch P. , Karasiński G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper impact of intensive biomass burning (BB) in North America in July 2015, on aerosol optical and microphysical properties measured in the European Arctic, is discussed. This study was made within the framework of the Impact of Absorbing aerosols on Radiating forcing in the European Arctic project. During the BB event aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm exceeded 1.2 in Spitsbergen and 0.7 in Andenes (Norway). Angstrom exponent exceeded 1.4, while the absorbing Angstrom exponent varied between 1 and 1.25. BB aerosols were observed in humid atmosphere with a total water vapor column between 2 and 2.5 cm. In such conditions aerosols are activated and may produce clouds at different altitudes. Vertical structure of aerosol plumes over Svalbard, obtained from ceilometers and lidars, shows variability of range‐corrected signal between surface and middle and upper troposphere. Aerosol backscattering coefficients show values up to 10−5 m−1 sr−1 at 532 nm. Aerosol surface observations indicate chemical composition typical for biomass burning particles and very high single scattering properties. Scattering and absorption coefficients at 530 nm were up to 130 and 15 Mm−1, respectively. Single scattering albedo at the surface varied from 0.9 to 0.94. The averaged values over the entire atmospheric column ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. Preliminary statistics of model and Sun photometer data as well as previous studies indicate that this event, in the Arctic region, must be considered extreme (such AOD was not observed in Svalbard since 2005) with a significant impact on energy budget.
The intraannual variability of land‐atmosphere coupling over North America in the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5)
Authors: Yang Kam Wing G. , Sushama L. , Diro G. T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the intraannual variability of soil moisture‐temperature coupling over North America. To this effect, coupled and uncoupled simulations are performed with the fifth‐generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5), driven by ERA‐Interim. In coupled simulations, land and atmosphere interact freely; in uncoupled simulations, the interannual variability of soil moisture is suppressed by prescribing climatological values for soil liquid and frozen water contents. The study also explores projected changes to coupling by comparing coupled and uncoupled CRCM5 simulations for current (1981–2010) and future (2071–2100) periods, driven by the Canadian Earth System Model. Coupling differs for the northern and southern parts of North America. Over the southern half, it is persistent throughout the year while for the northern half, strongly coupled regions generally follow the freezing line during the cold months. Detailed analysis of the southern Canadian Prairies reveals seasonal differences in the underlying coupling mechanism. During spring and fall, as opposed to summer, the interactive soil moisture phase impacts the snow depth and surface albedo, which further impacts the surface energy budget and thus the surface air temperature; the air temperature then influences the snow depth in a feedback loop. Projected changes to coupling are also season specific: relatively drier soil conditions strengthen coupling during summer, while changes in soil moisture phase, snow depth, and cloud cover impact coupling during colder months. Furthermore, results demonstrate that soil moisture variability amplifies the frequency of temperature extremes over regions of strong coupling in current and future climates.
Constraints on oceanic methane emissions west of Svalbard from atmospheric in situ measurements and Lagrangian transport modeling
Authors: Pisso I. , Myhre C. Lund , Platt S. M. , Eckhardt S. , Hermansen O. , Schmidbauer N. , Mienert J. , Vadakkepuliyambatta S. , Bauguitte S. , Pitt J. , Allen G. , Bower K. N. , O'Shea S. , Gallagher M. W. , Percival C. J. , Pyle J. , Cain M. , Stohl A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMethane stored in seabed reservoirs such as methane hydrates can reach the atmosphere in the form of bubbles or dissolved in water. Hydrates could destabilize with rising temperature further increasing greenhouse gas emissions in a warming climate. To assess the impact of oceanic emissions from the area west of Svalbard, where methane hydrates are abundant, we used measurements collected with a research aircraft (Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements) and a ship (Helmer Hansen) during the Summer 2014 and for Zeppelin Observatory for the full year. We present a model‐supported analysis of the atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios measured by the different platforms. To address uncertainty about where CH4 emissions actually occur, we explored three scenarios: areas with known seeps, a hydrate stability model, and an ocean depth criterion. We then used a budget analysis and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to compare measurements taken upwind and downwind of the potential CH4 emission areas. We found small differences between the CH4 mixing ratios measured upwind and downwind of the potential emission areas during the campaign. By taking into account measurement and sampling uncertainties and by determining the sensitivity of the measured mixing ratios to potential oceanic emissions, we provide upper limits for the CH4 fluxes. The CH4 flux during the campaign was small, with an upper limit of 2.5 nmol m−2 s−1 in the stability model scenario. The Zeppelin Observatory data for 2014 suggest CH4 fluxes from the Svalbard continental platform below 0.2 Tg yr−1. All estimates are in the lower range of values previously reported.
Bayesian Measures of Goodness of Fit
Authors: Rice Kenneth , Boone Edward L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhile determining the goodness of fit of a model is not a necessary step in a traditional Bayesian analysis, in practice, one should verify if the model proposed is indeed a good fit to the data. A review of methods for critical assessment of the appropriateness of fitted Bayesian models is considered in this work. This is done for situations where no particular alternative model is specified and where the discrepancy between model and data is measurable in a user‐defined way. Methods for testing goodness of fit in nonhierarchical models are discussed before discussing hierarchical models. These methods are done in light of MCMC sampling with its abilities and challenges.
Hydrological Extremes
Authors: Katz Richard W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn accurate estimation of the probability of occurrence of an extreme hydrological event is often required for the effective development and management of water resources. There are two basic approaches to the statistical analysis of hydrological extremes: (i) the block maxima approach, in which the generalized extreme‐value distribution is fitted to maxima (e.g., annual peak flow), and (ii) the peaks over threshold approach, in which the generalized Pareto distribution is fitted to excesses over a high threshold (e.g., for daily precipitation amounts). The point process representation serves to unify these two approaches. Issues receiving increased attention in recent years include the statistical modeling of the spatial dependence of hydrological extremes and statistical methods for analyzing hydrological extremes under nonstationarity.
Remote Sensing
Authors: Shao Guofan , Tang Lina 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRemote sensing has evolved from airborne to spaceborne since the 1960s. Recent advances in drone remote sensing represent a more flexible and affordable option. A variety of sensors are used to record both visible and invisible, such as infrared, parts of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the number of spectral bands used, remote sensing includes panchromatic (one band), multispectral (several bands), and hyperspectral (dozens to hundreds of bands) remote sensing; depending on the source of energy/radiation, remote sensing consists of passive and active remote sensing. The ultimate goal of remote sensing is to extract information from remotely sensed data about the material properties of the Earth's surface and the atmosphere and provide the information to solve real‐world problems. Numerous approaches are available to derive maps from remotely sensed data/imagery. Any thematic maps derived with remote sensing methods contain errors, which can be assessed with reference data. It is important to use thematic maps with relatively high classification accuracy to avoid map‐error‐caused wrong conclusions or decision making.
Dimension Reduction in Clustering
Authors: Marbac Matthieu , McNicholas Paul D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSimilar to many other statistical methods, clustering approaches can fail when data dimensionality increases. This so‐called curse of dimensionality has led statisticians to develop specific models for dealing with higher dimensional data. Broadly, this review covers two frameworks for dimension reduction in model‐based clustering: methods based on variable transformation and methods based on variable selection.