bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preschool and School Phases of Postmaxillectomy Prosthetic Rehabilitation in a Child: A Clinical Report
Authors: Elbashti Mahmoud E. , Sumita Yuka I. , Aswehlee Amel M. , Haraguchi Mihoko , Otomaru Takafumi , Hattori Mariko , Taniguchi Hisashi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis report describes the postmaxillectomy prosthetic rehabilitation of a child with maxillary chondrosarcoma over an 8‐year period. Specifically, it (1) describes the planning and rehabilitation procedures carried out during the period from before the operation to the time when the patient started elementary school and (2) reports the results of evaluations of the patient's oral and psychosocial function conducted during the school phase. The prosthetic treatment plan was separated into two phases (the preschool and school phases) and was started prior to surgery, when an immediate surgical obturator was designed by the surgeons. After the operation, it was considered important to provide the patient and her mother with training regarding how the defect should be cleaned, trismus prevention, and how the prosthesis should be fitted. In addition, esthetic improvements and the ability to speak clearly were also targeted during treatment planning. After surgery, obturators were fabricated in a conventional manner and fitted at the ages of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years. The patient's oral function during the use of the obturators was evaluated objectively. Marked improvements in oral function were seen during both treatment phases. The patient's ability to perform psychosocial functions at school also improved during the use of the obturators.
Recommended strategies for the oral administration of paediatric medicines with food and drinks in the context of their biopharmaceutical properties: a review
Authors: Martir Joana , Flanagan Talia , Mann James , Fotaki Nikoletta 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
This review focuses on the recommended strategies for the oral administration of paediatric medicines with food in the context of their biopharmaceutical properties.

Key findings
Acceptability of oral medicines in young patients is more challenging than in adult patients. Mixing oral dosage forms with foods and drinks is sometimes suggested to administer a specific dose and enhance compliance in the paediatric population. In this review, the strategies for the co-administration of paediatric medicines with food and drinks are discussed. Current administration practices as reported by healthcare professionals and parents/carers are compared with the relevant guidelines. Differences in the type of vehicles recommended to be used and actually used in current practice were identified. Correlations of the type of food recommended, the type of formulation and the drug's biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class were performed and revealed that recommendations should be made on a case-by-case basis.

Summary
The propensity for physiochemical or bioavailability changes that may occur from the co-administration of medicines with food and drinks in the paediatric population should be considered, and harmonisation of the recommended administration strategies is needed.
Challenge of paediatric compounding to solid dosage forms sachets and hard capsules – Finnish perspective
Authors: Sivén Mia , Kovanen Satu , Siirola Outi , Hepojoki Tuomas , Isokirmo Sari , Laihanen Niina , Eränen Tiina , Pellinen Jukka , Juppo Anne M 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The study evaluated the quality of compounded sachets and hard gelatine capsules and their feasibility in paediatric drug administration.

Methods
Commercial tablets were compounded to sachets and capsules in hospital environment, and the uniformity of content and simulated drug dose were determined.

Key findings
Compounded formulations were successfully obtained for a range of drug substances; dipyridamole, spironolactone, warfarin and sotalol formulations were within acceptable limits for uniformity of content, in most cases. However, some loss of drug was seen. The type and amount of excipients were found to affect uniformity of content; good conformity of capsules was obtained using lactose monohydrate as filler, whereas microcrystalline cellulose was a better choice in sachets. In capsules, content uniformity was obtained for a range of drug doses. If the drug is aimed to be administered through a nasogastric tube, solubility of the drug and excipients should be considered, as they were found to affect the simulated drug dose in administration.

Conclusions
Compounded sachets and capsules fulfilled the quality requirements in most cases. In compounding, the choice of excipients should be considered as they can affect conformity of the dosage form or its usability in practice. Quality assurance of compounded formulations should be taken into consideration in hospital pharmacies.
Apoplastic recognition of multiple candidate effectors from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Kettles Graeme J. , Bayon Carlos , Canning Gail , Rudd Jason J. , Kanyuka Kostya 
Published: October 2016

Summary

The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is a strictly apoplastic, host‐specific pathogen of wheat leaves and causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease. All other plants are considered nonhosts, but the mechanism of nonhost resistance (NHR) to Z. tritici has not been addressed previously. We sought to develop Nicotiana benthamiana as a system to study NHR against Z. tritici.

Fluorescence microscopy and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were used to establish the interaction between Z. tritici and N. benthamiana. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression was used to screen putative Z. tritici effector genes for recognition in N. benthamiana, and virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) was employed to determine the role of two receptor‐like kinases (RLKs), NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, in Z. tritici effector recognition.

Numerous Z. tritici putative effectors (14 of 63 tested) induced cell death or chlorosis in N. benthamiana. For most, phenotypes were light‐dependent and required effector secretion to the leaf apoplastic space. Moreover, effector‐induced host cell death was dependent on NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1.

Our results indicate widespread recognition of apoplastic effectors from a wheat‐infecting fungal pathogen in a taxonomically distant nonhost plant species presumably by cell surface immune receptors. This suggests that apoplastic recognition of multiple nonadapted pathogen effectors may contribute to NHR.
Germplasm enhancement of maize: a look into haploid induction and chromosomal doubling of haploids from temperate‐adapted tropical sources
Authors: Smelser Andrew , Gardner Candice , Blanco Michael , Lübberstedt Thomas , Frei Ursula 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe allelic diversity (AD) project of the Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) programme utilized the double haploid (DH) breeding method to expedite development and release of lines derived from 300 exotic maize races. Using 18 races in this study, differential effects on haploid induction rates (HIRs) and doubling rates (DRs) by the recurrent parents PHB47 and PHZ51, the elevation that the race is traditionally grown at, and by the race itself were addressed in this study. Races from the AD project were grouped by elevation of their origin, high, middle or low altitude. Six races per elevation were randomly selected and backcrossed using both recurrent parents to generate 36 populations. Ten replications were randomized in a complete randomized design for two growing seasons. The recurrent parent effect was significant, with PHB47 having a higher HIR than PHZ51. Effect of elevation was significant with higher HIR associated with low‐elevation origin, and race also proved to be significant. Effects of elevation, recurrent parent and race were not significant for DR.
Obstructive sleep apnoea pathogenesis from mild to severe: Is it all the same?
Authors: Edwards Bradley A. , Eckert Danny J. , Jordan Amy S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common disorder caused by not only an impaired upper airway anatomy (i.e. anatomically narrow/collapsible airway), but also by several non‐anatomical factors. In this review, we summarise what is known about how each of the pathological factors that cause OSA vary according to disease severity as measured by the apnoea–hypopnoea index. Our synthesis of the available literature indicates that most of the key factors that cause OSA vary with disease severity. However, there is substantial heterogeneity such that the relative contribution of each of these traits varies both between patients and within different severities of disease. These differences likely contribute to variable efficacy of many non‐continuous positive airway pressure treatments and inconsistencies in responses with regard to different OSA severities at baseline.
Diversification and Work Satisfaction: Testing a Claim by Marx and Engels for Farmers
Authors: Mann Stefan , Besser Tim 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn conventional economics, a great deal of energy has been devoted to empirical validation of the benefits of specialization in terms of efficiency, in fields including the agricultural sector. Marx and Engels's claim that the diversification of working lives would increase work satisfaction has gained attention among social scientists but has never been verified for the agricultural sector, despite a growing body of literature on the determinants of work satisfaction. Based on a survey of Swiss and northeast German farmers, this study shows that farm diversification significantly increases work satisfaction. This applies both to the lines of agricultural production pursued on a farm and to the farm's nonagricultural activities.
Comparison of two apheresis systems for autologous stem cell collections in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Even‐Or Ehud , Eden‐Walker Alexandra , Di Mola Maria , McDougall Elizabeth , Schechter Tal , Ali Muhammad , Svajger Gordana , Gassas Adam , Licht Christoph , Krueger Joerg 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDPeripheral stem cell collections can be challenging in the pediatric population and respective experience is limited. Since February 2015 our institution is utilizing the new Spectra Optia (Optia) apheresis device, which has replaced the former COBE Spectra (COBE) device. As a quality initiative we collected and compared collection efficiency (CE2) and other collection variables between the two devices.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn this retrospective study we collected and compared clinical, laboratory, and technical collection data from stem cell collection procedures done with the Optia and COBE devices. The collected data included patient demographics, precollection peripheral CD34+ cell counts, total CD34+ cells collected, complete blood count, electrolytes before and after collection, side effects attributed to the collection, total blood volumes processed (TBVs), collection times, and calculated CE2 and collection ratios.RESULTSForty‐one collection procedures performed on 29 pediatric patients with the Optia device were compared to 41 collections performed on 27 patients with the COBE device. The TBVs through the Optia device were significantly smaller than the COBE (3.9 ± 0.2 × TBV vs. 5.5 ± 0.1 × TBV, respectively; p < 0.001), requiring significantly less anticoagulant and providing similar amounts of stem cells while collection times were significantly shorter (mean, 238 ± 9 min vs. 264 ± 9 min, respectively; p < 0.05). Collections on the Optia caused significantly smaller reductions of plasma calcium and magnesium. No significant side effects attributed to the procedure were noted.CONCLUSIONStem cell apheresis with the Optia device in children is safe and feasible with smaller blood volumes with shorter collection times.
Favipiravir Pharmacokinetics in Nonhuman Primates and Insights for Future Efficacy Studies of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Authors: Madelain Vincent , Guedj Jérémie , Mentré France , Nguyen Thi Huyen Tram , Jacquot Frédéric , Oestereich Lisa , Kadota Takumi , Yamada Koichi , Taburet Anne-Marie , de Lamballerie Xavier , Raoul Hervé 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Favipiravir is an RNA polymerase inhibitor that showed strong antiviral efficacy
in vitro
and in small-animal models of several viruses responsible for hemorrhagic fever (HF), including Ebola virus. The aim of this work was to characterize the complex pharmacokinetics of favipiravir in nonhuman primates (NHPs) in order to guide future efficacy studies of favipiravir in large-animal models. Four different studies were conducted in 30 uninfected cynomolgus macaques of Chinese (
n
= 17) or Mauritian (
n
= 13) origin treated with intravenous favipiravir for 7 to 14 days with maintenance doses of 60 to 180 mg/kg of body weight twice a day (BID). A pharmacokinetic model was developed to predict the plasma concentrations obtained with different dosing regimens, and the model predictions were compared to the 50% effective concentration (EC
50
) of favipiravir against several viruses. Favipiravir pharmacokinetics were described by a model accounting for concentration-dependent aldehyde oxidase inhibition. The enzyme-dependent elimination rate increased over time and was higher in NHPs of Mauritian origin than in those of Chinese origin. Maintenance doses of 100 and 120 mg/kg BID in Chinese and Mauritian NHPs, respectively, are predicted to achieve median trough plasma free concentrations above the EC
50
for Lassa and Marburg viruses until day 7. For Ebola virus, higher doses are required. After day 7, a 20% dose increase is needed to compensate for the increase in drug clearance over time. These results will help rationalize the choice of dosing regimens in future studies evaluating the antiviral effect of favipiravir in NHPs and support its development against a variety of HF viruses.
Changing Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides in France
Authors: Hays Constantin , Louis Mathilde , Plainvert Céline , Dmytruk Nicolas , Touak Gérald , Trieu-Cuot Patrick , Poyart Claire , Tazi Asmaa 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Group B
Streptococcus
(GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal invasive infections and an emerging pathogen in the elderly. Our objectives were to describe the evolution of GBS resistance to antibiotics in France and to investigate the emergence of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant isolates. A total of 8,757 unrelated GBS isolates were collected and tested for antibiotic susceptibility from 2007 to 2014 according to EUCAST recommendations. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, amoxicillin, and vancomycin. Resistance to macrolides decreased from 47.0% to 30.0%, whereas high-level resistance to aminoglycosides, especially amikacin, increased from 6.4% to 8.8% and 24 isolates (0.3%) were highly resistant to gentamicin. FQ resistance gradually increased from 0.2% in 2007 (
n
= 1) to 1.5% in 2014 (
n
= 18,
P
< 0.01). Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) genotyping, multilocus sequence typing, and sequencing of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) showed that GBS isolates of sequence type 19 (ST-19) CPS type V were largely overrepresented in FQ-resistant isolates (
n
= 30, 45.5%). All 30 strains displayed the same QRDR mutations and were often associated with cross-resistance to macrolides (93.3%) and gentamicin (30%). In conclusion, we report the rise of FQ- and aminoglycoside-resistant GBS in France over an 8-year study period, an evolution likely linked to the clonal expansion of ST-19 CPS V-resistant isolates. This study emphasizes the need for a continuous surveillance of GBS epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility.
Updated Multiplex PCR for Detection of All Six Plasmid-Mediated
qnr
Gene Families
Authors: Kraychete Gabriela Bergiante , Botelho Larissa Alvarenga Batista , Campana Eloiza Helena , Picão Renata Cristina , Bonelli Raquel Regina 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Plasmid-mediated
qnr
genes have been reported in bacteria worldwide and are widely associated with other relevant determinants of resistance in multiresistance plasmids. Here, we provide an update on a previously described multiplex PCR in order to detect all six
qnr
families (including
qnrA
,
qnrS
,
qnrB
,
qnrC
,
qnrD
, and
qnrVC
) described until now. The proposed method makes possible the screening of these genes, reducing cost and time, and it may demonstrate an underestimated prevalence of the latest variants described.
Deciphering the Resistome of the Widespread Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sequence Type 175 International High-Risk Clone through Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Cabot Gabriel , López-Causapé Carla , Ocampo-Sosa Alain A. , Sommer Lea M. , Domínguez María Ángeles , Zamorano Laura , Juan Carlos , Tubau Fe , Rodríguez Cristina , Moyà Bartolomé , Peña Carmen , Martínez-Martínez Luis , Plesiat Patrick , Oliver Antonio 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used for the characterization of the frequently extensively drug resistant (XDR)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
sequence type 175 (ST175) high-risk clone. A total of 18 ST175 isolates recovered from 8 different Spanish hospitals were analyzed; 4 isolates from 4 different French hospitals were included for comparison. The typical resistance profile of ST175 included penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. In the phylogenetic analysis, the four French isolates clustered together with two isolates from one of the Spanish regions. Sequence variation was analyzed for 146 chromosomal genes related to antimicrobial resistance, and horizontally acquired genes were explored using online databases. The resistome of ST175 was determined mainly by mutational events; resistance traits common to all or nearly all of the strains included specific
ampR
mutations leading to
ampC
overexpression, specific mutations in
oprD
conferring carbapenem resistance, or a
mexZ
mutation leading to MexXY overexpression. All isolates additionally harbored an
aadB
gene conferring gentamicin and tobramycin resistance. Several other resistance traits were specific to certain geographic areas, such as a streptomycin resistance gene,
aadA13
, detected in all four isolates from France and in the two isolates from the Cantabria region and a
glpT
mutation conferring fosfomycin resistance, detected in all but these six isolates. Finally, several unique resistance mutations were detected in single isolates; particularly interesting were those in genes encoding penicillin-binding proteins (PBP1A, PBP3, and PBP4). Thus, these results provide information valuable for understanding the genetic basis of resistance and the dynamics of the dissemination and evolution of high-risk clones.
Using MRSA Screening Tests To Predict Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Butler-Laporte Guillaume , Cheng Matthew P. , Cheng Alexandre P. , McDonald Emily G. , Lee Todd C. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Bloodstream infections with
Staphylococcus aureus
are clinically significant and are often treated with empirical methicillin resistance (MRSA, methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
) coverage. However, vancomycin has associated harms. We hypothesized that MRSA screening correlated with resistance in
S. aureus
bacteremia and could help determine the requirement for empirical vancomycin therapy. We reviewed consecutive
S. aureus
bacteremias over a 5-year period at two tertiary care hospitals. MRSA colonization was evaluated in three ways: as tested within 30 days of bacteremia (30-day criterion), as tested within 30 days but accounting for any prior positive results (ever-positive criterion), or as tested in known-positive patients, with patients with unknown MRSA status being labeled negative (known-positive criterion). There were 409
S. aureus
bacteremias: 302 (73.8%) methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) and 107 (26.2%) MRSA bacteremias. In the 167 patients with MSSA bacteremias, 7.2% had a positive MRSA test within 30 days. Of 107 patients with MRSA bacteremia, 68 were tested within 30 days (54 positive; 79.8%), and another 21 (19.6%) were previously positive. The 30-day criterion provided negative predictive values (NPV) exceeding 90% and 95% if the prevalence of MRSA in
S. aureus
bacteremia was less than 33.4% and 19.2%, respectively. The same NPVs were predicted at MRSA proportions below 39.7% and 23.8%, respectively, for the ever-positive criterion and 34.4% and 19.9%, respectively, for the known-positive criterion. In MRSA-colonized patients, positive predictive values exceeded 50% at low prevalence. MRSA screening could help avoid empirical vancomycin therapy and its complications in stable patients and settings with low-to-moderate proportions of MRSA bacteremia.
Gentamicin Susceptibility among a Sample of Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates in India
Authors: Bala Manju , Singh Vikram , Bhargava Aradhana , Kakran Monika , Joshi Naveen Chandra , Bhatnagar Ravi 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 258
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates by Etest determined that 60.1% were multidrug resistant (MDR), while 5% of the strains had decreased susceptibility to currently recommended extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). Among these, 84.5% of MDR strains and 76.9% of strains that had decreased susceptibility to ESCs were susceptible to gentamicin. No MDR isolate was resistant to gentamicin. These
in vitro
results suggest that gentamicin might be an effective treatment option for the MDR strains and in dual therapy for gonorrhea. However, further research regarding the clinical treatment outcomes is essential.
Beauvericin Potentiates Azole Activity via Inhibition of Multidrug Efflux, Blocks Candida albicans Morphogenesis, and Is Effluxed via Yor1 and Circuitry Controlled by Zcf29
Authors: Shekhar-Guturja Tanvi , Tebung Walters Aji , Mount Harley , Liu Ningning , Köhler Julia R. , Whiteway Malcolm , Cowen Leah E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Invasive fungal infections are a leading cause of human mortality. Effective treatment is hindered by the rapid emergence of resistance to the limited number of antifungal drugs, demanding new strategies to treat life-threatening fungal infections. Here, we explore a powerful strategy to enhance antifungal efficacy against leading human fungal pathogens by using the natural product beauvericin. We found that beauvericin potentiates the activity of azole antifungals against azole-resistant
Candida
isolates via inhibition of multidrug efflux and that beauvericin itself is effluxed via Yor1. As observed in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, we determined that beauvericin inhibits TOR signaling in
Candida albicans
. To further characterize beauvericin activity in
C. albicans
, we leveraged genome sequencing of beauvericin-resistant mutants. Resistance was conferred by mutations in transcription factor genes
TAC1
, a key regulator of multidrug efflux, and
ZCF29
, which was uncharacterized. Transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to microarray analyses revealed that Zcf29 binds to and regulates the expression of multidrug transporter genes. Beyond drug resistance, we also discovered that beauvericin blocks the
C. albicans
morphogenetic transition from yeast to filamentous growth in response to diverse cues. We found that beauvericin represses the expression of many filament-specific genes, including the transcription factor
BRG1
. Thus, we illuminate novel circuitry regulating multidrug efflux and establish that simultaneously targeting drug resistance and morphogenesis provides a promising strategy to combat life-threatening fungal infections.