bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young investigator challenge: Cadherin‐17 and SATB2 in cytology specimens: Do these new immunostains help in differentiating metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma from adenocarcinomas of other origins?
Authors: Brandler Tamar C. , Jelloul Fatima‐Zahra , Soto Daniel , Das Kasturi , Rosen Lisa , Bhuiya Tawfiqul A. 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDCadherin‐17 (intestinal peptide‐associated transporter) and SATB2 (SATB homeobox 2) immunoexpression has recently been described in surgical pathology to have value in establishing the colorectal origin of metastatic adenocarcinoma. However, to the authors' knowledge, the role of these markers in metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma (MCA) in cytology has not been addressed to date. In the current study, the authors evaluated the contribution of cadherin‐17 and SATB2 to the diagnosis of MCA in cytology specimens and compared these two novel markers with the standard gastrointestinal immunohistochemistry panel in an attempt to identify the optimal panel.METHODSA total of 43 MCA cytology cases and 68 metastatic noncolorectal adenocarcinoma (non‐MCA) cytology controls were stained for SATB2; cadherin‐17; and the standard panel of cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20, and Caudal‐Type Homeobox Transcription Factor 2 (CDX2). Staining intensity and percentage of positive cells were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity values for immunostains individually and in combination were computed and compared.RESULTSDespite specificities of 83.8% and 91.2%, respectively, for cadherin‐17 and SATB2, when critically examining the new immunostains together with the standard panel, there was no significant difference noted with regard to prediction of MCA (vs non‐MCA) compared with the standard panel alone (P < .6).CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study reinforce that the standard gastrointestinal immunohistochemistry panel remains the gold standard for distinguishing MCA from non‐MCA in cytology. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:706‐12. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Thermal Indices and Thermophysiological Modeling for Heat Stress
Authors: Havenith George , Fiala Dusan 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe assessment of the risk of human exposure to heat is a topic as relevant today as a century ago. The introduction and use of heat stress indices and models to predict and quantify heat stress and heat strain has helped to reduce morbidity and mortality in industrial, military, sports, and leisure activities dramatically. Models used range from simple instruments that attempt to mimic the human‐environment heat exchange to complex thermophysiological models that simulate both internal and external heat and mass transfer, including related processes through (protective) clothing. This article discusses the most commonly used indices and models and looks at how these are deployed in the different contexts of industrial, military, and biometeorological applications, with focus on use to predict related thermal sensations, acute risk of heat illness, and epidemiological analysis of morbidity and mortality. A critical assessment is made of tendencies to use simple indices such as WBGT in more complex conditions (e.g., while wearing protective clothing), or when employed in conjunction with inappropriate sensors. Regarding the more complex thermophysiological models, the article discusses more recent developments including model individualization approaches and advanced systems that combine simulation models with (body worn) sensors to provide real‐time risk assessment. The models discussed in the article range from historical indices to recent developments in using thermophysiological models in (bio) meteorological applications as an indicator of the combined effect of outdoor weather settings on humans. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:255‐302, 2016.
Measuring Selection on Physiology in the Wild and Manipulating Phenotypes (in Terrestrial Nonhuman Vertebrates)
Authors: Husak Jerry F. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTTo understand why organisms function the way that they do, we must understand how evolution shapes physiology. This requires knowledge of how selection acts on physiological traits in nature. Selection studies in the wild allow us to determine how variation in physiology causes variation in fitness, revealing how evolution molds physiology over evolutionary time. Manipulating phenotypes experimentally in a selection study shifts the distribution of trait variation in a population to better explore potential constraints and the adaptive value of physiological traits. There is a large database of selection studies in the wild on a variety of traits, but very few of those are physiological traits. Nevertheless, data available so far suggest that physiological traits, including metabolic rate, thermal physiology, whole‐organism performance, and hormone levels, are commonly subjected to directional selection in nature, with stabilizing and disruptive selection less common than predicted if physiological traits are optimized to an environment. Selection studies on manipulated phenotypes, including circulating testosterone and glucocorticoid levels, reinforce this notion, but reveal that trade‐offs between survival and reproduction or correlational selection can constrain the evolution of physiology. More studies of selection on physiological traits in nature that quantify multiple traits are necessary to better determine the manner in which physiological traits evolve and whether different types of traits (dynamic performance vs. regulatory) evolve differently. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:63‐85, 2016.
Pathophysiological Functions of
Rnd
3/
RhoE
Authors: Jie Wei , Andrade Kelsey C. , Lin Xi , Yang Xiangsheng , Yue Xiaojing , Chang Jiang 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Rnd3, also known as RhoE, belongs to the Rnd subclass of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)‐binding proteins. Rnd proteins are unique due to their inability to switch from a GTP‐bound to GDP‐bound conformation. Even though studies of the biological function of Rnd3 are far from being concluded, information is available regarding its expression pattern, cellular localization, and its activity, which can be altered depending on the conditions. The compiled data from these studies implies that Rnd3 may not be a traditional small GTPase. The basic role of Rnd3 is to report as an endogenous antagonist of RhoA signaling‐mediated actin cytoskeleton dynamics, which specifically contributes to cell migration and neuron polarity. In addition, Rnd3 also plays a critical role in arresting cell cycle distribution, inhibiting cell growth, and inducing apoptosis and differentiation. Increasing data have shown that aberrant Rnd3 expression may be the leading cause of some systemic diseases; particularly highlighted in apoptotic cardiomyopathy, developmental arrhythmogenesis and heart failure, hydrocephalus, as well as tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, a better understanding of the function of Rnd3 under different physiological and pathological conditions, through the use of suitable models, would provide a novel insight into the origin and treatment of multiple human diseases. © 2016 American Physiological Society.
Compr Physiol
6:169‐186, 2016.
Homocysteine Metabolism, Atherosclerosis, and Diseases of Aging
Authors: McCully Kilmer S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe importance of homocysteine in vascular function and arteriosclerosis was discovered by demonstration of arteriosclerotic plaques in children with homocystinuria caused by inherited enzymatic deficiencies of cystathionine synthase, methionine synthase, or methylene‐tetrahydrofolate reductase. According to the homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis, an elevated blood homocysteine level is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis in subjects without these rare enzymatic abnormalities. The homocysteine theory is supported by demonstration of arterial plaques in experimental animals with hyperhomocysteinemia, by discovery of a pathway for conversion of homocysteine thiolactone to sulfate in cell cultures from children with homocystinuria, and by demonstration of growth promotion by homocysteic acid in normal and hypophysectomized animals. Studies with cultured malignant cells revealed abnormal homocysteine thiolactone metabolism, resulting in homocysteinylation of proteins, nucleic acids, and glycosaminoglycans, explaining the abnormal oxidative metabolism, abnormalities of cellular membranes, and altered genetic expression observed in malignancy. Abnormal homocysteine metabolism in malignant cells is attributed to deficiency of thioretinamide, the amide synthesized from retinoic acid and homocysteine thiolactone. Two molecules of thioretinamide combine with cobalamin to form thioretinaco. Based on the molecular structure of thioretinaco, a theory of oxidative phosphorylation was proposed, involving oxidation to a disulfonium derivative by ozone, and binding of oxygen, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and phosphate as the active site of adenosine triphosphate synthesis in mitochondria. Obstruction of vasa vasorum by aggregates of microorganisms with homocysteinylated low‐density lipoproteins is proposed to cause ischemia of arterial wall and a microabscess of the intima, the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:471‐505, 2016.
Capacitance Performance of Nanostructured CoNi2S4 with Different Morphology Grown on Carbon Cloth for Supercapacitors
Authors: Ai Zhihong , Hu Zhonghua , Liu Yafei , Yao Mingming 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNanostructured CoNi2S4 materials with different morphologies were successfully grown on carbon cloth through a facile precursor transformation method by adjusting the anions in nickel cobalt salts. The resulting samples were characterized by XRD, EDS, FESEM, and TEM and were found to display different morphologies. Their electrochemical performance was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cycle life. The as‐obtained CoNi2S4 sample with NO3− as the anion in the nickel cobalt salt displayed an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 2714 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and excellent rate capability (64.8 % capacity retention at 20 A g−1). However, the as‐obtained CoNi2S4 samples with SO42− and Cl− as the anions in the precursors displayed a limited specific capacitance of only 1750 and 1334 F g−1, respectively. Besides, they also displayed different performances in the cycle life test. The study indicates that the as‐obtained CoNi2S4 grown on carbon cloth prepared with NO3− as the anion will be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
Ecological differentiation and habitat unsuitability maintaining a ground beetle hybrid zone
Authors: Takami Yasuoki , Osawa Takeshi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExogenous selection via interactions between organisms and environments may influence the dynamics of hybrid zones between species in multiple ways. Two major models of a hybrid zone allowed us to hypothesize that environmental conditions influence hybrid zone dynamics in two ways. In the first model, an environmental gradient determines the mosaic distribution at the boundary between ecologically differentiated species (mosaic hybrid zone model). In the second model, a patch of unsuitable habitat traps a hybrid zone between species whose hybrids are unfit (tension zone model). To test these, we examined the environmental factors influencing the spatial structure of a hybrid zone between the ground beetlesCarabus maiyasanusandC. iwawakianususingGIS‐based quantification of environmental factors and a statistical comparison of species distribution models (SDMs). We determined that both of the hypothetical processes can be important in the hybrid zone. We detected interspecific differences in the environmental factors in presence localities and their relative contribution inSDMs.SDMs were not identical between species even within contact areas, but tended to be similar within the range of each species. These results suggest an association between environments and species, and provide evidence that ecological differentiation between species plays a role in the maintenance of the hybrid zone. Contact areas were characterized by a relatively high temperature, low precipitation, and high topological wetness. Thus, the contact areas were regarded as being located in an unsuitable habitat with a drier climate, where those populations are likely to occur in patches with limited precipitation concentrated. A comparison of spatial scales suggests that exogenous selection via environmental factors may be weaker than endogenous selection via genitalic incompatibility.
Where do the treeless tundra areas of northern highlands fit in the global biome system: toward an ecologically natural subdivision of the tundra biome
Authors: Virtanen Risto , Oksanen Lauri , Oksanen Tarja , Cohen Juval , Forbes Bruce C. , Johansen Bernt , Käyhkö Jukka , Olofsson Johan , Pulliainen Jouni , Tømmervik Hans 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAccording to some treatises, arctic and alpine sub‐biomes are ecologically similar, whereas others find them highly dissimilar. Most peculiarly, large areas of northern tundra highlands fall outside of the two recent subdivisions of the tundra biome. We seek an ecologically natural resolution to this long‐standing and far‐reaching problem. We studied broad‐scale patterns in climate and vegetation along the gradient from Siberian tundra via northernmost Fennoscandia to the alpine habitats of European middle‐latitude mountains, as well as explored those patterns within Fennoscandian tundra based on climate–vegetation patterns obtained from a fine‐scale vegetation map. Our analyses reveal that ecologically meaningful January–February snow and thermal conditions differ between different types of tundra. High precipitation and mild winter temperatures prevail on middle‐latitude mountains, low precipitation and usually cold winters prevail on high‐latitude tundra, and Scandinavian mountains show intermediate conditions. Similarly, heath‐like plant communities differ clearly between middle latitude mountains (alpine) and high‐latitude tundra vegetation, including its altitudinal extension on Scandinavian mountains. Conversely, high abundance of snowbeds and large differences in the composition of dwarf shrub heaths distinguish the Scandinavian mountain tundra from its counterparts in Russia and the north Fennoscandian inland. The European tundra areas fall into three ecologically rather homogeneous categories: the arctic tundra, the oroarctic tundra of northern heights and mountains, and the genuinely alpine tundra of middle‐latitude mountains. Attempts to divide the tundra into two sub‐biomes have resulted in major discrepancies and confusions, as the oroarctic areas are included in the arctic tundra in some biogeographic maps and in the alpine tundra in others. Our analyses based on climate and vegetation criteria thus seem to resolve the long‐standing biome delimitation problem, help in consistent characterization of research sites, and create a basis for further biogeographic and ecological research in global tundra environments.
The Reversible Formation of Tight Ion Pairs within Platinum(II) Complexes – A Study of Thermodynamic Parameters Governing Noncovalent Interactions
Authors: Ielo Ileana , Lanza Santo , Campagna Sebastiano , Giannetto Antonino 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCompounds like [(HR2DTO)Pt(H2R2DTO)][Cl] (DTO = dithiooxamidate; R = ethyl or benzyl) can be involved in acid–base reactions in chloroform, playing the role of either the acid or the base partner. When the complexes react with pyridines, neutral complexes like [(HR2DTO)2Pt] are formed. Such processes are characterized by small enthalpy changes, so they are substantially entropy‐driven. We explained this as a consequence of the solvent released when HCl is transferred from tight‐ion‐pair platinum compounds to pyridines. When [(HR2DTO)Pt(H2R2DTO)][Cl] species react with HCl, complexes like [(H2R2DTO)Pt(H2R2DTO)][Cl]2 are formed, where a new weak hydrogen‐bonding‐based interaction of the type N···H–Cl is present; however, the measured enthalpy changes show values typical of a strong interaction (R = ethyl, ΔH° = –146.3 ± 9.7 kJ mol–1; R = benzyl, ΔH° = –67.7 ± 2.0 kJ mol–1), apparently too large for hydrogen bonding. Also, the entropy lowering is too large to be attributable to a simple association process (R = ethyl, ΔS° = –398 ± 32 J K–1 mol–1; R = benzyl, ΔS° = –154 ± 7 J K–1 mol–1). Both large enthalpy and entropy lowering have been attributed to the role played by the solvent in the acid–base processes. In the present systems, the solvent strongly affects not only the entropy factor, but also the enthalpy factor. Such conclusions can be generalized to give useful information for controlling similar noncovalent, electrostatic interactions.
Label‐free Electrochemical Aptasensor for Carcino‐embryonic Antigen Based on Ternary Nanocomposite of Gold Nanoparticles, Hemin and Graphene
Authors: Liu Zhiguang , Wang Yuxuan , Guo Yujing , Dong Chuan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this report, a label‐free electrochemical aptasensor for carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA) was successfully developed based on a ternary nanocomposite of gold nanoparticles, hemin and graphene nanosheets (AuNPs‐HGNs). This nanocomposite was prepared by decorating gold nanoparticles on the surface of hemin functionalized graphene nanosheets via a simple wet‐chemical strategy. The aptamer can be assembled on the surface of AuNPs‐HGNs/GCE (glassy carbon electrode) through Au‐S covalent bond to form the sensing interface. Hemin absorbed on the graphene nanosheets not only acts as a protective agent of graphene sheets, but also as an in situ probe base on its excellent redox properties. Gold nanoparticles provide with both numerous binding sites for loading CEA binding aptamer (CBA) and good conductivity to promote the electron transfer. The current changes, which are caused by CEA specifically binding on the modified electrode, are exploited for the label‐free detection of CEA in a very rapid and convenient protocol. Therefore, the method has advantages of high sensitivity, wide linear range (0.0001–10 ng mL−1), low detection limit (40 fg mL−1) and attractive specificity. The results illustrate that the proposed label‐free electrochemical aptasensor has a potential application in the biological or clinical target analysis for its simple operation and low cost.
Voltammetric Determination of Cymoxanil and Famoxadone at Different Types of Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Bavol Dmytro , Zima Jiri , Barek Jiri , Dejmkova Hana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDifferential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at a carbon fibre rod electrode (CFRE) and a capillary carbon paste electrode (CPE) have been used for the determination of pesticides cymoxanil and famoxadone, respectively. In the cathodic potential range, optimum conditions were found for the determination of cymoxanil by DPV at CFRE at pH 4 with limit of quantification (LQ) of 5.9×10−7 mol L−1. In the anodic area, determination of famoxadone by DPV at CPE was performed at optimum pH 2 with LQ=1.4×10−7 mol L−1. Practical applicability of the newly developed methods was verified on spiked samples of river water and soil.
Encouraging Health Insurance for the Informal Sector: A Cluster Randomized Experiment in Vietnam
Authors: Wagstaff Adam , Nguyen Ha Thi Hong , Dao Huyen , Bales Sarah 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSubsidized voluntary enrollment in government‐run health insurance schemes is often proposed as a way of increasing coverage among informal sector workers and their families. We report the results of a cluster randomized experiment, in which 3000 households in 20 communes in Vietnam were randomly assigned at baseline to a control group or one of three treatments: an information leaflet about Vietnam's government‐run scheme and the benefits of health insurance, a voucher entitling eligible household members to 25% off their annual premium, and both. At baseline, the four groups had similar enrollment rates (4%) and were balanced on plausible enrollment determinants. The interventions all had small and insignificant effects (around 1 percentage point or ppt). Among those reporting sickness in the 12 months prior to the baseline survey the subsidy‐only intervention raised enrollment by 3.5 ppts (p = 0.08) while the combined intervention raised enrollment by 4.5 ppts (p = 0.02); however, the differences in the effect sizes between the sick and non‐sick were just shy of being significant. Our results suggest that information campaigns and subsidies may have limited effects on voluntary health insurance enrollment in Vietnam and that such interventions might exacerbate adverse selection. Copyright © The World Bank Health Economics © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Elecsys Anti‐HCV II Assay With Other HCV Screening Assays
Authors: Li Dongdong , Zhu Siyuan , Wang Tingting , An Jingna , Wang Lanlan , Tao Chuanmin 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveEarly detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important step in preventing progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Serologic assays for anti‐HCV antibody are valuable first‐line tests in the screening and diagnosis of HCV infection. This study's aim was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Elecsys Anti‐HCV II assay for HCV screening.Design and MethodsA total of 1,044 routine sera, 20 known HCV‐positive samples, plus 54 preselected weakly positive samples were tested for anti‐HCV with Elecsys Anti‐HCV II assay, Elecsys Anti‐HCV assays, InTec HCV enzymoimmunoassay (EIA), and Livzon Anti‐HCV EIA. Interference test was assessed with additional 423 specimens without clinical evidence of HCV infection: preselected HCV weak reactive samples; dialysis samples; anti‐HBc (antibody to HBV core antigen) (+), anti‐Treponema pallidum (+), and anti‐HIV (+) sera; and samples form autoimmune/alcoholic hepatitis or systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE). Discrepant results were evaluated with recombinant immunoblot assay. The seroconversion panels were evaluated to assess how early each assay could detect HCV infection.ResultsThe specificity (99.81%) of the Elecsys Anti‐HCV II assay was less than that with the two EIA comparison methods. However, false‐negative results were easily seen in the EIA assays. When serial bleeds of HCV panels were compared with the above‐mentioned methods, the assay detected acute HCV infection only 3.5 days after a positive HCV‐RNA nucleic acid test and earlier than the comparator assays.ConclusionSensitivities and specificities of the anti‐HCV assays were sufficiently high for use in this study. The Elecsys Anti‐HCV II assay is suitable for screening and reliable early detection of HCV infection.