bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative middle cerebral artery pressure measurements during superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass procedures in patients with cerebral atherosclerotic disease
Authors: Matano Fumihiro , Murai Yasuo , Tanikawa Rokuya , Kamiyama Hiroyasu , Tateyama Kojiro , Tamaki Tomonori , Mizunari Takayuki , Mizumura Sunao , Kobayashi Shiro , Teramoto Akira , Morita Akio 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
No previous study has monitored middle cerebral artery (MCA) pressure during the superficial temporal artery (STA)-MCA bypass procedure for cerebral atherosclerotic disease. In this paper, the authors describe their method of monitoring MCA pressure and report their initial data on intraoperative MCA pressure and its relationship with hemodynamics prior to and after the bypass procedures.

METHODS
The results from a total of 39 revascularization procedures performed between 2004 and 2014 were analyzed. The patient group included 27 men and 12 women, and their mean age at surgery was 67.6 years (range 39–83 years). The authors investigated the MCA pressure via the STA during STA-MCA bypass procedures. After one branch of the STA was anastomosed to the MCA, the other branch was connected to an arterial line, and a clip was placed temporally on the main STA trunk to monitor the pre-anastomosis MCA pressure. Simultaneously, the radial artery (RA) pressure was determined before removing the temporal clip to measure the post-anastomosis MCA pressure. The relationship between MCA pressures and single photon emission computed tomography findings and the risk factors for hyperperfusion after STA-MCA bypass were analyzed.

RESULTS
The MCA/RA (%) pressure was significantly correlated with that of the resting stenotic/normal side cerebral blood flow (CBF) ratio (%) in the linear regression analysis (slope 1.200, r2 = 0.3564, F = 20.49, p < 0.0001). The intraoperative MCA pressure was 39.3% of RA pressure in patients with Powers' Stage 2 cerebral atherosclerotic disease. After 1 branch of the STA was anastomosed, the intraoperative MCA pressure increased to 75.3% of the RA pressure. The rate of increase in pressure was significantly correlated with the increase in the STA diameter in the linear regression analysis (slope 2.59, r2 = 0.205, F = 9.549, p = 0.0038). Hyperperfusion occurred in 2 cases. When mean values for these 2 patients were compared with those for the 37 patients without hyperperfusion, significant differences were found in the stenotic/normal side CBF ratio (p = 0.0001), pre-anastomosis MCA pressure (p = 0.02), rate of increase in pressure (p = 0.02), pre-anastomotic MCA/RA pressure ratio (p = 0.01), vascular reserve (p = 0.0489), and STA diameter (p = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONS
The measurement of intraoperative MCA pressure may be a useful technique to assess cerebral perfusion and for predicting the risk of hyperperfusion. Monitoring MCA pressure is recommended during STA-MCA bypass procedures for atherosclerotic disease.
Holzerntekosten und Mindererlöse bei verschiedenen Rückegassenabständen in Fichtenbeständen
Authors: Frutig Fritz , Thees Oliver , Ammann Peter , Lüscher Peter , Rotach Peter 
Published: March 2016

Timber harvesting costs and losses for different spacing of skid roads in spruce forests
Skid roads are essential to prevent negative impacts of heavy machines on soil fertility and timber growth. Today, skid roads are frequently laid out with a spacing of 20 m because modern harvesters can reach and cut trees as far as 10 m. Skid roads not only use up space which is no longer available for production, they also have negative effects on the growth of adjacent trees due to soil compaction and root damage caused by the passage of forestry machines. Damaged roots will eventually cause butt rot and reduce the amount of valuable timber. A narrow spacing of skid roads thus leads to reduced volume and value production in the long run. In the short run, on the other hand, wider spacing will result in higher costs of timber harvesting and in a higher number of damaged trees since a number of trees need to be cut and pre-delivered manually. In this paper we calculated the advantages and disadvantages of different spacings of skid roads in a spruce stand for various scenarios of negative impacts of soil compaction, root damage and butt rot frequencies. Our results indicate that the losses due to reduced growth and a lower amount of valuable timber may be quite important if they are calculated over a whole rotation period. So, it may pay off to use wider spacing in the long run and to accept higher harvesting costs in the short run. Optimal distances for skid roads could be in the range of 30 to 50 m.
PARSEC-SCALE ACCRETION AND WINDS IRRADIATED BY A QUASAR
Authors: Dorodnitsyn A. , Kallman T. , Proga D. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present numerical simulations of properties of a parsec-scale torus exposed to illumination by the central black hole in an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Our physical model allows to investigate the balance between the formation of winds and accretion simultaneously. Radiation-driven winds are allowed by taking into account radiation pressure due to UV and IR radiation along with X-ray heating and dust sublimation. Accretion is allowed through angular momentum transport and the solution of the equations of radiative, viscous radiation hydrodynamics. Our methods adopt flux-limited diffusion radiation hydrodynamics for the dusty, infrared pressure driven part of the flow, along with X-ray heating and cooling. Angular momentum transport in the accreting part of the flow is modeled using effective viscosity. Our results demonstrate that radiation pressure on dust can play an important role in shaping AGN obscuration. For example, when the luminosity illuminating the torus exceeds

, where L
Edd is the Eddington luminosity, we find no episodes of sustained disk accretion because radiation pressure does not allow a disk to form. Despite the absence of the disk accretion, the flow of gas to smaller radii still proceeds at a rate 10−4–10−1

through the capturing of the gas from the hot evaporative flow, thus providing a mechanism to deliver gas from a radiation–pressure dominated torus to the inner accretion disk. As

increases, larger radiation input leads to larger torus aspect ratios and increased obscuration of the central black hole. We also find the important role of the X-ray heated gas in shaping the obscuring torus.
Vessel protection, van zorgplicht naar zelfverdediging
Authors: Warnar Henk 
Published: March 2016

Vessel protection, from state’s obligation to provide security to self protection
This article demonstrates the influence of intellectual debate in policy paradigm changes. In response to piracy around the Horn of Africa, Dutch naval forces have participated in NATO and EU counter piracy operations since 2008. Although successful, also self protection measures by the merchant ships are required to provide security to individual ships. Since 2008 Dutch ship owners have advocated to amend legislation to allow private armed security teams (PAST) for individual protection, similar to policies by most foreign countries. Because of sensitivities concerning the private use of arms, policymakers, politicians, stakeholders and advisors have circumvented the issue. Instead of addressing the question of self defense, the paradigm of state monopoly for violence and the state’s obligation to provide security, made individual protection by embarked military teams to develop as a governmental service at levels that turned out to be unachievable for the armed forces. This policy caused several types of friction. Currently, the only acceptable solution seems to be to allow PAST and legislation is being prepared accordingly. A successful paradigm change however can only be achieved if an adequate new paradigm is constructed by intellectual debate. (Hall, Visser & Hemerijck) So far this debate has been too limited in scope. Debate has been state centric and focused on legal views and regulation. To resolve friction, additional analysis of differing roles by the state and individual entrepreneurs is required. Such analysis argues that the state severely reduces individual protection and politicians decide on the fundamental question of self defense by ships at the high seas.
WNT-C59, a Small-Molecule WNT Inhibitor, Efficiently Induces Anterior Cortex That Includes Cortical Motor Neurons From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Motono Makoto , Ioroi Yoshihiko , Ogura Takenori , Takahashi Jun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The recapitulation of human neural development in a controlled, defined manner from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has considerable potential for studies of human neural development, circuit formation and function, and the construction of in vitro models of neurological diseases. The inhibition of Wnt signaling, often by the recombinant protein DKK1, is important for the induction of cortical neurons. Here, we report a novel differentiation method using a small-molecule WNT inhibitor, WNT-C59 (C59), to efficiently induce human anterior cortex. We compared two types of small molecules, C59 and XAV939 (XAV), as substitutes for DKK1 to induce cortical neurons from PSCs in serum-free embryoid body-like aggregate culture. DKK1 and XAV inhibited only the canonical pathway of Wnt signaling, whereas C59 inhibited both the canonical and noncanonical pathways. C59 efficiently induced CTIP2+/COUP-TF1− cells, which are characteristic of the cells found in the anterior cortex. In addition, when grafted into the cortex of adult mice, the C59-induced cells showed abundant axonal fiber extension toward the spinal cord. These results raise the possibility of C59 contributing to cell replacement therapy for motor neuron diseases or insults.

Significance
For a cell therapy against damaged corticospinal tract caused by neurodegenerative diseases or insults, cortical motor neurons are needed. Currently, their induction from pluripotent stem cells is considered very promising; however, an efficient protocol to induce motor neurons is not available. For efficient induction of anterior cortex, where motor neurons are located, various WNT inhibitors were investigated. It was found that one of them could induce anterior cortical cells efficiently. In addition, when grafted into the cortex of adult mice, the induced cells showed more abundant axonal fiber extension toward spinal cord. These results raise the possibility that this inhibitor contributes to a cell-replacement therapy for motor neuron diseases or insults.
Experimental study on interface region of two-dimensional Si layers by forming gas annealing
Authors: Mizuno Tomohisa , Suzuki Yuhya , Kikuchi Reika , Suzuki Ayaka , Inoue Ryohsuke , Yamanaka Masahiro , Yokoyama Miki , Nagamine Yoshiki , Aoki Takashi , Maeda Tatsuro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We experimentally studied the SiO2/Si and Si/buried oxide (BOX) interface regions of a two-dimensional (2D) Si layer, by forming gas annealing (FGA). A photoluminescence (PL) result measured at various lattice temperature, T
L, values shows that the PL intensity I
PL of the 2D-Si layer rapidly increases and then saturates with increasing FGA temperature, T
A, and time, t
A. I
PL also increases with decreasing T
L. A one-dimensional (1D) Schroedinger equation simulator indicates that some of the electrons in the 2D-Si layer generated by a PL excitation laser are quantum–mechanically transmitted into Si interface regions. Actually, we experimentally confirmed that the PL spectra of the 2D-Si layer can be fitted by the PL emission from two regions with different PL peak photon energy values, E
PH, which consist of a typical 2D-Si and the interface regions of both the surface SiO2/Si and Si/BOX. Thus, this forming gas dependence is probably attributable to the improved lifetime τ of electrons in the surface interface region, because the Si surface is terminated by H atoms. Moreover, the E
PH of the interface region is higher than that of the 2D-Si layer, because of the graded increased bandgap in the interface regions. However, the E
PH of 2D-Si is independent of both T
A and T
L, and this T
L independence does not agree with that of a 3D-Si layer. Consequently, we experimentally verified the larger impact of the Si interface on the performance of 2D-Si layer.
Electrical characteristics of N-polar

p-type GaN Schottky contacts
Authors: Aoki Toshichika , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Katayama Ryuji , Matsuoka Takashi , Shiojima Kenji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The electrical characteristics of Ni/N-polar p-GaN Schottky contacts were investigated in comparison with those of Ga-polar contacts. The Schottky barrier heights were obtained to be 0.91, 1.24, and 1.30 eV from the current–voltage (I–V), capacitance–voltage, and photoresponse results, respectively. These values of the N-polar samples were more than 1 eV lower than those of the Ga-polar samples. Hence, it was suggested that a Ni contact on N-polar p-GaN has a possible advantage in forming better ohmic electrodes. In addition, we also found that no memory effect, which was caused by the charge and discharge of surface defects [Ga vacancies (VGa)], was observed in the I–V characteristics, and no single peak of VGa was observed in the high-temperature isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy spectrum. Therefore, it is suggested that the topmost N atomic layer can suppress the Ga out-diffusion.
Effects of nitridation for SiO2/SiC interface on defect properties near the conduction band edge
Authors: Takeuchi Wakana , Yamamoto Kensaku , Taoka Noriyuki , Sakashita Mitsuo , Kanemura Takashi , Nakatsuka Osamu , Zaima Shigeaki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We have investigated the effects of NO annealing on the electrical properties of a SiO2/4H-SiC interface. The electrical properties of the NO-annealed sample are different from those of the wet-annealed sample. NO or wet annealing generates positive or negative charges, respectively, in the insulator. The interface trap density (D
it) near the conduction band edge (E
c − 0.1 eV, where E
c is the conduction band edge) increases with NO annealing. In contrast, the D
it of the NO-annealed sample at around E
c − 0.2 eV is lower than that of the wet-annealed sample. The interface state near the conduction band edge in the NO-annealed sample is identified to be of the donor type. Thus, it is considered that the higher D
it near the conduction band edge and/or Coulomb scattering due to positive charges causes a decrease in the n-channel mobility in the nitrided SiO2/SiC interface by NO annealing.
Laparoscopic Roux en‐Y Gastric Bypass Using a Modified Retrocolic–Supracolic Approach: Outcomes from 300 Patients
Authors: Al‐Khyatt Waleed , Bull Charles A. , Awad Sherif , Ahmed Javed 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground
Laparoscopic Roux en‐Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) achieves sustained long‐term weight loss and reduced mortality in morbidly obese patients. It is routinely performed using an ante‐ or retrocolic approach with the jejuno‐jejunostomy constructed in the infracolic compartment. We have modified the standard technique of performing LRYGB by constructing both anastomoses in the supracolic compartment. This study describes the outcomes of consecutive primary LRYGB performed using this novel retrocolic–supracolic approach.MethodsData were prospectively collected on consecutive primary LRYGB performed in a tertiary‐referral Bariatric Centre in the United Kingdom from September 2009 to March 2013. Data included demographics, operative outcomes (duration of surgery, postoperative anastomotic leak/bleeding/reoperations), development of strictures, length of stay, excess weight loss (EWL) and resolution of diabetes mellitus.ResultsHand‐sewn LRYGB was successfully performed using the retrocolic–supracolic approach in 300 of 307 (98 %) consecutive patients (72 % female). Median (IQR) age, weight and baseline body mass index were 49 (41–56) years, 146 (134–163) kg and 52.9 (48.8–57.2) kg/m2, respectively. There were 4 (1.3 %) anastomotic leaks and 8 (2.6 %) postoperative bleeds. The 30‐day reoperation rate was 1.6 %. Median (IQR) hospital stay was 2 (2–2) days. Postoperative dysphagia requiring endoscopic balloon dilatation occurred in 19 (6.3 %) patients. Mean ± SD 12‐month EWL was 69.9 ± 19.0 %. Within the follow‐up period, 81 % of patients with type II diabetes mellitus achieved remission and 19 % reduced dosage of diabetes medication.ConclusionsLRYGB performed using the retrocolic–supracolic approach was safe, feasible, technically advantageous and resulted in clinical outcomes akin to the standard infracolic approach.
Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Bariatric Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations
Authors: Thorell A. , MacCormick A. D. , Awad S. , Reynolds N. , Roulin D. , Demartines N. , Vignaud M. , Alvarez A. , Singh P. M. , Lobo D. N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundDuring the last two decades, an increasing number of bariatric surgical procedures have been performed worldwide. There is no consensus regarding optimal perioperative care in bariatric surgery. This review aims to present such a consensus and to provide graded recommendations for elements in an evidence‐based “enhanced” perioperative protocol.MethodsThe English‐language literature between January 1966 and January 2015 was searched, with particular attention paid to meta‐analyses, randomised controlled trials and large prospective cohort studies. Selected studies were examined, reviewed and graded. After critical appraisal of these studies, the group of authors reached a consensus recommendation.ResultsAlthough for some elements, recommendations are extrapolated from non‐bariatric settings (mainly colorectal), most recommendations are based on good‐quality trials or meta‐analyses of good‐quality trials.ConclusionsA comprehensive evidence‐based consensus was reached and is presented in this review by the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Society. The guidelines were endorsed by the International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition (IASMEN) and based on the evidence available in the literature for each of the elements of the multimodal perioperative care pathway for patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
Potential Candidates for a Structured Canadian ECPR Program for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Grunau Brian , Scheuermeyer Frank Xavier , Stub Dion , Boone Robert H. , Finkler Joseph , Pennington Sarah , Carriere Sarah Ann , Cheung Anson , MacRedmond Ruth , Bashir Jamil , Christenson Jim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveExtracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), while resource-intensive, may improve outcomes in selected patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We sought to identify patients who fulfilled a set of ECPR criteria in order to estimate: (1) the proportion of patients with refractory cardiac arrest who may have benefited from ECPR; and (2) the outcomes achieved with conventional resuscitation.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis from a 52-month prospective registry of consecutive adult non-traumatic OHCA cases from a single urban Canadian health region serving one million patients. We developed a hypothetical ECPR-eligible cohort including adult patients <60 years of age with a witnessed OHCA, and either bystander CPR or EMS arrival within five minutes. The primary outcome was the proportion of ECPR-eligible patients who had refractory cardiac arrest, defined as termination of resuscitation pre-hospital or in the ED. The secondary outcome was the proportion of EPCR-eligible patients who survived to hospital discharge.ResultsOf 1,644 EMS-treated OHCA, 168 (10.2%) fulfilled our ECPR criteria. Overall, 54/1644 (3.3%; 95% CI 2.4%-4.1%) who were ECPR-eligible had refractory cardiac arrest. Of ECPR-eligible patients, 114/168 (68%, 95% CI 61%-75%) survived to hospital admission, and 70/168 (42%; 95% CI 34-49%) survived to hospital discharge.ConclusionIn our region, approximately 10% of EMS-treated cases of OHCA fulfilled our ECPR criteria, and approximately one-third of these (an average of 12 patients per year) were refractory to conventional resuscitation. The integration of an ECPR program into an existing high-performing system of care may have a small but clinically important effect on patient outcomes.
Applicability of the Consent Requirement of the Nigerian Land Use Act to the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria Act
Authors: Nwatu Samuel I , Nwosu Edith O 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Nigerian Land Use Act (LUA), which governs contemporary Nigerian land law, provides that any disposition of land must have the prior consent of the appropriate authority under the LUA. However, the Assets Management Corporation of Nigeria Act, which regulates the disposition of eligible bank assets, contains provisions that imply that the requisite consent under the LUA is not required for the disposition of an eligible bank asset consisting of land. This article interrogates the propriety of the provisions of the Assets Management Corporation of Nigeria Act in this regard and argues that, in view of the fact that the LUA is a statute with constitutional flavour by virtue of its entrenchment in the Nigerian Constitution, the LUA's provisions supersede the provisions of any conflicting law.
Morphology of Labronemella major n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida), a soil-dwelling nematode from China, including a revised key to species of the genus
Authors: Wu W.J. , Yan L. , Xie H. , Xu C.L. , Wang K. , Jin S.Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne new species from Qinghai Province, China, Labronemella major n. sp., is described. The new species is characterized by a body length of 3.03–3.34 mm; lip region wide, offset by a distinct depression, disc-like with six separated inner liplets; amphid fovea funnel-shaped, distinctly bulged on body surface in scanning electron micrographs; odontostyle long (35–39 μm) with distinct lumen, aperture about 39–47% of its length; odontophore rod-like and long; guiding ring double; pharyngeal basal expansion about half of the total neck length; uterus relatively long and tripartite; vulva transverse and sclerotized; spicules 81–90 μm long; ventromedial supplements 19–23; tail short, rounded to conoid. It can be differentiated from all other species of the genus by its relatively longer body, odontostyle and spicules, and wider lip region. Due to the lip region being offset by a deep constriction, and the long (three or more times the body diameter at mid-body) tripartite uterus, the new species is close to Labronemella czernowitzensis (Micoletzky, 1922) Andrássy, 2002 and Labronemella labiata Andrássy, 1985. An improved key to the genus including the new species is provided.
Physical mechanisms may be as important as brain mechanisms in evolution of speech
Authors: de Boer Bart , Perlman Marcus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present two arguments why physical adaptations for vocalization may be as important as neural adaptations. First, fine control over vocalization is not easy for physical reasons, and modern humans may be exceptional. Second, we present an example of a gorilla that shows rudimentary voluntary control over vocalization, indicating that some neural control is already shared with great apes.
Does it talk the talk? On the role of basal ganglia in emotive speech processing
Authors: Hasson Uri , Llano Daniel A. , Miceli Gabriele , Dick Anthony Steven 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAckermann et al.'s phylogenetic account of speech argues that the basal ganglia imbue speech with emotive content. However, a body of work on auditory/emotive processing is inconsistent with attributing this function exclusively to these structures. The account further overlooks the possibility that the emotion-integration function may be at least in part mediated by the cortico-ponto-cerebellar system.