bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortisol in Neonatal Mother's Milk Predicts Later Infant Social and Cognitive Functioning in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Dettmer Amanda M. , Murphy Ashley M. , Guitarra Denisse , Slonecker Emily , Suomi Stephen J. , Rosenberg Kendra L. , Novak Melinda A. , Meyer Jerrold S. , Hinde Katie 
Published: March 2017

Milk provides not only the building blocks for somatic development but also the hormonal signals that contribute to the biopsychological organization of the infant. Among mammals, glucocorticoids (GCs) in mother's milk have been associated with infant temperament. This study extended prior work to investigate rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) mother–infant dyads (N = 34) from birth through 8 months postpartum. Regression analysis revealed that cortisol concentrations in milk during the neonatal period predicted impulsivity on a cognitive task, but not global social behaviors, months later. During this time period, sex‐differentiated social behavior emerged. For female infants, milk cortisol concentrations predicted total frequency of play. Collectively, these findings support and extend the “lactational programming” hypothesis on the impact of maternal‐origin hormones ingested via milk.
A Priori True and False Conditionals
Authors: Quelhas Ana Cristina , Rasga Célia , Johnson‐Laird Philip N. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe theory of mental models postulates that meaning and knowledge can modulate the interpretation of conditionals. The theory's computer implementation implied that certain conditionals should be true or false without the need for evidence. Three experiments corroborated this prediction. In Experiment 1, nearly 500 participants evaluated 24 conditionals as true or false, and they justified their judgments by completing sentences of the form, It is impossible that A and ___ appropriately. In Experiment 2, participants evaluated 16 conditionals and provided their own justifications, which tended to be explanations rather than logical justifications. In Experiment 3, the participants also evaluated as possible or impossible each of the four cases in the partitions of 16 conditionals: A and C, A and not‐C, not‐A and C, not‐A and not‐C. These evaluations corroborated the model theory. We consider the implications of these results for theories of reasoning based on logic, probabilistic logic, and suppositions.
Sector‐Specific Development and Policy Vulnerability in the Philippines
Authors: Ricks Jacob I. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTWhy does a state build institutional capacity in certain sectors rather than others? Despite having gained leverage explaining the emergence of institutions in the developmental states of East Asia, we have comparatively weak accounts for sub‐national variation in institutional strength, a much more common phenomenon. Investigating the surprising achievements of the Philippines’ National Irrigation Administration, this article advances a theory of sectoral success in the face of a generally poor developmental record. The author demonstrates that executives will only construct institutional capacity when facing strong political pressure combined with resource scarcity. Such vulnerability permits politicians to exercise discretion in choosing which policies to pursue, allowing them to avoid upsetting their coalitions. Once a politician achieves some degree of policy success, he or she is then able to avoid engaging in similar reforms in other fields. Thus we see pockets of institutional capacity in states that otherwise struggle with developmental tasks.
Treatment with LY2409021, a glucagon receptor antagonist, increases liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Guzman Cristina B. , Zhang Xiaotian M. , Liu Rong , Regev Arie , Shankar Sudha , Garhyan Parag , Pillai Sreekumar G. , Kazda Christof , Chalasani Naga , Hardy Thomas A. 
Published: March 2017

AimsTo evaluate whether treatment with LY2409021, a novel, selective glucagon receptor antagonist, is associated with changes in hepatic fat and other safety variables related to the benefit–risk profile for chronic use in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsSafety and efficacy were assessed in patients with T2D taking metformin and sulphonylurea who were randomized to LY2409021 20 mg (n = 65), placebo (n = 68), or sitagliptin 100 mg (n = 41). Key endpoints included change from baseline to month 6 in hepatic fat fraction (HFF), assessed by magnetic resonance imaging; hepatic aminotransferases; blood pressure; lipid profile; fasting plasma glucose; and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).ResultsA significant increase in HFF was seen with LY2409021 vs sitagliptin (least squares [LS] mean difference 3.72%; P < .001) and placebo (4.44%; P < .001), accompanied by significant elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels with LY2409021 vs sitagliptin (6.8 U/L; P = .039) and vs placebo (10.7 U/L; P < .001). No patients had concomitant elevations in bilirubin levels. LY2409021 treatment showed significant HbA1c reductions vs placebo (LS mean difference −0.77%; P < .001) but not sitagliptin (−0.20%; P = .383). Similar results were observed for fasting plasma glucose. LY2409021 was also associated with significant increases in systolic blood pressure vs sitagliptin (4.9 mm Hg; P = .030) and vs placebo (4.3 mm Hg; P = .029), as well as significant increases in body weight and total cholesterol. All effects of LY2409021 were reversible.ConclusionIn this cohort of patients with T2D, chronic glucagon receptor antagonism with LY2409021 was associated with glucose‐lowering but also demonstrated increases in hepatic fat, hepatic aminotransferases, and other adverse effects.
Implementation of augmented reality in operative dentistry learning
Authors: Llena C. , Folguera S. , Forner L. , Rodríguez‐Lozano F. J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of augmented reality (AR) in the gaining of knowledge and skills amongst dental students in the design of cavity preparations and analyse their degree of satisfaction.Material and methodsAR cavity models were prepared for use with computers and mobile devices. Forty‐one students were divided into two groups (traditional teaching methods vs AR). Questionnaires were designed to evaluate knowledge and skills, with the administration of a satisfaction questionnaire for those using AR. The degree of compliance with the standards in cavity design was assessed. The Mann‐Whitney U‐test was used to compare knowledge and skills between the two groups, and the Wilcoxon test was applied to compare intragroup differences. The chi‐square test in turn was used to compare the qualitative parameters of the cavity designs between the groups. Statistical significance was considered for P<.05 in all cases.ResultsNo significant differences were observed in level of knowledge before, immediately after or 6 months after teaching between the two groups (P>.05). Although the results corresponding to most of the studied skills parameters were better in the experimental group, significant differences (P<.05) were only founded for cavity depth and extent for Class I and divergence of the buccal and lingual walls for the Class II. The experience was rated as favourable or very favourable by 100% of the participants. The students showed preference for computers (60%) vs mobile devices (10%).ConclusionsThe AR techniques favoured the gaining of knowledge and skills and were regarded as a useful tool by the students.
Bilateral Rolandic operculum processing underlying heartbeat awareness reflects changes in bodily self‐consciousness
Authors: Blefari Maria Laura , Martuzzi Roberto , Salomon Roy , Bello‐Ruiz Javier , Herbelin Bruno , Serino Andrea , Blanke Olaf 
Published: March 2017

AbstractExteroceptive bodily signals (including tactile, proprioceptive and visual signals) are important information contributing to self‐consciousness. Moreover, prominent theories proposed that visceral signals about internal bodily states are equally or even more important for self‐consciousness. Neuroimaging studies have described several brain regions which process signals related to bodily self‐consciousness (BSC) based on the integration of exteroceptive signals (e.g. premotor cortex, angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and extrastriate body area), and that another brain region, the insula/operculum which is involved in interoception and interoceptive awareness, processes signals critical for self‐awareness. Providing evidence for the integration of exteroceptive and interoceptive bodily signals, recent behavioral experiments have demonstrated that the manipulation of interoceptive (e.g. cardiac) signals, coupled with exteroceptive (e.g. visual) signals, also modulates BSC. Does this integration occur within or outside the structures described above? To this end, we adapted a recently designed protocol that uses cardio‐visual stimulation to induce altered states of BSC to fMRI. Additionally, we measured neural activity in a classical interoceptive task. We found six brain regions (bilateral Rolandic operculum, bilateral supramarginal gyrus, right frontal inferior operculum and left temporal superior gyrus) that were activated differently during the interoception task as opposed to a control task. The brain regions which showed the highest selectivity for BSC based on our cardio‐visual manipulation were found in the bilateral Rolandic operculum. Given our findings, we propose that the Rolandic operculum processes integrated exteroceptive–interoceptive signals that are necessary for interoceptive awareness as well as BSC.
Persistence of antibiotic resistance plasmids in bacterial biofilms
Authors: Ridenhour Benjamin J. , Metzger Genevieve A. , France Michael , Gliniewicz Karol , Millstein Jack , Forney Larry J. , Top Eva M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is a crisis in health care today. Antibiotic resistance is often horizontally transferred to susceptible bacteria by means of multidrug resistance plasmids that may or may not persist in the absence of antibiotics. Because bacterial pathogens often grow as biofilms, there is a need to better understand the evolution of plasmid persistence in these environments. Here we compared the evolution of plasmid persistence in the pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii when grown under antibiotic selection in biofilms versus well‐mixed liquid cultures. After 4 weeks, clones in which the plasmid was more stably maintained in the absence of antibiotic selection were present in both populations. On average plasmid persistence increased more in liquid batch cultures, but variation in the degree of persistence was greater among biofilm‐derived clones. The results of this study show for the first time that the persistence of MDR plasmids improves in biofilms.
Transcriptional activation of Hedgehog pathway components in aggressive haemangioma
Authors: Wendling‐Keim Danielle S. , Wanie Lynn , von Schweinitz Dietrich , Grantzow Rainer , Kappler Roland 
Published: March 2017

AbstractInfantile hemangioma is a vascular neoplasm and is one of the most common tumors diagnosed in young children. Although most hemangiomas are harmless and involute spontaneously, some show severe progression, leading to serious complications, such as high‐output cardiac failure, ulcerations, compression of the trachea or deprivation amblyopia, depending on their size and localization. However, the pathogenesis and cause of hemangioma are largely unknown to date. The goal of this study was to identify markers that could predict hemangiomas with aggressive growth and severe progression that would benefit from early intervention. By using a PCR‐based screening approach, we first confirmed that previously known markers of hemangioma, namely FGF2 and GLUT1, are highly expressed in hemangioma. Nevertheless, these genes did not show any differential expression between severely progressing tumors and mild tumors. However, transcriptional upregulation of several Hedgehog signalling components, comprising the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), the transcription factor GLI2 and its target gene FOXA2 were detected in extremely aggressive hemangioma specimens during the proliferation phase. Notably, GLI2 was even overexpressed in involuting hemangiomas if they showed an aggressive growth pattern. In conclusion, our data suggest that overexpression of the Hedgehog components SHH, GLI2 and FOXA2 might be used as markers of an aggressive hemangioma that would benefit from too early intervention, while FGF2 and GLUT1 are more general markers of hemangiomas.
The nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (NRF2) antioxidant response promotes melanocyte viability and reduces toxicity of the vitiligo‐inducing phenol monobenzone
Authors: Arowojolu Omotayo A. , Orlow Seth J. , Elbuluk Nada , Manga Prashiela 
Published: March 2017

AbstractVitiligo, characterised by progressive melanocyte death, can be initiated by exposure to vitiligo‐inducing phenols (VIPs). VIPs generate oxidative stress in melanocytes and activate the master antioxidant regulator NRF2. While NRF2‐regulated antioxidants are reported to protect melanocytes from oxidative stress, the role of NRF2 in the melanocyte response to monobenzone, a clinically relevant VIP, has not been characterised. We hypothesised that activation of NRF2 may protect melanocytes from monobenzone‐induced toxicity. We observed that knockdown of NRF2 or NRF2‐regulated antioxidants NQO1 and PRDX6 reduced melanocyte viability, but not viability of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, suggesting that melanocytes were preferentially dependent upon NRF2 activity for growth compared to other cutaneous cells. Furthermore, melanocytes activated the NRF2 response following monobenzone exposure and constitutive NRF2 activation reduced monobenzone toxicity, supporting NRF2's role in the melanocyte stress response. In contrast, melanocytes from individuals with vitiligo (vitiligo melanocytes) did not activate the NRF2 response as efficiently. Dimethyl fumarate‐mediated NRF2 activation protected normal and vitiligo melanocytes against monobenzone‐induced toxicity. Given the contribution of oxidant‐antioxidant imbalance in vitiligo, modulation of this pathway may be of therapeutic interest.
Changes in sediment seed‐bank composition of invaded macrophyte communities in a thermal river
Authors: Vojtkó Anna E. , Mesterházy Attila , Süveges Kristóf , Valkó Orsolya , Lukács Balázs A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Thermal waters, characterised by high water temperatures throughout the year, harbour a special flora atypical of temperate climatic conditions that are adapted to the combination of high water temperatures and low oxygen and carbonate contents. However, these ecosystems are susceptible to the invasion of tropical macrophytes because conditions in thermal waters are similar to those of in warmer latitudes.

We studied the vegetation and viable seed bank in an alien‐dominated upstream section of a thermal river in Hungary, and a native‐dominated downstream section of the same river where temperature was cooler and less stable. Our hypotheses were as follows: (1) alien and native plant species are clearly separated along the river, and this separation is driven by environmental factors (water temperature, conductivity and sediment characteristics); and (2) the species composition of seed banks reflects that of the established macrophytes, and thus, the seed‐bank composition would differ in the up‐ and downstream reaches.

We defined 20 sampling units in two sections of the Hévíz River in West Hungary. The vegetation was surveyed in every sampling unit, and environmental variables (sediment and water) were recorded. Five sediment cores were taken from each sampling unit and incubated in a greenhouse under waterlogged conditions.

The mean seed‐bank density was lower than any of the previously published values for aquatic plant communities. In total, fewer species germinated from the seed bank than the number of species observed in the vegetation. Moreover, the Sørensen similarity index, comparing the vegetation and seed‐bank species composition, was extremely low. The lowest seed‐bank density and diversity were detected in the alien‐dominated upstream river section, where significantly fewer native species were present in the seed bank.

Despite favourable conditions for alien macrophytes to establish in this thermal river, they did not build up considerable persistent seed banks. We conclude that the dominance of aliens modified the species composition of both the vegetation and the seed bank, mainly by depleting the seed bank of native species. Therefore, future efforts to restore native vegetation from the seed bank may require a number of different strategies.
Plant mycorrhizal status, but not type, shifts with latitude and elevation in Europe
Authors: Bueno C. Guillermo , Moora Mari , Gerz Maret , Davison John , Öpik Maarja , Pärtel Meelis , Helm Aveliina , Ronk Argo , Kühn Ingolf , Zobel Martin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimIdentifying the factors that drive large‐scale patterns of biotic interaction is fundamental for understanding how communities respond to changing environmental conditions. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a key interaction between fungi and most vascular plants. Whether plants are obligately (OM) or facultatively (FM) mycorrhizal, and which mycorrhizal type they form – arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), ectomycorrhizal (ECM), ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) or non‐mycorrhizal (NM) – can have strong implications for plant species distribution at the continental scale and on the responses of plants to environmental gradients.LocationEurope, north of 43° latitude and excluding Russia, Belarus and Moldova.Time periodUndefined.Major taxa studiedVascular plants.MethodsUsing published sources, we compiled the most complete dataset yet of plant mycorrhizal and geographical information for Europe, comprising 1442 plant species. We mapped the European distributions of plant mycorrhizal status (OM and FM) and type (AM, ECM, ERM and NM) and analysed their relationships with climatic, edaphic and plant productivity drivers on a 50 km × 50 km equal‐area grid.ResultsThe distribution of mycorrhizal types in Europe was driven by mean temperature, soil pH and productivity. AM plant species predominated throughout the region, but at higher latitudes the share of NM and, to a lesser extent, ECM and ERM species increased. FM species predominated over OM species, and this increased with latitude and was dependent on temperature drivers. The high share of OM species in the central European mountains indicates a possible influence of historical glacial refugia.Main conclusionsOur results challenge the prevailing view of parallel trends in the latitudinal and elevational distribution of mycorrhizal types and demonstrate distinctive responses of plants with different mycorrhizal status to climatic, edaphic and biogeographical drivers at the European scale.
Fatty acid profile in two berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) cultivars: Preliminary study of the effect of part of plant and phenological stage
Authors: Cabiddu Andrea , Wencelová Monica , Bomboi Giovanni , Decandia Mauro , Molle Giovanni , Salis Lorenzo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractGrazing animals have diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular α‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3), so pasture is the richest and most environmentally sustainable source of unsaturated fatty acids for animal products. The concentration of PUFA in forages varies with species, cultivar, phenological stage, silage making technique, regrowth interval, nitrogen fertilization level and other management factors. An experiment was carried out by a randomized block design with three replicates, to study the influence of part of plant and phenological stage on the fatty acid profile of two widespread berseem clover cultivars (Trifolium alexandrinum L. ‘Sacromonte’ and ‘Marmilla’). In the present study, ‘Sacromonte’ showed a higher proportion of leaves (94 vs 85% on a dry matter yield [DM] basis; P < 0.05) and lower proportion of stems (6 vs 15% on a DM basis; P < 0.05) if compared with ‘Marmilla’ during the vegetative stage. Leaves were characterized by higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (0.50 vs 0.23 mg g−1 DM) and PUFA (10.33 vs 3.84 mg g−1 DM) if compared to stems (P < 0.01) in both cultivars. Total unsaturated fatty acids represent 10.83 and 4.04 mg g−1 DM in leaves and stems, respectively (P < 0.01). No influence of phenological stage in different parts of plant was detected in terms of total unsaturated fatty acid and PUFA. These results are the first to point out the change of fatty acids profile in different parts of berseem clover plant during the vegetative and reproductive stages, but need to be confirmed in a long‐term study.
Investigating strategies used by hospital pharmacists to effectively communicate with patients during medication counselling
Authors: Chevalier Bernadette A. M. , Watson Bernadette M. , Barras Michael A. , Cottrell William Neil 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundMedication counselling opportunities are key times for pharmacists and patients to discuss medications and patients’ concerns about their therapy. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) describes behavioural, motivational and emotional processes underlying communication exchanges. Five CAT strategies (approximation, interpretability, discourse management, emotional expression and interpersonal control) permit identification of effective communication.ObjectiveTo invoke CAT to investigate communication strategies used by hospital pharmacists during patient medication counselling.DesignThis was a theory‐based, qualitative study using transcribed audiorecordings of patients and hospital pharmacists engaged in medication counselling.Setting and participantsRecruited pharmacists practised in inpatient or outpatient settings. Eligible patients within participating pharmacists’ practice sites were prescribed at least three medications to manage chronic disease(s).Main outcome measuresThe extent to which pharmacists accommodate, or not, to patients’ conversational needs based on accommodative behaviour described within CAT strategies.ResultsTwelve pharmacists engaged four patients (48 total interactions). Exemplars provided robust examples of pharmacists effectively accommodating or meeting patients’ conversational needs. Non‐accommodation mainly occurred when pharmacists spoke too quickly, used terms not understood by patients and did not include patients in the agenda‐setting phase. Multiple strategy use resulted in communication patterns such as “information‐reassurance‐rationale” sandwiches.Discussion and conclusionsMost pharmacists effectively employed all five CAT strategies to engage patients in discussions. Pharmacists’ communication could be improved at the initial agenda‐setting phase by asking open‐ended questions to invite patients’ input and allow patients to identify any medication‐related concerns or issues.