bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does pre‐exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men change risk behaviour? A systematic review
Authors: Freeborn Kellie , Portillo Carmen J. 
Published: August 2017

Aims and ObjectivesTo review the literature regarding PrEP and sexual behaviour change in MSM.BackgroundPre‐exposure prophylaxis for HIV has been available since 2012. Even so, pre‐exposure prophylaxis has not been widely accepted among healthcare providers and men who have sex with men some of whom are convinced that pre‐exposure prophylaxis decreases condom use and increases sexually transmitted infections.DesignA systematic review of the state of the evidence regarding the association of pre‐exposure prophylaxis with condom use, sexually transmitted infection incidence and change in sexual risk behaviours in men who have sex with men. A structured search of databases resulted in 142 potential citations, but only 10 publications met inclusion criteria and underwent data abstraction and critical appraisal.MethodsAn adapted Cochrane Collaboration domain‐based assessment tool was used to critically appraise the methodological components of each quantitative study, and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to critically appraise qualitative and mixed‐methods studies.ResultsCondom use in men who have sex with men using pre‐exposure prophylaxis is influenced by multiple factors. Studies indicate rates of sexually transmitted infections in treatment and placebo groups were high. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis did not significantly change sexually transmitted infection rates between baseline and follow‐up. Reporting of sexual risk improved when questionnaires were completed in private by clients. Our review found that pre‐exposure prophylaxis may provide an opportunity for men who have sex with men to access sexual health care, testing, treatment and counselling services. We did not find any conclusive evidence that pre‐exposure prophylaxis users increase sexual risk behaviours.ConclusionThe perception among healthcare providers that pre‐exposure prophylaxis leads to increased sexual risk behaviours has yet to be confirmed. In order to provide effective sexual health services, clinicians need to be knowledgeable about pre‐exposure prophylaxis as an HIV prevention tool.Relevance to clinical practiceIn an era where HIV prevention methods are rapidly improving, strategies for sexually transmitted infection testing, treatment, counselling and prevention remain vital to improve health. All healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to promote sexual health through the dissemination of accurate information.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Periodontal Biotype on Inter‐Dental Papilla Proportions, Distances Between Facial and Palatal Papillae in the Maxillary Anterior Dentition
Authors: Ahmed Arshia Jameel , Nichani Ashish S. , Venugopal Ranganath 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeGingival esthetics are an essential segment of facial beauty. The aim of the present study was to clinically assess the impact of periodontal biotype (PB), the length between the base of interproximal contact area and the interproximal bone crest (CP‐BC), the distance between the facial and palatal papillae (DFPP), and papillary proportions (PP) on the presence of interdental papillae (PIP).Materials and Methods80 patients aged 18 to 60 years were recruited for study. PB and CP‐BC were evaluated clinically. Alginate impressions of maxillary arches were made, and DFPPs were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. The impressions were later poured in dental stone, and PP were calculated.ResultsDescriptive statistics and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis for correlation among the variables. A greater proportion of individuals who had a thick PB (77.7%) had significantly higher amounts of PIP than did patients with thin PB (60.7%) (p < 0.01). A strong significant positive correlation was found between PIP in thick PB patients and DFPP (p < 0.01, r = 0.56); DFPP and PP (p < 0.01, r = 0.61). A strong negative correlation was seen between PIP in thin PB and DFPP (p < 0.01, r = –0.67).ConclusionAccording to the results of this study, PB affected the heights and presence of maxillary interdental papillae by affecting papilla proportion and distances between the facial and palatal papillae.
Alternative Method to Evaluate the Adaptation of Implant‐Supported Multi‐Unit Prosthetic Frameworks
Authors: Zhou Ying , Li Yong , Ma Xiao , Huang Yiqing , Wang Jiawei 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeVarious methods to evaluate the adaptation of dental prostheses are available; however, only a few of these methods assess the adaptation of the framework as a whole. This study aimed to propose an alternative method to evaluate the adaptation of implant‐supported multi‐unit Co–Cr alloy frameworks.Materials and MethodsA four‐unit framework supported by two implants was designed using a computer. Six dots with a diameter of 0.2 mm were designed randomly using 3Shape software on the abutment surface of the framework for measurement. Then, Co–Cr frameworks were fabricated via the milled and selective laser melting (SLM) techniques (n = 10 for each technique). They were subsequently scanned and exported as files in stereolithography format. The distances between two dots roughly along 3D directions were measured in both the designed framework and fabricated frameworks. The differences in distances were calculated. The adaptation of the frameworks was also evaluated using the impression replica method. The data were compared and statistically analyzed via t‐test.ResultsThe average difference of the distances between the designed and milled frameworks was 0.046 ± 0.057 mm when evaluated using the new method. This result was significantly different from that between the designed and SLM frameworks (0.073 ± 0.048 mm, p < 0.05). The average marginal gap width of the milled frameworks was 44.44 ± 8.61 μm when evaluated using the impression replica method. This result was also significantly different from that of the SLM frameworks (57.31 ± 7.97 μm, p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe new method can evaluate the adaptation of implant‐supported multi‐unit frameworks, thereby making assessments more effective and comprehensive when it is combined with the traditional impression replica technique.
Mental health of health professionals
Authors: Nunn Kenneth 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHelping medical colleagues with depression and suicidal thoughts and feelings can be more difficult than helping those who are not in the caring professions. The current systems of notification of impairment and supporting troubled doctors, especially in the public sector, are not working well and can make help seeking and help accepting harder. Accessing effective psychiatric help confidentially and in a timely way is difficult unless it is anticipated, facilitated, tenacious and resistant to initial rebuff. When suicide occurs, it is frequently associated with unhelpful generalisations on the value of psychiatric intervention among colleagues that makes others less likely to seek help or believe that the ‘the help will help’. The needs of the children of those who take their lives are often overlooked.
Lactobacillus plantarum BS22 promotes gut microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin B1
Authors: Zeng Y. , Zeng D. , Zhang Y. , Ni X. Q. , Wang J. , Jian P. , Zhou Y. , Li Y. , Yin Z. Q. , Pan K. C. , Jing B. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryProbiotics promote the health of the host by maintaining intestinal microbial homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the benefits of Lactobacillus plantarum BS22 (LP) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial homeostasis of broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin B1 using the PCR‐DGGE, viable count and real‐time PCR. The toxin adsorption experiment demonstrated that treatment R5 (1.0 × 108 CFU/g LP) exhibited good absorptive effect in adsorbing the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in vitro. DGGE showed that the composition and structure of gut microbiota were more similar in the mucosa than in the content of all the samples. In addition, higher diversity of the microbiota was observed in the caecum and glandular stomach than in other segments. Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae were more abundant in the ileum than in the other segments. Enterobacteriaceae in groups I (basal diet) and II (basal diet+50 μg/kg AFB1) showed a significant difference in group III (basal diet + 50 μg/kg AFB1 + 1 × 108 CFU/g LP) in the crop content and duodenum mucosa (p < .05). This investigation indicates that the L. plantarum BS22 promotes GIT microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens exposed to AFB1, particularly for the intestine mucosa microbiota. Thus, L. plantarum BS22 is a possible candidate for degrading AFB1.
The role of external carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis during growth of the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri
Authors: Smith‐Harding Tamsyne Jade , Beardall John , Mitchell James Gordon 
Published: August 2017

Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) act to improve the supply of CO2 at the active site of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. There is substantial evidence that in some microalgal species CCMs involve an external carbonic anhydrase (CAext) and that CAext activity is induced by low CO2 concentrations in the growth medium. However, much of this work has been conducted on cells adapted to air‐equilibrium concentrations of CO2, rather than to changing CO2 conditions caused by growing microalgal populations. We investigated the role of CAext in inorganic carbon (Ci) acquisition and photosynthesis at three sampling points during the growth cycle of the cosmopolitan marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. We observed that CAext activity increased with decreasing Ci, particularly CO2, concentration, supporting the idea that CAext is modulated by external CO2 concentration. Additionally, we found that the contribution of CAext activity to carbon acquisition for photosynthesis varies over time, increasing between the first and second sampling points before decreasing at the last sampling point, where external pH was high. Lastly, decreases in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll, maximum relative electron transport rate, light harvesting efficiency (α) and maximum rates of Ci‐ saturated photosynthesis (Vmax) were observed over time. Despite this decrease in photosynthetic capacity an up‐regulation of CCM activity, indicated by a decreasing half‐saturation constant for CO2 (K0.5CO2), occurred over time. The flexibility of the CCM during the course of growth in C. muelleri may contribute to the reported dominance and persistence of this species in phytoplankton blooms.
Parental management of adrenal crisis in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Fleming Louise , Knafl Kathleen , Knafl George , Van Riper Marcia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) requires parents to inject their child with hydrocortisone intramuscularly during times of illness and adrenal crisis. The purpose of this study was to describe circumstances surrounding adrenal crisis events in children with CAH; to explore parents’ perceptions of the consequences of having a child with a life‐threatening condition; and to examine a relationship between parents’ perceived management ability and the impact CAH has on the family.MethodsIn Phase 1 of this mixed‐methods, cross‐sectional study, 77 parents were asked to complete questionnaires comprising measures of family life in the context of childhood illness. Descriptive statistics were computed with four separate analyses using linear mixed models allowing for correlation between responses from parents of the same family and for the variance to be different for fathers and mothers. The following relationships were examined: (1) parental management ability and type of provider instruction on how to manage adrenal crises; (2) parental management ability and child age; (3) the perceived impact of the condition on the family and management ability; and (4) the age of the child and number of adrenal crisis events. In Phase 2, 16 semi‐structured interviews were conducted to elicit detailed descriptions of parents’ experiences in managing crises.ResultsThere was a significant, positive relationship between detailed provider instruction to parents on adrenal crisis management and perceived management ability (p = .02), additionally the stronger the perceived management ability, the less impact CAH had on the family (p < .001). From birth to age 5, parents reported more frequent crisis events and less perceived ability to manage the condition when compared with parents of older children (p = .009). The threat of an adrenal crisis event is a pervasive concern for parents, especially when they are not being properly prepared by providers.Practice ImplicationsProvider support is needed for these parents throughout childhood, but especially in the first 5 years of life when parents are adjusting to having a child with a life‐threatening condition. Identifying gaps in parent education by healthcare providers is necessary to promote positive family outcomes.
Predictors of insomnia symptoms and nightmares among individuals with post‐traumatic stress disorder: an ecological momentary assessment study
Authors: Short Nicole A. , Allan Nicholas P. , Stentz Lauren , Portero Amberly K. , Schmidt Norman B. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryDespite the high levels of comorbidity between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disturbance, little research has examined the predictors of insomnia and nightmares in this population. The current study tested both PTSD‐specific (i.e. PTSD symptoms, comorbid anxiety and depression, nightmares and fear of sleep) and insomnia‐specific (i.e. dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, insomnia‐related safety behaviours and daily stressors) predictors of sleep quality, efficiency and nightmares in a sample of 30 individuals with PTSD. Participants participated in ecological momentary assessment to determine how daily changes in PTSD‐ and insomnia‐related factors lead to changes in sleep. Multi‐level modelling analyses indicated that, after accounting for baseline PTSD symptom severity, PTSD‐specific factors were associated with insomnia symptoms, but insomnia‐specific factors were not. Only daytime PTSD symptoms and fear of sleep predicted nightmares. Both sleep‐ and PTSD‐related factors play a role in maintaining insomnia among those with PTSD, while nightmares seem to be linked more closely with only PTSD‐related factors.
Claudin‐1, miR‐122 and apolipoprotein E transductions improve the permissivity of SNU‐182, SNU‐398 and SNU‐449 hepatoma cells to hepatitis C virus
Authors: Fournier C. , Hoffmann T. W. , Morel V. , Descamps V. , Dubuisson J. , Brochot E. , Francois C. , Duverlie G. , Castelain S. , Helle F. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human hepatotropic virus, but many hepatoma cell lines are not permissive to this virus. In a previous study, we observed that SNU‐182, SNU‐398 and SNU‐449 hepatoma cell lines were nonpermissive to HCV. To understand the nonpermissivity, we evaluated the ability of each cell line to support the different steps of HCV life cycle (entry, replication and production of infectious particles). Using retroviral pseudoparticles pseudotyped with HCV envelope proteins and recombinant HCV produced in cell culture, we observed that low level or absence of claudin‐1 (CLDN1) expression limited the viral entry process in SNU‐182 and SNU‐398 cells, respectively. Our results also showed that supplementation of the three cell lines with miR‐122 partly restored the replication of a JFH1 HCV replicon. Finally, we observed that expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) was very low or undetectable in the three cell lines and that its ectopic expression permits the production of infectious viral particles in SNU‐182 and SNU‐398 cells but not in SNU‐449 cells. Nevertheless, the supplementation of SNU‐182, SNU‐398 and SNU‐449 cells with CLDN1, miR‐122 and ApoE was not sufficient to render these cells as permissive as HuH‐7 cells. Thus, these cell lines could serve as cell culture models for functional studies on the role of CLDN1, miR‐122 and ApoE in HCV life cycle but also for the identification of new restriction and/or dependency host factors essential for HCV infection.
Acute liver failure induced by idiosyncratic reaction to drugs: Challenges in diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Tujios Shannan R. , Lee William M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAcute liver failure (ALF) requires urgent attention to identify etiology and determine prognosis, in order to assess likelihood of survival or need for transplantation. Identifying idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (iDILI) may be particularly difficult, but the illness generally follows a subacute course, allowing time to assess outcome and find a liver graft if needed. Not all drugs that cause iDILI lead to ALF; the most common are antibiotics including anti‐tuberculous medications, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents and herbal and dietary supplements (HDS). Determining causality remains challenging particularly if altered mentation is present; identifying the causative agent depends in part on knowing the propensity of the drugs that have been taken in the proper time interval, plus excluding other causes. In general, iDILI that reaches the threshold of ALF will more often than not require transplantation, since survival without transplant is around 25%. Treatment consists of withdrawal of the presumed offending medication, consideration of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), as well as intensive care. Corticosteroids have not proven useful except perhaps in instances of apparent autoimmune hepatitis caused by a limited number of agents. Recently developed prognostic scoring systems may also aid in predicting outcome in this setting.
ITS1 metabarcoding highlights low specificity of lichen mycobiomes at a local scale
Authors: Fernández‐Mendoza Fernando , Fleischhacker Antonia , Kopun Theodora , Grube Martin , Muggia Lucia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAs self‐supporting and long‐living symbiotic structures, lichens provide a habitat for many other organisms beside the traditionally considered lichen symbionts—the myco‐ and the photobionts. The lichen‐inhabiting fungi either develop diagnostic phenotypes or occur asymptomatically. Because the degree of specificity towards the lichen host is poorly known, we studied the diversity of these fungi among neighbouring lichens on rocks in an alpine habitat. Using a sequencing metabarcoding approach, we show that lichen mycobiomes clearly reflect the overlap of multiple ecological sets of taxa, which differ in their trophic association with lichen thalli. The lack of specificity to the lichen mycobiome is further supported by the lack of community structure observed using clustering and ordination methods. The communities encountered across samples largely result from the subsampling of a shared species pool, in which we identify three major ecological components: (i) a generalist environmental pool, (ii) a lichenicolous/endolichenic pool and (iii) a pool of transient species. These taxa majorly belong to the fungal classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Tremellomycetes with close relatives in adjacent ecological niches. We found no significant evidence that the phenotypically recognized lichenicolous fungi influence the occurrence of the other asymptomatic fungi in the host thalli. We claim that lichens work as suboptimal habitats or as a complex spore and mycelium bank, which modulate and allow the regeneration of local fungal communities. By performing an approach that minimizes ambiguities in the taxonomic assignments of fungi, we present how lichen mycobiomes are also suitable targets for improving bioinformatic analyses of fungal metabarcoding.
Low Paid Employment in Britain: Estimating State‐Dependence and Stepping Stone Effects
Authors: Cai Lixin , Mavromaras Kostas , Sloane Peter 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUsing 18 waves of the British Household Panel Study, this paper examines state‐dependence and stepping stone effects of low pay. The results show that both state‐dependence and stepping stone effects of low pay are present. However, there is no evidence to support a low‐pay no‐pay cycle. The introduction of the national minimum wage does not appear to have affected state‐dependence and stepping stone effects of low pay.
Mineral features of connective dental hard tissues in hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Kammoun R , Behets C , Mansour L , Ghoul‐Mazgar S 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo explore the mineral features of dentin and cementum in hypoplastic Amelogenesis imperfecta AI teeth.Materials and methodsForty‐four (44) teeth cleaned and free of caries were used: 20 control and 24 affected by hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta. Thirty‐two teeth were studied by pQCT, cut in sections, and analyzed under microradiography, polarized light microscopy, and confocal Raman spectroscopy. Eight teeth were observed under scanning electron microscope. Four teeth were used for an X‐ray diffraction. The mineral density data were analyzed statistically with the Mann–Whitney U test, using GraphPad InStat software.ResultsBoth coronal dentin and radicular dentin were less mineralized in AI teeth when compared to control (respectively 6.2% and 6.8%; p < .001). Root dentinal walls were thin and irregular, while the cellular cementum layers were thick, reaching sometimes the cervical region of the tooth. Regular dentinal tubules and sclerotic dentin areas were noticed. Partially tubular or cellular dysplastic dentin and hyper‐, normo‐, or hypomineralized areas were noticed in the inter‐radicular areas of hypoplastic AI teeth. The main mineral component was carbonate hydroxyapatite as explored by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction.ConclusionsDentin and cementum in hypoplastic AI teeth are (i) hypomineralized, (ii) constituted of carbonate hydroxyapatite, and (iii) of non‐homogenous structure.