bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using scalable vector graphics in medieval Latin palaeography: new approaches, new conversations
Authors: Pohl Benjamin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The use of scalable vector graphics (SVG) in the study of pre-modern handwriting (palaeography) to date has been extremely limited, especially amongst scholars of the medieval Latin West and its manuscript culture(s). Informed by the author’s experience of using vector graphics for over a decade in researching and teaching medieval Latin palaeography in UK and EU Higher Education, this short article offers a starting point for further conversation. Following a general introduction and a concise survey of current practice, it discusses some basic SVG editing tools and exemplifies the utility of their application in three key areas of palaeographic study (tracing, analysis, and visualization) before highlighting, by way of conclusion, potential avenues of future development with the aim of enabling and encouraging colleagues to make greater use of SVG in their research and teaching.
A comparison of imprecise Bayesianism and Dempster–Shafer theory for automated decisions under ambiguity
Authors: Radzvilas Mantas , Peden William , Tortoli Daniele , De Pretis Francesco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ambiguity occurs insofar as a reasoner lacks information about the relevant physical probabilities. There are objections to the application of standard Bayesian inductive logic and decision theory in contexts of significant ambiguity. A variety of alternative frameworks for reasoning under ambiguity have been proposed. Two of the most prominent are Imprecise Bayesianism and Dempster–Shafer theory. We compare these inductive logics with respect to the Ambiguity Dilemma, which is a problem that has been raised for Imprecise Bayesianism. We develop an agent-based model comparison that isolates the difference between the two inductive logics in their updating methods. We find that Dempster–Shafer theory does not avoid the Ambiguity Dilemma. We discuss the implications of this result.
DNA-binding proteins from MBD through ZF to BEN: recognition of cytosine methylation status by one arginine with two conformations
Authors: Zhang Xing , Blumenthal Robert M , Cheng Xiaodong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Maintenance methylation, of palindromic CpG dinucleotides at DNA replication forks, is crucial for the faithful mitotic inheritance of genomic 5-methylcytosine (5mC) methylation patterns. MBD proteins use two arginine residues to recognize symmetrically-positioned methyl groups in fully-methylated 5mCpG/5mCpG and 5mCpA/TpG dinucleotides. In contrast, C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) proteins recognize CpG and CpA, whether methylated or not, within longer specific sequences in a site- and strand-specific manner. Unmethylated CpG sites, often within CpG island (CGI) promoters, need protection by protein factors to maintain their hypomethylated status. Members of the BEN domain proteins bind CGCG or CACG elements within CGIs to regulate gene expression. Despite their overall structural diversity, MBD, ZF and BEN proteins all use arginine residues to recognize guanine, adopting either a ‘straight-on’ or ‘oblique’ conformation. The straight-on conformation accommodates a methyl group in the (5mC/T)pG dinucleotide, while the oblique conformation can clash with the methyl group of 5mC, leading to preferential binding of unmethylated sequences.
Light-chilling Stress Causes Hyper-accumulation of Iron in Shoot, Exacerbating Leaf Oxidative Damage in Cucumber
Authors: Takeuchi Ko , Ochiai Kumiko , Kobayashi Masaru , Kuroda Kouichi , Ifuku Kentaro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Iron availability within the root system of plants fluctuates depending on various soil factors, which directly impacts plant growth. Simultaneously, various environmental stressors, such as high/low temperatures and high light intensity, affect plant photosynthesis in the leaves. However, the combined effects of iron nutrient conditions and abiotic stresses have not yet been clarified. In this study, we analyzed how iron nutrition conditions impact the chilling-induced damage on cucumber leaves (Cucumis sativus L.). When cucumbers were grown under different iron conditions and then exposed to chilling stress, plants grown under a high iron condition exhibited more severe chilling-induced damage than the control plants. Conversely, plants grown under a low-iron condition showed an alleviation of the chilling-induced damages. These differences were observed in a light-dependent manner, indicating that iron intensified the toxicity of reactive oxygen species generated by photosynthetic electron transport. In fact, plants grown under the low-iron condition showed less accumulation of malondialdehyde derived from lipid peroxidation after chilling stress. Notably, the plants grown under the high iron condition displayed a significant accumulation of iron and an increase in lipid peroxidation in the shoot, specifically after light-chilling stress, but not after dark-chilling stress. This indicated that increased root-to-shoot iron translocation, driven by light and low temperature, exacerbated leaf oxidative damage during chilling stress. These findings also highlight the importance of managing iron nutrition in the face of chilling stress and will facilitate crop breeding and cultivation strategies.
Association analysis provides insights into molecular evolution in salt tolerance during tomato domestication
Authors: Wang Zhen , Hong Yechun , Li Dianjue , Wang Zhiqiang , Chao Zhen-Fei , Yu Yongdong , Zhu Guangtao , Zhu Jian-Kang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Salt stress impairs plant growth and development, generally resulting in crop failure. Tomato domestication gave rise to a dramatic decrease in salt tolerance caused by the genetic variability of the wild ancestors. However, the nature of artificial selection in reducing tomato salt tolerance remains unclear. Here, we generated and analyzed datasets on the survival rates and sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations of hundreds of tomato varieties from wild ancestors to contemporary breeding accessions under high salinity. Genome-wide association studies revealed that natural variation in the promoter region of the putative K+ channel regulatory subunit-encoding gene KSB1 (potassium channel beta subunit in Solanum lycopersicum) is associated with the survival rates and root Na+/K+ ratios in tomato under salt stress. This variation is deposited in tomato domestication sweeps and contributes to modified expression of KSB1 by a salt-induced transcription factor SlHY5 in response to high salinity. We further found that KSB1 interacts with the K+ channel protein KSL1 to maintain cellular Na+ and K+ homeostasis, thus enhancing salt tolerance in tomato. Our findings reveal the crucial role of the SlHY5-KSB1-KSL1 module in regulating ion homeostasis and salt tolerance during tomato domestication, elucidating that selective pressure imposed by humans on the evolutionary process provides insights into further crop improvement.
Liechtenstein report—respecting settlor/founder intention: If wishes were horses, would trustees ride?
Authors: Gasser Johannes 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Most Liechtenstein foundations and trusts are founded and settled by nominees. Although at first, only the nominees were considered to be able to exercise reserved powers, the new 2009 statutory foundation law shifted such powers to the effective founder, i.e. the nominee’s “client”, and, most recently, the Liechtenstein Supreme Court applied the same principles on trusts in favor of settlors. Founders or settlors may exert control over the foundation or trust in various ways. However, economic founders in most cases reserve such powers not for themselves, but for the foundation board which is required to seek their advice on their historical intent. Like letters of wishes, which are equally relevant and standard practice, such advice will guide the board when excluding or appointing beneficiaries or varying the foundation documents in other ways.
Methane emissions and rumen microbiome response during compensatory growth on either a forage or grain-based finishing diet in beef cattle
Authors: Clariget Juan M , Banchero Georgget , Ciganda Verónica , Santander Daniel , Keogh Kate , Smith Paul E , Kelly Alan K , Kenny David A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the level of prior nutritional restriction during backgrounding in Angus steers on methane (CH4) emissions, diet digestibility, rumen fermentation, and ruminal microbiome under either a forage or grain-based finishing diet. Eighty steers (body weight [BW]: 444 ± 39 kg, age: 18 ± 1 mo) were blocked and randomly assigned within the block to either an optimal (0.6 to 0.7 kg/d) or suboptimal (0.3 to 0.4 kg/d) growth rate to exploit compensatory growth (CG), during 97 d of backgrounding. Following, for 84 d, half of the steers in each group were finished on a forage diet while the other half were finished on a grain-based diet. During the backgrounding period, CH4 emissions tended (P ≤ 0.07) to be higher; however, CH4 intensity expressed by BW gain was 50% lower (P &lt; 0.01) for optimal compared to suboptimal growth steers. BW gain, dry matter intake, diet digestibility, and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for optimal compared to suboptimal steers. During the finishing period, CH4 emissions in either forage or grain finishing diets were similar (P &gt; 0.05) for both backgrounding treatments. However, due to greater BW gain in suboptimal steers (1.20 vs. 0.97 kg/d), their CH4 intensity-related coefficient decreased (P &lt; 0.05) during the finishing period. Diet digestibility or any fermentation parameter was unaffected (P &gt; 0.05) by previous backgrounding during the finishing period. In fact, rumen microbial abundance measured during finishing was not modified (P &gt; 0.05) by previous backgrounding. Steers finished under grain conditions, had lower (P &lt; 0.01) daily CH4 emissions and CH4 intensity. Additionally, grain-fed steers increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW gain, diet digestibility, propionic, lactic, and valeric acids, Succinivibrionaceae family and Succiniclasticum, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-002, Sharpea, and Megasphaera bacteria genera, compared to forage-fed steers. In conclusion, ruminal microbiome and fermentation, diet digestibility, and CH4 emissions were unaffected during finishing between prior levels of backgrounding growth. However, given the higher BW gain in suboptimal steers in both finishing diets, CH4 intensity was reduced in comparison to the optimal backgrounded steers. Nevertheless, lifetime emissions of the steers need to be assessed with the different dietary regimens, since suboptimal steers reduced CH4 emissions during the backgrounding period but, additional days of finishing were required to achieve the same BW as their contemporaries.
Drought and heat stress interactions modify photorespiration and hydrogen peroxide content in silver fir
Authors: Alongi Franklin , Petrík Peter , Ruehr Nadine K 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Photorespiration (PR) greatly reduces net carbon assimilation in trees (by c. 25%), but has received recent attention particular for its potential role in stress-signaling through the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a stress signaling agent. Despite an increasing frequency of drought and heat events affecting forests worldwide, little is known about how concurrent abiotic stressors may interact to affect PR and subsequent H2O2 accumulation in trees. Here, we sought to identify how drought and a compounded 1-day heat treatment individually and interactively affect PR (determined under variable O2) in Abies alba Mill. seedlings. Additionally, we quantified foliar H2O2 accumulation and enzymatic scavenging via peroxidase in relation to PR rates. We found drought stress to slightly increase PR (+5.2%) during mild-drought (12 days, Ψmd = −0.85 MPa), but ultimately to decrease PR (−13.6%) during severe-drought (26 days, Ψmd = −1.70 MPa) compared with the control, corresponding to increasing non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis (i.e., decreased electron transport rate). The response of PR to heat stress was dependent on soil water availability as heat stress increased PR in control seedlings (+37.8%), but not in drought-stressed seedlings. Decreased PR during severe-drought corresponded to ~2× lower foliar H2O2 compared with the control. Despite increased PR under heat stress in control seedlings, foliar H2O2 decreased to near-zero likely due to enhanced scavenging as observed in ~2× greater peroxidase activity. Our results demonstrate that carbon loss to PR during drought stress can be highly dynamic, depending on the severity of soil dehydration. Additionally, increased PR under abiotic stress does not necessarily lead to accumulated H2O2, as tight regulation by scavenging enzymes instead minimize oxidative stress, reducing stress-signaling potential.
A process-based model of climate-driven xylogenesis and tree-ring formation in broad-leaved trees (BTR)
Authors: Zhao Binqing , Song Wenqi , Chen Zecheng , Zhang Qingzhu , Liu Di , Bai Yuxin , Li Zongshan , Dong Hanjun , Gao Xiaohui , Li Xingxing , Wang Xiaochun 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The process-based xylem formation model is an important tool for understanding the radial growth process of trees and its influencing factors. While numerous xylogenesis models for conifers have been developed, there is a lack of models available for non-coniferous trees. In this study, we present a process-based model designed for xylem formation and ring growth in broad-leaved trees, which we call the Broad-leaved Tree-Ring (BTR) model. Climate factors, including daylength, air temperature, soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit, drive daily xylem cell production (fibers and vessels) and growth (enlargement, wall deposition). The model calculates the total cell area in the simulated zone to determine the annual ring width. The results demonstrate that the BTR model can basically simulate inter-annual variation in ring width and intra-annual changes in vessel and fiber cell formation in Fraxinus mandshurica (ring-porous) and Betula platyphylla (diffuse-porous). The BTR model is a potential tool for understanding how different trees form wood and how climate change influences this process.
Personal Experiences With Xylazine and Behavior Change: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Reddit Posts
Authors: Heidari Omeid , Sugarman Olivia K. , Winiker Abigail K. , Gattine Sabrina , Flanagan Vivian , Razaghi Roham , Saloner Brendan K. 
Published: September 2024

ObjectivesXylazine is a rapidly spreading adulterant in the United States' drug supply and is increasingly associated with overdoses and severe wounds, but there is a dearth of information about the clinical presentation or means of treatment for human xylazine exposure. The objective of this study was to explore personal attitudes about xylazine in the drug supply and experiences with xylazine-related use among people who reported using drugs and contributed content to social media site Reddit.MethodsTo conduct a retrospective qualitative content analysis, the study team extracted all posts and comments from Reddit, which mentioned the terms “xylazine” or “tranq.” Content was extracted from 10 Reddit forums, or subreddits, specific to drug use, and included content created on or before the extraction date of January 2023. In total, 3284 posts were identified and 1803 were qualitatively coded using an inductive approach until meaning saturation was reached.ResultsThree themes emerged across comments and posts: (1) personal experiences with xylazine, including a negative impact on overdose, withdrawal, and wounds; (2) behavior changes in response to xylazine in the drug supply, including devising and sharing new harm reduction and detection tips, and reducing or abstaining from drug use altogether; (3) a perceived lack of treatment options for xylazine withdrawal and information sharing to help others self-treat withdrawal symptoms, most often with clonidine.ConclusionsThis study of people who reported using drugs with xylazine provides new insights into how xylazine is perceived, possible treatment modalities, and potential clinical research approaches.
Return-to-Play Outcomes in Elite Athletes After Cervical and Lumbar Motion Preservation Spine Surgery
Authors: Reyes Justin L. , Geraghty Elisabeth , Coury Josephine R. , Arvind Varun , Luzzi Andrew J. , Mastroianni Michael A. , Morrissette Cole R. , Obana Kyle O. , Trofa David P. , Ahmad Christopher S. , Sardar Zeeshan M. , Lehman Ronald A. , Lombardi Joseph M. 
Published: September 2024

Study Design.
Systematic review.

Objective.
The primary purpose of this article was to survey the present literature and report on return-to-play (RTP) outcomes in elite athletes after undergoing motion preservation spinal surgery (MPSS).

Background.
For elite performance, athletes require adequate mobility throughout the trunk, torso, and spine to achieve maximal force production. Therefore, elite athletes who have failed conservative treatment may seek to undergo motion-preserving surgical options, such as total disc arthroplasty and lumbar microdiscectomy. Individual studies have reported on RTP outcomes following individual motion preservation surgical procedures, but no systematic reviews have formally reported on RTP outcomes, postoperative performance, and reoperation rates on these procedures in elite athletes.

Materials and Methods.
A systematic review was conducted from inception until February 2024 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. One reviewer queried PubMed for relevant studies that reported on RTP outcomes in elite athletes after MPSS based on title and abstract (n = 1404). After the original search query, an additional reviewer screened full-length articles. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Special consideration was given to RTP rates, postoperative performance, and reoperation rates.

Results.
A total of 612 elite athletes from the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Hockey League, and other professional sporting organizations underwent cervical and lumbar MPSS to treat various spinal pathologies. Various motion-sparing techniques were used to treat various pathologies. After undergoing MPSS, RTP rates ranged from 75% to 100% for lumbar cases and 83.3% to 100% for cervical cases. Postoperative performance varied with some athletes performing at the same level before surgery and some performing at a decreased level.

Conclusions.
MPSS is a feasible option when properly indicated. Future studies are needed to compare return to sport rates, postoperative performance, and reoperation rates between MPSS to spinal arthrodesis.
Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral resection of the prostate in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A meta-analysis of 13 randomized control trials
Authors: Daryanto Besut , Suryanullah Wisnu Syahputra , Putra Probo Yudha Pratama 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in older men increases with age, beginning at 40–45 years and reaching to 60% by 60 years and 80% by 80 years. Surgical procedures such as holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) are the preferred treatments for BPH. Nevertheless, there is disagreement regarding the most efficient and safe treatment for BPH. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of HoLEP and TURP based on existing evidence.

Materials and methods
This meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In February 2023, a literature review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library, and the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan V.5.4.

Results
A total of 656 patients underwent HoLEP, and 653 patients underwent TURP. There was no statistically significant difference in the International Prostate Symptom Score at 1 month or at 3, 6, 18, 24, and 36 months; the HoLEP group showed a significant difference at 12 months. The pooled data from the maximum urinary flow rate at 1–12 months revealed no significant findings, but the TURP group showed significant results at 24 months. Meanwhile, the HoLEP group showed significant postvoid residual results. There was no significant difference in the quality of life between the groups. Patients who underwent HoLEP had shorter hospital stay and catheter usage period and had lower hemoglobin drop. The operating time was shorter in the TURP group. The difference in specimen weight between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. The overall complications were similar in both groups, but the HoLEP group received significantly fewer blood transfusions.

Conclusions
Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety, with fewer hematological changes and complications; however, TURP had a shorter operating time.
HCC spatial transcriptomic profiling reveals significant and potentially targetable cancer-endothelial interactions
Authors: Lu Chenyue , Pankaj Amaya , Raabe Michael , Nawrocki Cole , Liu Ann , Xu Nova , Patel Bidish K. , Emmett Matthew J. , Coley Avril K. , Ferrone Cristina R. , Deshpande Vikram , Bhan Irun , Hoshida Yujin , Ting David T. , Aryee Martin J. , Franses Joseph W. 
Published: September 2024

Background:HCC is a highly vascular tumor, and many effective drug regimens target the tumor blood vessels. Prior bulk HCC subtyping data used bulk transcriptomes, which contained a mixture of parenchymal and stromal contributions.Methods:We utilized computational deconvolution and cell-cell interaction analyses to cell type-specific (tumor-enriched and vessel-enriched) spatial transcriptomic data collected from 41 resected HCC tissue specimens.Results:We report that the prior Hoshida bulk transcriptional subtyping schema is driven largely by an endothelial fraction, show an alternative tumor-specific schema has potential prognostic value, and use spatially paired ligand-receptor analyses to identify known and novel (LGALS9 tumor-HAVCR2 vessel) signaling relationships that drive HCC biology in a subtype-specific and potentially targetable manner.Conclusions:Our study leverages spatial gene expression profiling technologies to dissect HCC heterogeneity and identify heterogeneous signaling relationships between cancer cells and their endothelial cells. Future validation and expansion of these findings may validate novel cancer-endothelial cell interactions and related drug targets.