bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Missing Memory of Canadian Sociology: Reflexive Government and “the Social Science”
Authors: Curtis Bruce 
Published: May 2016

The modest literature on the history of Canadian Sociology takes the appearance of a named academic discipline as its object. Canadian Sociology is held to have had some precursors in the 1880s, but really to appear only in the 1920s. It is described as a foreign import and as an activity first of intellectual speculation and moral reform. Observational and analytic practice are absent before 1880. The activities of state agents and government departments in the social field are not discussed. This article offers a richer account through an examination of the larger field from which Sociology was extracted, “the social science,” which was practiced actively in colonial Canada from the early nineteenth century. The social science shaped and was itself shaped by colonial conditions. The article outlines three interrelated moments in social science to carry its claims: inventory‐making, the emergence of “population‐thinking,” and “reflexive government.” Attending to the social science underlines the complex and convoluted relations of sociology with state power.Les rares oeuvrages académiques portant sur l'histoire de la sociologie canadienne prend pour objet l'apparition du terme <sociologie> dans le contexte universitaire. Dans cet optique, ils signalent certains précurseurs de la sociologie canadienne dès les années 1880, mais en fait ils affirment que cette discipline n'apparaît que dans les années 1920. Cette discipline est présentée comme une importation académique et, d'abord et avant tout, comme de la spéculation intellectuelle et comme un projet de réforme morale. D'après cette vision, les pratiques d'observation et d'analyse sociales ne semblent pas exister avant 1880, et les acteurs politiques et administratifs sont absents du terrain. Notre article propose un examen plus riche du vaste champ duquel la sociologie académique fut arrachée: <la science sociale> activement pratiquée au Canada à l'époque coloniale dès le début du XIXe siècle. La science sociale forma et fut formée par les conditions sociales et politiques existant dans la colonie. Notre article expose trois moments pertinents et inter‐reliés de la science sociale: la fabrication d'inventaires sociaux; l'émergence du <penser population>, et l'exercice du <gouvernement réflexif>. La réintégration de l'histoire de la sociologie canadienne dans la science sociale accentue la relation complexe et incontournable entre sociologie et pouvoir étatique.
Trends in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer in London
Authors: Tataru D. , Mak V. , Simo R. , Davies E.A. , Gallagher J.E. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundHead and neck cancers [HNCs] are biologically heterogeneous tumours. The objectives of this study were to describe trends in incidence of HNCs amongst London residents by sex, age, anatomical site, deprivation and ethnicity.MethodsAnnual age‐standardised incidence rates [ASRs] were calculated on HNC registration data, overall and for specific cancer sites, by sex and morphology (1985–2010) and area‐based socio‐economic deprivation score (2006–2010). Age‐standardised incidence rate ratios [IRRs] for the main ethnic groups were calculated by cancer site, using White males and females as the reference groups (1998–2009).ResultsThe ASR of HNC in males increased by 40% from 17.3 [95% CI: 15.8–18.6] to 24.2 [95% CI: 22.5–25.8] per 100 000 and in females by 87% from 7.0 [95% CI: 6.2–7.8] to 13.1 [95% CI: 11.9–14.2] per 100 000. Seventy‐three per cent of cases spanned four cancer sites: larynx, thyroid, oral and oropharynx. Larynx was most common (23%), and had the highest male: female ratio (6 : 1); ASRs decreased significantly over time, most notably in males [P < 0.001]. Oral cavity was the second most common (21%), with a male: female ratio of 2 : 1, and increasing ASRs in both sexes [P < 0.001]. The majority of cases were male (64%) and from deprived areas (59%). Deprivation was associated with a significantly higher incidence for larynx (males), oropharynx (males and females) and oral cavity (females) [P < 0.05]. The age‐specific rate for middle‐aged adults (45–64 years) was high for oropharyngeal cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancers increased significantly in both sexes [P < 0.001], and this was the only site more common in females. One in five cases with known ethnicity was from a non‐White group (20%). Compared with their White counterparts, Bangladeshi females had a higher incidence of oral, laryngeal and thyroid cancers; Chinese males and females had a higher incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer; and Pakistani and Indian females and Indian males also had higher incidence of oral cancer.ConclusionsHNCs are increasing in London males and females with significant variation by cancer site over time; oral and oropharyngeal cancers show the most significant rise, with implications for public health action and service provision.
Learning and the transformative potential of citizen science
Authors: Bela Györgyi , Peltola Taru , Young Juliette C. , Balázs Bálint , Arpin Isabelle , Pataki György , Hauck Jennifer , Kelemen Eszter , Kopperoinen Leena , Van Herzele Ann , Keune Hans , Hecker Susanne , Suškevičs Monika , Roy Helen E. , Itkonen Pekka , Külvik Mart , László Miklós , Basnou Corina , Pino Joan , Bonn Aletta 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe number of collaborative initiatives between scientists and volunteers (i.e., citizen science) is increasing across many research fields. The promise of societal transformation together with scientific breakthroughs contributes to the current popularity of citizen science (CS) in the policy domain. We examined the transformative capacity of citizen science in particular learning through environmental CS as conservation tool. We reviewed the CS and social‐learning literature and examined 14 conservation projects across Europe that involved collaborative CS. We also developed a template that can be used to explore learning arrangements (i.e., learning events and materials) in CS projects and to explain how the desired outcomes can be achieved through CS learning. We found that recent studies aiming to define CS for analytical purposes often fail to improve the conceptual clarity of CS; CS programs may have transformative potential, especially for the development of individual skills, but such transformation is not necessarily occurring at the organizational and institutional levels; empirical evidence on simple learning outcomes, but the assertion of transformative effects of CS learning is often based on assumptions rather than empirical observation; and it is unanimous that learning in CS is considered important, but in practice it often goes unreported or unevaluated. In conclusion, we point to the need for reliable and transparent measurement of transformative effects for democratization of knowledge production.
How Off‐farm Employment Affects Technical Efficiency of China's Farms: The Case of Jiangsu
Authors: Zhang Linxiu , Su Weiliang , Eriksson Tor , Liu Chengfang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUsing three‐wave survey data for four villages of Jiangsu Province in China, the present paper examines whether and to what extent off‐farm employment affects the technical efficiency of agricultural production. The level of technical efficiency is measured using a stochastic frontier production function approach. Based on estimation results from instrumental variable panel quantile regressions we find that there is a positive significant effect of off‐farm employment on the level of farm technical efficiency. We also find that fragmentation of farmland is a barrier to the improvement of technical efficiency. In addition, we find a downward trend in the level of agricultural technical efficiency among our sample. Therefore, the Chinese Government should stimulate agricultural mechanization and the development of farming techniques to improve technical efficiency in the context of increasing off‐farm employment.
Effects of Parental Migration on Mental Health of Left‐behind Children: Evidence from Northwestern China
Authors: Shi Yaojiang , Bai Yu , Shen Yanni , Kenny Kaleigh , Rozelle Scott 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChina's rapid development and urbanization have induced large numbers of rural residents to migrate from their homes in the countryside to urban areas in search of higher wages. It is estimated that there are more than 60 million “left‐behind children” (LBC) remaining in the countryside after their parents migrate, typically living with surrogate caregivers. Extensive research has focused on the impact of parental out‐migration on children's mental health, but less attention has been paid to the effects of parental return‐migration. The present paper examines the changes in mental health before and after the parents of fourth and fifth grade students out‐migrate or return‐migrate. We draw on a panel dataset collected by the authors of more than 19000 students from 252 rural primary schools in northwestern China. Using DID and propensity score matching approaches, our results indicate that parental out‐migration has a significant negative impact on the mental health of LBC, as they tend to exhibit higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of self‐esteem. However, we find that parental return‐migration has no significant effect on the mental health of LBC.
Factors limiting romantic relationship formation for individuals with early psychosis
Authors: Pillay Rowena , Lecomte Tania , Abdel‐Baki Amal 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough many young adults with early psychosis (EP) desire to engage in a romantic relationship, many report having difficulties in engaging in such a relationship. However, almost no research has been conducted on factors potentially explaining impairments in their ability to form romantic relationships.AimTo compare an EP single young adult sample with single students or students in stable romantic relationships on factors that can cause difficulties in romantic relationship initiation processesMethodsCross‐sectional study comparing these three groups (n = 83) on self‐esteem, attachment, social functioning and perceived difficulties in dating.ResultsNo significant group differences were found on self‐esteem, although lack of confidence was the second most frequent reason evoked by EP participants when asked why they were single. EP participants had greater attachment preoccupation than students involved in a relationship. Single EP individuals rated their social interaction abilities higher compared with single students, but did not engage in social interactions more often. Both single EP participants and single students had more negative perceptions of their intimacy abilities and fewer intimacy behaviours compared with participants involved in a relationship.ConclusionsPotential interventions to improve EP young adult's capacity to engage in romantic relationships could target perception of their interaction skills, preoccupation about being loved, negative perception of their intimacy abilities, frequency of intimacy related behaviours and lack of confidence.
Zircon M127 – A Homogeneous Reference Material for SIMS U–Pb Geochronology Combined with Hafnium, Oxygen and, Potentially, Lithium Isotope Analysis
Authors: Nasdala Lutz , Corfu Fernando , Valley John W. , Spicuzza Michael J. , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Li Qiu‐Li , Yang Yue‐Heng , Fisher Chris , Münker Carsten , Kennedy Allen K. , Reiners Peter W. , Kronz Andreas , Wiedenbeck Michael , Wirth Richard , Chanmuang Chutimun , Zeug Manuela , Váczi Tamás , Norberg Nicholas , Häger Tobias , Kröner Alfred , Hofmeister Wolfgang 
Published: May 2016

In this article, we document a detailed analytical characterisation of zircon M127, a homogeneous 12.7 carat gemstone from Ratnapura, Sri Lanka. Zircon M127 has TIMS‐determined mean U–Pb radiogenic isotopic ratios of 0.084743 ± 0.000027 for 206Pb/238U and 0.67676 ± 0.00023 for 207Pb/235U (weighted means, 2s uncertainties). Its 206Pb/238U age of 524.36 ± 0.16 Ma (95% confidence uncertainty) is concordant within the uncertainties of decay constants. The δ18O value (determined by laser fluorination) is 8.26 ± 0.06‰ VSMOW (2s), and the mean 176Hf/177Hf ratio (determined by solution ICP‐MS) is 0.282396 ± 0.000004 (2s). The SIMS‐determined δ7Li value is −0.6 ± 0.9‰ (2s), with a mean mass fraction of 1.0 ± 0.1 μg g−1 Li (2s). Zircon M127 contains ~ 923 μg g−1 U. The moderate degree of radiation damage corresponds well with the time‐integrated self‐irradiation dose of 1.82 × 1018 alpha events per gram. This observation, and the (U–Th)/He age of 426 ± 7 Ma (2s), which is typical of unheated Sri Lankan zircon, enable us to exclude any thermal treatment. Zircon M127 is proposed as a reference material for the determination of zircon U–Pb ages by means of SIMS in combination with hafnium and stable isotope (oxygen and potentially also lithium) determination.
The impact of prescribed opioids on CD4 cell count recovery among HIV‐infected patients newly initiating antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Edelman EJ , Gordon KS , Tate JP , Becker WC , Bryant K , Crothers K , Gaither JR , Gibert CL , Gordon AJ , Marshall BDL , Rodriguez‐Barradas MC , Samet JH , Skanderson M , Justice AC , Fiellin DA 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesCertain prescribed opioids have immunosuppressive properties, yet their impact on clinically relevant outcomes, including antiretroviral therapy (ART) response among HIV‐infected patients, remains understudied.MethodsUsing the Veterans Aging Cohort Study data, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of 4358 HIV‐infected patients initiating ART between 2002 and 2010 and then followed them for 24 months. The primary independent variable was prescribed opioid duration, categorized using pharmacy data as none prescribed, short‐term (< 90 days) and long‐term (≥ 90 days). Outcomes included CD4 cell count over time. Analyses adjusted for demographics, comorbid conditions, ART type and year of initiation, and overall disease severity [ascertained with the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index]. Sensitivity analyses examined whether effects varied according to baseline CD4 cell count, achievement of viral load suppression, and opioid properties (i.e. dose and known immunosuppressive properties).ResultsCompared to those with none, patients with short‐term opioids had a similar increase in CD4 cell count (mean rise per year: 74 vs. 68 cells/μL; P = 0.11), as did those with long‐term prescribed opioids (mean rise per year: 74 vs. 75 cells/μL; P = 0.98). In sensitivity analysis, compared with no opioids, the effects of short‐term prescribed opioids were statistically significant among those with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 500 cells/μL (mean rise per year: 52 cells/μL for no opioids vs. 20 cells/μL for short‐term opioids; P = 0.04); findings were otherwise unchanged.ConclusionsDespite immunosuppressive properties intrinsic to opioids, prescribed opioids appeared to have no effect on CD4 cell counts over 24 months among HIV‐infected patients initiating ART.
Psychiatric and substance use disorders in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected patients: does HCV clearance matter? [Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) HEPAVIH CO13 cohort]
Authors: Michel L , Lions C , Winnock M , Lang J‐P , Loko M‐A , Rosenthal E , Marchou B , Valantin M‐A , Morlat P , Roux P , Sogni P , Spire B , Poizot‐Martin I , Lacombe K , Lascoux‐Combe C , Duvivier C , Neau D , Dabis F , Salmon‐Ceron D , Carrieri MP ,   the ANRS HEPAVIH CO13 study group
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThe objective of this nested study was to assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a sample of HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected patients according to their HCV status.MethodsThe nested cross‐sectional study, untitled HEPAVIH‐Psy survey, was performed in a subset of HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients enrolled in the French Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) CO13 HEPAVIH cohort. Psychiatric disorders were screened for using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 5.0.0).ResultsAmong the 286 patients enrolled in the study, 68 (24%) had never received HCV treatment, 87 (30%) were treatment nonresponders, 44 (15%) were currently being treated and 87 (30%) had a sustained virological response (SVR). Of the 286 patients enrolled, 121 patients (42%) screened positive for a psychiatric disorder other than suicidality and alcohol/drug abuse/dependence, 40 (14%) screened positive for alcohol abuse/dependence, 50 (18%) screened positive for drug abuse/dependence, 50 (17.5%) were receiving an antidepressant treatment and 69 (24%) were receiving an anxiolytic. Patients with an SVR did not significantly differ from the other groups in terms of psychiatric disorders. Patients receiving HCV treatment screened positive less often for an anxiety disorder. The highest rate of drug dependence/abuse was among HCV treatment‐naïve patients.ConclusionsPsychiatric disorders were frequent in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients and their rates were comparable between groups, even for patients achieving an SVR. Our results emphasize the need for continuous assessment and care of coinfected patients, even after HCV clearance. Drug addiction remains an obstacle to access to HCV treatment. Despite the recent advent and continued development of directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs), it is still crucial to offer screening and comprehensive care for psychiatric and addictive disorders.
Does enhancing personal care assistants’ own oral health influence their attitudes and practices towards oral care for residents – a pilot study
Authors: Knevel RJM , Foley J , Gussy M , Karimi L 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate whether, within a residential care facility, increasing personal care assistants’ (PCAs) awareness of their own oral health status and self‐care skills would alter existing attitudes and behavioural intentions related to the oral health care of residents.MethodsPCAs (n = 15) in the dementia care unit of a residential care facility in Melbourne, Australia, were invited to participate in a small research project that appeared to test the effectiveness of a work‐place oral health educational programme in enhancing their own oral health whilst masking the actual outcome of interest, namely its effect on PCAs oral healthcare attitudes and practices towards the residents.ResultsPost‐intervention, the self‐reported confidence of the PCAs to identify their personal risk for oral health problems, identifying common oral health conditions and determining the factors contributing to their personal oral health was increased significantly (P < 0.05). Post‐intervention, the self‐reported confidence of the PCAs to feeling confident to identify factors that could contribute to poor oral health of residents, identify resident's higher risk for poor oral health and feeling confident in identifying common oral health conditions in residents was also increased significantly (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe results of this pilot study show that the educational intervention to increase the personal care assistants’ (PCAs) awareness of their own oral health status and self‐care skills increased the confidence of the carers to identify oral health risks in the residents, as well as increasing their self‐reported confidence in providing oral care to residents.
Cardiac assessment prior to non‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Mooney J. F. , Hillis G. S. , Lee V. W. , Halliwell R. , Vicaretti M. , Moncrieff C. , Chow C. K. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundIncreasingly, patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery are older and have more comorbidities yet preoperative cardiac assessment appears haphazard and unsystematic. We hypothesised that patients at high cardiac risk were not receiving adequate cardiac assessment, and patients with low‐cardiac risk were being over‐investigated.AimsTo compare in a representative sample of patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery the use of cardiac investigations in patients at high and low preoperative cardiac risk.MethodsWe examined cardiac assessment patterns prior to elective non‐cardiac surgery in a representative sample of patients. Cardiac risk was calculated using the Revised Cardiac Risk Index.ResultsOf 671 patients, 589 (88%) were low risk and 82 (12%) were high risk. We found that nearly 14% of low‐risk and 45% of high‐risk patients had investigations for coronary ischaemia prior to surgery. Vascular surgery had the highest rate of investigation (38%) and thoracic patients the lowest rate (14%). Whilst 78% of high‐risk patients had coronary disease, only 46% were on beta‐blockers, 49% on aspirin and 77% on statins. For current smokers (17.3% of cohort, n = 98), 60% were advised to quit pre‐op.ConclusionsPractice patterns varied across surgical sub‐types with low‐risk patients tending to be over‐investigated and high‐risk patients under‐investigated. A more systemised approach to this large group of patients could improve clinical outcomes, and more judicious use of investigations could lower healthcare costs and increase efficiency in managing this cohort.
Hepatitis C may enhance key amplifiers of psoriasis
Authors: Chun K. , Afshar M. , Audish D. , Kabigting F. , Paik A. , Gallo R. , Hata T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundMultiple studies have noted an association between hepatitis C and psoriasis, but it is not known whether psoriasis is a result of treatment modalities for hepatitis C or a result of hepatitis C alone.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between psoriasis and hepatitis C by measuring the expression of cathelicidin, TLR9 and IFNγ in psoriatic lesional and non‐lesional skin in HCV‐positive and negative psoriatic patients.MethodsTwo 2 mm punch biopsies of lesional and non‐lesional skin in 10 patients who were HCV‐negative psoriatics and seven HCV‐positive psoriatics were used to measure cathelicidin, TLR9 and IFNγ mRNA expression by quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR).ResultsThe mRNA levels of cathelicidin, TLR9 and IFNγ were significantly higher in both non‐lesional and lesional skin of HCV‐positive patients with psoriasis as compared to HCV‐negative psoriatic patients. Additionally, the IFNγ level in lesional skin of HCV‐positive psoriatic patients was higher than the IFNγ level seen in non‐lesional skin of those same patients.ConclusionThese findings suggest that HCV infection upregulates these inflammatory cytokines, possibly increasing susceptibility to developing psoriasis.