bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of intraoperative nausea and vomiting in caesarean delivery under regional anaesthesia
Authors: Semiz Altuğ , Akpak Yaşam Kemal , Yılanlıoğlu Necip Cihangir , Babacan Ali , Gönen Gökhan , Çam Gönen Canan , Asıliskender Murat , Karaküçük Selim 
Published: January 2017

Objectives This study aimed to predict patients who have caesarean operations under regional anaesthesia and are at risk for intraoperative nausea and vomiting (IONV), for ultimately prompting anaesthetists and surgeons to take preventive measures. Methods This was a retrospective study on 209 patients who had caesarean section under spinal-epidural combined regional anaesthesia. The relevant medical history, such as severe nausea and vomiting in the first trimester, smoking, a history of motion sickness, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), were obtained from the patients’ records and interviews. Results Patients who had a female neonate, a history of severe nausea and vomiting in the first trimester, and a history of PMS and motion sickness before pregnancy experienced a significantly higher rate of IONV. Smokers were less susceptible to IONV, but this was not significant. Conclusion This study shows that some factors in the medical history of a patient can help identify those who are more likely to suffer from IONV.
Change in pulse transit time in the lower extremity after lumbar sympathetic ganglion block: an early indicator of successful block
Authors: Joo Eun-Young , Kong Yu Gyeong , Lee Jonghyuk , Cho Hyun-Seok , Kim Sung-Hoon , Suh Jeong Hun 
Published: January 2017

Objective To investigate the change in pulse transit time (PTT)—time between the electrocardiographic R wave and the highest point of the corresponding plethysmographic wave—after lumbar sympathetic ganglion block (LSGB) and evaluate PTT as an indicator of successful LSGB. Methods Sixteen cases of sympathetically mediated lower extremity neuropathic pain treated with LSGB were studied. Correlations between the changes in PTT and temperature were used to identify the cutoff point indicating successful LSGB. Results PTT rate of change at 5 min relative to the baseline PTT (dPTT5/PTT0) significantly correlated positively with the temperature change at 20 min (correlation coefficient 0.734). The dPTT5/PTT0 ratios of the Success and Failure groups were 6.46 ± 2.81% and 2.77 ± 1.72%, respectively. The dPTT5/PTT0 cutoff indicating successful LSGB, based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, was 4.23%. Conclusion PTT measurement 5 min after local anesthetic injection was an early, objective indicator of successful or failed LSGB.
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei Infection in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).
Authors: Anosa V. O. , Kaneko J. J. 
Published: January 2017

The results of light and electron microscopic studies demonstrated that Trypanosoma brucei infection produced marked testicular degeneration in deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus) with highly significant (p < 0.001) decreases in testicular weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, and epithelial thickness. Lesions in seminiferous tubules consisted of necrosis of spermatids, spermatocytes, and sometimes the spermatogonia. Sertoli's cells had marked vacuolation and accumulation of phagocytic material. Orchitis was present in most infected mice, particularly those with severe seminiferous tubular degeneration. There was marked folding of the basal laminae of the seminiferous tubule and myoid layer, and a consistent increase in the layers of the basal laminae of the seminiferous tubule. Trypanosomes were present in the intertubular tissues of seminiferous tubules, and they occasionally crossed the myoid layer but never the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules. Inflammatory and other cells in the interstitium consisted of lymphocytes (35.2%), Leydig's cells (25.1%), macrophages (18.1%), plasma cells (12.3%), neutrophils (5.6%), eosinophils (3.2%), and mast cells (0.5%). Inflammatory cells including lymphocytes (51.6%), macrophages (43.9%), plasma cells (3.0%), and eosinophils (1.5%) occasionally breached the myoid layer and occupied the space between it and the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule. Leydig's cells usually existed in clusters, had decreased mitochondrial size and secretory granules, and folding of the nuclear membrane.
Intracranial structural alteration predicts treatment outcome in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Choi Hanna , Lee Mi Ji , Choi Hyun Ah , Cha Jihoon , Chung Chin-Sang 
Published: January 2017

Background Intracranial structural dislocation in spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) can be measured by various intracranial angles and distances. We aimed to identify the clinical significance of structural dislocation in relation to treatment outcome in patients with SIH. Methods In this retrospective analysis, we identified patients with SIH who received an epidural blood patch (EBP) at Samsung Medical Center from January 2005 to March 2015. Structural dislocation in pretreatment MRIs of SIH patients was assessed by measuring tonsillar herniation, mamillopontine distance, the angle between the vein of Galen and straight sinus (vG/SS angle), the pontomesencephalic angle, and the lateral ventricular angle. After the first EBP, poor response was defined as the persistence of symptoms that prompted a repeat EBP. Results Out of the 95 patients included, 31 (32.6%) showed poor response. Among the radiological markers of structural dislocation, the vG/SS angle was associated with poor response (49.82 ± 16.40° vs 66.58 ± 26.08°, p = 0.002). Among clinical variables, premorbid migraine ( p = 0.036) was related to poor response. In multivariate analysis, reduced vG/SS angle was independently associated with poor response (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01 – 1.07] per 1° decrease, p = 0.006). In 23 patients who underwent MRI after successful treatment, the vG/SS angle significantly increased after the EBP ( p < 0.001, by paired t-test), while two patients with aggravation or recurrence showed a further reduction of their vG/SS angles. Conclusions Intracranial structural dislocation, measured by the vG/SS angle, is associated with poor response to the first EBP in patients with SIH. Successful treatment can reverse the structural dislocation.
An Initial Assessment of Secular Trends in Muscular Strength Among Children, Adolescents, and Adults Across the Lifespan: National Sample of Americans
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: Adequate muscular strength has important implications for morbidity and early mortality prevention. There are no data on the recent trends in muscular strength across lifespan, which was this study’s purpose. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: 2011 to 2012 and 2013 to 2014 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across the United States. Participants: The analyzed sample included 12 295 participants aged 6 to 85 years. Measures: Muscular strength was assessed via a handgrip dynamometer. Analysis: Adjusted Wald test. Results: As expected, men (vs women) had greater grip strength, with grip strength declining as age increased. Central to the focus of this study, there were no changes in absolute or relative grip strength across the waves for any of the evaluated populations (considering age, gender, and race–ethnicity). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that muscular grip strength, across all age, gender, and race–ethnicity populations in the United States, has not changed in the 2 successive 2-year time windows, contained over a 4-year period.
Factors Influencing the Breastfeeding Practices of Young Mothers Living in a Maternity Shelter: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Edwards Rosann , Peterson Wendy E. , Noel-Weiss Joy , Shearer Fortier Cathryn 
Published: January 2017

Background: Young mothers have the lowest breastfeeding rates in Canada. Young mothers and their infants who access maternity shelters are especially at risk for poor outcomes, some of which breastfeeding may help to mitigate, yet little is known of the breastfeeding practices of this population. Research aim: The purpose of this study was to answer the research question, “What factors influence the breastfeeding practices of young mothers who live or have lived in a maternity shelter?” Methods: The study was conducted using interpretive description methodology and inductive content analysis. Data were collected by means of one-on-one interviews, with the participants recruited from a maternity shelter in Ontario, Canada. Results: Nine young mothers ages 17 to 24 years, who had initiated breastfeeding and resided at a maternity shelter, were interviewed. The five themes that emerged from the data were as follows: (a) choice, (b) special, (c) importance of early postpartum support, (d) being part of the “in crowd,” and (e) importance of ongoing supports. The participants in this study took ownership of their choice to breastfeed. Hospital postpartum nurses and lactation consultants had a critical role in the establishment of early breastfeeding, and ongoing, accessible, and nonjudgmental peer, family, and community support were important to breastfeeding duration. Conclusion: A combination of emotional and practical supports from multiple trusted sources, including professional and peer supports on an ongoing basis, enabled young mothers to reach their breastfeeding goals.
Axonal Injury in Closed Head Injury by Assault: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Crooks D A , Scholtz C L , Vowles G , Greenwald S , Evans S 
Published: January 2017

Due to the controversy in the literature regarding the time course of axonal balloon formation in human material, we wished to determine if it was possible to diagnose axonal injury before the development of axonal balloonings. The hypothesis was that the presence of axonal swellings or axonal enlargements associated with a glial reaction could be used as a diagnostic aid in human axonal injury before 12 hours. The brains of eight individuals that survived for less than 48 hours following head injury, and also had evidence of axonal injury using the criteria of Vanezis et al. (1987), were systematically studied by looking at axonal swellings, axonal balloonings, reactive astrocytes, maximum diameter of axonal enlargements and density of axonal enlargements. Controls were eight selected cases without neurological disease. The variables studied were assessed in 25 fields from ten different areas of the brain, using silver stains and immunoperoxidase for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Logarithms of one plus the count of each variable were taken from the raw data and these were analysed using percentile distribution and the median, the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. We conclude that quantitation of axonal damage allows the detection of mild degrees of axonal injury that could be overlooked on routine examination, and that the criteria of axonal enlargements, rather than axonal balloonings, are indications of axonal damage, cannot be endorsed with the evidence provided.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Merwin F. E. , Luxon N. N. 
Published: January 2017

War-related articles dominated materials on the press for the current quarter. There was increasing interest in the impact of the war on the press as a business. Exciting accounts of activities of correspondents in war zones were common. Major non-war issue was the civil suit filed by the federal government against the Associated Press concerning alleged monopolistic practices. There was a surprising dearth of material on journalism education and the war. F. E. M
Diagnosis of pancreatic disease in feline platynosomosis
Authors: Köster Liza S , Shell Linda , Ketzis Jennifer , Rajeev Sreekumari , Illanes Oscar 
Published: January 2017

Objectives Platynosomum species are cat-specific parasitic trematodes that parasitize the biliary ducts and gall bladder. Due to the common connection to the major duodenal papilla of the pancreas and common bile ducts in addition to the periductal proximity of the pancreas, it is possible that platynosomosis could cause pancreatitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether platynosomosis, a commonly diagnosed parasitic disease in cats on St Kitts, has any association with pancreatic disease. Methods To investigate this possibility, the pancreas of free-roaming cats with naturally acquired platynosomosis were evaluated via ultrasound, serum concentrations of feline pancreatic lipase (fPL), cobalamin, folate and feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) and histopathology. Twenty free-roaming, young adult, feral cats, positive for feline immunodeficiency virus, and diagnosed with Platynosomum species infection via fecal analysis were recruited. The liver, biliary system and pancreas were evaluated via ultrasonography during a short duration anesthesia. Serum concentrations of fPL, fTLI, folate and cobalamin were measured. Sections of the right limb, left limb and body of the pancreas were evaluated histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Results None of the cats had sufficient criteria to fulfill the ultrasonographic diagnosis of pancreatitis. One cat had an elevated fPL concentration in the range consistent with pancreatitis. Four cats had cobalamin deficiencies and 11 had abnormal folate concentration. The fTLI concentration was equivocal for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in one cat. With a single exception, histopathology changes, when present (n = 12), were mild, non-specific and predominantly characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates and fibrosis. The exception was a cat that presented a chronic interstitial and eosinophilic pancreatitis of slightly increased severity, likely the result of platynosomosis. Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest that platynosomosis rarely induces pancreatic damage in cats. With only one exception, chronic pancreatitis diagnosed in cats with fluke-induced cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis was subtle and interpreted as an incidental background lesion unrelated to platynosomosis.
Methylisothiazolinone Contact Allergy Prevalence in Western Canada: Increased Detection With 2000 ppm Patch Test Allergen
Authors: Wilford Jessica E. , de Gannes Gillian C. 
Published: January 2017

Background: Contact allergy to methylisothiazolinone (MI) or to the combination of methylchloroisothiazolinone and MI (MCI/MI) is an important and increasing cause of allergic contact dermatitis, with prevalence rates higher than 10% in some centers. Objectives: The objective of this retrospective chart review is to provide a western Canadian perspective on whether the positive patch testing rate to MCI/MI or MI increased during the testing period of 2008 to 2015 and whether the addition of MI at 2000 ppm resulted in increased detection. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who tested positive (n = 104) of 2177 total patients who were patch tested for MCI/MI or MI at a community dermatology clinic in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, from January 2008 through April 2015. Results: One hundred and four patients had positive patch testing results for MCI/MI, MI, or both. Positive results increased over the study period, with the highest prevalence in 2015 at 9.41% for MCI/MI, 12.94% for MI, and 15.29% for either. When testing for MI at 2000 ppm was introduced in 2013, the initial positive patch testing prevalence was 6.6%, followed by 10.1% in 2014, and 12.9% in 2015. Conclusions: We demonstrate an increasing prevalence of MCI/MI and MI allergy between 2008 and 2015, with the highest prevalence of 15.29% in 2015 for MCI/MI and/or MI allergy. The addition of MI 2000 ppm greatly increased the positive patch testing yield for MI. Our results support the importance of continued efforts to monitor and regulate these preservatives.
DT MRI microstructural cortical lesion damage does not explain cognitive impairment in MS
Authors: Preziosa Paolo , Pagani Elisabetta , Morelli Maria E , Copetti Massimiliano , Martinelli Vittorio , Pirro Fiammetta , Falini Andrea , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo , Rocca Maria A 
Published: January 2017

Objective: We combined double inversion recovery (DIR) and diffusion tensor (DT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify the severity of cortical lesion (CL) microstructural tissue abnormalities in a large cohort of relapse-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and its contribution to cognitive dysfunction. Methods: DIR, DT, dual-echo, and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted scans were acquired from 149 MS patients and 40 controls. Cognitively impaired (CI) patients had ⩾2 abnormal neuropsychological tests. Diffusivity values in CLs, cortex, white matter (WM) lesions, and normal-appearing (NA) WM were assessed. Predictors of cognitive impairment were identified using a random forest analysis. Results: Compared to controls, MS patients had lower normalized brain volume (NBV), gray matter volume (GMV), WM volume, lower fractional anisotropy (FA), and higher mean diffusivity in cortex and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM). A total of 44 (29.5%) patients were CI. Compared to cognitively preserved (CP), CI patients had higher T2 WM lesion volume (LV), lower NBV and GMV, and more severe diffusivity abnormalities in WM lesions, cortex, and NAWM. CL measures did not differ between CI and CP patients. Cortex FA, age, disease duration, T2 WM LV, and GMV best predicted MS-related cognitive impairment (C-statistic = 0.88). Conclusion: “Diffuse” GM and NAWM damage and WM lesions, rather than intrinsic CL damage, contribute to cognitive impairment in MS.
The Legal Aspects of Undercover Police Operations in England and Wales
Authors: Choo Andrew L.-T. 
Published: January 2017

This paper analyses the judicial contribution to the English law relating to undercover police operations. The analysis is undertaken from the perspective of an academic lawyer specialising in criminal evidence and procedure. It is demonstrated that judicial attention has largely been focused on two issues: First, the extent to which the use of undercover police operations may lead to the exclusion of prosecution evidence, or even to a complete stay of the proceedings; and, secondly, the extent to which sensitive information about undercover operations may justifiably be withheld from the defence. In examining these issues, the paper endeavours to show that there has been a tendency on the part of the English courts to advocate the use of ‘balancing tests' to resolve issues, without articulating clearly the considerations to be taken into account in performing these tests. An examination is also undertaken of the legal position in the USA and Canada and of the significance of the Human Rights Act 1998. A number of proposals for reform of the law are made. The paper was originally presented at a conference on ‘Developments in Contemporary Policing: Intelligence-led Operations and Inter-agency Co-operation’, University of Kent at Canterbury, 18th April, 1997.
Blood Pressure Control: Stroke and Stroke Prevention
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph 
Published: January 2017

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for primary and secondary stroke prevention. All antihypertensive drugs are effective in primary prevention: the risk reduction for stroke is 30—42%. However, not all classes of drugs have the same effects: there is some indication that angiotensin receptor blockers may be superior to other classes of antihypertensive drugs in stroke prevention. Seventy-five percent of patients who present to hospital with acute stroke have elevated blood pressure within the first 24—48 hours. Extremes of systolic blood pressure (SBP) increase the risk of death or dependency. The aim of treatment should be to achieve and maintain the SBP in the range 140—160 mmHg. However, fast and drastic blood pressure lowering can have adverse consequences. The PROGRESS trial of secondary prevention with perindopril + indapamide versus placebo + placebo showed a decrease in numbers of stroke recurrences in patients given both active antihypertensive agents, more impressive for cerebral haemorrhage.There were also indications that active treatment might decrease the development of post-stroke dementia.
Emerging technologies for long-term antimicrobial device coatings: advantages and limitations
Authors: Cyphert Erika L , von Recum Horst A 
Published: January 2017

Over the past 20 years, the field of antimicrobial medical device coatings has expanded nearly 30-fold with technologies shifting their focus from diffusion-only based (short-term antimicrobial eluting) coatings to long-term antimicrobial eluting and intrinsically antimicrobial functioning materials. A variety of emergent coatings have been developed with the goal of achieving long-term antimicrobial activity in order to mitigate the risk of implanted device failure. Specifically, the coatings can be grouped into two categories: those that use antibiotics in conjunction with a polymer coating and those that rely on the intrinsic properties of the material to kill or repel bacteria that come into contact with the surface. This review covers both long-term drug-eluting and non-eluting coatings and evaluates the inherent advantages and disadvantages of each type while providing an overview of variety applications that the coatings have been utilized in. Impact statement This work provides an overview, with advantages and limitations of the most recently developed antibacterial coating technologies, enabling other researchers in the field to more easily determine which technology is most advantageous for them to further develop and pursue.
Prone versus Supine Position during Surgery for Supracondylar Humeral Fractures
Authors: Guler Olcay , Mutlu Serhat , Isyar Mehmet , Mutlu Harun , Cerci Halis , Mahirogullari Mahir 
Published: January 2017

Purpose To compare the supine versus prone position in closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for supracondylar humeral fractures in children in terms of patient characteristics and outcome. Methods Records of 25 girls and 31 boys aged 4 to 9 (mean, 6.7) years who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in the prone (n=27) or supine (n=29) position each by one experienced surgeon for supracondylar extension type-3 humeral fractures were reviewed. Results The prone and supine groups were comparable in terms of patient characteristics and outcome, except that anaesthesia duration was shorter in surgery performed in the supine position (46.7 vs. 37.2 minutes, p<0.001). Conclusion In surgery for supracondylar humeral fractures in children, patient position affected only the duration of anaesthesia.