bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes
Authors: Williams Jack G. , Rosser Nick J. , Kincey Mark E. , Benjamin Jessica , Oven Katie J. , Densmore Alexander L. , Milledge David G. , Robinson Tom R. , Jordan Colm A. , Dijkstra Tom A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Landslides triggered by large earthquakes in mountainous regions contribute significantly to overall earthquake losses and pose a major secondary hazard that can persist for months or years. While scientific investigations of coseismic landsliding are increasingly common, there is no protocol for rapid (hours-to-days) humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published recognition of what is possible and what is useful to compile immediately after the event. Drawing on the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual satellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and review the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type of useful information that can be generated. We find that, at present, many forms of landslide assessment are too slow to generate relative to the speed of a humanitarian response, despite increasingly rapid access to high-quality imagery. Importantly, the value of information on landslides evolves rapidly as a disaster response develops, so identifying the purpose, timescales, and end users of a post-earthquake landslide assessment is essential to inform the approach taken. It is clear that discussions are needed on the form and timing of landslide assessments, and how best to present and share this information, before rather than after an earthquake strikes. In this paper, we share the lessons learned from the Gorkha earthquake, with the aim of informing the approach taken by scientists to understand the evolving landslide hazard in future events and the expectations of the humanitarian community involved in disaster response.
CULTURA DE SEGURANÇA ENTRE PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE EM HOSPITAL DE ENSINO
Authors: Cruz Elaine Drehmer de Almeida , Da Rocha Denise Jorge Munhoz , Mauricio Aline Batista , Ulbrich Francielle De Souza , Batista Josemar , Maziero Eliane Cristina 
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: avaliar a cultura de segurança organizacional entre os profissionais de um hospital de Ensino. Método: estudo tipo survey com 645 profissionais de um hospital de ensino no Estado do Paraná, de outubro de 2014 a julho de 2015, utilizando instrumento autoaplicável da Agency for Health care Research and Quality. Variáveis quantitativas foram representadas em percentuais; quando ≥75% das respostas foram positivas, cultura de segurança satisfatória; 74 a 51% neutra; e ≤50% frágil. A confiabilidade foi mensurada pelo coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: maior índice foi obtido na dimensão “Expectativas sobre o seu supervisor/chefe e ações promotoras da segurança”, com 70,8% (n=455) de respostas positivas e “Respostas não punitivas ao erro” o menor, com 25,6% (n=164). O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach obteve média de 0,62, mostrando baixaconfiabilidade. Conclusão: resultados mostram cultura de segurança insatisfatória e relevância de ações de promoção, com destaque à abordagem coletiva e não punitiva de erros.
Ontwikkeling van een afwegingskader vertrouwen voor toezichthouders
Authors: Spronk Sandra , Buijze Heleen , Zwietering Paul , Friele Roland , Robben Paul 
Published: January 2018

Ontwikkeling van een afwegingskader vertrouwen voor toezichthouders
Diverse toezichthouders hebben vertrouwen in ondertoezichtstaanden gekozen als uitgangspunt. Inspecteurs van de Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd (IGJ) vinden vertrouwen een lastig te hanteren begrip. Tegelijk geven zij aan dat vertrouwen wel een grote rol speelt bij hun oordeel en handhaving. Ze missen echter handvatten om de afweging van vertrouwen in de zorgaanbieder te kunnen expliciteren en te onderbouwen. Dit is voor de IGJ aanleiding om vanuit het perspectief van de IGJ praktijkonderzoek te doen naar het begrip vertrouwen. Dit leidt tot het afwegingskader.
Colorectal Carcinomas With Isolated Loss of PMS2 Staining by Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Alpert Lindsay , Pai Reetesh K. , Srivastava Amitabh , McKinnon Wendy , Wilcox Rebecca , Yantiss Rhonda K. , Arcega Ramir , Wang Hanlin L. , Robert Marie E. , Liu Xiuli , Pai Rish K. , Zhao Lei , Westerhoff Maria , Hampel Heather , Kupfer Sonia , Setia Namrata , Xiao Shu-Yuan , Hart John , Frankel Wendy L. 
Published: January 2018

Context.—
Isolated loss of PMS2 staining is an uncommon immunophenotype in colorectal carcinomas, accounting for approximately 4% of tumors with microsatellite instability. Limited information regarding these tumors is available in the literature.

Objective.—
To compare the clinicopathologic features of colorectal carcinomas with isolated PMS2 loss by immunohistochemistry to those with other forms of mismatch repair deficiency.

Design.—
Ninety-three colorectal carcinomas with isolated PMS2 loss by immunohistochemistry and 193 with other forms of mismatch repair deficiency were identified. Forty (43%) of the isolated PMS2 loss cases and 35 control cases (18%) had a known germline mutation or a clinical diagnosis of Lynch syndrome.

Results.—
Overall, isolated PMS2-loss tumors occurred in significantly younger patients (P &lt; .001) and in fewer female patients (P = .006). These tumors were significantly less likely to be right-sided (P = .001), high-grade (P = .01), or display histologic features of microsatellite instability (P &lt; .001). The isolated PMS2-loss group also exhibited increased odds of disease-specific death (odds ratio [OR], 3.09; 95% CI, 1.41–6.85; P = .007). When the analysis was restricted to germline mutation/Lynch syndrome cases and controls, no significant differences were detected for age, sex, tumor location, tumor grade, histologic features, or distant metastases, although a trend toward increased odds of disease-specific death in the isolated PMS2-loss group was evident (OR, 3.87; 95% CI, 0.89–27.04; P = .10).

Conclusions.—
Unusual clinicopathologic features observed in colorectal carcinomas with isolated PMS2 loss are likely related to the high proportion of cases caused by germline mutations. Isolated PMS2-loss tumors may demonstrate more aggressive behavior than other tumors with microsatellite instability, but larger studies are needed to investigate that possibility further.
Study on Drag Reduction Performance of Antifouling Ribbed Surfaces
Authors: Yifeng Fu , Chengqing Yuan , Xiuqin Bai , Tao Li 
Published: January 2018

Drag reduction by ribbed surfaces is a potentially effective strategy for reducing the energy consumption of ships. However, complicated by possible marine biofouling, it is meaningless to consider the isolated effect of drag reduction of riblets. There is a strong correlation between drag reduction and antifouling, and thus it is crucial to study their synergistic behaviors. In this study, shell is taken as a biomimetic object, which has ribbed surfaces and antifouling properties. On the premise of antifouling, the microstructures of the shell surface are simplified as ribbed surfaces with an interval w between neighboring riblets. The impact of the riblet interval w on drag reduction performance is studied both numerically and experimentally. The numerical simulation adopts the Shear Stress Transport k — ω turbulence model, and the characteristics of smooth and ribbed surfaces are analyzed in the same computational domain. Numerical results show that the riblet interval w has a complex nonmonotonic effect on drag reduction. The corresponding experimental measurement shows similar trend to the numerical results.

1. Introduction
Antifouling and drag reduction of ships are two critical issues in the shipping industry. As the consumption of fossil fuel is increasing in line with economic growth, severe energy crisis, and environmental pollution have become intractable social problems in recent years. Under this circumstance the concept of "green ship" which has both antifouling and drag reduction features has emerged.
It is known that surface friction drag accounts for a great portion of the total fluid drag (more than 60% for a cargo ship). Furthermore, microstructures on a moving surface influence the flow primarily in a small region near the surface, but this influence may have a profound impact on the drag (Elfriede et al. 2010). For instance, microriblets are formed over the whole body of a shark with aligned tiny placoid scales, leading to superior drag reduction, the so-called "shark skin effect" (Chen et al. 2013). Under such inspiration, Walsh and coworkers at the NASA Langley Research Center investigated several different types of ribbed surfaces and reported an 8% drag reduction for symmetric V-groove riblets (Walsh 1983; Walsh & Lindemann 1984). Choi and Orchard (1997) found that such drag reduction occurs only in turbulent flow regimes, whereas the drag is actually increasing in laminar flow regimes due to the presence of riblets on the surface. Bechert et al. (1997) investigated a number of configurations of riblets including rectangular, scalloped, and shark-skin-shape riblets. The effects of various parameters such as the riblet height and length have been reported in the literature (Henn & Sykes 1999; Choi & Suzuki 2005; Vlachogiannis & Hanratty 2004). Tests conducted in a wind tunnel and a water channel also showed a drag reduction of 7–8% by shark skin and ribbed surface (Elfriede et al. 2010; Meng et al. 2011).
Private Higher Education in Africa: Old Realities and Emerging Trends
Authors: Tamrat Wondwosen 
Published: January 2018

The growth of private higher education in Africa has been driven by factors such as burgeoning demand that could not be met by the public sector and policy inﬂuences as Structural Adjustment Programmes that promoted privatisation in the 1980s and beyond. In the past three decades, the continent’s private higher education institutions have exhibited diﬀerent growth trajectories. Variations are also evident in their policies and the quality of their oﬀerings. However, the variation and incremental growth of this sector is not adequately captured in the extant literature. This article investigates Africa’s private higher education sector based on past and emerging realities and argues that the sector exhibits nuances that have not received sufcient attention due to excessive stereotyping of PHE in Africa and elsewhere. Understanding these diﬀerences, which are sometimes described as ‘exceptions’, is a prerequisite for developing a comprehensive conceptualisation of current tapestries and future trends. The article begins by examining the major features of global private higher education and proceeds to Africa with its major focus on emerging trends within the continent. Des facteurs comme la demande croissante qui ne pouvait être absorbée par le secteur public et les inﬂuences politiques des Programmes d’Ajustement Structurel qui ont promu la privatisation pendant les années 80 et après sont à l’origine de la croissance de l’enseignement supérieur privé en Afrique. Pendant les trois dernières décennies, les institutions privées d’enseignement supérieur ont présenté diﬀérentes trajectoires de croissance. Des diﬀérences sont aussi observables quant à leurs politiques et à la qualité de leur oﬀre. Cependant, la variété et la croissance progressive de ce secteur ne sont pas correctement reﬂétées dans la littérature existante. Cet article examine le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur privé en Afrique à partir de réalités anciennes et nouvelles et soutient que les nuances de ce secteur n’ont pas reçu une attention sufsante à cause des stéréotypes excessifs auxquels fait face l’enseignement supérieur privé en Afrique et ailleurs. Comprendre ces diﬀérences, qui sont parfois catégorisées comme des exceptions, est un prérequis pour pouvoir conceptualiser de manière compréhensive le contexte actuel et les tendances futures. Cet article commence par analyser les caractéristiques principales de l’enseignement privé mondial avant de se focaliser sur l’Afrique avec une attention toute particulière pour les tendances émergentes sur le continent.
Pour « un gouvernement jeune et dynamique1 »
Authors: LeBrun Andréanne , Bienvenue Louise 
Published: January 2018

En 1963, l’Assemblée législative abaissait l’âge du suffrage de 21 à 18 ans au Québec. Si la mobilisation des associations de jeunesse explique en partie cette modification à la loi électorale, l’intérêt des partis politiques à s’attacher une jeunesse symboliquement et démographiquement forte est un facteur explicatif à ne pas négliger dans le contexte des années 1960. L’examen des débats et des évènements indique également que ce rajeunissement de la majorité électorale – en phase avec une mouvance internationale – s’inscrit harmonieusement dans l’entreprise de modernisation étatique menée par l’équipe libérale de Jean Lesage. Dans cette perspective, on peut la considérer comme une politique au sens fort de la Révolution tranquille.
Sodium Ion Dynamics in the Magnetospheric Flanks of Mercury
Authors: Aizawa Sae , Delcourt Dominique , Terada Naoki 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe investigate the transport of planetary ions in the magnetospheric flanks of Mercury. In situ measurements from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft show evidences of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability development in this region of space, due to the velocity shear between the downtail streaming flow of solar wind originating protons in the magnetosheath and the magnetospheric populations. Ions that originate from the planet exosphere and that gain access to this region of space may be transported across the magnetopause along meandering orbits. We examine this transport using single‐particle trajectory calculations in model Magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. We show that heavy ions of planetary origin such as Na+ may experience prominent nonadiabatic energization as they E × B drift across large‐scale rolled up vortices. This energization is controlled by the characteristics of the electric field burst encountered along the particle path, the net energy change realized corresponding to the maximum E × B drift energy. This nonadiabatic energization also is responsible for prominent scattering of the particles toward the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field.
Interannual Variability of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Subtropical Southeast Indian Ocean Associated With the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Authors: Zheng Shaojun , Feng Ming , Du Yan , Meng Xiangfeng , Yu Weidong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInterannual variability of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the subtropical southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO) is investigated using satellite observations in three regions in the 20°S–35°S latitude band: R1 (108°E–115°E), R2 (100°E–108°E), and R3 (60°E–100°E). The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays an important role in modulating the interannual variability of EKE in the SEIO. EKE in the three regions shows negative correlations with the Nino3.4, lagging Nino3.4 by 2, 14, and 22 months, respectively. In R1, the ENSO modulates the interannual variability of EKE through influencing baroclinic instability of meridional velocity shear between the upper poleward Leeuwin Current (LC) and the underlying equatorward Leeuwin Undercurrent (LUC). During La Niña (El Niño) year, both the poleward LC and equatorward LUC strengthened (weakened) due to the high (low) sea level anomaly (SLA) propagating from the Pacific Ocean as Rossby wave under geostrophic equilibrium, and baroclinic instability of vertical shear enhanced (slackened), further induced the strong (weak) EKE in the eastern boundary. In R2, the ENSO modulates the interannual variability of EKE through influencing baroclinic instability of zonal velocity shear between the central and southern branches of the upper eastward South Indian Countercurrent (SICC) and the lower extending westward South Equatorial Current (SEC). In R3, both the ENSO and the Southern Annual Mode modulate the interannual variability of EKE through influencing baroclinic instability of zonal velocity shear between the SICC and SEC. The interannual variability of EKE in the interior SEIO could be influenced by westward propagation of EKE originated from eastern boundary.
Control of Pre‐rift Lithospheric Structure on the Architecture and Evolution of Continental Rifts: Insights From the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa
Authors: Corti Giacomo , Molin Paola , Sembroni Andrea , Bastow Ian D. , Keir Derek 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe investigate the along‐axis variations in architecture, segmentation, and evolution of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), East Africa, and relate these characteristics to the regional geology, lithospheric structure, and surface processes. We first illustrate significant along‐axis variations in basin architecture through analysis of simplified geological cross sections in different rift sectors. We then integrate this information with a new analysis of Ethiopian topography and hydrography to illustrate how rift architecture (basin symmetry/asymmetry) is reflected in the margin topography and has been likely amplified by a positive feedback between tectonics (flexural uplift) and surface processes (fluvial erosion and unloading). This analysis shows that ~70% of the 500 km long MER is asymmetric, with most of the asymmetric rift sectors being characterized by a master fault system on the eastern margin. We finally relate rift architecture and segmentation to the regional geology and geophysical constraints on the lithosphere. We provide strong evidence that rift architecture is controlled by the contrasting nature of the lithosphere beneath the homogeneous, strong Somalian Plateau and the weaker, more heterogeneous Ethiopian Plateau, differences originating from the presence of pre‐rift zones of weakness on the Ethiopian Plateau and likely amplified by surface processes. The data provided by this integrated analysis suggest that asymmetric rifts may directly progress to focused axial tectonic‐magmatic activity, without transitioning into a symmetric rifting stage. These observations have important implications for the asymmetry of continental rifts and conjugate passive margins worldwide.
Catanionic Surfactant Vesicles as a New Platform for Probing Glycan–Protein Interactions
Authors: Mahle Amanda , Dashaputre Neeraja , DeShong Philip , Stein Daniel C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGlycomics lags substantially behind proteomics and genomics in its ability to decipher and synthesize complex glycans. The slow progress in deciphering glycan interactions at a molecular level is in large part due to the absence of a functional system to express, on a large scale, carbohydrates of known structure, in the context of a biologically relevant assay system. Here, the characterization of glycan‐functionalized catanionic surfactant vesicles (CVs) as a platform for glycan synthesis is described, and it is demonstrated that the resulting glycan‐functionalized CVs can serve as a scaffold for the interrogation of protein‐glycan interactions. It is demonstrated that Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide (LOS) glycosyltransferase LgtE, an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of galactose onto a terminal glucose found on LOS, can be used to biochemically modify LOS or glucose functionalized CVs. CVs are characterized by differential lectin binding using flow cytometry. LgtE activity is measured on whole cells and LOS functionalized vesicles and found to have approximately the same biochemical properties. It is further demonstrated that CVs can be inkjet printed. This paper presents proof‐of‐concept that glycan‐functionalized catanionic vesicles can be used to create a high‐specificity and high‐throughput glycan array that will allow for the investigation of a variety of protein–glycan interactions.
Anisotropic Ag2S–Au Triangular Nanoprisms with Desired Configuration for Plasmonic Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation in Visible/Near‐Infrared Region
Authors: Lou Zaizhu , Kim Sooyeon , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Yang Xianguang , Li Baojun , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAnisotropic Ag2S‐edged Au‐triangular nanoprisms (TNPs) are constructed by controlling preferential overgrowth of Ag2S as plasmonic photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. Under visible and near‐infrared light irradiation, Ag2S‐edged Au‐TNPs exhibit almost fourfold higher efficiency (796 µmol h−1 g−1) than those of Ag2S‐covered Au‐TNPs (216 µmol h−1 g−1) and pure Au‐TNPs in hydrogen generation. A single‐particle photoluminescence study demonstrates that the plasmon‐induced hot electrons transfer from Au‐TNPs to Ag2S for hydrogen generation. Finite‐difference‐time‐domain simulations verify that the corners/edges of Au‐TNPs are high‐curvature sites with maximum electric field distributions facilitating hot electron generation and transfer. Therefore, Ag2S‐edged Au‐TNPs are efficient plasmonic photocatalyst with the desired configurations for charge separation boosting hydrogen generation.
Piezotronic Tuning of Potential Barriers in ZnO Bicrystals
Authors: Keil Peter , Trapp Maximilian , Novak Nikola , Frömling Till , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Rödel Jürgen 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCoupling of magnetic, ferroelectric, or piezoelectric properties with charge transport at oxide interfaces provides the option to revolutionize classical electronics. Here, the modulation of electrostatic potential barriers at tailored ZnO bicrystal interfaces by stress‐induced piezoelectric polarization is reported. Specimen design by epitaxial solid‐state transformation allows for both optimal polarization vector alignment and tailoring of defect states at a semiconductor–semiconductor interface. Both quantities are probed by transmission electron microscopy. Consequently, uniaxial compressive stress affords a complete reduction of the potential barrier height at interfaces with head‐to‐head orientation of the piezoelectric polarization vectors and an increase in potential barrier height at interfaces with tail‐to‐tail orientation. The magnitude of this coupling between mechanical input and electrical transport opens pathways to the design of multifunctional electronic devices like strain triggered transistors, diodes, and stress sensors with feasible applications for human–computer interfacing.
Dual Drug Backboned Shattering Polymeric Theranostic Nanomedicine for Synergistic Eradication of Patient‐Derived Lung Cancer
Authors: Cong Yuwei , Xiao Haihua , Xiong Hejian , Wang Zigui , Ding Jianxun , Li Chan , Chen Xuesi , Liang Xing‐Jie , Zhou Dongfang , Huang Yubin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMost of the current nanoparticle‐based therapeutics worldwide failing in clinical trials face three major challenges: (i) lack of an optimum drug delivery platform with precise composition, (ii) lack of a method of directly monitoring the fate of a specific drug rather than using any other labelling molecules as a compromise, and (iii) lack of reliable cancer models with high fidelity for drug screen and evaluation. Here, starting from a PP2A inhibitor demethylcantharidin (DMC) and cisplatin, the design of a dual sensitive dual drug backboned shattering polymer (DDBSP) with exact composition at a fixed DMC/Pt ratio for precise nanomedicine is shown. DDBSP self‐assembled nanoparticle (DD‐NP) can be triggered intracellularly to break down in a chain‐shattering manner to release the dual drugs payload. Moreover, DD‐NP with extremely high Pt heavy metal content in the polymer chain can directly track the drug itself via Pt‐based drug‐mediated computer tomography and ICP‐MS both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, DD‐NP is used to eradicate the tumor burden on a high‐fidelity patient‐derived lung cancer model for the first time.