bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling intercontinental transport of ozone in North America with CAMx for the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) Phase 3
Authors: Nopmongcol Uarporn , Liu Zhen , Stoeckenius Till , Yarwood Greg 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Intercontinental ozone (O3) transport extends the geographic range of O3 air pollution impacts and makes local air pollution management more difficult. Phase 3 of the Air Quality Modeling Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII-3) is examining the contribution of intercontinental transport to regional air quality by applying regional-scale atmospheric models jointly with global models. We investigate methods for tracing O3 from global models within regional models. The CAMx photochemical grid model was used to track contributions from boundary condition (BC) O3 over a North American modeling domain for calendar year 2010 using a built-in tracer module called RTCMC. RTCMC can track BC contributions using chemically reactive tracers and also using inert tracers in which deposition is the only sink for O3. Lack of O3 destruction chemistry in the inert tracer approach leads to overestimation biases that can exceed 10 ppb. The flexibility of RTCMC also allows tracking O3 contributions made by groups of vertical BC layers. The largest BC contributions to seasonal average daily maximum 8 h averages (MDA8) of O3 over the US are found to be from the mid-troposphere (over 40 ppb) with small contributions (a few ppb) from the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere. Contributions from the lower troposphere are shown to not penetrate very far inland. Higher contributions in the western than the eastern US, reaching an average of 57 ppb in Denver for the 30 days with highest MDA8 O3 in 2010, present a significant challenge to air quality management approaches based solely on local or US-wide emission reductions. The substantial BC contribution to MDA8 O3 in the Intermountain West means regional models are particularly sensitive to any biases and errors in the BCs. A sensitivity simulation with reduced BC O3 in response to 20 % lower emissions in Asia found a near-linear relationship between the BC O3 changes and surface O3 changes in the western US in all seasons and across the US in fall and winter. However, the surface O3 decreases are small: below 1 ppb in spring and below 0.5 ppb in other seasons.
Evaluation of Financial Performance of Islamic Banks in Jordan (2001-2010) “A Comparative Study”
Authors: Airout Rana M. , Airout Rula M. 
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the financial performance of two of the oldest banks in Jordan, Jordan Islamic Bank and Arab Islamic International Bank. The study population consists of the Islamic banks operating in Jordan. The Islamic Bank of Jordan and the Arab Islamic Bank were selected to compare the two banks from different aspects of the study, based on the data of the two banks during the period from 2001 to 2010. This research intended to investigate the following hypotheses:1) There are no statistically significant differences in the performance of the Islamic Bank of Jordan and the Arab Islamic International Bank through profit indicators.2) There are no significant differences in the performance of the Islamic Bank of Jordan and the Arab Islamic International Bank through liquidity indicators.3) There are no significant differences in the performance of the Islamic Bank of Jordan and the Arab Islamic International Bank through indicators of indebtedness.4) There are no significant differences in the performance of the Islamic Bank of Jordan and the Arab Islamic International Bank through indicators of activity.Both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis and results were as follows: The study found that there are no significant differences between the performance of the Arab Islamic Bank and the Jordanian Islamic Bank in the field of profitability, and no statistically significant differences in the field of liquidity, except for the percentage of total deposits / assets where the mean of this ratio to the Islamic Bank of Jordan was (87.55%) compared with Arab Islamic Bank where it was (60.78%), we conclude from that the Jordan Islamic Bank has the ability to meet short-term liabilities when due through its short-term assets more than Arab Islamic Bank. And there are statistical significance differences in the area of indebtedness.
Performance Evaluation for Carbon Sequestration in Shale Gas Reservoir Systems
Authors: Zhu Langtao , Liao Xinwei , Chen Zhiming , Cheng Xuyang 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Storage CO2 in shale formation is considered as a promising option to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance shale gas recovery. Many simple analytical and semi-analytical techniques have been proposed to support screening analysis and performance assessment for potential carbon sequestration sites. However, these analytical techniques have ignored the effect of fracture occurrences, which are important to the carbon sequestration in shale formation.
In this paper, numerical simulation technology is applied to model different complex hydraulic fracture occurrences and evaluate the CO2 seepage rule during carbon sequestration. First, multi-component Langmuir isotherm is applied to simulate the adsorption desorption phenomenon of CO2. Combining Langmuir isotherm with the reservoir parameters of Barnett shale formation, shale reservoir simulation model is constructed to simulate the CO2 seepage law during the CO2 sequestration. Then, based on the shale reservoir simulation model, local grid refinement technology is used to characterize the five typical fracture occurrences caused by hydraulic fracturing. Subsequently, the numerical simulation cases with five different fracture occurrences are run to evaluate the performance during CO2 storage process. Finally, some critical important parameters, including engineering and geologic parameters, are evaluated through the sensitivity study. In order to identify and illustrate the performance which progressively occur over time, the log-log plot of CO2 injection rate versus time is adopted.
The simulation results indicate that the flow regimes of CO2 injection can be classified into eight flow regions. Among these flow regions, the inner boundary dominated flow regime is a unique one which can occur only when realizing strongly stimulated reservoir volume. Further, the sensitivity study indicates that the fracture topologies and the primary fracture conductivity are the two key factors dominating the early-time flow behavior during the carbon sequestration. And the final-time flow behavior is dominated by the shale reservoir parameters.
This work systematically analyzes the effect of fracture topologies on carbon sequestration and enlarges our knowledge of CO2 storage in shale gas systems.

1. Introduction
Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas (CH4) in the United States over the last decade. Due to its unconventional characteristics, injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) to enhance shale gas recovery (CO2-EGR) is a potentially feasible method to increase gas-yield while realizing CO2 sequestration (CS). Therefore, it is more and more important to quantitatively demonstrate the influence of various reservoir and completion parameters on performance of multiply-hydraulic fractured horizontal wells (MFHW) in the process of CO2 injection.
Investigation of the Oil Recovery Mechanism during Laboratory CO2 EOR Experiments with Unconventional Shale Cores through Compositional Simulation
Authors: Zou Amy , Schechter David 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
After implications of hydraulic fracturing operations, the commercial production of tight formations and shale plays were successfully achieved in past decades. Due to the rapid decline rate after primary depletion of fractured reservoirs, extracting the remaining liquid hydrocarbon from the nano-Darcy permeability matrix becomes the next step.
Previously conducted laboratory experiments demonstrated promising results by successfully recovering liquid hydrocarbon from preserved and unfractured sidewall unconventional core plugs. However, what are the driving forces behind this observed result was not well understood. In other words, is the hydrocarbon recovery associated with commonly known recovery mechanisms during CO2 EOR processes, such as viscous displacement, oil volume expansion, viscosity reduction and vaporization of lighter hydrocarbon components? Or, is it driven by other mechanisms that are frequently considered insignificant during conventional CO2 EOR processes?
This study utilizes a commercial compositional simulator to investigate the oil production mechanisms from the matrix into the fractures. The process includes constructing a fine grid 3D model to simulate the previously conducted laboratory experiment, performing systematic sensitivity analysis, and evaluating the mechanisms that could potentially contribute to the oil recovery observed during the experiments. With laboratory scale modeling, the dominating mass transfer mechanism between the matrix and fractures, which in turn translates into oil recovery mechanism, is concluded to be diffusion. The work provided in this study can be used to enhance the accuracy for upscaled field simulations. However, whether CO2 EOR will unlock the unconventional liquid reservoir potential and make significant economic impacts at field scale needs to be carefully evaluated on a case by case basis.

Introduction
For the past few decades, due to the increasing demand of energy and the advancements in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies, the industry reallocated its resources into exploring ways to produce oil from the previously unprofitable shale plays.
Miscible CO2 Flooding Using Horizontal Multi-Fractured Wells in the San Andres Formation, TX – a Feasibility Study
Authors: Yang Junjie , Oruganti Yagna Deepika , Karam P. , Doherty Dan , Doherty Jim , Chrisman J. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The San Andres is a well-known dolomitic enhanced oil recovery target with low matrix permeability in the area of interest (Yoakum County, TX). A reservoir simulation study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using horizontal multi-fractured wells in low permeability miscible floods. A reservoir model was developed for the area of interest and was history-matched with the primary production data from the field. The model was then used to illustrate the CO2 miscible flood potential by quantifying the incremental recovery over the primary production scenario.
Compositional modeling was used in the study to evaluate CO2 flooding feasibility and efficiency. A holistic workflow including PVT modeling, petrophysical analysis, geomodeling, and hydraulic fracture modeling, provided integrated input into the reservoir model. Continuous CO2 flooding was explored as an operating strategy. Furthermore, water alternating gas (WAG) cases were designed and run as a more realistic and cost-effective method of implementing miscible flooding. Based on the history-matched model, sensitivity analyses were conducted on hydraulic fracture geometry, well spacing, injection patterns and operating conditions for the primary production scenario, continuous CO2 flooding and WAG scenarios.
Field surveillance and observations during the history-matching process showed that the wells had undergone damage from scaling. Sensitivity analysis showed that 300ft to 400ft cluster spacing resulted in the highest oil production during the first 10 years. Interdependent parameters such as well spacing and fracture half-length were studied together; this sensitivity review showed that the differential oil recovery from 128 acres to 160 acres was larger than that from 160 acres to 213 acres, leading to the recommendation that 160 acres could be the optimized well spacing. In the optimized design, the continuous CO2 injection case showed an incremental oil recovery of 22% (compared to primary production). The CO2 utilization factor was between 7 and 8, which was consistent with the reported value from literature. WAG sensitivity analysis showed that longer hydraulic fractures did not necessarily improve WAG efficiency, but led to earlier CO2 breakthrough. This observation confirmed our early suspicion that smaller hydraulic fracturing treatment could be a more cost-effective design for miscible flooding in this reservoir. In addition, sweep efficiency and recovery were sensitive to WAG ratio, but not to injection slug size in each cycle.
Carbon Dioxide in Situ Generation for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Wang Shuoshi , Kadhum Mohannad , Yuan Qingwang , Shiau Bor-Jier , Harwell Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Carbon dioxide flooding of oil fields around the world is proven as a successfully adopted practice in increasing oil production particularly in marginal wells with low production rates. However, the limitations of this technology lie in the limited supply of carbon dioxide, high capital cost, and infrastructure corrosion. In this work, we present an alternative CO2 flooding method which generates CO2 inside the reservoir to increase oil recovery. The process involves the injection of a concentrated CO2 producing solution of ammonium carbamate (AC). Chemical solvent CO2 capture technology was widely used for years. Carbamates were formed when aqueous amines absorbed CO2. The new proposed in situ CO2 generation EOR technique provides a way to directly apply the product of the CO2 capture technology for outstanding tertiary recovery.
Ammonium carbamate (CH6N2O2), highly water-soluble chemicals, can dissociate at reservoir temperature producing carbon dioxide and ammonia. The carbon dioxide migrates to the oil phase, causing oil phase swelling and reducing oil viscosity, and therefore increasing oil production. The ammonia dissolves in the water, and the ammonia-water solution increases the water wettability of the rock.
Flow experiments were conducted using 6" Ottawa sand packs. The experiments demonstrated that the decomposition of a 35% AC solution injected to the sand packs resulted in further lowering of the residual oil saturation following a standard water flood. The tertiary recovery in the high-pressure sand pack experiments was found to average 27%.
In the proposed process, AC can be dissolved in produced reservoir fluids or seawater and injected into the reservoir to generate CO2 in situ and increase oil production as it decomposes. The benefits of this process compared to CO2 flooding lie in the simplicity of adapting this technology to an existing waterflood, and the lack of the complicated infrastructure needed in a typical CO2 project, such as compression and gas handling facilities. An additional advantage lies in the ability to deliver the CO2 in the form of a room temperature solid, alleviating the need for a pipeline.
The First Integrated Approach for CO2 Capture and Enhanced Oil Recovery in China
Authors: Wang Xiangzeng , Yuan Qingwang , Wang Shuoshi , Zeng Fanhua 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
As the only company which owns the right for coal mines and oil and gas production in China, Yanchang Petroleum Group has the unique advantages to implement integrated CO2 capture and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in Ordos Basin. This area is also one of the largest CO2 emission areas in China. The coal to chemicals plant was built to efficiently co-utilize coal, oil and natural gas. The energy efficiency is about 8.9% higher than the world average level. Two corresponding CO2 capture plants were built with the capacity of 50,000 and 360,000 tonnes per year. The cost for CO2 capture is as low as $17.5/tonne, much cheaper than most of the other CO2 capture project in the world. By optimizing the distance between CO2 capture plants and EOR sites, the shortest distance, the shortest distance for CO2 transportation is only 10 kilometers. It is estimated that the cost for CO2 transportation is $2.58/tonne. Meanwhile, the CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery in Yanchang oil fields. Extensive research has been done to investigate the suitable geological conditions for CO2-EOR. Experiments have also been conducted to study the behaviors of CO2-crude oil mixture. Two pilot tests including Qiaojiawa 203 block and Wuqi Yougou are now in operation with well production being doubled or tripled. In addition, more than 87% of reservoirs in Yanchang oil field in Ordos Basin are suitable for CO2-EOR with estimated billions of CO2 storage capacity.

Introduction
Greenhouse gas emissions are regarded as one of the most important factors resulting in global warming and climate change. In all the greenhouse gases, the proportion of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted is the greatest and around 76%, according to the statistics from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013.
The CO2 emissions are mainly from the consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas which provide 85% of worldwide energy needs for human activities (BP, 2017). While in these CO2 sources from energy consumptions, the burning of coal produces more CO2 than oil or natural gas at the same equivalent electricity generated.
Enhanced Oil Recovery – the History of CO2 Conventional Wag Injection Techniques Developed from Lab in the 1950’s to 2017
Authors: Merchant David 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
During the past 45 years, CO2 flood technology for Enhanced Oil Recovery projects evolved from a partially understood process filled with uncertainties to a process based on proven technology and experience. Many questions involved with CO2 flooding have been thoroughly analyzed and answered. This knowledge is currently being used by a limited number of companies that actually know how to design, implement, and manage a CO2 flood for long term profit. The purpose of this report is to help disseminate this knowledge to operating companies interested in EOR flooding or to CO2 Sequestration Communities interested in storing CO2 in EOR projects.
In 2015, Merchant Consulting published CMTC-440075-MS "Life beyond 80 – A look at Conventional WAG Recovery beyond 80% HCPV Injection in CO2 Tertiary Floods". The primary objective of the report was to target all 10 CO2 Recovery Methods used today including "Conventional WAG Techniques" which have been used in over 90% of all the Enhanced Oil Recovery projects implemented to date. These include projects in the Permian Basin in Texas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. The paper presents answers to the question "What is life after 80% HCPV Injected?" And "What effect does life after 80% HCPV have on Tertiary Oil Recovery, CO2 Utilization and CO2 Retention in different producing formations?" Results of this study show Tertiary Oil Recovery can be as high as 26% OOIP when slug sizes exceed 190% HCPV injected.

Conventional WAG History in CO2 Tertiary Oil Projects:
To achieve CO2 Injection beyond 80% HCPV Injection requires proper CO2 WAG Management. The purpose of this report is to provide both the EOR and CO2 Sequestration Communities an understanding of the "History of Conventional WAG" and how it has changed from first introduced in the Lab in the 1950's, to how it was implemented and developed in the 1980's by the Major Oil Companies in the Permian Basin, and how Conventional WAG is being managed today in the field.
Full‐flow‐regime storage‐streamflow correlation patterns provide insights into hydrologic functioning over the continental US
Authors: Fang Kuai , Shen Chaopeng 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInterannual changes in low, median, and high regimes of streamflow have important implications for flood control, irrigation, and ecologic and human health. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites record global terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA), providing an opportunity to observe, interpret, and potentially utilize the complex relationships between storage and full‐flow‐regime streamflow. Here we show that utilizable storage‐streamflow correlations exist throughout vastly different climates in the continental US (CONUS) across low‐ to high‐flow regimes. A panoramic framework, the storage‐streamflow correlation spectrum (SSCS), is proposed to examine macroscopic gradients in these relationships. SSCS helps form, corroborate or reject hypotheses about basin hydrologic behaviors. SSCS patterns vary greatly over CONUS with climate, land surface, and geologic conditions. Data mining analysis suggests that for catchments with hydrologic settings that favor storage over runoff, e.g., a large fraction of precipitation as snow, thick and highly‐permeable permeable soil, SSCS values tend to be high. Based on our results, we form the hypotheses that groundwater flow dominates streamflows in Southeastern CONUS and Great Plains, while thin soils in a belt along the Appalachian Plateau impose alimit on water storage. SSCS also suggests shallow water table caused by high‐bulk density soil and flat terrain induces rapid runoff in several regions. Our results highlight the importance of subsurface properties and groundwater flow in capturing flood and drought. We propose that SSCS can be used as a fundamental hydrologic signature to constrain models and to provide insights thatlead usto better understand hydrologic functioning.
Precise Exciton Allocation for Highly Efficient White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Low Efficiency Roll‐Off Based on Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Exciplex Emission
Authors: Wu Zhongbin , Yu Ling , Zhao Fangchao , Qiao Xianfeng , Chen Jiangshan , Ni Fan , Yang Chuluo , Ahamad Tansir , Alshehri Saad M. , Ma Dongge 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhite organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are highly attractive in the fields of solid‐state lighting. The biggest challenge that is facing at present is how to maximize the exciton utilization to further enhance the efficiency, while taking into account the stability. Here, highly efficient all‐fluorescence and fluorescence/phosphorescence (F/P) hybrid WOLEDs with low efficiency roll‐off by designing exciplex‐sandwich emissive architecture and precisely manipulating the exciton allocation are demonstrated. The resulting complementary‐color hybrid WOLEDs realize the maximum external quantum efficiency of 28.3% and power efficiency of 102.9 lm W−1, and remain 26.9% and 73.5 lm W−1 at 500 cd m−2 and yet as high as 25.8% and 63.5 lm W−1 at 1000 cd m−2, respectively, revealing very low roll‐off. By using the efficient blue exciplex combined with red and green phosphorescent emitters, the three‐color WOLEDs yield a high color rendering index of 86, an external quantum efficiency of 29.4%, and a power efficiency of 75.5 lm W−1. It is anticipated that the exciplex engineering will open an efficient avenue to precisely allocate excitons, and finally producing high‐performance WOLEDs for next‐generation solid‐state lighting technology.
Stabilization of Uncertain Multi‐Order Fractional Systems Based on the Extended State Observer
Authors: Chen Liping , Chen Gang , Wu Ranchao , Tenreiro Machado J.A. , Lopes António M. , Ge Suoliang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe extended state observer (ESO) based controller has been used successfully with integer‐order systems involving large uncertainties. In this paper, the robust control of uncertain multi‐order fractional‐order (FO) systems based on ESO is investigated. First, we transform the multi‐order FO system into an equivalent system in the form of a same‐order state‐space equation. Then, the ESO for the new system is established for estimating both the state and the total disturbance. Sufficient conditions for bounded‐input and bounded‐output stability are derived, and the asymptotic stability of the closed loop system is analyzed, based on whether the states are available or not. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed methodology.