bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enrolling the Private Sector in Community Development: Magic Bullet or Sleight of Hand?
Authors: McEwan Cheryl , Mawdsley Emma , Banks Glenn , Scheyvens Regina 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThe role of the private sector in international development is growing, supported by new and evolving official programmes, financing, partnerships and narratives. This article examines the place of the private sector in ‘community development’ in the global South. It situates corporate community development (CCD) conceptually in long‐standing debates within critical development studies to consider the distinct roles that corporations are playing and how they are responding to the challenges and contradictions entailed within ‘community development’. Drawing on field‐based research across three different contexts and sectors for CCD in Fiji, Papua New Guinea and South Africa, the article suggests that caution is required in assuming that corporations can succeed where governments, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and international development organizations have so often met with complex challenges and intractable difficulties. We argue that four specific problems confront CCD: (a) the problematic ways in which ‘communities’ are defined, delineated and constructed; (b) the disconnected nature of many CCD initiatives, and lack of alignment and integration with local and national development planning policies and processes; (c) top‐down governance, and the absence or erosion of participatory processes and empowerment objectives; (d) the tendency towards highly conservative development visions.
Hox gene expression in the specialized limbs of the Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis)
Authors: Bickelmann Constanze , van der Vos Wessel , de Bakker Merijn A. G. , Jiménez Rafael , Maas Saskia , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYFossorial talpid moles use their limbs predominantly for digging, which explains their highly specialized anatomy. The humerus is particularly short and dorsoventrally rotated, with broadened distal and proximal parts where muscles attach and which facilitate powerful abductive movements. The radius and ulna are exceptionally robust and short. The ulna has an expanded olecranon process. The femur is generalized, but the fused tibia‐fibula complex is short and robust. To understand the developmental bases of these specializations, we studied expression patterns of four 5′ Hox genes in the fossorial Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis). These genes are known to play major roles in patterning the developing limb skeleton in the mouse, with which comparisons were made (Mus musculus, C57BL/6Jico strain). We find that HoxA9 expression is spatially expanded in the developing stylopodial area in the mole forelimb, compared to the less specialized mouse forelimb and mole hind limb. HoxD9 expression does not extend into the thoracic body wall in the mole forelimb in contrast to the mouse, and is also reduced in the presumptive zeugopodium in mole forelimb, compared to mouse. Expression of HoxD11 is upregulated in the mole in the postaxial area of the hind limb zeugopod, compared to the mouse. On the other hand, HoxD13 is downregulated in the postaxial zeugopodial area in the forelimb of the mole, compared to the mouse. The differences in the expression patterns of these 5′ Hox genes between Talpa and Mus are an indication of the developmental changes going hand in hand with anatomical digging adaptations in the mole adult.
Differences in anatomical connections across distinct areas in the rodent prefrontal cortex
Authors: Bedwell Stacey A. , Billett E. Ellen , Crofts Jonathan J. , Tinsley Chris J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPrefrontal cortex (PFC) network structure is implicated in a number of complex higher‐order functions and with a range of neurological disorders. It is therefore vital to our understanding of PFC function to gain an understanding of its underlying anatomical connectivity. Here, we injected Fluoro‐Gold and Fluoro‐Ruby into the same sites throughout rat PFC. Tracer injections were applied to two coronal levels within the PFC (anterior +4.7 mm to bregma and posterior +3.7 mm to bregma). Within each coronal level, tracers were deposited at sites separated by approximately 1 mm and located parallel to the medial and orbital surface of the cortex. We found that both Fluoro‐Gold and Fluoro‐Ruby injections produced prominent labelling in temporal and sensory‐motor cortex. Fluoro‐Gold produced retrograde labelling and Fluoro‐Ruby largely produced anterograde labelling. Analysis of the location of these connections within temporal and sensory‐motor cortex revealed a consistent topology (as the sequence of injections was followed mediolaterally along the orbital surface of each coronal level). At the anterior coronal level, injections produced a similar topology to that seen in central PFC in earlier studies from our laboratory (i.e. comparing equivalently located injections employing the same tracer), this was particularly prominent within temporal cortex. However, at the posterior coronal level this pattern of connections differed significantly, revealing higher levels of reciprocity, in both temporal cortex and sensory‐motor cortex. Our findings indicate changes in the relative organization of connections arising from posterior in comparison to anterior regions of PFC, which may provide a basis to determine how complex processes are organized.
The use of sonoelastography to assess the recovery of stiffness after equine superficial digital flexor tendon injuries: A preliminary prospective longitudinal study of the healing process
Authors: Tamura N. , Nukada T. , Kato T. , Kuroda T. , Kotoyori Y. , Fukuda K. , Kasashima Y. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackgroundThe objective assessment of the mechanical properties of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) could provide useful information for the rehabilitation of horses with SDFT injuries. Assessment of strain ratio (the strain of a standard reference divided by that of lesions) is a quantitative method in sonoelastography for evaluating tissue stiffness in vivo. As yet, no longitudinal studies have used strain ratio to evaluate the progression of stiffness in SDFT injuries.ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that strain ratio can evaluate the recovery of stiffness during the healing of SDFT injuries.Study designProspective and longitudinal study with observer‐blinded evaluation.MethodsUltrasonography, including sonoelastography, was performed in seven Thoroughbred horses with naturally occurring SDFT injuries at five time points: within 20 days of the injury, and at 2, 3, 6 and 9 months after the injury. Blinded sonoelastographic images were independently evaluated by two veterinarians to assess interobserver agreement. The recovery of stiffness and echogenicity in lesions were evaluated using the strain ratio and grey‐scale ratio (echogenicity of lesions divided by that of the surrounding area), respectively.ResultsInterobserver agreement was assessed as ‘almost perfect’. Strain ratios were significantly higher at 9 months after injury than at the other time points (all P<0.05). Strain ratios at 6 months after injury were significantly higher than those at earlier time points (P<0.05). Grey‐scale ratios within 20 days of injury were significantly lower than those at the other time points (all P<0.05).Main limitationsValidations of SDFT status were evaluated only by recovery of the echogenicity in lesions and not by histopathological examination.ConclusionsAlthough further studies are needed to validate the relationships between injured SDFT status and sonoelastographic findings, this preliminary study shows that strain ratio may provide a means to monitor the recovery of stiffness in lesions during rehabilitation, even when the grey‐scale ratio remains unchanged from a few months after SDFT injury.
The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting Information.
Merging for Capacity and a Capacity for Merging: Politicians, Citizens, and Discourses in Public Administrations
Authors: Mussari Riccardo , Ruggiero Pasquale 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIt is assumed in many countries that the merger of municipalities can increase the capacity of their public administrations. This paper concentrates primarily on the activities preceding the implementation of the merger, by analyzing the ex‐ante stages of the process. Using a case study, the paper analyzes the activities used to explain the merger initiative to citizens and to overcome any potential resistance. The analysis is developed using the Foucauldian concepts of discourse and technology of the self. The aim is to explain the way human resources can and should be managed during the implementation of a capacity‐building initiative.
Does the Probability of Informed Trading Model Fit Empirical Data?
Authors: Gan Quan , Wei Wang Chun , Johnstone David 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe probability of informed trading (PIN) is used widely as a measure of information asymmetry. Relatively little work has appeared on how well PIN models fit empirical trade data. We reveal structural limitations in PIN models by examining their marginal distributions and dependence structures represented by copulas. We develop a distribution‐free test of the goodness‐of‐fit of PIN models. Our results indicate that estimated PIN models have generally poor fit to actual trade data. These results suggest that researchers should be cautious when PIN estimates are plugged into empirical models as explanatory variables.
Impact of the great tsunami in 2011 on the quality of nursery grounds for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Sendai Bay, Japan
Authors: Kurita Yutaka , Uehara Shinji , Okazaki Yuji , Sakami Tomoko , Nambu Ryogen , Tomiyama Takeshi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe impact of the great tsunami, which was generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, on the quality of a nursery ground for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with a sandy bottom of <15 m in depth in Sendai Bay, Japan, was evaluated. Growth rates of juveniles, as an index of the quality of the nursery ground, were compared between before and after the tsunami. Recent growth rates (RGR; mm day−1) between 1 and 6 days before collection in 2011–2013, which were estimated from the width of otolith increments, ranged from 0.84 to 2.37 mm day−1 for juveniles of 24.8–146 mm in total length (TL). These figures are comparable to the maximum RGR for juvenile Japanese flounder in the literature. A linear model for RGR selected TL and bottom temperature but rejected biomass of the mysid Orientomysis mitsukurii, the main prey item, as explanatory variables, indicating that the growth rates of juveniles after the tsunami were not controlled by food density, i.e., optimal food condition occurred in the nursery. A linear model for observed growth rate (mm day−1), which was calculated from the temporal changes in the juvenile size frequency distribution, suggested the growth rate did not change between before and after the tsunami. Additional information on prey abundance and sediment size distribution also support this conclusion. Therefore, we conclude that the quality of the nursery ground for juvenile Japanese flounder in the study site has not been damaged by the great tsunami.
Emergent climate and CO2 sensitivities of net primary productivity in ecosystem models do not agree with empirical data in temperate forests of eastern North America
Authors: Rollinson Christine R. , Liu Yao , Raiho Ann , Moore David J. P. , McLachlan Jason , Bishop Daniel A. , Dye Alex , Matthes Jaclyn H. , Hessl Amy , Hickler Thomas , Pederson Neil , Poulter Benjamin , Quaife Tristan , Schaefer Kevin , Steinkamp Jörg , Dietze Michael C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEcosystem models show divergent responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to global change over the next century. Individual model evaluation and multimodel comparisons with data have largely focused on individual processes at subannual to decadal scales. Thus far, data‐based evaluations of emergent ecosystem responses to climate and CO2 at multidecadal and centennial timescales have been rare. We compared the sensitivity of net primary productivity (NPP) to temperature, precipitation, and CO2 in ten ecosystem models with the sensitivities found in tree‐ring reconstructions of NPP and raw ring‐width series at six temperate forest sites. These model‐data comparisons were evaluated at three temporal extents to determine whether the rapid, directional changes in temperature and CO2 in the recent past skew our observed responses to multiple drivers of change. All models tested here were more sensitive to low growing season precipitation than tree‐ring NPP and ring widths in the past 30 years, although some model precipitation responses were more consistent with tree rings when evaluated over a full century. Similarly, all models had negative or no response to warm‐growing season temperatures, while tree‐ring data showed consistently positive effects of temperature. Although precipitation responses were least consistent among models, differences among models to CO2 drive divergence and ensemble uncertainty in relative change in NPP over the past century. Changes in forest composition within models had no effect on climate or CO2 sensitivity. Fire in model simulations reduced model sensitivity to climate and CO2, but only over the course of multiple centuries. Formal evaluation of emergent model behavior at multidecadal and multicentennial timescales is essential to reconciling model projections with observed ecosystem responses to past climate change. Future evaluation should focus on improved representation of disturbance and biomass change as well as the feedbacks with moisture balance and CO2 in individual models.
LYRISCHE WUNDERKAMMERN DER ‘SATTELZEIT’: GEDICHTSAMMLUNGEN ALS INSTRUMENT BÜRGERLICHER KANONSTIFTUNG
Authors: Braam Hans , Hagestedt Lutz 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAny poet who aspired to becoming immortal in the so‐called ‘Sattelzeit’, the transitional period between 1750 and 1850, edited an anthology. And in it, he made sure to include his own poems. Only through an anthology could a poet both embed himself in a cultural context and enhance his public image. Even in the transitional period, the old adage held true that a good anthologist recognised a fellow good anthologist on account of his anthology; his activity pursued an ideal and adhered to a code. The anthologist had to balance literary history, canonicity, and contemporary currency, and the wonder of emerging poetic forms had to remain visible, such that ‘excellence across all types’ that is also ‘a rarity’ (Goethe) could be appreciated by contemporaries as something both good and useful. Editors of anthologies both mediated and inhibited literature; they established a special (and new) form of literary sociability. Their collections blossomed in an age of political turbulence (revolution, repression, and restoration) because they met with wide approval. This is the case, at least for anthologies of poetry, which were both popular with the people and artistic at the same time, as well as natural and tasteful – and therefore politically unsuspicious.Wer als Lyriker in der so genannten ‘Sattelzeit’ (circa 1750 bis 1850) unsterblich werden möchte, der gibt eine Anthologie heraus und berücksichtigt sich darin selbst mit eigenen Gedichten. Nur damit kann man sich in der Kultur fest verankern und gleichzeitig selbst profilieren. Freilich gilt schon damals: Der gute Sammler erkennt den guten Sammler an seiner Sammlung; seine Tätigkeit folgt einem Ideal und einem Kodex. Literaturgeschichte, Kanonizität und Gegenwartspräsenz müssen sich die Waage halten, das Wunder der Emergenz des Poetischen muss durchschaubar bleiben, damit die Zeitgenossen das ‘Vortreffliche aller Art’, das zugleich (nach Goethe) ‘das seltenste’ ist, als Gutes und Nützliches erkennen. Herausgeber von Anthologien sind Literaturvermittler und ‐verhinderer in einer Person, und ihre Blütenlesen stiften eine besondere (und neue) Form literarischer Geselligkeit. Im Spannungsfeld von politischer Reaktion, Repression und Restauration im Spätabsolutismus blühen Blütenlesen geradezu auf, weil sie auf allgemeine Akzeptanz stoßen können. Dies zumindest gilt für Gedichtsammlungen, die volkstümlich und kunstvoll zugleich sind, natürlich und geschmackvoll, dabei politisch unverdächtig.
Hippo vs. Crab: tissue‐specific functions of the mammalian Hippo pathway
Authors: Nishio Miki , Maehama Tomohiko , Goto Hiroki , Nakatani Keisuke , Kato Wakako , Omori Hirofumi , Miyachi Yosuke , Togashi Hideru , Shimono Yohei , Suzuki Akira 
Published: January 2017

The Hippo signaling pathway is a vital suppressor of tumorigenesis that is often inactivated in human cancers. In normal cells, the Hippo pathway is triggered by external forces such as cell crowding, or changes to the extracellular matrix or cell polarity. Once activated, Hippo signaling down‐regulates transcription supported by the paralogous cofactors YAP1 and TAZ. The Hippo pathway's functions in normal and cancer biology have been dissected by studies of mutant mice with null or conditional tissue‐specific mutations of Hippo signaling elements. In this review, we attempt to systematically summarize results that have been gleaned from detailed in vivo characterizations of these mutants. Our goal is to describe the physiological roles of Hippo signaling in several normal organ systems, as well as to emphasize how disruption of the Hippo pathway, and particularly hyperactivation of YAP1/TAZ, can be oncogenic.
Parental knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Reljić Vesna , Gazibara Tatjana , Nikolić Miloš , Zarić Milica , Maksimović Nataša 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundSuccessful control of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children depends on parents' knowledge on the disease and attitude toward ill child, but there is a lack studies exploring parental knowledge, attitude, and behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate parents' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward AD.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Clinic of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, between February 2015 and March 2016. Parents of children with AD were invited to complete the questionnaire, which was comprised of five parts: parental sociodemographic characteristics, demographic and clinical characteristics of children, knowledge, attitude, and behavior. To assess factors associated with a higher knowledge level on AD, stronger positive attitude, and more supportive behavior, we performed two multiple linear regression models.ResultsThe average parental knowledge score was 9.5 ± 1.9 out of 12. The level of knowledge did not correlate with parental conviction that they were well‐informed on AD (ρ = −0.121; P = 0.319). Older (β = 0.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00–0.16, P = 0.040), married/partnered parents (β = −2.14, 95% CI −3.55 to 0.72, P = 0.004), and those who have had AD themselves were more likely to be more knowledgeable on AD. Older (β = 0.18, 95% CI 0.01–0.34, P = 0.036) and employed (β = 3.99, 95% CI 1.59–6.38, P = 0.002) parents had stronger positive attitudes toward their children with AD. More supportive behavior of parents of children with AD was associated with being older (β = 0.24, 95% CI 0.04–0.45, P = 0.020) and less educated (β = −0.76, 95% CI −1.24 to 0.28, P = 0.003).ConclusionThe importance of understanding AD and accounting for attitudes by family members is obvious for successful control of the disease.
Deep caries due to Pre‐eruptive intracoronal resorption in a newly erupted primary molar
Authors: Schwimmer Yair , Zeltser Rephael , Moskovitz Moti 
Published: January 2017

Case ReportThis report describes a rare case of a 19‐month‐old girl with pre‐eruptive intracoronal resorption in the lower left first primary molar which had erupted a few weeks earlier and had deep caries. The treatment is described.ConclusionDentists who treat children must take into consideration the possibility of pre‐eruptive lesions in the primary dentition that may cause involvement of the pulp, either before or shortly post‐eruption.
The temperature‐dependent surface energy of ceramic single crystals
Authors: Cheng Tianbao , Fang Daining , Yang Yazheng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractKnowledge of the surface energy of ceramic single crystals at elevated temperatures is of fundamental importance. However, it is very hard to obtain this quantity from the existing experiments, simulations, and theories. In the present work, following the Orowan‐Polanyi and Gilman models’ principles, two theoretical models for the temperature‐dependent surface energy of the ceramic single crystals are proposed based on the authors’ previous studies on the temperature‐dependent ideal tensile strength of solids. Thus established models relate the temperature dependence of the surface energy to these of the specific heat at constant pressure, Young's modulus, and coefficient of the linear thermal expansion. The temperature‐dependent surface energies of α‐Al2O3 and β‐Si3N4 are calculated and agree well with the experimental data. The study shows that the surface energy firstly remains approximately constant and then decreases linearly as temperature increases from 0 K to melting point. However, it has stronger temperature dependence than Young's modulus, that is, surface energy decreases more rapidly with increasing temperature.
Unstable bodyweight and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kodama Satoru , Fujihara Kazuya , Ishiguro Hajime , Horikawa Chika , Ohara Nobumasa , Yachi Yoko , Tanaka Shiro , Shimano Hitoshi , Kato Kiminori , Hanyu Osamu , Sone Hirohito 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe present meta‐analysis aimed to clarify the association of unstable bodyweight with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, an association that has been controversial among longitudinal studies.Materials and MethodsAn electronic literature search using EMBASE and MEDLINE was followed up to 31 August 2016. The relative risks (RRs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with unstable bodyweight were pooled using the inverse variance method.ResultsEight studies were eligible for the meta‐analysis. The median duration of measurements of weight change and follow‐up years for ascertaining type 2 diabetes mellitus were 13.5 and 9.4 years, respectively. The pooled RR for the least vs most stable category was 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.12–1.57). Between‐study heterogeneity was statistically significant (P = 0.048). Whether type 2 diabetes mellitus was ascertained by blood testing explained 66.0% of the variance in the logarithm of RR (P = 0.02). In three studies in which blood testing was carried out, type 2 diabetes mellitus risk was not significant (RR 1.06, 95% confidence interval 0.91–1.25). Furthermore, publication bias that inflated type 2 diabetes mellitus risk was statistically detected by Egger's test (P = 0.09).ConclusionsUnstable bodyweight might be modestly associated with the elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus; although serious biases, such as diagnostic suspicion bias and publication bias, made it difficult to assess this association.