bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Initial Mass Function of the Inner Galaxy Measured from OGLE-III Microlensing Timescales
Authors: Wegg Christopher , Gerhard Ortwin , Portail Matthieu 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We use the timescale distribution of ∼3000 microlensing events measured by the OGLE-III survey, together with accurate new made-to-measure dynamical models of the Galactic bulge/bar region, to measure the IMF in the inner Milky Way. The timescale of each event depends on the mass of the lensing object, together with the relative distances and velocities of the lens and source. The dynamical model statistically provides these distances and velocities, allowing us to constrain the lens mass function, and thereby infer the IMF. Parameterizing the IMF as a broken power-law, we find slopes in the main-sequence

, and brown dwarf region

, where we use a fiducial 50% binary fraction, and the systematic uncertainty covers the range of binary fractions 0%–100%. Similarly, for a log-normal IMF we conclude

and

. These values are very similar to a Kroupa or Chabrier IMF, respectively, showing that the IMF in the bulge is indistinguishable from that measured locally, despite the lenses lying in the inner Milky Way where the stars are mostly ∼10 Gyr old and formed on a fast α-element enhanced timescale. This therefore constrains models of IMF variation that depend on the properties of the collapsing gas cloud.
The Braking Index of Millisecond Magnetars
Authors: Lasky Paul D. , Leris Cristiano , Rowlinson Antonia , Glampedakis Kostas 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We make the first measurement of the braking index n of two putative millisecond magnetars born in short gamma-ray bursts. We measure

and

for millisecond magnetars born in GRB 130603B and GRB 140903A, respectively. The neutron star born in GRB 130603B has the only known a braking index consistent with the fiducial n = 3 value. This value is ruled out with 99.95% confidence for GRB 140903A. We discuss possible causes of

braking indices in millisecond magnetars, showing that several models can account for the measurement of the braking index in GRB 140903A, while it is more difficult to account for a braking index consistent with n = 3.
Movilización y participación en Twitter. Estudio de caso del hashtag #SuperTuesday en las primarias presidenciales de EEUU 2016
Authors: Pérez-Martínez Víctor Manuel , Rodríguez González María Dolores , Tobajas Gracia María 
Published: June 2017

El proceso electoral de los Estados Unidos es de interés mundial; es un evento de impacto por el interés informativo y el supermartes es un hito en la campaña electoral a la Casa Blanca. Objetivo: Analizar los contenidos y la interacción en Twitter durante la jornada del supermartes. Metodología: El estudio incluyó las características de los tweets publicados, los tipos de contenido, los temas y la interacción en Twitter. El estudio se realizó seleccionando tuits durante la jornada del supermartes que incluyeron el hashtag #SuperTuesday. Las metodologías utilizadas fueron el análisis de contenido. Discusión y Conclusiones: La constante fue la preferencia por resaltar la jornada electoral a través de contenidos originales y en los cuales no destacaba ninguno de los candidatos. El supermartes fue la temática de preferencia dejando paso, al final de la jornada, a los candidatos como tema preferente.
Tree growth and its climate signal along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients: comparison of tree rings between Finland and the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Lyu Lixin , Suvanto Susanne , Nöjd Pekka , Henttonen Helena M. , Mäkinen Harri , Zhang Qi-Bin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients can be utilized to forecast the impact of climate change on forests. To improve the understanding of how these gradients impact forest dynamics, we tested two hypotheses: (1) the change of the tree growth–climate relationship is similar along both latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, and (2) the time periods during which climate affects growth the most occur later towards higher latitudes and altitudes. To address this, we utilized tree-ring data from a latitudinal gradient in Finland and from two altitudinal gradients on the Tibetan Plateau. We analysed the latitudinal and altitudinal growth patterns in tree rings and investigated the growth–climate relationship of trees by correlating ring-width index chronologies with climate variables, calculating with flexible time windows, and using daily-resolution climate data. High latitude and altitude plots showed higher correlations between tree-ring chronologies and growing season temperature. However, the effects of winter temperature showed contrasting patterns for the gradients. The timing of the highest correlation with temperatures during the growing season at southern sites was approximately 1 month ahead of that at northern sites in the latitudinal gradient. In one out of two altitudinal gradients, the timing for the strongest negative correlation with temperature at low-altitude sites was ahead of treeline sites during the growing season, possibly due to differences in moisture limitation. Mean values and the standard deviation of tree-ring width increased with increasing mean July temperatures on both types of gradients. Our results showed similarities of tree growth responses to increasing seasonal temperature between latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. However, differences in climate–growth relationships were also found between gradients due to differences in other factors such as moisture conditions. Changes in the timing of the most critical climate variables demonstrated the necessity for the use of daily-resolution climate data in environmental gradient studies.
Identification of runoff formation with two dyes in a mid-latitude mountain headwater
Authors: Vlček Lukáš , Falátková Kristýna , Schneider Philipp 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Subsurface flow in peat bog areas and its role in the hydrologic cycle has garnered increased attention as water scarcity and floods have increased due to a changing climate. In order to further probe the mechanisms in peat bog areas and contextualize them at the catchment scale, this experimental study identifies runoff formation at two opposite hillslopes in a peaty mountain headwater; a slope with organic peat soils and a shallow phreatic zone (0.5 m below surface), and a slope with mineral Podzol soils and no detectable groundwater (> 2 m below surface). Similarities and differences in infiltration, percolation and preferential flow paths between both hillslopes could be identified by sprinkling experiments with Brilliant Blue and Fluorescein sodium. To our knowledge, this is the first time these two dyes have been compared in their ability to stain preferential flow paths in soils. Dye-stained soil profiles within and downstream of the sprinkling areas were excavated parallel (lateral profiles) and perpendicular (frontal profiles) to the slopes' gradients. That way preferential flow patterns in the soil could be clearly identified. The results show that biomat flow, shallow subsurface flow in the organic topsoil layer, occurred at both hillslopes; however, at the peat bog hillslope it was significantly more prominent. The dye solutions infiltrated into the soil and continued either as lateral subsurface pipe flow in the case of the peat bog, or percolated vertically towards the bedrock in the case of the Podzol. This study provides evidence that subsurface pipe flow, lateral preferential flow along decomposed tree roots or logs in the unsaturated zone, is a major runoff formation process at the peat bog hillslope and in the adjacent riparian zone.
Statistical characteristics of convective wind gusts in Germany
Authors: Mohr Susanna , Kunz Michael , Richter Alexandra , Ruck Bodo 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Due to the small-scale and non-stationary nature of the convective wind gusts usually associated with thunderstorms, there is a considerable lack of knowledge regarding their characteristics and statistics. In an effort to remedy this situation, we investigated in this study a set of 110 climate stations of the German Weather Service between 1992 and 2014 to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution, intensity, and occurrence probability of convective gusts. Similar to thunderstorm activity, the frequency of convective gusts decreases gradually from southern to northern Germany. No further spatial structures, such as a relation to orography or climate conditions, can be identified regarding their strength or likelihood. Rather, high wind speeds of above 30 m s−1 can be expected everywhere in Germany with almost similar occurrence probabilities. A comparison of the 20-year return values of convective gusts with those of turbulent gusts demonstrates that the latter have higher frequencies, especially in northern Germany. However, for higher return periods, this effect can be reversed at some stations. The values of the convective gust factors are mainly in a range between 1 and 4 but can even reach values up to 10. Besides the dependency from the averaging time period of the mean wind, the values of the gust factors additionally depend on the event duration and the storm type, respectively.
Simultaneous Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) with Modified Nanoporous Pumpellyite Zeolite
Authors: Mohammadi Sayed Zia , Shamspur Tayebeh , Shahsavani Elham , Fozooni Samieh 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A procedure for determination of trace levels of Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a preconcentration system has been proposed. In this system, we used modified nanoporous pumpellyite zeolite loaded with 2-phenyl-4-[1-(2-thienyl) methylidene]-5-oxazolone as a sorbent for extracting Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) ions from real samples. Several parameters such as pH of the sample solution, amount of nanoporous pumpellyite zeolite, amount of ligand, volumes of sample and eluent, type of eluent, flow rates of sample and eluent, and the effects of diverse ions on the preconcentration were investigated. The LODs for Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) in the original solution were 2.6, 1.3, 3.2, and 1.1 ng/mL, respectively. The preconcentration factor was 250 for Zn and Ni, 100 for Cd, and 125 for Cu. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace metal ions in certified reference material tea leaves and water samples with satisfactory results.
A Quick Assay for the Quantitation of Deoxynivalenol in Grain Samples by Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection
Authors: Vega Victor A , Young Michelle , Dorsey LaTisha 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A quick and effective extraction of deoxynivalenol (DON) in food samples is described. The samples were extracted using 80% acetonitrile–water solution, followed by a second extraction using an 80% methanol–water solution. The extract was then subjected to an immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup. Quantification of isolated analyte was obtained by LC with UV detection at 220 nm. LC-UV parameters were optimized with a C18 LC column resulting in a 6 min run time. Certified reference materials (CRMs) of three different matrixes at three different levels were analyzed. Wheat, barley, and corn samples containing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.9 mg/kg, respectively, were analyzed. Recoveries from all CRM samples were calculated using an external standard curve (Figure 1) and ranged from 80 to 102%. Confirmation of DON in the sample extracts was accomplished using LC/MS. This method provides a rapid, specific, and robust assay for the analysis of DON with an uncertainty measurement of 12.2% and method detention limit of less than 0.125 mg/kg. Other methods that do not use an IAC produce dirty extracts that sometimes require washing the chromatographic column after each sample injection. The method presented here does not require washing the column, which leads to faster LC analysis time/sample.
C Cell and Follicular Epithelial Cell Precursor Lesions of the Thyroid
Authors: Scognamiglio Theresa 
Published: June 2017

Context.—The identification of precursor or dysplastic lesions in the thyroid is difficult. Pathology of the C cell has been extensively studied, and the preneoplastic nature of C-cell hyperplasia in the setting of familial medullary thyroid carcinomas is well established. However, the distinction between neoplastic and physiologic/reactive C-cell hyperplasia remains a challenge. Unlike C cells, the existence of a precursor lesion of follicular cell–derived tumors is less well established, and a dysplastic or preneoplastic follicular lesion has not been well defined.Objective.—To discuss putative precursor lesions in the thyroid arising from C cells and follicular epithelial cells.Data Sources.—Data were obtained from a review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature.Conclusions.—Although the preneoplastic nature of C-cell hyperplasia in the setting of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma is well recognized, the preneoplastic nature/malignant potential of reactive/physiologic C-cell hyperplasia and its role in the development of sporadic, medullary thyroid carcinoma is still unclear. Current data suggest that benign follicular lesions may have malignant potential, and there may be a multifocal progression from benign to malignant. Atypical follicular lesions in the background of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis may represent dysplastic or premalignant lesions.
ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL POLLUTION OF IVANOVO CITY WITH HEAVY METALS AND OIL PRODUCTS
Authors: Mashkin Dmitry V. , Izvekova Tatyana V. , Gushchin Andrei A. , Grinevich Vladimir I. 
Published: June 2017

In given study the results of measurements of heavy metals content (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn) and oil hydrocarbons in a soil cover of Ivanovo city are presented. The chemical pollution of soils was estimated with the comparison of obtained results with normalized values as well as on parameters which are indicators of unfavorable impact on a population health that is on the coefficient of concentration of chemical substance (Kc) and total parameter of chemical pollution (Zc). It has been established that the content of lead and oil products exceeds the standardized values by a factor of 6.7 and 3.9 times, respectively, and for all other controlled compounds their concentrations in all the test samples exceed the background values, with the exception of cobalt and manganese. For a determination of level pollution and for revealing main sources of anthropogenic impact the territory under study was divided on the following zones: buffer areas of gasoline stands, zones with the intensive vehicular traffic and residential zones. On Zc value the residential zones refer to category of permissible level of pollution (Zc<16) whereas territories near roads and gasoline stands are characterized with the average level of pollution (16<Zc<32). The dynamics of the change in the value of the complex indicator of the level of chemical contamination of soil (Zc) for the period from 1999 to 2014 indicates a deterioration in the environmental condition of the soil, namely, the value of Zc increased from 12 to 18, which is probably associated with growth of vehicles (an average increase of 6% per year). On the basis of the method of geochemical mapping the reasonable assumption was made that the main contribution to soil contamination is provided by local sources of city.Forcitation:Mashkin D.V., Izvekova Т.V., Gushchin A.A., Grinevich V.I. Assessment of level pollution of Ivanovo city with heavy metals and oil products. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 94-99
African Literature in French
Authors: Curto Roxanna Nydia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Under the Second Republic (1870–1914), France extended its educational system to the colonies, where subjects were required to learn to read and write French, and to study the most canonical works of French literature. In the early to mid‐twentieth century, a corpus of literary texts emerged, written in French, by authors from the colonies originally educated in France's republican system. This corpus is usually divided geographically into two categories: writings from North Africa, or the “Maghreb” (the term used to denote the region comprising Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia); and those from sub‐Saharan Africa. The first part of this entry focuses on North Africa, including works by writers from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia from the early twentieth century to the present. The second section focuses on sub‐Saharan Africa, from the first works of the early 1920s and the Negritude movement, to the 1950s novels recounting life under French colonialism to the post‐independence novels of the 1960s and 1970s, and the erotic and political works of the 1980s.
Armah, Ayi Kwei
Authors: Brown Michelle Lynn 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Ayi Kwei Armah (b. 1939) is a Ghanaian novelist, essayist, scholar, and short story writer. He is best known for his historical fiction depicting the advent of the Arabic and European slave trades in West Africa and the deleterious effects of colonialism and neocolonialism on African individuals, economies, institutions, and cultures. A pan‐Africanist, Armah's work depicts the ancient connections among African communities and exposes divisions imposed or exacerbated by colonialism. His influence on contemporary African literature began with his scathing 1968 critique of neocolonial corruption,
The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born
and the 1973 epic
Two Thousand Seasons
. His graphic fictional depictions of racialized, gendered violence sparked critical discussions of African literary conventions and historical precedent that became part of the early processes of shaping the theoretical foundations of postcolonial studies. Armah currently works as a speaker, translator, and Africana scholar, and, with Per Ankh, established a collective dedicated to publishing and promoting African creative and scholarly writing.
Bandung Conference
Authors: Örnek Cangül 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In April 1955 Indonesia hosted representatives from 29 African and Asian states to discuss decolonization and world peace. The aim was to promote cooperation in the Afro‐Asian region. The Bandung Conference heralded the emergence of a new pole in the Cold War that would alter the existing power of balance in the world politics. As the first large‐scale manifestation of nascent Afro‐Asian identity and interracial solidarity, it is acknowledged as a remarkable moment in the history of postcolonial communities. Despite divisions among participants, which were initially evident in their international commitments, the conference succeeded in stimulating the idea of postcolonial collective identity and interracial connection. The Afro‐Asian solidarity fell apart in the years that followed, but the conference contributed to forging out the concept of “nonalignment,” which would mark the subsequent course of the Cold War.
Biopolitics in Latin America
Authors: Nemser Daniel 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Biopolitics is a key category for analyzing the mechanisms and techniques of governance in postcolonial Latin America, especially as they relate to race, nation, and ongoing forms of colonialism. Michel Foucault first laid out the concept in 1976, the year that
The History of Sexuality
,
Vol
.
1
was first published in French and he delivered the lectures of
Society Must Be Defended
at the Collège de France.
Brazilian Cultural Theory
Authors: Cevasco Maria Elisa 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
At least since the Proclamation of Independence in 1822, the cultural debate in Brazil has been locked, predictably, in two inescapable, though false, questions: should the new country have a culture of its own, our should it imitate the “genuine culture” that came, in the nineteenth century, from Europe and later one from the United States? This entry offers an overview of cultural theory in Brazil with special emphasis on the dialectical tradition.
Cabral, Amílcar
Authors: Harnoncourt Julia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Amílcar Cabral (1921–73) played a key role in the liberation struggle against the Portuguese colonial system in Guinea‐Bissau and Cape Verde. He became internationally known as one of the founders of the PAIGC (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde) and wrote globally received texts on colonialism, imperialism, and the anti‐colonial struggle.
Caribbean Literature in French
Authors: Walcott‐Hackshaw Elizabeth 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
One of the most prolonged discussions among Francophone Caribbean writers and theorists has been the question of French Caribbean identity and subjectivity. Even within the context of the twenty‐first century, questions of definition, identification, and designation remain political and cultural issues as a result of the continued affiliation with France. Thus the notion of a “Caribbean literature in French” is in itself a postcolonial problem. The literary production of the Francophone region has to a great extent, particularly in the case of Martinique, been shaped by ideological, cultural, and political debates. Many Martinican writers have attempted to define and articulate a cultural identity within the political context of a French overseas department. The literature and theoretical works produced by these writers have gone beyond the regional boundaries to inform international postcolonial debates on difference, displacement, creolization, and cultural polyvalence.
Césaire, Aimé
Authors: Curtius Anny Dominique 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Aimé Césaire (1913–2008) is a world‐acclaimed Martinican poet, playwright, essayist, and politician, and the author of a seminal epic poem
Cahier d'un retour au pays natal
(
Notebook of a Return to My Native Land
). He coined the concept
négritude
, which became a pioneering black consciousness movement in the 1930s in Paris. This entry highlights the major characteristics of his literary contributions and his political aura that have marked generations of scholars in postcolonial and diaspora studies, and constituted a fertile ground for movements of decolonization, political agency and identity formation in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries.
Chatterjee, Upamanyu
Authors: Ramamoorthy Rakesh 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Upamanyu Chatterjee is an Indian English writer whose works deal with the uneasy coexistence of native traditions and Western modernity in postcolonial India. His writings are characterized by an ironic treatment of postcoloniality, and dark, irreverent humor. His works to date consist of six novels –
English
,
August: An Indian Story
,
The Last Burden
,
The Mammaries of the Welfare State
,
Weight Loss
,
Way to Go
, and
Fairy Tales at Fifty
– and a few short stories. The major concerns of his novels include the role of English language and literature in contemporary India, the institution of the Hindu middle‐class family, the nature of filial relationships, and the sexual obsessions of the protagonists. He satirizes the idiosyncrasies and the corruption of the bureaucracy, presents a harshly realistic account of contemporary Indian middle‐class life, and boldly depicts sexual themes and homosexuality.
Chinese Culture and Society
Authors: Vukovich Daniel F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses China's – the late Qing's to especially the People's Republic's – difficult, different, but still compelling relation to orientalism, nationalism, and colonial as well as modern discourse and politics. It also examines the case against postcolonial studies for China (as opposed to South Asia), and also the relations within a shared global history, including the geo‐politics of knowledge, and the opportunities for postcolonial or anti‐imperial studies of/and the mainland.