bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 7: Guidelines for EEG Reporting
Authors: Tatum William O. , Olga Selioutski , Ochoa Juan G. , Munger Clary Heidi , Cheek Janna , Drislane Frank , Tsuchida Tammy N. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
This EEG Guideline incorporates the practice of structuring a report of results obtained during routine adult electroencephalography. It is intended to reflect one of the current practices in reporting an EEG and serves as a revision of the previous guideline entitled “Writing an EEG Report.” The goal of this guideline is not only to convey clinically relevant information, but also to improve interrater reliability for clinical and research use by standardizing the format of EEG reports. With this in mind, there is expanded documentation of the patient history to include more relevant clinical information that can affect the EEG recording and interpretation. Recommendations for the technical conditions of the recording are also enhanced to include post hoc review parameters and type of EEG recording. Sleep feature documentation is also expanded upon. More descriptive terms are included for background features and interictal discharges that are concordant with efforts to standardize terminology. In the clinical correlation section, examples of common clinical scenarios are now provided that encourages uniformity in reporting. Including digital samples of abnormal waveforms is now readily available with current EEG recording systems and may be beneficial in augmenting reports when controversial waveforms or important features are encountered.
Hyperventilation in Patients With Focal Epilepsy: Electromagnetic Tomography, Functional Connectivity and Graph Theory — A Possible Tool in Epilepsy Diagnosis?
Authors: Mazzucchi Edoardo , Vollono Catello , Losurdo Anna , Testani Elisa , Gnoni Valentina , Di Blasi Chiara , Giannantoni Nadia M. , Lapenta Leonardo , Brunetti Valerio , Della Marca Giacomo 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
Hyperventilation (HV) is a commonly used electroencephalogram activation method.

Methods:
We analyzed EEG recordings in 22 normal subjects and 22 patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause. We selected segments before (PRE), during (HYPER), and 5 minutes after (POST) HV. To analyze the neural generators of EEG signal, we used standard low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA software). We then computed EEG lagged coherence, an index of functional connectivity, between 19 regions of interest. A weighted graph was built for each band in every subject, and characteristic path length (L) and clustering coefficient (C) have been computed. Statistical comparisons were performed by means of analysis of variance (Group X Condition X Band) for mean lagged coherence, L and C.

Results:
Hyperventilation significantly increases EEG neural generators (P < 0.001); the effect is particularly evident in cingulate cortex. Functional connectivity was increased by HV in delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands in the Epileptic group (P < 0.01) and only in theta band in Control group. Intergroup analysis of mean lagged coherence, C and L, showed significant differences for Group (P < 0.001), Condition (P < 0.001), and Band (P < 0.001). Analysis of variance for L also showed significant interactions: Group X Condition (P = 0.003) and Group X Band (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
In our relatively small group of epileptic patients, HV is associated with activation of cingulate cortex; moreover, it modifies brain connectivity. The significant differences in mean lagged coherence, path length, and clustering coefficient permit to hypothesize that this activation method leads to different brain connectivity patterns in patients with epilepsy when compared with normal subjects. If confirmed by other studies involving larger populations, this analysis could become a diagnostic tool in epilepsy.
Super-atom molecular orbital excited states of fullerenes
Authors: Johansson J. Olof , Bohl Elvira , Campbell Eleanor E. B. 
Published: August 2016

Super-atom molecular orbitals are orbitals that form diffuse hydrogenic excited electronic states of fullerenes with their electron density centred at the centre of the hollow carbon cage and a significant electron density inside the cage. This is a consequence of the high symmetry and hollow structure of the molecules and distinguishes them from typical low-lying molecular Rydberg states. This review summarizes the current experimental and theoretical studies related to these exotic excited electronic states with emphasis on femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy experiments on gas-phase fullerenes.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Fullerenes: past, present and future, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Buckminster Fullerene’.
Many shades of green: the dynamic tropical forest–savannah transition zones
Authors: Oliveras Immaculada , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: August 2016

The forest–savannah transition is the most widespread ecotone in tropical areas, separating two of the most productive terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we review current understanding of the factors that shape this transition, and how it may change under various drivers of local or global change. At broadest scales, the location of the transition is shaped by water availability, mediated strongly at local scales by fire regimes, herbivory pressure and spatial variation in soil properties. The frequently dynamic nature of this transition suggests that forest and savannah can exist as alternative stable states, maintained and separated by fire–grass feedbacks and tree shade–fire suppression feedback. However, this theory is still contested and the relative contributions of the main biotic and abiotic drivers and their interactions are yet not fully understood. These drivers interplay with a wide range of ecological processes and attributes at the global, continental, regional and local scales. The evolutionary history of the biotic and abiotic drivers and processes plays an important role in the current distributions of these transitions as well as in their species composition and ecosystem functioning. This ecotone can be sensitive to shifts in climate and other driving factors, but is also potentially stabilized by negative feedback processes. There is abundant evidence that these transitions are shifting under contemporary global and local changes, but the direction of shift varies according to region. However, it still remains uncertain how these transitions will respond to rapid and multi-faceted ongoing current changes, and how increasing human influence will interact with these shifts.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
Human Clostridium difficile infection caused by a livestock-associated PCR ribotype 237 strain in Western Australia
Authors: Mc Govern Alan M. , Foster Niki F. , Pereira Lynette A. , Knight Daniel R. , Elliott Briony , Chang Barbara J. , Riley Thomas V. 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a significant gastrointestinal disease in the developed world and increasingly recognised as a zoonotic infection. In North America and Europe, the PCR ribotype (RT) 078 strain of C. difficile is commonly found in production animals and as a cause of disease in humans although proof of transmission from animals is lacking. This strain is absent in Australian livestock. We report a case of human CDI caused by a strain of C. difficile belonging to known Australian livestock-associated RT 237.

Case presentation:
A young male was admitted for multiple trauma following a motor vehicle accident and placed on piperacillin/tazobactam for pneumonia. After 4 days of treatment, he developed symptoms of CDI, which was confirmed in the laboratory. His symptoms resolved after 6 days of intravenous metronidazole. The strain of C. difficile isolated was identified as RT 237, an unusual RT previously found in with several Western Australia piggeries.

Conclusion:
This case of CDI caused by an unusual livestock-associated C. difficile RT 237 supports the hypothesis of zoonotic transmission. The case highlights the potential of livestock to act as reservoir for C. difficile and the need for continued surveillance of CDI in both human and animal populations.
A putative siderophore-interacting protein from the marine bacteriumShewanella frigidimarinaNCIMB 400: cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis
Authors: Trindade Inês B. , Fonseca Bruno M. , Matias Pedro M. , Louro Ricardo O. , Moe Elin 
Published: August 2016

Siderophore-binding proteins (SIPs) perform a key role in iron acquisition in multiple organisms. In the genome of the marine bacteriumShewanella frigidimarinaNCIMB 400, the gene tagged as SFRI_RS12295 encodes a protein from this family. Here, the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of this protein are reported, together with its preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis to 1.35 Å resolution. The SIP crystals belonged to the monoclinic space groupP21, with unit-cell parametersa= 48.04,b= 78.31,c= 67.71 Å, α = 90, β = 99.94, γ = 90°, and are predicted to contain two molecules per asymmetric unit. Structure determination by molecular replacement and the use of previously determined ∼2 Å resolution SIP structures with ∼30% sequence identity as templates are ongoing.
Collision avoidance for mobile robots based on artificial potential field and obstacle envelope modelling
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Hu Guang , Feng Lin , Wu Jiping , Liu Shenglan 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the collision avoidance problem for a mobile robot by constructing an artificial potential field (APF) based on geometrically modelling the obstacles with a new method named the obstacle envelope modelling (OEM).

Design/methodology/approach
The obstacles of arbitrary shapes are enveloped in OEM using the primitive, which is an ellipse in a two-dimensional plane or an ellipsoid in a three-dimensional space. As the surface details of obstacles are neglected elegantly in OEM, the workspace of a mobile robot is made simpler so as to increase the capability of APF in a clustered environment.

Findings
Further, a dipole is applied to the construction of APF produced by each obstacle, among which the positive pole pushes the robot away and the negative pole pulls the robot close.

Originality/value
As a whole, the dipole leads the robot to make a derivation around the obstacle smoothly, which greatly reduces the local minima and trajectory oscillations. Computer simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A method for common design structure discovery in assembly models using information from multiple sources
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zuo Mi , Wang Pan , Yu Jian-feng , Li Yuan 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Design is a time-consuming process for mechanical production. Some design structures frequently occur in different products and can be shared by multiple assembly models. Thus, identifying these structures and adding them to a design knowledge library significantly speed up the design process. Most studies addressing this issue have traditionally focused on part models and have not extended to assembly models. This paper aims to find a method for common design structure discovery in assembly models.

Design/methodology/approach
Computer-aided design models have a great deal of valuable information defined by different designers in the design stages, especially the assembly models, which are actually carriers of information from multiple sources. In this paper, an approach for discovering a common design structure in assembly models is proposed by comparing information from multiple sources. Assembly models are first represented as attribute connection graphs (ACGs), in which we mainly consider topological information and various attributes of parts and connections. Then, we apply a K-means clustering method based on a similarity analysis of different attributes to classify the parts and connections and transform ACGs of assemblies into type code graphs (TCGs). After this, a discovery algorithm that improves upon fast frequent subgraph mining is used to identify common design structures in assemblies.

Findings
A new method was developed for discovering common design structures in assembly models, considering the similarity of information from multiple sources and allowing some differences in the details to keep both commonalities and individualities of common design structures.

Practical implications
Experiments show that the proposed method is efficient and can produce a reasonable result.

Originality/value
This discovery method helps designers find common design structures from different assembly models and shorten the design cycle. It is an effective approach to build a knowledge library for product design that can shorten the design cycle.
Development and testing of an assessment model for social enterprises
Authors: Lobato-Calleros Maria Odette , Fabila Rodriguez Karla , Carrera-Lobato Paulina , Carrera-Lobato Rodrigo 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
– The trend toward the indiscriminate use of natural resources and social decay has widened the gap between social classes, rich and poor, leaving the poorest unprotected. This situation, with the current financial crisis has also led to the creation of social organizations by the people in the highest levels of marginalization, through which they sell products manufactured by themselves and support enhance the economy and enhance a better quality of life for themselves. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– A major development for growth of these organizations is the existence of responsible consumerism. Thanks to the technological advancements and the mass distribution of information, and the supply chain, the world population is beginning to get aware and becoming concerned by the effects of the hyper-consumption culture currently prevailing.

Findings
– The existing models of national indices based on consumer opinion and satisfaction merely include the characteristics of the products and services offered, but do not include variables that aid in determining their impact on a social enterprise. This research aims to fill that gap.

Originality/value
– The paper shares the results of a qualitative and quantitative survey performed during the first half of 2014 using a model of structural equations developed to test new hypotheses that include a variable which has been called “social responsibility.”
Comparison of diffused layer prepared using liquid dopant solutions and pastes for solar cell with screen printed electrodes
Authors: Drabczyk Kazimierz , Wróbel Edyta , Kulesza-Matlak Grazyna , Filipowski Wojciech , Waczynski Krzysztof , Lipinski Marek 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is comparison of the diffusion processes performed using the commercial available dopant paste made by Filmtronics and the original prepared liquid dopant solution. To decrease prices of industrially produced silicon-based solar cells, the new low-cost production processes are necessary. The main components of most popular silicon solar cells are with diffused emitter layer, passivation, anti-reflective layers and metal electrodes. This type of cells is prepared usually using phosphorus oxychloride diffusion source and metal pastes for screen printing. The diffusion process in diffusion furnace with quartz tube is slow, complicated and requires expensive equipment. The alternative for this technology is very fast in-line processing using the belt furnaces as an equipment. This approach requires different dopant sources.

Design/methodology/approach
In this work, the diffusion processes were made for two different types of dopant sources. The first one was the commercial available dopant paste from Filmtronics and the second one was the original prepared liquid dopant solution. The investigation was focused on dopant sources fabrication and diffusion processes. The doping solution was made in two stages. In the first stage, a base solution (without dopants) was made: dropwise deionized (DI) water and ethyl alcohol were added to a solution consisting of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 99.8 per cent ethyl alcohol. Next, to the base solution, orthophosphoric acid dissolved in ethyl alcohol was added.

Findings
Diffused emitter layers with sheet resistance around 60 Ω/sq were produced on solar grade monocrystalline silicon wafers using two types of dopant sources.

Originality/value
In this work, the diffusion processes were made for two different types of dopant sources. The first one was the commercial available dopant paste from Filmtronics and the second one was the original prepared liquid dopant solution.
Measuring and understanding the engagement of Bangladeshi SMEs with sustainable and socially responsible business practices: an ISO 26000 perspective
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Drawing on the “ISO 26000: 2010 – Guidance on social responsibility” handbook, this paper aims to investigate the extent to which Bangladeshi small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) are incorporating social responsibility (SR)/sustainability into their regular business activities. It is also aimed at providing insights into how Bangladeshi SME owner-managers perceive the concept of SR, and exploring the key drivers of and barriers to socially responsible and sustainable business practices.

Design/methodology/approach
A mixed-method research was carried out in two sequential phases. During the first phase, 110 printed questionnaires (59 of which were eventually used) were distributed among the owner-managers of the selected SMEs. The second phase involved seven in-depth semi-structured interviews.

Findings
The findings reconfirm the existence of the so called “attitude-behaviour” gap. The barriers that hinder the sustainable engagement of SMEs include corruption, a weak regulatory environment, inefficient or ill-suited government and external support and a lack of awareness of the environmental aspects of SR. In addition, this research reveals that Bangladeshi manufacturing SMEs do, to a certain degree, implement SR; only those few issues that suit the owner-managers’ personal motives are addressed, while many others (e.g. environmental issues) are neglected. Finally, it has been found that the business type and size, and the owner-managers’ educational attainments have no significant influence on the degree of adoption of socially responsible business practices by Bangladeshi manufacturing SMEs.

Originality/value
This paper develops a tool suited to meaningfully assess the socially responsible and sustainable business activities of SMEs. By using the four key elements identified in ISO 26000, namely, labour practices, the environment, consumer issues and community involvement and development, and by using an innovative and effective technique, a sustainability score and implementation level were calculated quantitatively for the selected SMEs. The tool developed here can be used to study the sustainability related issues faced by SMEs based in other low-income developing countries.
Food security in Papua New Guinea: the need to go beyond “business case CSR”
Authors: Duarte Fernanda de Paiva , Imbun Benedict Young 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to canvass the views of villagers from a remote region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) on food security issues in their community and their level of satisfaction with food security initiatives provided by the extractive company that operated on their land.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative design: data gathered through 14 semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and a discussion forum with 20 villagers from Pawa. Purposive sampling. Snow-balling method of recruitment.

Findings
Food security was identified as a growing concern among the villagers, who also expressed dissatisfaction with the food security projects offered through the corporate social responsibility (CSR) program offered by the company operating on their land. Communication problems between company and community and lack of trust were evident.

Research limitations/implications
Possibility of self-selection bias among participants. The perspective of the company was under-represented.

Practical implications
The study highlights the need for CSR practitioners to be mindful of the importance of effective communication with local communities.

Social Implications
The study reveals the importance of meaningful dialogue between company and host communities, which can lead to a more efficient allocation of resources and empowerment of host communities.

Originality/value
The study bridges a research gap in the field of CSR in developing countries because food security, as a CSR issue in PNG communities, is under-researched. The study contributes to a better understanding of company –community relations in PNG and how these relations can be improved through a more normative approach to CSR. It also highlights the importance of empowering host communities through meaningful dialogue.
Water Diffusion from a Bacterial Cell in Low‐Moisture Foods
Authors: Syamaladevi Roopesh M. , Tang Juming , Zhong QingPing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe used a Fick's unsteady state diffusion equation to estimate the time required for a single spherical shaped bacterium (assuming Enterococcus faecium as the target microorganism) in low‐moisture foods to equilibrate with the environment. We generated water sorption isotherms of freeze‐dried E. faecium. The water activity of bacterial cells at given water content increased considerably as temperature increased from 20 to 80 °C, as observed in the sorption isotherms of bacterial cells. When the water vapor diffusion coefficient was assumed as between 10−12 and 10−10 m2/s for bacterial cells, the predicted equilibration times (teq) ranged from 8.24×10−4 to 8.24×10−2 s. Considering a cell membrane barrier with a lower water diffusion coefficient (10−15 m2/s) around the bacterial cell with a water diffusion coefficient of 10−12 m2/s, the teq predicted using COMSOL Multiphysics program was 3.8×10−1 s. This result suggests that a single bacterium equilibrates rapidly (within seconds) with change in environmental humidity and temperature.