bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and inhibition of human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, the key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis
Authors: Chen Sheng-Chia , Huang Chi-Hung , Lai Shu-Jung , Yang Chia Shin , Hsiao Tzu-Hung , Lin Ching-Heng , Fu Pin-Kuei , Ko Tzu-Ping , Chen Yeh 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe bifunctional enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) plays a key role in sialic acid production. It is different from the non-hydrolyzing enzymes for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and it is feed-back inhibited by the downstream product CMP-Neu5Ac. Here the complex crystal structure of the N-terminal epimerase part of human GNE shows a tetramer in which UDP binds to the active site and CMP-Neu5Ac binds to the dimer-dimer interface. The enzyme is locked in a tightly closed conformation. By comparing the UDP-binding modes of the non-hydrolyzing and hydrolyzing UDP-GlcNAc epimerases, we propose a possible explanation for the mechanistic difference. While the epimerization reactions of both enzymes are similar, Arg113 and Ser302 of GNE are likely involved in product hydrolysis. On the other hand, the CMP-Neu5Ac binding mode clearly elucidates why mutations in Arg263 and Arg266 can cause sialuria. Moreover, full-length modelling suggests a channel for ManNAc trafficking within the bifunctional enzyme.
Mass spectrometric analysis of accumulated TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brains
Authors: Kametani Fuyuki , Obi Tomokazu , Shishido Takeo , Akatsu Hiroyasu , Murayama Shigeo , Saito Yuko , Yoshida Mari , Hasegawa Masato 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTDP-43 is the major disease-associated protein involved in the pathogenesis and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions linked to TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP). Abnormal phosphorylation, truncation and cytoplasmic mis-localization are known to be the characteristics for the aggregated forms of TDP-43 and gain of toxic abnormal TDP-43 or loss of function of physiological TDP-43 have been suggested as the cause of neurodegeneration. However, most of the post-translational modifications or truncation sites in the abnormal TDP-43 in brains of patients remain to be identified by protein chemical analysis. In this study, we carried out a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Sarkosyl-insoluble pathological TDP-43 from brains of ALS patients and identified several novel phosphorylation sites, deamidation sites and cleavage sites. Almost all modifications were localized in the Gly-rich C-terminal half. Most of the cleavage sites identified in this study are novel and are located in N-terminal half, suggesting that these sites may be more accessible to proteolytic enzymes. The data obtained in this study provide a foundation for the molecular mechanisms of TDP-43 aggregation and ALS pathogenesis.
Negative-index gratings formed by femtosecond laser overexposure and thermal regeneration
Authors: He Jun , Wang Yiping , Liao Changrui , Wang Chao , Liu Shen , Yang Kaiming , Wang Ying , Yuan Xiaocong , Wang Guo Ping , Zhang Wenjing 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate a method for the preparation of negative-index fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) using 800 nm femtosecond laser overexposure and thermal regeneration. A positive-index type I-IR FBG was first inscribed in H2-free single-mode fibre using a femtosecond laser directed through a phase mask and then a highly polarization dependant phase-shifted FBG (P-PSFBG) was fabricated from the type I-IR FBG by overexposure to the femtosecond laser. Subsequently, the P-PSFBG was thermally annealed at 800 °C for 12 hours. Grating regeneration was observed during thermal annealing and a negative-index FBG was finally obtained with a high reflectivity of 99.22%, an ultra-low insertion loss of 0.08 dB, a blueshift of 0.83 nm in the Bragg wavelength and an operating temperature of up to 1000 °C for more than 10 hours. Further annealing tests showed that the thermal stability of the negative-index FBG was lower than that of a type II-IR FBG, but much higher than that of a type I-IR FBG. Moreover, the formation of such a negative-index grating may result from thermally regenerated type IIA photosensitivity.
Impaired glucose tolerance after brief heat exposure: a randomized crossover study in healthy young men
Authors: Faure Cécile , Charlot Keyne , Henri Stéphane , Hardy-Dessources Marie-dominique , Hue Olivier , Antoine-Jonville Sophie 
Published: March 2016

A high demand on thermoregulatory processes may challenge homoeostasis, particularly regarding glucose regulation. This has been understudied, although it might concern millions of humans. The objective of this project was to examine the isolated and combined effects of experimental short-term mild heat exposure and metabolic level on glucoregulation. Two experimental randomized crossover studies were conducted. Ten healthy young men participated in study A, which comprises four sessions in a fasting state at two metabolic levels [rest and exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (O2) for 40 min] in two environmental temperatures (warm: 31°C and control: 22°C). Each session ended with an ad libitum meal, resulting in similar energy intake across sessions. In study B, 12 healthy young men underwent two 3 h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in warm and control environmental temperatures. Venous blood was sampled at several time points. In study A, repeated measure ANOVAs revealed higher postprandial serum glucose and insulin levels with heat exposure. Glycaemia following the OGTT was higher in the warm temperature compared with control. The kinetics of the serum glucose response to the glucose load was also affected by the environmental temperature (temperature-by-time interaction, P=0.030), with differences between the warm and control conditions observed up to 90 min after the glucose load (all P&lt;0.033). These studies provide evidence that heat exposure alters short-term glucoregulation. The implication of this environmental factor in the physiopathology of Type 2 diabetes has yet to be investigated.
Compact quasi‐Yagi antenna with folded dipole fed by tapered integrated balun
Authors: Farran M. , Boscolo S. , Locatelli A. , Capobianco A.‐D. , Midrio M. , Ferrari V. , Modotto D. 
Published: March 2016

Planar quasi‐Yagi antennas including a printed balun are designed and experimentally characterised. The parasitic array driver is a folded dipole connected to a parallel stripline. The unbalanced to balanced transition between the input microstrip and the folded dipole terminals is obtained by linearly tapering both the microstrip and the ground plane widths. These printed antennas are more compact and directive than their counterparts based on resonant half‐wavelength dipole drivers: indeed, in the presence of one director, the size of the board is about 0.4 λ0 × 0.5 λ0 and the measured gain is 7 dB.
Electrical and optical measurements investigation of the pre‐breakdown processes in natural ester oil under different impulse voltage waveforms
Authors: Peppas Georgios D. , Charalampakos Vasilios P. , Pyrgioti Eleftheria C. , Gonos Ioannis F. 
Published: March 2016

A study of pre‐breakdown processes in natural ester oil is realised in the present study. A point‐to‐plane electrode configuration was used and the oil was subjected to lightning and switching impulse (SI) voltage stress. The inter‐electrode gap distance was set to 1 and 2 cm long. Hence, electrical and optical measurements, concerning breakdown voltage, gap current, and light emission were acquired. Experimental data shows significant differences between the pre‐breakdown processes taking place under the application of lightning 1.2/50 μs and switching 250/2500 μs impulse voltage. Ionisation/excitation activity, prior to breakdown, clearly occurs mainly under the application of SI voltage. This activity is mirrored on the optical emission signal while gap current measurements prior to breakdown were negligible in all cases. Furthermore, secondary‐reverse streamers are detected during the SI voltage.
Inbreeding depression across the lifespan in a wild mammal population
Authors: Huisman Jisca , Kruuk Loeske E. B. , Ellis Philip A. , Clutton-Brock Tim , Pemberton Josephine M. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Inbreeding depression is the decrease in fitness with increased genome-wide homozygosity that occurs in the offspring of related parents. Estimation of its effect in wild populations has been challenging, and while evidence of inbreeding depression in juvenile traits is widespread, examples during later life stages remain rare. Here, in a species with extended maternal care, genomic inbreeding coefficients, but not pedigree-based ones, revealed inbreeding depression in annual breeding success in both sexes, and in offspring rearing success in females. This contributed to inbreeding depression in estimates of lifetime fitness in both sexes. Our work illustrates that inbreeding depression in adult traits can be as large as in juvenile traits but requires more powerful methods to be detected.
Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies sex chromosome meiotic drive
Authors: Helleu Quentin , Gérard Pierre R. , Dubruille Raphaëlle , Ogereau David , Prud’homme Benjamin , Loppin Benjamin , Montchamp-Moreau Catherine 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceIntragenomic conflict between the sex chromosomes is a strong evolutionary force. It can arise through the evolution of sex chromosome meiotic drive, where selfish genes located on the X chromosome promote their own transmission at the expense of the Y chromosome. Sex chromosome drive occurs inDrosophila simulans, where Paris drive results from segregation failure of the heterochromatic Y chromosome during meiosis II. Here, we show that Paris drive is caused by deficient alleles of the fast-evolving X-linked heterochromatin protein 1 D2 (HP1D2) gene. Our results suggest that dysfunctionalHP1D2alleles promote their own transmission, because they do not prepare the Y chromosome for meiosis. This finding shows that the rapid evolution of genes involved in heterochromatin structure can fuel intragenomic conflict.
Detection, phenotyping, and quantification of antigen-specific T cells using a peptide-MHC dodecamer
Authors: Huang Jun , Zeng Xun , Sigal Natalia , Lund Peder J. , Su Laura F. , Huang Huang , Chien Yueh-hsiu , Davis Mark M. 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceThe recognition of foreign peptide-MHCs by T cells is a central event in adaptive immunity that triggers antigen-specific immune responses against infections and cancer. To study antigen-specific T cells, we devised a peptide-MHC dodecamer that can sensitively detect and specifically stain these T cells, especially low-affinity and rare ones. This dodecamer technology is superior to most current peptide-MHC multimers, compatible with existing reagents, inexpensive to make, and easy to use. It has been successfully applied to studies of human and murine antigen-specific αβ and γδ T cells by flow cytometry and mass cytometry. Thus, this dodecamer constitutes an important tool for the investigation of antigen-specific T cells in basic and clinical research.
A Comparison of Catchability and Mortality with Circle and J Hooks for Stream-Dwelling Brook Trout
Authors: Kazyak David C. , Sell Matthew T. , Hilderbrand Robert H. , Heft Alan A. , Cooper Ryan M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We compared the effectiveness of baited circle hooks and J hooks in catch-and-release angling for wild, stream-dwelling Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. We caught 201 Brook Trout using active and passive techniques to assess the influence of hook type and angling method on capture efficiency, hooking location, handling time, deep-hooking rates, and postrelease mortality (up to 48 h). Anglers recorded an average catch rate of 7.6 trout/h over 26.25 total hours of fishing. Actively fishing with J hooks was the most effective at landing Brook Trout (82.3%). Only 10% (n = 20) of all fish were deeply hooked, and half of those were caught when anglers were passively fishing with J hooks. Larger fish were significantly more likely to be deeply hooked. However, no fish were deeply hooked when anglers passively fished with circle hooks. The most common hooking location among treatments was the corner of the mouth (40%, n = 80). Eye injuries due to hooking were relatively uncommon (6.5%) and occurred less frequently than deep hooking. Overall mortality rates were very low (2%, n = 4) and were probably influenced by low deep-hooking rates in concert with cool water temperatures and experienced anglers equipped with the necessary tools to efficiently release the trout.
Received May 19, 2015; accepted November 12, 2015 Published online March 16, 2016
A Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection and Quantification of Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease Virus (EEDV; Salmonid Herpesvirus 3)
Authors: Glenney Gavin W. , Barbash Patricia A. , Coll John A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV; salmonid herpesvirus [SalHV3]; family Alloherpesviridae) causes a systemic disease of juvenile and yearling Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush. No cell lines are currently available for the culture and propagation of EEDV, so primary diagnosis is limited to PCR and electron microscopy. To better understand the pervasiveness of EEDV (carrier or latent state of infection) in domesticated and wild Lake Trout populations, we developed a sensitive TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to detect the presence of the EEDV terminase gene in Lake Trout tissues. This assay was able to detect a linear standard curve over nine logs of plasmid dilution and was sensitive enough to detect single-digit copies of EEDV. The efficiency of the PCR assay was 99.4 ± 0.06% (mean ± SD), with a 95% confidence limit of 0.0296 (R2 = 0.994). Methods were successfully applied to collect preliminary data from a number of species and water bodies in the states of Pennsylvania, New York, and Vermont, indicating that EEDV is more common in wild fish than previously known. In addition, through the development of this qPCR assay, we detected EEDV in a new salmonid species, the Cisco Coregonus artedi. The qPCR assay was unexpectedly able to detect two additional herpesviruses, the Atlantic Salmon papillomatosis virus (ASPV; SalHV4) and the Namaycush herpesvirus (NamHV; SalHV5), which both share high sequence identity with the EEDV terminase gene. With these unexpected findings, we subsequently designed three primer sets to confirm initial TaqMan qPCR assay positives and to differentiate among EEDV, ASPV, and NamHV by detecting the glycoprotein genes via SYBR Green qPCR.
Received April 20, 2015; accepted November 10, 2015
Balancing digital information-sharing and patient privacy when engaging families in the intensive care unit
Authors: Brown Samuel M , Aboumatar Hanan J , Francis Leslie , Halamka John , Rozenblum Ronen , Rubin Eileen , Sarnoff Lee Barbara , Sugarman Jeremy , Turner Kathleen , Vorwaller Micah , Frosch Dominick L ,   for the Privacy, Access, and Engagement Task Force of the Libretto Consortium of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Published: March 2016

AbstractPatients in intensive care units (ICUs) may lack decisional capacity and may depend on proxy decision makers (PDMs) to make medical decisions on their behalf. High-quality information-sharing with PDMs, including through such means as health information technology, could improve communication and decision making and could potentially minimize the psychological consequences of an ICU stay for both patients and their family members. However, alongside these anticipated benefits of information-sharing are risks of unwanted disclosure of sensitive information. Approaches to identifying the optimal balance between access to digital health information to facilitate engagement and protecting patient privacy are urgently needed. We identified eight themes that should be considered in balancing health information access and patient privacy: 1) potential benefits to patients from PDM data access; 2) potential harms to patients from such access; 3) the moral status of families within the patient-clinician relationship; 4) the scope of relevant information provided to PDMs; 5) issues around defining PDMs’ authority; 6) methods for eliciting and documenting patient preferences about their family’s information access; 7) the relevance of methods for ascertaining the identity of PDMs; and 8) the obligations of hospitals to prevent privacy breaches by PDMs. We conclude that PDMs should typically have access to health information from the current episode of care when the patient is decisionally impaired, unless the patient has previously expressed a clear preference that PDMs not have such access.
A report that Fukushima residents are concerned about radiation from Land, Food and Radon
Authors: Tamari Yuki , Kuroda Yujiro , Miyagawa Ryu , Nawa Kanabu , Sakumi Akira , Sakata Naoko , Mizushima Nozomi , Sakura Osamu , Iwamitsu Yumi , Takemura Kazuhisa , Nakagawa Keiichi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster occurred on 11 March 2011, which caused the leakage of radioactive materials into the environment. In this study, we report public concerns about radiation in Fukushima and Tokyo almost one year after the nuclear disaster. We examined the public concerns by analyzing the data from 1022 participants, 555 in Fukushima and 467 in Tokyo. They were asked whether they were concerned about radiation from some of six different types of sources, which could be answered in a binary way, ‘yes’ or ‘no’. We found not only similarities, but also significant differences in the degrees of concerns between Fukushima residents and Tokyo ones. Fukushima residents more concerned about radiation from land, food and radon in larger rate than that of Tokyo ones, while Tokyo residents were concerned about radiation from medical care. Residents in neither location were concerned about radiation from space. Our results suggested that careful risk communication should be undertaken, adaptively organized depending on location and other factors, e.g. comprehension about radiation, presence of the experience of evacuation, and also age and gender of the people.
Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Hans-Georg Gadamer’s Truth and Method offers a distinctive account of the human relationship to language and history. The book had a transformative effect on many fields, including political theory. It offers a persuasive hermeneutic theory of what the obstacles to and possibilities for textual interpretation actually are and thus forms an account of the proper practice of political theory that is superior to the rival claims of historicism, Straussianism, or post-modernism. Simultaneously, it offers an account of the relationship of individuals to language-communities that recognizes their significance for cultures and persons without reifying their moral or political value. Gadamer’s account of language points toward openness and democracy rather than identity politics or nationalism.
Situating Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Grant Robert M. , Bakhru Anjali 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOur understanding of dynamic capability has been impeded by lack of consensus over definition and limited empirical investigation. To better understand the nature and role of dynamic capabilities and to guide empirical research into their antecedents and consequences, we emphasize the systemic nature of capabilities. We propose capability architecture as a framework to describe and analyze firms’ capability systems in preference to the hierarchical capability structures presented in the dynamic capabilities literature. Our framework allows us to investigate not only the hierarchical structuring of capabilities but also their linkages to managerial cognition, organizational processes, and organizational structure. Within this framework, dynamic capability—a firm’s “capacity to alter how it makes its living”—emerges not only from the existence of a distinct category of “dynamic” capabilities whose explicit role is to effect change, but also from the flexibility of “ordinary” capabilities and from system-wide changes in the overall capability architecture. This integrated approach to organizational capabilities has the potential to overcome the fruitless debate over delineating dynamic from ordinary capabilities and to foster a closer linkage between conceptual and empirical research into dynamic capability.
Political Communication
Authors: Kenski Kate , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Two recent changes in the political arena should prompt a rethinking of our theories and definitions of political communication: the emergence of trans-national and non-national actors on the international political stage and the enhanced ability of individuals to convey messages to large scale audiences. For example, the entity called IS, ISIL or ISIS has demonstrated that it can set the agendas of both legacy media and elected leaders with evocative messaging that reaches a mass public while at the same time bypassing traditional media gatekeepers. This chapter argues that our theories about the altered relationships among leaders, media, and publics should forsake key assumptions in the “transmission” model, are amendable to a focus on message, and reconsider concepts such as the two-step flow. This changed environment requires as well that a definition of political communication include a concept of power not predicated on top-down models of understanding.
Pacifism
Authors: Ryan Cheyney 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Pacifism is the alternative to just war theory. In its strongest form, it is fundamentally opposed to war, unconditionally and absolutely. Because the pacifist position is undertheorised, a principal aim of this chapter is to review its main elements with an eye to further discussion. Two types of pacifism, personal and political, are discussed. The first is more religiously based and opposes war because it opposes all individual acts of killing. The second emerges from the Enlightenment, then coalesces in the nineteenth century. It opposes war because it opposes the war system and all acts of war as instances of that system. Some classical objections to pacifism are considered, as well as some new developments, such as ‘contingent pacifism’. Ultimately, the quarrel between just war theory and pacifism can only be resolved by expanding the discussion of war to include historical and institutional considerations.
Suzaku follow-up of heavily obscured active galactic nuclei detected in Swift/BAT survey: NGC 1106, UGC 03752, and NGC 2788A
Authors: Tanimoto Atsushi , Ueda Yoshihiro , Kawamuro Taiki , Ricci Claudio 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We present the broad-band (0.5–100 keV) spectra of three heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs), NGC 1106, UGC 03752, and NGC 2788A, observed with Suzaku and the Swift/Burst Alert Telescope (BAT). The targets are selected from the Swift/BAT 70-month catalog on the basis of their high hardness ratio between above and below 10 keV, and their X-ray spectra are reported here for the first time. We apply three models: a conventional model utilizing an analytic reflection code, and two Monte Carlo based torus models with a doughnut-like geometry (MYTorus: Murphy & Yaqoob, 2009, MNRAS, 397, 1549) and with a nearly spherical geometry (Ikeda torus: Ikeda et al., 2009, ApJ, 692, 608). The three models can successfully reproduce the spectra, and the Ikeda torus model gives a better description than the MYTorus model in all targets. We identify NGC 1106 and NGC 2788A as Compton-thick AGNs. We point out that the common presence of unabsorbed reflection components below 7.1 keV in obscured AGNs, as observed from UGC 03752, is evidence for clumpy tori. This implies that detailed studies utilizing clumpy torus models are required to reach correct interpretation of the X-ray spectra of AGNs.