bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental reproduction of Aspergillus clavatus tremorgenic neurotoxicosis in a sheep.
Authors: Allen J. G. , Doncon G. , Wright D. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In spring 2003 dairy cows in a Western Australian farm died after being fed barley grown from the same farm. Aspergillus clavatus was isolated from culture of the fodder. The following year fungal growth was again observed on the barley despite disinfection of equipment. Fodder samples were again submitted for culture, which revealed A. clavatus and Rhizopus sp. A 15-month-old wether was experimentally fed the contaminated fodder. The sheep maintained a full appetite for the first 3 days of dosing, then feed intake dropped to about half the original intake, and on day 14, the sheep stopped eating. Tremors were first noticed on the 7th day when the sheep was handled. Over the next week rigidity of the body and the tremors increased in severity. By day 14 the tremors were present without any stimulation, with the whole body going rigid occasionally and the animal collapsing. On day 16 the sheep was found to be down in lateral recumbency with tremors over the hindquarter flanks and on all limbs. Eventually all the limbs went into extension. The sheep was euthanized and a necropsy was performed. At necropsy the liver was slightly paler, and the kidneys slightly smaller, than normal. Significant microscopic changes included substantial swelling and chromatolysis of numerous neurons in the brain stem and the entire length of the spinal cord, particularly in the ventral horns. Wallerian degeneration was also seen in the sciatic nerve. This report is believed to be the first experimental reproduction of A. clavatus-induced tremorgenic neurotoxicosis.
Mycotoxins and abnormal embryonic development.
Authors: Cawdell-Smith A. J. , Edwards M. J. , Bryden W. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter reviews studies on the effects of mycotoxins on embryonic and fetal development, especially those toxins that are global food and feed contaminants. The toxins discussed include aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, ochratoxin which is produced by Aspergillus species particularly A. ochraceus as well as Penicillium verrucosum, ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps spp., and the Fusarium toxins (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol [vomitoxin], and zearalenone). These toxins have been shown to be teratogenic and/or embryotoxic in different animal bioassays. The implications of toxicity on embryogenesis, and the progress of research on these mycotoxins, are also examined.
Perspectives on plant toxicology and public health: an update.
Authors: Betz J. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The original 'Perspectives on Plant Toxicology and Public Health' [see In Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants (1998) 367-372], presented an overview of public health issues associated with ingestion of plants by humans. This update will focus on dietary supplements. The original categories set out in 1998 to describe adverse human/plant encounters are still largely valid, with one adulteration, misuse, and inherent toxicity. Added for this update is a category that was little known in 1998, that of drug/herb interactions.
The framework for evaluating safety of dietary supplements: an overview and potential application to poisonous plant situations.
Authors: Molyneux R. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In 2002, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, was constituted to analyse the situation and develop a framework, which would provide a basis on which to predict potential toxicity of new dietary supplements or new formulations thereof, including consideration of interactions with drugs and xenobiotics, as well as effects on vulnerable populations. Prototype monographs were developed for 6 diverse dietary supplements: chaparral; glucosamine; melatonin; chromium picolinate; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens); and shark cartilage. Two of these monographs revealed a potential concern for chaparral and saw palmetto, including focused reviews of liver-related risks and antiandrogenic risks for women, respectively.
Selected herbal toxicities in dogs and cats.
Authors: Means C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter presents several herbs, which are popular dietary supplements, and the pharmacology and clinical signs of overdose when ingested by dogs and cats. These include Ephedra sinica, Sida cordifolia and Citrus aurantium (which contain sympathomimetics); Paullinia cupana, Camellia sinensis and Cola nitida (which contain methylxanthines) and Griffonia simplicifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Chamomilla recutita, Chamaemelum nobile, Pausinystalia yohimbe, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha pulegium, Allium sativum, Theobroma cacao, Citrus and Vitis spp.
Environmental management.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief introduction and review of the types of environmental management tools that are in common use within the nature, adventure and ecotourism sector. Some of these are also broadly relevant across the entire tourism industry, others only for particular activities or places. Energy supply and conservation, water supply and conservation, materials and recycling, sewage and human wastes, washing and cleaning, atmospheric emissions, noise and disturbance, disturbance to wildlife, and codes of practice, are addressed.
Conservation.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines specifically how commercial tourism in general, and ecotourism in particular, can and sometimes does contribute to conservation of the natural environment. The possible mechanisms by which ecotourism can contribute to conservation include: indirect influences (i.e., the potential to contribute to conservation by merely exposing clients to the wonders of the natural world); funding private reserves; payments to national parks; in-kind contributions to park agencies; support for conservation organizations; political support for conservation; and partnerships with protected area management agencies.
Policy and planning.
Authors: Buckley R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers the policy contexts for ecotourism planning by relevant government agencies, at various spatial scales. It discusses: the basic features of ecotourism plans; broad policy instruments; multiple land use management; planning tools for tourism in parks; managing tourism and recreation in other public lands; planning for tourism growth and change; the tourism destination life cycle; and recreational succession and carrying capacity.
Introduction.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter provides the overview of the extent to which regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) with competence over straddling or highly migratory fish stocks have adopted and implemented the international legal regime established by UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) and a range of other instruments in four thematic areas like avoiding overfishing and restoring fish stocks through the precautionary approach; introducing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management; improving decision making and strengthening monitoring, control and surveillance and enforcement.
Juridical status of fish stocks.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the juridical classification of fish stocks, particularly straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA). The political and legal division of the oceans into various zones of jurisdiction and resulting maritime boundaries demarcate aquatic ecosystems and the resources they support into areas under national jurisdiction and the area within international waters known as the high seas. The chapter begins with a discussion of the terminology associated with the juridical classification of fish stocks, the governance implications associated with defining these fish stocks, and some related issues. The two classification of fish stocks (joint or shared stocks) now commonly referred to as transboundary stocks; and discrete or purely high seas fish stock are presented.
State of the fisheries.
Authors: Meltzer E. , Fuller S. D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the overview of fisheries reference points, particularly maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and related concepts. The chapter also includes the terminology associated with overfishing and demonstrates that since the adoption of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982, the avoidance and reduction of overfishing and the obligation to maintain or restore populations of harvested species at levels that can produce MSY have become interrelated and fundamental objectives of the regime governing fisheries management. The evolution of the concept of MSY, its short-comings, and its formulation under UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), and the concept of maximum economic yield and the associated issues of overcapacity and subsidization are highlighted. Lastly, the chapter also presents the status of key commercial straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks regulated by regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs).
The precautionary approach to fisheries.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter briefly outlines the history and definition of the precautionary approach (PA) and its incorporation into international fisheries law. The PA is discussed in terms of its specific applications in determining reference points and decision rules as well as its wider application in fisheries management decision making. This chapter also provides a discussion on efforts to adopt and apply precaution by regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) as well as on the degree to which these RFMOs have established measures that reflect the PA. Challenges in implementing the PA as well as opportunities to integrate the concept into management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks are also reviewed.
The ecosystem approach to fisheries.
Authors: Meltzer E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the ecosystem approach to fisheries which recognizes the dynamic, complex and systemic interrelationships among living organisms and between these organisms and their environment, as well as the ecological influences on the variety and variability of living organisms and species. The chapter focuses on the legal basis for the use of the ecosystem approach in fisheries management, and the associated terminology of ecosystem-based fisheries and ecosystem-based fisheries management. The assessment in the progress of the implementation of the ecosystem approach by regional fisheries management organization (RFMOs) and some of the practical challenges to the implementation of the concept in international fisheries management are also presented.
How to select a sample.
Authors: Smith S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores a number of core concepts related to sampling in tourism research. These include the logic of sampling, as well as key tasks in selecting a sample, such as the choice of sampling frame and developing a target for sample size. Practical guidelines are presented for estimating confidence intervals for a given sample size, as well as for estimating whether differences in results between two survey percentages are statistically significant. Also presented is a short case study of the sampling of a community festival.
How to construct and use indices and scales.
Authors: Smith S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter considers how to develop and use indices and scales in tourism research and identifies the limitations in their application. Three different indices that are particularly useful in more serious tourism research are examined: the location quotient, the Gini coefficient and the nearest-neighbour ratio. Two scales explored in this chapter are the semantic differential scale and the Likert scale. Also presented is a tool that combines two scales into a single tool: importance-performance analysis.
Metrics for decision making.
Authors: Smith S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter looks at some metrics (also known as indicators) for making decisions in a variety of tourism contexts, from destination marketing organizations, through regional planning and impact assessment, to the performance of tourism enterprises. The focus is on the measurement tools themselves, not on their application. The chapter begins by considering indicators relevant to assessing the performance of tourism destinations, particularly from a marketing perspective. It then looks at metrics relevant to the basic components of tourism sustainability: economic, environmental and social impacts. Finally, the concept of benchmarking is discussed.
The environment: tools of the trade.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In food and wine tourism, a visitor's relationship with the physical environment, in all its manifold connotations, can be stronger than in other tourism sectors: the parameters by which individual tourists judge the success of their holidays, in terms of sensory and emotional experiences, tend to be much greater in gastronomic tourism. Thus, tourism planners needs to be familiar with certain aspects of geographic theory and have a precise geographic knowledge of the destination in which they work or which they wish to promote. To enable them to apply this knowledge, there are certain key instruments that can help in interpreting geographic features. The present chapter discusses the notions of terroir, milieu, territory/region, and landscape, as well as geographic theories, including approaches for configuring tourist flows and space, evolutionary theories, and an interdisciplinary approach for interpreting the landscape and creating multiple experiences in a gastronomic destination.
Transforming a terroir into a tourist destination.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A region and its food or wine production may not in themselves be sufficiently appealing or attractive to warrant visitor interest. In fact, before a terroir can be transformed into a tourist destination, research into the area's resources must be carried out and a critical analysis made of the findings. Once this has been done, resources and attractions can be linked together and organized in a thematic way, so that together they form a complete, coherent and competitive tourist product. This chapter discusses this process, including the determination of whether a gastronomic product can be a core resource or an ancillary tourism component, as well as the communication of the identity of a gastronomic destination.
The supply side: the actors involved in food and wine production.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter first outlines some of the benefits that can be gained by food and wine producers in welcoming visitors on a guided tour, as well as the key factors that should be considered before a business takes steps to extend the core product (which remains centred in agro-food production) and open up to tourism. The chapter then presents guidelines for creating the tourist product, from planning the right type of welcome, to the organization of the visit, as well as with regard to the tasting session, architectural style (of the visitor centre or tasting room), informative literature, and the staff. A different set of guidelines is presented for gastronomic tourism for children (and their parents).
Designing a life experience: itinerary planning and organization.
Authors: Croce E. , Perri G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The ability to construct a life experience in the way that tour operators (or travel agents and tour guides) are required to do is a skill that is extremely useful for many actors in the tourism industry, particularly in the food and wine sector. In this chapter, suggestions are presented for planning the package travel, preparing and designing the brochure, and organizing culture and gastronomy tours. Also discussed is the advantage of an interdisciplinary approach and target in planning the gastronomic tour.
Leisure, recreation and tourism research design.
Authors: Hammitt W. , Aybar-Damali B. , McGuire F. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces some of the basic research concepts and design in leisure, recreation and tourism. It starts by discussing the purpose and types of leisure, recreation and tourism research and then how to formulate and evaluate potential research topics and problems. The objective of the chapter is accomplished by a discussion of: the identification of a research purpose; hypotheses formulation; concepts and constructs; variables; significance and significance testing; causality and association; and reliability and validity.
Cross-cultural research: issues and concerns.
Authors: Dimanche F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter examines some of the issues and concerns that one should consider and address when planning a cross-cultural study or when reading a document reporting on cross-cultural issues, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism. The chapter proposes methodological guidelines to help increase the validity and reliability of cross-cultural studies, and to help in better understanding the limitations of some of the studies that one may read and use to make managerial decisions.
Summarizing data.
Authors: Baloglu S. , Usakli A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter deals with how to summarize data from leisure, recreation and tourism research. There are two basic ways of summarizing a set of data. The first way is to present it in the form of a graph. The chapter presents the most commonly used graphical representations such as frequency table, pie chart, bar chart, histogram, boxplot, scatterplot, Q-Q plot, and stem-and-leaf display. The second basic way of summarizing a set of data is to compute a numerical measure. The chapter focuses on the three commonly used measures of central tendency (the mode, the median and the mean) and the measures of variability (the range, the interquartile range, the variance and the standard deviation). The chapter also covers two measures of shape: skewness and kurtosis.
Inferential analysis of data.
Authors: Andereck K. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of inferential data analysis, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. This form of analysis is used to make general conclusions about a large population based on a sample of that population. The use of inferential analysis relies upon random sampling of members of the larger group of people one is interested in knowing about. The sampling error and confidence interval are directly related to the size of the sample and the amount of variability in the study data. These two aspects of the generated data also influence the statistical significance of the inferential statistics used to test relationships among the variables in the data set. The chapter also provides some further discussion on the importance and meaning of tested relationships from a managerial standpoint.
Relationship analysis: t-tests, analysis of variance and cross tabulations.
Authors: Gau J. M. , Gursoy D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter introduces the basic uses of two parametric tests (t-tests and ANOVA) and one non-parametric test (Χ2) in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. For each test, the chapter discusses the purposes of the test, the assumptions (if any) underlying it, and the types of data that are appropriate and inappropriate for this test. Moreover, the chapter stresses the difference between statistical significance and substantive meaning. The chapter provides discussion on reporting effect sizes and always questioning research results that are not accompanied by effect size estimates.
Describing linear bivariate relationships: correlation analysis.
Authors: Huang C. C. , Pennington-Gray L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter addresses two frequently used statistical analyses: correlation analysis and simple linear regression, in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism research. The chapter explains several types of relationships between two variables and two methods to explore these relationships. In addition, simple linear regression is introduced as a method to predict the value of a dependent variable by the value of an independent variable. Finally, since tourism researchers and practitioners typically face more complex relationships than merely a bivariate relationship (two variables), multiple regression analysis is also explored.
Communicating research results.
Authors: Tierney P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on communicating and reporting research results (in the context of leisure, recreation and tourism) and discusses four different types of research reports (class assignments, a thesis or dissertation, a research journal article and a technical report) and their common elements. Also discussed are two broad types of research presentations: a thesis or dissertation defence; and a research conference presentation. The chapter presents typical steps in the thesis or dissertation defence process and stages in getting accepted and presenting at a research conference. The chapter ends with a discussion of ethical and legal considerations for publishing, presenting and protecting one's work.
When implicit prejudice does not predict explicit prejudice: Spanish version of the Concern with Acting Prejudiced scale / Cuando el prejuicio implícito no predice el explícito: versión española de la escala Concern with Acting Prejudiced
Authors: Urbiola Ana , Willis Guillermo B. , Ruiz-Romero Josefa , Moya Miguel 
Published: November 2017

The aim of this research was to adapt and validate the Concern with Acting Prejudiced (CAP) scale for a Spanish sample. This measure evaluates concern about appearing prejudiced to others or oneself and the motivation not to deviate from personal egalitarian standards. First, we completed the translation and an item content validity analysis. Then, in Study 1 ( N = 198), we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2 ( N = 383), we conducted a confirmatory analysis of the unifactorial structure of the Spanish version of the scale and examined its validity. In Study 3 ( N = 89), we explored the moderating role of participants’ concern with acting prejudiced in the relation between implicit prejudice and explicit prejudice. The results confirmed the unifactorial structure of the scale, its appropriate psychometric properties and its predictive validity. Moreover, we confirmed that the CAP moderated the relation between implicit and explicit prejudice. In participants with a low concern with acting prejudiced, implicit prejudice was positively related with modern prejudice; in participants with a high concern with acting prejudiced, these variables were not related.