bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First multipoint in situ observations of electron microbursts: Initial results from the NSF FIREBIRD II mission
Authors: Crew Alexander B. , Spence Harlan E. , Blake J. Bernard , Klumpar David M. , Larsen Brian A. , O'Brien T. Paul , Driscoll Shane , Handley Matthew , Legere Jason , Longworth Stephen , Mashburn Keith , Mosleh Ehson , Ryhajlo Nicholas , Smith Sonya , Springer Larry , Widholm Mark 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe present initial dual spacecraft observations that for the first time both constrain the spatial scale size and provide spectral properties at medium energies of electron microbursts. We explore individual microburst events that occurred on 2 February 2015 using simultaneous observations made by the twin CubeSats which comprise the National Science Foundation (NSF) Focused Investigations of Relativistic Electron Bursts: Intensity, Range, and Dynamics (FIREBIRD II). During these microburst events, the two identically instrumented FIREBIRD II CubeSats were separated by as little as 11 km while traversing electron precipitation regions in low‐Earth orbit. These coincident microburst events map to size scales >120 km at the equator. Given the prevalence of coincident and noncoincident events we conclude that this is of the same order of magnitude as that of the spatial scale size of electron microburst, an unknown property that is critical for quantifying their overall role in radiation belt dynamics. Finally, we present measurements of electron microbursts showing that precipitation often occurs simultaneously across a broad energy range spanning 200 keV to 1 MeV, a new form of empirical evidence that provides additional insights into the physics of microburst generation mechanisms.
Determinants Affecting Adoption of GLOBALG.A.P. Standards: A Choice Experiment in Thai Horticulture
Authors: Lippe Rattiya Suddeephong , Grote Ulrike 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe present study employed a choice experiment to forecast the adoption of private GLOBALG.A.P. standards among Thai horticultural producers. It is based on primary data from 400 orchid and mango producers from the major production areas in Thailand. Mixed logit model estimations show that producers with higher levels of education and awareness about environmental and social requirements are more likely to adopt GLOBALG.A.P. standards. Prior experience in high‐value market channels and with public Good Agricultural Practice standards are also crucial factors that motivate producers to adopt GLOBALG.A.P. standards. However, certification costs and time needed for record keeping and training are major adoption barriers. Against this background, we propose more education and stakeholder workshops to increase the likelihood of adoption among Thai horticultural producers. The formation of regular discussion groups would allow fruitful interaction among producers and with advisors, eventually providing vital links between implementation of standards and day‐to‐day farm practices. [EconLit citation: Q13].
DNA methylation at stress‐related genes is associated with exposure to early life institutionalization
Authors: Non Amy L. , Hollister Brittany M. , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Childebayeva Ainash , Esteves Kyle , Zeanah Charles H. , Fox Nathan A. , Nelson Charles A. , Drury Stacy S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesDifferences in DNA methylation have been associated with early life adversity, suggesting that alterations in methylation function as one pathway through which adverse early environments are biologically embedded. This study examined associations between exposure to institutional care, quantified as the proportion of time in institutional care at specified follow‐up assessment ages, and DNA methylation status in two stress‐related genes: FKBP5 and SLC6A4.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed data from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, which is a prospective study in which children reared in institutional settings were randomly assigned (mean age 22 months) to either newly created foster care or care as usual (to remain in their current placement) and prospectively followed. A group of children from the same geographic area, with no history of institutionalized caregiving, were also recruited. DNA methylation status was determined in DNA extracted from buccal epithelial cells of children at age 12.ResultsAn inverse association was identified such that more time spent in institutional care was associated with lower DNA methylation at specific CpG sites within both genes.DiscussionThese results suggest a lasting impact of early severe social deprivation on methylation patterns in these genes, and contribute to a growing literature linking early adversity and epigenetic variation in children. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:84–93, 2016.. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of an oligomer polyol and monomers on the structure and properties of core–shell polyurethane–poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐styrene) hybrid emulsions
Authors: Wu Tao , Xin Xiulan , Liu Hongqin , Xu Baocai , Yu Xiaoyan 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe free‐radical polymerization of alkenyl‐terminated polyurethane dispersions with styrene and n‐butyl acrylate was performed to obtain a series of stable polyurethane–poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐styrene) (PUA) hybrid emulsions. The core–shell structure of the emulsions was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the microstructure was studied by 1H‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the poly(propylene glycol)s (number‐average molecular weights = 1000, 1500, and 2000 Da) and the mass ratios of polyurethane to poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐styrene) (PBS; 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80, and 10/90) on the structure, morphology, and properties of the PUAs were investigated. The average particle size and water absorption values of the PUAs increased with increasing of PBS content. However, the surface tension decreased from 34.61 to 30.29 mN/m. PUA‐2, with a bimodal distribution, showed Newtonian liquid behaviors, and PUA‐3 showed a great thermal stability, fast drying characteristics, and excellent adhesion to packaging films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43763.
Sorption behavior of reactive dyed labelled fibroin on fibrous substrates
Authors: Ngo Ha‐Thanh , Bechtold Thomas 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThrough its biocompatibility, fibroin is of high interest as a material in medical and pharmaceutical applications. Shaping by dissolution in concentrated salt solutions e.g., calcium chloride/ethanol/water and regeneration include structure formation through coagulation, crystallization, and deposition of Ca‐complexes. To facilitate analytical monitoring of fibroin during the dissolution and regeneration, fibroin was marked by covalently bound reactive dyes. Fibroin dyed by the mono‐functional CI Reactive Blue 19 dissolved completely, the bifunctional CI Reactive Black 5 formed crosslinks between protein chains, thus only fiber swelling was observed. The CI Reactive Blue 19 labelled fibroin was used to monitor the sorption and deposition of fibroin on textile fibers polyamide 6.6, polyester and viscose. The results indicated a temperature and pH‐dependent sorption behavior. The highest sorption was observed on polyamide at pH 3 and 60 °C. Dye marked fibroin allows a simple assessment and optimization of regeneration processes for the coating of textile substrates. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43880.
Clinical and Imaging Signs of Spondyloarthritis in First‐Degree Relatives of HLA–B27–Positive Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients: The Pre‐Spondyloarthritis (Pre‐SpA) Cohort Study
Authors: Turina Maureen C. , de Winter Janneke J. , Paramarta Jacky E. , Gamala Mihaela , Yeremenko Nataliya , Nabibux Marita N. , Landewé Robert , Baeten Dominique L. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether seemingly healthy first‐degree relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have clinical, laboratory, or imaging features of spondyloarthritis (SpA).MethodsFirst‐degree relatives (ages 18–40 years) of HLA–B27–positive AS patients were included in the pre‐spondyloarthritis (Pre‐SpA) cohort, a prospective inception cohort study. Clinical, biologic, and imaging features were recorded. First‐degree relatives were classified according to several sets of SpA classification criteria.ResultsWe report baseline features of 51 first‐degree relatives included in this study. Twenty‐nine (57%) had back pain, 2 (4%) had psoriasis, 1 (2%) had inflammatory bowel disease, and 1 (2%) had uveitis. Three (6%) had low‐grade sacroiliitis, 1 (2%) had cervical syndesmophytes on radiography, and 10 (20%) had bone marrow edema on magnetic resonance imaging of the sacroiliiac joints. Seventeen of 51 first‐degree relatives (33%) fulfilled SpA classification criteria: 7 (14%) fulfilled both Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) axial SpA and European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) classification criteria, 6 (12%) fulfilled only ASAS axial SpA classification criteria, and 4 (8%) fulfilled only ESSG classification criteria; 3 (6%) also fulfilled the Amor criteria. None fulfilled other SpA classification criteria. First‐degree relatives fulfilling the ASAS axial SpA and/or ESSG classification criteria had more frequent inflammatory back pain, had a higher level of disease activity, and had more psoriasis. No differences were found in parameters of inflammation, peripheral and extraarticular disease other than psoriasis, and HLA–B27 positivity between those who did and those who did not fulfill the ASAS axial SpA and/or ESSG classification criteria. Four first‐degree relatives (12%) who did not fulfill the ASAS axial SpA and/or ESSG classification criteria had imaging abnormalities suggestive of SpA.ConclusionA substantial proportion of seemingly healthy first‐degree relatives of HLA–B27–positive AS patients have clinical and/or imaging abnormalities suggestive of SpA. Thirty‐three percent could be classified as having SpA. Further follow‐up will show which first‐degree relatives will develop clinically manifest SpA.
Let the substrate flow, not the enzyme: Practical immobilization of d‐amino acid oxidase in a glass microreactor for effective biocatalytic conversions
Authors: Bolivar Juan M. , Tribulato Marco A. , Petrasek Zdenek , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTExploiting enzymes for chemical synthesis in flow microreactors necessitates their reuse for multiple rounds of conversion. To achieve this goal, immobilizing the enzymes on microchannel walls is a promising approach, but practical methods for it are lacking. Using fusion to a silica‐binding module to engineer enzyme adsorption to glass surfaces, we show convenient immobilization of d‐amino acid oxidase on borosilicate microchannel plates. In confocal laser scanning microscopy, channel walls appeared uniformly coated with target protein. The immobilized enzyme activity was in the range expected for monolayer coverage of the plain surface with oxidase (2.37 × 10−5 nmol/mm2). Surface attachment of the enzyme was completely stable under flow. The operational half‐life of the immobilized oxidase (25°C, pH 8.0; soluble catalase added) was 40 h. Enzymatic oxidation of d‐Met into α‐keto‐γ‐(methylthio)butyric acid was characterized in single‐pass and recycle reactor configurations, employing in‐line measurement of dissolved O2, and off‐line determination of the keto‐acid product. Reaction‐diffusion time‐scale analysis for different flow conditions showed that the heterogeneously catalyzed reaction was always slower than diffusion of O2 to the solid surface (DaII ≤ 0.3). Potential of the microreactor for intensifying O2‐dependent biotransformations restricted by mass transfer in conventional reactors is thus revealed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2342–2349. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A miniature shock wave driven micro‐jet injector for needle‐free vaccine/drug delivery
Authors: Battula Nithin , Menezes Viren , Hosseini Hamid 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents a miniature shock wave driven micro‐jet generator to deliver liquid drugs into human skin, to a controlled depth, with minimal invasion. The device can release the vaccine/drug to the depth of dermal blood vessels, without breaching much of the microcirculation system of dermis. The drug delivery technique is needle‐free, which can reduce pain, trauma, and contamination besides minimal dosage and systemic exposure. The device can also be used to deliver liquid or colloidal drugs into soft tissues in human. The mechanical analyses of the device were carried out by analyzing the strength of the impulse of the shock wave, measuring the velocity of the generated jet and capturing the pressure exerted by the jet on the target. The penetrating ability of the jet was investigated by delivering it into sample of human skin and gelatin slabs. Theoretical analyses were carried out on the physics of the delivery and the predicted results had a close agreement with the experimental observations. The development can offer an important cost‐effective solution to needle‐free health care worldwide. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2507–2512. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mobile device based test tool for optimization algorithms
Authors: İlhan İlhan 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTOptimization can be defined as the operation of finding the best solution for a problem. This operation is performed by changing the initial parameters using existing data. There are various optimization algorithms to solve these kinds of problems; however, it cannot be expected that all optimization algorithms offer a proper and effective solution to all optimization problems. Therefore, it is necessary to select the proper algorithm by using similar benchmark functions to the problem, and to determine the best parameter values for the selected algorithm. In this study, a test tool that can run on the devices using the Windows, OS X, Android, and IOS operating systems was developed for eight different optimization algorithms: genetic, artificial immune, differential evolution, particle swarm optimization, simulated annealing, tabu search, artificial bee colony, and ant colony optimization algorithms. Six Hump Camel Back, Rastrigin, Shubert, Schwefel, and Drop Wave were the preferred benchmark functions. Special user defined special functions were also permitted. The developed test tool was tested for all the optimization algorithms in different platforms. In spite of the small differences in the running times, the results show that the tool can easily be used in Windows, OS X, Android, and IOS devices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:744–754, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21747
Cage‐to‐Cage Cascade Transformations
Authors: Bandi Sreenivasulu , Chand Dillip Kumar 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA series of Pd2L4‐type binuclear self‐assembled coordination cages (1–4), where L stands for a nonchelating bidentate ligand, were prepared. The strategies adopted for the synthesis of the cages were: combination of PdII with 1) a selected ligand or 2) subcomponents of the ligand. Highly efficient cage‐to‐cage transformation reactions are demonstrated by suitable covalent modification (from 1 to 2 or 3 or 4) or ligand‐exchange reactions (from 1 to 2 or 3 or 4; from 2 to 3 or 4). Thus, new cascade transformations (from 1 to 2 to 3; from 1 to 2 to 4) are achieved beautifully.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Structure of Trisilver(I) Amidosulfate Monohydrate, Ag3SO3N·H2O,
Authors: BELAJ F. , KRATKY C. , NACHBAUR E. , POPITSCH A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstractis determined at 20 °C. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system ( P21/n, Z = 8).
ChemInform Abstract: Infrared Study of Structural and Compositional Changes in Orthorhombic Hydrogen Molybdenum Bronze, H0.3MoO3, by Heating in Vacuo.
Authors: OHNO T. , MIYATA H. , HATAYAMA F. , SOTANI N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDuring heating, orthorhombic H0.3MoO3 decomposes to a nonstoichiometric compound with the rhombic MoO3 structure (see scheme).
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Relations in the Ti‐Mo‐S System: The Structures of (Mo1‐xTix)2 + yS3 and Ti3Mo3/4S5.
Authors: WADA H. , ONODA M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe 1300 °C isothermal section of the Ti‐Mo‐S phase diagram has been determined and the ternary compounds shown in the scheme are observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Compatibilities in the System Y2O3‐BaO‐CuO at 950 °C.
Authors: FRASE K. G. , LINIGER E. G. , CLARKE D. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCompatibility regions in the pseudoternary title system have been determined at 950 °C indicating the existence of a new ternary compound, YBa3Cu2Ox.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐State Volumes in Solvent Exchange. Water Exchange on the Aqueous Aquapentaammineruthenium(III) Ion.
Authors: DOINE H. , ISHIHARA K. , KROUSE H. R. , SWADDLE T. W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe rate constant of the exchange reaction shown in the scheme is determined to be k(298.2) = 2.30·10‐4 s‐1 in 0.01 M aqueous CF3SO3H solution, the activation parameter being ΔH* = 91.5 kJ/mol, ΔS* = ‐7.7 K‐1 mol‐1, and ΔV* = ‐4.0 cm3/mol.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of α,ω‐Mercapto Alcohols in the Presence of Diethoxytriphenylphosphorane. Temperature Dependence of Cyclodehydrations and S‐Ethylations.
Authors: ROBINSON P. L. , KELLY J. W. , EVANS S. A. JUN. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of the hydroxyalkylmercaptans (II), (V), and (VIII) with diethoxytriphenylphosphorane (I) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Sensitized Photorearrangement of 3,3,5‐Triaryl‐2(3H)‐furanones to 3,4,5‐Triaryl‐2(5H)‐furanones. Steady‐State and Laser Flash Photolysis Investigations.
Authors: GOPIDAS K. R. , LOHRAY B. B. , RAJADURAI S. , DAS P. K. , GEORGE M. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDirect irradiation of the furanones (I) gives the decarbonylated products (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β‐Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity.
Authors: NOYORI R. , OHKUMA T. , KITAMURA M. , TAKAYA H. , SAYO N. , KUMOBAYASHI H. , AKUTAGAWA S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHydrogenation reactions of β‐keto esters (I), (III), (V) catalyzed by the Ru(II) complexes shown in the scheme under an initial H2 pressure of 50‐100 atm provide the β‐hydroxy esters (II), (IV), or (VI) in high enantiomeric purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Activating Unreactive Sites of Organic Molecules Using Elemental Fluorine.
Authors: ROZEN S. , GAL C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractElemental fluorine reacts with compounds such as (I), (IV), (VIa) and (VIIa) under electrophilic substitution to replace regio‐ and stereoselectively unactivated tertiary hydrogen atoms.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Fluoride as a Nucleophile in the Synthesis of 2‐Fluorostearic Acid.
Authors: POGANY S. A. , ZENTNER G. M. , RINGEISEN C. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compound (III) is obtained by treatment of methyl 2‐bromostearate (I) with silver(I) fluoride in wet acetonitrile and subsequent hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Optical Absorption Spectra of Tetraalkyl Olefin Cation Radicals.
Authors: CLARK T. , TEASLEY M. F. , NELSEN S. F. , WYNBERG H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cation radicals of the 5 Bredt's rule protected olefins (I)‐(V) generated by use of cation radical (VI) are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (ionization potentials), optical spectroscopy, and MNDO semiempirical MO calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of Haloethyl Alkyl Sulfides.
Authors: TRUJILLO D. A. , MCMAHON W. A. JUN. , LYLE R. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of ethylene sulfide (II) with benzyl bromide (I) or trityl chloride (IV) gives the corresponding haloethyl alkyl sulfides (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiolate Reduction of Sulfilimines. Part 2. Further Evidence for a Highly Coupled Concerted Transition State.
Authors: YOUNG P. R. , REID K. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAmination of the thioanisoles (I) with the O‐sulfonyl hydroxylamine (II) yields the corresponding sulfiliminium salts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Ether Derivatives of 3‐Amino‐1,2‐propanediols. Part 6. Syntheses and Pharmacological Investigations of 5,8‐Bis(2‐hydroxy‐3‐(alkylamino)propoxy)‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalenes.
Authors: CHALINA E. , CHRISTOVA K. , DANTCHEV D. , STANEVA D. , RAINOVA L. , CHAKAROVA L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe dihydroxydihydronaphthalene (III), prepared by the Diels‐Alder cycloaddition of butadiene (I) and p‐benzoquinone (II), reacts with epichlorohydrin (IV) to produce the bis(epoxypropyl ether) (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 2‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐11,11,12,12‐tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane and Its Carbamates with Electron‐Donor Moieties.
Authors: TORRES E. , PANETTA C. A. , METZGER R. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of the anthraquinone (I) with malononitrile (II) under the conditions shown in the reaction scheme yields the title compound (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Addition of Methanol to 1,2‐Epoxy‐1‐vinylcyclopentane.
Authors: KAGEL J. R. , MERTES M. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe addition of methanol (II) to 1,2‐epoxy‐1‐vinylcyclopentane (I) in the presence of mercuric salts is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium(0) Reagents. Part 1. A Facile Deoxygenation of Unfunctionalized Aromatic N‐Oxides.
Authors: MALINOWSKI M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTitanium(0) slurry prepared from titanium tetrachloride by reduction with magnesium or lithium aluminum hydride is employed in the deoxygenation of the pyridine N‐oxides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Aryl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐4(2(3,5‐dimethyl)pyrazolyl)pyridazin‐3‐ones.
Authors: NADA A. , ZAYED M. F. , GAD W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCoupling of 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole (I) with the β‐benzoylacrylic acids (II) gives the 3‐aryl‐2‐pyrazolylpropionic acids (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Bis(1,2,3)triazolo(1,5‐a:4′,5′‐d)pyrimidin‐9‐ones.
Authors: L'ABBE G. , GODTS F. , TOPPET S. , VAN MEERVELT L. , KING G. S. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the azidotriazoles (III) with the active methylene nitriles (V) yields the tricyclic products (VI) instead of the previously reported compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene. Part 11. trans6,9‐Dimethoxy‐2,3,4a,5,10,10a‐hexahydro‐4H‐naphth(2,3‐b)‐1,4‐oxazines. Tricyclic Analogues of trans‐2‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5,8‐dimethoxytetralins.
Authors: TROANSKA G. , CHRISTOVA K. , DANCHEV D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aminohydroxytetralins (I) react with chloroacetyl chloride (II) to form the N‐acyl compounds (III) or the O,N‐diacyl derivatives (IV) depending on the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Bis(dialkoxyphosphoryl) and Bis(dialkoxythiophosphoryl) Disulfides with Trialkylsilyl Cyanides. New Route to Dialkyl Phosphoroand Dialkyl Thiophosphorothiocyanidates and O,O,O,O‐Tetraalkyl Pyrophosphorotrithioates.
Authors: LOPUSINSKI A. , LUCZAK L. , BRZEZINSKA E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe diphosphoryl disulfides (I) react with the trialkylsilyl cyanides (II) to form the thiocyanidates (III) and the silyl esters (IV) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 6H‐Dibenz(c,e)(1,2)oxaphosphorins: Synthesis and Chemistry.
Authors: PASTOR S. D. , SPIVACK J. D. , STEINHUEBEL L. P. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract2‐Hydroxybiphenyl (I) reacts with phosphorus trichloride (II) to produce the intermediate aryloxydichlorophosphine (III) which is cyclized in the presence of zinc chloride, forming the fused chlorooxaphosphorin (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: (Me5C5)2Yb(μ‐Me)Be(C5Me5): A Model for Methane Coordination?
Authors: BURNS C. J. , ANDERSEN R. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSince the monomeric molecule (II) possesses no steric effects which will prevent coordination and the Lewis acid (I) is a bent metallocene with small reorganization energy of bending which forms coordination complexes with olefins and acetylenes, the reaction of both yields the complex (III).