bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Merger-driven Growth in Luminous, High-z, Obscured AGNs in the CANDELS/COSMOS Field
Authors: Donley J. L. , Kartaltepe J. , Kocevski D. , Salvato M. , Santini P. , Suh H. , Civano F. , Koekemoer A. M. , Trump J. , Brusa M. , Cardamone C. , Castro A. , Cisternas M. , Conselice C. , Croton D. , Hathi N. , Liu C. , Lucas R. A. , Nair P. , Rosario D. , Sanders D. , Simmons B. , Villforth C. , Alexander D. M. , Bell E. F. , Faber S. M. , Grogin N. A. , Lotz J. , McIntosh D. H. , Nagao T. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
While major mergers have long been proposed as a driver of both active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity and the

relation, studies of moderate to high-redshift Seyfert-luminosity AGN hosts have found little evidence for enhanced rates of interactions. However, both theory and observation suggest that while these AGNs may be fueled by stochastic accretion and secular processes, high-luminosity, high-redshift, and heavily obscured AGNs are the AGNs most likely to be merger-driven. To better sample this population of AGNs, we turn to infrared selection in the CANDELS/COSMOS field. Compared to their lower-luminosity and less obscured X-ray-only counterparts, IR-only AGNs (luminous, heavily obscured AGNs) are more likely to be classified as either irregular (

versus

) or asymmetric (

versus

) and are less likely to have a spheroidal component (

versus

). Furthermore, IR-only AGNs are also significantly more likely than X-ray-only AGNs (

versus

) to be classified either as interacting or merging in a way that significantly disturbs the host galaxy or as disturbed, though not clearly interacting or merging, which potentially represents the late stages of a major merger. This suggests that while major mergers may not contribute significantly to the fueling of Seyfert-luminosity AGNs, interactions appear to play a more dominant role in the triggering and fueling of high-luminosity heavily obscured AGNs.
Atmospheric Circulation, Chemistry, and Infrared Spectra of Titan-like Exoplanets around Different Stellar Types
Authors: Lora Juan M. , Kataria Tiffany , Gao Peter 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
With the discovery of ever smaller and colder exoplanets, terrestrial worlds with hazy atmospheres must be increasingly considered. Our solar system’s Titan is a prototypical hazy planet, whose atmosphere may be representative of a large number of planets in our Galaxy. As a step toward characterizing such worlds, we present simulations of exoplanets that resemble Titan but orbit three different stellar hosts: G, K, and M dwarf stars. We use general circulation and photochemistry models to explore the circulation and chemistry of these Titan-like planets under varying stellar spectra, in all cases assuming a Titan-like insolation. Due to the strong absorption of visible light by atmospheric haze, the redder radiation accompanying later stellar types produces more isothermal stratospheres, stronger meridional temperature gradients at mbar pressures, and deeper and stronger zonal winds. In all cases, the planets’ atmospheres are strongly superrotating, but meridional circulation cells are weaker aloft under redder starlight. The photochemistry of hydrocarbon and nitrile species varies with stellar spectra, with variations in the FUV/NUV flux ratio playing an important role. Our results tentatively suggest that column haze production rates could be similar under all three hosts, implying that planets around many different stars could have similar characteristics to Titan’s atmosphere. Lastly, we present theoretical emission spectra. Overall, our study indicates that, despite important and subtle differences, the circulation and chemistry of Titan-like exoplanets are relatively insensitive to differences in the host star. These findings may be further probed with future space-based facilities, like WFIRST, LUVOIR, HabEx, and OST.
The HDUV Survey: A Revised Assessment of the Relationship between UV Slope and Dust Attenuation for High-redshift Galaxies
Authors: Reddy Naveen A. , Oesch Pascal A. , Bouwens Rychard J. , Montes Mireia , Illingworth Garth D. , Steidel Charles C. , van Dokkum Pieter G. , Atek Hakim , Carollo Marcella C. , Cibinel Anna , Holden Brad , Labbé Ivo , Magee Dan , Morselli Laura , Nelson Erica J. , Wilkins Steve 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We use a newly assembled sample of 3545 star-forming galaxies with secure spectroscopic, grism, and photometric redshifts at z = 1.5–2.5 to constrain the relationship between UV slope (β) and dust attenuation (L
IR/L
UV ≡ IRX). Our sample significantly extends the range of L
UV and β probed in previous UV-selected samples, including those as faint as M
1600 = −17.4 (

) and −2.6 ≲ β ≲ 0.0. IRX is measured using stacks of deep Herschel data, and the results are compared with predictions of the IRX−β relation for different assumptions of the stellar population model and obscuration curve. We find that z = 1.5–2.5 galaxies have an IRX−β relation that is consistent with the predictions for an SMC curve if we invoke subsolar-metallicity models currently favored for high-redshift galaxies, while the commonly assumed starburst curve overpredicts the IRX at a given β by a factor of ≳3. IRX is roughly constant with L
UV for L
UV ≳ 3 × 109
L
⊙. Thus, the commonly observed trend of fainter galaxies having bluer β may simply reflect bluer intrinsic slopes for such galaxies, rather than lower obscurations. The IRX−β relation for young/low-mass galaxies at z ≳ 2 implies a dust curve that is steeper than the SMC. The lower attenuations and higher ionizing photon output for low-metallicity stellar populations point to Lyman continuum production efficiencies, ξ
ion, that may be elevated by a factor of ≈2 relative to the canonical value for L* galaxies, aiding in their ability to keep the universe ionized at z ∼ 2.
The Development of an Android-Based Anggah-Ungguhing Balinese Language Dictionary
Authors: Wirawan I Made Agus , Paryatna Ida Bagus Made Ludy 
Published: January 2018

Indonesia is an archipelago country with a variety of local languages; one of which is Balinese (mother tongue), used by the Balinese people in daily life and in certain ritual ceremonies. In Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Department of Balinese Language Education, students have been given Anggah-Ungguhing in speaking subjects where they are taught to understand the use of Balinese language based on social strata. But in the process of learning the Anggah-Ungguhing, there are some problems, including: 1) There is no media that supports learning of Anggah-Ungguhing vocabulary. 2) The motivation of students when learning Anggah-Ungguhing by using books is low. Based upon the analysis on the problems and previous researches, this study aims to: 1) Development of mobile dictionary to support the learning process Angggah - Ungguhing anywhere and anytime. 2) Measuring the level of student’s motivation are using mobile dictionary while learning vocabulary Anggah - Ungguhing. The method used in this research is Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with Waterfall based model. Based on the results of tests that have been done, mobile dictionaries can be declared successfully developed based on user needs. In this research has distributed about 60 questionnaires to measure the level of student’s motivation who use mobile dictionaries on learning Anggah - Ungguhing Balinese language. The result of the student’s motivation measurement shows that the motivation of the students that the learns Anggah - Ungguhing Balinese languange using mobile dictionary is in the positive category.
Treatment of Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
Authors: Farrag Abdelsattar N , Hussein Ahmed A , Ummar Shiji 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To summarize the recent trends in the treatment of pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) based on available published data.

Method and literature search
A PubMed search was conducted with combinations not limited to the following search terms: Pellucid marginal degeneration, Corneal ectasia, Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL), Intracorneal ring segments (ICRS), Contact lens, Keratoplasty in corneal ectasia. A review of the search results was performed and relevant articles to the topic were included.

Summary
Ophthalmologists have got a wide array of therapeutic modalities for the management of PMD. However, the key to optimal treatment is careful clinical assessment of patients and their visual requirements and tailoring the treatment to individual patients.

How to cite this article
Farrag AN, Hussein AA, Ummar S. Treatment of Pellucid Marginal Degeneration. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2017;6(2):87-91.
Southern Cinematic Slumming
Authors: Vernon Zackary 
Published: January 2018

In this essay, the author argues that individuals both in and outside of the region are increasingly drawn to narratives about the “Rough South.” Such narratives tend to portray lower-class southerners from an insider perspective that appears tantalizingly “authentic” to educated, upper-middle-class, urban and suburban audiences. Based on a survey of recent southern films, Vernon contends that contemporary southerners are often so desperate to disavowal cultural homogenization that they participate in the filmic fetishization and commodification of a working-class South that seems to have retained a sense of cultural distinctiveness. Building upon the “poverty porn” debates that emerged in the wake of films like Slumdog Millionaire, Vernon asserts that if films unrealistically depict people in need as leading aesthetically satisfying lives, then they may ultimately run the risk of detracting from social justice efforts.
Archives of Dispossession
Authors: Roybal Karen R. 
Published: January 2018

One method of American territory expansion in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands was the denial of property rights to Mexican landowners, which led to dispossession. Many historical accounts overlook this colonial impact on Indigenous and Mexican peoples, and existing studies that do tackle this subject tend to privilege the male experience. Here, Karen R. Roybal recenters the focus of dispossession on women, arguing that gender, sometimes more than race, dictated legal concepts of property ownership and individual autonomy. Drawing on a diverse source base—legal land records, personal letters, and literature—Roybal locates voices of Mexican American women in the Southwest to show how they fought against the erasure of their rights, both as women and as landowners. Woven throughout Roybal’s analysis are these women’s testimonios—their stories focusing on inheritance, property rights, and shifts in power. Roybal positions these testimonios as an alternate archive that illustrates the myriad ways in which multiple layers of dispossession—and the changes of property ownership in Mexican law—affected the formation of Mexicana identity.
Vertical distributions of N2O isotopocules in the equatorial stratosphere
Authors: Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Morimoto Shinji , Aoki Shuji , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Sugawara Satoshi , Ishidoya Shigeyuki , Uematsu Mitsuo , Inai Yoichi , Hasebe Fumio , Ikeda Chusaku , Honda Hideyuki , Ishijima Kentaro 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Vertical profiles of nitrous oxide (N2O) and its
isotopocules, isotopically substituted molecules, were obtained over the
Equator at altitudes of 16–30 km. Whole air samples were collected using
newly developed balloon-borne compact cryogenic samplers over the eastern
equatorial Pacific in 2012 and Biak Island, Indonesia, in 2015. They were
examined in the laboratory using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
The mixing ratio and isotopocule ratios of N2O in the equatorial
stratosphere showed a weaker vertical gradient than the previously reported
profiles in the subtropical and mid-latitude and high-latitude stratosphere.
From the relation between the mixing ratio and isotopocule ratios, further
distinct characteristics were found over the Equator: (1) observed
isotopocule fractionations (ε values) in the middle stratosphere
(25–30 km or [N2O] < ca. 260 nmol mol−1) are almost equal to
ε values reported from broadband photolysis experiments
conducted in the laboratory; (2) ε values in the lower
stratosphere (< ca. 25 km or [N2O] > ca. 260 nmol mol−1)
are about half of the experimentally obtained values, being slightly larger
than those observed in the mid-latitude and high-latitude lower stratosphere
([N2O] > ca. 170 nmol mol−1). These results from the deep
tropics suggest the following. (i) The timescale for quasi-horizontal mixing
between tropical and mid-latitude air in the tropical middle stratosphere is
sufficiently slow relative to the tropical upwelling rate that isotope
fractionation approaches the Rayleigh limit for N2O photolysis. (ii) The
air in the tropical lower stratosphere is exchanged with extratropical air on
a timescale that is shorter than that of photochemical decomposition of
N2O. Previously observed ε values, which are invariably
smaller than those of photolysis, can be explained qualitatively using a
three-dimensional chemical transport model and using a simple model that
assumes mixing of “aged” tropical air and extratropical air during residual
circulation. Results show that isotopocule ratios are useful to examine the
stratospheric transport scheme deduced from tracer–tracer relations.
The 1997 Kronotsky earthquake and tsunami and their predecessors, Kamchatka, Russia
Authors: Bourgeois Joanne , Pinegina Tatiana K. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The northern part of the Kamchatka subduction zone (KSZ) experienced three tsunamigenic earthquakes in the 20th century – February 1923, April 1923, December 1997 – events that help us better understand the behavior of this segment. A particular focus of this study is the nature and location of the 5 December 1997 Kronotsky rupture (Mw ∼ 7.8) as elucidated by tsunami runup north of Kronotsky Peninsula in southern to central Kamchatsky Bay. Some studies have characterized the subduction zone off Kronotsky Peninsula as either more locked or more smoothly slipping than surrounding areas and have placed the 1997 rupture south of this promontory. However, 1997 tsunami runup north of the peninsula, as evidenced by our mapping of tsunami deposits, requires the rupture to extend farther north. Previously reported runup (1997 tsunami) on Kronotsky Peninsula was no more than 2–3 m, but our studies indicate tsunami heights for at least 50 km north of Kronotsky Peninsula in Kamchatsky Bay, ranging from 3.4 to 9.5 m (average 6.1 m), exceeding beach ridge heights of 5.3 to 8.3 m (average 7.1 m). For the two 1923 tsunamis, we cannot distinguish among their deposits in southern to central Kamchatsky Bay, but the deposits are more extensive than the 1997 deposit. A reevaluation of the April 1923 historical tsunami suggests that its moment magnitude could be revised upward, and that the 1997 earthquake filled a gap between the two 1923 earthquake ruptures. Characterizing these historical earthquakes and tsunamis in turn contributes to interpreting the prehistoric record, which is necessary to evaluate recurrence intervals for such events. Deeper in time, the prehistoric record back to ∼ AD 300 in southern to central Kamchatsky Bay indicates that during this interval, there were no local events significantly larger than those of the 20th century. Together, the historic and prehistoric tsunami record suggests a more northerly location of the 1997 rupture compared to most other analyses, a revision of the size of the April 1923 earthquake, and agreement with previous work suggesting the northern KSZ ruptures in smaller sections than the southern KSZ. The final suggestion should be considered with caution, however, as we continue to learn that our historic and even prehistoric records of earthquakes and tsunamis are limited, in particular as applied to hazard analysis. This study is a contribution to our continued efforts to understand tectonic behavior around the northern Pacific and in subduction zones, in general.
Hydrologic flow path development varies by aspect during spring snowmelt in complex subalpine terrain
Authors: Webb Ryan W. , Fassnacht Steven R. , Gooseff Michael N. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. In many mountainous regions around the world, snow and soil moisture are key components of the hydrologic cycle. Preferential flow paths of snowmelt water through snow have been known to occur for years with few studies observing the effect on soil moisture. In this study, statistical analysis of the topographical and hydrological controls on the spatiotemporal variability of snow water equivalent (SWE) and soil moisture during snowmelt was undertaken at a subalpine forested setting with north, south, and flat aspects as a seasonally persistent snowpack melts. We investigated if evidence of preferential flow paths in snow can be observed and the effect on soil moisture through measurements of snow water equivalent and near-surface soil moisture, observing how SWE and near-surface soil moisture vary on hillslopes relative to the toes of hillslopes and flat areas. We then compared snowmelt infiltration beyond the near-surface soil between flat and sloping terrain during the entire snowmelt season using soil moisture sensor profiles. This study was conducted during varying snowmelt seasons representing above-normal, relatively normal, and below-normal snow seasons in northern Colorado. Evidence is presented of preferential meltwater flow paths at the snow–soil interface on the north-facing slope causing increases in SWE downslope and less infiltration into the soil at 20 cm depth; less association is observed in the near-surface soil moisture (top 7 cm). We present a conceptualization of the meltwater flow paths that develop based on slope aspect and soil properties. The resulting flow paths are shown to divert at least 4 % of snowmelt laterally, accumulating along the length of the slope, to increase the snow water equivalent by as much as 170 % at the base of a north-facing hillslope. Results from this study show that snow acts as an extension of the vadose zone during spring snowmelt and future hydrologic investigations will benefit from studying the snow and soil together.
2017/39 The principle of legality applies to disciplinary sanctions (LU)
Authors: Molitor Michel 
Published: January 2018

2017/39 The principle of legality applies to disciplinary sanctions (LU)
The Court of Appeal held that disciplinary sanctions are subject to the general principles of criminal law and therefore must respect the principle of legality. Consequently, the wording of any collective agreement that is used as the legal basis of a sanction must be sufficiently clear and precise to enable the employee to understand the consequences of his or her misconduct.
2017/41 New approach to burden of proof in discrimination claims (UK)
Authors: Price Hannah 
Published: January 2018

2017/41 New Approach to Burden of Proof in Discrimination Claims (UK)
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) has adopted a new approach to the burden of proof in discrimination cases. Up to now, the courts have held that the claimant must, in the first instance, prove sufficient facts from which (in the absence of any other explanation) an inference of discrimination can be drawn. Once the claimant has established these facts, the burden of proof shifts to the respondent to show that he or she did not breach the provisions of the Act. The EAT has now said that courts should consider all of the evidence (both the claimant’s and the respondent’s) when making its finding of facts, in order to determine whether or not a prima facie case of discrimination has been made out. It is then open to the respondent to demonstrate that there was no discrimination. This is an important development in how the burden of proof is dealt with in discrimination cases. It clarifies that it is not only the claimant’s evidence which will be scrutinised in determining whether the burden of proof has shifted, but also the respondent’s evidence (or lack thereof).
Cahokia’s Beginnings
Authors: Betzenhauser Alleen 
Published: January 2018

The combined movements of local and foreign people from pre-Mississippian villages and hamlets into mound centers and out to isolated farmsteads resulted in the creation of Cahokia at AD 1050 as an urban space and the center of a regionally integrated polity. Through these movements, landscapes were redefined and identities and power relations among local and foreign groups were negotiated. It is asserted that such movements interfered with local sources of power while a sense of shared identity was fostered through participation in communal events. Through analyses of site layout, occupational history, and material culture, the historical effects of these movements are traced.
Mississippian Processes and Histories
Authors: Cook Robert A. 
Published: January 2018

The spread of Mississippian culture throughout much of the Eastern US has long been of interest to archaeologists. Interpretations of this spread have oscillated widely over the development of the discipline between what are generally referred to as historical and processual approaches. This chapter briefly summarizes these approaches and then directly examines some key aspects of each. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and chemical analyses from human burials with environmental data provides a key to unlock both the processes and histories at play in the development of one area on which Mississippian culture developed. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection with early interactions with Mississippian migrants. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. The basic conclusion is that it is much better to seek a model that incorporates elements of both culture process and culture history if we are to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the past.
Ideas, Beliefs, and Policy Linkages: Lessons from Food, Water, and Energy Policies
Authors: Haas Peter M. , Stevens Casey 
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how topics are identified for the SDGs, the prospects for effective linkages between the individual topics, and longer term learning about managing complex issues. It compares the logics of substantive and tactical issues linkage. Empirically it looks at the presence or absence or epistemic communities as factors contributing to the identification of SDGs, and in particular which individual SDGs are compatible to build a more integrated approach to governing sustainability.
Toward a Multi-level Action Framework for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Gupta Joyeeta , Nilsson Måns 
Published: January 2018

This chapter proposes a Multi-level Action Framework for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. It suggests that there should be three Action Principles, namely to govern sustainable development goals across levels and actors; to target drivers of change at the appropriate level; and to ensure horizontal and vertical coherence in action. It also argues that there should be three Action Mechanisms that should be put in place, namely developing human capacities, building institutional frameworks, and designing appropriate interventions. It demonstrates these principles and mechanisms through an application to the water governance field.