bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the appropriate adult in supporting vulnerable adults in custody: Comparing the perspectives of service users and service providers
Authors: Jessiman Tricia , Cameron Ailsa 
Published: August 2017

Accessible Summary

When a vulnerable adult is in police custody, they should have someone with them to help them understand what is happening. This person is called an appropriate adult (AA).

Previous research has shown that the role of the AA is not always well understood. This study compares the views of both professionals and vulnerable adults.

Adults with learning disabilities and mental health problems said looking after them and helping them communicate were the most important things an AA should do.

Like other studies have shown, not all adults who should be provided with an AA in custody have had one. This may be because no agency has a statutory duty to provide one.

This study recommends that AA services should try and engage more effectively with vulnerable adults.

AbstractBackgroundPolice custody sergeants have a duty to secure an AA to safeguard the rights and welfare of vulnerable people detained or questioned by the police. This study focuses on the role of the AA in supporting vulnerable adults and seeks to examine what stakeholders would expect from an effective AA service.MethodsThis was a qualitative study of four AA services in England. Interviews were undertaken with 25 professionals, and two focus groups were held with service‐user groups (13 participants).ResultsThere is disparity between the expectations of professionals, and service users, on what comprises an effective service. Professionals tend to prioritise the availability and response time of AAs, while service users prioritise their personal attributes and demeanour.ConclusionsProfessionals involved in commissioning and management of AA services should monitor whether the rights of vulnerable adults in custody are protected and better engage vulnerable adults beyond service delivery.
Mitotic inheritance of the Golgi complex and its role in cell division
Authors: Ayala Inmaculada , Colanzi Antonino 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids, but it can also act as a signalling hub and a microtubule‐nucleation centre. The Golgi complex (GC) of mammalian cells is composed of stacks connected by tubular bridges to form a continuous membranous system. In spite of this structural complexity, the GC is highly dynamic, and this feature becomes particularly evident during mitosis, when the GC undergoes a multi‐step disassembly process that allows its correct partitioning and inheritance by daughter cells. Strikingly, different steps of Golgi disassembly control mitotic entry and progression, indicating that cells actively monitor Golgi integrity during cell division. Here, we summarise the basic mechanisms and the molecular players that are involved in Golgi disassembly, focussing in particular on recent studies that have revealed the fundamental signalling pathways that connect Golgi inheritance to mitotic entry and progression.
Linking Avicennia germinans (Acanthaceae) architecture to gall richness and abundance in Brazilian Amazon mangroves
Authors: Silva Luzinete L. , Santos Rita C. O. , Fernandes Marcus E. B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe diversity and abundance of gall‐inducing organisms are directly proportional to the structural complexity of the host plant. This hypothesis is controversial for forest environments, such as mangroves. Avicennia germinans (L.), a principal mangrove tree species found in the Neotropical region, is considered to be a superhost for gall‐inducing insects. Using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) based on the analysis of 1000 apical branches from 50 A. germinans trees, we examined the diversity and abundance of gall morphotypes (GM), together with the structural attributes of replanted 5‐ to 9‐year‐old mangroves, in the Amazon coast of Brazil. A total of 7602 galls were registered, averaging 1.3 ± 0.4 galls per leaf. Sixteen of the 22 morphotypes identified were found at all study sites. Two gall morphotypes (GM7 and GM4) were the most abundant, representing approximately 40 percent of the total. The structural complexity of the plant (mainly based on the number of leaves) directly affected the abundance and diversity of these organisms. While A. germinans is a superhost, this type of parasitism did not affect plant development or survival. The ample distribution of A. germinans, the formation of monospecific forests, and the high palatability of this plant make it an essential resource for the survival of the gall‐inducing guild in the mangroves of the Neotropics.
The transition to adulthood from care as a struggle for recognition
Authors: Paulsen Veronika , Thomas Nigel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article explores young people's experiences in the transition to adulthood from child welfare services and how Honneth's theory of recognition can be useful as an analytical tool to help us understand these experiences. The underpinning empirical research consisted of interviews and focus groups with 43 adolescents who had been in contact with Norwegian child welfare services. Three themes emerged as particularly important: having good relationships to caring adults, being listened to and able to influence their own lives, and receiving support and encouragement. The research shows how young people's difficulties in leaving care can be understood as experiences of misrecognition and points to some ways in which these can be overcome.
Immunohistochemistry reveals an increased proportion of MYC‐positive cells in subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma compared with lupus panniculitis
Authors: Fernandez‐Pol Sebastian , De Stefano Danielle , Kim Jinah 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundSubcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a malignant primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma that shares significant clinical, histopathologic and immunophenotypic overlap with lupus erythematosus panniculitis (LEP).MethodsWe performed immunohistochemistry for the MYC oncoprotein on 23 cases of SPTCL (1 CD8 negative) and 12 cases of LEP to evaluate if there are quantitative or qualitative differences in protein expression of this marker in these entities.ResultsIn SPTCL cases, the percentage of all cells that were c‐Myc positive ranged from 0.8% to 16%, with a mean of 5.0% and a median of 4.4%. In contrast, in the LEP cases, the percentage of c‐Myc‐positive cells in the cases ranged from 0.34% to 3.7%, averaged 1.4% and the median was 0.8%. The difference between the means of these 2 diagnostic categories was statistically significant. Fluorescence in situ hybridization performed on 4 cases of SPTCL with a relatively high level of MYC immunohistochemical staining, however, failed to demonstrate evidence of MYC rearrangement or amplification.ConclusionsOur work demonstrates that MYC expression levels differ between these 2 histologic mimics and suggests that this important oncoprotein may play a role in the pathogenesis of SPTCL.
Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in people with prediabetes vs those with normoglycaemia at baseline: a pooled analysis of 10 phase III ODYSSEY clinical trials
Authors: Leiter L. A. , Müller‐Wieland D. , Baccara‐Dinet M. T. , Letierce A. , Samuel R. , Cariou B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimTo assess the lipid‐lowering efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, in people with hypercholesterolaemia and prediabetes at baseline vs people with normoglycaemia at baseline in a pooled analysis of 10 ODYSSEY phase III trials.MethodsPeople classified as having prediabetes had baseline HbA1c ≥39 mmol/mol (5.7%) and <48 mmol/mol (6.5%), or two baseline fasting plasma glucose values ≥5.6 mmol/l (100 mg/dl) but no more than one fasting plasma glucose value ≥7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl), or had specific terms reported in their medical history; people diagnosed with diabetes at baseline were excluded, and the remainder were classified as having normoglycaemia. Participants received alirocumab or control (placebo/ezetimibe) for 24–104 weeks, with maximally tolerated statin in most cases. The primary efficacy endpoint was LDL cholesterol reductions from baseline to week 24 in the intention‐to‐treat population using the mixed‐effect model with a repeated measures approach.ResultsReductions in LDL cholesterol from baseline to week 24 with alirocumab were 44.0–61.8% (prediabetes group) and 45.8–59.5% (normoglycaemia group). In both subgroups, LDL cholesterol reductions were generally similar in those with and without baseline triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/l (150 mg/dl). Alirocumab was not associated with changes in HbA1c or fasting plasma glucose over time in either subgroup (up to 24 months' follow‐up). Adverse event rates were generally similar in those with and without prediabetes.ConclusionsOver a mean follow‐up of 24–104 weeks, alirocumab treatment resulted in significant LDL cholesterol reductions from baseline that were similar in participants with prediabetes and those with normoglycaemia at baseline, with no effect on glycaemia and a safety profile similar to that of the control.
Mesenchymal stromal cells contribute to quiescence of therapy‐resistant leukemic cells in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wang Wenwen , Bochtler Tilmann , Wuchter Patrick , Manta Linda , He Haiju , Eckstein Volker , Ho Anthony D. , Lutz Christoph 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivePersistence of leukemic cells after induction therapy has been shown to correlate with poor survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we tested if human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) have protective effects on leukemic cells undergoing chemotherapy.MethodsPersistent disease was used as marker to identify cases with therapy‐resistant leukemic cells in 95 patients with AML. Immunophenotyping, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays were assessed by flow cytometry. AML coculture studies were performed with hMSC of healthy donors.ResultsSamples from patients with persistent disease had increased fractions of CD34+CD38− and quiescent leukemic cells. Comparison of sample series collected at time points of diagnosis and blast persistence showed a relative therapy resistance of quiescent leukemic cells. Consistent with these observations, relapsed disease always displayed higher proportions of quiescent cells compared to samples of first diagnosis suggesting that quiescence is an important therapy escape mechanism of resistant cells. Co‐culture studies demonstrated that hMSC protect leukemic cells from the effect of AraC treatment by enriching for quiescent cells, mimicking the effects observed in patients. This effect was even detectable when no direct stromal contact was established.ConclusionsOur data suggest that hMSC contribute to quiescence and therapy resistance of persistent AML cells.
Intracranial elastance is increased in idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Chisholm J. T. , Sudhakar P. , Alhajeri A. N. , Smith J. H. 
Published: August 2017

Background and purposeTo date, no pathophysiological model has sufficiently accounted for all the findings encountered in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Intracranial elastance is an index of volume‐buffering capacity known to play a role in certain disorders of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, which has not been previously investigated in relation to IIH patients.MethodsThis was a single‐center retrospective cohort study from 1 July 2011 to 1 July 2016. Values for opening pressure (PO), closing pressure (PC) and volume (V) of CSF removed were collected, as well as demographic and clinical covariates. Intracranial elastance (E) and pressure−volume index (PVI) were calculated according to established equations: E = (PO−PC)/V and PVI = V/log10(PO/PC), respectively. Those with an alternative central nervous system pathology, including meningitis, encephalitis and normal pressure hydrocephalus were excluded. Eligible patients were subdivided into two groups based on final diagnosis: a control group and an IIH group.ResultsIn our cohort (n = 49), a significant association of both E (P < 0.0001) and PVI (P = 0.005) with a diagnosis of IIH was observed. Median E was 0.45 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.29–0.63] in the control group and 1 (IQR 0.59–1.29) in the IIH group, and median PVI was 98.07 (IQR 59.92–135.86) in the control group and 64.1 (IQR 42.4–91.7) in the IIH group. Neither E nor PVI were significantly associated with age, gender or body mass index. PVI was independent of opening pressure.ConclusionsAs calculated by clinically accessible indices, our study provides evidence that intracranial elastance is increased in IIH, reflecting a novel insight into disease pathogenesis.
Adapting the CMIM algorithm for multilabel feature selection. A comparison with existing methods
Authors: Bermejo Pablo , Gámez José A. , Puerta José M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe multilabel paradigm has recently attracted the attention of the machine learning community, multilabel problems being those which do not have only one class but several binomial classes instead. Although intensive research has been carried on lately into the multilabel classification paradigm, this is not the case of feature subset selection methods. In this work, we propose an adaptation of the well‐known CMIM feature selection algorithm, which is capable of approximating the conditional multivariate mutual information of each candidate attribute with respect to the whole set of labels. This capacity to search any degree of interaction among labels is the reason why our proposal performs better than other state‐of‐the‐art algorithms when the dataset on which it is run contains correlated labels.
To Delay or Not to Delay: The Timing of Chinese Character Instruction for Secondary Learners
Authors: Knell Ellen , West Hai‐I (Nancy) 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe timing of character instruction for beginning Chinese foreign language learners has been a controversial issue in Chinese language instruction for many decades. Some instructors teach characters early and integrate this learning with oral language; other instructors teach characters only after an oral base has been established. To date, the experimental research on this topic has been conducted exclusively with university students, and it is unknown if results can generalize to a younger demographic with different learning needs and instructional contexts. The purpose of this study was to examine the reading, writing, and oral language skills of beginning‐level middle school students with no Chinese language background who were divided into early and delayed instruction groups. In addition, a questionnaire about the students’ attitudes toward character learning was administered. It was found that the early instruction group performed significantly better than the delayed group on reading comprehension and character writing tests; there were no significant differences between the groups on the oral interview and the oral fluency assessments. The attitudes survey showed no significant differences in character learning attitudes between the early and the delayed groups except in regard to the timing of character instruction. Pedagogical applications are suggested.
When and where to move: Dynamic occupancy models explain the range dynamics of a food nomadic bird under climate and land cover change
Authors: Kalle Riddhika , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Downs Colleen T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGlobally, long‐term research is critical to monitor the responses of tropical species to climate and land cover change at the range scale. Citizen science surveys can reveal the long‐term persistence of poorly known nomadic tropical birds occupying fragmented forest patches. We applied dynamic occupancy models to 13 years (2002–2014) of citizen science‐driven presence/absence data on Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus), a food nomadic bird endemic to South Africa. We modeled its underlying range dynamics as a function of resource distribution, and change in climate and land cover through the estimation of colonization and extinction patterns. The range occupancy of Cape parrot changed little over time (ψ = 0.75–0.83) because extinction was balanced by recolonization. Yet, there was considerable regional variability in occupancy and detection probability increased over the years. Colonizations increased with warmer temperature and area of orchards, thus explaining their range shifts southeastwards in recent years. Although colonizations were higher in the presence of nests and yellowwood trees (Afrocarpus and Podocarpus spp.), the extinctions in small forest patches (≤227 ha) and during low precipitation (≤41 mm) are attributed to resource constraints and unsuitable climatic conditions. Loss of indigenous forest cover and artificial lake/water bodies increased extinction probabilities of Cape parrot. The land use matrix (fruit farms, gardens, and cultivations) surrounding forest patches provides alternative food sources, thereby facilitating spatiotemporal colonization and extinction in the human‐modified matrix. Our models show that Cape parrots are vulnerable to extreme climatic conditions such as drought which is predicted to increase under climate change. Therefore, management of optimum sized high‐quality forest patches is essential for long‐term survival of Cape parrot populations. Our novel application of dynamic occupancy models to long‐term citizen science monitoring data unfolds the complex relationships between the environmental dynamics and range fluctuations of this food nomadic species.
Genomic and clinical evidence uncovers the enterohepatic species Helicobacter valdiviensis as a potential human intestinal pathogen
Authors: Fresia Pablo , Jara Ronald , Sierra Rafael , Ferrés Ignacio , Greif Gonzalo , Iraola Gregorio , Collado Luis 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter valdiviensis is a recently described enterohepatic species isolated from wild bird's fecal samples. Currently, its pathogenic potential and clinical significance are unknown mainly due to the lack of whole‐genome sequences to compare with other helicobacters and the absence of specific screenings to determine its prevalence in humans.Materials and MethodsThe species type strain (WBE14T) was whole‐genome‐sequenced, and comparative analyses were carried out including the genomes from other Helicobacter species to determine the exact phylogenetic position of H. valdiviensis and to study the presence and evolution of virulence determinants. In parallel, stools from diarrheic patients and healthy individuals were screened by PCR to assess the clinical incidence of H. valdiviensis.ResultsHelicobacter valdiviensis belongs to a monophyletic clade conformed by H. canadensis, H. pullorum, H. winghamensis, H. rodentium, and H. apodemus. Its predicted genome size is 2 176 246 bp., with 30% of G+C content and 2064 annotated protein‐coding genes. The patterns of virulence factors in H. valdiviensis were similar to other enterohepatic species, but evidence of horizontal gene transfer from Campylobacter species was detected for key genes like those coding for the CDT subunits. Positive PCR results confirmed the presence of H. valdiviensis in 2 of 254 (0.78%) stools of patients with acute diarrhea while not a single sample was positive in healthy individuals.ConclusionsHorizontal gene transfer has contributed to shape the gene repertory of H. valdiviensis, which codes for virulence factors conserved in other pathogens that are well‐known human pathogens. Additionally, the detection of H. valdiviensisDNA in diarrheic patients supports its role as a potential emergent intestinal pathogen. Further, sampling efforts are needed to uncover the clinical relevance of this species, which should be accomplished by the isolation of H. valdiviensis from ill humans and the obtention of whole genomes from clinical isolates.
Clinical outcomes of experimental gingivitis and peri‐implant mucositis treatment with professionally administered plaque removal and photodynamic therapy
Authors: Zeza B , Farina R , Pilloni A , Mongardini C 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimTo comparatively evaluate the outcomes of professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment for experimentally induced gingivitis (G) and peri‐implant mucositis (p‐iM).Materials and methodsTwenty systemically healthy patients, each contributing a single implant‐supported unit in a posterior sextant and a tooth within the same quadrant, were selected. Patients underwent an experimental G and p‐iM trial consisting of a 2‐week period of undisturbed plaque accumulation and a 6‐week resolution phase following treatment administration. Supragingival plaque levels, probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BoP) were recorded at experimental tooth and implant either before or 2 and 6 weeks after administration of PAPR+PDT.ResultsThe results of the study indicate that (i) treatment with PAPR and PDT resulted in a significant reduction in the median number of BoP+ sites from 1 to 0 around teeth (P=.01) and from 3.5 to 2.0 around implants (P=.03), with the treatment effect being affected by initial PD; (ii) implants showed a significantly higher number of residual BoP+ sites following treatment, and the difference between implants and teeth was particularly pronounced (implants: 42%; teeth: 22%) at shallow (1‐2 mm) sulci as observed at 6 weeks following treatment.ConclusionsG and p‐iM can be effectively treated with PAPR+PDT. At shallow (1‐2 mm) sulci, implants may show a higher number of residual bleeding sites when compared to teeth, and the number of residual bleeding sites following PAPR+PDT increases with increasing PD around either teeth or implants.
Effects of particle size and dispersion methods of In2O3‐SnO2 mixed powders on the sintering properties of indium tin oxide ceramics
Authors: Mei Fangsheng , Yuan Tiechui , Li Ruidi , Zhou Libo , Qin Kai 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThree group samples were used to investigate the effects of particle size and dispersion methods of In2O3‐SnO2 mixed powders on the sintering properties of ITO ceramics by BET, SEM, XRD, and EPMA, etc. High‐density (99.8% of TD) ITO ceramics, with dimensions of 350 × 250 × 8 mm3 for the industrial application, were obtained by the mixed powders of In2O3 calcined at 1000°C and SnO2 with BET 6.0 ± 0.5 m2/g and collocation use of ball mill for 300 minutes, stirred mill for 60 minutes, and sand mill for 3 minutes. The results indicate that: (i) the larger the SnO2/In2O3 particle size ratio, the higher the density of ITO ceramics, (ii) the dispersion of mechanical ball‐mill methods for nanosized In2O3 and SnO2 powders is beneficial to the densification and structural homogeneity, and (iii) the smaller the relative grain size, the more uniform the distribution of grain size.