bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An experiment to assess the effects of diatom dissolution on oxygen isotope ratios
Authors: Smith Andrew C. , Leng Melanie J. , Swann George E. A. , Barker Philip A. , Mackay Anson W. , Ryves David B. , Sloane Hilary J. , Chenery Simon R. N. , Hems Mike 
Published: December 2015

RationaleCurrent studies which use the oxygen isotope composition from diatom silica (δ18Odiatom) as a palaeoclimate proxy assume that the δ18Odiatom value reflects the isotopic composition of the water in which the diatom formed. However, diatoms dissolve post mortem, preferentially losing less silicified structures in the water column and during/after burial into sediments. The impact of dissolution on δ18Odiatom values and potential misinterpretation of the palaeoclimate record are evaluated.MethodsDiatom frustules covering a range of ages (6 samples from the Miocene to the Holocene), environments and species were exposed to a weak alkaline solution for 48 days at two temperatures (20 °C and 4 °C), mimicking natural dissolution post mucilage removal. Following treatment, dissolution was assessed using scanning electron microscope images and a qualitative diatom dissolution index. The diatoms were subsequently analysed for their δ18O values using step‐wise fluorination and isotope ratio mass spectrometry.ResultsVariable levels of diatom dissolution were observed between the six samples; in all cases higher temperatures resulted in more frustule degradation. Dissolution was most evident in younger samples, probably as a result of the more porous nature of the silica. The degree of diatom dissolution does not directly equate to changes in the isotope ratios; the δ18Odiatom value was, however, lower after dissolution, but in only half the samples was this reduction outside the analytical error (2σ analytical error = 0.46‰).ConclusionsWe have shown that dissolution can have a small negative impact on δ18Odiatom values, causing reductions of up to 0.59‰ beyond analytical error (0.46‰) at natural environmental temperatures. These findings need to be considered in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions using δ18Odiatom values, especially when interpreting variations in these values of <1‰. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Regional Hydrologic Alteration on Fish Community Structure in Regulated Rivers
Authors: Macnaughton Camille J. , McLaughlin Fraser , Bourque Guillaume , Senay Caroline , Lanthier Gabriel , Harvey‐Lavoie Simonne , Legendre Pierre , Lapointe Michel , Boisclair Daniel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlterations to temporal patterns of river flow regimes resulting from damming and flow regulation practices may have negative consequences for freshwater communities. However, little has been performed to develop a holistic approach to assess the effects of hydrologic alterations on fish communities across a wide range of rivers and between different regulation strategies. To address this, we used daily and hourly hydrologic data from gauges in 10 regulated and 14 unregulated Canadian rivers. Building on the Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration concept, hydrologic alterations for many ecologically relevant flow indices were combined to obtain river‐specific hydrologic alteration scores. Extensive community surveys to estimate fish abundance, biomass, diversity indices and habitat guild representation provided data for the derivation of similar river‐specific biotic alteration scores relative to unregulated river conditions. Our results indicate that biological impairment consisting of significant biotic alteration relative to the means from unregulated rivers was directly related to increasing flow alteration scores, with the smallest fish and flow alteration scores observed in run‐of‐river systems and the greatest alteration scores under hydro‐peaking regimes. Our approach not only examined the relationship between river‐specific hydrologic alteration scores and the associated biotic responses, but also provided a more comprehensive assessment of the flow‐response alteration relationship between regulation practices, which may better inform future environmental flow management guidelines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased Salivary Nitric Oxide and G6PD Activity in Refugees with Anxiety and Stress
Authors: Gammoh Omar S. , Al‐Smadi Ahmed , Al‐Awaida Wajdy , Badr Mujtaba M. , Qinna Nidal A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAnxiety and stress are related to physiological changes in humans. Accumulating evidence suggests a cross‐talk between psychiatric disorders and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to compare oxidative stress and defensive antioxidant biomarkers in a group of refugees with acute anxiety and stress with a group of local Jordanians. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Arabic version were used to assess anxiety and stress respectively. Salivary nitric oxide concentration, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and total salivary protein were compared. As expected, refugees showed higher anxiety and stress scores compared with Jordanians. Also, we report a significant increase in salivary nitric oxide and G6PD activity in the refugee group while total protein concentration did not vary between the two groups. This is the first study that demonstrates an increase in nitric oxide and G6PD activity in the saliva of refugees, thus highlighting their potential role as possible biomarkers in anxiety and stress disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general framework for architecture composability
Authors: Attie Paul , Baranov Eduard , Bliudze Simon , Jaber Mohamad , Sifakis Joseph 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Architectures depict design principles: paradigms that can be understood by all, allow thinking on a higher plane and avoiding low-level mistakes. They provide means for ensuring correctness by construction by enforcing global properties characterizing the coordination between components. An architecture can be considered as an operator
A
that, applied to a set of components

B

, builds a composite component

A
(
B
)

meeting a characteristic property

Φ

. Architecture composability is a basic and common problem faced by system designers. In this paper, we propose a formal and general framework for architecture composability based on an associative, commutative and idempotent architecture composition operator

⊕

. The main result is that if two architectures
A
1
and
A
2
enforce respectively safety properties

Φ
1

and

Φ
2

, the architecture

A
1

⊕

A
2

enforces the property

Φ
1

∧

Φ
2

, that is both properties are preserved by architecture composition. We also establish preservation of liveness properties by architecture composition. The presented results are illustrated by a running example and a case study.
Thinking concretely or abstractly: The influence of fit between goal progress and goal construal on subsequent self‐regulation
Authors: Park Jooyoung , Hedgcock William M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between goal progress and construal level and its influence on subsequent goal pursuit. Using action identification theory, we hypothesized that greater perceived goal progress leads to higher‐level construals and that the fit between goal progress and goal construal is more likely to enhance self‐regulation than non‐fit. Our findings indicate that, compared with lesser perceived goal progress, greater perceived goal progress induces higher‐level construals (studies 1a–2a). Moreover, as people perceive greater goal progress, abstract goal construal (i.e., “why”) is more likely to promote goal‐consistent behavior than concrete goal construal (i.e., “how”; studies 2a–2b). We also observed that this fit between goal progress and goal construal influences actual self‐regulatory behavior (study 3).
Characterization of persistent pain after hysterectomy based on gynaecological and sensory examination
Authors: Pokkinen Satu M. , Nieminen Kari , Yli-Hankala Arvi , Kalliomäki Maija-Liisa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Background and aims
Previous studies have shown that pelvic pain is common after hysterectomy. It is stated that only a minor part of that pain can be defined as persistent postsurgical pain. Our primary aim was to find out if the pelvic pain after hysterectomy may be classified as postsurgical. Secondary aims were to characterize the nature of the pain and its consequences on the health related quality of life.

Methods
We contacted the 56 women, who had reported having persistent pelvic pain six months after hysterectomy in a previously sent questionnaire. Sixteen women participated. Clinical examinations included gynaecological examination and clinical sensory testing. Patients also filled in quality of life (SF-36) and pain questionnaires.

Results
Ten out of sixteen patients still had pain at the time of examination. In nine patients, pain was regarded as persistent postsurgical pain and assessed probable neuropathic for five patients. There were declines in all scales of the SF-36 compared with the Finnish female population cohort.

Conclusions
In this study persistent pelvic pain after vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy could be defined as persistent postsurgical pain in most cases and it was neuropathic in five out of nine patients. Pain had consequences on the health related quality of life.

Implications
Because persistent postsurgical pain seems to be the main cause of pelvic pain after hysterectomy, the decision of surgery has to be considered carefully. The management of posthysterectomy pain should be based on the nature of pain and the possibility of neuropathic pain should be taken into account at an early postoperative stage.
Print Media and the History of Women’s Sport in Africa: The Kenyan Case of Barriers to International Achievement
Authors: Sikes Michelle 
Published: December 2015

Abstract:This article explores one source through which African women’s sport history can be drawn and interpreted: the sport sections of African newspapers. In the case of Kenya, the major dailies,Daily NationandThe East African Standard, are repositories of information pertaining to the challenges that confronted female athletes. Taking into account the history and development of these media, the article addresses the question of why did Kenyan women lag behind their male counterparts in entering the sport at an international level? Focusing on the early post-colonial period, it is argued that institutional barriers abroad as well as economic and cultural factors at home disproportionately disadvantaged female runners in their career progression. These conclusions would be difficult to substantiate without investigating the Kenyan press, a valuable source for anyone seeking to access information about the lives of the women who have contributed to Africa’s sport history.
A Novel, Sporicidal Formulation of Ethanol for Glove Decontamination to Prevent Clostridium difficile Hand Contamination During Glove Removal
Authors: Tomas Myreen E. , Nerandzic Michelle M. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Mana Thriveen S. C. , Jencson Annette , Sunskesula Venkata , Kundrapu Sirisha , Wilson Brigid M. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: December 2015

Decontamination of gloves before removal could reduce the risk for contamination of hands of personnel caring for patients with Clostridium difficile infection. We demonstrated that a novel sporicidal formulation of ethanol rapidly reduced C. difficile spores on gloved hands without adverse odor, respiratory irritation, or staining of clothing.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):337–339
The effects of vitamin A supplementation with measles vaccine on leucocyte counts andin vitrocytokine production
Authors: Jensen Kristoffer Jarlov , Fisker Ane Bærent , Andersen Andreas , Sartono Erliyani , Yazdanbakhsh Maria , Aaby Peter , Erikstrup Christian , Benn Christine Stabell 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs WHO recommends vitamin A supplementation (VAS) at vaccination contacts after age 6 months, many children receive VAS together with measles vaccine (MV). We aimed to investigate the immunological effect of VAS given with MV. Within a randomised placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect on overall mortality of providing VAS with vaccines in Guinea-Bissau, we conducted an immunological sub-study of VASv. placebo with MV, analysing leucocyte counts, whole bloodin vitrocytokine production, vitamin A status and concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). VAS compared with placebo was associated with an increased frequency of CRP≥5 mg/l (28v. 12 %;P=0·005). Six weeks after supplementation, VAS had significant sex-differential effects on leucocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte and basophil cell counts, decreasing them in males but increasing them in females. Mainly in females, the effect of VAS on cytokine responses differed by previous VAS: in previous VAS recipients, VAS increased the pro-inflammatory and T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokine responses, whereas VAS decreased these responses in previously unsupplemented children. In previous VAS recipients, VAS was associated with increased IFN-γresponses to phytohaemagglutinin in females (geometric mean ratio (GMR): 3·97; 95 % CI 1·44, 10·90) but not in males (GMR 0·44; 95 % CI 0·14, 1·42); the opposite was observed in previously unsupplemented children. Our results corroborate that VAS provided with MV has immunological effects, which may depend on sex and previous VAS. VAS may increase the number of leucocytes, but also repress both the innate and lymphocyte-derived cytokine responses in females, whereas this repression may be opposite if the females have previously received VAS.
Congress as manager: oversight hearings and agency morale
Authors: Marvel John D. , McGrath Robert J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFederal agencies perform many important tasks, from guarding against terrorist plots to mailing social security checks. A key question is whether Congress can effectively manage such a large and influential bureaucracy. We argue that Congress, in using oversight to ensure agency responsiveness to legislative preferences, risks harming agency morale, which could have negative long-run effects on performance and the implementation of public policy. More specifically, we argue that oversight’s effects on agency morale are conditional on whether oversight is adversarial or friendly. We assess our claims using a novel data set of the frequency and tone of hearings in which federal agencies are called to testify before Congress from 1999 to 2011 and merge it with data on agency autonomy and job satisfaction. Our findings suggest that agency morale is sensitive to congressional oversight attention, and thus speak to questions regarding democratic accountability, congressional policymaking and the implementation of public policy.
Porcine oocyte mtDNA copy number is high or low depending on the donor
Authors: Pedersen Hanne Skovsgaard , Løvendahl Peter , Larsen Knud , Madsen Lone Bruhn , Callesen Henrik 
Published: December 2015

SummaryOocyte capacity is relevant in understanding decreasing female fertility and in the use of assisted reproductive technologies in human and farm animals. Mitochondria are important to the development of a functionally good oocyte and the oocyte mtDNA copy number has been introduced as a useful parameter for prediction of oocyte competence. The aim of this study was to investigate: (i) if the oocyte donor has an influence on its oocyte's mtDNA copy number; and (ii) the relation between oocyte size and mtDNA copy number using pre- and postpubertal pig oocytes. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were collected from individual donor pigs. The oocytes were allocated into different size-groups, snap-frozen and single-oocyte mtDNA copy number was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR using the genes ND1 and COX1. Results showed that mean mtDNA copy number in oocytes from any individual donor could be categorized as either ‘high’ (≥100,000) or ‘low’ (<100,000) with no difference in threshold between pre- and postpubertal oocytes. No linear correlation was detected between oocyte size and mtDNA copy number within pre- and postpubertal oocytes. This study demonstrates the importance of the oocyte donor in relation to oocyte mtDNA copy number, irrespectively of the donor's puberty status and the oocyte's growth stage. Observations from this study facilitate both further investigations of the importance of mtDNA copy number and the unravelling of relations between different mitochondrial parameters and oocyte competence.
Prevalence of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Pennsylvania (USA) Firefighters
Authors: Risavi Brian L. , Staszko Jason 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionFirefighting is a physically demanding profession. Heart disease remains the number one killer of firefighters. Many firefighters have multiple risk factors, putting them at risk for sudden cardiac events. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of risk factors for heart disease in a convenience sample of Pennsylvania (USA) firefighters.MethodsA convenience sample of 160 firefighters in western Pennsylvania had height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) assessed, and then were surveyed to measure their knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors. Data analysis included subgroup comparisons of age, BMI, waist circumference, and exercise for their impact on health risks in the study cohort. In particular, the researchers were interested in understanding whether the knowledge of risk was associated with lower measures of risk.ResultsEighteen firefighters (4%) reported a history of coronary artery disease (including stents/interventions). In this group, 69% to 82% correctly identified age, hypertension (HTN), high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and family history as risk factors for coronary artery disease. Fourteen percent were smokers, 41% had HTN, 38% had pre-HTN with only 12% receiving treatment, and 13.5% were treated for high cholesterol. Fifty-eight percent exercised regularly.ConclusionsWhile a majority of firefighters were able to identify risk factors for coronary artery disease, many could not. Eighteen (4%) had a history of coronary artery disease, including interventions. Many had several of the risk factors indicated, which highlights the need for an organized national approach to address the medical screening/evaluation, nutrition, and exercise components of firefighter fitness.RisaviBL, StaszkoJ. Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease in Pennsylvania (USA) firefighters. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(1):102–107.
Erreichbarkeit Jugendlicher für ein Internet- und SMS-Programm zum Thema Alkohol
Authors: Haug Severin , Castro Raquel Paz , Schaub Michael P 
Published: December 2015

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Internet- und Short Message Service (SMS)-basierte Interventionen eröffnen die Möglichkeit mit Hilfe von individualisierten Botschaften zu einem sensiblen Umgang mit Alkohol zu motivieren. Schulklassen sind ein geeignetes Setting um große Populationen junger Leute proaktiv für diese Interventionen zu gewinnen. Es wurden individuelle, schul- und klassenspezifische Merkmale untersucht, welche die Teilnahmebereitschaft an einem Internet- und SMS-basierten Programm zur Förderung eines sensiblen Umgangs mit Alkohol beeinflussen. Methodik: Grundlage bildeten die Daten von 964 Schülern aus Berufs- und Mittelschulen in der Schweiz, die zur Studien- und Programmteilnahme eingeladen wurden und von denen 712 (73.9 %) daran teilnahmen. Mittels einer Mehrebenenanalyse wurde der Einfluss individueller und klassenspezifischer Merkmale auf die Teilnahmebereitschaft überprüft. Ergebnisse: Auf Klassenebene war eine kleinere Anzahl Anwesender und ein geringerer Anteil an Personen mit Migrationshintergrund mit einer höheren Teilnahmebereitschaft am Programm verbunden, auf individueller Ebene waren dies ein weibliches Geschlecht, ein niedrigeres Alter und ein höherer maximaler Alkoholkonsum im letzten Monat. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine Aufteilung größerer Klassen könnte hilfreich sein, um einzelne Personen gezielter zu motivieren. Insbesondere in Klassen mit einem hohen Anteil älterer oder männlicher Jugendlicher sollte genügend Zeit und Energie für eine gezielte Motivation zur Studien- und Programmteilnahme aufgewendet werden.
Evolution of metabolic divergence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during long-term infection facilitates a proto-cooperative interspecies interaction
Authors: Frydenlund Michelsen Charlotte , Hossein Khademi Seyed Mohammad , Krogh Johansen Helle , Ingmer Hanne , Dorrestein Pieter C , Jelsbak Lars 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The effect of polymicrobial interactions on pathogen physiology and how it can act either to limit pathogen colonization or to potentiate pathogen expansion and virulence are not well understood. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens commonly found together in polymicrobial human infections. However, we have previously shown that the interactions between these two bacterial species are strain dependent. Whereas P. aeruginosa PAO1, a commonly used laboratory strain, effectively suppressed S. aureus growth, we observed a commensal-like interaction between the human host-adapted strain, DK2-P2M24-2003, and S. aureus. In this study, characterization by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectral (MS) molecular networking revealed a significant metabolic divergence between P. aeruginosa PAO1 and DK2-P2M24-2003, which comprised several virulence factors and signaling 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinoline (HAQ) molecules. Strikingly, a further modulation of the HAQ profile was observed in DK2-P2M24-2003 during interaction with S. aureus, resulting in an area with thickened colony morphology at the P. aeruginosa–S. aureus interface. In addition, we found an HAQ-mediated protection of S. aureus by DK2-P2M24-2003 from the killing effect of tobramycin. Our findings suggest a model where the metabolic divergence manifested in human host-adapted P. aeruginosa is further modulated during interaction with S. aureus and facilitate a proto-cooperative P. aeruginosa–S. aureus relationship.
An evidence-based framework for predicting the impact of differing autotroph-heterotroph thermal sensitivities on consumer–prey dynamics
Authors: Yang Zhou , Zhang Lu , Zhu Xuexia , Wang Jun , Montagnes David J S 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Increased temperature accelerates vital rates, influencing microbial population and wider ecosystem dynamics, for example, the predicted increases in cyanobacterial blooms associated with global warming. However, heterotrophic and mixotrophic protists, which are dominant grazers of microalgae, may be more thermally sensitive than autotrophs, and thus prey could be suppressed as temperature rises. Theoretical and meta-analyses have begun to address this issue, but an appropriate framework linking experimental data with theory is lacking. Using ecophysiological data to develop a novel model structure, we provide the first validation of this thermal sensitivity hypothesis: increased temperature improves the consumer’s ability to control the autotrophic prey. Specifically, the model accounts for temperature effects on auto- and mixotrophs and ingestion, growth and mortality rates, using an ecologically and economically important system (cyanobacteria grazed by a mixotrophic flagellate). Once established, we show the model to be a good predictor of temperature impacts on consumer–prey dynamics by comparing simulations with microcosm observations. Then, through simulations, we indicate our conclusions remain valid, even with large changes in bottom-up factors (prey growth and carrying capacity). In conclusion, we show that rising temperature could, counterintuitively, reduce the propensity for microalgal blooms to occur and, critically, provide a novel model framework for needed, continued assessment.