bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the brain prevents a second error in a perceptual decision-making task
Authors: Perri Rinaldo Livio , Berchicci Marika , Lucci Giuliana , Spinelli Donatella , Di Russo Francesco 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn cognitive tasks, error commission is usually followed by a performance characterized by post-error slowing (PES) and post-error improvement of accuracy (PIA). Three theoretical accounts were hypothesized to support these post-error adjustments: the cognitive, the inhibitory and the orienting account. The aim of the present ERP study was to investigate the neural processes associated with the second error prevention. To this aim, we focused on the preparatory brain activities in a large sample of subjects performing a Go/No-go task. The main results were the enhancement of the prefrontal negativity (pN) component -especially on the right hemisphere- and the reduction of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) -especially on the left hemisphere- in the post-error trials. The ERP data suggested an increased top-down and inhibitory control, such as the reduced excitability of the premotor areas in the preparation of the trials following error commission. The results were discussed in light of the three theoretical accounts of the post-error adjustments. Additional control analyses supported the view that the adjustments-oriented components (the post-error pN and BP) are separated by the error-related potentials (Ne and Pe), even if all these activities represent a cascade of processes triggered by error-commission.
Synaptic plasticity and neuronal refractory time cause scaling behaviour of neuronal avalanches
Authors: Michiels van Kessenich L. , de Arcangelis L. , Herrmann H. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNeuronal avalanches measured in vitro and in vivo in different cortical networks consistently exhibit power law behaviour for the size and duration distributions with exponents typical for a mean field self-organized branching process. These exponents are also recovered in neuronal network simulations implementing various neuronal dynamics on different network topologies. They can therefore be considered a very robust feature of spontaneous neuronal activity. Interestingly, this scaling behaviour is also observed on regular lattices in finite dimensions, which raises the question about the origin of the mean field behavior observed experimentally. In this study we provide an answer to this open question by investigating the effect of activity dependent plasticity in combination with the neuronal refractory time in a neuronal network. Results show that the refractory time hinders backward avalanches forcing a directed propagation. Hebbian plastic adaptation plays the role of sculpting these directed avalanche patterns into the topology of the network slowly changing it into a branched structure where loops are marginal.
Temperature dependence of phonon-defect interactions: phonon scattering vs. phonon trapping
Authors: Bebek M. B. , Stanley C. M. , Gibbons T. M. , Estreicher S. K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe interactions between thermal phonons and defects are conventionally described as scattering processes, an idea proposed almost a century ago. In this contribution, ab-initio molecular-dynamics simulations provide atomic-level insight into the nature of these interactions. The defect is the Si|X interface in a nanowire containing a δ-layer (X is C or Ge). The phonon-defect interactions are temperature dependent and involve the trapping of phonons for meaningful lengths of time in defect-related, localized, vibrational modes. No phonon scattering occurs and the momentum of the phonons released by the defect is unrelated to the momentum of the phonons that generated the excitation. The results are extended to the interactions involving only bulk phonons and to phonon-defect interactions at high temperatures. These do resemble scattering since phonon trapping occurs for a length of time short enough for the momentum of the incoming phonon to be conserved.
An Acoustic Study of Vowels Produced by Alaryngeal Speakers in Taiwan
Authors: Liao Jia-Shiou 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This study investigated the acoustic properties of 6 Taiwan Southern Min vowels produced by 10 laryngeal speakers (LA), 10 speakers with a pneumatic artificial larynx (PA), and 8 esophageal speakers (ES).

Method
Each of the 6 monophthongs of Taiwan Southern Min (/i, e, a, ɔ, u, ə/) was represented by a Taiwan Southern Min character and appeared randomly on a list 3 times (6 Taiwan Southern Min characters × 3 repetitions = 18 tokens). Each Taiwan Southern Min character in this study has the same syllable structure, /V/, and all were read with tone 1 (high and level). Acoustic measurements of the 1st formant, 2nd formant, and 3rd formant were taken for each vowel. Then, vowel space areas (VSAs) enclosed by /i, a, u/ were calculated for each group of speakers. The Euclidean distance between vowels in the pairs /i, a/, /i, u/, and /a, u/ was also calculated and compared across the groups.

Results
PA and ES have higher 1st or 2nd formant values than LA for each vowel. The distance is significantly shorter between vowels in the corner vowel pairs /i, a/ and /i, u/. PA and ES have a significantly smaller VSA compared with LA.

Conclusions
In accordance with previous studies, alaryngeal speakers have higher formant frequency values than LA because they have a shortened vocal tract as a result of their total laryngectomy. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies are inversely related to the length of the vocal tract (on the basis of the assumption of the source filter theory). PA and ES have a smaller VSA and shorter distances between corner vowels compared with LA, which may be related to speech intelligibility. This hypothesis needs further support from future study.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Vocal Folds in Women With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Virilized Voices
Authors: Nygren Ulrika , Isberg Bengt , Arver Stefan , Hertegård Stellan , Södersten Maria , Nordenskjöld Agneta 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) may develop a virilized voice due to late diagnosis or suboptimal suppression of adrenal androgens. Changes in the vocal folds due to virilization have not been studied in vivo. The purpose was to investigate if the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle is affected by virilization and correlate findings to fundamental frequency (F0).

Method
A case-control study using magnetic resonance imaging and voice recordings. Four women with CAH with virilized voices (26–40 years), and 5 female and 4 male controls participated. Measurements of cross-sectional TA muscle area, vocal fold length, vocal tract length, and acoustic analyses of F0 were performed.

Results
Women with CAH had larger cross-sectional TA muscle area than female control subjects and smaller than male controls. A significant negative correlation was found between TA muscle area and mean F0. The patients had a smaller physiological voice range than both female and male controls.

Conclusion
Data from our small study suggest that a larger TA muscle area is strongly associated with a lower F0 and thus the anatomical explanation for a female virilized voice, suggesting an androgen effect on the vocal folds. The findings from the present study need to be confirmed in a larger study.
Magnetic field enhanced terahertz pulse emission from a femtosecond laser excited GaSb epitaxial layer
Authors: Nevinskas I. , Vizbaras K. , Vizbaras A. , Trinkūnas A. , Krotkus A. 
Published: August 2016

An undoped GaSb epitaxial layer has been grown on a GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. It has been found that GaSb could be a potential surface terahertz (THz) emitter photoexcited by 1.55 μm femtosecond laser pulses since the maximum optical‐to‐THz power conversion efficiency is at around this wavelength. The THz field strength is 10 dB weaker as compared with that generated from narrow‐gap InAs at these energies of quanta. Furthermore, the samples were exposed to a constant magnetic field which enhances THz emission and allows signal registration in the line‐of‐sight geometry.
Glimpse of natural selection of long-lived T-cell clones in healthy life
Authors: Zhang Baojun , Jia Qingzhu , Bock Cheryl , Chen Gang , Yu Haili , Ni Qingshan , Wan Ying , Li Qijing , Zhuang Yuan 
Published: August 2016

Significance
A healthy life requires T cells to provide immunity against infections while maintaining immune tolerance to self and commensal antigens. The diversity of T-cell clones evolves in an individual’s life due to competition between preexisting clones and clones continuously generated from the thymus. It is not known whether antigen-experienced T-cell clones are randomly replaced by new clones or selectively retained for long-term keeping in healthy living conditions. Here, we tracked long-lived T-cell clones in mice without infections or immune challenges. Our study revealed that healthy living conditions select regulatory T-cell clones that may be necessary to maintain the immune-tolerant status of long-lived T-cell clones against self or commensal antigens shared across different mice.
Roll-Off in State Court Elections
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article examines the impact of the presence of a straight-ticket voting option (STVO) on roll-off in judicial elections, including elections for state supreme courts, intermediate courts of appeals, and urban trial courts. The core hypothesis is that STVO decreases roll-off with partisan ballots but increases roll-off when nonpartisan and retention ballots are used, and these effects should be stronger for elections to less visible, lower-level courts. The analysis finds some support for the hypothesis for state supreme courts but not for the two types of lower courts. It is unclear why there is this inconsistency.
Promotion, Social Identity, and Decision Making in the United States Courts of Appeals
Authors: Budziak Jeffrey 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPresidents regularly fill judicial vacancies through promotion. However, the effect of promotion on judicial behavior has been largely unexplored. I theorize that promotion affects judicial behavior through psychological motives associated with social identity. I test this expectation by examining the decisions of promoted court of appeals judges. Promoted judges are less likely to vote to reverse, but this effect fades as appellate court experience increases. The effect is stronger when promoted judges review former colleagues. I argue that social identity theory best explains these patterns and discuss the importance of promotion and social identity for the study of judicial behavior.
Indeterminacy
Authors: Lewis Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
It is often claimed that quantum mechanics entails that there is indeterminacy in the world, in the sense that physical systems can lack a precise value for a property. Indeed, a radical form of indeterminacy, in which systems have almost none of the properties we normally attribute to them, can be shown to follow from a particular interpretation of quantum mechanics—the bare theory. However, the bare theory is shown to be incoherent. Still, a more limited form of indeterminacy can be located in spontaneous collapse, hidden variables, and many-worlds theories. This indeterminacy is unlike that which arises classically, having nothing to do with ordinary forms of vagueness or the composition of large objects out of smaller parts. Indeterminacy in quantum mechanics can perhaps be avoided, but there seems little reason to do so.
Causation
Authors: Lewis Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
What are the consequences of quantum mechanics for the structure of causal explanation? It depends on the interpretation you choose. According to a hidden variable theory like Bohm’s, a measurement on one particle can have instantaneous effects on another, no matter how distant. This nonlocality is in prima facie conflict with special relativity. The prospects for constructing a local hidden variable theory are assessed, in particular by invoking backward-in-time causation. Many-worlds theories do not invoke nonlocal causation. However, they do entail that microcausal explanations are in terms of waves, not particles, and they inject consideration of the observer’s location among the worlds into causal explanations. Spontaneous collapse theories like GRW do invoke nonlocal causation; the prospects for a local spontaneous collapse theory are investigated. All of the major interpretations of quantum mechanics modify the structure of causal explanation from the received classical ideal.
Dimensions
Authors: Lewis Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The three major interpretations of quantum mechanics—Bohm, GRW, and many worlds—all treat the wave function as a physical entity. But this entity apparently resides in a high-dimensional configuration space, with three coordinates for each particle in the universe. Some conclude on this basis that the three-dimensionality of the world of experience is an illusion. Others respond by adding three-dimensional ontology to the theory or by reinterpreting the wave function either as a law or as an indirect representation of properties in three-dimensional space. It is argued that the latter possibility makes it unnecessary to postulate either additional ontology or a fundamentally high-dimensional world.
Parts and Wholes
Authors: Lewis Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Quantum mechanics is often said to entail holism—that wholes are more than just the sum of their parts—and hence violate Humean supervenience. Certainly an entangled state cannot readily be interpreted in terms of the properties of the individual particles involved. But there is no clear general argument from quantum mechanics to holism. Still, each of the three major interpretations of quantum mechanics—Bohm, GRW, and many worlds—embodies some form of holism. One might try to rescue Humean supervenience by moving to high-dimensional representation of physical systems, or by constructing a theory with backward-in-time causation, but it is unclear if such strategies will succeed. If holism is accepted, some argue further that there are no individuals at the fundamental physical level: Either relations are fundamental, or the whole universe is fundamental. The arguments for these positions are assessed and found to be wanting.
The role of evidence-based conservation in improving primate conservation
Authors: Tranquilli Sandra 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, the evidence-based approach to conservation (EBC) is presented, in which scientific evidence is used to determine the effectiveness of conservation actions and to inform decision making. The chapter is divided into three parts. In the first part, the origins and importance of the EBC are introduced, and how it has been used to objectively assess the success of conservation activities. In the second part, the methodological aspects of the approach are described. The approach is illustrated step-by-step using an hypothetical example of a threatened primate species. A couple of recent studies of conservation activities are discussed; one large-scale and one with local focus, where the approach has been used. Finally, in the third part, how to improve the success of conservation activities such as law enforcement, tourism, and research is covered.
Impact on Individuals and Households
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
On the national level, there is no obvious correlation between GDP per capita or poverty indicators and HIV prevalence, but HIV prevalence is positively correlated with high income inequality (primarily because both are high in and around South Africa). Regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS, there is no obvious link between HIV prevalence and subsequent changes in poverty and inequality. Within countries, cross-sectional data do not yield a clear picture. HIV prevalence is consistently higher among women in countries where heterosexual transmission of HIV dominates, and tends to be higher among people with higher socioeconomic status or higher educational attainment, but not in all countries. However, the burden of HIV may shift to households with lower socioeconomic profile. On the household level, the adverse impacts of HIV/AIDS are well established, especially around the death of a household member, but surviving household members have tended to recover.
History and State of the Global Response to HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The health impacts of HIV/AIDS, and concerns on the implications for economic development, resulted in an unprecedented global response, in terms of the resources committed to it, and the establishment of several dedicated international organizations (notably, UNAIDS and the Global Fund). The financial burden of HIV/AIDS follows a very regular pattern—80% of the variation in spending across countries can be explained by the ration of HIV prevalence to GDP per capita. This means than not only countries with very high HIV prevalence, but also certain low-income countries face a steep financing challenge. The chapter discusses the UNAIDS ‘investment framework’ and the drive towards ‘ending AIDS’, and closes with a discussion of the sustainability of the HIV/AIDS response, distinguishing epidemiological, financial, and political aspects.
Optimal HIV/AIDS Spending Allocations
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the design of optimal HIV/AIDS responses. It traces the evolving meaning of ‘combination HIV prevention’ and the perspectives introduced under the UNAIDS ‘investment framework’. Establishing an ‘optimal’ combination of HIV/AIDS interventions is an elusive task—there are multiple objectives, the slow disease progression and transmission dynamics mean that optimal spending patterns over a period need to be determined simultaneously, rather than one period at a time, and there is no obvious way of evaluating the endpoint—the state of HIV/AIDS and the HIV/AIDS response at the end of a policy period. The chapter discusses and develops best practice in assessing and improving the cost-effectiveness of specific HIV/AIDS programmes, by identifying the contributions of its components to outcomes and costs, and testing whether cost-effectiveness can be improved by re-allocating resources. The chapter closes with a discussion of some studies using optimization techniques more fundamentally.
Sustainable Domestic Financing
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter develops a fiscal perspective on HIV/AIDS financing, placing the spending needs under the HIV/AIDS response in the context of competing policy objectives. It discusses the consistency of the HIV/AIDS programme with fiscal sustainability, interpreting the costs of the HIV/AIDS response as a fiscal quasi-liability. Some ongoing work on improving the efficiency of the delivery of HIV/AIDS services is reviewed—from the fiscal perspective developed here, realizing such efficiency gains does not only serve to reduce spending needs, but also to place HIV/AIDS interventions higher on the government’s pecking order. Three options for financing additional domestic HIV/AIDS spending are discussed—cutting expenditures in other areas (or having them grow more slowly than otherwise), additional taxes, and borrowing.
Industrial Policy in Nigeria
Authors: Chete Louis N. , Adeoti John O. , Adeyinka Foluso M. , Ogundele Femi Oladapo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The structure of the Nigerian economy is typical of an underdeveloped country. Between 2011 and 2012, the primary sector, in particular the oil and gas sector, dominated GDP, accounting for over 95 per cent of export earnings and about 85 per cent of government revenue. The industrial sector accounts for 6 per cent of economic activity, while in 2011, the manufacturing sector contributed only 4 per cent to GDP. The economic transformation agenda, otherwise known as Nigeria Vision 20:2020, sets out the direction for current industrial policy in Nigeria. The industrialization strategy aims at achieving greater global competitiveness in the production of processed and manufactured goods by linking industrial activity with primary sector activity, domestic and foreign trade, and service activity.
Industrial Development in Tanzania
Authors: Msami Jamal , Wangwe Samuel 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Tanzania’s industrial sector has evolved through various stages since independence in 1961, from nascent and undiversified to state-led import substitution industrialization, and subsequently to deindustrialization under structural adjustment programmes and policy reforms. The current development agenda, however, has brought industrial development back to be one of the policy priorities. This chapter aims at examining the performance of the manufacturing sector, with particular interest in identifying the emerging manufacturing sub-sectors, the drivers of their success, and challenges for sustained competitiveness. The growth in manufacturing notwithstanding, it remains largely undiversified, and vulnerable to variations in agricultural production and commodity prices. The most dynamic sub-sectors in terms of output growth, export growth, production innovation, and product diversity are food products, plastic and rubber, chemicals, basic metal work, and non-metallic mineral products.
Tunisia
Authors: Ayadi Mohamed , Mattoussi Wided 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After independence in 1956, most French civil servants withdrew from Tunisia leaving a large vacuum. The primary goal of the incoming government was to rebuild institutions and the civil service. At the time, Tunisia’s manufacturing was artisanal, dependent on agriculture, food processing, and mining. Breaking free of this mould at the beginning of the 1960s required the adoption of a corporatist structure. The economy was left to depend excessively on the public sector, which advanced import substitution. The eventual failure of this unsustainable model of collectivism led in 1969 to a strategy of combining import substitution, private sector development, and export promotion. Heavy industry, transport, water, and electricity were left to the state. Opportunities for the private sector were limited to textiles and tourism.
Can Africa Industrialize?
Authors: Newman Carol , Page John , Rand John , Shimeles Abebe , Soderbom Mans , Tarp Finn 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa began its post-independence economic development with a strong commitment to industry. The terms of trade shocks and economic crises of the 1980s brought with them two decades of macroeconomic stabilization, trade liberalization, and privatization. Growth was slow and uncertain and there was little private investment in industry. When Africa re-emerged around the turn of the twenty-first century, African industry was no longer competing with the high-wage industrial north. It was competing with Asia. Slow growth and fiscal austerity also meant that there was a growing gap in the basics—infrastructure, human capital, and institutions—between Africa and the rest of the developing world. The initial conditions for industrialization were less favourable in relative terms than they had been in the 1960s. From the point of view of industrial development the timing of the region’s economic decline and recovery was unlucky to say the least.