bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products in Spring, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different B. thuringiensis products, including two experimental chemicals from Sandoz Crop Protection (SAN 420 and SAN 415), were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generations. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur-type ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to two-tree plots replicated five times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied on 11 and 18 Apr at pink and full bloom stages with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 6 May. One tree from each plot was examined, and the total number of live leafrollers found between 4 and 8 ft high in the canopy was recorded.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly in Squash, 1994
Authors: Seal D. R. , Baranowski R. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Squash (‘Dixie’) was planted in Homestead on 31 Mar 1992. Plant spacing was 0.3 m in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1890 kg/ha with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates, at planting and 2 wk after planting. Plots were four rows, 12 m long. Eight treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with four replications. All treatments were compared with a nontreated check. Dilution of all foliar sprays were at the rate of 100 gpa. All foliar insecticides were applied using a backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Payload was applied in furrow by the seed row two weeks after planting. Insecticides were evaluated by collecting samples consisting of three matured leaves (one/plant) from the center of two middle rows of each treatment plot on each of two sampling dates 26 Apr and 6 May 1994. Whitefly immatures were recorded on randomly selected three 1 sq. cm area on each leaf.
IGR Evaluation Experiment II, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 2.5 acre block of 11-yr-old trees on M.7A rootstock. The trees measured 14.5 ft in height and 12.5 f in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of four replications (two ‘Delicious’, two ‘Criterion’) of nine-tree plots (three rows × three trees/row) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Applications were timed using degree-days (DD) to coincide with the beginning of egg hatch of each generation of CM and TABM. Dates of application were 23 May (211 DD50 after first codling moth catch), 8 Jun (512 DD45 after first tufted apple bud moth catch), 21 Jul (1535 DD5U after first codling moth catch in the spring), and 4 Aug (2224 DD45 after first tufted apple bud moth catch in the spring). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Kocide, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by taking insect counts from the periphery of the center tree in each plot. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting tissue-feeding mines observed on each tree during a 5 min period. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples per replication for injury on 23 Sep.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994B
Authors: Bragg D. E. , Mayer D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were planted 6 May near Pomeroy, WA, at a rate of 6 lb/acre in rows 7 inches apart. Plots were 20 × 2 ft, replicated in a RCBD 4 times, and were situated with replicates perpendicular to a grass field. Precounts (PrCt) of plant stand per 6.6 ft row, and damage on 20 randomly selected plants on a scale of 0 to 6, with 0 = no damage and 6 = total destruction, were made 22 May. Five insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 20 gpa and 20 psi on 23 May. Conditions at treatment were 80 F° with no wind at 4 pm. Plants were in the first leaf stage. Evaluations of stand reduction and plant damage were made on 2, 5, 7 and 10 DAT. All surviving plants were in the 7 to 9 leaf rosette stage on 10-DAT.
Black Cutworm Control in No-Till and Conventional Tillage Corn, 1994
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A single insecticide formulation, applied as infurrow and T-band treatments in conventional and no-till corn, was evaluated for control of black cutworm larvae. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette Co., KY, on 11 May as a split-plot design with 4 replicates. Main-plot treatments consisted of either conventional tillage or no-till, while the sub-plot treatments were methods of insecticide application. Individual sub-plots consisted of 2 rows of no-till corn, 11 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All insecticides were applied using a Noble granular applicator at planting. Gramoxone Extra 2.5S and Bicep 6WDL were applied on 11 May for weed control at 2.25 pt/acre and 2.4 qt/acre, respectively. Ten-inch aluminum barriers were buried 4 to 5 inches into the soil around a 2 × 2 m section in the middle of each plot. On 19 May, 24 third instar black cutworms, obtained from the USDA-ARS Corn Insect Research Unit, Ankeny, IA, were released inside each of the barriers. Stand counts and numbers of cut plants were recorded on 21, 23, 26, 30 May, 2, and 6 Jun. A plant was considered cut if at any time it was cut off by cutworms, regrowth was disregarded. Number of killed/missing plants was recorded on 6 Jun. Data were transformed by arcsin-squareroot then subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to the control by LSD (SAS Institute).
Japanese Beetle Larval Control in Field Corn, 1994
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twenty-two insecticides were applied for control of Japanese beetle larvae in no-till corn. The test plot was planted into fescue sod on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 4 May in a RBD with 4 replicates. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 24 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All insecticides were applied at planting. On 25 Apr, 40 random 201 cm2 soil samples for the study area were examined for the presence of Japanese beetle grubs. Plant stand counts were recorded on 20 and 27 May. Numbers of cutworm and slug damaged plants were recorded on 20 May. Extended leaf heights were recorded from 10 plants per plot on 8 Jun. Numbers of pruned roots per 5 plants was recorded 23 Jun. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s (SAS Institute). Percentage of cutworm damaged plants was transformed using the arcsin of the squareroot prior to analysis.
Soil Insecticide Applications Using the Smartbox Metering Unit for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cornfields located near Aurora and Cavour in central and east-central SD, respectively, were chosen for this study. The experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of insecticide applications using modified ground-driven Noble metering units with the electronic Smartbox metering unit on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter using band or in-furrow insecticide placement methods for control of northern and western corn rootworm larvae. Treatment plots (15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart) were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Noble and Smartbox metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to insecticide applications. Banded treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow applications consisted of directing granules immediately between double-disk furrow openers. Pioneer IR-3751 (100-day) corn seed was planted at approximately 23,000 kernels per acre at each location. Five roots per replicate were dug, washed, examined for feeding damage and rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Biological Control of Western Corn Rootworm Using Nematodes, 1994
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of Steinernema riobravis, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, New Jersey strain, and Steinernema carpocapsae. All strain, as biological control agents for WCR was evaluated on Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 30 plants in 3 rows on 10 (30-inch row spacing, planted 14 Jun), were infested on 24 Jun with 750 WCR eggs/row-ft. A RCBD was used, with 4 hand-applied rates of each species (10\ 104, 105, 106 nematodes/row-ft), a spray application of each species (105 nematodes/row-ft), an insecticide check (Furadan 4F®), and an untreated check. There were 4 replicates. Furadan 4F® was applied on 13 Jul (banded, 20 gal/acre) with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Nematodes were applied when the WCR population reached early third instar (22 Jul). Hand applications (14 ml of 0.15% agar suspension) were made around the base of each plant with a syringe. Sprayed nematodes were banded on both sides of the row (200 gal/acre). On 8 Aug, 3 emergence cages were installed per plot. Beetles were collected weekly until frost. Ten roots per plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale on 19 Sep.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Planting-time soil insecticides and seed-treatments were evaluated for wireworm control in a silt loam field near Farmington, IA. The field had been no-till planted into corn stubble and required replanting due to severe wireworm damage. The test plot was no-till planted 12 May into an area of the field that had received the most damage. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 13 gpa at 23 psi. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were assigned to extra, individual seed hoppers. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre per treatment. Seeds/seedlings were then carefully extracted from two, 1-m sections of each treatment row, inspected for wireworm feeding damage, and rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment Insecticide efficacy was analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1994
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in west central NE. Both fields located at the University of Nebraska West Central Research and Extension Center were composed of Cozad silt loam soils.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected Rates of Furadan 4F, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), and in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) were compared to that of an untreated control. Native winter vegetation was allowed to cover the test area. An application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant to terminate all vegetation. All plots also received atrazine 4L (3.0 pt/acre) + Roundup D-pak (3.0 pt/acre) at planting. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9 1.1% organic matter) on 23 Mar with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments for Furadan 4F were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Numbers of chinch bugs were recorded on 22 Apr and 2 May by sampling 20 plants in each plot. Armyworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 2 wk after plant emergence. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was determined on 23 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 26 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Alternatives for Early Season Tobacco Budworm Control in Large Plots in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 10 May in a Norfolk sandy loam soil near Gibson, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G was used at planting for thrips. A RCBD with 5 replicates, and 12-row (40 inch centers) × 1,900 ft plots were utilized. Treatments were applied with a John Deere* high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 60 psi. The single application was made on 23 Jun. Fifty terminals and squares per plot were inspected for damage and live budworms and ten, 25-sweep samples were taken per plot with a standard 15 inch diam net for budworms on 28 Jun. Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Bt’S in Combination with Larvin
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan April 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 15 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County, AR. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Counts were made on 28 Jun, 22 Jul, 2, and 13 Aug. These counts were taken approximately 4 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plantbugs on Cotton in Mississippi, 1994
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This evaluation was made on Coker 312 cotton planted as buffer rows for a transgenic cotton trial which had received little insecticidal input throughout the season. Pretreatment assessment of the plantbug infestation was made by sampling 2 outside rows of 9 randomly chosen plots within the test site immediately prior to insecticide application by making 20 sweeps with a 15 inch diameter sweep net. The test was applied 30 Aug under the following conditions: 0-2.3 mph wind, 92°F, 53% RH, and 50% cloud cover. Statistical design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. Plots were 8 rows (38 inch centers) wide and 35 ft long. Applications were made with a high clearance plot sprayer equipped with a compressed air spray system utilizing a flat boom with TX4, hollow cone nozzles spaced at 19 inches traveling at 4 mph. Volumetric application rate was 5 gpa except for the Danitol and VI0009 treatments which were applied at 20 gpa by reducing tractor speed. Post treatment sampling was made 3 DAT by 20 sweeps with a 15 inch sweep net in each pair of the center 4 rows of each plot.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston-Woodville, NC. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on thirty-six inch rows on 11 May at approximately 100 lb of seed/A. Soil temperature was 74°F and the soil was moist. The humic matter was 1.1% and soil pH was 5.8. Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were two rows wide by fifty ft long and each plot was separated by two buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCBD with four replicates. Plot ends were separated by five ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole® planter and the in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with seed using electric Gandy® boxes. Foliar treatments of Orthene 75S were applied on 7 Jun using a backpack CO2 powered sprayer operating at 40 psi and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by collecting ten unopened leaflets per plot on 7 Jun. In addition, twenty-five newlyopened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage on 7 and 22 Jun. The unopened leaflets were placed in vials of alcohol and were returned to the laboratory where the number of adults and larvae were counted. Larvae counts were used as the basis for control since they provide a better indicator of efficacy than do the more mobile adults. All data were transformed (square root of X + 0.5) prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in tables.
Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Peanut Pod Damage, Disease Incidence, and Yield, 1994
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and alternative (Folicur, Moncut, and Tilt) fungicide programs for effects on pod damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Varina loamy sand in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 6 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied at pegging (Jul 12, 53 DAP) with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 16.9 gpa for the first 2 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 8.3 gpa for the last 4 appl. dates). Tire traffic was confined to rows 1—2 and 7—8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide application. Insect pod damage was evaluated after digging by examining four 25-pod samples per plot and recording external hull feeding and internal kernel damage. The external injury counts reported include those pods with internal injury. Pod injury was primarily due to wireworm feeding based on recovery of 1.0 wireworm larvae/ft2 from 4-in depth sieve samples taken on Sept 6. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating the total row ft symptomatic for southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) on the plant crown and Rhizoctonia limb rot on plant laterals. No measure of disease severity was taken. The middle four rows (two 100-ft subsamples per plot) were harvested for yield.
Selected Liquid and Granular Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Liquid and granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 11 May using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row either just before planting (band, ppi), at planting (at plant), or on 28 Jun (flowering). Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal formulation per acre at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. Granules were applied with a tractor- or bicycle-mounted Noble granular applicator. Preplant treatments were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep using a land conditioner. Flowering time banded treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Pod injury was determined 20 Sept from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), or penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (4 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows (60 row feet) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil Applied Postflood, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two rates of fipronil (EXP60655A 1.5G) applied postflood were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch row spacing) × 16 ft. Rice was drill-seeded in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 12 May and emerged 20 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each and bentazon at 1 lb (AI)/acre were applied 1 Jun. Permanent flood was applied on 13 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 120 lb/acre on 13 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 15 and 26 Jul. Fipronil 1.5G and Furadan 3G were applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 14 Jun and 20 Jun, respectively. On 7 and 13 Jul five 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows × 12 feet of plots were harvested on 27 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil and Acephate, 1994
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 13 ft × 12 rows (7 inches between rows) and was sunounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. Plots were drill planted in League soil 19 Apr at 100 lb seed/acre. Rice emerged 29 Apr. Urea was applied 10 May at 148 lb/acre, 2 d before the permanent flood at 111 lb/acre, and at panicle differentiation (29 Jun) at 111 lb/acre for a total of 170 lb nitrogen/acre. The permanent flood was applied 23 May. Plots were flush irrigated as needed from planting to application of the permanent flood. Facet and Basagran were mixed and applied on 11 May at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, respectively. Insecticides were applied with a hand-held shaker at the times and rates shown in the table. From 15 to 17 Jun (23-24 d after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4-inch diam × 4 inch deep soil cores (each core contained at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed and immature RWW recovered. Rice was harvested at maturity on 17 Aug and yields adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA.