bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive factors of non-adherence to secondary preventative medication after stroke or transient ischaemic attack: A systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Al AlShaikh Sukainah , Quinn Terry , Dunn William , Walters Matthew , Dawson Jesse 
Published: May 2016

Purpose Non-adherence to secondary preventative medications after stroke is relatively common and associated with poorer outcomes. Non-adherence can be due to a number of patient, disease, medication or institutional factors. The aim of this review was to identify factors associated with non-adherence after stroke. Method We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting factors associated with medication adherence after stroke. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL and Web of Knowledge. We followed PRISMA guidance. We assessed risk of bias of included studies using a pre-specified tool based on Cochrane guidance and the Newcastle–Ottawa scales. Where data allowed, we evaluated summary prevalence of non-adherence and association of factors commonly reported with medication adherence in included studies using random-effects model meta-analysis. Findings From 12,237 titles, we included 29 studies in our review. These included 69,137 patients. The majority of included studies (27/29) were considered to be at high risk of bias mainly due to performance bias. Non-adherence rate to secondary preventative medication reported by included studies was 30.9% (95% CI 26.8%–35.3%). Although many factors were reported as related to adherence in individual studies, on meta-analysis, absent history of atrial fibrillation (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.72–1.5), disability (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.93–1.72), polypharmacy (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.9–1.9) and age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.14) were not associated with adherence. Discussion This review identified many factors related to adherence to preventative medications after stroke of which many are modifiable. Commonly reported factors included concerns about treatment, lack of support with medication intake, polypharmacy, increased disability and having more severe stroke. Conclusion Understanding factors associated with medication taking could inform strategies to improve adherence. Further research should assess whether interventions to promote adherence also improve outcomes.
Virtual reality in the treatment of persecutory delusions:
Randomised controlled experimental study testing how to reduce delusional
conviction
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Bradley Jonathan , Antley Angus , Bourke Emilie , DeWeever Natalie , Evans Nicole , Černis Emma , Sheaves Bryony , Waite Felicity , Dunn Graham , Slater Mel , Clark David M. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPersecutory delusions may be unfounded threat beliefs maintained by
safety-seeking behaviours that prevent disconfirmatory evidence being
successfully processed. Use of virtual reality could facilitate new
learning.AimsTo test the hypothesis that enabling patients to test the threat
predictions of persecutory delusions in virtual reality social
environments with the dropping of safety-seeking behaviours (virtual
reality cognitive therapy) would lead to greater delusion reduction than
exposure alone (virtual reality exposure).MethodConviction in delusions and distress in a real-world situation were
assessed in 30 patients with persecutory delusions. Patients were then
randomised to virtual reality cognitive therapy or virtual reality
exposure, both with 30 min in graded virtual reality social environments.
Delusion conviction and real-world distress were then reassessed.ResultsIn comparison with exposure, virtual reality cognitive therapy led to
large reductions in delusional conviction (reduction 22.0%,
P = 0.024, Cohen's d = 1.3) and
real-world distress (reduction 19.6%, P = 0.020, Cohen's
d = 0.8).ConclusionCognitive therapy using virtual reality could prove highly effective in
treating delusions.
On Finite Deformations of Spatially Curved Bisymmetric Thin-Walled Rods
Authors: Bijak R. , Kołodziej G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract Deriving the formulas for strain components, we are assuming, that cross-section of a rod being rotated in space during deformation does not need to be perpendicular to deformed centroid line. This not a quite intuitive assumption allows for more compact and easier formulas for strain tensor or equilibrium equations. Derived transformations between actual and initial coordinate system, components of strain tensor and virtual works principle for investigated spatially curved beams of bisymmetric cross-section are shown in this paper. Conformity with other models from referenced literature is also shown.
“Capricious, Seductive, and Insurrectionary”
Authors: Hoover Jesse A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the polemically-charged world of the sixteenth century, Anabaptist sects were often portrayed by the early magisterial Reformers as merely the latest iteration of another purist, rebaptizing brand of heretic: the Donatist church of North Africa. By mapping Anabaptism onto this paradigm, its opponents could safely dismiss its theology by appealing to the writings of Augustine. But there was another reason why the slur was often cast against the Anabaptist movement, one with more political overtones: Donatists, or more accurately a radical subset of the dissident church known as the “Circumcellions,” were commonly associated with sedition. In this article, I examine the ways in which the Circumcellion epithet was used to characterize the nascent Anabaptist movement of the sixteenth century. By linking the “Donatist” beliefs of Anabaptist communities to the charge of “Circumcellion” sedition, their opponents were able to legitimate the use of force against them and negate their claims to martyrdom.
Influence of Torso Model Complexity on the Noninvasive Localization of Ectopic Ventricular Activity
Authors: Punshchykova Olena , Švehlíková Jana , Tyšler Milan , Grünes Richard , Sedova Ksenia , Osmančík Pavel , Žďárská Jana , Heřman Dalibor , Kneppo Peter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Location of premature ectopic ventricular activity was assessed noninvasively in five patients using integral body surface potential maps and inverse solution in terms of a single dipole. Precision of the inverse solution was studied using three different torso models: homogeneous torso model, inhomogeneous torso model including lungs and heart ventricles and inhomogeneous torso model including lungs, heart ventricles and atria, aorta and pulmonary artery. More stable results were obtained using the homogeneous model. However, in some patients the location of the resulting dipole representing the focus of ectopic activity was shifted between solutions using the homogeneous and inhomogeneous models. Comparison of solutions with inhomogeneous torso models did not show significantly different dispersions, but localization of the focus was better when a torso model including atria and arteries was used. The obtained results suggest that presented noninvasive localization of the ectopic focus can be used to shorten the time needed for successful ablation and to increase its success rate.
CovertCast: Using Live Streaming to Evade Internet Censorship
Authors: McPherson Richard , Houmansadr Amir , Shmatikov Vitaly 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We design, implement, and evaluate CovertCast, a censorship circumvention system that broadcasts the content of popular websites in real-time, encrypted video streams on common live-streaming services such as YouTube. CovertCast does not require any modifications to the streaming service and employs the same protocols, servers, and streaming software as any other user of the service. Therefore, CovertCast cannot be distinguished from other live streams by IP address filtering or protocol fingerprinting, raising the bar for censors.
Laboratory Testing of Active and Passive UHF RFID Tags
Authors: Kolarovszki Peter , Kolarovszká Zuzana , Perakovic Dragan , Periša Marko 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article deals with research of laboratory testing by active and passive UHF tags and therefore mutual coexistence of active and passive RFID technology, which is a part of automatic identification and data capture. In this article we would like to describe an identification of transport unit based on passive technology and also by active technology. We would like to specify, how this technologies can work together and in which application focuses on postal and logistics. All results are verified by measurement in our AIDC laboratory, which is located at the University of Žilina. Our research contains different types of measurements in order to point out the possible influence of these two technologies. The results of our research bring the new point of view and indicate the ways using of UHF RFID technology in postal and logistics applications. At the end of this article is characterized the utilization of the RFID technology in postal logistics chain by using both passive and active technologies.
Outpatient Rehabilitation for Medicaid-Insured Children Hospitalized With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Jimenez Nathalia , Symons Rebecca G. , Wang Jin , Ebel Beth H. , Vavilala Monica S. , Buchwald Dedra , Temkin Nancy , Jaffe Kenneth M. , Rivara Frederick P. 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the prevalence of postdischarge outpatient rehabilitation among Medicaid-insured children hospitalized with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify factors associated with receipt of services.

METHODS:
Retrospective cohort of children &lt;21 years, hospitalized for a TBI between 2007 and 2012, from a national Medicaid claims database. Outcome measures were receipt of outpatient rehabilitation (physical, occupational, or speech therapies or physician visits to a rehabilitation provider) 1 and 3 years after discharge. Multivariable regression analyses determined the association of demographic variables, injury severity, and receipt of inpatient services with receipt of outpatient rehabilitation at 1 and 3 years. The mean number of services was compared between racial/ethnic groups.

RESULTS:
Among 9361 children, only 29% received any type of outpatient rehabilitation therapy during the first year after injury, although 62% sustained a moderate to severe TBI. The proportion of children receiving outpatient therapies declined to 12% in the second and third years. The most important predictor of receipt of outpatient rehabilitation was receipt of inpatient therapies or consultation with a rehabilitation physician during acute care. Compared with children of other racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic children had lower rates of receipt of outpatient speech therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:
Hospitalized children who received inpatient assessment of rehabilitation needs were more likely to continue outpatient rehabilitation care. Hispanic children with TBI were less likely than non-Hispanics to receive speech therapy. Interventions to increase inpatient rehabilitation during acute care might increase outpatient rehabilitation and improve outcomes for all children.
Coenomorphs as phytometers of biotopes
Authors: Nazarenko N. N. 
Published: May 2016

The article describes the A.L. Belgard system of vascular plant species coenomorphs as indicators of biotopes by using standardized Y.P. Didukh phytometer scales for 12 environmental factors. The classification and ordination of coenomorphs in the phytometer space was performed by using algorithms of discriminant analysis. The analysis is based on 2,186 species of the vascular plant flora of Ukraine. The classification accuracy was around 80% and above, the least homogenous was the petrophyte coenomorph. The validity of identification of ruderal coenomorphs was proved as an indicator of biotopes with increased content of soil nitrogen. Analysis of the a posteriori probability of species attribution to a coenomorph supports the validity of distinguishing transitional coenomorphs. Their number is small and each group contains a small number of species. The principal factors of classifying species by coenomorph are (in descending order of significance): minimum soil moisture, minimum light (shade), impoverishment of salts in the soil solution, high porosity of soil and impoverishment of carbonates of calcium in the soil and maximum values for radiation balance. The analysis of the distribution of coenomorphs in the space of the square of Mahalanobis distances and the ordination in the discriminant functions axis has determined the ranking of coenomorph of biotope and coenotic substitution: soil moisture (first discriminant function), radiation balance and shade (second discriminant function), salt regime and soil aeration (third discriminant function). For the vegetation of Ukraine this ordination of coenomorphs corresponds to the zonal factors of the distribution of biotopes and their limiting factors and the factors determining A.L. Belgard’s typology of natural and artificial forests: soil moisture, salinity of the soil solution, light conditions. The coenomorph optima for the principal factors have been defined in phytometer scales. This allows coenomorphs to be used as biotope phytometers and provides a preliminary assessment of those species whose place in the scales has not yet been determined. Analysis of posterior probabilities enabled us to determine the transitional coenomorphs, which are typical for ecotones between zonal and intrazonal vegetational ecosystems of Ukraine.
Living shorelines can enhance the nursery role of threatened estuarine habitats
Authors: Gittman Rachel K. , Peterson Charles H. , Currin Carolyn A. , Joel Fodrie F. , Piehler Michael F. , Bruno John F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCoastal ecosystems provide numerous services, such as nutrient cycling, climate change amelioration, and habitat provision for commercially valuable organisms. Ecosystem functions and processes are modified by human activities locally and globally, with degradation of coastal ecosystems by development and climate change occurring at unprecedented rates. The demand for coastal defense strategies against storms and sea‐level rise has increased with human population growth and development along coastlines worldwide, even while that population growth has reduced natural buffering of shorelines. Shoreline hardening, a common coastal defense strategy that includes the use of seawalls and bulkheads (vertical walls constructed of concrete, wood, vinyl, or steel), is resulting in a “coastal squeeze” on estuarine habitats. In contrast to hardening, living shorelines, which range from vegetation plantings to a combination of hard structures and plantings, can be deployed to restore or enhance multiple ecosystem services normally delivered by naturally vegetated shores. Although hundreds of living shoreline projects have been implemented in the United States alone, few studies have evaluated their effectiveness in sustaining or enhancing ecosystem services relative to naturally vegetated shorelines and hardened shorelines. We quantified the effectiveness of (1) sills with landward marsh (a type of living shoreline that combines marsh plantings with an offshore low‐profile breakwater), (2) natural salt marsh shorelines (control marshes), and (3) unvegetated bulkheaded shores in providing habitat for fish and crustaceans (nekton). Sills supported higher abundances and species diversity of fishes than unvegetated habitat adjacent to bulkheads, and even control marshes. Sills also supported higher cover of filter‐feeding bivalves (a food resource and refuge habitat for nekton) than bulkheads or control marshes. These ecosystem‐service enhancements were detected on shores with sills three or more years after construction, but not before. Sills provide added structure and may provide better refuges from predation and greater opportunity to use available food resources for nekton than unvegetated bulkheaded shores or control marshes. Our study shows that unlike shoreline hardening, living shorelines can enhance some ecosystem services provided by marshes, such as provision of nursery habitat.
Estimating wildlife disease dynamics in complex systems using an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework
Authors: Kosmala Margaret , Miller Philip , Ferreira Sam , Funston Paul , Keet Dewald , Packer Craig 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases of wildlife are of increasing concern to managers and conservation policy makers, but are often difficult to study and predict due to the complexity of host–disease systems and a paucity of empirical data. We demonstrate the use of an Approximate Bayesian Computation statistical framework to reconstruct the disease dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in Kruger National Park's lion population, despite limited empirical data on the disease's effects in lions. The modeling results suggest that, while a large proportion of the lion population will become infected with bovine tuberculosis, lions are a spillover host and long disease latency is common. In the absence of future aggravating factors, bovine tuberculosis is projected to cause a lion population decline of ~3% over the next 50 years, with the population stabilizing at this new equilibrium. The Approximate Bayesian Computation framework is a new tool for wildlife managers. It allows emerging infectious diseases to be modeled in complex systems by incorporating disparate knowledge about host demographics, behavior, and heterogeneous disease transmission, while allowing inference of unknown system parameters.
Precision of systematic and random sampling in clustered populations: habitat patches and aggregating organisms
Authors: McGarvey Richard , Burch Paul , Matthews Janet M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNatural populations of plants and animals spatially cluster because (1) suitable habitat is patchy, and (2) within suitable habitat, individuals aggregate further into clusters of higher density. We compare the precision of random and systematic field sampling survey designs under these two processes of species clustering. Second, we evaluate the performance of 13 estimators for the variance of the sample mean from a systematic survey. Replicated simulated surveys, as counts from 100 transects, allocated either randomly or systematically within the study region, were used to estimate population density in six spatial point populations including habitat patches and Matérn circular clustered aggregations of organisms, together and in combination. The standard one‐start aligned systematic survey design, a uniform 10 × 10 grid of transects, was much more precise. Variances of the 10 000 replicated systematic survey mean densities were one‐third to one‐fifth of those from randomly allocated transects, implying transect sample sizes giving equivalent precision by random survey would need to be three to five times larger. Organisms being restricted to patches of habitat was alone sufficient to yield this precision advantage for the systematic design. But this improved precision for systematic sampling in clustered populations is underestimated by standard variance estimators used to compute confidence intervals. True variance for the survey sample mean was computed from the variance of 10 000 simulated survey mean estimates. Testing 10 published and three newly proposed variance estimators, the two variance estimators (v) that corrected for inter‐transect correlation (v8andvW) were the most accurate and also the most precise in clustered populations. These greatly outperformed the two “post‐stratification” variance estimators (v2andv3) that are now more commonly applied in systematic surveys. Similar variance estimator performance rankings were found with a second differently generated set of spatial point populations,v8andvWagain being the best performers in the longer‐range autocorrelated populations. However, no systematic variance estimators tested were free from bias. On balance, systematic designs bring more narrow confidence intervals in clustered populations, while random designs permit unbiased estimates of (often wider) confidence interval. The search continues for better estimators of sampling variance for the systematic survey mean.
Acceleration and novelty: community restoration speeds recovery and transforms species composition in Andean cloud forest
Authors: Wilson Sarah Jane , Rhemtulla Jeanine M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCommunity‐based tropical forest restoration projects, often promoted as a win‐win solution for local communities and the environment, have increased dramatically in number in the past decade. Many such projects are underway in Andean cloud forests, which, given their extremely high biodiversity and history of extensive clearing, are understudied. This study investigates the efficacy of community‐based tree‐planting projects to accelerate cloud forest recovery, as compared to unassisted natural regeneration. This study takes place in northwest Andean Ecuador, where the majority of the original, highly diverse cloud forests have been cleared, in five communities that initiated tree‐planting projects to restore forests in 2003. In 2011, we identified tree species along transects in planted forests (n = 5), naturally regenerating forests (n = 5), and primary forests (n = 5). We also surveyed 120 households about their restoration methods, tree preferences, and forest uses. We found that tree diversity was higher in planted than in unplanted secondary forest, but both were less diverse than primary forests. Ordination analysis showed that all three forests had distinct species compositions, although planted forests shared more species with primary forests than did unplanted forests. Planted forests also contained more animal‐dispersed species in both the planted canopy and in the unplanted, regenerating understory than unplanted forests, and contained the highest proportion of species with use value for local people. While restoring forest increased biodiversity and accelerated forest recovery, restored forests may also represent novel ecosystems that are distinct from the region's previous ecosystems and, given their usefulness to people, are likely to be more common in the future.
Determining the causes behind the collapse of a small pelagic fishery using Bayesian population modeling
Authors: Taboada Fernando G. , Anadón Ricardo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSmall pelagic fish species present complex dynamics that challenge population biologists and prevent effective management. Huge fluctuations in abundance have traditionally been associated with external environmental forcing on recruitment, exempting other processes from contributing to fisheries collapse. On the other hand, theory predicts that density dependence and overexploitation can increase the likelihood of population oscillations. Here, we combined nonlinear population modeling with Bayesian analysis to examine the importance of different regulatory mechanisms on the collapse of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay. The approach relied on detailed population data and in a careful characterization of changes in the environment experienced by anchovy early stages based mainly on satellite remote sensing. Alternative hypotheses about external forcing on recruitment determined prediction skill and provided alternative interpretations of the causes behind the collapse. Density dependence was weak and unable to generate huge oscillations. Instead, models considering changes in phytoplankton phenology or in larval drift presented the best prediction skill. Nevertheless, an extensive surrogate analysis showed that environmental fluctuations alone barely explain anchovy collapse without considering the impact of fishing. Our results highlight the effectiveness of a Bayesian approach to analyze the dynamics and collapse of managed populations.