bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apical Extrusion of Sodium Hypochlorite using Various Mechanical Activators
Authors: Vangala Amulya , Doshi Saurabh R , Aparadh Anisha 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
To evaluate the volume of sodium hypochlorite extruded from the apex on using various mechanical activators.

Materials and methods
Forty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were taken. Standardized access opening with chemicomechanical preparation till protaper F3 was done with 2 mL of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in between instrumentation of each file. The apical patency was checked with 10 K file. The teeth were then divided into four groups: Group I (n = 10) activation was done with #20 side-vented needle; group II (n = 10) activation was done with GP cones; group III (n = 10) activation was done with Irrisafe tips; group IV (n = 10) activation was done with endoactivator. As much as 10 mL of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite has been used with each group to activate the irrigant. The extruded sodium hypochlorite during activation with various systems was been collected in prepared apparatus. The obtained samples were analyzed for sodium ion concentration. Evaluation of the volume of sodium hypochlorite extruded from the apex was analyzed using absorption spectrometry. Then the above results were then statistically analyzed.

Results
Varying amount of apical extrusion was seen among the above study groups. Minimum amount of apical extrusion was seen with endoactivator. Maximum amount of apical extrusion was seen with needle irrigation followed by GP cones.

How to cite this article
Vangala A, Doshi SR, Aparadh A, Hegde V. Apical Extrusion of Sodium Hypochlorite using Various Mechanical Activators. World J Dent 2016;7(3):146-149.
Effect of Air Pollution on Salivary Interleukin-8 Levels in Children
Authors: Mehrbani Solmaz Pourzare , Babaloo Zohreh , Jamali Zahra , Abdollahian Tahmoores , Eslami Hosein , Sobhani Narges 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Air pollution in cities has always been a permanent and serious threat for the health of society and the environment, influencing the health of different body organs and systems both acutely and chronically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of air pollution in saliva Interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in children.

Materials and methods
A total of 88, 8- to 10-year-old children were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Group I, the case group, included 44 children from Tabriz (Iranian Azerbaijan), and group II, the control group, included 44 children from Kalibar Town (of Tabriz). Both groups in this study had a similar economic status. Following sampling and selection of individuals, for measuring the levels of saliva IL-8, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method was used. To investigate the difference between the means of the groups, independent t test or its nonparametric equivalent, i.e., Man—Whitney test and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21 were used. In this study, p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
The results of this study indicate a significant difference in the levels of saliva IL-8 between the two groups, where the mean level of saliva IL-8 is greater in children residing in the region with higher air pollution level than in the children dwelling in the region with a greater air pollution level (p = 0.001).

Conclusion
The results obtained from this study indicated that the level of saliva IL-8 increases in regions with air pollution, potentially causing several mouth problems in children.

How to cite this article
Mehrbani SP, Babaloo Z, Jamali Z, Abdollahian T, Eslami H, Sobhani N. Effect of Air Pollution on Salivary Interleukin-8 Levels in Children. World J Dent 2016;7(4):175-178.
Anatomic Variation in Lingual Foramen: A Cone beam Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Binnal Almas , Ceena Denny E , Jindal Ritika 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Lingual foramen is usually located in the midline, leveled with or superior to the genial tubercles. The success of implant placements is dependent on the radiological examination, which helps the clinician to determine the parameters of implant placement by revealing the structures like the course of the nerves, location of foramens, height and shape of alveolar bone, etc. The present study was done to assess the appearance, visibility, location, and types of lingual foramen in the mandibular region.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 116 patients who attended the department for various imaging purposes. The examinations were carried out using the Promax three-dimensional (3D) CBCT unit. The cross-sectional images were examined to detect the presence, number, and position of the lingual foramen. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for comparison of categorical data.

Results
We observed lingual foramen in 116 patients and their number ranged from 1 to 3. When comparing the position, it was observed that lingual foramen was located at approximately two-thirds (60th percentile from the alveolar crest) distance from the alveolar crest to lower border of the mandible and there was no significant difference in various age groups or between both genders.

Conclusion
Lingual foramen transmits neurovascular bundles to surrounding structures, hence any damage to the lingual foramen during surgical procedures can result in hemorrhage and/or neurosensory disturbances. It is therefore mandatory for a dentist to be aware of the structures present in the anterior mandible when considering any surgical procedures or implant planning. Hence, CBCT plays a pivotal role during implant planning and surgical procedures in dentistry.

How to cite this article
Denny CE, Natarajan S, Ahmed J, Binnal A, Jindal R. Anatomic Variation in Lingual Foramen: A Cone beam Computed Tomography Study. World J Dent 2016;7(4):179-181.
Emerging Antibacterial Coated Dental Implants: A Preventive Measure for Peri-implantitis
Authors: Yarramaneni Varun , Balakrishnan Dhanasekar , Aparna IN , Sachdeva Akanksha , Prabhu Nayana 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTDental implants are the modern marvel and are widely accepted as a reconstructive treatment modality for tooth replacement.In recent times, there has been a marked progress in the clinical success rates of dental implants, but implant failures as a result of infections are continuing at an alarming rate of 8% per year, translating into 1 million failures worldwide.Perimucositis and peri-implantitis are the chief complications reported postimplant surgery that effects its short- and long-term success. Peri-implantitis is characterized by clinical and radiological bone loss around the implant accompanied with an inflammatory reaction of the peri-implant mucosa and is an irreversible condition, whereas perimucositis is a reversible inflammatory change.Implant surfaces provide an ideal substrate for bacterial adhesion forming a biofilm. Biofilm performs vast functions ranging from physical defensive barrier against phagocytic predation to working as a selective permeable barrier. This limits the diffusion of systemic antimicrobial agents that are capable of damaging the bacterial complexes. These rapidly growing bacteria give rise to a chronic infection which is difficult to eradicate by conventional antibiotic therapy.To inhibit peri-implant infections, various functional modifications in the implant surfaces have been suggested. The coatings on the titanium implant are incorporated with disinfectants, antibiotics as well as antimicrobial peptides AMPs.This paper is an attempt to review all the antibiotic coatings available for a titanium implant and discuss their prospective future to prevent peri-implant infections.How to cite this articleYarramaneni V, Aparna IN, Sachdeva A, Balakrishnan D, Prabhu N. Emerging Antibacterial Coated Dental Implants: A Preventive Measure for Peri-implantitis. World J Dent 2016;7(4):195-198.
Esthetic Correction of Rotated Maxillary Central Incisor by Conservative Approach
Authors: Nanjannawar Girish S , Gadodia Rupal B , Kamat Sharad B , Chopade Rutuja 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Tooth rotation is a dental anomaly of position, in which there is a displacement of the tooth within the alveolar bone around its longitudinal axis. Although it is a common finding in the premolar—molar region, rotations of the maxillary centrals are extremely rare and such aberrations are multifactorial in their origin.
It is important to have a thorough understanding of such anatomical variation, which can cause occlusal and esthetic problems in patients, to alert the dental surgeons, so that they are well prepared to carry out esthetic and functional rehabilitation of the teeth involved. A successful management of 180° rotated maxillary left central incisor by conservative approach is described here.

How to cite this article
Nanjannawar GS, Gadodia RB, Kamat SB, Chopade R. Esthetic Correction of Rotated Maxillary Central Incisor by Conservative Approach. World J Dent 2016;7(4):217-220.
Unexpectedly acidic nanoparticles formed in dimethylamine–ammonia–sulfuric-acid nucleation experiments at CLOUD
Authors: Lawler Michael J. , Winkler Paul M. , Kim Jaeseok , Ahlm Lars , Tröstl Jasmin , Praplan Arnaud P. , Schobesberger Siegfried , Kürten Andreas , Kirkby Jasper , Bianchi Federico , Duplissy Jonathan , Hansel Armin , Jokinen Tuija , Keskinen Helmi , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Leiminger Markus , Petäjä Tuukka , Rissanen Matti , Rondo Linda , Simon Mario , Sipilä Mikko , Williamson Christina , Wimmer Daniela , Riipinen Ilona , Virtanen Annele , Smith James N. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. New particle formation driven by acid–base chemistry was initiated in the CLOUD chamber at CERN by introducing atmospherically relevant levels of gas-phase sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). Ammonia was also present in the chamber as a gas-phase contaminant from earlier experiments. The composition of particles with volume median diameters (VMDs) as small as 10 nm was measured by the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS). Particulate ammonium-to-dimethylaminium ratios were higher than the gas-phase ammonia-to-DMA ratios, suggesting preferential uptake of ammonia over DMA for the collected 10–30 nm VMD particles. This behavior is not consistent with present nanoparticle physicochemical models, which predict a higher dimethylaminium fraction when NH3 and DMA are present at similar gas-phase concentrations. Despite the presence in the gas phase of at least 100 times higher base concentrations than sulfuric acid, the recently formed particles always had measured base : acid ratios lower than 1 : 1. The lowest base fractions were found in particles below 15 nm VMD, with a strong size-dependent composition gradient. The reasons for the very acidic composition remain uncertain, but a plausible explanation is that the particles did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the bases due to rapid heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate. These results indicate that sulfuric acid does not require stabilization by ammonium or dimethylaminium as acid–base pairs in particles as small as 10 nm.
The Expressive and Emotive Function in the Jordanian Parent-Child Interactions
Authors: Wardat Mamud , Alkhateeb Omar 
Published: November 2016

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">The present paper investigates the emotive and expressive socio-pragmatic function in the Jordanian parent-child interactions in Irbid City, Jordan. A sample of 100 children from different areas of Irbid was chosen randomly from schools in Irbid governorate in North Jordan. It consisted of pupils at grade 5 who are 11 years old. Half of the sample were males, whereas the second half were females. A questionnaire of 5 items was directed to the school children to measure the expressive and emotive socio-pragmatic function. The results showed that parent-child interactions in Jordanian Arabic exhibit the emotive and expressive socio-pragmatic function. The results also showed that parents' interactions affect the children's personality and behavior positively through applying certain tactics and styles. </span></p>
A Descriptive Analysis of Disagreement Strategies: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners
Authors: Farashaiyan Atieh , Muthusamy Paramasivam 
Published: November 2016

<p>The purpose of this research was to describe the L2 pragmatic knowledge of Iranian EFL learners by producing the speech act of disagreement in English in different situations. One hundred and twenty Iranian EFL learners took part in this study. The required data were accumulated through a Written Discourse Completion Task (WDCT). The results showed that most participants tended to make use of more indirect strategies (44.85%) to disagree with another speaker’s statement either with higher or lower power or within different social distance. The respondents’ most frequent strategy use refers to counterclaims with 44.8%. On the other hand, challenges with 8.8% and Irrelevancy of claims with 3.2% were respectively among the least frequent strategies used in all situations. The results showed that learners almost utilized the same strategies in different disagreement situations with the same frequency. Therefore, it indicates that they did not notice the situational variables of social power, distance and imposition to vary their choice of strategy. In other words, they did not have the contextual understanding of the mentioned factors. Therefore, the results can suggest that the learners lack sufficient pragmatic knowledge in performing the studied speech act. The implication of this study is for Iranian language instructors, materials writers and curriculum developers. </p>
Development of a Photocatalytic Filter to Control Indoor Air Quality
Authors: Del Curto Barbara , Tarsini Paolo , Cigada Alberto 
Published: November 2016

Background The aim of this work was the development and characterization of a photocatalytic filter for the treatment of indoor air, characterized by a low pressure drop. Methods The filter (photocatalytic filter) was based on a polyester substrate additivated with active carbon (Carbotex 150-6), treated with a sol of titanium dioxide (Sol 121-AB; NextMaterials Ltd.) and illuminated with UV LEDs to induce photocatalytic activity. Results Tests showed that this filter, used in a suitable device for air circulation with a very low noise level, had the ability to block solid particulates, to photocatalytically oxidize a major fraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and deactivate all of the bacteria blocked on the filter, in contrast to traditional commercial air filters on which the bacteria remain viable. Conclusions Activated charcoal filters treated with TiO2 and illuminated by UV LEDs were found to be extremely effective in killing bacteria and effective in decreasing VOC and total suspended particulates (TSP).
Anti-Anti-Culturalism: A Response to Edward Bever's “Culture Warrior”
Authors: Ostling Michael 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
In this note, I respond to Edward Bever's response to my critical review of his Realities of Witchcraft (Preternature 4, no. 2 [2015]: 203–10). While Bever's response portrays me as a “culture warrior” (Preternature 5, no. 1 [2016]: 112–20), I prefer to seek a cessation of hostilities between cultural and neurobiological approaches to magic and witchcraft. I suggest that, despite Bever's response, my original worry that his approach is reductively “anti-culturalist” remains warranted, but also point toward the possibility for rapprochement between our respective positions.
Private bijdragen aan publieke veiligheid: effecten van Buurt-WhatsApp
Authors: Vollaard B. 
Published: November 2016

Private contributions to public security: Effects of Community WhatsApp
Community WhatsApp consists of a group of local residents sharing information among each other on suspicious situations in the neighborhood through a smartphone app. In the southern Dutch city of Tilburg the author examined whether Community WhatsApp stimulates people to report suspicious situations through the emergency number 112. The stimulus is possibly the appreciation of other participants for being attentive and taking the initiative to call the emergency number. The author found that Community WhatsApp contributes to the diminishing of crime due to the mechanisms of disruption of criminal activities and deterrence.
Supply-side barriers to maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers in India
Authors: Singh Aditya 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionThere exist several barriers to maternal health service utilization in developingcountries. Most of the previous studies conducted in India have focused on demand-side barriers, while only a few have touched upon supply-side barriers. None of the previous studies in India have investigated the factors that affect maternal health care utilization at health sub-centers (HSCs) in India, despite the fact that these institutions, which are the geographically closest available public health care facilities in rural areas, play a significant role in providing affordable maternal health care. Therefore, this study aims to examine the supply-side determinants of maternal service utilization at HSCs in rural India.Data and MethodsThis study uses health facility data from the nationally representativeDistrict-Level Household Survey, which was administered in 2007–2008 to examine the effect of supply-side variables on the utilization of maternal health care services across HSCs in rural India. Since the dependent variables (the number of antenatal registrations, in-facility deliveries, and postnatal care services) are count variables and exhibit considerable variability, the data were analyzed using negative binomial regression instead of Poisson regression.ResultsThe results show that those HSCs run by a contractual auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) are likely to offer a lower volume of services when compared to those run by a permanent ANM. The availability of obstetric drugs, weighing scales, and blood pressure equipment is associated with the increased utilization of antenatal and postnatal services. The unavailability of a labor/examination table and bed screen is associated with a reduction in the number of deliveries and postnatal services. The utilization of services is expected to increase if essential facilities, such as water, telephones, toilets, and electricity, are available at the HSCs. Monitoring of ANM’s work by Village Health and Sanitation Committee (VHSC) and providing in-service training to ANM appear to have positive impacts on service utilization. The distance of ANM’s actual residence from the sub-center village where she works is negatively associated with the utilization of delivery and postnatal services. These findings are robust to the inclusion of several demand-side factors.ConclusionTo improve maternal health care utilization at HSCs, the government shouldensure the availability of basic infrastructure, drugs, and equipment at all locations. Monitoring of the ANMs’ work by VHSCs could play an important role in improving health care utilization at the HSCs; therefore, it is important to establish VHSCs in each sub-center village. The relatively low utilization of maternity services in those HSCs that are run solely by contractual ANMs requires further investigation.
Preexplosive conduit conditions during the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano (Java, Indonesia)
Authors: Drignon Mélissa J. , Bechon Tonin , Arbaret Laurent , Burgisser Alain , Komorowski Jean‐Christophe , Martel Caroline , Miller Hayden , Yaputra Radit 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe 2010 eruption is the largest explosive event at Merapi volcano since 1872. The high energy of the initial 26 October explosions cannot be explained by simple gravitational collapse, and the paroxysmal explosions were preceded by the growth of a lava dome not large enough to ensure significant pressurization of the system. We sampled pumice from these explosive phases and determined the preexplosive depths of the pumices by combining textural analyses with glass water content measurements. Our results indicate that the magma expelled was tapped from depths of several kilometers. Such depths are much greater than those involved in the pre‐2010 effusive activity. We propose that the water‐rich magma liberated enough gas to sustain the explosivity. Our results imply that the explosive potential of volcanoes having dome‐forming, effusive activity is linked to the depth from which fresh magma can be evacuated in a single explosion, regardless of the evacuated volume.
Convective growth of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves from realistic ring current ion distributions
Authors: Fok Mei‐Ching , Khazanov George V. , Krivorutsky Emmanuil N. , Glocer Alex 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is well established that the development of pitch angle anisotropy in ring current ions provides a favorable condition for electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave growth. Many studies have calculated the EMIC growth rate assuming a bi‐Maxwellian or ring distribution of energetic ions in velocity space. To test the appropriateness of these assumptions, we compute the EMIC growth rate by using the realistic ion distributions output by our Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) model. The CIMI model calculates energetic ion and electron distributions and many other essential quantities in the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere. We found that the ring current distributions are often very different from a bi‐Maxwellian or a ring distribution. The corresponding EMIC growth rates are likewise quite distinctive from those estimated by functional fits. In the simulation of an idealized magnetic storm, we found that much stronger EMIC growth near the dayside magnetopause was attained with realistic ring current distributions. On the other hand, with the assumption of a ring distribution, EMIC growth at the peak of the ring current pressure was overestimated. Our calculation using the realistic ion distribution function reproduces the observed occurrence of EMIC waves and demonstrates the need to use realistic ring current ion distributions when modeling EMIC wave excitation.
Thermoelastic properties of liquid Fe‐C revealed by sound velocity and density measurements at high pressure
Authors: Shimoyama Yuta , Terasaki Hidenori , Urakawa Satoru , Takubo Yusaku , Kuwabara Soma , Kishimoto Shunpachi , Watanuki Tetsu , Machida Akihiko , Katayama Yoshinori , Kondo Tadashi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCarbon is one of the possible light elements in the cores of the terrestrial planets. The P wave velocity (VP) and density (ρ) are important factors for estimating the chemical composition and physical properties of the core. We simultaneously measured the VP and ρ of Fe‐3.5 wt % C up to 3.4 GPa and 1850 K by using ultrasonic pulse‐echo method and X‐ray absorption methods. The VP of liquid Fe‐3.5 wt % C decreased linearly with increasing temperature at constant pressure. The addition of carbon decreased the VP of liquid Fe by about 2% at 3 GPa and 1700 K and decreased the Fe density by about 2% at 2 GPa and 1700 K. The bulk modulus of liquid Fe‐C and its pressure (P) and temperature (T) effects were precisely determined from directly measured ρ and VP data to be K0,1700 K = 83.9 GPa, dKT/dP = 5.9(2), and dKT/dT = −0.063 GPa/K. The addition of carbon did not affect the isothermal bulk modulus (KT) of liquid Fe, but it decreased the dK/dT of liquid Fe. In the ρ‐VP relationship, VP increases linearly with ρ and can be approximated as VP (m/s) = −6786(506) + 1537(71) × ρ (g/cm3), suggesting that Birch's law is valid for liquid Fe‐C at the present P‐T conditions. Our results imply that at the conditions of the lunar core, the elastic properties of an Fe‐C core are more affected by temperature than those of Fe‐S core.