bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia promotes production of neural crest cells in the embryonic head
Authors: Scully Deirdre , Keane Eleanor , Batt Emily , Karunakaran Priyadarssini , Higgins Debra F. , Itasaki Nobue 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Hypoxia is encountered in either pathological or physiological conditions, the latter of which is seen in amniote embryos prior to the commencement of a functional blood circulation. During the hypoxic stage, a large number of neural crest cells arise from the head neural tube by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As EMT-like cancer dissemination can be promoted by hypoxia, we investigated whether hypoxia contributes to embryonic EMT. Using chick embryos, we show that the hypoxic cellular response, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, is required to produce a sufficient number of neural crest cells. Among the genes that are involved in neural crest cell development, some genes are more sensitive to hypoxia than others, demonstrating that the effect of hypoxia is gene specific. Once blood circulation becomes fully functional, the embryonic head no longer produces neural crest cells in vivo, despite the capability to do so in a hypoxia-mimicking condition in vitro, suggesting that the oxygen supply helps to stop emigration of neural crest cells in the head. These results highlight the importance of hypoxia in normal embryonic development.
Of sex and determination: marking 25 years of Randy, the sex-reversed mouse
Authors: Koopman Peter , Sinclair Andrew , Lovell-Badge Robin 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
On Thursday 9 May 1991, the world awoke to front-page news of a breakthrough in biological research. From Washington to Wollongong, newspapers, radio and TV were abuzz with the story of a transgenic mouse in London called Randy. Why was this mouse so special? The mouse in question was a chromosomal female (XX) made male by the presence of a transgene containing the Y chromosome gene Sry. This sex-reversal provided clear experimental proof that Sry was the elusive mammalian sex-determining gene. Twenty-five years on, we reflect on what this discovery meant for our understanding of how males and females arise and what remains to be understood.
Neurogenesis in Cancun: where science meets the sea
Authors: Hsieh Jenny , Zhang Chun-Li 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
In March 2016, meeting organizers Sebastian Jessberger and Hongjun Song brought together over 100 scientists from around the world to Cancun, Mexico to present the latest research on neurogenesis. The meeting covered diverse aspects of embryonic and adult neurogenesis with a focus on novel technologies, including chemogenetics and optogenetics, live cell two-photon imaging, cell fate reprogramming and human pluripotent stem cell models. This Meeting Review describes the exciting work that was presented and some of the emerging themes from the meeting.
Retinoic-acid-mediated HRas stabilization induces neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells during brain development
Authors: Park Jong-Chan , Jeong Woo-Jeong , Kim Mi-Yeon , Min DoSik , Choi Kang-Yell 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Ras signaling is tightly regulated during neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, and defects in this pathway result in aberrant brain development. However, the mechanism regulating Ras signaling during NSC differentiation was unknown. Here, we show that stabilized HRas specifically induces neuronal differentiation of NSCs. Lentivirus-mediated HRas overexpression and knockdown resulted in stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of NSC differentiation into neuron in the ex vivo embryo. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, promoted neuronal differentiation of NSCs by stabilizing HRas, and HRas knockdown blocked the retinoic acid effect. Vitamin-A-deficient mice displayed abnormal brain development with reduced HRas levels and a reduced thickness of the postmitotic region containing differentiated neurons. All of these abnormal phenotypes were rescued with the restoration of HRas protein levels achieved upon feeding with a retinoic-acid-supplemented diet. In summary, this study shows that retinoic acid stabilizes HRas protein during neurogenesis, and that this is required for NSC differentiation into neurons and murine brain development.
Optimal Sales Force Compensation in Dynamic Settings: Commissions vs. Bonuses
Authors: Schöttner Anja 
Published: May 2016

This paper studies optimal sales force compensation plans in a multiperiod moral-hazard model when the firm wants to implement high effort in every period but only obtains aggregate information on sales. The sales agent chooses effort each period after observing previous sales, and his incentive responsiveness might change over time. The paper derives conditions under which a linear incentive scheme—a pure commission—dominates a bonus plan and vice versa. A commission is optimal if the agent is most difficult to motivate in the last period. Otherwise, combining the commission with a bonus plan can lower the firm’s cost of providing incentives in earlier periods. The results are robust to different types of cost externalities and demand externalities across periods. However, if the firm obtains intermediate sales information, bonus plans dominate commissions. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Battle of the Channels: The Impact of Tablets on Digital Commerce
Authors: Xu Kaiquan , Chan Jason , Ghose Anindya , Han Sang Pil 
Published: May 2016

The introduction of tablets in online retailing has created an additional touchpoint through which e-commerce firms can interact with consumers. In this paper, we seek to understand and measure the causal impact of tablets on e-commerce sales. In doing so, we examine the complementary and substitution impact of the tablet channel on the smartphone and PC channels. We rely on a unique data set from Alibaba, the largest e-commerce firm in the world, and exploit a natural experiment via the iPad app introduction to empirically identify our results. The results show that users’ adoption of tablets enhanced the overall growth of Alibaba’s e-commerce market, with an annual increase of approximately US$923.5 million. Our results demonstrate that the tablet channel acts as a substitute for the PC channel while it acts as a complement for the smartphone channel. Furthermore, the use of tablets spurs casual browsing, which leads to the purchase of more impulse products and a wider diversity of products. Cross-device browsing behavior is found to enhance sales outcomes, and the degree of interrelationships between devices varies across the course of the day. We provide insights for retailers about how they can increase their sales volume and revenue in the emerging tablet economy.This paper was accepted by Anandhi Bharadwaj, information systems.
Internationalization and Bank Risk
Authors: Berger Allen N. , El Ghoul Sadok , Guedhami Omrane , Roman Raluca A. 
Published: May 2016

This paper documents a positive relation between internationalization and bank risk. This is consistent with the empirical dominance of the market risk hypothesis, whereby internationalization increases banks’ risk due to market-specific factors in foreign markets, over the diversification hypothesis, whereby internationalization allows banks to reduce risk through diversification of their operations. The results continue to hold following a variety of robustness tests, including those for endogeneity and sample selection bias. We also find that the magnitude of this effect is more pronounced during financial crises. The results appear to be at least partially explained by agency problems related to poor corporate governance. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Costly Control: An Examination of the Trade-off Between Control Investments and Residual Risk in Interfirm Transactions
Authors: Anderson Shannon W. , Dekker Henri C. , Van den Abbeele Alexandra 
Published: May 2016

Transaction cost economics predicts that investments in management control will enable risky interfirm transactions. Risk is rarely eliminated, because firms trade off costs of management control and expected costs of control loss (together, the “cost of control”). The resultant solution typically comprises a mix of control investments with residual performance and residual relational risks. Transaction cost economics also predicts that the control-residual risk trade-off will vary with the cost of control. We use survey data on 287 risky information technology transactions to test whether the control-residual risk trade-off varies predictably with two partnership-specific factors that proxy for variation in the cost of control: prior ties between exchange partners and the criticality of strategic resources to the transaction. The results support the hypotheses, providing novel evidence on trade-offs that managers make when investing in management controls while also prudently accepting some risks. This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Immobilization of Lycinibacillus fusiformis B26 cells in different matrices for use in turquoise blue HFG decolourization
Authors: Dogan Nazime Mercan , Sensoy Tugba , Doganli Gulumser Acar , Bozbeyoglu Naime Nur , Arar Dicle , Akdogan Hatice Ardag , Canpolat Merve 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The decolourization of Turquoise Blue HFG by immobilized cells of Lysinibacillus fusiformis B26 was investigated. Cells of L. fusiformis B26 were immobilized by entrapment in agar and calcium alginate matrices and attached in pumice particles. The effects of operational conditions (e.g., agar concentrations, cell concentrations, temperature, and inoculum amount) on microbial decolourization by immobilized cells were investigated. The results revealed that alginate was proven to be the best as exhibiting maximum decolourization (69.62%), followed by agar (55.55%) at 40°C. Pumice particles were the poorest. Optimum conditions for agar matrix were found: concentration was 3%, cell amount was 0.5 g and temperature was 40°C (55.55%). Ca-alginate beads were loaded with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g of wet cell pellets and the highest colour removal activity was observed with 2.0 g of cell pellet at 40°C for alginate beads. Also, 0.5 and 1.0 g of pumice particles that were loaded with 0.25 and 0.5 g of cell pellets respectively were used and the results were found very similar to each other.
High Drilling Methane Drainage in Fracturing Zones Formed by Water Injection into Boreholes
Authors: Wang Gang , Huang Wanpeng , Sun Lulu , Wu Mengmeng , Zhang Xiaoqiang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMethane drainage method should be used before coal mining of many modern collieries because venti lation air methane is in sufficient to keep methane level within regulation values. The technology of high drilling methane drainage (HDMD) has been used for methane drainage although its effect is not very stable due to parameter design. The height of the fracturing zones is determined mostly according to empirical formula, on-site observation and numerical simulation analysis. In this paper, a method was introduced for determining the height of the air f ract uring zones (AFZs) based on its high similarity to the characteristics of Fracturing zones and the relationship between the height of Fracturing zones and the strain of overl ying rock strata. The application of water injection in both Shuangdingshan and Dongrong collieries found that the theoretically calculated the height of the Fracturing zones was approximately equal to the measured one in field tests within a permissible error of less than 5%, proving that the method is feasible. Based on the designed drainage parameters, the u tilization of HDMD technology in the collieries mentioned above found that the methane concentrations in both tail gate and upper corner were controlled in the ranges of 0.17% to 0.32% and 0.26% to 0.84%, respectively. These results showed that the water injection verified HDMD in Fracturing zones could effectively solve the problem of metha ne overrun and also verified the accuracy and reliability of its related theory.
Zum Programm einer kritischen Sozialwissenschaft−Empirie und Theorie
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Leist Anton , Mans Dieter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The article argues for a synthesis between analytical philosophy and social sciences as relevant and necessary. The motivation and framework of such a synthesis is outlined on the basis of a critical social science. The authors illuminate such a perspective negatively in a critique of empirical and theoretical sociology, then positively in a clarification of the critical standpoint. Four theses, two under each-aspect, are defended:
1. Concerning empirical social sciences
Neither the quantitative nor the qualitative paradigm of empirical social science is able to put forward adequate methods for social research. Instead, the development of reconstructive methods is proposed to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of the quantitative and qualitative paradigms.
2. Concerning theoretical sociology
Macrosociological theories tend to resist empirical corrobation. Pure theoretical and philosophical justification abounds instead. In this situation the tools of analytic theory of science are proposed in order to clarify the necessary steps towards a further development of theories, which can be empirically tested.
3. Concerning the critique of society
A critical social science must incorporate a theory of a just society in order to analyse social institutions in a normative way. In this context an ethical realist approach is offered which tries to fulfill two conditions for sociologically relevant normative reasonings: satisfaction of individual interests and the rational consensus of all persons concerned.
4. Concerning critique of ideology
The tools of analytic philosophy can be given new application by combining them with an analysis of interests under the title of critique of ideology.
Methodenfragen der Gerechtigkeitstheorie
Authors: Kulenkampff Arend 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is the clarification of some methodological problems concerning Rawls’ theory of justice. The first part seeks to make more precise Tugendhat’s distinction between 1st-person-theory and 3rd-person-theory. Rawls’ theory fulfills all criteria for 1st-person-theories. In the second part Rawl’s coherence model for the justification of norms („reflective equilibrium“) is critically analyzed and opposed to the hypothetical decision which individuals are to make in the original position (contract model). It is shown that the conception of reflective equilibrium is in various aspects mistaken. In conclusion a problem is indicated which Rawls has not satisfactorily resolved: The veil of ignorance is supposed to guarantee that the decision for the basic principles of social justice is unanimous. Nevertheless it would appear that the individuals in the original position either have too little empirical knowledge in order to make a rational decision, or they have too much knowledge in order to come to an unanimous decision. The veil of ignorance is either too fine or not fine enough.
Zum Programm einer kritischen Sozialwissenschaft – Theorie der gerechten Gesellschaft und Ideologiekritik
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Leist Anton , Mans Dieter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Critical social science has to acknowledge that every fundamental critique of society implies the justification of alternative norms and institutions. Several current objections against such an explicitly normative understanding of critical social science are discussed. The following outline of a theory of a just society tries to meet two demands: the rational consensus of all individuals concerned and the satisfaction of individual interests. In societies characterized by class struggles, however, these two aims turn out to be incompatible. Therefore an ethical realist approach is offered which takes into account the clarification and normative reinterpretation of interests. The tools of analytic philosophy can be given new application in combination with an analysis of interests under the title of a critique of ideology.
Funktionale Erklärungen bei Marx
Authors: Detel Wolfgang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the following attempt at a further clarification of the methodological aspects of Marxian theory construction it is demonstrated that central arguments in the first part of the Kapital, especially the description of the development from simple to capitalist commodity production, can be analysed as functional explanations in the modern logical sense. At the same time it becomes clear that some questionable conclusions which have been arrived at on the basis of this description, e.g. the development of capitalism being a necessary condition for the later formation of socialism, can be understood as results of certain methodological defects in Marx’ functional explanations.
Messung und Systematisierung in der Soziologie
Authors: Froese Norbert 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This essay is a systematic investigation of the problems concerning the measurement of theoretical qualities in the social sciences. If someone wants to measure theoretical qualities like attitudes, intelligence or aggressivity the first and most difficult task is to formulate an operationalisation. To show such operationalisations being correct is the central problem of empirical research. In this essay it is shown that no adequate methods exist to demonstrate operationalisations as true ore false statements. As long as the problem of operationalisation is treated and analysed as a problem of isolated statements it seems to be absolutely unsolvable. The problem of the correctness of operationalisations must be interpreted as the problem of the correctness of the theories in which they are used. Whether an operationalisation is accepted or not depends only on the empiricai success of the theory in which it is contained. This implies that we can only measure theoretical qualities if we have successful theories working with these theoretical qualities.
Diskussion/Discussion
Authors: Flores Albert 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper explores the nature of the dispute between the competing theses of intentionality and physicalism, as discussed by A. Marras in his paper “Intentionality and Physicalism: a Resolvable Dispute“. Although as originally conceived neither thesis is viable, it is apparent that a physicalist account of human behavior must take into consideration the intentionality of human behavior. This paper reviews a recent attempt to give a physicalist reconstruction of intentionality and shows that such an approach succeeds in providing scientifically acceptable explanations of human behavior without needing to answer the metaphysical questions that this dispute implies.
Diskussion/Discussion
Authors: Morick Harold 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Contrary to Marras: (1) the third of Chisholm’s Intentional criteria of sentences about mental states and events succeeds in highlighting an intuitive feature of Intentionality. (2) If there is such a thing as modality, it resides either in the way we speak of things or in the things, regardless of the way we speak of them. If the latter, modal sentences fail to satisfy Chisholm’s criterion for mentalistic sentences; and if the former, modal sentences turn out to be mentalistic sentences. So either way − if either the latter or the former − modal sentences fail to provide a counterexample to Chisholm’s claim that his criterion picks out only mentalistic sentences. (3) Functionalism doesn’t enable physicalism to accomodate Intentional states and events, because functionalism rejects a traditional tenet of physicalism.
Überlegungen zu einer dispositionalen Deutung des Andershandelnkönnens
Authors: Burkhardt Björn 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The assertion “he could have done otherwise” represents a notorious problem in the science of penal law and in moral philosophy. Some philosophers have assumed that this statement is to be analysed as “he would have done otherwise if he had so chosen” (analysis view), thus believing to have found an interpretation which is compatible with determinism. It has been argued, however, that these two statements are not equivalent. The following article attempts to show that this objection is not far-reaching enough. At the same time the analysis view is considered to be of little help, as it presupposes the solution of the problems it claims to solve.
Diskussion/Discussion. Kommentare zu R. Rorty: Zur Lage der Gegenwartsphilosophie in den USA (Analyse & Kritik 1/81)
Authors: MacIntyre Alasdair 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Richard Rorty argues that the present state of analytic philosophy is the result of the collapse of the logical empiricist program. But most of the characteristics of analytic philosophy which Rorty ascribes to that collapse predated logical empiricism. The historical explanation of the present state of philosophy must begin not later than with the schism between philosophy and the other disciplines in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. To begin then leads to a different view of how philosophical problems are generated.
G.A. Cohens materialistische Geschichtstheorie: Einige Einwände Überblick zu einer Diskussion
Authors: Leist Anton 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
During the last years Anglosaxon discussion about Marx and Marxism has been characterized by an intensified interest in historical materialism as a general theory of history. The most extensive, careful and analytically rigorous among several new treatments is the one by G.A. Cohen, which is the subject of four critical articles in the present issue of Analyse & Kritik. To make these articles and Cohen’s project understandable to the German reader, an attempt is made in the following to summarize the main arguments of Cohen’s defence of historical materialism and of the ensuing comprehensive and detailed discussion.
“Productive Forces” and “Relations of Production” in Marx
Authors: Suchting Wal 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper criticises the view that, according to Marx, “productive forces” determine “relations of production” and that the growth of the former basically determines the course of history. The particular version of this account discussed is that to be found in G.A. Cohen’s Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence. The main part of this criticism in:-volves a presentation of what, it is suggested, was in fact Marx's conception of "productive forces", "relations of production" and their relations, and an identification of class-struggle as the primary factor at least for the historically significant periods with which Marx was concerned.
Can the Base be distinguished from the Superstructure?
Authors: Lukes Steven 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article considers Cohen’s claim that the economic structure or base can be conceived independently of the superstructure by adressing his attempt to identify “a rechtsfrei (moralitätsfrei, etc.) economic structure to explain law (morals, etc.)”. It examines his programme of presenting relations of production as a set of (non-normative) powers and constraints that ‘match’ the rights and obligations of property relations. It is argued that, first, Cohen does not carry through this programme rigorously but, second, he could not do so, since it cannot be carried out at all. Three arguments are advanced, the first two against the possibility of a determinate ‘objective’ account of such powers and constraints, the third against the possibility of abstracting norms (constitutive and regulative, formal and informal) from contractual relationships: it is argued that one cannot identify the powers and constraints embodied in norm-governed economic relationships independently of the norms which govern them. Alternative interpretations are considered of Cohen’s programme that might escape these objections, but these are rejected as untrue to his purpose, and in any case ineffective. It is concluded that Cohen fails to distinguish base from superstructure in the manner required.