bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cascade Rainfall Disaggregation Application in U.S. Central Plains
Authors: Garbrecht Jurgen D. , Gyawali Rabi , Malone Robert W. , Zhang John C. 
Published: October 2017

Long-term observations of daily rainfall are common and routinely available for a variety of hydrologic applications. In contrast, observations of 10 or more years of continuous hourly rainfall are rare. Yet, sub-daily rainfall data are required in rainfall-runoff models. Rainfall disaggregation can generate sub-daily time-series from available long term daily observations. Herein, the performance of Multiplicative Random Cascade (MRC) model at disaggregating daily-to-hourly rainfall was investigated. The MRC model was parameterized and validated with 15 years of continuous observed daily and hourly rainfall data at three weather stations in Oklahoma. Model performance, or degree to which the disaggregated rainfall time series replicated observations, was assessed using 46 variables of hourly rainfall characteristics, such as longest wet spell duration, average number of rainfall hours per year, and largest hourly rainfall. Findings include: a) average-type hourly rainfall characteristics were better replicated than single value characteristics such as longest, maximum, or peak hourly rainfall; b) the large number of sub-trace hourly rainfall values (<0.254 mm h-1) generated by the MRC model were not supported by observations; c) the random component of the MRC model led to a variation under 15% of the average value for most rainfall characteristics with the exceptions of the “longest wet spell duration” and “maximum hourly rainfall”; and d) the MRC model produced fewer persistent rainfall events compared to those in the observed rainfall record. The large number of generated trace rainfall values and difficulties to replicate reliably extreme rainfall characteristics, reduces the number of potential hydrologic applications that could take advantage of the MRC disaggregated hourly rainfall. Nevertheless, in most cases, the disaggregated rainfall generated by the MRC model replicated observed average-type rainfall characteristics well.
Multiple venous anastomoses decrease the need for intensive postoperative management in tamai zone I replantations
Authors: Ryu Deok Hyeon , Roh Si Young , Kim Jin Soo , Lee Dong Chul , Lee Kyung Jin 
Published: October 2017

Background Venous anastomosis is an important component of digital replantation, but is not always feasible, as some cases require external bleeding to treat venous congestion in the replanted tissue. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between the number of vein anastomoses and the survival rate of Tamai zone I replantations.
Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent replantation of a fingertip amputation between 2014 and 2016. Patient charts were reviewed for demographic information, the mechanism of injury, the number of venous anastomoses, and the use of anticoagulation, external bleeding, and/or leeches. The cohort was divided into 3 groups depending on the number of venous anastomoses: no veins (group 1), a single vein (group 2), and 2 or more veins (group 3). Survival rates and external bleeding rates were analyzed across the groups.
Results The review identified 143 fingertip replantations among 134 patients. The overall survival rate was 94% (135 of 143). Failures were due equally to venous complications (n=4, 50%) and to arterial complications (n=4, 50%). Our analysis did not identify any correlation between the number of veins anastomosed and the replant survival rate (P=0.689). However, a greater number of anastomoses was associated with a significantly lower frequency of external bleeding (P=0.017).
Conclusions The number of venous anastomoses was not correlated with the survival rate. However, a greater number of venous anastomoses was associated with a decreased need for external bleeding, corresponding to a significant decrease in the need for postoperative monitoring and leech therapy.
Salvage of Infected Breast Implants
Authors: Song Joon Ho , Kim Young Seok , Jung Bok Ki , Lee Dong Won , Song Seung Yong , Roh Tai Suk , Lew Dae Hyun 
Published: October 2017

Background Implant-based breast reconstruction is being performed more frequently, and implants are associated with an increased risk of infection. We reviewed the clinical features of cases of implant infection and investigated the risk factors for breast device salvage failure.
Methods We retrospectively analyzed 771 patients who underwent implant-based breast reconstruction between January 2010 and December 2016. Age, body mass index, chemotherapy history, radiation exposure, and smoking history were assessed as potential risk factors for postoperative infection. We also evaluated the presence and onset of infection symptoms, wound culture pathogens, and other complications, including seroma, hematoma, and mastectomy skin necrosis. Additionally, we examined the mastectomy type, the use of acellular dermal matrix, the presence of an underlying disease such as hypertension or diabetes, and axillary node dissection.
Results The total infection rate was 4.99% (58 of 1,163 cases) and the total salvage rate was 58.6% (34 of 58). The postoperative duration to closed suction drain removal was significantly different between the cellulitis and implant removal groups. Staphylococcus aureus infection was most frequently found, with methicillin resistance in 37.5% of the cases of explantation. Explantation after infection was performed more often in patients who had undergone 2-stage expander/implant reconstruction than in those who had undergone direct-to-implant reconstruction.
Conclusions Preventing infection is essential in implant-based breast reconstruction. The high salvage rate argues against early implant removal. However, when infection is due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus and the patient’s clinical symptoms do not improve, surgeons should consider implant removal.
Modified toe pulp fillet flap coverage: Better wound healing and satisfactory length preservation
Authors: Baek Sang Oon , Suh Hyo Wan , Lee Jun Yong 
Published: October 2017

Background Amputation is commonly performed for toe necrosis secondary to peripheral vascular diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. When amputating a necrotic toe, preservation of the bony structure is important for preventing the collapse of adjacent digits into the amputated space. However, in the popular terminal Syme’s amputation technique, partial amputation of the distal phalanx could cause increased tension on the wound margin. Herein, we introduce a new way to resect sufficient bony structure while maintaining the normal length, based on a morphological analysis of the toes.
Methods Unlike the pulp of the finger in the distal phalanx, the toe has abundant teardrop-shaped pulp tissue. The ratio of the vertical length to the longitudinal length in the distal phalanx was compared between the toes and fingers. Amputation was performed at the proximal interphalangeal joint level. Then, a mobilizable pulp flap was rotated 90° cephalad to replace the distal soft tissue defect. This modified toe fillet flap was performed in 5 patients.
Results The toe pulp was found to have a vertically oriented morphology compared to that of the fingers, enabling length preservation through cephalad rotation. All defects were successfully covered without marginal ischemia.
Conclusions While conventional toe fillet flap coverage focuses on the principle of length preservation as the first priority, our modified method takes both wound healing and length into account. The fattiest part of the pulp is advanced to the toe tip, providing a cushioning effect and enough length to substitute for phalangeal bone loss. Our modified method led to satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Motor-Evoked Potentials of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle and Their Relationship with Foot Arch Functional Anatomy
Authors: Mayorga Tyrone , Giokas Erato , Abagyan Anaida , Patel Dhaval , Sarraf Yasmin , Paula Michael , Chusid Eileen , D'antoni Anthony , Battaglia Fortunato 
Published: October 2017

Background:
The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between abductor hallucis (AH) muscle motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and foot arch anatomy.

Methods:
Twelve healthy individuals underwent foot arch measurement using a digital photographic technique and measurements of cortical excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation applied on the cortical representation area of the right AH muscle. Truncated foot length and dorsal height were then measured and used to create the arch height index (AHI). Resting motor threshold, MEP amplitude (using a stimulation intensity of 110% resting motor threshold), and cortical silent period duration were also measured.

Results:
Mean ± SE values were as follows: truncated foot length, 16.72 ± 0.3 cm; dorsal height, 5.62 ± 0.13 cm; AHI, 0.34 ± 0.01; resting motor threshold, 81.6% ± 2.12%; MEP amplitude, 0.71 ± 0.1 mV; and cortical silent period duration, 108.05 ± 0.45 msec. A significant correlation was found between MEP amplitude and AHI (Spearman's rho: P &lt; .01).

Conclusions:
These results indicate that AH muscle functional neuroanatomy measurements are reliable and might be used by clinicians and therapists to investigate foot arch physiology and monitor the efficacy of treatments and rehabilitative protocols.
Comparative demography of two common scleractinian corals:Orbicella annularisandPorites astreoides
Authors: Soto-Santiago Francisco J. , Mercado-Molina Alex , Reyes-Maldonado Koralis , Vélez Yaileen , Ruiz-Díaz Claudia P. , Sabat Alberto 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundStudies directed at understanding the demography and population dynamics of corals are relatively scarce. This limits our understanding of both the dynamics of coral populations and our capacity to develop management and conservation initiatives directed at conserving such ecosystems.MethodsFrom 2012 to 2014, we collected data on the growth, survival, and recruitment rates of two common Caribbean coral species, the stress-tolerantOrbicella annularisand the weedyPorites astreoides. A set of size-based population matrix model was developed for two localities in Northeastern Puerto Rico and used to estimate population growth rates (λ) and determine the life cycle transition(s) that contribute the most to spatiotemporal differences in λs. The model was parameterized by following the fate of 100 colonies of each species at the two sites for two years.ResultsOur data indicate that spatial variability in vital rates of both species was higher than temporal variability. During the first year, populations ofO. annularisexhibited λs below equilibrium at Carlos Rosario (0.817) and Palomino (0.694), followed by a considerable decline at both sites during the second year (0.700 and 0.667). Populations ofP. astreoidesshowed higher λs thanO. annularisduring the first census period at Carlos Rosario (0.898) and Palomino (0.894) with a decline at one of the sites (0.681 and 0.893) during the second census period. Colony fate in both species exhibited a significant interaction with respect to location but not to time (G2 = 20.96;df= 3 forO. annularisandG2 = 9.55;df= 3 forP. astreoides).DiscussionThe similar variability of λs as well as the similar survival rates for both species during the two-year census period (2012–2014) show similar variability on demographic patterns in space and time. Our results suggest that location rather than time is important for the resiliency in coral colonies. Also,P. astreoideswill show higher resistance to disturbance in the future thanO. annularis.
Using Space Lidar Observations to Decompose Longwave Cloud Radiative Effect Variations Over the Last Decade
Authors: Vaillant de Guélis Thibault , Chepfer Hélène , Noel Vincent , Guzman Rodrigo , Winker David M. , Plougonven Riwal 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMeasurements of the longwave cloud radiative effect (LWCRE) at the top of the atmosphere assess the contribution of clouds to the Earth warming but do not quantify the cloud property variations that are responsible for the LWCRE variations. The CALIPSO space lidar observes directly the detailed profile of cloud, cloud opacity, and cloud cover. Here we use these observations to quantify the influence of cloud properties on the variations of the LWCRE observed between 2008 and 2015 in the tropics and at global scale. At global scale, the method proposed here gives good results except over the Southern Ocean. We find that the global LWCRE variations observed over ocean are mostly due to variations in the opaque cloud properties (82%); transparent cloud columns contributed 18%. Variation of opaque cloud cover is the first contributor to the LWCRE evolution (58%); opaque cloud temperature is the second contributor (28%).
Diapycnal Fluxes of Nutrients in an Oligotrophic Oceanic Regime: The South China Sea
Authors: Du Chuanjun , Liu Zhiyu , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Dai Minhan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNutrients from depth have been hypothesized as a primary source of new nutrients that sustain new productivity in oligotrophic oceans; however, the flux is challenging to quantify. Here we show for a first time in the oligotrophic South China Sea an extremely low diapycnal dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux as 1.8 × 10−4 mmol m−2 d−1 in the nutrient‐depleted layer (NDL) above the nutricline, where other nutrient supplies sustain the new production. Here higher phosphate and silicate fluxes relative to DIN than Redfield stoichiometry further indicate N‐limited biological productivity and additional removal of DIN by diatoms. Below the NDL across the nutricline to the base of euphotic zone, termed as nutrient replete layer, the DIN flux is three orders of magnitude larger and sufficient in supporting the export production therein. Here higher DIC flux relative to DIN than Redfield stoichiometry further infers DIC excess in the upper ocean.
Estimation of Seismic Centroid Moment Tensor Using Ocean Bottom Pressure Gauges as Seismometers
Authors: Kubota Tatsuya , Saito Tatsuhiko , Suzuki Wataru , Hino Ryota 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe examined the dynamic pressure change at the seafloor to estimate the centroid moment tensor solutions of the largest and second largest foreshocks (Mw 7.2 and 6.5) of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. Combination of onshore broadband seismograms and high‐frequency (~20–200 s) seafloor pressure records provided the resolution of the horizontal locations of the centroids, consistent with the results of tsunami inversion using the long‐period (≳10 min) seafloor pressure records although the depth was not constrained well, whereas the source locations were poorly constrained by the onshore seismic data alone. Also, the waveforms synthesized from the estimated CMT solution demonstrated the validity of the theoretical relationship between pressure change and vertical acceleration at the seafloor. The results of this study suggest that offshore pressure records can be utilized as offshore seismograms, which would be greatly useful for revealing the source process of offshore earthquakes.
High‐Pressure γ‐CaMgSi2O6: Does Penta‐Coordinated Silicon Exist in the Earth's Mantle?
Authors: Hu Yi , Kiefer Boris , Bina Craig R. , Zhang Dongzhou , Dera Przemeslaw K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn situ X‐ray diffraction experiments with natural Fe‐ and Al‐ bearing diopside single crystals and density functional theory (DFT) calculations on diopside end‐member composition indicate the existence of a new high‐pressure γ‐diopside polymorph with rare penta‐coordinated silicon. On compression α‐diopside transforms to the γ‐phase at ∼50 GPa, which in turn, on decompression is observed to convert to the known β‐phase below 47 GPa. The new γ‐diopside polymorph constitutes another recent example of penta‐coordinated silicon (VSi) in overcompressed metastable crystalline silicates, suggesting that VSi may exist in the transition zone and the uppermost lower mantle in appreciable quantities, not only in silicate glass and melts but also in crystalline phases contained in the coldest parts of subducted stagnant slabs. VSi may have significant influences on buoyancy, wave velocity anomalies, deformation mechanisms, chemical reactivity of silicate rocks, and seismicity within the slab.
Seismic Velocity Changes in the Backarc Continental Crust After the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki Megathrust Earthquake
Authors: Hong Tae‐Kyung , Lee Junhyung , Chi Donggeun , Park Seongjun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki megathrust earthquake accompanied coseismic and postseismic displacements around the eastern Eurasian continental plate. Noise cross correlations produced transient seismic waveforms along interstation paths in the Korean Peninsula. We measured the traveltime changes of the fundamental mode Rayleigh waves over the range of 0.03–0.08 Hz after the megathrust earthquake. The temporal seismic velocity changes in the lower crust were assessed from the traveltime changes. The traveltimes increased instantly after the megathrust earthquake and were gradually recovered over several hundreds to thousands of days. The instant shear wave velocity decreases ranged between 0.731 (±0.057)% and 4.068 (±0.173)%. The temporal medium perturbation might be caused by the transient uniaxial tensional stress due to the coseismic and postseismic displacements. The medium properties may be recovered by progressive stress field reconstruction.
Origin of the 2016 QBO Disruption and Its Relationship to Extreme El Niño Events
Authors: Barton C. A. , McCormack J. P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe descent of the westerly phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in equatorial stratospheric zonal wind was interrupted by the development of easterlies near 40 hPa (~23 km altitude) in early 2016. We use tropical meteorological analyses of wind and temperature to describe in detail the special circumstances by which equatorward‐propagating planetary waves produced this unprecedented disruption in the QBO. Our findings show that the subtropical easterly jet in the winter lower stratosphere during the 2015–2016 winter was anomalously weak owing to (1) the timing of the QBO relative to the annual cycle and (2) an extreme El Niño event. The weak jet allowed an unusually large flux of westward momentum to propagate from the extratropical Northern Hemisphere to the equator near the 40 hPa level. Consequently, the QBO westerlies at that level experienced sustained easterly acceleration from extratropical wave breaking, leading to the observed wind reversal.
Global Ionospheric and Thermospheric Effects of the June 2015 Geomagnetic Disturbances: Multi‐Instrumental Observations and Modeling
Authors: Astafyeva E. , Zakharenkova I. , Huba J. D. , Doornbos E. , van den IJssel J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBy using data from multiple instruments, we investigate ionospheric/thermospheric behavior during the period from 21 to 23 June 2015, when three interplanetary shocks (IS) of different intensities arrived at Earth. The first IS was registered at 16:45 UT on 21 June and caused ~50 nT increase in the SYM‐H index. The second IS arrived at 5:45 UT on 22 June and induced an enhancement of the auroral/substorm activity that led to rapid increase of thermospheric neutral mass density and ionospheric vertical total electron content at high latitudes. Several hours later, topside electron content and electron density increased at low latitudes on the nightside. The third and much larger IS arrived at 18:30 UT on 22 June and initiated a major geomagnetic storm that lasted for many hours. The storm provoked significant effects in the thermosphere and ionosphere on both dayside and nightside. In the thermosphere, the dayside neutral mass density exceeded the quiet time levels by 300–500%, with stronger effects in the summer hemisphere. In the ionosphere, both positive and negative storm effects were observed on both dayside and nightside. We compared the ionospheric observations with simulations by the coupled Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere/Rice Convection Model (SAMI3/RCM) model. We find rather good agreement between the data and the model for the first phase of the storm, when the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) was the principal driver. At the end of the storm main phase, when the ionospheric effects were, most likely, driven by a combination of PPEF and thermospheric winds, the modeling results agree less with the observations.
Regional Effects of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption on the Middle East and the Red Sea
Authors: Osipov Sergey , Stenchikov Georgiy 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo had dramatic effects on the regional climate in the Middle East. Though acknowledged, these effects have not been thoroughly studied. To fill this gap and to advance understanding of the mechanisms that control variability in the Middle East's regional climate, we simulated the impact of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption using a regional coupled ocean‐atmosphere modeling system set for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) domain. We used the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport (COAWST) framework, which couples the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) model with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). We modified the WRF model to account for the radiative effect of volcanic aerosols. Our coupled ocean‐atmosphere simulations verified by available observations revealed strong perturbations in the energy balance of the Red Sea, which drove thermal and circulation responses. Our modeling approach allowed us to separate changes in the atmospheric circulation caused by the impact of the volcano from direct regional radiative cooling from volcanic aerosols. The atmospheric circulation effect was significantly stronger than the direct volcanic aerosols effect. We found that the Red Sea response to the Pinatubo eruption was stronger and qualitatively different from that of the global ocean system. Our results suggest that major volcanic eruptions significantly affect the climate in the Middle East and the Red Sea and should be carefully taken into account in assessments of long‐term climate variability and warming trends in MENA and the Red Sea.
Emission of Methane and Heavier Alkanes From the La Brea Tar Pits Seepage Area, Los Angeles
Authors: Etiope G. , Doezema L. A. , Pacheco C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNatural hydrocarbon (oil and gas) seeps are widespread in Los Angeles, California, due to gas migration, along faults, from numerous subsurface petroleum fields. These seeps may represent important natural contributors of methane (CH4) and heavier alkanes (C2‐C4) to the atmosphere, in addition to anthropogenic fossil fuel and biogenic sources. We measured the CH4 flux by closed‐chamber method from the La Brea Tar Pits park (0.1 km2), one of the largest seepage sites in Los Angeles. The gas seepage occurs throughout the park, not only from visible oil‐asphalt seeps but also diffusely from the soil, affecting grass physiology. About 500 kg CH4 d−1 is emitted from the park, especially along a belt of enhanced degassing that corresponds to the 6th Street Fault. Additional emissions are from bubble plumes in the lake within the park (order of 102–103 kg d−1) and at the intersection of Wilshire Boulevard and Curson Avenue (>130 kg d−1), along the same fault. The investigated area has the highest natural gas flux measured thus far for any onshore seepage zone in the USA. Gas migration, oil biodegradation, and secondary methanogenesis altered the molecular composition of the original gas accumulated in the Salt Lake Oil Field (>300 m deep), leading to high C1/C2+ and i‐butane/n‐butane ratios. These molecular alterations can be important tracers of natural seepage and should be considered in the atmospheric modeling of the relative contribution of fossil fuel (anthropogenic fugitive emission and natural geologic sources) versus biogenic sources of methane, on local and global scales.