bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioactive food chemicals and gastrointestinal symptoms: a focus of salicylates
Authors: Malakar Sreepurna 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBioactive food chemicals are substances present in food that are capable of interacting with living cells causing changes in physiological functions. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant hormone involved in plant immune response, is one such bioactive food chemical. Aspirin, a commercially available SA, might play beneficial roles in cardiovascular health and colon cancer. It may also cause urticaria, angioedema, asthma, and gastrointestinal symptoms in SA‐sensitive individuals. Dietary SA might exert similar beneficial effects and/or may induce similar symptoms in hypersensitive individuals. Food‐related SA sensitivity in relation to gastrointestinal symptoms is not well documented besides a few self‐reported questionnaires and the knowledge that low doses of aspirin (equivalent of high dietary intake) can cause gastrointestinal injury. The only direct evidence that suggests benefits of reducing dietary SA was reported in asthmatic individuals. Although SA sensitivity in relation to gut symptoms in susceptible individuals is accepted by clinicians, the detection of this disease remains a challenge because of the complicated nature of dietary challenges and the risk of oral aspirin provocation tests in patients with severe hypersensitivity reactions. Given the non‐IgE mediated nature of the disease, in vitro assays like basophil activation may have failed to produce reliable results. However, given the simplicity of this assay, further studies need to be formulated to firmly establish its reliability. Formulation of proper dietary strategies for symptom control is also impossible given the controversial and scant nature of the data on SA content of food. This issue needs to be resolved to formulate proper dietary strategies for effective symptom control.
Coeliac disease in the 21st century: paradigm shifts in the modern age
Authors: Newnham Evan D 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe epidemiology of coeliac disease (CD) is changing. Presentation of CD with malabsorptive symptoms or malnutrition is now the exception rather than the rule and, it now affects those underweight and overweight equally. In concert with these epidemiological shifts, the incidence of CD is increasing. These changing patterns of disease presentation are challenging traditional management paradigms, and clinicians now need to adapt to these changes and respond to the demands of an increasingly well‐informed consumer population. This article aims to provide historical context to the epidemiological changes in CD, which provides context to direct future research.Changing definitions and diagnostic paradigms are complicating the management of CD. The gold standard of diagnosis, treatment goals, guidelines for follow‐up, and the role of population screening in CD remain controversial and unresolved. Although the patient population is interested in new treatments for CD and alternatives to a gluten‐free diet, most therapies are not yet widely available or sufficiently researched, and our understanding of the natural history of CD is limited despite a number of retrospective and population‐based studies. The management of asymptomatic CD has only recently been examined despite up to half of patients now presenting with no or minimal symptoms.There is surprisingly little evidence to resolve many of these issues, and only with robust prospective studies will our understanding of the true natural history of coeliac disease be clarified.
The P2X7 receptor links mechanical strain to cytokine IL‐6 up‐regulation and release in neurons and astrocytes
Authors: Lu Wennan , Albalawi Farraj , Beckel Jonathan M. , Lim Jason C. , Laties Alan M. , Mitchell Claire H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMechanical strain in neural tissues can lead to the up‐regulation and release of multiple cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL‐6). In the retina, the mechanosensitive release of ATP can autostimulate P2X7 receptors on both retinal ganglion cell neurons and optic nerve head astrocytes. Here, we asked whether the purinergic signaling contributed to the IL‐6 response to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in vivo, and stretch or swelling in vitro. Rat and mouse eyes were exposed to non‐ischemic elevations in IOP to 50–60 mmHg for 4 h. A PCR array was used to screen cytokine changes, with quantitative (q)PCR used to confirm mRNA elevations and immunoblots used for protein levels. P2X7 antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) and agonist (4‐benzoyl‐benzoyl)‐ATP (BzATP) were injected intravitreally. ELISA was used to quantify IL‐6 release from optic nerve head astrocytes or retinal ganglion cells. Receptor identity was confirmed pharmacologically and in P2X7−/− mice, acute elevation of IOP altered retinal expression of multiple cytokine genes. Elevation of IL‐6 was greatest, with expression of IL1rn, IL24, Tnf, Csf1, and Lif also increased more than twofold, while expression of Tnfsf11, Gdf9, and Tnfsf4 were reduced. qPCR confirmed the rise in IL‐6 and extracellular ATP marker ENTPD1, but not pro‐apoptotic genes. Intravitreal injection of P2X7 receptor antagonist BBG prevented the pressure‐dependent rise in IL‐6 mRNA and protein in the rat retina, while injection of P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP was sufficient to elevate IL‐6 expression. IOP elevation increased IL‐6 in wild‐type but not P2X7R knockout mice. Application of mechanical strain to isolated optic nerve head astrocytes increased IL‐6 levels. This response was mimicked by agonist BzATP, but blocked by antagonists BBG and A839977. Stretch or BzATP led to IL‐6 release from both astrocytes and isolated retinal ganglion cells. The mechanosensitive up‐regulation and release of cytokine IL‐6 from the retina involves the P2X7 receptor, with both astrocytes and neurons contributing to the response.
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Differences in care burden of patients undergoing dialysis in different centres in the netherlands
Authors: de Kleijn Ria , Uyl‐de Groot Carin , Hagen Chris , Diepenbroek Adry , Pasker‐de Jong Pieternel , ter Wee Piet 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYBackgroundA classification model was developed to simplify planning of personnel at dialysis centres. This model predicted the care burden based on dialysis characteristics. However, patient characteristics and different dialysis centre categories might also influence the amount of care time required.ObjectiveTo determine if there is a difference in care burden between different categories of dialysis centres and if specific patient characteristics predict nursing time needed for patient treatment.DesignAn observational study.ParticipantsTwo hundred and forty‐two patients from 12 dialysis centres.MeasurementsIn 12 dialysis centres, nurses filled out the classification list per patient and completed a form with patient characteristics. Nephrologists filled out the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Independent observers clocked the time nurses spent on separate steps of the dialysis for each patient. Dialysis centres were categorised into four types. Data were analysed using regression models.ResultsIn contrast to other dialysis centres, academic centres needed 14 minutes more care time per patient per dialysis treatment than predicted in the classification model. No patient characteristics were found that influenced this difference. The only patient characteristic that predicted the time required was gender, with more time required to treat women. Gender did not affect the difference between measured and predicted care time.ConclusionDifferences in care burden were observed between academic and other centres, with more time required for treatment in academic centres. Contribution of patient characteristics to the time difference was minimal. The only patient characteristics that predicted care time were previous transplantation, which reduced the time required, and gender, with women requiring more care time.
Quantifying Aquaculture‐derived Dissolved Organic Matter in the Mesocosms of Sanggou Bay Using Excitation‐emission Matrix Spectra and Parallel Factor Analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaona , Wu Ying , Jiang Zengjie , Ma Qianqian , Zhang Jing , Liu Sumei 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe cycling and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquaculture systems are unique. Sanggou Bay, an aquaculture‐dominated system in China, was chosen to characterize the composition of DOM based on optical properties. Field incubation experiments of eight mesocosms containing various aquaculture organisms were conducted in July 2013 to explore the impact of aquaculture organisms on the DOM composition. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed an increasing trend, especially in integrated mesocosms, suggesting the accumulation of DOM in the aquaculture ecosystem. The DOC concentration was positively correlated with a280 (P < 0.01) rather than a355, demonstrating that a280 should be applied in the quantitative prediction of DOC in aquaculture systems. Parallel factor analysis was applied to identify the components of the excitation‐emission matrix spectra. Two humic‐like components and two protein‐like components were identified. The significant correlation between the wet weights of the organisms and the humic‐like component contents (P < 0.01) indicated that seaweeds and bivalves play important roles in the production of humic‐like matter. The variation of protein‐like materials was caused by the growth of aquaculture organisms and the decay of phytoplankton. The amount of bioavailable DOC (BDOC) derived from phytoplankton and organisms was estimated; bivalve organisms excreted more BDOC than did seaweeds. BDOC was significantly correlated with the protein‐like components (P < 0.05) in the microbial incubation experiment.
Distribution and status of the declining garden dormouseEliomys quercinus
Authors: Bertolino Sandro 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe garden dormouseEliomys quercinus, a native European rodent species, suffered a significant contraction in its geographical range in the last few decades. The species has disappeared from large parts of central and eastern Europe and is considered extinct in some countries.I reviewed the information available on the occurrence and distribution of the species in 26 countries where it was previously reported. Present and past introductions outside its native range were also summarised.The garden dormouse is considered extinct in Lithuania, Finland, and Slovakia, probably extinct in Belarus, and present with single populations in the Netherlands, Poland, and Slovenia; in Slovakia, however, monitoring is necessary to verify recent records. The species is rare and localised in Austria, Ukraine, Romania, and Croatia and is in regression in Germany, Flanders (Belgium), Czech Republic, Latvia, and Estonia. In 2015, the garden dormouse occupied 49% of its 1978 geographical range and 67% of its 2008 range.South‐western Europe is the stronghold of the species; it is still common in large parts of Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy. However, there are indications that also in these countries, the species is locally declining.Present knowledge cannot explain the extensive regression of the garden dormouse's range in central and eastern Europe. Probably, it is the result of the interaction of different factors, acting locally and at a large scale, and related to specific ecological requirements of the species.There is a strong need for research to determine the reasons for the dramatic population and geographical range contraction of the garden dormouse. Meanwhile, it is important to monitor this species and to identify appropriate conservation measures.
Petrology, mineralogy, porosity, and cosmic‐ray exposure history of Huaxi ordinary chondrite
Authors: Li Shijie , Wang Shijie , Leya Ingo , Li Yang , Li Xiongyao , Smith Thomas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA meteorite fall was heard and collected on July 13, 2010 at about 18:00 (local time) in the Shibanjing village of the Huaxi district of Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. The total mass of the fall is estimated to be at least 1.6 kg; some fragments are missing. The meteorite consists mainly of olivine, low‐Ca pyroxene, high‐Ca pyroxene, plagioclase, kamacite, taenite, and troilite. Minor phases include chromite and apatite. Various textural types of chondrules exist in this meteorite: most chondrule textures can be easily defined. The grain sizes of secondary plagioclase in this meteorite range from 2 to 50 μm. The chemical composition of olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene are uniform; Fa in olivine and Fs in low‐Ca pyroxene are, respectively, 19.6 ± 0.2 and 17.0 ± 0.3 (mole%). Huaxi has been classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite, with a shock grade S2, and weathering W0. The weak shock features, rare fractures, and the high porosity (17.6%) indicates that Huaxi is a less compacted meteorite. The preatmospheric radius of Huaxi is ~11 cm, corresponding to ~21 kg. The meteorite experienced a relatively short cosmic‐ray exposure of about 1.6 ± 0.1 Ma. The4He and40Ar retention ages are older than 4.6 Ga implying that Huaxi did not degas after thermal metamorphism on its parent body.
An Impossible Possibility? Jewish Barthianism in Interwar Germany
Authors: Herskowitz Daniel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this essay I examine the Jewish reception of Karl Barth's theology in Germany of the 1930s. This I do through an analysis of a disputed exploration into the possibilities and limitations of the theological principles of dialectical theology for the formulation of a Jewish theology that took place at the time. The publication of Karl Barth's Römerbrief (1919, 1922) generated a great stir among Christian circles in Germany. Profoundly challenging the fundamental assumptions of liberal theology, Barth's ‘dialectical theology' was quickly recognized as an epoch‐making work. But the impact of Barth's theology exceeded its Christian readership. As a corresponding disillusionment of liberal theology in its Jewish version took place among Jews, Barthianism presented itself as a compelling theological model offering a profound rejoinder to the spiritual needs of Jews as well. Yet alongside the recognition of the potentially constructive engagement with Barth's radical thought for a rejuvenated articulation of Jewish theology, Jewish thinkers similarly acknowledged the many challenges and difficulties such a theological encounter implied from a Jewish point of view, thereby projecting their understanding of the Jewish‐Christian difference.
Implementation of NAP4 emergency airway management recommendations in a quaternary‐level pediatric hospital
Authors: Long Elliot , Cincotta Domenic , Grindlay Joanne , Pellicano Anastasia , Clifford Michael , Sabato Stefan ,   the Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT)
Published: February 2017

SummaryEmergency airway management, particularly outside of the operating room, is associated with a high incidence of life‐threatening adverse events. Based on the recommendations of the 4th National Audit Project, we aimed to develop hospital‐wide systems changes to improve the safety of emergency airway management. We describe a framework for governance in the form of a hospital airway special interest group. We describe the development and implementation of the following systems changes: 1. A local intubation algorithm modified from the Difficult Airway Society's plan A‐B‐C‐D approach, including clear pathways for airway escalation, and emphasizing the concepts of resuscitation prior to intubation, planning for failure, and avoidance of fixation error. 2. Simplified and standardized airway equipment located in identical airway carts in all critical care areas. 3. A preintubation checklist and equipment template to standardize preparation for airway management. 4. Availability of continuous waveform endtidal capnography in all critical care areas for confirmation of correct endotracheal tube placement. 5. Multidisciplinary team training to address the technical and nontechnical aspects of nonoperating room intubation. In addition, we describe methodology for ongoing monitoring of performance through a quality assurance framework. In conclusion, changes in the process of emergency airway management at a hospital level are feasible through collaboration. Their impact on patient‐based outcomes requires further study.
Signaling about Norms: Socialization under Strategic Uncertainty
Authors: Adriani Fabrizio , Sonderegger Silvia 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe consider a signaling model in which adults possess information about the dominant social norm. Children want to conform to whatever norm is dominant but, lacking accurate information, take the observed behavior of their parents as representative. We show that this causes a signaling distortion in adult behavior, even in the absence of conflicts of interest. Parents adopt attitudes that encourage their children to behave in a socially safe way (i.e., the way that would be optimal under maximum uncertainty about the prevailing social norm). We discuss applications to sexual attitudes, collective reputation, and trust.
Turnout and Closeness: Evidence from 60 Years of Bavarian Mayoral Elections
Authors: Arnold Felix 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOne prediction of the calculus of voting is that electoral closeness positively affects turnout via a higher probability of one vote being decisive. I test this theory with data on all mayoral elections in the German state of Bavaria between 1946 and 2009. Importantly, I use constitutionally prescribed two‐round elections to measure electoral closeness and thereby improve on existing work that mostly uses ex post measures that are prone to endogeneity. The results suggest that electoral closeness matters: a one standard deviation increase in closeness increases turnout by 1.27 percentage points, which corresponds to 1/7 of a standard deviation in this variable. I also evaluate how other factors such as electorate size or rain on election day affect turnout differentially depending on the closeness of the race. While rain decreases turnout on average, this effect is mitigated in close elections, as indicated by a positive interaction effect of the two variables.
Measuring Labour Services: Quality‐Adjusting the Entry and Exit of Workers
Authors: von Brasch Thomas , Cappelen Ådne , Iancu Diana‐Cristina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMany statistical agencies use the sum of hours worked when measuring labour services. This implies that all workers provide work of equal quality. Various indices for adjusting for labour quality have been employed in a large body of literature. However, this literature has not yet addressed the issue of how to quality‐adjust the impact of workers entering and exiting the labour market. We outline a theoretical framework for dealing with quality adjustment of labour services caused by workers entering and exiting employment. To illustrate the theoretical framework, we use the case of Norway in the period 1997–2013. The impact on labour services due to our quality adjustment of net entry is found to be cyclical. While the adjustment for the quality of net entry amounts to about −0.3 percentage points annually during expansions, it is offset by about the same magnitude during contractions.
Beyond Thin Credit Files
Authors: Smith Marvin M. , Henderson Christopher 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveIn the world of credit, the moving force for a consumer is the credit score. A high credit score will help secure good credit with favorable terms and even a somewhat lower credit score might assist in getting credit, albeit at more costly terms. However, no credit score is likely to be a deterrent to gaining credit. A credit score might also be required to gain services other than financial credit, such as access to a rental property or obtaining certain types of jobs. This is especially problematic for individuals who have insufficient credit information to derive credit scores and who are classified as thin‐file individuals. Some maintain that there might be individuals with thin files who are creditworthy despite not having a credit score. This report explores this assertion quantitatively and investigates if there are any identifiable patterns in former thin‐file individuals qualifying for credit scores. The study also discusses the use of alternative data to assist in scoring thin‐file individuals.MethodsWe use the Equifax database to follow two samples of thin‐file individuals with no credit scores for at least four years in order to develop a timeline indicating when they obtained sufficient credit to qualify for a credit score.ResultsOur findings document that many individuals with thin files in fact proved to be creditworthy. Some of them even became homeowners. Their eventual credit scores ranged from below 520 to 740 and above. Moreover, most of them qualified for a credit score within three to four years. Furthermore, during this four‐year timeframe, the majority received credit scores in the first and second years.ConclusionsEven though many individuals with thin files qualify for credit scores within a relatively short period of time, the wait time might be made even shorter if alternative credit data are used to help score them.
Evolutionary trajectories of duplicated FT homologues and their roles in soybean domestication
Authors: Wu Faqiang , Sedivy Eric J. , Price William Brian , Haider Waseem , Hanzawa Yoshie 
Published: February 2017

SummaryTo clarify the molecular bases of flowering time evolution in crop domestication, here we investigate the evolutionary fates of a set of four recently duplicated genes in soybean: FT2a, FT2b, FT2c and FT2d that are homologues of the floral inducer FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). While FT2a maintained the flowering inducer function, other genes went through contrasting evolutionary paths. FT2b evolved attenuated expression potentially associated with a transposon insertion in the upstream intergenic region, while FT2c and FT2d obtained a transposon insertion and structural rearrangement, respectively. In contrast to FT2b and FT2d whose mutational events occurred before the separation of G. max and G. soja, the evolution of FT2c is a G. max lineage specific event. The FT2c allele carrying a transposon insertion is nearly fixed in soybean landraces and differentiates domesticated soybean from wild soybean, indicating that this allele spread at the early stage of soybean domestication. The domesticated allele causes later flowering than the wild allele under short day and exhibits a signature of selection. These findings suggest that FT2c may have underpinned the evolution of photoperiodic flowering regulation in soybean domestication and highlight the evolutionary dynamics of this agronomically important gene family.