bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Influences Shooter Bias? The Effects of Suspect Race, Neighborhood, and Clothing on Decisions to Shoot
Authors: Kahn Kimberly Barsamian , Davies Paul G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPolice shooting deaths of unarmed Blacks and African Americans led to psychological research on the influence of racial stereotypes on decisions to shoot, an effect called shooter bias. This article investigates how contextual cues signaling threat or safety interact with the race of the target to moderate shooter bias. Across two experimental studies using a first person shooter task, participants viewed Black or White male targets who held either a neutral (wallet or cellphone) or dangerous (gun) object. Study 1 manipulated the perceived safety or threat associated with the neighborhood context these shooting decisions occurred in, and Study 2 manipulated the perceived safety or threat associated with the targets’ clothing. Participants made quick decisions to “shoot” or “not shoot” the presented target, with error rates serving as the dependent variable. Across both studies, results confirmed that racial bias in shooting decisions against Blacks was present in perceived threatening neighborhoods and in perceived threatening clothing, and it was reduced in perceived safe neighborhoods and when wearing perceived safe clothing. Results help to identify contextual factors that may lead to mistaken shooting decisions, which can be used to improve police training and decision making to reduce bias.
Killing Fields: Explaining Police Violence against Persons of Color
Authors: Jones James M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis concluding article situates the police violence against persons of color in an historical context, suggesting that the current wave of killings replicates historical trends. A social science explanation is proposed to better understand the antecedents and consequences of police violence. A major strength of the articles in this volume is their delineation of causes of police violence and their consequences. The underlying and recurring explanation for police violence is stereotypical racial attitudes and their behavioral consequences. Effects of police violence extend beyond immediate victims to include communities of color. Comparisons with European police suggest that while lethal actions by police in Europe are far fewer, patterns of brutality and its justification mirror the U.S. context. The problem of police violence against persons of color is multidimensional and complex. This article concludes that there is no easy overarching solution or “fix” to this violence. Rather, each facet must be carefully examined—as this volume has done—and approaches focused on causes and consequences of specific problems should be developed and pursued.
Fish catch and fishing practices in the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and watershed (Lao PDR)
Authors: Cottet Maud , Visser Theodorus A. M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA fish catch and fishing practice monitoring survey were conducted from 2008 to 2014 in villages adjacent to the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and its upstream tributaries. The reservoir fisheries exhibited – the three expected phases following impoundment (i.e. trophic upsurge, trophic depletion and stabilization, respectively). This study focused on assessing fish catches and fishing practices from communities living next to the reservoir, and those living upstream of the reservoir, over these phases, and to identify factors that could influence total fish catch. The fish catch appeared to be higher among communities located next to the reservoir, compared to communities living in upstream areas. Fish catches in the upstream tributaries remained relatively stable after impoundment, with a slight increase in the average catch. The reservoir exhibited a low fish yield, compared to similar reservoirs, which could be linked to its oligotrophic status. The majority of the total catch biomass of the reservoir was comprised primarily of two species (i.e. Oreochromis niloticus; Hampala macrolepidota) since a stabilization of the catches was observed. Reservoir fisheries appeared to be mainly driven by hydrological factors, specifically the influence of the rainy season peak. The results of this study indicated no over‐exploitation of fisheries occurred overall, although the fishery resource is still fragile. Fishing activities are known to occur in protected zones (productive areas with large inundated habitat areas), with higher annual total catch being observed during periods of poor enforcement of these zones. As fisheries have become an important income source for villagers living along the NT2 Reservoir, regulation and adequate management of the reservoir are recommended to maintain the reservoir fisheries as a sustainable activity.
A conceptual model of the risk of elder abuse posed by incontinence and care dependence
Authors: Ostaszkiewicz Joan 
Published: December 2017

Aims and objectivesTo describe and critically analyse the thinking that led to the concept of an association between incontinence, care dependence and elder abuse.BackgroundCoercive or abusive continence care practices include chastising a person for their incontinence and overriding their attempts to resist continence care. Neglect in continence care is characterised by withholding or delaying responding to requests for help to maintain continence or to manage incontinence, and restricting a person's access to toileting assistance, incontinence aids or hygiene care.MethodsContemporary biomedical understandings about incontinence and influencing concepts from the fields of sociology, psychology and nursing were analysed to inform the design of a conceptual model that elucidates possible associations between incontinence, care dependence and elder abuse.ResultsIdeas generated from an analysis of the concepts led to the development of a model termed the “Model of Attributes to Abuse of Dependent Elders in Continence Care” (MADE‐CC). The MADE‐CC theorises factors that cause and contribute to abuse in continence care. Carer factors include physical and emotional exhaustion, frustration related to the inability to control or predict incontinence, resentment associated with constraints imposed by care dependence, disgust associated with physical contact with urine/faeces, limited knowledge and skills about incontinence and ethical conflicts concerning care. Care recipient factors include frequent and severe incontinence, cognitive impairment and a history of physical or psychological trauma. Social factors that are theorised include the stigmatised nature of incontinence, social taboos and cultural norms and the private nature of continence care.ConclusionsThe MADE‐CC illuminates the potential risk of elder abuse posed by incontinence and care dependence. It should be used to improve ethical care of older people and stimulate debate about everyday ethics in the care of older people who are care dependent and to optimise their participation in decisions about their health and well‐being.Implications for practiceNurses and carers should be aware of the multiple interrelated factors that contribute to the risk of elder abuse in the caregiving encounter, including the role of emotions.
Multisensory processing and perceptual consciousness: Part II
Authors: Briscoe Robert Eamon 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe first part of this survey article offered a cartography of some of the more extensively studied forms of multisensory processing. In this second part, I turn to examining some of the different possible ways in which the structure of conscious perceptual experience might also be characterized as multisensory. In addition, I discuss the significance of research on multisensory processing and multisensory consciousness for philosophical debates concerning the modularity of perception, cognitive penetration, and the individuation of the senses.
A phylogenetic study of the worldwide tribe Cassidini Gyllenhal, 1813 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) based on morphological data
Authors: LÓPEZ‐PÉREZ SARA , ZARAGOZA‐CABALLERO SANTIAGO , OCHOTERENA HELGA , MORRONE JUAN J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCassidini Gyllenhal is the most diverse tribe in Cassidinae and the only one with worldwide distribution. Aspidimorphini have shown a close relationship with Cassidini in different studies, but phylogenetic studies to date have not clarified the relationship between these tribes. A cladistic analysis based on morphological characters was conducted to test the monophyly of Cassidini. Genera distributed in the New and Old World were sampled. The parsimony analysis includes 56 ingroup species, 37 outgroup species and 97 morphological characters. The results show no support for the monophyly of Cassidini, and Aspidimorphini is synonymized with Cassidinisyn.n.Moreover, Ischyrosonychini should be also included in Cassidini. Most of the genera represented in the analysis by more than one species were not recovered as monophyletic. Thus, the current internal classification of Cassidini s.l. needs a profound revision before taxonomy reflects natural groupings. The inclusion of evidence from immature stages, bionomics and molecular data should provide a better resolution of the relationships in Cassidini s.l.
Looking for new approaches for the use of serology in the context of control programmes against pig salmonellosis
Authors: Mainar‐Jaime R. C. , Casanova‐Higes A. , Andrés‐Barranco S. , Vico J. P. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryMost swine Salmonella national control programmes in Europe have been based on the categorization of herds according to risk levels based on serological results. However, none of the non‐Scandinavian countries have reported of any significant success on Salmonella infection reduction in fattening pigs or the number of human cases attributable to pigs or pork. The limited accuracy of the tests used, the small number of animals sampled and the likely lack of herd representativeness of the samples used could be major factors affecting the suitability of these programmes. Focusing on minimizing Salmonella shedding at slaughter appears more important to prevent human infections than focusing on detection of seropositive pigs/herds at this stage. This study assessed whether performing on‐farm serology may help to predict shedding at slaughter. Between 2010 and 2016, pigs from six cohorts from a Salmonella‐positive herd were bled at 30, 60 and 90 days on fattening and before slaughter, and faecal samples collected at slaughter. Serology on days 60, 90 and before slaughter predicted somewhat shedding at slaughter with no significant differences among them. Pigs with higher OD% values at these point times would have higher risk of shedding when arriving to slaughter. The probability of shedding for a pig sampled on day 90 and showing an OD% value of 10 was 43%, and the risk increased up to 65% if the OD% was 40. Concluding, on‐farm serology may help to determine to some extent the risk of Salmonella shedding at slaughter from seropositive fattening units, which would allow for prompt on‐farm and slaughter interventions to reduce the likelihood of slaughter contamination with Salmonella.
Genome Sequences of Mycobacteriophages Amgine, Amohnition, Bella96, Cain, DarthP, Hammy, Krueger, LastHope, Peanam, PhelpsODU, Phrank, SirPhilip, Slimphazie, and Unicorn
Authors: Anders Kirk R. , Barekzi Nazir , Best Aaron A. , Frederick Gregory D. , Mavrodi Dmitri V. , Vazquez Edwin ,   SEA-PHAGES, Amoh Nana Yaa A. , Baliraine Frederick N. , Buchser William J. , Cast Thomas P. , Chamberlain Carmen E. , Chung Hui-Min , D’Angelo William A. , Farris Christian T. , Fernandez-Martinez Mariceli , Fischman Haley D. , Forsyth Mark H. , Fortier Anna G. , Gallo Kara F. , Held Greta J. , Lomas Miguel A. , Maldonado-Vazquez Natalia Y. , Moonsammy Claudia H. , Namboote Peace , Paudel Sudip , Polley Sarah-Elizabeth M. , Reyes Gabriella M. , Rubin Michael R. , Saha Margaret S. , Stukey Joseph , Tobias Tristan D. , Garlena Rebecca A. , Stoner Ty H. , Cresawn Steven G. , Jacobs-Sera Deborah , Pope Welkin H. , Russell Daniel A. , Hatfull Graham F. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

We report the genome sequences of 14 cluster K mycobacteriophages isolated using
Mycobacterium smegmatis
mc²155 as host. Four are closely related to subcluster K1 phages, and 10 are members of subcluster K6. The phage genomes span considerable sequence diversity, including multiple types of integrases and integration sites.
The Completed PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequence of Methylosinus trichosporium Strain OB3b Reveals the Presence of a Third Large Plasmid
Authors: Heil John R. , Lynch Michael D. J. , Cheng Jiujun , Matysiakiewicz Ola , D’Alessio Maya , Charles Trevor C. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Presented here is the complete genome sequence of the well-studied
Rhizobiales
methanotroph
Methylosinus trichosporium
strain OB3b. The assembly contains 5,183,433 bp, corresponding to a chromosome of 4,508,832 bp and three circular plasmids of 285,280 bp, 209,102 bp, and 180,219 bp.
Illicit cigarette sales in Indian cities: findings from a retail survey
Authors: John Rijo M , Ross Hana 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo estimate illicit cigarette consumption in India using a modified and replicable method and compare it with estimates generated by the tobacco industry and by a commercial entity.MethodsThe study employed a modified approach to cigarette pack analysis suitable for countries with prevalent single-cigarette sales. Empty cigarette packs generated by 1 day’s single-cigarette sales were collected directly from cigarette vendors in four large and four small cities covering the length and breadth of India. Ten areas were randomly selected in each city/town, and all shops selling cigarettes within 1 km of the central point were surveyed. A cigarette pack was classified as illicit if it had at least one of the following attributes: (a) a duty-free sign; (b) no graphic health warnings; (c) no textual health warnings; or (d) no mention of ‘price inclusive of all taxes’ or similar text.FindingsWe collected 11 063 empty cigarette packs from 1727 retailers, and 2.73% of them were classified as illicit. The estimates varied substantially across locations with the highest prevalence of illicit packs in the town of Aizawl near the Bangladesh and Myanmar border (35.87%). The share of illicit cigarettes was found to be much higher (13.77%) among the cheapest cigarette brands. Illicit cigarettes are primarily distributed via formal stores rather than informal tea/pan shops.ConclusionOur estimate of the illicit cigarette market share of 2.73% casts serious doubt on the tobacco industry estimate of 20% and Euromonitor’s estimate of 21.3%.
Dual Inhibition of PIK3C3 and FGFR as a New Therapeutic Approach to Treat Bladder Cancer
Authors: Chen Chun-Han , Changou Chun A. , Hsieh Tsung-Han , Lee Yu-Ching , Chu Cheng-Ying , Hsu Kai-Cheng , Wang Hao-Ching , Lin Yu-Chen , Lo Yan-Ni , Liu Yun-Ru , Liou Jing-Ping , Yen Yun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPurpose: MPT0L145 has been developed as a FGFR inhibitor exhibiting significant anti-bladder cancer activity in vitro and in vivo via promoting autophagy-dependent cell death. Here, we aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Experimental Design: Autophagy flux, morphology, and intracellular organelles were evaluated by Western blotting, transmission electron microscope, and fluorescence microscope. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance assay were performed to identify drug–protein interaction. Lentiviral delivery of cDNA or shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing was used to modulate gene expression. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate was measured by a Seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer, and ROS level was measured by flow cytometry.Results: MPT0L145 persistently increased incomplete autophagy and phase-lucent vacuoles at the perinuclear region, which were identified as enlarged and alkalinized late-endosomes. Screening of a panel of lipid kinases revealed that MPT0L145 strongly inhibits PIK3C3 with a Kd value of 0.53 nmol/L. Ectopic expression of PIK3C3 reversed MPT0L145-increased cell death and incomplete autophagy. Four residues (Y670, F684, I760, D761) at the ATP-binding site of PIK3C3 are important for the binding of MPT0L145. In addition, MPT0L145 promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, and DNA damage, which may in part, contribute to cell death. ATG5-knockout rescued MPT0L145-induced cell death, suggesting simultaneous induction of autophagy is crucial to its anticancer activity. Finally, our data demonstrated that MPT0L145 is able to overcome cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer cells.Conclusions: MPT0L145 is a first-in-class PIK3C3/FGFR inhibitor, providing an innovative strategy to design new compounds that increase autophagy, but simultaneously perturb its process to promote bladder cancer cell death. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1176–89. ©2017 AACR.
Lymphatic drainage efficiency: a new parameter of lymphatic function
Authors: Keramida Georgia , Wroe Emma , Winterman Nicola , Aplin Mark , Peters A Michael 
Published: December 2017

Background Following convection from blood capillaries, plasma proteins are transported to loco-regional lymph nodes in two stages: first, uptake into peripheral lymphatics, and second, transport to nodes. Purpose To introduce a new parameter of lymphatic function that quantifies stage 2 – lymphatic drainage efficiency (LDE). Material and Methods Percentage injected activity (IIQ) in ilio-inguinal nodes 150 min following subcutaneous foot web-space injection of Tc-99 m-nanocolloid was measured in 102 patients undergoing lymphoscintigraphy using a method in which a standard is placed by image guidance over the nodes. Percentage activity leaving the injection depot by 150 min ( k) was measured in 60/102 patients. LDE (%) = 100 × (IIQ/ k). Abnormal lymphoscintigraphy was defined qualitatively as: (i) no activity in ilio-inguinal nodes at 45 min or negligible activity at 150 min (delay); (ii) lymph diversion through skin and/or deep system; and (iii) focal tracer accumulation suggesting cellulitis. Results Scintigraphy was bilaterally normal in 82 limbs, unilaterally normal in 40 limbs and abnormal in 82 limbs. IIQ correlated with k in bilaterally normal (r = 0.86; n = 52), unilaterally normal (r = 0.67; n = 27), and abnormal (r = 0.82; n = 41) limbs. IIQ, k, and LDE were significantly lower in unilaterally normal (9.3 ± 5.4%, 13.8 ± 7.1%, and 65 ± 30%) compared with bilaterally normal limbs (15.4 ± 8.4% [ P > 0.0001], 18.3 ± 8.9% [ P = 0.025], and 84 ± 30% [ P = 0.01]). LDE was lower in limbs displaying skin diversion and/or delay. Conclusion LDE is a new quantitative index that has potential value in clinical research but requires further clinical evaluation. Abnormal quantitative indices indicate that limbs unilaterally normal on lymphoscintigraphy are not functionally normal.
Parents’ and Child’s Concussion History as Predictors of Parental Attitudes and Knowledge of Concussion Recognition and Response
Authors: Kay Melissa C. , Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Ford Cassie B. , Williams Richelle M. , Valovich McLeod Tamara C. 
Published: December 2017

Background: Parents’ knowledge of and attitudes toward concussions are often vital factors that affect care for injured adolescent athletes. It is important to understand the role that parents’ personal experiences with concussions play with regard to current concussion knowledge and attitudes so that clinicians may tailor their educational approaches. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine an association between parents’ personal experiences and their child’s experiences with concussions as well as parental concussion knowledge and attitudes. We hypothesized that parents who have personally experienced symptoms or have a child who has experienced symptoms would have better knowledge and more favorable attitudes toward concussions. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Parents of youth sport athletes (N = 234 [82 male, 144 female, 8 unreported]; mean age, 44.0 ± 6.3 years) completed a prevalidated survey for concussion knowledge (maximum score possible, 29) and attitudes (maximum score possible, 49). Higher scores indicated better knowledge and more favorable attitudes toward concussive injuries. Parents reported the frequency of concussion diagnoses and/or experiences of concussion-related symptoms and whether their child had suffered a diagnosed concussion or experienced concussion symptoms (yes/no). Spearman rank correlation and multivariable regression were used to examine the association between experience of symptom clusters (self or child) and concussion knowledge and attitudes. Results: Knowledge was moderate (mean, 23.3 ± 2.5 of 29), while attitudes prioritized disclosure (mean, 46.3 ± 3.7 of 49). Parents’ experience of the sleep-arousal symptom cluster was positively associated with concussion attitudes ( r = 0.22, P = .002; β = –3.301, P = .011). Parents with children who experienced sleep-arousal and vestibular-somatic symptom clusters were weakly associated with parental concussion knowledge (sleep-arousal: r = 0.15, P = .041; vestibular-somatic: r = 0.17, P = .020; β = 0.540, P = .012). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that parents’ personal experiences with concussion-related symptoms have little effect on parental knowledge and attitudes as a whole. However, clinicians should consider particular symptom clusters that may provide insight into targets for future concussion education. According to these findings, parents of youth sport participants would benefit from increased concussion education focusing on the types of symptoms as well as the consequences of suffering a concussion.
Professional guideline versus product label selection for treatment with IV thrombolysis: An analysis from SITS registry
Authors: Cameron Alan C , Bogie James , Abdul-Rahim Azmil H , Ahmed Niaz , Mazya Michael , Mikulik Robert , Hacke Werner , Lees Kennedy R ,   for the Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke (SITS) Investigators
Published: December 2017

Introduction Thrombolysis usage in ischaemic stroke varies across sites. Divergent advice from professional guidelines and product labels may contribute. Patients and methods We analysed SITS-International registry patients enrolled January 2010 through June 2016. We grouped sites into organisational tertiles by number of patients arriving ≤2.5 h and treated ≤3 h, percentage arriving ≤2.5 h and treated ≤3 h, and numbers treated ≤3 h. We assigned scores of 1–3 (lower/middle/upper) per variable and 2 for onsite thrombectomy. We classified sites as lower efficiency (summed scores 3–5), medium efficiency (6–8) or higher efficiency (9–11). Sites were also grouped by adherence with European product label and ESO guideline: ‘label adherent’ (>95% on-label), ‘guideline adherent’ (≥5% off-label, ≥95% on-guideline) or ‘guideline non-adherent’ (>5% off-guideline). We cross-tabulated site-efficiency and adherence. We estimated the potential benefit of universally selecting by ESO guidance, using onset-to-treatment time-specific numbers needed to treat for day 90 mRS 0–1. Results A total of 56,689 patients at 597 sites were included: 163 sites were higher efficiency, 204 medium efficiency and 230 lower efficiency. Fifty-six sites were ‘label adherent’, 204 ‘guideline adherent’ and 337 ‘guideline non-adherent’. There were strong associations between site-efficiency and adherence (P < 0.001). Almost all ‘label adherent’ sites (55, 98%) were lower efficiency. If all patients were treated by ESO guidelines, an additional 17,031 would receive alteplase, which translates into 1922 more patients with favourable three-month outcomes. Discussion Adherence with product labels is highest in lower efficiency sites. Closer alignment with professional guidelines would increase patients treated and favourable outcomes. Conclusion Product labels should be revised to allow treatment of patients ≤4.5 h from onset and aged ≥80 years.