bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment of gas plume dispersion in bunkering of alternative fuel through validated computational fluid dynamics approach
Authors: Nguyen V.-T. , Raghavan V.S.G. , Quek R. , Leong J. , Boppana B. , Kang C.W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Maritime decarbonization is crucial in fighting climate change. Adopting low-carbon alternative fuels could help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50% by 2050 compared to 2008. While liquified natural gas (LNG) has gained a strong foothold in the maritime sector over the past decades, the trend is shifting toward adopting lower and zero-carbon hydrogen and its carriers, such as methanol and ammonia, as alternative fuels. Quantifying risks from accidental leakages during storage and transfer of these alternative fuels using numerical models is required and commonly adopted in industries. The process leverages multiple models and tools for risk assessments with different accuracy levels and costs ranging from integral models to Lagrangian techniques and Eulerian approaches such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Increasingly, CFD approaches are employed for near-field dispersion analysis to assess the risk of accidental leakages. Despite their high computational cost, CFD models offer better accuracy than integral and Lagrangian models. In this work, we developed a CFD-based framework as a quantitative tool for risk assessment purposes. Our framework aims to (1) offer finer gas dispersion resolution with a detailed representation of surrounding structures and geometries, (2) minimize reliance on assumptions and empirical models to capture flow dynamics and gas dispersions accurately, and (3) mitigate conservative estimates and over-design of safety measures.
The framework was validated using experimental data from various field tests, including a recent one involving releasing cryogenic liquids into the atmosphere. After successfully validating and comparing with experiments and other available tools, the proposed framework investigated gas plume dispersion from accidental leakages during fuel bunkering operations in ship-to-ship and shore-to-ship scenarios. The data obtained from CFD simulations was subsequently utilized to construct a surrogate model for fast prediction of gas plume behavior under varying environmental conditions. This facilitated the development of an effective emergency response plan.
A Conceptual Model for Automation of Small Ports
Authors: Hagaseth Marianne , Rostad Sæther Simen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For large ports and terminals, the loading and discharge operations have to a great extent been automated already. However, for the vast number of small ports, for instance all Norwegian ports, this large-scale automation is not possible due to the small size of the ports compared to the cost of introducing full automation. Still, these small ports are important logistics hubs in the transport system. They facilitate the shift from congested roads to the sea by allowing the goods to arrive closer to the final destination by using smaller, possibly autonomous, vessels. However, this puts pressure on the ports to facilitate reduced laytime in the port, to increase the port efficiency and to improve interoperability towards hinterland systems and terminals. For small ports, this means that manual and automated work processes need to exist side by side, and that it will be important to get an overview of which processes to automate and which will remain manual, in addition to the handling of the hand-over between humans and automation.
This paper describes a conceptual model that can be used by small ports as a starting point on their way to introduce automation of their services supporting the cargo flow through the port. The model includes a description of port functions, tasks and responsibilities and use the concept of operational envelope to define the overall capabilities of the system, including both automation and human. This will be the starting point for how to structure the description of an operation centre that monitor and control the maritime terminal operations.
The starting point for this work is a use case analysis performed in some small ports in Norway, and their need to optimize the utilization of their assets. The work is done as part of the AutoPort project which is a research project funded by the Norwegian Research Council (project number 337211). The goal of this work is to describe a methodology on how to identify the interface between automation and human operators when it comes to small ports and the movement of cargo through its terminals, and by this give a description on how different levels of automation can be implemented. The methodology consists of several steps, including definition of the context (big picture of the use case, actors and their roles, and communication), the scenario (port activities and processes), and the use cases including the control tasks performed by the automated systems.
Towards Integrated Safety Assurance Methodology for Autonomous Vessel Navigation Systems
Authors: Nakashima Takuya , Kureta Rui , Nakamura Jun 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Safety assurance remains paramount for the realization of autonomous vessels. A robust assurance methodology that can provide traceability throughout the design and verification process is necessary to demonstrate safety equivalence to that of conventional ships. However, there are few references that propose a holistic safety assurance scheme for autonomous ships, using actual engineering processes of ships as examples. This study proposes a design and development method for an autonomous navigation system that integrates Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and several verification methods including simulation-based tests to develop a comprehensive safety assurance scheme. This safety assurance scheme is being conducted as a case study for a newly constructed autonomous vessel. First, STPA can be performed on the conceptual design established by MBSE to extract additional safety requirements from the identified loss scenarios. Focusing on the process model in the loss scenario description leads to a deeper understanding of the system behavior. FMEA in addition identify potential component failure modes and their impact on system safety. The multi-level requirements that emerge from these activities are validated in test scenarios. Simulators are used to evaluate whether the autonomous navigation system’s safety can meet predefined pass criteria in some of the scenarios. These activities ensure traceability from safety goals to design decisions, allowing design changes and their impact on safety to be evaluated throughout the development lifecycle and allowing for more systematic ongoing monitoring during operations.
Safety Assurance of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships
Authors: Wylie M , Rajabally E 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Safety of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is inherently complex owing to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the maritime environment. This is exacerbated by the pace of change in enabling technologies and their disruptive impact. Integral to the safety assurance of MASS is assessment and mitigation of risk. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) defines Risk as “the combination of frequency and severity of the consequence”. The advent of software-controlled systems has introduced difficulties in quantifying frequencies; an issue which is more prevalent in the context of autonomy due to the complex interaction between control algorithms and the variabilities of the environment in which they are deployed. Within complex autonomous systems, therefore it is challenging to perform quantitative risk assessments using failure rates, which gives rise to a need for different techniques to assess risk. Novel risk assessment methodologies such as those presented in the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) Risk Based Assessment Tool (RBAT) combined with conventional risk assessment techniques can offer a solution to this challenge. Compliance with legislation and standards is another cornerstone of safety assurance, which is also inherently difficult for MASS vessels owing to their having been developed for conventional vessels. A goal-based approach to legislation compliance could present an interim solution until the IMO goal-based Maritime Autonomous Systems (MAS) provides harmonisation across the industry. Whilst MASS Safety assurance is non-trivial, there are solutions to many of the challenges faced; this paper examines the predominant challenges and presents potential solutions.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of landslide susceptibility under future climate change and land use scenarios
Authors: Ullah Kashif , Wang Yi , Li Penglei , Fang Zhice , Rahaman Mahfuzur , Ullah Safi , Hamed Mohammed Magdy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Mountainous landslides are expected to worsen due to environmental changes, yet few studies have quantified their future risks. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the eastern Hindukush region of Pakistan. A geospatial database was developed, and logistic regression was employed to evaluate baseline landslide susceptibility for 2020. Using the latest coupled model intercomparison project 6 models under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and the cellular automata-Markov model, we projected future rainfall and land use/land cover patterns for 2040, 2070, and 2100, respectively. Our results reveal significant changes in future rainfall and land use patterns, particularly in the long-term future (2070 and 2100). Future landslide susceptibility was then predicted based on these projections. By 2100, high-risk landslide areas are expected to increase substantially under all SSP scenarios, with the largest increases observed under SSP5-8.5 (56.52%), SSP2-4.5 (53.55%), and SSP1-2.6 (22.45%). By 2070, high-risk areas will rise by 43.08% (SSP1-2.6), 40.88% (SSP2-4.5), and 12.60% (SSP5-8.5). However, by 2040, the changes in high-risk areas are minimal compared to the baseline, with increases of 9.45% (SSP1-2.6), 1.69% (SSP2-4.5), and 7.63% (SSP5-8.5). These findings provide crucial insights into the relationship between environmental changes and landslide risks and support the development of climate risk mitigation, land use planning, and disaster management strategies for mountainous regions.
The Carpenter Adjustment
Authors: Kerr Orin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how courts should interpret Carpenter v. United States (2018), the Supreme Court’s blockbuster ruling that cell-site location records are protected under the Fourth Amendment. Carpenter is the Supreme Court’s equilibrium-adjustment for noncontent network information: it recognizes that some network metadata is new and that the translation from physical space to network environments should treat some metadata differently. The question is, Which Internet data qualifies? This chapter develops a three-part test to apply Carpenter to Internet information. It then applies the test to a few important types of Internet information, such as Internet protocol addresses, trip information, and Google search terms.
Ernst Laas
Authors: Beiser Frederick C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a study of the writings of Ernst Laas, one of the most neglected but also most prominent of the early German positivists. It first considers Laas’s Kants Analogien der Erfahrung, his early critique of Kant’s arguments in the Analogies of Experience. It then proceeds to an examination of Laas’s magnum opus, his three-volume Idealismus und Positivismus. It treats the central doctrine of Laas’s epistemology, his correlativism, which maintains that the subject and object are complementary sources of experience, that neither is conceivable without the other. Between 1879 and 1882 Laas wrote a series of articles on the topics of causality, freedom, and punishment; these are closely examined in Section 5 of this chapter. Laas’s critique of Kant in book III of Idealismus und Positivismus is then the subject of Section 7. Section 8 treats Laas’s philosophy of religion. The final section of this chapter, Section 9, is an examination of Laas’s late quarrel with Wilhelm Windelband over the role of teleology and the genetic method in Kant’s philosophy.
Richard Avenarius
Authors: Beiser Frederick C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Avenarius is best known as the founder of “empirio-criticism” and the editor of the Vierteljahrschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, the leading journal of positivism before Erkenntnis. Avenarius was an early advocate of radical empiricism; his empirio-criticism was basically a critical philosophy with an empiricist edge. Kant had not taken his critical philosophy far enough, Avenarius believed, because he left the scholastic residue of a priori principles, intuitions, and concepts. The main work of Avenarius’s philosophy was his Kritik der reinen Erfahrung, whose goal was to eliminate all a priori elements from experience. This chapter examines some of the early sources of Avenarius’s philosophy: his early study of Spinoza; his Habilitationsschrift; his introduction to the Vierteljahrschrift; and his dispute with Hermann Ulrici about scientific philosophy. Section 5 is a brief examination of Avenarius’s Kritik der reinen Erfahrung, while Section 6 treats his Der menschliche Weltbegriff. The final section, Section 7, is an examination of Avenarius’s neglected final articles, which were an attempt to give a last clarification of his critique of pure experience.
Itinerary of a Christian Ex-Boko Haram bomb maker in Cameroon
Authors: Sumo Tayo Raoul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper is a biography of Paul, a Christian who joined Boko Haram and became one of its prominent bomb makers. After coming out of the underground, he became an army auxiliary in Kolofata and its environs, in the far north of Cameroon. Paul’s autobiographical narratives were cross-checked with other sources, including interviews with former insurgents and hostages, and officials of the Cameroonian army and the Multinational Joint Task Force. Paul’s narrative offers insight to understand why an individual would join, make a career in, and leave a terrorist group. His life story highlights the issue of human rights in the context of counterinsurgency and the importance of psychological operations in the fight against Boko Haram.
Choline chloride and N-allylglycine promote plant growth by increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis
Authors: Ikeda Naoki , Kamimura Mayu , Uesugi Kousaku , Kobayashi Takeshi , Che Fang-Sik 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We previously reported that choline chloride and N-allylglycine stimulate photosynthesis in wheat protoplasts. Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa plants with both compounds promoted growth and photosynthesis. To clarify the relationship between the enhancement of photosynthesis and increased growth, A. thaliana T87 cells, which show photosynthesis-dependent growth, and YG1 cells, which use sugar in the medium for growth, were treated with choline chloride or N-allylglycine. Only the T87 cells showed increased growth, suggesting that choline chloride and N-allylglycine promote growth by increasing photosynthetic activity. Transcriptome analysis using choline chloride- and N-allylglycine-treated plants showed that the most abundant transcripts corresponded to photosynthetic electron transfer-related genes among the genes upregulated by both compounds. Furthermore, the compounds also upregulate genes encoding transcription factors that may control the expression of these photosynthetic genes. These results suggest that choline chloride and N-allylglycine promote photosynthesis through increased expression of photosynthetic electron transfer-related genes.
Firm interconnectedness and resilience: evidence from the Italian manufacturing
Authors: Shaheen Ibrahim , Brakman Steven , Canello Jacopo , Garretsen Harry 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This article explores how firm interconnectedness determines firm-level resilience. We argue that firms that engage in outward foreign direct investment are more interconnected, and therefore better equipped to deal with structural and economic shocks, than firms that are not engaged in outward foreign investment. Interconnectedness is measured along two dimensions; cross-border firm linkages and embeddedness in interconnected regions. We use a sample of 13,000 Italian manufacturing firms during the period 2008–2011. We find a positive association between firm interconnectedness and resilience. Moreover, we find the firms that operate in more interconnected regions to be more resilient than firms that operate in relatively isolated regions. Our results offer new insights into the complex interaction between firm and regional interconnectedness.
Multiple stressors disrupt sex hormones and fitness outcomes: effects of hypoxia and turbidity on an African cichlid fish
Authors: Williams Bethany L , Pintor Lauren M , Tiarks Jai , Gray Suzanne M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Freshwater organisms face a complex array of environmental stressors that can negatively affect endocrine function and subsequent fitness outcomes. Hypoxia and turbidity are two environmental stressors that are increasing due to human activities that could lead to endocrine disruption and reduced reproductive output. Our research addresses how hypoxia and elevated turbidity affect traits related to reproductive success, specifically sex hormone concentrations, investment in reproductive tissues and body size. We used wild fish from two populations (a river and a swamp) of an African cichlid, Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor, to produce offspring that were reared in a full factorial split brood rearing experiment (hypoxic/normoxic × clear/turbid). River and swamp populations represent divergent habitat types with respect to the stressors of interest, being well-oxygenated but turbid or hypoxic and clear, respectively. Overall, we found evidence for plastic responses to both stressors. Specifically, we found that there was an interactive effect of oxygen and turbidity on testosterone in males from both populations. Additionally, males of both populations reared under hypoxic conditions were significantly smaller in both mass and standard length than those raised under normoxic conditions and invested less in reproductive tissues (quantified as gonadosomatic index). Hypoxia and turbidity are experienced naturally by this species, and these environmental stressors did not affect the number of eggs laid by females when experienced in the absence of another stressor (i.e. normoxic/turbid or hypoxic/clear). However, there was an interactive effect of hypoxia and turbidity, as females reared and maintained under this treatment combination laid fewer eggs. This research underscores the importance of considering the possibility of stressor interactions when determining how anthropogenic stressors affect fitness outcomes.
PheNormGPT: a framework for extraction and normalization of key medical findings
Authors: Soysal Ekin , Roberts Kirk 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This manuscript presents PheNormGPT, a framework for extraction and normalization of key findings in clinical text. PheNormGPT relies on an innovative approach, leveraging large language models to extract key findings and phenotypic data in unstructured clinical text and map them to Human Phenotype Ontology concepts. It utilizes OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4 models with fine-tuning and few-shot learning strategies, including a novel few-shot learning strategy for custom-tailored few-shot example selection per request. PheNormGPT was evaluated in the BioCreative VIII Track 3: Genetic Phenotype Extraction from Dysmorphology Physical Examination Entries shared task. PheNormGPT achieved an F1 score of 0.82 for standard matching and 0.72 for exact matching, securing first place for this shared task.
GLP-1 Analog Use is Associated With Improved Disease Course in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Report from the Epi-IIRN
Authors: Gorelik Yuri , Ghersin Itai , Lujan Rona , Shlon Dima , Loewenberg Weisband Yiska , Ben-Tov Amir , Matz Eran , Zacay Galia , Dotan Iris , Turner Dan , Bar-Yoseph Haggai 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
The growing use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and obesity necessitates studies about their use in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

Methods
Data on patients with DM2 were retrieved from an Israeli nationwide cohort of patients with IBD (epi-IIRN), recording GLP-1 analog exposure for at least 6 months. The primary outcome was poor disease outcomes (ie, composite of steroid dependence, initiation of advanced IBD therapy, hospitalization, surgery, or death). Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying covariables were used to assess the impact of GLP-1 use on outcomes during follow-up.

Results
We included 3737 patients (24 338 patient-years) with IBD and DM2 [50.4% ulcerative colitis (UC)], of whom 633 were treated with GLP-1 analogs. Accounting for demographics IBD/DM2 related variables, medication use, and laboratory measurements, GLP-1 analog use was associated with reduced composite outcome in the full cohort (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-0.89) and in each subtype [UC (aHR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.96) and Crohn’s disease (aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.99)]. Similar trends were seen in multivariate analyses of each individual outcome, although only hospitalization was significant (aHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.91). The protective effect of GLP-1 analogs was seen in patients with obesity (aHR 0.61, 95% CI 0.50-0.77), but not in non-obese (aHR 0.94, 95% CI 0.67-1.31).

Conclusions
GLP-1 analogs are associated with improved outcomes in IBD, specifically in patients with obesity. The mechanisms of these effects require further investigation as well as their role in patients without DM2.
Genomic prediction of cereal crop architectural traits using models informed by gene regulatory circuitries from maize
Authors: Bertolini Edoardo , Manjunath Mohith , Ge Weihao , Murphy Matthew D , Inaoka Mirai , Fliege Christina , Eveland Andrea L , Lipka Alexander E 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Plant architecture is a major determinant of planting density, which enhances productivity potential for crops per unit area. Genomic prediction is well positioned to expedite genetic gain of plant architectural traits since they are typically highly heritable. Additionally, the adaptation of genomic prediction models to query predictive abilities of markers tagging certain genomic regions could shed light on the genetic architecture of these traits. Here, we leveraged transcriptional networks from a prior study that contextually described developmental progression during tassel and leaf organogenesis in maize (Zea mays) to inform genomic prediction models for architectural traits. Since these developmental processes underlie tassel branching and leaf angle, 2 important agronomic architectural traits, we tested whether genes prioritized from these networks quantitatively contribute to the genetic architecture of these traits. We used genomic prediction models to evaluate the ability of markers in the vicinity of prioritized network genes to predict breeding values of tassel branching and leaf angle traits for 2 diversity panels in maize and diversity panels from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and rice (Oryza sativa). Predictive abilities of markers near these prioritized network genes were similar to those using whole-genome marker sets. Notably, markers near highly connected transcription factors from core network motifs in maize yielded predictive abilities that were significantly greater than expected by chance in not only maize but also closely related sorghum. We expect that these highly connected regulators are key drivers of architectural variation that are conserved across closely related cereal crop species.