bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fc gamma receptor IIIb polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease susceptibility and identification of a novel FCGR3B*01 variant
Authors: Santos V C , Grecco M , Pereira K M C , Terzian C C N , Andrade L E C , Silva N P 
Published: March 2016

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between Fc gamma receptor IIIb polymorphism and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and clinical traits of the disease. Methods Genomic DNA was obtained from 303 consecutive systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 300 healthy blood donors from the southeastern region of Brazil. The polymorphic region of the FCGR3B gene was sequenced and the alleles FCGR3B* 01, FCGR3B* 02 and FCGR3B* 03 were analyzed. Results The FCGR3B* 01 allele was more frequent in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (43.1%) while the FCGR3B* 02 allele prevailed among controls (63.7%) ( P = 0.001). The FCGR3B* 03 allele was found equally in both groups. The FCGR3B* 01/* 01 (20.7%) and FCGR3B* 01/* 02 (41.1%) genotypes were more frequent among systemic lupus erythematosus patients ( P = 0.028 and P = 0.012, respectively) while the FCGR3B* 02/* 02 genotype was more frequent in controls (45.5%) ( P < 0.001). One variant of the FCGR3B* 01 allele previously described in Germany was found in only one control. A new variant of the FCGR3B*01 allele with two substitutions ( A227G/G277A) was found in one control . Three variants of the FCGR3B* 02 allele previously described in African-Americans, Brazilians, Chinese and Japanese were found in ten 10 patients and two controls. In addition, several single nucleotide polymorphisms at non-polymorphic positions were identified in both patients and controls . Conclusion Susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus was associated with the FCGR3B* 01 allele, as well as with the FCGR3B* 01/* 01 and FCGR3B* 01/* 02 genotypes . No association was found between FCGR3B genotypes and clinical manifestations, disease severity or the presence of autoantibodies.
A investigating on pre-service secondary school mathematics teachers’ perceptions of the concept of problem<p>Ortaokul matematik öğretmen adaylarının problem kavramına ilişkin algıları üzerine bir inceleme
Authors: Baş Fatih , Özturan Sağırlı Meryem 
Published: March 2016

In this study, it is aimed to define the perception of problem concept formed in pre-service secondary school mathematics teachers’ mind on account of their own definitions and the qualification problems posed by them. The research was designed on the basis of the case study method. Participants consist of 51 pre-service secondary school mathematics teachers; 23 of them were second graders at the university, other 28 were fourth graders. Data, collected with an open-ended questionairre prepared as data collection tool, were analysed with descriptive analysis and contents analysis. From the results, it was determined that the shape problem concept in pre-service mathematics teachers’ mind is mainly a situation that creating problem. Yet, during the definition of problem concept, the situation of solving procedure firstly not being ready, were not emphasized by most of the pre-service teachers. In accordance with those perceptions, even the problems posed by the participants were realized to be solved easily in the process of mathematical operations. In order to crate a more correct problem perception in pre service teachers’ minds, it is suggested to provide comparing them with the situations- examples consisting all the specialities contained in the concept. ÖzetBu araştırmada ortaokul matematik öğretmen adaylarının zihinlerinde oluşan problem kavramı algısının kendi tanımlamaları ve kurdukları problemlerin nitelikleri üzerinden ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma durum çalışması yöntemi temel alınarak dizayn edilmiştir. Çalışma grubu 23’ü ikinci 28’si ise dördüncü sınıfta öğrenim görmekte olan 51 ortaokul matematik öğretmen adayından oluşmaktadır. Hazırlanan açık uçlu anket formu ile toplanan veriler betimsel analize ve içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Ulaşılan bulgulardan hareketle öğretmen adaylarının zihnindeki problem kavramının daha çok sorun teşkil eden durum şeklinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Fakat problem kavramını ifade ederken problemin ilk bakışta çözüm prosedürünün hali hazırda olmaması durumu öğretmen adaylarının çok büyük bir bölümü tarafından vurgulanmamıştır. Bu algılara paralel olarak katılımcıların kurdukları problemlerin de çoğunlukla matematiksel işlemlerin uygulanmasıyla rahatlıkla çözülebilen nitelikte olduğu görülmüştür. Öğretmen adaylarının zihninde daha doğru bir problem algısı oluşturabilmek için kavramın sahip olduğu tüm özellikleri içinde barındıran durumlarla-örneklerle karşılaşmalarının sağlanması önerilmektedir.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Vinylation with Potassium Alkenyltrifluoroborates
Authors: Hamilton James Y. , Sarlah David , Carreira* Erick M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Iridium‐catalyzed allylic vinylation affords highly enantioenriched 1,4‐dienes directly from allylic alcohols and potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates. The reaction displays high regioselectivity under conditions that circumvent hazardous handling of hydrofluoric acid. Furthermore, this catalytic enantioselective transformation can be conveniently performed without exclusion of air or moisture, using technical grade solvents. Alternatively, similar structural motifs can be accessed by Cu‐catalyzed processes for allylic substitution of allylic phosphates with vinylaluminum and vinylboronic acid ester reagents, reported by Hoveyda and Hayashi, respectively.
Phosphorus(
III
)‐Mediated Reductive Condensation of α‐Keto Esters and Protic Pronucleophiles
Authors: Zhao Wei , Radosevich* Alexander T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Phosphorus(III) reagents are known to undergo reaction with 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds to give adducts of formal
P
‐addition to the carbonyl oxygen (Kukhtin‐Ramirez reaction). We have shown that these Kukhtin‐Ramirez adducts further react to incorporate a range of
N
‐,
O
‐, and
C
‐based protic pronucleophiles with expulsion of a phosphine oxide by‐product. The process likely proceeds in stepwise fashion, initiated by proton transfer from the protic pronucleophile to the Kukhtin‐Ramirez adduct, followed by Arbuzov‐like displacement of the phosphine oxide leaving group. This reaction sequence therefore represents a convenient one pot process for access to a range of α–functionalized carbonyl compounds from readily available reagents and precursors.
Dipeptide Syntheses via Activated α‐Aminoesters
Authors: Suppo Jean‐Simon , de Figueiredo* Renata Marcia , Campagne* Jean‐Marc 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis of dipeptides by use of activated α‐aminoesters (obtained from α‐aminoesters and inexpensiveN,N'‐carbonyldiimidazole‐CDI). These activated compounds are prepared under mild conditions. They are readily purified by simple filtration over silica gel and they are stable for months when stored at 4 °C.
Organocatalyzed Direct Asymmetric α—Hydroxymethylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Boeckman Jr.* Robert K. , Tusch Douglas J. , Biegasiewicz Kyle F. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

This article reports the organocatalyzed direct asymmetric α‐hydroxymethylation of aldehydes. The direct asymmetric α‐hydroxymethylation of isovaleraldehyde catalyzed by (
S
)‐1,1‐diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether. Our method is mild, and tolerates a variety of functional groups including alkynes, aromatics, silylated alcohols and esters. The method uses easily handled aqueous formaldehyde, and employs a catalytic amount of a chiral catalyst, affording in one step a synthetically versatile chiral intermediate for further elaboration.
Algorithms and software for U‐Pb geochronology by LA‐ICPMS
Authors: McLean Noah M. , Bowring James F. , Gehrels George 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe past 15 years have produced numerous innovations in geochronology, including experimental methods, instrumentation, and software that are revolutionizing the acquisition and application of geochronological data. For example, exciting advances are being driven by Laser‐Ablation ICP Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS), which allows for rapid determination of U‐Th‐Pb ages with 10s of micrometer‐scale spatial resolution. This method has become the most commonly applied tool for dating zircons, constraining a host of geological problems. The LA‐ICPMS community is now faced with archiving these data with associated analytical results and, more importantly, ensuring that data meet the highest standards for precision and accuracy and that interlaboratory biases are minimized. However, there is little consensus with regard to analytical strategies and data reduction protocols for LA‐ICPMS geochronology. The result is systematic interlaboratory bias and both underestimation and overestimation of uncertainties on calculated dates that, in turn, decrease the value of data in repositories such as EarthChem, which archives data and analytical results from participating laboratories. We present free open‐source software that implements new algorithms for evaluating and resolving many of these discrepancies. This solution is the result of a collaborative effort to extend the U‐Pb_Redux software for the ID‐TIMS community to the LA‐ICPMS community. Now named ET_Redux, our new software automates the analytical and scientific workflows of data acquisition, statistical filtering, data analysis and interpretation, publication, community‐based archiving, and the compilation and comparison of data from different laboratories to support collaborative science.
Seismic attenuation structure associated with episodic tremor and slip zone beneath Shikoku and the Kii peninsula, southwestern Japan, in the Nankai subduction zone
Authors: Kita Saeko , Matsubara Makoto 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe three‐dimensional seismic attenuation structure (frequency‐independent Q) beneath southwestern Japan was analyzed using t* estimated by applying the S coda wave spectral ratio method to the waveform data from a dense permanent seismic network. The seismic attenuation (Qp−1) structure is clearly imaged for the region beneath Shikoku, the Kii peninsula, and eastern Kyushu at depths down to approximately 50 km. At depths of 5 to 35 km, the seismic attenuation structure changes at the Median tectonic line and other geological boundaries beneath Shikoku and the southwestern Kii peninsula. High‐Qp zones within the lower crust of the overlying plate are found just above the slip regions at the centers of the long‐term slow‐slip events (SSEs) beneath the Bungo and Kii channels and central Shikoku. Beneath central Shikoku, within the overlying plate, a high‐Qp zone bounded by low‐Qp zones is located from the land surface to the plate interface of the subducting plate. The high‐Qp zone and low‐Qp zones correspond to high‐Vp and low‐Vp zones of previous study, respectively. The boundaries of the high‐ and low‐Qp zones are consistent with the segment boundaries of tremors (segment boundaries of short‐term SSEs). These results indicated that the locations of the long‐ and short‐term SSEs could be limited by the inhomogeneous distribution of the materials and/or condition of the overlying plate, which is formed due to geological and geographical process. The heterogeneity of materials and/or condition within the fore‐arc crust possibly makes an effect on inhomogeneous rheological strength distribution on the interface.
Application of open‐source photogrammetric software MicMac for monitoring surface deformation in laboratory models
Authors: Galland Olivier , Bertelsen Håvard S. , Guldstrand Frank , Girod Luc , Johannessen Rikke F. , Bjugger Fanny , Burchardt Steffi , Mair Karen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractQuantifying deformation is essential in modern laboratory models of geological systems. This paper presents a new laboratory monitoring method through the implementation of the open‐source software MicMac, which efficiently implements photogrammetry in Structure‐from‐Motion algorithms. Critical evaluation is provided using results from two example laboratory geodesy scenarios: magma emplacement and strike‐slip faulting. MicMac automatically processes images from synchronized cameras to compute time series of digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthorectified images of model surfaces. MicMac also implements digital image correlation to produce high‐resolution displacements maps. The resolution of DEMs and displacement maps corresponds to the pixel size of the processed images. Using 24 MP cameras, the precision of DEMs and displacements is ~0.05 mm on a 40 × 40 cm surface. Processing displacement maps with Matlab® scripts allows automatic fracture mapping on the monitored surfaces. MicMac also offers the possibility to integrate 3‐D models of excavated structures with the corresponding surface deformation data. The high resolution and high precision of MicMac results and the ability to generate virtual 3‐D models of complex structures make it a very promising tool for quantitative monitoring in laboratory models of geological systems.
Composition of conglomerates analyzed by the Curiosity rover: Implications for Gale Crater crust and sediment sources
Authors: Mangold N. , Thompson L. M. , Forni O. , Williams A. J. , Fabre C. , Le Deit L. , Wiens R. C. , Williams R. , Anderson R. B. , Blaney D. L. , Calef F. , Cousin A. , Clegg S. M. , Dromart G. , Dietrich W. E. , Edgett K. S. , Fisk M. R. , Gasnault O. , Gellert R. , Grotzinger J. P. , Kah L. , Le Mouélic S. , McLennan S. M. , Maurice S. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Newsom H. E. , Palucis M. C. , Rapin W. , Sautter V. , Siebach K. L. , Stack K. , Sumner D. , Yingst A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Curiosity rover has analyzed various detrital sedimentary rocks at Gale Crater, among which fluvial and lacustrine rocks are predominant. Conglomerates correspond both to the coarsest sediments analyzed and the least modified by chemical alteration, enabling us to link their chemistry to that of source rocks on the Gale Crater rims. In this study, we report the results of six conglomerate targets analyzed by Alpha‐Particle X‐ray Spectrometer and 40 analyzed by ChemCam. The bulk chemistry derived by both instruments suggests two distinct end‐members for the conglomerate compositions. The first group (Darwin type) is typical of conglomerates analyzed before sol 540; it has a felsic alkali‐rich composition, with a Na2O/K2O > 5. The second group (Kimberley type) is typical of conglomerates analyzed between sols 540 and 670 in the vicinity of the Kimberley waypoint; it has an alkali‐rich potassic composition with Na2O/K2O < 2. The variety of chemistry and igneous textures (when identifiable) of individual clasts suggest that each conglomerate type is a mixture of multiple source rocks. Conglomerate compositions are in agreement with most of the felsic alkali‐rich float rock compositions analyzed in the hummocky plains. The average composition of conglomerates can be taken as a proxy of the average igneous crust composition at Gale Crater. Differences between the composition of conglomerates and that of finer‐grained detrital sediments analyzed by the rover suggest modifications by diagenetic processes (especially for Mg enrichments in fine‐grained rocks), physical sorting, and mixing with finer‐grained material of different composition.
Wind‐driven water motions in wetlands with emergent vegetation
Authors: Tse Ian C. , Poindexter Cristina M. , Variano Evan A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWetland biogeochemical transformations are affected by flow and mixing in wetland surface water. We investigate the influence of wind on wetland water flow by simultaneously measuring wind and surface water velocities in an enclosed freshwater wetland during 1 day of strong‐wind conditions. Water velocities are measured using a Volumetric Particle Imager while wind velocities are measured via sonic‐anemometer. Our measurements indicate that the wind interacting with the vegetation canopy generates coherent billows and that these billows are the dominant source of momentum into the wetland water column. Spectral analysis of velocity time series shows that the spectral peak in water velocity is aligned with the spectral peak of in‐canopy wind velocity, and that this peak corresponds with the Kelvin‐Helmholtz billow frequency predicted by mixing layer theory. We also observe a strong correlation in the temporal pattern of velocity variance in the air and water, with high variance events having similar timing and duration both above and below the air‐water interface. Water‐side variance appears coupled with air‐side variance at least down to 5 cm, while the theoretical Stokes' solution predicts momentum transfer down to only 2 mm assuming transfer via molecular viscosity alone. This suggests that the wind‐driven flow contributed to significant mixing in the wetland water column.
Closed‐flow column experiments—Insights into solute transport provided by a damped oscillating breakthrough behavior
Authors: Ritschel Thomas , Totsche Kai Uwe 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTransport studies that employ column experiments in closed‐flow mode complement classical approaches by providing new characteristic features observed in the solute breakthrough and equilibrium between liquid and solid phase. Specific to the closed‐flow mode is the recirculation of the effluent to the inflow via a mixing vessel. Depending on the ratio of volumes of mixing vessel and water‐filled pore space, a damped oscillating solute concentration emerges in the effluent and mixing vessel. The oscillation characteristics, e.g., frequency, amplitude, and damping, allow for the investigation of solute transport in a similar fashion as known for classical open‐flow column experiments. However, the closed loop conserves substances released during transport within the system. In this way, solute and porous medium can equilibrate with respect to physicochemical conditions. With this paper, the features emerging in the breakthrough curves of saturated column experiments run in closed‐flow mode and methods of evaluation are illustrated under experimental boundary conditions forcing the appearance of oscillations. We demonstrate that the effective pore water volume and the pumping rate can be determined from a conservative tracer breakthrough curve uniquely. In this way, external preconditioning of the material, e.g., drying, can be avoided. A reactive breakthrough experiment revealed a significant increase in the pore water pH value as a consequence of the closed loop. These results highlight the specific impact of the closed mass balance. Furthermore, the basis for the modeling of closed‐flow experiments is given by the derivation of constitutive equations and numerical implementation, validated with the presented experiments.
Modeling jointly low, moderate, and heavy rainfall intensities without a threshold selection
Authors: Naveau Philippe , Huser Raphael , Ribereau Pierre , Hannart Alexis 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn statistics, extreme events are often defined as excesses above a given large threshold. This definition allows hydrologists and flood planners to apply Extreme‐Value Theory (EVT) to their time series of interest. Even in the stationary univariate context, this approach has at least two main drawbacks. First, working with excesses implies that a lot of observations (those below the chosen threshold) are completely disregarded. The range of precipitation is artificially shopped down into two pieces, namely large intensities and the rest, which necessarily imposes different statistical models for each piece. Second, this strategy raises a nontrivial and very practical difficultly: how to choose the optimal threshold which correctly discriminates between low and heavy rainfall intensities. To address these issues, we propose a statistical model in which EVT results apply not only to heavy, but also to low precipitation amounts (zeros excluded). Our model is in compliance with EVT on both ends of the spectrum and allows a smooth transition between the two tails, while keeping a low number of parameters. In terms of inference, we have implemented and tested two classical methods of estimation: likelihood maximization and probability weighed moments. Last but not least, there is no need to choose a threshold to define low and high excesses. The performance and flexibility of this approach are illustrated on simulated and hourly precipitation recorded in Lyon, France.
Observational evidence for aerosol invigoration in shallow cumulus downstream of Mount Kilauea
Authors: Mace G. G. , Abernathy A. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractKnowledge of how marine boundary layer (MBL) shallow cumulus clouds respond to changes in aerosol is central to understanding how MBL clouds modulate the climate system. Mount Kilauea on the island of Hawaii began erupting in 2008 injecting substantial SO2 into the marine boundary layer creating a unique natural laboratory. Examining data from approximately 600 passes of the A‐Train downstream of Mount Kilauea over a 3 year period and separating data into aerosol optical depth quartiles, we find an unambiguous increase in marine boundary cloud top height and an increase in surface wind speed as aerosol increases while the radar reflectivity does not change substantially. We conclude that increased aerosols may have caused invigoration of the MBL clouds. Additionally, we find that increases in sub 1 km cloud fraction combined with increasing aerosol explain the increased visible reflectance suggesting that evidence for the so‐called first aerosol indirect effect should be reexamined.
The latitudinal dependence of the oceanic barotropic eddy kinetic energy and macroturbulence energy transport
Authors: Chemke R. , Kaspi Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGeostrophic turbulence theory predicted already a few decades ago an inverse energy cascade in the barotropic mode, yet there has been limited evidence for it in the ocean. In this study, the latitudinal behavior of the oceanic barotropic energy balance and macroturbulent scales is studied using the ECCO2 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean) state estimate, which synthesizes satellite data and in situ measurements with a high‐resolution general circulation model containing realistic bathymetry and wind forcing. It is found that inverse energy cascade occurs at high latitudes, as eddy‐eddy interactions spread the conversion of eddy kinetic energy from the baroclinic to the barotropic mode, both upscale and downscale. At these latitudes, the conversion scale of baroclinic eddy kinetic energy and the energy‐containing scale follow the most unstable and Rhines scales, respectively. Even though an inverse energy cascade occurs at high latitudes, the energy spectrum follows a steeper slope than the −5/3 slope. Different than classic arguments, the Rossby deformation radius does not follow the baroclinic conversion and most unstable scales.