bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxynitride Glasses
Authors: Loehman Ronald E. 
Published: August 2016

Research on oxynitride glasses has expanded considerably since the first systematic compositional investigations were begun some ten years ago. This review will briefly introduce that work with an emphasis on more recent developments. Also included is some discussion of the applications of oxynitride glasses in both bulk and thin film form. The literature review is selective, however, and the recently developed phosphorus oxynitride glasses are only briefly mentioned. For more detailed information on earlier work on silicon oxynitride glasses see the reviews by Jack and Loehman. For discussions of phosphorus oxynitride glasses see Marchand, Peng and Day, and Rajaram and Day.The development of bulk oxynitride glasses has been closely associated with research on Si3N4and other nitrogen-containing ceramics. The initial discovery that large amounts of nitrogen can be incorporated in silicate glasses originated with analyses of glassy grain boundary phases in Si3N4that was hot-pressed or sintered with different additives to promote liquid phase formation at the processing temperature. (Some applications of oxynitride glasses take advantage of that close connection to Si3N4. See Applications of Oxynitride Glasses below.) Later, systematic study of the bulk oxynitride glasses showed that nitrogen incorporation increases density, hardness, glass transition temperature and fracture toughness, and, to a certain extent, decreases the thermal expansion coefficient. Nitrogen additions also tend to lower glass solubility in aqueous solutions.
Halide Glasses
Authors: Moynihan Cornelius T. 
Published: August 2016

The term “halide glass” refers to glasses in which the anions are from elements in Group VIIA of the periodic table, namely, F, Cl, Br and I, as opposed, for example, to “oxide glasses,” such as silicates, borates, phosphates, etc. Two known single component halide melts are glassforming, BeF2and ZnCl2, but the majority of halide glasses are multicomponent. Practical interest in halide glasses has been generated almost entirely by their optical properties, which cannot be duplicated in a more conventional oxide glass. Barriers to the practical deployment of halide glasses have their origin in materials properties in which they can be markedly inferior to oxide glasses, e.g., mechanical strength, resistance of the melt to crystallization, chemical durability, etc.In the past decade there has been considerable and accelerating research activity in the area of halide glass science and engineering. Halide glass research up to 1980 has been reviewed by Baldwin et al. and oxide and halide glasses for laser applications have been compared by Weber. Four international symposia on halide glass science and engineering have been held in the period 1982–1987, the proceedings of the last two of which have been or will be shortly published. The proceedings of a 1986 NATO-sponsored meeting on halide glasses have also been published in book form.
Multidisciplinary Graduate Programs in Materials
Authors: Johnson Herbert H. 
Published: August 2016

What constitutes a strong multidisciplinary program in materials? Does a strong multidisciplinary program require strong disciplines? What are the differences (if any) between interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, crossdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary programs? Are thrust areas essential components of a good multidisciplinary program? What is the role of central facilities in multidisciplinary research and education? Are there intrinsic differences between the activities of graduate students in multidisciplinary and single-investigator programs? Is peer review appropriate and, equally important, feasible for large multidisciplinary programs?This family of questions is of increasing interest and some concern in both the academic and funding segments of the national materials community. It does not appear to be a major issue in either the industrial or national laboratory arenas, where the funding practices, organizational patterns, and in some respects the research and development goals, are different from those in the research universities. An essential distinction is the presence of a formal education component in the graduate materials programs in the universities. However, in discussions of academic materials research programs, both funder and (regrettably) fundee occasionally relegate purely educational aspects to the background.Multidisciplinary and block-funded programs are a steadily increasing fraction of the total research support in materials available to universities. Some 30 years ago virtually all university research in materials-related subjects was supported through single-investigator grants.
Up Close: Materials Division of NASA-Lewis Research Center
Authors: Abel Phillip 
Published: August 2016

The Materials Division in the Aerospace Technology Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Lewis Research Center has a distinguished history of contributions to advanced materials research and development. Located in Cleveland, Ohio, the Lewis Research Center was originally built for aircraft piston engine research during World War II as a part of NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. After the war, with its need for immediate engineering solutions ended, attention at Lewis turned to a variety of more fundamental research problems. As early as the 1950s, a portion of the experimental effort at Lewis sought new materials to withstand the extremely high temperatures within turbojet engines. The needs for materials to withstand ever more severe temperature/environment extremes continue, and recognition of these needs, in part, motivates the current materials research effort at NASA-Lewis. The Materials Division structure reflects the strengths as well as the diversity of research areas being investigated. Each of the eight branches making up the Materials Division is briefly sketched below.The Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory is a unique facility with the purpose of allowing industry, university, and government researchers to prepare for materials processing experiments to be done in the “microgravity” environment aboard the Space Shuttle.
Nondestructive Depth-Profiling of Multilayer Structures by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
Authors: Vedam K. 
Published: August 2016

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is the newest nondestructive and nonperturbing technique for characterizing surfaces, interfaces, and multilayer structures. The technique was originally developed and perfected by Aspnes of Bell Laboratories and a commercial instrument is currently available. After a brief description of the basic principles involved in this technique, one of its many applications — the depth profiling of multilayer structures — is described. Further details about SE and its other applications can be found elsewhere.The automated spectroscopic ellipsometer that has been built in our laboratory is based on the design of Aspnes and Studna. A schematic diagram of the instrument is shown in Figure 1. It is basically a rotating analyzer ellipsometer operated by an on-line Apple computer, and it has spectroscopic scanning capability. Plane polarized monochromatic light is allowed to be incident on the sample at a chosen angle of incidence. The characteristics of the elliptically polarized reflected light is analyzed by a rotating analyzer. As Budde has shown, Fourier analysis of the detector output in a rotating analyzer ellipsometer yields the desired ellipsometric parameters Δ and ψ characterizing the material under study. Aspnes has pointed out that with proper design, alignment and operation, the precision attained is very high, and accuracy of the data is also as high as that attainable with null ellipsometers. The results of our own studies confirm these conclusions. Such measurements are carried out at a number of discrete wavelengths (˜100) distributed uniformly in the UV-visible-near IR spectral range.
1986 Von Hippel Lecture: The Many-Body Approach to Materials Science
Authors: Balkanski Minko 
Published: August 2016

I would like to express my gratitude to the Awards Committee and its chairman for bringing me here today. One of the effects, and not the least, of this award is to call on my earliest recollections from the United States. In the Fall of 1956, I arrived in Boston at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Prof. von Hippel. My stay in the Materials Research Laboratory of MIT was a determining influence in my future work.The many-body problem is the study of the effects of interaction between bodies on the behavior of a many-body system. The importance of the many-body problem derives from the fact that almost any real physical system is composed of a set of interacting particles. Another essential aspect is that the many-body problem is not a branch of solid-state or atomic or nuclear physics but deals with general methods applicable to all many-body systems.Because of the complexity of the many-body problem, one of the preferred solutions is simply to ignore it. One can always say, “Let us admit that the particles forming the system do not interact or that their interaction is so weak that the effect can be considered negligible.” In many cases, this method produced good results, and one of the great mysteries is why.
Characteristics of Indium-Gallium-Nitride Multiple-Quantum-Well Blue Laser Diodes Grown by MOCVD
Authors: Mack M.P. , Abare A. , Aizcorbe M. , Kozodoy Peter , Keller S. , Mishra U. K. , Coldren L. , DenBaars Steven 
Published: August 2016

Room temperature (RT) pulsed operation of blue (420 nm) nitride based multi-quantum well (MQW) laser diodes grown on c-plane sapphire substrates with lifetimes exceeding 6 hours have been demonstrated. Threshold current densities as low as 12.7 kA/cm2 were observed for 10×1200 μm lasers with uncoated reactive ion etched (RIE) facets. The emission is strongly TE polarized and has a sharp transition in the far field pattern above threshold.
Surface morphology of as grown and annealed bulk GaN crystals
Authors: Nowak G. , Krukowski S. , Grzegory I. , Porowski S. , Baranowski Jacek M. , Pakula K. , Zak J. 
Published: August 2016

GaN single crystals have been grown from Ga solution. The crystals grow in the form of platelets with their basal plane perpendicular to the c-axis. The two opposite crystal surfaces are not equivalent since one is N- and the other Ga-terminated. Atomic force microscopy has been applied to study surface morphology on both surfaces. It was found that one side is atomically flat. The other side consists of pyramid-like structures about 25 nm in size.The influence of annealing in an NH3+H2 atmosphere in the temperature range from 600°C to 900°C was investigated. Depending on crystal face the results were drastically different. It was found that on the rough side, annealing yields an atomically flat surface with terraces of monolayer height. The size of the terraces depends on the temperature of the annealing. On the originally flat side the surface becomes rougher after annealing. The transformation of surface morphology begins at temperatures below 700°C. Preliminary results of annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere are also reported. These findings are crucial for the understanding and development of GaN homoepitaxy.
WITSML v2.0: Paving the Way for Big Data Analytics Through Improved Data Assurance and Data Organization
Authors: Gidh Yash , Deeks Nigel , Grovik Lars Olav , Johnson David , Arumugam Sethupathi , Schey Jana , Hollingsworth Jay 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Big data analytics (BDA) is a maturing technology that is gaining momentum in the upstream oil and gas industry. The practice centers on aggregating all data from different sources into a "data lake" or equivalent storage for analytics and reporting. But if the quality of the data coming into the lake is unknown, uncertain, or poor, the results derived from analytics may not be reliable.
To help determine whether the data is fit for purpose, WITSML v2.0 has some significant new capabilities including a new Data Assurance object and improved metadata on the redesigned Log object.
Trusted data is the foundation for all analytical and reporting initiatives. The Data Assurance object does not determine the data quality; rather, it provides the means to transmit assurance that business policies and supporting rules are met in the data transfer process. This capability means that users can apply their own data quality processes, algorithms, and transformations to ensure the data are fit for purpose, auditable, and traceable to meet their business objectives. For example, data assurance policies and rules supporting sensor precision and calibration can be transferred between applications that validate the data according to a company's business requirements.
The newly designed Log object and addition of key metadata will address some of the historical organizational challenges of previous versions of the WITSML Log object and enable more intelligent data mining and more efficient and automated use of larger datasets. For example, the WITSML v2.0 Log object references classes of the Practical Well Log Standard (PWLS), an industry standard that lists and defines service company mnemonics. This capability supports a use case such as "give me all the sonic logs" regardless of vendor. As a side activity, but driven by the needs of WITSML users, the PWLS is also being updated.
The combination of these capabilities can help increase users' trust in their data, improve analytics, and ultimately help companies to realize more value from big data analytics and its ability to help upstream oil and gas improve safety, reduce operational risk, and improve efficiency.
Evaluation of the Upgraded Version 2.0 of the Roche COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan HIV-1 Qualitative Assay in Central African Children
Authors: Mossoro-Kpinde CD , Jenabian MA , Gody JC , Robin L , Talla P , Longo JDD , Grésenguet G , Belec L 
Published: August 2016

Background:Several commercially available molecular techniques were developed based on subtype B of HIV-1, which represents only 10% of HIV strains worldwide. Indeed, in sub-Saharan Africa, non-B subtypes of HIV-1 are predominant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of the COBAS®AmpliPrep/COBAS®(CAP/CTM) HIV-1 Qualitative assays to detect the broad range of HIV-1 variants circulating in Central Africa and compare to the outgoing CAP/CTM HIV-1 Quantitative test v2.0 (Roche Molecular Systems), chosen as reference gold standard molecular assay.Methods:The CAP/CTM HIV-1 Qualitative tests versions 1.0 and 2.0 (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Branchburg, NJ, USA) were evaluated compared to CAP/CTM TaqMan HIV-1 Quantitative test v2.0 (Roche Molecular Systems) on 239 dried plasma spot (DPS) from 133 HIV-1-infected (with detectable plasma HIV RNA load) and 106 uninfected children, followed-up at Complexe Pédiatrique, Bangui, Central African Republic.Results:The version 1.0 showed low sensitivity (93.2%), with 9 (6.8%) false negative results, demonstrating under-detection of non-B HIV-1 subtypes. In contrast, the upgraded version 2.0 showed 100%-sensitivity, 100%-specificity and perfect agreement (κ coefficient, 1.0).Conclusion:Our evaluation in the Central African Republic demonstrates the clinical implications of the accuracy and reliability of the CAP/CTM HIV-1 Qualitative assay for early diagnosis of HIV-1 in Central African children.
Efficacy of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double blind placebo-controlled study
Authors: Rahman Md. Zahidur , Chowdhury Mohammad Shoaib , Rahman Mohammad Asadur , Parveen Shohely , Barua Rajib , Ishaque Shamsuddin Mohammad , Ahmed Dewan Saifuddin , Raihan A.S.M.A. 
Published: August 2016

Background: Gut flora have important trophic effects on intestinal epithelia and on immune structure and fonction.They also protect colonized host against invasion by alien microbes.Recent research suggests that an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota and a dysfunctional intestinal barrier might trigger irritable bowel syndrome (lBS). As probiotics have been reported to restore the intestinal microbiota and the gut barrier, the therapeutic potential of probiotics within IBS became of strong interest. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of probiotics in lBS. Methods: Patients of 15 to 60 years old and both sexes were included f om the out patient department (OPD) of gastroenterology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medi­cal University (BSMMU). A validated lBS-QOL instmment consisted of 34 questions used to assess improvement of quality of Iife before and after treatment. A total of 65 diarrhoea predominant LBS patients were randomised to receive either probiotics(n-33) or placebo(n-32) twice daily frir 6 weeks.Results: At the end of 6 weeks therapy, improvement in various symptoms(abclominal pain, stool frequency, consistency and 11atulence) in probiotics group was statistically significant. Mean QOL score before treatment was 103 in probiotics group and I 06 in placebo group. After 6 weeks of treatment mean QOL score was 82 in probiotics group and I 02.58 in placebo group. No side effects of the therapeutic agents were observed in any patient during the trial. Conclusions: Probiotics effectively alleviates global IBS and improves TBS symptoms simultaneously with an improvement of quality of life.
Effect of Losartan and Atenolol on heart rate variability in newly diagnosed essential hypertensive patient
Authors: Sultana Shamima , Begum Shelina , Ferdousi Sultana 
Published: August 2016

Background: Essential hypertension is associated with altered autonomic function. Essential hypertension is treated with drugs which modify the sympatho-parasympathetic balance. Losartan (angioteosin II receptor blocker) and atenolol (beta blocker) is commonly used antihypertensive drugs.Objective: To evaluate the effect of antihypertensive drugs on heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with essential hypertension.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka from July 2012 to June 2013 on 120 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients without any medication (group B, age 30-55 years). They were selected from the Out Patients Department (OPD) of cardiology, BSMMU, Dhaka. Age, sex and BMI matched 60 apparently healthy norrnotensive subjects were also studied as control (group A). Based on treatment, these study subjects were divided into two groups (BI and B2). Group B1a included 60 patients received Josartan 50 mg daily and B2a included 60 patients received atenolol 50mg daily. They were observed once before the treatment (B1a & B2a), after 3 months medication (B1b & B2b) and after 6 months medication (B1c & B2c). For assessing HRV, Mean heart rate, Mean R-R interval, Max/Min R-R interval, SDNN, RMSSD were recorded by a polyrite. Data were compared among before treatment, after 3 months treatment and after 6 months treatment. For statistical analysis ANOVA, independent sample't' test and paired sample 't' test were performed. Results: Mean resting pulse rate, mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher and mean R-R interval, Max/Min R-R interval, SDNN, RMSSD were significantly lower in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients in comparison with that of healthy normoten­sive subjects and after treatment. Jn both groups SDNN, RMS SD, mean R-R interval were found significantly higher after 6 months of treatment compared to their values after 3 months treatment. Again these values were found close to the values in normotensive subjects. In addition, mean heart rate was found significantly lower in atenolol treated patients than those of controls. Again in atenolol group these values were found significanLly higher than the corresponding values in losartan treated patients after 6 months treatment. Conclusion: Reduced cardiac vagal tone occurs in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients which is improved by both losartan and atenolol and in particular atenolol was found more effective.
SDSS J0159+0105: A RADIO-QUIET QUASAR WITH A CENTI-PARSEC SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE BINARY CANDIDATE*
Authors: Zheng Zhen-Ya , Butler Nathaniel R. , Shen Yue , Jiang Linhua , Wang Jun-Xian , Chen Xian , Cuadra Jorge 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We report a candidate centi-parsec supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) in the radio-quiet quasar SDSS J0159+0105 at z = 0.217. With a modified Lomb–Scargle code (GLSdeDRW) and auto-correlation analysis, we detect two significant (at P > 99%) periodic signals at ∼741 day and ∼1500 day from the 8.1 yr Catalina V-band light curve of this quasar. The period ratio, which is close to 1:2, is typical of a black hole binary system with a mass ratio of 0.05 < q < 0.8 according to recent numerical simulations. SDSS J0159+0105 has two SDSS spectroscopic observations separated by ∼10 yr. There is a significant change in the broad Hβ profile between the two epochs, which can be explained by a single broad-line region (BLR) around the binary system illuminated by the aforementioned mini-disks, or a stream of gas flowing from the circumbinary disk to one of the SMBHs. From the single BLR assumption and the orbital period t
orb ∼ 1500 day, we estimate the total virial masses of M
SMBHB ∼ 1.3 × 108
M
⊙, the average distances of BLR of ∼0.04 pc (∼50 lt-day, with ±0.3 dex uncertainty), and an SMBHB separation of d = (0.01 pc)

(T
rest/3.3 yr)2/3 ∼ 0.013 pc (15 lt-day). Based on analytical work, the postulated circumbinary disk has an inner radius of 2d = 0.026 pc (30 lt-day). SDSS J0159+0105 also displays unusual spectral energy distribution. The unique properties of SDSS J0159+0105 are consistent with it being a centi-parsec SMBHB.