bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circuit complexity of symmetric Boolean functions in antichain basis
Authors: Podolskaya Olga V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe study the circuit complexity of Boolean functions in an infinite basis consisting of all characteristic functions of antichains over the Boolean cube. For an arbitrary symmetric function we obtain the exact value of its circuit complexity in this basis. In particular, we prove that the circuit complexities of the parity function and the majority function ofThe research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 14–01–00598.
Tugend, Recht und Moral: Tendenzen der Verantwortungszuschreibung
Authors: Eckert Julia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe attribution of responsibility in world society is increasingly a field of contestation. On the one hand, the perceptions of far-reaching causal and moral links between spatially and temporally distant events are ever more explicitly pronounced; on the other hand, the very complexity of these links often engenders a fragmentation of responsibility in law as well as in moral commitment. Identifying three competing conceptualisations of responsibility, namely a turn to virtue ethics, processes of juridification, and processes of moralisation, this article explores their different temporal and social dimensions, and the effects they each have on the relation between those held responsible and those affected by the situation that is to be accounted for.
Entrepreneurship as a Consequence of External Stimuli and/or Internal Incentives
Authors: Dušan Bobera , Marić Slobodan , Leković Bojan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The basic goal of this work is the cognition of fundamental entrepreneurial motives (necessity and opportunity) depending on general social and entrepreneurial opportunities according to the stages of entrepreneurial process. The work presents the results of the analysis of selected variables previously cited appearances based on data from the GEM project in 2009 for 48 countries classified into three groups according to the stages of economic development. To compare groups and establish differences, one-factor analysis of variance was used, while relationships and connections between selected features of development degrees, entrepreneurial activities and motives of entrepreneurial projects were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The analysis of available data and selected features confirmed a great dependence of motives of entrepreneurial projects and conditions of the environment of different development degrees that determine differences to all observed features directly or indirectly connected with entrepreneurial decisions.
Diversification of Serbia's Export Markets - Potentials for Export to The Countries of Caspian Basin
Authors: Stanojević Nataša , Jovancai Ana 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Key features of the current foreign trade of Serbia are high and growing foreign trade deficit, and a small number of export partners. The fact that Serbia places its almost entire export on the markets of Italy, Germany and three former Yugoslavian countries implies the need for export diversification. Finding new or revitalizing former markets is vital for overcoming various weaknesses of Serbia’s foreign trade. Gravity model was used for establishing determinants of Serbia’s export and potential export directions. Coefficients of Serbia’s export, determined in a few earlier studies are based on the figures that were valid before the global economic crisis. As the export to the EU countries which are geographically closest to Serbia decreased during the crisis, it is assumed that the parameters have now changed and the factor of importance of geographical distance decreased. The obtained coefficients are then applied to the countries of the Caspian Basin. This is the region which, due to its numerous geographical and economic characteristics, is seen as an adequate export market, although its distance is relatively large. Research based on applying of gravity model has found that in some countries of the region, there is plenty of „space“ for Serbia’s exports.
Study of Cu-Zn and Au/TiO2Catalysts on Anodized Aluminum Monoliths for Hydrogen Generation and Purification
Authors: Adrover E. , Boldrini D. , Divins N.J. , Casanovas A. , Tonetto G. , López E. , Llorca J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis work reports the preparation of Cu-Zn and Au/TiO2catalysts on anodized aluminum monoliths (AAM). The structured catalysts were studied for the generation of H2by methanol steam reforming (MSR) and its purification by preferential oxidation of CO (CO-PrOx). Initially, it was possible to generate a surface with whiskers and larger surface area by hydrothermal treatment of the AAM. Subsequently, the structured catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) and hydrothermal synthesis (HS). IWI synthesis allowed for the deposition of a larger amount of catalytic material than HS, with very good adhesion. The TiO2-IWI structured catalyst presented a homogeneous catalytic coating, with the presence of agglomerated particles. On the other hand, Cu-Zn-IWI showed good dispersion of the deposited particles with a homogeneous surface coating. EDX analysis corroborated the presence of Ti, Cu and Zn in all the catalytic surfaces. The incorporation of Au over TiO2-IWI structured catalysts was successfully performed by IWI using a colloidal solution of gold nanoparticles. MSR was studied over the developed metallic monoliths functionalized with Cu-Zn by the IWI method. The samples showed promising results in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability. Both diluted and concentrated methanol + water feeds were assayed. Complete methanol conversion was achieved for the diluted feed. Maximum methanol conversions of 55 % with 60 % H2yield were measured when the concentrated feed was selected. Promising results were also achieved for the Au-based structured catalysts in the CO-PrOx in an H2-rich atmosphere. Although CO conversions of approximately 60 % were achieved, operating with higher catalyst loadings would be recommended to reach the high CO conversions required for PrOx catalysts.
„Does Distribution Matter?”
Authors: Neubäumer Renate 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In this paper consequences of a rising income inequality for state activities and the role of economic policy are discussed. Using a simple model it is shown that an increasing income inequality leads to a higher government’s share of GDP though the state does not take over more responsibilities, and a higher tax share though rates of taxation are not increased. That forces economic politicians to act. If they want to prevent an increase of the tax share, transfer share and / or government’s share of GDP, they must move away from socially accepted value judgments upon social standards, the degree of redistribution by taxes and / or an adequate supply with public good.
Die Begrenzung der CO2-Emissionen von Pkw – Ein wohlkonzipierter Beschluss der EU-Kommission?
Authors: Frondel Manuel , Schmidt Christoph M. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
As part of its efforts to reach the targets of the Kyoto Protocol, the European Commission published in December 2008 a resolution on a new directive to reduce the per-kilometer CO2 emissions of newly registered automobiles. This paper critically assesses this resolution with respect to its economic and technological underpinnings. We argue that the resolution’s reliance on per-kilometer emissions targets not only conceals the true costs of compliance and thereby stifles informed public discourse, but is also less cost-effective than alternative measures such as emissions trading. We examine the resolution’s underlying assumptions, finding that these misrepresent the current state of automotive technology and therefore may overestimate the feasibility of achieving the suggested emissions targets. Three alternative targets are consequently proposed that are argued to more accurately reflect the industry’s current technological status and its future evolution.
Die Bedeutung monetärer Größen für die deutsche Wachstumsschwäche 1995–2005
Authors: Dovern Jonas , Jannsen Nils , Scheide Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Between 1995 and 2005, the German economy has experienced a phase of weak economic growth. We analyze whether this weak growth performance can be attributed to the stance of monetary conditions during that period. We show that the real effective exchange rate did have almost no dampening effects on growth. On the contrary, the introduction of the euro and the single monetary policy for the euro area seem to have contributed significantly to the low trend growth rate in Germany between 1999 and 2005.
Die Aufteilung der Erlöse aus Humankapitalinvestitionen – Eine Analyse mit Hilfe der kooperativen Spieltheorie
Authors: Hiller Tobias 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper employs the χ-value to analyse who benefits from investments in general or in specific human capital, the employer or the employee. Within this framework, we replicate the standard results of human capital theory.
Redistributional Consequences of Decentralizing the Tax-Transfer Scheme
Authors: Lohse Tim 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von dem Umstand, dass Umverteilung in einem Föderalstaat zwei Dimensionen hat - zum einen die Einkommensumverteilung zwischen reicheren und ärmeren Bevölkerungsteilen und zum anderen die Umverteilung von reicheren zu ärmeren Regionen - analysiert der Aufsatz die Fragen, wie Steuern und Transfers ausgestaltet sein sollten und welche staatliche Ebene überhaupt die steuerliche Gesetzgebungskompetenz haben muss, damit diese beiden Arten der Umverteilung in wohlfahrtsmaximierender Weise verwirklicht werden können. Mittels eines Modells mit zwei Regionen und einer die Föderation regierenden Zentralregierung werden hierzu verschiedene Szenarien der Zentralisierung bzw. Dezentralisierung des Steuer- Transfer-Systems im Hinblick auf ihre regionalen und föderalen Umverteilungswirkungen miteinander verglichen. Die Analyse belegt, dass regionsspezifische Steuer- Transfer-Systeme in Verbindung mit einer pauschalen Umverteilung von der reichen zur armen Region optimal sind. Dabei kann es sogar durchaus gesamtwirtschaftlich sinnvoll sein, so stark zwischen den beiden Regionen umzuverteilen, dass sich das Verhältnis von armer und reicher Region umkehrt.
Effects of population development on the economic level of the regions in Germany
Authors: Eckey Hans-Friedrich , Kosfeld Reinhold , Muraro Nina 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand des Artikels ist die Schätzung einer Translog-Produktionsfunktion, die die Auswirkungen der Bevölkerungsentwicklung auf die Produktion heute und im Jahr 2020 betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Entwicklung hin, die zu steigenden Disparitäten führt. Schon heute ist ein starkes Stadt-Land-Gefälle zu beobachten. Der Einbezug der Bevölkerung im Jahr 2020 unterstützt dieses Ergebnis zusätzlich mit dem Nachweis eines Ost-West-Gefälles zwischen den östlichen eher peripheren und den westlichen verstädterten Regionen. In den weiteren Betrachtungen wird zusätzlich ein Nord-Süd-Gefälle deutlich. Hier ist in den süddeutschen Regionen eine höhere Zunahme des Faktors Arbeit als in den übrigen Regionen zu beobachten.
Allgemein profitieren die Städte von Zuwanderung, während die peripheren Regionen mit Schrumpfungstendenzen konfrontiert sind. Eine Betrachtung aus wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht deckt den verstärkten Zielkonflikt zwischen Wachstum und Verteilung auf.
Zur Reform des Rating-(Un)Wesens
Authors: Beck Hanno , Wienert Helmut 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The market for ratings suffers from several inefficiencies: asymmetric information and moral hazard lead to conflicts of interest and principal-agent-problems. Moreover, network externalities and economies of scale lead to a lack of competition in the market for ratings. There is empirical evidence for market inefficiencies as ratingshopping, herding or slow adjustment of wrong ratings to a changed environment. As a remedy for these problems, we suggest a fund where rating-orders are pooled and rated by means of a double-blind-approach. Each issuer of a security gives his product into a pool and rating agencies which meet the standards of the pool are free to tender for the mandate to rate the product. Several aspects how to set up such a pool and possible problems are being addressed in this paper.
Zur juristischen Begründung des ‚Rettungsschirms‘
Authors: Meyer Dirk 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The financial and guarantee aids within the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism suspend the Stability and Growth Pact as the basis of the European Economic and Monetary Union. The actual ‘suspension’ from the ‘no bail-out’ restriction (Art. 125 TFEU) and the prohibition of funding national debts (Art. 123 TFEU) transfers risks and financial burdens from deeply indebted states to solvent EU member states. This is the beginning of an unauthorized ‘transfer union’.
This analysis does not display any evidence of market failure with respect to a potential domino effect for other EU member states. In addition, a destabilizing speculation cannot be identified. The case ‘Greece’ is rather a special case which has become a common model for other member states, caused by the Council of the European Union and the aid packages. Speculations build a part of the observable market reactions apart from pure hedging, but they simply indicate political system errors.
The interventions by the European Central Bank do not lead to functioning markets. These interventions rather lead to yield structures that are inadequate in terms of risks and scarcity. Therefore they will cause a misallocation of financial resources with high economic costs.
News Shocks and Optimal Simple Rules
Authors: Winkler Roland C. , Wohltmann Hans-Werner 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper evaluates the performance of optimal simple policy rules in the presence of news shocks. It is shown that the inclusion of forward-looking elements enhances the performance of simple optimized interest rate rules when agents learn about future disturbances in advance. We provide a rationale for this result by demonstrating that, if shocks are news shocks, the optimal unrestricted control rule under commitment contains as a basic principle a forward-looking element.
Sind konsumbasierte Kapitalmarktmodelle mit europäischen Wertpapierrenditen vereinbar?
Authors: Auer Benjamin R. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper analyses whether the consumption based capital asset pricing model is consistent with asset return data from Denmark, Italy, Norway and Austria. The performance of the CCAPM is evaluated by applying the nonparametric methodology of Hansen and Jagannathan (1991) and adopting five alternative specifications of utility. In addition to standard power utility the recursive preferences model proposed by Epstein and Zin (1989) is adopted. Both internal and external habit formation (persistence) using the models proposed by Constantinides (1990), Abel (1990) and Campbell and Cochrane (1999) are also considered. The findings are evaluated using the test of Burnside (1994) and the pricing error measure of Hansen and Jagannathan (1997). It is found that the majority of models produce stochastic discount factors consistent with the data (at mostly low degrees of risk aversion). As far as the pricing errors of the models are concerned the model incorporating recursive utility can be considered best.
Konsolidierung, Effizienz und Stabilität: Sind große Banken leistungsfähiger als kleine?
Authors: Gischer Horst , Richter Toni 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Although recent experiences made during the ongoing international financial crisis call for smaller entities in banking systems, consolidation still takes place in many industrialized economies. The often stretched argument that large banks are able to establish economies of scale as well as economies of scope, ignores at least the risks of financial intermediaries becoming ‚too big to fail‘ or ‚too interconnected to fail‘. Our analysis presents reliable evidence that even the assumption that big banks are less inefficient than small ones is far away from being convincing. We apply a range of indicators to test for both performance and risk taking capability of banks in different financial systems. Our findings suggest empirical merits of diversified banking systems and higher systemic risk for financial industries dominated by global players.
Ersetzt die Neue Ökonomische Geographie Außenwirtschaftstheorie und Raumwirtschaftstheorie?
Authors: Schöler Klaus 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The New Economic Geography has two advantages in comparison with the traditional Theory of International Trade. On the one hand, the transport costs are included into the respective models. On the other hand, the factor endowment in the regions or countries is not given in the same way as in the traditional Trade Theory, but it is a result of different transport costs. The New Economic Geography has also great advantages in the field of Regional Economics. It is possible to explain the phenomenon of agglomerations by means of a total microeconomic model with economies of scale in one industry, monopolistic competition and heterogeneous goods. The New Economic Geography completes the traditional theories - Trade Theory and Regional Economics - in important aspects, but does not yet replace these approaches.
Discrete-Choice-Experimente zur Ermittlung der Präferenzen für Umverteilung
Authors: Pfarr Christian , Ulrich Volker 
Published: April 2016

Summary
As in most industrialized countries, the inequality regarding the distribution of household incomes in Germany has steadily increased. By collecting taxes and granting monetary transfers, the government tries to affect the personal distribution of incomes. Whereas the supply of redistribution is relatively easy to determine, it is rather difficult to identify the determinants of the citizens′ demand for redistribution. Most of the literature concerning the individuals′ preferences for redistribution relies on survey based analysis. A shortcoming of these studies is the failure of imposing a budget constraint. Discrete-Choice-Experiments (DCE) solve this problem by forcing individuals to take the consequences of their decisions with respect to their own income into account. This study aims at developing a theory based approach to elicit individuals′ preferences for redistribution using DCEs. For the specific case of Germany, we show how to design and implement such a DCE. In particular, we discuss how the price attribute in a DCE should be specified and which levels adequately define the price an individual is willing to pay for redistribution. We are able to demonstrate that even for a highly complex topic such as redistribution a correctly applied DCE can provide authoritative results. This allows deriving policy implications on how to design redistributive policies which are in line with citizens’ preferences.
Encephalopathy During H1N1 Influenza a Virus Infection / Encefalopatija Kod Infekcije Virusom Influence A Podtip H1N1
Authors: Nesic Ljiljana , Popovska-Jovicic Biljana , Rakovic Ivana , Petrovic Sara , Todorovic Dusan , Mijailovic Zeljko 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Influenza virus type A is known for its capacity to transform its antigenic structure and create new viral subtypes. The clinical picture varies from non-febrile, mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe or fatal pneumonia. Neurological complications include encephalitis, encephalopathy, Reye’s syndrome and other neurological diseases. Patients with encephalopathy exhibit a disturbed state of consciousness lasting more than 24 hours, and patients with encephalitis exhibit high temperature, focal neurological signs and pathological CSF results in addition to disturbed state of consciousness.
A 54-year old, previously healthy male farmer was hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Centre Kragujevac on the fifth day of disease. In addition to general symptoms of the disease, the clinical picture was dominated by a disturbed state of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score <8). The aetiological agent was an H1N1 influenza A virus, which was isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions. No other causes of infection were demonstrated from both serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens. Interstitial pneumonia was detected by radiographic examination of the chest. There were also some changes present in the EEG. The patient was cured without consequences.
Because our country is in a whirlwind of pandemic H1N1 virus activity, we should think of all the possible complications that this virus can produce regardless of the epidemiological data and the clinical picture.
Effects of filtering data on testing asymmetry in threshold autoregressive models
Authors: Li Jing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEmpirical macroeconomic research on business cycle typically filters economic time series in order to obtain cyclical components. This paper examines the effects of filtering data on the test for a linear autoregression against a threshold autoregression. Monte Carlo simulation shows that (1) filtering data in general reduces the power of the test, (2) the power is sensitive to the choice of filters and the specification of the trend and cyclical components, (3) regime-varying variance of the error term can affect the rejection frequency. Empirical evidences for cyclical asymmetry are provided for the quarterly US real GNP.
North European Export Industry and the Shadows of Sulphur Directive
Authors: Hämäläinen Esa , Hilmola Olli-Pekka , Tolli Andres 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
EU Directive of MARPOL Annex VI and its economic impact on the Nordic paper industry is theme of this research work. Empirical data for analysis purposes was gained from a large Nordic paper mill that exports bulk products mainly to Europe (70 % of its volume). The study shows that in the end the industry’s location still has an economical effect, and that the location has a distinct impact on competition through rising transportation costs. Environmental regulation continues and fosters long-term upwards trajectory of transportation cost, which has been experienced by the paper mill earlier during years 2001-2009. Sulphur regulation change to cleaner grades of maritime diesel did not turn as heavy cost increase in the 2015, however, possibility to gain cost benefits in rapidly deteriorating oil markets were not reached either. Therefore, in depressed industrial product markets, like paper industry, implications were such that margins of export industry remained low.