bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duration of death investigations that proceed to inquest in Australia
Authors: Studdert David M , Walter Simon J , Kemp Celia , Sutherland Georgina 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundRecent government inquiries in several countries have identified the length of time it takes coroners to investigate deaths due to injury and other unnatural causes as a major problem. Delays undermine the integrity of vital statistics and adversely affect the deceased's family and others with interests in coroners' findings. Little is publicly known about the extent, nature and causes of these delays.MethodsWe used Kaplan–Meier estimates and multivariable regression analysis to decompose the timelines of nearly all inquest cases (n=5096) closed in coroners' courts in Australia between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2013.ResultsThe cases had a median closure period of 19.0 months (95% CI 18.4 to 19.6). Overall, 70% of cases were open at 1 year, 40% at 2 years and 22% at 3 years, but there was substantial variation by jurisdiction. Adjusted analyses showed a difference of 22 months in the average closure time between the fastest and slowest jurisdictions. Cases involving deaths due to assault (+12.2 months, 95% CI 7.8 to 17.0) and complications of medical care (+9.0 months, 95% CI 5.5 to 12.3) had significantly longer closure periods than other types of death. Cases that produced public health recommendations also had relatively long closure periods (+8.9 months, 95% CI 7.6 to 10.3).ConclusionsNearly a quarter of inquests in Australia run for more than 3 years. The size of this caseload tail varies dramatically by jurisdiction and case characteristics. Interventions to reduce timelines should be tried and carefully evaluated.
Optimization effect of annealing treatment on oxygen-implanted Nd:CNGG waveguides
Authors: Liu Chun-Xiao , Fu Li-Li , Cheng Liang-Liang , Zhu Xu-Feng , Lin She-Bao , Zheng Rui-Lin , Zhou Zhi-Guang , Guo Hai-Tao , Li Wei-Nan , Wei Wei 
Published: July 2016

Neodymium-doped calcium niobium gallium garnet (Nd:CNGG) waveguide operated at 632.8 nm is demonstrated by the 3.0-MeV oxygen-ion implantation with a fluence of [Formula: see text] ions/cm2. The annealing treatment at 300[Formula: see text]C for 45 min is carried out to optimize the waveguide quality. The dark-mode spectra are measured by the [Formula: see text]-line technique. The refractive index profiles are calculated from the effective refractive indices of the waveguide modes. The near-field intensity distributions are simulated based on the reconstructed refractive index profiles. The annealing treatment process could effectively remove unwanted defects and optimize the waveguide quality. The optical properties of the annealed waveguide are better than that of the as-implanted waveguide.
miR-206 Inhibits Stemness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Targeting MKL1/IL11 Pathway
Authors: Samaeekia Ravand , Adorno-Cruz Valery , Bockhorn Jessica , Chang Ya-Fang , Huang Simo , Prat Aleix , Ha Nahun , Kibria Golam , Huo Dezheng , Zheng Hui , Dalton Rachel , Wang Yuhao , Moskalenko Grigoriy Y. , Liu Huiping 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Effective targeting of cancer stem cells is necessary and important for eradicating cancer and reducing metastasis-related mortality. Understanding of cancer stemness-related signaling pathways at the molecular level will help control cancer and stop metastasis in the clinic.
Experimental Design: By analyzing miRNA profiles and functions in cancer development, we aimed to identify regulators of breast tumor stemness and metastasis in human xenograft models in vivo and examined their effects on self-renewal and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. To discover the direct targets and essential signaling pathways responsible for miRNA functions in breast cancer progression, we performed microarray analysis and target gene prediction in combination with functional studies on candidate genes (overexpression rescues and pheno-copying knockdowns).
Results: In this study, we report that hsa-miR-206 suppresses breast tumor stemness and metastasis by inhibiting both self-renewal and invasion. We identified that among the candidate targets, twinfilin (TWF1) rescues the miR-206 phenotype in invasion by enhancing the actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the activity of the mesenchymal lineage transcription factors, megakaryoblastic leukemia (translocation) 1 (MKL1), and serum response factor (SRF). MKL1 and SRF were further demonstrated to promote the expression of IL11, which is essential for miR-206's function in inhibiting both invasion and stemness of breast cancer.
Conclusions: The identification of the miR-206/TWF1/MKL1-SRF/IL11 signaling pathway sheds lights on the understanding of breast cancer initiation and progression, unveils new therapeutic targets, and facilitates innovative drug development to control cancer and block metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1091–103. ©2016 AACR.
Lidar-Based Height Correction for the Assimilation of Atmospheric Motion Vectors
Authors: Folger Kathrin , Weissmann Martin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study uses lidar observations from the polar-orbiting Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite to correct operational atmospheric motion vector (AMV) pressure heights. This intends to reduce the height assignment error of AMVs for their use in data assimilation. Additionally, AMVs are treated as winds in a vertical layer as proposed by several recent studies. Corrected and uncorrected AMV winds are evaluated using short-term forecasts of the global forecasting system of the German Weather Service. First, a direct lidar-based height reassignment of AMVs with collocated CALIPSO observations is evaluated. Assigning AMV winds from Meteosat-10 to ~120-hPa-deep layers below the lidar cloud top reduces the vector root-mean-square (VRMS) differences of AMVs from Meteosat-10 by 8%–15%. However, such a direct reassignment can only be applied to collocated AMV–CALIPSO observations that compose a comparably small subset of all AMVs. Second, CALIPSO observations are used to derive statistical height bias correction functions for a general height correction of all operational AMVs from Meteosat-10. Such a height bias correction achieves on average about 50% of the reduction of VRMS differences of the direct height reassignment. Results for other satellites are more ambiguous but still encouraging. Given that such a height bias correction can be applied to all AMVs from a geostationary satellite, the method exhibits a promising approach for the assimilation of AMVs in numerical weather prediction models in the future.
Evolution of the Circulation Anomalies and the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillations Associated with Extreme Heat Events in Southern China
Authors: Chen Ruidan , Wen Zhiping , Lu Riyu 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Southern China, located in the tropical–subtropical East Asian monsoonal region, presents a unique anticyclonic–cyclonic circulation pattern during extreme heat (EH), obviously different from the typical anticyclone responsible for EH in many other regions. Associated with the evolution of EH in southern China, the anticyclonic–cyclonic anomalies propagate northwestward over the Philippines and southern China. Before the EH onsets, the anticyclonic anomaly dominates southern China, resulting in stronger subsidence over southern China and stronger southerly (southwesterly) flow over the western (northern) margins of southern China. The southerly (southwesterly) flow transports more water vapor to the north of southern China, thus, together with the local stronger subsidence, resulting in drier air condition and accordingly favoring the occurrence of EH. Conversely, after the EH onsets, the cyclonic component approaches southern China and offsets the high temperature.
The oscillations of temperature and circulation anomalies over southern China exhibit a periodicity of about 10 days and indicate the influence of a quasi-biweekly oscillation, which originates from the tropical western Pacific and propagates northwestward. Therefore, the 5–25-day-filtered data are extracted to further analyze the quasi-biweekly oscillation. It turns out that the evolution of the filtered circulation remarkably resembles the original anomalies with comparable amplitudes, indicating that the quasi-biweekly oscillation is critical for the occurrence of EH in southern China. The quasi-biweekly oscillation could explain more than 50% of the intraseasonal variance of daily maximum temperature Tmax and vorticity over southern China and 80% of the warming amplitude of EH onsets. The close relationship between the circulation of the quasi-biweekly oscillation and the EH occurrence indicates the possibility of medium-range forecasting for high temperature in southern China.
Time-Dependent Eddy-Mean Energy Diagrams and Their Application to the Ocean
Authors: Chen Ru , Thompson Andrew F. , Flierl Glenn R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInsight into the global ocean energy cycle and its relationship to climate variability can be gained by examining the temporal variability of eddy–mean flow interactions. A time-dependent version of the Lorenz energy diagram is formulated and applied to energetic ocean regions from a global, eddying state estimate. The total energy in each snapshot is partitioned into three components: energy in the mean flow, energy in eddies, and energy temporal anomaly residual, whose time mean is zero. These three terms represent, respectively, correlations between mean quantities, correlations between eddy quantities, and eddy-mean correlations. Eddy–mean flow interactions involve energy exchange among these three components. The temporal coherence about energy exchange during eddy–mean flow interactions is assessed. In the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream Extension regions, a suppression relation is manifested by a reduction in the baroclinic energy pathway to the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) reservoir following a strengthening of the barotropic energy pathway to EKE; the baroclinic pathway strengthens when the barotropic pathway weakens. In the subtropical gyre and Southern Ocean, a delay in energy transfer between different reservoirs occurs during baroclinic instability. The delay mechanism is identified using a quasigeostrophic, two-layer model; part of the potential energy in large-scale eddies, gained from the mean flow, cascades to smaller scales through eddy stirring before converting to EKE. The delay time is related to this forward cascade and scales linearly with the eddy turnover time. The relation between temporal variations in wind power input and eddy–mean flow interactions is also assessed.
Influence of Eddy Momentum Fluxes on the Mean Flow of the Kuroshio Extension in a 1/10° Ocean General Circulation Model
Authors: Aoki Kunihiro , Kubokawa Atsushi , Furue Ryo , Sasaki Hideharu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study explores the role of the momentum flux divergence due to mesoscale eddies for the maintenance of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) jet. For that purpose, the zonal momentum budget in a high-resolution ocean general circulation model is examined on the basis of the temporal residual mean framework. The momentum budget analysis is performed for two control volumes: the upstream region of the KE jet flanked by the robust recirculations (33°–38°N and 142.2°–149.4°E) and the downstream region to the east (33°–38°N and 149.4°–160.0°E), both fully covering the meridional width of the KE jet. In both regions the KE jet decelerates to the east, which can be well accounted for by sum of zonal Reynolds stress and Coriolis force on mean ageostrophic flow; the former tends to decelerate the KE jet and the latter to accelerate it in the upstream region, respectively, but these effects are switched in the downstream region. The mean ageostrophic Coriolis force is partially balanced by the horizontal gradient of the eddy kinetic energy, which is the isotropic component of the Reynolds stress. The difference between these terms, that is, net ageostrophic Coriolis force, leads to the final deceleration of the KE jet in the downstream region, overwhelming the acceleration tendency of the anisotropic Reynolds stress. The authors also reinterpret the downstream decay process of an eastward jet in a previous quasigeostrophic experiment in terms of momentum and show that the same features as described above are also likely to be included in that experiment.
A Quality Control Procedure for Climatological Studies Using Argo Data in the North Pacific Western Boundary Current Region
Authors: Jia Wenjing , Wang Dong , Pinardi Nadia , Simoncelli Simona , Storto Andrea , Masina Simona 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA quality control (QC) procedure is developed to estimate monthly mean climatologies from the large Argo dataset (2005–12) over the North Pacific western boundary current region. In addition to the individual QC procedure, which checks for instrumental, transmission, and gross errors, the paper describes and shows the impact of climatological checks (collective QC) on the quality of both processed profiles and resultant climatological distributions. Objective analysis (OA) is applied progressively to produce the gridded climatological fields. The method uses horizontal regional climatological averages defined in five regime-oriented subregions in the Kuroshio area and the Japan Sea. Performing the QC procedure on specific coherent subregions produces improved profiling data and climatological fields because more details about the local hydrodynamics are taken into consideration. Nonrepresentative data and random noises are more effectively rejected by this method, which has value both in defining a climatological mean and identifying outlier data. Assessing with both profiling and coordinated datasets, the agreement is reasonably good (particularly for those areas with abundant observations), but the results (although already smoothed) can capture more detailed or mesoscale features for further regional studies. The method described has the potential to meet future challenges in processing accumulating Argo observations in the coming decades.
Pretreatment Neutrophil‐Lymphocyte Ratio in Salivary Gland Tumors Is Associated with Malignancy
Authors: Damar Murat , Dinç Aykut Erdem , Erdem Duygu , Aydil Utku , Kizil Yusuf , Eravcı Fakih Cihat , Bişkin Sultan , Şevik Eliçora Sultan , Işik Hüseyin 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo assess pretreatment levels in the counts and percentages of leukocytes and the neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors (SGTs) while investigating whether NLR is an inflammatory marker for distinguishing low‐ from high‐grade parotid gland tumors.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsThis study was performed on 182 patients with SGTs (age range: 16‐87 years; 93 male and 89 female) who were treated between January 2010 and May 2015. Pretreatment counts and percentages of leukocytes and NLR were measured preoperatively in benign and malignant tumors.ResultsMean neutrophil percentage (63.50% ± 12.11% vs 58.76% ± 8.20%, P =. 008) and NLR (3.29 ± 3.13 vs 2.13 ± 1.26, P =. 008) were significantly higher in patients with malignant SGTs than in patients with benign SGTs. Mean lymphocyte count (2.42 ± 0.72 103/mm3 vs 1.97 ± 0.87 103/mm3, P <. 001) and percentage (30.67% ± 7.68% vs 26.86% ± 10.15%, P =. 011) were lower in patients with malignant SGTs than in patients with benign SGTs. Mean lymphocyte percentage and NLR were significantly different between low‐ and high‐grade malignant parotid gland tumors (P =. 026 and P =. 030, respectively).ConclusionElevated NLR could be an inflammatory marker to distinguish low‐ from high‐grade malignant parotid gland tumors.
Trochleoplasty as a Solitary Treatment for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation Results in Good Clinical Outcome in Adolescents
Authors: Camathias Carlo , Studer Katrin , Kiapour Ata , Rutz Erich , Vavken Patrick 
Published: July 2016

Background: The essential static patellar stabilizer is a normal-shaped trochlear groove. A dysplastic groove destabilizes the patella. Trochleoplasty approaches this underlying condition and reshapes the trochlea. However, studies have reported on trochleoplasty for revision cases or as accompanied by other interventions. The effect of trochleoplasty alone remains unexplained. Purpose: To introduce trochleoplasty as a stand-alone treatment for recurrent patellar dislocation and to compare its pre- to postoperative functional and clinical variables. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A trochleoplasty was performed in 50 knees (27 right) in 44 patients (30 females; mean ± SD age, 15.6 ± 2.0 years). The indication for surgery was recurrent patellar dislocation not responding to nonoperative treatment (>6 months), with types B through D dysplasia and closed or closing physes in adolescents aged 10 to 20 years. Assessment included J-sign and apprehension test, Kujala and Lysholm scores, patients’ subjective assessment and activity level according to the International Knee Documentation Committee questionnaire, and patients’ overall satisfaction. The Caton-Deschamps ratio and the lateral condyle index were measured. Pre- versus postoperative values were compared with a paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The minimum follow-up was 24 months (33 ± 10.6 months). Results: The Kujala score improved from 71 preoperatively to 92 postoperatively ( P < .001) and the Lysholm score from 71 to 95 ( P < .001). Patients’ subjective assessment improved at the final follow-up as compared with that preoperatively ( P < .001). Most patients enhanced their activity ( P < .001), and their overall satisfaction increased postoperatively ( P < .001). Preoperatively, there was a positive J-sign in 45 knees and a positive apprehension test in 41 knees. Both markers disappeared postoperatively in 39 and 33 knees, respectively, leaving 6 knees with a positive J-sign and 8 knees with a positive apprehension test ( P < .001). One patella redislocated postoperatively after 38 months. Four patients required a single arthroscopic debridement. Conclusion: In this study, trochleoplasty as a solitary treatment for recurrent patellofemoral dislocations in patients with trochlear dysplasia resulted in good clinical outcomes if severe torsional and axial malalignment was excluded. Kujala and Lysholm scores increased postoperatively, as well as subjective International Knee Documentation Committee assessment of outcomes, activity level, and overall satisfaction.
Impact of solid self-lubricant and hard ceramic reinforcements on tribological characteristics of microwave-sintered Cu hybrid composites processed by solid-state mixing technique
Authors: Sundararajan S , Rajadurai J Selwin , Antony VasanthaKumar C 
Published: July 2016

In this experimental investigation, new sequence of Cu-X wt% SiC (X = 0, 5, 10, and 15) -Y wt% Gr (Y = 5 and 10) metal matrix hybrid composites was effectively manufactured by solid-state mixing (powder metallurgy) technique through a novel microwave sintering process. The influence of hard ceramic reinforcement SiC content and soft self-lubricating reinforcement Gr content on the mechanical and tribological properties of copper hybrid composites was analysed. Using the pin-on-disc tribometer the results of the wear resistance and sliding friction properties of all produced microwave-sintered composites were assessed. Weight percentages of SiC, applied load, sliding distance, and sliding speed are the testing parameters considered for tribological characterization. During dry sliding, the loss in mass was recorded as wear loss. It was observed that with an increase in the SiC weight percentage, the wear resistance enhanced monotonically with hardness. The microwave-sintered cylindrical composites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. Optical microstructural studies confirmed the distribution of both the reinforcements was homogeneous on the base matrix copper. The tribological performance of the hybrid composite containing 10 wt% graphite and 15 wt% SiC showed better to that of the other manufactured composites. The kind of wear mechanisms was recognized through morphology of the worn-out surfaces and the wear debris by scanning electron microscope. This experimental analysis revealed that the hybridization of both hard reinforcement like SiC and soft reinforcement like Gr get better wear resistance of copper composites considerably through microwave sintering processes.
Nerve damage due to positioning during surgery
Authors: Balen Paul 
Published: July 2016

Compartment syndrome after complex bowel surgery. Claim against leading expert and centre of excellence. Adoption of unique operating position without risk analysis or peer review. New defence argument only surfacing at trial dismissed. Judge criticises defence experts. Usually, a compartment syndrome case involves an allegation of delay in diagnosis and treatment. In this case, there was prompt diagnosis aided by the immediacy and magnitude of the compartment syndrome which was described as being equivalent to a crush injury. It is probable that the increased weight on the calves while the patient was in the low Lloyd Davies position combined with a lack of perfusion and acidosis in the first part of the operation caused an ischaemic injury in a patient who was at risk due to his size and muscle structure; the Trendelenburg position adopted in the second part of the operation is known to cause compartment syndrome but this patient already had ischaemia before the operation reached that stage. Reperfusion at the end of the operation caused the immediate damage and in spite of prompt reoperation the patient suffered a desperately severe illness and subsequent permanent disability. This case illustrates how a Claimant can succeed even against a renowned international surgeon and a centre of excellence if in spite of his outstanding reputation the surgeon fails to keep abreast of medical developments or consider the impact of his ‘invention’ on a particular patient. A position of high repute within a profession, whether institutional or personal does not provide protection from the legal tests for breach of duty.