bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M-Mode Ultrasound Reveals Earlier Gluteus Minimus Activity in Individuals With Chronic Hip Pain During a Step-down Task
Authors: Dieterich Angela V. , Deshon Louise , Strauss Geoffrey R. , McKay Jan , Pickard Christine M. 
Published: March 2016

Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Background The hip abductor muscles are important hip joint stabilizers. Hip joint pain may alter muscle recruitment. Motion-mode (M-mode) ultrasound enables noninvasive measurements of the onset of deep and superficial muscle motion, which is associated with activation onset. Objectives To compare (1) the onset of superficial and deep gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscle motion relative to the instant of peak ground reaction force and (2) the level of swing-phase muscle motion during step-down between subjects with chronic hip pain and controls using M-mode ultrasound. Methods Thirty-five subjects with anterior, nontraumatic hip pain for more than 6 months (mean ± SD age, 54 ± 9 years) and 35 controls (age, 57 ± 7 years) were scanned on the lateral hip of the leading leg during frontal step-down onto a force platform using M-mode ultrasound. Computerized motion detection with the Teager-Kaiser energy operator was applied on the gluteus minimus and the deep and superficial gluteus medius to determine the time lag between muscle motion onset and instant of peak ground reaction force and the level of gluteus minimus motion during the swing phase. Time lags and motion levels were averaged per subject, and t tests were used to determine between-group differences. Results In participants with hip pain, gluteus minimus motion onset was 103 milliseconds earlier (P = .002) and superficial gluteus medius motion was 70 milliseconds earlier (P = .047) than those in healthy control participants. The level of gluteus minimus swing-phase motion was higher with pain (P = .006). Conclusion Increased gluteus minimus motion during the swing phase and earlier gluteus minimus and superficial gluteus medius motion in individuals with hip pain suggest an overall increase of muscle activity, possibly a protective behavior. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(4):277–285. Epub 8 Mar 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6132
Cervico-occipital Posture in Women With Migraine: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Ferracini Gabriela Natália , Dach Fabíola , Chaves Thais Cristina , Pinheiro Carina Ferreira , Bevilaqua-Grossi Débora , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Speciali José Geraldo 
Published: March 2016

Study Design Case-control study. Background Previous studies have assessed forward head posture in patients with migraine using photographs. To date, no study has compared postural differences using both radiographs and photographs. Objective To determine the differences in head extension posture between women with migraine and healthy women assessed with radiographic and photographic measures. Methods Thirty-three women (mean ± SD age, 32 ± 11.3 years) with migraine and 33 matched controls (age, 33 ± 12.6 years) participated. Radiographs were used to measure the high cervical angle (HCA), the angle between the most inferior line from the occipital surface to the posterior portion of C1 and the posterior surface of the odontoid process of C2, and the vertical distance between C0 and C1 (C0–C1). Photographs and commercially available software were used to assess the craniovertebral angle (CVA). Results None of the outcomes differed significantly between women with migraine and control participants. Outcomes for women with migraine were HCA, 66.1° (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64.2°, 68.1°); CVA, 46.1° (95% CI: 45.0°, 47.1°); and C0–C1, 8.5 mm (95% CI: 7.7, 9.2). Outcomes for the control group were HCA, 67.9° (95% CI: 66.5°, 69.3°); CVA, 44.5° (95% CI: 43.2°, 45.7°); and C0–C1, 8.7 mm (95% CI: 7.9, 9.4). Relationships between the frequency (r = −0.42, P = .01, R 2 = 10%) of migraine and the HCA were found. Conclusion This study demonstrated that women with migraine did not exhibit forward head posture compared to women with no history of headache in either radiographic or photographic postural analysis. However, there was a weak association of the frequency of migraine attacks with a variation in the HCA as assessed by radiographs. Level of Evidence Differential diagnosis/symptom prevalence, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(4):251–257. Epub 8 Mar 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6166
Reduced Physical Activity in People Following Ankle Fractures: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Beckenkamp Paula R. , Lin Chung-Wei Christine , Engelen Lina , Moseley Anne M. 
Published: March 2016

Study Design Longitudinal observational cohort. Background The impact of ankle fracture on physical activity and sitting time and the course of recovery of physical activity are unclear. Objectives To assess the course of recovery of physical activity after ankle fracture and the extent to which this population may be less physically active and more sedentary than the general population. Methods A cohort of individuals with ankle fracture was derived from a randomized trial and assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) at immobilization removal and 1, 3, and 6 months later. Total metabolic equivalent (MET) minutes per week were calculated to evaluate the course of recovery of physical activity. Sitting time (minutes per day) and the percentage of those who met the World Health Organization physical activity guidelines were calculated. Normative data were derived from a population-based cohort study that assessed physical activity using the IPAQ-SF. Results In people with ankle fracture (n = 214), physical activity increased in the first month (from a median of 99 at immobilization removal to 979 MET min/wk) and leveled off by 6 months (1386 MET min/wk). Only 22% of the ankle fracture cohort met World Health Organization guidelines at immobilization removal, compared to 80% of the cohort from the general population (P<.001). This difference diminished over time. Sitting time in the ankle fracture cohort was higher than population norms at all time points (P<.001). Conclusion People with ankle fracture are less physically active and more sedentary than the general population. Strategies to increase physical activity must be considered. Level of Evidence Prognosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(4):235–242. Epub 8 Mar 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6297
A Prescriptively Selected Nonthrust Manipulation Versus a Therapist-Selected Nonthrust Manipulation for Treatment of Individuals With Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Donaldson Megan , Petersen Shannon , Cook Chad , Learman Ken 
Published: March 2016

Study Design Randomized controlled trial. Background Several studies that have investigated the effects of a therapist-selected versus a randomly assigned segmental approach have looked at immediate effects only for pain-related outcomes. Objectives To examine differences in outcomes following a therapist-selected nonthrust manipulation versus a prescriptively selected nonthrust manipulation in subjects with low back pain. Methods Subjects with mechanically producible low back pain were randomly treated with nonthrust manipulation in a therapist-selected approach or a prescriptively selected approach. All subjects received a standardized home exercise program. Outcome measures included pain, disability, global rating of change, and patient acceptable symptom state. Analyses of covariance, chi-square tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine differences between groups. Results Sixty-three subjects were tracked for 6 months, during which subjects in both groups significantly improved. There were no differences between groups in pain, disability, or patient acceptable symptom state scores at 6 months. There was a significant difference in global rating of change scores favoring the therapist-selected manipulation group at 6 months. Conclusion This study measured long-term differences between a prescriptively selected nonthrust manipulation and a therapist-selected approach to nonthrust manipulation. In pain, disability, and patient acceptable symptom state there were no differences in outcomes, findings similar to studies of immediate effects. After 6 months, perceived well-being was significantly higher for those in the therapist-selected treatment group. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01940744). Level of Evidence Therapy, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(4):243–250. Epub 8 Mar 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6318
Shedding Light on the Etiology of Sports Injuries: A Look Behind the Scenes of Time-to-Event Analyses
Authors: Nielsen Rasmus Østergaard , Malisoux Laurent , Møller Merete , Theisen Daniel , Parner Erik Thorlund 
Published: March 2016

Synopsis The etiological mechanism underpinning any sports-related injury is complex and multifactorial. Frequently, athletes perceive “excessive training” as the principal factor in their injury, an observation that is biologically plausible yet somewhat ambiguous. If the applied training load is suddenly increased, this may increase the risk for sports injury development, irrespective of the absolute amount of training. Indeed, little to no rigorous scientific evidence exists to support the hypothesis that fluctuations in training load, compared to absolute training load, are more important in explaining sports injury development. One reason for this could be that prospective data from scientific studies should be analyzed in a different manner. Time-to-event analysis is a useful statistical tool in which to analyze the influence of changing exposures on injury risk. However, the potential of time-to-event analysis remains insufficiently exploited in sports injury research. Therefore, the purpose of the present article was to present and discuss measures of association used in time-to-event analyses and to present the advanced concept of time-varying exposures and outcomes. In the paper, different measures of association, such as cumulative relative risk, cumulative risk difference, and the classical hazard rate ratio, are presented in a nontechnical manner, and suggestions for interpretation of study results are provided. To summarize, time-to-event analysis complements the statistical arsenal of sports injury prevention researchers, because it enables them to analyze the complex and highly dynamic reality of injury etiology, injury recurrence, and time to recovery across a range of sporting contexts. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(4):300–311. Epub 8 Mar 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6510
Compression apparel does not have an acute effect on quadriceps strength but is associated with changes in muscle activation patterns
Authors: Zhang Shen , Fu Weijie , Xia Rui , Wang Xi 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: The mechanism by which increased compression affects muscle strength and electromyographic (EMG) time/frequency domain behavior during prolonged muscle actions has yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of compression on quadriceps strength and endurance and EMG amplitude/frequency of the quadriceps during repeated concentric muscle contractions. METHODS: Twelve healthy male athletes executed 25 maximal repeated isokinetic knee extensions in compression garment (CG) and control condition(CC) at 60 and 300°/s on a dynamometer. The EMG time and frequency domain behavior of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis were collected synchronously. RESULTS: Compression exerted no significant effect on peak moment and total work during the isokinetic contractions. By contrast, the overall EMG root mean square amplitude was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in CG than in CC while the EMG mean power frequency of the RF and VL was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CG than in CC at 60°/s. CONCLUSION: The described effects may potentially improve muscle endurance and fatigue resistance during prolonged muscle actions.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci for Haumania danckelmaniana and transferability to H. liebrechtsiana (Marantaceae)
Authors: Ley Alexandra C. , Hardy Olivier J. 
Published: March 2016

Premise of the study:Microsatellite markers were developed for the species Haumania danckelmaniana (Marantaceae) from central tropical Africa.Methods and Results:Microsatellite isolation was performed simultaneously on three different species of Marantaceae through a procedure that combines multiplex microsatellite enrichment and next‐generation sequencing. From 80 primers selected for initial screening, 20 markers positively amplified in H. danckelmaniana, of which 10 presented unambiguous amplification products within the expected size range and eight were polymorphic with four to nine alleles per locus. Positive transferability with the related species H. liebrechtsiana was observed for the same 10 markers.Conclusions:The polymorphic microsatellite markers are suitable for studies in genetic diversity and structure, mating system, and gene flow in H. danckelmaniana and the closely related species H. liebrechtsiana.
LITHIUM-RICH GIANTS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS*
Authors: Kirby Evan N. , Guhathakurta Puragra , Zhang Andrew J. , Hong Jerry , Guo Michelle , Guo Rachel , Cohen Judith G. , Cunha Katia 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Although red giants deplete lithium on their surfaces, some giants are Li-rich. Intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars can generate Li through the Cameron–Fowler conveyor, but the existence of Li-rich, low-mass red giant branch (RGB) stars is puzzling. Globular clusters are the best sites to examine this phenomenon because it is straightforward to determine membership in the cluster and to identify the evolutionary state of each star. In 72 hours of Keck/DEIMOS exposures in 25 clusters, we found four Li-rich RGB and two Li-rich AGB stars. There were 1696 RGB and 125 AGB stars with measurements or upper limits consistent with normal abundances of Li. Hence, the frequency of Li-richness in globular clusters is (0.2 ± 0.1)% for the RGB, (1.6 ± 1.1)% for the AGB, and (0.3 ± 0.1)% for all giants. Because the Li-rich RGB stars are on the lower RGB, Li self-generation mechanisms proposed to occur at the luminosity function bump or He core flash cannot explain these four lower RGB stars. We propose the following origin for Li enrichment: (1) All luminous giants experience a brief phase of Li enrichment at the He core flash. (2) All post-RGB stars with binary companions on the lower RGB will engage in mass transfer. This scenario predicts that 0.1% of lower RGB stars will appear Li-rich due to mass transfer from a recently Li-enhanced companion. This frequency is at the lower end of our confidence interval.
STABILITY OF GAS CLOUDS IN GALACTIC NUCLEI: AN EXTENDED VIRIAL THEOREM
Authors: Chen Xian , Amaro-Seoane Pau , Cuadra Jorge 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Cold gas entering the central 1–102 pc of a galaxy fragments and condenses into clouds. The stability of the clouds determines whether they will be turned into stars or can be delivered to the central supermassive black hole (SMBH) to turn on an active galactic nucleus (AGN). The conventional criteria to assess the stability of these clouds, such as the Jeans criterion and Roche (or tidal) limit, are insufficient here, because they assume the dominance of self-gravity in binding a cloud, and neglect external agents, such as pressure and tidal forces, which are common in galactic nuclei. We formulate a new scheme for judging this stability. We first revisit the conventional Virial theorem, taking into account an external pressure, to identify the correct range of masses that lead to stable clouds. We then extend the theorem to further include an external tidal field, which is equally crucial for the stability in the region of our interest—in dense star clusters, around SMBHs. We apply our extended Virial theorem to find new solutions to controversial problems, namely, the stability of the gas clumps in AGN tori, the circum-nuclear disk in the Galactic Center, and the central molecular zone of the Milky Way. The masses we derive for these structures are orders of magnitude smaller than the commonly used Virial masses (equivalent to the Jeans mass). Moreover, we prove that these clumps are stable, contrary to what one would naively deduce from the Roche (tidal) limit.
SEARCH FOR GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE COMA CLUSTER WITH SIX YEARS OF FERMI-LAT DATA
Authors: Ackermann M. , Ajello M. , Albert A. , Atwood W. B. , Baldini L. , Ballet J. , Barbiellini G. , Bastieri D. , Bechtol K. , Bellazzini R. , Bissaldi E. , Blandford R. D. , Bloom E. D. , Bonino R. , Bottacini E. , Bregeon J. , Bruel P. , Buehler R. , Caliandro G. A. , Cameron R. A. , Caragiulo M. , Caraveo P. A. , Casandjian J. M. , Cavazzuti E. , Cecchi C. , Charles E. , Chekhtman A. , Chiaro G. , Ciprini S. , Cohen-Tanugi J. , Conrad J. , Cutini S. , D’Ammando F. , Angelis A. de , Palma F. de , Desiante R. , Digel S. W. , Venere L. Di , Drell P. S. , Favuzzi C. , Fegan S. J. , Fukazawa Y. , Funk S. , Fusco P. , Gargano F. , Gasparrini D. , Giglietto N. , Giordano F. , Giroletti M. , Godfrey G. , Green D. , Grenier I. A. , Guiriec S. , Hays E. , Hewitt J. W. , Horan D. , Jóhannesson G. , Kuss M. , Larsson S. , Latronico L. , Li J. , Li L. , Longo F. , Loparco F. , Lovellette M. N. , Lubrano P. , Madejski G. M. , Maldera S. , Manfreda A. , Mayer M. , Mazziotta M. N. , Michelson P. F. , Mitthumsiri W. , Mizuno T. , Monzani M. E. , Morselli A. , Moskalenko I. V. , Murgia S. , Nuss E. , Ohsugi T. , Orienti M. , Orlando E. , Ormes J. F. , Paneque D. , Pesce-Rollins M. , Petrosian V. , Piron F. , Pivato G. , Porter T. A. , Rainò S. , Rando R. , Razzano M. , Reimer A. , Reimer O. , Sánchez-Conde M. , Sgrò C. , Siskind E. J. , Spada F. , Spandre G. , Spinelli P. , Tajima H. , Takahashi H. , Thayer J. B. , Tibaldo L. , Torres D. F. , Tosti G. , Troja E. , Vianello G. , Wood K. S. , Zimmer S. ,   (The Fermi-LAT Collaboration), Rephaeli Y. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present results from γ-ray observations of the Coma cluster incorporating six years of Fermi-LAT data and the newly released “Pass 8” event-level analysis. Our analysis of the region reveals low-significance residual structures within the virial radius of the cluster that are too faint for a detailed investigation with the current data. Using a likelihood approach that is free of assumptions on the spectral shape we derive upper limits on the γ-ray flux that is expected from energetic particle interactions in the cluster. We also consider a benchmark spatial and spectral template motivated by models in which the observed radio halo is mostly emission by secondary electrons. In this case, the median expected and observed upper limits for the flux above 100

are 1.7 × 10−9 ph cm−2 s−1 and 5.2 × 10−9 ph cm−2 s−1 respectively (the latter corresponds to residual emission at the level of 1.8σ). These bounds are comparable to or higher than predicted levels of hadronic gamma-ray emission in cosmic-ray (CR) models with or without reacceleration of secondary electrons, although direct comparisons are sensitive to assumptions regarding the origin and propagation mode of CRs and magnetic field properties. The minimal expected γ-ray flux from radio and star-forming galaxies within the Coma cluster is roughly an order of magnitude below the median sensitivity of our analysis.
VARIATION OF SPECTRAL AND TIMING PROPERTIES IN THE EXTENDED BURST TAILS FROM THE MAGNETAR 4U 0142+61
Authors: Chakraborty Manoneeta , Göğüş Ersin , Muş Sinem Şaşmaz , Kaneko Yuki 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Extended emission episodes with an intensity above the preburst level are observed following magnetar bursts from a number of soft gamma repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs). Such extended tail emissions were observed following two events detected from AXP 4U 0142+61. We investigated in detail the evolution of spectral and temporal properties during these two tail segments using Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer/Proportional Counter Array observations, and report distinct variations in the spectral and temporal behavior throughout the tails. In particular, in both cases we observed a sudden enhancement of the pulsation amplitude in conjunction with bursts and a smooth decline of X-ray emission (cooling) during the tail. We suggest that an inefficiently radiating trapped fireball formed during the burst, which can heat up the stellar surface, is able to explain the tail properties and its energetics. We also present the episodic detection of absorption and emission features during tails. One possible mechanism that has been proposed to give rise to such spectral lines is the proton/ion cyclotron resonance process, which has been suggested as offering a valuable tool in probing the complex magnetic field of magnetars.
THE TIGHT RELATION BETWEEN X-RAY AND ULTRAVIOLET LUMINOSITY OF QUASARS
Authors: Lusso E. , Risaliti G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The observed relation between the soft X-ray and the optical-ultraviolet emission in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is nonlinear and it is usually parametrized as a dependence between the logarithm of the monochromatic luminosity at 2500 Å and at 2 keV. Previous investigations have found that the dispersion of this relation is rather high (∼0.35–0.4 in log units), which may be caused by measurement uncertainties, variability, and intrinsic dispersion due to differences in the AGN physical properties (e.g., different accretion modes). We show that, once optically selected quasars with homogeneous SED and X-ray detection are selected, and dust reddened and/or gas obscured objects are not included, the measured dispersion drops to significantly lower values (i.e., ∼0.21–0.24 dex). We show that the residual dispersion is due to some extent to variability, and to remaining measurement uncertainties. Therefore, the real physical intrinsic dispersion should be

dex. Such a tight relation, valid over four decades in luminosity, must be the manifestation of an intrinsic (and universal) physical relation between the disk, emitting the primary radiation, and the hot electron corona emitting X-rays.
Reflections on the concept of discourse community
Authors: Swales John M. 
Published: March 2016

Cet article présente une réflexion sur le concept de communauté de discours, dont, en tant que chercheur, je me préoccupe de manière épisodique depuis trente ans. Il retrace tout d’abord le point de départ de mon intérêt personnel pour cette notion, en rappelant les résultats d’une étude qui portait sur des communautés au sein d’un petit bâtiment universitaire. Il explore ensuite la façon dont ce concept a été repris par ceux qui enseignent les techniques d’écriture universitaire dans le supérieur aux États-Unis. Trois types de communauté de discours sont ensuite proposés : les communautés locales, focales et « folocales », ces dernières présentant des caractéristiques communes aux deux premières. Les universitaires particulièrement actifs appartiennent typiquement aux communautés « folocales » car ils s’efforcent de maintenir un équilibre entre les exigences qui émanent du contexte local (enseignement, tâches administratives) et celles qui sont liées à la production savante intensive (communications, publications). Dans la seconde partie de l’article, les critères dans Genre Analysis (1990) sont amendés, étoffés et mis à jour, puis sont suivis de remarques conclusives.
Science as vocation? Discipline, profession and impressionistic sociology
Authors: Dubois Michel 
Published: March 2016

Bien que les catégories de « profession » et de « discipline » occupent une place centrale en sociologie depuis Max Weber, elles sont souvent utilisées de façon imprécise, sans être rigoureusement définies. Cet article fournit des exemples d’approches impressionnistes de ces notions en s’appuyant sur l’étude du processus de socialisation dans le monde scientifique. En se fondant sur les travaux d’E. Freidson (1970 [1984]), de Y. Gingras (1991) et de R. Stichweh (1992), j’avance trois raisons principales qui justifient le besoin de considérer « discipline » et « profession » comme deux entités distinctes que le sociologue devrait étudier du point de vue de leurs interactions ainsi que de leur transformation.