bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing black carbon transport to the Arctic from present day to the end of 21st century
Authors: Jiao Chaoyi , Flanner Mark G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHere we explore how climate warming under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) impacts Arctic aerosol distributions via changes in atmospheric transport and removal processes. We modify the bulk aerosol module in the Community Atmosphere Model to track distributions and fluxes of 200 black carbon‐like tracers emitted from different locations, and we conduct idealized experiments with and without active aerosol deposition. Changing wind patterns, studied in isolation, cause the Arctic burdens of tracers emitted from East Asia and West Europe during winter to increase about 20% by the end of the century while decreasing the Arctic burdens of North American emissions by about 30%. These changes are caused by an altered winter polar dome structure that results from Arctic amplification and inhomogeneous sea ice loss and surface warming, both of which are enhanced in the Chukchi Sea region. The resulting geostrophic wind favors Arctic transport of East Asian emissions while inhibiting poleward transport of North American emissions. When active deposition is also considered, however, Arctic burdens of emissions from northern midlatitudes show near‐universal decline. This is a consequence of increased precipitation and wet removal, particularly within the Arctic, leading to decreased Arctic residence time. Simulations with present‐day emissions of black carbon indicate a 13.6% reduction in the Arctic annual mean burden by the end of the 21st century, due to warming‐induced transport and deposition changes, while simulations with changing climate and emissions under RCP8.5 show a 61.0% reduction.
Reassessing changes in diurnal temperature range: Intercomparison and evaluation of existing global data set estimates
Authors: Thorne P. W. , Donat M. G. , Dunn R. J. H. , Williams C. N. , Alexander L. V. , Caesar J. , Durre I. , Harris I. , Hausfather Z. , Jones P. D. , Menne M. J. , Rohde R. , Vose R. S. , Davy R. , Klein‐Tank A. M. G. , Lawrimore J. H. , Peterson T. C. , Rennie J. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractChanges in diurnal temperature range (DTR) over global land areas are compared from a broad range of independent data sets. All data sets agree that global‐mean DTR has decreased significantly since 1950, with most of that decrease occurring over 1960–1980. The since‐1979 trends are not significant, with inter‐data set disagreement even over the sign of global changes. Inter‐data set spread becomes greater regionally and in particular at the grid box level. Despite this, there is general agreement that DTR decreased in North America, Europe, and Australia since 1951, with this decrease being partially reversed over Australia and Europe since the early 1980s. There is substantive disagreement between data sets prior to the middle of the twentieth century, particularly over Europe, which precludes making any meaningful conclusions about DTR changes prior to 1950, either globally or regionally. Several variants that undertake a broad range of approaches to postprocessing steps of gridding and interpolation were analyzed for two of the data sets. These choices have a substantial influence in data sparse regions or periods. The potential of further insights is therefore inextricably linked with the efficacy of data rescue and digitization for maximum and minimum temperature series prior to 1950 everywhere and in data sparse regions throughout the period of record. Over North America, station selection and homogeneity assessment is the primary determinant. Over Europe, where the basic station data are similar, the postprocessing choices are dominant. We assess that globally averaged DTR has decreased since the middle twentieth century but that this decrease has not been linear.
Assessment of aerosol optical property and radiative effect for the layer decoupling cases over the northern South China Sea during the 7‐SEAS/Dongsha Experiment
Authors: Pani Shantanu Kumar , Wang Sheng‐Hsiang , Lin Neng‐Huei , Tsay Si‐Chee , Lolli Simone , Chuang Ming‐Tung , Lee Chung‐Te , Chantara Somporn , Yu Jin‐Yi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe aerosol radiative effect can be modulated by the vertical distribution and optical properties of aerosols, particularly when aerosol layers are decoupled. Direct aerosol radiative effects over the northern South China Sea (SCS) were assessed by incorporating an observed data set of aerosol optical properties obtained from the Seven South East Asian Studies (7‐SEAS)/Dongsha Experiment into a radiative transfer model. Aerosol optical properties for a two‐layer structure of aerosol transport were estimated. In the radiative transfer calculations, aerosol variability (i.e., diversity of source region, aerosol type, and vertical distribution) for the complex aerosol environment was also carefully quantified. The column‐integrated aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm was 0.1–0.3 for near‐surface aerosols and increased 1–5 times in presence of upper layer biomass‐burning aerosols. A case study showed the strong aerosol absorption (single‐scattering albedo (ω) ≈ 0.92 at 440 nm wavelength) exhibited by the upper layer when associated with predominantly biomass‐burning aerosols, and the ω (≈0.95) of near‐surface aerosols was greater than that of the upper layer aerosols because of the presence of mixed type aerosols. The presence of upper level aerosol transport could enhance the radiative efficiency at the surface (i.e., cooling) and lower atmosphere (i.e., heating) by up to −13.7 and +9.6 W m−2 per AOD, respectively. Such enhancement could potentially modify atmospheric stability, can influence atmospheric circulation, as well as the hydrological cycle over the tropical and low‐latitude marginal northern SCS.
Catchment‐ and reach‐scale controls on the distribution and expectation of geomorphic channel adjustment
Authors: Lisenby Peyton E. , Fryirs Kirstie A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractVariability in channel function (behavior) can be assessed by characterizing different forms of adjustment over time. Here, historical channel adjustments in three tributary systems of the Lockyer Valley, Southeast Queensland (SEQ) are analyzed in order to evaluate the range of catchment‐ and reach‐scale controls on channel behavior. Over 300 individual adjustments and 13 forms of adjustment were identified over a ∼130 year time span. We measured the width‐to‐depth ratio (W:D), mean stream power (ω), and basin area (A) at the location of all observed adjustments. The most common forms of adjustment were avulsions, lateral expansion of the channel, and bend adjustments. The tributary systems behave distinctly different from one another according to statistical comparisons between the W:D, ω, and A data for these forms of adjustment. We find that it is possible to develop process domains or typologies for forms of geomorphic adjustment found in the Lockyer Valley. These domains or typologies provide the foundations for synoptic comparisons between catchments and assessing the expectation of channel adjustment (forecasting), which should be included in process‐based river management practice.
Valuing year‐to‐go hydrologic forecast improvements for a peaking hydropower system in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Rheinheimer David E. , Bales Roger C. , Oroza Carlos A. , Lund Jay R. , Viers Joshua H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe assessed the potential value of hydrologic forecasting improvements for a snow‐dominated high‐elevation hydropower system in the Sierra Nevada of California, using a hydropower optimization model. To mimic different forecasting skill levels for inflow time series, rest‐of‐year inflows from regression‐based forecasts were blended in different proportions with representative inflows from a spatially distributed hydrologic model. The statistical approach mimics the simpler, historical forecasting approach that is still widely used. Revenue was calculated using historical electricity prices, with perfect price foresight assumed. With current infrastructure and operations, perfect hydrologic forecasts increased annual hydropower revenue by $0.14 to $1.6 million, with lower values in dry years and higher values in wet years, or about $0.8 million (1.2%) on average, representing overall willingness‐to‐pay for perfect information. A second sensitivity analysis found a wider range of annual revenue gain or loss using different skill levels in snow measurement in the regression‐based forecast, mimicking expected declines in skill as the climate warms and historical snow measurements no longer represent current conditions. The value of perfect forecasts was insensitive to storage capacity for small and large reservoirs, relative to average inflow, and modestly sensitive to storage capacity with medium (current) reservoir storage. The value of forecasts was highly sensitive to powerhouse capacity, particularly for the range of capacities in the northern Sierra Nevada. The approach can be extended to multireservoir, multipurpose systems to help guide investments in forecasting.
Regional‐scale controls on dissolved nitrous oxide in the Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Turner P. A. , Griffis T. J. , Baker J. M. , Lee X. , Crawford J. T. , Loken L. C. , Venterea R. T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe U.S. Corn Belt is one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world and is drained by the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), which forms one of the largest drainage basins in the U.S. While the effects of agricultural nitrate (NO3−) on water quality in the UMR have been well documented, its impact on the production of nitrous oxide (N2O) has not been reported. Using a novel equilibration technique, we present the largest data set of freshwater dissolved N2O concentrations (0.7 to 6 times saturation) and examine the controls on its variability over a 350 km reach of the UMR. Driven by a supersaturated water column, the UMR was an important atmospheric N2O source (+68 mg N2O N m−2 yr−1) that varies nonlinearly with the NO3− concentration. Our analyses indicated that a projected doubling of the NO3− concentration by 2050 would cause dissolved N2O concentrations and emissions to increase by about 40%.
The effects of plasmaspheric plumes on dayside reconnection
Authors: Ouellette J. E. , Lyon J. G. , Brambles O. J. , Zhang B. , Lotko W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe summarize the results of a study on the impact of plasmaspheric plumes on dayside reconnection using a three‐dimensional magnetospheric simulation code. We find that the mass loading of magnetospheric flux tubes slows local reconnection rates, though not as much as predicted by Borovsky et al. (2013) due to differences in how well the Cassak‐Shay theory matches magnetospheric configurations with and without plasmaspheric plumes. Additionally, we find that in some circumstances reconnection activity is enhanced on either side of the plumes, which moderates its impact on the total dayside reconnection rate. These results provide evidence that plasmaspheric plumes have both local‐ and global‐scale effects on dayside reconnection.
Two‐Dimensional Core‐Shelled Porous Hybrids as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yuan Kai , Zhuang Xiaodong , Fu Haiyan , Brunklaus Gunther , Forster Michael , Chen Yiwang , Feng Xinliang , Scherf Ullrich 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have drawn much attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Using TMDs as templates for the generation of 2D sandwich‐like materials with remarkable properties still remains a great challenge due to their poor solvent processability. Herein, MoS2‐coupled sandwich‐like conjugated microporous polymers (M‐CMPs) with high specific surface area were successfully developed by using functionalized MoS2 nanosheets as template. As‐prepared M‐CMPs were further used as precursors for preparation of MoS2‐embedded nitrogen‐doped porous carbon nanosheets, which were revealed as novel electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction with mainly four‐electron transfer mechanism and ultralow half‐wave potential in comparison with commercial Pt/C catalyst. Our strategy to core–shelled sandwich‐like hybrids paves a way for a new class of 2D hybrids for energy conversion and storage.
The Simplest Amino‐borane H2B=NH2 Trapped on a Rhodium Dimer: Pre‐Catalysts for Amine–Borane Dehydropolymerization
Authors: Kumar Amit , Beattie Nicholas A. , Pike Sebastian D. , Macgregor Stuart A. , Weller Andrew S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe μ‐amino–borane complexes [Rh2(LR)2(μ‐H)(μ‐H2B=NHR′)][BArF4] (LR=R2P(CH2)3PR2; R=Ph, iPr; R′=H, Me) form by addition of H3B⋅NMeR′H2 to [Rh(LR)(η6‐C6H5F)][BArF4]. DFT calculations demonstrate that the amino–borane interacts with the Rh centers through strong Rh‐H and Rh‐B interactions. Mechanistic investigations show that these dimers can form by a boronium‐mediated route, and are pre‐catalysts for amine‐borane dehydropolymerization, suggesting a possible role for bimetallic motifs in catalysis.
MALDI‐MS Patterning of Caspase Activities and Its Application in the Assessment of Drug Resistance
Authors: Hu Junjie , Liu Fei , Ju Huangxian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS) has been widely used for enzyme activity assays. Herein, we propose a MALDI‐MS patterning strategy for the convenient visual presentation of multiple enzyme activities with an easy‐to‐prepare chip. The array‐based caspase‐activity patterned chip (Casp‐PC) is fabricated by hydrophobically assembling different phospholipid‐tagged peptide substrates on a modified ITO slide. The advantages of amphipathic phospholipids lead to high‐quality mass spectra for imaging analysis. Upon the respective cleavage of these substrates by different caspases, such as caspase‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐8, to produce a mass shift, the enzyme activities can be directly evaluated by MALDI‐MS patterning by m/z‐dependent imaging of the cleavage products. The ability to identify drug‐sensitive/resistant cancer cells and assess the curative effects of anticancer drugs is demonstrated, indicating the applicability of the method and the designed chip.
Synthesis of Biaryls through Nickel‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Amides by Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Cleavage
Authors: Shi Shicheng , Meng Guangrong , Szostak Michal 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe first Ni‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of amides for the synthesis of widely occurring biaryl compounds through N−C amide bond activation is reported. The reaction tolerates a wide range of electron‐withdrawing, electron‐neutral, and electron‐donating substituents on both coupling partners. The reaction constitutes the first example of the Ni‐catalyzed generation of aryl electrophiles from bench‐stable amides with potential applications for a broad range of organometallic reactions.
Na2BaMQ4 (M=Ge, Sn; Q=S, Se): Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials with Excellent Performances and that Undergo Structural Transformations
Authors: Wu Kui , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInfrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) materials with excellent performances are particularly important in laser technology. However, to design and synthesize an efficient IR NLO material with a balance between the optical band gap and the NLO coefficient is still a huge challenge. With this in mind, four new IR NLO materials Na2BaSnS4, Na2BaSnSe4, Na2BaGeS4, and Na2BaGeSe4 were successfully designed and synthesized. The compounds exhibit excellent properties with a suitable balance of band gap and NLO coefficient measured for Na2BaSnS4 (3.27 eV and about 17×KDP, that is, about 17 times that of KH2PO4 (KDP)) and Na2BaGeS4 (3.7 eV and about 10×KDP), demonstrating that the systems satisfy the key requirements as promising IR NLO candidates. Remarkably, the new compounds also undergo a novel structural transformation from tetragonal to trigonal systems, the first time that this has been reported for quaternary metal chalcogenides.
A Phytochrome Sensory Domain Permits Receptor Activation by Red Light
Authors: Reichhart Eva , Ingles‐Prieto Alvaro , Tichy Alexandra‐Madelaine , McKenzie Catherine , Janovjak Harald 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOptogenetics and photopharmacology enable the spatio‐temporal control of cell and animal behavior by light. Although red light offers deep‐tissue penetration and minimal phototoxicity, very few red‐light‐sensitive optogenetic methods are currently available. We have now developed a red‐light‐induced homodimerization domain. We first showed that an optimized sensory domain of the cyanobacterial phytochrome 1 can be expressed robustly and without cytotoxicity in human cells. We then applied this domain to induce the dimerization of two receptor tyrosine kinases—the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and the neurotrophin receptor trkB. This new optogenetic method was then used to activate the MAPK/ERK pathway non‐invasively in mammalian tissue and in multicolor cell‐signaling experiments. The light‐controlled dimerizer and red‐light‐activated receptor tyrosine kinases will prove useful to regulate a variety of cellular processes with light.
A Tin Analogue of Carbenoid: Isolation and Reactivity of a Lithium Bis(imidazolin‐2‐imino)stannylenoid
Authors: Ochiai Tatsumi , Franz Daniel , Wu Xiao‐Nan , Irran Elisabeth , Inoue Shigeyoshi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe lithium bis(imino)stannylenoid (NIPr)2Sn(Li)Cl (1; NIPr=bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐imino) was prepared by the reaction of LiNIPr with 0.5 equiv of SnCl2⋅diox (diox=1,4‐dioxane) and the ambiphilic character of the compound was demonstrated by investigations into its reactivity. Treatment of 1 with I2 or MeI yielded the oxidative addition products (NIPr)2SnI2 and (NIPr)2Sn(Me)I, respectively. In contrast, the reaction of 1 with one equivalent of Me3SiCl resulted in the formation of Me3SiNIPr and the chlorostannylene dimer [NIPrSnCl]2. Moreover, the substitution reaction of compound 1 with MeLi led to the formation of the methyl‐substituted stannate (NIPr)2Sn(Li)Me.
Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides
Authors: Zhang Qingnan , Hu Shu‐Xian , Qu Hui , Su Jing , Wang Guanjun , Lu Jun‐Bo , Chen Mohua , Zhou Mingfei , Li Jun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe chemistry of lanthanides (Ln=La–Lu) is dominated by the low‐valent +3 or +2 oxidation state because of the chemical inertness of the valence 4f electrons. The highest known oxidation state of the whole lanthanide series is +4 for Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, and Dy. We report the formation of the lanthanide oxide species PrO4 and PrO2+ complexes in the gas phase and in a solid noble‐gas matrix. Combined infrared spectroscopic and advanced quantum chemistry studies show that these species have the unprecedented PrV oxidation state, thus demonstrating that the pentavalent state is viable for lanthanide elements in a suitable coordination environment.
Interface Engineering of MoS2/Ni3S2 Heterostructures for Highly Enhanced Electrochemical Overall‐Water‐Splitting Activity
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Tao , Pohl Darius , Rellinghaus Bernd , Dong Renhao , Liu Shaohua , Zhuang Xiaodong , Feng Xinliang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo achieve sustainable production of H2 fuel through water splitting, low‐cost electrocatalysts for the hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) are required to replace Pt and IrO2 catalysts. Herein, for the first time, we present the interface engineering of novel MoS2/Ni3S2 heterostructures, in which abundant interfaces are formed. For OER, such MoS2/Ni3S2 heterostructures show an extremely low overpotential of ca. 218 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which is superior to that of the state‐of‐the‐art OER electrocatalysts. Using MoS2/Ni3S2 heterostructures as bifunctional electrocatalysts, an alkali electrolyzer delivers a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a very low cell voltage of ca. 1.56 V. In combination with DFT calculations, this study demonstrates that the constructed interfaces synergistically favor the chemisorption of hydrogen and oxygen‐containing intermediates, thus accelerating the overall electrochemical water splitting.
Anisotropy of the elastic modulus for hybrid composites reinforced by short fibers and particles with respect to material porosity
Authors: Dai Hong‐Liang , Mei Chao , Rao Yan‐Ni 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTHybrid composites reinforced by short fibers and particles (HCRSFPs) have been widely used in many fields, and more and more scholars are paying attention to hybrid composites. In this study, the elastic moduli of HCRSFPs in arbitrarily chosen directions were investigated with respect to their porosities. A material model was built with the assumption of a compound of particles and polymer matrix containing voids as an effective matrix, and the HCRSFPs were treated as the compound of short fibers and the effective matrix. With consideration of the three‐dimensional spatial orientation distribution and the length distribution of the short fibers, the laminate analog approach and the Halpin–Tsai model were used to predict the elastic moduli of the HCRSFPs. Numerical examples and analyses showed that the fiber orientation distribution, reinforcement volume fraction, and porosity had great effects on the elastic moduli of the HCRSFPs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43708.
Influence of process parameters on the structure formation of man‐made cellulosic fibers from ionic liquid solution
Authors: Michud Anne , Hummel Michael , Sixta Herbert 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe influence of dry‐jet wet spinning parameters on the production of man‐made cellulosic fibers from 13 wt % cellulose/1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene acetate solutions was investigated. The spinneret nozzle diameter, extrusion velocity, draw ratio, and coagulation bath temperature were the studied parameters. The production of highly oriented fibers was favored by selecting higher extrusion velocity and lower spinneret diameter. A spinneret size of 100 µm and a draw ratio of 6 were sufficient to highly orient the cellulose macromolecules and achieve tenacities above 40 cN/tex (600 MPa). Total orientation assessed via birefringence measurement, tenacity, and Young's modulus values reached a plateau at a draw of 6 and no further development in properties was observed. A temperature of the aqueous coagulation bath of 15 °C slightly promoted greater orientation of the fibers by hampering structural changes of the cellulose macromolecules in the nascent solid fibers. Furthermore, the determination of the elongational viscosity of the liquid thread via the measurement of radial force tensor was tested and showed promising results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43718.