bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The costs of being certain: Brain potential evidence for linguistic preactivation in sentence processing
Authors: Freunberger Dominik , Roehm Dietmar 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrediction in sentence comprehension is often investigated by measuring the amplitude of the N400 ERP component to words that are more or less predictable from their preceding context. The N400—linked to the activation of word‐associated semantic information—is reduced for words that are predictable, indicating that preactivation can lead to facilitated processing. We addressed the question whether there is measurable neural activity related to the preactivation of linguistic information before input confirms or disconfirms this prediction. We therefore measured ERPs not only to moderately to highly predictable target words, but also to preceding adverbs. Based on two separate cloze pretests, we quantified the impact of the adverb upon the predictability of the subsequent target word. Using linear mixed‐effects analyses, we could show that the N400 amplitude at the target word was inversely related to target cloze value, thus replicating the finding that prediction has a facilitative effect on semantic processing. Crucially, the N400 amplitude at the pretarget adverb was modulated by adverb impact: When adverbs increased the predictability of the following word, the N400 was more negative going. We argue that this effect is related to the preactivation of linguistic information. Our findings indicate that the specification of predictions can lead to additional processes before these predictions are confirmed or disconfirmed and that activation of word‐associated information through prediction is highly comparable to activation through actual input.
Lateralization of posterior alpha EEG reflects the distribution of spatial attention during saccadic reading
Authors: Kornrumpf Benthe , Dimigen Olaf , Sommer Werner 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVisuospatial attention is an important mechanism in reading that governs the uptake of information from foveal and parafoveal regions of the visual field. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of how attention is allocated during eye fixations are not completely understood. The current study explored the use of EEG alpha‐band oscillations to investigate the spatial distribution of attention during reading. We reanalyzed two data sets, focusing on the lateralization of alpha activity at posterior scalp sites. In each experiment, participants read short lists of German nouns in two paradigms: either by freely moving their eyes (saccadic reading) or by fixating the screen center while the text moved passively from right to left at the same average speed (RSVP paradigm). In both paradigms, upcoming words were either visible or masked, and foveal processing load was manipulated by varying the words' lexical frequencies. Posterior alpha lateralization revealed a sustained rightward bias of attention during saccadic reading, but not in the RSVP paradigm. Interestingly, alpha lateralization was not influenced by word frequency (foveal load) or preview during the preceding fixation. Hence, alpha did not reflect transient attention shifts within a given fixation. However, in both experiments, we found that in the saccadic reading condition a stronger alpha lateralization shortly before a saccade predicted shorter fixations on the subsequently fixated word. These results indicate that alpha lateralization can serve as a measure of attention deployment and its link to oculomotor behavior in reading.
Foundations of Relating: Theory and Evidence on the Formation of Street‐Level Bureaucrats’ Workplace Networks
Authors: Nisar Muhammad Azfar , Maroulis Spiro 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite the importance of peers in forming role expectations, fostering group identity, and facilitating job learning, limited theory and empirical evidence exist on the antecedents of street‐level peer relationships. To address this gap, the authors draw on social capital and social exchange theories to develop hypotheses about the micro‐social foundations of street‐level bureaucrats’ peer selection. The hypotheses are tested using a rich data set from an intraorganizational network of teachers in a large urban school implementing a reform that strongly promoted frontline innovation. Both structural and instrumental considerations, such as seeking peers possessing characteristics and resources valued by the reform, figure prominently in the work relations of street‐level bureaucrats. These results imply that the introduction of improvement initiatives requiring frontline participation, in addition to altering work practices, may also alter social networks within the frontline of an organization in a manner that favors some frontline workers over others.
How chronic disease affects children's views on being ill and healthy: a comparative study
Authors: Lima Lígia , Silva Vanessa , Lemos Marina S. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundUnderstanding children's views of illness and health is vital to a child‐centred approach in patient education and care. Paediatric healthcare providers should incorporate children's views of health and illness to enable children and their families to participate in self‐management plans and achieve better health outcomes. However, there is limited scientific knowledge regarding the views of children with specific diseases.MethodThis comparative study investigated whether and in what ways the experience of having different chronic diseases influenced children's views of being ill and healthy. The participants were 82 children aged 8–13 years diagnosed with a chronic disease (31 had asthma, 27 had diabetes and 24 had cancer). A group of 81 healthy children participated as a comparison group. The ‘draw‐and‐write’ technique was used to collect the children's views, and the data were analysed using a previously validated coding system (inter‐rater agreement of 93%) and subsequently quantified for the examination of any differences in relation to illness.ResultsStatistically significant differences were found in all dimensions of the children's conceptions of health and illness according to whether they had a chronic condition (effect sizes calculated with Cohen's d ranged from 0.35 to 1.22). Globally, the chronically ill children expressed a narrower definition of being healthy and ill than their healthy peers. Moreover, the comparison among the children with asthma, diabetes and cancer showed differences that seemed to reflect their specific experiences with their type of chronic disease and the associated treatments (effect sizes calculated with Eta‐squared ranged from 0.07 to 0.25).ConclusionsThis study's findings can be used to guide education and clinical services tailored to ill children suffering from different chronic conditions.
Adolescents’ evaluations of the quality of lifestyle counselling in school‐based health care
Authors: Myllymäki Laura , Ruotsalainen Heidi , Kääriäinen Maria 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundAdolescents need effective lifestyle counselling precisely because health problems are so common. Good‐quality lifestyle counselling can prevent the problems from becoming worse and decrease the costs of health care. Nurse practitioners in schools are well positioned to promote adolescent health.AimThis study describes adolescents’ evaluations of the quality of lifestyle counselling and factors related to it in school‐based health care.MethodsThe data were collected from seventh‐ to ninth‐grade adolescents (n = 846) using the Counselling Quality Instrument, from two junior high schools in northern Finland. The study employed a web‐based survey. Response rate was 67% (n = 563). The data were analysed via descriptive statistics.ResultsMost adolescents (84%) reported that the counselling resources related to school‐based health care are quite good. Most of them reported that nutrition (70%) and physical activity (63%) related to lifestyle counselling are sufficient. Approximately half of adolescents (51%) considered the counselling related to substance abuse as being sufficient. Most (80%) felt that the level of interaction during counselling is good. Overall, the majority of adolescents reported that goal‐oriented lifestyle counselling (67%) and adolescent‐centred counselling (69%) are good. Finally, most adolescents (72%) reported that they have benefitted from lifestyle counselling. Gender and health status were significantly related to resources, interaction and benefits of lifestyle counselling. Girls evaluated that counselling were more adolescent‐centred than boys. Adolescents with very good health status evaluated content of lifestyle counselling better than adolescents with poorer health status.ConclusionThe adolescents evaluated the quality of lifestyle counselling in school‐based health care as mainly being good. School nurses should pay particular attention when providing counselling to boys and those who are in poorer health.
Beyond Sodium, Phosphate and Potassium: Potential Dietary Interventions in Kidney Disease
Authors: Kelly Jaimon T. , Rossi Megan , Johnson David W. , Campbell Katrina L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPeople with kidney disease are advised to restrict individual nutrients, such as sodium, potassium, and phosphate, in line with current best practice guidelines. However, there is limited evidence to support the efficacy of single nutrient strategies, and compliance remains a challenge for clinicians to overcome. Many factors contribute to poor compliance with dietary prescriptions, including conflicting priorities for single nutrient restriction, the arduous self‐monitoring required, and the health‐related knock‐on effects resulting from targeting these nutrients in isolation. This paper reviews the evidence base for the overall pattern of eating as a potential tool to deliver a diet intervention in which all the nutrients and foods work cumulatively and synergistically to improve clinical outcomes. These interventions may assist in kidney disease management and overcome these innate challenges that single nutrient interventions possess. Healthy dietary patterns are typically plant‐based and lower in sodium and animal proteins. These patterns may have numerous mechanistic benefits for cardiovascular health in kidney disease, most notably through the increase in fruit, vegetables, and plant‐based protein, as well as improved gut health through the increase in dietary fiber. The evidence to date on optimal dietary patterns points toward use of a predominantly plant‐based diet, and suggests its adoption may improve clinical outcomes in dialysis patients. However, clinical trials are needed to determine whether these diet interventions are feasible, safe, and effective in this patient population.
Demographic Change in European Towns 2001–11: A Cross‐National Multi‐Level Analysis
Authors: Smith Ian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe unique contribution of this paper is to empirically compare and contrast demographic change in settlements with a population between 5,000 and under 50,000 (defined as towns) across different national urban systems in Europe with common definitions for the first time. The analysis uses a new data set based on harmonised small area data and harmonised morphological definitions of what a town is. The paper hypothesises first that a general model of demographic growth can be applied across national urban systems and secondly that regional demographic change is a significant predictor of demographic change in towns nested within those regions within this generalised model. A fixed effect multi‐level regression analysis tests the importance of town‐level and regional factors among towns from five national systems but also within two individual national urban systems. The findings suggest that national context still matters and within some national systems, regional context also strongly predicts demographic change in towns.
Tolerance, Intergroup Contacts and Municipal‐Spatial Organisation: The Case of Jews and Arab Palestinians in the Tel‐Aviv Metropolitan Area
Authors: Omer Itzhak , Goldblatt Ran , Romann Michael , Khamaisi Rassem 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe paper examines the willingness of Israeli Jews and Arab Palestinians for intergroup contacts during daily activities in diverse functional spaces and spatial organisational contexts within the metropolitan area of Tel‐Aviv, Israel. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted among visitors to public spaces in three mixed Arab‐Jewish areas: a mixed city; two adjacent Jewish and Arab suburban townships; and two relatively distant Jewish and Arab towns. The research findings indicate that higher‐order functional spaces (e.g. shopping mall), municipal separation and relatively large geographic distance between Jewish and Arab towns enhance willingness for inter‐group contacts, feelings of comfort and security and a shared ethnic identity of sites. We relate this tendency to the unique geographic distribution of Jewish and Arab localities in Israel which allows the separation between functional and residential spaces and thus a reduction of feelings of threat and discomfort experienced upon inter‐group exposure and contact.
Deprivation and the Rural‐Urban Trap
Authors: Dymitrow Mirek , Biegańska Jadwiga , Grzelak‐Kostulska Elżbieta 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDeparting from the idea that cultural mechanisms are capable of allowing for conceptual dichotomies to create oppression, this paper challenges the engrained tradition of using ‘urban/rural’ as guiding labels in societal organisation when seen through the prism of deprivation. Two Polish deprivation‐ridden estates – one ‘urban’ and one ‘rural’ – were investigated. Having taken account of the residents’ everyday lives in the socio‐economic, material and discursive dimensions, our findings indicate that the notions of rurality and urbanity imbricate and leapfrog meaningful territories at the local level. Realising the danger of deploying stereotypes as beacons in governance, from this richly contextualised account we draw that many problems today are space‐independent and cannot be attenuated by following development paths reinvented in the name of empirically questionable yet culturally sustained and politically ontologised spatialities. This, then, calls for rethinking both the discursivity and the elusiveness of rural‐urban thinking in the context of deprivation.
Cover Image, Volume 15, Issue 1
Authors: Treggiari E. , Ressel L. , Polton G. A. , Benoit J. , Desmas I. , Blackwood L. 
Published: February 2017

The cover image, by E. Treggiari et al., is based on the Original Article Clinical outcome, PDGFRß and KIT expression in feline histiocytic disorders: a multicentre study, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12142.
image
The glocalization of English in the Pakistan linguistic landscape
Authors: MANAN SYED ABDUL , DAVID MAYA KHEMLANI , DUMANIG FRANCISCO PERLAS , CHANNA LIAQUAT ALI 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThis study surveys the linguistic landscape in a particular area of Pakistan, and explores the use of languages, and the pervasiveness of English in the localized non‐Roman script. Although English functions as a foreign language for most Pakistanis, it occurs extensively in signage in public places. Following the analysis of multiple data sources such as interviews of businesspeople and photographs of private signboards/billboards, wall advertisements, roadside signposts and posters, the results suggest that Englishized Urdu and Urduized English predominate in the linguistic landscape, while local/indigenous languages remain completely absent.
Percentage depth dose evaluation in heterogeneous media using thermoluminescent dosimetry
Authors: da Rosa L.A.R. , Cardoso S.C. , Campos L.T. , Alves V.G.L. , Batista D.V.S. , Facure A. 
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of lung heterogeneity inside a soft tissue phantom on percentage depth dose (PDD). PDD curves were obtained experimentally using LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD‐100) thermoluminescent detectors and applying Eclipse treatment planning system algorithms Batho, modified Batho (M‐Batho or BMod), equivalent TAR (E‐TAR or EQTAR), and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) for a 15 MV photon beam and field sizes of , and . Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the DOSRZnrc user code of EGSnrc. The experimental results agree with Monte Carlo simulations for all irradiation field sizes. Comparisons with Monte Carlo calculations show that the AAA algorithm provides the best simulations of PDD curves for all field sizes investigated. However, even this algorithm cannot accurately predict PDD values in the lung for field sizes of and . An overdosage in the lung of about 40% and 20% is calculated by the AAA algorithm close to the interface soft tissue/lung for and field sizes, respectively. It was demonstrated that differences of 100% between Monte Carlo results and the algorithms Batho, modified Batho, and equivalent TAR responses may exist inside the lung region for the field.PACS number: 87.55.kd
An anthropomorphic beating heart phantom for cardiac X‐ray CT imaging evaluation
Authors: Boltz Thomas , Pavlicek William , Paden Robert , Renno Markus , Jensen Angela , Akay Metin 
Published: February 2017

The current work describes an anthropomorphic beating heart phantom constructed as a tool for the assessment of technological advances in cardiac X‐ray computed tomography (CT). The phantom is comprised of a thorax, a compressor system, an ECG system, a beating heart with tortuous coronary arteries, and the option to add or remove pathologies such as aberrant beats, stents, and plaques. Initial trials with the phantom have shown its utility to assess temporal resolution, spatial resolution, radiation dose, iodine contrast, stents, and plaques.PACS numbers: 87.59.Fm, 87.57.Ce
Target and peripheral dose during patient repositioning with the Gamma Knife automatic positioning system (APS) device
Authors: Tran Tuan‐Anh , Stanley Thomas , Malhotra Harish K. , deBoer Steven F. , Prasad Dheerendra , Podgorsak Matthew B. 
Published: February 2017

The GammaPlan treatment planning system does not account for the leakage and scatter dose during APS repositioning. In this study, the dose delivered to the target site and its periphery from the defocus stage and intershot couch transit (couch motion from the focus to defocus position and back) associated with APS repositioning are measured for the Gamma Knife model 4C. A stereotactic head‐frame was attached to a Leksell 16 cm diameter spherical phantom with a calibrated ion chamber at its center. Using a fiducial box, CT images of the phantom were acquired and registered in the GammaPlan treatment planning system to determine the coordinates of the target (center of the phantom). An absorbed dose of 10 Gy to the 50% isodose line was prescribed to the target site for all measurements. Plans were generated for the 8, 14 and 18 mm collimator helmets to determine the relationship of measured dose to the number of repositions of the APS system and to the helmet size. The target coordinate was identical throughout entire study and there was no movement of the APS between various shots. This allowed for measurement of intershot transit dose at the target site and its periphery. The couch was paused in the defocus position, allowing defocus dose measurements at the intracranial target and periphery. Measured dose increases with frequency of repositioning and with helmet collimator size. During couch transit, the target receives more dose than peripheral regions; however, in the defocus position, the greatest dose is superior to the target site. The automatic positioning system for the Leksell Gamma Knife model 4C results in an additional dose of up to , and to the target site; its periphery receives additional dose that varies depending on its position relative to the target. There is also dose contribution to the patient in the defocus position, where the APS repositions the patient from one treatment coordinate to another. This may be important for treatment areas around critical structures within the brain. Further characterization of the defocus and transit exposures and development of a dose calculation algorithm to account for these doses would improve the accuracy of the delivered plan.PACS numbers: 87.53.‐j, 87.53.Bn, 87.53.Dq, 87.53.Ly
Junctioning longitudinally adjacent PTVs with Helical TomoTherapy
Authors: Garcia Lourdes M. , Gerig Lee H. , Raaphorst Peter , Wilkins David 
Published: February 2017

Irradiation of longitudinally adjacent PTVs with Helical TomoTherapy (HT) may be clinically necessary, for example in treating a recurrent PTV adjacent to a previously‐treated volume. In this work, the parameters which influence the cumulative dose distribution resulting from treating longitudinally adjacent PTVs are examined, including field width, pitch, and PTV location. In‐phantom dose distributions were calculated for various on‐ and off‐axis cylindrical PTVs and were verified by ion chamber and film measurement. Dose distributions were calculated to cover 95% of the PTV by the prescribed dose using 25 and 50 mm long HT fields with pitches of either 0.3 or 0.45. These dose distributions where then used to calculate the 3D dose distribution in the junction region between two PTVs. The best junction uniformity was obtained for fields of equal width, with larger fields providing better intra‐PTV dose homogeneity than smaller fields. Junctioning fields of different widths resulted in a much larger dose inhomogeneity, but this could be improved significantly by dividing the junction end of the PTV treated with the smaller field into multiple (up to 4) sub‐PTVs, with the prescribed dose in each sub‐PTV decreasing with proximity to the junction region. This provided a PTV matching with dose homogeneity similar to that achieved when junctioning two PTVs, both irradiated by the 50 mm field, and provided a distribution where 95% of the PTV received at least the prescribed dose, with maximum excursions from prescribed dose varying from to . We conclude that junctioning adjacent PTVs is possible. Treating longitudinally adjacent PTVs with different widths is a challenge, but dose uniformity is improved by breaking PTVs into multiple contiguous sub‐PTVs modified to feather (broaden) the effective junctioning region.PACS number: 87.55.D