bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Bedeutung des Wintersports für den Tourismus im Südschwarzwald und Überlegungen zu potentiellen schneeunabhängigen Alternativen – Eine Analyse von Wahrnehmungen im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel
Authors: Heuchele Linda , Nothacker Klemens , Renner Christina , Konold Werner , Lupp Gerd 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der Wintersport stellt einen wichtigen wirtschaftlichen Faktor für den Tourismus im Südschwarzwald dar. Alpinskilauf und andere schneegebundene Aktivitäten sind jedoch sehr vulnerabel gegenüber klimatischen Veränderungen, gleichzeitig stellen sie die Haupteinnahmequelle im Wintertourismus dar. Daher wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich der Wintertourismus im Zuge des Klimawandels im Südschwarzwald wandeln könnte. Im Mittelpunkt standen hierbei die unterschiedlichen Standpunkte und Einschätzungen von Tourismus-Experten, die durch qualitative Interviews erhoben wurden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag auf der Erfassung der bisherigen (schneeunabhängigen) Alternativangebote, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass sich lediglich in den tiefer gelegenen Skigebieten erste Ansätze finden, während die verantwortlichen Akteure in den Hochlagen aus verschiedenen Gründen bisher kaum Handlungsbedarf in diese Richtung sehen.
Nachhaltige Kundenbindung für Städtereisende im Schienenpersonenfernverkehr
Authors: Müller Susanne 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag skizziert die Kernergebnisse einer Studie zur Weiterentwicklung von touristischen Angeboten im Schienenpersonenfernverkehr. Fokus liegt dabei auf Städtereisenden, die über ihre Buchung bei einem Reiseveranstalter ein Kooperationsticket für ihre Zugfahrt erhalten. Auf Basis einer Bestandskundenbefragung werden die analysierten Kunden-Charakteristika aufgezeigt sowie Segmente identifiziert. Es lassen sich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Angebotsausweitung sowie Ansätze zur Ansprache der identifizierten Zielgruppen aufzeigen, um die Attraktivität der Anreisealternative Bahn zu steigern und nachhaltige Kundenbindung zu erzielen.
Explorer-Touristen im Städtetourismus
Authors: Stors Natalie 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Tourismus außerhalb der Innenstädte wird bereits seit einiger Zeit diskutiert. Allerdings reichen die wissenschaftlichen Befunde hinsichtlich der neuen räumlichen Verhaltensmuster der Besucher kaum über Motivdiskussionen hinaus. Aus diesem Grund liefert der vorliegende Artikel eine kurze Beschreibung unterschiedlicher Touristengruppen in verschiedenen Stadtvierteln Kopenhagens und nimmt mittels einer Clusteranalyse eine Typologisierung vor.
Die Bedeutung regionaler Produkte bei der touristischen Entwicklung am Beispiel von Lesbos (Griechenland)
Authors: Klein Anna , Rein Hartmut 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der folgende Text beinhaltet eine Analyse der bisherigen Nutzung der regionalen Produkte bei der touristischen Entwicklung auf Lesbos (Griechenland), insbesondere unter den Gesichtspunkten der Strategien zur Regionalisierung der Ernährung: Kennzeichnung von regionalen Produkten und Schließung regionaler Wertschöpfungskreisläufe. Darüber hinaus werden Angebotspotenzial im Hinblick auf regionale Produkte der Insel aufgezeigt.
NGOs and the making of “development tourism destinations”
Authors: Becklake Sarah 
Published: February 2016

Summary
This article explores the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the making of global tourism destinations. First, it draws together diverse insights in order to substantiate the importance of NGOs in the making of global tourism destinations and, second, it empirically highlights the role of NGOs in the (re)making of one particular destination: “destino Guatemala”. NGOs in La Antigua Guatemala are increasingly engaging with tourism as a NGO resource. In focusing on the NGO touristic practice of hosting storytelling events/activities in Antigua, some of which come to form virtual/actual “poverty tours”, the article argues that while Antigua NGOs develop and host these poverty tours as a means of moving “hearts and wallets”, they are doing considerably more. Most notably, they are helping to (re)make Guatemala into a “development tourism destination”.
Slumming the Global North? Überlegungen zur organisierten Besichtigung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen in den Metropolen des Globalen Nordens
Authors: Burgold Julia 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der folgende Beitrag betrachtet die organisierte Besichtigung von Berlin-Neukölln, einem Stadtviertel, welches in öffentlichen Diskursen häufig mit sozialen Problemlagen, wie Armut, Arbeitslosigkeit, Kriminalität und Integrationsproblemen von MigrantInnen verknüpft wird. Die organisierte Besichtigung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen fordert gängige Vorstellungen von Tourismus als Erholungssuche heraus. Der vorliegende Beitrag verzichtet daher darauf, das Phänomen vorschnell als ein touristisches Phänomen zu bestimmen und zielt stattdessen darauf ab, im Sinne einer Beobachtung II. Ordnung diejenigen Sinnbezüge zu rekonstruieren, welche die Besichtigungspraxis in Berlin-Neukölln konstituieren. Dazu werden die Stadteilführungen des Vereins kulturbewegt e. V. exemplarisch betrachtet. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass diese Stadtführungen in der Logik einer Organisation stehen, die sich zum Erhalt ihrer Strukturen primär an das System der Sozialen Arbeit ankoppelt und darüber ihre Legitimation bezieht. Die sozialpädagogische Ausrichtung der Stadtführung zeigt sich dabei in zweierlei Hinsicht. Einerseits in der Qualifikation von Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund zu Stadtführerinnen und andererseits in der durch die Stadtführungen betriebenen öffentlichen Aufklärungsarbeit, welche die Besucher zu anderen Einstellungen gegenüber Neukölln und seinen Bewohnern erziehen will. Der Sinn der Stadtführungen besteht demnach primär darin, über Erziehung die gesellschaftlichen Teilhabechancen der Bewohner Neuköllns zu bearbeiten. Dazu bedient sich die Organisation der touristischen Form der Stadtführung.
Touristische Trendforschung durch Trendscreening: Von Innovationen zu Trends
Authors: Alms Natalia , Groß Sven , Dreyer Axel 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Studie thematisiert die Bedeutung von Innovationen in der Entstehung von Modeerscheinungen und Trends. Das entwickelte Trendscreening-Tool berücksichtigt dabei die Rolle der Medien, die den Prozess der Verbreitung einer Innovation maßgeblich beeinflussen und untersucht 27 deutschsprachige tourismusrelevante Fach- bzw. Verbandszeitschriften im Zeittraum von Juli 2012 bis Juni 2013. Die Analyse der 428 erfassten Artikel gibt Aufschluss darüber, welche Innovationen in den ausgewählten Zeitschriften publiziert werden, und ob durch die Auswertung der erfassten Materials erste Anzeichen von touristischen Trends abgeleitet werden können. Ferner geben die Ergebnisse Aufschluss über die Anwendbarkeit des Tools für die Tourismuswirtschaft.
Empfehlungen für den Umgang mit freiwillig und ehrenamtlich Engagierten in Tourismusorganisationen
Authors: Wagenseil Urs , Taufer Barbara , Hausmann Christin 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Erstmals wurde in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt das Freiwilligenengagement im Schweizer Tourismus spezifischer untersucht. Das Resultat: Viele touristische Angebote und Events in einer Destination könnten ohne Freiwillige gar nicht mehr durchgeführt werden. Tourismusorganisationen stehen deshalb vor der Herausforderung, weiterhin genügend freiwillig und ehrenamtlich Engagierte zu finden. Um den Verantwortlichen aufzuzeigen, welche Möglichkeiten sich ihnen bieten, dieses Engagement zu pflegen, vorrausschauend zu managen und langfristig zu fördern, wurden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis formuliert. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden diese beleuchtet.
Romanticism as Modern Re-Enchantment: Burke, Kant, and Emerson on Religious Taste
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis essay traces the contours of a trans-Atlantic Romantic legacy of aesthetic, moral and religious taste from its inception in Edmund Burke, through its modifications by Immanuel Kant, to its culmination in Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Divinity School Address. In A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful Burke suggests that religious experience is an aspect of aesthetic and moral taste. Immanuel Kant follows suit in the Critique of Judgment, offering a distinct account of religious taste. Emerson alludes to yet significantly refines aspects of both accounts in his Divinity School Address. Whereas Kant and Burke’s variously stoic accounts depict good religious taste as an experience of alienation from God and from the world, Emerson’s religious agent cultivates a modern spirituality quite at home in the world. Adapting Burke’s re-enchanted moral psychology of taste, Emerson offers a distinctively religious, indeed Christian, form of this modern re-enchantment. Yet for Emerson, refined religious taste allows agents to recognize the full spectrum of normative demands in nature and thus to make a home of such a world.
Mind the Gap: Two Dissociable Mechanisms of Temporal Processing in the Auditory System
Authors: Anderson Lucy A. , Linden Jennifer F. 
Published: February 2016

High temporal acuity of auditory processing underlies perception of speech and other rapidly varying sounds. A common measure of auditory temporal acuity in humans is the threshold for detection of brief gaps in noise. Gap-detection deficits, observed in developmental disorders, are considered evidence for “sluggish” auditory processing. Here we show, in a mouse model of gap-detection deficits, that auditory brain sensitivity to brief gaps in noise can be impaired even without a general loss of central auditory temporal acuity. Extracellular recordings in three different subdivisions of the auditory thalamus in anesthetized mice revealed a stimulus-specific, subdivision-specific deficit in thalamic sensitivity to brief gaps in noise in experimental animals relative to controls. Neural responses to brief gaps in noise were reduced, but responses to other rapidly changing stimuli unaffected, in lemniscal and nonlemniscal (but not polysensory) subdivisions of the medial geniculate body. Through experiments and modeling, we demonstrate that the observed deficits in thalamic sensitivity to brief gaps in noise arise from reduced neural population activity following noise offsets, but not onsets. These results reveal dissociable sound-onset-sensitive and sound-offset-sensitive channels underlying auditory temporal processing, and suggest that gap-detection deficits can arise from specific impairment of the sound-offset-sensitive channel.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe experimental and modeling results reported here suggest a new hypothesis regarding the mechanisms of temporal processing in the auditory system. Using a mouse model of auditory temporal processing deficits, we demonstrate the existence of specific abnormalities in auditory thalamic activity following sound offsets, but not sound onsets. These results reveal dissociable sound-onset-sensitive and sound-offset-sensitive mechanisms underlying auditory processing of temporally varying sounds. Furthermore, the findings suggest that auditory temporal processing deficits, such as impairments in gap-in-noise detection, could arise from reduced brain sensitivity to sound offsets alone.
Inactivation of the Dorsal Premotor Area Disrupts Internally Generated, But Not Visually Guided, Sequential Movements
Authors: Ohbayashi Machiko , Picard Nathalie , Strick Peter L. 
Published: February 2016

As skill on a sequence of movements is acquired through practice, each movement in the sequence becomes seamlessly associated with another. To study the neural basis of acquired skills, we trained two monkeys (Cebus apella) to perform two sequential reaching tasks. In one task, sequential movements were instructed by visual cues, whereas in the other task, movements were generated from memory after extended practice. Then, we examined neural activity in the dorsal premotor area (PMd) and the effects of its local inactivation during performance of each task. Comparable numbers of neurons in the PMd were active during the two tasks. However, inactivation of the PMd had a marked effect only on the performance of sequential movements that were guided by memory. These results emphasize the importance of the PMd in the internal generation of sequential movements, perhaps through maintaining arbitrary motor–motor associations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has long been thought to be a critical node in the cortical networks responsible for visually guided reaching. Here we show that PMd neurons are active during both visually guided and internally generated sequential movements. In addition, we found that local inactivation of the PMd has a marked effect only on the performance of sequential movements that were internally generated. These observations suggest that, although the PMd may participate in the generation of visually guided sequences, it is more important for the generation of internally guided sequences.
miR-124Regulates the Phase ofDrosophilaCircadian Locomotor Behavior
Authors: Zhang Yong , Lamba Pallavi , Guo Peiyi , Emery Patrick 
Published: February 2016

Animals use circadian rhythms to anticipate daily environmental changes. Circadian clocks have a profound effect on behavior. InDrosophila, for example, brain pacemaker neurons dictate that flies are mostly active at dawn and dusk. miRNAs are small, regulatory RNAs (≈22 nt) that play important roles in posttranscriptional regulation. Here, we identifymiR-124as an important regulator ofDrosophilacircadian locomotor rhythms. Under constant darkness, flies lackingmiR-124(miR-124KO) have a dramatically advanced circadian behavior phase. However, whereas a phase defect is usually caused by a change in the period of the circadian pacemaker, this is not the case inmiR-124KOflies. Moreover, the phase of the circadian pacemaker in the clock neurons that control rhythmic locomotion is not altered either. Therefore,miR-124modulates the output of circadian clock neurons rather than controlling their molecular pacemaker. Circadian phase is also advanced under temperature cycles, but a light/dark cycle partially corrects the defects inmiR-124KOflies.Indeed,miR-124KOshows a normal evening phase under the latter conditions, but morning behavioral activity is suppressed. In summary,miR-124controls diurnal activity and determines the phase of circadian locomotor behavior without affecting circadian pacemaker function. It thus provides a potent entry point to elucidate the mechanisms by which the phase of circadian behavior is determined.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn animals, molecular circadian clocks control the timing of behavioral activities to optimize them with the day/night cycle. This is critical for their fitness and survival. The mechanisms by which the phase of circadian behaviors is determined downstream of the molecular pacemakers are not yet well understood. Recent studies indicate that miRNAs are important regulators of circadian outputs. We found thatmiR-124shapes diurnal behavioral activity and has a striking impact on the phase of circadian locomotor behavior. Surprisingly, the period and phase of the neural circadian pacemakers driving locomotor rhythms are unaffected. Therefore,miR-124is a critical modulator of the circadian output pathways that control circadian behavioral rhythms.
Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Promote Wakefulness by Actions on Neighboring Non-Cholinergic Neurons: An Opto-Dialysis Study
Authors: Zant Janneke C. , Kim Tae , Prokai Laszlo , Szarka Szabolcs , McNally James , McKenna James T. , Shukla Charu , Yang Chun , Kalinchuk Anna V. , McCarley Robert W. , Brown Ritchie E. , Basheer Radhika 
Published: February 2016

Understanding the control of sleep–wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep–wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these different neuronal types. Recent studies using optogenetics have shown that “selective” stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons increases transitions between NREM sleep and wakefulness, implicating cholinergic projections to cortex in wake promotion. However, the interpretation of these optogenetic experiments is complicated by interactions that may occur within the BF. For instance, a recentin vitrostudy from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV) (Yang et al., 2014). Thus, the wake-promoting effect of “selective” optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons could be mediated by local excitation of GABA/PV or other non-cholinergic BF neurons. In this study, using a newly designed opto-dialysis probe to couple selective optical stimulation with simultaneousin vivomicrodialysis, we demonstrated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons locally increased acetylcholine levels and increased wakefulness in mice. Surprisingly, the enhanced wakefulness caused by cholinergic stimulation was abolished by simultaneous reverse microdialysis of cholinergic receptor antagonists into BF. Thus, our data suggest that the wake-promoting effect of cholinergic stimulation requires local release of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain and activation of cortically projecting, non-cholinergic neurons, including the GABAergic/PV neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOptogenetics is a revolutionary tool to assess the roles of particular groups of neurons in behavioral functions, such as control of sleep and wakefulness. However, the interpretation of optogenetic experiments requires knowledge of the effects of stimulation on local neurotransmitter levels and effects on neighboring neurons. Here, using a novel “opto-dialysis” probe to couple optogenetics andin vivomicrodialysis, we report that optical stimulation of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons in mice increases local acetylcholine levels and wakefulness. Reverse microdialysis of cholinergic antagonists within BF prevents the wake-promoting effect. This important result challenges the prevailing dictum that BF cholinergic projections to cortex directly control wakefulness and illustrates the utility of “opto-dialysis” for dissecting the complex brain circuitry underlying behavior.
Cell-Surface and Secreted Isoforms of CSF-1 Exert Opposing Roles in Macrophage-Mediated Neural Damage in Cx32-Deficient Mice
Authors: Groh Janos , Basu Ranu , Stanley E. Richard , Martini Rudolf 
Published: February 2016

Previous studies in myelin-mutant mouse models of the inherited and incurable nerve disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, have demonstrated that low-grade secondary inflammation implicating phagocytosing macrophages amplifies demyelination, Schwann cell dedifferentiation and perturbation of axons. The cytokine colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) acts as an important regulator of these macrophage-related disease mechanisms, as genetic and pharmacologic approaches to block the CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling result in a significant alleviation of pathological alterations in mutant peripheral nerves. In mouse models of CMT1A and CMT1X, as well as in human biopsies, CSF-1 is predominantly expressed by endoneurial fibroblasts, which are closely associated with macrophages, suggesting local stimulatory mechanisms. Here we investigated the impact of cell-surface and secreted isoforms of CSF-1 on macrophage-related disease in connexin32-deficient (Cx32def) mice, a mouse model of CMT1X. Our present observations suggest that the secreted proteoglycan isoform (spCSF-1) is predominantly expressed by fibroblasts, whereas the membrane-spanning cell-surface isoform (csCSF-1) is expressed by macrophages. Using crossbreeding approaches to selectively restore or overexpress distinct isoforms in CSF-1-deficient (osteopetrotic)Cx32defmice, we demonstrate that both isoforms equally regulate macrophage numbers dose-dependently. However, spCSF-1 mediates macrophage activation and macrophage-related neural damage, whereas csCSF-1 inhibits macrophage activation and attenuates neuropathy. These results further corroborate the important role of secondary inflammation in mouse models of CMT1 and might identify specific targets for therapeutic approaches to modulate innate immune reactions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMouse models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy have indicated that low-grade secondary inflammation involving phagocytosing macrophages amplifies demyelination, Schwann cell dedifferentiation, and perturbation of axons. The recruitment and pathogenic activation of detrimental macrophages is regulated by CSF-1, a cytokine that is mostly expressed by fibroblasts in the diseased nerve and exists in three isoforms. We show that the cell-surface and secreted isoforms of CSF-1 have opposing effects on macrophage activation and disease progression in a mouse model of CMT1X. These insights into opposing functions of disease-modulating cytokine isoforms might enable the development of specific therapeutic approaches.
Frontostriatal White Matter Integrity Predicts Development of Delay of Gratification: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Achterberg Michelle , Peper Jiska S. , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C.K. , Mandl René C.W. , Crone Eveline A. 
Published: February 2016

The ability to delay gratification increases considerably across development. Here, we test the hypothesis that this impulse control capacity is driven by increased maturation of frontostriatal circuitry using a fiber-tracking approach combined with longitudinal imaging. In total, 192 healthy volunteers between 8 and 26 years underwent diffusion tensor imaging scanning and completed a delay-discounting task twice, separated by a 2-year interval. We investigated dynamic associations between frontostriatal white matter (WM) integrity and delay of gratification skills. Moreover, we examined the predictive value of frontostriatal WM integrity for future delay of gratification skills. Results showed that delay discounting increases with age in a quadratic fashion, with greatest patience during late adolescence. Data also indicated nonlinear development of frontostriatal WM, with relative fast development during childhood and early adulthood and—on average—little change during mid-adolescence. Furthermore, the positive association between age and delay discounting was further increased in individuals with higher WM integrity of the frontostriatal tracts. Predictive analysis showed that frontostriatal WM development explained unique variance in current and future delay of gratification skills. This study adds to a descriptive relation between WM integrity and delay of gratification by showing that maturation of frontostriatal connectivity predicts changes in delay of gratification skills. These findings have implications for studies examining deviances in impulse control by showing that the developmental path between striatum and prefrontal cortex may be an important predictor for when development goes astray.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDuring the transition from childhood to adulthood, individuals generally show increased patience and become better in delaying gratification. The exact neural correlates of delay of gratification, however, remain poorly understood. By measuring both frontostriatal white matter (WM) integrity and delay of gratification skills at two time points, we were able to provide links for our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying this type of impulse regulation capacity. We demonstrate that the ability to delay gratification improves between childhood and young adulthood and this improvement is predicted by the integrity of frontostriatal WM connections. This study adds to a descriptive relation between WM quality and delay of gratification by showing that maturation of frontostriatal connectivity predicts improvements in delay of gratification skills.