bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
By Way of Conclusion
Authors: Freymond Jacques 
Published: February 2017

THROUGHOUT THE TWO-DAY DEBATE OF OUR SYMPOSIUM we did our best to answer a challenging and I would say tricky question: can the Confederado Helvetica be imitated? I do not think that the Swiss who were present considered their country as a model at all. They tried to establish and to maintain a certain distance from the object of their study and to refrain from the reference — too often used — to a so-called special Swiss case. They were no apologists but honest witnesses.Personally, I would make an evaluation of my country from a slightly different angle. My enquiry, therefore, would be focused on the functioning of the Swiss democratic system, on our capacity to face the challenge of our times and to maintain a national cohesion which is indispensable to our existence as a nation. Is this small country still viable? Is it not condemned to be swallowed by one of those continental empires which, in the decades following 1945, were supposed to structure the international system in one, two, three, four or five sub-systems?It appears that the outlook in this fin de siècle is a little different: small countries are still alive; they have proliferated. There are today more than 160 states on the planet and there are more to come. Everywhere there appears a frantic search for a cultural identity on which to base a nation.
AFTER THE BRITISH WORLD
Authors: BRIGHT RACHEL K. , DILLEY ANDREW R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWithin the expanding field of global history, historians often conceive of distinct integrated ‘worlds’: discrete if permeable cultural units capable of coherent study. Some are defined exogenously through factors such as oceanic geography, others are conceived of endogenously through the cultures and identities of their adherents. In this context, this article critically assesses the recent voluminous literature on the British world: a unit increasingly distinguished from British imperial history and defined by the networks and identities of global Britishness. The article argues that the British world, while making valuable contributions to the historiography of empire and of individual nations, fails ultimately to achieve sufficiently clear definition to constitute a distinctive field of study and neglects the crucial concerns of imperial history with politics and power, while flattening time, space, and neglecting diversity. While highlighting many key concerns, other methodologies such as settler colonialism, whiteness studies, or revivified imperial history are better placed to take these on than the nebulous concept of a world. More broadly, an analysis of the British world highlights the problems inherent in attempting to define a field endogenously through a focus on identity.
Anatomical integration and rich-club connectivity in euthymic bipolar disorder
Authors: O'Donoghue S. , Kilmartin L. , O'Hora D. , Emsell L. , Langan C. , McInerney S. , Forde N. J. , Leemans A. , Jeurissen B. , Barker G. J. , McCarthy P. , Cannon D. M. , McDonald C. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundAlthough repeatedly associated with white matter microstructural alterations, bipolar disorder (BD) has been relatively unexplored using complex network analysis. This method combines structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to model the brain as a network and evaluate its topological properties. A group of highly interconnected high-density structures, termed the ‘rich-club’, represents an important network for integration of brain functioning. This study aimed to assess structural and rich-club connectivity properties in BD through graph theory analyses.MethodWe obtained structural and diffusion MRI scans from 42 euthymic patients with BD type I and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Weighted fractional anisotropy connections mapped between cortical and subcortical structures defined the neuroanatomical networks. Next, we examined between-group differences in features of graph properties and sub-networks.ResultsPatients exhibited significantly reduced clustering coefficient and global efficiency, compared with controls globally and regionally in frontal and occipital regions. Additionally, patients displayed weaker sub-network connectivity in distributed regions. Rich-club analysis revealed subtly reduced density in patients, which did not withstand multiple comparison correction. However, hub identification in most participants indicated differentially affected rich-club membership in the BD group, with two hubs absent when compared with controls, namely the superior frontal gyrus and thalamus.ConclusionsThis graph theory analysis presents a thorough investigation of topological features of connectivity in euthymic BD. Abnormalities of global and local measures and network components provide further neuroanatomically specific evidence for distributed dysconnectivity as a trait feature of BD.
Naturalism, theism, and multiply realizable mental states
Authors: VANDERGRIFF KEVIN 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPaul Draper has argued that the scientific evidence for the dependence of mental states upon brain states provides a good reason for thinking that theism is very probably false because the extreme metaphysical dualism implied by theism makes it antecedently likely, if God exists, that minds should be fundamentally non-physical entities. However, Draper's argument assumes that what makes God's mind a mind is the immaterial stuff it is made of. But that assumption is potentially faulty. Why? Because, if functionalism is true, then all conceivable minds are fundamentally functional entities identified by what they do, rather than by what they are made of.
Metal Arrow-heads in the European Bronze and Early Iron Ages
Authors: Mercer Roger J. 
Published: February 2017

The practice of Archery in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age as it survives to us in the archaeological record is difficult of interpretation owing to the low survival value of most archery equipment—the one relic of fairly high survival value being the arrow-head, of flint, bronze or iron. This paper deals with a topic little touched upon previously, and, setting aside the tradition of stone arrow-head manufacture (which persisted well into the Bronze Age in various parts of Europe) essays a treatment of the evidence for the manufacture and use of metal arrow-heads. These will be divided into three types, tanged, socketed and spurred—a threefold division which will appear to be significant not only from the purely typological point of view, but also in the more general context of prehistory.A catalogue of all finds known to the writer in 1967 will be found at the end of the paper. While this catalogue makes no claim to be complete, it is representative enough to serve as a firm basis, and although further research may bring more examples to light, it will probably not reveal any major new concentrations of metal arrow-heads within Europe (at any rate within the framework of existing knowledge).
A Petro-Archaeological Study of a Deposit of Neolithic Stone Tools at Stará Břeclav, Czechoslovakia
Authors: Štelcl J. , Kalousek F. , Malina J. 
Published: February 2017

There is no need to stress that at the present day it is becoming increasingly accepted that the further expansion of prehistory depends not only on the development and ever greater precision of the actual methods of archaeology, but also to an equal degree on the application of natural scientific research methods. This has been well exemplified in the series of systematic studies on petrological research on stone artifacts published in these Proceedings.A similar tendency can be noted of late in many other European countries, France (Cogné and Giot, 1957; Giot, 1964), Austria (Zirkl, 1956–9), Germany (Frechen, 1965; Wiegers, 1950; Scholz, 1968), Hungary (Végh and Viczian, 1964), Poland (Kowalski and Kozlowski, 1959), the Soviet Union (Gajduk, 1963; Kovnurko, 1963; Petruň, 1967) and Switzerland (Hugi, 1948).In Czechoslovakia, too, from 1960 onwards, regular petrological-archaeological co-operation has been carried on between the Department of Prehistory at the Philosophical Faculty of the Purkyně University of Brno and the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology of the same University. To begin with, the stone building material of Great Moravian architecture in the region of the lower Dyje valley and the lower Morava valley (Štelcl and Tejkal, 1961–7) was petrologically examined and latterly the investigation has been extended to cover the chipping and polishing industry of the Stone Age (Štelcl, 1967; Malina, forthcoming; Štelcl and Malina, 1966, and forthcoming).
The Tree-Ring Calibration of Radiocarbon: An Archaeological Evaluation
Authors: Renfrew Colin 
Published: February 2017

It is now nearly twenty years since the first radiocarbon dates for the neolithic cultures of Europe astonished and perplexed prehistoric archaeologists by falling a millennium earlier than the existing chronologies had suggested. Since that time most (but not all) archaeologists have become reconciled to radiocarbon dating, and to a chronology for Europe based, at least for the neolithic period, on the radiocarbon dates which have become so widely accepted as now to be conventional.But a second radiocarbon revolution is now taking place. The calibration of radiocarbon by tree-ring dating indicates that the now conventional radiocarbon dates are not early enough. Dates for the neolithic, and this time for the early bronze age also, will have to be set earlier by several centuries. The consequences of this second revolution for the picture we have of prehistoric Europe are in many ways more radical than those of the first. For this reason, perhaps, there has been a marked reluctance among some archaeologists to face the consequences of the new calibration, although an emerging concensus of opinion among botanists and physicists seems to favour it. The present article sets out to identify the three principal points of difference between the conventional chronology and that suggested by the tree-ring calibration of radiocarbon. It is argued that on independent archaeological evidence the new, calibrated, chronology can be seen to yield a plausible and coherent general picture. While many problems have yet to be clarified, there seems no reason why the new dating should not be welcomed as offering a stimulatingly fresh view of the prehistory of Europe.
A Regional Analysis of Vegetable Production with Changing Demand for Row Crops Using Quadratic Programming
Authors: Epperson J.E. , Lei L.F. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to ascertain the competitive and complementary potential of fresh vegetable production relative to traditional row crop production using a regional partial equilibrium model. It seems clear from the analysis that vegetable crops are not destined in the near future to replace row crops in terms of land utilization. Nevertheless, vegetable crops appear to compete with and complement row crops well as evidenced by substantial increases in production as market share was assumed to increase. However, fresh vegetables cannot be considered as residual enterprises to which producers move when the demand for row crops declines. Even with a simulated 20 percent decrease in the demand for row crops, the acreage of fresh vegetables did not increase.
A Commodity Market Simulation Game for Teaching Market Risk Management
Authors: Trapp James N. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Market Risk Game is a computerized simulation game available for IBM PC and Apple II microcomputers that is designed to give realistic practice in making decisions in a risky market environment. It illustrates the use of hedging and put options to reduce risk in livestock and grain markets. It is best suited for individuals who have a basic understanding of commodity trading, but who need experience to solidify their knowledge to a functional level. Through the game, this is done without facing the risk of an actual investment or requiring the time involved in watching a market over an extended period.
Agricultural Output Supply and Input Demand Relationships with Endogenous Land Rents
Authors: Maligaya Arlyn R. , White Fred C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study analyzed supply functions for agricultural output and demand functions for factors of production for Georgia. These relationships were derived with duality theory from a normalized quadratic profit function. Land has been included in other duality studies as a fixed factor as opposed to an endogenous factor. In this study, the system of supply and demand equations was augmented with a supply equation for land, which allowed land rents to be an endogenous factor. Consequently, it was possible to measure the impact of output and input prices on land rents.
A Generalized Stochastic Dominance Program for the IBM PC
Authors: Goh Siew , Shih Chao-Chyuan , Cochran Mark J. , Raskin Rob 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA microcomputer program to perform Generalized Stochastic Dominance (GSD), Quasi-Second Degree Dominance (SSD), and Quasi-First Degree Stochastic Dominance (FSD) is described. The program is designed to run on IBM-compatible personal computers with a Hercules or CGA graphics adapter. It is menu-driven and has options for GSD, quasi-FSD, quasi-SSD, graphics, and calculations of premiums associated with use of dominant distributions.
Market Information Systems: An Online Agricultural Market News Retrieval System
Authors: VanSickle John J. , Stevens Thomas J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA minicomputer online information retrieval program is described that is designed to facilitate timely distribution of agricultural market news to state and county research and extension faculty. These faculty have designed programs that extend this information to clientele in their areas. An evaluation indicates that users find great value in this network. Usage has grown rapidly over the period the network has been available. This program is available and can be used by other states and clientele.
Farm Level Corn Acreage Response Estimation
Authors: Nutt Perry J. , Reed Michael R. , Skees Jerry R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study reports results of an acreage supply equation using individual farm data and develops implications for bias introduced by use of aggregate data. The analysis shows that use of aggregate acreage response models underestimates the absolute value of price elasticities and the lagged adjustment process. Further, aggregated analyses cannot incorporate some variables found to be important in explaining from level acreage response.
Futures Markets and Firm Decisions Under Price, Production, and Financial Uncertainty
Authors: Alexander Vickie J. , Musser Wesley N. , Mason George 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIncorporation of futures markets into the theory of the firm under uncertainty has received considerable attention in risk management. A theoretical model of optimal firm decisions in cash and futures markets considering price, production, and financial risks is presented. Production and marketing strategies for corn and soybeans in Georgia and Illinois are analyzed to determine the optimal amount of futures contracting which may be a hedge or a speculative position. A partial hedge is optimal for most situations for risk averse producers when the amount hedged is variable. With fixed quantity transactions, speculative and cash positions, but not hedging, tend to be E-V efficient.
Performance of Risk-Income Models Outside the Original Data Set
Authors: Atwood Joseph , Held Larry J. , Helmers Glenn A. , Watts Myles J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSelected risk programming solutions (i.e., profit maximization, Target-MOTAD, and MOTAD) are tested in an economic environment outside the data set from which they were developed. Specifically, solutions are derived from either a longer 10-year (1965-74) or shorter 6-year estimation period (1969-74), and then, they are tested for consistent risk-income characteristics over a later 10-year period (1975-84). Risk solutions estimated from earlier periods perform well in the later test period in spite of different economic conditions between time periods. However, favorable performance may be related to the specific example used in this analysis. Further testing for other farm situations is needed before general conclusions can be reached.
Effects of Selected Tax Policies on Management and Growth of A Catfish Enterprise
Authors: Kinnucan Henry , Cacho Oscar , Hanson Gregory D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA multiperiod programming model was used to simulate the effects of lower marginal income tax rates, the soil and water conservation deduction, and the cash tax accounting option on firm growth for a “representative” farm operating in the Alabama Black Belt region. Results show the lowered marginal income tax rates associated with the Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA) of 1981 provide a positive growth stimulus to the modeled firm as measured by accumulated net worth over a 10-year planning horizon. The soil and water conservation deduction in general provides greater tax relief to the modeled firm than either the ERTA income tax rate changes or the cash tax accounting provision. Important complementary and substitute relationships were found to exist between marginal income tax rates and the various tax provisions studied, implying care must be exercised when attempting to evaluate the impact on farm firms of changes in tax policy.
Statistical Significance and Stability of the Hog Cycle
Authors: Shonkwiler J. Scott , Spreen Thomas H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCyclical fluctuations in prices and production have long characterized the United States hog industry. Recent evidence suggests that the length of the hog cycle has changed. In order to determine whether the change in cycle length is statistically significant, the bootstrap technique is employed to derive confidence intervals for point estimates of the hog cycle. Application of the bootstrap technique to time series models is discussed and empirical results are presented. It is concluded that the hog cycle is undergoing rather complicated changes based on cycle lengths that are calculated to be statistically different from zero.
A Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Alternative Marketing Strategies for Mixed Crop Farms in North Florida
Authors: Anaman Kwabena A. , Boggess William G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCumulative probability distributions of income for management scenarios involving four preharvest marketing strategies are subjected to stochastic dominance analysis to determine risk-efficient sets of strategies for different groups of farmers in North Florida. Results indicate that farmers should behave differently in their choice of marketing strategies according to their risk attitudes. Highly risk-averse farmers should prefer some forward contracting while low risk-averse and risk-loving farmers should prefer cash sales at harvest. Use of the futures markets leads to both higher income and greater risk than forward contracting but lower income and risk than cash sales.
Measuring Productivity Change in U.S. Agriculture
Authors: Lu Yao-Chi 
Published: February 2017

To understand the sources of change in productivity, that appropriate public policy and programs can be developed to increase productivity growth, a reliable and updated measure is needed. The term “productivity” discussed here refers to total factor productivity, or the ratio of value of total agricultural output to that of all inputs used in agricultural production.The first comprehensive work on the measurement of productivity change in U.S. agriculture was done by Loomis and Barton in 1961. Since then, this index has been updated annually as an offical USDA agricultural productivity index. The weakness of using index numbers lies in the arithmetic formula used. It implies a specific functional form of the production function that may not accurately describe the data. Thus, a need arises to consider an alternative estimate of productivity.
Private Labeling of Milk and the Impact on Market Structure
Authors: Beck Robert L. , Alvis Ronald G. 
Published: February 2017

Branding, as a means of product differentiation, is a practice of long standing in the food industry. Historically, food manufacturers have used brands as a means of gaining a larger share of the market while avoiding the consequences of direct price competition. Merchandising food, particularly dairy products, under private label brands, however, is a practice of more recent origin.Introduction of private label brands of dairy products can be traced to that period of the 1920s when private label brands of evaporated milk first appeared in some markets. This was followed by private label brands of butter in the 1930s and fluid milk and ice cream during the 1950s.
Estimating Effects of Agricultural Research and Extension Expenditures on Productivity: A Translog Production Function Approach
Authors: Lyu Syu-Jyun Larry , White Fred C. , Lu Yao-Chi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe effects of agricultural research and extension expenditures on productivity in the United States are estimated during the period 1949-81 using data for ten production regions. The large time-series cross-sectional data base allows the translog production function to be estimated directly. Results from the translog and Cobb-Douglas production functions are compared. The results indicate that use of the Cobb-Douglas production function would overestimate the internal rate of return of agricultural research and extension expenditures in the United States and eight production regions. The total marginal product and internal rate of return for the United States are $8.11 and 66 percent, respectively.
Comparative Rents for Farmland and Timberland in a Subregion of the South
Authors: Hardie Ian W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study compares equivalent annual rents for two alternative land uses in a region where farming and timber plantations coexist. The comparison is motivated by the possibility that rising timber prices may stimulate timber processors to compete for farmland. Prices, costs, and market rents are assumed to first follow existing trends and then to reach steady state values. Market rents are projected and capitalized for agriculture. Internal soil rents are capitalized for timber. The results show timber to have a comparative advantage on high fertility sites and suggest that timber might become a competitive land use at the intensive margin of the region's farmland base.
Productivity Growth in the Florida Fresh Winter Vegetable Industry
Authors: Taylor Timothy G. , Wilkowske Gary H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractResults indicate that productivity growth has been a prime factor in Florida's ability to retain a competitive position in the United States domestic fresh winter vegetable market. Total factor productivity indexes and productivity growth rates are estimated for the production of four major vegetable crops in one or more of four production areas in Florida. Florida producers have exhibited substantial productivity growth over the 1969-70 to 1981-82 period.
Irrigation Water Supply as a Bioeconomic Process
Authors: Lynne Gary D. , Boggess William G. , Portier Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIrrigation water is produced within the irrigation subprocess of a farm. Water supply is identified for effective field water, which sets the upper bound on water available for plant use. Georgescu-Roegen process analysis concepts are merged with the neoclassical theory of cost as the underlying framework. The approach is illustrated for a permanent overhead system used in a Florida citrus grove. The marginal cost for the 2.54 centimeters application depth dominates all other depths for the higher water levels. Process analysis is an important analytical tool for increasing understanding of the features of irrigation water supply.