bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Esthetic assessments in implant dentistry: objective and subjective criteria for clinicians and patients
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Thoma Daniel S. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , De Bruyn Hugo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn recent years the scientific community has shown a clear interest in the esthetic outcome of implant treatment. The present paper provides an overview of the esthetic ratings that have been used in implant dentistry. A distinction can be made between objective evaluations by clinicians and subjective evaluations by patients. The former mainly include: midfacial and interproximal soft‐tissue levels; two‐dimensional/three‐dimensional soft‐tissue alterations; assessment of the color match between the natural dentition, on the one hand, and the peri‐implant tissues and the reconstruction, on the other hand; and ordinal indices, such as the pink and white esthetic score. Patient's needs and judgment may differ from objective indicators of implant success and esthetics. As a result, assessing treatment on the basis of patient‐reported outcomes measures should be considered important. Validated questionnaires have been used that mainly assess the impact of oral health on the overall well‐being of individuals. The esthetic judgment of patients is usually based on nonstandardized questions with varying scoring methods, including visual analog scales, Likert and other category scales and open questions. The heterogeneity in scoring systems between studies may compromise proper comparison of objective and subjective esthetic outcomes between studies and therapeutic concepts.
Evolution of loading protocols in implant dentistry for partially dentate arches
Authors: Morton Dean , Pollini Adrien 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBetter outcomes for patients receiving dental implants as part of oral rehabilitation remains a constant goal. Advances in implant design, clinical protocols and biomaterials provide opportunities to accelerate treatment, increasing efficiency, predictability and patient satisfaction. It is important to understand that these changes can result in negative outcomes and increased risk. This article reviews the existing published evidence relating to accelerated clinical protocols and patient outcomes. Subsequent to the review, clinical recommendations are offered.
Reliability of graph metrics derived from resting‐state human EEG
Authors: Kuntzelman Karl , Miskovic Vladimir 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIt is increasingly appreciated that a complete description of brain functioning will necessarily involve the characterization of large‐scale interregional temporal synchronization of neuronal assemblies. The need to capture the dynamic formation of such large‐scale networks has yielded a renewed interest in the human EEG in combination with a suite of methods for estimating functional connectivity along with the graph theoretical approaches for characterizing network structure. While initial work has established generally good reproducibility for a limited selection of these graph theoretical measures, there remains an obvious need to document the reproducibility of a more extensive array of commonly used graph metrics. We sought to evaluate the test‐retest reliability of a much richer suite of graph theoretic measures as applied to weighted networks derived from high‐density resting‐state human EEG. Our findings were promising overall, with some important qualifications when considering the frequency bands of interest and the method used to calculate functional connectivity as well as some substantial variance between individual graph metrics. In general, the reliability of networks in the α and β frequency bands was improved when functional connectivity was defined solely on the basis of relative phase distributions. In the δ and θ bands, reliability was substantially better when functional connectivity was based on coherence, which incorporates both phase and amplitude information.
Assessing the internal consistency of the event‐related potential: An example analysis
Authors: Thigpen Nina N. , Kappenman Emily S. , Keil Andreas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractERPs are widely and increasingly used to address questions in psychophysiological research. As discussed in this special issue, a renewed focus on questions of reliability and stability marks the need for intuitive, quantitative descriptors that allow researchers to communicate the robustness of ERP measures used in a given study. This report argues that well‐established indices of internal consistency and effect size meet this need and can be easily extracted from most ERP datasets, as demonstrated with example analyses using a representative dataset from a feature‐based visual selective attention task. We demonstrate how to measure the internal consistency of three aspects commonly considered in ERP studies: voltage measurements for specific time ranges at selected sensors, voltage dynamics across all time points of the ERP waveform, and the distribution of voltages across the scalp. We illustrate methods for quantifying the robustness of experimental condition differences, by calculating effect size for different indices derived from the ERP. The number of trials contributing to the ERP waveform was manipulated to examine the relationship between signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), internal consistency, and effect size. In the present example dataset, satisfactory consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7) of individual voltage measurements was reached at lower trial counts than were required to reach satisfactory effect sizes for differences between experimental conditions. Comparing different metrics of robustness, we conclude that the internal consistency and effect size of ERP findings greatly depend on the quantification strategy, the comparisons and analyses performed, and the SNR.
Sleep apnoea in heart failure: To treat or not to treat?
Authors: Naughton Matthew T. , Kee Kirk 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTHeart failure (HF) and sleep apnoea are common disorders which frequently coexist. Two main types of apnoea occur: one is obstructive which, through recurring episodes of snoring, hypoxaemia, large negative intra‐thoracic pressures and arousals from sleep leading to downstream inflammatory and autonomic nervous system changes, is thought to be a causative factor to the development of systemic hypertension and HF. The other type of apnoea, Cheyne–Stokes respiration with central sleep apnoea (CSR‐CSA), is characterized by an oscillatory pattern of ventilation with a prevailing hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia, often in the absence of significant hypoxaemia and snoring, and is thought to be a consequence of advanced HF‐related low cardiac output, high sympathetic nervous system activation and pulmonary congestion. CSR‐CSA may be a compensatory response to advanced HF. Rostral fluid shift during sleep may play an important role in the pathogenesis of both obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and CSA. Studies of positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment of OSA and CSA in HF have shown short‐term improvements in cardiac and autonomic function; however, there is no evidence of improved survival. Loop gain may provide useful marker of continuous PAP (CPAP) responsiveness in patients with central apnoea. A greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the interaction between obstructive and central apnoea and the various types of HF, and the mechanisms of therapies, such as PAP, is required to develop new strategies to overcome the disabling symptoms, and perhaps improve the mortality, that accompany HF with sleep apnoea.
A new model of short acceleration‐based training improves exercise performance in old mice
Authors: Niel R. , Ayachi M. , Mille‐Hamard L. , Le Moyec L. , Savarin P. , Clement M.‐J. , Besse S. , Launay T. , Billat V. L. , Momken I. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn order to identify a more appealing exercise strategy for the elderly, we studied a mouse model to determine whether a less time‐consuming training program would improve exercise performance, enzyme activities, mitochondrial respiration, and metabolomic parameters. We compared the effects of short‐session (acceleration‐based) training with those of long‐session endurance training in 23‐month‐old mice. The short‐session training consisted of five acceleration‐based treadmill running sessions over 2 weeks (the acceleration group), whereas the endurance training consisted of five‐one‐hour treadmill sessions per week for 4 weeks (the endurance group). A control group of mice was also studied. In the acceleration group, the post‐training maximum running speed and time to exhaustion were significantly improved, relative to pretraining values (+8% for speed, P<.05; +10% for time to exhaustion, P<.01). The post‐training maximum running speed was higher in the acceleration group than in the endurance group (by 23%; P<.001) and in the control group (by 15%; P<.05). In skeletal muscle samples, the enzymatic activities of citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase were significantly higher in the acceleration group than in the endurance group. Furthermore, mitochondrial respiratory activity in the gastrocnemius was higher in the acceleration group than in the control group. A metabolomic urine analysis revealed a higher mean taurine concentration and a lower mean branched amino acid concentration in the acceleration group. In old mice, acceleration‐based training appears to be an efficient way of increasing performance by improving both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and possibly by enhancing antioxidant defenses and maintaining muscle protein balance.
Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Smythe Tracey , Kuper Hannah , Macleod David , Foster Allen , Lavy Christopher 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveCongenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), or clubfoot, is a structural malformation that develops early in gestation. Birth prevalence of clubfoot is reported to vary both between and within low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), and this information is needed to plan treatment services. This systematic review aimed to understand the birth prevalence of clubfoot in LMIC settings.MethodsSix databases were searched for studies that reported birth prevalence of clubfoot in LMICs. Results were screened and assessed for eligibility using pre‐defined criteria. Data on birth prevalence were extracted and weighted pooled estimates were calculated for different regions. Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used to examine changes in birth prevalence over time. Included studies were appraised for their methodological quality, and a narrative synthesis of findings was conducted.ResultsForty‐eight studies provided data from 13 962 989 children in 20 countries over 55 years (1960–2015). The pooled estimate for clubfoot birth prevalence in LMICs within the Africa region is 1.11 (0.96, 1.26); in the Americas 1.74 (1.69, 1.80); in South‐East Asia (excluding India) 1.21 (0.73, 1.68); in India 1.19 (0.96, 1.42); in Turkey (Europe region) 2.03 (1.54, 2.53); in Eastern Mediterranean region 1.19 (0.98, 1.40); in West Pacific (excluding China) 0.94 (0.64, 1.24); and in China 0.51 (0.50, 0.53).ConclusionBirth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03/1000 live births in LMICs. A standardised approach to the study of the epidemiology of clubfoot is required to better understand the variations of clubfoot birth prevalence and identify possible risk factors.
The Myth of Color Sensations, or How Not to See a Yellow Banana
Authors: Mandik Pete 
Published: December 2016

AbstractI argue against a class of philosophical views of color perception, especially insofar as such views posit the existence of color sensations. I argue against the need to posit such nonconceptual mental intermediaries between the stimulus and the eventual conceptualized perceptual judgment. Central to my arguments are considerations of certain color illusions. Such illusions are best explained by reference to high‐level, conceptualized knowledge concerning, for example, object identity, likely lighting conditions, and material composition of the distal stimulus. Such explanations obviate the need to appeal to nonconceputal mental links in the causal chains eventuating in conceptualized color discriminations.
AGO4 is specifically required for heterochromatic siRNA accumulation at Pol V‐dependent loci in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wang Feng , Axtell Michael J. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryIn plants, 24 nucleotide long heterochromatic siRNAs (het‐siRNAs) transcriptionally regulate gene expression by RNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM). The biogenesis of most het‐siRNAs depends on the plant‐specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV), and ARGONAUTE4 (AGO4) is a major het‐siRNA effector protein. Through genome‐wide analysis of sRNA‐seq data sets, we found that AGO4 is required for the accumulation of a small subset of het‐siRNAs. The accumulation of AGO4‐dependent het‐siRNAs also requires several factors known to participate in the effector portion of the RdDM pathway, including RNA POLYMERASE V (POL V), DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DRM2) and SAWADEE HOMEODOMAIN HOMOLOGUE 1 (SHH1). Like many AGO proteins, AGO4 is an endonuclease that can ‘slice’ RNAs. We found that a slicing‐defective AGO4 was unable to fully recover AGO4‐dependent het‐siRNA accumulation from ago4 mutant plants. Collectively, our data suggest that AGO4‐dependent siRNAs are secondary siRNAs dependent on the prior activity of the RdDM pathway at certain loci.
Incidence and clinical characteristics of transfusion‐associated circulatory overload using an active surveillance algorithm
Authors: Roubinian N. H. , Hendrickson J. E. , Triulzi D. J. , Gottschall J. L. , Chowdhury D. , Kor D. J. , Looney M. R. , Matthay M. A. , Kleinman S. H. , Brambilla D. , Murphy E. L. ,   the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe concordance of haemovigilance criteria developed for surveillance of transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO) with its clinical diagnosis has not been assessed. In a pilot study to evaluate an electronic screening algorithm, we sought to examine TACO incidence and application of haemovigilance criteria in patients with post‐transfusion pulmonary oedema.Study Design and MethodsFrom June to September 2014, all transfused adult inpatients at four academic hospitals were screened with an algorithm identifying chest radiographs ordered within 12 h of blood component release. Patients with post‐transfusion pulmonary oedema underwent case adjudication by an expert panel. TACO incidence was calculated, and clinical characteristics were compared with other causes of post‐transfusion pulmonary oedema.ResultsAmong 4932 transfused patients, there were 3412 algorithm alerts, 50 cases of TACO and 47 other causes of pulmonary oedema. TACO incidence was 1 case per 100 patients transfused. TACO classification based on two sets of haemovigilance criteria (National Healthcare Safety Network and proposed revised International Society for Blood Transfusion) was concordant with expert panel diagnosis in 57% and 54% of reviewed cases, respectively. Although the majority of clinical parameters did not differentiate expert panel adjudicated TACO from other cases, improved oxygenation within 24 h of transfusion did (P = 0·01).ConclusionsThe incidence of TACO was similar to that observed in prior studies utilizing active surveillance. Case classification by haemovigilance criteria was frequently discordant with clinical diagnoses of TACO in patients with post‐transfusion pulmonary oedema. Improvements in oxygenation within 24 h of transfusion merit further evaluation in the diagnosis of TACO.
Nurses’ Evidence‐Based Practice Beliefs and the Role of Evidence‐Based Practice Mentors at University Hospitals in Finland
Authors: Saunders Hannele , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundAlthough systematic implementation of evidence‐based practice (EBP) is essential to effectively improve patient outcomes, quality, and value of care, nurses do not consistently use evidence in practice. Uptake is hampered by lack of nurses’ readiness for EBP, including nurses’ EBP beliefs and lack of EBP mentors. Favorable EBP beliefs are foundational to Registered Nurses’ (RNs) use and integration of best evidence into clinical decision making, whereas EBP mentors are in a key role for strengthening RNs’ beliefs in the value of EBP and confidence in their ability to implement EBP. Although nurses’ EBP beliefs and role of BP mentors have been widely studied in countries leading the EBP movement, less is known about them in the non‐English‐speaking world.AimsTo determine RNs EBP beliefs and the role of EBP mentors at Finnish university hospitals and to explore the associations between RNs’ EBP beliefs and sociodemographic factors.MethodsA cross‐sectional descriptive survey was conducted in November–December 2014 at every university hospital in Finland with a convenience sample (n = 943) of practicing RNs. The data were collected via an electronic survey, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsRNs reported low levels of EBP beliefs in the degree to which they believed that clinical nursing practice and their own practice were based on evidence. EBP mentors worked in many professional nursing roles. Several significant differences were found between RN's EBP beliefs and sociodemographic variables.Linking Evidence to ActionAlthough RNs were familiar with and believed in the value of EBP in improving care quality and patient outcomes, their ratings were low about the degree to which they believed that clinical nursing practice and their own practice were based on evidence, indicating a modest level of individual EBP readiness among Finnish RNs required for integrating best evidence into clinical care delivery.
An Expanded Transposon Mutant Library Reveals that Vibrio fischeri δ-Aminolevulinate Auxotrophs Can Colonize Euprymna scolopes
Authors: Lyell Noreen L. , Septer Alecia N. , Dunn Anne K. , Duckett Drew , Stoudenmire Julie L. , Stabb Eric V. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Libraries of defined mutants are valuable research tools but necessarily lack gene knockouts that are lethal under the conditions used in library construction. In this study, we augmented a
Vibrio fischeri
mutant library generated on a rich medium (LBS, which contains [per liter] 10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, 20 g of NaCl, and 50 mM Tris [pH 7.5]) by selecting transposon insertion mutants on supplemented LBS and screening for those unable to grow on LBS. We isolated strains with insertions in
alr
,
glr
(
murI
),
glmS
, several heme biosynthesis genes, and
ftsA
, as well as a mutant disrupted 14 bp upstream of
ftsQ
. Mutants with insertions in
ftsA
or upstream of
ftsQ
were recovered by addition of Mg
2+
to LBS, but their cell morphology and motility were affected. The
ftsA
mutant was more strongly affected and formed cells or chains of cells that appeared to wind back on themselves helically. Growth of mutants with insertions in
glmS
,
alr
, or
glr
was recovered with
N
-acetylglucosamine (NAG),
d
-alanine, or
d
-glutamate, respectively. We hypothesized that NAG,
d
-alanine, or
d
-glutamate might be available to
V. fischeri
in the
Euprymna scolopes
light organ; however, none of these mutants colonized the host effectively. In contrast,
hemA
and
hemL
mutants, which are auxotrophic for δ-aminolevulinate (ALA), colonized at wild-type levels, although mutants later in the heme biosynthetic pathway were severely impaired or unable to colonize. Our findings parallel observations that legume hosts provide
Bradyrhizobium
symbionts with ALA, but they contrast with virulence phenotypes of
hemA
mutants in some pathogens. The results further inform our understanding of the symbiotic light organ environment.

IMPORTANCE
By supplementing a rich yeast-based medium, we were able to recover
V. fischeri
mutants with insertions in conditionally essential genes, and further characterization of these mutants provided new insights into this bacterium's symbiotic environment. Most notably, we show evidence that the squid host can provide
V. fischeri
with enough ALA to support its growth in the light organ, paralleling the finding that legumes provide
Bradyrhizobium
ALA in symbiotic nodules. Taken together, our results show how a simple method of augmenting already rich media can expand the reach and utility of defined mutant libraries.
Residues in the gp41 Ectodomain Regulate HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational Transitions Induced by gp120-Directed Inhibitors
Authors: Pacheco Beatriz , Alsahafi Nirmin , Debbeche Olfa , Prévost Jérémie , Ding Shilei , Chapleau Jean-Philippe , Herschhorn Alon , Madani Navid , Princiotto Amy , Melillo Bruno , Gu Christopher , Zeng Xin , Mao Youdong , Smith Amos B. , Sodroski Joseph , Finzi Andrés 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTInteractions between the gp120 and gp41 subunits of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer maintain the metastable unliganded form of the viral spike. Binding of gp120 to the receptor, CD4, changes the Env conformation to promote gp120 interaction with the second receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4. CD4 binding also induces the transformation of Env into the prehairpin intermediate, in which the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) coiled coil is assembled at the trimer axis. In nature, HIV-1 Envs must balance the requirements to maintain the noncovalent association of gp120 with gp41 and to evade the host antibody response with the need to respond to CD4 binding. Here we show that the gp41 HR1 region contributes to gp120 association with the unliganded Env trimer. Changes in particular amino acid residues in the gp41 HR1 region decreased the efficiency with which Env moved from the unliganded state. Thus, these gp41 changes decreased the sensitivity of HIV-1 to cold inactivation and ligands that require Env conformational changes to bind efficiently. Conversely, these gp41 changes increased HIV-1 sensitivity to small-molecule entry inhibitors that block Env conformational changes induced by CD4. Changes in particular gp41 HR1 amino acid residues can apparently affect the relative stability of the unliganded state and CD4-induced conformations. Thus, the gp41 HR1 region contributes to the association with gp120 and regulates Env transitions from the unliganded state to downstream conformations.IMPORTANCEThe development of an efficient vaccine able to prevent HIV infection is a worldwide priority. Knowledge of the envelope glycoprotein structure and the conformational changes that occur after receptor engagement will help researchers to develop an immunogen able to elicit antibodies that block HIV-1 transmission. Here we identify residues in the HIV-1 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein that stabilize the unliganded state by modulating the transitions from the unliganded state to the CD4-bound state.