bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Franc-maçonnerie et orientalisme en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Révauger Marie-Cécile 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Cécile Révauger : Freemasonry and orientalism in Great Britain.
The similarities between the symbolic Orient of the Freemasons, the literary Orient, and Orientalism can be seen in plays, stories and essays. Sometimes it was reduced to a literary convention, a simple decorative backdrop or a cover for moral and social satire ; It could also be the object of a new historical, ethnological and linguistic scientific study. Whatever the case, the Orient appealed to the imagination of the Freemasons, always eager for symbols, and satisfied their curiosity about the world. In addition, it could be easily reconciled with their claim to universality, with the Enlightenment and with British colonial expansion.
Du nouveau sur la maçonnerie en Europe centrale et orientale
Authors: Beauvois Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Be auvois : A new look at Central and Eastern European Masonry.
This is an extended review of a book in Polish by Ludwik Hass which provides a useful overall view by studying each country chronologically. This approach allows for a comparative history which brings out the different development of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Poland. The links of the different lodges with Paris, London, or Stockholm are emphasized, as is the effect on Freemasonry of internal developments.
La guerre des sexes et l'amour-maçon dans la poésie
Authors: Brengues Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Brengues : Sex war and Masonic poetry.
The establishment of single-sex speculative Freemasonry in France displeased the salons, which were controlled by women. As women were thought to be incapable of keeping secrets, they were at first excluded from the lodges. The result was a sex war full of insults, slander, spying and treason, which led finally to the creation of an original institution in the shape of Adoptive lodges. Masonic poetry contributed to the reconciliation of the warring sexes by its preciosity and its sensible arguments. It created the public image of Masonry, first seen as an organisation devoted to pleasure-seeking and then finally respected as the Temple of Virtue.
L'antimaçonnisme en France vers 1750 : La Lettre et consultation sur la société des francs-maçons
Authors: Porset Charles 
Published: June 2016

Charles Porset : Anti-Masonry in France around 1750.
The Lettre et consultation sur la société des francs-maçons (1748), often seen as a condemnation of the order by the Sorbonne, is here shown, not for the first time, to be apocryphal. Above all, a review of works on the subject proves that the connection with the Sorbonne was only made in 1771 and that critics have been particularly confused by the bibliographical work of Fesch and his collaborators in the early 20th Century, who gave the dates of the condemnation. In fact the Lettre et consultation is an anti-Masonic work from a papist standpoint ; it filled a canonical vacuum (the non-registering of papal bulls) unwelcome to both Ultra-montains and Gallicans, for opposite, if complementary, reasons. For the former, Masonry favoured toleration and pro-Hanoverian leanings, while for the latter, under the guise of Gallicanism, it prepared the ground for the Jesuits.
Les origines de la maçonnerie bourguignonne
Authors: Ligou Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Ligou : The origins of masonry in Burgundy.
Until recently, the earliest documents concerning Dijon Masonry dated from 1767-9. However, in the Archives of the Netherlands Grand Lodge (Kloss Collection) there are a large number of papers from the Lillo Lodge, founded by von Schweinitz, a Dutch officier with a long experience of Masonry. We learn that when he was a prisoner of war in Dijon in 1748, Schweinitz remarked the existence of three lodges in that town, one of which (to which he became affiliated) was presided by the province's Engineer and met in the «Palais des États ». On his liberation, the Dutchman took with him copies of several documents about this lodge, and they give us a valuable insight into life inside a French lodge in 1748 ; they also prove that the Order existed in Dijon at least twenty years earlier than had been supposed.
Georges Louis Schmid : Banquets de philosophes chez Diderot, d'Holbach, Helvétius et Mably, Présentation
Authors: Seifert Hans-Ulrich 
Published: June 2016

G.-L. Schmid : Philosophical banquets with Diderot, d'Holbach, Helvétius and Mably. Text presented by Hans Ulrich Seifert.
George Louis Schmid (1720-1805) was a Swiss man of letters and author of two Physiocrat-inspired works which were quite successful in their day. He left a diary of his stay in Paris in 1767-9. Although the original has vanished, extracts from it (with descriptions of ten visits to Diderot, d'Holbach, Helvétius and Mably between 25th August 1767 and 28th March 1768) have survived in a German translation. II appears in the Miscellen fur die neueste Weltkunde, a periodical published in the Aargau by Heinrich Zschokke. This article provides an annotated re-translation of the text into French and a short survey of Schmid's life and works.
Heurs et malheurs du Tableau de l'amour conjugal de N. Venette
Authors: Piau-Gillot Colette 
Published: June 2016

Colette Piau : The fortunes of Nicolas Venette's tableau de vamour
conjugal.
One of the first sex education manuals, Tableau de l'amour conjugal, by Nicolas Venette, a La Rochelle doctor, was published in Cologne in 1702 without official authorisation. This original edition continued to be republished in the 18th and 19th Centuries while, from 1772 onwards, several bowdlerized authorised editions appeared. The original edition was sold clandestinely among the poor. Until 1970 the work was sold in various versions as a contemporary text. Disapproval appears to have been based on religious and social rather than scientific considerations. The popularisation of sexual knowledge and recognition of women's difference and even sexual equality undermined the status of the couple in the patriarchal social order. But this ideological condemnation also ensured the work's success.
La bibliothèque d'Émile et de Sophie : la fonction des livres dans la pédagogie de Rousseau
Authors: de Negroni Barbara 
Published: June 2016

Barbara de Negroni : The library of Émile and Sophie : The function of
books in Rousseau's educational theory.
Rousseau gives Émile Robinson Crusoe and Sophie Les aventures de Télémaque to read, thus providing man with a natural model of autonomy and woman with a social model of obedience. These texts have a two-fold purpose in their education : Sophie, who dreams of Telemachus, finds him in Émile and thus, by marrying him, satisfies an imaginary passion ; Émile, by identifying with Robinson Crusoe, learns to develop the good side of human nature. In this way, Rousseau manages to create artificially the conditions for a good education. He prevents Émile and Sophie from being contaminated by the bad examples of a degenerate society and prepares them to act on this society, to try to transform it.
Théorie des révolutions dans le rapport qu'elles ont avec les divers gouvernements (Éléments pour un livre 32e de L'Esprit des lois)
Authors: Volpilhac-Auger Catherine , Ehrard Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Ehrard and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger : The theory of revolutions and their relation to different governments (elements for a thirty-second book of the esprit des lois).
Unlike other eighteenth-century historians, Montesquieu — who was a historian of structures and the long term — mistrusted the overused word «revolution » ; his use of it is therefore all the more significant. In the political field the revolutions of despotism are the most frequent and are the congenital vice of an inherently unstable and sterile regime. In fragile republics liberty is always their victim. In monarchies, the word always has a negative connotation, but there is less risk of sudden disruption and there have even been some good revolutions amongst peoples who are still young enough to be able to return to their original liberty. Thus a successful revolution is a restoration as can be seen in France as well as Rome and England. The modern reader is however left with the strangely premonitory image of a despotic queen, Brunehaut, judged and condemned by the «nation ».
Révolution inexistante et vraie révolution
Authors: Rosso Corrado 
Published: June 2016

Corrado Rosso : Non-existent and true revolutions according to Montesquieu.
This article questions the existence of a true revolutionary doctrine in Montesquieu's thought. An analysis of certain passages in Montesquieu's works leads to the conclusion that such a doctrine, in its pure theoretical form, is an abstract or ambiguous notion. For Montesquieu a true revolution can only consist in the scandal and shock caused by a sociological approach to reality which tries to explain what is inexplicable and justify what is unjustifiable.
Édouard Laboulaye, légataire de Montesquieu : la «République constitutionnelle»
Authors: Goyard-Fabre Simone 
Published: June 2016

Simone Goyard-Fabre : Edouard Laboulaye, Montesquieu's heir : the
«constitutional republic ».
Edouard Laboulaye influenced modern Western liberal individualism in a way which reflects the inheritance of Montesquieu's legal philosophy. Laboulaye, who liked to define himself as a «republican of the future », obviously condemned the Old Regime monarchy. But above all he denounced the sophistry which in his opinion dogged the French conception of sovereignty and which was defended by the Revolution with its obsessive centralism. Following Locke and Montesquieu we must, he said, oppose the artificiality of political rationality defended by the French Revolution and separate society and state. Thus his liberalism gives rise to an organic, pluralistic constitutional programme which demands that each individual, whatever his function, accepts his share of responsability.
Montesquieu et la Loi fondamentale de la R.F.A
Authors: Mass Edgar 
Published: June 2016

Edgar Mass : Montesquieu and West Germany's Fundamental Law.
During the Weimar Republic Montesquieu represented the middle-class myth of the freedom of the individual, and the theory of the separation of powers embodied the fundamental tenet of the constitutional system as it guaranteed the balance of power between central and regional authorities. When the Nazis' Ermàchtigungsgesetz (23rd March 1933) suspended the guarantee of human rights, «Montesquieu » was expelled and the result was terror. After 1945 the debates on the new West German constitution were again profoundly influenced by Montesquieu's ideas and he was referred to and quoted. Article 20 of the Fundamental Law dealing with the separation of powers was drawn up with Montesquieu in mind and thus discussions on the interpretation and application of this article still refer to his works.
Le théâtre de la Révolution française, média de masses entre 1789 et 1794
Authors: Graczyk Annette 
Published: June 2016

Annette Graczyk : French revolutionary theatre between 1789 and 1794,
a mass medium.
The theatre of the years 1789-94, which was largely concerned with contemporary events, was a potential source of agitation and a mass medium with an important role in revolutionary culture, aiming at mobilising and directing revolutionary energy. Thus it revitalised esthetic models to make them potentially liberating, Utopian, or even subversive. While the excessive aspect of most models could be integrated into the new revolutionary order, the carnaval element in some plays of 1793-4 threatened to oppose all existing order by its characteristics of pure revolt. The allegorical tableaux preferred by the Jacobin authorities did represent the revolutionary uprising, but by placing it on the symbolic level they neutralised its psychical and emotional effect.
Les manuscrits clandestins français en R.D.A
Authors: Desné Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Desné : Clandestine philosophical manuscripts in gdr libraries.
I.O. Wade first drew up a list of clandestine philosophical manuscripts preserved in (mainly French) libraries. He was followed by Miguel Benitez who added a large number of titles and copies. This new investigation carried out in libraries in the GDR simply aims at completing Benitez's latest list published in the Rivista di Storia delta Filosofia (1988, n° 3). Nine new titles and twenty-four new copies are hereby added.
Hommage à Yvon Belaval
Authors: Sgard Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : Tribute to Yvon Belaval.
In this tribute to Yvon Belaval, honorary President of the French Society for 18th-century Studies, who died in November 1988, Jean Sgard emphasizes in particular his openness, his concern to link philosophy to literature, and his influence on 18th-century studies.
A la recherche de la Mer de l'Ouest : l'exploration française en Amérique du Nord
Authors: Jacquin Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Philippe Jacquin : The search for the Western Sea : French exploration in
North America.
In the first half of the 18th Century, French backwoodsmen criss-crossed the Great Lakes region and reached the Western Plains. Attempts at exploration, such as the La Verendrye family's search for the Western Sea must be seen in the context of the backwoodsmen's policy and the Indian tribes' strategies which exploited the presence of the French. When the La Vérendrye family arrived in the Great Plains, the way of life of the Indians in these great spaces was being transformed by the arrival of horses and European products. French westward advance had to take account of the new environment and was hindered by the Indians' warlike attitude and also by their disappointment at finding regions where the fur trade was unlikely to prosper.
Sur la mort de Mme d'Épinay : une lettre inédite de Grimm
Authors: Badinter Élisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Grimm : Unpublished letter on the death of madame d'Épinay, presented
by Elisabeth Badinter.
An unpublished letter from Grimm to Baron Roumantsiev, written shortly after the death of Madame d'Épinay, has come to light in the State Archives in Moscow ; it shows Grimm's unhappiness at the death of his friend and his fondness for her grand-daughter, Emilie de Belzunce. This important document thus contradicts the widespread opinion that Grimm was heartless.
La santé urbaine à Madrid. Le projet de Jaime Bort pour l'évacuation des eaux usées
Authors: Blasco-Esquivias Beatriz 
Published: June 2016

Beatriz Blasco Esquivias : Urban health in Madrid. Jaime Bort's plan for
waste drainage.
Throughout the modern period, cleanliness has probably been one of Madrid's most serious problems. Since 1561, when Philip II decided to place his court there, it had been under pressure as it did not possess a waste disposal system sufficient for its large population. Until the first underground drainage plans in the 18th Century, the Madrid inhabitants had to throw their rubbish into the street, which was the only way to keep their interiors free of infection. We study here the plans drawn up by the architect Jaime Bort in 1752, after a scientific commission which led him to travel throughout France and the Netherlands in search of a sanitary model applicable to Madrid. His project was the inspiration for the one finally applied in 1761 thanks to the efforts of Francisco Sabatini and Charles III.
Marat en Hollande. Un témoignage inconnu
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D. 
Published: June 2016

Jeremy Popkin : Marat in Holland.
Very little documentary evidence exists concerning the future revolutionary journalist Jean-Paul Marat's visit to the Netherlands in 1775. A previously unknown letter of the Amsterdam Jewish banker and man of letters Isaac de Pinto shows that Marat met him and the leading Dutch propagandist for the Prince of Orange, Michael Rijklof van Goens, during his Dutch trip. This probably explains why Marat, unlike most of the other French revolutionaries, sided with the Orangists against the Dutch Patriots in later years.
Sade, Machiavel et Néron : de la théorie politique à l'imaginaire libertin
Authors: Cusset Catherine 
Published: June 2016

Georges Dulac and Ludmilla Evdokimova : Literature and politics. D. A. Golitsyn's correspondence (1760-1784).
D. A. Golitsyn, the Russian minister in Paris and then in The Hague and a friend of the philosophes, in particular Diderot, wrote to his relative the Vice-Chancellor A. M. Golitsyn a large, theoretically diplomatic but also partly private correspondence. It shows how he used his relations in the publishing world to further Catherine II's plans. But certain positions defended by the Prince go against royal policies ; he is suspicious of the alliance with Frederick II, favours friendship with France and above all insists that the Empress should gradually prepare the abolition of serfdom, which he considers a prerequisite for Russian economic and cultural development. Two letters are published here : one (7.1.72) concerns the publication of Helvétius's De l'Homme, and the other (27.2.72) reproduces a diatribe from an anonymous Paris correspondent whose views on the situation in France under the Triumvirate are very close to those of Diderot.
La réception du De Sedibus de Morgagni en France au 18e siècle
Authors: Drazen Grmek Mirko 
Published: June 2016

Mirko D. Grmek : The reception of Morgagnts De sedibus in France.
Morgagni's monumental work, published in Venice in 1761, constituted an epistemological break in the history of medicine. But in order to understand the nature of Morgagni's conceptual innovation, a new step in the conceptualisation of illness had to be taken. His first commentators and imitators in France, in particular Lieutaud, Portal and Vicq d'Azyr, tried subtly to reduce his work's importance by emphasizing its breadth rather than its originality. In the historical development of pathology, a new break took place during the early decades of the 19th Century, mainly in Paris hospitals. This article analyzes reactions to Morgagni's organic pathology in France before the end of the 18th Century, that is before they were to some extent outmoded, or rather integrated into a new scientific vision.
L'uniforme de la santé : les médecins et la réforme du costume
Authors: Pellegrin Nicole 
Published: June 2016

Nicole Pellegrin : Uniforms for health. Doctors and clothes reform.
The revolutionary generation, wishing to "regenerate" the nation physically and morally, took over a favourite obsession of 18th-century doctors, namely the reform of attire under medical and political control. Their plan, full of ethnographical and historical references, aimed at removing all tight clothes (swaddling bands, corsets, collars, etc.) and thus freeing bodies and minds. But their desire to apply this hygienic reform led them to dream of an authoritarian introduction of uniforms for all stages of life.
Une étape dans la constitution de la pédiatrie : l'Encyclopédie méthodique
Authors: Teysseire Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Teysseire : The Encyclopédie méthodique, a step in the development of pediatrics.
In the long elaboration of pediatrics (1760-1820) which preceded its institution as a medical speciality, the Encyclopédie méthodique constitutes an important step. This was not because its pediatric corpus — the articles on children's diseases together with cross-references — innovated in relation to the Encyclopé¬ die. Instead, the Méthodique improved on the Encyclopédie in three areas : 1) more detailed and precise nosography ; 2) above all, a self-conscious technique or method of observation, namely the anatomo-clinical, which allowed such precision ; and 3) an object on which to concentrate this anatomo-clinical techni¬ que or method, that is to say croup, a "new" disease recognised as specific to children.
L'acculturation d'un révolutionnaire : l'exemple de Billaud-Varenne (1786-1791)
Authors: Brunel Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Brunel : The acculturation of a revolutionary : the example of J.-N. Billaud-Varenne (1786-1791).
In the context of the debate on the intellectual and cultural origins of the French Revolution, several studies have concerned the affirmation of public opinion and the emergence of political opposition in the 1780s. This article, originally presented at a Symposium on "Culture and Revolution" (University of Maryland, Nov. 1987), studies the particular cultural education of a notorious but insufficiently known revolutionary, Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne, Monta¬ gnard deputy for Paris and member of the Committee of Public Safety in year II. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the works published between 1789 and 1791 shows the system of references used to denounce the Old Regime's institu¬ tions and to justify the revolutionary ideal.
Figures du public au 18e siècle : le travail du passé
Authors: Merlin Hélène 
Published: June 2016

Hélène Merlin : The public in the isth century. The legacy of the past.
18th century saw the division of the body politic into the State and civil society, a process which had already begun in the 17th century. Civil society, seen as a person with a conscience and an opinion, is called the "public". But in the 17th century the "public" still meant the organic unity of the res publico, the union of individuals in the body politic, and thus it preserved, even in literary debates, a "political" rather than a "civil" meaning. A study of this meaning seems to show that the Enlightenment public, retaining, but on other bases, the legitimacy and the cohesive function of the old word, was attempting to identify civil society with public good. The "public", even without an explicit political content, thus functions implicitly in opposition to the state.
Vauvenargues : de l'inquiétude vécue à l'expérience du savoir
Authors: Boucherie Jean-Luc 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Luc Boucherie : Vauvenargues, from experienced unease to the
experience of knowledge.
In his youthful letters, Vauvenargues indulges in introspection and recognizes that he is unable to choose between the voice of reason and passionate impulse ; this conflict keeps his ego in a state of unease. To guide his conduct, he wishes to reinforce his character, which is an independent authority capable of deciding the conflict between reason and passion and harmonizing their interaction. This attempt is reinforced by the theoretical reflection embodied in the moralist's maxims. The elaboration of the work itself also appears to be a means of using the energy of this "passion for arts and letters" in order to maintain the harmony between impassioned activity and the exercise of reflection.
Un avatar de l'oratorio en France à la veille de la Révolution : l'hiérodrame
Authors: Guitton Isabelle 
Published: June 2016

Isabelle Guitton : The hierodrama, a version of the oratorio in France on the eve of the Revolution.
The hierodrama, which was never theorised despite its real existence around the time of the Revolution, appears as a version of the oratorio. This ephemeral genre, derived from religious music, was terminologically unstable and tried, by its dramatic and spiritual content, and by its musical essence, to renew the interest of the great motet. Although it rapidly disappeared, it nevertheless contained innovative aspects and thus ensured the survival of the oratorio at the end of the 18th century.
Un spinozisme suspect : à propos du Dieu de Boulainvilliers
Authors: Benítez Miguel 
Published: June 2016

A suspect Spinozism : concerning Boulainvillier's god.
Boulainvilliers, who claims that he is explaining Spinoza's system, defines God as a substance with an infinity of attributes. However, an attribute is here not the essence or nature of substance, but simply our way of knowing it. Substantial essence and thought discussed by Boulainvilliers are abstractions ; infinite substance is being and being is the determined being of modes. That is why he says that God is the universality of things. But a divisible whole, composed of parts, cannot be infinite. As he believes this contradiction to be insoluble, despite the solution implicit in his works, Boulainvilliers proclaims that the divinity is unknowable and thus he deforms Spinoza's doctrine.