bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fusion nuclear science facilities and pilot plants based on the spherical tokamak
Authors: Menard J.E. , Brown T. , El-Guebaly L. , Boyer M. , Canik J. , Colling B. , Raman R. , Wang Z. , Zhai Y. , Buxton P. , Covele B. , D’Angelo C. , Davis A. , Gerhardt S. , Gryaznevich M. , Harb M. , Hender T.C. , Kaye S. , Kingham D. , Kotschenreuther M. , Mahajan S. , Maingi R. , Marriott E. , Meier E.T. , Mynsberge L. , Neumeyer C. , Ono M. , Park J.-K. , Sabbagh S.A. , Soukhanovskii V. , Valanju P. , Woolley R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A fusion nuclear science facility (FNSF) could play an important role in the development of fusion energy by providing the nuclear environment needed to develop fusion materials and components. The spherical torus/tokamak (ST) is a leading candidate for an FNSF due to its potentially high neutron wall loading and modular configuration. A key consideration for the choice of FNSF configuration is the range of achievable missions as a function of device size. Possible missions include: providing high neutron wall loading and fluence, demonstrating tritium self-sufficiency, and demonstrating electrical self-sufficiency. All of these missions must also be compatible with a viable divertor, first-wall, and blanket solution. ST-FNSF configurations have been developed simultaneously incorporating for the first time: (1) a blanket system capable of tritium breeding ratio TBR  ≈  1, (2) a poloidal field coil set supporting high elongation and triangularity for a range of internal inductance and normalized beta values consistent with NSTX/NSTX-U previous/planned operation, (3) a long-legged divertor analogous to the MAST-U divertor which substantially reduces projected peak divertor heat-flux and has all outboard poloidal field coils outside the vacuum chamber and superconducting to reduce power consumption, and (4) a vertical maintenance scheme in which blanket structures and the centerstack can be removed independently. Progress in these ST-FNSF missions versus configuration studies including dependence on plasma major radius R
0 for a range 1 m–2.2 m are described. In particular, it is found the threshold major radius for TBR  =  1 is

R

0

⩾
1.7

m, and a smaller R
0  =  1 m ST device has TBR  ≈  0.9 which is below unity but substantially reduces T consumption relative to not breeding. Calculations of neutral beam heating and current drive for non-inductive ramp-up and sustainment are described. An A  =  2, R
0  =  3 m device incorporating high-temperature superconductor toroidal field coil magnets capable of high neutron fluence and both tritium and electrical self-sufficiency is also presented following systematic aspect ratio studies.
Polarized synchrotron emission from the equatorial current sheet in gamma-ray pulsars
Authors: Cerutti Benoît , Mortier Jérémy , Philippov Alexander A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Polarization is a powerful diagnostic tool to constrain the site of the high-energy pulsed emission and particle acceleration in gamma-ray pulsars. Recent particle-in-cell simulations of pulsar magnetosphere suggest that high-energy emission results from particles accelerated in the equatorial current sheet emitting synchrotron radiation. In this study, we re-examine the simulation data to compute the phase-resolved polarization properties. We find that the emission is mildly polarized and that there is an anti-correlation between the flux and the degree of linear polarization (on-pulse: ∼15 per cent, off-pulse: ∼30 per cent). The decrease of polarization during pulses is mainly attributed to the formation of caustics in the current sheet. Each pulse of light is systematically accompanied by a rapid swing of the polarization angle due to the change of the magnetic polarity when the line of sight passes through the current sheet. The optical polarization pattern observed in the Crab can be well-reproduced for a pulsar inclination angle ∼60° and an observer viewing angle ∼130°. The predicted high-energy polarization is a robust feature of the current sheet emitting scenario which can be tested by future X-ray and gamma-ray polarimetry instruments.
Multiple genes, especially immune-regulating genes, contribute to disease susceptibility in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Ma Yunqing , Zhou Xiaodong 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disorder that occurs in a genetically susceptible host. Genetic studies of SSc in recent years have defined or suggested a number of new genes with polymorphisms conferring susceptibility to or protection against SSc.

Recent findings
Although not all genes fall neatly into one functional category, the major genes with polymorphisms associated with SSc are those involved in immune regulation and inflammation, especially T-cell differentiation, proliferation, activation, B-cell signaling, and innate immunity.

Summary
Understanding the functions of SSc-associated genes will provide important new insights in future studies to explore the pathogenesis of SSc, as well as to develop targeted therapies for SSc.
Correction of Facial Deformity in Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuaki , Lonic Daniel , Chen Chit , Lo Lun-Jou 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Although previous studies have reported soft-tissue management in surgical treatment of Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS), there are few reports describing facial bone surgery in this patient group. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of our multidisciplinary algorithm for correcting facial deformities associated with SWS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on orthognathic surgery for SWS patients.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review included 2 SWS patients who completed the surgical treatment algorithm. Radiographic and clinical data were recorded, and a treatment algorithm was derived.

Results:
According to the Roach classification, the first patient was classified as type I presenting with both facial and leptomeningeal vascular anomalies without glaucoma and the second patient as type II presenting only with a hemifacial capillary malformation. Considering positive findings in seizure history and intracranial vascular anomalies in the first case, the anesthetic management was modified to omit hypotensive anesthesia because of the potential risk of intracranial pressure elevation. Primarily, both patients underwent 2-jaw orthognathic surgery and facial bone contouring including genioplasty, zygomatic reduction, buccal fat pad removal, and masseter reduction without major complications. In the second step, the volume and distribution of facial soft tissues were altered by surgical resection and reposition. Both patients were satisfied with the surgical result.

Conclusions:
Our multidisciplinary algorithm can systematically detect potential risk factors. Correction of the asymmetric face by successive bone and soft-tissue surgery enables the patients to reduce their psychosocial burden and increase their quality of life.
Bipolar Latissimus Dorsi Transfer through a Single Incision: First Key–Step in Poland Syndrome Chest Deformity
Authors: Watfa William , di Summa Pietro G. , Raffoul Wassim 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
Poland syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a unilateral congenital absence of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle. The absence of the pectoralis major does not only result in chest asymmetry but also in a missing anterior axillary fold, which is essential for natural anatomical appearance in both male and female patients. In Poland syndrome patients, we perform bipolar latissimus dorsi flap transfer, which can be associated with a sublatissimus implant in women. All procedures are performed through a single short midaxillary incision, and tendon translocation in this technique allows the creation of the anterior axillary fold and thus a natural chest appearance. Moreover, this technique can be performed by any plastic surgeon operating under a basic operating room setting.
Do learning collaboratives strengthen communication? A comparison of organizational team communication networks over time
Authors: Bunger Alicia C. , Lengnick-Hall Rebecca 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Collaborative learning models were designed to support quality improvements, such as innovation implementation by promoting communication within organizational teams. Yet the effect of collaborative learning approaches on organizational team communication during implementation is untested.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to explore change in communication patterns within teams from children’s mental health organizations during a year-long learning collaborative focused on implementing a new treatment. We adopt a social network perspective to examine intraorganizational communication within each team and assess change in (a) the frequency of communication among team members, (b) communication across organizational hierarchies, and (c) the overall structure of team communication networks.

Methodology/Approach:
A pretest–posttest design compared communication among 135 participants from 21 organizational teams at the start and end of a learning collaborative. At both time points, participants were asked to list the members of their team and rate the frequency of communication with each along a 7-point Likert scale. Several individual, pair-wise, and team level communication network metrics were calculated and compared over time.

Findings:
At the individual level, participants reported communicating with more team members by the end of the learning collaborative. Cross-hierarchical communication did not change. At the team level, these changes manifested differently depending on team size. In large teams, communication frequency increased, and networks grew denser and slightly less centralized. In small teams, communication frequency declined, growing more sparse and centralized.

Practice Implications:
Results suggest that team communication patterns change minimally but evolve differently depending on size. Learning collaboratives may be more helpful for enhancing communication among larger teams; thus, managers might consider selecting and sending larger staff teams to learning collaboratives. This study highlights key future research directions that can disentangle the relationship between learning collaboratives and team networks.
ADULT WITH CHICKENPOX COMPLICATED BY SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS AND BILATERAL RETINAL VASCULITIS WITH RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSIONS
Authors: Murdock Jennifer , Carvounis Petros E. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To describe an adult with chickenpox resulting in systemic vasculitis and bilateral retinal vascular occlusions.

Methods:
Single case report.

Results:
A 58-year-old man with chickenpox complicated by disseminated varicella-zoster systemic and retinal vasculitis resulting in a combined arterial and venous occlusion in one eye with multiple branch retinal vein occlusions in the other eye. There was no evidence of retinitis. The patient systemically improved after treatment with acyclovir and steroids; however, his vision remained poor.

Conclusion:
Chickenpox can be associated with systemic vasculopathy and may rarely result in multiple systemic and ocular infarcts, including severe retinal vascular occlusions.
PARANEOPLASTIC VITELLIFORM MACULOPATHY IN THE SETTING OF CHOROIDAL MELANOMA: EVOLUTION OVER ONE YEAR
Authors: Nagiel Aaron , Rootman Daniel B. , McCannel Tara A. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
To illustrate the evolution of paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy over one year using optical coherence tomography.

Methods:
Observational case report.

Results:
A 65-year-old man with a history of ocular melanocytosis and choroidal melanoma of the left eye treated with plaque brachytherapy 3 years prior returned for his yearly follow-up visit. The visual acuity in the right eye was 20/20. Subtle thickening of the interdigitation zone layer was noted on optical coherence tomography. Over the following year, multifocal vitelliform detachments developed with progressive enlargement and coalescence of the lesions. Paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy developed in the fellow eye of a patient with local recurrence of previously treated choroidal melanoma.

Conclusion:
Paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy may develop in the fellow eye of a patient with local recurrence of their previously treated choroidal melanoma with no clinical evidence of systemic metastasis.
BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME PRESENTING AS EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE AND MYELINATED NERVE FIBER LAYER
Authors: Farley Nathan D. , Sassalos Thérèse M. , Ober Michael D. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of epiretinal membrane and myelinated nerve fiber layer, which preceded the diagnosis of basal cell nevus syndrome, in a young girl.

Methods:
Observational case report.

Results:
A 12-year-old girl was referred for an asymptomatic epiretinal membrane. Examination revealed epiretinal membrane in the right eye without posterior vitreous separation or vitreous abnormality and bilateral myelinated nerve fiber layer. Subsequent workup yielded pathologic diagnosis of multiple skin basal cell carcinoma and odontogenic keratocysts in the jaw. Genetic testing revealed a frameshift mutation in the PTCH1 gene.

Conclusion:
Basal cell nevus syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease that affects multiple organ systems, including the eyes. Recognition of common ocular findings in children with basal cell nevus syndrome can lead to systemic diagnosis. Early diagnosis is critical to initiate early screening for known neoplastic associations and lifelong minimization of sun exposure to reduce the incidence and severity of basal cell carcinoma.
Corneal Erosion With Pigments Derived From a Cosmetic Contact Lens: A Case Report
Authors: Watanabe Takehito , Uematsu Masafumi , Mohamed Yasser Helmy , Eguchi Hiroshi , Imai Shoji , Kitaoka Takashi 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of corneal erosion with pigments derived from a cosmetic contact lens (CCL).

Methods:
A 29-year-old woman complained of foreign body sensation after wearing CCL. Slit-lamp examination of her left eye revealed corneal erosion with yellow pigment at its edges. The surface of the CCLs was examined using the rub-off test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An elementary analysis using SEM with energy-dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) was also performed.

Results:
On the back surface of the CCL, the pigments easily came off during the rub-off test. An SEM examination found exposed pigments with needle-like construction on the back surface. SEM-EDX revealed the presence of carbon, oxygen, iron, titanium, and chlorine in the pigments.

Conclusion:
Direct contact between the bare pigments on a CCL and the corneal surface can cause corneal damage.
OCT in a Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fiber Syndrome with Reduced Vision
Authors: Bass Sherry J. , Westcott Jacqueline , Sherman Jerome 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The prognosis of success with vision therapy in refractive “amblyopia” associated with the syndrome of myelinated nerve fibers (MRNF), optic disc hypoplasia, and myopia is reported to be poorer than that of anisomyopic amblyopia without these features. The reason for the poorer prognosis has not been well understood. The purpose of this study was to perform spectral domain (SD) ocular coherence tomography (OCT) to determine if there is a structural etiology that may explain the poorer prognosis.

Case Reports
Case 1 was a 12-year-old male patient with anisometropic “amblyopia” in the right eye, MRNF denser superiorly, a hypoplastic disc, and a myopic fundus with a flat intact macula. The OCT demonstrated an attenuated photoreceptor integrity line (PIL) in the macula. Case 2 was a 10-year-old male patient with a constant left esotropia, MRNF denser superiorly, a hypoplastic disc, and a myopic fundus with a flat intact macula. The OCT demonstrated an absent PIL. Case 3 was a 58-year-old female patient with a history of diabetic retinopathy OU, long-standing reduced vision in the right eye, MRNF denser superiorly, optic nerve hypoplasia, and a myopic fundus with an intact macula. The OCT demonstrated an absent PIL in the macula.

Conclusions
This case series identifies three patients with the syndrome of MRNF, optic nerve hypoplasia, and anisomyopia in one eye with reduced vision and reports OCT findings using SD-OCT systems. All three patients demonstrated an absence or attenuation of the photoreceptor integrity line (PIL) in the macula in the affected eye. To our knowledge, there is no known association between this syndrome and abnormality of the PIL reported in the literature. Patients with this syndrome may have a guarded prognosis in the success of vision therapy.
Gadobutrol in Renally Impaired Patients
Authors: Michaely Henrik J. , Aschauer Manuela , Deutschmann Hannes , Bongartz Georg , Gutberlet Matthias , Woitek Ramona , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Kucharczyk Walter , Hammerstingl Renate , De Cobelli Francesco , Rosenberg Martin , Balzer Thomas , Endrikat Jan 
Published: August 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of gadobutrol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment for the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF).

Materials and Methods
We performed a prospective, international, multicenter, open-label study in 55 centers. Patients with moderate to severe renal impairment scheduled for any gadobutrol-enhanced MRI were included. All patients received a single intravenous bolus injection of gadobutrol at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight. The primary target variable was the number of patients who develop NSF within a 2-year follow-up period.

Results
A total of 908 patients were enrolled, including 586 with moderate and 284 with severe renal impairment who are at highest risk for developing NSF. The mean time since renal disease diagnosis was 1.83 and 5.49 years in the moderate and severe renal impairment cohort, respectively. Overall, 184 patients (20.3%) underwent further contrast-enhanced MRI with other gadolinium-based contrast agents within the 2-year follow-up. No patient developed symptoms conclusive of NSF.

Conclusions
No safety concerns with gadobutrol in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment were identified. There were no NSF cases.
Diagnosis of Tensilon-Negative Ocular Myasthenia Gravis By Daily Selfie
Authors: Guterman Elan L. , Botelho James V. , Horton Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:
The initial symptoms of myasthenia gravis are usually ptosis and diplopia. The diagnosis is often confirmed by testing for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies or by observing the effects of intravenous edrophonium (Tensilon) injection. However, these standard tests may be negative in patients with isolated ocular findings. We present the case of an 83-year-old woman with negative serologic and Tensilon testing. She was asked to photograph herself daily. The resulting sequence of daily selfies captured striking fluctuations in her ocular alignment and ptosis. Daily selfies may be a useful strategy for confirming the clinical diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis.
The physiological basis of bird flight
Authors: Butler Patrick J. 
Published: August 2016

Flapping flight is energetically more costly than running, although it is less costly to fly a given body mass a given distance per unit time than it is for a similar mass to run the same distance per unit time. This is mainly because birds can fly faster than they can run. Oxygen transfer and transport are enhanced in migrating birds compared with those in non-migrators: at the gas-exchange regions of the lungs the effective area is greater and the diffusion distance smaller. Also, migrating birds have larger hearts and haemoglobin concentrations in the blood, and capillary density in the flight muscles tends to be higher. Species like bar-headed geese migrate at high altitudes, where the availability of oxygen is reduced and the energy cost of flapping flight increased compared with those at sea level. Physiological adaptations to these conditions include haemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen than that in lowland birds, a greater effective ventilation of the gas-exchange surface of the lungs and a greater capillary-to-muscle fibre ratio. Migrating birds use fatty acids as their source of energy, so they have to be transported at a sufficient rate to meet the high demand. Since fatty acids are insoluble in water, birds maintain high concentrations of fatty acid–binding proteins to transport fatty acids across the cell membrane and within the cytoplasm. The concentrations of these proteins, together with that of a key enzyme in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, increase before migration.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.
The aerodynamics and control of free flight manoeuvres inDrosophila
Authors: Dickinson Michael H. , Muijres Florian T. 
Published: August 2016

A firm understanding of how fruit flies hover has emerged over the past two decades, and recent work has focused on the aerodynamic, biomechanical and neurobiological mechanisms that enable them to manoeuvre and resist perturbations. In this review, we describe how flies manipulate wing movement to control their body motion during active manoeuvres, and how these actions are regulated by sensory feedback. We also discuss how the application of control theory is providing new insight into the logic and structure of the circuitry that underlies flight stability.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.
Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies
Authors: Reynolds Andy M. , Reynolds Don R. , Sane Sanjay P. , Hu Gao , Chapman Jason W. 
Published: August 2016

High-flying insect migrants have been shown to display sophisticated flight orientations that can, for example, maximize distance travelled by exploiting tailwinds, and reduce drift from seasonally optimal directions. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical evidence for the mechanisms underlying the selection and maintenance of the observed flight headings, and the detection of wind direction and speed, for insects flying hundreds of metres above the ground. Different mechanisms may be used—visual perception of the apparent ground movement or mechanosensory cues maintained by intrinsic features of the wind—depending on circumstances (e.g. day or night migrations). In addition to putative turbulence-induced velocity, acceleration and temperature cues, we present a new mathematical analysis which shows that ‘jerks’ (the time-derivative of accelerations) can provide indicators of wind direction at altitude. The adaptive benefits of the different orientation strategies are briefly discussed, and we place these new findings for insects within a wider context by comparisons with the latest research on other flying and swimming organisms.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.