bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ankle-Dorsiflexion Range of Motion After Ankle Self-Stretching Using a Strap
Authors: Jeon In-cheol , Kwon Oh-yun , Yi Chung-Hwi , Cynn Heon-Seock , Hwang Ui-jae 
Published: September 2016

Context
A variety of ankle self-stretching exercises have been recommended to improve ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) in individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion. A strap can be applied to stabilize the talus and facilitate anterior glide of the distal tibia at the talocrural joint during ankle self-stretching exercises. Novel ankle self-stretching using a strap (SSS) may be a useful method of improving ankle DFROM.

Objective
To compare the effects of 2 ankle-stretching techniques (static stretching versus SSS) on ankle DFROM.

Design
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting
University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Thirty-two participants with limited active dorsiflexion (&lt;20°) while sitting (14 women and 18 men) were recruited.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The participants performed 2 ankle self-stretching techniques (static stretching and SSS) for 3 weeks. Active DFROM (ADFROM), passive DFROM (PDFROM), and the lunge angle were measured. An independent t test was used to compare the improvements in these values before and after the 2 stretching interventions. The level of statistical significance was set at α = .05.

Results
Active DFROM and PDFROM were greater in both stretching groups after the 3-week interventions. However, ADFROM, PDFROM, and the lunge angle were greater in the SSS group than in the static-stretching group (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Ankle SSS is recommended to improve ADFROM, PDFROM, and the lunge angle in individuals with limited DFROM.
Current Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collision Athletes Compared With Contact and Limited-Contact Athletes
Authors: Simon Janet E. , Docherty Carrie L. 
Published: September 2016

Previous researchers have shown that current health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is lower in former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes than in nonathletes. However, evidence supports the idea that individuals in collision sports (football) may suffer more serious injuries that may affect them later in life.Context:
To measure HRQoL in former Division I collision, contact, and limited-contact athletes.Objective:
Cross-sectional study.Design:
Research laboratory.Setting:
A total of 374 former Division I athletes between the ages of 40 and 65 years were separated into collision, contact, and limited-contact groups.Patients or Other Participants:
All individuals completed the Short Form 36 version 2 via a computer.Intervention(s):
The dependent variables were the physical component and mental component summary scores and the physical functioning, physical role functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social role functioning, emotional role functioning, and mental health scales. An initial multivariate analysis of covariance included data from the 2 domains: physical component and mental component summary scores. The second multivariate analysis of covariance included data from the 8 dimensions: physical function, role physical, bodily pain scale, general health, mental health, role emotional, social function, and vitality scales. The α level was set at P &lt; .05 with a covariate of sex.Main Outcome Measures(s):
The responses were significantly lower (worse) for the former collision athletes compared with the contact and limited-contact athletes for the summary scores (F2,370 = 90.09, P &lt; .01) and all 8 scales (F8,364 = 24.33, P &lt; .01). The largest differences were between the collision and limited-contact athletes for the bodily pain and role physical scales, with mean differences of 12.91 and 11.80 points, respectively.Results:
Competing at the Division I level can be strenuous on an athlete's physical, mental, and social dimensions, which can affect the athlete later in life. Based on these data, collision athletes may sacrifice their future HRQoL compared with contact and limited-contact athletes.Conclusions:
High School Rowing Injuries: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION)
Authors: Baugh Christine M. , Kerr Zachary Y. 
Published: September 2016

Data on high school (HS) rowing injuries are lacking.Context:
To describe the epidemiology of HS boys' and girls' rowing injuries during the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years.Objective:
Descriptive epidemiology study.Design:
Injury and exposure data from 8 and 11 boys' and girls' rowing programs providing 13 and 17 team-seasons of data, respectively.Setting:
High school boys' and girls' varsity rowing student-athletes.Patients or Other Participants:
High school rowing data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network.Intervention(s):
Injury rates and rate ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Main Outcome Measure(s):
In HS boys' and girls' rowing, 59 and 190 injuries were reported, respectively, for rates of 2.39/1000 athlete-exposures (95% CI = 1.78, 3.00) and 8.60/1000 athlete-exposures (95% CI = 7.38, 9.82). The girls' rowing injury rate was 3.60 times that of boys' (95% CI = 2.69, 4.82).Results:
These findings suggest a higher injury rate among HS female rowers than HS male rowers. Additional research exploring reasons for the sex difference is warranted.Conclusions:
Return to Play After Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Schleich Kevin , Slayman Tyler , West Douglas , Smoot Kyle 
Published: September 2016

Objective: To outline a 4-phase progressive program that safely and successfully enabled athletes to return to sport without recurrence of exertional rhabdomyolysis symptoms.
Background: In January 2011, a large cluster of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes were evaluated and treated for exertional rhabdomyolysis. After the athletes were treated, the athletic trainers and sports medicine providers were challenged to develop a safe return-to-play program because of the lack of specific reports in the medical literature to direct such activities.
Treatment: A progressive 4-phase program based on existing recommendations, including guidelines for continued clinical and laboratory monitoring.
Conclusions: Although the actual process of reintegrating players will differ based on each athlete's unique circumstances, this program provides a safe and effective foundation that can be modified based on the response to activity and sport.
Optimizing Cold-Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: An Evidence-Based Paper
Authors: Nye Emma A. , Edler Jessica R. , Eberman Lindsey E. , Games Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2016

Reference: Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing cold water immersion for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(11):2464−2472.
Clinical Questions: Do optimal procedures exist for implementing cold-water immersion (CWI) that yields high cooling rates for hyperthermic individuals?
Data Sources: One reviewer performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. Search phrases were cold water immersion, forearm immersion, ice bath, ice water immersion, immersion, AND cooling.
Study Selection: Studies were included based on the following criteria: (1) English language, (2) full-length articles published in peer-reviewed journals, (3) healthy adults subjected to exercise-induced hyperthermia, and (4) reporting of core temperature as 1 outcome measure. A total of 19 studies were analyzed.
Data Extraction: Pre-immersion core temperature, immersion water temperature, ambient temperature, immersion duration, and immersion level were coded a priori for extraction. Data originally reported in graphical form were digitally converted to numeric values. Mean differences comparing the cooling rates of CWI with passive recovery, standard deviation of change from baseline core temperature, and within-subjects r were extracted. Two independent reviewers used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the risk of bias.
Main Results: Cold-water immersion increased the cooling rate by 0.03°C/min (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03, 0.04°C/min) compared with passive recovery. Cooling rates were more effective when the pre-immersion core temperature was ≥38.6°C (P = .023), immersion water temperature was ≤10°C (P = .036), ambient temperature was ≥20°C (P = .013), or immersion duration was ≤10 minutes (P &lt; .001). Cooling rates for torso and limb immersion (mean difference = 0.04°C/min, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.06°C/min) were higher (P = .028) than those for forearm and hand immersion (mean difference = 0.01°C/min, 95% CI = −0.01, 0.04°C/min).
Conclusions: Hyperthermic individuals were cooled twice as fast by CWI as by passive recovery. Therefore, the former method is the preferred choice when treating patients with exertional heat stroke. Water temperature should be &lt;10°C, with the torso and limbs immersed. Insufficient published evidence supports CWI of the forearms and hands.
Using Flipped Classroom Components in Blended Courses to Maximize Student Learning
Authors: Heinerichs Scott , Pazzaglia Gina , Gilboy Mary Beth 
Published: September 2016

Context: The flipped classroom is an educational approach that has become popular in higher education because it is student centered.
Objective: To provide a rationale for a specific way of approaching the flipped classroom using a blended course design and resources necessary to help instructors be successful.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Three class components are important to the flipped classroom: before-, during-, and after-classroom sessions. Each is important in helping instructors deliver content in ways that will engage students to use all levels of the Bloom taxonomy on a consistent basis. Implementing each component using a blended course delivery will allow faculty to meet the students where they are in their learning as well as maximize class time.
Conclusions: Athletic training educators can successfully use flipped classroom principles in blended courses to create student-centered classes. Educators should strategically think about the course objectives and activities for each of the 3 components. Being deliberate in this approach will ensure the educator is both an expert and a facilitator helping students achieve all levels of the Bloom taxonomy to maximize student learning.
Athletic Training Program Commitment: Four-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Weiss Windee M. , Neibert Peter J. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Changes in commitment and the predictors of commitment to an athletic training program (ATP) across the academic 4-year program is important for facilitating students' continued success in ATPs and on the Board of Certification (BOC) exam.
Objective: The purpose of this study was 2-fold: (1) examine changes in 1 cohort's perceptions of commitment across 4 academic years, and (2) to determine if commitment constructs could predict BOC scores.
Design: Longitudinal and cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Commission on Accrediting Athletic Training Education accredited ATP at a midsize Division I University.
Patients or Other Participants: For purpose (1), 24 ATP students (male = 12, female = 12) participated, and ranged in age from 21–23 years (mean = 21.50 ± 0.59). For purpose (2), a total of 75 male and female senior ATP students participated.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted on each predictor of commitment and ATP commitment to determine significant changes in scores from 1 year to the next. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine if commitment constructs could predict BOC scores. Lastly, a multivariate analysis of variance compared successful and unsuccessful first attempt BOC candidates on the commitment constructs.
Results: Commitment, enjoyment, and benefits decreased significantly from the first year in the ATP to the second year in the program. Attractive alternatives and investments significantly increased during this same timeframe. No significant changes occurred in students' perceptions of perceived social constraints or support from professors, parents, peers, or best friends. Lastly, commitment constructs failed to predict who would pass the BOC exam, and no differences emerged for commitment constructs between students who passed the BOC exam on the first attempt and those who did not.
Conclusions: Athletic Training Program students' commitment, enjoyment, investments, attractive alternatives, and perceived benefits fluctuate throughout their time enrolled in an ATP.
Peer Assessment of Clinical Skills and Professional Behaviors Among Undergraduate Athletic Training Students
Authors: Engelmann Jeanine M. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Peer assessment is widely used in medical education as a formative evaluation and preparatory tool for students. Athletic training students learn similar knowledge, skills, and affective traits as medical students. Peer assessment has been widely studied with beneficial results in medical education, yet athletic training education has thus far produced only 2 studies that address the use of peer assessment with athletic training students.
Objective: To identify whether undergraduate athletic training students accurately and reliably assess their peers on clinical skills and professional behaviors.
Design: Quasi-experimental between-groups and within-group.
Setting: Medical exam office.
Patients or Other Participants: Junior and senior athletic training students, classroom faculty and clinical preceptors (instructors) from the same Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education athletic training program.
Intervention(s): One instructor and 2 students concurrently performed an assessment in real-time of 5 clinical skills performed by a junior or senior student. Clinical skills demonstrated were the Biceps Femoris Manual Muscle Test (BFMMT), Lachman Test, Kleiger Test, Noble's Compression Test, and Thompson Test.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Each student group's scores were compared with instructor group scores to determine the accuracy of the assessment. Each student group's scores were compared within-group to determine reliability of student scores. Accuracy and reliability of clinical skills were measured using the Cohen κ coefficient. A weighted Cohen κ coefficient was used for professional behavior measures.
Results: Senior students were accurate (P &lt; .05) for all clinical skills and professional behaviors and reliable (P &lt; .05) for the BFMMT, Thompson Test, and professional behaviors. Junior students were accurate (P &lt; .05) for all clinical skills except the Lachman Test and reliable (P &lt; .05) for the BFMMT and Noble's Compression Test.
Conclusions: Students are able to assess the clinical skills of their peers with the same consistency as instructors during a live skills demonstration. Year in school may affect ability to assess professional behaviors.
Error Estimates of Mixed Methods for Optimal Control Problems Governed by General Elliptic Equations
Authors: Hou Tianliang , Li Li 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the error estimates of mixed finite element methods for optimal control problems governed by general elliptic equations. The state and co-state are approximated by the lowest order Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element spaces and the control variable is approximated by piecewise constant functions. We derive L2 and H–1-error estimates both for the control variable and the state variables. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Stability Analysis of a Fully Coupled Implicit Scheme for Inviscid Chemical Non-Equilibrium Flows
Authors: Wang Yu , Cai Jinsheng , Qu Kun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVon Neumann stability theory is applied to analyze the stability of a fully coupled implicit (FCI) scheme based on the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) method for inviscid chemical non-equilibrium flows. The FCI scheme shows excellent stability except the case of the flows involving strong recombination reactions, and can weaken or even eliminate the instability resulting from the stiffness problem, which occurs in the subsonic high-temperature region of the hypersonic flow field. In addition, when the full Jacobian of chemical source term is diagonalized, the stability of the FCI scheme relies heavily on the flow conditions. Especially in the case of high temperature and subsonic state, theCFLnumber satisfying the stability is very small. Moreover, we also consider the effect of the space step, and demonstrate that the stability of the FCI scheme with the diagonalized Jacobian can be improved by reducing the space step. Therefore, we propose an improved method on the grid distribution according to the flow conditions. Numerical tests validate sufficiently the foregoing analyses. Based on the improved grid, theCFLnumber can be quickly ramped up to large values for convergence acceleration.
Employees Perception on Performance Appraisal System in a public limited company in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Abdul Hameed 
Published: September 2016

<p>The Performance Appraisal system is now a common phenomenon in Pakistan. It is a major tool for most of the organizations to evaluate various aspects of their employees. Majority of the organization has implemented this process and is a regular feature for evaluation of their staff. Ample literature is available which has discussed the performance appraisal process at length targeting various dimensions of it. Although in the last few decades many studies are done and sufficient international literature on performance appraisal is available (Landy and Farr, 1980), however very limited research is done in Pakistan in this area .To analyses the perception of employees regarding the performance appraisal system implementation a public limited company in energy sector is selected .The company which previously used to undertake employees evaluation through the Annual Confidential Report (ACR) system introduced Performance appraisal system in 2001 in order to comply with the new vision of the company.</p><p>In order to analyze the perception of employees regarding the new system and its implementation, 33 item questionnaires consist of 4 independent and one dependent variables was distributed among 150 management position employees who were acquainted with the Performance appraisal procedure. The questionnaire has 4 independent variable which are Procedural justice, Goal setting, feedback and Pay for performance and one dependent variable, the employee perception towards Performance appraisal process. The instrument used was a likert scale questionnaire with the scale of 1 for strongly disagree to 5 for strongly agree. Factor analysis and regression analysis was done through SPSS19 .The result shows the process was implemented as per organization guidelines to the overall satisfaction of employees. There are however some areas of improvement which have been noted in the conclusion. The results and outcome are in line with international published data.</p>
Salvaging The Counselor: Watching Cormac McCarthy and Ridley Scott's Really Trashy Movie
Authors: Agner Jacob 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
I argue that Cormac McCarthy's The Counselor, set amid the U.S.–Mexican drug wars, critiques late capitalism through self-reflexive genre filmmaking. Centered on the metaphor of trash, this essay connects the film's low-art spectacle with the drug trade's entrenchment in globalization and multinational capitalism. The Counselor, in effect, resists cinema's central role in the culture industry by tying its “trashy” plot to the historically pressing narcotics crisis and the twenty-first century's accumulating trash heaps.
Blood Meridian's Deathcarts and Angels of Death
Authors: Luce Dianne C. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This note explores the cultural implications of the Penitente sect's deathcart and figure of Death armed with bow and arrow, and identifies McCarthy's source in Fergusson's Rio Grande. The Penitentes' female death angel, La Muerte, is represented either as a bare skeleton or in feminine garb. The ungendered skeleton in Blood Meridian allows for the protagonist's misinterpretation of the figure as male and thus a reminder of his Indian-fighting. The eldress in the rocks, wearing the icons of Our Lady of Guadalupe but unrecognized by the man, is another death angel, a conflation of the Virgin and Death. The deathcart appears not only in the Penitente procession, but also in the tarot reader's prediction of Black Jackson's death and again in the buffalo bonecarts. Together these tropes support the novel's representation of border, national, and human history as the procession of Death Triumphant.
Opinions of Faculty Members Regarding Quality Implementation in the Faculty of Arts at King Saud University
Authors: Saud Aljohara Saud Abdulaziz Al , Sheikh Nouf Ibrahim Al 
Published: September 2016

<p>King Saud University has been seeking to achieve excellence and leadership; this is shown through seeking to advance towards the best and to cope with the universities needs by qualifying its employees academically and practically in various fields. Throughout this journey of excellence, King Saud University has adapted the quality system implementation in 2007.This study aims at presenting the opinions and suggestions of faculty members regarding quality implementation mechanisms in the departments of Faculty of Arts at King Saud University. To achieve the goals of the current study, the researchers depend on a questionnaire, which was constructed by both of them to collect data. This tool was constructed based on the standards steps of constructing a questionnaire. The tool has included several focus points which are: social and academic characteristics of the study community that consists of faculty members (n=273), strategies (vision, mission, and goals) which include 8 statements, evaluation which includes 14 statements, and finally communication and engagement which include 5 statements. In light of the results of this study the researchers recommend considering the goals of Quality Units in the departments of Faculty of Arts so that they agree and serve the goals of the development process and the quality in the college and the university, in addition to introducing a clear and announced plan of quality to all employees in the department. In addition, they suggest that Quality Units in the departments of Faculty of Arts should hold training workshops and courses to clarify quality requirements and ensures that they are understood by the employees. </p>
Analysis of Drug Trafficking and Insurgency Correlation: Case Study of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Region
Authors: Shah Mohammadi Mohammad Naji , Mat Basir Salawati , Sobatian Elmira 
Published: September 2016

<p>ECO member states are among a big producer of opium and heroin in the world and all trafficking routes used for trafficking illicit drugs to the world pass through ECO countries. On the other hand many insurgent groups are actively involved in illicit drug trafficking. ECO’s Main objective is economic development in its region and directly unproductive profit seeking activities such as drug trafficking and insurgency is tight barrier to reach this goal. The aim of this research is to investigate the correlation between drug trafficking and insurgency in ECO region and identify the reasons for this connection to cope with this problem. There are various theories, which attempt to explain the relationship between drug trafficking and insurgency. Generally speaking, it appears that it is not sensible to lump organized crime groups, who conduct drug trafficking, and terrorist groups together in ECO area. Although there are some links between them, they have essential motivational and operational discrepancies.</p><p> </p><p> </p>