bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light-Intensity Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose. Research demonstrates that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Few studies have examined the effects of light-intensity physical activity on mortality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between objectively measured light-intensity physical activity and all-cause mortality risk. Design. Longitudinal. Setting. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006 with follow-up through December 31, 2011. Subjects. Five thousand five hundred seventy-five U.S. adults. Measures. Participants wore an accelerometer for at least 4 days and completed questionnaires to assess sociodemographics and chronic disease information, with blood samples taken to assess biological markers. Follow-up mortality status was assessed via death certificate data from the National Death Index. Analysis. Cox proportional hazard model. Results. After adjusting for accelerometer-determined MVPA, age, gender, race-ethnicity, cotinine, weight status, poverty level, C-reactive protein, and comorbid illness, for every 60-minute increase in accelerometer-determined light-intensity physical activity, participants had a 16% reduced hazard of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio = .84; 95% confidence interval: .78–.91; p < .001). Conclusion. In this national sample of U.S. adults, light-intensity physical activity was inversely associated with all-cause mortality risk, independent of age, MVPA, and other potential confounders. In addition to MVPA, promotion of light-intensity physical activity is warranted.
A 2015 Survey of Forensic Economists: Their Methods, Estimates, and Perspectives
Authors: Luthy Michael R. , Brookshire Michael L. , Rosenbaum David , Schap David , Slesnick Frank L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In January 2015, 590 e-mail invitations to complete an electronic survey were sent to NAFE (National Association of Forensic Economics) members. The response rate was approximately 33%, almost nine percentage points higher than the last paper survey administered in 2003. The survey covered many of the major topics included in earlier surveys, such as values of important economic variables (e.g., discount rates), trends in the practice of forensic economics (e.g., personal sources of earnings), and open-ended questions concerning ethics and reactions to the survey instrument. On the 2015 Survey instrument there were several new questions concerning such matters as how forensic economists perceive the role of vocational (rehabilitation) experts, the effects of the Affordable Care Act on loss estimates, how members charge for their services, and the size of respondents' practices.
A Comment on “Employee Tenure and Economic Losses in Wrongful Termination Cases”
Authors: Coleman Nicholas 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In the April 2013 issue of the Journal of Forensic Economics, Charles L. Baum II develops a model to estimate the annual probability of a worker remaining with a particular employer and applies his results to estimates of economic losses resulting from wrongful termination. Baum's adjustment for job survival is based only on forecast experience in the job held at the time of the termination. This method seems inconsistent with Baum's own findings that early years in any job are associated with much higher hazard rates. In this comment we apply Baum's survival coefficients in a model that incorporates the probability of termination and survival in both the original job and the replacement job.
Employee Tenure and Economic Losses in Wrongful Termination Cases: A Reply to Nicholas Coleman
Authors: Baum Charles L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In this issue of the Journal of Forensic Economics, Nicolas Coleman provides a critique of the model I developed (and presented in a recent issue of this journal) to predict the annual probabilities a worker would have stayed with a terminating employer absent the termination and its subsequent application. He then proposes an alternative approach, referred to as the Job-Specific Survival Method, when calculating economic losses in employment termination cases. In this note, I respond on Coleman’s critique.
CHIRONOMUS SAMOENSIS IS A COMPLEX OF SPECIES
Authors: Martin Jon 
Published: January 2016

Chironomus samoensis, as currently recognised, is not a single species but a complex of more or less closely related species. C. samoensis Edwards 1928 is redescribed from additional material, and considered to occur only in the Pacific region. Reasons for excluding material from other areas are given. C. flaviplumus Tokunaga 1940 is confirmed as the correct name for the Japanese material, the Indian material described by Chattopadhyay et al. (1991) is given the new name C. indiaensis, and new names are required for material from Australia and additional species from India.
Effect of defocusing on laser ablation plume observed by laser-induced fluorescence imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Oba Masaki , Miyabe Masabumi , Akaoka Katsuaki , Wakaida Ikuo 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We used laser-induced fluorescence imaging with a varying beam focal point to observe ablation plumes from metal and oxide samples of gadolinium. The plumes expand vertically when the focal point is far from the sample surface. In contrast, the plume becomes hemispherical when the focal point is on the sample surface. In addition, the internal plume structure and the composition of the ablated atomic and ionic particles also vary significantly. The fluorescence intensity of a plume from a metal sample is greater than that from an oxide sample, which suggests that the number of monatomic species produced in each plume differs. For both the metal and oxide samples, the most intense fluorescence from atomic (ionic) species is observed with the beam focal point at 3–4 mm (2 mm) from the sample surface.
Carrier transport and improved emission properties of bilayer polymer light-emitting transistors based on crystalized poly(alkylfluorene) films
Authors: Kajii Hirotake , Hashimoto Kazuya , Hara Mikio , Ohtomo Takahiro , Ohmori Yutaka 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In order to clarify the carrier transport and improve the emission characteristics of polymer light-emitting transistors, the fabrication and properties of top-gated bilayer polymer light-emitting transistors with oriented poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (F8) films and a phosphorescent dye doped in F8 are investigated. For bilayer devices with different oriented F8 films, both the hole and electron mobilities of bilayer devices are dependent on those of F8 upper layer. The bilayer devices using an oriented F8 upper layer with the channel direction parallel to the polymer orientation exhibit higher hole and electron mobilities, and improved EL intensity than those with the channel direction perpendicular to the polymer chains orientation. Devices with a phosphorescent dye-doped layer also exhibit the ambipolar and light-emitting properties. Both fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions can be achieved for bilayer devices. We demonstrate the possibility of improved emission for bilayer devices using a conjugated polymer doped with a phosphorescent material as the upper layer.
Barrier properties of ultrathin VN films of low resistivity and high density for Cu interconnects
Authors: Takeyama Mayumi B. , Sato Masaru , Itoi Takaomi , Aoyagi Eiji , Noya Atsushi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We have examined vanadium nitride (VN) films as a candidate material for the low-resistivity diffusion barrier of Cu interconnects in Si-LSI technology, aimed at reducing the interconnect resistance. We successfully prepared a continuous and uniform VN film as thin as 5 nm with a nanocrystalline texture with grains 2–5 nm in size. The VN barrier applied to the model system of Cu/VN/SiO2/Si and Cu/VN/SiOC/Si shows excellent barrier properties; the ultrathin barrier shows a negligible structural change and the absence of Cu penetration and/or interfacial reaction in the systems after annealing at 500 °C. The properties of an ultrathin VN barrier, such as low resistivity (50 µΩ cm) and high density (5.8 g/cm3), are attributed to the formation of a stable δ-VN phase in a nanocrystalline texture with grains of size smaller than or equal to the barrier thickness that stands high in a structurally stable and chemically inert barrier.
Regional heterogeneity in the water content of the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle of Eastern China
Authors: Hao Yan‐Tao , Xia Qun‐Ke , Jia Zu‐Bing , Zhao Qi‐Chao , Li Pei , Feng Min , Liu Shao‐Chen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe major and trace elements and H2O contents of minerals in peridotite xenoliths hosted by the Cenozoic basalts in Northeast China (NEC) were evaluated using electron microprobe, laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Although a potential loss of H during the xenoliths' ascent cannot be excluded for olivine, orthopyroxene (opx) and clinopyroxene (cpx) largely preserved the H2O contents of their mantle source in all of the samples, as inferred from (1) the homogenous H2O contents within single pyroxene grains and (2) the equilibrium H2O partitioning between cpx and opx. No OH was detected for pyroxenes of peridotite xenoliths from the north part of NEC (NNEC). Combined with previously published data from the North China Craton (NCC) and the South China Block (SCB), the regional heterogeneity in the water contents in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the whole Eastern China has been revealed. The lithospheric mantle beneath the NNEC is completely dry. The “bulk” water contents of the lithospheric mantle of the south part of NEC and the NCC have similar ranges and average values, whereas those of the SCB are much higher (12–195 ppm, average 90 ± 45 ppm for whole rock). The regional variations in the H2O content of the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle of Eastern China cannot be caused by partial melting, mantle metasomatism, or variations in redox state. We propose that the lithospheric mantle beneath the different regions of Eastern China may have distinct origins and may have undergone distinct geodynamic processes.
Sound velocities of δ‐AlOOH up to core‐mantle boundary pressures with implications for the seismic anomalies in the deep mantle
Authors: Mashino Izumi , Murakami Motohiko , Ohtani Eiji 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent studies show that δ‐AlOOH is stable up to the base of the mantle. This phase is, therefore, a possible carrier and host of water in the deep mantle. To uncover the physical properties of δ‐AlOOH under deep mantle pressure conditions, we have conducted high‐pressure acoustic wave velocity measurements of δ‐AlOOH by using Brillouin spectroscopy combined with high‐pressure Raman spectroscopic measurements in a diamond anvil cell up to pressures of 134 GPa. There is a precipitous increase by ~14% in the acoustic velocities of δ‐AlOOH from 6 to 15 GPa, which suggests that pressure‐induced O‐H bond symmetrization occurs in this pressure range. The best fit values for the high‐pressure form of δ‐AlOOH of K0 = 190 (2) (GPa), G0 = 160.0 (9) (GPa), (∂K/∂P)0 = K0′ = 3.7 (1), and (∂G/∂P)0 = G0′ = 1.32 (1) indicate that δ‐AlOOH has a 20–30% higher VS value compared to those of the major constituent minerals in the mantle transition zone, such as wadsleyite, ringwoodite, and majorite. On the other hand, the VS of δ‐AlOOH is ~7% lower than that of Mg‐bridgmanite under lowermost mantle pressure conditions because of the significantly lower value of the pressure derivative of the shear modulus. By comparing our results with seismic observations, we can infer that δ‐AlOOH could be one of the potential causes of a positive VS anomaly observed at ~600 km depth beneath the Korean peninsula and a negative VS jump near 2800 km depth near the northern margin of the large low‐shear‐velocity province beneath the Pacific.
Metal‐Free Oxidative Cross Esterification of Alcohols via Acyl Chloride Formation
Authors: Gaspa Silvia , Porcheddu Andrea , De Luca Lidia 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA novel metal‐free oxidative cross esterification of alcohols has been achieved using trichloroisocyanuric acid as an oxidant. The alcohols were converted in situ into their corresponding acyl chlorides, which were then reacted with primary and secondary aliphatic, benzylic and allylic alcohols and phenols. A wide variety of esters was obtained in satisfactory yields.magnified image
New records of the distribution and conservation status of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea in Sardinia (Italy, W Mediterranean)
Authors: Marra Stefano , de Lucia G. Andrea , Camedda Andrea , Espinosa Free , Coppa Stefania 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Patella ferruginea is an endemic and endangered limpet of the Mediterranean Sea. Its distributional range has been greatly reduced over the past century, mainly as a consequence of human pressure on coastal habitats, and its presence is now confined to a few sites in the western Mediterranean basin.
It was assumed that the island of Mal di Ventre was the only location hosting P. ferruginea in the central‐western area of Sardinia (Italy), but reports from local people and the discovery of empty shells in surrounding areas suggested its distribution range may be greater than previously thought.
Several systematic surveys for the presence of P. ferruginea were conducted during the summers of 2013 and 2014 at different locations of central‐western Sardinia to improve knowledge about its conservation status and to verify various reported occurrences.
Findings from this study confirm the critical status of conservation of the species in central‐western Sardinia. The island of Mal di Ventre was confirmed as the main location hosting P. ferruginea and only one new small nucleus of limpets was found in a hardly accessible site on the coastline of the Sinis Peninsula (Cape San Marco). This nucleus represents the new southern distribution limit of the species in Sardinia.
This work highlights the importance of awareness‐raising activities and local environmental knowledge (‘citizen science’) as a source of information that can result in a better understanding of the distribution of this endangered species. Hardly accessible sites represent ideal locations to put in place conservation measures for the local P. ferruginea population but further studies, specifically aimed at determining the larval dispersal and connectivity among different limpet nuclei, are required.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quenching of fluorescence of phenolic compounds and modified humic acids by cadmium ions
Authors: Tchaikovskaya O. N. , Nechaev L. V. , Yudina N. V. , Mal'tseva E. V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe interaction of a number of phenolic compounds, being ‘model fragments’ of humic acids, with cadmium ions was investigated. The fluorescence quenching method was used to determine the complexation constants of these compounds with cadmium ions. It was established that bonding of phenolic compounds by cadmium ions at рН 7 is weak and reaches a maximum value of 15% for interaction with resorcinol. It was demonstrated that modification of humic acids by the mechanoactivation method increases by three times bonding of cadmium ions, which is caused by strengthening the acid properties of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups at the aromatic ring. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis Based on Cu Nanoparticles Deposited on Carbon Nanotubes at the Liquid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Aslan Emre , Akin Ilker , Patir Imren Hatay 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCopper nanoparticles were electrodeposited in situ on a conductive multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) support at a free‐standing water/1,2‐dichloroethane interface. The Cu/MWCNT nanocomposites act as highly active hydrogen evolution catalysts at the interface in the presence of lipophilic decamethylferrocene as the reducing agent.
Newer drugs in amebiasis
Authors: Anderson Hamilton H. 
Published: January 2016

Amebiasis, a systemic disease due to Endamoeba histolytica, is not confined to the tropics. Its incidence reflects the sanitary level of the environment.In the colon, associated bacteria are believed to play a role in its pathogenesis, but not in the liver and other extraintestinal tissues. Realistically, the therapeutic regime depends upon the site of amebic invasion, and whether or not associated organisms are believed to be contributory to the disease complex. “Specific” amebicides are available, capable of clearing the majority of cases, i.e., of chronic amebiasis as seen in the United States. In a minority, however, recurrence of infection, due to amebae with or without associated bacteria, is persistent. To combat recurrence, especially in environments of high endemicity, personal and community hygiene is mandatory.Newer drug types currently under trial are: glycobiarsol, N.F.; representative dichloracetamides, of which Mebinol is an example; certain phenanthrolines, such as Entobex; diamino derivatives, such as MA‐307; and paromomycin (Humatin), an antibiotic. Suppressive therapy and adequate hygienic precautions provide a more enlightened approach to the control of amebiasis. No one therapeutic agent, or combination, is indicated universally in combating this disease.
Clinical pharmacology of analgesics: 1. A method of assaying analgesic effect
Authors: Houde R. W. , Wallenstein S. L , Rogers Ada 
Published: January 2016

Animal screening tests and methods employing induced pain in human volunteers have failed to predict with any consistency the clinical performance of analgesic drugs. These drugs must be assayed in a clinical setting in which they might be used therapeutically. The lack of adequate objective standards for the measurement of pain or pain relief, the variability in responses among patients, and the influence of environmental factors on these responses, all make it essential that the study be adequately controlled and so designed as to provide some measure of the sensitivity of the method and of the statistical significance of the results.Such a method for evaluating analgesics in patients with chronic pain due to cancer has been employed at the Memorial Cancer Center for the past 8 years. Measurements of analgesia are derived from the patients' own estimates of pain intensity both before and at hourly intervals after a test medication Yielding data which allow comparison of drugs in terms of peak and total effects. Using these criteria, studies of the effects of morphine and a placebo were carried out and provide the basis for a method of assaying other analgesic drugs. A prototype of the latter is presented in the form of a study of aspirin, morphine, and a combination of these drugs.
Effect of certain drugs on the incidence of seasickness
Authors: Trumbull Richard , Chinn Herman I. , Maag Clinton H. , Milch Lawrence J. , Handford S. Wing , Seibert Richard , Sperling Philip , Smith Paul K. 
Published: January 2016

Several drugs were tested, some of them for the first time, against seasickness in military personnel on transport ships on the North Atlantic ocean. All of the drugs were given three fimes a day. Of the new ones tested phenglutarmide, 2.5 mg., and cinnarazine, 7.5 mg., were significantly effective on a single trip. Somewhat less effective were atropine and orphenadrine.Ineffective new drugs were procyclidine, diethazine, cycrimine, caramiphen, pheniprazine, nialamide, phenelzine, benactyzine, and promazine.Cyclizine and meclizine, in doses of 50 mg. three times a day, were again found to be effective.
II. The limiting factor in the utilization of intravenous anesthetics during surgical operations
Authors: Keeri‐Szanto Michael 
Published: January 2016

The construction of mean time/dose curves of intravenous anesthetic drugs during surgical operations under standardized conditions is a simple and sensitive way to determine the equipotent doses of anesthetic agents. Such curves were determined for meperidine and oxymorphone, and the results were compared with the corresponding data previously established for thiopental.In spite of differences in the anesthetic potency of these agents by a factor approaching 500, the mathematical characteristics of the time/dose curves correspond so closely as to suggest that under the conditions of this study, a common factor limits the drug requirements. Arguments are presented in favor of the hypothesis that the common factor might be the effective blood flow through the liver or the permeability of the hepatic cell membrane.
Method for evaluating antipruritic agents Studies on methdilazine
Authors: Friend Dale G. 
Published: January 2016

Pruritus, a common complaint, is a most difficult symptom to evaluate and is altogethe; analogous to pain in this respect. A method for evaluating the antipruritic activity of drugs is described which makes use of the reaction produced by urushiol. A skin lesion is created in healthy volunteers sensitive to poison ivy by application of a diluted solution of urushiol, The fully developed lesion produces severe itching, and the response of the subiect can be studied. by the standard double blind technique for the antipruritic effect of a drug compared with that of placebo. The lesion continues uniform in intensity for a period long enough to permit the subjects to serve as their own controls.In this technique, methdilazine and trimeprazine were compared to a placebo. Both drugs showed antipruritic efficacy, methdilazine producing a better response than trimeprazine under the conditions of the evaluation.
Effects in normal man of α‐methyltryptamine and α‐ethyltryptamine
Authors: Murphree Henry B. , Dippy Roy H. , Jenney Elizabeth H. , Pfeiffer Carl C. 
Published: January 2016

DL‐α‐Methyltryptamine methyl sulfate in oral doses of 20 mg. and DL‐α‐ethyltryptamine acetate in oral doses of 150 mg. were compared objectively and subjectively in a group of trained, normal human volunteers. Blood pressure, pulse rate, pupil diameter, oral temperature, and grip strength were recorded hourly. Subjective effects were recorded 3 and 24 hours after administration of the drugs.A significant decrease in heart rate occurred 2 hours after α‐ethyltryptamine. Significant rises in systolic and diastolic blood pressure occurred 3 hours after α‐methyltryptamine. There also were significant increases in pupil diameter after each drug.The subjective effects were similar in many respects, but there were important differences. The onset of action was rapid for α‐ethyltryptamine and slow for α‐methyltryptamine; duration of action was longer for the latter than for the former. The most common effect, reported by 8 of the 11 subjects taking α‐ethyltryptamine, was a feeling of being elated or intoxicated. The most common effects reported by those who took α‐methyltryptamine were nervous tension and restlessness not unlike those produced by 50 to 60 γg of lysergic acid diethylamide.
Clinical pharmacology of the semisynthetic penicillins
Authors: Dineen Peter 
Published: January 2016

The semisynthetic penicillins are considered from the microbiologic and clinical standpoint. The various compounds are the product of the addition of various prosthetic groups to a basic building block, 6‐aminopenicillanic acid.Although penicillinase rapidly inactivates penicillin G, the addition of larger prosthetic groups to 6‐aminopenicillanic acid protects the molecule from penicillinase action.The group of semisynthetic penicillins which are resistant to the action of penicillinase constitutes a new frontier in the clinician's war against Staphylococcus aureus.The use of methicillin in patients has been gratifying, particularly in penicillin‐resistant Staph. aureus infections. There has been a 64 per cent rate of cure of bacteremias caused by this organism.Resistance of Staph. aureus to methicillin at a clinical level has not been apparent as yet.