bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Crisis and Its Legal Impact on the Growth of Albanian Economy
Authors: Bacaj Ervin , Çelo Evis , Dumi Alba Robert 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We started as a crisis of high commodity prices, she quickly clarified the extent of the banking crisis and rapidly accelerated the financial crisis which culminated with the economic crisis, social and global, perhaps it was the heaviest one after the Second World - War. The consequences of this crisis was widely reflected in the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators of the budget, it appeared a significant decline in economic growth, a drop in revenues, an increase in unemployment and the fast increase of budget expenditures. The budget deficit and public debt grew at high rates, the cost and sources of financing of the economy became the most difficult and the most expensive. To stop the deterioration, the governments of many countries, regardless of their political spectrum supported the growth of aggregate demand, this process in many countries aggravated budget deficits. The primary task to overcome the crisis was a strategy that would ensure the sustainability of public finances in the countries affected by the crisis. The main difficulty faced was the global coordination such a global challenge. Researches can improve the profits of a company because of the potential capabilities of diversification with innovation performance or some have argued that the returns are increasing but this diversification has a very big risk. International expansion is very difficult to manage because there are a risk. Chief among them are economic and political risks because due to these risks by diversification of large firms are accustomed to the conditions of a market in competitive situations. The risk policy has to do with a government concentration creating much problem. The economic risk concerns exchange rates and market expansion line.
The Albanian Reform in the Institutions of Justice and Its Impact on the Integration of Albania in the European Union
Authors: Rupa Yllka 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The reform in the institutions of law consists of a complexity of issues that aim at the establishment and functioning of a transparent, independent, professional and efficient system that ensures justice. Implemented in accordance with the strict condition of the European Union imposed on Albania, within the integration framework, the reform targets the reorganization and full reconstruction of the key instruments of the justice system. In this paper, there will be specific analysis of the issues related with the establishment and functioning of the main institutions of the administration and monitoring of the judicial power, constitutional and legal changes because of implementation the reform, as well as the role of the international structures, seen in the function of monitoring the implementation of the reform.
The Public Perception of the Impacts of Domestic Violence Against Women
Authors: Omorogiuwa Tracy B. E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper investigates the impacts of domestic violence against women in Benin City. The study adopts the descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprises of all men and women in Benin City, Nigeria. Using simple random sampling technique, a sample of one hundred and seventy five participants was selected. The data collected was analyzed using the Cronbach alpha formulae for internal consistency reliability, coefficients of 0.85. The descriptive statistics; the mean and standard deviation were employed. Results showed public perception of domestic violence against women in Benin City with the test value of 2.88. Domestic violence influences separation/divorce with a test value of 2.65. The psychological effects on women account for a test value of 2.78 and the physical health issues account for a test value of 2.99. Recommendations were made based on the findings that: Constant awareness-raising as a significant approach in responding to the issues of domestic violence against women should be encouraged by helping professionals. Assistance provision for victims, interventions measures with abusers and the proper interpretation of policies in response to the phenomenon.
Analysing Barriers to Accessing Maternal Healthcare Systems in Developing Countries: A Case of Sokoto-Northern Nigeria
Authors: Shamaki Muazu Alhaji , Yew Vivien W.C. , Dahiru Muhammad Kabiru 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The government and other policy makers continue struggles to achieve maximum access of modern healthcare by the women in developing countries. To assist actualising such goal this study intends to examine the influence of distance to facility, time taken for travel and means of transportation (DTTf) to the health facility. Based on conceptual discussion of Behavioural Model of Health Services’ Use, over 300 targeted women aged 15 to 45 years were selected using systematic sampling in three regions of Sokoto, northern Nigeria and IBM-SPSS version 22 statistical software program was employed for data analysis in both descriptive statistics and Pearson r correlation analysis. The finding reveals that over 77 percent women are located far away distance from health facility, 2.2percent take over 5 hours of traveling before they can reach to the health centre and 35percent of women use hired motor-cycle. Also, there is strong significant relationship between antenatal care services and distance (r = 0.477 and p. < .40) correlation significant at 0.05 (2-tailed) as well as the between delivery care and PNC services. To achieve maximum women access to healthcare, relevant information aimed at proper planning for distribution of health facilities, have been provided for both government and other policy makers in developing countries.
The Use of Credit Derivatives and Banks′ Risk Taking Behaviours
Authors: The Cong Phan , Phuong Le Thi Ngoc 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Credit derivatives are financial innovations that allow transferring credit risks separately from ownership. There is a common notion that credit derivatives are useful instruments in banks′ credit risk management. However, the current credit crisis has raised a doubt towards the perception that credit derivatives make banks sounder. This paper presents empirical evidence about the effects of the use credit derivatives on banks′ risk-taking behaviours. The study uses data of 179 large U.S. commercial banks that report to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, with total assets at the end of 2009 equal or greater than 3 billion dollars. The methodology used is quantitative analysis methods - the “pooled” OLS regression. In consistent with existing literature, the results strengthen the statement that the use of credit derivatives does increase banks’ risk-taking. Particularly, the volume of net credit derivatives bought is the dominant contributor.
American Misions in Albania during World War II
Authors: Haxha Elsa 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
As is known historically, part of the World Anti-Fascist Grand Coalition was also another great ally, United States. Even the allies had issued the Declaration of December 1942, for recognition of the anti-fascist resistance of the Albanian people, as well as Great Britain and the Soviet Union, making it part of the International Coalition and part of his war against the common enemies nazi and fascists. Nevertheless, beyond the lack of these interests, the Americans under the World Anti-Fascist Grand Coalition few months after the british began in the tiny Balkan military missions, although few toward British ally.
Cultural Wisdom of Minangkabau Ethnic Community for Local – Global Virtual Identity
Authors: Franzia Elda 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The development of digital technology is extending the opportunity to create a new identity of society. Digital technology enables cultural experience across boundaries, to new places of virtual world. Virtual identity functions as main differentiator of personal account in social media. It represents a personal being in virtual world. It also functions as a sign to culture and life’s value of the person behind an account. This paper discussed about the virtual identity use by the Minangkabau ethnic’s people in Facebook. Iconic artifacts of Minangkabau use in profile picture of the social media. Those artifacts valued with Minangkabau’s cultural wisdom. The approach use for this research is cultural studies, with the semiotic method use to search the relation between the image and the cultural wisdom representation of Minangkabau. The visual data collected by capturing profile picture in Facebook. The image analyzed as everyday symbolic and expressive practice and form of Minangkabau ethnic’s people. The picture is the iconic sign resembles to its conceptual object in certain ways. The result is the understanding of how profile picture function as indirect visual communication of local - global identity of Minangkabau ethnic people. The message convey in virtual identity relates the account and others in cyberspace.
European Parliament the Democratic Representative for the People of Europe
Authors: Bekteshi Enertila 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The history of the European Parliament can be seen as part of the development process toward a federal parliament supported by some researchers, but however another viewpoint of EU nature, as an international organization would be influenced from the European Parliament’s viewpoint as well. It has been admitted that formal upcoming changes have turned it into a codecision-maker with the Council of Ministers. There isn’t any other organization, where the member countries should share the decision-making process with the institutions which have been selected directly. In fact, during the creation of the united Europe, the power of the European Parliament have continuously increased trying to reduce the “democratic deficit” for which the Community is accused. Also the role of the EP role as an alternative point of access in the "policy-making'" process for interests that feel excluded from the domination of business interests could help in building a sense of European Identity among such groups in the longer term. The European Parliament appoints an Ombudsman, who may receive complaints from any citizen of the Union or from any other natural person or legal entity living or having his/her statutory residence/registered office in a member country. The cases handled by an Ombudsman are related to the bad administration of the institutions or community bodies’ activities except the Court of Justice and the General Court in their court functions. The Ombudsman works in full competence and does not accept or require directives from any other organization. During his assignment must not perform any other professional activity for free or against payment. He is appointed by the European Parliament with the same duration of his legislature having a renewable mandate. In the DPB are provided also the Ombudsman’s norms that might have in the cases of bad administration in conjunction with the activity of institutions in this sector. Thus, it will be solved the problem of accusation for lacking of transparency addressed to this sector.
Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Data of Shkodra Lake for Months June-July-August
Authors: Bushati Nevila , Neziri Anila 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Lake Shkodra is closely connected with the change of weather conditions, which are associated with the increased runoff of streams and rivers that flow into the lake, especially in spring and fall season, increased rainfalls, snow, erosion phenomenon, flooding, etc. Water's central role in the biosphere implies several of the large issues confronting humanity which are in fact related to water: pollution, infections from pathogenic species, mismanaged agricultural lands, eutrophication etc. Shkodra watershed is exposed to various sources of pollutions, which are related with the discharge of waste waters, industrial and urban pollution, agricultural activities etc. Data on the lake Shkodra water quality will be presented at the article based in general physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Water samples were collected according to Europian recommendations and WHO legislation. The physico-chemical and microbiological measured parameters were: pH, conductivity, turbidity, temperature, Enterococcus intestinales, Escherichia coli. The data presented here include months June, July and August for the years 2011 and 2012. Water samples were collected from 8 points of Lake Shkodra named stations. This study was conducted at the Microbiological Diagnostical Center "Wolfdieter Sixl", at the University of Shkodra "Luigj Gurakuqi".
The System of Supervision of the Management of the Fish Market in Lappa Sinjai Regency
Authors:   Fitrawati, Ramli Muhammad , Rijal Syamsul , Ihsan Andi 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aims of research were to review the supervisory management system, the determinant factors in the system of supervision of the management of fish market, as well as management strategies in improving supervision of fish market in Sinjai Regency. This study used a qualitative approach to techniques of data collection through interviews and in-depth study of the documentation. Formulation of the problem in this study were (i) How the system of supervision of the management of the fish market in Lappa Sinjai Regency? (ii) What is the determinant factor against the supervision management of fish market in Lappa Regency Sinjai? (iii) How the strategy of increased oversight of employee administration fish market in Sinjai Regency? The results of this study indicate that (i) the supervisory management system of fish market in Sinjai Regency, yet effective, this occurs because the implementation of the fish market service does not yet have an integrated surveillance system and its management do not involve private parties such as Village Units Economic Activities. The scrutiny has not shown optimal results due to the surveillance system management is not yet a professional, transparent and accountable so that efforts increased own-source revenue do not meet the expectations of the public. (ii) Factor determinants include the factor of human resources, the commitment of the apparatus, competence and leadership style. Salary/incentive factors, security, infrastructure and ecology as a factor in increasing the income supporting the own-source revenue through the levy management of fish market in Sinjai Regency. (iii) Improved Surveillance Strategies include implementation of Policies (Socialization), b. improving the quality of Implementing Retribution for example through education, c. Improve Infrastructure of Fish Market in Lappa Sinjai, and d. increased scrutiny by unit of fish market in Lappa and Dispenda Regency Sinjai.
How the Legal Fraternity Should Respond to Modern Cybercrimes
Authors: Rahman Rizal 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article examines the responses by the legal fraternity in the United Kingdom and United States towards modern cybercrimes, i.e. when cybercrimes are committed using malware and badware. While there have been attempts to cater to those crimes, there has been no viable mechanism yet. The articles seeks to find the reasons behind this problem and proposes a practical approach to it.
Boundary Conditions of Options: A Demonstration Based on the Stochastic Discount
Authors: Rambaud Salvador Cruz , Pérez Ana María Sánchez 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a proof of the generally accepted boundary conditions of (call and put) financial options from a novel point of view. To do this, we will use an auxiliary discounting function which will be defined in this work. However, the financial options are derivative instruments whose function is risk hedging in contexts of uncertainty, whereby the employed discount function will be necessarily stochastic. More specifically, we will apply the classic properties of the magnitude “discount” to the so-defined discount function to obtain, in a natural way, the noteworthy boundary conditions of financial options. It is well-known that financial options (belonging to the field of stochastic finance) have been studied without any relation with the magnitude “discount” (more characteristic of the classic Financial Mathematics). Consequently, the principal contribution of this work is the construction of a stochastic discount function as a bridge connecting its associated discount and the financial options, being demonstrated that their properties can be mutually derived.
Managerial Ownership, Board of Directors, Equity-based Compensation and Firm Performance: A Comparative Study between France and the United States
Authors: Bouras Mehdi , Gallali Mohamed Imen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of this comparative study between the French and American markets, characterized by a different ownership structure is to examine the relationship between managerial ownership, the board of directors, the equity-based compensation and corporate performance. Regardless of the selected sample, we found on the one hand, a non-linear relationship between managerial ownership and firm performance and on the other hand, in the case of managerial entrenchment board of directors is a substitute for managerial ownership to solve the agency problem. In addition, stock-based compensation is non-linear function with managerial ownership, contrary to previous studies that assume a monotonous or non-significant relationship. The hypothesis of endogeneity is valid only in the American case. This result leads us to believe that the U.S. CEO has a preference to hold a large percentage of shares of firms that generate a good performance to neutralize capital market monitoring. Our study is exclusive in terms of the effect of managerial ownership on corporate performance in terms of comparison between two markets, characterized by a difference in ownership structure. We determine the impact of equity compensation on the one hand, the managerial ownership where all the studies assume either a monotone or neutral relationship between these two variables and on the other hand, the effect of board in the alignment or managerial entrenchment cases.
Stress impact on elastic anisotropy of triclinic porous and fractured rocks
Authors: Shapiro S. A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the stress dependence of elastic properties of rocks is important for reservoir characterization and seismic‐hazard monitoring. Several known approaches describing this dependence are the following: the nonlinear elasticity theory, effective‐medium theories for fractured rocks with stress‐dependent crack densities, and the piezosensitivity approach (also called the porosity deformation approach). Here I propose a generalization of the piezosensitivity approach to triclinic rocks. I assume the isotropy of the tensor describing sensitivity of elasticity to small strains of the pore space, and generalize known linear and exponential stress dependencies of compliances. This generalization is capable of describing the effect of loads on elastic properties of anisotropic rocks when the principal stresses are not necessarily aligned with the symmetrical axes of the unstressed anisotropic material. For example, the generalization describes how monoclinic anisotropy changes under isostatic stress or pore pressure, and how tilted transverse isotropy changes to monoclinic anisotropy due to a pseudo‐triaxial (or a uniaxial) load. The results are expected to be valid up to several hundred megapascals. This theory is closely related to the two other approaches mentioned above. On the one hand, for unloaded rocks, the theory is consistent with the noninteracting scalar‐crack approximation. On the other hand, the theory's predictions of mutual relations between isotropic third‐order elastic moduli is in good agreement with literature data on corresponding laboratory measurements. Thus, using the piezosensitivity approach, the physical nonlinearity of rocks can quantitatively be rather well explained by the strain of compliant pores.
Self‐similar distributions of fluid velocity and stress heterogeneity in a dissolving porous limestone
Authors: Linga Gaute , Mathiesen Joachim , Renard François 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn a porous rock, the spatial distribution of the pore space induces a strong heterogeneity in fluid flow rates and in the stress distribution in the rock mass. If the rock microstructure evolves through time, for example, by dissolution, fluid flow and stress will evolve accordingly. Here we consider a core sample of porous limestone that has undergone several steps of dissolution. Based on 3‐D X‐ray tomography scans, we calculate numerically the coupled system of fluid flow in the pore space and stress in the solid. We determine how the flow field affects the stress distribution both at the pore wall surface and in the bulk of the solid matrix. We show that during dissolution, the heterogeneous stress evolves in a self‐similar manner as the porosity is increased. Conversely, the fluid velocity shows a stretched exponential distribution. The scalings of these common master distributions offer a unified description of the porosity evolution, pore flow, and the heterogeneity in stress for a rock with evolving microstructure. Moreover, the probability density functions of stress invariants (mechanical pressure or von Mises stress) display heavy tails toward large stresses. If these results can be extended to other kinds of rocks, they provide an additional explanation of the sensitivity to failure of porous rocks under slight changes of stress.
Spatiotemporal variations in the difference between satellite‐observed daily maximum land surface temperature and station‐based daily maximum near‐surface air temperature
Authors: Lian Xu , Zeng Zhenzhong , Yao Yitong , Peng Shushi , Wang Kaicun , Piao Shilong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThere is an increasing demand to integrate land surface temperature (LST) into climate research due to its global coverage, which requires a comprehensive knowledge of its distinctive characteristics compared to near‐surface air temperature (Tair). Using satellite observations and in situ station‐based data sets, we conducted a global‐scale assessment of the spatial and seasonal variations in the difference between daily maximum LST and daily maximum Tair (δT, LST − Tair) during 2003–2014. Spatially, LST is generally higher than Tair over arid and sparsely vegetated regions in the middle‐low latitudes, but LST is lower than Tair in tropical rainforests due to strong evaporative cooling, and in the high‐latitude regions due to snow‐induced radiative cooling. Seasonally, δT is negative in tropical regions throughout the year, while it displays a pronounced seasonality in both the midlatitudes and boreal regions. The seasonality in the midlatitudes is a result of the asynchronous responses of LST and Tair to the seasonal cycle of radiation and vegetation abundance, whereas in the boreal regions, seasonality is mainly caused by the change in snow cover. Our study identified substantial spatial heterogeneity and seasonality in δT, as well as its determinant environmental drivers, and thus provides a useful reference for monitoring near‐surface air temperature changes using remote sensing, particularly in remote regions.