bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The physical examination
Authors: Woodley Caroline , Reed Malcolm W. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
When learning physical examination, it is essential that a structured and systematic approach is employed. Here, the fundamental techniques of examining a lump and an ulcer are presented, followed by a systematic approach to the examination of the abdomen, including the hernial orifices and scrotal contents. The examination of the acute abdomen follows the same basic structure, with the addition of the interpretation of key clinical signs such as guarding and rigidity. When taking a clinical history and performing a physical examination of the patient, a differential diagnosis must be generated. The combination of a structured approach (e.g. the surgical sieve), pattern recognition, and knowledge of the incidence and prevalence of disease in the local population, will enable a logical differential diagnosis to be developed and to indicate the appropriate diagnostic tests.
Metabolic and endocrine disorders in the perioperative period
Authors: Robinson Robert , Chadwick David , Hunt Leanne 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter covers the common metabolic and endocrine conditions encountered in the perioperative period. These disorders present potentially serious risks to the surgical patient that can be prevented or ameliorated by appropriate management. Close cooperation between the surgeon, anaesthetist, and endocrine team is essential in avoiding harm by omission or under treatment with hormone replacement. This is particularly important for patients with type 1 diabetes where under or over treatment with insulin must be avoided and those with adrenal insufficiency who need significant increases in glucocorticoid therapy to cope with the stresses of surgery.
Abdominal trauma
Authors: Tulloh Bruce 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Early decision making in abdominal trauma hinges on whether or not the patient needs a laparotomy, which can generally be decided clinically. If a decision against urgent surgery has been made then the surgeon must diagnose the injuries by other means. Ultrasound, CT scanning and laparoscopy each suit certain clinical scenarios and part of the clinician’s role is to choose the most appropriate investigation. Treatment involves initial resuscitation, then checking the response. Transient- and non-responders are likely to need urgent surgery for ongoing bleeding unless it is non-hypovolaemic shock, such as cardiac tamponade or spinal injury. Many specific injuries can be managed non-operatively but ongoing observation remains important to detect deterioration mandating a change in management plan. Unconscious patients, those with spinal injury, pregnant women and small children require extra vigilance although the underlying principles of trauma care still apply.
Statistics for surgeons
Authors: Gokani Vimal J. , Bown Matthew J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Medical statistics form an important part of the curriculum. An understanding of this topic facilitates critical reading of the medical literature, and its application to patients. This chapter aims to outline the basics of medical statistics, starting from concepts such as describing and displaying data. Relative risk, odds ratio, and absolute risk reduction are defined before detailing the steps in choosing the correct statistical tool for hypothesis testing. The importance of statistical versus clinical significance must be remembered: small statistically significant changes may not translate to meaningful changes in clinical practice. Correlation, regression, and survival analyses are considered. The accuracy of diagnostic tests is reviewed in a discussion about sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Finally, in the era or evidence-based medicine, an introduction to systematic reviews and meta-analyses is presented, with a guide on how to read forest plots.
DeepAD: Alzheimer’s Disease Classification via Deep Convolutional Neural Networks using MRI and fMRI
Authors: Sarraf Saman , DeSouza Danielle D. , Anderson John , Tofighi Ghassem ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiativ
Published: August 2016

1AbstractTo extract patterns from neuroimaging data, various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms have been explored for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease among older adults in both clinical and research applications; however, distinguishing between Alzheimer’s and healthy brain data has been challenging in older adults (age > 75) due to highly similar patterns of brain atrophy and image intensities. Recently, cutting-edge deep learning technologies have rapidly expanded into numerous fields, including medical image analysis. This paper outlines state-of-the-art deep learning-based pipelines employed to distinguish Alzheimer’s magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) from normal healthy control data for a given age group. Using these pipelines, which were executed on a GPU-based high-performance computing platform, the data were strictly and carefully preprocessed. Next, scale- and shift-invariant low- to high-level features were obtained from a high volume of training images using convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. In this study, fMRI data were used for the first time in deep learning applications for the purposes of medical image analysis and Alzheimer’s disease prediction. These proposed and implemented pipelines, which demonstrate a significant improvement in classification output over other studies, resulted in high and reproducible accuracy rates of 99.9% and 98.84% for the fMRI and MRI pipelines, respectively. Additionally, for clinical purposes, subject-level classification was performed, resulting in an average accuracy rate of 94.32% and 97.88% for the fMRI and MRI pipelines, respectively. Finally, a decision making algorithm designed for the subject-level classification improved the rate to 97.77% for fMRI and 100% for MRI pipelines.
Judgments of auditors on “principles” versus “guidance” in lease accounting standard
Authors: Tsunogaya Noriyuki , Sugahara Satoshi , Chand Parmod 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a principles-based accounting standard with guidance (principles-with-guidance approach), stringency (conservativeness) of numerical thresholds, and incentives (high or low debt-equity ratio environment) on the judgments of Japanese auditors in a lease accounting setting.Design/methodology/approachTo reflect Japanese auditors’ judgmental features, this study adopts a quasi-experiment that uses both manipulation for different environments (i.e. stable or critical financial condition) and perceptions about the importance of “principles” and “guidance” in different types of lease accounting standards (i.e. substantially all, approximately 90 and 88 percent).Findings“Principle” (substantially all) has a positive effect, while “guidance” (approximately 90 percent) has a negative effect on encouraging Japanese auditors to capitalize lease transactions. “More stringent guidance” (approximately 88 percent) has a positive effect only when clients are in critical financial conditions. Other findings indicate that judgments of Japanese auditors are strongly influenced by their colleagues’ perceived judgments.Originality/valueThis is the first quasi-experiment to examine Japanese auditors’ professional judgments using a lease accounting setting. To find out whether Japanese auditors interpret and apply International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the similar manner as their counterparts in other countries will be important when Japanese policymakers make their final decision regarding the adoption of IFRS. The discussion and findings also contribute to the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) with regard to enhancing global convergence of financial reporting.
A theory of multi-dimensional organizational innovation cultures and innovation performance in transitional economies
Authors: Xie Xuemei , Wu Yonghui , Zeng Saixing 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThis study aims to construct a theory of multi-dimensional organizational innovation cultures and innovation performance in transitional economies and explore the moderating effect of team cohesion on this theoretical relationship.Design/methodology/approachUsing data collected from 175 manufacturing firms in transitional economies, this study constructs a new theory framework of multi-dimensional organizational innovation cultures (knowledge sharing, organizational innovation atmosphere, team decision-making and organizational change) and firms’ innovation performance and also explores the moderating effect of team cohesion on this theoretical relationship.FindingsThe findings show that there are positive relationships between knowledge sharing, organizational innovation atmosphere, team decision-making, organizational change and innovation performance of firms. Furthermore, team cohesion plays a positive moderating role in this relationship.Practical implicationsIt extends the general understanding of multi-dimensional organizational cultures management in the context of transition economies by exploring the differences between the Chinese and Vietnamese firms in terms of the impact of organizational innovation culture on innovation performance.Originality/valueThis study constructs a new theory framework of multi-dimensional organizational innovation cultures along the four dimensions of knowledge sharing, organizational innovation atmosphere, team decision-making and organizational change. These factors together have rarely been examined before. Hence, the findings extend existing research on organizational cultures management. Moreover, a new idea for this study is that the authors consider team cohesion as a moderating variable between organizational innovation culture and innovation performance of firms, hence providing both theoretical discussion and empirical validation of the impact of team cohesion on this relationship. It thus extends existing research on the team theory.
The development of school autonomy and accountability in Hong Kong
Authors: Ko James , Cheng Yin Cheong , Lee Theodore Tai Hoi 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to trace the development of school autonomy and accountability and related multiple changes and impacts in key areas of school education in Hong Kong since implementing school-based management (SBM) from 1990s.

Design/methodology/approach
To explore the evolution and the uniqueness of autonomy and accountability in the Hong Kong school system, the paper begins with an historical account, followed by an evaluation of the effects of SBM as shown in policy documents, local research, international reviews and illustrative findings from a case study. The local and international implications of SBM for research and practice are then discussed.

Findings
This paper shows the links between school autonomy and accountability by exploring the potential effects of both of these factors on educational management and student achievement, which are increasingly emphasised in educational policies. The investigation shows that the assumed links and effects are not always consistent or empirically supported. The positive effects that school autonomy has on school governance and management, teachers’ work, school-based curriculums and student learning are all significant when there is also strong leadership, comprehensive continuous professional development and a positive, collaborative school climate. These key elements work alongside school autonomy to facilitate positive change.

Research limitations/implications
School autonomy and accountability should be viewed as necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for school improvement and development. Further characterisation of the processes happening in schools is needed to explore the different realisations of school autonomy and accountability.

Originality/value
This investigation of school autonomy and accountability in Hong Kong provides the international audience with a deeper understanding of the dynamics involved in the development of SBM.
School autonomy, leadership and student achievement: reflections from Finland
Authors: Saarivirta Toni , Kumpulainen Kristiina 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide national information on school autonomy, leadership and student achievements in Finland.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is a literature review on Finnish studies focusing on school autonomy, leadership and student achievement. The studies have been reviewed on the basis of a content analysis.

Findings
There exists a shortage of studies connecting school leadership to student achievements. School leadership in Finland has been investigated in previous research, especially from the perspective of shared or pedagogical leadership, but vast majority of the studies have focused on teachers and educational staff, not directly on students. An evident reason for this is inaccessible information on school-based data and the nature of education being a “public good”, which is supposed to meet the same standards across the country.

Originality/value
This review will provide the international audience a deeper understanding in the school autonomy and leadership development in Finland.
School autonomy and 21st century skills in the Israeli educational system
Authors: Nir Adam , Ben-David Adi , Bogler Ronit , Inbar Dan , Zohar Anat 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze two parallel processes in the Israeli educational system: first, the idea of school autonomy, exploring its origins and its pedagogical implications and effectiveness; and second, the development of the progressive education evident mainly in the cognitive domain of twenty-first century skills (21st CS), focussing on fostering “deep knowledge” and children’s thinking skills. The manuscript explores the various “waves” of progressive pedagogies that have taken place in the Israeli school system over the years, describing and analyzing the processes that characterize them.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on a historical perspective, the paper describes chronologically the main developments related to school autonomy and 21st CS policy initiatives, based on a literature review and analysis of policy documents.

Findings
The review indicates that the Israeli educational system is still caught in the “centralization trap,” inhibiting major changes in the patterns of central control and degrees of freedom granted to school-level educators. As for school pedagogy, it is evident that most of the changes in pedagogy suggested by the numerous policy documents over the years have not resulted in sustainable, system-wide change. In both issues a large disparity is evident between declarations about innovative pedagogies and school autonomy and their actual implementation.

Originality/value
The review reflects the idiosyncratic articulation of policy plans conducted by the Ministry of Education, producing discrepancies and incongruences at the school level. Some implications of the “declarative culture” created are further discussed.
Integrating Big Data in “e-Oman”: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Saxena Stuti , Kumar Sharma Sujeet 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to integrate Big Data in e-government in Oman, also known as “e-Oman”, wherein Big Data might be better harnessed to tackle real-time challenges.

Design/methodology/approach
Besides a description of the concepts of e-government and Big Data in general, the paper underscores the dimensions of “e-Oman”. Following a qualitative approach, the paper asserts how integration of Big Data in “e-Oman” may be useful by invoking examples from four short case studies across different sectors.

Findings
The paper supports the integration of “e-Oman” and Big Data wherein besides providing smooth public services, the government is encouraged to forge inter- and intra-ministerial collaboration and public-private partnership. The paper probes through the challenges and opportunities in effecting this integration.

Practical implications
The paper provides a platform for the policymakers to conceive of a synchronized programme for integrating “e-Oman” and the Big Data generated by it. This integration would go a long way in building upon the economy of Oman, besides providing better public services to the individuals and businesses on a real-time basis.

Social implications
The paper does throw light on the issues of privacy and confidentiality of data available with the government. There are challenges of cybercrime as well. Therefore, the paper posits that a robust fool-proof infrastructure should be instituted by the government for effecting integration of e-government and Big Data.

Originality/value
This paper seeks to fill the gap in extant literature which remains scant on the integration of e-government with Big Data. This is especially true in the case of Oman where not a single study has been presented to probe this issue. Given that “e-Oman” is expanding its scope over the years, this paper foresees the concomitant opportunities and challenges in the integration of Big Data in “e-Oman”.
Distance and diversification
Authors: Lee Stephen 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether geographical distance or economic distance offers greater diversification benefits in the UK office market.

Design/methodology/approach
The real estate investment data for this study come from the Investment Property Databank analysis “UK Quarterly Key Centres Q2 2015”. The author measures the geographical distance between the City of London and 27 local authorities (LAs) by road distance. The author used the market size and employment structure of the LAs relative to the City of London to calculate economic distance.

Findings
The results show that LAs that are classified on their economic distance show significant negative office rental growth correlations with the City of London. In contrast, geographical distance shows no relationship. Results are consistent for the overall sample period and for various periods.

Practical implications
Spatial diversity is a fundamental tenet of real estate portfolio management and the results here show that it is better to diversify by across office markets in the UK using the economic attributes of LAs rather than the physical distance between locations.

Originality/value
This is one of only two papers to explicitly examine whether economic distance or geographical distance leads to significantly lower rental growth coefficients between locations in office markets and the first in the UK.
Linkages between cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles
Authors: Liow Kim Hiang 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThis research aims to investigate whether and to what extent the co-movements of cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles are linked across G7 from February 1990 to June 2014.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical approaches include correlation analysis on Hodrick–Prescott (HP) cycles, HP cycle return spillovers effects using Diebold and Yilmaz’s (2012) spillover index methodology, as well as Crouxet al.’s (2001) dynamic correlation and cohesion methodology.FindingsThere are fairly strong cycle-return spillover effects between the cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles. The interactions among the cross-country business cycles, cross-country stock market cycles and cross-country real estate market cycles in G7 are less positively pronounced or exhibit counter-cyclical behavior at the traditional business cycle (medium-term) frequency band when “pure” stock market cycles are considered.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is subject to the usual limitations concerning empirical research.Practical implicationsThis study finds that real estate is an important factor in influencing the degree and behavior of the relationship between cross-country business cycles and cross-country stock market cycles in G7. It provides important empirical insights for portfolio investors to understand and forecast the differential benefits and pitfalls of portfolio diversification in the long-, medium- and short-cycle horizons, as well as for research studying the linkages between the real economy and financial sectors.Originality/valueIn adding to the existing body of knowledge concerning economic globalization and financial market interdependence, this study evaluates the linkages between business cycles, stock market cycles and public real estate market cycles cross G7 and adds to the academic real estate literature. Because public real estate market is a subset of stock market, our approach is to use an original stock market index, as well as a “pure” stock market index (with the influence of real estate market removed) to offer additional empirical insights from two key complementary perspectives.
Materiality and external assurance in corporate sustainability reporting
Authors: Jones Peter , Hillier David , Comfort Daphne 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purposes of this paper are to provide a preliminary examination of the extent to which Europe’s leading commercial property companies are embracing the concept of materiality and commissioning independent external assurance as part of their sustainability reporting processes and to offer some wider reflections on materiality and external assurance in sustainability reporting.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with an introduction to corporate sustainability, an outline of the European property market and of the drivers for, and challenges to, sustainability for property companies and a review of the characteristics of materiality and external assurance. The information on which the paper is based is drawn from the leading European commercial property companies’ corporate websites.FindingsThe paper reveals that all of Europe’s leading property companies had either reported or provided information on sustainability but that only approximately half of these companies had embraced materiality or commissioned some form of independent external assurance as an integral part of their sustainability reporting processes. In many ways, this reduces the reliability and credibility of the leading property companies’ sustainability reports. Looking to the future, growing stakeholder pressure may force more of the leading European property companies to embrace materiality and commission external assurance as systematic and integral elements in the sustainability reporting process.Originality/valueThe paper provides an accessible review of the current status of materiality and external assurance among Europe’s leading commercial property companies’ sustainability reporting and as such it will interest professionals, practitioners, academics and students interested in the sustainability in the property industry.