bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retroperitoneal Laparoscopy in Dogs: Access Technique, Working Space, and Surgical Anatomy
Authors: Jeong Junemoe , Ko Jonghyeok , Lim Hyunjoo , Kweon Oh‐Kyeong , Kim Wan Hee 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo develop and describe a laparoscopic retroperitoneal access technique, investigate working space establishment, and describe the surgical anatomy in the retroperitoneal space as an initial step for clinical application of retroperitoneal laparoscopy in dogs.Study DesignCadaveric and experimental study.AnimalsCadaveric (n=8) and healthy (n=6) adult dogs.MethodsThe retroperitoneal access technique was developed in 3 cadavers based on the human technique and transperitoneal observation. Its application and working space establishment with carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation alone was evaluated in 5 cadavers by observing with a transperitoneal telescope and in 6 live dogs by repeated computed tomography (CT) scans at pressure of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mmHg. Recordings of retroperitoneoscopy as well as working space volume and linear dimensions measured on CT images were analyzed.ResultsRetroperitoneal access and working space establishment with CO2insufflation alone were successfully performed in all 6 live dogs. The only complication observed was in 1 dog that developed subclinical pneumomediastinum. As pressure increased, working space was established from the ipsilateral to the contralateral side, and peritoneal tearing eventually developed. Working space volume increased significantly from 5 mmHg and linear dimensions increased significantly from 0 to 10 mmHg. With pneumo‐retroperitoneum above 5 mmHg, retroperitoneal organs, including kidneys and adrenal glands, were easily visualized.ConclusionThe retroperitoneal access technique and working space establishment with CO2insufflation starting with 5 mmHg and increasing to 10 mmHg provided adequate working space and visualization of retroperitoneal organs, which may allow direct access for retroperitoneal laparoscopy in dogs.
Trihalomethanes formation in point of use surface water disinfection with chlorine or chlorine dioxide tablets
Authors: Werner David , Valdivia‐Garcia Maria , Weir Paul , Haffey Mark 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn remote or underdeveloped areas, natural disaster emergencies and armed conflict zones, point‐of‐use surface water disinfection with chlorine tablets provides microbiologically safe water, but disinfection by‐products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed. While the health risks from THMs are much less than the risks from consuming microbiologically unsafe water, it is nonetheless desirable to understand and minimise THM formation. We show that THM concentrations in surface water samples from the Northern British Isles disinfected with chlorine tablets increased with contact time, in some cases to significantly exceed EU, US EPA and WHO drinking water guidance values after more than an hour. More stagnant water from ponds and lochs had higher THM formation than river water. Doubling the chlorine tablet dose slightly enhanced THM formation, and passing water through coffee filter paper reduced it. Chlorine dioxide tablets produced minimal amounts of THMs.
The emerging role of microdialysis in diabetic patients undergoing amputation for limb ischemia
Authors: Liasis Lampros , Malietzis George , Galyfos George , Athanasiou Thanos , Papaconstantinou Harry T. , Sigala Fragiska , Zografos Georgios , Filis Konstantinos 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLower limb ischemia in diabetic patients is a result of macro‐ and microcirculation dysfunction. Diabetic patients undergoing limb amputation carry high mortality and morbidity rates, and decision making concerning the level of amputation is critical. Aim of this study is to evaluate a novel microdialysis technique to monitor tissue microcirculation preoperatively and predict the success of limb amputation in such patients. Overall, 165 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing lower limb amputation were enrolled. A microdialysis catheter was placed preoperatively at the level of the intended flap for the stump reconstruction, and the levels of glucose, glycerol, lactate and pyruvate were measured for 24 consecutive hours. Patients were then amputated and monitored for 30 days regarding the outcome of amputation. Failure of amputation was defined as delayed healing or stump ischemia. Patients were divided into two groups based on the success of amputation. There was no difference between the two groups regarding gender, ASA score, body mass index, comorbidities, diagnostic modality used, level of amputation, as well as glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate levels. However, local concentrations of lactate were significantly different between the two groups and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio was independently associated with failed amputation (threshold defined at 25.35). Elevated preoperative tissue L/P ratio is independently associated with worse outcomes in diabetic patients undergoing limb amputation. Therefore, preoperative tissue L/P ratio could be used as a predicting tool for limb amputation's outcome, although more clinical data are needed to provide safer conclusions.
Effectiveness of Pressure Ulcer Prevention Strategies for Adult Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tayyib Nahla , Coyer Fiona 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundPressure ulcers are associated with substantial health burden, but could be preventable. Hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) prevention has become a priority for all healthcare settings, as it is considered a sign of quality of care providing. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at higher risk for HAPUs development. Despite the availability of published prevention strategies, there is a little evidence about which strategies can be safely integrated into routine standard care and have an impact on HAPUs prevention.AimsThe aim was to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of single strategies designed to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HAPUs development in ICUs.MethodsThe search strategy was designed to retrieve studies published in English across CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Scopus, and Mednar between 2000 and 2015. All adult ICU participants were aged 18 years or over. This review included randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental and comparative studies. The studies that were selected for retrieval were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical‐appraisal instruments.ResultsThe review included 25 studies, and the meta‐analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of a silicon foam dressing strategy in reducing HAPUs incidence (effect size = 4.62; 95% CI: 0.05‐0.29; p < .00001, effect size = 4.50; 95% CI: 0.05‐0.31; p = .00001, respectively) in critically ill patients. Evidence of the effectiveness of nutrition, skin‐care regimen, positioning and repositioning schedule, support surfaces, and the role of education in prevention of HAPUs development in the ICU was limited, which precludes strong conclusions.Linking Evidence to ActionThe review provides an evidence‐based guide to future priorities for clinical practice. In particular, a silicone foam dressing has positive impact in reducing sacrum and heel HAPUs incidence in the ICU.
Energy-System Contributions to Simulated Judo Matches
Authors: Julio Ursula F. , Panissa Valéria L.G. , Esteves João V. , Cury Rubiana L. , Agostinho Marcus F. , Franchini Emerson 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:To estimate the contribution of the 3 energy systems to simulated judo matches.Methods:Twelve judo athletes (18 ± 1 y, 175.1 ± 5.3 cm, 74.3 ± 10.5 kg, 11.7% ± 1.5% body fat, 8 ± 2 y of practice) performed 5 combats with different durations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min), against the same opponent, on different days and blinded to the duration. The estimated energy contributions for the oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr systems were calculated based on oxygen uptake (V̇O2) during activity, Delta of lactate, and the fast phase of excess V ̇ O2, respectively. Analysis of mixed models for repeated measures was used to compare the contribution of the 3 energy systems and different durations of judo matches, followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test.Results:The oxidative system’s contribution (70%) was higher than those of the glycolytic (8%; P < .001) and ATP-PCr (21%; P < .001) energy systems (in all durations), and the ATP-PCr contribution was higher than that of the glycolytic energy system (up to 3 min). In addition, during the match there was an increase in the oxidative (from 50% to 81%; P < .001), a decrease in the ATP-PCr (from 40% to 12%; P < .001), and maintenance of the glycolytic contributions (between 6% and 10%).Conclusions:There is a predominance of the oxidative system to supply the energy cost of judo matches from the first minute of combat up to the end, compared with the anaerobic systems.
The Effects of Leg Kick on Swimming Speed and Arm-Stroke Efficiency in the Front Crawl
Authors: Silveira Ricardo Peterson , de Souza Castro Flávio Antônio , Figueiredo Pedro , Vilas-Boas João Paulo , Zamparo Paola 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:To analyze the effects of swimming pace on the relative contribution of leg kick to swimming speed and to compare arm-stroke efficiency (ηF) assessed when swimming with the arms only (SAO) and while swimming front crawl (FCS) using individual and fixed adjustments to arm-stroke and leg-kick contribution to forward speed.Methods:Twenty-nine master swimmers (21 men, 8 women) performed SAO and FCS at 6 self-selected speeds from very slow to maximal. The average swimming speed (v), stroke frequency (SF), and stroke length (SL) were assessed in the central 10 m of the swimming pool. Then, a 2nd-order polynomial regression was used to obtain values of v at paired SF. The percentage difference in v between FCS and SAO, for each paired SF, was used to calculate the relative contributions of the arm stroke (AC) and leg kick (LC) to FCS. Then ηF was calculated using the indirect “paddle-wheel” approach in 3 different ways: using general, individual, and no adjustments to AC.Results:The LC increased with SF (and speed) from –1% ± 4% to 11% ± 1% (P < .05). At the lower FCS speeds, ηF calculated using general adjustments was lower than ηF calculated using individual adjustments (P < .05), but differences disappear at the fastest speeds. Finally, ηF calculated using individual adjustments to LC in the FCS condition did not differ with ηF assessed in the SAO condition at all the investigated speeds.Conclusions:The relative contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick should be individually estimated to reduce errors when calculating arm-stroke efficiency at different speeds and in different swimmers.
The “Ice-Mile”: Case Study of 2 Swimmers’ Selected Physiological Responses and Performance
Authors: Kenny John , Cullen SarahJane , Warrington Giles D. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:“Ice-mile” swimming presents significant physiological challenges and potential safety issues, but few data are available. This study examined deep body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR), and swim performance in 2 swimmers completing an ice-mile swim of 1 mile (1600 m) in water less than 5°C.Methods:Two male cold-water-habituated swimmers completed a 1-mile lake swim in 3.9°C water. For comparative purposes, they completed an indoor 1-mile swim in 28.1°C water. The Equivital physiological monitoring system was used to record BT and RR before, during, and after each swim. Total time to complete the swims and 400-m splits were recorded.Results:One swimmer became hypothermic after 27 min while swimming, reaching BT of 33.7°C at swim’s end. On exiting the water the swimmers experienced large BT after-drops of –3.6°C and –2.4°C, reaching low points of 33.2°C and 31.3°C 38 and 23 min postswim, respectively. Respiratory rate and swim pace decreased over the course of the ice-mile swim for both swimmers. Swim pace for 1 swimmer declined sharply in the final 400-m lap of the ice mile when he was hypothermic. Both swimmers remained hypothermic 60 min postswim (34.2°C and 33.4°C).Conclusion:Ice-mile swimmers may become hypothermic while swimming, and the postswim BT after drop may expose them to dangerous levels of hypothermia. Pace and RR should be monitored as proxies for a swimmer’s physiological state. Postswim recovery should also be monitored for hypothermia for at least 1 h.
In Vitro
Experimental Model of Trained Innate Immunity in Human Primary Monocytes
Authors: Bekkering Siroon , Blok Bastiaan A. , Joosten Leo A. B. , Riksen Niels P. , van Crevel Reinout , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Innate immune memory, or trained immunity, has recently been described to be an important property of cells of the innate immune system. Due to the increased interest in this important new field of immunological investigation, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for an
in vitro
experimental protocol of monocyte training using three of the most commonly used training stimuli from the literature: β-glucan, the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We investigated and optimized a protocol of monocyte trained immunity induced by an initial training period with β-glucan, BCG, or oxLDL, followed by washing and resting of the cells and, thereafter, restimulation with secondary bacterial stimuli. The training and resting time intervals were varied to identify the optimal setting for the long-term induction of trained immunity. Trained immunity was assessed in terms of the secondary cytokine response, the production of reactive oxygen species, cell morphology, and induction of glycolysis. Monocytes primed with β-glucan, BCG, and oxLDL showed increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses upon restimulation with nonrelated stimuli. Also, all three stimuli induced a switch to glycolysis (the Warburg effect). These effects were most pronounced when the training interval was 24 h and the resting time interval was 6 days. Training with BCG and oxLDL also led to the increased production of reactive oxygen species, whereas training with β-glucan led to the decreased production of reactive oxygen species. We describe the optimal conditions for an
in vitro
experimental model with human primary monocytes for study of the induction of trained innate immunity by microbial and metabolic stimuli.
Help in the Choice of Automated or Semiautomated Immunoassays for Serological Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Evaluation of Nine Immunoassays by the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Villard O. , Cimon B. , L'Ollivier C. , Fricker-Hidalgo H. , Godineau N. , Houze S. , Paris L. , Pelloux H. , Villena I. , Candolfi E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasmosis, a benign infection, is asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic in over 80% of cases, except in immunocompetent patients suffering from ocular toxoplasmosis or in immunocompromised patients with opportunistic or congenital toxoplasmosis. Diagnosis is based mainly on serology testing. Thus, we compared the performance of the nine most commonly used commercial automated or semiautomated immunoassays for IgG and IgM
Toxoplasma gondii
antibody detection, that is, the Advia Centaur, Architect, AxSYM, Elecsys, Enzygnost, Liaison, Platelia, VIDAS, and VIDIA assays. The assays were conducted on four panels of serum samples derived during routine testing from patients with an interfering disease and who exhibited a low IgG antibody level in one of two clinical settings, namely, acute or chronic toxoplasmosis. As a result, IgG sensitivities ranged from 97.1% to 100%, and IgG specificities ranged from 99.5% to 100%. For IgG quantification, strong differences in IgG titers (expressed in IU/ml) were noted depending on the assay used. IgM sensitivities ranged from 65% to 97.9%, and IgM specificities ranged from 92.6% to 100%. For defining the best serological strategies to be implemented, it appears crucial to compare the diagnostic performance of the different tests with respect to their specificity and sensitivity in detecting the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies.
DNA Damage Signaling Is Required for Replication of Human Bocavirus 1 DNA in Dividing HEK293 Cells
Authors: Deng Xuefeng , Xu Peng , Zou Wei , Shen Weiran , Peng Jianxin , Liu Kaiyu , Engelhardt John F. , Yan Ziying , Qiu Jianming 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), an emerging human-pathogenic respiratory virus, is a member of the genus
Bocaparvovirus
of the
Parvoviridae
family. In human airway epithelium air-liquid interface (HAE-ALI) cultures, HBoV1 infection initiates a DNA damage response (DDR), activating all three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PI3KKs): ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs. In this context, activation of PI3KKs is a requirement for amplification of the HBoV1 genome (X. Deng, Z. Yan, F. Cheng, J. F. Engelhardt, and J. Qiu, PLoS Pathog, 12:e1005399, 2016,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005399
), and HBoV1 replicates only in terminally differentiated, nondividing cells. This report builds on the previous discovery that the replication of HBoV1 DNA can also occur in dividing HEK293 cells, demonstrating that such replication is likewise dependent on a DDR. Transfection of HEK293 cells with the duplex DNA genome of HBoV1 induces hallmarks of DDR, including phosphorylation of H2AX and RPA32, as well as activation of all three PI3KKs. The large viral nonstructural protein NS1 is sufficient to induce the DDR and the activation of the three PI3KKs. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of any one of the PI3KKs significantly decreases both the replication of HBoV1 DNA and the downstream production of progeny virions. The DDR induced by the HBoV1 NS1 protein does not cause obvious damage to cellular DNA or arrest of the cell cycle. Notably, key DNA replication factors and major DNA repair DNA polymerases (polymerase η [Pol η] and polymerase κ [Pol κ]) are recruited to the viral DNA replication centers and facilitate HBoV1 DNA replication. Our study provides the first evidence of the DDR-dependent parvovirus DNA replication that occurs in dividing cells and is independent of cell cycle arrest.

IMPORTANCE
The parvovirus human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is an emerging respiratory virus that causes lower respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. HEK293 cells are the only dividing cells tested that fully support the replication of the duplex genome of this virus and allow the production of progeny virions. In this study, we demonstrate that HBoV1 induces a DDR that plays significant roles in the replication of the viral DNA and the production of progeny virions in HEK293 cells. We also show that both cellular DNA replication factors and DNA repair DNA polymerases colocalize within centers of viral DNA replication and that Pol η and Pol κ play an important role in HBoV1 DNA replication. Whereas the DDR that leads to the replication of the DNA of other parvoviruses is facilitated by the cell cycle, the DDR triggered by HBoV1 DNA replication or NS1 is not. HBoV1 is the first parvovirus whose NS1 has been shown to be able to activate all three PI3KKs (ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs).
Probabilistic assessment of potential fault slip related to injection-induced earthquakes: Application to north-central Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Walsh F. Rall , Zoback Mark D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We utilize quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to calculate the conditional probability of slip on mapped faults in response to injection-related increases in pore pressure in north-central Oklahoma (USA) where widespread injection of produced saltwater has triggered thousands of small to medium-sized earthquakes in the past 7 yr. The conditional probability incorporates the uncertainty in each Mohr-Coulomb parameter (stress tensor, pore pressure, coefficient of friction, and fault orientation) through QRA. The result is a cumulative distribution function of the pore pressure required to cause slip on each fault segment. The results can be used to assess the probability of induced slip on a known fault from a given injection-related pore pressure increase. After dividing north-central Oklahoma into six study areas, we invert earthquake focal plane mechanisms in each area to constrain the orientation and relative magnitude of the principal stresses. The QRA identifies the potential for slip on the fault that produced the M 5.6 Prague earthquake in 2011 and the northeastern extension of a mapped fault associated with the M 5.1 Fairview earthquake sequence that occurred in early 2016, and, had the 289°-striking fault of the September 2016 M 5.8 Pawnee event been mapped, it would have been identified as potentially active.
Challenges constraining access to insulin in the private-sector market of Delhi, India
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Kaplan Warren A 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveIndia's majority of patients—including those living with diabetes—seek healthcare in the private sector through out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. We studied access to insulin in the private-sector market of Delhi state, India.MethodsA modified World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) standard survey to assess insulin availability and prices, and qualitative interviews with insulin retailers (pharmacists) and wholesalers to understand insulin market dynamics.ResultsIn 40 pharmacy outlets analysed, mean availability of the human and analogue insulins on the 2013 Delhi essential medicine list was 44.4% and 13.1%, respectively. 82% of pharmacies had domestically manufactured human insulin phials, primarily was made in India under licence to overseas pharmaceutical companies. Analogue insulin was only in cartridge and pen forms that were 4.42 and 5.81 times, respectively, the price of human insulin phials. Domestically manufactured human phial and cartridge insulin (produced for foreign and Indian companies) was less expensive than their imported counterparts. The lowest paid unskilled government worker in Delhi would work about 1.5 and 8.6 days, respectively, to be able to pay OOP for a monthly supply of human phial and analogue cartridge insulin. Interviews suggest that the Delhi insulin market is dominated by a few multinational companies that import and/or license in-country production. Several factors influence insulin uptake by patients, including doctor's prescribing preference. Wholesalers have negative perceptions about domestic insulin manufacturing.ConclusionsThe Delhi insulin market is an oligopoly with limited market competition. Increasing competition from Indian companies is going to require some additional policies, not presently in place. As more Indian companies produce biosimilars, brand substitution policies are needed to be able to benefit from market competition.