bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Zugspitze radiative closure experiment for quantifying water vapor
absorption over the terrestrial and solar infrared –
Part 1: Setup, uncertainty analysis, and assessment of far-infrared water
vapor continuum
Authors: Sussmann Ralf , Reichert Andreas , Rettinger Markus 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Quantitative knowledge of water vapor radiative processes in the atmosphere throughout the terrestrial and solar infrared spectrum is still incomplete even though this is crucial input to the radiation codes forming the core of both remote sensing methods and climate simulations. Beside laboratory spectroscopy, ground-based remote sensing field studies in the context of so-called radiative closure experiments are a powerful approach because this is the only way to quantify water absorption under cold atmospheric conditions. For this purpose, we have set up at the Zugspitze (47.42° N, 10.98° E; 2964 m a.s.l.) a long-term radiative closure experiment designed to cover the infrared spectrum between 400 and 7800 cm−1 (1.28–25 µm). As a benefit for such experiments, the atmospheric states at the Zugspitze frequently comprise very low integrated water vapor (IWV; minimum  =  0.1 mm, median  =  2.3 mm) and very low aerosol optical depth (AOD  =  0.0024–0.0032 at 7800 cm−1 at air mass 1). All instruments for radiance measurements and atmospheric-state measurements are described along with their measurement uncertainties. Based on all parameter uncertainties and the corresponding radiance Jacobians, a systematic residual radiance uncertainty budget has been set up to characterize the sensitivity of the radiative closure over the whole infrared spectral range. The dominant uncertainty contribution in the spectral windows used for far-infrared (FIR) continuum quantification is from IWV uncertainties, while T profile uncertainties dominate in the mid-infrared (MIR). Uncertainty contributions to near-infrared (NIR) radiance residuals are dominated by water vapor line parameters in the vicinity of the strong water vapor bands. The window regions in between these bands are dominated by solar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) calibration uncertainties at low NIR wavenumbers, while uncertainties due to AOD become an increasing and dominant contribution towards higher NIR wavenumbers. Exceptions are methane or nitrous oxide bands in the NIR, where the associated line parameter uncertainties dominate the overall uncertainty. As a first demonstration of the Zugspitze closure experiment, a water vapor continuum quantification in the FIR spectral region (400–580 cm−1) has been performed. The resulting FIR foreign-continuum coefficients are consistent with the MT_CKD 2.5.2 continuum model and also agree with the most recent atmospheric closure study carried out in Antarctica. Results from the first determination of the NIR water vapor continuum in a field experiment are detailed in a companion paper (Reichert and Sussmann, 2016) while a novel NIR calibration scheme for the underlying FTIR measurements of incoming solar radiance is presented in another companion paper (Reichert et al., 2016).
Aerosol measurements during COPE: composition, size, and sources of CCN and
INPs at the interface between marine and terrestrial influences
Authors: Taylor Jonathan W. , Choularton Thomas W. , Blyth Alan M. , Flynn Michael J. , Williams Paul I. , Young Gillian , Bower Keith N. , Crosier Jonathan , Gallagher Martin W. , Dorsey James R. , Liu Zixia , Rosenberg Philip D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Heavy rainfall from convective clouds can lead to devastating flash flooding, and observations of aerosols and clouds are required to improve cloud parameterisations used in precipitation forecasts. We present measurements of boundary layer aerosol concentration, size, and composition from a series of research flights performed over the southwest peninsula of the UK during the COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) of summer 2013. We place emphasis on periods of southwesterly winds, which locally are most conducive to convective cloud formation, when marine air from the Atlantic reached the peninsula. Accumulation-mode aerosol mass loadings were typically 2–3 µg m−3 (corrected to standard cubic metres at 1013.25 hPa and 273.15 K), the majority of which was sulfuric acid over the sea, or ammonium sulfate inland, as terrestrial ammonia sources neutralised the aerosol. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations in these conditions were  ∼  150–280 cm−3 at 0.1 % and 400–500 cm−3 at 0.9 % supersaturation (SST), which are in good agreement with previous Atlantic measurements, and the cloud drop concentrations at cloud base ranged from 100 to 500 cm−3. The concentration of CCN at 0.1 % SST was well correlated with non-sea-salt sulfate, meaning marine sulfate formation was likely the main source of CCN. Marine organic aerosol (OA) had a similar mass spectrum to previous measurements of sea spray OA and was poorly correlated with CCN. In one case study that was significantly different to the rest, polluted anthropogenic emissions from the southern and central UK advected to the peninsula, with significant enhancements of OA, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, and black carbon. The CCN concentrations here were around 6 times higher than in the clean cases, and the cloud drop number concentrations were 3–4 times higher. Sources of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) were assessed by comparing different parameterisations used to predict INP concentrations, using measured aerosol concentrations as input. The parameterisations based on total aerosol produced INP concentrations that agreed within an order of magnitude with measured first ice concentrations at cloud temperatures as low as −12 °C. Composition-specific parameterisations for mineral dust, fluorescent particles, and sea spray OA were 3–4 orders of magnitude lower than the measured first ice concentrations, meaning a source of INPs was present that was not characterised by our measurements and/or one or more of the composition-specific parameterisations greatly underestimated INPs in this environment.
AerGOM, an improved algorithm for stratospheric aerosol extinction
retrieval from GOMOS observations – Part 1: Algorithm description
Authors: Vanhellemont Filip , Mateshvili Nina , Blanot Laurent , Robert Charles Étienne , Bingen Christine , Sofieva Viktoria , Dalaudier Francis , Tétard Cédric , Fussen Didier , Dekemper Emmanuel , Kyrölä Erkki , Laine Marko , Tamminen Johanna , Zehner Claus 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The GOMOS instrument on Envisat has successfully demonstrated that a UV–Vis–NIR spaceborne stellar occultation instrument is capable of delivering quality data on the gaseous and particulate composition of Earth's atmosphere. Still, some problems related to data inversion remained to be examined. In the past, it was found that the aerosol extinction profile retrievals in the upper troposphere and stratosphere are of good quality at a reference wavelength of 500 nm but suffer from anomalous, retrieval-related perturbations at other wavelengths. Identification of algorithmic problems and subsequent improvement was therefore necessary. This work has been carried out; the resulting AerGOM Level 2 retrieval algorithm together with the first data version AerGOMv1.0 forms the subject of this paper. The AerGOM algorithm differs from the standard GOMOS IPF processor in a number of important ways: more accurate physical laws have been implemented, all retrieval-related covariances are taken into account, and the aerosol extinction spectral model is strongly improved. Retrieval examples demonstrate that the previously observed profile perturbations have disappeared, and the obtained extinction spectra look in general more consistent. We present a detailed validation study in a companion paper; here, to give a first idea of the data quality, a worst-case comparison at 386 nm shows SAGE II–AerGOM correlation coefficients that are up to 1 order of magnitude larger than the ones obtained with the GOMOS IPFv6.01 data set.
PLASIM–GENIE v1.0: a new intermediate complexity AOGCM
Authors: Holden Philip B. , Edwards Neil R. , Fraedrich Klaus , Kirk Edilbert , Lunkeit Frank , Zhu Xiuhua 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We describe the development, tuning and climate of Planet Simulator (PLASIM)–Grid-ENabled Integrated Earth system model (GENIE), a new intermediate complexity Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM), built by coupling the Planet Simulator to the ocean, sea-ice and land-surface components of the GENIE Earth system model. PLASIM–GENIE supersedes GENIE-2, a coupling of GENIE to the Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM). The primitive-equation atmosphere includes chaotic, three-dimensional (3-D) motion and interactive radiation and clouds, and dominates the computational load compared to the relatively simpler frictional-geostrophic ocean, which neglects momentum advection. The model is most appropriate for long-timescale or large ensemble studies where numerical efficiency is prioritised, but lack of data necessitates an internally consistent, coupled calculation of both oceanic and atmospheric fields. A 1000-year simulation with PLASIM–GENIE requires approximately 2 weeks on a single node of a 2.1 GHz AMD 6172 CPU. We demonstrate the tractability of PLASIM–GENIE ensembles by deriving a subjective tuning of the model with a 50-member ensemble of 1000-year simulations. The simulated climate is presented considering (i) global fields of seasonal surface air temperature, precipitation, wind, solar and thermal radiation, with comparisons to reanalysis data; (ii) vegetation carbon, soil moisture and aridity index; and (iii) sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean circulation. Considering its resolution, PLASIM–GENIE reproduces the main features of the climate system well and demonstrates usefulness for a wide range of applications.
Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor-βSignaling Delays Cellular Senescence and Preserves the Function of Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Bai Hao , Gao Yongxing , Hoyle Dixie L. , Cheng Tao , Wang Zack Z. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTransplantation of vascular cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers an attractive noninvasive method for repairing the ischemic tissues and for preventing the progression of vascular diseases. Here, we found that in a serum-free condition, the proliferation rate of hPSC-derived endothelial cells is quickly decreased, accompanied with an increased cellular senescence, resulting in impaired gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and impaired vessel forming capability in vitro and in vivo. To overcome the limited expansion of hPSC-derived endothelial cells, we screened small molecules for specific signaling pathways and found that inhibition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling significantly retarded cellular senescence and increased a proliferative index of hPSC-derived endothelial cells. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling extended the life span of hPSC-derived endothelial and improved endothelial functions, including vascular network formation on Matrigel, acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, and eNOS expression. Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 increased the gene expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, and p21CIP1, in endothelial cells. Conversely, inhibition of TGF-β reduced the gene expression of p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, and p21CIP1. Our findings demonstrate that the senescence of newly generated endothelial cells from hPSCs is mediated by TGF-β signaling, and manipulation of TGF-β signaling offers a potential target to prevent vascular aging.
Effect of nitrogen incorporation into Al-based gate insulators in AlON/AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor structures
Authors: Asahara Ryohei , Nozaki Mikito , Yamada Takahiro , Ito Joyo , Nakazawa Satoshi , Ishida Masahiro , Ueda Tetsuzo , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The superior physical and electrical properties of aluminum oxynitride (AlON) gate dielectrics on AlGaN/GaN substrates in terms of thermal stability, reliability, and interface quality were demonstrated by direct AlON deposition and subsequent annealing. Nitrogen incorporation into alumina was proven to be beneficial both for suppressing intermixing at the insulator/AlGaN interface and reducing the number of electrical defects in Al2O3 films. Consequently, we achieved high-quality AlON/AlGaN/GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with improved stability against charge injection and a reduced interface state density as low as 1.2 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1. The impact of nitrogen incorporation into the insulator will be discussed on the basis of experimental findings.
Localized field‐aligned currents in the polar cap associated with airglow patches
Authors: Zou Ying , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Burchill Johnathan K. , Knudsen David J. , Lyons Larry R. , Shiokawa Kazuo , Buchert Stephan , Chen Steve , Nicolls Michael J. , Ruohoniemi J. Michael , McWilliams Kathryn A. , Nishitani Nozomu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAirglow patches have been recently associated with channels of enhanced antisunward ionospheric flows propagating across the polar cap from the dayside to nightside auroral ovals. However, how these flows maintain their localized nature without diffusing away remains unsolved. We examine whether patches and collocated flows are associated with localized field‐aligned currents (FACs) in the polar cap by using coordinated observations of the Swarm spacecraft, a polar cap all‐sky imager, and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars. We commonly (66% of cases) identify substantial FAC enhancements around patches, particularly near the patches' leading edge and center, in contrast to what is seen in the otherwise quiet polar cap. These FACs have densities of 0.1–0.2 μA/m−2 and have a distribution of width peaking at ~75 km. They can be approximated as infinite current sheets that are orientated roughly parallel to patches. They usually exhibit a Region 1 sense, i.e., a downward FAC lying eastward of an upward FAC. With the addition of Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter radar data, we find that the FACs can close through Pedersen currents in the ionosphere, consistent with the locally enhanced dawn‐dusk electric field across the patch. Our results suggest that ionospheric polar cap flow channels are imposed by structures in the magnetospheric lobe via FACs, and thus manifest mesoscale magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling embedded in large‐scale convection.
Planetary period oscillations in Saturn's magnetosphere: Coalescence and reversal of northern and southern periods in late northern spring
Authors: Provan G. , Cowley S. W. H. , Lamy L. , Bunce E. J. , Hunt G. J. , Zarka P. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe investigate planetary period oscillations (PPOs) in Saturn's magnetosphere using Cassini magnetic field and Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) data over the interval from late 2012 to the end of 2015, beginning ~3 years after vernal equinox and ending ~1.5 years before northern solstice. Previous studies have shown that the northern and southern PPO periods converged across equinox from southern summer values ~10.8 h for the southern system and ~10.6 h for the northern system and near coalesced ~1 year after equinox, before separating again with the southern period ~10.69 h remaining longer than the northern ~10.64 h. We show that these conditions ended in mid‐2013 when the two periods coalesced at ~10.66 h and remained so until mid‐2014, increasing together to longer periods ~10.70 h. During coalescence the two systems were locked near magnetic antiphase with SKR modulations in phase, a condition in which the effects of the generating rotating twin vortex flows in the two ionospheres reinforce each other via hemisphere‐to‐hemisphere coupling. The magnetic‐SKR relative phasing indicates the dominance of postdawn SKR sources in both hemispheres, as was generally the case during the study interval. In mid‐2014 the two periods separated again, the northern increasing to ~10.78 h by the end of 2015, similar to the southern period during southern summer, while the southern period remained fixed near ~10.70 h, well above the northern period during southern summer. Despite this difference, this behavior resulted in the first enduring reversal of the two periods, northern longer than southern, during the Cassini era.
Lithospheric deformation in the Africa‐Iberia plate boundary: Improved neotectonic modeling testing a basal‐driven Alboran plate
Authors: Neres M. , Carafa M. M. C. , Fernandes R. M. S. , Matias L. , Duarte J. C. , Barba S. , Terrinha P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe present an improved neotectonic numerical model of the complex NW Africa‐SW Eurasia plate boundary segment that runs from west to east along the Gloria Fault up to the northern Algerian margin. We model the surface velocity field and the ongoing lithospheric deformation using the most recent version of the thin‐shell code SHELLS and updated lithospheric model and fault map of the region. To check the presence versus the absence of an independently driven Alboran domain, we develop two alternative plate models: one does not include an Alboran plate; another includes it and determines the basal shear tractions necessary to drive it with known velocities. We also compare two alternative sets of Africa‐Eurasia velocity boundary conditions, corresponding to geodetic and geological‐scale averages of plate motion. Finally, we perform an extensive parametric study of fault friction coefficient, trench resistance, and velocities imposed in Alboran nodes. The final run comprises 5240 experiments, each scored to geodetic velocities (estimated for 250 stations and here provided), stress direction data, and seismic strain rates. The model with the least discrepancy to the data includes the Alboran plate driven by a basal WSW directed shear traction, slightly oblique to the westward direction of Alboran motion. We provide estimates of long‐term strain rates and slip rates for the modeled faults, which can be useful for further hazard studies. Our results support that a mechanism additional to the Africa‐Eurasia convergence is required to drive the Alboran domain, which can be related to subduction processes occurring within the mantle.
Intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke after dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab – a case report
Authors: Mutzenbach Johannes Sebastian , Pikija Slaven , Otto Ferdinand , Halwachs Ursula , Weymayr Friedrich , Sellner Johann 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMuch excitement has been generated with the approval of idarucizumab, a humanized monoclonal antigen‐binding antibody fragment that is capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of dabigatran. Here, we describe our initial experience of using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in an acute posterior circulation ischemic stroke after dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab. Both treatments were well tolerated and no hemorrhagic or procoagulatory complications were observed. We propose that the option of dabigatran reversal needs to be considered for contemporary treatment concepts of acute ischemic stroke.
Expression of dermcidin in human sinonasal secretions
Authors: Cottrill Elizabeth E. , Chen Bei , Adappa Nithin D. , Palmer James N. , Kennedy David W. , Lee Robert J. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by the epithelium are important for innate immune defense. In 2001, a novel AMP dermcidin (DCD) was described with no homology to other AMPs and an expression pattern restricted to eccrine sweat glands. In contrast to other AMPs, DCD expression has not been shown to be induced under inflammatory conditions in the skin. After identifying DCD by mass spectrometry in a protein sample isolated from human nasal secretions, we sought to determine the role of DCD in innate defense of the sinonasal airway.MethodsAfter institutional review board approval, sinonasal mucosal tissue specimens were acquired from residual clinical material obtained during sinonasal surgery and used to grow cultures in an air‐liquid interface environment. After stimulation of the cultures with various bitter compounds and phosphate‐buffered saline, airway surface liquid was collected, and a DCD‐specific enzyme‐linked immunoassay was used to quantify DCD in each sample. To localize DCD expression, ALI cultures were fixed and immunofluorescence performed against DCD, β‐tubulin IV, and Muc‐5A.ResultsEnzyme‐linked immunoassay showed DCD in air‐surface liquid and in clinical nasal secretion samples at concentrations comparable to eccrine sweat. There was no evidence of inducible expression with any of the tested stimulants. Confocal microscopy revealed DCD expression in sinonasal mucosal goblet cells.ConclusionThis is the first report of the presence of DCD in nasal mucosa and demonstration of DCD in clinical samples of human nasal secretions at clinically relevant concentrations, which may represent a novel arm of sinonasal airway innate defense.
Clinical implication of Keap1 and phosphorylated Nrf2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Jiang , Yu Yaojun , Ji Tong , Ma Rui , Chen Mingming , Li Gaofeng , Li Feibo , Ding Qiong , Kang Qingsong , Huang Diyu , Liang Xiao , Lin Hui , Cai Xiujun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, variation tendency of phosphorylated Nrf2, as the activated form of native Nrf2, was studied in 107 primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens treated by curative hepatectomy. Moreover, the coexpression of oxidative stress markers Keap1 and pNrf2, and their association with pathological features were also evaluated based on those specimens. The results showed that preserved cytoplasmic Keap1 expression of cancer cells was observed in 59 HCCs, while reduced Keap1 expression was determined in remaining 48 ones. With regarding to nuclear pNrf2 expression, 75 HCCs were defined as high and the other 32 ones as low. There was a significant association between Keap1 and pNrf2 expression in HCCs. Higher pNrf2 expression was observed, at a more substantial proportion, in those specimens with reduced Keap1 expression, compared to those with preserved Keap1 expression. The subset with higher pNrf2 and reduced Keap1 expression was defined as pNrf2+ Keap1−. According to the analysis of prognosis, this subset was significantly associated with poor 5‐year overall survival and worse disease‐free survival in HCCs, indicating that pNrf2 and Keap1 were two‐functional biomolecules, not only the oxidative stress markers but also biomarkers for prognosis of HCCs.
Resistance, early engagement and outcome in psychoanalytic psychotherapy of patients with psychosomatic disorders
Authors: Yasky Jaime , King Robert , O'Brien Tom 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundDifficulties engaging people with psychosomatic disorders in psychotherapy are widely recognised. Such patients are often reluctant to participate in psychotherapy and to consider the contribution of psychological factors to their somatic experience. However, less is known about effective ways to address what is commonly referred to as resistance to psychotherapy among this population.ObjectivesTo study early engagement, client resistance and the impact of therapist response on outcome in treatment of psychosomatic disorders.MethodologyMixed methods were used in a naturalistic longitudinal study of 22 psychotherapeutic treatments of patients with psychosomatic disorders.ResultsPersistence with treatment was associated with better outcome. The extent to which therapists addressed patients’ in‐session distress was associated with persistence with treatment, even when distress was not resolved.DiscussionResults do not allow attribution of causality but indicate that further research investigating therapist recognition of and response to client distress may be important in the development of more effective psychotherapeutic response to people with psychosomatic disorders.