bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neurobiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Burdick Katherine E. , Ospina Luz H. , Haggarty Stephen J. , Perlis Roy H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a severe mood disorder that often has psychotic features. Its most severe forms are more common and significantly more likely to cause disability than originally thought. Studies of high-risk children have found them to be at increased risk for a variety of symptoms and neurobiological abnormalities. In contrast to schizophrenia, there is no formal prodromal syndrome that has been identified, and cognitive abnormalities do not precede the onset of the disorder. Abnormal sleep and circadian rhythms are prominent and have led to intriguing biological models. Neurobiological experiments have primarily focused on candidate pathways and include circadian abnormalities, epigenetic processes including histone modification, WNT/GSK3 signaling, other modulators of neuroplasticity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent data suggest that BPD is a highly polygenic disease and that integration of prior modeling and data with the wide variety of new genetic risk loci will be productive in the future.
Novel Approaches for Treating Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Marques Tiago Reis , Kapur Shitij 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Current antipsychotic medications have been the mainstay in the treatment of schizophrenia since chlorpromazine was introduced in 1952. However, all antipsychotics share the same mechanism of action, which involves a blockade of the dopamine D2-receptor. This chapter covers recent attempts to develop new treatments for psychotic disorders. These include new approaches to the delivery of existing antipsychotic medications and the most recent and promising mechanisms of action that are distinct from existing antipsychotics. Some of the new mechanisms of action include drugs targeting the glutamatergic system, the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the phosphodiesterase 10A enzyme, or the muscarinic and serotoninergic system. Finally, we have reviewed a number of alternative nonpharmacological pathways, such as avatar therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, or cognitive remediation. The chapter ends by discussing some of the major challenges facing the development of new treatments for psychotic disorders.
Functional Neurocircuitry and Neuroimaging Studies of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Goodkind Madeleine S. , Etkin Amit 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Anxiety and fear serve adaptive functions and include wide-ranging subjective, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses. When these reactions are present chronically, and to a heightened degree that generalizes to signals beyond those that are objectively dangerous, one sees emergence of clinical anxiety disorders. Historically, anxiety disorders have been conceptualized as disruptions in fear processing, though more recent accounts also highlight changes in emotional reactivity beyond fear and deficits in emotion regulation. In this chapter, we review the neural circuitry relevant for fear processing and for emotional reactivity and regulation more broadly. We then review neuroimaging studies of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We highlight areas of overlap between disorders as well as disorder-specific perturbations.
Novel Approaches for Treating Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Sturman David A. , Kaufman Milissa L. , Bigony Cara E. , Ressler Kerry J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
While multiple effective pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies exist for anxiety disorders, to many they lack efficacy, tolerability, and/or accessibility. Only one-third of those with anxiety disorders seek mental health treatment and, of those who do, nonadherence and nonresponse (or incomplete response) remain substantial problems. There is thus a great need for novel treatments. In this chapter, we discuss approaches for the development of new anxiety treatments based on an improved understanding of the neurobiology underlying anxiety and fear-related disorders. We define novel treatments as those that hold potential promise but are not yet fully proven or available, or those that are recently available but not widely implemented.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Addiction
Authors: Reissner Kathryn J. , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Exposure to drugs of abuse can be a reinforcing experience that, in vulnerable individuals, can lead to continued use and the development of an addiction disorder. Evidence indicates that the escalation in use and compulsive motivation to obtain the drug is linked to long-lasting cellular changes within the brain reward neurocircuitry. In this chapter we describe the stages of transition in use from social use to habitual relapse, and within that context we describe the implicated neurocircuitry, and the enduring cellular and molecular changes that occur within that circuitry, that may mediate the preoccupation with drug seeking in addiction-vulnerable individuals.
Neuroimaging in Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Roberts Timothy P.L. , Bloy Luke 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Noninvasive imaging and electrophysiological techniques have been developed to probe specific aspects of brain function and dysfunction, providing exquisite spatial maps of functional centers and temporal characteristics. The evolution of these techniques has advanced from single-modality methods identifying functional localization, specialization and segregation, through real-time measures of neuronal activity, toward multimodality integration of structural, functional, and spectro-temporal approaches. While these have an immediate impact in conditions where physical brain lesions are evident (e.g., brain tumor and stroke), making a commensurate contribution within neuropsychiatry is more complex. Nonetheless, by combining concepts of morphology, neurochemistry, neural signal propagation, and regional connectivity, there appears to be ample opportunity to contribute not only to the diagnosis of patients with mental illness but to the stratification and subtyping across behavioral phenotypes and, ultimately, to patient management. Here we present an overview of the most common noninvasive neuroimaging methodologies and their applications to pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.
Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Authors: Costales Jesse , De Rubeis Silvia , Foss-Feig Jennifer , Hof Patrick R. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Kolezvon Alexander 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by impairments in social communication, along with the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. Approximately half of affected children also suffer from intellectual disability (ID), which is defined by cognitive and adaptive functioning at least two standard deviations below the mean (e.g., standard scores &lt;70). It is now well established that genetic factors are major contributors to both ASD and ID. The following chapter will outline emerging themes and integrate data from human and animal studies using genetic, imaging, and histopathological methods. Emerging findings from studies of the immune system and the microbiome will also be briefly reviewed.
Computational Psychiatry and the Bayesian Brain
Authors: Friston Karl J. , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers recent advances in computational neuroscience that are especially relevant for psychiatry. We offer a review of computational psychiatry in terms of its ambitions, emerging domains of application, and promises for the future. Our focus is on theoretical formulations of brain function that accommodate subjective beliefs and behavior within formal (computational) frameworks—frameworks that can be grounded in neurophysiology down to the level of synaptic mechanisms. Understanding the nature and principles that underlie functional brain architectures is, we assume, essential for understanding and phenotyping psychopathology and its pathophysiological underpinnings. To illustrate computational approaches to psychiatric disorders, we focus on active (Bayesian) inference and predictive coding. Specifically, we try to explain how the basic principles of neuronal computation are being used to understand psychiatric phenomena, ranging from affiliative behavior and theory of mind in autism to abnormalities of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia.
Life course approach to understanding inequalities in health in later life
Authors: Bell Ruth , Marmot Michael 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A long and healthy life is universally valued. The starkest inequalities in later life are how many years of life remain at an older age such as 65 years, and how many years of life that remain free from disabilities that impede physical, cognitive, and social functioning to the extent that they limit the sense of valuing one’s life. In this chapter we apply the frame of social determinants of health, using the life course approach to understand inequalities in health in later life. Healthy ageing is patterned by degrees of social advantage. Biological ageing, as revealed by physical and cognitive changes, is slower in people in better socioeconomic circumstances. These inequalities in health in later life need to be understood in terms of current social, economic, environmental conditions of living, as well as previous experiences and living conditions across the life course that affect the biological processes of ageing.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment: evidence
Authors: Pilotto Alberto , Panza Francesco 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies the medical, psychosocial, and functional capabilities of older adults in order to develop a coordinated management plan. No standard criteria are available to readily identify subjects who are likely to benefit from CGA. Recent evidences suggested that the healthcare setting may modify the effectiveness of CGA programmes. Home CGA programmes and CGA performed in the hospital, especially in dedicated units, have been shown to be consistently beneficial for several health outcomes. In contrast, the data are conflicting for post-hospital discharge CGA programmes, outpatient CGA consultation, and CGA-based inpatient geriatric consultation services. The effectiveness of CGA programmes may be influenced also by particular settings or specific clinical conditions, with tailored CGA programmes for older frail patients evaluated for preoperative CGA, admitted or discharged from emergency departments and orthogeriatric units, or with cancer, organ failure, and cognitive impairment.
Falls
Authors: Becker Clemens , Woo Jean , Todd Chris 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Falls are very common among older people, with 30–40% of people aged 65 or over falling each year. Incidence increases with age, is particularly high in residential care settings, and has a considerable burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, use of health services, and reductions in quality of life. In the first section of this chapter we define falls, then review the epidemiology of falls in the community, and acute hospital, residential, and long-term care. We review and identify the major risk factors for falls and the assessment and screening tools used to detect risk and resources of best practice recommendations for clinical practice. In the second section, we provide overviews of best practice in prevention and clinical management, first for older people living independently in the community, then for acute hospital care, and thirdly for residential and long-term care.
Cognitive impairment—risk factors and prevention
Authors: Mangialasche Francesca , Ngandu Tiia , Kivipelto Miia 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common in advanced age, with dementia representing the main cause of disability in older adults. Prevention is crucial to halt the pandemic increase of this disorder, and can be achieved by managing several risk factors, including vascular and metabolic disorders, and psychosocial and lifestyle-related factors. While evidence-based approaches still need to be defined, the multifactorial and heterogeneous nature of late-life cognitive impairment suggests that multicomponent interventions targeting several risk factors simultaneously are needed for optimal preventive effects. A life course approach should also be considered to identify strategies that can be efficacious for subjects of different ages and with different risk profiles. This chapter summarizes major findings on risk and protective factors for age-related cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease, and reviews key aspects of preventive strategies, focusing on primary and secondary prevention.
Image-Guided Robotic Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Romanelli Pantaleo , Conti Alfredo , Bianchi Livia , Bergantin Achille , Martinotti Anna , Beltramo Giancarlo 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Frameless, non-isocentric irradiation of an extended segment of the trigeminal nerve introduces new concepts in stereotactic radiosurgery for medically resistant trigeminal neuralgia (TN).

OBJECTIVE
To report the results of the largest single-center experience about image-guided robotic radiosurgery for TN.

METHODS
A cohort of 138 patients treated with CyberKnife® (Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, California) radiosurgery with a minimum follow-up of 36 mo were recruited. Pain relief, medications, sensory disturbances, rate and time of pain recurrence were prospectively analyzed.

RESULTS
Median follow-up was 52.4 mo; median dose 75 Gy; median target length 5.7-mm; median target volume 40 mm³; median prescription dose 60 Gy (80% isodose line). Actuarial pain control rate (Barrow Neurological Institute [BNI] class I-IIIa) at 6, 12, 24, and 36 mo were 93.5%, 85.8%, 79.7%, and 76%, respectively. Overall, 33 patients (24%) required a second treatment.
Overall, 18.1% developed sensory disturbances after 16.4 ± 8.7 mo. One patient (0.7%) developed BNI grade IV dysfunction; 6 (4.3%) developed BNI grade III (somewhat bothersome) hypoesthesia after retreatment; BNI grade II (not bothersome) hypoesthesia was reported by 18 patients (11 after retreatment). Shorter nerve length (<6 mm vs 6 mm), smaller nerve volume (<30 mm3 vs >30 mm3), and lower prescription dose (<58 vs >58 Gy) were associated with treatment failure (P = .01, P = .02, P = .03, respectively). Re-irradiation independently predicted sensory disturbance (P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Targeting a 6-mm segment of the trigeminal nerve with a prescribed dose of 60 Gy appears safe and effective. Persistent pain control was achieved in most patients with acceptable risk of sensory complications, which were typically found after re-irradiation.
Reducing Physical Illness Stigma: Insights from the Mental Illness Arena
Authors: Corrigan Patrick W. , Bink Andrea B. , Schmidt Annie 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical summary of stigma-change strategies employed in the mental health field as a means to inform the anti-stigma efforts of advocates in the broader health arena. This is done by drawing on the comprehensive research and conceptual work targeting the stigma of mental illness while also weaving in the emerging research on stigma-change related to physical illness. The chapter first provides a brief overview of the targets of stigma change—public stigma, self-stigma, and label avoidance—and specific agendas corresponding with the types of stigma that guide anti-stigma programs—service engagement, rights achievement, and self-worth. It next presents a discussion of the various approaches to stigma change organized by these targets and agendas. The chapter concludes with future directions and goals for advocates and researchers to effectively challenge the stigma of physical illnesses.
Sexual Minority Stigma and Health
Authors: Pachankis John E. , Lick David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that sexual minority individuals experience disproportionate physical health burdens compared to heterosexuals because of their exposure to stigma. Due in part to increased public recognition of this stigma, recent decades have witnessed the collection of high-quality data exploring its links with adverse health. This chapter reviews this accumulating evidence. It first describes historical trends that have enabled the scientific study of sexual minority physical health. Next, it reviews sexual orientation disparities in physical health and factors that have been proposed to account for these disparities, with a particular focus on stigma and minority stress as precursors of adverse health. It then outlines potential cognitive–affective, behavioral, and physiological processes linking minority stress with poor health. It also highlights bidirectional processes that might operate between stigma and health. The chapter concludes by suggesting several promising opportunities for future research in this nascent field of inquiry.
Discriminating Ecologies: A Life History Approach to Stigma and Health
Authors: Neuberg Steven L. , Kenrick Andreana C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
How does being discriminated against affect one’s health, and through what mechanisms? Most research has focused on two causal pathways, highlighting how discrimination increases psychological stress and exposure to neighborhood hazards. This chapter advances an alternative, complementary set of mechanisms through which stigma and discrimination may shape health. Grounded in evolutionary biology’s life history theory, the framework holds that discrimination alters aspects of the physical and social ecologies in which people live (e.g., sex ratio, unpredictable extrinsic causes of mortality). These discriminating ecologies pull for specific behaviors and physiological responses (e.g., risk-taking, sexual activity, offspring care, fat storage) that are active, strategic, and rational given the threats and opportunities afforded by these ecologies but that also have downstream implications for health. This framework generates a wide range of nuanced insights and unique hypotheses about the discrimination-health relationship, and suggests specific approaches to intervention while pointing to complex ethical issues.
Determinants of Peripheral Muscle Strength and Activity in Daily Life in People With Bronchiectasis
Authors: de Camargo Anderson Alves , Boldorini Jacqueline C , Holland Anne E , de Castro Rejane A Silva , Lanza Fernanda de Cordoba , Athanazio Rodrigo A , Rached Samia Z , Carvalho-Pinto Regina , Cukier Alberto , Stelmach Rafael , Corso Simone Dal 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Background
Bronchiectasis is characterized by a progressive structural lung damage, recurrent infections and chronic inflammation which compromise the exertion tolerance, and may have an impact on skeletal muscle function and physical function.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, and physical activity in daily life between participants with bronchiectasis and controls and to investigate the determinants of the peripheral muscle strength and physical activity in daily life in bronchiectasis.

Design
This study used a cross-sectional design.

Methods
The participants’ quadriceps femoris and biceps brachii muscle strength was measured. They performed the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and the number of steps/day was measured by a pedometer.

Results
Participants had reduced quadriceps femoris muscle strength (mean difference to control group = 7 kg, 95% CI = 3.8–10.1 kg), biceps brachii muscle strength (2.1 kg, 95% CI = 0.7–3.4 kg), ISWT (227 m, 95% CI = 174–281 m), peak VO2 (6.4 ml/Kg/min, 95% CI = 4.0–8.7 ml/Kg/min), and number of steps/day (3,332 steps/day, 95% CI = 1,758–4,890 steps/day). A lower quadriceps femoris strength is independently associated to an older age, female sex, lower body mass index (BMI), higher score on the modified Medical Research Council scale, and shorter distance on the ISWT (R2 = 0.449). Biceps brachii strength is independently associated with sex, BMI, and dyspnea (R2 = 0.447). The determinants of number of daily steps were dyspnea and distance walked in ISWT, explaining only 27.7% of its variance.

Limitations
Number of steps per day was evaluated by a pedometer.

Conclusions
People with bronchiectasis have reduced peripheral muscle strength, and reduced aerobic and functional capacities, and they also are less active in daily life. Modifiable variables such as BMI, dyspnea, and distance walked on the ISWT are associated with peripheral muscle strength and physical activity in daily life.
What Do Babies Need to Thrive? Changing Interpretations of ‘Hospitalism’ in an International Context, 1900–1945
Authors: Rowold Katharina 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In 1945, the émigré psychoanalyst René Spitz published a landmark article in which he suggested that babies cared for in institutions commonly suffered from ‘hospitalism’ and failed to thrive. According to Spitz this was the case because such babies were deprived of ‘maternal care, maternal stimulation, and maternal love.’ Historical interest in separation research and the development of the concept of maternal deprivation has tended to focus on the 1940s and 50s. The term ‘hospitalism’, however, was coined at the end of the nineteenth century and by 1945 the question of whether or not babies could be cared for in institutions had already been debated for a number of decades by an international community of paediatricians and developmental psychologists, later joined by psychoanalysts. Criss-crossing national boundaries and exploring debates over the nature, causes, and prevention of ‘hospitalism’, this article elucidates the changing understandings of the impact on babies of living in institutions.
Care of the Older Adult With Postoperative Delirium: An Interprofessional Simulation for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Davis Kimberly D. , Nye Carla 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Because of the expanding older adult population, undergraduate nursing students need to be introduced to the unique challenges of taking care of older adults. Using simulation to demonstrate some of these challenges allows these entry-level students to learn in a nonthreatening environment. By focusing on an older adult patient who is experiencing postoperative delirium in a simulation, students can practice not only how to complete a safety assessment but also effective communication skills with the patient, family, and members of the interprofessional health care team.
The Effect of Autogenic Training on Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, and Performance on Nursing Student Simulation
Authors: Holland Brian , Gosselin Kevin , Mulcahy Angela 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The increased anxiety experienced by nursing students during simulations can serve as a significant barrier to learning. The use of anxiety-reducing techniques such as autogenic training (AT) can mitigate the negative effects of anxiety and improve the overall learning experience. The investigators in this study sought to understand the effect of AT on student performance and self-efficacy during simulation experiences. The use of AT was an effective technique to decrease anxiety and increase performance among nursing students during nursing simulations. Reducing anxiety during simulations can improve the student learning experience.