bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La modification et la réforme de la Constitution canadienne
Authors: Pelletier Benoît 
Published: January 2018

La réforme constitutionnelle au Canada est, depuis longtemps, un processus laborieux, ponctué de hauts et de bas, de dénouements étonnants et d’échecs retentissants. Au coeur de cette réforme se trouve évidemment la procédure de modification constitutionnelle, laquelle varie selon les époques. Ainsi, avant le rapatriement, il fallait recourir au Parlement londonien pour modifier les parties les plus substantielles de la Constitution canadienne. Depuis 1982, la procédure de modification constitutionnelle se décline en cinq formules, dont trois requièrent, à des degrés divers, la participation des ordres de gouvernement fédéral et provincial. Il y a lieu, par ailleurs, d’ajouter aux exigences déjà très élevées de cette procédure différents facteurs qui viennent en compliquer davantage la mise en oeuvre. Rien d’étonnant, donc, à ce que les acteurs politiques et les tribunaux aient élaboré diverses stratégies d’adaptation paraconstitutionnelle, c’est-à-dire des mécanismes de substitution au processus formel de modification constitutionnelle.

Après avoir procédé à une étude de l’histoire propre à la réforme constitutionnelle au Canada, l’auteur en examine le cadre juridique et politique actuel, tout en insistant sur la procédure de modification de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982. Puis, il traite des éléments qui viennent indirectement complexifier cette procédure. Enfin, il analyse les différents phénomènes qui favorisent l’adaptation paraconstitutionnelle de celle-ci. En guise de conclusion, l’auteur rappelle qu’aucune réforme constitutionnelle d’envergure n’est envisageable sans une volonté politique ferme et l’appui de la population. Il insiste aussi sur l’importance de réhabiliter le mot Constitution et d’éviter que la réforme constitutionnelle ne soit qu’un voeu pieux.
Les assises conceptuelles du droit de l’environnement en droit des biens : entre patrimoine collectif et relation fiduciaire
Authors: Emerich Yaëll , Hudon Alexis 
Published: January 2018

Le caractère absolu de la propriété est l’un des mythes fondateurs du régime civiliste du droit des biens. Cependant, l’émergence des enjeux environnementaux a rendu nécessaire l’imposition de limites à la propriété individuelle. On peut distinguer deux mouvements de limites. Le premier mouvement, fondé sur le droit privé, est caractérisé par l’interdépendance et par un conséquentialisme anthropocentrique. Il se manifeste, notamment, par le trouble de voisinage. Le second mouvement de limites, ancré dans le droit public, est marqué par une dimension biocentrique. Il est caractérisé par une diminution nette des prérogatives du propriétaire et correspond à l’entrée en scène du droit de l’environnement. Dans une perspective de droit des biens, il est difficile de conceptualiser cet empiètement du droit environnemental sur les prérogatives du propriétaire et d’en établir le fondement. Les concepts qui se situent traditionnellement à la frontière du droit des biens et de l’environnement — comme la chose commune, la fiducie publique et le patrimoine commun — enrichissent l’analyse de l’interaction entre ces branches du droit, sans toutefois parvenir à en rendre compte entièrement. Cet article propose la figure du patrimoine collectif, fondé sur un intérêt collectif dans l’environnement, afin de légitimer l’intervention du législateur en matière environnementale dans le contexte du droit des biens. L’idée de patrimoine collectif évoque, en outre, le registre fiduciaire, particulièrement riche dans le contexte de la protection environnementale.
Secondary Circulation Asymmetry in a Meandering, Partially Stratified Estuary
Authors: Pein J. , Valle‐Levinson A. , Stanev E. V. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNumerical model experiments are used to study the effects of multiple channel bends on estuarine dynamics and, in particular, on secondary flows. These effects are demonstrated by comparing experiments with two different idealized trumpet‐shaped estuaries, one straight and another one with a ∼8 km meandering section in the middle of the estuary. Meanders complicate the flow field by introducing secondary processes. For instance, meanders increase turbulence and associated mixing locally within the water column, as well as outside the meandering portion. Furthermore, meanders transform up to 30% of the along‐channel momentum into secondary circulation. Production of turbulence and secondary currents is different at flood and ebb tidal phases. At flood, meanders lead to unstable stratification and increased turbulence. At ebb, the flow develops a helical pattern and adjusts to the channel curvature with minimal decrease in density stability. The secondary circulation asymmetry is caused by an interplay between the across‐channel baroclinic pressure gradient force and the centrifugal force. During ebb both forces enhance each other, whereas they oppose during flood. As a consequence of this interaction between baroclinic forcing and curving morphology, ebb flows and horizontal buoyancy fluxes increase relative to flood. The enhanced ebb dominance shifts a density front toward the mouth of the estuary, thus reducing salt intrusion.
Three‐Dimensional Passive‐Source Reverse‐Time Migration of Converted Waves: The Method
Authors: Li Jiahang , Shen Yang , Zhang Wei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAt seismic discontinuities in the crust and mantle, part of the compressional wave energy converts to shear wave, and vice versa. These converted waves have been widely used in receiver function (RF) studies to image discontinuity structures in the Earth. While generally successful, the conventional RF method has its limitations and is suited mostly to flat or gently dipping structures. Among the efforts to overcome the limitations of the conventional RF method is the development of the wave‐theory‐based, passive‐source reverse‐time migration (PS‐RTM) for imaging complex seismic discontinuities and scatters. To date, PS‐RTM has been implemented only in 2D in the Cartesian coordinate for local problems and thus has limited applicability. In this paper, we introduce a 3D PS‐RTM approach in the spherical coordinate, which is better suited for regional and global problems. New computational procedures are developed to reduce artifacts and enhance migrated images, including back‐propagating the main arrival and the coda containing the converted waves separately, using a modified Helmholtz decomposition operator to separate the P and S modes in the back‐propagated wavefields, and applying an imaging condition that maintains a consistent polarity for a given velocity contrast. Our new approach allows us to use migration velocity models with realistic velocity discontinuities, improving accuracy of the migrated images. We present several synthetic experiments to demonstrate the method, using regional and teleseismic sources. The results show that both regional and teleseismic sources can illuminate complex structures and this method is well suited for imaging dipping interfaces and sharp lateral changes in discontinuity structures.
Dissipative Intraplate Faulting During the 2016 Mw6.2 Tottori, Japan Earthquake
Authors: Ross Zachary E. , Kanamori Hiroo , Hauksson Egill , Aso Naofumi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe 2016 Mw6.2 Tottori earthquake occurred on 21 October 2016 and produced thousands of aftershocks. Here we analyze high‐resolution‐relocated seismicity together with source properties of the mainshock to better understand the rupture process and energy budget. We use a matched‐filter algorithm to detect and precisely locate >10,000 previously unidentified aftershocks, which delineate a network of sharp subparallel lineations exhibiting significant branching and segmentation. Seismicity below 8 km depth forms highly localized fault structures subparallel to the mainshock strike. Shallow seismicity near the main rupture plane forms more diffuse clusters and lineations that often are at a high angle (in map view) to the mainshock strike. An empirical Green's function technique is used to derive apparent source time functions for the mainshock, which show a large amplitude pulse 2–4 s long. We invert the apparent source time functions for a slip distribution and observe a ~16 km2patch with average slip ~3.2 m. 93% of the seismic moment is below 8 km depth, which is approximately the depth below which the seismicity becomes very localized. These observations suggest that the mainshock rupture area was entirely within the lower half of the seismogenic zone. The radiated seismic energy is estimated to be 5.7 × 1013J, while the static stress drop is estimated to be 18–27 MPa. These values yield a radiation efficiency of 5–7%, which indicates that the Tottori mainshock was extremely dissipative. We conclude that this inefficiency in energy radiation is likely a product of the immature intraplate environment and the underlying geometric complexity.
Pancake Ice Thickness Mapping in the Beaufort Sea From Wave Dispersion Observed in SAR Imagery
Authors: Wadhams P. , Aulicino G. , Parmiggiani F. , Persson P. O. G. , Holt B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe early autumn voyage of RV Sikuliaq to the southern Beaufort Sea in 2015 offered very favorable opportunities for observing the properties and thicknesses of frazil‐pancake ice types. The operational region was overlaid by a dense network of retrieved satellite imagery, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery from Sentinel‐1 and COSMO‐SkyMed (CSK). This enabled us to fully test and apply the SAR‐waves technique, first developed by Wadhams and Holt (1991), for deriving the thickness of frazil‐pancake icefields from changed wave dispersion. A line of subimages from a main SAR image (usually CSK) is analyzed running into the ice along the main wave direction. Each subimage is spectrally analyzed to yield a wave number spectrum, and the change in the shape of the spectrum between open water and ice, or between two thicknesses of ice, is interpreted in terms of the viscous equations governing wave propagation in frazil‐pancake ice. For each of the case studies considered here, there was good or acceptable agreement on thickness between the extensive in situ observations and the SAR‐wave calculation. In addition, the SAR‐wave analysis gave, parametrically, effective viscosities for the ice covering a consistent and narrow range of 0.03–0.05 m2 s−1.
Variability and Dynamics of the Yucatan Upwelling: High‐Resolution Simulations
Authors: Jouanno J. , Pallàs‐Sanz E. , Sheinbaum J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Yucatan shelf in the southern Gulf of Mexico is under the influence of an upwelling that uplifts cool and nutrient rich waters over the continental shelf. The analysis of a set of high‐resolution (Δx = Δy ≈ 2.8 km) simulations of the Gulf of Mexico shows two dominant modes of variability of the Yucatan upwelling system: (1) a low‐frequency mode related to variations in position and intensity of the Loop Current along the shelf, with upwelling intensified when the Loop Current is strong and approaches to the Yucatan shelf break and (2) a high‐frequency mode with peak frequency in the 6–10 days band related to wind‐forced coastal waves that force vertical velocities along the eastern Yucatan shelf break. To first order, the strength and position of the Loop Current are found to control the intensity of the upwelling, but we show that high‐frequency winds also contribute (∼17%) to a net input of cool waters (<22.5°C) on the Yucatan shelf. Finally, although more observational studies are needed to corroborate the topographic character of the Yucatan upwelling system, this study reveals the key role played by a notch along the Yucatan shelf break: a sensitivity simulation without the notch shows a 55% reduction of the upwelling.
A Saltier Glacial Mediterranean Outflow
Authors: van Dijk J. , Ziegler M. , de Nooijer L. J. , Reichart G. J. , Xuan C. , Ducassou E. , Bernasconi S. M. , Lourens L. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe state of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is influenced by both the strength and the location of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) plume in the Gulf of Cadiz. To evaluate the influence of MOW on AMOC over deglaciations, precise and accurate salinity and temperature reconstructions are needed. For this purpose, we measured Mg/Ca and clumped isotopes of several benthic foraminiferal species at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1390 in the Gulf of Cadiz. The clumped isotope results of Cibicidoides pachyderma, Uvigerina mediterranea, and Pyrgo spp. are consistent between species and record no significant difference in Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene deep water temperature. Over the deglaciation, the Mg/Ca‐based temperatures derived from U. mediterranea indicate three periods of MOW absence at Site U1390. Mg/Ca‐based temperatures of Hoeglundina elegans and C. pachyderma are on average 6°C too cold when compared to the present core‐top temperature, which we explain by a carbonate ion effect on these epibenthic species related to the high alkalinity of the MOW. Combining deep water temperature estimates with the benthic oxygen isotope data and considering different relationships between seawater oxygen isotopes and salinity, we infer a salinity decrease of MOW by three to eight units over the deglaciation and four units during Sapropel 1, accounting for the global δ18O depletion due to the decrease in ice volume. Our findings confirm that the Mediterranean Sea accumulates excess salt during a glacial low stand and suggest that this salt surged into the Atlantic over the deglaciation, presumably during Heinrich Stadial 1.
Survey of 5 mm small‐field output factor measurements in Australia
Authors: Oliver Christopher P. , Butler Duncan J. , Takau Viliami , Williams Ivan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) held a comparison exercise in April 2016 where participants came to ARPANSA and measured the output factor of a nominal 5 mm cone attached to the ARPANSA Elekta Synergy (Elekta, Crawley, UK) linear accelerator. The goal of the exercise was to compare the consistency and methods used by independent medical physicists in measuring small‐field output factors. ARPANSA provided a three‐dimensional scanning tank for detector setup and positioning, but the participants were required to measure the output factor with their own detectors. No information regarding output factors previously measured was supplied to participants to make each result as independent as possible. Fifteen groups travelled to ARPANSA bringing a wide range of detectors and methods. A total of 30 measurements of the output factor were made. The standard deviation of the measurements (excluding one expected outlier from an uncorrected ionization chamber measurement) was 3.6%. The results provide an insight into the consistency of small‐field dosimetry being performed in Australia and New Zealand at the present time.
Minimizing dose variation from the interplay effect in stereotactic radiation therapy using volumetric modulated arc therapy for lung cancer
Authors: Kubo Kazuki , Monzen Hajime , Tamura Mikoto , Hirata Makoto , Ishii Kentaro , Okada Wataru , Nakahara Ryuta , Kishimoto Shun , Kawamorita Ryu , Nishimura Yasumasa 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt is important to improve the magnitude of dose variation that is caused by the interplay effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the number of breaths (NBs) to the dose variation for VMAT‐SBRT to lung cancer. Data on respiratory motion and multileaf collimator (MLC) sequence were collected from the cases of 30 patients who underwent radiotherapy with VMAT‐SBRT for lung cancer. The NBs in the total irradiation time with VMAT and the maximum craniocaudal amplitude of the target were calculated. The MLC sequence complexity was evaluated using the modulation complexity score for VMAT (MCSv). Static and dynamic measurements were performed using a cylindrical respiratory motion phantom and a micro ionization chamber. The 1 standard deviation which were obtained from 10 dynamic measurements for each patient were defined as dose variation caused by the interplay effect. The dose distributions were also verified with radiochromic film to detect undesired hot and cold dose spot. Dose measurements were also performed with different NBs in the same plan for 16 patients in 30 patients. The correlations between dose variations and parameters assessed for each treatment plan including NBs, MCSv, the MCSv/amplitude quotient (TMMCSv), and the MCSv/amplitude quotient × NBs product (IVS) were evaluated. Dose variation was decreased with increasing NBs, and NBs of >40 times maintained the dose variation within 3% in 15 cases. The correlation between dose variation and IVS which were considered NBs was shown stronger (R2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) than TMMCSv (R2 = 0.32, P < 0.05). The NBs is an important factor to reduce the dose variation. The patient who breathes >40 times during irradiation of two partial arcs VMAT (i.e., NBs = 16 breaths per minute) may be suitable for VMAT‐SBRT for lung cancer.
Pore Size Manipulation in 3D Printed Cryogels Enables Selective Cell Seeding
Authors: Serex Ludovic , Braschler Thomas , Filippova Aleksandra , Rochat Ariane , Béduer Amélie , Bertsch Arnaud , Renaud Philippe 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCryogels are macroporous materials that display remarkable properties, such as high pore interconnection, large surface to volume ratio, and high mechanical stability, making them good candidates for 3D cell culture. However, shaping cryogels remains challenging because of the harsh conditions of synthesis at temperatures as low as −80 °C. In this paper, a solution for the 3D printing of functionalized cryogels is proposed. A microfabricated dispensing probe allowing the last second mixing of cryogel precursors as well as control of the temperature of the extruded material during printing is presented. This dispensing tool allows multilayer 3D printing of cryogels with on demand local pore size change through the control in temperature of the dispensed solution. Moreover, thanks to advanced functionalization of the scaffold, cells can be cultured in 3D within the printed scaffold and exhibited spreading. The ability to tune the pore size of the printed cryogels allows to select during printing where cells will get seeded.
Will We See Gigahertz Organic Transistors?
Authors: Klauk Hagen 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDespite the many advances in the materials and technology of organic transistors, the highest transit frequency reported for organic transistors has not been improved for more than half a decade and remains far below 1 GHz. One reason is that most contributions to the field have traditionally focused on parameters that have little or no impact on the high‐frequency performance of organic transistors. By analyzing the fundamental equations for the transit frequency and the effective (or apparent) carrier mobility, the requirements under which organic transistors can be expected to show a transit frequency of 1 GHz are reiterated. Not surprisingly, it is found that the critical parameter in this quest is not the charge‐carrier mobility in the organic semiconductor layer, but the contact resistance, along with the channel length and the parasitic gate‐to‐contact overlaps.
Parkinson disease and the risk of epileptic seizures
Authors: Gruntz Katharina , Bloechliger Marlene , Becker Claudia , Jick Susan S. , Fuhr Peter , Meier Christoph R. , Rüegg Stephan 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the association between incident Parkinson disease (PD) and subsequent incident epileptic seizures.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study with a nested case–control analysis using data from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We identified patients aged ≥40 years with an incident diagnosis of PD between 1995 and 2016 and a matched comparison group of PD‐free individuals. We calculated crude incidence rates (IRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of epileptic seizures in PD patients and the PD‐free comparison group, and corresponding crude incidence rate ratios (IRRs). In the nested case–control analysis, we calculated adjusted odds ratios (adj. ORs) of incident PD among cases with incident epileptic seizures and seizure‐free controls overall and stratified by various seizure‐provoking comorbidities.ResultsAmong 23,086 incident PD patients and 92,343 PD‐free individuals, we identified 898 patients with incident epileptic seizures. The crude IR of epileptic seizures in PD patients was 266.7/100,000 person‐years (95% CI = 235.6–297.7), and in PD‐free individuals it was 112.4/100,000 person‐years (95% CI = 103.5–121.3; IRR = 2.37, 95% CI = 2.06–2.73). The adj. OR of epileptic seizures was 1.68 (95% CI = 1.43–1.98) in PD patients compared with PD‐free individuals. PD patients with comorbid brain disorders (adj. OR = 12.36, 95% CI = 8.74–17.48) or with > 1 seizure‐provoking comorbidity (adj. OR = 13.24, 95% CI = 10.15‐17.25) were at the highest risk of epileptic seizures compared with PD‐free individuals with no seizure‐provoking comorbidities.InterpretationThis study suggests that incident PD is associated with an increased risk of incident epileptic seizures. Ann Neurol 2018;83:363–374
In Situ Growth of CoP Nanoparticles Anchored on Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Liang Qingshuang , Shi Fangbing , Xiao Xiufeng , Wu Xiaofeng , Huang Keke , Feng Shouhua 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA novel zero‐dimensional/two‐dimensional CoP/black phosphorus heterostructure was successfully constructed by in situ growth of CoP nanoparticles on the surface of black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets through a facile solvothermal method. The as‐prepared CoP/BP heterostructure exhibited excellent photocatalytic H2 production activity under visible‐ and near‐infrared‐light irradiation. The hydrogen evolution rate of the CoP/BP heterostructure was 694 μmol h−1 g−1, which is about two times higher than that of the Pt/BP heterostructure. The in situ growth of CoP nanoparticles in black phosphorus nanosheets gives rise to excellent interfacial contact between the light‐harvesting material and the co‐catalysts, promotes fast charge transfer, and reduces charge recombination. Because the CoP nanoparticles are anchored on the surface of the BP nanosheets, agglomeration of the CoP nanoparticles is suppressed, and thus, the high surface area and large number of active sites are effectively maintained.
Monitoring dynamic spatio‐temporal ecological processes optimally
Authors: Williams Perry J. , Hooten Mevin B. , Womble Jamie N. , Esslinger George G. , Bower Michael R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPopulation dynamics vary in space and time. Survey designs that ignore these dynamics may be inefficient and fail to capture essential spatio‐temporal variability of a process. Alternatively, dynamic survey designs explicitly incorporate knowledge of ecological processes, the associated uncertainty in those processes, and can be optimized with respect to monitoring objectives. We describe a cohesive framework for monitoring a spreading population that explicitly links animal movement models with survey design and monitoring objectives. We apply the framework to develop an optimal survey design for sea otters in Glacier Bay. Sea otters were first detected in Glacier Bay in 1988 and have since increased in both abundance and distribution; abundance estimates increased from 5 otters to >5,000 otters, and they have spread faster than 2.7 km/yr. By explicitly linking animal movement models and survey design, we are able to reduce uncertainty associated with forecasting occupancy, abundance, and distribution compared to other potential random designs. The framework we describe is general, and we outline steps to applying it to novel systems and taxa.