bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision-making in the provision of extra-coronal restorations
Authors: Alani Aws , Bishop Karl , Djemal Serpil 
Published: August 2017

Abstract: Decision-making when choosing an extra-coronal restoration for a molar tooth is often multifactorial, requiring consideration for material properties, the underlying tooth tissue, aesthetics and functional requirements. This article reviews the various factors associated with the decision-making when considering an extra-coronal restoration for a molar tooth. The current literature is disseminated and compared to results obtained from clinicians at the Dental Pan Society meeting in 2007. Dentists were seemingly less likely to consider restorations with greater complications for themselves than they were for their patients. The various implications of the results are discussed. Clinical Relevance: With the plethora of dental materials available, the clinician has a wide choice of restorations. As clinicians become increasingly aware of the relative complications associated with different restorations, they are less likely to choose those that may result in problems, such as loss of vitality. In comparison, patients, if not kept fully informed, are unlikely to be aware of these problems and therefore may be happy to accept a more ‘aesthetic’ restoration. This decision dynamic is examined in this article.
Interceptive orthodontics – current evidence-based best practice
Authors: Borrie Felicity R , Bearn David R 
Published: August 2017

This article examines the key areas relating to interceptive orthodontics, ie crossbites, anterior and posterior; eruption problems and impaction (including incisors and canines); poor quality first permanent molars; infra-occluded primary molar teeth; non-nutritive sucking habits (digit and pacifier sucking) leading to anterior openbite, posterior crossbite and increased overjet; centreline shifts related to unilateral loss of primary teeth; and increased overjet and associated risk of trauma. It aims to provide information and recommendations. Clinical Relevance: The GDP requires evidence to support the clinical management of common problems presenting in the mixed dentition.
Special care dentistry for general dental practice
Authors: Greig Vicki , Sweeney Petrina 
Published: August 2017

Although special care dentistry (SCD) is a fairly recent specialty, the principles and practice of SCD have been developed since the 1980s. Shared care of these patients with general dental practitioners remains vital to ensure that comprehensive care is provided. This article aims to discuss some of the patient groups commonly seen in SCD clinics and give an insight into the varied complex medical and social aspects of care which are managed as part of providing appropriate, safe and holistic care. Clinical Relevance: Many patients who currently fall under the remit of special care dentistry could be treated safely in general dental practice. This article acts as an introduction to special care dentistry for general dental practitioners.
Treatment of peri-implant diseases: a review of the literature and protocol proposal
Authors: Armas José , Culshaw Shauna , Savarrio Lee 
Published: August 2017

Over 100,000 implants were placed in the UK in 2010. As the numbers of patients with implant-retained prostheses increases, operators are encountering an increasing number of biological implant complications, most commonly peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. The effective management of these complications is crucial to maintain patients' oral health. In particular, in contrast to common periodontal infections, some peri-implant infections may benefit from surgical intervention as a first line approach. Clinical Relevance: This article reviews the literature on the treatment options for peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis and proposes a protocol for their treatment
Accessing the best available evidence
Authors: Lamont Thomas J , Keightley Alexander , Clarkson Jan 
Published: August 2017

This narrative review aims to highlight sources of the best available evidence and describe primary clinical trials currently taking place in primary dental care across the United Kingdom which will add to the evidence base. Clinical Relevance: To provide evidence-based dental care, dental professionals have to integrate the best available evidence, their clinical experience and their patients' values; this paper should help to identify user-friendly sources of the best available evidence.
Invisible orthodontics part 3: aesthetic orthodontic brackets
Authors: Waring David T , McMullin Ailbhe , Malik Ovais H 
Published: August 2017

In this, the third part of the series, aesthetic orthodontic treatment will be considered. The previous two articles have looked at invisible orthodontics with Invisalign and lingual brackets. This article will discuss the properties and use of aesthetic brackets, along with examples of orthodontic treatment cases using the aesthetic brackets. Clinical Relevance: Increasing demand for aesthetics during orthodontic treatment has resulted in a significant increase in the use of aesthetic brackets. Clinicians need to be aware of the benefits and drawbacks of aesthetic brackets.
The multidisciplinary conservative management of a vital crown root fracture
Authors: O'Toole Saoirse , Garvey Thérèse , Hashem Atef 
Published: August 2017

This case study reports on the multidisciplinary management of a maxillary canine which sustained an unusual labial crown root fracture, resulting in a large veneer-like fragment. The canine was extruded orthodontically and the fragment was re-attached using adhesive materials. This multidisciplinary solution prevented impingement on the biological width, loss of vitality and loss of tooth structure, leading to an optimal soft and hard tissue aesthetic result. Successful clinical and radiographic results after three years were observed, despite canine protected occlusion. Clinical Relevance: Multidisciplinary management can result in an improved prognosis of the tooth and, in time, may be the most cost-effective solution for the patient. When discussing treatment options with the patient, utilization of all dental specialties should be considered and offered to the patient.
Printed radiographs – is what you see what you get?
Authors: Gerrard Greg 
Published: August 2017

Digital dental radiography allows for exchange of images between primary and secondary care. However, it is common practice for radiographs to be printed out and attached to referrals. This study investigates the loss of diagnostic information of printed radiographs compared to the on-screen digital image. The best quality was achieved with images printed onto radiographic film or onto photographic paper with an inkjet printer. Laser and inkjet printer output onto 80 gsm office paper resulted in a loss of diagnostic information. Wherever possible, radiographs should be transmitted digitally between clinicians to maintain image integrity. Clinical Relevance: This paper illustrates the potential pitfalls of printing radiographs to be sent with referrals.
Giant cell arteritis affecting the tongue: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Grant SWJ , Underhill HC , Atkin PA 
Published: August 2017

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis with symptoms that could cause a patient to present to a general dental practitioner. A case of GCA that presented as headache, jaw claudication, unilateral visual loss and tongue ulceration leading to necrosis is reported and the literature reviewed, with an emphasis on dentally relevant aspects. It is vital that GCA is not overlooked in patients over the age of 50 with unexplained dental pain, tissue necrosis or jaw pain which may be misdiagnosed as a temporomandibular joint disorder. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is the key to preventing visual loss. Early referral in such cases would be warranted. Clinical Relevance: Dental clinicians may play a part in the early diagnosis of GCA by having a high index of suspicion for its symptoms in patients, so that devastating ischaemic consequences, such as irreversible visual loss, can be prevented.
Appraisal for general dental practitioners
Authors: Miller Alasdair G , Kemp Timothy 
Published: August 2017

Appraisal has been a key component of staff management of most organizations for more than a decade. This article explores the principles, benefits and stages for effective appraisal in primary dental care. Clinical Relevance: Reviewing what works and what does not and reflection on these points are key to developing professional skills. Appraisal is a formalized way of reflecting on the past to help a professional plan for his/her future and thereby, ideally, improve patient care.
Management of microdont maxillary lateral incisors
Authors: Khan Sadaf , Gill Daljit , Bassi G Steve 
Published: August 2017

Maxillary microdont lateral incisors can have significant implications on the development of the permanent dentition in terms of the eruption of maxillary permanent canines, as well as on the aesthetics of the upper labial segment and the overall occlusion, depending on the extent of microdontia. This paper describes the aetiology, clinical implications and management of the maxillary microdont lateral incisor. Clinical Relevance: The definitive management of the maxillary microdont lateral incisor may involve either a restorative or orthodontic approach or, in some cases, a combined orthodontic-restorative approach.
Management of patients with non-syndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate part 3: from age 10 until adulthood
Authors: McIntyre Grant T 
Published: August 2017

Parts 1 and 2 of this article addressed the care of children with cleft of the lip and/or palate until age 10. The third part of this article discusses their care until adulthood. Clinical Relevance: Dentists should be aware of the different types of cleft lip and/or palate that occur and the role of the dentist in the overall management of patients who have clefts.
The role of dental implants in the management of dento-alveolar trauma part 1
Authors: Shahdad Shakeel , Gamble Eugene 
Published: August 2017

Patients who suffer dento-alveolar trauma present a unique challenge for the dentist. There are numerous options to consider when attempting to restore the dentition. This article reviews the role of dental implants in replacing lost or damaged teeth. It also describes some of the options available to maintain the alveolar bone between tooth removal and implant placement, as well as techniques used to recreate the deficient hard and soft tissue after a tooth has been avulsed or extracted. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of the role of dental implants and techniques for the preservation of the hard and soft tissues will assist the clinician to reduce patient morbidity and achieve an optimal restorative result.
What makes a good dentist? a pilot study
Authors: Chandarana Priya V , Hill Kirsty B 
Published: August 2017

This study investigates the attributes of a ‘good dentist’ with respect to the opinions of dental patients, dental students and qualified dentists and determines whether the dental profession and its patients are in agreement with the standards published by the General Dental Council (GDC) in 2005. A questionnaire was circulated amongst the above groups at the University Of Birmingham, School of Dentistry. Each participant was asked to rank 14 attributes for a dentist in order of their importance. The results indicated that generally there was no consensus between individual participants. There was, however, significant overlap between the top six attributes chosen by dental care professionals and the GDC standards. Patients tended to rank other non-GDC mentioned attributes more frequently. Attributes which were considered important by all were ‘putting patient interests first and acting to protect them, respecting a patient's dignity and choices and having good technical ability.’ Clinical Relevance: It is important to gain an insight into patient attitudes and to be knowledgeable of the GDC professional standards, in order to improve overall conduct and performance as a dental practitioner.
An update on optical coherence tomography in dentistry
Authors: Clarkson D McG 
Published: August 2017

An update and overview of the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in dentistry is described. Specific aspects discussed include the evolution of the technology and the basic process of light beam interference used to obtain OCT images. In addition, aspects of the optical properties of dentine and enamel and the range of current diagnostic applications of OCT in dentistry are reviewed. Clinical Relevance: The technique of optical coherence tomography is considered to be significant since the technology involved allows imaging using light to around 2–3 mm in teeth and can, for example, allow the extent and progression of carious lesions to be determined.
The state-of-the-art of ART restorations
Authors: Frencken Jo E 
Published: August 2017

ART is less anxiety-and pain-provoking than traditional restorative treatments; administration of local anaesthesia is rarely required. Systematic reviews have provided evidence of the high level of effectiveness of high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART restoration in restoring single-surface cavities, both in primary and permanent posterior teeth, but its survival rates in restoring multiple-surface cavities in primary posterior teeth needs to be improved. Insufficient information is available regarding the survival rates of multiple-surface ART restorations in permanent teeth. Evidence from these reviews indicates no difference in the survival rates of single-surface high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART restorations and amalgam restorations in primary and permanent posterior teeth. Clinical Relevance: Where indicated, high-viscosity glass-ionomer ART restorations can be used alongside traditional restorations. ART provides a much more acceptable introduction to dental restorative care than the traditional ‘injection, drill and fill’.
Frequently asked questions in direct pulp capping of permanent teeth
Authors: Mouawad Stéphanie , Artine Simon , Hajjar Pétra , McConnell Robert , Fahd Jean-Claude , Sabbagh Joseph 
Published: August 2017

Direct pulp capping is a proven method of preserving tooth vitality of a mature permanent tooth in cases of pulp exposures. The indications for this treatment, treatment modalities and materials are discussed in this paper. Clinical Relevance: This paper answers many of the frequently asked questions by general practitioners, dental students and specialists about direct pulp capping.
Periodontal disease in general practice - an update on the essentials
Authors: Wadia Reena 
Published: August 2017

Periodontal disease has a wide spectrum of presentation, any of which can have an effect on the patient's dental well-being and overall quality of life. This sporadic but sometimes rapidly progressing condition can easily be missed in a busy general practice setting. It is essential that the correct diagnosis is made and our duty of care to the patient fulfilled. If the condition, along with the treatment options and appropriate advice, is not explained to the patient, the individual may well feel that he/she has been let down by the professional person trusted over many years. Clinical Relevance: This article discusses the screening and referral of periodontal patients, taking into account the medico-legal challenges that are currently faced by general dental practitioners (GDPs).
Orofacial viral infections – an update for clinicians
Authors: Nair Raj G , Salajegheh Ali , Itthagarun Anut , Pakneshan Sahar , Brennan Michael T , Samaranayake Lakshman P 
Published: August 2017

Orofacial viral infections may be less common but appear in different clinical forms. Often these infections get initially treated by antibiotics which obviously will have limited or no effect. The authors review the current concepts of orofacial viral infections, causative agents, their classification and clinical manifestations and a basis for treatment.Clinical Relevance: Most viral infections do not require any specific treatment except in patients who are immunosuppressed or immunodeficient. Appropriate diagnosis and timely management of orofacial viral lesions are important irrespective of whether it is localized or a manifestation of a systemic infection.
Effective analgesia for patients undergoing dental conscious sedation
Authors: Virdee Parminder , Roelofse James 
Published: August 2017

Effective pain control is a basic requirement for patients undergoing dental treatment, particularly under conscious sedation as patients are usually nervous. In order to achieve adequate pain management, clinicians must have an understanding of the physiology of pain, the various pain control modalities and be aware of the evidence base relating to analgesia in dentistry. This article focuses on how to provide effective pain control using analgesic drugs for patients undergoing dental conscious sedation, whilst also considering other available pain control modalities. Clinical Relevance: Dentists have a duty to provide, and patients have a right to expect, adequate and appropriate pain and anxiety control.
Low level light therapy (LLLT) for the treatment and management of dental and oral diseases
Authors: Milward Michael R , Holder Michelle J , Palin William M , Hadis Mohammed A , Carroll James D , Cooper Paul R 
Published: August 2017

Abstract: Low Level Light (Laser) Therapy (LLLT) is the direct application of light to stimulate cell and tissue responses (photobiomodulation) to promote healing, reduce inflammation and induce analgesia. Studies have demonstrated its application and efficacy for the treatment of a range of injuries and diseases at many sites within the body. However, its application in dentistry and for oral disease treatment has been limited. This review aims to provide background information on LLLT which relates to its current application in medicine, its mechanism of action and delivery parameters, while considering its potential for dental and oral therapeutic applications. Clinical Relevance: Low level light therapy has the potential to have substantial impact for the treatment and management of oral diseases and pain.
Hypodontia: aesthetics and functions part 1: aetiology and the problems
Authors: Lush Nichola , Holliday Richard , Chapple Jonathan , Nohl Francis , Cole Ben 
Published: August 2017

Patients with hypodontia present clinical challenges in relation to function and aesthetics. In this two part series we will explore the clinical features of hypodontia in part 1 and will move on to discuss the inter-disciplinary management of hypodontia in part 2. Clinical Relevance: Hypodontia can cause functional and aesthetical concerns.
Vacuum-formed retainers: an overview
Authors: Meade Maurice J , Millett Declan T 
Published: August 2017

The need for long-term retention following orthodontic treatment is now considered essential to prevent post-orthodontic treatment relapse. The vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) has gained popularity in recent times. This paper describes briefly the characteristics of VFRs and summarizes the evidence in relation to their effectiveness. Clinical Relevance: VFRs are now widely used after orthodontic treatment and it is important that clinicians adopt an evidenced-based approach to their use.
Functional crown lengthening surgery in the aesthetic zone; periodontic and prosthodontic considerations
Authors: Patel Rajiv M , Baker Paul 
Published: August 2017

Crown lengthening surgery aims to increase the amount of supragingival tooth tissue by resection of the soft and/or hard tissues to enable otherwise unrestorable teeth to be restored by increasing the retention and resistance forms of the teeth. Restoration of the worn dentition may require significant prosthodontic knowledge and skill. A prosthodontist should be involved from the beginning of the management of the patient. A number of key stages should be considered for correct management. Although the periodontist may guide the prosthodontist with regards to what may or may not be possible surgically, the overall treatment plan should be prosthodontically driven. Clinical Relevance: Toothwear of the anterior dentition provides a unique challenge to restore not only function but also to manage the aesthetic demands of the patient. To ensure that the correct outcome is reached, clinicians should be familiar with the normal anatomical proportions and relationships to enable planning and treatment to take place.
The role of dental implants in the management of dento-alveolar trauma part 2
Authors: Gamble Eugene , Shahdad Shakeel 
Published: August 2017

Patients who suffer dento-alveolar trauma present a unique challenge for the dentist. There are numerous options to consider when attempting to restore the dentition. This article reviews the role of dental implants and how thorough planning and execution of such treatment could result in an optimal outcome. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of the role of dental implants and factors imperative for a successful treatment outcome will assist the clinician in achieving optimal restorative results.
Materials for paediatric dentistry part 2: the evidence
Authors: Jenkins Natalie 
Published: August 2017

Which materials should be used to restore primary teeth? The second part in this series summarizes the current evidence base relating to this question, and describes the biological approach to caries management. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Our decisions regarding material choices should be based, where possible, on up-to-date evidence. This will help to ensure that the appropriate material is placed in the appropriate clinical scenario.
Globodontia in the otodental syndrome: a rare defect of tooth morphology occurring with hearing loss in an eight-year-old
Authors: Enright Sinead , Humphrys A Karen , Rea Gillian , James Jacqueline A 
Published: August 2017

Otodental syndrome is a hereditary disorder comprising globodontia and sensorineural hearing loss. Globodontia is characterized by distinctively bulbous, enlarged crowns of molar and primary canine teeth. Anomalies including taurodontism and hypodontia also occur. We report on the dental treatment and multidisciplinary management of an eight-year-old girl with this rare condition. Referral to Clinical Genetics and Oral Pathology was instrumental in establishing a diagnosis of otodental syndrome for this young patient and her mother, who had similar dental defects. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To increase awareness among practitioners of this rare dental disorder and highlight the need for multidisciplinary management of such cases.
The value of cone beam CT in assessing and managing a dilated odontome of a maxillary canine
Authors: Wall Aoibheann , Ng Suk , Djemal Serpil 
Published: August 2017

A case of an unusual anomaly in a maxillary canine is described. A deep enamel invagination resulted in pulpal necrosis, longstanding infection and development of an associated radicular cyst. Diagnostic X-ray imaging was invaluable in demonstrating the complex root anatomy of the dilated odontome. In particular, a cone beam CT scan helped in the formulation of an appropriate treatment plan. Clinical Relevance: Three-dimensional imaging using cone beam CT was valuable in this case to demonstrate the complicated anatomy of a rare dental anomaly, and to help plan treatment.