bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prediction and Application of Sandstone Reservoirs with Coal-Bearing Zone in South Turgay Basin, Kazakhstan
Authors: Xiaofeng Sheng , Yaping Lin , Mingjun Zhang , Linghong Kong 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The exploration in oil and gas of the South Turgay Basin has been carried out for more than 50 years. During the years of exploration and development, the exploration degree of the basin has reached a very high level. Almost all the shallow targets for drilling oil and gas in Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Jurassic formations have been completed. According to the resource evaluation result, the recoverable oil and gas resource can be found in the J1, J2 formations. And the resources of J1, J2 formations accounts for 55% of the underexploited, which is the main direction of exploration in the future. In recent years, some oil and gas have been found in one of layers in J1, called J1ab.However, the J1ab is facing several problems that need to be solved. The most important one is the prediction of sandstone reservoirs containing coal seams, which is difficult to predict because of the inundation reaction of coal seams.
In this paper, the wavelet decomposition technique was adopted to eliminate the influence of strong interface caused by coal seams and to recover the seismic response characteristics of thin sandstone layers. The thin sand layers were identified by renewed geo-statistical method. The results of reservoir prediction coincide with the actual well drilling, and the ratio is up to 79%, which solves the problem of predicting sandstone reservoir in coal bearing strata. This technique was applied in the South Turgay Basin, for the 21 drilled exploration wells, 14 of them were succeed in gaining oil and gas, and the rate was 67%. At the same time four oil and gas structural belts were found. According to the application of this technology in this study basin, an additional geological reserve of 22.6 million tons oil was discovered by now. And it provides a way for sustainable development in this basin.
New Approach to Offshore Field Development in Russia: Ultra Deep LWD Measurements for Accurate 3D Reservoir Model Update
Authors: Shtun S. Yu. , Golenkin M. Yu. , Shtun A. S. , Shabalinskaya D. D. , Cheprasov A. V. , Kuzakov V. R. , Brichikova M. P. , Zolotoi N. V. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In this paper we describe a new approach to the development of oil and gas fields in Russia and CIS countries, which consists of integrated use of well log data while drilling and deep directional electromagnetic measurements (EM) for geosteering applications with subsequent update of the geological static model.
This approach was implemented in 2016 on the offshore Filanovsky field to reduce drilling risks in the first production wells, and to refine and update the 3D static model. At the initial stage of drilling estimated structural uncertainty in the field was ± 15 m (vertical depth). The use of deep directional resistivity technology (DDR) while drilling allowed to determine bed boundaries remotely based on resistivities at vertical distance of up to 24 m (vertical depth). Based on inversion of deep electromagnetic measurements (inversion), the first wells were successfully drilled with all the geological and technical tasks completed. The obtained well log data together with inversion allowed refining of the correlation of the target beds with seismic data, and updating the velocity-depth model as well as structural surfaces of the deposit. New surfaces, together with the petrophysical interpretation of the data from the horizontal and production intervals obtained during drilling, were used to update the stochastic 3D model for subsequent reserves estimation and planning of future wells.
Formation Evaluation for Thin Bed Shaly Sand Reservoirs
Authors: Kolomytsev Alexander , Kalistratov Alexey 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
When developing oil and gas fields, there are often the reservoirs consisting of alternating thin sedimentary thin layers of various rocks, clays, siltstone and sandstone (Fig. 1). Current low oil prices driving reexploration of mature fields and, therefore, the interest in interpretation of such non-standard, thin and/or low resistivity and low resistivity contrast formations is increasing. Over time, they ceased to be simply a phenomenon and turned into objects of careful attention. The vertical thickness of these layers varies from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Such deposits are widespread on the territory of Russia (Volga-Urals, Timan-Pechora, West Siberian and East Siberian oil and gas provinces, Pre-Caucasian region, Sakhalin, etc). Thin-bedded Reservoirs are a promising oil and gas objects, but quantification of individual petrophysical properties of thin layers, such as porosity and saturation, with standard set of logging and standard methods of interpretation involve considerable complexity. In case of thin-laminated reservoirs logging data are the averaged characteristics of interlayers of sandstones and clays, with a thickness less than the vertical resolution of standard logs. In this regard, traditional approaches to data interpretation in thinly bedded reservoirs do not allow to reliably estimate their reservoir properties to determine the volumetric parameters for the subsequent estimation of hydrocarbon reserves or even just for involvement in the development of hydrocarbons.
Figure 1 Silty sand mudstone
Improving the Reliability of Quantitative Interpretation of the Nuclear Magnetic Logging Data to Evaluate the Secondary Porosity in Reservoirs Associated with the Ovinparmian and Grebenian Horizons in the Trebs field
Authors: Shumatbaev K. D. , Privalova O. R. , Gainullina E. K. , Korost D. V. , Belokhin V. S. , Kuchurina O. E. 
Published: October 2017

Summary
The study deals with improving the reliability of interpreting the data of the nuclear magnetic logs (NML) to analyze the secondary porosity in fractured vuggy porous carbonate reservoir rocks.
According to routine practice the interpretation of the laboratory NMR data is accompanied by calibration/matching against results obtained using other techniques (capillary measurements, centrifugation, mercury injection) to justify the validity of relaxation time cut-off values T2 (T2 cutt-offs) corresponding to the volume of bound (residual) water saturation. At the same time, association of the pore volume with the dominant large size elements (vugs) involves an empirically introduced T2_Cav=750 ms cut-off [1, 2, 3]. There is no operation involved to validate adjusting above value that is partially dealing with the methodological hurdle to assess the share of the pore volume occupied by vugs during core studies.
This study proposes an approach to assess the fraction of the vuggy porosity using X-ray computer microtomography (micro CT) technique with subsequent matching against the NMR data resulting in estimating correct T2_cav cut-off values for the vuggy component.
We used a standard set (having diameter of 30 mm) of core samples to carry out a series of petrophysics laboratory studies involving NMR and micro CT.
We calculated the void space associated with the vuggy porosity on the basis of micro CT data. We adjusted the value of T2_Cav in each of the samples studied to proceed with determining two main values of T2_Cav based on morphology (size and shape) characteristics of the vug types. The results obtained were used to analyze and correct NML data.
During these studies we tested the method of matching T2_cav cut-offs in carbonate sediments of the Lower Devonian and Upper Silurian deposits in the Trebs field. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that T2_cav cut-off values can vary in different manner depending on the specificity (size and morphology of vugs) in the studied cross section.
A Technical Solution for Increasing the Efficiency of Associated Petroleum Gas using Examples from the Fields of OAO Udmurtneft
Authors: Blyablyas Alexander 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This article is dedicated to increase in the efficiency of use of ballasted associated petroleum gas (APG) in the areas with no developed infrastructure for treatment, transportation and collection of APG. The existing technologies that allow using APG efficiently have been analyzed. This article contains the statistics that prove the relevance of the issue in question.
Specific features of physical and chemical, and thermotechnical properties of APG are described with reference to the oil fields of the Udmurt Republic. Solutions of the problems associated with transportation and use of associated petroleum gas are proposed in this article.
The author developed and patented the technology of separation of associated petroleum gas into three constituent fractions.
The technical scheme of the device operation allows preparing the APG for transportation or use directly on the oil production site. The developed technical scheme of APG separation at oil production sites will allow using up to 90% of now flared associated petroleum gas.
A laboratory unit for APG separation into fractions was designed and built to test the efficiency of the proposed technology, and laboratory tests were carried out on the model and natural associated gas of oil fields of the Udmurt Republic.
The article is devoted to development and research of methods of efficient use of ballasted associated petroleum gas. The unique technology combining the absorptive separation of gas mixture in alignment with the existing compressor technologies of extraction hydrocarbons from APG has been proposed. The optimal modes for small-scale APG separation unit for separating APG into fractions have been selected to ensure maximum yield of target hydrocarbons. By using the proposed technical scheme we can increase the yield of target hydrocarbons by 2.1-3% without changing the operation modes and extra costs.
The proposed solution will allow increasing the efficiency of APG use in total, thereby solving one of the most burning problems in the oil and gas industry.
Probabilistic Approach as a Tool for Identifying Areas of Residual Oil Reserves
Authors: Kondratiev M. , Azarov E. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the development of a technique for constructing probability maps to predict areas of residual oil reserves using the example of the Lovinskoye deposit.
Summary of the technique: Determination of factors that are theoretically interrelated with the probability of the presence of areas of residual oil reserves.Identifying the most significant factors from the selected set.Considering the factor of oil reserve recovery.Construction of probability maps for the presence of areas of residual oil reserves based on the research results.Practical application of the obtained probability maps.
The method allowed us to estimate in a short time the reserve recovery in the field and determine the areas of residual oil reserves and showed high convergence with maps of current mobile reserves based on the results of geological and hydrodynamic simulation.
Testing of the obtained technique is planned at other deposits of TPE «Urayneftegaz».
Verifying Reserves Opportunities with Multi-Well Pressure Pulse-Code Testing
Authors: Taipova V. , Rafikov R. , Aslanyan A. , Aslanyan I. , Minakhmetova R. , Trusov A. , Krichevsky V. , Farakhova R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the practical application of multi-well Pulse Code Testing (PCT) technique for verification of reserves in the vicinity of a horizontal infill well. It also contains an introduction to PCT, where the advantages of this technique over conventional PTA (both single-well and standard multi-well pressure interference testing) are described.
The case study given in this paper deals with the actual implementation of so-called ‘hopper scan’ PCT where a pressure pulse propagates across a row of artificially lifted wells and is then recorded in remote injectors in the next row, thus providing information about a large part of the reservoir without interfering with the production process. The forecast made on the basis of the PCT results was fully confirmed during subsequent hydraulic fracturing operations carried out in the surveyed well, which proved that the PCT information about the reserves was correct.
Three comparatively new technologies have been addressed in this paper: Pulse code decomposition aimed at minimising production losses;Automated multi-well matching aimed at improving the accuracy of inter-well parameters evaluation;‘Hopper scan’ as a means of minimising the need in workovers and tripping operations in artificially lifted wells.
New Opportunities for Brownfields: Channel Fracturing Offers a Significant Increase of Well Productivity in Complex Geological Conditions in the Samara Region
Authors: Letichevskiy Alexander , Nikitin Alexey , Parfenov Alexey , Makarenko Vitaliy , Lavrov Ilya , Rukan Gleb , Yudin Alexey , Ovsyannikov Dmitry , Nuriakhmetov Ruslan , Gromovenko Alexander 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
A characteristic feature of oil fields in the Samara region which main oil reserves are concentrated in terrigenous formations is considered to be a high level of exploration and depletion. One of the main challenges the solution of which will allow to maintain the current level of production is the systematic application of modern technologies for the oil inflow stimulation of small and hard-to-reach reservoirs with unfavorable geological and physical conditions. Under these circumstances the classical fracturing method with regular proppant injection has no the proper effect, what forces the oil producing companies to recourse to more efficient technologies. Gradually deteriorating geological conditions limit both the size of the proppant pumped and the tonnage of the whole hydraulic fracturing operation, not allowing to achieve the optimal "formation-well" connection. To optimize the fields development process in 2015-2016 four pilot operations were performed with a new technology for the region - the cluster fracturing. When it is performed, the proppant is being pumped with "pulses" alternating with self-dissolving fibers, thus achieving a highly conductive fracture structure that removes the restrictions for hydrocarbons inflow occurring during conventional fracturing.
The development objects, treated with channel hydraulic fracturing, were sandstones of the Devonian system (D1, D3, Dk) of the Kuleshovskoye oil field, which was discovered as far back as 1959 and being the second largest in the Samara region. These formations are characterized by low reservoir properties and located at a much greater depth in comparison with the main oil reservoirs. The obtained results showed that the wells after the cluster fracturing demonstrated a productivity coefficient higher by 47%, the oil production rate increased by 1.56 times as compared to the wells with the conventional fracturing. Good production results were obtained due to the pad stage percent decreasing, a reduction of the fluid volume (when converted to the equivalent mass of standard fracturing), and the use of higher proppant concentrations.
Characteristics of rainfall and runoff in different extreme precipitation events in the Beijing mountain area
Authors: Zhang Zhenyao , Yu Xinxiao , Jia Guodong , Liu Ziqiang , Wang Dandan , Hou Guirong 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This study was based on a rainstorm that happened in Beijing on 20 July 2016. We analyzed the characteristics of rainfall and runoff during this rainstorm, compared it to rainstorm 721, and investigated why no surface runoff was observed during this rainstorm. A runoff plot experiment showed that almost all runoff consisted of deep interflow (40–60 cm). For runoff plots with identical vegetation, the slope was smaller, and the lag time of the deep interflow relative to the process of rainfall was shorter. The runoff yield of the deep interflow was inversely proportional to the slope. Compared to plots with pure tree forest and shrub forest, the interflow process curve of plots with coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was relatively gentle during the rainfall process. Thick litter layers, low antecedent moisture content of the soil, high gravel content of the soil, and the short duration of high intensity rainfall are the causes for the observed lack of surface runoff. To simultaneously prevent flooding and waterlogging, we propose to utilize vegetation to improve water storage at the reservoirs and to replenish the groundwater during cumulative rainstorms with a stable rain tendency.
Effect of precursor type on the reduction of concentrated nitrate using zero-valent copper and sodium borohydride
Authors: Belay Tihitinna Asmellash , Lin C. Y. , Hsiao H. M. , Chang M. F. , Liu J. C. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated that the choice of precursor has a strong effect on the reduction of nitrate (NO3−) using zero-valent copper (Cu0) synthesized by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Different precursors: CuSO4, CuO, Cu2O, Cu powder, and Cu mesh were used to reduce NO3− at 677 mg-N/L under the reducing conditions of NaBH4. Compared with the prehydrolyzed samples, those prepared without prehydrolysis exhibited lower reduction rates, longer times and higher concentrations of nitrite (NO2−) intermediate. It was found that one-time addition of NaBH4 resulted in higher reduction rate and less NO2− intermediate than two-step addition. Results showed that Cu0 from CuSO4 possessed the smallest particle size (890.9 nm), highest surface area (26.0 m2/g), and highest reaction rate (0.166 min−1). Values of pseudo-first-order constant (kobs) were in the order: CuSO4 &gt; CuO &gt; Cu2O &gt; Cu powder &gt;Cu mesh. However, values of surface area-normalized reaction rate (kSA) were approximately equal. It was proposed that NO3− was reduced to NO2− on Cu0, and then converted to NH4+ and N2, respectively; H2 generated from both NaBH4 hydration and Cu (II) reduction contributed to NO3− reduction as well.
Recent Synthetic Strategies for Monocyclic Azole Nucleus and Its Role in Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Neha  , Dwivedi Ashish Ranjan , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Vinod 
Published: October 2017

Background:
In recent years, the development and diversification of heterocyclic compounds has
become central to the discovery of bioactive compounds with novel or improved pharmacological properties.
In particular, N-containing heterocycles are proved to be promising leads and drug candidates, and received
huge attention of the medicinal chemists.

Objective:
Many drugs especially antibiotics are becoming obsolete due to the development of multidrug resistance.
Moreover, toxicity and other side effects of some drugs necessitated the quest for safer and more potent
drug candidates. The current review article described biological potential of various monocyclic azoles. Recent
developments in the synthesis of azole derivatives have been also reviewed.

Conclusion:
The presence of N-heterocyclic rings can influence the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,
pKa and bioavailability profile of the drug molecules. Compounds containing monocyclic azole rings showed
various biological activities and number of molecules are in clinical practice. A number of important leads and
potential drug candidates containing azole nucleus are in advance stages of drug developments. Thus, simple,
atom economic and more efficient synthetic strategies are desired for the synthesis of new libraries of the compounds.
The effect of volute surface roughness on the performance of automotive turbocharger turbines
Authors: Lintz Andreas 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The roughness level of the turbine housing’s internal surfaces can affect the total pressure loss, and hence the efficiency, of turbine stages for automotive turbochargers significantly. The actual surface roughness achieved in the housing hardware depends on the manufacturing process. Improving the volute surface quality will in most cases be more expensive. The potential benefits in turbine efficiency therefore have to be balanced with the additional costs. In the present article, the aerodynamic effects due to changes of volute surface roughness are assessed. Pressure loss measurements in simple pipes are conducted in order to calibrate a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) sand grain roughness model against measured roughness values. Two test cases involving flow simulations of the complete turbine stage are presented in order to validate the calibrated model and to show that Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) CFD simulations are generally able to predict the effects of surface roughness on the turbine performance. The results of the test cases show a significant reduction in turbine efficiency with increased volute roughness levels. As expected, the sensitivity of efficiency due to changes in surface roughness of the volute is largest in areas of high near-wall velocity, i.e., at the volute exducer and in the small volute cross-sections close to the tongue.
Effect of purge air on rotor endwall heat transfer of an axial turbine
Authors: Lazzi Gazzini Sebastiano , Schädler Rainer , Kalfas Anestis I. , Abhari Reza S. , Hohenstein Sebastian , Schmid Gregor , Lutum Ewald 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn order to gain in cycle efficiency, turbine inlet temperatures tend to rise, posing the challenge for designers to cool components more effectively. Purge flow injection through the rim seal is regularly used in gas turbines to limit the ingestion of hot air in the cavities and prevent overheating of the disks and shaft bearings. The interaction of the purge air with the main flow and the static pressure field of the blade rows results in a non-homogenous distribution of coolant on the passage endwall which poses questions on its effect on endwall heat transfer. A novel measurement technique based on infrared thermography has been applied in the rotating axial turbine research facility LISA of the Laboratory for Energy Conversion (LEC) of ETH Zürich. A 1.5 stage configuration with fully three-dimensional airfoils and endwall contouring is integrated in the facility. The effect of different purge air mass flow rates on the distribution of the heat transfer quantities has been observed for the rated operating condition of the turbine. Two-dimensional distributions of Nusselt number and adiabatic wall temperature show that the purge flow affects local heat loads. It does so by acting on the adiabatic wall temperature on the suction side of the passage until 30% of the axial extent of the rotor endwall. This suggests the possibility of effectively employing purge air also as rotor platform coolant in this specific region. The strengthening of the secondary flows due to purge air injection is observed, but plays a negligible role in varying local heat fluxes. For one test case, experimental data is compared to high-fidelity, unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations performed on a model of the full 1.5 stage configuration.