bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A three‐dimensional CFD and experimental study to optimize naturally air‐cooled electronic equipment enclosure: Effects of inlet height, heat source position, and buoyancy on mean rise in temperature
Authors: Riaz Ali , Basit Abdul , Ibrahim Adnan , Shah Ajmal , Basit Muhammad Abdul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe major reason behind failure of electronic components is the rise in temperature. To optimize design of naturally cooled electronic equipment enclosure, a detailed experimental study and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis were performed. Commercially available software, ANSYS Fluent, was used for CFD analysis. The three‐dimensional form of Navier–Stokes equations was used to solve the problem computationally. Aluminium enclosure having dimensions of 40 cm × 40 cm × 21 cm and thermal conductivity of 210 W/m·K were manufactured for experimentation in this research study. Electronic components were modelled as constant heat flux body during experimentation and CFD analysis. Effect of heat source vertical and horizontal position, inlet height, and buoyancy effect on mean rise in temperature inside the aluminium enclosure was studied. Mean temperature inside the casing was increased by increasing either heat source height or inlet height. At the end, computational results were compared with experimental results in order to check the validity of results. Computational results were highly in accordance with experimental results, because maximum percentage difference between experimental and CFD results was less than 6%. On the basis of results obtained from experiments and simulations, the best configuration of heat source and inlet was proposed, which will provide optimum thermal performance. Numerical results of velocity and temperature inside the enclosure were plotted in the form of streamlines and isotherms. This study can be used as a fundamental step prior to designing electronic equipment enclosure.
Humane Organoide
Authors: Layer Paul Gottlob 
Published: October 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung von medizinisch hoch relevanten Organoiden aus Stammzellen beruht auf zwei zellbiologischen Forschungslinien: Erstens auf der mehr als ein Jahrhundert zurückliegenden Erkenntnis, dass sich vereinzelte Zellen aus einem embryonalen Gewebeverband durch selbstorganisatorische Prozesse in der Zellkulturschale wieder zu histotypischem Gewebe entwickeln. Am Beispiel der Retina von Wirbeltieren (Huhn, Maus) führte dies unter geeigneten Bedingungen zu kugelförmigen Gewebestrukturen (retinale Sphäroide), die der dreifach geschichteten normalen Retina sehr ähnlich waren und gleichzeitig das erste Beispiel von einem neuronalen Organoid darstellten. Damit war die prinzipielle Möglichkeit der künstlichen Herstellung von Gewebe aus geeigneten Stammzellen aufgezeigt, was nun – zweitens – mit der Erfindung von induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen (iPSCs) aus ausdifferenziertem menschlichen Gewebe tatsächlich verwirklicht wurde.
Das Archaeon Nitrososphaera viennensis
Authors: Schleper Christa 
Published: October 2017

ZusammenfassungAmmoniak oxidierende Archaea sind überall in der Umwelt zu finden, wurden aber dennoch erst vor gut zehn Jahren entdeckt. Heute werden sie als eine der häufigsten mikrobiellen Gruppen angesehen, insbesondere, da sie bis zu 30% des Picoplanktons im Meer darstellen und auch in Böden hohe Dichten erreichen. Der globale Stickstoffkreislauf ist durch die intensivierte Landwirtschaft enorm belastet. Wichtige Schritte darin, wie die Nitrifikation, werden ausschließlich von Mikroorganismen durchgeführt. Daher ist es umso wichtiger geworden, Ammoniak oxidierende Archaea, die an diesem Schritt beteiligt sind, zu erforschen. Da diese Archaea schwer kultivierbar sind, wurden ihre Verbreitung und Bedeutung erst vor kurzem mit molekularen Methoden aufgedeckt. Nun gibt es erste Isolate, wie den Typstamm Nitrososphaera viennensis, der aus einem Garten in Wien kultiviert wurde. Seine Erforschung könnte längerfristig dazu beitragen, Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Stickstoff‐ und Treibhausgasemissionen zu finden und anzuwenden.
NS‐Pten knockout mice show sex‐ and age‐specific differences in ultrasonic vocalizations
Authors: Binder Matthew S. , Lugo Joaquin N. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this study was to identify changes in quantitative and qualitative aspects of neonatal ultrasonic vocalizations USVs in neuron‐subset specific (NS‐Pten) knockout males and females when compared with wild‐type male and female mice.BackgroundOne signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in the development of an autistic‐like phenotype is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Mouse models that illustrate this connection include Fmr1, Tsc1, and NS‐Pten‐deficient mice. While numerous studies have investigated ultrasonic vocalizations in Fmr1 knockout and Tsc1 heterogenous mice, none have investigated USVs in NS‐Pten knockout mice using a full spectrum recording system.MethodsWe recorded ultrasonic vocalizations from NS‐Pten wild‐type and knockout male and female mice on postnatal days 8 and 11. On these days, we measured the number and quality of calls emitted from pups when they were removed from their mothers.ResultsWe found that knockout pups emitted fewer vocalizations for both sexes (p < .05). Knockout males had calls of a shorter duration and lower peak amplitude on day 8, while showing a shorter duration, lower peak amplitude, and higher peak and fundamental frequency on day 11 (p < .001). Knockout females vocalized at a lower peak amplitude and fundamental frequency, and a higher peak frequency on day 8, while showing a shorter duration and a higher peak and fundamental frequency on day 11 (p < .001). Spectrographic analyses also revealed significant differences in call type for both genotypes and sexes (p < .05).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that deletion of NS‐Pten results in significant decreases in vocalizations across both sexes. Additionally, our findings indicate that the aberrant vocalizations and increased call duration seen in other mTOR models are also present in NS‐Pten knockout mice. Our study provides evidence of a connection between hyperactive mTOR signaling and neonatal ultrasonic vocalizations.
Restoration of Degraded Nickel‐Rich Cathode Materials for Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Naiteng , Wu Hao , Kim Jang‐Kyo , Liu Xianming , Zhang Yun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sensitive surface of nickel‐rich layered oxides often suffers from the erosion of CO2 and H2O in air. The results of erosion, including formation of impurities such as Li2CO3 and LiOH, degradation of layered structures and disproportionation of trivalent nickel, would cause cation mixing and structural instability. In order to overcome these inherent drawbacks, we present a targeted solvothermal followed by re‐oxidation approach to restore the structural stability and electrochemical performances of degraded Ni‐rich layered cathode materials. Owing to this unique approach, the resultant LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) demonstrate improved layered structure, a stable nanoscale coating shell and enhanced surface stability. The revived NCA enables higher reversible capacity and longer cycle life than that of degraded NCA. Specifically, the restored NCA can retain 82 % initial capacity after 200 cycles under 1 C at room temperature, and 87 % and 55 % initial capacity after 100 and 500 cycles under 1 C at 55 °C, respectively. This approach could be applied to improve the structural stability and electrochemical properties of degraded Ni‐rich layered oxides and suggests great potential in industrial applications.
Evaluation of system performance by adding a fourth dimension to turbo code
Authors: Banerjee Subhabrata , Chattopadhyay Sudipta 
Published: October 2017

SummaryDifferent forms of turbo codes (TCs) have already been used in the contemporary message transferring system for transmission of the protected information because of their astonishing bit error rate (BER) behavior. However, it suffers from poor “flattening effect” performance. To overcome this limitation, component encoders having higher memory elements or more number of component encoders may be considered. At the initial segment of this article, the proposal of binary 4‐dimensional turbo code (4D‐TC) with appropriate “generator polynomial” combination and suitable interleaver arrangement has been abridged in Third‐Generation Partnership Project standard. This is an amended form of 3‐dimensional turbo code where some part of the “parity bits” is re‐encoded by the third encoder, and rest part is re‐encoded by the fourth encoder consisting of single memory component. Afterwards, performance of the proposed structure has been assessed by varying block length, number of component encoders, puncturing rate, and channel condition. At the consequent segment, “constricted upper bound” on the BER performances of the 4D‐TC has been assessed by adopting an approach called simplified augmented state diagram. Moreover, an exhaustive analysis has been performed on the novel simplified augmented state diagram approach–based 4D‐TC by fluctuating several internal parameters of the code structure like generator polynomial combination, block length, puncturing rate, interleaver combination, and permeability rate. In this regard, the existing augmented state diagram approach has been considered for comparative analysis as well.
Leaf‐IT: An Android application for measuring leaf area
Authors: Schrader Julian , Pillar Giso , Kreft Holger 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe use of plant functional traits has become increasingly popular in ecological studies because plant functional traits help to understand key ecological processes in plant species and communities. This also includes changes in diversity, inter‐ and intraspecific interactions, and relationships of species at different spatiotemporal scales. Leaf traits are among the most important traits as they describe key dimensions of a plant's life history strategy. Further, leaf area is a key parameter with relevance for other traits such as specific leaf area, which in turn correlates with leaf chemical composition, photosynthetic rate, leaf longevity, and carbon investment. Measuring leaf area usually involves the use of scanners and commercial software and can be difficult under field conditions. We present Leaf‐IT, a new smartphone application for measuring leaf area and other trait‐related areas. Leaf‐IT is free, designed for scientific purposes, and runs on Android 4 or higher. We tested the precision and accuracy using objects with standardized area and compared the area measurements of real leaves with the well‐established, commercial software WinFOLIA using the Altman–Bland method. Area measurements of standardized objects show that Leaf‐IT measures area with high accuracy and precision. Area measurements with Leaf‐IT of real leaves are comparable to those of WinFOLIA. Leaf‐IT is an easy‐to‐use application running on a wide range of smartphones. That increases the portability and use of Leaf‐IT and makes it possible to measure leaf area under field conditions typical for remote locations. Its high accuracy and precision are similar to WinFOLIA. Currently, its main limitation is margin detection of damaged leaves or complex leaf morphologies.
Adaptive Forest Governance in Northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil: Pilot project outcomes across agrarian reform landscapes
Authors: Davenport Robert Brooks , Vivan Jorge Luiz , May Peter Herman , Nunes Paulo César , de Vargas Lucila Nunes , Costa William Leles Souza , Oliveira Amanda Ribeiro , Rajão Raoni Lucas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecent research on deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has rarely included empirical observation of how land managers perceive and respond to forest governance rules. In this case study, we consider how two decades of pilot projects for integrated conservation and sustainable development (ICDPs) variously influenced forest governance across three agrarian reform settlements in northwestern Mato Grosso state. The analysis combines: i) remote sensing of deforestation from 1997–2015; ii) land use and economic data for individual settler farms and cooperatives; iii) settlers' perceptions regarding legitimacy and relevance of state policies, including land use regulations under the Brazilian Forest Code. Deforestation across settlements varied in association with synergies – or lack thereof – between policy instruments and socially embedded rules organizing economic alternatives to the dominant regional pattern of cattle ranching. In two of the settlements deforestation surpassed or was approaching 80% of their total area. In the third settlement deforestation stabilized at 45%, corresponding with the initiation of ICDP support for a pilot project focused on Brazil nut extractivism to consolidate community management of the settlement's collective forest reserve. The latter process involved a ‘policy mix’ or sequence of overlapping components: technical assistance, cooperative organization, environmental licensing, infrastructure, equitable contracts with surrounding indigenous communities and market development. Comparing with the two counterfactual cases, we suggest a framework for analysis of systemic socio‐ecological change in settlements in the Brazilian Amazon, and reconsider the role of ICDPs in landscape approaches to environmental governance in tropical forests. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Alkane Carbon‐Hydrogen Bond Functionalization as a Tool Toward a Steric Parameter for Hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tpx) Ligands
Authors: Caballero Ana , Pérez Pedro J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe effect of a series of hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands (Tpx) in the regioselectivity of the catalytic functionalization of the secondary carbon‐hydrogen bonds of hexane with ethyl diazoacetate and TpxCuL as the catalysts has led to the definition of the relative steric parameter SPR. The validity of the parameter has been assessed upon its correlation with the regioselectivity observed in several transformations (olefin cyclopropanation, C−H functionalization, C−H amidation), in all cases a good degree of fitting being observed.
Debt spikes, blind spots, and financial stress
Authors: Jaramillo Laura , Mulas‐Granados Carlos , Jalles Joao Tovar 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAre blind spots of public debt spikes sizable? And how do they affect financial stress indicators? This paper tackles these questions empirically, using information from 179 episodes of public debt spikes between 1945 and 2014. We find that large public debt spikes are neither driven by high primary deficits nor by output declines but instead by stock‐flow adjustments. These blind spots in debt dynamics are sizable in both advanced economies and emerging markets and could amount to more than 20% of gross domestic product in the median episode. These public debt spikes increase financial stress indicators significantly, in particular when a large share of public debt is held by domestic commercial banks. Enhanced transparency and better debt forecasting tools could help address financial market tensions resulting from blind spots in debt dynamics.
Tracking the Progression of Osteolytic and Osteosclerotic Lesions in Mice Using Serial In Vivo μCT: Applications to the Assessment of Bisphosphonate Treatment Efficacy
Authors: Campbell Graeme M , Tower Robert J , Damm Timo , Kneissl Philipp , Rambow Anna C , Schem Christian , Tiwari Sanjay , Glüer Claus C 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

The metastasis of tumor cells to bone can lead to osteolytic and osteosclerotic lesions, which cause severe, highly-localized bone destruction and abnormal bone apposition, respectively. Accurate quantification of lesion progression is critical to understand underlying mechanisms and assess treatment efficacy; however, standard structural parameters may be insensitive to local changes. We developed methods to quantify osteolytic and osteosclerotic lesions using micro–computed tomography (μCT) within in vivo mouse datasets. Two Balb/c nude datasets were used: (i) bone-homing MDA-MB-231 (osteolytic) cells injected into the left ventricle, treatment with alendronate or vehicle, and weekly μCT (proximal tibia) for 4 weeks, and (ii) MCF7 (osteosclerotic) cells injected into the right tibia and weekly μCT over 12 weeks. After registering images to baseline, osteolytic lesion volume was determined by summing all baseline bone voxels at distances greater than a threshold (150 μm) from the nearest follow-up. Osteosclerotic lesions were determined by measuring the distance from each follow-up surface voxel to the nearest baseline surface and calculating the standard deviation of distance values (SDDT) of the surrounding voxels. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume density (BV/TV), and separation (Sp) were determined for comparison. Osteolytic lesions were observed 1 week after tumor cell injection; however, no corresponding BV/TV losses or Sp increases were observed, indicating that standard parameters were unable to detect early metastatic changes. Lesion volume was smaller in the alendronate versus control group (15.0%, p = 0.004 and 18.6%, p = 0.002 of control lesion volume at weeks 3 and 4, respectively). In the osteosclerotic dataset, increased SDDT was observed following injection, providing a potential new measure of osteosclerotic bone apposition. These data show that quantification of local structural change with serial μCT may overcome the limitations of standard mineral and microstructural parameters, and successfully separates metastatic and normal bone turnover. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Welcome to Leadership Perspectives
Authors: Ludorf Mark , Bean Erik 
Published: October 2017

The Journal of Leadership Studies has enjoyed sharing quality scholarship with our readership for 11 years now. Throughout its history, the journal has published high quality and peer‐reviewed manuscripts in the Feature section, the Symposium, and the Media Review. However, over the years the journal has received numerous quality manuscripts that did not quite fit in the sections mentioned above. Last year the journal’s leadership team met to discuss the addition of a new section to the journal. Thus, it is with great excitement that we introduce the new section entitled, Leadership Perspectives, and the editor of the section, Dr. Erik Bean.—Mark Ludorf
Large‐scale soil organic carbon mapping based on multivariate modelling: The case of grasslands on the Loess Plateau
Authors: Wang Yinyin , Deng Lei , Wu Gaolin , Wang Kaibo , Shangguan Zhouping 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Loess Plateau is considered one of the world's regions with severe soil erosion. Grasslands are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, accounting for approximately 40% of the total area. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in the terrestrial carbon cycle in this region. We compiled more than 1,000 measurements of plant biomass and SOC content derived from 223 field studies of grasslands on the Loess Plateau. Combined with meteorological factors (precipitation and air temperature) and the photosynthetically active radiation factor, the topsoil SOC contents of grasslands were predicted using the random forest (RF) regression algorithm. Predicted grassland SOC content (1.70–40.34 g kg−1) decreased from the southeast to the northwest of the Loess Plateau, with approximately 1/5 of the grassland exhibiting values lower than 4 g kg−1. Observed SOC content was positively correlated with observed plant biomass, and for predicted values, this correlation was strong in the desert steppe and the steppe desert of rocky mountains. Air temperature was the most important factor affecting SOC contents in the RF model. Moreover, the residual error of observations and predictions increased as the grazing intensity varied from none to very severe in the temperate desert steppe, and this RF model may not perform well in plains. The use of the RF model for SOC prediction in Loess Plateau grasslands provides a reference for C storage studies in arid and semi‐arid regions, and aboveground biomass and temperature should receive more attention due to increasing C sequestration.
Making fair comparisons in pregnancy medication safety studies: An overview of advanced methods for confounding control
Authors: Wood Mollie E. , Lapane Kate L. , van Gelder Marleen M.H.J. , Rai Dheeraj , Nordeng Hedvig M.E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the safety of medication use during pregnancy relies on observational studies: However, confounding in observational studies poses a threat to the validity of estimates obtained from observational data. Newer methods, such as marginal structural models and propensity calibration, have emerged to deal with complex confounding problems, but these methods have seen limited uptake in the pregnancy medication literature. In this article, we provide an overview of newer advanced methods for confounding control and show how these methods are relevant for pregnancy medication safety studies.
Hunting for smectic C in calamitic azobenzene ionic liquid crystals with different cationic head groups
Authors: Kapernaum Nadia , Wuckert Eugen , Frey Wolfgang , Marino Sebastian , Wahl Manuel , Giesselmann Frank , Laschat Sabine 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe tilted smectic C phase is a rather uncommon phase in ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), whereas the orthogonal smectic A phase is the most common phase in ILCs. We now present 2 new groups of mesogens with an azobenzene core that exhibit smectic C as well as smectic A phases. Their phase sequences and tilt angles were studied by polarizing microscopy, and their temperature‐dependent layer spacings and orientational order parameters were investigated by X‐ray diffraction. We present 1 new amidinium azobenzene mesogen that forms enantiotropic smectic C and A phases and another amidinium as well as 2 new guanidinium azobenzene mesogens that exhibit monotropic smectic C and enantiotropic smectic A phases. With this study, we show that azobenzene is indeed an SmC‐promoting group in ILCs. Comparing these results with our earlier results on azobenzenes with an N‐methylimidazolium head group (N Kapernaum et al, ChemPhysChem 2016, 17, 4116‐4123), we show that the aromaticity of the imidazolium head group plays an important role in the formation of smectic C phases.