bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a conceptual framework for data sharing practices in social sciences: A profile approach
Authors: Jeng Wei , He Daqing , Oh Jung Sun 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the landscape of data‐sharing practices in social sciences via the data sharing profile approach. Guided by two pre‐existing conceptual frameworks, Knowledge Infrastructure (KI) and the Theory of Remote Scientific Collaboration (TORSC), we design and test a profile tool that consists of four overarching dimensions for capturing social scientists' data practices, namely: 1) data characteristics, 2) perceived technical infrastructure, 3) perceived organizational context, and 4) individual characteristics.To ensure that the instrument can be applied in real and practical terms, we conduct a case study by collecting responses from 93 early‐career social scientists at two research universities in the Pittsburgh Area, U.S. The results suggest that there is no significant difference, in general, among scholars who prefer quantitative, mixed method, or qualitative research methods in terms of research activities and data‐sharing practices. We also confirm that there is a gap between participants' attitudes about research openness and their actual sharing behaviors, highlighting the need to study the “barrier” in addition to the “incentive” of research data sharing.
Pixel efficiency analysis: A quantitative web analytics approach
Authors: Brown Alex , Lush Binky , Jansen Bernard J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTWe present a quantitative web analytics approach tailored towards academic libraries. We introduce the construct of pixel efficiency analysis and the metrics of pixel efficiency value and conversion efficiency value for quantitatively evaluating website changes. Pixel efficiency analysis is the practice of relating screen real estate measured in pixels to the achievement of organizational goals and key performance indicators as indicated by quantifiable user behavioral interactions on a webpage. The concepts and measures are employed through a case study at a major academic library focusing on four major webpages. The first level of analysis incorporates pixel efficiency analysis within an overarching web analytics investigation to identify key areas of improvement on the selected pages. The second level of analysis improves the identified weaknesses through A/B testing and highlights the usefulness of pixel efficiency analysis. Lastly, the third level of analysis employs the usage of the pixel efficiency value to elicit the added worth that potential website changes possess.
Large‐scale log analysis of digital reading
Authors: Braslavski Pavel , Likhosherstov Valery , Petras Vivien , Gäde Maria 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we address daily reading practices of the general public in Russia analyzing 10 months of log data from the commercial ebook site Bookmate. We study different reading characteristics with ebooks, i.e. the reading volume and preferences, reading schedule, reading speed and reading style (including parallel reading patterns and book abandonment rates), with respect to reader gender, book length and genre of the book. We find that book genres impact certain reading behaviors, while gender differences or book length seem to play less of a role in ebook reading. Parallel book reading and book abandonment occur very frequently, possibly pointing towards changing reading behaviors in the ebook environment. The obtained insights demonstrate the high potential of log analysis for book reading studies.
Personality, motivations, and information quality: A comparative study across games for human computation
Authors: Pe‐Than Ei Pa Pa , Goh Dion Hoe‐Lian , Lee Chei Sian 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe popularity of games has motivated their adoption for pursuits beyond entertainment. One of the emerging strategies is the Human Computation Game (HCG) which channels players' time spent on games toward problem solving. Unlike entertainment‐oriented games, players of HCGs contribute output as a byproduct of gameplay. In this paper, we investigate the relationships between personality traits and motivations, and the differences in perceived information quality across HCGs with collaborative and competitive gameplay styles. Using a within‐subjects experimental design, 125 participants were recruited from two local universities. The findings demonstrate that the interaction between personality traits and gameplay styles influenced players' satisfaction of the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness,. Further, perceived information quality was found to differ across HCG types.
The impacts of time constraint on users' search strategy during search process
Authors: Liu Chang , Wei Yiming 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of time constraints on searchers' information search strategies during search process, particularly at two search stages (first round and end point). A user experiment with forty participants was conducted, and each participant was asked to search with and without time constraint. The results showed that time constraint had significant effect on users' first/mean dwell time on search engine result pages (SERPs) during the first query interval; however, time constraint did not influence their dwell time on SERPs or content pages when the whole session was considered, and it only had significant effect on the number of pages viewed per query. The findings indicated that users did employ different search strategies when searching with and without time constraint, and their search strategies changed over time within the search session. Generally, when there was no time constraint, users tended to employ economic‐style search strategy at the beginning of search; but when given time constraint, they became more selective and cautious in examining the search results. The findings of this study have implications for search system design to assist searchers under time constraint and help them search more effectively and efficiently.
Evolution of information practices over time
Authors: Greyson Devon 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough researchers have grappled with conceptualizations of time in relation to information behavior, the effect of time on information practices has been a challenge to study and theorize. Longitudinal naturalistic methods provide an opportunity to observe information practices in context over time, but have infrequently been used in information research. This paper presents a qualitative ethnographic exploration of the changes over time in the information practices of a group of young parents in Canada, a population experiencing substantial life changes as young adults and new parents both. Using grounded theory, this analysis explores time‐related processes in the lives of young parents and they ways these processes affect information practices such as seeking, sharing, and use of information. Three case examples illustrate the interplay over time of individual characteristics, setting, and events, and the impact on an individual's information practices. Based on these findings, a theoretical model to inform future investigations of information practice evolution over time is presented.
The exploration of objective task difficulty and domain knowledge effects on users' query formulation
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Xiangmin , Huang Wei 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we explore the effects of objective task difficulty and domain knowledge on users' query formulation behaviors. The dataset from a user experiment was used in this research, which focused on the medical domain. The objective difficulty was measured by the precision level of search topics (as queries) in the search system, and searchers' domain knowledge was assessed by a self‐reported rating on the familiarity with MeSH terms that were related to the search topics in the study. We compared expert searchers' and novice searchers' query similarity and query features between easy and difficult tasks. The results showed that there was no significant difference between domain experts and novices in query similarity, but there existed an opposite pattern of task difficulty effects on query similarity for searchers with different domain knowledge levels. Domain expert searchers had more diverse vocabulary in difficult tasks than in easy tasks, whereas novice searchers had to rely heavily on task descriptions to formulate their queries. Task difficulty had also influenced searchers' performance, especially the precision measure. Novice searchers' recall was relatively low in both easy and difficult tasks. The findings in this study help us further understand users' query formulation process, and have implication for the design of query suggestion functions in search systems.
Document representation methods for clustering bilingual documents
Authors: Ma Shutian , Zhang Chengzhi , He Daqing 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTGlobalization places people in a multilingual environment. There is a growing number of users to access and share information in several languages for public or private purpose. In order to deliver relevant information in different languages, efficient multilingual documents management is worthy of study. Generally, classification and clustering are two typical methods for documents management. However, lack of training data and high efforts for corpus annotation will increase the cost for classifying multilingual documents which needs to bridge language gaps as well. Clustering is more suitable to implement in such practical applications. There are two main factors involved in documents clustering, document representation method and clustering algorithm. In this paper, we focus on document representation method and demonstrate that the choice of representation methods has impacts on quality of clustering results. In our experiment, we use parallel corpora (English‐Chinese documents on topic of technology information) and comparable corpora (English and Chinese documents on topics of mobile technology and wind energy) as dataset. We compare four different types of document representation methods: Vector Space Model, Latent Semantic Indexing, Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Doc2Vec. Experimental results show that, accuracy of Vector Space Model were not competitive with other methods in all clustering tasks. Latent Semantic Indexing is overly sensitive to corpora itself, for it behaved differently when clustering two different topics of comparable corpora. Latent Dirichlet Allocation behaves best when clustering documents in small size of comparable corpora while Doc2Vec behaves best for large documents set of parallel corpora. Accordingly, characteristics of corpora should be under considerations for rational utilization of document representation methods to have better performance.
An informed transition? International medical graduates settling in the united states and canada
Authors: Rayes Wajanat , Martin‐Hammond Aqueasha , Komlodi Anita , Caidi Nadia , Sundin Nicole 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTInternational medical graduates (IMGs) are medical professionals who have immigrated to the United States (US) or Canada (Ca) in hopes of integrating into the labor market. IMGs can be a very helpful resource supplying a diverse background and expertise to the medical system in the host country [Chen et al., ]. However, immigration and integration into a new country can be difficult processes due to differences in cultural norms, information sources, and information dissemination. In this study, we investigate the nature of information in the lived experiences of IMGs as they make a new life for themselves and their families in either the US or Canada. By so doing, we contribute to the limited body of research on this population by providing an informational perspective. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 IMGs residing in the US or Canada. Our findings indicate that IMGs spend an inordinate amount of time searching for occupational and employment‐related information, which includes information about retraining and residency programs, along with varied strategies to make sense of the new information landscapes. IMGs use various strategies to identify signposts and become conversant in the new landscape. Despite the limited sample, it becomes clear that one's ability to become literate in these new information environments leads to more positive outcomes (i.e., integrating the labor market, overall well‐being, belonging).
Intellectual capital in churches: Matching solution complexity with problem complexity
Authors: Freeburg Darin 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe problems organizations face have varying degrees of complexity. What is not often understood, however, is that the knowledge needed to solve these problems also varies in complexity, and should match the complexity of the problem itself. The current study provides grounded theory for how leaders in churches should approach problems relating to Intellectual Capital (IC) assets. These intangible assets are crucial to the ability of churches to create value that enriches the lives of individuals in their communities. In two, 90‐minute focus groups, the leadership team of a United Methodist Church in South Carolina, USA was asked about their IC and their past, present, and future solutions to increasing IC value. Qualitative coding of these transcripts found that leadership often provided knowledge‐based solutions that did not match the assumed complexity of the IC problem. This caused numerous failures in the maintenance of IC. It is suggested that church leadership view all problems as knowledge problems to uncover these hidden assumptions of complexity, and use these assumptions to seek out knowledge‐based solutions that match that complexity. These findings can be extended to non‐religious contexts.
Exploring linguistic diversity of MOOCS: Implications for international development
Authors: Stratton Caroline , Grace Rob 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTRecent practical initiatives and academic research have signaled optimism for the use of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) as an alternative model for education in the developing world. At the same time, anecdotal evidence and observation have pointed to a lack of courses offered in languages other than English as one potential challenge for global use of MOOCs. We present a first empirical attempt to characterize the linguistic diversity of MOOCs and understand the resulting implications for the use of MOOCs in international development. We find significant differences in quantities and types of MOOCs available in English and non‐English languages. This finding indicates that MOOCs do not yet provide a broad array of educational opportunities for people without adequate English‐language proficiency and therefore, MOOCs may have limited potential for use in international development outside English‐speaking populations at present. In recognition of efforts to increase linguistic diversity of MOOC offerings, we review and describe two types of initiatives, those to translate existing MOOCs and those to create new MOOCs in non‐English languages, initiatives we identify as scaling‐up or scaling‐down MOOCs respectively. To situate our findings in development discourse, we turn to Sen's capability approach () to consider implications for the use of MOOCs in socioeconomic development.
Information in crisis: Health & technology‐related information behaviors of parents in emergency departments
Authors: Given Lisa M. , Willson Rebekah , Albrecht Lauren , Scott Shannon D. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis research examined the information behavior of parents (including legal guardians) during an emergent health situation with a child. Although many studies examine health‐related information behaviors, very few explore health consumers' information practices during moments of health crisis. This study explored parents' information needs, source use, and source preferences during a visit to the emergency department. An online questionnaire was administered using iPads given to 897 parents with children at one of 32 participating general emergency departments (ED) across Canada. Before taking their child to the ED, only 38.8% (n=348) of parents looked for information; those who did search looked most frequently for information about specific symptoms or severity of illness. Prior to visiting the ED the sources most frequently accessed were the internet and direct contact with healthcare professionals. At the emergency department, parents' information needs centred on immediate concerns, including explanations of their child's illness, treatments, and care instructions. Household income, education level, and parents' age were factors that affected information seeking in emergent health situations. Overwhelmingly, speaking to a healthcare professional in person is the typical and preferred way to obtain health information when facing a health crisis involving a child. The results have implications for how and when healthcare information is shared; the findings add to the limited research on parents' information behavior, particularly their roles as information proxies for their children.
Reviewing the landscape of research on the threats to the quality of user‐generated content
Authors: Pal Anjan , Chua Alton Y. K. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe objective of the paper is to review and synthesize scholarly articles on the threats to the quality of usergenerated content (UGC). In this paper, threats to the quality of UGC are defined as the perpetration of misleading information caused by the lack of editorial control. They include deception, disinformation, manipulation, misinformation and rumors whose veracity cannot be easily established. In particular, this paper identifies (a) the research objectives that had been investigated, (b) the research methods that had been employed, and (c) the disciplines that studied the threats to the quality of UGC. The dominant research objective includes investigating the dynamics of threats. The most widely adopted research methods include quantitative analysis of real world data. This area of research was found to attract both intra‐disciplinary and inter‐disciplinary scholarly attention. It even attracted attention from practitioners affiliated to non‐academic institutes. Finally, this paper serves as a call for scholars to identify possible ways to mitigate the threats to the quality of UGC. It also encourages the use of qualitative approaches.
Methods for user‐centered design and evaluation of text analysis tools in a digital history project
Authors: Heuwing Ben , Mandl Thomas , Womser‐Hacker Christa 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on the user centered, formative evaluation of tools and the validation of models for the analysis of historical textbooks in the context of the digital history project Children and their World. The goal of the project is to create methods for computer‐supported, interactive analysis that can be applied to a large corpus of historical textbooks on history and geography (∼5000 volumes). A first version of a tool for text analysis has been created based on a user centered design process, including a contextual study on current work practices of historians, participative design workshops, and the prioritization of requirements with the project stakeholders. In addition, several generations of text models used in these tools have been iteratively evaluated by the historians in the project. In the context of a cooperative validation study, researchers have used these tools to examine existing hypotheses from the field. The method enables the validation of text models regarding established knowledge, provides additional insights into the requirements for tools and visualizations, and helps to strengthen the expert users' trust in the tools. Based on the findings, this paper proposes four principles for the analysis of a corpus of historical texts. Moreover, the methods presented are discussed regarding the application of user centered design in the context of digital humanities projects.
“We're not allowed”: Public librarians' perspectives on providing health information to library users experiencing homelessness
Authors: Williams Rachel D. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the results of a qualitative study involving interviews with twelve public librarians about their experiences interacting with library users experiencing homelessness. The study examines the kinds of health information seeking experiences public librarians have, how public librarians respond to the health information needs of homeless library users, and the challenges public librarians undergo as they work to provide health and other information services to homeless individuals. The interviews show that public librarians have mixed experiences providing health information to homeless library users. Some viewed health information needs as a top‐level concern, while others viewed health information as a lower priority need when compared to housing and food. Public librarians described several challenges when providing information services to homeless individuals related to professional roles, crisis management, the stigma of homelessness, privacy/confidentiality, and the library acting as a day shelter. Identifying the experiences and challenges of public librarians as they assist homeless library users is an initial step in creating more effective modes of providing services to this population.
The public will vs. the public trust: Early american radio as a public information resource
Authors: Wykle Stacy S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTOver the century that has transpired since the first public broadcasts aired in the US, radio programming has become a staunchly commercial enterprise. The earliest radio broadcasts, by contrast, were seen as public goods to be protected in the interest of neutrality of the information being conveyed. In the late 1920s and early 1930s a range of colorful individuals contracted with stations in order to broadcast news and information that involved the sale of personal and medical consultations to individual listeners. Astrology, in particular, became a significant factor in Federal Radio Commission (FRC) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license renewal hearings due to two main perceptions: (1) because such broadcasts constituted point‐to‐point transmission of information, and (2) because such programs were usually related to the marketing of some product or involved the solicitation of funds, therefore, they were deemed to be contrary the interests of the public at large. While the mandate of the FRC and FCC did not involve oversight of content or outright censorship, these hearings nonetheless effectually resulted in the development of guidelines that banned certain types of broadcasts and sometimes shuttered local stations entirely. For a brief time during these decades, educational and cultural institutions benefitted from the utopian ethos of these federal regulatory efforts. During this time science journalism emerged and scientists themselves experimented with the new medium as a means of public edification. Discussion of the early history of radio broadcasting in the US is relevant to the core concerns of information science and technology research given that its development gave shape to the social practices and legal principles surrounding public use of and access to the ICTs (information and communications technologies) that emerged in its wake—from television programming to the provision of Internet service.