bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Produced Water Management for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Ali Maaz , Banerjee Sudiptya , Hascakir Berna 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Water is one of the cheapest and the most abundant injection fluid for oil extraction. Hence, as the hydrocarbon production increases, the amount of water injected escalates which brings the necessity of the proper management and treatment of produced water. The produced water quality can vary greatly depending on water injection processes employed. Thus, we aim to develop a thorough understanding of the expected quality of produced water originating from different thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes to manage oilfield waters. In this study, produced water from steam flooding (SF), steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), solvent-SAGD (S-SAGD), hot water injection (HWI), and in-situ combustion (ISC) processes were characterized. The anions and cations were analyzed by an ion chromatography. Total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, pH, total organic content, and average particle sizes of colloids were measured. The stability of colloids was determined by Zeta potential. All analyses were performed on the produced water samples collected at different three stages of the processes; at the initial, intermediate, and final stage of each process. As expected, conductivity strongly correlated with the concentration of the ions present in produced water samples. Sulfate and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations showed a linear relation. During steam and hot water based injection processes, which were conducted with quartz and kaolinite mixtures, clay-water interaction was found significant, and this interaction increases with injected fluid temperature. Based on zeta potential measurements, the produced water from steam based EOR processes exhibited higher stability than ISC. In other words, the colloids in produced water originated from ISC was more prompt to settlement which makes produced water from ISC good candidate for chemical coagulation. The steam based processes indicated lower TDS value in produced water than ISC, however, when the produced volumes were considered, ISC had advantages due to significantly low volumes of produced waters. Our results indicate that the proper selection of the bitumen extraction method impacts the bitumen-water interaction and produced water management becomes feasible.
Compositional Based Heavy Oil Viscosity Model for Kuwaiti Heavy Crude Oils
Authors: Kamel Abdulrahim , Alomair Osamah , Elsharkawy Adel 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Previously published models for predicting heavy oil viscosity based on the composition or API gravity are extensively evaluated to ascertain their effectiveness with 28 newly collected Kuwaiti heavy oil samples from different locations. The composition of each sample is determined, and its viscosity is measured at atmospheric pressure across a wide range of temperatures (20–80 °C), resulting in 196 data points. The measured viscosities are used to evaluate existing models based on the principle of corresponding states, the residual viscosity concept, and an equation of state (EOS). As all of them failed to accurately predict the Kuwaiti heavy oils being studied, a new compositional model is developed to overcome their inherent limitations. This new model provides a good prediction of the viscosity of Kuwaiti heavy oils, with an average relative error of 3.8%. In addition, it is much simpler and easier to use than existing methods when applied to Kuwaiti crudes.
Hybrid System Maximizes ROP and Minimizes Drilling Cost in Large Diameter Directional Application
Authors: Omar M. , Al Enezi Dakhil , El Halwagy A. , Goswami B. , Al-Mekhyal A. , Muqaddas Z. A. , Elgharbawy M. , Omar M. , Abdelhamid Atef , Agawani Waleed , Taha M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In the current economic downturn, operators direct more focus to cost optimization through process enhancement and innovative approach. Specifically in South East Kuwait field, where new well profiles are being employed to reach a deeper pay zone directionally. These new well profiles require the 16 inch hole section to be drilled deeper with inclination through interbedded abrasive sandstones and sticky shale; which were previously drilled in 12 ¼ inch hole size. Drilling becomes increasingly challenging using larger diameter bits where torque fluctuations, down-hole conditions and durability limit performance. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the engineering analysis for directional large diameter hole application and the selection of an optimized hybrid drill bit design, roller cone combined with Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC), to maximize drilling performance where standard PDC or roller cone bits alone fail to provide an optimal solution.
The 16 inch directional section was typically drilled using a mud motor assembly with a roller cone bit or a PDC. Drilling parameters were reduced in the upper layers especially with PDC bits as they involve sticky shale which can induce bit balling. While in the lower layers the abrasive formations tend to wear down roller cone bits.
Selecting an appropriate hybrid design with an optimized drilling system for the application resulted in a breakthrough performance; tripling the Rate Of Penetration (ROP) of conventional technology. The time saving achieved was worth $250,000 for this section.
PDC bits generally provide faster rate of penetration than roller cone bits while generating higher torque fluctuations as they drill by shearing bottom hole formation. Due to their high torque demands, PDC bits require an additional mud motor to drive them efficiently in larger hole sizes. Roller cones crush and gouge the bottom hole formation and due to their mechanical rollers result in reduced reactive torque and a smoother hole profile. Hybrid drill bit technology proven the capability of achieving the benefits of both designs in specific selected applications.
Heavy Oil - Produced Water Polishing with Compact Flotation Technology
Authors: Asdahl S. , Maelum M. , Rabe K. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
For light and medium crude oil produced waters, the compact flotation unit (CFU) technology has been widely used as the final cleaning step in the process during the last 10 years, especially in Europe. In general, more traditional methods such as induced gas flotation (IGF) and dissolved gas flotation (DGF) are more commonly applied on heavy crude oil-produced waters. The CFU technology has been preferred over the more traditional technologies due to substantially reduced weight and footprint combined with superior cleaning efficiency.
This paper describes efforts related to examining the effectiveness and applicability of using CFU technology in heavy crude oil produced water (PW) polishing and comparing the results with polishing produced water from light and medium crude oil. Experimental work was conducted in a water test setup in which synthetic produced water with different crude oils (13.7–39.7° API gravity) was tested for flotation efficiency using a proprietary compact flotation unit. A literature study was performed to support the experimental results. Furthermore, field data were collected from field trials using the proprietary compact flotation unit technology with produced water containing crude oils in the 17–43° API gravity range.
Experimental results showed that for a given crude oil type, the oil removal efficiency is dependent on oil droplet size, and these results are supported by the literature. Comparing different API gravity crude oils with the same droplet size showed, in general, a slightly reduced flotation efficiency with increasing gravity, which could be explained by the correlation between increasing gravity and increasing coverage time.
However, field data for 17–43° API gravity crude oil show the ability for the proprietary compact flotation unit technology to meet normal effluent requirements (≤ 25 ppm) over the full API gravity range. Field data further emphasizes the importance of preparing optimum process conditions for the flotation unit.
Despite of the low retention time compared to traditional IGF and DGF technology, the compact flotation technology has proven to be robust for heavy-oil treatment. This result is partially explained by the fact that induction and coverage times are shorter in turbulent flow regimes than in traditional laminar flotation environments. Furthermore, the proprietary compact flotation unit technology combines both induced and dissolved flotation with vessel internals that effectively minimizes the rise path.
It should be emphasized that these findings relate to the examined CFU models only because the various models have different technologies that will lead to different performances.
Application of State of The Art Interpretation Techniques in Minifrac Analysis in an Unconsolidated Reservoir
Authors: Bagheri M. , Choudhary P. K. , Al-Matrook M. F. , Al-Sane A. , Baroon H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Selection of adequate thermal operating parameters to ensure fluid containment and cap rock integrity under high-temperature, high-pressure steam injection is vitally important. Cap rock integrity is controlled by the mechanical properties of the rocks and the in-situ and applied stresses resulting from field operations. This paper describes recent minifrac tests carried out in the Lower Fars formation in South Ratqa Field in northern Kuwait to determine the in-situ stresses.
The main objective of the field tests was to obtain the minimum horizontal stress using a variety of Before Closure Analysis (BCA) techniques. A secondary objective was to perform After Closure Analysis (ACA) to obtain reservoir parameters such as permeability and initial pressure. All of this data is used as input into subsequent geomechanical studies. For BCA, it is important to identify various fluid flow regimes in the fall-off portions of the tests. The end of particular flow regimes indicates fracture closure. Fracture closure and the resultant minimum horizontal stress are therefore based on sound engineering principles.
The cases presented in this paper provide further evidences that a combination of various techniques is the best approach to identify the minimum horizontal stress. No single methodology provides a reliable answer in all cases. Field examples are given to illustrate the practical application of these techniques.
High Water Retention in Cyclic Steam Stimulation Wells of Kuwait Heavy Oil Field
Authors: Jain Anil Kumar , Al-Sane Amal , Ahmad Fatma 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) was tested in some of the wells of a Kuwaiti heavy oil field. It was observed that the produced water-oil ratio of the CSS wells was much less than the expected range of 0.5 to 1 in a first cycle and up to 2 in a second cycle. High water retention was diagnosed in the formation which led to further investigation to confirm it and to find out its causes.
The analysis presented is based on several approaches. Field injection and production data of each well were analyzed to estimate water-oil ratio. Temperature survey was carried out during soaking period to observe vertical movement of steam, if any. Laboratory steamflood experiments were performed on composite plugs. It was followed by oil injection (drainage) to mimic the CSS process and to quantify the water retention and to compare it with the field data. Moreover, detailed geological analysis is discussed to understand the nature of the formation.
The analysis reveals that the baffle located just above the oil formation becomes active at high pressure and allows steam to pass through it. Heat is transferred upwards not only by conduction but also by convection. Migration of steam into baffle and an upper horizon was confirmed by temperature surveys taken in the CSS wells during soaking period. Baffle acts as a thief zone and retains a great deal of water and not allowing water to come back during production phase even when pressure goes down. In summary presence of baffle is the main reason behind high water retention in the formation.
The above methodology has been adopted for the first time in the field under consideration. This will help in optimizing the steam injection strategy in future CSS wells.
Application of Vacuum-Insulated Tubing VIT in Thermal Oil Sand Projects
Authors: Zatka Mirko 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Use of vacuum-insulated tubing (VIT) in thermal (typically steam injection) wellbores dates back to at least the 1980s but, due to high cost and limited availability, its use until recently had been limited. While it has the potential to significantly reduce heat losses to overburden, thereby improving well operating economics, the correct application of VIT can be more of an art rather than science given the factors that impact its performance.
These include understanding how VIT is manufactured and what design elements influence good long-term performance, what quality assurance is used during manufacture and on the finished product, how to confirm actual k-factor (insulation) values on delivered product in lieu of advertised values, and how to verify true performance once the VIT is installed in a well.
Recent new global sources of VIT have provided additional product choices for operators, as well as more competitive pricing, allowing VIT to be more broadly considered in projects where downhole heat losses must be actively managed to achieve the recovery performance desired. Calculation of heat loss reduction can be done with several different programs, but careful attention must be paid to the way the computer model is built to ensure results reflect actual, expected, field conditions.
Modeling Heavy-Oil Recovery Using Electromagnetic Radiation/Hydraulic Fracturing Considering Adiabatic Effect and Thermal Expansion
Authors: Davletbaev A. , Kovaleva L. , Zainulin A. , Kireev V. , Babadagli T. , Minnigalimov R. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Production of heavy oil from deep/tight formation using traditional technologies ("cold" production, injection of hot steam, etc.) is ineffective or inapplicable. An alternative is electromagnetic (EM) heating after fracturing. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of heavy oil production from a well with hydraulic fracture under radio-frequency (RM) electromagnetic radiation. Two parameters ignored in our previous modeling studies, namely adiabatic effect and the thermal expansion of oil, are considered in the new formulation while high gradients of pressure/temperature and high temperature occur around the well. The mathematical model is simulated distribution of pressure and temperature in the system of "well-fracture- formation". The distribution of thermal heat source is given by the Abernetty expression. The mathematical model takes into account the adiabatic effect and thermal expansion of heavy oil. The latter makes a significant contribution to heavy oil production.
Multi-stage heavy production technology with heating is assumed and several stages are recognized: Stage 1: "Cold" heavy oil production, Stage 2: RF-EM heating, Stage 3: RF is turned off and "hot" oil production continues until the flow rate reaches its initial (before heating) value. These stages are repeated starting from the second stage. Finally, RF-EM heating technology is compared to "cold" production in terms of additional oil production and economics.
When producing with RF-EM heating with power 60 kW (50 days in the second stages), the oil rate increased several times. Repeated RF-EM heating (25 days in the fourth stage) doubled the production rate. Near-well region temperature increased by ~82°C in the second stage with RF-EM heating. Temperature increased by ~87°C in the fourth stage with repeated RF-EM heating and production cycles.
Economic analysis and evaluation of energy balance showed that the multi-stage production technology is more efficient; i.e., the lower the payback period, the greater the energy balance. With the increase in pressure difference, the payback period and energy balance increased linearly.
Successful Trial of Insert Progressive Cavity Pump I-PCP in a Kuwait HO Field
Authors: Pandey Dharmesh Chandra , Al Khamees Waleed , Dashti Hussain , Al Balam Abdullah , Kommaraju Srinivas Rao 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Cold horizontal and vertical producers in a Kuwait heavy oil green field are generally completed with conventional Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) which in case of failure a rig work over intervention is required to replace the pump. As part of an initiative to optimize operational expenditures (OPEX) an Insert Progressive Cavity Pump (I-PCP) was installed for the first time in one well as new artificial lift technology trial. In wells with I-PCP intervention costs and oil deferment associated with pump replacement are reduced significantly, which impacts OPEX and profitability.
The trial showed pump run life for eight months without any intervention and several positive economic impacts like eliminating the need for a service rig to pull the production tubing to change a downhole pump as it can be performed by utilizing flush-by units equipped for rod handling, reducing the oil deferment as the oil is accelerated earlier in the flow line compared to rig intervention which can go up to two weeks.
The paper describes the first successful implementation and operation of Insert PCP systems in Kuwait Oil Company. The paper also compares the pump run life, service rig work-over times and reduction of production achieved with the insert PCPs when compare to conventional tubing deployed PCP. In general, the field trial results have demonstrated the benefits of using this technology. The way forward will be to install the I-PCP in other cold producers.
Respiratory Tularemia: Francisella Tularensis and Microarray Probe Designing
Authors: Ranjbar Reza , Behzadi Payam , Mammina Caterina 
Published: December 2016

Background:Francisella tularensis(F. tularensis) is the etiological microorganism for tularemia. There are different forms of tularemia such as respiratory tularemia. Respiratory tularemia is the most severe form of tularemia with a high rate of mortality; if not treated. Therefore, traditional microbiological tools and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are not useful for a rapid, reliable, accurate, sensitive and specific diagnosis. But, DNA microarray technology does. DNA microarray technology needs to appropriate microarray probe designing.Objective:The main goal of this original article was to design suitable long oligo microarray probes for detection and identification ofF. tularensis.Method:For performing this research, the complete genomes ofF. tularensissubsp.tularensisFSC198,F. tularensissubsp.holarcticaLVS,F. tularensissubsp.mediasiatica,F. tularensissubsp.novicida(F. novicidaU112), andF. philomiragiasubsp.philomiragiaATCC 25017 were studiedviaNCBI BLAST tool, GView and PanSeq Servers and finally the microarray probes were produced and processedviaAlleleID 7.7 software and Oligoanalyzer tool, respectively.Results:In thisin silicoinvestigation, a number of long oligo microarray probes were designed for detecting and identifyingF. tularensis. Among these probes, 15 probes were recognized as the best candidates for microarray chip designing.Conclusion:Calibrated microarray probes reduce the biasis of DNA microarray technology as an advanced, rapid, accurate and cost-effective molecular diagnostic tool with high specificity and sensitivity. Professional microarray probe designing provides us with much more facility and flexibility regarding preparation of a microarray diagnostic chip.
Predictors of Difficult Tracheal Intubation on Adult Elective Patients in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Tafesse Dawit , Ataro Getu 
Published: December 2016

Background:
During routine preoperative assessment of patients one of the commonest practices is predicting difficulty of tracheal intubation from various factors detected. Whether the factors reliably predict the difficulty is subject of argument. This study was conducted to assess the predictors of difficult tracheal intubation in adult patients.

Methods:
In this prospective observational study, we studied 120 consecutive elective adult patients admitted for general, gynecologic and orthopedic surgeries. Socio-demographic parameters and test variables such as BMI, TMD, SMD, IIG and Mallampati class were collected during preoperative evaluation. CL grade and difficulty of intubation were observed while the anesthetist in duty performs the laryngoscopy. While the former obtained from the preoperative anesthesia note, the latter were filled to questionnaire based on what the anesthetist reports during or after laryngoscopy. The prevalence of difficult intubation and the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the tests were analyzed. SPSS-20 and different formulas were used during analysis. Chi square test was used and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Result:
The overall prevalence of difficult tracheal intubation was 2.5%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV & NPV of the tests were 0%, 98.3%, 0% & 97.46% for BMI; 0%, 97.5%, 0% & 100% for SMD; 100%, 96.64%, 20% & 100% for TMD; 0%, 99.17%, 0%, & 100% for IIG; and 100%, 99.14%, 75% & 100% for Mallampati test.

Conclusion:
The incidence is not quite small that anesthetists should use necessary tests to predict the difficult intubation. Probably combining the tests being the best option, Mallampati test alone can predict the difficult intubation in adult patients.
INOVAÇÃO DA GESTÃO DOS SABERES ESCOLARES: FATOR DE PROMOÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DO TRABALHO PEDAGÓGICO
Authors: Amorim Antonio , Santos Carla Liane N. , Castañeda José Antonio Serrano 
Published: December 2016

Este artigo trata da questão da inovação da gestão do saber escolar na contemporaneidade.Iniciamos a reflexão traçando considerações a respeito do cenário educacionalatual. Discutimos, então, a questão da inovação da gestão do saber escolar enquantouma possibilidade socializadora da escola. Para isso analisamos a gestão do saberescolar em uma perspectiva que traga melhorias para a educação e para a gestão dosistema de ensino, estabelecendo as interfaces entre os diferentes saberes: os saberessocioculturais, sociopessoais e socioeconômicos, que atuam como fatores essenciais na construção e na socialização do conhecimento. Enfim, trata-se de uma tentativa de refletir sobre a urgência da inovação da gestão do saber escolar a partir do cotidiano da sala de aula, observando os processos gestores que ocorrem nas relações pedagógicas do ambiente da escola, trazendo para a discussão a necessidade da qualidade do trabalho pedagógico, como forma de fortalecer as atividades de ensino e de aprendizagem dos alunos e determinar uma nova cultura educacional para as instituições de ensino.
QUESTÃO SOBRE GESTÃO, FORMAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO A RESPEITO DO ENSINO RELIGIOSO NA ESCOLA PÚBLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Caputo Stela Guedes 
Published: December 2016

O artigo aborda questões sobre gestão, formação e avaliação a respeito da disciplinade Ensino Religioso (ER) no Rio de Janeiro. A reflexão priorizará os encontros deformação de professores de ER nesse estado, incluindo seus fóruns. A partir daobservação desses espaços, da consulta às atas de todos os encontros (desde 1996),da avaliação dos materiais distribuídos e de entrevistas com professores de ER,cheguei a algumas conclusões. Uma é que a Secretaria de Educação realiza esse tipode encontro de gestão para planejar e discutir apenas com professores de ER. Comnenhuma outra área há encontros semelhantes. Outra conclusão é que esses espaços de formação são hegemonizados pela Igreja Católica, que submete os demais credos credenciados a sua linha de formação (basicamente as orientações das Campanhas da Fraternidade). Questiono, a partir disso, que consequências poderemos perceberna avaliação de estudantes. Discuto também como a Discipli-na ER é apontada por esses professores como um problema de gestão e uma solução para o que consideram como “mau desempenho escolar”. E, por fim, aponto a necessidade de uma educação pública laica.