bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retention of talented academic researchers: Evidence from a government intervention
Authors: Courty Pascal , Sim John 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Canada Research Chairs (CRC) Program is designed primarily to retain academic talent in Canadian universities by providing targeted grants to outstanding researchers. Once awarded a chair at her home university, a researcher's compensation increases by 6.3% on average, with a significant decline over CRC tenure. Furthermore, the chance of the researcher changing jobs does not decrease. Although universities report spending more than half of the grant on compensation, only a small portion of the grant can be accounted for as a compensation increase. This demonstrates the difficulty in designing government interventions to have an impact on academic retention.
Prices and social behaviour: Evidence from adult smoking in Canadian Aboriginal communities
Authors: Matheson Jesse A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper provides estimates of tobacco price elasticity explicitly distinguishing between two price effects: the direct effect, reflecting individual reaction to a price change, and the indirect effect, whereby price influences the individual by changing community smoking behaviour. Canada's Aboriginal communities are small and secluded, allowing for plausible identification of reference groups on a relatively large scale. Estimates suggest a 10% increase in price decreases daily smoking by 0.91 percentage points (2.11%), occasional smoking by 1.24 percentage points (8.27%) and average smoking intensity by 0.15 cigarettes per day (2.9%). It is found that the indirect effect almost doubles the response to a change in tobacco prices over the direct effect alone.
The employment and wage impact of broadband deployment in Canada
Authors: Ivus Olena , Boland Matthew 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHundreds of millions of dollars are spent by the Canadian federal and provincial governments to subsidize broadband deployment. This paper provides the first empirical assessment of the impact of broadband on employment and wage growth in Canada. Variation in elevation explains the regional difference in broadband coverage and is used as an instrument to estimate the causal effect. We find that the deployment of broadband in 1997–2011 promoted rural employment and wage growth in service industries. Goods industries were not impacted. The findings suggest that broadband helps service industry businesses overcome geographical barriers that have traditionally hampered rural growth.
Trade and inequality in a directed search model with firm and worker heterogeneity
Authors: Ritter Moritz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper integrates the insight that exporting firms are typically more productive and employ higher‐skilled workers into a directed search model of the labour market. The model generates a skill premium as well as residual wage inequality among identical workers. A trade liberalization increases the skill premium and likely increases residual inequality among high‐skilled workers. The calibrated model generates results consistent with the prior literature examining the effect of the Canada‐US Free Trade Agreement on the Canadian labour market: a significant decrease in employment in manufacturing, but only a small change in unemployment and wages.
Registration of cone beam computed tomography data and intraoral surface scans – A prerequisite for guided implant surgery with CAD/CAM drilling guides
Authors: Flügge Tabea , Derksen Wiebe , te Poel Jobine , Hassan Bassam , Nelson Katja , Wismeijer Daniel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesGuided implant surgery (GIS) is performed with drilling guides that are produced on the virtual tooth model using CAD/CAM technology. The prerequisite for this workflow is the alignment of patients cone beam computed tomography CBCT and surface scan (registration). Dental restorations may cause deteriorating imaging artifacts in CBCT data, which in turn can have an impact on the registration process. The influence of the user and the preprocessing of data and of image artifacts on the registration accuracy were examined.Material and MethodsCBCT data and intraoral surface scans of 36 patients were used for virtual implant planning in coDiagnostiX (Dentalwings, Montreal, Canada). CBCT data were reconstructed to a three‐dimensional anatomical model with the default settings provided by the software and also manually by four different examiners. Subsequently, the CBCT and intraoral surface models were registered by each examiner with the help of anatomical landmarks. Patients' data were subdivided into four groups (A–D) according to the number of metallic restorations: A = 0–2 restorations, B = 3–5 restorations, C = 6–8 restorations and D > 8 restorations. After registration, the distances between CBCT and dental surface models were measured. Linear regression models were used to assess the influence of the segmentation, the examiner and to the number of restorations (P < 0.05).ResultsThe deviations between surface scan and CBCT models accounted to 0.54 mm (mean). The mean deviations were 0.69 mm (max. 24.8 mm) and 0.4 mm (max. 9.1 mm) for default and manual segmentation, respectively. Mean deviations of 0.36 mm (Group A), 0.43 mm (Group B), 0.67 mm (Group C) and 1.01 mm (Group D) were recorded.The segmentation (P = 0.000), the user (P = 0.0052) and the number of restorations (P = 0.0337) had a significant influence on the registration accuracy.ConclusionsThe deviation between CBCT and surface scan model resulting from inaccurate registration is transferred to the surgical field and results in a deviation between the planned and actual implant position. The registration accuracy in commercial virtual implant planning software is significantly influenced by the preprocessing of imported data, by the user and by the number of restorations resulting in clinically non‐acceptable deviations encoded in drilling guides.
PRKG1 and genetic diagnosis of early‐onset thoracic aortic disease
Authors: Gago‐Díaz Marina , Blanco‐Verea Alejandro , Teixidó Gisela , Huguet Francesca , Gut Marta , Laurie Steven , Gut Ivo , Carracedo Ángel , Evangelista Artur , Brion María 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe 20% of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections independent from the main connective tissue syndromes and expected to be familial has gained importance over the past years. The more frequent pattern of inheritance of these nonsyndromic cases is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance and variable expression. Although many candidate genes exist, unresolved familial cases suggest still unravelled genetic variation. The main purpose of this study was to establish the genetic diagnosis of one of those.Materials and methodsTo begin with, we applied a candidate gene approach based on both traditional and a customized massive parallel sequencing panel, followed by Illumina HiSeq 2000 whole exome sequencing of four family members affected by early‐onset thoracic aortic disease and two unaffected relatives. We prioritized whole exome sequencing results based on variant location, type and frequency in general population databases and performed segregation analysis in 14 family members using traditional sequencing.ResultsAfter the negative results we obtained with candidate gene approaches, the analysis and prioritization of whole exome sequencing results brought out the heterozygote c.530G>A:p.Arg177Gln PRKG1 variant (NM_001098512), located in one of the aortic smooth muscle cell contractile apparatus genes. This candidate variant segregated with thoracic aortic disease, as it was present in seven affected and absent in five unaffected family members, further supporting its causality.ConclusionsThis was the second time PRKG1 was associated with thoracic aortic disease, highlighting and reaffirming it as a strong candidate for gene‐based diagnosis of nonsyndromic early‐onset cases.
Evaluation of an assessment system for professionalism amongst dental students
Authors: Zijlstra‐Shaw S. , Roberts T. , Robinson P. G 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionDental professionalism is an essential requirement to practice dentistry that covers both abilities and personal qualities. Therefore, a programme of assessment that promotes personal and professional development throughout the undergraduate dental education course is needed. This study aimed to develop and validate a system to assess dental students’ professionalism based on a previously developed conceptual framework.MethodsUsing the framework, an assessment programme was designed to encourage students to reflect on and explain their observed behaviours with appropriate feedback. The programme was panel‐tested and then administered to a cohort of senior dental students. Internal reliability criterion validity and construct validity were evaluated quantitatively, whilst the usefulness of the programme was evaluated qualitatively.ResultsMean of student, staff and agreed grades was similar, and there were no floor or ceiling effects. All item‐total correlations were >0.6 and Cronbach's alpha = 0.95 indicating acceptable internal reliability. All items correlated significantly with global ratings indicating good criterion validity. All hypothesized correlations were significant, and grades were not related to age or gender. Qualitative data produced three themes: assessment process, educational value and suggestions for improvement.ConclusionThe assessment programme has good internal reliability and validity and suggests that basing an assessment system around the explicit theoretical model is a valuable educational tool.
Soluble hemojuvelin in transfused and untransfused thalassaemic subjects
Authors: Ferro Elisa , Di Pietro Angela , Visalli Giuseppa , Piraino Basilia , Salpietro Carmelo , La Rosa Maria Angela 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe hemojuvelin‐bone morphogenetic protein axis is the principal iron‐dependent mechanism of hepcidin regulation. The determination of soluble hemojuvelin (sHJV) levels could allow for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of hepcidin regulation in thalassaemia.MethodWe have assessed sHJV in 45 transfused and 15 untransfused thalassaemic patients in comparison with 15 healthy subjects, evaluating its relationships with some parameters of iron overload, anaemia and erythropoiesis.ResultsUntransfused thalassaemic patients had more severe anaemia and erythropoietic activity, while in transfused patients, the transfused RBCs reduced % reticulocytes and sTfR, increased serum indices of iron overload and iron stores in the liver (low MRI T2* values). sHJV levels were higher in patients than in controls and in untransfused in comparison with transfused patients. In the transfused group, we also found that sHJV values are significantly related to serum ferritin, cardiac MRI T2* and growth differentiation factor 15 and are sensitive to hepatitis C virus infection.ConclusionThese results suggest that sHJV synthesis seems to be affected by an erythropoietic/hypoxic signal in untransfused patients that have severe anaemia, while in regularly transfused subjects, it is influenced by iron stores.
Comparison of the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (T. obesus) tuna associated with drifting FADs in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean
Authors: Matsumoto Takayuki , Satoh Keisuke , Semba Yasuko , Toyonaga Mikio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe evaluated the behavior of skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (T. obesus) associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. A total of 30 skipjack [34.5–65.0 cm in fork length (FL)], 43 yellowfin (31.6–93.5 cm FL) and 32 bigeye tuna (33.5–85.5 cm FL) were tagged with coded transmitters and released near two drifting FADs. At one of the two FADs, we successfully monitored the behavior of all three species simultaneously. Several individuals remained around the same FAD for 10 or more days. Occasional excursions from the FAD were observed for all three species, some of which occurred concurrently for multiple individuals. The detection rate was higher during the daytime than the nighttime for all the species, and the detection rate for bigeye tuna was higher than for yellowfin or skipjack tuna. The swimming depth was deeper during the daytime than nighttime for all species. The fish usually remained shallower than 100 m, but occasionally dived to around 150 m or deeper, most often for bigeye and yellowfin tuna during the daytime. The swimming depth for skipjack tuna was shallower than that for bigeye and yellowfin tuna, although the difference was not large, and is probably not sufficient to allow the selective harvest of skipjack and yellowfin tuna by the purse seine fishery. From the detection rate of the signals, bigeye tuna is considered to be more vulnerable to the FAD sets than yellowfin and skipjack tuna.
Calcium Isotopic Compositions of Sixteen USGS Reference Materials
Authors: Feng Lan‐ping , Zhou Lian , Yang Lu , DePaolo Donald J. , Tong Shuo‐Yun , Liu Yong‐Sheng , Owens Thomas L. , Gao Shan 
Published: July 2016

Calcium isotopic compositions of sixteen Ca‐bearing USGS geological reference materials including igneous and sedimentary rocks are reported. Calcium isotopic compositions were determined in two laboratories (GPMR, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan; and CIG, Centre for Isotope Geochemistry, University of California, Berkeley) using the 42Ca‐48Ca double‐spike technique by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. As opposed to common cation exchange resin, a micro‐column filled with Ca‐selective resin (DGA resin) was used in order to achieve high recovery (> 96%) and efficient separation of Ca from the sample matrix. The intermediate measurement precision was evaluated at 0.14‰ (2s) for δ44/40CaSRM915a at GPMR, based on replicate measurements of pure Ca reference material NIST SRM 915a, NIST SRM 915b and seawater. Overall, the measurement uncertainties in both laboratories were better than 0.15‰ at the 2s level. Result validation was carried out for all available data sets. The Ca isotopic compositions of USGS reference materials are not only in agreement between GPMR and CIG, but also in agreement with previously published data within quoted uncertainties. The comprehensive data set reported in this study serves as a reference for both quality assurance and interlaboratory comparison of high precision Ca isotopic study.
Role of CD15 expression in dysplastic and neoplastic tissue of the bile duct – a potential novel tool for differential diagnosis of indeterminate biliary stricture
Authors: Walter Dirk , Herrmann Eva , Winkelmann Ria , Albert Jörg G , Liese Juliane , Schnitzbauer Andreas , Zeuzem Stefan , Hansmann Martin‐Leo , Peveling‐Oberhag Jan , Hartmann Sylvia 
Published: July 2016

Background and aimsCD15 is expressed by various cancer types; among these are intrahepatic and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The aim of this study was to elucidate CD15 expression in distal CCA as well as in dysplastic biliary tissue and to determine its prognostic significance.Methods and resultsTissue samples from patients with intrahepatic (iCCA, n = 22), perihilar (pCCA, n = 7) and distal CCA (dCCA, n = 15), who underwent surgical resection in the period from 2010 to 2015 were evaluated for CD15 expression. Tissue of synchronous lymph node metastasis (n = 13), CCA‐associated dysplasia (n = 20), dysplasia in intraductal biopsies (n = 10) and benign proliferations (n = 12), as well as inflammatory biliary lesions (n = 28) and non‐inflammatory bile ducts (n = 23), were evaluated equally for CD15 expression. CD15 was found to be expressed highly in iCCA (81.8%), pCCA (85.7%), dCCA (73.3%), CCA‐associated dysplasia (70.0%), dysplasia in intraductal biopsies (100%) and metastatic tissue (84.6%). CD15 expression was negative in 58 of 64 benign bile duct alterations resulting in an overall sensitivity and specificity of CD15 in CCA of 80.7 and 90.6% patients, respectively. CD15 expression was correlated significantly with a decreased overall survival in patients with CD15‐positive CCA associated dysplasia (P = 0.003). However, CD15 expression in the invasive tumour component was not correlated with clinical outcome.ConclusionCD15 is a sensitive and specific marker for intraepithelial and invasive neoplasias of the bile duct. Therefore, it can be helpful in the delineation of dysplastic and neoplastic biliary cells from non‐neoplastic tissue, which frequently causes a diagnostic problem in indeterminate biliary stricture.
Production, mode of action and sequencing of the corresponding gene of a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis 19.3
Authors: Zamfir Medana , Stefan Iulia‐Roxana , Stancu Mihaela‐Marilena , Grosu‐Tudor Silvia‐Simona 
Published: July 2016

SummaryLactococcus lactis 19.3 produces a bacteriocin with a wide inhibitory spectrum, including the food pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The producing strain was able to grow and produce similar amounts of bacteriocin in MRS medium, cow's milk and soya milk, respectively. The mode of action of this bacteriocin was further investigated using two indicator strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LMG 6901T and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 1911‐1. The bacteriocin displayed a bactericidal effect, causing a rapid decrease of the cell viability. Bacteriocin treatment of the sensitive strains resulted in major morphological changes, including pore formation, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the bacteriocin‐encoding gene was identified by sequencing. The presence of nisin gene was confirmed. Based on all our data gathered so far, L. lactis 19.3 is a good candidate for a starter or protective culture in the manufacturing of both fermented dairy and vegetarian food products.
Alternative exon‐encoding regions of Locusta migratoria muscle myosin modulate the pH dependence of ATPase activity
Authors: Li J. , Lu Z. , He J. , Chen Q. , Wang X. , Kang L. , Li X.‐d. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhereas the vertebrate muscle myosin heavy chains (MHCs) are encoded by a family of Mhc genes, most insects examined to date contain a single Mhc gene and produce all of the different MHC isoforms by alternative RNA splicing. Here, we found that the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, has one Mhc gene, which contains 41 exons, including five alternative exclusive exons and one differently included penultimate exon, and potentially encodes 360 MHC isoforms. From the adult L. migratoria, we identified 14 MHC isoforms (including two identical isoforms): four from flight muscle (the thorax dorsal longitudinal muscle), three from jump muscle (the hind leg extensor tibiae muscle) and seven from the abdominal intersegmental muscle. We purified myosins from flight muscle and jump muscle and characterized their motor activities. At neutral pH, the flight and the jump muscle myosins displayed similar levels of in vitro actin‐gliding activity, whereas the former had a slightly higher actin‐activated ATPase activity than the latter. Interestingly, the pH dependences of the actin‐activated ATPase activity of these two myosins are different. Because the dominant MHC isoforms in these two muscles are identical except for the two alternative exon‐encoding regions, we propose that these two alternative regions modulate the pH dependence of L. migratoria muscle myosin.
Portuguese Scientists’ Migration: a study on the 2008 crisis aftermath
Authors: Ganga Rafaela , Silva José Pedro , Gomes Rui , Vaz Henrique , Lopes João Teixeira , Silva Sílvia , Cerdeira Luísa , Cabrito Belmiro , Magalhães Dulce , de Lurdes Machado‐Taylor Maria , Peixoto Paulo , Patrocínio Tomás , Brites Rui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the economic and social aftermath of the 2008 crisis there has been an important and growing new wave of highly qualified Portuguese emigration comprising scientists. No or very few public policies have been designed to reverse this phenomenon, risking the consequences of brain drain. International literature argues that professional reasons are central to scientists’ decision to migrate, even after the 2008 crisis. Spending some time in a foreign country to study, research, or teach, is perceived as a common step in an individual academic trajectory and an advantage for a successful professional career in academia. It is also encouraged by European Union policies. Twelve individual portraits of Portuguese scientists living in central Europe reveal how important other factors are to the migration decision‐making process. These factors include the economic crisis, student mobility programmes, and the current Portuguese scientific system revision.
Influenza‐like illness‐related emergency department visits: Christmas and New Year holiday peaks and relationships with laboratory‐confirmed respiratory virus detections, Edmonton, Alberta, 2004–2014
Authors: Martin Leah J. , Im Cindy , Dong Huiru , Lee Bonita E. , Talbot James , Meurer David P. , Mukhi Shamir N. , Drews Steven J. , Yasui Yutaka 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundEmergency department (ED) visit volumes can be especially high during the Christmas–New Year holidays, a period occurring during the influenza season in Canada.MethodsUsing daily data, we examined the relationship between ED visits for the chief complaint “cough” (for Edmonton, Alberta residents) and laboratory detections for influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (for Edmonton and surrounding areas), lagged 0–5 days ahead, for non‐pandemic years (2004–2008 and 2010–2014) using multivariable linear regression adjusting for temporal variables. We defined these cough‐related visits as influenza‐like illness (ILI)‐related ED visits and, for 2004–2014, compared Christmas–New Year holiday (December 24–January 3) and non‐holiday volumes during the influenza season (October–April).ResultsAdjusting for temporal variables, ILI‐related ED visits were significantly associated with laboratory detections for influenza A and RSV. During non‐pandemic years, the highest peak in ILI‐related visit volumes always occurred during the holidays. The median number of holiday ILI‐related visits/day (42.5) was almost twice the non‐holiday median (24) and was even higher in 2012–2013 (80) and 2013–2014 (86). Holiday ILI‐related ED visit volumes/100 000 population ranged from 56.0 (2010–2011) to 117.4 (2012–2013). In contrast, lower visit volumes occurred during the holidays of pandemic‐affected years (2008–2010).ConclusionsDuring non‐pandemic years, ILI‐related ED visit volumes were associated with variations in detections for influenza A and RSV and always peaked during the Christmas–New Year holidays. This predictability should be used to prepare for, and possibly prevent, this increase in healthcare use; however, interventions beyond disease prevention strategies are likely needed.