bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaching from the stratum corneum does not explain the previously reported elevated potassium ion concentration in sweat
Authors: Buono Michael J. , Stone Michael , Cannon Daniel T. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if K+ is leached from the stratum corneum when sweat is present on the skin’s surface. The results will help address whether sweat [K+] previously reported in the literature are artifactually elevated as a result of K+ leaching.

Methods: Twelve (six female, six male) healthy volunteers participated in this study. After thorough skin cleansing and preparation with isopropyl alcohol and high-performance liquid chromatography-grade distilled water, three sites were chosen and a 50 μL drop of artificial sweat was pipetted directly onto the skin. The artificial sweat had a [K+] of 4 mEq·L–1, an osmolality of 120 mosm·L–1, and a pH of 6.0. Immediately following, a clear plastic cover slip (~6 cm2) with a shallow 0.8 cm2 convex impression in the center was applied over each drop, preventing evaporation. Each sample was allowed to sit on the forearm, under the plastic cover slip, for 10 min.

Results: The mean (±SD) [K+] in ‘artificial’ sweat not exposed to the skin was measured to be 4.2±0.4 mEq·L–1. After 10 min of exposure to the stratum corneum of the forearm, the artificial sweat had a mean (±SD) [K+] of 3.9±0.3 mEq·L–1. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the [K+] between the control artificial sweat and the samples collected after 10 min of exposure to forearm skin.

Conclusions: These results do not support the hypothesis that significant K+ leaching from the stratum corneum into standing sweat is the cause for the previously reported elevated sweat [K+].
Gewissen und Gerechtigkeit in den Beichtbüchern der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Scattola Merio 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
“Conscience” was a main issue in the Catholic theology of the XVI century and it played an important part in the speculative theology of the great commentaries on the Summa theologiae, where it was treated as the epistemological problem of the synderesis. But it also dominated the literature of the Summulae confessorum, which was intended to solve problems of practical life. These writings could rely on a quite long and very rich tradition, which had given in the XV century a systematic shape to all questions pertaining to the different fora competent for the sins of the Christian. The main feature of this doctrine was that the church had to administrate both the forum internum and the forum externum, which was intended as a part of the ecclesiastic jurisdiction. The same pattern was adopted since the late XVI century by both Lutheran and Calvinistic or Puritan theology, of course with an important difference, because the sacramental mediation of the church in the process of the confession was progressively dismissed completely. In this way, the difference between the forum internum and the forum externum was developed to such a point that the former corresponded only with the singular conscience and the latter coincided only with the law of a sovereign power.
Les intellectuels iréniques de Transylvanie et la traduction de la Bible en roumain
Authors: Nagy Levente 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The greatest propagator of the reformation among the Romanians was István Geleji Katona (1589–1649). He had a good relationship with the teachers from Herborn (Philipp Ludwig Piscator, 1575–1629, Johann Heinrich Alsted, 1588–1638, and Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld 1605–1655) invited to the Academicum Collegium seu Gymnazium Illustre in Gyulafehérvár by Transylvanian princes Gábor Bethlen (1580–1629) and György Rákóczi I (1593–1648). All of them represented an irenic attitude and they wanted to convert to the Reformation not only the Greek Orthodox Romanians but the Islamic Turkish people as well. The study shows the activity of this intellectual circle in Gyulafehérvár – as a result of this activity The New Testament was published in Romanian language in 1648, and the Book of Psalms in 1651.
Transregional Reformation: Synods and Consensus in the Early Reformed Churches
Authors: Foresta Patrizio 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article will explore what might be called the transregional scope and outreach of early modern Reformed synods in a theological as well as ecclesial sense, examining some very few but important moments between the sixteenth and seventeenth century that marked a turning point in the history of the European Reformed Churches and show some particular aspects of the constitutive link between synods and consensus. A transregional level implies a methodological shift towards a more complex and many-sided view of synods, according to which a supposedly unyielding and confessionally adamant institution was affected by the social, geographical, cultural, theological and political stratifications within a wide range of mediating factors and conditions: different local Churches were linked together and crossed the political and ecclesiastical borders through the channels along which persons and ideas passed from region to region, thus creating a mutual exchange through which political, institutional and theological communication took place.
On temporal-structural dynamic failure criteria for rocks
Authors: Qi Chengzhi , Wei Xiaokun , Hongsen Wang , Aifantis Elias C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractVarious failure criteria for rocks are discussed with emphasis on intrinsic temporal and structural features. It is shown that such internal-time/structure-based fracture criteria are different expressions of the governing structural changes under external action. Rock mass has a complex internal structural hierarchy, and failure is intimately related to the development of cracks, their growth and coalescence. In order to describe properly deformation and fracture in rocks it is necessary to consider the internal structural hierarchy of the rock mass and the finiteness of crack propagation. Critical issues including the essence of incubation time, the nature of limit failure strain, and the type of failure criteria for different strain rate sensitivity regimes, are discussed.
Lipoprotein(a): when to measure, how to treat?
Authors: Chennamsetty Indumathi , Scharnagl Hubert , Kleber Marcus E. , März Winfried , Kostner Gert M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract:
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is one of the most atherogenic lipoproteins consisting of a core low-density lipoprotein particle and the specific glycoprotein apo(a). Apo(a) is homologous to plasminogen yet in contrast exhibits a specific size polymorphism. This polymorphism is due to the fact that the number of kringle-IV (K-IV) repeats ranges between two and approximately 50. Apo(a) is synthesized almost exclusively in the liver, and there is still some discussion regarding whether the assembly of Lp(a) occurs intracellularly or in the circulating blood. The plasma Lp(a) concentration is markedly skewed to the right and extends from <1 mg/dL to more than 200 mg/dL. Up to 90% of the variance of Lp(a) concentrations may be genetically determined and the Lp(a) concentration correlates inversely with the number of K-IV repeats. In the apo(a) promoter there are numerous response elements for transcription factors and nuclear receptors, whereby the HNF4α binding sequence is the most important one. Activation of FXR causes the dissociation of HNF4α from its response element and in turn a significant down regulation of apo(a) transcription. Recent large epidemiological studies document beyond any doubt that Lp(a) is an independent causal risk factor for coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Hence, novel approaches to correct elevated Lp(a) are under investigation. Among the established lipid-lowering drugs, only nicotinic acid lowers Lp(a) in a consistent and clinically relevant fashion, and we recently elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying this effect. Novel medicines in clinical trials include CETP inhibitors, PCSK9 antibodies, the MTP inhibitor lomitapide and antisense oligonucleotides. APO(a)Rx
®, an antisense oligonucleotide, which is specifically directed against the mRNA for apo(a), has the strongest effect on Lp(a). It offers the opportunity to examine the impact of selective Lp(a) lowering on clinical events. Lp(a) emerged as an important screening parameter to assess the risk for atherosclerosis. Its quantitation in the clinical laboratory had not been standardized for a long period of time. New commercial methods, in particular enzyme immunoassays with monoclonal antibodies that recognize single epitopes in apo(a), or nephelometric and turbidimetric assays hold the potential to warrant comparable results in different laboratories.
Advanced nanoarchitectures of carbon aerogels for multifunctional environmental applications
Authors: Hu Peidong , Tan Beihui , Long Mingce 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn recent decades, carbon aerogels (CAs) have attracted increasing attention. Compared with other carbon materials, CAs are available in macroscopic diverse morphologies with tunable hierarchical porosity and large specific surface area. The interconnected carbonaceous framework also endows CAs with excellent electrical properties. CA can be a promising material for various purposes through proper design and functionalization. In this article, we place an emphasis on CAs based on resorcinol-formaldehyde resin and graphene sheets. We review the state-of-the-art progress on the preparation of functionalized CAs, and the relationships between their advanced nanoarchitectures and performances in environmental remediation, including adsorption, capacitive deionization and catalysis, are discussed. The challenges in design and application of CAs are also proposed.
Making drugs safer: improving drug delivery and reducing the side effect of drugs on the human biochemical system
Authors: Odiba Arome , Ukegbu Chimere , Anunobi Oluchukwu , Chukwunonyelum Ike , Esemonu Juliet 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRestrategizing becomes inevitable when in trying to proffer solution to a problem, damage in a different form is done. The unintended effects of drugs (side effects) could be leaving behind more damage than the therapeutic effect they are required to provide. This has led to the withdrawal of a number of drugs. However, there are still a number of options to explore in delivery, especially in the application of nanomedicine. Such advances in nanomedicine employ the use of phenylboronic acid-installed polymeric micelles, matrix metalloproteinase 2-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-drug conjugate, multifunctional DNA nanoflowers, single vehicular delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), nanoparticle-mediated codelivery of siRNA and prodrug, lipopeptide nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery, polyprodrug amphiphiles, transepithelial transport of Fc-targeted nanoparticles, mutant KRAS target, monovalent molecular shuttle, near-infrared-actuated devices, transferrin receptor trafficking, remote loading of preencapsulated drugs, ATP-mediated liposomal drug delivery, nanoparticle-based combination chemotherapy delivery system, nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates, ultrasound-triggered disruption of cross-linked hydrogels, refilling drug delivery depots through the blood, siRNA payloads to target KRAS-mutant cancer, delivery of antibody mimics into mammalian cells, biologically “smart” hydrogel, combination of liposomes containing bio-enhancers, and tetraether lipids. Minimized side effects, increased bioavailability, and reduced dosage are possible benefits of improved drug targeting.
Applications and perspectives of using nanomaterials for sustainable plant nutrition
Authors: Ditta Allah , Arshad Muhammad 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNanotechnology opens a large scope of novel applications in the fields of plant nutrition needed to meet the future demands of the growing population because nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties, i.e. high surface area, high reactivity, tunable pore size, and particle morphology. Management of optimum nutrients for sustainable crop production is a priority-based area of research in agriculture. In this regard, nanonutrition has proved to be the most interesting area of research and concerns with the provision of nano-sized nutrients for sustainable crop production. Using this technology, we can increase the efficiency of micro- as well as macronutrients of plants. In the literature, various NPs and nanomaterials (NMs) have been successfully used for better nutrition of crop plants compared to the conventional fertilizers. This review summarizes these NPs and NMs into macro-, micro-, and nanocarrier-based fertilizers and plant-growth-enhancing NPs with unclear mechanisms, describing their role in improving growth and yield of crops, concentration/rate of application, particle size, mechanism of action if known, toxic effects if any, and research gaps in the present research. Moreover, future research directions for achieving sustainable agriculture are also discussed in the appropriate section and at the end in the concluding remarks section.
Functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage – a review of the potential role of antiapoptotic agents
Authors: Salihu Abubakar Tijjani , Muthuraju Sangu , Idris Zamzuri , Izaini Ghani Abdul Rahman , Abdullah Jafri Malin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common form of stroke and is associated with greater mortality and morbidity compared with ischaemic stroke. The current ICH management strategies, which mainly target primary injury mechanisms, have not been shown to improve patient’s functional outcome. Consequently, multimodality treatment approaches that will focus on both primary and secondary pathophysiology have been suggested. During the last decade, a proliferation of experimental studies has demonstrated the role of apoptosis in secondary neuronal loss at the periphery of the clot after ICH. Subsequently, the value of certain antiapoptotic agents in reducing neuronal death and improving functional outcome following ICH was evaluated in animal models. Preliminary evidence from those studies strongly supports the potential role of antiapoptotic agents in reducing neuronal death and improving functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage. Expectedly, the ongoing and subsequent clinical trials will substantiate these findings and provide clear information on the most potent and safe antiapoptotic agents, their appropriate dosage, and temporal window of action, thereby making them suitable for the multimodality treatment approach.
Labeling through Spell-Out
Authors: Takita Kensuke , Goto Nobu , Shibata Yoshiyuki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper proposes that a particular conception of the Spell-Out operation provides a hitherto unnoticed way of determining a label of otherwise unlabeled syntactic objects. It is shown that this proposal simplifies the grammar and gains several theoretical and empirical consequences, eliminating certain unnecessary complications in Chomsky’s (
Application of the Reverberation-Ray Matrix to the Non-Fourier Heat Conduction in Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Zhou Feng-xi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The method of the reverberation-ray matrix has been developed and successfully applied to analyse the wave propagation in a multibranched framed structure or in a layered medium. However, the method is confined to the case of mechanical loads applied at the medium until now. This paper aims to extend the formulation of the reverberation-ray matrix to cases of thermal propagation and diffusion. The thermal response in functionally graded materials (FGM) with the non-Fourier heat conduction model is analysed. In the present work, it is assumed that the material properties of an FG plate vary only in the thickness direction by following the power law function. The effect of non-Fourier and material inhomogeneity in the plate subjected to a periodic thermal disturbance is investigated. The present approach is validated by comparing it with the solutions obtained by other methods.
The Modified Simple Equation Method, the Exp-Function Method, and the Method of Soliton Ansatz for Solving the Long–Short Wave Resonance Equations
Authors: Zayed E.M.E. , Al-Nowehy Abdul-Ghani 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The modified simple equation method, the exp-function method, and the method of soliton ansatz for solving nonlinear partial differential equations are presented. Based on these three different methods, we obtain the exact solutions and the bright–dark soliton solutions with parameters of the long-short wave resonance equations which describe the resonance interaction between the long wave and the short wave. When these parameters take special values, the solitary wave solutions are derived from the exact solutions. We compare the results obtained using the three methods. Also, a comparison between our results and the well-known results is given.
Craig Rhos-y-felin: a Welsh bluestone megalith quarry for Stonehenge
Authors: Parker Pearson Mike , Bevins Richard , Ixer Rob , Pollard Joshua , Richards Colin , Welham Kate , Chan Ben , Edinborough Kevan , Hamilton Derek , Macphail Richard , Schlee Duncan , Schwenninger Jean-Luc , Simmons Ellen , Smith Martin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Thermal Performance Evaluation of Roofing Details to Improve Thermal Efficiency and Condensation Resistance
Authors: Olson Eric K. , Saldanha Cheryl M. , Hsu Jessica W. 
Published: December 2015

For roofing systems with insulation installed entirely above deck, designers typically determine the required insulation thickness from published thermal resistance (R-value in Imperial units and R-value Système International [RSI] in metric) of the roofing insulation. These calculations typically do not consider thermal bridges such as insulation fasteners, penetrations, and other detailing. Increased heat flow at these discontinuities decreases the overall thermal performance of the roofing system and, in cold climates, may also increase the risk of condensation within the roof assembly and surrounding construction.
Roofing system designers need a better understanding of the impact of thermally inefficient details and methods to improve roofing thermal performance. Computer-based thermal modeling can be used to evaluate heat flow through roofing details by estimating the thermal resistance or transmittance of an assembly. In addition, the models permit parametric analysis to review the impact of minor changes to details, such as thickness and placement of insulation, on reducing heat flow. Models can also be used to estimate temperatures of materials and surfaces within the assembly. This analysis allows designers to compare the temperatures within the roofing detail or assembly with indoor dew point temperatures to evaluate condensation potential. Coupled with a hygrothermal analysis, designers can use thermal models to review and recommend insulation, vapor retarder, and air barrier placement in roofing systems.
This study builds on previous research by using commercially available three-dimensional heat transfer software to evaluate heat loss through commonly encountered roofing details, such as penetrations, supports, and drains. We also review the condensation risk created by cold materials penetrating the vapor retarder to reach interior spaces. The effect of roofing fasteners and fastening plates through insulation on heat loss and condensation is also evaluated. The overall reduction in total roofing thermal resistance is calculated for a hypothetical building roof. Finally, we explore strategies to mitigate thermal bridging and condensation risk by reconfiguring details and strategically placing insulation.
Prevalence and clinical features of the ectopic ACTH syndrome in patients with gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Kamp K , Alwani R A , Korpershoek E , Franssen G J H , de Herder W W , Feelders R A 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveSeveral series report on the relative contribution of ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) in the spectrum of Cushing's syndrome. However, prevalence of EAS in patients with thoracic or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) is currently unknown.Design We assessed, in a tertiary referral center, the prevalence of EAS in a large cohort of thoracic and GEP-NET patients including clinical, biochemical, and radiological features; management; and treatment outcome.Methods In total, 918 patients with thoracic or GEP-NETs were studied (1993–2012). Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and small cell lung carcinoma patients were excluded. Differentiation between synchronous, metachronous, and cyclic occurrence of EAS was made.Results Out of the 918 patients with thoracic and GEP-NETs (469 males and 449 females; median age 58.7 years (range: 17.3–87.3)), 29 patients (3.2%) had EAS (ten males and 19 females; median age 48.1 years (range: 24.7–77.9)). EAS occurred synchronously in 23 patients (79%), metachronously in four patients (14%), and cyclical in two patients (7%) respectively. NETs causing EAS included lung/bronchus (n=9), pancreatic (n=9), and thymic (n=4). In four patients, the cause of EAS was unknown (n=4). Median overall survival (OS) of non-EAS thoracic and GEP-NET patients was 61.2 months (range: 0.6–249.4). Median OS of EAS patients was 41.4 months (range: 2.2–250.9). After comparison, only the first 5-year survival was significantly shorter (P=0.013) in EAS patients.Conclusion Prevalence of EAS in this large cohort of patients with thoracic and GEP-NETs was 3.2%. EAS was mostly caused by thoracic and pancreatic NETs. First 5-year survival of EAS patients was shorter compared with non-EAS patients.
Women Leadership in Local Wisdom Perspective: Bugis Muslims Scholars’ Thought and Bugis Culture
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad 
Published: December 2015

<p><em>This research is an effort to explain quranic values in collaborating and synergizing with the values of local wisdoms which influences social life paradigm. The main resources of this research are the thought of Bugis Muslim scholars in the Quranic exegesis which is in Bugis language. This exegesis was written by MUI of South Sulawesi consisting of 11 volumes. This study concerns on the interpretation of verses on women leadership which is then connected with the cultural values of Bugis society. Data on cultural values were collected through interview and observation. Bugis ulama tend to follow the perspective of Middle Eastern ulama regarding the issue of leadership in the domestic area, they argue that man is the leader. Meanwhile the cultural values ‘</em>sibaliperri, sipurepo’ indicate that husband and wife are partners in dealing with the family matters. In the public space, Bugis ulama agree with the Bugis culture in which they say that women have opportunities to handle various tasks either at an organization or community</p><p><em>.</em><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em></em></strong><em><br /></em></p>