bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exile
Authors: Alexander Vera 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Exile is the condition of living in geographical dislocation from home; it also refers to a person to whom this condition applies. It is often associated with pain, loss, nostalgia, and trauma. In migration discourse, exile has become a trope for the violent displacements resulting from imperialism, slavery, indenture migration, and decolonization. Exile plots have a central role in literary as well as religious history and myths of origin. The subject elicits ambiguous responses, ranging from an emphasis on disempowerment and victimhood to a fascination with exile as enabling creative freedom and intellectual innovation.
African Popular Music
Authors: Nyairo Joyce 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Debates on the term “popular” in African popular music abound, but it undoubtedly constitutes a critical site for the articulation and interpretation of African social and political life. An important body of academic work has emerged that analyzes the life of musicians and breaks down the intricacies of production and the intertextualities underpinning the meanings of African songs. While questions of identity and influence are paramount, the music has contributed to individuals’ sense of self and ability to articulate quotidian life and challenge state‐ ‐driven inequalities. Individual artists like Miriam Makeba and Youssou Ndour have served as the continent's ambassadors and changed the social status of its musicians. The production and distribution of the music affirm globalization, which has brought a convergence of styles, concerns, performance modes, and sites. Meanwhile, the challenge of documenting the immense contribution of African musicians remains, despite growing attempts to exploit new media to make the archive of African popular music accessible.
Film
Authors: Chaudhary‐Kamdar Neha 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the writing of its history, film is often assumed to be a Western art form. But the technology traveled to non‐Western countries at the same time as it arrived in Europe and the United States. By the early twentieth century, filmmaking was thriving in countries like France, the United States, India, and Japan. Over time, the various centers of cinema have shifted across the globe in terms of their political and economic importance. New centers have emerged as well, along with film movements driven by radical political and artistic motives. In recent decades, movements such as Third Cinema, along with postcolonial, immigrant, and transnational films, have come to define our understanding of world cinema. These forms need to be considered along with persistent, classical modes like Hollywood, in order to fully understand the depth and breadth of film in the postcolonial world.
García Márquez, Gabriel
Authors: Thomas Mirosh 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Colombian‐born author and journalist, Gabriel García Márquez, won international fame with the publication of his novelOne Hundred Years of Solitude. His novels and short stories are known for their stylistic virtuosity as well as their historical significance. Marquez's literary situations are openly drawn from Latin American history: the oppressive powers of the dictators, the massacre of the protesting banana workers, the abject poverty of the poor, all become his literary sources. His other major novels includeLove in the Time of Cholera,The Autumn of the Patriarch, andThe General in his Labyrinth.
Garvey, Marcus
Authors: Coulardeau Jacques 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, acquired his fame from his Harlem period (1916–1927) with the First International Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World and their Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World (1920). He was the President of the first radical black nationalist mass organization in the United States and the world. He is the object today of a serious revival in Africa and the United States, after Jamaica vindicated him in 1964 as a national hero.
Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Patel Geeta 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The first thing to understand about gender and sexuality, and this is one of the crucial points made by women of color, queer theorists, and subjects from the global South, is that there is nothing there. That is, genders ought to be conceived as place holders, sexualities as possibilities; both are in the constant process of being filled in or articulated, and what was contained in them mutated to suit the circumstances of their production. So, what is at stake is a riddle, one which cannot be resolved by finding anything to which one can point and say – this is what a woman is, or this is a transgender person. Rather, writers and scholars and activists imagine, image, produce, and deploy scrupulous formulations of gendered, racialized, sexualized, classed subjects to do particular sorts of labor or to salvage certain sorts of political deployments.
Anglophone World Literature
Authors: Dharwadker Vinay 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAnglophone world literature is conceptualized in multiple, conflicting ways. A useful compromise is to demarcate it as literature “other than British and American” produced originally in various varieties of English in different parts of the world under colonial or postcolonial conditions. This working definition helps identify distinctive forms of realist and nonrealist writing in prose fiction, poetry in closed and open forms, and drama, which converge upon and diverge from British and American canonical practices in numerous ways. These interrelations result from the long history of the migration of English outside the Anglo‐American sphere, and the multilingual constitution of its new cultural environments. As a further consequence, the population of daily users of English and of writers in this language around the globe is immensely heterogeneous today, and their worlds and works do not merely reproduce those of British and American literature.
Hau'ofa, Epeli
Authors: Hogue Rebecca 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
As an anthropologist, essayist, poet, satirist, humorist, and academic, Epeli Hau'ofa (1939–2009) is one of the most prominent literary figures of Oceania and Pacific studies. Contrary to the Western conception of the ocean as a vacant, conquerable space, Hau'ofa's metaphor of the Pacific as a “Sea of Islands” revitalized connections between what had become disparate nations in the age of Western imperialism.
Japanese Imperialism
Authors: Tierney Robert 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Japan was the most important non‐Western imperial power in the modern period. It emerged as an empire in Asia while it was a semi‐colony under the treaty port system. Its imperialism was mimetic of Western imperialism, both in its tactics and in its rhetoric. However, this mimesis produced a distinctive imperialism that set Japan apart from the countries it imitated. On the one hand, Japanese colonizers stated that they shared a common racial origin and civilization with those they colonized. On the other, they practiced an anti‐imperial imperialism that claimed to liberate Asians from Western domination. Like Germany in 1919, Japan lost its overseas empire as a result of military defeat in World War II. Koreans, Taiwanese, and Manchurians were liberated from Japanese rule, but were soon plunged into civil wars. The cataclysmic end to the empire facilitated a forgetting of the past, which continued to shape perceptions of Japan's imperial culture long after 1945, leading Western scholars to downplay the importance of the colonial empire. In recent years, scholars have paid a lot of attention to Japan's imperial culture, particularly the important body of literature written by both Japanese writers and colonized writers.
Julien, Isaac
Authors: Arya Rina 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Isaac Julien is an internationally renowned black filmmaker who established himself in the 1980s as an avant‐garde artist who developed an experimental style combining documentary footage, archival material, and narrative in innovative ways to create a fresh perspective on British black politics that blurs the boundaries between fact and fiction. His contribution to British art has been immense and can be summarized by two main achievements. First, he sought to expand the definition of film by breaking down the boundaries that existed between artistic disciplines, such as film, dance, theater, painting, and photography. Second, not only did he bring homosexuality, a subject that for so long had been marginalized in black culture, into the realm of identity politics but he did so during the AIDS epidemic.
Kipling, Rudyard
Authors: Davies Dominic 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) was a prolific writer who, through extensive writings, both captured and gave shape to the ideas of his age. Widely remembered for his unpleasantly jingoistic and racist poetry, Kipling nevertheless produced nuanced, explorative, transgressive, and even resistant accounts of colonialism through his literary prose that took the form of both short stories and novels. Intimately acquainted with India, “the jewel in the Crown of the British Empire” and his place of birth, he also traveled through and across many important colonies and diverse geographical and cultural spaces, as well as developing an affection for the countryside of southern England. Kipling's resulting paradoxical attitudes, manifesting most prominently in the inconsistencies and sensitivities of his literature, offer insights into the complex layers of colonial discourse, demonstrating how literature might function subversively from within that discursive framework and demanding new and more complex methods of critical analysis.
Land in Latin America
Authors: Johnson Adriana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Land is lodged at the very heart of some of the most fundamental and violent conflicts in postcolonial Latin America and also, for that very reason, scattered through multiple inscriptions. This entry is concerned with these inscriptions and with the way the concept of land is written into the Latin American archive through three different phases: extension, intensification, and detranscendentalization.
Language Politics
Authors: Tetteh‐Batsa Bridget 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
To some extent, scholarship on language politics responds to the prestige the English language enjoys, not only as a world language, but in the way it enables access to globalized knowledge or market economies. While some scholars specifically decry Standard English's global influence as linguistic imperialism because it legitimizes cultural superiority for the West, others foreground the opportunities English offers for national and global participation. For scholars interested in preserving ethnic languages in the African postcolony, “varieties” of the English language, for example, are considered necessary appropriations of Standard English. Relatedly, postcolonial critics who address the significance of language choice in terms of African literature or media of school instruction consider the consequences and implications for what defines cultures, identities, and worldviews.
Mannoni, Octave
Authors: Zabus Chantal 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDominique Octave Mannoni (1899–1989) was a French intellectual and civil servant whose 20‐year stay in Madagascar shaped his ethnopsychiatric interpretations of colonialism. Using two characters from William Shakespeare'sThe Tempest, he elaborated Prospero's inferiority complex and the Caliban or dependency complex in his best‐known book,Prospero and Caliban.The Psychology of Colonizationwhile undergoing analysis with French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan in Paris. His theories were famously opposed by Aimé Césaire and Frantz Fanon.
Mao Zedong and Maoism
Authors: Vukovich Daniel F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Born to a land‐owning family in a village in Shaoshan, Hunan province, Mao Zedong went from school teacher and liberal and anarchist intellectual to paramount leader of the Chinese revolution. With others he famously Sinified Marxism and Leninism to make them, as theories and political guides, fit the Chinese and rural Third World contexts. With some brief exceptions he led the new, modern nation‐state state from 1949 to his death in 1976, a period of enormous ups and downs, of lives lost as well as saved. Maoism became arguably the dominant radical theory of politics and development for the entire era of decolonization. The reversal of his reputation and meaning has as much to do with global, rightward or liberal trends than with anything else.
Maran, René
Authors: Koffi‐Tessio Marie H. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Caribbean‐born writer René Maran (1887–1960) was the first person of color to be awarded the Goncourt, the most prestigious French literary prize, for
Batouala: A True Negro Novel
(1921). Maran produced a large body of work, much of which is unknown today, ranging from poetry and novels to animal fables, biographies of explorers, and newspaper articles.
Batouala
remains by far the most famous of his works. Often presented as a figure of resistance and anti‐colonialism, Maran remains, however, an ambiguous personage: as a source of political controversy on the colonial question on more than one occasion, he has prefigured the anti‐colonial struggle. Yet the stances adopted within his work and his personal letters at the beginning of his career make it difficult to assimilate the texts, and their author, into the binary logic which would clearly oppose resistant struggle to complicity with some aspects of colonial ideology.
Martí, José
Authors: Saumell Rafael E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

From the onset of the twentieth century to the present, José Martí (1853–95) has been Cuba's most important and most studied author. Michel Foucault's theory elaborated in his “What is an Author?” applies to Martí. Not only was he a founder of “discourses,” he also made possible the formation of other texts produced after him. He wrote extensively on colonization, colonialism and postcolonialism, slavery, Spanish America's independence wars and its heroes, anti‐imperialism, racism, race relations, pre‐Hispanic civilizations, and cultural liberation from Euro and North America‐centered ideologies. One of his most fundamental essays on these issues is “Nuestra América” (Our America) (1891). For his book of poetry
Ismaelillo
(1882), he is also considered one of the forefathers of
modernismo
.
Masculinity
Authors: Sands Travis 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Masculinity occupies a peculiar position in postcolonial studies. On the one hand, it was only consolidated as an object of analysis in the late 1980s. But on the other hand, postcolonial, Third World, and women of color feminist scholars have long recognized masculinity as a structuring dimension of imperial rule, postcolonial nationalism, and neo‐imperial domination. Analyses of masculinity in a postcolonial frame have thus followed several intersecting trajectories that each work to problematize the transparency of masculinity as an epistemological ground, while marking its usefulness for understanding gendered logics of domination and resistance. This entry offers an overview of these trajectories while marking the ways that postcolonial masculinity studies have come to define masculinity as multiple, historically contingent, and variegated by cultural, national, religious, linguistic, ethnic, racial, and economic differences.
Melville, Pauline
Authors: Renk Kathleen J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Pauline Melville (1948– ) is a Guyanese novelist and short‐story writer. Her subjects range from political corruption to the split between magic and science during the Renaissance to contemporary terrorism. Blending a unique form of marvelous realism with sardonic wit and a cry for social and political justice, Melville's work often decries old imperialism dressed in the new garb of globalization.
Memory in Latin America
Authors: de Murcia Conesa Antonio 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA critical and inevitably selective journey through the Latin American politics of memory demands an examination not only of those discourses devoted to handling memories, but also of those willing to think about forgetfulness. The latter are the same that have exchanged the centrality of a thinking subject for the subalternity of thinking about the subject, which is furthermore a theorization of the non‐subject. The politics of anti‐subjectivism is introduced as an answer to a democratic way of thinking about the violence and sacrifice claims made by the unending hypostases of power: legacy, hegemony, identity, nation, culture, or, finally, the subject. All of them, to a greater or lesser degree, are anamorphoses of the hypostasis of memory.
Mestizaje
Authors: Castro Carolina Bruna 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Mestizaje can be analyzed from a biological and demographic point of view, as well as from the basis of a community's subjectification and identification. This community establishes values and customs that come into contact with other features from the different places in which it resides. In this sense, mestizaje is different from immigration. In the case of immigration, people's behavior is divided into two categories – public and social life, on the one hand, and their private, family life (habits and respect for traditional roots), on the other. In the mestizaje phenomenon, however, there is a crossover of roots which gives rise to a way of seeing the world. Mestizo people are not born; rather they become mestizo.
Middle Eastern Literature and Theory (Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, Syriac)
Authors: Oruc Firat 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
By virtue of being one of the oldest continuously inhabited parts of the world, the Middle East has been home to the formation and development of an unparalleled variety of literatures in different languages, ranging from Sumerian, Egyptian, and Akkadian to Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac to Turkish, Persian, and Armenian. As a literary region, the Middle East is composed of a diverse range of national, ethnic, and linguistic elements that have been shaped by overlapping social histories, cultural expressions, and aesthetic forms. This composition took different shapes in ancient, medieval/Islamic, modern, and contemporary global times. In terms of studying the body of literature that emerged from the Middle East, Orientalist philologists have generally been interested in studying the first two periods (ancient and medieval), whereas postcolonial critics have been primarily preoccupied with the modern and contemporary cultural/literary transformations that the region has undergone in the aftermath of Western hegemony.
Mistry, Rohinton
Authors: Patel Tanvi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

As one of the most renowned South Asian writers of the modern era, Rohinton Mistry garners high praise for realistic depictions of marginalized Indian life. His admiration for the strength and resilience of Indian people facing social and political predicaments emanates from novels like
Such A Long Journey
and
A Fine Balance
. Showcasing the tumultuous history of postcolonial India and the Parsi community in particular, Mistry resurrects traditionalist notions of human agency, nostalgia, and family.
Mofolo, Thomas
Authors: Hodapp James 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Thomas Mofolo was one of the most prominent literary figures in early African literature. The most widely recognized of his work is the novel
Chaka
. Mofolo stands as a crucial link between precolonial African written and oral literature and the stage after Chinua Achebe's
Things Fall Apart
, which initiated a period dominated by the Heinemann African Writers’ Series.
Naipaul, V. S.
Authors: Rahim Jennifer 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Places produce writers. The reverse is also true. Writers make places. Trinidadian writer Vidyadhar Surajprasad Naipaul has spent most of his phenomenal writing career exploring the enigmatic interplay of this interdependence. Naipaul has spent as much time analyzing the writerly “I” that sees and narrates as he has creating characters and landscapes. His artistic fascination with the intersection between literary and real worlds persists in light of his formative familiarity with movement and dislocation. Writing precisely about the world that made him became self‐knowledge. In his Nobel lecture, “Two Worlds,” he identifies “background” as his primary influence. A descendant of East Indian indentured laborers of peasant origin, Naipaul was born on an ex‐plantation.
Naxalites
Authors: Majumder Auritro 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The Naxalite insurgency in India has attracted national and global attention in recent times. The Naxalite adoption of revolutionary Maoism has a long history in India, starting with the Naxalbari peasant uprising in West Bengal in 1967 led by Charu Mazumdar. The combination of lower‐caste and indigenous
adivasi
resistance to neoliberal actors such as multinational mining corporations and rural land‐owning elites, in addition to the theories of subaltern and peasant armed struggle developed by the Maoist Naxalites, have made Naxalism into one of the most significant revolutionary movements in the world today.
Ogot, Grace
Authors: Stockstill Ellen J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Grace Ogot was a successful writer from Kenya whose short fiction appeared in a number of collections. Her book
The Promised Land
(1966) was the first novel written by a woman to be published by the East Africa Publishing House. Ogot published works in Dholuo, Kiswahili, and English. Her fiction frequently wove together Luo folklore and her experiences working as a nurse. In addition to being a writer and a healthcare professional, Ogot served as a member of parliament in Kenya and as a delegate to the United Nations.
Ondaatje, Michael
Authors: Bower Rachel 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Michael Ondaatje is a poet and storyteller of extraordinary energy and beauty, and one of Canada's finest writers. Ondaatje was born in Sri Lanka, moved to England in 1952, and has lived in Canada since 1962. Ondaatje's career reflects his remarkable ability to juggle literary, editorial, academic, and critical work. Although he is internationally renowned for his novels, particularly the Booker Prize winning novel
The English Patient
, Ondaatje has also authored many highly celebrated collections of poetry, as well as screenplays and nonfiction books and essays. Ondaatje's writing is fixated by history, memory, and the physicality of human lived experience, and it powerfully forces us to re‐experience the living environments in which we live.
Pamuk, Orhan
Authors: Oruc Firat 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Orhan Pamuk (1952–) is one of the most prominent Turkish writers and winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. His work displays a rich variety of experiment with narrative forms and modes of storytelling. Even though Turkey has not been subjected to European colonial rule, Orhan Pamuk shares strongly the sensibilities of postcolonial writers such as Salman Rushdie on a number of issues pertaining to secularism, nationalism, and orientalism. In Pamuk's novels, Istanbul is represented as a hybrid contact zone, where history and modernity, East and West, old and new, the religious and the secular, Turkish and European are superimposed on one another as forces of collision or reconciliation.