bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der deutsche Taximarkt – das letzte (Kollektiv-)Monopol im Sturm der „neuen Zeit“
Authors: Pape Annika , Wein Thomas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Smartphone-Apps and web-based tools improve the transparency of taxi rides with regard to prices and routing. These technical innovations reduce asymmetric information. Hence, obligatory knowledge tests of streets and important places are no longer necessary. However, the provision of taxis may yield a waiting externality. Empirically the regulator takes the costs, structures into account and, therefore, acts for the purpose of public interests. Nonetheless, the population variable seems questionable. The reasons for the puzzling results might refer to different perceptions with regard to waiting time in sparsely populated areas.
Ascidian bioresources: common and variant chemical compositions and exploitation strategy – examples of Halocynthia roretzi, Styela plicata, Ascidia sp. and Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Zhao Yadong , Li Jiebing 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
To explore abundant marine ascidian bioresources, four species from two orders have been compared in their chemical compositions. After a universal separation of the animal body into two fractions, all tunics have been found rich in carbohydrate contents, while all inner body tissues are richer in proteins. Cellulose is present almost exclusively in the tunics and more in the order Stolidobranchia, while more sulfated polysaccharides are present in Phlebobranchia species. Almost all proteins are collagens with a high essential amino acid index and high delicious amino acid (DAA) content. All fractions also have high contents of good-quality fatty acids and trace minerals but low toxic element contents, with different sterols and glycosaminoglycans. There are species-specific characteristics observed for vanadium accumulation and sterol structures which are also meaningful for ascidian chemotaxonomy and resource exploitation. It is suggested that in addition to the present utilizations of tunics for cellulose production and of some species’ inner body tissues as human food, one should explore all species’ inner body tissues as human foods and all tunics as food or animal feed with the contained cellulose as dietary fiber. Collagens, sulfated polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, sterols and trace elements could be explored as byproducts for, e.g. pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
Influence of the Ce:YAG Amount on Structure and Optical Properties of Ce:YAG-PMMA Composites for White LED
Authors: Armetta Francesco , Sibeko Motshabi A. , Luyt Adriaan S. , Chillura Martino Delia F. , Spinella Alberto , Saladino Maria Luisa 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Ce:YAG-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites were prepared by using a melt compounding method, adding
several amounts of Ce:YAG in the range 0.1–5 wt. %. The optical properties of the obtained
composites and of the composites combined with a blue LED were measured to investigate the effect of the amount of
Ce:YAG on the resulting emitted light in view of possible application in white LED manufacture. An increase
in Ce:YAG amount caused an increase in the emission and a shift of 15 nm, influencing the white
LED performance. The structure and morphology of the composites were studied. The results show that the interaction
between the two components, observed by using solid state NMR experiments, are the responsible for the observed shift.
Progress in Fixed-Photon-Energy Time-Efficient Double Imaging Photoelectron/Photoion Coincidence Measurements in Quantitative Flame Analysis
Authors: Felsmann Daniel , Lucassen Arnas , Krüger Julia , Hemken Christian , Tran Luc-Sy , Pieper Julia , Garcia Gustavo A. , Brockhinke Andreas , Nahon Laurent , Kohse-Höinghaus Katharina 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy as an attractive new technique for
combustion analysis was used in a fixed-photon-energy configuration to provide quantitative
species profiles in laminar premixed flames. While such measurements are conventionally
performed with molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) using electron ionization (EI) or
vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization (PI) with synchrotron radiation, these techniques
have some limitations. The possibility to record photoelectron spectra (PES) simultaneously
with photoionization data, providing fingerprint information for reliable species
identification, presents a significant advantage of PEPICO spectroscopy especially in
complex reactive mixtures. The multiplex approach presented here, enhanced by the imaging
capabilities of the electron and ion detection in the so-called double-imaging PEPICO scheme
(i2PEPICO), provides, in different experimental situations, an
unprecedentedly detailed combustion analysis regarding both species identification and
quantification. Problems and perspectives of the present fixed-photon-energy PEPICO approach
will be discussed.
Partial Raphe Dysfunction in Neurotransmission Is Sufficient to Increase Mortality after Anoxic Exposures in Mice at a Critical Period in Postnatal Development
Authors: Barrett Karlene T. , Dosumu-Johnson Ryan T. , Daubenspeck J. Andrew , Brust Rachael D. , Kreouzis Vasileios , Kim Jun Chul , Li Aihua , Dymecki Susan M. , Nattie Eugene E. 
Published: April 2016

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases often have abnormalities of the brainstem raphe serotonergic (5-HT) system. We hypothesize that raphe dysfunction contributes to a failure to autoresuscitate from multiple hypoxic events, leading to SIDS. We studied autoresuscitation in two transgenic mouse models in which exocytic neurotransmitter release was impaired via conditional expression of the light chain from tetanus toxin (tox) in raphe neurons expressing serotonergic bacterial artificial chromosome driversPet1orSlc6a4. These used recombinase drivers targeted different portions of medullary raphe serotonergic, tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2)+neurons by postnatal day (P) 5 through P12: approximately one-third in triple transgenicPet1::Flpe, hβactin::cre, RC::PFtoxmice; approximately three-fourths inSlc6a4::cre, RC::Ptoxmice; with the first model capturing a near equal number ofPet1+,Tph2+versusPet1+,Tph2low or negativeraphe cells. At P5, P8, and P12, “silenced” mice and controls were exposed to five, ∼37 s bouts of anoxia. Mortality was 5–10 times greater in “silenced” pups compared with controls at P5 and P8 (p= 0.001) but not P12, with cumulative survival not differing between experimental transgenic models. “Silenced” pups that eventually died took longer to initiate gasping (p= 0.0001), recover heart rate (p= 0.0001), and recover eupneic breathing (p= 0.011) during the initial anoxic challenges. Variability indices for baseline breathing distinguished “silenced” from controls but did not predict mortality. We conclude that dysfunction of even a portion of the raphe, as observed in many SIDS cases, can impair ability to autoresuscitate at critical periods in postnatal development and that baseline indices of breathing variability can identify mice at risk.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases exhibit a partial (∼26%) brainstem serotonin deficiency. Using recombinase drivers, we targeted different fractions of serotonergic and raphe neurons in mice for tetanus toxin light chain expression, which prevented vesicular neurotransmitter release. In one model, approximately one-third of medullary Tph2+neurons are silenced by postnatal (P) days 5 and 12, along with some Pet1+,Tph2low or negativeraphe cells; in the other, approximately three-fourths of medullary Tph2+neurons, also with some Tph2low or negativecells. Both models demonstrated excessive mortality to anoxia (a postulated SIDS stressor) at P5 and P8. We demonstrated fatal vulnerability to anoxic stress at a specific time in postnatal life induced by a partial defect in raphe function. This models features of SIDS.
Adenosine A1Receptor Protects Against Cisplatin Ototoxicity by Suppressing the NOX3/STAT1 Inflammatory Pathway in the Cochlea
Authors: Kaur Tejbeer , Borse Vikrant , Sheth Sandeep , Sheehan Kelly , Ghosh Sumana , Tupal Srinivasan , Jajoo Sarvesh , Mukherjea Debashree , Rybak Leonard P. , Ramkumar Vickram 
Published: April 2016

Cisplatin is a commonly used antineoplastic agent that produces ototoxicity that is mediated in part by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the NOX3 NADPH oxidase pathway in the cochlea. Recent studies implicate ROS generation in mediating inflammatory and apoptotic processes and hearing loss by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1). In this study, we show that the adenosine A1receptor (A1AR) protects against cisplatin ototoxicity by suppressing an inflammatory response initiated by ROS generation via NOX3 NADPH oxidase, leading to inhibition of STAT1. Trans-tympanic administration of the A1AR agonistR-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) inhibited cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, as measured by auditory brainstem responses and scanning electron microscopy in male Wistar rats. This was associated with reduced NOX3 expression, STAT1 activation, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and apoptosis in the cochlea.In vitrostudies in UB/OC-1 cells, an organ of Corti immortalized cell line, showed thatR-PIA reduced cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 Ser727(but not Tyr701) and STAT1 luciferase activity by suppressing the ERK1/2, p38, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.R-PIA also decreased the expression of STAT1 target genes, such as TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reduced cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. These data suggest that the A1AR provides otoprotection by suppressing NOX3 and inflammation in the cochlea and could serve as an ideal target for otoprotective drug therapy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumors. Its use results in significant and permanent hearing loss, for which no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment is currently available. In this study, we targeted the cochlear adenosine A1receptor (A1AR) by trans-tympanic injections of the agonistR-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and showed that it reduced cisplatin-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the rat cochlea and preserved hearing. The mechanism of protection involves suppression of the NOX3 NADPH oxidase enzyme, a major target of cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the cochlea. ROS initiates an inflammatory and apoptotic cascade in the cochlea by activating STAT1 transcription factor, which is attenuated byR-PIA. Therefore, trans-tympanic delivery of A1AR agonists could effectively treat cisplatin ototoxicity.
Re-Establishment of Cortical Motor Output Maps and Spontaneous Functional Recovery via Spared Dorsolaterally Projecting Corticospinal Neurons after Dorsal Column Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Mice
Authors: Hilton Brett J. , Anenberg Eitan , Harrison Thomas C. , Boyd Jamie D. , Murphy Timothy H. , Tetzlaff Wolfram 
Published: April 2016

Motor cortical plasticity contributes to spontaneous recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), but the pathways underlying this remain poorly understood. We performed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex in channelrhodopsin-2 expressing mice to assess the capacity of the cortex to re-establish motor output longitudinally after a C3/C4 dorsal column SCI that bilaterally ablated the dorsal corticospinal tract (CST) containing ∼96% of corticospinal fibers but spared ∼3% of CST fibers that project via the dorsolateral funiculus. Optogenetic mapping revealed extensive early deficits, but eventual reestablishment of motor cortical output maps to the limbs at the same latency as preoperatively by 4 weeks after injury. Analysis of skilled locomotion on the horizontal ladder revealed early deficits followed by partial spontaneous recovery by 6 weeks after injury. To dissociate between the contributions of injured dorsal projecting versus spared dorsolateral projecting corticospinal neurons, we established a transient silencing approach to inactivate spared dorsolaterally projecting corticospinal neurons specifically by injecting adeno-associated virus (AAV)-expressing Cre-dependent DREADD (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) receptor hM4Di in sensorimotor cortex and AAV-expressing Cre in C7/C8 dorsolateral funiculus. Transient silencing uninjured dorsolaterally projecting corticospinal neurons via activation of the inhibitory DREADD receptor hM4Di abrogated spontaneous recovery and resulted in a greater change in skilled locomotion than in control uninjured mice using the same silencing approach. These data demonstrate the pivotal role of a minor dorsolateral corticospinal pathway in mediating spontaneous recovery after SCI and support a focus on spared corticospinal neurons as a target for therapy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSpontaneous recovery can occur after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), but the pathways underlying this remain poorly understood. We performed optogenetic mapping of motor cortex after a cervical SCI that interrupts most corticospinal transmission but results in partial recovery on a horizontal ladder task of sensorimotor function. We demonstrate that the motor cortex can reestablish output to the limbs longitudinally. To dissociate the roles of injured and uninjured corticospinal neurons in mediating recovery, we transiently silenced the minor dorsolateral corticospinal pathway spared by our injury. This abrogated spontaneous recovery and resulted in a greater change in skilled locomotion than in uninjured mice using the same approach. Therefore, uninjured corticospinal neurons substantiate remarkable motor cortical plasticity and partial recovery after SCI.
A Motion-from-Form Mechanism Contributes to Extracting Pattern Motion from Plaids
Authors: Quaia Christian , Optican Lance M. , Cumming Bruce G. 
Published: April 2016

Since the discovery of neurons selective for pattern motion direction in primate middle temporal area MT (Albright, 1984; Movshon et al., 1985), the neural computation of this signal has been the subject of intense study. The bulk of this work has explored responses to plaids obtained by summing two drifting sinusoidal gratings. Unfortunately, with these stimuli, many different mechanisms are similarly effective at extracting pattern motion. We devised a new set of stimuli, obtained by summing two random line stimuli with different orientations. This allowed several novel manipulations, including generating plaids that do not contain rigid 2D motion. Importantly, these stimuli do not engage most of the previously proposed mechanisms. We then recorded the ocular following responses that such stimuli induce in human subjects. We found that pattern motion is computed even with stimuli that do not cohere perceptually, including those without rigid motion, and even when the two gratings are presented separately to the two eyes. Moderate temporal and/or spatial separation of the gratings impairs the computation. We show that, of the models proposed so far, only those based on the intersection-of-constraints rule, embedding a motion-from-form mechanism (in which orientation signals are used in the computation of motion direction signals), can account for our results. At least for the eye movements reported here, a motion-from-form mechanism is thus involved in one of the most basic functions of the visual motion system: extracting motion direction from complex scenes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnatomical considerations led to the proposal that visual function is organized in separate processing streams: one (ventral) devoted to form and one (dorsal) devoted to motion. Several experimental results have challenged this view, arguing in favor of a more integrated view of visual processing. Here we add to this body of work, supporting a role for form information even in a function—extracting pattern motion direction from complex scenes—for which decisive evidence for the involvement of form signals has been lacking.
Synaptic Correlates of Low-Level Perception in V1
Authors: Gerard-Mercier Florian , Carelli Pedro V. , Pananceau Marc , Troncoso Xoana G. , Frégnac Yves 
Published: April 2016

The computational role of primary visual cortex (V1) in low-level perception remains largely debated. A dominant view assumes the prevalence of higher cortical areas and top-down processes in binding information across the visual field. Here, we investigated the role of long-distance intracortical connections in form and motion processing by measuring, with intracellular recordings, their synaptic impact on neurons in area 17 (V1) of the anesthetized cat. By systematically mapping synaptic responses to stimuli presented in the nonspiking surround of V1 receptive fields, we provide the first quantitative characterization of the lateral functional connectivity kernel of V1 neurons. Our results revealed at the population level two structural-functional biases in the synaptic integration and dynamic association properties of V1 neurons. First, subthreshold responses to oriented stimuli flashed in isolation in the nonspiking surround exhibited a geometric organization around the preferred orientation axis mirroring the psychophysical “association field” for collinear contour perception. Second, apparent motion stimuli, for which horizontal and feedforward synaptic inputs summed in-phase, evoked dominantly facilitatory nonlinear interactions, specifically during centripetal collinear activation along the preferred orientation axis, at saccadic-like speeds. This spatiotemporal integration property, which could constitute the neural correlate of a human perceptual bias in speed detection, suggests that local (orientation) and global (motion) information is already linked within V1. We propose the existence of a “dynamic association field” in V1 neurons, whose spatial extent and anisotropy are transiently updated and reshaped as a function of changes in the retinal flow statistics imposed during natural oculomotor exploration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe computational role of primary visual cortex in low-level perception remains debated. The expression of this “pop-out” perception is often assumed to require attention-related processes, such as top-down feedback from higher cortical areas. Using intracellular techniques in the anesthetized cat and novel analysis methods, we reveal unexpected structural-functional biases in the synaptic integration and dynamic association properties of V1 neurons. These structural-functional biases provide a substrate, within V1, for contour detection and, more unexpectedly, global motion flow sensitivity at saccadic speed, even in the absence of attentional processes. We argue for the concept of a “dynamic association field” in V1 neurons, whose spatial extent and anisotropy changes with retinal flow statistics, and more generally for a renewed focus on intracortical computation.
An Incomplete Understanding of Human Genetic Variation
Authors: Huddleston John , Eichler Evan E 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDeciphering the genetic basis of human disease requires a comprehensive knowledge of genetic variants irrespective of their class or frequency. Although an impressive number of human genetic variants have been catalogued, a large fraction of the genetic difference that distinguishes two human genomes is still not understood at the base-pair level. This is because the emphasis has been on single-nucleotide variation as opposed to less tractable and more complex genetic variants, including indels and structural variants. The latter, we propose, will have a large impact on human phenotypes but require a more systematic assessment of genomes at deeper coverage and alternate sequencing and mapping technologies.
The Finnish Battle for Identity: Finnish Socialism, Nationalism and Russian Ideological Intervention in the Finnish Civil War
Authors: Maavara Alexander 
Published: April 2016

The Finnish Civil War, fought from January to May 1918, was one of the many small scale Eastern European conflicts fought in the ideological and ethnic turmoil that followed the Russian Revolution and the First World War. The war was fought between socialist Finnish Reds and conservative Finnish Whites. Despite its class conflict characteristics, the Civil War was manufactured by the Whites as a War of Liberation from Russia. The Whites successfully mobilized Finnish nationalism by exploiting the nature and history of Finnish socialism to reveal contradictions in socialist policies and painting the Reds as puppets of Russian communists.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ РАДИОТЕЛЕМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ ПОГОДНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ НА СКОРОСТЬ МИГРАЦИИ БЕЛЫХ АИСТОВ
Authors: Matsyura A. V. 
Published: April 2016

<h1><span lang="EN-GB">The relation between weather and daily migration speed along the entire migration route of white storks was analysed. Mean daily migration speed was calculated using satellite telemetry data for autumn and spring migration of white storks from their breeding grounds to wintering grounds in Africa and back. White storks migrated significantly faster and had a shorter migration season in autumn (</span><span lang="UK">10,7</span><span lang="EN-GB"> km/h</span><span lang="EN-GB">) compared to spring (</span><span lang="UK">7,4</span><span lang="EN-GB"> km/h</span><span lang="EN-GB">). In autumn mean daily migration speed was significantly slower in Europe (8<span lang="UK">,7</span> km/h) than in the Middle East (11<span lang="UK">,7</span> km/h) and Africa (11<span lang="UK">,3</span> km/h). In spring mean daily migration speed was significantly faster in Africa (10<span lang="UK">,</span>5 km/h) as birds left their wintering grounds than in the Middle East </span><span>and Europe </span><span lang="EN-GB">(6,3 km/h and 5,5 km/h). In both spring and autumn tailwind (at 850mb) and latitude were found to be significant variables related to daily migration speed.</span></h1><p><em>Key words: migration, weather conditions, White storks, satellite telemetry.</em></p><p><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p>
A Theoretical Assessment of the Formation of IT clusters in Kazakhstan
Authors: Kireyeva Anel A 
Published: April 2016

The aim of this research is to develop new theoretical approaches of the formation of IT clusters in order to strengthen of trend of the innovative industrialization and competitiveness of the country. Keeping with the previous literature, this study determines by the novelty of the problem, concerning the formation of IT clusters, which can become a driving force of transformation due to the interaction, improving efficiency and introducing advanced technology. In this research, we used conceptual approach employs the study of different conceptual views of scientists on a specific research object; structured approach involves determination of properties of a whole object by identifying the different relationships; system approach aims to develop research methods and design of complex objects – systems of different types. This study allows to conclude that IT-clusters will be most effective when they evolve naturally, originating under the action of internal forces of consolidation of innovative, information and communications infrastructure (industrial parks, techno polis, research laboratories and business incubators, formation of soft infrastructure), that can help to find quick, innovative and creative ways to solve problems.