bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Economies in A Borderless World
Authors: Jain P.K. , Yadav Manmohan 
Published: January 2017

The “Death of Distance” will be the single most important economic force shaping the society over the next half century with geography, borders and time zones becoming irrelevant with the new communication revolution. The world trade has increased manifolds since World War II and the merchandise exports have increased to about $6,000 billion today from just $50 billion in 1950 while the trade in services is increasing faster and stands at about $1,450 billion as the economies are opening up and integrating with the world economy. As evident from the experience of the countries that followed open-market and free trade policies, achieved higher growth rates in their GDP, per capita GDP, and the exports than the closed economies. As more and more countries are opening their economies and integrating with the world economy and the revolution in IT, we are heading towards a “borderless” world with free flow of trade and resources. The autarkic strategies for economic development followed by India since its independence inevitably cut the economy off from the technological advancements in rest of the world and as a result India still remains way behind the industrialised economies. Also, despite above average growth in India's GDP and exports since 1970s than the world average, India's per capita GDP is among the lowest at $370. Even the most populous country in the world, China has per capita GDP of $860. The balance-of-payments crisis in mid-1991 forced the Indian policymakers to make a paradigm shift, though under IMF-led bail out package and prescription for structural adjustments, in its economic, industrial, and trade policies more commonly known as the “economic reforms”- liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. While the reforms have helped overcome the liquidity crisis and the economy broadly got back to the growth charted in 1980s, yet the structural adjustments have propelled investment in non-traded goods and in buying out of well performing Indian companies and brands by the MNCs than actually increasing the gross fixed capital formation in the manufacturing sector with the modern technologies. It is under this background and the similarities in cultural, political, ethnic and alike factors among the South Asian countries, that the present paper aims at analysing and learning lessons from the progressive aspects as well as failures of India's economic reforms, while the South Asian countries emulated the same.
MFA Phasing Out and Indian Textiles Industry
Authors: Katti Vijaya , Sen Subir 
Published: January 2017

The phasing out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement opens up many opportunities and challenges for the developing countries. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) is now an integral part of the WTO with a 10-year transitional agreement with a four-stage integration programme. The paper covers many areas of the ATC, which are of concern to India. Also, it attempts to highlight Indian textile industry's strengths, weaknesses, production technology, international competition and challenges to be faced in this context by India. Authors also highlight some of the problems, which need to be addressed in future negotiations of the ATC.
TRIPs and Access to Drugs
Authors: Singh Manmeet 
Published: January 2017

The Paper seeks to e,xamine the impact of obligations under the TRIPs Agreement on access to drugs. The issue of access has been addressed from the point of view of pricing. The spirit of the Agreement is embodied in Articles 7 and 8 and the argument advanced is that the Agreement be interpreted in view of the same. The paper examines the various options available within the framework of the Agreement. The most popular of these is compulsory licensing However, doubts persist as to when it would be possible to take recourse to such a measure. The other possible options under the agreement such as parallel importation and the now popular "Bolar Exemption" have also been examined. The Doha Declaration was hailed as a victory for the developing countries. However, in retrospect it seems that the celebrations were premature. More than one-and-a-half year have passed since the Declaration and the issue is still shrouded in controversy and negotiations are under a deadlock. Further, access under the existing Indian regime has been dealt with. The Patents Amendment Act 2002, which was enacted to bring Indian law in conformity with the Agreement provided for some of the tools discussed in the paper. The need for a comprehensive pharmaceutical policy was recently addressed by the Government and whether the policy is an effective tool or not is the question which needs to be answered. “We are called pirates, but who is being pirated? Patients in countries where there is a monopoly on these drugs.” At present, Zimbabwe, Uganda and the Ivory Coast would require to spend 265 per cent, 172 per cent and 84 per cent of their respective GNPs, just to buy drugs to treat their AIDS patients.
Indo-Thai FTA: Indian CTV/CPT and Auto Industry – A Desk Based Analysis
Authors: Sahay Arvind , Kumar Saini Gordhan 
Published: January 2017

Sluggish progress in multilateral trade negotiations has provided an impetus to the growth of bilateral trade agreements the world over. The Indo-Thai Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the first phase of which was operational from September 2004, is one such effort that provides access to the manufacturers of both countries to enter into each others' markets beginning with the phased reduction of tariffs on 82 selected items. Since the signing of the agreement, there have been apprehensions from two Indian industries, namely colour TV & picture tube and auto industry in terms of experiencing likely adverse impact. In this paper, the authors first explore the key provisions of Early Harvest Scheme (EHS) of Indo-Thai FTA and its likely impact on Indian colour TV/colour picture tube and auto industry, especially in post September 2006 era, when the tariffs on 82 items would become zero for both sides. While highlighting the likely impact on Indian industries, the authors have compared and analyzed the import performance of items at HS code-6 and 8 digit levels for 2004 and 2005. A detailed analysis of the short and long term impact on the CTV/CPT and auto industries has been carried out by comparing cost structures, advantages and disadvantages. The paper also includes the major disadvantages being faced by the Indian industries vis-a-vis their Thai counterparts. It concludes with suggestions for Indian manufacturers and policy-makers to counter the likely adverse impact.
Structural Stability of India's Export Demand Function
Authors: Sarkar Amal 
Published: January 2017

Sluggish progress in multilateral trade negotiations has provided an impetus to the growth of bilateral trade agreements the world over. The Indo-Thai Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the first phase of which was operational from September 2004, is one such effort that provides access to the manufacturers of both countries to enter into each others' markets beginning with the phased reduction of tariffs on 82 selected items. Since the signing of the agreement, there have been apprehensions from two Indian industries, namely colour TV & picture tube and auto industry in terms of experiencing likely adverse impact. In this paper, the authors first explore the key provisions of Early Harvest Scheme (EHS) of Indo-Thai FTA and its likely impact on Indian colour TV/colour picture tube and auto industry, especially in post September 2006 era, when the tariffs on 82 items would become zero for both sides. While highlighting the likely impact on Indian industries, the authors have compared and analyzed the import performance of items at HS code-6 and 8 digit levels for 2004 and 2005. A detailed analysis of the short and long term impact on the CTV/CPT and auto industries has been carried out by comparing cost structures, advantages and disadvantages. The paper also includes the major disadvantages being faced by the Indian industries vis-a-vis their Thai counterparts. It concludes with suggestions for Indian manufacturers and policy-makers to counter the likely adverse impact.
Revision of Indo-Nepal Treaty of Trade
Authors: Mukherji Indra Nath 
Published: January 2017

The paper makes an attempt to explain the trend in bilateral trade between the two countries. It points out that barring setbacks in certain years, the bilateral trade between the two countries has been growing steadily. It notes that even though Nepal has been able to diversify its trade with India, its trade deficit with India has been increasing sharply, and its export earnings are barely sufficient to meet the cost of imports of petroleum products from India. The paper identifies products with high trade potential of both the countries so that these could be targeted in trade facilitation measures or when mutual recognition of each country's certification is accepted by the other. Realizing the close linkage between trade and investment, the paper examines the volume and status of Indian foreign direct investments in Nepal. An exercise in intra-industry trade between the two countries gives direction for sectors/industries in which Indian investment could flow. The paper expresses concern about the labour situation in Nepal and the lack of arbitration tribunals in case of dispute. Quite a number of Indian industries have been shut down and those in the pipeline could also be adversely affected. In this context the need for long-pending Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) has been emphasized.
Export Strategy of Apparel Products
Authors: Gupta J.N. , Katti Vijaya 
Published: January 2017

It has been observed that EU countries get higher unit value realization (UVR) in their apparel products export by exporting high value added/differentiated products. The most valuable activities in the apparel value chain are not related to manufacturing per se, but are found in the design, branding, marketing, etc. among other activities within the products. The study has been undertaken to analyze the export of Indian apparel products from the point of view of total export value and unit value realization (UVR). The study focused on top 10 apparel products being exported from India, which constitute more than 50 per cent of the total value of India's export of apparel products. A time series data has been prepared to get the picture of export of top 10 apparel products from India to the World. For these products, competitive positions of top 10 exporting countries for these products were obtained. Comparative calculation of trade value, quantity and unit value realization (UVR) were carried out for all the top exporters including India in each of these top 10 products. Further, in these top 10 exporting products, the analysis was carried out for India's export destination markets for the years from 2004 to 2009. To know the competitiveness in the export of these 10 products, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) values of these 10 products have been calculated for these products. Analysis shows that Indian exporters are not able to get high UVR for their exports. The study attempted to find destination markets to get high UVR based export for Indian exporters for enhancing export volume of these products to achieve growth. The study is concluded with the suggestions from Indian exporters to improve upon competitiveness by concentrating on export of high value-added products.
“Freeing” Trade in South Asia
Authors: Singh Pratima 
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses economic integration in the South Asian region using an India-centric approach. It suggests that the gains for India withdrawing its tariff on imports from Pakistan and Bangladesh hugely outweigh the losses for the country. It uses a bilateral trade approach, analyzing the India-Pakistan and India-Bangladesh trade relationships. The India-Pakistan relationship shows Pakistan's exports to India contribute much less to India's total imports than to Pakistan's GDP. The benefits of India unilaterally withdrawing tariffs, thus, are substantial. The India-Bangladesh trade relationship, despite having many complementary characteristics, is not very well established. Both the countries will gain immensely if India opens up its borders to their exports. These gains will outweigh the minor losses for India which will be compensated for by its increased goodwill. Economic integration is important to maintain stability in this region and the two bilateral relationships described above are crucial in ensuring this. (JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15)
Deformation of the Human Body Due to Uni-Directional Forced Sinusoidal Vibration
Authors: Clark William S. , Lange Karl O. , Coermann Rolf R. 
Published: January 2017

The effects of forced vibration upon the human body were determined in the form of circumferential strain of chest, abdomen, pelvis and thigh. Sixteen human subjects, in the sitting erect, sitting relaxed and semi-supine positions, were exposed to vertical sinusoidal frequencies above two c/s at vector accelerations below 1 g. The maximum body strain occurred at 6.7 c/s in the semi-supine position and between 4 c/s and 6 c/s in the sitting positions. In the semi-supine position the mean strain of chest and abdomen at resonance was found to be 0.040 and 0.053 in./in./g, respectively, when standardized to a table acceleration of 1 g. In the sitting positions this strain was only half as large. The strain of the pelvis, on the other hand, was 0.013 in./in./g in the semi-supine posture, and 0.032 in./in./g in the sitting positions. All subjects showed maximum body strain near 7 c/s in the semi-supine posture. Since tolerance to vibration decreases with increasing body strain, the human body on a space couch must be protected against vibrations transverse to the couch axis in the range around 7 c/s.
Defining Human Reaction to Whole-Body Vibration
Authors: Parks Donald L. 
Published: January 2017

Standardized subjective reaction levels for vibration were derived using 16 physically fit male subjects aged 25 to 40. A controlled environment, hard seat, and lap belt were used to avoid distractions and other interferences from environmental sources, to insure most complete transmission of the same input to all subjects, and to control possible frequency phase shifts between the subjects and the seat. Four vibration levels were derived: (1) Definitely Perceptible, (2) Mildly Annoying, (3) Extremely Annoying and (4) Alarming. The levels were significantly different. Each level varied in acceleration as a function of frequency. Data describing vibration effects on vision, by level, is presented to indicate the validity of the levels for use as standard vibration conditions in testing human performance.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Backer Stanley , Yang Wen-Long 
Published: January 2017

This paper reports on the transient behavior of the texturing threadline in single heater operation. Twist response and threadline-tension response are shown for disturbances in spindle speed, overfeed, outlet velocity, and entry pretension. The twist response in the texturing zone is exponential in form, with local twist levels shifting without overshoot to new levels consistent with new steady-state values of process parameters. Transient twist response in the post-spindle zone involves a rise, then falling off to zero real twist. Transient-tension behavior is seen as a dual response both to new steady-state process parameter levels and also to threadline contractive effects of changing twists. Twist changes are observed to initiate in the heater entry zone of the threadline and then sweep across to the spindle. This observation suggests the existence of significant differences in torsional rigidity along the threadline and requires modification of analytical models for predicting transient texturing behavior.
Cotton/Polyester Blends with Improved Dyeability and Physical Performance via Gamma Rays
Authors: Nasr H. I. , Etman M. H. , El-Karadly E. A. 
Published: January 2017

A cotton/polyester blend is radiation-grafted with a copolymer (allylamine + acrylic acid) to varied add-ons at different doses of Co-60 gamma rays. The amphoteric character imparted to this radiation-chemically-treated blend is due to the fixation of carboxyl and amino groups on the polyester and cotton cellulose chains by a radiation-induced free-radical mechanism. The treated blend acquires new remarkable dyeing affinity towards basic and acid dyes, to which originally both the untreated blend components have no affinity. Hence, dyeing the blend with a single dye, to a desirable solid color, by a one-bath process is feasible. Moreover, an additional improvement in the wrinkle-resistance performance of the treated blended fabrics is recorded, due to the formation of crosslinks between the components chains, accompanied by a significant increase in tensile strength and elongation-at-break. Parameters investigated during this work are radiation dose (0.2–1.6 Mrad for 1/2 to 4 h), composition of treating monomer solutions, effect of pH, and role of neutralizing acids. Textile evaluations reported are visual dyeing affinity, crease-recovery, tensile strength, and elongation-at-break.
Cholecystectomy in Jamaican Children with Homozygous Sickle-Cell Disease
Authors: Duncan N D , McDonald A H , Mitchell D I G 
Published: January 2017

Twenty-seven children aged 18 years and under with homozygous sickle-cell disease had open cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones over the 12-year period 1985–1997. Emergency procedures (done during period of acute exacerbation of symptoms) were performed on 16 patients. Four with haemoglobin levels greater than 1 g/dl below their steady state received a simple blood transfusion preoperatively designed to raise haemoglobin levels to 10 g/dl. All had acute or acute on chronic cholecystitis based on histological examination of gallbladder specimens. Twelve had common bile duct stones. In two patients calculi were missed intraoperatively but these subsequently passed into the duodenum after a period saline irrigation via an in-situ t-tube. Six developed the acute chest syndrome (aetiology not determined) and this progressed to multi system failure and death in one. This high level of postoperative mobility and mortality may in part be due to the high proportion of emergency procedures.
The Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Malawi
Authors: Harries Anthony D , Hargreaves Nicola J , Kwanjana John H , Salaniponi Felix M 
Published: January 2017

There is little information on a country-wide basis in sub-Saharan Africa about how the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is made. A country-wide cross-sectional study was carried out in 40 non-private hospitals in Malawi which register and treat (TB) patients in order to assess diagnostic practices in adults registered with EPTB. All patients aged 15 years and above in hospital on treatment for EPTB were reviewed using TB registers, case note files and clinical assessment. There were 244 patients, 132 men and 112 women whose mean age was 36 years. In 138 (57%) patients, all appropriate procedures and investigations, commensurate with hospital resources, had been carried out. Of 171 EPTB patients with cough for 3 weeks or longer, 138 (81%) submitted sputum specimens for smear microscopy of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). A confirmed diagnosis of TB was made in 15 (6%) patients based on finding AFB or caseating granulomas in specimens. In 157 (64%) patients, the diagnosis of EPTB was considered to be correct. In 46 (19%) patients the diagnosis was considered to be TB, although different from the type of EPTB with which the patient was registered. In 39 (16%) patients an alternative non-TB diagnosis was made and in two (1%) patients it was not possible to make a decision. Diagnostic practices need to be improved, and ways of doing this are discussed.
Admission Troponin T as a Prognostic Marker and its Relationship to Streptokinase Treatment in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kazmi Khawar A , Iqbal M Perwaiz , Rahbar Abdul , Mehboobali Naseema 
Published: January 2017

The relationship between the admission troponin T (TnT) level and the response to streptokinase (SK) was examined in 76 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Of 27 TnT positive patients, 10 (37%) showed a response to SK as suggested by a non-invasive criterion for reperfusion, while 24 (49%) were ‘responders’ among 49 TnT negative patients. There appeared to be a trend towards a better response to SK in the TnT negative group but the difference lacked statistical power due to the small sample size. The mean time-interval between the onset of symptoms and thrombolytic treatment among TnT positive ‘non-responders’ was significantly ( P <0.005) higher than the TnT negative ‘non-responders’ (5.23 ±3.42 h versus 2.38 ± 1.37 h). An 18 month follow up on 61 patients revealed a higher mortality (33%) among TnT positive patients than TnT negative patients (10%). Mortality among TnT positive ‘non-responders’ was significantly higher ( P=0.0494) than mortality among TnT-negative ‘non-responders’ (43% versus 9%), indicating that TnT positive patients, non-responsive to SK were at a greater risk of cardiac death. The data suggest that the admission TnT level can be of value in risk stratification of patients with AMI.
Epidemiology of Dog Bites: A Community-Based Study in India
Authors: Agarwal N , Reddajah V P 
Published: January 2017

Rabies is a deadly disease with no cure which is mainly caused by dog bites. Data on dog bites and knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to dog bites are not generally available to rural communities. We made a cross-sectional study of a rural community of ten villages served by a primary health centre selected by random sampling. Ten per cent of households selected by systematic random sampling were interviewed for KAP regarding dog bites. The dog bite rate was 25.7/1000 population per year. The rate for males was higher than for females; half of the bites were in summer; 40% did not go for any prophylaxis; half of the victims treated their wounds with chilli powder. Eighty per cent of the bites were class II or III and leg bites were most common. The majority of the community knew dog bites can cause death but they did not know the correct incubation period. Most knew that injections were available to prevent rabies. Only half said they would visit a hospital for treatment. Around 50% received tetanus toxoid.