bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Old English Foot Structure
Authors: Goering Nelson 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe variable operation of high vowel deletion in Old English has long been a point of difficulty, both descriptively – a prehistoric form like *hēafudu is attested variably as hēafudu, hēafdu, and hēafod – and theoretically. Recent work, especially by Bermúdez‐Otero (2005b) and Fulk (2010), has indicated that plural forms like hēafudu are most likely original, but accounting for why the medial *u is preserved in this case form, and not in hēafde, the dative singular of the same word, has remained theoretically problematic. These difficulties arise from attempting to describe the prehistoric Old English process of high vowel deletion on the basis of later Old English phonology. At an earlier stage, the nominative‐accusative plural *hēafudu could be exhaustively parsed into two precisely bimoraic feet: *[hēa][.fu.du]. The dative singular historically ended with a long vowel, *hēafudǣ, in which the medial *u could not be accommodated within a bimoraic foot: *[hēa].fu[.dǣ]. High vowel deletion is therefore best characterized as the deletion of unfooted high vowels in early Old English, initially operating while length in unstressed vowels remained contrastive. Both this quantitative system and the preference for precisely bimoraic units receive support from Kaluza's law, an archaic metrical phenomenon in Beowulf which prohibits resolution in secondary metrical ictus if the resulting unit would have more than two moras, and which is sensitive to prehistoric length distinctions. This original system was obscured, linguistically and metrically, in later Old English by the shortening of unstressed long vowels, triggering various morphological reanalyses of the effects of high vowel deletion. A review of these changes suggests that the system of metrical phonology described here provides a more plausible starting point for the reworkings that produced the forms found in later Old English than do alternative accounts such as those of Campbell (1983) or Ringe (2002).
Molecular characterization and expression profiles of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Xu Gang , Wu Shun‐Fan , Teng Zi‐Wen , Yao Hong‐Wei , Fang Qi , Huang Jia , Ye Gong‐Yin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of the cys‐loop ligand‐gated ion channel (cysLGIC) superfamily, mediating fast synaptic cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system in insects. Insect nAChRs are the molecular targets of economically important insecticides, such as neonicotinoids and spinosad. Identification and characterization of the nAChR gene family in the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, could provide beneficial information about this important receptor gene family and contribute to the investigation of the molecular modes of insecticide action and resistance for current and future chemical control strategies. We searched our C. suppressalis transcriptome database using Bombyx mori nAChR sequences in local BLAST searches and obtained the putative nAChR subunit complementary DNAs (cDNAs) via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. Similar to B. mori, C. suppressalis possesses 12 nAChR subunits, including nine α‐type and three β‐type subunits. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed the expression profiles of the nAChR subunits in various tissues, including the brain, subesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglion, abdominal ganglion, hemocytes, fat body, foregut, midgut, hindgut and Malpighian tubules. Developmental expression analyses showed clear differential expression of nAChR subunits throughout the C. suppressalis life cycle. The identification of nAChR subunits in this study will provide a foundation for investigating the diverse roles played by nAChRs in C. suppressalis and for exploring specific target sites for chemicals that control agricultural pests while sparing beneficial species.
Immunity of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella
Authors: Wojda Iwona 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInvestigation of insect immune mechanisms provides important information concerning innate immunity, which in many aspects is conserved in animals. This is one of the reasons why insects serve as model organisms to study virulence mechanisms of human pathogens. From the evolutionary point of view, we also learn a lot about host–pathogen interaction and adaptation of organisms to conditions of life. Additionally, insect‐derived antibacterial and antifungal peptides and proteins are considered for their potential to be applied as alternatives to antibiotics. WhileDrosophila melanogasteris used to study the genetic aspect of insect immunity,Galleria mellonellaserves as a good model for biochemical research. Given the size of the insect, it is possible to obtain easily hemolymph and other tissues as a source of many immune‐relevant polypeptides. This review article summarizes our knowledge concerningG. mellonellaimmunity. The best‐characterized immune‐related proteins and peptides are recalled and their short characteristic is given. Some other proteins identified at the mRNA level are also mentioned. The infectious routes used byGallerianatural pathogens such asBacillus thuringiensisandBeauveria bassianaare also described in the context of host–pathogen interaction. Finally, the plasticity ofG. mellonellaimmune response influenced by abiotic and biotic factors is described.
Seed handling by primary frugivores differentially influence post‐dispersal seed removal of Chinese yew by ground‐dwelling animals
Authors: PAN Yang , BAI Bing , XIONG Tianshi , SHI Peijian , LU Changhu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSeed handling by primary frugivores can influence secondary dispersal and/or predation of post‐dispersal seeds by attracting different guilds of ground‐dwelling animals. Many studies have focused on seeds embedded in feces of mammals or birds; however, less is known about how ground‐dwelling animals treat seeds regurgitated by birds (without pulp and not embedded in feces). To compare the effect of differential seed handling by primary dispersers on secondary seed removal of Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis var. mairei), we conducted a series of exclosure experiments to determine the relative impact of animals on the removal of defecated seeds (handled by masked palm civet), regurgitated seeds (handled by birds) and intact fruits. All types of yew seeds were consistently removed at a higher rate by rodents than by ants. Regurgitated seeds had the highest removal percentage and were only removed by rodents. These seeds were probably eaten in situ without being secondarily dispersed. Defecated seeds were removed by both rodents and ants; only ants might act as secondary dispersers of defecated seeds, whereas rodents ate most of them. We inferred that seeds regurgitated by birds were subjected to the highest rates of predation, whereas those dispersed in the feces of masked palm civets probably had a higher likelihood of secondary dispersal. Seeds from feces attracted ants, which were likely to transport seeds and potentially provided a means by which the seeds could escape predation by rodents. Our study highlighted that primary dispersal by birds might not always facilitate secondary dispersal and establishment of plant populations.
Plant‐pollinator interactions in a biodiverse meadow are rather stable and tight for 3 consecutive years
Authors: FANG Qiang , HUANG Shuangquan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPlant–pollinator interactions can be highly variable across years in natural communities. Although variation in the species composition and its basic structure has been investigated to understand the dynamic nature of pollination networks, little is known about the temporal dynamic of interaction strength between the same plant and pollinator species in any natural community. Pollinator‐mediated selection on the evolution of floral traits could be diminished if plant–pollinator interactions vary temporally. To quantify the temporal variation in plant–pollinator interactions and the interaction strength (observed visits), we compared weighted networks between plants and pollinators in a biodiverse alpine meadow in Shangri‐La, southwest China for 3 consecutive years. Although plant–pollinator interactions were highly dynamic such that identical interactions only accounted for 10.7% of the total between pair years, the diversity of interactions was stable. These identical interactions contributed 41.2% of total visits and were similar in strength and weighted nestedness. For plant species, 72.6% of species were visited by identical pollinator species between pair years, accounting for over half of the total visits and three‐quarters at the functional group level. More generalized pollinators contributed more connectiveness and were more central in networks across years. However, there was no similar or even opposite trend for plant species, which suggested that specialized plant species may also be central in pollinator networks. The variation in pollinator composition decreased as pollinator species numbers increased, suggesting that generalized plants experienced stable pollinator partition. The stable, tight interactions between generalized pollinators and specialized plants represent cornerstones of the studied community.
The Calculating Boluses on Multiple Daily Injections (CBMDI) study: A randomized controlled trial on the effect on metabolic control of adding a bolus calculator to multiple daily injections in people with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Vallejo‐Mora María del Rosario , Carreira‐Soler Mónica , Linares‐Parrado Francisca , Olveira Gabriel , Rojo‐Martínez Gemma , Domínguez‐López Marta , Ruiz‐de‐Adana‐Navas María Soledad , González‐Romero María Stella 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the insulin bolus calculator is increasingly being used by people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) on multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy, few studies have investigated its effects on glycemic control. The aim of this study was to determine whether adding this device to therapeutic intensification could further improve metabolic control.MethodsA 4‐month randomized controlled clinical trial was performed comparing subjects undergoing therapeutic intensification and either using the bolus calculator (Cb group) or not (active control [Co] group). Metabolic control, fear of hypoglycemia, and treatment acceptance were evaluated.ResultsIn all, 70 people completed the study (42 in the Cb group, 28 in the Co group). There was a significant decrease in HbA1c in both the Cb and Co groups (−7 mmol/mol [−0.7 %] vs −4 mmol/mol [−0.4 %], respectively). There were no significant differences in HbA1c at baseline or the end of the study, or in the decrease in HbA1c, glycemia, or changes in blood glucose levels at the end of the study between the two groups. There was a significant increase in the number of participants with good metabolic control (HbA1c <58 mmol/mol [7.5 %]) in the Cb group (from 16.7 % to 40.5 %), but not in the Co group. The incidence of hypoglycemic events was reduced slightly but significantly only in the Cb group. There was no change in the fear of hypoglycemia at the end of the study. The bolus calculator was well accepted.ConclusionsIn T1D, adding a bolus calculator to intensive MDI resulted in a significant improvement in metabolic control and slightly decreased the number of hypoglycemic episodes. Metabolic control also improved in the Co group.
Urinary α1‐microglobulin and albumin excretion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Saif Aasem , Soliman Neveen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe present study investigated the correlation between urinary α1‐microglobulin as a marker of tubular dysfunction and albumin excretion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).MethodsNinety‐two Egyptian patients with T1D were included in the study (mean [± SD] age 14.14 ± 5.13 years). The duration of diabetes in all patients was >5 years (mean [± SD] duration 8.28 ± 2.62 years) and all had normal renal function. Forty healthy subjects were also included as a control group. Urinary albumin excretion was assessed in all patients and urinary α1‐microglobulin was measured in both patients and control in the morning urine specimen.ResultsAnalysis of the results showed that patients had significantly higher levels of urinary α1‐microglobulin than the controls (P < 0.01). Among the patients, there was a strong positive correlation between urinary α1‐microglobulin and urinary albumin excretion (P < 0.01). Positive correlations were also found between urinary α1‐microglobulin and duration of diabetes (P < 0.01), HbA1c (P < 0.05), and fasting and postprandial blood glucose (P < 0.05 for both).ConclusionThe present study shows that urinary α1‐microglobulin is strongly correlated with urinary albumin excretion in children and adolescents with T1D. In addition, it demonstrates the importance of tubular dysfunction as an early and integral component of diabetic nephropathy syndrome in these patients. The results of the present study emphasize the value of tight glycemic control in slowing the progression of tubular dysfunction, especially in patients with a longer duration of diabetes.
Fine‐tuning for the tropics: application of eDNA technology for invasive fish detection in tropical freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Robson Heather L. A. , Noble Tansyn H. , Saunders Richard J. , Robson Simon K. A. , Burrows Damien W. , Jerry Dean R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInvasive species pose a major threat to aquatic ecosystems. Their impact can be particularly severe in tropical regions, like those in northern Australia, where >20 invasive fish species are recorded. In temperate regions, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology is gaining momentum as a tool to detect aquatic pests, but the technology's effectiveness has not been fully explored in tropical systems with their unique climatic challenges (i.e. high turbidity, temperatures and ultraviolet light). In this study, we modified conventional eDNA protocols for use in tropical environments using the invasive fish, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) as a detection model. We evaluated the effects of high water temperatures and fish density on the detection of tilapia eDNA, using filters with larger pores to facilitate filtration. Large‐pore filters (20 μm) were effective in filtering turbid waters and retaining sufficient eDNA, whilst achieving filtration times of 2–3 min per 2‐L sample. High water temperatures, often experienced in the tropics (23, 29, 35 °C), did not affect eDNA degradation rates, although high temperatures (35 °C) did significantly increase fish eDNA shedding rates. We established a minimum detection limit for tilapia (1 fish/0.4 megalitres/after 4 days) and found that low water flow (3.17 L/s) into ponds with high fish density (>16 fish/0.4 megalitres) did not affect eDNA detection. These results demonstrate that eDNA technology can be effectively used in tropical ecosystems to detect invasive fish species.
Optimization of AFLP for extremely large genomes over 70 Gb
Authors: Veselá Petra , Volařík Daniel , Mráček Jaroslav 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHere, we present an improved amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) protocol using restriction enzymes (AscI and SbfI) that recognize 8‐base pair sequences to provide alternative optimization suitable for species with a genome size over 70 Gb. This cost‐effective optimization massively reduces the number of amplified fragments using only +3 selective bases per primer during selective amplification. We demonstrate the effects of the number of fragments and genome size on the appearance of nonidentical comigrating fragments (size homoplasy), which has a negative impact on the informative value of AFLP genotypes. We also present various reaction conditions and their effects on reproducibility and the band intensity of the extremely large genome of Viscum album. The reproducibility of this octo‐cutter protocol was calculated using several species with genome sizes ranging from 1 Gb (Carex panicea) to 76 Gb (V. album). The improved protocol also succeeded in detecting high intraspecific variability in species with large genomes (V. album, Galanthus nivalis and Pinus pumila).
Discussion of “The Effect of Information on Uncertainty and the Cost of Capital”
Authors: Plumlee Marlene A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractJohnstone (2016) provides a theoretical analysis of how information might increase uncertainty and a firm's cost of equity capital (COEC). The author's analysis serves to highlight outcomes that he suggests receive limited attention in prior studies. He focuses on how more information might result in greater, rather than less, uncertainty and whether a decrease in uncertainty leads to a lower COEC. I discuss how his study provides an incremental contribution to the theoretical literature and ways in which future work in this area might provide a richer framework for empirical studies.
Discussion of “Target's Tax Shelter Participation and Takeover Premiums”
Authors: Shevlin Terry 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChow, Klassen, and Liu (), hereafter CKL, examine whether M&A bidding firms are willing to pay more for target firms that disclose they have not participated in a “tax shelter” sometime in the past. My discussion provides an overview of the past and current tax literature in accounting and places CKL within this expanding literature. I then provide a critique of this interesting and well‐executed study that exploits an unusual disclosure to examine tax shelter participation effects.
Role of α1D‐adrenoceptors in vascular wall hypertrophy during angiotensin II‐induced hypertension
Authors: Gallardo‐Ortíz I. A. , Rodríguez‐Hernández S. N. , López‐Guerrero J. J. , Del Valle‐Mondragón L. , López‐Sánchez P. , Touyz R. M. , Villalobos‐Molina R. 
Published: February 2016

Summary

The in vivo effect of continuous angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion on arterial blood pressure, vascular hypertrophy and α1‐adrenoceptors (α1‐ARs) expression was explored.

Alzet® minipumps filled with Ang II (200 ng kg−1 min−1) were subcutaneously implanted in male Wistar rats (3 months‐old). Groups of rats were also treated with losartan, an AT1R antagonist, or with BMY 7378, a selective α1D‐AR antagonist. Blood pressure was measured by tail‐cuff; after 2 or 4 weeks of treatment, vessels were isolated for functional and structural analyses.

Angiotensin II increased systolic blood pressure. Phenylephrine‐induced contraction in aorta was greater (40% higher) in Ang II‐treated rats than in the controls, and similar effect occurred with KCl 80 mm. Responses in tail arteries were not significantly different among the different groups.

Angiotensin II decreased α1D‐ARs without modifying the other α1‐ARs and induced an increase in media thickness (hypertrophy) in aorta, while no structural change occurred in tail artery. Losartan prevented and reversed hypertension and hypertrophy, while BMY 7378 prevented and reversed the aorta's hypertrophic response, without preventing or reversing hypertension. Findings indicate that Ang II‐induced aortic hypertrophic response involves Ang II‐AT1Rs and α1D‐ARs. Angiotensin II‐induced α1D‐AR‐mediated vascular remodeling occurs independently of hypertension.

Findings identify a α1D‐AR‐mediated process whereby Ang II influences aortic hypertrophy independently of blood pressure elevation.
Verification of endotracheal tube placement using electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube cuff
Authors: Heo T. , Lee S.‐M. , Kim H.‐S. , Choi S.‐S. , Jung Y.‐H. , Lee D.‐H. , Cho Y.‐S. , Lee B.‐K. , Jeung K.‐W. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundCurrent methods for verification of endotracheal intubation can fail, particularly in emergency settings. We investigated whether a verification method using electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube cuff could distinguish endotracheal and esophageal intubations in an experimental setting.MethodsDuring three sequential sessions simulating emergency intubation without paralysis, rapid sequence intubation (RSI) with neuromuscular blockade, and intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, eight pigs were intubated with an endotracheal tube fitted with two electrodes exposed on the cuff of the tube, first in the esophagus and next in the trachea or in reverse sequence. Cuff pressure was monitored during a 5‐s electrical stimulation (20 mA, 80 Hz, 500 μs), and delta pressure was calculated as the difference between baseline cuff pressure and maximum cuff pressure during the electrical stimulation.ResultsDelta pressure was significantly higher in esophageal than in tracheal placements in all three sequential sessions (86.0 [78.3–89.7] vs. 6.5 [2.0–7.9] mmHg, P = 0.001; 16.6 [13.2–22.8] vs. 0.8 [0.3–2.6] mmHg, P = 0.004; 66.1 [60.0–84.7] vs. 2.7 [0.7–9.7] mmHg, P = 0.001). The delta pressure did not overlap between tracheal and esophageal intubations except for the session simulating RSI with neuromuscular blockade, in which one of eight esophageal placements showed a delta pressure within the delta pressure range of tracheal placements.ConclusionElectrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube cuff produced remarkably greater increases in cuff pressure in esophageal intubations than in tracheal intubations in an experimental setting.
Discussion of ‘An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136’
Authors: Zhuang Zili 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article discusses the paper by Bond, Govendir, and Wells (2016). The comments focus on four issues: (i) the evaluation of the book to market ratio of equity as an impairment indicator; (ii) the managerial discretion on realized impairments; (iii) the interpretation of the increase in asset impairment after transition to IFRS; and (iv) the role of cross‐sectional analysis in investigating asset impairments.
Maternal ‘near miss’ at Royal Darwin Hospital: An analysis of severe maternal morbidity at an Australian regional tertiary maternity unit
Authors: Jayaratnam Skandarupan , Burton Alice , Connan Kirsten Fiona , de Costa Caroline 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundAssessment of severe maternal morbidity using World Health Organization (WHO) ‘near‐miss’ criteria is gaining in importance as a valuable tool in the assessment of maternity care of women. Identification of cases allows an understanding of aetiology of severe morbidity and factors contributing to poor maternal outcomes.AimThe aim of this study is to determine the rate of maternal ‘near miss’ at Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH) and the utility of theWHOnear‐miss criteria as a tool for data collection in a regional Australian context.Methods and MaterialsCases of maternal ‘near miss’ and deaths were prospectively identified over a period of 12 months using theWHOcriteria.ResultsDuring the audit period, there were 2080 live births at Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH): 10 women presented with a ‘near miss’ and there was one maternal death. The maternal mortality ratio for the hospital was 48/100 000 live births, the maternal ‘near‐miss’ index ratio was 4.8/1000 live births, and the combination of maternal deaths and near misses gave a severe maternal outcome (SMO) ratio of 5.3/1000 live births. The main cause of obstetric ‘near miss’ was obstetric haemorrhage. Indigenous women and women from remote areas comprised a significant portion of ‘near‐miss’ cases.ConclusionThe rates of maternal ‘near miss’ atRDHare consistent with other studies in the developed world. TheWHOmaternal ‘near‐miss’ audit tool helps health professionals understand and anticipate severe maternal morbidities, with the aim of improving maternal and perinatal outcomes.