bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption of a 5-mg Melatonin Supplement Does Not Affect 32.2-km Cycling Time Trial Performance
Authors: Brandenberger Kyle J. , Ingalls Christopher P. , Rupp Jeffrey C. , Doyle James A. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Brandenberger, KJ, Ingalls, CP, Rupp, JC, and Doyle, JA. Consumption of a 5-mg melatonin supplement does not affect 32.2-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2872–2877, 2018—Some studies suggest that exogenous melatonin supplementation may improve athletic performance in hot humid environments because of its precooling effect. However, melatonin is also consumed as a sleep aid for its depressive effects on the central nervous system (CNS), which may hinder performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether consuming a 5-mg supplement of melatonin would affect performance in a laboratory-simulated 32.2-km cycling time trial. The time trial was conducted in a thermoneutral environment to separate CNS depressive effects of the melatonin from the cooling effects. Trained male subjects (n = 10; V̇o
2max = 62.7 ± 6.3 ml·kg−1·min−1; age = 25.1 ± 4.0 years; mass = 69.9 ± 9.1 kg; height = 176.0 ± 7.1 cm) performed three 32.2-km time trials on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. The first trial was a familiarization. During the 2 experimental trials, subjects received in a random order either a placebo or a 5-mg melatonin supplement 15 minutes before exercise in a double-blind, crossover design. Variables were measured before exercise and at 8-km intervals. The mean 32.2-km time trial completion times for the melatonin (64.94 ± 5.95 minutes) and placebo (65.26 ± 6.85 minutes) trials were not different (p = 0.682). The mean time trial power output for the melatonin (190.4 ± 40.4 watts) and placebo (190.0 ± 45.7 watts) trials was not different (p = 0.927). Rectal temperature was not significantly different for melatonin compared with placebo (p = 0.827). These results suggest that a 5-mg melatonin supplement administered 15 minutes before exercise does not measurably impact the performance of a 32.2-km cycling time trial in a thermoneutral environment.
Effects of Combined Strength and Sprint Training on Lean Mass, Strength, Power, and Sprint Performance in Masters Road Cyclists
Authors: Del Vecchio Luke , Stanton Robert , Reaburn Peter , Macgregor Campbell , Meerkin Jarrod , Villegas Jerome , Korhonen Marko T. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Del Vecchio, L, Stanton, R, Reaburn, P, Macgregor, C, Meerkin, J, Villegas, J, and Korhonen, MT. Effects of combined strength and sprint training on lean mass, strength, power, and sprint performance in masters road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 66–79, 2019—Strength and sprint-training exercises are integral part of training in many younger endurance cyclists to improve cycling efficiency and sprinting ability. This study was undertaken to examine whether muscle and performance characteristics could be improved in endurance-trained masters cyclist by adding strength and sprint-training stimuli into their training regimen. Twenty-five masters road cyclists were assigned to a combined strength and sprint-training group (CT; n = 9, 53.5 ± 9.3 years), a sprint-training group (ST, n = 7, 49.4 ± 4.8 years) or a control group (CG, n = 9, 56.9 ± 8.6 years). Before and after the 12 weeks intervention, whole body lean mass, total lower limb lean mass (LLLM), countermovement jump height, peak isometric torque of quadriceps and hamstring muscles were examined. For evaluation of sport-specific performance, 10-second sprint cycling peak power (PP10), total 30 seconds work (TW), PP output and flying 200-m time trial (TT) performance were assessed. No pretraining differences were observed between CT, ST, and CG groups for any of the dependant variables. After training, a significant (p < 0.05) between group difference was observed in TW between CT and CG groups. A significant effect of time (p < 0.05) was observed for LLLM in CT and ST groups, and for TT in the CT group. These results suggest including strength and sprint exercises in training can increase LLLM and sprint performance in endurance-trained masters road cyclists. Further research is warranted to find out an ideal pattern of training to maintain aerobic capabilities along with sprint performance in aging road cyclists.
Monitoring Resistance Exercise Intensity Using Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Previously Untrained Patients With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Authors: Fairman Ciaran M. , LaFountain Richard L. , Lucas Alexander R. , Focht Brian C. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Fairman, CM, LaFountain, RL, Lucas, AR, and Focht, BC. Monitoring resistance exercise intensity using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in previously untrained patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1360–1365, 2018—Exercise has been shown to be safe and effective for patients with prostate cancer (PrCa). The monitoring of resistance exercise (RE) intensity is an emerging area of interest in RE prescription. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is one of the most commonly used methods but has not yet been validated in this population. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between RPE and RE intensity in PrCa. Data for this study were abstracted from baseline upper- and lower-body strength assessments from 2 previous trials (Individual Diet and Exercise Adherence Pilot Trial; Livestrong, Austin, TX, USA) in our laboratory investigating functional outcomes in patients with PrCa undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). A total of 75 participants from both trials were included in this study. Ratings of perceived exertion corresponding to 50, 70, and 90% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were extracted from the results of participants' upper- and lower-body 1RM strength tests. The changes in RPE across increasing intensities were assessed using separate univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). For each ANOVA, RPE was used as the dependent variable and intensity (50, 70, and 90%) used as the fixed factor. A univariate ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among the RPE values for each intensity for both upper- and lower-body lifts. The results of our analyses suggest that RPE values rise linearly in response to increases in exercise intensity. Our study supports the concept that RPE may be a practical training tool to accurately estimate RE intensity in PrCa survivors undergoing ADT. Practitioners may consider using RPE to monitor and adjust RE intensity in this population.
Influence of Maturation Stage on Agility Performance Gains After Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Asadi Abbas , Arazi Hamid , Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Moran Jason , Izquierdo Mikel 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Asadi, A, Arazi, H, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Moran, J, and Izquierdo, M. Influence of maturation stage on agility performance gains after plyometric training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2609–2617, 2017—Although plyometric training (PT) improves change of direction (COD) ability, the influence of age on COD gains after PT is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to identify the age-related pattern of improvement in COD ability after PT in youths. A computerized search within 6 databases was performed, selecting studies based on specific inclusion criteria: experimental trials published in English-language journals, PT focused on the lower-body, COD ability measurements reported before and after training, and male participants aged 10 to 18 years. Sixteen articles with a total of 30 effect sizes (ESs) in the experimental groups and 13 ESs in the control groups were included. For the analyses, subjects were categorized into 3 age groups: 10–12.9 years of age (PRE), 13–15.9 years of age (MID), and 16–18 years of age (POST). Independent of age, PT improved COD ability in youths (ES = 0.86, time gains [TG = −0.61]). However, a tendency toward greater COD ability gains was observed in older subjects (MID, ES = 0.95; POST, ES = 0.99) compared with younger subjects (PRE, ES = 0.68). Pearson product-moment correlation (r) indicated that 2-weekly sessions of PT-induced meaningful COD ability gains (for ES, r = 0.436; for TG, r = −0.624). A positive relationship was found between training intensity and ES (r = 0.493). In conclusion, PT improves COD ability in youths, with meaningfully greater effects in older youths. Two PT sessions per week, with 1,400 moderate-intensity jumps for 7 weeks, seems to be an adequate dose.
Decrements in Neuromuscular Performance and Increases in Creatine Kinase Impact Training Outputs in Elite Soccer Players
Authors: Malone Shane , Mendes Bruno , Hughes Brian , Roe Mark , Devenney Simon , Collins Kieran , Owen Adam 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Malone, S, Mendes, B, Hughes, B, Roe, M, Devenney, S, Collins, K, and Owen, A. Decrements in neuromuscular performance and increases in creatine kinase impact training outputs in elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1342–1351, 2018—The aim of the current investigation was to understand the impact of pretraining neuromuscular performance and creatine kinase (CK) status on subsequent training performance in elite soccer players. Thirty soccer players (age: 25.3 ± 3.1 years; height: 183 ± 7 cm; mass: 72 ± 7 kg) were involved in this observational study. Each morning before training, players completed assessments for neuromuscular performance (countermovement jump; CMJ) and CK levels. Global positioning technology provided external load: total distance, high-speed distance, sprint distance, accelerations, decelerations, average metabolic power, explosive distance, and high metabolic power distance (>25.5 W·kg−1). Mixed-effect linear models revealed significant effects for CK and CMJ Z-score on total high-speed distance, very high-speed distance, accelerations, decelerations, explosive distance, and maximal velocity. Effects are reported with 90% confidence limits. A CK Z-score of +1 corresponded to a −5.5 ± 1.1, −3.9 ± 0.5, −4.3 ± 2.9%, −4.1 ± 2.9%, −3.1 ± 2.9%, and −4.6 ± 1.9%, reduction in total high-speed distance, very high-speed distance, accelerations, decelerations, explosive distance, and maximal velocity, respectively. Countermovement jump Z-score of −1 corresponded to a −3.5 ± 1.1, −2.9 ± 0.5, −2.1 ± 1.4, −5.3 ± 2.9%, −3.8 ± 2.9%, −1.1 ± 2.9%, and −5.6 ± 1.2% reduction in these external load measures. Magnitude-based analysis revealed that the practical size of the effect of a pretraining CMJ Z-score of −1 and CK Z-score of +1 would have on total high-speed distance, very high-speed distance, high metabolic power distance (>25.5 W·kg−1), accelerations, decelerations, explosive distance, and maximal velocity was likely negative. The results of this study suggest that systematic pretraining monitoring of neuromuscular and muscle stress within soccer cohorts can provide coaches with information about the training output that can be expected from individual players during a training session.
Mean Velocity vs. Mean Propulsive Velocity vs. Peak Velocity: Which Variable Determines Bench Press Relative Load With Higher Reliability?
Authors: García-Ramos Amador , Pestaña-Melero Francisco L. , Pérez-Castilla Alejandro , Rojas Francisco J. , Gregory Haff G. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
García-Ramos, A, Pestaña-Melero, FL, Pérez-Castilla, A, Rojas, FJ, and Haff, GG. Mean velocity vs. mean propulsive velocity vs. peak velocity: which variable determines bench press relative load with higher reliability? J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1273–1279, 2018—This study aimed to compare between 3 velocity variables (mean velocity [MV], mean propulsive velocity [MPV], and peak velocity [PV]): (a) the linearity of the load-velocity relationship, (b) the accuracy of general regression equations to predict relative load (%1RM), and (c) the between-session reliability of the velocity attained at each percentage of the 1-repetition maximum (%1RM). The full load-velocity relationship of 30 men was evaluated by means of linear regression models in the concentric-only and eccentric-concentric bench press throw (BPT) variants performed with a Smith machine. The 2 sessions of each BPT variant were performed within the same week separated by 48–72 hours. The main findings were as follows: (a) the MV showed the strongest linearity of the load-velocity relationship (median r
2 = 0.989 for concentric-only BPT and 0.993 for eccentric-concentric BPT), followed by MPV (median r
2 = 0.983 for concentric-only BPT and 0.980 for eccentric-concentric BPT), and finally PV (median r
2 = 0.974 for concentric-only BPT and 0.969 for eccentric-concentric BPT); (b) the accuracy of the general regression equations to predict relative load (%1RM) from movement velocity was higher for MV (SEE = 3.80–4.76%1RM) than for MPV (SEE = 4.91–5.56%1RM) and PV (SEE = 5.36–5.77%1RM); and (c) the PV showed the lowest within-subjects coefficient of variation (3.50%–3.87%), followed by MV (4.05%–4.93%), and finally MPV (5.11%–6.03%). Taken together, these results suggest that the MV could be the most appropriate variable for monitoring the relative load (%1RM) in the BPT exercise performed in a Smith machine.
Analysis of High-Intensity Skating in Top-Class Ice Hockey Match-Play in Relation to Training Status and Muscle Damage
Authors: Lignell Erik , Fransson Dan , Krustrup Peter , Mohr Magni 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Lignell, E, Fransson, D, Krustrup, P, and Mohr, M. Analysis of high-intensity skating in top-class ice hockey match-play in relation to training status and muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1303–1310, 2018—We examined high-intensity activities in a top-class ice-hockey game and the effect of training status. Male ice-hockey players (n = 36) from the National Hockey League participated. Match analysis was performed during a game and physical capacity was assessed by a submaximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Ice-hockey test, level 1 (YYIR1-IHSUB). Venous blood samples were collected 24-hour post-game to determine markers of muscle damage. Players performed 119 ± 8 and 31 ± 3 m·min−1 of high intensity and sprint skating, respectively, during a game. Total distance covered was 4,606 ± 219 m (2,260–6,749 m), of which high-intensity distance was 2042 ± 97 m (757–3,026 m). Sprint-skating speed was 5–8% higher (p ≤ 0.05) in periods 1 and 2 vs. period 3 and overtime. Defensemen (D) covered 29% more (p ≤ 0.05) skating in total than forwards (F) and were on the ice 47% longer. However, F performed 54% more (p ≤ 0.05) high-intensity skating per minute than defensemen. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) was 338 ± 45 (78–757) U·L−1 24-hour post-game. Heart rate loading during YYIR1-IHSUB correlated inversely (p ≤ 0.05) to the frequency of high-intensity skating bouts (r = −0.55) and V̇o
2max (r = −0.85) and positively to post-game CK (r = 0.49; p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, ice hockey is a multiple-sprint sport that provokes fatigue in the latter half of a game. Forwards perform more intense skating than defensemen. Moreover, high-intensity game activities during top-class ice hockey are correlated with cardiovascular loading during a submaximal skating test. Taken together, training of elite ice-hockey players should improve the ability for repeated high-intensity skating, and testing should include the YYIR1-IHSUB test as an indicator for ice-hockey–specific physical match performance.
Compensatory Muscle Activation During Unstable Overhead Squat Using a Water-filled Training Tube
Authors: Glass Stephen C. , Albert Robert W. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Glass, SC, and Albert, RW. Compensatory muscle activation during unstable overhead squat using a water-filled training tube. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1230–1237, 2018—The purpose of this study was to assess compensatory muscle activation of core and support muscle during an overhead squat using a water-filled training tube. Eleven experienced weightlifting (age = 20.10 ± 0.99, mass 89.17 ± 6.88 kg) men completed 3, 30-second trials of an overhead squat using an 11.4 kg tube that was partially filled with water. A central valve allowed 3 conditions of water movement: 50% open, 100% open, and a stable(S), closed valve condition. Subjects completed 8–10 repetitions within each condition. Electromyographic (EMG) electrodes were placed over the belly of the vastus lateralis, deltoid, rectus abdominus, and paraspinal muscles and recorded during concentric and eccentric (ECC) phases. Integrated EMG were computed and converted to percent maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). Compensatory activation was assessed using the natural log of the coefficient of variation of %MVC across repetitions. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance across (phase, condition) was used. Significant compensatory muscle activation was seen in the deltoid muscle during ECC (100% open = 3.60 ± 0.50 > stable LogCV = 3.06 ± 0.45). In addition, paraspinal muscle activity was also more variable during the ECC phase (50% open LogCv = 3.28 ± 0.26 > stable = 2.77 ± 0.67). We conclude that the water-filled training tube induces compensatory muscle activation in the deltoid and paraspinal muscles during the ECC phase of the overhead squat.
A Unified Characterization of Population Structure and Relatedness
Authors: Weir Bruce S , Goudet Jérôme 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Many population genetic activities, ranging from evolutionary studies to association mapping, to forensic identification, rely on appropriate estimates of population structure or relatedness. All applications require recognition that quantities with an underlying meaning of allelic dependence are not defined in an absolute sense, but instead are made “relative to” some set of alleles other than the target set. The 1984 Weir and Cockerham FST estimate made explicit that the reference set of alleles was across populations, whereas standard kinship estimates do not make the reference explicit. Weir and Cockerham stated that their FST estimates were for independent populations, and standard kinship estimates have an implicit assumption that pairs of individuals in a study sample, other than the target pair, are unrelated or are not inbred. However, populations lose independence when there is migration between them, and dependencies between pairs of individuals in a population exist for more than one target pair. We have therefore recast our treatments of population structure, relatedness, and inbreeding to make explicit that the parameters of interest involve the differences in degrees of allelic dependence between the target and the reference sets of alleles, and so can be negative. We take the reference set to be the population from which study individuals have been sampled. We provide simple moment estimates of these parameters, phrased in terms of allelic matching within and between individuals for relatedness and inbreeding, or within and between populations for population structure. A multi-level hierarchy of alleles within individuals, alleles between individuals within populations, and alleles between populations, allows a unified treatment of relatedness and population structure. We expect our new measures to have a wide range of applications, but we note that their estimates are sensitive to rare or private variants: some population-characterization applications suggest exploiting those sensitivities, whereas estimation of relatedness may best use all genetic markers without filtering on minor allele frequency.
Distributions of Mutational Effects and the Estimation of Directional Selection in Divergent Lineages ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Park Briton , Rutter Matthew T , Fenster Charles B , Symonds V Vaughan , Ungerer Mark C , Townsend Jeffrey P 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMutations are crucial to evolution, providing the ultimate source of variation on which natural selection acts. Due to their key role, the distribution of mutational effects on quantitative traits is a key component to any inference regarding historical selection on phenotypic traits. In this paper, we expand on a previously developed test for selection that could be conducted assuming a Gaussian mutation effect distribution by developing approaches to also incorporate any of a family of heavy-tailed Laplace distributions of mutational effects. We apply the test to detect directional natural selection on five traits along the divergence of Columbia and Landsberg lineages of Arabidopsis thaliana, constituting the first test for natural selection in any organism using quantitative trait locus and mutation accumulation data to quantify the intensity of directional selection on a phenotypic trait. We demonstrate that the results of the test for selection can depend on the mutation effect distribution specified. Using the distributions exhibiting the best fit to mutation accumulation data, we infer that natural directional selection caused divergence in the rosette diameter and trichome density traits of the Columbia and Landsberg lineages.
An Essential Regulatory System Originating from Polygenic Transcriptional Rewiring of PhoP-PhoQ of Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Peng Bao-Yu , Pan Yue , Li Ru-Jiao , Wei Jin-Wei , Liang Fang , Wang Li , Wang Fang-Fang , Qian Wei 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
How essential, regulatory genes originate and evolve is intriguing because mutations of these genes not only lead to lethality in organisms, but also have pleiotropic effects since they control the expression of multiple downstream genes. Therefore, the evolution of essential, regulatory genes is not only determined by genetic variations of their own sequences, but also by the biological function of downstream genes and molecular mechanisms of regulation. To understand the origin of essential, regulatory genes, experimental dissection of the complete regulatory cascade is needed. Here, we provide genetic evidences to reveal that PhoP-PhoQ is an essential two-component signal transduction system in the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, but that its orthologs in other bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria are nonessential. Mutational, biochemical, and chromatin immunoprecipitation together with high-throughput sequencing analyses revealed that phoP and phoQ of X. campestris and its close relative Pseudomonas aeruginosa are replaceable, and that the consensus binding motifs of the transcription factor PhoP are also highly conserved. PhoPXcc in X. campestris regulates the transcription of a number of essential, structural genes by directly binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs); however, these CREs are lacking in the orthologous essential, structural genes in P. aeruginosa, and thus the regulatory relationships between PhoPPae and these downstream essential genes are disassociated. Our findings suggested that the recruitment of regulatory proteins by critical structural genes via transcription factor-CRE rewiring is a driving force in the origin and functional divergence of essential, regulatory genes.