bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Nesfatin‐1‐Containing Neurones in the Hypothalamus and Brainstem by Peripheral Administration of Anorectic Hormones and Suppression of Feeding via Central Nesfatin‐1 in Rats
Authors: Saito R. , So M. , Motojima Y. , Matsuura T. , Yoshimura M. , Hashimoto H. , Yamamoto Y. , Kusuhara K. , Ueta Y. 
Published: May 2016

Peripheral anorectic hormones, such as glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐8 and leptin, suppress food intake. The newly‐identified anorectic neuropeptide, nesfatin‐1, is synthesised in both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system, particularly by various nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem. In the present study, we examined the effects of i.p. administration of GLP‐1 and CCK‐8 and co‐administrations of GLP‐1 and leptin at subthreshold doses as confirmed by measurement of food intake, on nesfatin‐1‐immunoreactive (‐IR) neurones in the hypothalamus and brainstem of rats by Fos immunohistochemistry. Intraperitoneal administration of GLP‐1 (100 μg/kg) caused significant increases in the number of nesfatin‐1‐IR neurones expressing Fos‐immunoreactivity in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the area postrema (AP) and the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) but not in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the arcuate nucleus (ARC) or the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). On the other hand, i.p. administration of CCK‐8 (50 μg/kg) resulted in marked increases in the number of nesfatin‐1‐IR neurones expressing Fos‐immunoreactivity in the SON, PVN, AP and NTS but not in the ARC or LHA. No differences in the percentage of nesfatin‐1‐IR neurones expressing Fos‐immunoreactivity in the nuclei of the hypothalamus and brainstem were observed between rats treated with saline, GLP‐1 (33 μg/kg) or leptin. However, co‐administration of GLP‐1 (33 μg/kg) and leptin resulted in significant increases in the number of nesfatin‐1‐IR neurones expressing Fos‐immunoreactivity in the AP and the NTS. Furthermore, decreased food intake induced by GLP‐1, CCK‐8 and leptin was attenuated significantly by pretreatment with i.c.v. administration of antisense nesfatin‐1. These results indicate that nesfatin‐1‐expressing neurones in the brainstem may play an important role in sensing peripheral levels of GLP‐1 and leptin in addition to CCK‐8, and also suppress food intake in rats.
LEVERAGED ETF IMPLIED VOLATILITIES FROM ETF DYNAMICS
Authors: Leung Tim , Lorig Matthew , Pascucci Andrea 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe growth of the exchange‐traded fund (ETF) industry has given rise to the trading of options written on ETFs and their leveraged counterparts (LETFs). We study the relationship between the ETF and LETF implied volatility surfaces when the underlying ETF is modeled by a general class of local‐stochastic volatility models. A closed‐form approximation for prices is derived for European‐style options whose payoffs depend on the terminal value of the ETF and/or LETF. Rigorous error bounds for this pricing approximation are established. A closed‐form approximation for implied volatilities is also derived. We also discuss a scaling procedure for comparing implied volatilities across leverage ratios. The implied volatility expansions and scalings are tested in three settings: Heston, limited constant elasticity of variance (CEV), and limited SABR; the last two are regularized versions of the well‐known CEV and SABR models.
RflM mediates target specificity of the RcsCDB phosphorelay system for transcriptional repression of flagellar synthesis in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Kühne Caroline , Singer Hanna M. , Grabisch Eva , Codutti Luca , Carlomagno Teresa , Scrima Andrea , Erhardt Marc 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe bacterial flagellum enables directed movement of Salmonella enterica towards favorable conditions in liquid environments. Regulation of flagellar synthesis is tightly controlled by various environmental signals at transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. The flagellar master regulator FlhD4C2 resides on top of the flagellar transcriptional hierarchy and is under autogenous control by FlhD4C2‐dependent activation of the repressor rflM. The inhibitory activity of RflM depends on the presence of RcsB, the response regulator of the RcsCDB phosphorelay system. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanism of RflM‐dependent repression of flhDC. We show that RcsB and RflM form a heterodimer that coordinately represses flhDC transcription independent of RcsB phosphorylation. RcsB‐RflM complex binds to a RcsB box downstream the P1 transcriptional start site of the flhDC promoter with increased affinity compared to RcsB in the absence of RflM. We propose that RflM stabilizes binding of unphosphorylated RcsB to the flhDC promoter in absence of environmental cues. Thus, RflM is a novel auxiliary regulatory protein that mediates target specificity of RcsB for flhDC repression. The cooperative action of the RcsB‐RflM repressor complex allows Salmonella to fine‐tune initiation of flagellar gene expression and adds another level to the complex regulation of flagellar synthesis.
New sophistry: self‐deception in the nursing academy
Authors: Garrett Bernard M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this essay, I advance an argument against the expansion and acceptance of postmodern metaphysical antirealist ideologies in the development of nursing theory in North America. I suggest mystical theoretical explanations of care, the rejection of empirical epistemology, and a return to divinity in nursing represent an intellectual dead end, as these ideas do little to help resolve real‐world health issues and also negate the need for the academic discrimination of bad ideas. I examine some of the philosophical foundations of nursing theory and deconstruct some of the more preternatural theories that have become established as the dominant conventional wisdom in the academy. It is argued that this can be characterized as a form of self‐deception, and overall has had a negative impact on advancement of the nursing profession and public health care. Reasons behind the widespread acceptance of these irrational theoretical stances in nursing and the ongoing support for mystical therapeutic interventions are explored.
Real‐World Use of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Insertable Cardiac Monitor Procedures
Authors: BEINART SEAN C. , NATALE ANDREA , VERMA ATUL , AMIN ALPESH , KASNER SCOTT , DIENER HANS‐CHRISTOPH , POULIOT ERIKA , FRANCO NORELI , MITTAL SUNEET 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThe use of prophylactic antibiotics during insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) procedures is a carryover of the common practice used with therapeutic cardiac implantable electronic devices. We sought to characterize the current practice of ICM insertion procedures to evaluate the influence of prophylactic antibiotic administration on the occurrence of infections.MethodsWe characterized insertion procedures and procedure‐related infections from an ongoing multicenter registry (Reveal LINQTM Registry). In order to accurately capture infections, only patients enrolled before or the day of insertion who also had a record of whether or not preoperative antibiotics were used were included in this analysis. Infections were defined based on the physician's assessment and reported upon occurrence. Patients were categorized into two analysis cohorts based on prophylactic antibiotic use.ResultsWe analyzed 375 patients from 14 U.S. centers (age 63.1 ± 15.6 years; male 54.1%). Approximately two‐thirds of patients (66.4%) did not receive any preprocedural antibiotics. The overall infection rate was 1.1% (0.3–2.7% confidence interval [CI]) and corresponded to four events. In the group that did not receive preprocedural antibiotics, there were two minor infections (0.8%, [0.1–2.9% CI]), whereas in the group receiving preprocedural antibiotics a serious and a minor infection occurred (1.6%, [0.2–5.6% CI]); this serious infection resulted in an explant.ConclusionsCurrent real‐world practice shows that ICM insertions are increasingly performed without the use of prophylactic antibiotics, which is associated with a very low infection rate.
Variation in heat shock protein expression at the latitudinal range limits of a widely‐distributed species, the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia)
Authors: Advani Nikhil K. , Kenkel Carly D. , Davies Sarah W. , Parmesan Camille , Singer Michael C. , Matz Mikhail V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStudies of heat shock response show a correlation with local climate, although this is more often across altitudinal than latitudinal gradients. In the present study, differences in constitutive but not inducible components of heat shock response are detected among populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia L. that exist at the species' latitudinal range limits (Finland and Spain). The study demonstrates that macroclimatic differences between these sites should cause greater exposure of the Spanish population to higher temperatures. Thermal stress treatments are used to estimate differences in the expression of four genes potentially relevant for tolerating these temperatures. For the analysis, three heat‐shock proteins and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), a glycolysis enzyme that also modulates cell growth based on metabolic state, are chosen. Two constitutive differences are found between the sites. First, insects from Spain have higher levels of Hsp 21.4 than those from Finland regardless of thermal stress treatment; this protein is not inducible. Second, insects from Finland have higher levels of G3PDH. The two remaining Hsps, Hsp20.4 and Hsp90, show dramatic up‐regulation at higher temperatures, although there are no significant differences between insects from the different populations in either constitutive levels or inducibility. In nature, differences between the study populations likely occur in the expression of all four genes that were studied, although these differences would be directly climate‐induced in Hsp20.4 and Hsp90 and constitutive in Hsp21.4 and G3PDH. Inducibility may mitigate the need for constitutive variation in traits that adapt insects to local climate.
Management of bakanae and bacterial seedling blight diseases in nurseries by irradiating rice seeds with atmospheric plasma
Authors: Ochi A. , Konishi H. , Ando S. , Sato K. , Yokoyama K. , Tsushima S. , Yoshida S. , Morikawa T. , Kaneko T. , Takahashi H. 
Published: May 2016

The control of seedborne rice seedling diseases in the seed beds is important to avoid epidemics in rice nurseries and paddies, which may result in severe yield loss. Recently, irradiation with plasma containing electrons, creating positive or negative ions and neutral species, has been shown to have an antimicrobial effect, probably via generation of reactive oxygen species. This study examines whether two seedborne rice seedling diseases, bakanae disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, and bacterial seedling blight caused by Burkholderia plantarii, are suppressed by irradiation of infected rice seeds with atmospheric plasma. Seed germination and seedling growth were not inhibited in plasma‐treated healthy seeds. When F. fujikuroi‐infected rice seeds were irradiated with plasma after being immersed in sterile distilled water, bakanae disease severity index and the percentage of plants with symptoms were reduced to 18.1% and 7.8% of non‐irradiated control, respectively, depending on the duration of plasma irradiation. The bacterial seedling blight disease index was also reduced by plasma irradiation in vacuum‐inoculated seeds to 38.6% of the non‐irradiated control, and in infected seeds harvested from spray‐inoculated heads of rice plants to 40.1% of the control. Therefore, plasma irradiation seems to be effective in controlling two independent seedborne rice seedling diseases.
Limited morphological, physiological and genetic diversity of Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Saul Maora J. , Liew E. C. Y. , Guest D. I. 
Published: May 2016

In Papua New Guinea (PNG) cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of the most important cash crops grown in the tropical lowland and island regions. As in most cocoa‐growing areas, phytophthora black pod and canker cause significant yield losses. Cocoa breeding activities in PNG are focused in East New Britain province where disease control recommendations are also developed. This study tested the hypothesis that there was no diversity in the Phytophthora palmivora population causing black pod on cocoa by characterizing the variation in pathogen populations within and between the five major cocoa‐growing areas. Diseased pods were sampled hierarchically from the five locations and additional isolates were collected from soil, stem and leaf lesions, or retrieved from culture collections. Morphological characters showed continuous variation within the range described for P. palmivora. Genetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to one dominant clonal lineage, with restricted distributions of several other subpopulations. Lowest diversities were found in the geographically isolated Karkar Island and East Sepik province. Soil isolates showed greater genetic diversity than isolates from cocoa lesions. Intra‐farm variation was as much as inter‐farm or inter‐province variation. Both mating types were detected, although no strong evidence of sexual recombination was observed. The analysis revealed limited geographic, temporal or host specialization, suggesting continuous selection for pathogenicity from a genetic pool of P. palmivora. These findings have significant implications on the deployment of cocoa genotypes, enforcement of inter‐province quarantine and sustainable disease management strategies.
Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae: Clinical features and outcomes of 107 cases from an endemic area
Authors: Isenman Heather L. , Chambers Stephen T. , Pithie Alan D. , MacDonald Sharyn L.S. , Hegarty Justin M. , Fenwick Joanna L. , Maze Michael J. , Metcalf Sarah C.L. , Murdoch David R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveLegionella longbeachae is a predominant cause of Legionnaires' disease in some parts of the world, particularly in Australasia. Clinical reports of L. longbeachae infection are limited to case reports or small case series, and culture‐confirmed cases.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of L. longbeachae pneumonia in a large case series from Christchurch, New Zealand during a 4‐year period when both PCR and cultures were used as routine diagnostic tools for Legionnaires' disease. Cases of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia were reviewed for comparison.ResultsA total of 107 cases of L. longbeachae infection were identified by PCR and/or culture. The median age was 65 years (range 25–90 years), 63% were male, and most became unwell during spring or summer. Presenting clinical features were similar to those reported for community‐acquired pneumonia, with headache, myalgia and diarrhoea being common. Elevated C‐reactive protein, hyponatraemia and abnormal liver function tests were also common. History of productive cough, involvement of both lungs, and high bacterial load were independently associated with culture of Legionella from lower respiratory samples. One quarter required intensive care unit admission, and 5% died. Among patients given antimicrobial therapy before admission, those given agents without anti‐Legionella activity were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit. Limited comparisons were made with the 19 L. pneumophila cases over the same time period.ConclusionCharacteristics of L. longbeachae pneumonia are broadly similar to those reported for community‐acquired pneumonia from a variety of other populations, except for the spring/summer seasonality.
The Buffering Role of Social Support on the Psychosocial Wellbeing of Orphans in Rwanda
Authors: Caserta Tehetna Alemu , Punamäki Raija‐Leena , Pirttilä‐Backman Anna‐Maija 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLittle is known about the buffering role of social support among orphans living in Africa. This study examined (1) how perceived social support (PSS) varied across orphan‐related characteristics (e.g., orphan status, such as single, maternal or paternal, and their living environments, such as in child‐headed households, on the street, in an orphanage or in a foster home) and (2) the relative importance of sources of PSS (relatives/community/adults and peers) and functional social support (emotional/informational/instrumental and social) and its association with emotional well‐being and mental distress. The participants included 430 orphaned Rwandan children and youth aged between 10 and 25 years (Mean age= 17.74), of whom (n =179, 41.6 percent) were females and (n = 251, 58.4 percent) were males. Result showed that children living in an orphanage exhibited a higher level of PSS from all sources of social support than did children in other living environments. A higher level of PSS from relatives, communities and adults was associated with high level of emotional well‐being, and only adult support was associated with low level of mental distress. Furthermore, the functional PSS indicated that emotional support and companionship support were equally important in their association with higher levels of emotional well‐being and lower levels of mental distress. The findings highlight the importance of having different sources of social support and their functions in relation to psychosocial well‐being.
Bringing GEOSS Services into Practice: A Capacity Building Resource on Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI)
Authors: Giuliani Gregory , Lacroix Pierre , Guigoz Yaniss , Roncella Roberto , Bigagli Lorenzo , Santoro Mattia , Mazzetti Paolo , Nativi Stefano , Ray Nicolas , Lehmann Anthony 
Published: May 2016

AbstractData discoverability, accessibility, and integration are frequent barriers for scientists and a major obstacle for favorable results on environmental research. To tackle this issue, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) is leading the development of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), a voluntary effort that connects Earth Observation resources world‐wide, acting as a gateway between producers and users of environmental data. GEO recognizes the importance of capacity building and education to reach large adoption, acceptance and commitment on data sharing principles to increase the capacity to access and use Earth Observations data. This article presents “Bringing GEOSS services into practice” (BGSIP), an integrated set of teaching material and software to facilitate the publication and use of environmental data through standardized discovery, view, download, and processing services, further facilitating the registration of data into GEOSS. So far, 520 participants in 10 countries have been trained using this material, leading to numerous Spatial Data Infrastructure implementations and 1,000 tutorial downloads. This workshop lowers the entry barriers for both data providers and users, facilitates the development of technical skills, and empowers people.
Child diarrhoea and nutritional status in rural Rwanda: a cross‐sectional study to explore contributing environmental and demographic factors
Authors: Sinharoy Sheela S. , Schmidt Wolf‐Peter , Cox Kris , Clemence Zachary , Mfura Leodomir , Wendt Ronald , Boisson Sophie , Crossett Erin , Grépin Karen A. , Jack William , Condo Jeanine , Habyarimana James , Clasen Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo explore associations of environmental and demographic factors with diarrhoea and nutritional status among children in Rusizi district, Rwanda.MethodsWe obtained cross‐sectional data from 8847 households in May–August 2013 from a baseline survey conducted for an evaluation of an integrated health intervention. We collected data on diarrhoea, water quality, and environmental and demographic factors from households with children <5, and anthropometry from children <2. We conducted log‐binomial regression using diarrhoea, stunting and wasting as dependent variables.ResultsAmong children <5, 8.7% reported diarrhoea in the previous 7 days. Among children <2, stunting prevalence was 34.9% and wasting prevalence was 2.1%. Drinking water treatment (any method) was inversely associated with caregiver‐reported diarrhoea in the previous 7 days (PR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68–0.91). Improved source of drinking water (PR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73–0.87), appropriate treatment of drinking water (PR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80–0.96), improved sanitation facility (PR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82–0.97), and complete structure (having walls, floor and roof) of the sanitation facility (PR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50–0.84) were inversely associated with stunting. None of the exposure variables were associated with wasting. A microbiological indicator of water quality was not associated with diarrhoea or stunting.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in Rusizi district, appropriate treatment of drinking water may be an important factor in diarrhoea in children <5, while improved source and appropriate treatment of drinking water as well as improved type and structure of sanitation facility may be important for linear growth in children <2. We did not detect an association with water quality.
Undiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis among prisoners in Malaysia: an overlooked risk for tuberculosis in the community
Authors: Al‐Darraji Haider Abdulrazzaq Abed , Altice Frederick L. , Kamarulzaman Adeeba 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of previously undiagnosed active tuberculosis (TB) cases among prisoners in Malaysia's largest prison using an intensified TB case‐finding strategy.MethodsFrom October 2012 to May 2013, prisoners housed in two distinct units (HIV‐negative and HIV‐positive) were approached to participate in the TB screening study. Consenting prisoners submitted two sputum samples that were examined using GeneXpert MTB/RIF, smear microscopy and liquid culture. Socio‐demographic and clinical information was collected and correlates of active TB, defined as having either a positive GeneXpert MTB/RIF or culture results, were assessed using regression analyses.ResultsAmong the total of 559 prisoners, 442 (79.1%) had complete data; 28.7% were HIV‐infected, 80.8% were men and the average age was 36.4 (SD 9.8) years. Overall, 34 (7.7%) had previously undiagnosed active TB, of whom 64.7% were unable to complete their TB treatment in prison due to insufficient time (<6 months) remaining in prison. Previously undiagnosed active TB was independently associated with older age groups (AOR 11.44 and 6.06 for age ≥ 50 and age 40–49 years, respectively) and with higher levels of immunosuppression (CD4 < 200 cells/ml) in HIV‐infected prisoners (AOR 3.07, 95% CI 1.03–9.17).ConclusionsThe high prevalence of previously undiagnosed active TB in this prison highlights the inadequate performance of internationally recommended case‐finding strategies and suggests that passive case‐finding policies should be abandoned, especially in prison settings where HIV infection is prevalent. Moreover, partnerships between criminal justice and public health treatment systems are crucial to continue TB treatment after release.