Abstract 4157: IL-6 glycoforms differentially modulate the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer
Authors: Hung Chun-Hua , Wang Hao-Chen , Yeh Hsuan-Heng , Lin Chien-Chung , Su Wu-Chou 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical in modulating both tumor growth and anti-tumor immunity. Here, we describe the glycosylation pattern of lung cancer cell-secreted IL-6 and examine the function of the IL-6 glycoforms in polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). IL-6 with different molecular weights were detected in various lung cancer cells. Because in NetNGlyc 1.0 Server, one possible N-glycosylation site has been predicted at N73 on IL-6, we used tunicamycin treatment and site-directed mutagenesis on N73 to demonstrate that lung cancer cell-secreted IL-6 is modified by N-glycosylation. To explore more detailed attached glycans, we measured the expression of glycosyltransferases by qPCR and found that the expression of fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), responsible for core fucosylation on N-glycosylated proteins, was higher in lung cancer cells than normal bronchial cells. Core fucosylation on IL-6 was reduced by silencing FUT8. We generated AS2-IL6, AS2-IL6-shFUT8, and AS2-IL6-N73Q cells for producing full-glycosylated IL-6 (G-IL6), core fucose-depleted IL-6 (DeCF-IL6), and Asn73-N-glycan-depleted IL-6 (N73Q-IL6). To examine the effect of the IL-6 glycoforms on differentiation of TAMs, THP-1 monocytic leukemic cells were incubated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate for transforming to macrophages, followed by co-culture with the AS2 cell derivatives to mimic the education of TAMs. The co-cultured TAMs of each AS2 derivative showed distinct morphology. Intriguingly, the G-IL6-producing cells promote the expression of M2-TAM markers CD204, CCR1, arginase-1, and M2-specific cytokines that benefit anti-tumor activity, while DeCF-IL6 and N73Q-IL6 favored the formation of M1 macrophages. The phagocytosis capacity of cocultured macrophages is also altered by different IL-6 glycoform-secreting cells. On the other hand, the Stat3 activation status induced by IL-6 glycoforms is concordant to our previous results, in which the G-IL6 can induce a persistant Stat3 activation that is not observed in the DeCF-IL6- and N73Q-IL6-induced macrophages. We subsequently examined the distribution and polarization of TAMs in in vivo xenograft tumor model by both subcutaneous and intravenous injection of the IL-6 glycoform-overexpressing cells. Higher proportion of M2 TAM was attracted by the N73Q-IL6 tumor than other glycoform tumors. Together, we report the presence of specific IL-6 glycoforms secreted from lung cancer cells. Moreover, the glycosylation on IL-6 changes its activity on the polarization of TAMs, suggesting the pivotal role of soluble factor(s) in orchestrating the tumor microenvironment of lung cancer.
Citation Format: Chun-Hua Hung, Hao-Chen Wang, Hsuan-Heng Yeh, Chien-Chung Lin, Wu-Chou Su. IL-6 glycoforms differentially modulate the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4157.