bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protocol for a systematic review of telephone delivered psychosocial interventions on relapse prevention, adherence to psychiatric medication and health risk behaviours in adults with a psychotic disorder
Authors: Beck Alison K , Baker Amanda , Turner Alyna , Haddock Gillian , Kelly Peter J , Berry Katherine , Bucci Sandra 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThe mental and physical health of individuals with a psychotic illness are typically poor. When adhered to, medication can reduce relapse. However, despite adherence, relapse remains common and functional outcomes often remain compromised. Compliance is also typically low. Cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality is also elevated, along with several important modifiable health risk behaviours. Access to psychosocial interventions is therefore important, but currently limited. Telephone delivered interventions represent a promising solution, although further clarity is needed. Accordingly, we aim to provide an overview and critical analysis of the current state of evidence for telephone delivered psychosocial interventions targeting key health priorities in adults with a psychotic disorder, including (1) relapse, (2) adherence to psychiatric medication and/or (3) modifiable cardiovascular health risk behaviours.Methods and analysisOur methods are informed by published guidelines. The review is registered and any protocol amendments will be tracked. Ten electronic peer-reviewed and four grey literature databases have been identified. Preliminary searches have been conducted for literature on psychosocial telephone interventions targeting relapse, medication adherence and/or health risk behaviours in adults with a psychotic disorder. Articles classified as ‘evaluation’ will be assessed against standardised criteria and checked by an independent assessor. The searches will be re-run just before final analyses and further studies retrieved for inclusion. A narrative synthesis will be reported, structured around intervention type and content, population characteristics and outcomes. Where possible, ‘summary of findings’ tables will be generated for each comparison. For the primary outcome of each trial, when data are available, we will calculate a risk ratio and its 95% CI (dichotomous outcomes) and/or effect size according to Cohen's formula (continuous outcomes).Ethics and disseminationNo ethical issues are foreseen. Findings will be disseminated widely to clinicians and researchers via journal publication and conference presentation(s).Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42015025402.
Achieving change in primary care—effectiveness of strategies for improving implementation of complex interventions: systematic review of reviews
Authors: Lau Rosa , Stevenson Fiona , Ong Bie Nio , Dziedzic Krysia , Treweek Shaun , Eldridge Sandra , Everitt Hazel , Kennedy Anne , Qureshi Nadeem , Rogers Anne , Peacock Richard , Murray Elizabeth 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo identify, summarise and synthesise available literature on the effectiveness of implementation strategies for optimising implementation of complex interventions in primary care.DesignSystematic review of reviews.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and PsychINFO were searched, from first publication until December 2013; the bibliographies of relevant articles were screened for additional reports.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesEligible reviews had to (1) examine effectiveness of single or multifaceted implementation strategies, (2) measure health professional practice or process outcomes and (3) include studies from predominantly primary care in developed countries. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full-text articles of potentially eligible reviews for inclusion.Data synthesisExtracted data were synthesised using a narrative approach.Results91 reviews were included. The most commonly evaluated strategies were those targeted at the level of individual professionals, rather than those targeting organisations or context. These strategies (eg, audit and feedback, educational meetings, educational outreach, reminders) on their own demonstrated a small to modest improvement (2–9%) in professional practice or behaviour with considerable variability in the observed effects. The effects of multifaceted strategies targeted at professionals were mixed and not necessarily more effective than single strategies alone. There was relatively little review evidence on implementation strategies at the levels of organisation and wider context. Evidence on cost-effectiveness was limited and data on costs of different strategies were scarce and/or of low quality.ConclusionsThere is a substantial literature on implementation strategies aimed at changing professional practices or behaviour. It remains unclear which implementation strategies are more likely to be effective than others and under what conditions. Future research should focus on identifying and assessing the effectiveness of strategies targeted at the wider context and organisational levels and examining the costs and cost-effectiveness of implementation strategies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42014009410.
Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Enablement in Chronic Heart Failure (REACH-HF) facilitated self-care rehabilitation intervention in heart failure patients and caregivers: rationale and protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Taylor R S , Hayward C , Eyre V , Austin J , Davies R , Doherty P , Jolly K , Wingham J , Van Lingen R , Abraham C , Green C , Warren FC , Britten N , Greaves C J , Singh S , Buckingham S , Paul K , Dalal H 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThe Rehabilitation EnAblement in CHronic Heart Failure (REACH-HF) trial is part of a research programme designed to develop and evaluate a health professional facilitated, home-based, self-help rehabilitation intervention to improve self-care and health-related quality of life in people with heart failure and their caregivers. The trial will assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the REACH-HF intervention in patients with systolic heart failure and impact on the outcomes of their caregivers.Methods and analysisA parallel two group randomised controlled trial with 1:1 individual allocation to the REACH-HF intervention plus usual care (intervention group) or usual care alone (control group) in 216 patients with systolic heart failure (ejection fraction <45%) and their caregivers. The intervention comprises a self-help manual delivered by specially trained facilitators over a 12-week period. The primary outcome measure is patients’ disease-specific health-related quality of life measured using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire at 12 months’ follow-up. Secondary outcomes include survival and heart failure related hospitalisation, blood biomarkers, psychological well-being, exercise capacity, physical activity, other measures of quality of life, patient safety and the quality of life, psychological well-being and perceived burden of caregivers at 4, 6 and 12 months’ follow-up. A process evaluation will assess fidelity of intervention delivery and explore potential mediators and moderators of changes in health-related quality of life in intervention and control group patients. Qualitative studies will describe patient and caregiver experiences of the intervention. An economic evaluation will estimate the cost-effectiveness of the REACH-HF intervention plus usual care versus usual care alone in patients with systolic heart failure.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the North West—Lancaster Research Ethics Committee (ref 14/NW/1351). Findings will be disseminated via journals and presentations to publicise the research to clinicians, commissioners and service users.Trial registration numberISRCTN86234930; Pre-results.
Integrated Primary Care Teams (IPCT) pilot project in Quebec: a protocol paper
Authors: Contandriopoulos Damien , Duhoux Arnaud , Roy Bernard , Amar Maxime , Bonin Jean-Pierre , Borges Da Silva Roxane , Brault Isabelle , Dallaire Clémence , Dubois Carl-Ardy , Girard Francine , Jean Emmanuelle , Larue Caroline , Lessard Lily , Mathieu Luc , Pépin Jacinthe , Perroux Mélanie , Cockenpot Aurore 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThe overall aim of this project is to help develop knowledge about primary care delivery models likely to improve the accessibility, quality and efficiency of care. Operationally, this objective will be achieved through supporting and evaluating 8 primary care team pilot sites that rely on an expanded nursing role within a more intensive team-based, interdisciplinary setting.Methods and analysisThe first research component is aimed at supporting the development and implementation of the pilot projects, and is divided into 2 parts. The first part is a logical analysis based on interpreting available scientific data to understand the causal processes by which the objectives of the intervention being studied may be achieved. The second part is a developmental evaluation to support teams in the field in a participatory manner and thereby learn from experience. Operationally, the developmental evaluation phase mainly involves semistructured interviews. The second component of the project design focuses on evaluating pilot project results and assessing their costs. This component is in turn made up of 2 parts. Part 1 is a pre-and-post survey of patients receiving the intervention care to analyse their care experience. In part 2, each patient enrolled in part 1 (around 4000 patients) will be matched with 2 patients followed within a traditional primary care model, so that a comparative analysis of the accessibility, quality and efficiency of the intervention can be performed. The cohorts formed in this way will be followed longitudinally for 4 years.Ethics and disseminationThe project, as well as all consent forms and research tools, have been accepted by 2 health sciences research ethics committees. The procedures used will conform to best practices regarding the anonymity of patients.
Self-reported symptoms of chronic cough and breathlessness in working-age men in the city of Izhevsk, Russia: associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors and comorbidities
Authors: Cook Sarah , Quint Jennifer K , Vasiljev Maxim , Leon David A 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionVery little is known about the prevalence of respiratory symptoms or their associations with other health conditions in Russia.MethodsBetween 2008 and 2010, a sample of 983 men resident in Izhevsk, Russia, took part in a cross-sectional survey. Presence of respiratory symptoms was determined from self-report of chronic productive cough and breathlessness assessed using the British Medical Research Council (MRC) breathlessness scale. Self-reported physical and mental health were measured using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Hypertension was assessed from mean blood pressure measured at the health check and/or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication. Other comorbidities were assessed from self-report. Logistic regression models were fitted assessing the association between respiratory symptoms and comorbidities. Linear regression models were fitted to investigate the association between respiratory symptoms and self-reported health scores. All models were adjusted for age, education and smoking status.ResultsThe age-standardised prevalence of cough and breathlessness was 20.9% (prevalence with breathlessness MRC grade 3 or above 3.7%). The majority of men with respiratory symptoms (87.3%) were current smokers. Cough and breathlessness were associated with substantially worse self-reported physical and mental health (test for trend with severity of breathlessness p<0.001). Those with chronic cough and grade 3 or above breathlessness had higher odds of having hypertension (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.36 to 6.74), diabetes (OR 10.55; 95% CI 2.69 to 41.37), angina pectoris (OR 7.54; 95% CI 3.61 to 15.73), previous myocardial infarction (OR 7.61; 95% CI 2.10 to 27.4) and previous stroke (OR 6.61; 95% CI 1.75 to 23.34) compared with those without respiratory symptoms.ConclusionsThe prevalence of respiratory symptoms was high. Strong associations were found between respiratory symptoms and cardiovascular comorbidities. These are of particular importance given the extremely high level of cardiovascular disease mortality in Russia.
Systematic bias in cancer patient-reported outcomes: symptom ‘orphans’ and ‘champions’
Authors: Thomas Shirley , Walsh Declan , Aktas Aynur 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionPatient-reported outcomes are an integral part of modern healthcare. We report a comparison of symptom item content from several validated cancer instruments to that of a published checklist, and identify the important differences this revealed.MethodsWe defined orphans as any symptom not assessed in any of the six selected instruments; champions, in contrast, were present in all six. An empirically derived cancer multisymptom checklist was used.Three symptom categories were identifiedOrphan—absent from all 6,Champion—present in all 6,Intermediate—underreported.The contents of each validated instrument were cross-referenced against the checklist.ResultsEighteen (39%) checklist symptoms were orphans. Five (11%) were champions: fatigue, pain, anorexia, dyspnoea and nausea. Of the 46 checklist symptoms, 23 (50%) were inconsistently recorded. All 18 orphan symptoms were clinically important checklist symptoms. Common gastrointestinal and neuropsychological symptoms that pose great clinical management challenges were among the orphan symptoms.ConclusionsOf 46 checklist cancer symptoms, over a third were orphans. All orphan symptoms were rated as clinically important and distressing by checklist. Only 5 checklist symptoms were champions: fatigue, pain, anorexia, dyspnoea and nausea. Important—but usually omitted—symptoms included early satiety (6 of 6) and weight loss (5 of 6). The bias appears to disproportionately affect gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Symptom studies should specifically report the limitations and account for the inherent item bias of any instrument used.
Comparison of two training programmes on paramedic-delivered CPR performance
Authors: Govender Kevin , Sliwa Karen , Wallis Lee , Pillay Yugan 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo compare CPR performance in two groups of paramedics who received CPR training from two different CPR training programmes.MethodsConducted in June 2014 at the Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service, the national ambulance service of the State of Qatar, the CPR performances of 149 new paramedic recruits were evaluated after they had received training from either a traditional CPR programme or a tailored CPR programme. Both programmes taught the same content but differed in the way in which this content was delivered to learners. Exclusive to the tailored programme was mandatory precourse work, continuous assessments, a locally developed CPR instructional video and pedagogical activities tailored to the background education and learner style preferences of paramedics. At the end of each respective training programme, a single examiner who was blinded to the type of training paramedics had received, rated them as competent or non-competent on basic life support skills, condition specific skills, specific overall skills and non-technical skills during a simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) assessment.ResultsParamedics who received CPR training with the tailored programme were rated competent 70.9% of the time, compared with paramedics who attended the traditional programme and who achieved this rating 7.9% of the time (p<0.001). Specific improvements were seen in the time required to detect cardiac arrest, chest compression quality, and time to first monitored rhythm and delivered shock.ConclusionsIn an OHCA scenario, CPR performance rated as competent was significantly higher when training was received using a tailored CPR programme.
Injury deaths in the adolescent population of Finland: a 43-year secular trend analysis between 1971 and 2013
Authors: Parkkari Jari , Sievänen Harri , Niemi Seppo , Mattila Ville M , Kannus Pekka 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundInjuries are a major public health problem worldwide, being the leading cause of death in children and adolescents in developed countries. However, knowledge on recent secular trends in injury deaths of adolescents is sparse.MethodsUsing Official Cause-of-Death Statistics of Finland, we examined the nationwide trends in the age- and sex-specific incidence rates of fatal injuries among 10–14-year-old and 15–19-year-old adolescents in Finland between 1971 and 2013.ResultsThe incidence rate of fatal injuries decreased considerably in both age groups during the 43-year follow-up period. The decline in injury deaths was mainly due to decreased deaths in traffic accidents. The number of drownings reached the ultimate goal—that is, there were no drownings in Finnish 10–19-year-old adolescents in 2013. The rates of intentional injury deaths remained stable in girls, while in 15–19-year-old boys a decreasing trend was evident. During the deep economic depression in 1990, the incidence of suicide in 15–19-year-old boys was as high as 40.1. At that time, boys’ suicide risk was 7.4 times higher than that of girls. Since then, boys’ risk for suicide has clearly decreased and was 1.6 times higher than the corresponding risk in girls in 2013.ConclusionsThe incidence rate of fatal injuries decreased considerably in Finnish adolescents during the period 1971–2013. The clearest change occurred in road traffic injuries and drownings. The rates of intentional injury deaths remained unaltered in girls while 15–19-year-old boys showed a decreasing trend.
Intelligence and socioeconomic position in childhood in relation to frailty and cumulative allostatic load in later life: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Gale Catharine R , Booth Tom , Starr John M , Deary Ian J 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundInformation on childhood determinants of frailty or allostatic load in later life is sparse. We investigated whether lower intelligence and greater socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood increased the risk of frailty and higher allostatic load, and explored the mediating roles of adult socioeconomic position, educational attainment and health behaviours.MethodsParticipants were 876 members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 whose intelligence was assessed at age 11. At age 70, frailty was assessed using the Fried criteria. Measurements were made of fibrinogen, triglyceride, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin, glycated haemoglobin, C reactive protein, body mass index and blood pressure, from which an allostatic load score was calculated.ResultsIn sex-adjusted analyses, lower intelligence and lower social class in childhood were associated with an increased risk of frailty: relative risks (95% CIs) were 1.57 (1.21 to 2.03) for a SD decrease in intelligence and 1.48 (1.12 to 1.96) for a category decrease in social class. In the fully adjusted model, both associations ceased to be significant: relative risks were 1.13 (0.83 to 1.54) and 1.19 (0.86 to 1.61), respectively. Educational attainment had a significant mediating effect. Lower childhood intelligence in childhood, but not social class, was associated with higher allostatic load. The sex-adjusted coefficient for allostatic load for a SD decrease in intelligence was 0.10 (0.07 to 0.14). In the fully adjusted model, this association was attenuated but remained significant (0.05 (0.01 to 0.09)).ConclusionsFurther research will need to investigate the mechanisms whereby lower childhood intelligence is linked to higher allostatic load in later life.
TB-HIV co-infection in the Netherlands: estimating prevalence and under-reporting in national registration databases using a capture–recapture analysis
Authors: van Leth Frank , Evenblij Kirsten , Wit Ferdinand , Kiers Albert , Sprenger Herman , Verhagen Maurits , Hillebregt Mariska , Kalisvaart Nico , Schimmel Henrieke , Verbon Annelies 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundKnowledge of the HIV status in patients with tuberculosis (TB) andvice versais crucial for proper individual patient management, while knowledge of the prevalence of co-infection guides preventive and therapeutic strategies. The aim of the study was to assess if national disease databases on TB and HIV are adequate sources to provide this information.MethodsA two way capture–recapture analysis to assess the completeness of the registers, and to obtain the prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection in the Netherlands in the years 2002–2012.ResultsHIV testing was performed in less than 50% of the patients with TB. Of the 932 TB-HIV infected patients, just 293 (31.4%) were registered in both registers. Under-reporting of TB-HIV co-infection ranged from 50% to 70% in the national TB register, and from 31% to 37% in the HIV database. Prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection in the Netherlands in 2012 was 7.1% (95% CI 6.0% to 8.3%), which was more than double of the prevalence estimated from the national TB database.ConclusionsTB-HIV co-infection is markedly under-reported in national disease databases. There is an urgent need for improved registration and preferably a routine data exchange between the two surveillance systems.
Dental pathology in conventionally fed and pasture managed dairy cattle
Authors: Fadden A. N , Poulsen K. P. , Vanegas J. , Mecham J. , Bildfell R. , Stieger‐Vanegas S. M. 
Published: December 2015

Healthy teeth are important in the first stages of digestion for dairy cattle, yet little is known about bovine dental disease. This study aimed to investigate dental pathology of dairy cattle in two parts. First dairy cattle cadaver heads (n=11) were examined at the time of culling. Second, the authors performed oral exams in cattle fed a total mixed ration (TMR) (n=200) and pasture‐based (n=71) grazing cattle. Cadaver heads were imaged using radiography and computed tomography before gross dissection to study dental anatomy and pathology. The most prevalent dental abnormalities were excessive transverse ridging of the occlusal surface, the presence of diastemas and third molar dental overgrowths (M3DO) in cadaver heads. Average thickness of subocclusal dentine ranged from 3.5 mm to 5.8 mm in cheek teeth but was >10 mm in maxillary teeth with M3DO. Radiographic findings were compared with oral examinations in live cattle. Prevalence of M3DO upon oral examination was 19 per cent and 28 per cent in herds of cattle fed a TMR diet and 0 per cent in a herd of grazing cattle. Dental abnormalities are prevalent in dairy cattle but due to thin subocclusal dentine in the cheek teeth, established equine dental treatment methodology is not appropriate for bovine cheek teeth with the exception of those that have developed M3DO.