bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting U.S. Drought Monitor States Using Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and Evapotranspiration Anomalies. Part I: Development of a Nondiscrete USDM Index
Authors: Lorenz David J. , Otkin Jason A. , Svoboda Mark , Hain Christopher R. , Anderson Martha C. , Zhong Yafang 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) classifies drought into five discrete dryness/drought categories based on expert synthesis of numerous data sources. In this study, an empirical methodology is presented for creating a nondiscrete USDM index that simultaneously 1) represents the dryness/wetness value on a continuum and 2) is most consistent with the time scales and processes of the actual USDM. A continuous USDM representation will facilitate USDM forecasting methods, which will benefit from knowledge of where, within a discrete drought class, the current drought state most probably lies. The continuous USDM is developed such that the actual discrete USDM can be reconstructed by discretizing the continuous USDM based on the 30th, 20th, 10th, 5th, and 2nd percentiles—corresponding with USDM definitions for the D4–D0 drought classes. Anomalies in precipitation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration over a range of different time scales are used as predictors to estimate the continuous USDM. The methodology is fundamentally probabilistic, meaning that the probability density function (PDF) of the continuous USDM is estimated and therefore the degree of uncertainty in the fit is properly characterized. Goodness-of-fit metrics and direct comparisons between the actual and predicted USDM analyses during different seasons and years indicate that this objective drought classification method is well correlated with the current USDM analyses. In Part II, this continuous USDM index will be used to improve intraseasonal USDM intensification forecasts because it is capable of distinguishing between USDM states that are either far from or near to the next-higher drought category.
Wound botulism, its neurological manifestations, treatment and outcomes: A case series from the Glasgow outbreak, 2015
Authors: Martin Sarah-Jane , Penrice Gillian , Amar Corinne , Grant Kathie , Gorrie George H 
Published: May 2017

Background and aims We examined the neurological manifestations, treatment and outcomes of a subset of 25 patients within the largest ever outbreak of wound botulism in Europe. Methods and results All 25 cases were intravenous drug users. The most common presenting symptom was dysarthria in 19/25 (76%), followed by dysphagia in 12/25 (48%), blurred vision in 10/25 (40%) and double vision in 8/25 (32%). Microbiological analysis confirmed the diagnosis in nine cases (36%). Duration of admission positively correlated with time to antitoxin, time to wound debridement and female sex. Conclusion As the outbreak continued, hospital stays shortened, reflecting growing awareness of the outbreak and quicker treatment initiation.
The efficacy of forceful ankle and toe exercises to increase venous return: A comprehensive Doppler ultrasound study
Authors: Kropp Alexander T , Meiss A Ludwig , Guthoff Angelika E , Vettorazzi Eik , Guth Sabine , Bamberger Christoph M 
Published: May 2017

Objective Venous stasis is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. We aimed to determine the efficacy of forceful foot exercises for actuation of the calf muscle pump to counteract stasis. Methods We examined 20 seated healthy subjects. The peak systolic velocity at the level of the popliteal vein was assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Results The mean peak systolic velocity measurements (in cm/s) were as follows: baseline = 5.6; ankle plantar flexion with toe flexion = 91.0; toe touch heel lift = 107.4; ankle dorsiflexion with toe extension = 193.6; isolated flexion of all toes = 118.8; ankle plantarflexion with 100 and 250 Newton forefoot force = 89.9 and 154.5, respectively. Conclusion All exercises achieved significant increases in peak systolic velocity compared to baseline. Ranking showed that forceful ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion with 250 Newtons and forceful flexion of all toes yielded the highest mean peak systolic velocity values (193.6, 154.5, and 118.8 cm/s, respectively).
Cognitive function following head CT in childhood: a randomized controlled follow-up trial
Authors: Salonen Elina , Nyman Håkan , Kizling Isabelle , Geijerstam Jean-Luc af , Flodmark Olof , Aspelin Peter , Kaijser Magnus 
Published: May 2017

Background The question has been raised whether low dose radiation toward the brain in childhood can affect cognitive functions. Purpose To examine if a head computed tomography (CT) examination in childhood affect later cognitive functions. Material and Methods A total of 147 participants (67 girls/women, 80 boys/men) from a previous randomized controlled trial on management strategies after mild head injury (head CT examination or in-hospital observation) were followed up. Participants were aged 6–16 years (mean age = 11.2 ± 2.8) at first inclusion and 11–24 years (mean age = 17.8 ± 2.9) at follow-up. Computerized neuropsychological measures used for the assessment were motor speed and coordination, reaction time, selective attention, visuospatial ability, verbal and non-verbal short-term and long-term memory, and executive function tests from the neurocognitive test battery EuroCog and the Wechsler Memory Scale III. Results were analyzed with Student’s t-tests and multivariate analyses adjusting for sex, age at time of injury/exposure, and age at assessment were performed with Factorial ANOVAs. Results The exposed and unexposed groups did not differ in any of the neuropsychological measures and results did not change when sex, age at time of injury/exposure, and age at assessment were included in the analyses. Conclusion A head CT examination at the age of 6–16 years does not seem to affect later cognitive functions.
Traumatic laryngotracheal stenosis treated by hyoid–sternohyoid osseomuscular flap combined with xenogenic acellular dermal matrix: A case report and literature review
Authors: Yang Hang , Chen Zhe , Zhou Shui-Hong , Wang Qin-Yin , Weng Li-Xia , Wang Fang , Wu Ting-Ting , Zhou Min-Li , Bao Yang-Yang 
Published: May 2017

Objective The treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis is a major therapeutic challenge. Various treatments include observation, medical management, and surgical management. The most effective surgical management is resection and reconstruction. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports have described the use of xenogenic acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for laryngotracheal stenosis. Methods A 27-year-old man presented with hemoptysis of the neck due to a traffic accident. Emergency orotracheal intubation was performed. Tracheostomy was then performed under local anesthesia. Computed tomography revealed fractures of the right thyroid cartilage and posterior arc of the cricoid cartilage and stenosis of the subglottis and first and second tracheal rings. We used a composite hyoid–sternohyoid osseomuscular flap with xenogenic ADM and a straight silicone tube as a lumen stent to reconstruct the laryngotracheal stenosis. Results Surgical recovery was uneventful. The tracheotomy opening was changed to a metal tube 5 days postoperatively. Four months postoperatively, the silicone tube was endoscopically removed under local anesthesia. The patient was decannulated 20 days later. The patient satisfied with his voice, respiration, and deglutition at the 16-month postoperative follow-up. Conclusion The use of ADM for laryngotracheal stenosis may reduce the growth of granulation tissues and promote the repair process.
Psychoanalysis as Science — a Psychophysiological Approach
Authors: Wittkower E. D. 
Published: May 2017

The question raised at the beginning of this paper was “Is psychoanalysis a science?” I have avoided a straight answer to this question, but have set out to demonstrate the inter-relationships between psychological and physiological processes in accordance with psychoanalytic theory. Successive steps in rigorous research design have been defined as problem formation, review of knowledge, preliminary observation, theory construction, verification by empirical tests, control experiments, repetition of observation by independent investigators, and prediction of behaviour on repetition. Three investigations concerning ovarian, thyroid and gastric function have been reported in some detail. It has been possible to verify some aspects of psychoanalytical theory by rigorously designed experimental procedures. Predictive psychological changes in relation to ovarian function and predictive physiological changes in relation to well-defined personality functions have been demonstrated. Some light has been thrown on the relevance of emotional factors to the etiology of Graves’ disease and of duodenal ulcer.
Effect of Repeated Verbal Stimulation upon a Flexor-Extensor Relationship
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen , Malmo Robert B. 
Published: May 2017

Previous work with psychiatric patients has indicated that repeated verbal stimulation, without induction of hypnotic trance, may produce definite — though transitory — personality changes. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether such repeated verbal stimulation would affect an objectively measurable physiological state. Accordingly, we chose to study flexor-extensor (biceps-triceps) dominance of the right upper arm. Several means designed to increase the effectiveness of repeated verbal stimulation were employed. Prior to verbal stimulation, electromyographic recordings were carried out in order to determine the amount and direction of dominance in the flexor-extensor relationship. In three of four patients, the prestimulation recordings revealed flexor dominance with only slight extensor dominance in the fourth patient. In all four cases a recorded statement to the effect that the right arm was extending was played repeatedly to the patient. Results showed that in all four cases there was a statistically significant shift in the direction of greater extensor dominance. Evidence was cited favoring the conclusion that the positive effects of repeated verbal stimulation were not simply produced by voluntary muscular contraction or posturing on the part of the patients. The relevance of present findings to problems in the field of psychosomatic medicine is suggested.
Child Psychiatry in Great Britain
Authors: M. Scott W. Clifford 
Published: May 2017

Over the past twenty years the rapid development of child psychiatry in England was something which the author watched but, at the same time, took more or less for granted. On surveying the Canadian scene after a lengthy absence, one may be excused for disappointment that the rate of development of child psychiatry has not been faster, while admiring the rate of development of psychiatry in general. History, of course, shows that adults have often been relatively well cared for in contrast to children. It is not long, in fact, since paediatrics became a special branch of medicine, and it is a very short time since child psychiatry began to develop in its own right. Sources of stimulation for child psychiatry in our country may be glimpsed if one lists those events of the last 50 years which have stimulated child psychiatry in Britain. The beginning of a psychological service in schools in 1913; The foundation of a Medical Section of the British Psychological Society; The psychobiological psychiatry of D. K. Henderson and W. H. Gillespie; The post-World War I Child Guidance Movement; The psychoanalytic work fostered by Melanie Klein and Anna Freud; The evacuation of children from cities in World War II and the establishment of hostels for children with emotional difficulties; The Blacker Neurosis Survey and the resulting recommendations; The Education Act of 1944 and its provision for maladjusted children; The National Health Act of 1948 which stimulated the provision of both out- and in-patient services for children, and placed child psychiatrists on the same economic footing as adult psychiatrists; The foundation of an active Child Psychiatry Section of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association after World War II. To equal achievements in Britain, Canada would require 100 child guidance clinics and facilities for the in-patient or full-day care of over 1000 children. Great Britain, with a population three times the size of ours, has now seen the stimulating effect of an insurance scheme which provides a child psychiatric service. We have much to learn by keeping in close touch with developments across the water. Perhaps eventually our Executive may be able to increase contacts between our Society and our counterpart in Great Britain, the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, and, when we eventually have a Child Psychiatric Section, it should be possible for us as a Society to foster the practice of child psychiatry and teaching and research in child psychiatry, and to thrash out professional differences within the Society so that we may speak with a united voice to administrative bodies, to other professions, and to our colleagues in other branches of medicine.
Factors Influencing First Admission Rates to Canadian Mental Hospitals: II. An Analysis of Provincial Differences, 1950-1952.
Authors: Gregory Ian , Psych D. 
Published: May 2017

The present article is the second part of a study of first admission rates to Canadian mental hospitals, and consists of an analysis of differences in rates for each of the ten provinces during the three year period 1950–1952. Overall age standardized rates were much higher than the national average in two provinces, British Columbia and Saskatchewan, and considerably lower than the average in Quebec and Newfoundland. The provincial distribution of age sex standardized rates showed a positive correlation with percentage of voluntary admissions that was probably significant, and a higher positive correlation with admission rates for psychoneuroses that was extremely significant. Female rates exceeded male rates most commonly in the age group 30–39 years (and in the overall rates for Saskatchewan), but in most age groups and provinces male rates were higher than female. The provincial distributions of rates for the age group 0–19 years, and for the diagnosis of mental deficiency, reflected the accommodation available for cases with this disorder. The provincial distributions of rates for the age group 70 years and over, and for the organic psychoses of senility (excluding in both instances the province of Nova Scotia), showed moderate and probably significant positive correlation with the percentages of married and foreign born in the adult population, and with the concentration of psychiatrists. The provincial distributions of rates for the intermediate age groups tended to reflect that of the overall age standardized rates. Rates for psychoneuroses correlated highly with the latter, but rates for other diagnoses were more randomly distributed. It is concluded that differences in mental hospital first admission rates for the Canadian provinces during the period 1950–1952 are less indicative of the incidence of mental disorders than of such factors as social judgement regarding what constitutes mental abnormality, social demand for mental hospital care, availability of mental hospital accommodation or of alternative psychiatric facilities, and variations in diagnostic criteria.
Etude Preliminaire De La Reactivation Des Mecanismes Peripheriques Chez Les Schizophrenes
Authors: Porter Louis J. , Gravel G. 
Published: May 2017

The effect of mecholyl on peripheral reactivation was studied in schizophrenic patients under largactil or stemetil therapy and in schizophrenic patients without any tranquilizing pretreatment. Patients were further subdivided in “normoreactors” and “hyporeactors” according to Gellhorn classification based on the blood pressure response. In the group without any pretreatment mecholil causes a certain degree of sympathetic reactivation which is more intense in normoreactors. Both groups however did not show any positive sign of adrenocortical activation under such condition. Following pretreatment with largactil, both groups react by a somewhat lesser sympathetic reactivity; hyporeactors, however, show a certain degree of adrenocortical reactivation. Pretreatment with stemetil decreases still more the sympathetic reactions of both groups to mecholyl; the adrenocortical reactivation of normoreactors, under such conditions, appears to be greatly enhanced.
Adrenal Cortical Stress Effects in Senility
Authors: Kral V. A. , Grad B. 
Published: May 2017

Five groups of subjects (normal young persons, normal old persons, young persons with functional psychosis, persons with senile dementia and old schizophrenics), each comprising 5 men and 5 women, were blindfolded for one half hour. Samples of blood and saliva were taken immediately before, immediately after and 3 1/2 hours after blindfolding. The sodium-potassium ratio was determined in the saliva and the number of eosinophils was counted in each sample of blood. Prior to blindfolding, young persons with functional psychoses had the highest eosinophil count of all the subjects, the counts of this group being significantly higher than those of normal old persons. Moreover, differences between the former group and normal young subjects or old persons with senile dementia were of borderline significance. In response to blindfolding, normal young subjects showed a significant eosinopenia, as did also the senile dementia patients. However, in the former case, the eosinopenia was apparent immediately after blindfolding, but not 3 to 4 hours later. The senile dementia patients on the other hand presented no immediate eosinopenia but showed a very significant change 3 to 4 hours later. The remaining groups showed no significant change in the number of circulating eosinophils in response to blindfolding. In the case of the salivary Na/K ratio the senile dementia and elderly schizophrenic subjects had significantly higher values than the other groups prior to blindfolding. In response to blindfolding, the normal young subjects showed a significant increase in the Na/K immediately after blindfolding with a return to normal 3 to 4 hours later. On the other hand, old schizophrenics showed a significant decline immediately after blindfolding with a persistence of low values 3 to 4 hours later. All other groups showed no significant change as a result of blindfolding. These studies provided physiological tests for distinguishing senile dementia from schizophrenia in elderly psychotics. Also, because of the inverse relationship between the change in the level of the circulating eosinophils and salivary Na/K ratio on the one hand and the change of the level the sugar- and salt-action hormones of the adrenal cortex on the other, it is suggested that the elderly schizophrenic reacts to blindfolding by an immediate increase in the output of salt-active corticoids, while the senile dementia patients reacts to the same stress by a delayed increase in the output of sugar-active corticoids.
Etude Statistique De La Frequence Et De La Reactivite Des Electroencephalogrammes Chez Les Sujets Âgés
Authors: Verdeaux J. , Turmel J. 
Published: May 2017

Previous studies have brought us to consider the variations in frequency of the basic alpha rhythm of the electroencephalograms, as an important and significant factor. Regarding the problem of the aging processus, we have looked for an eventual relationship between this fact and the variations in question. For this, we isolated a group of tracings showing no pathological pattern, or belonging to a group of control with no consumption of neuroleptics and able to be part of a “normal” existence. These 879 selected tracings have shown the alpha rhythm in all cases, and in 262 subjects its association with theta rhythm. They may be divided into 5 groups by decades: 1 test-group from 30 to 39 years (349 tracings). 1 group of comparison from 50 to 59 years (270 tracings). 1 group of comparison from 60 to 69 years (166 tracings). 1 group of comparison from 70 to 79 years (72 tracings). 1 group of comparison from 80 to 89 years (22 tracings). Even if these groups diminish in number with advancing age, as in all populations studied under this aspect, they remain sufficient in number to be compared under histographic form, grouping the different frequencies of alpha rhythm or according to their average frequencies. The first observation issued from this comparison is the decrease of alpha frequency with age. Among the four groups, the first group only can be compared to the test-group from 30 to 39 years of age. From 60 …. years of age, we see a profile clearly diverted to the left, whereas the averages diminish. The presence of theta rhythm in a tracing favors the reduction in the frequency of alpha rhythm as it is seen if we select in each group, the tracings composed of alpha rhythm (pure alpha rhythm) and those composed of both (alpha + theta). In what concerns reactivity, we have observed that during the aging processus: — the blocking is less and less adequate; — hyperventilation is more and more active; — theta rhythm increases; — the photic stimulation follows less the cerebral rhythm but its action increases the “irritative pattern” or in the appearance of theta rhythm. Moreover, the morphology of the tracing changes and the “choppy” rhythms become more and more abundant. In conclusion: The E.E.G. evolves in one way towards a decrease of the alpha frequency, which is considered as a minor but constant indication of “cerebral distress” and in another way, towards a pattern of reactivity showing, either a decrease of physiological responses, or an increase in pathological elements (vascular types, in particular).
Psychotherapies Et Psychanalyse
Authors: Boulanger J. B. 
Published: May 2017

With the medical profession's growing awareness of the patient as a psycho-biological entity, psychiatric assessment and treatment have become so prevalent that the physician is expected to appreciate the emotional aspects of illness and often required to include psychotherapy in his office or bedside routine. Some cases would be more effectively handled by him than by the psychiatrist; others demand special skills and should be referred to a colleague with the requisite training. Many misunderstandings and disappointments could be avoided if the medical practitioner had a clearer view of the specific indications and methods, scope and limits of psychiatric care. In this paper, discussion is restricted to psychotherapy and an attempt is made to differentiate between its various types and applications; special attention is given to psychoanalysis. The common characteristics and basic postulates of psychotherapeutic techniques are examined. Their choice is determined by the relative importance of actual situations and internal conflicts, the dynamic structure of the psychological disorder and the objective of symptomatic relief or personality change. The mechanism of the cure, particularly the transference reactions, are compared. Adjustment to reality and reeducation of the patient are opposed to his confrontation with his unconscious world.