bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic Removal of Loose Particulate Surface Contamination from Historical Photographs / Elektrostatische Abnahme lose aufliegender partikulärer Verunreinigungen von historischen Photographien / Dissolution électrostatique des particules libres contaminant la surface de photographies historiques
Authors: Frank Marie-Louise , Becker Ernst , Schultz Julia , Hähner Ulrike , Brückle Irene , Petersen Karin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article discusses the use of electrostatic cleaning technology to remove loose particulate surface contamination - which here includes microbial contaminants such as spores, conidia and hyphal fragments - from two 19th century albumen photographs mounted on cardboard. The results of this study, obtained using light microscopy, SEM/EDX and microbiological methods, as well as conservators' visual evaluation, show that the technology is fundamentally suitable for removing microbial contamination from photographic prints and their cardboard mounts. Cleaning the surface four times with electrostatically charged foils reduced the microbial contamination by up to 70%. The surface of the albumen print, which is sensitive to abrasion, was not harmed, and its characteristic features were not changed. The photographs, which were partly delaminated from the cardboard support and the mechanically weakened cardboard, could be treated without creating any additional damage.
The “Triumphal Procession Miniatures” of Emperor Maximilian I: Conservation, Restoration, Mounting, Exhibition Presentation and the Development of a Storage Concept
Authors: Thobois Elisabeth 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe “Triumphal Procession Miniatures” of Emperor Maximilian I, one of the most important objects belonging to the Albertina Collection of Graphic Art, was on show for the first time in over 50 years in an exhibition from 14
Mounting Paper Objects for the Permanent Exhibition at the German Historical Museum Berlin
Authors: Korbel Barbara 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor the 2006 installation of the permanent exhibition at the German Historical Museum Berlin 2600 paper objects, 330 posters and 1070 books were prepared for display within only three months. Paper objects were framed or installed in showcases lying horizontally, on slopes or vertically using customized mounts to secure them. The mounting technique developed for single sheet objects could be prepared ahead of time and allowed save handling during installation. Mounting materials include museum cardboard, corrugated cardboard with integrated hanging hardware, Japanese paper hinges, photo corners and staples.
Fungi in Fox Spots of a Drawing by Leon Wyczółkowski
Authors: Karbowska-Berent Joanna , Jarmiłko Joanna , Czuczko Jolanta 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMany authors dealing with the phenomenon of foxing on paper point out its microbiological origin, but in fact, foxing-causing fungi can rarely be cultured. Leon Wyczółkowski’s drawing “The Market in Gniew” is an exception in this respect: its paper carrier shows foxing as well as numerous hyphae and cleistothecia, visible to the naked eye either as a white and fluffy coating or as a light yellow powder. Our aim was to investigate their role in the formation of foxing. Microscopic observations revealed uncountable amounts of lenticular spores and spherical asci. Incubation of the yellowish powder on microbiological media enabled the isolation of five strains:
ATWISE: An Innovative Apparatus for Efficiently Documenting Watermarks in Manuscripts
Authors: Mayer Manfred 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe goal of the CHARTA project at the Universitätsbibliothek Graz is to document all the watermarks that appear in the collection’s medieval manuscripts. Because the watermarks are mostly located on parts of the page that have been written on, a specialist device called ATWISE 5242 was developed for the image capture of the watermarks in medieval manuscripts. In this system, light passes through text that is written in iron gall ink, so that the watermark can be represented clearly and appears without an overlay of writing that interferes with seeing the image. ATWISE stands for Austrian Watermark Imaging System. The number 5242 indicates that a maximum page size of 52×42 cm can be imaged using this procedure. This article describes how the apparatus was developed and how it was implemented into the documentation system of the library’s operations, which proved particularly efficient and cut down on the amount of staff time that was required.
Experimental Investigation on Undrained Shear Behavior of Overconsolidated Sand-Silt Mixtures: Effect of Sample Reconstitution
Authors: Mahmoudi Y. , Cherif Taiba A. , Belkhatir M. , Schanz T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLiquefaction stability analysis using the undrained shear strength characteristics of sandy soils that are prone to liquefaction is a major challenge in geotechnical earthquake engineering. The objective of this laboratory research work was to study the combined effect of the sample reconstitution (dry funnel pluviation and wet deposition) and overconsolidation ratio (OCR = 1, 2, 4, and 8) on the undrained shear strength of medium dense (D_r = 52 %) sand-silt mixtures under undrained monotonic loading conditions. For this purpose, a series of triaxial tests were carried out on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with fines content ranging from 0 to 40 %. The confining pressure was kept constant to 100 kPa in all tests. The obtained data showed that the dry funnel pluviated samples were more resistant than the wet deposited samples and complete static liquefaction of samples reconstituted with wet deposition method was observed for the lower overconsolidation ratios (OCR = 1, 2, and 4). The undrained shear strength decreases with the increase of fines content for dry funnel pluviation (DFP) and the inverse tendency was observed in the case of wet deposition (WD) for the range of the overconsolidation ratio under consideration (1 ≤ OCR ≤ 8).
Ultrasonic P-Wave Reflection Monitoring of Soil Erosion for Erosion Function Apparatus
Authors: Ham Soo-Min , Kwon Tae-Hyuk , Chang Ilhan , Chung Moon-Kyung 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Erosion of soils in river, lake, and seabeds is an important component for scour estimation and design of underwater structures. This is because the scour can cause severe structural damage to underwater foundations or embankments. The erosion function apparatus (EFA) method is widely used to estimate the erosion rate of soils in the laboratory, where a soil protrusion of 1 mm thick is exposed to water flow and the time taken to erode this protrusion is measured. However, determining this erosion time is a difficult task because it is only visually inspected, and this can cause considerable measurement errors. Therefore, this study explored the feasibility of using an ultrasonic P-wave reflection monitoring method to more quantitatively assess the erosion rate that otherwise has been measured by visual inspection. The erosion rates were monitored using ultrasonic transducers mounted above a soil surface during the EFA testing on the prepared soil samples containing different clay fractions. Via the P-wave monitoring results, several important semi-quantitative observations were made: an increase in erosion resistance with an increase in the clay fraction, a discontinuous erosion behavior of fine-grained soils with sudden removal of soil lumps by water flows, a continuous erosive action of coarse-grained soils, and inherent heterogeneous erosion even at a specimen scale (i.e., the scale of milli-to-centimeter). While both the P-wave monitoring method and the visual inspection showed similar estimation on the erosion rate, the former was found to provide overall better quantitative assessment, particularly in conditions of very slow or rapid erosion and in the conditions with high turbidity water, unevenly eroded sample surfaces, or limited control on the soil protruding thickness.
Making a Biaxial Testing System With the Aid of 3D Printing Technique to Examine the Kinetic Behavior of Particulate Media
Authors: Yuan Q. , Wang Y. H. , Tam P. O. , Li X. , Gao Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study presented the details of a specially designed biaxial testing system with a flexible boundary to examine the features of particle motion and associated contact movement during shearing. The whole testing system was modified from a CKC triaxial testing system so that the production cost was low, and this approach was applicable to other types of triaxial testing systems. The 3D printing technique was applied to ease manufacture of the testing device and to improve the resolution of the subsequent image analyses. The middle part of the biaxial cell was printed using the 3D printer because it is often difficult to make by the traditional means due to a complicated geometry and the requirement for a one-piece material to ensure the cell is seamless and leak-proof. A packing of elliptical rods, also produced by the 3D printer, is used as the test sample. In principle, any shape of particle with designed properties can be printed. The goal of tracing the particle motion and movement at contacts during shearing is achieved by means of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and close-range photogrammetry, based on the reference dots marked on the observation windows of the biaxial cell and two object dots printed on each rod. The high-resolution 3D printer ensured the accuracy of marking the object dots on the rod and therefore improved the resolution of subsequent analyses. The experimental results demonstrated the validity of the biaxial testing system and the ability and effectiveness of the system to capture the kinematic features of particles and associated contact movements in response to biaxial shearing.
Characterization of Healing of Asphalt Mixtures Using Creep and Step-Loading Recovery Test
Authors: Luo Xue , Lytton Robert L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Healing of asphalt mixtures has been proven to be significant, and different approaches exist to characterize it, such as the phenomenological methods, mechanism-based, and mechanics-based methods. To target the actual causal relationship for healing in asphalt mixtures, a new test called the creep and step-loading recovery (CSR) test, along with a new mechanistic method termed the energy-based mechanistic (EBM) approach, was previously developed by the authors. This paper aimed at examining the applicability of the CSR test with the EBM approach in characterizing healing of asphalt mixtures. A variety of asphalt mixtures were selected and subjected to the CSR test in this study. The internal stress measured by the CSR test was used in the EBM approach to generate a damage density progression curve, which directly reflected how the damage developed and healed in the tested material. Based on this curve, the normalized extent of healing was defined as a direct measure of healing, and the healing curve (the normalized extent of healing versus the rest time) was defined as a straightforward tool to qualitatively evaluate the healing ability of asphalt mixtures. To further achieve a quantitative description of the healing ability, a healing model based on the Ramberg-Osgood equation was developed to simulate the healing curve. The parameters in the healing model represent the healing speed at different stages of healing (the initial healing rate and ultimate healing rate) and the overall ability of the material to heal (the healing scale). Both the healing curves and healing parameters can discern the difference in the healing ability caused by the air void content, aging, temperature, and the type of asphalt binder. In other words, the CSR test, along with the EBM approach, was able to produce a reasonable and consistent prediction of healing for asphalt mixtures.
Real Time Implementation of 3-Phase 4-Wire Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter Based on PI Controller
Authors: Dey Papan , Ahmad Shameem , Mekhilef Saad , Albatsh Fadi M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper presents an active and reactive (D-Q) current control method to generate the required reference current for three phase four wire shunt hybrid active filter (SHAPF) to solve power system network problems. Here, the passive elements of SHAPF have been used for compensation of reactive power and lower order harmonics and the active part mitigates the higher order harmonics. A modified phase lock loop has been used to handle the double frequency element of non-ideal voltages. A PI controller is used in the DC voltage loop for minimization of unwanted power loss inside the inverter. The simulation has been conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment for ideal and unbalanced mains voltage condition. A laboratory prototype has been built on dSPACE1104 platform to verify the feasibility of the suggested SHAPF controller. From the simulation and experimental results the robustness of the proposed SHAPF controller has been proved.
Improvements to Water Vapor Transmission and Capillary Absorption Measurements in Porous Materials
Authors: Zelinka Samuel L. , Glass Samuel V. , Boardman Charles R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The vapor permeability (or equivalently the vapor diffusion resistance factor) and the capillary absorption coefficient are frequently used as inputs in hygrothermal or heat, air, and moisture (HAM) models. However, it has been well documented that the methods used to determine these properties are sensitive to the operator, and wide variations in the properties have been reported in round-robin testing. This paper presented an investigation into how these errors can be minimized for porous materials by different edge sealing techniques and also looked at whether automating these techniques can reduce operator artifacts. To automate the measurements, specimens were attached to a balance or load cell and then required no further interaction, which allows massive amounts of data to be collected. The extra data is advantageous for the beginning of the capillary absorption test where the moisture uptake is rapid. Most of the potential for errors in the vapor diffusion tests resulted from uncertainties in how the sample was sealed between the chambers and determining when the steady state region was reached, neither of which can be improved by automation.
Testing and Ranking Multiple Wafer-Manufacturing Processes With Fuzzy-Quality Data
Authors: Wu Chien-Wei , Liao Mou-Yuan , Lin Chi-Wei , Lin Tzu-Ling 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Demand for high-quality silicon wafers poses a tremendous challenge to wafer manufacturers in today's competitive environment. Among various quality-improvement activities, process capability index Cpmk is widely used in industry to measure the ability of firms or their suppliers to meet quality requirements, because measurements of product quality often cannot be precisely recorded or collected. This study uses fuzzy numbers to construct a fuzzy estimator for Cpmk. Moreover, a testing procedure and a procedure for ranking multiple processes are provided to solve the wafer-supplier-selection problem.
Effective Thickness of Side-Grooved Clamped SE(T) Specimens for J-R Curve Testing
Authors: Huang Yifan , Zhou Wenxing 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses (FEA) of clamped single-edge tension (SE(T)) specimens were performed to investigate the effective thickness used in the calculations of the stress intensity factor (K) and plastic eta factor-based J-integral (J). The SE(T) specimens with six relative crack lengths (a/W ratios from 0.2 to 0.7), one relative thickness (B/W = 1), and eleven depths of side groove (i.e., BN/B = 1, 0.94, 0.92, 0.9, 0.88, 0.86, 0.85, 0.84, 0.82, 0.8, and 0.75) were considered in the analyses. Based on the FEA results, new effective thickness expressions and values for K and J estimations for side-grooved SE(T) specimens were proposed and validated.
Cyber-Physical Simulation for Virtual Characterization of SOFC Thermomechanical Response Within Hybrid Fuel-Cell/Gas Turbines
Authors: Haynes Comas , Hughes Dimitri , Tucker David 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Solid-oxide fuel-cell (SOFC)/gas-turbine hybrid systems possess the capacity for unprecedented performances, such as electric efficiencies nearly twice that of conventional heat engines at variable scale power ratings inclusive of distributed generation; however, reliably integrating such technologies is critical. Dynamic operability challenges ranging from surge-stall events in the turbomachinery to threatening thermally induced stresses within the fuel cells are formidable. An effective means of characterizing the operability of such systems requires a simulation approach of high fidelity yet reduced sacrificial risk associated with empirical investigation of SOFC stacks. Accordingly, a unique cyber-physical simulation (CPS) was developed inclusive of a spatio-temporal SOFC computational model interfaced with a retrofitted turbine. The model had an extensively broad operating range, as compared to other models that have been developed, with the capability to characterize inert heating, electrochemical start-up, and on and off design operation. A comprehensive parametric characterization was done for initial electrochemical light-off with variability in compressor by-pass valve position and initial fuel-cell load for both closed loop and open loop (OL) turbine speed system configurations. The impact of cold-air (CA) by-pass, as well as initial fuel-cell load on system parameters that directly affect SOFC operation, such as inlet air temperature, pressure, and flow, along with turbine speed and thermal effluent dynamics are presented and discussed. Additionally, the full spatio-temporal capability was exhibited and utilized in examining the impact of electrochemical start-up upon SOFC temperature and temperature gradients as a result of local current density and by-product heat distribution. Ultimately, a comprehensive parametric study, characterizing SOFC and hybrid system response to electrochemical start-up along the decision variable values of initial fuel-cell load, as well as CA by-pass valve position, was completed; this illustrated an advanced simulation platform for gathering such insights about developmental fuel-cell systems.
A New Mechanism of Receptor Targeting by Interaction between Two Classes of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Emerit Michel Boris , Baranowski Camille , Diaz Jorge , Martinez Audrey , Areias Julie , Alterio Jeanine , Masson Justine , Boué-Grabot Eric , Darmon Michèle 
Published: February 2016

The 5-HT3receptors are serotonin-gated ion channels that physically couple with purinergic P2X2 receptors to trigger a functional cross-inhibition leading to reciprocal channel occlusion. Although this functional receptor–receptor coupling seems to serve a modulatory role on both channels, this might not be its main physiological purpose. Using primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons as a quantitative model of polarized targeting, we show here a novel function for this interaction. In this model, 5-HT3Areceptors did not exhibit by themselves the capability of distal targeting in dendrites and axons but required the presence of P2X2R for their proper subcellular localization. 5-HT3AR distal targeting occurred with a delayed time course and exhibited a neuron phenotype dependency. In the subpopulation of neurons expressing endogenous P2X2R, 5-HT3AR distal neuritic localization correlated with P2X2R expression and could be selectively inhibited by P2X2R RNA interference. Cotransfection of both receptors revealed a specific colocalization, cotrafficking in common surface clusters, and the axonal rerouting of 5-HT3AR. The physical association between the two receptors was dependent on the second intracellular loop of the 5-HT3Asubunit, but not on the P2X2R C-terminal tail that triggers the functional cross-inhibition with the 5-HT3AR. Together, these data establish that 5-HT3AR distal targeting in axons and dendrites primarily depends on P2X2R expression. Because several P2XR have now been shown to functionally interact with several other members of the 4-TMD family of receptor channels, we propose to reconsider the real functional role for this receptor family, as trafficking partner proteins dynamically involved in other receptors targeting.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSo far, receptor targeting mechanisms were found to involve intracellular partner proteins or supramolecular complexes that couple receptors to cytoskeletal elements and recruit them into cargo vesicles. In this paper, we describe a new trafficking mechanism for the neuronal serotonin 5-HT3Aionotropic channel receptor, in which the role of routing partner is endowed by a functionally interacting purinergic receptor: the P2X2 receptor. This work not only unveils the mechanism by which 5-HT3receptors can reach their axonal localization required for the control of neurotransmitter release, but also suggests that, in addition to their modulatory role, the family of P2X receptors could have a previously undescribed functional role of trafficking partner proteins dynamically involved in the targeting of other receptors.
Goal-Directed Decision Making with Spiking Neurons
Authors: Friedrich Johannes , Lengyel Máté 
Published: February 2016

Behavioral and neuroscientific data on reward-based decision making point to a fundamental distinction between habitual and goal-directed action selection. The formation of habits, which requires simple updating of cached values, has been studied in great detail, and the reward prediction error theory of dopamine function has enjoyed prominent success in accounting for its neural bases. In contrast, the neural circuit mechanisms of goal-directed decision making, requiring extended iterative computations to estimate values online, are still unknown. Here we present a spiking neural network that provably solves the difficult online value estimation problem underlying goal-directed decision making in a near-optimal way and reproduces behavioral as well as neurophysiological experimental data on tasks ranging from simple binary choice to sequential decision making. Our model uses local plasticity rules to learn the synaptic weights of a simple neural network to achieve optimal performance and solves one-step decision-making tasks, commonly considered in neuroeconomics, as well as more challenging sequential decision-making tasks within 1 s. These decision times, and their parametric dependence on task parameters, as well as the final choice probabilities match behavioral data, whereas the evolution of neural activities in the network closely mimics neural responses recorded in frontal cortices during the execution of such tasks. Our theory provides a principled framework to understand the neural underpinning of goal-directed decision making and makes novel predictions for sequential decision-making tasks with multiple rewards.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGoal-directed actions requiring prospective planning pervade decision making, but their circuit-level mechanisms remain elusive. We show how a model circuit of biologically realistic spiking neurons can solve this computationally challenging problem in a novel way. The synaptic weights of our network can be learned using local plasticity rules such that its dynamics devise a near-optimal plan of action. By systematically comparing our model results to experimental data, we show that it reproduces behavioral decision times and choice probabilities as well as neural responses in a rich set of tasks. Our results thus offer the first biologically realistic account for complex goal-directed decision making at a computational, algorithmic, and implementational level.