bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapitre 8. Les TICs et l’éthique : une expérience d’e-learning en faculté de médecine
Authors: Bolly Cécile 
Published: April 2016

Dans le cadre du cursus en éthique de futurs médecins, une formation à distance a été mise en place. Son objectif principal était d’améliorer la qualité de l’accompagnement individuel des étudiants pour la réalisation d’un travail d’analyse d’une situation problématique d’un point de vue éthique. Un tel dispositif peut a priori sembler paradoxal pour une formation qui vise à développer la sensibilité à autrui ; il a cependant permis de tenir compte de contraintes géographiques liées à la dispersion des étudiants pour leur formation pratique (dans différents hôpitaux du pays ou à l’étranger) et de profiter d’une formation à l’e-learning offerte par le centre de pédagogie universitaire. Cette formation a permis de structurer de manière rigoureuse la préparation de ce dispositif, en faisant alterner des moments de rencontres et des temps de travail via une plateforme numérique : objectifs précis et mesurables, scénarisation des séquences, consignes claires, activités diversifiées,... L’organisation du travail autour de 4 rapports d’avancement a permis à la fois de sécuriser les étudiants et de leur laisser une certaine autonomie, faisant ainsi le parallèle avec ce qu’ils pourront proposer à leurs futurs patients. Les interactions proposées par l’enseignant ont pu se faire via la plateforme (de manière individuelle d’une part, dans un forum d’autre part), mais également par des supervisions collectives pour certains étudiants. Les avantages d’un tel dispositif ont été mis en évidence par l’évaluation de la satisfaction des étudiants (questionnaire en ligne), mais également par celle de leur implication personnelle dans le travail. Une dimension particulière mérite certainement un développement ultérieur : celle de la place de l’écriture dans l’apprentissage de l’éthique et plus globalement, de la fonction soignante.
Chapter 9. The 7 stage model for facilitating moral case deliberation in health-care institution: a practical illustration of a meta-model
Authors: de Bree Menno , Veening Eite 
Published: April 2016

Lors d’une déliberation morale de cas (dmc), des professionnels de santé se rassemblent pour réfléchir à une question morale à laquelle ils sont confrontés. Dans la mesure où l’ensemble du processus de clarification des faits et d’analyse de l’enjeu moral peut s’avérer fort complexe (identifier les enjeux moraux, formuler et peser les arguments, etc.), il devrait toujours y avoir un facilitateur bien entraîné présent lors de ces déliberations pour garantir la tenue de la session. En vue de former ces facilitateurs et d’évaluer leur qualité, nous avons développé un modèle en 7 étapes d’une déliberation morale de cas. Ce modèle est un méta-modèle, décrivant toutes les étapes et toutes les activités qui prennent place durant chaque session de dmc, indépendamment de variables comme le type de cas à discuter, le nombre de participants, ou la méthode de réflexion qui sera appliqué. Ces 7 étapes sont : l’introduction, la sélection du cas, la sélection de la méthode, l’exploration factuelle, l’analyse, la conclusion et un tour de table final. Ce modèle rend possible la description de toutes les tâches que les facilitateurs ont à mener à bien pour mener leur groupe à travers les 7 étapes d’une manière fructueuse et efficace. Il rend également possible l’identification des compétences génériques minimales que chaque facilitateur devrait maîtriser, pour y arriver. Cet article introduit le modèle (à notre connaissance le premier de ce type), discute de quelques-uns des plus importants enjeux théoriques de ce modèle, en fournit une justification théorique, et, surtout, propose une illustration pratique de la manière dont le modèle peut être appliqué lors de l’animation d’une dmc.
« Madame Smith Au Sénat » : l’impact des femmes sur la Chambre haute du Congrès
Authors: Godet Aurélie 
Published: April 2016

Depuis 1922, seules quarante-six femmes ont siégé à la Chambre haute du Congrès américain. Sans surprise, l’essentiel des travaux scientifiques sur les femmes au Sénat porte donc sur la question de leur sous-représentation et de ses raisons. Aussi crucial soit-il, ce problème rejette dans l’ombre trois questions tout aussi importantes : les sénatrices occupent-elles des positions de pouvoir au sein de l’institution ? Leur comportement législatif est-il différent de celui de leurs collègues masculins ? Sont-elles des parlementaires efficaces ? Sur la base de témoignages, de statistiques et de travaux de recherche antérieurs, cet article offrira une évaluation aussi complète que possible de l’influence exercée par les femmes au/sur le Sénat depuis les années 1920.
Intravaginal Zinc Oxide Tetrapod Nanoparticles as Novel Immunoprotective Agents against Genital Herpes
Authors: Antoine Thessicar E. , Hadigal Satvik R. , Yakoub Abraam M. , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Bhattacharya Palash , Haddad Christine , Valyi-Nagy Tibor , Adelung Rainer , Prabhakar Bellur S. , Shukla Deepak 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Virtually all efforts to generate an effective protection against the life-long, recurrent genital infections caused by HSV-2 have failed. Apart from sexual transmission, the virus can also be transmitted from mothers to neonates, and it is a key facilitator of HIV coacquisition. In this article, we uncover a nanoimmunotherapy using specially designed zinc oxide tetrapod nanoparticles (ZOTEN) with engineered oxygen vacancies. We demonstrate that ZOTEN, when used intravaginally as a microbicide, is an effective suppressor of HSV-2 genital infection in female BALB/c mice. The strong HSV-2 trapping ability of ZOTEN significantly reduced the clinical signs of vaginal infection and effectively decreased animal mortality. In parallel, ZOTEN promoted the presentation of bound HSV-2 virions to mucosal APCs, enhancing T cell–mediated and Ab-mediated responses to the infection, and thereby suppressing a reinfection. We also found that ZOTEN exhibits strong adjuvant-like properties, which is highly comparable with alum, a commonly used adjuvant. Overall, to our knowledge, our study provides the very first evidence for the protective efficacy of an intravaginal microbicide/vaccine or microbivac platform against primary and secondary female genital herpes infections.
Privileged Antigen Presentation in Splenic B Cell Follicles Maximizes T Cell Responses in Prime-Boost Vaccination
Authors: Bridle Byram W. , Nguyen Andrew , Salem Omar , Zhang Liang , Koshy Sandeep , Clouthier Derek , Chen Lan , Pol Jonathan , Swift Stephanie L. , Bowdish Dawn M. E. , Lichty Brian D. , Bramson Jonathan L. , Wan Yonghong 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Effector T cells (TEFF) are a barrier to booster vaccination because they can rapidly kill Ag-bearing APCs before memory T cells are engaged. We report in this study that i.v. delivery of rhabdoviral vectors leads to direct infection of follicular B cells in the spleen, where the earliest evidence of secondary T cell responses was observed. This allows booster immunizations to rapidly expand CD8+ central memory T cells (TCM) during the acute phase of the primary response that is dominated by TEFF. Interestingly, although the ablation of B cells before boosting with rhabdoviral vectors diminishes the expansion of memory T cells, B cells do not present Ags directly. Instead, depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells abrogates secondary T cell expansion, suggesting that virus-infected follicular B cells may function as an Ag source for local DCs to subsequently capture and present the Ag. Because TCM are located within B cell follicles in the spleen whereas TEFF cannot traffic through follicular regions, Ag production and presentation by follicular APCs represent a unique mechanism to secure engagement of TCM during an ongoing effector response. Our data offer insights into novel strategies for rapid expansion of CD8+ T cells using prime-boost vaccines by targeting privileged sites for Ag presentation.
Potential impact of a US climate policy and air quality regulations on future air quality and climate change
Authors: Lee Yunha , Shindell Drew T. , Faluvegi Greg , Pinder Rob W. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We have investigated how future air quality and climate change are influenced by the US air quality regulations that existed or were proposed in 2013 and a hypothetical climate mitigation policy that aims to reduce 2050 CO2 emissions to be 50 % below 2005 emissions. Using the NASA GISS ModelE2 general circulation model, we look at the impacts for year 2030 and 2055. The US energy-sector emissions are from the GLIMPSE project (GEOS-Chem LIDORT Integrated with MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) for the Purpose of Scenario Exploration), and other US emissions data sets and the rest of the world emissions data sets are based on the RCP4.5 scenario. The US air quality regulations are projected to have a strong beneficial impact on US air quality and public health in year 2030 and 2055 but result in positive radiative forcing. Under this scenario, no more emission constraints are added after 2020, and the impacts on air quality and climate change are similar between year 2030 and 2055. Surface particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is reduced by ∼ 2 µg m−3 on average over the USA, and surface ozone by ∼ 8 ppbv. The improved air quality prevents about 91 400 premature deaths in the USA, mainly due to the PM2.5 reduction (∼ 74 200 lives saved). The air quality regulations reduce the light-reflecting aerosols (i.e., sulfate and organic matter) more than the light-absorbing species (i.e., black carbon and ozone), leading to a strong positive radiative forcing (RF) over the USA by both aerosols' direct and indirect forcing: the total RF is  ∼ 0.04 W m−2 over the globe, and ∼ 0.8 W m−2 over the USA. Under the hypothetical climate policy, a future CO2 emissions cut is achieved in part by relying less on coal, and thus SO2 emissions are noticeably reduced. This provides air quality co-benefits, but it could lead to potential climate disbenefits over the USA. In 2055, the US mean total RF is +0.22 W m−2 due to positive aerosol direct and indirect forcing, while the global mean total RF is −0.06 W m−2 due to the dominant negative CO2 RF (instantaneous RF). To achieve a regional-scale climate benefit via a climate policy, it is critical (1) to have multinational efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and (2) to simultaneously target emission reduction of light-absorbing species (e.g., BC and O3) on top of long-lived species. The latter is very desirable as the resulting climate benefit occurs faster and provides co-benefits to air quality and public health.
What is the P value of Siberian soils? Soil phosphorus status in south-western Siberia and comparison with a global data set
Authors: Brédoire Félix , Bakker Mark R. , Augusto Laurent , Barsukov Pavel A. , Derrien Delphine , Nikitich Polina , Rusalimova Olga , Zeller Bernd , Achat David L. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Climate change is particularly strong in northern Eurasia and substantial ecological changes are expected in this extensive region. The reshaping and migration northwards of bioclimatic zones may offer opportunities for agricultural development in western and central Siberia. However, the bioclimatic vegetation models currently employed for projections still do not consider soil fertility, in spite of this being highly critical for plant growth. In the present study, we surveyed the phosphorus (P) status in the south-west of Siberia where soils have developed on loess parent material. We selected six sites differing in pedoclimatic conditions and the soil was sampled at different depths down to 1 m in aspen (Populus tremula L.) forest as well as in grassland areas. The P status was assessed by conventional methods and by isotope dilution kinetics. We found that P concentrations and stocks, as well as their distribution through the soil profile, were fairly homogeneous on the regional scale studied, although there were some differences between sites (particularly in organic P). The young age of the soils, together with slow kinetics of soil formation processes have probably not yet resulted in a sufficiently wide range of soil physico-chemical conditions to observe a more diverging P status. The comparison of our data set with similar vegetation contexts on the global scale revealed that the soils of south-western Siberia, and more generally of northern Eurasia, often have (very) high levels of total, organic and inorganic P. The amount of plant-available P in topsoils, estimated by the isotopically exchangeable phosphate ions, was not particularly high but was intermediate on the global scale. However, large stocks of plant-available P are stored in subsurface layers which currently have low fine-root exploration intensities. These results suggest that the P resource is unlikely to constrain vegetation growth and agricultural development under the present conditions or in the near future.
Looking beyond stratification: a model-based analysis of the biological drivers of oxygen deficiency in the North Sea
Authors: Große Fabian , Greenwood Naomi , Kreus Markus , Lenhart Hermann-Josef , Machoczek Detlev , Pätsch Johannes , Salt Lesley , Thomas Helmuth 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Low oxygen conditions, often referred to as oxygen deficiency, occur regularly in the North Sea, a temperate European shelf sea. Stratification represents a major process regulating the seasonal dynamics of bottom oxygen, yet, lowest oxygen conditions in the North Sea do not occur in the regions of strongest stratification. This suggests that stratification is an important prerequisite for oxygen deficiency, but that the complex interaction between hydrodynamics and the biological processes drives its evolution. In this study we use the ecosystem model HAMSOM-ECOHAM to provide a general characterisation of the different zones of the North Sea with respect to oxygen, and to quantify the impact of the different physical and biological factors driving the oxygen dynamics inside the entire sub-thermocline volume and directly above the bottom. With respect to oxygen dynamics, the North Sea can be subdivided into three different zones: (1) a highly productive, non-stratified coastal zone, (2) a productive, seasonally stratified zone with a small sub-thermocline volume, and (3) a productive, seasonally stratified zone with a large sub-thermocline volume. Type 2 reveals the highest susceptibility to oxygen deficiency due to sufficiently long stratification periods (>  60 days) accompanied by high surface productivity resulting in high biological consumption, and a small sub-thermocline volume implying both a small initial oxygen inventory and a strong influence of the biological consumption on the oxygen concentration. Year-to-year variations in the oxygen conditions are caused by variations in primary production, while spatial differences can be attributed to differences in stratification and water depth. The large sub-thermocline volume dominates the oxygen dynamics in the northern central and northern North Sea and makes this region insusceptible to oxygen deficiency. In the southern North Sea the strong tidal mixing inhibits the development of seasonal stratification which protects this area from the evolution of low oxygen conditions. In contrast, the southern central North Sea is highly susceptible to low oxygen conditions (type 2). We furthermore show that benthic diagenetic processes represent the main oxygen consumers in the bottom layer, consistently accounting for more than 50 % of the overall consumption. Thus, primary production followed by remineralisation of organic matter under stratified conditions constitutes the main driver for the evolution of oxygen deficiency in the southern central North Sea. By providing these valuable insights, we show that ecosystem models can be a useful tool for the interpretation of observations and the estimation of the impact of anthropogenic drivers on the North Sea oxygen conditions.
CAUSAÇÃO CUMULATIVA EM MYRDAL E SEUS DESDOBRAMENTOS ENQUANTO ALTERNATIVAS AO CONCEITO DE EQUILÍBRIO
Authors: Oliveira Thiago Dumont , Attílio Luccas Assis 
Published: April 2016

O artigo discute em que medida o conceito de causação cumulativa (em geral) permite superar as dificuldades relacionadas ao conceito de equilíbrio para se pensar em desenvolvimento econômico e apresenta o conceito de causação cumulativa de Myrdal (em particular). Para além de argumentar que a abordagem de Myrdal consiste em um arcabouço amplo que incorpora elementos pós-keynesianos, institucionalistas e evolucionários, analisamos alguns trabalhos de Setterfield como um desdobramento do pensamento de Myrdal. Nosso argumento é de que através de uma visão holística do sistema econômico que combina distintas vertentes, pode-se tratar o tema desenvolvimento econômico combinando questões relacionadas ao crescimento econômico com a análise histórica da evolução das instituições. Para ilustrar discutimos a incorporação de path-dependency, lock-in e institutional interrelatedness em um modelo proposto por Setterfield.
De stand van de stelselherziening: van wetsvoorstel naar Omgevingswet
Authors: de Vos H.W. (Wilco) 
Published: April 2016

De stand van de stelselherziening: van wetsvoorstel naar Omgevingswet
In dit artikel volgt allereerst een korte terugblik op de behandeling in de Eerste Kamer. Wat waren de belangrijkste thema’s en wat zijn de gevolgen voor de andere onderdelen van de stelselherziening? Voor de inwerkingtreding van het nieuwe stelsel zullen nog vele stappen worden gezet. Het tweede deel van het artikel bevat een vooruitblik op het vervolg van de stelselherziening. Wat gebeurt er de komende tijd rondom de aanvullingswetten, de invoeringswet en de AMvB’s?
De introductie van private partijen in het bouwtoezicht. Waar moeten we om denken?
Authors: Outhuijse A. (Annalies) 
Published: April 2016

De introductie van private partijen in het bouwtoezicht. Waar moeten we om denken?
De Wet kwaliteitsborging voor het bouwen realiseert de privatisering van het bouwtoezicht. Eerdere ervaringen, in binnen- en buitenland, laten zien dat de privatisering van toezicht gepaard kan gaan met negatieve effecten. Dit artikel bekijkt hoe privaat toezicht in de bouwsector kan worden geïntroduceerd, gelet op de mogelijke negatieve effecten, knelpunten en belangen van de diverse actoren. De auteur besluit met het formuleren van enkele aanbevelingen ter inperking van de mogelijke negatieve effecten.
Magnetic field-controlled hysteresis loop bias in orthogonal exchange-spring coupling composite magnetic films
Authors: Jiang Jun , Yu Tian , Pan Rui , Zhang Qin-Tong , Liu Pan , Naganuma Hiroshi , Oogane Mikihiko , Ando Yasuo , Han Xiufeng 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The exchange bias (EB) is an effective fundamental and applicational method to realize magnetic hysteresis loop shifting. However, further manipulation of EB unidirectional anisotropy is difficult after setup using either field deposition or post-annealing. In this work, we experimentally show a new approach to control the magnetic hysteresis loop bias in a [Co(0.2)/Pd(1)]5/CoFeB orthogonal exchange-spring (ES) coupling system, where the direction and strength of unidirectional anisotropy can be easily manipulated by applying an external magnetic field.
Switching local magnetization by electric-field-induced domain wall motion
Authors: Kakizakai Haruka , Ando Fuyuki , Koyama Tomohiro , Yamada Kihiro , Kawaguchi Masashi , Kim Sanghoon , Kim Kab-Jin , Moriyama Takahiro , Chiba Daichi , Ono Teruo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Electric field effect on magnetism is an appealing technique for manipulating magnetization at a low energy cost. Here, we show that the local magnetization of an ultrathin Co film can be switched by simply applying a gate electric field without the assistance of any external magnetic field or current flow. The local magnetization switching is explained by nucleation and annihilation of magnetic domains through domain wall motion induced by the electric field. Our results lead to external-field-free and ultralow-energy spintronic applications.
Concentration dependence of Li+/Na+ diffusion in manganese hexacyanoferrates
Authors: Takachi Masamitsu , Fukuzumi Yuya , Moritomo Yutaka 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Manganese hexacyanoferrates (Mn-HCFs) with a jungle-gym-type structure are promising cathode materials for Li+/Na+ secondary batteries (LIBs/SIBs). Here, we investigated the diffusion constants D
Li/D
Na of Li+/Na+ against the Li+/Na+ concentration x
Na/x
Li and temperature (T) of A
1.32Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.833.6H2O (A = Li and Na). We evaluated the activation energy

of D
Li/D
Na against x
Na/x
Li. We found that

steeply increases with x
Na from 0.41 eV at x
Na = 0.69 to 0.7 eV at 1.1. The increase in

is ascribed to the occupancy effect of the Na+ site. The increase in

is suppressed, probably because the number of Li+ sites is three times that of Na+ sites.
Epitaxial graphene on SiC formed by the surface structure control technique
Authors: Aritsuki Takuya , Nakashima Takeshi , Kobayashi Keisuke , Ohno Yasuhide , Nagase Masao 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The thermal decomposition of silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising method for producing wafer-scale single-crystal graphene. The optimal growth condition for high-mobility epitaxial graphene fabricated by infrared rapid thermal annealing is discussed in this paper. The surface structures, such as step–terrace and graphene coverage structures, on a non-off-axis SiC(0001) substrate were well controlled by varying the annealing time in a range below 10 min. The mobility of graphene grown at 1620 °C for 5 min in 100 Torr Ar ambient had a maximum value of 2089 cm2 V−1 s−1. We found that the causes of the mobility reduction were low graphene coverage, high sheet carrier density, and nonuniformity of the step structure.
Chemical weathering and the role of sulfuric and nitric acids in carbonate weathering: Isotopes (13C, 15N, 34S, and 18O) and chemical constraints
Authors: Li Cai , Ji Hongbing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMultiple isotopes (13C‐DIC, 34S and 18O‐SO42−, 15N and 18O‐NO3−) and water chemistry were used to evaluate weathering rates and associated CO2 consumption by carbonic acid and strong acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) in a typical karst watershed (Wujiang River, Southwest China). The dual sulfate isotopes indicate that sulfate is mainly derived from sulfide oxidation in coal stratum and sulfide‐containing minerals, and dual nitrate isotopes indicate that nitrate is mainly derived from soil N and nitrification. The correlation between isotopic compositions and water chemistry suggests that sulfuric and nitric acids, in addition to carbonic acid, are involved in carbonate weathering. The silicate and carbonate weathering rates are 7.2 t km−2 yr−1 and 76 t km−2 yr−1, respectively. In comparison with carbonate weathering rates (43 t km−2 yr−1) by carbonic acid alone, the subsequent increase in rates indicates significant enhancement of weathering when combined with sulfuric and nitric acids. Therefore, the role of sulfuric and nitric acids in the rock weathering should be considered in the global carbon cycle.