bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Progressive Nature of Menière's Disease: Stress Projections and Lesion Analysis
Authors: Pender Daniel J. 
Published: January 2018

Hypothesis:
An engineering model of the labyrinth can provide a mechanism that accounts for the pattern of lesion development observed in Menière's disease.

Background:
Membrane lesions in Menière's disease can occur in virtually every part of the membranous labyrinth. How these lesions are induced is unclear and their mode of distribution uncertain. Pressure induced stress in the membranous labyrinth may play a mechanistic role in lesion formation and distribution.

Methods:
An engineering model of the labyrinth was used to provide membrane stress formulations and projections for lesion induction in the several chambers using membrane theory. These were compared with an analysis of actual lesions observed in Menière's disease to evaluate the model's accuracy.

Results:
The model projects that lesions in the membranous labyrinth will be induced progressively because of stress differentials among the chambers, with a chain of lesion pattern that follows the serial anatomic order and occurs with a frequency commensurate with chamber stress level. An analysis of lesions observed in actual cases of Menière's disease reveals a pattern of lesion development that is progressive, sequential, commensurate, and concordant with the model's stress projections.

Conclusions:
The concordance between the stress projections and the lesion analysis strengthens the hypothesis that Menière's is a progressive disease that follows a chain of lesions paradigm based on pressure-induced stress differentials in the variously configured chambers of the membranous labyrinth.
Ultra Long-Term Audiometric Outcomes in the Treatment of Vestibular Schwannoma With the Middle Cranial Fossa Approach
Authors: Roche Joseph P. , Woodson Erika A. , Hansen Marlan R. , Gantz Bruce J. 
Published: January 2018

Objective:
Define the long-term audiometric outcomes of vestibular schwannomas treated using the middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach.

Study Design:
Retrospective records review.

Setting:
University-based tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Patients undergoing treatment of small vestibular schwannomas using the MCF approach.

Intervention(s):
MCF exposure and treatment of small vestibular schwannomas.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Demographic and audiometric variables were assessed.

Results:
Thirteen subjects demonstrated audiometric data for review. The average time between surgery and the most recent audiometric testing was 14 years (range 10–18 yr). The mean baseline pure-tone average (PTA) was 36 dB HL and the most recent PTA was 59 dB HL in the operated ear. The mean baseline PTA was 16 dB HL and the most recent PTA was 37 dB HL in the nonoperated ear. The mean change from baseline to most recent follow-up was a threshold elevation of 22 and 19 dB HL in the operated and nonoperated ears, respectively. The mean baseline speech discrimination score (SDS) was 83% and the most recent SDS was 73% in the operated ear. The mean baseline SDS was 98% and the most recent SDS was 94% in the nonoperated ear. The mean changes from baseline to most recent follow-up were 10 and 0% SDS depression in the operated and nonoperated ears, respectively. The rates of changes in PTA and SDS were not statistically different between the operated and nonoperated ears.

Conclusions:
Surgically preserved hearing is maintained in the majority of patients more than 10 years following surgery. PTA and SDS changes were similar between the ipsilateral and contralateral ears.
Middle Fossa Approach for Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Gawęcki Wojciech , Karlik Michał , Borucki Łukasz , Wróbel Maciej , Stieler Olgierd Maciej , Szyfter Witold 
Published: January 2018

Objective:
To present qualification criteria, surgery, and results of cochlear implantation via the middle fossa approach.

Study Design:
A retrospective analysis of medical charts of patients.

Setting:
Cochlear implant program in academic medical center.

Patients:
Six adults after middle ear surgery due to chronic otitis media with bilateral deafness or profound hearing loss.

Intervention:
Analysis aimed to identify patients qualified for cochlear implantation via middle fossa approach and to present surgery and result.

Main Outcome Measure:
Qualification criteria, details of surgery and surgical, functional and audiological results.

Results:
Surgery was completed in four patients and in the remaining two it was stopped because of adhesions and bleeding from the dura. In three patients, there were no postoperative complications and in one individual intracranial hematoma occurred. Postoperative computed tomography showed the intracochlear position of the electrode in all the implanted patients. All of the patients use their implant for 14 to 16 hours daily. One year after the implantation, they had hearing thresholds in the sound-free field of between 25 and 45 dB sound pressure level, number recognition scores between 80 and 100% and monosyllabic words recognition between 30 and 90%.

Conclusion:
Successful cochlear implantation via middle fossa approach results in satisfactory hearing, bringing deaf people into a hearing environment. However, this approach is technically difficult and provides the risk of intracranial complications. In our opinion this approach should be used in special cases only (e.g., postmeningitis or otosclerotis patients with obliteration of basal turn of cochlea). In analysed group it should not be considered the primary solution.
Bleeding risk of variceal band ligation in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction is not increased by oral anticoagulation
Authors: Guillaume Maeva , Christol Camille , Plessier Aurélie , Corbic Michèle , Péron Jean-Marie , Sommet Agnès , Rautou Pierre-Emmanuel , Consigny Yann , Vinel Jean-Pierre , Valla Charles-Dominique , Bureau Christophe 
Published: January 2018

Background and objectives
Noncirrhotic nontumoral extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is the second leading cause of portal hypertension (PHT) and is mainly related to prothrombotic disorders. Patients with EHPVO often require prolonged oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) together with variceal band ligation (VBL) to prevent thrombosis recurrence and PHT-related bleeding, respectively. The benefit–risk balance of VBL in this context remains unknown. We aimed to assess upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) risk and variceal eradication efficacy in EHPVO patients undergoing a VBL program without stopping OAT.

Patients and methods
All patients with EHPVO treated (group A) or not (group B) with OAT and undergoing the VBL program were included between 2001 and 2010 in two tertiary French liver centers. We compared the incidence, source, and severity of UGB and variceal eradication efficacy. All EHPVO patients were then matched 1 : 1 with compensated cirrhotic patients with PHT not receiving OAT (group C) to compare UGB incidence and VBL efficacy.

Results
Forty-three EHPVO patients (30 with and 13 without OAT) and 43 cirrhotic patients were included for a total of 471 VBL sessions. The incidence of UGB was similar between group A (nine episodes/121 sessions) and group B (6/130), and tended to be higher in EHPVO patients (group A and B) than in cirrhotic patients (2/220). There was no difference between groups when considering bleeding source or severity and variceal eradication efficacy (84%).

Conclusion
VBL can be performed safely and efficiently without stopping anticoagulation therapy in EHPVO patients.
Coarse-graining for fast dynamics of order parameters in the phase-field model
Authors: Jou D. , Galenko P. K. 
Published: January 2018

In standard descriptions, the master equation can be obtained by coarse-graining with the application of the hypothesis of full local thermalization that is equivalent to the local thermodynamic equilibrium. By contrast, fast transformations proceed in the absence of local equilibrium and the master equation must be obtained with the absence of thermalization. In the present work, a non-Markovian master equation leading, in specific cases of relaxation to local thermodynamic equilibrium, to hyperbolic evolution equations for a binary alloy, is derived for a system with two order parameters. One of them is a conserved order parameter related to the atomistic composition, and the other one is a non-conserved order parameter, which is related to phase field. A microscopic basis for phenomenological phase-field models of fast phase transitions, when the transition is so fast that there is not sufficient time to achieve local thermalization between two successive elementary processes in the system, is provided. In a particular case, when the relaxation to local thermalization proceeds by the exponential law, the obtained coarse-grained equations are related to the hyperbolic phase-field model. The solution of the model equations is obtained to demonstrate non-equilibrium phenomenon of solute trapping which appears in rapid growth of dendritic crystals.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
Domain shape instabilities and dendrite domain growth in uniaxial ferroelectrics
Authors: Shur Vladimir Ya. , Akhmatkhanov Andrey R. 
Published: January 2018

The effects of domain wall shape instabilities and the formation of nanodomains in front of moving walls obtained in various uniaxial ferroelectrics are discussed. Special attention is paid to the formation of self-assembled nanoscale and dendrite domain structures under highly non-equilibrium switching conditions. All obtained results are considered in the framework of the unified kinetic approach to domain structure evolution based on the analogy with first-order phase transformation.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
Crystal growth kinetics in undercooled melts of pure Ge, Si and Ge–Si alloys
Authors: Herlach Dieter M. , Simons Daniel , Pichon Pierre-Yves 
Published: January 2018

We report on measurements of crystal growth dynamics in semiconducting pure Ge and pure Si melts and in Ge

100−
x

Si

x

(
x
= 25, 50, 75) alloy melts as a function of undercooling. Electromagnetic levitation techniques are applied to undercool the samples in a containerless way. The growth velocity is measured by the utilization of a high-speed camera technique over an extended range of undercooling. Solidified samples are examined with respect to their microstructure by scanning electron microscopic investigations. We analyse the experimental results of crystal growth kinetics as a function of undercooling within the sharp interface theory developed by Peter Galenko. Transitions of the atomic attachment kinetics are found at large undercoolings, from faceted growth to dendrite growth.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns
Authors: Galenko P. K. , Alexandrov D. V. 
Published: January 2018

Transport processes around phase interfaces, together with thermodynamic properties and kinetic phenomena, control the formation of dendritic patterns. Using the thermodynamic and kinetic data of phase interfaces obtained on the atomic scale, one can analyse the formation of a single dendrite and the growth of a dendritic ensemble. This is the result of recent progress in theoretical methods and computational algorithms calculated using powerful computer clusters. Great benefits can be attained from the development of micro-, meso- and macro-levels of analysis when investigating the dynamics of interfaces, interpreting experimental data and designing the macrostructure of samples. The review and research articles in this theme issue cover the spectrum of scales (from nano- to macro-length scales) in order to exhibit recently developing trends in the theoretical analysis and computational modelling of dendrite pattern formation. Atomistic modelling, the flow effect on interface dynamics, the transition from diffusion-limited to thermally controlled growth existing at a considerable driving force, two-phase (mushy) layer formation, the growth of eutectic dendrites, the formation of a secondary dendritic network due to coalescence, computational methods, including boundary integral and phase-field methods, and experimental tests for theoretical models—all these themes are highlighted in the present issue.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
A phase-field-crystal alloy model for late-stage solidification studies involving the interaction of solid, liquid and gas phases
Authors: Wang Nan , Kocher Gabriel , Provatas Nikolas 
Published: January 2018

We present a multiphase binary alloy phase-field-crystal model. By introducing density difference between solid and liquid into a previous alloy model, this new fusion leads to a practical tool that can be used to investigate formation of defects in late-stage alloy solidification. It is shown that this model can qualitatively capture the liquid pressure drop due to solidification shrinkage in confined geometry. With an inherited gas phase from a previous multiphase model, cavitation of liquid from shrinkage-induced pressure is also included in this framework. As a unique model that has both solute concentration and pressure-induced liquid cavitation, it also captures a modified Scheil–Gulliver-type segregation behaviour due to cavitation. Simulation of inter-dendritic channel solidification using this model demonstrates a strong cooling rate dependence of the resulting microstructure.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
Dendrite fragmentation: an experiment-driven simulation
Authors: Cool T. , Voorhees P. W. 
Published: January 2018

The processes leading to the fragmentation of secondary dendrite arms are studied using a three-dimensional Sn dendritic structure that was measured experimentally as an initial condition in a phase-field simulation. The phase-field model replicates the kinetics of the coarsening process seen experimentally. Consistent with the experiment, the simulations of the Sn-rich dendrite show that secondary dendrite arm coalescence is prevalent and that fragmentation is not. The lack of fragmentation is due to the non-axisymmetric morphology and comparatively small spacing of the dendrite arms. A model for the coalescence process is proposed, and, consistent with the model, the radius of the contact region following coalescence increases ast1/3. We find that small changes in the width and spacing of the dendrite arms can lead to a very different fragmentation-dominated coarsening process. Thus, the alloy system and growth conditions of the dendrite can have a major impact on the fragmentation process.This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
The boundary integral theory for slow and rapid curved solid/liquid interfaces propagating into binary systems
Authors: Galenko Peter K. , Alexandrov Dmitri V. , Titova Ekaterina A. 
Published: January 2018

The boundary integral method for propagating solid/liquid interfaces is detailed with allowance for the thermo-solutal Stefan-type models. Two types of mass transfer mechanisms corresponding to the local equilibrium (parabolic-type equation) and local non-equilibrium (hyperbolic-type equation) solidification conditions are considered. A unified integro-differential equation for the curved interface is derived. This equation contains the steady-state conditions of solidification as a special case. The boundary integral analysis demonstrates how to derive the quasi-stationary Ivantsov and Horvay–Cahn solutions that, respectively, define the paraboloidal and elliptical crystal shapes. In the limit of highest Péclet numbers, these quasi-stationary solutions describe the shape of the area around the dendritic tip in the form of a smooth sphere in the isotropic case and a deformed sphere along the directions of anisotropy strength in the anisotropic case. A thermo-solutal selection criterion of the quasi-stationary growth mode of dendrites which includes arbitrary Péclet numbers is obtained. To demonstrate the selection of patterns, computational modelling of the quasi-stationary growth of crystals in a binary mixture is carried out. The modelling makes it possible to obtain selected structures in the form of dendritic, fractal or planar crystals.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
Observing the Cell in Its Native State: Imaging Subcellular Dynamics in Multicellular Organisms
Authors: Liu Tsung-Li , Upadhyayula Srigokul , Milkie Daniel E. , Singh Ved , Wang Kai , Swinburne Ian A. , Mosaliganti Kishore R. , Collins Zach M. , Hiscock Tom W. , Shea Jamien , Kohrman Abraham Q. , Medwig Taylor N. , Dambournet Daphne , Forster Ryan , Cunniff Brian , Ruan Yuan , Yashiro Hanako , Scholpp Steffen , Meyerowitz Elliot M. , Hockemeyer Dirk , Drubin David G. , Martin Benjamin L. , Matus David Q. , Koyama Minoru , Megason Sean G. , Kirchhausen Tom , Betzig Eric 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTrue physiological imaging of subcellular dynamics requires studying cells within their parent organisms, where all the environmental cues that drive gene expression, and hence the phenotypes we actually observe, are present. A complete understanding also requires volumetric imaging of the cell and its surroundings at high spatiotemporal resolution without inducing undue stress on either. We combined lattice light sheet microscopy with two-channel adaptive optics to achieve, across large multicellular volumes, noninvasive aberration-free imaging of subcellular processes, including endocytosis, organelle remodeling during mitosis, and the migration of axons, immune cells, and metastatic cancer cells in vivo. The technology reveals the phenotypic diversity within cells across different organisms and developmental stages, and may offer insights into how cells harness their intrinsic variability to adapt to different physiological environments.One Sentence SummaryCombining lattice light sheet microscopy with adaptive optics enables high speed, high resolution in vivo 3D imaging of dynamic processes inside cells under physiological conditions within their parent organisms.
Radial glial lineage progression and differential intermediate progenitor amplification underlie striatal compartments and circuit organization
Authors: Kelly Sean M. , Raudales Ricardo , He Miao , Lee Jannifer , Kim Yongsoo , Gibb Leif G. , Wu Priscilla , Matho Katie , Osten Pavel , Graybiel Ann M. , Huang Z. Josh 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYThe circuitry of the striatum is characterized by two organizational plans: the division into striosome and matrix compartments, thought to mediate evaluation and action, and the direct and indirect pathways, thought to promote or suppress behavior. The developmental origins of and relationships between these organizations are unknown, leaving a conceptual gap in understanding the cortico-basal ganglia system. Through genetic fate mapping, we demonstrate that striosome-matrix compartmentalization arises from a lineage program embedded in lateral ganglionic eminence radial glial progenitors mediating neurogenesis through two distinct types of intermediate progenitors (IPs). The early phase of this program produces striosomal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) through fate-restricted apical IPs (aIPSs) with limited capacity; the late phase produces matrix SPNs through fate-restricted basal IPs (bIPMs) with expanded capacity. Remarkably, direct and indirect pathway SPNs arise within both aIPSand bIPMpools, suggesting that striosome-matrix architecture is the fundamental organizational plan of basal ganglia circuitry organization.
Three-dimensional experiments and individual based simulations show that cell proliferation drives melanoma nest formation in human skin tissue
Authors: Haridas Parvathi , Browning Alexander P. , McGovern Jacqui A. , McElwain D.L. Sean , Simpson Matthew J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundMelanoma can be diagnosed by identifying nests of cells on the skin surface. Understanding the processes that drive nest formation is important as these processes could be potential targets for new cancer drugs. Cell proliferation and cell migration are two potential mechanisms that could conceivably drive melanoma nest formation. However, it is unclear which one of these two putative mechanisms plays a dominant role in driving nest formation.ResultsWe use a suite of three-dimensional (3D) experiments in human skin tissue and a parallel series of 3D individual-based simulations to explore whether cell migration or cell proliferation plays a dominant role in nest formation. In the experiments we measure nest formation in populations of irradiated (non-proliferative) and non-irradiated (proliferative) melanoma cells, cultured together with primary keratinocyte and fibroblast cells on a 3D experimental human skin model. Results show that nest size depends on initial cell number and is driven primarily by cell proliferation rather than cell migration.ConclusionsWe find that nest size depends on initial cell number, and is driven primarily by cell proliferation rather than cell migration. All experimental results are consistent with simulation data from a 3D individual based model (IBM) of cell migration and cell proliferation.
The Smallest Intestine (TSI) – a low volumein vitromodel of the small intestine with increased throughput
Authors: Cieplak T. , Wiese M. , Nielsen S. , Van de Wiele T. , van den Berg F. , Nielsen D.S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimsTo develop a low volumein vitromodel with increased throughput simulating the human small intestine, incorporating the presence of ileal microbiota, to study microbial behaviour in the small intestine.Methods and ResultsThe Smallest Intestinein vitromodel (TSI) was developed. During the simulated passage of the small intestine bile is absorbed by dialysis and pH adjusted to physiologically relevant level. A consortium of seven representative bacterial members of the ileum microbiota is included in the ileal stage of the model. It was found that the model can be applied for the testing of survival of probiotic bacteria in upper intestine. Moreover, it was found, that the presence of the ileal microbiota significantly impacted probiotic survival.ConclusionsTSI allows testing a substantial number of samples, at low cost and short time, and is thus suitable as anin vitroscreening platform. Multiples of five reactors can be added to increase the number of biological and technical replicates.Significance and Impact of the StudyTSI serves as an alternative for costly and low throughputin vitromodels currently existing on the market. Above that, significance of small intestine bacteria presence on survival of probiotic bacteria in the upper intestine was proved.
Dynamic compartmentalization in neurons enables branch-specific learning
Authors: Wybo Willem A.M. , Torben-Nielsen Benjamin , Gewaltig Marc-Oliver 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe dendritic trees of neurons play an important role in the information processing in the brain. While it is tacitly assumed that dendrites require independent compartments to perform most of their computational functions, it is still not understood how they compartmentalize into functional subunits. Here we show how these subunits can be deduced from the structural and electrical properties of dendrites. We devised a mathematical formalism that links the dendritic arborization to an impedance-based tree-graph and show how the topology of this tree-graph reveals independent dendritic compartments. This analysis reveals that coopera-tivity between synapses decreases less than depolarization with increasing electrical separation, and thus that surprisingly few independent subunits coexist on dendritic trees. We nevertheless find that balanced inputs or shunting inhibition can modify this topology and increase the number and size of compartments in a context-dependent, temporal manner. We also find that this dynamic recompartmentalization can enable branch-specific learning of stimulus features.