bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are the key issues faced by organic producers?
Authors: Wynen E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Concerns facing organic producers can be divided into two main groups, production and marketing. In the early days of the organic industry, the production problems of farmers were emphasized, and research topics were often concentrated on soil, pests and diseases. More recently, as the industry matures and international trade of organic products has grown, the importance of market-related issues has come to the fore. On the one hand, the need for harmonization of standards and acceptance of equivalence for market development, which would facilitate international trade, is recognized. On the other hand, a more serious push towards domestic consumption seems afoot, which would advantage domestic farmers but disadvantage producers in exporting countries.
Consumer preferences for organic foods.
Authors: Wier M. , Hansen L. G. , Andersen L. M. , Millock K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The Danish market for organic foods is especially well suited for consumer analyses because it is relatively mature, meaning that it does not suffer seriously from the supply shortages and barriers that dominate most of the markets outside Denmark. The well-functioning Danish market makes it possible to collect and analyse reliable data on purchases. Our study distinguishes itself by being based on observations of stated as well as actual purchasing behaviour of a large number of organic as well as conventional foods. The project applies information at the individual household level (panel data), which makes possible a detailed and informative approach. The panel data were provided by a marketing research company. In addition, the modelling is supported by a questionnaire, surveying households in the very same panel as applied in the model estimations. An essential feature and the ultimate strength of the project is that it can reveal differences between actual and postulated behaviour and enlarge the analyses by information on attitudes, values, food habits/eating patterns and food interests. In the paper, preliminary results from the project are presented.
The role of research, information and communication.
Authors: Michelsen J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Organic agriculture distinguishes itself from other production systems by values that oppose certain mainstream agricultural practices. These values are in tune with policy instruments that attempt to change citizens' behaviour via communication, i.e. involving citizens' attitudes and social norms. Communication in support of organic agriculture takes place in the domains of agriculture policy, the farming community and the food market as well as within institutional settings that coordinate activities across domains. Available evidence from initial comparative studies in Europe suggest that the distinction between organic and mainstream agriculture institutions is weak within the farming community, but strong within agricultural policy. Public policies based on certification and financial support seem to have had limited impact on organic agriculture development. Finally, it seems that differences in organic agriculture development among European countries are positively related to institutional changes and continuing interrelations across domains and between organic and mainstream agricultural institutions.
Dutch policy on organic agriculture: a market-oriented approach.
Authors: Nuytens-Vaarkamp G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The organic share in the total agricultural surface in the Netherlands is relatively small: 1.9% of the total agricultural area is under organic management. Dutch citizens want a sustainable form of agriculture, and organic farming has a pioneering role in this. In its efforts to promote organic farming, Dutch policy takes a market-oriented approach but the emphasis is on establishing cooperation between market players with the demands of the public and consumers as the guiding and controlling principle. Market players have formed a Task Force made up of representatives from all the links in the chain. In a chain plan, the parties set out targets to develop the market for the product group concerned. In order to communicate effectively the Task Force has drawn up a joint communication plan to improve the harmonization between supply and demand and further the development of the organic chain. The first results are promising: agreements have been concluded in the pig production sector and more are likely to follow for organic bread, beef, fruit and vegetables. A first evaluation of the current chain approach will be made by the end of 2002 to determine whether it can replace the current subsidy scheme for the primary producer who wishes to convert to organic production.
Forest climbing plants of West Africa: introduction.
Authors: Bongers F. , Parren M. P. E. , Swaine M. D. , Traoré D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The rainforests of Upper Guinea extend from Senegal to Togo and are separated from the rest of the West African forest by the Dahomey Gap: an extension of savannah from the Sahel to the Gulf of Guinea. The Upper Guinea forest zone harbours a large number of animal and plant species, and has been earmarked as one of the world's hotspots of diversity. This region is under threat, however, from conversion for agriculture and from logging, and is becoming increasingly fragmented. This introductory chapter presents an overview of the book and examines the climbers of the West African forests, particularly those of Upper Guinea, including their role in the forest ecosystem.
Climber abundance, diversity and colonisation in degraded forests of different ages in Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Kuzee M. E. , Bongers F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The sustainable management of degraded forests is intrinsically linked with the management of climbers, i.e. woody lianas as well as herbaceous vines. They are a natural component of most forests but tend to be more conspicuous in disturbed areas, such as gaps, fragmented forests, forest edges, logged-over forests and forests that have suffered hurricane damage. A study was undertaken in the Forêt Monogaga Forest Reserves in southwest Côte d'Ivoire and sought to answers questions on climber diversity. Which climbers grow more commonly in degraded forests? What is the occurrence of rare species in degraded forests compared to mature forests? Does climber diversity alter as forests mature and, if so, what are the patterns observed? The study showed that in degraded forest climbers are abundant and diverse. However, even though recently cleared sites are high in light levels, the limited availability of small trees constrains climber abundance and distribution.
Climbing plants in Ghanaian forests.
Authors: Swaine M. D. , Hawthorne W. D. , Bongers F. , Toledo Aceves M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The total number of forest climbers in Ghana has been recorded as 604 but this number has increased to 634 following further research and taxonomic revisions as the taxa become better known. The focus of this paper is on woody climbers (lianes), and the variation in liana biology and ecology is described for the commoner Ghanaian species. These features are related to their distribution and the forest environment across the country.
Taxonomy, population dynamics and utilisation of the rattan palms of the Upper Guinea forests of West Africa.
Authors: Sunderland T. C. H. , Beligné V. , Bonnéhin L. , Ebanyenle E. , Oteng-Amoako A. , Zouzou E. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The stems of the climbing palms or rattans of Upper Guinea play a significant role in the forest economy of the region through the utilization of the inner stems, or cane, for furniture and the manufacture of household commodities in many rural areas. This chapter summarizes the knowledge available on population dynamics and the abundance of the resource under different harvesting regimes. Market aspects and related information on management strategies are also presented.
Utilisation of climbers in two forest reserves in West Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Tra Bi F. H. , Kouamé F. N. , Traoré D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter reports a detailed study in two forest reserves in western Côte d'Ivoire, Haut-Sassandra and Scio. These two were chosen as they are relatively well preserved and are among the Society for Forest Development (SODEFOR) pilot forests holding relatively large numbers of agricultural immigrants who depend on the forests to satisfy their health, housing and handicraft needs. The uses and application of forest climbers are reported. A total of 114 species were used by the populations in both forest areas, from 83 genera and 35 families. Some 83 were used medicinally, 9 for oral hygiene, 16 as aphrodisiacs, and 4 for magical properties. Food (30 species), craft work (25 species), construction (19 species), and hunting and fishing (8 species) were the other uses.
Climbers after logging: the case of Haut-Sassandra.
Authors: Kouamé F. N. , Traoré D. , Bongers F. , Poorter L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter analyses how logging operations affect the abundance, size and richness of climbers in the Haut-Sassandra forest, Côte d'Ivoire. The authors compare climber performance in disturbed areas resulting from logging operations with neighbouring much less disturbed areas. Three comparisons are made of forest zones that differ in logging disturbance: (1) skid tracks and loading areas; (2) border zones and centre zones; and (3) old and young skid tracks. Light availability and soil disruption increase along these disturbance gradients. The performance of climbers does not show the same response to the three logging-related disturbance gradients. Loading area centres have a higher climber density than track centres. Logging damage is probably responsible for a reduction in climber basal area in track and loading area centres to their respective border zones. Woody climbers and non-pioneers that do not need strong light are more abundant in borders, whereas the herbaceous and pioneer climbers are predominant in the centres. Track age did not affect climber parameters studied.
Management of climbers in the forests of West Africa.
Authors: Parren M. P. E. , Bongers F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Climbers in tropical forests need to be managed because they have a role in the forest ecosystem, are important for local populations in a variety of ways, and may have adverse effects during forest exploitation. Several aspects are considered in this chapter including climber abundance and species richness, why management interventions are needed, climber cutting in silvicultural systems, and the effects of fire on climbers.
Marketing entertainment.
Authors: Walmsley B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the role of marketing in the entertainment industries and focuses on what differentiates the marketing of entertainment-related products and experiences from other forms of marketing. After a review of various definitions of marketing and of the key underlying principles of the marketing concept and mix, it applies some of the theories and frameworks of experiential marketing to the entertainment industries and explores how these relate to the needs, expectations and desires of the audiences, visitors and consumers of 21st-century entertainment. The chapter covers strategic planning for marketing campaigns; market research and consumer behaviour; segmentation, targeting and positioning; pricing; marketing communications; digital marketing; and branding.
Consultancy.
Authors: Woodward S. , Peacock A. , McQuitty P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explains the role of the management consultant in the entertainment sector and explores the practical steps they take as they provide well-informed, expert recommendations to the industry. A case study from leading UK heritage consultancy PLB Ltd describes what happened when they were commissioned by Oxford City Council to identify a way forward for the struggling Museum of Oxford.
Tourism, hospitality and events facilities.
Authors: Dale C. , Hassanien A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter outlines what is meant by a tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facility and explores the different levels of facilities. This includes primary, sub and ancillary facilities. This categorization helps in understanding the relationship, management and development of THE facilities. This chapter also considers the scope and different types of THE facilities. This acknowledges that the scope of facilities management should encompass stakeholder groups and the breadth of THE facilities and attractions. A discussion of the characteristics of services and their influence on facility decision making is also provided.
Project management.
Authors: Robinson P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter focuses on project management in tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. As the chapter explains, this incorporates the key management principles of planning, organizing, leading, coordinating and controlling project resources. The chapter acknowledges the uniqueness of some of the projects that may be carried out in facilities and categorizes these within an uncertainty/complexity typology framework. The chapter also explores how projects should be managed if they are to be carried out successfully.
Physical evidence.
Authors: Mudie P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores the physical evidence of a tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facility. As the chapter explains, this is crucial for reducing the sense of intangibility that a customer experiences when purchasing a THE facility service. The chapter recognizes the importance of atmosphere in a THE facility and how this can be generated. This encapsulates the 'servicescape' model for the effective design of the facility and how this can affect the customer experience. This includes the interaction of the facility with the human senses, with different stimuli such as music and colour having a profound impact on the customer experience.
Corporate social responsibility.
Authors: O'Shea M. , Alonso A. D. , Krajsic V. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter explores corporate social responsibility for tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. It recognizes the growing expectation for organizations to demonstrate transparency in their ethical and social principles. The chapter provides debates surrounding corporate social responsibility and drivers for its growing prevalence. It notes the focus of THE facilities towards goals and objectives that reflect more than just the financial bottom line. This is being empowered by key stakeholder needs and expectations that embrace customers and communities.
Sustainable facilities design and management.
Authors: Conlin M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter acknowledges the strategic value of sustainable development for facility developers, owners, operators and managers. It explores the origin and growth of sustainable development in the tourism, hospitality and events (THE) sector, the motivators for developers, owners and operators of THE facilities to adopt sustainable policies and practices, and investigates current issues in sustainable design and management in the THE sector. The chapter highlights the widespread adoption of a sustainable management agenda and the legislative and regulatory environment as key factors for motivating THE facility managers, operators and developers to adopt sustainable practices in their design principles. Certification programmes such as the LEED and Living Building Challenge, which the chapter explains, have engendered these design principles. Such programmes have made it commonplace for facility managers, developers and operators to embed sustainability in their day-to-day working practices.
Leadership.
Authors: Taylor J. S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses leadership as a key competence for tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. It acknowledges that the area of leadership is complex and encompasses a range of different theories. The central tenet is to engineer innovation and creativity among those responsible for the management, development and operation of the facility. The chapter goes on to discuss leadership in the context of a group process; a personality or behaviour; and as a power, transformational or skills perspective.
Entrepreneurship and facilities management.
Authors: Tassiopoulos D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter discusses the theory of entrepreneurship in the context of tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. Innovation and creativity are central tenets of entrepreneurial thinking. In addition to this, the chapter notes that entrepreneurship also pertains to the effective management of resources for exploiting opportunities to fulfil customer needs. The chapter also acknowledges the strategic role of entrepreneurship and opportunities for value creation in THE facilities.
The role of work process knowledge in managing facilities.
Authors: Marr S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter addresses the issue of work process knowledge in tourism, hospitality and events (THE) facilities. As well as defining the phenomenon, the chapter highlights the importance of work process knowledge in THE facilities, recognizing the organization, the individual and customers as the key drivers. An understanding of work process knowledge has the potential to help THE facility managers and employees to provide better customer service. Conversely, the chapter acknowledges how a lack of understanding can ultimately result in service failure. The chapter then explores factors that affect work process knowledge and how facility managers can develop work process knowledge among their staff. In this respect, the chapter noted the importance of work process knowledge issues concerning communication, flexibility, size and complexity of operations, worker attitudes and seasonality to the effective management of the THE facility.
Introduction to tourism and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter has introduced the reader to the basic background of information technology, its development and evolution over the centuries and its status today. Aspects of computer hardware and software have been described, giving the reader an understanding of the scope of this important phenomenon. The chapter has described various models of how technology is adopted by organizations in general. It goes on to explain the uniqueness of the tourism industry, its characteristics and size that make it such a heavy user of information technology. The ways in which technology can be used strategically in tourism is also discussed. The chapter ends with a schematic diagram explaining the layout of the book.
The digital tourism landscape.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In summary, we have examined the digital landscape from different disciplinary perspectives. First, we adopted the analogy of an ecosystem to explore the broader role that IT plays to fulfill the functions of inspiration, acquisition, experience and reflection. Second, we explained that socio-technical factors influences technological change. We have also demonstrated how an understanding of economic or industry innovation cycles can help travel organizations make strategic decisions about their technology adoptions. Third, we used ideas from psychology and consumer behavior to understand how and why travelers use IT. Finally, we discussed how travelers connect with suppliers through various channels using a distribution systems perspective. Our analysis moved between the macro (economies and industries), the meso (organizations) and the micro (individuals). Together, these perspectives provide theoretical foundations for understanding concepts in later chapters.
The Internet and the tourist.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter has explored some of the key concepts required to understand the Internet and its application to the travel industry. We have examined the historical evolution of the Internet. Although its widespread commercial use has only been since the 1990s, it is clear from this chapter and others that this channel has had a profound effect on the structure of the tourism industry. Travel was an early adopter of this new technology and has continued to lead many other industries, but the Internet is still in its infancy. There are also many tourism organizations that have not leveraged the power of the Internet. As the number of devices that can connect the Internet continues to grow it will become critical for organizations to develop strategies, processes and digital resources to support their virtual presence.
Surface transport and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Information technology is successfully being used to make land and water transport more efficient and smooth for passengers and operators. As travelers increase in number, the need for efficient use of highways and waterways increases. Intelligent Transportation Systems are the framework for these developments. The individual companies in land transport need to be aware of the various technologies discussed above to operate more efficiently. They will all need, over time, to install on-board computer systems as part of a more intelligent transportation system. Intermodal transport is likely to become more prevalent in the future, and will make more demands on computer systems used by transport companies. Intermodal reservations and ticketing will require more connectivity between individual companies' computer systems and standardization of documents and databases. All aspiring tourist destinations need to carefully examine the benefits provided by the systems discussed above. Ignoring these technologies can only produce more chaotic, congested, slow transport systems, which many travelers will no longer tolerate. The success of a tourist destination depends heavily on the quality of its transport system.
Hospitality information systems.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Sheldon P. J. , Fesenmaier D. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter has examined the use of IT in the hospitality sector. Its initial lag in IT use behind other travel sectors is starting to be overcome. But hospitality remains essentially a "high touch" service-based industry requiring the judicious use of technology. Experience has shown, however, that the appropriate use of technology can increase efficiency, so that more human and financial resources can be funneled into personal service and more satisfied guests. The Internet, social media and mobile technology are providing new opportunities for hotels to connect with customers. Faced with human resource challenges, hospitality must redefine its use of technology to substitute for labor but also raise hospitality jobs to higher levels, and turn hospitality employees into knowledge workers. To gain a competitive edge, hospitality managers must creatively apply the technology and the knowledge it provides. If they can turn data into real knowledge to improve decision-making and customer satisfaction, they are likely to succeed in the future.