bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AVALIAÇÃO DA BIOQUÍMICA SANGUÍNEA EM ÉGUAS GESTANTES
Authors: Andreazzi Márcia Aparecida , Cavalieri Fábio Bim , Emanuelli Isabele Picada , Sandri Vanessa Dos Santos , Barizão Guilherme , Simonelli Sandra Maria 
Published: April 2016

Para que ocorra o desenvolvimento fisiológico da gestação é necessário que o animal receba uma alimentação equilibrada e que esteja em boas condições corporais, garantindo o sucesso da criação. Exames do perfil bioquímico sérico são realizados, rotineiramente, em éguas gestantes, pois constituem dados básicos importantes sobre as condições destes animais, contudo, existem, na literatura, variações nos parâmetros de referência, em função do manejo, da raça, idade, peso vivo e do período gestacional. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os níveis de proteínas totais, albumina, ureia, creatinina e glicose no sangue de 8 éguas gestantes, no 6º mês de gestação, e 8 éguas vazias. Foram coletadas amostras de 10 mL de sangue, por punção venojugular e encaminhadas ao laboratório. As dosagens foram realizadas empregando-se kits comercias e o equipamento Bioplus 2000. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) nos níveis séricos de albumina, ureia e glicose entre as éguas vazias e gestantes. Entretanto, verificou-se efeito significativo (P<0,05) nos níveis de proteínas totais e creatinina, evidenciando níveis maiores destas moléculas no grupo das éguas gestantes, contudo, cabe ressaltar que os valores encontrados estão de acordo com alguns valores de referências citados na literatura. Sugere-se que mais pesquisas devam ser realizadas, visando a padronização dos valores de referência para éguas gestantes.
TREINAMENTO COM MODELOS ARTIFICIAIS PARA COLETA DE SANGUE EM CÃES: ESTUDO CEGO RANDOMIZADO
Authors: Ponczek Clara Alita Corona , Ribeiro Camila Lopes , Stedile Rafael , Oliveira Simone Tostes 
Published: April 2016

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a utilidade de modelos artificiais para treinamento de coleta de sangue em cães e o aprendizado proporcionado por eles. Participaram do estudo 40 estudantes de medicina veterinária sem experiência prévia em coleta de sangue. Estes foram divididos igual e aleatoriamente em dois grupos, “teste" e "controle". Ambos os grupos receberam treinamento teórico, e apenas o grupo “teste” recebeu treinamento em modelos artificiais para simulação de coleta de sangue em cães. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos coletaram sangue em 40 cães. Os estudantes tiveram seu desempenho durante a coleta registrado por três avaliadores cegos, e responderam a um questionário. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes exato de Fisher e qui-quadrado, considerando significativo p<0,05. Também foram calculados o risco relativo, redução relativa e absoluta de risco para a dificuldade à coleta. Em relação à dificuldade de coleta, a redução relativa de risco foi de 0,33, a redução absoluta de risco foi de 0,15 e o risco relativo foi de 0,67, mostrando que os estudantes que receberam treinamento prévio possuíram menor dificuldade para coleta de sangue do que aqueles que não receberam. A maioria dos estudantes avaliou positivamente o treinamento prático. A avaliação subjetiva, através dos comentários dos alunos nas questões abertas, se mostrou favorável ao uso dos modelos como etapa de treinamento, apesar de não haver diferença estatística na avaliação geral. Conclui-se que o uso dos modelos artificiais de coleta de sangue foi útil para preparar o estudante que nunca coletou sangue, para uma primeira coleta em um animal.
MALLART, Fábio. 2014. Cadeias dominadas: a Fundação Casa, suas dinâmicas e as trajetórias de jovens internos. São Paulo: Terceiro Nome. 264 p.
Authors: Januzzi Vinicius Prado 
Published: April 2016

Resenha do livro Cadeias dominadas: a Fundação Casa, suas dinâmicas e as trajetórias de jovens internos, de autoria de Fábio Mallart
Diagnosis, referral, and primary treatment decisions in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients in a multidisciplinary diagnostic assessment program
Authors: Guy David , Ghanem Gabriella , Loblaw Andrew , Buckley Roger , Persaud Beverly , Cheung Patrick , Chung Hans , Danjoux Cyril , Morton Gerard , Noakes Jeff , Spevack Les , Hajek David , Flax Stanley 
Published: April 2016

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> We aimed to report on data from the multidisciplinary diagnostic assessment program (DAP) at the Gale and Graham Wright Prostate Centre (GGWPC) at North York General Hospital (NYGH). We assessed referral, diagnosis, and treatment decisions for newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PCa) patients as seen over time, risk stratification, and clinic type to establish a deeper understanding of current decision-making trends.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> From June 2007 to April 2012, 1277 patients who were diagnosed with PCa at the GGWPC were included in this study. Data was collected and reviewed retrospectively using electronic patient records.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> 1031 of 1260 patients (81.8%) were seen in a multidisciplinary clinic (MDC). Over time, a decrease in low-risk (LR) diagnoses and an increase intermediate-risk (IR) diagnoses was observed<br />(p&lt;0.0001). With respect to overall treatment decisions 474 (37.1%) of patients received primary radiotherapy, 340 (26.6%) received surgical therapy, and 426 (33.4%) had conservative management;<br />57% of patients who were candidates for active surveillance were managed this way. No significant treatment trends were observed over time (p=0.8440). Significantly, different management decisions<br />were made in those who attended the MDC compared to those who only saw a urologist (p&lt;0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In our DAP, the vast majority of patients presented with screen-detected disease, but there was a gradual shift from low- to intermediate-risk disease over time. Timely multidisciplinary<br />consultation was achievable in over 80% of patients and was associated with different management decisions. We recommend that all patients at risk for prostate cancer be worked up in a multidisciplinary DAP.</p>
Immunity: Humoral and Cellular
Authors: Harrison Leonard C 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The immune system evolved to recognise and combat infectious pathogens. The ability to discriminate between normal self and nonself is a critical property of the immune system which enables it to eradicate pathogens without causing autoimmune disease and harming the host. The first line of defence, the older ‘innate’ immune system of cells (granulocytes, monocytes–macrophages, natural killer and other innate lymphoid cells) and soluble mediators (cytokines, chemokines and complement factors), provides a rapid, short‐lived response to a broad range of generic pathogen‐associated molecules. Innate immunity primes the second line of defence, the ‘adaptive’ immune system, first present in jawed vertebrates, comprising lymphocytes (T cells and antibody‐producing B cells) with highly specific antigen receptors and antigenic memory. Dendritic cells are a type of innate immune cell that links innate and adaptive immunity by their ability to present antigens to T cells. The spatial framework of the immune system with its mobile and fixed elements is described herein.

Key Concepts

The immune system is designed to recognise, react to and eradicate ‘nonself’, in particular infectious pathogens.

The immune system comprises fixed and mobile elements.

The elements of the immune system sequentially mediate innate immunity, providing a rapid, broad defence and adaptive immunity, providing highly specific, long‐lasting defences.

The exquisite specificity and diversity of adaptive immunity is based on postgenetic, somatic hypermutation‐ and recombination‐based polymorphism of the receptors for antigens on T and B cells, and of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that bind antigenic peptides recognised by T‐cell receptors.

Nonspecific costimulation via surface‐interacting molecules or soluble cytokines and chemokines shapes the differentiation of T and B cells in the adaptive immune response.

Immune responses are highly context‐dependent, being influenced by the local immune and nonimmune environment, and the epigenetic regulation of immune genes.
Thymidylate Synthesis
Authors: Field Martha S , Stover Patrick J , Kisliuk Roy 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThymidylate is a component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and is synthesised from thede novoor nucleotide salvage pathways. Many cell types rely on the salvage pathway, but often this is insufficient. Thymidylate is synthesisedde novofrom deoxyuridylate and methylenetetrahydrofolate by thymidylate synthase (TYMS), with the enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) or methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) which are required to regenerate methylenetetrahydrofolate. Thede novosynthesis pathway forms a nuclear complex at the nuclear lamina at sites of DNA replication. DNA polymerases do not distinguish between deoxyuridylate and thymidylate, and when thymidylate synthesis is insufficient, uracil is misincorporated into DNA. This can lead to futile cycles of DNA repair and subsequent DNA single‐ and double‐strand breaks. Impairedde novothymidylate synthesis can result in neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Inhibitors of TYMS and DHFR impair cell replication and have been used in the treatment of cancer.Key ConceptsThymidylate (deoxythymidine 5′‐monophosphate, 5‐methyluracil‐2′‐deoxyriboside‐5′‐phosphate, dTMP) (Figure1) is an essential metabolite required for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and repair.Thymidylate can be synthesised through a salvage pathway orde novothrough a folate‐dependent pathway.Thymidylate synthesis through both the salvage andde novopathways occurs in the nucleus and mitochondria.Thymidylate biosynthesis in the nucleus functions during DNA replication and repair.Thymidylate synthesis occurs at a greater rate during DNA replication when cells are in S‐phase of the cell cycle.De novothymidylate biosynthesis is impaired by folate or vitamin B12 deficiency.Impairedde novothymidylate biosynthesis causes uracil misincorporation into DNA and DNA instability.Thymidylate synthesis enzymes have been successfully targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of several types of cancers.Common polymorphisms in the TYMS gene are associated with cancer risk.Inhibition of thymidylate biosynthesis can cause a class of common birth defect known as neural tube defects, as well as severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) and megaloblastic anaemia.
Actinobacteria
Authors: Trujillo Martha E 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Actinobacteria are Gram‐stain‐positive microorganisms with high guanine plus cytosine content in their genome (>50%). They are quite abundant in soil and aquatic sediments where they participate in the decomposition of organic matter. These bacteria are responsible for the distinctive scent of freshly exposed, moist soil. Actinobacteria are morphologically diverse ranging from coccoid, fragmenting hyphal forms to those with a highly differentiated branched mycelium. Many of these bacteria also produce external spores resistant to UV (ultraviolet) light and dehydration. Most actinobacteria are saprophytic microorganisms but several genera are important human, animal and plant pathogens. They are major producers of medically important antibiotics, especially members of the genus
Streptomyces
, the most abundant group. On the basis of 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene sequences, the phylum actinobacteria contains almost 300 genera but new taxa continue to be discovered.

Key Concepts

The phylum actinobacteria is one of the largest groups in the domain Bacteria.

Actinobacteria are Gram‐positive bacteria with a high guanine plus cytosine content in their genome.

Morphologically, actinobacteria are quite diverse ranging from cocci to complex filaments which form a mycelium and produce specialised reproductive structures called spores.

Actinobacteria are chemoorganotrophic and play an important role in the biodegradation and recycling of organic matter.

Actinobacteria are mainly aerobes with an oxidative metabolism, but several species are facultative anaerobes or even strict anaerobes.

Actinobacteria are widespread in soil but they are also present in marine and freshwater sediments, mangrove ecosystems and inside plant tissues.

Most actinobacteria are free‐living microorganisms, but several species are important plant and animal pathogens.

Actinobacteria are unsurpassed in their ability to produce many useful compounds with application in medicine, agriculture and industry.

Genomic sequence data has revealed that actinobacteria have the potential to produce far more secondary metabolites than previously thought.
Evolution of the Growth Hormone Receptor Family
Authors: Sheridan Mark A 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe growth hormone receptor (GHR) family includes receptors for growth hormone and prolactin receptor (PRLR). GHRs and PRLRs are membrane receptors that possess several evolutionarily conserved features: a hormone‐binding extracellular domain, a single‐chain transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain important for activating intracellular signal systems that mediate cell‐specific responses. PRLRs diverged early from a common GHR/PRLR in jawless fish (e.g. Agnathans), followed by subsequent divergence of GHRs in the Actinopterygian lineage that gave rise to teleosts and in the Sarcopterygian lineage that gave rise to tetrapods. Structural heterogeneity of GHRs in teleosts results from the existence of multiple genes that arose through a series of independent gene duplication events during the course of their evolution and from alternative transcripts of a single gene. Differential receptor–ligand interactions, differential receptor–cell signalling system interactions and the differential expression of alternate GHR forms underlie the vast array of functions elicited by GH.Key ConceptsGrowth hormone regulates many processes, including growth, metabolism, osmoregulation, reproduction and behaviour.Growth hormone receptors are single‐pass membrane‐bound receptors that mediate the actions of growth hormone.The growth hormone receptor family arose through a series of gene duplication events during the course of vertebrate evolution.The multiple actions of growth hormone arise from binding to variant forms of growth hormone receptor and from activation of alternate cell signalling pathways.
Sensitizing Potential Jurors to Variations in Eyewitness Evidence Quality Using Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Rodriguez Dario N. , Berry Melissa A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryJurors often have difficulty evaluating eyewitness testimony. Counterfactual thinking is a type of mental simulation that informs causal inference. Encouraging jurors to think counterfactually about eyewitness factors may sensitize them to these factors' causal influence on eyewitness identification and testimony accuracy, improving their overall judgments (such as verdicts). One hundred twenty‐one undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to read a scenario containing either high‐quality or low‐quality eyewitness evidence and to evaluate eyewitness factors adopting either their default or a counterfactual mindset via a question‐order manipulation. Logistic regressions and analyses of variance revealed that a counterfactual mindset lowered perceptions of eyewitness accuracy and guilty verdicts (compared with the default mindset) when the evidence was poor; a counterfactual mindset, however, did not increase perceptions of accuracy and guilty verdicts when evidence was strong. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying these effects and identify several potential avenues for future research.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validated method for modeling anthropoid hip abduction in silico
Authors: Hammond Ashley S. , Plavcan J. Michael , Ward Carol V. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe ability to reconstruct hip joint mobility from femora and pelves could provide insight into the locomotion and paleobiology of fossil primates. This study presents a method for modeling hip abduction in anthropoids validated with in vivo data.MethodsHip abduction simulations were performed on a large sample of anthropoids. The modeling approach integrates three‐dimensional (3D) polygonal models created from laser surface scans of bones, 3D landmark data, and shape analysis software to digitally articulate and manipulate the hip joint. Range of femoral abduction (degrees) and the abducted knee position (distance spanned at the knee during abduction) were compared with published live animal data.ResultsThe models accurately estimate knee position and (to a lesser extent) angular abduction across broad locomotor groups. They tend to underestimate abduction for acrobatic or suspensory taxa, but overestimate it in more stereotyped taxa. Correspondence between in vivo and in silico data varies at the specific and generic level.ConclusionsOur models broadly correspond to in vivo data on hip abduction, although the relationship between the models and live animal data is less straightforward than hypothesized. The models can predict acrobatic or stereotyped locomotor adaptation for taxa with values near the extremes of the range of abduction ability. Our findings underscore the difficulties associated with modeling complex systems and the importance of validating in silico models. They suggest that models of joint mobility can offer additional insight into the functional abilities of extinct primates when done in consideration of how joints move and function in vivo. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:529–548, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A national survey examining recognition, demand for antivenom, and overall level of preparedness for redback spider bites in Japan
Authors: Hifumi Toru , Okazaki Tomoya , Manabe Arisa , Hamaya Hideyuki , Egawa Satoshi , Fujimi Satoshi , Yamamoto Akihiko , Koido Yuichi , Abe Yuko , Kawakita Kenya , Umezawa Kazuo , Kuroda Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2016

AimRedback spiders are rapidly becoming a nationwide problem in Japan. The domestic production of antivenom for redback spider bites has been started because of extremely low supply. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of emergency physicians to recognize redback spider bites and to examine the demand for antivenom and identify the ideal choice for storage.MethodsQuestionnaires examining the ability to recognize redback spider bites, the demand for antivenom, and overall level of preparedness were sent to 271 emergency medical service centers in Japan in March 2015.ResultsCompleted questionnaires were returned by 156 medical institutions (58%). Only 25% of the institutes correctly answered regarding the recognition of redback spider bites. A demand for the new, domestically produced antivenom was reported by 55% of the institutes. Antivenom demand was high and increased with the ability to recognize redback spider bites (0 correct answers, n = 24 [42.9%]; 1–2 answers, n = 32 [55.2%]; three answers, n = 28 [71.8%]; P = 0.02). The storage of antivenom within their prefectures or regions was the best option for initial supply planning. Approximately 90% of the emergency centers showed an ability to use the antivenom safely.ConclusionThe recognition of redback spider bites was low; however, the demand for antivenom was high. The storage of antivenom within their own prefectures or regions was considered to be the best option for initial supply planning. Emergency medical service centers are also good candidates for storage and safe use of antivenom.
A Photoferroelectric Perovskite‐Type Organometallic Halide with Exceptional Anisotropy of Bulk Photovoltaic Effects
Authors: Sun Zhihua , Liu Xitao , Khan Tariq , Ji Chengmin , Asghar Muhammad Adnan , Zhao Sangen , Li Lina , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPerovskite‐type ferroelectrics composed of organometallic halides are emerging as a promising alternative to conventional photovoltaic devices because of their unique photovoltaic effects (PVEs). A new layered perovskite‐type photoferroelectric, bis(cyclohexylaminium) tetrabromo lead (1), is presented. The material exhibits an exceptional anisotropy of bulk PVEs. Upon photoexcitation, superior photovoltaic behaviors are created along its inorganic layers, which are composed of corner‐sharing PbBr6 octahedra. Semiconducting activity with remarkable photoconductivity is achieved in the vertical direction, showing sizeable on/off current ratios (>104), which compete with the most active photovoltaic material CH3NH3PbI3. In 1 the temperature‐dependence of photovoltage coincides fairly well with that of polarization, confirming the dominant role of ferroelectricity in such highly anisotropic PVEs. This finding sheds light on bulk PVEs in ferroelectric materials, and promotes their application in optoelectronic devices.
A Visible‐Light‐Promoted O‐Glycosylation with a Thioglycoside Donor
Authors: Spell Mark L. , Deveaux Kristina , Bresnahan Caitlin G. , Bernard Bradley L. , Sheffield William , Kumar Revati , Ragains Justin R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractVisible‐light irradiation of 4‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐3‐butenylthioglucoside donors in the presence of Umemoto's reagent and alcohol acceptors serves as a mild approach to O‐glycosylation. Visible‐light photocatalysts are not required for activation, and alkyl‐ and arylthioglycosides not bearing the p‐methoxystyrene are inert to these conditions. Experimental and computational evidence for an intervening electron donor–acceptor complex, which is necessary for reactivity, is provided. Yields with primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol acceptors range from moderate to high. Complete β‐selectivity can be attained through neighboring‐group participation.
Synthesis and evaluation of compatibilizer based on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) for PET/LDPE blends
Authors: Mancera‐García Karen Mariana , Waldo‐Mendoza Miguel Angel , Escobar‐Barrios Vladimir Alonso 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe present work considers the evaluation of recycled polymers, which are generally incompatible and are degraded during recycling with fatal consequences to their thermal and mechanical properties. Regarding this subject, the synthesis of a new compatibilizer in network form was carried out in order to counter such incompatibility. In this sense, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were compatibilized via the implementation of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), which was specifically synthesized to possess chemical groups that are akin to both plastics, PET and LDPE. The effects of the relative amount of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in the compatibilizer and the amount in the blends of PET/LDPE were evaluated. The results show that mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion of PET/LDPE blends were modified and improved with the addition of the synthesized compatibilizer compared with a commercial compatibilizer (polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride, PE‐g‐AA). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43704.