bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Cefepime in Patients with Cancer and Febrile Neutropenia in the Setting of Hematologic Malignancies or Hematopoeitic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Whited Laura , Grove Meagan , Rose Dusten , Rhodes Nathaniel J. , Scheetz Marc H. , O'Donnell J. Nicholas , Neeb Jessica , Thoele Kelli , Jones David R. , Lowe Christopher , Moore Dawn , Kiel Patrick J. 
Published: August 2016

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate the steady‐state pharmacokinetic parameters of standard cefepime dosing regimens in a hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic cell transplant patient population with febrile neutropenia.DesignOpen‐label, single‐center, prospective pharmacokinetic study.SettingNational Cancer Institute–designated cancer center.PatientsNine adults with hematologic malignancies or hematopoietic cell transplants who had febrile neutropenia and were admitted to a hematology‐oncology service between January and July 2014.InterventionPatients received empirical cefepime 2 g every 8 hours, administered as a 30‐minute intravenous infusion, for febrile neutropenia.Measurements and Main ResultsSteady‐state cefepime serum concentrations were measured after at least 2 days of continuous therapy. Venous blood samples were intensively sampled between 0 and 8 hours after the start of the 30‐minute infusion at steady state. Seven of the nine patients had a hematologic malignancy diagnosis of acute leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma, and two patients had a germ cell tumor diagnosis. Noncompartmental analysis revealed mean ± SD parameters as follows at steady state: area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0–8 hours 222.9 ± 72.9 mg hour/L, maximum concentration 120.9 ± 21.8 mg/L, clearance 9.7 ± 3.7 L/hour, apparent volume of distribution 19.2 ± 4.65 L, and elimination half‐life 1.4 ± 0.3 hours. A one‐compartment pharmacokinetic model identified a mean ± SD volume of distribution of 20.9 ± 1.3 L and an elimination rate constant of 0.39 ± 0.03 hour−1. The mean estimated percentage of time that drug concentration remains above the pathogen minimum inhibitory concentration (fT>MIC) in serum was 55%, 77%, and 99% at MICs of 16, 8, and 4 mg/L, respectively.ConclusionPatients with hematologic malignancies or hematopoietic cell transplants who had febrile neutropenia demonstrated homogeneous calculated cefepime volumes and clearances. The population parameters presented in this study may aid in the calculation of patient‐specific fT>MIC for similar patients.
Mapping insulin non‐covalent interactions with natural polysaccharides by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry
Authors: Elviri Lisa , Bergonzi Carlo , Bianchera Annalisa , Bettini Ruggero 
Published: August 2016

RationaleDrug development efforts involving therapeutic peptides or proteins strongly lead optimization of drug delivery, drug stability, solubility and functionality. The key feature of controlled drug delivery is the use of biocompatible polymers able to interact via non‐covalent bonds with an active principle through multiple functional groups. Here amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry was employed to localize insulin dynamics induced by interactions with three natural polysaccharides, i.e. chitosan (CH), sodium alginate (ALG) and chondroitin sulfate (CS).MethodsLTQ‐Orbitap continuous‐labelling mass spectra were collected by diluting insulin stock solution (10 mM in 0.1% formic acid) to a final concentration of 0.1 mM in D2O containing 1 mM deuterated ammonium acetate (final pH .6) (insulin:polysaccharide ratio 1:2, w/w). For peptide mapping, deuterated samples were quenched after 0.5, 30, 60, 120 minutes exchange by adding HCl (pH ) and digested with pepsin before LC–MS/MS analysis.ResultsDifferences in the insulin backbone dynamics in the presence of the three polysaccharides were highlighted by monitoring peptic peptides at different time points. No significant differences were observed in the presence of CH, whereas the negatively charged ALG and CS were able to induce significant conformational variations at the B‐chain level resulting in more protection against H/D exchange. The A‐chain interacted only with CS reducing the protein mobility on a long time scale (120 min). HDX data evidenced heterogeneous insulin dynamics in the presence of ALG and CS.ConclusionsThe studies reported here demonstrated the capabilities of mass spectrometry techniques and HDX methods to obtain useful information toward the flexibility and the behavior of native insulin in the presence of natural polysaccharides, and could provide insights to study the behavior of pharmaceutical formulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance assessment of a portable mass spectrometer using a linear ion trap operated in non‐scanning mode
Authors: Janulyte Aurika , Zerega Yves , Andre Jacques , Brkic Boris , Taylor Stephen 
Published: August 2016

RationaleThe desire for mass spectrometer portability provides the motivation for simpler, lighter electronics to deliver switched potentials applied to the electrodes of the linear ion trap operated in non‐scanning mode. Using a novel method of modelling and theoretical analysis, we simulate the mass analyser performance under these unfavourable operating conditions.MethodsThe electrical fields are simulated using the Charge Particle Optics software which employs the boundary element method. The ion trajectories are computed from the ion cage of the EI source to the interior of the trap where the ions are confined. The spatial/temporal ion distributions during injection are calculated from the individual ion trajectories computed with constant time‐steps. Due to geometric non‐linearities, βy = 0 lines close to the apex of the stability diagram have been computed for different initial positions with zero initial velocities in order to define the acceptable maximum axial extension.ResultsThe DC potential well depth has been estimated at about 15 eV from the axial velocity distribution, and the minimum time of ion injection at 120 μs from the temporal ion distribution. To ensure a mass separation of one unit and the confinement of the whole of the injected ions, buffer gas cooling is necessary to reduce the trajectory excursion amplitudes to 0.1 and 15 mm in the radial and axial directions, respectively.ConclusionsThe portable mass spectrometer is predicted to achieve a mass resolution of better than one mass unit providing that helium buffer gas is used. An additional cooling sequence has to be added prior to moving the operating point toward the apex. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of Rural Communities Under Climate Change
Authors: Lugo‐Morin Diosey Ramon 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper is a critical analysis with two main objectives: to reflect on climate change and demonstrate the importance of adaptive capacities of social actors in rural areas; and to establish how ethnocompetitiveness is fundamental in the mentioned adaptive process. The analysis highlights two key elements that are part of a functional ethnocompetitiveness: local knowledge and management of land resources, allowing for the generation of adaptive capacities to address the inherent biophysical changes associated with climatic variations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A potential contribution of the less negatively charged cell wall to the high aluminum tolerance of Rhodotorula taiwanensis RS1
Authors: Hu Zhen Min , Zhao Xue Qiang , Bao Xue Min , Wang Chao , Wang Wei , Zheng Lu , Lan Ping , Shen Ren Fang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRhodotorula taiwanensis RS1 (Rt) is a high‐aluminum (Al)‐tolerant yeast that can survive Al at concentrations up to 200 mM. In this study, we compared Rt with an Al‐sensitive congeneric strain, R. mucilaginosa AKU 4812 (Rm) and Al sensitive mutant 1 (alsm1) of Rt, to explore the Al tolerance mechanisms of Rt. The growth of Rm was completely inhibited by 1 mM Al, but that of Rt was not inhibited until Al concentration was more than 70 mM. The growth of alsm1 was inhibited much more by 70 mM and 100 mM Al than that of Rt. Compared with Rm cells, Rt cells accumulated less Al in the cell wall and cytoplasm. A time‐course analysis showed that Al was absorbed by Rm cells much more rapidly than by Rt cells when exposed to the same Al concentration. Meanwhile, the Al content of alsm1 was higher than that of Rt. Although the cell wall of Rt was thicker than that of alsm1 and Rm under control and 0.1 mM Al, that of Rt was thinner than that of alsm1 under 70 mM Al despite that their cell walls were thickened. The alcian blue adsorption was lower and cell wall zeta‐potential was higher in Rt and alsm1 than in Rm, indicating a less negative charge of cell wall of Rt and alsm1 than that of Rm. Taken together, the less negatively charged cell wall of Rt may restrict the adsorption of cationic Al in cells, potentially contributing to its high Al tolerance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Quantification of Low‐Viscosity Acetyl‐Triacylglycerols Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bansal Sunil , Durrett Timothy P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAcetyl‐triacylglycerols (acetyl‐TAG) possess an sn‐3 acetate group, which confers useful chemical and physical properties to these unusual triacylglycerols (TAG). Current methods for quantification of acetyl‐TAG are time consuming and do not provide any information on the molecular species profile. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS)‐based methods can overcome these drawbacks. However, the ESI–MS signal intensity for TAG depends on the aliphatic chain length and unsaturation index of the molecule. Therefore response factors for different molecular species need to be determined before any quantification. The effects of the chain length and the number of double‐bonds of the sn‐1/2 acyl groups on the signal intensity for the neutral loss of short chain length sn‐3 groups were quantified using a series of synthesized sn‐3 specific structured TAG. The signal intensity for the neutral loss of the sn‐3 acyl group was found to negatively correlated with the aliphatic chain length and unsaturation index of the sn‐1/2 acyl groups. The signal intensity of the neutral loss of the sn‐3 acyl group was also negatively correlated with the size of that chain. Further, the position of the group undergoing neutral loss was also important, with the signal from an sn‐2 acyl group much lower than that from one located at sn‐3. Response factors obtained from these analyses were used to develop a method for the absolute quantification of acetyl‐TAG. The increased sensitivity of this ESI–MS‐based approach allowed successful quantification of acetyl‐TAG in various biological settings, including the products of in vitro enzyme activity assays.
Relationship between occult hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease in a Chinese population‐based cohort
Authors: Kong Xiang‐Lei , Ma Xiao‐Jing , Su Hong , Xu Dong‐Mei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have revealed inconsistent results regarding the association between occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, we conducted a prospective cohort study to evaluate the association between occult HBV infection and CKD.MethodsA total of 4329 adults, aged 46.2 ± 13.7 years, without CKD at baseline were enrolled while undergoing physical examinations. Occult HBV infection was defined as seropositivity for antibody to HBV core antigen. CKD was defined as decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 60 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2) or presence of proteinuria ≥1+, assessed using a repeated dipstick method. eGFR was computed using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) equation.ResultsThe prevalence of occult HBV infection was 8.1% (352/4329). During 5 years of follow‐up, 165 patients (3.8%) developed CKD. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that occult HBV infection was positively associated with decreased eGFR, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.15 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–4.11). In contrast, occult HBV infection was not associated with either proteinuria or CKD (P > 0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, age, hypertension, diabetes, and the highest quartile of uric acid were associated with CKD, with ORs of 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02–1.05), 2.1 (95% CI: 1.46–3.01), 2.02 (95% CI: 1.36–2.99), and 1.86 (95% CI: 1.17–2.95), respectively. However, occult HBV infection was not associated with CKD, with an OR of 1.12 (95% CI: 0.65–1.95).ConclusionsThis study did not find an association between occult HBV infection and CKD. However, high‐risk patients infected with HBV should still be targeted for monitoring for the development of CKD.
The effects of hematopoietic stem cell transplant on splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis
Authors: Pizzi Marco , Gergis Usama , Chaviano Felicia , Orazi Attilio 
Published: August 2016

Background/objective:
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis (MPN-MF). The main clinical manifestation of MPN-MF is splenomegaly secondary to extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). The effects of HSCT on splenic EMH and associated vascular and stromal changes are unknown. This study compares the findings seen in spleens following HSCT with those of nontransplanted patients, normal controls, and matched bone marrow (BM) samples.

Methods:
This study included three transplanted MPN-MF spleens, three nontransplanted MPNMF spleens, and three normal controls. Spleens were assessed for: (a) presence/extent of EMH; (b) presence of Gamna-Gandy bodies; (c) splenic fibrosis; (d) CD34-positive microvessel density; (e) CD8-positive sinusoids; (f) frequency of smooth muscle actin-positive myoid cells; and (g) nerve growth factor receptor-positive adventitial reticulum cells. In two cases, matched BM samples were assessed for cellularity, presence of atypical megakaryocytes, and fibrosis.

Results:
Compared with normal controls, all MPN-MF spleens were larger in size, had EMH, red pulp fibrosis, higher CD34-positive microvessel density, and decreased CD8-positive sinusoids. Compared with nontransplanted cases, post-HSCT spleens showed disappearance or reduction of EMH. Gamna-Gandy bodies were increased; no differences in the remaining parameters were found. A reduction of splenic EMH was associated with normalization of BM cellularity and megakaryopoiesis.

Conclusion:
HSCT reduces/abrogates splenic EMH and is associated with an increased number of Gamna-Gandy bodies, which may suggest vascular damage. The lack of stromal changes in spleens removed shortly after transplant is in line with similar observations in the BM, where a longer interval is often necessary for resolution of fibrosis.
Product co‐development in an emerging market: The role of buyer‐supplier compatibility and institutional environment
Authors: Wang Jeff Jianfeng , Li Julie Juan , Chang Jeanine 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn emerging markets, supply chains increasingly serve as critical value chains through which ideas, practices and knowledge flow to and from suppliers and buyers. Drawing on buyer‐supplier collaboration literature and organizational learning theory, we examine the antecedents and underlying mechanisms of product co‐development. Due to emerging markets' unique institutional environments, we further investigate how government intervention and guanxi importance moderate supplier‐buyer collaborative outcomes. Dyadic data from 323 supplier‐buyer pairs in China largely support our theoretical framework. Partners' knowledge commonality has a curvilinear (inverted U‐shaped) relationship to product co‐development, whereas goal compatibility has a positive impact on product co‐development. Mutual learning partially mediates the main effect. Furthermore, government intervention weakens the positive effect of mutual learning on product co‐development whereas guanxi importance strengthens this relationship. This research provides fresh theoretical and managerial implications to supply chain collaboration in emerging markets.
Salvage urethroplasty using skin grafts for previously failed long‐segment urethral strictures
Authors: Sevinc Cuneyd , Balaban Muhsin , Ozkaptan Orkunt , Kutlu Necmettin , Karadeniz Tahir 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe a technique using full‐thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) from different parts of the body for salvage urethroplasties and the present outcomes. A total of 24 men underwent urethroplasties for strictures averaging 7.7 cm (range, 5–17 cm) in length, using FTSGs from the inner arm, inner thigh, or abdominal skin. Each of these cases had at least one failed urethroplasty. Twenty‐four patients underwent surgery for 26 urethral strictures, with a mean follow‐up period of 23.2 (5–44) months and a mean operation time of 140 (115–180) minutes. Reconstruction of the urethra with skin grafting was successful in 18 out of the 26 procedures during the first attempt (69%). A “redo” skin grafting was performed for the eight failed cases, with four successful procedures (50%). Overall, the success rate was 84% (22 out of 26 urethral strictures); however, the failed cases developed abscesses and later, ureterocutaneous fistulas. No hair formation from the skin grafts was seen. Skin grafts provide useful alternative graft sources for previously failed long‐segment urethral strictures in which the buccal mucosae are not available or are insufficient for salvage urethroplasties with an acceptable success rate.
A chronology of alluvial fan response to Late Quaternary sea level and climate change, Crete
Authors: Pope Richard J.J. , Candy Ian , Skourtsos Emmanuel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo better understand how fluvial systems respond to late Quaternary climatic forcing OSL and U-series dating was applied to stratigraphically significant sedimentary units within a small (<6.5 km2) alluvial fan system (the Sphakia fan) in southwest Crete. The resultant chronology (comprising 32 OSL and U-series ages) makes Sphakia fan one of the best dated systems in the Mediterranean and suggests that Cretan fans responded to climate in two ways. First, during the transitions between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a/4 and MIS 2/1 Sphakia fan was characterised by significant entrenchment and distal shift in the zone of deposition. It is proposed that the phases of entrenchment were driven by sea level induced base level fall during MIS 5a/4 and landscape stabilisation during the onset of the current interglacial (MIS 2/1). Second, with the exception of these two entrenchment episodes fan alluviation occurred across the entire last interglacial/glacial cycle in all climatic settings i.e. interglacials, interstadials and stadials. It is likely that the topographic setting of the catchment supplying sediment to Sphakia fan maintained high sediment transfer rates during most climatic settings enabling fan aggradation to occur except during major climatic driven transitions i.e. major sea level fall and postglacial vegetation development.
Sporadically‐driven clock‐less in‐pixel multi‐bit energy discriminator for X‐ray spectrometry CMOS PCD imagers
Authors: Kim H.‐S. 
Published: August 2016

A compact size and low‐power multi‐bit energy discriminator circuit is presented for X‐ray spectrometry CMOS photon‐counting detector (PCD) pixels. Because the circuit design is based on an asynchronous linear search, the discriminator with only a single‐comparator classifies a sporadically incoming photon into multiple energy‐bins, resulting in high spatial resolution and functionality of material‐selective imaging. The proposed pixel power required to perform a minimal linear search is significantly less than the power of a conventional parallel search implemented in a flash‐type discriminator. A prototype is fabricated in a 130‐nm CMOS, and a 3‐bit discriminator occupies only 23 × 60 μm2. The circuit dissipates a static power of 1 μW with a power supply of 3.3 V (analogue) and 1.2 V (digital). The inaccuracy of energy‐binning is measured to be 2.6–3.3 mV rms.
Switched‐boost network‐based single‐phase boost DC–AC converter
Authors: Nguyen Minh‐Khai , Cho Geum‐Bae , Lim Young‐Cheol 
Published: August 2016

This study proposes a new single‐phase boost DC–AC converter based on the switched‐boost network. The proposed converter has the following features: (i) the input current is continuous; (ii) the input and output share the same ground; and (iii) the output voltage waveform has only three levels (positive, zero, and negative levels). Compared with the conventional single‐phase half‐bridge Z‐source inverter (HB‐ZSI), the proposed converter uses one additional active switch, but fewer inductors and capacitors. In addition, the peak output voltage of the proposed converter is twice that of the HB‐ZSI for the same shoot‐through duty cycle. The operating principles, parameter design, small‐signal analysis, and comparison with the single‐phase HB‐ZSI are presented. The simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the operating theory of the proposed converter. Finally, an isolated boost DC–DC converter is developed in the experiment with 42 V input and 600 V output as an example for the application of the proposed converter.
Study on the chemical bond structure and chemical stability of N doped into TiO2 film by N ion beam implantation
Authors: Liu Jindong , Zhao Shiping , Wang Hualin , Cui Yunxian , Jiang Weiwei , Liu Shimin , Wang Nan , Liu Chaoqian , Chai Weiping , Ding Wanyu 
Published: August 2016

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) film was deposited by DC pulse magnetron sputtering technique. The surface of TiO2 film was implanted by N ion beam at room temperature and N doped TiO2 (N‐TiO2) film was obtained. X‐ray diffractometer result showed that with the increase of sputtering power, the crystal structure of TiO2 film changed from amorphous to anatase polycrystalline structure. Transmission electron microscopy result revealed that nanoscale clusters existed in amorphous TiO2 film. The bandgap of TiO2 film was about 3.28 ± 0.05 eV. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that N ion was doped into TiO2 film as Ti–N and Ti–NO bonds. With increasing TiO2 film crystallinity, N atom‐percent and ratio of Ti–N to Ti–NO decreased and increased, respectively. TiO2 film deposited with 900 W in sputtering power, N atom‐percent decreased to 6.6 at.% and ratio of Ti–N to Ti–NO increased to 0.81:1. The bandgap of N‐TiO2 film was about 3.02 ± 0.07 eV. N atom‐percent and ratio of Ti–N to Ti–NO kept at 2.73 ± 0.26 at.% and (0.87 ± 0.03):1 for all annealed N‐TiO2 films. The bandgap of annealed N‐TiO2 film was about 3.16 ± 0.03 eV. So, the crystallinity of TiO2 film was one of most important parameters, which influenced the chemical bond structure and chemical stability of N in TiO2 films.
The Causal Effect of Education on Farm‐related Disability: Evidence from a Compulsory Schooling Reform in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Hung‐Hao , Meyerhoefer Chad D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate the causal effect of education on the incidence and severity of farm‐related disability. Our dataset is comprised of 75,708 farmers drawn from the Taiwanese Agriculture Census supplemented with administrative data on farmer disability. Approximately 46% of the farmers in our sample were affected by legislation expanding compulsory schooling from the primary school level to the junior high school level. Utilizing the compulsory schooling reform as a natural experiment for identification, we estimated an instrumental variable two‐part model of the incidence and severity of disability, where the latter is measured using the number of disabled days for farmers aged from 35 to 45. We find that greater educational attainment significantly reduced the likelihood of farm‐related disability as well as the severity of disability. Two potential mechanisms for this effect were fewer on‐farm work days and less use of chemical inputs to farm production among more educated farmers.