bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas/solid carbon branching ratios in surface‐mediated reactions and the incorporation of carbonaceous material into planetesimals
Authors: Nuth Joseph A. , Johnson Natasha M. , Ferguson Frank T. , Carayon Alicia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe report the ratio of the initial carbon available asCOthat forms gas‐phase compounds compared to the fraction that deposits as a carbonaceous solid (the gas/solid branching ratio) as a function of time and temperature for iron, magnetite, and amorphous iron silicate smoke catalysts during surface‐mediated reactions in an excess of hydrogen and in the presence of N2. This fraction varies from more than 99% for an amorphous iron silicate smoke at 673 K to less than 40% for a magnetite catalyst at 873 K. TheCOnot converted into solids primarily forms methane, ethane, water, andCO2, as well as a very wide range of organic molecules at very low concentration. Carbon deposits do not form continuous coatings on the catalytic surfaces, but instead form extremely high surface area per unit volume “filamentous” structures. While these structures will likely form more slowly but over much longer times in protostellar nebulae than in our experiments due to the much lower partial pressure ofCO, such fluffy coatings on the surfaces of chondrules or calcium aluminum inclusions could promote grain–grain sticking during low‐velocity collisions.
The Cretaceous/Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary at the J Anomaly Ridge, Newfoundland (IODP Expedition 342, Hole U1403B)
Authors: Loroch Dominik , Deutsch Alexander , Berndt Jasper , Bornemann André 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present results of an in‐situ geochemical study using laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) analyses along a ~4.3 cm long section across the K‐Pg event bed, drilled during IODP Expedition 342 at J Anomaly Ridge south of St. John's, Newfoundland. This section comprises the Maastrichtian with a sharp boundary to the graded, between 1.5 and 1.8 cm thick ejecta layer with totally altered impact glass spherules, which in turn is topped by Danian sediments. The porous and clayey material required elaborate preparation in order to yield reliable data. The ejecta bed shows a highly variable depletion in rare earth elements that even results in strongly subchondritic concentrations. The Ce/Ce* varies strongly (0.81–34), Ni/Cr ranges from 0.38 to 2.79. The maximum platinum group elements (PGE) concentrations are located in one LA‐spot exactly at the basis of the ejecta layer; they amount (in μg g−1) to 0.35 (Rh), 1.64 (Pd), 2.79 (Pt), and 0.86 (Au). The Nb/Ta ratio increases in the Ma from ~10 to 35.9 toward the ejecta horizon, which itself has higher Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf concentrations than the background sedimentation, combined with low Nb/Ta (~5–10), and low Zr/Hf (~20–30). The overall result is that alteration processes changed totally the original geochemical characteristics of this K‐Pg spherule bed. To explain the exorbitant element mobility at distances of hundreds of μm, we discuss a combination of mostly reducing redox processes and interaction with organic compounds. This study demonstrates the high potential of in‐situ analyses with high spatial resolution at complex geological materials. Moreover, our results indicate that some caution is necessary in determining the projectile type in impactites via PGE ratios.
Proteomic analysis of stress‐related proteins and metabolic pathways in Picea asperata somatic embryos during partial desiccation
Authors: Jing Danlong , Zhang Jianwei , Xia Yan , Kong Lisheng , OuYang Fangqun , Zhang Shougong , Zhang Hanguo , Wang Junhui 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPartial desiccation treatment (PDT) stimulates germination and enhances the conversion of conifer somatic embryos. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the responses of somatic embryos to PDT, we used proteomic and physiological analyses to investigate these responses during PDT in Picea asperata. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that, during PDT, stress‐related proteins were mainly involved in osmosis, endogenous hormones, antioxidative proteins, molecular chaperones and defence‐related proteins. Compared with those in cotyledonary embryos before PDT, these stress‐related proteins remained at high levels on days 7 (D7) and 14 (D14) of PDT. The proteins that differentially accumulated in the somatic embryos on D7 were mapped to stress and/or stimuli. They may also be involved in the glyoxylate cycle and the chitin metabolic process. The most significant difference in the differentially accumulated proteins occurred in the metabolic pathways of photosynthesis on D14. Furthermore, in accordance with the changes in stress‐related proteins, analyses of changes in water content, abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid and H2O2 levels in the embryos indicated that PDT is involved in water‐deficit tolerance and affects endogenous hormones. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for the transition from morphologically mature to physiologically mature somatic embryos during the PDT process in P. asperata.
Relative Contributions of UVB and UVA to the Photoconversion of (6‐4) Photoproducts into their Dewar Valence Isomers
Authors: Douki Thierry 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDewar valence isomers are photoisomerization products of pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts, a major class of UV‐induced DNA lesions, which exhibits a maximal absorption around 320 nm. However, Dewar isomers are not produced in significant amounts in cells exposed to biologically relevant doses of UVB. In contrast, they are readily produced when cells are exposed to a combination of UVA and UVB. The present computational work demonstrates that, on the basis of known absorption properties and formation quantum yields, the difference in Dewar formation between the two types of radiation can be explained by the role of normal bases. In the UVB range, at the low level of (6‐4) photoproducts present in cells exposed to realistic doses, normal bases are present in overwhelming amounts and absorb the vast majority of the incident photons. In contrast, the absorption of DNA bases is much weaker in the UVA range while that of (6‐4) photoproducts is still significant, making photoisomerization possible. This two‐photon process makes it difficult to define an action spectrum for the formation of Dewar isomers.
Selection response in fish and shellfish: a review
Authors: Gjedrem Trygve , Rye Morten 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe aquaculture sector is significantly behind plant and farm animal production in applying selective breeding, in spite of the fact that it has been suggested that the world aquaculture production could be doubled in 13 years if breeding programmes were supplying stocks for the farmed species. It is estimated that as late as in 2010, only 8.2% of the world's total aquaculture production was based on material developed in selective breeding programmes. Reported estimates of genetic gain per generation for a key trait like growth rate average 13%, implying that the animal's potential for growth can be doubled in a time span of only six generations of selection, as demonstrated for major farmed species like Atlantic salmon and Nile tilapia. Likewise are reported genetic gains for improved disease resistance generally very high. This study offers an updated review of published estimates on genetic gains for a range of traits in aquaculture species. Results are highly encouraging and demonstrate a substantial potential for genetic improvement in aquatic productions, in particular for traits such as growth rate and resistance to diseases.
Pathogens and Politics: Current Research and New Questions
Authors: Inbar Yoel , Pizarro David A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe emotion of disgust has been linked to more conservative social attitudes and to self‐placement on the left–right political spectrum. This relationship seems to be robust and general: It has been observed by multiple labs, using diverse methods and measures, in a variety of countries and cultures. However, why disgust should be associated with social and political attitudes is still an open question. We first review the evidence for a link between disgust and political attitudes and then outline competing accounts of why there should be a relationship between the two in the first place.
In vivomonitoring of topical therapy for acne with reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Manfredini M. , Greco M. , Farnetani F. , Mazzaglia G. , Ciardo S. , Bettoli V. , Virgili A. , Pellacani G. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundAcne vulgaris is a common disease of the pilosebaceous unit. The aim of the study was to evaluate compartment‐specific treatment action through the microscopic non‐invasive imaging of skin changes.MethodsMild‐moderate acne patients, that were prescribed a topical anti‐acne product, were followed by clinical and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging every 14 days to 6 weeks. Mean and standard deviation of the scores were analyzed for each time point.ResultsAfter 2 weeks, theRCMcount of papules/pustules and theRCMscores of exocytosis and dermal inflammation, decreased substantially. After 4 weeks, theRCMnumber of comedos was reduced. After 6 weeks, the number of regular follicles increased, while the infundibula with thickened bright border decreased significantly.ConclusionThe progressive reduction in the clinical scores was correlated with the improvement of theRCMparameters.RCMstudy of acne skin showed a different timing for inflammatory and hyperkeratotic components to achieve a significant reduction during topical therapy with the association of retinoid and antibacterial molecules. The microscopic changes observed showed the regularization of the skin and the improvement of acne related features.RCMmay represent a useful tool for the objective assessment of treatment efficacy and individual response evaluation.
UDP‐glycosyltransferase 72B1 catalyzes the glucose conjugation of monolignols and is essential for the normal cell wall lignification in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lin Ji‐Shan , Huang Xu‐Xu , Li Qin , Cao Yingping , Bao Yan , Meng Xia‐Fei , Li Yan‐Jie , Fu Chunxiang , Hou Bing‐Kai 
Published: June 2016

SummaryGlycosylation of monolignols has been found to be widespread in land plants since the 1970s. However, whether monolignol glycosylation is crucial for cell wall lignification and how it exerts effects are still unknown. Here, we report the identification of a mutant ugt72b1 showing aggravated and ectopic lignification in floral stems along with arrested growth and anthocyanin accumulation. Histochemical assays and thioacidolysis analysis confirmed the enhanced lignification and increased lignin biosynthesis in the ugt72b1 mutant. The loss of UDP‐glycosyltransferase UGT72B1 function was responsible for the lignification phenotype, as demonstrated by complementation experiments. Enzyme activity analysis indicated that UGT72B1 could catalyze the glucose conjugation of monolignols, especially coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde, which was confirmed by analyzing monolignol glucosides of UGT72B1 transgenic plants. Furthermore, the UGT72B1 gene was strongly expressed in young stem tissues, especially xylem tissues. However, UGT72B1 paralogs, such as UGT72B2 and UGT72B3, had weak enzyme activity toward monolignols and weak expression in stem tissues. Transcriptomic profiling showed that UGT72B1 knockout resulted in extensively increased transcript levels of genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, lignin polymerization and cell wall‐related transcription factors, which was confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR assays. These results provided evidence that monolignol glucosylation catalyzed by UGT72B1 was essential for normal cell wall lignification, thus offering insight into the molecular mechanism of cell wall development and cell wall lignification.
Cryopreservation (−20 °C) of feline corneoscleral tissue: histologic, microbiologic, and ultrastructural study
Authors: Costa Daniel , Leiva Marta , Naranjo Carolina , Ríos José , Peña Maria Teresa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate microbiological, histologic, and ultrastructural characteristics of short‐term cryopreserved (STC) feline corneoscleral tissue (<1 year) and to compare it with long‐term cryopreserved (LTC) tissue (>7 years).Animals studiedTwenty healthy feline globes were obtained from 2003 to 2013.ProcedureAfter a decontamination protocol, globes were enucleated and stored at −20 °C in broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Corneoscleral tissue was evaluated at different storage periods: <1 year (10 eyes) and >7 years (8 eyes). Two eyes were used as controls. Microbiologic study included direct (blood, McConkey, and Sabouraud agars) and enrichment (brain–heart infusion broth) cultures. Cryopreservation artifacts were evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin. Corneoscleral collagen organization and number of normal and dead keratocytes were established by transmission electron microscopy.ResultsAlthough microbiologic cultures were positive only in STC [direct (20.8%); enrichment (37.5%)], significant differences between periods were only found in enrichment cultures (P = 0.006). Cryopreservation artifacts were most commonly observed in LTC tissues (P < 0.001). Normal keratocytes were predominant in STC corneas (STC 58.3%, LTC 12.5%) and apoptotic ones in LTC (STC 41.7%, LTC 75%), whereas necrotic keratocytes were only seen in LTC (LTC 12.5%) (P = 0.046). No structural differences were detected in collagen organization between STC and LTC (Pcornea = 0.147; Psclera = 0.362).ConclusionsCryopreservation of feline corneoscleral tissue seems to reduce bacterial contamination over time. Apoptosis is the main cause of death of cryopreserved feline keratocytes. Based on the lack of significant structural differences between STC and LTC samples, these cryopreserved tissues could potentially be used for tectonic support for at least 10 years without structural or microbiological impediment.
The effect of lung deformation on the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow
Authors: Arai Tatsuya J. , Theilmann Rebecca J. , Sá Rui Carlos , Villongco Michael T. , Hopkins Susan R. 
Published: June 2016

Key points
Pulmonary perfusion measurement using magnetic resonance imaging combined with deformable image registration enabled us to quantify the change in the spatial distribution of pulmonary perfusion at different lung volumes.
The current study elucidated the effects of tidal volume lung inflation [functional residual capacity (FRC) + 500 ml and FRC + 1 litre] on the change in pulmonary perfusion distribution.
Changes in hydrostatic pressure distribution as well as transmural pressure distribution due to the change in lung height with tidal volume inflation are probably bigger contributors to the redistribution of pulmonary perfusion than the changes in pulmonary vasculature resistance caused by lung tissue stretch.
AbstractTidal volume lung inflation results in structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, potentially affecting pulmonary perfusion. We hypothesized that perfusion is recruited to regions receiving the greatest deformation from a tidal breath, thus ensuring ventilation–perfusion matching. Density‐normalized perfusion (DNP) magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained in healthy subjects (n = 7) in the right lung at functional residual capacity (FRC), FRC+500 ml, and FRC+1.0 l. Using deformable image registration, the displacement of a sagittal lung slice acquired at FRC to the larger volumes was calculated. Registered DNP images were normalized by the mean to estimate perfusion redistribution (nDNP). Data were evaluated across gravitational regions (dependent, middle, non‐dependent) and by lobes (upper, RUL; middle, RML; lower, RLL). Lung inflation did not alter mean DNP within the slice (P = 0.10). The greatest expansion was seen in the dependent region (P < 0.0001: dependent vs non‐dependent, P < 0.0001: dependent vs middle) and RLL (P = 0.0015: RLL vs RUL, P < 0.0001: RLL vs RML). Neither nDNP recruitment to RLL [+500 ml = −0.047(0.145), +1 litre = 0.018(0.096)] nor to dependent lung [+500 ml = −0.058(0.126), +1 litre = −0.023(0.106)] were found. Instead, redistribution was seen in decreased nDNP in the non‐dependent [+500 ml = −0.075(0.152), +1 litre = −0.137(0.167)) and increased nDNP in the gravitational middle lung [+500 ml = 0.098(0.058), +1 litre = 0.093(0.081)] (P = 0.01). However, there was no significant lobar redistribution (P < 0.89). Contrary to our hypothesis, based on the comparison between gravitational and lobar perfusion data, perfusion was not redistributed to the regions of the most inflation. This suggests that either changes in hydrostatic pressure or transmural pressure distribution in the gravitational direction are implicated in the redistribution of perfusion away from the non‐dependent lung.
Process and Equipment Development for Hot Isostatic Pressing Treatability Study
Authors: Bateman Ken , Wahlquist Dennis , Malewitz Tim 
Published: June 2016

Battelle Energy Alliance (BEA), LLC, has developed processes and equipment for a pilot-scale hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatability study to stabilize and volume reduce radioactive calcine stored at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). In 2009, the U. S. Department of Energy signed a Record of Decision with the state of Idaho selecting HIP technology as the method to treat 5,800 yd3 (4,400 m3) of granular zirconia and alumina calcine produced between 1953 and 1992 as a waste byproduct of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Since the 1990s, a variety of radioactive and hazardous waste forms have been remotely treated using HIP within INL hot cells. To execute the remote process at INL, waste is loaded into a stainless-steel or aluminum can, which is evacuated, sealed, and placed into a HIP furnace. The HIP simultaneously heats and pressurizes the waste, reducing its volume and increasing its durability.
Two 1-gal cans of calcine waste currently stored in a shielded cask were identified as candidate materials for a treatability study involving the HIP process. Equipment and materials for cask handling and calcine transfer into INL hot cells, as well as remotely operated equipment for waste can opening, particle sizing, material blending, and HIP can loading have been designed and successfully tested. These results demonstrate BEA’s readiness for treatment of INL calcine.
The Methodology of Predictive Design Analysis
Authors: Eriksson Martin 
Published: June 2016

From an engineering point of view, uncertainty is present in all areas of design (products, processes and organizations). Computer-based design analysis, here confined to quantitative computer-based structural design analysis within mechanical engineering, serves as an important source of information in decisions taken during the design activity; importantly, it aims at giving confidence in critical design results. It is moreover nowadays used on all levels of concretization of the product-to-be throughout the development process. It must therefore address different uncertainties and errors during the whole development process. To that end, the concept of predictive design analysis (PDA) was introduced. The initial version of PDA treated primarily uncertainties of aleatory nature and was confined to product/technology-related issues. Today a broader perspective on the uncertainties is needed, and it is important to develop reliable design analysis methods because of the increasing use of design analysis by both analysts and engineering designers. Hence it is therefore necessary to extend the PDA framework into a full-blown methodology. PDA is a specific computer-based design analysis methodology that supports the systematic handling of uncertainties and errors during the computer-based design analysis activity throughout the whole development of the artifact. Such a methodology includes: Not only aleatory uncertainties, but also epistemic uncertainties connected with factors affecting the design analysis activities; Operationally efficient and effective integration between the engineering design and design analysis activities; Quality assurance aspects in terms of quality checks, verification and validation activities taking physical testing into account; Progress monitoring throughout all design analysis activities from clarification to completion; Traceability in utilized information, technologies and established results; Information and knowledge re-use for an improved uncertainty treatment in future design analysis activities through establishment of lessons learned and best practice documentation as well as methodology development.
In this paper the synthesis of the PDA methodology is reported. Starting from an elaboration on different concepts of uncertainty, the constituent elements of the extended PDA methodology are presented. The methodology is then illustrated with a case study.
Using Functional Analysis Diagrams as a Design Tool
Authors: Michalakoudis Ioannis , Childs Peter R. N. , Aurisicchio Marco , Pollpeter Nathan , Sambell Neil 
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the process and outcomes of the pilot introduction of Functional Analysis Diagram (FAD) as a design assist tool within a Small Medium Enterprise (SME). During this study, two sets of Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA) sessions were conducted using the traditional and the proposed, FAD assisted (FMEA-FAD) method developed, aiming to optimize the failure mode selection phase of the process. The results have shown that the FMEA-FAD method has significantly improved the efficiency and the effectiveness of the process. They were also consistent with previous research, suggesting that FAD is relatively easy to use, supports high levels of understanding through functional decomposition, and can be used as an interdisciplinary communication platform (Aurisicchio et al., 2011). Given the resource limitations in SMEs, such an efficiency improvement could be vital for a resource intensive process such as FMEA.
FAD discourages disciplinary terminologies in function descriptions; instead, the functions can be represented simply by the combination of an active verb and a measurable noun. Breaking the system down into lower level subsystems and studying the functional interrelationships between system components, can help us understand the overall system functions (Pahl et al., 1996). As market needs are mostly determined based on past user experience (Norman, 2010), innovation commonly occurs incrementally. Although this practice reduces risks — being, as it is, based on already tested platforms, incremental innovation often leads to the retention of superfluous components and outdated technologies. The process of functional modeling prompts the users to question the existence of every component and feature within a product or process, potentially leading to a radical reassessment of a design against the need which created it.