bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental Age Estimation: A Test of the Reliability of Correctly Identifying a Subject Over 18 Years of Age Using the Gold Standard of Chronological Age as the Comparator
Authors: Lucas Victoria S. , Andiappan Manoharan , McDonald Fraser , Roberts Graham 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study was designed to test the reliability of using the third molars to demarcate between child and adult status. A total of 2000 dental panoramic tomographs were used for assessment of the calculated age using the 8‐stage system of tooth development and applied to all four third molars. TheLL8 was also assessed using this 8‐stage system. For each tooth development stage, the Normal distribution and percentile summary data were estimated. The calculated dental age compared with the chronological age was statistically significantly different (p< 0.001) for both females and males giving underestimates of the true age. Comparison of single tooth dental age and chronological age was only slightly different. The most important finding is that the assignment to above or below the 18‐year threshold, in the age range 17 years to 19 years, could be wrong on up to 50% of occasions.
Variability in Saponin Content, Cancer Antiproliferative Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Concentrated Agave Sap
Authors: Santos‐Zea Liliana , Rosas‐Pérez Aratza Mireya , Leal‐Díaz Ana María , Gutiérrez‐Uribe Janet A 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConcentrated agave sap (CAS) has gained popularity as an unrefined sweetener. It is obtained by boiling “aguamiel” that contains phytochemicals with diverse bioactivities. Saponins have been the most widely studied agave phytochemicals due to their cancer antiproliferative effect but their concentration may vary due to maturity of the agave plant and collection site. In this study, 18 CAS samples produced in different states of Mexico were analyzed using multivariate methods to determine which physicochemical or phytochemical parameters were responsible for variation. Additionally, extracts with different saponin profiles were tested to determine possible correlations with antiproliferative activity. Total soluble solids, pH, and water activity were similar to those reported for other agave sweeteners. Antioxidant capacity of samples was correlated to browning index. Eleven steroidal saponins were found in CAS samples and they were the main source of variability. Magueyoside B, a kammogenin tetraglycoside, was the most abundant saponin in all samples. With respect to bioactivity, multivariate analysis indicated that magueyoside B and a gentrogenin tetraglycoside were compounds strongly related with bioactivity. CAS from Hidalgo, Puebla, and Veracruz had higher concentration of magueyoside B than from the other kamogenin tetraglycoside found in the samples from other Mexican states. These results could be used as a first approach to characterize and standardize CAS to validate the potential health benefits derived from its consumption.
Characterization of Active Dry Wine Yeast During Starter Culture (Pied de Cuve) Preparation for Sparkling Wine Production
Authors: Benucci Ilaria , Liburdi Katia , Cerreti Martina , Esti Marco 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe preparation of yeast starter culture (Pied de Cuve) for producing sparkling wine with the traditional method is a key factor for manufacturing a good Prise de mousse. In this paper, the evolution of total yeast population, its viability during Pied de Cuve preparation, and the pressure profile during the 2nd fermentation in 2 different base wines made from Bombino bianco and Chardonnay grapes were investigated using 4 different commercial active dried yeasts. The study proves that despite the initial differences observed throughout the acclimatization phase, all the tested strains showed similar results on either the total population (from 8.2 × 107 cells/mL to 1.3 × 108 cells/mL) or cellular viability (from 70% to 84%). Independently from the base wine tested, the kinetic of sugar consumption was faster during the gradual acclimatization to the alcoholic medium (phase II) and slower during the preparation of starter culture in active growth phase (phase III). During both of these phases Saccharomyces cerevisiae bayanus Vitilevure DV10® (Station œnotechnique de Champagne) proved to have a higher sugar consumption rate than the other strains. During the Prise de mousse, S. cerevisiae bayanus Lalvin EC‐1118® (Lallemand) reached the maximum pressure increase within time in both base wines.
Analysis of Rare Variants in the Alcohol Dependence Candidate Gene GATA4
Authors: Degenhardt Franziska , Krämer Laurenz , Frank Josef , Treutlein Jens , Heilmann‐Heimbach Stefanie , Hecker Julian , Fier Heide Löhlein , Lang Maren , Witt Stephanie H. , Koller Anna C. , Mann Karl , Hoffmann Sabine , Kiefer Falk , Spanagel Rainer , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundCommon variants in the gene GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) show association with alcohol dependence (AD). The aim of this study was to identify rare variants in GATA4 in order to elucidate the role of this gene in AD susceptibility. Identification of rare variants may provide a more complete picture of the allelic architecture at this risk locus.MethodsSanger sequencing of all 6 coding exons of GATA4 was performed in 528 patients and 517 controls. Four in silico prediction tools were used to determine the effect of a DNA variant on the amino acid sequence and protein function. Five variants were included in the replication step. Of these, 4 were successfully genotyped in our replication cohort of 655 patients and 1,501 controls. All patients fulfilled DSM‐IV criteria for AD, and all individuals were of German descent.ResultsIn the discovery step, 19 different heterozygous variants were identified. Four patient‐specific and potentially functionally relevant variants were followed up. Only the variant S379S (c.1137C>T) remained patient specific (1/1,166 patients vs. 0/1,997 controls). None of the variants showed a statistically significant association with AD.ConclusionsThe present study elucidated the role of GATA4 in AD susceptibility by identifying rare variants via Sanger sequencing and subsequent replication. Although novel patient‐specific rare variants of GATA4 were identified, none received support in the independent replication step. However, given previous robust findings of association with common variants, GATA4 remains a promising candidate gene for AD.
Tumor Phenotype and Gene Expression During Early Mammary Tumor Development in Offspring Exposed to Alcohol In Utero
Authors: Crismale‐Gann Catina , Stires Hillary , Katz Tiffany A. , Cohick Wendie S. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAlcohol exposure in utero increases susceptibility to carcinogen‐induced mammary tumorigenesis in adult offspring and causes tumors with a more malignant phenotype. This study was conducted to identify changes early in tumor development that might lead to this outcome.MethodsPregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a liquid diet containing 6.7% ethanol (alcohol), an isocaloric liquid diet without alcohol (pair‐fed), or rat chow ad libitum (ad lib) from gestation day 7 until parturition. At birth, female progeny were cross‐fostered to control dams. Pups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 21 and fed rat chow ad libitum for the remainder of the experiment. Female offspring were administered N‐nitroso‐N‐methylurea (NMU; 50 mg/kg body weight) on PND 50. Mammary glands were palpated weekly, and offspring were euthanized at 16 weeks post‐NMU injection.ResultsAt 16 weeks post‐NMU, tumor multiplicity was greater in alcohol‐exposed offspring compared with control groups. Estrogen receptor‐α (ER) mRNA expression was decreased in tumors from alcohol‐exposed offspring, and these animals developed more ER‐negative tumors relative to the pair‐fed group. Alcohol‐exposed offspring also tended to develop more progesterone receptor (PR)‐positive tumors. All tumors were HER2‐negative. PR positivity was associated with higher Ki67 expression, suggesting that PR‐positive tumors were more proliferative. Tumors from alcohol‐exposed animals exhibited increased mRNA expression of the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) family members IGF‐II and IGFBP‐5. IGF‐II and DNA methyltransferase mRNA tended to be greater in the normal contralateral mammary glands of these animals.ConclusionsThese data indicate that alcohol exposure in utero may shift NMU‐induced tumor development toward a more aggressive phenotype and that alterations in IGF‐II expression may contribute to these changes. Additional studies should be aimed at epigenetic mechanisms that underlie IGF‐II expression to further delineate how this gene is altered in mammary glands of adults exposed to alcohol in utero.
China's Transport Infrastructure Investment: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Qin Yu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChina has been heavily investing in transportation infrastructure since the 1990s. Consequently, connectivity has been significantly improved, both within China and between China and other countries. Such large‐scale investments have been made possible by various financing mechanisms from the central government, local governments, and the private sector. Research findings generally indicate that these infrastructure investments bring economic prosperity to the country, affect the distribution of economic activities, reduce poverty to a certain extent, and promote economic integration. The future trends of connectivity changes in China and relevant policy recommendations are also discussed in this paper.
Fetal movements as a predictor of health
Authors: Lai Jonathan , Nowlan Niamh C. , Vaidyanathan Ravi , Shaw Caroline J. , Lees Christoph C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe key determinant to a fetus maintaining its health is through adequate perfusion and oxygen transfer mediated by the functioning placenta. When this equilibrium is distorted, a number of physiological changes, including reduced fetal growth, occur to favor survival. Technologies have been developed to monitor these changes with a view to prolong intrauterine maturity while reducing the risks of stillbirth. Many of these strategies involve complex interpretation, for example Doppler ultrasound for fetal blood flow and computerized analysis of fetal heart rate changes. However, even with these modalities of fetal assessment to determine the optimal timing of delivery, fetal movements remain integral to clinical decision‐making. In high‐risk cohorts with fetal growth restriction, the manifestation of a reduction in perceived movements may warrant an expedited delivery. Despite this, there has been little evolution in the development of technologies to objectively evaluate fetal movement behavior for clinical application. This review explores the available literature on the value of fetal movement analysis as a method of assessing fetal wellbeing, and demonstrates how interdisciplinary developments in this area may aid in the improvement of clinical outcomes.
Long‐term lamivudine therapy in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Lingala S. , Lau D. T.‐Y. , Koh C. , Auh S. , Ghany M. G. , Hoofnagle J. H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundOne to 5 years of therapy of chronic hepatitis B with oral nucleoside analogues result in significant clinical improvements, but effects of more prolonged therapy are not well defined.AimTo describe outcomes of chronic hepatitis B with long‐term lamivudine therapy.MethodsForty‐two patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine were followed for 3.2–19.5 (median = 16.1) years. Therapy was switched to other agents (n = 16) if patients developed lamivudine resistance and relapse of disease.ResultsAmong 22 HBeAg‐positive patients, 17 (77%) became HBeAg negative, of whom 5 (23%) subsequently cleared HBsAg. Among 20 HBeAg‐negative patients, 10 (50%) cleared HBsAg. The time to HBsAg clearance ranged from 0.9 to 16.8 (median = 9.3) years. Lamivudine resistance arose in 24 patients (57%) of whom 6 (25%) lost HBsAg. HBsAg clearance was not always accompanied by seroconversion; anti‐HBs appearing concurrently in only five patients (33%). Nevertheless, HBsAg loss allowed for stopping therapy in all patients, none re‐developing HBsAg or suffering relapse; all having normal alanine aminotransferase levels and no (n = 13) or unquantifiable HBV DNA levels (n = 2) when last seen. In contrast, seven of 27 patients (26%) who remained HBsAg‐positive died of liver disease or liver cancer or underwent liver transplantation, all of whom had cirrhosis.ConclusionsLong‐term viral suppression with nucleoside analogues leads to HBsAg loss in a substantial proportion of patients, particularly if HBeAg‐negative. Serious outcomes during the first 10–20 years of treatment occur largely among patients with pre‐existing cirrhosis who do not clear HBsAg with therapy.
The Grassmannian Atlas: A General Framework for Exploring Linear Projections of High‐Dimensional Data
Authors: Liu S. , Bremer P.‐T , Jayaraman J. J. , Wang B. , Summa B. , Pascucci V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLinear projections are one of the most common approaches to visualize high‐dimensional data. Since the space of possible projections is large, existing systems usually select a small set of interesting projections by ranking a large set of candidate projections based on a chosen quality measure. However, while highly ranked projections can be informative, some lower ranked ones could offer important complementary information. Therefore, selection based on ranking may miss projections that are important to provide a global picture of the data. The proposed work fills this gap by presenting the Grassmannian Atlas, a framework that captures the global structures of quality measures in the space of all projections, which enables a systematic exploration of many complementary projections and provides new insights into the properties of existing quality measures.
TimeArcs: Visualizing Fluctuations in Dynamic Networks
Authors: Dang T. N. , Pendar N. , Forbes A. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper we introduce TimeArcs, a novel visualization technique for representing dynamic relationships between entities in a network. Force‐directed layouts provide a way to highlight related entities by positioning them near to each other Entities are brought closer to each other (forming clusters) by forces applied on nodes and connections between nodes. In many application domains, relationships between entities are not temporally stable, which means that cluster structures and cluster memberships also may vary across time. Our approach merges multiple force‐directed layouts at different time points into a single comprehensive visualization that provides a big picture overview of the most significant clusters within a user‐defined period of time. TimeArcs also supports a range of interactive features, such as allowing users to drill‐down in order to see details about a particular cluster. To highlight the benefits of this technique, we demonstrate its application to various datasets, including the IMDB co‐star network, a dataset showing conflicting evidences within biomedical literature of protein interactions, and collocated popular phrases obtained from political blogs.
Comparing Bar Chart Authoring with Microsoft Excel and Tangible Tiles
Authors: Wun Tiffany , Payne Jennifer , Huron Samuel , Carpendale Sheelagh 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProviding tools that make visualization authoring accessible to visualization non‐experts is a major research challenge. Currently the most common approach to generating a visualization is to use software that quickly and automatically produces visualizations based on templates. However, it has recently been suggested that constructing a visualization with tangible tiles may be a more accessible method, especially for people without visualization expertise. There is still much to be learned about the differences between these two visualization authoring practices. To better understand how people author visualizations in these two conditions, we ran a qualitative study comparing the use of software to the use of tangible tiles, for the creation of bar charts. Close observation of authoring activities showed how each of the following varied according to the tool used: 1) sequences of action; 2) distribution of time spent on different aspects of the InfoVis pipeline; 3) pipeline task separation; and 4) freedom to manipulate visual variables. From these observations, we discuss the implications of the variations in activity sequences, noting tool design considerations and pointing to future research questions.
How Ordered Is It? On the Perceptual Orderability of Visual Channels
Authors: Chung David H. S. , Archambault Daniel , Borgo Rita , Edwards Darren J. , Laramee Robert S. , Chen Min 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe design of effective glyphs for visualisation involves a number of different visual encodings. Since spatial position is usually already specified in advance, we must rely on other visual channels to convey additional relationships for multivariate analysis. One such relationship is the apparent order present in the data. This paper presents two crowdsourcing empirical studies that focus on the perceptual evaluation of orderability for visual channels, namely Bertin's retinal variables. The first study investigates the perception of order in a sequence of elements encoded with different visual channels. We found evidence that certain visual channels are perceived as more ordered (for example, value) while others are perceived as less ordered (for example, hue) than the measured order present in the data. As a result, certain visual channels are more/less sensitive to disorder. The second study evaluates how visual orderability affects min and max judgements of elements in the sequence. We found that visual channels that tend to be perceived as ordered, improve the accuracy of identifying these values.
GEMSe: Visualization‐Guided Exploration of Multi‐channel Segmentation Algorithms
Authors: Fröhler B. , Möller T. , Heinzl C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present GEMSe, an interactive tool for exploring and analyzing the parameter space of multi‐channel segmentation algorithms. Our targeted user group are domain experts who are not necessarily segmentation specialists. GEMSe allows the exploration of the space of possible parameter combinations for a segmentation framework and its ensemble of results. Users start with sampling the parameter space and computing the corresponding segmentations. A hierarchically clustered image tree provides an overview of variations in the resulting space of label images. Details are provided through exemplary images from the selected cluster and histograms visualizing the parameters and the derived output in the selected cluster. The correlation between parameters and derived output as well as the effect of parameter changes can be explored through interactive filtering and scatter plots. We evaluate the usefulness of GEMSe through expert reviews and case studies based on three different kinds of datasets: A synthetic dataset emulating the combination of 3D X‐ray computed tomography with data from K‐Edge spectroscopy, a three‐channel scan of a rock crystal acquired by a Talbot‐Lau grating interferometer X‐ray computed tomography device, as well as a hyperspectral image.
Visual Analysis of Defects in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers for 4DCT Interrupted In situ Tests
Authors: Amirkhanov Alexander , Amirkhanov Artem , Salaberger Dietmar , Kastner Johann , Gröller M. Eduard , Heinzl Christoph 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMaterial engineers use interrupted in situ tensile testing to investigate the damage mechanisms in composite materials. For each subsequent scan, the load is incrementally increased until the specimen is completely fractured. During the interrupted in situ testing of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRPs) defects of four types are expected to appear: matrix fracture, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pull‐out, and fiber fracture. There is a growing demand for the detection and analysis of these defects among the material engineers. In this paper, we present a novel workflow for the detection, classification, and visual analysis of defects in GFRPs using interrupted in situ tensile tests in combination with X‐ray Computed Tomography. The workflow is based on the automatic extraction of defects and fibers. We introduce the automatic Defect Classifier assigning the most suitable type to each defect based on its geometrical features. We present a visual analysis system that integrates four visualization methods: 1) the Defect Viewer highlights defects with visually encoded type in the context of the original CT image, 2) the Defect Density Maps provide an overview of the defect distributions according to type in 2D and 3D, 3) the Final Fracture Surface estimates the material fracture's location and displays it as a 3D surface, 4) the 3D Magic Lens enables interactive exploration by combining detailed visualizations in the region of interest with overview visualizations as context. In collaboration with material engineers, we evaluate our solution and demonstrate its practical applicability.
Visual Analysis of Spatial Variability and Global Correlations in Ensembles of Iso‐Contours
Authors: Ferstl F. , Kanzler M. , Rautenhaus M. , Westermann R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFor an ensemble of iso‐contours in multi‐dimensional scalar fields, we present new methods to a) visualize their dominant spatial patterns of variability, and b) to compute the conditional probability of the occurrence of a contour at one location given the occurrence at some other location. We first show how to derive a statistical model describing the contour variability, by representing the contours implicitly via signed distance functions and clustering similar functions in a reduced order space. We show that the spatial patterns of the ensemble can then be derived by analytically transforming the boundaries of a confidence interval computed from each cluster into the spatial domain. Furthermore, we introduce a mathematical basis for computing correlations between the occurrences of iso‐contours at different locations. We show that the computation of these correlations can be posed in the reduced order space as an integration problem over a region bounded by four hyper‐planes. To visualize the derived statistical properties we employ a variant of variability plots for streamlines, now including the color coding of probabilities of joint contour occurrences. We demonstrate the use of the proposed techniques for ensemble exploration in a number of 2D and 3D examples, using artificial and meteorological data sets.