bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance on antimicrobial Resistance pattern of Third Generation Cephalosporins at the Benjamin Mkapa Tertiary Hospital in Tanzania
Authors: Yona Yusto J , Zimbwe Kauke B , Caniza Miguela A , Homsi Maysam , Mukkada Sheena 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial resistance is a burden in Tanzania and the world economy, resulting in financial losses from lower production brought on by illness due to greater treatment expenses and death. Second- and third-line antibiotics like third generations of cephalosporins should be used rather than first-line, which is an expensive option, due to AMR. The direct effects of AMR include severe prolonged illnesses, prolonged hospital stays death, and (Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance., 2015)

Methodology
The retrospective study design was used to review AST to assess the AMR patterns from 2020-2022 for urine, pus, and blood samples as stated in the National Action Plan-Antimicrobial Resistance 2017.

Results
Three years (2020, 2021, and 2022) of antibiograms based on priority samples, priority pathogens and third generations of cephalosporins for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria see Tables 1 and 2. The surveillance identified sensitive (S), intermediate(I), and resistance(R) for tested bacteria. The N is the isolate number. Our antibiograms for third-generation cephalosporins were represented by cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone. The antimicrobial resistance to ceftriaxone for Acinetobacter species was 62.5% while 76% for Citrobacter. E. coli at 60.26%, Enterobacter aerogenes at 67.86%, Klebsiella species at 73.48% at 22.73%, Morganella morganii 65.75% and Staphylococcus aureus at 62.5%, Serratia marcescens 64.56%. Similar resistance trends have been observed in cefotaxime and ceftazidime.

Conclusion
Antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance, antimicrobial rotation and presentation of findings to clinicians for increased awareness and the promotion of a multi-disciplinary approach to successful AMS programmers is essential. Evidence found will optimize the use of antibiotics. Clinicians, pharmacists, and scientists will use obtained evidence in the development of guidelines and protocols for surgical prophylaxis, setting IPC programs, management of bacterial blood infections (septicemia and sepsis) and managing urinary tract infections by focusing on red flags antibiotics and bacteria such E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Avoiding delay of AST results by enough resources, and technology advancement. This enable identification of the causative pathogens facilitated the correct diagnosis, de-escalation, and use of targeted agents, which are necessary to promote the prudent use of antimicrobials.

Antibiograms
Table 1: Antibiogram of gram-negative bacteria

Table 2: Antibiogram of gram-positive bacteria
Plasma Cell-free DNA Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in Immunocompromised Children
Authors: Castejon-Ramirez Sandra , Glasgow Heather , Ferrolino Jose , Hayden Randall , Maron Gabriela , Hijano Diego 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Plasma cell-free DNA metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a novel diagnostic tool for infectious diseases [1]. Data suggests that plasma mNGS may be useful in immunocompromised adults, changing management in up to 60% of the patients [2]. A prospective study evaluating utility of plasma mNGS for pneumonia in immunocompromised adults concluded that mNGS provided an additive diagnostic value of 12.1% [3]. A similar study in adults with febrile neutropenia reported a sensitivity and specificity of 85 and 100%, respectively [4]. However, there is limited data evaluating the utility of mNGS in immunocompromised children.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric immunocompromised patients who had plasma mNGS testing performed from December 2018 to July 2023 at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Electronic medical records were reviewed to extract relevant clinical data and microbiologic data including results of mNGS, contemporaneous cultures, and related antimicrobial treatment. Descriptive statistics are presented as frequencies and medians (interquartile range, IQR). Comparisons were performed using Fisher’s exact test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate, using R version 3.6.3.

Results
A total of 18 immunocompromised children underwent plasma mNGS testing. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the most common malignancy (33.3%), followed by acute myeloid leukemia (22.2%). Two patients (11.1%) had undergone hematopoietic cell transplant, both allogeneic. At the time of testing, 16 patients (88.9%) had fever and 10 (55.6%) had an absolute neutrophil count of &lt;500/mm3. All except one were on antimicrobial therapy at the time of testing, with a median duration of 8 days (IQR=12.25). Only 9 (50%) patients had a positive mNGS result. A positive mNGS resulted in broadening or extending antibiotics course in 4 patients (22.2%); negative mNGS results did not lead to changes in management in any of the cases. There were no significant differences in age, sex, days of fever, neutropenia, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and days of fever before testing between those with positive versus negative results. However, a higher frequency of GI symptoms at the time of testing among those with positive results was observed. Clinical characteristics and impact on management in patients with positive and negative results are summarized in Table 1.

Conclusion
Plasma mNGS had a limited impact on the management of immunocompromised children at our institution. Negative results did not lead to de-escalation of therapy, and positive results led to additional exposure to antibiotics. Further research is needed to determine the role of mNGS in this population, and the interpretation of positive testing in the setting of gastrointestinal disease.
Use of T2Bacteria Panel in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients: A Single Center Experience
Authors: Hiskey Lisa , Maron Gabriela , Hijano Diego , Hayden Randall , Glasgow Heather 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Bloodstream infection is a common complication following hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), occurring in 10-40% of patients (1,2). Rapid identification of causative bacteria is imperative to provide proper empiric therapy and ensure optimal patient outcomes. The T2Bacteria Panel detects five bacterial pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) using T2 magnetic resonance (T2MR, T2Biosystems, Lexington MA, USA) directly from blood specimens. Previous studies have reported per-patient sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 84-90%, 85.9-90%, and 99.7%, respectively, as well as 100% positive agreement and 98.4% negative agreement when compared to blood culture (3-5). To date, there have been no studies on the use of this test in pediatric HCT recipients.

Methods
We reviewed all pediatric HCT patients at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital who had a T2Bacteria Panel performed for fever and suspected infection between January 2019 and September 2022. A total of 706 T2Bacteria Panel results and concurrent blood culture results from 251 unique patients were analyzed to determine assay performance for detection of the 5 targeted pathogens.

Results
T2Bacteria PCR and blood culture showed concordant results in 97% of cases. Overall, our study revealed 65% positive percent agreement with blood culture and 95% negative percent agreement for bacteremia caused by any of the target pathogens. PPV, NPV, sensitivity and specificity for each organism detected by the panel, and the panel overall, are presented in Table 1. Positive predictive value ranged from 28-73%. Negative predictive value was high for all organisms (98-100%). Sensitivity was highest for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (88%), and lowest for Escherichia coli (44%). Specificity was high for all organisms (97-99%).

Conclusion
In pediatric HSCT patients, the T2Bacteria Panel was most useful for rapidly ruling out the presence of target pathogens, with high negative percent agreement, NPV, and specificity. Positive percent agreement was lower than noted in previous studies. Positive predictive value and sensitivity varied per pathogen.
A stableness of resistance model for nonresponse adjustment with callback data
Authors: Miao Wang , Li Xinyu , Zhang Ping , Sun Baoluo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Nonresponse arises frequently in surveys, and follow-ups are routinely made to increase the response rate. In order to monitor the follow-up process, callback data have been used in social sciences and survey studies for decades. In modern surveys, the availability of callback data is increasing because the response rate is decreasing, and follow-ups are essential to collect maximum information. Although callback data are helpful to reduce the bias in surveys, such data have not been widely used in statistical analysis until recently. We propose a stableness of resistance assumption for nonresponse adjustment with callback data. We establish the identification and the semiparametric efficiency theory under this assumption, and propose a suite of semiparametric estimation methods including doubly robust estimators, which generalize existing parametric approaches for callback data analysis. We apply the approach to a Consumer Expenditure Survey dataset. The results suggest an association between nonresponse and high housing expenditures.
A simulation study on the sub-threshold joint gravitational wave-electromagnetic wave observation on binary neutron star mergers
Authors: Du Y F , Yorgancioglu Emre Seyit , Rao J H , Kumar Ankit , Yi S X , Zhang S N , Zhang Shu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The coalescence of binary neutron stars (BNS) is a prolific source of gravitational waves (GWs) and electromagnetic (EM) radiation, offering a dual observational window into the Universe. Lowering the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) threshold is a simple and cost-effective way to enhance the detection probability of GWs from BNS mergers. In this study, we introduce a metric of the purity of joint GW and EM detections Pjoint, which is in analogue to Pastro in GW only observations. By simulating BNS merger GWs jointly detected by the HLV network and EM counterparts (kilonovae and short Gamma-ray bursts, sGRBs) with an assumed merger rate density of BNS, we generate catalogs of GW events and EM counterparts. Through this simulation, we analyze joint detection pairs, both correct and misidentified. We find the following: 1. For kilonovae, requiring Pjoint &gt; 95% instead of $P_{\rm astro}&gt;95~{{\%}}$ reduces the S/N from 9.2 to 8.5-8.8, allowing 5-13 additional joint detections per year and increasing the GW detection volume by 9-17%; 2. For sGRBs, requiring Pjoint &gt; 95% instead of Pastro reduces the S/N from 9.2 to 8.1-8.5; 3. Increasing kilonova or sGRB detection capability does not improve Pjoint due to a higher rate of misidentifications. We also show that sub-threshold GW and kilonova detections can reduce the uncertainty in measuring the Hubble constant to 89-92% of its original value, and sub-threshold GW and sGRB observations can enhance the precision of constraining the speed of GWs to 88% of previously established values.
Shadow-boxing: Major gaps to knock out in bird–window interaction research
Authors: Netzley Rebekah , Partridge Hannah C , Gagné Sara A 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Bird–window collisions are a leading source of bird mortality worldwide, estimated to kill as many as 1 billion birds annually in the U.S. alone. Though researchers have examined the factors contributing to general bird–window collisions, shadow-boxing, a nonfatal but potentially ecologically significant bird–window interaction, has primarily been excluded from the conversation. Shadow-boxing occurs when birds attack their reflection in human-made surfaces believing the reflection to be another individual intruding on their territory. Current bird–window interaction research often does not consider the unique drivers, impacts, and mitigation strategies associated with shadow-boxing. In this paper, we identify 5 major knowledge gaps: (1) building and environmental characteristics that lead to shadow-boxing; (2) the impacts on individual birds, (3) populations, and (4) people; and (5) the effectiveness of existing mitigation strategies for shadow-boxing. For each knowledge gap, we list research questions that will further our understanding of the scale and significance of shadow-boxing.
The landscape of police auditing in the USA: the state of the art
Authors: Jiao Allan Y 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Various programs have been implemented to improve police performance and accountability. This article is focused on a rarely examined area, police auditing, designed for the same purpose. Many police audits have been conducted over the years to address police efficiency, economy, effectiveness, and compliance. This study answers some basic questions on how police auditing has been used over the years in various police departments, what concerns and issues have led to police auditing, what subject matters have been investigated, and how personnel and entities engaged in police auditing are structured. A nationwide police audit dataset and a quota sample of typical police audit offices/programs were used to develop a landscape or a broad review of police auditing in the USA.
Leadership in Public Sector Interorganizational Networks: A Synthesis of the Literature and Propositions Based on a Multiple Case Study
Authors: Akerboom Moniek , Groeneveld Sandra , Kuipers Ben 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Previous studies characterize public sector interorganizational networks as sets of horizontal relationships between autonomous organizations. Due to these horizontal relationships, networks seemingly offer a promising context for leadership beyond hierarchical tools of coordination as prevalent in individual, hierarchical organizations. However, despite the promising role of leadership in public sector networks, as yet no conceptualization of the functioning of leadership within this context has been developed. This is mainly due to the current disconnect between various branches of scholarly literature on collaborative governance, network management, and leadership. Based on a synthesis of the literature and an empirical investigation of three public sector networks in The Netherlands, this study aims to fill this gap by providing a conceptual framework of leadership in public sector interorganizational networks constituting the types, distribution, and directions of leadership behaviors and the formulation of four theoretical propositions that relate these behaviors to network context.
The Presidency of Bill Clinton after Thirty Years: A Review Article
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Did Bill Clinton destroy the U.S. economy? In a recent book, Nelson Lichtenstein and Judith Stein offer a scathing new critique. In this account, Clinton not only ravaged the United States in his own time but is largely to blame for America's subsequent economic inequality, monopolistic corporations, the Great Financial Crisis, the rise of China, and the advent of Trumpism. And yet, the economic data speak well of the Clinton presidency. He fares poorly on the trade deficit and economic inequality but otherwise delivered a balanced economic boom, far better than most administrations of the past fifty years. How do we square the withering criticisms of Lichtenstein and Stein with Clinton's economic achievements? It is correct that globalization and technological change tend to hurt blue-collar workers. And because Clinton embraced these forces and sought to place the United States at their headwaters, he may, indeed, be a “fabulous failure” from Lichtenstein and Stein's perspective. But the authors, each a labor historian and advocate, willfully dismiss the benefits that the nation as a whole, including workers and their children, enjoyed under Clinton. They also ignore the financial and military crises that Clinton averted. Overall, the Clinton administration created a wealthier and more competitive economy, albeit at the expense of those workers most vulnerable and least able to change. That is, Clinton helped transform the U.S. economy, just not along the lines that Lichtenstein and Stein prefer.
Is Capital Structure Irrelevant with ESG Investors?
Authors: Feldhütter Peter , Pedersen Lasse Heje 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper examines whether capital structure is irrelevant for enterprise value and investment when investors care about environmental, social, and governance issues, which we refer to as “ESG-Modigliani-Miller” (ESG-MM). Theoretically, we show that ESG-MM holds with linear pricing and additive ESG. ESG-MM means that issuing low-yielding green bonds does not lower the overall cost of capital because it makes the issuer’s other securities browner. Hence, a firm’s incentive to make a green investment does not depend on its financing choice. We provide suggestive evidence of failure of ESG-MM, implying that firms and governments can exploit inconsistent ESG attribution or segmented markets.
Impact of immunosuppressive drugs on efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for suppressing renal fibrosis
Authors: Miyasako Kisho , Nakashima Ayumu , Ishiuchi Naoki , Tanaka Yoshiki , Morimoto Keisuke , Sasaki Kensuke , Nagamatsu Shogo , Matsuda Go , Masaki Takao 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Preemptive regenerative medicine using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent the progression from organ damage to organ failure. Although immunosuppressive drugs are often used in patients with organ disorder, their impact on MSC therapy remains unclear. We investigated the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. We created unilateral ureteral obstruction models, as a well-established model of renal fibrosis, a preliminary stage of organ failure. Three immunosuppressive drugs (methylprednisolone, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide) were intraperitoneally administered 3 days after surgery, and MSCs were injected via tail vein the following day. Preadministration of methylprednisolone or cyclophosphamide interfered with MSC activation by reducing expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and high-mobility group box-1 protein, thus significantly attenuating the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. Preadministration of cyclophosphamide downregulated the expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1/C-X-C motif ligand 12, which is a potent migration factor for MSCs, resulting in reduced MSC engraftment in the renal cortex. IFN-γ-preconditioned activated MSCs were unaffected by these drugs and maintained their beneficial therapeutic effects. Cyclosporine preadministration had no effect on the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. Our study demonstrated that the administration of certain immunosuppressive drugs interfered with MSC activation and engraftment at the site of injury, resulting in a significant attenuation of their therapeutic efficacy. These findings provide crucial information for selecting patients suitable for MSC therapy. Use of MSCs preactivated with IFN-γ or other means is preferred for patients on methylprednisolone or cyclophosphamide.
Effect of various levels of standardized ileal digestible branched-chain amino acids on lactating sow and litter performance
Authors: Humphrey Dalton C , Haydon Keith D , Greiner Laura L 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Three hundred and sixty sows were used to investigate the effect of various dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) levels on sow lactation and piglet growth performance. On day 112 ± 1.4 of gestation, sows were blocked by the parity group (P1, P2, P3+) and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments containing various levels of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu, Ile, and Val. The experimental diets were formulated to the desired levels of BCAA by replacing cornstarch in a basal diet with l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine. Dietary BCAA levels relative to SID Lys were 114% or 180% for Leu, 56% or 64% for Ile, and 64% or 120% for Val. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric (3.23 Mcal ME/kg) and met or exceeded all other NRC (2012) essential amino acid and vitamin and mineral recommendations. Sow body weight (BW) and backfat thickness were measured at the time of entry into the farrowing room and at weaning. Piglet litter weights were recorded after cross-fostering and weaning to calculate the litter growth rate. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with fixed effects of dietary treatment and parity group and a random effect of lactation group. The models were fit using R (v4.4.1; R Core Team, 2024). The sow and her litter were the experimental unit, and results were considered significant if P &lt; 0.05. On average, sows nursed their litters for 21.3 d (P = 0.998). The mean parity by treatment ranged from 3.8 to 3.9 (P = 0.999). After farrowing, the mean sow BW was 220 kg with a range between treatments of 216 to 222 kg (P = 0.523). On average, sows gained 2.3% of their BW (P = 0.740) with an average daily feed intake of 8.74 kg/d (P = 0.903). As expected, sow Leu, Ile, and Val intakes were different across treatments (P ≤ 0.001) and corresponded to the varying dietary levels of BCAA. Sows entered farrowing with an average backfat thickness of 11.50 mm (P = 0.919) and lost 6.5% backfat through lactation (P = 0.880). Sows started the trial with an average of 14.1 piglets/sow (P = 0.967) and weaned 12.7 piglets/sow (P = 0.995) with a piglet ADG of 0.22 kg/d (P = 0.280) and a daily litter growth rate of 2.90 kg/d (P = 0.547). In conclusion, there was no evidence of an effect of the various leucine, isoleucine, and valine levels evaluated in this study on lactating sow and piglet performance.
Improving rail transit security with enhanced YOLOv5 obstacle detection
Authors: Zhang Zijun , Yu Tianjian , Wu Xun , Liu Chang , Yu Xizhuo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
As the economy advances and rail transit technology progresses, rail transit plays an important role in alleviating urban traffic pressure and promoting regional economic development. However, railway safety faces potential hazards such as foreign object intrusion in the trackside environment, seriously threatening the safety of trains and passengers. Therefore, to achieve high-performance recognition of obstacle target images in rail transit, a small sample object detection algorithm YOLOv5-RTO, which uses the EVC (Explicit Visual Center) attention mechanism and lightweight up-sampling operator CARAFE (Content-Aware ReAssembly of FEatures) to improve YOLOv5, has been proposed. Based on the self-collected image data of rail transit obstacles, a dense and time-varying dataset was created within the rail transit system, and data augmentation methods were used to reduce the impact of small sample datasets on the detection performance of the subsequent algorithm. Using this dataset, target detection tests were conducted on rail transit obstacle images to analyse the actual performance of the training model. The experiment results indicate that the enhanced YOLOv5-RTO algorithm integrates the advantages of EVC and CARAFE while preserving the lightweight and accurate characteristics of YOLOv5. The improved algorithm scheme has an average inference time of 1.3 ms per frame in the field of rail transit images, achieving an overall mAP of 96.5%, an increase of 1.8% compared to the original algorithm. It has a certain engineering application value and provides reference for further optimizing the safety system of urban rail transit.