bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and testing of two implementation tools to measure components of professional pharmacy service fidelity
Authors: Moullin Joanna C. , Sabater‐Hernández Daniel , García‐Corpas José P. , Kenny Patricia , Benrimoj Shalom I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThere is a need to evaluate both service process and implementation outcomes as professional services are being implemented into pharmacy practice. Fidelity is an implementation outcome, which may be used for service optimization, by associating service components to patient outcomes, as well as use in process evaluation. The objective of this study was to develop tools to measure components of fidelity, specifically, an adherence index (adherence of the service provider to the elements of the service) and a patient responsiveness scale for the professional pharmacy service,medication review with follow‐up.MethodsThe procedure described byDeVelliswas followed to develop the tools. An expert panel was used to create items and establish content validity. Primary data were collected from 190 service provider pharmacists from 128 pharmacies across 11 provinces ofSpain usingSpanish version tools as part of an ongoing implementation study (English translations appended to the online version of the article as supplementary material). An initial assessment of item functionality was performed using descriptive statistics and item discrimination for both tools. The patient responsiveness scale's internal consistency was confirmed by calculatingCronbach's alpha coefficient and inter‐item correlations. In addition, for the patient responsiveness scale, the number of factors to retain was based onKaiser criterion, parallel analysis andCattell's scree test and the number of items was optimized as guided by iterative exploratory factor analysis (EFA).ResultsAcceptability of both tools was high. An adherence index of 39 items was developed. After fiveEFAiterations, four items were removed, resulting in a reliable, 12‐item, two‐factor patient responsiveness scale, explaining 53.9% of total variance.ConclusionsTwo tools for measuring implementation fidelity, an adherence index and a patient responsiveness scale, have been developed and tested. Future assessment, in particular to establish criterion validity, is recommended.
Enzymatic Extraction of Shea Butter: Optimization Study Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Ajala E.O. , Aberuagba F. , Olaniyan A.M. , Onifade K.R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEnzymatic extraction of shea butter (SB) from its kernel was undertaken and characterized using standard methods. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the functional group of the extracted SB. In a preliminary study, SB was extracted using a mixture of enzymes, which had in equal proportion pectinase, α‐amylase, cellulase, glucoamylase and xylanase. The operating parameters of extraction temperature (50°C), time (180 min), water/seed ratio (6:1, w/w) and pH (5) were used for the study, which yielded 32.71% SB. However, using each of the enzymes for the extraction under the same operating parameters, pectinase yielded 31.40%, which was higher compared to the yield of other enzymes. Hence, pectinase was used to optimize the operating parameters using response surface methodology. A box behnken design was adopted to evaluate the effect of each of the parameters on percentage yield of SB. The result indicated that the parameters had significant effect on the yield of SB with R2, F and p value of 0.9994, 1,375.24 and 0.0001 respectively. The interactions of water/seed ratio with other parameters showed a significant effect at p < 0.0001. Based on this model, maximum yield of 42.95% SB was obtained at 50°C, 180 min and 7:1 water/seed ratio (w/w). The physico‐chemical properties of the extracted SB compared favorably well with SB extracted using other methods. The FTIR result indicated that the enzymatic treatment did not affect the chemical composition of the butter. Accordingly, enzymatic extraction can serve as a suitable method for SB extraction.Practical ApplicationsThe study investigated the effect of temperature, extraction time and water/seed ratio on yield of shea butter (SB) using enzymatic extraction method. The possible effect of the method on the quality of the SB was carried out. The study gave the optima operating conditions under which the optimum yield of SB can be obtained. This research finding revealed that the enzymatic extraction can replace solvent and traditional extraction of SB. The potential of this method of extraction is in term of high yield and maintenance of the physico‐chemical properties of the butter. The process therefore, can be employed in an industrial scale production of SB.
Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Candy Crystals Prepared from Palmyra‐Palm Jaggery
Authors: Chauhan Leela , Prakash Kumar Satya , Srivastav P.P. , Bashir Khalid 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCandy crystals prepared from palmyra palm were analyzed for various physical and chemical properties during processing. The scanning electron microscopy displayed smooth and clear crystals of varied sizes. As the temperature of the jaggery increased from 28C to 108.4C, there was a subsequent increase in the total soluble solids from 28.8 to 84°Brix. Thermal conductivity decreased from 0.44 to 0.14 W/mK, thermal diffusivity decreased from 0.31 × 10−6 to 0.05 × 10−6 m2/s and volumetric specific heat decreased from 1.35 × 103 to 0.64 × 103 kJ/m3⋅K. Thermal resistivity increased from 201.7 × 10−2 to 755.1 × 10−2 C⋅m/W. The maximum force taken as hardness was found to be 6,419 g. Power was found to be best for fitting the viscosity values (R2 = 0.93).Practical ApplicationsThe physicochemical properties, especially the crystalline structure of the foods, have much importance in the product quality and stability and mouth‐feel during consumption of the product. It was found that the physical and other engineering properties of the candy were temperature dependent. The effect of temperature on the density and viscosity could be very handy for preliminary equipment design. Palm jaggery is very valuable in terms of its health benefits, and this research will be very helpful for commercializing the jaggery‐based products.
A potential therapeutic effect of saikosaponin C as a novel dual‐target anti‐Alzheimer agent
Authors: Lee Tae Ho , Park Sungha , You Mi‐Hyeon , Lim Ji‐Hong , Min Sang‐Hyun , Kim Byeong Mo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and the risk of developing it increases with advancing age. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of saikosaponin C (SSc), one of the main bioactive components produced by the traditional Chinese herb, radix bupleuri, the root of Bupleurum falcatum, against AD in various neuronal models. Interestingly, we found that SSc has dual effects on AD by targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau, two key proteins in AD. SSc significantly suppressed the release of both Aβ peptides 1–40 and 1–42 into cell culture supernatants, though it does not affect BACE1 activity and expression. SSc also inhibited abnormal tau phosphorylation at multiple AD‐related residues. Moreover, SSc seems to have beneficial effects on cellular tau function; it accelerated nerve growth factor‐mediated neurite outgrowth and increased the assembly of microtubules. In addition, SSc increased synaptic marker proteins such as synaptophysin and PSD‐95. Considering its various biological activities, our results suggest that SSc might be a novel therapeutic tool for treating human AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Tau and amyloid beta are two key features in Alzheimer's disease. Saikosaponin C, an active component of Bupleuri Radix, inhibits abnormal tau phosphorylation and amyloid beta production, thereby promoting synaptic integrity. Saikosaponin C also prevents amyloid beta‐induced apoptosis in brain vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, Saikosaponin C may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.
Architecture and functional ecology of the human gastrocnemius muscle‐tendon unit
Authors: Butler Erin E. , Dominy Nathaniel J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe gastrocnemius muscle‐tendon unit (MTU) is central to human locomotion. Structural variation in the human gastrocnemius MTU is predicted to affect the efficiency of locomotion, a concept most often explored in the context of performance activities. For example, stiffness of the Achilles tendon varies among individuals with different histories of competitive running. Such a finding highlights the functional variation of individuals and raises the possibility of similar variation between populations, perhaps in response to specific ecological or environmental demands. Researchers often assume minimal variation in human populations, or that industrialized populations represent the human species as well as any other. Yet rainforest hunter‐gatherers, which often express the human pygmy phenotype, contradict such assumptions. Indeed, the human pygmy phenotype is a potential model system for exploring the range of ecomorphological variation in the architecture of human hindlimb muscles, a concept we review here.
Rectal indomethacin use in pain relief during hysterosalpingography: A randomized placebo controlled trial
Authors: Karaman Erbil , Çim Numan , Alkış İsmet , Yıldırım Abdullah , Yıldızhan Recep 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effectiveness of a rectal nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (indomethacin) for pain relief during a hysterosalpingography (HSG).Materials and MethodsThis prospective, randomized study included 82 women divided randomly into two groups. The study group received self‐administered rectal indomethacin, while the control group received a placebo before the procedure. Degrees of pain were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) at four different steps during the procedure and 30 min afterwards. The anxiety‐depression status of the patients was evaluated using a validated Turkish version of the Beck anxiety‐depression form before the procedure.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in the demographic characteristics of patients. The mean pain scores during tenaculum application (step 2), cervical traction (step 3), contrast injection (step 4) and 30 min after the procedure, were significantly lower in the study than the control group (P < 0.05). Step 4 was the most painful in both groups (VAS scores 3.2 ± 0.6 study vs 5.3 ± 1.1 control). The mean pain score in step 4 for patients with abnormal HSG results was significantly higher than in patients with normal HSG results (P < 0.05). The mean anxiety and depression scores immediately before the procedure were not statistically different between the groups (P = 0.610 and P = 0.129, respectively).ConclusionOur study demonstrated a significant reduction in pain in patients who received a single rectal dose of indomethacin; therefore, we recommend the use of rectal indomethacin for reducing pain during a HSG procedure.
Perinatal and one‐year outcomes of non‐immune hydrops fetalis by etiology and age at diagnosis
Authors: Ota Shiyo , Sahara Jun , Mabuchi Aki , Yamamoto Ryo , Ishii Keisuke , Mitsuda Nobuaki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe prognosis for non‐immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is still poor despite progress in perinatal care. We have examined perinatal and 1‐year outcomes for NIHF in relation to gestational age at diagnosis and underlying etiology in order to identify predictors of mortality.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of 92 pregnancies with NIHF managed in hospital between 2000 and 2012. The gestational age at diagnosis, etiology, perinatal outcome, and 1‐year outcome were recorded, and their associations assessed.ResultsA total of 41 of 92 cases (45%) resulted in fetal death, 33 patients (36%) survived to 1 year, but only 15 of the 33 survivors were developmentally intact. Aneuploidy was the most common cause of NIHF (27%; 25/92). Of the 34 patients who were diagnosed before 22 weeks, 29 fetuses (85%) died, and four (12%) survived to 1 year without developmental delay. Meanwhile, of the 26 patients diagnosed after 30 weeks, 18 (69%) survived to 1 year. Of those 18, seven (27%) were developmentally intact. Approximately half of the pregnancies with cardiac anomalies (8/13) resulted in intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) or early neonatal death. Aneuploidy was associated with a high frequency of IUFD, and of the remaining five surviving newborns, three had developmental delay.ConclusionThe prognosis for NIHF differs according to underlying etiology and gestational age at diagnosis. NIHF diagnosed early in gestation is associated with poor outcome. Knowledge of the primary etiology is important for counseling and therapy.
Detection of human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort study of Japanese patients
Authors: Kouketsu Atsumu , Sato Ikuro , Abe Satoko , Oikawa Mariko , Shimizu Yoshinaka , Takahashi Tetsu , Kumamoto Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveRecent evidence suggests that human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a separate HNSCC subgroup with distinct epidemiology, histopathological characteristics, therapeutic response to chemotherapy and radiation, and clinical outcome. This study aimed to investigate the role of HPV infection in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the correlation between HPV infection, tumor suppressor protein p16 expression, and clinicopathological features in Japanese patients.MethodsIn total, 174 OSCC specimens were examined for p16 levels by immunohistochemistry, and p16‐positive OSCCs were analyzed for HPV DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) and HPV genotypes by real‐time PCR. The results were evaluated for the association with clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients.ResultsTwenty‐four OSCC samples were found positive for p16 expression; all of them were well‐differentiated tumors. P16 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with the invasion depth and tended to correlate with sex, site in the oral cavity, stromal reaction, TNM stage, and survival. HPV DNA was detected in 13 of 24 (54%) p16‐positive OSCC by real‐time PCR; HPV 16, 18, and other high‐risk genotypes were the most prevalent. However, ISH failed to detect HPV DNA in p16‐positive OSCCs.ConclusionP16 immunoreactivity and HPV genotyping by real‐time PCR may be useful markers of HPV infection in OSCC. However, although HPV‐related OSCC showed good outcomes, HPV infection may have a minor role in oral oncogenesis in Japanese patients.
A Systematic Review of Recall Regimen and Maintenance Regimen of Patients with Dental Restorations. Part 2: Implant‐Borne Restorations
Authors: Bidra Avinash S. , Daubert Diane M. , Garcia Lily T. , Gauthier Marissa F. , Kosinski Timothy F. , Nenn Conrad A. , Olsen John A. , Platt Jeffrey A. , Wingrove Susan S. , Chandler Nancy Deal , Curtis Donald A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the current scientific evidence on patient recall and maintenance of implant‐supported restorations, to standardize patient care regimens and improve maintenance of oral health. An additional purpose was to examine areas of deficiency in the current scientific literature and provide recommendations for future studies.Materials and MethodsAn electronic search for articles in the English language literature from the past 10 years was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process. After application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed to meet the objectives of this review.ResultsThe initial electronic search resulted in 2816 titles. The systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 14 articles that satisfied the study objectives. An additional 6 articles were added through a supplemental search process for a total of 20 studies. Of these, 11 were randomized controlled clinical trials, and 9 were observational studies. The majority of the studies (15 out of 20) were conducted in the past 5 years and most studies were conducted in Europe (15), followed by Asia (2), South America (1), the United States (1), and the Middle East (1). Results from the qualitative data on a combined 1088 patients indicated that outcome improvements in recall and maintenance regimen were related to (1) patient/treatment characteristic (type of prosthesis, type of prosthetic components, and type of restorative materials); (2) specific oral topical agents or oral hygiene aids (electric toothbrush, interdental brush, chlorhexidine, triclosan, water flossers) and (3) professional intervention (oral hygiene maintenance, and maintenance of the prosthesis).ConclusionsThere is minimal evidence related to recall regimens in patients with implant‐borne removable and fixed restorations; however, a considerable body of evidence indicates that patients with implant‐borne removable and fixed restorations require lifelong professional recall regimens to provide biological and mechanical maintenance, customized for each patient. Current evidence also demonstrates that the use of specific oral topical agents and oral hygiene aids can improve professional and at‐home maintenance of implant‐borne restorations. There is evidence to demonstrate differences in mechanical and biological maintenance needs due to differences in prosthetic materials and designs. Deficiencies in existing evidence compel the forethought of creating clinical practice guidelines for recall and maintenance of patients with implant‐borne dental restorations.
A Systematic Review of Recall Regimen and Maintenance Regimen of Patients with Dental Restorations. Part 1: Tooth‐Borne Restorations
Authors: Bidra Avinash S. , Daubert Diane M. , Garcia Lily T. , Gauthier Marissa F. , Kosinski Timothy F. , Nenn Conrad A. , Olsen John A. , Platt Jeffrey A. , Wingrove Susan S. , Chandler Nancy Deal , Curtis Donald A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the current scientific evidence on patient recall and maintenance of dental restorations on natural teeth, standardize patient care regimens, and improve maintenance of oral health. An additional purpose was to examine areas of deficiency in the current scientific literature and provide recommendations for future studies.Materials and MethodsAn electronic search for articles in the English language literature from the past 15 years was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process. After application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed in depth to meet the objectives of this review.ResultsThe initial electronic search resulted in 2161 titles. The systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 12 articles that met the objectives of the study. An additional 4 articles were added through a supplemental search process for a total of 16 studies. Out of these, 9 were randomized controlled clinical trials and 7 were observational studies. The majority of the studies (14 out of 16) were conducted in the past 5 years, and most of the studies were conducted in Europe (10). Results from the qualitative data, on a combined 3569 patients, indicated that outcome improvements in recall and maintenance regimen were related to (1) patient/treatment characteristics (adherence to recall appointments, type of restoration and type of restorative material); (2) agent (chlorhexidine, fluoride, triclosan); and (3) professional interventions (repeated oral hygiene instruction, regular oral hygiene intervention).ConclusionsThere is minimal evidence related to recall regimens in patients with removable and fixed tooth‐borne restorations; however, there is considerable evidence indicating that patients with tooth‐borne removable and fixed restorations require lifelong dental professional maintenance to provide repeated oral hygiene instruction and regular oral hygiene intervention customized to each patient's treatment. Current evidence also indicates that use of specific oral topical agents like chlorhexidine, fluoride, and triclosan can aid in reducing risk for gingival inflammation, dental caries, and candidiasis. Therefore, these agents may aid in improvement of professional and at‐home maintenance of various tooth‐borne dental restorations. Furthermore, due to the heterogeneity of patient populations, restorations, and treatment needs, the evidence compels forethought of creating clinical practice guidelines for recall and maintenance of patients with tooth‐borne dental restorations.
Management of a Fractured Multiunit Maxillary Implant‐Supported Fixed Prosthesis with Stripped Abutment Screws Using a Hybrid Cement‐Retained and Screw‐Retained Design: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up Clinical Report
Authors: Al Amri Mohammad D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFracture and loosening of implant‐supported prostheses (ISPs) are complications encountered in routine dental practice. In the present report, management of a fractured maxillary full‐arch cement‐retained (CR) fixed dental prosthesis supported by six implants is presented. Due to stripped screws, complications were encountered that prevented the retrieval of two of the six abutment screws, which was managed by using a hybrid retention approach, whereby a single full‐arch CR and screw‐retained (SR) ISP was used. The techniques used to successfully retrieve four of the abutment screws are described. The final retention design involved a combination of three CR and three SR restorations, which offers the advantages of both retention designs.
Evaluating the functional importance of secretive species: A case study of aquatic snake predators in isolated wetlands
Authors: Willson J. D. , Winne C. T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough the need to prioritize limited conservation resources has prompted increased interest in understanding the functional importance of species within ecosystems, species that are infrequently observed are often written off as being unimportant. In this study, we use aquatic snakes as a case study for examining the importance of secretive predators. Most snakes are extremely cryptic and secretive, traits that not only lead to the perception that they are rare, and of minor importance, but also impede attempts to quantify densities. We used high sampling effort and robust‐design capture–recapture analyses to estimate density of aquatic snakes inhabiting an isolated 5.4‐ha wetland in South Carolina, USA. We assessed snake diets and coupled field measurements of growth rates with laboratory‐derived data on mass conversion efficiency to estimate prey consumption by snakes over a 1‐year period. We found a peak density 171 snakes ha−1 of wetland habitat, corresponding to a standing biomass of 7.77 kg ha−1. We calculated that snakes within the wetland consumed a total of over 200 kg (>55 000 individuals) of amphibian prey annually, translating into >150 000 kJ ha−1 of energy flow from secondary to tertiary consumers within the wetland food web. Further, because many amphibians are primarily terrestrial as adults and are consumed by aquatic snakes only when they return to wetlands to breed, snakes can be responsible for substantial transfer of energy and biomass between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Our study is one of the first comprehensive evaluations of the importance of snakes as predators and underscores the need to consider snakes in initiatives aimed at preserving overall ecosystem integrity.