bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Diagnosis of Agenesis of Ductus Venosus: A Retrospective Study of Anatomic Variants, Associated Anomalies and Impact on Postnatal Outcome
Authors: Strizek Brigitte , Zamprakou Aikaterini , Gottschalk Ingo , Roethlisberger Maria , Hellmund Astrid , Müller Andreas , Gembruch Ulrich , Geipel Annegret , Berg Christoph 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Purpose To assess the anatomic variants, associated anomalies and postnatal outcome of fetuses with a prenatally diagnosed agenesis of ductus venosus (ADV).
Materials and Methods Retrospective study of 119 cases with agenesis of ductus venosus diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound in two tertiary referral centers from 2006 to 2014. The type and location of the umbilical venous drainage site was noted. Charts were reviewed for associated structural or chromosomal anomalies, pregnancy outcome and postnatal course.
Results In 24 cases (20.2 %) ADV was an isolated finding, while 95 cases (79.8 %) had associated anomalies. We identified 84 cases (70.6 %) with intrahepatic and 35 cases (29.4 %) with extrahepatic drainage of the umbilical vein. 58.8 % of neonates were alive at follow-up. There was no statistical association between drainage site and associated anomalies or outcome. Postnatal outcome was determined by the presence and severity of associated anomalies. There was no adverse outcome in the isolated group related to ADV. Overall, there were 6 persistent portosystemic shunts, 3 of them with a spontaneous closure, and one total agenesis of the portal venous system with lethal outcome.
Conclusion Postnatal outcome in cases with ADV mainly depends on the presence of associated anomalies. In isolated cases the prognosis is generally good, but neonates with a prenatally diagnosed portosystemic shunt should be followed until its occlusion. Portal venous system agenesis is rare but should be ruled out on prenatal ultrasound.
Knochenmetastasen – Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie (Teil 1)
Authors: Koob Sebastian , Kehrer Michael , Strauss Andreas , Janzen Viktor , Wirtz Dieter , Schmolders Jan 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungMaligne Neoplasien sind in Deutschland nach den kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen weiterhin die zweithäufigste Todesursache. Obwohl sich die 5-Jahres-Überlebensraten der meisten malignen Tumoren in Deutschland in den letzten 30 Jahren signifikant verbessert haben, gilt eine ossäre Metastasierung mit wenigen Ausnahmen weiterhin als Zeichen der Inkurabilität. Neben den seltenen primären Knochentumoren macht die Behandlung von ossären Absiedlungen von Karzinomen einen großen Teil der tumororthopädischen Tätigkeit aus, die zudem eine enge interdisziplinäre Abstimmung mit der inneren Medizin, Radiologie und der entsprechenden Fachdisziplin der zugrunde liegenden Entität erfordert. Durch die Fortschritte in der onkologischen Therapie des Primärtumors wird z. T. ein sehr langes Überleben erreicht, sodass das Management von SRE („skeletal related events“) auch bei palliativen Situationen an Relevanz gewinnt. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit geht in ihrem 1. Teil auf der Grundlage einer aktuellen selektiven Literaturübersicht auf die zuvor erwähnten pathophysiologischen Zusammenhänge der ossären Metastasierung ein und stellt im Folgenden einzelne Diagnostika und deren Relevanz dar.
CT and MRI Techniques for Imaging Around Orthopedic Hardware
Authors: Do Thuy , Sutter Reto , Skornitzke Stephan , Weber Marc-André 
Published: September 2017

Orthopedic hardware impairs image quality in cross-sectional imaging. With an increasing number of orthopedic implants in an aging population, the need to mitigate metal artifacts in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is becoming increasingly relevant. This review provides an overview of the major artifacts in CT and MRI and state-of-the-art solutions to improve image quality. All steps of image acquisition from device selection, scan preparations and parameters to image post-processing influence the magnitude of metal artifacts. Technological advances like dual-energy CT with the possibility of virtual monochromatic imaging (VMI) and new materials offer opportunities to further reduce artifacts in CT and MRI. Dedicated metal artifact reduction sequences contain algorithms to reduce artifacts and improve imaging of surrounding tissue and are essential tools in orthopedic imaging to detect postoperative complications in early stages.
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Cross Sectional Imaging of Solitary Lesions of the Neurocranium
Authors: Schäfer Max-Ludwig , Koch Arend , Streitparth Florian , Wiener Edzard 
Published: September 2017

Background Although a wide range of processes along the neurocranium are of a benign nature, there are often difficulties in the differential diagnosis.
Method In the review CT/MRI scans of the head were evaluated retrospectively regarding solitary lesions along the neurocranium. The majority of the lesions were histologically proven.
Results The purpose of the review is to present typical pathologies of the neurocranium and provide a systematic overview based on 12 entities, their locations, prevalence and radiological characteristics.
Conclusion Processes, which primarily originate from the neurocranium have to be differentiated from secondary processes infiltrating the neurocranium. For this important diagnostic feature, MRI is typically essential, while the definitive diagnosis is often made on the basis of the medical history and the typical appearance on computer tomography.
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Das fetale Profil im ersten Trimenon – mehr als nur NT
Authors: Hoopmann Markus , Kagan Karl 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDas midsagittale Profil stellt eine Schlüsselebene im Rahmen der sonografischen Ersttrimesterdiagnostik im Zeitraum 11 + 0 bis 13 + 6 SSW dar. Es handelt sich um die zurzeit am besten qualitätsgesicherte pränatale Bildeinstellung. Dem ursprünglichen Zweck der korrekten Messung der Nackentransparenz zur Risikoanalyse auf Aneuploidien konnten in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche zusätzliche Aspekte der fetalen Fehlbildungsdiagnostik hinzugefügt werden. So lassen sich aus dem fetalen Profil neben dem Risiko für Chromosomenstörungen Hinweise auf Neuralrohrdefekte, ZNS-Fehlbildungen insbesondere im Bereich der Fossa posterior und Gesichtsfehlbildungen wie eine Spaltbildung oder eine Retrogenie ableiten. Durch die zunehmende Neuorientierung des Ersttrimesterscreenings im Kontext der zellfreien fetalen DNA-Analyse erlangt die strukturelle Fehlbildungsdiagnostik ein besonderes Gewicht. Ziel der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit ist es, den aktuellen Stand zum diagnostischen Potenzial des midsagittalen Schnittbildes des fetalen Profils darzustellen.
Effects of Zinc Alpha2 Glycoprotein on Lipid Metabolism of Liver in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Fan Guoqiang , Qiao Yu , Gao Shixing , Guo Jun , Zhao Ruqian , Yang Xiaojing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractZinc alpha2 glycoprotein (ZAG) is a new type of adipokine involved in adipose tissue mobilization, however, little is known about its lipid metabolism effect in liver. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ZAG in the regulation of hepatic lipid accumulation. Mice were randomly divided into two groups; one was fed a normal diet and another was fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks to establish obesity model. After that, the normal diet group was divided into ND (injection of pcDNA3.1) and NDZ (injection of ZAG recombinant plasmid) and the high-fat diet group was divided into HF (injection of pcDNA3.1) and HFZ (injection of ZAG recombinant plasmid). The mice were weighed once per week and injected with plasmid once every three days for eight times. The results showed that body weight and hepatic TG content were decreased dramatically in HFZ group compared with HF group. The stearoyl-CoAdesaturase1 (SCD1) and Acyl-CoA Synthetase-1 (ACSS1) protein levels in HFZ group were significantly decreased. Furthermore, phosphorylated hormone sensitive lipase (P-HSL) was significantly higher in HFZ group. In HFZ group, hepatic fatty acid translocase (CD36) and fatty acids binding protein-1 (FABP1) protein levels were reduced. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase A (PPKA) in HFZ group was higher than the HF group. Meanwhile, NDZ group showed significantly decreased body weight and increased P-HSL level though the hepatic TG content showed no significantly changes compared with the ND group. Therefore, we conclude that ZAG may be beneficial for preventing high-fat-diet-induced hepatic lipid metabolic disorders.
Openness to Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Public Substance use Treatment in South Africa Using Task Shifting: Caseload Size Matters
Authors: Magidson Jessica F. , Lee Jasper S. , Johnson Kim , Burnhams Warren , Koch J. Randy , Manderscheid Ron , Myers Bronwyn 
Published: September 2017

Background In response to the lack of coverage for substance use treatment in the Western Cape province of South Africa, the local government expanded funding for evidence-based practices (EBPs) for treating substance use. Yet, little is known about provider and staff attitudes towards adopting EBPs in this setting, which is particularly relevant in this context where task shifting clinical care increases demands on paraprofessional providers. This study aimed to (1) assess attitudes towards adopting EBPs among a range of staff working in substance use treatment in Cape Town using a task shifting model; and (2) evaluate factors associated with openness towards adopting EBPs in this setting. Methods Staff ( n = 87) were recruited from 11 substance use treatment clinics. Demographics and job-related characteristics were assessed. Staff perceptions of organizational factors were assessed using the TCU Organizational Readiness for Change (ORC) scale. The dependent variable, attitudes towards adopting EBPs, was assessed using the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS). Results This study is one of the first to administer the EBPAS in South Africa and found good internal consistency (total score: α = .82). In a multivariable model adjusting for site and factors associated with EBPAS total score at the bivariate level, only smaller caseload size was associated with greater openness to adopting EBPs (B = 1.61, SE = .73; t = 2.21; p<.05). Conclusions As pressure to scale up implementation of EBPs in South African substance use treatment services intensifies, additional efforts are needed to understand barriers to adopt EBPs in this setting. Supporting staff adoption of EBPs in resource-limited settings may require additional resources to limit staff caseloads in the context of task shifting.
Genetic Management of Fragmented Animal and Plant Populations
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe biological diversity of the planet is being rapidly depleted due to the direct and indirect consequences of human activity. As the size of animal and plant populations decrease and fragmentation increases, loss of genetic diversity reduces their ability to adapt to changes in the environment, with inbreeding and reduced fitness inevitable consequences for many species. Many small isolated populations are going extinct unnecessarily. In many cases, such populations can be genetically rescued by gene flow into them from another population within the species, but this is very rarely done. This novel and authoritative book addresses the issues involved in genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations, including inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and elevated extinction risk in small isolated populations, augmentation of gene flow, genetic rescue, causes of outbreeding depression and predicting its occurrence, desirability and implementation of genetic translocations to cope with climate change, and defining and diagnosing species for conservation purposes.
Introduction
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGenetic management of fragmented populations is one of the major, largely unaddressed issues in biodiversity conservation. Many species across the planet have fragmented distributions with small isolated populations that are potentially suffering from inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity (genetic erosion), leading to elevated extinction risk. Fortunately, genetic deterioration can usually be remedied by augmenting gene flow (crossing between populations within species), yet this is rarely done, in part because of fears that crossing may be harmful (but it is possible to predict when this will occur). Benefits and risks of genetic problems are sometimes altered in species with diverse mating systems and modes of inheritance. Adequate genetic management depends on appropriate delineation of species. We address management of gene flow between previously isolated populations and genetic management under global climate change.
Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases extinction risk
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMost species now have fragmented distributions, often with adverse genetic consequences. The genetic impacts of population fragmentation depend critically upon gene flow among fragments and their effective sizes. Fragmentation with cessation of gene flow is highly harmful in the long term, leading to greater inbreeding, increased loss of genetic diversity, decreased likelihood of evolutionary adaptation and elevated extinction risk, when compared to a single population of the same total size. The consequences of fragmentation with limited gene flow typically lie between those for a large population with random mating and isolated population fragments with no gene flow.
Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated population fragments
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe number and geographic location of genetically differentiated populations must be identified to determine if fragmented populations require genetic management. Clustering of related genotypes to geographic locations (landscape genetic analyses) is used to determine the number of populations and their boundaries, with the simplest analyses relying on random mating within, but not across populations. Evidence of genetic differentiation among populations indicates either that they have drifted apart (and are likely inbred) and/or that the populations are adaptively differentiated. The current response when populations are genetically differentiated is usually to recommend separate management, but this is often ill-advised. A paradigm shift is needed where evidence of genetic differentiation among populations is followed by an assessment of whether populations are suffering genetic erosion, whether there are other populations to which they could be crossed, and whether the crosses would be beneficial, or harmful.
Managing gene flow among isolated population fragments. II. Management based on kinship
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith more detailed genetic information, more precise genetic management of fragmented populations can be achieved, leading to improved retention of genetic diversity and lower inbreeding. Using mean kinship within and between populations (estimated from modeling, pedigrees, genetic markers or genomes), and moving individuals among fragments with the lowest between fragment mean kinships provides the best approach to gene flow management. Populations should then be monitored to confirm that movement of individuals has resulted in the desired levels of gene flow, and that genetic diversity has been enhanced.
Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI): A Narrative Review from a Multispecialty Task Force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
Authors: Annane Djillali , Pastores Stephen M. , Arlt Wiebke , Balk Robert A. , Beishuizen Albertus , Briegel Josef , Carcillo Joseph , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Cooper Mark S. , Marik Paul E. , Meduri Gianfranco Umberto , Olsen Keith M. , Rochwerg Bram , Rodgers Sophia C. , Russell James A. , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
To provide a narrative review of the latest concepts and understanding of the pathophysiology of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI).

Participants:
A multi-specialty task force of international experts in critical care medicine and endocrinology and members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.

Data Sources:
Medline, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

Results:
Three major pathophysiologic events were considered to constitute CIRCI: dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, altered cortisol metabolism, and tissue resistance to glucocorticoids. The dysregulation of the HPA axis is complex, involving multidirectional crosstalk between the CRH/ACTH pathways, autonomic nervous system, vasopressinergic system, and immune system. Recent studies have demonstrated that plasma clearance of cortisol is markedly reduced during critical illness, explained by suppressed expression and activity of the primary cortisol-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney. Despite the elevated cortisol levels during critical illness, tissue resistance to glucocorticoids is believed to occur due to insufficient glucocorticoid alpha-mediated anti-inflammatory activity.

Conclusions:
Novel insights into the pathophysiology of CIRCI add to the limitations of the current diagnostic tools to identify at-risk patients and may also impact how corticosteroids are used in patients with CIRCI.
Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients (Part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017
Authors: Annane Djillali , Pastores Stephen M. , Rochwerg Bram , Arlt Wiebke , Balk Robert A. , Beishuizen Albertus , Briegel Josef , Carcillo Joseph , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Cooper Mark S. , Marik Paul E. , Umberto Meduri Gianfranco , Olsen Keith M. , Rodgers Sophia C. , Russell James A. , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: September 2017

Objective:
To update the 2008 consensus statements for the diagnosis and management of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in adult and pediatric patients.

Participants:
A multispecialty task force of 16 international experts in critical care medicine, endocrinology, and guideline methods, all of them members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and/or the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.

Design/Methods:
The recommendations were based on the summarized evidence from the 2008 document in addition to more recent findings from an updated systematic review of relevant studies from 2008 to 2017 and were formulated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The strength of each recommendation was classified as strong or conditional, and the quality of evidence was rated from high to very low based on factors including the individual study design, the risk of bias, the consistency of the results, and the directness and precision of the evidence. Recommendation approval required the agreement of at least 80% of the task force members.

Results:
The task force was unable to reach agreement on a single test that can reliably diagnose CIRCI, although delta cortisol (change in baseline cortisol at 60 min of < 9 μg/dL) after cosyntropin (250 μg) administration and a random plasma cortisol of < 10 μg/dL may be used by clinicians. We suggest against using plasma-free cortisol or salivary cortisol level over plasma total cortisol (conditional, very low quality of evidence). For treatment of specific conditions, we suggest using IV hydrocortisone < 400 mg/day for ≥ 3 days at full dose in patients with septic shock that is not responsive to fluid and moderate- to high-dose vasopressor therapy (conditional, low quality of evidence). We suggest not using corticosteroids in adult patients with sepsis without shock (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence). We suggest the use of IV methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg/day in patients with early moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 < 200 and within 14 days of onset) (conditional, moderate quality of evidence). Corticosteroids are not suggested for patients with major trauma (conditional, low quality of evidence).

Conclusions:
Evidence-based recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and major trauma have been developed by a multispecialty task force.
Use of Google Trends to Examine Interest in Mohs Micrographic Surgery: 2004 to 2016
Authors: Callaghan Daniel J. 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the gold standard for treatment of high-risk skin cancers. There has been an upward trend in the use of this procedure as demonstrated by data from Medicare and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

OBJECTIVE
To assess interest in MMS among members of the general public as measured by number of online searches, and how that interest has changed over time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Google Trends was used to plot interest in search terms including “Mohs surgery,” “basal cell carcinoma,” “squamous cell carcinoma,” “melanoma,” and “skin cancer” from January 1, 2004, to November 30, 2016.

RESULTS
Search interest for the term “Mohs surgery” has steadily increased since 2004 and correlates closely with increased interest for “basal cell carcinoma” (r = 0.82) and “squamous cell carcinoma” (r = 0.85). Search interest in MMS did not correlate well with searches for melanoma (r = −0.15) or skin cancer (r = −0.29).

CONCLUSION
Public interest in MMS has continued to steadily increase in the United States, which may be a reflection of the increasing volume of MMS that is performed.