bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving microbial membership using Abundance and Variability In Taxonomy (‘AVIT )
Authors: Chakrabarti Anirikh , Siddharth Jay , Lauber Christian L. , Membrez Mathieu , Betrisey Bertrand , Loyer Carole , Chou Chieh Jason , Pataky Zoltan , Golay Alain , Parkinson Scott J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDevelopment of NGS has revolutionized the analysis in microbial ecology contributing to our deeper understanding of microbiota in health and disease. However, the quality, quantity and confidence of summarized taxonomic abundances are in need of further scrutiny due to sample dependent and independent effects. In this article we introduce ‘AVIT (Abundance and Variability In Taxonomy), an unbiased method to enrich for assigned members of microbial communities. As opposed to using a priori thresholds, ‘AVIT uses inherent abundance and variability of taxa in a dataset to determine the inclusion or rejection of each taxa for further downstream analysis. Using in-vitro and in-vivo studies, we benchmarked performance and parameterized ‘AVIT to establish a framework for investigating the dynamic range of microbial community membership in clinically relevant scenarios.
Localization-delocalization transition in spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate
Authors: Li Chunyan , Ye Fangwei , Kartashov Yaroslav V. , Konotop Vladimir V. , Chen Xianfeng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe address the impact of the spin-orbit (SO) coupling on the localization-delocalization-transition (LDT) in a spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensate in a bichromatic potential. We find that SO coupling significantly alters the threshold depth of the one of sublattices above which the lowest eigenstates transform from delocalizated into localized. For some moderate coupling strengths the threshold is strongly reduced, which is explained by the SO coupling-induced band flattening in one of the sub-lattices. We explain why simultaneous Rabi and SO coupling are necessary ingredients for LDT threshold cancellation and show that strong SO coupling drives the system into the state where its evolution becomes similar to the evolution of a one-component system. We also find that defocusing nonlinearity can lead to localization of the states which are delocalized in the linear limit.
The microstructure matters: breaking down the barriers with single crystalline silicon as negative electrode in Li-ion batteries
Authors: Sternad M. , Forster M. , Wilkening M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSilicon-based microelectronics forms a major foundation of our modern society. Small lithium-ion batteries act as the key enablers of its success and have revolutionised portable electronics used in our all everyday’s life. While large-scale LIBs are expected to help establish electric vehicles, on the other end of device size chip-integrated Si-based μ-batteries may revolutionise microelectronics once more. In general, Si is regarded as one of the white hopes since it offers energy densities being ten times higher than conventional anode materials. The use of monocrystalline, wafer-grade Si, however, requires several hurdles to be overcome since it its volume largely expands during lithiation. Here, we will show how 3D patterned Si wafers, prepared by the sophisticated techniques from semiconductor industry, are to be electrochemically activated to overcome these limitations and to leverage their full potential being reflected in stable charge capacities (>1000 mAhg–1) and high Coulomb efficiencies (98.8%).
Dairy Propionibacterium extends the mean lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via activation of the innate immune system
Authors: Kwon Gayeung , Lee Jiyun , Lim Young-Hee 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDairyPropionibacterium freudenreichiiis a candidate non-lactic acid probiotic. However, little information is available on the effect ofP. freudenreichiion lifespan extension in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ofP. freudenreichiion lifespan extension and to elucidate the mechanism ofP. freudenreichii-dependent lifespan extension inCaenorhabditis elegans. The results showed thatP. freudenreichiisignificantly (p < 0.05) extended the lifespan ofC. eleganscompared withEscherichia coliOP50, a standard food for the worm. Analysis of age-related biomarkers showed thatP. freudenreichiiretards ageing. Moreover,P. freudenreichiiincreased resistance against a human pathogen,Salmonella typhimurium, through the activation ofskn-1, which is involved in pathogen resistance inC. elegans. Furthermore,P. freudenreichii-feddaf-16, jnk-1, skn-1ordaf-7loss-of-function mutants showed an extended mean lifespan compared withE. coliOP50-fed worms. However, the increase in lifespan was not observed inpmk-1, sek-1, mek-1, dbl-1, daf-12ordaf-2mutants, which suggests potential roles for these genes inP. freudenreichii-induced longevity inC. elegans. In conclusion,P. freudenreichiiextends the lifespan ofC. elegansvia the p38 MAPK pathway involved in stress response and the TGF-β pathways associated with anti-inflammation processes in the immune system.
Sol narae (Sona) is a Drosophila ADAMTS involved in Wg signaling
Authors: Kim Go-Woon , Won Jong-Hoon , Lee Ok-Kyung , Lee Sang-Soo , Han Jeong-Hoon , Tsogtbaatar Orkhon , Nam Sujin , Kim Yeon , Cho Kyung-Ok 
Published: August 2016

AbstractADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteases with thrombospondin motif) family consists of secreted proteases, and is shown to cleave extracellular matrix proteins. Their malfunctions result in cancers and disorders in connective tissues. We report here that a Drosophila ADAMTS named Sol narae (Sona) promotes Wnt/Wingless (Wg) signaling. sona loss-of-function mutants are lethal and rare escapers had malformed appendages, indicating that sona is essential for fly development and survival. sona exhibited positive genetic interaction with wntless (wls) that encodes a cargo protein for Wg. Loss of sona decreased the level of extracellular Wg, and also reduced the expression level of Wg effector proteins such as Senseless (Sens), Distalless (Dll) and Vestigial (Vg). Sona and Wg colocalized in Golgi and endosomal vesicles, and were in the same protein complex. Furthermore, co-expression of Wg and Sona generated ectopic wing margin bristles. This study suggests that Sona is involved in Wg signaling by regulating the level of extracellular Wg.
The Development of Voiceless Sibilant Fricatives in Putonghua-Speaking Children
Authors: Li Fangfang , Munson Benjamin 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe aims of the present study are (a) to quantify the developmental sequence of fricative mastery in Putonghua-speaking children and discuss the observed pattern in relation to existing theoretical positions, and (b) to describe the acquisition of the fine-articulatory/acoustic details of fricatives in the multidimensional acoustic space.MethodTwenty adults and 97 children participated in a speech-production experiment, repeating a list of fricative-initial words. Two independent measures were applied to quantify the relative sequence of fricative acquisition: auditory-based phonetic transcription and acoustics-based statistical modeling. Two acoustic parameters—fricative centroid frequency and F2 onset—were used to index tongue-body and tongue-tip development, respectively.ResultsBoth transcription and statistical modeling of acoustics yielded the sequence of /ɕ/ ⟶ /ʂ/ ⟶ /s/. Acoustic analysis further revealed gradual separation in both acoustic dimensions, with the initial undifferentiated form ambiguous between /ɕ/ and /ʂ/.ConclusionsThe observed sound-acquisition order was interpreted as reflecting a combined influence of both oromotor maturation and language-specific phoneme frequency in Putonghua. Acoustic results suggest a maturational advantage of the tongue body over the tongue tip during fricative development.
Curvature–undulation coupling as a basis for curvature sensing and generation in bilayer membranes
Authors: Bradley Ryan P. , Radhakrishnan Ravi 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Most intracellular trafficking and many intercellular communications are orchestrated by curvature-driven or curvature-associated cellular processes. Hence, understanding how proteins sculpt lipid bilayers is vital to our understanding of how cell membranes modulate cell signaling pathways and consequent cell fate. In this study, we present coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the epsin N-terminal homology domain interacting with a lipid bilayer and demonstrate a cooperative and fluctuation-mediated mechanism by which these proteins can generate curvature in bilayer membranes as well as sense curvature at large distances compared with their size.
Geography and major host evolutionary transitions shape the resource use of plant parasites
Authors: Calatayud Joaquín , Hórreo José Luis , Madrigal-González Jaime , Migeon Alain , Rodríguez Miguel Á. , Magalhães Sara , Hortal Joaquín 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Patterns of host use by parasites are commonly thought to be limited by phylogenetic constraints, yet little is known about the role of the geographic distribution of hosts and parasites in such patterns. We show that evolutionary patterns in host use by a family of plant parasites are largely determined by the geographical distribution of hosts and parasites. Such phylogenetic lability in host use results in repeated colonizations of distantly related plant lineages, even across major plant evolutionary transitions. Still, these transitions constitute significant adaptive barriers in the evolution of host use. Our results thus show that host plant use by parasitic mites hinges more on where the plant and the mite are than on phylogenetic constraints.
Intestinal immunostimulatory activity of neutral polysaccharide isolated from traditionally fermented Korean brown rice vinegar
Authors: Kim Hoon , Lee Ho , Shin Kwang-Soon 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this study, diverse intestinal immunostimulatory activities were demonstrated for polysaccharides (KBV-CP) isolated from Korean brown rice vinegar. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that KBV-CP was composed mainly of neutral sugar units, primarily glucose and mannose. In vitro, KBV-CP significantly augmented the productions of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgA-related cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, results of an in vitro co-culture system of intestinal Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells suggested that KBV-CP is not only cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells but also capable of being transported across the small intestinal barrier. Oral administration of KBV-CP every other day for 20 days induced the IgA production by Peyer’s patch cells as well as in intestinal fluid and fecal extract. In addition, the production of IgA-related cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor was triggered.
Enzymatic activity of cell-free extracts from Burkholderia oxyphila OX-01 bio-converts (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin to (+)-taxifolin
Authors: Otsuka Yuichiro , Matsuda Motoki , Sonoki Tomonori , Sato-Izawa Kanna , Goodell Barry , Jelison Jody , Navarro Ronald R , Murata Hitoshi , Nakamura Masaya 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This study characterized the enzymatic ability of a cell-free extract from an acidophilic (+)-catechin degrader Burkholderia oxyphila (OX-01). The crude OX-01 extracts were able to transform (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin into (+)-taxifolin via a leucocyanidin intermediate in a two-step oxidation. Enzymatic oxidation at the C-4 position was carried out anaerobically using H2O as an oxygen donor. The C-4 oxidation occurred only in the presence of the 2R-catechin stereoisomer, with the C-3 stereoisomer not affecting the reaction. These results suggest that the OX-01 may have evolved to target both (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, which are major structural units in plants.
Radial and tibial bone indices in athletes participating in different endurance sports: a pQCT study†
Authors: Oosthuyse Tanja , McVeigh Joanne A. , Micklesfield Lisa K. , Meiring Rebecca M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTLow magnitude bone‐loading sports may benefit bone structure and strength in the exercised limbs. This study compared peripheral quantitative computed tomography measures of radial and tibial diaphyseal strength (strength–strain index, SSI), structure (total area (ToA) and cortical area (CoA), density (CoD) and thickness (CT), and circumferences), muscle cross‐sectional area (MCSA) and strength (one‐repetition maximum, 1‐RM) in male endurance athletes taking part in (i) non‐weight‐bearing and non‐impact sports: swimmers (SWIM, n = 13) and road cyclists (RC, n = 10), (ii) non‐weight‐bearing, impact sport: mountain bikers (MB, n = 10), (iii) weight bearing and impact sport: runners (RUN, n = 9). All athlete groups were also compared to sedentary controls (CON, n = 10). Arm MCSA, 1‐RM and radial bone size and strength tended to be greater in SWIM than CON and/or RC (ToA, %difference ± 95%CI, SWIM‐CON: 14.6% ± 12.7%; SWIM‐RC: 12.9% ± 10.7%) but not different to MB and RUN. RUN had bigger tibial CoA than CON, SWIM and RC (CoA, RUN‐CON: 12.1% ± 10.7%; RUN‐SWIM: 10.9% ± 9.4%; RUN‐RC: 15.8% ± 9.5%) without marked changes in tibial strength indices, lower‐limb MCSA or 1‐RM. Both MB and RC failed to display any difference in tibial indices, lower‐limb MCSA and 1‐RM compared to CON. In swimmers, the bone structure and strength of the primary exercised limbs, the arms, is greater than controls and road cyclists. Conversely, although runners experience impact and weight‐bearing loading, tibial structure is greater without a substantial difference in tibial strength compared to controls and non‐impact sports. Failure to observe a difference in tibial indices in MB and RC compared to controls is unexpected.
Present-day international primate trade in historical context
Authors: Nijman Vincent , Healy Aoife 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Primates have been traded long distance and across border for millennia. The most immediately apparent use for primates is as food, but their uses go well beyond their basic value as a protein source. Here, an overview is given of the different aspects of international trade of primates, comparing historic uses with those in the present day, and highlighting the impact trade can have on the conservation of already imperilled species. One of the most important drivers for the international trade in primates is the biomedical industry, with China and Indonesia acting as the most significant exporters and the USA as the largest importer. The nature of international primate trade has changed over the years, and commercial trade in wild-caught primates, albeit differently from the past, remains a major impediment to the conservation of selected primate species.
Introduction
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
HIV/AIDS has been the largest adverse health shock in recent history, and has also been unique in terms of the international response it has elicited. The chapter outlines the course and state of the global HIV/AIDS response, and defines the economic focus of the book. What has been the impact of HIV/AIDS and the global response? What is the significance of HIV/AIDS and the global response from an economic development perspective? Has HIV/AIDS received too much money? How can the cost-effectiveness of specific HIV/AIDS interventions best be assessed, taking into account both the transmission dynamics of HIV, the health consequences of HIV/AIDS, and the costs caused by new HIV infections? What are the implications of the scaling up of treatment for the cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS-related interventions? What are the lessons for the design of HIV/AIDS programmes?
Concluding Notes
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
HIV/AIDS has caused a devastating shock to the lives of people affected by HIV/AIDS, but the economic impacts of the epidemic do not fundamentally add to the evaluation of the consequences of HIV/AIDS across countries. The slow disease progression and transmission dynamics, especially since treatment has become widely available globally, pose challenges for the evaluation of HIV/AIDS-related interventions and programmes. The book responds to these challenges in two ways—(1) emphasizing the dynamic and population-level effects of investment in HIV prevention, and (2) interpreting investments in the HIV/AIDS response as financial as well as health investments.
The Evolution of Vietnamese Industry
Authors: Anh Nguyen Thi Tue , Duc Luu Minh , Chieu Trinh Duc 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Transition from an import-substitution to an export-orientation strategy has been in effect in Vietnam since the reform process, Doi Moi, necessitating the re-formulation of macroeconomic, trading, and sectoral policies. The industry sector has experienced gradual growth, as the country’s economy is becoming more open and gaining deeper integration with regional and the world economies. Export processing zones, industrial zones, and economic zones have been set up to attract the interest of multi-sectors, including foreign and non-state investors. The capacity and productivity of the industrial sector has improved considerably. But three main problems arose during the industrial development process: minimal contribution from current policies to improve competitiveness; policy failure to encourage firm restructuring; and lack of a well-coordinated framework for industrial policy.
The Relationship between the Contract of Employment and Statute
Authors: Davies Acl 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the relationship between the common law of the contract of employment and statutes in the employment law field. Historically, the courts tended to regard the contract of employment as having primacy and any legislative intervention as being marginal or subsidiary. Nowadays, cases such as Autoclenz, Johnson and Edwards show that the courts regard statute as the main source of regulation of employment with the common law playing a supplementary role where the two interact. The chapter argues that, in order to fulfil the requirements of the Rule of Law, the courts should strive to develop a coherent body of employment law in which statute and common law work together effectively.
The Autonomy of the Common Law of the Contract of Employment from the General Law of Contract
Authors: Brodie Douglas 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter on the autonomy of the common law of the contract of employment addresses the relationship between the general principles of contract law and the more specific rules pertaining to the employment contract. The chapter considers how the employment contract applies and modifies general principles and, in turn, acts as a catalyst for reform in the law of contract as a whole. The chapter discusses the construction of an employment contract, the importance of cross-fertilization, the concept of pluralism within contract law, and the notion of good faith. The view is taken that a proper understanding of the relationship between the general principles and specific rules can only be gained through consideration of the way in which the law of the employment contract also interacts with the law of other nominate contracts.
Theory-Based Ecology
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Taking a fresh look at Darwin’s original theory of the origin of species and following the road paved by Gause, Hutchinson, MacArthur, and Levins a consistent system of fundamental principles is revealed, one that makes the integration of ecology possible. These principles are explained, formalized, and illustrated by mutually compatible mathematical models in this book, demonstrating how this coherent modelling approach helps to explain or predict actual population and community dynamics and patterns on the field or in the lab. At the core of the Darwinian theory of ecology lies a generalized fitness concept applicable to populations of alleles and clones as well as of conspecific individuals. It is the theory of structured populations that provides a universal methodology to calculate the fitness of any reproductive unit in the face of any complexity arising from differences in individual states. The inherent capacity of all living organisms to increase their populations exponentially is necessarily constrained by resource depletion or natural enemies, so that the ultimate growth rate of persistent populations is regulated. Competition between different reproductive units leads either to competitive exclusion or to robust coexistence, depending on how similarly they are regulated. This is shown in general and demonstrated with several types of model. A generalized and formalized niche theory consistent with the principles is explicated, discussed, and illustrated by empirical studies. Studies on global, regional, and local ecological patterns close the book, discussed in the spirit of the process-based approach of Darwinian ecology.
Italian, Tuscan, and Corsican
Authors: Ledgeway Adam 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Italian, the dialects of Tuscany, and the dialects of Corsica. Topics dealt with include: tonic vowels; atonic vowels; consonants and weakening; syllable structure and phonotactics; stress; raddoppiamento fonosintattico; morphology of nominal group (nouns and adjectives; determiners and quantifiers; pronouns) and of verbal group (verb roots, inflection), syntax of nominal group (determiners, pronouns, adjectives), verbal group (tenses, aspect, mood, voice), and of clause (sentence organization; agreement).
Spanish, Astur-Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese, Judaeo-Spanish
Authors: Tuten Donald N. , Pato Enrique , Schwarzwald Ora R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Spanish (including Latin American varieties), Astur-Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese and Judaeo-Spanish. Vowels Consonants; Stops; Affricate /ʧ/; Fricatives; Nasals; Laterals; Rhotics; /ʝ/ and initial [w-]; Prosody; Syllable structure; Stress and rhythm; Intonation; Orthography; Morphology; Nominal group; Nouns and adjectives; Determiners, possessives, quantifiers, interrogatives; Pronouns; Count/non-count referential systems; Verbal group; Conjugations; Inflection; Verb roots; Derivational morphology; word-formation processes; Nominal group; Pronominals; Tense, aspect, and mood; Copulas; Adverbs; Negation; Passive and middle voice; Clause; Prepositional accusative; Relative clauses; Dequeísmo/queísmo; Sentence organization and information structure.
Evolutionary Games in Natural, Social, and Virtual Worlds
Authors: Friedman Daniel , Sinervo Barry 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This book’s goal is to introduce evolutionary game theory to applied researchers in a manner accessible to graduate students and advanced undergraduates in biology, economics, engineering, and allied disciplines. Chapters 1 through 6 present the basic ideas and techniques of this field, including fitness, replicator dynamics, memes and genes, single- and multiple-population games, Nash equilibrium and evolutionarily stable states, noisy best response and other adaptive processes, the Price equation, cellular automata, and estimating payoff and choice parameters from the data. Chapters 7 through 14 collect exemplary applications from many fields, providing templates for applied work everywhere. These include a new co-evolutionary predator-prey learning model extending the rock-paper-scissors game; using human subject laboratory data to estimate models of learning in games; new approaches to plastic strategies and life cycle strategies, including estimates for male elephant seals; a comparison of machine-learning techniques for preserving diversity to those seen in the natural world; analyses of congestion in traffic networks (either Internet or highways)