bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against the Japanese Beetle Grub on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three formulations of nematodes were tested against Japanese beetle grubs at the Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. Treatments were applied to 2nd instar grubs on Sep 2 from 1800 to 2100 h. Plot size was 8 × 8 ft with a 3 ft buffer between plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied in a watering can. All treatments were applied in water at a volume of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Immediately after application, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch water and kept irrigated as necessary to keep the soil moist. Conditions at the time of treatment were: soil pH, 5.9; water pH, 6.8; soil texture, loam, 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay; soil moisture, 19.7%; OM, 5.1%; soil temperature at 1 inch 77.2°F, soil thatch, 0.5 inch; sky, cloudy. Plots were rated on Sep 30 by counting the number of live grubs under a 3 ft2 section of sod cut by a sod cutter.
Aphid Test on Rose Plants, Ingham Co., Mi, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rose plants (var Obsession) in 3 gal pots were used for this test in the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses at Michigan State University. The plants were 2-3 ft tall. Precounts were made on 8 Aug by counting all aphids on each plant. The plants were blocked by the precounts and treatments were applied on 10 Aug. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi except for the Marshal/Suscon treatments which were evenly applied to the surface of the soil. The amount of AI/ plant for the Marshal/Suscon treatments was the same as was used for the Advantage treatments. Eight plants could be treated with 1 liter of finished spray. All of the treatments were replicated 6 times with 1 plant being a replicate. Post counts were made by counting all aphids on each plant on 25 Aug.
Postharvest Control of Thrips with Pyrethroids on Dendrobium, 1993
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu Ben K. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Postharvest insecticidal treatments were evaluated from Jun through Jul 1993 at the University of Hawaii, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, HI. Flowers used in this study were randomly harvested from a commercial dendrobium farm in Kailua-Kona, HI. Dendrobium plants were well established growing in 0.5 inch crushed basalt rock under 30% polypropylene shade using standard cultural practices. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 5 inflorescences per replicate. In study 1. inflorescences were dipped floral end first into 5 gal buckets containing the insecticide solutions (25.7°C). Inflorescences were submerged for 3 minutes, and gently agitated 10 times at immersion, at 1.5 minutes, and again before removal for a total of 30 times. Control flowers were dipped in water following the same procedure as described. After dipping, inflorescences were held in buckets and allowed to air dry. In study 2, the double dip o1 Mavrik consisted of immersing inflorescences (27.3°C) as described above, followed by a 2 h waiting period and a second 3 min insecticide immersion. A 2.5 m? chamber was used to fumigate inflorescence with floragas (2 h exposure at 31.5°C). Control flowers for the floragas were held in an identical untreated chamber. Twenty-four hours after treatment, blossoms were removed from the inflorescence, counted, and placed in Berlese funnels heated with a 60 watt incandescent light bulb. Thrips were collected in a 8:2:1:1 solution of ethanol, distilled H20, acetic acid and glycerin and the number of nymphs and adults counted. Thrips counts were adjusted to the number of thrips per blossom. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Varroa Mites on Caged Honey Bees, 1993
Authors: Witherell Peter C. , Bruce William A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Live bees were obtained from the brood nests of colonies in an apiary heavily infested with Varroa mites near Cocoa, FL, 13 Mar. Approximately ¼ liter (225 g) of bees from each colony (about 1700 bees) were placed in each of sixteen 20.8-liter screen cages (27.3 × 27.3 × 27.9 cm), equipped with sugar syrup feeders. Caged bees were maintained in a darkened airconditioned trailer (70°F) at the U.S. Horticulture Laboratory, Orlando, FL. Cages were randomized into 3 treatment groups and 1 control group (4 cages per group). A sample of approximately 275 bees (121-346) from each cage was sacrificed to estimate the initial level of mite infestation before treatment. Cages were placed over sticky paper to trap mites that fell. Amitraz smoke-treated cages were placed into a chamber (0.19 m1) for 1 h, where they were exposed to smoke from a strip of filter paper (2.54 × 9 cm) soaked in 15% KNO, and impregnated with 20 mg of Amitraz (Varamit®, sold in the former Yugoslavia). Apistan® package bee strips (Zoecon, Inc.) (a plastic strip, 3.18 × 12.7 cm, containing 2.5% fluvalinate, 21.1 mg AI) were hung from the top of cages near the feeder. Fluvalinate smoke (containing 16.7 mg AI) was administered in the same manner as Amitraz smoke. Cages were placed on shelves over sticky paper for 5 d to trap mites that dropped. Sticky papers were changed at 1, 24 and 120 h post-treatment for mite counts. Exact counts were made of live bees and mites remaining in cages at the conclusion of the 5-d test.
Biting Lice Control on Angora Goats in Northern Minnesota, 1992
Authors: Brown D. R. , Moon R. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twenty-four naturally infested goats (9-monthold females and wethers) were assigned to three groups of eight, balanced by weight, sex, and initial louse density. Treatments were control (untreated), Ectrin® WDL 10% spray and Malathion 57% EC spray. Sprays were commercial formulations applied at 40 psi to saturate 1.5-inch long fleeces (ca. 1 qt insecticide solution per animal). Goats were weighed and examined for lice on day 0, (18 Dec), and then reexamined, reweighed, and shorn 110 DAT. Additional louse exams were made on days 60 and 150. Louse densities were judged by averaging counts of lice seen in five 3-inch hair-parts on each animal’s right shoulder and fore-rib area. One goat from the Ectrin treatment died from pneumonia between day 60 and 110. Fleeces were evaluated for features affecting sale price: hair length, organic matter contaminants, and “slippage” (shedding and matting). Fleece values were calculated using a S.90/lb base price with discounts for hair shorter than 5.5 inch, more than 0% organic matter and any slippage. Results were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if treatment effects were significant (P &lt; 0.05), means were compared by LSD test (P &lt; 0.05).
Toxicity of Insecticides to Larvae of Banded Cucumber Beetles (1982)
Authors: Sutter G.R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The soil bioassay used for determining toxicity of insecticides to western, northern, and Mexican corn rootworm larvae was followed explicitly in this study. The soil, classified as a Brookings silty clay loam, had a pH of 7.1 and was 4.2% organic matter. BCB larvae were reared in the laboratory on corn seedlings. For each bioassay, six soil/ insecticide concentrations that ranged from 0 ppm to a level that induced 100% larval mortality were mixed using technical grade toxins; each mixture was divided into 4 to 6 samples. Ten early 3rd-stage BCB larvae, ca. 9-10 days old and weighing 3 to 5 mg, were placed in each sample and incubated at 25°C for 48 h. Dose mortality responses were calculated using a SAS probit analysis.
Leaf-Dip Dry Residual Toxicity Bioassays of Biorational Insecticides to Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults, 1993
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fully expanded tomato leaves were detached and dipped in serial concentrations of tested insecticides and water. Treated leaves were placed individually into glass vials filled with 20 ml of water. The vials were secured in the center of 0.9 liter clear plastic cup-cages for bioassay. Fifteen newly emerged 2-d old SPW adults from an established greenhouse colony were introduced into the cage 2 h, 1 d, 2 d and 5 d after the dipping treatments. Mortality of SPW adults was recorded at 24 h. The experiment was conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70 ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.
Citrus Blackfly Control on Texas Citrus, 1993
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental NTN 33893 tank mixed with either 1% NR 440 oil or a spray adjuvant (Kinetic or Silwet) was compared to Danitol and Lorsban for efficacy against CBF. Treatments were completely randomized and replicated 3 times on single tree plots in a 6-yr-old grapefruit grove on 18 × 24 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied to foliar runoff (ca. 3.5 gal/tree) using a Hypro 5200 high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 250 psi. The systemically active NTN 33893 treatments were applied on 10 Feb and reapplied on 18 Feb.; all other treatments received a single application on 18 Feb. At weekly intervals, CBF-infested leaves (12/replicate) were randomly sampled at arms length from inside the tree canopy and examined with a microscope at 20X in the laboratory. CBF were recorded as dead by absence of body fluid when probed with a teasing needle. Percent mortality of all CBF immature stages was determined for each treatment.
At-Planting Treatments to Control Insects in Snap Beans, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Snap beans were planted on 10 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of three rows 25 ft long, planted on 36 inch row spacing, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting treatments were applied with a hand-held shaker, and the Orthene 75S treatment was applied with a 3 nozzle (hollow cones) boom backpack sprayer delivering 35 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of thrips nymphs and adults on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot. These leaves were washed in soapy water and the wash was then filtered through a Buchner funnel. Thrips were counted under a stereoscopic, binocular microscope. On 15 Jul, sweep net Samples were taken and numbers of leafhoppers recorded. On 28 Jul, numbers of leafhopper nymphs were counted on 10 trifoliate leaves/plot. On 3. Aug, 50 pods were hand harvested from each plot and numbers of pods scarred by thrips, numbers of pods chewed by bean leaf beetle or European corn borer, and numbers of marketable pods were recorded.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 11 Aug. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug; 7, 14, 20, 30 Sep; 6 and 14 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0 - 1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf area eaten, head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Late Season Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 9 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 15, 18 Sep, and 1 Oct with a COz-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Activator 90, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 28 Sep and 5 Oct by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the leaves were identified and counted.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various Pesticides, 1992
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cantaloupes, Cucumis melo, ‘Topmark’ were direct seeded on 3 Mar into single row “yuma beds” on 203 cm centers and thinned to 30 cm intervals at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 18 m long with a 3.6 m buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made with a 4-row highpressure, electrostatic boom sprayer equipped with stainless steel, hollow-cone nozzles (TX-18) spaced at 50 cm and delivered 563 liters/ha at 400 psi. Admire was applied as a soil drench in 40 oz of water/plant one week after thinning (5 Apr). Foliar applications were initiated when immature whitefly densities exceeded 3 nymphs/leaf. A total of 3 applications of CGA215944 and Fenoxycarb were made on 29 Apr and 5, 14 May. The remaining foliar treatments were applied 5 times on 29 Apr, 5, 14, 20, and 28 May. The pH of the application water was 7.1. A spreader/sticker was not used. Insect data were collected only from the inner two beds of each plot. Plots were sampled weekly beginning on 14 Apr, and terminating on 9 June. Adult SPWF were assessed by randomly selecting 20 leaves from the terminal area on primary vines (4th fully expanded leaf from the apex of the vine) and counting the number of live adults on the bottom surface. Counts were made at sunrise between 0500-0600 hrs. Immatures were assessed by counting the number of eggs, small nymphs, large and red-eyed nymphs, and eclosed pupal cases on two-cm2 disk sections from each of 10 leaves per plot.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Arthropods in Celery, 1992
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 3 Sep at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 15, 22, 29 Oct, 5, 12, 19, 25 Nov and 3, 10 Dec. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 20, 28 Oct, 4, 11, 18, 23 Nov and 2, 9 Dec. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (14 Dec). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage was recorded separately.
European Corn Borer Control with Microbial and Pyrethroid Insecticides on Pre-Tassel Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Bolin P. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota, Rosemount Experiment Station in corn planted 1 Jun. Plots consisted of single rows on 30" centers, 30 ft in length, and separated by untreated border rows and 4 ft alleys between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were infested 27 Jul with approximately 25 neonate larvae/plant; larvae were applied to the whorl using ‘bazooka’ applicators. Plant growth stage at the time of infestation was primarily VI2-V13 and 95% pre-tassel (i.e., green tassel visible within the whorl). A single application of each treatment was made 4 Aug; the majority of larvae were second-instars. A medium-clearance Spirit sprayer was used to apply all materials. Liquid formulations were applied with one TX-10 nozzle/row at 40 psi, for a final spray volume of 30 gal/acre. Granular formulations were applied using a Gandy applicator. For all materials, applicator ground speed averaged 2 mph, wind speed 2 mph and ambient temperature 59°F. All treatments were evaluated 23 Aug by dissecting 5 plants per plot, from the tassel to the soil surface.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Seal D. R. , Jansson R. K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 19 Dec. 1990 in a 0.04 acre field. Spacing was 36 in. between rows and ca. 4 in. between plants within a row. Lasso (4 EC) was applied at 2 lb Al/acre at the time of planting. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb/ acre of granular fertilizer (4:8:12) on two dates, at planting and 3 weeks after planting. The experimental design was s randomized complete block with four replications. Plots were four rows, 45 feet long (ca. 540 sq ft). Treatments were: RH 5992 (2 F; 0.13 lb Al/acre); RH 5992 (2 OS, 0.13 lb Al/acre); RH 5992 (2 F; 0.13 lb Al/acre) + Cutlass (WP; 1.0 lb Al/acre); RH 5992 (2 F; 0.13 lb Al/acre) + methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L liquid; 0.45 lb Al/acre); methomyl (0.45 lb Al/acre); parathion (Aqua 8; 0.50 lb Al/acre); and a nontreated check. Triton B-1956 (0.06 lb Al/acre) was included with all treatments. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 100 gals/acre at 40 psi on 20 Feb., 6, 15, 23 and 30 March, and 7 April, 1991. Effects of different treatments on the control of corn silk fly and fall armyworm populations were evaluated by randomly selecting five corn ears from the two center rows of each plot on each of three dates 22 and 30 March, and 7 April. Ears were transported to the laboratory, and the numbers of corn silk fly larvae and pupae, and fall armyworms per ear were recorded.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 10 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Equal sized fields of the mid-season variety ‘Alpine’ and the late-season variety ‘Silver Queen’ were planted with 3 ft row spacing. The ‘Alpine’ plots were 25 ft long and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, with an untreated guard row between plots. Due to the drought in Jun, there were large areas in the ‘Silver Queen’ field with poor stands. This field, therefore, was divided into 20 ft long plots with 3 replications. Sprays were applied with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Sprays were initiated at beginning silk in each variety. Application dates were 26, 28, and 30 Jul, 2, 4, and 6 Aug for ‘Alpine’ and 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, and 13 Aug for ‘Silver Queen’. Water temperature was 22°C and pH was 7.3. Overhead irrigation (0.5 inches water) was applied on 19, 27, and 28 Jun; 13, 14, 22, 23, and 25 Jul; an additional 0.5 inch water was applied on 5 Aug on the ‘Silver Queen’. Evaluation criteria consisted of hand harvesting 15 random ears/plot in the ‘Alpine’ and 10 random ears/plot in the ‘Silver Queen’. These ears were graded marketable (no damage or minor tip damage on one side) or worm damaged, and any worms found were identified to species.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Alston D. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two trials were conducted in a 4-yr-old mixed ‘Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. Guthion 50WP (1.3 lb form./acre) was applied for codling moth control on 11 May, 2 Jun, and 8 and 28 Jul. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer (Rears Mfg., Bend, OR) operated at 150-200 psi. Per acre rates were based on application of one gal of spray per tree or 182 gal/acre. Triton B-1956 spray adjuvant was tank-mixed with all treatments at 11.7 fl oz/acre. Aphids (alate + apterous) were counted in situ on the three most recently fully expanded leaves (minimum of 1 inch in length and edges completely unfolded) on three randomly selected terminals per tree. In Trial 1, ten treatments were applied once following pretreatment counts on 2 Jun. Initial aphid densities were low. In Trial 2, five treatments were applied on 19 Jul immediately following pretreatment counts, and then again on 2 Aug except for Admire. Initial aphid densities were high. Post-treatment counts were made weekly.
Control of Armyworms on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Fall 1993
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set 10 Sep 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 12 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 28 Sep, 4, 11, 18, 25 Oct, 3, 10, 15, 22, 29 Nov, 6, 13, 20, 27 Dec, 5, 11, 19, and 26 Jan. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. On 22 Oct and 15 Nov, each plot was rated for increasing percentage of defoliation by beet armyworm larvae using the Horsfall-Barratt scale. With this scale, ratings of 1-12 corresponded to 1-100% defoliation. Fruit were harvested on 18, 30, Nov, 9, 23 Dec, 6 Jan, and 2 Feb and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined, fruit with slight feeding damage only on the stem or calyx were considered marketable. Fruit with any damage on the fruit wall were considered unmarketable. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outside of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage on the inside of the fruit caused by the pepper weevil.