bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quercetin inhibits advanced glycation end product formation via chelating metal ions, trapping methylglyoxal, and trapping reactive oxygen species
Authors: Bhuiyan Mohammad Nazrul Islam , Mitsuhashi Shinya , Sigetomi Kengo , Ubukata Makoto 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Physiological concentration of Mg2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ accelerated AGE formation only in glucose-mediated conditions, which was effectively inhibited by chelating ligands. Only quercetin (10) inhibited MGO-mediated AGE formation as well as glucose- and ribose-mediated AGE formation among 10 polyphenols (1–10) tested. We performed an additional structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on flavanols (10, 11, 12, 13, and 14). Morin (12) and kaempherol (14) showed inhibitory activity against MGO-mediated AGE formation, whereas rutin (11) and fisetin (13) did not. These observations indicate that 3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxy and 4-keto groups of 10 are important to yield newly revised mono-MGO adducts (16 and 17) and di-MGO adduct (18) having cyclic hemiacetals, while 3′-hydroxy group is not essential. We propose here a comprehensive inhibitory mechanism of 10 against AGE formation including chelation effect, trapping of MGO, and trapping of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to oxidative degradation of 18 to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (15) and other fragments.
Distribution Pattern, Age, and Growth of Blue Sharks in the South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Joung Shoou-Jeng , Lyu Guann-Tyng , Su Kuang-Yu , Hsu Hua-Hsun , Liu Kwang-Ming 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The distribution pattern and the age and growth of Blue Sharks Prionace glauca were described based on 44,092 and 785 specimens, respectively, that were collected by scientific observers onboard Taiwanese longline fleets in the South Atlantic Ocean between December 2004 and December 2013. Size segregation was found, and the mean length of Blue Sharks was significantly larger in the equatorial–tropical area (0–15°S) than in the subtropical–temperate area (south of 15°S) during all seasons. Males predominated in both areas and during all seasons; the exceptions were seasons 2 (April–June) and 3 (July–September) in the equatorial–tropical area and season 2 in the subtropical–temperate area. The sex ratio increased with shark size in the equatorial–tropical area but decreased with size in the subtropical–temperate area. Growth band pairs (including translucent and opaque bands) were counted on images photographed from X-ray films of vertebrae from the caudal peduncle region. The centrum edge analysis indicated that a growth band pair was formed on the vertebral centrum once per year. Corrected Akaike's information criterion values indicated that the von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) provided the best fit to the observed TL-at-age data. The likelihood ratio test indicated that the VBGF equations were not significantly different between the sexes. For both sexes combined, VBGF parameters were estimated as follows: asymptotic length was 352.1 cm TL, the Brody growth coefficient was 0.13/year, and the theoretical age at zero length was –1.31 years. Age at first maturity was estimated as 6.5 years for males and 6.7 years for females; theoretical longevity was estimated to be at least 21.4 years.
The genome of the Antarctic-endemic copepod, Tigriopus kingsejongensis
Authors: Kang Seunghyun , Ahn Do-Hwan , Lee Jun Hyuck , Lee Sung Gu , Shin Seung Chul , Lee Jungeun , Min Gi-Sik , Lee Hyoungseok , Kim Hyun-Woo , Kim Sanghee , Park Hyun 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background: The Antarctic intertidal zone is continuously subjected to extremely fluctuating biotic and abiotic stressors. The West Antarctic Peninsula is the most rapidly warming region on Earth. Organisms living in Antarctic intertidal pools are therefore interesting for research into evolutionary adaptation to extreme environments and the effects of climate change.
Findings: We report the whole genome sequence of the Antarctic-endemic harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensi. The 37 Gb raw DNA sequence was generated using the Illumina Miseq platform. Libraries were prepared with 65-fold coverage and a total length of 295 Mb. The final assembly consists of 48 368 contigs with an N50 contig length of 17.5 kb, and 27 823 scaffolds with an N50 contig length of 159.2 kb. A total of 12 772 coding genes were inferred using the MAKER annotation pipeline. Comparative genome analysis revealed that T. kingsejongensis-specific genes are enriched in transport and metabolism processes. Furthermore, rapidly evolving genes related to energy metabolism showed positive selection signatures.
Conclusions: The T. kingsejongensis genome provides an interesting example of an evolutionary strategy for Antarctic cold adaptation, and offers new genetic insights into Antarctic intertidal biota.
Constitutional Change
Authors: Rajagopalan Shruti 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the patterns of amendments to the Indian Constitution, especially to the fundamental rights, throughout the country’s constitutional history. Instead of resorting to conventional doctrinal analysis, the discussion focuses on the issue of constitutional design by highlighting the costs and benefits imposed by different constitutional rules. It presents an analytical framework for constitutional amendments in order to elucidate the interaction of constitutional rules, along with the increase in the relative price of seeking formal amendments to the Constitution and how this has incentivised interest groups to seek rule changes through the judiciary. It explains how revisions in substantive and procedural rules changed the costs and benefits of amending the Indian Constitution, forcing interest groups to shift the form and forum while seeking rule change.
International Law and the Constitutional Schema
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the Indian constitutional scheme with regard to international law. It begins with an overview of the doctrinal debates surrounding key constitutional provisions relating to international law, with particular emphasis on Article 51(c) of the Indian Constitution. It then considers how Indian courts have viewed norms of international law with respect to the constitutional guidance to ‘foster respect for international law and treaty obligations’, along with the courts’ development of domestic rights jurisprudence in dialogue with international law. It also explores how the constitutional schema has become an instrument for a usurpation of power by the executive and the judiciary, while limiting the role of Parliament and ‘people power’ in relation to international law.
The Administrative and Regulatory State
Authors: Somanathan T. V. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores how India’s constitutional law has addressed the administrative and regulatory State as it has evolved outside the traditional branches of government, and how judicial review is exercised over it. It begins by providing a background on constitutional issues relating to the administrative State as it functions within the executive branch, before turning to a discussion of the major regulatory bodies that either are explicitly called ‘regulatory’ or exercise regulatory functions. It then considers the constitutional position of the administrative and regulatory State based on judicial decisions and on the Indian Constitution. It also examines the conceptual underpinnings of, and justification for, the regulatory State, along with some specific concerns arising from the regulatory State such as legal uncertainty and excessive delegation. The chapter concludes by analysing some of the issues associated with the emerging constitutional jurisprudence on the regulatory State.
The Federal Scheme
Authors: Singh Mahendra Pal 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the Indian Constitution’s federal scheme. It begins with an overview of the basic features of the federal framework, with particular emphasis on distribution of powers—legislative, executive, and judicial—between the Central Government and the regional governments (that is, States), the supremacy of the Constitution, and dispute resolution mechanisms for evaluating the competence of the two governments for exercising their powers or functions. It then considers the centralised character of Indian federalism by focusing on the identity of States, legislative competence, and regional emergencies. The chapter concludes by reflecting on how the federal arrangement should be understood and judged.
Asymmetric Federalism
Authors: Tillin Louise 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal status and consequences of the asymmetrically federal provisions included in the Indian Constitution. In particular, it considers constitutional amendments relating to autonomy arrangements in India’s North-eastern region, along with the ‘special status’ of Jammu and Kashmir. After providing an overview of the significance of asymmetric federalism in India, the article discusses the administration of tribal areas under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules. It also explores provisions aimed at mitigating intra-State inequalities in the States of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka; the Indian Supreme Court’s rulings on the asymmetric features of the Constitution; and the role of the courts in upholding asymmetrical provisions and protecting the rights of territorially concentrated minorities in the context of democratic politics.
Reservations
Authors: Sitapati Vinay 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the constitutional provisions, cases, legislation, and parliamentary debates on reservations in India. It begins with a discussion of three main beneficiary groups of reservation policy recognised by the Indian Constitution: Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and a third group called ‘Other’ Backward Classes (OBCs). In particular, it considers the legal construction of these categories and some other beneficiary groups recognised in the Constitution, such as women, Muslims, and other religious groups. It also highlights the confusion about the social location of OBCs and focuses on four constitutional nuances regarding OBCs. Finally, it examines the extension of reservations in public education, public employment, private sector, and Central and State legislatures; how reservations work in practice; and the politics that surrounds them.
Due Process
Authors: Chandrachud Abhinav 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the guarantee of ‘due process of law’ in the Indian Constitution. After providing an account of Constituent Assembly Debates and the historical intent behind this guarantee, the Chapter explores how substantive due process came to become a part of Indian constitutional law. Through a reading of important cases, it demonstrates the shift from substantive due process to procedural due process before turning to a third kind of due process presently seen in Indian constitutional law that is distinct from these two standard forms. It examines this third form of ‘pure form’ due process, as well as provides some reflections upon the concepts of arbitrariness and reasonableness and their relationship with this guarantee.
Movement and Residence
Authors: Burman Anirudh 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution with respect to rights to free movement and residence. It considers the debate over restrictions to free movement and residence that may be imposed to preserve law and order, as well as the balance between laws in public employment and education that discriminate against non-residents and curtail the rights of movement and residence. In particular, it discusses three broad classifications of the judicial approach to free movement and residence. It also tackles the question of whether the Constitution effectively enables a principle of sub-citizenship, and whether or not it enables a labour market at the national level.
Profession, Occupation, Trade, or Business
Authors: Khanna Vikramaditya S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the right to practice any profession or to engage in any occupation, trade, or business as embodied in the Indian Constitution. In particular, it considers Article 19(1)(g) and certain limitations on the right, and how this right interacts with India’s political economy. Three important questions are discussed. When is an activity treated as a profession, occupation, trade or business (POTB)? When are the restrictions upon this activity considered to be ‘reasonable’ with regard to Article 19(1)(6)? How does Article 19(1)(g) apply to the development of private educational institutions? These three inquiries help us see the nature of the jurisprudence under Article 19(1)(g) and the way in which it has developed.
Secularism and Religious Freedom
Authors: Sen Ronojoy 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines tensions arising from the constitutional provisions with regard to secularism and freedom of religion in India. In particular, it considers Articles 25, 26, and 28 of the Indian Constitution and how the Indian Supreme Court has dealt with cases relating to these Articles. After providing an overview of the Essential Practices doctrine as used by the Supreme Court to distinguish between the secular and religious, especially in the case of Hinduism, the chapter considers the Court’s position on the right to teach religion in educational institutions. It argues that Indian secularism, as interpreted by the courts, has failed to entirely live up to what the framers of the Constitution envisioned it to be.
Public Employment and Service Law
Authors: Ramachandran Raju 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution with respect to public employment and service law. In particular, it considers the Indian Constitution’s regulation of civil servants and the constitutional controversies surrounding the often-competing ideals of bureaucratic independence and bureaucratic responsiveness. After providing a historical overview of the Indian bureaucratic structure, the chapter turns to the debates in the Indian Constituent Assembly over the place for an independent civil service in a modern, democratic nation such as India. It then considers the constitutional status of the civil service, paying special attention to provisions relating to terms of service and constitutional protections for civil servants. It also explores the question of administrative reforms and their implications for the civil service in India.
The tangential velocity excess of the Milky Way satellites
Authors: Cautun Marius , Frenk Carlos S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We estimate the systemic orbital kinematics of the Milky Way classical satellites and compare them with predictions from the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model derived from a semi-analytical galaxy formation model applied to high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations. We find that the Galactic satellite system is atypical of ΛCDM systems. The subset of 10 Galactic satellites with proper motion measurements has a velocity anisotropy, β = −2.2 ± 0.4, which lies in the 2.9 per cent tail of the ΛCDM distribution. Individually, the Milky Way satellites have radial velocities that are lower than expected for their proper motions, with 9 out of the 10 having at most 20 per cent of their orbital kinetic energy invested in radial motion. Such extreme values are expected in only 1.5 per cent of ΛCDM satellites systems. In the standard cosmological model, this tangential motion excess is unrelated to the existence of a Galactic ‘disc of satellites’. We present theoretical predictions for larger satellite samples that may become available as more proper motion measurements are obtained.
The Impact of Intracranial Tumor Proximity to White Matter Tracts on Morbidity and Mortality: A Retrospective Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Meyer Erin J. , Gaggl Wolfgang , Gilloon Benjamin , Swan Benjamin , Greenstein Max , Voss Jed , Hussain Namath , Holdsworth Ryan L. , Nair Veena A. , Meyerand M. Elizabeth , Kuo John S. , Baskaya Mustafa K. , Field Aaron S. , Prabhakaran Vivek 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in neurosurgical planning
allows identification of white matter tracts and has been associated with a reduction in
postoperative functional deficits.

OBJECTIVE: This study explores the relationship between the lesion-to-tract
distance (LTD) and postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with brain tumors in
order to evaluate the role of DTI in predicting postoperative outcomes.

METHODS: Adult patients with brain tumors (n = 60) underwent preoperative
DTI. Three major white matter pathways (superior longitudinal fasciculi [SLF], cingulum,
and corticospinal tract) were identified using DTI images, and the shortest LTD was
measured for each tract. Postoperative morbidity and mortality information was collected
from electronic medical records.

RESULTS: The ipsilesional corticospinal tract LTD and left SLF LTD were
significantly associated with the occurrence rate of total postoperative motor
(P = .018) and language (P < .001)
deficits, respectively. The left SLF LTD was also significantly associated with the
occurrence rate of new postoperative language deficits
(P = .003), and the LTD threshold that best predicted this
occurrence was 1 cm (P < .001).
Kaplan–Meier log-rank survival analyses in patients having high-grade tumors
demonstrated a significantly higher mortality for patients with a left SLF LTD
<1 cm (P = .01).

CONCLUSION: Measuring tumor proximity to major white matter tracts using DTI
can inform clinicians of the likelihood of postoperative functional deficits. A distance
of 1 cm or less from eloquent white matter structures most significantly predicts the
occurrence of new deficits with current surgical and imaging techniques.
Genetic polymorphisms between altruism and selfishness close to the Hamilton threshold
rb
=
c
Authors: Sibly Richard M. , Curnow Robert N. 
Published: February 2017

Genes that in certain conditions make their carriers altruistic are being identified, and altruism and selfishness have shown to be heritable in man. This raises the possibility that genetic polymorphisms for altruism/selfishness exist in man and other animals. Here we characterize some of the conditions in which genetic polymorphisms may occur. We show for dominant or recessive alleles how the positions of stable equilibria depend on the benefit to the recipient,
b
, and the cost to the altruist,
c
, for diploid altruists helping half or full sibs, and haplodiploid altruists helping sisters. Stable polymorphisms always occur close to the Hamilton threshold
rb
=
c
. The position of the stable equilibrium moves away 0 or 1 with both increases in
c
, the cost paid by the altruist, and increasing divergence from the Hamilton threshold, and alleles for selfishness can reach frequencies around 50%. We evaluate quantitative estimates of
b
,
c
and
r
from field studies in the light of these predictions, but the values do not fall in the regions where genetic polymorphisms are expected. Nevertheless, it will be interesting to see as genes for altruism are discovered whether they are accompanied by alternate alleles for selfishness.
Approximate Bayesian Computation Algorithms for Estimating Network Model Parameters
Authors: Zheng Ye , Aris-Brosou Stéphane 
Published: February 2017

AbstractStudies on Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) replacing the intractable likelihood function in evaluation of the posterior distribution have been developed for several years. However, their field of application has to date essentially been limited to inference in population genetics. Here, we propose to extend this approach to estimating the structure of transmission networks of viruses in human populations. In particular, we are interested in estimating the transmission parameters under four very general network structures: random, Watts-Strogatz, Barabasi-Albert and an extension that incorporates aging. Estimation was evaluated under three approaches, based on ABC, ABC-Markov chain Monte Carlo (ABC-MCMC) and ABC-Sequential Monte Carlo (ABC-SMC) samplers. We show that ABC-SMC samplers outperform both ABC and ABC-MCMC, achieving high accuracy and low variance in simulations. This approach paves the way to estimating parameters of real transmission networks of transmissible diseases.
Evolution of the α2-adrenoreceptors in vertebrates: ADRA2D is absent in mammals and crocodiles
Authors: Céspedes Héctor A. , Zavala Kattina , Opazo Juan C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEvolutionary studies of genes that have been functionally characterized and whose variation has been associated with pathological conditions represent an opportunity to understand the genetic basis of pathologies. α2-adrenoreceptors (ADRA2) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that regulate several physiological processes including blood pressure, platelet aggregation, insulin secretion, lipolysis, and neurotransmitter release. This gene family has been extensively studied from a molecular/physiological perspective, yet much less is known about its evolutionary history. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to investigate the evolutionary history of α2-adrenoreceptors (ADRA2) in vertebrates. Our results show that in addition to the three well-recognized α2-adrenoreceptor genes (ADRA2A, ADRA2B and ADRA2C), we recovered a clade that corresponds to the fourth member of the α2-adrenoreceptor gene family (ADRA2D). We also recovered a clade that possesses two ADRA2 sequences found in two lamprey species. Furthermore, our results show that mammals and crocodiles are characterized by possessing three α2-adrenoreceptor genes, whereas all other vertebrate groups possess the full repertoire of α2-adrenoreceptor genes. Among vertebrates ADRA2D seems to be a dispensable gene, as it was lost two independent times during the evolutionary history of the group. Additionally, we found that most examined species possess the most common alleles described for humans; however, there are cases in which non-human mammals possess the alternative variant.