bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The first century and beyond
Authors: Oddy Richard Edward , Bason Tom 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
In 2016, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal (SBM) published its 100th article. While a number of other journals have been analysed as to their content, no such study has yet been applied to SBM. The purpose of this paper is to produce a content analysis examining the first century of SBM articles in order to map out what this outlet has published, and to what extent the journal has achieved the objectives set out in the first issue.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper employs a content analysis approach, with each of the first 100 research papers being analysed and coded by the two authors.

Findings
This study has found that there has been a general focus on sport marketing throughout the first 100 papers, while football is the dominant sport that has been studied. Over the course of the 100 papers, the majority of articles employed quantitative methods, with surveys being the most used method of collecting data. The authors were initially principally based in Europe and North America; however, the geographical location has widened over the period in question.

Originality/value
While there have been a number of other journals which have had a content analysis, this is the first such study into SBM.
Soil biotic quality lacks spatial structure and is positively associated with fertility in a northern grassland
Authors: Chagnon Pierre‐Luc , Brown Charlotte , Stotz Gisela C. , Cahill James F. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

When placing roots in the soil, plants integrate information about soil nutrients, plant neighbours and beneficial/detrimental soil organisms. While the fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrients and plant neighbours have been described previously, virtually nothing is known about the spatial structure in soil biotic quality (measured here as a soil Biota‐Induced plant Growth Response, or BIGR), or its correlation with nutrients or neighbours. Such correlations could imply trade‐offs in root placement decisions.

Theory would predict that soil BIGR is (1) negatively related to soil fertility and (2) associated with plant community structure, such that plants influence soil biota (and vice versa) through plant–soil feedbacks. We would also expect that since plants have species‐specific impacts on soil organisms, spatially homogeneous plant communities should also homogenize soil BIGR.

Here, we test these hypotheses in a semi‐arid grassland by (1) characterizing the spatial structure of soil BIGR at a scale experienced by an individual plant and (2) correlating it to soil abiotic properties and plant community structure. We do so in two types of plant communities: (1) low‐diversity patches dominated by an invasive grass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and (2) patches covered mostly by native vegetation, with the expectation that dominance by Bromus would homogenize soil BIGR.

Soil BIGR was spatially heterogeneous, but not autocorrelated. This was true in both vegetation types (Bromus‐invaded vs. native patches). Conversely, soil abiotic properties and plant community structure were frequently spatially autocorrelated at similar scales. Also, contrary to many studies, we found a positive correlation between soil BIGR and soil fertility. Soil BIGR was also associated with plant community structure.

Synthesis. The positive correlation between soil BIGR and some soil nutrient levels suggests that plants do not necessarily trade‐off between foraging for nutrients vs. biotic interactions: nutritional cues could rather indicate the presence of beneficial soil biota. Moreover, the spatial structure in plant communities, coupled with their correlation with soil BIGR, jointly suggest that plant–soil feedbacks operate at local scales in the field: this has been identified in modelling studies as an important driver of plant coexistence.
Breakdown of a geographic cline explains high performance of introduced populations of a weedy invader
Authors: Endriss Stacy B. , Alba Christina , Norton Andrew P. , Pyšek Petr , Hufbauer Ruth A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

What drives the evolution of increased growth and fecundity in plants introduced to a novel range is not well understood.

We investigate between‐range differences in performance for Verbascum thapsus, a weedy invader known to grow larger in its introduced than native range. Specifically, we question whether adaptation to herbivory or climate best explains increased performance of introduced populations.

We grew 14 native and 22 introduced populations of V. thapsus in two common garden locations: near Prague, Czech Republic (native range) and in Colorado, USA (introduced range). By removing herbivores from half of the plants within each garden we tested the prediction of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis: increased performance is driven by an evolutionary shift of resources away from defence against herbivory towards growth and reproduction. We then investigated whether genetically based clines in performance are expressed along climate gradients within both the native and introduced ranges.

On average, seeds produce larger rosettes when collected from the introduced vs. native range. While this evolution of increased growth in introduced populations in part matches the prediction of EICA, climate, not herbivory, best explains this between‐range difference. Specifically, seeds collected from the native range produce smaller rosettes as the climate of origin becomes cooler and drier, while there is no cline in performance in rosettes grown from seed collected from the introduced range, which are large regardless of climate of origin. Thus, a climate‐based cline within the native range best explains lower average performance of native compared to introduced populations.

Synthesis. The breakdown in a potentially adaptive cline emphasizes the need to more closely investigate the evolutionary processes that shape geographic structuring (or its absence) within the introduced range. In addition, EICA is not universally applicable to all invasion scenarios, and our findings underscore the importance of testing the underlying assumptions alongside the predictions of this hypothesis.
Microbial technology with major potentials for the urgent environmental needs of the next decades
Authors: Verstraete Willy , De Vrieze Jo 
Published: August 2017

SummarySeveral needs in the context of the water–energy–food nexus will become more prominent in the next decades. It is crucial to delineate these challenges and to find opportunities for innovative microbial technologies in the framework of sustainability and climate change. Here, we focus on four key issues, that is the imbalance in the nitrogen cycle, the diffuse emission of methane, the necessity for carbon capture and the deterioration of freshwater reserves. We suggest a set of microbial technologies to deal with each of these issues, such as (i) the production of microbial protein as food and feed, (ii) the control of methanogenic archaea and better use of methanotrophic consortia, (iii) the avoidance of nitrification and (iv) the upgrading of CO2 to microbial bioproducts. The central message is that instead of using crude methods to exploit microorganisms for degradations, the potentials of the microbiomes should be used to create processes and products that fit the demands of the cyclic market economy.
The contribution of microbially produced nanoparticles to sustainable development goals
Authors: Cueva Miguel E. , Horsfall Louise E. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryNanoparticles (NPs), particles having one or more dimensions below 100 nm, are currently being synthesized through chemical and physical methods on an industrial scale. However, these methods for the synthesis of NPs do not fit with sustainable development goals. NP synthesis, through chemical and physical methods, requires high temperatures and/or pressures resulting in high energy consumption and the generation of large amounts of waste. In recent years, research into the synthesis of NPs has shifted to more green and biological methods, often using microorganisms. A biological approach has many advantages over chemical and physical methods. Reactions are catalysed in aqueous solutions at standard temperature and pressure (cost effective and low energy syntheses). This method does not require solvents or harmful chemicals, making NP biosynthesis a greener and more eco‐friendly method. Furthermore, NP synthesis by microbes does not require the use of pure starting materials; thus it can simultaneously be used for the bioremediation of contaminated water, land and waste, and the biosynthesis of NPs. Therefore the biosynthesis of NPs contributes to the sustainable development goals, while the alternative physical and chemical methods exclusively utilize scarce and expensive resources for NP synthesis.
Estimating genotyping errors from genotype and reconstructed pedigree data
Authors: Wang Jinliang 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Genotyping errors are rules rather than exceptions in reality, and are found in virtually all but very small datasets. These errors, even when occurring at an extremely low rate, can derail many genetic analyses such as parentage/sibship assignments and linkage/association studies.

Nonetheless, few robust and accurate methods are available for estimating the rate of occurrence of genotyping errors and for identifying individual erroneous genotypes at a locus. Methods based on duplicate genotyping are expensive, and estimate genotype inconsistency rather than error rate at a locus. Methods based on Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium tests have low robustness and low power, and apply only to those particular errors that cause excessive homozygosity. Methods based on pedigrees are powerful, robust and accurate. However, they rely on known and complete pedigrees that are unfortunately rarely available from natural populations in the wild.

I proposed a maximum likelihood method to reconstruct pedigrees from genotype data with errors occurring at a roughly estimated (presumed) rate. In this paper, I describe how to use the method and inferred pedigree in estimating allelic dropout (or null allele) rate and false allele rate jointly at each marker locus, in identifying the erroneous genotypes, and in inferring the most likely genotypes at each locus of each individual. I examine the power, accuracy and robustness of the method by extensive simulations, and demonstrate the usefulness of the method by analysing three empirical datasets.

It is concluded that, both pedigrees and the rates of genotyping errors at each locus can be reliably estimated from the same genotype data by the same likelihood method, when marker information is sufficient and some sampled individuals are first‐degree relatives. The erroneous genotypes are however inferred conservatively, and are reliably detected only when they occur in large families and/or at highly polymorphic loci. Estimation of genotyping error rates per locus and identification of erroneous genotypes of each individual at each locus should be routinely conducted to assess and improve data quality, to highlight markers for optimization of genotyping protocols or for replacement, and to enable the integration of genotyping errors in a robust statistical analysis.
High Y‐chromosomal Differentiation Among Ethnic Groups of Dir and Swat Districts, Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Inam , Olofsson Jill K. , Margaryan Ashot , Ilardo Melissa , Ahmad Habib , Sikora Martin , Hansen Anders J. , Shahid Nadeem Muhammad , Fazal Numan , Ali Murad , Buchard Anders , Hemphill Brian E. , Willerslev Eske , Allentoft Morten E. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe ethnic groups that inhabit the mountainous Dir and Swat districts of northern Pakistan are marked by high levels of cultural and phenotypic diversity. To obtain knowledge of the extent of genetic diversity in this region, we investigated Y‐chromosomal diversity in five population samples representing the three main ethnic groups residing within these districts, including Gujars, Pashtuns and Kohistanis. A total of 27 Y‐chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y‐STRs) and 331 Y‐chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y‐SNPs) were investigated. In the Y‐STRs, we observed very high and significant levels of genetic differentiation in nine of the 10 pairwise between‐group comparisons (RST0.179–0.746), and the differences were mirrored in the Y‐SNP haplogroup frequency distribution. No genetic differences were found between the two Pashtun subethnic groups Tarklanis and Yusafzais (RST= 0.000). Utmankhels, also considered Pashtuns culturally, were not closely related to any of the other population samples (RST0.451–0.746). Thus, our findings provide examples of both associations and dissociations between cultural and genetic legacies. When analyzed within a larger continental‐scale context, these five ethnic groups fall mostly outside the previously characterized Y‐chromosomal gene pools of the Indo‐Pakistani subcontinent. Male founder effects, coupled with culturally and topographically based constraints upon marriage and movement, are likely responsible for the high degree of genetic structure in this region.
Predicting NK cell subsets using gene expression levels in peripheral blood and endometrial biopsy specimens
Authors: Davies Michael L. , Dambaeva Svetlana V. , Katukurundage Dimantha , Repak Miroslava , Gilman‐Sachs Alice , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Beaman Kenneth D. 
Published: August 2017

ProblemIn molecular analysis of tissue biopsy specimens, one crucial aspect is characterization of immune cell populations. This is especially important for evaluation of uterine receptivity by assessing levels of lymphocyte populations including CD56bright CD16‐ uterine NK cells and CD56dim CD16+ conventional NK cells. Our objective was to investigate whether measuring total RNA transcripts from a tissue specimen would accurately reflect immune cell levels and be a new technique to assess immune cell subsets.Method of StudyPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and endometrial tissues were used. Flow cytometry was utilized for the analysis of lymphocyte subsets in PBMCs, and RT‐qPCR was applied to quantify RNA transcripts indicative of lymphocyte and granulocyte populations.ResultsIn PBMC specimens, there were significant correlations between gene expression levels and cell subsets. NK cells correlated with CD16A, NKp46, and CD56 transcripts, B cells correlated with EBF1, and CD8+ T cells correlated with CD8β. Finally, endometrial tissues displayed high CD56 expression and very low CD3ε, CD16A, and NKp30, reflecting the characteristic endometrial NK cell subsets.ConclusionStrong correlations between RT‐qPCR data and levels of lymphocyte subsets indicate that gene expression analysis will be a useful technique for characterizing levels of CD56+ cells in endometrial tissues.
Local IL‐25 contributes to Th2‐biased inflammatory profiles in nasal polyps
Authors: Hong H.‐Y. , Chen F.‐H. , Sun Y.‐Q. , Hu X.‐T. , Wei Y. , Fan Y.‐P. , Zhang J. , Wang D.‐H. , Xu R. , Li H.‐B. , Shi J.‐B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundIL‐25 has been proposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This study aimed to evaluate the association of IL‐25 with the Th2‐biased inflammatory profiles in CRSwNP.MethodsNasal polyp (NP) tissues and control uncinate process tissues were collected from 92 patients with CRSwNP, 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and 16 normal control subjects. IL‐25 expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, RT‐qPCR, and ELISA. The inflammatory profiles and clinical characteristics of 2 NP subtypes (IL‐25high and IL‐25low) were evaluated, and the effects of IL‐25 on Th2 cytokine production in cultured dispersed polyp cells were examined in vitro.ResultsThe mRNA and protein levels of IL‐25 were significantly increased in the polyp tissues compared with the control uncinate process tissues. The IL‐25high subtype showed greater computed tomography scores, endoscopic scores, and Th2 response. Exposure to IL‐25 activated type 2 innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells in NP simultaneously which further increased Th2 cytokine production in vitro.ConclusionsLocal IL‐25 plays a crucial role in promoting Th2‐biased inflammatory profiles in NP and may serve as a promising therapeutic target in CRSwNP patients.
Population pharmacokinetic model of transdermal nicotine delivered from a matrix‐type patch
Authors: Linakis Matthew W. , Rower Joseph E. , Roberts Jessica K. , Miller Eleanor I. , Wilkins Diana G. , Sherwin Catherine M. T. 
Published: August 2017

AimsNicotine addiction is an issue faced by millions of individuals worldwide. As a result, nicotine replacement therapies, such as transdermal nicotine patches, have become widely distributed and used. While the pharmacokinetics of transdermal nicotine have been extensively described using noncompartmental methods, there are few data available describing the between‐subject variability in transdermal nicotine pharmacokinetics. The aim of this investigation was to use population pharmacokinetic techniques to describe this variability, particularly as it pertains to the absorption of nicotine from the transdermal patch.MethodsA population pharmacokinetic parent‐metabolite model was developed using plasma concentrations from 25 participants treated with transdermal nicotine. Covariates tested in this model included: body weight, body mass index, body surface area (calculated using the Mosteller equation) and sex.ResultsNicotine pharmacokinetics were best described with a one‐compartment model with absorption based on a Weibull distribution and first‐order elimination and a single compartment for the major metabolite, cotinine. Body weight was a significant covariate on apparent volume of distribution of nicotine (exponential scaling factor 1.42). After the inclusion of body weight in the model, no other covariates were significant.ConclusionsThis is the first population pharmacokinetic model to describe the absorption and disposition of transdermal nicotine and its metabolism to cotinine and the pharmacokinetic variability between individuals who were administered the patch.
A C-index for Recurrent Event Data: Application to Hospitalizations among Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kim Sehee , Schaubel Douglas E. , McCullough Keith P. 
Published: August 2017

Summary
We propose a C-index (index of concordance) applicable to recurrent event data. The present work addresses the dearth of measures for quantifying a regression model's ability to discriminate with respect to recurrent event risk. The data which motivated the methods arise from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), a long-running prospective international study of end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. We derive the theoretical properties of the measure under the proportional rates model (Lin et al., 2000), and propose computationally convenient inference procedures based on perturbed influence functions. The methods are shown through simulations to perform well in moderate samples. Analysis of hospitalizations among a cohort of DOPPS patients reveals substantial improvement in discrimination upon adding country indicators to a model already containing basic clinical and demographic covariates, and further improvement upon adding a relatively large set of comorbidity indicators.
Assessment of the efficacy of a novel tailored vitamin K dosing regimen in lowering the International Normalised Ratio in over‐anticoagulated patients: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Kampouraki Emmanouela , Avery Peter J. , Wynne Hilary , Biss Tina , Hanley John , Talks Kate , Kamali Farhad 
Published: August 2017

SummaryCurrent guidelines advocate using fixed‐doses of oral vitamin K to reverse excessive anticoagulation in warfarinised patients who are either asymptomatic or have minor bleeds. Over‐anticoagulated patients present with a wide range of International Normalised Ratio (INR) values and response to fixed doses of vitamin K varies. Consequently a significant proportion of patients remain outside their target INR after vitamin K administration, making them prone to either haemorrhage or thromboembolism. We compared the performance of a novel tailored vitamin K dosing regimen to that of a fixed‐dose regimen with the primary measure being the proportion of over‐anticoagulated patients returning to their target INR within 24 h. One hundred and eighty‐one patients with an index INR > 6·0 (asymptomatic or with minor bleeding) were randomly allocated to receive oral administration of either a tailored dose (based upon index INR and body surface area) or a fixed‐dose (1 or 2 mg) of vitamin K. A greater proportion of patients treated with the tailored dose returned to within target INR range compared to the fixed‐dose regimen (68·9% vs. 52·8%; P = 0·026), whilst a smaller proportion of patients remained above target INR range (12·2% vs. 34·0%; P < 0·001). Individualised vitamin K dosing is more accurate than fixed‐dose regimen in lowering INR to within target range in excessively anticoagulated patients.
How I manage sickle cell patients with high transcranial doppler results
Authors: Brewin John , Kaya Banu , Chakravorty Subarna 
Published: August 2017

SummaryStroke is one of the most severe complications to affect children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Transcranial doppler (TCD) is an accurate and non‐invasive method to determine stroke risk. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of chronic transfusion therapy in stroke prevention based on risk stratification determined by TCD velocities. This has led to the regular use of TCD monitoring for children with SCA in order to determine stroke risk. Significant resource allocation is necessary to facilitate training, quality assurance and failsafe arrangements for non‐attenders. In a subgroup of patients, chronic transfusions for primary stroke prevention can be replaced by hydroxycarbamide therapy, provided careful monitoring is undertaken; including repeat TCD studies at frequent intervals. The authors propose an evidence‐based algorithm for the management of abnormal TCD velocities and discuss the role of this test in other clinical contexts, such as in Haemoglobin SC disease.