bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of improved representations of plant respiration in a changing climate
Authors: Huntingford Chris , Atkin Owen K. , Martinez-de la Torre Alberto , Mercado Lina M. , Heskel Mary A. , Harper Anna B. , Bloomfield Keith J. , O’Sullivan Odhran S. , Reich Peter B. , Wythers Kirk R. , Butler Ethan E. , Chen Ming , Griffin Kevin L. , Meir Patrick , Tjoelker Mark G. , Turnbull Matthew H. , Sitch Stephen , Wiltshire Andy , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLand-atmosphere exchanges influence atmospheric CO2. Emphasis has been on describing photosynthetic CO2 uptake, but less on respiration losses. New global datasets describe upper canopy dark respiration (Rd) and temperature dependencies. This allows characterisation of baseline Rd, instantaneous temperature responses and longer-term thermal acclimation effects. Here we show the global implications of these parameterisations with a global gridded land model. This model aggregates Rd to whole-plant respiration Rp, driven with meteorological forcings spanning uncertainty across climate change models. For pre-industrial estimates, new baseline Rd increases Rp and especially in the tropics. Compared to new baseline, revised instantaneous response decreases Rp for mid-latitudes, while acclimation lowers this for the tropics with increases elsewhere. Under global warming, new Rd estimates amplify modelled respiration increases, although partially lowered by acclimation. Future measurements will refine how Rd aggregates to whole-plant respiration. Our analysis suggests Rp could be around 30% higher than existing estimates.
TFEB regulates lysosomal positioning by modulating TMEM55B expression and JIP4 recruitment to lysosomes
Authors: Willett Rose , Martina José A. , Zewe James P. , Wills Rachel , Hammond Gerald R. V. , Puertollano Rosa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLysosomal distribution is linked to the role of lysosomes in many cellular functions, including autophagosome degradation, cholesterol homeostasis, antigen presentation, and cell invasion. Alterations in lysosomal positioning contribute to different human pathologies, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and lysosomal storage diseases. Here we report the identification of a novel mechanism of lysosomal trafficking regulation. We found that the lysosomal transmembrane protein TMEM55B recruits JIP4 to the lysosomal surface, inducing dynein-dependent transport of lysosomes toward the microtubules minus-end. TMEM55B overexpression causes lysosomes to collapse into the cell center, whereas depletion of either TMEM55B or JIP4 results in dispersion toward the cell periphery. TMEM55B levels are transcriptionally upregulated following TFEB and TFE3 activation by starvation or cholesterol-induced lysosomal stress. TMEM55B or JIP4 depletion abolishes starvation-induced retrograde lysosomal transport and prevents autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Overall our data suggest that the TFEB/TMEM55B/JIP4 pathway coordinates lysosome movement in response to a variety of stress conditions.
Chemical potential of quasi-equilibrium magnon gas driven by pure spin current
Authors: Demidov V. E. , Urazhdin S. , Divinskiy B. , Bessonov V. D. , Rinkevich A. B. , Ustinov V. V. , Demokritov S. O. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPure spin currents provide the possibility to control the magnetization state of conducting and insulating magnetic materials. They allow one to increase or reduce the density of magnons, and achieve coherent dynamic states of magnetization reminiscent of the Bose–Einstein condensation. However, until now there was no direct evidence that the state of the magnon gas subjected to spin current can be treated thermodynamically. Here, we show experimentally that the spin current generated by the spin-Hall effect drives the magnon gas into a quasi-equilibrium state that can be described by the Bose–Einstein statistics. The magnon population function is characterized either by an increased effective chemical potential or by a reduced effective temperature, depending on the spin current polarization. In the former case, the chemical potential can closely approach, at large driving currents, the lowest-energy magnon state, indicating the possibility of spin current-driven Bose–Einstein condensation.
Non-canonical activation of OmpR drives acid and osmotic stress responses in single bacterial cells
Authors: Chakraborty Smarajit , Winardhi Ricksen S. , Morgan Leslie K. , Yan Jie , Kenney Linda J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUnlike eukaryotes, bacteria undergo large changes in osmolality and cytoplasmic pH. It has been described that during acid stress, bacteria internal pH promptly acidifies, followed by recovery. Here, using pH imaging in single living cells, we show that following acid stress, bacteria maintain an acidic cytoplasm and the osmotic stress transcription factor OmpR is required for acidification. The activation of this response is non-canonical, involving a regulatory mechanism requiring the OmpR cognate kinase EnvZ, but not OmpR phosphorylation. Single cell analysis further identifies an intracellular pH threshold ~6.5. Acid stress reduces the internal pH below this threshold, increasing OmpR dimerization and DNA binding. During osmotic stress, the internal pH is above the threshold, triggering distinct OmpR-related pathways. Preventing intracellular acidification of Salmonella renders it avirulent, suggesting that acid stress pathways represent a potential therapeutic target. These results further emphasize the advantages of single cell analysis over studies of population averages.
Specific heat, Electrical resistivity and Electronic band structure properties of noncentrosymmetric Th7Fe3 superconductor
Authors: Tran V. H. , Sahakyan M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNoncentrosymmetric superconductor Th7Fe3 has been investigated by means of specific heat, electrical resisitivity measurements and electronic properties calculations. Sudden drop in the resistivity at 2.05 ± 0.15 K and specific heat jump at 1.98 ± 0.02 K are observed, rendering the superconducting transition. A model of two BCS-type gaps appears to describe the zero-magnetic-field specific heat better than those based on the isotropic BCS theory or anisotropic functions. A positive curvature of the upper critical field H
c2(Tc) and nonlinear field dependence of the Sommerfeld coefficient at 0.4 K qualitatively support the two-gap scenario, which predicts Hc2(0) = 13 kOe. The theoretical densities of states and electronic band structures (EBS) around the Fermi energy show a mixture of Th 6d- and Fe 3d-electrons bands, being responsible for the superconductivity. Furthermore, the EBS and Fermi surfaces disclose significantly anisotropic splitting associated with asymmetric spin-orbit coupling (ASOC). The ASOC sets up also multiband structure, which presumably favours a multigap superconductivity. Electron Localization Function reveals the existence of both metallic and covalent bonds, the latter may have different strengths depending on the regions close to the Fe or Th atoms. The superconducting, electronic properties and implications of asymmetric spin-orbit coupling associated with noncentrosymmetric structure are discussed.
Ectopic FOXP3 Expression Preserves Primitive Features Of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells While Impairing Functional T Cell Differentiation
Authors: Santoni de Sio F. R. , Passerini L. , Valente M. M. , Russo F. , Naldini L. , Roncarolo M. G. , Bacchetta R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFOXP3 is the transcription factor ruling regulatory T cell function and maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance, and mutations in its coding gene causes IPEX autoimmune syndrome. FOXP3 is also a cell-cycle inhibitor and onco-suppressor in different cell types. In this work, we investigate the effect of ectopic FOXP3 expression on HSC differentiation and we challenged this approach as a possible HSC-based gene therapy for IPEX. FOXP3-expressing HSC showed reduced proliferation ability and increased maintenance of primitive markers in vitro in both liquid and OP9-ΔL1 co-cultures. When transplanted into immunodeficient mice, FOXP3-expressing HSC showed significantly enhanced engraftment ability. This was due to a pronounced increase in the frequency of repopulating cells, as assessed by extreme limiting dilution assay. Likely underlying the increased repopulating ability, FOXP3 expressing HSC showed significantly enhanced expression of genes controlling stemness features. However, peripheral T cells developed in the FOXP3-humanized mice were quantitatively reduced and hyporesponsive to cytokine and polyclonal stimulation. Our findings reveal unpredicted effects of FOXP3 in the biology of HSC and may provide new tools to manipulate primitive features in HSC for clinical applications. Moreover, they formally prove the need of preserving endogenous FOXP3 regulation for an HSC-based gene therapy approach for IPEX syndrome.
A molecular mechanism of symmetry breaking in the early chick embryo
Authors: Arias Clemente F. , Herrero Miguel A. , Stern Claudio D. , Bertocchini Federica 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe first obvious sign of bilateral symmetry in mammalian and avian embryos is the appearance of the primitive streak in the future posterior region of a radially symmetric disc. The primitive streak marks the midline of the future embryo. The mechanisms responsible for positioning the primitive streak remain largely unknown. Here we combine experimental embryology and mathematical modelling to analyse the role of the TGFβ-related molecules BMP4 and Vg1/GDF1 in positioning the primitive streak. Bmp4 and Vg1 are first expressed throughout the embryo, and then become localised to the future anterior and posterior regions of the embryo, where they will, respectively, inhibit or induce formation of the primitive streak. We propose a model based on paracrine signalling to account for the separation of the two domains starting from a homogeneous array of cells, and thus for the topological transformation of a radially symmetric disc to a bilaterally symmetric embryo.
Severe Pollution in China Amplified by Atmospheric Moisture
Authors: Tie Xuexi , Huang Ru-Jin , Cao Junji , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Yafang , Su Hang , Chang Di , Pöschl Ulrich , Hoffmann Thorsten , Dusek Uli , Li Guohui , Worsnop Douglas R. , O’Dowd Colin D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn recent years, severe haze events often occurred in China, causing serious environmental problems. The mechanisms responsible for the haze formation, however, are still not well understood, hindering the forecast and mitigation of haze pollution. Our study of the 2012–13 winter haze events in Beijing shows that atmospheric water vapour plays a critical role in enhancing the heavy haze events. Under weak solar radiation and stagnant moist meteorological conditions in winter, air pollutants and water vapour accumulate in a shallow planetary boundary layer (PBL). A positive feedback cycle is triggered resulting in the formation of heavy haze: (1) the dispersal of water vapour is constrained by the shallow PBL, leading to an increase in relative humidity (RH); (2) the high RH induces an increase of aerosol particle size by enhanced hygroscopic growth and multiphase reactions to increase particle size and mass, which results in (3) further dimming and decrease of PBL height, and thus further depressing of aerosol and water vapour in a very shallow PBL. This positive feedback constitutes a self-amplification mechanism in which water vapour leads to a trapping and massive increase of particulate matter in the near-surface air to which people are exposed with severe health hazards.
Statistically strong label-free quantitative identification of native fluorophores in a biological sample
Authors: Mahbub Saabah B. , Plöschner Martin , Gosnell Martin E. , Anwer Ayad G. , Goldys Ewa M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBioimaging using endogenous cell fluorescence, without any external biomarkers makes it possible to explore cells and tissues in their original native state, also in vivo. In order to be informative, this label-free method requires careful multispectral or hyperspectral recording of autofluorescence images followed by unsupervised extraction (unmixing) of biochemical signatures. The unmixing is difficult due to the scarcity of biochemically pure regions in cells and also because autofluorescence is weak compared with signals from labelled cells, typically leading to low signal to noise ratio. Here, we solve the problem of unsupervised hyperspectral unmixing of cellular autofluorescence by introducing the Robust Dependent Component Analysis (RoDECA). This approach provides sophisticated and statistically robust quantitative biochemical analysis of cellular autofluorescence images. We validate our method on artificial images, where the addition of varying known level of noise has allowed us to quantify the accuracy of our RoDECA analysis in a way that can be applied to real biological datasets. The same unsupervised statistical minimisation is then applied to imaging of mouse retinal photoreceptor cells where we establish the identity of key endogenous fluorophores (free NADH, FAD and lipofuscin) and derive the corresponding molecular abundance maps. The pre-processing methodology of image datasets is also presented, which is essential for the spectral unmixing analysis, but mostly overlooked in the previous studies.
Ultrahigh field MR imaging of a subconjunctival anti-glaucoma drug delivery system in a rabbit model
Authors: Kopp Franziska , Eickner Thomas , Polei Stefan , Falke Karen , Witt Martin , Grabow Niels , Stachs Oliver , Guthoff Rudolf F. , Lindner Tobias 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLocal drug delivery systems (DDS) have become a favourable approach for the treatment of numerous diseases. Biomedical imaging techniques such as ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI) offer unique insight into DDS biodegradation in vivo. We describe the establishment of a 7 Tesla MRI routine for longitudinal in vivo examinations of a subconjunctival DDS for the treatment of glaucoma in a rabbit model. In initial in vitro examinations the T2-relaxation times of the polymeric DDS components were assessed. Imaging of enzymatically degraded depot samples in vitro did not reveal changes in sample morphology or T2-relaxation time. Ex vivo investigations with an enucleated porcine eye showed good correlation of anatomical MRI and histological data. In longitudinal in vivo studies in rabbits, we repeatedly scanned the depot in the same animal over the course of 5 months with an in-plane resolution of 130 µm at scan times of less than 30 minutes. The degradation was quantified using volumetric analysis showing a volume reduction of 82% between 3 and 21 weeks after depot implantation. We have thereby demonstrated the feasibility of our UHF-MRI protocol as a non-invasive imaging routine for qualitative and quantitative, longitudinal evaluation of biodegradable subconjunctival DDS.
NMR Metabolomics for Stem Cell type discrimination
Authors: Castiglione Franca , Ferro Monica , Mavroudakis Evangelos , Pellitteri Rosalia , Bossolasco Patrizia , Zaccheo Damiano , Morbidelli Massimo , Silani Vincenzo , Mele Andrea , Moscatelli Davide , Cova Lidia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCell metabolism is a key determinant factor for the pluripotency and fate commitment of Stem Cells (SCs) during development, ageing, pathological onset and progression. We derived and cultured selected subpopulations of rodent fetal, postnatal, adult Neural SCs (NSCs) and postnatal glial progenitors, Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs), respectively from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the olfactory bulb (OB). Cell lysates were analyzed by proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy leading to metabolites identification and quantitation. Subsequent multivariate analysis of NMR data by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) allowed data reduction and cluster analysis. This strategy ensures the definition of specific features in the metabolic content of phenotypically similar SCs sharing a common developmental origin. The metabolic fingerprints for selective metabolites or for the whole spectra demonstrated enhanced peculiarities among cell types. The key result of our work is a neat divergence between OECs and the remaining NSC cells. We also show that statistically significant differences for selective metabolites characterizes NSCs of different ages. Finally, the retrived metabolome in cell cultures correlates to the physiological SC features, thus allowing an integrated bioengineering approach for biologic fingerprints able to dissect the (neural) SC molecular specificities.
Evidence for frozen melts in the mid-lithosphere detected from active-source seismic data
Authors: Ohira Akane , Kodaira Shuichi , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Fujie Gou , Arai Ryuta , Miura Seiichi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe interactions of the lithospheric plates that form the Earth’s outer shell provide much of the evidentiary basis for modern plate tectonic theory. Seismic discontinuities in the lithosphere arising from mantle convection and plate motion provide constraints on the physical and chemical properties of the mantle that contribute to the processes of formation and evolution of tectonic plates. Seismological studies during the past two decades have detected seismic discontinuities within the oceanic lithosphere in addition to that at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). However, the depth, distribution, and physical properties of these discontinuities are not well constrained, which makes it difficult to use seismological data to examine their origin. Here we present new active-source seismic data acquired along a 1,130 km profile across an old Pacific plate (148–128 Ma) that show oceanic mid-lithosphere discontinuities (oceanic MLDs) distributed 37–59 km below the seafloor. The presence of the oceanic MLDs suggests that frozen melts that accumulated at past LABs have been preserved as low-velocity layers within the current mature lithosphere. These observations show that long-offset, high-frequency, active-source seismic data can be used to image mid-lithospheric structure, which is fundamental to understanding the formation and evolution of tectonic plates.
Mucoadhesive functionality of cell wall structures from fruits and grains: Electrostatic and polymer network interactions mediated by soluble dietary polysaccharides
Authors: Meldrum Oliver W. , Yakubov Gleb E. , Gartaula Ghanendra , McGuckin Michael A. , Gidley Michael J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe demonstrate the enhancement of intestinal mucin (Muc2) binding to plant cell wall structures from fruit (parenchymal apple tissue) and grain (wheat endosperm) mediated by soluble dietary fibers embedded within cellulose networks. Mucin binding occurs through two distinct mechanisms; for pectin polysaccharides characteristic of fruits and vegetables, it is governed by molecular mucoadhesive interactions, while for neutral polysaccharides, arabinoxylan and β-glucan characteristic of cereal grains, the interaction stems from the properties of their polymer network. Based on microrheological and microscopic measurements, we show that neutral dietary fiber polysaccharides do not adhere to intestinal mucin, but are capable of disrupting the mucin network, which facilitates interpenetration of mucin molecules into the polysaccharide mesh. This effect becomes significant in the context of ‘whole foods’, where soluble fibers are incorporated within the gel-like matrix of cellulose-reinforced plant cell wall structures. The result of mucoadhesion assay and analysis of microscopy images points to the critical role of entanglements between mucin and polysaccharides as a lock-in mechanism preventing larger mucin from escaping out of plant cell wall structures. These results provide the first indication that non-pectin soluble dietary fiber may influence mucosal interactions, mucus barrier properties, and transmucosal transport of nutrients.
Effect of Long-term Incretin-Based Therapies on Ischemic Heart Diseases in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Chou Che-Yi , Chang Ying-Tzu , Yang Jia-Lian , Wang Jiun-Yi , Lee Tsui-Er , Wang Ruey-Yun , Hung Chin-Chuan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) experience many cardiovascular complications. Several studies have demonstrated the cardioprotective effects of incretin-based therapies; however, there are few studies on the effects of long-term incretin-based therapies on cardiovascular events. Therefore, the present study conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of long-term incretin-based therapies on ischaemic diseases. We searched PubMed, CENTRAL, and Clinicaltrial.gov to retrieve randomised control trials reported until December 2016 and enrolled only RCTs with more than a 1-year follow-up. The network meta-analysis was performed using R Software with a GeMTC package. A total of 40 trials were included. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists were associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction (MI) than were sulfonylureas (odds ratio [95% credible interval] 0.41 [0.24–0.71] and 0.48 [0.27–0.91], respectively). These results suggested that patients with T2DM receiving long-term incretin-based therapies have a lower risk of MI than do those receiving sulfonylurea-based therapy. These findings highlight the risks of cardiovascular events in patients who receive long-term incretin-based therapies, and may provide evidence for the selection of antidiabetic therapy in the future.
Null functions in three-dimensional imaging of alpha and beta particles
Authors: Ding Yijun , Caucci Luca , Barrett Harrison H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNull functions of an imaging system are functions in the object space that give exactly zero data. Hence, they represent the intrinsic limitations of the imaging system. Null functions exist in all digital imaging systems, because these systems map continuous objects to discrete data. However, the emergence of detectors that measure continuous data, e.g. particle-processing (PP) detectors, has the potential to eliminate null functions. PP detectors process signals produced by each particle and estimate particle attributes, which include two position coordinates and three components of momentum, as continuous variables. We consider Charged-Particle Emission Tomography (CPET), which relies on data collected by a PP detector to reconstruct the 3D distribution of a radioisotope that emits alpha or beta particles, and show empirically that the null functions are significantly reduced for alpha particles if ≥3 attributes are measured or for beta particles with five attributes measured.