bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Regulation of Muscle Tone in Healthy and Functionally Unstable Ankles
Authors: Needle Alan R. , Palmer Jacqueline A. , Kesar Trisha M. , Binder-Macleod Stuart A. , Swanik C. Buz 
Published: August 2016

Context:Current research into the etiology of joint instability has yielded inconsistent results, limiting our understanding of how to prevent and treat ligamentous injury effectively. Recently, cortical reorganization was demonstrated in patients with ligamentous injury; however, these neural changes have not been assessed relative to joint laxity.Objective:The purpose of the current study was to determine if changes in cortical excitability and inhibition occur in subjects with functional ankle instability, as well as to investigate the relationship between these measures and joint laxity.Design:Posttest only with control group.Setting:University laboratory.Subjects:12 subjects with no history of ankle sprain (CON) and 12 subjects with a history of unilateral functional ankle instability (UNS).Interventions:Subjects were tested for joint laxity using an instrumented ankle arthrometer. Cortical excitability and inhibition were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to obtain motor-evoked potentials and the cortical silent period from the lower leg muscles.Main Outcome Measures:Joint laxity was quantified as peak anterior displacement and inversion rotation. Active motor threshold, slope, and intensity at 50% of peak slope of TMS-derived recruitment curves were used to quantify cortical excitability from lower leg muscles, while the cortical silent period from the peroneus longus was used to represent intracortical inhibition.Results:No significant differences were observed between groups for laxity or cortical measures. CON demonstrated a significant relationship between laxity and tibialis anterior excitability, as well as laxity and silent period, while UNS ankles demonstrated significant relationships between peroneal and soleus excitability and laxity measures.Conclusion:Our results support relationships between laxity and measures of excitability and inhibition that differ between healthy and unstable subjects. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms behind these findings and consider cortical influences when investigating altered joint laxity.
Comparison of Patient and Proxy Reporting of Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes Who Suffer a Sports-Related Injury and Require Orthopedic Consultation
Authors: Valier Alison R. Snyder , Swank Elizabeth M. , Lam Kenneth C. , Hansen Matthew L. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich 
Published: August 2016

Context:Accurate assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is important for quality patient care. Evaluation of HRQoL typically occurs with patient self-report, but some instruments, such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), allow for proxy reporting. Limited information exists comparing patient and proxy reports of HRQoL after sport-related injury in adolescent athletes.Objective:To compare patient ratings and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL in adolescent athletes who suffer musculoskeletal injuries requiring orthopedic consultation. The authors hypothesized poor agreement between patient and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Orthopedic practice.Patients:Thirteen adolescent patients with a sport-related musculoskeletal injury requiring orthopedic consultation and 1 of their parents participated.Interventions:During the initial visit to the physician’s office, each patient was asked to complete the PedsQL, and the patient’s parent was asked to complete the parent-proxy version of the PedsQL.Main Outcome Measurements:The PedsQL is a pediatric generic outcome measure that consists of a total score and 4 subscale scores: physical, emotional, social, and school functioning. Means and standard deviations were calculated for all scores, and comparisons between patient-self report and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL were made for the PedsQL total score and subscale scores using Pearson product–moment correlations (r).Results:Pearson product–moment correlations showed little to fair insignificant relationships between patient self-report and parent-proxy report of the PedsQL for the total score (r = −.1) and all subscales (range r = .1 to .4).Conclusions:Our results suggest a lack of agreement between patient and parent-proxy ratings of HRQoL, with patients rating their HRQoL lower than their parent. Patient perception of HRQoL may be more accurate than proxy report, which supports the use of patient-rated HRQoL in patient evaluation. Assessments of HRQoL made by proxies, even those close to the patient, may not represent patient health status.
The Relationship of Ankle Temperature during Cooling and Rewarming to the Human Soleus H Reflex
Authors: Krause. B. Andrew , Hopkins J. Ty , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Cordova Mitchell L. , Edwards Jeffrey E. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:Correlate skin temperature and motoneuron-pool recruitment during cooling and rewarming.Design:Within-subjects, correlational analysis. H reflex was correlated to ankle-skin temperature over time using a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and a coefficient of determination (R2).Subjects:Ten healthy, physically active college students.Measurements:Soleus H reflex and ankle-skin interface temperature were measured during ice application and rewarming. Electrical stimulation was delivered to produce 75% of each subject's maximum H reflex.Results:Ankle cooling (r = −.95, P < .05) exhibited a strong inverse relationship with soleus H reflex. A positive correlation was observed between rewarming (r = .74, P < .05) and soleus H reflex.Conclusions:Temperature accounts for nearly 90% (R2 = .90) of the variability in the soleus H reflex during cooling and 55% (R2 = .55) during rewarming, suggesting that more motoneurons are recruited as temperature decreases. These interactions appear to involve both local and central nervous system functions.
Balance and Joint Stability: The Relative Contributions of Proprioception and Muscular Strength
Authors: Blackburn Troy , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Petschauer Meredith A. , Prentice William E. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To determine whether proprioception or muscular strength is the dominant factor in balance and joint stability and define what type of ankle rehabilitation is most effective for these purposes.Setting:The University of North Carolina Sports Medicine Research Laboratory.Subjects:Thirty-two healthy volunteers free of head injury, dominant leg injury, and vestibular deficits.Design:Subjects were divided into control, strength-training, proprioceptive-training, and strength-proprioception combination training groups. Balance was assessed before and after 6-week training programs.Measurements:Static, semidynamic, and dynamic balance were assessed.Results:Subjects showed no improvement for static balance but improved significantly for semidynamic (P= .038) and dynamic (P = .002) balance. No significant differences were observed between groups.Conclusions:Enhancement of proprioception and muscular strength are equally effective in promoting joint stability and balance maintenance. In addition, no 1 type of training program is superior to another for these purposes.
Hyponatraemia in Female Athletes
Authors: Derbyshire Emma 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of the PaperPrevious research has evaluated the prevalence and aetiology of hyponatraemia in athletes, particularly for ultra endurance events. However, few papers have focused specifically on the incidence and effects of hyponatraemia in female athletes. The aim of this paper was to review and collate previous research that has investigated hyponatraemia in female athletes and explain how excessive retention of free fluid may influence female performance and health status.Design/Methodology/ApproachThe most up-to-date and pertinent studies within the literature have been included and summated in this review.FindingsThe findings from this overview indicate that women participating in endurance events are particularly susceptible to developing hyponatraemia. It is important that women do not have depleted sodium concentrations prior to an athletic event, hypotonic fluid should not been consumed in excess and carbohydrate solutions (4-8g carbohydrate per 100ml fluid) should be consumed when women participate in intense exercise, lasting for longer than 1 hour. It is fundamentally important that up-to-date rehydration guidelines are imparted to active females and the dangers of over-ingesting fluid need to be emphasized within this vulnerable population.OriginalityThis paper gives a concise, up-to-date overview on how hyponatraemia can affect female athletic performance and health status.
Living the Spirit and the Dream of NAGWS
Authors: DeSensi Joy T. 
Published: August 2016

The Rachel Bryant Lecture Award was established in 1989 in honor of Rachel Bryant, a pioneer and architect in the field of sport for girls and women. Bryant served NAGWS as Executive Director from 1950-1971, providing strong leadership and encouraging futuristic thinking and planning. The recipient of this award is an individual who continues to carry on the spirit of this remarkable woman who gave so much to NAGWS and to the world of girls and women in sport (2010 Rachel Bryant Lecture and Awards Program, p. 2).The lecture is published in the format in which it was delivered at the NAGWS Rachel Bryant Lecture and Awards Program at the 2010 AAHPERD National Convention in Indianapolis, IN. Written from a very personal perspective, this lecture includes a brief overview of Rachel Bryant’s legacy, the subjectively ‘lived’ sport experiences of the author, concerns regarding the future of girls and women in sport, and the direction NAGWS is taking as an organization.
The Influence of Sport Appropriateness and Image on the Status of Female Athletes
Authors: Riemer Brenda A. , Feltz Deborah L. 
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereotyped visual images (pictures) on the friendship status ranking of females in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports. The study employed a 2×2×3 (sex × sport × image) ANOVA between subjects design, with tennis and basketball being the “appropriate” and “inappropriate” sports chosen respectively. The visual image was manipulated by having a picture of a stereotypical feminine female versus a stereotypical androgynous female. The control group did not have a visual image. We hypothesized that image would interact with sport appropriateness such that the feminine image would enhance the friendship status of the hypothetical basketball player; whereas the androgynous image would lower the hypothetical tennis player’s status. A “sex-byimage” interaction as well as a “sex-by-sport” trend supported the hypothesis for males; males used the perceived femininity/androgyny stereotype to influence their decision about friendship status.Over the last two decades, women’s active involvement in sport has increased. For example, since the 1972 passage of Title IX, participation has increased by over 600% for girls in interscholastic school programs (Boutilier & SanGiovanni, 1983). Despite an increase in the sport opportunities available to women, stereotypes about what is socially appropriate influence how females in sport are perceived. Gender-role stereotypes have been identified as some of the influencing factors in the perception of appropriate sports for males and females (Metheny, 1965) and in one’s social status (Coleman, 1961). Avariable which may enhance the perception of appropriate sports for males and females is the addition of a visual image. Duncan & Sayaovong (1990) have suggested that visual images have the ability to reinforce or contradict gender-role stereotypes. The purpose of this study was to determine how visual images may affect the perceived status of female high school athletes in “gender-appropriate” and “gender-inappropriate” sports.
Physical Activity among Adolescent Females: Racial Differences
Authors: Bungum Timothy J. , Vincent Murray 
Published: August 2016

Purposes of this study included the identification of physical activity (PA) levels, and the types of activity, as well as the determination of racial differences in these factors between African-American (AA) (n=626) and White (WH) (n=226) adolescent females.PA was measured using a one week recall. Approximately 1/2 of WH and 1/3 of AA female adolescents were sufficiently physically active (Blair, 1992) to produce health benefits. Less than twenty-five percent of study participants met a newly established guideline addressing moderate to vigorous PA (Sallis & Patrick, 1994). Younger adolescents were more active than older adolescents.Accounting for differences in age and socioeconomic status WH females were more active than AA females. African-American and WH females participated in similar types of activity. Walking was the most frequently cited mode of activity.
Belly Dancing: A Feminist Project?
Authors: Wright Jan , Dreyfus Shoshana 
Published: August 2016

The notion of the body as “a medium of culture” (Bordo, 1990, p. 13), and specifically the female body as a site on which the oppression of patriarchy is inscribed or played out has been discussed by many feminist theorists (Bartky, 1988; Bordo, 1990; Dimen, 1989). More recently there has been increasing interest in the material body as a source of kinesthetic pleasure rather than, or simultaneously as, a site of inscription and oppression. In searching for new ways to think and talk about the body, there is a recognition that it cannot be seen simply as either a site of oppression or pleasure, but rather as a site where many apparently contradictory and opposing discourses can coexist and where interesting and complex mixes of pleasure and oppression can occur simultaneously (Shilling, 1993).In this paper we attempt to explore these complexities through a study of belly dancing. This is a form of physical activity with an increasingly large following. On one hand, it seems possible to conceive of belly dancing as ‘feminist project’ as it offers possibilities for challenging hegemonic constructions of femininity and for women’s empowerment; on the other hand, many of the practices associated with belly dancing work to construct discourses which sit uncomfortably with feminist understandings of the body. This paper then becomes an exploration of the complex meanings which constitute the contemporary practice of belly dancing, with reference to a specific dance class in a regional city in Australia.While we are using the description ‘feminist project’ as a guiding principle for this paper, we also recognize that this is not a totalizing concept and will be different for different women in different contexts. We also recognize that the attribute “feminist” is itself not unitary but that feminist theory takes many forms, takes up different issues and defines its objects of study in a variety of ways. In the paper we draw on feminist post-structuralist theory to examine the various discourses and social practices of belly dancing. This allows us to recognize that in talking about the dance, the women interviewed may draw on a wide range of discourses which are concerned with women and their bodies, and which in their different ways may be characterized as feminist. On the other hand, the consequences of taking up one discourse rather than another have implications for how women are located and locate themselves in relations of power. We are wary, for instance, of essentializing discourses which attempt to naturalize sexual differences in a context where male and female attributes are often seen as constituting the opposite sides of a binary where those attributes associated with women are regarded as of lesser value.
Localization of the Houdinisome (Ejection Proteins) inside the Bacteriophage P22 Virion by Bubblegram Imaging
Authors: Wu Weimin , Leavitt Justin C. , Cheng Naiqian , Gilcrease Eddie B. , Motwani Tina , Teschke Carolyn M. , Casjens Sherwood R. , Steven Alasdair C. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The P22 capsid is a T=7 icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with a portal protein dodecamer at one 5-fold vertex. Extending outwards from that vertex is a short tail, and putatively extending inwards is a 15-nm-long α-helical barrel formed by the C-terminal domains of portal protein subunits. In addition to the densely packed genome, the capsid contains three “ejection proteins” (E-proteins [gp7, gp16, and gp20]) destined to exit from the tightly sealed capsid during the process of DNA delivery into target cells. We estimated their copy numbers by quantitative SDS-PAGE as approximately 12 molecules per virion of gp16 and gp7 and 30 copies of gp20. To localize them, we used bubblegram imaging, an adaptation of cryo-electron microscopy in which gaseous bubbles induced in proteins by prolonged irradiation are used to map the proteins’ locations. We applied this technique to wild-type P22, a triple mutant lacking all three E-proteins, and three mutants each lacking one E-protein. We conclude that all three E-proteins are loosely clustered around the portal axis, in the region displaced radially inwards from the portal crown. The bubblegram data imply that approximately half of the α-helical barrel seen in the portal crystal structure is disordered in the mature virion, and parts of the disordered region present binding sites for E-proteins. Thus positioned, the E-proteins are strategically placed to pass down the shortened barrel and through the portal ring and the tail, as they exit from the capsid during an infection.

IMPORTANCE
While it has long been appreciated that capsids serve as delivery vehicles for viral genomes, there is now growing awareness that viruses also deliver proteins into their host cells. P22 has three such proteins (ejection proteins [E-proteins]), whose initial locations in the virion have remained unknown despite their copious amounts (total of 2.5 MDa). This study succeeded in localizing them by the novel technique of bubblegram imaging. The P22 E-proteins are seen to be distributed around the orifice of the portal barrel. Interestingly, this barrel, 15 nm long in a crystal structure, is only about half as long
in situ
: the remaining, disordered, portion appears to present binding sites for E-proteins. These observations document a spectacular example of a regulatory order-disorder transition in a supramolecular system and demonstrate the potential of bubblegram imaging to map the components of other viruses as well as cellular complexes.
Host Physiologic Changes Induced by Influenza A Virus Lead to Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Dispersion and Transition from Asymptomatic Colonization to Invasive Disease
Authors: Reddinger Ryan M. , Luke-Marshall Nicole R. , Hakansson Anders P. , Campagnari Anthony A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis a ubiquitous opportunistic human pathogen and a major health concern worldwide, causing a wide variety of diseases from mild skin infections to systemic disease.S. aureusis a major source of severe secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza A virus infection, which causes widespread morbidity and mortality. While the phenomenon of secondary bacterial pneumonia is well established, the mechanisms behind the transition from asymptomatic colonization to invasive staphylococcal disease following viral infection remains unknown. In this report, we have shown thatS. aureusbiofilms, grown on an upper respiratory epithelial substratum, disperse in response to host physiologic changes related to viral infection, such as febrile range temperatures, exogenous ATP, norepinephrine, and increased glucose. Mice that were colonized withS. aureusand subsequently exposed to these physiologic stimuli or influenza A virus coinfection developed pronounced pneumonia. This study provides novel insight into the transition from colonization to invasive disease, providing a better understanding of the events involved in the pathogenesis of secondary staphylococcal pneumonia.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we have determined that host physiologic changes related to influenza A virus infection causesS. aureusto disperse from a biofilm state. Additionally, we report that these same host physiologic changes promoteS. aureusdissemination from the nasal tissue to the lungs in an animal model. Furthermore, this study identifies important aspects involved in the transition ofS. aureusfrom asymptomatic colonization to pneumonia.
Managing player load in professional rugby union: a review of current knowledge and practices
Authors: Quarrie Kenneth L , Raftery Martin , Blackie Josh , Cook Christian J , Fuller Colin W , Gabbett Tim J , Gray Andrew J , Gill Nicholas , Hennessy Liam , Kemp Simon , Lambert Mike , Nichol Rob , Mellalieu Stephen D , Piscione Julien , Stadelmann Jörg , Tucker Ross 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe loads to which professional rugby players are subjected has been identified as a concern by coaches, players and administrators. In November 2014, World Rugby commissioned an expert group to identify the physical demands and non-physical load issues associated with participation in professional rugby.ObjectiveTo describe the current state of knowledge about the loads encountered by professional rugby players and the implications for their physical and mental health.FindingsThe group defined ‘load’ as it relates to professional rugby players as the total stressors and demands applied to the players. In the 2013–2014 seasons, 40% of professional players appeared in 20 matches or more, and 5% of players appeared in 30 matches or more. Matches account for ∼5–11% of exposure to rugby-related activities (matches, team and individual training sessions) during professional competitions. The match injury rate is about 27 times higher than that in training. The working group surmised that players entering a new level of play, players with unresolved previous injuries, players who are relatively older and players who are subjected to rapid increases in load are probably at increased risk of injury. A mix of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ measures in conjunction with effective communication among team staff and between staff and players was held to be the best approach to monitoring and managing player loads. While comprehensive monitoring holds promise for individually addressing player loads, it brings with it ethical and legal responsibilities that rugby organisations need to address to ensure that players’ personal information is adequately protected.ConclusionsAdministrators, broadcasters, team owners, team staff and the players themselves have important roles in balancing the desire to have the ‘best players’ on the field with the ongoing health of players. In contrast, the coaching, fitness and medical staff exert significant control over the activities, duration and intensity of training sessions. If load is a major risk factor for injury, then managing training loads should be an important element in enabling players to perform in a fit state as often as possible.