bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability of mineral dust deposition in the western Mediterranean basin
and south-east of France
Authors: Vincent Julie , Laurent Benoit , Losno Rémi , Bon Nguyen Elisabeth , Roullet Pierre , Sauvage Stéphane , Chevaillier Servanne , Coddeville Patrice , Ouboulmane Noura , di Sarra Alcide Giorgio , Tovar-Sánchez Antonio , Sferlazzo Damiano , Massanet Ana , Triquet Sylvain , Morales Baquero Rafael , Fornier Michel , Coursier Cyril , Desboeufs Karine , Dulac François , Bergametti Gilles 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Previous studies have provided some insight into the Saharan dust deposition at a few specific locations from observations over long time periods or intensive field campaigns. However, no assessment of the dust deposition temporal variability in connection with its regional spatial distribution has been achieved so far from network observations over more than 1 year. To investigate dust deposition dynamics at the regional scale, five automatic deposition collectors named CARAGA (Collecteur Automatique de Retombées Atmosphériques insolubles à Grande Autonomie in French) have been deployed in the western Mediterranean region during 1 to 3 years depending on the station. The sites include, from south to north, Lampedusa, Majorca, Corsica, Frioul and Le Casset (southern French Alps). Deposition measurements are performed on a common weekly period at the five sites. The mean dust deposition fluxes are higher close to the northern African coasts and decrease following a south–north gradient, with values from 7.4 g m−2 year−1 in Lampedusa (35°31′ N, 12°37′ E) to 1 g m−2 year−1 in Le Casset (44°59′ N, 6°28′ E). The maximum deposition flux recorded is of 3.2 g m−2 wk−1 in Majorca with only two other events showing more than 1 g m−2 wk−1 in Lampedusa, and a maximum of 0.5 g m−2 wk−1 in Corsica. The maximum value of 2.1 g m−2 year−1 observed in Corsica in 2013 is much lower than existing records in the area over the 3 previous decades (11–14 g m−2 year−1). From the 537 available samples, 98 major Saharan dust deposition events have been identified in the records between 2011 and 2013. Complementary observations provided by both satellite and air mass trajectories are used to identify the dust provenance areas and the transport pathways from the Sahara to the stations for the studied period. Despite the large size of African dust plumes detected by satellites, more than 80 % of the major dust deposition events are recorded at only one station, suggesting that the dust provenance, transport and deposition processes (i.e. wet vs. dry) of dust are different and specific for the different deposition sites in the Mediterranean studied area. The results tend to indicate that wet deposition is the main form of deposition for mineral dust in the western Mediterranean basin, but the contribution of dry deposition (in the sense that no precipitation was detected at the surface) is far from being negligible, and contributes 10 to 46 % to the major dust deposition events, depending on the sampling site.
Variations of global and continental water balance components as impacted by climate forcing uncertainty and human water use
Authors: Müller Schmied Hannes , Adam Linda , Eisner Stephanie , Fink Gabriel , Flörke Martina , Kim Hyungjun , Oki Taikan , Portmann Felix Theodor , Reinecke Robert , Riedel Claudia , Song Qi , Zhang Jing , Döll Petra 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. When assessing global water resources with hydrological models, it is essential to know about methodological uncertainties. The values of simulated water balance components may vary due to different spatial and temporal aggregations, reference periods, and applied climate forcings, as well as due to the consideration of human water use, or the lack thereof. We analyzed these variations over the period 1901–2010 by forcing the global hydrological model WaterGAP 2.2 (ISIMIP2a) with five state-of-the-art climate data sets, including a homogenized version of the concatenated WFD/WFDEI data set. Absolute values and temporal variations of global water balance components are strongly affected by the uncertainty in the climate forcing, and no temporal trends of the global water balance components are detected for the four homogeneous climate forcings considered (except for human water abstractions). The calibration of WaterGAP against observed long-term average river discharge Q significantly reduces the impact of climate forcing uncertainty on estimated Q and renewable water resources. For the homogeneous forcings, Q of the calibrated and non-calibrated regions of the globe varies by 1.6 and 18.5 %, respectively, for 1971–2000. On the continental scale, most differences for long-term average precipitation P and Q estimates occur in Africa and, due to snow undercatch of rain gauges, also in the data-rich continents Europe and North America. Variations of Q at the grid-cell scale are large, except in a few grid cells upstream and downstream of calibration stations, with an average variation of 37 and 74 % among the four homogeneous forcings in calibrated and non-calibrated regions, respectively. Considering only the forcings GSWP3 and WFDEI_hom, i.e., excluding the forcing without undercatch correction (PGFv2.1) and the one with a much lower shortwave downward radiation SWD than the others (WFD), Q variations are reduced to 16 and 31 % in calibrated and non-calibrated regions, respectively. These simulation results support the need for extended Q measurements and data sharing for better constraining global water balance assessments. Over the 20th century, the human footprint on natural water resources has become larger. For 11–18% of the global land area, the change of Q between 1941–1970 and 1971–2000 was driven more strongly by change of human water use including dam construction than by change in precipitation, while this was true for only 9–13 % of the land area from 1911–1940 to 1941–1970.
Studying local earthquakes in the area Baltic-Bothnia Megashear using the
data of the POLENET/LAPNET temporary array
Authors: Usoltseva Olga , Kozlovskaya Elena 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Earthquakes in areas within continental plates are still not completely understood, and progress on understanding intraplate seismicity is slow due to a short history of instrumental seismology and sparse regional seismic networks in seismically non-active areas. However, knowledge about position and depth of seismogenic structures in such areas is necessary in order to estimate seismic hazard for such critical facilities such as nuclear power plants and nuclear waste deposits. In the present paper we address the problem of seismicity in the intraplate area of northern Fennoscandia using the information on local events recorded by the POLENET/LAPNET (Polar Earth Observing Network) temporary seismic array during the International Polar Year 2007–2009. We relocate the seismic events using the program HYPOELLIPS (a computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters) and grid search method. We use the first arrivals of P waves of local events in order to calculate a 3-D tomographic P wave velocity model of the uppermost crust (down to 20 km) for a selected region inside the study area and show that the velocity heterogeneities in the upper crust correlate well with known tectonic units. We compare the position of the velocity heterogeneities with the seismogenic structures delineated by epicentres of relocated events and demonstrate that these structures generally do not correlate with the crustal units formed as a result of crustal evolution in the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic. On the contrary, they correlate well with the postglacial faults located in the area of the Baltic-Bothnia Megashear (BBMS). Hypocentres of local events have depths down to 30 km. We also obtain the focal mechanism of a selected event with good data quality. The focal mechanism is of oblique type with strike-slip prevailing. Our results demonstrate that the Baltic-Bothnia Megashear is an important large-scale, reactivated tectonic structure that has to be taken into account when estimating seismic hazard in northern Fennoscandia.
The Paradox of Liberal Politics in the South African Context: Alfred Hoernlé's Critique of Liberalism's Pact with White Domination
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article traces the evolution by which in the context of 1930s South Africa the liberal philosopher Alfred Hoernlé came to recognize the inability of classical liberalism to address the problems of a society in which a racial hierarchy had become deeply entrenched. Although he must be criticized for his patriarchal approach and for the pessimism that led him to take White attitudes toward Black South Africans as an unchangeable part of the situation that simply had to be accepted, his insight into the limits of liberalism still resonates. While most White commentators were still thinking of racism in terms of beliefs and attitudes, he already understood that the problem lay in the systemic adoption of “techniques of domination” or what we today might call institutional racism. Although his proposal in 1939 that “Total Separation” was “a legitimate application of sound liberal ideas” was deeply problematic in context and might well have had a serious negative impact, it should be understood that it was intended to highlight the fundamental paradox into which liberalism fell when attempting to solve the problems it had helped to create by its belief in a civilizing mission that began with violence.
Racial Mixedness in the Contemporary United States and South Africa: On the Politics of Impurity and Antiracist Praxis
Authors: Valentine Desiree 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article is motivated by a concern about the increasing embrace of apolitical and ahistorical notions of racial “mixedness” and “impurity.” It draws on recent examples from the United States and South Africa in order to direct attention to the difficulties of identifying logics that, on the face of it, seem to evade conventional claims of racism, but nevertheless, as it will argue, rely on racist notions that must be challenged. These include examples in the United States and South Africa of individuals self-identifying as a stand-alone mixed race category (and furthermore espousing this as a “pure” category of belonging) as well as white Afrikaners in South Africa uncritically appropriating claims to mixed heritage. This article is critical of these phenomena because of what it finds to be a lack of politically and historically situated understandings of the notions of purity and impurity and their relation to racism.
Say Versus Do: Analysis of Fitch Ratings and Bond Grades for a Regional Airport
Authors: LeMay Stephen A. , Burns Kalee , Hawkins Richard R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this short article, we examine the airport bond rating system by Fitch Ratings, including what Fitch documents “say” are important versus the level of analysis that is actually “done.” One thing that is apparently not done is construction of a travel model for measuring competition between airports. We do this for the Pensacola, Florida, airport. Results indicate the Fort Walton Beach facility is the largest threat and the staff at Fitch Ratings have, to some degree, focused on the wrong airport. We also found that, while ratings affect interest rates, the relationship to risk is less clear.
O BOLSA FAMÍLIA E AS ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS NO BRASIL: UM MODELO DE PREDIÇÃO ELEITORAL
Authors: Lins Rodrigo , Silva Lucas , Figueiredo Filho Dalson , Rocha Enivaldo 
Published: July 2016

Este artigo apresenta um modelo de predição para as eleições presidenciais no Brasil. A hipótese sustenta que quanto maior a dependência do programa Bolsa Família, maior é a quantidade de votos auferidos pelo candidato mandatário. O desenho de pesquisa combina estatística descritiva, multivariada e espacial para analisar um banco de dados original elaborado a partir de dados secundários. Os resultados sugerem que: (1) em 2006, o modelo previu 50,82% versus um observado de 48,61% (erro de 2,21%); (2) em 2010, o modelo previu 47,49% versus um observado de 46,91% (erro de 0,58%) e (3) em 2014, o modelo estimou 45,25% versus um observado de 41,25% (erro de 3,66%). Comparativamente, nosso modelo apresentou um erro médio de 2,15%, sendo mais preciso do que outros presentes na literatura. Com esse artigo, esperamos difundir a utilização de modelos de predição na Ciência Política brasileira.
Putting the t in tools: a roadmap for implementation of new global and regional transgender guidance
Authors: Wolf R Cameron , Adams Darrin , Dayton Robyn , Verster Annette , Wong Joe , Romero Marcela , Mazin Rafael , Settle Edmund , Sladden Tim , Keatley JoAnne 
Published: July 2016

Transgender (trans) activists and global health partners have collaborated to develop new tools and guidance for assessing and addressing HIV and other health needs within trans populations. Trans women experience a heavy burden of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), high incidence of violence and difficulties accessing gender‐affirming services. At the same time, little has been published on trans men's health, HIV issues, needs and experiences. Young trans people are especially marginalized and vulnerable, with few programmes and services specifically tailored to their needs. Trans‐specific data and guidance are needed to adapt the global response to HIV to meet the needs of the trans population. While the needs of this group have only recently received attention, global, regional and other technical guidance documents are being developed to address these gaps. Regional blueprints for comprehensive care for trans people in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia and the Pacific are now available. These tools – supported by the Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the United Nations Development Programme, in collaboration with regional trans groups – provide a contextual map, indicating opportunities for interventions in health, HIV, violence, stigma and discrimination, social protection and human rights. Global guidance includes the World Health Organization's Policy Brief: Transgender People and HIV, and the interagency publication, Implementing Comprehensive HIV and STI Programmes with Transgender People. Community empowerment and capacity building are the focus of the new tools for global and regional transgender guidance. The goal is to strengthen and ensure community‐led responses to the HIV challenge in trans populations. This article describes the new tools and guidance and considers the steps needed to use them to appropriately support and engage transgender populations within national AIDS, STI, and sexual and reproductive health responses and programmes. The time to use these tools and guidance for advocacy, strategic planning, capacity building, programme design and training is now.
A partnership approach to providing on‐site HIV services for probationers and parolees: a pilot study from Alabama, USA
Authors: Lichtenstein Bronwen , Barber Brad Wayne ,   The West Alabama AIDS Outreach Partnership Group
Published: July 2016

IntroductionHIV in the United States is concentrated in the South, an impoverished region with marked health disparities and high rates of incarceration, particularly among African Americans. In the Deep South state of Alabama, a policy directive to reduce prison overcrowding has diverted large numbers of convicted felons to community supervision. Probation and parole offices have yet to provide the HIV education and testing services that are offered in state prisons. This study sought to implement on‐site HIV services for probationers and parolees through an intersectoral programme involving law enforcement, university and HIV agency employees. The three main objectives were to (1) involve probation/parole officers in planning, execution and assessment of the programme, (2) provide HIV education to the officers and (3) offer voluntary pretest HIV counselling and testing to probationers and parolees.MethodsThe partnered programme was conducted between October and December 2015. Offenders who were recently sentenced to probation (“new offenders”), received HIV education during orientation. Offenders already under supervision prior to the programme (“current offenders”) learned about the on‐site services during scheduled office visits. Outcomes were measured through officer assessments, informal feedback and uptake of HIV services among offenders.ResultsA total of 86 new and 249 current offenders reported during the programme (N=335). Almost one‐third (31.4%) of new offenders sought HIV testing, while only 3.2% of current offenders were screened for HIV. Refusals among current offenders invoked monogamy, time pressures, being tested in prison, fear of positive test results and concerns about being labelled as gay or unfaithful to women partners. Officers rated the programme as worthwhile and feasible to implement at other offices.ConclusionsThe partnership approach ensured support from law enforcement and intersectoral cooperation throughout the programme. HIV training for officers reduced discomfort over HIV and fostered their willingness to be active agents for referral to HIV services. Voluntary testing was enhanced by the HIV employee's educational role, particularly during orientation sessions for new offenders. The almost one‐third success rate in HIV testing among new offenders suggests that future efforts should concentrate on this group in order to maximize participation at the probation and parole office.
Finding solid ground: law enforcement, key populations and their health and rights in South Africa
Authors: Scheibe Andrew , Howell Simon , Müller Alexandra , Katumba Munyaradzi , Langen Bram , Artz Lillian , Marks Monique 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionSex workers, people who use drugs, men who have sex with men, women who have sex with women and transgender people in South Africa frequently experience high levels of stigma, abuse and discrimination. Evidence suggests that such abuse is sometimes committed by police officers, meaning that those charged with protection are perpetrators. This reinforces cycles of violence, increases the risk of HIV infection, undermines HIV prevention and treatment interventions and violates the constitutional prescriptions that the police are mandated to protect. This paper explores how relationship building can create positive outcomes while taking into account the challenges associated with reforming police strategies in relation to key populations, and vice versa.DiscussionWe argue that relationships between law enforcement agencies and key populations need to be re‐examined and reconstituted to enable appropriate responses and services. The antagonistic positioning, “othering” and blame assignment frequently seen in interactions between law enforcement officials and key populations can negatively influence both, albeit for different reasons. In addressing these concerns, we argue that mediation based on consensual dialogue is required, and can be harnessed through a process that highlights points of familiarity that are often shared, but not understood, by both parties. Rather than laying blame, we argue that substantive changes need to be owned and executed by all role‐players, informed by a common language that is cognisant of differing perspectives.ConclusionsRelational approaches can be used to identify programmes that align goals that are part of law enforcement, human rights and public health despite not always being seen as such. Law enforcement champions and representatives of key populations need to be identified and supported to promote interventions that are mutually reinforcing, and address perceived differences by highlighting commonality. Creating opportunities to share experiences in mediation can be beneficial to all role‐players. While training is important, it is not a primary mechanism to change behaviour and attitudes.
Oxygen utilization rate (OUR) underestimates ocean respiration: A model study
Authors: Koeve W. , Kähler P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe use a simple 1‐D model representing an isolated density surface in the ocean and 3‐D global ocean biogeochemical models to evaluate the concept of computing the subsurface oceanic oxygen utilization rate (OUR) from the changes of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and water age. The distribution of AOU in the ocean is not only the imprint of respiration in the ocean's interior but is strongly influenced by transport processes and eventually loss at the ocean surface. Since AOU and water age are subject to advection and diffusive mixing, it is only when they are affected both in the same way that OUR represents the correct rate of oxygen consumption. This is the case only when advection prevails or with uniform respiration rates, when the proportions of AOU and age are not changed by transport. In experiments with the 1‐D tube model, OUR underestimates respiration when maximum respiration rates occur near the outcrops of isopycnals and overestimates when maxima occur far from the outcrops. Given the distribution of respiration in the ocean, i.e., elevated rates near high‐latitude outcrops of isopycnals and low rates below the oligotrophic gyres, underestimates are the rule. Integrating these effects globally in three coupled ocean biogeochemical and circulation models, we find that AOU‐over‐age based calculations underestimate true model respiration by a factor of 3. Most of this difference is observed in the upper 1000 m of the ocean with the discrepancies increasing toward the surface where OUR underestimates respiration by as much as factor of 4.
The vertical structure of the eastern Pacific ITCZs and associated circulation using the TRMM Precipitation Radar and in situ data
Authors: Huaman L. , Takahashi K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe atmospheric circulation associated with the eastern Pacific single and double ITCZs, particularly its vertical structure, is little known due to the sparce observations. Using precipitation profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measure Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar, with approximations to the liquid water and energy budget equations, we estimated vertical profiles of latent heating and vertical velocity in the far eastern Pacific (95°W–85°W) ITCZs in the 800–730 hPa layer. We combined this with Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate campaign (EPIC2001) and other in situ data to produce a preliminary characterization of the meridional‐vertical circulation. We found evidence of a double‐cell structure in boreal fall between the ITCZ and the equator, with both shallow and upper level peaks in vertical velocity. In spring, the flow poleward of the two ITCZs has a single‐cell structure, although around the equator it shows some hints of the double cells. Reanalysis and satellite‐based data are shown to be unreliable for describing the vertical structure of the circulation.