bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tabula rasa in the Patagonian Channels? The phylogeography of Oreobolus obtusangulus (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Pfanzelt Simon , Albach Dirk C. , von Hagen Klaus Bernhard 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe extent of the Pleistocene glaciations in the Patagonian Channel region (southwesternmost South America) and their impact on the vegetation there are largely unknown. Whether the regional flora was wiped out completely (tabula rasa) or survived in ice‐free pockets (in situ survival) is still an open question. The molecular imprint of either scenario should still be visible in extant populations. Therefore, DNA sequence data of Oreobolus obtusangulus Gaudich. (Cyperaceae) were analysed. This species is an abundant constituent of Patagonian cushion peat bogs, one of the Patagonian Channel region's major vegetation types. Three hundred and eighty‐four individuals from 48 populations were sequenced for two chloroplast (ycf3‐psaA and trnQUUG‐psbK intergenic spacers) and 14 nuclear loci containing simple sequence repeats (SSRs; microsatellites). Phylogenetic reconstructions and the geographic distribution of genetic diversity revealed that the species was split into three main lineages whose general distributions comprise three separate major regions, that is, south‐central Chile, Fuego‐Patagonia and the East Patagonian Andes, which probably constitute glacial refugia. Postglacial migration fronts formed a suture zone with high levels of genetic diversity in the Northwest Patagonian Andes, where remnants of a supposedly ancestral lineage were also found to be locally restricted to a single population (Huinay). The heavily glaciated Patagonian Channels were likely recolonized from the northwest, and partly from the south. Although the westernmost Patagonian Channel population (Estero Bachem) harboured private SSR alleles (singletons) and showed slightly elevated genetic diversity, it remained unclear whether this population actually survived in situ. This study helps fill a major gap in reconstructing the Pleistocene vegetation history of West and Andean Patagonia.
Insights into deep‐sea adaptations and host–symbiont interactions: A comparative transcriptome study on Bathymodiolus mussels and their coastal relatives
Authors: Zheng Ping , Wang Minxiao , Li Chaolun , Sun Xiaoqing , Wang Xiaocheng , Sun Yan , Sun Song 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMussels (Bivalve: Mytilidae) have adapted to various habitats, from fresh water to the deep sea. To understand their adaptive characteristics in different habitats, particularly in the bathymodiolin mussels in deep‐sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis between deep‐sea bathymodiolin mussels and their shallow‐water relatives. A number of gene families related to stress responses were shared across all mussels, without specific or significantly expanded families in deep‐sea species, indicating that all mussels are capable of adapting to diverse harsh environments, but that different members of the same gene family may be preferentially utilized by different species. One of the most extraordinary trait of bathymodiolin mussels is their endosymbiosis. Lineage‐specific and positively selected TLRs and highly expressed C1QDC proteins were identified in the gills of the bathymodiolins, suggesting their possible functions in symbiont recognition. However, pattern recognition receptors of the bathymodiolins were globally reduced, facilitating the invasion and maintenance of the symbionts obtained by either endocytosis or phagocytosis. Additionally, various transporters were positively selected or more highly expressed in the deep‐sea mussels, indicating a means by which necessary materials could be provided for the symbionts. Key genes supporting lysosomal activity were also positively selected or more highly expressed in the deep‐sea mussels, suggesting that nutrition fixed by the symbionts can be absorbed in a “farming” way wherein the symbionts are digested by lysosomes. Regulation of key physiological processes including lysosome activity, apoptosis and immune reactions is needed to maintain a stable host–symbiont relationship, but the mechanisms are still unclear.
The Legitimacy of Pseudo‐Expert Discourse in the Public Sphere
Authors: Sorial Sarah 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article examines the role of expertise in public debate, specifically the ways in which expertise can be mimicked and deployed as “pseudo‐expert discourse” to generate legitimacy for views that have otherwise been discredited. The article argues that pseudo‐expert discourse having a clear public health or safety impact should be regulated. There have been some attempts to legally regulate this speech through various means; however, these attempts at regulation have been met with fierce resistance, because of free‐speech concerns. The article suggests that these appeals to free speech in the context of pseudo‐expert discourse are both misguided and misplaced. Moreover, because speakers with the relevant expertise or perceived expertise are able to secure uptake of their views, they have a moral responsibility to not deceive or mislead audiences, and may also have various legal responsibilities.
Fanciful Examples
Authors: Stoner Ian , Swartwood Jason 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article defends the use of fanciful examples within the method of wide reflective equilibrium. First, it characterizes the general persuasive role of described cases within that method. Second, it suggests three criteria any example must meet in order to succeed in this persuasive role; fancifulness has little or nothing to do with whether an example is able to meet these criteria. Third, it discusses several general objections to fanciful examples and concludes that they are objections to the abuse of described cases; they identify no special problem with fanciful examples.
Why Not Open the Black Box of Journal Editing in Philosophy? Make Peer Reviews of Published Papers Available
Authors: Schaffalitzky de Muckadell Caroline , Petersen Esben Nedenskov 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDespite general agreement within philosophy that peer review is indispensable, its fairness and reliability is often questioned. This article suggests that such worries can to a large extent be met by adopting the practice that reviews as well as earlier versions of papers are made publicly available when the final version of a paper is published. This suggestion combines the advantages of transparency with the merits of anonymity of reviewers. While there are obstacles to this suggestion, the article argues that it would be worthwhile to implement it because it can help map patterns of conduct and secure confidence in the fairness and reliability of review procedures and journal editing within philosophy.
Predictors of health‐related quality of life among industrial workers: A descriptive correlational study
Authors: Malak Malakeh Z. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAssessment and evaluation of the health‐related quality of life of industrial workers is an important research focus. This descriptive correlational study identifies the predictors of health‐related quality of life using a random sampling of industrial workers (n = 640) from construction factories in Amman Governorate in Jordan using demographic characteristics, a health and work‐related factors questionnaire, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life‐Brief scale. Results showed that industrial workers had good physical health but a poor working environment. There was a statistically significant relationship between educational level, conflict between work and individual life and work and social life, working hours, and workload, and all domains of health‐related quality of life. Overall, educational level was the main predictor for all domains of health‐related quality of life. Such results confirm the need to develop appropriate interventions and strategies to improve workers' health‐related quality of life. Furthermore, developing an integrated approach among policymakers, employers, and work organizations to enhance industrial workers' occupational health programs could be effective.
On the Identification of Interdependence and Contagion of Financial Crises
Authors: Bacchiocchi Emanuele 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this paper we propose a new framework for modelling heteroskedastic structural vector autoregressions. The identification of the structural parameters is obtained by exploiting the heteroskedasticity in the data naturally arising during crisis periods. More precisely, we provide identification conditions when heteroskedasticity and traditional restrictions on the parameters are jointly considered. Although the framework is general enough to find potential applications in many empirical economic fields, it proves to be well suited for distinguishing between interdependence and contagion in the literature related to the transmission of financial crises. This methodology is used to investigate the relationships between sovereign bond yields for some highly indebted EU countries.
Transesophageal and invasive electrophysiologic evaluation in children with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White pattern
Authors: Koca Serhat , Pac Feyza Aysenur , Kavurt Ahmet Vedat , Cay Serkan , Mihcioglu Ajda , Aras Dursun , Topaloglu Serkan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundRisk stratification for Wolff‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) pattern either by noninvasive or invasive tests is important to determine whether an ablation is necessary or not. The aim was to compare noninvasive tests and invasive studies in a pediatric WPW population.MethodsA total of 71 WPW patients (median age 14 years [interquartile range, 11–16 years]; 43 male) underwent Holter monitoring, exercise stress test (EST), and transesophageal electrophysiological study (TEEPS). In the case of a ≤270‐ms effective refractory period of accessory pathway or induction of supraventricular tachycardia using TEEPS, patients were classified as high risk and underwent invasive electrophysiological study (EPS).ResultsNine of 23 patients with low risk by Holter and eight of 26 patients with low risk by EST had high risk in TEEPS. Risky TEEPS results were detected in 42 of 71 patients and those patients underwent EPS. High‐risk characteristic in EPS was detected in seven of nine patients with low risk by Holter and in seven of eight with low risk by EST. Both tests yielded moderate specificity (52–69%) and negative predictive value (61–69%) according to TEEPS.ConclusionHolter and EST have low predictive value in WPW risk stratification. However, TEEPS and EPS are extremely valuable in WPW risk stratification. TEEPS may reveal important and useful results for WPW risk determination, especially in small children not having undergone EPS in order to avoid its complications.
Atrial undersensing secondary to quiet timer blanking in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients
Authors: von Alvensleben Johannes C. , Schaffer Michael , Brateng Caitlin , Collins Kathryn K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundAtrial undersensing despite normal atrial lead parameters and high amplitude electrograms has been described in adult patients as a consequence of atrial amplifier saturation. Repetitive inputs cause amplifier ringing and undersensing occurs as a consequence of quiet timer blanking. High amplitude ventricular electrograms can also result in atrial blanking secondary to cross‐chamber effect. This has not been described in pediatric patients or epicardial pacing systems and specific risk factors are not known. We describe five cases of atrial undersensing in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients with epicardial dual‐chamber systems and high ventricular lead outputs.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of all patients with dual‐chamber pacing systems cared for at the Heart Institute at Children's Hospital Colorado.ResultsFive cases of atrial undersensing with normal atrial lead parameters were found. All were epicardial systems with acceptable lead parameters at implantation and Medtronic (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) generators with unipolar leads. Ventricular pacing outputs were elevated at presentation, median 5.5 V (5–7.5). Presenting symptoms were exercise intolerance (four) and detection on routine monitoring (one). Successful interventions included reduction in ventricular lead pacing output (one), programming of rate response (two), and implantation of an alternative generator manufacturer (two).ConclusionAtrial undersensing secondary to amplifier ringing and quiet timer blanking is an uncommon presentation but may be clinically important in patients with unipolar epicardial atrial leads and high pacing outputs from ventricular leads.
Continuum Electrostatic Calculation on Bovine Rhodopsin: Protonation and the Effect of the Membrane Potential
Authors: Bombarda Elisa , Ullmann G. Matthias 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this work, we calculate the protonation probabilities of titratable residues of bovine rhodopsin using the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. We also consider the influence of the membrane potential. Our results indicate that at physiological pH, the titratable groups directly involved in photosensing, namely Glu113, Glu181 and the retinal Schiff base, are charged. In contrast, the residues Asp83, Glu122 and His211, which are buried in the membrane, are uncharged. However, as these later residues are localized in the middle of the membrane, they are exposed to the membrane potential more strongly, which may have important functional implications. Despite of their large distance, Asp83 and Glu122 interact relatively strongly. As these two residues are in contact with opposite sides of the membrane, the membrane potential has different effects on them, which allows an enhancement of the membrane potential signal. An analysis of the different contributions to the protonation energy indicates that conformational changes that reduce the desolvation penalty of Asp83, Glu122 and His211 may lead to a complex protonation pattern change that allows an influence of the membrane potential on the function of rhodopsin. The high degree of evolutionary conservation of these three buried residues supports the idea of their functional importance. Our results are in‐line with many experimental findings and lead to new ideas that can be experimentally tested.
Three‐Stage Decision‐Making Model under Restricted Conditions for Emergency Response to Ships Not under Control
Authors: Wu Bing , Yan Xinping , Wang Yang , Zhang Di , Guedes Soares C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA ship that is not under control (NUC) is a typical incident that poses serious problems when in confined waters close to shore. The emergency response to NUC ships is to select the best risk control options, which is a challenge in restricted conditions (e.g., time limitation, resource constraint, and information asymmetry), particularly in inland waterway transportation. To enable a quick and effective response, this article develops a three‐stage decision‐making framework for NUC ship handling. The core of this method is (1) to propose feasible options for each involved entity (e.g., maritime safety administration, NUC ship, and ships passing by) under resource constraint in the first stage, (2) to select the most feasible options by comparing the similarity of the new case and existing cases in the second stage, and (3) to make decisions considering the cooperation between the involved organizations by using a developed Bayesian network in the third stage. Consequently, this work provides a useful tool to achieve well‐organized management of NUC ships.
A Bayesian Belief Network Model Assessing the Risk to Wastewater Workers of Contracting Ebola Virus Disease During an Outbreak
Authors: Zabinski Joseph W. , Pieper Kelsey J. , Gibson Jacqueline MacDonald 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDuring an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), hospitals’ connections to municipal wastewater systems may provide a path for patient waste bearing infectious viral particles to pass from the hospital into the wastewater treatment system, potentially posing risks to sewer and wastewater workers. To quantify these risks, we developed a Bayesian belief network model incorporating data on virus behavior and survival along with structural characteristics of hospitals and wastewater treatment systems. We applied the model to assess risks under several different scenarios of workers’ exposure to wastewater for a wastewater system typical of a mid‐sized U.S. city. The model calculates a median daily risk of developing EVD of approximately 6.1×10−12 (90% confidence interval: 1.0×10−12 to 5.4×10−9; mean 1.8×10−6) when no prior exposure conditions are specified. Under a worst‐case scenario in which a worker stationed in the sewer adjacent to the hospital accidentally ingests several drops (0.35 mL) of wastewater, median risk is 5.8×10−4 (90% CI: 8.8×10−7 to 9.5×10−2; mean 3.2×10−2) . Disinfection of patient waste with peracetic acid for 15 minutes prior to flushing decreases the estimated median risk to 3.8×10−7 (90% CI: 4.1×10−9 to 8.6×10−5; mean 2.9×10−5). The results suggest that requiring hospitals to disinfect EVD patient waste prior to flushing may be advisable. The modeling framework can provide insight into managing patient waste during future outbreaks of highly virulent infectious pathogens.
Academic and private practice partnerships in veterinary radiology residency training
Authors: Fischetti Anthony J. , Shiroma Jon T. , Poteet Brian A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAs veterinary radiologists devote greater time to telemedicine consultation, residency training must evolve to reflect the skills of these services. The contribution of private practice/consultant radiologists to residency training has traditionally been minimal but academic and private practice partnerships in education and research can provide the framework for a well‐rounded residency. These partnerships can also lessen the impact of workforce shortages in academia and provide financial compensation to academicians through external consultation. The purpose of this commentary is to review existing collaborative interactions between academic and private practice veterinary radiologists; with a focus on ways to sustain, improve, and cautiously increase the number of veterinary radiology training programs.
Short‐chain fatty acids augment rat duodenal mucosal barrier function
Authors: Wan Saudi Wan Salman , Sjöblom Markus 
Published: April 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Small intestinal epithelium is exposed to high concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but their role in regulating intestinal mucosal barrier function and motility is not fully understood.

What is the main finding and its importance?
By perfusing the duodenal segment in anaesthetized rats, we show that acetate and propionate significantly decrease mucosal paracellular permeability and transepithelial net fluid flux and increase mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Likewise, SCFAs administered i.v. decrease mucosal permeability but decrease bicarbonate secretion. Altered luminal chemosensing or aberrant signalling in response to SCFAs might contribute to symptoms observed in patients with suppressed mucosal barrier function.

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by bacterial fermentation in the large intestine, particularly from diets containing fibres and carbohydrates. The small intestinal epithelium is exposed to SCFAs derived mainly from oral bacteria or food supplementation. Although luminal nutrients are important in regulation of intestinal functions, the role of SCFAs in regulation of small intestinal mucosal barrier function and motility has not been fully described. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of acetate and propionate on duodenal mucosal barrier function and motility. Rats were anaesthetized with thiobarbiturate, and a 30 mm segment of proximal duodenum with an intact blood supply was perfused. The effects on duodenal bicarbonate secretion, blood‐to‐lumen clearance of 51Cr‐EDTA, motility and transepithelial net fluid flux were investigated. Perfusion of the duodenum with acetate or propionate significantly decreased mucosal paracellular permeability and transepithelial net fluid flux and significantly increased bicarbonate secretion. Acetate or propionate administered as an i.v. infusion decreased the mucosal paracellular permeability, but significantly decreased bicarbonate secretion. Luminal SCFAs changed the duodenal motility pattern from migrating motor complexes to fed patterns. Systemic administration of glucagon‐like peptide‐2 induced increases in both bicarbonate secretion and net fluid absorption, but did not change motility. Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 infusion during luminal perfusion of SCFAs significantly reduced the motility. In conclusion, SCFAs decreased duodenal paracellular permeability and net fluid flux. Short‐chain fatty acids induced opposite effects on bicarbonate secretion after luminal and i.v. administration. Presence of SCFAs in the lumen induces fed motility patterns. Altered luminal chemosensing and aberrant signalling in response to SCFAs might contribute to symptoms observed in patients with suppressed barrier function.
Early vertebrate origin and diversification of small transmembrane regulators of cellular ion transport
Authors: Pirkmajer Sergej , Kirchner Henriette , Lundell Leonidas S. , Zelenin Pavel V. , Zierath Juleen R. , Makarova Kira S. , Wolf Yuri I. , Chibalin Alexander V. 
Published: April 2017

Key points
Small transmembrane proteins such as FXYDs, which interact with Na+,K+‐ATPase, and the micropeptides that interact with sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase play fundamental roles in regulation of ion transport in vertebrates.
Uncertain evolutionary origins and phylogenetic relationships among these regulators of ion transport have led to inconsistencies in their classification across vertebrate species, thus hampering comparative studies of their functions.
We discovered the first FXYD homologue in sea lamprey, a basal jawless vertebrate, which suggests small transmembrane regulators of ion transport emerged early in the vertebrate lineage.
We also identified 13 gene subfamilies of FXYDs and propose a revised, phylogeny‐based FXYD classification that is consistent across vertebrate species.
These findings provide an improved framework for investigating physiological and pathophysiological functions of small transmembrane regulators of ion transport.
AbstractSmall transmembrane proteins are important for regulation of cellular ion transport. The most prominent among these are members of the FXYD family (FXYD1–12), which regulate Na+,K+‐ATPase, and phospholamban, sarcolipin, myoregulin and DWORF, which regulate the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA). FXYDs and regulators of SERCA are present in fishes, as well as terrestrial vertebrates; however, their evolutionary origins and phylogenetic relationships are obscure, thus hampering comparative physiological studies. Here we discovered that sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a representative of extant jawless vertebrates (Cyclostomata), expresses an FXYD homologue, which strongly suggests that FXYDs predate the emergence of fishes and other jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). Using a combination of sequence‐based phylogenetic analysis and conservation of local chromosome context, we determined that FXYDs markedly diversified in the lineages leading to cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) and bony vertebrates (Euteleostomi). Diversification of SERCA regulators was much less extensive, indicating they operate under different evolutionary constraints. Finally, we found that FXYDs in extant vertebrates can be classified into 13 gene subfamilies, which do not always correspond to the established FXYD classification. We therefore propose a revised classification that is based on evolutionary history of FXYDs and that is consistent across vertebrate species. Collectively, our findings provide an improved framework for investigating the function of ion transport in health and disease.