bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Length of residence
Authors: Higby Eve , Obler Loraine K. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Among papers considering L2 performance, a subset take into account the length of residence (LOR) in the country where the L2 is spoken. In about half of these, LOR makes no difference for performance of at least one variable measured. Since those who reside in an L2 environment for many years tend to be older, the beneficial effects of longer LOR may at some point be counteracted by declines due to aging. This article draws on research in cognitive aging to consider how age could impact L2 performance. This is particularly important when investigating the effects of LOR or age of L2 acquisition since LOR, age of acquisition, and age at testing are linearly dependent variables, making conclusions based on any of these variables problematic. We argue that aging is a largely ignored confound in the literature on L2 attainment, particularly for studies that include older adults in their samples.
Effect of Condom Use on Per-act HSV-2 Transmission Risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-discordant Couples
Authors: Magaret Amalia S. , Mujugira Andrew , Hughes James P. , Lingappa Jairam , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , DeBruyn Guy , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Fife Kenneth H. , Gray Glenda E. , Kapiga Saidi , Karita Etienne , Mugo Nelly R. , Rees Helen , Ronald Allan , Vwalika Bellington , Were Edwin , Celum Connie , Wald Anna ,   for the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team, Celum Connie , Wald Anna , Lingappa Jairam , Baeten Jared M. , Campbell Mary , Corey Lawrence , Coombs Robert W. , Hughes James P. , Magaret Amalia , McElrath M. Juliana , Morrow Rhoda , Mullins James I. , Coetzee David , Fife Kenneth , Were Edwin , Essex Max , Makhema Joseph , Katabira Elly , Ronald Allan , Allen Susan , Kayitenkore Kayitesi , Karita Etienne , Bukusi Elizabeth , Cohen Craig , Allen Susan , Kanweka William , Allen Susan , Vwalika Bellington , Kapiga Saidi , Manongi Rachel , Farquhar Carey , John-Stewart Grace , Kiarie James , Allen Susan , Inambao Mubiana , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Rees Helen , de Bruyn Guy , Gray Glenda , McIntyre James , Mugo Nelly Rwamba 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Background.  The efficacy of condoms for protection against transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has been examined in a variety of populations with different effect measures. Often the efficacy has been assessed as change in hazard of transmission with consistent vs inconsistent use, independent of the number of acts. Condom efficacy has not previously measured on a per-act basis.
Methods.  We examined the per-act HSV-2 transmission rates with and without condom use among 911 African HSV-2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) serodiscordant couples followed for an average of 18 months in an HIV prevention study. Infectivity models were used to associate the log10 probability of HSV-2 transmission over monthly risk periods with reported numbers of protected and unprotected sex acts. Condom efficacy was computed as the proportionate reduction in transmission risk for protected relative to unprotected sex acts.
Results.  Transmission of HSV-2 occurred in 68 couples, including 17 with susceptible women and 51 with susceptible men. The highest rate of transmission was from men to women: 28.5 transmissions per 1000 unprotected sex acts. We found that condoms were differentially protective against HSV-2 transmission by sex; condom use reduced per-act risk of transmission from men to women by 96% (P &lt; .001) and marginally from women to men by 65% (P = .060).
Conclusions.  Condoms are recommended as an effective preventive method for heterosexual transmission of HSV-2.
The recovery of Atlantic halibut: a large, long-lived, and exploited marine predator
Authors: Trzcinski M. Kurtis , Bowen W. Don 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAtlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) have a long history of exploitation in the Northwest Atlantic and have gone through several periods of high biomass followed by a population crash. An assessment model using data collected on the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks shows that the population peaked in 1984, then decreased sharply to a low in 1993. Several management measures were taken during the decline, including reductions in total allowable catch and a minimum size limit. Concurrently, removals by the otter trawl fishery were drastically reduced following the collapse of the cod (Gadus morhua) fishery. In 2003, recruitment increased and continued to be high for 6 years. Fishing mortality rates were moderate in the late 1990s and 2000s and the population increased. By 2009, the Atlantic halibut population was highly productive with both high biomass and high levels of recruitment. The coincidence in the timing of population recovery and management actions indicates that effective management contributed to the recovery of Atlantic halibut.
Presurgical assessment of cognitive function in pediatric brain tumor patients: feasibility and initial findings
Authors: Thigpen Jennifer C. , Pearson Matthew , Robinson Kristen E. , Andreotti Charissa , Dunbar Jennifer P. , Watson Kelly H. , Dejardins Leandra , Holmes Lindsay , Byram Rebecca , Fraley Claire , Compas Bruce E. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
Establishing a presurgical baseline of neurocognitive functioning for pediatric brain tumor patients is a high priority to identify level of functioning prior to medical interventions. However, few studies have obtained adequate samples of presurgery assessments.

Methods
This study examines the feasibility of completing tests to assess pre-surgical neurocognitive functioning in 59 identified pediatric brain tumor patients.

Results
Eighty-five percent of patients (n = 50) were referred by the neurosurgery team before surgery and 83% of patients (n = 49) enrolled in the study. A full battery, including both performance-based and parent-report measures of neurocognitive function, was completed for 54% (n = 32) of patients. Rates of completion for either parent-report or performance-based measures were 68% (n = 40) and 69% (n = 41), respectively. While the performance-based assessment fell within the average range (M = 95.4, SD = 14.7, 95% CI, 90.7–100.0), 32% of participants had scores one or more standard deviations below the mean, or twice the expected rate. Parent-reports indicated higher level of concern than the general population (M = 55.4, SD = 11.3, 95% CI, 51.8–59.0) and found that 35% fell one or more standard deviations above the mean, or more than twice the expected rate.

Conclusions
Results suggest it is feasible to conduct pre-surgical assessments with a portion of pediatric brain tumor patients upon diagnosis and these results compare favorably with prior research. However, nearly half of identified patients did not receive a full test battery. Identifying barriers to enrollment and participation in research are discussed as well as recommendations for future research.
Sentencing Policies and Practices in South Carolina
Authors: Hester Rhys 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSince the 1970s, South Carolina has had an active history of sentencing reform efforts. But despite initiatives, various iterations of South Carolina Sentencing Commissions have failed to see guidelines become law. The state did make other changes to sentencing policy, including the adoption of truth-in-sentencing for serious offenses, a three-strikes law, and numerous mandatory minimums. Given the hybrid indeterminancy and lack of guidelines, empirical research findings from South Carolina are surprising. There is evidence of modest gender and racial disparities in sentencing outcomes that is consistent with findings from other jurisdictions that have enacted guidelines. Moreover, studies report considerable uniformity in outcomes across the state, which researchers have attributed to the continuing practice of judicial rotation and legislative appointment of judges. This essay details the past and present sentencing structure in South Carolina and includes a historical account of the long but unsuccessful struggle for sentencing guidelines.
Youth Justice in Germany
Authors: Dünkel Frieder 
Published: January 2016

AbstractYouth justice in Germany covers juveniles and young adult offenders from 14 to 20 years of age. The legal approach since the enactment of a first Juvenile Justice Act (JJA) in 1923 has combined justice and welfare models. Major law reforms in 1953, 1990, and 2008 emphasized diversion and “educational” and restorative justice measures. The sentencing practice remained moderate despite problems with increasing rates of violent offending during the 1990s. For the last 15 years, juvenile crime rates, particularly violent offences, and the youth population in prisons have decreased (–20 percent since 2005). The practice of diversion (70 percent of all cases) has proved to be effective in preventing reoffending. Youth imprisonment is used only as a last resort (2 percent of all cases of juvenile and young adult offenders). No “punitive turn” can be seen in legislation and sentencing practice in Germany.
Why do you feel stressed in a “smile factory”?
Authors: Zhao Xinyuan (Roy) , Ghiselli Richard 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– This study aims to theoretically construct the role of hospitality job characteristics (HJCs), conceptually identify specific HJCs and empirically examine the relationships of these to work–family conflict and job stress. Hospitality employees work in a “smile factory” – often under stress.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected from 346 hotel employees in China and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and a series of hierarchical regression analyses (HRA).Findings– The SEM results confirmed the general role of HJCs as a job stressor, and the HRA findings differentiated the specific impacts of the characteristics on work–family conflict and job stress.Research limitations/implications– The survey was cross-sectional and correlational in nature. Furthermore, the results were also from selected hotels, and the respondents do not fully represent all hotel employees. Finally, the measures of hospitality job uniqueness were employees’ subjective agreement on the given statements.Practical implications– The study offers a systematic framework of specific job characteristics in the hospitality context for the reconciliation of previously inconsistent research findings. The findings may also be useful to hospitality managers as they attempt to analyze and understand the specific job characteristics that are the most salient reasons for withdrawal attitudes and behaviors.Originality/value– The present study identified the list of HJCs by summarizing previous studies and examining the roles of HJCs in work attitudes among hospitality employees. These efforts could be helpful both for scholars by constructing a consistent base for future research and for managers by precisely analyzing the specific job attributes.
Experimental research in hospitality and tourism: a critical review
Authors: Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Law Rob , Tang Candy Mei Fung , Yap Matthew Hong Tai 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– This paper aims to examine the prevalence and trend of experimental research in hospitality and tourism. Hospitality and tourism researchers have long been encouraged to increase their use of experimental designs. However, a solid support for such advocacy is lacking, and the present paper fills in this research gap.Design/methodology/approach– By using a systematic approach, this study reviews 161 tourism and hospitality articles and conducts content analysis based on certain criteria including journal outlets,Social Sciences Citation Indexjournals, years of publication, contexts, disciplinary foci, experimental designs, settings, number of independent variables, number of studies per article, manipulation methods, manipulation check, research subjects, sample size, subjects per experimental condition, statistical analyses and provision of effect size. The criteria between hospitality and tourism publications are also compared.Findings– Findings show that the number of experimental publications has significantly increased over the past decade, especially in hospitality publications. Nonetheless, there is still room for improvement in applying the experimental design in hospitality and tourism research.Research limitations/implications– Researchers in hospitality and tourism are recommended to report manipulation check results and the effect size of statistically significant results, as well as to devote more effort to knowledge accumulation and methodological advancement of experimental designs.Originality/value– This study is the first to review experimental research in hospitality and tourism. The findings of this study provide significant implications and directions for hospitality and tourism researchers to conduct experimental research in the future.
Deformation mechanism during nanoindentation creep and corrosion resistance of Zn
Authors: Dragatogiannis Dimitrios A. , Koumoulos Elias P. , Kartsonakis Ioannis A , Charitidis Costas A. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The study of nanoindentation as a reliable method to extract creep properties as well as for fundamental understanding of deformation mechanisms at small length scales is an open interesting field. The observed creep behavior is attributed to time-dependent plastic deformation based on loading rates. There is a lot of work in the field of nanoindentation in order to understand the dynamic effects on nanomechanical properties. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The deformation mechanism is investigated under two experimental approaches (high and low loading rates, respectively) during nanoindentation. The effect of loading rate in the nanomechanical properties, during nanoindentation creep of zinc layer on hot dip galvanized (HDG) steel, is discussed through nanoindentation.

Findings
– Analysis of this research effort is emphasized on nanoindentation stress exponent, a critical parameter for the life time and reliability of nano/micro-materials and systems. The corrosion resistance was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and localized EIS.

Originality/value
– The study of nanoindentation as a reliable method to extract creep properties as well as for fundamental understanding of deformation mechanisms at small length scales is an open interesting field. The observed creep behavior is attributed to time-dependent plastic deformation based on loading rates. The deformation mechanism is investigated under two experimental approaches (high and low loading rates, respectively) during nanoindentation. The effect of loading rate in the nanomechanical properties, during nanoindentation creep of zinc layer on HDGsteel, is discussed through nanoindentation. Analysis of this research effort is emphasized on nanoindentation stress exponent, a critical parameter for the life time and reliability of nano/micro- materials and systems. The corrosion resistance was studied by EIS and localized EIS.
A regularized approach to linear regression of fatigue life measurements
Authors: Faghidian S. Ali 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The linear regression technique is widely used to determine empirical parameters of fatigue life profile while the results may not continuously depend on experimental data. Thus Tikhonov-Morozov method is utilized here to regularize the linear regression results and consequently reduces the influence of measurement noise without notably distorting the fatigue life distribution. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– Tikhonov-Morozov regularization method would be shown to effectively reduce the influences of measurement noise without distorting the fatigue life distribution. Moreover since iterative regularization methods are known to be an attractive alternative to Tikhonov regularization, four gradient iterative methods called as simple iteration, minimum error, steepest descent and conjugate gradient methods are examined with an appropriate initial guess of regularized coefficients.

Findings
– It has been shown that in case of sparse fatigue life measurements, linear regression results may not have continuous dependence on experimental data and measurement error could lead to misinterpretations of the solution. Therefore from engineering safety point of view, utilizing regularization method could successfully reduce the influence of measurement noise without significantly distorting the fatigue life distribution.

Originality/value
– An excellent initial guess for mixed iterative-direct algorithm is introduced and it has been shown that the combination of Newton iterative approach and Morozov discrepancy principle is one of the interesting strategies for determination of regularization parameter having an excellent rate of convergence. Moreover since iterative methods are known to be an attractive alternative to Tikhonov regularization, four gradient descend methods are examined here for regularization of the linear regression problem. It has been found that all of gradient decent methods with an appropriate initial guess of regularized coefficients have an excellent convergence to Tikhonov-Morozov regularization results.
Stakeholder management: a case of its related capability and performance
Authors: Loi Teck Hui 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– A central claim of stakeholder theory is that the purpose of business is to create value for various stakeholders. However, managing diverse interests of stakeholders can be challenging in a business environment entrenched with different value systems. Lacking of qualitative narratives and complicated nature of corporate governance perhaps have impeded the stakeholder theory to become a major theory of strategic management and organizational ethics on its own. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the strategic values of stakeholder management.Design/methodology/approach– Three stakeholder management case studies, taken in the context of a large corporatized public organization, were conducted in attempting to amplify the underpinning theories of stakeholder identified by Laplumeet al.(2008). Tape-recorded semi-structured interviews were transcribed into texts. To reduce retrospective bias, some typical secondary records were examined.Findings– Stakeholder management can be a core competence that draws resource capabilities throughout a firm for generating desirable triple bottom line results, which also eases the tensions between shareholders and stakeholders of the firm.Research limitations/implications– Stakeholder management is an organizational mechanism tightly embedded in the firms’ strategic organizing and strategizing routines. It is vital for generating desirable triple bottom line results. This conjures up potential linkages between the stakeholder theory and the resource-based view (RBV) theory as pursuing stakeholder management can be a hard-to-emulate strategic asset within the framework of the RBV theory.Originality/value– There is relatively scant literature that pays attention on amplifying stakeholder management theory in the public sector organizations. Through the unlocking of some valuable public sector data sets, this research can make a positive contribution in the areas.
A multilevel study of structural resilience in interfirm collaboration
Authors: Randolph Robert Van de Graaff 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop the concept of a high performance alliance macro-culture as a multilevel construct reflective of resilient collaborative systems of exchange within strategic alliances and explores the distinct capabilities of this multilevel approach in predicting alliance outcomes.Design/methodology/approach– The hypotheses developed in this study are tested using primary data collected from 650 members of 15 non-profit organizations in two multi-organizational collaborative networks. Considering the multilevel nature of the study the structural hypotheses are tested using a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis and the predictive hypotheses are tested using multilevel structural equation modeling.Findings– All but one structural hypothesis are supported and all predictive hypotheses are supported suggesting that a multilevel macro-cultural conceptualization is effective in exploring the relationship between collaborative exchange systems and their outcomes.Research limitations/implications– Limitations stem from the generalizability of the data collected as the alliances formed by non-profit firms may not be wholly reflective of the alliance structures and goals of other firm types.Originality/value– This study primarily contributes to multilevel study of strategic alliances and the study of collaborative norms and structures of allied groupings. The results of this study lend support to the importance of taking a network governance perspective and illustrate the limitations of traditional single-level approaches when studying interfirm collaborative networks and structural resilience therein.
Exploring transparency: a new framework for responsible business management
Authors: Parris Denise Linda , Dapko Jennifer L. , Arnold Richard Wade , Arnold Danny 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to critically review the relevant literature on transparency, provide a comprehensive definition of transparency, and present a new framework for facilitating the adoption of transparency as an ethical cornerstone and pragmatic strategy for organizational responsible business management.

Design/methodology/approach
– A systematic literature review – a methodology adopted from medical sciences to eliminate research bias – was conducted. In doing so, the definitions, antecedents, and consequences of transparency are accessed and synthesized.

Findings
– Based upon this process transparency is defined as the extent to which a stakeholder perceives an organization provides learning opportunities about itself. A conceptual framework emerged from the data. It describes when transparency is especially important, what organizations can do to be more transparent, and the potential benefits of transparency.

Practical implications
– The transparency framework can be used as a guide for organizations attempting to change their behavior, image, and performance by adopting transparency as a value in their organization. In addition, the framework can be used to create and adopt a universal (i.e. industry-wide or even societal-wide) code of conduct. Furthermore, this review, definition, and framework provide a template for academics to advance transparency theory, and empirically test the construct’s application.

Originality/value
– As a new research field, transparency has lacked a concise definition as well as a conceptual framework. This is the first comprehensive summary of transparency. In addition, this study contributes to the methodology of evaluating construct definitions to advance empirical research.