bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interplay between Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Aggressive–Antisocial Behavior during Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Vitaro Frank , Brendgen Mara , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
For both perpetrators and their victims, aggressive–antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence is related to concurrent and later adjustment problems, including violent and criminal behavior. Quantitative (i.e., behavioral) genetic studies have shown that aggressive–antisocial behavior, as well as related risk factors such as negative parenting, are subject to both genetic and environmental influences. In this chapter, we present evidence from genetically informed studies regarding the additive and interactive role of genetic and environmental factors (in particular, negative parenting) in the development of aggressive–antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence. We also explore epigenetic mechanisms that may explain the role of environmental factors such as negative parenting in fostering the expression of youngsters' genetic liability for aggressive–antisocial behavior. Implications for prevention and for future research are discussed.
Humor and Violence
Authors: Gulas Charles S. , Weinberger Marc G. , Swani Kunal 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Violence has been described as physical aggression enacted by a perpetrator with the intent to harm, demean, or humiliate. Humor, on the other hand, is generally associated with mirth, a positive emotion. Yet acts of violence often form the basis of humor. Violence has been a part of humor throughout human history and violent or aggressive humor has recently become a common tactic in advertising. What is it that turns violent, aggressive, or tragic events into humor? This chapter examines violent humor from the perspectives of existing humor theories and introduces the tripartite theory of humor, which posits that the presence of surprise (high), violation (benign), and a facilitating situation (e.g., other people laughing, humorous music, or context) are sufficient and necessary conditions for humor to be successful. We then examine the use and effectiveness of comedic violence in advertising and social media as well as the societal effects of comedic violence.
Social Learning Theory and the Development of Aggression
Authors: Goodnight Jackson A. , Wilhoit Sarah A. , Receveur Angela 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Social learning theory is a well‐established and widely adopted framework for understanding the social–environmental origins of aggression, and it continues to stimulate novel research on the development of aggression in childhood and adolescence. The present chapter considers the core concepts and major variants of social learning theory in relation to the development of aggressive behavior. It also reviews findings from longitudinal, genetically informed, and intervention studies that provide strong evidence for social learning influences of peers and parents on the development of aggressive behavior. Finally, it considers research suggesting that child temperament and personality affect susceptibility to social learning influences on aggression.
Psychoanalytic Concepts of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Taubner Svenja , Rabung Sven , Bateman Anthony , Fonagy Peter 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The central idea in psychoanalytic conceptualizations is that psychopathology is regarded as an adaptation to inner and attachment‐related problems associated with impaired functioning or dynamic defenses against unbearable mental states. This basic assumption leads to a quite unique stance, in which symptoms—even the most cruel or irrational behavior—are considered to be meaningful in terms of assuming a vital function of regulating the self or interpersonal relationships. Chronic violence and aggression are seen as symptoms on their own with quite diverse clinical contexts, meanings, and etiologies. At the same time, violence may have a common phenomenological core, including an unbearable affective state or the perceived danger of self‐fragmentation in relation to anxiety, shame, and rage. The violent act in that sense is regarded as a way of coping with unbearable affect and of protecting the individual from the fragmentation of the self. This seems to be accompanied by the individual's inability to symbolize or mentalize feelings and thoughts.
Pharmacological Management of Aggressive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Goedhard Laurette E. , Heerdink Eibert R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Aggressive behavior is frequently observed in general psychiatry, and pharmacotherapy is often used to manage aggressive behavior both acutely and in patients showing repeated aggression. In this chapter, we systematically review the evidence for the pharmacological management of aggression in acute situations and for maintenance of treatment. Evidence from randomized controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in treatment of aggression in psychiatric patients is weak. Recommendations for the pharmacological management of aggression are made.
Psychopharmacological Approaches to Aggression and Violence in Adults with Severe Mental Illness: What Works? What Works Best?
Authors: Citrome Leslie , Volavka Jan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter reviews the definitions of agitation, aggression, violence, and hostility and the tools used to measure these, in order to better understand the literature supporting the use of medications to treat these behaviors. Many choices are available for the treatment of acute agitation, and they appear similar in terms of overall efficacy, but tolerability can differ. Second‐generation antipsychotics are preferred over first‐generation antipsychotics because of a lower risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects, including akathisia. The approved agents, ziprasidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole, are no longer under patent protection in many countries. Rapid‐acting nonparenteral formulations may be a useful alternative to intramuscular injection, and these include inhaled loxapine (approved for such use) and sublingual asenapine (an “off‐label” use). Beyond the acute episode of agitation, the best option for a specific antihostility medication is clozapine, followed by olanzapine.
Interventions for Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Stover Carla Smith , Carlson Melissa 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter reviews the array of interventions available for individuals who perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) that can be found in the clinical and research literature, from batterer intervention programs to individual‐ and family‐focused interventions that target specific subgroups of offenders. An overview of each intervention is provided along with the available evidence base. One‐size‐fits‐all approaches to IPV intervention have not been effective. Instead, assessment and selection of appropriate interventions or clinical treatments from a range of available options (which may include criminal justice intervention, psychoeducational groups, and individual clinical or family treatment) may be the most appropriate and successful way to reduce violence in the home. Specific treatments have been developed for individuals with co‐occurring violence and substance abuse, fatherhood and parenting concerns, and veteran populations with posttraumatic stress disorder that show promise and could be made available as intervention options for IPV offenders.
Evidence‐Based Practice and Violent Offenders
Authors: Palmer Emma J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Violent offending is a major public concern and it is important that we know how best to treat violence and aggression. This chapter considers the effectiveness of interventions to reduce violent offending. It considers adult and adolescent offenders along with violent offenders with mental illness and personality disorders. First, meta‐analyses and systematic reviews with adult and adolescent offenders are reviewed with these showing positive results for interventions to reduce violent reoffending that use cognitive–behavioral approaches. This may include anger management although it is noted that anger problems might not be a contributory factor for all violent offending. More recent primary research studies also provide evidence for intervening with violent offenders, although some report null findings. There are a number of “branded” programs that show some effectiveness with young offenders: aggression replacement training, Equipping Peers to Help Another (EQUIP), and Multisystemic Therapy (MST). MST has the most consistently positive results.
Violence Reduction Treatment of Psychopathy
Authors: Wong Stephen C. P. , Stockdale Keira C. , Olver Mark E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The treatment of psychopathy has a challenging history; psychopathy was even once deemed untreatable. Psychopathy, a personality disorder, is characterized by dysfunctional affective and interpersonal traits that frequently co‐occur with violence and criminal behaviors. The former traits are often operationalized by the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised Factor 1 (PCL–R Factor 1) and the latter behaviors by the PCL–R Factor 2. Research suggests treatment of psychopathy to reduce future violence and criminality is best directed toward reducing Factor 2 criminological features rather than changing Factor 1 personality traits. Treatment attrition and disruptions often associated with Factor 1 traits must be carefully managed to ensure treatment integrity. A two‐component model, based on the two‐factor conceptualization of psychopathy, has been proposed as a framework to guide violence reduction treatment of psychopathy. We review the psychopathy treatment literature, contrast major treatment approaches, and discuss the two‐component model with applications to different psychopathy subgroups.
The Role of Police in Domestic Violence
Authors: Nelson Eric L. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In an earlier publication, I introduced a six‐step best practice method for police officers to use when they investigate domestic violence (DV) crime. On average it triples rates of prosecution and doubles rates of conviction. This chapter follows on by describing a five‐step organizational best practice method to support the proper investigation of DV crime by its first‐responding officers. This chapter examines important facts about DV that must be understood in order to effectively support frontline officers in this effort. Seven types of domestic violent relationships are examined, as well as rates of minor and severe DV as they exist worldwide. A deep look is taken at a real‐life example of ongoing DV in a couple, identifying seven events spread across a year wherein 16 separate crimes were committed. The complexity of investigating DV is described. A key block to prosecution of mutual batterers is explained. Two subgroups of police are described: those who routinely investigate thoroughly and those who don't. A sinister technique used by some low‐effort officers to get out of investigating cases of minor DV is revealed.
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Pathways to Gang Violence
Authors: Carson Dena C. , Esbensen Finn‐Aage 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Gangs and gang members are responsible for a disproportionate amount of violence, which makes it especially important to understand the prevalence of gangs and risk factors associated with gang joining. This chapter first discusses the prevalence of gang members across various locations in the United States as well as internationally and provides a synopsis of their demographic characteristics. Next, we review risk factors for gang involvement across five domains: community, family, school, peers, and the individual. Research suggests that the accumulation of multiple risk factors in multiple domains increases the probability of gang joining. However, a number of youth who experience these risk factors will not become gang involved, which indicates other factors influence gang joining. This chapter discusses pushes and pulls that have been linked to decisions to both join and leave a gang. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of policy implications associated with this literature.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Workplace Bullying
Authors: Hogh Annie , Conway Paul Maurice , Mikkelsen Eva Gemzøe 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The prevalence of workplace bullying depends on many factors: how bullying is measured and the definition used, the timeframe, the geographic area, the gender ratio of the employees, and so on. Risk factors are most often found in the psychosocial work environment. How the work is organized, the type of leader and leadership quality, and the social climate of the work groups are all aspects that under the right conditions may turn into risk factors for workplace bullying. Vulnerability factors such as being a minority (e.g., being a woman in a male work group or vice versa, being handicapped, or being of a different ethnicity from the majority) or having depression may also be potential risk factors.
Cellular Architecture: Regulation of Cell Size, Cell Shape and Organ Initiation
Authors: Fleming Andrew J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGrowth and Cell Proliferation are Related but Separable Components Controlling Cellular ArchitectureMeristems as a Source of Cells in the PlantPatterning of Cellular ArchitectureThe Cellular Decision to Proliferate or Not to ProliferateThe Cytoskeleton as an Intermediary in the Regulation of Cellular ArchitectureThe Supracellular Organisation of GrowthConclusionsAcknowledgements
Resonant Mode Engineering of Photonic Crystal Sensors Clad with Ultralow Refractive Index Porous Silicon Dioxide
Authors: Wan Yuhang , Krueger Neil A. , Ocier Christian R. , Su Patrick , Braun Paul V. , Cunningham Brian T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPorous SiO2 (PSiO2) with ultralow refractive index (n = 1.09) is incorporated as the cladding of a photonic crystal (PC) refractive index sensor with enhanced sensitivity through the establishment of resonant modes that principally reside in the liquid medium covering the PC surface. PSiO2, obtained by thermal oxidation of porous Si that has been transferred to a transparent substrate, is transparent at visible and near infrared wavelengths with a refractive index determined by its porosity. The PSiO2 periodic grating structure (Λ = 590 nm) is patterned by nanoimprint lithography and reactive ion etching, then conformally coated by sputtering high refractive index TiO2 to seal the pores from liquid infiltration. With the refractive index of PSiO2 much lower than that of water, the resonant mode “flips” its spatial distribution from within the solid dielectric regions of the photonic crystal to reside mainly in the water media covering the PC, resulting in 4× greater resonant wavelength shift for a fixed refractive index change. This study demonstrates design, fabrication, and testing of the sensor as a refractometer, supported by electromagnetic simulations of the resonant mode spatial distribution, in which porous PC sensors are compared to nonporous PC sensors.
A Solution‐Processable Polymer Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water
Authors: Woods Duncan J. , Sprick Reiner Sebastian , Smith Charlotte L. , Cowan Alexander J. , Cooper Andrew I. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDirect photocatalytic water splitting is an attractive strategy for clean energy production, but multicomponent nanostructured systems that mimic natural photosynthesis can be difficult to fabricate because of the insolubility of most photocatalysts. Here, a solution‐processable organic polymer is reported that is a good photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water, either as a powder or as a thin film, suggesting future applications for soluble conjugated organic polymers in multicomponent photocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Bismuth Tantalum Oxyhalogen: A Promising Candidate Photocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Tao Xiaoping , Zhao Yue , Mu Linchao , Wang Shengyang , Li Rengui , Li Can 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs wide range of light absorption and suitable redox potentials are prerequisites for photocatalytic water splitting, exploring new semiconductor‐based materials with proper band structures for water splitting still calls for longstanding efforts. In this work, a series of photocatalysts, bismuth tantalum oxyhalide, Bi4TaO8X (X = Cl, Br), with valence band and conduction band positions at ≈−0.70 and ≈1.80 eV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), respectively, are found to be capable for both water oxidation and reduction under visible light irradiation. Using flux synthetic methods, Bi4TaO8X (X = Cl, Br) with microplatelet morphology can be successfully prepared. The photocatalyst based on these materials shows an apparent quantum efficiency as high as 20% at 420 nm for water oxidation. In addition, a Z‐scheme system coupling Bi4TaO8Br with Ru/SrTiO3:Rh is successfully achieved for overall water splitting with a stoichiometric ratio of H2 and O2 evolutions. This work demonstrates a new series of semiconductors Bi4TaO8X (X = Cl, Br) with the promising application in the field of solar energy utilization.
“Isolated” DyO+ Embedded in a Ceramic Apatite Matrix Featuring Single‐Molecule Magnet Behavior with a High Energy Barrier for Magnetization Relaxation
Authors: Kazin Pavel E. , Zykin Mikhail A. , Utochnikova Valentina V. , Magdysyuk Oxana V. , Vasiliev Alexander V. , Zubavichus Yan V. , Schnelle Walter , Felser Claudia , Jansen Martin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMeeting the challenges of Moore's Law, predicting ambitious miniaturization rates of integrated circuits, requires to go beyond the traditional top‐down approaches, and to employ synthetic chemistry methods, to use bottom‐up techniques. During the recent decades, it has been shown that open‐shell coordination compounds may exhibit intramolecular spontaneous magnetization, thus offering promising prospects for storage and processing of digital information. Against this background we regarded it rewarding to implement similar magnetic centers into a ceramic material, which would provide better long‐term mechanical and chemical durability. Here we present new robust inorganic compounds containing separate DyO+ ions in an apatite matrix, which behave like single‐molecule magnets. The materials exhibit a blocking temperature of 11 K and an energy barrier for spin reversal of a thousand inverse centimeters which is among the highest values ever achieved.
Pivotal response treatment for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder: Defining a predictor profile
Authors: Fossum Kristin‐Lee , Williams Loriann , Garon Nancy , Bryson Susan E. , Smith Isabel M. 
Published: September 2017

Behavioral characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who respond positively to Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) have been described previously, based on single‐subject design research. The present study examined several such characteristics, as well as positive affect, as predictors of expressive language (EL) gains in a representative sample of preschoolers with ASD (n = 57) enrolled in a PRT‐based community early intervention program. Children's cognitive ability, positive affect, and levels of appropriate toy contact measured at the start of intervention each contributed significantly to the prediction of EL outcomes. Together these variables accounted for 40% of the total outcome variance. In addition, a profile of increased EL ability, positive affect and appropriate toy contact, and decreased social avoidance and stereotyped and repetitive vocalizations was associated with greater gains during intervention. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for understanding both the variable treatment response documented in children with ASD and how to tailor treatment to optimize individual benefit. Autism Res 2018, 11: 153–165. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryThe study examined behavior of 57 preschoolers who made the greatest and least gains from 1 year of a community Pivotal Response Treatment program. Using pre‐treatment videos, we saw that children who made the most progress showed more language, positive affect, and appropriate interactions with toys, also less avoidance of people and fewer repetitive vocalizations. Behavior profiles can be used to match treatment to individual children's needs.
Die Überarbeitung des Eurocode 7 „Geotechnik“ hat begonnen – Vorarbeiten, Mandat und erste Diskussionen
Authors: Schuppener Bernd , Richter Thomas , Ziegler Martin , Tafur Elias , Vogt Norbert 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDer Aufsatz berichtet über europäische und deutsche Vorarbeiten für die Neufassung des Eurocode 7 „Geotechnik“ (EN 1997). Eine besondere Rolle nahm dabei die Initiative PraxisRegelnBau (PRB) mit der Projektgruppe Geotechnik (PG6) ein, die gleichzeitig auch Arbeitskreis der beiden Arbeitsausschüsse des DIN ist, die für die beiden Teile der EN 1997 als Spiegelausschüsse zuständig sind. Schwerpunkte ihrer Arbeit waren die Straffung des Normentexts zur Verbesserung der Nutzerfreundlichkeit und die Vorbereitung der Diskussion über die Aufnahme von geotechnischen Berechnungsmodellen in informative Anhänge der zukünftigen EN 1997. Die EN 1997 „Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung in der Geotechnik“ wird aus drei Teilen bestehen: Teil 1 „Allgemeine Regeln“ (EN 1997‐1), Teil 2 „Baugrunduntersuchungen“ (EN 1997‐2) und Teil 3 „Geotechnische Bauwerke“ (EN 1997‐3). In halbjährlichen Sitzungen des SC7 wurden Konzepte für inhaltliche Änderungen der EN 1997 diskutiert und im April 2017 wurde der erste Entwurf für den ersten Teil „Allgemeine Regeln“ vorgelegt. Eine wesentliche Neuerung betrifft die EN 1997‐2 „Baugrunduntersuchungen“, bei der in Zukunft nicht mehr die Versuche, sondern die Bodenkennwerte für die Bemessung im Vordergrund stehen werden. Für erhebliche Diskussion sorgte zuletzt der Vorschlag, die schon in der bestehenden EN 1990 im informativen Anhang B enthaltenen Klassifizierungen in den Kerntext der EN 1997‐1 zu übernehmen und durch eine Reihe weiterer geotechnischer Klassifizierungen zu ergänzen. Diese Klassifizierungen sollten mit Zu‐ und Abschlägen bei den Teilsicherheitsbeiwerten gekoppelt werden. Dies wurde in der letzten Sitzung des SC7 von vielen abgelehnt. Man einigte sich dann darauf, das System der Klassifizierungen in einen informativen Anhang zu übernehmen.
„Sacra à Deo in corde discenda, natura ex natura.“ Die Observationes Johann Christian Senckenbergs als medico‐theologische Aufzeichnungspraktik
Authors: Faßhauer Vera 
Published: September 2017

Abstract“Sacra à Deo in corde discenda, natura ex natura.” Johann Christian Senckenberg's Observationes as a Medico‐Theological Writing Method. In his early diaries, the pietist physician Johann Christian Senckenberg has taken down large amounts of observation data which mostly concentrated on his own body and soul. Earlier research has mistaken his diligent self‐observation for hypochondria and unworldliness, especially since the author had never endeavoured to analyze and publish his work. The article shows that both his writing practice and his reluctance to process and share its results are due to his deeply religious and firmly anti‐rationalist conviction. The main purpose of his journal keeping was the attainment of religious self‐knowledge and professional self‐perfection. Scientific publications he considered to be hypothetical and dogmatic, be it in theology or medicine; moreover, their authors were often enough driven by their self‐love and desire for fame. In his eyes, the only godly way of knowledge acquisition was the humble, diligent and minute study of divine creation according to the Hippocratic method. The most immediate and reliable way of achieving true wisdom, however, was the observation of God's work within one's own body and mind, which were subject to the effects of God's grace and punishment as well as to atmospheric, environmental and dietetic circumstances.