bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model-Based Recursive Partitioning for Subgroup Analyses
Authors: Seibold Heidi , Zeileis Achim , Hothorn Torsten 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe identification of patient subgroups with differential treatment effects is the first step towards individualised treatments. A current draft guideline by the EMA discusses potentials and problems in subgroup analyses and formulated challenges to the development of appropriate statistical procedures for the data-driven identification of patient subgroups. We introduce model-based recursive partitioning as a procedure for the automated detection of patient subgroups that are identifiable by predictive factors. The method starts with a model for the overall treatment effect as defined for the primary analysis in the study protocol and uses measures for detecting parameter instabilities in this treatment effect. The procedure produces a segmented model with differential treatment parameters corresponding to each patient subgroup. The subgroups are linked to predictive factors by means of a decision tree. The method is applied to the search for subgroups of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that differ with respect to their Riluzole treatment effect, the only currently approved drug for this disease.
Doubly Robust and Efficient Estimation of Marginal Structural Models for the Hazard Function
Authors: Zheng Wenjing , Petersen Maya , van der Laan Mark J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In social and health sciences, many research questions involve understanding the causal effect of a longitudinal treatment on mortality (or time-to-event outcomes in general). Often, treatment status may change in response to past covariates that are risk factors for mortality, and in turn, treatment status may also affect such subsequent covariates. In these situations, Marginal Structural Models (MSMs), introduced by Robins (1997. Marginal structural models Proceedings of the American Statistical Association. Section on Bayesian Statistical Science, 1–10), are well-established and widely used tools to account for time-varying confounding. In particular, a MSM can be used to specify the intervention-specific counterfactual hazard function, i. e. the hazard for the outcome of a subject in an ideal experiment where he/she was assigned to follow a given intervention on their treatment variables. The parameters of this hazard MSM are traditionally estimated using the Inverse Probability Weighted estimation Robins (1999. Marginal structural models versus structural nested models as tools for causal inference. In: Statistical models in epidemiology: the environment and clinical trials. Springer-Verlag, 1999:95–134), Robins et al. (2000), (IPTW, van der Laan and Petersen (2007. Causal effect models for realistic individualized treatment and intention to treat rules. Int J Biostat 2007;3:Article 3), Robins et al. (2008. Estimaton and extrapolation of optimal treatment and testing strategies. Statistics in Medicine 2008;27(23):4678–721)). This estimator is easy to implement and admits Wald-type confidence intervals. However, its consistency hinges on the correct specification of the treatment allocation probabilities, and the estimates are generally sensitive to large treatment weights (especially in the presence of strong confounding), which are difficult to stabilize for dynamic treatment regimes. In this paper, we present a pooled targeted maximum likelihood estimator (TMLE, van der Laan and Rubin (2006. Targeted maximum likelihood learning. The International Journal of Biostatistics 2006;2:1–40)) for MSM for the hazard function under longitudinal dynamic treatment regimes. The proposed estimator is semiparametric efficient and doubly robust, offering bias reduction over the incumbent IPTW estimator when treatment probabilities may be misspecified. Moreover, the substitution principle rooted in the TMLE potentially mitigates the sensitivity to large treatment weights in IPTW. We compare the performance of the proposed estimator with the IPTW and a on-targeted substitution estimator in a simulation study.
One-Step Targeted Minimum Loss-based Estimation Based on Universal Least Favorable One-Dimensional Submodels
Authors: van der Laan Mark , Gruber Susan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConsider a study in which one observesnindependent and identically distributed random variables whose probability distribution is known to be an element of a particular statistical model, and one is concerned with estimation of a particular real valued pathwise differentiable target parameter of this data probability distribution. The targeted maximum likelihood estimator (TMLE) is an asymptotically efficient substitution estimator obtained by constructing a so called least favorable parametric submodel through an initial estimator with score, at zero fluctuation of the initial estimator, that spans the efficient influence curve, and iteratively maximizing the corresponding parametric likelihood till no more updates occur, at which point the updated initial estimator solves the so called efficient influence curve equation. In this article we construct a one-dimensional universal least favorable submodel for which the TMLE only takes one step, and thereby requires minimal extra data fitting to achieve its goal of solving the efficient influence curve equation. We generalize these to universal least favorable submodels through the relevant part of the data distribution as required for targeted minimum loss-based estimation. Finally, remarkably, given a multidimensional target parameter, we develop a universal canonical one-dimensional submodel such that the one-step TMLE, only maximizing the log-likelihood over a univariate parameter, solves the multivariate efficient influence curve equation. This allows us to construct a one-step TMLE based on a one-dimensional parametric submodel through the initial estimator, that solves any multivariate desired set of estimating equations.
Metal nanoparticles-PDMS nanocomposites for tunable optical filters and sensors
Authors: Algorri J.F. , Poudereux D. , García-Cámara B. , Urruchi V. , Sánchez-Pena J.M. , Vergaz R. , Caño-García M. , Quintana X. , Geday M.A. , Otón J.M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe peculiar optical response of polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) doped with metallic nanoparticles can
be employed to develop optical sensing materials. These
nanocomposites may work in an ample range of temperatures,
showing good linearity and high sensitivity. Plasmon
resonances of the metallic nanoparticles produce interesting
effects on the optical response by affecting the
effective refractive index of PDMS. The high resonant response
leads to a number of different configurations of optical
filters and phase devices whose resonant frequency
depends on the chosen nanoparticle. Moreover, the wavelength
can be tuned up by external manufacturing conditions
such as nanoparticle size or fill factor, and by working
parameters such as temperature. This work develops
the theoretical background required for the design of these
structures, and evaluates the adequate dimensional and
doping ranges for device optimization.
Development of successive cambia and wood structure in stem of Rivea hypocriteriformis (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Rajput Kishore S. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract This study examined the formation of successive rings of cambia in Rivea hypocriteriformis Choisy (Convolvulaceae). The mature stem is composed of four to five rings of xylem alternating with phloem. Successive cambia originate as smaller and larger segments; union and anastomosing of small cambial segments often leads to the formation of discontinuous rings. In the initial stage of growth, several vascular bundles interconnect to form the first ring of vascular cambium. The cambium remains functional for one complete season and becomes dormant during summer; a new ring of cambium is completed prior to the subsequent monsoon season and sprouting of new leaves. Successive cambia are initiated from the pericyclic parenchyma situated three to four cell layers outside of the protophloem. Functionally, all the successive cambia are bidirectional and produce secondary xylem centripetally and phloem centrifugally. The secondary xylem is diffuse-porous, with indistinct growth rings and consisting of wide fibriform vessels, fibre tracheids, and axial and ray parenchyma cells. The xylem rays are uni- to multiseriate and heterocellular. The multiseriate rays contain lignified marginal ray cells and thin-walled, unlignified central cells. The central ray cells also show accumulations of starch and druses. Discrete strands of intraxylary phloem occur at the periphery of the pith, and additional intraxylary phloem develops from adjacent cells as secondary growth progresses. Earlier-formed phloem shows heavy accumulation of callose, followed by its compaction. The development of successive cambia is correlated with extension growth and with the phenology of the plant.
The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behavior and Hooliganism
Authors: Gumusgul Osman , Acet Mehmet 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Aggression and violence have been a customary part of life that mankind has had to live with from the beginning of time; it has been accepted by society even though it expresses endless negativity. Aggression and violence can find a place in sports events and football games because of the social problems of the audience watching the competitions or games, which sometimes fall into the category of hooliganism. Turkey is one of the countries that should consider this problem to be a serious social problem. Even during 2014 and 2015, a relatively short period of time, there were significant hazardous acts committed by hooligans. In February 2014, one supporter was killed after a game between Liverpool and Arsenal in England; in March 2014, a game between Trabzonspor and Fenerbahce was left half-finished because of violent acts in the stadium that caused players in the pitch to believe that they could not leave stadium alive, although they finally left after a few hours; in another incident in March 2014, one supporter was killed after a game between Helsingborg and Djugarden in Sweden; in November 2014, one supporter was killed and 14 supporters were injured before the game between Atletico Madrid and Deportivo in Spain. These are all examples of aggression, violence, and hooliganism in football. This paper aims to discuss aggression, violence, and hooliganism in football, especially in recent years, and investigate what can be done to prevent these acts from occurring again in the future by examining them in hindsight.
Hábitat y vivienda en Bogotá: ¿sentando las bases para el posconflicto?
Authors: Contreras Ortiz Yency 
Published: May 2016

<p>El presente artículo hace un acercamiento al régimen Colombiano, específicamente en Bogotá, que busca garantizar a la población víctima, especialmente en condición de desplazamiento, las condiciones para el acceso a vivienda y hábitat dignos a partir de la Ley 1448 de 2011; así como una evaluación inicial de las principales oportunidades y dificultades de los programas y proyectos promovidos en el país y en la ciudad para cumplir tales fines. A través de un análisis cualitativo se estudian los incentivos que ha generado el marco institucional de atención a las víctimas en materia de vivienda y hábitat. Al mismo tiempo, se realiza un balance de los principales resultados del Programa de Vivienda Gratuita y los Programas del Plan de Desarrollo Bogotá Humana 2012-2016, en materia de acceso a subsidios y vivienda en Bogotá en dicho período. Lo anterior, con el fin de visibilizar las condiciones que se están generando desde la norma y en la práctica para cumplir los objetivos de la justicia transicional y para sentar las bases en un escenario de posconflicto para el largo plazo para la población víctima; no sólo para aquella que hoy habita la ciudad, sino para aquella que desea retornar a sus tierras.</p>
Extrusion of Corn Grits with Native or Modified Starch Addition — Influence on Starch Digestibility Fractions, Shear Stress-at-Break, and Expansion Ratio
Authors: Šárka E. , Smrčková P. , Koláček J. , Sağlamtaş M. , Chena Aldao D.A. , Pour V. 
Published: May 2016

The aim of the paper was to seek suitable conditions of extrusion cooking using a laboratory single-screw extruder to increase slowly digestible (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) content in extrudates saving sensory characteristics of the final product prepared from corn grits with added native wheat starch, distarch phosphates, or soluble fibre Nutriose (Roquette, France).
In addition to the composition of input mixtures, process parameters of a single-screw extruder, such as speed of screw and barrel temperatures, were changed. The highest expansion ratio (4.14) was found for temperatures 44 °C, 90 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C, die diameter 3 mm, compression ratio 3:1, rotation speed 140 r.p.m., and dosing 15 r.p.m. The addition of native wheat starch to corn grits resulted in values of the expansion ratio ranging from 1.17–2.38.
A high concentration of RS — 2.4% per starch — was observed for a 20% ratio of Nutriose with a 10% addition of water. The addition of 20–50% of native wheat starch resulted in values ranging from 0.2–0.4% per starch. The highest SDS content (72.5% per starch) in extrudates was obtained for the mixture of corn grits, 20% cross-linked starch, and water (10% addition).
Tamoxifen Dose Escalation in Patients With Diminished CYP2D6 Activity Normalizes Endoxifen Concentrations Without Increasing Toxicity
Authors: Hertz Daniel L. , Deal Allison , Ibrahim Joseph G. , Walko Christine M. , Weck Karen E. , Anderson Steven , Magrinat Gustav , Olajide Oludamilola , Moore Susan , Raab Rachel , Carrizosa Daniel R. , Corso Steven , Schwartz Garry , Graham Mark , Peppercorn Jeffrey M. , Jones David R. , Desta Zeruesenay , Flockhart David A. , Evans James P. , McLeod Howard L. , Carey Lisa A. , Irvin William J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background.
Polymorphic CYP2D6 is primarily responsible for metabolic activation of tamoxifen to endoxifen. We previously reported that by increasing the daily tamoxifen dose to 40 mg/day in CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizer (IM), but not poor metabolizer (PM), patients achieve endoxifen concentrations similar to those of extensive metabolizer patients on 20 mg/day. We expanded enrollment to assess the safety of CYP2D6 genotype-guided dose escalation and investigate concentration differences between races.

Methods.
PM and IM breast cancer patients currently receiving tamoxifen at 20 mg/day were enrolled for genotype-guided escalation to 40 mg/day. Endoxifen was measured at baseline and after 4 months. Quality-of-life data were collected using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) and Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Menopausal Symptom Scale at baseline and after 4 months.

Results.
In 353 newly enrolled patients, genotype-guided dose escalation eliminated baseline concentration differences in IM (p = .08), but not PM (p = .009), patients. Endoxifen concentrations were similar in black and white patients overall (p = .63) and within CYP2D6 phenotype groups (p &gt; .05). In the quality-of-life analysis of 480 patients, dose escalation did not meaningfully diminish quality of life; in fact, improvements were seen in several measures including the FACT Breast Cancer subscale (p = .004) and limitations in range of motion (p &lt; .0001) in IM patients.

Conclusion.
Differences in endoxifen concentration during treatment can be eliminated by doubling the tamoxifen dose in IM patients, without an appreciable effect on quality of life. Validation of the association between endoxifen concentration and efficacy or prospective demonstration of improved efficacy is necessary to warrant clinical uptake of this personalized treatment strategy.
STUDENTS-TRANSLATORS PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT: THEORETICAL OUTLINE
Authors: Vysotskaya Tatyana 
Published: May 2016

The paper deals with the problems of students-translators professional competence development in the framework of terminological expertise acquisition. Terminological work is stated to be one of the key means of translation competence development. The emphasis is made on theoretical aspect of the matter. The clarification of basic concepts – competence, translation competence, and terminological competence – is provided. Translation competence is viewed as a set of several sub-competences, characterizing translator’s social, communicative and properly text-oriented skills. Terminological competence is viewed as the constituent of translation competence. The objectives and the tasks of terminological work for Translation students are stated. Curriculum components resulting in terminological expertise acquisition are analyzed. The system of exercises aimed at terminological competence development is outlined.
STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT GOALS GENDER DIFFERENCES
Authors: Dudkina Aija , Klekmane Kristiana 
Published: May 2016

This research is the theoretical and practical analysis about achievement goals students gender differences. Theoretical backround contains a review of best-known and the most actual theories about the achievement goals. Aim of the research is theoretical basis and practical research to investigate: Is there any gender differences in achievement goals for students? Methods of the research: demographic questionnaire and Andrew J. Elliot and Kou Murayama and Reinhard Pekrun (2011) „A 3x2 achievement goal questionnaire (AGQ). Research participants is a total of 143 students (71 male and 72 female). Participants were at age range 18 – 25 years (M = 21.25). Male age range were 18 – 25 years (M = 21.90), female age range was 18 – 24 years (M = 20.61). The research results answered to research question "is there any gender differences in achievement goals for students?" has confirmed partly – diferences in scale task-avoidance goals are statistically important (t = 3,546; p < 0.01). Research question has confirmed partly. There are statistically imoprtand gender differences in task-avoidance goals (p < 0.01), but there aren’t any differences in other achievement goals.
IDENTITY AND AN IDENTITY CRISIS: THE IDENTITY CRISIS OF FIRST-YEAR FEMALE STUDENTS AT LATVIAN UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
Authors: Dombrovskis Aivis 
Published: May 2016

This paper reflects the results of a study that was aimed at finding links between identity crises and the sociodemographic indicators of first-year female students at Latvian universities. The research cohort consists of 501 (N = 501) students aged 18 to 27 (M = 20.33; SD = 1.937). The author used the Identity Distress Survey (IDS) for the research (Berman, et al., 2004), as well as the sociodemographic data of the students. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyse links between IDS indicators, and detailed analysis of links between IDS factors was also conducted.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF CHILDREN’S INDEPENDENT LIVING SKILLS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RESTRUCTURING OF CHILDREN’S CARE HOMES
Authors: Gudzinskienė Vida , Raudeliūnaitė Rita 
Published: May 2016

The article analyses the improvement of children’s independent living skills in the context of the restructuring of children's care homes. The concept of the restructuring of institutional care is presented. A qualitative-empirical study has been conducted by using the method of a semi-structured interview. The study data were processed by using the method of content analysis. The results of the empirical study are based on the experience of 14 social workers, who work in care institutions, which participate in the restructuring, which consists of the changeover from institutional care to the services that are provided to children, who have become destitute of parental care, in a family and community. Three directions of the improvement of children’s independent living skills in the context of the restructuring of children's care homes have been highlighted: increasing independence in adolescents (the engagement of children in a practical activity and their reasoning by encouraging and stimulating them for an independent activity); the improvement of the organisation of educational process (the increase of practical exercises, the reduction of the number of nurtures in a household, the increase of an individual communication with a child); the improvement of material basis (fund raising and the redistribution of the resources available).
EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN ACTIVITIES OF COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORKER
Authors: Leliūgienė Irena , Kaušylienė Angelė , Veikšrienė Daiva 
Published: May 2016

Referring to scientific literature, the article aims to define definition and model Emotional intelligence (EI). Emotional intelligence (EI), the term first used in 1966, is still considered a new area of science. The increase in requirements for social workers and their personal and professional qualities made it important to know their own emotions and those of the others and manage them. Personal qualities – self-awareness, motivation, flexibility, interpersonal skills, the ability to adapt to change, to understand and recognize emotions is very important to the social worker's activities. Management of emotional intelligence in the personal and interpersonal community social worker activities is one of the main acts in relations with others. Expression of emotional intelligence in activities of community social worker is the object of this paper. The theoretical part of the work substantiates the theory of emotional intelligence expression in activities of community social worker after discussing emotional intelligence. The research empirically investigated social workers opinions about the expression of emotional intelligence community. The study uses the following methods: analysis of documents, scientific and methodological literature, websites, quantitative research method, questionnaire survey. The study was carried out in questionnaire method, interviewing 212 respondents in 44 institutions. Results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that community social worker activities is worth to foster through self-improvement of emotional intelligence expression.
MAIN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY THE NONPROFIT SECTOR IN CURRENT POLAND
Authors: Rymsza Agnieszka 
Published: May 2016

There are over 100 000 nonprofit organizations registered in Poland that constitute a growingly important actor in the economic area and for the public administration. The sector has been growing, yet there are many factors that distract nonprofit organizations from carrying out many of their missions and goals and from playing many of the important functions in a society that are or were expected from them. This paper presents the main challenges and opportunities faced by the nonprofit sector in Poland in the recent years and at the beginning of 2016 as well as both the negative and positive trends observed in its development. A stress will be put on the relations between nonprofit organizations and the government and the process of governmentalization will be described.