bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enter the Internet
Authors: Kerr Orin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Applying the Fourth Amendment to the Internet requires a general theory of how to apply the Fourth Amendment to networks. This chapter offers a first step in developing a way to translate between physical world location and network information. By understanding networks as ways of outsourcing physical travel, we can understand network data as the network equivalent of physical world information. This approach leads to important first steps in applying the Fourth Amendment to the Internet. The contents of communications should be presumptively protected, as they are the network equivalent of information about protected spaces like the inside of a home. In contrast, noncontent information should be presumptively unprotected, as it is the network equivalent of unprotected information from outside space. This is the rule that the Supreme Court has adopted for earlier networks such as the postal network and the telephone network, and lower courts have so far largely drawn the same line for Internet information. This framework answers many questions about how to apply the Fourth Amendment to the Internet, subject to an important objection: what if the amount of information that digital networks create and keep makes the claimed equivalence between physical and network spaces an illusion?
Surveillance Big and Small
Authors: Kerr Orin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Applying the Fourth Amendment to the Internet requires taking a position on whether the Fourth Amendment recognizes a mosaic theory. Under the mosaic theory, introduced by a federal appellate court ruling in 2010, the scale of surveillance can determine whether the surveillance is a search. Surveillance that occurs on a small scale is not a search, but if enough of it occurs, then under the mosaic theory, a search is deemed to have occurred (as a “mosaic” of the person is drawn). Whether to adopt the mosaic theory is up in the air: some lower courts have adopted it, and other lower courts have rejected it. But the question is central in an environment of data and now artificial intelligence. When the Supreme Court reaches the question, it should reject the mosaic theory. The mosaic theory fails because there is no coherent way to answer the core question: How much surveillance is enough? Collecting information in steps does not allow a clear line to be drawn. This reality should lead the Supreme Court to reject the mosaic approach.
Introduction
Authors: Fischer Bob 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the problem of interspecies welfare comparisons and discusses its relevance to a wide variety of important practical problems. It lists several assumptions that the authors make throughout the book, including the view that welfare is measurable on a ratio scale; that equal quantities of welfare count equally, regardless of kind or origin; that welfare is determined by the balance of positive and negative valenced experiences; and that a single theory of welfare applies to all welfare subjects. The chapter then clarifies which of these assumptions are essential and which aren’t. It concludes with an overview of the rest of the book.
Defining Welfare Ranges
Authors: Fischer Bob , Timmerman Travis 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The book’s main objective is to provide a method for estimating differences in animals’ welfare ranges. This chapter distinguishes the concept of welfare ranges from various others: welfare subjecthood, realized welfare, capacity for welfare, welfare profiles, moral status, and moral weight. Then, after characterizing a welfare range as the difference between the best and worst welfare states that an animal can realize, it explores the modal force of “can” in that characterization, ultimately giving an account in terms of the welfare states that are realizable relative to an evidential base. It concludes by illustrating one practical application of the concept.
Using Neuron Counts to Estimate Welfare Ranges
Authors: Shriver Adam 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Academic research has explored the relationship between the number of neurons different organisms possess and the cognitive abilities of those organisms. Several authors have endorsed using neuron counts as a rough proxy that can help determine moral priorities. In this chapter, I examine the reasoning in favor of this view and argue that neuron counts should not be used as a sole proxy for welfare ranges. Because explicit arguments explaining the relevance of neuron counts for moral evaluating are scarce, I first put forward the most plausible possible arguments for inferring that welfare ranges might depend on the raw number of neurons, or other related proxies. I argue that no single proxy captures what authors seem most interested in (information-processing capacity) and further present empirical evidence and conceptual arguments that raise serious doubts about the plausibility that welfare ranges directly correlate with measures of neuron counts. However, I contend that neuron counts can still be useful as one component in a model that estimates welfare ranges.
A Methodology for Estimating Differences in Welfare Ranges
Authors: Fischer Bob , Gaffney Leigh , Lavery Michelle , Schiestl Martina , Trevarthen Anna , Duffy Laura , Schnell Alexandra , Shriver Adam , Miller Rachael , Schukraft Jason 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Given that there are no direct interspecies measures of the intensity of valenced experiences, we outline a methodology for estimating welfare ranges that does not rely on such direct measures. This methodology has four steps: First, specify the determinants of welfare. Second, identify measurable proxies for variation in the ability to realize the determinants of welfare. Third, survey the empirical literature for evidence about these proxies. Fourth, aggregate the results of that literature review to generate welfare range estimates. We then review some of the limitations of this approach, which include the problem of missing data, the difficulty of navigating phylogenetic distance, and puzzles about scoring and aggregating the proxies.
Some Tentative Welfare Range Estimates
Authors: Duffy Laura , Barrett Meghan , Gaffney Leigh , Lavery Michelle , Miller Rachael , Trevarthen Anna , Schiestl Martina , Schnell Alexandra , Shriver Adam , Fischer Bob 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides some tentative welfare range estimates, where a welfare range is understood as the difference between the most intense positively valenced experience and the most intense negatively valenced experience available to members of a species. These estimates are conditional on hedonism, which means that they don’t reflect the implications of uncertainty about the correct theory of welfare, and they are intended as a proof of concept, so they do not factor in every possible complexity even given hedonism. The chapter’s main aim is to explain a method we can use to generate estimates. Along the way, we provide an overview of the proxies we used for differences in the possible intensities of valenced states across species and a summary of the literature reviews about those proxies for several farmed species. Finally, we explain how those reviews can be converted into specific estimates.
Objections, Recommendations, and Conclusions
Authors: Fischer Bob , Barrett Meghan , Duffy Laura , Gaffney Leigh , Lavery Michelle , Miller Rachael , Schiestl Martina , Schnell Alexandra , Shriver Adam , Timmerman Travis , Trevarthen Anna 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter does four things. First, it considers several questions about the proposed methodology. Second, it answers several objections to the methodology, many of which center on the results of implementing it. Third, it identifies several ways we could improve the methodology going forward, improving the empirical rigor of our approach. Fourth and finally, it takes stock of the project and provides our overall view of its significance. We emphasize that insofar as it’s appropriate to use our welfare range estimates for decision-making, they are placeholders for the main result, which is that the differences between species are smaller than some may have anticipated (or, more cautiously, that there is little empirical basis for postulating larger differences).
Introduction
Authors: Agrawal Anuja 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This Introduction engages in a detailed discussion of the field of family studies in order to make a case for a renewed focus of research on family in India. Beginning with a distinction between ‘family’ and ‘families’, the Introduction argues for the need to distinguish normative ideas of family from its lived realities. Arguing for making both an object of critical social scientific analysis without the constraints of disciplinary silos and extant frameworks, it delves critically into the trajectories which have shaped the current status of family studies in India. It examines in detail the significant role of women/gender/sexuality studies in keeping family alive as an object of critical analysis and highlights the areas which need much more emphasis as well as contexts across which dialogues would enrich family studies in India. Introducing the volume chapters, it engages with how Family Studies need to move in new directions.
Reduced cervical sampling of hysterectomy specimens with negative margins on conization: An opportunity to improve resource utilization
Authors: Al-Nattah Sanaa , Martin Annona , Normington Lacy , Weisman Paul S , Wallace Sumer , McGregor Stephanie M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The current recommendation for hysterectomy specimens performed for cervical cancer following conization is that the entire cervix be submitted for histologic examination. Given the high cost of medical procedures and concerns regarding difficulties with laboratory staffing, we sought to evaluate the potential for selective histologic examination in this setting.

Methods
Post-conization hysterectomy cases were reviewed for the presence of residual disease in relation to the findings of the prior conization, with consideration of margin status. Residual disease was then assessed for clinical significance. The number of submitted blocks was recorded and the associated costs were estimated.

Results
Among 32 cases with invasive carcinoma, only cases with margins positive for invasive carcinoma on the conization specimen had residual invasion in the hysterectomy (n = 7), and there were no upgrades due to subtle microscopic disease; 1 case had a change in pathologic stage from pT1b1 to pT2b due to parametrial involvement in the setting of a grossly apparent lesion. Among 20 cases performed following a diagnosis of dysplasia, none were upgraded to invasive carcinoma. Based on protocol-based submission of the entire cervix, 16 blocks of cervix were submitted on average (range, 4-41).

Conclusions
We estimate that representative sections from each cervical quadrant would save approximately 2 work hours for laboratory staff per case and up to 6 hours for larger cases, reducing costs for the laboratory accordingly. Selective cervical sampling in the setting of negative margins on conization provides an opportunity for improved resource utilization without compromising patient care; as this is a small study, confirmation of these findings in a larger number of cases may be warranted. Additional studies are necessary to determine what other contexts in surgical pathology could benefit from a similar reductive approach.
Simplicity within biological complexity
Authors: Pržulj Nataša , Malod-Dognin Noël 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Heterogeneous, interconnected, systems-level, molecular (multi-omic) data have become increasingly available and key in precision medicine. We need to utilize them to better stratify patients into risk groups, discover new biomarkers and targets, repurpose known and discover new drugs to personalize medical treatment. Existing methodologies are limited and a paradigm shift is needed to achieve quantitative and qualitative breakthroughs.

Results
In this perspective paper, we survey the literature and argue for the development of a comprehensive, general framework for embedding of multi-scale molecular network data that would enable their explainable exploitation in precision medicine in linear time. Network embedding methods (also called graph representation learning) map nodes to points in low-dimensional space, so that proximity in the learned space reflects the network’s topology–function relationships. They have recently achieved unprecedented performance on hard problems of utilizing few omic data in various biomedical applications. However, research thus far has been limited to special variants of the problems and data, with the performance depending on the underlying topology–function network biology hypotheses, the biomedical applications, and evaluation metrics. The availability of multi-omic data, modern graph embedding paradigms and compute power call for a creation and training of efficient, explainable and controllable models, having no potentially dangerous, unexpected behaviour, that make a qualitative breakthrough. We propose to develop a general, comprehensive embedding framework for multi-omic network data, from models to efficient and scalable software implementation, and to apply it to biomedical informatics, focusing on precision medicine and personalized drug discovery. It will lead to a paradigm shift in the computational and biomedical understanding of data and diseases that will open up ways to solve some of the major bottlenecks in precision medicine and other domains.
Leveraging information from secondary endpoints to enhance dynamic borrowing across subpopulations
Authors: Wolf Jack M , Vock David M , Luo Xianghua , Hatsukami Dorothy K , McClernon F Joseph , Koopmeiners Joseph S 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Randomized trials seek efficient treatment effect estimation within target populations, yet scientific interest often also centers on subpopulations. Although there are typically too few subjects within each subpopulation to efficiently estimate these subpopulation treatment effects, one can gain precision by borrowing strength across subpopulations, as is the case in a basket trial. While dynamic borrowing has been proposed as an efficient approach to estimating subpopulation treatment effects on primary endpoints, additional efficiency could be gained by leveraging the information found in secondary endpoints. We propose a multisource exchangeability model (MEM) that incorporates secondary endpoints to more efficiently assess subpopulation exchangeability. Across simulation studies, our proposed model almost uniformly reduces the mean squared error when compared to the standard MEM that only considers data from the primary endpoint by gaining efficiency when subpopulations respond similarly to the treatment and reducing the magnitude of bias when the subpopulations are heterogeneous. We illustrate our model’s feasibility using data from a recently completed trial of very low nicotine content cigarettes to estimate the effect on abstinence from smoking within three priority subpopulations. Our proposed model led to increases in the effective sample size two to four times greater than under the standard MEM.
Single-cell sequencing technology in skin wound healing
Authors: Cheng Xu Cheng , Tong Wang Zi , Rui Wang , Feng Zhao , Shuai Hou , Zhe Wang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complicated biological process that mainly occurs in response to injury, burns, or diabetic ulcers. It can also be triggered by other conditions such as dermatitis and melanoma-induced skin cancer. Delayed healing or non-healing after skin injury presents an important clinical issue; therefore, further explorations into the occurrence and development of wound healing at the cellular and molecular levels are necessary. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is used to sequence and analyze the genetic messages of a single cell. Furthermore, SCS can accurately detect cell expression and gene sequences. The use of SCS technology has resulted in the emergence of new concepts pertaining to wound healing, making it an important tool for studying the relevant mechanisms and developing treatment strategies. This article discusses the application value of SCS technology, the effects of the latest research on skin wound healing, and the value of SCS technology in clinical applications. Using SCS to determine potential biomarkers for wound repair will serve to accelerate wound healing, reduce scar formation, optimize drug delivery, and facilitate personalized treatments.
Photoredox-catalyzed S-alkenylation of benzenethiols with alkenyl halides
Authors: Nishino Sodai , Kurahashi Takuya 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Vinyl sulfides are important structural motifs that allow various organic compounds. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of vinyl sulfides through the photoredox-catalyzed coupling reaction of alkenyl halides with benzenethiols. The reaction can proceed without the use of transition metal catalysts.
Signs of economic development in the Kingdom of Naples under the Aragonese Crown: the Coppola Company
Authors: Petracca Luciana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The article examines the role played by Loise and Francesco Coppola’s company under the Aragonese Crown, so as to outline the socio-economic situation of Southern Italy at that time and examine the impact of foreign merchant-banking companies on the development of local entrepreneurship. In the second half of the fifteenth century, Florentine bankers Filippo and Lorenzo Strozzi established a bank in Naples. Using two surviving general journals, dating back to 1473 and 1476, their lending business can be analysed. As the bookkeeper of the Strozzi Bank used to record any transaction using double-entry bookkeeping, such journals help to identify the types of clients the Strozzi Bank dealt with and the reasons for individual transactions. The article outlines the crucial role played by the Coppola family in the development of the southern economy in the fifteenth century, showing how their company was part of international commercial networks that included the wealthiest and most powerful merchant-banking businesses of the time.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Confer No Increased Rates of IBD Exacerbation Among Patients With IBD
Authors: Levine Irving , Sekhri Shaina , Schreiber-Stainthorp William , Locke Brandon , Delau Olivia , Elhawary Mohamed , Pandit Krutika , Meng Xucong , Axelrad Jordan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multimorbidity with obesity and type 2 diabetes is common and increasing. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are increasingly being prescribed for patients with IBD, yet their impact on patients with IBD is largely unknown. We aimed to assess the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on the course of IBD.

Methods
We identified all IBD patients prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists at a large academic healthcare network between 2009 and 2023. We analyzed demographics and IBD characteristics in the year pre- and post–GLP-1 receptor agonist prescription and matched them to non-IBD controls. Our primary outcome was IBD exacerbation in the year following GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation, measured as a composite of IBD-related hospitalization, corticosteroid prescription, medication escalation or changes, or IBD-related surgery. Secondary outcomes included change in metabolic risk factors.

Results
Overall, 224 patients met inclusion criteria. At GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation, the median age was 54 years, 63% were female, 77% were White, and median BMI was 33.2 kg/m2. Compared to the 12-month period prior to GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation, in the 12 months post–GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation, there was no change in rates of IBD exacerbation, IBD-related hospitalization, steroids prescription, medication escalation or changes, or IBD-related surgery. There was a significant decrease in BMI in the year following GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation (median BMI 33.5 vs 31.6 kg/m2, P &lt; .01), with rates of decrease comparable to non-IBD matched controls.

Conclusions
In patients with IBD, GLP-1 receptor agonists are effective for weight loss and associated with few episodes of disease exacerbation.
Reimagining Comparisons in International Relations through Reflexivity
Authors: Lai Daniela 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The article argues that International Relations, and especially those approaches that are informed by the epistemological and methodological premises of reflexivity, would benefit from a more diversified range of comparative methodologies other than those deriving from the work of J.S. Mill and more recent developments within the neopositivist canon. While discussions of methodology in International Relations have become open to a diversity of approaches in recent years, scholars have often been less prone to formulate explicit methodological guidance, especially in the form of practical guidance for alternative comparative research designs. Building on but further developing existing work on reflexivity and methodology, the article thus aims to open up methodological possibilities for reflexive IR by delineating three comparative strategies: defamiliarizing discursive comparison, contrapuntal comparison, and vernacular comparison. Each of the strategies is explained with reference to its theoretical and methodological background in existing scholarship, two key stages for its practical application, as well as examples. The article concludes by highlighting the importance and urgency of methodological innovation in IR––especially when it comes to approaches inspired by reflexivity.
Rare but Relevant: Characterizing Self-Inflicted Burn Injuries in the United States
Authors: Manasyan Artur , Cannata Brigette , Malkoff Nicolas , Stanton Eloise W , Stoycos Sarah A , Yenikomshian Haig A , Gillenwater T Justin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Self-inflicted burns (SIBs) represent a distinct entity in burn care often associated with an underlying psychiatric etiology. In this review, we summarize the existing evidence on SIBs in North America to inform targeted prevention and interventions for patients afflicted with SIBs. The following databases were queried to identify relevant articles used for literature review: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. The main outcome measures were burn characteristics and risk factors of SIBs in the American population. A total of 14,189 patients were included across 13 included studies. The percent of total body surface area burned ranged from less than 1% to 100%, with a mean of 29.6% ± 20.7%. Depressive disorders were the most reported overall; however, among mood disorders, bipolar disorder was also reported frequently, while anxiety was reported least. Motives for self-inflicting burn injury included premeditated self-injury as a coping mechanism, escape or response to delusions, impulsive self-injury, and most commonly, suicidal intention. The majority of the studies reported that preadmission drug and alcohol abuse were associated with the occurrence of SIBs. Other identified risk factors for SIB injury included female sex, younger age, unemployment, and unmarried status. From this, it is imperative that targeted interventions are developed to address the complex interplay of psychiatric disorders, drug use, and other demographic risk factors among the American population. It is crucial for initiatives to emphasize early identification of individuals at risk of self-harm, better access to mental health services, and stronger drug abuse programs to target SIB occurrence in the United States.