bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Význam pohybové aktivity seniorů v prevenci pádů
Authors: Jančíková Věra 
Published: January 2018

The aim of the article is to shed light on the issue of falls among the elderly and the importance of physical activity in the prevention of falls. Due to the aging of the population, the occurence of falls is increasing. The article provides an overall summary of the most frequent causes – both internal and external – of falls among the elderly, and possibilities for their prevention. It also discusses gait disorders that start to occur at an advanced age, and thus are one of the predispositions for falls. Falls are the cause of almost 85% of all fracture injuries. Besides other fields, the consequences of falls are also dealt with by physiotherapy; having a major effect on their reduction and the minimisation of their consequences are preventive measures and sufficient physical activity. The article includes a wide range of possibilities and forms of physical therapy appropriate for the elderly.
Analýza úrovně antropometrických a silových charakteristik tenistů a tenistek ve věku 11−12 let
Authors: Pačes Jiří , Zháněl Jiří , Vodička Tomáš , Mudra Pavel , Vilím Martin , Hubáček Ondřej 
Published: January 2018

The issues of the significance of strength capabilities in sport and tennis are dealt with by many authors, in tennis, the strength of the playing arm primarily manifests in the speed of strokes, serve and locomotion movement. The goal of this paper is analysis of basic anthropometric and strength levels of male and female players’, comparisons and evaluation of inter-gender differences of anthropometric and strength characteristic. The research sample consists of Czech junior male tennis players (n = 221) and female players (n = 193) in the ages between 11.0 and 12.9 years. The data for this research were gathered during 2000-2010 period by regular testing using a test battery TENDIAG 1. Analysis of acquired data shows normal distribution characteristics. Values of measured anthropometric and strength levels statistic characteristic variables in the set of male tennis players (n = 221, body height: H = 155.10 ± 7.62, body weight: W = 43.50 ± 6.68, strength of playing hand: SH = 25.14 ± 4.59, relative strength of playing hand: RS = 0.58 ± 0.09) and female tennis players (n = 193, body height: H = 154.60 ± 6.94, body weight: W = 43.49 ± 7.71, maximum strength of playing hand: SH = 23.08 ± 4.61, relative strength of playing hand RS = 0.53 ± 0.09). Inter-gender differences between male and female tennis players were assessed using Cohen’s d values, substantively significant differences in mean values between male and female players files were detected only in the relative strength of gaming hand (d = 0.56, mean effect) and maximum strength level of game hand (d = 0.45, low effect). Size of effect was significant in the sample tennis players demonstrated between H and W (r = 0.71, r2 = 0.50; mean effect), among H and MS (r = 0.59, r 2 = 0.35; mean effect) and between MS and W (r = 0.59, r 2 = 0.35, mean effect). In a group of female tennis players has been demonstrated size of effect relation between H and W (r = 0.75, r 2 = 0.56; mean effect), among W and MS (r = 0.64, r 2 = 0.41, mean effect) and also between the maximum and the relative strength (r = 0.58, r 2 = 0.34; mean effect).
Nástin vývoje sportu v místním sdružení YMCA v Banské Bystrici v meziválečném období
Authors: Tlustý Tomáš 
Published: January 2018

The presented article deals with history of relatively important society in Banská Bystrica. During the interwar period physical education and sport were really popular among its members. YMCA society in Banská Bystrica played an important role in popularization of many kinds of sport among which were first of all athletics, volleyball and table tennis. YMCA in Banská Bystrica since its foundation belonged among the main local unions in the Slovakia. A great sum of money was invested into it and it was spent during the construction of its building as well as during construction of sports areas. Among its members the most popular sport was athletics, which was practiced on its modern field. Great achievements were accomplished in volleyball as well. During 1930s the physical education and sport started to be less popular and the count of members of this very popular society started to fall.
Pohybové hry jako metoda nácviku gymnastických dovedností ve školní tělesné výchově
Authors: Vorálková Jitka , Perič Tomáš 
Published: January 2018

Positive motion experience and strong emotional experiences increase efficiency of the teaching process. Physical education teachers may achieve effectiveness of a teaching unit using various methods. A wide range of movement games belong among the most efficient ones. Physical education games may be considered a suitable tool to develop and enhance both fitness and coordination abilities and a natural method to learn basic gymnastics skills. Higher attractiveness of games can be achieved by suitably chosen gymnastics tools, its combination or groupings. Modern technology allows production of such tools whose design encourages children to exercise and easy handling reduces mental inhibitions and increases safety of all gymnasts.
Paralympijský sport jako společenský fenomén
Authors: Zelenka Tomáš , Kudláček Martin 
Published: January 2018

Sport for persons is promptly and naturally evolving as social phenomenon. This fact is documented worldwide variety of evidence. It is not only about the status and popularity of the Paralympic Games, it is not only dynamically growing number of disabled athletes and the growing range of adaptive sports, sports programs and various levels of competitions, but side by side with it the development of relevant national and international organizations and institutions, and even in some cases linking or merging sports platforms of ablebodied and handicapped athletes. Sport in the context of disabled athletes become parallely extroverted device demonstrations of their athletic abilities and also introverted medium having a positive influence on the biological, psychological and sociological human nature. On the other hand disabled people sport activity involvement is unfortunately very low.
Použitie kompresného oblečenia u bežcov: áno, nie?
Authors: Struhár Ivan 
Published: January 2018

The main aim of this article is to emphasize the potential effect of compression clothing in a group of runners. We want to provide an objective view on evaluation of the advantages or potential risks in the use of compression clothing (socks or calf sleeves). This work is not a metanalysis, the purpose of this study provides basic information about the use of compression clothing. The work focuses on selected parameters which directly or indirectly determine the sport performance and affects the ability to repeat the sport performance. The scientific literature describes only two potential effects of compression clothing (increased venous flow and reduced muscle oscillation). As with most trends that come and go in sports, it takes a while to evaluate with the practice for the science. In our work, we focus on selected parameters with regard compression value. Based on scientific sources, the effect of compression clothing for sport performance and recovery is unclear. It is also caused by applied compression which is not also written in scientific literature. At this point, we want to emphasize this fact is probably important not only for future study design but also for customers. It makes sense if the different compression pressure lead to different results then it should exist the gold standard depending on the pressure and types of physical activity.
Vertical Mixing Effects on Phytoplankton Dynamics and Organic Carbon Export in the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Kessouri Faycal , Ulses Caroline , Estournel Claude , Marsaleix Patrick , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Severin Tatiana , Taillandier Vincent , Conan Pascal 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA 3‐D high‐resolution coupled hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical model of the western Mediterranean was used to study phytoplankton dynamics and organic carbon export in three regions with contrasting vertical regimes, ranging from deep convection to a shallow mixed layer. One month after the initial increase in surface chlorophyll (caused by the erosion of the deep chlorophyll maximum), the autumnal bloom was triggered in all three regions by the upward flux of nutrients resulting from mixed layer deepening. In contrast, at the end of winter, the end of turbulent mixing favored the onset of the spring bloom in the deep convection region. Low grazing pressure allowed rapid phytoplankton growth during the bloom. Primary production in the shallow mixed layer region, the Algerian subbasin, was characterized by a long period (4 months) of sustained phytoplankton development, unlike the deep convection region where primary production was inhibited during 2 months in winter. Despite seasonal variations, annual primary production in all three regions is similar. In the deep convection region, total organic carbon export below the photic layer (150 m) and transfer to deep waters (800 m) was 5 and 8 times, respectively, higher than in the Algerian subbasin. Although some of the exported material will be injected back into the surface layer during the next convection event, lateral transport, and strong interannual variability of MLD in this region suggest that a significant amount of exported material is effectively sequestrated.
Evaluating Southern Ocean Carbon Eddy‐Pump From Biogeochemical‐Argo Floats
Authors: Llort Joan , Langlais C. , Matear R. , Moreau S. , Lenton A. , Strutton Peter G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe vertical transport of surface water and carbon into ocean's interior, known as subduction, is one of the main mechanisms through which the ocean influences Earth's climate. New instrumental approaches have shown the occurrence of localized and intermittent subduction episodes associated with small‐scale ocean circulation features. These studies also revealed the importance of such events for the export of organic matter, the so‐called eddy‐pump. However, the transient and localized nature of episodic subduction hindered its large‐scale evaluation to date. In this work, we present an approach to detect subduction events at the scale of the Southern Ocean using measurements collected by biogeochemical autonomous floats (BGCArgo). We show how subduction events can be automatically identified as anomalies of spiciness and Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) below the mixed layer. Using this methodology over more than 4,000 profiles, we detected 40 subduction events unevenly distributed across the Sothern Ocean. Events were more likely found in hot spots of eddy kinetic energy (EKE), downstream major bathymetric features. Moreover, the bio‐optical measurements provided by BGCArgo allowed measuring the amount of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) being subducted and assessing the contribution of these events to the total downward carbon flux at 100 m (EP100). We estimated that the eddy‐pump represents less than 19% to the EP100 in the Southern Ocean, although we observed particularly strong events able to locally duplicate the EP100. This approach provides a novel perspective on where episodic subduction occurs that will be naturally improved as BGCArgo observations continue to increase.
Influence of Sea Ice Crack Formation on the Spatial Distribution of Nutrients and Microalgae in Flooded Antarctic Multiyear Ice
Authors: Nomura Daiki , Aoki Shigeru , Simizu Daisuke , Iida Takahiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCracks are common and natural features of sea ice formed in the polar oceans. In this study, a sea ice crack in flooded, multiyear, land‐fast Antarctic sea ice was examined to assess its influence on biological productivity and the transport of nutrients and microalgae into the upper layers of neighboring sea ice. The water inside the crack and the surrounding host ice were characterized by a strong discoloration (brown color), an indicator of a massive algal bloom. Salinity and oxygen isotopic ratio measurements indicated that 64–84% of the crack water consisted of snow meltwater supplied during the melt season. Measurements of nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations within the slush layer pool (the flooded layer at the snow‐ice interface) revealed the intrusion of water from the crack, likely forced by mixing with underlying seawater during the tidal cycle. Our results suggest that sea ice crack formation provides conditions favorable for algal blooms by directly exposing the crack water to sunlight and supplying nutrients from the under‐ice water. Subsequently, constituents of the crack water modified by biological activity were transported into the upper layer of the flooded sea ice. They were then preserved in the multiyear ice column formed by upward growth of sea ice caused by snow ice formation in areas of significant snow accumulation.
Simulating the Regional Impact of Dust on the Middle East Climate and the Red Sea
Authors: Osipov Sergey , Stenchikov Georgiy 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Red Sea is located between North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the largest sources of dust in the world. Satellite retrievals show very high aerosol optical depth in the region, which increases during the summer season, especially over the southern Red Sea. Previously estimated and validated radiative effect from dust is expected to have a profound thermal and dynamic impact on the Red Sea, but that impact has not yet been studied or evaluated. Due to the strong dust radiative effect at the sea surface, uncoupled ocean modeling approaches with prescribed atmospheric boundary conditions result in an unrealistic ocean response. Therefore, to study the impact of dust on the regional climate of the Middle East and the Red Sea, we employed the Regional Ocean Modeling System fully coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We modified the atmospheric model to account for the radiative effect of dust. The simulations show that, in the equilibrium response, dust cools the Red Sea, reduces the surface wind speed, and weakens both the exchange at the Bab‐el‐Mandeb strait and the overturning circulation. The salinity distribution, freshwater, and heat budgets are significantly altered. A validation of the simulations against satellite products indicates that accounting for radiative effect from dust almost completely removes the bias and reduces errors in the top of the atmosphere fluxes and sea surface temperature. Our results suggest that dust plays an important role in the energy balance, thermal, and circulation regimes in the Red Sea.
Observed Seasonal Variations of the Upper Ocean Structure and Air‐Sea Interactions in the Andaman Sea
Authors: Liu Yanliang , Li Kuiping , Ning Chunlin , Yang Yang , Wang Haiyuan , Liu Jianjun , Skhokiattiwong Somkiat , Yu Weidong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Andaman Sea (AS) is a poorly observed basin, where even the fundamental physical characteristics have not been fully documented. Here the seasonal variations of the upper ocean structure and the air‐sea interactions in the central AS were studied using a moored surface buoy. The seasonal double‐peak pattern of the sea surface temperature (SST) was identified with the corresponding mixed layer variations. Compared with the buoys in the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the thermal stratification in the central AS was much stronger in the winter to spring, when a shallower isothermal layer and a thinner barrier layer were sustained. The temperature inversion was strongest from June to July because of substantial surface heat loss and subsurface prewarming. The heat budget analysis of the mixed layer showed that the net surface heat fluxes dominated the seasonal SST cycle. Vertical entrainment was significant from April to July. It had a strong cooling effect from April to May and a striking warming effect from June to July. A sensitivity experiment highlighted the importance of salinity. The AS warmer surface water in the winter was associated with weak heat loss caused by weaker longwave radiation and latent heat losses. However, the AS latent heat loss was larger than the BOB in summer due to its lower relative humidity.
Assimilation of Ocean‐Color Plankton Functional Types to Improve Marine Ecosystem Simulations
Authors: Ciavatta S. , Brewin R. J. W. , Skákala J. , Polimene L. , de Mora L. , Artioli Y. , Allen J. I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe assimilated phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) derived from ocean color into a marine ecosystem model, to improve the simulation of biogeochemical indicators and emerging properties in a shelf sea. Error‐characterized chlorophyll concentrations of four PFTs (diatoms, dinoflagellates, nanoplankton, and picoplankton), as well as total chlorophyll for comparison, were assimilated into a physical‐biogeochemical model of the North East Atlantic, applying a localized Ensemble Kalman filter. The reanalysis simulations spanned the years 1998–2003. The skill of the reference and reanalysis simulations in estimating ocean color and in situ biogeochemical data were compared by using robust statistics. The reanalysis outperformed both the reference and the assimilation of total chlorophyll in estimating the ocean‐color PFTs (except nanoplankton), as well as the not‐assimilated total chlorophyll, leading the model to simulate better the plankton community structure. Crucially, the reanalysis improved the estimates of not‐assimilated in situ data of PFTs, as well as of phosphate and pCO2, impacting the simulation of the air‐sea carbon flux. However, the reanalysis increased further the model overestimation of nitrate, in spite of increases in plankton nitrate uptake. The method proposed here is easily adaptable for use with other ecosystem models that simulate PFTs, for, e.g., reanalysis of carbon fluxes in the global ocean and for operational forecasts of biogeochemical indicators in shelf‐sea ecosystems.
Vertical Structure and Radiative Forcing of Monsoon Clouds Over Kanpur During the 2016 INCOMPASS Field Campaign
Authors: George Geet , Sarangi Chandan , Tripathi Sachchida Nand , Chakraborty Tirthankar , Turner Andrew 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn overview of cloud vertical structure (CVS) and cloud radiative forcing (CRF) during Indian summer monsoon is obtained over Kanpur, through observations made during the Interaction of Convective Organisation and Monsoon Precipitation, Atmosphere, Surface and Sea field campaign of 2016. Associations of CVS parameters with CRF at surface and top of atmosphere (TOA) are also investigated. One hundred thirty‐seven radiosondes were launched at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, between 5 and 28 July 2016. CVS is determined using an algorithm that identifies cloud layers from vertical profiles of relative humidity, with altitude‐dependent relative humidity thresholds. CVS is analyzed by separating the campaign period on the basis of presence and absence of depressions/low‐pressure systems. Compared to nondepression periods, low‐pressure events showed significant difference in all CVS and CRF parameters except cloud top height. CVS was multilayered in ∼75% launches, with deep, mixed‐phase clouds being present in ∼70% launches. CRF was calculated from clear‐sky measurements and TOA observations from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System satellite retrievals, and surface measurements. A net cooling effect was found overall, with instantaneous shortwave CRF (mean values of −95.92 and −101.89 W/m2 at surface and TOA, respectively) dominating longwave cloud radiative forcing (LWCRF) (mean values of 15.33 and 66.55 W/m2 at surface and TOA, respectively). Results suggest that shortwave CRF depends on total depth of cloud layers and is independent of cloud altitude, whereas LWCRF depends on both depth and vertical location of cloud layers, with base and top heights regulating LWCRF at surface and TOA, respectively.
Precipitation Dynamical Downscaling Over the Great Plains
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Xue Ming , McPherson Renee A. , Martin Elinor , Rosendahl Derek H. , Qiao Lei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDetailed, regional climate projections, particularly for precipitation, are critical for many applications. Accurate precipitation downscaling in the United States Great Plains remains a great challenge for most Regional Climate Models, particularly for warm months. Most previous dynamic downscaling simulations significantly underestimate warm‐season precipitation in the region. This study aims to achieve a better precipitation downscaling in the Great Plains with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. To this end, WRF simulations with different physics schemes and nudging strategies are first conducted for a representative warm season. Results show that different cumulus schemes lead to more pronounced difference in simulated precipitation than other tested physics schemes. Simply choosing different physics schemes is not enough to alleviate the dry bias over the southern Great Plains, which is related to an anticyclonic circulation anomaly over the central and western parts of continental U.S. in the simulations. Spectral nudging emerges as an effective solution for alleviating the precipitation bias. Spectral nudging ensures that large and synoptic‐scale circulations are faithfully reproduced while still allowing WRF to develop small‐scale dynamics, thus effectively suppressing the large‐scale circulation anomaly in the downscaling. As a result, a better precipitation downscaling is achieved. With the carefully validated configurations, WRF downscaling is conducted for 1980–2015. The downscaling captures well the spatial distribution of monthly climatology precipitation and the monthly/yearly variability, showing improvement over at least two previously published precipitation downscaling studies. With the improved precipitation downscaling, a better hydrological simulation over the trans‐state Oologah watershed is also achieved.
All‐Carbon‐Electrode‐Based Endurable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Qiang , Ma He , Hou Qinzhi , Li Yingxiang , Ren Jing , Dai Xuezeng , Yao Zhibo , Zhou Yu , Xiang Lichen , Du Huayun , He Hongcai , Wang Ning , Jiang Kaili , Lin Hong , Zhang Huaiwu , Guo Zhanhu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEndured, low‐cost, and high‐performance flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) featuring lightweight and mechanical flexibility have attracted tremendous attention for portable power source applications. However, flexible PSCs typically use expensive and fragile indium–tin oxide as transparent anode and high‐vacuum processed noble metal as cathode, resulting in dramatic performance degradation after continuous bending or thermal stress. Here, all‐carbon‐electrode‐based flexible PSCs are fabricated employing graphene as transparent anode and carbon nanotubes as cathode. All‐carbon‐electrode‐based flexible devices with and without spiro‐OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene) hole conductor achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 11.9% and 8.4%, respectively. The flexible carbon‐electrode‐based solar cells demonstrate superior robustness against mechanical deformation in comparison with their counterparts fabricated on flexible indium–tin oxide substrates. Moreover, all carbon‐electrode‐based flexible PSCs also show significantly enhanced stability compared to the flexible devices with gold and silver cathodes under continuous light soaking or 60 °C thermal stress in air, retaining over 90% of their original PCEs after 1000 h. The promising durability and stability highlight that flexible PSCs are fully compatible with carbon materials and pave the way toward the realization of rollable and low‐cost flexible perovskite photovoltaic devices.