bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Portugal, une régionalisation sans régions administratives ?
Authors: Alves Correia Fernando 
Published: March 2016

Résumé	La régionalisation du territoire continental du Portugal a été repoussée par le corps électoral lors du référendum de novembre 1998. Il en a résulté une régionalisation sans région administrative pour ainsi dire. Les fonctions d’aménagement de territoire, d’équipement et de développement ont été confiées à des commissions régionales de développement, organes déconcentrés de l’État dans cinq régions administratives. Puis des structures intercommunales relativement vastes et dotées d’attributions dans les mêmes domaines ont été mises en place. Mais celles‑ci ne sont pas des collectivités locales, y compris pour les aires métropolitaines de Lisbonne et de Porto. De plus la législation les concernant a connu plusieurs réformes au cours des dernières années. En définitive, le Portugal demeure un État relativement centralisé. Un progrès de la décentralisation pourrait être envisagé par le transfert de compétences aux entités intercommunales.
La ville métropolitaine dans la reforme de l’organisation territoriale en Italie
Authors: Lucarelli Alberto 
Published: March 2016

Résumé	La mise en place des villes métropolitaines, prévue en Italie depuis 1990, a été véritablement engagée par la loi Del Rio de 2014. La réforme concerne neuf grandes agglomérations en dehors de Rome. Elle s’inscrit dans la réforme de l’État entreprise par le gouvernement Renzi et répond au demi‑échec des régions. Pyramide inversée, la ville métropolitaine s’appuie sur les communes et sa gouvernance mobilise diverses formes de démocratie et doit tirer son dynamisme du local. La ville métropolitaine est substituée au département dans les mêmes limites territoriales. Le maire métropolitain est de droit le maire de la commune chef‑lieu du département.
Le système de la péréquation entre les collectivités locales en Suède
Authors: Jonason Patricia 
Published: March 2016

Résumé	Pour faire face aux disparités territoriales qui affectent les capacités financières des communes, la Suède a mis en place un système de péréquation qui comporte cinq volets : les deux principaux sont la péréquation des revenus et la péréquation des coûts. S’y ajoutent la dotation de structures, la dotation pour coûts d’entrée ainsi qu’un compte de régularisation. Chacune de ces composantes est divisée entre un système dédié aux communes et un système dédié aux comtés. Ce système permet de concilier une large autonomie locale et l’égal accès de tous les citoyens au même niveau de service.
Développement économique : la région, chef de file ?
Authors: Marcou Gérard 
Published: March 2016

Résumé	La loi relative à la nouvelle organisation territoriale de la République du 7 août 2015 a étendu les compétences des régions en matière de développement économique, dans le domaine de la planification des interventions économiques et dans le domaine des aides qu’elles peuvent accorder, et renforcé son rôle de chef de file, établi par la loi du 27 janvier 2014. Mais cette prééminence est disputée ; les métropoles s’annoncent comme des pouvoirs concurrents en matière économique et le poids des interventions économiques de l’État reste prépondérant. La coopération est donc nécessaire entre les régions et l’État et entre les régions et les autres collectivités.
Anjouan (Comores), un nœud dans les réseaux de l’océan Indien. Émergence et rôle d’une société urbaine lettrée et marchande (XVIIe-XXe siècle)
Authors: Blanchy Sophie 
Published: March 2016

Cet article traite du rôle spécifique joué par les makabaila de l’île d’Anjouan (archipel des Comores) dans les réseaux commerciaux de l’océan Indien. Musulmans lettrés urbains, marchands et grands propriétaires fonciers, ils sont en majorité composés de Bā ʿAlawī, des chérifs hadramis qui ont développé dès le xvie siècle des liens commerciaux intenses entre le Hadramaout et l’archipel de Lamu, et se sont établis à partir de la fin de ce siècle aux Comores. Les makabaila d’Anjouan ont fait de l’île une interface commerciale et maritime internationale grâce à une série de facteurs : la qualité des mouillages a favorisé l’enrichissement des villes portuaires et la transmission d’une culture lettrée maintenant l’idéologie élitaire. Malgré les domaines fonciers qu’ils contrôlaient, ils ont fait preuve d’un ethos déterritorialisé, de réseau, à la différence des autres populations comoriennes ritualisant leur lien au territoire. Leur adaptation à la colonisation française à la fin du xixe siècle éclaire les processus plus anciens. Grâce à l’éducation qu’ils avaient monopolisée, les makabaila ont conservé un statut dominant quand Anjouan est devenue un des grands sites mondiaux de production de plantes à parfum et, à l’indépendance, ils ont repris le contrôle de cette exportation, qui reste l’enjeu des dominations locales.
Resolvin D1 Polarizes Primary Human Macrophages toward a Proresolution Phenotype through GPR32
Authors: Schmid Mattia , Gemperle Claudio , Rimann Nicole , Hersberger Martin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1) was shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory and proresolution lipid mediator in several animal models of inflammation, but its mechanism of action in humans is not clear. We show that the RvD1 receptor GPR32 is present on resting, proinflammatory M(LPS) and alternatively activated primary human M(IL-4) macrophages, whereas TGF-β and IL-6 reduce its membrane expression. Accordingly, stimulation of resting primary human macrophages with 10 nM RvD1 for 48 h maximally reduced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8; abolished chemotaxis to several chemoattractants like chemerin, fMLF, and MCP-1; and doubled the phagocytic activity of these macrophages toward microbial particles. In contrast, these functional changes were not accompanied by surface expression of markers specific for alternatively activated M(IL-4) macrophages. Similar proresolution effects of RvD1 were observed when proinflammatory M(LPS) macrophages were treated with RvD1. In addition, we show that these RvD1-mediated effects are GPR32 dependent because reduction of GPR32 expression by small interfering RNA, TGF-β, and IL-6 treatment ablated these proresolution effects in primary human macrophages. Taken together, our results indicate that in humans RvD1 triggers GPR32 to polarize and repolarize macrophages toward a proresolution phenotype, supporting the role of this mediator in the resolution of inflammation in humans.
Effect of Infant Formula Containing a Low Dose of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 on Immune and Gut Functions in C-Section Delivered Babies: A Pilot Study
Authors: Baglatzi L. , Gavrili S. , Stamouli K. , Zachaki S. , Favre L. , Pecquet S. , Benyacoub J. , Costalos C. 
Published: March 2016

Background In the absence of breast-feeding and its immunomodulatory factors, supplementation of starter infant formula (IF) with probiotics is currently used to support immune functions and gut development. Aim To assess whether immune-related beneficial effects of regular dose (10 7 CFU/g of powder) of the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 (hereafter named B. lactis) in starter IF supplementation can be maintained with starter IF containing a low dose (10 4 CFU/g of powder) of B. lactis. Method This trial was designed as a pilot, prospective, double-blind, randomized, single-center clinical trial of two parallel groups ( n = 77 infants/group) of C-section delivered infants receiving a starter IF containing either low dose or regular dose of the probiotic B. lactis from birth to six months of age. In addition, a reference group of infants breast-fed for a minimum of four months ( n = 44 infants), also born by C-section, were included. All groups were then provided follow-up formula without B. lactis up to 12 months of age. Occurrence of diarrhea, immune and gut maturation, responses to vaccinations, and growth were assessed from birth to 12 months. The effect of low-dose B. lactis formula was compared to regular-dose B. lactis formula, considered as reference for IF with probiotics, and both were further compared to breast-feeding as a physiological reference. Results Data showed that feeding low-dose B. lactis IF provides similar effects as feeding regular-dose B. lactis IF or breast milk. No consistent statistical differences regarding early life protection against gastrointestinal infections, immune and gut maturation, microbiota establishment, and growth were observed between randomized formula-fed groups as well as with the breast-fed reference group. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that supplementing C-section born neonates with low-dose B. lactis-containing starter formula may impact immune as well as gut maturation similarly to regular-dose B. lactis, close to the breast-feeding reference.
Self-Management Interventions to Prevent the Secondary Condition of Pain in People with Disability Due to Mobility Limitations
Authors: Froehlich-Grobe Katherine , Driver Simon J. , Sanches Katherine D. 
Published: March 2016

Introduction This focused review examines the use and effectiveness of self-management strategies in preventing or managing pain, which is among the most common secondary conditions faced by individuals with a mobility disability. Methods This focused review was part of a two-phase comprehensive scoping review. Phase I was a comprehensive scoping review of the literature targeting multiple outcomes of self-management interventions for those with mobility impairment, and Phase II was a focused review of the literature on self-management interventions that target pain as a primary or secondary outcome. Two authors searched CINAHL, PubMed, and PsyclNFO for papers published from January 1988 through August 2014 using specified search terms. Following the scoping review, the authors independently screened and selected the studies and reviewed the eligible studies, and the first author extracted data from the included studies. Results The scoping review yielded 40 studies that addressed pain self-management interventions for those living with mobility impairment. These 40 accumulated papers revealed a heterogeneous evidence base in terms of setting (clinic, community, and online), target populations, intervention duration (3 weeks to 24 months), and mode (health-care providers and lay leaders). Most of the reviewed studies reported that the self-management intervention led to significant reduction of pain over time, suggesting that self-management may be a promising approach for addressing pain experienced by people who live with mobility limitations. Discussion This review also reveals moderate-to-high bias across studies, and findings indicate that future research should enhance the methodological quality to provide stronger evidence about the effectiveness of self-management strategies for reducing pain among those with mobility impairments.
Stability of Soft Quasicrystals in a Coupled-Mode Swift-Hohenberg Model for Three-Component Systems
Authors: Jiang Kai , Tong Jiajun , Zhang Pingwen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the stability of soft quasicrystalline phases in a coupled-mode Swift-Hohenberg model for three-component systems, where the characteristic length scales are governed by the positive-definite gradient terms. Classic two-mode approximation method and direct numerical minimization are applied to the model. In the latter approach, we apply the projection method to deal with the potentially quasiperiodic ground states. A variable cell method of optimizing the shape and size of higher-dimensional periodic cell is developed to minimize the free energy with respect to the order parameters. Based on the developed numerical methods, we rediscover decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystalline phases, and find diverse periodic phases and complex modulated phases. Furthermore, phase diagrams are obtained in various phase spaces by comparing the free energies of different candidate structures. It does show not only the important roles of system parameters, but also the effect of optimizing computational domain. In particular, the optimization of computational cell allows us to capture the ground states and phase behavior with higher fidelity. We also make some discussions on our results and show the potential of applying our numerical methods to a larger class of mean-field free energy functionals.
Assessing Economic Damages in Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Litigation: The State of Washington
Authors: Taylor Laura , Brandt William G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In contribution to the series on economic damages in personal injury and wrongful death cases by state, this article presents the legal framework for calculating economic damages in personal injury and wrongful death actions in the State of Washington. Topics covered include the Washington State court system, expert testimony and discovery, survival and wrongful death statutes, dependency, life expectancy, earning capacity, household services, taxes, consumption and present value. Also briefly discussed are investment income, lost inheritance, post-injury death, mitigation, collateral sources, and punitive damages.
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS
Authors: Kubínová Lucie 
Published: March 2016

Dear colleagues, Let me wish you and our Image Analysis & Stereology Journal all the best in 2016. It is great honour for me to be in charge of the International Society for Stereology (ISS). I would like to thank Eric Pirard for all his tremendous work and effort he has put into ISS activities in past years, together with all members of the ISS Board. I am glad Eric is willing to help me with ISS as „Immediate Past President“. I also rely on close collaboration with Ida Eržen and Marko Kreft, the Editors-in-Chief of Image Analysis & Stereology (IAS), IAS Editorial Board and future ISS Board. I appreciate long-term cooperation between the Image Analysis & Stereology Journal and the International Society for Stereology and I am looking forward to broaden our relationships in the future. As a President of ISS I plan to evoke new activities which would help to make ISS vivid and useful to scientific community. We are planning new courses on stereology, image analysis and related topics run in cooperation with ISS with reduced fee for ISS members, competion for the best PhD thesis using stereology and/or image analysis, ISS history mapping, etc. I welcome your further suggestions and comments. I would like to cordially invite you to become members of the International Society for Stereology (http://stereologysociety.org/membership.html) and to take part in new activities organized by ISS, such as:Special Session „3D Image Analysis and Stereology in Fluorescence Microscopy“ at ISBI 2016 (in Prague, see http://biomedicalimaging.org/2016/?page_id=768).Round table discussion on „Stereology and 3D image analysis in microscopy“ to be held at the 16th European Microscopy Congress in Lyon (EMC 2016, see http://www.emc2016.fr/en/scientific-programme/special/stereology).It is my intention to involve young people and fresh ideas in the activities of ISS and in further improvement of IAS. Please contact me at lucie.kubinova@fgu.cas.cz Looking forward to our collaboration, Lucie KubínováPresident of IASDepartment of BiomathematicsInstitute of PhysiologyCzech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
Amines, Lower Aliphatic
Authors: Roose Peter , Turcotte Michael G. 
Published: March 2016

Lower aliphatic amines are derivatives of ammonia with one, two, or all three of the hydrogen atoms replaced by alkyl groups of five carbons or less. Amines are toxic, colorless gases or liquids, highly flammable or combustible, and have strong odors. Lower molecular weight amines are water‐soluble and are sold as aqueous solutions and in pure form. Amines react with water and acids to form alkyl ammonium compounds analogous to ammonia. The lower aliphatic amines are widely used as intermediates in the manufacture of medicinal, agricultural, textile, rubber, and plastic chemicals.
Lower aliphatic amines can be prepared by a variety of methods using different types of raw materials. By far the largest commercial applications involve the reaction of alcohol with ammonia to form the corresponding amines. Because of the hazards and toxicity of alkylamines, protective clothing, and a suitable respirator should be used when handling alkylamines, and proper labeling of shipments is required.
A unified approach to inner magnetospheric state prediction
Authors: Bortnik J. , Li W. , Thorne R. M. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis brief technique paper presents a method of reconstructing the global, time‐varying distribution of some physical quantity Q that has been sparsely sampled at various locations within the magnetosphere and at different times. The quantity Q can be essentially any measurement taken on the satellite including a variety of waves (chorus, hiss, magnetosonic, and ion cyclotron), electrons of various energies ranging from cold to relativistic, and ions of various species and energies. As an illustrative example, we chose Q to be the electron number density (inferred from spacecraft potential) measured by three Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes between 2008 and 2014 and use the SYM‐H index, taken at a 5 min cadence for the 5 h preceding each observed data point as the main regressor, although the predictor can also be any suitable geomagnetic index or solar wind parameter. Results show that the equatorial electron number density can be accurately reconstructed throughout the whole of the inner magnetosphere as a function of space and time, even capturing the dynamics of elementary plasmaspheric plume formation and corotation, suggesting that the dynamics of various other physical quantities could be similarly captured. For our main model, we use a simple, fully connected feedforward neural network with two hidden layers having sigmoidal activation functions and an output layer with a linear activation function to perform the reconstruction. The training is performed using the Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm and gives typical RMS errors of ~1.7 and regression of >0.93, which is considered excellent. We also present a discussion on the different applications and future extensions of the present model, for modeling various physical quantities.
Polar cap plasma patch primary linear instability growth rates compared
Authors: Burston Robert , Mitchell Cathryn , Astin Ivan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFour primary plasma instability processes have been proposed in the literature to explain the generation of phase scintillation associated with polar cap plasma patches. These are the gradient drift, current convective, and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities and a small‐scale “turbulence” process. In this paper the range of possible values of the linear growth rates for each of these processes is explored using Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite observations. It is found that the inertial turbulence instability is the dominant process, followed by inertial gradient drift, collisional turbulence, and collisional shortwave current convective instabilities. The other processes, such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz, collisional gradient drift, and inertial shortwave current convective instabilities, very rarely (<1% of the time) give rise to a growth rate exceeding 1/60, that is deemed to be significant (in publications) to give rise to GPS scintillation.
Network of observations on the atmospheric electrical parameters during geomagnetic storm on 5 April 2010
Authors: Victor N. Jeni , Manu S. , Frank‐Kamenetsky A. V. , Panneerselvam C. , Anil Kumar C. P. , Elango P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe effects of a geomagnetic storm on the variation of the atmospheric electric field over Maitri (70°45′S, 11°44′E), Dome C (75°06′S, 123°20′E), and Vostok (78°27′S, 106°52′E) Antarctic research stations are presented in this paper. For the first time, the paper reports the simultaneous observations of the atmospheric electric field/potential gradient (PG) over the three high‐latitude stations at the Southern Hemisphere, and its associated changes due to a substorm phenomenon. PG data obtained from these three stations under fair‐weather conditions on 5 April 2010 are analyzed. The duration of geomagnetic disturbance is classified into three intervals, which contains three consecutive substorms based on the magnetic records of the Maitri station. The substorm is directly related to an enhancement of the magnetospheric convective electric field at high latitude, generally controlled by the solar wind parameters. It is found that the variation in the amplitude of PG depends on the magnetic latitude during substorm onset. During the substorm expansion phase, when the convection cell is at overhead, PG is significantly enhanced due to the downward mapping of the ionospheric horizontal electric field. The present observation demonstrated the changes on PG due to the spatial extension of the convection cell from high latitudes up to middle latitudes.
Charge states of energetic oxygen and sulfur ions in Jupiter's magnetosphere
Authors: Clark G. , Mauk B. H. , Paranicas C. , Kollmann P. , Smith H. T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPitch angle distributions of proton and energetic heavy ion fluxes near Europa's orbit have been measured by the Galileo Energetic Particles Detector (EPD). At similar energies, these distributions have important differences. If their source and transport processes are similar, as we hypothesize here, then it is difficult to reconcile their different pitch angle distributions. By looking at the same question, other researchers have proposed that the heavies are multiply charged, leading to differences in how the particles are lost. This could not be confirmed directly with EPD because that detector does not separate heavy ion measurements by charge state. However, indirect analyses of the data have extracted the charge state of a few sulfur events. We present here a complete list of ion injections observed with EPD over the whole mission. Energetic sulfur and oxygen charge states can be inferred through a dispersion analysis of dynamic injections that makes use of the charge‐dependent nature of the gradient‐curvature azimuthal drift. We find that sulfur is predominantly multiply charged, whereas oxygen is more evenly distributed between singly and doubly charged states. In addition to current theories on energetic heavy ion transport near the Europa region, we propose that charge gain for the oxygen ions (electron stripping) may play an important role in the character of energetic particles in that region.