bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity Obtained From Multimillennial Runs of Two GFDL Climate Models
Authors: Paynter D. , Frölicher T. L. , Horowitz L. W. , Silvers L. G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEquilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), defined as the long‐term change in global mean surface air temperature in response to doubling atmospheric CO2, is usually computed from short atmospheric simulations over a mixed layer ocean, or inferred using a linear regression over a short‐time period of adjustment. We report the actual ECS from multimillenial simulations of two Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) general circulation models (GCMs), ESM2M, and CM3 of 3.3 K and 4.8 K, respectively. Both values are ~1 K higher than estimates for the same models reported in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change obtained by regressing the Earth's energy imbalance against temperature. This underestimate is mainly due to changes in the climate feedback parameter (−α) within the first century after atmospheric CO2 has stabilized. For both GCMs it is possible to estimate ECS with linear regression to within 0.3 K by increasing CO2 at 1% per year to doubling and using years 51–350 after CO2 is constant. We show that changes in −α differ between the two GCMs and are strongly tied to the changes in both vertical velocity at 500 hPa (ω500) and estimated inversion strength that the GCMs experience during the progression toward the equilibrium. This suggests that while cloud physics parametrizations are important for determining the strength of −α, the substantially different atmospheric state resulting from a changed sea surface temperature pattern may be of equal importance.
Methyltert‐butyl ether – Determination of methyltert‐butyl ether in blood and urine using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry [Biomonitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Hoppe H.‐W. , Zarniko M. , Müller J. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the present biomonitoring method.The described analytical method allows the specific and sensitive determination of methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) in blood and urine of persons occupationally exposed to this substance. The volatile MTBE is determined using static headspace GC‐MS. Before analysing an aliquot of the headspace, the urine and blood samples are diluted 1:10 with water, spiked with internal standard and incubated for 45 min at 60 °C. The isotope‐labelled d3‐MTBE serves as internal standard. Aqueous standard solutions are used for calibration.The method was extensively validated and the reliability data were confirmed by an independent laboratory, which has established and cross‐checked the whole procedure.
Formamid, Dimethylformamid – Bestimmung von Formamid in Urin mittels Gaschromatographie‐Massenspektrometrie [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2018]
Authors: Scherer G. , Gilch G. , Aust B. , Blaszkewicz M. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.The method described herein allows the determination of formamide in urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Due to its sensitivity, this method is suitable for the detection of occupational and environmental exposure to formamide. For the analytical determination 1 mL of urine is lyophilized after being spiked with13C,15N‐formamide as the internal standard. The lyophilisate is extracted with 200 µL methanol. After centrifugation, 1 µL of the extract is injected into a GC‐MS system. The method was extensively validated and the reliability data were confirmed by an independent laboratory, which has established and cross‐checked the whole procedure.
Ethylbenzol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of ethylbenzene [
100‐41‐4
].

Critical effect is the liver toxicity, which is observed as centrilobular hypertrophy and liver weight increase resulting from the induction of enzymes and proliferation of hepatocytes, in long‐term studies with rats and mice. In an oral 13‐week study a NOAEL of 75 mg/kg bodyweight and day for rats and a NOAEC of 75 ml/m
3
for liver cell proliferation in mice were established. Based on this data a MAK value of 20 ml/m
3
had been set. This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace for the cell proliferation study (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c). Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is retained and since it is not clear whether the effects are due to the metabolites or ethylbenzene the default factor of 2 is confirmed.

The NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is 500 ml/m³ and after considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace the difference to the MAK value is sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and ethylbenzene remains in Pregnancy Risk Group C.
2‐Butenal (Crotonaldehyd) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the germ cell mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of crotonaldehyde [
4170‐30‐3
,
123‐73‐9
].

Crotonaldehyde is a highly reactive mutagenic and cytotoxic compound without metabolic activation.
An oral carcinogenicity study in male rats, with the liver as the only organ examined, provides at most only an indication of a carcinogenic potential. Crotonaldehyde remains assigned to Carcinogen Category 3 B because of the still limited database.
Despite some methodical deficiencies, new in vivo studies with positive results for bone marrow and spermatocyte chromosomal aberrations as well as dominant lethal mutations in mice lead to a reclassification in Category 3 A for Germ Cell Mutagens.
Petroleumsulfonate, Calciumsalze (technisches Gemisch in Mineralöl) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of petroleum sulfonates, calcium salts [
61789‐86‐4
].

Petroleum sulfonates, calcium salts are manufactured as solution in mineral oil. Critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as macrophage accumulation and hyperplasia of the bronchioli in a 4‐week inhalation study with petroleum sulfonates, calcium salts in rats at a respirable aerosol concentration of 156 mg/m
3
with a NOAEC of 49.5 mg/m
3
. These effects are similar to those with highly refined mineral oils observed in rats and dogs. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
had been set for petroleum sulfonates, calcium salts as the respirable fraction (R), which corresponds to the MAK value of white mineral oil. This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c).

There is still no data on developmental toxicity with petroleum sulfonates, calcium salts. The classification in Pregnancy Risk Group D is therefore retained.
Polyalphaolefine [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of polyalphaolefins [e. g.
68649‐11‐6
].

Polyalphaolefins are synthetic mineral oils. For refined mineral oils, the critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as microgranulomas in two long‐term studies with rats and dogs at a respirable aerosol concentration of 100 mg/m
3
with a NOAEC of 5 mg/m
3
. With these studies, a MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
had been set as the respirable fraction (R) for polyalphaolefins. This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c).

Polyalphaolefins had been classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C because of studies with oral and dermal application in rats. Additionally, now an inhalation study with white mineral oil and a NOAEC for developmental toxicity of 1000 mg/m
3
in rats is used to confirm the assignment of polyalphaolefins to Pregnancy Risk Group C even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.
Weißöl, pharmazeutisch [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of pharmaceutical white mineral oil [
8042‐47‐5
].

Critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as microgranulomas in two long‐term studies with rats and dogs at a respirable aerosol concentration of 100 mg/m
3
with a NOAEC of 5 mg/m
3
. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
had been set as the respirable fraction (R). This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c).

Pharmaceutical white mineral oil had been classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C because the NOAEC for developmental toxicity is 1000 mg/m
3
in rats. There is no new data on developmental toxicity. This classification is retained even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.
Decahydronaphthalin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for decahydronaphthalene [
91‐17‐8
].

Critical effect is kidney toxicity which is observed as increased activity of urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a 14‐week inhalation study with rats beginning at the lowest concentration of 25 ml/m
3
with a lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose (BMDL) of 12 ml/m
3
. A MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
has been set. This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c).

As there is no new data, Peak Limitation Category II with excursion factor of 2 is retained and decahydronaphthalene remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.
iso‐Propylbenzol (Cumol; 2‐Phenylpropan) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for isopropyl benzene [
98‐82‐8
].

Critical effects after repeated inhalation exposure to isopropyl benzene are the induction of tumours in the lung of mice and in the nose of rats as well as effects on the liver in these species. The classification of isopropyl benzene in Category 3 B for carcinogenic substances is retained. Based on the increased liver weight in a 14‐week inhalation study with rats, a MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
has been set. This value is now reaffirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT values, chapters I b and I c). As there was a change in the Commissions evaluation on the adversity of increased liver weight, the new evaluation is based on the lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose (BMDL) of 42 ml/m
3
for nasal adenoma in male rats in a two‐year inhalation study.

As there is no new data, Peak Limitation Category II with excursion factor of 4 is retained and isopropyl benzene remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C. Isopropyl benzene also remains designated with an “H” (for substances that can be absorbed through the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts).
Structural Design in Ice
Authors: Nyseth Håvard 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the practical implications of main structural design parameters of ice strengthened ships and shows how an intelligent selection of different design parameters may have a significant weight‐saving potential for design optimization. Optimal balancing of the additional structural strengthening of ships is of major importance in order to maximize structural resistance to ice with a minimal impact on construction cost, cargo capacity, fuel consumption, and so on. The different parameters determining the shell plating and frame requirements, including stiffening arrangement, frame spacing, frame span, are quantified, providing a direct overview of the relative importance of each parameter in terms of steel weight for Baltic ice classes and polar classes.
Icebreakers
Authors: Andryushin Alexander V. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The economic development of the industrial countries deals with seaborne transportation in the freezing seas and other water areas. Development of carbon deposits along the Arctic shelf is of great importance nowadays. Icebreaking fleet is an inseparable part of transportation scheme in these areas. An important role is played by icebreakers—special vessels intended to escort transport ships, break ice, and realize other icebreaking operations. Mission of the icebreakers as well as operating conditions determine typical requirements to their design and operational characteristics such as special hull lines to reduce ice resistance, high power of propulsion plant, and strengthened hull and propulsion complex. The history of the icebreakers has been tremendously developing during the past 200 years. This article presents the chronology of the main stages of this process. Main design solutions, hull shape, type, and arrangement of the propulsion plant are considered here. This article presents a lot of unique photographs as well as drawings of the famous icebreakers, which determined the main directions of the development of this type of ships. This article also presents the composite tables containing technical and operational characteristics of all main icebreakers that can be used in the design works. Trends of the modern development of icebreaking construction during the twenty‐first century are considered.
Propeller Blade Strength
Authors: Carlton John 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe traditional method of evaluating the stress in a propeller blade against a criterion of stress has been the cantilever beam method. This approach in its various ways has until relatively recently formed the cornerstone of commercial propeller stressing practice. However, this relatively simple approach has, in many instances, been superseded by finite element methods that lend themselves to a more detailed stress analysis for the complex blade forms of many modern propellers. This article explores these approaches in relation to propeller materials as well as considering the implications of transient operation on the integrity of propeller blades.
Hydrodynamic Analysis of Marine Propulsors
Authors: Kinnas Spyros A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this article, several basic concepts for the hydrodynamic analysis and performance prediction of marine propulsors are presented. These (potential flow) methods range from very simple (actuator disk or lifting line method) to more elaborate ones (vortex‐lattice methods (VLM) or boundary element methods (BEM)). Comparisons are provided of results obtained with different methods. It is shown that in particular the VLM and BEM methods can predict the performance of several types of propulsors in wetted and cavitating condition, over a range of operating conditions. Application of RANS methods is discussed. These, or even more sophisticated methods, like LES or DES, are typically needed for cases where the presented potential flow methods are not valid.
Fabrication Welding Processes
Authors: Jukes Paul 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The fabrication of marine and offshore structures requires the welding together of individual components such as steel plates or pipe joints. The permanent process of welding has allowed the construction of modern ships, offshore structures, and pipelines to be made possible. This article looks at the different welding processes that are commonly used in the industry today. There are many types of welding processes, but the main ones used for marine construction are shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), flux‐cored arc welding (FCAW), and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The advantages and disadvantages of each of these are discussed. Additionally, important welding/welder qualification processes such as welding procedure specification (WPS), procedure qualification record (PQR), welder performance qualification record (WPQR), pipe welding positions, terminology for the position of the weld, and weld quality are also described. It is important to use the correct welding type for the application.
Risk Analysis
Authors: Hassanin Ahmed , Jukes Paul 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Studying the underlying uncertainty associated with a decision is the basis of risk analysis. On the basis of qualitative and/or qualitative studies, a risk can be identified early in the project in attempts of avoiding it in the future, minimizing the effect in case it occurs, or safeguarding against the consequences. There are several methods of risk analysis that have been developed over the years, which have shaped the regulatory actions that are undertaken in the offshore oil and gas industry. Many of the studies that are developed are based on inducing or deducing the occurrence of an event based on actions. The risk associated with an event can then be quantified or qualified to improve decision‐making and overall safety.
Break Bulk and Bulk Terminals
Authors: Schott Dingena L. , van den Hoed Mariëlle 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the equipment and technology used for transport and handling of break bulk or general cargo on break bulk terminals. The product groups in break bulk are categorized into five groups: bags, bananas, steel and timber, project cargo, and roll‐on roll‐off. Each of the categories has its own specialized equipment for efficient and safe cargo handling, which means break bulk terminals are specialized in handling of a single product group. An outlook over the future of break bulk reveals expected growth in steel and timber due to increasing infrastructural projects. In addition to heavy lift project cargo, an increase is foreseen driven by oil and gas developments together with clean energy projects. An increase in containerization worldwide will ultimately lead to a reduced share of bags and bananas transported as break bulk. Perhaps, the most prosperous of all break bulk shipping is the roll‐on roll‐off product group and more specifically wheeled cargo.
Lubricant Types and Performance in Marine Propulsion Systems
Authors: Cumberlidge Phil 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article deals with the lubricant types suitable for ship propulsion systems. It looks at the varied requirements and performance of lubricants for different pieces of propulsion machinery and discusses the attributes and weaknesses of the various lubricants available today and how one can select the best lubricant for a particular application. Only oils are included in this article; marine engine lubricants and greases, while mentioned, are not discussed, because they are wholly separate lubricant stories.
The bases of lubricants are dug out of the ground, grown on the ground, or designed and developed in laboratories. There are three primary sources of lubricants: (i) mineral‐based, from crude oil; (ii) vegetable oils; and (iii) man‐made “synthetic” lubricants.
Each does a reasonable job, but with more and more requirement for better equipment performance, more equipment utilization time, less maintenance, less environmental damage, and, lower cost, the requirements on lubricants today are more demanding.
What are the specific requirements of lubricants for machinery like gearboxes, stern tubes, and controllable pitch propeller systems, and how can one evaluate the various lubricant options currently available and select the most appropriate one?
Blowout Risk in Drilling and Production
Authors: Khan Faisal , Abimbola Majeed , Hashemi Seyed Javad 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe risk of blowout is one of the major threats for the safe operation of offshore drilling and production. Although conventional risk assessment methods have played an important role in identifying major risks and maintaining safety in offshore facilities, they have several disadvantages due to their structural limitations. The complex dynamic mechanism of blowouts, well‐specific risk factors due to specific reservoir and underground conditions, environmental and operational uncertainties, complexity of the decisions needed to respond to well control incidents, and time‐dependent degradation of blowout barriers require the development and implementation of advanced risk assessment and management techniques to incorporate these risk factors. This article describes the blowout scenarios and important risk factors that should be taken into account for blowout risk assessment. Then, a comparative study of existing blowout risk assessment techniques is provided. The main technological challenges and the requirements to implement an effective dynamic risk management of drilling and production facilities are discussed. The integration of the dynamic risk assessment of blowout with management systems is also discussed, which helps to enable safer complex offshore operations in extreme environments.
Jack‐Up Foundations
Authors: Menzies David , Young Alan G , Templeton John S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMobile jack‐up rigs with independent legs have played a significant role in offshore oil and gas exploration on the continental shelf areas around the world. Operation of mobile jack‐up rigs involves significantly different risks than most engineering structure by the nature of their design. Their initial design concept requires a standard operating practice of preloading the foundation spud cans. This increase in foundation capacity provides a proof‐test under controlled conditions in advance of storm loading. Certain geotechnical site conditions and potential geohazards pose risks to the safe operation of mobile jack‐up rigs. The article describes how these risks may be avoided if site conditions are investigated by acquiring site‐specific geophysical and geotechnical data in advance of the rig arriving at the site. In addition, the article presents analytical methods that have evolved to accurately assess the potential for these risks.
Design of Jack‐Ups
Authors: Kudsk Gregers 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article describes the historical development of the design of Jack‐Ups since their origin in 1955. It furthermore covers the design aspects specific to Jack‐Ups including the structural designs, the jacking systems, legs and leg footings (spudcans) as well as the various operating elements associated with its primary function as a drilling unit or its use in other offshore operations.