bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence rate and patient characteristics of severe hypoglycemia in treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Japan: Retrospective Diagnosis Procedure Combination database analysis
Authors: Ikeda Yuika , Kubo Takekazu , Oda Eisei , Abe Machiko , Tokita Shigeru 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo evaluate the incidence rate of and identify factors associated with severe hypoglycemic episodes in patients with treated type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsUsing Diagnosis Procedure Combination hospital‐based medical database, we carried out a retrospective cohort study to assess the incidence rate of severe hypoglycemia in treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. We evaluated the associations between severe hypoglycemia and age, sex, complications, and current use of insulin or sulfonylurea (SU) in a nested case–control study.ResultsOf 166,806 eligible patients, 1,242 had episodes of severe hypoglycemia during the observational period. The incidence rate of the first hypoglycemic events was 3.70/1,000 patient years. Based on the nested case–control analysis, age was associated with hypoglycemic events with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.64 or 65–74‐year‐old patients and 3.79 for ≥75‐year‐old patients in comparison with 20–64‐year‐old patients. Comorbidities, such as cognitive impairment, cancer, macrovascular disease and diabetic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy), were associated with severe hypoglycemia, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.25 to 3.80. Severe hypoglycemic events also increased in patients with current use of both SU and insulin, either SU or insulin, with adjusted ORs of 18.36, 6.31 or 14.07, respectively, compared with patients with other antihyperglycemic agents. In patients with an SU glimepiride, adjusted ORs increased dose‐dependently from 3.65 (≤1 mg) to 13.34 (>2 mg).ConclusionsThe incidence rate of severe hypoglycemia in this cohort was 3.70/1,000 patient years. Age, cognitive impairment, cancer, diabetic complications, current use of insulin + SU and SU dosage were identified as risk factors for severe hypoglycemia.
A clinical study comparing digital radiography and near‐infrared transillumination in caries detection
Authors: Berg Stephen C. , Stahl Jonathan Miles , Lien Wen , Slack Casey M. , Vandewalle Kraig S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of detecting proximal carious lesions utilizing a new near‐infrared transillumination (NIRTI) system (CariVu, Dexis) to traditional digital bitewing radiography (BWXR).Materials and methodsThirty patients received four posterior BWXRs and all premolars and molars were individually imaged with the NIRTI device. Sixty‐seven proximal carious lesions were classified based on their depth into enamel or dentin for both BWXR and NIRTI images.ResultsThe caries depth classification between the two systems were strongly correlated (rs = 0.66; Spearman range: 0.60–0.79 = strong) and significant (P < .001) with a median score of 3 for NIRTI and 2 for BWXR.ConclusionsThe new NIRTI system (CariVu) may serve as an adjunct to BWXR in the diagnosis of proximal caries.Clinical significanceThe NIRTI system could serve as an adjunct diagnostic system that could be used in high‐caries risk programs where patients are closely monitored with regimented follow‐up appointments. NIRTI could also be beneficial with pregnant or pediatric patients, and in situations where radiography may not be available such as remote humanitarian missions.
Layperson's perception of axial midline angulation in asymmetric faces
Authors: Silva Bruno Pereira , Jiménez‐Castellanos Emilio , Stanley Kyle , Mahn Eduardo , Coachman Christian , Finkel Sivan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveAsymmetric facial features such as a deviated nose and chin are common and known to affect smile esthetics. When presented with these asymmetries, the clinician must consider the impact they will have on the smile design parameters—especially the placement and angulation of the dental midline, which is a common starting point for a case involving smile design. The purpose of this article is to determine if the nose and chin deviations affect the perception of dental midline angulation.Materials and MethodsAn asymmetric facial model (AFM) was created from a digital symmetric facial model, used in a previous study by digitally deviating the nose and chin to the same side. Eight different pictures of this AFM were created, each with different degrees of maxillary midline angulation (both in and against the direction of the deviated nose and chin). Using a visual Likert scaled delivered via Websurvey in the private practice setting, one hundred and ninety‐six randomly selected laypersons were asked to evaluate each image according to their own notions of beauty.ResultsA minor axial dental midline angulation of 3.5° can be perceived independently of the direction of the cant. All pictures where the midline was canted pointing in the opposite direction of nose and chin deviations presented lower rating mean values.ConclusionsOff‐center noses and chins can influence the perceived attractiveness of a smile with a canted dental midline. The degree and direction of a canted midline can influence the harmony between the smile and overall face, with canting in the same direction of the asymmetric features being rated as more attractive.Clinical SignificanceThe dental midline should be as vertically straight as possible. If a midline cant is present, however, it is more favorable to have a dental midline angulation which points in the same direction as nose and chin deviations, rather than in the opposite direction.
A Microsporidian Infection in Phoronids (Phylum Phoronida): Microsporidium phoronidi n. sp. from a Phoronis embryolabi
Authors: Temereva Elena N. , Sokolova Yuliya Y. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMicrosporidia‐like spores (2.0–3.0 × 1.3–1.5 μm) were discovered upon examination of histological sections taken from Phoronis embryolabi Temereva, Chichvarkhin 2017 found inhabiting burrows of shrimps Nihonotrypeae japonica (Decapoda, Callianassidae) from the Sea of Japan, Russia. Ultrastructural examination of spores revealed one nucleus and a uniform polar filament of 7–11 coils. Representatives of the phylum Phoronida have never been recorded as hosts of microsporidia. Parasites developed in vasoperitoneal tissue and caused formation of multinucleate syncytia. Basing on unique host and fine morphology, we assign the novel finding to Microsporidium phoronidi n. sp. and place provisionally in the collective genus Microsporidium.
Personality traits and maladaptivity: Unipolarity versus bipolarity
Authors: Williams Trevor F. , Simms Leonard J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveDimensional personality trait models have gained favor as an alternative to categorical personality disorder (PD) diagnosis; however, debate persists regarding whether these traits should be conceptualized as maladaptive at both extremes (i.e., maladaptively bipolar) or just one trait pole (i.e., unipolar).MethodTo inform the debate on maladaptive bipolarity, linear and nonlinear relations between personality traits and dysfunction were examined in a large psychiatric patient sample (N = 365). Participants self‐reported on normal‐range and pathological personality domains, life satisfaction, specific interpersonal problems, and broad psychosocial functioning. In addition, participants were interviewed regarding specific psychiatric symptoms and broad psychosocial functioning.ResultsAll traits related moderately to strongly with at least one dysfunction variable. All traits were predominantly correlated with dysfunction at one pole; however, several small linear relations provided some evidence for maladaptively high Extraversion and Agreeableness. None of the significant nonlinear effects provided clear evidence for maladaptivity at both ends of any trait.ConclusionsTaken together, these results suggest that broad personality traits are predominantly maladaptive at one extreme; however, in limited cases, the opposite extreme may also be maladaptive.
Does water fluoridation affect the prevalence of enamel fluorosis differently among racial and ethnic groups?
Authors: Arora Shivani , Kumar Jayanth V. , Moss Mark Eric 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesThere are reports showing higher prevalence of enamel fluorosis among African‐American children. This study was conducted to assess whether the effect of water fluoride level on enamel fluorosis is different among different race/ethnicity groups among US school children.MethodsData from the National Survey of Oral Health of US School Children 1986‐1987 were analyzed to determine the prevalence of enamel fluorosis among 7‐17 year‐old children. The association between race/ethnicity and enamel fluorosis was examined using logistic regression modeling after controlling for potential confounders age, gender, water fluoridation, other sources of fluoride, and region of residence.ResultsThe prevalence of very mild to severe enamel fluorosis was 20.8 (95% CI, 15.4, 26.3) and 25.7 (95% CI, 15.0, 36.5) percent among non‐Hispanic White and non‐Hispanic Black children, respectively. Neither the adjusted odds ratio of 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) for the non‐Hispanic Black group nor the interaction effect between non‐Hispanic Black and water fluoridation were statistically significant.ConclusionsEnamel fluorosis was not associated with race/ethnicity. Our analysis suggests that exposure to similar levels of fluoride in the water does not appear to place certain race/ethnic groups at a higher risk for developing enamel fluorosis, and lowering the optimal range of drinking water fluoride to a single value of 0.7 ppm will provide a level of protection against enamel fluorosis that will benefit all race/ethnicity groups.
25‐Hydroxy vitamin D3 serum concentration in dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis compared to matched controls
Authors: Laws E. J. , Kathrani A. , Harcourt‐Brown T. R. , Granger N. , Rose J. H. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesTo determine if dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis have lower serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 concentration compared to a control group of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.Materials and MethodsRetrospective case–control study of 21 dogs with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis and 21 control dogs with idiopathic epilepsy matched for year and season of presentation from a referral hospital population in the UK. Serum concentration of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 was compared between groups using Student's t‐test.ResultsDogs with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis had significantly lower (P=0·033) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 concentration (87·1 nmol/L ±55·4 nmol/L) compared to a control group with idiopathic epilepsy (113 nmol/L ±66·3 nmol/L).Clinical SignificanceThe cause and clinical significance of the altered vitamin D status in dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis are not clear and require further investigation. Our findings pave the way for improved understanding of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis and, potentially, improved clinical management, if a causal role for 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 is defined.
Sleep restriction and cognitive load affect performance on a simulated marksmanship task
Authors: Smith Carl D. , Cooper Adam D. , Merullo Donna J. , Cohen Bruce S. , Heaton Kristin J. , Claro Pedro J. , Smith Tracey 
Published: November 2017

SummarySleep restriction degrades cognitive and motor performance, which can adversely impact job performance and increase the risk of accidents. Military personnel are prone to operating under sleep restriction, and previous work suggests that military marksmanship may be negatively affected under such conditions. Results of these studies, however, are mixed and have often incorporated additional stressors (e.g. energy restriction) beyond sleep restriction. Moreover, few studies have investigated how the degree of difficulty of a marksmanship task impacts performance following sleep restriction. The purpose of the current experiment was to study the effects of sleep restriction on marksmanship while minimizing the potential influence of other forms of stress. A friend–foe discrimination challenge with greater or lesser degrees of complexity (high versus low load) was used as the primary marksmanship task. Active duty Soldiers were recruited, and allowed 2 h of sleep every 24 h over a 72‐h testing period. Marksmanship tasks, cognitive assessment metrics and the NASA‐Task Load Index were administered daily. Results indicated that reaction times to shoot foe targets and signal friendly targets slowed over time. In addition, the ability to correctly discriminate between friend and foe targets significantly decreased in the high‐cognitive‐load condition over time despite shot accuracy remaining stable. The NASA‐Task Load Index revealed that, although marksmanship performance degraded, participants believed their performance did not change over time. These results further characterize the consequences of sleep restriction on marksmanship performance and the perception of performance, and reinforce the importance of adequate sleep among service members when feasible.
24‐Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin‐T Using a “High‐Sensitivity” Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines
Authors: Shields E. , Seiden‐Long I. , Massie S. , Leguillette R. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundA “high‐sensitivity” cardiac troponin‐T (hscTnT) assay recently has been validated for use in horses and is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage. Postexercise release kinetics of cTnT utilizing the hscTnT assay have yet to be established in horses.ObjectivesTo determine: (1) cTnT release kinetics in racing Thoroughbreds after a high‐intensity 5/8th mile Chuckwagon race; (2) the effects of age on pre‐ and postrace cTnT concentrations; and (3) sampling guidelines for clinicians evaluating horses presenting after exercise.AnimalsSamples were obtained from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged 5–16 years before racing and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hour postrace.MethodsProspective, observational study with convenience sampling. A fifth‐generation hscTnT assay was used for plasma sample analysis, and concentrations were compared at all time‐points. Correlations were determined between cTnT concentrations and age. Biochemistry analysis was performed to assess rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and exercise‐induced dehydration.ResultsAll horses with measureable cTnT concentrations had significant postexercise increases in cTnT with a median peak (8.0 ng/L) at 3‐hour postrace. All horses had peak postexercise cTnT concentrations 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace ≤ the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L, after which all cTnT concentrations decreased until returning to baseline by 12–24 hours. There was no correlation over time between cTnT concentrations and age.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn racing Thoroughbreds completing short‐duration, high‐intensity Chuckwagon races, cTnT concentrations are expected to be increased 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace and to decrease by 12–24 hours while remaining ≤23.2 ng/L throughout. This study contributes to establishing guidelines for clinical use of the hscTnT assay in exercising horses.
In vitro Inhibition of Canine Complement‐Mediated Hemolysis
Authors: Hernandez D.M. , Goggs R. , Behling‐Kelly E. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundImmune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most common hematologic immune‐mediated disease in dogs. Complement fixation on erythrocytes causes hemolysis. Complement inhibition decreases hemolysis in people with the hemolytic disease and also may prove effective in treating IMHA in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesEvaluate the in vitro efficacy of 2 complement inhibitors used in humans against canine complement.MethodsThe inhibitory activity of the C3‐inhibitor compstatin and recombinant human C1‐esterase inhibitor (C1‐INH) was evaluated using an in vitro hemolytic assay and spectrophotometric measurement of released hemoglobin. Dose‐response curves for each inhibitor were generated.ResultsCompstatin decreased approximately 50% of canine complement‐mediated hemolysis in initial experiments. This inhibition largely was lost when a new lot of drug was purchased. C1‐INH showed a dose‐dependent inhibition. The highest concentration of C1‐INH tested (500 μg/mL) decreased >80% of canine complement‐mediated hemolysis, and the lowest concentration tested (31.25 μg/mL) decreased hemolysis >60%.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHuman C1‐INH is a robust inhibitor of canine complement‐mediated hemolysis, whereas compstatin was minimally and variably effective. Human C1‐INH may substantially decrease complement‐mediated hemolysis in dogs with IMHA and warrants further investigation.
Comparison of Single, Averaged, and Pooled Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratios in Proteinuric Dogs Undergoing Medical Treatment
Authors: Shropshire S. , Quimby J. , Cerda R. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundMonitoring urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) in dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) is challenging because of day‐to‐day variation in UPC results.Hypothesis/ObjectivesDetermine whether single, averaged, or pooled samples from PLN dogs receiving medical treatment yield comparable UPCs, regardless of degree of proteinuria.AnimalsTwenty‐five client‐owned PLN dogs receiving medical treatment.MethodsUPC ratios were prospectively measured in each dog utilizing 3 methods: single in‐hospital sample (day 3), average sample (days 1–3), and pooled sample (equal pooling of urine from days 1–3). Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to evaluate agreement between methods for all dogs, as well as in subgroups of dogs (UPC ≤4 or UPC >4).ResultsFor all dogs, Bland‐Altman log‐transformed 95% limits of agreement were −0.07–0.18 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.06–0.16 (single versus average UPC), and −0.06–0.04 (pooled versus average UPC). For dogs with UPC ≤4, Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were −0.42–0.82 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.38–0.76 (single versus average UPC), and −0.27–0.25 (pooled versus average UPC). For dogs with UPC >4, Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were −0.17–2.4 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.40–2.2 (single versus average UPC), and −0.85–0.43 (pooled versus average UPC).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUPC ratios from all methods were comparable in PLN dogs receiving medical treatment. In PLN dogs with UPC >4, more variability between methods exists likely because of higher in‐hospital results, but whether this finding is clinically relevant is unknown.
Investigation of Known Genetic Mutations of Arabian Horses in Egyptian Arabian Foals with Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: Aleman M. , Finno C.J. , Weich K. , Penedo M.C.T. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundThe carrier status of lavender foal syndrome (LFS), cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM1) in foals with juvenile idiopathic epilepsy (JIE) is unknown.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine the carrier status of LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1 in foals with JIE.AnimalsTen foals with JIE.Materials and MethodsArchived DNA samples were tested for known genetic mutations causing LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1. The inclusion criteria consisted of having been diagnosed with JIE by ruling out other causes of seizures in foals and supported by electroencephalographic examination.ResultsTen Egyptian Arabian horses (5 females and 5 males) were phenotyped as foals with JIE by electroencephalography (EEG). All foals were negative for the genetic mutations that cause LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1 except for 1 foal that was a carrier of CA.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceJuvenile idiopathic epilepsy of Egyptian Arabian foals and LFS appear to be phenotypically and genetically distinct disorders. There was no apparent association between JIE and LFS, CA, SCID, and OAAM1.
Impact of Bilingualism on Infants’ Ability to Learn From Talking and Nontalking Faces
Authors: Fort Mathilde , Ayneto‐Gimeno Alba , Escrichs Anira , Sebastian‐Galles Nuria 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTo probably overcome the challenge of learning two languages at the same time, infants raised in a bilingual environment pay more attention to the mouth of talking faces than same‐age monolinguals. Here we examined the consequences of such preference for monolingual and bilingual infants’ ability to perceive nonspeech information coming from the eyes or the mouth region of talking faces. Using a learning procedure, we recorded 15‐month‐olds’ and 18‐month‐olds’ gaze while watching, at each trial, a speaker producing a sentence systematically followed by a nonspeech movement (eyebrow raise vs. lip protrusion). Differences were obtained for infants in the eyebrow‐raise condition. While 15‐month‐old monolinguals and 18‐month‐old bilinguals learned to anticipate the eyebrow‐raise movement before its appearance, 15‐month‐old bilinguals did not (i.e., they continued to look at the mouth region). Thus, bilingualism appears to impact not only how infants explore talking faces but also how they learn from them.
Altered fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP4) expression and function in human and animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Thompson Kyle J. , Austin Rebecca Garland , Nazari Shayan S. , Gersin Keith S. , Iannitti David A. , McKillop Iain H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackground and AimsHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer‐related mortality. Risk factors for developing HCC include viral hepatitis, alcohol and obesity. Fatty acid‐binding proteins (FABPs) bind long‐chain free fatty acids (FFAs) and are expressed in a tissue‐specific pattern; FABP1 being the predominant hepatic form, and FABP4 the predominant adipocyte form. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression and function of FABPs1‐9 in human and animal models of obesity‐related HCC.MethodsFABP1‐9 expression was determined in a mouse model of obesity‐promoted HCC. Based on these data, expression and function of FABP4 was determined in human HCC cells (HepG2 and HuH7) in vitro. Serum from patients with different underlying hepatic pathologies was analysed for circulating FABP4 levels.ResultsLivers from obese mice, independent of tumour status, exhibited increased FABP4 mRNA and protein expression concomitant with elevated serum FABP4. In vitro, FABP4 expression was induced in human HCC cells by FFA treatment, and led to FABP4 release into culture medium. Treatment of HCC cells with exogenous FABP4 significantly increased proliferation and migration of human HCC cells. Patient serum analysis demonstrated significantly increased FABP4 in those with underlying liver disease, particularly non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and HCC.ConclusionsThese data suggest FABP4, an FABP not normally expressed in the liver, can be synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes and HCC cells, and that FABP4 may play a role in regulating tumour progression in the underlying setting of obesity.