bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biosafety and quality assurance in the mycology laboratory
Authors: Palmer Michael D. , Seaton Shila 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the roles of biosafety and quality assurance (with emphasis on the importance of external quality assessment) and demonstrates their importance in a clinical mycology laboratory setting. Their practice and combination are required to ensure the provision of precise and accurate analyses in a safety-focused environment to support optimal patient care.
Microscopy and culture of fungal disease
Authors: Shankland Gillian S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The clinical mycological laboratory strives to provide an accurate and rapid diagnosis of suspected fungal disease, or exclude its possibility. The most common and most traditional methods for demonstrating fungi in tissue and body fluids are microscopy and culture. The techniques discussed in this chapter are not exhaustive but have proved to be efficient for the visualization and recovery of fungi from clinical samples. In general, these methods do not require expensive or specialist equipment. The clinician’s presumptive diagnosis may help with the selection of the most appropriate specimen and aid the laboratory in the method of processing and selection of the primary culture media. However, all too often there is scant clinical information provided to the laboratory, and indeed a fungal infection may initially not have been suspected.
The imaging of fungal disease
Authors: Cleverley Joanne 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The imaging of fungal infection is diverse and often non-specific with multiple abnormalities commonly identified, frequently with more than one organ involved. By correlating the clinical information, which should include patient immune status, pre-existing chronic disease, and potential exposure to endemic fungi, and using this information with an awareness of the radiographic findings of fungal infection, a potential diagnosis can be ascertained. In this chapter, the imaging of fungal infection is discussed, concentrating on the various imaging modalities available, their role, and the major organs involved, highlighting any distinguishing radiographic findings, which may help in the search for a definitive diagnosis.
Guidelines for the diagnosis of fungal disease
Authors: Cuenca-Estrella Manuel 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the current recommendations about the diagnostic methods used to detect fungal diseases. The aim of this chapter is to appraise the different techniques and procedures for detecting and investigating fungal infections, including recommendations about conventional methods of microbiological diagnosis such as microscopic examination, culture, and identification of microorganisms, and alternative diagnostic procedures—also known as ‘non-culture procedures’—based on biomarker detection.
Principles of antifungal therapy
Authors: Lewis Russell E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Survival from many life-threatening invasive fungal diseases requires the timely administration of an effective systemic antifungal agent at the correct dose. Although some new antifungal agents have been introduced into clinical practice over the last two decades, each of these antifungals has limitations regarding spectrum, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, toxicity, and cost. Therefore, the selection and dosing of antifungal therapy need to be highly individualized. A growing body of evidence suggests that antifungal therapy is often underdosed, especially in critically ill patients with sepsis, hypoalbunaemia, and extracorporeal circuits. This underdosing may contribute to poor outcomes and increase the risk of antifungal resistance.This chapter discusses some of the drug-specific and host-specific variables clinicians must consider when selecting and dosing antifungal therapy in the treatment of invasive fungal diseases.
Antifungal agents
Authors: MacCallum Donna M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although invasive fungal infections lead to significant morbidity and mortality, there remain limited numbers of antifungal drugs available to treat these infections. This chapter describes and discusses the therapeutic antifungal agent classes currently available clinically to treat invasive fungal infections. These include the polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine). For each drug class, those currently used clinically are listed and their modes of action described. The effectiveness of drugs against different fungal species is explored and any drawbacks to the use of each drug are discussed. Drug formulations and indications for the use of each antifungal agent are also detailed.
Antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The availability of choice of systemically active antifungal agents and the proliferation in the number of fungal species implicated in invasive disease have meant that clinicians are increasingly looking for guidance from clinical laboratory results to help select the most appropriate agent. There are now well-established and predictable patterns of innate in vitro resistance to one or more antifungal agents associated with many yeast and mould species. This chapter provides definitions for the most frequently used terminology and outlines some of the issues surrounding antifungal susceptibility testing with yeast and mould isolates. Reference methods published by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are discussed. Both innate and emergent antifungal drug resistance are increasingly recognized as limiting factors in the selection of antifungal agents, and the epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance are described for each of the major classes of antifungal agent.
Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Ashbee H. Ruth 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), the process of measuring drug concentrations in patients at specified time intervals, aims to ensure that the drug concentrations remain within the efficacious and non-toxic range for that drug. This chapter reviews the rationale for the use of TDM in antifungal therapy, specifically for flucytosine and azoles, including fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. For each antifungal drug, the bioavailability and excretion of the drug are detailed, as well as specific factors affecting antifungal drug concentrations in patients. The chapter discusses the toxicities observed when antifungal drug concentrations exceed those which are safe in patients, and details the specific indications for the use of TDM.
Patient Stigma, Medical Interactions, and Health Care Disparities: A Selective Review
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Phelan Sean M. , Earnshaw Valerie , Albrecht Terrance L. , Dovidio John F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Healthcare disparities represent differences in the quality of healthcare received by different racial/ethnic or social groups that are the result of inequitable economic, political, social, and psychological processes. This chapter examines enacted stigma (negative feelings, thoughts, and actions) among health care providers and felt stigma among their patients (awareness of the biases and discrimination directed toward them because of their stigmatized condition), each of which can produce disparities in healthcare for stigmatized patients. These processes are considered for individuals from four stigmatized groups: racial minority group members, people who have above average weight or are considered obese, individuals living with HIV, and people with certain cancers. Stronger enacted stigma and felt stigma make communication in interactions with healthcare providers less productive, informative, and positive for members of all four groups. Ultimately, poorer quality communication can contribute to poorer outcomes from these interactions, and thus disparities in health status.
Power, Status, and Stigma: Their Implications for Health
Authors: Lucas Jeff , Ho Hsiang-Yuan , Kerns Kristin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter summarizes research on relationships between group processes and health outcomes. It focuses on the two major concepts in sociology’s group processes tradition—power and status—and proposes that stigma represents another important group process. In considering the concepts in isolation, research indicates that being low in power puts individuals at greater risk for negative health outcomes in a number of ways, that high status protects people from negative health outcomes, and that stigma leads to a number of well-established negative health consequences. The chapter presents a preliminary model in which power and status mutually influence each other, power differences are accompanied by stigmatization, and stigma causes status loss, with the connections between the concepts having various potential implications for health outcomes. The chapter proposes that the ability of experimental approaches to isolate the processes of power, status, and stigma provides fruitful opportunities for research on health.
Stigma and the “Social Epidemic” of HIV: Understanding Bidirectional Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience
Authors: Chaudoir Stephenie R. , Fisher Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
HIV/AIDS is one of the most devastating public health threats facing the modern world, and its eradication relies heavily on the performance of individual risk-reduction and treatment behaviors. In this chapter, a bidirectional lens is applied to consider how stigma systematically and synergistically constrains individual ability to perform behaviors critical to the effective prevention and treatment of HIV (e.g., sexual risk reduction and medication adherence), which ultimately compromises physical health. In addition to producing increased stigma, compromised physical health may further inhibit HIV risk-reduction and treatment behaviors. Interventions capable of mitigating these bidirectional effects are then discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of the conceptual model in illuminating the causes of persistent disparities in HIV incidence and treatment outcomes.
Biopsychosocial Mechanisms Linking Discrimination to Health: A Focus on Social Cognition
Authors: Brondolo Elizabeth , Blair Irene V. , Kaur Amandeep 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents a theoretical framework that highlights the role of social cognition in mediating the effects of discrimination on health. This framework suggests that through alterations in schemas and appraisal processes, long-term discrimination increases the experienced frequency, intensity, and duration of threat exposure and concomitant distress. At the same time, the ability to recover from threat exposure may be impaired by the effects of discrimination on cognitive control processes that are necessary for modulating stress responses. Together, these processes may influence the ability to initiate and sustain health-promoting behavior, avoid health-impairing behavior, attenuate stress reactivity, and facilitate stress recovery. Through effects on social cognition, persistent exposure to discrimination may potentiate sustained dysregulation of psychophysiological systems responsible for maintaining health.
Use of Mindful Observer to Extend Simulation Learning Experience
Authors: Collins Tina , Lambert Lynn , Helms Carolyn D. , Minichiello Virginia M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Simulation is a teaching strategy that allows students to experience patient care situations in a safe environment. After these experiences, students will understand and respond more readily when exposed in clinical practice. An increase in student enrollment meant incorporating larger numbers of students into simulations. Faculty at an associate degree nursing program decided to use the observer role. At the time, mindfulness was being integrated throughout the curriculum. Use of a mindful observer during simulations resulted in an effective learning strategy as reported by students.
Clinical Judgment During Simulation: A Comparison of Student and Faculty Scores
Authors: Strickland Haley P. , Cheshire Michelle H. , March Alice L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study utilized the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR) to investigate the relationship between the student’s self-assessment of clinical judgment skills and the faculty’s assessment during a human patient simulation. The study used a quantitative design with baccalaureate nursing students (n = 94) enrolled in an adult health course as participants. The data revealed a positive correlation between evaluator and student scores on the LCJR. The findings support the use of the LCJR in combination with simulation to evaluate nursing students’ clinical judgment skills and to quantify competency levels.
Establishing Inter- and Intrarater Reliability for High-Stakes Testing Using Simulation
Authors: Kardong-Edgren Suzan , Oermann Marilyn H. , Rizzolo Mary Anne , Odom-Maryon Tamara 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

AIM
This article reports one method to develop a standardized training method to establish the inter- and intrarater reliability of a group of raters for high-stakes testing.

BACKGROUND
Simulation is used increasingly for high-stakes testing, but without research into the development of inter- and intrarater reliability for raters.

METHOD
Eleven raters were trained using a standardized methodology. Raters scored 28 student videos over a six-week period. Raters then rescored all videos over a two-day period to establish both intra- and interrater reliability.

RESULTS
One rater demonstrated poor intrarater reliability; a second rater failed all students. Kappa statistics improved from the moderate to substantial agreement range with the exclusion of the two outlier raters’ scores.

CONCLUSION
There may be faculty who, for different reasons, should not be included in high-stakes testing evaluations. All faculty are content experts, but not all are expert evaluators.
The Health Information Technology Competencies Tool
Authors: Sipes Carolyn , Hunter Kathleen , McGonigle Dee , West Karen , Hill Taryn , Hebda Toni 
Published: December 2017

Information technology use in healthcare delivery mandates a prepared workforce. The initial Health Information Technology Competencies tool resulted from a 2-year transatlantic effort by experts from the US and European Union to identify approaches to develop skills and knowledge needed by healthcare workers. It was determined that competencies must be identified before strategies are established, resulting in a searchable database of more than 1000 competencies representing five domains, five skill levels, and more than 250 roles. Health Information Technology Competencies is available at no cost and supports role- or competency-based queries. Health Information Technology Competencies developers suggest its use for curriculum planning, job descriptions, and professional development.
The Chamberlain College of Nursing informatics research team examined Health Information Technology Competencies for its possible application to our research and our curricular development, comparing it originally with the TIGER-based Assessment of Nursing Informatics Competencies and Nursing Informatics Competency Assessment of Level 3 and Level 4 tools, which examine informatics competencies at four levels of nursing practice. Additional analysis involved the 2015 Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice. Informatics is a Health Information Technology Competencies domain, so clear delineation of nursing-informatics competencies was expected. Researchers found TIGER-based Assessment of Nursing Informatics Competencies and Nursing Informatics Competency Assessment of Level 3 and Level 4 differed from Health Information Technology Competencies 2016 in focus, definitions, ascribed competencies, and defined levels of expertise. When Health Information Technology Competencies 2017 was compared against the nursing informatics scope and standards, researchers found an increase in the number of informatics competencies but not to a significant degree. This is not surprising, given that Health Information Technology Competencies includes all healthcare workers, while the TIGER-based Assessment of Nursing Informatics Competencies and Nursing Informatics Competency Assessment of Level 3 and Level 4 tools and the American Nurses Association Nursing Informatics: Scope and Standards of Practice are nurse specific. No clear cross mapping across these tools and the standards of nursing informatics practice exists. Further examination and review are needed to translate Health Information Technology Competencies as a viable tool for nursing informatics use in the US.
Colorectal Cancer Safety Net: Is It Catching Patients Appropriately?
Authors: Althans Alison R. , Brady Justin T. , Times Melissa L. , Keller Deborah S. , Harvey Alexis R. , Kelly Molly E. , Patel Nilam D. , Steele Scott R. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND:
Disparities in access to colorectal cancer care are multifactorial and are affected by socioeconomic elements. Uninsured and Medicaid patients present with advanced stage disease and have worse outcomes compared with similar privately insured patients. Safety net hospitals are a major care provider to this vulnerable population. Few studies have evaluated outcomes for safety net hospitals compared with private institutions in colorectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to compare demographics, screening rates, presentation stage, and survival rates between a safety net hospital and a tertiary care center.

DESIGN:
Comparative review of patients at 2 institutions in the same metropolitan area were conducted.

SETTINGS:
The study included colorectal cancer care delivered either at 1 safety net hospital or 1 private tertiary care center in the same city from 2010 to 2016.

PATIENTS:
A total of 350 patients with colorectal cancer from each hospital were evaluated.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Overall survival across hospital systems was measured.

RESULTS:
The safety net hospital had significantly more uninsured and Medicaid patients (46% vs 13%; p < 0.001) and a significantly lower median household income than the tertiary care center ($39,299 vs $49,741; p < 0.0001). At initial presentation, a similar percentage of patients at each hospital presented with stage IV disease (26% vs 20%; p = 0.06). For those undergoing resection, final pathologic stage distribution was similar across groups (p = 0.10). After a comparable median follow-up period (26.6 mo for safety net hospital vs 29.2 mo for tertiary care center), log-rank test for overall survival favored the safety net hospital (p = 0.05); disease-free survival was similar between hospitals (p = 0.40).

LIMITATIONS:
This was a retrospective review, reporting from medical charts.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results support the value of safety net hospitals for providing quality colorectal cancer care, with survival and recurrence outcomes equivalent or improved compared with a local tertiary care center. Because safety net hospitals can provide equivalent outcomes despite socioeconomic inequalities and financial constraints, emphasis should be focused on ensuring that adequate funding for these institutions continues. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A454.
The Aesthetic Analyzing of Midface Ratio After Folding Aponeurosis of Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle in the Ptosis Correction
Authors: Ji Chenyang , Li Ruiting , He Wei , Zhang Jinming 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Some fordless-eyelid patients with moderate upper lid ptosis characterize in a higher eyebrow position which leads to an increased midfacial ratio. Apart from performing blepharoplasty to create dynamic folds, additional procedures such as folding aponeurosis of levator palpebrae superioris muscle were effective to revise the enlarged ratio of midface through lowering eyebrow, which gains good aesthetic results. However, the specific changes in the proportion of facial aesthetics and the importance of these change were serious lack in the literature as far as the authors know.

Purpose:
To measure the ratio of the length between upper edge of eyebrow and edge of lower eyelid (L1)/the length between edge of lower eyelid and nasal base (L2) in the fordless-eyelid and upper lid ptosis patients who received levator aponeurosis folding surgery, and to analyze the change in the proportion of midfacial aesthetics.

Method:
From December 2015 to October 2016, the pre- and postoperative photographs from 21 cases of patients with foldless eyelid and upper lid ptosis who underwent the levator aponeurosis folding procedures in the authors’ department were collected as study group. Additional full-face pictures of 20 Chinese female movie stars were prepared as control group. The ratios of L1/ L2 (J) were measured via Adobe Photoshop CS6. The statistical significance was analyzed and the change of midfacial proportion was evaluated.

Result:
In the study group, the mean value of preoperative L1/L2 (J1) is 0.746, and (J2) 0.657 postoperatively. In the control group, the mean value of L1/L2 (J3) is 0.667. Statistical differences showed between the pre- and postoperative samples and between preoperative samples and control group. There was no statistical difference between postoperative samples and control group samples. The ratios between L1 and L2 in postoperative samples are close to those in the control group, which are closer to the golden radio.

Conclusion:
Levator aponeurosis folding can effectively lower eyebrow in patients with upper lid ptosis, shortening the length between eyebrow and lower eyelid, and therefore harvesting a more appropriate and harmonious ratio of L1/ L2 according to the golden section theory. The changes in the proportion of midfacial aesthetics after operation could be used as a key point in the preoperative communication and postoperative effect evaluation, besides the size of palpebral fissure and corneal exposure rate.
Scaffold Free Bone Regeneration Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Calvarial Defect Model
Authors: Jeon Yeo Reum , Kim Mi Jung , Kim Yong Oock , Roh Tai Suk , Lee Won Jai , Kang Eun Hye , Yun In Sik 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Bone regeneration is a complex process influenced by various physiological factors. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains many growth factors and has shown osteogenic effects. The PRP is usually activated before use. However, the authors showed that nonactivated PRP (nPRP) and activated PRP have comparable osteogenic effects in the previous study. Generally, a scaffold has been needed for the application of PRP in the cranial defect model. In this study, the authors aimed to compare the performance of scaffold free platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to nPRP as an adjuvant for bone regeneration.
Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were randomly allocated into 3 groups: control, nPRP, and PRF. A 15 × 15 mm2 defect was created on each rabbit's cranium. Acellular collagen sponges (Gelfoam) were placed on the defects of the control group, Gelfoam with nPRP was used for the nPRP group, and PRF membrane was directly applied for the PRF group. nPRP and PRF were obtained from each subject's peripheral blood. Sixteen weeks later, the volume of regenerated bone was measured using 3-dimensional computed tomography. The surface area was measured via autopsy, and the samples were then obtained for histological analysis.
Bone regeneration in the experimental groups was significantly greater than that in the control group. There were no significant differences in the area of regeneration or histological characteristics between the nPRP and PRF groups.
In the calvarial defect of the rabbits, the use of PRF and scaffolded PRP showed comparable bone regeneration effects, which suggested that PRF might be a therapeutic alternative for bone grafts.