bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient DNA as a Tool for Navigating the Anthropocene
Authors: Hambrecht George 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAncient DNA (aDNA) analysis has led to significant breakthroughs in our understanding of the origin of our own species as well as that of many commensal and wild species. New approaches in aDNA research promise to make it a major tool for adaptation to and mitigation of the impacts of the rapidly changing climates of the Anthropocene. This article reviews a number of these new lines of research and their current and potential future contributions to responding to climate change, particularly in two areas: the generation of deeper baseline data on ecological and environmental change, and the tracking and recovery of lost genetic diversity to strengthen the resilience of living species. The article argues that aDNA analysis is creating a powerful new pathway for archeology to engage with the challenges of the Anthropocene.
Effects of Customers' Environmental Awareness and Environmental Regulations on the Emission Intensity and Price of a Product
Authors: Hammami Ramzi , Nouira Imen , Frein Yannick 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTWe study the effects of customers' environmental awareness (CEA) and environmental regulations on the emission intensity and price of a product with a price‐ and carbon emission‐sensitive demand. First, we consider a continuous setting where the production policy can be adjusted to reach any desired level of emission intensity while considering either a carbon tax or a carbon cap policy. Second, we consider a discrete framework where each production policy is defined by a given amount of emission intensity, a unit production cost, and a fixed investment cost. Under both settings, we study the joint effect of CEA and environmental regulations on a firm's optimal policy. We compare the customer‐driven model (when demand is sensitive to price and emissions but without a carbon tax) to the taxation‐only model (when a carbon tax applies but demand is only sensitive to price).Our main results indicate that CEA is an efficient driver for better environmental performance, acting as a substitute for a carbon tax but, unlike a carbon tax, leading to a lower price for the customers. In addition, we demonstrate that the nonmonotonous effect of a carbon tax on production policy selection, which is a known result in the literature, is no longer valid if one considers CEA. From a social welfare perspective, we show that simultaneously increasing the carbon tax and CEA generally leads to a reduction of social welfare. We perform robustness tests and show that most of our findings are valid under different assumptions regarding demand and cost functions.
Cannabinoid–glutamate interactions and neural oscillations: implications for psychosis
Authors: Sherif Mohamed A. , Cortes‐Briones Jose A. , Ranganathan Mohini , Skosnik Patrick D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPreclinical and clinical data suggest that the cannabinoid and glutamatergic systems are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ), the prototypical psychotic disorder. This has led to distinct “cannabis” and “ketamine” models of SZ, respectively. However, these two models need not be mutually exclusive. Indeed, in several brain regions implicated in the putative neural circuitry of SZ (e.g., hippocampus, frontal cortex, cerebellum), cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1Rs) and glutamate N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have direct and indirect interactions. CB1R agonists and NMDAR antagonists act upon gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons to reduce GABAergic neurotransmission. This would be predicted to result in the unsynchronized activity of pyramidal neurons, disrupting neural network oscillations involved in information processing, thus leading to psychotomimetic effects. Hence, the overarching aim of the current review is to synthesize the known literature on cannabinoids and glutamate in the context of neural oscillations in SZ. First, discussion of SZ and the basic mechanisms of neural oscillations are discussed, including a summary of the role of theta (4–7 Hz) and gamma (30–80 Hz) oscillations in neurocognition. Next, a brief review of the role of the cannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in SZ is outlined, followed by discussion of the known synaptic interactions between these two systems. Finally, the potential role of CB1Rs and NMDARs, both independently and in combination, on neural oscillations in relation to psychotic symptoms is considered. It is hoped that this review will yield a series of testable hypotheses that may be used to further elucidate the pathophysiology of SZ.
High‐fat diet exacerbates imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like dermatitis in mice
Authors: Higashi Yuko , Yamakuchi Munekazu , Fukushige Tomoko , Ibusuki Atsuko , Hashiguchi Teruto , Kanekura Takuro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPsoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is closely related to systemic metabolism. An elevated body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for psoriasis; inflammasomes are activated by adipose tissue macrophages in obese subjects. We hypothesized that hyperlipidaemia is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and examined the role of a high‐fat diet (HFD) in the development of psoriasis in imiquimod (IMQ)‐treated mice. The body weight and serum level of cholesterol were significantly higher in mice fed an HFD than in a regular diet (RD). HFD mice had higher psoriasis skin scores, and the number of neutrophils infiltrating into the lesional skin was elevated. IL‐17A mRNA expression was significantly increased in the skin of IMQ‐treated HFD mice; the expression of IL‐22, IL‐23 and TNF‐α mRNA was not enhanced. Caspase‐1 and IL‐1β were activated in the skin of IMQ‐treated HFD mice, and their serum level of IL‐17A, TNF‐α and IL‐1β was significantly upregulated. Our findings strongly suggest that hyperlipidaemia is involved in the development and progression of psoriasis via systemic inflammation and inflammasome activation.
The F1‐ATPase from Trypanosoma brucei is elaborated by three copies of an additional p18‐subunit
Authors: Gahura Ondřej , Šubrtová Karolína , Váchová Hana , Panicucci Brian , Fearnley Ian M. , Harbour Michael E. , Walker John E. , Zíková Alena 
Published: December 2017

The F‐ATPases (also called the F1Fo‐ATPases or ATP synthases) are multi‐subunit membrane‐bound molecular machines that produce ATP in bacteria and in eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts. The structures and enzymic mechanisms of their F1‐catalytic domains are highly conserved in all species investigated hitherto. However, there is evidence that the F‐ATPases from the group of protozoa known as Euglenozoa have novel features. Therefore, we have isolated pure and active F1‐ATPase from the euglenozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, and characterized it. All of the usual eukaryotic subunits (α, β, γ, δ, and ε) were present in the enzyme, and, in addition, two unique features were detected. First, each of the three α‐subunits in the F1‐domain has been cleaved by proteolysis in vivo at two sites eight residues apart, producing two assembled fragments. Second, the T. brucei F1‐ATPase has an additional subunit, called p18, present in three copies per complex. Suppression of expression of p18 affected in vitro growth of both the insect and infectious mammalian forms of T. brucei. It also reduced the levels of monomeric and multimeric F‐ATPase complexes and diminished the in vivo hydrolytic activity of the enzyme significantly. These observations imply that p18 plays a role in the assembly of the F1 domain. These unique features of the F1‐ATPase extend the list of special characteristics of the F‐ATPase from T. brucei, and also, demonstrate that the architecture of the F1‐ATPase complex is not strictly conserved in eukaryotes.
Mortality in acute non‐invasive ventilation
Authors: Smith Dugal B. , Tay George T. P. , Hay Karen , Antony Jijo , Bell Brendan , Kinnear Frances B. , Curtin Deanne L. , Douglas James 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA prospective study of non‐invasive ventilation at The Prince Charles Hospital outside of the intensive care unit from March 2015 to March 2016 was performed. Overall 69 patients were included. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure was the most common indication (n = 59; 85%). 49 (71%) had multifactorial respiratory failure. 15 (22%) patients died. Premorbid inability to perform self‐care (P = 0.001) and the combination of mean pH < 7.25 and mean PaCO2 ≥ 75 mmHg within 2 h of NIV initiation (P = 0.037) were significantly associated with mortality. There was a non‐significant association between older age and mortality.
Collecting patient‐reported outcome measures
Authors: Ahern Susannah , Ruseckaite Rasa , Ackerman Ilana N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPatient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) are potentially useful outcome measures that may be reported at the individual clinical, health service and/or health system level. PROM require clearly defined patient populations to enable comparisons, and are most meaningful when integrated with clinical data sets. Where possible PROM should be measured pre‐ and post‐intervention using reliable and validated tools. A variety of PROM collection methods exist which each have strengths and limitations, with selection depending on their purpose and patient factors. PROM programmes should be developed with high levels of clinician support and patient input to maximise collection of clinically relevant information.
Paradoxical psoriasiform reactions of anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Authors: Peer Faseeha C. , Miller Andrew , Pavli Paul , Subramaniam Kavitha 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAnti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents have demonstrated efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cutaneous reactions such as new onset psoriasis or psoriasiform‐like reactions are among the most common adverse reactions. We retrospectively identified cases of anti‐TNF‐induced psoriasis or psoriasiform manifestations in IBD patients at a tertiary centre in Australia. A total of 10 (six females) of 270 (3.7%) IBD patients treated with anti‐TNF therapy developed drug‐induced psoriatic or psoriasiform‐like reactions: five patients were treated with infliximab and five with adalimumab; nine had Crohn disease. The time from initiation of anti‐TNF agent to onset of rash was 7.5 months on average. The most frequent distributions were the scalp (7/10) and extremities (6/10). Three patients discontinued anti‐TNF treatment with resolution of the rash. Topical treatment of the lesions allowed continued use of biological agent in the majority. Paradoxical psoriatic lesions are recognised adverse events associated with anti‐TNF therapy, but discontinuation of therapy due to dermatological complications is required only rarely, even in patients with psoriasiform lesions.
Healthcare‐acquired infections: prevention strategies
Authors: Fernando Shelanah A. , Gray Timothy J. , Gottlieb Thomas 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHealthcare‐acquired infections (HAI) impact on patient care and have cost implications for the Australian healthcare system. The management of HAI is exacerbated by rising rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Health‐care workers and a contaminated hospital environment are increasingly implicated in the transmission and persistence of multi‐resistant organisms (MRO), as well as other pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile. This has resulted in a timely focus on a range of HAI prevention actions. Core components include antimicrobial stewardship, to reduce overuse and ensure evidence‐based antimicrobial use; infection prevention strategies, to control MRO – particularly methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) and, more recently, multi‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria; enhanced institutional investment in hand hygiene; hospital cleaning and disinfection; and the development of prescribing guidelines and standards of care. AMR surveillance and comparisons of prescribing are useful feedback activities once effectively communicated to end users. Successful implementation of these strategies requires cultural shifts at local hospital level and, to tackle the serious threat posed by AMR, greater co‐ordination at a national level. HAI prevention needs to be multi‐modal, requires broad healthcare collaboration, and the strong support and accountability of all medical staff.
The ‘values journey’ of nursing and midwifery students selected using multiple mini interviews; Year One findings
Authors: Callwood Alison , Bolger Sarah , Allan Helen T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimTo explore how adult, child and mental health nursing and midwifery students, selected using multiple mini interviews, describe their ‘values journey’ following exposure to the clinical practice environment.BackgroundValues based recruitment (VBR) incorporates assessment of healthcare students’ personal values using approaches like multiple mini interviews. Students’ experience of adjustment to their values during their programme is conceptualized as a ‘values journey’. The impact of VBR in alleviating erosion of personal values remains unclear.DesignA cross‐professional longitudinal cohort study was commenced at one university in England in 2016 with data collection points at the end of years one, two and three. Non‐probability consecutive sampling resulted in 42 healthcare students (8 adult, 8 child and 9 mental health nursing and 17 midwifery students) taking part.MethodsSix semi‐structured focus groups were conducted at the end of participants’ Year One (DC1). Data analysis incorporated inductive and deductive approaches in a hybrid synthesis.FindingsParticipants described a ‘values journey’ where their values, particularly communication, courage and wanting to make a difference, were both challenged and retained. Participants personal journeys also acknowledged the: ‘courage it takes to use values’; ‘reality of values in practice’ and ‘need for self‐reflection on values’.ConclusionA ‘values journey’ may begin early in a healthcare student's education programme. This is important to recognize so that appropriate interventions designed to support students in higher education and clinical practice can be implemented. The values incorporated in VBR should be continually evaluated for fitness for purpose.
Feelings toward refugees and non‐Muslims in Turkey: The roles of national and religious identifications, and multiculturalism
Authors: Yitmen Şenay , Verkuyten Maykel 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe current study, conducted in Turkey, examined feelings toward Muslim refugees among Turkish participants (n = 605) in comparison to feelings toward established non‐Muslim national minority groups. Using the social identity perspective, these feelings were examined in relation to national and religious group identifications, and the endorsement of multicultural beliefs. The feelings toward both refugees and minority communities were similarly negative, yet the processes behind these feelings were somewhat different. While stronger national identification was associated with more negative feelings toward Muslim refugees, stronger religious group identification was associated with more negative feelings toward non‐Muslim minority communities. Further, higher endorsement of multiculturalism was associated with less negative feelings toward both refugees and minority communities, but only for relatively low national identifiers.
Local adaptation drives population isolation in a tropical seabird
Authors: Nunes Guilherme Tavares , Bugoni Leandro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimUnderstanding the mechanisms of population isolation in marine top predators is challenging owing to their high mobility and the inherent difficulty in quantifying oceanographic variables. In this study, the worldwide distributed brown booby Sula leucogaster was used to test the potential role of isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by environment (IBE) in promoting intraspecific diversity.LocationA heterogeneous seascape in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean, along a latitudinal gradient from 0° to 27°S.MethodsPopulation structure was assessed using nine microsatellite loci. Between‐colony geographical distances were used to test IBD, while air temperature, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll α concentration, colony density and isotopic niche width were used to test IBE.ResultsGenetic isolation of a remote small colony was associated with local selective pressures on land and in foraging areas. Clustering of the remaining colonies was explained by seascape differences between neritic and oceanic environments.Main conclusionsSeabirds can easily overcome large geographical distances, but their dispersal ability seems to be lower than their mobility. In this context, gene flow can be disrupted even between relatively close colonies if there are strong selective pressures. Local adaptation and IBE seems to be most plausible explanation for patterns found in brown boobies; this is particularly noticeable for birds at a small offshore archipelago, for which the identification of the key selective forces shaping genetic and phenotypic differences is the main issue.
Power Doppler ultrasound assessment of vascularization in hidradenitis suppurativa lesions
Authors: Caposiena Caro R.D. , Solivetti F.M. , Bianchi L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundUltrasound (US) and Power Doppler (PD) US are useful tools to study and monitor the patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).ObjectiveDescribe the PD signal of HS nodules, abscesses and fistulas.MethodsA retrospective analysis of PD in mild, moderate and severe HS patients, collecting all demographic and clinical data. The lesions were classified according to their US morphology, describing the vascular degree – high, moderate and minimal – and distribution – peripheral, internal and mixed. Statistical analysis was performed using odds ratio and bivariate regression.ResultsA total of 241 lesions, 62 nodules, 64 abscesses, 99 simple fistulas and 16 complex fistulas, from 61 patients with HS, were included. Vascular distribution was defined peripheral in 143/241, mixed in 55/241 and internal in 0/241 lesions, regardless the clinical type. Qualitative Doppler showed high vascularization in 44/241 lesions, moderate in 79/241 and minimal in 75/241, despite the clinical type. All lesions showed resistive index <0.7. Age, disease's duration, size of the lesions, high Sartorius score and high BMI showed positive statistical correlation with both PD signal and mixed vascular distribution. No statistical significance was evidenced for vascular degree measurements.LimitationsUS cannot detect lesions <0.1 mm.ConclusionVascular distribution of HS lesions can be evaluated by PD with additional relevant information for earlier and better disease management.
Factors affecting estimates of size at age and growth in grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Allman R. J. , Patterson W. F. , Fioramonti C. L. , Pacicco A. E. 
Published: December 2017

Growth zones in dorsal spines of grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus from the northern Gulf of Mexico were utilized to estimate growth and examine factors that may affect estimates of size at age. Age was estimated from dorsal‐spine sections of 4687 individuals sampled from U.S. waters during 2003–2013, including both fishery‐independent (n = 1312) and fishery‐dependent (n = 3375) samples. Ninety‐six per cent (n = 4498) of these sections were deemed suitable for ageing; average per cent error between two independent readers was 10·8%. Fork length (LF) ranged from 65 to 697 mm and age estimates from 0 to 14 years. Both sex and sample source (fishery‐independent v. recreational) significantly affected estimated size at age for 2–6 year‐old fish. Data were pooled between sources to fit sex‐specific von Bertalanffy growth functions. Results for the female model were L∞ = 387 mm LF, k = 0·52 year−1 and t0 = 0·01 year, while for males L∞ = 405 mm LF, k = 0·55 year−1 and t0 = 0·02 year. These results were significantly different between sexes and indicate clear sexual dimorphism. Thus, growth should be modelled separately by sex when examining population parameters or conducting stock assessment modelling. The positive bias in estimates of size at age computed for recreational v. fishery‐independent samples also has clear implications for stock assessment as growth functions computed with fishery‐dependent samples would tend to overestimate stock productivity.
Method for hull‐less barley transformation and manipulation of grain mixed‐linkage beta‐glucan
Authors: Lim Wai Li , Collins Helen M. , Singh Rohan R. , Kibble Natalie A. J. , Yap Kuok , Taylor Jillian , Fincher Geoffrey B. , Burton Rachel A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHull‐less barley is increasingly offering scope for breeding grains with improved characteristics for human nutrition; however, recalcitrance of hull‐less cultivars to transformation has limited the use of these varieties. To overcome this limitation, we sought to develop an effective transformation system for hull‐less barley using the cultivar Torrens. Torrens yielded a transformation efficiency of 1.8%, using a modified Agrobacterium transformation method. This method was used to over‐express genes encoding synthases for the important dietary fiber component, (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (mixed‐linkage glucan), primarily present in starchy endosperm cell walls. Over‐expression of the HvCslF6 gene, driven by an endosperm‐specific promoter, produced lines where mixed‐linkage glucan content increased on average by 45%, peaking at 70% in some lines, with smaller increases in transgenic HvCslH1 grain. Transgenic HvCslF6 lines displayed alterations where grain had a darker color, were more easily crushed than wild type and were smaller. This was associated with an enlarged cavity in the central endosperm and changes in cell morphology, including aleurone and sub‐aleurone cells. This work provides proof‐of‐concept evidence that mixed‐linkage glucan content in hull‐less barley grain can be increased by over‐expression of the HvCslF6 gene, but also indicates that hull‐less cultivars may be more sensitive to attempts to modify cell wall composition.
Short‐Selling Risk
Authors: ENGELBERG JOSEPH E. , REED ADAM V. , RINGGENBERG MATTHEW C. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTShort sellers face unique risks, such as the risk that stock loans become expensive and the risk that stock loans are recalled. We show that short‐selling risk affects prices among the cross‐section of stocks. Stocks with more short‐selling risk have lower returns, less price efficiency, and less short selling.