bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mouse models for the study of cranial base growth and anomalies
Authors: Vora S. R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe cranial base is a central and integral component of the cranioskeleton, yet little is known about its growth. Despite the dissimilarities between human and murine cranioskeletal form, mouse models are proving instrumental in studying craniofacial growth. The objectives of this review are to summarize recent findings from numerous mouse models that display growth defects in one or more cranial base synchondroses, with accompanying changes in chondrocyte cellular zones. Many of these models also display altered growth of the cranial vault and/or the facial region. FGFR, PTHrP, Ihh, BMP and Wnt/β‐catenin, as well as components of primary cilia, are the major genes and signalling pathways identified in cranial base synchondroses. Together, these models are helping to uncover specific genetic influences and signalling pathways operational at the cranial base synchondroses. Many of these genes are in common with those of importance in the cranial vault and the facial skeleton, emphasizing the molecular integration of growth between the cranial base and other cranial regions. Selected models are also being utilized in testing therapeutic agents to correct defective craniofacial and cranial base growth.
Life in the arena: infaunal gastropods and the late Phanerozoic expansion of marine ecosystems into sand
Authors: Vermeij Geerat J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMarine ecosystems have expanded into the infaunal realm below the surface of soft sediments throughout the Phanerozoic eon. During the Palaeozoic era, this expansion largely involved sedentary animals living in permanent resting places. Active sand‐burrowing animals colonized the infaunal environment later, but when this happened and when specialization for infaunal life evolved remain open questions. Here, phylogenetic evidence, fossil occurrences and previously established criteria for recognizing the sand‐burrowing habit in marine gastropods are used to determine how many gastropod clades became infaunal and when the transitions from surface‐dwelling to infaunal life occurred. At least 20, and as many as 35, clades (all but one of post‐Palaeozoic age) contain actively infaunal species. The overwhelming majority (15 of 20 clades) became infaunal during the Cenozoic, and clades with hundreds of infaunal species in the living fauna diversified beginning in the Early Miocene. The repeated evolution of, and specialization to, the sand‐burrowing habit by gastropods and other animals was enabled by increased habitat availability and higher marine productivity, and was necessitated by intensifying predation. As a result, the infaunal realm was transformed from a marine refuge to an integrated part of the marine biosphere in which high performance in locomotion and defence has become the norm.
Systemic induction of salicylic acid‐related plant defences in potato in response to Rhizoctonia solani AG3PT
Authors: Genzel F. , Franken P. , Witzel K. , Grosch R. 
Published: June 2017

The necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani affects potato (Solanum tuberosum) quality worldwide. The pathogen infects below‐ground parts of potato during growth. Very little information is available on the extent of colonization of roots by R. solani AG3PT and especially on the defence responses in roots following sprout inoculation with the pathogen. It was hypothesized that infection of the primary sprout results in colonization of the roots by the pathogen, and that R. solani as a necrotroph induces jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)‐related defence responses in sprouts and in the root. Seven well‐described genes of general defence responses against fungal pathogens were selected for this study. The expression of these genes was investigated at the transcript level and, for four genes, at the protein level in roots and sprouts at 3, 6 and 13 days post‐inoculation (dpi). In addition, the density of colonization of roots with R. solani AG3PT was analysed. Roots were quickly colonized by R. solani following sprout inoculation; however, the rapidly growing root was not further extensively colonized by the pathogen. Furthermore, an increase in transcript and protein levels of the defence‐related genes associated with JA/ET‐ (PR‐2) and SA‐dependent pathways (PR‐1, PR‐3 and PR‐10) was detected in roots and sprouts at 3 and 6 dpi. However, the susceptible potato cultivar was not able to maintain the elevated transcript level of defence‐related genes in roots and sprouts. The results underline that not only the JA/ET‐ but also the SA‐dependent pathway plays a role during interaction of the necrotrophic pathogen R. solani AG3PT with its host potato.
On Disjunctive Rights
Authors: Agnafors Marcus 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article examines the idea of disjunctive rights—an idea first suggested by Joel Feinberg and more recently advocated by Richard Arneson. Using a hypothetical scenario to bring forward a conflict between two rights that cannot be simultaneously fulfilled, the suggestion that the conflict can be solved by describing the right‐holders as holding disjunctive rights—rights that involve, in a significant way, a disjunction—is scrutinized. Several interpretations of the idea of disjunctive rights are examined from the perspectives of the interest theory and will theory of rights. Ultimately, the idea of disjunctive rights fails to provide an acceptable solution to the problem at hand, as each interpretation has unacceptable implications. This conclusion challenges the compossibilist thesis, according to which moral rights do not, ultimately, conflict. Alternatively, if one wishes to keep the possibility of compossibility and disjunctive rights, the mainstream theories of rights must be revised or rejected.
Neither Mereology nor Magic, but Teleology
Authors: Bowers Jason 
Published: June 2017

AbstractContemporary theories of universals have two things in common: first, they are unable to account for necessary connections between universals that form a structure. Second, they leave teleology out of their accounts of instantiation. These facts are not unrelated; the reason why contemporary theories have such trouble is they neglect the ancient idea that universals are ends at which nature aims. If we want a working theory of universals, however, we must return to this idea. Despite its unpopularity among realists, teleology is not a disposable eccentricity, and its dismissal is not an improvement on ancient views.
Terra Populus’ architecture for integrated big geospatial services
Authors: Haynes David , Manson Steve , Shook Eric 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBig geospatial data is an emerging sub‐area of geographic information science, big data, and cyberinfrastructure. Big geospatial data poses two unique challenges. First, raster and vector data structures and analyses have developed on largely separate paths for the last 20 years. This is creating an impediment to geospatial researchers seeking to utilize big data platforms that do not promote heterogeneous data types. Second, big spatial data repositories have yet to be integrated with big data computation platforms in ways that allow researchers to spatio‐temporally analyze big geospatial datasets. IPUMS‐Terra, a National Science Foundation cyberInfrastructure project, addresses these challenges by providing a unified framework of integrated geospatial services which access, analyze, and transform big heterogeneous spatio‐temporal data. As IPUMS‐Terra's data volume grows, we seek to integrate geospatial platforms that will scale geospatial analyses and address current bottlenecks within our system. However, our work shows that there are still unresolved challenges for big geospatial analysis. The most pertinent is that there is a lack of a unified framework for conducting scalable integrated vector and raster data analysis. We conducted a comparative analysis between PostgreSQL with PostGIS and SciDB and concluded that SciDB is the superior platform for scalable raster zonal analyses.
Sharing contracts' marginalisation, adverse selection and markup calculation
Authors: Amrani Fayçal 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a new approach to explain the dominance—in the Islamic banking market—of markup contracts at the expense of sharing ones. We show that the dual pricing practised in this market produces an additional—or artificial—dimension of adverse selection, which is causing the sharing contracts' marginalization. We suggest specialized use of two Islamic contractual categories as a device for eliminating artificial adverse selection. We suggest also an endogenous calculation of the markup, that is independent of the interest rate, based on the financing cost unification. This approach allows the deduction of default and liquidity risk premiums.
Cerebral haemodynamic response to somatosensory stimulation in neonatal lambs
Authors: Nakamura Shinji , Walker David W. , Wong Flora Y. 
Published: June 2017

Key points
Cerebral haemodynamic response to neural stimulation has been extensively studied in adults, but little is known about cerebral haemodynamic response in the fetal and neonatal brain.
The present study describes the cerebral haemodynamic response measured by near infrared spectroscopy to somatosensory stimulation in newborn lambs, in comparison to recent findings in fetal sheep.
The cerebral haemodynamic responses in the newborn lamb brain can involve an increase in oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb), or a decrease of oxyHb suggestive of reduced perfusion and oxygenation.
Positive correlations between changes in oxyHb and mean arterial blood pressure were found in newborn but not fetal sheep, which suggests the result is unlikely to be due to immature autoregulation alone.
In contrast to adult studies, hypercapnia increased the changes in cerebral blood flow and oxyHb in most of the lambs in response to somatosensory stimulation.
AbstractThe neurovascular coupling response has been defined for the adult brain, but in the neonate non‐invasive measurement of local cerebral perfusion using near infrared spectroscopy or blood oxygen level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging have yielded variable and inconsistent results, including negative responses suggesting decreased perfusion and localized tissue tissue hypoxia. Also, the impact of permissive hypercapnia ( > 50 mmHg) in the management of neonates on cerebrovascular responses to somatosensory input is unknown. Using near infrared spectroscopy to measure changes in cerebral oxy‐ and deoxyhaemoglobin (ΔoxyHb, ΔdeoxyHb) in eight anaesthetized newborn lambs, we studied the cerebral haemodynamic functional response to left median nerve stimulation using stimulus trains of 1.8, 4.8 and 7.8 s. Stimulation always produced a somatosensory evoked response, and superficial cortical perfusion measured by laser Doppler flowmetry predominantly increased following median nerve stimulation. However, with 1.8 s stimulation, oxyHb responses in the contralateral hemisphere were either positive (i.e. increased oxyHb), negative, or absent; and with 4.8 and 7.8 s stimulations, both positive and negative responses were observed. Hypercapnia increased baseline oxyHb and total Hb consistent with cerebral vasodilatation, and six of seven lambs tested showed increased Δtotal Hb responses after the 7.8 s stimulation, among which four lambs also showed increased ΔoxyHb responses. In two of three lambs, the negative ΔoxyHb response became a positive pattern during hypercapnia. These results show that instead of functional hyperaemia, somatosensory stimulation can evoke negative (decreased oxyHb, total Hb) functional responses in the neonatal brain suggestive of decreased local perfusion and vasoconstriction, and that hypercapnia produces both baseline hyperperfusion and increased functional hyperaemia.
Lack of adaptation during prolonged split‐belt locomotion in the intact and spinal cat
Authors: Kuczynski Victoria , Telonio Alessandro , Thibaudier Yann , Hurteau Marie‐France , Dambreville Charline , Desrochers Etienne , Doelman Adam , Ross Declan , Frigon Alain 
Published: June 2017

Key points
During split‐belt locomotion in humans where one leg steps faster than the other, the symmetry of step lengths and double support periods of the slow and fast legs is gradually restored.
When returning to tied‐belt locomotion, there is an after‐effect, with a reversal in the asymmetry observed in the early split‐belt period, indicating that the new pattern was stored within the central nervous system.
In this study, we investigated if intact and spinal‐transected cats show a similar pattern of adaptation to split‐belt locomotion by measuring kinematic variables and electromyography before, during and after 10 min of split‐belt locomotion.
The results show that cats do not adapt to prolonged split‐belt locomotion.
Our results suggest an important physiological difference in how cats and humans respond to prolonged asymmetric locomotion.
AbstractIn humans, gait adapts to prolonged walking on a split‐belt treadmill, where one leg steps faster than the other, by gradually restoring the symmetry of interlimb kinematic variables, such as double support periods and step lengths, and by reducing muscle activity (EMG, electromyography). The adaptation is also characterized by reversing the asymmetry of interlimb variables observed during the early split‐belt period when returning to tied‐belt locomotion, termed an after‐effect. To determine if cats adapt to prolonged split‐belt locomotion and to assess if spinal locomotor circuits participate in the adaptation, we measured interlimb variables and EMG in intact and spinal‐transected cats before, during and after 10 min of split‐belt locomotion. In spinal cats, only the hindlimbs performed stepping with the forelimbs stationary. In intact and spinal cats, step lengths and double support periods were, on average, symmetric, during tied‐belt locomotion. They became asymmetric during split‐belt locomotion and remained asymmetric throughout the split‐belt period. Upon returning to tied‐belt locomotion, symmetry was immediately restored. In intact cats, the mean EMG amplitude of hindlimb extensors increased during split‐belt locomotion and remained increased throughout the split‐belt period, whereas in spinal cats, EMG amplitude did not change. Therefore, the results indicate that the locomotor pattern of cats does not adapt to prolonged split‐belt locomotion, suggesting an important physiological difference in the control of locomotion between cats and humans. We propose that restoring left–right symmetry is not required to maintain balance during prolonged asymmetric locomotion in the cat, a quadruped, as opposed to human bipedal locomotion.
New Genome Sequence of an
Echinacea
purpurea
Endophyte,
Arthrobacter
sp. Strain EpSL27, Able To Inhibit Human-Opportunistic Pathogens
Authors: Miceli Elisangela , Presta Luana , Maggini Valentina , Fondi Marco , Bosi Emanuele , Chiellini Carolina , Fagorzi Camilla , Bogani Patrizia , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Rossolini Gian Maria , Mengoni Alessio , Firenzuoli Fabio , Perrin Elena , Fani Renato 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

We announce here the draft genome sequence of
Arthrobacter
sp. strain EpSL27, isolated from the stem and leaves of the medicinal plant
Echinacea purpurea
and able to inhibit human-pathogenic bacterial strains. The genome sequencing of this strain may lead to the identification of genes involved in the production of antimicrobial molecules.
Microbial Interactions and Interventions in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Van Raay Terence , Allen-Vercoe Emma 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Recently, several lines of evidence that indicate a strong link between the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and aspects of the gut microbiota have become apparent. However, it remains unclear how changes in the gut microbiota might influence carcinogenesis or how regional organization of the gut might influence the microbiota. In this review, we discuss several leading theories that connect gut microbial dysbiosis with CRC and set this against a backdrop of what is known about proximal-distal gut physiology and the pathways of CRC development and progression. Finally, we discuss the potential for gut microbial modulation therapies, for example, probiotics, antibiotics, and others, to target and improve gut microbial dysbiosis as a strategy for the prevention or treatment of CRC.
Bifidobacteria and Their Health-Promoting Effects
Authors: Hidalgo-Cantabrana Claudio , Delgado Susana , Ruiz Lorena , Ruas-Madiedo Patricia , Sánchez Borja , Margolles Abelardo 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Bifidobacteria are members of the intestinal microbiota of mammals and other animals, and some strains are able to exert health-promoting effects. The genus
Bifidobacterium
belongs to the
Actinobacteria
phylum.
Firmicutes
,
Bacteroidetes
, and
Actinobacteria
constitute the most abundant phyla in the human intestinal microbiota,
Firmicutes
and
Bacteroidetes
being predominant in adults, and
Actinobacteria
in breast-fed infants, where bifidobacteria can reach levels higher than 90% of the total bacterial population. They are among the first microbial colonizers of the intestines of newborns, and play key roles in the development of their physiology, including maturation of the immune system and use of dietary components. Indeed, some nutrients, such as human milk oligosaccharides, are important drivers of bifidobacterial development. Some
Bifidobacterium
strains are considered probiotic microorganisms because of their beneficial effects, and they have been included as bioactive ingredients in functional foods, mainly dairy products, as well as in food supplements and pharma products, alone, or together with, other microbes or microbial substrates. Well-documented scientific evidence of their activities is currently available for bifidobacteria-containing preparations in some intestinal and extraintestinal pathologies. In this review, we focus on the role of bifidobacteria as members of the human intestinal microbiota and their use as probiotics in the prevention and treatment of disease.
What Defines the “Kingdom” Fungi?
Authors: Richards Thomas A. , Leonard Guy , Wideman Jeremy G. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
The application of environmental DNA techniques and increased genome sequencing of microbial diversity, combined with detailed study of cellular characters, has consistently led to the reexamination of our understanding of the tree of life. This has challenged many of the definitions of taxonomic groups, especially higher taxonomic ranks such as eukaryotic kingdoms. The Fungi is an example of a kingdom which, together with the features that define it and the taxa that are grouped within it, has been in a continual state of flux. In this article we aim to summarize multiple lines of data pertinent to understanding the early evolution and definition of the Fungi. These include ongoing cellular and genomic comparisons that, we will argue, have generally undermined all attempts to identify a synapomorphic trait that defines the Fungi. This article will also summarize ongoing work focusing on taxon discovery, combined with phylogenomic analysis, which has identified novel groups that lie proximate/adjacent to the fungal clade—wherever the boundary that defines the Fungi may be. Our hope is that, by summarizing these data in the form of a discussion, we can illustrate the ongoing efforts to understand what drove the evolutionary diversification of fungi.
Preclinical Efficacy Testing of New Drug Candidates
Authors: Nuermberger Eric L. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThis is a review of the preclinical efficacy testing of new antituberculosis drug candidates. It describes existing dynamicin vitroandin vivomodels of antituberculosis chemotherapy and their utility in preclinical evaluations of promising new drugs and combination regimens, with an effort to highlight recent developments. Emphasis is given to the integration of quantitative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses and the impact of lesion pathology on drug efficacy. Discussion also includesin vivomodels of chemotherapy of latent tuberculosis infection.
Performing high-level sport is strongly associated with urinary incontinence in elite athletes: a comparative study of 372 elite female athletes and 372 controls
Authors: Carvalhais Alice , Natal Jorge Renato , Bø Kari 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in female elite athletes compared with controls and to investigate potential risk factors for UI among elite athletes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 372 elite athletes (athletes group, AG) and 372 age-matched controls (control group, CG). The median age was low (19 years) and the vast majority were nulliparous. Potential risk factors, including clinical, demographic and sports practice characteristics, were collected by using a questionnaire. The International Consultation on Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence-Short Form was applied to estimate the prevalence of UI. OR with 95% CIs were used to estimate the association with UI. The final model was adjusted for constipation, family history of UI and history of urinary infection.ResultsThe prevalence of UI was 29.6% and 13.4% in AG and CG, respectively (p<0.001). The following prevalences were obtained: AG: 19.6% and CG: 3.5% (p<0.001) for stress UI, AG: 3.8% and CG: 5.4% (p=0.292) for urgency UI and AG: 5.9% and CG: 0.8% (p<0.001) for mixed UI. After adjustment, performing high-level sport (adjusted (adj) OR=3.31; 95% CI 2.20 to 4.97), family history of UI (adj OR=1.54; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.29), history of urinary infection (adj OR=1.53; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.23) and constipation (adj OR=1.79; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.98) were associated with UI.ConclusionThe prevalence of UI among Portuguese female elite athletes is high and the odds of UI were three times higher than in controls. Also, constipation, family history of UI and history of urinary infections were significantly associated with UI.
Failure of falls risk screening tools to predict outcome: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Harper Kristie J , Barton Annette D , Arendts Glenn , Edwards Deborah G , Petta Antonio C , Celenza Antonio 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo compare the Falls Risk for Older Persons—Community Setting Screening Tool (FROP Com Screen) with the Two-Item Screening Tool in older adults presenting to the ED.MethodsA prospective cohort study, comparing the efficacy of the two falls risk assessment tools by applying them simultaneously in a sample of hospital ED presentations.ResultsTwo hundred and one patients over 65 years old were recruited. Thirty-six per cent reported falls in the 6-month follow-up period. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.57 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.66) for the FROP Com Screen and 0.54 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.63) for the Two-Item Screening Tool. FROP Com Screen had a sensitivity of 39% (95% CI 0.27 to 0.51) and a specificity of 70% (95% CI 0.61 to 0.78), while the Two-Item Screening Tool had a sensitivity of 48% (95% CI 0.36 to 0.60) and a specificity of 57% (95% CI 0.47 to 0.66).ConclusionBoth tools have limited predictive ability in the ED setting.
On zero-sum subsequences of prescribed length
Authors: Han Dongchun , Zhang Hanbin 
Published: June 2017

Let [Formula: see text] be an additive finite abelian group with exponent [Formula: see text]. For any positive integer [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be the smallest positive integer [Formula: see text] such that every sequence [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] of length at least [Formula: see text] has a zero-sum subsequence of length [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be the Davenport constant of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we prove that if [Formula: see text] is a finite abelian [Formula: see text]-group with [Formula: see text] then [Formula: see text] for every [Formula: see text], which confirms a conjecture by Gao et al. recently, where [Formula: see text] is a prime.