bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rationale, design, and progress of two novel maintenance treatment studies in pediatric bipolarity
Authors: Findling R.L. , Gracious B.L. , McNamara N.K. , Calabrese J.R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: There are no definitively established acute or maintenance treatments for juvenile bipolar disorder.Method: Two randomized, blind, maintenance clinical trials in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders are ongoing at the University Hospitals of Cleveland/Case Western Reserve University Stanley Clinical Research Center for bipolar disorder. The first is comparing the safety and effectiveness of lithium carbonate (Li+) to divalproex sodium (VPA) for up to 76 weeks in youths with stabilized bipolar illness (type 1 or 2). The second study is designed to compare the efficacy of VPA to placebo in the acute management of subsyndromal symptoms of bipolar disorder (‘cyclotaxia’) and the prevention of the full syndrome in children at risk. Both studies use the prospective life-chart method as an outcome measure.Results: Sixty-six youths have received study medication as part of the trial that is comparing Li+ to VPA as a maintenance therapy. In addition, 32 youths have received blinded treatment as part of the ‘cyclotaxia’ prevention study. Combination Li+A/PA treatment appears generally well tolerated and seems to have robust anti-manic and antidepressant effects.Discussion: Since the blind has not been broken on either of these clinical trials, conclusions about the maintenance effectiveness of either VPA or Li+ in youths with bipolar disorder type 1 or 2 cannot be made yet. Similarly, it is unclear whether VPA is superior to placebo in genetically high-risk youths with cyclotaxia. The final results of these trials should provide valuable information about the treatment of juvenile bipolar disorders.
Acute and continuation pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorders; a summary of two previous studies
Authors: Kowatch R.A. , Carmody Th.J. , Suppes T. , Hume J.H. , Kromelis M. , Emslie G.J. , Weinberg W.A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTWe report the results of an acute-phase and continuation-phase study of the pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorders. The acute phase study, with a duration of 6-8 weeks, aimed at developing effect sizes (ES) for lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine, in the acute phase treatment of Bipolar I or II children and adolescents during a mixed or manic episode. During the acute-phase of treatment, 42 outpatients with a mean age of 11.4 yr. (20 with Bipolar I Disorder and 22 with Bipolar II Disorder) were randomly assigned to 6-8 weeks of open treatment with either lithium, divalproex sodium, or carbamazepine. The primary efficacy measures were the weekly CGI Improvement scores and the Young Mania Rating Scale. Using a ≥ 50% change from baseline to exit in the Y-MRS scores to define response, the effect size for divalproex sodium was 1.63,1.06 for lithium, and 1.00 for carbamazepine. Using this same response measure with the intent-to-treat sample, the response rates were: sodium divalproex 53%; lithium 38%; and carbamazepine 38% (x 2=0.85, 2 d.f., p=0.60). Thirty-five subjects continued in open, treatment for another 16-18 weeks, for a total of 24 weeks of prospective treatment. Overall, of the thirty-five continuation phase subjects, thirty (85%) were categorized as responders at the end of the continuation phase of treatment. Of these thirty-five subjects, 13 (37%) were only on a single mood stabilizer and no other psychotropic agents at the end of the continuation phase. Thirty-one percent of subjects in continuation were also treated with a stimulant medication in addition to mood stabilizers.
Neuroimmunological aspects of the alterations in zinc homeostasis in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression
Authors: Nowak Gabriel , Kubera Marta , Maes Michael 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYZinc is a trace element which plays a fundamental role in a wide range of biochemical processes in living organisms. Zinc is an essential component of various proteins and is an important factor for physiological function of the mammalian nervous and immune systems. In the central nervous system (CNS), zinc is found at high concentrations in hippocampal neurons. These neurons possess mechanisms for zinc uptake and storage in synaptic terminals and for the stimulation of zinc release along with neurotransmitters. In the central nervous system, zinc modulates predominantly the excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) amino acid neurotransmission pathways. In the immune system, zinc is necessary for the physiological activity of the thymus and T-cell-dependent responses. Zinc deficiency impairs the activities of the neuroendocrine and immune systems in mammalian organisms. This paper reviews the alterations in the blood and brain zinc concentrations in relation to the neuroimmune pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Major depression is related to lowered serum zinc concentrations, which may be caused by the acute phase and the inflammatory response in that illness. Repeated administration of antidepressants selectively increases and redistributes brain zinc in the hippocampus. Since zinc is an inhibitor of the glutama-te/NMDA receptor, these data are in accordance with the glutamate hypothesis of antidepressant action.
Chronic unexplained fatigue
Authors: White P.D. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFatigue is a common symptom in the community and the commonest associations are with stress or mood disturbance. One in a hundred people complain of unexplained and prolonged fatigue, with half that number meeting the strictest criteria for the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Discrete fatigue syndromes have been described, particularly after Epstein Barr virus infection. The majority of patients with CFS have a syndrome similar to the ICD-10 definition of neurasthenia. Mood and somatoform disorders are common comorbid or differential diagnoses.The prognosis is poor, particularly in patients attending hospitals and those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. The aetiology of both CFS and chronic unexplained fatigue are essentially unknown, perhaps reflecting the heterogenenous natures of both the symptom and syndrome. There is reasonable evidence to suggest that particular infections may trigger both prolonged fatigue and CFS. Maintaining factors are different from triggering factors and include mood and sleep disorders, illness beliefs and behaviours, and possibly inactivity. Treatments aimed at reversing these maintaining factors show promise.
Epilepsy and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Trimble M.R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe relationship between epilepsy and behavior disorders will be briefly outlined, and an initial distinction between periictal and interictal disorders made. This paper will concentrate on the periictal disorders. These include the ictally driven psychoses, such as complex partial seizure status and absence status. There will then be a discussion of the postictal psychoses. It will be noted how these form a constant clinical picture, which sometimes goes unrecognized. The phenomenology may be typically paranoid or schizophrenia-like, andpatients often present in a setting of clear consciousness. The fascinating phenomenon of the lucid interval will be noted. Following this there will be some discussions on the management of these disorders. The rest of the paper will discuss the phenomenon of forced normalization, first discovered by Landolt. This often remains unrecognised, but is of interest to both neurology and psychiatry. Essentially this is about patients who, following suppression of seizures, develop an acute psychotic state or some other kind of behavior disorder. With the return of the seizures the behavior disorder resolves. Various theories in relationship to this condition will be noted, and the fascinating paradox that in psychiatry we give a seizure to resolve a psychosis, whereas in epileptology suppression of seizures can lead to a psychosis will be presented.
Cardiovasculaire adaptiviteit aan de verrichting van aandachts-taken bij kinderen met contact- en communicatieproblemen
Authors: Althaus M. , Aarnoudse C.C. , Mulder L.J.M. , Mulder G. , Minderaa R.B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA psychofysiological study of the cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding reaction time tasks demonstrated that children with a lesser variant of the pervasive developmental disorder (DSM-IV: PDDNOS) exhibit less cardiac responsiveness to attention tasks than healthy children do. We studied changes in heart rate variability (HRV), which were measured in a frequency band ranging from 0.07 to 0.14Hz. During the performance of an attention task, healthy children exhibited task load-related decreases in HRV. These decreases were found to be significantly smaller and not task load-related in a group of children with a PDDNOS who were judged to be not hyperactive. The decreases in HRV during task performance were almost absent in children with a PDDNOS who were moreover judged to be hyperactive. The magnitude of HRV decreases appeared to be significantly related to one of our task performance measures and to behaviour problems reported by the parents. Our results suggest a diminished vagal adaptivity to attention-demanding task situations in children with a PDDNOS, which is related to their resistance to unexpected changes in their daily routines.
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopie of experimental brain injury
Authors: Nicolay K. , Dijkhuizen R.M. , van der Toorn A. , Reese T. , Brandsma D. , de Boer M. , Muller H.-J. , van Vliet G. , Tamminga K.S. , Berkelbach van der Sprenkel J.-W. , Verheul H.B. , Tulleken C.A.F. , van Lookeren Campagne M. , Spruijt B. M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis article describes the use of non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) methods for the characterization and monitoring of the pathophysiology of experimental brain injury in laboratory animals as a function of time and treatment. The impact of MR in brain research is primarily due to its non-invasive nature, thereby enabling repeated measurements in long-term studies, and due to the type of information that it provides. MR imaging (MRI) enables the measurement of the morphology/anatomy as well as the functional status of tissues under in vivo conditions. Compared to other in vivo imaging modalities, MRI has a high spatial resolution and allows for a remarkable soft tissue differentiation. MR spectroscopy (MRS) provides information on the biochemical/metabolic status of tissues. MR methods which have proven valuable in animal studies, can be readily translated to the clinical situation where MR-based diagnosis and treatment planning play a rapidly increasing role.After a short introduction into the principles of MR, we will illustrate the remarkable versatility of MR in research on brain injury from recent animal studies. Examples will be mainly drawn from experiments on early injury in focal cerebral ischemia and from research on mechanical brain trauma and excitotoxic lesions. The article ends with a brief description of the perspectives of MR in neuropsychiatry.
Norharman and anxiety disorders
Authors: Pepplinkhuizen L. , Fekkes D. , Timmerman L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNorharman is a ß-carboline, possibly of endogenous origin, although cigarette smoking and food are sources too. In brain specific binding sites have been demonstrated. In higher doses norharman binds to benzodiazepine receptors and has MAO-B inhibitory activity. From animal experiments it can be concluded that norharman induces sedation and muscle relaxation. A role in psychosis is unclear, a role in the pathogenesis in anxiety is possible, but has to be further substantiated. As current research suggests, norharman may be an important factor in addiction and withdrawal.
Psychological and biological aspects of anxiety disorders
Authors: van Dyck R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe research on anxiety disorders of the department of psychiatry of the Vrije Universiteit is briefly reviewed. Studies have included comparisons between pharmacotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy and combination treatments of panic disorder and of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Also, the hyperventilation model of panic disorder could be rejected as a result of an ambulatory monitoring study. Provocation studies with adrenalin in panic disorder have shown less support for a psychological model of panic than expected. Recommendations for future research include studies on anxiety in the very young and in the elderly, studies on comorbidity in anxiety, especially with alcoholism and depression and the development of treatment manuals for general practice. The issue is raised whether investing in neuroimaging studies will critically advance our knowledge in the near future.
Nightmares in psychiatry
Authors: Beullens J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNightmares are frightening dreams awakening the dreamer. In psychiatry they are often considered as an indication of psychopathology or even as a feature of schizophrenia. Assumptions are made that nightmares occur more often in psychiatric patients than in the normal population and that they are accompanied by an elevated anxiety level in the daytime. From a psychophysiological point of view nightmares possibly are derailed attemps of problem solving, of overcoming frightening experiences. In this review the importance of nightmares as symptom in psychiatry is assessed. It appears that they are no indication of an elevated anxiety level in the day-time or of psychopathology in general, and they are no criterium for the diagnosis of schizophrenia either.
Risperidone in the treatment of psychosis; a concise review
Authors: den Boer J.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryRisperidone (Risperdal®) is a recently developed antipsychotic drug with the combination of serotonin-5HT2A-and dopamine-D2-antagonism (SDA). In patients with schizophrenia, risperidone reduces positive symptoms at least equally effective as haloperidol, however, risperidone has a reduced propensity for the induction of extrapyramidal symptoms.In addition, available evidence indicates that risperidone may be an effective treatment for negative symptoms. The optimum daily dose range is between 4 and 8 mgfor most patients. In this review article, risperidone is compared with some other (classical and atypical) neuroleptics. In addition, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone are reviewed.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and of methicillin-resistant S. aureus clonal complexes in bulk tank milk from dairy cattle herds in Lombardy Region (Northern Italy)
Authors: CORTIMIGLIA C. , LUINI M. , BIANCHINI V. , MARZAGALLI L. , VEZZOLI F. , AVISANI D. , BERTOLETTI M. , IANZANO A. , FRANCO A. , BATTISTI A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYStaphylococcus aureus is the most important causative agent of subclinical mastitis in cattle resulting in reduced milk production and quality. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains has a clear zoonotic relevance, especially in the case of occupational exposure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in bulk tank milk (BTM) from dairy cattle herds in the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy) and to identify the main MRSA circulating genotypes. MRSA strains were characterized by susceptibility testing, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and SCCmec typing. A total 844 BTM samples were analysed and S. aureus and MRSA were detected in 47·2% and 3·8% of dairy herds, respectively. MLST showed that the majority (28/32) of isolates belonged to the typical livestock-associated lineages: ST398, ST97 and ST1. Interestingly, in this study we report for the first time the new ST3211, a single locus variant of ST(CC)22, with the newly described 462 aroE allele. Our study indicates high diffusion of S. aureus mastitis and low, but not negligible, prevalence of MRSA in the considered area, suggesting the need for planning specific control programmes for bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus, especially when MRSA is implicated.
Projections of increased and decreased dengue incidence under climate change
Authors: WILLIAMS C. R. , MINCHAM G. , FADDY H. , VIENNET E. , RITCHIE S. A. , HARLEY D. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYDengue is the world's most prevalent mosquito-borne disease, with more than 200 million people each year becoming infected. We used a mechanistic virus transmission model to determine whether climate warming would change dengue transmission in Australia. Using two climate models each with two carbon emission scenarios, we calculated future dengue epidemic potential for the period 2046–2064. Using the ECHAM5 model, decreased dengue transmission was predicted under the A2 carbon emission scenario, whereas some increases are likely under the B1 scenario. Dengue epidemic potential may decrease under climate warming due to mosquito breeding sites becoming drier and mosquito survivorship declining. These results contradict most previous studies that use correlative models to show increased dengue transmission under climate warming. Dengue epidemiology is determined by a complex interplay between climatic, human host, and pathogen factors. It is therefore naive to assume a simple relationship between climate and incidence, and incorrect to state that climate warming will uniformly increase dengue transmission, although in general the health impacts of climate change will be negative.
Time Perception in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Interval Length and Subjective Passage of Time
Authors: Coelho Sara , Guerreiro Manuela , Chester Catarina , Silva Dina , Maroco João , Coelho Miguel , Paglieri Fabio , de Mendonça Alexandre 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesPatients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may have difficulties in time perception, which in turn might contribute to some of their symptoms, especially memory deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate perception of interval length and subjective passage of time in MCI patients as compared to healthy controls.MethodsFifty-five MCI patients and 57 healthy controls underwent an experimental protocol for time perception on interval length, a questionnaire for the subjective passage of time and a neuropsychological evaluation.ResultsMCI patients presented no changes in the perception of interval length. However, for MCI patients, time seemed to pass more slowly than it did for controls. This experience was significantly correlated with memory deficits but not with performance in executive tests, nor with complaints of depression or anxiety.ConclusionsMemory deficits do not affect the perception of interval length, but are associated with alterations in the subjective passage of time. (JINS, 2016,22, 755–764)
Increasing access to care for young adults with cancer: Results of a quality-improvement project using a novel telemedicine approach to supportive group psychotherapy
Authors: Melton Laura , Brewer Benjamin , Kolva Elissa , Joshi Tanisha , Bunch Michelle 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjective:Young adults with cancer experience high levels of psychological distress. Group interventions for cancer patients have been effective in reducing levels of psychological distress but suffer from high levels of attrition and serve a limited geographic area. In a quality-improvement project, we converted an existing in-person support group to a telemedicine format in the hopes of improving attendance and reducing geographic disparities in access to care.Method:Eight young adults (18–40 years) with cancer were recruited from across Colorado. Participants received a tablet equipped with Wi-Fi and downloaded an HIPAA-compliant video-conferencing application. Participants attended six weekly supportive psychotherapy sessions.Results:Participants found the group to be beneficial: the technology worked, they enjoyed the group format, and they would recommend it to others. The novel treatment interface allowed for low attrition rates due to the flexibility of a patient's location during the intervention. It allowed for provision of services to a geographically diverse population of medically ill young adults, as participants lived an average of 148 miles from the cancer center (range = 25–406 miles).Significance of results:Internet-based mental health care is an area of growing interest for providers, but few studies have evaluated its efficacy in patients with cancer, and even fewer in young adults with cancer. Incorporating technological advances into clinical practice will increase access to care, reduce geographic health disparities, and provide more consistent services.
Peru potato potential: Biodiversity conservation and value chain development
Authors: Tobin Daniel , Bates Rick , Brennan Mark , Gill Tom 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough crop diversity has been identified as essential to enhance global food security and adapt to climate change, high loss of genetic resources is occurring due to agricultural industrialization and market requirements. Value chain development is an emerging market strategy that seeks to simultaneously achieve agrobiodiversity conservation and economic goals, though little empirical evidence exists regarding the extent to which value chains encourage biodiversity maintenance. This study considers the conservation of native potatoes among households in the highlands of Peru where value chain development is being pursued to create market niches for certain native potato varieties. Utilizing a mixed-methods case study approach, the findings of this study indicate that the conservers of native varieties are the households with more endowed resource bases as well as those that sell native varieties in value chains. However, the findings suggest that value chains themselves likely have only a marginal effect on conservation. Native potato conservation and potato production for value chains exist as two separate livelihood activities, and households with more resources are best positioned to engage in both. While value chains allow households to capitalize on the economic value of certain native varieties, the production of other native varieties allows households to fulfill cultural values. Based on these findings, this study concludes that value chain opportunities for native varieties should continue to be identified but they alone are not an adequate strategy to conserve agrobiodiversity. Therefore, in addition to value chain development, a full suite of conservation schemes should be implemented simultaneously.