bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Antecedents of the Gender Pay Gap in U.S. Higher Education
Authors: Rabovsky Thomas , Lee Hongseok 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOrganizational behaviorists have long argued that inequity in worker compensation is problematic. The authors use data on 254 public and private nonprofit research universities to evaluate the antecedents of salary differences between male and female full‐time assistant professors. Drawing on representative bureaucracy theory, they hypothesize that female representation among the associate and full professor ranks, as well as in executive management positions (including the university president), will be negatively associated with gender pay gap differences. Findings support the hypotheses, although the impacts for many of the variables differ between public and private institutions. Important effects are also found related to a variety of institutional characteristics, including funding from state appropriations.
Caring: A Pluralist Account
Authors: Walsh Joseph P 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that care ethics should be understood as a form of value pluralism. Writers on the ethics of care tend not explicitly to address issues in the theory of value, although much of what has been written about care ethics may be taken to suggest that it endorses some form of value monism. I argue against this conception of care ethics by showing that the practical reality of caregiving is more accurately represented by a pluralist account of value. Practices of care are plausibly guided by a number of distinct and potentially conflicting values. These include quality of life, autonomy, dignity, personal development, and the value of nurturant relationships. Whilst caring takes each of these values to be important in its own right, they are not always jointly realisable, and carers are sometimes forced to promote one such value at the expense of another. The possibility of conflict between values is, of course, precisely what a pluralist conception of value tells us to expect. In this respect, then, value pluralism more faithfully reflects the reality of caregiving than does value monism, and care ethicists ought for this reason to endorse it.
Understanding life experiences of people affected by Crohn's disease in Spain. A phenomenological approach
Authors: García‐Sanjuán Sofía , Lillo‐Crespo Manuel , Richart‐Martínez Miguel , Sanjuán Quiles Ángela 
Published: September 2017

Background and objectivesPeople affected by Crohn's disease must adapt their lives to their new chronic condition, and therefore, understanding such experience can be helpful in planning effective interventions for the affected ones. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into such experience and how they adapted in different areas of their lives, particularly in a family‐centred culture such as the Spanish one.MethodA descriptive phenomenological study was conducted through in‐depth interviews to 19 people diagnosed of Crohn's disease in the province of Alicante (Spain). Once the interviews were transcribed, data were analysed using Colaizzi's seven‐step method.ResultsFive emergent themes were identified: self‐protection against the unknown cause; self‐training; learning to live with Crohn's disease; perceived losses associated to Crohn's disease; and relationship with others. The results portrayed a chronically ill patient who is unconscious about the chronicity and consequently must develop strategies to keep living a similar life like the one lived before.ConclusionsThis study revealed that people affected by Crohn's disease struggle with the fact of being a chronic patient with uncertainty about the illness and need to learn living with a chronic condition that limits their daily lives. Furthermore, the lack of Crohn's disease a professional in charge of these people's Cares such as the specific nursing role existing in other countries support in the Spanish Health System determines the loneliness those diagnosed experience to cope with the new situation.
Utilisation of formal and informal care and services at home among persons with dementia: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bökberg Christina , Ahlström Gerd , Karlsson Staffan 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundThe progression of dementia disease implies increasing needs for both informal and formal care and services but also risk of institutionalisation. To better adjust care and services in the phase preceding institutionalisation it is important to find out whether utilisation of formal and informal care and services is determined by increased needs and by who meets the needs.AimThe aim was to compare persons with dementia (65+) with different levels of cognitive impairment, regarding utilisation of formal and informal care and service at home.MethodsThe participants consisted of 177 persons with dementia ≥65 years old and at risk of nursing home admission, divided into groups according to their cognitive function. Structured interviews were conducted based on questionnaires about type and amount of formal and informal care utilised, as well as questions regarding cognitive impairment, dependency in activities of daily living (ADLs) and neuropsychiatric symptoms. To analyse the data, descriptive and comparative statistics were used.ResultsThe findings revealed that the group with severe dementia used significantly more help with ADLs and supervision in terms of time (number of hours and days) provided by the informal caregiver, compared with the group with moderate dementia. Utilisation of formal care and services was highest in the group with the most severe cognitive impairments (Standardized Mini‐Mental State Examination score of <9). The group with severe dementia were more dependent in ADLs and had more neuropsychiatric symptoms (hallucinations and motor disturbances). They were younger and more often cohabitated with the informal caregiver, compared with the group with moderate dementia.ConclusionThis study shows that in the phase preceding institutionalisation the ADL and supervision needs due to progression of dementia appear to tend to be met first and foremost by the informal caregivers.
Nursing roles and functions addressing relatives during in‐hospital rehabilitation following stroke. Care needs and involvement
Authors: Aadal Lena , Angel Sanne , Langhorn Leanne , Pedersen Birgitte Blicher , Dreyer Pia 
Published: September 2017

RationaleIn the last decades, length of stay of in‐hospital rehabilitation of patients with stroke has been significantly reduced. Health authorities expect relatives to be at disposal to convey the knowledge of everyday life and to provide emotional as well as practical support in relation to the patient. Caregivers require nurse assistance, support and to be seen as an essential partner in the care giving process. However, the nurses do not perceive that teaching of relatives is a task they should routinely undertake. This might indicate an ambiguity between the relatives’ expectations and the actual contribution from nurses.AimThis study describes nurses’ experienced roles and functions addressing the relatives of patients with stroke during in‐hospital rehabilitation.Methodological designA phenomenological hermeneutic approach influenced by Paul Ricoeur. In a secondary analysis focus group, interviews of 19 randomly selected nurses from three different hospital settings were interpreted in three levels. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for nursing research in the Nordic countries.FindingsThe nurses expressed that they address the patient and the relatives and support the interaction between the patient and the relatives. Four themes occurred: the changed lives of relatives; shared life after stroke; noncooperating relatives; time for the relatives.ConclusionNurses experience their roles and functions addressing relatives after stroke as crucial, challenging and multifaceted. They acknowledged care needs of the relatives in their own right by addressing the relatives’ vulnerability during in‐hospital rehabilitation characterised by an existential threat to the physical as well as the shared life. The focus on the needs of relatives considering their expected future role was experienced as conflicting with restricting time frames and a healthcare system focusing on the individual patient.
Deadly Experience: The Association Between Firing a Gun and Various Aspects of Suicide Risk
Authors: Anestis Michael D. , Capron Daniel W. 
Published: September 2017

Firearms account for half of all U.S. suicide deaths, but research on mechanisms through which firearms confer risk is limited. Although research has indicated firearm ownership and the unsafe storage of firearms are associated with an elevated risk of suicide, such research cannot provide insight into the extent to which a history of using a gun plays a role. We recruited a community sample (N = 100; 76% female; 44% Black) oversampled for prior suicidal behavior in a high gun ownership state (Mississippi). Consistent with hypotheses, a greater number of lifetime experiences of firing a gun were associated with elements of the capability for suicide (fearlessness about death, pain tolerance, pain persistence) and lifetime suicide attempts, but not with suicide ideation or simple pain detection. These findings indicate that guns may confer risk of suicide in part through increased comfort and aptitude with the weapon, a notion consistent with the construct of practical capability. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with research indicating that guns do not cause healthy individuals to become suicidal, but rather increase risk among already suicidal individuals. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering practical experience with guns as well as simple ownership and storage methods.
Relationship between the retinacula cutis and sagging facial skin
Authors: Sakata A. , Abe K. , Mizukoshi K. , Gomi T. , Okuda I. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundSagging skin is one of the most concerning esthetic issues for elderly individuals. Although reduced skin elasticity has been reported as the cause of sagging skin, a loss of skin elasticity alone is insufficient to explain sagging facial skin. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying sagging skin, with a focus on the subcutaneous network of collagenous fibers known as the retinacula cutis (RC).MethodsTo evaluate the structure of the RC noninvasively, tomographic images of the face were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The RC was identified by comparing MRI results with histological specimens of human skin. A descriptive scale was used to evaluate the degree of sagging, and a device equipped with a 6‐mm‐diameter probe was used to measure the elasticity of deeper skin layers and evaluate the physical properties of the skin.ResultsThe density of RC in subcutaneous tissue correlated negatively with sagging scores and positively with elasticity.ConclusionThese results imply that a sparse RC structure contributes to a reduction in the elasticity of subcutaneous tissue, resulting in a greater degree of sagging facial skin. These findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying sagging skin.
A new anhydrobiotic midge from Malawi, Polypedilum pembai sp.n. (Diptera: Chironomidae), closely related to the desiccation tolerant midge, Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton
Authors: CORNETTE RICHARD , YAMAMOTO NAO , YAMAMOTO MASARU , KOBAYASHI TADASHI , PETROVA NINEL A. , GUSEV OLEG , SHIMURA SACHIKO , KIKAWADA TAKAHIRO , PEMBA DYLO , OKUDA TAKASHI 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sleeping chironomid (Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton) lives on temporary rock pools in the semi‐arid tropical regions of Africa. Its larvae are able to survive the dry season in a completely desiccated ametabolic state known as anhydrobiosis. So far, P. vanderplanki was the only species among all insects showing demonstrated anhydrobiotic ability. Here, we show that a new related species originating from Malawi, Polypedilum pembai sp.n., is also anhydrobiotic and that its desiccation tolerance mechanism is probably similar to what is observed in P. vanderplanki. The new species, P. pembai sp.n., is described with special attention to the common and different morphological features, compared with P. vanderplanki. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both species are closely related, suggesting that anhydrobiosis evolved only once in their common ancestor about 49 Ma somewhere in Africa, before the divergence of two species, one in the sub‐Saharan area and another in southeastern Africa.
Comparison and functional characterisation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from filarial lymphoedema and endemic normals of a South Indian population
Authors: Nathan Abel Arul , Dixit Madhulika , Babu Subash , Balakrishnan Anand Setty 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe underlying problem in lymphatic filariasis is irreversible swelling of the limbs (lymphoedema), which is a unique feature of lymphatic insufficiency. It is still unclear whether the natural ability of lymphatics to form functional lymphatic vasculature is achieved or attenuated in the lymphoedemal pathology. Clinical studies have clearly shown that circulating lymphatic progenitors (CLPs), a subset of bone marrow‐derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs), contribute to post‐natal lymph vasculogenesis.CLP‐based revascularisation could be a promising strategy to bypass the endothelial disruption and damage incurred by the filarial parasites. Thus our aim was to compare and characterise the functional prowess ofPBMCs in physiological and lymphoedemal pathology.MethodsPBMCs were isolated from venous blood sample from drug‐naive endemic normals (EN) and drug‐deprived filarial lymphoedema (FL) individuals using density gradient centrifugation. Adhesion, transwell migration andin vitromatrigel assays were employed to characterise the lymphvasculogenic potential ofPBMCs.CLPs were phenotypically characterised using flow cytometry; expression levels of lymphatic markers and inflammatory cytokines were quantified usingqRT‐PCRandELISA, respectively.ResultsPBMCs fromFLgroup display poor adherence to fibronectin (P= 0.040), reduced migration towardsSDF‐1α(P= 0.035), impaired tubular network (P= 0.004) and branching point (P= 0.048) formation. ThePBMC mRNAexpression ofVEGFR3 (P= 0.039) and podoplanin (P= 0.050) was elevated, whereas integrinα9 (P= 0.046) was inhibited inFLindividuals; additionally, the surface expression ofCD34 (P= 0.048) was significantly reduced in theFLgroup compared to theENgroup.ConclusionPBMCs from filarial lymphoedema show defective and dysregulated lymphvasculogenic function compared to endemic normals.
Strongyloides stercoralis infection increases the likelihood to detect Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in peripheral blood in Chagas disease patients
Authors: Salvador Fernando , Sulleiro Elena , Piron Maria , Sánchez‐Montalvá Adrián , Sauleda Silvia , Molina‐Morant Daniel , Moure Zaira , Molina Israel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesIn a previous study performed by our group, Strongyloides stercoralis infection in patients with Chagas disease was associated with higher proportion of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA detection in peripheral blood. The aim of the study was to confirm this association in a larger cohort of patients.MethodsCross‐sectional study of all patients with Chagas disease diagnosed from 2005 to 2015 during blood donation at the Catalan Blood Bank. Demographic data and T. cruzi RT‐PCR were collected. S. stercoralis infection diagnosis was based on a serological test.ResultsTwo hundred and two blood donors were included. T. cruzi RT‐PCR was positive in 72 (35.6%) patients, and S. stercoralis serology was positive in 22 (10.9%) patients. Patients with positive S. stercoralis serology had higher proportion of positive T. cruzi RT‐PCR than those with negative serology (54.5% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.050), and the difference increased when taking a serological index cut‐off of 2.5, which increases the specificity of the test to detect a confirmed strongyloidiasis (60% vs. 33%, P = 0.017).ConclusionsPatients with Chagas disease with positive S. stercoralis serology had higher proportion of positive T. cruzi RT‐PCR in peripheral blood than those with negative serology, which reflects the potential immunomodulatory effects of S. stercoralis in T. cruzi co‐infected patients.
Global value chain perspective of US–China trade and employment
Authors: Lin Guijun , Wang Fei , Pei Jiansuo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEmployment impact of trade is an issue of long debate. Recent literature seems to focus on partial equilibrium analysis of the jobs destruction in the US due to import competition from low‐cost countries, particularly from China. However, as noted in World Investment Report 2011 (WIR, 2012), indirect employment generated by trade can be substantial, in addition to jobs directly generated by trade, to which end a general equilibrium model is more relevant. Just as in a relay game, it makes little sense to award or punish only the last runner. In this paper, a global value chain approach is adopted to examine the effects of the US–China trade on employment. By using a recently constructed world input–output data, it is made possible to account for jobs created along the value chain process. It is found that China's exports to the US and to the world had created more job opportunities for its trade partners than any other countries in the world. Further, China's exports to the US and to the world tended to generate more employment opportunities for the US services sector, while US exports created more manufacturing jobs for the Chinese workers. Finally, in both countries’ exports the typical value chain products such as electrical and optical equipment were the most effective creators of jobs for both countries. In line with recent work of global value chains, our work sheds light on the employment effects of interconnected trade and provides an alternative interpretation for the impact of the US–China trade on employment.
Canine demodicosis: a retrospective study of a veterinary hospital population in California,USA(2000–2016)
Authors: Bowden Daniel G , Outerbridge Catherine A. , Kissel Marguerite B. , Baron Jerome N. , White Stephen D. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundDemodexspp. are cutaneous mites that cause clinical disease when present in increased numbers. There is an association in some dogs with underlying systemic disease or immunosuppressive medications.Hypothesis/ObjectivesRetrospective study to document breed predisposition, identify any concurrent diseases or underlying immunosuppressive conditions, and to determine the frequency of demodicosis recurrence after treatment completion.AnimalsThere were 431 dogs with demodicosis presented to a veterinary teaching hospital in California,USA, from 2000 to 2016.MethodsInclusion in this study required a diagnosis of demodicosis based on direct demonstration of the mite. Records were reviewed for signalment, disease history, potential underlying aetiologies, diagnosed concurrent diseases, medications and demodicosis treatment. Analyses were performed to evaluate for potential breed predispositions and because of the large number of dogs with allergic dermatoses, analyses for this diagnosis as a disease associated with demodicosis was also performed. E‐mailed surveys and follow‐up telephone calls were used to assess for information about disease recurrence.ResultsThe pit bull terrier group and West Highland white terrier, based on calculated odds ratio, were breeds predisposed to developing demodicosis. For dogs with demodicosis, allergic dermatoses was an associated disease. Relapse or recurrence of disease after treatment was uncommon, affecting 11% of the dogs with long‐term follow‐up.Conclusions/Clinical ImportanceThis study identified, in dogs attending the institution based in California,USA, breed predilections for canine demodicosis and associated concomitant diseases. It also revealed a low occurrence of disease relapse, recurrence or persistence.
A “spaghetti sign” in feline abdominal radiographs predicts spleno‐systemic collateral circulation
Authors: Specchi Swan , Panopoulos Ioannis , Adrian Anna M. , Spattini Giliola , Morabito Simona , Paek Matthew 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA well‐defined, tortuous, and tubular soft tissue opaque structure has been observed within the left mid abdominal cavity in digital radiographs of some cats. Authors hypothesized that this radiographic “spaghetti sign” is a predictor for spleno‐systemic collateral circulation. The purpose of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to further characterize radiographic “spaghetti signs” in a group of cats and compare these signs with results of ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT). A multiinstitutional database was reviewed for radiographic reports describing the presence of a tubular tortuous structure within the left abdominal cavity of feline patients. Patients were included if additional abdominal ultrasound or CT studies were available. Imaging studies and medical records were retrieved and reviewed by a board‐certified veterinary radiologist, and characteristics were recorded. Eighteen cats met the inclusion criteria. The presence of a tortuous vessel consistent with spleno‐systemic collateral circulation was observed by ultrasonography or CT examinations in all patients with a “spaghetti sign” on abdominal radiographs. All patients were spayed females. One cat showed ultrasonographic imaging features consistent with portal hypertension. In conclusion, findings supported the hypothesis that a radiographic “spaghetti sign” is a predictor of spleno‐systemic collateral circulation in feline patients and should be distinguished from other signs such as focal loss of serosal detail or a space occupying lesion.
Comparison of radiography and computed tomography to evaluate fractures of the canine tarsus
Authors: Butler Danielle , Nemanic Sarah , Warnock Jennifer J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDetection and accurate classification of traumatic tarsal fractures are important for identifying cases requiring surgical intervention. The aim of this prospective, experimental, methods comparison study was to directly compare the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of tarsal computed tomography (CT), ten‐view and two‐view digital radiographs for detecting traumatic fractures of the canine tarsus. The working hypothesis was that tarsal fractures would be detected with higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity using CT imaging compared to radiography, and a ten‐view would be superior to a two‐view radiographic study. Ten cadaver hind limbs of medium to large dogs received a CT scan and ten‐view radiographic study before and after induction of fractures with a hydraulic press. All bones included in the radiographic images were assessed for fractures by two observers and gross dissection was used as the gold standard. The two‐view radiographic study (dorsoplantar, lateromedial) was created from the ten‐view study and reviewed 2 years later. All limbs sustained fractures, the most common locations were the talus and calcaneus (n = 7). The sensitivity of CT was greater than ten‐view radiographic study (77% vs. 57%), while the specificity was similar (97% vs. 98%). The sensitivity and specificity of the ten‐view and two‐view radiograph studies were similar (57% vs. 55%; both 98%). Computed tomography images were reassessed postdissection to determine if failure to identify fractures resulted from observer error. Overall, CT was better than radiography for detecting fractures of the canine tarsus, however there was little improvement with ten‐view compared to two‐view radiographic studies.