bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John O’Connell and the Great Famine
Authors: O’Connell Maurice R. 
Published: August 2016

Michael Davitt in his book, The fall of feudalism in Ireland, published in 1904, told the story.it is related that Mr John O’Conneli, M.P., … son of the Liberator, read aloud in Conciliation Hall, Dublin [the meeting place of the Repeal Association], a letter he had received from a catholic bishop in west Cork, in 1847, in which this sentence occurred — ‘the famine is spreading with fearful rapidity and scores of persons are dying of starvation and fever, but the tenants are bravely paying their rents’ — whereupon John O'Connell exclaimed, in proud tones, ‘I thank God I live among a people who would rather die of hunger than defraud their landlords of the rent!’
Anglo-Irish Local Government, 1485-1534
Authors: Quinn David B. 
Published: August 2016

In attempting a study of local government in Ireland at the beginning of the Tudor period, it must be stated that only very tentative conclusions can be made as to its nature and effectiveness. This is due on the one hand to lack of materials and difficulty in interpreting what there are, and on the other to the absence of detailed studies of Anglo-Irish feudalism and of Irish society in the later medieval period.In theory, the royal administration, established in Dublin and organised on English lines, was competent to provide law and government for the whole island. In practice, its effectiveness diminished successively in four groups of territories.
The Dublin Philosophical Society and the New Learning in Ireland
Authors: Hoppen K. Theodore 
Published: August 2016

The study of the history of science has only within the last few decades attained the rank of an important field of enquiry for both scientist and historian. It was thus almost inevitable that, at first, attention should have been focused on the great and original thinkers like Boyle, Newton, Descartes, and Leibniz. But this type of approach frequently results in the presentation of a distorted picture, for few men are geniuses, and these are not truly representative of their age. The Irish scientists of the late seventeenth Century, who ranged from the very able to the pedantically dull, are far more typical examples of contemporary natural philosophers than are Newton or Boyle.In 1680, science in Ireland was still a rare and infrequent study, and it must be admitted that the country had fallen behind the rest of Europe not only in the natural sciences but also in almost all other intellectual disciplines.
The Composition of Connacht in the lordships of Clanricard and Thomond, 1577–1641
Authors: Cunningham Bernadette 
Published: August 2016

The 1560s and 1570s saw the development of a new technique to meet the problem of governing Ireland: the establishment of provincial presidencies in Connacht and Munster, with composition agreements to finance these presidencies. This article re-examines the evidence for, and the nature of, the Connacht composition agreements, with particular reference to the lordships of Clanricard and Thomond, and analyses native reaction to the composition. It places the composition within the context of contemporary arguments about reform strategies for Ireland, and, finally, illustrates that the Composition of Connacht was essentially a form of taxation, and not, as historians have traditionally suggested, an agreement dealing with title to land.English administrative policy in Elizabethan Ireland was influenced by the success of the provincial administrations of Wales and the north of England. This is most clearly reflected in the establishment of provincial presidencies in Connacht and Munster in 1569–70. The driving force behind English schemes for the administration of both provinces was Sir Henry Sidney, a former president of Wales, and lord deputy of Ireland, 1565–71 and 1575–78.
The Commonwealth Labour Party in Northern Ireland, 1942–7
Authors: Walker G. S. 
Published: August 2016

The Commonwealth Labour Party (Northern Ireland), hereafter referred to as the C.L.P., came into existence on 19 December 1942. Its birth was the result of a split in the ranks of the Northern Ireland Labour Party (N.I.L.P.). This split centred on the personality and the political outlook of the man who had led the N.I.L.P since 1932, and who was to be leader of the C.L.P during its five-year lifespan: Harry Midgley.Midgley (1892-1957) was, by the time of the formation of the C.L.P., one of the best-known and most controversial politicians in Northern Ireland. Born into a working-class protestant home in north Belfast, he acquired an early political education as a youth through the medium of the Independent Labour Party organisation in the city. He was close, at least initially, to William Walker, the most outstanding labour leader produced by the north of Ireland during the early troubled years of the labour movement. In addition, he met and listened to some of the most eminent spokesmen of British labour, most notably Keir Hardie. Midgley served his time as a joiner in the Workman Clark shipyard (where his father was a labourer) before spending a brief period in America in 1913 and 1914. After serving in the Ulster division in the First World War, he returned to Belfast in 1919 and quickly got himself a job as a trade-union organiser with the Linenlappers’ Union.
Good news from north-central Africa: largest population of Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius is stable
Authors: Scholte Paul , Nguimkeng Francis , Iyah Emmanuel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNorth-central Africa (i.e. Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Chad) once held important populations of large mammals, including the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Exports of hippopotamus trophies from Cameroon were suspended in 2012 but the species’ status and population trends remain poorly known. Using the same methodology as in 2000 and 2008, we counted hippopotamuses in Faro National Park and bordering hunting zones in 2014. We counted 685 individuals along 97 km of river, compared with 647 and 525 in 2000 and 2008, respectively. The stability of this population contrasts with the declines in populations of large mammals across north-central Africa. We attribute this conservation success to private efforts (i.e. safari hunting) compensating for a decline in state protection. However, the situation remains fragile, as highlighted by an influx of transhumant cattle and gold diggers. We recommend increasing public–private conservation efforts, including incentives for the safari hunting industry, which is also under pressure.
Single particle electron cryomicroscopy: trends, issues and future perspective
Authors: Vinothkumar Kutti R. , Henderson Richard 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere has been enormous progress during the last few years in the determination of three-dimensional biological structures by single particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM), allowing maps to be obtained with higher resolution and from fewer images than required previously. This is due principally to the introduction of a new type of direct electron detector that has 2- to 3-fold higher detective quantum efficiency than available previously, and to the improvement of the computational algorithms for image processing. In spite of the great strides that have been made, quantitative analysis shows that there are still significant gains to be made provided that the problems associated with image degradation can be solved, possibly by minimising beam-induced specimen movement and charge build up during imaging. If this can be achieved, it should be possible to obtain near atomic resolution structures of smaller single particles, using fewer images and resolving more conformational states than at present, thus realising the full potential of the method. The recent popularity of cryoEM for molecular structure determination also highlights the need for lower cost microscopes, so we encourage development of an inexpensive, 100 keV electron cryomicroscope with a high-brightness field emission gun to make the method accessible to individual groups or institutions that cannot afford the investment and running costs of a state-of-the-art 300 keV installation. A key requisite for successful high-resolution structure determination by cryoEM includes interpretation of images and optimising the biochemistry and grid preparation to obtain nicely distributed macromolecules of interest. We thus include in this review a gallery of cryoEM micrographs that shows illustrative examples of single particle images of large and small macromolecular complexes.
Regulatory capture and quality
Authors: Tai Laurence 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDrawing on accounts of regulatory capture in which an industry’s influence activities pull regulation in its direction, apart from incentives or information, this article develops a formal model of capture as a shift in a policy-making agent’s preferences, due to costly actions by the industry. One type of action is rentseeking that produces only capture, whereas the other type also improves regulatory quality by producing information that reduces policy uncertainty. The model shows how the ability to capture the agent can incentivise the interest group to produce more information. Thus, aligning an agent’s preferences with a political principal’s and immunising him from capture is not generally optimal; instead, the principal prefers an agent who is susceptible to capture associated with quality improvements but also initially more opposed to the group than the principal. A comparison of two Securities and Exchange Commission rulemakings illustrates the logic of the model.
High Dose Oral Steroids Commonly Used to Treat Relapses in Canadian MS Clinics
Authors: Morrow SA , Metz LM , Kremenchutzky M 
Published: August 2016

Background:Glucocorticoid treatment improves the speed of functional recovery of acute multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses but has not been shown to provide any long-term functional benefit. There is currently no convincing evidence that the clinical benefit is influenced by the route of administration or the dosage of glucocorticoid, or the particular glucocorticoid prescribed. Recent studies support similarities in the bioequivalence and in the clinical effect of high dose oral corticosteroids for MS relapses.Objective:This survey aimed to determine the relapse treatment preferences of clinicians in Canadian MS clinics.Methods:Members of the Canadian Network of MS Clinics are linked by an email server. A one page survey was distributed to the group to determine and report use of corticosteroids to manage MS relapses amongst Canadian MS specialists.Results:Fifty-one clinicians from 17 MS clinics were surveyed. 32 (63%) surveys were returned representing 16 clinics. Five doses are most commonly prescribed, usually without a taper. Three or four doses and the use of a corticosteroid taper, however, are not uncommon. Gastric cytoprotection and sedatives are often prescribed for use as needed.Conclusion:This survey illustrates that when Canadian clinicians with expertise in managing MS treat MS relapses they choose high dose corticosteroids, either oral or IV. The results therefore represent Canadian practice as these clinicians provide direct patient care and influence care by community neurologists. Until evidence clearly identifies a superior practice all options should be available to clinicians and their patients.
A Quantitative Study of Instrument Approach
Authors: Mercer J. F. W. 
Published: August 2016

The 887th Lecture to be given before the Royal Aeronautical Society was held at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, London, S.W.I, on 29th October 1953, and was presided over by Sir William Farren, C.B., M.B.E., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.Ae.S., President of the Society. Sir William said that this was the first main lecture of the session. In one paragraph of his paper Mr. Mercer said that those who were specialists in fields of a highly specialised kind should get together with their friends in other branches of aeronautics, otherwise they might all go on in ignorance of what was being done by others; he hoped therefore, that there were a number of specialists present who would join in the discussion.Introducing the Lecturer, Sir William said that he had known Mr. Mercer for many years; Mr. Mercer had joined the Blind Landing Experimental Unit at Martlesham Heath when it was formed and it was there that he had done the work described in the paper. The President said he had always felt that one of the things most needed for the real development of aviation was a means of landing in bad weather. He hoped that Mr. Mercer's paper was a contribution towards that end; it was concerned with one phase only of blind landing—approach—but he hoped there would be other papers on the subject. He now called on Mr. Mercer to give his paper.
Pressurisation and Cabin Air Control
Authors: Widgery W. M. 
Published: August 2016

In the opinion of the writer the bald name “ Pressurisation ” gives a crude and misleading picture of the developments which are now in hand and both he and the organisation to which he belongs, prefer to speak of “ Cabin Air Control,” as this name gives a clearer picture of the scope of the developments which are the subject of this paper.At the outbreak of the war the evolution of passenger-carrying aircraft had reached a stage where a great deal of attention was desirable for the comfort of passengers and, in those passenger-carrying aircraft which have subsequently gone into service, it is fair to describe Pressurisation as a development directed almost entirely towards the greater comfort of the occupants.
The Shear Stresses in Tapered Beams
Authors: Pugsley A. G. , Weatherhead R. A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThere is considerable lack of information regarding shear stresses in tapered beams. In this brief report these stresses are examined by a simple extension of the conventional engineering method for uniform beams, and where possible the results are compared with those of classical theory.Complete agreement is obtained with the few existing classical solutions. The use of the engineering method is illustrated by its application to various types of beam, and curves are drawn illustrating the general nature of the influence of taper on shear stresses.
Tapered Beams
Authors: Atkin E. H. 
Published: August 2016

In a previous paper (Aircraft Engineering, November and December, 1938) the writer gave an account of proposed methods of calculating the stresses in tapered girders of a special type. The beam was assumed to have a web of constant thickness which could be dealt with as a two-dimensional stress system, while the booms were assumed to be concentrated lines of material having no flexural rigidity.It was this latter assumption which appeared to represent one of the main limitations of the theory, so an attempt has been made to remove this limitation; a solution has been found, for the case of tapering booms at any rate, which puts the theory at least on the same level of rigour as the well known theory for parallel beams.
An Aspect of the Deformation of Swept Wings in Steady Supersonic Flight
Authors: Hunn B. A. , Lance G. N. 
Published: August 2016

In the design of high-speed aircraft the problem of relating structure loads to a prescribed flight envelope leads very often to the necessity of airframes being considerably stronger than past experience would tend to suggest, due to the methods used in calculating the loading.Hitherto, when dealing with subsonic flight, it has usually been sufficient to determine structural loads in manoeuvre on the basis of a rigid aircraft. That is to say, the influence of structural distortion upon the aerodynamic derivatives, which enter the load calculations, is neglected. That this assumption becomes untenable as the speed is increased is clear when it is realised that, for a given fixed loading on the wing, the distortion is fixed; whereas the incidence necessary to produce the loading is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the flight speed.
Where Goes the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Puckey Walter 
Published: August 2016

In view of recent adverse publicity I must begin this paper by stating that anything I say must not be taken to imply any criticism of the Aircraft Industry. Any conclusions I draw, probably from insufficient evidence, must be regarded as purely intentional!It has been difficult to decide how to prepare this paper. Should I confine myself to technological matters or should I range wide over the Industry's past, present and future problems, and run the risk of displaying my ignorance? I decided to range wide.
The Cartographic Solution of Great Circle Problems
Authors: Dilloway A. J. 
Published: August 2016

During the last twenty years a revival of interest in the subject of map projections has taken the form of a renewed attack upon certain basic limitations which face the cartographer. A necessary stimulus has been provided by the growth of a technique of air navigation, which in many ways has departed from the traditional practice of the marine navigator. From this and other directions emphasis has been laid on the need for precise cartographic representation of distance, direction and position on the earth. But although certain problems may be treated by devising new projections to meet special needs, it is obvious that there is a limit to any purely cartographic approach.The requirements of the new navigation are, briefly, that its methods should be rapid, convenient to use, and of an accuracy consistent with the limitations imposed. The traditional solution by means of spherical trigonometry is thus ruled out on at least two of these counts. In its place, there are now available a number of graphical, mechanical and simplified tabular methods, many of which have no cartographic basis. Since a map projection is an obvious medium for the measurement of spherical relations, the needs of long-distance air navigation have encouraged the adaptation of certain projections in the form of special instruments and devices.
Stress Distribution in Metal Covered Wings and Similar Structure
Authors: Crowther L. 
Published: August 2016

Recent investigations show that “ shear lag ” has a small effect on the distribution of the bending stresses in the section ; but the effect of the stiffness variation, of the various parts of the structure, has a considerable bearing on this distribution.Compression tests on panels of wing covering comprised 20 S.W.G. and 22 S.W.G. plating, with stringers of 18 S.W.G. to 22 S.W.G. rolled sections, show that, due to the bowing and waving of the light covering and stringers, the effective E is reduced to about 4.5 × 106 to 5 × 106 lbs. per sq. ins. for light alloy panels of these sizes. Compression tests on light alloy extruded struts show a value of E of 10 × 106 lbs. per sq. ins.
The Bent Strut with Variable Cross Section
Authors: Drymael Jean 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA graphical method is developed for solving the problem of the beam with variable section, bent by transverse loads and an axial load. The latter may be either tensile or compressive. The beam on statically determinate supports is first dealt with, successively as regards the stress and the deformation. Then a similar procedure is followed for a beam with redundant supports. Finally, the case is studied when there is no transverse load at all, that is buckling only.
Maintenance Design Questions
Authors: Bowden T. E. G. 
Published: August 2016

From the correspondence columns of the JOURNAL it is obvious that there is a great deal of interest in the present-day standard of maintenance design and that the general consensus of opinion is that it is not up to a high enough standard.In order to stimulate still further the interest in design for maintenance the following series of questions are asked. These questions are the thoughts that run through the mind of a maintenance engineer when he is introduced to a new item of equipment. The perfect maintenance design is extremely rare, i.e. when all the questions can be answered in a satisfactory manner.It is easy to produce what seems to be an efficient design on paper but the conditions of a well-lit and well-heated drawing office are different from an unheated hangar early in the morning of a winter day.The importance of maintenance being considered right through all the design stages is even more vital these days, when the number of aircraft being manufactured is less than during the war years and the economic side is just as important as the performance figures. In fact, the words “economy” and “maintenance” are bound together. It is not possible to issue modifications in order to correct faulty maintenance design and still keep a high percentage of aircraft flying.
Aircraft Servicing
Authors: Norman J. , Wilkinson S. F. 
Published: August 2016

The method of achieving efficient and economical servicing with the maximum rate of utilisation of aircraft, is a problem which always confronts the aircraft operator, either a private owner flying his modest machine or a national airline with a variety of large and expensive aircraft. From the point of view of safety, their problems are the same.Efficient servicing is closely related to safety in so far as the airworthiness aspect is concerned and, under present servicing methods, the direct cost of providing this aspect of safety may well amount to some 20 per cent, of operating costs; to this must be added the delays inseparable from major maintenance work which can reduce earning capacity as a result of the time taken to rectify defects. Invariably the cost to the private owner is higher than he had expected and, unless his aircraft is maintained by a competent servicing organisation, it can be subjected to frequent bouts of unserviceability—usually when he needs it most.
The Practical Use of Radio as a Direct Aid to the Landing Approach in Conditions of Low Visibility
Authors: Blucke R. S. 
Published: August 2016

The problem of landing an aeroplane under conditions of low visibility has
been a subject for speculation for the last twenty years, but it is only within
the last ten years that it has been given any serious practical attention. This
practical attention has been forced by the necessity for aircraft to maintain
schedule regardless of weather conditions in competition with other forms of
transport.Although certain schemes involving radio were amongst the earliest proposals
for a solution of the problem, the first practical work appears to have been
concerned with methods of a more mechanical or optical nature, including a
proposal to deposit the fog by high tension discharge.
Piloting Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Brackley H. G. 
Published: August 2016

This is the first time I have been given the honour of reading a paper before the Royal Aeronautical Society, and I propose to give you a brief review of the progress made in commercial air pilotage and some of the problems the presentday captain of aircraft has to tackle on every day all-the-year-round flying in Europe and on the Empire routes to Africa, India and Australia.It is perhaps desirable at the outset to see how commercial flying differs from military and private flying.In the first place commercial routes are fixed and aircraft operate to schedule with many ground aids, compared with R.A.F. operations which of necessity have to be carried out without the assistance available on regular organised routes.In commercial flying, formation and any flying involving steep turns and sudden manoeuvres must be avoided. Passengers’ comfort must be studied. Flights are of longer duration, and the commercial pilot flies many more hours during the year than does a military pilot.