bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Electromyogram to Password
Authors: Zhang Ruide , Zhang Ning , Du Changlai , Lou Wenjing , Hou Y. Thomas , Kawamoto Yuichi 
Published: September 2017

With the increasing popularity of augmented reality (AR) services, providing seamless human-computer interactions in the AR setting has received notable attention in the industry. Gesture control devices have recently emerged to be the next great gadgets for AR due to their unique ability to enable computer interaction with day-to-day gestures. While these AR devices are bringing revolutions to our interaction with the cyber world, it is also important to consider potential privacy leakages from these always-on wearable devices. Specifically, the coarse access control on current AR systems could lead to possible abuse of sensor data.
Although the always-on gesture sensors are frequently quoted as a privacy concern, there has not been any study on information leakage of these devices. In this article, we present our study on side-channel information leakage of the most popular gesture control device, Myo. Using signals recorded from the electromyography (EMG) sensor and accelerometers on Myo, we can recover sensitive information such as passwords typed on a keyboard and PIN sequence entered through a touchscreen. EMG signal records subtle electric currents of muscle contractions. We design novel algorithms based on dynamic cumulative sum and wavelet transform to determine the exact time of finger movements. Furthermore, we adopt the Hudgins feature set in a support vector machine to classify recorded signal segments into individual fingers or numbers. We also apply coordinate transformation techniques to recover fine-grained spatial information with low-fidelity outputs from the sensor in keystroke recovery.
We evaluated the information leakage using data collected from a group of volunteers. Our results show that there is severe privacy leakage from these commodity wearable sensors. Our system recovers complex passwords constructed with lowercase letters, uppercase letters, numbers, and symbols with a mean success rate of 91%.
Fast Power and Energy Management for Future Many-Core Systems
Authors: Liu Yanpei , Cox Guilherme , Deng Qingyuan , Draper Stark C. , Bianchini Ricardo 
Published: September 2017

Future servers will incorporate many active low-power modes for each core and for the main memory subsystem. Though these modes provide flexibility for power and/or energy management via Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), prior work has shown that they must be managed in a coordinated manner. This requirement creates a combinatorial space of possible power mode configurations. As a result, it becomes increasingly challenging to quickly select the configuration that optimizes for both performance and power/energy efficiency.
In this article, we propose a novel queuing model for working with the abundant active low-power modes in many-core systems. Based on the queuing model, we derive two fast algorithms that optimize for performance and efficiency using both CPU and memory DVFS. Our first algorithm, called FastCap, maximizes the performance of applications under a full-system power cap, while promoting fairness across applications. Our second algorithm, called FastEnergy, maximizes the full-system energy savings under predefined application performance loss bounds. Both FastCap and FastEnergy operate online and efficiently, using a small set of performance counters as input. To evaluate them, we simulate both algorithms for a many-core server running different types of workloads. Our results show that FastCap achieves better application performance and fairness than prior power capping techniques for the same power budget, whereas FastEnergy conserves more energy than prior energy management techniques for the same performance constraint. FastCap and FastEnergy together demonstrate the applicability of the queuing model for managing the abundant active low-power modes in many-core systems.
Formation and Development of Orographic Mixed-Phase Clouds
Authors: Henneberg Olga , Henneberger Jan , Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Orographic forcing can stabilize mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), which are thermodynamically unstable owing to the different saturation vapor pressure over liquid water and ice. This study presents simulations of MPCs in orographically complex terrain over the Alpine ridge with the regional model COSMO using a horizontal resolution of 1 km. Two case studies provide insights into the formation of Alpine MPCs. Trajectory studies show that the majority of the air parcels lifted by more than 600 m are predominantly in the liquid phase even if they originate from glaciated clouds. The interplay between lifted and advected air parcels is crucial for the occurrence of MPCs. Within a sensitivity study, the orography is reduced to 80%, which changed both the total barrier height and steepness. The changes in total water path (TWP), liquid water path (LWP), and ice water path (IWP) vary in sign and strength as the affected precipitation does. LWP can experience changes up to 500% resulting in a transformation from an ice-dominated MPC to a liquid-dominated MPC. In further simulations with increased steepness and maintained surface height at Jungfraujoch, TWP experiences a reduction between 25% and 40% during different time periods, which results in reduced precipitation by around 30%. An accurate representation of the steepness and the height of mountains in models is crucial for the formation and development of MPCs.
Clinicopathologic features of minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules
Authors: Asakawa Ayaka , Horio Hirotoshi , Hishima Tsunekazu , Yamamichi Takashi , Okui Masayuki , Harada Masahiko 
Published: September 2017

Purpose Minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules are incidentally discovered in lung specimens. We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of 14 cases identified in surgically resected lungs. Methods Among patients who underwent lung resection in our hospital from October 2007 to March 2016, 14 were found to have minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules. The clinical parameters, radiologic findings, and pathologic features of these patients were retrospectively reviewed using the medical records. Results The patients included 4 men and 10 women, with a mean age of 69 years (range 53–82 years). The coexisting main disease was adenocarcinoma in 8 patients, squamous cell carcinoma in 1, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia in 1, and metastatic pulmonary tumor in 3. In one patient, the minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules presented as multiple lung nodules on chest computed tomography. The median size of the nodules was 1.4 mm (range 0.3–6.0 mm). Similar to meningioma, one case had immunoreactivity to progesterone receptor and epithelial membrane antigen, although the minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules were not associated with a meningioma. Conclusions The relationship between minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules and meningioma should be investigated. If minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules are found on preoperative computed tomography, thoracoscopic lung biopsy is helpful for differential diagnosis.
Validation of an assessment tool for pre-operative EVAR planning
Authors: Fatic Nikola , Normahani Pasha , Mars Dejan , Standfield Nigel J , Jaffer Usman 
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Current methods of teaching endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) planning involve non-criteria-based observations that lack validity. The primary aim of this study was to validate an EVAR Planning Objective Structured Assessment of Skill (EpOSAS) tool for the assessment of pre-operative EVAR planning skills. Methods: Content analysis was performed in order to inform the formulation of EpOSAS domains. Thirty-five participants planned two cases of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm for EVAR, using the OsiriX 7 platform. EVAR planning measurements, with accompanying screenshots, were uploaded onto an electronic data collection sheet. Performance was assessed by three blinded assessors using the EpOSAS tool. Construct and concurrent validity were evaluated. Results: Inter-observer reliability for the three assessors for total EpOSAS scores was high (Cronbach’s α 0.89). There were statistically significant differences in total EpOSAS scores between the different experience groups, demonstrating construct validity (Novice (5.3, IQR 5-5.3), Intermediate (15.3, IQR 14.8-16.8) and Experts (17.5, IQR 17-17.7), p<0.001). A statistically significant correlation was found between total EpOSAS scores and percentage error in measurements, demonstrating concurrent validity (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient: R=-0.250, p<0.001). Receiver-operator characteristics analysis established a cut-off point of 16 out of 18 for determining competence. Conclusion: We have developed and validated a tool that can be used for the assessment of pre-operative EVAR planning skills.
Impact on dose and image quality of a software-based scatter correction in mammography
Authors: Monserrat Teresa , Prieto Elena , Barbés Benigno , Pina Luis , Elizalde Arlette , Fernández Belén 
Published: September 2017

Background In 2014, Siemens developed a new software-based scatter correction (Progressive Reconstruction Intelligently Minimizing Exposure [PRIME]), enabling grid-less digital mammography. Purpose To compare doses and image quality between PRIME (grid-less) and standard (with anti-scatter grid) modes. Material and Methods Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured for various polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thicknesses and dose values provided by the mammograph were recorded. CDMAM phantom images were acquired for various PMMA thicknesses and inverse Image Quality Figure (IQFinv) was calculated. Values of incident entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and average glandular dose (AGD) were obtained from the DICOM header for a total of 1088 pairs of clinical cases. Two experienced radiologists compared subjectively the image quality of a total of 149 pairs of clinical cases. Results CNR values were higher and doses were lower in PRIME mode for all thicknesses. IQFinv values in PRIME mode were lower for all thicknesses except for 40 mm of PMMA equivalent, in which IQFinv was slightly greater in PRIME mode. A mean reduction of 10% in ESAK and 12% in AGD in PRIME mode with respect to standard mode was obtained. The clinical image quality in PRIME and standard acquisitions resulted to be similar in most of the cases (84% for the first radiologist and 67% for the second one). Conclusion The use of PRIME software reduces, in average, the dose of radiation to the breast without affecting image quality. This reduction is greater for thinner and denser breasts.
Aspect and tense attrition in Russian-German bilingual speakers
Authors: Dragoy Olga , Virfel Ekaterina , Yurchenko Anna , Bastiaanse Roelien 
Published: September 2017

Purpose: The impact of second language (L2) on first language (L1), known as L2 transfer, has been suggested as a fundamental driving force of L1 attrition. The goal of this study was to test the differential attrition of verb aspect and tense in L1 (Russian) under the influence of L2 (German) grammatical properties. We also investigated whether the age of bilingualism onset and the amount of exposure to L1 modulate this L2 transfer effect. Methodology: We tested sentence processing in 30 adult Russian monolingual participants and 30 L1 attritors – Russian-German bilingual speakers – with early versus late bilingualism onset and with low versus high amounts of exposure to L1. Participants heard grammatically correct sentences, sentences with aspect violations and sentences with tense violations, and were asked to detect errors. Data and Analysis: The accuracy of participants’ responses was analysed using generalized linear mixed-effects modelling in R. Findings: The L2 transfer effect was found, but was strongly modulated by the amount of L1 exposure: only bilinguals with little exposure to L1 showed greater attrition of L1 aspect compared to L1 tense. Moreover, the age of bilingualism onset proved to be more critical than the L2 transfer effect: an earlier bilingualism onset resulted in greater attrition of both aspect and tense in L1. Originality: The study provided new evidence about the differential impact of the grammatical similarity between L1 and L2, the age of bilingualism onset and the amount of L1 exposure on aspect and tense processing in L1 attritors. Implications: Our findings suggest that greater L1 use after immigration helps bilingual speakers to be less susceptible to L2 transfer and prevents attrition of L1-specific grammatical categories. Also, a general decline in processing verbal morphology is more likely to occur in speakers with an early rather than a late onset of bilingualism.
Cross-language correspondences in the face of change: Phonetic independence versus convergence in two Korean-Mandarin bilingual communities
Authors: Schertz Jessamyn , Kang Yoonjung , Han Sungwoo 
Published: September 2017

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: We investigate the robustness of cross-language phonetic correspondences in two bilingual communities over time, focusing on whether corresponding sounds (e.g. Mandarin /s/ and Korean /s’/) remain coupled in the face of language change, or whether the categories diverge over time in younger, more proficient bilinguals. Design/Methodology/Approach: We quantify the extent of assimilation versus independence of categories across languages by comparing bilinguals’ production of place of articulation and laryngeal contrasts in Mandarin and Korean sibilants. Distinct language-internal changes were expected on each dimension. Data and analysis: 107 speakers varying in age (aged 19–83), gender, and dialect participated in the study. Acoustic measurements (center of gravity of frication, voice onset time) and statistical analyses were performed on a total of ~11,000 tokens. Findings/Conclusions: The extent of cross-language independence differed on the two dimensions. Corresponding segments across the two languages remained tightly coupled in terms of place of articulation, even in the face of change; on the other hand, a language-internal change in the Korean laryngeal contrast left corresponding Mandarin segments unaffected, resulting in divergence of originally corresponding categories. We also found unpredicted changes on each dimension, and these changes progressed concurrently in the two languages. Originality: The study of correspondences in the context of independent sound change provides a unique perspective from which to evaluate the robustness of cross-language interaction, and the parallel analysis of two separate dimensions in two communities adds to the generalizability of results. Significance/Implications: Most changes occurred concurrently in the two languages, suggesting that similar phonetic categories across languages can remain tightly coupled, even in highly proficient bilinguals where phonetic independence is expected. However, one of the primary expected changes (voice onset time merger in Korean) did not affect corresponding segments in Mandarin, indicating that the extent of cross-language independence in phonetic correspondences may differ even within the same population. We discuss potential reasons for the different results.
Increasing Burden of Complex Multimorbidity Across Gradients of Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Koroukian Siran M. , Schiltz Nicholas K. , Warner David F. , Stange Kurt C. , Smyth Kathleen A. 
Published: September 2017

Introduction:This study evaluates the burden of multimorbidity (MM) across gradients of cognitive impairment (CI).Methods:Using data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study, we identified individuals with no CI, mild CI, and moderate/severe CI. In addition, we adopted an expansive definition of complex MM by accounting for the occurrence and co-occurrence of chronic conditions, functional limitations, and geriatric syndromes.Results:In a sample of 18 913 participants (weighted n = 87.5 million), 1.93% and 1.84% presented with mild and moderate/severe CI, respectively. The prevalence of most conditions constituting complex MM increased markedly across the spectrum of CI. Further, the percentage of individuals presenting with 10 or more conditions was 19.9%, 39.3%, and 71.3% among those with no CI, mild CI, and moderate/severe CI, respectively.Discussion:Greater CI is strongly associated with increased burden of complex MM. Detailed characterization of MM across CI gradients will help identify opportunities for health care improvement.
Treatment outcomes from forensic intellectual disability services: The perspectives of patients and their family/carers
Authors: Chester Verity , Geach Nicole , Morrissey Catrin 
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Research investigating the treatment outcomes of forensic intellectual and developmental disability (FIDD) services has largely focused on the perspectives of clinicians and researchers. This study sought the perspectives of patients and family/carers on the outcomes important to them. Methods: Semi-structured consultation groups were conducted with patients in FIDD services ( n = 21) and family carers ( n = 6). Interview data were content analysed, and outcomes identified fell into three main domains (effectiveness, safety and patient experience). Results: The consultations identified outcome domains not considered in the published literature. Patients and carers also had differential perspectives on treatment outcomes commonly reported within literature. Illustrative quotes are used to evidence the domains. Discussion: This study is the first to investigate the outcomes of relevance to patients and their families. These views have been incorporated into an outcomes framework which will form the foundation of future prospective outcome studies.
Change in Function, Pain, and Quality of Life Following Structured Nonoperative Treatment in Patients With Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tetreault Lindsay A. , Rhee John , Prather Heidi , Kwon Brian K. , Wilson Jefferson R. , Martin Allan R. , Andersson Ian B. , Dembek Anna H. , Pagarigan Krystle T. , Dettori Joseph R. , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: September 2017

Study Design: Systematic review. Objectives: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to determine (1) change in function, pain, and quality of life following structured nonoperative treatment for degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM); (2) variability of change in function, pain, and quality of life following different types of structured nonoperative treatment; (3) differences in outcomes observed between certain subgroups (eg, baseline severity score, duration of symptoms); and (4) negative outcomes and harms resulting from structured nonoperative treatment. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Collaboration for articles published between January 1, 1950, and February 9, 2015. Studies were included if they evaluated outcomes following structured nonoperative treatment, including therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, cervical bracing, and/or traction. The quality of each study was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and strength of the overall body of evidence was rated using guidelines outlined by the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group. Results: Of the 570 retrieved citations, 8 met inclusion criteria and were summarized in this review. Based on our results, there is very low evidence to suggest that structured nonoperative treatment for DCM results in either a positive or negative change in function as evaluated by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score. Conclusion: There is a lack of evidence to determine the role of nonoperative treatment in patients with DCM. However, in the majority of studies, patients did not achieve clinically significant gains in function following structured nonoperative treatment. Furthermore, 23% to 54% of patients managed nonoperatively subsequently underwent surgical treatment.
Guidelines for the Management of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy and Spinal Cord Injury: An Introduction to a Focus Issue
Authors: Fehlings Michael G. , Kwon Brian K. , Tetreault Lindsay A. 
Published: September 2017

Study Design: Introduction to a guidelines project. Objectives: The objective of this focus issue is to present guidelines that outline how to best manage patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Topics addressed in this focus issue include: 1) management strategies for patients with mild, moderate and severe DCM; and 2a) timing of surgical decompression; b) the use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate; c) the type and timing of anticoagulation strategies; d) the role of magnetic resonance imaging in clinical decision making and outcome prediction; and e) the type and timing of rehabilitation in patients with SCI. Methods: Systematic reviews were conducted to address key clinical questions and to synthesize the current body of evidence. A multidisciplinary guideline development group used the results of these reviews, along with their clinical expertise, to develop clinical practice guidelines, in a process that adhered to methodology proposed by the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group. Results: The multidisciplinary guideline development group combined the systematic review findings with their clinical expertise and opinions to formulate recommendations on how to manage patients with DCM and SCI. Conclusions: These guidelines will serve as tools to assist clinicians in their decision making by offering a perspective that combines the available evidence, expertise from a variety of clinicians, and patient values.
Nonoperative Versus Operative Management for the Treatment Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: An Updated Systematic Review
Authors: Rhee John , Tetreault Lindsay A. , Chapman Jens R. , Wilson Jefferson R. , Smith Justin S. , Martin Allan R. , Dettori Joseph R. , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: September 2017

Study Design: Systematic review (update). Objective: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a progressive degenerative spine disease that is increasingly managed surgically. The objective of this study is to determine the role of nonoperative treatment in the management of DCM by updating a systematic review published by Rhee and colleagues in 2013. The specific aims of this review were (1) to determine the comparative efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of nonoperative and surgical treatment; (2) to assess whether myelopathy severity differentially affects outcomes of nonoperative treatment; and (3) to evaluate whether activities or minor injuries are associated with neurological deterioration. Methods: Methods from the original review were used to search for new literature published between July 20, 2012, and February 12, 2015. Results: The updated search yielded 2 additional citations that met inclusion criteria and compared the efficacy of conservative management and surgical treatment. Based on a single retrospective cohort, there were no significant differences in posttreatment Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) or Neck Disability Index scores or JOA recovery ratios between patients treated nonoperatively versus operatively. A second retrospective study indicated that the incidence rate of hospitalization for spinal cord injury was 13.9 per 1000 person-years in a nonoperative group compared with 9.4 per 1000 person-years in a surgical group (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval = 1.11-2.22; P = .011). Conclusion: Nonoperative management results in similar outcomes as surgical treatment in patients with a modified JOA ≥ 13, single-level myelopathy and intramedullary signal change on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, patients managed nonoperatively for DCM have higher rates of hospitalization for spinal cord injury than those treated surgically. The overall level of evidence for these findings was rated as low.