bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbovirus en Latinoamérica
Authors: Arredondo-García JL , Méndez-Herrera A , Medina-Cortina H 
Published: April 2016

Las enfermedades producidas por arbovirus son un problema muy grave a nivel mundial, debido a que su vigilancia y prevención implica también la vigilancia de sus vectores, lo que hace difícil su control y casi imposible evitar su expansión a cualquier país tropical o subtropical, e incluso algunas regiones templadas. A nivel mundial, el dengue es la enfermedad por arbovirus más común con 40% de la población mundial viviendo en zonas de transmisión del virus del dengue. De las 390 millones de infecciones estimadas y 100 millones de casos anuales, una proporción pequeña de estos casos progresa a dengue grave. Aproximadamente uno de cada 2,000 casos de dengue causan la muerte; sin embargo, la tasa de letalidad de los pacientes con dengue grave se puede reducir de casi 10% a menos del 0.1% si se actúa rápidamente y con calidad en la atención clínica que reciben los pacientes. Esto, aunado a la reciente y rápida propagación del virus chikungunya y el brote de virus zika en países latinoamericanos, como México, hace necesaria la actualización médica y revisión de bibliografía respecto a la prevención, control y gestión de las infecciones causadas por arbovirus. Por lo tanto, presentamos una revisión de lo más reciente sobre enfermedades por arbovirus en América Latina.
Avulsión dental
Authors: De la Teja-Ángeles E , Villegas-García L , Rodríguez-Ramírez F , Durán- Gutiérrez LA 
Published: April 2016

Los traumatismos dento-alveolares son la causa principal de urgencia estomatológica y representan un daño a la salud bucal con consecuencias estéticas, funcionales, psicológicas y económicas. Muchos de estos traumatismos se producen por accidentes automovilísticos, caídas, violencia o la práctica de deportes de contacto. La avulsión dental por un traumatismo dento-alveolar causa que el diente sea desalojado por completo de su alvéolo y el hueso alveolar; el cemento, el ligamento periodontal, la encía y la pulpa quedan lesionados.
En acción: mejorando el acceso a la atención óptima para todos los pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias Semana mundial de las Inmunodeficiencias Primarias
Authors: Espinosa Rosales Francisco , Condino-Neto Antonio , Franco José , Sorensen Ricardo 
Published: April 2016

Las inmunodeficiencias primarias constituyen un grupo de más de 300 defectos innatos del sistema inmunitario, tanto en sus componentes hematopoyéticos como en los no-hematopoyéticos. Dichos defectos pueden presentarse con un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas, ya sea con infecciones (comunes recurrentes, comunes graves, o raras y graves), autoinflamación, autoinmunidad, malignidad y/o alergia. Anteriormente clasificadas como “enfermedades raras”, las inmunodeficiencias primarias no son tan raras como se pensaba: hoy en día se estima que afectan a más de seis millones de personas alrededor del mundo, sin distinciones geográficas, de género o edad.
Risk Perception in the Use of Non-Metallics
Authors: Waterton K. C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The use of Non-Metallics Materials (elastomers, thermoplastics and thermosets, including composites) as either free standing engineering materials or barrier layers for protection of low alloy carbon steels is highly desirable. Their many attributes include high strength to weight ratio and excellent resistance to corrosive aqueous environments.
However, they may be permeable to, and absorb, gases and liquids; be vulnerable to physical and chemical change in contact with produced fluids and treatment chemicals, which might render their short term properties inadequate; be limited by the long term effects of time, temperature and applied load (creep) and subject to long term ageing effects by thermal oxidation and hydrolysis etc.
In order to best utilise their desirable characteristics, it is necessary to understand the strength and weaknesses of the non-metallic material solution offered. It is essential to understand the interactions between each material and the in-service environment, to identify the risks and mechanisms for failure and the threshold values for properties critical to successful performance. The parameters identified shall be thoroughly tested in a programme to qualify the system for service. By defining the limiting service conditions and the operating envelope the risk of premature failure may be mitigated.
The paper will consider the different approaches available to test and qualify non-metallic materials for oilfield service, including accelerated testing, illustrated by examples of recent testing programmes.
The Tales That Rust Can Tell: The Use of Corrosion Product Analyses In Corrosion Failure Investigations
Authors: Burns Michael G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Premature corrosion failures are often due to unanticipated environmental conditions. Identifying those conditions after the fact can be a challenge. However, since each specific chemical compound in a corrosion deposit is formed in a specific range of thermodynamic conditions, an analysis of the corrosion deposit can often help determine the cause of the corrosion. This paper will describe the conditions under which various corrosion products of iron are formed, provide some case histories where a corrosion product analysis proved helpful, and discuss the limitations of this technique.
Innovative Strategy to Qualify Acid Systems for High-Temperature Wells Under Stringent Corrosion Acceptance Criteria
Authors: Choudhary Yogesh Kumar , Belakshe Ravikant , Mba Julius C. , Salgaonkar Lalit 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In recent years, it has become even more challenging to qualify acid systems that satisfy stringent corrosion acceptance criteria. This paper describes a unique approach of combining the effect of cooldown and effective treatment design to perform scale removal treatments in high-temperature (HT) wells in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The method helps minimize the use of corrosion control additives and its associated cost without compromising the integrity of the well components.
Controlling corrosion is a key consideration in designing acid recipes for HT wells. Achieving sufficient cooldown can further help ensure that inhibition lasts for the entire treatment duration. In this work, temperature modelling software was used to determine the volume required to cool down the well from 135°C to a specific temperature. Static weight loss corrosion testing was used to design the inhibition chemistry on 13Cr-L80 alloy. A corrosion loss of ≤ 0.02 lbm/ft2 for the time tested with no pitting observed at 40x magnification was considered acceptable.
The corrosion tests were performed in both organic and inorganic acid mixtures with varying acid concentrations over a temperature range of 40 to 135°C for a period of 3 to 9 hours. This paper discusses the acid recipe composition, results of corrosion testing, and microscopic analysis to determine pitting. The simulation results of the temperature modelling show that wells can be easily cooled down to as low as 40°C by pumping a sufficient volume of preflush at a certain rate, and examples of such treatment designs are presented in this paper. The qualified acid system was used for carbonate scale removal in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. The treatment post-job analysis showcases an improvement as a result of the acid treatment.
The approach presented serves as a cost-effective guide toward designing scale removal or acid stimulation treatments for HT wells. The details shared in this paper are aligned with the drive of the oil and gas industry toward using cost-effective solutions and environmentally acceptable chemicals.
Management of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Risk Based Inspection Analysis
Authors: Skovhus Torben Lund , Andersen Erlend Stokstad , Hillier Elizabeth 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Operating offshore oil and gas production facilities is often associated with high risk. In order to manage the risk, operators commonly use aids to support decision making in the establishment of a maintenance and inspection strategy. Risk Based Inspection (RBI) analysis is widely used in the offshore industry as a means to justify the inspection strategy adopted.
The RBI analysis is a decision-making technique that enables asset managers to identify the risk related to failure of their most critical systems and components, with an effect on safety, environmental and business related issues. Risk is a measure of possible loss or injury, and is expressed as the combination of the incident probability and its consequences. A component may have several associated risk levels depending on the different consequences of failure and the different probabilities of those failures occurring.
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a degradation mechanism that has received increased attention from corrosion engineers and asset operators in the past decades. In this paper, the most recent models that have been developed in order to assess the impact of MIC on asset integrity will be presented and discussed.
From a risk perspective, MIC is not satisfactorily assessed by the current models and the models lack a proper view of the MIC threat. Therefore, a review of known parameters that affect MIC is presented. The mapping and identification of parameters is based on the review of past models and an extensive up-to date literature study.
The parameters are discussed and subsequently combined in a novel procedure that allows assessment of MIC in a RBI analysis. The procedure is sub-divided into one screening step and a detailed assessment, which fits the recommended approach to assess risk in a RBI analysis.
To illustrate the practical application of the developed procedure a field case is presented.
Testing of H2S Inhibitors for Application in a MEOR Field Pilot in Germany
Authors: Klueglein N. , Mahler E. , Sonwa R. , Herold A. , Hatscher S. , Alkan H. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
MEOR (microbial enhanced oil recovery) is known as low-cost and easy to apply EOR technology. It uses the fact that natural occuring microrganisms in the oil reservoir can be stimulated to create effects that may result in mobilizing oil and sweeping it to the production well. During bacterial stimulation, there is always the risk that the growth of sulfate-reducing microorganisms, specifically bacteria (SRB), which are present in many oil reservoirs, is also triggered and toxic and highly corrosive H2S could be produced. The paper reports an investigation of microbiological H2S production and its mitigation. The project is jointly run by Wintershall and BASF in the context of a MEOR project in a German oil field.
Different SRB inhibitors (one of them being nitrate) have been tested. The inhibitors have different modes of action regarding H2S inhibition, bacteriocidal activity and also show other side reactions. In growth experiments with original reservoir water, it was observed that some inhibitors can prevent H2S formation. It was concluded that very high nitrate concentrations (100 – 500 mM) are necessary for a long-term suppression of H2S up to 41 days. Furthermore, in cultures with nitrate, iron and calcite precipitations were observed as the result of chemical reactions induced by bacterial activity. Reactive flow simulations were performed using Toughreact to predict the impact of those precipitations on the permeability of the reservoir. In contrast to these findings, alternative inhibitors could successfully mitigate H2S production in long-term experiments without any complications. Based on this data and predictions, the use of an alternative SRB inhibitor is preferred over nitrate in the upcoming field pilot.
Rapid Screening of Low Carbon Steel Tubings Using an Oxygen-Free Sliding - CO2 Corrosion Test Rig
Authors: Trausmuth Andreas , Ripoll Manel Rodriguez , Zehethofer Gerald , Vogl Thomas , Badisch Ewald 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Surface degradation in oil well tubings due to sliding contact against sucker rod couplings leads to component damage, decrease productivity by leakage and ultimately failure. Despite the detrimental effect of combined mechanical wear with CO2 corrosion has been known for long time, it is seldom considered when selecting and screening tubing materials. The present work proposes an experimental procedure for characterizing the sliding - CO2 corrosion behavior of low carbon steel tubings. Our approach provides a fast and reliable procedure to screen prospective tubing materials. The feasibility of the test rig to reproduce surface degradation under field conditions is illustrated by comparing two J55 tubing grades with different hardness and chromium content. The performance of the tubings is discussed by comparing the results of pure sliding, static corrosion and sliding - CO2 corrosion tests. The results show the damage interaction between mechanical wear and corrosion, thus highlighting their synergy. The role of mechanical properties and chromium content are discussed within this context and the damage mechanisms observed with our experimental simulation test rig are compared to those observed under real field applications.
Development of an Economical Integrity Management Strategy - An Integrated Approach to Optimise and Prioritise Integrity Related Well Intervention Operations
Authors: Taghiyev Kanan , Wilkie Peter , Harper Christopher S. , Kuswiranto Agung 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A well intervention can be a significant cost during a well's lifetime because it entails lost production, caliper surveys, rigging up expensive workover equipment and possesses HSE risks. These high costs impact the operations of mature fields, especially during market downturns. To address the cost effectiveness of well workover activities, an integrated strategy was developed utilising corrosion, erosion and tubing stress analyses. The approach aims to defer unnecessary well interventions and efficiently control budgets using prioritisation of integrity-related well operations.
The proposed holistic workflow for integrity management is based upon the application of well modelling, corrosion, erosion and tubing stress analyses. These elements utilise industry-standard equations and principles to evaluate the potential for integrity loss. The corrosion analyses are based upon the corrected de Waard Milliams correlation, measured corrosion rates and the application of equations of state and thermodynamics to calculate hydrogen sulphide partitioning if sour conditions are prevalent.
Well performance modelling is linked with corrosion analyses where factors such as production rate forecasts, flow velocities, water alkalinity, tubing profile and PVT data are considered. Erosion is an important factor that impacts metallurgy longevity. To calculate erosion rates along production tubing, erosion analyses are supported and correlated with empirical data specific to individual pipe geometry and the metal behavior when contacted by particles in specific flow regimes. Stress analyses calculates various tubing safety factors (burst, collapse, axial and triaxial) to assess the time, mechanism and risk of tubing failure using production rate forecasts, wall thickness and metal loss results obtained from corrosion and erosion analyses.
Because of the complexity of corrosion, corrosion prediction models can significantly over-estimate corrosion rates by several orders of magnitude. Tuning prediction models to caliper data accounts for field-specific factors, e.g. hydrocarbon properties and scale deposition, significantly improve the accuracy of subsequent predictions and increase confidence in well-integrity-review results.
This workflow enables operators to control and balance capital (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) related to completions and maintenance by enabling them to more accurately predict failures, plan work-over operations and assess the most cost-effective strategy.
Corrosion Study by Using Realistic Brine Composition Under Strictly Anoxic Conditions at xHPHT
Authors: Yan Chao , Guraieb Paula , Tomson Ross C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Published corrosion studies have demonstrated the formation of a passive layer and assessed corrosion rate in a NaCl matrix fluid. However, a critical issue for corrosion laboratory tests is to simulate realistic downhole and reservoir brine composition and conditions, which includes a complex matrix of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, HCO3–, CO2(aq), and others. Just as crucial, dissolved oxygen concentration should be controlled at reservoir conditions which are strictly anoxic (&lt;&lt; 1 ppb dissolved O2), especially for projects dealing with ferrous iron. Strictly anoxic conditions are crucial for evaluating efficiency and degradation of corrosion inhibitors because dissolved oxygen may interfere and even react with corrosion inhibitors under production temperatures and pressures.
Flow-through corrosion tests were performed for 3 weeks at 200 °C and 1,380 bar. The feed solutions were prepared to represent realistic field brines with complex mixtures of cations and anions, instead of using only NaCl, as is commonly done. All solutions were strictly anoxic (&lt;&lt; 1 ppb dissolved O2). Ferrous iron is from the dissolution of carbon steel 1010 due to corrosion. Mineral deposits on the inner surface of test tubings were collected for XRD and SEM analyses.
A single phase of ankerite (CaMg0.27Fe0.73(CO3)2) was observed instead of siderite (FeCO3), calcite (CaCO3), or magnetite (Fe3O4), which are commonly reported as corrosion products at temperatures above 150 °C. Strictly anoxic conditions allow iron to exist in its ferrous form causing it to incorporate into the ankerite structure, as would be seen in the reservoir and production stream. SEM images and XRD composition of the corrosion products showed that the inner surface of test tubing was uniformly covered by ankerite.
These results demonstrate that more complicated corrosion products can form under simulated downhole environment by using realistic brine compositions under strictly anoxic conditions. The surface properties, solubility, and density of this passive layer could be very different from siderite (FeCO3) and magnetite (Fe3O4), which could cause different protection properties. As a result, corrosion rates may be different than previously reported under extreme conditions and should be studied further.
Assessment of Corrosion Rates Under High Shear Conditions - Developments in Laboratory Testing
Authors: Thomson Hunter , Bowering Deborah , Simpson Caroline M. , Ray John , Frigo Dario M. , Graham Gordon M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The use of inflow-control valves (ICVs) and inflow-control devices (ICDs) to improve production rates in horizontal wells has become increasingly common in recent years. These devices have small apertures resulting in high, local high flow rates which results in regimes of very high shear and turbulence, potentially resulting in materials failure due to accelerated corrosion rates, erosion and potentially erosion-corrosion.
To meet the challenge of testing accelerated corrosion rates, various laboratory methods have been developed to study the effects of increasing shear on corrosion. Common test methods such as rotating-cylinder electrode (RCE) tests can provide useful data at moderate shear stresses (up to 100 Pa) and ambient pressures, while rotating-cage autoclave tests (RCA) and rotating-cylinder electrochemical autoclave (RCEA) tests allow moderate shear tests to be conducted at elevated temperatures and pressures. However, achieving the very high wall shear stresses seen with certain oilfield jewellery, such as ICVs and ICDs, is significantly more challenging.
In contrast, jet impingement (JI) methods have enabled materials testing at up to 10,000 Pa, and by coupling these with the ability to conduct these tests under increasingly higher pressures and temperatures, very-high-shear systems can be tested under conditions closely matched to those in the field. The approaches developed in our laboratories, which use both weight loss and electrochemical corrosion measurements, have also proved to be robust even in extremely corrosive environments, such as in the presence of stimulation acids (both uninhibited and inhibited) and over extended exposure times (&gt; 7 days).
These jet-impingement test methods have enabled enhanced understanding of the susceptibility of various materials to corrosion and erosion under extremely high shear conditions, and how effectively (or not) film-forming corrosion inhibitors perform. The application of these advanced laboratory techniques is currently playing a vital role in evaluating suitable methods for preventing corrosion under very challenging conditions before deployment in the field.
Detecting and Removing Outliers in Production Data to Enhance Production Forecasting
Authors: Chaudhary Nitinkumar L. , Lee W. John 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The objective of the study summarized in this paper was to establish a robust method to detect outliers in rate and pressure data used for decline analysis and forecasting, pressure and rate transient analysis, and similar workflows. Presence of outliers contributes significantly to the uncertainty and non-uniqueness associated with the rate/pressure transient analysis workflow.
In time-series data usually encountered in rate/pressure transient analysis workflows, we observed that the neighboring data points of an inlying data point will be closer to the point as compared to closeness of an outlier data point. The outlier detection method we developed exploits this observation. It relies on the concept of local density around a data point, and locality is quantified by a function of distance of the data point from its k-nearest neighbors. This concept further maps into a local outlier factor, which signifies the quantitative extent of a data point being an outlier. Outliers will have a higher value of local outlier factor than will inlying data points. A threshold value of local outlier factor is used to label the data points as outliers, and this threshold is set using the histogram of local outlier factor values.
Most commonly used outlier detection methods in the industry assume that rate/pressure data follow a known model (e.g., a Gaussian probability distribution model), but outliers deviate strongly from this model. In the usual parametric-model-based approach, an a priori assumption of the correct model needs to be verified, which can limit the validity of the approach. The newly proposed outlier detection method, being non-parametric, is more robust as it is independent of the assumption that data follows a known model.
We present a synthetic case study demonstrating the importance of outlier detection and outlining the limitations of currently used outlier detection methods. We then validate our method through synthetic examples generated using numerical models of multi-stage hydraulically fractured wells in unconventional reservoirs. Upon validation we demonstrate application of our method using field examples from four major shale plays.