bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A unified structure-preserving parametric finite element method for anisotropic surface diffusion
Authors: Bao Weizhu , Li Yifei 
Published: October 2024

We propose and analyze a unified structure-preserving parametric finite element method (SP-PFEM) for the anisotropic surface diffusion of curves in two dimensions

(
d
=
2
)

(d=2)

and surfaces in three dimensions

(
d
=
3
)

(d=3)

with an arbitrary anisotropic surface energy density

γ
(
n
)

\gamma (\boldsymbol {n})

, where

n
∈

S

d
−
1

\boldsymbol {n}\in \mathbb {S}^{d-1}

represents the outward unit vector. By introducing a novel unified surface energy matrix

G
k

(
n
)

\boldsymbol {G}_k(\boldsymbol {n})

depending on

γ
(
n
)

\gamma (\boldsymbol {n})

, the Cahn-Hoffman

ξ
\boldsymbol {\xi }

-vector and a stabilizing function

k
(
n
)
:

S

d
−
1

→

R

k(\boldsymbol {n}):\ \mathbb {S}^{d-1}\to {\mathbb R}

, we obtain a unified and conservative variational formulation for the anisotropic surface diffusion via different surface differential operators, including the surface gradient operator, the surface divergence operator and the surface Laplace-Beltrami operator. A SP-PFEM discretization is presented for the variational problem. In order to establish the unconditional energy stability of the proposed SP-PFEM under a very mild condition on

γ
(
n
)

\gamma (\boldsymbol {n})

, we propose a new framework via local energy estimate for proving energy stability/structure-preserving properties of the parametric finite element method for the anisotropic surface diffusion. This framework sheds light on how to prove unconditional energy stability of other numerical methods for geometric partial differential equations. Extensive numerical results are reported to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy as well as structure-preserving properties of the proposed SP-PFEM for the anisotropic surface diffusion with arbitrary anisotropic surface energy density

γ
(
n
)

\gamma (\boldsymbol {n})

arising from different applications.
On vector measures with values in 𝑐₀(𝜅)
Authors: Rodríguez José 
Published: October 2024

Let

ν
\nu

be a vector measure defined on a

σ
\sigma

-algebra

Σ
\Sigma

and taking values in a Banach space. We prove that if

ν
\nu

is homogeneous and

L
1

(
ν
)

L_1(\nu )

is non-separable, then there is a vector measure

ν
~

:
Σ
→

c
0

(
κ
)

\tilde {\nu }:\Sigma \to c_0(\kappa )

such that

L
1

(
ν
)
=

L
1

(

ν
~

)

L_1(\nu )=L_1(\tilde {\nu })

with equal norms, where

κ
\kappa

is the density character of

L
1

(
ν
)

L_1(\nu )

. This is a non-separable version of a result of G.P. Curbera [Pacific J. Math. 162 (1994), pp. 287–303].
Geriatric medicine and Olympic elite sports—parallels and philosophies
Authors: McDonald Claire , Sayer Avan A , Witham Miles D 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The 30th Olympiad took place in July 2024. At first glance, sports science and training of elite athletes may appear to be of little relevance to geriatric medicine. However, there are important parallels between the practice of geriatric medicine and elite sports and lessons that we can learn from our sports science colleagues. Elite athletes and older people are operating at the margins of physiological capacity. Both benefit from tailored, scientifically informed training programmes delivered and monitored by a multidisciplinary team. There are parallels between the comprehensive geriatric assessment and the philosophy of marginal gains pioneered by British Cycling. Insights into the biology of skeletal muscle function are beginning to translate into the development of clinical interventions and substances that offer an unfair advantage in sport by improving muscle strength and physical performance may be of therapeutic benefit in sarcopenia. The 2024 Olympics provide an opportunity for us to learn lessons for excellence in our research and provide an opportunity to promote exercise across the life course—important for healthy ageing.
Intersection between person-centred practice and Montessori for dementia and ageing in residential aged care
Authors: Woolford Marta , Bruce Lauren , Rigoni Daniella , Gulline Hannah , Horsman Phillipa , MacRae Ann , Berkovic Danielle , Morawaka Niluksha , Alberti Silvia , Skouteris Helen , Ayton Darshini 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Internationally, person-centred care (PCC) is embedded in the language of regulations and mandated to be practised in residential aged care (RAC). Despite this, PCC has not been fully adopted in RAC in Australia and internationally, and concerns about the quality of care persist. Over the past 2 decades, Montessori for dementia and ageing has been introduced in RAC to support and inform a cultural change towards PCC. This study aimed to examine the intersection between the goals and approaches of Montessori and PCC in RAC.

Methods
This qualitative descriptive study reports on a secondary analysis of qualitative data from focus groups (FGs) and interviews with residents, family-members, staff, and volunteers from eight RAC homes in Victoria, Australia. Sixteen FGs and 36 interviews were conducted. A qualitative deductive approach using researcher-developed Montessori for dementia and ageing framework for data analysis was applied.

Results
Findings provide support for the intersection between PCC and Montessori with participants’ descriptions of PCC aligning with many of the goals and approaches of Montessori. Participants most commonly described Montessori approaches of engagement in daily tasks with purposeful roles and promoting cognitive abilities through multi-sensory stimulation. Least frequently-described approaches included focusing on residents’ strengths/abilities, maintaining function, using familiar objects, and guided repetition.

Conclusions
Findings have important implications for practice to use Montessori as a vehicle that supports and upskills the workforce to deliver care that is person-centred. Future research must examine the resources required to support the implementation and sustainability of Montessori as a vehicle for PCC.
Molecular genetic regulation of the vegetative–generative transition in wheat from an environmental perspective
Authors: Kiss Tibor , Horváth Ádám D , Cseh András , Berki Zita , Balla Krisztina , Karsai Ildikó 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The key to the wide geographical distribution of wheat is its high adaptability. One of the most commonly used methods for studying adaptation is investigation of the transition between the vegetative–generative phase and the subsequent intensive stem elongation process. These processes are determined largely by changes in ambient temperature, the diurnal and annual periodicity of daylength, and the composition of the light spectrum. Many genes are involved in the perception of external environmental signals, forming a complex network of interconnections that are then integrated by a few integrator genes. This hierarchical cascade system ensures the precise occurrence of the developmental stages that enable maximum productivity. This review presents the interrelationship of molecular–genetic pathways (Earliness per se, circadian/photoperiod length, vernalization – cold requirement, phytohormonal – gibberellic acid, light perception, ambient temperature perception and ageing – miRNA) responsible for environmental adaptation in wheat. Detailed molecular genetic mapping of wheat adaptability will allow breeders to incorporate new alleles that will create varieties best adapted to local environmental conditions.
Unpacking unstructured data: A pilot study on extracting insights from neuropathological reports of Parkinson’s Disease patients using large language models
Authors: Stroganov Oleg , Schedlbauer Amber , Lorenzen Emily , Kadhim Alex , Lobanova Anna , Lewis David A , Glausier Jill R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to make unstructured neuropathological data, located in the NeuroBioBank (NBB), follow Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability principles and investigate the potential of large language models (LLMs) in wrangling unstructured neuropathological reports. By making the currently inconsistent and disparate data findable, our overarching goal was to enhance research output and speed. The NBB catalog currently includes information from medical records, interview results, and neuropathological reports. These reports contain crucial information necessary for conducting an in-depth analysis of NBB data but have multiple formats that vary across different NBB biorepositories and change over time. In this study, we focused on a subset of 822 donors with Parkinson’s disease (PD) from seven NBB biorepositories. We developed a data model with combined Brain Region and Pathological Findings data at its core. This approach made it easier to build an extraction pipeline and was flexible enough to convert resulting data to Common Data Elements, a standardized data collection tool used by the neuroscience community to improve consistency and facilitate data sharing across studies. This pilot study demonstrated the potential of LLMs in structuring unstructured neuropathological reports of PD patients available in the NBB. The pipeline enabled successful extraction of detailed tissue-level (microscopic) and gross anatomical (macroscopic) observations, along with staging information from pathology reports, with extraction quality comparable to manual curation results. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to automatically standardize neuropathological information at this scale. The collected data have the potential to serve as a valuable resource for PD researchers, facilitating integration with clinical information and genetic data (such as genome-wide genotyping and whole-genome sequencing) available through the NBB, thereby enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the disease.
A retrospective audit of an artificial intelligence software for the detection of intracranial haemorrhage used by a teleradiology company in the United Kingdom
Authors: Pettet Garry , West Julie , Robert Dennis , Khetani Aneesh , Kumar Shamie , Golla Satish , Lavis Robert 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have the potential to assist radiologists in the reporting of head computed tomography (CT) scans. We investigated the performance of an AI-based software device used in a large teleradiology practice for intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) detection.

Methods
A randomly selected subset of all non-contrast CT head (NCCTH) scans from patients aged ≥18 years referred for urgent teleradiology reporting from 44 different hospitals within the United Kingdom over a 4-month period was considered for this evaluation. Thirty auditing radiologists evaluated the NCCTH scans and the AI output retrospectively. Agreement between AI and auditing radiologists is reported along with failure analysis.

Results
A total of 1315 NCCTH scans from as many distinct patients (median age, 73 years [IQR 53-84]; 696 [52.9%] females) were evaluated. One hundred twelve (8.5%) scans had ICH. Overall agreement, positive percent agreement, negative percent agreement, and Gwet’s AC1 of AI with radiologists were found to be 93.5% (95% CI, 92.1-94.8), 85.7% (77.8-91.6), 94.3% (92.8-95.5) and 0.92 (0.90-0.94), respectively, in detecting ICH. 9 out of 16 false negative outcomes were due to missed subarachnoid haemorrhages and these were predominantly subtle haemorrhages. The most common reason for false positive results was due to motion artefacts.

Conclusions
AI demonstrated very good agreement with the radiologists in the detection of ICH.

Advances in knowledge
Real-world evaluation of an AI-based CT head interpretation device is reported. Knowledge of scenarios where false negative and false positive results are possible will help reporting radiologists.
Encephalitis lethargica: clinical features and aetiology
Authors: Rogers Jonathan P , Mastellari Tomas , Berry Alex J , Kumar Kieron , Burchill Ella , David Anthony S , Lewis Glyn , Lees Andrew , Zandi Michael S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Encephalitis lethargica, an epidemic neurological illness, typically involved a severe sleep disorder and progressive parkinsonism. A century later, our understanding relies on seminal descriptions, more recent historical research and the study of small numbers of possible sporadic cases. Theories around infection, environmental toxins, catatonia and autoimmune encephalitis have been proposed. We aimed to describe the presentation of encephalitis lethargica and test these diagnostic and aetiological theories. Subjects with encephalitis lethargica were identified in the archives of the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK between 1918 and 1946. Case notes were examined to establish illness temporality, clinical features and cerebrospinal fluid results. Controls from the archives were identified for 10% of cases, matching on discharge year, sex and neurologist. Clinical presentation was compared to modern diagnostic criteria for encephalitis lethargica, catatonia and autoimmune encephalitis. In a case–control design, a multilevel logistic regression was conducted to ascertain whether cases of encephalitis lethargica were associated with febrile illnesses and with environmental exposures. Six hundred and fourteen cases of encephalitis lethargica and 65 controls were identified. Cases had a median age of 29 years (interquartile range 18) and a median time since symptomatic onset of 3.00 years (interquartile range 3.52). Motor features were present in 97.6%, cranial nerve findings in 91.0%, ophthalmological features in 77.4%, sleep disorders in 66.1%, gastrointestinal or nutritional features in 62.1%, speech disorders in 60.8% and psychiatric features in 53.9%. Of the 167 cases who underwent lumbar puncture, 20 (12.0%) had a pleocytosis. The Howard and Lees criteria for encephalitis lethargica had a sensitivity of 28.5% and specificity of 96.9%. Among the cases, 195 (31.8%, 95% confidence interval 28.1–35.6%) had a history of febrile illness within one calendar year prior to illness onset, which was more common than among the controls (odds ratio 2.70, 95% confidence interval 1.02–7.20, P = 0.05), but there was substantial reporting bias. There was no evidence that occupational exposure to solvents or heavy metals was associated with encephalitis lethargica. Two hundred and seventy-six (45.0%) of the cases might meet criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis, but only 3 (0.5%) might meet criteria for probable NMDA receptor encephalitis. Only 11 cases (1.8%) met criteria for catatonia. Encephalitis lethargica has a distinct identity as a neuropsychiatric condition with a wide range of clinical features. Evidence for a relationship with infectious or occupational exposures was weak. Autoimmune encephalitis may be an explanation, but typical cases were inconsistent with NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Two pressure-induced molecular superconductors with different types of crystal and electronic structures derived from an unsymmetrical tetrachalcogenafulvalene
Authors: Uebe Masashi , Minamidate Takaaki , Cui Hengbo , Oshima Yugo , Kato Reizo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We newly synthesized an organic donor molecule ETTM-STF (ethylenedithio(trimethylene)diselenadithiafulvalene), a molecular hybrid of HMTTF (hexamethylenetetrathiafulvalene) and BETS (bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene). Electrochemical oxidation of ETTM-STF provided two cation radical salts, (ETTM-STF)2Au(CN)2 and (ETTM-STF)2BF4. Crystal structure of the Au(CN)2 salt is characterized by a monolayer structure based on dimerized donor molecules. On the other hand, the BF4 salt shows a bilayer structure that is composed of two crystallographically independent conducting layers with different types of electronic structures. At ambient pressure, the Au(CN)2 salt is a Mott insulator and the BF4 salt undergoes a metal–nonmetal transition where the two types of conducting layers exhibit different behavior. Application of pressure suppressed the nonconducting behavior and induced a superconducting state in the Au(CN)2 salt (Tc = 3.4 K at 9.5 kbar) and in the BF4 salt (Tc = 6.8 K at 8 kbar).
Efficacy and safety of atenolol vs. propranolol for treatment of infantile haemangioma: a narrative review
Authors: Shi Michelle , Wargon Orli , Tatian Artiene 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Infantile haemangioma (IH) remains the most common benign vascular tumour in childhood. Although most IH can be managed conservatively, a proportion of these lesions can cause disfigurement, ulceration or functional impairment, requiring prompt intervention. Propranolol, a lipophilic nonselective beta blocker, has been regarded as first-line therapy, following a serendipitous discovery of its use for IH in 2008. Although efficacious, it has been associated with adverse effects such as hypoglycaemia, bronchospasm, sleep disturbances and agitation in infant trials. Atenolol, a hydrophilic beta-1 selective blocker, has demonstrated similar efficacy and potentially greater tolerability, being less likely to cause sleep disturbances given its inability to cross the blood–brain barrier, and a decrease in bronchial reactivity. The purpose of this review is to explore and critique current knowledge about the efficacy and safety of propranolol vs. atenolol in children with an IH. In total, seven studies comparing the two beta blockers were identified in our search. Atenolol appeared to be as efficacious as propranolol and was associated with fewer central nervous system and bronchial-related adverse events. Further research exploring the optimal dosing for atenolol, particularly for ulcerated or syndromic IHs, as well as the incidence and management of rebound growth would be beneficial.
Uncovering neural substrates across Alzheimer’s disease stages using contrastive variational autoencoder
Authors: Tang Yan , Yang Chao , Wang Yuqi , Zhang Yunhao , Xin Jiang , Zhang Hao , Xie Hua ,   For the Alzheimer’s Disease Metabolomics Consortium
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common major neurocognitive disorder. Although currently, no cure exists, understanding the neurobiological substrate underlying Alzheimer’s disease progression will facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, slow disease progression, and improve prognosis. In this study, we aimed to understand the morphological changes underlying Alzheimer’s disease progression using structural magnetic resonance imaging data from cognitively normal individuals, individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease via a contrastive variational autoencoder model. We used contrastive variational autoencoder to generate synthetic data to boost the downstream classification performance. Due to the ability to parse out the nonclinical factors such as age and gender, contrastive variational autoencoder facilitated a purer comparison between different Alzheimer’s disease stages to identify the pathological changes specific to Alzheimer’s disease progression. We showed that brain morphological changes across Alzheimer’s disease stages were significantly associated with individuals’ neurofilament light chain concentration, a potential biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease, highlighting the biological plausibility of our results.
Copper(II) triflate-mediated addition reaction of 2-tributylstannyl-1,3-dithiane with imines
Authors: Kagoshima Hirotaka , Kawamoto Junki , Takeo Yuki , Narui Yuta , Ohkubo Shiori , Kawai Tomoya 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The addition of 2-tributylstannyl-1,3-dithiane to imines was achieved using copper(II) triflate in MeNO2 at room temperature. Furthermore, this reaction can be applied to various aromatic and heteroaromatic imines. Consequently, the corresponding α-amino-1,3-dithiane derivatives were efficiently and readily synthesized under mild conditions.
Closed-chest robotic mitral repair using a semi-rigid ring inserted through a trocar
Authors: Sandoval Elena , Morales-Rey Ignacio , Bartolozzi Luis , Sanchez Jesús , Pereda Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
There are several types of annuloplasty devices for mitral repair. We present a totally-thoracoscopic robotic mitral repair using a new semi-rigid ring with a nitinol core that makes it malleable so that it can be inserted through a trocar. This technique combines the advantages of semi-rigid rings and a totally-thoracoscopic approach, which may further expand this approach to other aetiologies.
Acute alcohol consumption and arrhythmias in young adults: the MunichBREW II study
Authors: Brunner Stefan , Krewitz Christina , Winter Raphaela , von Falkenhausen Aenne S , Kern Anna , Brunner Dorothee , Sinner Moritz F 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Acute excessive alcohol intake may cause the holiday heart syndrome, characterized by cardiac arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation. Since underlying data are scarce, the study aimed to prospectively investigate the temporal course of occurring cardiac arrhythmias following binge drinking in young adults.

Methods
A total of 202 volunteers planning acute alcohol consumption with expected peak breath alcohol concentrations (BACs) of ≥1.2 g/kg were enrolled. The study comprised 48 h electrocardiogram monitoring covering baseline (Hour 0), ‘drinking period’ (Hours 1–5), ‘recovery period’ (Hours 6–19), and two control periods corresponding to 24 h after the ‘drinking’ and ‘recovery periods’, respectively. Acute alcohol intake was monitored by BAC measurements during the ‘drinking period’. Electrocardiograms were analysed for mean heart rate, atrial tachycardia, premature atrial complexes, premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), and heart rate variability measures.

Results
Data revealed an increase in heart rate and an excess of atrial tachycardias with increasing alcohol intake. Heart rate variability analysis indicated an autonomic modulation with sympathetic activation during alcohol consumption and the subsequent ‘recovery period’, followed by parasympathetic predominance thereafter. Premature atrial complexes occurred significantly more frequently in the ‘control periods’, whereas PVCs were more frequent in the ‘drinking period’. Ten participants experienced notable arrhythmic episodes, including atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardias, primarily during the ‘recovery period’.

Conclusions
The study demonstrates the impact of binge drinking on heart rate alterations and increased atrial tachycardias during ‘drinking period’, and the occurrence of clinically relevant arrhythmias during the ‘recovery period’, emphasizing the holiday heart syndrome as a health concern.