bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of improved executive function following erythropoietin treatment in mood disorders
Authors: Miskowiak K. W. , Vinberg M. , Glerup L. , Paulson O. B. , Knudsen G. M. , Ehrenreich H. , Harmer C. J. , Kessing L. V. , Siebner H. R. , Macoveanu J. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundCognitive dysfunction in depression and bipolar disorder (BD) is insufficiently targeted by available treatments. Erythropoietin (EPO) increases neuroplasticity and may improve cognition in mood disorders, but the neuronal mechanisms of these effects are unknown. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the effects of EPO on neural circuitry activity during working memory (WM) performance.MethodPatients with treatment-resistant major depression, who were moderately depressed, or with BD in partial remission, were randomized to eight weekly infusions of EPO (40 000 IU) (N = 30) or saline (N = 26) in a double-blind, parallel-group design. Patients underwent fMRI, mood ratings and blood tests at baseline and week 14. During fMRI patients performed an n-back WM task.ResultsEPO improved WM accuracy compared with saline (p = 0.045). Whole-brain analyses revealed that EPO increased WM load-related activity in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) compared with saline (p = 0.01). There was also enhanced WM load-related deactivation of the left hippocampus in EPO-treated compared to saline-treated patients (p = 0.03). Across the entire sample, baseline to follow-up changes in WM performance correlated positively with changes in WM-related SFG activity and negatively with hippocampal response (r = 0.28–0.30, p < 0.05). The effects of EPO were not associated with changes in mood or red blood cells (p ⩾0.08).ConclusionsThe present findings associate changes in WM-load related activity in the right SFG and left hippocampus with improved executive function in EPO-treated patients. Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00916552.
On a New Species of Hybodus from the Lower Chalk
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Since the publication of Agassiz' ‘Poissons Fossiles’ only one addition, that we are aware of, has been made to our knowledge of this interesting genus of fishes,—certainly, at least, in respect to British geology. In 1845 Sir Philip Egerton described, before the Geological Society, a large jaw, or rather mouth of teeth, of a fish of this kind, found by Captain Ibbetson in the Isle of Wight, and named by Sir Philip Hylodus bassanus.This species has been assigned to the Lower Greensand, in Morris's Catalogue, but the bed seems, from Sir Philip's statement, to be in a dubious position, for he speaks of it only as “near the junction of the Lower Greensand and Wealden,” and says the specimen was sent to him “in the hopes it might tend to show to which of the two formations its bed should be assigned,”—a question he further declines to answer, as “the evidence it affords on this question is neither direct nor conclusive, inasmuch as it is an undescribed species; and consequently any deductions beyond those based upon general affinities would be unwarrantable.” Sir Philip adds, however, further on: “The geological inferences afforded by the specimen are briefly told. The species is new. The genus is undoubtedly Hybodus. This genus attains its maximum expansion in the Oolitic series, but it ranges from the Muschelkalk to the Chalk inclusive.
An Attempt to Correlate the Glacial and Post-Glacial Deposits of the British Isles, and to Determine their Order of Succession
Authors: King William 
Published: March 2016

The classification given in the sequel is based on the following premises:—1st. The entire area of the British Isles has undergone at different times, during the Glacial and Post-Glacial periods, a succession of secular elevating and subsiding movements.2nd. At the close of the Pliocene period, the relative level of land and sea over the British area was approximately the same as at present.3rd. The edge of the two-hundred-fathoms submarine plateau, on the east side of the North Atlantic, formed the west coast-line of a continent (now represented by Europe) during the earliest time (epoch) of the Glacial period.4th. The climate of the British area was frigid in the extreme during the Glacial period, allowing epochs of amelioration.5th. Rock-surfaces undergo enormous degradation when they are above the sea-level, during the prevalency of glaciation.
On a New Fish-Jaw from the Gault Near Folkestone
Authors: Blake C. Carter 
Published: March 2016

My friend Mr. Mackie has handed me an interesting little fragment of jaw, derived from the Gault at Folkestone. The length of the broken fragment of jaw measures 1⅛ inch; its absolute breadth of an inch. It contains three teeth, of which the largest is conical, incurved, exhibiting around its thickened base a series of sculptured linear depressions, parallel with the axis of the tooth, the interior of which has been converted into phosphate of lime; the second and the third also exhibiting similar characters, the third especially being acuminate, and exhibiting the natural apex of the tooth in an uninjured state. The conformation of such a tooth led my friend Mr. Davies to compare it with the homologous structure in the teeth of the Pachyrhizodus basalis of Agassiz, which is described by Sir Philip Egerton, F.R.S., in Mr. F. Dixon's ‘Geology of Sussex.’ The specimen figured in that work was obtained from the Lower Chalk at Steyning. The characters, which are given, are—” apex very brittle, slightly curved inwardly, and solid; the base is hollow, and extends into the substance of the jaw.” It is further stated that in Sir Philip Egerton's cabinet there is a specimen of this fish, exhibiting an unusually thick and strong humerus, as well as large and circular scales, covered with asperities so minute as to be indistinguishable without the aid of a glass.There are many points of distinction, however, between the Pachyrhizodus basalis of Agassiz, and Mr. Mackie's specimen. Apart from the absolute size of Mr. Dixon's specimen, which is at least double that of the one before me, I am wholly unable to detect in the former any trace of that curious sculptured channelling which is so prominent in the latter specimen. This comparison failing, Mr. Davies showed me some most interesting specimens, also from the Folkestone gault, which exhibited equally perfect evidences of this sculpturing. I would therefore suggest that some temporary or provisional name should be given to this form, which differs from the Pachyrhizodus basalis of Agassiz, both in its stratigraphical habitat and its odontological conformation.
Some Account of Barrettia, a New and Remarkable Fossil Shell From the Hippurite Limestone of Jamaica
Authors: Woodward S. P. 
Published: March 2016

The fossil represented in the accompanying figures is one of that kind whose discovery severely tests the faith of the naturalist in his previous conclusions, and may appear to raise a suspicion not only respecting the sufficiency of his data, but even as to the correctness of his method of investigation. Almost any person, at first sight of the specimen, would think he was looking at a coral, and it would seem like an attempt to impose on one's credulity to say it was a bivalve shell, like an oyster or a clam.Yet there is no doubt it is a kind of Hippurite, although the rays give it a novel and extraordinary character. The discoverer had quite satisfied himself on this point before he brought it to England and placed it in our hands. It was found last year (January, 1861), by Mr. Lucas Barrett, F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey of the British West Indies, in the parish of Portland, in the north-east of Jamaica. This part of the island, lying to the north of the principal range of the Blue Mountains, which run east and west, is itself mountainous, rising to the height of 7000 feet. The hippurite limestone is well seen on the banks of the Back river, a tributary of the Rio Grande, at about fifteen miles from the coast.
Past Life in South America
Authors: Blake Charles Carter 
Published: March 2016

The minds of the British public, accustomed to review the complex phenomena of geology and palæontology in the Old, are apt to neglect the equally interesting evidences afforded to them of past life in the New World. American palæontology is distinguished not because the mighty hemisphere, now the seat of political convulsions, has not passed through analogous phases of life-stages to those presented by the elder continent, nor because the extinct fauna of America is less interesting than that of Europe, Asia, or Australia, nor that the most eminent men in both worlds have omitted to call attention to the stupendous monuments of bygone existence in the pampas of La Plata or on the shores of Patagonia, but because the public mind has not yet sufficiently realized the idea that during the period whilst Europe and Asia underwent the manifold and changing influences of geological time, like conditions were passed through in America.A tradition exists in the minds of all the earliest aboriginal nations of America, on the banks of the Missouri, at Manta, at Punta St. Elena in Ecuador, at Suacha in New Granada, at Tarija on the eastern slopes of the Andes, and at Tagua-tagua in the south of Chile, that a vast nation of colossal human beings existed before the present inhabitants. These giants, the credulous and imaginative mind of the native supposed, were destroyed by the deities, like the old race of Titans by the Olympian gods, or the Hrimthursar—the frost-giants of ice and snow—by the supporters of Odin and the Æsir in the Norse mythology.
On the Origin of Species
Authors: King William 
Published: March 2016

It would be an insult to reason to deny the power of the Omnipotent to create at once plants and animals out of inorganic or any kind of matter: on the other hand, it would be equally irrational to doubt His power to ordain and sustain laws, through the instrumentality of which originally created organisms could be modified and adapted to external changes. The two modes may be designated,—the first, Autotheogeny,—and the second, Genetheonomy.I hold that an organism, whether it typifies a species, a genus, a family, an order, or a class, is an autotheogen, if it possesses a set of characters which isolate it from other equivalent groups; also, that such an organism, through being acted on by inherent and external forces, may become more or less modified, thereby resulting in genetheonomous forms. I see no reason why Mr. Darwin should not admit the same, notwithstanding that his present belief merely recognizes among animals “at most only four or five” autotheogenous roots of apparently as many classes. On psychological grounds alone, Man must be regarded as isolated from all other organisms; hence I consider him to be an autotheogenous species.
Deep Sinking for Coal in the Wyre Forest Coal-Field
Authors: Roberts George E. 
Published: March 2016

Mention is made by Mr. Hull, F.G.S., in the second edition of his useful work on the coal-fields of England, of a deep sinking for coal on the estate of the Arley Pottery and Fire-brick Company, situated at Shatterford, five miles north of Bewdley. This work, though unfortunately ending in failure, and leading to the abandonment of the enterprise, deserves a prominent ppsition in the annals of coalmining, chiefly because the section obtained may be regarded as an index to nearly the whole of the coal measures of the forest of Wyre. Through the courtesy of Mr. John M. Fellows, manager of works to the late company, I am enabled to place on record the particulars of the shaft-sinking. To illustrate it, I have sketched the geological construction of the district for three miles in a line north-west to south-east, adding a section due north and south of the near-lying anticline of Trimpley, where the upper tilestones crop out. While the work of sinking was in progress, I obtained daily intelligence either through visits or by communications from Mr. Fellows, to whose obliging conduct in giving me every facility for scientific investigation I am greatly indebted.The specimens obtained from each bed were particularly examined by me, and the fire-clays, which, from their number formed an important part of the series, were of a highly interesting character. The fossils obtained do not require special notice, no new fern being met with, and the Sigillariæ, &c, being few in number and badly preserved. These in every case lay prostrated in the strata, and appeared to have been drifted.
A Lecture on “Coal.”
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: March 2016

In many respects the plants and animals of the coal differ much from forms now living. It is probable that the greater part of them are even of different groups or families from the existing ones. But the ferns at least show strong traces of affinity. Here and there we meet with the young fern-leaves coiled up as they now lie on the heather, ready to unfold on the return of spring. We all know these “Bishops' crooks” that nestle in the bottom of the fern-baskets; and when I saw a grand specimen in Mrs. Stackhouse Acton's cabinet (it now graces our museum in Jermyn Street), with the delicate coil of pinnæ, every leaflet in its place, I almost leaped for joy. It was from the Le Botwood coal-field. There is one figured in this work, vol. iii, p. 460 (but the finder has not yet been told, I think, what his fossil is): it is from South Wales, and a beautiful specimen.Our space was too crowded last month to give the necessary figures of the ferns; and it is but limited now. The leaves or fronds of the delicate Sphenopteris, mentioned p. 101, are very abundant. There are a number of species. S. elegans, S. crassa, and especially S. affinis occur in the lower coals, beneath the mountain limestone of Scotland;—S. artemisiœfolia, S. Honinghausi, S. linearis, S. trifoliata, are all characteristic of our upper coals, and the two last are found in France and Germany.
Some Remarks on Mr. Darwin's Theory
Authors: Hutton Frederick Wollaston 
Published: March 2016

I said that “all the years invent;Each month is various to presentThe world with some development.”—Tennyson.Although most of my readers will be perfectly acquainted with the theory proposed by Mr. Darwin to account for the various forms of life that we see on the globe, yet, for the sake of clearness, I will briefly enunciate it.Mr. Darwin first shows that individuals of the same species vary one with another.He then shows that, owing to the rapid increase of animal and vegetable life, by which many more are born each year than can possibly survive, there is a continual warfare going on among them for food and other necessaries. This he calls the “struggle for life.”He then shows that if any animal or plant should have, by variation, any organ or property so modified as to give it some advantage over its fellows in the struggle for life, it will, as a general rule, live longer and produce more offspring; and these offspring will have a tendency to inherit the organ or property modified in the same manner: but if in one of these offspring the organ should be still further modified, it win give him a like advantage over his brethren, and his offspring again will have a tendency to reproduce the organ in its more modified state; and so on. This he calls “Natural Selection.”
On British Carboniferous Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Four years have elapsed since I first commenced my researches among the Carboniferous Brachiopoda of Great Britain ; and I should certainly by this time have completed my task, had not the unfortunate delay in the publication of the last two or three volumes of the Palæontographical Society induced me to undertake other work which would not require to lie printed and unpublished for upwards of one year and a half. My monograph cannot, consequently, be completed or entirely published for some time to come, perhaps a year or more; but as my researches in connection with the subject are almost ended, since the whole series of species at present known have been as carefully examined as my means and materials would permit, it may, perhaps, be as well that I should at once expose the results of my laborious enquiry, in the hope that by so doing some further assistance and advice may be proffered; which might enable me to make the monograph still more complete, and at the same time admit of my correcting in the concluding pages those unavoidable mistakes which have been commited during the interval which has elapsed since the commencement of its publication.It may be thought by some while perusing the accompanying catalogue that the work to be gone through was but small in comparison with the time employed, but such would be an erroneous assumption, and a sad return to the numerous friends in England, Scotland, and Ireland, who have so zealously afforded their valuable and valued assistance, by incessantly ransacking the country in order to obtain every possible specimen that might assist and tend to complete the history of British Carboniferous species.
Description of the Section of the Upper Green-Sand at the Undercliff, in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Norman Mark W. 
Published: March 2016

The next division, 8th, consists of a bed of fawn-coloured sandstone of about ten feet in thickness, containing nodules of rag, with Pectines, Terebratulæ, Rhynchonellæ, &c., in the lower portion, which, owing to its softness and looseness of texture, the weather wears away, leaving the shells finely exposed. It is chiefly owing to such excavation of this bed, by the combined influence of the elements, that those great falls of the superincumbent masses have taken place at intervals along the line of the Undercliff, many such “founders” having happened within the memory of residents, and others being likely to occur constantly from this hard and solid mass of strata resting on an insecure foundation, the effects of which are still further increased by the presence of the Gault below.But a few years back a large mass near Blackgang thus assumed such a dangerous and threatening attitude, by the lower part of it being so much worn away, that the authorities blew it down with gunpowder. Many thousand tons of rock and debris were thus thrown down, completely blocking up and destroying the original road; one huge mass still stands close to the road, as large and as high as a good-sized cottage.A layer of rag-stone, called the “Big Rag-bed,” containing fossils, terminates what is termed the “sandstone-group.”
The Comparative Geology of Hotham, Near South Cave, Yorkshire
Authors: Norwood T. W. 
Published: March 2016

Hotham is a small village between the towns of South Cave and Market Weighton, in the East Biding of Yorkshire, situated upon the Lower Lias formation, about five miles above where that zone crosses the Humber at Whitton and Brough.Several interesting rooks of the secondary series pass by this village, generally in bands of inconsiderable thickness, and in a direction nearly N.W.N. In most other districts widely separated, they can here be examined near a single point; for we can walk in about two miles from the New Red Sandstone, across the Lias and Oolite, to the top of the Chalk. And as these rocks are, in part, little known, and, in part, have been long held to be exceptional and peculiar—moreover, as they seem to me to throw light upon questions not quite settled at the present time—such as the existence of the Bone-Bed and Insect-Bed, at the base of the Yorkshire Lias, and of the Inferior Oolite in the long litigated neighbourhood of Cave—I am induced to offer some observations upon them, which I made at Hotham during two very short vacations, and which, I trust, will be found to be of general, as well as of local interest. The purpose of this paper will be, to compare some of the most important formations occurring near Hotham with the same formations as they are more typically represented, and more familiarly known, in other parts of England.
On Rhynchonella Acuta and its Affinities
Authors: Jones John 
Published: March 2016

One of the most remarkablo fossils assumed to be distinctive of a particular geological horizon, and which, from its very striking outline, most readily impresses itself upon the mind, is the Rhynchonella acuta of the Lias-marlstone, a Brachiopodous shell common at Stinchcombe, Churchdown, and other localities of this district, and well known elsewhere. Having paid considerable attention to the class to which it belongs, I have long abandoned the common practice of placing in the cabinet only those specimens which chance to accord with the forms figured and described as typical. Instead of doing this, I have selected, as good examples, those which manifestly have not been crushed or injured prior to their entombment and petrifaction; and these I have arranged in series illustrative of specific development.This mode of procedure has taught me that the species under consideration assumes forms varying from that under which it is most generally known; and it has led me to believe that several so-called species of various authors are, in reality, mere varieties of this.All who have attentively studied the numerous Terebratulidæ of the Cotteswolds will have experienced the difficulty of assigning satisfactorily certain anomalous forms, occurring in beds ranging vertically from the Pisolite, or even lower, to the Cornbrash, to such well-established species as Terebratula maxillata, T. perovalis, T. globata, or T. intermedia, and will remember the remarkable varieties of individual character presented by other species, as, for example, T. plicata, T. simplex, T. fimbria, and T. carinata, sufficiently striking when studied in solitary examples, but, in an extensive series, not suggestive of good and stable specific differences.
Notes of a Geologist in Ireland During August and September, 1857
Authors: Symonds W. S. 
Published: March 2016

On leaving Dublin, we travelled northwards, for the purpose of examining the carboniferous rocks, and visiting the magnificent collection of fossil-fishes in the museum of the Earl of Enniskillen; we then journeyed south for Killarney and the Dingle district, but as it may be more convenient to the reader to travel geologically, we will reverse the order of our journey, and visit the Upper Silurian and Old Red Sandstone districts before we examine the carboniferous deposits.The lower Cambrian rocks of Wales, of which the Oldhamia-schists of Ireland are believed to be the equivalents, pass upwards by insensible gradations into the Lingula-flags, to which they are altogether conformable. The Lingula-flags are reckoned to be four or five thousand feet thick, and the Llandeilo or Builth-beds, which cover up these, are probably as thick; but geologists are, as yet, uncertain whether they possess in Ireland any true equivalents either of the Lingula-flags or of the Llandeilo and Builth deposits. There are, however, fossiliferous rocks of the Bala and Caradoc age in Ireland similar to those which, in Wales, succeed conformably to the Llandeilo and Builth beds, and they may be examined at Courtown, in the county of Wicklow, and again at Tramore, south of Waterford. They are unconformable to the rocks below, which are undoubtedly Cambrian, and thence, we imagine, has arisen the suspicion that the Lingula-beds and Llandeilo-flags have never been deposited in Ireland, or that if they were, they have been denuded and swept away before the deposition of the Bala or Caradoc strata.