bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the “Where” of Social Experiments: The Nature and Extent of the Generalizability Problem
Authors: Bell Stephen H. , Stuart Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAlthough randomized experiments are lauded for their high internal validity, they have been criticized for the limited external validity of their results. This chapter describes research strategies for investigating how much nonrepresentative site selection may limit external validity and bias impact findings. The magnitude of external validity bias is potentially much larger than what is thought of as an acceptable level of internal validity bias. The chapter argues that external validity bias should always be investigated by the best available means and addressed directly when presenting evaluation results. These observations flag the importance of making external validity a priority in evaluation planning.
PD1 and PDL1 expression in primary central nervous system diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma are frequent and expression of PD1 predicts poor survival
Authors: Four Marion , Cacheux Valère , Tempier Ariane , Platero Dolorès , Fabbro Michel , Marin Grégory , Leventoux Nicolas , Rigau Valérie , Costes‐Martineau Valérie , Szablewski Vanessa 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPrimary central nervous system diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (PCNS‐DLBCL) is a rare and aggressive type of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) whit poorly understood pathogenesis. Finding biomarkers associated with patient survival may be important for understanding its physiopathology and to develop new therapeutic approaches. We investigated 32 PCNS‐DLBCL from immunocompetent patients for BCL2, CMYC, LMO2, and P53 expression and for cytogenetic aberrations of BCL2, BCL6, and MYC genes, all known for their prognostic value in systemic DLBCL (s‐DLBCL). We analyzed PD1 and PDL1 protein expression in both tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor cells. Finally, we searched for correlation between biological data and clinical course. The PCNS‐DLBCL expressed BCL2, CMYC, LMO2, and P53 at similar frequency than s‐DLBCL but without significant prognostic on survival. None cases harbored aberrations involving BCL2 and MYC gene whereas BCL6 abnormalities were present in 20.7% of cases but without value on survival. Expression of PD1 in TILs and PDL1 in tumor cells was observed at higher rates than in s‐DLBCL (58% and 37%, respectively). The PD1 expression in TILs correlated with PDL1 expression in tumor cells (P = .001). Presence of PD1 positive TILs was associated with poorer overall survival (P = .011). Patients with PDL1 overexpression tended to better response to chemotherapy (P = .23).In conclusion PCNS‐DLBCL pathogenesis differs from s‐DLBCL without prognostic value of the phenotypic and cytogenetic parameters known for their pejorative impact in the latter. The PD1/PDL1 pathway plays a strong role in PCNS‐DLBCL and represents an attractive target for this aggressive lymphoma.
Vectorized simulation of groundwater flow and contaminant transport using analytic element method and random walk particle tracking
Authors: Majumder Partha , Eldho T.I. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGroundwater contaminant transport processes are usually simulated by the finite difference (FDM) or finite element methods (FEM). However, they are susceptible to numerical dispersion for advection‐dominated transport. In this study, a numerical dispersion‐free coupled flow and transport model is developed by combining the analytic element method (AEM) with random walk particle tracking (RWPT). As AEM produces continuous velocity distribution over the entire aquifer domain, it is more suitable for RWPT than FDM/finite element methods. Using the AEM solutions, RWPT tracks all the particles in a vectorized manner, thereby improving the computational efficiency. The present model performs a convolution integral of the response of an impulse contaminant injection to generate concentration distributions due to a permanent contaminant source. The RWPT model is validated with an available analytical solution and compared to an FDM solution, the RWPT model more accurately replicates the analytical solution. Further, the coupled AEM‐RWPT model has been applied to simulate the flow and transport in hypothetical and field aquifer problems. The results are compared with the FDM solutions and found to be satisfactory. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Commentary on “The Evolutionary Origin of Female Orgasm” by M. Pavlicev and G. Wagner, 2016, J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 326(6):326–337
Authors: Komisaruk Barry R. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTEvidence is presented as an alternative to the authors' claims that in the course of evolution, a link between orgasm and ovulation has been lost in women, that evolutionary changes in clitoral anatomy underlie this loss, and that women's orgasm plays no significant role in reproduction.
Strengthening Theorems of Dirac and Erdős on Disjoint Cycles
Authors: Kierstead H. A. , Kostochka A. V. , McConvey A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLet be an integer, be the set of vertices of degree at least 2k in a graph G, and be the set of vertices of degree at most in G. In 1963, Dirac and Erdős proved that G contains k (vertex) disjoint cycles whenever . The main result of this article is that for , every graph G with containing at most t disjoint triangles and with contains k disjoint cycles. This yields that if and , then G contains k disjoint cycles. This generalizes the Corrádi–Hajnal Theorem, which states that every graph G with and contains k disjoint cycles.
In vitro evaluation of concentration, labeling effectiveness and stability for 131I‐labeled radioimmunoassay ligand using real‐time detection technology
Authors: Barta Pavel , Janousek Jiri , Zilkova Katerina , Trejtnar Frantisek 
Published: December 2016

Radioimmunoassay belongs to the analytical method enabling highly specific and sensitive quantification of molecules. The verification of the real‐time radioimmunoassay technology usefulness for ligand‐quality characteristics evaluation such as concentration, influence of radiolabeling on binding affinity and stability was estimated. The anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor antibody 131I‐cetuximab was employed as the ligand antibody. The concentration of 131I‐cetuximab was derived from the shape of binding curves coming from the ligand‐receptor interaction. The binding curves also allowed the estimation of 131I‐cetuximab binding affinity for different radiolabeling procedures (incubation times 1, 5, and 10 minutes) in stability testing up to 96 hours at 4°C. The stability testing also included comparative analysis by size exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography. The assessment of cetuximab concentrations using real‐time method showed acceptable accordance between real and calculated values. The real‐time method revealed that 1‐minute radiolabeling proved to be the optimal incubation time for direct radioiodination of cetuximab. Stability testing showed the significant change in radioligand affinity by one order at the longest incubation times (72 and 96 hours). Characterization of stability and binding behavior of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies by the verified real‐time method before use in other assays may be employed to eliminate variability and suboptimal antibody performance.
Influences of Micelle Formation and Added Salts on the Hydrolysis Reaction Rate of p‐Nitrophenyl Benzoate in Aqueous Buffered Media
Authors: Bayissa Leta Danno , Ohmae Yoshihito , Hojo Masashi 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe hydrolysis reaction rate of p‐nitrophenyl benzoate (p‐NPB) has been examined in aqueous buffer media of pH 9.18, containing surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and chloride (CTAC), or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 35°C. Although the rate constant [log (k/s−1)] of p‐NPB hydrolysis has once decreased slightly below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value for CTAB and CTAC, it has begun to increase drastically with micellar formation. With increasing concentrations larger than the CMC value, the log (k/s−1) value has reached the optimal value, i.e., a 140‐ and 200‐fold rate acceleration for CTAB and CTAC, respectively, compared to that without a surfactant. Whereas the anionic surfactant, SDS, has caused only a gradual rate deceleration in the whole concentration range (up to 0.03 mol dm−3). Increases in pH of the buffer have resulted in increases of the hydrolysis rate. In the CTAB micellar solution, the remarkably enhanced rate has been retarded significantly by the addition of only 0.10 mol dm−3 bromide salts. The effects of rate retardation caused by the added salts follows in the order of NaBr > Me4NBr > Et4NBr > Pr4NBr > n‐Bu4NBr. In the absence of surfactant, however, the addition of the bromide salts has accelerated the hydrolysis rate, except for the metallic salt of NaBr, with the order of Me4NBr < Et4NBr < Pr4NBr < n‐Bu4NBr. In the CTAC micellar solution, similar rate retardation effects have been observed in the presence of chloride salts (NaCl, Et4NCl, and n‐Bu4NCl). The effects of added salts have been interpreted from the viewpoints of the changes in activity of the OH− ion and/or the nucleophilicities of the anions from the added salts.
Revisiting the Reactions of t‐BuX (X = Br, I) with Monoalcohols: A Mechanistic Analysis through Numerical Integration and Nonlinear Regression Methods
Authors: Elvas‐Leitão Ruben , Martins Filomena 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe reactions of two tertiary butyl halides, i.e., t‐BuBr and t‐BuI, with monoalcohols (methanol, i‐propanol, and t‐butanol) have been studied at several temperatures during extended periods of time to acquire kinetic data for both the solvolytic step and the subsequent reactions. Reaction progress was followed by conductimetry, and calibration curves were obtained for all systems under study to derive concentration versus time curves for the significant intermediate species, the formed acid, HX. The GMS comprehensive mechanism, previously proposed by Gonçalves, Martins, and Simões for these reactions, was successfully tested using numerical integration associated with nonlinear regression, confirming the predicted distinct behaviors for methanol (and for that matter also for primary alcohols), secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Results show that accurate rate constants could be obtained in all cases and that the step that follows solvolysis can affect significantly the solvolytic rate constant and therefore any consequent reliable mechanistic analysis.
Questions begging for answers (Part III) – Interesterification
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. 
Published: December 2016

The interesterification mechanism that assumed the diacylglycerolate anion to be the only catalytically active intermediate has been unchallenged for some forty years. Then, I listed a number of observations that could not be explained by the glycerolate mechanism and proposed a new one in which the enolate anion is the main catalytic intermediate. After independent support had been provided, this enolate mechanism was published as a ’hypothesis paper' [1].This new mechanism raises further questions but it also shows that it should be possible to reduce the yield loss, which at the moment is the largest cost element of the process, to a possibly negative value. That would make the process far more attractive and could encourage the development of interesterified hardstock to replace partially hydrogenated fats.
Comparison of principal modes and spatial eigenmodes in multimode optical fibre
Authors: Carpenter Joel , Eggleton Benjamin J. , Schröder Jochen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOptical waveguide theory is an established part of optical physics. Yet only recently have fundamental phenomena such as spatial eigenmodes and principal modes been demonstrated experimentally. This work leverages recently developed techniques enabling detailed spatiotemporal characterisation of multimode fibre to provide new insights into the fundamentals of fibre propagation. This paper presents detailed analysis of all 420 of a fibre's principal modes and spatial eigenmodes and compares the similarity and differences between these two phenomena. It was found that even over very short lengths, the principal modes can not only significantly suppress modal dispersion but are also a more physically meaningful basis than spatial eigenmodes.
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Effect of anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of B30 biodiesel–diesel blend
Authors: Sundus F. , Fazal M. A. , Masjuki H. H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBiodiesel is used in many countries as blends with diesel fuel. However, the main obstacle in biodiesel/diesel blends acceptance, commercialization worldwide and using higher blends seems to be its ability to oxidise and increase wear and friction of automotive parts. An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyse the effect of three different anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of palm biodiesel–diesel blend (B30) and to optimise anti‐oxidant concentration based on the performance. The three phenolic anti‐oxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene, propylgallate and pyrogallol, were tested using four‐ball tribotester for 1 h with 1500 rpm and 40 kg load, at ambient temperature. These three anti‐oxidants were used in varying concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm. Propylgallate anti‐oxidant showed most effective results by enhancing the lubricity of the blend in terms of reduced wear and friction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical remeshing strategies with mesh mapping for topology optimisation
Authors: Panesar Ajit , Brackett David , Ashcroft Ian , Wildman Ricky , Hague Richard 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThis work investigates the use of hierarchical mesh decomposition strategies for topology optimisation using bi‐directional evolutionary structural optimisation algorithm. The proposed method uses a dual mesh system that decouples the design variables from the finite element analysis mesh. The investigation focuses on previously unexplored areas of these techniques to investigate the effect of five meshing parameters on the analysis solving time (i.e. computational effort) and the analysis quality (i.e. solution optimality). The foreground mesh parameters, including adjacency ratio and minimum and maximum element size, were varied independently across solid and void domain regions. Within the topology optimisation, strategies for controlling the mesh parameters were investigated. The differing effects of these parameters on the efficiency and efficacy of the analysis and optimisation stages are discussed, and recommendations are made for parameter combinations. Some of the key findings were that increasing the adjacency ratio increased the efficiency only modestly – the largest effect was for the minimum and maximum element size parameters – and that the most dramatic reduction in solve time can be achieved by not setting the minimum element size too low, assuming mapping onto a background mesh with a minimum element size of 1. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcranial Doppler in hemoglobin SC disease
Authors: Vieira Camilo , de Oliveira Carolina Nogueira Costa , de Figueiredo Ludmila Araújo Borges , Santiago Rayra Pereira , Adanho Corynne Stephanie Ahouefa , Santana Sanzio Silva , Burak Caroline Lang , Lyra Isa Menezes , Goncalves Marilda Souza 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackground: Stroke is a severe clinical disorder in sickle cell disease (SCD), and few studies have evaluated transcranial Doppler (TCD) flow velocities in hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC). The guidelines for stroke risk are based on evaluations in sickle cell anemia (SCA) or HbS/β thalassemia.Procedure: In this study, we compare cerebral blood flow in patients with SCD stratified by genotypes. A total of 1,664 pediatric patients with SCD underwent TCD velocity screening, and the time‐averaged maximum mean velocity (TAMM) was determined in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and distal intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA).Results: Abnormal velocities were not identified in the ACA; therefore, we only use ICA and MCA velocities. TAMM from the left and right in the ICA and MCA was 134.3 ± 32.0 and 134.4 ± 32.6 cm/s in patients with SCA, and 105.2 ± 20.6 and 104.7 ± 20.0 cm/s in the patients with HbSC, respectively. Mean TAMM between right and left ICA/MCA was 134.5 ± 30.5 cm/s in the SCA group, and 104.9 ± 19.3 cm/s in the HbSC group. Notably, our data show that TCD velocities were significantly lower among the patients with HbSC compared to SCA. TAMM was negatively correlated with hemoglobin and hematocrit in both genotypes.Conclusion: These results suggest that a different cut‐off value for abnormal TCD velocities could be considered for patients with HbSC. Additional studies are warranted to determine the actual risk of stroke in HbSC genotype associated with this possible TCD risk value.
Addition of CsCl reduces ion suppression effects in the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of triacylglycerol/phosphatidylcholine mixtures and adipose tissue extracts
Authors: Popkova Yulia , Schiller Jürgen 
Published: December 2016

RationaleIon suppression is a known disadvantage in mixture analysis. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra of crude adipose tissue extracts are dominated by triacylglycerol (TAG) signals while less abundant phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines (PC) and particularly phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) are suppressed. It is suggested that addition of an excess of cesium (Cs) ions helps to overcome this problem.MethodsSelected lipid mixtures of known compositions and organic adipose tissue extracts were investigated by positive ion MALDI‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS). 2,5‐Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) in methanol was used as the matrix. In selected cases the methanolic DHB solution was saturated by the addition of different solid alkali chlorides (such as NaCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl). Studies on the solubilities of these salts in methanol and the interaction with DHB (by 13C NMR) were also performed.ResultsSaturation of the DHB matrix with solid CsCl leads to tremendous intensity differences, i.e. the intensities of the TAG signals (which otherwise dominate the mass spectra) are significantly reduced. In contrast, the intensity of small signals of phospholipids increases considerably. Decrease in the TAG signal intensity is particularly caused by the considerable size of the Cs+ ion which prevents successful analyte ionization.ConclusionsThe addition of CsCl improves the detectability of otherwise invisible or weak phospholipid ions. This is a simple approach to detect small amounts of phospholipids in the presence of an excess of TAG. No laborious and time‐consuming separation of the total lipid extract into the individual lipid classes is required. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy neural network sliding mode controller for vibration suppression in robotically assisted minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Sang Hongqiang , Yang Chenghao , Liu Fen , Yun Jintian , Jin Guoguang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundIt is very important for robotically assisted minimally invasive surgery to achieve a high‐precision and smooth motion control. However, the surgical instrument tip will exhibit vibration caused by nonlinear friction and unmodeled dynamics, especially when the surgical robot system is attempting low‐speed, fine motion.MethodsA fuzzy neural network sliding mode controller (FNNSMC) is proposed to suppress vibration of the surgical robotic system. Nonlinear friction and modeling uncertainties are compensated by a Stribeck model, a radial basis function (RBF) neural network and a fuzzy system, respectively.ResultsSimulations and experiments were performed on a 3 degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) minimally invasive surgical robot. The results demonstrate that the FNNSMC is effective and can suppress vibrations at the surgical instrument tip.ConclusionsThe proposed FNNSMC can provide a robust performance and suppress the vibrations at the surgical instrument tip, which can enhance the quality and security of surgical procedures.
Organisational and professional structures shaping the sonographer role in obstetrics
Authors: Thomas Samantha , O'Loughlin Kathleen , Clarke Jillian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionAdvances in ultrasound technology along with increased knowledge and expectations of pregnant patients have substantially changed the sonographer role. Sonographers are now the frontline practitioners as patients expect to know the results of a scan immediately, including if there is an adverse outcome. Communicating ‘bad news’ to pregnant patients is very often left to the sonographer without any departmental or organisational policies or protocols in place to guide the actions and communication required in these situations. Where there are protocols in place, the sonographers may not have been included in the decision‐making process and therefore find that these are unclear or not readily accessible and/or they restrict open communication with patients.MethodsThis paper reports on the hierarchical relationships that shape the patient‐sonographer encounter in obstetric ultrasound, particularly those with an adverse outcome, and provides an overview of the legislative, organisational and professional framework that structures the delivery of ultrasound services generally, and obstetric ultrasound services in particular.Results/ConclusionThere is a need for an evidence‐based and inter‐professional approach to develop departmental policies and protocols to provide clear guidelines, and a definite line of authority that clearly acknowledges the integral role a sonographer plays in their interaction with a patient.
Kinetics of the carburization of iron alloys in methane‐hydrogen mixtures and of the decarburization in hydrogen
Authors: Grabke Hans Jürgen , Müller Else Marie , Speck Heinz Valentin , Konczos Geza 
Published: December 2016

The surface reaction kinetics have been investigated for the reactionCH4 (gas) = C (dissolved) + 2H2 (gas)on Fe and Fe‐M foils (M = Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Sn) at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C. The resistance relaxation method was applied in a flow apparatus. The following rate equation was observed for the rate of carbon uptake
urn:x-wiley:01774832:srin00635:equation:srin00635-math-0001
where is the carbon concentration and k and k′ are the rate constants for carburization and decarburization respectively. For Fe, Fe‐10 Ni and Fe‐10 Co the value of v = 3, for the alloys with > 20% Ni as well as for all Fe‐Mn and Fe‐Cr alloys the value v = 4 results from the measurements, which indicates differences in the rate determining step. With increasing Cr, Mn, Ni, Co content the rate constants k and k′ increase.The decrease of the equilibrium carbon concentration with increasing Ni content in Fe‐Ni alloys is correlated to a fast increase of k′ and a slow increase of k with increasing Ni content. Beyond the minimum of at about 70 wt.% Ni both rate constants show a strong increase. By holding Ni at high carbon activities (aC > 0.7 at 1000°C) segregation of carbon induces a surface reconstruction which is characterized by formation of (111) planes and which reduces the reaction rates.The increase of the equilibrium carbon concentration in the systems Fe–Mn and Fe–Cr with increasing content of alloying element is correlated to a slow increase of k′ and a fast increase of k with increasing Mn or Cr content.Sn segregates to the surface and retards the reaction rate by blocking the reaction sites for the surface reaction, similar to the effects of P and S.