bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Complex Diseases
Authors: Warren Jeffrey S , Ward Peter A 
Published: April 2017

AbstractImmune complex diseases encompass a diverse group of inflammatory conditions characterised by antigen–antibody deposition and attendant activation of complement. Common manifestations include glomerulonephritis, synovitis and dermal vasculitis. Many patients present with constitutional symptoms and less specific signs. A century of research has elucidated the structure of immunoglobulin, furthered understanding of antigen–antibody‐binding interactions and yielded insights into the biochemistry and disorders of complement. Immune complex formation and complement activation trigger the generation of a vast array of mediators and regulators of inflammation. Understanding the integration of these systems has led to our current conceptual framework of immune complex‐mediated tissue injury. Study of animal models and affected patients has contributed greatly to our current understanding of immune complex disease. Appreciation of the wide clinical spectrum and optimal evaluation of affected patients have evolved in concert with advances in understanding the pathophysiology of immune complex‐mediated diseases, whether serum sickness and systemic lupus erythematosus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated immune complex renal disease and complications of monoclonal antibody therapy.Key ConceptsImmune complex diseases are characterised by antigen–antibody deposition and attendant activation of complement.Understanding the physicochemical basis of antigen–antibody‐binding interactions and complement fixation has been facilitated by advances in biochemistry.Beyond immune complex formation and complement activation, the pathophysiology of immune complex disease involves Fc and complement receptors as well as myriad mediators of inflammation.The clinical spectrum of immune complex disease has broadened from serum sickness, autoimmune‐collagen vascular disease and infectious disease to also encompass complications of HIV infection and therapeutic monoclonal antibody administration.Clinical evaluation of patients with suspected immune complex disease relies heavily on clinical setting, recognition of dermal vasculitis, arthritis and glomerulonephritis and biopsy.
Using Evolutionary Biology in the Medical Sciences
Authors: Antolin Michael F 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEvolutionary thinking applied to medical practice helps unravel the ultimate causes of a disease and improves diagnostics and therapies. We ask why diseases persist during times when evolution's grip on humanity should be relaxed relative to the past, when environments were not so favorable to health. Genetic variation is central to evolutionary thinking: adaptations evolve by natural selection of inherited differences linked to survival and reproduction. Genetic diseases recur because of mutations inherited through the complex (often unknown) junction between ancestral origins, long‐term size of populations of patients' origins and histories of natural selection. Effects of mutations differ according to patients' environmental and genetic backgrounds. Some diseases persist because of mismatches between previous adaptation and modern human diets. For infectious diseases, rapid genetic change and evolution of microbes leads to emergence of new pathogens and pathogen resistance to antimicrobial drugs, and may limit the improvement of public health interventions (design of vaccines providing long‐lasting protection from human‐adapted pathogens like influenza and malaria). A key recognition is that evolution is dynamic, and both patients and pathogens vary and may change. Disease represents a convergence of evolutionary histories: patients' inherited mutations and adaptations, and microbes' infection, pathogenicity and transmission.Key ConceptsEvolutionary thinking in medicine distinguishes between proximate and ultimate evolutionary causes of disease.Mutations that cause disease in modern times may have been adaptive in the past, and thus code for traits that are maladaptive (mismatched) in modern environments.Weak selection on diseases related to aging explains their persistence in modern times, especially as post‐reproductive longevity increases.The evolutionary potential of microbes ensures that infectious diseases will evade therapies and vaccines in the future.The evolutionary potential of microbes also makes it likely that novel infectious diseases will emerge from reservoirs in wild animal populations.Medical research on therapies and diagnostics depends on testing animals most closely related and thus most similar to humans.Individual patients' presentation of disease will depend on complex interactions at the convergence of patients' ancestry (genetic legacies), the evolutionary history of pathogens to which they are exposed, and the environmental context where the patients and pathogens meet.Racial identity (even self‐identity) is not equivalent to ancestry, and while understanding individual ancestries (family histories) may improve medical practice, racial differences are not generally predictive for diagnosis and therapies.
General Entry into o‐,o′‐Heteroatom‐Linked N‐(Hetero)aryl‐Imidazole Motifs by Gold‐Catalysed Formal [3+2]‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Garzón Miguel , Arce Elsa M. , Reddy Raju Jannapu , Davies Paul W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA general redox‐neutral approach into the o‐,o′‐heteroatom‐linked N‐(hetero)aryl‐imidazole family of heteroaromatics has been developed. New types of heteroatom substituted carbimidoyl nitrenoids are efficiently realised from robust, bench‐stable N‐(heteroaryl)‐pyridinium‐N‐aminides by formal gold‐catalysed [3+2]‐dipolar cycloadditions across ynamides. Broad structural variety and functional group tolerance allows rapid access into diverse functionalised scaffolds, as exemplified by the preparation of 8 different heteroaromatic cores.magnified image
Structural Transformation and Stabilization of Metal–Organic Motifs Induced by Halogen Doping
Authors: Xie Lei , Zhang Chi , Ding Yuanqi , Xu Wei 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe structural transformation of supramolecular nanostructures with constitutional diversity and adaptability by dynamic coordination chemistry would be of fundamental importance for potential applications in molecular switching devices. The role of halogen doping in the formation of elementary metal–organic motifs on surfaces has not been reported. Now, the 9‐ethylguanine molecule (G) and Ni atom, as a model system, are used for the structural transformation and stabilization of metal–organic motifs induced by iodine doping on Au(111). The iodine atoms are homogeneously located at particular hydrogen‐rich locations enclosed by G molecules by electrostatic interactions, which would be the key for such an unexpected stabilizing effect. The generality and robustness of this approach are demonstrated in different metal–organic systems (G/Fe) and also by chlorine and bromine.
The impact of operator experience during institutional adoption of trans‐radial cardiac catheterization
Authors: Huded Chetan P. , Youmans Quentin R. , Sweis Ranya N. , Ricciardi Mark J. , Flaherty James D. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesWe studied the impact of operator experience on trans‐radial (TR) cardiac catheterization performance in contemporary practice.BackgroundTR cardiac catheterization offers advantages over trans‐femoral (TF) cardiac catheterization, but the TR approach has been slowly adopted in the United States.MethodsWe reviewed all cases of attempted TR cardiac catheterization at a single tertiary care medical center from May 2008 until April 2015. We classified the attending operator TR case experience at the time of each case, and the control group constituted cases performed by operators with >300 TR cases. Study endpoints were TR cannulation failure, TF cross‐over, contrast medium dose, and fluoroscopy time.ResultsOver the study period, 4177 attempted TR cardiac catheterization cases were performed. The percentage of TR cases performed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) increased from 14.0% in 2009 to 30.2% in 2015 (P‐trend <0.001). The rate of TR cannulation failure decreased from 4.3% in 2009 to 2.0% in 2015 (P‐trend = 0.071), and the rate of TF cross‐over decreased from 4.3% in 2009 to 3.2% in 2015 (P‐trend = 0.034). Operators with over 100 cases had the lowest odds of TR cannulation failure, while operators with over 200 cases had the lowest odds of TF cross‐over. Operators with over 200 cases used the lowest mean contrast medium dose and mean fluoroscopy time. Conclusions: Increasing operator TR experience is associated with lower odds of TR cannulation failure and TF cross‐over, as well as lower contrast medium dose and fluoroscopy time. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HIGH RESOLUTION RESISTIVITY DETECTING AND REMOTE INTERNET MONITORING OF COALFIELD FIRE
Authors: Qing‐Hua CAO , Shu YAN , Guo‐Qiang XUE , Na ZHU 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFor detecting, controlling and monitoring the coalfield fire area, we deeply integrated Internet innovative achievement into traditional geological exploration technology, and developed a permanent wireless sensor network remote monitoring system with the functions of detecting the range and central temperature of fire area, continuous collection, high temperature detection, remote control, etc. The new sensor node, which can be connected with pole‐dipole device, was designed and deployed in the underground fire zone roadway for monitoring. The solar power supply device with protective circuit supplied continuous enough energy to on‐site data collection network. The data was transmitted to monitoring center through the mobile connection network and Internet for remote control and monitoring. The developed monitoring system that was deployed simultaneously in 12 fire areas of Xinjiang has been working for 45 months, which means technical measures can guarantee long‐term stability maintenance free operation of the monitoring system. Ürümqi monitoring center has received more than 1.1 million field data that can be preserved permanently and queried freely after authorization. This information provided basic data for the management of large area of coal spontaneous combustion fire area in Xinjiang. The results show that fully utilizing the Internet for optimization and integration in geophysical exploration and monitoring has the vital significance to promote coal geological exploration innovation and production capacity.
Bayesian analysis of a density ratio model
Authors: De Oliveira Victor , Kedem Benjamin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis work proposes a Bayesian approach for the analysis of a semiparametric density ratio model, a model useful for the integration of data from multiple sources. The proposed Bayesian analysis uses a non‐parametric likelihood and a transformed Gaussian prior for the “non‐parametric part” of the model. The former choice guarantees the validity of the Bayesian analysis in contrast to some semiparametric Bayesian analyses that rely on empirical likelihoods whereas the latter choice allows the representation of an expected smoothness property. We describe a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to fit this model which was found to empirically display good convergence behaviour. The model is illustrated with the analysis of motor vibration data obtained from three different locations on a motor. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 274–289; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Dissolved organic matter in soils varies across a chronosequence of Pinus massoniana plantations
Authors: Justine Meta Francis , Yang Wanqin , Wu Fuzhong , Tan Bo , Naeem Khan Muhammad , Li Zhijie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractStand age plays a significant role in forest ecosystems nutrient cycling. Unfortunately, less attention was accorded to the changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil layers of mono‐stand plantations. A field soil sampling experiment was conducted to examine the effects of forest age and soil depth on concentrations and distribution patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a chronosequence of 11 stands of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations. The soil total organic carbon (TOC) and soil total nitrogen (TN) were also investigated. Concentrations of DOC and DON varied with stand age and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with depth from 503.9 to 337.1 mg/kg and from 67.9 to 45.0 mg/kg, respectively, between the 0‐ to 30‐ and 30‐ to 60‐cm soil layers. Dissolved organic carbon and DON were significantly correlated, the ratios of DOC to TOC and DON to TN increased significantly from 0.11 to 0.20 and 0.16 to 0.39 in the upper to the lower soil layer, whereas the TOC/TN ratio decreased significantly with stand age. Our results suggest that (1) soil C/N ratios decrease with stand age, (2) DOM concentration decreases with depth, (3) soil pH and moisture content affect DOM concentrations, and (4) DOM concentrations are influenced by export of organic matter from litter and the forest floor surface.
Influence of Material and Thickness of Metal Wire for Ignition on Arc Energy in Power Arc Tests
Authors: TANAKA SHIN‐ICHI , KOTARI MASASHI , TADOKORO TOMO , GODA YUTAKA 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYMetal wires are widely used for arc ignitions in power arc tests on electrical power installations, and their material and thickness are selected variously. However, the material and the thickness of the metal wire are thought to be influential factors in the severity of the power arc test, because they may change the arc duration and the physical characteristics of arc. Therefore it is important to understand the dependence of the severity of the power arc test on the material and the thickness of the metal wire. In this paper, we made the experiment, where arcs were generated in a closed chamber with changing the material and the diameter of the metal wire for arc ignition. By this experiment, we clarified the fusing characteristics for various metal wires, and then studied how the material and the thickness of the metal wire influence the arc energy for the first half‐cycle of current. As a result of this study, we pointed out a possibility of changing the severity in the power arc test according to the metal wire for arc ignition.
A New PV Converter for Grid Connection Through a High‐Leg Delta Transformer Using Cooperative Control of Boost Converters and Inverters
Authors: YAMAGUCHI DAIKI , FUJITA HIDEAKI 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new high‐efficiency photovoltaic (PV) converter for grid connection through a high‐leg delta transformer, which is composed of a symmetrically connected boost converter and three half‐bridge inverters. One of the three half‐bridge inverters is connected to the boost converter, and the others are directly connected to the PV terminals. This circuit configuration enables to reduce the power losses in both boost converter and inverter. This paper also proposes a new cooperative control method between the symmetrically connected boost converter and inverter. The control method can reduce the average switching frequency to 75% of that in a conventional one, resulting in a great reduction in switching power loss. Experimental results show that the proposed circuit improves its European efficiency from 91.6% to 94.5%.
Characteristics of Spark Discharge from Faulty Insulators
Authors: MIYAJIMA KIYOTOMI 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYThe radiation field from the spark discharge on faulty insulators of distribution lines often influences broadcasting services of radio and television, and communication services. The spark discharge occurs due to loose connection in a metal‐fittings connection of strain insulators. The rust of metal‐fittings and the low‐tension of wire are causes of loose connection. In this paper, the generation conditions of spark discharge were clarified by the basic experiment. And the radiation field which includes frequency component of several GHz due to the spark discharge was measured using a 6.6 kV full‐scale distribution line, and the amplitude probability distribution of electric field was analyzed.
Resilience indicators support valuation of estuarine ecosystem restoration under climate change
Authors: Wainger L. A. , Secor D. H. , Gurbisz C. , Kemp W. M. , Glibert P. M. , Houde E. D. , Richkus J. , Barber M. C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Economic valuation of ecological restoration most often encompasses only the most tangible ecosystem service benefits, thereby omitting many difficult‐to‐measure benefits, including those derived from enhanced reliability of ecosystem services. Because climate change is likely to impose novel ecosystem stressors, a typical approach to valuing benefits may fail to capture the contribution of ecosystem resilience to sustaining long‐term benefits. Unfortunately, we generally lack predictive probabilistic models that would enable measurement and valuation of resilience. Therefore, alternative measures are needed to complement monetary values and broaden understanding of restoration benefits. We use a case study of Chesapeake Bay restoration (total maximum daily load) to show that ecosystem service benefits that are typically monetized leave critical information gaps. To address these gaps, we review evidence for ecosystem services that can be quantified or described, including changes in harmful algal bloom risks. We further propose two integrative indicators of estuarine resilience—the extent of submerged aquatic vegetation and spatial distribution of fish. Submerged aquatic vegetation extent is indicative of qualities of ecosystems that promote positive feedbacks to water quality. Broadly distributed fish populations reduce risk by promoting diverse responses to spatially heterogeneous stresses. Our synthesis and new analyses for the Chesapeake Bay suggest that resilience metrics improve understanding of restoration benefits by demonstrating how nutrient and sediment load reductions will alleviate multiple sources of stress, thereby enhancing the system's capacity to absorb or adapt to extreme events or novel stresses.
Light‐Emitting Diode treatment ameliorates allergic lung inflammation in experimental model of asthma induced by ovalbumin
Authors: Siqueira Vanessa Perosino Cardoso , Evangelista Marina Izadora Silveira , dos Santos Alana , Marcos Rodrigo Labat , Ligeiro‐de‐Oliveira Ana Paula , Pavani Christiane , Damazo Amílcar Sabino , Lino‐dos‐Santos‐Franco Adriana 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSince asthma is a multifactorial disease where treatment sometimes is not effective, new therapies that improve the respiratory discomfort of patients are of great importance. Phototherapy as Light‐emitting diode (LED) has emerged as a treatment that presents good results for diseases that are characterized by inflammation. Thus, our objective was to investigate the effects of LED on lung inflammation, by an evaluation of lung cell infiltration, mucus secretion, oedema, and the production of cytokines. Male Balb/c mice were or not sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and treated or not with LED therapy (1 h and 4 h after each OVA challenge). Twenty‐four hours after the last OVA challenge, analyzes were performed. Our results showed that LED treatment in asthmatic mice reduced the lung cell infiltration, the mucus production, the oedema, and the tracheal's contractile response. It also increased the IL‐10 and the IFN‐gamma levels. The effects of LED treatment on lung inflammation may be modulated by IL‐10, IFN‐gamma, and by mast cells. This study may provide important information about the effects of LED, and in addition, it may open the possibility of a new approach for the treatment of asthma.
3D in vivo imaging with extended‐focus optical coherence microscopy
Authors: Chen Yu , Trinh Le A. , Fingler Jeff , Fraser Scott E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOptical coherence microscopy (OCM) has unique advantages of non‐invasive 3D imaging without the need of exogenous labels for studying biological samples. However, the imaging depth of this technique is limited by the tradeoff between the depth of focus (DOF) and high lateral resolution in Gaussian optics. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an extended‐focus OCM (xf‐OCM) imaging system using quasi‐Bessel beam illumination to extend the DOF to ∼100 μm, about 3‐fold greater than standard OCM. High lateral resolution of 1.6 μm ensured detailed identification of structures within live animal samples. The insensitivity to spherical aberrations strengthened the capability of our xf‐OCM system in 3D biological imaging.
Evaluation of intravoxel incoherent motion fitting methods in low‐perfused tissue
Authors: Meeus Emma M. , Novak Jan , Withey Stephanie B. , Zarinabad Niloufar , Dehghani Hamid , Peet Andrew C. 
Published: April 2017

PurposeTo investigate the robustness of constrained and simultaneous intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) fitting methods and the estimated IVIM parameters (D, D* and f) for applications in brain and low‐perfused tissues.Materials and MethodsModel data simulations relevant to brain and low‐perfused tumor tissues were computed to assess the accuracy, relative bias, and reproducibility (CV%) of the fitting methods in estimating the IVIM parameters. The simulations were performed at a series of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) levels to assess the influence of noise on the fitting.ResultsThe estimated IVIM parameters from model simulations were found significantly different (P < 0.05) using simultaneous and constrained fitting methods at low SNR. Higher accuracy and reproducibility were achieved with the constrained fitting method. Using this method, the mean error (%) for the estimated IVIM parameters at a clinically relevant SNR = 40 were D 0.35, D* 41.0 and f 4.55 for the tumor model and D 1.87, D* 2.48, and f 7.49 for the gray matter model. The most robust parameters were the IVIM‐D and IVIM‐f. The IVIM‐D* was increasingly overestimated at low perfusion.ConclusionA constrained IVIM fitting method provides more accurate and reproducible IVIM parameters in low‐perfused tissue compared with simultaneous fitting.Level of Evidence: 3J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1325–1334
Exploring the biological activity of condensed tannins and nutritional value of tree and shrub leaves from native species of the Argentinean Dry Chaco
Authors: García Elisa M , Cherry Nicole , Lambert Barry D , Muir James P , Nazareno Mónica A , Arroquy Jose I 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDTropical tree or shrub leaves are an important source of nutrients for ruminants and a potential source of biologically active compounds that may affect ruminal metabolism of nutrients. Therefore, eight woody species from the native flora of Argentinean Dry Chaco, rich in secondary compounds such as condensed tannins (CT), were assessed for their nutritional value, CT fractions and in vitro true digestibility of dry matter, as well as biological activity (BA).RESULTSDifferences among species were found in contents of total phenol, protein‐precipitating phenols (PPP), bound proteins to PPP (BP) and BP/PPP (P < 0.0001). The BP/PPP ratio reveals differences among species in potential BA as indicated by protein precipitation. The major CT of each species were isolated and purified for use as a standard. Although Schinopsis balansae had the most (P ≤ 0.05) total CT (19.59% DM), Caesalpinia paraguariensis had greater (P ≤ 0.05) BA with the most PPP (530.21% dry matter). Larrea divaricata, at 0.97, followed by Acacia aroma, at 0.89, had CT with the highest (P ≤ 0.05) BP/PPP ratios, followed by Prosopis alba (0.59).CONCLUSIONThere were differences in nutritive value and bioactivity among species. Those with the greatest CT were not necessarily those with the most BA. Caesalpinia paraguariensis, S. balansae and L. divaricata were the most promising species as native forage CT sources. Cercidiurm praecox (20.87% CP; 18.14% acid detergent fiber) and Prosopis nigra (19.00% CP; 27.96% acid detergent fiber) showed the best (P ≤ 0.05) nutritive values. According to their nutritive traits, these species might be complementary in grass‐based ruminant diets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry