bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Pd Electrocatalyst Supported on a Physical Mixture Indium Tin Oxide–carbon for Glycerol Electro–oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Ottoni Cristiane Angélica , Randello de Souza Rodiney , Silva Sirlane Gomes da , Spinacé Estevan Vitorio , Brambilla de Souza Rodrigo Fernando , Neto Almir Oliveirra 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPalladium electrocatalysts, supported on Vulcan XC 72 carbon and indium tin oxide (ITO) with different ratios, were prepared by borohydride reduction method and analysed for glycerol electro‐oxidation application in the presence of KOH solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the particle size and crystal electrocatalyst structures, whereas their catalytic activities regarding the glycerol electro‐oxidation were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and tested in a direct alkaline glycerol fuel cell (DGFC) by electrochemical techniques. Micrographs results showed that the ITO presence promotes a large agglomeration of particles. Pd/C–ITO electrocatalysts showed peaks associated with the face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure of palladium and several others peaks associated with ITO used as support. Similar performance was found on all Pd/C–ITO electrocatalysts where measurements in CV were compared to Pd/C and Pd/ITO with Pd/C–ITO 50:50 chronoamperometry, presenting a better performance for glycerol electro‐oxidation. When using Pd/C–ITO 85:15 electrocatalyst and 1.0 mol L−1 glycerol at 90 °C, the maximum power density found was 2,1 times higher than that obtained using Pd/C and Pd/CITO electrocatalysts. Therefore, the physical mixture of ITO and carbon, to be used as a support improves the electrocatalytic activity for glycerol oxidation reaction.
Fluorescent Markers for Amyloid‐β Detection: Computational Insights
Authors: Peccati Francesca , Pantaleone Stefano , Solans‐Monfort Xavier , Sodupe Mariona 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn vivo detection of cerebral amyloid‐β plaques is essential for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer′s disease. Optical imaging, which employs fluorescent markers emitting in the near‐infrared range, is a growing alternative to nuclear techniques, with indisputable advantages. The rational design of amyloid markers requires optimization of both the optical and binding properties, and of their mutual interaction. In this work, the structural aspects that determine the performance of selected amyloid markers have been analyzed, focusing on the contributions offered by computational techniques.
The public multi‐coil information (PUMCIN) policy
Authors: Juchem Christoph , de Graaf Robin A. 
Published: December 2016

PurposeMulti‐coil (MC) magnetic field modeling has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional field generation based on spherical harmonic shapes, and an active MC community is forming. Although all MC applications share the same modeling concept, the specific MC designs can largely differ as a result of disparities in region of interest (eg, human versus rodent), intended MR application (eg, B0 shimming versus spatial encoding), or other experimental constraints (eg, available bore space or integration with radiofrequency technology). To date, a lack of detailed information on existing MC designs complicates the assessment and precludes a meaningful comparison.MethodsHere, we suggest that future publications involving the MC technique not only report the benefits for the application at hand, but also include an explicit description of the MC wire pattern used.ResultsThis public multi‐coil information (PUMCIN) policy represents a voluntary commitment to promoting free public access to the details necessary for reproducing and benefiting from MC research.ConclusionsThe PUMCIN policy is expected to initiate a paradigm shift with respect to the way MC innovation is reported. By setting an example, we hope to encourage the evolving MC community to maximize the benefits for science and society by embracing it. Magn Reson Med 78:2042–2047, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A phase I/II trial of AT9283, a selective inhibitor of aurora kinase in children with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia: challenges to run early phase clinical trials for children with leukemia
Authors: Vormoor B. , Veal G. J. , Griffin M. J. , Boddy A. V. , Irving J. , Minto L. , Case M. , Banerji U. , Swales K. E. , Tall J. R. , Moore A. S. , Toguchi M. , Acton G. , Dyer K. , Schwab C. , Harrison C. J. , Grainger J. D. , Lancaster D. , Kearns P. , Hargrave D. , Vormoor J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAurora kinases regulate mitosis and are commonly overexpressed in leukemia. This phase I/IIa study of AT9283, a multikinase inhibitor, was designed to identify maximal tolerated doses, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic activity in children with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia. The trial suffered from poor recruitment and terminated early, therefore failing to identify its primary endpoints. AT9283 caused tolerable toxicity, but failed to show clinical responses. Future trials should be based on robust preclinical data that provide an indication of which patients may benefit from the experimental agent, and recruitment should be improved through international collaborations and early combination with established treatment strategies.
Development of quality indicators for transition from pediatric to adult care in sickle cell disease: A modified Delphi survey of adult providers
Authors: Sobota Amy E. , Shah Nishita , Mack Jennifer W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundTransition from pediatric to adult care is a vulnerable time for young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD); however, improvements in transition are limited by a lack of quality indicators. The purpose of this study was to establish quality indicators for transition in SCD and to determine the optimal timing between the final pediatric visit and the first adult provider visit.ProcedureWe conducted a modified Delphi survey to reach a consensus on which quality indicators are most important for a successful transition. Our expert panel consisted of members of the Sickle Cell Adult Provider Network. In the first round, the participants ranked a list of quality indicators by importance. In the second round, the participants chose their “top 5” quality indicators in terms of importance and also ranked them on feasibility.ResultsThe response rates for the two rounds were 68 and 96%, respectively. Nine quality indicators were chosen as “top 5” by a majority of respondents, including communication between pediatric and adult providers, timing of first adult visit, patient self‐efficacy, quality of life, and trust with their adult provider. Based on the comments from round 1, respondents were also asked for the optimal timing between leaving pediatric care and entering adult care. Most recommended a first adult visit within 2 months of the final pediatric visit.ConclusionsBy using these quality indicators chosen by the majority of respondents, we can better develop and evaluate transition programs for young adults with SCD and improve health outcomes for these vulnerable patients.
Robustness and plasticity in development
Authors: Bateson Patrick 
Published: December 2016

Like the game of chess, the overall development of human behavior is highly regulated, and also many finer points of any particular individual life depend on early moves. The robust mechanisms that make species different from each other also impact processes that make individuals distinct from one another. Children both influence their environment and are influenced by it. As the development of any particular skill depends upon the contribution of particular environmental inputs at particular times, environmental variability can dramatically change the process. Development is seldom a linear process: while large environmental changes sometimes have little effect on developmental outcomes, small changes can have enormous (if not always immediate) effects. If we are to unravel these complex interdependencies, we must study the interplay among developmental factors that generates change. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1386. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1386This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Comparative Psychology
Individual differences in human brain development
Authors: Brown Timothy T. 
Published: December 2016

This article discusses recent scientific advances in the study of individual differences in human brain development. Focusing on structural neuroimaging measures of brain morphology and tissue properties, two kinds of variability are related and explored: differences across individuals of the same age and differences across age as a result of development. A recent multidimensional modeling study is explained, which was able to use brain measures to predict an individual's chronological age within about one year on average, in children, adolescents, and young adults between 3 and 20 years old. These findings reveal great regularity in the sequence of the aggregate brain state across different ages and phases of development, despite the pronounced individual differences people show on any single brain measure at any given age. Future research is suggested, incorporating additional measures of brain activity and function. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1389. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1389This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction
Psychology > Development and Aging
What do we learn about development from baby robots?
Authors: Oudeyer Pierre‐Yves 
Published: December 2016

Understanding infant development is one of the great scientific challenges of contemporary science. In addressing this challenge, robots have proven useful as they allow experimenters to model the developing brain and body and understand the processes by which new patterns emerge in sensorimotor, cognitive, and social domains. Robotics also complements traditional experimental methods in psychology and neuroscience, where only a few variables can be studied at the same time. Moreover, work with robots has enabled researchers to systematically explore the role of the body in shaping the development of skill. All told, this work has shed new light on development as a complex dynamical system. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1395. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1395This article is categorized under:

Computer Science > Robotics
Psychology > Development and Aging
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: D'Souza Hana , Karmiloff‐Smith Annette 
Published: December 2016

Recent technological advances allow us to measure how the infant brain functions in ways that were not possible just a decade ago. Although methodological advances are exciting, we must also consider how theories guide research: what we look for and how we explain what we find. Indeed, the ways in which research findings are interpreted affects the design of policies, educational practices, and interventions. Thus, the theoretical approaches adopted by scientists have a real impact on the lives of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and their families, as well as on the wider community. Here, we introduce and compare two theoretical approaches that are used to understand NDDs: the neuropsychological account and neuroconstructivism. We show how the former, adult account, is inadequate for explaining NDDs and illustrate this using the examples of Williams syndrome and specific language impairment. Neuroconstructivism, by contrast, focuses on the developing organism and is helping to change the way in which NDDs are investigated. Whereas neuropsychological static approaches assume that one or more ‘modules’ (e.g., visuospatial ability in Williams syndrome) are impaired while the rest of the system is spared (e.g., language in Williams syndrome), neuroconstructivism proposes that basic‐level deficits have subtle cascading effects on numerous domains over development. Neuroconstructivism leads researchers to embrace complexity by establishing large research consortia to integrate findings at multiple levels (e.g., genetic, neural, cognitive, environmental) across developmental time. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1398. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1398This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Development
Behavioral epigenetics
Authors: Moore David S. 
Published: December 2016

Why do we grow up to have the traits we do? Most 20th century scientists answered this question by referring only to our genes and our environments. But recent discoveries in the emerging field of behavioral epigenetics have revealed factors at the interface between genes and environments that also play crucial roles in development. These factors affect how genes work; scientists now know that what matters as much as which genes you have (and what environments you encounter) is how your genes are affected by their contexts. The discovery that what our genes do depends in part on our experiences has shed light on how Nature and Nurture interact at the molecular level inside of our bodies. Data emerging from the world's behavioral epigenetics laboratories support the idea that a person's genes alone cannot determine if, for example, he or she will end up shy, suffering from cardiovascular disease, or extremely smart. Among the environmental factors that can influence genetic activity are parenting styles, diets, and social statuses. In addition to influencing how doctors treat diseases, discoveries about behavioral epigenetics are likely to alter how biologists think about evolution, because some epigenetic effects of experience appear to be transmissible from generation to generation. This domain of research will likely change how we think about the origins of human nature. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1333. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1333This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Enhancement of rapamycin production by metabolic engineering in Streptomyces hygroscopicus based on genome-scale metabolic model
Authors: Dang Lanqing , Liu Jiao , Wang Cheng , Liu Huanhuan , Wen Jianping 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Rapamycin, as a macrocyclic polyketide with immunosuppressive, antifungal, and anti-tumor activity produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, is receiving considerable attention for its significant contribution in medical field. However, the production capacity of the wild strain is very low. Hereby, a computational guided engineering approach was proposed to improve the capability of rapamycin production. First, a genome-scale metabolic model of Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC 29253 was constructed based on its annotated genome and biochemical information. The model consists of 1003 reactions, 711 metabolites after manual refinement. Subsequently, several potential genetic targets that likely guaranteed an improved yield of rapamycin were identified by flux balance analysis and minimization of metabolic adjustment algorithm. Furthermore, according to the results of model prediction, target gene pfk (encoding 6-phosphofructokinase) was knocked out, and target genes dahP (encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase) and rapK (encoding chorismatase) were overexpressed in the parent strain ATCC 29253. The yield of rapamycin increased by 30.8% by knocking out gene pfk and increased by 36.2 and 44.8% by overexpression of rapK and dahP, respectively, compared with parent strain. Finally, the combined effect of the genetic modifications was evaluated. The titer of rapamycin reached 250.8 mg/l by knockout of pfk and co-expression of genes dahP and rapK, corresponding to a 142.3% increase relative to that of the parent strain. The relationship between model prediction and experimental results demonstrates the validity and rationality of this approach for target identification and rapamycin production improvement.
The MPA/MPP in the Anglo-democracies: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Authors: Pal Leslie A , Clark Ian D 
Published: December 2016

AbstractShould one expect convergence among MPA/MPP programs around the world, and in particularly among programs in the “Anglo-sphere” or among the Anglo-democracies, defined here as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. For reasons of shared history and language, one might expect convergence, but there are counter-arguments as well that note, for example, the rich diversity among American programs alone. The paper analyzes 99 programs drawn from among these countries to find an answer. The analysis is wider in scope and more granular than anything that has been done to date, with data that allow comparisons of: (1) subject matter emphasis between policy and management, (2) the amount of required quantitative content, and (3) program length (number of standardized courses required to graduate). After illustrating a standardized metric of comparison we show that the convergence hypothesis cannot be sustained. Our conclusion entertains several conjectures about why this might be the case.
STRONG REDUCTIONS BETWEEN COMBINATORIAL PRINCIPLES
Authors: DZHAFAROV DAMIR D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper is a contribution to the growing investigation of strong reducibilities between ${\rm{\Pi }}_2^1$ statements of second-order arithmetic, viewed as an extension of the traditional analysis of reverse mathematics. We answer several questions of Hirschfeldt and Jockusch [13] about Weihrauch (uniform) and strong computable reductions between various combinatorial principles related to Ramsey’s theorem for pairs. Among other results, we establish that the principle $SRT_2^2$ is not Weihrauch or strongly computably reducible to $D_{ < \infty }^2$, and that COH is not Weihrauch reducible to $SRT_{ < \infty }^2$, or strongly computably reducible to $SRT_2^2$. The last result also extends a prior result of Dzhafarov [9]. We introduce a number of new techniques for controlling the combinatorial and computability-theoretic properties of the problems and solutions we construct in our arguments.
The Role of Unfree Labour in Capitalist Development: Spain and Its Empire, Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Mendiola Fernando 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article contributes to the debate on the persistence of forced labour within capitalist development. It focuses on Spain, which has been deeply rooted in the global economy, firstly as a colonial metropolis, and later as part of the European Union. In the first place, I analyse the different modalities of unfree labour that are included in the taxonomy established by the Global Collaboratory on the History of Labour Relations, taking into account the different political regimes in which they are inserted. Therefore, the legal framework regarding unfree labour is analysed for four different political contexts: liberal revolution with colonial empire (1812–1874); liberal parliamentarism with colonial empire (1874–1936); civil war and fascist dictatorship, with decolonization (1936–1975); and parliamentary democracy within globalization (1975–2014). The article goes on to deal with the importance of the main economic reasons driving the demand for forced labour: relative labour shortage and the search for increasing profits. In the conclusion, and taking the Spanish case as a basis, I suggest a series of challenges for furthering the global debate on the role of forced labour under capitalism.
Genetic divergence of human pathogens Nanophyetus spp. (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae) on the opposite sides of the Pacific Rim
Authors: VORONOVA A. N. , CHELOMINA G. N. , BESPROZVANNYKH V. V. , TKACH V. V. 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYHuman and animal nanophyetiasis is caused by intestinal flukes belonging to the genus Nanophyetus distributed on both North American and Eurasian coasts of Northern Pacific. In spite of the wide geographical distribution and medical and veterinary importance of these flukes, the intra-generic taxonomy of Nanophyetus spp. remains unresolved. The two most widely distributed nominal species, Nanophyetus salmincola and Nanophyetus schikhobalowi, both parasitizing humans and carnivorous mammals, were described from North America and eastern Eurasia, respectively. However, due to their high morphological similarity their interrelationships remained unclear and taxonomic status unstable. In this study, we explored genetic diversity of Nanophyetus spp. from the Southern Russian Far East in comparison with that of samples from North America based on the sequence variation of the nuclear ribosomal gene family (18S, internal transcribed spacers, ITS1-5·8S-ITS2 and 28S). High levels of genetic divergence in each rDNA region (nucleotide substitutions, indels, alterations in the secondary structures of the ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts) as well as results of phylogenetic analysis provided strong support for the status of N. salmincola and N. schikhobalowi as independent species.
Genetic diversity in Ethiopian Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum var durum) inferred from phenotypic variations
Authors: Mengistu Dejene K. , Kidane Yosef G. , Fadda Carlo , Pè Mario Enrico 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe valorization of genetic diversities of major crops like wheat may help substantially to feed the world Population. Durum wheat genotypes consisting of 265 farmers’ varieties (FVs), which have been cultivated for many centuries in Ethiopia, as well as 24 improved varieties (IMVs) have been recently evaluated in northern Ethiopia. The evaluation has been carried out at two different locations for 2 consecutive years to verify the inherited diversity in FVs for important phenological and agronomic traits; with the intention to provide refined information to breeders and genebank managers. As a result of a careful evaluation, a very significant variation was observed between the FVs and IMVs. A large number of the former have demonstrated superior performance to the latter in terms of mean values of the major traits within the stipulated years and locations. The best performing FV has shown a gain of 20% grain yield over the best IMV. Multivariate analyses revealed that FVs displayed larger genetic diversity than in those IMVs. FVs could therefore be used as donor of useful alleles in durum wheat breeding for improvement of yield per se and other traits of agronomic and phenological importance. The identified stable superior FVs include: 8208, 226834A, 238567, 222426, 226282 could be best candidates for farmers in marginal environments. Genotypes that have shown stable performance for spatial variation such as 204493A, 214357 and 238567; and temporal variation such as 8208, 208479, 214357 and 226834A could be the best candidates for exploitation in future breeding programs.
Robust high-throughput kinetic analysis of apoptosis with real-time high-content live-cell imaging
Authors: Gelles Jesse D , Chipuk Jerry Edward 
Published: December 2016

AbstractQuantitative and kinetic analyses of apoptotic cell death are integral components of exploring cell biology, measuring cellular stress responses, and performing high-throughput genomic/RNAi/drug screens. Here, we present a detailed method that integrates robust kinetic real-time high-content imaging with Annexin V labelling to provide a highly sensitive, accurate, simple and zero-handling approach to quantify extrinsic and intrinsic inducers of apoptosis. The sensitivity of this non-toxic method outperforms previous high-throughput methodologies using viability dyes or caspase-activation reporters. This method also incorporates a multiplex adaptation to integrate variability in cell number due to treatment-induced proliferation changes and the detachment of dying cells. Compared to Annexin V detection by flow cytometry, this method is 10-fold more sensitive, eliminates extensive sample handling and processing, and provides real-time kinetics of apoptosis at both single-cell and population-level resolutions.