bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring neutral biodiversity parameters using environmental DNA data sets
Authors: Sommeria-Klein Guilhem , Zinger Lucie , Taberlet Pierre , Coissac Eric , Chave Jérôme 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe DNA present in the environment is a unique and increasingly exploited source of information for conducting fast and standardized biodiversity assessments for any type of organisms. The datasets resulting from these surveys are however rarely compared to the quantitative predictions of biodiversity models. In this study, we simulate neutral taxa-abundance datasets, and artificially noise them by simulating noise terms typical of DNA-based biodiversity surveys. The resulting noised taxa abundances are used to assess whether the two parameters of Hubbell’s neutral theory of biodiversity can still be estimated. We find that parameters can be inferred provided that PCR noise on taxa abundances does not exceed a certain threshold. However, inference is seriously biased by the presence of artifactual taxa. The uneven contribution of organisms to environmental DNA owing to size differences and barcode copy number variability does not impede neutral parameter inference, provided that the number of sequence reads used for inference is smaller than the number of effectively sampled individuals. Hence, estimating neutral parameters from DNA-based taxa abundance patterns is possible but requires some caution. In studies that include empirical noise assessments, our comprehensive simulation benchmark provides objective criteria to evaluate the robustness of neutral parameter inference.
MicroRNA-574-5p promotes metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting PTPRU
Authors: Zhou Rui , Zhou Xiaoshu , Yin Zhongyuan , Guo Jing , Hu Ting , Jiang Shun , Liu Li , Dong Xiaorong , Zhang Sheng , Wu Gang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been associated with malignant behavior in a variety of cancers. Our previous study demonstrated that miRNA expression profiles are predictors for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We also showed that miRNAs are involved in small-cell lung cancer metastasis. Here, we used qRT-PCR to re-analyze our previous microarray results using serum samples from 75 patients with NSCLC. Surprisingly, we found that miR-574-5p and miR-874 were overexpressed in patients with metastatic advanced NSCLC but not in patients with non-metastatic advanced NSCLC. Additionally, miR-574-5p expression was correlated between matched serum and tissue samples from 68 patients. However, these 2 miRNAs are not prognostic factors for NSCLC. Transwell and wound-healing assays showed that miR-574-5p promotes the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, miR-574-5p enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin by repressing PTPRU expression in vitro. In conclusion, this study explored the expression of miR-574-5p in clinical samples and its molecular mechanisms in the metastasis of advanced NSCLC.
Cryo-EM structure of the large subunit of the spinach chloroplast ribosome
Authors: Ahmed Tofayel , Yin Zhan , Bhushan Shashi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProtein synthesis in the chloroplast is mediated by the chloroplast ribosome (chloro-ribosome). Overall architecture of the chloro-ribosome is considerably similar to the Escherichia coli (E. coli) ribosome but certain differences are evident. The chloro-ribosome proteins are generally larger because of the presence of chloroplast-specific extensions in their N- and C-termini. The chloro-ribosome harbours six plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs); four in the small subunit and two in the large subunit. Deletions and insertions occur throughout the rRNA sequence of the chloro-ribosome (except for the conserved peptidyl transferase center region) but the overall length of the rRNAs do not change significantly, compared to the E. coli. Although, recent advancements in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have provided detailed high-resolution structures of ribosomes from many different sources, a high-resolution structure of the chloro-ribosome is still lacking. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of the large subunit of the chloro-ribosome from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) at an average resolution of 3.5 Å. High-resolution map enabled us to localize and model chloro-ribosome proteins, chloroplast-specific protein extensions, two PSRPs (PSRP5 and 6) and three rRNA molecules present in the chloro-ribosome. Although comparable to E. coli, the polypeptide tunnel and the tunnel exit site show chloroplast-specific features.
Dynamic Drug-Induced Sleep Computed Tomography in Adults With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Li Hsueh-Yu , Lo Yu-Lun , Wang Chao-Jan , Hsin Li-Jen , Lin Wan-Ni , Fang Tuan-Jen , Lee Li-Ang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSurgical success for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) depends on identifying sites of obstruction in the upper airway. In this study, we investigated sites of obstruction by evaluating dynamic changes in the upper airway using drug-induced sleep computed tomography (DI-SCT) in patients with OSA. Thirty-five adult patients with OSA were prospectively enrolled. Sleep was induced with propofol under light sedation (bispectral index 70–75), and low-dose 320-detector row CT was performed for 10 seconds over a span of 2–3 respiratory cycles with supporting a continuous positive airway pressure model. Most (89%) of the patients had multi-level obstructions. Total obstruction most commonly occurred in the velum (86%), followed by the tongue (57%), oropharyngeal lateral wall (49%), and epiglottis (26%). There were two types of anterior-posterior obstruction of the soft palate, uvular (94%) and velar (6%), and three types of tongue obstruction, upper (30%), lower (37%), and upper plus lower obstruction (33%). DI-SCT is a fast and safe tool to identify simulated sleep airway obstruction in patients with OSA. It provides data on dynamic airway movement in the sagittal view which can be used to differentiate palate and tongue obstructions, and this can be helpful when planning surgery for patients with OSA.
Achievement of over 1.4 V photovoltage in a dye-sensitized solar cell by the application of a silyl-anchor coumarin dye
Authors: Kakiage Kenji , Osada Hiroyuki , Aoyama Yohei , Yano Toru , Oya Keiji , Iwamoto Shinji , Fujisawa Jun-ichi , Hanaya Minoru 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated by using a novel silyl-anchor coumarin dye with alkyl-chain substitutes, a Br3−/Br− redox electrolyte solution containing water, and a Mg2+-doped anatase-TiO2 electrode with twofold surface modification by MgO and Al2O3 exhibited an open-circuit photovoltage over 1.4 V, demonstrating the possibility of DSSCs as practical photovoltaic devices.
International Survey of Audiologists' Attitudes Toward Telehealth
Authors: Eikelboom Robert H. , Swanepoel De Wet 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
A better understanding of the attitudes of audiologists toward teleaudiology and their willingness to use teleaudiology is required to progress the application of teleaudiology technologies and services into clinical practice. Audiologists around the world were surveyed on their attitudes toward teleaudiology and their willingness to use it.

Method
An online survey was sent to audiologists through professional associations' mailing lists. The survey included questions on the use of computer and video-conferencing technologies, awareness and previous use of teleaudiology, and willingness to use teleaudiology.

Results
Responses were provided by 269 people from 28 different countries, representing a wide cross-section of experience, qualification, and work settings; 77.8% of respondents were women. Almost all respondents had used PC-based video-conferencing; most had used related technologies and reported positive attitudes toward using these. However, less than 25% had used teleaudiology.

Conclusions
Despite positive attitudes toward telehealth and associated technology, the low number of audiologists who have used teleaudiology for services indicates limited clinical adoption.
A Participatory Design Approach to Develop an Interactive Sound Environment Simulator
Authors: Hanssen Geir K. , Dahl Yngve 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Our purpose is to provide insight into the added value of applying a participatory design approach in the design of an interactive sound environment simulator to facilitate communication and understanding between patients and audiologists in consultation situations.

Method
We have applied a qualitative approach, presenting results and discussion in the form of a story, following 3 consecutive steps: problem investigation, design, and evaluation.

Results
We provide an overview of lessons learned, emphasizing how patients and audiologists took roles and responsibilities in the design process and the effects of this involvement.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that participatory design is a viable and practical approach to address multifaceted problems directly affecting patients and practitioners.
Usability and Online Audiological Rehabilitation
Authors: Thorén Elisabet Sundewall , Pedersen Julie Hefting , Jørnæs Nis Ove 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper describes the results from the iterative development and usability testing of an online audiological rehabilitation (OAR) program. The OAR was based on previous experience with Internet interventions and OAR.

Method
The described OAR consisted of weekly learning modules, each of which had a specific topic and contained information and learning activities. A virtual coach, a trained audiologist, led the participants through the modules. The participants' feedback was collected using the “think-aloud” method in which the participants gave their feedback in a structured manner.

Results
The early findings from the first version of the OAR showed that participants had difficulty navigating the system. As a result of the usability testing, a second major edition of the OAR program was developed, and the participants found it easier to manage and that it enhanced the learning experience. The participants appreciated the testimonial videos as well as the option to study more in-depth material for a given subject.

Conclusions
The early findings from the usability test of the program provided useful information as to how content can be developed and delivered for optimal user accessibility within the scope of OAR.
A Modeling Study of the Effects of Vocal Tract Movement Duration and Magnitude on the F2 Trajectory in CV Words
Authors: Neely Kimberly D. , Bunton Kate , Story Brad H. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This study used a computational vocal tract model to investigate the relationship of diphthong duration and vocal tract movement magnitude to measures of the F2 trajectory in CV words.

Method

Three words (
bough
,
boy
, and
buy
) were simulated on the basis of an adult female vocal tract model, in which the model parameters were estimated from audio recordings of a female talker. Model parameters were then modified to generate 35 simulations of each word corresponding to 7 different durations and 5 movement magnitude settings. In addition, these simulations were repeated with vocal tract lengths representative of an adult male and an approximately 6-year-old child.

Results
On the basis of univariate analysis, measures of frequency predicted changes in magnitude, and temporal measures predicted changes in speaking rate consistent with the hypothesis. The combined effects of duration and magnitude showed that F2 was more sensitive to changes in magnitude at shorter word durations compared with longer word durations. This finding held across words and vocal tract length.

Conclusions
Results suggest that there is an interaction between duration and magnitude that affects the slope of the F2 trajectory. The next step is to relate kinematics to F2 trajectory output using real speakers.
Reduction in distortion of the synchronous generator voltage waveform using a new winding pattern
Authors: Asgharpour‐Alamdari Hossein , Alinejad‐Beromi Yousef , Yaghobi Hamid 
Published: October 2016

Sinusoidal voltage waveform in synchronous generators is of great significance in power systems. Generally speaking, the output voltage of a synchronous generator is semi‐sinusoidal including some disturbance frequencies (known as harmonics) rather than the fundamental frequency. The harmonic contents cause them to increase in iron loss and reduction in efficiency of electrical machines. For this reason, the harmonic contents of synchronous generators should be carefully taken into consideration. In this study, a new winding pattern for stator of the synchronous generators is proposed to eliminate the harmonic contents of output voltage and so makes it more sinusoidal. In this method, the harmonic contents of output voltage are almost eliminated by selecting the optimal number of conductors per slot. Afterward, through several analytical and simulation studies the suggested winding pattern is compared with those of conventional ones. Moreover, the experimental setup is carried out based on a 3 kW, 1500 RPM synchronous generator. The conventional and proposed winding patterns are separately tested in this setup, and then the harmonic‐based behaviour of output voltage is studied for each case under different load conditions. The obtained results prove the superiority of the proposed winding pattern over the conventional patterns.
Three-Dimensional Custom-Made Titanium Ribs for Reconstruction of a Large Chest Wall Defect
Authors: Simal Isabel , García-Casillas Maria , Cerdá Julio , Riquelme Óscar , Lorca-García Concepción , Pérez-Egido Laura , Fernández-Bautista Beatriz , Torre Manuel , de Agustín Juan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractReconstruction of large chest wall defects always demand surgeons of having lots of means available (both materials and resourceful) to apply a cover to chest wall defects which can range from a few centimeters to the lack of a few entire ribs. In this study, we present the case of a teenager who suffered from a complete resection of three ribs because of Ewing sarcoma dependent on the sixth rib. Given the size of the defect, a multidisciplinary approach was chosen to provide rigid and soft tissue coverage and minimal functional and aesthetic impact. Custom-made titanium implants were designed based on three-dimensional computed tomography scan reconstruction. The surgical specimen via a left lateral thoracotomy (fifth, sixth, and seventh entire ribs) was resected, leaving a defect of 35 × 12 × 6 cm. A Gore-Tex patch (W. L. Gore & Associates, Arizona, United States) was placed and, after that, the implants were anchored to the posterior fragment of the healthy ribs and to the costal cartilage anteriorly. Finally, the surgical site was covered with a latissimus dorsi flap. The postoperative course was uneventful. After 9 months of follow-up, the patient has full mobility. This case shows that the implant of custom-made ribs, combined with other techniques, is a good surgical choice for reconstruction of large chest wall defects. The implant of custom-made ribs, combined with other techniques, is a good surgical choice for reconstruction of large chest wall defects.
Agreement in Archi: An LFG perspective
Authors: Sadler Louisa 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), syntactic agreement is primarily modelled as sharing or co-specification of agreement features at the level of f(unctional)-structure, which represents abstract grammatical relations and their properties, rather than at the level of constituency or phrase structure. LFG’s projection architecture also accommodates a multi-dimensional approach. While many agreement relations refer solely to f-structure notions, others may also refer to or depend on further constraints at other levels of representation. Since evidence suggests that Archi is morphologically ergative, agreement generalizations can be modelled by means of parameterized templates called by lexical entries. This lexical treatment allows agreement across the lexicon to be specified in a succinct manner while allowing for lexical idiosyncrasy.
Introduction
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This introductory chapter recounts personal experiences as an individual ‘change agent’, which have shaped the making of this book. It laments the fact that many theories of change used by different academic disciplines each operate with separate and often conflicting ideas, without any ‘department of change studies’ to sort it out. Hence the chapter lays down some preliminary insights that inform the rest of this book, by expanding the definition of ‘activists’ to include a variety of actors, programmes, and institutions involved in campaigns of change. In addition, the chapter also lays out the framework of study to be undertaken in the book, particularly by using Amartya Sen’s definition of development as the progressive expansion of the freedoms to be and to do. Finally, the chapter outlines in brief the three individual sections of this book.
Systems Thinking Changes Everything
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the advantages of systems thinking in navigating the complexities of the future. A ‘system’ here is defined as an interconnected set of elements coherently organized in a way that achieves something. A defining property of human systems is complexity: because of the sheer number of relationships and feedback loops among their many elements, they cannot be reduced to simple chains of cause and effect. In complex systems, change results from the interplay of many diverse and apparently unrelated factors. Thus, change agents need to identify which elements are important and understand how they interact. Working in complex systems requires an iterative, collaborative, and flexible approach.
Accountability, Political Parties, and the Media
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses political parties and the media as two crucial institutions that provide avenues for accountability, as well as the burgeoning field of ‘social accountability’, in both elected and unelected regimes. The political party system is both an opportunity and a threat for activists and their organizations. Parties can be long-term institutional homes for policies and ideas. The media route is another method of ensuring accountability, as the media can echo, amplify, or substitute for citizens’ voices. Lastly, the social accountability route is a more recent phenomenon, driven both by new technology and the need for solutions when states are weak or unresponsive. This particular route attempts to promote accountability by approaching authorities directly, instead of relying on intermediaries, such as political parties or bureaucracies. All three routes provide valuable channels for activists to hold those in power to account for their decisions.
Leaders and Leadership
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter turns to the role of leaders and leadership in driving change. Though these roles are often downplayed or outright neglected in academia, the chapter argues that leadership is central to any understanding of how change happens. ‘Leaders’ in this case are not limited to politicians only—the chapter also examines leadership from below—that which emerges from citizens’ movements, voluntary associations, trade unions, faith organizations, and indeed in every walk of life. Leaders operate at the interface between structure and agency, striving to leave their mark on the institutions, cultures, and traditions in which they live and work. Activists need to understand where leadership comes from and how to best identify, support, and work with progressive leaders.
The Power of Advocacy
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter looks at how advocacy works. ‘Advocacy’ here is defined as the process of influencing decision makers to change their policies and practices, attitudes, or behaviours. It typically targets the institutions described in this book, be they formal (states, courts, political parties, corporations, and international bodies) or informal (norms and public attitudes). The chapter analyses advocacy work in the systems thinking framework. It argues that getting advocacy right requires political maturity, the right combination of tactics and allies, and making the most of windows of opportunity as they come along. More subtly, good advocacy requires a mindset that finds each different context fascinating, one that embraces ambiguity and complexity, one that empathizes with how different people see the world, and one that learns from mistakes and responds to changing events.
Conclusion
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This concluding chapter cautions that progressive change is not primarily about ‘us’ activists: it occurs when poor people and communities take power into their own hands; shifts in technology, prices, demography, and sheer accident can be far more important than the actions of would-be change agents. It argues that activists need humility despite their crucial roles in programmes of change. The chapter reiterates the ideal characteristics of activists on individual and organizational levels mentioned throughout this book, extolling the reader to work in ways that reflect an evolving understanding of power and systems. It is these characteristics, after all, that are vital to a successful campaign for change. Finally, the chapter (and the book) ends on an encouraging note by defining activism as a story of human development, as articulated by Amartya Sen’s definition, ‘the freedoms to be and to do’.
Mechanic
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Life story of a garage mechanic who, despite ending his career as a manager in a local authority transport department, clung fiercely to a working-class identity in the face of what he saw as the two great disasters of his times: the permissive society of 1960s and the neo-liberal reforms of the Thatcher years. His world view combines an embattled rejection of progressive attitudes to immigration, education, sexuality, and female equality, with an ethic of public service, pride in his skill as a manual worker, and hostility to privatization, managerial arrogance, and capitalist profiteering. His testimony serves, as he intended, to remind the historian of the experience of large numbers of working-class people in late-twentieth-century Britain who felt themselves and what they stood for marginalized, excluded, and politically unrepresented. He votes for the UK Independence Party.
Approaching variation in PFC
Authors: Lyche Chantal 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to present an overview of schwa variation across the PFC corpus. Schwa designates a vowel of limited distribution which alternates with zero. After a short presentation of the coding system, which enables the authors to test schwa behaviour throughout the corpus, the chapter considers the phonetic quality of the vowel susceptible to variation depending on the speech style and the region. The chapter studies the behaviour of schwa which exhibits marked differences between the southern regions (pointing to an ongoing change) and northern regions; varieties of French outside France proper are also considered. Finally, the chapter shows a clear age distinction regarding monosyllables, and the impact of the register on the rate of vowel presence.