bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B - 86 Neurobehavioral Examination Total Memory Score as a Screener for Cognitive Impairment Diagnosis
Authors: Witbeck Angelina E , Witbeck Angelina , Dodd Jonathan N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
The neurobehavioral exam (NBE) quickly assesses patient’s neurological and behavioral status. This study aims to determine whether an individual’s NBE memory subtest is an effective screening tool for predicting cognitive diagnosis following a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation.

Method
Data was collected from a clinical population of 173 adults (&lt; 60 years old). Each patient was administered the NBE before comprehensive neuropsychological testing. The Total Memory Free Recall (TMFR) score was compared to the final cognitive diagnosis. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were conducted with IBM SPSS.

Results
Linear regression indicates that the TMFR accounts for 26.1% of the variance in the cognitive diagnosis (F (1, 171) = 60.29, p = &lt;0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.26). Area under the curve (AUC) indicated good discriminative ability for screening patients with and without cognitive impairment based on their total memory recall score (AUC = 0.83). A TMFR raw score of &lt;6 was determined as the optimal cutoff point for screening cognitive impairment yielding a sensitivity of 0.96 and a specificity of 0.62.

Conclusion(s)
The analyses completed indicate that TMFR on the NBE is predictive of cognitive diagnosis following comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Total memory recall raw score can be used as a screening measure for identifying cognitive impairment and making appropriate referral for comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.
B - 89 Evaluation of the Differential Effect of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety Symptoms as Predictors of Verbal Learning and Memory Performance
Authors: Patel Hirangi , Jennette Kyle , Urlich Devin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Anxiety is known to exacerbate cognitive difficulties associated with aging; however, little it is less clear how specific symptoms of anxiety, particularly cognitive and somatic symptoms, impact learning and memory performance among older adults. This study explored the relationship between moderate-to-severe symptoms of cognitive and somatic anxiety on auditory learning and memory performance.

Method
A sample of 95 outpatients referred for neuropsychological were administered the California Verbal Learning Test -3rd Edition-Brief Form (CVLT), Wechsler Memory Scales – 4th Edition Logical Memory (LM), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) as part of a standardized battery.

Results
The sample was 45.3% female and 50.5% black (Age: M = 64.69, SD = 8.1; Education: M = 13.60, SD = 3.0). BAI items were dichotomized into somatic and cognitive symptoms. Items rated as moderate or severe were summed to create total somatic anxiety (S-Anx), and cognitive (C-Anx), and total moderate–severe (T-Anx) scores. Regression analyses indicated that T-Anx and S-Anx, significantly predicted CVLT Trial 1 (T1) learning (β = −0.24; β = −0.24, respectively) and total learning performance (β = −0.20; β = −0.23, respectively). C-Anx predicted T1 learning (β = −0.22,), but not total learning. None of the anxiety scales predicted CVLT delayed recall, nor LM learning or retrieval.

Conclusion
Multiple regression revealed that S-Anx remained a significant predictor of total learning when controlling for C-Anx. Findings indicate that both moderate-to-severe somatic and cognitive anxiety impact unstructured auditory one-trial learning, while somatic anxiety has a more broad impact on learning over trials, which was sustained after controlling for the effect of cognitive anxiety, suggesting potentially independent symptom construct clusters.
B - 90 Establishing Cutoffs for Impaired Cognition in Virtual Reality Assessment: the Virtual Kitchen Protocol for Learning and Memory
Authors: Boynton Harrison G , Fontanese Matthew S , Zamora Joel A , Bishop Kelle N , Gamino Denise , Tran Sarah H , Langarica Ashley Arreola , Barnett Michael D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
The Virtual Kitchen Protocol for Learning and Memory (VKP-LM) is a virtual-reality-based measure of everyday functioning through procedural memory tasks. Previous literature has introduced the VKP-LM and begun validation processes. This study explores cutoff scores to determine cognitive impairment across the Immediate (VKP-IR) and Delayed-Recall (VKP-DR) portions of the VKP-LM.

Method
Adults (N = 126; Mage = 70.29; 56.3% Female) completed the VKP-LM as a part of a neuropsychological evaluation in a community-based assessment center. Participants were categorized binarily as to whether they received a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) diagnosis. Discriminatory abilities and cutoffs were determined by the Receiver Operator Curve’s (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) and sensitivity-specificity charts. Classification tables determined the Positive Predictive Power (PPP) and Negative Predictive Power (NPP) given the established cutoffs.

Results
ROC analysis showed the VKP-IR (Max = 70; Cutoff = 28) to have good discriminatory abilities (AUC = 0.788) and the VKP-DR (Max = 70; Cutoff = 26;) to have excellent discriminatory abilities (AUC = 0.855). The classification tables showed that the VKP-IR had a PPP = 63.0% and NPP = 87.9%, while the VKP-DR had a PPP = 86.4% and NPP = 90.4%.

Conclusion
Due to the multifaceted nature of diagnosing NCDs, single-domain measures (i.e., procedural memory) will always struggle to obtain excellent PPP, as not all NCDs have amnestic cognitive profiles (e.g., cerebral vascular, Lewy body disease, etc.). Further research should explore comparing discriminatory abilities against other measures, increasing the sample size (both groups), and comparing discriminatory abilities among only NCDs with amnestic cognitive profiles, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
B - 92 Memory Rehabilitation Following Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Perna Robert 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Several Meta analyses suggest mixed but objective support for internal strategies. Typically, successful rehabilitation involves at least 8 hour of memory training and often results in 0.25 to 0.50 standard deviation (SD) improvements depending on how long post injury. Intervention dose, strategies, level of impairment, and patient self-awareness and motivation all appear relevant.

Methods
Data is taken from 21 continuous referrals. Three individuals did not want to work on memory strategies, so their data was separated from the rest. Participants: 18 individuals with acquired brain injuries, with an average age of 51.6 and about 15 years of education, who were 76.6 days post brain injury. Intervention: Each individual was involved in 8 weeks of transdisciplinary rehabilitation. Many goals were addressed and memory rehabilitation was treated via 1 or 2 weekly sessions with a neuropsychologist. Internal and external strategy use was taught. Individuals received 8 to 10 hours of memory rehabilitation involving repetitive practice of clustering, semantic clustering, organizing information into sentences or stories, rhyming, and acronyms.

Results
Delayed List Recall significantly improved from standard scores of 73.5 to 89.7 and the delayed Story Recall improved from 75 to 90. The mean improvement was nearly 1 standard deviation across measures.

Conclusions
Individuals showed significant improvement in immediate and delayed recall memory scores. These individuals showed more than 0.5 SD short-term memory (STM) gain and also self-reported improved STM. Durability of gains was not measured in follow-ups. These interventions improve memory skills, but not all patients choose to participate in this type of treatment.
B - 93 The Role of ex-Gaussian Parameters and Apathy in Reward Sensitivity Using a Modified Probabilistic Learning Task
Authors: Nabulsi Yasmin B , De Jesus Kasie , Gazzanigo Michael , Yang Xiao , Milam Alicia B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
The current study examined the associations of apathy with attentional processes, indicated by ex-Gaussian (Ex-G) parameters of sensorimotor response speed and reward learning.

Methods
One hundred college-aged participants (M age = 20.32; SD = 3.69; 69 female) completed self-report measures of depression, apathy, and attentional control. Laboratory tasks included a choice reaction time (RT) task and a modified probabilistic learning task to assess sensorimotor processing and reward sensitivity. In the probabilistic learning task, participants selected the symbol associated with a high probability of gaining a monetary reward. Choice RT data were fit with Ex-G models, from which the parameter τ (bootstrapped sampling, 1000 iterations) was derived and used as the index of attentional lapses.

Results
A non-linear relationship was found between apathy and reward learning. Hierarchical regression was used to examine linear and higher-order relationships between apathy and behavioral indices (Ex-G τ and reward sensitivity). Results show that apathy explained none of the variance in reward learning (β = −0.005, p = 0.792, [bootstrapCI = −0.037, 0.026]). Incorporating apathy2 into the model led to significant R2 change (0.086), F(2, 89) = 0.4.142, p = 0.019, suggesting that as apathy increases, reward learning increases (β =0.006, p = 0.002, bootstrapCI = 0.002, 0.010]). Moreover, when controlling for depression, τ significantly contributes to the model, F(3, 89) = 4.142, p = 0.019, R2 = 0.17. Interactive effects revealed that at higher levels of apathy, higher Ex-G τ significantly decreases reward sensitivity (β = −0.003, p = 0.037, 95% bootstrapCI = [−0.006, −002]).

Conclusions
Higher levels of apathy and attentional lapses jointly reduced reward sensitivity, highlighting the role of task disengagement in apathy.
B - 94 Chronic Pain Is Associated with Greater Cognitive Variability on Neuropsychological Assessments
Authors: Wagaman Bailey , Ikonomou Vasilios , Campbell Ivan , Hernandez Katherine , Sullivan Sydney , Ton-Loy Adan , Hill Benjamin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine performance variability on a brief neuropsychological assessment battery associated with self-reported pain symptoms.

Methods
461 patients who were referred for a presurgical psychological evaluation as dorsal column spinal stimulator candidates (61.2% female, 86.7% white, M(age) = 53.25, SD = 13.57, M(education) = 13.10, SD = 2.66). Measures included Trail Making Tests A and B, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Pain Disability Index (PDI). Intra-individual variability (IIV) was calculated as the standard deviation around each individual’s overall test battery mean (OTBM) for cognitive tests. Coefficient of variation (CoV) was calculated as IIV/OTBM.

Results
CoV was significantly correlated with PCS (r = 0.21, p &lt; 0.001) and PDI (r = 0.18, p &lt; 0.001) total scores. CoV was positively correlated with PDI subscales: family/home responsibilities (r = 0.15, p = 0.002), recreation (r = 0.13, p = 0.005), social activity (r = 0.13, p = 0.005), self-care as it pertains to independent daily living and personal maintenance (r = 0.23, p &lt; 0.001), and self-care as it pertains to life supporting behaviors (r = 0.21, p &lt; 0.001) but occupation and sexual behavior were not significantly related to CoV. CoV was significantly correlated with highest pain rating (r = 0.15, p = 0.001), lowest pain rating (r = 0.19, p &lt; 0.001), and current pain rating at the time of testing (r = 0.11, p = 0.023).

Conclusions
This is the first study to demonstrate that chronic pain was associated with greater cognitive variability. This may explain some perceived cognitive deficits in chronic pain patients.
B - 95 Cogniphobia and Psychological Factors in Episodic Migraine: a Correlational Analysis
Authors: Getz Mara , Sebrow Laura , Lacritz Megan , Maeda Kensei I , Palmeri Maria , Seng Elizabeth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
The Cogniphobia Scale for Headache Disorders (CS-HD) was developed to assess pain-related fear as a trigger for headache pain. The study objective is to examine the bivariate correlations between cogniphobia with measures of depression, anxiety, pain anxiety, and subjective cognition to better understand relationships between psychological factors that can impact cognitive performance.

Method
Participants were recruited using internet-based methods and an existing headache research database. Baseline questionnaires on mood, including anxiety (PROMIS anxiety), pain anxiety (PASS-20), depression (PROMIS depression) and cogniphobia (CS-HD), from a longitudinal observational study were analyzed. A 4-week daily measure of subjective cognition was included in the analysis (Alertness Behavior subscale of the Sickness Impact Profile). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine relationships between cogniphobia with depression, anxiety, pain anxiety, and subjective cognition.

Results
The sample consisted of 18 participants with episodic migraine (Male = 6, Female = 12; Hispanic = 4, Non-Hispanic = 14). Results revealed significant correlations between cogniphobia and both pain anxiety (r = 0.86, p &lt; 0.001, 95% CI [0.656, 0.947]) and subjective cognition (r = 0.595, p = 0.009, 95% CI [0.178, 0.831]). Non-significant correlations were found between cogniphobia and both anxiety (r = 0.256, p = 0.305, 95% CI [−0.240, 0.646]) and depression (r = 0.418, p = 0.084 95% CI [−0.060,0.741]).

Conclusion(s)
Pain anxiety and subjective cognition are most closely related to cogniphobia. Although not statistically significant, results indicate that symptoms of depression may be more related to cogniphobia than purely anxious symptoms, however further research with larger sample sizes is needed.
B - 101 Associations between Oxygen Saturation and Neurocognitive Performance in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Pinkett Bari L , Hankins Jane , Heitzer Andrew , Kang Guolian , Longoria Jennifer L , Okhomina Victoria , Takemoto Clifford 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for neuropsychological deficits. Studies have documented that peripheral oxygen saturation is associated with neurocognitive performance, but the results are inconsistent. Our objective was to examine the associations between oxygen saturation and neurocognitive performance in SCD using several different measurement techniques.

Methods
A lifetime cohort study of 413 patients ranging from 8–25 years of age (Mean = 14.18, Standard Deviation = 4.81) diagnosed with SCD (60% HbSS) received a neuropsychological evaluation including measures of intelligence, processing speed, and working memory. Analyses were conducted separately based on SCD genotype (HbSS/Sβ0 vs. HbSC/SB+). Oxygen saturation values were examined as predictors of neurocognitive performance based on 1) mean lifetime value, 2) lifetime standard deviation, 3) most recent value (within 3 months from neuropsychological assessment), and 4) change over time. Measurement types were entered into separate multivariable models covarying for age, sex, socioeconomic status and hydroxyurea usage.

Results
Among patients diagnosed with HbSS/Sβ0genotypes, the lifetime standard deviation in oxygen saturation was associated with working memory (pFDR = 0.004) and the change over time in oxygen saturation was associated with processing speed (pFDR &lt;0.001). There were no associations between oxygen saturation and neurocognitive performance among patients with the SC/SB+ genotypes.

Conclusions
Associations between oxygen saturation and neurocognitive performance in SCD differ based on when the values are collected and how they are analyzed. Our analyses suggest that the change over time and variability in oxygen saturation is most predictive of neurocognitive performance.
B - 103 Chronic Stress and Smoking Moderate the Relation between Hippocampal Volume and Long-Term Memory in Older Hispanic Adults
Authors: Gomien Kenneth , Hill Benjamin , Ikonomou Vasilios , Barnickel Jaryn , Campbell Ivan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
We evaluated how self-reported chronic stress and lifetime smoking behavior moderates the relation between hippocampal volume and memory.

Method
841 Hispanic adults (mean age = 63.12 years, SD = 8.03; mean years of education = 10.01, SD = 4.65; 67% female) underwent MRI of the brain and completed the HCHS Chronic Stress measure, a lifetime nicotine use question, and the WMS-III Logical Memory Delayed Recall subtest (LM-II). Two models evaluating HCHS Chronic Stress score and lifetime smoking behavior as moderators of the relation between hippocampal volume and LM-II were run.

Results
Moderation analyses revealed the endorsement of ever smoking cigarettes was a significant moderator for the relation between hippocampal volume and LM-II performance (Smoking: Estimate = −0.012, p = 0.005). Additionally, increased chronic stress was also a significant moderator for the relation between hippocampal volume and LM-II performance (Chronic Stress: Estimate = −0.001, p = 0.021).

Conclusions
The current findings suggest that smoking and chronic stress each acted as a moderator of the relation between hippocampal volume and memory, though the effects were small. Future research should examine whether there is a dose–response relationship for cigarette smoking and how this moderates brain health and memory. Additionally, whether there is an interactive effect between stress and smoking warrants further study.
B - 105 ICANS, CAR-T, and Cognition: a Case Study
Authors: Fisher Madelyn , Zolliecoffer Chandler , Lacy Maureen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), an autoimmune delirious condition, affects 37.5% to 77% of individuals during or after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) treatment for hematologic cancers (Grant et al., 2022). Initial clinical response varies widely but may include apraxia, aphasia, disorientation, and hallucinations (Möhn et al., 2022). Recent research indicates complete symptom resolution in most patients a month post-ICANS onset (Sales et al., 2023). However, a self-report study suggested more than 1 in 3 report persisting cognitive sequelae 1–5 years post-ICANS onset (Rurak et al., 2020). This discrepancy may be due to subtle changes missed by the Montreal Cognitive Objective Assessment (Sales et al., 2023; Möhn et al., 2022). The current case report investigates neurobehavioral outcome post-ICANS via comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.

Method
Two weeks post-CAR-T therapy, a 53-year-old male exhibited abrupt onset facial palsy and cognitive slowing prompting hospitalization. His wife reported new-onset apathy, atypical behaviors exacerbation (e.g., licking plate), and cognitive lapses (e.g., short-term memory, slowing, repeating questions) with little insight. Neuroimaging revealed supratentorial white matter hyperintensities plus calvarium and R skull base enhancing lesion regression.

Results
Neuropsychological assessment 10-months post-ICANS revealed subtle executive inefficiencies with family reports of improved yet ongoing social disinhibition and apathy.

Conclusions
This is the first comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of a patient who developed ICANS post-CAR-T therapy. Neuropsychologists should be aware of delayed cognitive sequelae possibility of this advancing treatment option. Future studies will be useful for patient/family preparation.
B - 107 Is the Flynn Effect Present in a Veteran Outpatient Clinic Sample?
Authors: Carter Kirstine , Marceaux Janice C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
The Flynn Effect refers to improvement in cognitive scores over time due to advancements in education quality, nutrition, and socioenvironmental variables. Recent studies suggest cognitive scores may plateau or decline over time. Characterization of cohort effects in cognitive performance has implications for normative group selection and identification of brain illness. This study examines cognitive performances of veterans using older and newer versions of normative data to determine if a Flynn effect is present.

Method
Veterans (N = 189) who passed TOMM and completed the Trail-Making Test (TMT), Animal Naming, and California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) were selected for inclusion. The sample was 81% male, racially diverse (49% White/Caucasian, 31% Black/African American, 16% Hispanic/Latino, 4% other), and diagnostically diverse (13% no diagnosis, 33% cognitive disorder, 54% psychiatric diagnosis). Normative scores were calculated from CVLT-II/CVLT-3 manuals for Trial 1, Trial 5, and LDFR; ADC Uniform Data Sets (UDS) were used for TMT-A/B and Animals. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests examined differences in z-scores across older and newer normative data.

Results
Median z-scores were significantly lower using updated UDS norms for TMT-A (z = −11.60, p &lt; 0.001), TMT-B (z = −10.41, p &lt; 0.001), and Animals (z = −11.76, p &lt; 0.001), while CVLT Trial 1 z-scores were significantly higher using CVLT-3 norms (z = 11.24, p &lt; 0.001). CVLT Trial 5 and LDFR medians did not differ.

Conclusion
Findings demonstrate the need to examine cohort differences in normative reference groups to ensure accurate detection of brain illness. Furthermore, the Flynn Effect may not apply uniformly across domains within a period.
B - 108 Sleep Disordered Breathing, Cognition, and Anxiety in Young Adults
Authors: Lin Theresa , Dougher Caitlin C , Watson Malorie E , Zimmerman Molly E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) describes abnormal breathing during sleep due to upper airway dysfunction. SDB and anxiety are associated and independently affect cognition. The purpose of this study was to examine these associations among young adults in the domains of executive function, attention, working memory (WM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Method
Bronx students (N = 49, Mage = 19.8 years (SD = 1.30), female = 65%) were recruited via flyers. SDB risk assessment utilized the Berlin Questionnaire. Cognitive assessment included the Modified Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test A and B, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, and the Cogstate computerized battery (Groton Maze Learning Test, Identification Test, One Back Test, Two Back Test, and Groton Maze Learning Test Recall). Anxiety was assessed with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. Individuals in the normal/mild ranges were categorized in the low anxiety group, and individuals in the moderate/severe/extremely severe ranges were categorized in the high anxiety group.

Results
Anxiety symptoms moderated the relationship between SDB risk and WM. For high anxiety individuals, as SDB risk increased, performance on WM measures decreased (F(1,45) = 6.06, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.12). There was a trend for anxiety symptoms to moderate the relationship between SDB risk and LTM – among high anxiety individuals, as SDB risk increased, performance on LTM decreased (F(1,44) = 4.04, p = 0.05, η2 = 0.084).

Conclusion
For young adults, anxiety symptoms moderated the relationships between SDB and WM and between SDB and LTM, suggesting that mild levels of anxiety may have a beneficial effect on the relationship between SDB and cognition, while more severe anxiety may worsen that relationship.