bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The variation in quality and content of patient‐focused health information on the Internet for otitis media
Authors: Joury A. , Joraid A. , Alqahtani F. , Alghamdi A. , Batwa A. , Pines J. M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundWhen symptoms of otitis media appear, parents and patients often access the Internet for health information. We study the content and quality of health information in parent–patient‐focused websites for otitis media.MethodsWe searched the 3 search engines (Google, Yahoo, and Bing) using “otitis media” and “middle ear infection” then reviewed the top 30 hits for each search. We included sites that were focused on providing patient–patient information about otitis media. A variety of instruments were used to assess website content and quality.ResultsIn 35 included websites, there was considerable variation in content, with the average site having 11 out of 15 informational items potentially useful to parents and patients on otitis media (range 4–15). Across included websites, the mean DISCERN score was 47 out of 80 (low to medium quality), 16 (46%) were HONcode certified, and 8 (23%) fulfilled all the JAMA benchmark criteria. The average website was written at a 9th/10th‐grade reading level.ConclusionThe content and quality of health information for otitis media in parent‐and‐patient‐focused websites is highly variable. Although easy‐to‐read, high‐quality websites with complete content are available, the average website sites is difficult to read without a high school education and is difficult to use. Consideration should be given to adopting a standard approach for presenting disease‐specific information to parents and patients.
Exploring avenues for best use of cytotechnologists in non‐gynaecological cytology: Double screening or independent sign‐out
Authors: Fischer G. , Haddad M. , Cormier K. 
Published: September 2017

ObjectiveCytotechnologist (CT) screening workload has been decreasing due to the falling number of Papanicolaou tests. This continuing trend has prompted exploration of ways to best employ the CT skillset. One potential way of more effective use is by having two CTs double screen non‐gynaecological (NGC) cases to assess whether this improves screening quality and concordance with pathologists. Another is evaluating the CT's performance on low‐complexity negative NGC cases for a potential independent CT sign‐out without pathologist review.MethodsIn total, 1119 NGC cases were reviewed; 577 screened by two CTs and 542 screened by one CT. All cases were signed out by a pathologist and all CT interpretations were compared to the pathologist final diagnoses. The disagreements were classified based on degree of discrepancy. The extra workload by adding the second screener was assessed.ResultsThe agreement rate between the CT's screening interpretation and pathologist's interpretation did not improve by adding a second CT compared to a single screener (91.5% vs 92.9%, respectively). CT to pathologist concordance was very high on low complexity NGC cases (voided urine, fluid, sputum) whether screened and interpreted as negative by one CT (97.3%) or two CTs (99.3%).ConclusionDouble screening of NGC cases by two cytotechnologists prior to pathologist sign‐out does not improve screening quality and is not cost‐effective. The high concordance between the CTs and pathologists in this limited group of low complexity negative cases suggests that such cases could be signed out independently by cytotechnologists.
What's parenting got to do with it: emotional autonomy and brain and behavioral responses to emotional conflict in children and adolescents
Authors: Marusak Hilary A. , Thomason Moriah E. , Sala‐Hamrick Kelsey , Crespo Laura , Rabinak Christine A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHealthy parenting may be protective against the development of emotional psychopathology, particularly for children reared in stressful environments. Little is known, however, about the brain and behavioral mechanisms underlying this association, particularly during childhood and adolescence, when emotional disorders frequently emerge. Here, we demonstrate that psychological control, a parenting strategy known to limit socioemotional development in children, is associated with altered brain and behavioral responses to emotional conflict in 27 at‐risk (urban, lower income) youth, ages 9–16. In particular, youth reporting higher parental psychological control demonstrated lower activity in the left anterior insula, a brain area involved in emotion conflict processing, and submitted faster but less accurate behavioral responses—possibly reflecting an avoidant pattern. Effects were not replicated for parental care, and did not generalize to an analogous nonemotional conflict task. We also find evidence that behavioral responses to emotional conflict bridge the previously reported link between parental overcontrol and anxiety in children. Effects of psychological control may reflect a parenting style that limits opportunities to practice self‐regulation when faced with emotionally charged situations. Results support the notion that parenting strategies that facilitate appropriate amounts of socioemotional competence and autonomy in children may be protective against social and emotional difficulties.
Do transgender children (gender) stereotype less than their peers and siblings?
Authors: Olson Kristina R. , Enright Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the present work, we ask whether socially transitioned, transgender children differ from other children in their endorsement of gender stereotypes and response to others' gender nonconformity. We compare transgender children (N= 56) to a group of siblings of transgender children (N= 37), and a group of unrelated control participants (N= 56) during middle childhood (ages 6–8 years old). Our results indicate that transgender children and the siblings of transgender children endorse gender stereotypes less than the control group. Further, transgender children see violations of gender stereotypes as more acceptable, and they are more willing to indicate a desire to befriend and attend school with someone who violates gender stereotypes than the control participants. These results held after statistically controlling for demographic differences between families with and without transgender children. We discuss several possible reasons that can explain these differences.
The prevalence of mental health disorders and symptoms in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Downs Jenny , Blackmore Amanda Marie , Epstein Amy , Skoss Rachel , Langdon Katherine , Jacoby Peter , Whitehouse Andrew J O , Leonard Helen , Rowe Peter W , Glasson Emma J ,   The Cerebral Palsy Mental Health Group
Published: September 2017

AimMental health conditions and problems are often reported in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). A systematic review was undertaken to describe their prevalence.MethodMEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from 1996 to 2016 were searched and reference lists of selected studies were reviewed. Studies were included if they reported point prevalence of mental health diagnoses or symptoms in a general population of children and/or adolescents with CP. Pooled prevalence for mental health symptoms was determined using a random effects meta‐analysis.ResultsOf the 3158 studies identified, eight met the inclusion criteria. Mental health disorders were diagnosed by psychiatric interview in one study, giving a prevalence of 57% (32 out of 56 children). The remaining seven studies (n=1715 children) used parent‐report mental health screening tools. The pooled prevalence for mental health symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (n=5 studies) was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20–61) and using the Child Behavior Checklist (n=2 studies) was 28% (95% CI 22–36). Evidence was characterized by a moderate level of bias.InterpretationMore studies are needed to ascertain the prevalence of mental health disorders. Mental health symptoms are common and mental health evaluations should be incorporated into multidisciplinary assessments for these children.What this paper adds

Children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disability have a higher risk of mental health symptoms.

The prevalence of mental health symptoms for age and severity groups is unclear.
On the causes of trends in the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2
Authors: Piao Shilong , Liu Zhuo , Wang Yilong , Ciais Philippe , Yao Yitong , Peng Shushi , Chevallier Frédéric , Friedlingstein Pierre , Janssens Ivan A. , Peñuelas Josep , Sitch Stephen , Wang Tao 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNo consensus has yet been reached on the major factors driving the observed increase in the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2 in the northern latitudes. In this study, we used atmospheric CO2 records from 26 northern hemisphere stations with a temporal coverage longer than 15 years, and an atmospheric transport model prescribed with net biome productivity (NBP) from an ensemble of nine terrestrial ecosystem models, to attribute change in the seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2. We found significant (p < .05) increases in seasonal peak‐to‐trough CO2 amplitude (AMPP‐T) at nine stations, and in trough‐to‐peak amplitude (AMPT‐P) at eight stations over the last three decades. Most of the stations that recorded increasing amplitudes are in Arctic and boreal regions (>50°N), consistent with previous observations that the amplitude increased faster at Barrow (Arctic) than at Mauna Loa (subtropics). The multi‐model ensemble mean (MMEM) shows that the response of ecosystem carbon cycling to rising CO2 concentration (eCO2) and climate change are dominant drivers of the increase in AMPP‐T and AMPT‐P in the high latitudes. At the Barrow station, the observed increase of AMPP‐T and AMPT‐P over the last 33 years is explained by eCO2 (39% and 42%) almost equally than by climate change (32% and 35%). The increased carbon losses during the months with a net carbon release in response to eCO2 are associated with higher ecosystem respiration due to the increase in carbon storage caused by eCO2 during carbon uptake period. Air‐sea CO2 fluxes (10% for AMPP‐T and 11% for AMPT‐P) and the impacts of land‐use change (marginally significant 3% for AMPP‐T and 4% for AMPT‐P) also contributed to the CO2 measured at Barrow, highlighting the role of these factors in regulating seasonal changes in the global carbon cycle.
Extending Data Worth Analyses to Select Multiple Observations Targeting Multiple Forecasts
Authors: Vilhelmsen Troels N. , Ferré Ty P.A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHydrological models are often set up to provide specific forecasts of interest. Owing to the inherent uncertainty in data used to derive model structure and used to constrain parameter variations, the model forecasts will be uncertain. Additional data collection is often performed to minimize this forecast uncertainty. Given our common financial restrictions, it is critical that we identify data with maximal information content with respect to forecast of interest. In practice, this often devolves to qualitative decisions based on expert opinion. However, there is no assurance that this will lead to optimal design, especially for complex hydrogeological problems. Specifically, these complexities include considerations of multiple forecasts, shared information among potential observations, information content of existing data, and the assumptions and simplifications underlying model construction. In the present study, we extend previous data worth analyses to include: simultaneous selection of multiple new measurements and consideration of multiple forecasts of interest. We show how the suggested approach can be used to optimize data collection. This can be used in a manner that suggests specific measurement sets or that produces probability maps indicating areas likely to be informative for specific forecasts. Moreover, we provide examples documenting that sequential measurement election approaches often lead to suboptimal designs and that estimates of data covariance should be included when selecting future measurement sets.
Impact of enzyme inactivation conditions during the generation of whey protein hydrolysates on their physicochemical and bioactive properties
Authors: Le Maux Solène , Nongonierma Alice B. , Lardeux Claire , FitzGerald Richard J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe thermal inactivation conditions (75 °C × 35 min, 80 °C × 10 min, 85 °C × 5 min and 90 °C × 5 min) for Protamex™ following bovine whey protein concentrate (WPC) hydrolysis was studied with the view to limiting WPC hydrolysate (WPH) aggregation while maintaining bioactivity. A decrease in the amount of large WPH aggregates formed was observed at inactivation temperatures ≤85 °C. However, the WPC appeared to be more hydrolysed on heating at 75 °C × 35 min, as Protamex™ was active for longer under these heating conditions. Significantly (P < 0.05), higher WPH antioxidant (oxygen radical absorbance capacity – ORAC) activity was obtained on inactivation at temperatures ≤80 °C. In contrast, the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitory properties of all WPH samples were similar (P > 0.05). A reduction in thermal treatment from 90 °C × 5 min to 85 °C × 5 min was sufficient to decrease the amount of large aggregates formed in the hydrolysate without altering its bioactive properties.
Impact of whey protein isolates and concentrates on the formation of protein nanoparticles‐stabilised Pickering emulsions
Authors: Li Dong , Chen Enmin , Chen Huanle , Zhou Huifang , Li Bin , Li Yan 
Published: September 2017

SummaryWhey protein nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by heat‐induced method. The influences of whey protein isolates (WPIs) and concentrates (WPCs) on the formation of NPs were first investigated. Then Pickering emulsions were produced by protein NPs and their properties were evaluated. After heat treatment, WPC NPs showed larger particle size, higher stability against NaCl, lower negative charge and contact angle between air and water. Dispersions of WPC NPs appeared as higher turbidity and viscosity than those of WPI NPs. The interfacial tension of WPC NPs (~7.9 mN/m at 3 wt% NPs) was greatly lower than that of WPI NPs (~12.1 mN/m at 3 wt% NPs). WPC NPs‐stabilised emulsions had smaller particle size and were more homogeneous than WPI NPs‐stabilised emulsions. WPC NPs‐stabilised emulsions had higher stability against NaCl, pH and coalescence during storage.
Inclusion complexes dispersed in polystyrene‐based labels for fruit ripening on demand
Authors: Capozzi Luigi C. , Bazzano Marco , Sangermano Marco , Pisano Roberto 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn this work, the inclusion complexes of α‐cyclodextrin and ethylene were prepared by molecular encapsulation and then dispersed into a polystyrene film by solvent casting to produce active polymeric labels. These labels were produced to control ripening of fruit directly in the food container as an alternative to the injection of ethylene into thermo‐regulated chambers. The samples were characterised, and the ethylene release was found to be dependent on temperature and relative humidity in the atmosphere. Finally, experimental data were used to simulate a realistic scenario of fruit ripening into a food container, showing the possibility to trigger ripening with the active label within 2 days. Polystyrene/inclusion complex labels showed in situ release of ethylene, potentially able to trigger ripening of fruit in a food container within desired time, reducing costs in the supply chain and postharvest losses.
Antioxidant activities of Rapana venosa meat and visceral mass during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and their membrane ultrafiltration fractions
Authors: Luo Fenglei , Xing Ronge , Wang Xueqin , Yang Haoyue , Li Pengcheng 
Published: September 2017

SummaryRapana venosa (Rv) is an abundant marine snail resource with high content of protein. The antioxidant activities of Rv meat and visceral mass during simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion and their membrane ultrafiltration fractions were evaluated. Results indicated that visceral mass possessed stronger antioxidant activities than meat. The simulated GI digestion increased the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity while decreased the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and reducing power. After membrane ultrafiltration, there were three fractions, that is molecular weight (MW) > 10 kDa, MW 3.5–10 kDa and MW < 3.5 kDa. Fractions with MW > 10 kDa and MW < 3.5 kDa showed the highest hydroxyl, DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. Fractions with MW 3.5–10 kDa and MW > 10 kDa showed the highest reducing power for meat and visceral mass, respectively. Rv hydrolysates exhibited significantly higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than the positive control vitamin C (Vc) and may serve as useful ingredients for application in food industry nutritional products.
A SURVEY OF THE TYPES AND SEVERITY OF EMPHYSEMA IN ROUTINE AUTOPSIES
Authors: SMITH K. VINER 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe lungs of 103 unselected subjects were examined for emphysema by a variety of methods to study the frequency and severity of the types of emphysema common in an Australian community. A closer study was made of those from 80 subjects aged 51 to 80 years at death, and in particular of the 49 men in this group.It was found that emphysema was much more common among men than among women, and it is most desirable that the findings for the two sexes be kept separate in future studies.In both men and women the centrilobular type was most common. Most men with panacinar emphysema also had centrilobular emphysema; but most men with centrilobular emphysema did not have panacinar emphysema. The significance of this is not apparent. It was rare for a man to have one type of emphysema alone.At death, acute bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia were not more common in those subjects with emphysema, an observation which lends no support to the theory that acute bronchitis is a common cause of emphysema.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Authors: FARRAR F. , DUNLOP IAN C. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn order to assess the progress of children suffering from ventricular septal defects, especially those with pulmonary hypertension, and to help to determine a time for operation, a number of such patients have had cardiac catheterization studies repeated some years after the original study. Each physiological study has been compared with corresponding clinical, radiographic and electrocardiographic findings.Twenty‐one such patients have been included in the study, 18 of whom had significant pulmonary hypertension at the time of the investigation. Cardiac catheterization was repeated usually with a view to determining operability, so that figures may favour the doubtful and therefore more severe group.Over the period of the study, seven of the 18 patients (39%) had a significant rise in pulmonary vascular resistance.The electrocardiogram is a useful, although not infallible, guide to the trend of the pulmonary resistance.
INFECTION WITH MIMA POLYMORPHA : FATAL MENINGITIS AND SEPTICÆMIA
Authors: GOLDSTEIN GIDEON , COWLING DAVID C. , WALLCOWLING ALFRED J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYMima polymorpha is an unusual organism, which may take a coccal or bacillary form and may show mixed positive and negative Gram‐staining. Infection with M. polymorpha in a girl, aged 15 years, with subclinical chronic hepatitis, was manifested by septicaemia, a florid purpuric rash and meningitis. The patient died after seven days from persisting shock and oliguria. The diagnosis was suggested by the finding of an organism resembling Mima in a smear from the cerebro‐spinal fluid, and was confirmed by growing M. polymorpha in cultures from the cerebro‐spinal fluid and blood.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE NZB/NZW F1 HYBRID MOUSE: A LABORATORY MODEL OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: BURNET F. M. , HOLMES MARGARET C. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIn confirmation of the work of Helyer and Howie, the F1 hybrids of NZB and NZW mice have shown a uniquely high incidence of kidney disease with a general resemblance to human systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. All females died within one year, and amongst males the incidence was almost as high, but a proportion survived for long periods. The form of the mortality curve is an exceptional one.Other features of interest to human medicine are the common occurrence of polyarteritis and of relatively massive thoracic or abdominal hæmorrhages. Serological studies indicated a late and irregular development of Coombs reactivity but a high proportion of positive results to tests for antinuclear factor. Lesions of the thymus were conspicuously larger than those in NZB mice and differed in histological structure.
THE RENAL EXCRETION OF URATE IN CHRONIC LEAD NEPHROPATHY
Authors: EMMERSON B. T. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYPatients with chronic lead nephropathy frequently develop gout. A group of lead‐nephritic patients was therefore compared with a group of patients with chronic renal disease due to causes other than lead or primary gout in regard to the following features: (i) the plasma concentrations of urate and phosphate in relation to the creatinine clearance; (ii) the renal clearances of urate, creatinine, urea and phosphate; (iii) the effect on the urate clearance of elevation of the plasma urate concentration by a purine load; (iv) the effect on the urate clearance of partial blockade of tubular reabsorption of urate by a uricosuric drug.When allowance was made for the differences in creatinine clearances between the groups, the findings were as follows. (i) The plasma‐urate concentrations were significantly higher in the lead‐nephritic group and did not tend to increase with increasing renal failure, whereas the plasma‐phosphate concentrations were not significantly different in the two groups and tended to increase with increasing renal failure. (ii) The lead‐nephritic group showed lower urate clearances and higher phosphate clearances than the non‐lead‐nephritic group, and the lead‐nephritic group alone showed significant regressions of the urate clearance on both the creatinine and urea clearances. (iii) With elevation of the plasma‐urate concentration by a purine load, there was a significant fall in the urate clearance in those lead‐nephritic patients who had a mean urate clearance of 3 ml. per minute or more. (iv) There was no significant difference between the increases in urate clearance after a uricosuric drug in the two groups.These findings were consistent with a defect in renal excretion of urate in chronic lead nephropathy most readily explicable by defective tubular secretion of urate.
MYOCARDITIS ASSOCIATED WITH TOXOPLASMOSIS
Authors: HARVEY H. P. B. , MCLEOD J. G. , TURTLE J. R. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThree cases of cardiac failure are described, in all of which there was strong serological evidence for recent Toxoplasma infection. No other cause for myocardial disease was found. In all cases clinical improvement followed treatment, but evidence of residual cardiac damage persisted. One patient died three years after the initial acute illness, and autopsy findings were consistent with the diagnosis of myocardial toxoplasmosis.