bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Requirements for advanced programming systems for list processing
Authors: Bobrow Daniel G. 
Published: July 2002

List processing systems should be designed to facilitate production of large programs to manipulate large complex symbolic data stores. This paper presents an overview of a number of system features which the author feels are important to improve the productivity of programmers working in such domains. A systems view is taken, rather than focusing just on language features, since algorithms must be not only coded in a language form, but debugged, modified, made efficient, and run on data. Because of this general framework, the requirements specified are applicable to the design of advanced programming systems for a wide range of applications.
Three aspects of programming systems are highlighted: good interactive facilities, programmable control structures, and sophisticated data communication mechanisms. Interactive features are described to facilitate program composition, entry, testing, debugging, editing, optimization, and packaging. Implementation of a generalized environment structure model specified would allow programming of various control regimes including multiprocesses, coroutines and backtracking. Alternative methods of procedure invocation required include invocation by pattern and by monitoring condition. The need for extended data forms, storage management, and extensibility are stressed, as is the duality of data retrieval and function evaluation. Syntax directed input and output of data would facilitate use of complex data stores.
GALILEO: a strongly-typed, interactive conceptual language
Authors: Albano Antonio , Cardelli Luca , Orsini Renzo 
Published: July 2002

Galileo, a programming language for database applications, is presented. Galileo is a strongly-typed, interactive programming language designed specifically to support semantic data model features (classification, aggregation, and specialization), as well as the abstraction mechanisms of modern programming languages (types, abstract types, and modularization). The main contributions of Galileo are (a) a flexible type system to model database structure and semantic integrity constraints; (b) the inclusion of type hierarchies to support the specialization abstraction mechanisms of semantic data models; (c) a modularization mechanism to structure data and operations into interrelated units (d) the integration of abstraction mechanisms into an expression-based language that allows interactive use of the database without resorting to a new stand-alone query language.
Galileo will be used in the immediate future as a tool for database design and, in the long term, as a high-level interface for DBMSs.
The First 50 Years at Palomar: 1949–1999 The Early Years of Stellar Evolution, Cosmology, and High-Energy Astrophysics
Authors: Sandage Allan 
Published: July 2002

PROLOGUE▪ Abstract In 1999 we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the initial bringing into operation of the Palomar 200-inch Hale telescope. When this telescope was dedicated, it opened up a much larger and clearer window on the universe than any telescope that had gone before.Because the Hale telescope has played such an important role in twentieth century astrophysics, we decided to invite one or two of the astronomers most familiar with what has been achieved at Palomar to give a scientific commentary on the work that has been done there in the first fifty years.The first article of this kind which follows is by Allan Sandage, who has been an active member of the staff of what was originally the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories, and later the Carnegie Observatories for the whole of these fifty years.The article is devoted to the topics which covered the original goals for the Palomar telescope, namely observational cosmology and the study of galaxies, together with discoveries that were not anticipated, but were first made at Palomar and which played a leading role in the development of high energy astrophysics.The Palomar work first showed how optical astronomy would be the key to our understanding of observations made in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, particularly at radio wavelengths and at X-ray energies.     —Geoffrey Burbidge, EditorAn account is given of the history of two observational programs set for the Palomar 200-inch telescope, one by Walter Baade and the other by Edwin Hubble near the start of the scheduled operation of the telescope 50 years ago. The review is partly an assessment of whether, and how well, these programs have been carried to completion, and partly an account of the response of Palomar to new discoveries and developments not foreseen in 1950. Stellar evolution, the discovery of variations in the metallicity of stars of different populations, the chemical evolution of the Galaxy, the Cepheid P-L relation, the redshift-distance relation of the expanding universe, and the extragalactic distance scale are discussed as they relate to the predictions for progress on the programs set out by Baade and Hubble. Not foreseen was the invention and development of radio astronomy and high energy astrophysics, leading to the discovery of radio galaxies, quasars, and the gradual realization of violent events, both in stars and in galaxies. The review is highly restricted to these subjects, covering only three areas among the totality of the work in observational astrophysics studied during the first 50 years at Palomar.
Electrophysiological Signatures of Visual Lexical Processing: Open-and Closed-Class Words
Authors: Brown Colin M. , Hagoort Peter , Keurs Mariken ter 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
n This paper presents evidence of the disputed existence of an electrophysiological marker for the lexical-categorical distinction between open-and closed-class words. Event-related brain potentials were recorded from the scalp while subjects read a story. Separate waveforms were computed for open-and closed-class words. Two aspects of the waveforms could be reliably related to vocabulary class. The first was an early negativity in the 230-to 350-msec epoch, with a bilateral anterior predominance. This negativity was elicited by open-and closed-class words alike, was not affected by word frequency or word length, and had an earlier peak latency for closed-class words.
The second was a frontal slow negative shift in the 350-to 500-msec epoch, largest over the left side of the scalp. This late negativity was only elicited by closed-class words. Although the early negativity cannot serve as a qualitative marker of the open-and closed-class distinction, it does reflect the earliest electrophysiological manifestation of the availability of categorical information from the mental lexicon. These results suggest that the brain honors the distinction between open-and closed-class words, in relation to the different roles that they play in on-line sentence processing.
On the Computational Power of Winner-Take-All
Authors: Maass Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

This article initiates a rigorous theoretical analysis of the computational power of circuits that employ modules for computing winner-take-all. Computational models that involve competitive stages have so far been neglected in computational complexity theory, although they are widely used in computational brain models, artificial neural networks, and analog VLSI. Our theoretical analysis shows that winner-take-all is a surprisingly powerful computational module in comparison with threshold gates (also referred to as McCulloch-Pitts neurons) and sigmoidal gates. We prove an optimal quadratic lower bound for computing winner-takeall in any feedforward circuit consisting of threshold gates. In addition we show that arbitrary continuous functions can be approximated by circuits employing a single soft winner-take-all gate as their only nonlinear operation. Our theoretical analysis also provides answers to two basic questions raised by neurophysiologists in view of the well-known asymmetry between excitatory and inhibitory connections in cortical circuits: how much computational power of neural networks is lost if only positive weights are employed in weighted sums and how much adaptive capability is lost if only the positive weights are subject to plasticity.
Introduction: Hijikata Tatsumi: The Words of Butoh
Authors: Nanako Kurihara 
Published: July 2002

For the first time in English, we present many of Hijikata's aesthetic and poetic texts. These texts are put into context by Kurihara Nanako's introductory essay. The section includes an interview with Hijikata and a conversation between Hijikata and Japanese experimental theatre innovator Suzuki Tadashi. Hijikata Tatsumi died in 1986, but his impact on Japanese and world performance remains strong. One of the founders of butoh, Hijikata's dances were “blistering images of emaciation and death”, yet beautiful.
Institutionalization of Life‐Cycle Thinking in the Everyday Discourse of Market Actors
Authors: Heiskanen Eva 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe widespread popularity of life‐cycle assessment (LCA) is difficult to understand from the point of view of instrumental decision making by economic agents. Ehrenfeld has argued, in a 1997 issue of this journal, that it is the world‐shaping potential of LCA that is more important than its use as a decision‐making tool. The present study attempts to explore the institutionalization of this “LCA world view” among ordinary market actors. This is important because environmental policy relies increasingly on market‐based initiatives. Cognitive and normative assumptions in authoritative LCA documents are examined as empirical data and compared with data from focus group interviews concerning products and the environment with “ordinary” manufacturers, retailers, and consumers in Finland. These assumptions are (1) the “cradle‐to‐grave” approach, (2) the view that all products have an environmental impact and can be improved, (3) the relativity of environmental merit, and (4) the way responsibility for environmental burdens is attributed. Relevant affinities, but also differences, are identified. It is argued that life‐cycle thinking is not primarily instrumental, but rather is gaining a degree of intrinsic value. The study attempts to establish a broader institutional context in which the popularity of LCA can be understood. From the point of view of this broader context, some future challenges for the development of LCA and life‐cycle thinking are suggested.
WHAT IF LUKE HAD NEVER MET THEOPHILUS?
Authors: Alexander Loveday C.A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAsking the 'what if ?' questions of virtual history is a way of rubbing our noses in history's essential contingency—in the fact that things could have been different, that human choices (among other contingencies) actually matter. And of all history's contingencies, those of authorship seem—at least to those of us who are authors—the most precarious imaginable. With Luke we are dealing with an author who seems particularly sensitive to the delicate combinations of forces, both communal and individual, that hedge about the articulation of the word. Asking 'What if Luke had never met Theophilus?' is in the end an invitation to consider the possibility of the non-existence of Luke's Gospel and Acts. Can we imagine the New Testament without these two texts (which together make up 25% of its bulk)?
FROM REGIONAL TO PERSONAL SCHOOLS OF LAW? A REEVALUATION
Authors: Hallaq Wael 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWestern scholars have long regarded the legal history of the second/eighth century and the early part of the third/ninth as being dominated by the so-called geographical schools. Since scholars also hold that the later schools of law were personal in nature, it is widely assumed that a transformation took place from geographical schools to personal schools. In this article, I question these views, arguing (1) that geographical schools never existed; (2) that the later schools were not personal; and (3) that a transformation did in fact take place, albeit from individual juristic doctrines to doctrinal schools.
Scepticism and Ineffability in Plotinus
Authors: O'Meara Dominic 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe first part of this paper traces back to Plotinus a strategy applied by Augustine and Descartes whereby sceptical arguments are used to set aside sensualist forms of dogmatic philosophy, clearing the way for a dogmatism independent of sense-perception which is 'self-authenticating' and thus immune to, and even proven by, sceptical doubt. It is argued that Plotinus already uses this strategy in the opening chapters of Enneads V 5 and V 3. The second part of the paper argues that Plotinus' account of how the ineffable One is said (we do not actually say the One, but merely express our own affections) is inspired by the structure of sceptic discourse (the sceptic does not say things as they are, but merely expresses personal affections). Finally, similarities and differences between sceptic discourse about things and Plotinian discourse about the ineffable are explored.
Proclus vs Plotinus on Matter (De mal. subs. 30-7 )
Authors: Opsomer Jan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn De malorum subsistentia chs 30-7, Proclus criticizes the view that evil is to be identified with matter. His main target is Plotinus' account in Enn. I,8 \[51]. Proclus denies that matter is the cause of evil in the soul, and that it is evil or a principle of evil. According to Proclus, matter is good, because it is produced by the One. Plotinus' doctrine of matter-evil is the result of a different conception of emanation, according to which matter does not revert to its principle. Proclus claims that to posit a principle of evil either amounts to a coarse dualism, or makes the Good ultimately responsible for evil. Plotinus does not seem to be able to escape the latter consequence, if he is to remain committed to the Neoplatonic conception of causation. Plotinus equated matter with privation and said it is a kind of non-being that is the contrary of substance, thus violating fundamental Aristotelian tenets. Proclus reinstates Aristotelian orthodoxy, as does Simplicius in his Commentary on the Categories. It is possible that Iamblichus was the source of both Proclus and Simplicius, and that he was the originator of the parhypostasis theory and the inventor of the anti-Plotinian arguments.
Water collection by the body in a viperid snake, Bothrops moojeni
Authors: Abe Augusto , Andrade Denis 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe describe a previously unreported behavior for water collection in juveniles of a neotropical viperid snake, Bothrops moojeni. When sprayed over, this snake displays a stereotyped coiling, bringing its body loops in close contact with each other, so that water is retained between the loops and over the body surface. This water is continuously ingested during and after its collection. The functional significance of the water collecting behavior is suggested to be related with the acquisition of water from short rainfalls, and with the special climatic and geologic conditions of B. moojeni habitat. Rates of evaporative water loss did not differ between juvenile and adult snakes, but since juveniles have a greater surface-to-volume ratio, they were significantly more sensitive to desiccation than the adults.
A new species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Atlantic Rain Forest of southeastern Brazil
Authors: Pombal José 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species of Brachycephalus is described from Serra da Bocaina, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The new species is characterized by having, in preservative, body uniformly pale cream, dermal ossification of the vertebrae composed of a bulge forming a row, and absence of ossified warts on the body.
Seasonal activity of snakes in the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Eterovic André , Marques Otavio , Endo Whaldener 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeasonal abundance of some snake species from the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil was inferred from collection data gathered throughout twelve years at the Instituto Butantan in São Paulo, Brazil. The number of collected individuals of Chironius spp., Liophis miliaris, Spilotes pullatus, Tropidodryas spp., Micrurus corallinus, and Bothrops jararaca was significantly higher during the rainy season, whereas the number of Sibynomorphus neuwiedi was higher during the dry season. Erythrolamprus aesculapii, Xenodon neuwiedii, Tomodon dorsatus and Bothrops jararacussu did not show significant differences in the number of individuals collected at each of these seasons. Seasonality in captures may result from seasonal activity patterns. Food availability, tolerance to climatic conditions, reproductive cycle, and phylogenetic constraints are considered the main factors responsible for the observed patterns. A multivariate approach is recommended for analysis of annual activity.
INFLUENCE OF INSECT ASSOCIATED CUES ON THE JUMPING BEHAVIOR OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES (STEINERNEMA SPP.)
Authors: Campbell James , Kaya Harry 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The infective stage juveniles of insect parasitic nematodes in the family Steinernema search for hosts using strategies ranging from ambush to cruise foraging. Infective juveniles attach to passing insects by standing on their tails and contacting an insect directly when standing or by jumping. We determined how species with differing degrees of ambush foraging specialization differ in their behavioral responses to different sources of information. Mechanical contact, air movement, and host associated volatile cues were important triggers of jumping behavior for some species of Steinernema. Three species that are ambush foragers (S. carpocapsae, S. scapterisci, and S. siamkayai) responded to small air movements by increased waving and jumping behavior, and jumps were directionally biased towards the source of the movement. For S. carpocapsae and S. scapterisci, host-associated volatile cues were strong triggers to jump, but host cues did not increase the proportion of S. siamkayai jumping. In contrast, two intermediate foraging species, S. ceratophorum and S. monticolum, did not demonstrate a detectable response to either the air movement or the host cues.
SPONGE-INHABITING BARNACLES OF THE AMERICAS: A NEW SPECIES OF ACASTA (CIRRIPEDIA, ARCHAEOBALANIDAE), FIRST RECORD FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC, INCLUDING DISCUSSION OF THE EVOLUTION OF CIRRAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Winther Rasmus , Syoc Robert J. Van 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSe describe Acasta newmani n. sp. del Golfo de California. Esta es la primera cita de Acasta en el Pacofico oriental. Se discuten las hip otesis sobre la correlacion entre morfologoa cirral y los metodos de alimentacion y especificidad de huespedes. Las similitudes, entre A. newmani y A. cyathus Darwin, 1854 indican que son un ejemplo del patron comun entre especies hermanas a ambos lados del istmo de Panama, en el Caribe y Pacofico oriental tropical. Se incluye una clave de las siete especies americanas de cirropedos que viven en esponjas, indicando la especie huesped y sus distribuciones. El rango de distribucion de Membranobalanus nebrias (Zullo & Beach, 1973) se extiende desde las islas Gal apagos hasta el Golfo de California. Acasta newmani n. sp. from the Gulf of California, Mexico is described. This is the first report of Acasta from the eastern Pacific. Hypotheses are discussed concerning the correlation of cirral morphology with feeding methods and host specificity. The similarities between A. newmani and Acasta cyathus Darwin, 1854 indicate that they are examples of the common pattern of trans-isthmian sibling taxa in the Caribbean and eastern tropical Pacific. A key to the seven sponge-inhabiting barnacle species of the Americas is presented with citations noting their host sponge species and known ranges in the Americas. The range of Membranobalanus nebrias (Zullo & Beach, 1973) is extended from the Galapagos Islands to the Gulf of California.
Enzyme phenotypes of Meloidogyne spp. populations
Authors: Carneiro Regina M.D.G. , Quénéhervé Patrick , Almeida Maria Ritta 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEnzyme phenotypes, specifically esterases (EST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were used to characterise different species of Meloidogyne, mostly from Brazil and from some American countries. Esterase activity was highly polymorphic and was the most useful in the identification of the different species. Using this enzyme it is possible to characterise and identify the four major species: M. javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. hapla from a large collection of 111 populations of Meloidogyne spp. Another seven less common species (M. coffeicola, M. paranensis, M. konaensis, M. exigua, M. graminicola, M. oryzae, M. mayaguensis), with only one or a few populations of each, were studied and exhibited species-specific EST phenotypes. The two enzymes (EST and MDH) differentiated M. graminicola and M. oryzae. It was possible to detect atypical (unidentified) phenotypes: three from Brazil, one from the USA and another from Chile. The minor bands of esterase profiles provided information to detect intraspecific variability among some populations of M. incognita and six populations of M. exigua. Profiles of MDH permitted separation of two isolates of M. javanica from Brazil. Phénotypes enzymatiques de populations de Meloidogyne - Les phénotypes enzymatiques de l'estérase (EST), la malate déshydrogènase (MDH), la superoxide dismutase (SOD) et la glutamate-oxaloacétate transaminase (GOT) ont été utilisés de manière systématique afin de caractériser plusieurs espèces de Meloidogyne provenant principalement du Brésil et de quelques pays des régions américaines. C'est l'activité estérasique qui a présenté le plus grand polymorphisme et s'est montrée la plus utile dans la caractérisation des espèces. A l'aide de cette enzyme il a été possible de caractériser et d'identifier les quatre espèces majeures de Meloidogyne: M. javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria, et M. hapla au sein d'une collection de 111 populations de Meloidogyne spp. Sept autres espèces moins fréquentes (M. coffeicola, M. paranensis, M. konaensis, M. exigua, M. graminicola, M. oryzae, M. mayaguensis) comportant seulement quelques populations de chaque espèces ont été étudiées et ont également montré des phénotypes estérasiques spécifiques. Les deux enzymes (EST et MDH) ont permis la différenciation de M. graminicola et de M.oryzae. Il a été également possible de détecter des phénotypes atypiques non encore identifiés chez trois populations originaires du Brésil, une des USA et une du Chili. Par ailleurs, les bandes mineures des profils estérasiques ont apporté des informations sur la variabilité intra-spécifique chez quelques populations de M. incognita et six populations de M. exigua, tandis que l'observation des profils enzymatiques de la malate déshydrogènase (MDH) a permis la distinction de deux populations de M. javanica du Brésil.