bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnocentrism
Authors: Neuliep James W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry profiles the concept of ethnocentrism. After presenting a brief history of the concept, the entry points out that ethnocentrism is entirely natural and not necessarily negative. Low ethnocentrism provides the basis of group solidarity and loyalty, for example. The chapter also points out how ethnocentrism is measured and how it affects intercultural communication within a variety of contexts.
Identity, Intercultural
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Intercultural identity is a key facet of intercultural transformation identified in the integrative communication theory of cross‐cultural adaptation. The theory explains that extensive and prolonged experiences of communication across cultural boundaries render a gradual psychological evolution from a largely monocultural identity to an increasingly “intercultural” way of relating to oneself and to others. Also identified in the theory are two interrelated processes of individuation and universalization in identity orientation, in which conventional, ascription‐based cultural identity plays a diminishing role in a person's daily existence. Some direct and indirect evidence for this theoretical claim is provided in studies of immigrants and sojourners, along with a variety of personal narratives offering a concrete insight into the reality of intercultural identity. The emerging intercultural personhood projects a path of creatively and constructively engaging oneself in the increasingly globalizing world.
Intercultural Communication and Translation
Authors: House Juliane 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry connects intercultural communication and translation. It first characterizes the two fields of research and then discusses two opposing research strands that have come to influence both. Given the importance of the notion of culture in both research strands, the entry then examines the relationship between language and culture, and presents a functional‐pragmatic theory of translation/interpreting as recontextualization in intercultural communication. A cornerstone of this theory is the postulation of two fundamental translation types and the construct of a “cultural filter.” Exemplary empirical evidence is provided in the form of contrastive pragmatic and discourse analyses conducted with a particular language pair. Finally, the increasing dominance of one particular language used as a lingua franca in intercultural communication and its potential impact on global communicative processes will be discussed.
Intercultural Communication Apprehension
Authors: Neuliep James W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry profiles intercultural communication apprehension (ICA). Defined as the fear or anxiety associated with interacting with people of different cultures and/or ethnic groups, this entry presents a brief history of the concept and reviews research showing that ICA is associated with a variety of other communication concepts. This entry also presents a scale that measures ICA that has been used in much of the prior research on this topic.
Intercultural Crisis Management
Authors: Lachlan Kenneth A. , Rainear Adam M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Communicating across differing cultures is a challenging task. Crisis managers who find it necessary to communicate with multiple cultures must meet the needs of diverse subpopulations, stakeholders, employees of an organization, and the general public. Unfortunately, many crisis managers are ill‐prepared to communicate with a culture outside of their own. When attempting to manage the information and reaction to a crisis, practitioners deal with issues of ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and other cultural differences that can cause communication to fail. In order to avoid these barriers, practitioners should be well versed in aspects of all cultures that involve the organization and be willing to adapt to different language norms and media coverage when necessary. This entry examines some of the recent best practices and research in the domain of intercultural crisis communication and argues for more inclusive methods of meeting audience needs.
Cross‐Cultural Communication Theory and Research, Overview
Authors: Merkin Rebecca S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cross‐cultural communication theories explain phenomena related to cross‐cultural research. Cross‐cultural research compares and contrasts people's communication across diverse cultures and explains the consequences of these differences. This entry covers primary definitions of domain items included in the cross‐cultural theory and research area including concepts such as individualism, collectivism, high‐ or low‐context communication, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance. The cross‐cultural applications of exemplary theories generating research in cross‐cultural communication research (anxiety/uncertainty management theory and face negotiation theory) are summarized. Methodological issues and recent research are also discussed.
Semiotics of Cultural Communication
Authors: Klyukanov Igor E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry starts by showing how the concepts of culture and communication were latently present in semiotics from the very beginning, becoming manifest over time as the relationships between semiotics and other disciplines developed. The main influences on the semiotics of culture, leading to its establishment as a research field aimed at answering a number of important questions, are noted. The entry then moves to show how cultural sign activity came to be viewed as communicative behavior focusing on the encounters between cultures. In this light, the extensions of the original framework of cultural semiotics are presented, focusing on the parallels between phenomenology and semiotics and with a special mention of the discipline of communicology. The entry concludes by emphasizing the ecological character of the semiotics of cultural communication, which is open to new possibilities in the form of radical alterities.
Communication Modes,French
Authors: Peeters Bert 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe focus of this entry is on modes of communication that are widespread among the French of France. In general terms, the French have an acute sense of individuality and of personal autonomy, which leads them to adopt an interactional style that is often perceived as being rather formal. Individuality and personal autonomy also translate into a highly valued freedom of opinion. The French are known for the swiftness of their stance‐taking on the most various topics. Frankness is an important cultural value. It usually ranks higher than tact, which for many is tantamount to insincerity. Humor as understood in the English‐speaking world is very much an alien concept. The French have their own distinctive brand, which they callhumour. On the other hand, they have turned condemnation and contestation into art forms. Understatement and especially overstatement are perhaps more commonly used among the French than elsewhere.
Communication Modes,
T
ibetan
Authors: Dorjee Tenzin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tibetan civilization is over two millennia old with its own unique landscape, history, language, religion, and culture. Most Tibetans live in Tibet under the Communist China regime, but an estimated 150,000 Tibetans have lived in diasporas since 1959. The status of Tibet is contested among Tibetan, Chinese, and Western Tibetologists. There is a dearth of intercultural communication research on Tibetan communication. It is contended that Tibetan communication modes are intimately related to Tibetan language, Tibetan culture, high‐context communication, and the current sociopolitical status of Tibet. Attentive listening is greatly emphasized in the Tibetan Buddhist education system and also in interpersonal and intergenerational interactions in the Tibetan cultural context.
Language Attitudes
Authors: Cargile Aaron Castelán 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Language attitude research investigates patterned evaluative reactions that individuals have to a wide variety of language behaviors, including both “macro” (e.g., dialects and accents) and “micro” attitude objects (e.g., lexical and grammatical features). Although attitudes toward some paralinguistic behaviors may be hardwired, most language attitudes are socially constructed. The majority of studies have charted reactions to “macro” behaviors, and despite the fact that these evaluations differ between social groups, a consistent pattern has emerged around the world. In it, standard language speakers are almost universally favored on traits related to both status (e.g., wealth and intelligence) and dynamism (e.g., enthusiasm and liveliness), though evaluations of warmth‐related traits (e.g., friendliness) are generally mixed. Although research in this tradition has been primarily descriptive, new types of data promise a richer understanding of processes that help generate the evaluative reactions known as language attitudes.
Uncertainty–Identity Theory
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Wagoner Joseph A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Uncertainty–identity theory is a social psychological theory of the motivational role played by self‐uncertainty in group processes and intergroup relations. The key premise is that people identify with social groups to decrease feelings of self‐related uncertainty. Feelings of uncertainty, particularly when related to the self, produce a hydraulic motivational state that drives people to seek to reduce their uncertainty. Group identification through the process of self‐categorization very effectively reduces this uncertainty, particularly when the group is distinctive and clearly defined by a consensual norm. This analysis has implications for understanding societal extremism. Under some conditions of uncertainty, people may strive to belong to rigidly and hierarchically structured groups that are ideologically extreme and have strong and authoritative leadership.
Intercultural Training Effectiveness, Assessment of
Authors: Bhawuk Dharm P. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
All interventions need to be evaluated for their impact, and since intercultural training programs are viewed as interventions employed by organizations to prepare sojourners to be effective while living in a foreign country, it is necessary to evaluate them. Validity of evaluation depends on the methodology of evaluation and the criterion measures used. Findings of evaluations that employ experimental or quasi‐experimental designs are considered more valid. Similarly, criterion measures with acceptable reliability and validity present credence to the evaluations. Intercultural training programs have been evaluated using experimental designs and reliable measures, and the findings support their effectiveness across samples, countries, and criteria.
Critical Intercultural Communication, Overview
Authors: Nakayama Thomas K. , Martin Judith N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an introduction to recent critical approaches to intercultural communication. The key elements in the critical intercultural lens are: an emphasis on the impact of larger societal (political, economic, historical, and sociocultural) forces on communication; a view of culture as fluid, dynamic, and changeable; the belief that power is an integral part of every intercultural encounter; and the perspective that the goal of studying intercultural communication is to ultimately eliminate oppression and bring about systemic change for a more just and equitable world.
Identity, Poststructuralist Approaches
Authors: Drzewiecka Jolanta A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of poststructuralist approaches to identity and how they have been applied and developed by critical intercultural communication scholars. The key elements of poststructural conceptions of identity are: the decentered subject, the Other as defining the self, difference, power as constitutive of identities, identities being fluid, multiple, and produced through contextual intersections, the notion of agency as performative, and articulation and rearticulation of identity formations.
Intersectionality
Authors: Yep Gust A. , Chivers Nicholas T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntersectionality is, by necessity, by function, and by design, a complex, contested, and dynamic concept that highlights the interconnectedness of various forms of power, privilege, and oppression within cultural contexts. This entry aims to untangle some of the complexities associated with intersectionality, first by outlining the multifaceted nature of the term (ways in which it functions as an epistemological practice [way of knowing or learning], an ontological project [way of being or existing], a tool for political coalitionbuilding, and a resistant imaginary), then by describing many key ideas central to intersectionality (matrix thinking, power, identity, and social action), and finally describing several ways in which intersectionality is deployed in the context of intercultural communication scholarship, including an exploration into identity, features of current intersectional work, the emergence of thick intersectionalities, and methodological approaches for this research.
Emotions and Expressions across Cultures
Authors: Altarriba Jeanette , Kazanas Stephanie A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDecades of cross‐cultural research have revealed an interesting and important relationship between culture and emotion. The effects of culture are far‐reaching, with emotion sensitivity and recognition affected by cultural familiarity, a type of ingroup advantage. This entry describes cross‐cultural similarities and differences with regard to emotional expressions: how and when different emotions look and sound, as observed with a variety of stimuli. Recent investigations with emoticons have also provided insight into how emotional display rules differ in online venues. Applied research is presented to describe the effect of setting on these cross‐cultural differences. Findings from small‐ and large‐scale investigations demonstrate the many ways that culture influences how emotion is expressed between friends and family, with mental health professionals, and with coworkers. Both cross‐cultural and emotion researchers alike stress the importance of sensitivity training to better understand the ways in which emotion is expressed and perceived.
Favor‐Seeking Styles in Japan and the United States
Authors: Lee Hye Eun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFavor‐seeking is a directive type of speech act that attempts to impede the freedom of action of the hearer. Expressing apologies or thanks in conjunction with favor‐seeking can be viewed as a politeness strategy used to reduce the face threats associated with favor‐seeking. Since Japanese and Americans use apologies and thanks differently when seeking favors, understanding their differences is useful for effective intercultural communication.
Shame and Guilt across Cultures
Authors: Lewandowska‐Tomaszczyk Barbara , Wilson Paul A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry assesses the cross‐cultural models and characteristics of shame and guilt as presented in contemporary emotion studies, with a special emphasis on such cultural dimensions as individualism and collectivism as well as religion, honor, and face. The position and function of shame and guilt in larger emotional clusters, which are specific to particular cultures and languages, are also considered. The entry concludes with reference to questionnaire‐based emotion research methods, the cognitive language corpus‐based approach, and other types of emotion studies methodologies.
Der Turm des Beyer‐Baus zu Dresden – ein schlankes Stahlbetontragwerk mit wechselvoller Geschichte
Authors: Oehmichen Maria , Lugenheim Matthias 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDer Turm des Beyer‐Baus der Technischen Universität Dresden, eine frühe Stahlbetonkonstruktion aus dem Jahr 1913, erhebt sich in exponierter Lage über den Dächern der umliegenden Bebauung am Südhang der Stadt. Im Turm tragen bemerkenswert dünne Stützen fünf unterschiedlich ausgebildete, kreisringförmige Plattformen, wobei die vertikalen Stützglieder teilweise in den Plattformen abgefangen werden, sodass ein stringent perpendikularer Lastabtrag nicht vorhanden ist. Gemessen an der im Laufe der vergangenen Jahrzehnte wechselvollen Gestalt der Fassadenumhüllung des Turms gerät bei dieser schlanken Konstruktion die Wirkweise und Wirksamkeit der Gebäudeaussteifung rasch in das Interesse des statisch‐baukonstruktiv tätigen Ingenieurs. In den verschiedenen überlieferten Fassungen der Aussteifungssysteme gewährleisteten diverse eingefügte Mauerwerksscheiben die Turmaussteifung. Im Zuge der nunmehr anstehenden Sanierung besteht die gestalterische Absicht, dem Turm allansichtig eine transluzente Erscheinung zu geben, sodass die gegenwärtig vorhandenen Mauerwerksscheiben abgängig sind und durch eine geeignete Konstruktion kompensiert werden müssen. Die dazu erforderlichen Arbeiten im planenden Ingenieurbüro wurden von einer bemerkenswerten Diplomarbeit unterstützend vertieft, von deren Ergebnissen nachfolgend zu berichten ist.
Exercise and heart failure: an update
Authors: Cattadori Gaia , Segurini Chiara , Picozzi Anna , Padeletti Luigi , Anzà Claudio 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe present update is dedicated to the evolution of the interaction between heart failure (HF) and exercise and how the scientific community has handled it. Indeed, on the one hand, HF is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with a stable prevalence from 1998 onward varying between 6.3% and 13.3%. On the other hand, exercise is seen as a diagnostic and prognostic tool as well as a therapeutic intervention in chronic HF. More precisely, the knowledge, the clinical application, and the research interest on the mutual interactions between exercise and HF have different phases in disease progression:

Before HF onset (past): exercise provides protective benefit in preventing HF (primary prevention).
With HF present: exercise improvement with training provides benefits in HF (secondary prevention).
The prediction of future in HF patients: exercise impairment, as a leading characteristic of HF, is used as a prognostic factor.
Ecological risk, demography and technological complexity in the Late Pleistocene of northern Malawi: implications for geographical patterning in the Middle Stone Age
Authors: Thompson Jessica C. , Mackay Alexander , Nightingale Sheila , Wright David , Choi Jeong‐Heon , Welling Menno , Blackmore Hari , Gomani‐Chindebvu Elizabeth 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe Late Pleistocene Middle Stone Age (MSA) record of Africa provides early examples of standardised stone tool production and complex manufacturing sequences, superficially implying a long‐term trend towards greater complexity in MSA technology at a continental scale. However, at this scale, spatial and temporal expressions of technological complexity are uneven. New lithic and chronometric data from the East–Central African record add further regional perspective to these patterns. Stone artefact assemblages from Karonga, northern, Malawi (92–22 ka), persistently lack the complexity demonstrated elsewhere in Africa at the same times, despite similar lithic raw materials. These new data provide an essential avenue for exploring hypotheses about the roles of environmental risk and demography in shaping the expression of MSA technology across the continent, not just at a local scale. When set within this framework, the simplicity of the Karonga MSA is best explained by its position in an environment that was persistently low in relative extrinsic subsistence risk. These results reinforce that motivations to invest in complex tools were variable through space and time, and that this variation, more than factors relating to behavioural capacity, may explain the patchy evidence for lithic complexity in the later MSA.
Reconceptualizing motivation for smoking cessation among people with rheumatoid arthritis as incentives and facilitators
Authors: Gath Megan E. , Stamp Lisa K. , Aimer Pip , Stebbings Simon , Treharne Gareth J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesSmokers with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may have different motivations for, and barriers to, quitting. Understanding the motivations of smokers and ex‐smokers with RA will help in the design and implementation of targeted smoking cessation interventions for people with RA that are not based solely on extrapolation from the general population or populations with other chronic illnesses.MethodsTwenty‐nine smokers and 10 recent ex‐smokers with RA participated in semi‐structured interviews via telephone 18 months after being offered a smoking cessation intervention in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The sample consisted of 27 women and 12 men (age range 32–78 years), of whom 14 had received the intervention, 14 had been in the control group and 11 had declined participation in the trial.ResultsThematic analysis led to the formulation of four “incentives” to quit and five “facilitators” of quitting for people with RA. Desiring improvements to health (overall and specific to arthritis), social relationships and avoiding costs were incentives to quit. Coping with stress without smoking, commitment, mental preparedness, willpower and interventions were facilitators of quitting.ConclusionsBecoming aware of the effects of smoking on arthritis provides an important motivation to quit smoking that may counter RA‐specific barriers to smoking cessation. Further research is needed to test whether similar incentives and facilitators of smoking cessation exist in other chronic illnesses, and how to develop interventions to address these motivational processes.
The effect of an educational intervention, based on clinical simulation, on the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Authors: Fernández‐Ávila Daniel G. , Ruiz Álvaro J. , Gil Fabián , Mora Sergio A. , Tobar Carlos , Gutiérrez Juan M. , Rosselli Diego 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational tool for general physicians, based on rheumatological clinical simulation, for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.MethodsA randomized clinical study was carried out, in which the physician research subjects were assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group (educational intervention for rheumatoid arthritis with clinical simulation) or the control group (educational intervention for the basic aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis). Four weeks after the educational intervention, the members of both groups completed an examination that included four clinical cases with real patients, two clinical cases with two clinical simulation models and six virtual clinical cases. In this examination, the participants noted clinical findings, established a diagnosis and defined the complementary tests they would request, if necessary, to corroborate their diagnosis.ResultsA total of 160 doctors participated (80 in the active educational intervention for rheumatoid arthritis and 80 in the control group), of whom 89 were women (56%). The mean age was 35 (standard deviation 7.7) years. Success was defined as a physician correctly diagnosing at least 10 of the 12 cases presented. A significant difference of 81.3% (95% confidence interval 72–90%; p < 0.001) in success was found in favour of the active group (88.8% versus 7.5%). A greater number of correct answers was found in the active group compared with the control group in the detection of clinical findings and in the number of complementary tests requested (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe study showed the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on clinical simulation to improve the diagnostic approach to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The results open a new horizon in the teaching of rheumatology.