bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on R&D and Price Elasticity of Demand
Authors: Lücke Dorothea , Schröder Philipp J.Η. , Schumacher Dieter 
Published: September 2016

Summary
This note explores the relationship between the price elasticity of demand and the R&D intensity of the product. We introduce the concept of R&D intensity into a standard Dixit- Stiglitz/Krugman-type setting. R&D activity is treated as a fixed cost of production. Within this framework, sectors with a higher R&D intensity show a lower price elasticity of demand. This proposition is confirmed by an empirical investigation of export demand for manufactured goods from major industrialised countries. Consequently, real exchange rate changes have an impact on the commodity structure of exports.
Transfers as a Means to Combat European Spillovers
Authors: Rübbelke Dirk T.G. , Sheshinski Eytan 
Published: September 2016

Summary
In 2004, there was a further enlargement of the European Union. Among the new member countries are eight Central and Eastern European countries. Especially the accession countries located directly at the border to the EU generate significant environmental spillovers harming the Union. These spillovers are mitigated but not deleted by the enlargement regulations.
In this paper we will therefore analyze an instrument which may further diminish the spillover problems: transfers, which are conditional on a tightening of environmental policy in the accession countries. The environmental policy considered is the policy of environmental taxation.
Causal Returns to Education
Authors: Flossmann Anton L. , Pohlmeier Winfried 
Published: September 2016

Summary
This paper surveys the empirical evidence on causal effects of education on earnings for Germany and compares alternative studies in the light of their underlying identifying assumptions. We work out the different assumptions taken by various studies, which lead to rather different interpretations of the estimated causal effect. In particular, we are interested in the question to what extend causal return estimates are informative regarding educational policy advice. Despite the substantial methodological differences, we have to conclude that the empirical findings for Germany are quite robust and do not deviate substantially from each other. This also holds for the few studies which rely on ignorability conditions, regardless of whether they use educational attainment as a continuous treatment variable or as a discrete treatment indicator. Own estimates based on the matching approach indicate that the selection into upper secondary schooling is suboptimal
Heterogeneous Returns to Training
Authors: Kuckulenz Anja , Maier Michael 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Empirical work on the wage impact of training has noted that unobserved heterogeneity of training participants should play a role. The expected return to training, which partly depends on unobservable characteristics, is likely to be a crucial criterion in the decision to take part in training or not. We try to account for this fact by using recent advances in estimating returns to schooling, which allow for selection on unobservables, and apply it to estimating the impact of training on earnings. Allowing heterogeneity to be unobserved by the econometrician, but assuming that individuals may act upon this heterogeneity, completely changes the interpretation and properties of commonly used estimators. Our results based on local instrumental variables suggest that traditional estimates of the wage impact of training overestimate this effect.
Employment Protection: Its Effects on Different Skill Groups and on the Incentive to become Skilled
Authors: Stähler Nikolai 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Employment protection affects labour market outcomes and hence the incentive to acquire skills. Using a matching model with two education levels in which workers decide ex-ante on their skill formation, it is shown that employment protection can raise the fraction of skilled workers. This will be the case if workers obtain a sufficiently large fraction of the rent created by skill formation. Furthermore, it will be shown that high-skilled workers face shorter unemployment duration and lower dismissal probabilities.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Innovations- und Wachstumsprozessen in Deutschland 1951-1999 im Vergleich zu 1850-1913 / Dynamic Relationships Between Innovation Activities and Per Capita Income in Germany 1951-1999 in Comparison to 1850-1913
Authors: Jungmittag Andre , Grupp Hariolf 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Starting from today’s definition of innovation indicators, this paper analyses the dynamic relationships between innovation activities (approximated by two innovation input indicators and one innovation output indicator) and per capita income in Germany for the two periods from 1850 until 1913 and 1951 until 1999. Already the first step of the analysis which is based on unit root tests allowing for structural breaks shows that the German innovation system was rather stable in both periods: In the first period the unit root hypothesis has to be rejected for all four variables, in the second period at least for the two innovation input indicators. Thus, only a few major historical events responsible for the structural breaks have persistent effects while most shocks are transitory. The further analysis of unrestricted as well as restricted VAR models gives evidence that the innovation activities in both periods are strongly demand driven, but that there seem to be two different logics in the innovation process. In the first period, the overall empirical results indicates a linear innovation relation between students numbers as well as public science expenditures, the number of patents granted, and economic demand. In the second period, demand drives total R&D expenditures while patent output does not follow demand. The real domestic product seems not to depend strongly on innovation activities.
Observable Depreciation Deductions and the Effective Marginal Tax Burden on Investment
Authors: Becker Johannes , Fuest Clemens 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Forward-looking measures like the well-known effective marginal tax rate developed by King and Fullerton (1984) rely strongly on standardized assumptions on the effective use of depreciation deductions. This paper derives a method of assessing these assumptions empirically and of quantifying the bias resulting from simplifying assumptions. Using a balanced panel of German firms we calculate the path of depreciation deductions that should be observed if the assumptions on depreciation allowances were correct. These hypothetical deductions are compared to the observable ones in the data. We find that observable deductions slightly exceed the hypothetical ones. Moreover, we find a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the actual use of depreciation deductions across firms. On the basis of these results we calculate an adjusted effective marginal tax rate. It turns out that even small estimation biases in determining the tax deductions have a large impact on the effective tax rates for marginal investment projects. We conclude that forward-looking measures can and should be assessed empirically and that future research should emphasize the heterogenous impact of tax-related disincentives on business investment.
Comparing Estimation Strategies for Income Equations in the Presence of Panel Attrition
Authors: Behr Andreas 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Since attrition in the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) has cumulated to a considerable extent, there is concern that attrition biases empirical analysis. In this paper we compare the performance of four different strategies for estimating an earnings equation in the presence of panel attrition. By splitting the completely observed sample in one wave according to the response behavior of the following wave, we assess empirically the bias of an un-weighted, an inverse probability weighted, a Heckman and a matching estimator through bootstrap methods. Our findings lead us to several conclusions. First, for the example of Mincerian earnings equations, attrition is no matter of great concern when using the ECHP data. Second, the three estimation strategies, which correct for attrition based on estimated response probabilities, reduce the number of significantly biased parameters. Third, the correction strategies strongly increase the variance of the estimates through relying on estimated response probabilities and increase the relative bias. Hence, the reduction of significant biases is rather due to increased variance than due to lower biases. This result is confirmed when comparing the mean square error of the different estimation techniques. Therefore, for the estimation of income equations the uncorrected estimation based on respondents is suggested as the superior estimation strategy.
Betriebsräte und Arbeitszufriedenheit / Works Councils and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Jirjahn Uwe , Tsertsvadze Georgi 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Empirical studies on establishment-level codetermination usually focus on the impact of works councils on firm performance. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this is the first systematic research to examine the relationship between works councils and job satisfaction. It is shown that the relationship depends on the type of worker. The presence of a works council increases job satisfaction of full-time employed blue-collar workers. In general, councils do not have an influence on full-time employed white-collar workers. However, there is a negative association between works council presence and job satisfaction of managers. Furthermore, the presence of a workers council is associated with lower job satisfaction of non-full-time workers.
Ausbildung, Erwerbsphase, Renteneintrittdemografischer Wandel und optimale Zeitallokation im Lebenszyklus / Education, Working Period, Retirement - Demographic Change and Optimal Time Allocation Within the Life-cycle
Authors: Debus Martin , Michaelis Jochen 
Published: September 2016

Summary
We study how the education and retirement decision of a representative individual is affected by the demographic trend. Individuals optimally choose the date at which they leave school to work and at which they retire. Applying an OLG-model with a pay-as-you-go social security system we show how individuals optimally respond to a) a change in the current wage for a unit of human capital, b) a change in the perfectly foreseen future wage for a unit of human capital, c) a decrease in the anticipated future pension benefit, and d) an increase in the future social contribution rate. From the government’s point of view it would be desirable to control for an instrument which increases both the accumulation of human capital before starting to work and the retirement age. Our findings suggest that policy-makers should respond to the demographic trend by reducing pension benefits. Compared to the most relevant alternative, i.e. an increase in the contribution rate, individuals would choose a longer working life, working becomes more attractive. This in turn creates an incentive to invest more in education and to accumulate more human capital.
Human Capital and Economic Growth in OECD Countries
Authors: Middendorf Torge 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Recent studies on international student performance renewed the interest in the contribution of human capital to economic growth. So far the exploration of large country comparisons delivered rather mixed results. Concentrating on OECD member countries, this paper uses panel data estimation techniques to refine this analysis. Furthermore, as theory differs about the right measure of human capital, the impact of the human capital stock as well as its rate of accumulation on economic growth is analyzed. Yet estimation results reveal only a positive impact of the human capital stock on economic growth suggesting that an increase in average schooling years by one year yields a rise in the GDP growth rate of about 0.5 percentage points. However, when taking possible endogeneity into account in an instrumental variables approach, these conclusions on the impact of the level of human capital on economic growth is demonstrated to be rather fragile.
Imaginative Didacticism: Emotion, Individuality, and the Function of Trivialliteratur around 1800
Authors: Vandegrift Eldridge Sarah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article explores the history of autonomy aesthetics together with approaches that recuperate ethical and emotional functions of literature to suggest that the dismissal of these functions in the late 18After briefly reviewing sociological histories of the shift between reception aesthetics and autonomy aesthetics, this article discusses two studies by Berys Gaut and Jenefer Robinson. Gaut’s work argues for the importance of ethics in the function of art (which instructs by way of, among other things, exciting the imagination); Robinson’s study uses cognitive science to establish that emotional responses to artworks are neither unreal nor irrational but rather make up a crucial part of what literature has to offer readers. With Gaut and Robinson, we can conclude that reading literature is an emotional, imaginative process, which has as at least one of its functions the cultivation of processes of understanding and ethical development in its readers – what I choose to call ›imaginative didacticism‹. Neither one of them, however, deals with the history of autonomy aesthetics (beyond brief references to Kant) or with the problem ofIn particular, Lafontaine’s novel offers readers a way of exploring new paradigms of individuality and love relationships that arose in the late eighteenth century and that present significant challenges to existing systems of social order, which Lafontaine represents against the backdrop of the French Revolution. Readers wanted and indeedThe article thus concludes by suggesting that we can also see the relation­ship between trivial and canonical literature not as a dichotomy, but as a progression: Lafontaine’s depictions of emotions are explicit and sometimes exaggerated, but they can train readers to be on the lookout for other, more complicated descriptions of emotional states. It therefore argues that literature itself can help to dismantle unproductive dichotomies between critical/cognitive and imaginative/emotional modes of reading and between canonical and supposedly trivial art. This, too, is a function of literature: we can gradually become more sensitive to subtleties of emotion and cognition, we can use previous encounters with easier literature to reflect on more difficult texts, and we can develop both as emotional creatures and as critical readers.
Liquid petroleum gas sensing performance enhanced by CuO modification of nanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2
Authors: Pedhekar R.B. , Raghuwanshi F.C. , Kapse V.D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2 (with molar ratios 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7 and 1:9) were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Synthesized materials were examined with the help of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics of the ZnO-TiO2 films were investigated at different operating temperatures. The ZnO-TiO2 thick film (with 1:1 molar ratio) exhibited good response toward liquid petroleum gas as compared to other investigated compositions. Further, liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics of CuO modified ZnO-TiO2 thick films were investigated. 0.2 M CuO modified ZnO-TiO2 thick film exhibited excellent liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics such as higher response (~ 1637.49 at 185 °C) with quick response time (~30 s), low recovery time (~70 s), excellent repeatability and stability at low operating temperature.
Wozu Wilhelm Röpke raten würde - Orientierungen für die Wirtschaftspolitik
Authors: Hamm Walter 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Deutschland ist weit davon entfernt, ein wirtschaftspolitisches Vorbild für andere Staaten zu sein. Wachstumsschwäche, Massenarbeitslosigkeit, übermäßig hohe öffentliche Verschuldung und der ausgeuferte Sozialstaat sind unübersehbare Kennzeichen hierfür. Wilhelm Röpke hat diese Entwicklung vorhergesehen, aber vergeblich vor zahlreichen Verstößen gegen Grundregeln einer freiheitlichen marktwirtschaftlichen Politik gewarnt. Im einzelnen wird an Hand von Röpkes Werk darauf hingewiesen, welche politischen Fehler - trotz Lippenbekenntnissen zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft - gemacht worden sind und wie sie zu korrigieren sind. Die übermäßigen Beschränkungen der individuellen Freiheit, die schwindende Selbstverantwortung des einzelnen, die Teilung der politischen Macht mit Interessenverbänden, die lähmend hohe Besteuerung, die Reglementierung der Arbeitsmärkte und die Verdrängung privater Investoren durch die hohe öffentliche Neuverschuldung sind einige der von Röpke überzeugend kritisierten politischen Fehlentwicklungen.
Gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklungen in Deutschland als zukünftige Rahmenbedingungen des Gesundheitsmarktes
Authors: Donges Juergen B. 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden die gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und wichtige wirtschaftspolitische Weichenstellungen analysiert. So wird die konjunkturelle Erholung im Jahre 1999 weiter anhalten, aber die Arbeitsmarktlage wird sich nur leicht entspannen. Ohne strukturelle Reformen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und eine weiterhin moderate Lohnpolitik wird es zu keinem nachhaltigen Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit kommen. Zur Erhöhung der Beschäftigung müssen die Investitionsanreize in Deutschland gestärkt werden.
Insgesamt muß die Wirtschaftspolitik die Bedingungen der Globalisierung akzeptieren. Dies muß bei der Gestaltung der Beschäftigungspolitik, Geldpolitik, Verteilungspolitik, Bildungspolitik und Umweltpolitik berücksichtigt werden. Der Staat kann nicht nach Belieben die Wirtschaft regulieren, wenn er nicht die Ziele eines angemessenen Wachstums bei hoher Beschäftigung und bei Wahrung von angemessenen Sozialstandards und Umweltschutz gefährden will.
Die Globalisierung fuhrt auch zu einen Systemwettbewerb der sozialen Sicherungssysteme einschließlich der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung. Die Finanzierungsprobleme und Fehlanreize müssen angegangen werden. In der Krankenversicherung ist mehr Eigenverantwortung, Beitragsäquivalenz und Wettbewerb nötig. Das Gesundheits- Strukturgesetz von 1992 ging in diese Richtung. Aber der Wettbewerb zwischen den Krankenkassen muß weiter verstärkt, die Krankenhausfinanzierung muß nach betriebswirtschaftlichen Kriterien gestaltet werden, die Entgelte müssen genauer den medizinischen Leistungen entsprechen, und der Gesundheitsmarkt insgesamt muß von unnötigen Regulierungen befreit werden.
Brain Gain: Wohin gehen die Wissensträger in Zukunft?
Authors: Straubhaar Thomas 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Es gilt als nahezu eisernes Gesetz der Ökonomie, daß Humankapital einen positiven Einfluß auf das Wirtschaftswachstum ausübe. Volkswirtschaften mit viel Humankapital würden schneller wachsen und höhere Pro-Kopf-Einkommen erzielen können. Als ordnungspolitische Konsequenz zieht sich die Forderung nach staatlicher Unterstützung der Humankapitalakkumulation wie ein roter Faden durch die Literatur. Ein starker staatlicher Einfluss auf das (Aus- und Weiter-)Bildungssystem ist das realpolitische Ergebnis.
Einen ersten Kratzer erleidet das theoretisch stimmige Bild durch die Praxis. Je härter die ökonometrisehen Tests werden, desto schwächer wird die empirische Relevanz dafür, daß „mehr“ Humankapital auch „mehr“ Wachstum bedeute. Ebenso entsteht die Vermutung, die positiven Effekte des Humankapitals würden sich weniger direkt als vielmehr indirekt auswirken - beispielsweise über eine längere Lebenserwartung (dank der besseren Kenntnisse über spezifische Sterberisiken), über eine bessere physische Leistungsfähigkeit (dank der Schulmilch) oder über eine rückläufige Geburtenhäufigkeit (dank einer gestärkten Stellung der Frauen). Vollends dünn wird das Eis, wenn die Mobilität der Humankapitalträger in die Wachstumsmodelle einbezogen wird.
Die Mobilität der Humankapitalträger fuhrt zu einer räumlichen Trennung der Anbieter und Nachfrager von Humankapital, Produktion und Nutzung von Humankapital sowie Wohn- und Arbeitsort der Träger von Humankapital. Damit verlieren das Humankapital seine territoriale Bindung und der theoretische (direkte) Zusammenhang von Humankapital und Wirtschaftswachstum seine empirische Relevanz. Es kommt zu einem Wettbewerb der Standorte um die „hellsten Köpfe“. Bildungspolitik wird zu einer Standortpolitik, bei der es darum geht, mobile Wissensträger anzuziehen, zu halten und zur lokalen Erwerbstätigkeit zu bewegen. Für diese Brain-Gain-Strategie sind attraktive lokale Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen für mobile Wissensträger die Schlüsselfaktoren, die in der Regel wichtiger sind als eine direkte, oft falsche Anreize setzende, staatliche Politik der Humankapitalproduktion.
Die Kosten- (und Nutzen-)Analyse der NATO-Erweiterung: Beispiel für die ökonomische Bewertungsproblematik von ordnungspolitischen Maßnahmen
Authors: Maennig Wolfgang 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Bei der NATO-Osterweiterung spielen die Kosten eine erhebliche Rolle, zumal erste Studien die Kosten im dreistelligen $-Milliardenbereich ansiedelten. Diese, aber auch neuere Studien, die im Gegensatz hierzu an die Aussage grenzen, daß kaum zusätzliche Kosten auftreten werden, bieten einen guten Anlaß, um die grundsätzliche Problematik von Kosten-(und Nutzen-)Analysen (KNA) für ordnungspolitische Maßnahmen zu verdeutlichen. Zu diesen Problemen gehören die aujwandsgzrtc\Ae Kostenabgrenzung, die nicht gelingt, wenn kein sauberer Mit-und-Ohne-Vergleich angestellt wird. So werden teilweise fälschlicherweise die Kosten für die Steigerung der Mobilität der alten NATO-Mitglieder, aber auch für die Modernisierung der Waffensysteme der Beitrittsländer der NATO-Erweiterung zugeordnet. Aber auch die perioßfewgerechte Kosten- und Nutzenabgrenzung ist problematisch, wenn der Analysezeitraum zu stark begrenzt wird. Im Falle von ordnungspolitischen Maßnahmen wie der NATO-Erweiterung, bei der wesentliche Nutzen sofort, die Kosten zum Teil jedoch später anfallen, wirkt die zeitliche Begrenzung der KNA tendenziell zugunsten der Maßnahme - im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Anwendungsgebieten von KNAs, wo die Kosten sofort, die Nutzen jedoch zum Teil später anfallen. Was die Nutzen wie Einkommens- und BeschäftigungsefFekte betrifft, so spielen sie - obwohl sonst bei KNAuntersuchten Maßnahmen oft im Vordergrund - bei dieser Maßnahme kaum eine Rolle. Ausschlaggebend sind vielmehr indirekte Effekte wie die erhöhte Sicherheit, politische Stabilität sowie die beschleunigte Integration, für welche die Technik der KNA jedoch bisher wenig überzeugende Bewertungsmethoden erarbeitet hat. Eine Lösung mag in solchen Fällen darin bestehen, nach dem Vergleich des Verhältnisses der bewertbaren Nutzen und Kosten mit den üblichen Effizienzkriterien die Mindesthöhe des Gegenwertes der intangiblen Nutzen zu berechnen, die notwendig ist, um Effizienz zu erreichen. Unter Zugrundelegung von Daten des CBO der USA und der Rand Corporation ergibt sich, daß die NATO-Erweiterung für die USA aufgrund ihres hohen Anteil an den Weltrüstungsexporten auch ohne Berücksichtigung der intangiblen Effekte effizient ist. Für die übrigen bisherigen NATO-Partner müssen die intangiblen Effekte nicht allzu hoch sein, damit die NATO-Erweiterung effizient ist.