bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health-Related Quality of Life Differs Between Adolescent Athletes and Adolescent Nonathletes
Authors: Snyder Alison R. , Martinez Jessica C. , Bay R. Curtis , Parsons John T. , Sauers Eric L. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich 
Published: August 2016

Context:Patient-oriented outcome measures such as the Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF-36) and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) are important tools for determining the impact of events like sport-related injury on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Unfortunately, there are no published studies using these instruments that compare adolescent athletes with their nonathlete peers, making interpretations of these measures in this population difficult.Objective:To compare HRQoL in adolescent athletes and nonathletes using 2 common instruments.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:7 high schools.Participants:219 athletes and 106 nonathletes.Intervention:None.Main Outcome Measures:The SF-36 and the PODCI were completed in a counterbalanced manner during 1 session. Dependent variables included the 8 subscale and 2 composite scores of the SF-36 and the 5 subscale scores and 1 global score of the PODCI.Results:On the SF-36, athletes reported higher scores on the physical function, general health, social functioning, and mental health subscales and the mental composite score and lower scores on the bodily pain subscale than nonathletes. On the PODCI, athletes reported higher scores on the sport and physical function and happiness subscales and lower scores on the pain/comfort subscale.Conclusions:Athletes reported higher scores on a number of SF-36 and PODCI subscales related to mental, emotional, and physical well-being than nonathletes. Our findings suggest that athletic involvement may be a benefit to the overall health status of adolescents and imply that athletes may be a distinct adolescent group requiring their own normative values when using the SF-36 and PODCI.
Comparative Effects of 6-Week Balance, gluteus Medius Strength, and Combined Programs on Dynamic Postural Control
Authors: Leavey Vincent J. , Sandrey Michelle A. , Dahmer Greg 
Published: August 2016

Context:There are few outcomes-based studies that address hip strategy and gluteus medius strength (GMS) for maintaining dynamic postural control.Objective:To determine whether GMS training, proprioception training, or a combination of the 2 has an effect on dynamic postural control.Design:Pretest-posttest, repeated measures.Setting:Sports-medicine clinic.Participants:48 healthy male and female college students obtained via sample of convenience.Interventions:Three 6-wk programs including exercises for proprioception, GMS, and combined.Main Outcomes Measures:Eight Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) reach distances and GMS for the dominant leg.Results:There was no significant difference between groups. The combination group demonstrated the most improvements in SEBT reach distances, whereas the GMS group demonstrated the most improvement in GMS.Conclusion:Use of exercises for proprioception, GMS, or a combination of the 2 will help improve dynamic postural control in healthy, active individuals.
Paraspinal Muscle Activity During Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Weight Training in Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Schmid Annina B. , Dyer Linda , Böni Thomas , Held Ulrike , Brunner Florian 
Published: August 2016

Context:Various studies report decreased muscle activation in the concavity of the curve in patients with scoliosis. Such decreased muscle-performance capacity could lead to sustained postural deficits.Objective:To investigate whether specific asymmetrical sports therapy exercises rather than symmetrical back strengthening can increase EMG amplitudes of paraspinal muscles in the concavity of the curve.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:16 patients with idiopathic scoliosis.Interventions:Patients performed 4 back-strengthening exercises (front press, lat pull-down, roman chair, bent-over barbell row) during 1 test session. Each exercise was performed in a symmetrical and asymmetrical variant and repeated 3 times.Main Outcome Measure:EMG amplitudes of the paraspinal muscles were recorded in the thoracic and lumbar apexes of the scoliotic curve during each exercise. Ratios of convex- to concave-side EMG activity were calculated.Results:Statistical analysis revealed that the asymmetrical variants of front press at the lumbar level (P = .002) and roman chair and bent-over barbell row at the thoracic level (P < .0001, .001 respectively) were superior in increasing EMG amplitudes in the concavity of the scoliotic curve.Conclusions:Specific asymmetrical exercises increase EMG amplitudes of paraspinal muscles in the concavity. If confirmed in longitudinal studies measuring improvements of postural deficits, these exercises may advance care of patients with scoliosis.
Gluteus Medius Muscle Activation During Isometric Muscle Contractions
Authors: O’Dwyer Catriona , Sainsbury David , O’Sullivan Kieran 
Published: August 2016

Context:Functional subdivisions are proposed to exist in the gluteus medius (GM) muscle. Dysfunction of the GM, in particular its functional subdivisions, is commonly implicated in lower limb pathologies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence examining the role of the subdivisions of the GM.Objectives:To compare the activation of the functional subdivisions of the GM (anterior, middle, and posterior) during isometric hip contractions.Design:Single-session, repeated-measures observational study.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:Convenience sample of 15 healthy, pain-free subjects.Intervention:Subjects performed 3 maximal voluntary isometric contractions for hip abduction and internal and external rotation on an isokinetic dynamometer with simultaneous recording of surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of the GM subdivisions.Main Outcome Measures:sEMG muscle activity for each functional subdivision of the GM during each hip movement was analyzed using a 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA (post hoc Bonferroni).Results:The response of GM subdivisions during the 3 different isometric contractions was significantly different (interaction effect; P = .003). The anterior GM displayed significantly higher activation across all 3 isometric contractions than the middle and posterior subdivisions (main effect; both P < .001). The middle GM also demonstrated significantly higher activation than the posterior GM across all 3 isometric contractions (main effect; P = .027). There was also significantly higher activation of all 3 subdivisions during both abduction and internal rotation than during external rotation (main effect; both P < .001).Conclusions:The existence of functional subdivisions in the GM appears to be supported by the findings. Muscle activation was not homogeneous throughout the entire muscle. The highest GM activation was found in the anterior GM subdivision and during abduction and internal rotation. Future studies should examine the role of GM functional subdivisions in subjects with lower limb pathologies.
The Effect of Gender on Foot Anthropometrics in Older People
Authors: de Castro Alessandra Paiva , Rebelatto José Rubens , Aurichio Thaís Rabiatti 
Published: August 2016

Context:Some questions remain regarding the anthropometric differences between the feet of young men and women, but the gap is much greater when dealing with older adults. No studies were found concerning these differences in an exclusively older adult population, which makes it difficult to manufacture shoes based on the specific anthropometric measurements of the older adult population and according to gender differences.Objective:To identify differences between the anthropometric foot variables of older men and women.Design:Cross-sectional.Participants:154 older women (69.0 ± 6.8 y) and 131 older men (69.0 ± 6.5 y).Main Outcome Measures:The foot evaluations comprised the variables of width, perimeter, height, length, 1st and 5th metatarsophalangeal angles, the Arch Index (AI), and the Foot Posture Index (FPI). A data analysis was performed using t test and a post hoc power analysis.Results:Women showed significantly higher values for the width and perimeter of the toes, width of the metatarsal heads, and width of the heel and presented significantly lower values for the height of the dorsal foot after normalization of the data to foot length. The 1st and 5 th metatarsophalangeal angles were smaller in the men. There were no differences between men and women with respect to AI and FPI.Conclusions:Overall, the current study shows evidence of differences between some of the anthropometric foot variables of older men and women that must be taken into account for the manufacture of shoes for older adults.
Difference in Response Latency of the Peroneus Longus Between the Dominant and Nondominant Legs
Authors: Knight Adam C. , Weimar Wendi H. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The latency of the peroneus longus in response to an inversion perturbation is a key component in the prevention of lateral ankle sprains. In addition, the dominant ankle is sprained more frequently than the nondominant ankle, but the cause of this has not been examined.Objective:To investigate the combination of these 2 research-supported statements, the purpose of this study was to use an inversion perturbation that replicates the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain to determine whether there is a difference in the latency of the peroneus longus between the dominant and nondominant legs.Design:Repeated-measures single-group design.Setting:University laboratory.Participants:15 physically active healthy volunteers with no previous history of an ankle sprain or lower extremity surgery or fracture.Interventions:Outer sole with fulcrum was used to cause 25° of inversion at the subtalar joint on landing from a 27-cm step-down task. Participants performed 10 trials on both the dominant and nondominant leg.Main Outcome Measures:2 latency measures of the peroneus longus of both the dominant and nondominant leg, calculated as the amount of time from the moment of touchdown of the fulcrum until muscle activity exceeded 5 and 10 SD above baseline muscle activity.Results:The latency of the peroneus longus of the nondominant leg was significantly shorter when using both 5 SD (F1,14 = 9.34, P = .009, d = .895) and 10 SD (F1,14 = 18.56, P = .001, d = .920) above baseline muscle activity.Conclusions:This difference in latency may be a result of the different demands placed on the dominant and nondominant legs during activity and may predispose the dominant ankle to a greater number of ankle sprains than the nondominant ankle.
Cardiorespiratory Responses During Underwater and Land Treadmill Exercise in College Athletes
Authors: Brubaker Peter , Ozemek Cemal , Gonzalez Alimer , Wiley Stephen , Collins Gregory 
Published: August 2016

Context:Underwater treadmill (UTM) exercise is being used with increased frequency for rehabilitation of injured athletes, yet there has been little research conducted on this modality.Objective:To determine the cardiorespiratory responses of UTM vs land treadmill (LTM) exercise, particularly with respect to the relationship between heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2).Design and Setting:This quantitative original research took place in sports medicine and athletic training facilities at Wake Forest University.Participants:11 Wake Forest University student athletes (20.8 ± 0.6 y, 6 women and 5 men).Intervention:All participants completed the UTM and LTM exercise-testing protocols in random order. After 5 min of standing rest, both UTM and LTM protocols had 4 stages of increasing belt speed (2.3, 4.9, 7.3, and 9.6 km/h) followed by 3 exercise stages at 9.6 km/h with increasing water-jet resistance (30%, 40%, and 50% of jet capacity) or inclines (1%, 2%, and 4% grade).Main Outcome Measures:A Cosmed K4b2 device with Polar monitor was used to collect HR, ventilation (Ve), tidal volume (TV), breathing frequency (Bf), and VO2 every minute. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also obtained each minute.Results:There was no significant difference between UTM and LTM for VO2 at rest or during any stage of exercise except stage 3. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between UTM and LTM for HR, Ve, Bf, and RPE on any exercise stage. Linear regression of HR vs VO2, across all stages of exercise, indicates a similar relationship in these variables during UTM (r = .94, y = .269x − 10.86) and LTM (r = .95, y = .291x − 12.98).Conclusions:These data indicate that UTM and LTM exercise elicits similar cardiorespiratory responses and that HR can be used to guide appropriate exercise intensity for college athletes during UTM.
Associations Between Single-Leg Postural Control and Drop-Landing Mechanics in Healthy Women
Authors: Durall Christopher J. , Kernozek Thomas W. , Kersten Melissa , Nitz Maria , Setz Jonathan , Beck Sara 
Published: August 2016

Context:Impaired postural control in single-limb stance and aberrant drop-landing mechanics have been implicated separately as risk factors for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, but associations between these variables has not been reported.Objective:To determine whether there are associations between single-limb postural control and drop-landing mechanics.Setting:University motion-analysis laboratory.Design:Single-leg-landing kinematic and kinetic data were collected after participants dropped from a hang bar. Postural-control variables COP excursion and velocity were assessed during single-leg barefoot standing on a force platform.Participants:A convenience sample of 24 healthy women.Main Outcome Measures:Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients.Results:Strong associations were measured between maximal knee-abduction moment and COP excursion (r = .529, P = .003) and average COP velocity (r = .529, P = .003). Strong inverse associations were measured between minimum hip-flexion angle and COP excursion (r = −.521, P = .003) and average COP velocity (r = −.519, P = .003).Conclusions:Participants with decreased postural control had higher knee-abduction moments and a more extended hip on landing, which have been implicated separately as risk factors for ACL injury. A longitudinal prospective analysis is needed to determine whether force-platform postural-control measures can identify athletes at risk for ACL injury.
Knee-Extension Exercise’s Lack of Immediate Effect on Maximal Voluntary Quadriceps Torque and Activation in Individuals With Anterior Knee Pain
Authors: Park Jihong , Grindstaff Terry L. , Hart Joe M. , Hertel Jay N. , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Weight-bearing (WB) and non-weight-bearing (NWB) exercises are commonly used in rehabilitation programs for patients with anterior knee pain (AKP).Objective:To determine the immediate effects of isolated WB or NWB knee-extension exercises on quadriceps torque output and activation in individuals with AKP.Design:A single-blind randomized controlled trial.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:30 subjects with self-reported AKP.Interventions:Subjects performed a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the quadriceps (knee at 90°). Maximal voluntary quadriceps activation was quantified using the central activation ratio (CAR): CAR = MVIC/(MVIC + superimposed burst torque). After baseline testing, subjects were randomized to 1 of 3 intervention groups: WB knee extension, NWB knee extension, or control. WB knee-extension exercise was performed as a sling-based exercise, and NWB knee-extension exercise was performed on the Biodex dynamometer. Exercises were performed in 3 sets of 5 repetitions at approximately 55% MVIC. Measurements were obtained at 4 times: baseline and immediately and 15 and 30 min postexercise.Main Outcome Measures:Quadriceps torque output (MVIC: N·m/Kg) and quadriceps activation (CAR).Results:No significant differences in the maximal voluntary quadriceps torque output (F2,27 = 0.592, P = .56) or activation (F2,27 = 0.069, P = .93) were observed among the 3 treatment groups.Conclusions:WB and NWB knee-extension exercises did not acutely change quadriceps torque output or activation. It may be necessary to perform exercises over a number of sessions and incorporate other disinhibitory interventions (eg, cryotherapy) to observe acute changes in quadriceps torque and activation.
Duration of Electrically Induced Muscle Cramp Increased by Increasing Stimulation Frequency
Authors: Miller Kevin C. , Knight Kenneth L. , Wilding Steven R. , Stone Marcus B. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Electrically induced muscle cramps (EIMC) do not last long enough to study many cramp treatments. Increasing stimulation frequency lengthens cramp duration; it is unknown which frequency elicits the longest EIMC.Objective:To determine which stimulation frequency elicits the longest EIMC and whether cramp duration and stimulation frequency are correlated.Design:Randomized, crossover.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:20 participants (12 male, 8 female; age 20.7 ± 0.6 y; height 174.9 ± 1.9 cm; mass 76.6 ± 2.2 kg) with a self-reported history of muscle cramps in their lower extremities within the 6 mo before the study.Interventions:The dominant leg’s tibial nerve was percutaneously stimulated with 2-s-duration electrical stimuli trains starting at a frequency of 4 Hz. After 1 min of rest, stimulation frequency increased in 2-Hz increments until a cramp occurred in the flexor hallucis brevis. The stimulation frequency at which a cramp occurred was termed cramp threshold frequency (TF). Cramp duration was determined using strict clinical criteria (loss of hallux rigidity and return of hallux neutral). On the next 4 consecutive days, participants were stimulated at 5, 10, 15, or 20 Hz above TF, and cramp duration was reassessed.Main Outcome Measures:Cramp TF and duration.Results:Cramp TF was 16.9 ± 5.1 Hz. Cramp duration was longer at 15 and 20 Hz above TF (77.9 ± 37.6 s and 69.5 ± 36.9 s, respectively) than at TF (40.8 ± 34.0 s; P < .05). Cramp duration and TF were highly correlated (r = .90). Conclusions: Stimulating at 15 and 20 Hz above cramp TF produces the longest-lasting EIMC.
The Value of Balance-Assessment Measurements in Identifying and Monitoring Acute Postural Instability Among Concussed Athletes
Authors: Cripps Andrea , Livingston Scott C. 
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:Sport-related concussions are a significant health issue due to the high incidence of concussions sustained each sports season. Current approaches to the evaluation of acutely concussed athletes include the use of balance assessments to identify and monitor underlying postural instability arising from concussion. Balance assessment has been recommended as a primary measurement tool for monitoring recovery and for making return-to-play decisions. Balance impairments have been shown to occur in the initial postconcussion period (ie, 1–10 d). Numerous clinical and laboratory measures have been used in the assessment of balance immediately after concussion, and clinicians are faced with deciding which measures to use.Focused Clinical Question:How do clinical or field-based balance-assessment tools compare to laboratory-based balance measures in identifying deficits in postural stability among acutely concussed athletes?
Effect of Eccentric Strengthening After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Quadriceps Strength
Authors: Lepley Lindsey K. , Palmieri-Smith Riann M. 
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:Interventions aimed at safely overloading the quadriceps muscle after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are essential to reducing quadriceps muscle weakness that often persists long after the rehabilitation period. Despite the best efforts of clinicians and researchers to improve ACL rehabilitation techniques, a universally effective intervention to restore preinjury quadriceps strength has yet to be identified. A muscle’s force-producing capacity is most optimal when an external force exceeds that of the muscle while the muscle lengthens. Hence, the potential to improve muscle strength by overloading the tissue is greater with eccentric strengthening than with concentric strengthening. Traditionally, the application of early postoperative high-intensity eccentric resistance training to the ACL-reconstructed limb has been contraindicated, as there is potential for injury to the ACL graft, articular cartilage, or surrounding soft-tissue structures. However, recent evidence suggests that the application of early, progressive, high-force eccentric resistance exercises to the involved limb can be used to safely increase muscle volume and strength in ACL-reconstructed individuals. As a result, eccentric strengthening may be another attractive alternative to traditional concentric strengthening to improve quadriceps strength after ACL reconstruction.Focused Clinical Question:In patients who have undergone ACL reconstruction, is there evidence to suggest that eccentric exercise positively affects postoperative quadriceps strength?
The Effects of Early Aggressive Rehabilitation on Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Autologous Hamstring Tendon: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Christensen Jesse C. , Goldfine Laura R. , West Hugh S. 
Published: August 2016

Study Design:Prospective randomized clinical trial.Methods and Measures:Thirty-six patients who had a primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) with a semitendinosus-gracilis (STG) autograft from a single orthopedic surgeon were prospectively randomized into 2 groups. Nineteen patients were randomized to the aggressive group (53% male, mean age 30.1 + 10.5 y) and 17 to the nonaggressive group (88% male, mean age 33.1 + 10.9 y). Impairment measures of anteroposterior (A-P) knee laxity, range of motion (ROM), and peak isometric force (PIF) values were obtained 12 wk postoperatively. Subjective response to the International Knee Documentation Committee knee form (IKDC) was collected 1, 12, and 24 wk postoperatively. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze differences between groups at 12 wk for A-P knee laxity, ROM, and PIF. Differences between the groups for the IKDC scores were determined using 1-way ANOVA with repeated measures 1, 12, and 24 wk postoperatively. Bonferroni adjustment was used for multiple comparisons.Results:There were no differences between the groups for the baseline characteristics (P > .05). There was no difference found between the groups in respect to A-P knee laxity, ROM, or PIF at 12 wk (P > .05). Further analysis also showed no significant differences in the IKDC scores between groups at 12 or 24 wk (P > .05).Conclusions:No differences were found between early aggressive and nonaggressive rehabilitation after an isolated ACL-R using STG autografts for the primary outcomes of A-P knee laxity and subjective IKDC score. In addition, no differences were observed for secondary outcomes between groups for differences in ROM and PIF values.