bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection vs. selection: integration of genetic, epigenetic and environmental cues in fluctuating environments
Authors: McNamara John M. , Dall Sasha R. X. , Hammerstein Peter , Leimar Olof 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere are many inputs during development that influence an organism's fit to current or upcoming environments. These include genetic effects, transgenerational epigenetic influences, environmental cues and developmental noise, which are rarely investigated in the same formal framework. We study an analytically tractable evolutionary model, in which cues are integrated to determine mature phenotypes in fluctuating environments. Environmental cues received during development and by the mother as an adult act as detection‐based (individually observed) cues. The mother's phenotype and a quantitative genetic effect act as selection‐based cues (they correlate with environmental states after selection). We specify when such cues are complementary and tend to be used together, and when using the most informative cue will predominate. Thus, we extend recent analyses of the evolutionary implications of subsets of these effects by providing a general diagnosis of the conditions under which detection and selection‐based influences on development are likely to evolve and coexist.
Niche partitioning due to adaptive foraging reverses effects of nestedness and connectance on pollination network stability
Authors: Valdovinos Fernanda S. , Brosi Berry J. , Briggs Heather M. , Moisset de Espanés Pablo , Ramos‐Jiliberto Rodrigo , Martinez Neo D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMuch research debates whether properties of ecological networks such as nestedness and connectance stabilise biological communities while ignoring key behavioural aspects of organisms within these networks. Here, we computationally assess how adaptive foraging (AF) behaviour interacts with network architecture to determine the stability of plant–pollinator networks. We find thatAFreverses negative effects of nestedness and positive effects of connectance on the stability of the networks by partitioning the niches among species within guilds. This behaviour enables generalist pollinators to preferentially forage on the most specialised of their plant partners which increases the pollination services to specialist plants and cedes the resources of generalist plants to specialist pollinators. We corroborate these behavioural preferences with intensive field observations of bee foraging. Our results show that incorporating key organismal behaviours with well‐known biological mechanisms such as consumer‐resource interactions into the analysis of ecological networks may greatly improve our understanding of complex ecosystems.
Evaluation of the relaxant effect of levetiracetam on isolated rat duodenum
Authors: Salem Hesham A. , Al‐Shorbagy Muhammad Y. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLevetiracetam (LEV) is an approved drug for the treatment of some epileptic disorders. With few and controversial reports addressing its possible pharmacodynamic interactions, the current study aimed at studying the effect of LEV on isolated rat duodenal strips to enlighten its possible intestinal adverse effects using the isolated smooth muscle strips of rat duodenum. LEV showed a dose‐dependent inhibition in KCl (80 mm)‐induced contractions in normal Tyrode's solution. Moreover, preincubation with LEV (3 mm) in K+‐rich/Ca2+‐free medium led to a significant decrease in the maximum contractions (Emax) coupled to a right shift of the cumulative CaCl2 concentration curves implying a possible Ca2+ channel blocking potential. In addition, LEV exhibited a typical noncompetitive inhibition in the cumulative carbachol concentration curves evidenced as a decrease in Emax without the alteration of EC50, thus eliminating any possible role of the muscarinic receptors in the relaxant effect. To rule out other possible relaxant mechanisms, tests were conveyed in Tyrode's solution containing either 100 μm l‐NAME or 10 μm glimepiride to test the possible relaxant roles exhibited by nitric oxide (NO) and KATP channel opening, respectively. None of the tested pathways was involved in LEV‐mediated relaxation. Taken altogether, the results of the current study entail that LEV might exert a relaxant effect on intestinal smooth muscles through blocking L‐type voltage‐operated calcium channels, but not involving either NO release or KATP channel opening.
How are elderly patients treated after a diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer in real‐life practice? A study in a French teaching hospital
Authors: Gouverneur Amandine , Rouyer Magali , Grelaud Angela , Robinson Philip , Colombani Françoise , Terrebonne Eric , Smith Denis , Fourrier‐Réglat Annie , Noize Pernelle 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMetastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is frequent among elderly patients. However, in the era of new targeted therapies, little is known about real‐life mCRC treatment in this population. This study aimed to describe elderly mCRC patients and the current real‐life treatment practices. mCRC patients aged ≥65 years were identified using the registry of multidisciplinary team meetings, mandatory for all cancer patients, held between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 at the Bordeaux University Hospital. Data were collected from medical records using a standardized questionnaire. Treatment type was defined as follows: at least one anticancer medication administered vs. best supportive care (BSC). A total of 78 patients were included; median age was 74 years and the M/F sex ratio 1.6. Eleven patients (14.1%) were referred to a geriatric oncology consultation. One patient died before treatment initiation, 28 (35.9%) had BSC, and 49 (62.8%) were treated with anticancer medications: 20 (25.6%) had chemotherapy combined with a targeted therapy, and 28 (35.9%) chemotherapy alone (one missing data for treatment). Compared to patients treated with anticancer medications, BSC patients were older (P < 0.0001) and had more often metachronous metastases (P = 0.01), more comorbidities (P = 0.05), and a greater number of concomitant medications (P = 0.004). This study is one of the rare investigations providing insight to treatment practices in all elderly mCRC patients, not just those who receive anticancer medications. Our results suggest that efforts must be pursued to better integrate geriatric oncology in daily clinical practice.
The Availability of Conscious Knowledge: A Comment on Lindseth (2016)
Authors: Krashen Stephen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLindseth (2016) reported that direct instruction and practice using the German verb‐inversion rule resulted in higher accuracy in an oral test for college students, supporting the hypothesis that explicit linguistic knowledge can become implicit linguistic knowledge. It is quite likely, however, that the conditions for the use of conscious knowledge (the monitor) were met on the test.
Interaction diversity of North American seed‐dispersal mutualisms
Authors: Vander Wall Stephen B. , Moore Christopher M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimWe determine the prevalence of mutualistic seed‐dispersal interactions across the North American landscape and then test the hypothesis that patterns in interaction diversity are correlated with latitude, longitude, precipitation, midpoint elevation and the elevational range of sites.LocationNorth America north of the Mexican border.MethodsWe used regional plant lists to determine the diversity of animal seed‐dispersal interactions across North America (over more than 48° of latitude). For each plant list (n = 197 sites, 12,424 terrestrial plant species and 123,519 plant records), we assigned plant species to one of four seed‐dispersal modes (i.e. frugivory, scatter hoarding, myrmecochory or non‐mutualist) and to an animal vector (e.g. bird, carnivorous mammal, rodent, ant).ResultsWe identified 14 types of animal‐mediated seed dispersal. Plants with seed‐dispersal mutualists are most diverse in the south‐eastern portion of the continent. Dispersal by frugivores and scatter hoarders is strongly negatively correlated with latitude but myrmecochory is not. The diversity of interaction types is significantly correlated with precipitation and elevational range and negatively correlated with latitude, longitude and midpoint elevation.Main conclusionsThe diversity of seed‐dispersal mutualisms varies dramatically across the continent, suggesting that the co‐evolutionary processes that produce these interactions are stronger in certain regions and vegetation types and weaker in others. Elucidation of these patterns and their causes will help us to better understand the co‐evolutionary processes that shape communities.
WORLD WAR II ‘VON UNTEN’: CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH IN LISA TETZNER'S IST PAUL SCHULDIG? (1945)*
Authors: Pinfold Debbie 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTLiterary presentations of children in war tend to depict them exclusively as innocent victims. Indeed, even those texts featuring children who have been subjected to, and have ostensibly absorbed, Nazi indoctrination continue to insist on a Romantic myth of childhood as the embodiment of a prelapsarian past and redemptive potential for the future. This essay, however, focuses on the way the exiled author Lisa Tetzner (1894–1963) uses images of childhood to negotiate concepts of guilt and responsibility in her novel for younger readers, Ist Paul schuldig? (1945), the seventh volume of her series Die Kinder aus Nr. 67. It will argue that the novel anticipates debates about German guilt first fully articulated in Karl Jaspers's Die Schuldfrage (1946), as well as later debates about German wartime suffering. It will further suggest that by focusing on the moral guilt of an individual adolescent whose childhood backstory is very familiar to the reader, the novel creates a challenging and yet sympathetic space where not only youthful German readers might have explored the extent of their personal responsibility for the Third Reich in 1945.Literarische Kriegskinder werden zum großen Teil als ausschließlich unschuldige Opfer dargestellt. Auch in Texten, in denen Kinder der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie ausgesetzt werden und diese scheinbar übernehmen, wird ein romantischer Mythos von Kindheit als Verkörperung einer ursprünglichen Unschuld und eines erlösenden Zukunftspotenzials aufrechterhalten. Dieser Aufsatz aber analysiert Ist Paul schuldig? (1945), den siebten Band der Jugendromanserie Die Kinder aus Nr. 67, in dem die Exilautorin Lisa Tetzner (1894–1963) Kindheitsbilder benutzt, gerade um sich mit Vorstellungen von Schuld und Verantwortung auseinanderzusetzen. Es wird argumentiert, dass dieser Roman sowohl Debatten über deutsche Schuld vorwegnimmt, die zum ersten Mal in Karl Jaspers Die Schuldfrage (1946) ausführlich dargelegt wurden, als auch spätere Debatten über deutsches Kriegsleiden. Ferner wird argumentiert, dass Tetzner durch ihre Beschreibung der moralischen Schuld eines einzelnen Heranwachsenden, dessen Kindheitsgeschichte dem Leser vertraut ist, nicht nur jugendlichen Lesern einen relativ geschützten Raum bietet, sich 1945 offen mit dem Ausmaß ihrer persönlichen Verantwortung für die Ereignisse des Dritten Reiches auseinanderzusetzen.
NOT JUST DEATH AND RUINS: THE YOUNG, AND NEW BEGINNINGS IN GERMAN ‘RUBBLE FILMS’
Authors: Wölfel Ute 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe article looks at ‘Trümmerfilme’ from different zones of occupation and discusses the roles which the young were allocated on German post‐war screens. While in all films under‐age characters are central to negotiating the severe national crisis following the end of World War II and the defeat of the Nazi dictatorship, the analysis highlights emerging differences in the depiction of the young between films from the Soviet Zone and the Western zones of occupation. Despite the general use of the young as figures of distraction from the adults’ involvement in Nazi crimes, children in films from the Soviet Zone help to articulate a new national ideal based on collective, public productivity, while the young in films from the Western zones help to formulate the dangers inherited from the immediate past. These differences are reflected in the opposing depictions of the young as innocent in the East and feral in the West, as well as in the intergenerational relations resulting from this. While the children's potential in the East replaces the parent generation, which is implicitly marked as guilty, the dangers posed by the young in the West strengthen the authority of the parents and the nuclear‐family model.Der Aufsatz untersucht Trümmerfilme aus den verschiedenen Besatzungszonen und diskutiert die Rollen, die Kindern und Jugendlichen auf den deutschen Kinoleinwänden zwischen 1945 und 1949 gegeben wurden. Während Minderjährige in allen Filmen eine wichtige Rolle spielen bei der Aufarbeitung der nationalen Krise nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs und der Niederlage der NS Diktatur, stellt die Analyse auch Unterschiede heraus, die sich in der Darstellung von Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen den Filmen der SBZ und jenen der westlichen Zonen bereits abzeichnen. Ungeachtet der allgemeinen Verwendung von Kindern als Figuren der Ablenkung von der Einbindung der Erwachsenenwelt in die Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus, helfen Kinderfiguren in Filmen aus dem Osten ein neues Ideal zu formulieren, das auf öffentlicher, kollektiver Produktivität beruht, wogegen Jugendliche in Filmen der westlichen Zonen die gefährliche Hinterlassenschaft der unmittelbaren Vergangenheit verkörpern. Diese Unterschiede schlagen sich nieder in der entgegengesetzten Darstellung von Kindern als unschuldig im Osten und gefährlich im Westen, sowie in dem daraus resultierenden Generationenverhältnis: Während das Potential der Kinderfiguren im Osten eine implizit schuldige Elterngeneration ersetzt, werden im Westen die Elterngeneration und das Kleinfamilienmodell durch die Gefährdung, die von den Jugendlichen ausgeht, gestärkt.
EAST OR WEST, RODINA IS BEST: SHAPING A SOCIALIST ‘HEIMAT’ IN GERMAN AND SOVIET FILM OF THE OCCUPATION PERIOD
Authors: Kostetskaya Anastasia 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThis essay examines how films of the occupation period encode the gradual consolidation of a post‐war national identity for East Germans in the emerging GDR. For this purpose, this article offers a comparative analysis of the two films Irgendwo in Berlin (1946) by Gerhardt Lamprecht and U nikh est’ rodina (1949) by Aleksandr Fainzimmer, translated into German as Sie haben eine Heimat. I focus on how the films employ images of children in order to foreground and illuminate the culturally specific but overlapping concepts of homeland – ‘Heimat’ and rodina – as essential for the ideas of nation and belonging. Both films provide ideological commentary on the post‐war occupation of Germany through the theme of the family fragmented by the war and the need for familial restoration. Hence a child‐parent paradigm becomes central to the exposition of the opposing perspectives: those of the infantilised occupied and the paternalistic occupier. My discussion uncovers cross‐cultural, historical continuity between the films. It demonstrates that the Soviet film provides ‘solutions’ to the problems of German post‐war identity posed in Irgendwo in Berlin, while the concept of ‘Heimat’ offers a viable framework for the appropriation of Soviet‐style socialism by the GDR.Dieser Aufsatz untersucht, wie Filme der Besatzungszeit die allmähliche Festigung der staatlichen Nachkriegsidentität der Ostdeutschen in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone kodieren. Dazu wird eine vergleichende Analyse von zwei Filmen, Irgendwo in Berlin (1946) von Gerhardt Lamprecht, und U nikh est’ rodina (1949) von Aleksandr Fainzimmer, übersetzt ins Deutsche als Sie haben eine Heimat, vorgelegt. Ich konzentriere mich darauf, wie die Filme Darstellungen von Kindern nutzen, um die kulturspezifischen aber überlappenden Konzepte des Geburtslandes – Heimat und rodina – als wesentlich für die Vorstellung von Nationalität und Zugehörigkeit zu beleuchten. Beide Filme liefern mit dem Motiv der im Krieg zerrütteten Familie und der Notwendigkeit der Familienerneuerung einen ideologischen Kommentar zur Besetzung Deutschlands. Daher wird ein Eltern‐Kind‐Paradigma zum zentralen Element bei der Darstellung gegensätzlicher Perspektiven: der des infantilisierten Besetzten und der des paternalistischen Besetzers. Meine Erörterung zeigt eine interkulturelle historische Kontinuität zwischen den beiden Filmen auf. Sie veranschaulicht, dass der sowjetische Film ‘Lösungen’ für die in Irgendwo in Berlin aufgeworfenen Probleme der deutschen Nachkriegsidentität bietet, während das Heimat‐Konzept einen praktikablen Rahmen für die Aneignung eines Sozialismus sowjetischen Stils durch die DDR bietet.
Efficacy of Heat Disinfection With the Aksys Personal Hemodialysis System
Authors: Kenley Rodney S. 
Published: September 2016

The first objective of this study was to validate the use of water at 85°C ± 5°C to achieve high‐level disinfection of a clean‐in‐place extracorporeal dialysis circuit. The second objective was to demonstrate that applying this hot water method to the entire fluid pathways of a newly designed dialysis instrument, including an integral reverse‐osmosis membrane, routinely allowed the production of back‐filtered dialysate meeting the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) standard for the water for injection (WFI). In a first study, six dialyzers were inoculated with P. aeruginosa, incubated, and subjected to 75°C water for 30 minutes. No organisms could be recovered from the experimental dialyzers nor from three negative controls, but they were recovered from three positive controls. In a second study, the carbon tanks in the water inlet line and the dialysate tank were both inoculated with massive amounts of dialysis water‐adapted Gram‐negative organisms, followed by seven dialysis treatments using bovine blood, where the fifth and sixth procedures were separated by 2 idle days and the sixth and seventh procedures were separated by 3 idle days. In addition, the bovine blood used in each treatment was highly contaminated. In every case, the back‐filtered dialysate met the WFI standard.From the above results we conclude that a hot water disinfection process is efficacious in reducing even grossly exaggerated contamination in the Aksys personal hemodialysis system to the point where it can produce water and dialysate that greatly exceed the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standards and priming and rinse‐back solution (back‐filtered dialysate) that meets the USP standard for WFI.
Are mental health staff getting better at asking about abuse and neglect?
Authors: Sampson Maria , Read John 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study ascertained the extent to which abuse and neglect are identified and recorded by mental health services. A comprehensive audit of 250 randomly selected files from four community mental health centres in Auckland, New Zealand was conducted, using similar methodology to that of a 1997 audit in the same city so as to permit comparisons. Significant increases, compared to the 1997 audit, were found in the rates of child sexual and physical abuse, and adulthood sexual assault (but not adulthood physical assault) identified in the files. Identification of physical and emotional neglect, however, was poor. Male service users were asked less often than females; and male staff enquired less often than female staff. People with a diagnosis indicative of psychosis, such as ‘schizophrenia’, tended to be asked less often and had significantly lower rates of abuse/neglect identified. Despite the overall improvement, mental health services are still missing significant amounts of childhood and adulthood adversities, especially neglect. All services need clear policies that all service users be asked about both abuse and neglect, whatever their gender or diagnosis, and that staff receive training that address the barriers to asking and to responding therapeutically to disclosures.
Virtual communication about psychiatric intensive care units: Social actor representatives claim space on Twitter
Authors: Salzmann‐Erikson Martin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPsychiatric intensive care units (PICU) provide care for those with the worst phases of mental illness. What defines a PICU is often decided locally at hospitals. The aim of the present study was to explore and describe a contemporary discourse on how PICU are socially constructed from virtual discussions. An explorative and descriptive study design was applied for this qualitative inquiry using discourse methodology. The data were collected in Twitter's search string and consists of 215 Twitter postings. A framework of social actor representatives that form the discourse was established and presented in three categories: (i) hospital and agencies communicating about PICU; (ii) health‐care professionals communicating about PICU; and (iii) service users and relatives communicating about PICU. Hospitals, agencies, and health‐care professionals hold great power and responsibility for informing the public about PICU. Transparent and informative tweets could turn the mystery of PICU into more specific, positive portrayals.
Peer support interventions seeking to improve physical health and lifestyle behaviours among people with serious mental illness: A systematic review
Authors: Stubbs Brendon , Williams Julie , Shannon Jennifer , Gaughran Fiona , Craig Tom 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPeople with serious mental illness (SMI) experience a premature mortality gap of between 10 and 20 years. Interest is growing in the potential for peer support interventions (PSI) to improve the physical health of people with SMI. We conducted a systematic review investigating if PSI can improve the physical health, lifestyle factors, and physical health appointment attendance among people with SMI. A systematic search of major electronic databases was conducted from inception until February 2016 for any article investigating PSI seeking to improve physical health, lifestyle, or physical health appointment attendance. From 1347 initial hits, seven articles were eligible, including three pilot randomized, control trials (interventions: n = 85, controls: n = 81), and four pretest and post‐test studies (n = 54). There was considerable heterogeneity in the type of PSI, and the role of the peer support workers (PSW) varied considerably. Three studies found that PSI resulted in insignificant reductions in weight. Evidence from three studies considering the impact of PSI on lifestyle changes was equivocal, with only one study demonstrating that PSI improved self‐report physical activity and diet. Evidence regarding physical health appointment attendance was also unclear across four studies. In conclusion, there is inconsistent evidence to support the use of PSW to improve the physical health and promote lifestyle change among people with SMI. The small sample sizes, heterogeneity of interventions, outcome measures, and lack of clarity about the unique contribution of PSW means no definitive conclusions can be made about the benefits of PSW and physical health in SMI.