bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation and validation of a two-biomarker panel for diagnosis of ARDS in patients with severe traumatic injuries
Authors: Ware Lorraine B , Zhao Zhiguo , Koyama Tatsuki , Brown Ryan M , Semler Matthew W , Janz David R , May Addison K , Fremont Richard D , Matthay Michael A , Cohen Mitchell J , Calfee Carolyn S 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is common after severe traumatic injuries but is underdiagnosed and undertreated. We hypothesized that a panel of plasma biomarkers could be used to diagnose ARDS in severe trauma. To test this hypothesis, we derived and validated a biomarker panel in three independent cohorts and compared the diagnostic performance to clinician recognition of ARDS.MethodsEleven plasma biomarkers of inflammation, lung epithelial and endothelial injury were measured in a derivation cohort of 439 severe trauma patients. ARDS status was analyzed by two-investigator consensus, and cases were required to meet Berlin criteria on intensive care unit (ICU) day 1. Controls were subjects without ARDS during the first 4 days of study enrollment. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to generate probabilities for ARDS. A reduced model with the top two performing markers was then tested in two independent validation cohorts. To assess clinical diagnosis of ARDS, medical records in the derivation cohort were systematically searched for documentation of ARDS diagnosis made by a clinical provider.ResultsAmong 11 biomarkers, the combination of the endothelial injury marker angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and the lung epithelial injury marker receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) provided good discrimination for ARDS in the derivation cohort (area under the curve (AUC)=0.74 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.80). In the validation cohorts, the AUCs for this model were 0.70 (0.61 to 0.77) and 0.78 (0.71 to 0.84). In contrast, provider assessment demonstrated poor diagnostic accuracy for ARDS, with AUC of 0.55 (0.51 to 0.60).DiscussionA two-biomarker panel consisting of Ang-2 and RAGE performed well across multiple patient cohorts and outperformed clinical providers for diagnosing ARDS in severe trauma. Clinical application of this model could improve both diagnosis and treatment of ARDS in patients with severe trauma.Level of evidenceDiagnostic study, level II.
CITY SIZE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND WAGES IN KOREA
Authors: LEE BUN SONG , HONG SUNG HYO , WOHAR MARK E. 
Published: August 2017

This study attempts to derive policy implications for spatially-balanced growth through empirical analysis on determinants of regional wage gaps in Korea. Combes et al. [(2008) Spatial wage disparities: Sorting Matters. Journal of Urban Economics, 63, 723–742] suggest that regional wage gaps result from the regional differences in workers’ human capital, nonhuman endowments, and agglomeration economies. The current study applies a similar two-stage estimation model to the 2006 cross-sectional data for 4009 workers from the Korean Labor Panel Survey (KLPS) performed by the Korea Labor Institute. Localization economies are positive external effects from the geographic concentration of firms in the same industry. We find evidence of localization economies in our research. The second stage estimation results for the determinants of regional wage gaps show that the average wage is higher in areas that concentrate in a small number of industries rather than in areas that are diversified with many industries. This result is in direct contrast to the findings from Combes et al. [(2008) Spatial wage disparities: Sorting Matters. Journal of Urban Economics, 63, 723–742] who analyze the French labor market data. This difference can be explained by the possibility that in Korea the improved quality of life (e.g., better education services) and/or the increase in job mobility in large diversified metropolitan areas induce workers to accept relatively lower wages in those areas. In order to resolve the bias in the estimation of the agglomeration effects caused by the heterogeneity of workers, we also performed panel regressions of the 2nd 2000 and the 7th 2005 KLPS panel data of 7431 observations. The panel regression results also support our original findings from regressions of the 8th 2006 KLPS data.
Herbarium Racketensis: a stroll through the woods (functional pearl)
Authors: St-Amour Vincent , Feltey Daniel , Florence Spencer P. , You Shu-Hung , Findler Robert Bruce 
Published: August 2017

Domain-specific languages are the ultimate abstraction, dixit Paul Hudak. But what abstraction should we use to build such ultimate abstractions? What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander: a language, of course!
Racket is the ultimate abstraction-abstraction, a platform for quickly and easily building new ultimate abstractions. This pearl demonstrates Racket's power by taking a leisurely walk through the implementation of a DSL for Lindenmayer systems, the computational model par excellence of theoretical botany.
Lock-step simulation is child's play (experience report)
Authors: Breitner Joachim , Smith Chris 
Published: August 2017

Implementing multi-player networked games by broadcasting the player’s input and letting each client calculate the game state -- a scheme known as *lock-step simulation* – is an established technique. However, ensuring that every client in this scheme obtains a consistent state is infamously hard and in general requires great discipline from the game programmer. The thesis of this pearl is that in the realm of functional programming – in particular with Haskell's purity and static pointers – this hard problem becomes almost trivially easy.
We support this thesis by implementing lock-step simulation under very adverse conditions. We extended the educational programming environment CodeWorld, which is used to teach math and programming to middle school students, with the ability to create and run interactive, networked multi-user games. Despite providing a very abstract and high-level interface, and without requiring any discipline from the programmer, we can provide consistent lock-step simulation with client prediction.
On the expressive power of user-defined effects: effect handlers, monadic reflection, delimited control
Authors: Forster Yannick , Kammar Ohad , Lindley Sam , Pretnar Matija 
Published: August 2017

We compare the expressive power of three programming abstractions for user-defined computational effects: Plotkin and Pretnar's effect handlers, Filinski's monadic reflection, and delimited control without answer-type-modification. This comparison allows a precise discussion about the relative expressiveness of each programming abstraction. It also demonstrates the sensitivity of the relative expressiveness of user-defined effects to seemingly orthogonal language features.
We present three calculi, one per abstraction, extending Levy's call-by-push-value. For each calculus, we present syntax, operational semantics, a natural type-and-effect system, and, for effect handlers and monadic reflection, a set-theoretic denotational semantics. We establish their basic metatheoretic properties: safety, termination, and, where applicable, soundness and adequacy. Using Felleisen's notion of a macro translation, we show that these abstractions can macro-express each other, and show which translations preserve typeability. We use the adequate finitary set-theoretic denotational semantics for the monadic calculus to show that effect handlers cannot be macro-expressed while preserving typeability either by monadic reflection or by delimited control. Our argument fails with simple changes to the type system such as polymorphism and inductive types. We supplement our development with a mechanised Abella formalisation.
Chaperone contracts for higher-order sessions
Authors: Melgratti Hernán , Padovani Luca 
Published: August 2017

Contracts have proved to be an effective mechanism that helps developers in identifying those modules of a program that violate the contracts of the functions and objects they use. In recent years, sessions have established as a key mechanism for realizing inter-module communications in concurrent programs. Just like values flow into or out of a function or object, messages are sent on, and received from, a session endpoint. Unlike conventional functions and objects, however, the kind, direction, and properties of messages exchanged in a session may vary over time, as the session progresses. This feature of sessions calls for contracts that evolve along with the session they describe.
In this work, we extend to sessions the notion of chaperone contract (roughly, a contract that applies to a mutable object) and investigate the ramifications of contract monitoring in a higher-order language that features sessions. We give a characterization of correct module, one that honors the contracts of the sessions it uses, and prove a blame theorem. Guided by the calculus, we describe a lightweight implementation of monitored sessions as an OCaml module with which programmers can benefit from static session type checking and dynamic contract monitoring using an off-the-shelf version of OCaml.
Concurrent PD-1 Blockade Negates the Effects of OX40 Agonist Antibody in Combination Immunotherapy through Inducing T-cell Apoptosis
Authors: Shrimali Rajeev K. , Ahmad Shamim , Verma Vivek , Zeng Peng , Ananth Sudha , Gaur Pankaj , Gittelman Rachel M. , Yusko Erik , Sanders Catherine , Robins Harlan , Hammond Scott A. , Janik John E. , Mkrtichyan Mikayel , Gupta Seema , Khleif Samir N. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Combination therapies that depend on checkpoint inhibitor antibodies (Abs) such as for PD-1 or its ligand (PD-L1) together with immune stimulatory agonist Abs like anti-OX40 are being tested in the clinic to achieve improved antitumor effects. Here, we studied the potential therapeutic and immune effects of one such combination: Ab to PD-1 with agonist Ab to OX40/vaccine. We tested the antitumor effects of different treatment sequencing of this combination. We report that simultaneous addition of anti–PD-1 to anti-OX40 negated the antitumor effects of OX40 Ab. Antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumor was diminished, the resultant antitumor response weakened, and survival reduced. Although we observed an increase in IFNγ-producing E7-specifc CD8+ T cells in the spleens of mice treated with the combination of PD-1 blockade with anti-OX40/vaccine, these cells underwent apoptosis both in the periphery and the tumor. These results indicate that anti–PD-1 added at the initiation of therapy exhibits a detrimental effect on the positive outcome of anti-OX40 agonist Ab. These findings have important implications on the design of combination immunotherapy for cancer, demonstrating the need to test treatment combination and sequencing before moving to the clinic. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(9); 755–66. ©2017 AACR.
Arterial Stiffness Is Associated With Cytomegalovirus‐Specific Senescent CD8
+
T Cells
Authors: Yu Hee Tae , Youn Jong‐Chan , Kim Jong Hoon , Seong Yeon‐Jae , Park Su‐Hyung , Kim Hyeon Chang , Lee Won‐Woo , Park Sungha , Shin Eui‐Cheol 
Published: August 2017

Background
Arterial stiffness is a well‐known predictor of future cardiovascular events. Search for the underlying mechanism of arterial stiffening is still under way. We investigated the relationship between arterial stiffness and cytomegalovirus infection in terms of T‐cell senescence.

Methods and Results

Arterial stiffness was evaluated using pulse wave velocity measurements in 415 Koreans (age 59±12 years). We also investigated the frequency of
CD
57
+
or
CD
28
null
senescent T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes and analyzed which immune parameters were correlated with pulse wave velocity. Furthermore, cytomegalovirus‐specific T cells were stimulated with overlapping peptides covering pp65 protein, and T‐cell function was evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining of interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and
CD
107a. In a multivariate analysis, it was found that the frequency of
CD
57
+
cells in the
CD
8
+
T‐cell subset was independently correlated with pulse wave velocity after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, sex, diabetes mellitus history, smoking history, body mass index, blood pressure, serum creatinine, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. Cytomegalovirus pp65‐specific T cells were more frequently observed in the
CD
8
+
CD
57
+
population than in the
CD
8
+
CD
57
−
population, and multivariate analysis revealed that the frequency of cytomegalovirus pp65‐specific interferon‐γ
+
, tumor necrosis factor‐α
+
, or
CD
107a
+
cells in the
CD
8
+
T‐cell subset was independently correlated with pulse wave velocity as well.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that arterial stiffness is associated with senescent
CD
57
+
T cells and
CMV
pp65‐specific T cells in the
CD
8
+
T‐cell subset. The precise role of cytomegalovirus‐specific, senescent T cells in vascular aging needs to be further investigated.
Statistical Learning of Melodic Patterns Influences the Brain's Response to Wrong Notes
Authors: Moldwin Toviah , Schwartz Odelia , Sussman Elyse S. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The theory of statistical learning has been influential in providing a framework for how humans learn to segment patterns of regularities from continuous sensory inputs, such as speech and music. This form of learning is based on statistical cues and is thought to underlie the ability to learn to segment patterns of regularities from continuous sensory inputs, such as the transition probabilities in speech and music. However, the connection between statistical learning and brain measurements is not well understood. Here we focus on ERPs in the context of tone sequences that contain statistically cohesive melodic patterns. We hypothesized that implicit learning of statistical regularities would influence what was held in auditory working memory. We predicted that a wrong note occurring within a cohesive pattern (within-pattern deviant) would lead to a significantly larger brain signal than a wrong note occurring between cohesive patterns (between-pattern deviant), even though both deviant types were equally likely to occur with respect to the global tone sequence. We discuss this prediction within a simple Markov model framework that learns the transition probability regularities within the tone sequence. Results show that signal strength was stronger when cohesive patterns were violated and demonstrate that the transitional probability of the sequence influences the memory basis for melodic patterns. Our results thus characterize how informational units are stored in auditory memory trace for deviance detection and provide new evidence about how the brain organizes sequential sound input that is useful for perception.
Contributions of the North Pacific Meridional Mode to Ensemble Spread of ENSO Prediction
Authors: Ma Jing , Xie Shang-Ping , Xu Haiming 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Seasonal prediction of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) employs the ensemble method, which samples the uncertainty in initial conditions. While much attention has been given to the ensemble mean, the ensemble spread limits the reliability of the forecast. Spatiotemporal coevolution of intermember anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) and low-level winds over the Pacific is examined in ensemble hindcasts. Two types of evolution of intermember SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific are identified. The first features an apparent southwestward propagation of the SST spread from the subtropical northeastern Pacific southeast of Hawaii to the central equatorial Pacific in boreal winter–spring, indicative of the precursor effect of the North Pacific meridional mode (NPMM) on ENSO variability. Extratropical atmospheric variability generates ensemble spread in ENSO through wind–evaporation–SST (WES) in the subtropical northeastern Pacific and then Bjerknes feedback on the equator. In the second type, ensemble spread grows in the equatorial Pacific with a weak contribution from the subtropical southeastern Pacific in summer. Thus, the extratropical influence on ENSO evolution is much stronger in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. The growth of Niño-4 SST ensemble spread shows a strong seasonality. In hindcasts initialized in September–March, the Niño-4 SST spread grows rapidly in January–April, stabilizes in May–June, and grows again in July–September. The rapid growth of the Niño-4 SST spread in January–April is due to the arrival of NPMM, while the slowdown in May–June and rapid growth in July–September are attributable primarily to the seasonality of equatorial ocean–atmosphere interaction. NPMM contributes to the ensemble spread in equatorial Pacific SST, limiting the reliability of ENSO prediction.
Loop-Type Wave-Generation Method for Generating Wind Waves under Long-Fetch Conditions
Authors: Takagaki Naohisa , Komori Satoru , Ishida Mizuki , Iwano Koji , Kurose Ryoichi , Suzuki Naoya 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIt is important to develop a wave-generation method for extending the fetch in laboratory experiments, because previous laboratory studies were limited to the fetch shorter than several dozen meters. A new wave-generation method is proposed for generating wind waves under long-fetch conditions in a wind-wave tank, using a programmable irregular-wave generator. This new method is named a loop-type wave-generation method (LTWGM), because the waves with wave characteristics close to the wind waves measured at the end of the tank are reproduced at the entrance of the tank by the programmable irregular-wave generator and the mechanical wave generation is repeated at the entrance in order to increase the fetch. Water-level fluctuation is measured at both normal and extremely high wind speeds using resistance-type wave gauges. The results show that, at both wind speeds, LTWGM can produce wind waves with long fetches exceeding the length of the wind-wave tank. It is observed that the spectrum of wind waves with a long fetch reproduced by a wave generator is consistent with that of pure wind-driven waves without a wave generator. The fetch laws between the significant wave height and the peak frequency are also confirmed for the wind waves under long-fetch conditions. This implies that the ideal wind waves under long-fetch conditions can be reproduced using LTWGM with the programmable irregular-wave generator.
Critical Airway Team: A Retrospective Study of an Airway Response System in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Sterrett Emily C. , Myer Charles M. , Oehler Jennifer , Das Bobby , Kerrey Benjamin T. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveStudy the performance of a pediatric critical airway response team.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingFreestanding academic children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsA structured review of the electronic medical record was conducted for all activations of the critical airway team. Characteristics of the activations and patients are reported using descriptive statistics. Activation of the critical airway team occurred 196 times in 46 months (March 2012 to December 2015); complete data were available for 162 activations (83%). For 49 activations (30%), patients had diagnoses associated with difficult intubation; 45 (28%) had a history of difficult laryngoscopy.ResultsActivation occurred at least 4 times per month on average (vs 3 per month for hospital‐wide codes). The most common reasons for team activation were anticipated difficult intubation (45%) or failed intubation attempt (20%). For 79% of activations, the team performed an airway procedure, most commonly direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Bronchoscopy was performed in 47% of activations. Surgical airway rescue was attempted 4 times. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation occurred in 41 activations (25%). Twenty‐nine patients died during or following team activation (18%), including 10 deaths associated with the critical airway event.ConclusionCritical airway team activation occurred at least once per week on average. Direct laryngoscopy, tracheal intubation, and bronchoscopic procedures were performed frequently; surgical airway rescue was rare. Most patients had existing risk factors for difficult intubation. Given our rate of serious morbidity and mortality, primary prevention of critical airway events will be a focus of future efforts.
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Foreman Andrew , Lee Daniel J. , McMullen Caitlin , de Almeida John , Muhanna Nidal , Gama Ricardo Ribeiro , Giuliani Meredith , Liu Geoffrey , Bratman Scott V. , Huang Shao Hui , O’Sullivan Brian , Song Yuyao , Xu Wei , Goldstein David P. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo identify any association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and survival outcomes for mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. An association has been demonstrated between T2DM and cancer outcomes at numerous sites, but data for the head and neck are limited. Improving our understanding of the impact that diabetes has on head and neck cancer survival is relevant for making treatment decisions and counseling patients regarding prognosis.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingAcademic tertiary referral head and neck cancer center.Subjects and MethodsBy accessing data retrospectively from prospectively collected databases at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, patients were studied who were treated for mucosal head and neck squamous cell cancer between January 2005 and December 2011. Collection of clinical, pathologic, and survival data was completed with an emphasis on T2DM.ResultsOf 2498 patients identified in the study period, 319 (12.8%) had T2DM. Five‐year overall survival was not different between the diabetic (64%, 95% CI = 58%‐71%) and nondiabetic (67%, 95% CI = 65%‐69%; P =. 078) groups. Furthermore, cause‐specific survival did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between groups (diabetic: 84%, 95% CI = 79%‐88%, vs nondiabetic: 84%, 95% CI = 82%‐86%; P =. 67).ConclusionDespite contradictory evidence at other cancer sites, the presence of T2DM alone does not appear to adversely affect cancer survival outcomes in head and neck squamous cell cancer. This is encouraging for the diabetic patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer, and it provides guidance for the multidisciplinary team that treats them.