bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shaping ceramics through indirect selective laser sintering
Authors: Deckers Jan Patrick , Shahzad Khuram , Cardon Ludwig , Rombouts Marleen , Vleugels Jozef , Kruth Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare different powder metallurgy (PM) processes to produce ceramic parts through additive manufacturing (AM). This creates the potential to rapidly shape ceramic parts with an almost unlimited shape freedom. In this paper, alumina (Al2O3) parts are produced, as Al2O3is currently the most commonly used ceramic material for technical applications.Design/methodology/approachVariants of the following PM route, with indirect selective laser sintering (indirect SLS) as the AM shaping step, are explored to produce ceramic parts: powder synthesis, indirect SLS, binder removal and furnace sintering and alternative densification steps.FindingsFreeform-shaped Al2O3parts with densities up to approximately 90 per cent are obtained.Research limitations/implicationsThe resulting Al2O3parts contain inter-agglomerate pores. To produce higher-quality ceramic parts through indirect SLS, these pores should be avoided or eliminated.Originality/valueThe research is innovative in many ways. First, composite powders are produced using different powder production methods, such as temperature-induced phase separation and dispersion polymerization. Second, four different binder materials are investigated: polyamide (nylon-12), polystyrene, polypropylene and a carnauba wax – low-density polyethylene combination. Further, to produce ceramic parts with increased density, the following densification techniques are investigated as additional steps of the PM process: laser remelting, isostatic pressing and infiltration.
Fast–slow life history is correlated with individual differences in movements and prey selection in an aquatic predator in the wild
Authors: Nakayama Shinnosuke , Rapp Tobias , Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Fast and slow life histories are proposed to covary with consistent individual differences in behaviour, but little is known whether it holds in the wild, where individuals experience natural fluctuations of the environment.

We investigated whether individual differences in behaviour, such as movement traits and prey selection, are linked to variation in life‐history traits in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the wild.

Using high‐resolution acoustic telemetry, we collected the positional data of fish in a whole natural lake and estimated individual movement traits by fitting a two‐state correlated random walk model. Prey selection was inferred from stable isotope analysis using scale samples. Life‐history traits were estimated by fitting a biphasic growth model to an individual growth trajectory back‐calculated from scale samples.

Life‐history traits were correlated with behavioural traits such as movements and prey selection. Individuals with higher reproductive effort were found to switch more frequently between active and inactive modes and show greater reliance on prey from pelagic pathways (indicated by lower δ13C). Further, individuals with faster juvenile growth were found to stay active for a longer time during the adult stage.

Our results demonstrate the link between individual behavioural differences and fast–slow life‐history traits under ecologically relevant conditions.
Forest diversity promotes individual tree growth in central European forest stands
Authors: Chamagne Juliette , Tanadini Matteo , Frank David , Matula Radim , Paine C. E. Timothy , Philipson Christopher D. , Svátek Martin , Turnbull Lindsay A. , Volařík Daniel , Hector Andy 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Most experimental evidence on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning comes from ecosystems with fast‐growing plants, such as grasslands. Although forests provide essential ecological services, they have been less well investigated.

We used dendrochronology to compare the tree radial growth rates of four important timber species in replicated, spatially mapped stands that differed in tree composition and diversity within a central European managed forest.

Growth rates differed among species but were largely unaffected by the density of neighbouring trees.

Increasing stand diversity enhanced individual growth rates, after accounting for the effects of tree density and size. These increases were statistically indistinguishable among the four species. In contrast, the effects of stand and neighbourhood species composition on growth rates were non‐significant.

Policy implications. Our study of long‐established central European forest stands revealed levels of tree diversity can be increased in managed forests, with the potential for modest increases in tree growth rates. These results suggest that in addition to the biodiversity and risk mitigation benefits associated with shifting practices away from monoculture management, increased carbon sequestration and yields in mature forests are likely to be realized. Our results suggest that it is possible to increase forest diversity with little or no costs to production and even with the potential for modest increases in tree growth rates.
Sound of silence: the beauvericin cluster in Fusarium fujikuroi is controlled by cluster‐specific and global regulators mediated by H3K27 modification
Authors: Niehaus Eva‐Maria , Studt Lena , von Bargen Katharina W. , Kummer Wiebke , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Reuter Gunter , Tudzynski Bettina 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIn this study, we compared the secondary metabolite profile of Fusarium fujikuroi and the histone deacetylase mutant ΔHDA1. We identified a novel peak in ΔHDA1, which was identified as beauvericin (BEA). Going in line with a 1000‐fold increased BEA production, the respective non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)‐encoding gene (BEA1), as well as two adjacent genes (BEA2‐BEA3), were significantly up‐regulated in ΔHDA1 compared to the wild type. A special role was revealed for the ABC transporter Bea3: deletion of the encoding gene resulted in significant up‐regulation of BEA1 and BEA2 and drastically elevated product yields. Furthermore, mutation of a conserved sequence motif in the promoter of BEA1 released BEA repression and resulted in elevated product levels. Candidate transcription factors (TFs) that could bind to this motif are the cluster‐specific TF Bea4 as well as a homolog of the global mammalian Kruppel‐like TF Yin Yang 1 (Yy1), both acting as repressors of BEA biosynthesis. In addition to Hda1, BEA biosynthesis is repressed by the activity of the H3K27 methyltransferase Kmt6. Consistently, Western blot analyses revealed a genome‐wide enrichment of H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in the ΔHDA1 and KMT6 knock‐down mutants. Subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed elevated H3K27ac modification levels at the BEA cluster.
In situ simulation in emergency medicine: Moving beyond the simulation lab
Authors: Petrosoniak Andrew , Auerbach Marc , Wong Ambrose H , Hicks Christopher M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn situ simulation (ISS), a point of care training strategy that occurs within the patient care environment involving actual healthcare team members, provides additional benefits to centre‐based simulation. ISS can serve several roles within emergency medicine (EM): improves provider/team performance, identifies and mitigates threats to patient safety and improves systems and infrastructure. The effective use of ISS fosters inter‐professional team training and a culture of safety essential for high performance EM teams and resilient systems. Using a case example, this article addresses the uses of ISS in EM, strategies for implementation and mitigation strategies for ED‐specific challenges.
Effect of Fermentation Temperature on the Volatile Composition of Kimchi
Authors: Hong Sang Pil , Lee Eun Joo , Kim Young Ho , Ahn Dong Uk 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermentation temperature on the volatile composition in Kimchi. Kimchi was fermented at 2 temperature conditions (4 and 20 °C). Volatile compounds of Kimchi samples were analyzed during the fermentation periods using the dynamic headspace gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry method. The optimum ripening time for the Kimchi fermented at 4 °C was 35 d, and that of 20 °C was 2 d. The pH at the optimum ripening time was 4.97 and 4.41, and the titratable acidity was 0.59% and 0.76% for the Kimchi fermented at 4 and 20 °C, respectively. Forty different types of volatile compounds, including alcohol, aldehyde, ester, and sulfur compounds, were identified. The Kimchi fermented at 20 °C produced greater amounts of volatile compounds than that at 4 °C. The amounts of most volatiles increased as the fermentation time increased, but those of aldehydes decreased rapidly during both 4 and 20 °C fermentation. Organic acids, ester, and nitriles were detected only in Kimchi fermented at 20 °C. The amounts of dimethyl disulfide, methyl‐2‐propenyl disulfide, and di‐2‐propenyl disulfide produced from the Kimchi fermented at 20 °C were more than 2‐times of those at 4 °C. Therefore, it is concluded that the strong pungent odor of Kimchi fermented at 20° C is probably due to the high amount of organic acids (low pH) and sulfur compounds (dimethyl disulfide, methyl‐2‐propenyl disulfide, and di‐2‐propenyl disulfide) between the 2 Kimchi.
External finance and dividend policy: a twist by financial constraints
Authors: He Zhong , Chen Xiaoyan , Huang Wei , Pan Rulu , Shi Jing 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study assesses distorting effect of financial constraints on the inverse relationship between internal and external finance by examining impact of an exogenous financing shock (i.e. a regulation released in China in 2008) on dividend policies in a quasi‐natural experimental setting. Our result shows that in the absence of the regulation, the inverse relationship holds. However, the relation is twisted by the 2008 regulation. Compared with unconstrained firms, financially constrained firms are more willing to pay dividends and are more restrained to reduce cash dividends after the regulation, despite the fact that their external financing capacities are further constrained.
In aid of (re)discovered species: maximizing conservation insights from minimal data
Authors: Brichieri‐Colombi T. A. , McPherson J. M. , Sheppard D. J. , Moehrenschlager A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNew species discoveries or the rediscovery of species once considered extinct or extirpated is good news, and yet prospects for long‐term survival may be bleak if remnant populations are small and isolated. Because (re)discovered species are commonly rare or cryptic, data to inform appropriate conservation actions are usually sparse. We demonstrate how to make the most of available data, using the recent rediscovery in Ghana of sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei as an illustrative case study. Sitatunga were thought extinct in Ghana for over 50 years, but were ‘rediscovered’ by science in Avu Lagoon in 1998. Little is known about this species, especially West African populations, given its cryptic nature and inaccessible wetland habitat. Our approach to maximizing insights given limited data first paired observations of occurrence with landscape characteristics derived from open‐access remote sensing data, creating the first ever habitat suitability model for sitatunga. This model then served to: (1) elucidate habitat preferences; (2) assess possible existence and connectivity of remnant populations elsewhere in Ghana; and (3) estimate maximum total and effective population size. Moreover, the timing of occurrence sightings provided insights into behavior. Sitatunga sightings were rare, heavily male‐biased and mostly occurred between 6 pm and 6 am. Suitable habitat was limited, suggesting that habitat in and near Avu Lagoon is insufficient to ensure long‐term population viability, and the existence of other, connected populations in Ghana is improbable. Without continued protection, and possibly additional interventions to augment population numbers or gene flow, the sitatunga in Avu Lagoon will likely go extinct. Our case study demonstrates the conservation challenges associated with the rediscovery of relict populations, and the utility of applying tools such as habitat suitability models to sparse data. Moreover, our research stresses the need to implement immediate conservation action upon species (re)discoveries to prevent (regional) extinction.
Ethnic Networks
Authors: Larson Jennifer M. , Lewis Janet I. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractActive research on a wide range of political contexts centers on ethnicity's role in collective action. Many theories posit that information flows more easily in ethnically homogeneous areas, facilitating collective action, because social networks among coethnics are denser. Although this characterization is ubiquitous, little empirical work assesses it. Through a novel field experiment in a matched pair of villages in rural Uganda, this article directly examines word‐of‐mouth information spread and its relationship to ethnic diversity and networks. As expected, information spread more widely in the homogeneous village. However, unexpectedly, the more diverse village's network is significantly denser. Using unusually detailed network data, we offer an explanation for why network density may hamper information dissemination in heterogeneous areas, showing why even slight hesitation to share information with people from other groups can have large aggregate effects.
Contamination of single‐use bronchoscopes in critically ill patients
Authors: McGrath B. A. , Ruane S. , McKenna J. , Thomas S. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryDisposable bronchoscopes such as the Ambu aScopeTM 3 are marketed as ‘single use’ The risks of contamination from prolonged device storage before possible re‐use are unknown. Following clinical bronchoscopy in patients whose lungs were mechanically ventilated, 20 aScopeTM 3's bronchoscopes received a standard ‘social clean’ and were then stored. Subsequent paired saline flush and swab samples were taken at time zero, and at 24 h and 48 h. Positive microbiological cultures were obtained from at least one time point from 16 of the 20 bronchoscopes. Pathogens considered at high risk of causing pneumonia were isolated from seven bronchoscopes, with significant quantities from six of them. Our study demonstrates that aScopeTM 3's should not be re‐used on the same patient, as clinically significant growth of micro‐organisms occurs frequently, despite adequate social cleaning. Culture of bronchoscopes themselves may be a potentially useful diagnostic tool in the context of pulmonary infection. Our data make it clear that these devices are single use and not single patient use.
Cerebral oxygenation during changes in vascular resistance and flow in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass – a physiological proof of concept study
Authors: Sperna Weiland N. H. , Brevoord D. , Jöbsis D. A. , de Beaumont E. M. F. H. , Evers V. , Preckel B. , Hollmann M. W. , van Dieren S. , de Mol B. A. J. M. , Immink R. V. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryDespite a rise in blood pressure, cerebral oxygenation decreases following phenylephrine administration, and we hypothesised that phenylephrine reduces cerebral oxygenation by activating cerebral α1 receptors. We studied patients on cardiopulmonary bypass during constant flow. Phenylephrine raised mean arterial pressure (α1‐mediated) from mean (SD) 69 (8) mmHg to 79 (8) mmHg; p = 0.001, and vasopressin raised mean arterial pressure (V1 mediated) from 69 (8) mmHg to 83 (6) mmHg; p = 0.001. Both drugs elicited a comparable decrease in cerebral oxygenation from 61 (7)% to 60 (7)%; p = 0.023 and 61 (8)% to 59 (8)%; p = 0.022, respectively. This implies that after phenylephrine or vasopressin administration, cerebral oxygenation declines as a result of cerebral vasoconstriction, due to either both cerebral α1 and V1 receptors being equipotentially activated or to an intrinsic myogenic mechanism of cerebral vasculature in reaction to blood pressure elevation.
Polymorphisms in ABCB1 and CYP19A1 genes affect anastrozole plasma concentrations and clinical outcomes in postmenopausal breast cancer patients
Authors: Gervasini Guillermo , Jara Carlos , Olier Clara , Romero Nuria , Martínez Ruth , Carrillo Juan Antonio 
Published: October 2016

AimsAnastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor widely used in breast cancer, has recently been indicated to be a P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) substrate. We have aimed to determine whether ABCB1 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can affect anastrozole plasma concentrations in these patients. In addition, we assessed the impact of SNPs in CYP19A1 and TCL1A on the development of arthralgia and cancer recurrence in our series.MethodsThis study included 110 postmenopausal women with hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer. Anastrozole plasma levels were determined by a liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry system. Patients were genotyped for SNPs in the ABCB1, TCL1A and CYP19A1 genes to search for associations with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics parameters using logistic regression models.ResultsAnastrozole concentrations showed an almost nine‐fold interindividual variability (mean 26.95 ± 11.91 ng ml−1). The ABCB1 2677‐TT genotype was associated with higher plasma levels (32.22 ± 12.82 vs. 25.86 ± 11.56 ng ml−1 for GG/GT subjects; 95% confidence interval: –12.3 to –0.40), whilst the 3435‐TT genotype showed a protective effect on the risk of arthralgia (odds ratio = 0.32 [0.11–0.89]; P = 0.029). The CYP19A1 rs1008805 GG genotype was strongly and inversely associated with arthralgia (odds ratio = 0.24 [0.09–0.65], P = 0.004); however, SNPs near the TCL1A gene were not linked to this adverse effect. None of the patients who had cancer recurrence harboured the CYP19A1 rs727479 AA genotype, which, in contrast, was present in 38% of patients who did not relapse (P for trend = 0.031).ConclusionOur findings indicate that variability in anastrozole plasma levels may be attributable to the status of the ABCB1 gene locus. Furthermore, genetic variants in CYP19A1 were associated with arthralgia and cancer recurrence in our patients.
The era of comparable life expectancy between thalassaemia major and intermedia: Is it time to revisit the major‐intermedia dichotomy?
Authors: Vitrano Angela , Calvaruso Giuseppina , Lai Eliana , Colletta Grazia , Quota Alessandra , Gerardi Calogera , Concetta Rigoli Luciana , Pitrolo Lorella , Cuccia Liana , Gagliardotto Francesco , Filosa Aldo , Caruso Vincenzo , Argento Crocetta , Campisi Saveria , Rizzo Michele , Prossomariti Luciano , Fidone Carmelo , Fustaneo Maria , Di Maggio Rosario , Maggio Aurelio 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIn the last few decades, the life expectancy of regularly transfused β‐thalassaemia major (TM) patients has dramatically improved following the introduction of safe transfusion practices, iron chelation therapy, aggressive treatment of infections and improved management of cardiac complications. How such changes, especially those attributed to the introduction of iron chelation therapy, improved the survival of TM patients to approach those with β‐thalassaemia intermedia (TI) remains unknown. Three hundred and seventy‐nine patients with TM (n = 284, dead 40) and TI (n = 95, dead 13) were followed retrospectively since birth until 30 June 2015 or death. Kaplan‐Meir curves showed statistically significant differences in TM and TI survival (P < 0·0001) before the introduction of iron chelation in 1965, which were no longer apparent after that date (P = 0·086), reducing the Hazard Ratio of death in TM compared to TI from 6·8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2·6–17·5] before 1965 to 2·8 (95% CI 0·8–9·2). These findings suggest that, in the era of iron chelation therapy and improved survival for TM, the major‐intermedia dichotomy needs to be revisited alongside future directions in general management and prevention for both conditions.
Impaired oligodendroglial turnover is associated with myelin pathology in focal cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Scholl Theresa , Mühlebner Angelika , Ricken Gerda , Gruber Victoria , Fabing Anna , Samueli Sharon , Gröppel Gudrun , Dorfer Christian , Czech Thomas , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Prabowo Avanita S. , Reinten Roy J. , Hoogendijk Lisette , Anink Jasper J. , Aronica Eleonora , Feucht Martha 
Published: October 2016

AbstractConventional antiepileptic drugs suppress the excessive firing of neurons during seizures. In drug‐resistant patients, treatment failure indicates an alternative important epileptogenic trigger. Two epilepsy‐associated pathologies show myelin deficiencies in seizure‐related brain regions: Focal Cortical Dysplasia IIB (FCD) and cortical tubers in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Studies uncovering white matter‐pathology mechanisms are therefore urgently needed to gain more insight into epileptogenesis, the propensity to maintain seizures, and their associated comorbidities such as cognitive defects. We analyzed epilepsy surgery specimens of FCD IIB (n = 22), TSC (n = 8), and other malformations of cortical development MCD (n = 12), and compared them to autopsy and biopsy cases (n = 15). The entire lesional pathology was assessed using digital immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blotting for oligodendroglial lineage, myelin and mTOR markers, and findings were correlated to clinical parameters. White matter pathology with depleted myelin and oligodendroglia were found in 50% of FCD IIB and 62% of TSC cases. Other MCDs had either a normal content or even showed reactive oligodendrolial hyperplasia. Furthermore, myelin deficiency was associated with increased mTOR expression and the lower amount of oligodendroglia was linked with their precursor cells (PDGFRa). The relative duration of epilepsy (normalized to age) also correlated positively to mTOR activation and negatively to myelination. Decreased content of oligodendroglia and missing precursor cells indicated insufficient oligodendroglial development, probably mediated by mTOR, which may ultimately lead to severe myelin loss. In terms of disease management, an early and targeted treatment could restore normal myelin development and, therefore, alter seizure threshold and improve cognitive outcome.