bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of the Nurses’ Health Studies to Reproductive Health Research
Authors: Chavarro Jorge E. , Rich-Edwards Janet W. , Gaskins Audrey J. , Farland Leslie V. , Terry Kathryn L. , Zhang Cuilin , Missmer Stacey A. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives. To review the Nurses’ Health Study’s (NHS’s) contribution to identifying risk factors and long-term health consequences of reproductive events. Methods. We performed a narrative review of the NHS I, NHS II, NHS3, and Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) publications between 1976 and 2016. Results. Collection of detailed reproductive history to identify breast cancer risk factors allowed the NHS to document an association between menstrual irregularities, a proxy for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The NHS II found that infertility associated with ovulation problems and gestational diabetes are largely preventable through diet and lifestyle modification. It also identified developmental and nutritional risk factors for pregnancy loss, endometriosis, and uterine leiomyomata. As women in NHS II age, it has become possible to address questions regarding long-term health consequences of pregnancy complications and benign gynecologic conditions on chronic disease risk. Furthermore, the NHS3 and GUTS are allowing new lines of research into human fertility, PCOS, and transgenerational effects of environmental exposures. Conclusions. The multigenerational resources of the NHSs and GUTS, including linkages of related individuals across cohorts, can improve women’s health from preconception through late adulthood and onto the next generation.
Early-Time Analysis of Tracers for Use in Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Flood Optimization
Authors: Michael Shook G.. , Sharma Abhinav , Pope Gary A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary
Tracer testing is a powerful tool for reservoir surveillance. Conducting and analyzing an interwell tracer test (IWTT) before starting an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) flood provides specific information required to balance the pattern's swept pore volume (PV) and to optimize chemical or solvent use. Tracer testing also plays an important role in EOR by establishing a baseline for estimating incremental volume swept and recovery factor.
A key limitation to tracer testing is the time required to obtain a complete interpretation of the test results. Conventional interpretation methods require observing exponential decline in the tracer concentration from all producers; depending on the pattern size and processing rate, this can take many months or years. Meanwhile, the EOR flood is delayed, thereby eroding its value and reducing the remaining oil target. We have developed a method for analyzing tracer data from relatively early times that is based, in part, on a new way to extrapolate the tracer data, providing timely information to optimize flood performance. The extrapolation can be performed soon after the peak tracer concentration is observed in the well with the slowest response. We illustrate the extrapolation procedure with a synthetic, yet realistic, data set showing that the new methods result in a good approximation at much earlier times. We then compare ‘early time analysis’ swept PVs with the (correct) swept PVs using the complete tracer data set. We also discuss how early-time approximations can thus provide the opportunity to optimize chemical-flood performance and to enable field startup of EOR floods in a timely fashion.
Rangsorok és tükörképek – ahogy a leendő hallgatók választanak
Authors: Csuka Gyongyi , Szivos Mihaly 
Published: July 2016

A tanulmány a szerzők felmérésének adatait dolgozza fel, amely vizsgálta azt, mennyire ismerik a leendő hallgatók az egyetemi rangsorokat, és hogyan veszik azokat figyelembe döntéseik során. A többség ismeri, de azok korántsem válnak meghatározó tényezővé a döntéseikben. Hangsúlyosan veszik figyelembe azt, hogy jó tanáraik legyenek, hasznosítható tudásra tegyenek szert, és végül az elhelyezkedésüket biztosító diplomához jussanak. Megpróbálnak több forrásból is ismeretekhez jutni, és az is megmutatkozott, hogy ezek közül az internet vált a legfontosabbá, amelyet már felkészülten és rutinszerűen használnak. Kimutatható, hogy ugyanakkor a személyre szabottabb tájékoztatási formákat is keresik, amelyek számát a jövőben célszerű lenne gyarapítani.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: Z13
Az épített örökség védelme és a gazdasági stratégia
Authors: Csaba László 
Published: July 2016

Ez az esszé öt tételben vizsgálja, hogy a magyarországi épített örökség miért jutott olyan rossz helyzetbe, s a rendszerváltozás óta eltelt közel negyedszázad miért nem volt képes leküzdeni a háború és a szocializmus örökségét. Az írás második felében megkíséreljük fölvázolni azt, milyen gazdasági stratégia mentén lenneelérhető az a cél, hogy a hazai épített örökség üzleti és társadalmi hasznosítása is megvalósuljon. Ekkor tehertétel helyett – más országokban tapasztalt módon – a gazdasági fölemelkedés tartós tényezőjévé válhat.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: I38, O21, P20, R11
A growth accounting fejlődése a növekedéselméletek tükrében
Authors: Nádasi Levente 
Published: July 2016

Jelen írásban röviden bemutatom az egyes növekedéselméletek fejlődését, számba véve az egyes fejlődési szakaszokban a növekedés legfontosabb forrásainak tekintett tényezőket. Mivel a termelési függvény egyik fontos paramétere, a helyettesítési rugalmasság értéke nem egységnyi, ahogyan azt a nemzetközi vizsgálatokban alkalmazott Cobb–Douglas-termelési függvény feltételezi, és a helyettesítési rugalmasság értéke 1-től eltérő is lehet, szükséges egy általánosabb, CES típusú (Constant Elasticity of Substitution – állandó helyettesítési rugalmasságú) „termelési függvény”-család alkalmazása is. Technikai kérdésként felmerül a termelési tényezők csoportosítása is. A helyettesítési rugalmasság egyben hatékonysági tényező is, ezért a termelési függvény ezen jellemzője kiemelt szerepet kap az elemzésben. Végül összefoglalom azokat a legjelentősebb irodalmakat, amelyek főként a növekedés összetételével (growth accounting) foglalkoznak, és megpróbálnak választ találni arra a kérdésre, hogy mely faktorok játszanak jelentős vagy kevésbé jelentős szerepet a gazdasági növekedésben. A growth accounting erősen összekapcsolódik a növekedéselméletekkel, így a megfelelő pontokon visszautalok az egyes növekedéselméletekre is.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E13, O47
gazdasági növekedés gyorsításának esélyei Magyarországon 2030-ig
Authors: Mihályi Péter 
Published: July 2016

A rendszerváltás nem hozta meg, amit leginkább várt a magyar közvélemény: a nyugati orrszágok életszínvonalához való felzárkózást. Ez 2030-ig sem fog bekövetkezni. Ma már világos, hogy a foglalkoztatás növelésében, a humán tőke formális képzésben testet öltő gyarapításában és az innovációban sokkal kevesenn növekedési tartalék van, mint azt a hazai közgazdasági gondolkodás tudni véli. Egyetlen komoly növekedési tartalékunk van: a vállalatok tulajdonosi koncentrációja nyomán, a méret- és választékgazdaságosságban rejlő előnyök kihasználásával kell növelni a vállalatok termelékenységét. Érdemileg nem lesz több munkáskéz, azoknak kell termelékenyebben dolgozni - másutt és másképpen -, akik már ma is dolgoznak. Ezen túlmenően a nagy elosztó rendszerek strukturális reformja és a beruházási ráta növelése is elengedhetetlen. Mindenekelőtt azonban, először "fejben" kell megváltozni, a termelékenység növelése útjában álló jogi, ideológiai és szemléletbeli akadályokat kell lebontani. Az ország politikai elitjének meg kell értenie és el kell fogadnia, hogy nincs olyan rövid távú társadalompolitikai cél, amiért érdemes feláldoznia termelékenység növekedését.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E66, O47, O50, O52
Journey Through the Theory of Economic Development
Authors: Delcea Lavinia Sidonia 
Published: July 2016

The theory of development economics changed signifcantly from the first attempts of defining the concepts in the 50s until nowadays. The contributions to the development theory are at the same time closely related to the historical context of the underdeveloped and developing countries. This paper tries to facilitate the understanding of the way development economics evolved, by presenting the main contributions to the theory. The research methodology used in this study is analytical, based on the gatherinf of the information, its organisation in a logical way, the presentation and analysis of the most significant ones, and finally the drawing of relevant conclusions. The main findings of this paper are that after five decades of strong ideas and recipes of economic development we have reached a point of uncertainty regarding what is beneficial or harmful for the nations' economic development.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification: O10.
Do Electrochemiluminescence Assays Improve Prediction of Time to Type 1 Diabetes in Autoantibody-Positive TrialNet Subjects?
Authors: Fouts Alexandra , Pyle Laura , Yu Liping , Miao Dongmei , Michels Aaron , Krischer Jeffrey , Sosenko Jay , Gottlieb Peter , Steck Andrea K. ,   the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE
To explore whether electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays can help improve prediction of time to type 1 diabetes in the TrialNet autoantibody-positive population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
TrialNet subjects who were positive for one or more autoantibodies (microinsulin autoantibody, GAD65 autoantibody [GADA], IA-2A, and ZnT8A) with available ECL-insulin autoantibody (IAA) and ECL-GADA data at their initial visit were analyzed; after a median follow-up of 24 months, 177 of these 1,287 subjects developed diabetes.

RESULTS
Univariate analyses showed that autoantibodies by radioimmunoassays (RIAs), ECL-IAA, ECL-GADA, age, sex, number of positive autoantibodies, presence of HLA DR3/4-DQ8 genotype, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measurements were all significantly associated with progression to diabetes. Subjects who were ECL positive had a risk of progression to diabetes within 6 years of 58% compared with 5% for the ECL-negative subjects (P &lt; 0.0001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were compared, with the base model including age, sex, OGTT measurements, and number of positive autoantibodies by RIAs. The model with positivity for ECL-GADA and/or ECL-IAA was the best, and factors that remained significantly associated with time to diabetes were area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide, fasting C-peptide, AUC glucose, number of positive autoantibodies by RIAs, and ECL positivity. Adding ECL to the Diabetes Prevention Trial risk score (DPTRS) improved the receiver operating characteristic curves with AUC of 0.83 (P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
ECL assays improved the ability to predict time to diabetes in these autoantibody-positive relatives at risk for developing diabetes. These findings might be helpful in the design and eligibility criteria for prevention trials in the future.
Isokinetic strength of fully operational U.S. Navy Seals with a previous history of shoulder and knee injury
Authors: Sell Timothy C. , Clark Nicholas C. , Abt John P. , Lovalekar Mita , Lephart Scott M. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: Unintentional musculoskeletal injury has a significant impact on military personnel which is amplified in U.S. Navy Sea, Air, and Land Operators who participate in year round physical and tactical training. Full recovery from injury including restoration of strength is necessary for safe participation in training and performance of missions. Inadequate recovery may predispose the Operator to risk of future injury. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine isokinetic knee and shoulder strength of previously injured Operators who had returned to full duty. METHODS: Two previously injured cohorts, a knee injury group(n = 46) and a shoulder injury group (n = 55), were created from a larger group of Operators (n = 305) who had undergone strength testing. A comparison cohort was also created from each injury group (knee injury control group (n = 77) and shoulder injury control group (n = 121). All participants underwent isokinetic strength testing of their group assigned joint. This included knee flexion/extension strength testing for the knee group and shoulder internal/external rotation strength testing for the shoulder group. Side-to-side comparisons were made within each injury group and to the control group (injured extremity to strongest extremity of the control group). Individual counts within the injured Operators with strength deficits greater than 10% in their injured extremity were also performed. RESULTS: No significant side-to-side or between group differences were observed for the knee injury group. No significant side-to-side or between group differences were observed except for shoulder external rotation strength which was significantly different between groups(p = 0.003). Side-to-side strength deficits greater than 10% were observed in 20 to 25% of the injured Operators. CONCLUSION: The group comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of the military group's rehabilitation and performance training programs, but continued vigilance and tracking of injured individuals are necessary to insure full recovery and return to duty as a small number of each injured cohort did have strength deficits bilaterally.
Zinc supplementation in male infertility
Authors: Fatima Parveen , Begum Nurjahan , Lshrat Shakeela , Banu Jesmin , Anwary Shaheen Ara , Rolly Suriya Jahan , Aziz Itrat , Rahman Dilruba , Hossain Humayra Bushra , Hossain Humayra Nawrin 
Published: July 2016

Background: Inferile males have been shown to have lower levels of seminal plasma zinc which have been associated with reduced levels of zinc in their blood. Supplementation improve semen parameters by improving zinc level in blood. Objective: To fnd out whether zinc supplementation is effective in improving semen parameters in oligo­asthenozoospermic patients.Method: The study was carried out in the Infertility unit of the Dept of Obs & Gynae, BSMMU during the period of March 2011 to February 2012. Seventy five oligo-asthenozoospermic patients having no history of medical treatment were recruited for the study. The patients were divided into two groups by odd and even numbers. Odd numbers received tablet zinc 20 mg twice daily (Group A) and even numbers received placebo (Group B).Serum zinc level and seminal zinc level estimation were done by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectropho­tometry and semen analysis was done according to WHO guidelines (1999). Data analysis was done using software SPSS (version 16) by applying ANOVA (PostHock) and Paired Student's 't' test.Results: Serum zinc level was low in oligo­zoospermic patients which showed significant improvement with zinc supplementation (A+ 197.83 mmol/1, P<0.01). Mean (±SD) seminal plasma zinc level showed significant improvement in group A following zinc supplementation (+942.39 mmol/L, P<0.001). The mean increase in sperm count, sperm motility, sperm rapid linear motility, sperm morphology in group A following zinc supplementation for 12 weeks was 14.83 million/ml (P<0.01), 16.30% (P<0.01), 11.96% (P<0.01), 4.26% (P<0.001) respectively, which was statistically significant.Conclusion: The study shows zinc deficiency affects sperm count, sperm motility, rapid linear motility and sperm morphology and with zinc supplementa­tion there can be significant improvement in semen parameters.
A PRACTICAL THEOREM ON USING INTERFEROMETRY TO MEASURE THE GLOBAL 21 cm SIGNAL
Authors: Venumadhav Tejaswi , Chang Tzu-Ching , Doré Olivier , Hirata Christopher M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The sky-averaged, or global, background of redshifted 21 cm radiation is expected to be a rich source of information on cosmological reheating and reionization. However, measuring the signal is technically challenging: one must extract a small, frequency-dependent signal from under much brighter spectrally smooth foregrounds. Traditional approaches to study the global signal have used single antennas, which require one to calibrate out the frequency-dependent structure in the overall system gain (due to internal reflections, for example) as well as remove the noise bias from auto-correlating a single amplifier output. This has motivated proposals to measure the signal using cross-correlations in interferometric setups, where additional calibration techniques are available. In this paper we focus on the general principles driving the sensitivity of the interferometric setups to the global signal. We prove that this sensitivity is directly related to two characteristics of the setup: the cross-talk between readout channels (i.e., the signal picked up at one antenna when the other one is driven) and the correlated noise due to thermal fluctuations of lossy elements (e.g., absorbers or the ground) radiating into both channels. Thus in an interferometric setup, one cannot suppress cross-talk and correlated thermal noise without reducing sensitivity to the global signal by the same factor—instead, the challenge is to characterize these effects and their frequency dependence. We illustrate our general theorem by explicit calculations within toy setups consisting of two short-dipole antennas in free space and above a perfectly reflecting ground surface, as well as two well-separated identical lossless antennas arranged to achieve zero cross-talk.
INTERSTELLAR PICKUP ION ACCELERATION IN THE TURBULENT MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE SOLAR WIND TERMINATION SHOCK USING A FOCUSED TRANSPORT APPROACH
Authors: Ye Junye , Roux Jakobus A. le , Arthur Aaron D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We study the physics of locally born interstellar pickup proton acceleration at the nearly perpendicular solar wind termination shock (SWTS) in the presence of a random magnetic field spiral angle using a focused transport model. Guided by Voyager 2 observations, the spiral angle is modeled with a q-Gaussian distribution. The spiral angle fluctuations, which are used to generate the perpendicular diffusion of pickup protons across the SWTS, play a key role in enabling efficient injection and rapid diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) when these particles follow field lines. Our simulations suggest that variation of both the shape (q-value) and the standard deviation (σ-value) of the q-Gaussian distribution significantly affect the injection speed, pitch-angle anisotropy, radial distribution, and the efficiency of the DSA of pickup protons at the SWTS. For example, increasing q and especially reducing σ enhances the DSA rate.
WHY IS A FLARE-RICH ACTIVE REGION CME-POOR?
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Wang Yuming , Wang Jingxiu , Shen Chenglong , Ye Pinzhong , Liu Rui , Chen Jun , Zhang Quanhao , Wang S. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Solar active regions (ARs) are the major sources of two of the most violent solar eruptions, namely flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The largest AR in the past 24 years, NOAA AR 12192, which crossed the visible disk from 2014 October 17 to 30, unusually produced more than one hundred flares, including 32 M-class and 6 X-class ones, but only one small CME. Flares and CMEs are believed to be two phenomena in the same eruptive process. Why is such a flare-rich AR so CME-poor? We compared this AR with other four ARs; two were productive in both and two were inert. The investigation of the photospheric parameters based on the SDO/HMI vector magnetogram reveals that the flare-rich AR 12192, as with the other two productive ARs, has larger magnetic flux, current, and free magnetic energy than the two inert ARs but, in contrast to the two productive ARs, it has no strong, concentrated current helicity along both sides of the flaring neutral line, indicating the absence of a mature magnetic structure consisting of highly sheared or twisted field lines. Furthermore, the decay index above the AR 12192 is relatively low, showing strong constraint. These results suggest that productive ARs are always large and have enough current and free energy to power flares, but whether or not a flare is accompanied by a CME is seemingly related to (1) the presence of a mature sheared or twisted core field serving as the seed of the CME, or (2) a weak enough constraint of the overlying arcades.
Benefits and Challenges of Teaching Nursing Online: Exploring Perspectives of Different Stakeholders
Authors: Wingo Nancy P. , Peters Gary B. , Ivankova Nataliya V. , Gurley D. Keith 
Published: July 2016

Background:
Recruiting and retaining faculty to teach courses is crucial for online nursing programs to succeed. The purpose of this study was to gain a fuller understanding of the benefits and challenges of teaching nursing courses online by exploring the perspectives of faculty, administrators, and instructional designers at three schools of nursing in the southeastern United States.

Method:
This qualitative multiple case study explored perspectives of 21 participants from different stakeholder groups. Researchers used cross-case analysis and determined emerging themes in data collected from interviews, course demonstrations, and course documents.

Results:
Data analysis revealed themes regarding benefits and challenges for nursing instructors in (a) teaching strategies, (b) instructor availability, (c) training and support, and (d) institutional issues.

Conclusion:

This study found gaps in perspectives between participant groups that indicated a need for institutions to address communication issues, training program objectives, and institutional policies and procedures regarding online course design and delivery to promote faculty success and satisfaction. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(8):433–440.]
Attitudes Toward Nursing Students With Disabilities: Promoting Social Inclusion
Authors: Shpigelman Carmit-Noa , Zlotnick Cheryl , Brand Rachel 
Published: July 2016

Background:Nursing education programs rarely refer to individuals with disabilities as potential nursing students; more often, the assumption is that they are patients. Thus, this study aimed to capture nursing students' perspectives of social inclusion through examination of their attitudes toward nursing student colleagues with disabilities.Method:Paper-and-pencil structured surveys containing two validated scales were collected from Israeli nursing students (N= 270). Analyses included measuring associations using Pearson's correlation coefficient and general linear regression models.Results:Nursing students held relatively negative attitudes toward colleagues with disabilities, and these negative attitudes were correlated to attitudes toward people with disabilities in general, even after adjusting for noted confounders.Conclusion:Nurse educators and nursing students should be aware of prejudicial attitudes with their respective communities toward nursing student colleagues with disabilities, and they should work toward a better understanding that cultural competence and awareness extends not only to patients but also to one's colleagues. [J Nurs Educ.2016;55(8):441–449.]