bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women's Rights Organizations and Human Trafficking
Authors: Bell Sam R. , Banks Victoria 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesThis article examines the impact of women's rights organizations (WROs) in preventing human trafficking and improving state policies on trafficking. WROs, through their knowledge and experience working with governments, and the services they provide to women, are in a strong position to influence trafficking outcomes and policies.MethodsImplementing a cross‐national time series analysis of states between the years 2000 and 2007 with data on WRO presence within states, shaming by WROs, and data on trafficking flows and policy, we test our hypotheses.ResultsWe show support for the hypothesis that WRO presence and shaming can lead to improvements in this important policy area.ConclusionsIn a growing literature on the effects of NGOs on state policy and human rights, this study illustrates an additional important area where NGOs lead to improvements in policy outcomes.
A retrospective study to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of opportunistic infections after abdominal organ transplantation
Authors: Helfrich Mia , Dorschner Peter , Thomas Kathryn , Stosor Valentina , Ison Michael G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundMost epidemiologic studies of opportunistic infections (OI) following abdominal organ transplantation are derived prior to the era of contemporary immunosuppression and prophylaxis. These studies suggest that most OI occur within the first 6 months post transplant.MethodIn this single‐center, retrospective cohort study, we describe the epidemiology of OI in 359 consecutive abdominal organ transplant recipients, in the era of contemporary prophylaxis practices and alemtuzumab induction in kidney and simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplant recipients.ResultsNinety patients (25.1%) developed OI, with 53.3% of these occurring beyond 6 months. The most common OI were BK polyomavirus nephropathy (5.0%), cytomegalovirus (10.2%), varicella zoster virus (4.4%), and herpes simplex virus (1.1%), which typically occurred after discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis, and Clostridium difficile infections (7.8%).ConclusionOI had no impact on patient or graft survival at 12 months post transplant. In the era of contemporary immunosuppression and prophylaxis, a significant proportion of OI occur beyond 6 months. Additional strategies may be important to reduce the incidence of such late‐onset infections.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of norovirus infection in intestinal allograft compared to native intestine
Authors: Florescu Diana F. , Sonderup Jessica L. , Grant Wendy , Chong Pearlie P. , van Duin David , Kalil Andre C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundNo data are available on clinical manifestations and course of norovirus gastroenteritis (NVE) in intestinal allograft (from intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients, ITR) compared to native intestine (from other allograft recipients, nITR).MethodsThis was a retrospective study of solid organ transplant recipients with NVE at two centers from January 1, 2010 to April 1, 2014. Chi‐square, t‐test, linear and logistic regression analyses were done to compare NVE in ITR vs nITR patients.ResultsThe ITR (45 patients) were compared to nITR (107 patients). ITR were younger (odds ratio [OR]=0.90; P<.0001), less likely to receive anti‐lymphocyte induction therapy (OR=0.15; P<.0001), and had shorter time from transplant to NVE (OR=0.99; P=.008). On presentation ITR had less frequent nausea (OR=0.11; P<.0001) or vomiting (OR=0.36; P=.01), higher white blood cell count (OR=1.09; P=.001), and higher glomerular filtration rate (OR=1.02; P<.0001). ITR were less likely to receive anti‐motility agents (OR=9.6; P<.0001). ITR were more likely to stay longer on intravenous (IV) fluids (OR=1.18; P<.0001); have recurrent NVE (OR=4.25; P<.0001); have longer hospital stay (OR=1.07; P<.0001); develop acute rejection (OR=5.1; P=.006); and have lower overall survival (OR=0.28; P=.006).ConclusionsCompared to nITR, the ITR with NVE were significantly younger, had less nausea and vomiting at presentation, received less anti‐motility agents, required more IV fluids, and had longer hospital stay. A trend was seen for lower survival with NVE in ITR.
Clinically healthy overweight and obese dogs differ from lean controls in select CBC and serum biochemistry values
Authors: Radakovich Lauren B. , Truelove Matthew P. , Pannone Stephen C. , Olver Christine S. , Santangelo Kelly S. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundObesity is a global disease, affecting nearly half a billion people. Unfortunately, this trend is mirrored in our canine population.ObjectivesAs obesity is a complex inflammatory disease, there is a need to determine whether routine medical screening tests may indicate, or be influenced by, its presence. The objective of the current study was to determine if significant differences exist between CBC and biochemical profile values from control vs overweight/obese, client‐owned dogs considered clinically healthy.MethodsDogs presented for routine health examinations, including minor dental or elective surgical procedures, were retrospectively identified from a hospital population. Animals were allocated to 2 categories based on body condition score (BCS), and data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney nonparametric analysis with statistical significance at aP≤ .05.ResultsAfter exclusions, 116 dogs were assigned to the overweight/obese group (BCS ≥ 7) and 240 dogs to the control group (BCS = 4–6). Overweight/obese dogs had higher total leukocyte counts and higher plasma protein and globulin concentrations. Other differences were attributed to decreased serum water fraction (increased sodium, albumin, calcium, and anion gap) in the overweight/obese group. Interestingly, chloride concentration was decreased (in the face of increased sodium) in the obese group.ConclusionsThere is CBC and biochemical evidence to support the concern that obesity influences laboratory values, even in dogs considered clinically healthy. Prospective studies aimed at characterizing these changes are needed to provide insight into the connection between obesity and its comorbidities.
Use of the PARIHS Framework for Retrospective and Prospective Implementation Evaluations
Authors: Hill Jennifer N. , Guihan Marylou , Hogan Timothy P. , Smith Bridget M. , LaVela Sherri L. , Weaver Frances M. , Anaya Henry D. , Evans Charlesnika T. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework has been used by implementation researchers to assess factors impacting implementation and to use that information to identify optimal interventions and implementation strategies. In this paper, two studies are presented demonstrating the utility of PARIHS as a tool for retrospective and prospective evaluation of implementation in the health care setting.Study DesignDescriptive case study.MethodsA qualitative consensus process was used to evaluate provider perceptions of PARIHS constructs of evidence, context, and facilitation and their subelements which were scored on a continuum of low to high.ResultsThe first example demonstrates retrospective use of PARIHS which provided insight into the factors contributing to variations in implementation across sites in an ongoing program. Evidence was strong (high), whereas context noted some challenges in culture and measurement (mixed), and the presence of dedicated program facilitators was positive but dual roles limited their ability to fully support implementation (mixed). The second example demonstrates prospective use of PARIHS for evaluation which gathered information about intervention sites for the purposes of selecting implementation strategies responsive to site needs. Evidence supporting the intervention was limited (low), context noted that limited awareness of the intervention was a challenge (low), and that a strong internal facilitator supported implementation (high).Linking Evidence to ActionThe descriptive case study presented here underscores the value of a theory‐guided approach to implementation and highlights that PARIHS can help implementers understand factors impacting implementation, identify areas for future intervention, and inform selection of strategies to support or enhance implementation efforts.
Spinors and essential dimension
Authors: Garibaldi Skip , Guralnick Robert M. 
Published: March 2017

We prove that spin groups act generically freely on various spinor modules, in the sense of group schemes and in a way that does not depend on the characteristic of the base field. As a consequence, we extend the surprising calculation of the essential dimension of spin groups and half-spin groups in characteristic zero by Brosnan et al. [Essential dimension, spinor groups, and quadratic forms, Ann. of Math. (2) 171 (2010), 533–544], and Chernousov and Merkurjev [Essential dimension of spinor and Clifford groups, Algebra Number Theory 8 (2014), 457–472] to fields of characteristic different from two. We also complete the determination of generic stabilizers in spin and half-spin groups of low rank.
Rare Event Analysis Considering Data and Model
Uncertainty
Authors: El-Gheriani Malak , Khan Faisal , Zuo Ming J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In risk analysis of rare events, there is a need to adopt data from different sources with varying levels of detail (e.g., local, regional, categorical data). Therefore, it is very important to identify, understand, and incorporate the uncertainty that accompanies the data. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis (HBA) addresses uncertainty among the aggregated data for each event through generating an informative prior distribution for the event's parameter of interest. The Bayesian network (BN) approach is used to model accident causation. BN enables both inductive and abductive reasoning, which helps to better understand and minimize model uncertainty. In this work, the methodology is proposed to integrate BN with HBA to model rare events, considering both data and model uncertainty. HBA considers data uncertainty, while BN uses an adaptive model to better represent and manage model uncertainty. Application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using three types of offshore accidents. The proposed methodology provides a way to develop a dynamic risk analysis approach to rare events.
Exploring Pre-Service Physical Education Teacher Technology Use During Student Teaching
Authors: Jones Emily M. , Baek Jun-hyung , Wyant James D. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing preservice teachers’ (PST) experiences integrating technology within a guided action-based research project in the context of student teaching.Methods:Participants were enrolled at a rural, mid-Atlantic university (N = 80, 53 male; 27 female). Researchers retrieved archived data from five semesters of physical education (PE) student teaching cohorts. Data sources included: Technology Action Research Project poster presentations (n = 75) and reflective journal entries (n = 234). All identifiable information was removed, and qualitative data were analyzed inductively.Results:Three themes and subthemes emerged Student Clientele, Self as Teacher, and Others as Systems of Support as contributing agents in PSTs’ experiences integrating technology.Discussion/Conclusion:Results of this study support technology-rich field-based experiences for PSTs that are guided by an action research framework. Findings enhance our understanding of factors that facilitate and hinder early career PE teachers use of technology in teaching and learning settings.
Influence of Teaching Games for Understanding on Game Performance, Knowledge, and Variables Related to Adherence in Youth Sailing
Authors: Morales-Belando María Trinidad , Arias-Estero José L. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:To determine whether a TGfU intervention improved participants’ decision-making, skill execution, game performance, game involvement, game knowledge, enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to continue practicing sailing.Method:Participants were 19 sailors (age: M = 8.44, SD = 1.24 years old). This study followed a mixed-methods approach. The children participated in 12 TGfU intervention sessions and 2 prepost assessment sessions. We designed and validated the sessions, and the coach was trained in TGfU. Data were collected using GPAI during an Olympic triangle race, an ad hoc knowledge questionnaire, two psychological scales, and interviews of children and coach.Results:Statistically significant improvements were found in decision-making, Δ = 3.97, skill execution, Δ = .43, game performance, Δ = 5.34, and game involvement, Δ = 7.89.Discussion/Conclusion:The results support TGfU may serve to sail training in youth sport. Sailing coaches now have a teaching-learning framework that determines “what” and “how” the tasks must be, the feedback, and participant and coach behavior.
Narratives of Experiential Learning: Students’ Engagement in a Physical Activity-Based Service-Learning Course
Authors: Whitley Meredith A. , Walsh David , Hayden Laura , Gould Daniel 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:Three undergraduate students’ experiences in a physical activity-based service learning course are chronicled using narrative inquiry.Method:Data collection included demographics questionnaires, pre- and postservice interviews, reflection journals, postservice written reflections, and participant observations. The data were analyzed with comprehensive deductive and inductive analysis procedures, along with the creation of detailed narratives summarizing students’ individual experiences and outcomes.Results:Results revealed student growth and development, including leadership development, improved interpersonal skills, increased knowledge of social justice issues, and enhanced self-understanding. However, the number, depth, and complexity of these outcomes varied significantly, which was largely explained by individual variables (e.g., interest in learning, level of effort, degree of adaptability).Discussion:These findings highlight the opportunity for course instructors to lead reflective activities before and during the service-learning experience, along with providing individualized guidance and feedback on students’ learning, effort, and adaptability throughout the service-learning course.
Gender-Biased Communication in Physical Education
Authors: Valley Julia A. , Graber Kim C. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:This study examined physical education teachers’ awareness of gender equitable practices as well as the language and behaviors they employed in the physical education environment. The purpose of the study was to determine (a) what teachers know about gender equitable practices, (b) what types of gender bias are demonstrated, and (c) how teachers are influenced to adopt gender equitable behaviors in the physical education context.Method:A multiple-case study approach was used to provide an in-depth analysis of the attitudes and behaviors of four physical education teachers from four different schools. Teachers were formally and informally interviewed before, during, and after four extensive two-week periods of observations that included being audio recorded throughout the school day.Results:Themes emerged across the cases indicating that teachers engaged in teaching practices that reinforced gender stereotypes through biased language and gender segregation.Discussion/Conclusion:Teachers’ lack of awareness and understanding of gender equity prevented them from providing an inclusive learning experience for all students.
What are the critical elements of sideline screening that can be used to establish the diagnosis of concussion? A systematic review
Authors: Patricios Jon , Fuller Gordon Ward , Ellenbogen Richard , Herring Stanley , Kutcher Jeffrey S , Loosemore Mike , Makdissi Michael , McCrea Michael , Putukian Margot , Schneider Kathryn J 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundSideline detection is the first and most significant step in recognising a potential concussion and removing an athlete from harm. This systematic review aims to evaluate the critical elements aiding sideline recognition of potential concussions including screening tools, technologies and integrated assessment protocols.Data sourcesBibliographic databases, grey literature repositories and relevant websites were searched from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2016. A total of 3562 articles were identified.Study selectionOriginal research studies evaluating a sideline tool, technology or protocol for sports-related concussion were eligible, of which 27 studies were included.Data extractionA standardised form was used to record information. The QUADAS-2 and Newcastle-Ottawa tools were used to rate risk of bias. Strength of evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group system.Data synthesisStudies assessing symptoms, the King-Devick test and multimodal assessments reported high sensitivity and specificity. Evaluations of balance and cognitive tests described lower sensitivity but higher specificity. However, these studies were at high risk of bias and the overall strength of evidence examining sideline screening tools was very low. A strong body of evidence demonstrated that head impact sensors did not provide useful sideline concussion information. Low-strength evidence suggested a multimodal, multitime-based concussion evaluation process incorporating video review was important in the recognition of significant head impact events and delayed onset concussion.ConclusionIn the absence of definitive evidence confirming the diagnostic accuracy of sideline screening tests, consensus-derived multimodal assessment tools, such as the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool, are recommended. Sideline video review may improve recognition and removal from play of athletes who have sustained significant head impact events. Current evidence does not support the use of impact sensor systems for real-time concussion identification.
Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma and proportion of people with glaucoma in an urban outreach programme in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Kizor-Akaraiwe Nkiru N , Monye Henrietta I , Okeke Suhanya 
Published: March 2017

AimThe aim of this study was to determine the level of awareness and knowledge of glaucoma and the proportion of people with glaucoma among participants of a 1-day urban eye outreach programme.MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional survey. Data, collected by means of a structured questionnaire, included participants' demographic details, and awareness, knowledge and ocular status as regards glaucoma. Publicity for the outreach was created through the mass media (radio stations and television), churches, handbills, posters and different hospital staff. Data analysis was by Statistical Package for Social SciencesV.20.0. Associations between participants' demographic and other details were tested using Pearson's χ2test, and a p value of <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsFour hundred and seventy-eight (93.2%) of the 513 people in attendance were eligible and consented to participate. Awareness, knowledge and proportion of people with glaucoma in the study population were 65.5%, 36.8% and 14.5%, respectively. Awareness was significantly associated with attainment of some formal education, awareness of a positive family history, and having had an eye check prior to the outreach. The mass media was the most common information source. Good knowledge level was significantly associated with higher educational attainment and occupation, whereas proportion of people with glaucoma was significantly associated with increasing age.ConclusionImproving awareness with suitable content for the target population through effective means such as the mass media may be a veritable first step in combating blindness from glaucoma.
Dynamical dark energy: Scalar fields and running vacuum
Authors: Solà Joan , Gómez-Valent Adrià , de Cruz Pérez Javier 
Published: March 2017

Recent analyses in the literature suggest that the concordance [Formula: see text]CDM model with rigid cosmological term, [Formula: see text] may not be the best description of the cosmic acceleration. The class of “running vacuum models”, in which [Formula: see text] evolves with the Hubble rate, has been shown to fit the string of SNIa + BAO + H(z) + LSS + CMB data significantly better than the [Formula: see text]CDM. Here, we provide further evidence on the time-evolving nature of the dark energy (DE) by fitting the same cosmological data in terms of scalar fields. As a representative model, we use the original Peebles and Ratra potential, [Formula: see text]. We find clear signs of dynamical DE at [Formula: see text] c.l., thus reconfirming through a nontrivial scalar field approach the strong hints formerly found with other models and parametrizations.
Investigation of optical properties and local structure of Gd3+ doped nano-crystalline GeSe2
Authors: Hantour Hanan Hassan 
Published: March 2017

Pure and Gd-doped nano-crystalline GeSe2 were prepared by the melt-quenching technique. Structure analysis using Rietveld program suggests monoclinic structure for both virgin and doped samples with nano-particle size 41 nm for GeSe2 and 48 nm for Gd-doped sample. A wide optical band gap as estimated from absorbance measurements is 4.1 and 4.8 eV for pure and doped samples in accordance with the confinement effects. Raman spectra show two unresolved components at [Formula: see text]202 cm[Formula: see text] with broad line width. Also, well identified low intensity ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 145 cm[Formula: see text]) and high intensity ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 250 cm[Formula: see text]) bands are detected. For Gd-doped sample, the main band is shifted to lower energies and its full width at half maximum (FWHM) is reduced by [Formula: see text]50% accompanied by an intensity increase of about [Formula: see text]17 fold times. The photoluminescence analysis of the pure sample shows a main emission band at [Formula: see text]604 nm. This band is split into two separated bands with higher intensity. The detected emission bands at wavelength [Formula: see text]650 nm are assigned to transmission from 6G[Formula: see text] to the different 6P[Formula: see text] terms.