bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confronting preferential sampling when analysing population distributions: diagnosis and model‐based triage
Authors: Conn Paul B. , Thorson James T. , Johnson Devin S. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryPopulation surveys are often used to estimate the density, abundance, or distribution of natural populations. Recently, model‐based approaches to analyzing survey data have become popular because one can more readily accommodate departures from pre‐planned survey routes and construct more detailed maps than one can with design‐based procedures.Spatial models for population distributions (SMPDs) often make the implicit assumption that locations chosen for sampling and animal abundance at those locations are conditionally independent given modelled covariates. However, this assumption may be violated when survey effort is non‐randomized, leading to preferential sampling.We develop a hierarchical statistical modelling framework for detecting and alleviating the biasing effects of preferential sampling in spatial distribution models fitted to count data. The approach works by specifying a joint model for population density and the locations selected for sampling, and specifying a dependent correlation structure between the two processes.Using simulation, we show that moderate levels of preferential sampling can lead to large (e.g. 40%) bias in estimates of animal density and that our modelling approach can considerably reduce this bias. In contrast, preferential sampling did not appear to bias inferences about parameters informing species–habitat relationships (i.e. slope parameters).We apply our approach to aerial survey counts of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the eastern Bering Sea. As expected, models with a preferential sampling effect led to lower abundance than those without. However, several lines of reasoning (better predictive performance, higher biological realism) led us to prefer models without a preferential sampling effect for this dataset.When population surveys break from traditional scientific survey design principles, ecologists should recognize the potentially biasing effects of preferential sampling when estimating population density or occurrence. Joint models, such as those described in this paper, can be used to test and correct for such biases. However, such models can be unstable; ultimately the best way to avoid preferential sampling bias is to incorporate design‐based principles such as randomization and/or systematic sampling into survey design.
Recent advances in the use of nanoparticles for allergen‐specific immunotherapy
Authors: Pohlit H. , Bellinghausen I. , Frey H. , Saloga J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe number of patients suffering from allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis has increased dramatically within the last decades. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only available cause‐oriented therapy so far. AIT reduces symptoms, but has also a disease‐modifying effect. Disadvantages are a long‐lasting procedure, and in a few cases potential systemic adverse reactions. Encapsulation of allergens or DNA vaccines into nanostructures may provide advantages compared to the conventional AIT with noncapsulated allergen extracts: The protein/DNA molecule can be protected from degradation, higher local concentrations and targeted delivery to the site of action appear possible, and most importantly, recognition of encapsulated allergen by the immune system, especially by IgE antibodies, is prevented. AIT with nanoparticles (NPs) may offer a safer and potentially more efficient way of treatment for allergic diseases. In this review, we summarize the use of biodegradable NPs consisting of synthetic or natural polymers, liposomes, and virus‐like particles as well as nonbiodegradable NPs like dendrimers, and carbon‐ or metal‐based NPs for AIT. More or less successful applications of these NPs in prophylactic as well as therapeutic vaccination approaches in rodents or other animals as well as first human clinical trials are discussed in detail.
Non‐allergic rhinitis: Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Authors: Hellings P. W. , Klimek L. , Cingi C. , Agache I. , Akdis C. , Bachert C. , Bousquet J. , Demoly P. , Gevaert P. , Hox V. , Hupin C. , Kalogjera L. , Manole F. , Mösges R. , Mullol J. , Muluk N. B. , Muraro A. , Papadopoulos N. , Pawankar R. , Rondon C. , Rudenko M. , Seys S. F. , Toskala E. , Van Gerven L. , Zhang L. , Zhang N. , Fokkens W. J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis EAACI position paper aims at providing a state‐of‐the‐art overview on nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). A significant number of patients suffering from persistent rhinitis are defined as nonallergic noninfectious rhinitis (NANIR) patients, often denominated in short as having NAR. NAR is defined as a symptomatic inflammation of the nasal mucosa with the presence of a minimum of two nasal symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and/or itchy nose, without clinical evidence of endonasal infection and without systemic signs of sensitization to inhalant allergens. Symptoms of NAR may have a wide range of severity and be either continuously present and/or induced by exposure to unspecific triggers, also called nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR). NHR represents a clinical feature of both AR and NAR patients. NAR involves different subgroups: drug‐induced rhinitis, (nonallergic) occupational rhinitis, hormonal rhinitis (including pregnancy rhinitis), gustatory rhinitis, senile rhinitis, and idiopathic rhinitis (IR). NAR should be distinguished from those rhinitis patients with an allergic reaction confined to the nasal mucosa, also called “entopy” or local allergic rhinitis (LAR). We here provide an overview of the current consensus on phenotypes of NAR, recommendations for diagnosis, a treatment algorithm, and defining the unmet needs in this neglected area of research.
Riding the Rhino: Conservation, Conflicts, and Militarisation of Kaziranga National Park in Assam
Authors: Barbora Sanjay 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSince 2004, media and public opinion in Assam (India) have focused on increasing instances of poaching of rhinoceros for their horns and presence of Bengali‐speaking Muslim peasants, especially in and around the iconic Kaziranga National Park. From hastily made digital films, to anti‐poaching motifs at Durga Puja pandals, the plight of the rhinoceros has occupied an important position in an acrimonious political discourse on Assamese culture. The innocence and dignity attributed to the animal stands in marked contrast to the lack of discussion on the large numbers of young men who have been killed in anti‐poaching campaigns by the state. This article looks at the interstices of class, culture and commerce in an attempt to understand the popular deification of the rhinoceros and implications of the developmental discourse that seeks to put people and rhino in their “rightful” place.
ELAC (3,12‐di‐O‐acetyl‐8‐O‐tigloilingol), a plant‐derived lathyrane diterpene, induces subventricular zone neural progenitor cell proliferation through PKCβ activation
Authors: Murillo‐Carretero Maribel , Geribaldi‐Doldán Noelia , Flores‐Giubi Eugenia , García‐Bernal Francisco , Navarro‐Quiroz Elkin A , Carrasco Manuel , Macías‐Sánchez Antonio J , Herrero‐Foncubierta Pilar , Delgado‐Ariza Antonio , Verástegui Cristina , Domínguez‐Riscart Jesús , Daoubi Mourad , Hernández‐Galán Rosario , Castro Carmen 
Published: May 2017

Background and PurposePharmacological strategies aimed to facilitate neuronal renewal in the adult brain, by promoting endogenous neurogenesis, constitute promising therapeutic options for pathological or traumatic brain lesions. We have previously shown that non‐tumour‐promoting PKC‐activating compounds (12‐deoxyphorbols) promote adult neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation in vitro and in vivo, enhancing the endogenous neurogenic response of the brain to a traumatic injury. Here, we show for the first time that a diterpene with a lathyrane skeleton can also activate PKC and promote NPC proliferation.Experimental ApproachWe isolated four lathyranes from the latex of Euphorbia plants and tested their effect on postnatal NPC proliferation, using neurosphere cultures. The bioactive lathyrane ELAC (3,12‐di‐O‐acetyl‐8‐O‐tigloilingol) was also injected into the ventricles of adult mice to analyse its effect on adult NPC proliferation in vivo.Key ResultsThe lathyrane ELAC activated PKC and significantly increased postnatal NPC proliferation in vitro, particularly in synergy with FGF2. In addition ELAC stimulated proliferation of NPC, specifically affecting undifferentiated transit amplifying cells. The proliferative effect of ELAC was reversed by either the classical/novel PKC inhibitor Gö6850 or the classical PKC inhibitor Gö6976, suggesting that NPC proliferation is promoted in response to activation of classical PKCs, particularly PKCß. ELAC slightly increased the proportion of NPC expressing Sox2. The effects of ELAC disappeared upon acetylation of its C7‐hydroxyl group.Conclusions and ImplicationsWe propose lathyranes like ELAC as new drug candidates to modulate adult neurogenesis through PKC activation. Functional and structural comparisons between ELAC and phorboids are included.
Therapeutic residential care in Spain. Population treated and therapeutic coverage
Authors: Martín Eduardo , González‐García Carla , del Valle Jorge F. , Bravo Amaia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTherapeutic residential care (TRC) is the name given to specialized children's homes for treating cases with severe emotional and behavioural problems that have been placed in residential care. A recent international review has revealed great diversity in the referral criteria of cases and in the models of intervention carried out. The goal of this study is to describe the population treated in these types of facilities in Spain and the therapeutic coverage given. The sample is made up of 215 young people in children's homes, of whom 93 are in TRC. The cases referred to TRC have been in residential care for less time but have gone through a greater number of placements. These young people also exhibit more problems of drug use, and there is a larger percentage of clinical‐range cases in the Child Behaviour Checklist scales of attention problems and aggressive behaviour. Nevertheless, the results of logistic regression indicate that the only variables that significantly increase the probability of being referred to TRC are drug use and changes of care placements. With regard to therapeutic care, there is a higher percentage in the TRC group receiving psychiatric care, and the sessions are also more frequent.
Intraperitoneal insulin delivery provides superior glycaemic regulation to subcutaneous insulin delivery in model predictive control‐based fully‐automated artificial pancreas in patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study
Authors: Dassau Eyal , Renard Eric , Place Jérôme , Farret Anne , Pelletier Marie‐José , Lee Justin , Huyett Lauren M. , Chakrabarty Ankush , Doyle Francis J. , Zisser Howard C. 
Published: May 2017

AimsTo compare intraperitoneal (IP) to subcutaneous (SC) insulin delivery in an artificial pancreas (AP).Research design and methodsTen adults with type 1 diabetes participated in a non‐randomized, non‐blinded sequential AP study using the same SC glucose sensing and Zone Model Predictive Control (ZMPC) algorithm adjusted for insulin clearance. On first admission, subjects underwent closed‐loop control with SC delivery of a fast‐acting insulin analogue for 24 hours. Following implantation of a DiaPort IP insulin delivery system, the identical 24‐hour trial was performed with IP regular insulin delivery. The clinical protocol included 3 unannounced meals with 70, 40 and 70 g carbohydrate, respectively. Primary endpoint was time spent with blood glucose (BG) in the range of 80 to 140 mg/dL (4.4‐7.7 mmol/L).ResultsPercent of time spent within the 80 to 140 mg/dL range was significantly higher for IP delivery than for SC delivery: 39.8 ± 7.6 vs 25.6 ± 13.1 (
P
= .03). Mean BG (mg/dL) and percent of time spent within the broader 70 to 180 mg/dL range were also significantly better for IP insulin: 151.0 ± 11.0 vs 190.0 ± 31.0 (
P
= .004) and 65.7 ± 9.2 vs 43.9 ± 14.7 (
P
= .001), respectively. Superiority of glucose control with IP insulin came from the reduced time spent in hyperglycaemia (>180 mg/dL: 32.4 ± 8.9 vs 53.5 ± 17.4,
P
= .014; >250 mg/dL: 5.9 ± 5.6 vs 23.0 ± 11.3,
P
= .0004). Higher daily doses of insulin (IU) were delivered with the IP route (43.7 ± 0.1 vs 32.3 ± 0.1,
P
< .001) with no increased percent time spent <70 mg/dL (IP: 2.5 ± 2.9 vs SC: 4.1 ± 5.3,
P
= .42).ConclusionsGlycaemic regulation with fully‐automated AP delivering IP insulin was superior to that with SC insulin delivery. This pilot study provides proof‐of‐concept for an AP system combining a ZMPC algorithm with IP insulin delivery.
Relationship between diabetes and ischaemic injury among patients with revascularized ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Reinstadler Sebastian J. , Stiermaier Thomas , Eitel Charlotte , Metzler Bernhard , de Waha Suzanne , Fuernau Georg , Desch Steffen , Thiele Holger , Eitel Ingo 
Published: May 2017

AimsStudies comparing reperfusion efficacy and myocardial damage between diabetic and non‐diabetic patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are scarce and have reported conflicting results. The aim was to investigate the impact of preadmission diabetic status on myocardial salvage and damage as determined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and to evaluate its prognostic relevance.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled 792 patients with STEMI at 8 sites. CMR core laboratory analysis was performed to determine infarct characteristics. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as a composite of all‐cause death, non‐fatal re‐infarction and new congestive heart failure, were recorded at 12 months. Patients were categorized according to preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM), and according to insulin‐treated DM (ITDM) and non‐insulin‐treated DM (NITDM).ResultsOne‐hundred and sixty (20%) patients had DM and 74 (9%) were insulin‐treated. There was no difference in the myocardial salvage index, infarct size, microvascular obstruction and left ventricular ejection fraction between all patient groups (all P > .05). Patients with DM were at higher risk of MACE (11% vs 6%, P = .03) than non‐DM patients. After stratification according to preadmission anti‐diabetic therapy, MACE rate was comparable between NITDM and non‐DM (P > .05), whereas the group of ITDM patients had significantly worse outcome (P < .001).ConclusionsDiabetic patients with STEMI, especially those having ITDM, had an increased risk of MACE. The adverse clinical outcome was, however, not explained by an impact of DM on reperfusion success or myocardial damage.Clinical trial registry number: NCT00712101.
Biotic resistance by snails and fish to an exotic invasive aquatic plant
Authors: Ribas Luiz Guilherme dos Santos , Cunha Eduardo Ribeiro , Vitule Jean Ricardo Simões , Mormul Roger Paulo , Thomaz Sidinei Magela , Padial André Andrian 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) is an exotic invasive macrophyte that has caused severe ecological and economic damage worldwide. H. verticillata has invaded the main channel of the river in the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), but it has not become established in floodplain lakes. Although some abiotic factors have been shown to affect the success of H. verticillata invasions, the role of biotic interactions remains unclear.

Here, we set a laboratory experiment investigating how interactions with resident species may influence the success of H. verticillata invasions in floodplain lakes. Based on field observations, we selected three species that represent the most probable ecological interactions negatively impacting the early establishment of H. verticillata: a herbivorous fish (Moenkhausia forestii: Characidae) and herbivorous gastropods in the genus Pomacea (Ampullariidae), both natives, and an exotic shredder fish (Astronotus crassipinnis: Cichlidae). The individual and combined effects of these species on the early phase of H. verticillata establishment were evaluated.

The native gastropod had the greatest effect on limiting plant growth due to herbivory, whereas the small native herbivorous fish mostly consumed H. verticillata leaves, and the non‐native shredder fish dislodged the plants from the sediment, preventing their establishment and increasing the number of free propagules (plant fragments) of previously rooted plants. The experimental treatment that combined all three species tended to reduce plant performance descriptors.

Our results indicate that biotic resistance may play an important role in reducing the early establishment of H. verticillata in the lakes of this Neotropical floodplain. However, the disturbance caused by the exotic shredder fish may have an undesirable effect at larger scales because it stimulated the production of propagules that may spread to other connected aquatic ecosystems.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of five F8 complex rearrangements: utility for haemophilia A genetic counselling
Authors: Jourdy Y. , Chatron N. , Fretigny M. , Carage M. L. , Chambost H. , Claeyssens‐Donadel S. , Roussel‐Robert V. , Negrier C. , Sanlaville D. , Vinciguerra C. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundGenomic inversions are usually balanced, but unusual patterns have been described in haemophilia A (HA) patients for intron 22 (Inv22) and intron 1 (Inv1) inversions leading to the hypothesis of more complex rearrangements involving deletions or duplications.AimTo characterize five abnormal patterns either in Southern blot and long‐range PCR for Inv22 or in PCR for Inv1.Materials and methodsAll patients were studied using cytogenetic microarray analysis (CMA).ResultsIn all cases, CMA analysis found that each inversion was associated with complex Xq28 rearrangement. In three patients, CMA analysis showed large duplication ranging from 230 to 1302 kb and encompassing a various number of contiguous genes among which RAB39B. RAB39B duplication is a strong candidate gene for X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID). Surprisingly, none of the severe HA patients with RAB39B duplication reported in this study or in the literature exhibited XLID. We hypothesise that F8 complex rearrangement down regulated RAB39B expression. In the two remaining patients, CMA analysis found Xq28 large deletion (from 285 to 522 kb). Moyamoya syndrome was strongly suspected in one of them who carried BRCC3 deletion.ConclusionBecause several F8 neighbouring genes are associated with other pathologies such as XLID and cardiovascular disease, all HA patients where complex Xq28 rearrangement was suspected should be referred to a geneticist for possible utility of a pangenomic study. Such investigation should be carefully considered in genetic counselling in female carriers to assess the risk of transmitting severe HA with a “contiguous gene syndrome”.
A qualitative study exploring high school students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, health information and claims
Authors: Cusack Leila , Desha Laura N , Del Mar Chris B , Hoffmann Tammy C 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundExposure to health claims, particularly in the media and social media, is pervasive, and the information conveyed is often inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. Some young people of high school ages are already making decisions about using readily available health interventions (such as sports drinks and beauty products).Although previous research has assessed adults’ understanding of health claims, no research has examined this issue in young adults who are attending high school.ObjectiveTo explore high school students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, concepts relevant to assessing health information and claims.DesignA qualitative study involving semi‐structured interviews with 27 Australian high school students. Responses were recorded, transcribed and a thematic analysis performed. Three themes emerged as follows: (i) Variability in sources of health information and claims, and general understanding of their creation and accuracy of content, (ii) The use of substitute indicators to assess health information and claims and make judgements about their trustworthiness, (iii) Uncertainty about, and literal interpretation of, the language of health claims. Despite general scepticism of health claims and admitted uncertainty of research terminology, many students were generally convinced. Students had poor understanding about how health claims are generated and tended to rely on substitute indicators, such as endorsements, when evaluating the believability of claims.ConclusionSchool students’ lack of awareness of basic health research processes and methods of assessing the accuracy of health information and claims makes them vulnerable to distorted and misleading health information. This restricts their ability to make informed health decisions – a skill that increases in importance as they become adults.
Impact of the Orthopaedic Nurse Practitioner role on acute hospital length of stay and cost‐savings for patients with hip fracture: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Coventry Linda L. , Pickles Sharon , Sin Michelle , Towell Amanda , Giles Margaret , Murray Kevin , Twigg Diane E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimsTo compare acute hospital length of stay and cost‐savings for patients with hip fracture before and after commencement of the Orthopaedic Nurse Practitioner and identify variables that increase length of stay in hospital.BackgroundGlobally, hip fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Whilst the practical benefits of the Orthopaedic Nurse Practitioner have been anecdotally shown, an analysis showing the cost‐saving benefits has yet to be published.DesignA retrospective cohort study.MethodsData from two population‐based cohorts (2010, 2013) of hip fracture patients aged ≥65 years were extracted from the electronic hospital database at a large Western Australian tertiary metropolitan hospital. Multivariate linear regression was used to model factors affecting length of stay in hospital. A simple economic analysis was undertaken and cost‐savings were estimated.ResultsFor comparison (n = 354) and intervention (n = 301) groups, average age was 84 years and over 70% were female. Analyses showed length of stay was shorter in 2013 compared with 2010 (4.4–5.3 days). Shorter length of stay was associated with type of procedure and surgery within 24‐hr and longer length of stay was associated with co‐morbid conditions of pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, dementia, anaemia on admission and complications of delirium, urinary tract infection, myocardial infarction and pneumonia. The cost‐savings to the hospital over one year was $354,483 and the net annual cost‐savings per patient was $1,178.ConclusionImplementation of the Orthopaedic Nurse Practitioner role for care of hip fracture patients can reduce acute hospital length of stay resulting in important cost‐savings.