bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HADM: detection of HTTP GET flooding attacks by using Analytical hierarchical process and Dempster–Shafer theory with MapReduce
Authors: Sree Thankaraja Raja , Bhanu Somasundaram Mary Saira 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe exponential growth in Internet usage causes cyber attack incidents. Among the various kinds of attacks, HTTP GET flooding attack is one of the major threats to the Internet services, as it depletes the resources and services in the application layer. It is difficult to distinguish between the legitimate traffic and malicious traffic from log file traces because the request patterns of attacks are similar to legitimate clients. The various techniques used for the detection of HTTP GET flooding attack are pattern analysis, entropy method, network‐based access control mechanism, etc. These techniques use the predefined rules obtained from the traffic patterns to detect the attack and may result in false positives. Hence, to overcome this drawback, the rules are needed to be updated for new traffic patterns caused by the attacks that may lead to more processing time. In order to mitigate this issue, the proposed method uses web server logs instead of traffic patterns. The proposed method reads the web server logs, extracts the relevant features and uses analytical hierarchical process to predict whether the attack has occurred or not and detects the suspicious sources by using Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence. The experimental results are compared with existing approaches such as Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS), page access behaviour, entropy method and auto‐regressive model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method (HADM) achieves a high detection rate, reduces false alarms and takes less processing time by using MapReduce. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive analysis of the authentication methods in wireless body area networks
Authors: Masdari Mohammad , Ahmadzadeh Safiyeh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWBANs are of the promising technologies, applied in the e‐healthcare systems, for extracting and transferring critical medical data from patient body. In WBANs, the privacy and integrity of the patient's private medical data are very important, as a result, the WBANs communications and even communication with other E‐Healthcare components should be authenticated and secured. This paper provides a complete survey and analysis of the various authentication schemes proposed in the literature to improve the WBANs security. Besides, it classifies the proposed authentication schemes based on the applied techniques for authentication and illustrates each scheme in detail. Furthermore, it highlights the advantages and limitations of the authentication schemes and presents a comprehensive comparison of their capabilities and features. Finally, the paper concludes with open issues and future research directions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of sinkhole node detection mechanism for hierarchical wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wazid Mohammad , Das Ashok Kumar , Kumari Saru , Khan Muhammad Khurram 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWireless sensor networks (WSNs) have several applications ranging from the civilian to military applications. WSNs are prone to various hole attacks, such as sinkhole, wormhole, blackhole, and greyhole. Among these hole attacks, the sinkhole attack is the malignant one. A sinkhole attack allows a malicious node, called the sinkhole node, advertises a best possible path to the base station (BS). This misguides its neighbors to utilize that path more frequently. The sinkhole node has the opportunity to tamper with the data, and it also performs the modifications in messages or it drops messages or it produces unnecessary delay before forwarding them to the BS. On the basis of these malicious acts that are performed by a sinkhole attacker node, we consider three types of malicious nodes in a WSN: sinkhole message modification node (SMD), sinkhole message dropping node (SDP), and sinkhole message delay node (SDL). None of the existing techniques in the literature is capable to handle all three types of nodes at a time. This paper presents a new detection scheme for the detection of different types of sinkhole nodes for a hierarchical wireless sensor network (HWSN). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to design such a detection scheme in HWSNs which can detect SMD, SDP, and SDL nodes. In our approach, the entire HWSN is divided into several disjoint clusters, and each cluster has a powerful high‐end sensor node (called a cluster head), which is responsible for the detection of different sinkhole attacker nodes if present in that cluster. We simulate our scheme using the widely‐accepted NS2 simulator for measurement of various network parameters. The proposed scheme achieves around 95% detection rate and 1.25% false positive rate. These factors are significantly better than the previous related schemes. Furthermore, the computation and communication efficiency is achieved in our scheme. As a result, our scheme seems suitable for the sensitive critical applications, such as military applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caught in the crossfire: Dimensions of vulnerability and foreign multinationals' exit from war‐afflicted countries
Authors: Dai Li , Eden Lorraine , Beamish Paul W. 
Published: October 2016

Research summary: When war occurs in a country, some foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) stay on, while others flee. We argue thatMNEresponses to external threats depend on the firm's vulnerability, which we decompose into exposure (proximity to threat), at‐risk resources (potential for loss), and resilience (capacity for coping). We test the independent and interactive effects of these dimensions using a geo‐referenced sample of 1,162MNEsubsidiaries in 20 war‐afflicted countries between 1987 and 2006. We find that highly valuable resources can become liabilities when exposed to harm, and the best way to cope with external threats may be to exit. Our findings extend the resource‐based view and real options theory by demonstrating the bounded value of resources and options in the face of environmental contingencies.Managerial summary: A recent survey of multinational enterprise (MNE)executives revealed that 30 percent of the respondents believed that their firms were exposed to collateral damage from war, with more than 90 percent expecting risks to rise. Yet, 25 percent of the executives indicated that their firms had no continuity plan. Our study ofMNEs in war‐afflicted countries highlights the costs of not having a response strategy in place. We find that, in war zones, otherwise highly valuable locations and resources can become sources of vulnerability that prompt early withdrawal from a host country. Our work further highlights the value of real options thinking—where structural solutions such as building redundancy into a portfolio of options may exist in advance of problems—for navigating hostile environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjusting for seasonal harvest bias in the lactation index for white‐tailed deer management
Authors: Campbell Kamen L. , Strickland Bronson K. , Demarais Stephen , Jones Phillip D. , Wang Guiming , Dacus Chad M. , Cook Christopher , Knox W. Matt 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTRecruitment estimates are critical for making wildlife harvest decisions. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) lactation rates are often used to estimate fawn recruitment. Relatively long hunting seasons in the southern United States commonly include the period when females cease lactating, with concomitant reduction in the detection of lactation by hunters. We used 1,587 site‐ and year‐specific lactation rates from 383 deer populations in Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia, USA, to model the rate of decline in lactation detection across the hunting season. For each population, we calculated distance of mean female harvest date from median parturition date, and included linear, quadratic, and cubic functions of mean harvest day as potential explanatory variables. We grouped populations into 18 regions based on median conception date and tested 12 models using year and region as possible random effects. Mean female harvest occurred 92.5–210.7 days past median parturition date ( = 148.4 days, SE = 0.5). Seasonal decline in lactation detection followed a linear trend with a daily decline of 0.25%. Given that our data contained properties where mean female harvest date varied by up to 81 days across years, this equates to a potential change in lactation index of 20% attributable only to differential detection. Adjusting hunter‐estimated lactation indices should dampen variability of annual lactation indices simply associated with harvest date of females and clarify spatial and temporal trends in recruitment needed to advise wildlife managers. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Maternal Death Surveillance and Response Systems in driving accountability and influencing change
Authors: Bandali Sarah , Thomas Camille , Hukin Eleanor , Matthews Zoë , Mathai Matthews , Ramachandran Dilip Thandassery , Roos Nathalie , Lawley Ruth , Igado Oko , Hulton Louise 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGood progress has been made in reducing maternal deaths from 1990–2015 but accelerated progress is needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in ending preventable maternal deaths through a renewed focus on accountability and actions. This paper looks at how Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) systems are strengthening response and accountability for better health outcomes by analyzing key findings from the WHO and UNFPA Global MDSR Implementation Survey across 62 countries. It examines two concrete examples from Nigeria and Ethiopia to demonstrate how findings can influence systematic changes in policy and practice. We found that a majority of countries have policies in place for maternal death notification and review, yet a gap remains when examining the steps beyond this, including reviewing and reporting at an aggregate level, disseminating findings and recommendations, and involving civil society and communities. As more countries move toward MDSR systems, it is important to continue monitoring the opportunities and barriers to full implementation, through quantitative means such as the Global MDSR Implementation Survey to assess country progress, but also through more qualitative approaches, such as case studies, to understand how countries respond to MDSR findings.
Using advocacy and data to strengthen political accountability in maternal and newborn health in Africa
Authors: ten Hoope‐Bender Petra , Martin Hilber Adriane , Nove Andrea , Bandali Sarah , Nam Sara , Armstrong Corinne , Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed  , Chatuluka Mathias G. , Magoma Moke , Hulton Louise 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAccountability mechanisms help governments and development partners fulfill the promises and commitments they make to global initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals and the Global Strategy on Women's and Children's health, and regional or national strategies such as the Campaign for the Accelerated Reduction in Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA). But without directed pressure, comparative data and tools to provide insight into successes, failures, and overall results, accountability fails. The analysis of accountability mechanisms in five countries supported by the Evidence for Action program shows that accountability is most effective when it is connected across global and national levels; civil society has a central and independent role; proactive, immediate and targeted implementation mechanisms are funded from the start; advocacy for accountability is combined with local outreach activities such as blood drives; local and national champions (Presidents, First Ladies, Ministers) help draw public attention to government performance; scorecards are developed to provide insight into performance and highlight necessary improvements; and politicians at subnational level are supported by national leaders to effect change. Under the Sustainable Development Goals, accountability and advocacy supported by global and regional intergovernmental organizations, constantly monitored and with commensurate retribution for nonperformance will remain essential.
PC3 - 219 Evaluation of delayed FDG-PET in differentiating progressive disease from post-treatment radiation effect in brain tumors
Authors: Harrison R.A. , Masood A. , Mawlawi O. , Schellingerhout D. , Chasen B.A. , Millican R. , Li J. , O’Brien B.J. , Johnson J.M. 
Published: October 2016

Traditional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques are often unable to differentiate progressive central nervous system neoplasm from post-treatment radiation effect (PTRE). 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) with delayed imaging has been shown to increase the specificity of PET imaging for cerebral neoplasm in small studies. We sought to further evaluate the potential diagnostic benefits of delayed imaging at 5 hours versus standard imaging at 1 hour to differentiate progressive disease (PD) from PTRE in patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors treated with radiation therapy.Ten patients with primary (n=4) and metastatic (n=6) brain tumors were identified, with diagnostic confirmation of PD or PTRE provided by pathology or>3 month clinical and radiographic follow-up. Maximum standard uptake values (SUV) were calculated for suspicious areas of abnormal contrast enhancement (lesion) and compared to contralateral normal appearing brain (background) at both early and delayed time points. Seven patients were classified as having PD and 3 as having PTRE based pathology or clinical/radiographic follow up. The average lesion to background ratio (L/B) at the early time point (1.16+0.50) was significantly different than L/B for the later time point (1.72+1.10), p=0.030. The mean L/B for PD was 2.17+1.01 at the later time point compared to 0.65+0.06 for PTRE (p=0.010). For the earlier time point, L/B for PD was 1.40+0.42, compared to the L/B for PTRE which was 0.61+0.10 (p=0.003).L/B ratios at early and delayed time points successfully differentiated between patients with PD and PTRE, with significantly greater L/B ratios seen at delayed time points. These initial results are promising and further investigation is underway to evaluate the contribution of delayed imaging in differentiating PD from PTRE.
Why spheroids orient preferentially in near-wall turbulence
Authors: Zhao Lihao , Andersson Helge I. 
Published: October 2016

Non-spherical particles are known to orient preferentially in near-wall turbulence, but rod-like and disk-like particles align themselves differently relative to the mean vorticity direction. To uncover the mechanism that gives rise to such preferential particle orientations in anisotropic turbulence, Lagrangian statistics from a channel-flow simulation have been analysed. Ni et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 743, 2014, R3) showed that the fluid vorticity and long rods independently aligned with the Lagrangian fluid stretching direction in isotropic turbulence. Following their approach, we deduced the left Cauchy–Green strain tensor along Lagrangian trajectories of tracer spheroids in channel-flow turbulence. The results showed that the alignment of the fluid vorticity vector with the strongest Lagrangian stretching direction in the channel centre, just as in isotropic turbulence, vanished in the vicinity of the walls. The analysis revealed that the directions of the strongest Lagrangian stretching and compression in near-wall turbulence are in the streamwise and wall-normal directions, respectively. All over the channel we found that the symmetry axis of prolate spheroids aligned with the direction of strongest Lagrangian stretching whereas oblate spheroids oriented with the direction of Lagrangian compression. This finding is apparently universal since the same trends were found in highly anisotropic wall turbulence as well as in isotropic turbulence. Contrary to the prevailing view, we have shown for the first time that the preferential orientation of the symmetry axis of long rods in the streamwise direction and of flat disks in the wall-normal direction is caused by Lagrangian stretching and not by fluid rotation. This finding fills a gap in our understanding of orientation and rotation of tracer spheroids in anisotropic wall turbulence.
Flow dynamics and enhanced mixing in a converging–diverging channel
Authors: Gepner S. W. , Floryan J. M. 
Published: October 2016

An analysis of flows in converging–diverging channels has been carried out with the primary goal of identifying geometries which result in increased mixing. The model geometry consists of a channel whose walls are fitted with spanwise grooves of moderate amplitudes (up to 10 % of the mean channel opening) and of sinusoidal shape. The groove systems on each wall are shifted by half of a wavelength with respect to each other, resulting in the formation of a converging–diverging conduit. The analysis is carried out up to Reynolds numbers resulting in the formation of secondary states. The first part of the analysis is based on a two-dimensional model and demonstrates that increasing the corrugation wavelength results in the appearance of an unsteady separation whose onset correlates with the onset of the travelling wave instability. The second part of the analysis is based on a three-dimensional model and demonstrates that the flow dynamics is dominated by the centrifugal instability over a large range of geometric parameters, resulting in the formation of streamwise vortices. It is shown that the onset of the vortices may lead to the elimination of the unsteady separation. The critical Reynolds number for the vortex onset initially decreases as the corrugation amplitude increases but an excessive increase leads to the stream lift up, reduction of the centrifugal forces and flow stabilization. The flow dynamics under such conditions is again dominated by the travelling wave instability. Conditions leading to the formation of streamwise vortices without interference from the travelling wave instability have been identified. The structure and the mixing properties of the saturated states are discussed.
Formation of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds
Authors: Latif Muhammad A. , Ferrara Andrea 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe detection of quasars at z > 6 unveils the presence of supermassive black holes of a few billion solar masses. The rapid formation process of these extreme objects remains a fascinating and open issue. Such discovery implies that seed black holes must have formed early on, and grown via either rapid accretion or BH/galaxy mergers. In this theoretical review, we discuss in detail various BH seed formation mechanisms and the physical processes at play during their assembly. We discuss the three most popular BH formation scenarios, involving the (i) core-collapse of massive stars, (ii) dynamical evolution of dense nuclear star clusters, (iii) collapse of a protogalactic metal free gas cloud. This article aims at giving a broad introduction and an overview of the most advanced research in the field.
Dietary fish protein hydrolysates containing bioactive motifs affect serum and adipose tissue fatty acid compositions, serum lipids, postprandial glucose regulation and growth in obese Zucker fa/fa rats
Authors: Drotningsvik Aslaug , Mjøs Svein A. , Pampanin Daniela M. , Slizyte Rasa , Carvajal Ana , Remman Tore , Høgøy Ingmar , Gudbrandsen Oddrun A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe world’s fisheries and aquaculture industries produce vast amounts of protein-containing by-products that can be enzymatically hydrolysed to smaller peptides and possibly be used as additives to functional foods and nutraceuticals targeted for patients with obesity-related metabolic disorders. To investigate the effects of fish protein hydrolysates on markers of metabolic disorders, obese Zucker fa/fa rats consumed diets with 75 % of protein from casein/whey (CAS) and 25 % from herring (HER) or salmon (SAL) protein hydrolysate from rest raw material, or 100 % protein from CAS for 4 weeks. The fatty acid compositions were similar in the experimental diets, and none of them contained any long-chainn-3 PUFA. Ratios of lysine:arginine and methionine:glycine were lower in HER and SAL diets when compared with CAS, and taurine was detected only in fish protein hydrolysate diets. Motifs with reported hypocholesterolemic or antidiabetic activities were identified in both fish protein hydrolysates. Rats fed HER diet had lower serum HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and higher serum TAG, MUFA andn-3:n-6 PUFA ratio compared with CAS-fed rats. SAL rats gained more weight and had better postprandial glucose regulation compared with CAS rats. Serum lipids and fatty acids were only marginally affected by SAL, but adipose tissue contained less total SFA and more totaln-3 PUFA when compared with CAS. To conclude, diets containing hydrolysed rest raw material from herring or salmon proteins may affect growth, lipid metabolism, postprandial glucose regulation and fatty acid composition in serum and adipose tissue in obese Zucker rats.
UPLAND RICE CULTIVAR RESPONSES TO ROW SPACING AND WATER STRESS ACROSS MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: HEINEMANN ALEXANDRE BRYAN , RAMIREZ-VILLEGAS JULIAN , NASCENTE ADRIANO STEPHAN , ZEVIANI WALMES MARQUES , STONE LUÍS FERNANDO , SENTELHAS PAULO CESAR 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYUpland rice (Oryza sativa L., UR) could be an option under soybean–maize crop rotation system. However, the recommended row spacing for UR (0.30 m) is shorter than that recommended for soybean and corn (0.40 m), limiting the use of UR in this rotation. We hypothesize that cultivar adaptation to wider than recommended row spacing and local environmental conditions harbour significant potential for overcoming the yield constraints of wider row spacing. We evaluated the row spacing effects on rice grain yield and their components in UR cultivars grown under different water deficit conditions. The experiments were designed as a randomized block in a split–split-plot scheme with sites (the cities of Santo Antônio de Goiás, Porangatu and Formoso) as main plots, row spacing (0.25, 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55 m) as the subplots and UR cultivars (one old and two modern genotypes) as the sub-subplots. We found that, in the less stressful environments, the modern cultivars, BRSMG Curinga and BRS Primavera, presented the highest grain yield. By contrast, in environments with moderate to intense water stress, the traditional cultivar, Douradão, presented the best performance, regardless of row spacing used. We conclude that UR is a viable option for soybean–maize rotation systems, as the UR cultivars tested presented no noticeable yield losses when sown with the same row spacing used for soybean and maize crops (0.40 m). In terms of impact, it can lead to an increase in UR cropped area in Brazil, and decrease in dependence on flooded rice harvested in the south of the country.