bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary interventions and nutritional supplementation on bone mineral density in otherwise healthy adults with osteopenia: A systematic review
Authors: Porter J. , Adderley M. , Bonham M. , Costa R. J. S. , Dart J. , McCaffrey T. , Ryan L. , Davidson Z. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere are many health and economic consequences for patients with osteopenia, the precursor to osteoporosis. A range of treatments may provide positive outcomes for otherwise healthy adults, including dietary and exercise approaches, either alone or in combination. The primary aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of dietary approaches (including diet alone, diet with dietary supplements, both with or without physical activity intervention) on bone mineral density (BMD) to treat adults aged ≥18 years who were classified as having osteopenia. Six databases (Ovid MEDLINE including Ovid Medline in process, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched systematically to identify randomised controlled trials of dietary approaches to treat osteopenic adults published from 1994 to November 2014. Study eligibility was determined, and included studies were assessed for risk of bias. Outcome data, particularly the primary outcomes of BMD T‐ and Z‐scores or other measures of bone density, were combined narratively. The searches yielded 3511 papers, with three studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. These studies included 254 participants, all free‐living post‐menopausal females with confirmed osteopenia. Vitamin D interventions were tested in all included studies, with none showing significant differences between intervention and placebo groups on BMD. This review has identified a lack of evidence to guide clinical practice in this area. Opportunities exist for future research to determine the effect of non‐pharmacological approaches to osteopenia treatment in healthy populations, especially research that considers younger‐aged and male populations, physical activity, habitual dietary intake and key bone health nutrients.
Hot topics in nutrition research in Ireland
Authors: Nugent A. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article provides a flavour of some of the nutrition‐related research underway in Ireland at present. Specific areas range from biomarker discovery and personalised nutrition to assessments of food, nutrient and food chemical intake using data collected as part of national food surveys. Other areas include the influence of genetics, diet and lifestyle on diet and health outcomes, targeted programmes to assist lifestyle change in ‘at risk’ groups, such as those at risk of cardiovascular disease. Irish researchers are also collaborating with the food industry to identify and characterise functional foods and bioactives, which can be commercialised. Much of this research feeds into European Union‐wide ventures ranging from Joint Programme Initiatives to the activities of the European Food Safety Authority.
Diet and gout – what is the role of purines?
Authors: Lockyer S. , Stanner S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAnecdotally, consumption of ‘rich’ foods and drinks, such as cheese and port, has been associated with the development of gout, a painful condition linked to high serum uric acid which normally affects joints in the extremities, such as toes. Risk factors for gout include obesity, genetics and use of certain medications, and men appear to be more at risk. In addition, sufferers report that certain foods trigger gout flares, although there is a paucity of evidence from randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of specific foods on circulating uric acid. Observational studies have consistently identified a positive relationship between gout and some, but not all, foods higher in compounds known as purines, which have been demonstrated to increase serum uric acid in their purified form under controlled conditions. This evidence indicates that foods which should be avoided or consumed infrequently by gout sufferers are offal, seafood and alcohol, especially beer, whereas dairy foods seem to be protective. Current dietary guidelines for the prevention and management of gout share common features and largely reflect international healthy eating guidelines, but differences exist in terms of reference to particular foods or nutrients such as fructose, vitamin C and cherries. More randomised controlled trials are needed to fully ascertain the effects of dietary components on gout risk and to generate more consistent guidelines.
The Eatwell Guide refreshed
Authors: Buttriss J. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article provides a brief history about UK food‐based dietary guidelines as a prelude to discussion about new the Eatwell Guide and changes to 5 A DAY messaging launched in March 2016. Included is a summary of the main changes made and the methodology used to steer the development of the new Eatwell Guide (linear programming). Brief reference is also made to the principal differences between the new UK guide and food‐based guidelines used in other parts of the world.
Relationship between dyslipidemia and vascular repair after cervical artery dissection
Authors: Yamada Shuichi , Ohnishi Hideyuki , Kuga Yoshihiro , Kodama Yuji , Hayashi Masato , Takahashi Kenkichi , Takamura Yoshiaki , Nakase Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Ichiro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn some cases of cervical artery dissection, vascular repair subsequently occurs at the stenotic or occluded sites. The factors responsible for this type of vascular repair remain unknown, but some reports from in vitro and animal models suggest that it is related to lipid metabolism.AimIn the present study, we investigated the relationship between vascular repair and dyslipidemia in cervical artery dissection.MethodsPatients with internal carotid artery and vertebral artery dissection who were admitted between April 2012 and March 2015 were included. Vascular repair was evaluated using magnetic resonance angiography. All patients were treated conservatively using antihypertensive and antiplatelet drugs, and also with statins in the presence of dyslipidemia. In this study, we investigated the relationship between vascular repair and dyslipidemia in cervical artery dissection.ResultsVascular repair was observed in 34 out of 55 patients (61.8%, repair group). Total cholesterol (203 mg/dL in repair group vs 225 mg/dL in non‐repair group), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (119 mg/dL vs 140 mg/dL), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (2.09 vs 2.74) and triglycerides (117 mg/dL vs 154 mg/dL) were significantly negatively correlated with vascular repair. However, statin use was not significantly related to this type of repair.ConclusionsWe showed a relationship between vascular repair after cervical artery dissection and dyslipidemia. As cervical artery dissection often occurs at a relatively young age, vascular repair and the management of dyslipidemia are important issues to consider for the prevention of arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular diseases in later life.
Magnetoencephalographic recording of auditory mismatch negativity in response to duration and frequency deviants in a single session in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Suga Motomu , Nishimura Yukika , Kawakubo Yuki , Yumoto Masato , Kasai Kiyoto 
Published: May 2016

AimAuditory mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetoencephalographic (MEG) counterpart (MMNm) are an established biological index in schizophrenia research. MMN in response to duration and frequency deviants may have differential relevance to the pathophysiology and clinical stages of schizophrenia. MEG has advantage in that it almost purely detects MMNm arising from the auditory cortex. However, few previous MEG studies on schizophrenia have simultaneously assessed MMNm in response to duration and frequency deviants or examined the effect of chronicity on the group difference.MethodsForty‐two patients with chronic schizophrenia and 74 matched control subjects participated in the study. Using a whole‐head MEG, MMNm in response to duration and frequency deviants of tones was recorded while participants passively listened to an auditory sequence.ResultsCompared to healthy subjects, patients with schizophrenia exhibited significantly reduced powers of MMNm in response to duration deviant in both hemispheres, whereas MMNm in response to frequency deviant did not differ between the two groups. These results did not change according to the chronicity of the illness.ConclusionThese results, obtained by using a sequence‐enabling simultaneous assessment of both types of MMNm, suggest that MEG recording of MMN in response to duration deviant may be a more sensitive biological marker of schizophrenia than MMN in response to frequency deviant. Our findings represent an important first step towards establishment of MMN as a biomarker for schizophrenia in real‐world clinical psychiatry settings.
Radiographers' perceptions of their professional rights in diagnostic radiography: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Matilainen Kati , Ahonen Sanna‐Mari , Kankkunen Päivi , Kangasniemi Mari 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundConsidering the ethics of each profession is important as inter‐professional collaboration increases. Professional ethics creates a basis for radiographers' work, as it includes values and principles, together with rights and duties that guide and support professionals. However, little is known about radiographers' rights when it comes to professional ethics.The AimThe aim of this study was to describe radiographers' perceptions and experiences of their professional rights. The ultimate aim was to increase the understanding of professional ethics in this context and support radiographers' ethical pondering in diagnostic radiography.MethodologyA qualitative method was used. Semistructured group interviews with 15 radiographers were conducted in spring 2013 at two publicly provided diagnostic imaging departments in Finland. Data were analysed by inductive content analysis. All the participants were women, and they had worked as radiographers for an average of 18 years.FindingsBased on our analysis, radiographers' professional rights consisted of rights related to their expertise in radiography and the rights related to working conditions that ensured their wellbeing. Expertise‐based rights included rights to plan, conduct and assess radiological care with patient advocacy. Radiographers have the right to contribute to a culture of safe radiation in their organisation and to use their professional knowledge to achieve their main target, which is the safe imaging of patients. Radiographers also have right to work in conditions that support their well‐being, including the legal rights stated in their employment contract, as well as their rights concerning resources at work.ConclusionsRadiographers' professional rights are an elementary and multidimensional part of their clinical practice. In future, more theoretical and empirical research is needed to deepen the understanding of their rights in the clinical practice and support radiographers on issues related to this aspect of their work.
Ghetto–Society–Problem: A Discourse Analysis of Nationalist Othering
Authors: Bakkær Simonsen Kristina 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article examines the role of the ghetto in Danish political discourse. While ghetto studies have previously been conducted within the field of urban sociology, the article departs from this tradition in offering a discourse analytical perspective on the former Danish government's strategy against ghettoization (The Ghetto Plan). Integrating perspectives from the literature on nationalism with Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analytical framework, the analysis argues that the ghetto marks an antagonistic anti‐identity to Danish society. This discursive construction of the ghetto against society has the effect of confirming Danish identity, while at the same time precluding possibilities of the ghetto's integration in society. Highlighting these implications, the study feeds into societal debates on integration, and suggests a framework for studying nationalist othering in a discourse analytical perspective.
Experimental type II diabetes and related models of impaired glucose metabolism differentially regulate glucose transporters at the proximal tubule brush border membrane
Authors: Chichger Havovi , Cleasby Mark E. , Srai Surjit K. , Unwin Robert J. , Debnam Edward S. , Marks Joanne 
Published: May 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Although SGLT2 inhibitors represent a promising treatment for patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy, the influence of metabolic disruption on the expression and function of glucose transporters is largely unknown.

What is the main finding and its importance?
In vivo models of metabolic disruption (Goto–Kakizaki type II diabetic rat and junk‐food diet) demonstrate increased expression of SGLT1, SGLT2 and GLUT2 in the proximal tubule brush border. In the type II diabetic model, this is accompanied by increased SGLT‐ and GLUT‐mediated glucose uptake. A fasted model of metabolic disruption (high‐fat diet) demonstrated increased GLUT2 expression only. The differential alterations of glucose transporters in response to varying metabolic stress offer insight into the therapeutic value of inhibitors.

SGLT2 inhibitors are now in clinical use to reduce hyperglycaemia in type II diabetes. However, renal glucose reabsorption across the brush border membrane (BBM) is not completely understood in diabetes. Increased consumption of a Western diet is strongly linked to type II diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the adaptations that occur in renal glucose transporters in response to experimental models of diet‐induced insulin resistance. The study used Goto–Kakizaki type II diabetic rats and normal rats rendered insulin resistant using junk‐food or high‐fat diets. Levels of protein kinase C‐βI (PKC‐βI), GLUT2, SGLT1 and SGLT2 were determined by Western blotting of purified renal BBM. GLUT‐ and SGLT‐mediated d‐[3H]glucose uptake by BBM vesicles was measured in the presence and absence of the SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. GLUT‐ and SGLT‐mediated glucose transport was elevated in type II diabetic rats, accompanied by increased expression of GLUT2, its upstream regulator PKC‐βI and SGLT1 protein. Junk‐food and high‐fat diet feeding also caused higher membrane expression of GLUT2 and its upstream regulator PKC‐βI. However, the junk‐food diet also increased SGLT1 and SGLT2 levels at the proximal tubule BBM. Glucose reabsorption across the proximal tubule BBM, via GLUT2, SGLT1 and SGLT2, is not solely dependent on glycaemic status, but is also influenced by diet‐induced changes in glucose metabolism. We conclude that different metabolic disturbances result in complex adaptations in renal glucose transporter protein levels and function.
Intervisceral artery origins in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease; evidence for systemic vascular remodelling
Authors: Bailey Damian M. , Evans Tom G. , Thomas Kate Gower , White Richard D. , Twine Chistopher P. , Lewis Michael H. , Williams Ian M. 
Published: May 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
To what extent focal abdominal aortic aneurysmal (AAA) disease is associated with systemic remodelling of the vascular tree remains unknown. The present study examined whether anatomical differences exist between distances of the intervisceral artery origins and AAA location/size in patients with disease compared with healthy patients.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Intervisceral artery distances were shown to be consistently greater in AAA patients, highlighting the systemic nature of AAA disease that extends proximally to the abdominal aorta and its branches. The anatomical description of the natural variation in visceral artery origins has implications for the design of stent grafts and planning complex open aortic surgery.

The initial histopathology of abdominal aortic aneurysmal (AAA) disease is atherosclerotic, later diverting towards a distinctive dilating rather than occlusive aortic phenotype. To what extent focal AAA disease is associated with systemic remodelling of the vascular tree remains unknown. The present study examined whether anatomical differences exist between the intervisceral artery origins and AAA location/size in patients with AAA disease (AAA+) relative to those without (AAA−). Preoperative contrast‐enhanced computerized tomograms were reviewed in 90 consecutive AAA+ patients scheduled for open repair who underwent an infrarenal (n = 45), suprarenal (n = 26) or supracoeliac clamp (n = 19). These were compared with 39 age‐matched AAA− control patients. Craniocaudal measurements were recorded from the distal origin of the coeliac artery to the superior mesenteric artery and from the origin of the superior mesenteric artery to both renal artery origins. Serial blood samples were obtained for estimation of the glomerular filtration rate before and after surgery. Intervisceral artery origins were shown to be consistently greater in AAA+ patients (P < 0.05 versus AAA−), although unrelated to AAA diameter (P > 0.05). Postoperative renal function became progressively more impaired the more proximal the clamp placement (estimated glomerular filtration rate for supracoeliac < suprarenal < infrarenal clamps, P < 0.05). These findings highlight the systemic nature of AAA disease that extends proximally to the abdominal aorta and its branches. The anatomical description of the natural variation in visceral artery origins has implications for the design of stent grafts and planning complex open aortic surgery.
Potential Use of Fosfomycin-Tromethamine for Treatment of Recurrent Campylobacter Species Enteritis
Authors: Aguilar-Company Juan , Los-Arcos Ibai , Pigrau Carles , Rodríguez-Pardo Dolors , Larrosa María Nieves , Rodríguez-Garrido Virginia , Sihuay-Diburga Denisse , Almirante Benito 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

We report 2 cases of recurrent
Campylobacter coli
enteritis caused by macrolide- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains in 2 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, successfully treated with a prolonged course of fosfomycin-tromethamine with no side effects. Fosfomycin-tromethamine may be a feasible alternative therapy for recurrent enteritis caused by
Campylobacter
species resistant to first-line drugs.
Comparison of the Exposure Time Dependence of the Activities of Synthetic Ozonide Antimalarials and Dihydroartemisinin against K13 Wild-Type and Mutant Plasmodium falciparum Strains
Authors: Yang Tuo , Xie Stanley C. , Cao Pengxing , Giannangelo Carlo , McCaw James , Creek Darren J. , Charman Susan A. , Klonis Nectarios , Tilley Leann 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Fully synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials, namely, OZ277 (RBx11160; also known as arterolane) and OZ439 (artefenomel), have been approved for marketing or are currently in clinical development. We undertook an analysis of the kinetics of the
in vitro
responses of
Plasmodium falciparum
to the new ozonide antimalarials. For these studies we used a K13 mutant (artemisinin resistant) isolate from a region in Cambodia and a genetically matched (artemisinin sensitive) K13 revertant. We used a pulsed-exposure assay format to interrogate the time dependence of the response. Because the ozonides have physicochemical properties different from those of the artemisinins, assay optimization was required to ensure that the drugs were completely removed following the pulsed exposure. Like that of artemisinins, ozonide activity requires active hemoglobin degradation. Short pulses of the ozonides were less effective than short pulses of dihydroartemisinin; however, when early-ring-stage parasites were exposed to drugs for periods relevant to their
in vivo
exposure, the ozonide antimalarials were markedly more effective.
Enhanced Survival of Rifampin- and Streptomycin-Resistant Escherichia coli Inside Macrophages
Authors: Durão Paulo , Gülereşi Daniela , Proença João , Gordo Isabel 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The evolution of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an increasing global problem. Even though mutations causing resistance usually incur a fitness cost in the absence of antibiotics, the magnitude of such costs varies across environments and genomic backgrounds. We studied how the combination of mutations that confer resistance to rifampin (Rif
r
) and streptomycin (Str
r
) affects the fitness of
Escherichia coli
when it interacts with cells from the immune system, i.e., macrophages (Mϕs). We found that 13 Rif
r
Str
r
doubly resistant genotypes, of the 16 tested, show a survival advantage inside Mϕs, indicating that double resistance can be highly beneficial in this environment. Our results suggest that there are multiple paths to acquire multiple-drug resistance in this context, i.e., if a clone carrying Rif
r
allele H526 or S531 acquires a second mutation conferring Str
r
, the resulting double mutant has a high probability of showing increased survival inside Mϕs. On the other hand, we found two cases of sign epistasis between mutations, leading to a significant decrease in bacterial survival. Remarkably, infection of Mϕs with one of these combinations, K88R+H526Y, resulted in an altered pattern of gene expression in the infected Mϕs. This indicates that the fitness effects of resistance may depend on the pattern of gene expression of infected host cells. Notwithstanding the benefits of resistance found inside Mϕs, the Rif
r
Str
r
mutants have massive fitness costs when the bacteria divide outside Mϕs, indicating that the maintenance of double resistance may depend on the time spent within and outside phagocytic cells.
Recombinant Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Reveal Antichlamydial Activity
Authors: Bobrovsky Pavel , Manuvera Valentin , Polina Nadezhda , Podgorny Oleg , Prusakov Kirill , Govorun Vadim , Lazarev Vassili 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGLYRPs) are innate immune components that recognize the peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides of bacteria and exhibit antibacterial activity. Recently, the obligate intracellular parasite
Chlamydia trachomatis
was shown to have peptidoglycan. However, the antichlamydial activity of PGLYRPs has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to test whether PGLYRPs exhibit antibacterial activity against
C. trachomatis
. Thus, we cloned the regions containing the human
Pglyrp1
,
Pglyrp2
,
Pglyrp3
, and
Pglyrp4
genes for subsequent expression in human cell lines. We obtained stable HeLa cell lines that secrete recombinant human PGLYRPs into culture medium. We also generated purified recombinant PGLYRP1, -2, and -4 and confirmed their activities against Gram-positive (
Bacillus subtilis
) and Gram-negative (
Escherichia coli
) bacteria. Furthermore, we examined the activities of recombinant PGLYRPs against
C. trachomatis
and determined their MICs. We also observed a decrease in the infectious ability of chlamydial elementary bodies in the next generation after a single exposure to PGLYRPs. Finally, we demonstrated that PGLYRPs attach to
C. trachomatis
elementary bodies and activate the expression of the chlamydial two-component stress response system. Thus, PGLYRPs inhibit the development of chlamydial infection.