bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of plant mycorrhizal type and status in modulating the relationship between plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
Authors: Neuenkamp Lena , Moora Mari , Öpik Maarja , Davison John , Gerz Maret , Männistö Minna , Jairus Teele , Vasar Martti , Zobel Martin 
Published: January 2018

Summary

Interactions between communities of plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi shape fundamental ecosystem properties. Experimental evidence suggests that compositional changes in plant and AM fungal communities should be correlated, but empirical data from natural ecosystems are scarce. We investigated the dynamics of covariation between plant and AM fungal communities during three stages of grassland succession, and the biotic and abiotic factors shaping these dynamics.

Plant communities were characterised using vegetation surveys. AM fungal communities were characterised by 454‐sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene and identification against the AM fungal reference database MaarjAM. AM fungal abundance was estimated using neutral‐lipid fatty acids (NLFAs).

Multivariate correlation analysis (Procrustes) revealed a significant relationship between plant and AM fungal community composition. The strength of plant–AM fungal correlation weakened during succession following cessation of grassland management, reflecting changes in the proportion of plants exhibiting different AM status. Plant–AM fungal correlation was strong when the abundance of obligate AM plants was high, and declined as the proportion of facultative AM plants increased.

We conclude that the extent to which plants rely on AM symbiosis can determine how tightly communities of plants and AM fungi are interlinked, regulating community assembly of both symbiotic partners.
Psychological and neurological predictors of abusive supervision
Authors: Waldman David A. , Wang Danni , Hannah Sean T. , Owens Bradley P. , Balthazard Pierre A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAlthough the negative effects of abusive supervision are well documented, less is known about the individual differences that drive supervisors to be abusive. We use a self‐control perspective to understand the unique roles of both psychological and neurological characteristics of supervisors in the prediction of abusive behavior. Specifically, we find a positive relationship between narcissism and abusive supervision, whereas political skill and intrinsic neurological connectivity in executive control regions of the brain negatively relate to abusive supervision. Our results further show that the relationship between narcissism and abusive supervision diminishes for those who are strong in terms of political skill. In addition, neurological executive control moderates the relationship between political skill and abusive behavior. When connectivity in executive control regions of the brain is lower, political skill becomes a more important factor in reducing the display of abusive behavior. Overall, we demonstrate how combinations of characteristics (both psychological and neurological) can provide a more in‐depth understanding of the emergence of abusive supervision.
Transient elastography for non‐invasive evaluation of post‐transplant liver graft fibrosis in children
Authors: Vinciguerra Tiziana , Brunati Andrea , David Ezio , Longo Filomena , Pinon Michele , Ricceri Fulvio , Castellino Luisa , Piga Antonio , Giraudo Maria Teresa , Tandoi Francesco , Cisarò Fabio , Dell Olio Dominic , Isolato Giuseppe , Romagnoli Renato , Salizzoni Mauro , Calvo Pier Luigi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAs graft survival in pediatric LT is often affected by progressive fibrosis, numerous centers carry out protocol liver biopsies. Follow‐up biopsy protocols differ from center to center, but all biopsies are progressively spaced out, as time from transplant increases. Therefore, there is a need for non‐invasive techniques to evaluate graft fibrosis progression in those children who have no clinical or serological signs of liver damage. Indirect markers, such as the APRI, should be relied on with caution because their sensitivity in predicting fibrosis can be strongly influenced by the etiology of liver disease, severity of fibrosis, and patient age. A valid alternative could be TE, a non‐invasive technique already validated in adults, which estimates the stiffness of the cylindrical volume of liver tissue, 100‐fold the size of a standard needle biopsy sample. The aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability of TE in children after LT and to compare both the TE and the APRI index results with the histological scores of fibrosis on liver biopsies. A total of 36 pediatric LT recipients were studied. All patients underwent both TE and biopsy within a year (median interval ‐0.012 months) at an interval from LT of 0.36 to 19.47 years (median 3.02 years). Fibrosis was assessed on the biopsy specimens at histology and staged according to METAVIR. There was a statistically significant correlation between TE stiffness values and METAVIR scores (P = .005). The diagnostic accuracy of TE for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) was measured as the area under the curve (AUROC = 0.865), and it demonstrated that the method had a good diagnostic performance. APRI was not so accurate in assessing graft fibrosis when compared to METAVIR (AUROC = 0.592). A liver stiffness cutoff value of 5.6 kPa at TE was identified as the best predictor for a significant graft fibrosis (METAVIR F ≥ 2) on liver biopsy, with a 75% sensitivity, a 95.8% specificity, a 90% positive predictive value, and an 88.5% negative predictive value. These data suggest that TE may represent a non‐invasive, reliable tool for the assessment of graft fibrosis in the follow‐up of LT children, alerting the clinicians to the indication for a liver biopsy, with the aim of reducing the number of protocol liver biopsies.
Intergenerational Justice Today
Authors: Campos Andre Santos 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA theory of intergenerational justice consists in the study of the moral and political status of the relations between present and past or future people, more specifically, of the obligations and entitlements they can potentially generate. The challenges that justify talking about responsibilities between generations are myriad (e.g., the amount of public debt that is fair to incur; the funding of future pensions; reparations for past wrongs; climate change). And the disputes they prompt can focus on the past just as much as on the present, even though the fact that the human species has reached a state of technological progress that enables it to have an irredeemable impact on the planet and perhaps even endanger future human existence tends to make concerns about the future more pressing. Debates on intergenerational justice are twofold. The first revolves around the issue of whether claims of justice across generations whose members' lifetimes do not necessarily overlap could be justified. And the second revolves around the specific conception of justice in play, that is, around the nature of the standard that must be applied as well as around the identification of the contents of the duties that present generations supposedly have vis‐à‐vis past or future generations. This survey article depicts the conceptual and argumentative framework in which these debates are set. It aims to outline certain of the main features shared by the most influential contemporary theories of intergenerational justice, and the problems inherent in them. It concludes by suggesting that, even though the idea of succeeding generations is merely an abstraction, there are specific empirical states of affairs that require different theoretical responses to intergenerational justice.
The evaluation of public health nursing students’ skill achievement levels by educational improvement
Authors: Suzuki Yoshimi , Saito Emiko , Kishi Emiko , Sawai Minako , Kakemoto Satori , Igarashi Chiyo , Nakada Harumi , Asahara Kiyomi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the educational improvement outcomes after introducing undergraduate public health nursing electives from the perspective of students, teachers, and public health nurses.Design and SamplePost‐test design with control group was used. We surveyed three groups of participants on the relevance of achieved skill items. These groups were as follows: fourth‐year students, teaching staff from seven universities, and public health nurses from special districts of Tokyo who had pioneered the introduction of public health nursing electives.MeasuresThe three participant groups were surveyed in 2013 and 2014 to compare the students’ levels of achievement in the 98 skill items presented by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Practical training introduced educational reform in 2014. Anonymous self‐administrated questionnaires were used.ResultsThe mean achievement rates of the 98 items in 2013 and 2014 were 67.9% and 72.6%, respectively, for students; 40.9% and 59.7% for teachers; and 44.4% and 59.4% for PHNs. A significant difference was observed between ratios of 2013 and 2014 in all three groups.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that the introduction of educational reform increased the achievement rates of students through the electives.
Elytra Absorb Ultraviolet Radiation but Transmit Infrared Radiation in Neotropical Canthon Species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae)
Authors: Alves Victor M. , Hernández Malva I. M. , Lobo Jorge M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractStrategies to deal with global radiation may be related to important aspects of species biology and ecology by reflecting, transmitting or absorbing the radiation of varying wavelengths differently. The elytra capacity to manage infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiations (from 185 to 1400 nm) was assessed with a spectrophotometric analysis in five Canthon species of dung beetles; we calculated the reflectance, transmittance and absorbance capacity of the elytra of these species. These species have different ecologies: two species preferentially inhabit forest areas (Canthon angularis and Canthon lividus lividus), two species preferentially inhabit open areas (Canthon chalybaeus and Canthon tetraodon) including agricultural crops, and one species does not present a clear habitat preference and can be found in both habitats (Canthon quinquemaculatus). All the species show a similar pattern in which the light from shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies is almost entirely absorbed by the elytra, while radiation from longer wavelengths and lower frequencies can mostly pass through the elytra. However, C. quinquemaculatus seems to have significantly higher rates of reflectance and transmittance in the visible‐ and near‐infrared spectrum. This different pattern found in C. quinquemaculatus may be associated with its capacity to establish populations both in agricultural and forest areas.
Visualization of viscoelastic behavior in skin equivalent using optical coherence tomography‐based straingraphy
Authors: Hara Y. , Ogura Y. , Yamashita T. , Furukawa D. , Saeki S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground/PurposeThe relationships between the skin components and these mechanical roles are still unclear. To clarify these relationships, we investigated spatial mapping of the mechanical behavior of cultured skin equivalents (SEs) using optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐based straingraphy.MethodsWe built a strain relaxation test system combined with OCT and developed an algorithm that could visualize a time‐dependent strain distribution, named dynamic‐optical coherence straingraphy (D‐OCSA). Using this system, we analyzed how the spatial mechanical changes in the SEs depended on the culture duration. For quantitative analysis of viscoelastic behavior, we defined a relaxation attenuation coefficient of strain rate, which indicates the ratio of viscosity and elasticity in the Klevin‐Voight model.ResultsBy culturing for 4 days in comparison to culturing for 1 day, the strain relaxation attenuation coefficient of the whole skin, especially at the region of the dermal‐epidermal junction (DEJ), significantly increased in the negative direction. In tissue slices taken for microscopy, several cracks were observed in the SEs cultured for 4 days.ConclusionThis study is the first to provide quantified evidence that the DEJ is a dynamically specialized region. An OCT‐based straingraphy system (D‐OCSA) would be beneficial for evaluating the quality of SEs, as well as functional analysis of their mechanics.
Retrospective analysis of HDFN due to ABO incompatibility in a single institution over 6 years
Authors: Matteocci A. , De Rosa A. , Buffone E. , Pierelli L. 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYObjectivesTo study the rate of ABO haemolytic anaemia of fetus and newborn (HDFN) in one institution over 6 years.BackgroundABO major incompatibility between mothers and their newborns occurs in about 10% of births. So, mothers with an O blood group may form IgG‐class antibodies against A and B antigens, which could pass across the placenta and lead to a variable degree of HDFN in the newborn.MethodsAt our institution, we have reviewed data regarding ABO‐based HDFN in the last 6 years.ResultsWe found that, in 28 089 deliveries, an ABO major incompatibility between mothers and newborns occurs in 11% of cases, with 72% of O/A and 28% of O/B incompatibility. In turn, 23% of these newborns had an eluate‐confirmed positive direct antiglobulin test [DAT; 74% (511) were due to anti‐A and 26% (179) to anti‐B], with 1·0% requiring invasive treatments (exchange transfusion or intravenous immunoglobulin). Overall, 2·5% of the total newborns had a positive DAT for an anti‐A or anti‐B antibody, and 0·11% required invasive treatment in addition to phototherapy for their HDFN.ConclusionsSerological ABO HDFN is a relatively frequent event when an O‐A/O‐B incompatibility between mothers and their newborn occurs and, in most cases, translates into a self‐limiting disease, with a small number of newborns requiring invasive treatments. The DAT test, although not predictive of disease severity, appears to be a useful tool to monitor babies born from O‐A/O‐B‐incompatible pregnancies and to identify those who may require treatment.
English as the lingua franca of international publishing
Authors: O'Neil David 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAs a contribution to debates about the predominance of English as a global lingua franca, this paper presents a study of worldwide publishing rates in the natural and social sciences. Bibliometric data from Scimago's index of Elsevier's Scopus database show: (1) a general increase in indexed documents from 1996–2015 that has outpaced increases in world population and gross world product (GWP); (2) stark disparities between nations of the center and periphery (whether defined in economic or linguistic terms); and (3) steady reductions in these disparities. It can be inferred from these data that indexed journals are becoming more nationally diverse in their contents, though the appearance of high rates of change for a small subset of countries should be attributed to indexing factors rather than real progress.
Impact of cultivar on survival of volunteer oilseed rape populations in fields is more important than field management
Authors: Gruber S , Weber E A , Thöle H , Möhring J , Dietz‐Pfeilstetter A , Claupein W 
Published: January 2018

SummaryA joint assessment of two separate approaches investigated the occurrence of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.; OSR) as affected by cultivar, field history and environment. Approach I comprised surveys for volunteers on >100 farmers’ fields in Germany in the years 2009 and 2010. Volunteers were assigned to the cultivars grown in previous years by inter‐simple sequence repeat‐PCR and cluster analysis. High‐dormancy cultivars resulted in 0–7 and low‐dormancy cultivars in 0–1.3 volunteers m−2. Highest numbers originated from the most recent harvests 2007 and 2006. Approach II was a meta‐analysis based on 116 data sets from field trials and farmers’ fields in Germany to evaluate and to rank the impact of management factors on the soil seedbank and volunteers in following crops. Varietal disposition to seed dormancy turned out to be the significantly most relevant factor. The contribution of varietal dormancy to variation in the soil seedbank and of volunteers in the 1st and 2nd following crop was 1.2–2.3 times as great as the contribution of post‐harvest tillage. Up to 45% of the variation in the observations originated from factors that can be controlled by human actions on a given location in a given year. The overall analysis confirmed the results from independent short‐term trials and showed that both agronomists and breeders need to contribute to reducing OSR volunteers.
Cortical contributions to anticipatory postural adjustments in the trunk
Authors: Chiou Shin‐Yi , Hurry Madeleine , Reed Thomas , Quek Jing Xiao , Strutton Paul H. 
Published: January 2018

Key points
Increases in activity of trunk muscles that occur prior to, or concurrent with, a voluntary limb movement are termed anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs).
APAs are important for maintaining postural stability in response to perturbations but the neural mechanisms underlying APAs remain unclear.
Our results showed that corticospinal excitability of erector spinae (ES) muscle increased at 40 ms prior to rapid shoulder flexion, with a reduction in intracortical inhibition and no change in spinal excitability.
Changes in corticospinal excitability were observed in ES, with similar excitability profiles between standing and lying positions, but were not observed in rectus abdominis.
We suggest that the neural control of postural adjustments involves changes at a cortical level, which in part are due to reduced inhibition.
AbstractVoluntary limb movements are associated with increases in trunk muscle activity, some of which occur within a time window considered too fast to be induced by sensory feedback; these increases are termed anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). Although it is known that the function of APAs is to maintain postural stability in response to perturbations, excitability of the corticospinal projections to the trunk muscles during the APAs remains unclear. Thirty‐four healthy subjects performed rapid shoulder flexion in response to a visual cue in standing and lying positions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered over the trunk motor cortex to examine motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in erector spinae (ES) and in rectus abdominis (RA) muscles at several time points prior to the rise in electromyographic activity (EMG) of anterior deltoid (AD) muscle. TMS was also used to assess short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs) in ES in the standing position. MEPs in ES were larger at time points closer to the rise in AD EMG in both standing and lying positions, whereas MEPs in RA did not differ over the time course examined. Notably, SICI was reduced at time points closer to the rise in AD EMG, with no change in CMEPs. Our results demonstrate that increasing excitability of corticospinal projections to the trunk muscles prior to a voluntary limb movement is likely to be cortical in origin and is muscle specific.
Conservation Begins in the Boiler Room
Authors: Schrader George F. 
Published: January 2018

Industry, regardless of its role in the American economy is suffering from the dramatic leap in energy costs. Unfortunately many of us do not realize how much of our profits are being devoured by these ever increasing costs. The misguided philosophy is that energy costs are absorbed in the maintenance budget. The maintenance budget generally is not broken down therefore the true operating costs of the energy used can not be determined. Some companies are still operating on the concept of cheap energy. If energy costs were broken down into a separate budget it will soon become apparent that the energy costs are becoming more and more a factor in evaluating the true cost of producing a product. The companies that have recognized this condition are finding it extremely difficult to absorb these costs and are adjusting their product pricing accordingly. Energy costs are spiraling upward and companies must analyze the equipment consuming this precious commodity. The boiler room is the greatest consumer of energy. If a company is going to pursue the path of energy conservation, the boiler room will be the focal point because “Energy Conservation Begins In The Boiler Room”.
Paper published with permission.
Coal-Oil Mixtures for Industrial Boilers
Authors: Wilda Jon , Cochran Joe 
Published: January 2018

As petroleum resources become more costly and less plentiful, alternative forms of energy are being considered. Composite fuels, of which coal-oil mixtures is the most common, have received relatively minor attention until now even though it is the one alternative utilizing existing technology.
Industrial boiler demonstrations of COM fuel are being performed by the Department of Energy and a number of private firms. Ideally, COM can be handled by the same equipment currently used by No. 6 oil systems. Environmental and operating problems occur, due to the coal portion of the mixture, but these are being quickly resolved.
Paper published with permission.
Assessing Microcomputer Applications
Authors: Llewellyn J. Anthony 
Published: January 2018

Computer installations have been widely heralded as the tools required for the belt tightening operations induced by expensive energy, expensive labor and expensive money. The intent of this discussion is to provide a beginning basis for evaluation of the potential of micro and mini computer system applications. These general areas of discussion emerge:
1. When are computers likely to be appropriate?
2. What is the technical feasibility of the application?
3. Is there a history for such applications?
4. What will be the cost of the application and what benefits are already identifiable?
Paper published with permission.
Diesel Cogeneration
Authors: Dunlay John 
Published: January 2018

Power and process heat uses in the Citrus Processing Industry provide a good opportunity for achieving fuel savings by means of cogeneration. This paper considers cogeneration possibilities using a diesel engine. Following a review of available engine types, a representative diesel cogeneration system configuration is established based on a 4150-kW medium-speed diesel engine burning residual oil. Heat recovery is described from the engine exhaust gas, the charge air cooler, and the cylinder cooler. At full engine load, the fuel savings associated with this recovered heat are equivalent to about 22 × 106 Btu/hr. The resulting cogeneration heat rate is 3990 Btu/kWh, compared to a typical electric utility heat rate of 10,000 Btu/kWh. Economic analysis indicates that the first year pre-tax simple payback for the overall cogeneration system is approximately 5 years.
Paper published with permission.
To Pump or Not to Pump? Heat Pump Strategies and Payoffs
Authors: Gilbert Joel S. 
Published: January 2018

After several evaluations of waste heat sources and designing heat pumps to recover energy, it has become very apparent that there is a great deal of confusion about just what makes a heat pump economic. The purpose of this article is to look into the design and economics of heat pump systems to determine what makes certain heat pump applications winners and others losers. Steam recompression and generation of steam from moist hot air are investigated specifically. Actual commercially available equipment is considered to determine the near-term and future economic viability of each approach as a function of the source and sink temperatures and magnitude of heat flow.
Paper published with permission.