bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terahertz spectroscopy of anisotropic materials using beams with rotatable polarization
Authors: Mosley C. D. W. , Failla M. , Prabhakaran D. , Lloyd-Hughes J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe introduce a polarization-resolved terahertz time-domain spectrometer with a broadband (0.3–2.5 THz), rotatable THz polarization state, and which exhibits minimal change in the electric field amplitude and polarization state upon rotation. This was achieved by rotating an interdigitated photoconductive emitter, and by detecting the orthogonal components of the generated THz pulse via electro-optic sampling. The high precision (<0.1°) and accuracy (<1.0°) of this approach is beneficial for the study of anisotropic materials without rotating the sample, which can be impractical, for instance for samples held in a cryostat. The versatility of this method was demonstrated by studying the anisotropic THz optical properties of uniaxial and biaxial oxide crystals. For uniaxial ZnO and LaAlO3, which have minimal THz absorption across the measurement bandwidth, the orientations of the eigenmodes of propagation were conveniently identified as the orientation angles that produced a transmitted THz pulse with zero ellipticity, and the birefringence was quantified. In CuO, a multiferroic with improper ferroelectricity, the anisotropic THz absorption created by an electromagnon was investigated, mapping its selection rule precisely. For this biaxial crystal, which has phonon and electromagnon absorption, the polarization eigenvectors exhibited chromatic dispersion, as a result of the monoclinic crystal structure and the frequency-dependent complex refractive index.
Refraktiver Linsenaustausch
Authors: Hengerer Fritz , Conrad-Hengerer Ina 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDie operative Entfernung der eigenen Linse mit anschließender Implantation einer Kunstlinse ist ein etabliertes Verfahren in der refraktiven Chirurgie. Der Artikel beschreibt die unterschiedlichen Verfahren und Intraokularlinsensysteme unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Empfehlungen der Kommission für Refraktive Chirurgie. Auf die Komplikationsmöglichkeiten der einzelnen Techniken und Intraokularlinsen wird in den Unterabschnitten hingewiesen.
Fokale Therapie bei Prostatakrebs
Authors: Schostak Martin 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDas klinische Bild des „Männerorgans“ Prostata als homogene Drüse hat sich sehr lange kaum verändert. Das offenbar stets multifokale Wachstum
eines Prostatakrebses untermauerte die klinische Annahme, die Drüse könne nur als Ganzes betrachtet werden. Die multiparametrische
Kernspintomografie (mpMRT) hat die heutige Sichtweise auf den Prostatakrebs radikal verändert. Wir sind jetzt in der Lage, zum einen
überflüssige Biopsien zu vermeiden, zum anderen eine topografische Zuordnung und gezielte Biopsie, (z. B. MRT-gesteuert) festgestellter
Krebsherde durchzuführen. Das eröffnet ein großes therapeutisches Spektrum von Active Surveillance (AS) über fokale Therapieverfahren (FT)
bis zur besonders organschonenden Standardtherapie. In diesem Artikel wird der aktuelle Stand der Forschung rund um die Fokale Therapie
dargestellt.
Presbyopiekorrektur mittels Laserchirurgie
Authors: Pajic Bojan , Massa Horace , Eskina Erika 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungTrotz verschiedener Behandlungsansätze der Presbyopiebehandlung bleibt dieser Teil der refraktiven Chirurgie eine Herausforderung. Die multifokale Intraokularlinse zeigt befriedigende physikalische Eigenschaften, allerdings bleibt die postoperative Zielrefraktion komplex im Sinne einer nicht immer ganz präzisen postoperativen Zielrefraktion mit Rest- oder induziertem Astigmatismus, unkorrigierter Asphärizität und Aberration. Als weitere Presbyopieverfahren werden heute die Monovision, korneale Inlays und die PresbyLASIK angewendet.
The large-time development of the solution to an initial-value problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation: IV. Time dependent coefficients
Authors: Leach J. 
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we consider an initial-value problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation with time dependent coefficients. The normalized variable coefficient Korteweg-de Vries equation considered is given by

u

t

+
Φ
(
t
)
u

u

x

+
Ψ
(
t
)

u

x
x
x

=
0
,

−
∞
>
x
>
∞
,

t
>
0
,

\begin{equation*} u_{t}+ \Phi (t) u u_{x}+ \Psi (t) u_{xxx}=0, \quad -\infty >x>\infty , \quad t>0, \end{equation*}

where

x
x

and

t
t

represent dimensionless distance and time respectively, whilst

Φ
(
t
)

\Phi (t)

,

Ψ
(
t
)

\Psi (t)

are given functions of

t
(
>
0
)

t (>0)

. In particular, we consider the case when the initial data has a discontinuous expansive step, where

u
(
x
,
0
)
=

u

+

u(x,0)=u_{+}

for

x
≥
0

x \ge 0

and

u
(
x
,
0
)
=

u

−

u(x,0)=u_{-}

for

x
>
0

x>0

. We focus attention on the case when

Φ
(
t
)
=

t

δ

\Phi (t)=t^{\delta }

(with

δ
>
−

2
3

\delta >-\frac {2}{3}

) and

Ψ
(
t
)
=
1

\Psi (t)=1

. The constant states

u

+

u_{+}

,

u

−

u_{-}

(

>

u

+

>u_{+}

) and

δ
\delta

are problem parameters. The method of matched asymptotic coordinate expansions is used to obtain the large-

t
t

asymptotic structure of the solution to this problem, which exhibits the formation of an expansion wave in

x
≥

u

−

(
δ
+
1
)

t

(
δ
+
1
)

x \ge \frac {u_{-} }{(\delta +1)}t^{(\delta +1)}

as

t
→
∞

t \to \infty

, while the solution is oscillatory in

x
>

u

−

(
δ
+
1
)

t

(
δ
+
1
)

x>\frac {u_{-}}{(\delta +1)}t^{(\delta +1)}

as

t
→
∞

t \to \infty

. We conclude with a brief discussion of the structure of the large-

t
t

solution of the initial-value problem when the initial data is step-like being continuous with algebraic decay as

|

x

|

→
∞

|x| \to \infty

, with

u
(
x
,
t
)
→

u

+

u(x,t) \to u_{+}

as

x
→
∞

x \to \infty

and

u
(
x
,
t
)
→

u

−

(
>

u

+

)

u(x,t) \to u_{-} (>u_{+})

as

x
→
−
∞

x \to -\infty

.
Cutaneous Cytomegalovirus Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient: Innocent Bystander or Culprit?
Authors: Grushchak Solomiya , Hutchens Kelli A. , Joy Cossette , Peterson Anthony , Speiser Jodi , Mudaliar Kumaran 
Published: September 2017

Abstract:
We present a rare case of cutaneous cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a nonimmunocompromised patient. A 74-year-old woman with a history of diabetes presented with an ulcer on the right lateral tibia that occurred at the site of a nerve core biopsy. Subsequent biopsy of the ulcer edge showed granulation tissue with neutrophilic inflammation. The patient underwent extensive antibiotic treatment for possible infection with weekly wound care. However, the ulceration persisted and enlarged. A repeat biopsy 1 year later showed superficial and deep mixed inflammation with an associated vasculitis. On close examination, endothelial and eccrine ducts cells showed characteristic CMV viral cytopathic changes with positivity on CMV immunohistochemical stain. Although the patient was started on valganciclovir, the ulceration did not resolve with treatment and slightly enlarged. Treatment modalities included dapsone, prednisone, weekly wound care, wound vacuum, and eventually a skin graft of the ulcer site. This case highlights the presence of CMV infection in a cutaneous ulceration in a relatively immunocompetent patient, and the lack of response to treatment raises the question whether CMV was causative, partially contributory, or simply an innocent bystander.
Language Underperformance in Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing: Are the Expectations Too Low?
Authors: Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Sheldon Rose , Grether Sandra , Altaye Mekibib , Smith Laura , Choo Daniel I. , Wiley Susan 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
(1) To examine language performance in the context of cognitive abilities in young children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and (2) to identify factors associated with having a language underperformance, defined as a gap between the language standard score and the nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) standard score.

Methods:
Children 6 to 82 months of age with bilateral hearing loss were enrolled. Language performance was defined as a ratio of language skills relative to cognitive abilities with language underperformance defined as a ratio of language scores to NVIQ <0.85.

Results:
Among 149 children, approximately half had hearing loss that was clinically classified as mild or moderate, and over one-third received a cochlear implant. Participants had a mean NVIQ in the average range (95.4 [20.3]). Receptive language scores were significantly lower than their NVIQ by 10.6 points (p < .0001). Among children with NVIQs 80 to 100, 62.5% had receptive scores <85 and 50% had a language underperformance (ratio <0.85). Among children with NIVQs >100, 21.1% had receptive scores <85 with 42% having a language underperformance. Children with language underperformance (n = 61, 41.5%) were more likely to have more severe levels of hearing loss, lower socioeconomic status, and be nonwhite.

Conclusion:
Many children early identified with hearing loss continue to demonstrate language underperformance, defined using their cognitive potential. Language deficits have a cascading effect on social functioning in children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. This study highlights the need to understand a child's cognitive potential to adequately address language needs in existing intervention models.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA AND THE PRESENCE AND SEVERITY OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Authors: Chang Aimee C. , Fox Timothy P. , Wang Shutao , Wu Albert Y. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
To evaluate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods:
Three hundred seventeen patients with International Classification of Diseases diagnoses of both DR and OSA were evaluated retrospectively. Diabetic retinopathy severity and diabetic macular edema status were determined by diagnostic coding and medical records. Obstructive sleep apnea severity and additional sleep measures were obtained from overnight polysomnography. Analysis was performed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results:
After adjustment, an association was seen between DR and severe OSA (odds ratio [OR]: 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–4.18, P = 0.019). Proliferative DR was associated with severe OSA versus no DR (OR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.12–5.14, P = 0.024) and mild nonproliferative DR (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.26–6.55, P = 0.012). Comparing all nonproliferative DR with proliferative DR, proliferative DR and severe OSA were associated (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.03–4.70, P = 0.043), as well as diabetic macular edema and severe OSA (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.58–5.27, P = 0.001). No association was seen between DR/diabetic macular edema and secondary sleep measures.

Conclusion:
The findings suggest an increased risk of DR, proliferative DR, and diabetic macular edema in patients with severe OSA. Ophthalmologists following these patients should be aware of this association to better manage ocular sequelae of diabetes.
COMPARISON OF CORNEAL WETTING PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT DISPERSIVE OPHTHALMIC VISCOSURGICAL DEVICES
Authors: Karaca Cagatay , Ozkose Mustafa , Unlu Metin , Sevim Duygu Gulmez , Mirza Ertugrul 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
To compare corneal wetting performances of different dispersive ophthalmic viscosurgical devices.

Methods:
Three different types of dispersive ophthalmic viscosurgical devices, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose %2 (HPMC), sodium hyaluronate %3–sodium chondroitin sulphate %4 (HACS), and sodium hyaluronate %3 (HA), were applied on corneal surfaces of 10 healthy volunteer subjects repeatedly at 3 different time points. Corneal wetting properties of the ophthalmic viscosurgical devices were compared qualitatively and quantitatively by anterior segment optical coherence tomography for 30 minutes.

Results:
Sodium hyaluronate 3% and HACS applications had a higher mean precorneal ophthalmic viscosurgical device thickness than HPMC application at all time points (seventh minute HPMC: 105.2 ± 25.3 μm, HA: 561.4 ± 115.8 μm, HACS: 481.2 ± 55 μm, P < 0.001). All HPMC applications were terminated by the 12th minute because of insufficient corneal wetting. Mean survival estimate time was significantly shortest for HPMC (11.5 ± 0.5 minutes, P < 0.001) and longest for HA (29.7 ± 0.28 minutes). It was slightly shorter for HACS (26.9 ± 0.87 minutes, P = 0.007) than the HA application.

Conclusion:
Sodium hyaluronate 3% and HACS provide superior corneal covering compared with HPMC with an effect that can be maintained up to 30 minutes. They may be an effective option for corneal wetting during long vitreoretinal surgeries with longer duration of effect and fever number of applications.
Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergies
Authors: Biermé Priscille , Nowak-Wegrzyn Anna , Caubet Jean-Christoph 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
We focus on recent advances regarding the epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and managements of non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergies (non-IgE-GI-FAs), particularly food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES).

Recent findings
The first international FPIES diagnostic and management guidelines have been recently published. Although FPIES largely remains a diagnosis of exclusion, it may be more prevalent than previously thought. Ondansetron has emerged as a major tool for the treatment of FPIES acute reactions. Recent data also suggest an important role for innate immune cells in FPIES pathogenesis.

Summary
Despite major advances in the diagnosis and management of non-IgE-GI-FAs, particularly FPIES, the lack of specific diagnostic tests and biomarkers to guide clinical management remains challenging.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Yano Motoyo , Misra Sunil , Carpenter Danielle H. , Salter Amber , Hildebolt Charles F. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives
The aims of this study were to assess computed tomography enhancement of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), determine correlation with histological vascularity and fibrosis, and identify a biomarker for tumor aggression.

Methods
The arterial and venous enhancement of NET was calculated on computed tomography for 56 patients. Tumor size and vascularity/fibrosis were assessed. Tumor aggression was grouped by World Health Organization and Hochwald grade and the presence of metastases. Variables were assessed for correlation. Groups were compared using t test/Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results
Arterial enhancement and dynamic washout (r = 0.35, P = 0.02; r = 0.34, P = 0.02, respectively) correlate with vascularity. There is inverse correlation between vascularity and fibrosis (r = −0.62, P < 0.001), but no correlation between enhancement and fibrosis. Metastatic NET had less arterial (mean, −2 [standard deviationi {SD}, 27.1] Hounsfield unit [HU]; 35.7 [SD, 57.5] HU; P = 0.01) and venous (12.6 [SD, 14.4] HU; 29.2 [SD, 38.3] HU; P = 0.04) enhancement and less washout (8.5 [SD, 18.5] HU; 26.8 [SD, 30] HU, P = 0.02) compared with nonmetastatic NET. These differences were not present when comparing by tumor grade. Arterial hypoenhancement was the only significant predictor of metastases.

Conclusions
Aggressive tumors, as determined by metastases, but not histological grade, enhance less than nonmetastatic tumors.
Acute Alcohol Consumption Directly Increases HIV Transmission Risk: A Randomized Controlled Experiment
Authors: Shuper Paul A. , Joharchi Narges , Monti Peter M. , Loutfy Mona , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: September 2017

Background:
Alcohol consumption has frequently been purported as a driver of condomless sex and HIV transmission, but to date, experimental evidence for the causal risk-taking impact of alcohol among HIV-positive populations is lacking. The present experiment sought to determine whether acute alcohol consumption has a direct causal impact on condomless sex intentions among HIV-positive men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM), and to assess whether alcohol's impact differs between MSM who are HIV-positive versus HIV-negative.

Methods:
In a randomized controlled alcohol administration experiment, HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM were brought into a specialized barroom laboratory and randomly assigned to beverage consumption condition: alcohol (target blood alcohol concentration = 0.080%), placebo alcohol (target blood alcohol concentration = 0.000%), or water (control). Participants then underwent a video-based sexual arousal manipulation (sexually aroused/nonaroused) and indicated their intentions to engage in condom-protected and condomless sexual acts in a standardized paradigm. The primary outcome entailed intentions to engage in condomless receptive and condomless insertive anal sex.

Results:
A total of 282 MSM (141 HIV-positive; 141 HIV-negative) completed experimental procedures. MSM who received alcohol reported significantly stronger intentions to engage in condomless sex than those who received placebo alcohol or water (F
(1,274) = 9.43, P = 0.002). The impact of alcohol did not differ between HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM (F
(1,274) = 1.86, P = 0.174).

Conclusions:
The present investigation entailed the first risk-focused alcohol administration experiment to involve an HIV-positive sample, and results demonstrated that consuming alcohol had an independent, causal impact on intentions to engage in sexual behaviors that can result in HIV transmission. Findings strongly suggest that alcohol-focused initiatives should be incorporated into HIV prevention efforts.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Qualitative and Quantitative Computed Tomography Analysis for Diagnosis of Pathological Grade and Stage in Upper Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Mammen Suraj , Krishna Satheesh , Quon Matthew , Shabana Wael M. , Hakim Shaheed W. , Flood Trevor A. , Schieda Nicola 
Published: September 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to compare grade and stage of upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) using computed tomography.

Materials and Methods
With institutional review board approval, 48 patients with 49 UCC (44 high grade and 5 low grade, 26 ≤ T1 and 23 ≥ T2) underwent nephroureterectomy and preoperative computed tomography between 2013 and 2015. Two blinded radiologists assessed for tumor appearance (filling defect/mass or wall thickening/stricture), margin (smooth or spiculated/irregular), texture (homogeneous, heterogeneous), hydronephrosis, and calcification. A third blinded radiologist established consensus. A fourth blinded radiologist measured size and first-order histogram texture features. Comparisons were performed using χ2 test, multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operator characteristic analysis.

Results
There was no difference in size of tumors compared by grade or stage (P = 0.80 and 0.13, respectively).
Among subjective variables, only tumor texture was significantly different between low- and high-grade UCC (P = 0.03; κ = 0.45). Tumors characterized as spiculated/irregular margin (P = 0.003; 0.30) and heterogeneous (P < 0.001; κ = 0.45) were associated with T2 disease or higher.
Entropy was greater in higher grade (6.23 ± 0.46 vs 5.72 ± 0.28) and T2 disease or higher (6.40 ± 0.33 vs 5.95 ± 0.48), (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively) with no differences in Kurtosis or Skewness (P > 0.05). Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for entropy to diagnose high-grade and T2 tumors or higher was 0.83 (confidence interval, 0.64–1.0) and 0.79 (confidence interval 0.59–0.98), respectively.

Conclusions
Heterogeneity, assessed qualitatively and quantitatively, is accurate for diagnosis of higher grade and stage of disease in upper tract UCC. Spiculated/irregular margins are also associated with T2 disease or higher.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Lumbar Vertebras in Female Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Initial Findings
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Wang Shoufeng , Gao Yao , Zhou Zhengyang , He Jian 
Published: September 2017

Objective
The purpose of this study was to characterize diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) features of lumbar vertebras in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.

Methods
Fifty-two AIS patients and 20 healthy volunteers underwent 3-T magnetic resonance scanning including DTI sequence. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on the convex and concave sides of lumbar vertebras were obtained and compared.

Results
The FA and ADC values differed significantly between the convex and concave side of lumbar vertebras in AIS (P < 0.01). The ADC values in AIS differed significantly with healthy volunteers (P < 0.01). The FA values on the convex side of L1 to L2 were significantly lower than L4 to L5 in AIS. The difference of FA values between the concave and convex sides of the apex vertebra correlated significantly with Cobb angle (r = 0.436, P < 0.01).

Conclusions
The convex and concave sides of lumbar vertebras in AIS patients showed different DTI features.
Type III Interferons in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Amezcua-Guerra Luis M. , Márquez-Velasco Ricardo , Chávez-Rueda Adriana K. , Castillo-Martínez Diana , Massó Felipe , Páez Araceli , Colín-Fuentes Juan , Bojalil Rafael 
Published: September 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess associations between serum type III (λ) interferons (IFN-λ) and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods
Serum levels of IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3 were measured in 93 SLE patients and 67 healthy individuals. The associations with overall disease activity, organ-specific damage, and SLE-related antibodies were assessed.

Results
Median IFN-λ1 levels were 0 pg/mL (range, 0–510 pg/mL) and 0 pg/mL (0–171 pg/mL; P = 0.814) in SLE patients and control subjects, respectively. These figures were 0 pg/mL (0–28 pg/mL) and 0 pg/mL (0–43 pg/mL; P = 0.659) for IFN-λ2, as well as 83 pg/mL (0–965 pg/mL) and 42 pg/mL (0–520 pg/mL; P = 0.002) for IFN-λ3, respectively. According to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index categories, IFN-λ3 levels were 44 pg/mL (0–158 pg/mL) in quiescent, 117 pg/mL (0–344 pg/mL) in mild, 79 pg/mL (0–965 pg/mL) in moderate, and 78 pg/mL (0–329 pg/mL) in severe disease, with the highest levels found in patients with serosal or cutaneous involvement. In line with this, IFN-λ3 levels were inversely correlated with C3 (ρ = −0.44; 95% confidence interval, −0.62 to −0.20; P = 0.0003) and C4 (ρ = −0.40; 95% confidence interval, −0.59 to −0.15; P = 0.0001) complement proteins. In addition, higher IFN-λ3 levels were found in patients positive for anti-Ro/SSA antibodies than in those negative for that antibody (122 pg/mL [0–965 pg/mL] vs. 0 pg/mL [0–165 pg/mL]; P = 0.001). The concentration of IFN-λ3 also was higher in patients receiving glucocorticoids (104 pg/mL [0–965 pg/mL] vs. 30 pg/mL [0–165 pg/mL]; P = 0.009), and a dose-related effect was observed.

Conclusions
Interferon λ3, a subtype of type III IFNs, is associated with the extent of lupus activity, in particular with active serosal and cutaneous disease. This association could be mechanistically related to anti-Ro/SSA antibodies.