bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Death and Immortality: A Study of the Heraclitus Epigram of Callimachus
Authors: MacQueen J. G. 
Published: August 2016

Somebody mentioned your fate, Heraclitus, and he brought me to a tear; and I remembered how often we both made the sun sink in conversation. But you, my guest-friend from Halicarnassus, have, I suppose, been ashes for a very long time. But your nightingales are alive, on which Hades, plunderer of all things, will not lay his hand.This epigram of Callimachus is one of the best known poems in Classical literature, but it suffers more than most from the misfortune of having to live permanently in the shadow of its own translation. It may no longer be the case that every schoolboy knows ‘They told me, Heraclitus, they told me you were dead’, but it is certainly true that Cory's English version is much more widely known, and much more widely quoted, than Callimachus's Greek original. One result of this has been that a good deal of attention has often been given to comparing the two poems, but little time has been spent on examining the Callimachus as a poem in itself in an effort to see what its virtues are. One may occasionally find a few remarks on the restraint or simplicity of the Greek, as opposed to the English, or a note suggesting that Heraclitus of Halicarnassus, the poet to whom the verses are addressed, wrote a volume of verse the title of which was actuallyAēdones(‘Nightingales’) — hence the ‘nightingales’ of the second last line. Occasionally a commentator will go a little further. K. J. Mckay for instance remarks: ‘The high respect in which this epigram is held is fully justified. The way in which the thoughts spill over their barriers in the first four lines, the magic ofkatedusamen(suggestive of a communion of uncommon power), the skilful location of key thoughts (teon moron, katedusamen, aēdones), the pathos of an unknown grave and an abiding grief cannot but move us. Above all, the suggestion of unfathomable sorrow.’
Narration and Nutrition in Apuleius' Metamorphoses
Authors: Heath John R. 
Published: August 2016

Unusual things are to happen to Lucius in Hypata. Since he finds himself lodged at the home of the town's foremost miser, he tactfully refuses hospitality and sets off to procure his own food for dinner. After a little bargaining, he manages to purchase some fish at a reasonable price – but life is not going to be that easy. He is spotted by an acquaintance from Athens who has confirmed the ‘Peter Principle’ by rising to the position of public overseer of the market. Pythias is wonderfully officious: when he learns how much the fish have cost his friend, he is outraged and immediately drags Lucius back to the fish-seller, scolds the miscreant merchant, and as a curious climax to his absurd performance:et profusa in medium sportula iubet officialem suum insuper pisces inscendere ac pedibus suis totos obterere. qua contentus morum seueritudine meus Pythias ac mihi, ut abirem, suadens: ‘sufficit mihi, o Luci’, inquit, ‘seniculi tanta haec columella.’ his actis consternatus ac prorsus obstupidus ad balneas me refero prudentis con-discipuli ualido consilio et nummis simul priuatus et cena lautusque ad hospitium Milonis ac dehinc cubiculum me reporto.Then he emptied the fish out of my basket and ordered one of the minor officials to jump on them and to trample them to smithereens. After which, this friend of mine, Pythias, smiling complacently at the rigour with which he fulfilled his duties, motioned me to depart.‘I am satisfied, Lucius,’ he said. ‘That is enough reproof for the old scoundrel.’Speechless and flabbergasted, I wandered off to the Baths, bereft of both food and money through this high-handed procedure of my judicious fellowstudent. I bathed and refreshed myself, and then returned to Mi1o's house, and into my bedroom.
Sophocles' Ajax and Euripides' Heracles
Authors: Barlow Shirley A. 
Published: August 2016

Enkarterēsō bioton (‘I shall endure life’). So speaks Euripides' Heracles in a moment of crucial decision when he rejects the idea of suicide in spite of the horror he has been through and the subsequent shame he must live with. This moment expresses more than patient resignation; it is a calculated and positive decision to live on, a hard-made decision and perhaps a surprising one. Was Euripides here thinking of that other great hero depicted by Sophocles, Ajax, who had been through a similar experience of madness and had chosen the opposite course in consequence of it, namely to take his own life? Sophocles' Ajax was probably produced in the 440's, Euripides' Heracles about 418. It is scarcely credible that Euripides was not familiar with this great work of Sophocles. There were doubtless other plays on the theme of madness in between but Ajax would surely be particularly memorable as a well-known cult figure in Athens and elsewhere.The similarities between the two tragedies are considerable. I want first to explore them, then show how the difference in treatment of similar themes, particularly those of aretē, madness and tukhē, make up the unique character of each play. Such a comparison starting from common focal points should serve to set in relief the distinguishing characteristics of each author's treatment.
Space and Scenery in Quintus of Smyrna, Claudian and Nonnus
Authors: Newbold R. F. 
Published: August 2016

An important if limited contribution to the study of space and scenery in classical epic was made in 1976 with the publication ofEarly Epic Scenery: Homer, Virgil and the Medieval Legacy, by T. M. Andersson. Andersson's deliberate ignoring of the contributions of Hellenistic, Silver Age and late Greek and Latin epic are omissions which sometimes lead to distorted judgments. This article seeks to fill in part one of these gaps by examining spatial representation by three late writers of what might still loosely be termed epic.Andersson argues that Homer has a relatively poor and primitive concept of organised, rational, visual space, wherein the composer concentrates on his characters' actions and words, rather than giving much of the background against which action occurs; topographical features and spatial relations and distances between objects and persons are often vague, arbitary or downright impossible unless surmounted (as they sometimes are) by divine intervention. Homeric emphasis is on how people feel and respond when they see something rather than on the observed scene, object or behaviour itself. Splendour, for instance, is normally conveyed not so much by elaborate description of the splendid article as by dwelling on the impression made upon the viewer. Wide or carefully sourced perspectives are rare, there being no general design within a clear framework, but amélangeof detail, very narrow, fragmentary viewpoints and insulated scenes. It is a world of kinaesthetic and emotional flux, a world orchestrated into being by sound or suggested by similes rather than painted on a broad canvas for careful scrutiny by the eye, and within which communication occurs, sometimes at impossible ranges, by noises rather than by sight. The sketchiness of Homer's description of Odysseus' house on Ithaca, for example, has caused scholars much difficulty in reconstructing its layout.
A Statewide Characterization of Hospital Infection Control Practices and Practitioners
Authors: Booth Anita L. , Weeks R. Mark , Hutcheson Robert H. , Schaffner William 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSelected features of infection control programs among the 163 general hospitals in Tennessee were surveyed in 1976 and 1979. Each hospital but one had a designated infection control practitioner. Three-fourths of the hospitals had fewer than 200 beds and most were in rural areas. The practitioners in these small hospitals worked in an isolated professional milieu: few (4%) had attended a basic training course or were members of a national (11%) or local (16%) infection control association. They also had significantly less access to standard infection control resource publications than did practitioners in large hospitals. Use of aqueous quaternary ammonium compounds for disinfection was reported by 37% of all hospitals in 1979; 68% of hospitals routinely performed bacteriologic cultures of personnel or the environment. In contrast, only 3% of hospitals did not have a policy specifying the use of sterile closed-system drainage of indwelling bladder catheters. Although these practices varied somewhat by hospital size, the differences were not statistically significant. Modest improvement in each parameter was noted since 1976. Pathology was the most common medical specialty (34%) among chairman of infection control committees; internal medicine and pediatrics accounted for only 13%. The practice of routine microbiologic monitoring was significantly more common among hospitals with chairmen who were pathologists. The implications of these findings for national priorities in hospital infection control are discussed.
Nosocomial Bacteremia in Perspective: A Community-Wide Study
Authors: Brenner Eric R. , Bryan Charles S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractProspective surveillance of 1,527 episodes of bacteremia in the four major hospitals serving a community of 300,000 revealed striking differences among the hospitals. The rate of community-acquired bacteremia ranged from 1.9 to 6.8 per 1000 discharges; the rate of nosocomial bacteremia ranged from 0.9 to 9.8 per 1000 discharges. Death rates attributed to nosocomial bacteremias varied among the hospitals by as much as 40-fold. Nosocomial bacteremias were less frequent at two community non-teaching hospitals than at two teaching hospitals. Although fewer blood cultures were obtained at the nonteaching hospitals, the ratio of blood cultures obtained to deaths attributed to bacteremic infection was highest at these hospitals, suggesting that physicians recognized the importance of obtaining blood cultures in critically ill patients. The potential usefulness of bacteremia surveillance is reviewed. It is suggested that hospitals serving a single community might constitute an appropriate unit for such surveillance [Infect Control 1981: 2(3):219-226.]
Comparison of Injected and Oral Polio Vaccine for Booster Immunization During the 1979 Polio Outbreak in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Doe Robert G. , Kleger Bruce , Randall John L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring a 1979 outbreak of poliomyelitis in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, we investigated the neccessity for and the response to booster vaccination of hospital personnel. The immune response of hospital employees who received booster injections of Salk vaccine (n=38) was compared with that of residents in the surrounding community who received Sabin trivalent OPV boosters (n=43). Serum neutralizing antibody titers to the three polio serotypes were measured before and after booster immunization. Results indicated that 38% of the subjects in both groups had low initial antibody titers. Salk vaccine was in all circumstances as effective or better than Sabin vaccine in increasing neutralizing IgG antibody titers [Infect Control 1981; 2(5):377-379.]
Investigation of an Epidemic of Multi-Drug ResistantPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Murray Susan A. , Snydman David R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInter- and intrahospital epidemics of nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli resistant to many antimicrobials have been well-documented. Prospective studies on the use of isolation along with epidemiologic analysis and appropriate environmental control have been lacking. In the six-month period from November 1978 to April 1979Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MDR) resistant to all antibiotics except amikacin was isolated from 15 patients. This organism had not previously been seen in our hospital. Epidemiologic assessment of infected patients revealed that nine of 15 patients had contact either with a previously infected case or contaminated area. All strains ofP. aeruginosawere identical by pyocin typing and antibiogram. The organism was present in an environmental reservoir, the urine graduated cylinder, and was found in three of eight receptacles (p = 0.002 vs. other environmental cultures). A case control study of patient risk factors showed aminoglycoside use, other antibiotic use, surgery, intravenous lines, Foley catheter use and mechanical ventilation to be no more frequent in cases than controls. The use of aminoglycosides in only 40% of cases suggests that antibiotic pressure was not the sole factor in perpetuating the epidemic.
Effective and Creative Surveillance and Reporting of Surgical Wound Infections
Authors: Kaiser Allen B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSurgical wound infections offer a major challenge to hospital infection control programs. Surgical procedures and host factors are independent variables which markedly influence the risk of infection. Frequently used categories of surgical procedures (clean, contaminated, and infected) are inadequate to identify the special risks and problems of individual procedures.In 1976, in conjunction with the practicing surgeons of a large, referral hospital, the Infections Control Committee instituted surveillance of selected clean surgical procedures and deep-versus-superficial wound infections. Major problems associated with the cleaning of sternal saws and the timing of the administration of prophylactic antibiotics have been detected by these methods. Conventional surveillance undoubtedly would have overlooked these problems. Effective surveillance and control of surgical wound infections requires a willingness to modify surveillance activities to meet the local needs, and a determination to include the operating surgeons in the planning of surveillance activities.
Comparison of Broth and Filtration Methods for Culturing of Intravenous Fluids
Authors: Longfield Jenice N. , Charache Patricia , Diamond Earl L. , Townsend Timothy R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNinety-six specimens of intravenous fluid solutions (D5/025 NS) were inoculated withS. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. agglomerans, orC. albicansin concentrations of .1, 1, 10, or 102organisms/ml. They were cultured in tubes containing 5 ml of double enriched broth and after passage through a .45 μ pore membrane filter. After 24 hours of incubation, broth cultures were 68% as sensitive as the filter cultures (p<.001). At the lowest concentration (.1 organism/ml) broth cultures were only 45% as sensitive as the membrane filter technique after 24 hours of growth (p<.001). Membrane filters provide a rapid method to accurately detect and quantitate the presence of microbial contamination even at very low levels of concentration. The simplicity and accuracy of the filtration method offers the clinician a valuable adjunct in managing suspected cases of intravenous fluid related sepsis.
Non-Gonococcal Ophthalmitis Associated with Erythromycin Ointment Prophylaxis of Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Authors: Mooney Barbara R. , Green Jon A. , Epstein Beverly J. , Hashisaki Peter A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSubstitution of erythromycin ointment for silver nitrate in the prophylaxis of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (GON) was accompanied by eight infections in 749 (1.1%) well-born and 21 infections in 285 (7.4%) intensive care infants during an eight-month period. This was significantly higher than previous rates of ophthalmitis during the use of silver nitrate, 0.3% (5/1877) and 2.1% (19/904) for well and intensive care infants, (P<0.01). Multiple bacteria were isolated, polymicrobial infection occurred frequently and the pattern of bacterial isolates did not favor cross-contamination between infants. Observation suggested the frequent unintentional introduction of ungloved fingers into neonatal eyes during attempts to insert erythromycin ointment. Replacement of ophthalmic ointment with a liquid tetracycline preparation resulted in a decrease in non-gonococcal ophthalmitis to rates similar to the baseline period 8/997 (0.8%) for both nurseries. The increased number of infections appear related to the ointment vehicle, difficulty in its application and the mechanical introduction of bacteria. It is inferred that appropriate application of liquid medication also reduced the risk of inadequate prophylaxis.
Persistent Isolation of an UnusualPseudomonas SpeciesFrom a Phenolic Disinfectant System
Authors: Newman Kathryn A. , Tenney James H. , Oken Harry A. , Moody Marcia R. , Wharton Raynor , Schimpff Stephen C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA well-characterized unusualPseudomonas speciescontaminated the piped disinfectant system of a newly-opened laminar air flow intensive care facility. This organism was frequently isolated (104-106cfu/ml) from phenolic diluted 1:256 in the system, and could also be recovered (0.01-0.2 cfu/ml) from undiluted phenolic. During the 20-month period when this unusual Pseudomonas was present, none of the severely compromised, granulocytopenic oncology patients treated in the intensive care facility were either colonized or infected with thisPseudomonas sp.Eradication of the organism from the system proved difficult and was accomplished by removing a contaminated reservoir of diluted phenolic disinfectant followed by transient cleansing of the system with very high concentrations (84,000 ppm) of chlorine. This experience demonstrates that phenolics should be added to the list of disinfectants which can harborPseudomonas spp.in the clinical setting.
Endotoxin Contamination of Foley Catheters Associated With Fevers Following Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Authors: Gephart J.F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn 1980 an investigation was conducted due to an apparent cluster of fevers following transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP), where the presence of prostatitis or urinary tract infections (UTIs) could not account for most cases, and the usage of antimicrobials did not prevent them. When unused, prepackaged, sterilized samples from 13 lots of triple lumen catheters were analyzed, four were found to contain high levels of endotoxin (ET), with a range of 49,150-≥ 6.25 ng/catheter. Additionally, these lots were highly pyrogenic to rabbits. The maximum incidence of febrile patients (42%) correlated with usage of catheters from the lot where ET levels were the highest. The febrile rate for a second urologist, who used single lumen catheters, was less (12/33 v 0/12). Further consideration should be given to sterile operative equipment which may still be pyrogenic.
Rotavirus Infection in Normal Nursery: Epidemic and Surveillance
Authors: Srinivasan G. , Azarcon E. , Muldoon M.R.L. , Jenkins G. , Polavarapu S. , Kallick C.A. , Pildes R.S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHuman rotavirus (HRV) epidemics have not been reported in normal full-term newborn nurseries in the US. This report describes an epidemic from April 27 to May 6, 1982 in which 23 infants were infected. Diagnosis was confirmed with Rotazyme (Abbott) in 82% (23/28 ) of the neonates screened. Five were asymptomatic; in the remaining 18 cases, the symptoms were usually mild and self-limited. Transient shedding of the virus was found in 8% (4/52) of personnel screened, and only one of them was symptomatic. Control measures included the following: strict cohorting, closure of transitional nursery, enteric precautions and wiping of horizontal surfaces with 95% ethyl alcohol which has been shown to be an effective virucidal agent for rotavirus in laboratories. Follow-up in 80 of 108 contact neonates born during the epidemic showed only two mildly symptomatic cases after discharge. During an 11-month period of surveillance, 33% of neonates (1,688/5,054) born at Cook County Hospital were screened for excretion of virus in stools; only 3.6% of infants (61/1,688) were positive by Rotazyme and none were symptomatic. This report suggests that strict measures are helpful in control of HRV epidemic gastroenteritis and asymptomatic shedding need not be as high as the previously reported incidence of 40% to 50%.
Influence of Chlorhexidine in Ethanol and in Isopropanol on the Bacterial Colonization of the Umbilicus of Newborns
Authors: Nyström B. , Bygdeman S. , Henningsson A. , Tunell R. , Berg U. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe effect of daily treatment with 0.5% Chlorhexidine in 70% ethanol and in 70% isopropanol, respectively, on navel colonization and on rates of infection in newborns has been studied in 438 infants in two maternity wards during a 3-month period. In spite of isopropanol being reported as a more efficient skin disinfectant than ethanol in several experimental models, no significant differences were seen in the frequency of navel colonization or in infection rates between the two treatment groups. The colonization rate with S. aureus was lower in this than in an earlier investigation on navel disinfection with Chlorhexidine in ethanol performed in the same wards. This may reflect a progressive effectiveness of the treatment due to fewer S. aureus sources in the nursery. For practical reasons we continue to recommend daily navel disinfection with 0.5% Chlorhexidine in 70% ethanol on healthy newborns in hospital nurseries.
Amphotericin—How Safe and Effective?
Authors: Norris Sandra M. 
Published: August 2016

Over a period of 35 days beginning July 23, 1984, the Infection Control Section of the Nassau Hospital, a 535-bed community teaching institution received reports of an unusually high number of PPD tuberculin skin test conversions among employees from Employee Health Service personnel.The first case involved a registered nurse who, upon receiving a routine annual Mantoux skin test on July 23, converted from the previous year's negative reaction to a significant reaction (20 mm induration) with a greater than normal area of erythema. When she reported this to her private medical doctor prior to beginning INH prophylaxis, she was retested by the physician. This test was read as nonreactive.
Abbreviated Surveillance of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections: A New Approach
Authors: Costel Esther E. , Mitchell Sue , Kaiser Allen B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn abbreviated method for the surveillance of nosocomial urinary tract infection is described. Combining desirable features of both active and passive surveillance, this new method involves concurrent review of microbiology reports. Compared to traditional active surveillance methods which require review of individual patient charts, the abbreviated method requires only one-fifth the time commitment while maintaining a 98% sensitivity. Although some degree of overestimation is inherent in this method, the primary goals of surveillance—monitoring infection rates and identifying clusters of infection—should be preserved.
Implementing a Successful Hepatitis B Vaccination Program
Authors: Hanacik Linda J. , Franson Timothy R. , Gollup Jill D. , Rytel Michael W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHealth care personnel with frequent blood contact are at high risk for being exposed to and developing hepatitis B infection. Exposure to unidentified infectious patients may lead to personnel inadvertently foregoing appropriate, passive immunoprophylaxis. For these reasons, our hospital elected to conduct an aggressive program to administer hepatitis B vaccine to all employees at high risk for exposure to hepatitis B virus, thus protecting such employees from inadvertent occupational exposure. Administrators agreed to offer the vaccine as a free employee health benefit. “High-risk” employees attended mandatory inservice presentations covering hepatitis B disease, vaccine safety and efficacy, and related concerns. High-risk individuals were required to either receive vaccine or sign “informed refusal” forms. The vaccine clinic was organized to accommodate employee work schedules. Of high-risk employees eligible for vaccination, 90% completed a three-dose vaccine course. Extensive inservice education, financial and administrative support, and careful advance planning are all crucial in achieving high compliance with vaccination programs. A description of key steps in designing a successful vaccination program is outlined.