bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferences from tip‐calibrated phylogenies: a review and a practical guide
Authors: Rieux Adrien , Balloux François 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMolecular dating of phylogenetic trees is a growing discipline using sequence data to co‐estimate the timing of evolutionary events and rates of molecular evolution. All molecular‐dating methods require converting genetic divergence between sequences into absolute time. Historically, this could only be achieved by associating externally derived dates obtained from fossil or biogeographical evidence to internal nodes of the tree. In some cases, notably for fast‐evolving genomes such as viruses and some bacteria, the time span over which samples were collected may cover a significant proportion of the time since they last shared a common ancestor. This situation allows phylogenetic trees to be calibrated by associating sampling dates directly to the sequences representing the tips (terminal nodes) of the tree. The increasing availability of genomic data from ancient DNA extends the applicability of such tip‐based calibration to a variety of taxa including humans, extinct megafauna and various microorganisms which typically have a scarce fossil record. The development of statistical models accounting for heterogeneity in different aspects of the evolutionary process while accommodating very large data sets (e.g. whole genomes) has allowed using tip‐dating methods to reach inferences on divergence times, substitution rates, past demography or the age of specific mutations on a variety of spatiotemporal scales. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art of tip dating, discuss some recent applications, highlight common pitfalls and provide a ‘how to’ guide to thoroughly perform such analyses.
Introducing solid foods using baby‐led weaning vs. spoon‐feeding: A focus on oral development, nutrient intake and quality of research to bring balance to the debate
Authors: Cichero J. A. Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe World Health Organization recommends that infants be introduced to first solid foods from 6 months of age to complement milk feeds. The introduction of complementary foods is required to help infants meet their changing nutritional requirements. In recent years, baby‐led weaning and spoon‐feeding have been discussed as mutually exclusive approaches to introducing first solids. Baby‐led weaning advocates that babies direct and control the process of weaning, deciding what they will eat, how much and how quickly. There is an emphasis on parents providing chunks of soft food that babies can pick up and chew. A traditional spoon‐feeding approach involves introducing smooth runny purees as the texture for first foods and progressing to chewable solids as oral motor skills develop. Spoon‐feeding provides an opportunity for infants to develop oral skills necessary for safe management of solids and may facilitate intake of iron‐rich foods at weaning, whilst baby‐led weaning promotes greater participation in family meals and exposure to family foods. The need to supervise infants whilst eating to avoid risk of choking on food is required for both approaches. The review highlights the need for quality, well‐designed research on different approaches to the introduction of first solid foods and suggests that a combined approach to baby‐led weaning should be considered.
Sugars – part of a bigger picture?
Authors: Buttriss J. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIf levels of health in the worst performing regions in England matched the best performing ones, England would have one of the lowest burdens of disease of any developed country. So what can be done from a diet and nutrition perspective to support this shift, and what role does the current preoccupation with intakes of free sugars have to play? Public Health England has recently furnished the Department of Health with an evidence package, detailing eight levers that could be used in a sugar reduction package. Evidently, the current levels of free sugars consumption are considerably in excess of the latest recommendations and attention needs to be drawn to this fact but sugar has held centre stage for some time, arguably detracting focus away from the many other attributes of a healthy diet, such as fatty acid profile, salt, protein and fibre content and the provision of adequate amounts of the full complement of vitamins and minerals. As the Department of Health prepares to launch its Childhood Obesity Strategy, the challenge will be to communicate a dietary approach for families that helps ensure energy intakes are aligned with energy expenditure plus also is rich in micronutrients and provides adequate fibre through inclusion of grains, pulses, vegetables and fruit. During the early months of 2016, a revised version of the eatwell plate healthy eating guide is anticipated, which will provide a basis for the nutrition community and the media to promote sound nutrition on a broader platform. There is a window in time to get this right – let us hope the opportunity is not wasted.
Molecular and systems approaches towards drought‐tolerant canola crops
Authors: Zhu Mengmeng , Monroe J. Grey , Suhail Yasir , Villiers Florent , Mullen Jack , Pater Dianne , Hauser Felix , Jeon Byeong Wook , Bader Joel S. , Kwak June M. , Schroeder Julian I. , McKay John K. , Assmann Sarah M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryModern agriculture is facing multiple challenges including the necessity for a substantial increase in production to meet the needs of a burgeoning human population. Water shortage is a deleterious consequence of both population growth and climate change and is one of the most severe factors limiting global crop productivity.Brassicaspecies, particularly canola varieties, are cultivated worldwide for edible oil, animal feed, and biodiesel, and suffer dramatic yield loss upon drought stress. The recent release of theBrassica napusgenome supplies essential genetic information to facilitate identification of drought‐related genes and provides new information for agricultural improvement in this species. Here we summarize current knowledge regarding drought responses of canola, including physiological and ‐omics effects of drought. We further discuss knowledge gained through translational biology based on discoveries in the closely related reference speciesArabidopsis thalianaand through genetic strategies such as genome‐wide association studies and analysis of natural variation. Knowledge of drought tolerance/resistance responses in canola together with research outcomes arising from new technologies and methodologies will inform novel strategies for improvement of drought tolerance and yield in this and other important crop species.ContentsSummary1169I.Introduction1170II.Physiological complexity of responses to drought stress in canola crops1170III.Translational biology: iterating betweenA. thalianaandB. napus1172IV.Systems biology ofBrassicaunder drought stress1176V.Natural variation in drought tolerance for informing breeding1181VI.Conclusions/hurdles/perspectives1182Acknowledgements1183References1183
Neighbourhood social capital: measurement issues and associations with health outcomes
Authors: Mackenbach J. D. , Lakerveld J. , van Lenthe F. J. , Kawachi I. , McKee M. , Rutter H. , Glonti K. , Compernolle S. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Feuillet T. , Oppert J.‐M. , Nijpels G. , Brug J. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryWe compared ecometric neighbourhood scores of social capital (contextual variation) to mean neighbourhood scores (individual and contextual variation), using several health‐related outcomes (i.e. self‐rated health, weight status and obesity‐related behaviours).Data were analysed from 5,900 participants in the European SPOTLIGHT survey. Factor analysis of the 13‐item social capital scale revealed two social capital constructs: social networks and social cohesion. The associations of ecometric and mean neighbourhood‐level scores of these constructs with self‐rated health, weight status and obesity‐related behaviours were analysed using multilevel regression analyses, adjusted for key covariates.Analyses using ecometric and mean neighbourhood scores, but not mean neighbourhood scores adjusted for individual scores, yielded similar regression coefficients. Higher levels of social network and social cohesion were not only associated with better self‐rated health, lower odds of obesity and higher fruit consumption, but also with prolonged sitting and less transport‐related physical activity. Only associations with transport‐related physical activity and sedentary behaviours were associated with mean neighbourhood scores adjusted for individual scores.As analyses using ecometric scores generated the same results as using mean neighbourhood scores, but different results when using mean neighbourhood scores adjusted for individual scores, this suggests that the theoretical advantage of the ecometric approach (i.e. teasing out individual and contextual variation) may not be achieved in practice. The different operationalisations of social network and social cohesion were associated with several health outcomes, but the constructs that appeared to represent the contextual variation best were only associated with two of the outcomes.
Mismatch between perceived and objectively measured environmental obesogenic features in European neighbourhoods
Authors: Roda C. , Charreire H. , Feuillet T. , Mackenbach J. D. , Compernolle S. , Glonti K. , Ben Rebah M. , Bárdos H. , Rutter H. , McKee M. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Brug J. , Lakerveld J. , Oppert J.‐M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryFindings from research on the association between the built environment and obesity remain equivocal but may be partly explained by differences in approaches used to characterize the built environment. Findings obtained using subjective measures may differ substantially from those measured objectively. We investigated the agreement between perceived and objectively measured obesogenic environmental features to assess (1) the extent of agreement between individual perceptions and observable characteristics of the environment and (2) the agreement between aggregated perceptions and observable characteristics, and whether this varied by type of characteristic, region or neighbourhood. Cross‐sectional data from the SPOTLIGHT project (n = 6037 participants from 60 neighbourhoods in five European urban regions) were used. Residents' perceptions were self‐reported, and objectively measured environmental features were obtained by a virtual audit using Google Street View. Percent agreement and Kappa statistics were calculated. The mismatch was quantified at neighbourhood level by a distance metric derived from a factor map. The extent to which the mismatch metric varied by region and neighbourhood was examined using linear regression models. Overall, agreement was moderate (agreement < 82%, kappa < 0.3) and varied by obesogenic environmental feature, region and neighbourhood. Highest agreement was found for food outlets and outdoor recreational facilities, and lowest agreement was obtained for aesthetics. In general, a better match was observed in high‐residential density neighbourhoods characterized by a high density of food outlets and recreational facilities. Future studies should combine perceived and objectively measured built environment qualities to better understand the potential impact of the built environment on health, particularly in low residential density neighbourhoods.
Self‐defined residential neighbourhoods: size variations and correlates across five European urban regions
Authors: Charreire H. , Feuillet T. , Roda C. , Mackenbach J. D. , Compernolle S. , Glonti K. , Bárdos H. , Le Vaillant M. , Rutter H. , McKee M. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Brug J. , Lakerveld J. , Oppert J.‐M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe neighbourhood is recognized as an important unit of analysis in research on the relation between obesogenic environments and development of obesity. One important challenge is to define the limits of the residential neighbourhood, as perceived by study participants themselves, in order to improve our understanding of the interaction between contextual features and patterns of obesity. An innovative tool was developed in the framework of the SPOTLIGHT project to identify the boundaries of neighbourhoods as defined by participants in five European urban regions. The aims of this study were (i) to describe self‐defined neighbourhood (size and overlap with predefined residential area) according to the characteristics of the sampling administrative neighbourhoods (residential density and socioeconomic status) within the five study regions and (ii) to determine which individual or/and environmental factors are associated with variations in size of self‐defined neighbourhoods. Self‐defined neighbourhood size varies according to both individual factors (age, educational level, length of residence and attachment to neighbourhood) and contextual factors. These findings have consequences for how residential neighbourhoods are defined and operationalized and can inform how self‐defined neighbourhoods may be used in research on associations between contextual characteristics and health outcomes such as obesity.
Maize yield improvements in China: past trends and future directions
Authors: Qin Xiaoliang , Feng Fan , Li Yajun , Xu Shutu , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Liao Yuncheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMaize is one of China's most important grain crops. We analysed data from breeding trials and experimental reports to assess genetic gains in the single‐cross varieties in terms of grain yield and agronomic traits in Northern China, Southwestern China and Yellow–Huai River Valley. Since the 1960s, the grain yield of single‐cross varieties has increased linearly in all three regions. Plant height, ear rows and 100‐seed weight have increased linearly (P < 0.05) with time, while ear length has decreased (P < 0.05). Planting density has increased (P < 0.05) in Yellow–Huai River Valley and Northern China, but no change in Southwestern China. Ear height and leaf number in Northern China and Southwestern China have increased linearly (P < 0.05) over time, but no change in Yellow–Huai River Valley. The growing period in Yellow–Huai River Valley has increased linearly (P < 0.05), while that of Northern China and Southwestern China has not changed. Our analysis showed that contribution of agronomic traits to grain yield differed between agroecological regions. Future research and breeding strategies should focus on specific agroecological regions.
Physiological and molecular mechanisms mediating xylem Na+ loading in barley in the context of salinity stress tolerance
Authors: Zhu Min , Zhou Meixue , Shabala Lana , Shabala Sergey 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTime‐dependent kinetics of xylem Na+ loading was investigated using a large number of barley genotypes contrasting in their salinity tolerance. Salt‐sensitive varieties were less efficient in controlling xylem Na+ loading and showed a gradual increase in the xylem Na+ content over the time. To understand underlying ionic and molecular mechanisms, net fluxes of Ca2+, K+ and Na+ were measured from the xylem parenchyma tissue in response to H2O2 and ABA; both of them associated with salinity stress signalling. Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase‐mediated apoplastic H2O2 production acts upstream of the xylem Na+ loading and is causally related to ROS‐inducible Ca2+ uptake systems in the root stelar tissue. It was also found that ABA regulates (directly or indirectly) the process of Na+ retrieval from the xylem and the significant reduction of Na+ and K+ fluxes induced by bumetanide are indicative of a major role of chloride cation co‐transporter (CCC) on xylem ion loading. Transcript levels of HvHKT1;5_like and HvSOS1_like genes in the root stele were observed to decrease after salt stress, while there was an increase in HvSKOR_like gene, indicating that these ion transporters are involved in primary Na+/K+ movement into/out of xylem.
The RDoC initiative and the structure of psychopathology
Authors: Krueger Robert F. , DeYoung Colin G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project represents a welcome effort to circumvent the limitations of psychiatric categories as phenotypes for psychopathology research. Here, we describe the hierarchical and dimensional structure of phenotypic psychopathology and illustrate how this structure provides phenotypes suitable for RDoC research on neural correlates of psychopathology. A hierarchical and dimensional approach to psychopathology phenotypes holds great promise for delineating connections between neuroscience constructs and the patterns of affect, cognition, and behavior that constitute manifest psychopathology.
Moving boulders in flash floods and estimating flow conditions using boulders in ancient deposits
Authors: Alexander Jan , Cooker Mark J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBoulders moving in flash floods cause considerable damage and casualties. More and bigger boulders move in flash floods than predicted from published theory. The interpretation of flow conditions from the size of large particles within flash flood deposits has, until now, generally assumed that the velocity (or discharge) is unchanging in time (i.e. flow is steady), or changes instantaneously between periods of constant conditions. Standard practice is to apply theories developed for steady flow conditions to flash floods, which are however inherently very unsteady flows. This is likely to lead to overestimates of peak flow velocity (or discharge). Flash floods are characterised by extremely rapid variations in flow that generate significant transient forces in addition to the mean‐flow drag. These transient forces, generated by rapid velocity changes, are generally ignored in published theories, but they are briefly so large that they could initiate the motion of boulders. This paper develops a theory for the initiation of boulder movement due to the additionalimpulsive forcegenerated by unsteady flow, and discusses the implications.
Observed Emotions as Predictors of Quality of Kindergartners’ Social Relationships
Authors: Hernández Maciel M. , Eisenberg Nancy , Valiente Carlos , Spinrad Tracy L. , VanSchyndel Sarah K. , Diaz Anjolii , Silva Kassondra M. , Berger Rebecca H. , Southworth Jody 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated whether positive and anger emotional frequency (the proportion of instances an emotion was observed) and intensity (the strength of an emotion when it was observed) uniquely predicted social relationships among kindergarteners (N = 301). Emotions were observed as naturally occurring at school in the fall term and multiple reporters (peers and teachers) provided information on quality of relationships with children in the spring term. In structural equation models, positive emotion frequency, but not positive emotion intensity, was positively related to peer acceptance and negatively related to peer rejection. In contrast, the frequency of anger provided unique positive prediction of teacher–student conflict and negative prediction of peer acceptance. Furthermore, anger intensity negatively predicted teacher–student closeness and positively predicted teacher–student conflict. Implications for promoting social relationships in school are discussed.
Influence of Changes in Pressure and Temperature of Supercritical Water on the Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Sáez-Maderuelo Alberto , Gómez-Briceño Dolores , Maffiotte César 
Published: February 2016

The supercritical water reactor (SCWR) is one of the Generation IV designs. The SCWR is characterized by its high efficiency, low waste production, and simple design. Despite the suitable properties of supercritical water as a coolant, its physicochemical properties change sharply with pressure and temperature in the supercritical region. For this reason, there are many doubts about how changes in these variables affect the behavior of the materials to general corrosion or to specific types of corrosion such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Austenitic stainless steels are candidate materials to build the SCWR due to their optimum behavior in the light water reactors (LWRs). Nevertheless, their behavior under the SCWR conditions is not well known. First, the objective of this work was to study the SCC behavior of austenitic stainless steel 316 type L in deaerated supercritical water at 400°C/25  MPa and 30 MPa and 500°C/25  MPa to determine how variations in pressure and temperature influence its behavior with regard to SCC and to make progress in the understanding of mechanisms involved in SCC processes in this environment. Second, the oxide layer formed at 400°C/30  MPa/<10  ppb O2 was analyzed to gain some insight into these processes.
Diagnostics and Life-Cycle Assessment of Medium-Voltage Cables in Nuclear Power Plants During Regular Overhaul Process
Authors: Podkoritnik Simon , Jansa Marko , Manojlovic Stanko 
Published: February 2016

The reliability of operation of a nuclear power plant substantially depends on the reliability of its individual components. Electric cables, particularly medium-voltage cables, represent an important constituent of the nuclear island as well as of the balance of the plant. It cannot be considered as satisfactory that the redundancy of a particular subsystem is ensured. For this purpose, it is important to check the cable insulation condition, which is supposed to be carried out during the overhaul activities. The lifetime of medium-voltage cables is estimated to attain somewhere around 40 years. However, due to electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses, it may be significantly reduced. In order to avoid its likely failures and following outages, the insulation must be tested regularly. Based on obtained testing results, the condition of a cable or cable termination can be assessed and repaired or a replacement made, if necessary. The paper presents some of the most important nondestructive diagnostic measurements on cable connections recommended to be done during the overhaul of a nuclear power plant following a good practice of asset maintenance management.