bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Lensing and Deep Infrared Surveys
Authors: Metcalfe Leo , Mcbreen B. , Kneib J.-P. , Altieri B. 
Published: July 2016

ISO's infrared camera was used to make deep mid-infrared (MIR) images through three gravitationally lensing clusters of galaxies. Observations were made at 7 μm and 15 μm covering more than 50 square arcminutes, with the lensing increasing the sensitivity to background sources significantly.A large number of MIR sources were detected behind the lenses and provide source counts, corrected for cluster contamination and lensing distortion effects, which exceed by a factor of 10 the expectation from local counts assuming a no-evolution model. The results are consistent with larger-area surveys and the detected population resolves a substantial fraction (of order 60%) of the background MIR radiation intensity into discrete sources.We discuss the evidence, in large part derived from lensing cluster observations, for overlap of the ISO 15 μm faint galaxy population with the 850 μm submillimetre and the 0.5 to 7 keV X-ray populations. We find that the ISO data shows substantial overlap with both the submillimetre and the X-ray source populations, with roughly 25% of ISO sources being detected at submillimetre wavelengths and a significant number of Chandra X-ray sources being detected in the ISO data.
Successes and Challenges of the Theory of White Dwarf Spectral Evolution
Authors: Fontaine G. , Wesemael F. 
Published: July 2016

Of all stars in the Hertzprung-Russell diagram, white dwarfs are those for which the clues on past evolution given by photospheric abundances are probably the hardest to decipher. This is because the cooling phase of white dwarfs, a relatively uneventful phase from an evolutionary point of view, is, in contrast, a most active phase for the evolution of the chemical composition of the envelope. Indeed, it is now well established that the often puzzling variety of surface abundances observed in white dwarf stars can be traced to the simultaneous operation, in the outer layers of these stars, of a variety of physical processes which will also erase the abundances present in the photosphere at the onset of cooling.Downward element diffusion in the intense gravitational field of the degenerate star is perhaps the mechanism which is the most closely identified with white dwarf stars. However, convective mixing, ordinary diffusion, radiative forces, winds, and accretion from the interstellar medium all are equally important processes which, at times, compete efficiently with the rapid element segregation expected in those stars. The various regions, along the cooling sequence of white dwarfs, where individual processes are expected to operate, have been summarized by Fontaine and Wesemael (1987). We illustrate here various combinations of these mechanisms which have been found in white dwarfs, and show how their competition affects the observed abundance patterns. The unity underlying these cases stems from the fact that, in many cases, progress in investigating these complicated situations has come only through the combination of evolutionary calculations with new and powerful numeriques techniques which have been developed at Montréal (Pelletier 1986; Pelletier, Fontaine, and Wesemael 1989).
NGC 2188: A Case Study for Disk-Halo Interaction
Authors: Domgörgen H. , Dahlem M. , Dettmar R.-J. 
Published: July 2016

A deep Hα image of the nearly edge-on (i ∼ 86°; Tully, 1988) irregular galaxy NGC 2188 shows the presence of spectacular filaments of ionized gas extending from a large star-forming complex several hundred pc into the halo of the galaxy (Dettmar, 1994). The origin and ionization mechanism of such extraplanar diffuse ionized features is not yet clear. One promising idea is that the extraplanar DIG is due to large scale mass circulation, i.e. a galactic “fountain” (Shapiro & Field, 1976) or “chimney” (Norman & Ikeuchi, 1989). Hα filaments could then be the photoionized walls of such chimneys or fountains.Recently obtained VLA HI data also show peculiar HI filaments. East of the center of NGC 2188 a giant superbubble with a radius of 550 pc and energy requirement 1.6×1053 erg is found. However, a correlation between HI structures and Hα filaments cannot be found.The HI observations reveal large-scale deviations from symmetry which are present in both, the gas distribution and in the velocity field. These suggest that NGC 2188 is a perturbed system, although it is not obviously an interacting galaxy.
15. The neutral point discharge theory of solar flares. A reply to Cowling's criticism
Authors: Dungey J. W. 
Published: July 2016

The discharge theory has been criticized by Professor Cowling in §5·3 of The Sun, ed. Kuiper (Chicago[1]). A discharge theory requires the thickness of the accelerating layer to be only 5 m, which he finds unacceptable. This criticism is not soundly based, because no lower limit for the layer width is obtained from observation.Secondly, Cowling invokes Lenz's law: ‘the effect of induced currents is always to oppose the change to which they are due.’ Lenz's law needs verifying for conducting fluids, however, and though it is usually true, it is shown to be false when there is a neutral point. Since Lenz's law refers to electromagnetic induction, other effects such as the pressure gradient may be omitted in this test, and then a completely rigorous proof is possible: it is shown that in an ideal fluid which is perfectly conducting, perfectly compressible and inviscid, the current density at a neutral point must become infinite.The pressure gradient is irrelevant to Lenz's law, but it usually opposes any motion and should also be discussed. A physical picture suggests that the pressure gradient will not stop a vortical motion, but merely retard it. The related problem of equilibrium between the pressure gradient and the electromagnetic force may be discussed mathematically for the special case with two-dimensional symmetry. It is found that equilibrium requires an infinite current density at the neutral point. This is a subsidiary argument in favour of discharges at neutral points.
39. The anisotropy of primary cosmic radiation and the electromagnetic state in interplanetary space
Authors: Sarabhai V. , Nerurkar N. W. , Duggal S. P. , Sastry T. S. G. 
Published: July 2016

Study of the anisotropy of cosmic rays from the measurement of the daily variation of meson intensity has demonstrated that there are significant day-today changes in the anisotropy of the radiation. New experimental data pertaining to these changes and their solar and terrestrial relationships are discussed.An interpretation of these changes of anisotropy in terms of the modulation of cosmic rays by streams of matter emitted by the sun is given. In particular, an explanation for the existence of the recently discovered types of daily variations exhibiting day and night maxima respectively, can be found by an extension of some ideas of Alfvén, Nagashima, and Davies. An integrated attempt is made to interpret the known features of the variation of cosmic ray intensity in conformity with ideas developed above.
40. Separation of extra terrestrial variations in cosmic ray intensity and atmospheric effects by differential measurements by G–M telescopes
Authors: Brunberg E. A. 
Published: July 2016

The daily variation of cosmic ray intensity can arise partly from atmospheric and partly from non-atmospheric effects. There is at present a difference of opinion whether this latter effect is completely due to extra terrestrial causes or not.The purpose of the present paper is to suggest a method by which the atmospheric effects could be separated from the other variations without any assumptions about the mechanism of the atmospheric influence.
50. Magneto-hydrostatic equilibrium in an external magnetic field
Authors: Sweet P. A. 
Published: July 2016

The expression ∫∫∫all space ΔH2dv for a change in magnetic energy is shown to be incorrect when applied to a body carrying an electric current and situated in an external magnetic field. A modified expression is derived.Chandrasekhar's form of the virial theorem in a magnetic field is extended to the case where an external magnetic field is present.
Cultural Heritage Development in China: A Contextualized Trajectory or a Global–Local Nexus?
Authors: Bi Lingling , Vanneste Dominique , van der Borg Jan 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:This article investigates China’s heritage development from an evolutionary perspective. On the one hand, by situating the reception of the cultural heritage concept in a socio-cultural construct dimension, it reveals the unique dialogism between the two divergent epistemological paradigms ofwenwu(cultural relics) andwenhua yichan(cultural heritage) that underline heritage appropriation and practice in China. On the other hand, it examines China’s cultural heritage development in relation to society, arguing that considerations of national heritage, though influenced by the international environment, are still largely determined by its national socio-cultural, economic, and political settings. The evolutionary approach reveals the way in which China’s heritage vision and practice are negotiated according to international forces and societal imperatives, implicating issues such as commodification and reconstruction in the debate of heritage conservation, which is relevant to, among others, the research on heritage tourism and urban development in contemporary China.
(Experimenting with) Living Architecture: a practice perspective
Authors: Flynn Emma 
Published: July 2016

Energy from depleting fossil fuels consumed in the construction and operation of buildings accounts for approximately half of the UK's emissions of carbon dioxide. With global warming increasing, amplifying extreme weather conditions and frequency, buildings can no longer remain static and unresponsive to their surrounding environment. Architecture must become adaptive, reactive to changes in climate, and reducing CO2, not generating it.As a tree responds to and moderates its surrounding environment, nature can become a key inspiration in developing mechanisms to reduce the impact of climate change and resource depletion. At Astudio, our research looks to incorporate fundamental processes in living and natural systems in the architectural design of responsive surfaces and building services. A form of synthetic biology, these ‘bio-responsive’ designs combine both biological and technical systems, which adapt to, and harvest from, the immediate climatic environment. This paper will demonstrate the potential of synthetic biology in improving the resilience of our built environment, documented through our practice research and our collaborations with industry and academic institutions to date.Astudio are world-class architects focused on reducing our buildings’ impact on the environment. Our courage in the pursuit new ways to reduce carbon and change behaviors gained us the coveted title of Architectural Practice of the Year in 2012. This unprecedented achievement led us to establish our research and development group, whose role is to investigate new ways of seeing and thinking about the challenges we face in the industry. With this group, we explore visionary concepts that enable us to consider how we may cross boundaries taking us out of architecture and work with different fields of expertise that can help us solve sustainable construction in new ways. We look to the future to propose buildable solutions today.
Human NK cell development requires CD56-mediated motility and formation of the developmental synapse
Authors: Mace Emily M. , Gunesch Justin T. , Dixon Amera , Orange Jordan S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhile distinct stages of natural killer (NK) cell development have been defined, the molecular interactions that shape human NK cell maturation are poorly understood. Here we define intercellular interactions between developing NK cells and stromal cells which, through contact-dependent mechanisms, promote the generation of mature, functional human NK cells from CD34+ precursors. We show that developing NK cells undergo unique, developmental stage-specific sustained and transient interactions with developmentally supportive stromal cells, and that the relative motility of NK cells increases as they move through development in vitro and ex vivo. These interactions include the formation of a synapse between developing NK cells and stromal cells, which we term the developmental synapse. Finally, we identify a role for CD56 in developmental synapse structure, NK cell motility and NK cell development. Thus, we define the developmental synapse leading to human NK cell functional maturation.
Optimal myelin elongation relies on YAP activation by axonal growth and inhibition by Crb3/Hippo pathway
Authors: Fernando Ruani N. , Cotter Laurent , Perrin-Tricaud Claire , Berthelot Jade , Bartolami Sylvain , Pereira Jorge A. , Gonzalez Sergio , Suter Ueli , Tricaud Nicolas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFast nerve conduction relies on successive myelin segments that electrically isolate axons. Segment geometry—diameter and length—is critical for the optimization of nerve conduction and the molecular mechanisms allowing this optimized geometry are partially known. We show here that peripheral myelin elongation is dynamically regulated by stimulation of YAP (Yes-associated protein) transcription cofactor activity during axonal elongation and limited by inhibition of YAP activity via the Hippo pathway. YAP promotes myelin and non-myelin genes transcription while the polarity protein Crb3, localized at the tips of the myelin sheath, activates the Hippo pathway to temper YAP activity, therefore allowing for optimal myelin growth. Dystrophic Dy2j/2j mice mimicking human peripheral neuropathy with reduced internodal lengths have decreased nuclear YAP which, when corrected, leads to longer internodes. These data show a novel mechanism controlling myelin growth and nerve conduction, and provide a molecular ground for disease with short myelin segments.
Iridates from the molecular side
Authors: Pedersen Kasper S. , Bendix Jesper , Tressaud Alain , Durand Etienne , Weihe Høgni , Salman Zaher , Morsing Thorbjørn J , Woodruff Daniel N. , Lan Yanhua , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Mathonière Corine , Piligkos Stergios , Klokishner Sophia I. , Ostrovsky Serghei , Ollefs Katharina , Wilhelm Fabrice , Rogalev Andrei , Clérac Rodolphe 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNew exotic phenomena have recently been discovered in oxides of paramagnetic Ir4+ ions, widely known as ‘iridates’. Their remarkable properties originate from concerted effects of the crystal field, magnetic interactions and strong spin-orbit coupling, characteristic of 5d metal ions. Despite numerous experimental reports, the electronic structure of these materials is still challenging to elucidate, and not attainable in the isolated, but chemically inaccessible, [IrO6]8– species (the simplest molecular analogue of the elementary {IrO6}8− fragment present in all iridates). Here, we introduce an alternative approach to circumvent this problem by substituting the oxide ions in [IrO6]8− by isoelectronic fluorides to form the fluorido-iridate: [IrF6]2−. This molecular species has the same electronic ground state as the {IrO6}8− fragment, and thus emerges as an ideal model for iridates. These results may open perspectives for using fluorido-iridates as building-blocks for electronic and magnetic quantum materials synthesized by soft chemistry routes.
Optical control of endogenous receptors and cellular excitability using targeted covalent photoswitches
Authors: Izquierdo-Serra Mercè , Bautista-Barrufet Antoni , Trapero Ana , Garrido-Charles Aida , Díaz-Tahoces Ariadna , Camarero Nuria , Pittolo Silvia , Valbuena Sergio , Pérez-Jiménez Ariadna , Gay Marina , García-Moll Alejandro , Rodríguez-Escrich Carles , Lerma Juan , de la Villa Pedro , Fernández Eduardo , Pericàs Miquel À , Llebaria Amadeu , Gorostiza Pau 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLight-regulated drugs allow remotely photoswitching biological activity and enable plausible therapies based on small molecules. However, only freely diffusible photochromic ligands have been shown to work directly in endogenous receptors and methods for covalent attachment depend on genetic manipulation. Here we introduce a chemical strategy to covalently conjugate and photoswitch the activity of endogenous proteins and demonstrate its application to the kainate receptor channel GluK1. The approach is based on photoswitchable ligands containing a short-lived, highly reactive anchoring group that is targeted at the protein of interest by ligand affinity. These targeted covalent photoswitches (TCPs) constitute a new class of light-regulated drugs and act as prosthetic molecules that photocontrol the activity of GluK1-expressing neurons, and restore photoresponses in degenerated retina. The modularity of TCPs enables the application to different ligands and opens the way to new therapeutic opportunities.
Reciprocal genomic evolution in the ant–fungus agricultural symbiosis
Authors: Nygaard Sanne , Hu Haofu , Li Cai , Schiøtt Morten , Chen Zhensheng , Yang Zhikai , Xie Qiaolin , Ma Chunyu , Deng Yuan , Dikow Rebecca B. , Rabeling Christian , Nash David R. , Wcislo William T. , Brady Seán G. , Schultz Ted R. , Zhang Guojie , Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe attine ant–fungus agricultural symbiosis evolved over tens of millions of years, producing complex societies with industrial-scale farming analogous to that of humans. Here we document reciprocal shifts in the genomes and transcriptomes of seven fungus-farming ant species and their fungal cultivars. We show that ant subsistence farming probably originated in the early Tertiary (55–60 MYA), followed by further transitions to the farming of fully domesticated cultivars and leaf-cutting, both arising earlier than previously estimated. Evolutionary modifications in the ants include unprecedented rates of genome-wide structural rearrangement, early loss of arginine biosynthesis and positive selection on chitinase pathways. Modifications of fungal cultivars include loss of a key ligninase domain, changes in chitin synthesis and a reduction in carbohydrate-degrading enzymes as the ants gradually transitioned to functional herbivory. In contrast to human farming, increasing dependence on a single cultivar lineage appears to have been essential to the origin of industrial-scale ant agriculture.
Glycolytic regulation of cell rearrangement in angiogenesis
Authors: Cruys Bert , Wong Brian W. , Kuchnio Anna , Verdegem Dries , Cantelmo Anna Rita , Conradi Lena-Christin , Vandekeere Saar , Bouché Ann , Cornelissen Ivo , Vinckier Stefan , Merks Roeland M. H. , Dejana Elisabetta , Gerhardt Holger , Dewerchin Mieke , Bentley Katie , Carmeliet Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDuring vessel sprouting, endothelial cells (ECs) dynamically rearrange positions in the sprout to compete for the tip position. We recently identified a key role for the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 in vessel sprouting by regulating cytoskeleton remodelling, migration and tip cell competitiveness. It is, however, unknown how glycolysis regulates EC rearrangement during vessel sprouting. Here we report that computational simulations, validated by experimentation, predict that glycolytic production of ATP drives EC rearrangement by promoting filopodia formation and reducing intercellular adhesion. Notably, the simulations correctly predicted that blocking PFKFB3 normalizes the disturbed EC rearrangement in high VEGF conditions, as occurs during pathological angiogenesis. This interdisciplinary study integrates EC metabolism in vessel sprouting, yielding mechanistic insight in the control of vessel sprouting by glycolysis, and suggesting anti-glycolytic therapy for vessel normalization in cancer and non-malignant diseases.
High-speed ultrasound imaging in dense suspensions reveals impact-activated solidification due to dynamic shear jamming
Authors: Han Endao , Peters Ivo R. , Jaeger Heinrich M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA remarkable property of dense suspensions is that they can transform from liquid-like at rest to solid-like under sudden impact. Previous work showed that this impact-induced solidification involves rapidly moving jamming fronts; however, details of this process have remained unresolved. Here we use high-speed ultrasound imaging to probe non-invasively how the interior of a dense suspension responds to impact. Measuring the speed of sound we demonstrate that the solidification proceeds without a detectable increase in packing fraction, and imaging the evolving flow field we find that the shear intensity is maximized right at the jamming front. Taken together, this provides direct experimental evidence for jamming by shear, rather than densification, as driving the transformation to solid-like behaviour. On the basis of these findings we propose a new model to explain the anisotropy in the propagation speed of the fronts and delineate the onset conditions for dynamic shear jamming in suspensions.
Photocatalytic oxidation of methane over silver decorated zinc oxide nanocatalysts
Authors: Chen Xuxing , Li Yunpeng , Pan Xiaoyang , Cortie David , Huang Xintang , Yi Zhiguo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe search for active catalysts that efficiently oxidize methane under ambient conditions remains a challenging task for both C1 utilization and atmospheric cleansing. Here, we show that when the particle size of zinc oxide is reduced down to the nanoscale, it exhibits high activity for methane oxidation under simulated sunlight illumination, and nano silver decoration further enhances the photo-activity via the surface plasmon resonance. The high quantum yield of 8% at wavelengths <400 nm and over 0.1% at wavelengths ∼470 nm achieved on the silver decorated zinc oxide nanostructures shows great promise for atmospheric methane oxidation. Moreover, the nano-particulate composites can efficiently photo-oxidize other small molecular hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane and ethylene, and in particular, can dehydrogenize methane to generate ethane, ethylene and so on. On the basis of the experimental results, a two-step photocatalytic reaction process is suggested to account for the methane photo-oxidation.
Secretory locations of SIPC in Amphibalanus amphitrite cyprids and a novel function of SIPC in biomineralization
Authors: Zhang Gen , Yang Xiao-Xue , Leung Pok Man , He Li-Sheng , Chan Tat Yin , Yan Guo-Yong , Zhang Yu , Sun Jin , Xu Ying , Qian Pei-Yuan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSettlement-inducing protein complex (SIPC) is a pheromone that triggers conspecific larval settlement in the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. In the present study, immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy of SIPC revealed signals in the frontal horn pores and the secretions from carapace pores, suggesting that SIPC might be directly secreted from these organs in A. amphitrite cyprids. Further observations showed that the frontal horn pores could contact surfaces while cyprids were “walking”. Immunostaining for SIPC on the contacted surfaces displayed SIPC signals. These signals were similar to the frontal horn pores in size and morphology, suggesting that frontal horn pores might deposit SIPC. Besides, full-length SIPC was expressed and subsequent assays indicated that recombinant SIPC was able to bind to chitins and induce the precipitation of CaCO3. Furthermore, recombinant SIPC inhibited the formation of vaterites and regulated the morphology of calcite crystals. The crystals that formed with recombinant SIPC were more stable against water erosion. Overall, these results reported a novel function of recombinant SIPC that regulates crystal formation in barnacle shells.