bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequences of a price incentive on free riding and electric energy consumption
Authors: Elinder Mikael , Escobar Sebastian , Petré Ingel 
Published: March 2017

SignificanceWe show that a simple and common price incentive is highly effective in reducing electric energy consumption (EEC). When EEC is billed and metered at the apartment level compared with when tenants have unlimited EEC included in the rent, annual EEC falls by about 25%. Moreover, the reduction in EEC comes almost exclusively from households with very high EEC before the policy change. The results suggest that most tenants benefit, whereas only a small group of free riders stand to lose from this policy change. The policy is cost-effective, with a cost per reduced kilowatt hour of US$0.01, and for each invested dollar, the social value of reductions in air pollution, including CO2, is $2.
Selection of DNA aptamers with two modified bases
Authors: Gawande Bharat N. , Rohloff John C. , Carter Jeffrey D. , von Carlowitz Ira , Zhang Chi , Schneider Daniel J. , Janjic Nebojsa 
Published: March 2017

Significance
Aptamers are now used ubiquitously as binding agents for a broad range of applications. Natural (unmodified) DNA and RNA aptamers have considerably less chemical diversity than protein-based ligands such as antibodies, limiting their utility. Aptamers possessing a single chemical modification have helped bridge this diversity gap. We report the selection and identification of aptamers with two diversity-enhancing chemical modifications that bind and inhibit proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a representative human therapeutic protein target. The addition of a second modification, especially in certain pairwise combinations, resulted in significant improvements in affinity, ligand efficiency, epitope coverage, metabolic stability, and inhibitory activity. Extensively chemically functionalized aptamers have the potential to become the next generation of nucleic-acid–based ligands.
SM protein Munc18-2 facilitates transition of Syntaxin 11-mediated lipid mixing to complete fusion for T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity
Authors: Spessott Waldo A. , Sanmillan Maria L. , McCormick Margaret E. , Kulkarni Vineet V. , Giraudo Claudio G. 
Published: March 2017

Significance
Vital physiological processes—such as the cytotoxic immune response—require the coordinated action of the atypical fusion protein Syntaxin 11 (STX11) and the Sec/Munc protein Munc18-2 for releasing effector proteins housed in membrane-enclosed secretory granules. Human mutations in STX11 and Munc18-2 genes lead to severe immunodeficiency and hemostasis disorders. However it is still unclear how STX11, a lipid-anchored SNARE, and Munc18-2 mediate membrane fusion. By using an in vitro fusion assay, we found that STX11 mainly mediates lipid mixing when combined with human lymphocyte-interacting SNAREs. Remarkably, Munc18-2 induces association among these SNAREs and facilitates the transition from a hemifusion-like state to complete fusion. Our findings support a model in which SM proteins play a direct role in membrane merging.
Bioinformatic analysis of riboswitch structures uncovers variant classes with altered ligand specificity
Authors: Weinberg Zasha , Nelson James W. , Lünse Christina E. , Sherlock Madeline E. , Breaker Ronald R. 
Published: March 2017

Significance
In the 15 y since metabolite-binding riboswitches were first experimentally validated, only 4 examples of riboswitch classes with altered specificity have been confirmed by experiments out of ∼30 distinct structural architectures. In contrast, evolutionary changes in ligand specificity of proteins are routinely reported. To further investigate the propensity for natural adaptation of riboswitch specificity, we developed a structural bioinformatics method to systematically search for variant riboswitches with altered ligand recognition. This search method yielded evidence for altered specificity within five riboswitch classes, including validation of a second riboswitch class that senses 2′-deoxyguanosine.
Solar fuels photoanode materials discovery by integrating high-throughput theory and experiment
Authors: Yan Qimin , Yu Jie , Suram Santosh K. , Zhou Lan , Shinde Aniketa , Newhouse Paul F. , Chen Wei , Li Guo , Persson Kristin A. , Gregoire John M. , Neaton Jeffrey B. 
Published: March 2017

Significance
Combining high-throughput computation and experiment accelerates the discovery of photoelectrocatalysts for water oxidation and explains the origin of their functionality, establishing ternary metal vanadates as a prolific class of photoanode materials for generation of chemical fuels from sunlight.
Multiple origins of viral capsid proteins from cellular ancestors
Authors: Krupovic Mart , Koonin Eugene V. 
Published: March 2017

Significance
The entire history of life is the story of virus–host coevolution. Therefore the origins and evolution of viruses are an essential component of this process. A signature feature of the virus state is the capsid, the proteinaceous shell that encases the viral genome. Although homologous capsid proteins are encoded by highly diverse viruses, there are at least 20 unrelated varieties of these proteins. We show here that many, if not all, capsid proteins evolved from ancestral proteins of cellular organisms on multiple, independent occasions. These findings reveal a stronger connection between the virosphere and cellular life forms than previously suspected.
Formation and size distribution of self-assembled vesicles
Authors: Huang Changjin , Quinn David , Sadovsky Yoel , Suresh Subra , Hsia K. Jimmy 
Published: March 2017

Significance
Small unilamellar vesicles formed via self-assembly of phospholipids or block copolymers have been investigated in the context of human physiology and biomedical research. Here, we present both energetics and thermodynamics analyses that incorporate nonlinear elasticity to predict, in a unique manner, the limiting size and size distribution of vesicles as well as to identify the conditions for the formation of stable open vesicles, disks, and closed spherical vesicles. In addition to providing a comprehensive understanding of vesicle formation, the framework presented here may be adapted to develop tools for in vivo liquid biopsies and to elucidate the biophysical features of extracellular vesicles, thus suggesting new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer and other diseases.
Occipital Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Neuronal Firing Response to Mechanical Stimuli in the Ventral Posteromedial Thalamus of a Rodent Model of Chronic Migraine
Authors: Walling Ian , Smith Heather , Gee Lucy E. , Kaszuba Brian , Chockalingam Arun , Barborica Andrei , Donos Cristian , Shin Damian S. , Pilitsis Julie G. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Chronic migraine (CM) is a highly debilitating disease, and many patients remain refractory to medicinal therapy. Given the convergent nature of neuronal networks in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and the evidence of sensitization of pain circuitry in this disease, we hypothesize CM rats will have increased VPM neuronal firing, which can be attenuated using occipital nerve stimulation (ONS).

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether VPM firing frequency differs between CM and sham rats, and whether ONS significantly alters firing rates during the application of mechanical stimuli.

METHODS
Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with inflammatory media once daily through an epidural cannula for 2 wk to induce a CM state. Sham animals (n = 6) underwent cannula surgery but received no inflammatory media. ONS electrodes were implanted bilaterally and single-unit recordings were performed in the VPM of anesthetized rats during mechanical stimulation of the face and forepaw in the presence and absence of ONS.

RESULTS
CM rats had significantly higher neuronal firing rates (P < .001) and bursting activity (P < .01) in response to mechanical stimuli when compared to shams. ONS significantly reduced neuronal firing in the VPM of CM rats during the application of 0.8 g (P = .04), 4.0 g (P = .04), and 15.0 g (P = .02) Von Frey filaments. ONS reduced bursting activity in CM rats during the 4.0 and 15 g filaments (P < .05). No significant changes in bursting activity or firing frequency were noted in sham animals during ONS.

CONCLUSION
We demonstrate that neuronal spike frequencies and bursting activity in the VPM are increased in an animal model of CM compared to shams. Our results suggest that the mechanism of ONS may involve attenuation of neurons in the VPM of CM rats during the application of mechanical stimuli.
Auditory Systems of Drosophila and Other Invertebrates
Authors: Chung Yun Doo , Lee Jeongmi 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Hearing in invertebrates has evolved independently as an adaptation to avoid predators or to mediate intraspecific communication. Although many invertebrate groups are able to respond to sound stimuli, insects are the only group in which hearing is widely used. Therefore, we will focus here on the auditory systems of some well-known insect models. Appearance of the ability to perceive sound in insects is presumably a quite recent event in evolution. As a result of independent evolution, diverse types of hearing organs are evolved in insects. Here we will introduce basic features of insect ears and the mechanisms through which sound stimuli are converted into neuronal electric signals. We will also summarize our current understanding of neural processing of auditory information, including tonotopy, sound localization, and pattern recognition.
The Future of Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Frodeman Robert 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
“The Future of Interdisciplinarity” explores the role of interdisciplinarity within the ecology of knowledge production and use. Cultural transformation, much of it driven by information and communication technologies, suggests the need to rethink the theoretical space of interdisciplinarity. Three themes are highlighted here: the rhetorical and policy dimensions of interdisciplinarity, the future of the research university, and issues of accountability and impact. Overall, interdisciplinary challenges should be seen as more a matter of political philosophy than epistemology, with attention concentrated on the ways in which interdisciplinarians can connect disciplinary expertise to community needs, highlighting both the capacities and limitations of knowledge.
Interdisciplinary Arts
Authors: Augsburg Tanya 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief and necessarily incomplete overview of what has been written on the interdisciplinary arts within academic scholarship on the creative arts. The author identifies five major integrative aspects highlighted in the existing literature on the interdisciplinary arts: (1) the Wagnerian Gestamtkunstwerk, i.e., the `total work of art;’ (2) the legacy of the historical avant-garde, with its focus on radical juxtaposition; (3) the continuation of post WWII arts experimentation in between and among multiple art mediums simultaneously with Happenings, intermedia and multimedia; (4) the intersections between art, science, and/or technology; and (5) interdisciplinary arts as its own emergent subject of inquiry, practice, and research. The chapter additionally includes a brief overview of the transdisciplinary arts. It concludes with the observation that considerations of current developments in interdisciplinary arts will serve to advance the understanding of interdisciplinarity in general.
Cognitive Science
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, anthropology, and computer modeling (artificial intelligence). After a review of the history of the field and its contributing disciplines, this chapter examines some of the main theoretical and experimental advances that cognitive science has accomplished over the past half-century, deriving lessons that might be useful for researchers in any emerging interdisciplinary area. The intellectual benefits of interdisciplinary research dramatically outweigh the personal and social difficulties of operating in more than one field. For theoretical, experimental, and practical progress, the separate disciplines that study the mind need to be interdependent, relying on each other for ideas and methods that complement their own.
Situating Feminist Studies
Authors: Messer-Davidow Ellen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFeminist studies in the United States and India emerged from women’s activism during the same decades, but they developed significant differences both institutionally and intellectually. These differences resulted from the host country’s demographics, languages, economies, politics, and cultures. Today US feminist studies is an academic enterprise that produces and disseminates scholarly knowledge through academic programs, centers, projects, and publications that bear the imprint of the (inter)disciplinary order and conform to its standards. India’s feminist studies resides in a multisector infrastructure of academic centers, associations, unions, nongovernmental organizations, government agencies, and publishers that produce academic, activist, and popular knowledges. Intended to fuel change, the knowledges are circulated across sectors and channeled to local communities. Intellectually, US and Indian feminist research proceed from different assumptions about population groups, communities, multiple and interactive identities, global-local relays, and the diversity that intersectional analysis needs to capture.
Knowledge Formations
Authors: Turner Stephen 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Knowledge is socially distributed, and the distribution of knowledge is socially structured, but the distribution and the structures within which it is produced and reproduced—often two separate things—have varied enormously. Disciplines are one knowledge formation of special significance. They can be thought of as very old, or as a very recent phenomenon: In the very old sense, disciplines begin with the creation of rituals of certification and exclusion related to knowledge; in the more recent sense, they are the product of university organization, and especially that part of university organization that joins research and teaching, knowledge production and reproduction, in the modern research university. If we understand the general structural constraints on knowledge formations, we can understand the peculiar strengths of disciplines, as well as the historical alternatives to disciplines and the motives for finding alternatives.
Interdisciplinarity in Ethics
Authors: Mitcham Carl , Wang Nan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract“Interdisciplinarity in Ethics” begins with a schematic overview of how ethics in the West has bridged (1) individuals and social orders through virtue ethics (Greece), (2) reason and revelation through deontology (medieval period), and (3) science and politics in consequentialist utilitarianism (modern period). In counterpoint, it observes how China adds to virtue ethical interdisciplinarity efforts (4) to harmonize humans with the cosmos and (5) to integrate the human inner and outer selves. From this dual historicophilosophical perspective, the chapter then examines how recent ethical challenges from science and technology have pushed interdisciplinarity into ethics in (6) a more literal sense: critically reflecting on the ways human actions are being transformed by science and technology in bioethics, nuclear ethics, environmental ethics, information ethics, and the professional ethics of scientists and engineers. It concludes by arguing for increased interdisciplinarity in ethics in the form of more internal synergies between science and ethics.
Comparing Methods for Cross-Disciplinary Research
Authors: O’Rourke Michael 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe methods of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research (hereafter, “cross-disciplinary research” or CDR) are “fragmented”, that is, distributed in unconnected ways across the intellectual landscape. Fragmentation results in inefficiency, which motivates systematic organization of methods. Systematic organization has value for both cross-disciplinary practitioners and theorists since it structures thinking about the range of variables that shape CDR, enhancing efficiency and prospects for project success. “Comparing Methods for Cross-Disciplinary Research” contributes a comparative, philosophical perspective to the systematic organization of CDR methods. After a brief historical review, the chapter analyzes and illustrates CDR methods. A comparative assessment of CDR methods is then presented that surveys a sample of prominent approaches to the organization of CDR methods before describing an alternate approach. The chapter closes with a discussion of outstanding challenges for those interested in comparing and organizing cross-disciplinary methods.
Typologies of Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe dominant structure of knowledge in the twentieth century was division into domains of disciplinary specialization. In the latter half of the century this system was challenged by an increasing number of interdisciplinary activities. This chapter examines typologies of interdisciplinary activities, identifying patterns of consensus and fault lines of debate from the first major classification scheme in 1970 and continues to recent taxonomies that recognize new developments. The chapter compares similarities and differences in a framework of multidisciplinary juxtaposition and alignment of disciplines, interdisciplinary integration and collaboration, and transdisciplinary synthesis and trans-sector problem solving. It further distinguishes major variants of methodological versus theoretical interdisciplinarity, bridge building versus restructuring, and instrumental versus critical interdisciplinarity. Typologies are neither neutral nor static. They reflect choices of representation in a semantic web of differing purposes, contexts, organizational structures, and epistemological frameworks. They reassert, extend, interrogate, and reformulate existing classifications to address both ongoing and unmet needs.
Sustainability Sciences
Authors: Fernandes Valdir , Philippi Jr. Arlindo 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The concept of sustainability refers to the human awakening about the finite nature of natural resources. Occurring as a political and social process, sustainability placed on development agendas the discussion about the limitations on the biosphere to sustain economic growth; access to basic conditions of universal healthcare and education; and the threat posed to ancient cultural traditions. This process led to the creation of an interdisciplinary research field with transdisciplinary impacts. This chapter, “Sustainability Sciences: Political and Epistemological Approaches,” discusses the challenges of knowledge production in this field as well as its historical development alongside environmental and political issues. The discussion is established from the historical development of environmental issues and the international political movement that culminated in the perspective of sustainability; of the evolution of sustainability as a scientific research field; and finally from the political and epistemological aspects that shape the sustainability sciences.
Religious Studies and Religious Practice
Authors: Fredericks Sarah E. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The academic study of religion uses multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary methods because of the nature of religion and the interaction between religious practice and religious studies. Prior to modernity, the study and practice of religion were integrated and separate disciplines were often assumed to study a unified subject. Thus, the terms “multidisciplinary,” “interdisciplinary,” and “transdisciplinary,” which presume strictly separated disciplines do not apply to this period. In modernity, faith-based claims in the guise of objectivity often characterized the academic study of religion, a position increasingly critiqued by academics in the late twentieth century. Yet, new modes of transdisciplinary work demonstrate how scholarship and religious practice may mutually inform each other. Ecumenical and interfaith initiatives share features with multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research methods and may yield helpful insights for these academic endeavors even though their commitment to an overarching worldview and life in communities set them apart.
Interdisciplinarity in the Fields of Law, Justice, and Criminology
Authors: Henry Stuart 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Several models of interdisciplinarity exist in law, justice, and criminology. In law, knowledge integration is by hybridization with other disciplines (e.g., law and sociology); each contextualizes the framework of rules and procedures. Interdisciplinarity challenges law’s effective practice and complicates its penchant for logical simplicity. Criminology’s engagement with interdisciplinarity is grounded in multidisciplinary explanations of crime, integrative attempts to produce comprehensive analytical explanatory frameworks, and attempts to transcend the limits of organized disciplinary knowledge production. Criminology’s thirty-year dalliance with interdisciplinarity raises questions of whether disciplines embody interdisciplinarity, and what precisely should be integrated: concepts, propositions, or theories that address different levels of analysis (e.g., micro-meso-macro). Questions are raised about how integration should occur, in what sequence, and with what effects on causality. Many of these issues are illustrated in Robert Agnew’s Toward a Unified Criminology. Transdisciplinary approaches question what counts as knowledge and focus on multiple “knowledge formations.”
Health Research, Practice, and Education
Authors: McMurtry Angus , Kilgour Kelly N. , Rohse Shanta 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Interdisciplinary health science and interprofessional healthcare are distinct yet intertwined fields that are driven by a similar challenge: Complex health problems that are too broad or multifaceted to be solved through the logic of a single discipline. A few factors distinguish them from other interdisciplinary areas, however, including (1) their foci—cancer, diabetes, infectious disease and so forth—which are quite literally matters of life and death; and (2) that they are generally carried out by teams of collaborating specialists, so issues of interpersonal dynamics, negotiation, and collaborative learning are especially important. “Health Research, Practice and Education” defines and critically reviews the two fields. More specifically, it compares their differing approaches to a number of emerging issues: stakeholder engagement and transdisciplinarity, the complexity of human health, the development of more sophisticated theories of collaboration and teamwork, practical conditions that support collaboration and teamwork, and finally, issues of evaluation and measurement.
Computation and Simulation
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSimulation modeling makes use of computational resources in fields that are not of a mathematical nature. The first part of this chapter introduces four phases of the historical development of computation and simulation (C&S) and discusses their relationship to interdisciplinarity. Starting with a pioneering phase, C&S went through disciplinary specialization, ubiquitous diffusion, and a recent infrastructural turn. The second part of the chapter explores aspects of the interdisciplinary dynamics of C&S, especially the interplay between complexity, experimentation, and visualization. Then, C&S is put in relationship to Shinn’s “research technology” and Galison’s “trading zones.” Finally, the chapter observes a recent turn toward network-like interdisciplinary integration.