bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressure ulcers in trauma patients with suspected spine injury: a prospective cohort study with emphasis on device‐related pressure ulcers
Authors: Ham Wietske HW , Schoonhoven Lisette , Schuurmans Marieke J , Leenen Luke PH 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOf all patients in a hospital environment, trauma patients may be particularly at risk for developing (device‐related) pressure ulcers (PUs), because of their traumatic injuries, immobility, and exposure to immobilizing and medical devices. Studies on device‐related PUs are scarce. With this study, the incidence and characteristics of PUs and the proportion of PUs that are related to devices in adult trauma patients with suspected spinal injury were described. From January–December 2013, 254 trauma patients were visited every 2 days for skin assessment. The overall incidence of PUs was 28·3% (n = 72/254 patients). The incidence of device‐related PUs was 20·1% (n = 51), and 13% (n = 33) developed solely device‐related PUs. We observed 145 PUs in total of which 60·7% were related to devices (88/145). Device‐related PUs were detected 16 different locations on the front and back of the body. These results show that the incidence of PUs and the proportion of device‐related PUs is very high in trauma patients.
Accounting for actions and omissions: a discourse analysis of student nurse accounts of responding to instances of poor care
Authors: Ion Robin , Smith Kate , Moir Jim , Nimmo Sheila 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimsTo explore how nursing students account for decisions to report or not report poor care witnessed on placement and to examine the implications of findings for educators.BackgroundConcern has been raised about the extent to which cases of poor care go unreported. Failure to report cases may have serious consequences for patient safety.DesignSemistructured interviews were conducted with 13 undergraduate students at a UK university during 2013. They were asked to consider their response to episodes of poor practice witnessed on placement.MethodsData were transcribed verbatim and categorized according to whether or not students reported concerns. Cases were analysed in accordance with Potter and Wetherall's version of discourse analysis to identify the discursive strategies used to account for decisions to report or not report poor practice.ResultsParticipants took care to present themselves in a positive light regardless of whether or not they had reported an episode of concern. Those who had reported tended to attribute their actions to internal factors such as moral strength and a commitment to a professional code. Those who had not or would not report concerns provided accounts which referred to external influences that prevented them from doing so or made reporting pointless.ConclusionThis study provides information about how students account for their actions and omissions in relation to the reporting of poor care. Findings suggest ways educators might increase reporting of concerns.
Careful Conversations and Careful Sex: HIV Posttesting Experiences Among African American Men in Rural Florida
Authors: Aholou Tiffiany M. , Sutton Madeline Y. , Brown Emma (E.J.) 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPurposeIn the United States, black/African American (black) men bear the greatest burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), accounting for 42% of new HIV infections in 2012 despite being 6% of the population. In Florida, heterosexual HIV transmission has increased among black men. Few studies have examined HIV testing experiences for black heterosexual men (BHM) in the rural South. This study describes the post‐HIV‐testing trial experiences of BHM in rural Florida.MethodsWe conducted 12 focus groups (4‐7 participants per group) in 3 rural Florida counties with BHM who participated in a larger randomized HIV testing trial. Interviews were professionally transcribed and data were analyzed using NVivo 10. The qualitative analysis was informed by the strengths perspective (ie, emphasis on abilities rather than risks) and used a thematic analytical approach.ResultsSixty‐seven men participated (median age 41.5 years); 39 (58%) earned a monthly income of less than $500, 38 (57%) attained education through high school or higher, 37 (55%) were unmarried, and 40 (60%) reported practicing monogamy; all who tested for HIV were negative for HIV. We identified 3 main themes based on self‐reported actions: (1) risk reduction (eg, more consistent condom use, fewer sex partners), (2) sexual health communications with sex partners (eg, negotiating HIV testing with sex partners, getting to know partners better), and (3) health communications with peers and family (eg, disclosing test results, encouraging others to get tested).ConclusionsAmong BHM, being in this HIV testing study facilitated increased protective behaviors and communications for HIV prevention. Interventions for BHM in rural areas warrant incorporating these strategies to encourage routine HIV testing.
Avr4 promotes Cf‐4 receptor‐like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor‐like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity
Authors: Postma Jelle , Liebrand Thomas W. H. , Bi Guozhi , Evrard Alexandre , Bye Ruby R. , Mbengue Malick , Kuhn Hannah , Joosten Matthieu H. A. J. , Robatzek Silke 
Published: January 2016

Summary

The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling.

We employed live‐cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand‐induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum.

Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1‐ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf‐4 and Cf‐9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector‐triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf‐4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3.

These observations indicate that RLP‐mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand‐induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
NADPH oxidases differentially regulate ROS metabolism and nutrient uptake under cadmium toxicity
Authors: Gupta D. K. , Pena L. B. , Romero‐Puertas M. C. , Hernández A. , Inouhe M. , Sandalio L. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe role of NADPH oxidases under cadmium (Cd) toxicity was studied using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants AtrbohC, AtrbohD and AtrbohF, which were grown under hydroponic conditions with 25 and 100 μM Cd for 1 and 5 days. Cadmium reduced the growth of leaves in WT, AtrbohC and D, but not in AtrbohF. A time‐dependent increase in H2O2 and lipid peroxidation was observed in all genotypes, with AtrbohC showing the smallest increase. An opposite behaviour was observed with NO accumulation. Cadmium increased catalase activity in WT plants and decreased it in Atrboh mutants, while glutathione reductase and glycolate oxidase activities increased in Atrboh mutants, and superoxide dismutases were down‐regulated in AtrbohC. The GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA couples were also affected by the treatment, principally in AtrbohC and AtrbohF, respectively. Cadmium translocation to the leaves was severely reduced in Atrboh mutants after 1 day of treatment and even after 5 days in AtrbohF. Similar results were observed for S, P, Ca, Zn and Fe accumulation, while an opposite trend was observed for K accumulation, except in AtrbohF. Thus, under Cd stress, RBOHs differentially regulate ROS metabolism, redox homeostasis and nutrient balance and could be of potential interest in biotechnology for the phytoremediation of polluted soils.
From Social Instrument to Migration Management Tool: Assisted Voluntary Return Programmes – The Case of Belgium
Authors: Lietaert Ine , Broekaert Eric , Derluyn Ilse 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe return of migrants to their country of origin and the development of efficient return measures have become more prominent on the political agenda of many Western European countries. Since policymakers prefer ‘voluntary’ return, governmental programmes to support the return of migrants – Assisted Voluntary Return (AVR) programmes – were developed as far back as the 1970s and have played an increasingly important role in migration policy over the last three decades. At the same time, general migration policy and welfare systems have undergone profound change, including in the meanings and connotations attached to social welfare, return support and return policy. This raises questions about the implications of these broader societal and policy changes for the widely implemented AVR programmes. In this article, we discuss the interpretation and evolution of AVR programmes by analyzing how one particular European country, Belgium, has developed its AVR programme over time. We explore the evolution of the programme's content, target group and institutional positioning, which shed light on its changing goals and are closely linked to a broader shift towards a ‘managerial’ approach to migration policy and the welfare state. We argue that return support may become decontextualized when it adopts ‘conditional entitlement’ as a central principle. This leads to strong differentiation, based on personal responsibility, between ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ migrants, the levelling down of the support given to returnees, and a more coercive voluntary return policy in which social support is linked to deportation.
Buffy coat smear or Knott's test: which to choose for canine microfilaria screening in field studies?
Authors: Marcos Ricardo , Pereira Cristina , Santos Marta , Luzzago Camilla , Lauzi Stefania , Maia João P. , Faustino Augusto , Puente‐Payo Pablo 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundIn recent years, an increasing number of cases of canine dirofilariasis have been reported worldwide. However, the rate of infection in dogs is largely unknown in many remote areas, and the importance of field studies for determination of the prevalence of canine dirofilariasis in such areas is well recognized. The detection of microfilariae by the modified Knott's test (MKT) is a recommended screening method for canine dirofilariasis.ObjectivesThe purposes of this study were to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of the MKT with the buffy coat smear method (BCS), and to evaluate the utility of these 2 methods under field study conditions.MethodsOne hundred and fifty dogs of the Maio Island of Republic of Cabo Verde, were screened for microfilariae using MKT and BCS. The results of the 2 methods were generated in a blinded manner and statistically compared.ResultsThe detection rate was 4.67% with the MKT and 5.33% with BCS, which is statistically not different. The latter allowed a morphologic identification of Dirofilaria repens (later confirmed by molecular biology methods) and an estimation of parasite load, which varied from 15 to 185 microfilariae/mL.ConclusionsThe methods MKT and BCS were comparable in terms of diagnostic sensitivity. However, the BCS was technically less demanding and produced permanent preparations, in which co‐infection with other hematologic pathogens can easily be assessed. Overall, this method is well suited to assess microfilariae in a large number of animals, and it could replace the MKT in studies devoted to dirofilariasis.
Modeling complete removal of risk assessment questions in the USA predicts the risk of HIV exposure in blood recipients could increase despite the use of nucleic acid testing
Authors: Yang H. , Anderson S. A. , Forshee R. , Williams A. , Epstein J. S. , Marks P. W. 
Published: January 2016

Background and ObjectivesThe safety of the blood supply in a number of countries is achieved by interventions that include behaviour‐based time‐limited or indefinite deferrals and screening of donated units for transfusion‐transmitted infections. The relatively high sensitivity of nucleic acid testing (NAT) used in blood donor screening has raised the question of whether such time‐based deferrals can be eliminated in favour of individual risk assessment.Materials and MethodsData on the annual number of incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections associated with various behaviours and on the performance characteristics of NAT applied to donor screening were used to model the number of potentially infected units that might escape detection in the worst‐case scenario in which individual risk assessment was implemented, but was not effective as a screening tool, and donors did not otherwise self‐select for lower risk.ResultsIn the absence of effective individual risk‐based screening or donor self‐selection, the model predicts that in the United States, an additional 39 (95% CI 35–43) HIV‐infected units would escape detection by nucleic acid testing, potentially capable of exposing approximately 68 (95% CI 61–75) individuals to the risk of HIV infection through the administration of prepared blood components.ConclusionDespite some inherent uncertainty, the worst‐case scenario of completely ineffective individual risk assessment, absence of donor self‐selection and increased reliance on NAT for blood screening is estimated to be associated with an approximately fourfold increase in the risk of HIV exposure through transfusion in the United States.
Effect of Arthroscopic Lavage on Systemic and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A in Healthy Horses
Authors: Sanchez‐Teran Andres F. , Bracamonte José L. , Hendrick Steven , Burguess Hilary J. , Duke‐Novakovski Tanya , Schott Monica , Hoff Brent , Rubio‐Martínez Luis M. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of arthroscopic lavage on systemic serum amyloid A (SAA) and SAA, total protein, nucleated cell count, and percentage of neutrophils in synovial fluid in healthy horses.Study DesignProspective experimental study.AnimalsHealthy adult horses (n = 6).MethodsMiddle carpal joints were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: arthrocentesis (controls) or arthroscopic lavage, with 30 day washout period between treatments. Synovial fluid and blood samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Measurements included systemic and synovial fluid SAA, as well as total protein, nucleated cell count, and percentages of neutrophils in synovial fluid. Data were analyzed by median quantile regression and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and significance level set atP < .05.ResultsSystemic and synovial fluid SAA did not increase from baseline (except systemic SAA at 24 hours for both treatments) and were not significantly different between treatments. Total protein values were significantly increased after arthroscopic lavage (except at 96 hours) but not in controls at all time points. With both treatments, nucleated cell counts significantly increased from baseline values at all time points. Percentages of neutrophils were significantly increased after arthroscopic lavage at all time points, but only at 24 hours in controls.ConclusionTotal protein, nucleated cell count, and percentage of neutrophils in synovial fluid were significantly increased after arthroscopic lavage; however, synovial fluid SAA was not affected by this procedure. Further research is warranted to validate synovial fluid SAA as a monitoring tool during treatment of septic arthritis.
Arthroscopic, Computed Tomography, and Radiographic Findings in 25 Dogs With Lameness After Arthroscopic Treatment of Medial Coronoid Disease
Authors: Coppieters Eva , Seghers Hanna , Verhoeven Geert , Gielen Ingrid , Samoy Yves , de Bakker Evelien , Van Ryssen Bernadette 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the radiographic, computed tomography (CT), and arthroscopic findings in the elbow of dogs admitted for elbow lameness after previous arthroscopic treatment of medial coronoid disease (MCD).Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (n = 25) admitted for elbow lameness after arthroscopic treatment.MethodsClinical records (2005–2009), including radiographs, CT images, and arthroscopic findings, from the first and second presentation of dogs diagnosed with medial coronoid disease were searched and reviewed.ResultsTwenty‐nine joints were included in this study. The mean age at first treatment was 2.2 years. Second presentation was at a mean of 2.7 years later and progressive osteoarthritis and cartilage damage was noticed in all joints. Arthroscopic findings included a calcified body in 11/29 joints (38%), multiple small calcified bodies in 1/29 joint (3%), loose scar tissue in 12/29 joints (42%), and immobile scar tissue in 2/29 joints (7%). Three of 29 joints (10%) did not have any calcified body or loose scar tissue found but had erosion of the medial compartment as the only pathology diagnosed in the coronoid region. Characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were identified in 9/29 joints (31%).ConclusionArthroscopic treatment of MCD, even with limited cartilage lesions, may not resolve lameness in some dogs. Calcified bodies or loose scar tissue near the medial coronoid process are a frequent followup finding in these joints.
Absolute measurement of LDR brachytherapy source emitted power: Instrument design and initial measurements
Authors: Malin Martha J. , Palmer Benjamin R. , DeWerd Larry A. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:Energy‐based source strength metrics may find use with model‐based dose calculation algorithms, but no instruments exist that can measure the energy emitted from low‐dose rate (LDR) sources. This work developed a calorimetric technique for measuring the power emitted from encapsulated low‐dose rate, photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources. This quantity is called emitted power (EP). The measurement methodology, instrument design and performance, and EP measurements made with the calorimeter are presented in this work.Methods:A calorimeter operating with a liquid helium thermal sink was developed to measure EP from LDR brachytherapy sources. The calorimeter employed an electrical substitution technique to determine the power emitted from the source. The calorimeter's performance and thermal system were characterized. EP measurements were made using four 125I sources with air‐kerma strengths ranging from 2.3 to 5.6 U and corresponding EPs of 0.39–0.79 μW, respectively. Three Best Medical 2301 sources and one Oncura 6711 source were measured. EP was also computed by converting measured air‐kerma strengths to EPs through Monte Carlo‐derived conversion factors. The measured EP and derived EPs were compared to determine the accuracy of the calorimeter measurement technique.Results:The calorimeter had a noise floor of 1–3 nW and a repeatability of 30–60 nW. The calorimeter was stable to within 5 nW over a 12 h measurement window. All measured values agreed with derived EPs to within 10%, with three of the four sources agreeing to within 4%. Calorimeter measurements had uncertainties ranging from 2.6% to 4.5% at the k = 1 level. The values of the derived EPs had uncertainties ranging from 2.9% to 3.6% at the k = 1 level.Conclusions:A calorimeter capable of measuring the EP from LDR sources has been developed and validated for 125I sources with EPs between 0.43 and 0.79 μW.
Complete Genome and Plasmid Sequences of Three Canadian Isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica
Serovar Heidelberg from Human and Food Sources
Authors: Labbé Geneviève , Edirmanasinghe Romaine , Ziebell Kim , Nash John H. E. , Bekal Sadjia , Parmley E. Jane , Mulvey Michael R. , Johnson Roger P. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Isolates of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Heidelberg are often associated with poultry products and may cause severe human illness. Here, we report the fully assembled genome and plasmid sequences of three
S
. Heidelberg strains with phage types 9, 29, and 41.
Cross-sectional associations between high-deprivation home and neighbourhood environments, and health-related variables among Liverpool children
Authors: Noonan Robert J , Boddy Lynne M , Knowles Zoe R , Fairclough Stuart J 
Published: January 2016

Objectives(1) To investigate differences in health-related, home and neighbourhood environmental variables between Liverpool children living in areas of high deprivation (HD) and medium-to-high deprivation (MD) and (2) to assess associations between these perceived home and neighbourhood environments and health-related variables stratified by deprivation group.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting10 Liverpool primary schools in 2014.Participants194 children aged 9–10 years.Main outcome measuresHealth-related variables (self-reported physical activity (PA) (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children, PAQ-C), cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index (BMI) z-scores, waist circumference), home environment variables: (garden/backyard access, independent mobility, screen-based media restrictions, bedroom media) and neighbourhood walkability (Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth, NEWS-Y).Explanatory measuresArea deprivation.ResultsThere were significant differences between HD and MD children's BMI z-scores (p<0.01), waist circumference (p<0.001) and cardiorespiratory fitness (p<0.01). HD children had significantly higher bedroom media availability (p<0.05) and independent mobility scores than MD children (p<0.05). MD children had significantly higher residential density and neighbourhood aesthetics scores, and lower crime safety, pedestrian and road traffic safety scores than HD children, all of which indicated higher walkability (p<0.01). HD children's BMI z-scores (β=−0.29, p<0.01) and waist circumferences (β=−0.27, p<0.01) were inversely associated with neighbourhood aesthetics. HD children's PA was negatively associated with bedroom media (β=−0.24, p<0.01), and MD children's PA was positively associated with independent mobility (β=0.25, p<0.01). MD children's independent mobility was inversely associated with crime safety (β=−0.28, p<0.01) and neighbourhood aesthetics (β=−0.24, p<0.05).ConclusionsChildren living in HD areas had the least favourable health-related variables and were exposed to home and neighbourhood environments that are unconducive to health-promoting behaviours. Less access to bedroom media equipment and greater independent mobility were strongly associated with higher PA in HD and MD children, respectively. Facilitating independent mobility and encouraging outdoor play may act as effective strategies to enhance PA levels and reduce sedentary time in primary school-aged children.