bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐temperature calorimetric study of oxide component dissolution in a CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag at 1450°C
Authors: Koryttseva Anastasia , Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBlast‐furnace slags are formed, as iron ore is reduced to metal, as a molten a mixture of refractory and not easily reducible oxides, largely silica, alumina, lime, and magnesia. Their relatively low silica content makes them basic and poor glass formers. Their thermodynamic properties, though important for modeling their formation and reactivity, as well as furnace heat balance, are poorly known. Solution calorimetry of small amounts of solid oxides in a molten oxide solvent at high temperature (up to about 1500°C) permits direct assessment of energetics of dissolution. The enthalpies of solution of slag forming oxides: CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, and Fe2O3 in a simplified model slag of composition: CaO (45.9 mol%), SiO2 (35.1 mol%), Al2O3 (8.3 mol%), MgO (10.7 mol%) were measured by high‐temperature drop solution calorimetry at 1450°C. For this slag composition, enthalpies of solution become more exothermic in the order: Fe2O3 (279.3 ± 20.8 kJ/mol), MgO (56.7 ± 9.1 kJ/mol), Al2O, (41.6 ± 11.3 kJ/mol), CaO (−4.3 ± 2.3 kJ/mol), and SiO2, (−20.4 ± 4.4 kJ/mol), reflecting the relatively basic character of this low‐silica melt. Within these fairly large experimental errors, characteristic of calorimetry at this high temperature, there is little or no discernible concentration dependence for these heats of solution. The trends seen for these five solutes parallel those seen for heats of solution of the same oxides in other melts at various temperatures, with changes in magnitude reflecting the differences in acid‐base character of the melts. The new data for quartz show systematic behavior which extends the range of basicity studied for the enthalpy of dissolution of silica. The results provide reliable data for future modeling of the thermal balance of steel‐making furnaces and geologic and ceramic systems.
Low‐temperature sintering and enhanced piezoelectric properties of random and textured PIN–PMN–PT ceramics with Li2CO3
Authors: Wei Dandan , Wang Hong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLow‐temperature sintered random and textured 36PIN–30PMN–34PT piezoelectric ceramics were successfully synthesized at a temperature as low as 950°C using Li2CO3 as sintering aids. The effects of Li2CO3 addition on microstructure, dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties in 36PIN–30PMN–34PT ternary system were systematically investigated. The results showed that the grain size of the specimens increased with the addition of sintering aids. The optimum properties for the random samples were obtained at 0.5 wt% Li2CO3 addition, with piezoelectric constant d33 of 450 pC/N, planar electromechanical coupling coefficient kp of 49%, peak permittivity εmax of 25 612, remanent polarization Pr of 36.3 μC/cm2. Moreover, the low‐temperature‐sintered textured samples at 0.5 wt% Li2CO3 addition exhibited a higher piezoelectric constant d33 of 560 pC/N. These results indicated that the low‐temperature‐sintered 36PIN–30PMN–34PT piezoelectric ceramics were very promising candidates for the multilayer piezoelectric applications.
Electric‐field induced phase transition and fatigue behaviors of (Bi0.5+x/2Na0.5‐x/2)0.94Ba0.06Ti1‐xFexO3 ferroelectrics
Authors: Shi Jing , Tian Wenchao , Liu Xiao , Fan Huiqing 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe dielectric, piezoelectric properties, and fatigue behaviors of stoichiometric (Bi0.5+x/2Na0.5‐x/2)0.94Ba0.06Ti1‐xFexO3 (BNBT‐xFe) ferroelectrics are investigated. Fe substitution leads to the downward shift of the ferroelectric‐relaxor transition temperature (TF‐R) and increase in strain. Meanwhile, fatigue behaviors of the modified ceramics are significantly enhanced. Ex situ X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal microscopic mechanism for polarization fatigue on different compositions. The fatigue‐free behavior of ferroelectric BNBT‐0.03Fe is not only attributed to a mechanism involving the formation of defect dipoles, which reduces the pinning effect of migratory oxygen vacancies on domain walls, but is also connected to the decrease in easily suppressed field‐induced ferroelectric tetragonal phase. While for ergodic relaxor BNBT‐0.09Fe, the absence of domain wall contributes to the good fatigue resistance behavior. Interestingly, electric cycling results in an increased fraction of relaxor phase, accompanying by the increase in the total strain and decrease in remnant polarizations.
A cohesive premixed monetite biocement
Authors: Cox Sophie C. , Patel Sarika , Gbureck Uwe , Wright Adrian J. , Grover Liam M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSodium alginate was successfully utilized to improve cohesion and limit particulate debris of a premixed calcium phosphate cement (pCPC) that following the exchange of water set to form monetite. Modified pastes using glycerol and 2 wt% alginate exhibited initial and final setting times of 60 ± 9 and 1355 ± 105 minutes, respectively. Despite these setting times being significantly longer than clinically recommended the improved washout resistance of this formulation would allow for wound closure during setting. Set monetite pastes exhibited a maximum compressive strength of 8.6 ± 3.5 MPa with a corresponding porosity of 59% compared to 15.6 ± 5.8 MPa and 25% for the unmodified aqueous brushite cement. Storage of the pCPC paste at 4°C for 14 days was shown to significantly (P<0.05) increase the compressive strength of the harden matrix (13.2 ± 1.5 MPa), however, subsequent deterioration was observed after 90 days storage. Methylene blue was utilized to visualize perfusion into the matrix during setting, demonstrating that the use of glycerol altered mass transport and ultimately shifted the crystallization kinetics in favor of monetite. Samples >20 mm did not reach full saturation after 10 days of immersion, which for the first time suggests an upper volume limit that will form a homogeneous cement highlighting an important consideration for clinical translation of pCPCs.
Genetic diversity of the Mexican Lidia bovine breed and its divergence from the Spanish population
Authors: Eusebi P.G. , Cortés O. , Dunner S. , Cañón J. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryLidia bovine breed exists since the XIV century in the Iberian Peninsula. These animals were initially produced for meat but some, showing an aggressive behaviour which difficulted their management, were used to participate in popular traditional and social events. A specialization of the breed giving rise to the original Lidia population is documented in Spain since mid‐XVIII century. Following the same tradition than in the Spanish population, Mexico used aggressive animals at the beginning of the XX century until two families of breeders started importing Lidia breed bovines from Spain with the aim of specializing their production. Each family (Llaguno and González) followed different breeding managements, and currently, most of the Lidia Mexican population derives from the Llaguno line. Although genetic structure and diversity of the Spanish population have been studied (using autosomal microsatellite markers, Y chromosome DNA markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences), the Mexican population is not analysed. The aim of the study was to assess both the genetic structure and diversity of the Mexican Lidia breed and its relationship with the original Spanish population using the same molecular tools. A total of 306 animals belonging to 20 breeders issued from both existing Mexican families were genotyped, and the genetic information was compared to the previously existing Spanish information. Slightly higher levels of genetic diversity in Mexican population were found when comparing to the Spanish population, and the variability among populations accounted for differences within them showing mean values of 0.18 and 0.12, respectively. Animals from the Mexican breeders, belonging to each of the two families, clustered together, and there was little evidence of admixture with the Spanish population. The analysis of Y chromosome diversity showed a high frequency of the H6 haplotype in the Mexican population, whereas this haplotype is rare in the Spanish, which is only found in the Miura (100%) and Casta Navarra (38%) lineages. Mitochondrial DNA revealed similar haplotypic pattern in both Spanish and Mexican populations, which is in accordance with most of the Mediterranean bovine breeds. In conclusion, as the Mexican Lidia population had initially a small number of founders and its current population has been reared isolated from their Spanish ancestors since a long time, these bottleneck effects and a combination of mixed cattle origin are the factors that might erase any trace of the Spanish origin of this population.
Maternal source of variability in the embryo development of an annual killifish
Authors: Polačik M. , Smith C. , Reichard M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOrganisms inhabiting unpredictable environments often evolve diversified reproductive bet‐hedging strategies, expressed as production of multiple offspring phenotypes, thereby avoiding complete reproductive failure. To cope with unpredictable rainfall, African annual killifish from temporary savannah pools lay drought‐resistant eggs that vary widely in the duration of embryo development. We examined the sources of variability in the duration of individual embryo development, egg production and fertilization rate in Nothobranchius furzeri. Using a quantitative genetics approach (North Carolina type II design), we found support for maternal effects rather than polyandrous mating as the primary source of the variability in the duration of embryo development. The number of previously laid eggs appeared to serve as an internal physiological cue initiating a shift from rapid‐to‐slow embryo developmental mode. In annual killifish, extensive phenotypic variability in progeny traits is adaptive, as the conditions experienced by parents have limited relevance to the offspring generation. In contrast to genetic control, with high phenotypic expression and heritability, maternal control of traits under natural selection prevents standing genetic diversity from potentially detrimental effects of selection in fluctuating environments.
Resource abundance and the critical transition to cooperation
Authors: Connelly B. D. , Bruger E. L. , McKinley P. K. , Waters C. M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCooperation is abundant in nature, occurring at all levels of biological complexity. Yet cooperation is continually threatened by subversion from noncooperating cheaters. Previous studies have shown that cooperation can nevertheless be maintained when the benefits that cooperation provides to relatives outweigh the associated costs. These fitness costs and benefits are not fixed properties, but can be affected by the environment in which populations reside. Here, we describe how one environmental factor, resource abundance, decisively affects the evolution of cooperative public goods production in two independent evolving systems. In the Avida digital evolution platform, populations evolved in environments with different levels of a required resource, whereas populations of Vibrio cholerae evolved in the presence of different nutrient concentrations. In both systems, cooperators and cheaters co‐existed stably in resource‐rich environments, whereas cheaters dominated in resource‐poor environments. These two outcomes were separated by a sharp transition that occurred at a critical level of resource. These results offer new insights into how the environment affects the evolution of cooperation and highlight the challenges that populations of cooperators face when they experience environmental change.
A meta‐analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes
Authors: Miao Chao , Humphrey Ronald H. , Qian Shanshan 
Published: December 2016

Our meta‐analysis of emotional intelligence (EI) demonstrates that: First, all three types of EI are significantly related to job satisfaction (ability EI: = .08; self‐report EI: = .32; and mixed EI: = .39). Second, both self‐report EI and mixed EI exhibit modest yet statistically significant incremental validity (ΔR2 = .03 for self‐report EI and ΔR2 = .06 for mixed EI) and large relative importance (31.3% for self‐report EI and 42.8% for mixed EI) in the presence of cognitive ability and personality when predicting job satisfaction. Third, we found mixed support for the moderator effects (i.e., emotional labour demand of jobs) for the relationship between EI and job satisfaction. Fourth, the relationships between all three types of EI and job satisfaction are mediated by state affect and job performance. Fifth, EI significantly relates to organizational commitment (self‐report EI: = .43; mixed EI: = .43) and turnover intentions (self‐report EI: = −.33). Sixth, after controls, both self‐report EI and mixed EI demonstrate incremental validity and relative importance (46.9% for self‐report EI; 44.2% for mixed EI) in predicting organizational commitment. Seventh, self‐report EI demonstrates incremental validity and relative importance (60.9%) in predicting turnover intentions.Practitioner points

Employees with higher emotional intelligence (EI) have higher job satisfaction, higher organizational commitment, and lower turnover intentions.

Adding EI measures to the set of personality and cognitive measures currently being used can improve the ability to assess employee job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions.

EI improves job satisfaction by helping employees reduce negative feelings, by increasing positive feelings, and/or by improving job performance.

To produce productive and satisfied workers, organizations should incorporate EI in employee recruitment, training, and development programmes.
Semiquantifiable angiogenesis parameters in association with the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia
Authors: Thiem Daniel G. E. , Schneider Schamiem , Venkatraman Narayan T. , Kumar Vinay V. , Brieger Jürgen , Frerich Bernhard , Kämmerer Peer W. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundAim of the study was to assess the role of angiogenesis in the process of malignant transformation of clinical diagnosed oral leucoplakia (OL).Materials and methodsA total of 131 histological preparations [oral leukoplakia/hyperkeratosis without dysplasia (OL; n = 49), oral leukoplakia/hyperkeratosis with mild dysplasia (OL‐SIN1; n = 33), with moderate dysplasia (OL‐SIN2; n = 13) and leukoplakia‐derived oral squamous cell carcinoma (OL‐OSCC; n = 36)] were evaluated for microvessel density (MVD), vessel diameter as well as for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) expression. Data were compared within the groups.ResultsFor MVD, there were significant differences between OL and OL‐SIN 2/OL‐OSCC (P < 0.05) and between OL‐SIN 1 and OL‐OSCC (P < 0.05). For OL‐OSCC, vessel diameters were significantly increased compared with OL (P < 0.05). Expression of VEGF‐A increased significantly gradually from OL‐SIN 1 to OSCC (each P < 0.05). This was especially evident for lesions of the tongue when compared to the others.ConclusionAngiogenesis increases during the transition from OL through dysplasia to OL‐OSCC. In particular, OL‐OSCCs of the tongue, VEGF‐A expression may be used for estimation of malignant progression of OL.
A mini-review of non-parenteral clonidine preparations for paediatric sedation
Authors: Hanning Sara M , Orlu Gul Mine , Toni Irmgard , Neubert Antje , Tuleu Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objective
To provide an overview of non-parenteral clonidine formulations and assess the feasibility of their use for paediatric sedation.

Methods
A literature search was conducted using electronic databases and a combination of search terms. Forty articles met the inclusion criteria. Publications were grouped into different dosage forms and assessed for their potential application for sedation of children in intensive care.

Key findings
Several routes of clonidine administration have been investigated for numerous indications in children, including perioperative sedation and analgesia. These include oral liquids, tablets, oral transmucosal systems, nasal sprays and rectal suspensions. Conflicting studies on oral transmucosal clonidine formulations suggest that further research is required to fully establish efficacy. Nasal sprays and rectal suspensions have the advantages of rapid onset of action and potential for dose flexibility, but predictable absorption is difficult to obtain.

Conclusions
Provided age-appropriate strengths are available, intravenous formulations remain the most predictable in terms of bioavailability and flexible in terms of dose adjustment. However, as with all routes, down-titration is difficult given the long half-life of clonidine. Oral transmucosal systems, nasal sprays and rectal suspensions have potential in a less acute setting, but significant clinical work is required to elucidate a full pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile.
Morphological and molecular study of the cyanobiont‐bearing dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata from the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic)
Authors: García‐Portela María , Riobó Pilar , Rodríguez Francisco 
Published: December 2016

The presence of the benthic dinophysoid dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata has been reported in the Canary Islands (eastern central Atlantic) in live field observations and on fixed macroalgal samples from intertidal ponds (26 sampling sites from El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote islands). In vivo Sinophysis cells were typically pale pink colored. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed a small characteristic narrow hypothecal cut that matched the original description of S. canaliculata. SSU rRNA gene (rDNA) nuclear phylogeny showed that S. canaliculata is closely related to S. microcephalus. Sinophysis specimens displayed cyanobacterial endosymbionts with orange autofluorescence from phycoerythrins. SSU rDNA analyses of the cyanobionts nearly matched a former sequence obtained from S. canaliculata in the Pacific Ocean (Japan). S. canaliculata survived up to 5 months in the original seawater samples. During that period cyanobionts were always present and maintained their orange autofluorescence, although the pink color gradually vanished (<1 month) in most individuals. Molecular similarity of Sinophysis cyanobionts from the Canary Islands and Japanese waters suggest a deterministic relationship, likely a temporary maintenance inside their host via some specific grazing system.
Influence of compression parameters on mechanical behavior of mozzarella cheese
Authors: Fogaça Davi Novaes Ladeia , da Silva William Soares , Rodrigues Luciano Brito 
Published: December 2016

AbstractStudies on the interaction between direction and degree of compression in the Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) of cheeses are limited. For this reason the present study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of Mozzarella cheese by TPA at different compression degrees (65, 75, and 85%) and directions (axes X, Y, and Z). Data obtained were compared in order to identify possible interaction between both factors. Compression direction did not affect any mechanical variable, or rather, the cheese had an isotropic behavior for TPA. Compression degree had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on TPA responses, excepting for chewiness TPA (N), which remained constant. Data from texture profile were adjusted to models to explain the mechanical behavior according to the compression degree used in the test. The isotropic behavior observed may be result of differences in production method of Mozzarella cheese especially on stretching of cheese mass.Practical applicationsTexture Profile Analysis (TPA) is a technique largely used to assess the mechanical properties of food, particularly cheese. The precise choice of the instrumental test configuration is essential for achieving results that represent the material analyzed. The method of manufacturing is another factor that may directly influence the mechanical properties of food. This can be seen, for instance, in stretched curd cheese, such as Mozzarella. Knowledge on such mechanical properties is highly relevant for food industries due to the mechanical resistance in piling, pressing, manufacture of packages, and food transport, or to melting features presented by the food at high temperatures in preparation of several foods, such as pizzas, snacks, sandwiches, and appetizers.
Altered distribution of adrenergic constrictor responses contributes to skeletal muscle perfusion abnormalities in metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lemaster Kent , Jackson Dwayne , Welsh Donald G. , Brooks Steven D. , Chantler Paul D. , Frisbee Jefferson C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeAlthough studies suggest elevated adrenergic activity paralleling metabolic syndrome in OZRs, the moderate hypertension and modest impact on organ perfusion question the multi‐scale validity of these data.MethodsTo understand how adrenergic function contributes to vascular reactivity in OZR, we utilized a multi‐scale approach to investigate pressure responses, skeletal muscle blood flow, and vascular reactivity following adrenergic challenge.ResultsFor OZR, adrenergic challenge resulted in increased pressor responses vs LZRs, mediated via α1 receptors, with minimal contribution by either ROS or NO bioavailability. In situ gastrocnemius muscle of OZR exhibited blunted functional hyperemia, partially restored with α1 inhibition, although improved muscle performance and VO2 required combined treatment with TEMPOL. Within OZR in situ cremaster muscle, proximal arterioles exhibited a more heterogeneous constriction to adrenergic challenge, biased toward hyperresponsiveness, vs LZR. This increasingly heterogeneous pattern was mirrored in ex vivo arterioles, mediated via α1 receptors, with roles for ROS and NO bioavailability evident in hyperresponsive vessels only.ConclusionsThese results support the central role of the α1 adrenoreceptor for augmented pressor responses and elevations in vascular resistance, but identify an increased heterogeneity of constrictor reactivity in OZR that is presently of unclear purpose.