bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of volatile fatty acids by reactive extraction using tri‐n‐octylamine and tri‐butyl phosphate in different solvents: Equilibrium studies, pH and temperature effect, and optimization using multivariate taguchi approach
Authors: Eda Sumalatha , Kumari Alka , Thella Prathap Kumar , Satyavathi Bankupalli , Rajarathinam Parthasarathy 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRecovery of volatile fatty acids from fermentation broth has been investigated by adopting an intensified approach using extractants tri‐n‐octylamine and tri‐butyl phosphate dissolved in 1‐decanol and methyl isobutyl ketone. The effects on distribution coefficient (KD) and extraction efficiency (%E) were studied by varying the operating conditions like temperature (293.15–323.15) K, pH (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5), and compositions of extractant (10, 20, and 30 %). Taguchi (L36) orthogonal design with five factors, namely diluents, extractant type, composition, temperature, and pH, was employed for the multivariate optimization of reactive extraction of volatile fatty acids. In the Taguchi approach, a “larger is better” criterion was adopted to maximize and %E. The statistical analysis indicated that the degree of influence on by experimental variables follows the following trend: extractant type () > pH () > diluent type () > temperature () > extractant concentration (). The trend for %E observed is as follows: extractant type () > pH () > temperature () > extractant concentration () > diluent type (). The combination of optimum parameters were obtained as X1 = 1‐decanol, X2 = tri‐n‐octylamine, X3 = 20 %, X4 = 293.15 K, and X5 = 3.5. A confirmation run was conducted using these parameters and and %E values from this run were determined to be 8.65 and of 89.64 %, respectively, which were very close to the predicted values  10.36 and %E  = 91.26 %.
Qualifiers of atypia in the cytologic diagnosis of thyroid nodules are associated with different Afirma gene expression classifier results and clinical outcomes
Authors: Baca Sylvan C. , Wong Kristine S. , Strickland Kyle C. , Heller Howard T. , Kim Matthew I. , Barletta Justine A. , Cibas Edmund S. , Krane Jeffrey F. , Marqusee Ellen , Angell Trevor E. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDThyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) have a low risk of malignancy that appears to vary based on specific features described in the AUS diagnosis. The Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) is a molecular test designed to improve preoperative risk stratification of thyroid nodules, but its performance for different patterns of AUS has not been defined. The objective of this study was to assess GEC results and clinical outcomes in AUS nodules with architectural atypia (AUS‐A), cytologic atypia (AUS‐C) or both (AUS‐C/A).METHODSThis was a retrospective review of all thyroid nodules with AUS cytopathology that underwent GEC testing at the authors' institution over a period of >4 years.RESULTSIn 227 nodules that had AUS cytology results and Afirma GEC testing, the rate of benign GEC results was higher in AUS‐A nodules (70 of 107; 65%) than in AUS‐C/A nodules (25 of 65; 38%; P = .0008), and AUS‐C nodules exhibited an intermediate rate of benign results (27 of 55 nodules; 59%). The risk of cancer among patients who had GEC‐suspicious nodules, 86% of whom underwent resection, was 19% (6 of 25) for AUS‐A nodules compared with 57% (21 of 37) for AUS‐C/A nodules (P = .003) and 45% (10 of 22) for AUS‐C nodules (P = .07). In nodules that had an indeterminate repeat cytology result, no difference was observed in the rate of benign GEC results or in the malignancy rate compared with nodules that had a single cytology result.CONCLUSIONSThe performance characteristics of Afirma GEC testing vary, depending on qualifiers of cytologic atypia. Recognition of these differences may enable clinicians to provide improved counseling and treatment recommendations to patients. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:313–322. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Happy to breed in the city? Urban food resources limit reproductive output in Western Jackdaws
Authors: Meyrier Eva , Jenni Lukas , Bötsch Yves , Strebel Stephan , Erne Bruno , Tablado Zulima 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUrban areas expand worldwide, transforming landscapes and creating new challenging habitats. Some bird species, mainly omnivorous feeding on human waste and cavity nesters, commonly breed in these habitats and are, therefore, regarded as urban‐adapted. Although urban areas may provide new nesting sites and abundant human waste, the low breeding success found in some of these species suggests that the poor protein content in human waste might limit breeding parameters. We investigated whether the breeding success of a cavity nester and omnivorous species commonly breeding in urban areas, the Western Jackdaw (Corvus monedula), depended on the availability of good‐quality non‐urban food. We approached the objective by combining a literature review and experiments in the field. With the literature review, we compared jackdaw populations in different habitats across Europe and found that clutch size and number of fledglings per pair decreased with distance to non‐urban foraging grounds, even after controlling for the effect of colony size, latitude, and climate. In two experiments, we tested whether the breeding success of urban pairs could be increased by supplementing high‐quality food, first only during egg formation and second also until chick fledging. Food supplementation during egg formation led to larger eggs and higher hatching success than in urban control nests, but this did not result in higher chick survival. However, when food supplementation was prolonged until fledging in the second experiment, we observed a significant increase of nestling survival. These findings highlight that research and management actions should not only focus on species displaced by urbanization, but also on “urban‐adapted” species, as they might be suffering from a mismatch between availability of nesting sites in buildings and adequate non‐urban food resources. In these cases, nest sites should be provided in or close to adequate food resources.
Invalidation of fMRI experiments secondary to neurovascular uncoupling in patients with cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Para Andrea E. , Sam Kevin , Poublanc Julien , Fisher Joseph A. , Crawley Adrian P. , Mikulis David J. 
Published: February 2017

PurposeBlood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique used to infer neuronal activity from the observed changes in blood flow. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the ability of arterioles to increase blood flow in response to vasodilatory stimulus. We hypothesize that in areas of disease where there is exhausted vascular reserve and impaired CVR there will be diminished blood flow response following neuronal activation, and that these areas would appear as false‐negative tests on BOLD fMRI.Materials and MethodsPatients with steno‐occlusive disease and unilateral hemodynamic impairment received a standardized hypercapnic stimuli while being imaged with BOLD fMRI to generate CVR maps. These were compared to traditional BOLD fMRI maps of neuronal activation in the motor cortex in response to a motor task.ResultsNeuronal activation from the motor task was found to be linearly correlated with CVR (n = 11 patients, R = 0.82). Regions with positive (normal) CVR showed positive activation on BOLD fMRI, while regions with negative CVR had attenuated neuronal activation on BOLD fMRI.ConclusionIn areas with cerebrovascular disease where CVR is impaired, there is uncoupling of neuronal activation and blood flow that confounds traditional BOLD fMRI. CVR mapping is a noninvasive MRI‐based imaging technique that can provide information about the vascular reactivity of the brain that is important to consider when interpreting traditional BOLD fMRI studies.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1448–1455.
Community delivery of semiautomated fractal analysis tool in cardiac mr for trabecular phenotyping
Authors: Captur Gabriella , Radenkovic Dina , Li Chunming , Liu Yu , Aung Nay , Zemrak Filip , Tobon‐Gomez Catalina , Gao Xuexin , Elliott Perry M. , Petersen Steffen E. , Bluemke David A. , Friedrich Matthias G. , Moon James C. 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo report the development of easy‐to‐use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fractal tools deployed on platforms accessible to all. The trabeculae of the left ventricle vary in health and disease but their measurement is difficult. Fractal analysis of cardiac MR images can measure trabecular complexity as a fractal dimension (FD).Materials and MethodsThis Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Participants provided written informed consent. The original MatLab implementation (region‐based level set segmentation and box‐counting algorithm) was recoded for two platforms (OsiriX and a clinical MR reporting platform [cvi42, Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Calgary, Canada]). For validation, 100 subjects were scanned at 1.5T and 20 imaged twice for interstudy reproducibility. Cines were analyzed by the three tools and FD variability determined. Manual trabecular delineation by an expert reader (R1) provided ground truth contours for validation of segmentation accuracy by point‐to‐curve (P2C) distance estimates. Manual delineation was repeated by R1 and a second reader (R2) on 15 cases for intra/interobserver variability.ResultsFD by OsiriX and the clinical MR reporting platform showed high correlation with MatLab values (correlation coefficients: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.95–0.97] and 0.96 [0.95–0.96]) and high interstudy and intraplatform reproducibility. Semiautomated contours in OsiriX and the clinical MR reporting platform were highly correlated with ground truth contours evidenced by low P2C errors: 0.882 ± 0.76 mm and 0.709 ± 0.617 mm. Validity of ground truth contours was inferred from low P2C errors between readers (R1‐R1: 0.798 ± 0.718 mm; R1‐R2: 0.804 ± 0.649 mm).ConclusionThis set of accessible fractal tools that measure trabeculation in the heart have been validated and released to the cardiac MR community (http://j.mp/29xOw3B) to encourage novel clinical applications of fractals in the cardiac imaging domain.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1082–1088.
Convective mixing and high littoral production established systematic errors in the diel oxygen curves of a shallow, eutrophic lake
Authors: Brothers Soren , Kazanjian Garabet , Köhler Jan , Scharfenberger Ulrike , Hilt Sabine 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe diel (24‐h) oxygen (O2) curves approach has become a popular method for analyzing gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) rates in aquatic systems. Despite the simplicity of this approach, there remain aspects of the calculation and interpretation of diel O2 curves which may skew results, with potentially large implications for estimates of metabolic rates. One common problem in lakes is the occurrence of unexpected changes in O2 concentrations (for instance, increasing overnight O2 concentrations). Such changes have typically been ascribed to the random mixing of pockets of O2. It has thus been suggested that negative GPP or positive ER values should be included in calculations, on the assumption that under‐ and overestimates should occur with equal frequency, and thus cancel each other out. Our data from a shallow, eutrophic lake provided a high share of negative GPP values. We argue that these may have been the result of elevated littoral productivity coupled with convective currents produced by consistent differences in the heating or cooling of littoral and offshore waters. Such phenomena might be common in small, sheltered lakes where the role of mixing by wind is diminished. We conclude that a failure to account for consistent metabolic gradients and periodic convective mixing may lead to a chronic underestimation of metabolic rates in lakes when using the diel O2 curves method.
Oligohydramnios compromises lung cells size and interferes with epithelial–endothelial development
Authors: Najrana Tanbir , Ramos Lauren M. , Abu Eid Rasha , Sanchez‐Esteban Juan 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackground and ObjectiveSevere oligohydramnios can induce pulmonary hypoplasia. However, the mechanisms by which leaking of fluids cause lung hypoplasia are not well defined. The objective of this study was to characterize a mouse model of pulmonary hypoplasia induced by oligohydramnios.MethodsAmniotic sacs were punctured on E14.5 of gestation. Untouched fetuses were used as control. Pregnancy was allowed to continue until E18.5 in which lung tissue was collected and evaluated for morphometry, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.ResultsOur results found that lung weight, lung to total body weight ratio, and lung water content were reduced in oligohydramnios when compared to controls. In contrast, oligohydramnios did not affect the DNA content. Morphometric studies confirmed that oligohydramnios fetuses had smaller air spaces than control. Interestingly, cells from oligohydramnios fetuses have smaller size and less regular shapes. Oligohydramnios decreased the differentiation of type I epithelial cells and compromised apoptosis and angiogenesis while proliferation was not affected.ConclusionsAlthough, the smaller size of the lung could be explained by a decreased of lung fluids, our data suggest that increased of external compression secondary to severe oligohydramnios can compromise cell size and interfere with epithelial and endothelial development. Type I epithelial cells could have an unrecognized key role in the differentiation of the distal lung mediated by mechanical signals. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:746–756. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What’s new in graduate medical education?
Authors: Hernandez Raquel G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe development of new graduate medical education programmes provides both opportunities and challenges. Efforts to address physician workforce shortages as well as a realisation that curricula need to be updated to adjust to our rapidly changing healthcare environment have resulted in more educators considering the “how to” and “what’s new” of programme development. Understanding the Next Accreditation System, an accreditation system introduced by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education in 2012, is critical to the success of new as well as existing residency and fellowship programmes. Although many educators are aware of the general rational for the Next Accreditation System, an in-depth understanding of the meaning of Next Accreditation System is necessary from an experiential and theoretical perspective to be able to successfully launch new programmes and moves towards accreditation. A new paediatric categorical residency programme and a new paediatric surgical programme were developed at our institution immediately following the implementation of Next Accreditation System. We provide a series of insights and perspectives based on our experience relative to what priorities we saw outlined from both the programmatic and the institutional perspective to have our graduate medical education programmes reviewed for accreditation. During this discussion, the following objectives are outlined: to overview the Next Accreditation System as a framework and priorities, to discuss the opportunities and challenges that may exist in developing new programmes, and to discuss future directions in the evaluation of trainees and assessment of training competency. Although challenges are outlined, we hope to relay the continued excitement and opportunities that exist relative to enhancing training curricula for future graduate medical education programme builders.
Photo-activation of the delocalized lipophilic cation D112 potentiates cancer selective ROS production and apoptosis
Authors: Yang Ning , Weinfeld Michael , Lemieux Hélène , Montpetit Ben , Goping Ing Swie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDelocalized lipophilic cations (DLCs) selectively accumulate in cancer cell mitochondria and have long been explored for therapeutic applications. Although targeted effects to cancer cells are demonstrated in vitro, non-specific toxicities in vivo have hampered clinical development. Identifying the molecular mechanisms of action and enhancing selectivity are thus necessary next steps to improve these compounds and evaluate their suitability for further drug development. D112 is one such DLC with promising properties. We previously demonstrated that D112 selectively induced intrinsic apoptosis in transformed versus non-transformed cell lines. Here we show that D112 preferentially entered transformed cells where it interacted with, and damaged mitochondrial DNA, inhibited Complex I respiration and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS production was critical for Bax activation and subsequent apoptosis. Importantly, photo-activation of D112 potentiated selective ROS production and increased the window of toxicity towards cancer cells over non-transformed cells. Thus photodynamic therapy would be an exciting adjunct to D112 studies and may be generally applicable for other DLCs that are currently under therapeutic investigation.
Facile Synthesis of Nanoporous Pt-Y alloy with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity and Durability
Authors: Cui Rongjing , Mei Ling , Han Guangjie , Chen Jiyun , Zhang Genhua , Quan Ying , Gu Ning , Zhang Lei , Fang Yong , Qian Bin , Jiang Xuefan , Han Zhida 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRecently, Pt-Y alloy has displayed an excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and is regarded as a promising cathode catalyst for fuel cells. However, the bulk production of nanoscaled Pt-Y alloy with outstanding catalytic performance remains a great challenge. Here, we address the challenge through a simple dealloying method to synthesize nanoporous Pt-Y alloy (NP-PtY) with a typical ligament size of ~5 nm. By combining the intrinsic superior electrocatalytic activity of Pt-Y alloy with the special nanoporous structure, the NP-PtY bimetallic catalyst presents higher activity for ORR and ethanol oxidation reaction, and better electrocatalytic stability than the commercial Pt/C catalyst and nanoporous Pt alloy. The as-made NP-PtY holds great application potential as a promising electrocatalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells due to the advantages of facile preparation and excellent catalytic performance.
Magnetic Fano resonances by design in symmetry broken THz meta-foils
Authors: Wu Jianfeng , Moser Herbert O. , Li Rujiang , Yang Yihao , Jing Liqiao , Chen Hongsheng , Breese Mark B. H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMagnetic Fano resonances in there-dimensional symmetry broken meta-foils at THz frequencies are theoretically and experimentally studied. Sharp Fano resonances occur due to the interference between different resonances and can be designed by choosing geometric parameters of the meta-foil. At the Fano resonances, the meta-foil supports antisymmetric modes, whereas, at the main resonance, only a symmetric mode exists. The meta-foil is left-handed at the Fano resonances and shows sharp peaks of the real part of the refractive index in transmission with small effective losses opening a way to very sensitive high-speed sensing of dielectric changes in the surrounding media and of mechanical configuration.
Stellenwert neuer Untersuchungsmethoden des Tränenfilms in der Diagnostik des trockenen Auges: Tränenfilmosmolarität und Matrixmetalloproteinasen (MMP-9)
Authors: Schargus M. , Geerling G. , Joachim S. 
Published: February 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Keratoconjunctivitis sicca ist eine der häufigsten Diagnosen in der Augenheilkunde. Eine Vielzahl von subjektiven und objektiven Testverfahren mit ungenauen Grenzbereichen und unterschiedlich hohen Sensitivitäten und Spezifitäten erschwert die Diagnostik. Gerade geringe bis moderate pathologische Befunde können so fehldiagnostiziert werden. In den letzten Jahren haben sich durch die Entwicklung neuer, klinisch einfach einsetzbarer Diagnostikgeräte bspw. für die Analyse der Tränenfilmosmolarität oder der Matrixmetalloproteinasen (MMP-9) neue Optionen ergeben. Der Stellenwert der Tränenfilmosmolarität und der Bestimmung der MMP-9-Werte in der Diagnostik des trockenen Auges und seiner Subformen wird diskutiert und anhand publizierter Studienergebnisse objektiv zu bewerten versucht.
Optimal estimation of catch by the continuous underway fish egg sampler based on a model of the vertical distribution of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) eggs
Authors: Pepin P. , Curtis K. A. , Snelgrove P. V. R. , de Young B. , Helbig J. A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Pepin, P., Curtis, K.A., Snelgrove, P.V.R., de Young, B., and Helbig, J.A. 2007. Optimal estimation of catch by the continous underway fish egg sampler based on a model of the vertical distribution of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) eggs – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 18–30. We investigate how the vertical stratification of the water column (specifically density) affects predictions of the catch of American plaice eggs (Hipploglossoides platessoides) from a fixed-depth sampler [the continuous underway fish egg sampler (CUFES)] relative to the integrated abundance in the water column measured in bongo tows. A steady-state model of the vertical distribution of fish eggs coupled with a simple model of the vertical profile of eddy diffusivity (i.e. mixing) is applied. Key model parameters are estimated through optimization of a one-to-one relationship between predicted and observed catches fit, using a generalized linear model with a Poisson, negative binomial, or gamma error structure. The incorporation of data on the vertical structure of the water column significantly improved the ability to forecast CUFES catches when using Poisson or negative binomial error structure, but not using a gamma distribution. Optimal maximum likelihood parameter estimates for eddy diffusivity and egg buoyancy fell within the range of expected values. The degree of uncertainty in the parameterization of eddy diffusivity suggests, however, that greater understanding of the forces that determine the vertical profile of mixing is critical to achieving strong predictive capabilities. The inverse problem of predicting integrated abundance from CUFES catches did not benefit from the environmental-driven model because of the high uncertainty in the catches from the CUFES.
Type C Virus Expression in Lymphoma-Paralysis-Prone Wild Mice2
Authors: Gardner Murray B. , Klement Vaclav , Rongey Robert R. , McConahey Patricia , Estes John D. , Huebner Robert J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Wild mice trapped near Lake Casitas (LC) in southern California showed a high prevalence of infectious type C virus in the liver, spleen, and thymus within the first few weeks of life. By young adulthood about 80% of LC mice (including their genital tissues) were infected. Virus isolates from these mice cause lymphoma and lower limb paralysis under both natural and experimental conditions. Mice destined to develop paralysis showed higher levels of serum gs antigen early in life, whereas mice destined to develop lymphoma or remain free of these diseases could not be distinguished by this test. The individual variation in virus expression suggested that differences in virus type or in the immune or other host defense mechanisms greatly influenced susceptibility or resistance to indigenous type C virus-caused disease in LC wild mice.