bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Textured Polyester Yarns: The Influence of Texturing Temperatures
Authors: Hardegree G. L. , Buchanan D. R. 
Published: January 2017

The temperature dependence of textured yarn physical properties has been determined for five polyester feeder yarns textured on two texturing machines. The data show that there are important effects on physical properties of varying texturing temperature, but that the extent and type of the effects depends on the feeder yarn-texturing machine combination. For the combinations studied, tenacity, basic elongation, crimp rigidity, crimp elongation, Leesona Skein Shrinkage, and the effective yarn temperature from Kanebo Thermal Stress Analyzer data showed significant dependence on texturing temperature for at least one feeder yarn. Neither denier nor initial modulus was texturing-temperature-dependent for any of these feeder yarns. The data also show that, in those instances where a property is texturing-temperature-dependent for more than one feeder yarn, the magnitude of the dependence ( i.e., the slope of the property versus texturing temperature curve) is similar for all feeder yarns affected. Therefore, these feeder yarns tend to have equal sensitivity to changes in texturing temperature, if they have any sensitivity at all.
Parks as Gyms? Recreational Paradigms and Public Health in the National Parks
Authors: Wexler Jay D. 
Published: January 2017

When scholars and policymakers think about the relationship between public health and environmental law and policy, they likely think first about controlling pollution and other toxic substances. As other articles have amply demonstrated, water pollution, air pollution, and other environmental toxins can have significant deleterious effects on the public's health. Scholars rightly pay serious attention to these relationships, and policymakers wisely devise methods and strategies to ameliorate the public health risks posed by these polluting substances.Although pollution control might be the most obvious and important intersection between environmental policy and public health, legal and policy decisions regarding the management and preservation of the nation's natural resources potentially also significantly affect the public's health. Preserving plant and animal species, allocating water resources, and managing the nation's public lands, just to name a few examples, all potentially bear on matters of public health and safety.
The Public Health Impact of Global Environmental Problems and the Role of International Law
Authors: Atapattu Sumudu 
Published: January 2017

For several decades now we have been acutely aware of the increasingly intensifying effect that environmental degradation has on human health. While many of these effects are localized, given the increasingly global nature of environmental problems their impact on human health has also become global in dimension. Health experts are becoming more and more concerned about the potential impact on public health if no precautionary measures
are taken to deal with these global environmental problems.Of course, environmental problems have consequences beyond their public health impact. The emphasis in this Article on public health should not be taken as advocating an anthropocentric approach to environmental problems. This Article focuses on public health as a way of drawing attention to the enormity of the problem.
Suppression of Environmental Science
Authors: Kuehn Robert R. 
Published: January 2017

There is a long history of attacks on scientists. During the Inquisition, the Roman Catholic Church charged Galileo with heresy and, after imprisonment and threats of torture, forced him to renounce his theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. In the 1950s, politicians sought to silence scientists that allegedly held political views sympathetic to Communists.In recent years, research results, rather than the scientist's religion or politics, have motivated attacks on scientists. As environmental issues grow in economic significance and as science takes on increasing importance in influencing public opinion and resolving environmental policy debates, suppression of environmental science has become increasingly common. As one author observed, the power of science to legitimate environmental positions by claiming exclusive truth makes ownership of science one of the most contested issues in modern environmentalism.
Selling Stem Cell Science: How Markets Drive Law along the Technological Frontier
Authors: Spar Debora , Harrington Anna 
Published: January 2017

Since 2001, stem cell science in the United States has been explicitly constrained by federal prohibitions. Under an executive order announced by President George W. Bush on August 9 of that year, U.S. researchers can only receive federal funding for work done on the limited number of embryonic stem cell lines (an estimated sixty to sevent-eight) created prior to the executive order. Continued research on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is not expressly prohibited. But, under the Bush administration's executive order, no federal funds can be used to develop new embryonic stem cells lines, or even to work on new lines developed after August 2001.The problems with these restrictions, according to their critics, are threefold. First, they sharply limit the funds available to a high-cost, early-stage endeavor, limiting the pace of scientific discovery in the process. Second, they force stem cell researchers to maintain an administratively absurd line between research conducted in federally-funded laboratories (which include most university facilities) and that conducted in spaces free of federal funds.
Recovering from Research: A No-Fault Proposal to Compensate Injured Research Participants
Authors: Pike Elizabeth R. 
Published: January 2017

National advisory committees have considered the obligations owed to research participants in the event of research-related injuries. These committees have repeatedly concluded that injured research participants are entitled to compensation for their injuries, that the tort system provides inadequate remedies, and that the United States should adopt no-fault compensation. But because the advisory committees have made no concrete proposals and have taken no steps toward implementing no-fault compensation, the United States continues to rely on the tort system to compensate injured research participants.This Article argues that recent legal developments and a transformation in the global research landscape make maintaining the status quo morally indefensible and practically unsustainable. Recent legal developments exacerbate the longstanding difficulties associated with the tort system as a method of compensation; nearly every injured research participant will have difficulty recovering damages, and certain classes of injured research participants—those in federal research and those abroad—are prevented from recovering altogether, resulting in substantial unfairness. In the past ten years, many of the countries substantially involved in research have mandated systematic compensation. By not mandating compensation, the United States has become a moral outlier and risks having its noncompliant research embargoed by foreign ethics committees, thereby delaying important biomedical advances.This Article examines alternative compensation mechanisms and offers a concrete no-fault compensation proposal built on systems already in place. The proposed system can be implemented in the United States and countries around the world to help harmonize various national compensation systems and to more equitably and effectively make those injured by research whole.
Preemption and the MLR Provision of the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Hoffmann Jeffrey 
Published: January 2017

This Note focuses on the medical loss ratio provision (“MLR Provision”) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The MLR Provision states that health insurance companies must spend at least a certain percentage of their premium revenue on “activities that improve healthcare quality” (in other words, meet a minimum threshold medical loss ratio) and comply with reporting requirements determined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Because states have historically had authority over the regulation of health insurance, there is an outstanding question as to whether or not the MLR Provision has legal authority to preempt conflicting state MLR regulations.Part II of this Note outlines the major requirements in the MLR Provision and discusses the history of MLR regulation in the United States. Part III discusses the likelihood that the courts will soon resolve the question of preemption regarding the MLR Provision.
Quantitative Analysis of Skin Flap Blood Flow in the Rat Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry
Authors: Marks Nicholas J 
Published: January 2017

Two experiments carried out on rat skin flaps are described, where microvascular flow has been measured noninvasively by a laser Doppler velocimeter. Using this technique it is possible to define the limits of an axial pattern flap in terms of microvascular flow; this was found to increase when the flap is elevated. ‘Random-pattern’ perfusion is defined by a fall in flow. This recovers sequentially along the flap, and at a constant rate at all sites. A differential in microvascular perfusion is thus maintained along a random-pattern flap for at least the first postoperative week. In a second experiment it is shown that there appears to be a linear relationship between the reduction in skin blood flow in a random-pattern flap and the distance from the base at which the measurements are made. It is suggested that these data support the view that the blood flow in a skin flap recovers primarily from its base rather than via peripheral neovascularization, and that this is due to vascular collaterals opening within the flap rather than to a relaxation of sympathetic tone.
Indications for and Results of Operation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Schofield P F , Manson J M 
Published: January 2017

Of 363 patients with inflammatory bowel disease presenting between 1972 and 1983, 166 required definitive operation. A classification by histological type distinguishes Crohn's disease (CD) from ulcerative colitis (UC) and indeterminate inflammatory bowel disease. CD is divided into predominantly ileal disease (81), total or subtotal colonic disease (74) and distal disease (22), whilst UC is classified into colonic (95) or distal disease (63). Most patients with ileal disease required operation for chronic persistent symptoms. In patients with total colonic involvement a greater proportion of patients with CD than those with UC came to surgery. Very few patients with distal disease required surgery. After resection for ileal disease there was a low incidence of anastomotic leakage (3%) and no operative mortality. There was an overall operative mortality of 8% after colonic resection. This was much lower in the non-urgent cases but rose to 12% in urgent cases.
Treatment of Varicose Long Saphenous Veins with Sclerosant in Microfoam Form: Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Cabrera J. , Cabrera J. , Garcí-Olmedo A. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine whether the injection of sclerosant in microfoam form offers a clear alternative to surgery in large varices of the lower extremities. Design: Retrospective observational follow-up study (3–6 years). Patients: Five hundred lower limbs in which pretreatment duplex ultrasound demonstrated insufficiency of sapheno-femoral junctions (diameters 9–32 mm) and long saphenous veins. Main outcome measure: Obliteration and subsequent disappearance of treated veins. Results: After ≥ 3 years follow-up, 81% of treated varicose long saphenous veins were obliterated and 96.5% of superficial branches disappeared. The obliteration of saphenous veins required one injection in 86%, two in 10.5% and three in 3.5% of cases. There were no serious complications such as deep vein thrombosis Pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: The quality and stability of outcomes and ease of repeat treatments when required may make sclerotherapy with microfoam a therapeutic approach of choice for the functional and anatomical elimination of extensive pathological venous areas.
Lower Limb Deep Venous Incompetence is Rare in Patients Undergoing Obesity Surgery
Authors: Westling A. , Boström A. , Gustavsson S. , Karacagil S. , Bergqvist D. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate the incidence of lower limb venous insufficiency in morbidly obese patients. Patients and methods: The study group comprised 125 patients (109 women, 16 men). The median (range) age and body mass index were 35 (19–59) years and 42 (32–68) kg/m2 respectively. Eleven patients had clinical signs of varicose veins or had previously undergone varicose vein surgery. Patients were investigated with duplex ultrasound scanning on the day before surgery. Iliac, femoral, popliteal, and long and short saphenous veins in both legs were studied. Results: A total of 33 patients had abnormal reflux in the superficial veins (>0.5 s). In the deep veins 2 patients had valvular incompetence in the common femoral vein with reflux times of 2 and 0.7 s respectively. At reinvestigation 18 and 24 months after surgery the reflux times were normalised. Conclusion: In this study the incidence of deep venous incompetence in the lower limb in morbidly obese patients is low.
Lack of Tourniquet Effect of Below-Knee Stockings
Authors: Chauveau M. , Vin F. , Houot B. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine whether below-knee compression stockings impede venous return by a tourniquet effect. Design: Randomised, cross-over clinical trial. Patients: Ten outpatient women suffering from mild or moderate primary varicose veins without skin trophic disorder. Methods: Air plethysmography with venous occlusion (50 mmHg) was used to measure arterial inflow (AI), venous volume (V50) and maximum venous outflow (MVO), without stockings and when wearing French class 1 (10-15 mmHg) and class 2 (15-20 mmHg) below-knee stockings. Results: No carry over due to the cross-over design was detected. There was no significant variation in MVO induced by class 1 (44 vs 45 ml/s) or class 2 (42 vs 41 ml/s) stockings. AI decreased significantly with class 2 (0.93 vs 1.22 ml/s, /? = 0.012) but not with class 1 (1.22 vs 1.20 ml/s) stockings. V50 did not change with class 1 (97 vs 95 ml) but decreased with class 2 (80 vs 98 ml, p = 0.031) stockings. Conclusion: No tourniquet effect of class 1 and class 2 below-knee stockings was observed. Venous capacity and arterial inflow were reduced by class 2 stockings.
A New Method for Lower Limb Volume Measurement — Laser Plethysmography: Comparison with Two Commonly Used Methods
Authors: Stephan D. , Tavera C. , Raponsky J. , Moreau S. , Weltin D. , Duver S. , Jeanne J. F. , Ziani E. , Chauveau M. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: (1) To assess agreement between laser plethysmography (LPG) and mercury strain-gauge plethysmography (MSGP) measurement of calf volume variation. (2) To assess agreement between LPG and water volumetry measurement of calf volume. Design: Pilot study to evaluate a method of measuring absolute lower leg volume and volume changes in volunteers; randomisation of the leg measured and of the order of measurement, evaluation of between-method correlation and limits of agreement. Setting: Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg. Participants: Seventeen healthy volunteers. Main outcome measures: Measurement of relative volume change by MSGP and LPG before and after venous occlusion by means of a thigh cuff inflated to 20 mmHg (zlV20) and 60 mmHg (/dV60); absolute volume of a 20 cm segment of lower limb measured by differential water plethysmography (two different volume water boots) and by LPG. Results: Comparison of LPG with MSGP led to fairly good correlation coefficients (r = 0.89 and r = 0.91 for δV20 and δV60, respectively) but also to an important dispersion of between-method differences (wide limits of agreement). There was a high degree of agreement between LPG and water volumetry: the correlation coefficient was 0.99 and limits of agreement were [− 6.7% 0.8%] but a significant bias was seen. Conclusions: Laser plethysmography is a new method for measurement of lower limb volume. When tested on inert material, very good accuracy and reproducibility were obtained. Comparison with water volumetry gave good agreement. Evaluation of reproducibility on healthy volunteers is required for complete validation of the device.
The Haemodynamic Efficacy of Six Different Compression Stockings from Compression Class 2 in Patients Suffering from Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Häfner H. M. , Jünger M. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To describe the efficacy of six different compression stockings from compression class 2 on venous haemodynamics in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Design: An open, randomised, prospective study. Setting: University Department of Dermatology, Tübigen, Germany. Patients: Twenty-two patients (11 women, 11 men; mean age 55.1 years, SD 10.3 years) suffering from chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) at clinical stages C14EpAs, A14, Ap, PR. Interventions: The acute effect of six different compresion stockings from compression class 2 (CEN) on venous haemodynamics were measured using dynamic mercury strain gauge plethysmography. At the same time as venous function, the pressure exerted by the compression hosiery was determined under resting conditions and during exercise. Main outcome measures: Resting pressure exerted in the supine position was equivalent in all compression hosiery to the data defined in textile technology for compression class 2 (25–35 mmHg at the ankle). Compression hosiery produced a statistically significant improvement in venous refilling time t 0. The differing improvement in venous function could be explained by the quotient for maximum active pressure/resting pressure on standing (r = 0.98, p <0.01). Conclusion: Compression stockings from the same compression class possess differing acute effects on venous haemodynamics. The efficacy of the various compression devices derives to an exceptional degree from the elasticity of the material, and can be characterised in vivo by the ratio between maximum pressure exerted during exercise and the resting pressure on standing.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Venous Ulceration
Authors: Howard A. , Davies A. H. 
Published: January 2017

Aim: To review the role of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) assessments in the management of patients with venous ulceration. Method: A search of electronic databases and reference lists delivered numerous articles containing a variety of HRQL assessments for venous ulcer treatment. Synthesis: The salient points from the literature were collaborated in order to establish which outcome measures best reflect the quality of care delivered. The treatment of chronic venous leg ulceration is often prolonged and a permanent cure is frequently unattainable. An improvement in a patient's condition needs to be demonstrated in order to determine the benefit of a surgical treatment. The assessment of HRQL is increasingly recognised as a valuable surgical outcome measurement. Conclusion: The combination of ‘standard’ clinical outcome measures, the generic SF-36 and a specific ‘venous ulcer’ HRQL questionnaire can produce a more complete treatment outcome assessment in patients with venous ulceration.
Towards a Model of Care for Chronic Leg Ulcer: Lessons Learned from Studies in Scotland
Authors: Ruckley C. V. 
Published: January 2017

Aim: To highlight the need for a different model of care delivery for chronic leg ulcer. Method: Analysis of data from the Scottish Leg Ulcer Trial and from surveys of leg ulcer care provision among General Practitioners, community nurses and health boards. Synthesis: General Practitioners and community nurses report serious deficiencies in education, training, protocols, equipment and support from the Acute sector. The Scottish Leg Ulcer Trial in a population of 2.65 million showed three-month healing rates of 30% with no improvement after dissemination of National (SIGN) Guidelines even when supplemented by a nationwide nurse training programme. Individual community nurses cared for an average of 1.5 ulcer patients per year. The more chronic the ulcer the poorer the healing rates. Only 17% of Scottish Teaching hospitals or District General hospitals provide a specialist led leg ulcer service. Conclusions: In the population at large, healing rates for leg ulcer are unacceptably low. Individual community nurses do not see enough leg ulcer patients to acquire or sustain the necessary clinical skills. Very few acute hospitals provide leg ulcer services. A new model of leg ulcer care is urgently required centred on multi-disciplinary teams, working in the interface between primary and secondary care, whose prime objectives should be prevention and early intervention. As an
The Appearance of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Saphenous Vein Valves in Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Satokawa H. , Hoshino S. , Igari T. , Iwaya F. , Midorikawa H. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the difference between competent valves and incompetent valves with regards to the development of expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules in primary varicose veins. Methods: Specimens were obtained from 13 patients with primary varicose veins during surgery. Valves were classified according to the angioscopic findings: 8 competent and 17 incompetent valves; type I (7 valves with elongated cusps) and type II (10 valves with expansion of commissures). The mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) were measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of cDNA reverse-transcribed from RNAs. Results: In all cases there were few appearances of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α at the valve cusps. TGF-β and VCAM-1 levels were highly elevated in the cusps of incompetent valves compared with competent valves ( p<0.05). At the venous wall IL-6 and IL-8 occurred more frequently in incompetent valves than in competent valves ( p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that inflammatory cytokines and adhesions molecules, especially TGF-β, IL-6, IL-8 and VCAM-1, may be related to the occurrence of valve insufficiency.