bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gradients in cytoarchitectural landscapes of the isocortex: Diprotodont marsupials in comparison to eutherian mammals
Authors: Charvet Christine J. , Stimpson Cheryl D. , Kim Young Do , Raghanti Mary Ann , Lewandowski Albert H. , Hof Patrick R. , Gómez‐Robles Aida , Krienen Fenna M. , Sherwood Chet C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAlthough it has been claimed that marsupials possess a lower density of isocortical neurons compared with other mammals, little is known about cross‐cortical variation in neuron distributions in this diverse taxonomic group. We quantified upper‐layer (layers II–IV) and lower‐layer (layers V–VI) neuron numbers per unit of cortical surface area in three diprotodont marsupial species (two macropodiformes, the red kangaroo and the parma wallaby, and a vombatiform, the koala) and compared these results to eutherian mammals (e.g., xenarthrans, rodents, primates). In contrast to the notion that the marsupial isocortex contains a low density of neurons, we found that neuron numbers per unit of cortical surface area in several marsupial species overlap with those found in eutherian mammals. Furthermore, neuron numbers vary systematically across the isocortex of the marsupial mammals examined. Neuron numbers under a unit of cortical surface area are low toward the frontal cortex and high toward the caudo‐medial (occipital) pole. Upper‐layer neurons (i.e., layers II–IV) account for most of the variation in neuron numbers across the isocortex. The variation in neuron numbers across the rostral to the caudal pole resembles primates. These findings suggest that diprotodont marsupials and eutherian mammals share a similar cortical architecture despite their distant evolutionary divergence.
Spatial distribution of intermingling pools of projection neurons with distinct targets: A 3D analysis of the commissural ganglia in Cancer borealis
Authors: Follmann Rosangela , Goldsmith Christopher John , Stein Wolfgang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractProjection neurons play a key role in carrying long‐distance information between spatially distant areas of the nervous system and in controlling motor circuits. Little is known about how projection neurons with distinct anatomical targets are organized, and few studies have addressed their spatial organization at the level of individual cells. In the paired commissural ganglia (CoGs) of the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis, projection neurons convey sensory, motor, and modulatory information to several distinct anatomical regions. While the functions of descending projection neurons (dPNs) which control downstream motor circuits in the stomatogastric ganglion are well characterized, their anatomical distribution as well as that of neurons projecting to the labrum, brain, and thoracic ganglion have received less attention. Using cell membrane staining, we investigated the spatial distribution of CoG projection neurons in relation to all CoG neurons. Retrograde tracing revealed that somata associated with different axonal projection pathways were not completely spatially segregated, but had distinct preferences within the ganglion. Identified dPNs had diameters larger than 70% of CoG somata and were restricted to the most medial and anterior 25% of the ganglion. They were contained within a cluster of motor neurons projecting through the same nerve to innervate the labrum, indicating that soma position was independent of function and target area. Rather, our findings suggest that CoG neurons projecting to a variety of locations follow a generalized rule: for all nerve pathway origins, the soma cluster centroids in closest proximity are those whose axons project down that pathway.
Orientational Disorder in Adamantane and Adamantanecarboxylic Acid
Authors: Beake Edward O. R. , Tucker Matthew G. , Dove Martin T. , Phillips Anthony E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe molecular crystals adamantane, C10H16, and adamantanecarboxylic acid, C10H15COOH, undergo order–disorder phase transitions at 208 and 250 K, respectively. Reverse Monte Carlo refinement of total neutron scattering data collected from deuterated samples immediately above these phase transitions shows that the high‐temperature phases are well described by models in which the adamantyl groups are disordered over two sites. No correlation between the orientations of neighbouring molecules is observed. These results demonstrate that the intermolecular potential energy of these materials depends strongly on the orientation of the reference molecule but only very weakly on the orientations of its neighbours.
Line of sight model for visible light communication using Lambertian radiation pattern of LED
Authors: Bhalerao M.V. , Sumathi M. , Sonavane S.S. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThis paper illustrates line of sight model for visible light source and a photodiode in wireless communication. Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are predominantly used everywhere like in houses and factories as light source due to development in technology of light sources. Haitz's law predicts an exponential rise in light output and efficiency of LEDs over a period of time. Light‐emitting diodes are having an average life of 50 000 hours with efficiency of 140 lm/W. Light‐emitting diode light sources are used for an eco‐friendly world due to its advantages over conventional wireless communication systems. For communication purpose in the visible light range, the LED and photodiode are used. A visible light communication system with LED as the transmitter and photodiode as the receiver is simulated in MATLAB for line of sight and analyzed using a Lambertian radiation pattern with a different mode number, field of view, and half power angle.
Calibrating the time span of longitudinal biomarkers in vertebrate tissues when fine‐scale growth records are unavailable
Authors: Rogers Tracey L. , Fung Jeffery , Slip David , Steindler Lisa , O'Connell Tamsin C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBiological markers (biomarkers) are invaluable and widely adopted in ecology, archaeology, and anthropology. Serially sampling biomarkers along continuously growing inert tissue, such as vibrissae, hair, nail, horn, or baleen, is an ideal method by which to capture the changes in an individual's diet, environment, climate, health, and stress levels. However, there are complications in calibrating the time periods that samples represent. Here, we assess how the choice of model and the input data used affect the prediction of time span. We use the Antarctic leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, as our model, with stable isotope data from the vibrissae of captive and wild animals. We show that for tissues with nonlinear growth, and where fine‐scale data on tissue growth are unavailable, modeling over the life span of the tissue is a simple and easily adopted approach. In this method, growth parameters are derived from surveys of the study population and the shed–replacement cycle to calibrate the time span of the biomarker data. This model performed better than linear and nonlinear models, which use parameters that have been derived from growth measurements documented over short periods relative to the life span of the tissue. These latter approaches performed in a similar fashion to each other as they tended to overestimate the life span of the tissue. Whether growth is linear or nonlinear, not accounting for position‐specific differences in growth (rates or coefficients) and asymptotic length (L∞) resulted in different interpretations of biomarker data across the samples collected from the same individual. In species where metabolically inert tissue grows in a progressive fashion, the ability to account for time‐specific information refines our ability to interpret the biomarker data. We recommend that this approach be adapted for tissue, such as the vibrissae and hair of mammals and the hair of humans, which exhibit the predictable growth.
Marine ecoregion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill affect recruitment and population structure of a salt marsh snail
Authors: Pennings Steven C. , Zengel Scott , Oehrig Jacob , Alber Merryl , Bishop T. Dale , Deis Donald R. , Devlin Donna , Hughes A. Randall , Hutchens John J. , Kiehn Whitney M. , McFarlin Caroline R. , Montague Clay L. , Powers Sean , Proffitt C. Edward , Rutherford Nicolle , Stagg Camille L. , Walters Keith 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMarine species with planktonic larvae often have high spatial and temporal variation in recruitment that leads to subsequent variation in the ecology of benthic adults. Using a combination of published and unpublished data, we compared the population structure of the salt marsh snail, Littoraria irrorata, between the South Atlantic Bight and the Gulf Coast of the United States to infer geographic differences in recruitment and to test the hypothesis that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill led to widespread recruitment failure of L. irrorata in Louisiana in 2010. Size‐frequency distributions in both ecoregions were bimodal, with troughs in the distributions consistent with a transition from sub‐adults to adults at ~13 mm in shell length as reported in the literature; however, adult snails reached larger sizes in the Gulf Coast. The ratio of sub‐adults to adults was 1.5–2 times greater in the South Atlantic Bight than the Gulf Coast, consistent with higher recruitment rates in the South Atlantic Bight. Higher recruitment rates in the South Atlantic Bight could contribute to higher snail densities and reduced adult growth in this region. The ratio of sub‐adults to adults in Louisiana was lower in 2011 than in previous years, and began to recover in 2012–2014, consistent with widespread recruitment failure in 2010, when large expanses of spilled oil were present in coastal waters. Our results reveal an important difference in the ecology of a key salt marsh invertebrate between the two ecoregions, and also suggest that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill may have caused widespread recruitment failure in this species and perhaps others with similar planktonic larval stages.
Do novel ecosystems follow predictable trajectories? Testing the trophic surge hypothesis in reservoirs using fish
Authors: Turgeon Katrine , Solomon Christopher T. , Nozais Christian , Gregory‐Eaves Irene 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHydroelectric reservoirs are novel ecosystems that provide a variety of important services. To manage these ecosystems and their fish populations effectively, we need to develop conceptual frameworks for predicting their short‐ and long‐term responses. To advance this goal, we revisited and tested the “trophic surge hypothesis, TSH.” The TSH has been widely cited in the literature, but has not been empirically tested across numerous reservoirs. The TSH suggests that fish populations should show a hump‐shaped pattern (i.e., the non‐equilibrium phase) after river impoundment. As such, we assembled 40 recruitment and 109 adult fish abundance time series from 19 species distributed across seven reservoirs from temperate and boreal regions, and applied curve fitting analyses and model selection. We found that the hump‐shaped pattern was the predominant pattern across individual time series, providing moderate support for the TSH. Fish recruitment increased substantially during reservoir filling and was followed by an increase in adult fish lagging 3–4 years behind. The non‐equilibrium phase was transient and lasted roughly eight years for recruits, whereas it could be much longer for adults. When time series were combined across regions and sites, the support for the TSH was weaker. However, we observed significant variability in the duration, timing, and magnitude of the surge across individual time series and found that the total flooded area was the most influential predictor to explain this variability. In conclusion, the TSH and related metrics can be a useful and general predictive framework to understand how fish populations may respond to impoundment. In particular, long‐term management recommendations could be short‐sighted if formulated before convincing evidence has emerged to show that the reservoir reached its new trophic equilibrium.
Development of an Electrochemical Biosensor for the Rapid Detection of Saxitoxin Based on Air Stable Lipid Films with Incorporated Anti‐STX Using Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Bratakou Spyridoula , Nikoleli Georgia‐Paraskevi , Siontorou Christina G. , Nikolelis Dimitrios P. , Karapetis Stephanos , Tzamtzis Nikolaos 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA miniaturized potentiometric saxitoxin sensor on graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films and Anti‐STX, the natural saxitoxin receptor, immobilized on the stabilized lipid films is described in the present paper. An adequate selectivity for detection over a wide range of toxin concentrations, fast response time of ca. 5–20 min, and detection limit of 1 nM have been achieved. The proposed sensor is easy to construct and exhibits good reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, long shelf life and high sensitivity of ca. 60 mV/decade of toxin concentration. The method was implemented and evaluated in lake water and shellfish samples. This novel ultrathin film technology is currently adapted to the rapid detection of other toxins that could be used in bioterrorism.
Long–term Drifts in Sensitivity Caused by Biofouling of an Amperometric Oxygen Sensor
Authors: Patrick Marlena M. , Grillot Julianna M. , Derden Zayne M. , Paul David W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChanges in oxygen sensitivity of an poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (PoPD) coated gold electrode was determined by constructing calibration curves in vitro. Oxygen sensitivities recorded in the presence of biofoulants were significantly different from those recorded in buffer; however, PoPD demonstrated its effectiveness in providing some resistance to changes in oxygen sensitivity over time compared to a bare electrode. Three sets of PoPD‐coated electrodes were calibrated in simple electrolyte of phosphate buffered saline; each set yielding an average oxygen sensitivity of 0.58±0.03 μA/ppm, 0.68±0.01 μA/ppm, and 0.48±0.01 μA/ppm (n=4), which shows the electrode to electrode variation in the PoPD‐coating/electrode. These sets were correspondingly exposed to bovine serum albumin, fibrinogen, rat brain homogenate. Exposure to these biofoulants resulted in decreases in sensitivity ranging from 26–35 % after immediate exposure. Furthermore, long‐term exposure to some biofoulants causes significant decreases in sensitivity over a time period of 14 days. We also estimated through in vitro exposure to rat brain homogenate the errors that might be associated with current methods of calibration. Sensitivities to oxygen determined by precalibration resulted in a 50 % error from the sensitivity found in vitro; the error from postcalibration after rinsing resulted in 25 % error.
A Biofuel Cell Based on Biocatalytic Reactions of Glucose on Both Anode and Cathode Electrodes
Authors: Koushanpour Ashkan , Gamella Maria , Guz Nataliia , Katz Evgeny 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBiofuel cells based on electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and reduction of H2O2 have been prepared using carbon fiber electrodes functionalized with graphene nano‐flakes. The electrochemical oxidation of NADH was catalyzed by Meldola's blue (MB), while the reduction of H2O2 was catalyzed by hemin, both catalysts were adsorbed on the graphene flakes due to their π‐π staking. In the next set of experiments, the MB‐ and hemin‐electrodes were additionally modified with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and glucose oxidase (GOx), respectively. The enzyme catalyzed reactions in the presence of glucose, NAD+ and O2 resulted in the production of NADH and H2O2 in situ. The produced NADH and H2O2 were oxidized and reduced, respectively, at the bioelectrocatalytic electrodes, thus producing voltage and current generated by the biofuel cell. The enzyme‐based biofuel cells operated in a human serum solution modelling an implantable device powered from the natural biofluid. Finally, two enzyme‐based biofuel cell connected in series and operating in the serum solution produced electrical power sufficient for activation of an electronic watch used as an example device.
Carbon‐Coated Magnesium Ferrite Nanofibers for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes with Enhanced Cycling Performance
Authors: Luo Lei , Li Dawei , Zang Jun , Chen Chen , Zhu Jiadeng , Qiao Hui , Cai Yibing , Lu Keyu , Zhang Xiangwu , Wei Qufu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCarbon‐coated magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4@C) nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning technology and a subsequent carbonization process using polydopamine as carbon precursor. SEM and TEM observations revealed that N‐doped carbon layers with different thicknesses were coated uniformly on the surface of the MgFe2O4 nanofibers. If used as anode materials for lithium–ion batteries (LIBs), MgFe2O4@C nanofibers with a carbon thickness of 7 nm exhibited an excellent cycling performance and rate capability compared with pristine MgFe2O4 and MgFe2O4@C nanofibers with carbon thicknesses of 4 and 15 nm, respectively. These nanofibers delivered high initial discharge and charge capacities of 1383 and 1044 mAh g−1, respectively, with a Coulombic efficiency of 75.5 %. A reversible capacity of 926 mAh g−1 could be obtained after 200 cycles at 0.1 Ag−1. Even at a high rate of 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles, they still maintained a stable capacity of 610 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 81.9 %. Therefore, the MgFe2O4@C nanofibers are a potential anode candidate for LIBs.
Solifluction meets vegetation: the role of biogeomorphic feedbacks for turf‐banked solifluction lobe development
Authors: Eichel Jana , Draebing Daniel , Klingbeil Lasse , Wieland Markus , Eling Christian , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Kuhlmann Heiner , Dikau Richard 
Published: December 2016

AbstractVegetation is an important factor influencing solifluction processes, while at the same time, solifluction processes and landforms influence species composition, fine‐scale distribution and corresponding ecosystem functioning. However, how feedbacks between plants and solifluction processes influence the development of turf‐banked solifluction lobes (TBLs) and their geomorphic and vegetation patterns is still poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap in a detailed biogeomorphic investigation in the Turtmann glacier foreland (Switzerland). Methods employed include geomorphic and vegetation mapping, terrain assessment with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and temperature logging. Results were subsequently integrated with knowledge from previous geomorphic and ecologic studies into a conceptual model. Our results show that geomorphic and vegetation patterns at TBLs are closely linked through the lobe elements tread, risers and ridge. A conceptual four‐stage biogeomorphic model of TBL development with ecosystem engineering by the dwarf shrub Dryas octopetala as the dominant process can explain these interlinked patterns. Based on this model, we demonstrate that TBLs are biogeomorphic structures and follow a cyclic development, during which the role of their components for engineer and non‐engineer species changes. Our study presents the first biogeomorphic model of TBL development and highlights the applicability and necessity of biogeomorphic approaches and research in periglacial environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shift from transport limited to supply limited sediment concentrations with the progression of monsoon rains in the Upper Blue Nile Basin
Authors: Bayabil Haimanote K. , Yiftaru Birru , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLong‐term erosion monitoring data in the Ethiopian highlands are only available from the Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP) watersheds including the Anjeni watershed. The 113 ha Anjeni watershed was established in 1984 and fanya juu terraces were installed in 1986. Runoff and erosion data are available from three different plot sizes and at the watershed outlet. The objective of this study was to investigate how erosion processes and sediment rating parameters vary with plot size and the progression of the rainy monsoon phase. We analyzed runoff and sediment loss data from 40 plots and the watershed outlet. The dataset included erosion data from 24 newly constructed plots (3 m length) during the rainy monsoon phase of 2012 and 2013, and 16 long‐term plots (with 12, 16, 22, and 24% slopes and 3, 15 and 30 m lengths) and the watershed outlet during the period between 1986 to 1990. Sediment concentration (C) was fitted to runoff (Q) using a power regression equation (C = aQb). Sediment concentration and yield increased with increasing plot length from 3 m to 15 m, but sediment yield decreased as plot length increased to 30 m.The coefficients (a and b) were affected by plot size and the progression of the rainy monsoon phase. As plot size increases, the a value increased, while the b value decreased. Greater a values were observed during the beginning of the monsoon phase, while values of b were greater towards the end of the monsoon phase. Overall findings suggest that erosion from cultivated fields is primarily controlled by transport limitations at the beginning of the monsoon phase, while towards the end of the monsoon phase, as surface covers emerge, sediment availability will be reduced, and thus sediment source would be a limitation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing an expert group method of data handling system for predicting the geometry of a stable channel with a gravel bed
Authors: Gholami Azadeh , Bonakdari Hossein , Ebtehaj Isa , Shaghaghi Saba , Khoshbin Fatemeh 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPredicting the geometry of channels and alluvial rivers is of primary importance in river engineering science. Appropriately designing channels and predicting stable river cross‐sections can decrease costs and prevent the destruction of installations and agricultural land by rivers. Consequently, researchers have applied different empirical and regression methods to achieve relations for predicting stable channel and river geometry. In this study, Group Method of Data Handling ]GMDH) models are used to predict three geometric variables of stable channels, namely width (w), depth (h) and slope (s). The effect of different input parameters, such discharge (Q), median grain size (d50) and the Shields parameter (τ*) on the GMDH models is assessed with regard to predicting stable channel geometry. The results indicate that the GMDH model with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.53%, 4.05% and 4.89% for channel width, depth and slope prediction respectively, exhibits good accuracy. Moreover, a comparison of the GMDH models with previous theoretical equations (based on regression analysis) indicates the superiority of GMDH model performance, with error reductions of one‐fifth, one‐eighth and one‐sixth compared with the regression equations for channel width, depth and slope prediction, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.