bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development and Flight Testing of Helicopters
Authors: Sarsted G. J. , Coles A. V. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe successful development of a helicopter and its introduction into service may be influenced by several factors but a well co-ordinated development programme is by far the most important. A practical and realistic balance between representative ground tests and the subsequent flight proving is essential if the project is to be completed within a reasonable budget and time scale. The two parts of this paper cover these phases and aim to show how they are related in a particular development programme. The use of major fully representative ground rigs is discussed in relation to pre-flight functioning and fatigue life assessment; this is followed by the initial flight trials and finally the structural and performance clearance of the helicopter over its full design envelope. Although the tests and techniques described are generally applicable, the examples quoted relate to the Bristol Type 192, tandem rotor helicopter. The opinions expressed are personal and do not necessarily represent those of the Bristol Aircraft Limited.
Supersonic Aircraft—Promise and Problems
Authors: Morgan M. B. 
Published: July 2016

The 1,157th lecture to be given before the Society, “Supersonic Aircraft—Promise and Problems” by M. B. Morgan, Esq., C.B., M.A., F.R.Ae.S., Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry, was given on 17th March 1960, at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Mr. Peter G. Masefield, M.A., F.R.Ae.S., Hon.F.l.A.S., M.Inst.T., President of the Society, presided. Opening the meeting Mr. Masefield said he thought this would be one of the most interesting and stimulating lectures of the session. The subject of the supersonic aeroplane had been freely discussed in the United States and probably in Russia also. In this country they had been more reticent so he hoped they would have a really good discussion after this lecture. One significant point was that people no longer wondered whether a supersonic transport could, or should, be built but only whether it should cruise at a Mach number of 2 and be made in light alloy, or whether it should be around Mach 3 and be made of steel or more exotic materials. That sooner or later—and many believed sooner—transports would fly at supersonic speeds at 70,000 ft. was taken for granted.Mr. Morgan was well known to them all. Born in Wales, he was educated at Rutlish, Merton and St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos and won the John Bernard Seely Prize in Aeronautics in 1934. In fact, he and Mr. Morgan used to enjoy the Cam together and Mr. Morgan looked little different today than he had in those days. Mr. Morgan was apprenticed to Mather and Piatt Ltd. and also spent a short time at Vickers, Weybridge before joining the R.A.E., Farnborough in 1935. Since then he had specialised in aerodynamics, flight research and development, stability and control and, he had taken his Pilot's Licence in 1944. He was Head of the Aero Flight Section of the R.A.E. from 1946-1948, Head of the Guided Weapons Department from 1948-1953 and Deputy Director of the Establishment from 1954 until 1959. He had then been appointed to his present position of Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry and had also been Chairman of what had come to be known as “STAC”–Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee. He felt that they could have no better person than Mr. Morgan to talk on the Supersonic Transport.
Man Powered Flight in 1929
Authors: Lippisch Alexander M. 
Published: July 2016

The Revival of interest in flight by man's own muscle power brings back to me some early attempts to solve this problem some 30 years ago.Needless to say I was—and still am—sold on this idea ever since reading Lilienthal's famous book as a youngster in school. Then came the Wright Brothers and the early years of flying and the years of the First Great War at the end of which I found myself as an Aerodynamicist, designing wing sections and calculating induced drag according to Prandtl's newly discovered wing theory.The end of the war found us meditating about gliding and the possibility of soaring flight. And so came the Rhoen, and the “Sturm und Drang” of the years on the Wasserkuppe.
Engineering Aspects in Man Powered Flight
Authors: Shenstone B. S. 
Published: July 2016

There are three practical aspects to the problem of man powered flight: aerodynamics, physiology and engineering. There are many more impracticable aspects to man powered flight, including the philosophical, the fanatical and the sceptical, which unfortunately have not yet been included in the lectures of the Man Powered Aircraft Group but which will no doubt find their places.The engineering aspects are fortunately fairly clearly defined, although there is likely to be a slight threat of interference with the aerodynamic problems.
Some Experiments on the Reattachment of a Laminar Boundary Layer Separating From a Rearward Facing Step on a Flat Plate Aerofoil
Authors: Moore T. W. F. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:The results of experiments on the reattachment of a laminar boundary layer, separating from a rearward facing step in a flat plate aerofoil, are correlated with the properties of the short leading edge bubble which forms on thin aerofoils near the stall.The experiments, comprising pressure measurements, Pitot explorations, liquid film and smoke studies, indicate that for all Reynolds numbers above the value given by the Owen-KIanfer criterion the reattachment is turbulent behind a stationary air reverse flow vortex bubble. It is also found that the reattachment is laminar for Reynolds numbers below the critical, which further supports Crabtree's interpretation of the Owen-KIanfer criterion in terms of the condition for the growth of turbulent bursts.
An Extension of Bennett’s Formula for the Profile-Drag Power of Helicopter Rotors
Authors: Wittenberg H. 
Published: July 2016

In ref. 1 Bennett derived the well-known expression for the power required to overcome the profile drag of the rotor blades for a helicopter in forward flight:The power given by (1) is composed of two parts: the contribution of the torque of the profile drag with respect to the rotor axis and that of the drag of the rotor blades due to the forward motion (H-force).Several methods for performance calculation of helicopters require the two parts of the profile-drag power separately, as they make use of the equation for the equilibrium of forces in the direction of flight, to which the rotor drag gives a contribution. In this note expressions for the two parts of the total profile-drag power are derived using the same method as indicated in the original work of Bennett. Numerical results are given.
Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Kindern mit Entwicklungsdefiziten im Vorschulalter
Authors: Ulrich Franziska , Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike , Gust Nicole 
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Es wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Verhaltens- und Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten untersucht. An der Studie nahmen 201 Kinder im Alter zwischen 36 und 72 Monaten teil. Pädagogische Fachkräfte beurteilten grundlegende Fertigkeiten mit Hilfe der Entwicklungsbeobachtung und -dokumentation (EBD) und das Problemverhalten mit dem Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Mittels binär logistischer Regressionen wurde analysiert, ob das Ausmaß an Entwicklungsdefiziten eines Kindes das Risiko für Verhaltensauffälligkeiten erhöht und welche konkreten Entwicklungsdefizite das Vorliegen von Verhaltensauffälligkeiten vorhersagen. 41 von 96 Kindern mit Entwicklungsdefiziten in mindestens einem oder mehreren EBD-Bereichen wiesen nach dem Urteil der pädagogischen Fachkräfte auch ein erhöhtes Risiko für Verhaltensauffälligkeiten auf. Als bedeutsame Prädiktoren haben sich das Alter und das Ausmaß an Entwicklungsdefiziten erwiesen, wobei insbesondere Defizite in den sozialen und emotionalen Fertigkeiten mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Verhaltensauffälligkeiten assoziiert waren. Die Befunde verdeutlichen, dass der Entwicklungsdiagnostik und –förderung ein hoher Stellenwert in der Prävention von Verhaltensauffälligkeiten zukommt.
Mechanistic insights into chemical and photochemical transformations of bismuth vanadate photoanodes
Authors: Toma Francesca M. , Cooper Jason K. , Kunzelmann Viktoria , McDowell Matthew T. , Yu Jie , Larson David M. , Borys Nicholas J. , Abelyan Christine , Beeman Jeffrey W. , Yu Kin Man , Yang Jinhui , Chen Le , Shaner Matthew R. , Spurgeon Joshua , Houle Frances A. , Persson Kristin A. , Sharp Ian D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractArtificial photosynthesis relies on the availability of semiconductors that are chemically stable and can efficiently capture solar energy. Although metal oxide semiconductors have been investigated for their promise to resist oxidative attack, materials in this class can suffer from chemical and photochemical instability. Here we present a methodology for evaluating corrosion mechanisms and apply it to bismuth vanadate, a state-of-the-art photoanode. Analysis of changing morphology and composition under solar water splitting conditions reveals chemical instabilities that are not predicted from thermodynamic considerations of stable solid oxide phases, as represented by the Pourbaix diagram for the system. Computational modelling indicates that photoexcited charge carriers accumulated at the surface destabilize the lattice, and that self-passivation by formation of a chemically stable surface phase is kinetically hindered. Although chemical stability of metal oxides cannot be assumed, insight into corrosion mechanisms aids development of protection strategies and discovery of semiconductors with improved stability.
Bacterial partition complexes segregate within the volume of the nucleoid
Authors: Le Gall Antoine , Cattoni Diego I. , Guilhas Baptiste , Mathieu-Demazière Céline , Oudjedi Laura , Fiche Jean-Bernard , Rech Jérôme , Abrahamsson Sara , Murray Heath , Bouet Jean-Yves , Nollmann Marcelo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPrecise and rapid DNA segregation is required for proper inheritance of genetic material. In most bacteria and archaea, this process is assured by a broadly conserved mitotic-like apparatus in which a NTPase (ParA) displaces the partition complex. Competing observations and models imply starkly different 3D localization patterns of the components of the partition machinery during segregation. Here we use super-resolution microscopies to localize in 3D each component of the segregation apparatus with respect to the bacterial chromosome. We show that Par proteins locate within the nucleoid volume and reveal that proper volumetric localization and segregation of partition complexes requires ATPase and DNA-binding activities of ParA. Finally, we find that the localization patterns of the different components of the partition system highly correlate with dense chromosomal regions. We propose a new mechanism in which the nucleoid provides a scaffold to guide the proper segregation of partition complexes.
Characterization of photosynthetic gas exchange in leaves under simulated adaxial and abaxial surfaces alternant irradiation
Authors: Zhang Zi-Shan , Li Yu-Ting , Gao Hui-Yuan , Yang Cheng , Meng Qing-Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPrevious investigations on photosynthesis have been performed on leaves irradiated from the adaxial surface. However, leaves usually sway because of wind. This action results in the alternating exposure of both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces to bright sunlight. To simulate adaxial and abaxial surfaces alternant irradiation (ad-ab-alt irradiation), the adaxial or abaxial surface of leaves were exposed to light regimes that fluctuated between 100 and 1,000 μmol m−2 s−1. Compared with constant adaxial irradiation, simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation suppressed net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration (E) but not water use efficiency. These suppressions were aggravated by an increase in alternant frequency of the light intensity. When leaves were transferred from constant light to simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation, the maximum Pn and E during the high light period decreased, but the rate of photosynthetic induction during this period remained constant. The sensitivity of photosynthetic gas exchange to simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation was lower on abaxial surface than adaxial surface. Under simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation, higher Pn and E were measured on abaxial surface compared with adaxial surface. Therefore, bifacial leaves can fix more carbon than leaves with two “sun-leaf-like” surfaces under ad-ab-alt irradiation. Photosynthetic research should be conducted under dynamic conditions that better mimic nature.
Gate dependence of upper critical field in superconducting (110) LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface
Authors: Shen S. C. , Chen B. B. , Xue H. X. , Cao G. , Li C. J. , Wang X. X. , Hong Y. P. , Guo G. P. , Dou R. F. , Xiong C. M. , He L. , Nie J. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe fundamental parameters of the superconducting state such as coherence length and pairing strength are essential for understanding the nature of superconductivity. These parameters can be estimated by measuring critical parameters such as upper critical field, Hc2. In this work, Hc2 of a superconducting (110) LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is determined through magnetoresistive measurements as a function of the gate voltage, VG. When VG increases, the critical temperature has a dome-like shape, while Hc2 monotonically decreases. This relationship of independence between the variation of Tc and of Hc2 suggests that the Cooper pairing potential is stronger in the underdoped region and the coherence length increases with the increase of VG. The result is as for high temperature superconducting cuprates and it is different than for conventional low temperature superconductors.
Simultaneous SPECT imaging of multi-targets to assist in identifying hepatic lesions
Authors: Guo Zhide , Gao Mengna , Zhang Deliang , Li Yesen , Song Manli , Zhuang Rongqiang , Su Xinhui , Chen Guibing , Liu Ting , Liu Pingguo , Wu Hua , Du Jin , Zhang Xianzhong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMolecular imaging technique is an attractive tool to detect liver disease at early stage. This study aims to develop a simultaneous dual-isotope single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging method to assist diagnosis of hepatic tumor and liver fibrosis. Animal models of liver fibrosis and orthotopic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were established. The tracers of131I-NGA and99mTc-3P-RGD2were selected to target asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) on the hepatocytes and integrin αvβ3receptor in tumor or fibrotic liver, respectively. SPECT imaging and biodistribution study were carried out to verify the feasibility and superiority. As expected,99mTc-3P-RGD2had the ability to evaluate liver fibrosis and detect tumor lesions.131I-NGA showed that it was effective in assessing the anatomy and function of the liver. In synchronized dual-isotope SPECT/CT imaging, clear fusion images can be got within 30 minutes for diagnosing liver fibrosis and liver cancer. This new developed imaging approach enables the acquisition of different physiological information for diagnosing liver fibrosis, liver cancer and evaluating residual functional liver volume simultaneously. So synchronized dual-isotope SPECT/CT imaging with99mTc-3P-RGD2and131I-NGA is an effective approach to detect liver disease, especially liver fibrosis and liver cancer.
Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles impair proteasome activity and increase the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in vitro
Authors: Phukan Geetika , Shin Tae Hwan , Shim Jeom Soon , Paik Man Jeong , Lee Jin-Kyu , Choi Sangdun , Kim Yong Man , Kang Seong Ho , Kim Hyung Sik , Kang Yup , Lee Soo Hwan , Mouradian M. Maral , Lee Gwang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe potential toxicity of nanoparticles, particularly to neurons, is a major concern. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye (MNPs@SiO2(RITC)) in HEK293 cells, SH-SY5Y cells, and rat primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons. In cells treated with 1.0 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC), the expression of several genes related to the proteasome pathway was altered, and proteasome activity was significantly reduced, compared with control and with 0.1 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated cells. Due to the reduction of proteasome activity, formation of cytoplasmic inclusions increased significantly in HEK293 cells over-expressing the α–synuclein interacting protein synphilin-1 as well as in primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons. Primary neurons, particularly dopaminergic neurons, were more vulnerable to MNPs@SiO2(RITC) than SH-SY5Y cells. Cellular polyamines, which are associated with protein aggregation, were significantly altered in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MNPs@SiO2(RITC). These findings highlight the mechanisms of neurotoxicity incurred by nanoparticles.
Novel stereoselective bufadienolides reveal new insights into the requirements for Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition by cardiotonic steroids
Authors: Tang Hong-Jin , Ruan Li-Jun , Tian Hai-Yan , Liang Guang-Ping , Ye Wen-Cai , Hughes Eleri , Esmann Mikael , Fedosova Natalya U. , Chung Tse-Yu , Tzen Jason T. C. , Jiang Ren-Wang , Middleton David A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCardiotonic steroids (CTS) are clinically important drugs for the treatment of heart failure owing to their potent inhibition of cardiac Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA). Bufadienolides constitute one of the two major classes of CTS, but little is known about how they interact with NKA. We report a remarkable stereoselectivity of NKA inhibition by native 3β-hydroxy bufalin over the 3α-isomer, yet replacing the 3β-hydroxy group with larger polar groups in the same configuration enhances inhibitory potency. Binding of the two 13C-labelled glycosyl diastereomers to NKA were studied by solid-state NMR (SSNMR), which revealed interactions of the glucose group of the 3β- derivative with the inhibitory site, but much weaker interactions of the 3α- derivative with the enzyme. Molecular docking simulations suggest that the polar 3β-groups are closer to the hydrophilic amino acid residues in the entrance of the ligand-binding pocket than those with α-configuration. These first insights into the stereoselective inhibition of NKA by bufadienolides highlight the important role of the hydrophilic moieties at C3 for binding, and may explain why only 3β-hydroxylated bufadienolides are present as a toxic chemical defence in toad venom.
Mitotic genes are transcriptionally upregulated in the fibroblast irradiated with very low doses of UV-C
Authors: Takeuchi Seiji , Matsuda Toshiro , Ono Ryusuke , Tsujimoto Mariko , Nishigori Chikako 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) radiation induces a variety of biological effects, including DNA damage response and cell signaling pathways. We performed transcriptome analysis using microarray in human primary cultured fibroblasts irradiated with UV-C (0.5 or 5 J/m2) and harvested at 4 or 12 h following UV exposure. All transcript data were analyzed by comparison with the corresponding results in non-irradiated (control) cells. The number of genes with significantly altered expression (≥2-fold difference relative to the control) is higher in the sample irradiated with high dose of UV, suggesting that gene expression was UV dose-dependent. Pathway analysis on the upregulated genes at 12 h indicates that the expression of some cell cycle-related genes was predominantly induced irrespective of UV-dose. Interestingly, almost all the genes with significant altered expression were cell cycle-related genes designated as ‘Mitotic Genes’, which function in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Therefore, even a low dose of UV could affect the transcriptional profile.
A highly diverse, desert-like microbial biocenosis on solar panels in a Mediterranean city
Authors: Dorado-Morales Pedro , Vilanova Cristina , Peretó Juli , Codoñer Francisco M. , Ramón Daniel , Porcar Manuel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMicroorganisms colonize a wide range of natural and artificial environments although there are hardly any data on the microbial ecology of one the most widespread man-made extreme structures: solar panels. Here we show that solar panels in a Mediterranean city (Valencia, Spain) harbor a highly diverse microbial community with more than 500 different species per panel, most of which belong to drought-, heat- and radiation-adapted bacterial genera, and sun-irradiation adapted epiphytic fungi. The taxonomic and functional profiles of this microbial community and the characterization of selected culturable bacteria reveal the existence of a diverse mesophilic microbial community on the panels’ surface. This biocenosis proved to be more similar to the ones inhabiting deserts than to any human or urban microbial ecosystem. This unique microbial community shows different day/night proteomic profiles; it is dominated by reddish pigment- and sphingolipid-producers, and is adapted to withstand circadian cycles of high temperatures, desiccation and solar radiation.
The Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Stepped Care Prevention and Treatment for Depressive and/or Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ho Fiona Yan-Yee , Yeung Wing-Fai , Ng Tommy Ho-Yee , Chan Christian S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStepped care is an increasingly popular treatment model for common mental health disorders, given the large discrepancy between the demand and supply of healthcare service available. In this review, we aim to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of stepped care prevention and treatment with care-as-usual (CAU) or waiting-list control for depressive and/or anxiety disorders. 5 databases were utilized from its earliest available records up until April 2015. 10 randomized controlled trials were included in this review, of which 6 examined stepped care prevention and 4 examined stepped care treatment, specifically including ones regarding depressive and/or anxiety disorders. Only trials with self-help as a treatment component were included. Results showed stepped care treatment revealed a significantly better performance than CAU in reducing anxiety symptoms and the treatment response rate of anxiety disorders was significantly higher in stepped care treatment than in CAU. No significant difference was found between stepped care prevention/treatment and CAU in preventing anxiety and/or depressive disorders and improving depressive symptoms. In conclusion, stepped care model appeared to be better than CAU in treating anxiety disorders. The model has the potential to reduce the burden on existing resources in mental health and increase the reach and availability of service.