bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro mutagenic, antimutagenic, and antioxidant activities evaluation and biotransformation of some bioactive 4‐substituted 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine derivatives
Authors: Słoczyńska Karolina , Pańczyk Katarzyna , Waszkielewicz Anna M. , Marona Henryk , Pękala Elżbieta 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn vitro mutagenic, antimutagenic, and antioxidant potency evaluation and biotransformation of six novel 4‐substituted 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine derivatives demonstrating antidepressant‐like activity were investigated. Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties were assessed using the Ames test; free radical scavenging activity was evaluated with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and biotransformation was performed with liver microsomes. It was found that all tested compounds are not mutagenic in bacterial strains TA100 and TA1535 and exhibit antimutagenic effects in the Ames test. Noteworthy, compounds possessing propyl linker between phenoxyl and N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine displayed more pronounced antimutagenic properties than derivatives with ethoxyethyl linker. Additionally, compounds 2 and 6 in vitro biotransformation showed that primarily their hydroxylated or O‐dealkylated metabolites are formed. Some of the compounds exhibited intrinsic clearance values lower than those reported previously for antidepressant imipramine. To sum up, the results of the present study might represent a valuable step in designing and planning future studies with piperazine derivatives.
Rangeland Use Change to Agriculture Has Different Effects on Soil Organic Matter Fractions Depending on the Type of Cultivation
Authors: Zandi Leila , Erfanzadeh Reza , Joneidi Jafari Hamed 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe agricultural use of natural ecosystem is increasing in the Middle East because of population growth in the most countries. The type of cultivation could affect the content of soil organic matter in the rangeland use changes into agriculture. Therefore, we compared soil organic matter fractions of semi‐arid rangelands with agricultural lands (wheat‐land, pea‐land and orchard) where have been changed from semi‐arid rangelands to agriculture 15 years before. The results showed that in general, total and particulate organic matter (TOM and POM) and total nitrogen (TN) were highest in the rangeland compared with the three‐agricultural lands in intact soil, macro‐aggregates and micro‐aggregates (p < 0·05). Nevertheless, TOM content in orchard (1·45%) was higher than the two other land uses, and there was no significant difference of TN between natural rangeland and orchard in intact soil. The highest values of POM were obtained in the rangeland (0·23%) and orchard (0·22%), and the lowest value of POM was obtained in the pea‐land (0·14%) and wheat‐land (0·08%) in macro‐aggregates. In micro‐aggregates, TOM, POM and TN were highest in the rangeland (1·77%, 0·23% and 0·19%, respectively) and showed similar pattern in the three‐agricultural lands. We discussed that compared with pea‐land and wheat‐land, orchard was received less negative impact on soil qualitative parameters in land use changes projects from rangeland into agriculture. We conclude that orchard could be a better option in rangeland use changes into agriculture compared with the other cultivations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic Antibacterial Polymer Composites Based on Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
Authors: Brostow Witold , Brumbley Stevens , Gahutishvili Marina , Hnatchuk Nathalie 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNew compositions based on arsenic oxide nanoparticles and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were prepared. Sufficient antibacterial activity has been achieved for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas syringae. The antibacterial materials so obtained are non‐irritant. At the same time, the PVC‐based composites have high thermal stability as demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis and aging of samples; crosslinking enhances thermal stability. Still further, we have determined scratch resistance in a microscratch tester. High scratch resistance has been demonstrated, including strong viscoelastic scratch recovery (the bottom of the groove goes up inside of 2 minutes).
Evidence of Melt Reaction Between Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐Hydroxyhexanoate) and Epoxidized Natural Rubber as Investigated by DSC, Isothermal TGA and FTIR Analyses
Authors: Salim Yoga Sugama , Saiter Jean‐Marc , Natarajan Valliyappan David , Kumar Sudesh , Neon Gan Seng , Han Chan Chin 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis work describes properties of a new polymeric system obtained after melt reaction between poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB‐co‐3HHx)] with 40% (in mass) of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry, infra‐red spectroscopy and confocal optical microscopy analysis were performed on this system. Before melt reaction, we found that ENR particles with diameters of more than 2 µm were homogeneously distributed in P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) phase using confocal optical microscope. From infrared spectroscopy, reaction engaged during the thermal cycle for sample preparation, leads to a melt reaction associated with inhibition of crystallization of P(3HB‐co‐3HHx) in the blend. This is also observed in DSC analysis. Furthermore, a progressive mass loss of up to 10% was observed after five half‐time of melt reaction by utilizing isothermal procedure in thermogravimetry.
Impact analysis of arbitrarily‐shaped bodies using a finite element method and a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method
Authors: Tak Moonho , Park Taehyo 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWe propose a new method to obtain contact forces under a non‐smoothed contact problem between arbitrarily‐shaped bodies which are discretized by finite element method. Contact forces are calculated by the specific contact algorithm between two particles of smoothed particle hydrodynamics, which is a meshfree method, and that are applied to each colliding body. This approach has advantages that accurate contact forces can be obtained within an accelerated collision without a jump problem in a discrete time increment. Also, this can be simply applied into any contact problems like a point‐to‐point, a point‐to‐line, and a point‐to‐surface contact for complex shaped and deformable bodies. In order to describe this method, an impulse based method, a unilateral contact method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics method are firstly introduced in this paper. Then, a procedure about the proposed method is handled in great detail. Finally, accuracy of the proposed method is verified by a conservation of momentum through three contact examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediating effects of dietary intake on associations of TV viewing, body mass index and metabolic syndrome in adolescents
Authors: Fletcher E. A. , McNaughton S. A. , Lacy K. E. , Dunstan D. W. , Carson V. , Salmon J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryObjectiveEvidence suggests that TV viewing is associated with body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. However, it is unclear whether dietary intake mediates these relationships.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis was conducted in adolescents (12–19 years) participating in the 2003–2006 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMI z scores (zBMI) (n = 3,161) and MetS (n = 1,379) were calculated using age‐ and sex‐specific criteria for adolescents. TV viewing (h/day) was measured via a self‐reported questionnaire, and dietary intake was assessed using two 24‐h recalls. Using the MacKinnon method, a series of mediation analyses were conducted examining five dietary mediators (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, discretionary snacks, sugar‐sweetened beverages and diet quality) of the relationships between TV viewing and zBMI and MetS.ResultsSmall positive relationships were observed between TV viewing and zBMI (β = 0.99, p < 0.001) and TV viewing and MetS (OR = 1.18, p = 0.046). No dietary element appeared to mediate the relationship between TV viewing and zBMI. However, sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and fruit and vegetable intake partially mediated the relationship between TV viewing and MetS, explaining 8.7% and 4.1% of the relationship, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the complexity of the relationships between TV viewing, dietary intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes, and that TV viewing should remain a target for interventions.
Intermediate derivatisation method in the discovery of new acaricide candidates: synthesis of N‐substituted piperazine derivatives and their activity against phytophagous mites
Authors: Xie Yong , Xu Ying , Liu Changling , Guan Aiying , Ban Lanfeng , Ding Fei , Peng Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo discover and exploit novel acaricidal compounds, a series of novel N‐substituted piperazine derivatives were designed and synthesised using a tert‐butyl piperazine‐1‐carboxylate as the starting material by intermediate derivatisation methods, and their acaricidal activities were evaluated.RESULTSCompounds 11 and 12 exhibited significant acaricidal activity against adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus in greenhouse tests. Compound 12, in particular, was found to be the best potential candidate acaricide and proved to be more active than the commercial positive controls spirodiclofen and pyridaben, with an LC50 of 0.8977 mg L−1. Results concerning acaricidal activity against larvae and eggs of T. cinnabarinus indicated that compound 12 possessed equivalent larvicidal activity to spirodiclofen and higher larvicidal activity than pyridaben. Meanwhile, compound 12 showed less ovicidal activity than pyridaben, but higher activity than spirodiclofen. Furthermore, the results of the field trial demonstrated that compound 12 could effectively control Panonychus citri and P. ulmi with long‐lasting persistence and rapid action.CONCLUSIONSThe present work indicates that compound 12 could be a novel acaricide candidate for spider mite control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Genetic Counselling for Psychiatric Disorders: Accounts of Psychiatric Health Professionals in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jenkins Sian , Arribas‐Ayllon Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGenetic counselling is not routinely offered for psychiatric disorders in the United Kingdom through NHS regional clinical genetics departments. However, recent genomic advances, confirming a genetic contribution to mental illness, are anticipated to increase demand for psychiatric genetic counselling. This is the first study of its kind to employ qualitative methods of research to explore accounts of psychiatric health professionals regarding the prospects for genetic counselling services within clinical psychiatry in the UK. Data were collected from 32 questionnaire participants, and 9 subsequent interviewees. Data analysis revealed that although participants had not encountered patients explicitly demanding psychiatric genetic counselling, psychiatric health professionals believe that such a service would be useful and desirable. Genomic advances may have significant implications for genetic counselling in clinical psychiatry even if these discoveries do not lead to genetic testing. Psychiatric health professionals describe clinical genetics as a skilled profession capable of combining complex risk communication with much needed psychosocial support. However, participants noted barriers to the implementation of psychiatric genetic counselling services including, but not limited to, the complexities of uncertainty in psychiatric diagnoses, patient engagement and ethical concerns regarding limited capacity.
Enhancing Breastfeeding Through Healthcare Support: Results from a Focus Group Study of African American Mothers
Authors: Johnson Angela M. , Kirk Rosalind , Rooks Alfreda Jordan , Muzik Maria 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo explore African American women’s breastfeeding thoughts, attitudes, and experiences with healthcare professionals and subsequent influences on their breastfeeding interest and behavior. Insight was also sought about the most effective practices to provide breastfeeding support to African American women.MethodsThirty-eight pregnant or lactating African American women and racially diverse health professionals were recruited and participated in one of six membership specific focus groups in the metro Detroit area. An experienced focus group facilitator who was African American woman served as the primary group facilitator, using a semi-structured guide to discussions. Focus groups explored perceptions of personal and professional roles and behaviors that support African American women’s breastfeeding behavior. Discussions were digitally recorded and audiotapes were transcribed. Thematic content analysis was conducted in combination with a review of field notes.ResultsParticipants generally agreed that breastfeeding is the healthier feeding method but perceived that healthcare providers were not always fully supportive and sometimes discouraged breastfeeding. Non-breastfeeding mothers often expressed distrust of the information and recommendations given by healthcare providers and relied more on peers and relatives. Health professionals lacked information and skills to successfully engage African American women around breastfeeding.Conclusions for PracticeBreastfeeding initiation and duration among African American mothers may increase when postpartum breastfeeding interventions address social and cultural challenges and when hospital breastfeeding support with the right professional lactation support, is void of unconscious bias and bridges hospital, community, peers, and family support. Professional lactation training for healthcare professionals who are in contact with expectant and new mothers and an increase in the number of IBCLC of color could help.
Effects of Fat Content and Solid Fat Content on Caramel Texture Attributes
Authors: Mendenhall Heather , Hartel Richard W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFat plays an important role in caramel quality attributes, yet there is very little published work on how fat type and level influence caramel characteristics. Fat content was increased from 0 to 20 % to determine the effects of total fat content on caramel texture attributes such as cold flow, hardness, stickiness and tensile strength. Solid fat content (SFC) was also varied, from 3 to 90 %, by using commercially‐available fats with varied SFC at 22 °C. Cold flow decreased significantly with increased fat content, with greater effect for fats with higher SFC. Changes in caramel hardness with fat content were dependent on SFC. Hardness generally decreased with increasing fat content for the fats with low SFC, with the 3 % SFC fat softening the most. Hardness increased slightly with fat content for the hardest fat (90 % SFC). Stickiness generally decreased with increasing fat content although the effect was significantly higher with higher SFC fats. These results document that both fat content and SFC significantly influence caramel texture attributes.
Corn Crisps Enriched in Omega‐3 Fatty Acids Sensory Characteristic and its Changes During Storage
Authors: Rogalski Mateusz , Nowak Karolina , Fiedor Piotr , Szterk Arkadiusz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExtruded cereal snacks are usually deficient in protein, mineral ingredients, valuable fatty acids. With the rise of health awareness among consumers, food manufacturers and scientists are pressed to take measures in order to develop new functional/health‐beneficial foods. The aim of this work was to manufacture extruded crisps enriched with α‐linolenic acid (obtained from linseed oil) and to observe whether storage of the product for the period of 6 months would cause its disqualification, primarily due to its sensory properties and secondarily due to its chemical properties. The research demonstrated that the addition of linseed oil to corn crisps at the amount of 5 % enables to obtain functional corn crisps containing over 2 g of ALA in a portion of 100 g even after 6 months of storage at room temperature. ALA‐enriched crisps maintain the original sensory profile after 6 months of storage and their sensory profile is similar to the profile of crisps without the addition of linseed oil if they are packed in barrier packaging filled 100 % with argon. Therefore, they may be a healthier alternative to typical corn crisps.
Association of Cognitive Performance with Time at Altitude, Sleep Quality, and Acute Mountain Sickness Symptoms
Authors: Issa Amine N. , Herman Nicole M. , Wentz Robert J. , Taylor Bryan J. , Summerfield Doug C. , Johnson Bruce D. 
Published: July 2016

Objective It is well documented that cognitive performance may be altered with ascent to altitude, but the association of various cognitive performance tests with symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) is not well understood. Our objective was to assess and compare cognitive performance during a high-altitude expedition using several tests and to report the association of each test with AMS, headache, and quality of sleep. Methods During an expedition to Mount Everest, 3 cognitive tests (Stroop, Trail Making, and the real-time cognitive assessment tool, an in-house developed motor accuracy test) were used along with a questionnaire to assess health and AMS. Eight team members were assessed pre-expedition, postexpedition, and at several time points during the expedition. Results There were no significant differences ( P >.05) found among scores taken at 3 time points at base camp and the postexpedition scores for all 3 tests. Changes in the Stroop test scores were significantly associated with the odds of AMS ( P <.05). The logistic regression results show that the percent change from baseline for Stroop score (β = −5.637; P = .032) and Stroop attempts (β = −5.269; P = .049) are significantly associated with the odds of meeting the criteria for AMS. Conclusions No significant changes were found in overall cognitive performance at altitude, but a significant relationship was found between symptoms of AMS and performance in certain cognitive tests. This research shows the need for more investigation of objective physiologic assessments to associate with self-perceived metrics of AMS to gauge effect on cognitive performance.
The current status of oncolytic viral therapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Old Matthew O. , Wise‐Draper Trisha , Wright Chadwick L. , Kaur Balveen , Teknos Theodoros 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveCancer affects the head and neck region frequently and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viral therapy has the potential to make a big impact in cancers that affect the head and neck. We intend to review the current state of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancers that affect the head and neck region.MethodData sources are from National clinical trials database, literature, and current research.ResultsThere are many past and active trials for oncolytic viruses that show promise for treating cancers of the head and neck. The first oncolytic virus was approved by the FDA October 2015 (T‐VEC, Amgen) for the treatment of melanoma. Active translational research continues for this and many other oncolytic viruses.ConclusionThe evolving field of oncolytic viruses is impacting the treatment of head and neck cancer and further trials and agents are moving forward in the coming years.
Ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament observed during upper endoscopy for dysphagia
Authors: Yonenaga Kazumichi , Maita Hiroki , Yonehara Yoshiyuki , Namaki Shunsuke , Suenaga Hideyuki , Takato Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe patient was a 78‐year‐old man with a chief complaint of dysphagia. Extrinsic displacement of the posterior hypopharyngeal wall was observed on upper endoscopy. The patient was diagnosed with ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (OALL) of the cervical spine according to lateral cervical spine radiographic findings. The OALL caused dysphagia. In swallowing endoscopic assessments of patients with dysphagia, OALL of the cervical spine should be differentiated from other possible diagnoses by using radiography when extrinsic displacement of the posterior oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal wall is observed.
Introduction
Authors: Schultheis Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

In recent months the international news media has again focused on refugees and internally displaced people in Mozambique, Angola and the Horn of Africa. Many of these are “hunger migrants,” people on the move in search of food. But hunger is only one form of forced displacement. It is clear that drought and famine are the companions of war and civil conflict, which disrupts water supply, planting, harvesting and the patterns of economic life in the countryside. In some instances, this disruption is chosen as the means of warfare carried on against the population.The papers in this symposium develop different aspects of the dynamics of displacement and repatriation. The first paper focuses on forced displacement in Africa, with special consideration of the situation in southern Africa. The second two papers take up the questions of repatriation and reintegration of refugees into their home communities. Together they raise the central issues, which governments and international agencies often are unwilling, or unable, to address.The first paper presents a general overview of the refugee/displacement map in Africa and develops the general thesis that contemporary displacements in Africa, as elsewhere, are caused by economic and political forces which generate oppressive and dehumanizing situations. It evaluates the instruments which the international community has developed to protect refugees and notes the politics of refugee definition. The central thesis analyzes the geo-political forces involved in refugee generation in Africa, specifically in the southern African context. The conclusion looks at implications for collaborative action on the part of the university and nongovernmental communities in both northern and southern countries.
Comments on “The Promise of Partnership and Continuities of Dependence”
Authors: Court David 
Published: July 2016

Higher education in Africa has gone from favored focus to disparaged wastrel to development engine in two decades.—Joel Samoff and Bidemi CarrollFirst and foremost, this is an impressive piece of scholarship. It provides an invaluable framework for the study of the ever-evolving relationship between universities in Africa and the diverse, not to say motley, set of external institutions (academic and financial) that have worked with them from the time of independence to the present. As a comprehensive and largely descriptive account it covers rather fully the variety of issues that have emerged in the course of these relationships and pulls together much important information and many of the sources from which future scholarship can depart. It represents in itself a major and impressive piece of research and compilation and goes far to fulfilling its expressed aim: “to provide the foundation for frank debates about the merits, modes, and pitfalls of partnerships” (p. 72).The report is analytical in the sense of identifying issues, but judicious in seeking balanced comment, and because it is careful to avoid judgments, it steers clear of provocation. For this reader, and no doubt for others who lived and worked throughout much of the period being described, it also has an inevitable biographical quality. For that reason I had expected to be taking issue with some, if not a great deal, of its content. Not so! Because of the circumspection, the balanced perspective, and the careful restraint with which issues are presented, it is hard to disagree fundamentally with much of the account.