bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the Australian Empire?: The Australian Council for the World Council of Churches, the Menzies Government and the New Hebrides in the late 1950s
Authors: Waters Christopher 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn the late 1950s the Australian Council for the World Council of Churches (AC‐WCC) inspired primarily by the Presbyterian Church, undertook a concerted campaign to pressure the Australian government to assume a greater role in the affairs of the New Hebrides. The AC‐WCC wanted the Australian government to take over the United Kingdom's role in the administration of the Anglo‐French Condominium. It was motivated to undertake this campaign by the dismal social and economic conditions in the islands, the neglect of the British and French colonial authorities, and their failure to offer the indigenous people a way forward to self‐government. The high point of the campaign was a meeting between Robert Menzies, the Australian prime minister and a delegation from the AC‐WCC in early 1958. As a result of this meeting Australian ministers and officials, for the final time, gave extended consideration to expanding Australia's empire in the South Pacific to include the New Hebrides. This article examines the AC‐WCC's campaign, explores the Australian government's response, and analyses the outcome of this important episode in Australia's involvement in the colonial territories of the South Pacific.
Age‐related incidence of cervical cancer supports two aetiological components: a population‐based register study
Authors: Seppä K , Pitkäniemi J , Malila N , Hakama M 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo assess whether age‐related incidence of cervical cancer supports two aetiological components and to assess trends in these components due to risk factors and to organised screening in Finland.DesignPopulation‐based register study.SettingFinnish Cancer Registry.PopulationCervical cancer cases and female population in Finland in 1953–2012.MethodsCervical cancer incidence was estimated using Poisson regression where age‐specific incidence consists of two (early‐age and late‐age) normally distributed components.Main outcome measuresAccumulated net risks (incidences) and numbers of cancer cases attributed to each age‐related component by calendar time.ResultsThe accumulated cervical cancer incidence in 2008–2012 was only 30% of that in 1953–1962, before the screening started. The fit of the observed age‐specific rates and the rates based on the two‐component model was good. In 1953–62, the accumulated net risk ratio (RR; early‐age versus late‐age) was 0.42 (95% CI 0.29–0.61). The early‐age component disappeared in 1973–77 (RR 0.00; 95% CI 0.00–0.08). Thereafter, the risk for the early‐age component increased, whereas the risk for the late‐age component decreased, and in 2008–2012 the RR was 0.55 (95% CI 0.24–0.89).ConclusionsIn Finland, cervical cancer incidence has two age‐related components which are likely to indicate differences in risk factors of each component. The trend in risk of both components followed the effects of organised screening. Furthermore, the risk related to the early‐age component followed changes in risk factors, such as oncogenic HPV infections and other sexually transmitted diseases and smoking habits.Tweetable abstractCervical cancer incidence has two age‐related components which are likely to have differencies in their aetiology.
Management of mental health patients in Victorian emergency departments: A 10 year follow‐up study
Authors: Alarcon Manchego Peter , Knott Jonathan , Graudins Andis , Bartley Bruce , Mitra Biswadev 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectivesDespite efforts to restructure mental health (MH) services across Victoria, the social and economic burden of MH illness continues to grow. This study compares MH presentations to EDs with a study undertaken 10 years earlier.MethodsThe article is a retrospective observational study of MH presentations to four Victorian EDs between May and October 2013. Subjects were included if the presentation was MH related as determined by an International Classification of Diseases (version 10) discharge diagnosis, they were referred to an emergency crisis assessment team or had a documented presenting psychiatric complaint. Variables were extracted from electronic medical records and compared with 2004 data from a previous published study.ResultsThere were 5659 MH presentations over the 5 months compared with 2788 in 2004. The median ED length of stay decreased from 4:18 h in 2004 to 3:20 h in 2013 (P < 0.001), with a significant reduction in length of stay >4 h from 52.5% to 35.4% (P < 0.001). There was a 22‐fold increase in short stay units as discharge destination from 0.9% to 20.2% (P < 0.001). Patients presenting with concurrent methamphetamine exposure doubled from 2.2% of presentations to 4.3% (P < 0.001).ConclusionDespite increasing MH‐related presentations, changes in ED practice have allowed improvements in delivery of care through a shortened ED length of stay and the virtual elimination of very long stays over 24 h. However, there continues to be significant variability in management and performance across hospital sites. Identifying which interventions lead to standout site performance, and subsequent application more broadly, may improve future ED delivery of care.
Further insight into reproductive incompatibility between putative cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci whitefly complex
Authors: Qin Li , Pan Li‐Long , Liu Shu‐Sheng 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with its global distribution and extensive genetic diversity, is now known to be a complex of over 35 cryptic species. However, a satisfactory resolution of the systematics of this species complex is yet to be achieved. Here, we designed experiments to examine reproductive compatibility among species with different levels of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) divergence. The data show that putative species with mtCOI divergence of >8% between them consistently exhibited complete reproductive isolation. However, two of the putative species, Asia II 9 and Asia II 3, with mtCOI divergence of 4.47% between them, exhibited near complete reproductive compatibility in one direction of their cross, and partial reproductive compatibility in the other direction. Together with some recent reports on this topic from the literature, our data indicates that, while divergence in the mtCOI sequences provides a valid molecular marker for species delimitation in most clades, more genetic markers and more sophisticated molecular phylogeny will be required to achieve adequate delimitation of all species in this whitefly complex. While many attempts have been made to examine the reproductive compatibility among genetic groups of the B. tabaci complex, our study represents the first effort to conduct crossing experiments with putative species that were chosen with considerations of their genetic divergence. In light of the new data, we discuss the best strategy and protocols to conduct further molecular phylogenetic analysis and crossing trials, in order to reveal the overall pattern of reproductive incompatibility among species of this whitefly complex.
Genome‐wide microarray screening for Bombyx mori genes related to transmitting the determination outcome of whether to produce diapause or nondiapause eggs
Authors: Akitomo Shion , Egi Yuichi , Nakamura Yuki , Suetsugu Yoshitaka , Oishi Katsutaka , Sakamoto Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe bivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) exhibits a maternally controlled embryonic diapause. Maternal silkworms decide whether to lay diapause or nondiapause eggs depending on environmental factors such as the temperature and photoperiod during the egg and larval stages, and then induce diapause eggs during the pupal stage. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism that conveys the outcome of whether to produce diapause or nondiapause eggs from the egg or larval stages to the pupal stage. This study used microarray analysis to investigate differentially expressed genes in the larval brains of diapause‐ and nondiapause‐egg producers, to which bivoltine silkworms were destined by thermal or photic stimulation during the egg stage. The cytochrome P450 18a1 and Krüppel homolog 1 genes were upregulated in producers of diapause eggs compared with those of nondiapause eggs under both experimental conditions. Cytochrome P450 18a1 encodes a key enzyme for steroid hormone inactivation and Krüppel homolog 1 is an early juvenile hormone‐inducible gene that mediates the repression of metamorphosis. The upregulation of these genes during the larval stage might be involved in the signaling pathway that transmits information about the diapause program from the egg stage to the pupal stage in the silkworm.
Israeli survey of anesthesia practice related to placenta previa and accreta
Authors: Ioscovich A. , Shatalin D. , Butwick A. J. , Ginosar Y. , Orbach‐Zinger S. , Weiniger C. F. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundAnesthesia practices for placenta previa (PP) and accreta (PA) impact hemorrhage management and other supportive strategies. We conducted a survey to assess reported management of PP and PA in all Israeli labor and delivery units.MethodsAfter Institutional Review Board waiver, we surveyed all 26 Israeli hospitals with a labor and delivery unit by directly contacting the representatives of obstetric anesthesiology services in every department (unit director or department chair). Each director surveyed provided information about the anesthetic and transfusion management in their labor and delivery units for three types of abnormal placentation based on antenatal placental imaging: PP, low suspicion for PA, and high suspicion for PA. The primary outcome was use of neuraxial or general anesthesia for PP and PA Cesarean delivery. Univariate statistics were used for survey responses using counts and percentages.ResultsThe response rate was 100%. Spinal anesthesia is the preferred anesthetic mode for PP cases, used in 17/26 (65.4%) of labor and delivery units. By comparison, most representatives reported that they perform general anesthesia for patients with PA: 18/26 (69.2%) for all low suspicion cases of PA and 25/26 (96.2%) for all high suspicion cases of PA. Although a massive transfusion protocol was available in the majority of hospitals (84.6%), the availability of thromboelastography and cell salvage was much lower (53.8% and 19.2% hospitals respectively).ConclusionsIn our survey, representatives of anesthesia labor and delivery services in Israel are almost exclusively using general anesthesia for women with high suspicion for PA; however, almost two‐thirds use spinal anesthesia for PP without suspicion of PA. Among representatives, we found wide variations in anesthesia practice patterns with regard to anesthesia mode, multidisciplinary management, and hemorrhage anticipation strategies.
Integrating smoking cessation into routine care in hospitals—a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Thomas D. , Abramson M. J. , Bonevski B. , Taylor S. , Poole S. G. , Paul E. , Weeks G. R. , Dooley M. J. , George J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of a pharmacist‐led multi‐component smoking cessation programme (GIVE UP FOR GOOD) compared with usual care in hospitalized smokers.DesignRandomized, assessor‐blinded, parallel‐group trial.SettingThree tertiary public hospitals in Australia.ParticipantsA total of 600 adult in‐patient smokers [mean ± standard deviation (SD), age 51 ± 14 years; 64% male] available for 12 months follow‐up.InterventionsMulti‐component hospital pharmacist‐led behavioural counselling and/or pharmacotherapy provided during hospital stay, on discharge and 1 month post‐discharge, with further support involving community health professionals (n = 300). Usual care comprised routine care provided by hospitals (n = 300).MeasurementsTwo primary end‐points were tested using intention‐to‐treat analysis: carbon monoxide (CO)‐validated 1‐month sustained abstinence at 6‐month follow‐up and verified 6‐month sustained abstinence at 12‐month follow‐up. Smoking status and pharmacotherapy usage were assessed at baseline, discharge, 1, 6 and 12 months.FindingsSustained abstinence rates for intervention and control groups were not significantly different at both 6 months [11.6% (34 of 294) versus 12.6% (37 of 294); odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55–1.50] and 12 months [11.6% (34 of 292) versus 11.2% (33 of 294); OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.63–1.73]. Secondary end‐points, self‐reported continuous abstinence at 6 and 12 months, also agreed with the primary end‐points. Use of pharmacotherapy was higher in the intervention group, both during hospital stay [52.3% (157 of 300) versus 42.7% (128 of 300); P = 0.016] and after discharge [59.6% (174 of 292) versus 43.5% (128 of 294); P < 0.001].ConclusionsA pharmacist‐led multi‐component smoking cessation intervention provided during hospital stay did not improve sustained abstinence rates at either 6 or 12 months compared with routine hospital care.
Consensus statement on prevention and detection of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Authors: Boothroyd Clare , Karia Sonal , Andreadis Natasha , Rombauts Luk , Johnson Neil , Chapman Michael ,   the Australasian CREI Consensus Expert Panel on Trial evidence (ACCEPT) group
Published: November 2015

BackgroundOvarian hyperstimulation syndrome is an important condition with considerable morbidity and a small risk of mortality, which most commonly results as an iatrogenic condition following follicular stimulation of the ovaries.AimTo produce evidence‐based and consensus statements on the prevention and detection of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).MethodThe CREI Consensus Group met in 2008 and identified issues for inclusion and review. Review of the available evidence was conducted and consensus statements prepared. Areas of dissent of expert opinion and for further research were noted.ResultsThe group considered that there is a need for standardisation of the definition and classification of the clinical syndrome of OHSS to allow further conclusive research. Interventions with evidence of effect in reducing OHSS include the use of metformin in women with PCOS, use of GnRH antagonist rather than GnRH agonist and use of GnRH agonist triggers in GnRH antagonist stimulation cycles. The consensus view was that reducing the dose of FSH, freezing all embryos and transferring a single embryo were appropriate interventions to reduce OHSS. Agreement could not be reached on coasting, the lowest number of oocytes to consider freezing all embryos and management after cancellation of oocyte collection.ConclusionOHSS is a serious condition for which there are a number of proven preventative strategies. OHSS is an area requiring ongoing research and development of a universally agreed definition will allow development of optimal prevention strategies and facilitate improved early detection of women at risk.
Maternal demographics and hemodynamics for the prediction of fetal growth restriction at booking, in pregnancies at high risk for placental insufficiency
Authors: Stott Daniel , Bolten Mareike , Salman Mona , Paraschiv Daniela , Clark Katherine , Kametas Nikos A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionFetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with poor perinatal outcomes. Screening and prevention tools for FGR, such as uterine artery Doppler imaging and aspirin, underperform in high‐risk groups, compared with general antenatal populations. There is a paucity of sensitive screening tests for the early prediction of FGR in high‐risk pregnancies.Materials and MethodsThis was a prospective observational study based in a dedicated antenatal hypertension clinic at a tertiary UK hospital. We assessed maternal demographic and central hemodynamic variables as predictors for FGR in a group of women at high risk for placental insufficiency due to chronic hypertension (n = 55) or a history of hypertension in a previous pregnancy (n = 71). Outcome variables were birthweight z‐score as well as development of FGR (defined as birthweight below the 5th or 3rd centile). Maternal hemodynamics were assessed using a noninvasive transthoracic bioreactance monitor (Cheetah NICOM).ResultsThe mean gestation at presentation was 13.6 (range: 8.5–19.5) weeks. Sixteen women delivered babies below the 5th centile. Ten of these were below the 3rd centile. Independent predictors of birthweight z‐score were body surface area, peripheral vascular resistance and white ethnicity (R2 = 0.26, p < 0.0001). Independent predictors of FGR were maternal height and cardiac output. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for prediction of FGR was 0.915 (95% CI 0.859–0.972) and 0.9079 (95% CI 0.823–0.990) for FGR below the 5th and 3rd centiles, respectively.ConclusionIn women with chronic hypertension or a history of hypertension in a previous pregnancy, maternal size and cardiac output at booking provide a sensitive screening tool for FGR.
Inter‐ and intra‐patient clonal and subclonal heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: evidences from circulating and lymph nodal compartments
Authors: Del Giudice Ilaria , Marinelli Marilisa , Wang Jiguang , Bonina Silvia , Messina Monica , Chiaretti Sabina , Ilari Caterina , Cafforio Luciana , Raponi Sara , Mauro Francesca R. , Di Maio Valeria , De Propris Maria S. , Nanni Mauro , Ciardullo Carmela , Rossi Davide , Gaidano Gianluca , Guarini Anna , Rabadan Raul , Foà Robin 
Published: November 2015

SummaryWhole exome sequencing and copy number aberration (CNA) analysis were performed on cells taken from peripheral blood (PB) and lymph nodes (LN) of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Of 64 non‐silent somatic mutations, 54 (84·4%) were clonal in both compartments, 3 (4·7%) were PB‐specific and 7 (10·9%) were LN‐specific. Most of the LN‐ or PB‐specific mutations were subclonal in the other corresponding compartment (variant frequency 0·5–5·3%). Of 41 CNAs, 27 (65·8%) were shared by both compartments and 7 (17·1%) were LN‐ or PB‐specific. Overall, 6 of 9 cases (66·7%) showed genomic differences between the compartments. At subsequent relapse, Case 10, with 6 LN‐specific lesions, and Case 100, with 6 LN‐specific and 8 PB‐specific lesions, showed, in the PB, the clonal expansion of LN‐derived lesions with an adverse impact: SF3B1 mutation, BIRC3 deletion, del8(p23·3‐p11·1), del9(p24·3‐p13·1) and gain 2(p25·3‐p14). CLL shows an intra‐patient clonal heterogeneity according to the disease compartment, with both LN and PB‐specific mutations/CNAs. The LN microenvironment might contribute to the clonal selection of unfavourable lesions, as LN‐derived mutations/CNAs can appear in the PB at relapse.
Measuring Multinationals' R&D Activities in China on the Basis of a Patent Database: Comparing European, Japanese and US Firms
Authors: Motohashi Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUsing an internationally linked patent database, this paper compares the types of R&D activities undertaken by multinationals in China by home country and industry. In China, multinationals recently began investing in R&D, mainly in the areas of product and manufacturing process development. However, US firms, which are the most actively invested in R&D, are involved in some technology‐driven R&D activities; European firms are inclined toward market‐driven R&D, while Japanese firms, which lag behind the other two, focus on production‐driven R&D. This pattern may be related to the relative competitiveness of each country: Japanese firms are strong in electronics and automobiles, where production process improvement is important, while US firms flourish in science‐based industries, such as pharmaceuticals and software, where interacting with the local science base is a critical factor.
State Absence and State Formation in Solomon Islands: Reflections on Agency, Scale and Hybridity
Authors: Dinnen Sinclair , Allen Matthew 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThis article engages ethnographic research on perceptions of disputation, justice and security in rural Solomon Islands to reflect on issues of agency, power and scale in areas of limited statehood. Set against widespread popular perceptions of state retreat in Solomon Islands, the authors situate their study within the literature which addresses engagements with conflict‐affected and fragile countries and, in particular, literature with an interest in the spaces created by prolonged state absence as potential sites of innovation and transformation. The article examines the role of agency and power at different scales in the highly contested processes of state formation underway in post‐conflict Solomon Islands. Taking issue with the presumed privileging by local actors of non‐state over state forms that runs through much of the hybridity literature, the authors suggest that international ‘state‐building’ interventions, such as that recently experienced in Solomon Islands, require a more nuanced and historically informed understanding of local agency vis‐à‐vis the state in fragile and conflict‐affected settings.
Rethinking Livelihood Impacts of Biofuel Land Deals in Ghana
Authors: Boamah Festus , Overå Ragnhild 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTDuring the last decade, debates about the livelihood impacts of large‐scale biofuel projects have focused mainly on either employment creation or on land dispossession. The mediating role of social institutions and communal reciprocity in resource‐access manoeuvring processes have rarely been considered. This comparative study of two biofuel projects in Ghana shows that households affected by land dispossession quickly obtained new productive land areas by switching to fallow farmland or through long‐term reciprocal social networks. The livelihoods of households with members employed by the projects improved in terms of increased income and access to cultivation on project land. Not everyone, however, had the resources and ability to use social networks for job‐seeking and land access negotiation, particularly those considered to be migrants. The authors argue that a context‐specific focus on, and processual examination of, the abilities of individuals and groups to utilize social institutions to sustain their livelihoods during a project's lifetime, are crucial in analysing the impacts of biofuels land deals. Such an approach explores the various forms and uses of livelihood capitals, and shows how new configurations of social and economic relations emerging from land commercialization can reinforce local inequalities.