bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From alcohol initiation to tolerance to problems: Discordant twin modeling of a developmental process
Authors: Deutsch Arielle R. , Slutske Wendy S. , Lynskey Michael T. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe current study examined a stage-based alcohol use trajectory model to test for potential causal effects of earlier drinking milestones on later drinking milestones in a combined sample of two cohorts of Australian monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins (N= 7,398, ageM= 30.46,SD= 2.61, 61% male, 56% monozygotic twins). Ages of drinking, drunkenness, regular drinking, tolerance, first nontolerance alcohol use disorder symptom, and alcohol use disorder symptom onsets were assessed retrospectively. Ages of milestone attainment (i.e., age-of-onset) and time between milestones (i.e., time-to-event) were examined via frailty models within a multilevel discordant twin design. For age-of-onset models, earlier ages of onset of antecedent drinking milestones increased hazards for earlier ages of onset for more proximal subsequent drinking milestones. For the time-to-event models, however, earlier ages of onset for the “starting” milestone decreased risk for a shorter time period between the starting and the “ending” milestone. Earlier age of onset of intermediate milestones between starting and ending drinking milestones had the opposite effect, increasing risk for a shorter time period between the starting and ending milestones. These results are consistent with a causal effect of an earlier age of drinking milestone onset on temporally proximal subsequent drinking milestones.
Bullying development across adolescence, its antecedents, outcomes, and gender-specific patterns
Authors: Kretschmer Tina , Veenstra René , Deković Maja , Oldehinkel Albertine J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn contrast to victimization, prior research on the antecedents and outcomes of bullying perpetration has provided little conclusive knowledge. Some adolescent bullies may be well adjusted and popular among peers, while other bullies are rejected and lack self-control. There is also great variation in the outcomes, with a number of studies (but not all) showing increased risk for externalizing and internalizing problems. We used a developmental framework and data from 2,230 participants of the Dutch Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) to examine bullying perpetration across adolescence, to test the links with various antecedents in preadolescence, and to elucidate the outcomes in early adulthood. Latent growth models indicated significant variance in initial bullying perpetration levels and an overall decrease between pre- and late adolescence. Individual, family, and peer factors were associated with initial levels and partially associated with bullying development over time. Bullying perpetration was linked to later maladjustment and substance use, although only in girls. Finally, bullying perpetration appears to function as an intermediate variable between preadolescent individual, family, and peer risk and substance use more than 10 years later. These results have important implications for understanding the gender-specific nature of bullying perpetration and its outcomes and for demonstrating that bullying carries early risk into adulthood.
Production of fertile sperm fromin vitropropagating enriched spermatogonial stem cells of farmed catfish,Clarias batrachus
Authors: Nayak Swapnarani , Ferosekhan Shajahan , Sahoo Sangram Ketan , Sundaray Jitendra Kumar , Jayasankar Pallipuram , Barman Hirak Kumar 
Published: July 2016

SummarySpermatogenesis is a highly co-ordinated and complex process.In vitropropagation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) could provide an avenue in which to undertakein vivostudies of spermatogenesis. Very little information is known about the SSC biology of teleosts. In this study, collagenase-treated testicular cells of farmed catfish (Clarias batrachus, popularly known as magur) were purified by Ficoll gradient centrifugation followed by magnetic activated cell sorting using Thy1.2 (CD90.2) antibody to enrich for the spermatogonial cell population. The sorted spermatogonial cells were counted and gave ~3 × 106cells from 6 × 106pre-sorted cells. The purified cells were culturedin vitrofor >2 months in L-15 medium containing fetal bovine serum (10%), carp serum (1%) and other supplements. Microscopic observations depicted typical morphological SSC features, bearing a larger nuclear compartment (with visible perinuclear bodies) within a thin rim of cytoplasm. Cells proliferatedin vitroforming clumps/colonies. mRNA expression profiling by qPCR documented that proliferating cells were Plzf+and Pou2+, indicative of stem cells. From 60 days onwards of cultivation, the self-renewing population differentiated to produce spermatids (~6 × 107on day 75).In vitro-produced sperm (2260 sperm/SSC) were free swimming in medium and hence motile (non-progressive) in nature. Of those, 2% were capable of fertilizing and generated healthy diploid fingerlings. Our documented evidence provides the basis for producing fertile magur spermin vitrofrom cultured magur SSCs. Our established techniques of SSC propagation andin vitrosperm production together should trigger futurein vivoexperiments towards basic and applied biology research.
Variability in in vitro fertilization outcomes of prepubertal goat oocytes explained by basic semen analyses
Authors: Palomo M.J. , Quintanilla R. , Izquierdo M.D. , Mogas T. , Paramio M.T. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis work analyses the changes that caprine spermatozoa undergo during in vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes and their relationship with IVF outcome, in order to obtain an effective model that allows prediction of in vitro fertility on the basis of semen assessment. The evolution of several sperm parameters (motility, viability and acrosomal integrity) during IVF and their relationship with three IVF outcome criteria (total penetration, normal penetration and cleavage rates) were studied in a total of 56 IVF replicates. Moderate correlation coefficients between some sperm parameters and IVF outcome were observed. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted that considered three grouping of sperm parameters as potential explanatory variables of the three IVF outcome criteria. The proportion of IVF outcome variation that can be explained by the fitted models ranged from 0.62 to 0.86, depending upon the trait analysed and the variables considered. Seven out of 32 sperm parameters were selected as partial covariates in at least one of the nine multiple regression models. Among these, progressive sperm motility assessed immediately after swim-up, the percentage of dead sperm with intact acrosome and the incidence of acrosome reaction both determined just before the gamete co-culture, and finally the proportion of viable spermatozoa at 17 h post-insemination were the most frequently selected sperm parameters. Nevertheless, the predictive ability of these models must be confirmed in a larger sample size experiment.
Trends in infective endocarditis hospitalisations at United States children’s hospitals from 2003 to 2014: impact of the 2007 American Heart Association antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines
Authors: Bates Katherine E. , Hall Matthew , Shah Samir S. , Hill Kevin D. , Pasquali Sara K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveNational organisations in several countries have recently released more restrictive guidelines for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, including the American Heart Association 2007 guidelines. Initial studies demonstrated no change in infective endocarditis rates over time; however, a recent United Kingdom study suggested an increase; current paediatric trends are unknown.MethodsChildren (<18 years) hospitalised with infective endocarditis at 29 centres participating in the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database from 2003 to 2014 were eligible for inclusion. Our primary analysis focussed on infective endocarditis most directly related to the change in guidelines and included community-acquired cases in those >5 years of age. Interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate rates over time indexed to total hospitalisations.ResultsA total of 841 cases were identified. The median age was 13 years (interquartile range 9–15 years). In the pre-guideline period, there was a slight increase in the rate of infective endocarditis by 0.13 cases/10,000 hospitalisations per semi-annual period. In the post-guideline period, the rate of infective endocarditis increased by 0.12 cases/10,000 hospitalisations per semi-annual period. There was no significant difference in the rate of change in the pre- versus post-guidelines period (p=0.895). Secondary analyses in children >5 years of age with CHD and in children hospitalised with any type of infective endocarditis at any age revealed similar results.ConclusionsWe found no significant change in infective endocarditis hospitalisation rates associated with revised prophylaxis guidelines over 11 years across 29 United States children’s hospitals.
Campaigning Online: Web Display Ads in the 2012 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Ballard Andrew O. , Hillygus D. Sunshine , Konitzer Tobias 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough much of what we know about political advertising comes from the study of television advertising alone, online advertising is an increasingly prominent part of political campaigning. Research on other online political communication—especially candidate websites, blogs, and social media—tends to conclude that these communications are aimed primarily at turning existing supporters into campaign donors, activists, and volunteers. Is a similar communication strategy found in online display ads—those ads placed adjacent to website content? In one of the first systematic analyses of the nature, content, and targets of online display advertising, we examined 840 unique online display ads from the 2012 presidential campaign. We show that the policy content, ad location, and interactive elements of the ads varied based on the audience, with persuasive appeals aimed at undecided or persuadable voters and engagement appeals aimed at existing supporters. Comparing ad content across candidates also found that each side focused on those issues for which the candidate had a strategic advantage. As a consequence, and in contrast to the conclusions of previous research that examines television advertising, we found minimal issue engagement in online advertising.
Knowledge gaps in the diagnosis and management of patients with tropical diseases presenting to Canadian emergency departments: are the gaps being met?
Authors: Meshkat Nazanin , Misra Shikha , Hunchak Cheryl , Cleiman Paula , Khan Yasmin , Ritchie Lisa M. Puchalski 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjective:We conducted a needs assessment to identify knowledge gaps in the management of tropical diseases by Canadian emergency physicians and identify available, related continuing medical education (CME) resources.Methods:A literature review was conducted to summarize challenges in the management of commonly encountered tropical diseases. An anonymous online survey was administered to Canadian emergency physicians using the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians survey deployment service in July and August 2012. The survey identified self-reported gaps in knowledge and assessed knowledge using case-based vignettes. A list of CME resources was generated from a review of major academic emergency medicine journals, online cases, and conference topics from emergency medicine associations during 2010– 2011. Two independent reviewers assessed the relevance of the resources; differences were resolved by consensus.Results:From 635 citations, 47 articles were selected for full review; the majority (66%) were retrospective chart reviews, few (10.6%) had an emergency medicine focus, and fewer still were Canadian (8.5%). In total, 1,128 surveys were distributed, and 296 (27%) participants were included in the study. Most respondents reported ‘‘no’’ (52.4%) or ‘‘some’’ (45.9%) training in tropical medicine. Most (69.9%) rated their comfort in managing patients with tropical diseases as ‘‘low.’’ Few (11.1%) respondents reported a tropical disease being misdiagnosed or mismanaged; 44.1% indicated malaria. The perceived need for further training was high (76.7%). Conference workshops were the most highly requested CME modality, followed by case studies and podcasts. Correct answers to case vignettes ranged from 30.7 to 58.4%. Although 2,038 CME titles were extracted from extensive searches, only 6 were deemed relevant.Conclusions:Most Canadian emergency physicians have had minimal training in tropical diseases, reported a low comfort level in their management, and identified a high need for CME opportunities, which are lacking.
Emergency department visits for children with acute asthma: discharge instructions, parental plans, and follow-through of care—a prospective study
Authors: Camp Pat G. , Norton Seamus P. , Goldman Ran D. , Shajari Salomeh , Smith M. Anne , Heathcote Susan , Carleton Bruce 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Objective:
Communication between emergency department (ED) staff and parents of children with asthma may play a role in asthma exacerbation management. We investigated the extent to which parents of children with asthma implement recommendations provided by the ED staff. Method: We asked questions on asthma triggers, ED care (including education and discharge recommendations), and asthma management strategies used at home shortly after the ED visit and again at 6 months.

Results:
A total of 148 children with asthma were recruited. Thirty-two percent of children were not on inhaled corticosteroids prior to their ED visit. Eighty percent of parents identified upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) as the primary trigger for their child’s asthma. No parent received or implemented any specific asthma strategies to reduce the impact of URTIs; 82% of parents did not receive any printed asthma education materials. Most (66%) parents received verbal instructions on how to manage their child’s future asthma exacerbations. Of those, one-third of families were told to return to the ED. Parents were rarely advised to bring their child to their family doctor in the event of a future exacerbation. At 6 months, parents continued to use the ED services for asthma exacerbations in their children, despite reporting feeling confident in managing their child’s asthma.

Conclusion:
Improvements are urgently needed in developing strategies to manage pediatric asthma exacerbations related to URTIs, communication with parents at discharge in acute care, and using alternate acute care services for parents who continue to rely on EDs for the initial care of mild asthma exacerbations.
CAEP/AMUQ 1999 scientific abstract competition: results and future directions
Authors: Rowe Brian H. , Sukhrani Nina , Sher Andy 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
To examine the 1999 CAEP/AMUQ research abstracts competition in a scientific fashion, and provide descriptive information about the present and future direction of Canadian emergency medicine (EM) research.

Methods:
Using a standard evaluation form, 3 volunteer CAEP reviewers rated each submitted abstract in blind fashion. The authors of this report then combined abstract review scores with the following data: research topic, province of origin, status of first author (resident or attending physician), number of authors, adherence to submission guidelines, and acceptance status.

Results:
Of 86 abstracts submitted, 80 (93%) originated in Canada. The primary author was a resident in 34 cases (40%), a staff physician in 50 cases (58%) and unspecified in 2 cases (2%). Overall, 77 abstracts (90%) were selected for presentation: 26 (29%) oral, 40 (47%) poster, and 11 (13%) for the Resident Research Competition. The most common topics were clinical care (17%), prehospital care (15%), education/administration (14%), and decision rules (13%). The most common reason for rejection was failure to adhere to submission guidelines.

Conclusions:
Canadian EM research is growing rapidly, as witnessed by the interest in this competition, the publication of these abstracts, and the increased emphasis placed on research at the national meeting. Researchers must adhere to submission guidelines to increase their chances of abstract acceptance. Methods of promoting Canadian EM research are discussed.
The new ABCs: Airway, Breathing, and Court injunctions
Authors: Pauls Merril 
Published: July 2016

RÉSUMÉ:
Jusqu’à quel point la loi s’est-elle immiscée dans la pratique médicale? Les tribunaux peuvent-ils nous «obliger» à réanimer des patients lorsque nous jugeons l’intervention inutile? M. A.S., un homme âgé de 79 ans arrive difficilement à parler et à avaler à la suite de plusieurs AVC. Il a subi une trachéostomie et il ne peut exprimer ses propres souhaits. En 1998, lorsqu’il fut admis dans un hôpital de réadaptation, ses médecins rédigèrent un ordre de ne pas réanimer. Par la suite, comme l’ont rapporté les journaux, l’épouse de M. A.S. obtint une injonction «obligeant» le personnel de l’hôpital à administrer la réanimation dans le cas d’un arrêt cardiaque. Cette cause bien connue est présentement en litige devant les tribunaux du Manitoba. Qui a le dernier mot lorsque les médecins et les patients sont en désaccord? Quelles leçons doivent en tirer les médecins d’urgence? Le présent article discute des questions éthiques entourant la réanimation.
Safety of pediatric procedural sedation in a Canadian emergency department
Authors: Ip Urbain , Saincher Anurag 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjective:To assess the safety of pediatric procedural sedation performed by emergency physicians working within a structured sedation protocol.Methods:A retrospective review of all children undergoing emergency department (ED) procedural sedation during a 2-year period after the institution of a structured sedation protocol.Results:167 children underwent procedural sedation, primarily for orthopedic manipulation, wound management and foreign body removal. Of these, 82% received ketamine, 17% received fentanyl and midazolam and 1% received midazolam alone. Sedation was adequate in all but 6 patients, who required supplemental ketamine for orthopedic manipulation. Vomiting after arousal occurred in 17 children (10%), but no episodes of clinical aspiration occurred. One child became agitated during recovery and another experienced a transient visual hallucination. There were no cases of laryngospasm, apnea or cardiorespiratory compromise, and no mortality or significant morbidity occurred.Conclusion:Emergency physicians using a structured sedation protocol can safely perform ED pediatric procedural sedation. Where intravenous access is not already present, intramuscular ketamine, administered in the doses described, is a safe and effective agent for pediatric sedation.
Data is power: resistance is futile
Authors: Ross John 
Published: July 2016

RÉSUMÉ:
Le mouvement d’ACQ (amélioration continue de la qualité), avec l’aide d’Intel et de Microsoft, fera de la prochaine décennie l’ère des données. Les départements d’urgence à travers le pays travaillent présentement à mettre sur pied des systèmes de collecte de données pour surveiller les profils de gravité des cas des patients, les temps d’attente, les durées de séjours à l’urgence, les habitudes de demandes d’épreuves, les pourcentages de demandes de consultation, l’utilisation des lits et les taux d’hospitalisation, et ce, pour chaque médecin. Mais ces données sont-elles fiables? Ou valables? Comment seront-elles utilisées pour juger le travail des médecins? Quelle sera la pénalité pour le médecin si sa surface sous la courbe tend à remonter? Peut-on quantifier les soins aux patients à l’aide d’un graphique? Et y a-t-il une corrélation directe ou une corrélation inverse entre la rapidité du médecin et la qualité des soins? L’ère de l’information est arrivée, mais les données feront-elles de nous de meilleurs médecins?
Reflections of a triage physician
Authors: Zeit Harry 
Published: July 2016

RÉSUMÉ:
Dans trop de milieux, les médecins d’urgence sont perçus comme des gestionnaires de traumatismes, des médecins de triage ou d’éternels internes. Cette image déplorable reflète un manque de compréhension de notre identité, de notre formation et de nos fonctions. Les médecins d’urgence ne se conforment pas à la conception traditionnelle des soins aux patients qui consistent à traiter un patient à la fois toutes les demi-heures, les patients étant à peu près tous également malades. Face à ce niveau d’incompréhension, il n’est pas surprenant que nous soyons attaqués par des gens qui n’arrivent même pas à nous définir.
Si nous parvenons à savoir ce que nos patients, nos collègues et les administrateurs pensent vraiment de nous, nous serons en mesure d’établir un inventaire de besoins, un outil d’élaboration d’un programme qui nous permettra d’entreprendre la lourde tâche d’éduquer notre entourage sur ce que nous sommes et ce que nous faisons. La crédibilité professionnelle est essentielle si nous voulons définir des normes cliniques et des programmes de recherche qui nous soient propres. Si, dans l’esprit des autres, nous sommes d’éternels internes ou des «médecins de triage», nous allons, au pire, voir disparaître la médecine d’urgence telle que nous la connaissons, et au mieux, perdre le pouvoir de lui donner sa véritable identité. La question cruciale est la suivante : Les médecins d’urgence réussiront-ils à établir leur identité propre ou seront-ils condamnés à demeurer confondus parmi les marginaux?
Rib fractures following minor trauma in older patients: a not-so-benign injury
Authors: Campbell Sam G. , Dingle Margaret A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTTwo older adults presented to the emergency department with rib fractures following minor trauma. Both were discharged on oral analgesics and died within 2 days. Rib fractures more often lead to adverse outcomes in older adults. Emergency physicians should consider admitting any such patient who presents with two or more rib fractures.
Emergency medical services controversies in British Columbia
Authors: Wanger Karen 
Published: July 2016

RÉSUMÉ:
L’encombrement des salles d’urgence a atteint un niveau de crise et les retombées s’étendent au-delà des murs des hôpitaux. De plus en plus, le personnel des urgences surchargées utilise la tactique du «détournement des ambulances», obligeant les préposés aux SMU à se diriger vers le prochain établissement adéquat. Comme de plus en plus d’hôpitaux ont recours au détournement, les patients s’accumulent dans les établissements qui les acceptent jusqu’à ce que ceux-ci débordent également. Finalement, plus personne n’accepte de patients et les préposés aux SMU doivent attendre avec leurs patients dans les corridors de l’urgence qu’une civière se libère. En raison de cette situation, il y a moins d’ambulances disponibles pour répondre aux appels 911. Le principal mandat d’un service pré-hospitalier est de prodiguer des soins sur les lieux de l’incident et non dans les corridors d’une urgence et il est inacceptable qu’une pénurie de lits à l’urgence entraîne des retards de réponse au 911.
La plupart des gens sont d’accord pour dire qu’il est inacceptable que des patients malades aient à attendre dans les corridors de l’urgence pour des civières inexistantes; cependant, même si cette situation est dangereuse, elle l’est moins que le fait d’obliger ces mêmes patients à attendre indûment à la maison l’arrivée des SMU. Les hôpitaux devraient peut-être prendre un engagement moral d’accepter les patients peu importe la situation d’encombrement, puis d’assigner les ressources nécessaires pour les soigner; ou les services ambulanciers devraient peut-être embaucher et former du personnel pour traiter les patients dans les corridors des urgences. Quelle que soit l’approche adoptée, les hôpitaux et les préposés aux SMU doivent cesser de s’imputer mutuellement la responsabilité du problème et travailler à trouver des solutions.