bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marco legal y normativo del crédito del sistema financiero en el Ecuador y su incidencia en la calidad de la cartera
Authors: Cadena Hermosa Carlos , Cadena Vallejo Patricia 
Published: November 2017

Los flujos monetarios que se generan en los procesos de producción y distribución de bienes y servicios se canalizan a través del sistema financiero que cumple un rol fundamental en la economía como intermediario financiero: capta el ahorro de los sectores que tienen excedentes de liquidez, para colocarlo en los deficitarios. El mecanismo utilizado para la intermediación de fondos es el crédito. El público en general y la empresa se sirven del crédito para obtener recursos que se invierten en la adquisición bienes y servicios de consumo y de capital. Sin embargo, a pesar de su importancia, las operaciones de crédito están expuestas al riesgo de incumplimiento, debido a varios factores como: desconocimiento de las disposiciones legales y normativas para el manejo del crédito, aplicación de condiciones onerosas por parte de las instituciones financieras, insuficiencia de recursos del deudor, falta de rigurosidad en el proceso de análisis y aprobación del crédito, garantías insuficientes, y otras. Este escenario es propicio para la aparición de la cartera vencida, que desemboca generalmente en cartera incobrable.
Con el fin de establecer los niveles de riesgo crediticio que afectan a la banca se analizó la composición de la cartera de créditos de la banca privada tratando de identificar los factores que pueden incidir en esta situación.
Del análisis se establecieron dos factores determinantes de la cartera riesgosa: por una parte, la actitud de los deudores; y por otra, el desconocimiento o aplicación indebida de las normas y procedimientos técnicos para la calificación y aprobación del crédito.
Con respecto al primer factor, este estudio no puede establecer normas de carácter conductual que provoquen un cambio de actitud de los deudores. Con relación a la aplicación de las normas y procedimientos de calificación y aprobación del crédito, se analizan las principales disposiciones legales y normativas que guían la administración del crédito cuya aplicación es obligatoria por parte de las instituciones financieras.
Con este propósito se realizó una investigación documental analizando diferentes cuerpos legales que rigen al sector financiero, comenzando por la constitución de la república y las leyes relacionadas con la materia crediticia, hasta las normas específicas que establecen procedimientos que deben ser aplicados por las entidades financieras.
La aplicación de estas disposiciones contribuirá a mantener una cartera saludable, sin que aquello signifique deshumanizar el crédito. De la misma forma, el deudor debe ser consciente de las obligaciones que asume para poderlas honrar en los términos que fueron aceptados. Esto significa endeudarse con responsabilidad.
Tipologías de las culturas organizacionales. Estudio de caso: PYMIS del Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito
Authors: Ramos Grijalva Rubén 
Published: November 2017

La cultura organizacional se ha constituido en una herramienta de gestión imprescindible de ser gestionada por las organizaciones, como vectora para la consolidación de los activos intangibles de una empresa como son el clima, la identidad y la imagen organizacionales, logrando con ello afianzar su imagen corporativa, tanto a nivel interno y externo. El presente artículo propone analizar el tipo de culturas que prima en las pequeñas y medianas industrias (PYMIS), mediante un diagnóstico del estado actual de dichas culturas, sobre la base del planteamiento de cuestionarios estructurados de preguntas cerradas. Para tal efecto, se extrajo una muestra representativa para una población finita, la misma que de acuerdo al muestreo de proporciones derivó en 380 encuestas, aplicadas a los propietarios de las PYMIS del distrito metropolitano de la ciudad de quito.
Los resultados del estudio apuntan a determinar el tipo de cultura en la que se encuentran insertas las PYMIS, acorde con la tipología de Scheinsohn, así como establecer si en las PYMIS existen prácticas de gestión de la cultura que respondan a una política de gestión permanente de la misma, o si por el contrario no se la gestiona. El artículo concluye a favor de un diagnóstico previo a la gestión de la cultura mediante estrategias en el sector de las PYMIS.
La familia migrante observada en los medios
Authors: Ramos María Patricia 
Published: November 2017

Desde una visión interdisciplinaria, el análisis de la familia mediada es un tema necesario en los estudios de género en comunicación y migraciones internacionales, a fin de comprender los cambios y continuidades en las estructuras y arreglos familiares en los actuales contextos de movilidad. El presente texto se basa en una investigación que buscó responder a las interrogantes sobre el rol de los medios como actores o escenarios de las prácticas familiares, en el marco del fenómeno migratorio. Mediante una estrategia de análisis documental histórico, el análisis del discurso mediático permitió identificar las imágenes y representaciones sobre los temas de la indagación. La investigación se complementó con un breve estudio de recepción, que observó la relación de los medios con su público a través de grupos focales de personas relacionadas directa e indirectamente con la migración internacional. El estudio concluye en la vigencia de un doble rol mediático como escenario y actor, pues deconstruye y reconstruye imaginarios sociales sobre la familia migrante.
El enfoque biográfico como estrategia metodológica de investigación
Authors: Benavides, Jeovanny , Apolo Buenaño Diego 
Published: November 2017

El presente artículo presenta aproximaciones teórico-metodológicas que refieren a la investigación biográfica narrativa y al relato autobiográfico. Este recorrido brinda una mirada histórica para el desarrollo biográfico en ciencias sociales, fundamentos epistemológicos, funciones y clasificación. De igual manera se establecen aportes hacia la identificación de nexos entre esta propuesta de abordaje desde el enfoque biográfico hacia diferentes campos e investigaciones que ha empleado este método como estrategia que permite determinar aportes relevantes desde el abordaje cualitativo hacia procesos de investigación.
PENGARUH STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN POINT COUNTERPOINT TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATA PELAJARAN FIQH SISWA MAN KARANGGEDE TAHUN 2014/2015
Authors: Musta’an Musta’an 
Published: November 2017

This study is an experimental research conducted at MAN Karanggede. The population in this study were students of class XI which totaled 200, with purposive sampling technique obtained a sample of 90 students. The samples were divided into two groups, the first group as a control group and a second group class as a class experiment. Data was collected by the method of testing and documentation. Test validity consists of 35 items, 31 items known to valid and invalid 4 items. Of the 31 items were valid, the validity of the lowest known 0.399 and 0.722 and the highest validity reliabelitas 0.91. Data prior to analysis prerequisite test, normality test, homogeneity test, tests of balance and analyzed using statistical t-test formula.From the data analysis is concluded that control class (using conventional methods) reached an average value of 48.62 by the level of learning outcomes in the category were as many as 16 students or 35.56% are located at intervals of 13-15. While the experimental group (using learning strategies point counterpoint) reached an average value of 71.97 by the level of learning outcomes in high category as many as 10 students or 22.22% are located at intervals of 22-25. Of the average showed a difference of 23.35. While the results of different test variable levels of learning outcomes fiqh in control class with experimental class obtained t count (5.721)> t table (2.000), it means Ha accepted, so there are significant learning strategy point counterpoint to the results of study subjects fiqh students MAN Karanggede school year 2014 / 2015. Keywords: Learning Strategies Point Counterpoint, Fiqh Learning Outcomes
LARANGAN RIBA DALAM TEKS DAN KONTEKS (Studi Atas Hadits Riwayat Muslim Tentang Pelaknatan Riba)
Authors: Tho’in Muhammad 
Published: November 2017

Usury is additions which hinted at by people who have treasure to those who borrow their wealth (money) because of postponement payment promise by the borrower of a predetermined time. Usury is divided into two kinds of Nasi’ah usury and Fadhl usury. Threats to the behavior of usury is likened to a drunken man who can not stand but as stands one whom possessed devil because (madness), will be incorporated into the fires of hell and eternal forever, people who do not leave usury will be fought by Allah and His messenger It will be categorized as infidels, get anathema Prophet. Lessons of usury restriction can made man like helping each other, closing the door on the action of disconnecting good relationship fellow men, glorifies work, and do not harm those who are in distress. Allah and the Prophet cursed anyone who involved in such practices without exception. Usury behavioral contexts that society do today which include banking transactions primarily conventional banking, insurance transactions, sale and purchase transactions on credit, and much more. Keywords: Hadith, the prohibition of usury, text and context
INVESTASI DAN DORONGAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI BISNIS MIKRO ISLAM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Santoso Harun , Siyamto Yudi 
Published: November 2017

The study aims to determine micro businesses in promoting growth of Islam in Indonesia. This research manifold qualitative research-based literature. Results from the study showed that micro businesses Islam is able to achieve 40 percent annually, much higher than conventional economic growth, which reached 19 percent annually in promoting economic growth in Indonesia. Keywords: Investment, Islamic of Micro Business, Economic Growth
MANAJEMEN BANK SYARI’AH DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENCUCIAN UANG DAN UANG HARAM (Studi Kasus di Perbankan Syari’ah Solo Raya)
Authors: Sumadi Sumadi 
Published: November 2017

Technological advances and the globalization of financial information, do not always have a positive impact for the community but sometimes it becomes the development of crime, especially white-collar crime (white collar crime), business crime (business crime), or a corporate crime (Corporate crime). Money laundering or commonly known as money laundering, is a method to hide, move, and use the result of a criminal act, the activities of criminal organizations, economic crime, narcotics trafficking, and other activities that constitute criminal activities. Money laundering, essentially involves assets (income / wealth) disguised so that it can be used without being detected that such assets derived from illegal activities. Melaului money laundering income or assets derived from illegal activity is converted into a financial asset that seems to come from a legitimate source / legal. Key Words : Money laundering, Economic syariah, Islamic Bank.
OPTIMALISASI POTENSI DANA ZAKAT, INFAQ, SADAQAH DALAM PEMERATAAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO (Studi Kasus di Badan Amil Zakat Daerah Kab. Sukoharjo)
Authors: Sumadi Sumadi 
Published: November 2017

Economic activity is something that can not be separated from human life especially good for a country or region. Along with the times, of the needs of humans increase therefore the economy is continuously growing and changing. Islamic philanthropy has an important role in the economy. an instrument of philanthropy is the mechanism of transfer of the rich to the poor is right on target. At the same time, the Islamic philanthropy instrument acts as an effective social safety net. With the transfer of income from the rich to the poor, there will be an increase in demand for goods and services from the poor, who are generally basic needs. Judging from the type of funding source, Zakat, Infak, Sadaqah (ZIS) with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia has the potential for enormous ZIS. The methodology in this study used a qualitative phenomenological approach, so that research results in accordance with the facts on the ground. Source of data derived from primary data and secondary data. While data collection techniques with in-depth interviews, documentary studies, as well as participant observation. Potential national charity reached 19.3 trillion. While Hafidhuddin (2010), said that the potential of zakat in Indonesia reached 80 trillion annually (this potential, before accounting for the funds infaq and sadaqah untapped in the community as a source of funds are voluntary sadaqah infaq. Potential Zakat, Infaq, Shodaqoh Sukoharjo regency of 1.6 M / year average of 30% in the form of zakat profession dominated by civil servants and the percentage of individuals still need to be improved and 70% is still a infaq shodaqoh ".Keyword: Infaq Zakat and Sadaqah Sukoharjo, Poverty
The GIPA Concept ‘Lost in Transition’
Authors: Dlamini-Simelane Thandeka 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFollowing the call by UNAIDS in 2006 to involve people living with HIV (PLHIV) in treatment programmes, expert clients were recruited to provide services within healthcare settings as volunteers alongside paid health workers. Swazi law requires employment contracts for anyone working in a full-time capacity for three months, complicating the status of expert clients. This article traces the genesis of the volunteer framework used to engage PLHIV in the provision of HIV care in Swaziland and describes how the quest for PLHIV to be involved coupled with donors’ promotion of the Greater Involvement of People Living with HIV/AIDS (GIPA) principle have together resulted in PLHIV serving as low-cost workers, disempowering the very people GIPA was meant to empower. I call for review of GIPA-based policies and a paradigm shift regarding a non-medically trained cadre of workers in an era of acute health-worker shortages in resource-limited countries hard hit by HIV.
Speaking Back, Striking Back
Authors: Reidy Eugenie 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article explores local agency in development anthropology, a prominent form of applied anthropology that has encouraged reflection on the practice of anthropology itself (Mosse 2013). Drawing on specific fieldwork experiences from time the author spent working for the United Nations and international NGOs in East Africa, it discusses several complexities and moral questions that arose. In particular, it focuses on the challenges for local perspectives to be represented, given the subjective interests in which development encounters are embedded. It also looks at instances where ‘speaking back’ does occur, and where it arguably becomes ‘striking back’. In light of this, the article discusses what can be mutually exchanged between development and anthropology, with a particular focus on the accommodation of local agency and participation, and the need for fieldwork approaches based on sufficient time, trust and positionality.
A Comprehensive Method to Measure Solar Meridional Circulation and the Center-to-limb Effect Using Time–Distance Helioseismology
Authors: Chen Ruizhu , Zhao Junwei 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Meridional circulation is a crucial component of the Sun’s internal dynamics, but its inference in the deep interior is complicated by a systematic center-to-limb effect in helioseismic measurement techniques. Previously, an empirical method, removing travel-time shifts measured for the east–west traveling waves in the equatorial area from those measured for the north–south traveling waves in the central meridian area, was used, but its validity and accuracy need to be assessed. Here, we develop a new method to separate the center-to-limb effect,

, and the meridional-flow-induced travel-time shifts,

, in a more robust way. Using 7-year observations of the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, we exhaustively measure the travel-time shifts between two surface locations along the solar disk’s radial direction for all azimuthal angles and all skip distances. The measured travel-time shifts are a linear combination of

and

, which can be disentangled by solving the linear equation set. The

is found to be isotropic relative to the azimuthal angle, and the

is then inverted for the meridional circulation. Our inversion results show a three-layer flow structure, with equatorward flow found between about 0.82 and 0.91 R
☉ for low latitude areas and between about 0.85 and 0.91 R
☉ for higher latitude areas. Poleward flows are found below and above the equatorward flow zones, indicating a double-cell circulation in each hemisphere.
Les Liaisons dangereuses  : livre de l’ennui ?
Authors: Fayard Jean-François 
Published: November 2017

Évoquer le thème de l’ennui dans une œuvre telle que les « Liaisons dangereuses » de Choderlos de Laclos, relèverait-t-il d’une approche délibérément provocatrice, voire, plus crûment encore, d’un oxymore littéraire caractérisé ? Et si, dans ce livre éponyme de « roman de mœurs » au Siècle des Lumières, la ronde des amours n’était qu’un écran de fumée destiné à opacifier l’intrigue réelle : la lutte du libertinage de sentiments contre un ennui né de l’oisiveté sociétale don l’aboutissement aura pour nom : Terreur ?
Knowing with images. Media and everyday life
Authors: Tarquini Federico 
Published: November 2017

La croissance exponentielle des images produites et distribuées par les médias numériques, actuellement capable de franchir les seuils de l’intimité la plus privée, pose un nombre considérable de problèmes à l’attention du débat intellectuel. De même, la nature de la majorité des images produites et distribuées sur Instagram a pour fonction d’informer sur nos activités quotidiennes les réseaux sociaux auxquels nous sommes connectés. Depuis la diffusion des appareils photographiques, l’image demeure dans notre routine de manière incroyable, tellement extraordinaire qu’elle nous pousse à poser le principal dilemme théorique qu’on abordera dans cet article : après l’écriture et la parole, l’image est le noyau de la « grammaire » de notre connaissance aujourd’hui ? Afin de répondre de manière exhaustive à cette question, on examinera principalement l’expérience de l’image sur les réseaux sociaux, suivant les principales théories des études médiologiques.
Comparison of Pneumatic Retinopexy and Scleral Buckle for Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair
Authors: Paulus Yannis M. , Leung Loh-Shan , Pilyugina Svetlana , Blumenkranz Mark S. 
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To compare pneumatic retinopexy (PR) and scleral buckle for the repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Retrospective analysis of 90 patients undergoing surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, with 46 patients undergoing PR compared with 44 patients undergoing scleral buckle procedure (SBP).

RESULTS:

Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. Single surgery reattachment rate was 95.5% with SBP and 67% with PR (
P
= .00057). Final reattachment rate was 100% with SBP and 97.8% with PR. A final visual acuity (VA) of 20/40 or better occurred in 89% of patients with SBP and 72% of patients with PR (
P
= .04). PR and SBP had a similar mean VA if the primary procedures were successful, whereas those patients with unsuccessful PR had lower mean final acuities.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrates that SBP has a significantly higher rate of single surgery reattachment than PR, along with improved final VA. Initial success of PR may be an important predictor of final visual outcome.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2017;48:887–893.]
Disruption of Pathogenic Cellular Networks by IL-21 Blockade Leads to Disease Amelioration in Murine Lupus
Authors: Choi Jin-Young , Seth Abhinav , Kashgarian Michael , Terrillon Sonia , Fung Emma , Huang Lili , Wang Li Chun , Craft Joe 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) is characterized by autoantibody-mediated organ injury. Follicular Th (Tfh) cells orchestrate physiological germinal center (GC) B cell responses, whereas in lupus they promote aberrant GC responses with autoreactive memory B cell development and plasma cell–derived autoantibody production. IL-21, a Tfh cell–derived cytokine, provides instructional cues for GC B cell maturation, with disruption of IL-21 signaling representing a potential therapeutic strategy for autoantibody-driven diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. We used blockade of IL-21 to dissect the mechanisms by which this cytokine promotes autoimmunity in murine lupus. Treatment of lupus-prone B6.Sle1.Yaa mice with an anti–IL-21 blocking Ab reduced titers of autoantibodies, delayed progression of glomerulonephritis and diminished renal-infiltrating Tfh and Th1 cells, and improved overall survival. Therapy inhibited excessive accumulation of Tfh cells coexpressing IL-21 and IFN-γ, and suppressed their production of the latter cytokine, albeit while not affecting their frequency. Anti–IL-21 treatment also led to a reduction in GC B cells, CD138hi plasmablasts, IFN-γ–dependent IgG2c production, and autoantibodies, indicating that Tfh cell–derived IL-21 is critical for pathological B cell cues in lupus. Normalization of GC responses was, in part, caused by uncoupling of Tfh–B cell interactions, as evidenced by reduced expression of CD40L on Tfh cells and reduced B cell proliferation in treated mice. Our work provides mechanistic insight into the contribution of IL-21 to the pathogenesis of murine lupus, while revealing the importance of T–B cellular cross-talk in mediating autoimmunity, demonstrating that its interruption impacts both cell types leading to disease amelioration.
Relationship between CD4 Regulatory T Cells and Anergy In Vivo
Authors: Kalekar Lokesh A. , Mueller Daniel L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Selective suppression of effector CD4+ T cell functions is necessary to prevent immune cell–mediated damage to healthy tissues. This appears especially true during pregnancy or in individuals predisposed to autoimmunity. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and induction of anergy, an acquired state of T cell functional unresponsiveness in Foxp3− cells, have both been implicated as mechanisms to suppress dangerous immune responses to tissue-restricted self-Ags. Anergic CD4+ T cells and Treg cells share a number of phenotypic and mechanistic traits—including the expression of CD73 and folate receptor 4, and the epigenetic modification of Treg cell signature genes—and an interesting relationship between these two subsets has recently emerged. In this review, we will compare and contrast these two subsets, as well as explore the role of anergy in the generation of peripheral Treg cells.