bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of traditional market solid waste conversion process into hydrochar using hydrothermal carbonization technology
Authors: Rifandi M F , Djaenudin  , Putra H E , Sururi M R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this study, an analysis was carried out to determine the optimum conditions for the hydrothermal carbonization process of traditional market waste using response surface methodology central composite design. The hydrothermal carbonization process was carried out at temperatures (180, 215, 250°C), process times (30, 60, 90 minutes), and a ratio (waste: water media) of 0,5. The results of response surface analysis show that temperature and process time are parameters that significantly affect the quality of hydrochar. Increasing temperature and process time resulted in a decrease in hydrochar weight from 67,01 to 40,77 grams. Furthermore, there was an increasing heating value of hydrochar from 18,87 to 30,5 MJ/Kg. The optimization formulation of the hydrothermal carbonization process of traditional market waste was obtained at a temperature of 181,133°C and a process time of 30 minutes with a prediction value of weight and heating value obtained, namely 61,39 grams and 23 MJ/Kg.
Properties of hydrogel for adsorbent textile dye waste based cellulose-carboxymethyl sago starch
Authors: Tuljannah N , Ahmad A , Sondari D , Septevani A A , Amanda P , Hanifah A S , Karim A , Karim H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The use of a single natural polymer in hydrogel preparations is considered insufficient to produce hydrogels that are more durable, more stable, and stronger. Blends of various natural polymers can improve each sago other’s lack of physicochemical characteristics and produce new properties. This research combines two natural polymers, cellulose and starch. Cellulose isolation from Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed using acid hydrolysis and alkaline autoclaving method produced 14.01% cellulose. This study combined the results of cellulose isolation with carboxymethyl sago starch at 0.09; 0.14 and 0.24 mol/mol AGU. The isolated cellulose-carboxymethyl sago starch has the potential as a hydrogel material with the addition of crosslinkers such as epichlorohydrin (ECH). This study aims to synthesize hydrogels from cellulose-carboxymethyl sago starch with application as a textile dye waste absorbent with a concentration of epichlorohydrin (ECH) at 7.5%. Analysis of carboxymethyl sago starch is degrees of substitution, water-soluble index (WSI), and swelling power (SP). The hydrogel properties are characterized by the degree of swelling, degree of polymerization, FTIR, and SEM, and the hydrogel adsorption ability is characterized by adsorption efficiency using a microplate reader. The research results show that hydrogel can be synthesized optimally by adding carboxymethyl sago starch (CMSS) at 0.24 mol/mol AGU. The results of FTIR analysis are also by chemical measurements (swelling and gel fraction). In contrast, for maximum colour absorption, the addition of carboxymethyl sago starch is 0.09 mol/mol AGU for purple, yellow, and black and 0.14 mol/mol AGU for green color absorption. In conclusion, the adsorption ability of hydrogel in commercial textile dyes is maximum when the carboxymethyl sago starch (CMSS) is added at 0.09 mol/mol AGU with the best adsorption efficiency at purple 86.22%, yellow 77.40%, black 73.70% and at the addition of CMSS 0.14 mol/mol AGU the best adsorption efficiency in green is 73.46%.
Preliminary findings on the potential of converting municipal solid waste into refuse-derived fuel as an alternative renewable energy source from the Jakarta waste case study
Authors: Wiharja  , Robbani M H , Maulidayanti E M , Suherman  , Syafrudin  , Kholiq M A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a promising technology for addressing waste management issues and obtaining a sustainable source of renewable energy. However, the implementation of RDF technology for MSW management in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas, has not yet been realized. This study aims to evaluate the viability of producing RDF from MSW, specifically the waste generated by Jakarta city, which is representative of other large cities in Indonesia. The research analyzed the MSW, including its physical and chemical properties, such as composition, proximate and ultimate analysis, and energy content. In order to investigate the potential adoption of bio-drying technology for the production of RDF from waste in Jakarta, a pilot scale experiment was conducted using a batch system. The results of the characterization indicate that the sample comprises of more than 50% organic waste, and furthermore, the moisture content in the samples is greater than 60%. The waste typically contains a carbon content of around 50% and a calorific value of approximately 1400 kcal/kg. RDF products produced through bio-drying can achieve a moisture content of 37.88% and a heating value of 2675 kcal/kg. The results further emphasize the potential of the produced RDF as a feasible source of renewable energy.
Preliminary study of triclosan analysis: A GC/ECD optimization
Authors: Pitoi M M , Yusiasih R , Syampurwadi A , Wulan D R , Rusli H , Amran M B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Triclosan is one of emerging contaminants with antimicrobial and disinfection properties. It is commonly used in soaps, toothpastes, detergents, hand sanitizers, disinfectants, and other personal care products. Triclosan is ubiquitous in environmental samples and its concentration in natural waters is drastically increase owing to the use of hand-sanitizer during COVID-19 pandemic. Triclosan cancer classification has not been determined yet, but recent studies and government assessments had shown its adverse effect, including as endocrine disruptor compound (EDC) to living things even at relatively low concentration. Triclosan analysis in environmental samples are mostly performed on LC/MS or GC/MS instruments. However, these instruments are relatively expensive. This study was aimed to optimize GC/ECD for triclosan quantification as an alternative to MS based instruments. Triclosan standard solutions at several concentrations were injected into the GC/ECD and the result is evaluated. The result showed that GC/ECD was able to detect triclosan at 0.1 ppb with good repeatability showed by %RSD of 0.48 %. The calibration curve at range of 0.1 to 1000 ppb showed a good linearity (r=0.99999).
Using continuous online monitoring measurements to determine the Serayu River’s water quality status
Authors: Arinda E S , Wahyono H D , Santoso A D , Yudo S , Hernaningsih T , Said N I , Widayat W 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Serayu River is a national strategic river that provides essential water to local water companies, industrial operations, agriculture, and household irrigation in the surrounding community. The Serayu River’s condition is currently deteriorating due to erosion and pollution. The primary goal of this investigation is to quantify the Serayu River’s water pollution. Data from continuous online monitoring stations at Wanganaji Dam (upstream) and Gerak Serayu Dam (downstream) will be used to assess temperature, DO, pH, TDS, DHL), turbidity, and ammonia levels. The research methodology for this study included descriptive statistical analysis and the STORET method, which is based on the regulatory framework established in the Republic of Indonesia by Ministerial Decree Number 115 of 2003 and Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. The results show that the water quality upstream of the Serayu River (Wanganaji Dam Station) partially meets most of the measured parameters while still meeting the required quality standards. Meanwhile, the water quality in the downstream part of the Serayu River (Gerak Serayu Dam Station) has DO values (3.68-4.98 mg/L), turbidity (36.78-95.48 mg/L) that exceed the required quality standards. The water quality at the Serayu River’s two dams ranges from moderate to heavily polluted.
Mapping the vicious cycles of community gold mining (CGM): a case study of the CGM sites at Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Prabawa F Y , Nurjaman D M , Garinas W , Dani Umar , Hardianti A , Budiman E B , Hidayat W , Haryono T , Jannah W , Zulfahmi  
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Community Gold Mining (CGM) in Indonesia faces significant challenges, with a specific concern being the use of mercury. Mercury is a highly toxic chemical commonly utilized in the Trommel Mercury (TM) gold extraction method, known locally as the Glundung method. Although the government has initiated programs to reduce mercury usage, such as encouraging researchers to develop non-mercury gold extraction methods, progress has been slow, and the impact has been limited. The growth of new CGM sites is outpacing these efforts, leading to an increased use of mercury and unmanageable chemical risks. Previous research has identified a vicious cycle within the CGM sector. However, no existing model illustrates this cycle. This study seeks to map the scope of CGM at its essential stages and translate them into variables to create a causal and basic model. However, Sukabumi Regency in Indonesia hosts numerous CGM sites, and a case study was conducted in the Simpenan Sub-District between 2018 and 2020. A recent site visit in August 2023 revealed continued growth in CGM site numbers within the broader area. This growth corresponds to an increase in mercury released into the environment, which poses a growing threat to public health. The study employed ArcGIS and Powersim 10 System Dynamics Software, utilizing data collected through observations, investigative methods, and reference studies. The results include two significant contributions: first, a model of current CGM activities in the form of a Causal Loops Diagram (CLD) called “the Turtle Map CLD Model of the CGM”. Second, a model depicting “the vicious cycle of CGM” highlights problematic stages within CGM. Both models represent the current state of CGM in Indonesia, showcasing the existence of vicious cycles in ongoing CGM sites. These models can guide future efforts to identify progressive solutions, especially in support of programs aimed at reducing mercury usage.
Investigation of microbiological quality of indoor air in university campus due to students returning after COVID-19 restriction
Authors: Imami A D , Azizah R N , Marpaung T K , Awfa D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
COVID-19 has opened the world’s eyes to microbiological indoor air quality, which is essential to know the disease’s behaviour and spread. COVID-19 has caused several campuses to restrict campus activities to minimize the virus’s transmission among students. As students return to campus, microbiological indoor air quality can deteriorate. Therefore, understanding related to this matter needs to be improved. This study aims to give a glimpse to investigate the impact of a student returning to microbiological indoor air quality and determine the main contributing factors influencing it. This study measured two microbial air pollutants, total bacteria, and fungi, in a different indoor environment at the Sumatra Institute of Technology in Lampung, Indonesia. Simultaneously, the main factor, (the number of occupants/students) and several environmental factors that could potentially influence microbial air pollutants such as room temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, ventilation area, and the direction of wind movement were also measured. Compared to measurements taken during the pandemic, the intensified number of averaged total bacteria and total fungi reached 248% and 63%, respectively. The total bacteria measured at the sampling locations were higher than the total fungi of 799.27 CFU/m3 compared to 552.99 CFU/m3. The number of bacteria also exceeds the Indonesian Bacteria Indoor Air Quality parameters standard. Based on the regression linier analysis, different significant variables influence each parameter. In general, the return of students after COVID-19 restrictions has significantly affected indoor microbiological air quality. In addition, the environmental factors that affect the parameters of bacteria and fungi are different, so further attention shall be addressed by the campus.
Determinant factor of environmental quality based on carbon footprint levels in Asia using regression model and Jacobian optimization method
Authors: Putri O A , Ahmad A , Zahid M F , Izzany N , Aisyah S , Oktarina S D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The rapid economic growth in Asia has resulted in significant carbon emissions, leading to global climate change and environmental degradation. The situation is closely linked to increased industrial activities, population growth, and high energy consumption. Thus, this research is focused on analyzing whether the growth domestic product per capita, foreign direct investment per capita, energy use per capita, and forestland emissions per capita are associated with carbon footprint records in Asia. The attempt is conducted by employing parameter estimation of carbon footprint using a regression model and Jacobian Optimization procedure. The model incorporates data from FAOSTAT, Global Footprint Network, and the World Bank in 2021. The result suggested that if GDP per capita increases by 1,000 units, then the estimated average of carbon footprint per capita will also increase by 0.2, holding other variables remain constant. The finding contributes to formulating effective strategies for carbon footprint reduction and sustainable development in the region. The optimized parameter estimation provides valuable insights into the factors affecting the carbon footprint in Asia.
A Study of waste generation and waste composition in Pasaran Island for the sustainability of tourism industry in Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Mawaddah N , Alam F C , Sahid  , Bunga V U , Hanami Z A , Prayogo W , Kamal M , Hasiany S , Gultom T , Putri Z O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To date, no studies have been undertaken on Pasaran Island to investigate waste generation and composition, rendering this research significant for laying the groundwork for precise and sustainable waste management planning. Existing studies predominantly center on waste generation concerning community behaviour, stakeholder roles in management, and the technical assessment of waste management aspects. Consequently, this study aims to quantify waste generation and composition on Pasaran Island. Sampling adhered to the SNI-19-3694-1994 standard over eight consecutive days, focusing on household waste for domestic waste samples and selecting commercial establishments, mosques, and schools as sources for non-domestic waste samples. The research reveals an average waste generation rate of 0.13 kg/person/day on Pasaran Island. Organic waste predominates, constituting 44% of the total, originating from household activities like kitchen waste and waste deposited on the island by the sea. Plastic, encompassing bottles, bags, and food packaging, ranks as the second most prevalent waste type at 26% of the total. Residents in tourist areas exhibit distinct waste generation characteristics. The findings can be utilized for the development of the tourism sector to consider organic waste as the primary focus, it must be addressed first.
Environmental monitoring of the transportation sector in meta-analytic study
Authors: Sarjana Sri 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Environmental monitoring is the process of collecting, monitoring and analyzing data related to physical and biological environment in order to understand environmental conditions, identify problems that may occur and take action to protect and improve the environment. Environmental monitoring in transportation sector is directed at understanding its contribution to air pollution, noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, habitat destruction, and other impacts on environment. The purpose of this study is to identify derivative concepts in environmental monitoring for encouraging the development of green technology through analysis of scientific publications. Meta-analysis applied through bibliometric analysis to the concept of environmental monitoring in transportation sector is expected to produce novel findings. Analytic hierarchy process is carried out as follow-up analysis in determining choices and priorities on topic findings that have novelty. Data collection was obtained in the form of scientific journals published for 2018-2022 sourced from Google Scholar through a search with the concept of environmental monitoring in transportation sector. The results of study found that several derivative topics in the concept of environmental monitoring in transportation sector have novelties including atmospheric transport, gas sensing, carbon footprint, tritium transport, vertical transport, smart grid and intelligent transportation system. While priority topics that are expected to be followed up in the development of knowledge and technology in the future include carbon footprint, gas sensing and intelligent transportation systems.
Domestic wastewater treatment with anaerobic-aerobic biofilters using plastic honeycomb media
Authors: Said N I , Hernaningsih T , Widayat W , Yudo S , Septian A , Setiyono  , Rifai A , Setiadi I , Sulaeman O , Wahyono H D , Hartaja D R K , Darmawangsa M R , Ikhsan I N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The potential for domestic wastewater will also increase as Indonesia’s population grows. Domestic wastewater contains organic and inorganic contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms, which are dangerous to public health. Therefore, strategies need to be taken to overcome the pollution problem caused by domestic wastewater. The anaerobic-aerobic biofilters is a wastewater treatment method that employs a biological, low-energy, and environmentally friendly process. Hence, in this research, the utilization of plastic honeycomb media technology in the anaerobic-aerobic biofilter is proposed as an alternative method for domestic wastewater treatment. This research aims to evaluate the performance of office wastewater treatment with anaerobic-aerobic biofilters using plastic honeycomb media. The research method evaluated the treatment results with a 70 m3/day capacity used in an office in Muara Karang, Jakarta. The wastewater treatment results must comply with Ministry of the Environment Regulation 68 of 2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards, so it is necessary to analyze the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total suspended solid (TSS), ammonia, and total coliform parameters. The average removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, and total coliforms were 92.5; 91.1; 97.2; 97.1; and 99.9 %, respectively. In addition, there is an influence of wastewater discharge on the removal efficiency of these parameters.
Comparative analysis of biomass boiler, heat pump, direct electric and solar-biomass based heating systems for small residential building in Kathmandu
Authors: Timilsina N S , Adhikari N , Gautam S , Aacharya A , Satyal S , Pandey P , Baral B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Globally, 42 % of the energy produced is used for heating and cooling applications to maintain thermal comfort for the human body. The selection of these heating systems is governed by initial investment and operating expenses. This study presents the technical and economic assessment of four heating systems: a biomass-based radiator system, an air-air heat pump system, a direct electric heater system, and a hybrid-biomass solar-based radiator system. The heating requirement of the building of an area of 94 m2 for the winter months of Kathmandu was determined. Later, the heating systems of standard size were selected for technical and economic assessment to choose the suitable one. Based on degree-day method, the annual heating requirement of the building was estimated to be 10890.5 kWh to maintain a temperature of 20°C. The total yearly energy of 10880 kWh, 3203 kWh, 10890.5 kWh, and 6013.17 kWh were consumed for the biomass, the heat pump, the direct electric, and the hybrid system, respectively. The equivalent energy costs for operation were estimated to be Rs 52,500, Rs 38,436, Rs. 1,19,795, and Rs. 29,000 for the respective systems. Considering the initial and operating costs over 15 years time period, the present worth of the hybrid system is the largest amongst all other systems. Hence, from the study, the hybrid biomass- solar-based radiator is the best heating system for Kathmandu, considering the energy costs and NPW.
Why does the rule of law survive?
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Most contemporary accounts of the rule of law set out the criteria that a legal system must meet in order to satisfy the rule of law, but they do not have much to say about how a decent and respectable legal system gets off the ground initially, or how it remains stable. This chapter explores a series of theories for why the rule of law proves stable and sustainable. In particular, it characterizes this as a puzzle about why powerful actors, in particular the ones wielding the levers of state violence, limit themselves within the bounds defined by law. Why should the powerful, that is, give pause when the law says no? Drawing on economics and political theory, this chapter canvasses the available (yet ultimately unsatisfying) array of answers.
Shared decision-making with older people on TReatment Escalation planning for Acute deterioration in the emergency Medical Setting: a qualitative study of Clinicians’ perspectives (STREAMS-C)
Authors: Warner Bronwen E , Wells Mary , Vindrola-Padros Cecilia , Brett Stephen J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Shared decision-making (SDM) is increasingly expected in healthcare systems prioritising patient autonomy. Treatment escalation plans (TEPs) outline contingency for medical intervention in the event of patient deterioration. This study aimed to understand clinicians’ perspectives on SDM in TEP for older patients in the acute medical setting.

Methods
This was a qualitative study following a constructivist approach. Semistructured interviews with vignettes were conducted with 26 consultant and registrar doctors working in emergency medicine, general internal medicine, intensive care medicine and palliative care medicine. Reflexive thematic analysis was performed.

Results
There were three themes: ‘An unequal partnership’, ‘Options without equipoise’ and ‘Decisions with shared understanding’. Clinicians’ expertise in synthesising complex, uncertain clinical information was contrasted with perceived patient unfamiliarity with future health planning and medical intervention. There was a strong sense of morality underpinning decision-making and little equipoise about appropriate TEP decisions. Communication around the TEP was important, and clinicians sought control over the high-stakes decision whilst avoiding conflict and achieving shared understanding.

Conclusions
Clinicians take responsibility for securing a ‘good’ TEP decision for older patients in the acute medical setting. They synthesise clinical data with implicit ethical reasoning according to their professional predictions of qualitative and quantitative success following medical intervention. SDM is seldom considered a priority for this context. Nonetheless, avoidance of conflict, preserving the clinical relationship and shared understanding with the patient and family are important.