bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of an Emerging Standard on Architecture Evaluation – ISO/IEC 42030
Authors: Martin James N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA new, emerging standard on architecture evaluation is under development to be published as ISO/IEC 42030. This paper provides an overview of the key concepts in this standard and the rationale for these ideas. The standard defines key elements used in an evaluation: evaluation objectives, criteria, and approach; value assessment objectives, criteria, and methods; and architecture analysis objectives, criteria, and methods. It is expected that these evaluation elements will be used when evaluating architectures and their implementation. This standard can be used as a foundation for organizational training and guidebooks on architecture evaluation methodologies and for related techniques and tools. It can also be used as a basis for implementation of architecture processes.
An Investigation of Functionalities of Future Tool‐chain for Aerospace Industry
Authors: Lu Jinzhi , Chen De‐Jiu , Gürdür Didem , Törngren Martin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractModel‐based systems engineering (MBSE) is advocated as one important means to deal with increasing product complexity. In this paper, we investigate the increasing interest and use of MBSE in the aerospace domain. The growth of MBSE tools causes new challenges in the corresponding tool‐chain development including data and information management, tool's applicability identification, tool‐integration, etc. In this paper, a literature survey into trends and usages of large‐scale MBSE tool‐chains is presented. It is found that the key functionalities include functional roles, elements, abstraction levels and tool integration techniques. Additionally, we propose a methodology to provide guidance in optimizing future MBSE tool‐chain functionalities for the aero‐industry. In closing, we present a case study in order to illustrate the decision making process required to develop expected tool‐chains by the proposed methodology.
Reproductive characteristics of a coyote population before and during exploitation
Authors: Kilgo John C. , Shaw Christopher E. , Vukovich Mark , Conroy Michael J. , Ruth Charles 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe eastward expansion of coyotes (Canis latrans) has brought the species into ecosystems and landscapes different from those it historically occupied, yet little is known about the reproductive biology of coyotes in the southeastern United States or the effects of exploitation on reproduction in coyotes. Our objective was to quantify litter size, pregnancy rate, and fecundity in an essentially unexploited coyote population in South Carolina, USA and to evaluate the effect of exploitation on these parameters. We examined reproductive tracts from 235 female coyotes trapped during 2010–2012. Placental scars from coyotes trapped during 2010 indicated that prior to trapping (2009), pregnancy rates were zero for juveniles, 0.25 for yearlings, and 0.389 for adults. Litter size for adults during 2009 averaged 5.4 pups/female, resulting in fecundity of 2.1 pups/female. The number of coyotes trapped was similar among years, indicating that the population recovered following trapping each year, but it shifted toward a younger age structure during trapping. However, although pregnancy rate, litter size, and fecundity of adults all tended to increase from pre‐trapping (2009) through the last trapping period (2011–2012), differences were not significant for this or any other age class. Fecundity of the population did not significantly increase during the first year of trapping (2010) but was lower during the last trapping period (2011–2012; 0.56 ± 0.15 [95% CL]) than prior to trapping (0.90 ± 0.15 [95% CL]). Thus, we observed only weak evidence for compensatory reproduction in response to trapping pressure and conclude that the increase in the juvenile component of the population was attributable primarily to immigration from neighboring areas rather thanin situreproduction. This increased representation of juveniles in the population, which rarely bred, coupled with a concurrent decrease in adults, which accounted for 59.2% of breeding, explains the reduction in population fecundity. High immigration rates as indicated herein render coyote populations extremely difficult to control. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
A double echo ultra short echo time (UTE) acquisition for respiratory motion‐suppressed high resolution imaging of the lung
Authors: Delacoste Jean , Chaptinel Jerome , Beigelman‐Aubry Catherine , Piccini Davide , Sauty Alain , Stuber Matthias 
Published: August 2017

PurposeMagnetic resonance imaging is a promising alternative to computed tomography for lung imaging. However, organ motion and poor signal‐to‐noise ratio, arising from short
, impair image quality. To alleviate these issues, a new retrospective gating method was implemented and tested with an ultra‐short echo time sequence.MethodsA 3D double‐echo ultra‐short echo time sequence was used to acquire data during free breathing in ten healthy adult subjects. A self‐gating method was used to reconstruct respiratory motion suppressed expiratory and inspiratory images. These images were objectively compared to uncorrected data sets using quantitative end‐points (pulmonary vessel sharpness, lung–liver interface definition, signal‐to‐noise ratio). The method was preliminarily tested in two cystic fibrosis patients who underwent computed tomography.ResultsVessel sharpness in expiratory ultra‐short echo time data sets with second echo motion detection was significantly higher (13% relative increase) than in uncorrected images while the opposite was observed in inspiratory images. The method was successfully applied in patients and some findings (e.g., hypointense areas) were similar to those from computed tomography.ConclusionFree breathing ultra‐short echo time was successfully implemented, allowing flexible image reconstruction of two different respiratory states. Objective improvements in image quality were obtained with the new method and initial feasibility in a clinical setting was demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 79:2297–2305, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Preparation, structure, and property of highly filled polyamide 11/BaTiO3 piezoelectric composites prepared through solid‐state mechanochemical method
Authors: Hua Zhengkun , Shi Xianrui , Chen Yinghong 
Published: August 2017

In this article, a piezoelectric polymer composite consisting of polyamide 11 (PA11) and high loading of barium titanate (BT) particles was prepared through solid‐state shear milling method based on a pan‐type milling equipment. The structure and performance of the prepared PA11/BT composite were investigated by using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), piezoelectric test, and mechanical measurement. Experimental results showed that high loading of BT particles were homogeneously dispersed in PA11 matrix under the strong shear force field of pan‐milling. Besides, the addition of BT changed the crystallization behavior of PA11 matrix and increased its thermal stability also. The dielectric constant of the prepared PA11/BT composites dropped with increase of the frequency. However, it increased remarkably with increase of the BT volume fraction. In addition, a linear increase was found in piezoelectric strain coefficient d33 with increase of the BT volume fraction. For example, d33 could reach 1.1 pC/N and 6.6 pC/N at the BT loading of 5 and 50 vol%, respectively. The obtained composite still showed good mechanical properties even when the BT volume fraction increased to 20 vol%. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E177–E185, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
The First Example of Bisindole‐Based Polyurethane Dendrimers: Synthesis and Performance in DSSC
Authors: Sathiyaraj Subramaniyan , Kumar Kaliamurthy Ashok , Jailani Shanavas Abdul Kadar , Sultan Nasar Abdul Salam 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA new B3‐type blocked isocyanate core and AB2‐type building block molecules containing bis‐indole moiety were synthesized via a scalable synthetic routes. Starting with these molecules, amine‐ and blocked isocyanate‐terminated polyurethane dendrimers up to third generation were build‐up using (i) a simple urethane interchange reaction, (ii) deprotection of amine and (iii) efficient conversion of amine into blocked isocyanate groups. The structural integrity of the core, building block and their intermediates were verified using FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and HR‐MS technique. The structure and molecular weight of blocked isocyanate‐terminated dendrimers were confirmed using 1H‐NMR spectra and size exclusion chromatography with multi angle laser light scattering detector (SEC‐MALLS) technique respectively whereas the structure of all other dendrimers were confirmed using FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated using these dendrimers as electrolytes; the DSSC fabricated with G3 dendrimer yielded an overall energy conversion efficiency (η) of 6.32 % upon illumination with 1 sun visible light.
Conclusion: Are Rising Powers Breaking the Peacebuilding Mold?
Authors: Call Charles T. , de Coning Cedric 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The concluding chapter analyzes the peacebuilding concepts, policies, and practices of five key rising powers—Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Turkey. It finds that these countries’ approaches share some key features but diverge in others. Rising powers have a broader concept of peacebuilding than most Western donor countries, but the extent to which they equate peacebuilding with development varies. They have a more holistic operational approach, a longer time horizon, and a strong emphasis on national ownership, but the latter is often narrowed down to governmental consent. They share a heightened sensitivity to sovereignty, but negotiate this in a variety of ways. It finds that the rising powers have influenced the discourse and practices of peacebuilding, especially at the United Nations (UN), but not transformed them. Several recent setbacks raise doubts about whether rising powers will sustain their new influential role in peacebuilding. This volume shows that rising powers have set forth a broadly coherent set of principles and rationales as the basis for their new approach to peacebuilding. These principles and practices are likely to influence how Western donors, the UN, regional organizations, and non-governmental organizations approach peacebuilding in important ways in the coming years.
A “Brazilian Way”? Brazil’s Approach to Peacebuilding
Authors: Abdenur Adriana Erthal , Call Charles T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSince the early 2000s, Brazil has been a high-profile advocate of non-Western approaches to development cooperation, peace operations, and other initiatives related to peacebuilding. Brazil became more active in a variety of initiatives that can be considered to fall under the concept of peacebuilding. In UN debates, Brazil promoted peacebuilding as a complement and sometimes as an alternative to militarized approaches to peacekeeping, arguing that investing in political processes and socioeconomic development was essential to the promotion of peace. This chapter describes the scope of, and trends in, Brazil’s peacebuilding activities since the early 2000s. It analyzes the broader context, key principles, and main mechanisms of Brazilian peacebuilding; identifies major patterns and trends; and notes some of the most important challenges and contradictions. In particular, it examines whether there is a “Brazilian” approach to peacebuilding and what its elements might be, as well as how that approach differs from dominant or Western principles and practices. It finds that despite recent cutbacks and a lower profile on the global stage, Brazilian efforts abroad constitute a loose but emergent approach to promoting stability and development in partner countries.
Identification of a TBHQ‐Interfering Peak in Crude Canola Oil Using AOCS Official Method Ce 6‐86 and its Chromatographic Resolution
Authors: Blumhorst Michael R. , Mahan Travis , Stanley Kathryn , Griffith Aaron , Collison Mark W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAOCS Official Method Ce 6‐86 “Antioxidants, Liquid Chromatographic Method” was originally developed to confirm the correct antioxidant was added at the specified concentration to refined oils. Today, this method is increasingly utilized to validate that antioxidants are absent from oil products. False positive results can have a significant impact on the ability to sell products in specific markets and can impart additional business expenditures for conclusive secondary analyses. In the current work, quantification of tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in crude canola/rapeseed oil using liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was compromised by an interfering peak. Analyses using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high‐resolution accurate mass LC–MS identified the interferent as 2,6‐dimethoxy‐4‐vinylphenol (canolol), an endogenous compound present in crude canola/rapeseed oil. Resolution of canolol and TBHQ using LC‐UV can be achieved via minor modification of the chromatographic conditions.
Biochemical Analysis of Four Missense Mutations in the HSD17B3 Gene Associated with 46, XY Disorders of Sex Development in Egyptian Patients
Authors: Engeli Roger T. , Tsachaki Maria , Hassan Heba A. , Sager Christoph P. , Essawi Mona L. , Gad Yehia Z. , Kamel Alaa K. , Mazen Inas , Odermatt Alex 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Mutations in the HSD17B3 gene are associated with a 46,XY disorder of sexual development (46,XY DSD) as a result of low testosterone production during embryogenesis.

Aim
To elucidate the molecular basis of the disorder by chemically analyzing four missense mutations in HSD17B3 (T54A, M164T, L194P, G289S) from Egyptian patients with 46,XY DSD.

Methods
Expression plasmids for wild-type 17β-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase type 3 (17β-HSD3) and mutant enzymes generated by site-directed mutagenesis were transiently transfected into human HEK-293 cells. Protein expression was verified by western blotting and activity was determined by measuring the conversion of radiolabeled Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione to testosterone. Application of a homology model provided an explanation for the observed effects of the mutations.

Outcomes
Testosterone formation by wild-type and mutant 17β-HSD3 enzymes was compared.

Results
Mutations T54A and L194P, despite normal protein expression, completely abolished 17β-HSD3 activity, explaining their severe 46,XY DSD phenotype. Mutant M164T could still produce testosterone, albeit with significantly lower activity compared with wild-type 17β-HSD3, resulting in ambiguous genitalia or a microphallus at birth. The substitution G289S represented a polymorphism exhibiting comparable activity to wild-type 17β-HSD3. Sequencing of the SRD5A2 gene in three siblings bearing the HSD17B3 G289S polymorphism disclosed the homozygous Y91H mutation in the former gene, thus explaining the 46,XY DSD presentations. Molecular modeling analyses supported the biochemical observations and predicted a disruption of cofactor binding by mutations T54A and M164T and of substrate binding by L196P, resulting in the loss of enzyme activity. In contrast, the G289S substitution was predicted to disturb neither the three-dimensional structure nor enzyme activity.

Clinical Translation
Biochemical analysis of mutant 17β-HSD3 enzymes is necessary to understand genotype-phenotype relationships.

Strengths and Limitations
Biochemical analysis combined with molecular modeling provides insight into disease mechanism. However, the stability of mutant proteins in vivo cannot be predicted by this approach.

Conclusion
The 17β-HSD3 G289S substitution, previously reported in other patients with 46,XY DSD, is a polymorphism that does not cause the disorder; thus, further sequence analysis was required and disclosed a mutation in SRD5A2, explaining the cause of 46,XY DSD in these patients.
A 10-Year Interval Study About the Sexual Life and Attitudes of Korean Women: The Korean Internet Sexuality Survey (KISS) 2014, Part 2
Authors: Park Juhyun , Min Byunghun , Shin Hyojin , Oh Sohee , Song Won Hoon , Cho Sung Yong , Cho Min Chul , Jeong Hyeon , Son Hwancheol 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Many studies on sexual attitudes and behavior have been performed to improve sexual health.

Aim
To evaluate changing trends in Korean female sexual life and attitudes in an internet-based survey at 10-year intervals.

Methods
The survey was targeted toward 20- to 59-year-old women who were asked to complete the questionnaire only if they were sexually active. The survey contained 110 questions about demographic statistics, sexual life, and attitudes that were crafted based on the 2004 study.

Outcomes
Results of the 2004 study vs those of the 2014 study.

Results
In total, 516 women participated in the study; the questionnaire response rate was 16.0%. The mean frequency of intercourse (FOI) per month was 3.46 ± 2.56 in 2014 vs 5.34 ± 3.84 in 2004. Women in their 20s and 30s in 2014 reported a lower mean FOI than those in 2004. There was no significant difference in the mean FOI in 2004 vs 2014 for women who in their 40s. Risk factors for lower FOI were being older, being single, and having dyspareunia. Most Korean women had positive attitudes toward sex (3.2 ± 0.6 of 5) and considered it as important (3.3 ± 0.7 of 5) as those surveyed in 2004. However, women 20 to 39 years old had less positive attitudes toward sex than in the past decade. Women in their 40s were more active and had more conversations with their partners. Of women using contraceptives, 63.8% were found to use less effective methods, such as intercourse withdrawal and the fertility awareness method.

Clinical Implications
Assessment of changing trends in Korean female sexual life, attitudes, and contraceptive methods could help to establish proper national sexual education programs and campaigns.

Strengths and Limitations
This study was not a cohort study, because subjects in the 2014 were not identical to those in the 2004 study. Nevertheless, we applied the same inclusion and exclusion criteria for this internet survey, a suitable tool to evaluate the sex life of women, which is often considered a sensitive and private issue in Asian culture.

Conclusions
Compared with the 2004 survey, young Korean women had fewer sexual relationships and had a less positive attitude toward sex. In addition, many women used less effective methods of contraception.
Gamma rhythm low field magnetic stimulation alleviates neuropathologic changes and rescues memory and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhen Junli , Qian Yanjing , Weng Xiechuan , Su Wenting , Zhang Jianliang , Cai Lihui , Dong Lin , An Haiting , Su Ruijun , Wang Jiang , Zheng Yan , Wang Xiaomin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe abnormal amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation and Aβ‐related neural network dysfunction are considered central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the early stage. Deep‐brain reachable low field magnetic stimulation (DMS), a novel noninvasive approach that was designed to intervene the network activity in brains, has been found to alleviate stress‐related cognitive impairments.MethodsAmyloid precursor protein/presenilin‐1 transgenic mice (5XFAD) were treated with DMS, and cognitive behavior and AD‐like pathologic changes in the neurochemical and electrophysiological properties in 5XFAD mice were assessed.ResultsWe demonstrate that DMS treatment enhances cognitive performances, attenuates Aβ load, upregulates postsynaptic density protein 95 level, and promotes hippocampal long‐term potentiation in 5XFAD mouse brain. Intriguingly, the gamma burst magnetic stimulation reverses the aberrant gamma oscillations in the transgenic hippocampal network.DiscussionThis work establishes a solid foundation for the effectiveness of DMS in treating AD and proposes a future study of gamma rhythm stimulation on reorganizing rhythmic neural activity in AD brain.
Bereavement, multimorbidity and mortality: a population-based study using bereavement as an indicator of mental stress
Authors: Prior A. , Fenger-Grøn M. , Davydow D. S. , Olsen J. , Li J. , Guldin M.-B. , Vestergaard M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundMental stress is associated with higher mortality, but it remains controversial whether the association is causal or a consequence of a higher physical disease burden in those with a high mental stress load. Understanding causality is important when developing targeted interventions. We aimed to estimate the effect of mental stress on mortality by performing a ‘natural’ experiment using spousal bereavement as a disease-independent mental stressor.MethodsWe followed a population-based matched cohort, including all individuals in Denmark bereaved in 1997–2014, for 17 years. Prospectively recorded register data were obtained for civil and vital status, 39 mental and physical diagnoses, and socioeconomic factors.ResultsIn total, 389 316 bereaved individuals were identified and 137 247 died during follow-up. Bereaved individuals had higher all-cause mortality than non-bereaved references in the entire study period. The relative mortality in the bereaved individuals was highest shortly after the loss (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), first month: 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.37–2.63; aHR, 6–12 months: 1.38, 95% CI 1.34–1.42). The excess mortality rate associated with bereavement rose with increasing number of physical diseases (1.33v.7.00 excess death per 1000 person-months for individuals with 0v.⩾3 physical conditions during the first month) and was exacerbated by the presence of mental illness. The excess mortality among bereaved individuals was primarily due to death from natural causes.ConclusionsBereavement was associated with increased short-term and long-term mortality, even after adjustment for morbidities, which suggests that mental stress may play a causal role in excess mortality.
Trends in the burden of varicella in UK general practice
Authors: WALKER J. L. , ANDREWS N. J. , MATHUR R. , SMEETH L. , THOMAS S. L. 
Published: August 2017

SUMMARYChildhood varicella vaccination has not yet been introduced in the UK. To inform decision-making about future vaccine programmes, data on the burden of varicella in general practice over a 10-year period (01/01/2005–31/12/2014) was calculated by age and ethnicity, using anonymised data from >8 million individuals in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Varicella consultations peaked at 20 603 in 2007, then decreased annually in all age groups to 11 243 in 2014. Each year, consultation rates were common among infants, were highest among 1–3 year olds (61·2 consultations/1000 person-years in 2007, 39·7/1000 person-years in 2014) and then fell with increasing age to <1·0/1000 person-years at ages ⩾20 years. Varicella acquisition appeared to be delayed in some ethnic groups, with lower consultation rates for children aged <3 years but increased rates for older children and adults aged ⩽40 years among those of black African, Afro-Caribbean, South Asian or other Asian ethnicity. Decreasing general practice consultation rates over time could reflect changes in healthcare utilisation, with patients seeking care in alternative settings such as Accident and Emergency Departments, although current data prevent full assessment of this. Availability of data on varicella diagnoses across all health settings would enable estimation of the total healthcare burden due to varicella and the cost-effectiveness of introducing varicella vaccination.