bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case Study on the Development and Implementation of a Software Assisted Pipeline Integrity Management System
Authors: Qasim Muhammad , Spencer Kevin , Rao Girish 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper is a case study relating to the development and implementation of a pipeline integrity management system (PIMS) for a major pipeline operator in the Middle East. This paper provides an overview of the project and underlines the practical steps and systems adopted by the operator in order to maintain the integrity of their pipeline network.
A successful and effective integrity management requires a comprehensive support system. As a minimum, that system must address people (organized teams of various disciplines contributing to the overall objective i.e. pipeline integrity management), process (standards and policies on how to achieve the objective) and tools (resources to achieve the objective such as software) to manage the pipeline integrity. This paper describes the development and implementation of a geospatial pipeline data model, supported by a software system which fulfils the PIMS support requirements and is aligned with pipeline integrity management industry best practices and international codes and standards.
The paper explains the importance of gathering accurate data in the development and implementation of PIMS. The paper highlights the challenges faced during the PIMS implementation stage and how these were resolved through collaboration with the various stakeholders. For example, the paper discusses data completeness difficulties commonly faced for older pipelines and provide practical solutions for data maintenance and information reliability (e.g. interviews of personnel, documentation of methodologies and engineering judgments agreed by stakeholders, etc.) which provides consistent application of integrity procedures.
The paper further details how the PIMS assisted the operator in maintaining the safe operation of their pipeline network in compliance with international codes (i.e. ASME B31.8S and API 1160) and industry best practices.
The paper explains the practical steps adopted and could be used as a road map for development and implementation of PIMS by other operating companies.
Gas Injection Optimization in a Giant Offshore Carbonate Field and Impact on Field Development Plan. Case Study
Authors: Ahmad Fazeel , Sarsekov Arlen , Iwama Hiroki , Saif Omar Yousaf , Abed Abdalla , Al-Naeimi Ahmed Khalifa 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Gas injection is a part of secondary recovery factor to improve reservoir sweep efficiency and recovery factor. However defining optimum gas injection rate in a multi layered heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs is a big challenge and any deviation from optimum gas injection rate can cause fast Gas Cap expansion or fast reservoir depletion.
Proper dynamic synthesis of the multi layered reservoir was performed. Openhole logs and available cased hole logs were QCed and reinterpreted for better undestanding of fluid movement. Efficient gas injection rate for each string and balance between water injection and gas injection were evaluated.
Gas tracers study was carried out by injecting gas tracers into gas injection wells. The results of the study were used for optimizing the gas injection strategy.
As a result of overall gas injection optimization, a positive impact is observed on the total field gas production rate or total field GOR which has been reduced and many oil wells became active resulted in additional oil production gain.
A Smarter and Cost Saving Approach for Inhibited Hydrotest Water for Large Storage Tanks Commissioning
Authors: Sabry Houssam 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper describes how demineralized water was substituted using inhibited sea water for hydro testing large capacity storage tanks and the huge cost savings achieved in the process.
ADGAS built two new Paraffinic Naphtha Tanks in 2014-2016. The tanks are of double walled doubled deck floating roof construction. The holding capacity of the tanks was approx. 50000m3.The tanks were to be hydro tested before commissioning. The volume of the Hydrotest water used was 50000 m3 for inner tank and 10000 m3for the annular space between the walls hence totaling 60000 m3for one tank.
Demineralized water was the primary choice for Hydrotesting. Minimum cost of desalinated water for testing one tank would be USD 222000 (USD 3.7x60000). Utilizing a conventional multifunction inhibitor would cost approximately USD 1.2 Million for both tanks. ADGAS used a newly developed floating corrosion inhibitor that would only wet the surfaces to be protected. Cost of this innovative chemical is only USD 11000/tank.
The corrosion inhibitors used was a float coat mixed with oxygen scavenger. Float Coat inhibitor is a biodegradable, nitrite and amine free, and environmentally acceptable for use. This was spray/brush applied on the tank walls for surface protection. Sea water was deoxygenated using an oxygen scavenger and gradually filled in to the tank. The floating properties of the inhibitor ensured uniform reach of the inhibitor.
Total cost savings achieved:
Cost of demineralized water: 222000×2= USD 444000. (Both tanks)
Cost of chemicals: Float coat USD 11000/tankOxygen scavenger USD 49800/tankTotal: USD 60800/tank
Total cost of chemicals for two tanks: 60800× 2= USD 121600.
Savings: 444000+ 1200000-121600 = USD 1321600
Effective Insertable Progressive Cavity Pump Anchor Optimizes Workover Costs
Authors: Sultan A. , Khalil M. , Attar I. , Gazi N. , Al-Sabea S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
As oil and gas fields are depleted, artificial lift (AL) systems are often required to maintain delivery volumes and to maximize recovery. To handle adverse conditions, such as high viscosity oil, high water cut, sand, low reservoir pressures, high temperatures, low productivity wells, and high angle wells, special AL systems may be required.
In highly productive Burgan reservoirs, high water production is a major issue in both vertical and horizontal wells thus requiring AL systems to maximize the oil recovery. Unfortunately, there are pump failures or getting stuck due to changes in the well condition or uncertainties. Replacing the failed pump needs more cost and availability of rigs.
Conventional PCPs are installed by running the stator assembly on the bottom of the tubing and the rotor on the bottom of the rod. In case of malfunction in the system due to change in the well condition may lead to pump failure and its replacement.
Besides production losses during the pump failure, the availability of the workover rig is a major issue. This led to go for new innovation and technology to restore the production and minimize the cost especially at current low oil price environment.
A new Anchoring device for insert-able PCP can be run in the well without using any rig. The use of the anchors eliminates the need for the pump seating nipple, thus removing the need of pulling tubing to install or change the setting depth.
Moreover, by having retrievable seating mechanism, changing the setting depth of the pump can be done by un-seating the anchors and re-seating those at the new desired setting depth. This is beneficial in wells with dynamic and changing fluid levels.
The insert-able pump anchor also can be used where tubing has a hole near the pump seating nipple, or have a problem with the completion like damaged AL system. The insert-able pump anchor allows the user to select the best pump seating depth after the well is completed and tubing has been run.
In this particular well, PCP was stuck, rod was broken, production was stopped, and loses were increasing. To restore the production, reduce the cost and time, insert-able PCP anchor was run at certain depth after punching the tubing in order to allow for a new pump intake zone and landed the anchored pump above the punched area. This system eliminated costly and time consuming tubing pulls with workover rig to change damaged pump and thus saved money. The well went back to production in short period of time after this procedure and showed good performance.
This new and innovative system and procedure can be used in similar well conditions in other fields to save time and money to create additional value.
Thirsty Reservoirs - Challenges in Drilling Through Severe Lost Circulation Zones
Authors: Gooneratne Chinthaka P. , Gomez Gonzalez Ernesto S. , Al-Musa Abdulaziz S. , Osorio Hugo F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of drilling methods and fluid and mechanical solutions to mitigate lost circulation (LC), as well as risk control measures undertaken, while drilling 5 wells on two platforms with severe LC zones in the reservoir. The drilling rate of penetration (ROP) was significantly reduced compared to the ROP utilized in the sections above the reservoir, along with the pump rate, to minimize enhancing fractures in a highly permeable zone. A combination of bridging, cement and resin based materials were also used in the 5 wells to mitigate and partially/fully cure losses. Risk control measures included only having a maximum of two rigs drilling in the reservoir section at the same time, rig capacities to sustain bad weather without support from boats, each rig in the vicinity having barite, lost circulation materials (LCM), and other resin based LCM materials available and having cement retainers (CRs) on standby and using them not only when curing losses but also to secure the well in the event mud/barite/chemicals on the rig could not sustain hole filling during bad weather.
Even though the losses were not completely cured in wells B and E, which led to the cessation of drilling operations before reaching the planned total depth, the LC mitigation methods used ensured access to 20 % of the net payzone in well B and 30 % in well E, a significant achievement in such severe LC zones. Evaluation of three fluid solutions used to mitigate losses showed that spotting cement through a cement retainer (CR), set close to the previous casing shoe, gave a higher possibility of curing losses compared to conventional LCM resin based LCM and directly spotting cement on loss zone with open ended drillpipe (OEDP).
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sinking Ground
Authors: Perumal K. , Adel K. , Al Awadhi I. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Ground settlement in PLANT areas are major concern as it might affect integrity of structures and safe operations. In a recent incident at GASCO Sulphur Handling Terminal (Ruwais), substantial ground settlements were observed at sulphur granulator unit area which affected nearby foundations/structures. Various reasons can contribute to settlement issue and this paper presents the methods employed to determine the root causes, assessing the impact on existing structures/foundations and identifying corrective actions required to ensure safe operation.
A detailed study was carried out to ascertain the extent of settlement and to identify the reasons. In order to assess the severity of settlement and its pattern, topographical survey was performed. Geotechnical investigations including boreholes, trail pits with associated field & laboratory tests were executed to study the ground conditions, soil chemistry, collapse potential and strength characteristics of ground. Equipment vendor were also consulted during various stages of study to discuss allowable operational limits. Study results revealed the root cause of ground settlement and appropriate remedial methods were finalized considering techno-economic factors.
Topography results determined the affected foundations/structures and settlement extent. Geotechnical investigation findings indicated that the settled area is a reclaimed land consists of dredged hydraulic fill. The fill material was poorly compacted calcareous soil, contains high proportion of carbonates & gypsum. Carbonate sand is susceptible to dissolve in presence of acidic water & has collapse potential properties. Leaky chemical drain channels were noticed at affected locations.
Many possible causes of settlement were analyzed and evaluated based on investigation results. It is concluded that principal root cause of the settlement is leakage of acidic/non-acidic water from drain channels into ground which had weakened and consolidated the calcareous soil.
Static and dynamic analysis were performed for settled foundations/structures to ensure its stability under various potential loading conditions. Necessary modifications and repair work details are finalized based on analysis results. To avoid further settlement, various options for ground improvement are studied including compaction grouting, underpinning of foundations, jacking/relevelling of super structure, compensation grouting & replacement of foundations.
Study outcome showed that ‘compaction grouting’ is most suitable & economic long term solution. This method involves drilling and injection of vertical and inclined holes in the ground at affected areas with high pressure grouting and thus displace & compact the soil to prevent settlement.
Soft-SAFT Equation of State as a Valuable Tool for the Design of new CO2 Capture Technologies.
Authors: Crespo Emanuel A. , Amaral Mónique , Dariva Claudio , Carvalho Pedro J. , Coutinho João A. , Llovell Fèlix , Pereira Luis M. , Vega Lourdes F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The design, simulation and/or optimization of new processes rely on the availability of robust and accurate models or equations of state (EoS). However, traditional cubic equations of state (EoS’s), traditionally used in many process simulators, fail on describing complex polar and associating behavior of some molecules, leading to unreliable results and hence, poor design and optimization. This problem can be overcome with the use of robust, reliable equations of state. This work belongs to a long term project assessing the performance and usefulness of an advanced EoS (soft-SAFT), as a valuable tool for the description of highly non-ideal systems and thus, for the reliable simulation/design of new technologies.
We focus here on assessing the validity of soft-SAFT, a molecular-based EoS, for the development of novel technologies for CO2 capture using polyether blends as solvent. Within soft-SAFT polyether molecules are modeled as chains with end-groups having an association site, explicitly mimicking the hydroxyl end-groups. The study comprises polyethers, including glymes, and their mixtures with CO2 at different conditions. It is shown that soft-SAFT is able to successfully describe the thermodynamic behavior (e.g. vapor pressures and liquid densities) of these solvents in wide temperature and pressure ranges. Moreover, by explicitly considering the quadrupolar moment of CO2, and using one, temperature and pressure independent binary interaction parameter, an accurate description of the gas solubilities in several polyethers was achieved. For glymes, which among polyethers exhibit the highest CO2 solubilities, such parameter was found to correlate with the molecular weight of the solvent. Finally the equation was used to predict the thermal and pressure cycle capacities of the different solvents. Results presented here reinforce the use of soft-SAFT as a reliable tool for solvent screening, offering reliable predictions of phase equilibria and solubility behavior in a wider number of systems.
Youth Development Through Competence Assurance Management Systems
Authors: Al-Harbi Abdulla Ahmed , Shokry Karim S. , Al-Marzooqi Abdulla Juma , Ali Adeib 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (YDP) Objective/ Scope
The Youth Development program is an unprecedented approach in the region for fresh graduate and non-graduate employees who join the ADNOC group that takes them through a natural career progression. The YDP is suite range of comprehensive well-structured competence development programs that guides and enables YDP Entry Point Employees to develop their competencies while performing their roles and responsibilities safely, effectively and efficiently.
The YDP covers two sub Competence development programs for Graduate and non-Graduate employees. Competence Assurance Management System (CAMS++) introduced as an improved and single unified Competence Development Program for Graduate employees.
It enables consistency and fully supports performance-driven culture where all Graduates are accountable for delivering clear and measurable results that add value to the organization.
CAMS++ is for fresh university Graduates (Bachelor and Master Degrees), who enter at Grade 11 in ADNOC. Graduates following a technical program will be progressed to a target position at Grade 13 after completing the program, while for some support functions the target position will be at Grade 12. This procedure applies to all Graduates entering ADNOC Group in both Technical & Non - Technical Disciplines.
In order for a business to be successful, attention needs to be given to the performance of its people. More specifically, for management to have reasonable assurance of meeting their business objectives, they need to be assured that the workforce is competent. For the individual, tools are required to assist him/her to attain skills, to enhance personal development and career progression, and to take personal responsibility to drive his/her own career in order to compete for job opportunities across the ADNOC Group.
Primarily CAMS++ has been designed to support the overall objectives and Values of the ADNOC over and above the numerous benefits it offers to the young graduate for his / her personal development In alignment with ADNOC vision, the CAMS++ will enable consistency and fully support performance- driven culture where all Graduates are accountable for delivering clear and measurable results that add value to the organization.
Below is a quick demonstration of how CAMS++ is contributing towards each of the ADNOC Values. This is an essential part of the business need both in short and long term for both the organisation and the graduate. CAMS++ helps to fill the gap between the actual and the expected, it creates a bridge between the graduate and the organization under the supervision and guidance of the veteran performers and seasoned domain experts to ensure a smooth transition from a fresh graduate to independent employees in the least amount of time
Innovative Approach of Reviving Water Injectors with Minimum Cost Investment and Maximize Production Offtake. Case Study
Authors: Sarsekov Arlen , McNeilly Kevin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Water injection is a part of secondary recovery factor and it helps to sustain reservoir pressure and maximize production offtake. In the offshore environment, water injectors are injecting sea water. This paper will show how to revive water injectors without utilizing the conventional stimulation and minimize the cost if investment.
Back flow of water injectors is one of the methodologies to increase injectivity index for water injectors as the main source of injection degradation is poor water injection quality, not chemical reaction inside the formation.
This paper will show the source of the water injection degradation along with "Back Flow" methodology and improvements after it.
Optimizing Cost and Restoring Integrity with the First Saudi Aramco Mechanical Descaling Using a Wireline Torque Action Debris Breaker Tool
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Abdullah A. , Zefzafy Ibrahim M. , Al-Malki Mohammad H. , Turner Russell 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper aims to address the great success of utilizing the torque action debris breaker (TADB) tool as a wireline mean to restore wellbore accessibility. The tool was trial tested to remove hard scale accumulation consisting of 95% Iron compounds. Iron compound scale are generally among the most difficult types of scale to be removed by chemical means as historical data showed high failure rate in terms of succeeding to eliminate wellbore blockage. Subsequently, wells have to be treated mechanically using an extensive and costly solutions such as coiled tubing (CT) milling operation to allow for accessing the wells for routine surveillance. Instead, a simple, innovative, and cost effective TADB tool was deployed using a slickline unit. This tool can be conveyed with different sizes of cutters to allow for optimum scale removal and is activated via downward jarring action. Throughout the entire length of tubing, hard Iron compound scale bridges were removed from one oil producing well and well accessibility was restored. The tool contains a unique helical sub which applies a rotational torque with each downward jarring action with cutters designed for maximum cutting capabilities that is safe to internal completion sections. During the trial test, TADB tool was deployed with 1.875" wireline string with two cutting sub sizes and removed accumulated scale inside the 4 ½" tubing in just 12 hours operation. The rotational movement of the tool maximizes the removal and cutting rate which was in the range between 230 to 1,600 ft. /hour depending on size of the cutting sub. Field trial has shown that increasing the size of wireline string increase the TADB tool weight and operational functionality which should translates into higher cutting rate and operational efficiency. The implementation of this technology has generally optimized operational cost compared to lengthy and costly CT operation by minimizing foot print, equipment, manpower, job duration, and provide a more environmentally friendly solution.
Coupling Geostatistics and Rock Physics in Reservoir Modeling and Characterization
Authors: Azevedo Leonardo , Amaro Catarina , Grana Dario , Soares Amílcar , Guerreiro Luís 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Data integration is a key step in reservoir modeling and characterization. If done properly, the integration of different sources of information about the subsurface petro-elastic properties of interest allow a better description of the reservoir while accounting for existing uncertainties. Under this scope, geostatistical seismic inversion techniques have been successfully applied to integrate seismic reflection and well data for seismic reservoir characterization. Depending on the available seismic reflection data, these geostatistical modeling techniques allow inferring acoustic and/or elastic spatial distributions of the the subsurface. The resulting elastic models are then used as secondary variables to infer the petrophysical properties (e.g. facies, porosity) of the reservoir. Consequently, these petrophysical models are not directly constrained by the existing seismic reflection data and the uncertainties related with the seismic inversion problem are not properly propagate during the entire geo-modeling procedure. This work introduces a framework to incorporate rock physics modeling within conventional pre-stack iterative geostatistical seismic inversion methodologies. The proposed technique allow inverting from pre-stack seismic reflection data directly for facies, porosity and pore fluid. This technique is based on three main concepts: i) the model parameter space is perturbed using stochastic sequential simulation and co-simulation; ii) a statistical rock physics modeling technique is used to link the elastic and petrophysical domain within the inversion procedure; and iii) the use of a global optimizer based on cross-over genetic algorithms driven by the mismatch between real and synthetic seismic reflection from iteration to iteration. This work illustrates the successful application of the proposed iterative geostatistical seismic inversion technique to a real dataset. The retrieved petro-elastic models are simultaneously, and consistently, conditioned by the well-log data, seismic reflection data and the reservoir geology (i.e. pore geometry) as expressed by a rock physics model.