bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The World War I Scrapbooks and Photographs of Major General Edward Martin
Authors: Saylor Richard C. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Edward Martin (1879–1967) had both an exemplary military career and a very successful political career in Pennsylvania. Seventy-nine scrapbooks detailing his life are included within his papers at the Pennsylvania State Archives. Martin's World War I career is discussed along with examples of images from his scrapbooks.
A Computer Simulation Model for Thermal Forming of Ship and Offshore Structures
Authors: Thomas Kurian , Sharma Rajiv , Bhattacharyya Subroto Kumar 
Published: October 2017

This paper presents a study on the line heating simulation process with an efficient "finite element analysis (FEA)" simulation model. The simulation model is conceived using concepts from three dimensional (3D) FEA of heat and mass transfer, plate theory and geometry, and implemented with commercially available software (Ansys*™ Mechanical APDL). The source of thermal energy is assumed to be "Gaussian" distributed heat flux, and we consider the temperature dependency of the material properties. The computer simulation model (CSM) is validated using the published experimental results. We study the discretization requirements for thick plates (&gt;14 mm) that are commonly used in the shipbuilding processes and suggest guidelines for referential use in the industry. Also, we investigate the minimum time step size requirement during the cooling phase of the simulation process and based on the experimental numerical simulations, few efficient simulation practices have been coined, and we show that if they are followed then a noticeable gain in reduction of computational cost and time can be attained. We report extensive simulations of the estimated lines and then compare them with the target shape, and show a close agreement. Finally, our presented results are utilized to derive techniques for the improvement in existing FEA simulation models, and we show that the presented CSM is efficient for the application in ships and offshore structures for high bending of thick plates.

1. Introduction
In ship and offshore building industries, geometric shapes are generated by forming of metal plates or sheets into simple or complex curvatures as demanded by the design requirements. Although, the doubly curved structures are used in offshore structures (e.g., spherical tanks and facades), in general, the offshore structures have planar, low curvature formations and developable surfaces, and the ships have a combination of developable and nondevelopable surfaces, low and high curvatures, and planar and nonplanar formations. In engineering sciences, a surface can either be "single curved (developable surface)" or "doubly curved (nondevelopable)" or a combination of them in various regions, e.g., doubly curved—bulbous bow and stern bulb, single curved—parallel middle body, combination—in the zones of transitions. In metal based industries, a single-curved surface can be manufactured with simple mechanical processes—bending, rolling, pressing, and/or a combination of them. For doubly curved surface, after the process of rolling and/or pressing, complex mechanical processes are needed:either the plate is shrunk along its longer edges using line/curve/pattern heating,or the plate is pressed against a base shape restricting its movement and then applying the high forces by pressing.
Attitudes of stakeholders to animal welfare during slaughter and transport in SE and E Asia
Authors: Sinclair M , Zito S , Idrus Z , Yan W , van Nhiem D , Lampang P Na , Phillips CJC 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUnderstanding cross-cultural differences in attitudes to animal welfare issues is important in maintaining good international relations, including economic and trade relations. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of stakeholders towards improving the welfare of animals during slaughter and transport in four key SE and E Asian countries: China, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. Logistic regression analysis of the associations between demographic factors and attitudes identified nationality as the most significant factor influencing attitude. Motivating factors for improving welfare were ranked according to their importance: religion, knowledge levels, monetary gain, availability of tools and resources, community issues, approval of supervisor and peers. Strong beliefs in the influence of animal welfare laws, the power of the workplace and the importance of personal knowledge were shared by all countries. In addition, religion and peer consideration were significantly associated with attitudes in Malaysia and Thailand, respectively. The findings of this research will assist in the development of international animal welfare initiatives.
A retrospective study: does upper airway morphology differ between non-positional and positional obstructive sleep apnea?
Authors: Jiao Xiao , Zou Jianyin , Liu Suru , Guan Jian , Yi Hongliang , Yin Shankai 
Published: October 2017

Objective
The objective of this study was to explore the differences in upper airway morphology between positional (POSA) and non-positional (NPOSA) obstructive sleep apnea.

Methods
This retrospective study enrolled 75 patients (45 NPOSA and 30 POSA) who underwent polysomnography (PSG) and computed tomography (CT). The differences in, and relationships of, the PSG values and CT data between POSA and NPOSA were analyzed.

Results
Significant (p < 0.05) differences between the two groups were found in the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), lateral-AHI (L-AHI), soft palate length (SPL), cross-sectional palatopharyngeal area, and the coronal diameter (CD) of the palatopharyngeal area at the narrowest part of the glossopharynx, which were all higher in POSA, except for SPL, AHI, and L-AHI. L-AHI was correlated with the cross-sectional area (r = − 0.306, p = 0.008) and CD (r = − 0.398, p < 0.001) of the palatopharyngeal area, the cross-sectional area (r = − 0.241, p = 0.038) and CD (r = − 0.297, p = 0.010) of the narrowest level of the glossopharynx, the CD of the glossopharynx (r = 0.284, p = 0.013), body mass index (BMI, r = 0.273, p = 0.018), SPL (r = 0.284, p = 0.014), and vallecula-tip of tongue (r = 0.250, p = 0.030). The SPL and CD at the narrowest part of the glossopharynx were included in the simplified screening model.

Conclusions
In NPOSA, the CD of the upper airway was smaller, and the soft palate was longer, than in POSA. These differences may play significant roles in explaining the main differences between NPOSA and POSA.
Lower Band Cascade of Whistler Waves Excited by Anisotropic Hot Electrons: One‐Dimensional PIC Simulations
Authors: Chen Huayue , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Ke Yangguang , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBased on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms waveform data, Gao, Lu, et al. (2016) have reported two special multiband chorus events, where upper band waves are located at harmonics of lower band waves. And they proposed a new generation mechanism to explain this multiband chorus wave, named as lower band cascade. With a 1‐D particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation model, we have investigated the lower band cascade of whistler waves excited by anisotropic hot electrons. During each simulation, lower band whistler mode waves are firstly excited by the anisotropy of hot electrons. Later, upper band harmonic waves are generated through the nonlinear coupling between the electromagnetic and electrostatic components of lower band waves, which supports the scenario of lower band cascade. Moreover, the peak wave number (or frequency) of lower band waves will continuously drift to smaller values due to the decline of the anisotropy of hot electrons. While the peak wave number of upper band harmonic waves will be kept nearly unchanged, but their amplitude continues to decrease after their saturation. We further find that the magnetic amplitude of upper band harmonic waves tends to increase with the increase of the wave normal angle of lower band waves or the anisotropy of hot electrons. Besides, the amplitude ratio between upper band and lower band waves is positively correlated with the wave normal angle of lower band waves but is anticorrelated with the anisotropy of hot electrons. Our study has provided a more comprehensive understanding of the lower band cascade of whistler waves.
Interpreting Soft Sediment Deformation and Mass Transport Deposits as Seismites in the Dead Sea Depocenter
Authors: Lu Yin , Waldmann Nicolas , Ian Alsop G. , Marco Shmuel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe have studied the history of earthquakes over the past 70 kyr by analyzing disturbed sedimentary layers around the margins of the Dead Sea. However, we know little about disturbances in the basin depocenter, where water depth is ~300 m, and accessible only by drilling. In this study, we compare disturbances from the Dead Sea depocenter, with the contemporaneous earthquake record (~56–30 ka) that was recovered on the western margin of the lake. This comparison allows us to discern the characteristics of disturbance in the different subaqueous environments and identify the source and sedimentary process of mass transport deposits. Our observations indicate that (i) the long disturbance sequences in the Dead Sea depocenter are composed of in situ deformation, slump, and chaotic deposits; (ii) earthquake‐triggered Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability is a plausible mechanism for the in situ deformation in the lake center; (iii) the slump is slope area sourced; (iv) the unit of chaotic deposits is lakeshore sourced; and (v) earthquake‐triggered slope instability is a viable mechanism for the slump and chaotic deposits. We further suggest that long sequences of disturbance in seismically active lake depocenters can be used to infer earthquake clusters.
Subgrain Rotation Recrystallization During Shearing: Insights From Full‐Field Numerical Simulations of Halite Polycrystals
Authors: Gomez‐Rivas E. , Griera A. , Llorens M.‐G. , Bons P. D. , Lebensohn R. A. , Piazolo S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe present, for the first time, results of full‐field numerical simulations of subgrain rotation recrystallization of halite polycrystals during simple shear deformation. The series of simulations show how microstructures are controlled by the competition between (i) grain size reduction by creep by dislocation glide and (ii) intracrystalline recovery encompassing subgrain coarsening by coalescence through rotation and alignment of the lattices of neighboring subgrains. A strong grain size reduction develops in models without intracrystalline recovery, as a result of the formation of high‐angle grain boundaries when local misorientations exceed 15°. The activation of subgrain coarsening associated with recovery decreases the stored strain energy and results in grains with low intracrystalline heterogeneities. However, this type of recrystallization does not significantly modify crystal preferred orientations. Lattice orientation and grain boundary maps reveal that this full‐field modeling approach is able to successfully reproduce the evolution of dry halite microstructures from laboratory deformation experiments, thus opening new opportunities in this field of research. We demonstrate how the mean subgrain boundary misorientations can be used to estimate the strain accommodated by dislocation glide using a universal scaling exponent of about 2/3, as predicted by theoretical models. In addition, this strain gauge can be potentially applied to estimate the intensity of intracrystalline recovery, associated with temperature, using quantitative crystallographic analyses in areas with strain gradients.
An Assessment of State‐of‐the‐Art Mean Sea Surface and Geoid Models of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval
Authors: Skourup Henriette , Farrell Sinéad Louise , Hendricks Stefan , Ricker Robert , Armitage Thomas W. K. , Ridout Andy , Andersen Ole Baltazar , Haas Christian , Baker Steven 
Published: October 2017

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art Arctic Ocean mean sea surface (MSS) models and global geoid models (GGMs) are used to support sea ice freeboard estimation from satellite altimeters, as well as in oceanographic studies such as mapping sea level anomalies and mean dynamic ocean topography. However, errors in a given model in the high‐frequency domain, primarily due to unresolved gravity features, can result in errors in the estimated along‐track freeboard. These errors are exacerbated in areas with a sparse lead distribution in consolidated ice pack conditions. Additionally model errors can impact ocean geostrophic currents, derived from satellite altimeter data, while remaining biases in these models may impact longer‐term, multisensor oceanographic time series of sea level change in the Arctic. This study focuses on an assessment of five state‐of‐the‐art Arctic MSS models (UCL13/04 and DTU15/13/10) and a commonly used GGM (EGM2008). We describe errors due to unresolved gravity features, intersatellite biases, and remaining satellite orbit errors, and their impact on the derivation of sea ice freeboard. The latest MSS models, incorporating CryoSat‐2 sea surface height measurements, show improved definition of gravity features, such as the Gakkel Ridge. The standard deviation between models ranges 0.03–0.25 m. The impact of remaining MSS/GGM errors on freeboard retrieval can reach several decimeters in parts of the Arctic. While the maximum observed freeboard difference found in the central Arctic was 0.59 m (UCL13 MSS minus EGM2008 GGM), the standard deviation in freeboard differences is 0.03–0.06 m.
The Saharan Air Layer as an Early Rainfall Season Suppressant in the Eastern Caribbean: The 2015 Puerto Rico Drought
Authors: Mote Thomas L. , Ramseyer Craig A. , Miller Paul W. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEastern Puerto Rico and the surrounding Caribbean experienced a severe drought in 2015 that resulted in record‐low reservoir and river levels. Rainfall deficits in April and May, which represent the period when the drought began, were more severe in 2015 than recent droughts of record. While El Niño has been associated with drought in the Caribbean, onset of the 2015 drought was strongly associated with lower‐than‐average values of a recently developed tool used by weather forecasters in San Juan, the Gálvez‐Davison Index (GDI), which is used to measure the potential for thunderstorm development and rainfall. Persistently low GDI values indicate strong and frequent intrusions of hot, dry air in the low to middle troposphere, suppressing convection, both locally and in development regions for tropical waves that impact Puerto Rico. The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is largely responsible for this anomalously hot, dry air, which produced thermodynamically stable conditions and limited thunderstorms and rainfall. Moreover, higher‐than‐normal aerosol concentrations, typically associated with SAL intrusion over the Caribbean, were recorded in April and May 2015. A comparison to advanced very high resolution radiometer aerosol optical thickness demonstrates that higher Caribbean aerosols in the early rainfall season, particularly June, are associated with decreased rainfall in eastern Puerto Rico. Results here demonstrate a direct link between the early and more pronounced SAL intrusions into the Caribbean and the suppression of the early rainfall season. More broadly, a reduction in the GDI and increase in the trade wind inversion was associated with reduced early season rainfall in the eastern Caribbean.
Extraordinary Features of the Planetary Wave Propagation During the Boreal Winter 2013/2014 and the Zonal Wave Number Two Predominance
Authors: Harada Y. , Hirooka T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObservational features of the winter 2013/2014 are investigated using of the Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis data. This winter can be characterized by the continuous predominance of planetary waves of zonal wave number two (WN2) that did not cause major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. It is found that the vertical component of the Eliassen‐Palm flux of WN2 for the winter 2013/2014 is almost equal to the highest value of the winter 2008/2009. The longitudinal distribution of vertical components of Plumb wave activity flux for this winter shows marked downward propagation around 100°W and upward propagation around 60°E, both of which are the strongest of their type among the 56 winters since 1958/1959. The convergence of wave packets propagating from around 60°E contributes to the development and continuance of the quasi‐barotropic Aleutian High, which is associated with the extension of negative extended refractive index (Ks) region. The extension of negative Ks region is related to the convergence or reflection of the wave packets emanating from tropospheric blocking highs developing in the North Pacific Ocean; the development and continuance of the quasi‐barotropic Aleutian High is considered to be one of plausible reasons for the lack of major SSWs in the winter 2013/2014. In addition to these results, we revealed the significant contribution of smaller scale waves (with a zonal wave number of three or more) to the structure of localized wave packet propagation in the stratosphere.
Ozone Variability and Anomalies Observed During SENEX and SEAC4RS Campaigns in 2013
Authors: Kuang Shi , Newchurch Michael J. , Thompson Anne M. , Stauffer Ryan M. , Johnson Bryan J. , Wang Lihua 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTropospheric ozone variability occurs because of multiple forcing factors including surface emission of ozone precursors, stratosphere‐to‐troposphere transport (STT), and meteorological conditions. Analyses of ozonesonde observations made in Huntsville, AL, during the peak ozone season (May to September) in 2013 indicate that ozone in the planetary boundary layer was significantly lower than the climatological average, especially in July and August when the Southeastern United States (SEUS) experienced unusually cool and wet weather. Because of a large influence of the lower stratosphere, however, upper tropospheric ozone was mostly higher than climatology, especially from May to July. Tropospheric ozone anomalies were strongly anticorrelated (or correlated) with water vapor (or temperature) anomalies with a correlation coefficient mostly about 0.6 throughout the entire troposphere. The regression slopes between ozone and temperature anomalies for surface up to midtroposphere are within 3.0–4.1 ppbv K−1. The occurrence rates of tropospheric ozone laminae due to STT are ≥50% in May and June and about 30% in July, August, and September suggesting that the stratospheric influence on free‐tropospheric ozone could be significant during early summer. These STT laminae have a mean maximum ozone enhancement over the climatology of 52 ± 33% (35 ± 24 ppbv) with a mean minimum relative humidity of 2.3 ± 1.7%.
Using ARM Observations to Evaluate Climate Model Simulations of Land‐Atmosphere Coupling on the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Authors: Phillips Thomas J. , Klein Stephen A. , Ma Hsi‐Yen , Tang Qi , Xie Shaocheng , Williams Ian N. , Santanello Joseph A. , Cook David R. , Torn Margaret S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSeveral independent measurements of warm‐season soil moisture and surface atmospheric variables recorded at the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) research facility are used to estimate the terrestrial component of land‐atmosphere coupling (LAC) strength and its regional uncertainty. The observations reveal substantial variation in coupling strength, as estimated from three soil moisture measurements at a single site, as well as across six other sites having varied soil and land cover types. The observational estimates then serve as references for evaluating SGP terrestrial coupling strength in the Community Atmospheric Model coupled to the Community Land Model. These coupled model components are operated in both a free‐running mode and in a controlled configuration, where the atmospheric and land states are reinitialized daily, so that they do not drift very far from observations. Although the controlled simulation deviates less from the observed surface climate than its free‐running counterpart, the terrestrial LAC in both configurations is much stronger and displays less spatial variability than the SGP observational estimates. Preliminary investigation of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) substituted for soil moisture suggests that the overly strong coupling between model soil moisture and surface atmospheric variables is associated with too much evaporation from bare ground and too little from the vegetation cover. These results imply that model surface characteristics such as LAI, as well as the physical parameterizations involved in the coupling of the land and atmospheric components, are likely to be important sources of the problematical LAC behaviors.
Multimodal Bioactivation of Hydrophilic Electrospun Nanofibers Enables Simultaneous Tuning of Cell Adhesivity and Immunomodulatory Effects
Authors: Wistlich Laura , Kums Juliane , Rossi Angela , Heffels Karl‐Heinz , Wajant Harald , Groll Jürgen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBiomaterials research usually focuses on functional and structural mimicry of the extracellular matrix or tissue hierarchy and morphology. Most recently, material‐induced modulatory effects on the immune system to arouse a healing response is another upcoming strategy. Approaches, however, that integrate both aspects to induce healing and facilitate specific cell adhesion are so far little explored. This study exploits manifold but chemical crosslinker free functionalization of hydrophilic and nonadhesive electrospun fiber surfaces with peptides for controlled cell adhesion, and with neutra­lizing antibodies targeting the master cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to dampen proinflammatory reactions by the fiber adherent cells. It is demonstrated that cell attachment and immunomodulatory properties of a textile can be tailored at the same time to generate meshes that combine immunosuppressive activity with specific cell adhesion properties.
2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites for Optoelectronics
Authors: Chen Yani , Sun Yong , Peng Jiajun , Tang Junhui , Zheng Kaibo , Liang Ziqi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractConventional 3D organic–inorganic halide perovskites have recently undergone unprecedented rapid development. Yet, their inherent instabilities over moisture, light, and heat remain a crucial challenge prior to the realization of commercialization. By contrast, the emerging 2D Ruddlesden−Popper‐type perovskites have recently attracted increasing attention owing to their great environmental stability. However, the research of 2D perovskites is just in their infancy. In comparison to 3D analogues, they are natural quantum wells with a much larger exciton binding energy. Moreover, their inner structural, dielectric, optical, and excitonic properties remain to be largely explored, limiting further applications. This review begins with an introduction to 2D perovskites, along with a detailed comparison to 3D counterparts. Then, a discussion of the organic spacer cation engineering of 2D perovskites is presented. Next, quasi‐2D perovskites that fall between 3D and 2D perovskites are reviewed and compared. The unique excitonic properties, electron–phonon coupling, and polarons of 2D perovskites are then be revealed. A range of their (opto)electronic applications is highlighted in each section. Finally, a summary is given, and the strategies toward structural design, growth control, and photophysics studies of 2D perovskites for high‐performance electronic devices are rationalized.