bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproducing Optical Properties of Anterior Teeth after Ultra‐Conservative Preparation
Authors: Clavijo Victor , Bocabella Leonardo , Schertel Cassiano Luisa , Duarte Sillas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveSelecting the appropriate material is essential when restoring color and appearance of esthetically compromised anterior teeth.Clinical considerationsMost of the conventional restorative techniques require tooth reduction in order to mimic optical properties of a natural tooth. Fortunately, bonding techniques associated with improvements on dental ceramics esthetics allow for highly conservative treatment options in which maximum preservation of dental tissues can be attained. An analysis of different ceramic materials available and different types of tooth preparation is presented in a format of a decision tree for treatment planning.ConclusionsThe suggested decision‐making aims to facilitate clinicians’ selection of the most appropriate restorative technique for reproducing color and appearance of anterior teeth after ultra‐conservative preparation and according to different clinical scenariosCLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe selection of the appropriate ceramic material for each case is of major importance, since the entire treatment plan will be determined based on the type of ceramic material that will be used for the final restoration. Each restorative material has a specific tooth preparation requirement, indications, and limitations that shall be respected for maximum esthetical outcomes. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:267–276, 2016)
Fall Risk Assessment Predicts Fall‐Related Injury, Hip Fracture, and Head Injury in Older Adults
Authors: Nilsson Martin , Eriksson Joel , Larsson Berit , Odén Anders , Johansson Helena , Lorentzon Mattias 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the role of a fall risk assessment, using the Downton Fall Risk Index (DFRI), in predicting fall‐related injury, fall‐related head injury and hip fracture, and death, in a large cohort of older women and men residing in Sweden.DesignCross sectional observational study.SettingSweden.ParticipantsOlder adults (mean age 82.4 ± 7.8) who had a fall risk assessment using the DFRI at baseline (N = 128,596).MeasurementsInformation on all fall‐related injuries, all fall‐related head injuries and hip fractures, and all‐cause mortality was collected from the Swedish Patient Register and Cause of Death Register. The predictive role of DFRI was calculated using Poisson regression models with age, sex, height, weight, and comorbidities as covariates, taking time to outcome or end of study into account.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 253 days (interquartile range 90–402 days) (>80,000 patient‐years), 15,299 participants had a fall‐related injury, 2,864 a head injury, and 2,557 a hip fracture, and 23,307 died. High fall risk (DFRI ≥3) independently predicted fall‐related injury (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39–1.49), hip fracture (HR = 1.51, 95% CI =1.38–1.66), head injury (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03–1.22), and all‐cause mortality (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.35–1.43). DFRI more strongly predicted head injury (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.21–1.36 vs HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04–1.11) and hip fracture (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.30–1.53 vs HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.05–1.11) in 70‐year old men than in 90‐year old women (P < .001).ConclusionFall risk assessment using DFRI independently predicts fall‐related injury, fall‐related head injury and hip fracture, and all‐cause mortality in older men and women, indicating its clinical usefulness to identify individuals who would benefit from interventions.
Maximum Bite Force of Edentulous Patients before and after Dental Implant Rehabilitation: Long‐Term Follow‐Up and Facial Type Influence
Authors: Melo Ana Cláudia M. , Ledra Ingrid M. , Vieira Rogéria A. , Coró Edivaldo R. , Sartori Ivete Aparecida de M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPurpose(1) To evaluate patients’ long‐term maximum bite force (MBF) after rehabilitation with mandibular implant‐supported prosthesis, (2) to assess the influence of facial pattern in MBF, and (3) to evaluate the relation between the dominant chewing side and MBF.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐nine patients were selected. Pre‐ (T0) and immediate post‐rehabilitation (T1) data of MBF were collected. In a follow‐up visit 3 to 5 years after rehabilitation (T2), 24 patients participated. The patients were asked about dominant chewing side, and facial pattern was obtained by the initial lateral radiographs.ResultsThere was statistically significant increase in MBF in T1 – T0 = 5.4 ± 4.3 kgf, T2 – T1 = 5.5 ± 6.0 kgf. There was no statistically significant difference in MBF considering facial type, brachyfacial (T0 = 4.4, T1 = 10.7, T2 = 17.6 kgf), mesofacial (T0 = 4.1, T1 = 9.7, T2 = 16.5 kgf), and dolichofacial (T0 = 3.4, T1 = 7.9, T2 = 12.6 kgf).ConclusionsThere was no statistically significant relation between MBF and the dominant chewing side. It can be concluded that mandibular rehabilitation with dental implants improves MBF independent of the facial pattern and dominant chewing side.
In vitro skin permeation of sinigrin from its phytosome complex
Authors: Mazumder Anisha , Dwivedi Anupma , Fox Lizelle T , Brümmer Alicia , du Preez Jan L , Gerber Minja , du Plessis Jeanetta 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Sinigrin is a major glucosinolate present in plants of the Brassicaceae family. Recently, sinigrin and its phytosome formulations have been investigated for its wound-healing actions, by our research group. The aim of this study was to demonstrate sinigrin drug release from its phytosome complex and also to determine whether the phytosome complex enhances the delivery of sinigrin into the skin when compared to free sinigrin.

Methods
In vitro Franz cell diffusion studies were performed on human abdominal skin. The morphology of the phytosome complex was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro drug release was determined using dialysis sacks.

Key findings
The in vitro drug release indicated a controlled and sustained release of sinigrin from the phytosome complex. Tape stripping results showed that the sinigrin–phytosome complex (0.5155 μg/ml) statistically significantly enhanced the delivery of sinigrin into the stratum corneum–epidermis when compared to the free sinigrin (0.0730 μg/ml).

Conclusions
These results suggested the possibility of utilizing sinigrin–phytosome complex, to optimally deliver sinigrin to the skin which can be further used for various skin-related diseases including wound healing.
RETRACTED: Melatonin prevents deregulation of the sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1‐phosphate signaling pathway in a mouse model of diethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sánchez Diana I. , González‐Fernández Bárbara , San‐Miguel Beatriz , de Urbina Juan Ortiz , Crespo Irene , González‐Gallego Javier , Tuñón María J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe sphingosine kinase (SphK)/sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) pathway is involved in multiple biological processes, including carcinogenesis. Melatonin shows beneficial effects in cell and animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma, but it is unknown if they are associated with the modulation of the SphK/S1P system, along with different downstream signaling pathways modified in cancer. We investigated the effects of melatonin in mice which received diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (35 mg/kg body weight i.p) once a week for 8 weeks. Melatonin was given at 5 or 10 mg/kg/day i.p. beginning 4 weeks after the onset of DEN administration and ending at the sacrifice time (10, 20, 30, or 40 weeks). Melatonin alleviated the distortion of normal hepatic architecture, lowered the incidence of preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions, and inhibited the expression of proliferative/cell cycle regulatory proteins (Ki67, PCNA, cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4, and CDK6). S1P levels and expression of SphK1, SphK2, and S1P receptors (S1PR1/S1PR3) were significantly elevated in DEN‐treated mice. However, there was a decreased expression of S1P lyase. These effects were significantly abrogated in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner by melatonin, which also increased S1PR2 expression. Following DEN treatment, mice exhibited increased phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, STAT3, ERK, and p38, and a higher expression of NF‐κB p50 and p65 subunits. Melatonin administration significantly inhibited those changes. Data obtained suggest a contribution of the SphK/S1P system and related signaling pathways to the protective effects of melatonin in hepatocarcinogenesis.
The effects of Symbiodinium (Pyrrhophyta) identity on growth, survivorship, and thermal tolerance of newly settled coral recruits
Authors: McIlroy Shelby E. , Gillette Phillip , Cunning Ross , Klueter Anke , Capo Tom , Baker Andrew C. , Coffroth Mary Alice 
Published: October 2016

For many coral species, the obligate association with phylogenetically diverse algal endosymbiont species is dynamic in time and space. Here, we used controlled laboratory inoculations of newly settled, aposymbiotic corals (Orbicella faveolata) with two cultured species of algal symbiont (Symbiodinium microadriaticum and S. minutum) to examine the role of symbiont identity on growth, survivorship, and thermal tolerance of the coral holobiont. We evaluated these data in the context of Symbiodinium photophysiology for 9 months post‐settlement and also during a 5‐d period of elevated temperatures Our data show that recruits that were inoculated with S. minutum grew significantly slower than those inoculated with S. microadriaticum (occasionally co‐occurring with S. minutum), but that there was no difference in survivorship of O. faveolata polyps infected with Symbiodinium. However, photophysiological metrics (∆Fv/F′m, the efficiency with which available light is used to drive photosynthesis and α, the maximum light utilization coefficient) were higher in those slower growing recruits containing S. minutum. These findings suggest that light use (i.e., photophysiology) and carbon acquisition by the coral host (i.e., host growth) are decoupled, but did not distinguish the source of this difference. Neither Symbiodinium treatment demonstrated a significant negative effect of a 5‐d exposure to temperatures as high as 32°C under low light conditions similar to those measured at settlement habitats.
Association of prenatal lipid‐based nutritional supplementation with fetal growth in rural Gambia
Authors: Johnson William , Darboe Momodou K. , Sosseh Fatou , Nshe Patrick , Prentice Andrew M. , Moore Sophie E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPrenatal supplementation with protein‐energy (PE) and/or multiple‐micronutrients (MMNs) may improve fetal growth, but trials of lipid‐based nutritional supplements (LNSs) have reported inconsistent results. We conducted a post‐hoc analysis of non‐primary outcomes in a trial in Gambia, with the aim to test the associations of LNS with fetal growth and explore how efficacy varies depending on nutritional status. The sample comprised 620 pregnant women in an individually randomized, partially blinded trial with four arms: (a) iron and folic acid (FeFol) tablet (usual care, referent group), (b) MMN tablet, (c) PE LNS, and (d) PE + MMN LNS. Analysis of variance examined unadjusted differences in fetal biometry z‐scores at 20 and 30 weeks and neonatal anthropometry z‐scores, while regression tested for modification of intervention‐outcome associations by season and maternal height, body mass index, and weight gain. Despite evidence of between‐arm differences in some fetal biometry, z‐scores at birth were not greater in the intervention arms than the FeFol arm (e.g., birth weight z‐scores: FeFol −0.71, MMN −0.63, PE −0.64, PE + MMN −0.62; group‐wise p = .796). In regression analyses, intervention associations with birth weight and head circumference were modified by maternal weight gain between booking and 30 weeks gestation (e.g., PE + MMN associations with birth weight were +0.462 z‐scores (95% CI [0.097, 0.826]) in the highest quartile of weight gain but –0.099 z‐scores (−0.459, 0.260) in the lowest). In conclusion, we found no strong evidence that a prenatal LNS intervention was associated with better fetal growth in the whole sample.
The genetic basis of local adaptation for pathogenic fungi in agricultural ecosystems
Authors: Croll Daniel , McDonald Bruce A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLocal adaptation plays a key role in the evolutionary trajectory of host–pathogen interactions. However, the genetic architecture of local adaptation in host–pathogen systems is poorly understood. Fungal plant pathogens in agricultural ecosystems provide highly tractable models to quantify phenotypes and map traits to corresponding genomic loci. The outcome of crop–pathogen interactions is thought to be governed largely by gene‐for‐gene interactions. However, recent studies showed that virulence can be governed by quantitative trait loci and that many abiotic factors contribute to the outcome of the interaction. After introducing concepts of local adaptation and presenting examples from wild plant pathosystems, we focus this review on a major pathogen of wheat, Zymoseptoria tritici, to show how a multitude of traits can affect local adaptation. Zymoseptoria tritici adapted to different thermal environments across its distribution range, indicating that thermal adaptation may limit effective dispersal to different climates. The application of fungicides led to the rapid evolution of multiple, independent resistant populations. The degree of colony melanization showed strong pleiotropic effects with other traits, including trade‐offs with colony growth rates and fungicide sensitivity. The success of the pathogen on its host can be assessed quantitatively by counting pathogen reproductive structures and measuring host damage based on necrotic lesions. Interestingly, these two traits can be weakly correlated and depend both on host and pathogen genotypes. Quantitative trait mapping studies showed that the genetic architecture of locally adapted traits varies from single loci with large effects to many loci with small individual effects. We discuss how local adaptation could hinder or accelerate the development of epidemics in agricultural ecosystems.
Comparative study of host response to chytridiomycosis in a susceptible and a resistant toad species
Authors: Poorten T. J. , Rosenblum E. B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the past century, recently emerged infectious diseases have become major drivers of species decline and extinction. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis has devastated many amphibian populations and exacerbated the amphibian conservation crisis. Biologists are beginning to understand what host traits contribute to disease susceptibility, but more work is needed to determine why some species succumb to chytridiomycosis while others do not. We conducted an integrative laboratory experiment to examine how two toad species respond to infection with the pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a controlled environment. We selected two toad species thought to differ in susceptibility – Bufo marinus (an invasive and putatively resistant species) and Bufo boreas (an endangered and putatively susceptible species). We measured infection intensity, body weight, histological changes and genomewide gene expression using a custom assay developed from transcriptome sequencing. Our results confirmed that the two species differ in susceptibility with the more susceptible species, B. boreas, showing higher infection intensities, loss in body weight, more dramatic histological changes and larger perturbations in gene expression. We found key differences in skin expression responses in multiple pathways including upregulation of skin integrity‐related genes in the resistant B. marinus. Together, our results show intrinsic differences in host response between related species, which are likely to be important in explaining variation in response to a deadly emerging pathogen in wild populations. Our study also underscores the importance of understanding differences among host species to better predict disease outcomes and reveal generalities about host response to emerging infectious diseases of wildlife.
Telomere length reflects reproductive effort indicated by corticosterone levels in a long‐lived seabird
Authors: Bauch Christina , Riechert Juliane , Verhulst Simon , Becker Peter H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTelomere length (TL) is a candidate biomarker of ageing and phenotypic quality, but little is known of the (physiological) causes ofTLvariation. We previously showed that individual common ternsSterna hirundowith high reproductive success had short telomeres independent of age, and this pattern was particularly strong in the longer telomeres of the within‐individualTLdistribution. To test whether this relation can be attributed to effects of reproductive effort, we investigated baseline corticosterone in relation to reproductive success (number of fledglings) andTL. In this context, we assume that variation in baseline corticosterone can be interpreted as index of energy expenditure and allostatic load. Males with higher corticosterone levels during incubation, compared between and within individuals, achieved higher reproductive success and had shorter telomeres. The effect on telomeres was more pronounced in corticosterone measured later in incubation and in the longer telomeres of the within‐individualTLdistribution. Female corticosterone level during incubation was neither related to reproductive success nor toTL. That we observed these effects only in males mirrors different parental roles during reproduction in the common tern, where males do most of the chick provisioning. The negative association between reproductive success andTLsuggests individual differences in reproductive effort as reflected in, or mediated by, baseline corticosterone. We see this result as a promising step towards unravelling the physiological causes of variation inTLand the costs of reproduction.
The APSES transcription factor Vst1 is a key regulator of development in microsclerotium‐ and resting mycelium‐producing Verticillium species
Authors: Sarmiento‐Villamil Jorge L. , García‐Pedrajas Nicolás E. , Baeza‐Montañez Lourdes , García‐Pedrajas María D. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPlant pathogens of the genus Verticillium pose a threat to many important crops worldwide. They are soil‐borne fungi which invade the plant systemically, causing wilt symptoms. We functionally characterized the APSES family transcription factor Vst1 in two Verticillium species, V. dahliae and V. nonalfalfae, which produce microsclerotia and melanized hyphae as resistant structures, respectively. We found that, in V. dahliae Δvst1 strains, microsclerotium biogenesis stalled after an initial swelling of hyphal cells and cultures were never pigmented. In V. nonalfalfae Δvst1, melanized hyphae were also absent. These results suggest that Vst1 controls melanin biosynthesis independent of its role in morphogenesis. The absence of vst1 also had a great impact on sporulation in both species, affecting the generation of the characteristic verticillate conidiophore structure and sporulation rates in liquid medium. In contrast with these key roles in development, Vst1 activity was dispensable for virulence. We performed a microarray analysis comparing global transcription patterns of wild‐type and Δvst1 in V. dahliae. G‐protein/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (G‐protein/cAMP) signalling and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are known to regulate fungal morphogenesis and virulence. The microarray analysis revealed a negative interaction of Vst1 with G‐protein/cAMP signalling and a positive interaction with MAPK signalling. This analysis also identified Rho signalling as a potential regulator of morphogenesis in V. dahliae, positively interacting with Vst1. Furthermore, it exposed the association of secondary metabolism and development in this species, identifying Vst1 as a potential co‐regulator of both processes. Characterization of the putative Vst1 targets identified in this study will aid in the dissection of specific aspects of development.
Cerebral blood flow abnormality in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease patients with or without amyloid β accumulation on positron emission tomography
Authors: Mino Toshikazu , Saito Haruna , Takeuchi Jun , Ito Kazuhiro , Takeda Akitoshi , Ataka Suzuka , Shiomi Susumu , Wada Yasuhiro , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Itoh Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe detection of amyloid β accumulation might be useful in confirming the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in clinically suspected cases. However, confirmation of the disease by a positron emission tomography scan is not always available.AimWe measured the cerebral blood flow in clinically suspected Alzheimer's disease cases, and compared the findings between amyloid‐positive and ‐negative cases.MethodsAt the Osaka City University Hospital, patients with “probable or possible Alzheimer's disease” were enrolled. In addition, “healthy volunteers” with no subjective decline in cognitive function or in cognitive tests were evaluated as controls. A positron emission tomography scan with Pittsburgh compound B as a tracer was utilized to detect amyloid accumulation.ResultsIn the healthy control cases aged >60 years, a positive rate of amyloid increased steeply with age. In contrast, an amyloid‐positive rate decreased with age in the clinically suspected Alzheimer's disease cases aged >60 years. The Mini‐Mental State Examination score was higher and the disease duration was longer in the amyloid‐negative group than in the positive group, suggesting a slower progression of dementia in the amyloid‐negative patients, though the tendency failed to reach the statistical significance. Cerebral blood flow decrease was classified into four patterns. Typical Alzheimer's disease patterns were found exclusively in the amyloid‐positive group, whereas frontal dominant and temporal dominant were more frequently found in the amyloid‐negative group.ConclusionEven in the era of amyloid imaging, cerebral blood flow measurement can help differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other diseases causing apparent Alzheimer's disease‐type cognitive impairment.
Phenotype and influx kinetics of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokine production in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Williams Timothy M. , Wise Andrea F. , Layton Daniel S. , Ricardo Sharon D. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTBackground and AimKidney ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is characterized by tubular epithelial cell (TEC) death and an inflammatory response involving cytokine production and immune cell infiltration. In various kidney diseases, increased macrophage numbers correlate with injury severity and poor prognosis. However, macrophage plasticity enables a diverse range of functions, including wound healing, making them a key target for novel therapies. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the changes in myeloid and epithelial cells and the production of cytokines throughout the experimental IR model of acute kidney injury to aid in the identification of targets to promote and enhance kidney regeneration and repair.MethodsFlow cytometric analysis of murine unilateral IR injury was used to assess TEC and myeloid cell subpopulations in conjunction with histological analysis and cytokine production at 6 h, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post IR injury, spanning the initial inflammatory phase and the following reparative phase.ResultsIR injury resulted in a rapid infiltration of Ly6Chigh monocytes and neutrophils with a steady rise in F4/80highMHCIIhigh macrophages over the injury time. The production of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, MCP‐1 and TNF coincided with an increase in IL‐10 production.ConclusionThis characterization will provide a reference point for future studies designed to manipulate immune cell phenotype and function in order to promote endogenous repair of damaged kidneys.