bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade Union Leaders at the Plant Level and Their Perspective on Trade Union Management and HR Practices: A Case Study
Authors: M Srimannarayana 
Published: December 2015

<p>The present study aimed at identifying the profile of trade union leaders operating at a plant level in India and to find out their viewpoint on trade union management and HR practices of their plant. The data collected from 81 local trade union leaders using an interview schedule is the basis for the study. The study finds that that an average trade union leader is a middle aged, educated, urbanite employee of the plant with multilingual proficiency. He has joined in the union with a genuine interest of serving working class. However, increasing expectations of the members makes his job difficult. He firmly believes that mutual discussions, negotiations and legal methods are the best means of achieving union objectives. He is happy with the present HR practices existing in the Plant. Though there is a feeling that intensity of work and workload are increased, he believes that improved quality of working conditions, increased employee benefits and services, and learning opportunities make the employees happy. Finally, he is willing to sacrifice the sectional interests of the members for the long term benefit of the plant.</p>
Chyba měření a odhad pravého skóru: Připomenutí některých postupů Klasické testové teorie
Authors: Cígler Hynek , Šmíra Martin 
Published: December 2015

Práce s chybou měření patří k základním dovednostem při interpretaci výsledků psychologických výsledků. Bohužel, řada českých psychologických metod však neobsahuje veškeré informace o chybě měření, například intervaly spolehlivosti či odhad standardní chyby měření pro různá použití. I v případě, že tyto informace jsou dostupné, je často nutné zvážit i další okolnosti a způsob výpočtu přizpůsobit – ne vždy je přitom možné se spolehnout na informace poskytnuté distributorem testu. Ani v současné počítačové době navíc nejsou jednoduše dostupné příslušné aplikace a řadu základních výpočtů by si tak psycholog v ideálním případě měl umět provést sám. Článek v krátkosti shrne běžné postupy při interpretaci chyby měření s využitím intervalů spolehlivosti v rámci klasické testové teorie, a to včetně podrobných příkladů, aby text mohl sloužit jako návod pro psychology z praxe. Cígler, H., & Šmíra, M.: Error of measurement and the estimation of true score: Selected methods of Classical test theoryOne of the elementary skills involved in the interpretation of the psychological results is handling the error of measurement. Unfortunately, many Czech psychological tests do not include all the necessary information about the error of measurement (e.g. confidence intervals and standard errors of measurement for different purposes). Even if such information is available, we might need to consider other circumstances of the assessment, and adjust the method of estimation and its application properly – it is not always possible to rely on the test developer in such cases. Since there are not many applications for such computations easily available for the test users, they should be capable of doing many of the elementary computations by hand. This paper briefly summarizes common techniques for the interpretation of the error of measurement using confidence intervals in the framework of Classical Test Theory. The theory is supported by detailed examples that should be helpful for applying these procedures in practice.
PROJETO INFÂNCIA E CINEMA: OLHARES SOBRE A CRIANÇA
Authors: Marchi Rita De Cassia , Oliveira Daniela Odete , Santos Maristela Pitz , Santos João Altair 
Published: December 2015

<p><strong> </strong>A infância tem, nas últimas décadas, exigido atenção das políticas públicas, notadamente a partir da promulgação dos Direitos das Crianças, caracterizando modificações na concepção destas categorias no âmbito da escola, da família, das mídias. O projeto “Infância e Cinema: olhares sobre a criança”<strong>, </strong>elaborado no quadro teórico da Sociologia da Infância, é um projeto de extensão universitária que discute imagens da infância veiculadas pelo cinema. Tendo a criança como centro das narrativas, o propósito é estimular, junto a profissionais da Educação Básica de (nome omitido) e região, e estudantes de cursos de Licenciatura, reflexão sobre a construção social da infância, percebendo as crianças em diferentes contextos sociais e geográficos. Como resultados, destacam-se as discussões que se multiplicaram nos locais de trabalho dos participantes, possibilitando “mover o pensamento” e colocando em xeque concepções tidas como “naturais” ou “únicas” sobre crianças, a infância e sua educação<strong>.</strong></p>
Patterns of alcohol policy enforcement activities among local law enforcement agencies: A latent class analysis
Authors: Erickson Darin J. , Rutledge Patricia C. , Lenk Kathleen M. , Nelson Toben F. , Jones-Webb Rhonda , Toomey Traci L. 
Published: December 2015

Erickson, D., Rutledge, P., Lenk, K., Nelson, T., Jones-Webb, R., & Toomey, T. (2015). Patterns of alcohol policy enforcement activities among local law enforcement agencies: A latent class analysis. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 103-111. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.204Aims: We assessed levels and patterns of alcohol policy enforcement activities among U.S. local law enforcement agencies.Design/Setting/Participants: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of 1,631 local law enforcementagencies across the 50 states.Measures/Methods: We assessed 29 alcohol policy enforcement activities within each of five enforcement domains—underagealcohol possession/consumption, underage alcohol provision, underage alcohol sales, impaired driving, and overservice ofalcohol—and conducted a series of latent class analyses to identify unique classes or patterns of enforcement activity for eachdomain.Findings: We identified three to four unique enforcement activity classes for each of the enforcement domains. In four of thedomains, we identified a Uniformly Low class (i.e., little or no enforcement) and a Uniformly High enforcement activity class(i.e., relatively high levels of enforcement), with one or two middle classes where some but not all activities were conducted.The underage provision domain had a Uniformly Low class but not a Uniformly High class. The Uniformly Low class was themost prevalent class in three domains: underage provision (58%), underage sales (61%), and overservice (79%). In contrast, lessthan a quarter of agencies were in Uniformly High classes.Conclusions: We identified qualitatively distinct patterns of enforcement activity, with a large proportion of agencies in classescharacterized by little or no enforcement and fewer agencies in high enforcement classes. An important next step is to determineif these patterns are associated with rates of alcohol use and alcohol-related injury and mortality.
Commentary: The land of insurmountable opportunities
Authors: Denniston Robert W. 
Published: December 2015

Denniston, R. (2015). Commentary: The land of insurmountable opportunities. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 97-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.207Much is known about how to change alcohol policy to reduce harm, but despite the evidence little action has been taken at thenational level in the United States. Government officials have shown little interest in putting prevention research results to work.The influence of the alcohol industry on policy-makers combined with free market ideology has thwarted change despite theefforts of advocacy groups working to reduce harm. The role of the alcohol industry at the national and international level servesas a powerful deterrent to policy change.
Retrospective assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure by detection of phosphatidylethanol in stored dried blood spot cards: An objective method for determining prevalence rates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Authors: Baldwin Aileen E. , Jones Joseph , Jones Mary , Plate Charles , Lewis Douglas 
Published: December 2015

Baldwin, A., Jones, J., Jones, M., Plate, C., & Lewis, D. (2015). Retrospective assessment of prenatal alcohol exposure by detection of phosphatidylethanol in stored dried blood spot cards: An objective method for determining prevalence rates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 131-137. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.209Aims: To analyze the efficacy of screening banked newborn dried blood spots (DBS) for detection of phosphatidylethanol(PEth), a direct alcohol biomarker, with the purpose of performing a retrospective assessment of statewide prevalence rates ofalcohol consumption in late pregnancy that results in risky prenatal alcohol exposure.Design: Residual DBS samples collected for newborn screening and stored by a state department of public health wereexamined for concentrations of PEth. The prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure, as determined by this direct alcoholbiomarker, was compared to prevalence rates of alcohol consumption during pregnancy that have been derived from multiplestate-based and national studies using maternal self-report surveys.Setting: DBS cards representative of the general newborn population were collected from multiple hospitals across a singlemidwestern state.Participants: Two hundred fifty anonymous newborn DBS collected for routine metabolic screening in a midwestern state wererequested through the Virtual Repository of Dried Blood Spots.Measures: Concentrations of PEth, a highly specific biomarker of alcohol consumption, were analyzed using a liquidchromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method validated by our laboratory.Findings: Of 2 50 D BS e xamined, 4 % w ere p ositive f or PEth ( PEth ≥ 8 n g/ml) which is indicative of exposure to maternalalcohol consumption during the last month of pregnancy.Conclusions: Detection of PEth from newborn DBS cards can identify prenatal alcohol exposure and also be used forretrospective surveillance of alcohol consumption during the last three to four weeks of pregnancy, using specimens that arecollected for routine metabolic screening and stored by many state health departments.
Special Issue on the Alcohol Policy 16 Conference: Building Blocks for Sound Alcohol Policies, April 3-5, 2013, Washington, DC
Authors: Ryan Barbara 
Published: December 2015

Ryan, B. (2015). Special Issue on the Alcohol Policy 16 Conference: Building Blocks for Sound Alcohol Policies, April 3-5, 2013, Washington, DC. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 95. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.210In 1981, the South Carolina Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse convened the first Alcohol Policy conference (AP1) in Charleston, to provide a forum where researchers, practitioners, and prevention advocates could discuss innovative policy approaches and research for preventing alcohol-related problems. Its director, Jerry McCord, used his position to organize AP1 to promote the careful consideration of alcohol policy issues from both a research and practitioner perspective at a time when few public officials were interested in pursuing alcohol control policies as a way to address—and reduce—societal alcohol problems.
Synodic and semiannual oscillations of argon‐40 in the lunar exosphere
Authors: Hodges R. Richard , Mahaffy Paul R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe neutral mass spectrometer on the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft collected a trove of exospheric data, including a set of high‐quality measurements of radiogenic 40Ar over a period of 142 days. Data synthesis studies, using well‐established exosphere simulation tools, show that the LADEE argon data are consistent with an exosphere‐regolith interaction that is dominated by adsorption and that the desorption process generates the Armand distribution of exit velocities. The synthesis work has uncovered an apparent semiannual oscillation of argon that is consistent with temporal sequestration in the seasonal cold traps created at the poles by the obliquity of the Moon. In addition, the LADEE data provide new insight into the pristine nature of lunar regolith, its spatially varying sorption properties, and the influence of sorption processes on the synodic oscillation of the argon exosphere.
Estimating daily forest carbon fluxes using a combination of ground and remotely sensed data
Authors: Chirici Gherardo , Chiesi Marta , Corona Piermaria , Salvati Riccardo , Papale Dario , Fibbi Luca , Sirca Costantino , Spano Donatella , Duce Pierpaolo , Marras Serena , Matteucci Giorgio , Cescatti Alessandro , Maselli Fabio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated that Monteith's approach can efficiently predict forest gross primary production (GPP), while the modeling of net ecosystem production (NEP) is more critical, requiring the additional simulation of forest respirations. The NEP of different forest ecosystems in Italy was currently simulated by the use of a remote sensing driven parametric model (modified C‐Fix) and a biogeochemical model (BIOME‐BGC). The outputs of the two models, which simulate forests in quasi‐equilibrium conditions, are combined to estimate the carbon fluxes of actual conditions using information regarding the existing woody biomass. The estimates derived from the methodology have been tested against daily reference GPP and NEP data collected through the eddy correlation technique at five study sites in Italy. The first test concerned the theoretical validity of the simulation approach at both annual and daily time scales and was performed using optimal model drivers (i.e., collected or calibrated over the site measurements). Next, the test was repeated to assess the operational applicability of the methodology, which was driven by spatially extended data sets (i.e., data derived from existing wall‐to‐wall digital maps). A good estimation accuracy was generally obtained for GPP and NEP when using optimal model drivers. The use of spatially extended data sets worsens the accuracy to a varying degree, which is properly characterized. The model drivers with the most influence on the flux modeling strategy are, in increasing order of importance, forest type, soil features, meteorology, and forest woody biomass (growing stock volume).
Evolutionary Genetics, Statistics in
Authors: Ewens Warren J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEvolutionary genetics and statistics are twin subjects. Many important statistical concepts, for example, the Analysis of Variance (seeAnalysis of Variance), had their origin in evolution questions, and because of the stochastic nature of biological evolution, statistical methods are essential in analyzing genetical data. The importance of the Mendelian hereditary system to the Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection was not fully recognized until statistical methods showed, for example, that the preservation of variation so necessary for the Darwinian theory obtains under the Mendelian system. However, the rewriting of the Darwinian theory in terms of Mendelian genetics is not straightforward for diploid organisms (such as humans). A parent passes on one of two randomly chosen genes at each gene locus to an offspring, and statistical analysis then shows that only a part of the variation in fitness has an evolutionary significance. This is the additive genetic variance in fitness, essentially that part of fitness due to “genes within genotypes.” This observation led to the statistical concept of the Analysis of Variance. Because of the many random factors involved in biological evolution, statistical methods are needed to assess features of the past history of a population, for example, the mean number of generations in the past back to the most recent common ancestor of all humans.
M
atrix, Ill‐Conditioned
Authors: Stewart G. W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A system of linear equations is said to ill‐conditioned if its solution is sensitive to small perturbations in the matrix of the system, and the matrix itself is also said to be ill‐conditioned. The degree of ill‐condition is given by a condition number that can be computed from the matrix. This number can also be used to assess the sensitivity of a least‐squares or regression problem to errors in its defining data.
Skew‐Normal Family of Distributions
Authors: Azzalini Adelchi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe skew‐normal family of distributions is introduced, both in the univariate and the multivariate setting, and its main properties are summarized. A number of extensions are also presented, from the simplest forms denoted “extended skew‐normal” to more complex ones, such as the skew‐elliptical and skew‐symmetric distributions.
Cumulative Damage Models
Authors: Leiva Víctor , Saunders Sam C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this article, we introduce cumulative damage models. We provide a review of the basic issues related to these models and some recent ideas on the topic. Also, it contains a survey of some realistic engineering aspects associated with cumulative damage models. In addition, we discuss an implementation of related distributions in theRsoftware by using an example with fatigue life data.
M
arsaglia's Table Method
Authors: Kronmal Richard A. , Peterson Arthur V. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Marsaglia's table method is a clever, fast, general‐purpose table look‐up method of generating discrete random variables over finite sample spaces. It is based upon representing the probabilities of the discrete probability function as a finite‐length decimal (or other base) representation. For over 20 years, Marsaglia's table method was the method of choice for generating large numbers of discrete random variables. Recently, other methods have been developed, notably Walker's method and the indexed‐search method, which are exact and competitive in efficiency with the table method.
Optimal Design
Authors: Atkinson Anthony C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe article focuses on the use of the methods of optimal experimental design to solve a number of nonstandard problems arising particularly in experiments in the process industries. Examples include response‐surface designs for an arbitrary number of observations. Because some combinations of factors may produce unstable results, designs are found over irregular design regions. The method of dividing such designs into blocks is also shown. Mixture designs, again over constrained regions, are mentioned. The theory underlying the construction of the designs is integrated using a general equivalence theorem for determinant optimality, which leads to algorithms for the construction of designs and to the assessment of their efficiency. These designs are compared with those that minimize the variance of prediction over a specified region, for which an equivalence theorem is also described, together with algorithms for construction of these I‐optimal designs. References are given to recent work.
Capital in Life Assurance
Authors: Forfar David O. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The article outlines the different nature of payouts on life company policies and lists the risks to which a life insurance company may be subject to. It looks at the requirements for capital for the life company to remain solvent. The American approach to solvency and the European approach are outlined. The central role of the actuary in ensuring his company remains solvent is highlighted.
Ethics of Randomized Trials
Authors: Fisher Lloyd D. , van Belle Gerald 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Ethics of Randomized Trials. All agree on the need for ethical consideration in human randomized trials though there is disagreement on the specific principles and implications for practice. One area of agreement is the need for fully informed consent by the participants – where possible. When not possible (e.g. young children, diminished mental capacity or cardiac arrest), the issues are more subtle and difficult. Disinterested review and monitoring by Institutional Review Boards and Data Monitoring Committees is instituted in practice and in law in many countries. Both cluster randomization and Zelen's design are mentioned. The real or perceived difficult physician‐patient and physician‐scientist conflict are discussed, as well as placebo arms in randomized trials. Ethical codes for the practice of statistics are available from both the American Statistical Association and the Royal Statistical Society.
Assortative Mating
Authors: Wilson Susan R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Assortative mating occurs when the phenotypes of biological parents are more (or less) similar than would occur under random mating. In contrast to inbreeding, mechanisms for assortative mating are poorly defined. The classical model for assortative mating makes strong assumptions, such as independent genetic and environmental contributions to a trait and no interaction between genotype and environment. More complex models have been developed, especially for human behavioral traits. Assortative mating affects the estimations and interpretation of heritability and lowers the power of linkage studies.
Transplantation
Authors: Bird Sheila M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe first successful human corneal transplant was around 1900 by Zirm, corneal xenografting having been tried as early as 1837 but without notable success. From the early 1950s, Calne envisaged kidney transplantation as a practicable therapy; and surgical, immunological, and immunosuppressive advances made it so by the mid‐1980s. By 1970, Barnard had pioneered heart transplantation; and liver transplantation was also under way. Xenografting from transgenic pigs was an unrealized challenge of the next decades, together with improvements in unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation and therapeutic exploitation of stem cell banking. Interventional ventilation has not been proceeded with, and there has been more emphasis on realizing national potentials for living related kidney transplantation together with ethical and matching safeguards for unrelated living renal transplantation.By 1990, transplantation had achieved 1‐year graft survival rates of 80% or more for most solid organs, and had done so through surgical innovation, advances in immunosuppression, beneficial and favorable matching of kidney donor to recipient, better preservation solutions, and by studying center variation in donor rates as well as in transplant outcome. In the 1990s, shortage of cadaveric donor organs was a limiting factor which the use of split livers or of domino heart transplants from cystic fibrosis heart‐lung block recipients mitigated only very partially. Epidemiological studies monitor malignancies secondary to immunosuppression.Quality of lifeas well as length of life (seeLife Expectancy) is improved by transplantation.Statistical science has underpinned much of the above progress.The past decade has seen transplant organizations internationally seeking to increase the equity and transparency as well as efficiency (e.g., in terms of quality‐adjusted life‐years) of their policies for national (and local) allocation of cadaveric donor organs.
Item Response Theory Models in Behavioral Social Science: Assessment of Fit
Authors: Glas Cees A. W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The fit of item response theory models can be evaluated by the computation of residuals and the associated test statistics. The procedures are targeted at three assumptions: the form of the item response curves, the assumption of local stochastic independence, and the assumption of subpopulation invariance. A general statistical framework is given for the definition of test statistics with a known asymptotic distribution. The procedures are worked out in some detail for the three‐parameter logistic model and the generalized partial credit model. Further, it is outlined how the procedures generalize to other parametric models for dichotomously and polytomously scored items. An example from a school effectiveness study serves as a small illustration. Finally, some references to alternative approaches to the evaluation of model if are given.