bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A checklist of fishes of Kerala, India
Authors: Bijukumar A. , Raghavan Rajeev 
Published: November 2015

<p>A checklist of the fishes of Kerala State is presented, along with their scientific and common names (English and Malayalam), endemism, IUCN Red List status, listing under different Schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act and in the Appendices of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). Nine Hundred and five species of fishes are recorded from the inland and marine waters of Kerala comprising of 41 orders and 172 families. Close to 30% of the freshwater fish species found in Kerala are endemic to the State. Only 8% of the total fishes of Kerala are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List, of which the majority are freshwater species. Several hundred fish species occurring in the marine waters of Kerala have not yet been assessed for their conservation status by IUCN. </p><div> </div>
Genetic Susceptibility to Lipid Levels and Lipid Change Over Time and Risk of Incident Hyperlipidemia in Chinese Populations
Authors: Lu Xiangfeng , Huang Jianfeng , Mo Zengnan , He Jiang , Wang Laiyuan , Yang Xueli , Tan Aihua , Chen Shufeng , Chen Jing , Gu C. Charles , Chen Jichun , Li Ying , Zhao Liancheng , Li Hongfan , Hao Yongchen , Li Jianxin , Hixson James E. , Li Yunzhi , Cheng Min , Liu Xiaoli , Cao Jie , Liu Fangcao , Huang Chen , Shen Chong , Shen Jinjin , Yu Ling , Xu Lihua , Mu Jianjun , Wu Xianping , Ji Xu , Guo Dongshuang , Zhou Zhengyuan , Yang Zili , Wang Renping , Yang Jun , Yan Weili , Peng Xiaozhong , Gu Dongfeng 
Published: November 2015

Background—
Multiple genetic loci associated with lipid levels have been identified predominantly in Europeans, and the issue of to what extent these genetic loci can predict blood lipid levels increases over time and the incidence of future hyperlipidemia remains largely unknown.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of lipid levels in 8344 subjects followed by replication studies including 14 739 additional individuals. We replicated 17 previously reported loci. We also newly identified 3 Chinese-specific variants in previous regions (
HLA-C
,
LIPG
, and
LDLR
) with genome-wide significance. Almost all the variants contributed to lipid levels change and incident hyperlipidemia >8.1-year follow-up among 6428 individuals of a prospective cohort study. The strongest associations for lipid levels change were detected at
LPL
,
TRIB1
,
APOA1-C3-A4-A5
,
LIPC
,
CETP
, and
LDLR
(
P
range from 4.84×10
−4
to 4.62×10
−18
), whereas
LPL
,
TRIB1
,
ABCA1
,
APOA1-C3-A4-A5
,
CETP
, and
APOE
displayed significant strongest associations for incident hyperlipidemia (
P
range from 1.20×10
−3
to 4.67×10
−16
). The 4 lipids genetic risk scores were independently associated with linear increases in their corresponding lipid levels and risk of incident hyperlipidemia. A
C
-statistics analysis showed significant improvement in the prediction of incident hyperlipidemia on top of traditional risk factors including the baseline lipid levels.

Conclusions—
These findings identified some evidence for allelic heterogeneity in Chinese when compared with Europeans in relation to lipid associations. The individual variants and those cumulative effects were independent risk factors for lipids increase and incident hyperlipidemia.
Can the Use of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Be Improved to Optimize Quadriceps Strengthening?
Authors: Glaviano Neal R. , Saliba Susan 
Published: November 2015

Context: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common modality used to retrain muscles and improve muscular strength after injury or surgery, particularly for the quadriceps muscle. There are parameter adjustments that can be made to maximize the effectiveness of NMES. While NMES is often used in clinical practice, there are some limitations that clinicians should be aware of, including patient discomfort, muscle fatigue, and muscle damage. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched through August 2014 and all articles cross-referenced. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Clinicians can optimize torque production and decrease discomfort by altering parameter selection (pulse duration, pulse frequency, duty cycle, and amplitude). Pulse duration of 400 to 600 µs and a pulse frequency of 30 to 50 Hz appear to be the most effective parameters to optimize torque output while minimizing discomfort, muscle fatigue, or muscle damage. Optimal electrode placement, conditioning programs, and stimulus pattern modulation during long-term NMES use may improve results. Conclusion: Torque production can be enhanced while decreasing patient discomfort and minimizing fatigue.
Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)—correlated evolution with morphological change
Authors: Tsai Jing-Fu , Kudo Shin-ichi , Yoshizawa Kazunori 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background
Maternal care (egg-nymph guarding behavior) has been recorded in some genera of Acanthosomatidae. However, the origin of the maternal care in the family has remained unclear due to the lack of phylogenetic hypotheses. Another reproductive mode is found in non-caring species whose females smear their eggs before leaving them. They possess pairs of complex organs on the abdominal venter called Pendergrast’s organ (PO) and spread the secretion of this organ onto each egg with their hind legs, which is supposed to provide a protective function against enemies. Some authors claim that the absence of PO may be associated with the presence of maternal care. No study, however, has tested this hypothesis of a correlated evolution between the two traits.

Results
We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Acanthosomatinae using five genetic markers sequenced from 44 species and one subspecies with and without maternal care. Eight additional species from the other two acanthosomatid subfamilies were included as outgroups. Our results indicated that maternal care has evolved independently at least three times within Acanthosomatinae and once in the outgroup species. Statistical tests for correlated evolution showed that the presence of maternal care is significantly correlated with the secondary loss or reduction of PO. Ancestral state reconstruction for the node of Acanthosoma denticaudum (a non-caring species in which egg smearing with developed POs occurs) and A. firmatum (a caring species with reduced POs) suggested egg smearing was still present in their most recent common ancestor and that maternal care in A. firmatum has evolved relatively recently.

Conclusions
We showed that maternal care is an apomorphic trait that has arisen multiple times from the presence of PO within the subfamily Acanthosomatinae. The acquisition of maternal care is correlated with the reduction or loss of PO, which suggests an evolutionary trade-off between the two traits resulting from physiological costs. This prediction also implies that presence of maternal care can be highly expected for those groups lacking behavioral data, which invariably also lack the organ. No secondary loss of maternal care was detected in the present tree. We suggest that the loss of maternal care may be suppressed due to the vulnerability of the PO-free condition, which thus maintains maternal care.
Damage function for historic paper. Part II: Wear and tear
Authors: Strlič Matija , Grossi Carlota M. , Dillon Catherine , Bell Nancy , Fouseki Kalliopi , Brimblecombe Peter , Menart Eva , Ntanos Kostas , Lindsay William , Thickett David , France Fenella , De Bruin Gerrit 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background

As a result of use of library and archival documents, defined as reading with handling in the context of general access, mechanical degradation (wear and tear) accumulates. In contrast to chemical degradation of paper, the accumulation of wear and tear is less well studied. Previous work explored the threshold of mechanical degradation at which a paper document is no longer considered to be fit for the purpose of use by a reader, while in this paper we explore the rate of accumulation of such damage in the context of object handling.

Results

The degree of polymerisation (DP) of historic paper of European origin from mid-19th–mid-20th Century was shown to affect the rate of accumulation of wear and tear. While at DP > 800, this accumulation no longer depends on the number of handlings (the process is random), a wear-out function could be developed for documents with DP between 300 and 800. For objects with DP < 300, one large missing piece (i.e. such that contains text) developed on average with each instance of handling, which is why we propose this DP value as a threshold value for safe handling.

Conclusions
The developed model of accumulation of large missing pieces per number of handlings of a document depending on DP, enables us to calculate the time required for an object to become unfit for use by readers in the context of general access. In the context of the average frequency of document use at The UK National Archives (Kew), this period is 60 years for the category of papers with DP 300, and 450 years for papers with DP 500. At higher DP values, this period of time increases beyond the long-term planning horizon of 500 years, leading to the conclusion that for such papers, accumulation of wear and tear is not a significant collection management concern.
Protecting silver cultural heritage objects with atomic layer deposited corrosion barriers
Authors: Marquardt Amy E. , Breitung Eric M. , Drayman-Weisser Terry , Gates Glenn , Phaneuf R. J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Introduction
Silver, prized throughout history for its luster and shine, develops a black Ag2S tarnish layer that is aesthetically displeasing when exposed to atmospheric pollutants. Tarnishing, and subsequent polishing, leads to irreversible material loss and object damage. Currently, nitrocellulose coatings are often used to prevent silver from tarnishing, however non-uniform coatings and degradation over time limit their effectiveness. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been explored as a new method for creating dense, uniform, and conformal coatings on 3-dimensional (3D) objects that are more effective than nitrocellulose in preventing silver from tarnishing.

Results
To create high quality ALD coatings on 3D objects, slowing down the ALD process is critical to ensure proper precursor exposure. Non-ideal deposition of organo-oxy-metallic compounds can occur with fast deposition rates that do not allow sufficient flow around 3D objects. The coatings can be removed by dissolving the Al2O3 ALD films in aqueous NaOH. Thicker ALD films prevent defects from occurring on non-ideal surfaces and effectively prevent silver objects from tarnishing under ambient aging conditions.

Conclusion
Thick ALD films, deposited with sufficiently long precursor pulse and purge times, may be effective in preventing complex, 3D non-mixed media silver cultural heritage objects from tarnishing.
Osteoblast-Specific Overexpression of Human WNT16 Increases Both Cortical and Trabecular Bone Mass and Structure in Mice
Authors: Alam Imranul , Alkhouli Mohammed , Gerard-O'Riley Rita L. , Wright Weston B. , Acton Dena , Gray Amie K. , Patel Bhavmik , Reilly Austin M. , Lim Kyung-Eun , Robling Alexander G. , Econs Michael J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in genes associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of fracture. Recently, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site (WNT)16 that were associated with peak BMD in premenopausal women. To further identify the role of Wnt16 in bone mass regulation, we created transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human WNT16 in osteoblasts. We compared bone phenotypes, serum biochemistry, gene expression, and dynamic bone histomorphometry between TG and wild-type (WT) mice. Compared with WT mice, WNT16-TG mice exhibited significantly higher whole-body areal BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) at 6 and 12 weeks of age in both male and female. Microcomputer tomography analysis of trabecular bone at distal femur revealed 3-fold (male) and 14-fold (female) higher bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), and significantly higher trabecular number and trabecular thickness but lower trabecular separation in TG mice compared with WT littermates in both sexes. The cortical bone at femur midshaft also displayed significantly greater bone area/total area and cortical thickness in the TG mice in both sexes. Serum biochemistry analysis showed that male TG mice had higher serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), OPG to receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (tumor necrosis family ligand superfamily, number 11; RANKL) ratio as compared with WT mice. Also, lower carboxy-terminal collagen cross-link (CTX) to tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5, isoform b (TRAPc5b) ratio was observed in TG mice compared with WT littermates in both male and female. Histomorphometry data demonstrated that both male and female TG mice had significantly higher cortical and trabecular mineralizing surface/bone surface and bone formation rate compared with sex-matched WT mice. Gene expression analysis demonstrated higher expression of Alp, OC, Opg, and Opg to Rankl ratio in bone tissue in the TG mice compared with WT littermates. Our data indicate that WNT16 is critical for positive regulation of both cortical and trabecular bone mass and structure and that this molecule might be targeted for therapeutic interventions to treat osteoporosis.
The fan and the female superhero in comic books
Authors: Neumann Caryn E. , Parks Lori L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Despite an increasing number of fangirls, female superheroes continue to represent the fears and concerns of male readers. These characters are not representative of girls or women despite their possession of a female form. Through the characterization and body shapes of male and female superheroes, the comics have remained focused upon fanboys. The female body in comics is not powerful but, instead, reinforces male dominance. While fangirls have made an effort to become a vocal force within comic book culture, the design of comic book content continues to marginalize girls and women.
The Adventures of Ms. Meta: The female superhero and her cultural importance
Authors: Zaidan Sarah 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
William Moulton Marston, inspired by his wife and beliefs, created a female superhero in 1941, seeking to address how the feminine archetype in western society ‘lacks force, strength and power’, and that ‘women’s strong qualities have become despised’. Wonder Woman was the result, and the character has achieved iconic status in popular culture seven decades later. While there is a wealth of research examining the representation of the female superhero and how this speaks to perceptions of femininity across the past 70 years, its focus is the prevalence of stereotypical over authentic depictions, and the harmful effects of this on society. However, the existing cultural impact and importance of female superheroes to readers of all genders cannot be ignored; to do so is to the detriment of both fans and scholars of comics. My research combines the platform of digital media with the artistic styles and narrative themes of comics, culminating in a narrative video game that brings together original comic pages, texts and animated sequences. The game tells the story of Meta Woman, a self-created superhero, from her first appearance in the ‘we can do it!’ 1940s, her reinventions as Miss Meta in the aftermath of the Comics Code of the 1950s, Ms Meta in the liberated 1970s and beyond, concluding in the present day. By cross-references comic representations of women with fan experience and stories of women from each era, the game showcases the power of female superheroes, and makes them relevant to each user’s life and experiences.
Reviews
Authors: Popp Veronica , Hardman Elliot 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Time on TV: Temporal Displacement and Mashup Television, Paul Booth (2012) New York: Peter Lang Publishers, 255 pp., ISBN: 978-1433115691, p/bk, $39.95
The Ashgat e Resear ch Companion to Fan Cultures, Kinda Duits, Koos Zwaan, and Stijn Reinders (2014) Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 306 pp., ISBN: 9781409455622, h/bk, $149.95
Radio and popular journalism in Britain: Early radio critics and radio criticism
Authors: Rixon Paul 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This article explores the way British radio critics began to write about radio in the national press during the 1920s and the early 1930s. I will argue that the way radio came to be covered at this time was a result of the way critics were situated in relation to the needs of and interactions between broadcasters, the press and the existing dominant cultural hierarchy of the time. In response to such tensions many critics began to adapt existing forms of coverage associated with theatre, film and book reviewing to this new aural medium, approaches already known to the editors, the public and themselves. Because of this, most critics came to focus on radio programmes as the text to critique and write about, using a form of impressionism. Others, however, began to create a more contextual approach, writing about radio more as a mass medium, created by broadcasting organizations such as the BBC. As this coverage began to appear in the national newspapers it came to play an important role in the way radio became accepted as part of popular culture.
RadioQuake: Getting back ‘on air’ after the Christchurch earthquakes
Authors: Joyce Zita 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Local independent radio stations in Christchurch, New Zealand, had their operations severely disrupted by major earthquakes in September 2010 and February 2011. This article examines the experiences of three radio stations that were shut out of their central city premises by the cordon drawn around the city after the 22 February quake. One of the stations continued broadcasting automatically, while the others were unable to fully get back on air for several weeks afterwards. All of the stations had to manage access to workspaces, the emotional needs of staff and volunteers, the technical ability to broadcast, and the need to adapt content appropriately when back on air. For the locally based radio managers decisions had to be made about the future of the stations in a time of significant emotional, physical, and geological upheaval. The article explores how these radio stations were disrupted by the earthquake, and how they returned to air through new combinations and interconnections of people, workspace, technology, content and transmission.
European aquaculture of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) for food industries: iodine content and epiphytic animals as major problems
Authors: Lüning Klaus , Mortensen Leiv 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
There is little use of cultivated kelp including Saccharina latissima (syn. Laminaria saccharina) in the European food industry, in contrast to the extensive use of Pyropia (syn. Porphyra) as Nori, e.g. in sushi restaurants. A major reason for this discrepancy is possibly the extremely high iodine content in laminarian species, i.e. 3–10 g I kg-1 dry weight, in contrast to the situation in Pyropia with its approximately 10 times lower iodine content. Another serious problem for commercial use of S. latissima from rope culture for food is the presence of epiphytic animals on the blades from May onwards as an unwanted food addition. This investigation presents data on iodine content in commercial samples of S. latissima, with indications of lower iodine values from rope cultivation in the Kattegat (Baltic) at reduced salinities, and in general from tank cultivation, possibly mainly due to rapid iodine depletion of seawater in the tanks. Boiling dried blades for several minutes in fresh water resulted in a reduction of the iodine content to approximately one third of the initial value after 2 min. Results from rope cultures in a Norwegian fjord showed the presence of epiphytic animals from early May onwards in the sea, which ruined the food quality of the blades, but the complete absence of such animals throughout the year in parallel tank-grown S. latissima, probably mainly due to mechanical prevention of larval settlement in tank tumble culture.
Food or fad? Challenges and opportunities for including seaweeds in a Nordic diet
Authors: Chapman Annelise S. , Stévant Pierrick , Larssen Wenche Emblem 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Seaweeds represent highly nutritious seafood products with the potential for becoming more central elements in Western human diets than currently realized. Using locally available seaweed species (Palmaria palmata, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta), we tested preparation methods, flavour and taste perception in the context of a culinary experience. In collaboration with a local cooking school and a group of chefs, a cooking workshop explored the possibilities for seaweeds to be included in a variety of region-specific menus, testing their individual qualities and characteristics as sea vegetables, flavour enhancers and in condiments. Through developing quality descriptors for both steamed and dried products of the target species, the study laid the foundation for future systematic sensory analyses. Preliminary tests revealed a strong impact of species on sensory perception, with P. palmata having a sensory profile distinct from the kelp species. A consumer test of S. latissima in fish cakes confirmed our hypothesis that seaweeds as food ingredients do not negatively affect the taste experience for seafood dishes.
A preliminary study on the lithic resource utilization mode of the Mount Dagudui Site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi
Authors: Zhai Shaodong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMount Dagudui Site is a lithic quarry site during the time of Taosi Culture. Large amounts of lithic blanks and halfproducts are found at this site, the materials of which are all the stones of metamorphic sandstone, and the spearshaped blank is the typical sample of these lithic products. In the angle of the lithology of the lithic products, this paper discussed the relationships between the Mount Dagudui Site and Taosi Site, as well as that among the other sites of the same period in the Linfen Basin, and further discussed the lithic resource utilization mode of the Mount Dagudui Site.
The salt-making workshop sites of the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties in northern Shandong and their organization of production
Authors: Fu Yonggan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractReferring to the results of the special surveys on the saltmaking archaeology in northern Shandong Province in recent years, the settlement pattern and the distribution rules of the salt-making workshops of the late Shang through Western Zhou Dynasties could be revealed. These workshops tended to be built in the places with the “yangzi” terrain (hillock or mound surrounded by wet lowland) or lacustrine landform, where the sweet water could be easily fetched. Through the comparative studies with the relevant situations in the Eastern Zhou Period, the issues such as the production organization and social attribution of the salt-making workshops of the late Shang through the Western Zhou Dynasties could be further explored. At that period, the salt-making industry was small-scaled production activities conducted by separated workshops without unified management, and this was exactly the fundamental cause for which the location selection of the salt-making workshops was heavily restricted by the natural resources.