bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directions, disconnect and critique: round table discussion
Authors: Lennon J. John , Seaton Tony V. , Wight Craig 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to review developments in dark tourism research over a 20-year period from its inception in 1996. This paper also considers the reasons why people visit dark tourism sites and the different perspectives of site operators, tourists and academics.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses a round table discussion with three participants – all researchers who played a significant role in developing the early concept of dark tourism. The paper also explores a number of questions about past, current and future research interests and developments.

Findings
It was observed that dark tourism site operators and visitors tend to view the act of remembrance as a significant reason for visiting a site associated with past atrocities. This perspective is rather different from the original concept of dark tourism – viewed by many as a form of pilgrimage tourism.

Practical implications
The review reveals a gap between aspects of the literature on dark tourism and the reasons why these sites remain popular with tourists. Site operators and visitors say that motives for visiting are more commonly associated with an act of remembrance and a sense of pilgrimage than a desire to view a site associated with pain and death.

Originality/value
This viewpoint provides a 20-year perspective on research in dark tourism based on a conversation between three of the most eminent researchers in the field.
Conclusion: dark tourism in a digital post-truth society
Authors: Lennon J. John 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to review the dark tourism concept as it applies to visitation, understanding and education to determine whether a gap exists between academic research and literature, the operation of dark tourism sites and the motivations of visitors.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper development of the dark tourism concept over a 20-year period and draws on the papers and debate among contributors to this theme issue to determine the role played by dark tourism in contemporary society.

Findings
It was concluded that the concept of dark tourism remains relevant and that what is interpreted, merits educational focus and what is ignored is a function of the complex interaction of commercial potential, political will and social acceptability.

Practical implications
This paper incorporates the reflections of senior practitioners and academics in a comprehensive review of the dark tourism concept.

Originality/value
The paper provides a blend of academic and practitioner insight on a facet of tourism that is often misunderstood and even misinterpreted. It was observed that dark tourism is an important way of remembering the past and that for many visitors, it offers a form of pilgrimage.
Exploratory analysis of Symbiodinium transcriptomes reveals potential latent infection by large dsDNA viruses
Authors: Lawrence Scott A. , Floge Sheri A. , Davy Joanne E. , Davy Simon K. , Wilson William H. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryCoral reefs are in decline worldwide. Much of this decline is attributable to mass coral bleaching events and disease outbreaks, both of which are linked to anthropogenic climate change. Despite increased research effort, much remains unknown about these phenomena, especially the causative agents of many coral diseases. In particular, coral‐associated viruses have received little attention, and their potential roles in coral diseases are largely unknown. Previous microscopy studies have produced evidence of viral infections in Symbiodinium, the endosymbiotic algae critical for coral survival, and more recently molecular evidence of Symbiodinium‐infecting viruses has emerged from metagenomic studies of corals. Here, we took an exploratory whole‐transcriptome approach to virus gene discovery in three different Symbiodinium cultures. An array of virus‐like genes was found in each of the transcriptomes, with the majority apparently belonging to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Upregulation of virus‐like gene expression following stress experiments indicated that Symbiodinium cells may host latent or persistent viral infections that are induced via stress. This was supported by analysis of host gene expression, which showed changes consistent with viral infection after exposure to stress. If these results can be replicated in Symbiodinium cells in hospite, they could help to explain the breakdown of the coral‐Symbiodinium symbiosis, and possibly some of the numerous coral diseases that have yet to be assigned a causative agent.
Is ethnic prejudice declining inBritain?Change in social distance attitudes among ethnic majority and minorityBritons
Authors: Storm Ingrid , Sobolewska Maria , Ford Robert 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMost literature on racial prejudice deals with the racial attitudes of the ethnic majority and ethnic minorities separately. This paper breaks this tradition. We examine the social distance attitudes of white and non‐white British residents to test if these attitudes follow the same trends over time, whether they are driven by the same social processes and whether they are inter‐related. We have three main findings. Firstly, social distance from other ethnic groups has declined over time for both white and ethnic minority Britons. For the white majority there are both period and cohort elements to this decline. Secondly, we see some evidence that social distance between the majority and minority groups is reciprocal. Specifically, minorities who experience rejection by the white British feel a greater sense of distance from them. Thirdly, we find that all groups share the perception of the same ethnic hierarchy. We see evidence of particularly widespread hostility towards Muslim Britons from all ethnic groups suggesting that Muslims are singled out for negative attention from many British residents of all other backgrounds, including a large number who do not express hostility to other groups.
Skeletal Indicators of Shark Feeding on Human Remains: Evidence from Florida Forensic Anthropology Cases
Authors: Stock Michala K. , Winburn Allysha P. , Burgess George H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis research examines a series of six Florida forensic anthropology cases that exhibit taphonomic evidence of marine deposition and shark‐feeding activities. In each case, we analyzed patterns of trauma/damage on the skeletal remains (e.g., sharp‐force bone gouges and punctures) and possible mechanisms by which they were inflicted during shark predation/scavenging. In some cases, shark teeth were embedded in the remains; in the absence of this evidence, we measured interdental distance from defects in the bone to estimate shark body length, as well as to draw inferences about the potential species responsible. We discuss similarities and differences among the cases and make comparisons to literature documenting diagnostic shark‐inflicted damage to human remains from nearby regions. We find that the majority of cases potentially involve bull or tiger sharks scavenging the remains of previously deceased, adult male individuals. This scavenging results in a distinctive taphonomic signature including incised gouges in cortical bone.
A Comprehensive Study of the Alteration of Ignitable Liquids by Weathering and Microbial Degradation,
Authors: Turner Dee A. , Williams Mary , Sigman Michael A. , Goodpaster John V. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe differing effects of weathering and microbial degradation are described here in a comprehensive study that involved 50 different ignitable liquids from the Ignitable Liquids Database and Reference Collection. Examples of ignitable liquid residues from each of the main classes established by the American Society of Testing and Materials are presented. Weathering was accomplished via evaporation, whereas microbial degradation was carried out on soil at room temperature for periods of up to 21 days. Major trends included the rapid degradation of long n‐alkanes and monosubstituted alkyl benzenes (e.g., toluene, ethylbenzene, and propylbenzene). Surprisingly, some longer branched alkanes (e.g., trimethyloctanes) were also susceptible to microbial attack. Although all ignitable liquids examined suffered at least to some extent from microbial degradation, gasoline, petroleum distillates, and oxygenates were the most susceptible. Isoparaffinic and naphthenic–paraffinic products were the most resistant to microbial degradation.
The Cane Sword
Authors: Wysozan Timothy R. , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis report provides an overview of the injuries caused by a unique blade‐type weapon known as a cane sword. The cane sword usually consists of a blade that is stored in a cylindrical “cane” that can be released at the handle to reveal the hidden blade within. The victim of the case was found to have a stab wound in the left mid‐back that caused perforation of both the lower and upper lobes of the left lung, resulting in a left hemothorax. Upon autopsy, it was concluded that the patient died from injuries caused by the stab wound to the back. Given the shape of the wound and the fact that the weapon itself was found at the site of the homicide, the weapon that caused the injury was believed to be a cane sword. This case will inform forensic pathologists, law‐enforcement officers, emergency medical personnel, and physicians about rare weapon, the cane sword.
Fatality During Servicing of Fire Extinguisher
Authors: Tumram Nilesh Keshav , Ambade Vipul Namdeorao , Dixit Pradeep Gangadhar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFire extinguisher is an integral part of emergency responses to small fires. Different types of fire extinguisher exists; cartridge‐based fire extinguisher is commonly used. Despite their intended use for safety, such devices can become dangerous if not properly handled or maintained. This case report describes the death of a soldier from the explosion of a cartridge‐based fire extinguisher during routine servicing. The case is the first reported in the medical literature. A safety device like fire extinguisher can become dangerous if not handled with care and due steps should be taken for the maintenance of such devices before being operated in the public domain.
Correspondence of coral holobiont metabolome with symbiotic bacteria, archaea and Symbiodinium communities
Authors: Sogin Emilia M. , Putnam Hollie M. , Nelson Craig E. , Anderson Paul , Gates Ruth D. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryMicrobial symbiotic partners, such as those associated with Scleractinian corals, mediate biochemical transformations that influence host performance and survival. While evidence suggests microbial community composition partly accounts for differences in coral physiology, how these symbionts affect metabolic pathways remains underexplored. We aimed to assess functional implications of variation among coral‐associated microbial partners in hospite. To this end, we characterized and compared metabolomic profiles and microbial community composition from nine reef‐building coral species. These data demonstrate metabolite profiles and microbial communities are species‐specific and are correlated to one another. Using Porites spp. as a case study, we present evidence that the relative abundance of different sub‐clades of Symbiodinium and bacterial/archaeal families are linked to positive and negative metabolomic signatures. Our data suggest that while some microbial partners benefit the union, others are more opportunistic with potential detriment to the host. Consequently, coral partner choice likely influences cellular metabolic activities and, therefore, holobiont nutrition.
Vancomycin‐resistant enterococci with vanA and vanB genes in Australian gulls
Authors: Oravcova Veronika , Svec Pavel , Literak Ivan 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThis study is revealing the possible dissemination of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) from humans into the wildlife. We studied silver gulls (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) in Australia as potential carriers and reservoirs of VRE with acquired vancomycin resistance. In New South Wales (Australia), we have found two multi‐resistant isolates belonging to Enterococcus faecium (sequence type 341, vanB genotype) and Enterococcus dispar (vanA genotype). Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of VRE in Australian wildlife.
A Fool's Errand? The Next Secretary‐General and United Nations Reform
Authors: Ponzio Richard , Bluman Schroeder Michael 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHow can the incoming Secretary‐General António Guterres promote and lead change? The view in many policy circles is that the UN urgently needs comprehensive change, and the next Secretary‐General is expected to capitalize on the honeymoon to initiate a transformation. We argue that initiating transformational change is counterproductive for the next Secretary‐General. A better strategy is to implement modest changes that accumulate over multiple rounds and to influence and empower the leadership of so‐called ‘smart coalitions’ of state and non‐state actors seeking to enact ambitious changes to intergovernmental structures and global norms. Specifically, we propose a change leadership strategy for the next Secretary‐General based on five guiding principles and including illustrative reforms that suggest how the next Secretary‐General might put each principle into practice.
‘Sustainability as Maritime Security: A Small Island Developing State Perspective?’
Authors: Malcolm James A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe article begins the process of outlining the way in which maritime security challenges are publicly articulated by Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in order to better understand the backdrop against which security policy and practice emerge. To do this the article discusses the results of an initial, exploratory content analysis of UN SIDS conference documents framed by the central research question, ‘In the SIDS’ public conceptualisation of sustainable development, how are maritime security threats articulated?’ The article argues that for SIDS their conceptualisation of maritime security is inextricably wrapped up in concerns about sustainable development, with concern about challenges such as illegal fishing being pinpointed as threats to food security. The article calls for more research on the extent to which SIDS’ conceptualisation of maritime security differs regionally; highlights a vulnerability straitjacket SIDS may find themselves wearing; and suggests that SIDS consider the development of holistic sustainable blue growth strategies to bring multiple stakeholders together to enhance human wellbeing. To conclude, the article argues that ultimately efforts to pursue enhanced maritime security by SIDS will be determined by how they chart a path between emphasising their own vulnerability and the opportunities associated with their maritime domain.
Accuracy of Point‐of‐care Ultrasonography for Diagnosing Acute Appendicitis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Matthew Fields J. , Davis Joshua , Alsup Carl , Bates Amanda , Au Arthur , Adhikari Srikar , Farrell Isaac 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe use of ultrasonography (US) to diagnose appendicitis is well established. More recently, point‐of‐care ultrasonography (POCUS) has also been studied for the diagnosis of appendicitis, which may also prove a valuable diagnostic tool. The purpose of this study was through systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify the test characteristics of POCUS, specifically US performed by a nonradiologist physician, in accurately diagnosing acute appendicitis in patients of any age.MethodsWe conducted a thorough and systematic literature search of English language articles published on point‐of‐care, physician‐performed transabdominal US used for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis from 1980 to May, 2015 using OVID MEDLINE In‐Process & Other Non‐indexed Citations and Scopus. Studies were selected and subsequently independently abstracted by two trained reviewers. A random‐effects pooled analysis was used to construct a hierarchical summary receiver operator characteristic curve, and a meta‐regression was performed. Quality of studies was assessed using the QUADAS‐2 tool.ResultsOur search yielded 5,792 unique studies and we included 21 of these in our final review. Prevalence of disease in this study was 29.8%, (range = 6.4%–75.4%). The sensitivity and specificity for POCUS in diagnosing appendicitis were 91% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 83%–96%) and 97% (95% CI = 91%–99%), respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 91 and 94%, respectively. Studies performed by emergency physicians had slightly lower test characteristics (sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 92%). There was significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99%, 95% CI = 99%–100%) and the quality of the reported studies was moderate, mostly due to unclear reporting of blinding of physicians and timing of scanning and patient enrollment. Several of the studies were performed by a single operator, and the education and training of the operators were variably reported.ConclusionPoint‐of‐care US has relatively high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing acute appendicitis, although the data presented are limited by the quality of the original studies and large CIs. In the hands of an experienced operator, POCUS is an appropriate initial imaging modality for diagnosing appendicitis. Based on our results, it is premature to utilize POCUS as a stand‐alone test or to rule out appendicitis.
Utilization pattern and survival outcomes of adjuvant therapies in high‐grade nonretroperitoneal abdominal soft tissue sarcoma: A population‐based study
Authors: Green William Ross , Chokshi Ravi , Jabbour Salma K. , DeLaney Thomas F. , Mahmoud Omar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundNonretroperitoneal abdominal soft tissue sarcoma (NRA‐STS) is a rare disease with limited data supporting its management. Our study aimed to reveal the utilization patterns of adjuvant therapy and its potential survival benefits using the National Cancer Data Base.MaterialsThe analysis included patients with resected high‐grade NRA‐STS. Chi‐square analysis was used to evaluate distribution of patient and tumor‐related factors within treatment groups. The Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards model were utilized to evaluate overall survival according to treatment approach. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the impact of these factors on patients’ outcome. Matched propensity score analysis was implemented to control for imbalance of confounding variables.ResultsAt median follow‐up of 49 months, 5‐year overall survival improved from 46% without adjuvant radiation therapy to 52% (P = 0.009) with radiotherapy delivery with a 30% reduction in hazard of death (95% confidence interval = 0.58–0.84). On multivariate analysis, age <50, tumor <8 cm, negative margins and radiotherapy delivery were significant predictors of improved survival. Chemotherapy was not associated with significant survival improvement (Hazard Ratios [HR]: 0.89, P = 0.28).ConclusionAdjuvant radiotherapy was associated with improved survival in high‐grade NRA‐STS. Chemotherapy was not associated with a survival improvement; however, further studies are needed to refine treatment strategies.
Resource selection, utilization and seasons influence spatial distribution of ungulates in the western Serengeti National Park
Authors: Bukombe John , Kittle Andrew , Senzota Ramadhan , Mduma Simon , Fryxell John , Sinclair Anthony R.E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnderstanding herbivore selection and utilization of vegetation types is fundamental to conservation of multispecies communities. We tested three hypotheses for how ungulate species select their habitats and how this changes with season: first, resources are distributed as a mosaic of patches so that ungulates are also distributed patchily; this distribution reflects habitat selection, which changes with season, the different ungulates behaving differently. Second, resources become scarcer in the dry season relative to those in the wet season. If interspecific competition prevails, then all species should show a contraction of habitats chosen. Third, if predation is limiting, competition will be minimal, and hence, habitat selection by herbivores will not differ between seasons. We used frequencies of occurrence in four common vegetation types in western Serengeti National Park to determine selection coefficients and utilization patterns and Chi‐square analysis to test the hypotheses. The results showed that selection changes differently in each species, agreeing with the first hypothesis. Herbivores did not all become more selective, as predicted by the competition hypothesis, nor did selection remain the same across seasons, as predicted by the predation hypothesis. These results can be useful in constructing habitat suitability maps for ungulate species with special conservation needs.
The height of the cricothyroid membrane on computed tomography scans in trauma patients
Authors: Nutbeam T. , Clarke R. , Luff T. , Enki D. , Gay D. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryEmergency cricothyrotomy is a common feature in all difficult airway algorithms. It is the final step following a ‘can't intubate, can't oxygenate’ scenario. It is rarely performed and has a significant failure rate. There is variation in the reported size of the cricothyroid membrane, especially across population groups. Procedural failure may result from attempting to pass a device with too large an external diameter through the cricothyroid membrane. We aimed to determine the maximum height of the cricothyroid membrane in a UK trauma population. Electronic callipers were used to measure the maximum height of the cricothyroid membrane on 482 reformatted trauma computed tomography scans, 377 (78.2%) of which were in male patients. The mean (SD) height of the cricothyroid membrane, as independently measured by two radiologists, was 7.89 (2.21) mm and 7.88 (2.22) mm in male patients, and 6.00 (1.76) mm and 5.92 (1.71) mm in female patients. The presence of concurrent tracheal intubation or cervical spine immobilisation was found not to have a significant effect on cricothyroid membrane height. The cricothyroid membrane height in the study population was much smaller than that previously reported. Practitioners encountering patients who may require an emergency surgical airway should be aware of these data. Rescue airway equipment with variety of external diameters should be immediately available.