bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐speed transimpedance amplifier with runtime adaptive bandwidth and power consumption in 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS
Authors: Schoeniger D. , Henker R. , Ellinger F. 
Published: November 2015

A high‐speed transimpedance amplifier (TIA) implemented in 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS with a novel bandwidth and power consumption tuning approach is presented. By tuning the circuit bandwidth continuously from 61.6 to 12.8 GHz during runtime, the power consumption of the main amplifier can be reduced by a factor of around 5. Leading to a power consumption reduction of 40% for the TIA core. Despite the power reduction the gain is kept constant at 69.8 dBΩ by utilising field effect transistors as steerable resistors. The high maximum bandwidth admits data rates up to more than 88 Gbit/s with a power consumption of only 78.1 mW. This yields to a very good energy efficiency of 0.888 pJ/bit and a very high gain bandwidth product of 189.8 kΩGHz at the same time. The mentioned performance parameters in conjunction with the bandwidth and power consumption scalability make the TIA well suited for energy‐efficient high‐speed optical interconnects, e.g. in future high performance computing platforms.
Unexpected features of the dark proteome
Authors: Perdigão Nelson , Heinrich Julian , Stolte Christian , Sabir Kenneth S. , Buckley Michael J. , Tabor Bruce , Signal Beth , Gloss Brian S. , Hammang Christopher J. , Rost Burkhard , Schafferhans Andrea , O’Donoghue Seán I. 
Published: November 2015

SignificanceA key remaining frontier in our understanding of biological systems is the “dark proteome”—that is, the regions of proteins where molecular conformation is completely unknown. We systematically surveyed these regions, finding that nearly half of the proteome in eukaryotes is dark and that, surprisingly, most of the darkness cannot be accounted for. We also found that the dark proteome has unexpected features, including an association with secretory tissues, disulfide bonding, low evolutionary conservation, and very few known interactions with other proteins. This work will help future research shed light on the remaining dark proteome, thus revealing molecular processes of life that are currently unknown.
Molecular basis for specific viral RNA recognition and 2′-O-ribose methylation by the dengue virus nonstructural protein 5 (NS5)
Authors: Zhao Yongqian , Soh Tingjin Sherryl , Lim Siew Pheng , Chung Ka Yan , Swaminathan Kunchithapadam , Vasudevan Subhash G. , Shi Pei-Yong , Lescar Julien , Luo Dahai 
Published: November 2015

Significance
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease, endemic in more than a hundred tropical and subtropical countries. NS5, the largest viral protein, is a key replication enzyme with both methyltransferase and RNA polymerase activities. We present to our knowledge the first crystal structure of the full-length NS5 protein from dengue virus bound to the authentic 5′-end viral RNA fragment. This structure captures the viral enzyme in the act of transferring a methyl group to the 2′-O-ribose of the first nucleotide of the viral genome, providing an atomic-level understanding of specific 2′-O-methylation and cap formation by the flavivirus methyltransferase. The structure also suggests an evolutionary origin for the methyltransferase domain of NS5 and strategies for designing novel antiviral inhibitors.
Combining Samples from Multiple Gears Helps to Avoid Fishy Growth Curves
Authors: Wilson Kyle L. , Matthias Bryan G. , Barbour Andrew B. , Ahrens Robert N. M. , Tuten Travis , Allen Micheal S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Size-at-age information is critical in estimating growth parameters (e.g., the von Bertalanffy growth function [VBGF]) that are used to assess fish populations. Due to gear selectivity, single sampling methods rarely sample all ages or all sizes equally well. Most growth estimates rely on samples from a single gear or a haphazard combination of gears, potentially leading to biased and imprecise growth parameter estimates. We evaluated the efficacy of combining samples from two gears with different size selectivity to estimate VBGF parameters; we then applied that approach to a case study on the Lochloosa Lake (Florida) population of Black Crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Simulated age- and size-structured populations were randomly sampled with two gears characterized by different size-selectivity curves (one gear was selective for smaller fish; the other was selective for larger fish). Maximum likelihood VBGF estimates obtained for each gear separately were compared with estimates from a combined VBGF fitted to data from both gears. In every simulated scenario, a combined-gear approach reduced bias and increased precision for estimating the VBGF, but the gear-specific proportions that improved VBGF estimates depended on size selectivity. The VBGF estimates for the Black Crappie population showed that the combined-gear method yielded intermediate parameter values relative to single-gear approaches based on (1) trawl sampling (fishery-independent survey) and (2) angler harvest (as determined from carcass collections; fishery-dependent data). Furthermore, the combined-gear approach had greater precision in individual parameter estimates and much less variance than single-gear approaches when estimating the VBGF. Combining data from two gears can increase sample representativeness, leading to improvements in VBGF estimation. Such approaches can reduce uncertainty in VBGF estimation and can provide insight into key demographic processes occurring in fish populations for which ontogeny and gear selectivity lead to imperfect sampling.
Received January 22, 2015; accepted July 30, 2015
Structure of propagating arc in a magneto-hydrodynamic rail plasma actuator
Authors: Gray Miles D , Choi Young-Joon , Sirohi Jayant , Raja Laxminarayan L 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The spatio-temporal evolution of a magnetically driven arc in a rail plasma flow actuator has been characterized with high-speed imaging, electrical measurements, and spectroscopy. The arc draws a peak current of ~1 kA. High-speed framing cameras were used to observe the complex arc propagation phenomenon. In particular, the anode and cathode roots were observed to have different modes of transit, which resulted in distinct types of electrode degradation on the anode and cathode surfaces. Observations of the arc electrical properties and induced magnetic fields are used to explain the transit mechanism of the arc. Emission spectroscopy revealed the arc temperature and species composition as a function of transit distance of the arc. The results obtained offer significant insights into the electromagnetic properties of the arc-rail system as well as arc-surface interaction phenomena in a propagating arc.
Enhancement of minority carrier lifetimes in n- and p-type silicon wafers using silver nanoparticle layers
Authors: Thouti Eshwar , Kumar Sanjai , Komarala Vamsi K 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The quasi-steady state photo conductance technique is employed to probe effective minority carrier lifetime (τ
eff) modifications after integrating silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on n-type and p-type silicon wafers with a native oxide surface. Our observations reveal that τ
eff modification is very sensitive to Ag NPs size, surface coverage and also wafer type. With an optimized Ag NPs, τ
eff is enhanced from 4.4 μs to 10 μs for a p-type silicon wafer, and from 8.1 μs to 14 μs for an n-type silicon wafer. We attributed the enhancement in τ
eff to the partial field effect passivation of the silicon surface by the surface plasmon resonance near-fields of Ag NPs after excitation. Our investigations demonstrate that an optimized Ag NPs on any silicon wafer with a native oxide layer can work as both a light trapping and a surface-passivating layer.
Selective growth of hierarchical ZnO nanorod arrays on the graphene nanosheets
Authors: Yang Hui , Li Lan , Li Jinliang , Mo Zhaojun 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We report directly selective-area grown (SAG) high-quality hierarchical ZnO nanorod arrays on the graphene nanosheets without invoking damage or introducing a catalyst. The SAG behavior in the non-catalytic growth mechanism is attributed to dangling bonds on the boundary edges of graphene nanosheets, which serve as the preferential adsorption and nucleation sites of ZnO nanorod. High densities of hierarchical ZnO nanorods show single-crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure and are vertically well-aligned on the graphene nanosheets, with the diameter and the density strongly dependent on the growth temperature. Furthermore, no carbon impurity can be seen in the tips of the ZnO nanorods and also no carbon-related defect peak in the 10 K PL spectrum of ZnO nanorods. Our approach using a graphene-nanosheet substrate provides an efficient route for the growth of high-quality ZnO with a one-dimensional (1D) hierarchical nanostructure, which is highly desirable for fabricating 1D ZnO hybrid optoelectronic devices, particularly for a fast-response UV photodetector and highly-sensitive gas sensor.
Distortion reduction in strong terahertz signals using broadband attenuators with flat transmittance
Authors: Peng Xiao-Yu , Teng Jinghua , Liu Hongwei , Tanoto Hendrix , Guo Hongchen , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Zhang Jie 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We demonstrate numerically and experimentally a simple approach to significantly reduce the distortion of a strong terahertz (THz) pulse signal measured by the spectral-encoding technique. We propose using broadband THz attenuators with flat transmittance to attenuate the input signal to a certain low level corresponding to the strongest spectrum difference ΔI for the main negative polar. The real THz waveform can be recovered by multiplying the attenuated THz waveform by the reciprocal of the attenuation factor of the main positive polar. Using a suitable number of broadband attenuators with flat transmittance, and considering an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio, the severely distorted strong THz signal from the air plasmas induced by two-color femtosecond laser pulses was reduced significantly.
Cognition, Content, and the A Priori
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis book develops a unified contemporary Kantian theory of rational human cognition and knowledge. Along the way, it provides accounts of (i) intentionality and its contents, including non-conceptual content and conceptual content, (ii) sense perception and perceptual knowledge, including perceptual self-knowledge, (iii) the analytic-synthetic distinction, (iv) the nature of logic, and (v) a priori truth and knowledge in mathematics, logic, and philosophy. This book is specifically intended to reach out to two very different audiences: contemporary Analytic philosophers of mind and knowledge, on the one hand, and contemporary Kantian philosophers or Kant-scholars, on the other. At the same time, it is also riding the crest of a wave of extremely exciting and even revolutionary emerging new trends and new work in the philosophy of mind and epistemology, with a special concentration on the philosophy of perception. What is revolutionary in this new wave are its strong emphases on action, on cognitive phenomenology, on disjunctivist direct realism, on embodiment, and on sense perception as a primitive proto-rational capacity for cognizing the world. The book makes a fundamental contribution to this philosophical revolution by giving it a specifically contemporary Kantian twist, and by pushing these new lines of investigation radically further.
Introduction
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This introductory chapter briefly sets out the book’s purpose, namely to offer an analytical framework to decide whether and in what legal settings tribunals should resort to the principle of proportionality. The book identifies limits to judicial balancing, and discusses other means for States to recalibrate the balance between private property rights and the public interest if they wish to do so. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Proportionality and the FET Standard
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for the application of the principle of proportionality in the context of the arguably most important treaty protection in the current system of investor–State arbitration: the standard of fair and equitable treatment (FET). The chapter is organized as follows. Section I provides a brief introduction on FET, focusing on the relationship between FET and the international minimum standard of treatment and on the notion of legitimate expectations. Section II addresses the jurisprudence of the tribunals adjudicating claims arising from the 2001–3 Argentine crisis, with a particular view to the tribunals’ reasoning on the investor’s legitimate expectations and the public interest. Section III makes a case for the application of the principle of proportionality in the context of the FET standard, based on the methodology developed in Chapters 3 and 4. Section IV discusses the relationship between legitimate expectations of foreign investors and proportionality. In 2012, a tribunal ordered Ecuador to pay $1.77 billion to USA-based Occidental due to a contract termination that in the tribunal’s eyes violated the principle of proportionality. Section V analyses whether this decision could and should be understood to trigger a proportionality analysis under the FET standard whenever a State exercises its contractual rights, and Section VI concludes.
Proportionality and the Customary International Law Defence of Necessity
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the customary international law defence of necessity. Argentina argued that it experienced a state of necessity during its 2001–3 financial crisis. While all tribunals acknowledged that such a defence exists under customary international law and was accurately codified by the International Law Commission (ILC) in Article 25 of the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ASR), none of the tribunals found that Argentina could rely on it to justify its emergency measures. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I examines the applicability of Article 25 of the ASR in investor–State arbitration. Section II analyses the different elements of Article 25 and relevant jurisprudence from the Argentina cases. Section III evaluates whether arbitrators should expand the scope of necessity by applying a proportionality analysis to assess whether regulatory measures in the public interest are justified by necessity. Section IV addresses the most important issue regarding necessity for States and foreign investors alike: the consequences of a successful plea of necessity—if certain State action meets the requirements of Article 25, will the State invoking necessity have to compensate those who suffered from the exercise of this defence, and if yes, to what degree?
Summary and Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of this book and presents some concluding remarks. Arbitrators must bear in mind that every international investment agreement (IIA) in itself reflects a certain balance between the protection of foreign investment and other interests. When concluding IIAs, States have to weigh and balance the advantages of foreign investment and the protection of nationals abroad on one hand, with possible disadvantages of foreign investment and its protection on the other. It is not for arbitrators to undermine the balance struck in a particular IIA through a proportionality analysis. But proportionality is a valuable tool to elucidate the bargain inherent in every IIA to reconcile conflicting interests.
Agriculture as an Engine of Growth and Poverty Reduction
Authors: Gollin Douglas 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews theories and empirical literature on the relationship between agricultural development, economic growth, and poverty reduction, focusing on sub-Saharan Africa. Data show clearly and consistently that smallholder agriculture remains a dominant source of livelihoods in Africa, with more than half of the economically active population working in that sector. Rural people also tend to be poor; although data are sparse, evidence supports the idea that poverty is concentrated in rural areas. As a result, it seems reasonable that agricultural development can play a key role in poverty reduction. But the evidence base remains sparse, and many fundamental questions remain unanswered; the chapter sets out a series of research questions that require further exploration. It is suggested that structural transformation will take place in Africa as it has in other parts of the world, largely as a process linked to economic growth.
Growth, Employment Creation, and Poverty Reduction
Authors: Bhorat Haroon 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter attempts to explore the role and importance of the labour market in the interactions between economic growth, poverty, and inequality. Ranging from the relationship between output and employment, through the relevant elasticities, to the estimates of labour-intensive growth in cross-country regressions, the role of the labour market in understanding growth, poverty, and inequality outcomes is assessed. An overview of current and ongoing research is provided. This is in an attempt to understand labour market dynamics of pro-poor economic growth, and linkages—not only within the economic growth–poverty nexus, but also the centrality of inequality. This is vital for creating a broader appreciation of the welfare impacts of economic growth. The chapter endeavours to suggest specific African economies where economic growth and welfare outcomes may be intermediated through the labour markets of these respective economies.
The Informal Economy, Economic Growth, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Aryeetey Ernest 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The role that informality plays in the shaping of economies is not yet very well understood. In many economies anxious to modernize and grow faster, informality is seen as a challenge that has to be tackled to move them to new levels of development. But there is little evidence that trying to induce change directly in informal economic entities benefits the larger economy in any significant way. Indeed, while the institutional economics literature provides good frameworks for understanding both the economic and socio-cultural relationships embedded in informality, the follow-through into generalized policy responses is extremely elusive. This would explain the many failed attempts to ‘formalize the informal sector’. Change must come from economic agents responding over time to changes in their environment affecting the profitability of their enterprises. Support to informal economies must be designed to improve specific conditions of operation and facilitate their evolution.
The Interaction of Focus, Givenness, and Prosody
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis book provides an in-depth investigation of contrastive focalization in Italian, showing that its syntactic expression is systematically affected by the syntactic expression of discourse-givenness. The proposed analysis disentangles the properties genuinely associated with contrastive focalization from those determined by the most productive operations affecting discourse given phrases at the right periphery, namely right dislocation and marginalization. On this basis, it shows that in the default case contrastive focalization occurs in situ and that instances of left-peripheral focalization only arise when focus obligatorily evacuates a larger right-dislocating phrase, giving rise to a distribution of leftward-moved foci that generalizes well beyond the cases examined in Rizzi (1997) and most literature since. In its final chapter, the book examines the syntax–prosody interface, showing how focalization in situ and other key properties follow from the prosodic constraints governing stress placement, thus reinterpreting and extending Zubizarreta’s (1998) analysis of p-movement and the role of prosody in shaping syntax. Overall, this book offers an evidence-backed radical departure from current views of focalization based on a fixed focus projection at the left periphery of the clause. It also provides the most comprehensive study of Italian marginalization and right dislocation available to date.
Existentials and locatives in Romance dialects of Italy
Authors: Bentley Delia 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses various existing definitions of existential sentence or existential construction and introduces the definition adopted in the volume. This is McNally’s (2011) definition, which is enriched with an explicit reference to the context-dependence of existentials. The chapter then outlines the principal semantic and morphosyntactic features of existential and locative there sentences in Romance, and in typological perspective, providing examples of such constructions from a wide variety of languages. It explains the scope and objectives of the volume, alongside the methodology adopted in the Manchester project on existentials, from which the volume stems. It offers a reader-friendly introduction to Role and Reference Grammar, the linguistic framework in which the analysis is couched. The acknowledgements and an outline of the volume conclude the chapter.
Historical context
Authors: Ciconte Francesco Maria 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The chapter outlines the historical context in which Italo-Romance there sentences developed. Firstly, it is observed that the proform, which is absent in Latin, appears in early Italo-Romance locative there sentences with a definite focal argument. In its subsequent generalization to structures with indefinite pivots the proform is reanalysed as the proargument of existential sentences, thus losing its referential locative function. Secondly, the chapter considers existentials with the copulas habere and stare, which are attested in late Latin. Importantly, in existentials with habere the pivot does not control agreement on the copula, thus prefiguring the agreement pattern which is found in present-day habere existentials in Romance. The chapter finally turns to expletives. In Old Lombard the expletive lacks agreement features, like the expletive subject clitic found in the there sentences of many modern northern dialects. In Old Tuscan and Old Apulian the occurrence of the expletive is motivated in pragmatic or stylistic terms.
Quantum Confined Laser Devices
Authors: Blood Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This book looks at the fundamental optical gain and carrier recombination processes in quantum wells and quantum dots, via descriptions of common device structures to an understanding of their operating characteristics. Following a historical introduction, the text consists of five parts. Firstly, it covers the diode laser (a introductory account of the materials, structure, and operation of a laser diode). Next it looks at fundamental processes (interaction of light with an atomic dipole and quantum confinement). Thirdly, it considers device physics (gain, recombination, laser action and threshold in wells and dots). Next, it moves on to device operation (device structures, characteristics of Fabry–Perot and grating feedback devices). Finally, it looks at studies of gain and recombination (methods for measurement of gain and spontaneous recombination rate). The book gives a consistent treatment of quantum dot and well structures, taking full account of their dimensionality, which provides a complete account of contemporary quantum confined laser diodes.