bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Distributions of Macromolecular Composition of Particulate Organic Matter in the Water Column of the Amundsen Sea Polynya During the Summer in 2014
Authors: Kim Bo Kyung , Lee SangHoon , Ha Sun‐Yong , Jung Jinyoung , Kim Tae Wan , Yang Eun Jin , Jo Naeun , Lim Yu Jeong , Park Jisoo , Lee Sang Heon 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMacromolecular compositions (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) of particulate organic matter (POM) are crucial as a basic marine food quality. To date, however, one investigation has been carried out in the Amundsen Sea. Water samples for macromolecular compositions were obtained at selected seven stations in the Amundsen Sea Polynya (AP) during the austral summer in 2014 to investigate vertical characteristics of POM. We found that a high proportion of carbohydrates (45.9 ± 11.4%) in photic layer which are significantly different from the previous result (27.9 ± 6.9%) in the AP, 2012. The plausible reason could be the carbohydrate content strongly associated with biomass of the dominant species (Phaeocystis antarctica). The calorific content of food material (FM) in the photic layer obtained in this study is similar with that of the Ross Sea as one of the highest primary productivity regions in the Southern Ocean. Total concentrations, calorific values, and calorific contents of FM were higher in the photic layer than the aphotic layer, which implies that a significant fraction of organic matter underwent degradation. A decreasing proteins/carbohydrates (PRT/CHO) ratio with depth could be caused by preferential nitrogen loss during sinking period. Since the biochemical compositions of POM mostly fixed in photic layers could play an important role in transporting organic carbon into the deep sea, further detail studies on the variations in biochemical compositions and main controlling factors are needed to understand sinking mechanisms of POM.
Seasonality of the Mindanao Current/Undercurrent System
Authors: Ren Qiuping , Li Yuanlong , Wang Fan , Song Lina , Liu Chuanyu , Zhai Fangguo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeasonality of the Mindanao Current (MC)/Undercurrent (MUC) system is investigated using moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements off Mindanao (8°N, 127.05°E) and ocean model simulations. The mooring observation during December 2010 to August 2014 revealed that the surface‐layer MC between 50–150 m is dominated by annual‐period variation and tends to be stronger in spring (boreal) and weaker in fall. Prominent semiannual variations were detected below 150 m. The lower MC between 150 and 400 m is stronger in spring and fall and weaker in summer and winter, while the northward MUC below 400 m emerges in summer and winter and disappears in spring and fall. In‐phase and out‐of‐phase current anomalies above and below 150 m were observed alternatively. These variations are faithfully reproduced by an eddy‐resolving ocean model simulation (OFES). Further analysis demonstrates that seasonal variation of the MC is a component of large‐scale upper‐ocean circulation gyre, while current variations in the MUC layer are confined near the western boundary and featured by shorter‐scale (200–400 km) structures. Most of the MC variations and approximately half of the MUC variations can be explained by the first and second baroclinic modes and caused by local wind forcing of the western Pacific. Semiannual surface wind variability and superimposition of the two baroclinic modes jointly give rise to the enhanced subsurface semiannual variations. The pronounced mesoscale eddy variability in the MUC layer may also contribute to the seasonality of the MUC through eddy‐current interaction.
Nonlinear Dynamics of the Nearshore Boundary Layer of a Large Lake (Lake Geneva)
Authors: Cimatoribus Andrea A. , Lemmin U. , Bouffard D. , Barry D. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe examine nearshore and pelagic current variability in Lake Geneva, a large and deep lake in western Europe, using observations from several measurement locations and a three‐dimensional numerical model for the period 2014–2016. Linear internal seiche modes excited by wind forcing clearly appear as peaks in the energy spectra for measurements in offshore locations. In contrast, spectra from the nearshore data, where currents interact with the lake bed, reveal a negligible contribution of internal seiches to the total kinetic energy. A similar contrast is seen in the spectra obtained from the numerical model at the same locations. Comparing the contribution of the different terms in the vertically averaged momentum equation from the modeling results shows that the nonlinear advective term dominates in the nearshore boundary layer. Its contribution decays with distance from shore. The width of this nearshore boundary layer, which may extend for several kilometers, seems to be mainly determined by local topography. Both field measurements and modeling results indicate that nonlinear dynamics are of primary importance in the nearshore boundary layer.
Retrieving the Polar Mixed‐Phase Cloud Liquid Water Path by Combining CALIOP and IIR Measurements
Authors: Luo Tao , Wang Zhien , Li Xuebin , Deng Shumei , Huang Yong , Wang Yingjian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMixed‐phase cloud (MC) is the dominant cloud type over the polar region, and there are challenging conditions for remote sensing and in situ measurements. In this study, a new methodology of retrieving the stratiform MC liquid water path (LWP) by combining Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and infrared imaging radiometer (IIR) measurements was developed and evaluated. This new methodology takes the advantage of reliable cloud‐phase discrimination by combining lidar and radar measurements. An improved multiple‐scattering effect correction method for lidar signals was implemented to provide reliable cloud extinction near cloud top. Then with the adiabatic cloud assumption, the MC LWP can be retrieved by a lookup‐table‐based method. Simulations with error‐free inputs showed that the mean bias and the root mean squared error of the LWP derived from the new method are −0.23 ± 2.63 g/m2, with the mean absolute relative error of ~4%. Simulations with erroneous inputs suggested that the new methodology could provide reliable retrieval of LWP to support the statistical or climatology analysis. Two‐month A‐train satellite retrievals over Arctic region showed that the new method can produce very similar cloud top temperature (CTT) dependence of LWP to the ground‐based microwave radiometer measurements, with a bias of −0.78 g/m2 and a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between the two mean CTT‐LWP relationships. The new approach can also produce reasonable pattern and value of LWP in spatial distribution over the Arctic region.
Sulfate Aerosol in the Arctic: Source Attribution and Radiative Forcing
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Smith Steven J. , Easter Richard C. , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSource attribution of Arctic sulfate and its radiative forcing due to aerosol‐radiation interactions (RFari) for 2010–2014 are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model equipped with an explicit sulfur source‐tagging technique. The model roughly reproduces the seasonal pattern of sulfate but has biases in simulating the magnitude of near‐surface concentrations and vertical distribution. Regions that have high emissions and/or are near/within the Arctic present relatively large contributions to Arctic sulfate burden, with the largest contribution from sources in East Asia (27%). Seasonal variations of the contribution to Arctic sulfate burden from remote sources are strongly influenced by meteorology. The mean RFari of anthropogenic sulfate offsets one third of the positive top of the atmosphere (TOA) RFari from black carbon. A 20% global reduction in anthropogenic SO2 emissions leads to a net Arctic TOA forcing increase of +0.019 W m−2. These results indicate that a joint reduction in BC and SO2 emissions could prevent at least some of the Arctic warming from any future SO2 emission reductions. Sulfate RFari efficiency calculations suggest that source regions with short transport pathways and meteorology favoring longer lifetimes are more efficient in influencing the Arctic sulfate RFari. Based on Arctic climate sensitivity factors, about −0.19 K of the Arctic surface temperature cooling is attributed to anthropogenic sulfate, with −0.05 K of that from sources in East Asia, relative to preindustrial conditions.
Comparisons of Ice Water Path in Deep Convective Systems Among Ground‐Based, GOES, and CERES‐MODIS Retrievals
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Minnis Patrick , Smith William L. , Sun‐Mack Sunny , Thieman Mandana , Wang Jingyu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRetrievals of convective cloud microphysical properties based on passive satellite imagery are difficult. To help quantify their uncertainties, ice water paths (IWPs) retrieved from the NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System project using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and Terra/Aqua MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations are compared with IWPs retrieved from Next‐Generation Radar (NEXRAD) observations over a large domain (32°N to 40°N and 105°W to 91°W) during the 2011 Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment field campaign. Based on comparisons of pixel‐level (4 km × 4 km) daytime IWP retrievals from NEXRAD and GOES, it is found that NEXRAD‐ and GOES‐retrieved mean IWPs are 2.03 and 1.83 kg m−2, respectively, for ice‐phase cloud in thick anvil area. Their mean difference of 0.20 kg m−2 (with 95% confidence interval: 0.14–0.26 kg m−2) is within the uncertainty of NEXRAD retrievals. However, the low correlation between pixel‐to‐pixel comparisons indicates a large variation in GOES‐retrieved IWP. For mixed‐phase clouds in thick anvil areas, in addition to IWPs, total water paths (TWPs, sum of ice and liquid water path) are estimated with aid of aircraft measurements for NEXRAD retrievals and corrected using a TWP parameterization for GOES retrievals. The mean values of estimated TWPs from NEXRAD (corrected using aircraft in situ measurements) and GOES are similar. GOES and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System‐MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐retrieved IWPs/TWPs generally do not exceed 5 kg m−2. Large differences and low correlations exist between satellite and NEXRAD retrievals in stratiform rain areas. Possible reasons for the differences between retrievals are discussed.
Anomalous Lightning Behavior During the 26–27 August 2007 Northern Great Plains Severe Weather Event
Authors: Logan Timothy 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPositive polarity lightning strokes can be useful indicators of thunderstorm behavior. A combination of National Lightning Detection Network and Next Generation Radar retrievals is used to analyze the anomalous positive cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning behavior of a rare, late summer severe weather event that occurred on 26–27 August 2007 in the Northern Great Plains region of the United States and southern Canada. Seven discrete supercells (SC1–SC7) exhibiting frequent and intense lightning were responsible for numerous reports of severe weather (e.g., severe hail and 16 tornadoes) including catastrophic damage to the town of Northwood, North Dakota, caused by SC2. Biomass burning smoke from wildfires in Idaho and Montana was present prior to convective initiation. A positive CG lightning stroke rate of nearly 30 strokes per minute was observed 10 min before the EF4 tornado struck Northwood. SC2 was also responsible for all the reports of tornadoes exceeding an EF2 rating. The strongest peak currents (>200 kA) were observed in SC1–SC4 with SC2 having a maximum value of 280 kA. SC2 dominated the statistics of the line of supercells accounting for 27% of all CG lightning strokes. Positive CG lightning accounted for over 40% of all CG lightning strokes in SC4–SC7 on average, and the maximum exceeded 90% in SC6 and SC7. Increasing positive CG lightning dominance was correlated with an increasing northward gradient of smoke aerosol loading in addition to severe weather being reported before the maximum in positive CG lighting stroke rate (SC5 and SC6). This suggests that a complex combination of synoptic forcing and aerosol perturbation likely led to the observed anomalous positive CG lightning behavior in the supercells.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy for total body irradiation: A feasibility study using Pinnacle3 treatment planning system and Elekta Agility™ linac
Authors: Symons Kirsty , Morrison Colm , Parry Jason , Woodings Simon , Zissiadis Yvonne 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA study was undertaken to explore the use of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for total body irradiation (TBI). Five patient plans were created in Pinnacle3 using nine 6 MV photon dynamic arcs. A dose of 12 Gy in six fractions was prescribed. The planning target volume (PTV) was split into four subsections for the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The head and chest beams were optimized together, followed by the abdomen and pelvis beams. The last stage of the planning process involved turning all beams on and performing a final optimization to achieve a clinically acceptable plan. Beam isocenters were shifted by 3 or 5 mm in the left–right, anterior–posterior, and superior–inferior directions to simulate the effect of setup errors on the dose distribution. Treatment plan verification consisted of ArcCheck measurements compared to calculated doses using a global 3%/3 mm gamma analysis. All five patient plans achieved the planning aim of delivering 12 Gy to at least 90% of the target. The mean dose in the PTV was 12.7 Gy. Mean lung dose was restricted to 8 Gy, and a dose reduction of up to 40% for organs such as the liver and kidneys proved feasible. The VMAT technique was found to be sensitive to patient setup errors particularly in the superior–inferior direction. The dose predicted by the planning system agreed with measured doses and had an average pass rate of 99.2% for all arcs. VMAT was found to be a viable treatment technique for total body irradiation.
The effects of narrative practice on children's testimony and disclosure of secrets
Authors: Yi Misun , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe present study explored the effects of different types of narrative practices on the accuracy and abundance of information elicited from children and the disclosure of secrets. Seventy‐one children ages 3–6 years experienced a scripted encounter with a photographer; then they were interviewed about the event after participating in one of four different narrative practices. The narrative practices comprised either a discussion of topics drawing from episodic memory or topics drawing from semantic memory. Further, either open‐ended prompts were used during the practice narratives or directive questions were used. The episodic topics were related to past experienced events, whereas the semantic topics consisted of general knowledge about what they liked to do. The results showed that children who were trained to respond to open‐ended prompts early in the interview responded more informatively later, but the specificity of the topics had no effect on their accuracy and informativeness. Neither the topics nor types of questions had effects on the results of disclosure.
A Universal Strategy to Utilize Polymeric Semiconductors for Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency and Longevity
Authors: Li Fangchao , Yuan Jianyu , Ling Xufeng , Zhang Yannan , Yang Yingguo , Cheung Sin Hang , Ho Carr Hoi Yi , Gao Xingyu , Ma Wanli 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this contribution, a facile and universal method is successfully reported to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with enhanced efficiency and stability. Through dissolving functional conjugated polymers in antisolvent chlorobenzene to treat the spinning CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film, the resultant devices exhibit significantly enhanced efficiency and longevity simultaneously. In‐depth characterizations demonstrate that thin polymer layer well covers the top surface of perovskite film, resulting in certain surface passivation and morphology modification. More importantly, it is shown that through rational chemical modification, namely molecular fluorination, the air stability and photostability of the perovskite solar cells are remarkably enhanced. Considering the vast selection of conjugated polymer materials and easy functional design, promising new results are expected in further enhancement of device performance. It is believed that the findings provide exciting insights into the role of conjugated polymer in improving the current perovskite‐based solar cells.
Bioinspired Assembly of Hierarchical Light‐Harvesting Architectures for Improved Photophosphorylation
Authors: Li Guangle , Fei Jinbo , Xu Youqian , Li Yue , Li Junbai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMolecular assembly offers a bottom‐up way to construct biomimetic architectures with unique structures and properties. Although artificial photophosphorylation systems have long been developed, their microstructures have yet to achieve the sophisticated order and hierarchy of natural organisms. Herein, by utilizing principles in the natural plant leaves, it is shown that a biomimetic system with hierarchically ordered and compartmentalized structures, combining photosystem II (PSII) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, can be obtained through template‐directed layer‐by‐layer assembly. Under light illumination, PSII in such a highly ordered light‐harvesting array, splits water to produce protons and electrons. Furthermore, a remarkable proton gradient is created across the covering ATP synthase‐reconstituted lipid membrane. As a consequence, highly efficient photophosphorylation is achieved. Outstandingly, the rate of ATP production in this hierarchical light‐harvesting architecture is enhanced 14 times, compared to that in the nature. This study paves a new way to assemble bioinspired systems with enhanced solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion efficiency.
Improving the Stability of Metal Halide Perovskite Materials and Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cho Himchan , Kim Young‐Hoon , Wolf Christoph , Lee Hyeon‐Dong , Lee Tae‐Woo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMetal halide perovskites (MHPs) have numerous advantages as light emitters such as high photoluminescence quantum efficiency with a direct bandgap, very narrow emission linewidth, high charge‐carrier mobility, low energetic disorder, solution processability, simple color tuning, and low material cost. Based on these advantages, MHPs have recently shown unprecedented radical progress (maximum current efficiency from 0.3 to 42.9 cd A−1) in the field of light‐emitting diodes. However, perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) suffer from intrinsic instability of MHP materials and instability arising from the operation of the PeLEDs. Recently, many researchers have devoted efforts to overcome these instabilities. Here, the origins of the instability in PeLEDs are reviewed by categorizing it into two types: instability of (i) the MHP materials and (ii) the constituent layers and interfaces in PeLED devices. Then, the strategies to improve the stability of MHP materials and PeLEDs are critically reviewed, such as A‐site cation engineering, Ruddlesden–Popper phase, suppression of ion migration with additives and blocking layers, fabrication of uniform bulk polycrystalline MHP layers, and fabrication of stable MHP nanoparticles. Based on this review of recent advances, future research directions and an outlook of PeLEDs for display applications are suggested.
Interstitial Mo‐Assisted Photovoltaic Effect in Multilayer MoSe2 Phototransistors
Authors: Kim Sunkook , Maassen Jesse , Lee Jiyoul , Kim Seung Min , Han Gyuchull , Kwon Junyeon , Hong Seongin , Park Jozeph , Liu Na , Park Yun Chang , Omkaram Inturu , Rhyee Jong‐Soo , Hong Young Ki , Yoon Youngki 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on multilayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) synthesized by modified atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) exhibit outstanding photoresponsivity (103.1 A W−1), while it is generally believed that optical response of multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is significantly limited due to their indirect bandgap and inefficient photoexcitation process. Here, the fundamental origin of such a high photoresponsivity in the synthesized multilayer MoSe2 TFTs is sought. A unique structural characteristic of the APCVD‐grown MoSe2 is observed, in which interstitial Mo atoms exist between basal planes, unlike usual 2H phase TMDs. Density functional theory calculations and photoinduced transfer characteristics reveal that such interstitial Mo atoms form photoreactive electronic states in the bandgap. Models indicate that huge photoamplification is attributed to trapped holes in subgap states, resulting in a significant photovoltaic effect. In this study, the fundamental origin of high responsivity with synthetic MoSe2 phototransistors is identified, suggesting a novel route to high‐performance, multifunctional 2D material devices for future wearable sensor applications.
Synthesis of (−)‐Pyrido[3,4‐b]homotropane (PHT) and (±)‐PHT via an Intramolecular Cross [3+2] Cycloaddition Strategy
Authors: Sun Bingxia , Ren Jun , Xing Siyang , Wang Zhongwen 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of (−)‐pyrido[3,4‐b]homotropane (PHT) as well as (±)‐PHT has been achieved in 7 steps from conveniently available starting materials. Key transformations involve an efficient construction of the core bridged 9‐aza‐[4.2.1]nonane skeleton via a Sc(OTf)3‐catalyzed intramolecular cross [3+2] cycloaddition (IMCC) followed by Krapcho decarboxylation and Barton reductive decarboxylation. The present work supplies a general and efficient strategy for synthesis of other bridged analogues.magnified image
Electronic Structure Trumps Planarity: Unexpected Narrow Exciton Delocalization in PNDIT2 Revealed by Time‐Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Meyer Deborah L. , Matsidik Rukiya , Sommer Michael , Biskup Till 
Published: January 2018

AbstractExciton delocalization in organic semiconductors, due to its direct relation to device efficiency, is of outstanding importance. Time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of light‐induced triplet excitons gives access to the delocalization length in a unique way, connecting it to both, electronic structure and overall conformational flexibility. Systematically investigating building blocks of increasing length and comparing the results with the polymer deepens the understanding of the structure–function relationship in organic semiconductors. Applying this approach to the n‐type polymer poly{[N,N′‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (PNDIT2) known for its remarkable charge‐carrier mobility reveals the triplet exciton in this polymer to be strongly confined to no more than two repeat units. Furthermore, neither planarity nor extent of backbone conjugation seem to be good indicators for the exciton delocalization length.