bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parliamentary Diplomacy in the United Nations and Progressive Development of Space Law
Authors: Brisibe Tare 
Published: August 2016

Parliamentary Diplomacy in the United Nations and Progressive Development of Space Law
Recent and on-going efforts by individual or groups of states aim to organize parliamentary mechanisms and substantive issues concerning space law. The article addresses organizational matters of the Legal Subcommittee (LSC) of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and particularly the debate between procedure and substance. The article enquires whether amending the parliamentary process can be expected to yield results in the absence of agreement to proceed on substantive matters. Whilst highlighting the achievements of COPUOS and its LSC in the progressive development and codification of space law, attention is paid to salient decisions concerning organizational matters, taken with respect to the COPUOS and its LSC spanning the period 1990 to 1999 and post 1999 to present. Analysis is undertaken of reasons for presumed decline, alongside current and future perspectives that shall influence COPUOS and its LSC in their respective law making functions.
The European Space Agency as a European Institution and a Space Law Maker
Authors: Ferrazzani Marco 
Published: August 2016

The European Space Agency as a European Institution and a Space Law Maker
The European Space Agency was set-up over 40 years ago and has delivered on expectations from the scientific community’s quest for more knowledge, from the politicians wishing for more Europe and from the business community developing industrial and operational capabilities. All has been made possible thanks to hard-working scientists and space engineers who created and progressively refined a magic formula of balanced interests and respectful co-operation. The diplomats and lawyers well understood the challenges and so defined long-term policy objectives and a stable legal framework necessary to meet them, therefore providing institutional skills and appropriate financing tools which proved successful, and still today make this particular aspect of Europe. The ESA Convention, along with the activities and programmes based in its framework continue to serve as a living example of how to make Europe with a cooperative formula of a common Agency and law maker, giving access to space for all European citizens.
Some Legal Aspects of Space Natural Resources
Authors: Jakhu Ram S. , Nyampong Yaw Otu Mankata 
Published: August 2016

Some Legal Aspects of Space Natural Resources
Critical natural resources on the earth will be depleted before the close of this century. As such, humanity must explore for additional natural resources in places beyond the earth (i.e. in outer space and on other planets) in order to sustain life on earth. An appropriate international regulatory regime would be indispensable if such exploration is to succeed and result in the orderly exploitation of space natural resources. Presently, the international regulatory regime governing the exploration and potential exploitation of space natural resources is inadequate and lacks sufficient clarity. This article addresses some important legal aspects of the exploration and exploitation of space natural resources both from an international and a national perspective. Specifically, it analyzes the relevant provisions of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1979 Moon Agreement in addition to some recent regulatory developments occurring in the United States. Finally, it provides an outlook for the future legal regime that may be required to guarantee the orderly exploration and exploitation of space natural resources.
Criminal Issues in International Space Law
Authors: Chatzipanagiotis Michael 
Published: August 2016

Criminal Issues in International Space Law
This paper attempts to outline the rules and principles of international space law governing criminal activity in outer space or on board a space object. The relevant issues concern mainly the exercise of criminal jurisdiction, including extradition, and the disciplinary authority on board a space object. First, we examine the pertinent rules of general international law. Then, we analyse the applicable provisions of general space law, namely the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement, as well as the special rules on the International Space Station. Subsequently, we attempt to propose solutions to the main future challenges in international space law, which regard criminal behaviour on board aerospace vehicles, aboard private space stations, and issues regarding interplanetary missions and human settlements on celestial bodies.
Microbial Products and Biofertilizers in Improving Growth and Productivity of Apple – a Review
Authors: MOSA WALID FEDIALA ABD EL-GLEEL , SAS-PASZT LIDIA , FRĄC MATEUSZ , TRZCIŃSKI PAWEŁ 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The excessive use of mineral fertilizers causes many negative consequences for the environment as well as potentially dangerous effects of chemical residues in plant tissues on the health of human and animal consumers. Bio-fertilizers are formulations of beneficial microorganisms, which upon application can increase the availability of nutrients by their biological activity and help to improve soil health. Microbes involved in the formulation of bio-fertilizers not only mobilize N and P but mediate the process of producing crops and foods naturally. This method avoids the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers and genetically modified organisms to influence the growth of crops. In addition to their role in enhancing the growth of the plants, biofertilizers can act as biocontrol agents in the rhizosphere at the same time. Biofertilizers are very safe for human, animal and environment. The use of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Acetobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, Paenibacillus and some members of the Enterobacteriaceae is gaining worldwide importance and acceptance and appears to be the trend for the future.
Molecular Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Poland
Authors: JANUSZKIEWICZ ALEKSANDRA , RASTAWICKI WALDEMAR 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains also called verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) represent one of the most important groups of food-borne pathogens that can cause several human diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic – uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. The ability of STEC strains to cause disease is associated with the presence of wide range of identified and putative virulence factors including those encoding Shiga toxin. In this study, we examined the distribution of various virulence determinants among STEC strains isolated in Poland from different sources. A total of 71 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains isolated from human, cattle and food over the years 1996–2010 were characterized by microarray and PCR detection of virulence genes. As stx1a subtype was present in all of the tested Shiga toxin 1 producing E. coli strains, a greater diversity of subtypes was found in the gene stx2, which occurred in five subtypes: stx2a, stx2b, stx2c, stx2d, stx2g. Among STEC O157 strains we observed conserved core set of 14 virulence factors, stable in bacteria genome at long intervals of time. There was one cattle STEC isolate which possessed verotoxin gene as well as sta1 gene encoded heat-stable enterotoxin STIa characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of virulence gene profiles identified in STEC strains isolated from human, cattle and food in Poland. The results obtained using microarrays technology confirmed high effectiveness of this method in determining STEC virulotypes which provides data suitable for molecular risk assessment of the potential virulence of this bacteria.
Genetic Variability and Proteome Profiling of a Radiation Induced Cellulase Mutant Mushroom Pleurotus florida
Authors: SATHESH-PRABU CHANDRAN , LEE YOUNG-KEUN 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We report the genetic similarity changes between a mutant mushroom (Pleurotus florida, designated as PfCM4) having increased cellulolytic activity developed through radiation mutagenesis and its wild type by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). On average, 23 AFLP fragments were amplified per primer combination, and a total of 286 polymorphic fragments (78.57% polymorphism) with maximal fragment length of 1365 base pairs (bp) were obtained. The genetic similarity between wild type and PfCM4 was found to be 22.30%. In addition, mycelial and secreted protein profiling by 2D-PAGE showed at least three and five different protein spots in the range of 25 kD to 100 kD, respectively, in PfCM4. It seems that the variation in genetic similarity and different expression of both mycelial and secreted proteins in PfCM4 in comparison to the wild type could likely be correlated with its increased cellulolytic activity effected by the irradiation.
Distribution and Identification of Endophytic Streptomyces Species from Schima wallichii as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Fungal Plant Pathogens
Authors: PASSARI AJIT KUMAR , MISHRA VINEET KUMAR , GUPTA VIJAI KUMAR , SAIKIA RATUL , SINGH BHIM PRATAP 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The prospective of endophytic microorganisms allied with medicinal plants is disproportionally large compared to those in other biomes. The use of antagonistic microorganisms to control devastating fungal pathogens is an attractive and eco-friendly substitute for chemical pesticides. Many species of actinomycetes, especially the genus Streptomyces, are well known as biocontrol agents. We investigated the culturable community composition and biological control ability of endophytic Streptomyces sp. associated with an ethanobotanical plant Schima wallichi. A total of 22 actinobacterial strains were isolated from different organs of selected medicinal plants and screened for their biocontrol ability against seven fungal phytopathogens. Seven isolates showed significant inhibition activity against most of the selected pathogens. Their identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strongly indicated that all strains belonged to the genus Strepto myces. An endophytic strain BPSAC70 isolated from root tissues showed highest percentage of inhibition (98.3 %) against Fusarium culmorum with significant activity against other tested fungal pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all seven strains shared 100 % similarity with the genus Streptomyces. In addition, the isolates were subjected to the amplification of antimicrobial genes encoding polyketide synthase type I (PKS-I) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and found to be present in most of the potent strains. Our results identified some potential endophytic Streptomyces species having antagonistic activity against multiple fungal phytopathogens that could be used as an effective biocontrol agent against pathogenic fungi.
Characterization of a Highly Enriched Microbial Consortium Reductively Dechlorinating 2,3-Dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol and the Corresponding cprA Genes from River Sediment
Authors: EL-SAYED WAEL S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Anaerobic reductive dechlorination of 2,3-dichlorophenol (2,3DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6TCP) was investigated in microcosms from River Nile sediment. A stable sediment-free anaerobic microbial consortium reductively dechlorinating 2,3DCP and 2,4,6TCP was established. Defined sediment-free cultures showing stable dechlorination were restricted to ortho chlorine when enriched with hydrogen as the electron donor, acetate as the carbon source, and either 2,3-DCP or 2,4,6-TCP as electron acceptors. When acetate, formate, or pyruvate were used as electron donors, dechlorination activity was lost. Only lactate can replace dihydrogen as an electron donor. However, the dechlorination potential was decreased after successive transfers. To reveal chlororespiring species, the microbial community structure of chlorophenol-reductive dechlorinating enrichment cultures was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Eight dominant bacteria were detected in the dechlorinating microcosms including members of the genera Citrobac- ter, Geobacter, Pseudomonas, Desulfitobacterium, Desulfovibrio and Clostridium. Highly enriched dechlorinating cultures were dominated by four bacterial species belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Desulfitobacterium, and Clostridium. Desulfitobacterium represented the major fraction in DGGE profiles indicating its importance in dechlorination activity, which was further confirmed by its absence resulting in complete loss of dechlorination. Reductive dechlorination was confirmed by the stoichiometric dechlorination of 2,3DCP and 2,4,6TCP to metabolites with less chloride groups and by the detection of chlorophenol RD cprA gene fragments in dechlorinating cultures. PCR amplified cprA gene fragments were cloned and sequenced and found to cluster with the cprA/pceA type genes of Dehalobacter restrictus.
The Effect of Local Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy on the Composition of Bacterial Flora in Chronic Venous Leg Ulcer
Authors: WOŹNIAK WITOLD , TARNAS MONIKA , MIŁEK TOMASZ , MLOSEK R. KRZYSZTOF , CIOSTEK PIOTR 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Microbial colonisation of chronic venous ulcers and synergism between bacterial species slow down the healing process. The study aimed at performing qualitative analysis of microbial flora in venous leg ulcers treated with platelet rich plasma (PRP). Twenty two women and twelve men aged 47–90 years were treated with PRP at our department between 2012 and 2015. Ulcer cultures collected before and after PRP therapy yielded 83 and 110 microbial isolates, respectively, of Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and candida. Pseudomonas aueruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common pre- and post-treatment isolates. PRP therapy and increased the variety of microbial flora.
In Search of the Antimicrobial Potential of Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: JANECZKO MONIKA , KAZIMIERCZUK ZYGMUNT , ORZESZKO ANDRZEJ , NIEWIADOMY ANDRZEJ , KRÓL EWA , SZYSZKA RYSZARD , MASŁYK MACIEJ 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A broad series of 4,5,6,7-tetrahalogenated benzimidazoles and 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-benzene-1,3-diol derivatives was tested against selected bacteria and fungi. For this study three plant pathogens Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., and Sclerotinia sp., as well as Staphylococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Escherichia sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella spp. , and Candida spp. as human pathogens were used. MIC values and/or area of growth reduction method were applied in order to compare the activity of the synthesized compounds. From the presented set of 22 compounds, only 8, 16, 18 and 19 showed moderate to good inhibition against bacterial strains. Against Candida strains only compound 19 with three hydroxyl substituted benzene moiety presented high inhibition at nystatin level or lower.
Effects of Selected Herbicides on Growth and Nitrogen Fixing Activity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sb16)
Authors: NAHI ARMITA , OTHMAN RADZIAH , OMAR DZOLKHIFLI , EBRAHIMI MAHDI 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A study was carried out to determine the effects of paraquat, pretilachlor and 2, 4-D on growth and nitrogen fixing activity of Stenotropho- monas maltophilia (Sb16) and pH of Jensen’s N-free medium. The growth of Sb16 and pH of medium were significantly reduced with full (X) and double (2X) doses of tested herbicides, but nitrogen fixing activity was decreased by 2X doses. The nitrogenase activity had the highest value in samples treated with 1/2X of 2, 4-D on fifth incubation day, but 2X of 2, 4-D had the most adverse effect. An inhibition in the growth and nitrogenase activity was recovered on the last days of incubation.
Basidiospore and Protoplast Regeneration from Raised Fruiting Bodies of Pathogenic Ganoderma boninense
Authors: GOVENDER NISHA THOPLA , MAHMOOD MAZIAH , SEMAN IDRIS ABU , MUI-YUN WONG 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Ganoderma boninense, a phytopathogenic white rot fungus had sought minimal genetic characterizations despite huge biotechnological potentials. Thus, efficient collection of fruiting body, basidiospore and protoplast of G. boninense is described. Matured basidiocarp raised under the glasshouse conditions yielded a total of 8.3 × 104basidiospores/ml using the low speed centrifugation technique. Mycelium aged 3-day-old treated under an incubation period of 3 h in lysing enzyme from Trichoderma harzianum (10 mg/ml) suspended in osmotic stabilizer (0.6 M potassium chloride and 20 mM dipotassium phosphate buffer) yielded the highest number of viable protoplasts (8.9 × 106single colonies) among all possible combinations tested (regeneration media, age of mycelium, osmotic stabilizer, digestive enzyme and incubation period).
Les femmes et l’assurance-emploi. Une lutte pour la reconnaissance de l’égalité
Authors: Rose Ruth 
Published: August 2016

En raison de leurs responsabilités familiales, les femmes ont un rapport avec le marché du travail qui est différent de celui des hommes. Dès ses débuts, le régime canadien d’assurance-chômage a incorporé des mesures discriminatoires à l’égard des femmes. Le préjugé voulant que le revenu des femmes ne soit qu’un revenu d’appoint et qu’elles ne « méritent » pas la même protection sociale que celle des hommes persiste dans la conception et l’application du Régime d’assurance-emploi. La règle dite DEREMPA, les exigences plus strictes pour l’accès aux prestations spéciales et, surtout, les critères d’admissibilité plus sévères pour les personnes travaillant à temps partiel sont les manifestations de ce préjugé. Les nouvelles règles redéfinissant la notion d’un « emploi convenable » pour tous les prestataires, particulièrement les prestataires fréquents, risquent d’affecter les femmes plus que les hommes, puisqu’elles occupent plus souvent des emplois temporaires que les hommes et qu’elles ont déjà plus de difficultés à satisfaire aux conditions d’admissibilité à l’assurance-emploi. La règle qui limite une période de prestations à 52 semaines vise presque exclusivement des femmes qui auraient reçu 50 semaines des prestations spéciales (maladie, maternité, parentales, soignants), mais qui se trouvent réellement en chômage après un congé parental. De plus, l’application des deux semaines de carence et d’autres mesures visant à inciter les chômeurs à se trouver un nouvel emploi rapidement ne sont pas appropriées dans le cas des prestations spéciales.
Jeux d’acteurs, propriétés et dynamique d’un « système d’action complexe » : les relations internationales en Europe et le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Garraud Philippe 
Published: August 2016

La perspective systémique ne conduit pas à opposer une vision structurale ou systémique à une approche plus stratégiste, mais bien à les intégrer étroitement en mettant en évidence les interactions, les contraintes et les interdépendances qui conditionnent les différents choix politiques des acteurs, et circonscrivent et ferment progressivement le champ des possibles. Beaucoup plus que les intentions des acteurs, ce sont les propriétés du système qui déterminent sa logique, sa dynamique globale et ses effets. Dans cette perspective, on s’intéressera successivement aux stratégies des différents acteurs nationaux (Allemagne, France, Grande-Bretagne, Pologne, URSS, Belgique) dans le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, puis aux propriétés du système liées aux interactions et à interdépendance des jeux d’acteurs et, enfin à la dynamique et aux effets de système : le chemin de la guerre.
La pensée systémique analysée à l’aune de l’entropie
Authors: Martin Marcienne 
Published: August 2016

Le courant de pensée appelé « pensée systémique » est en relation avec la complexité des structures qui sous-tendent toute organisation. En effet, cette approche cognitive de l’approche des objets du monde peut être abordée de multiples façons et ainsi générer des visions différentes de la réalité. La pensée systémique peut-elle intégrer l’entropie comme phénomène participant de la néguentropie dans le cadre d’une approche scalaire plus globale ?
Vulgarisation scientifique, increasing knowledge gap et épistémologies de la communication
Authors: Ancori Bernard 
Published: August 2016

Depuis sa naissance au XIXe siècle, la vocation affichée de la vulgarisation scientifique est de chercher à combler l’écart culturel entre « savants » et « ignorants » afin d’épauler une science longtemps considérée comme source de progrès de toutes natures. Au cours de la seconde partie du siècle suivant, elle se transforma en une médiatisation de masse, et elle se vit critiquée de toutes parts à partir du dernier quart du XXe siècle. L’une de ces critiques vise l’increasing knowledge gap qu’elle produit au sein de son public : son flux croissant d’information induit une appropriation différenciée au sein du système social, dont les parties dotées des statuts socioéconomiques plus élevés s’approprient cette information plus rapidement que celles qui ont des statuts plus bas, de sorte que le fossé entre les connaissances respectives des unes et des autres tend à s’accroître au lieu de diminuer.
Ce texte s’interroge sur le maintien paradoxal dans nos sociétés de dispositifs de vulgarisation scientifique dont l’increasing knowledge gap révèle cet effet pervers. Il montre que ce maintien tient à une forme de cécité épistémologique : contrairement à une opinion répandue, le modèle de communication pertinent pour penser la vulgarisation scientifique est celui proposé par Gregory Bateson, et non celui qui est issu des travaux de Claude Elwood Shannon. Nous présentons d’abord le modèle shannonien de la communication en tant que référent théorique du « modèle du déficit » qui inspire la vulgarisation scientifique, et nous soulignons sa totale inadaptation à la communication sociale. Nous résumons ensuite la conception batesonienne de la communication en la contrastant point par point avec le modèle précédent. Enfin, nous démontrons que, si l’increasing knowledge gap ne peut pas apparaître dans le cadre de la conception shannonienne de la communication, il s’explique en revanche très simplement dans le cadre de la conception batesonienne de celle-ci.
Voisinage et injonction au vivre-ensemble : analyse relationnelle
Authors: Martouzet Denis 
Published: August 2016

Cet article interroge la relation de voisinage à partir de l’analyse de la figure du voisin dans la culture populaire (dictons, littérature, bande dessinée…) : figure péjorative, elle est globalement contredite par les discours, beaucoup plus positifs, recueillis lors d’entretiens semi-directifs sur le rapport spatial et social à l’environnement de l’individu. Il en ressort que la relation de voisinage, en plus de la spatialité, a deux dimensions majeures : la temporalité et la potentialité. Le voisin, parce qu’il demeure à proximité, est potentiellement nuisible ou utile. Par cette simple potentialité, la relation de voisinage fait que l’individu n’est pas exactement ce qu’il est, il est aussi le résultat de la proximité du voisin et de la relation de voisinage en tant que triplet spatialité/temporalité/potentialité. L’article vise ainsi à proposer une définition du concept de relation.