bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Guide Field on the Larmor Electric Field and Upstream Electron Temperature Anisotropy in Collisionless Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Ek-In Surapat , Malakit Kittipat , Ruffolo David , Shay Michael A. , Cassak Paul A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We perform the first study of the properties of the Larmor electric field (LEF) in collisionless asymmetric magnetic reconnection in the presence of an out-of-plane (guide) magnetic field for different sets of representative upstream parameters at Earth’s dayside magnetopause with an ion temperature greater than the electron temperature (the ion-to-electron temperature ratio fixed at 2) using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We show that the LEF does persist in the presence of a guide field. We study how the LEF thickness and strength change as a function of guide field and the magnetospheric temperature and reconnecting magnetic field strength. We find that the thickness of the LEF structure decreases, while its magnitude increases when a guide field is added to the reconnecting magnetic field. The added guide field makes the Larmor radius smaller, so the scaling with the magnetospheric ion Larmor radius is similar to that reported for the case without a guide field. Note, however, that the physics causing the LEF is not well understood, so future work in other parameter regimes is needed to fully predict the LEF for arbitrary conditions. We also find that a previously reported upstream electron temperature anisotropy arises in the vicinity of the LEF region both with and without a guide field. We argue that the generation of the anisotropy is linked to the existence of the LEF. The LEF can be used in combination with the electron temperature anisotropy as a signature to effectively identify dayside reconnection sites in observations.
Flux Sensitivity Requirements for the Detection of Lyman Continuum Radiation Drop-ins from Star-forming Galaxies below Redshifts of 3
Authors: McCandliss Stephan R. , O’Meara John M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Flux estimates for ionizing radiation escaping from star-forming galaxies with characteristic UV luminosities (

), derived from GALEX and the VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey, are presented as a function of redshift and assumed escape fraction. These estimates offer guidance to the design of instrumentation and observing strategies, be they spectroscopic or photometric, for attempting to detect LyC escaping star-forming galaxies for redshifts

. Examples are given that relate the integrated escape fraction (f

e

LyC) of ionizing photons, obtained by integrating over the entire extreme UV (EUV) bandpass, to the relative escape fraction (f

e

900) observed just shortward of the ionization edge at 911.8 Å as a function of H i, He i, and He ii column densities. We find that for

, f

e

LyC is significantly greater than f

e

900. Detection of LyC “drop-ins” in the rest-frame EUV will provide enhanced fidelity to determinations of the integrated fraction of ionizing photons f

e

LyC that escape star-forming galaxies and contribute to the metagalactic ionizing background (MIB).
The Role of Viscosity in Causing the Plasma Poloidal Motion in Magnetic Clouds
Authors: Zhao Ake , Wang Yuming , Liu Jiajia , Zhou Zhenjun , Shen Chenglong , Liu Rui , Zhuang Bin , Zhang Quanhao 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
An interesting phenomenon, plasma poloidal motion, has been found in many magnetic clouds (MCs), and viscosity has been proposed as a possible mechanism. However, it is not clear how significant the role of viscosity is in generating such motion. In this paper, we conduct a statistical study of the MCs detected by the Wind spacecraft during 1995–2012. It is found that, for 19% of all the studied MCs (186), the poloidal velocities of the MC plasma near the MC boundaries are well correlated with those of the corresponding ambient solar wind plasma. A non-monotonic increase from inner to outer MCs suggests that the viscosity does play a role, albeit weak, on the poloidal motion in the MC statistically. The possible dependence on the solar wind parameters is then studied in detail for the nine selected crossings, which represent the viscosity characteristic. There is an evident negative correlation between the viscosity and the density, a weak negative correlation between the viscosity and the turbulence strength, and no clear correlation between the viscosity and the temperature.
Dynamics of a Probable Earth-mass Planet in the GJ 832 System
Authors: Satyal S. , Griffith J. , Musielak Z. E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The stability of planetary orbits around the GJ 832 star system, which contains inner (GJ 832c) and outer (GJ 832b) planets, is investigated numerically and a detailed phase-space analysis is performed. Special attention is given to the existence of stable orbits for a planet less than 15 M
⊕ that is injected between the inner and outer planets. Thus, numerical simulations are performed for three and four bodies in elliptical orbits (or circular for special cases) by using a large number of initial conditions that cover the selected phase-spaces of the planet’s orbital parameters. The results presented in the phase-space maps for GJ 832c indicate the least deviation of eccentricity from its nominal value, which is then used to determine its inclination regime relative to the star–outer planet plane. Also, the injected planet is found to display stable orbital configurations for at least one billion years. Then, the radial velocity curves based on the signature from the Keplerian motion are generated for the injected planets with masses 1 M
⊕ to 15 M
⊕ in order to estimate their semimajor axes and mass limits. The synthetic RV signal suggests that an additional planet of mass ≤15 M
⊕ with a dynamically stable configuration may be residing between 0.25 and 2.0 au from the star. We have provided an estimated number of RV observations for the additional planet that is required for further observational verification.
Theoretical Interpretation of Pass 8 Fermi-LAT e+ + e− Data
Authors: Di Mauro M. , Manconi S. , Vittino A. , Donato F. , Fornengo N. , Baldini L. , Bonino R. , Di Lalla N. , Latronico L. , Maldera S. , Manfreda A. , Negro M. , Pesce-Rollins M. , Sgrò C. , Spada F. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The flux of positrons and electrons (e
+ + e
−) has been measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) in the energy range between 7 GeV and 2 TeV. We discuss a number of interpretations of Pass 8 Fermi-LAT e
+ + e
− spectrum, combining electron and positron emission from supernova remnants (SNRs) and pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), or produced by the collision of cosmic rays (CRs) with the interstellar medium. We find that the Fermi-LAT spectrum is compatible with the sum of electrons from a smooth SNR population, positrons from cataloged PWNe, and a secondary component. If we include in our analysis constraints from the AMS-02 positron spectrum, we obtain a slightly worse fit to the e
+ + e
−
Fermi-LAT spectrum, depending on the propagation model. As an additional scenario, we replace the smooth SNR component within 0.7 kpc with the individual sources found in Green’s catalog of Galactic SNRs. We find that separate consideration of far and near sources helps to reproduce the e
+ + e
−
Fermi-LAT spectrum. However, we show that the fit degrades when the radio constraints on the positron emission from Vela SNR (which is the main contributor at high energies) are taken into account. We find that a break in the power-law injection spectrum at about 100 GeV can also reproduce the measured e
+ + e
− spectrum and, among the CR propagation models that we consider, no reasonable break of the power-law dependence of the diffusion coefficient can modify the electron flux enough to reproduce the observed shape.
Causes, outils et conséquences de l’hétérogenéité du contrôle des filiales dans les groupes de sociétés
Authors: Puyou François-Régis 
Published: August 2017

Ce travail porte sur les usages du contrôle de gestion dans la résolution des tensions entre autonomie et intégration des filiales au sein des grands groupes de sociétés. Les pratiques sont observées empiriquement au travers des efforts déployés par les acteurs du reporting dans le but de définir le type de contrôle exercé. L’article défend l’idée que les managers des échelons intermédiaires qui se trouvent à la fois en position de salariés d’une filiale mais aussi en position de maison mère vis-à-vis d’échelons encore inférieurs, sont soucieux de légitimer leur contribution au sein des groupes. Ces derniers témoignent alors de leurs compétences en « gestion des groupes » par une très grande implication dans la mise en œuvre du contrôle sur les filiales. Ces initiatives entrainent des réactions de la part des dirigeants de filiales qui vont de l’opposition franche à l’adhésion plus ou moins négociée. De ces interactions naissent des types de contrôle différents d’un échelon du groupe à un autre aussi bien qu’entre filiales d’une même maison mère.
Funding enterprise: the finance of British industry during the nineteenth century
Authors: Watson Katherine 
Published: August 2017

L’article fournit une brève revue des développements essentiels concernant le financement de l’industrie britannique durant les XVIII e et XIX e siècles. Il résume un certain nombre des débats retenant l’attention des historiens comme le rôle du secteur bancaire et l’échec du marché du capital à la fin de l’époque victorienne. Une seconde section passe en revue l’essor des recherches en histoire bancaire et éclaire le consensus croissant autour de l’idée que les banques britanniques n’ont pas empêché la performance industrielle. La section 3 fournit de nouvelles estimations sur la structure financière des grandes sociétés dans un certain nombre de secteurs clefs de l’économie de la fin du XIX e siècle : il en ressort l’idée d’une diversité des expériences et le fait qu’il faut poursuivre des études économiques pour éclairer la relation historique entre finance et industrie en Grande-Bretagne ainsi que ses implications.
La politique de dividendes des houillères du bassin du Pas-de-Calais au XIX e siècle
Authors: Franck Bernard 
Published: August 2017

L’économétrie permet de déterminer, en négatif, les comportements d’autofinancement. L’exemple des onze compagnies du bassin du Pas-de-Calais permet d’identifier deux groupes d’entreprises. L’un relève du modèle de la firme classique, recherchant la maximisation du profit, parce que contrôlée par ses actionnaires. L’autre correspond au modèle de la firme directoriale, caractérisée par la séparation de la propriété et du contrôle : elle a pour objectif la croissance du chiffre d’affaires sous contrainte d’un profit minimum. Alors qu’à chaque instant, la firme classique minimise son profit, la firme directoriale détermine sa production de façon à atteindre le profit minimum exigé par les actionnaires et lui-même réévalué en fonction de la croissance du chiffre d’affaires.
Contrôle des réseaux de P.M.E. : influence des critères de sélection des partenaires sur la performance
Authors: Tcheubeu Nana Tyéri B. , Ndzogoue Alain Bernard , Kamdem David 
Published: August 2017

Les objectifs de ce travail sont les suivants : comprendre et décrire les critères de sélection des partenaires au sein des réseaux de P.M.E., et vérifier si ces critères de sélection peuvent expliquer la performance de ces P.M.E. À partir d’une observation auprès de 54 P.M.E. camerounaises des secteurs manufacturiers et logistiques, il ressort que ces P.M.E., pour le choix des partenaires, tiennent en considération des critères très importants comme : le prix, la qualité, les relations antérieures ; et comme critères considérables, la capacité de production, la réputation et la capacité technique. La littérature indique que lorsque les partenaires sont sélectionnés avec des critères biens élaborés, cela a une influence sur la performance des entreprises, mais, nous constatons que, malgré la prise en comte de ces critères, cela n’altère pas l’opportunisme des acteurs qui reste toujours en arrière-plan de sélection, et par conséquent, n’explique pas la performance.
Introduction. Les dispositifs de transition emploi-retraite en Allemagne
Authors: Chagny Odile , Fröhler Norbert 
Published: August 2017

En Allemagne, l’allongement de la durée de l’activité professionnelle constitue l’un des grands objectifs de la politique sociale menée par l’État depuis au moins la réforme des retraites de 1992. Le législateur a progressivement restreint les possibilités de sortie anticipée du marché du travail et relevé les limites d’âge. Dans le même temps, il a encouragé les accords de branche et d’entreprise pour l’élaboration des dispositifs de départ à la retraite. Cet article introductif analyse les évolutions des modalités de transition emploi-retraite et tout particulièrement l’articulation entre le système de retraite, la prise en charge du non-emploi, et les dispositifs relevant des branches et des entreprises. Un second article (Fröhler, dans ce numéro) analyse la « boîte noire » que constituent les accords collectifs de branche ou d’entreprise et leurs conséquences pour les salariés.
Macrophage-Restricted Shp2 Tyrosine Phosphatase Acts as a Rheostat for MMP12 through TGF-β Activation in the Prevention of Age-Related Emphysema in Mice
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Tao Bo , Guo Xiaohong , Zhou Shiyi , Li Yongda , Zhang Yuqin , Zhou Zanhua , Cheng Hongqiang , Zhang Xue , Ke Yuehai 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Persistent activation of macrophages in lungs plays a critical role in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that contributes to the destruction of alveolar walls, a hallmark for pulmonary emphysema. Dysregulated TGF-β1 signaling has been an essential determinant in the elevation of MMPs during the development of emphysema. Nevertheless, the mechanism for this MMP-dependent pathogenesis has yet to be clearly investigated. Recently, we identified an important role for tyrosine phosphatase Src homology domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) in regulating the activation of alveolar macrophages. Over a long-term observation period, mice with Shp2 deletion in macrophages (LysMCre:Shp2fl/fl) develop spontaneous, progressive emphysema-like injury in the lungs, characterized by massive destruction of alveolar morphology, interstitial extracellular matrix degradation, and elevated levels of MMPs, particularly, significant increases of macrophage elastase (MMP12) in aged mice. Further analysis demonstrated that MMP12 suppression by TGF-β1 activation was apparently abrogated in LysMCre:Shp2fl/fl mice, whereas the TGF-β1 concentration in the lungs was relatively the same. Mechanistically, we found that loss of Shp2 resulted in attenuated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in response to TGF-β activation, thereby upregulating MMP12 expression in macrophages. Together, our findings define a novel physiological function of Shp2 in TGF-β1/MMP12-dependent emphysema, adding insights into potential etiologies for this chronic lung disorder.
Carbon Nanoparticles Inhibit the Antimicrobial Activities of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 through Structural Alteration
Authors: Findlay Fern , Pohl Jan , Svoboda Pavel , Shakamuri Priyanka , McLean Kevin , Inglis Neil F. , Proudfoot Lorna , Barlow Peter G. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, are key elements of innate host defense. One host defense peptide with well-characterized antimicrobial activity is the human cathelicidin, LL-37. LL-37 has been shown to be upregulated at sites of infection and inflammation and is regarded as one of the primary innate defense molecules against bacterial and viral infection. Human exposure to combustion-derived or engineered nanoparticles is of increasing concern, and the implications of nanomaterial exposure on the human immune response is poorly understood. However, it is widely acknowledged that nanoparticles can interact strongly with several immune proteins of biological significance, with these interactions resulting in structural and functional changes of the proteins involved. This study investigated whether the potent antibacterial and antiviral functions of LL-37 were inhibited by exposure to, and interaction with, carbon nanoparticles, together with characterizing the nature of the interaction. LL-37 was exposed to carbon black nanoparticles in vitro, and the antibacterial and antiviral functions of the peptide were subsequently assessed. We demonstrate a substantial loss of antimicrobial function when the peptide was exposed to low concentrations of nanomaterials, and we further show that the nanomaterial-peptide interaction resulted in a significant change in the structure of the peptide. The human health implications of these findings are significant, as, to our knowledge, this is the first evidence that nanoparticles can alter host defense peptide structure and function, indicating a new role for nanoparticle exposure in increased disease susceptibility.
Clinico-pathological spectrum and novel karyotypic findings in myelodysplastic syndrome: Experience of tertiary care centre in India
Authors: Gupta Ruchi , Rahman Khaliqur , Rahman Khaliqur , Singh Manish Kumar , Singh Manish Kumar , Kumari Surabhi , Kumari Surabhi , Yadav Geeta , Yadav Geeta , Nityanand Soniya , Nityanand Soniya 
Published: August 2017

Background: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized clinically by presence of cytopenia/s. Limited data is available pertaining to the morphological spectrum and cytogenetic profile of Indian MDS patients. The aim of the study was to ascertain the clinco pathological, morphological and cytogenetic spectrum of Indian MDS patients. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed as MDS from June 2012-December 2016 was performed. Their clinical and laboratory data was collated and reviewed.Results: A total of 150 patients of as primary MDS were evaluated with M: F ratio of 1.6:1 and median age of 55.5 years. 64% patients presented with pancytopenia, with thrombocytopenia alone was seen in only 2 cases. There were 66 (44%) cases of MDS-MLD, 33 (22%) MDS-EB 2, 32 (21.3%) MDS–EB 1, 13 (8.6%) cases MDS-SLD and two cases each of MDS-SLD-RS, MDS-MLD-RS and RCC. Cytogenetic data was available in 86/150 patients, 50% of which were abnormal. Complex karyotype was observed to be the commonest abnormality (27.5%). Novel translocations like t(9;22)(q11.2;q34.2) in addition to other abnormalities (n=3), t(2;4)(p25;q23),t(1;5)(p22;q33), t(1;12)(p34;p11.2) and t(5;7;9;)(q13;q32;p22) were observed.Conclusion: The median age of patients in India is almost a decade younger than the western population. Moreover, majority of the patients belonged to the high risk IPSS-R prognostic group (31.4%), followed by intermediate (29%) and very high risk groups (24.4%) in our cohort of patients. Seventy percent individuals, < 40 years belonged to the high prognostic categories, indicating that Indian MDS patients have high disease burden and in turn more likelihood for leukemic transformation.
Sediment and carbon deposition vary among vegetation assemblages in a coastal salt marsh
Authors: Kelleway Jeffrey J. , Saintilan Neil , Macreadie Peter I. , Baldock Jeffrey A. , Ralph Peter J. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Coastal salt marshes are dynamic, intertidal ecosystems that are increasingly being recognised for their contributions to ecosystem services, including carbon (C) accumulation and storage. The survival of salt marshes and their capacity to store C under rising sea levels, however, is partially reliant upon sedimentation rates and influenced by a combination of physical and biological factors. In this study, we use several complementary methods to assess short-term (days) deposition and medium-term (months) accretion dynamics within a single marsh that contains three salt marsh vegetation types common throughout southeastern (SE) Australia.We found that surface accretion varies among vegetation assemblages, with medium-term (19 months) bulk accretion rates in the upper marsh rush (Juncus) assemblage (1.74 ± 0.13 mm yr−1) consistently in excess of estimated local sea-level rise (1.15 mm yr−1). Accretion rates were lower and less consistent in both the succulent (Sarcocornia, 0.78 ± 0.18 mm yr−1) and grass (Sporobolus, 0.88 ± 0.22 mm yr−1) assemblages located lower in the tidal frame. Short-term (6 days) experiments showed deposition within Juncus plots to be dominated by autochthonous organic inputs with C deposition rates ranging from 1.14 ± 0.41 mg C cm−2 d−1 (neap tidal period) to 2.37 ± 0.44 mg C cm−2 d−1 (spring tidal period), while minerogenic inputs and lower C deposition dominated Sarcocornia (0.10 ± 0.02 to 0.62 ± 0.08 mg C cm−2 d−1) and Sporobolus (0.17 ± 0.04 to 0.40 ± 0.07 mg C cm−2 d−1) assemblages.Elemental (C : N), isotopic (δ13C), mid-infrared (MIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses revealed little difference in either the source or character of materials being deposited among neap versus spring tidal periods. Instead, these analyses point to substantial redistribution of materials within the Sarcocornia and Sporobolus assemblages, compared to high retention and preservation of organic inputs in the Juncus assemblage. By combining medium-term accretion quantification with short-term deposition measurements and chemical analyses, we have gained novel insights into above-ground biophysical processes that may explain previously observed regional differences in surface dynamics among key salt marsh vegetation assemblages. Our results suggest that Sarcocornia and Sporobolus assemblages may be particularly susceptible to changes in sea level, though quantification of below-ground processes (e.g. root production, compaction) is needed to confirm this.
VIC–CropSyst-v2: A regional-scale modeling platform to simulate the nexus of climate, hydrology, cropping systems, and human decisions
Authors: Malek Keyvan , Stöckle Claudio , Chinnayakanahalli Kiran , Nelson Roger , Liu Mingliang , Rajagopalan Kirti , Barik Muhammad , Adam Jennifer C. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Food supply is affected by a complex nexus of land, atmosphere, and human processes, including short- and long-term stressors (e.g., drought and climate change, respectively). A simulation platform that captures these complex elements can be used to inform policy and best management practices to promote sustainable agriculture. We have developed a tightly coupled framework using the macroscale variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrologic model and the CropSyst agricultural model. A mechanistic irrigation module was also developed for inclusion in this framework. Because VIC–CropSyst combines two widely used and mechanistic models (for crop phenology, growth, management, and macroscale hydrology), it can provide realistic and hydrologically consistent simulations of water availability, crop water requirements for irrigation, and agricultural productivity for both irrigated and dryland systems. This allows VIC–CropSyst to provide managers and decision makers with reliable information on regional water stresses and their impacts on food production. Additionally, VIC–CropSyst is being used in conjunction with socioeconomic models, river system models, and atmospheric models to simulate feedback processes between regional water availability, agricultural water management decisions, and land–atmosphere interactions. The performance of VIC–CropSyst was evaluated on both regional (over the US Pacific Northwest) and point scales. Point-scale evaluation involved using two flux tower sites located in agricultural fields in the US (Nebraska and Illinois). The agreement between recorded and simulated evapotranspiration (ET), applied irrigation water, soil moisture, leaf area index (LAI), and yield indicated that, although the model is intended to work on regional scales, it also captures field-scale processes in agricultural areas.