bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marriage strategies in Catalonia from
the seventeenth to the nineteenth
century: a case study
Authors: TORRENTS ÀNGELS 
Published: July 2002

‘The most important principle of all our inheritance and
family law is the
preservation of the patrimony.’—Josep Faus i Condomines, 1907Marriage strategies leading to the biological and social reproduction
of
the family were the main goal of stem family households in Catalonia.
This goal was closely linked to the maintenance or increase of the family
inheritance, mostly in terms of arable land. The ‘house’, which
in
Catalonia connotes the family household, lay at the centre of this system.
The aim of this article is to analyse some Catalan marriage strategies,
together with inheritance and social customs. This will be carried out
through an analysis of the matrimonial behaviour of a stem family living
in the village of Sant Pere de Riudebitlles over 300 years, from the
seventeenth to the nineteenth century. We will show how this family
achieved its main biological and social reproduction goals. Our inquiries
use the techniques of L. Ferrer-Alòs and A. Fauve-Chamoux. As D.
S.
Reher has remarked, ‘The only way to flesh this out adequately is
to look
at the system from inside out, in terms of the way individual families
sorted out their destinies within the context they had inherited…it
would
also be most interesting to be able to observe succession strategies of
families according to their concrete demographic constraints such as
number, age, and gender distribution of their offspring surviving past
early childhood.’P. Laslett – first in 1972 and later in 1983 – coined a
typology for the
analysis of the household. He defined a household as a domestic
coresident group, wherein people with or without family ties live together,
sharing the main meals. The Laslett household classification scheme has
been widely used by researchers. However, Laslett's scheme has had
some
critics, who object to its static approach to family and household
analysis. Our view is that domestic coresident group analysis should be
dynamic; that is to say, we should study the household by observing its
different stages, and considering the social, economic and historical
framework of its geographical area. This framework helps us to determine
the logic of family behaviour and the various strategies which a family
might pursue in order to achieve a particular goal. We believe that these
aims do not stand in contradiction to the Laslett typology.
Changes in climate and in the timing of pairing of the Australian lizard, Tiliqua rugosa: a 15‐year study
Authors: Bull C. Michael , Burzacott Dale 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOver 15 years (1983–97) 25 665 random encounter captures of adult sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa, were made at a site near Mt Mary, in the mid‐north of South Australia. The last months of winter (July and August) became warmer and drier in the later years of the study, and the spring months when lizard activity was highest (September and October) had increased rainfall. The lizards form monogamous pairs for an average of 8 weeks before mating in late October or early November. Pairing started earlier and lasted longer in later years of the study. The time when pairing ended showed no significant temporal trend, although it was earlier in years with warmer spring temperatures. These results suggest that the timing of reproductive behaviour was influenced by climatic variation.
In search of the optimal management strategy for Arabian oryx
Authors: Treydte Anna C. , Williams Joseph B. , Bedin Eric , Ostrowski Stéphane , Seddon Phillip J. , Marschall Elizabeth A. , Waite Thomas A. , Ismail Khairy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExtirpated from the wild in 1972 by overhunting, Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) were re‐introduced in Saudi Arabia in March 1990; 17 oryx were released into Mahazat as‐Sayd, a 2244 km2 fenced reserve in west‐central Arabia, which lies at the periphery of their historical home range. The population has increased to 346 animals. The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, and those that manage the herd, have recently asked, ‘What is the optimal management strategy to assure long‐term persistence of the species, given the absence of immigration and predation?’ Food resources, determinants of rates of mortality and birth, covary with unpredictable rainfall in Mahazat as‐Sayd. Using data‐driven assumptions, we developed a computer model that evaluated the probability of extinction (Pex) under various management strategies: no intervention, removing a fixed number of animals each year, removing a fixed percentage of animals each year, and removing all individuals above a threshold. In addition, we explored the probability that oryx populations would decline below two thresholds, called the probability of quasi‐extinction (Pq‐ex) under various management schemes. Our analyses suggested that, without intervention, the oryx population had a high Pex. Removing 15% of the current population provided a low Pex, but this method also produced high values for Pq‐ex and, as a by‐product, wide fluctuations in population size (N). Although it required an assessment of both N and carrying capacity (K), the most successful management plan consisted of removing all oryx above 70% of K. Adoption of this plan resulted in low Pex, low Pq‐ex, and smaller fluctuations in N. Our study may provide a useful model for evaluating management plans for a variety of threatened animal populations in desert ecosystems.
Sequence Relationships, Conserved Domains, and Expression Patterns for Maize Homologs of the Polycomb Group GenesE(z), esc, andE(Pc)
Authors: Springer Nathan M. , Danilevskaya Olga N. , Hermon Pedro , Helentjaris Tim G. , Phillips Ronald L. , Kaeppler Heidi F. , Kaeppler Shawn M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play an important role in developmental and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and mammals. Recent evidence has shown that Arabidopsis homologs of PcG proteins are also important for the regulation of plant development. The objective of this study was to characterize the PcG homologs in maize (Zea mays). The 11 cloned PcG proteins from fruit fly and the Enhancer of zeste[E(z)], extra sex combs(esc), and Enhancer of Polycomb[E(Pc)] homologs from Arabidopsis were used as queries to perform TBLASTN searches against the public maize expressed sequence tag database and the Pioneer Hi-Bred database. Maize homologs were found for E(z), esc, and E(Pc), but not for Polycomb, pleiohomeotic,Posterior sex combs, Polycomblike,Additional sex combs, Sex combs on midleg, polyhometoic, or multi sex combs. Transcripts of the three maize Enhancer of zeste-like genes, Mez1, Mez2, andMez3, were detected in all tissues tested, and theMez2 transcript is alternatively spliced in a tissue-dependent pattern. Zea mays fertilization independent endosperm1 (ZmFie1) expression was limited to developing embryos and endosperms, whereas ZmFie2expression was found throughout plant development. The conservation ofE(z) and esc homologs across kingdoms indicates that these genes likely play a conserved role in repressing gene expression.
Effects of COR6.6 and COR15am Polypeptides Encoded by COR (Cold-Regulated) Genes of Arabidopsis thaliana on the Freeze-Induced Fusion and Leakage of Liposomes
Authors: Uemura M. , Gilmour S. J. , Thomashow M. F. , Steponkus P. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Several cold-regulated (COR) polypeptides, which have little or no amino acid sequence identity with known proteins, are synthesized during cold acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the function of the polypeptides has yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine if COR6.6 and COR15am influence the incidence of either freeze-induced fusion or freeze-induced leakage of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) composed of either a single species of phosphatidylcholine (either 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-, dioleoyl-, or dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine), a mixture of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and free sterols (1:1:1, mol:mol), or the total lipid extract of the plasma membrane of either nonacclimated or cold-acclimated rye leaves. When the SUVs were suspended in a dilute tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane/2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid buffer, both COR6.6 and COR15am invariably decreased the incidence of freeze-induced fusion regardless of the lipid composition. However, if the SUVs were suspended in a dilute solution of either sucrose or NaCl, the COR polypeptides had little or no effect on the incidence of freeze-induced fusion. Moreover, the COR polypeptides did not decrease the incidence of freeze-induced leakage[mdash]regardless of whether the SUVs were suspended in either the dilute buffer alone or with added sucrose or NaCl. In fact, with SUVs composed of a single species of phosphatidylcholine suspended in the dilute buffer, the COR polypeptides resulted in an anomalous increase in freeze-induced leakage. When considered collectively, these results suggest that neither COR6.6 nor COR15am has a direct cryoprotective effect on SUVs frozen in vitro.
Secretion of Active Recombinant Phytase from Soybean Cell-Suspension Cultures
Authors: Li J. , Hegeman C. E. , Hanlon R. W. , Lacy G. H. , Denbow D. M. , Grabau E. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Phytase, an enzyme that degrades the phosphorus storage compound phytate, has the potential to enhance phosphorus availability in animal diets when engineered into soybean (Glycine max) seeds. The phytase gene from Aspergillus niger was inserted into soybean transformation plasmids under control of constitutive and seed-specific promoters, with and without a plant signal sequence. Suspension cultures were used to confirm phytase expression in soybean cells. Phytase mRNA was observed in cultures containing constitutively expressed constructs. Phytase activity was detected in the culture medium from transformants that received constructs containing the plant signal sequence, confirming expectations that the protein would follow the default secretory pathway. Secretion also facilitated characterization of the biochemical properties of recombinant phytase. Soybean-synthesized phytase had a lower molecular mass than did the fungal enzyme. However, deglycosylation of the recombinant and fungal phytase yielded polypeptides of identical molecular mass (49 kD). Temperature and pH optima of the recombinant phytase were indistinguishable from the commercially available fungal phytase. Thermal inactivation studies of the recombinant phytase suggested that the additional protein stability would be required to withstand the elevated temperatures involved in soybean processing.
Desensitization of the Perception System for Chitin Fragments in Tomato Cells
Authors: Felix Georg , Baureithel Karl , Boller Thomas 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Suspension-cultured tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells react to stimulation by chitin fragments with a rapid, transient alkalinization of the growth medium, but behave refractory to a second treatment with the same stimulus (G. Felix, M. Regenass, T. Boller [1993] Plant J 4: 307–316). We analyzed this phenomenon and found that chitin fragments caused desensitization in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Partially desensitized cells exhibited a clear shift toward lower sensitivity of the perception system. The ability of chitin oligomers to induce desensitization depended on the degree of polymerization (DP), with DP5 ≈ DP4 ≫ DP3 ≫ DP2 &gt; DP1. This correlates with the ability of these oligomers to induce the alkalinization response and to compete for the high-affinity binding site on tomato cells and microsomal membranes, indicating that the alkalinization response and the desensitization process are mediated by the same receptor. The dose required for half-maximal desensitization was about 20 times lower than the dose required for half-maximal alkalinization; desensitization could therefore be used as a highly sensitive bioassay for chitin fragments and chitin-related stimuli such as lipochitooligosaccharides (nodulation factors) from Rhizobium leguminosarum. Desensitization was not associated with increased inactivation of the stimulus or with a disappearance of high-affinity binding sites from the cell surface, and thus appears to be caused by an intermediate step in signal transduction.
Characterization of a Red Beet Protein Homologous to the Essential 36-Kilodalton Subunit of the Yeast V-Type ATPase1
Authors: Bauerle Cynthia , Magembe Catherine , Briskin Donald P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
V-type proton-translocating ATPases (V-ATPases) (EC 3.6.1.3) are electrogenic proton pumps involved in acidification of endomembrane compartments in all eukaryotic cells. V-ATPases from various species consist of 8 to 12 polypeptide subunits arranged into an integral membrane proton pore sector (V0) and a peripherally associated catalytic sector (V1). Several V-ATPase subunits are functionally and structurally conserved among all species examined. In yeast, a 36-kD peripheral subunit encoded by the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) VMA6 gene (Vma6p) is required for stable assembly of the V0 sector as well as for V1 attachment. Vma6p has been characterized as a nonintegrally associated V0 subunit. A high degree of sequence similarity among Vma6p homologs from animal and fungal species suggests that this subunit has a conserved role in V-ATPase function. We have characterized a novel Vma6p homolog from red beet (Beta vulgaris) tonoplast membranes. A 44-kD polypeptide cofractionated with V-ATPase upon gel-filtration chromatography of detergent-solubilized tonoplast membranes and was specifically cross-reactive with anti-Vma6p polyclonal antibodies. The 44-kD polypeptide was dissociated from isolated tonoplast preparations by mild chaotropic agents and thus appeared to be nonintegrally associated with the membrane. The putative 44-kD homolog appears to be structurally similar to yeast Vma6p and occupies a similar position within the holoenzyme complex.
A High-Affinity Ca2+ Pump, ECA1, from the Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Inhibited by Cyclopiazonic Acid but Not by Thapsigargin
Authors: Liang Feng , Sze Heven 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To identify and characterize individual Ca2+ pumps, we have expressed an Arabidopsis ECA1 gene encoding anendoplasmic reticulum-typeCa2+-ATPase homolog in the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant K616. The mutant (pmc1pmr1cnb1) lacks a Golgi and a vacuolar membrane Ca2+ pump and grows very poorly on Ca2+-depleted medium. Membranes isolated from the mutant showed high H+/Ca2+-antiport but no Ca2+-pump activity. Expression of ECA1 in endomembranes increased mutant growth by 10- to 20-fold in Ca2+-depleted medium. 45Ca2+ pumping into vesicles fromECA1 transformants was detected after the H+/Ca2+-antiport activity was eliminated with bafilomycin A1 and gramicidin D. The pump had a high affinity for Ca2+ (K m = 30 nm) and displayed two affinities for ATP (K m of 20 and 235 μm). Cyclopiazonic acid, a specific blocker of animal sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, inhibited Ca2+ transport (50% inhibition dose = 3 nmol/mg protein), but thapsigargin (3 μm) did not. Transport was insensitive to calmodulin. These results suggest that this endoplasmic reticulum-type Ca2+-ATPase could support cell growth in plants as in yeast by maintaining submicromolar levels of cytosolic Ca2+ and replenishing Ca2+ in endomembrane compartments. This study demonstrates that the yeast K616 mutant provides a powerful expression system to study the structure/function relationships of Ca2+ pumps from eukaryotes.
Differential Regulation of Enolase during Anaerobiosis in Maize
Authors: Lal Shailesh K. , Lee Chwenfang , Sachs Martin M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
It was reported previously that enolase enzyme activity and ENO1 transcript levels are induced by anaerobic stress in maize (Zea mays). Here we show that not all isoforms of maize enolase are anaerobically induced. We cloned and sequenced a second enolase cDNA clone (pENO2) from maize. Sequence analysis showed that pENO2 shares 75.6% nucleotide and 89.5% deduced amino acid sequence identity with pENO1 and is encoded by a distinct gene. Expression of ENO2 is constitutive under aerobic conditions, whereas ENO1 levels are induced 10-fold in maize roots after 24 h of anaerobic treatment. Western-blot analysis and N-terminal sequencing of in vivo-labeled maize roots identified two major proteins selectively synthesized upon anaerobic stress as isozymes of enolase. We describe the expression of enolase in maize roots under anaerobic stress.
The Interaction between Cold and Light Controls the Expression of the Cold-Regulated Barley Gene cor14b and the Accumulation of the Corresponding Protein1
Authors: Crosatti Cristina , Polverino de Laureto Patrizia , Bassi Roberto , Cattivelli Luigi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We report the expression of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) COR (cold-regulated) genecor14b (formerly pt59) and the accumulation of its chloroplast-localized protein product. A polyclonal antibody raised against the cor14b-encoded protein detected two chloroplast COR proteins: COR14a and COR14b. N-terminal sequencing of COR14a and expression of cor14b in Arabidopsis plants showed that COR14a is not encoded by thecor14b sequence, but it shared homology with the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) WCS19 COR protein. The expression of cor14b was strongly impaired in the barley albino mutant an, suggesting the involvement of a plastidial factor in the control of gene expression. Low-level accumulation of COR14b was induced by cold treatment in etiolated plants, although cor14b expression and protein accumulation were enhanced after a short light pulse. Light quality was a determining factor in regulating gene expression: red or blue but not far-red or green light pulses were able to promote COR14b accumulation in etiolated plants, suggesting that phytochrome and blue light photoreceptors may be involved in the control of cor14bgene expression. Maximum accumulation of COR14b was reached only when plants were grown and/or hardened under the standard photoperiod. The effect of light on the COR14b stability was demonstrated by using transgenic Arabidopsis. These plants constitutively expressedcor14b mRNAs regardless of temperature and light conditions; nevertheless, green plants accumulated about twice as much COR14b protein as etiolated plants.
The Effect of Growth and Measurement Temperature on the Activity of the Alternative Respiratory Pathway1
Authors: Gonzàlez-Meler Miquel A. , Ribas-Carbo Miquel , Giles Larry , Siedow James N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A postulated role of the CN-resistant alternative respiratory pathway in plants is the maintenance of mitochondrial electron transport at low temperatures that would otherwise inhibit the main phosphorylating pathway and prevent the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species. This role is supported by the observation that alternative oxidase protein levels often increase when plants are subjected to growth at low temperatures. We used oxygen isotope fractionation to measure the distribution of electrons between the main and alternative pathways in mung bean (Vigna radiata) and soybean (Glycine max) following growth at low temperature. The amount of alternative oxidase protein in mung bean grown at 19°C increased over 2-fold in both hypocotyls and leaves compared with plants grown at 28°C but was unchanged in soybean cotyledons grown at 14°C compared with plants grown at 28°C. When the short-term response of tissue respiration was measured over the temperature range of 35°C to 9°C, decreases in the activities of both main and alternative pathway respiration were observed regardless of the growth temperature, and the relative partitioning of electrons to the alternative pathway generally decreased as the temperature was lowered. However, cold-grown mung bean plants that up-regulated the level of alternative oxidase protein maintained a greater electron partitioning to the alternative oxidase when measured at temperatures below 19°C supporting a role for the alternative pathway in response to low temperatures in mung bean. This response was not observed in soybean cotyledons, in which high levels of alternative pathway activity were seen at both high and low temperatures.
The Endogenous Sulfated Pentapeptide Phytosulfokine-α Stimulates Tracheary Element Differentiation of Isolated Mesophyll Cells of Zinnia1
Authors: Matsubayashi Yoshikatsu , Takagi Leiko , Omura Naomi , Morita Akiko , Sakagami Youji 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Dispersed zinnia (Zinnia elegans) mesophyll cells cannot differentiate into tracheary elements (TEs) at low cell density conditions even if auxin and cytokinin are present in the medium, indicating the involvement of intercellular interactions during the initiation and/or subsequent progresses in TE differentiation. When zinnia cells were incubated at a low density (2.5 × 104 cells mL−1) in TE-inductive medium in the presence of various concentrations of phytosulfokine (PSK)-α, which was originally identified as an intercellular signal peptide involved in cell proliferation, TE differentiation was strongly stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion; more than 35% of the living cells differentiated into TEs by 5 d of culture in the presence of 10 nm PSK-α. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mass spectroscopy confirmed that cultured zinnia cells produce nanomolar levels of PSKs under inductive conditions. These results suggest that PSK-α is a factor responsible for TE differentiation of zinnia mesophyll cells.
Elevation of the Cytosolic Free [Ca2+] Is Indispensable for the Transduction of the Nod Factor Signal in Alfalfa
Authors: Felle Hubert H. , Kondorosi Éva , Kondorosi Ádám , Schultze Michael 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In root hairs of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the requirement of Ca2+for Nod factor signaling has been investigated by means of ion-selective microelectrodes. Measured 50 to 100 μm behind the growing tip, 0.1 μm NodRm-IV(C16:2,S) increased the cytosolic free [Ca2+] by about 0.2 pCa, while the same concentration of chitotetraose, the nonactive glucosamine backbone, had no effect. We demonstrate that NodRm-IV(C16:2,S) still depolarized the plasma membrane at external Ca2+ concentrations below cytosolic values if the free EGTA concentration remained low (≤0.01 mm). Externally added Sr2+ was able to replace Ca2+, and to some extent even enhanced the Nod-factor-induced depolarization, whereas with Mg2+ it was decreased. This suggests that the Nod factor response is triggered by Ca2+ from external stores. The addition of the endomembrane Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor 2,5-di(t-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone, which presumably mobilizes Ca2+ from Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive stores, mimicked the Nod factor response, i.e. increased the cytosolic free [Ca2+], triggered Cl−-efflux, depolarized the plasma membrane, and alkalized the root hair space. In all cases a refractory state toward Nod factor perception was produced, indicating a shortcut of Nod factor signal transduction by releasing Ca2+ from internal stores. These latter results strongly support the idea that an elevation of cytosolic free [Ca2+] is indispensable for the transduction of the Nod factor signal, which is consistent with the role of Ca2+ as a second messenger.