bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum Wandel der japanischen Unternehmensorganisation: Innovationsfähigkeit zwischen Diskontinuität und Stabilität
Authors: Storz Cornelia 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Unter dem Einfluß evolutionsbiologischer Entwicklungsmodelle, die die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Menschheit in Schüben beschreibt, die erst durch Brüche ermöglicht werden, gewann in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften ein Modell institutionellen Wandels an Bedeutung, welches Brüche als für den Fortschritt unumgänglich ansieht. Diesem Modell liegen zwei Überlegungen zugrunde. Erstens: Institutionen müssen dauerhaft angelegt sein, um den Individuen Orientierung und Entlastung zu bieten - erzielt über die Stabilisatoren Kultur, Investitionen, Unsicherheit und Interessen. Zweitens: Institutionen geraten aufgrund ihrer Stabilität langfristig in ein Mißverhältnis zu ihrer Umwelt. Im Unterschied hierzu wird in diesem Beitrag die These vertreten, daß nur durch die gegebenen Restriktionen des Erkennens Akteuren zwar nicht alle Entscheidungsvarianten offenstehen, daß aber gerade durch diese Entlastung die Suche nach neuen Lösungen ermöglicht wird - dann, wenn Institutionen die Möglichkeit einer Anpassung durch Wettbewerb gewährt wird. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Überlegungen wurde die Wandlungsfähigkeit japanischer Unternehmen reflektiert: Systemimmanent unterliegen diese Unternehmen erheblichen Restriktionen durch einen hohen Grad an Unsicherheit, eine hohe Spezifität der getätigten Investitionen und verfestigte Interessenstrukturen. Eine neue Perspektive erhält die Stabilität des Wandels unter der Berücksichtigung einer spezifischen japanischen Kultur, innerhalb derer die Unternehmen agieren: Kulturen mit einer Präferenz für Langfristigkeit wie die japanische können neue Handlungsspielräume und Freiheitsgrade entstehen lassen, indem sie dazu beitragen, Gefangenendilemmata zu lösen und Lernen zu erleichtern. So können sie zu der Lösung eines Problems beitragen, das Hayek als Hauptproblem moderner Wirtschaften identifizierte: Die Anpassungsfähigkeit von Institutionen an eine veränderte Umwelt. Eine solche spezifische kulturelle Prägung bietet ein nur schwer nachahmbares Potential. Dieses Potential kann allerdings beschränkt werden: Durch sekundäre Stabilisatoren wie Unsicherheit, Investitionen und Interessen, und durch die spezifische Auswirkung einer langfristig orientierten Kultur auf die Gestaltung mitmenschlicher Beziehungen, da eine solche eine Präferenz persönlicher Beziehungen bedingt, die eine Durchsetzung von Regeln sowohl auf politischer als auch auf Unternehmensebene erschweren kann.
Die Anmaßung von Wissen und Glauben
Authors: Kirsch Guy 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel erörtert psychologische und soziale Aspekte der Anmaßung von Wissen und Glauben. Er ist auch ein Plädoyer für die Institutionalisierung der Skepsis. Diese ist nämlich eine conditio sine qua non, wenn vermieden werden soll, daß das Wissen zu sterilen Vorurteilen erstarrt und der Glaube zu inhumanen Orthodoxien entartet.
Die Neuregelung der Buchpreisbindung in Deutschland – Eine wettbewerbspolitische Analyse
Authors: Knorr Andreas , Schulz Christina 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Nach jahrelanger politischer Kontroverse trat 2002 das Buchpreisbindungsgesetz in Kraft. Es unterbindet jeglichen Preiswettbewerb auf der Handelsstufe. Nach Ansicht seiner Befürworter - im wesentlichen die Mehrheit der Verleger, Buchhändler, Autoren und deren Verbände - ist die Preisbindung zur Förderung kulturell wertvoller, betriebswirtschaftlich jedoch unrentabler Literatur zwingend erforderlich. Außerdem ermögliche sie ein flächendeckendes Netz von gut sortierten Buchhandlungen. Beide Argumente vermögen, wie die Analyse in diesem Beitrag zeigt, ökonomisch allerdings nicht zu überzeugen. Insbesondere erweist sich die institutionelle Ausgestaltung der Buchpreisbindung in Deutschland wegen ihrer einseitigen Ausrichtung an der Angebotsseite und einer Reihe immanenter Fehlanreize als nicht zielführend.
Review of footnotes and annotations to the 1949–2013 tables of standard atomic weights and tables of isotopic compositions of the elements (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Coplen Tyler B. , Holden Norman E. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights uses annotations given in footnotes that are an integral part of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights to alert users to the possibilities of quite extraordinary occurrences, as well as sources with abnormal atomic-weight values outside an otherwise acceptable range. The basic need for footnotes to the Standard Atomic Weights Table and equivalent annotations to the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements arises from the necessity to provide users with information that is relevant to one or more elements, but that cannot be provided using numerical data in columns. Any desire to increase additional information conveyed by annotations to these Tables is tempered by the need to preserve a compact format and a style that can alert users, who would not be inclined to consult either the last full element-by-element review or the full text of a current Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements report. Since 1989, the footnotes of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights and the annotations in column 5 of the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements have been harmonized by use of three lowercase footnotes, “g”, “m”, and “r”, that signify geologically exceptionally specimens (“g”), modified isotopic compositions in material subjected to undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation (“m”), and the range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents more precise atomic-weight value being given (“r”). As some elements are assigned intervals for their standard atomic-weight values (applies to 12 elements since 2009), footnotes “g” and “r” are no longer needed for these elements.
Exclusion Individuality or Individualization by Inclusion?
Authors: Nassehi Armin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The contribution begins with some remarks on the unavoidable deconstruction of the concepts of subjectivity and of the autonomuos subject as the key concepts of modern western philosophical thought. A sociological perspective has to start where the strong concept of subjectivity ends. It has both to emphasize the societal background of the empirical underdetermination of the individual and to describe this as a new form of social determination. A sociological perspective begins with the description of the conditions for that what the philosophical concept of subjectivity treats as its uncondonditional foundation. That means that sociology begins with the discovery of the empirical individual within social structures. After this the paper reconstructs the theoretical figure of individuality and individualization from the perspective of Luhmann’s systems theory. The second step shows that individuality is more than what is meant by exclusion individuality. This includes a reflection on the individualizing effects of inclusion routines of the function systems in modern society. The last point makes some brief conclusions concerning empirical research on individualization processes.
Investigation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) gene polymorphisms in individuals with high levels of hemoglobin / Hemoglobin seviyesi yüksek bireylerde hipoksi ile indüklenen faktör-1 alfa (HIF-1α) gen polimorfizminin araştırılması
Authors: Tepebaşı Muhammet Yusuf , Calapoğlu Nilüfer Şahin , Calapoğlu Mustafa 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Objective: A classic physiologic response to systemic hypoxia is the increase in red blood cell production. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) orchestrate oxygen-sensing machinery and hypoxic cell metabolism. Recent works suggest that mutation of the HIF oxygen-sensing pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the erythrocytosis. In the present study, the probable role of the polymorphic HIF-1α variants, C1772T (P582S) (rs11549465) and G1790A (A588T) (rs115494657), which are known to enhance transcriptional activity, were evaluated in the etiology of the polycythemia.
Methods: A total of 284 subjects 97 with normal levels of hemoglobin (Hgb) 157 with high levels of Hgb, and 30 with polycythemia vera (PV)) were recruited for this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of all subjects. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was performed for HIF-1α C1772T and G1790A single nucletide polymorphisms (SNP). A complete blood count was performed for all subjects.
Results: There was a significant decrease in the frequency of the HIF-1α C1772T allele T in subjects with PV compared with those in the normal level Hgb group (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.75−0.95; p=0.03). High level Hgb subjects had a significantly higher frequency of the HIF-1α G1790A allele A (OR 10.79; 95% CI 0.62-; 187.96; p=0.027) than the subjects in the normal level Hgb group. A significant difference was observed in genotype distribution of GG and combined GA+AA genotypes of HIF-1α G1790A in PV and normal Hgb level subjects (OR 17.11; 95% CI 0.80−366,61; p>0.05).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HIF-1α C1772T and G1790A polymorphisms may be associated with PV in the study population.
Hydrostatic Pressure: A Reversible Inhibitor of Primary Photosynthetic Processes
Authors: Schreiber Ulrich , Vidaver William 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Primary photosynthetic processes under pressures of up to 1300 atm were studied by means of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (Kautsky-effect) and compared to simultaneous oxygen exchange transients determined polarographically. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction was affected by increased hydrostatic pressure in three distinct ways: 1. At 400 atm loss of the first fluorescence drop (I-D transient), reflecting inhibition of PSI activity; 2. at 400 -1200 atm suppression of the fluores­ cence peak (D -P -S transient), indicating a block at the electron donor site of PS II; 3. at 800 -1200 atm flattening of the first fluorescence rise (O -I transient), suggesting a loss of ex­ citation energy within the pigment system. Pressure effects on oxygen exchange include inhibition of transient oxygen uptake and stimulation of the initial oxygen burst, which is paralleled by loss of the first transient fluorescence drop. Inhibition of the second oxygen burst is accompanied by the elimination of the transient fluorescence peak. The first burst only decreases with pressures exceeding 800 atm, as does the initial fluorescence rise. All pressure effects on fluorescence and oxygen exchange were reversible. Hydrostatic pressure appears to be a useful multilateral inhibitor in the study of primary photosynthetic reactions
Shared Neural Mechanisms for the Evaluation of Intense Sensory Stimulation and Economic Reward, Dependent on Stimulation-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Norbury Agnes , Valton Vincent , Rees Geraint , Roiser Jonathan P. , Husain Masud 
Published: September 2016

Why are some people strongly motivated by intense sensory experiences? Here we investigated how people encode the value of an intense sensory experience compared with economic reward, and how this varies according to stimulation-seeking preference. Specifically, we used a novel behavioral task in combination with computational modeling to derive the value individuals assigned to the opportunity to experience an intense tactile stimulus (mild electric shock). We then examined functional imaging data recorded during task performance to see how the opportunity to experience the sensory stimulus was encoded in stimulation-seekers versus stimulation-avoiders. We found that for individuals who positively sought out this kind of sensory stimulation, there was common encoding of anticipated economic and sensory rewards in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Conversely, there was robust encoding of the modeled probability of receiving such stimulation in the insula only in stimulation-avoidant individuals. Finally, we found preliminary evidence that sensory prediction error signals may be positively signed for stimulation-seekers, but negatively signed for stimulation-avoiders, in the posterior cingulate cortex. These findings may help explain why high intensity sensory experiences are appetitive for some individuals, but not for others, and may have relevance for the increased vulnerability for some psychopathologies, but perhaps increased resilience for others, in high sensation-seeking individuals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeople vary in their preference for intense sensory experiences. Here, we investigated how different individuals evaluate the prospect of an unusual sensory experience (electric shock), compared with the opportunity to gain a more traditional reward (money). We found that in a subset of individuals who sought out such unusual sensory stimulation, anticipation of the sensory outcome was encoded in the same way as that of monetary gain, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Further understanding of stimulation-seeking behavior may shed light on the etiology of psychopathologies such as addiction, for which high or low sensation-seeking personality has been identified as a risk factor.
Kinetics of Inhibitory Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Photoreceptors: Implications for an Ephaptic Mechanism
Authors: Warren Ted J. , Van Hook Matthew J. , Tranchina Daniel , Thoreson Wallace B. 
Published: September 2016

Inhibitory feedback from horizontal cells (HCs) to cones generates center-surround receptive fields and color opponency in the retina. Mechanisms of HC feedback remain unsettled, but one hypothesis proposes that an ephaptic mechanism may alter the extracellular electrical field surrounding photoreceptor synaptic terminals, thereby altering Ca2+channel activity and photoreceptor output. An ephaptic voltage change produced by current flowing through open channels in the HC membrane should occur with no delay. To test for this mechanism, we measured kinetics of inhibitory feedback currents inAmbystoma tigrinumcones and rods evoked by hyperpolarizing steps applied to synaptically coupled HCs. Hyperpolarizing HCs stimulated inward feedback currents in cones that averaged 8–9 pA and exhibited a biexponential time course with time constants averaging 14–17 ms and 120–220 ms. Measurement of feedback-current kinetics was limited by three factors: (1) HC voltage-clamp speed, (2) cone voltage-clamp speed, and (3) kinetics of Ca2+channel activation or deactivation in the photoreceptor terminal. These factors totaled ∼4–5 ms in cones meaning that the true fast time constants for HC-to-cone feedback currents were 9–13 ms, slower than expected for ephaptic voltage changes. We also compared speed of feedback to feedforward glutamate release measured at the same cone/HC synapses and found a latency for feedback of 11–14 ms. Inhibitory feedback from HCs to rods was also significantly slower than either measurement kinetics or feedforward release. The finding that inhibitory feedback from HCs to photoreceptors involves a significant delay indicates that it is not due to previously proposed ephaptic mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLateral inhibitory feedback from horizontal cells (HCs) to photoreceptors creates center-surround receptive fields and color-opponent interactions. Although underlying mechanisms remain unsettled, a longstanding hypothesis proposes that feedback is due to ephaptic voltage changes that regulate photoreceptor synaptic output by altering Ca2+channel activity. Ephaptic processes should occur with no delay. We measured kinetics of inhibitory feedback currents evoked in photoreceptors with voltage steps applied to synaptically coupled HCs and found that feedback is too slow to be explained by ephaptic voltage changes generated by current flowing through continuously open channels in HC membranes. By eliminating the proposed ephaptic mechanism for HC feedback regulation of photoreceptor Ca2+channels, our data support earlier proposals that synaptic cleft pH changes are more likely responsible.
Multivariate Pattern Analysis Reveals Category-Related Organization of Semantic Representations in Anterior Temporal Cortex
Authors: Malone Patrick S. , Glezer Laurie S. , Kim Judy , Jiang Xiong , Riesenhuber Maximilian 
Published: September 2016

The neural substrates of semantic representation have been the subject of much controversy. The study of semantic representations is complicated by difficulty in disentangling perceptual and semantic influences on neural activity, as well as in identifying stimulus-driven, “bottom-up” semantic selectivity unconfounded by top-down task-related modulations. To address these challenges, we trained human subjects to associate pseudowords (TPWs) with various animal and tool categories. To decode semantic representations of these TPWs, we used multivariate pattern classification of fMRI data acquired while subjects performed a semantic oddball detection task. Crucially, the classifier was trained and tested on disjoint sets of TPWs, so that the classifier had to use the semantic information from the training set to correctly classify the test set. Animal and tool TPWs were successfully decoded based on fMRI activity in spatially distinct subregions of the left medial anterior temporal lobe (LATL). In addition, tools (but not animals) were successfully decoded from activity in the left inferior parietal lobule. The tool-selective LATL subregion showed greater functional connectivity with left inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex, indicating that each LATL subregion exhibits distinct patterns of connectivity. Our findings demonstrate category-selective organization of semantic representations in LATL into spatially distinct subregions, continuing the lateral-medial segregation of activation in posterior temporal cortex previously observed in response to images of animals and tools, respectively. Together, our results provide evidence for segregation of processing hierarchies for different classes of objects and the existence of multiple, category-specific semantic networks in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe location and specificity of semantic representations in the brain are still widely debated. We trained human participants to associate specific pseudowords with various animal and tool categories, and used multivariate pattern classification of fMRI data to decode the semantic representations of the trained pseudowords. We found that: (1) animal and tool information was organized in category-selective subregions of medial left anterior temporal lobe (LATL); (2) tools, but not animals, were encoded in left inferior parietal lobe; and (3) LATL subregions exhibited distinct patterns of functional connectivity with category-related regions across cortex. Our findings suggest that semantic knowledge in LATL is organized in category-related subregions, providing evidence for the existence of multiple, category-specific semantic representations in the brain.
A meta-analysis for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular structure and function in ARVC: a Study by the Research and Audit Committee of the British Society of Echocardiography
Authors: Qasem Mohammad , Utomi Victor , George Keith , Somauroo John , Zaidi Abbas , Forsythe Lynsey , Bhattacharrya Sanjeev , Lloyd Guy , Rana Bushra , Ring Liam , Robinson Shaun , Senior Roxy , Sheikh Nabeel , Sitali Mushemi , Sandoval Julie , Steeds Richard , Stout Martin , Willis James , Oxborough David 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited pathology that can increase the risk of sudden death. Current task force criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis do not include new, regional assessment tools which may be relevant in a phenotypically diverse disease. We adopted a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to highlight echocardiographic indices that differentiated ARVC patients and healthy controls.
Methods: Data was extracted and analysed from prospective trials that employed a case–control design meeting strict inclusion and exclusion as well as a priori quality criteria. Structural indices included proximal RV outflow tract (RVOT1) and RV diastolic area (RVDarea). Functional indices included RV fractional area change (RVFAC), tricuspid annular systolic excursion (TAPSE), peak systolic and early diastolic myocardial velocities (S′ and E′, respectively) and myocardial strain.
Results: Patients with ARVC had larger RVOT1 (mean ± s.d.; 34 vs 28 mm, P < 0.001) and RVDarea (23 vs 18 cm2, P < 0.001) compared with healthy controls. ARVC patients also had lower RVFAC (38 vs 46%, P < 0.001), TAPSE (17 vs 23 mm, P < 0.001), S′ (9 vs 12 cm/s, P < 0.001), E′ (9 vs 13 cm/s, P < 0.001) and myocardial strain (−17 vs −30%, P < 0.001).
Conclusion: The data from this meta-analysis support current task force criteria for the diagnosis of ARVC. In addition, other RV measures that reflect the complex geometry and function in ARVC clearly differentiated between ARVC and healthy controls and may provide additional diagnostic and management value. We recommend that future working groups consider this data when proposing new/revised criteria for the echocardiographic diagnosis of ARVC.
Savimonė ir absoliutas
Authors: Ciancio Claudio 
Published: September 2016

Sąmonės filosofijos nepajėgia iki galo apsvarstyti kokybinių skirtumų tarp įvairių žmogiškojo suvokimo turinių. Savitumas, skiriantis žmogaus sąmonę nuo gyvūno sąmonės, susijęs su žmogaus galimybe reprezentuoti taip pat ir absoliutą bei laisvę. Kadangi šios sąvokos reprezentuoja absoliučią kitybę, vadinasi, jos kaip tokios viršija žmogaus galimybes. Šio perviršio kolizija grąžina sąmonę prie jos pačios, išlaisvindama ją. Šiuo būdu sąmonė tampa absoliuto vaizdiniu.
Current Roles and Perceived Needs of Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Graduates
Authors: Oshimura Jennifer M. , Bauer Benjamin D. , Shah Neha , Nguyen Eugene , Maniscalco Jennifer 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVES:
Pediatric hospitalists report the need for additional training in clinical and nonclinical domains. Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) fellowships seek to provide this training and produce leaders in the field. Our objective is to describe current roles and perceived training needs of PHM fellowship graduates.

METHODS:
In 2014, all PHM fellowship graduates were asked to complete a Web-based survey. Survey questions addressed demographics, past training, current roles, and training needs in clinical care, research, education, and administration. Associations between fellowship experiences and outcomes were examined.

RESULTS:
Fifty-one of 61 eligible individuals completed the survey. Average duration as a pediatric hospitalist was 5 years. Ninety percent completed pediatric categorical residency, whereas 10% completed an Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency. Most respondents completed a 1- (38%) or 2-year (46%) fellowship program. Ninety-six percent of respondents currently work in academic environments. The perceived need for additional clinical training was low, except procedures (44%). Nearly all teach medical students and pediatric residents, reporting adequate training in variety of teaching strategies. The majority of respondents conduct research, most commonly quality improvement (QI; 67%) and education (52%). Two-thirds are first authors on at least 1 peer-reviewed article. Research training needs include QI methodology (44%), biostatistics (43%), and obtaining funding (54%). A considerable number of respondents have academic leadership positions.

CONCLUSIONS:
PHM fellowship graduates are academic hospitalists with diverse responsibilities. Despite a short average career span, many have achieved leadership roles and been academically productive. Future curriculum development should focus on procedures, QI, and research training.