bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature-deposited insulating films of silicon nitride by reactive sputtering and plasma-enhanced CVD: Comparison of characteristics
Authors: Sato Masaru , Takeyama Mayumi B. , Nakata Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Yasushi , Nakamura Tomoji , Noya Atsushi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The characteristics of SiN
x
films deposited by reactive sputtering and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are examined to obtain high-density films at low deposition temperatures. PECVD SiN
x
films deposited at 200 °C show low densities of 2.14–2.20 g/cm3 regardless of their composition, while their refractive index varies depending on their composition. PECVD requires the substrate temperature to obtain high-density films, because a possible cause of low-density films is the amount of Si–H bond, rather than that of N–H bond, in the films originating from hydrogen incorporated by the insufficient decomposition of SiH4 molecules at low temperatures. The sputtered SiN
x
films with high density are obtained at a temperature lower than 200 °C and considered a promising candidate for insulating films at low process temperatures.
Enhanced responsivity and detectivity values of short 30-period InAs/GaSb type-II infrared photodetectors with reduced device areas
Authors: Chen Hsuan-An , Shih Tung-Chuan , Chen Hsuan-Yu , Lin Shih-Yen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Enhanced responsivity and detectivity values are observed for a short 30-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice infrared photodetector with reduced device areas. With cut-off wavelength at 4 µm, the device with the smallest device area exhibits the highest 10 K responsivity value of 15 mA/W and the corresponding detectivity value of 1.9 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2/W at 3.6 µm. The phenomenon is attributed to the increasing carrier recombination processes with increasing transport paths for photo-excited carriers with increasing device areas. The thermal images obtained by using a single-detector raster scan system have demonstrated the potential of the device for this application.
Response of SO2 and particulate air pollution to local and regional emission controls: A case study in Maryland
Authors: He Hao , Vinnikov Konstantin Y. , Li Can , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Jongeward Andrew R. , Li Zhanqing , Stehr Jeffrey W. , Hains Jennifer C. , Dickerson Russell R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses the questions of what effect local regulations can have on pollutants with different lifetimes and how surface observations and remotely sensed data can be used to determine the impacts. We investigated the decadal trends of tropospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and aerosol pollution over Maryland and its surrounding states, using surface, aircraft, and satellite measurements. Aircraft measurements indicated fewer isolated SO2 plumes observed in summers, a ∼40% decrease of column SO2, and a ∼20% decrease of atmospheric optical depth (AOD) over Maryland after the implementation of local regulations on sulfur emissions from power plants (∼90% reduction from 2010). Surface observations of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Maryland show similar trends. OMI SO2 and MODIS AOD observations were used to investigate the column contents of air pollutants over the eastern U.S.; these indicate decreasing trends in column SO2 (∼60% decrease) and AOD (∼20% decrease). The decrease of upwind SO2 emissions also reduced aerosol loadings over the downwind Atlantic Ocean near the coast by ∼20%, while indiscernible changes of the SO2 column were observed. A step change of SO2 emissions in Maryland starting in 2009–2010 had an immediate and profound benefit in terms of local surface SO2 concentrations but a modest impact on aerosol pollution, indicating that short‐lived pollutants are effectively controlled locally, while long‐lived pollutants require regional measures.
Observations of small‐scale latitudinal structure in energetic electron precipitation
Authors: Blake J. B. , O'Brien T. P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe describe first‐light observations from the AC6 mission, a pair of CubeSats that are in polar orbit and whose in‐track separations range up to several hundred kilometers and whose separations are controlled by differential drag. We present temporal dose rate profiles from electrons greater than 35 keV that are very similar at the two vehicles, but offset in time by the GPS‐derived in‐track separation. We interpret these structures as spatial and propose that they are the result of multiple microbursts that have experienced bounce phase mixing and differential drift over a small fraction of a drift orbit before reaching the spacecraft.
Observations of ULF waves on the ground and ionospheric Doppler shifts during storm sudden commencement
Authors: Ouyang Xinyan , Liu Wenlong , Xiao Zuo , Hao Yongqiang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUsing data from ground‐based magnetometers and HF Doppler sounder, we study ultralow frequency (ULF) waves excited during the storm sudden commencement (SSC) on 8 March 2012 and find possible evidence on the link between ULF waves and ionospheric Doppler shifts. Pc1–Pc2 ULF waves are observed from 11:04 to 11:27 UT after the SSC by ground stations of L shell ranging from 1.06 to 2.31, mapping to the topside ionosphere. There are weak responses in this frequency range in the power spectra of ionospheric Doppler shift. From 11:19 to 11:23 UT, oscillations of magnetic field in a lower frequency range of Pc3–Pc4 are observed and are well correlated with the trace of Doppler shift. It is thus suggested that ionospheric Doppler shift can response to ULF oscillations in magnetic field in various frequency ranges, especially in the frequency range of Pc3–Pc4 and below. This paper demonstrates a new mechanism of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
Changes in repeating earthquake slip behavior following the 2004 Parkfield main shock from waveform empirical Green's functions finite‐source inversion
Authors: Kim Ahyi , Dreger Douglas S. , Taira Taka'aki , Nadeau Robert M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFinite‐source inversions are performed using small earthquake waveforms as empirical Green's functions (eGf) to investigate the rupture process of repeating earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault in Parkfield, California. The eGf waveform inversion method is applied to a repeating Mw 2.1 Parkfield earthquake sequence using three‐component velocity waveforms recorded by an array of borehole seismometers. The obtained models show a circular slip distribution with a ~20 m radius, a 3.0–4.2 cm average slip of the main asperity, and peak displacement of 10.6–13.5 cm. The static stress drop distribution shows that the main asperity has a peak stress drop of 69.5–94.7 MPa. The inversion results support an earlier finding by Dreger et al. (2007) that high‐strength asperities exist in the rupture areas of the Mw 2.1 events at Parkfield. In addition, notable temporal peak slip and stress drop reduction was observed after the 2004 Parkfield event while the average value remains constant (~12 MPa) over time. These events may represent mechanically strong sections of the fault, surrounded by regions that are undergoing continuous deformation (creep), Given repeated loading of the strong asperities, it would be expected that these similar repeating earthquakes should also have very similar slip distributions since surrounding regions are deforming aseismically. There are small differences in the waveforms of these repeating earthquakes, and this could be because of rupture nucleation points not being in exactly the same location within the region of the fault that is capable of stick‐slip behavior. Our result indicates that waveform slip inversion is needed to reveal spatial and temporal variations of the stress drop within the rupture area to improve understanding of fault healing and rupture mechanics.
Fluvial supraglacial landscape evolution on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Karlstrom Leif , Yang Kang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSupraglacial stream networks incise via thermal erosion of underlying ice, reflecting a balance between localized fluvial incision and dynamic topography from underlying ice flow. We analyze high‐resolution digital elevation models of the ice surface and bedrock in the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet from 1000‐1600 m elevation to quantify the importance of fluvial erosion. At wavelengths greater than ice thickness, bedrock dominates surface topography so supraglacial drainage basins are fixed spatially. At smaller wavelengths, fluvial erosion significantly affects topography. Stream longitudinal profiles exhibit positive mean curvature and consistent power law scaling between local channel slope and drainage area, suggestive of adjustment toward topographic steady state. We interpret these observations with a model for fluvial thermal erosion on top of a flowing ice substrate that predicts concave up steady state longitudinal profiles, where average concavity is most sensitive to melt rate and the relative magnitudes of ice flow and fluvial erosion.
Large contribution of boreal upland forest soils to a catchment‐scale CH4 balance in a wet year
Authors: Lohila Annalea , Aalto Tuula , Aurela Mika , Hatakka Juha , Tuovinen Juha‐Pekka , Kilkki Juho , Penttilä Timo , Vuorenmaa Jussi , Hänninen Pekka , Sutinen Raimo , Viisanen Yrjö , Laurila Tuomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUpland forest soils affect the atmospheric methane (CH4) balance, not only through the soil sink but also due to episodic high emissions in wet conditions. We measured methane fluxes and found that during a wet fall the forest soil turned from a CH4 sink into a large source for several months, while the CH4 emissions from a nearby wetland did not increase. When upscaled to the whole catchment area the contribution of forests amounted to 60% of the annual CH4 emission from the wetlands, while in a normal year the forest soil consumes 10% of the wetland emission. The period of high upland soil emission was also captured by the nearby atmospheric concentration measurement station. Since the land cover within the catchment is representative of larger regions, our findings imply that upland forests in the boreal zone constitute an important part in the global CH4 cycle not previously accounted for.
The distribution and characterization of strike‐slip faults on Enceladus
Authors: Martin Emily S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStrike‐slip faulting is typically characterized by lateral offsets on icy satellites of the outer solar system. However, strike‐slip faults on Enceladus lack these typical lateral offsets and instead are marked by the presence of tailcracks or en echelon cracks. These features are used here to develop the first near‐global distribution of strike‐slip faults on Enceladus. Strike‐slip faults on Enceladus fall into three broad categories: tectonic terrain boundaries, reactivated linear features, and primary strike‐slip faults. All three types of strike‐slip faults are found predominantly, or within close proximity to, the antipodal cratered terrains on the Saturnian and anti‐Saturnian hemispheres. Stress modeling suggests that strike‐slip faulting on Enceladus is not controlled by nonsynchronous rotation, as on Europa, suggesting a fundamentally different process driving Enceladus's strike‐slip faulting. The motion along strike‐slip faults at tectonic terrain boundaries suggests large‐scale northward migration of the ice shell on the leading hemisphere of Enceladus, occurring perpendicular to the opening direction of the tiger stripes in the south polar terrain.
Memorial Monitoring and Control: How Confidence and Social and Financial Consequences Affect Eyewitnesses' Reporting of Fine‐Grain Information
Authors: McCallum Nicole A. , Brewer Neil , Weber Nathan 
Published: March 2016

SummaryResearch suggests that accessible coarse‐grain (i.e. general) information is sometimes under‐reported in memory accounts. In two experiments, socially motivating conditions were manipulated to determine whether, and under what contexts, coarse‐grain information is avoided because eyewitnesses are motivated to be specific and willing to risk accuracy. In Experiment 1, response privacy (private, public) and audience (high authority, low authority) were manipulated. Response privacy and penalty for inaccurate reporting (penalty, no penalty) were manipulated in Experiment 2. Across both experiments, eyewitnesses' confidence estimation (i.e. monitoring) was effective, suggesting that coarse‐grain information is under‐reported through poor decision making (i.e. control). Eyewitnesses avoided coarse‐grain information because they sometimes displayed a bias towards reporting fine‐grain information. This bias was more apparent, and coarse‐grain information avoiding more likely, when the perceived consequences for reporting were minimal (i.e. when in private in Experiment 1 and when no penalty for inaccuracy was imposed in Experiment 2). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptual Load Induces Inattentional Blindness in Drivers
Authors: Murphy Gillian , Greene Ciara M. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPerceptual load theory states that the level of perceptual load in a task predicts the processing of task‐irrelevant information. High perceptual load has been shown to result in increased inattentional blindness; however, there is little evidence that this extends beyond artificial computer‐based tasks to real‐world behavior. In this study, we adapted a typical load‐blindness paradigm for use in a driving simulator. Forty‐two drivers performed a series of gap perception tasks where they judged if their vehicle could fit between two parked vehicles, with the task imposing either low or high perceptual load. Awareness for an unexpected pedestrian or animal at the side of the road was found to be significantly lower in the high perceptual load condition. This study is the first to demonstrate perceptual load effects on awareness in an applied setting and has important implications for road safety and future applied research on the perceptual load model.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure‐response estimate for lung cancer and asbestosis in a predominantly chrysotile‐exposed Chinese factory cohort
Authors: Courtice Midori N. , Wang Xiaorong , Lin Sihao , Yu Ignatius Tak Sun , Berman D. Wayne , Yano Eiji 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundCumulative fiber exposures, predominantly chrysotile, were estimated in a Chinese asbestos worker cohort and exposure–response relationships with lung cancer mortality and cumulative incidence of asbestosis were determined.MethodsIndividual time‐dependent cumulative exposures were estimated for 577 asbestos workers, followed prospectively for 37 years. Occupational history and smoking data were obtained from company records and personal interviews; vital status and causes of death were ascertained from death registries and hospital records. Hazard ratios were generated for disease outcomes, with adjustments for smoking and age.ResultsMedian cumulative fiber exposure for the cohort was 132.6 fiber‐years/ml (IQR 89.3–548.4). Exposure–response relationships were demonstrated for both disease outcomes, with nearly sixfold and threefold increased risks seen at the highest exposure level for lung cancer deaths and asbestosis, respectively.ConclusionEvidence using quantitative exposure estimates was provided for increased risks of lung cancer mortality and development of asbestosis in a predominantly chrysotile‐exposed cohort. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:369–378, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diastereodivergente inverse Prenylierung von Indol‐ und Tryptophan‐Derivaten: Totalsynthese von Amauromin, Novoamauromin und epi‐Amauromin
Authors: Müller Jonas M. , Stark Christian B. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEine regio‐ und stereoselektive inverse Prenylierung von Indol‐ und Tryptophan‐Derivaten wird präsentiert. Alle vier möglichen Stereoisomere sind durch diese Iridium‐katalysierte Reaktion zugänglich. Die Stereoselektivität wird durch eine Kombination aus chiralem Phosphoramidit‐Liganden mit einem achiralen Boran‐Additiv gesteuert und kann abhängig von der Art des Borans vollständig umgekehrt werden. Es genügt somit nur ein Enantiomer des Liganden, um alle denkbaren Stereoisomere herzustellen. Das synthetische Potential der Methode wurde in einer kurzen Synthese von Amauromin und seinen zwei natürlichen Diastereomeren demonstriert.
In Situ Observation of Thiol Michael Addition to a Reversible Covalent Drug in a Crystalline Sponge
Authors: Duplan Vincent , Hoshino Manabu , Li Wei , Honda Tadashi , Fujita Makoto 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA reversible Michael addition reaction between thiol nucleophiles and cyanoenones has been previously postulated to be the mechanism‐of‐action of a new family of reversible covalent drugs. However, the hypothetical Michael adducts in this mechanism have only been detected by spectroscopic methods in solution. Herein, the crystallographic observation of reversible Michael addition with a potent cyanoenone drug candidate by means of the crystalline‐sponge method is reported. After inclusion of the cyanoenone substrate, the sponge crystal was treated with a thiol solution. Subsequent crystallographic analysis confirmed the single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation of the substrate into the impermanent Michael adduct.
Zurückgezogen: Glutarimidedioxime: A Complexing and Reducing Reagent for Plutonium Recovery from Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
Authors: Xian Liang , Tian Guoxin , Beavers Christine M. , Teat Simon J. , Shuh David K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEfficient separation processes for recovering uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel are essential to the development of advanced nuclear fuel cycles. The performance characteristics of a new salt‐free complexing and reducing reagent, glutarimidedioxime (H2A), are reported for recovering plutonium in a PUREX process. With a phase ratio of organic to aqueous of up to 10:1, plutonium can be effectively stripped from 30 % tributyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene into 1 m HNO3 with H2A. The complexation‐reduction mechanism is illustrated with the combination of UV/Vis absorption spectra and the crystal structure of a PuIV complex with the reagent. The fast stripping rate and the high efficiency for stripping PuIV, through the complexation‐reduction mechanism, is suitable for use in centrifugal contactors with very short contact/resident times, thereby offering significant advantages over conventional processes.
Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Compounds: Photocatalysts for Redox Reactions and Solar Fuel Production
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Asiri Abdullah M. , García Hermenegildo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials formed from bi‐ or multipodal organic linkers and transition‐metal nodes. Some MOFs have high structural stability, combined with large flexibility in design and post‐synthetic modification. MOFs can be photoresponsive through light absorption by the organic linker or the metal oxide nodes. Photoexcitation of the light absorbing units in MOFs often generates a ligand‐to‐metal charge‐separation state that can result in photocatalytic activity. In this Review we discuss the advantages and uniqueness that MOFs offer in photocatalysis. We present the best practices to determine photocatalytic activity in MOFs and for the deposition of co‐catalysts. In particular we give examples showing the photocatalytic activity of MOFs in H2evolution, CO2reduction, photooxygenation, and photoreduction.
Synthesis of Amaryllidaceae Constituents and Unnatural Derivatives
Authors: Ghavre Mukund , Froese Jordan , Pour Milan , Hudlicky Tomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis update covers the syntheses of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids since the publication of the last major review in 2008. A short summary of past syntheses and their step count is provided for the major constituents; pancratistatin, 7‐deoxypancratistatin, narciclasine, lycoricidine, lycorine, and for other natural constituents, as well as for unnatural derivatives. Discussion of biological activities is provided for unnatural derivatives. Future prospects and further developments in this area are covered at the end of the review. The literature is covered to the end of August 2015.
Glutarimidedioxime: A Complexing and Reducing Reagent for Plutonium Recovery from Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
Authors: Xian Liang , Tian Guoxin , Beavers Christine M. , Teat Simon J. , Shuh David K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEfficient separation processes for recovering uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel are essential to the development of advanced nuclear fuel cycles. The performance characteristics of a new salt‐free complexing and reducing reagent, glutarimidedioxime (H2A), are reported for recovering plutonium in a PUREX process. With a phase ratio of organic to aqueous of up to 10:1, plutonium can be effectively stripped from 30 % tributyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene into 1 m HNO3 with H2A. The complexation‐reduction mechanism is illustrated with the combination of UV/Vis absorption spectra and the crystal structure of a PuIV complex with the reagent. The fast stripping rate and the high efficiency for stripping PuIV, through the complexation‐reduction mechanism, is suitable for use in centrifugal contactors with very short contact/resident times, thereby offering significant advantages over conventional processes.
Pomegranate‐Inspired Design of Highly Active and Durable Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Metal–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Ge , Wang Xiaolei , Fu Jing , Li Jingde , Park Moon Gyu , Zhang Yining , Lui Gregory , Chen Zhongwei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRational design of highly active and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions is critical for rechargeable metal–air batteries. Herein, we report the design and development of composite electrocatalysts based on transition metal oxide nanocrystals embedded in a nitrogen‐doped, partially graphitized carbon framework. Benefiting from the unique pomegranate‐like architecture, the composite catalysts possess abundant active sites, strong synergetic coupling, enhanced electron transfer, and high efficiencies in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co3O4‐based composite electrocatalyst exhibited a high half‐wave potential of 0.842 V for ORR, and a low overpotential of only 450 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 for OER. A single‐cell zinc–air battery was also fabricated with superior durability, holding great promise in the practical implementation of rechargeable metal–air batteries.
Accelerated Discovery in Photocatalysis using a Mechanism‐Based Screening Method
Authors: Hopkinson Matthew N. , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián , Teders Michael , Sahoo Basudev , Glorius Frank 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHerein, we report a conceptually novel mechanism‐based screening approach to accelerate discovery in photocatalysis. In contrast to most screening methods, which consider reactions as discrete entities, this approach instead focuses on a single constituent mechanistic step of a catalytic reaction. Using luminescence spectroscopy to investigate the key quenching step in photocatalytic reactions, an initial screen of 100 compounds led to the discovery of two promising substrate classes. Moreover, a second, more focused screen provided mechanistic insights useful in developing proof‐of‐concept reactions. Overall, this fast and straightforward approach both facilitated the discovery and aided the development of new light‐promoted reactions and suggests that mechanism‐based screening strategies could become useful tools in the hunt for new reactivity.