bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a laparoscopically assisted ovariectomy technique in cats
Authors: Sakals Sherisse A. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Laity Jamie , Hofmeister Erik H. , Radlinsky MaryAnn G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a laparoscopically assisted ovariectomy (LAO) technique in the cat with a bipolar vessel sealing device (BVSD) or suture ligation and to compare the outcomes to open ovariohysterectomy (OO).Study DesignRandomized prospective studyAnimalsHealthy, adult, sexually intact female cats (n = 30).MethodsTen cats were assigned to each group: LAO with BVSD (group A), LAO with ligation (group B), and OO with ligation (group C). Surgical times and complications were assessed. Serum glucose and cortisol were measured prior to surgery and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. Pain was scored by using an interactive visual analog scale (IVAS) at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Rescue analgesia was provided when IVAS score was 4 or more. Physiological and serum values and IVAS scores were compared among groups with area under the curve (AUC) by using a 1‐way ANOVA.ResultsSurgical time was shortest for group C (19.1 ± 5.2 minutes;P < .0002); there was no significant difference between groups A (27.7 ± 6.6 minutes) and B (33.2 ± 8.2 minutes). All procedures were completed successfully. No significant differences among groups were found in IVAS scores (P = .36), rescue analgesia (P = .22), glucose AUC (P = .53), or cortisol AUC (P = .27).ConclusionThe LAO technique was accomplished as described in all cats with no complications or failures. Pain scores were not different from cats undergoing OO. LAO can be performed efficiently to maximize the benefits of minimally invasive surgery and is amenable to clinical practice.
Role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in humans
Authors: Joyner Michael J. , Limberg Jacqueline K. , Wehrwein Erica A. , Johnson Blair D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe carotid bodies (CBs) are multi‐modal sensory organs located bilaterally at the bifurcation of the carotid artery and innervated by the carotid sinus nerve (Hering's nerve), a branch of the IX cranial nerve. While the CBs (or embryologically analogous structures) are well known as the dominant oxygen‐sensing organ in vertebrates, in mammals there is evidence that the CBs may also sense glucose and temperature, and respond to circulating hormones and other factors. Additionally, the CBs likely participate in regulating baseline levels of sympathetic tone. In this brief review, we focus on the evolution of our efforts to understand ‘what else’ beyond oxygen sensing the CBs do in humans.image
The Use and Results of the Wind Machine to Prevent Freeze Damage
Authors: Georg James G. 
Published: January 2018

The Federal-State Frost Warning Service, Lakeland, Florida has been investigating the use of wind machines for frost protection under Florida weather conditions for the past six years. Lake Garfield Nurseries Company of Bartow was the cooperator during all the investigations to date. Their machines were located in nursery and small tree plots, and the effectiveness of the machines on the 18" temperature profile was our primary concern. More recently, however, studies at standard shelter height have also been made in a bearing grapefruit grove. A summary of most investigations is available upon request from the Federal-State Frost Warning Service, Box 1058, Lakeland, Florida.
Paper published with permission.
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Applicable to the Citrus Industry
Authors: Farber Erich A. 
Published: January 2018

Many technical processes such as the ones found in the Citrus Industry involve the flow of fluids. The flow of these fluids must be closely controlled to achieve the desired results. To be able to do this it is essential to understand the characteristics of the flowing fluids and to recognize the basic laws of nature governing this flow. With this information and knowledge it is then possible to accomplish the objectives with nature helping the process.
Paper published with permission.
Interpretation of Present Florida Pollution Control Regulations
Authors: Nielsen A. T. 
Published: January 2018

Traditionally handled at state and local levels, pollution of waters is, in effect, now largely directed by the Federal government. However, the Federal administrators are seeking the joint involvement of State governments in controlling pollution through the device of State laws and river compacts — the latter; of course, applying to river basins involving several States or where States have a mutual boundary in a river. The chronology of the Federal legislation starts with the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948. It was limited in scope when it was fully implemented, and the government’s real role was still confined by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, the Public Health Service Act of 1912, and the Oil Pollution Control Act of 1924. The amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 established a basic policy that water pollution problems are best solved at the local level. Grants were made to States and interstate agencies for water pollution control activities and grants for waste treatment plant construction. Purposes were limited and a complicated system of Federal controls resulted. The Act was further amended in 1961 to extend Federal pollution abatement authority to all interstate and navigable waters in construction grants and encouraged the research activity.
Paper published with permission.
A Basic View of Solid State Electronics
Authors: Mathews Bruce E. 
Published: January 2018

Solid State Electronics includes the study and development of a large class of devices which are replacing vacuum tube techniques and revolutionizing the applications of electrical engineering. The most famous member of this new family of devices is the transistor. All of us are influenced by these developments right in our homes since all modern radio and television sets use the transistor as a basic element. The success of our space effort is largely due to the advances in solid state electronics. Virtually all industries, including the citrus industry, have felt the impact of these developments in making available whole new concepts in instrumentation, control devices, and computers. The future possibilities are unlimited. Already we are seeing the expression of solid state electronics in a whole new concept of design and manufacture called microelectronics. Although one does not need to understand the theory of solid state electronics to enjoy the fruits of the developments, I thought it would be interesting to you to have a brief basic view of a subject which is having a significant impact on the citrus industry.
Paper published with permission.
Considerations for Air Power Systems
Authors: Johnson Robert S. 
Published: January 2018

The availability of compressed air in plants today is viewed by many as being in the same category with electricity, water and gas. The one major difference, however, lies in the fact that for most industrial plants compressed air is generated within the plant proper and the compressor and related equipment is maintained by “In-Plant Personnel”, while electricity and its related generating equipment and clean water and its related purification and pumping equipment are supplied from outside facilities and maintained by others. The difference thusly becomes clear. In the case of compressed air, the air compressor and related accessories represent a capital investment on the part of the user, while the other services (electricity, water, gas, etc.) are essentially services paid for on a usage basis and charged as a monthly cost of operation. Although there is a difference as to the source of the utility, compressed air being considered as such is expected to be every bit available in sufficient capacity and pressure by plant management as are ampers and voltage in the case of electrical power or gallons of pure pressurized water. This difference requires the watchful eye of plant management and maintenance personnel, for, unlike the other utilities, the compressed air source and usage is their complete responsibility and not that of the local utilities.
Paper published with permission.
Is Your Evaporator Polluting?
Authors: Rebeck Harold M. 
Published: January 2018

We in the citrus processing industry have been contributing to the pollution of Florida lakes and streams, air and land for a number of years. Now, as just about everyone knows it is beginning to catch-up with us, and indeed its a problem all over the world where any food or chemical processing takes place. Some of us have already made the local newspapers and we will all probably make the national news before we get the problem solved.
Paper published with permission.
Protecting Floors in Citrus Plants
Authors: Wasser John 
Published: January 2018

Concrete floors in food processing plants require protection from excessive abrasive and corrosive exposures. Failure to provide it results in early floor deterioration. The development, use and effectiveness of materials designed to protect concrete play a key role in lengthening the useful life of plant floors. The substances include structural materials, coating and overlayments.
Paper published with permission.
Azithromycin Resistance in Shigella spp. in Southeast Asia
Authors: Darton Thomas C. , Tuyen Ha Thanh , The Hao Chung , Newton Paul N. , Dance David A. B. , Phetsouvanh Rattanaphone , Davong Viengmon , Campbell James I. , Hoang Nguyen Van Minh , Thwaites Guy E. , Parry Christopher M. , Thanh Duy Pham , Baker Stephen 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Infection by
Shigella
spp. is a common cause of dysentery in Southeast Asia. Antimicrobials are thought to be beneficial for treatment; however, antimicrobial resistance in
Shigella
spp. is becoming widespread. We aimed to assess the frequency and mechanisms associated with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in Southeast Asian
Shigella
isolates and use these data to assess appropriate susceptibility breakpoints.
Shigella
isolates recovered in Vietnam and Laos were screened for susceptibility to azithromycin (15 μg) by disc diffusion and MIC. Phenotypic resistance was confirmed by PCR amplification of macrolide resistance loci. We compared the genetic relationships and plasmid contents of azithromycin-resistant
Shigella sonnei
isolates using whole-genome sequences. From 475 available
Shigella
spp. isolated in Vietnam and Laos between 1994 and 2012, 6/181
S. flexneri
isolates (3.3%, MIC ≥ 16 g/liter) and 16/294
S. sonnei
isolates (5.4%, MIC ≥ 32 g/liter) were phenotypically resistant to azithromycin. PCR amplification confirmed a resistance mechanism in 22/475 (4.6%) isolates (
mphA
in 19 isolates and
ermB
in 3 isolates). The susceptibility data demonstrated the acceptability of the
S. flexneri
(MIC ≥ 16 g/liter, zone diameter ≤ 15 mm) and
S. sonnei
(MIC ≥ 32 g/liter, zone diameter ≤ 11 mm) breakpoints with a <3% discrepancy. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that decreased susceptibility has arisen sporadically in Vietnamese
S. sonnei
isolates on at least seven occasions between 2000 and 2009 but failed to become established. While the proposed susceptibility breakpoints may allow better recognition of resistant isolates, additional studies are required to assess the impact on the clinical outcome. The potential emergence of azithromycin resistance highlights the need for alternative options for management of
Shigella
infections in countries where
Shigella
is endemic.
In Vivo
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of APX001 against Candida spp. in a Neutropenic Disseminated Candidiasis Mouse Model
Authors: Zhao Miao , Lepak Alexander J. , VanScoy Brian , Bader Justin C. , Marchillo Karen , Vanhecker Jamie , Ambrose Paul G. , Andes David R. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

APX001 is the prodrug of APX001A, which is a first-in-class small molecule with a unique mechanism of action that inhibits the fungal enzyme Gwt1 in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis pathway. The goal of the present study was to determine which pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index and magnitude best correlated with efficacy in the murine disseminated candidiasis model for
Candida albicans
(
n
= 5),
C. glabrata
(
n
= 5), and
C. auris
(
n
= 4). MIC values ranged from 0.002 to 0.03 mg/liter for
C. albicans
, from 0.008 to 0.06 mg/liter for
C. glabrata
, and from 0.004 to 0.03 mg/liter for
C. auris
. Plasma APX001A pharmacokinetic measurements were performed in mice after oral administration of 4, 16, 64, and 256 mg/kg of body weight APX001. Single-dose pharmacokinetic studies exhibited maximum plasma concentration (
C
max
) values of 0.46 to 15.6 mg/liter, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity (AUC
0–inf
) values of 0.87 to 70.0 mg · h/liter, and half-lives of 1.40 to 2.75 h. A neutropenic murine disseminated candidiasis model was utilized for all treatment studies, and drug dosing was by the oral route. Dose fractionation was performed against
C. albicans
K1, with total doses ranging from 4 to 1,024 mg/kg/day of APX001 fractionated into regimens of dosing every 3, 6, 8, and 12 h for a 24-h treatment duration. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine which PK/PD index best correlated with efficacy on the basis of the reduction in the number of CFU/kidney at 24 h. The 24-h free-drug AUC/MIC ratio (
f
AUC
0–24
/MIC) was the PK/PD index that best correlated with efficacy (coefficient of determination [
R
2
] = 0.88). Treatment studies with the remaining strains utilized regimens of 1 to 256 mg/kg of APX001 administered every 6 h for a 24-h duration with
C. albicans
and a 96-h study duration with
C. glabrata
and
C. auris
. The dose required to achieve 50% of the maximum effect (ED
50
) and stasis
f
AUC/MIC targets were as follows: for
C. albicans
, 3.67 ± 3.19 and 20.60 ± 6.50, respectively; for
C. glabrata
, 0.38 ± 0.21 and 1.31 ± 0.27, respectively; and for
C. auris
, 7.14 ± 4.54 and 14.67 ± 8.30, respectively. The present studies demonstrated
in vitro
and
in vivo
APX001A and APX001 potency, respectively, against
C. albicans
,
C. glabrata
, and
C. auris.
These results have potential relevance for clinical dose selection and evaluation of susceptibility breakpoints. The identification of a lower AUC/MIC ratio target for
C. glabrata
suggests that species-specific susceptibility breakpoints should be explored.
Bacterial Periplasmic Oxidoreductases Control the Activity of Oxidized Human Antimicrobial β-Defensin 1
Authors: Wendler J. , Ehmann D. , Courth L. , Schroeder B. O. , Malek N. P. , Wehkamp J. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThe antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 1 (hBD1) is continuously produced by epithelial cells in many tissues. Compared to other defensins, hBD1 has only minor antibiotic activity in its native state. After reduction of its disulfide bridges, however, it becomes a potent antimicrobial agent against bacteria, while the oxidized native form (hBD1ox) shows specific activity against Gram-negative bacteria. We show that the killing mechanism of hBD1ox depends on aerobic growth conditions and bacterial enzymes. We analyzed the different activities of hBD1 using mutants ofEscherichia colilacking one or more specific proteins of their outer membrane, cytosol, or redox systems. We discovered that DsbA and DsbB are essential for the antimicrobial activity of hBD1ox but not for that of reduced hBD1 (hBD1red). Furthermore, our results strongly suggest that hBD1ox uses outer membrane protein FepA to penetrate the bacterial periplasm space. In contrast, other bacterial proteins in the outer membrane and cytosol did not modify the antimicrobial activity. Using immunogold labeling, we identified the localization of hBD1ox in the periplasmic space and partly in the outer membrane ofE. coli. However, in resistant mutants lacking DsbA and DsbB, hBD1ox was detected mainly in the bacterial cytosol. In summary, we discovered that hBD1ox could use FepA to enter the periplasmic space, where its activity depends on presence of DsbA and DsbB. HBD1ox concentrates in the periplasm in Gram-negative bacteria, which finally leads to bleb formation and death of the bacteria. Thus, the bacterial redox system plays an essential role in mechanisms of resistance against host-derived peptides such as hBD1.
Diagnostic Testing for Zika Virus: a Postoutbreak Update
Authors: Theel Elitza S. , Hata D. Jane 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Since the emergence and dissemination of Zika virus (ZIKV) in late 2015, our understanding of the biology, transmission, clinical disease, and potential sequelae associated with infection has markedly expanded. Over the past 2 years, the number of diagnostic assays for ZIKV has increased from none in 2015 to 5 serological assays and 14 molecular assays in 2017, all with emergency use authorization granted through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Here we provide an update on ZIKV, addressing what we have collectively learned since the outbreak began, including a summary of currently available diagnostic assays for this virus.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Induced Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation Impairs the Antiviral Activity of Type I Interferon
Authors: Yang Lijun , Xu Jiayu , Guo Longjun , Guo Taijie , Zhang Lu , Feng Li , Chen Hongyan , Wang Yue 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute and devastating enteric disease in suckling piglets and results in huge economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. To establish productive infection, viruses must first circumvent the host innate immune response. In this study, we found that PEDV infection stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, which has been linked to not only anticancer therapeutics, but also antiviral signaling. Therefore, we determined whether EGFR activation affected PEDV infection by using an activator or overexpression assay. The data showed that EGFR activation enhanced virus replication in both cases. We also found that specific inhibition of EGFR by either inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to a decrease in virus yields. Further analysis revealed that inhibition of EGFR produced augmentation of type I interferon genes. We next observed that the EGFR downstream cascade STAT3 was also activated upon PEDV infection. Similar to the case of EGFR, specific inhibition of STAT3 by either inhibitor or siRNA increased the antiviral activity of interferon and resulted in decreased PEDV RNA levels, and vice versa. The data on STAT3 depletion in combination with EGFR activation suggest that the attenuation of antiviral activity by EGFR activation requires activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PEDV-induced EGFR activation serves as a negative regulator of the type I interferon response and provides a novel therapeutic target for virus infection.

IMPORTANCE
EGFR is a transmembrane tyrosine receptor that mediates various cellular events, as well as several types of human cancers. In this study, we investigated for the first time the role of EGFR in PEDV infection. We observed that PEDV infection induced EGFR activation. The role of EGFR activation is to impair the antiviral activity of type I interferon, which requires the involvement of the EGFR downstream signaling cascade STAT3. Our findings reveal a new mechanism evolved by PEDV to circumvent the host antiviral response, which might serve as a therapeutic target against virus infection.
Immunization of Pigs by DNA Prime and Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Boost To Identify and Rank African Swine Fever Virus Immunogenic and Protective Proteins
Authors: Jancovich James K. , Chapman Dave , Hansen Debra T. , Robida Mark D. , Loskutov Andrey , Craciunescu Felicia , Borovkov Alex , Kibler Karen , Goatley Lynnette , King Katherine , Netherton Christopher L. , Taylor Geraldine , Jacobs Bertram , Sykes Kathryn , Dixon Linda K. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes an acute hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs, with high socioeconomic impact. No vaccine is available, limiting options for control. Although live attenuated ASFV can induce up to 100% protection against lethal challenge, little is known of the antigens which induce this protective response. To identify additional ASFV immunogenic and potentially protective antigens, we cloned 47 viral genes in individual plasmids for gene vaccination and in recombinant vaccinia viruses. These antigens were selected to include proteins with different functions and timing of expression. Pools of up to 22 antigens were delivered by DNA prime and recombinant vaccinia virus boost to groups of pigs. Responses of immune lymphocytes from pigs to individual recombinant proteins and to ASFV were measured by interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays to identify a subset of the antigens that consistently induced the highest responses. All 47 antigens were then delivered to pigs by DNA prime and recombinant vaccinia virus boost, and pigs were challenged with a lethal dose of ASFV isolate Georgia 2007/1. Although pigs developed clinical and pathological signs consistent with acute ASFV, viral genome levels were significantly reduced in blood and several lymph tissues in those pigs immunized with vectors expressing ASFV antigens compared with the levels in control pigs.

IMPORTANCE
The lack of a vaccine limits the options to control African swine fever. Advances have been made in the development of genetically modified live attenuated ASFV that can induce protection against challenge. However, there may be safety issues relating to the use of these in the field. There is little information about ASFV antigens that can induce a protective immune response against challenge. We carried out a large screen of 30% of ASFV antigens by delivering individual genes in different pools to pigs by DNA immunization prime and recombinant vaccinia virus boost. The responses in immunized pigs to these individual antigens were compared to identify the most immunogenic. Lethal challenge of pigs immunized with a pool of antigens resulted in reduced levels of virus in blood and lymph tissues compared to those in pigs immunized with control vectors. Novel immunogenic ASFV proteins have been identified for further testing as vaccine candidates.