bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Języki zachodniosłowiańskie wobec pożyczek angielskich w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu – gramatyka, leksyka, pragmatyka, uwarunkowania społeczno-kulturowe
Authors: Smółkowa Teresa 
Published: February 2016

West Slavic languages and English loanwords in the last two decades – an overview of grammar, lexicon, pragmatics and the socio-cultural contexThe recent decades, as is generally acknowledged, have been a period of profound changes in Central and Eastern Europe. These changes are reflected in the lexicon. Nominative needs have caused a remarkable vocabulary growth, with loanwords constituting a numerous and still growing group. The main research goal of the authors of the monograph project introduced in this article is to look into the influence of the English language upon West Slavic languages. The effect of Anglicisms on the phonetic, morphological and lexical subsystems will be subject to an in-depth examination. Of particular importance will be the adaptative processes affecting these loanwords in Czech, Polish and Slovak. The authors will also take into account the prag­matic aspect of borrowings as well as their functioning in the social and cultural context. This contrastive approach will make it possible to indicate similarities and differences in the process of assimilating English borrowings into West Slavic languages. Języki zachodniosłowiańskie wobec pożyczek angielskich w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu – gramatyka, leksyka, pragmatyka, uwarunkowania społeczno-kulturoweArtykuł jest poświęcony omówieniu planowanej monografii na temat nowszych i najnowszych pożyczek angielskich w językach: czeskim, polskim i słowackim. Ostatnie dziesięciolecia były, jak wiadomo, okresem zasadniczych zmian w Europie środkowo-wschodniej. Zmiany te odzwierciedla leksyka. Potrzeby nominatywne spowodowały ilościowy wzrost słownictwa, w którym odrębną grupę – liczną i ciągle rosnącą – stanowią pożyczki. Zasadniczym celem badaw­ czym autorów monografii jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jaki jest wpływ języka angielskiego na języki zachodniosłowiańskie. Przedmiotem szczegółowych rozważań będzie oddziaływanie anglicyzmów na podsystemy fonetyczny, morfologiczny, leksykalny. Za ważne uznaje się zwłaszcza prześledzenie pro­cesów adaptacyjnych tych pożyczek w języku czeskim, polskim i słowackim. Autorzy uwzględnią także aspekt pragmatyczny zapożyczeń oraz ich funkcjonowanie w kontekście społecznym i kulturowym. Ujęcie konfrontatywne umożliwi wskazanie podobieństw lub różnic w procesie przyswajania przez języki zachodniosłowiańskie pożyczek angielskich.
Drugie posłowie historyka do "Resztek Słowian na południowym wybrzeżu Morza Bałtyckiego" Aleksandra Hilferdinga
Authors: Szultka Zygmunt 
Published: February 2016

A historian's second afterword to Resztki Słowian na południowym wybrzeżu Morza Bałtyckiego by Alexander HilferdingThe purpose of the Second Afterword is to emphasise that current interpretations of Resztki Słowian by linguists are exceptionally uncritical and, consequently, one-sided. I do not find Alexander Hilferding's account useless, but I believe that, as any other subjective report, it requires a critical approach. It should be emphasized that it was prepared in a very short time, and its Russian author cannot be considered a reliable researcher. Therefore, its scientific usefulness is limited. It has already been argued that the book was written with the help of Florian Ceynowa; however, I intend to prove a new proposition. In my opinion, the aforementioned assistance was much more significant than has been assumed by recent linguistic research, a fact Hilferding did not always properly point out. Moreover, the actual scope of help on the part of Ceynowa in relation to the Kashubian language of the eastern part of Koszalin district was far greater than it has been acknowledged by linguists, who fail to take into account the fact that Ceynowa had been studying it since the early 1840s, and in 1845 he conducted his own independent linguistic research in Słupsk county. Drugie posłowie historyka do Resztek Słowian na południowym wybrzeżu Morza Bałtyckiego Aleksandra HilferdingaNiniejsze Drugie posłowie stawia sobie za cel wykazanie, że interpretacje Resztek Słowian podejmowane obecnie przez językoznawców charakteryzują się wyjątkową bezkrytycznością, a co za tym idzie – jednostronnością. Nie uznaję dzieła Aleksandra Hilferdinga za bezużyteczne, twierdzę jednak, że - jak do każdej subiektywnej relacji - należy do niego podchodzić krytycznie. Nie wolno zapominać, że praca postawała szybko, a jej rosyjskiego autora nie można uznać za wzbudzającego zaufanie badacza. Naukowa przydatność Resztek jest zatem ograniczona. Pisano już o tym, że dzieło powstało z pomocą Floriana Ceynowy; tu próbuję jednak dowieść nowego twierdzenia. Uważam, że owa pomoc odegrała rolę o wiele ważniejszą, niż zakłada się we współczesnej literaturze językoznawczej i niż gotów był przyznać sam Hilferding. Znacznie większy, aniżeli zakładają językoznawcy, był też rzeczywisty wkład Ceynowy, jeśli chodzi o opisanie języka wschodniej części Koszalińskiego, który zgłębiał on od początku lat 40. XIX wieku, obok samodziel­nych badań językoznawczych podjętych przezeń w roku 1845 w powiecie słupskim.
Dynamical Consistency of Reanalysis Datasets in the Extratropical Stratosphere
Authors: Martineau Patrick , Son Seok-Woo , Taguchi Masakazu 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Reanalysis data provide a good estimate of global atmospheric temperature and wind fields. However, the available reanalysis datasets reveal nonnegligible discrepancies in their mean state and temporal variability. In this study, the quality of eight reanalysis datasets is evaluated by examining their dynamical consistency in the extratropical stratosphere. The dynamical consistency is quantified by computing the residual of the zonal-mean momentum equation. The residual is generally small in the lower stratosphere, especially at and below 30 hPa, but increases significantly aloft in both hemispheres poleward of 45°, where the effect of parameterized gravity wave drag becomes important. However, at most levels, a large difference in the residual is found among the datasets. This interdata difference is mainly caused by an uncertainty in the Coriolis torque. The non-quasigeostrophic terms, such as those associated with the vertical motion, also play a nonnegligible role when the polar vortex accelerates or decelerates.
The latest reanalysis datasets exhibit smaller residuals than their earlier counterparts. For example, ERA-Interim is dynamically more consistent than ERA-40. This improvement over the generations is largely attributed to a better representation of the Coriolis torque. This is not likely achieved by the increase in satellite data observations over the past few decades. In fact, the dynamical consistency is only weakly sensitive to the analysis period. Instead, model-specific factors, such as data assimilation technique, model resolution, and physics, likely play a crucial role in improving the dynamical consistency.
Generation and Verification of Rainfall Estimates from 10-Yr Volumetric Weather Radar Measurements
Authors: Goudenhoofdt Edouard , Delobbe Laurent 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVolumetric measurements from a C-band weather radar in Belgium are reprocessed over the years 2005–14 to improve the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). The data quality is controlled using static clutter and beam blockage maps and clutter identification based on vertical gradients, horizontal texture, and satellite observations. A new QPE is obtained using stratiform–convective classification, a 40-min averaged vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR), a brightband identification, and a specific transformation to rain rates for each precipitation regime. The rain rates are interpolated on a 500-m Cartesian grid, linearly accumulated, and combined with hourly rain gauge measurements using mean field bias or kriging with external drift (KED). The algorithms have been fine-tuned on 13 cases with various meteorological situations. A detailed validation against independent daily rain gauge measurements reveals the importance of VPR correction. A 10-yr verification shows a significant improvement of the new QPE, especially at short and long range, with roughly 50% increase in coverage. Adding the KED allows average improvements of 38%, 35%, and 80% for the mean absolute difference, the multiplicative error spread, and the fraction of good estimates, respectively. The benefit is higher in widespread situations and increases when considering higher rainfall amounts. The mitigation of radar artifacts is clearly visible on 10-yr statistics, including mean annual totals, probabilities to exceed 10 mm, and maxima for hourly and daily accumulation. The correlation of mean totals with rain gauges increases from 0.54 to 0.66 with the new QPE and to 0.8 adding KED.
Corporate Governance Ratings: A Powerful Tool of Corporate Accountability
Authors: Bhasin Madan 
Published: February 2016

Under the mounting pressure from the various regulatory bodies and institutional investors, the corporate-sector has been forced to re-evaluate and continuously improve their Corporate Governance (CG) systems. Conscientious boards, nowadays, want to benchmark their companies CG policies against their peers. In fact, CG rating system can provide �useful� indication of the governance environment prevalent in different countries, and across individual companies. Due to the complexity of �specific� CG matters, there is an increasingly felt need for having a �quantitative� evaluation methodology for CG and boards. To that end, some professional rating agencies have recently started offering their services and also providing ranking �scorecards� for a fee. The ISS, GMI, TCL, S&Ps and Deminor are providing cross-border rating services to companies. Moreover, several countries have developed �CG Scorecards� that fulfills the goals defined by analysts and investors. Even though CG scorecards are not always perfect, but still they are widely accepted by the national and international financial communities. Undoubtedly, such rating systems will provide a useful �benchmark� for the investors, who identify �good� CG with a well-run and wellmanaged company. This article focuses on CG ratings as a powerful tool for evaluating the corporations & board accountability. Let us hope, �systematic� application of these rating systems, across the globe, will prove to be a �safety valve� to control fraud and mismanagement in the long-term.
Firm's Attributes and Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Sareen V.K. , Chander Subhash 
Published: February 2016

The foundation of any structure of corporate governance is disclosure. Various committees constituted in different countries, in the wake of major corporate failures, scandals and financial irregularities in different parts of world have resulted in codes of best practices and corporate governance guidelines. The present paper studies relationship between company attributes and extent of corporate governance disclosures. The study is based on secondary data from 100 selected BSE listed companies. An ‘Index of corporate governance disclosure’ consisting of 85 items was constructed. Linear Regression Equation has been used for each independent Variable separately and Multiple Regression Analysis for all variables done. Findings exhibit a positive relationship between selected company attributes and extent of corporate governance disclosure. The companies which disclose greater items of corporate governance nature are likely to be(a) Large in size as measured by Share-Holders Funds (b) More profitable as measured by PAT as % of Sales (c) Liberal in distributing profits by issue of bonus shares. (d) Their shares being included in active stocks (A type) listing on Bombay Stock Exchange. The proportion of independent directors in board does not have clear relationship with disclosure practices.
Need For Ethics In Corporate Governance: In Light Of The Scandals And Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Authors: Paul Amrita , Singh Anupam 
Published: February 2016

What is Business Ethics? This concept paper is written so as to understand the importance of ethics in corporate governance. In the wake of the many scandals that have taken place worldwide and India, the concern still remains that while we are progressing towards institutionalizing a Code of Ethics for the Corporales, the applicability, the use and the Jar reaching consequences it will have in mitigating any malfeasance in the future is still debatable. The paper deals with the incentive debate so as to discuss both the Cadbury Committee Report and Sec 406 of the Sarbanes- Oxley. The conclusion that we drmu is the need of having some ground rules when functioning in any jurisdiction. With the firm hands of ethics ill corporate governance, the levels of accountability and transparency will increase. With this ensured, the corporate will follow the path, justice and social responsibility towards their shareholders.
‘Saha Viryam’ – The Excel Way To Balanced Development Through Ethical Governance
Authors: Sivakumar N. 
Published: February 2016

Ethical governance is at the foundation of balanced development which focuses on both wealth creation and social responsibility simultaneously. Ethical governance ensures that the vision of the firm is stated in balanced terms and provides the leadership thrust that helps in the successful implementation of the balanced strategy. Corporate governance also helps in building a culture in which every member is motivated to pursue the balanced strategy with zeal. This paper discusses how the balanced development has been achieved using ethical governance by ‘Excel Industries’ (Excel), a specialty agro-chemicals manufacturer in India. The paper provides an in-depth discussion of how the various governance issues in this company have been integrated to achieve business growth as well as the farmer's life transformation. The paper draws lessons from the case of Excel for understanding the importance of ethical corporate governance in promoting balanced development.
Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices: Do We Proceed Towards Global Convergence
Authors: Mitra Goutam , Saha Siddhartha Sankar 
Published: February 2016

Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled. It also includes the relationships among many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as the Board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company objectives are set and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance. In this backdrop, this paper seeks to study global corporate governance disclosure practices with a specific objective to examine as to whether we proceed towards convergence. The paper basically has been divided into six broad sections. While Section I is introductory one, Section II focuses on Origin and Development of Corporate Governance Practices in US, UK and India. Corporate governance disclosure practices at international level are reviewed in Section III & Section IV. Section V makes a study on convergence of corporate governance practices. Finally, the paper makes a conclusion and recommendation of the study in Section VI.
Corporate Governance in Banks: Do Ownership and Board Structure Matter for Banks' Risk Profile and Valuation?
Authors: Carrillo Giovanna , Bathala Chenchuramaiah 
Published: February 2016

This study examines the risk profiles and valuation of banks relation in to the differences in corporate governance metrics. It also compares banks with non-banking firms with respect to differences in corporate governance mechanisms and valuation measures. The study finds that institutional ownership and block ownership are much lower for banking relative to non-banking firms, and insider ownership and majority of outside members on boards are slightly higher in non-banking firms. We find that corporate governance mechanisms are not associated with the Z-Score or insolvency risk of banks, while the evidence suggests that institutional ownership is associated with lower risk of insolvency for non-banking firms. The lack of relationship in banks could be explained by the fact that the Z-score is a measure closely monitored by regulators to prevent system instability and to initiate prompt corrective actions before the banks show insolvency signs. The results indicate that regulation is substituting for corporate governance mechanisms in banks. It is argued that board independence in banks may not be an effective corporate governance mechanism perhaps because outside board members do not fully understand the banking industry characteristics.
Diurnal Corticosterone Presence and Phase Modulate Clock Gene Expression in the Male Rat Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Woodruff Elizabeth R. , Chun Lauren E. , Hinds Laura R. , Spencer Robert L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Mood disorders are associated with dysregulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) function, circadian rhythms, and diurnal glucocorticoid (corticosterone [CORT]) circulation. Entrainment of clock gene expression in some peripheral tissues depends on CORT. In this study, we characterized over the course of the day the mRNA expression pattern of the core clock genes Per1, Per2, and Bmal1 in the male rat PFC and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) under different diurnal CORT conditions. In experiment 1, rats were left adrenal-intact (sham) or were adrenalectomized (ADX) followed by 10 daily antiphasic (opposite time of day of the endogenous CORT peak) ip injections of either vehicle or 2.5 mg/kg CORT. In experiment 2, all rats received ADX surgery followed by 13 daily injections of vehicle or CORT either antiphasic or in-phase with the endogenous CORT peak. In sham rats clock gene mRNA levels displayed a diurnal pattern of expression in the PFC and the SCN, but the phase differed between the 2 structures. ADX substantially altered clock gene expression patterns in the PFC. This alteration was normalized by in-phase CORT treatment, whereas antiphasic CORT treatment appears to have eliminated a diurnal pattern (Per1 and Bmal1) or dampened/inverted its phase (Per2). There was very little effect of CORT condition on clock gene expression in the SCN. These experiments suggest that an important component of glucocorticoid circadian physiology entails CORT regulation of the molecular clock in the PFC. Consequently, they also point to a possible mechanism that contributes to PFC disrupted function in disorders associated with abnormal CORT circulation.
Developmental gene regulatory networks in sea urchins and what we can learn from them
Authors: Martik Megan L. , Lyons Deirdre C. , McClay David R. 
Published: February 2016

Sea urchin embryos begin zygotic transcription shortly after the egg is fertilized. Throughout the cleavage stages a series of transcription factors are activated and, along with signaling through a number of pathways, at least 15 different cell types are specified by the beginning of gastrulation. Experimentally, perturbation of contributing transcription factors, signals and receptors and their molecular consequences enabled the assembly of an extensive gene regulatory network model. That effort, pioneered and led by Eric Davidson and his laboratory, with many additional insights provided by other laboratories, provided the sea urchin community with a valuable resource. Here we describe the approaches used to enable the assembly of an advanced gene regulatory network model describing molecular diversification during early development. We then provide examples to show how a relatively advanced authenticated network can be used as a tool for discovery of how diverse developmental mechanisms are controlled and work.
Lectotypification of the name of the sacred tree Ficus religiosa (Moraceae)
Authors: Ferrer-Gallego P. Pablo , Boisset Fernando , Upadhyay Gautam Kumar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe typification of the sacred tree, Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural type is based on an assessment of Linnaeus’s original material and the literature cited in the protologue. The name is lectotypified using a specimen from Paul Hermann’s herbarium at BM.
Resolving the phylogenetic position of Ombrocharis (Lamiaceae), with reference to the molecular phylogeny of tribe Elsholtzieae
Authors: Chen Ya-Ping , Drew Bryan T. , Li Bo , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Xiang Chun-Lei 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOmbrocharis is the only incertae sedis genus within Lamiaceae that has not been included in a published molecular phylogenetic study. Here, we adopt a two‐step approach to resolve the phylogenetic placement of the genus. Initially, the subfamilial affiliation of Ombrocharis was determined based on a combined ndhF and rbcL dataset covering all seven subfamilies of Lamiaceae. Results show that Ombrocharis is a member of Nepetoideae, a placement that is also supported by its hexacolpate pollen grains. In the second set of analyses, two nrDNA (ITS, ETS) and four cpDNA (ycf1, rps15‐ycf1, trnL‐F, rpl32‐trnL) markers were used to explore the position of Ombrocharis within Nepetoideae. Our results demonstrate that Ombrocharis and another monotypic genus, Perillula, form a clade that is sister to the remaining genera of tribe Elsholtzieae. Ombrocharis and other taxa within Elsholtzieae share divergent stamens, a weakly 2‐lipped corolla, and an asymmetric disc with an elongate anterior lobe, but it is unclear whether these features are apomorphic. This study represents both the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Elsholtzieae to date and the only study to include all genera of Elsholtzieae. The monophyly of Elsholtzieae (including Ombrocharis) is well supported, and there is weak support for Elsholtzieae as sister to the rest of Nepetoideae. Additionally, our results do not support the merging of Keiskea with Collinsonia, and Elsholtzia may be polyphyletic.
Voces gitanas en la investigación científica
Authors: Munté Ariadna , Alegre Rosa Maria , De Vicente Irene 
Published: February 2016

<p>El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión acerca de dos tendencias de investigación que atañen a la realidad del Pueblo Roma: aquella que considera a las personas cómo sujetos pasivos de la investigación, y aquella que trata a las personas gitanas como agentes activos en el proceso de creación de conocimiento científico sobre su propio pueblo. Al mismo tiempo, a través de datos empíricos, se muestra como el Pueblo Gitano reclama participar en la producción de conocimiento sobre sí mismo, rechazando aquellos estudios científicos que, en ausencia de la visión de los propios roma, llegan a conclusiones marcadamente etnocentristas que perpetúan prejuicios y desigualdades históricas en nuestro país.</p>