bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Uncommon Cause of Pathological Fracture: Tenofovir-induced Osteomalacia and acquired Fanconi's Syndrome in a Retroviral Patient
Authors: Vidyasagar Sudha , Komandla Shivaram R , Monigari Naresh K , Danturulu Muralidhar V 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Here we report a 60-year-old female patient with retroviral illness on antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir/emitricitabine/ efavirenz since 4 years, who presented with fracture of the right 4th metatarsal and bone pains and was found to have hypophosphatemia with normal vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone levels. Further testing revealed elevated serum creatinine, phosphaturia, uricosuria, glycosuria, and metabolic acidosis supporting the diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome. Adverse drug reaction was suspected as the patient was on tenofovirbased regimen. Hence, it was stopped and, subsequently, oral phosphate supplementation was given. Patient improved after discontinuation of drug, confirming tenofovir as a cause of Fanconi syndrome. Serum phosphorous level returned to normal after 3 months of discontinuation of tenofovir. On follow-up, patient's phosphorous level was 3.2 mg/dL and oral phosphorous supplementation was stopped. This case shows the need for screening of proximal tubular function (serum creatinine, vitamin D levels, urine-phosphate, protein, and sugars). Usually tenofovir toxicity is reversible upon discontinuation of drug, but if toxicity goes unrecognized, prolonged usage of drug can cause irreversible tubular damage.

How to cite this article
Komandla SR, Monigari NK, Danturulu MV, Vidyasagar S. An Uncommon Cause of Pathological Fracture: Tenofovir-induced Osteomalacia and acquired Fanconi's Syndrome in a Retroviral Patient. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):156-158.
Nieuwe Richtlijn Pakketreizen – Versterkte bescherming voor de reiziger?
Authors: Boon M.J. , Mout-Vos E.L.M. 
Published: August 2016

Nieuwe Richtlijn Pakketreizen – Versterkte bescherming voor de reiziger?
Eind 2015 is de nieuwe Richtlijn pakketreizen aangenomen, die de uit 1990 stammende oude richtlijn vervangt. De nieuwe richtlijn springt in op de wijze waarop de reiziger mede onder invloed van het internet zijn vakantie boekt. De reizigersbescherming wordt uitgebreid en de nieuwe richtlijn introduceert een aantal regimes van reizigersbescherming. De nieuwe richtlijn moet uiterlijk 1 januari 2018 zijn geïmplementeerd: dit zal leiden tot aanpassing van titel 7.7a BW (art. 7:500-7:513 BW).Richtlijn (EU) 2015/2302 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 25 november 2015 betreffende pakketreizen en gekoppelde reisarrangementen, houdende wijziging van Verordening (EG) nr. 2006/2004 en van Richtlijn 2011/83/EU van het Europees Parlement en de Raad en tot intrekking van Richtlijn 90/314/EEG van de Raad, PbEU 2015, L 326/1
An Overview of Cooperative and Consensus Control of Multiagent Systems
Authors: Reza Davoodi Mohammad , Gallehdari Zahra , Saboori Iman , Rezaee Hamed , Semsar‐kazerooni Elham , Meskin Nader , Abdollahi Farzaneh , Khorasani Khashayar 
Published: August 2016

There has been a growing interest toward the development of networked unmanned autonomous systems that can operate without an extensive involvement of humans. The motivation for this focus can be traced to the emergence of applications where direct human intervention is not possible due to the environmental hazards, complexity of the tasks, or other restrictions. These networks can consist of a large number of dynamical systems (agents), such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). These systems commonly include a number of sensors, actuators, and decisionmakers. Therefore, the network of these systems is a network of a large number of sensors and actuators or, as is known in the literature, a system of systems (SoS).In this work, we provide a brief overview of controlling these networks, their applications, and the solutions that are proposed for these problems in the literature. Specifically, this article overviews recent results and progress made on multiagent consensus by focusing on cooperative control and consensus (formation) control in the presence of communication, control implementation, and saturation constraints. In addition, we review the active areas of event‐triggered consensus control, network security and attacks on the agents, and networks and resilient consensus control strategies that are proposed to handle these challenges.
Three‐dimensional development of front region of plasma jets generated by magnetic reconnection
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. , Umeda T. , Shinohara I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA three‐dimensional fully kinetic particle‐in‐cell simulation of antiparallel magnetic reconnection is performed to investigate the three‐dimensional development of reconnection jet fronts treating three instabilities: the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI), the ballooning/interchange instability (BICI), and the ion‐ion kink instability. Sufficiently large system size and high ion‐to‐electron mass ratio of the simulation allow us to see the coupling among the three instabilities in the fully kinetic regime for the first time. As the jet fronts develop, the LHDI and BICI become dominant over the ion‐ion kink instability. The rapid growth of the LHDI enhances the BICI growth and the resulting formation of finger‐like structures. The small‐scale front structures produced by these instabilities are similar to recent high‐resolution field observations of the dipolarization fronts in the near‐Earth magnetotail using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and Cluster spacecraft and pose important questions for a future full high‐resolution observation by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission.
The relationship between the plasmapause and outer belt electrons
Authors: Goldstein J. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , De Pascuale S. , Funsten H. O. , Jaynes A. N. , Jahn J.‐M. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Li W. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe quantify the spatial relationship between the plasmapause and outer belt electrons for a 5 day period, 15–20 January 2013, by comparing locations of relativistic electron flux peaks to the plasmapause. A peak‐finding algorithm is applied to 1.8–7.7 MeV relativistic electron flux data. A plasmapause gradient finder is applied to wave‐derived electron number densities >10 cm−3. We identify two outer belts. Outer belt 1 is a stable zone of >3 MeV electrons located 1–2 RE inside the plasmapause. Outer belt 2 is a dynamic zone of <3 MeV electrons within 0.5 RE of the moving plasmapause. Electron fluxes earthward of each belt's peak are anticorrelated with cold plasma density. Belt 1 decayed on hiss timescales prior to a disturbance on 17 January and suffered only a modest dropout, perhaps owing to shielding by the plasmasphere. Afterward, the partially depleted belt 1 continued to decay at the initial rate. Belt 2 was emptied out by strong disturbance‐time losses but restored within 24 h. For global context we use a plasmapause test particle simulation and derive a new plasmaspheric index Fp, the fraction of a circular drift orbit inside the plasmapause. We find that the locally measured plasmapause is (for this event) a good proxy for the globally integrated opportunity for losses in cold plasma. Our analysis of the 15–20 January 2013 time interval confirms that high‐energy electron storage rings can persist for weeks or even months if prolonged quiet conditions prevail. This case study must be followed up by more general study (not limited to a 5 day period).
Viruses of the
A
rchaea
Authors: Prangishvili David , Basta Tamara , Garrett Roger A , Krupovic Mart 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Viruses infecting members of Archaea, the third domain of life, constitute an integral, yet unique part of the virosphere. Many of these viruses, specifically the species that infect hyperthermophilic hosts, display morphotypes – for example, bottle shaped, spindle shaped, droplet shaped, coil shaped, bacilliform – not known to be associated with the other two cellular domains, Bacteria and Eukarya. The distinctiveness of the hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses extends to their genome sequences: a large majority of the predicted genes yield no sequence matches in public databases and encode proteins with exceptional structures and unknown functions. Moreover, the ways in which these viruses interact with their hosts are also unique, as indicated by a unique virion egress mechanism, which involves formation of pyramidal portals on the cell surface. Some viruses that infect extremely halophilic Archaea are morphologically highly similar to head‐tail bacterial viruses of the order
Caudovirales
and apparently share an ancestry with them. Identified archaeal viruses almost exclusively carry double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genomes and only a few species have single‐stranded DNA genomes.

Key Concepts

Archaea, the third domain of life, same as the two other domains, Bacteria and Eukarya, is parasitised by viruses.

Known species of archaeal viruses have been isolated from environments with extreme conditions – extremely high temperatures, exceeding 80 °C, or extremely high salinity.

Known archaeal viruses have DNA genomes, most of which are double stranded.

Morphological diversity of archaeal viruses exceeds that of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages).

Archaeal viruses from extreme thermal environments are enveloped and have diverse unusual morphologies, indicative of multiple independent origins.

Most known viruses from highly saline waters resemble bacteriophages and share an ancestry with them.

Most of the genes of hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses have no homologues in other known viruses.

The knowledge on viruses of Archaea contributes to the understanding of the origin and evolution of viruses and virus–host interactions.
Chloroplast Genome
Authors: Howe Christopher J 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Chloroplasts contain a genome that is a relic of the endosymbiont that gave rise to the organelle. These genomes typically contain 100–200 genes and encode proteins important for photosynthesis and other chloroplast functions, although dinoflagellate algae have a greatly reduced and fragmented chloroplast genome. Many, but not all, nonphotosynthetic taxa retain a remnant chloroplast genome. In some organisms the chloroplast genome may be retained to allow redox‐mediated control of gene expression, whereas in others it may continue to exist because transfer of essential genes to the nucleus is no longer possible. Multiple ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerases are involved in chloroplast transcription in land plants, and post‐transcriptional processing involving nuclear‐encoded RNA‐binding proteins also plays an important part in the expression of the chloroplast genome. Gene expression may be regulated at a number of levels, and redox poise in the organelle may be particularly important for this.

Key Concepts

Chloroplasts originated in the ancestor of plants and red and green algae by endosymbiotic acquisition of a cyanobacterium, and then spread to many other eukaryotic lineages.

There are other examples of stable acquisition of a cyanobacterium by a nonphotosynthetic host.

Chloroplast genomes are typically 100–200 kbp in size, and include a set of genes for proteins essential to photosynthesis. Other genes present in the ancestral symbiont have been lost or relocated to the nucleus.

Many nonphotosynthetic organisms retain remnant chloroplasts, with genomes, reflecting the fact that photosynthesis is not the only biochemical process that takes place in the chloroplast.

In many organisms, gene transfer from chloroplast to nucleus can still take place, at an unexpectedly high frequency.

Establishment of the chloroplast has resulted in the development of nuclear‐encoded RNA‐binding protein families and, in land plants, additional RNA polymerases that play a central role in chloroplast gene expression.

Post‐transcriptional RNA processing plays an important role in chloroplast gene expression.

In photosynthetic organisms, chloroplast gene expression is closely linked to the organelle's redox poise.

The chloroplast can also influence the expression of nuclear genes.
Restoration of Terrestrial Communities
Authors: Wilson Scott D 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Restoration aims to return ecosystems that have been altered by humans to states similar to unaltered systems in terms of dominant vegetation, energy flows, water capture and nutrient cycling. General themes in restoration include the degree of alteration, setting goals for the restoration, incorporating evaluation of progress, and methods for ameliorating soil and returning vegetation. A major challenge in many systems is creating vegetation with desirable species composition and richness, as opposed to low‐diversity stands of exotic species. Socioeconomic factors may have overriding influences on restoration strategies. Opportunities for advancement include replication of restorations among years to incorporate variation in weather, and reporting of more outcomes, including negative results. Restoration is a field ripe for research, both in the synthesis of applied knowledge and as a system for experimentally addressing a broad variety of ecological topics.

Key Concepts

Restoration aims to return ecosystems that have been altered by humans to states similar to unaltered systems, typically enhancing both biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Goals for restoration should be specified during the planning phase. The goal for restoration is primarily a socioeconomic question, dependent on community wishes and available resources.

Economic benefits from restoration are tangible but limited, so other benefits must be clear.

Restoration using exotic species is common, because of increased demand for ecosystem services and increased ubiquity of exotic species.

Exotic species can rapidly produce novel stable communities. Consequently, the endpoint of one restoration (an exotic, economically productive community) may be the starting point of another restoration to eliminate these species and restore native communities and enhance diversity.

Mine spoils may require chemical amelioration to reduce acidity or heavy metals. Soil organic matter often needs to be increased on severely altered sites, but in other cases needs to be decreased.

Propagules of desired species usually need to be added, as seeds, transplants, turves or hay.

Continuing evaluation and management is often required to aid succession in moving towards the goals.
Cis‐Regulatory Mutations in Human Disease
Authors: Douglas Adam , Peluso Silvia , Lettice Laura A , Hill Robert E 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Enhancers are cis‐regulatory elements that accurately control the spatiotemporal pattern of gene expression and these can function over large genomic distances to activate the target gene. Genomewide methodologies have revealed general chromatin signatures for enhancers and the human and mouse noncoding genomes have undergone an extensive functional annotation. An increasing number of enhancer mutations are showing association with human disease, and disease mechanisms are being described that result from altered gene expression. Owing to the modular nature of enhancers, mutations can generate disease phenotypes that represent either a subset of the symptoms of coding mutations or due to a change in specificity of enhancer activity, a novel phenotype. Topologically associated domains, also known as
TADs
, have emerged as a fundamental structural unit to limit enhancer regulatory activity and disruptions of these boundaries result in gene misexpression and disease.

Key Concepts

Enhancers function over large genomic distances to activate the target gene.

Methodologies have been developed to annotate the functional elements in the noncoding genome.

Mutations in enhancers that regulate developmental gene expression can cause congenital abnormalities.

Owing to the modular nature of enhancers the disease presentation may be different from mutations in the coding region of the target gene.

Disruption of TAD boundaries can result in gene misexpression and disease.
The Spinal Cord in Hominin Evolution
Authors: Meyer Marc R 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Spinal cord dimensions increased in both relative and absolute terms during the course of hominin evolution. Recent discoveries demonstrate the presence of a fully developed human‐sized cervical spinal cord in
Australopithecus afarensis
at 3.6 million years before present (Ma) and in the cervical and thoracic regions of
Homo erectus
at 1.8 Ma. The fossil evidence suggests that these hominins possessed a fully human‐like postcranial neurological substrate for precision coordination of the arm and hand, corroborated by corresponding skeletal anatomy of the hand and shoulder, as well as discoveries of penecontemporaneous lithic use and putative throwing manuports in the archaeological record. These new fossils provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of sophisticated manual behaviours, and overturn prior thinking on the evolution of the central nervous system in the human lineage, indicating that the evolution of the hominin spinal cord was completed well in advance of advances in brain size.

Key Concepts

The brain and spinal cord are both larger in humans than those of the African great apes.

New
Australopithecus afarensis
fossils from Woranso‐Mille, Ethiopia, demonstrate that hominin cervical spinal cord enlargement was completed by at least 3.6 million years ago.

Evidence from
Homo erectus
now shows that hominin thoracic spinal cord enlargement was completed by at least 1.8 million years ago.

These new discoveries reveal the neurological capability for fine‐motor coordination of the arm, hand, and thoracic muscles in our smaller brained ancestors.

It is now apparent that spinal cord expansion was completed prior to brain size expansion in the human lineage.
In Situ Growth and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles within Polyelectrolyte Membranes
Authors: Landers John , Colon‐Ortiz Jonathan , Zong Kenneth , Goswami Anandarup , Asefa Tewodros , Vishnyakov Aleksey , Neimark Alexander V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study describes a novel approach for the in situ synthesis of metal oxide–polyelectrolyte nanocomposites formed via impregnation of hydrated polyelectrolyte films with binary water/alcohol solutions of metal salts and consecutive reactions that convert metal cations into oxide nanoparticles embedded within the polymer matrix. The method is demonstrated drawing on the example of Nafion membranes and a variety of metal oxides with an emphasis placed on zinc oxide. The in situ formation of nanoparticles is controlled by changing the solvent composition and conditions of synthesis that for the first time allows one to tailor not only the size, but also the nanoparticle shape, giving a preference to growth of a particular crystal facet. The high‐resolution TEM, SEM/EDX, UV‐vis and XRD studies confirmed the homogeneous distribution of crystalline nanoparticles of circa 4 nm and their aggregates of 10–20 nm. The produced nanocomposite films are flexible, mechanically robust and have a potential to be employed in sensing, optoelectronics and catalysis.
Profiling Metal Oxides with Lipids: Magnetic Liposomal Nanoparticles Displaying DNA and Proteins
Authors: Wang Feng , Zhang Xiaohan , Liu Yibo , Lin Zhi Yuan (William) , Liu Biwu , Liu Juewen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMetal oxides include many important materials with various surface properties. For biomedical and analytical applications, it is desirable to engineer their biocompatible interfaces. Herein, a phosphocholine liposome (DOPC) and its headgroup dipole flipped counterpart (DOCP) were mixed with ten common oxides. Using the calcein leakage assay, cryo‐TEM, and ζ‐potential measurement, these oxides were grouped into three types. The type 1 oxides (Fe3O4, TiO2, ZrO2, Y2O3, ITO, In2O3, and Mn2O3) form supported bilayers only with DOCP. Type 2 (SiO2) forms supported bilayers only with DOPC; type 3 (ZnO and NiO) are cationic and damage lipid membranes. Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were further studied for conjugation of fluorophores, proteins, and DNA to the supported DOCP bilayers via lipid headgroup labeling, covalent linking, or lipid insertion. Delivery of the conjugates to cells and selective DNA hybridization were demonstrated. This work provides a general solution for coating the type 1 oxides with a simple mixing in water, facilitating applications in biosensing, separation, and nanomedicine.
Stereo‐ and Temporally Controlled Coordination Polymerization Triggered by Alternating Addition of a Lewis Acid and Base
Authors: Liu Bo , Cui Dongmei , Tang Tao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSignificant progress has been made with regard to temporally controlled radical and ring‐opening polymerizations, for example, by means of chemical reagents, light, and voltage, whereas quantitative switch coordination polymerization is still challenging. Herein, we report the temporally and stereocontrolled 3,4‐polymerization of isoprene through allosterically regulating the active metal center by alternating addition of Lewis basic pyridine to “poison” the Lewis acidic active metal species through acid–base interactions and Lewis acidic AliBu3 to release the original active species through pyridine abstraction. This process is quick, quantitative, and can be repeated multiple times while maintaining high 3,4‐selectivity. Moreover, this strategy is also effective for the switch copolymerization of isoprene and styrene with dual 3,4‐ and syndiotactic selectivity. Tuning the switch cycles and intervals enables the isolation of various copolymers with different distributions of 3,4‐polyisoprene and syndiotactic polystyrene sequences.
Virus‐Inspired Polymer for Efficient In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Delivery
Authors: Cheng Yilong , Yumul Roma C. , Pun Suzie H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractClinical translation of nucleic acids drugs has been stunted by limited delivery options. Herein, we report a synthetic polymer designed to mimic viral mechanisms of delivery called VIPER (virus‐inspired polymer for endosomal release). VIPER is composed of a polycation block for condensation of nucleic acids, and a pH‐sensitive block for acid‐triggered display of a lytic peptide to promote trafficking to the cell cytosol. VIPER shows superior efficiencies compared to commercial agents when delivering genes to multiple immortalized cell lines. Importantly, in murine models, VIPER facilitates effective gene transfer to solid tumors.
Assembly of New Heterocycles through an Effective Use of Bisaldehydes by Using a Sequential GBB/Ugi Reaction
Authors: Kaur Tanpreet , Gautam Ram Nayan , Sharma Anuj 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA facile route for the assembly of new bis‐heterocyclic imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazinyl/benzothiazoyl‐phenyl)benzamide scaffolds through a two‐step Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé (GBB)/Ugi reaction sequence is reported, which establishes multiple points of diversity in the final products. The highlights of this procedure are the survival of the aldehyde group following the GBB reaction without the need for additional protection/deprotection steps. Moreover, the reaction is operationally simple, with the absence of any catalyst, and exhibits excellent functional‐group tolerance under minutes of microwave irradiation.