bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declining trend in the incidence of biopsy‐verified coeliac disease in the adult population of Finland, 2005‐2014
Authors: Virta L. J. , Saarinen M. M. , Kolho K.‐L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackgroundThe frequency of coeliac disease (CD) has been on the rise over the past decades, especially in Western Europe, but current trends are unclear.AimTo research the recent temporal changes in the incidence of adult, biopsy‐verified coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) in Finland, a country with a high frequency of coeliac disease.MethodsAll coeliac disease and DH cases diagnosed at age 20‐79 years during 2005‐2014 were retrieved from a nationwide database documenting all applicants for monthly compensation to cover the extra cost of maintaining a gluten‐free diet. This benefit is granted on the basis of histology, not socioeconomic status. Temporal trends in the annual incidences were estimated using Poisson regression analyses.ResultsThe total incidence of coeliac disease decreased from 33/100 000 during the years 2005‐2006 to 29/100 000 during 2013‐2014. The mean annual incidence of coeliac disease was nearly twice as high among women as among men, 42 vs 22 per 100 000, respectively. For middle‐ and old‐aged women, the average rate of decrease in incidence was 4.8% (95% CI 3.9‐5.7) per year and for men 3.0% (1.8‐4.1) (P for linear trend <.001, for both). Similarly, the annual incidence of DH declined. For young adults, the rate of change remained low and nonsignificant throughout the period 2005‐2014.ConclusionsAlthough the awareness of coeliac disease has increased during the past decades, the incidence of biopsy‐verified diagnoses is not increasing, which suggests that exposure to yet unidentified triggering factors for coeliac disease has plateaued among the Finnish adult population.
A randomized controlled trial of a brief online intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in new university students: Combining self‐affirmation, theory of planned behaviour messages, and implementation intentions
Authors: Norman Paul , Cameron David , Epton Tracy , Webb Thomas L. , Harris Peter R. , Millings Abigail , Sheeran Paschal 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesExcessive alcohol consumption increases when students enter university. This study tests whether combining (1) messages that target key beliefs from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) that underlie binge drinking, (2) a self‐affirmation manipulation to reduce defensive processing, and (3) implementation intentions (if‐then plans to avoid binge drinking) reduces alcohol consumption in the first 6 months at university.DesignA 2 (self‐affirmation) × 2 (TPB messages) × 2 (implementation intention) between‐participants randomized controlled trial with 6‐month follow‐up.MethodsBefore starting university, students (N = 2,951) completed measures of alcohol consumption and were randomly assigned to condition in a full‐factorial design. TPB cognitions about binge drinking were assessed immediately post‐intervention (n = 2,682). Alcohol consumption was assessed after 1 week (n = 1,885), 1 month (n = 1,389), and 6 months (n = 892) at university. TPB cognitions were assessed again at 1 and 6 months.ResultsParticipants who received the TPB messages had significantly less favourable cognitions about binge drinking (except perceived control), consumed fewer units of alcohol, engaged in binge drinking less frequently, and had less harmful patterns of alcohol consumption during their first 6 months at university. The other main effects were non‐significant.ConclusionsThe findings support the use of TPB‐based interventions to reduce students’ alcohol consumption, but question the use of self‐affirmation and implementation intentions before starting university when the messages may not represent a threat to self‐identity and when students may have limited knowledge and experience of the pressures to drink alcohol at university.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Alcohol consumption increases when young people enter university.

Significant life transitions represent potential teachable moments to change behaviour.

Interventions with a strong theoretical basis have been found to be more effective.

What does this study add?

A brief online intervention delivered to students before they start university can reduce alcohol consumption.

The theory of planned behaviour can be used to inform the design of interventions to change health behaviour.
Role of oestrogen receptor‐α and ‐β in bladder tissue of patients with a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Bhattar Rohit , Yadav Sher Singh , Tomar Vinay , Mittal Alka , Gangkak Goto , Mehta Jayanti 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesTo study the differential expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in human urinary bladder tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods and to explore their correlation with various measures of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).MethodsIn this prospective case–control study, the case group comprised 34 patients with bothersome LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), while the control group comprised 19 age‐matched, otherwise healthy patients who underwent cystoscopy to investigate microscopic haematuria. Cystoscopy and bladder biopsy were performed in both groups. IHC evaluation of biopsy specimens was carried out for ER subtypes (ER‐α and ER‐β) and for Ki 67 in semi‐quantitative fashion. Correlations of receptors with various measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/LUTS were also assessed.ResultsExpression of ER‐α (in both epithelial and stromas cells) was statistically significantly greater in the case group than in the control group, but ER‐β expression was not significantly different between the groups. Ki 67 expression was also significantly greater in the case group. Comparison of clinical variables according to receptor status showed that International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), post‐void residual urine volume (PVR) and prostate volume were significantly associated with epithelial and stromal ER‐α; however, ER‐β was associated only with PVR.ConclusionWe found significant correlation between bladder ER levels (specifically ER‐α) and various clinical measures of BPH. We conclude that ER‐α is the key mediator that could be responsible for various clinical measures of BPH/LUTS.
Site function and lithic technology in the Acheulean technocomplex: a case study from Thiongo Korongo (TK), BedII, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Rubio‐Jara Susana , Panera Joaquín , Santonja Manuel , Pérez‐González Alfredo , Yravedra José , Domínguez‐Rodrigo  Manuel , Bello Patricia , Rojas Raquel , Mabulla Audax , Baquedano Enrique 
Published: September 2017

The most recent excavations carried out at the Thiongo Korongo (TK) site, in the upper part of Olduvai BedIIand dating from about 1.353±0.035 Ma, have made it possible to identify a hitherto unknown Acheulean floor. Between 2010 and 2015, we excavated nearly 175 m2in several areas immediately adjacent to M. Leakey's trenches. Our findings led us to reinterpretTK's general stratigraphy and to identify a hitherto unpublished floor situated between levelsTKLFandTKUF(the ones recognized by M. Leakey), which we have calledTKSF. The differences we note between these two floors are very significant and concern production techniques and systems, which were aimed at obtaining different types of tools. These differences are especially marked in bifaces. InTKLF, bifacial tools consist of large, very specialized items characterized by a functional point opposite a thick basal area that makes the tool easy to grasp. InTKSF, handaxes are lighter and their cutting edges extend all around their perimeter, and can thus withstand long and varied uses. Considering the stratigraphical proximity and the accumulation rate of the sedimentary processes involved, the differences we observed cannot be correlated with evolutionary developments, which would require long periods of time. The differences observed in the tools seem to be related to the different activities carried out on each of these floors, and show thatTKwas a complex site with a heuristic capacity that is particularly significant in the context of Olduvai and of the study of behaviour patterns in the Lower Pleistocene.
Competitive response of savanna tree seedlings to C4 grasses is negatively related to photosynthesis rate
Authors: Campbell Tracy A. , Holdo Ricardo M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSavanna tree species vary in the magnitude of their response to grass competition, but the functional traits that explain this variation remain largely unknown. To address this gap, we grew seedlings of 10 savanna tree species with and without grasses in a controlled greenhouse experiment. We found strong interspecific differences in tree competitive response, which was positively related to photosynthesis rates, suggesting a trade‐off between the ability to grow well under conditions of low and high grass biomass across tree species. We also found no competitive effect of tree seedlings on grass, suggesting strong tree‐grass competitive asymmetry. Our results identify a potentially important trade‐off that enhances our ability to predict how savanna tree communities might respond to variation in grass competition.
Rural‐urban disparity in oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Gaber Amal , Galarneau Chantal , Feine Jocelyne S. , Emami Elham 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this population‐based cross‐sectional study was to estimate rural‐urban disparity in the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of the Quebec adult population.MethodsA 2‐stage sampling design was used to collect data from the 1788 parents/caregivers of schoolchildren living in the 8 regions of the province of Quebec in Canada. Andersen's behavioural model for health services utilization was used as a conceptual framework. Place of residency was defined according to the Statistics Canada Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Influenced Zone classification. The outcome of interest was OHRQoL measured using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)‐14 validated questionnaire. Data weighting was applied, and the prevalence, extent and severity of negative oral health impacts were calculated. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses and binary logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of poor oral health‐related quality life (OHRQoL) was statistically higher in rural areas than in urban zones (P = .02). Rural residents reported a significantly higher prevalence of negative daily‐life impacts in pain, psychological discomfort and social disability OHIP domains (P < .05). Additionally, the rural population showed a greater number of negative oral health impacts (P = .03). There was no significant rural‐urban difference in the severity of poor oral health. Logistic regression indicated that the prevalence of poor OHRQoL was significantly related to place of residency (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1‐2.5; P = .022), perceived oral health (OR = 9.4; 95% CI = 5.7‐15.5; P < .001), dental treatment needs factors (perceived need for dental treatment, pain, dental care seeking) (OR = 8.7; 95% CI = 4.8‐15.6; P < .001) and education (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.8‐3.9; P < .001).ConclusionThe results of this study suggest a potential difference in OHRQoL of Quebec rural and urban populations, and a need to develop strategies to promote oral health outcomes, specifically for rural residents. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
Small airway involvement in the late allergic response in asthma
Authors: Stenberg H. , Diamant Z. , Ankerst J. , Bjermer L. , Tufvesson E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBackgroundAllergy and asthma are closely linked. Inhalation of allergen induces an early allergic response (EAR) within the airways of allergic asthmatic subjects, which is followed by a late allergic response (LAR) in approximately 50% of the subjects. The LAR is defined as a drop in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) from baseline usually occurring 4‐8 hours after exposure and is believed to affect small airways. However, FEV1 is insensitive to changes in small airway physiology.ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate and compare the pathophysiological processes in large and small airways during the EAR and the LAR and to characterize subjects with both an EAR and a LAR (dual responders) versus those with an EAR only (single responders).MethodsThirty‐four subjects with allergic asthma underwent an inhaled allergen challenge. Lung physiology was assessed by spirometry, impulse oscillometry (IOS), body plethysmography, inert gas washout, single breath methane dilution carbon monoxide diffusion and exhaled breath temperature (EBT), at baseline and repeatedly for 23 hours post‐allergen challenge.ResultsPeripheral airway resistance, air trapping and ventilation heterogeneity were significantly increased in dual responders (n = 15) compared to single responders (n = 19) 6‐8 hours post‐challenge. Parameters of peripheral airway resistance and ventilation heterogeneity, measured with IOS and inert gas washout, respectively, correlated at baseline and during the allergic airway response in all subjects.ConclusionThe LAR involves increased resistance and ventilation defects within the peripheral airways. Alternative definitions of the LAR including small airways pathophysiology could be considered.Clinical relevanceSmall airway dysfunction during the LAR suggests that dual responders may have more extensive airway pathology and underscores the relevance of small airways assessment in asthma.
How to use the new 2017 Japanese guidelines for multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Matsui Makoto 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNew guidelines for the management of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica were published in Japan in 2017 for doctors and nurses, as well as patients and their family members. They consist of three major parts. The first includes a general discussion regarding the diseases, including brief reviews of seven inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, along with recent advances shown in epidemiological and etiological studies of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. That is followed by part I of the detailed discussion section, which describes symptoms, measurements of disability, tests for diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, clinical course and prognosis, and information regarding medical economics and social resources. Finally, part II of the detailed discussion focuses on general treatment strategies, acute stage treatment, disease‐modifying therapy and symptomatic treatment for sequelae after relapse. There are 110 clinical questions covered. Physicians and patients are advised to first read chapter 1 in order to understand the current situation regarding related diseases. For treatment of acute stage patients, a common algorithm is proposed. In order to prevent relapse and suppress progression of disability, proper disease‐modifying therapy must be chosen for individual patients. Physicians are advised to not jump to the portion where a specific drug is discussed, but rather should first read chapter 13 for unbiased facts regarding the whole body of evidence for disease‐modifying therapy. In chapter 11, an escalation therapy strategy starting with baseline drugs is proposed, while induction therapy is mentioned as a possibility for patients with highly active disease.
“The Dirt Came Up”: Domestic Service and Women's Agency in Oaxaca City, Mexico
Authors: HOWELL JAYNE 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMore than two million Mexican women, including over 60,000 in the southeastern state of Oaxaca (population 3.8 million), generate income through paid domestic labour. Within the local political economy, this low‐paid, low‐status job commodifies the unpaid household chores that local gender role norms ascribe to women. Although the potential economic, social, and physical exploitation of uneducated, poor women domestic workers in a “dead end job” is well documented across the globe (see Hoerder, 2015), less is known about the goals and experiences of women who work in service as a way to “get ahead” through and after schooling. Through ethnographic analysis of the lives of Oaxacan domestics who possess high education levels, this paper explores ways that local socioeconomic and geographic conditions and patterns coincide and contrast with broader debates regarding the gendering of urbanization and employment in underdeveloped regions. This issue is especially compelling in an impoverished state that is notorious for low schooling levels, high rates of international migration, and the nation's highest percentage (80 percent) of workers in the informal sector (CONEVAL 2013). This study contributes to our understanding of the importance of informal sector employment for urban women—both with and without advanced schooling—whose agency has led them to work in domestic service while negotiating precarious economic circumstances.
Clinical and patient‐reported outcomes of zirconia‐based implant fixed dental prostheses: Results of a prospective case series 5 years after implant placement
Authors: Spies Benedikt Christopher , Witkowski Siegbert , Vach Kirstin , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and patient‐reported outcome of all‐ceramic zirconia implant supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) 5 years after implant installation.Materials and methodsThirteen patients were treated with two terminally placed one‐piece zirconia implants for a three‐unit FDP each. The FDPs consisted of a CAD/CAM‐fabricated zirconia framework over‐pressed with a fluor‐apatite veneering ceramic and were adhesively cemented. Survival and success were assessed by applying modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria and preparation of Kaplan–Meier (KM) plots. Alpha and Bravo ratings were accepted for success (among others including small area veneer chippings and occlusal roughness), whereas Charlie ratings allowing for intra‐oral correction (e.g., polishing) were accepted for survival. Furthermore, patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) were analyzed with the help of visual analogue scales (VAS). Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test (USPHS criteria) and linear mixed models (PROMs) were used to evaluate time effects on response variables.ResultsAll patients were available 61.8 ± 1.1 months after implant installation (53.6 ± 3.1 months after final prosthesis insertion). FDP survival was 100%. Significant incidence of veneer chipping (p = .0096) and occlusal roughness (p = .0019) was observed. Charlie rated extent of both phenomena resulted in a KM success estimate of 38.5% (95% CI: 14.1%–62.8%; seven FDPs with obvious roughness, three of them with extended veneer chipping). Compared with the pre‐treatment assessments (30%–81% of satisfaction), all surveys at prosthetic delivery showed significantly improved VAS scores (66%–93%; p ≤ .038), except for speech (p = .341). Concerning function, esthetics and self‐esteem, no decrease in satisfaction could be observed until the end of follow‐up (90%–96%; p ≥ .057), whereas perception of sense (92%) and speech (95%) increased over time (p ≤ .030). Occurrence of technical complications did not correlate with patient satisfaction.ConclusionsBi‐layered FDPs made from zirconia/fluor‐apatite highly satisfied patients but showed significant incidence of technical complications.
Androgen alleviates neurotoxicity of β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) by promoting microglial clearance of Aβ and inhibiting microglial inflammatory response to Aβ
Authors: Yao Peng‐Le , Zhuo Shu , Mei Hong , Chen Xiao‐Fang , Li Na , Zhu Teng‐Fei , Chen Shi‐Ting , Wang Ji‐Ming , Hou Rui‐Xing , Le Ying‐Ying 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAimsLower androgen level in elderly men is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been reported that androgen reduces amyloid peptides (Aβ) production and increases Aβ degradation by neurons. Activated microglia are involved in AD by either clearing Aβ deposits through uptake of Aβ or releasing cytotoxic substances and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Here, we investigated the effect of androgen on Aβ uptake and clearance and Aβ‐induced inflammatory response in microglia, on neuronal death induced by Aβ‐activated microglia, and explored underlying mechanisms.MethodsIntracellular and extracellular Aβ were examined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Amyloid peptides (Aβ) receptors, Aβ degrading enzymes, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were detected by RT‐PCR, real‐time PCR, and ELISA. Phosphorylation of MAP kinases and NF‐κB was examined by Western blot.ResultsWe found that physiological concentrations of androgen enhanced Aβ42 uptake and clearance, suppressed Aβ42‐induced IL‐1β and TNFα expression by murine microglia cell line N9 and primary microglia, and alleviated neuronal death induced by Aβ42‐activated microglia. Androgen administration also reduced Aβ42‐induced IL‐1β expression and neuronal death in murine hippocampus. Mechanistic studies revealed that androgen promoted microglia to phagocytose and degrade Aβ42 through upregulating formyl peptide receptor 2 and endothelin‐converting enzyme 1c expression, and inhibited Aβ42‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines expression via suppressing MAPK p38 and NF‐κB activation by Aβ42, in an androgen receptor independent manner.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that androgen promotes microglia to phagocytose and clear Aβ42 and inhibits Aβ42‐induced inflammatory response, which may play an important role in reducing the neurotoxicity of Aβ.
Methods for delivering the UK's multi‐centre prison‐based naloxone‐on‐release pilot randomised trial (N‐ALIVE): Europe's largest prison‐based randomised controlled trial
Authors: Meade Angela Mary , Bird Sheila Macdonald , Strang John , Pepple Tracey , Nichols Laura Lea , Mascarenhas Monica , Choo Louise , Parmar Mahesh Kumar Bhikhubhai 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsNaloxone is an opioid antagonist used for emergency resuscitation following opioid overdose. Prisoners with a history of heroin use by injection have a high risk of drug‐related death in the first weeks after prison‐release. The N‐ALIVE trial was planned as a large prison‐based randomised controlled trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of naloxone‐on‐release in the prevention of fatal opiate overdoses soon after release. The N‐ALIVE pilot trial was conducted to test the main trial's assumptions on recruitment of prisons and prisoners, and the logistics for ensuring that participants received their N‐ALIVE pack on release.Design and MethodsAdult prisoners who had ever injected heroin, were incarcerated for ≥7 days and were expected to be released within 3 months were eligible. Participants were randomised to receive, on liberation, a pack containing a single ‘rescue’ injection of naloxone or a control pack with no naloxone syringe. The trial was double‐blind prior to prison‐release.ResultsWe randomised 1685 prisoners (842 naloxone; 843 control) across 16 prisons in England. We stopped randomisation on 8 December 2014 because only one‐third of administrations of naloxone‐on‐release were to the randomised ex‐prisoner; two‐thirds were to others whom we were not tracing.Discussion and ConclusionsPrevention RCTs are seldom conducted within prisons; we demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a multi‐prison RCT to prevent fatality from opioid overdose in the outside community. We terminated the N‐ALIVE trial due to the infeasibility of individualised randomisation to naloxone‐on‐release. Large RCTs are feasible within prisons.