bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motion Illusions in Man and Machine
Authors: Fermüller Cornelia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
At the level of mathematical abstraction, computing image motion amounts to an estimation problem and can be analyzed using the tools of statistics and signal processing. As shown in this chapter, intrinsic limitations to the estimation processes make it impossible to derive veridical estimates for all images. Image motion is estimated erroneously, and as a result higher level processes compute erroneous three-dimensional motion and moving scenes. Specifically, two limitations are discussed: (a) due to noise in image data, there is statistical bias that affects anisotropic patterns and (2) the filters computing changes in time are asymmetric (causal), using data only from the past but not the future, and misestimate on locally asymmetric intensity signals of certain spatial frequencies. Since these limitations are not an artifact of the hardware but are inherent to the computations, they will affect any system and thus create illusions in man and machine.
The Bar-Cross-Ellipse Illusion
Authors: Caplovitz Gideon P. , Boswell Alex , Killebrew Kyle 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes a multistable stimulus that reveals the complexity of visual processing that underlies the determination of an object’s form and motion. The stimulus is constructed by placing an ellipse on a uniform background and then partially occluding it with four squares, each with the same color as the background. When the ellipse is made to rotate, it can be perceived in any of four distinct ways, and, over time, the percept will switch between them. Each percept corresponds to a distinct figure-ground segmentation that is determined on the basis of contour ownership and how different sources of motion information are assigned to contours and integrated over space and time.
The Ames Window Illusion and Its Variations
Authors: de Heer Marcel , Papathomas Thomas V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief history of the Ames window illusion, in which a trapezoid with its long and short sides in a vertical position rotates continuously in the same direction about a vertical axis. It creates the illusion of oscillating back and forth. An explanation is offered that is based on humans’ tendency to perceive a trapezoid as a slanted rectangle; according to this explanation, when the long base of the trapezoid is behind the short base, viewers perceive it to be in front, thus reversing depth and, consequently, reversing the direction of rotation. The chapter tries to see this illusion in a broader perspective and includes many compelling variations of the Ames window illusion.
Symmetry and Uprightness in Visually Perceived Forms
Authors: Maniatis Lydia M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Why do some two-dimensional (2D) drawings look three-dimensional (3D)? The answer is because their projection on our retinas is consistent with a 3D percept that has a “better” shape and orientation than the 2D figure. Whenever a retinal projection is interpreted by the visual system as the projection of a surface that is not frontoparallel (i.e., not parallel to the retinal surface), then the retinal image will differ in shape from the source of the projection in (a) the sizes of its internal angles and/or (b) the relative extents of its surfaces. The latter differences arise because, when an extent is assumed to be receding, then it must also be assumed to have undergone foreshortening in the projection. Using pictures, we can show that the visual system likes more, rather than less, mirror symmetry and a vertical axis of symmetry more than a tilted one.
The Pitchroom Illusion
Authors: Matin Leonard , Matin Ethel , Li Wenxun , Hudson Todd E. , Shavit Adam 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A pitched visual field (i.e., a visual stimulus tilted around a horizontal axis in the observer’s frontal plane) generates profound changes in the elevation visually perceived to correspond to eye level (visually perceived eye level [VPEL]). It also affects the perceived elevation and size of objects viewed against the field. With top-forward pitch (top toward the observer), VPEL lies above true eye level and objects appear smaller and lower; with top-backward pitch (top away from the observer) VPEL lies below true eye level and objects appear larger and higher. This chapter summarizes parametric studies of the spatial and temporal properties of multimodal factors that influence the illusion and describes a three-stage neuromathematical model that accounts for the effects.
The Contrast Contrast Illusion
Authors: Chubb Charles , Solomon Joshua A. , Sperling George 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
To most observers, a patch of medium-contrast texture viewed against a background of high-contrast texture appears lower in contrast than an identical patch viewed against a homogeneous, mean gray background. This is the contrast contrast illusion. This chapter reviews basic findings concerning this illusion; for example, the contrast contrast illusion is selective for texture spatial frequency as well as for texture contrast polarity. Several theories to account for the illusion are discussed. Related concepts such as texture contrast, textual granularity, individual differences, contrast polarity, color and the contrast contrast illusion, and ecological accounts of the contrast contrast illusion are explored.
Large Shift in Brightness Induced by Motion in Context
Authors: Hong Sang Wook 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Brightness of an object is not determined solely by physical intensity of light reflected from the object, but it is also affected by spatial structure of the surrounding light. In the new brightness illusion introduced by Hong and Kang, on the other hand, brightness of a stationary object can be greatly altered by the presence of another object that is moving around the stationary one. This novel brightness illusion sheds light on the question of how interaction among visual objects affects their appearance. This chapter discusses these concepts, including possible neural mechanisms, and explores implications for other illusions, including motion-induced blindness, among others.
The Chromatic Mach Card
Authors: Hurlbert Anya 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The object colors that we see are constructed by the visual brain and may therefore be significantly influenced by other visual attributes we perceive the object to possess. This chapter describes an illusion that illustrates one such interdependence between perceived object shape and color. The Chromatic Mach Card is a folded concave card, one side painted white and the other magenta. When the card is perceived in inverted depth, or convex, the pinkish reflections cast by the magenta side onto the white side appear deeper in saturation and painted thereon. Like the nineteenth-century Mach Card that inspired it, the chromatic Mach Card demonstrates that the apparent surface reflectance properties of objects—and, hence, their colors—are inextricably linked to the perception of 3D shape and scene configuration via the visual brain’s inbuilt knowledge of the physics of mutual reflection.
The Wedding Cake Illusion
Authors: Spehar Branka , Clifford Colin W. G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Lightness induction is the shift in surface appearance caused by adjacent or nearby surfaces. Spatial context can make a surface appear more different from (contrast) or more similar to (assimilation) its surround. Although assimilation effects tend to occur with more complex contexts, often containing repetitive patterns, we are still generally unable to ascertain the circumstances in which assimilation or contrast will occur. This chapter explores the interaction of geometric and photometric characteristics leading to contrast and assimilation in lightness induction. Concepts covered include the wedding cake illusion, White’s effect, the checkerboard illusion, the bull’s eye illusion, and luminance contrast.
Low-Level Motion Illusions
Authors: Anstis Stuart 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Visual motion stimuli can be defined as changes in luminance over space and time. Both kinds of change can alter the perceived speed and direction of motion. This chapter covers crossover motion; reverse phi, in which motion between a positive and a negative appears to go backward; the bicycle spokes illusion; the footsteps effect, in which smooth movement looks jerky if the background is striped; zigzag motion, whose direction appears to change with viewing distance; and the furrow illusion of motion, whose direction appears to change when viewed by the fovea versus the periphery. Other concepts covered include the chopstick illusion and the footsteps illusion.
High-Level Organization of Motion
Authors: Anstis Stuart 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Some ambiguous patterns of flashed dots are equally likely to be seen as jumping horizontally or vertically. Priming dots can disambiguate this motion, showing that observers prefer to see straight-line rather than L-shaped motion. Pairs of dots that circle around each other can become perceptually linked into larger, global shapes including many such pairs. Moving backgrounds can distort moving dots so that their circular paths appear elliptical or even linear. Observers radically misperceive the sliding motions of rods (chopsticks) or rings that glide over each other. Finally, a moving background can strongly shift or distort a flashed-up static cross. This chapter discusses these concepts.
The Enigmatic Enigma Illusion
Authors: Hamburger Kai 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
As a visual illusion, the Enigma illusion is a pattern that in its original version consists of 120 black radial lines on a white background intercepted by three bicolored annuli and a central disk. The main illusory effect in the Enigma (leading to its name) occurs during fixation of the center of the static image. Then, quite intense streaming motion may be perceived on the different annuli. It is characterized by a traveling wave or some subtle motion on the annuli that may not be described in more detail by the observer. Sometimes the observers call it “a feeling of motion”. This perceived (illusory) motion can occur in either direction; clockwise or counterclockwise. This example shows that such illusions are an important means to psychophysically investigate human motion perception and its limits.
The Fraser-Wilcox Illusion and Its Extension
Authors: Kitaoka Akiyoshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Fraser-Wilcox illusion is one of the anomalous motion illusions observed in a stationary image, and its extension, including “rotating snakes,” which has been used extensively via the Internet, are reviewed in this chapter. Perceptual dimorphism featuring the Fraser-Wilcox illusion is explained by an interaction between two different illusions. Darkening disambiguation of the Fraser-Wilcox illusion, perceptual dimorphism, the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusions, the effect of age on the illusion magnitude, as well as the role of color including color enhancement are demonstrated and discussed. The timing-difference model and the eye-movement model are also explored. Recent studies that relate to these concepts are also examined.
The Motion Aftereffect
Authors: Verstraten Frans A. J. , Bex Peter J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The aftereffect of motion is one of the oldest known illusions. It refers to the illusory motion of a stationary scene after some time of adaptation to real motion. While it is still unknown whether this adaptation effect has any functional value, it surely has served well as a tool to investigate the functional organization of the visual system. In this chapter some of the classic findings are discussed. More recent work using complex stimuli, attentional modulation, higher order motion, as well as modern neuro-imaging techniques has provided vision scientists with surprising new insights. Discussion of the related concepts of motion perception, motion transparency, and interocular transfer are included.
The Illusion of Sex
Authors: Russell Richard 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the Illusion of Sex, an androgynous face has been manipulated to have increased or decreased contrast between its features and the surrounding skin. This manipulation makes the face appear male or female. The Illusion of Sex works by manipulating the luminance contrast between the eyes and lips and the rest of the face. It has been shown that manipulating it affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently. In particular, female faces are more attractive with facial contrast increased than decreased, while male faces are more attractive with facial contrast decreased than increased. This effect of facial contrast on attractiveness is a result of a naturally occurring sex difference in facial contrast. The illusion demonstrates the importance of this kind of contrast for the perception of gender and is related to typical cosmetics use, which involves the darkening of the eyes and lips relative to the surrounding skin.
Inattentional Blindness and the Illusion of Attention
Authors: Simons Daniel J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Many illusions reveal shortcuts that our visual system takes when making sense of the world; they show how the visual system breaks down, thereby revealing how it works. Another class of illusions, though, reveal not just the limits of vision but also the limits of the mind. We can fail to see something that is fully visible and distinctive, provided we are focusing our attention on something else. This inattentional blindness affects what we see, but it also influences what we think we will see. People mistakenly believe that they will notice such unexpected objects, a cognitive illusion about what captures attention.
The Three-Dimensional Necker Cube
Authors: Bruno Nicola 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Necker cube is a widely known example of a reversible figure. Perceptual reversals were first observed in engravings of crystals by the Swiss geologist Louis Albert Necker in 1832. Although Necker’s engravings were not exactly of regular cubes, the figure as it is used now can be perceived in two alternative arrangements of a three-dimensional (3D) cube. Although less widely known than the popular two-dimensional version, the 3D Necker cube is a surprisingly rich model for psychophysical investigation. This chapter summarizes relevant main results and their implications for diverse theoretical issues such as the definition of visual illusions, the role of global three-dimensional interpretations in the integration of local sensory signals, and the exploratory and multisensory nature of perceptual processes.
Epigenomic annotation-based interpretation of genomic data: from enrichment analysis to machine learning
Authors: Dozmorov Mikhail G 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Motivation
One of the goals of functional genomics is to understand the regulatory implications of experimentally obtained genomic regions of interest (ROIs). Most sequencing technologies now generate ROIs distributed across the whole genome. The interpretation of these genome-wide ROIs represents a challenge as the majority of them lie outside of functionally well-defined protein coding regions. Recent efforts by the members of the International Human Epigenome Consortium have generated volumes of functional/regulatory data (reference epigenomic datasets), effectively annotating the genome with epigenomic properties. Consequently, a wide variety of computational tools has been developed utilizing these epigenomic datasets for the interpretation of genomic data.

Results
The purpose of this review is to provide a structured overview of practical solutions for the interpretation of ROIs with the help of epigenomic data. Starting with epigenomic enrichment analysis, we discuss leading tools and machine learning methods utilizing epigenomic and 3D genome structure data. The hierarchy of tools and methods reviewed here presents a practical guide for the interpretation of genome-wide ROIs within an epigenomic context.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Clarifying the concept of climate change refugia for coral reefs
Authors: Kavousi Javid , Keppel Gunnar 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Refugia can facilitate the persistence of biodiversity under changing environmental conditions, such as anthropogenic climate change, and therefore constitute the best chance of survival for many coral species in the wild. Despite an increasing amount of literature, the concept of coral reef refugia remains poorly defined; so that climate change refugia have been confused with other phenomena, including temporal refuges, pristine habitats and physiological processes such as adaptation and acclimatization. We propose six criteria that determine the capacity of refugia to facilitate species persistence, including long-term buffering, protection from multiple climatic stressors, accessibility, microclimatic heterogeneity, size, and low exposure to non-climate disturbances. Any effective, high-capacity coral reef refugium should be characterized by long-term buffering of environmental conditions (for several decades) and multi-stressor buffering (provision of suitable environmental conditions with respect to climatic change, particularly ocean warming and acidification). Although not always essential, the remaining criteria are important for quantifying the capacity of potential refugia.
Chile
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
During the 2000s Chile achieved rapid economic growth and improved most labour market indicators: the unemployment rate fell; the mix of employment by occupational position and sector improved; the educational level of the employed population, the percentage of registered workers, and labour earnings increased; and all poverty and inequality indicators decreased. The economy suffered a recession during the international crisis of 2008, but recovered quickly. The chapter shows that some labour market indicators were negatively affected by the crisis. The unemployment rate was the only indicator that did not return to its pre-crisis level by the end of the period studied.
Costa Rica
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the 2000s, Costa Rica experienced moderate economic growth and a general improvement in labour market conditions. From 2000 to 2012, Costa Rica grew at the Latin American average. Most labour market indicators improved during 2001–9 and 2010–12 (the series with comparable data). However, the unemployment rate increased in both periods, the mix of employment by occupations polarized from 2010 to 2012, and some poverty and inequality indicators increased from 2010 to 2012. The international crisis had substantial negative effects on the economic growth rate, unemployment, poverty, and inequality indicators, and not all of them recovered after the crisis.
Dominican Republic
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
During the 2000s, the Dominican Republic experienced above-average economic growth along with mixed results in labour market indicators. Gross domestic product per capita stagnated through 2004 and, for the most part, grew rapidly from 2005 through 2012. Comparing 2000 with 2012, many unfavourable developments were seen. Among them: an increase in unemployment; worsening in the employment composition by occupation and position; a substantial fall in labour earnings; and no progress in reducing poverty. The international crisis slowed economic growth but did not reverse it and had a negative effect on some labour indicators, which failed to return to pre-crisis levels by 2012.
Paraguay
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
During the 2000s Paraguay experienced slow economic growth but improved all labour market indicators. The growth process was erratic. Paraguay underwent a macroeconomic crisis at the beginning of the period, a recession as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, and a local crisis in 2012. Most labour market indicators improved between 2001 and 2013 following the erratic pattern of GDP. The only labour market indicator that improved almost steadily over the period was the educational level of the employed population. All poverty and inequality indicators exhibited an erratic behaviour over time, but fell overall between 2001 and 2013.
Venezuela
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Venezuela experienced slow economic growth during the 2000s. The economy suffered a recession in the early years of the period and during the international crisis of 2008, but most labour market indicators improved and moved along with the business cycle over the period. The chapter shows that the only indicators that did not improve were the composition of employment by occupational position and the percentage of workers registered with social security, which remained essentially unchanged. Most of the labour market indicators were affected negatively by the international crisis, and some of them had not recovered their pre-crisis levels by 2012.
Organized Autotelescopes for Serendipitous Event Survey (OASES): Design and performance
Authors: Arimatsu Ko , Tsumura Kohji , Ichikawa Kohei , Usui Fumihiko , Ootsubo Takafumi , Kotani Takayuki , Sarugaku Yuki , Wada Takehiko , Nagase Koichi , Watanabe Jun-ichi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Organized Autotelescopes for Serendipitous Event Survey (OASES) is an optical observation project that aims to detect and investigate stellar occultation events by kilometer-sized trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). In this project, multiple low-cost observation systems for wide-field and high-speed photometry were developed in order to detect rare and short-timescale stellar occultation events. The observation system consists of commercial off-the-shelf 0.28 m aperture f/1.58 optics providing a 2${^{\circ}_{.}}$3 × 1${^{\circ}_{.}}$8 field of view. A commercial CMOS camera is coupled to the optics to obtain full-frame imaging with a frame rate greater than 10 Hz. As of 2016 September, this project exploits two observation systems, which are installed on Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan. Recent improvements in CMOS technology in terms of high-speed imaging and low readout noise mean that the observation systems are capable of monitoring ∼2000 stars in the Galactic plane simultaneously with magnitudes down to V ∼ 13.0, providing ∼20% photometric precision in light curves with a sampling cadence of 15.4 Hz. This number of monitored stars is larger than for any other existing instruments for coordinated occultation surveys. In addition, a precise time synchronization method needed for simultaneous occultation detection is developed using faint meteors. The two OASES observation systems are executing coordinated monitoring observations of a dense stellar field in order to detect occultations by kilometer-sized TNOs for the first time.