bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seven Years of Imaging the Global Heliosphere with IBEX
Authors: McComas D. J. , Zirnstein E. J. , Bzowski M. , Dayeh M. A. , Funsten H. O. , Fuselier S. A. , Janzen P. H. , Kubiak M. A. , Kucharek H. , Möbius E. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Schwadron N. A. , Sokół J. M. , Szalay J. R. , Tokumaru M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has now operated in space for 7 years and returned nearly continuous observations that have led to scientific discoveries and reshaped our entire understanding of the outer heliosphere and its interaction with the local interstellar medium. Here we extend prior work, adding the 2014–2015 data for the first time, and examine, validate, initially analyze, and provide a complete 7-year set of Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) observations from ∼0.1 to 6 keV. The data, maps, and documentation provided here represent the 10th major release of IBEX data and include improvements to various prior corrections to provide the citable reference for the current version of IBEX data. We are now able to study time variations in the outer heliosphere and interstellar interaction over more than half a solar cycle. We find that the Ribbon has evolved differently than the globally distributed flux (GDF), with a leveling off and partial recovery of ENAs from the GDF, owing to solar wind output flattening and recovery. The Ribbon has now also lost its latitudinal ordering, which reflects the breakdown of solar minimum solar wind conditions and exhibits a greater time delay than for the surrounding GDF. Together, the IBEX observations strongly support a secondary ENA source for the Ribbon, and we suggest that this be adopted as the nominal explanation of the Ribbon going forward.
Pre-Existing RPE Atrophy and Defects in the External Limiting Membrane Predict Early Poor Visual Response to Ranibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Zandi Souska , Weisskopf Florian , Garweg Justus G. , Pfister Isabel B. , Pruente Christian , Sutter Florian , Hatz Katja 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to identify the rate of early visual acuity poor responders in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after the first intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) and to determine potential predictors for early response.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD were evaluated before and 1 month after their first ranibizumab treatment. Early poor responders were defined as eyes gaining less than five letters 1 month after the first injection.

RESULTS:
Following the first ranibizumab injection, 58% of 84 patients gained five or more letters. Beyond 42% poor responders, 31% displayed foveal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy and 89% a loss of the external limiting membrane (ELM) integrity at baseline. However, the amount of intra- and subretinal fluid, pigment epithelial detachment (PED), and subfoveal fibrosis showed a similar distribution between gainers and poor responders.

CONCLUSION:
Early poor responders present with more RPE atrophy, as well as a loss of the ELM integrity at baseline optical coherence tomography.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2017;48:326–332.]
Exploring the Nature of the Dialogical Self: The Young Widow Memoir
Authors: Den Elzen Katrin 
Published: April 2017

This paper intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on identity construction by offering a textual analysis of two memoirs that depict the experience of young widowhood: Unremarried Widow by Artis Henderson (2014) and When it Rains by Maggie MacKellar (2010). I refer to the texts as young widow memoirs and identify them as a sub-genre of the grief memoir. Drawing on Paul Eakin’s concept of narrative identity and Hubert Hermans’ dialogical self theory, the analysis investigates how the memoirists use narrative to negotiate and represent the multiple subject positions and conflicting voices that arise out of the experience of young widowhood, and how they position selves which existed prior to their loss in relation to their post-loss selves. The memoirs under review are shown to rebuild a relatively stable sense of self out of the multiple voices of loss. This article was based on a paper presented during the IABA-Europe Conference in 2015. The article was submitted on August 25th and published on April 13th 2017.
Weighted Distributions: A Brief Review, Perspective and Characterizations
Authors: Saghir Aamir , Hamedani G. G. , Tazeem Sadaf , Khadim Aneeqa 
Published: April 2017

The weighted distributions are widely used in many fields such as medicine, ecology and reliability, to name a few, for the development of proper statistical models. Weighted distributions are milestone for efficient modeling of statistical data and prediction when the standard distributions are not appropriate. A good deal of studies related to the weight distributions have been published in the literature. In this article, a brief review of these distributions is carried out. Implications of the differing weight models for future research as well as some possible strategies are discussed. Finally, characterizations of these distributions based on a simple relationship between two truncated moments are presented.
Impedance detection of the electrical resistivity of the wound tissue around deep brain stimulation electrodes permits registration of the encapsulation process in a rat model
Authors: Badstübner Kathrin , Stubbe Marco , Kröger Thomas , Mix Eilhard , Gimsa Jan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
An animal model of deep brain stimulation (DBS) was used in in vivo studies of the encapsulation process of custom-made platinum/iridium microelectrodes in the subthalamic nucleus of hemiparkinsonian rats via electrical impedance spectroscopy. Two electrode types with 100-μm bared tips were used: i) a unipolar electrode with a 200-μm diameter and a subcutaneous gold wire counter electrode and ii) a bipolar electrode with two parallelshifted 125-μm wires. Miniaturized current-controlled pulse generators (130 Hz, 200 μA, 60 μs) enabled chronic DBS of the freely moving animals. A phenomenological electrical model enabled recalculation of the resistivity of the wound tissue around the electrodes from daily in vivo recordings of the electrode impedance over two weeks. In contrast to the commonly used 1 kHz impedance, the resistivity is independent of frequency, electrode properties, and current density. It represents the ionic DC properties of the tissue. Significant resistivity changes were detected with a characteristic decrease at approximately the 2nd day after implantation. The maximum resistivity was reached before electrical stimulation was initiated on the 8th day, which resulted in a decrease in resistivity. Compared with the unipolar electrodes, the bipolar electrodes exhibited an increased sensitivity for the tissue resistivity.
Spectral and Spatial Feature Extraction of Electroencephalographic (EEG) Data Using Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
Authors: Jahangir Muhammad , Syed Tanweer  , Rizwan-ur-Rehman  , Shah Nasir Ali , Naqvi Syed Mansoor , Siddiqui Imran 
Published: April 2017

Purpose of this research is to extract features associated with human brain signal related to electroencephalographic measurements and classification of extracted EEG signals to the relevant the brain region. EEG brain signals from 14 electrodes placed on the human scalp is recorded non-invasively using Emotiv EPOC / EPOC+:Scientific contextual EEG system with a sampling rate of 128 Hz. EEG data of human brain functions related to evoked motor imagery tasks consisting of two different classes of activities, namely imagination of right arm-movement i.e. arm down (termed here as PUSH) and arm up (termed here as PULL) for three healthy subjects is recorded. After pre-processing for noise and artifacts removal, the EEG signals associated with investigated evoked activities are extracted using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The results obtained show good contrast plots for the extracted brain signals recorded on F7, FC5 and FC6 electrodes, decomposed on independent components, namely IC1, IC4, IC5, IC6. Classification of extracted features is mapped on to the motor imagery parts of human brain. The algorithm based on independent component analysis gives good results for feature extraction corresponding to evoked signals. Power spectra are also determined for the extracted independent components.
Abordagem do contexto de vida da criança na consulta de enfermagem Approach of the child’s life context in the nursing appointment
Authors: Moreira Mayrene Dias de Sousa , Gaíva Maria Aparecida Munhoz 
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Analisar as ações desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros durante a consulta relacionadas ao contexto de vida e ambiente familiar da criança na perspectiva de promover sua saúde. Método: Estudo descritivo qualitativo, realizado em quatro unidades de saúde da família de Cuiabá, MT, entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2012, com quatro enfermeiros que executavam a consulta à criança de forma programática. Os dados foram coletados por meio da observação participante de 21 consultas de enfermagem. Os dados foram analisados pela análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias temáticas que revelaram que os enfermeiros consideraram pontualmente alguns elementos do contexto de vida e ambiente familiar da criança durante as consultas. Conclusão: A compreensão e o respeito aos modos de vida da mãe e da criança, e a não dissociação do contexto social e cultural no qual estes estão inseridos são atitudes que permitem o atendimento da criança de forma humanizada e individualizada.
Reabilitação psicossocial segundo a perspectiva de consumidores de drogas Psychosocial rehabilitation according to drug consumers’ perspective
Authors: Sena Edite Lago da Silva , Soares Carine de Jesus , Ribeiro Bárbara Santos , Santos Patrícia Honório Silva , Carmo Érica Assunção , Carvalho Patrícia Anjos de Lima 
Published: April 2017

RESUMO: Objetivo: Desvelar a percepção de usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e outras Drogas sobre a reabilitação psicossocial.Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo fenomenológico, fundamentado na abordagem de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, desenvolvido com nove usuários de um Caps ad de um município do interior da Bahia. As descrições vivenciais foram produzidas por meio da técnica de Grupo Focal, no próprio Caps ad e posteriormente, para compreensão, submetidos à técnica Analítica da Ambiguidade.O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, sob o protocolo nº 111/2011. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que os consumidores de drogas reconhecem a reabilitação psicossocial como estratégia relevante para o processo de reinserção social. Conclusão:Essa estratégia deve ser valorizada pelos profissionais de saúde com vista à valorização das potencialidades do consumidor de drogas. Objective: To reveal the perception of users of a Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and other Drugs on psychosocial rehabilitation. Method: This is a phenomenological study, based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s approach, developed with nine members of an Caps ad of a municipality of Bahia. The experiential descriptions were produced by the Focus Group technique in the Caps ad and later, to understanding, submitted to the technique of Analytical Ambiguity. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, under protocol number 111/2011. Results: It was evident that drug users recognize the psychosocial rehabilitation as a relevant strategy for the process of social reintegration. Conclusion: This strategy should be valued by health professionals for recovery and drug consumer potential.
Cisplatin‐resistant cancer cells are sensitive to Aurora kinase A inhibition by alisertib
Authors: Wang Lihong , Arras Janet , Katsha Ahmed , Hamdan Saif , Belkhiri Abbes , Ecsedy Jeffrey , El‐Rifai Wael 
Published: April 2017

De novo and acquired resistance to platinum therapy such as cisplatin (CDDP) is a clinical challenge in gastric cancer treatment. Aberrant expression and activation of aurora kinase A (AURKA) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) are detected in several cancer types. Herein, we investigated the role of AURKA in CDDP resistance in gastric cancer. Western blot analysis demonstrated overexpression of AURKA and phosphorylation of eIF4E in acquired and de novo CDDP‐resistant gastric cancer models. Inhibition of AURKA with MLN8237 (alisertib) alone or in combination with CDDP significantly suppressed viability of CDDP‐resistant cancer cells (P < 0.01). Additionally, inhibition or knockdown of AURKA decreased protein expression of p‐eIF4E (S209), HDM2, and c‐MYC in CDDP‐resistant cell models. This was associated with a significant decrease in cap‐dependent translation levels (P < 0.01). In vivo tumor xenografts data corroborated these results and confirmed that inhibition of AURKA was sufficient to overcome CDDP resistance in gastric cancer. Our data demonstrate that AURKA promotes acquired and de novo resistance to CDDP through regulation of p‐eIF4E (S209), c‐MYC, HDM2, and cap‐dependent translation. Targeting AURKA could be an effective therapeutic approach to overcome CDDP resistance in refractory gastric cancer and possibly other cancer types.
CpG
Islands and
DNA
Methylation
Authors: Antequera Francisco 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Methylated CpG dinucleotides at position 5 of cytosine are associated with transcriptional repression and an inactive chromatin conformation in mammals. CpG islands (CGI) are regions of approximately 1 kb, which colocalise with the origins of DNA replication and with the promoters of about 70% of all genes. CGIs represent approximately 1% of the genome, and the large majority of them remain nonmethylated despite their high density of CpG dinucleotides. Genomic methylation patterns are established in early embryos and are maintained during development through the interplay of demethylation mechanisms and the de novo and maintenance activities of DNA methyltransferases. The methylation signal is interpreted by proteins capable of binding methylated CpGs and of recruiting histone epigenetic modificators, transcriptional corepressors and chromatin remodellers. DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development, and abnormal methylation patterns have been found in a great variety of human tumour cells.

Key Concepts

Approximately 80% of CpG dinucleotides are methylated in the 5′ position of cytosine in the mammalian genome.

The information contained in methtylated CpGs is interpreted by proteins that specifically bind to them.

CpG islands represent 1% of the genome and have a high density of nonmethylated CpGs.

The great majority of CpG islands colocalise with transcription initiation sites and the origins of DNA replication.

CpG islands are differentially methylated in imprinted genes and in the inactive X chromosomes.

DNA methyltransferases reset the methylation patterns in early embryos and maintain their stability during development.
Lung Cancer: Genetics
Authors: Watza Donovan , Cote Michele L , Schwartz Ann G 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

There exists sufficient evidence supporting a genetic component to lung cancer development. However, the genes involved and the exact mechanisms underlying individual susceptibility to lung cancer development are still unclear. In addition, lung tumours demonstrate a multitude of genetic alterations, of which several are known to drive lung malignancy growth and invasion. These driver alterations are currently being exploited in the development of targeted treatments, improving lung cancer therapy. Similarly, the study of the genetics of lung cancer is an ongoing field of investigation, and technological advancements are providing a better understanding of the genetic nature of the disease. Advancements are expected to improve both our understanding of lung cancer and the management of the disease in the clinical setting.

Key Concepts

Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer‐related mortality.

Tobacco smoke exposure is linked to 85–90% of all lung cancers, although only 15% of all smokers will develop lung cancer in their life.

A family history of lung cancer is a strong indicator of an individual's risk of developing lung cancer, suggesting that genetics plays a role in susceptibility.

Family‐based linkage analyses have established a region on chromosome 6q23‐25 as containing a major lung cancer susceptibility locus in familial lung cancer.

Variation in the carcinogen metabolism and DNA repair pathways have been implicated as modulators of an individual's susceptibility to lung cancer, given a sufficient carcinogen exposure.

Genome‐wide association studies have discovered multiple loci associated with the risk of lung cancer in several distinct populations.

Genome and exome sequencing are useful tools to understand malignancy‐driven genetic variation within lung tumours.

Commonly occurring somatic mutations are the focus of ongoing clinical investigation to improve lung cancer therapies.
Apolipoprotein Gene Structure and Function
Authors: Martín‐Campos Jesús M , Chang Benny , Blanco‐Vaca Francisco , Chan Lawrence , Julve Josep 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Plasma lipoproteins are lipid–protein complexes that circulate in blood. The protein components in these complexes are called apolipoproteins. The genes for the ‘soluble’ apolipoproteins, that is apoA1, A2, A4, A5, C1, C2, C3 and apoE, are structurally and evolutionarily related; they display similar structures that include four exons and three introns in specific locations (except A4, which contains only two introns, missing intron 1 in the 5′‐untranslated region). The proteins contain internal repeats of well‐defined amphipathic lipid‐binding motifs. ApoB‐100 is an ‘insoluble’ apolipoprotein in low‐density lipoprotein. ApoB mRNA editing in the small intestine generates a premature stop codon; translation of the edited mRNA produces apoB‐48, a protein ∼48% the size of apoB‐100 that is required for the biogenesis of chylomicrons. Apo(a) is a large glycoprotein which is covalently linked to apoB‐100 by a disulfide bond. Such apo B‐100‐apo(a) complex is a distinguishing feature of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). In addition to the classic apolipoproteins, a host of other proteins have been found in lipoproteins. These proteins are often better known for their nonlipoprotein‐related functions, and their genes are structurally unrelated to those of the classic apolipoproteins. Many of the gene products discussed in this article play important roles in disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognostication and therapy.

Key Concepts

Apolipoproteins are the main protein components of lipoproteins.

Apolipoproteins display other specialised functions in addition to their role as lipid carriers.

A few apolipoproteins have been found to be predictors of neurodegenerative diseases or as potential prognostic markers of several types of cancers.

Some apolipoproteins are modulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses.

The ApoA1/C3/A4 gene cluster plays multiple pathophysiologic roles in lipoprotein metabolism and maintenance of plasma lipid levels and, as such, may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease development.

ApoB‐100, the major apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL, and apoB‐48, an essential apolipoprotein in chylomicron biogenesis, have structural elements that are very different from those of the soluble apolipoproteins. Studies on the biogenesis of apoB‐48 led to the discovery of eukaryotic RNA editing.

Plasma levels of Lp(a) are a major independent risk indicator of premature coronary artery disease and stroke.
Polar Auxin Transport
Authors: Jozef Lacek , Katarzyna Retzer , Christian Luschnig , Eva Zažímalová 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Auxins, a group of plant signalling compounds, ensure proper growth and development of the plant in relation to both external and internal stimuli. Within a plant, auxin is distributed asymmetrically, thus creating local auxin maxima and minima. Such asymmetric auxin distribution underlies many developmental and stress adaptation processes and facilitates their spatial and temporal coordination. The appropriate local auxin level is achieved by regulation of biosynthesis, metabolism and through active, cell‐to‐cell transport relying on auxin carriers that are embedded in the plasma membrane. Owing to the physical–chemical properties of the auxin molecule, the asymmetric (polar) localisation of auxin efflux carriers, analogous in neighbouring cells, determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow (polar auxin transport). With respect to the important function of polar auxin transport for plant development, the polar auxin transport machinery is subject to a tight control at multiple regulatory levels.

Key Concepts

Auxin flow through polar auxin transport pathways relies on concerted action of passive diffusion and auxin transporters.

Complex machinery consisting of both auxin carriers and regulatory networks modulates polar auxin transport.

Polar auxin transport machinery, together with auxin biosynthesis and its further metabolism, contributes to establishment and control of auxin homeostasis and therefore to the availability of auxin for signalling pathways.

Detailed quantitative data are needed for further understanding of polar auxin transport regulation.

Mathematical modelling based on detailed quantitative data represents a promising tool to understand contribution of individual processes to resulting polar auxin flow.
The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Vertebrates
Authors: Komdeur Jan , Richardson David S , Hammers Martijn , Eikenaar Cas , Brouwer Lyanne , Kingma Sjouke A 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Cooperative breeding – in which some sexually mature individuals forgo independent breeding, join a group as subordinate and help to raise the offspring of others – occurs in at least 3% (mammals) and 9% (birds) of vertebrates. Because helping others is costly, this behaviour contradicts the concept of ‘selfish’ natural selection. The intriguing evolutionary paradox of such seemingly altruistic behaviour has, therefore, been the focus of much study aiming to unravelling the evolutionary drivers underlying cooperative breeding. The benefits of group living, costs of dispersal and constraints of limited available independent breeding positions may persuade individuals to delay independent breeding and remain as subordinates within a group. However, it is the range of subsequent benefits (indirect benefits – such as improving reproduction and survival of related individuals or direct benefits – such as gaining breeding experience, benefits of future cooperation with raised recruits or gaining a share in reproduction) that favour the evolution of helping.

Key Concepts

The evolution of cooperative breeding is best understood by considering the benefits for helpers obtained from delayed dispersal and from helping, and the benefits helpers impose on breeders.

Subordinate individuals are expected to stay when there are constraints on independent breeding and/or when they obtain benefits in their resident territory.

Subordinates individuals can help related individuals and gain indirect (kin selected) fitness benefits, but in many species, helpers can also be unrelated; direct benefits of helping (like parentage, being allowed to stay) may thus be more important than commonly assumed.

Breeders can benefit from helpers, either because these improve their reproductive success or because breeders can reduce their own investment in the offspring.

The surplus of reproductive capable individuals and the effects of helpers on survival and reproduction can have important implications for population dynamics in cooperatively breeding species.