bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: endotracheal fluid phospholipidic profile following tracheal occlusion in an experimental model
Authors: Pelizzo Gloria , Mimmi Maria Chiara , Peiro Jose Luis , Marotta Mario , Amoroso Francesco , Fusillo Mario , Carlini Veronica , Calcaterra Valeria 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective:To compare endotracheal fluid (EF) and amniotic fluid (AF) phospholipidic profile changes following tracheal occlusion (TO) in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) fetal lamb model, in order to support the efficacy of TO on lung maturity.Methods:A diaphragmatic defect was induced at 70 days’ gestation, TO was carried out at day 102 and cesarean section at 136 days’ gestation. EF and AF samples, collected at delivery, were evaluated using mass spectrometry (the analysis focused on palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylcholine [POPC, PC(18:1/16:0)], dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine [DPPC, PC(16:0/16:0)] and sphingomyelins [SMs]).Results:The effects of CDH and TO were different on AF and EF. POPC levels were higher than DPPC levels in AF of healthy lambs. Following induction of the diaphragmatic malformation, an evident decrease in POPC was noted, while a substantial return to normal POPC levels and an increased DPPC peak were prompted by the TO. After CDH induction, a decrease in N-palmitoyl-D-sphingomyelin [SM(d18:1/16:0)] was revealed (P<0.01) and an increased peak in SMs in AF was prompted by the TO (P=0.05). While the most represented phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in EF of healthy lambs was DPPC, CDH induced a decrease in the DPPC peak and treatment with TO induced its partial recovery. SMs were detectable only in healthy EF samples.Conclusion:The phospholipid recovery profile following TO suggests the potential role of this therapy in restoring processes involved in surfactant-mediated lung maturation, even though other interactions involved in AF turnover should be considered. Moreover, these metabolites could be used as biomarkers of fetal pulmonary development.
Social Categories are Natural Kinds, not Objective Types (and Why it Matters Politically)
Authors: Bach Theodore 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere is growing support for the view that social categories likemenandwomenrefer to “objective types.” An objective type is a similarity class for which the axis of similarity is an objective rather than nominal or fictional property. Such types are independently real and causally relevant, yet their unity does not derive from an essential property. Given this tandem of features, it is not surprising why empirically-minded researchers interested in fighting oppression and marginalization have found this ontological category so attractive: objective types have the ontological credentials to secure the reality (and thus political representation) of social categories, and yet they do not impose exclusionary essences that also naturalize and legitimize social inequalities. This essay argues that, from the perspective of these political goals of fighting oppression and marginalization, the category of objective types is in fact a Trojan horse; it looks like a gift, but it ends up creating trouble. I argue that objective type classifications often lack empirical adequacy, and as a result they lack political adequacy. I also provide, and in reference to the normative goals described above, several arguments for preferring a social ontology of natural kinds with historical essences.
Mind-Dependent Kinds
Authors: Khalidi Muhammad Ali 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany philosophers take mind-independence to be criterial for realism about kinds. This is problematic when it comes to psychological and social kinds, which are unavoidably mind-dependent. But reflection on the case of artificial or synthetic kinds (e.g. synthetic chemicals, genetically modified organisms) shows that the criterion of mind-independence needs to be qualified in certain ways. However, I argue that none of the usual variants on the criterion of mind-dependence is capable of distinguishing real or natural kinds from non-real kinds. Although there is a way of modifying the criterion of mind-independence in such a way as to rule in artificial kinds but rule out psychological and social kinds, this does not make the latter non-real. I conclude by proposing a different way of distinguishing real from non-real kinds, which does not involve mind-independence and does not necessarily exclude psychological and social kinds.
Structure and photochromism of 1-(1,2-dimethylindol-3-yl)-2-[2-methyl-5-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-thienyl]-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopent-1-ene, C26H18F7NS
Authors: Zheng Chunhong , Feng Erting , Fan Congbin , Pu Shouzhi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
C26H18F7NS, triclinic, P1̅, a = 8.492(18) Å, b = 11.23(2) Å, c = 14.75(3) Å, α = 68.93(2)°, β = 74.90(2)°, γ = 68.35(2)°, V = 1206(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0511, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1643, T = 296(2) K.
Mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/halloysite bio-nanocomposite films: effect of halloysite nanoclay concentration and addition of glycerol
Authors: Othman Siti Hajar , Hassan Nurhafiqa , Talib Rosnita A. , Kadir Basha Roseliza , Risyon Nazratul Putri 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The usage of biopolymers in developing biodegradable materials for applications that meet demands in society for sustainability and environmental safety has been limited due to the poor mechanical and thermal properties of biopolymers. This study aimed to improve the limited properties of biopolymers, particularly polylactic acid (PLA) films, by investigating the effect of incorporating different concentrations (0–5 wt.%) of halloysite nanoclay and by adding glycerol plasticiser on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, and toughness) and thermal properties (glass temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), and crystalline temperature (Tc)) of the produced bio-nanocomposite films. It was found that the addition of halloysite nanoclay and glycerol improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the films. PLA films incorporated with 3 wt.% concentration of halloysite nanoclay resulted in optimum mechanical properties due to the uniform distribution or dispersion of halloysite nanoclay. The addition of halloysite nanoclay and glycerol reduced the Tg, Tm, and Tc of the films, suggesting that they can improve the processability of the biopolymer. The bio-nanocomposite films produced in this work have the potential to replace non-biodegradable films due to the improved properties of the films.
Design, synthesis, and antifungal evaluation of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles containing indole framework
Authors: Xu Guiqing , Mao Shen , Mao Longfei , Jiang Yuqin , Zhang Peng , Li Wei 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In order to find novel bioactive compounds with significant antifungal activities, a series of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles containing an indole ring via CuCl2/Zn-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Antifungal activity against colletotrichum capsici and cotton physalospora pathogens of all the prepared compounds was evaluated, and the test results indicated that these compounds, especially 4g and 4h, showed significant inhibitory effects for fungi. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by IR, NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra experiments. The preliminary structure activity relationship is also discussed in this paper.
Golgi membrane‐associated degradation pathway in yeast and mammals
Authors: Yamaguchi Hirofumi , Arakawa Satoko , Kanaseki Toku , Miyatsuka Takeshi , Fujitani Yoshio , Watada Hirotaka , Tsujimoto Yoshihide , Shimizu Shigeomi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAutophagy is a cellular process that degrades subcellular constituents, and is conserved from yeast to mammals. Although autophagy is believed to be essential for living cells, cells lacking Atg5 or Atg7 are healthy, suggesting that a non‐canonical degradation pathway exists to compensate for the lack of autophagy. In this study, we show that the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks Atg5, undergoes bulk protein degradation using Golgi‐mediated structures to compensate for autophagy when treated with amphotericin B1, a polyene antifungal drug. We named this mechanism Golgi membrane‐associated degradation (GOMED) pathway. This process is driven by the disruption of PI(4)P‐dependent anterograde trafficking from the Golgi, and it also exists in Atg5‐deficient mammalian cells. Biologically, when an Atg5‐deficient β‐cell line and Atg7‐deficient β‐cells were cultured in glucose‐deprived medium, a disruption in the secretion of insulin granules from the Golgi occurred, and GOMED was induced to digest these (pro)insulin granules. In conclusion, GOMED is activated by the disruption of PI(4)P‐dependent anterograde trafficking in autophagy‐deficient yeast and mammalian cells.
The link between metabolic features and TSH levels in polycystic ovary syndrome is modulated by the body weight: an euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp study
Authors: Tagliaferri Valeria , Romualdi Daniela , Guido Maurizio , Mancini Antonio , De Cicco Simona , Di Florio Christian , Immediata Valentina , Di Segni Chantal , Lanzone Antonio 
Published: August 2016

Objective
To evaluate the link among thyroid function, glucose/insulin metabolism and steroid hormones in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to verify if the body mass index (BMI) might influence the interplay between PCOS features and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).

Study design
Case–control study conducted from January to December 2014.

Methods
One-hundred fifty-four young women with PCOS, according to Rotterdam criteria, and 88 controls were enrolled in an academic research environment. Anthropometric evaluation, hormonal and lipid assays, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp were performed. Hirsutism was assessed with the Ferriman–Gallwey (FG) score.

Main results
SCH was found in 14% of PCOS subjects and in 1% of controls (P < 0.01). In PCOS women, TSH levels were directly correlated with fasting glycaemia, but not with other hormonal and metabolic parameters. When PCOS patients were classified on the basis of BMI, TSH levels significantly correlated with insulin secretion, insulin resistance, DHEAS and cortisol levels in obese PCOS women. Inverse correlations were found between TSH and both oestradiol and SHBG in the same group. In nonobese PCOS patients, only waist-to-hip ratio values were correlated with TSH. The prevalence of SCH was not different between nonobese and obese PCOS groups (14 and 15% respectively). However, SCH was associated with higher levels of insulin, DHEAS, cortisol and FG score only in the obese subgroup.

Conclusions
Our data confirm that the prevalence of SCH is increased in PCOS women. The presence of SCH is associated with endocrine and metabolic imbalances of PCOS, and the excessive body weight seems to promote this interplay.
Mms21 SUMO Ligase Activity Promotes Nucleolar Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kim Dong-Hwan , Harris Bethany , Wang Fei , Seidel Chris , McCroskey Scott , Gerton Jennifer L 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The budding yeast E3 SUMO ligase Mms21, also known as Nse2, is a component of the Smc5/6 complex, which regulates sister chromatid cohesion, DNA replication, and repair. Our study shows that the mms21RINGΔ mutant exhibits (1) reduced ribosomal RNA production; (2) nuclear accumulation of ribosomal proteins; (3) elevated Gcn4 translation, indicating translational stress; and (4) upregulation of Gcn4 targets. Genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and translation are downregulated in the mms21RINGΔ mutant. We identified RPL19A as a novel genetic suppressor of the mms21RINGΔ mutant. Deletion of RPL19A partially suppresses growth defects in both smc5-6 and mms21RINGΔ mutants as well as nuclear accumulation of ribosome subunits in the mms21RINGΔ mutant. Deletion of a previously identified strong suppressor, MPH1, rescues both the accumulation of ribosome subunits and translational stress. This study suggests that the Smc5/6 complex supports nucleolar function.
Reexamining the P-Element Invasion of Drosophila melanogaster Through the Lens of piRNA Silencing
Authors: Kelleher Erin S 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are both important drivers of genome evolution and genetic parasites with potentially dramatic consequences for host fitness. The recent explosion of research on regulatory RNAs reveals that small RNA-mediated silencing is a conserved genetic mechanism through which hosts repress TE activity. The invasion of the Drosophila melanogaster genome by P elements, which happened on a historical timescale, represents an incomparable opportunity to understand how small RNA-mediated silencing of TEs evolves. Repression of P-element transposition emerged almost concurrently with its invasion. Recent studies suggest that this repression is implemented in part, and perhaps predominantly, by the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, a small RNA-mediated silencing pathway that regulates TE activity in many metazoan germlines. In this review, I consider the P-element invasion from both a molecular and evolutionary genetic perspective, reconciling classic studies of P-element regulation with the new mechanistic framework provided by the piRNA pathway. I further explore the utility of the P-element invasion as an exemplar of the evolution of piRNA-mediated silencing. In light of the highly-conserved role for piRNAs in regulating TEs, discoveries from this system have taxonomically broad implications for the evolution of repression.
Refining the Use of Linkage Disequilibrium as a Robust Signature of Selective Sweeps
Authors: Jacobs Guy S , Sluckin Timothy J , Kivisild Toomas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring a selective sweep, characteristic patterns of linkage disequilibrium can arise in the genomic region surrounding a selected locus. These have been used to infer past selective sweeps. However, the recombination rate is known to vary substantially along the genome for many species. We here investigate the effectiveness of current (Kelly’s ZnS and ωmax) and novel statistics at inferring hard selective sweeps based on linkage disequilibrium distortions under different conditions, including a human-realistic demographic model and recombination rate variation. When the recombination rate is constant, Kelly’s ZnS offers high power, but is outperformed by a novel statistic that we test, which we call Zα. We also find this statistic to be effective at detecting sweeps from standing variation. When recombination rate fluctuations are included, there is a considerable reduction in power for all linkage disequilibrium-based statistics. However, this can largely be reversed by appropriately controlling for expected linkage disequilibrium using a genetic map. To further test these different methods, we perform selection scans on well-characterized HapMap data, finding that all three statistics—ωmax, Kelly’s ZnS, and Zα—are able to replicate signals at regions previously identified as selection candidates based on population differentiation or the site frequency spectrum. While ωmax replicates most candidates when recombination map data are not available, the ZnS and Zα statistics are more successful when recombination rate variation is controlled for. Given both this and their higher power in simulations of selective sweeps, these statistics are preferred when information on local recombination rate variation is available.
The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Survivor Studies: Discrepancies Between Results and General Perception
Authors: Jordan Bertrand R 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe explosion of atom bombs over the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 resulted in very high casualties, both immediate and delayed but also left a large number of survivors who had been exposed to radiation, at levels that could be fairly precisely ascertained. Extensive follow-up of a large cohort of survivors (120,000) and of their offspring (77,000) was initiated in 1947 and continues to this day. In essence, survivors having received 1 Gy irradiation (∼1000 mSV) have a significantly elevated rate of cancer (42% increase) but a limited decrease of longevity (∼1 year), while their offspring show no increased frequency of abnormalities and, so far, no detectable elevation of the mutation rate. Current acceptable exposure levels for the general population and for workers in the nuclear industry have largely been derived from these studies, which have been reported in more than 100 publications. Yet the general public, and indeed most scientists, are unaware of these data: it is widely believed that irradiated survivors suffered a very high cancer burden and dramatically shortened life span, and that their progeny were affected by elevated mutation rates and frequent abnormalities. In this article, I summarize the results and discuss possible reasons for this very striking discrepancy between the facts and general beliefs about this situation.
Section 27 of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 as a Violation of the Equality Clause of the Constitution of South Africa: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Mabe Zingaphi 
Published: August 2016

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is regarded as one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. As the supreme law in South Africa, it applies to all law and conduct. All South African laws must be consistent with the Constitution. Where there is an alleged violation of constitutional provisions, that law or conduct must be evaluated to establish whether or not it is consistent with the values of an open and democratic society based on fundamental human rights such as human dignity and the right to equality.
The Insolvency Act and section 27 in particular which is the focus of this paper must be consistent with the Constitution. Section 27(1) provides:
"No immediate benefit under a duly registered antenuptial contract given in good faith by a man to his wife or any child to be born of the marriage shall be set aside as a disposition without value, unless that man's estate was sequestrated within two years of the registration of that antenuptial contract."
This section protects benefits arising from an antenuptial contract and given by a man to his wife or to a child born of their marriage, from being set aside as dispositions without value during sequestration proceedings. The same protection is not afforded however, to benefits given by the wife under an antenuptial contract. This also excludes benefits given by those in a same sex marriage, and limits the benefits available to children born of that form of marriage.
As the right to equality in section 9 of the Constitution seeks to provide equal benefits before the law to persons in the same or similar positions by prohibiting unfair discrimination, the limitations in section 27 render it vulnerable to constitutional review.
As the Insolvency Act has not been amended as a whole to accommodate the equality provisions in the Constitution, in its current form, section 27 seems to violate section 9(3) of the Constitution on the grounds of sexual orientation, marital status and birth.
However, certain proposals have been made in the report by the South African Law Reform Commission on the Review of the Law of Insolvency to develop section 27 to comply with the Constitution. Further developments have been proposed by the Department of Justice and Constitutional Developments in its presentations to the Labour Market Chamber in 2003 and 2006.
This paper examines section 27 of the Insolvency Act as it currently reads, within the context of the right to equality in section 9 of the Constitution. Current developments in respect of section 27 will be considered to illustrate progress made in reforming the section and whether the reform measures proposed will protect all those affected by the discrimination arising from section 27.
The discussion opens with a consideration of the current dispensation and the question whether section 27 violates section 9(3) of the Constitution. Current developments will then be discussed in the light of the current proposals.
Systemic Blastomyces Infection Presenting as a Soft-Tissue Infection of the Finger
Authors: Schwarzman Garrett , Nordin David 
Published: August 2016

Case:
A thirty-eight-year-old male patient presented with fusiform swelling of the left ring finger after minor trauma. After medical evaluation by the emergency department, primary care service, and rheumatology service, he was referred to the orthopaedic service, where he underwent 2 surgical debridements. Cultures from the second surgery revealed a diagnosis of blastomycosis, and the patient was treated with intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole.

Conclusion:
Our case report demonstrates a rare presentation and diagnosis of blastomycosis. Knowledge of atypical infections such as this can allow for earlier diagnosis and more appropriate treatment.
Winter Annual Legumes Seeded into Bermudagrass: Production, Nutritive Value, and Animal Preference
Authors: Freeman Sharon R. , Poore Matthew H. , Glennon Heather M. , Shaeffer April D. 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
Overseeding winter annual legumes can extend grazing season and reduce feed costs.
Overseeding winter annual legumes into bermudagrass improved subsequent hay quality.
Overseeding winter annual legumes can increase nutrient harvest from the soil.
Overseeding cool‐season annual legumes into bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] offers an economical solution to pasture shortage experienced by beef cattle (Bos spp.) farmers during winter on the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA. Using Austrian winter peas [Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.], ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), ‘Yucchi’ and ‘Apache’ arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), and ‘AU Merit’ hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) in replicated complete blocks (four replicates in each of two growing seasons), our objectives were to (i) determine the nutritive value of forage provided by several legumes as they mature; (ii) evaluate legume impact on the nutritive value of subsequent bermudagrass hay harvests; (iii) obtain estimates of the quantity of N they potentially add to the system; and (iv) evaluate the preferences of grazing cattle for the various legumes. All legumes improved early‐spring dry matter (DM) yield compared with control plots without overseeding (3310 vs. 1120 lb/acre for legumes and control; P < 0.01). Legumes increased the crude protein (CP) content of bermudagrass hay harvested during the subsequent growing season (14.1, 14.8, 13.7, 14.8, and 12.0% for crimson, vetch, peas, arrowleaf, and control, respectively; P < 0.01); however, peas and arrowleaf reduced hay DM yield (P = 0.04). Across species, legumes added approximately 89 lb/acre N to the system by fixation, and overseeding offered a potential addition of 64 grazing days/acre (1200‐lb cows). Legumes improved the potential removal of both N and P from the system, and cattle readily consumed the legumes. Overseeding may have the potential to reduce N fertilization and lengthen grazing season; however, with added seed costs, it may not improve profitability.
Effect of Soybean Cyst Nematode–Resistant Cultivars on an HG Type 2 Population of Heterodera glycines and Sudden Death Syndrome in Indiana Soybean
Authors: Wise Kiersten A. , Faghihi Jamal , Ferris V.R. 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
Soybean cyst nematode influence sudden death syndrome development in Indiana.
Cultivar resistance to SDS may not be as effective where SCN populations reproduce on PI88788.
Farmers are encouraged to test SCN populations and plant Peking varieties in areas where PI88788 is less effective.