bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Comédie-Française (1756-1763)
Authors: Blanc André 
Published: June 2016

La comédie-française (1756-1763).
At this point in the middle of the 18th century, the Comédie-Française is still the centre of theatrical life. The company, which is excellent, includes famous actors, but it is also turbulent and undisciplined. Kept tightly on the leash by royal authority, the actors also suffer from being excluded by the Church. The financial situation is bad : the costs of upkeep and production (orchestra, ballet) are considerable, the management is muddled. The company, in debt, strives for draconian economies. Apart from the inauguration of famous plays by Voltaire, Palissot, Diderot, Sedaine, the decade is marked by two important facts : the 1757 regulation which, with two accompanying decrees, gives the Comédie-Française its present-day appearance ; the removal of seats on the stage, in 1759, which will lead to a modification in the way plays are produced.
Le reflet de la guerre dans le théâtre français de l'époque
Authors: Truchet Jacques 
Published: June 2016

The reflection of the seven years war in the french theatre of the period.
During this war the theatre played an important ideological role, as illustrated particularly by Diderot's Le Fils Naturel, Palissot's Les Philosophes, Favart's L'Anglais à Bordeaux and De BeMoy's Le Siège de Calais. This role displayed itself in two opposite directions : official propaganda (idealisation of the war, the rallying of the nation around the King, the conflict with the philosophes), and the expression of philosophical ideas (the philosophes were obliged to be prudent, but philosophie often found its way into the works of their enemies).
Le théâtre des Italiens
Authors: Perroud Robert 
Published: June 2016

Italian theatre and the seven years war.
During the second half of the eighteenth century, the role of Italy in European history was marginal, especially during the Seven Years War, Nevertheless, Metastasio, the most famous Italian dramatist of the time devoted two of his dramatic «fêtes » to that conflict, namely II Sogrio (1756) and Egeria (1763). True, he lived in Vienna and another of his plays, Ercole al bivio (1760) was linked in passing to court intrigue there against Marshal Daun. In the same historical context, Goldoni wrote one of his less good comedies, called precisely La Guerra (1760) : the expression, like Egeria of a somewhat Platonic pacifism, which nonetheless serves as a prelude to the much firmer stand taken soon afterwards by the «illuministi ».
Quatre lettres négligées de J.-B. Suard à Julie de Lespinasse
Authors: Pascal Jean-Noël 
Published: June 2016

Four neglected letters of suard to Julie de Lespinasse.
The four letters written by the writer Jean-Baptiste Suard (1732-1817) to Julie de Lespinasse, which are lodged at the Bibliothèque Nationale, demonstrate the friendly relations between the two correspondents. Of these four letters, three are unpublished. The first, dated from London, comes from Suard's second visit to England (1773), the two following, dated from La Source, allude to the deterioration in Julie's health, much affected by the marriage of her lover, the comte de Guibert, in 1775. The last — already published in 1927 — is dated from Montigny, where the government had met, in October 1775, to choose a new Minister of War.
Les relations théâtrales franco-polonaises
Authors: Klimowicz Mieczyslaw 
Published: June 2016

The relations between French and polish drama in the 18th century.
The Polish theatre undergoes a renaissance in the 18th century marked by the creation in 1765 of a public theatre. It is modernised thanks to French influence, manifest primarily by the presence of French theatre companies in Warsaw. This influence is felt particularly in the general notion of drama as well as in the adaptation to the Polish stage of particular techniques — didactic theatre, «comédie larmoyante» (sentimental drama), «drame bourgeois » (domestic drama), comic-opera and the comedy of manners that originated in the commedia dell'arte of the Italian Theatre in Paris.
Savoir totalisant et forme éclatée
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : Global knowledge and discrete form.
This article analyses in conjunction a crisis of knowledge and a crisis of form at the end of the 18th C. Delisle de Sales's De la philosophie de la Nature and Rétif de la Bretonne's La philosophie de M. Nicolas exhibit similar tensions. The ambition to provide an encyclopaedic inventory of the universe conflicts with a desire to sum up experience in a single formula ; on the one hand, an itemised catalogue and on the other, the condensed maxim. In other words, relativity as against absolute truth. This contradiction was that of a period which saw the clash between materialism and a spiritual revival, and the separation between scientific and literary activity.
Mme de Staël et l'esprit national
Authors: Zemek Théodora 
Published: June 2016

Theodora Zemek : Mme de Staël and the national spirit.
This article attempts to show the originality of Mme de Stael's thought and the modernity of the theories of society, through an analysis of her conception of the decline of the national spirit. The author shows how Mme de Stael's view of the perfectibility of the human spirit, which excludes all determinism, differs from that of her predecessors. Mme de Stael attempts to give a social basis to morality by demonstrating how man, thanks to the faculty of sympathy, is drawn into community with his fellows. The sense of community, source of moral values, which becomes the national spirit, declines as society progresses ; the individual is alienated in the depersonalised modern society, in which the national spirit has been replaced by the ideal of the State.
Les derniers feux «gothiques» en Angleterre
Authors: Fierobe Claude 
Published: June 2016

Claude Fierobe : The gothic novel's swan-song.
In the works of the Reverend Charles Robert Mathurin, the Gothic novel reaches its final brilliant climax. Night reigns supreme and reverberates in the mind, in which there is no longer any room for reason ; if the slumbering mind is the breeding-ground for monsters, Mathurin welcomes the energy of the depths in which anything is possible. In addition, in the name of religious orthodoxy and a theology of origins, he rejects the Enlightenment, even if there remains the possibility of a twilight interlude placed under the sign of Endymion. A harsh God exacts retribution from men who are not masters of their own destiny.
Cuisine et littérature populaire
Authors: Andries Lise 
Published: June 2016

Lise Andries : Cooking and popular literature.
Food is a subject frequently found in 18th-century popular literature. It is present not only in such technical manuals as cookêry books or gardening handbooks, but also, indirectly, in volumes of magical and medical recipes, collections of witticisms and almanachs. An analysis of these works reveals an interpretation of food based essentially on the myth of the land of plenty. The fantasy of abundance seems to have obsessed the imagination of most people in an age that was still marked by deprivation.
Un manuscrit inconnu de Telliamed
Authors: Artigas-Menant Geneviève 
Published: June 2016

Geneviève Menant-Artigas : An unknown manuscript of «telliamed ».
One of the strangest of the clandestine philosophical works of the French Eighteenth Century is Benoit de Maillet's Telliamed. Numerous manuscript copies circulated long before the first published edition in 1748 ; as the author constantly corrected his text, these copies vary considerably. The six manuscript copies known in France in 1980 were divided into two main groups ; however, there has now been found a seventh one in the library of Vire in Normandy, full of very interesting corrections, which make this manuscript a link between several different versions. Moreover, the Vire manuscript proves that there were at least four different states of Telliamed before the printed version.
Pour saluer «Paméla». Une œuvre inconnue de Voltaire
Authors: Magnan André 
Published: June 2016

André Magnan : An unknown work by Voltaire.
The forty or so letters to Madame Denis at present classified among Voltaire's correspondence for the years 1750-3 are in fact «forgeries ». Material, historical and formal criticism all leads to the same conclusion, namely that they are a biased, romanticised and literary re-writing of a true exchange of letters that is now lost. It is in fact an epistolary novel. It is an unfortunate mystification which has distorted the whole biographical tradition of Voltaire's stay in Prussia ; we must consider it as a new work by Voltaire — both «anti-Frederick » and «Ur-Memoirs ».
D'Alembert et les équations aux dérivées partielles
Authors: Engelsman Steven B. 
Published: June 2016

Steven B. Engelsman : D'Alembert and partial differential equations.
D'Alembert's application of partial differential calculus to problems of continuum mechanics, as exemplified in his studies on the vibrating string, forms the beginning of the theory of partial differential equations. This article traces back the origins of d'Alembert's mathematical techniques to Euler's geometrical work of the 1730s, thus illustrating the essential break through in the applicability of partial differential calculus achieved by d'Alembert. Furthermore, it confronts d'Alembert's ideas on the aim and scope of the calculus with those of his fellow mathematicians Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.
D'Alembert, Euler et l'Académie de Berlin
Authors: Taton René 
Published: June 2016

René Taton : D'Alembert, Euler and the Berlin Academy.
D'Alembert, who won one of the Berlin Academy's prizes in 1746, began a correspondence with Euler, the director of the Mathematical Class, and published several mathematical articles in the Academy's Mémoires. The letters he exchanged with Euler, especially in 1746-1751, are extremely interesting for the history of science in the 18th Century. Frederick II wished to make d'Alembert President of the Academy as early as 1752 and exchanged letters with him. His stay in Berlin in 1766 and Euler's replacement by Lagrange in 1766 increased d'Alembert's influence in the Academy, which was not however constant and was more marked in the field of letters than in those of philosophy and science.
Iconographie
Authors: Luna Marie-Françoise , Reynes Geneviève 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Françoise Luna and Geneviève Reynes : Iconography.
Until now there was no iconography of d'Alembert ; we have therefore attempted to bring together all the portraits of him that could be found or traced. They were often reproducted one after another, based on a few original contemporary works which were the most authentic and interesting depictions of d'Alembert : a pastel by La Tour, an oil painting by Van Loo or Catherine Lusurier, two busts by Houdon and a drawing by Cochin. The abundance and variety of the portraits (oils, pastels, drawings, medallions, sculptures and many engravings — 106 notices in all) indicates his fame as director of the Encyclopédie and leader of the philosophical party, rather than as a mathematician.
Les contrats pour la troisième édition de l'Histoire des Deux-Indes
Authors: Goggi Gianluigi 
Published: June 2016

Gianluigi Goggi : The contracts for the third edition of the "Histoire des
Deux Indes".
Using documents from the State Archives in Geneva and the Bodleian Library in Oxford, this article attempts to describe the network of relations between Parisian and Genevan publishers which resulted in the third edition of the Histoire des Deux Indes, printed in Geneva in 1780 by J.-L. Pellet. The documents show clearly the technical and financial role played by J.G.A. Stoupe, a printer and publisher who, after working with Le Breton, publisher of the Encyclopédie, took his place among the Paris printers. The role of Ch. J. Panckoucke was more discreet but no less important. From this chapter in publishing history we can see that the publication of the Histoire des Deux Indes was a continuation of the "business of Enlightenment" recently described by R. Darnton.
Le protestantisme dans l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Proust Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Proust : Protestantism in the «encyclopédie ».
Although many Encyclopédie articles, mostly in the fields of politics and philosophy, were drawn from Protestant sources, the number of Protestants who contributed as such was comparatively small. The four discussed in this article are Bottens, Formey, Romilly, Jaucourt. The first is a good example of the radical trend that led Voltaire to believe that Calvin's Geneva had turned Deist. Formey and Romilly seem more orthodox, but their contribution on religious matters is too slight to be significant. Jaucourt, on the contrary, whose collaboration was extensive, was the epitome of those French Protestants who, living in their native country, were able to maintain and express their faith — sometimes at their own risk.
L'Asiatique tolérant ou le «Traité sur la tolérance» de La Beaumelle (1748)
Authors: Lauriol Claude 
Published: June 2016

Claude Lauriol : La Beaumelle's treatise on toleration : «l'asiatique
Tolérant ».
La Beaumelle, a Protestant, published in 1748 L'Asiatique tolérant, traité à l'usage de Zéokinizul, roi des Kofirans... ; this veritable ' treatise on toleration ', addressed directly to Louis XV, mixing the religious and the political, reworks with impassioned logic contemporary arguments for civil toleration of the Protestants in France. It is evident from the partial summary given by a Protestant periodical, the work's condemnation and burning by the Grenoble Parlement and the curious form of expression chosen by La Beaumelle that it was at that date difficult to present a coherent and original analysis of such a delicate subject.
Les Assemblées du clergé et les protestants
Authors: Péronnet Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Peronnet : The «assemblées du clergé de France » and the
protestants.
The Assemblies of the French Clergy, which met every five years, represented bishops and part of the lower clergy ; their main aim was to vote a tax known as the ' don gratuit ' (' gratuit ' meaning voluntary). Sometimes the bishops sent petitions to the King, asking for his intervention in religious matters ; some of these concerned the ' nouveaux Catholiques ' (i.e. former Protestants). The bishops demanded the application of the King's rulings against Protestants ; they wanted him to give orders to judges, the police and landlords to force the Huguenots to obey the law. In 1788, the bishops published a remontrance very critical of the King's policy concerning the ' non-Catholics '. From the 16th to the end of the 18th Century, the bishops insisted that Protestants were heretics who had to be condemned for disobeying the King and for ' lèse-majesté
Deux musiciens français à la cour de Prusse
Authors: Milliot Sylvette 
Published: June 2016

Sylvette Milliot : Two French Musicians at the Prussian court.
The role of Frederick William II of Prussia (1786-1797) as a patron of music is less known than that of his predecessor, his uncle Frederick II. The recent discovery of private archives and letters concerning two French 'cellists, Jean-Pierre and Jean-Louis Duport, throw light on this aspect of his reign. This article explains the circumstances in which the King brought the two musicians to his court as professor and Superintendant of his music. It also shows how he was behind Mozart's Prussian quartets, Beethoven's first two sonatas and Variations for 'cello and piano, and the quintets for two 'cellos which Boccherini wrote during this period.
«Un métier de chien». Précepteurs, demoiselles de compagnie et bohème littéraire dans le Refuge allemand
Authors: Duranton Henri 
Published: June 2016

Henri Duranton : «A dog's life... ». tutors, ladies' Companions and literary bohemia among german Huguenots.
J. H. S. Formey's abundant correspondence brings to life a forgotten social group, the French-speaking intellectuals in Berlin. Many were pastors and led a mediocre but secure life. This article concerns the others, who were often tutors or language teachers, or, with a little luck, secretaries to a nobleman ; none of these occupations led to riches, and the situation of women was even worse. This intellectual proletariat was haunted by the fear of losing social status or of misery in their old age. Four case studies show, finally, the possibilities when, through courage, intelligence or luck, an individual managed to escape the common fate.
Les occasions de lire
Authors: Roche Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Roche : Opportunities for reading.
Reading, for the lower classes, should be seen as both an expression of individual effort and as a form of sociability. The circulation of the printed word can best be studied in towns for, unlike the countryside — still relatively untouched by the spread of literacy — 18th-century towns, particularly Paris, were inundated with writings. Thanks to books, almanachs, pamphlets and so on, but also posters and signs, townspeople were surrounded by written messages, which meant that even those who could not read were in constant contact with the printed word. Furthermore, this popularisation of learning was completed through the family, the workplace, religion and celebrations.
Chanson et musique populaires devant l'Histoire à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Reichardt Rolf , Schneider Herbert 
Published: June 2016

Rolf Reichardt and Herbert Schneider : Popular songs and History in
late 18th-century France.
This article considers the neglected subject of old French historical and political songs as a semi-oral cultural field for interdisciplinary studies linking the history of popular literature, musicology, ethnology and history. A serial study of all the songs given with their tunes in the Mémoires secrets from 1762 to 1787 shows the politicisation not only of the texts but also of the music ; this process is backed up by the ' semantic ' character of certain tunes and by a change of melodic structure which gives greater importance to the refrain. This transformation, in which comic opera and vaudeville played an important role, prepared the ground for the songs of the French Revolution.
La biographie criminelle anglaise. Formes narratives et circuits de diffusion
Authors: du Sorbier Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise du Sorbier : English criminal biographies.
In the 18th Century, criminals were the subject of a large number of writings aimed at a very wide readership. This study takes two typical examples, a real-life criminal, James Hind, and Moll Flanders, the heroine of Defoe's autobiographical fiction ; it follows the careers of these two characters, from press accounts to novel, via chap literature. We discover that the stories of criminals to be found in the chapbooks tend to be conformist, while the accounts aimed at a better-soff readership are more subversive. Nevertheless the relations existing between classical and popular literature and their influence on each other show that the traditional distinction made between ' popular 'and' classical ' is purely arbitrary.
La critique newtonienne de la méthode cartésienne
Authors: Larmore Charles 
Published: June 2016

Charles Larmore : Newton's criticism of Cartesian method.
Newton's statement " hypotheses non fingo " has often been wrongly taken as an expression of dogmatism, and thus as an indication that his Cartesian opponents had a more acceptable, corrigibilist view of scientific method. In this article I try to show that the Cartesians were the real dogmatists, because of their a priori claim that all action of one body on another must be mechanical. Newton preferred to leave this controversial issue open, arguing that he could establish, independently of it, some important truths about this phenomenon. In the process he developed a new, corrigibilist conception of certainty.
L'Essai sur l'origine du mal, de William King. Vers une définition de l'optimisme
Authors: Cottret Bernard 
Published: June 2016

Bernard Cottret : Archbishop King's De origine mali.
18th-century optimism has often been associated with Leibniz's Theodicy and Voltaire's satire on it ; but very little attention has been paid to William King's Essay on the Origin of Evil (1702), despite its influence on the Enlightenment, both in England and abroad, and Leibniz's praise for it, although he disagreed with King. A rejection of anthropomorphic criteria of right and wrong could be reconciled, according to this work, with the basic tenets of Christianity. This liberal theology, with its emphasis on the mechanical regularity of Creation, is examined in relation to developments in science and politics ; God became, in the wake of the Glorious Revolution, a law-abiding monarch, reluctant to intervene in the day-to-day administration of the world.
Les tragédies romaines de Voltaire
Authors: Mazouer Charles 
Published: June 2016

Charles Mazouer : Voltaire's Roman tragedies.
The five tragedies with Roman subjects are presented as five pages of classical history, through which Voltaire judges the historical period he has conjured up and takes a political stand on events of his own day. This article shows next how Voltaire, using the tradition of the tormented Cornelian hero, glorifies the virtue of these great characters who must win victories over themselves. But at the same time, it is clear that Voltaire's admiration for these great Romans is tempered by doubt as to heroism. His tragedies lead us to doubt the reasons for heroic actions, seen as examples of revolting barbarity, and the tragic hero arouses emotion rather than admiration. This demolition of the hero in fact saps tragic form from the inside.
«Jacques, vous n'avez jamais été femme»
Authors: Renaud Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Renaud : «Jacques, you never were a woman ».
In Jacques le fataliste as in other texts, Diderot wanted to call a spade a spade in sexual matters, to reduce things to their naked simplicity, and write " arse " or " fuck ". But this is an impossible task, for we come up against the real, to use Lacan's expression ; it always eludes us and never accounts for everything. This is the eternal frustration of ontological undertakings ; we can never know the true nature of the sexual. It is not therefore a question of ignorance or of hypocrisy. If there is a gap in this universe, it can never be filled by language, because it was created by language in the first place. Fiction — knowledge which is no knowledge — in the only discourse applicable to the question of sex.
Comment la maçonnerie vint aux femmes
Authors: Bertrand Colette 
Published: June 2016

Colette Bertrand : How Freemasonry came to women.
The proposition, made in 1744 by the chevalier de Beauchêne, to accept women in Masonic lodges, was only put into practice thirty years later. Certain female Masons were famous and their names have come down to us through engravings or poems. This fashionable side of French Masonry declined during the Revolution and 18th-century ladies' Freemasonry vanished.
Figures allemandes autour de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Espagne Michel , Werner Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Espagne Michel Werner : Germans in the encyclopédie circle.
In Paris in the second half of the 18th Century there was a German or pro-German cultural circle around the Encyclopédie which was trying to forge, with the help of French recognition, a German national identity. Baron d'Holbach, by his scientific translations and his contributions to the Encyclopédie, brought a German influence to bear on reflections on the arts and technology. This concerned mainly German mineralogy and metallurgy which were inspired by a natural philosophy still influenced by alchemy. Thus, in the heart of a work inspired by mechanistic physics, matter was still seen as an organism.