bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Long and Winding Road to Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid as Neurotransmitter
Authors: Avoli Massimo , Krnjević Krešimir 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis review centers on the discoveries made during more than six decades of neuroscience research on the role of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) as neurotransmitter. In doing so, special emphasis is directed to the significant involvement of Canadian scientists in these advances. Starting with the early studies that established GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter at central synapses, we summarize the results pointing at the GABA receptor as a drug target as well as more recent evidence showing that GABAAreceptor signaling plays a surprisingly active role in neuronal network synchronization, both during development and in the adult brain. Finally, we briefly address the involvement of GABA in neurological conditions that encompass epileptic disorders and mental retardation.RESUMÉ: Le chemin long et sinueux pour que le GABA soit reconnu comme un neurotransmetteur.Cette revue est axée sur les découvertes réalisées durant plus de six décennies de recherche en neurosciences sur l’acide gamma-aminobutyrique (GABA) comme neurotransmetteur. À cet effet, nous mettons une emphase particulière sur le rôle significatif de chercheurs canadiens dans ce domaine de recherche. En prenant comme point de départ les premières études qui ont établi que le GABA était un neurotransmetteur au niveau de synapses centrales, nous faisons le sommaire des résultats identifiant le récepteur GABA comme étant une cible thérapeutique ainsi que des données plus récentes montrant que la signalisation du récepteur GABAA joue, de façon surprenante, un rôle actif dans la synchronisation du réseau neuronal, tant au cours du développement que dans le cerveau adulte. Finalement, nous traitons brièvement du rôle de GABA dans les maladies neurologiques incluant les troubles épileptiques et l’arriération mentale.
Jet-noise control by fluidic injection from a rotating plug: linear and nonlinear sound-source mechanisms
Authors: Kœnig Maxime , Sasaki Kenzo , Cavalieri André V. G. , Jordan Peter , Gervais Yves 
Published: January 2016

We present a study of the turbulent and acoustic fields of subsonic jets, controlled by means of a novel actuator that introduces perturbations via steady-fluidic actuation from a rotating centrebody. The actuation can produce louder or quieter jets, and these are analysed using time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and a hot-wire anemometer. We place the analysis in the framework of wavepackets and linear stability theory, whence we show, using solutions of the linear parabolised stability equations, that the quieter flows can be understood to result from a mean-flow deformation that modifies wavepacket dynamics, and in particular their phase velocities, which are significantly reduced. The mean-flow deformation is shown, by a triple decomposition, to be due to the generation of Reynolds stresses associated with incoherent turbulence (rather than coherent structures) which arises when the actuation energises the flow with a frequency–azimuthal wavenumber (${\it\omega}$–$m$) combination to which the mean flow is stable. When the actuation excites the flow with an ${\it\omega}$–$m$ combination to which the mean flow is unstable, the response is dominated by coherent structures, whose rapid growth takes them beyond the linear limit, where they undergo quadratic wave interactions and lead, consequently, to a louder flow.
Spinoza’s Dream
Authors: Goetschel Willi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn 1664, in a letter to a friend, Spinoza shares a dream he had of a “black, scabby Brazilian.” At the historical moment of a fierce race among Europe’s colonial powers, when the Amsterdam Jewish community’s vested interests in the Dutch colonial enterprise have reached a formidable status, Spinoza’s dream reflects an early awareness of the postcolonial predicament. The dream figures this awareness as the moment of the awakening—inseparable from the imagining—of the modern subject. Although the dream has been discussed with regard to its significance for understanding the role of the imagination for Spinoza as well as the issues of freedom, slavery, and question of race, the paper addresses the specifically postcolonial juncture that Spinoza’s dream and the letter marks. Spinoza’s dream figures the philosopher’s awakening to the precarious status of the postcolonial subject position as recognition of the constitutive significance of the postcolonial constellation for the formation of modern awareness.
Britannia
Authors: Mattingly Harold 
Published: January 2016

The storied name which stands at the head of this paper has an immense range of association and interest. Lest the gentle reader be frightened at the outset by too extensive a prospect let us define at once the limits we have set to our present inquiry.There is a knowledge of Britain that is characteristic of this and the last century. It is a knowledge founded on the results of numberless excavations on surveys of roads, forts and cities, on intensive study of stratification and of the evidence hidden in broken pots and half obliterated coins. It is a knowledge that must have made up a remarkable whole in the mind of a scholar like the late Professor Haverfield; that still makes up such a whole in the minds of a handful of scholars still living today. For most of us this knowledge is only to be gained at second-hand from the summarized reports of the experts; at best we may be able to add a personal acquaintance with some small part of the subject. It is a knowledge that advances progressively and comprises most of the hope for the future.
Pliska
Authors: Welkow Iwan 
Published: January 2016

West of the Provadia hills in Bulgaria is the valley of Shumen. The northern part of this valley belongs to the basin of the Provadia river, the southern to that of the river Kamtchia. The present railway line from Shumen to Kaspitchan serves as an ideal boundary between these two regions, but the two valleys are best known because of two historical sites, Preslav and Aboba (now Pliska).The rivers of the Aboba plain have very little water during the summer season, but during winter and in time of heavy rains they overflow and cover great parts of the barren valley. The winter there is cold and severe, the surnmer dry and hot. In the plain, north of Kaspitchan railway station, are the ruins of Aboba. Eshberiich or Isperich (Asparuch), the younger son of Kurt (644–702), in his march southwards stopped there, and founded the first capital of the Bulgarian khans, later to become the magnificent Pliska.
Ras Shamra, 1929–39
Authors: Gaster T. H. 
Published: January 2016

It is now ten years since the French archaeological expedition under M. Claude Schaeffer first started digging at Ras Shamra, on the north coast of Syria. The present is therefore a suitable moment in which to take stock of what has so far been discovered.Our best point of departure is provided by the series of annual volumes in which the excavator’s reports and the epigraphists’ primary studies have been conveniently gathered together from the pages of the periodical SYRIA. It must be borne in mind, however, that these excellent publications represent a preliminary and not a final stage in the interpretation of the materials. The literature grows from day to day, and the contributions made by other scholars are equally important for a correct appreciation of the subject. Among these special mention should be made of the work of Albright, Montgomery, Harris, Goetze and Gordon in America, of Ginsberg and de Vaux in Palestine, of Friedrich and Eissfeldt in Germany, of Hrozný in Prague, Aistleitner in Budapest and Cassuto in Italy. In this country studies have been published by the late Father Burrows, Dr J. W. Jack, of Edinburgh, Professor S. H. Hooke and the present writer.
Excavation of a Ring-fort at Garryduff, Co. Cork
Authors: O'Kelly M. J. 
Published: January 2016

The excavation here briefly described was carried out at the end of the summer of 1945 and though not yet completed, the results already are of such interest as to make publication of this short report desirable. The work is being conducted by Michael J. O'Kelly, M.A., Curator of the Cork Public Museum, and is being financed by means of a special grant made by the Governing Body of University College, Cork.The fort lies on the shoulder of a prominent knoll in the range of hills which divides the eastern part of Cork Harbour from a rich agricultural hinterland extending northward to include the valleys of the rivers Bride and Blackwater. Nearby modern towns of importance are Fermoy, 12 miles to the northwest, and Midleton, 9 miles to the south. The latter stands at the head of a narrow estuary which runs northward out of the eastern bight of Cork Harbour and probably marks the point at which seafarers-possibly arriving direct from the continent-disembarked to trade with the established settlers of the district, or to found bridge-heads for subsequent marauding incursions into the rich terrain of the interior. That the latter was a possibility forseen by the early agriculturalists of east Cork is shown by their careful selection of a strategic site. The builders, who were members of a peaceful farming community (as is shown by the presence of agricultural implements on the site), placed their outpost so that it dominated the main pass which gave access to their territory from the south and the sea-the direction from which they believed their enemies were most likely to come.
A Mesopotamian Trilogy
Authors: Mallowan M. E. L. 
Published: January 2016

I. La Civilisation d’Assur et de Babylone. By Dr G. Contenau, Conservateur des Antiquités Orientales au Musée du Louvre. Paris: Payot, 1937. 30francs.Fouilles de Telloh: sous la direction de H. de Genouillac. Vol. II, Époques d’Ur IIIe Dynastie et de Larsa. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1937. Vols. I and II. 400francs.The Music of the Sumerians. By F. W. Galpin. Cambridge University Press, 1937. 18s.These three works, all published in the same year, form a trilogy with the Tigris and Euphrates as a background. The Land of the Two Rivers, as historians have aptly called it, was from the beginning of the fourth millennium B.C. a focus on which man converged from the cardinal points of western Asia. The earliest settlements were composed of farmers and hunters: in the south their pottery and the art of painting suggest that they were predominant with the Syrian hinterland and eastern Anatolia. Sometime before 3000 B.C. the invention of the wheel, of metal-working and writing produced an industrial revolution, which brought the young civilization of these early farmers to maturity. The beautiful painted pottery of A1 ‘Ubaid and Tall Halaf died out, partly because, as de Genouillac says, the invention of cuneiform writing made the pictorial writing of clay vases obsolete, and no doubt caused the skilful artisans of painted ceramic to apply themselves to the more paying craft of metallurgy, much as in western Europe in the first quarter of this century a horde of stable hands left the paddock for the garage and forsook the horse for the motor car.
The Earliest Fire-makers
Authors: Oakley Kenneth 
Published: January 2016

Flying across Africa to attend the
Pan-African Congress on Prehistory in Livingstone
in July of last year I was frequently reminded of
how characteristic of man is his continual use of
fire, not only in cities but in the primitive open
spaces. There were few moments in the course of
the whole journey when signs of fire or artificial
light were not somewhere visible. As we passed
over the sparsely inhabited bush and savannah
country of south-central Africa one could
sometimes count up to a dozen columns of smoke
rising from the landscape spread out below. Some
of these were deliberate bush-fires which the
native farmers start early in the dry season as a
safeguard against the disastrous spread of
uncontrolled fire at the end of that season when
the vegetation is like tinder.
At the Livingstone Congress there were
several communications bearing directly or
indirectly on the question of how long has man,
particularly in Africa, had fire at his
disposal.
A Celtic Mirror from Great Chesterford
Authors: Fox Cyril 
Published: January 2016

The mirror is likely to have come from a lady’s grave: no details of the find are available. There is in the parish a well-known cemetery dating from the beginning of the Early Iron Age.The overall length of the mirror with its handle (PLATE XXVI) is 23·5 cm. (11·75 in.); the diameter of the plate is 16·3 cm. (8·15 in.). This has a delicate incised line round its circumference, close to the edge, back and front, as the photographs show.The face of the mirror is smooth and glossy: the piece suffered some damage when disclosed—probably by a plough-share. It is thus slightly bent at the top (losing, here, its smooth reflecting surface), and the handle has been wrenched, causing a crack in the plate to the right and above it. It should be noted that there is no loss of detail of the pattern on the mirror-back resulting from this crack: the dark strip on the photograph (PLATE XXVII) is, in part, a shadow cast by lateral displacement.
The Origins of American Agriculture
Authors: MacNeish R. S. 
Published: January 2016

When prehistoric cultural developments in the Old and New World are compared, one difference is outstanding. The American Indian domesticated an inordinately large number of plants. This is even more remarkable when one considers that the prehistoric population of the Americas was very much less than that of the Old World and, also, that the development of American civilization began very much later.During the last 25 years, archaeological investigations in the New World have revealed considerable information about prehistoric plant domestication and agriculture. Although this data is far from complete, it is now possible to establish some hypotheses, not only about the origin and spread of several American domesticates, but also about the effect of plant domestication, and later agriculture, upon cultural development and process in the New World.
Wayland's Smithy
Authors: Atkinson R. J. C. 
Published: January 2016

The chambered long barrow known as Wayland's Smithy lies a little south of the crest of the Berkshire Downs, about a mile west of the Uffington White Horse, within an oval plantation of beech trees. The excavation here described was carried out during II weeks in 1962 and 1963 under the direction of Professor Stuart Piggott and the writer. The barrow has now been restored to its appearance in antiquity, so far as the surviving features allow.Before excavation, the site appeared as a long low mound, much flattened by cultivation and erosion, with a length of about 200ft. and a maximum height of about 4ft. above the surrounding surface. At the south end were the ruined remains of a cruciform burial-chamber constructed of large sarsen slabs, in front of which was a line of four large fallen stones, evidently parts of a massive fayade similar to that of the West Kennet long barrow. To the east, a row of four smaller sarsens, still upright, marked the line of the kerb of slabs which had once delimited the mound. A sketch made by John Aubrey in the mid-17th century shows that apart from the presence then of additional visible kerb-stones the appearance of the site has altered little in the last 300 years.
The Origins of Writing in the Near East
Authors: Pope Maurice 
Published: January 2016

On the periphery of the cuneiform using area there was in use in the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. a number of non-cuneiform scripts of apparently independent character and purely regional use (see map, FIG. I). My purpose in this article is to speculate on the possibility of their common origin. I shall not apologize for this as I believe hypothesis-making to be a useful occupation, but I must in fairness warn the reader that not only am I myself an outsider since my special interest concerns only one of the writing systems I shall be discussing (the Aegean), but so is the horse I am going to back. Diffusionism is out of favour, and despite a recent series of articles by Brice [I] pointing out the similarities between the Cretan and proto-Elamite accounting tablets, the odds currently offered are decidedly against my choice.* But I think the bookmakers are wrong, and my purpose in this article is to say why.First I must explain that my fancy has not been taken by external markings. These are unreliable. The number of simple linear designs is limited, and it is nowadays generally agreed that a small proportion of apparent identities between the signs of different scripts can tell us nothing. The descent of our alphabet from Phoenician is not proved by the close resemblance of our capital i to their zed, nor is the common form of the Russian cursive d to our cursive g any argument for the common ancestry of our two scripts. Conversely the different appearances of, say Armenian printing, Pompeian graffiti, and Gothic handwriting are no disproof of cousinhood. The only observations from the outward look of scripts that can usefully be made are those that have reference to the structure of the writing system as a whole.
The Tien Culture of South-west China
Authors: von Dewall Magdalene 
Published: January 2016

Only a few years ago scholarly attention was drawn to the area of Lake Tien (also called Lake Kun-ming) in Yunnan Province, where from a group of princely tombs at Shih-chai-shan a strikingly expressive Late Bronze Age culture came to light [I]. With the discovery, in a tomb untouched by later disturbances, of a golden seal bearing the Chinese inscription ‘Seal of the King of Tien’, it was evident beyond doubt that the spade had struck the cemetery of the royal household or clan of Tien.Even without this find the ethnohistorical identification of the burial site would have been possible from its geographical situation (FIG. I). According to historical tradition, from the Late Chou period onward the fertile plain around the shores of Lake Tien was known to have been occupied by the people of Tien, who gave the lake its name. No reference is made in the earliest records to either the actual extension of Tien’s sphere of influence or the state of civilization it may have attained.
Schliemann's ‘discovery’ of ‘Priam's Treasure’
Authors: Traill David A. 
Published: January 2016

In 1972 Wm. M. Calder III pointed out that Schliemann's autobiographical writings are riddled with false claims and fictitious episodes (Calder, 1972). Subsequent research has confirmed and extended his findings. The purpose of this article is to show that Schliemann's mendacity was not confined to details of his personal life. The focus of our inquiry will be the famous incident towards the end of his 1873 excavations at Troy-the discovery of what he called 'Priam's Treasure'.Schliemann described this momentous occasion in about a dozen different places. We shall restrict ourselves to four of the earliest versions. It will be convenient to refer to these early accounts as A, B, C, and D. A and B are two versions of Schliemann's 31 May report to his publishers, Brockhaus of Leipzig.
Chariots in late bronze age Greece
Authors: Littauer M. A. , Crouwel J. H. 
Published: January 2016

The long-standing debate on the military use of chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece was joined in 1973 by P. A. L. Greenhalgh. In his provocative book, he argued that Mycenaean warriors using thrusting spears had fought at speed from massed chariots. At the same time he rejected as unrealistic Homer's descriptions of chariots as conveyances for warriors who dismounted to fight on foot.These opinions were recently briefly restated in ANTIQUITY, where Dr Greenhalgh reaffirms his theory, using the well-known metal panoply from chamber tomb 12 at Dendra as additional evidence (Greenhalgh, 1980). In doing so, he disregards the objections that have been raised against his position (Littauer, 1977; Anderson, 1973; 1975).
Hodder Westropp: nineteenth-century archaeologist
Authors: Nicholson Paul T. 
Published: January 2016

Hodder Westropp wrote what is probably the first Handbook of Archaeology ever produced, added to Petrie's work on Irish Round Towers, and defined the term Mesolithic. Yet he is virtually unknown and is given only a brief mention in modern scholarship (Daniel, 1967, 260; Wilkins, 1959, 130–1). The purpose of this article is to provide a brief biography of this remarkable figure and to look in greater detail at some of the major events of his career.I chose to look at the work of Hodder Westropp for my BA dissertation. This proved to be quite a challenge since the usual channels—the British Library Catalogue, Index to theTimesNewspaper and Citation Indices—were soon exhausted.
Quanterness, radiocarbon and the Orkney cairns
Authors: Renfrew Colin , Harkness Douglas , Switsur Roy 
Published: January 2016

The chambered cairns of Orkney are among the most sophisticated architectural products of prehistoric Europe. Maes Howe, since the chamber was re-entered a century ago (Petrie, 1861) has excited the admiration of all who have visited it. In Stuart Piggott’s words (1954, 244): ‘The assured competence and mastery over the building material shown at Maes Howe mark it out as a monument comparable in prehistoric Britain only to Stonehenge in its individual handling of an architectural problem. In both a contemporary existing conception—that of a chambered tomb or that of a stone circle—has been used to produce a superlative monument that by its originality of execution is lifted out of its class into a unique position.’Quanterness has proved to be one of the best preserved of the Orcadian monuments, with four of the six side chambers still standing, very much as they were built some five thousand years ago. Much of the importance of the excavation comes from the detailed examination of the deposits within the chamber which have offered an unusual insight into neolithic burial practice, and these are fully discussed in the forthcoming final publication (Renfrewet al.,in press).
The Courtrai chest from New College, Oxford, re-examined
Authors: Hall E.T. 
Published: January 2016

The first and obvious strength of AMS and other small-sample radiocarbon techniques is in the tiny quantities of material they destroy, opening the way for 14C determinations on little and precious objects – fabric and pictures, for examples – from which no curator will sacrifice a large chunk. In this case, the object is a more substantial thing, but the point still applies; and the size of its timbers has made possible a completely independent and confirming date by dendrochronology.This paper follows the normal ANTIQUITY convention of b.p. for uncalibrated dates.
Who is signalling whom? Ceramic style, ethnicity and taphonomy among the Sirak Bulahay
Authors: Sterner Judy 
Published: January 2016

The pattern of pottery decoration among the Sirak Bulahay is exceptional in being most elaborate when least visible in the context of primary use. In this and related cultures of the Mandara Highlands of North Cameroon, pottery decoration is mainly used for reflexive signalling, by the users of the pots to themselves, in the form of communications with the spirit world. Information regarding ethnicity is, however, transmitted by pot morphology or even by patterns of utilization.Passage from the behavioural to the archaeological context is subject to well-defined cultural rules, and is accompanied by major redistributions of ceramic types and attributes such that the pottery that most regularly occurs on potential archaeological ‘sites’ is a subset of that least visible in the behavioural context.