bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review and meta-analyses of cases and deaths associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in humans and poultry.
Authors: Fasanmi O. G. , Laleye A. T. , Fasina F. O. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

From 2003 to date (2015), confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and humans have been reported, however, certain quantitative parameters remain lacking. We obtained 846 reports of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in Africa (2006-2015), and 844 reports in humans globally (2003-2015) from different databases. Data were filtered and analysed using meta-analyses. The outputs were generated for each country included in the study and for overall morbidities, mortalities and case fatalities (for poultry and humans). Approximately 11.6 million poultry were included in the analyses as susceptible with 1.9 million cases and 1.7 million deaths in poultry. In humans, 449 deaths were linked to influenza A H5N1 infections. For all poultry outbreaks in 2006-2015 in Africa, an overall mean apparent morbidity of 48.7% (
n
=1 850 589) was estimated, with overall mean apparent mortality being 40.2% (
n
=1 705 388) and overall mean case fatality rate (CFR) for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry being 86.4% (
n
=1 705 388). In humans, the overall mean CFR for A H5N1 globally for 2003-2015 was 62.3% (
n
=449). Indonesia, Egypt and Vietnam had higher proportions of all human deaths associated with the A H5N1 and Egypt had a significant age-sex bias. Improved reporting and effective quantitation remain key to understanding the characteristics of the virus.
Transition from chirping to steady NBI-driven Alfvén modes caused by magnetic configuration variations in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Melnikov A.V. , Eliseev L.G. , Ascasíbar E. , Cappa A. , Castejón F. , Hidalgo C. , Ido T. , Jiménez J.A. , Kozachek A.S. , Krupnik L.I. , Liniers M. , Lysenko S.E. , Nagaoka K. , de Pablos J.L. , Shimizu A. , Sharapov S.E. , Ufimtsev M.V. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Beam-driven Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) have been studied in the TJ-II low-magnetic-shear flexible heliac (B
0  =  0.95 T, 〈R〉  =  1.5 m, 〈a〉  =  0.22 m), in L-mode hydrogen plasmas with hydrogen NBI and ECR heating (P
NBI  ⩽  1.0 MW, E
NBI  =  32 keV, P
ECRH  ⩽  0.6 MW). In low-density plasmas in the range

n

e

¯

=  (0.3–1.5)  ×  1019 m−3, a large variety of AEs have been observed in the plasma core with the heavy ion beam probe diagnostic and Mirnov coils, in the frequency range 50 kHz  <  f
AE  <  380 kHz. In experiments in which the vacuum rotational transform

ι

is varied during the shot (dynamic configuration scan), some AEs exhibit changes in their nonlinear evolution from bursting-amplitude AEs with chirping frequency to steady-frequency AEs, and back. The range of

ι

intervals within which the AEs studied are chirping or steady-state is determined.
Genome evolution in alpine oat-like grasses through homoploid hybridization and polyploidy
Authors: Winterfeld Grit , Wölk Alexandra , Röser Martin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHybridization and polyploidization can radically impact genome organization from sequence level to chromosome structure. As a result, often in response to environmental change and species isolation, the development of novel traits can arise and will tend to result in the formation of homoploid or polyploid hybrid species. In this study we focus on evidence of hybridization and polyploidization by ascertaining the species parentage of the endemic alpine Helictotrichon parlatorei group. This group comprises five taxa; the diploids H. parlatorei , Helictotrichon setaceum subsp. setaceum and subsp. petzense , their putative hybrid Helictotrichon ×krischae and the hexaploid Helictotrichon sempervirens. For molecular analyses, cloned nuclear Topoisomerase VI genes of H. sempervirens and H. × krischae were sequenced and compared with sequences of the diploids to estimate the evolutionary history in this group. In addition, detailed chromosome studies were carried out including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 45S ribosomal and satellite DNA probes, and fluorochrome staining with chromomycin and DAPI. Two distinct types of Topoisomerase VI sequences were identified. One of them (SET) occurs in both subspecies of H. setaceum , the other (PAR) in H. parlatorei. Both types were found in H. × krischae and H. sempervirens . Karyotypes of H. parlatorei and H. setaceum could be distinguished by chromosomes with a clearly differentiated banding pattern of ribosomal DNAs. Both patterns occurred in the hybrid H. × krischae . Hexaploid H. sempervirens shares karyotype features with diploid H. parlatorei , but lacks the expected chromosome characteristics of H. setaceum , possibly an example of beginning diploidization after polyploidization. The geographic origin of the putative parental species and their hybrids and the possible biogeographical spread through the Alps are discussed.
Group-combinedP-values with applications to genetic association studies
Authors: Hu Xiaonan , Zhang Wei , Zhang Sanguo , Ma Shuangge , Li Qizhai 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMotivation: In large-scale genetic association studies with tens of hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped, the traditional statistical framework of logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to infer the odds ratios of SNPs may not work appropriately. This is because a large number of odds ratios need to be estimated, and the MLEs may be not stable when some of the SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium. Under this situation, the P-value combination procedures seem to provide good alternatives as they are constructed on the basis of single-marker analysis.Results: The commonly used P-value combination methods (such as the Fisher’s combined test, the truncated product method, the truncated tail strength and the adaptive rank truncated product) may lose power when the significance level varies across SNPs. To tackle this problem, a group combined P-value method (GCP) is proposed, where the P-values are divided into multiple groups and then are combined at the group level. With this strategy, the significance values are integrated at different levels, and the power is improved. Simulation shows that the GCP can effectively control the type I error rates and have additional power over the existing methods—the power increase can be as high as over 50% under some situations. The proposed GCP method is applied to data from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16. Among all the methods, only the GCP and ARTP can give the significance to identify a genomic region covering gene DSC3 being associated with rheumatoid arthritis, but the GCP provides smaller P-value.Availability and implementation: http://www.statsci.amss.ac.cn/yjscy/yjy/lqz/201510/t20151027_313273.htmlContact: liqz@amss.ac.cnSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Exotic hadrons with heavy flavors: X, Y, Z, and related states
Authors: Hosaka Atsushi , Iijima Toru , Miyabayashi Kenkichi , Sakai Yoshihide , Yasui Shigehiro 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the past decade, exotic hadrons with charm and bottom flavors have been extensively studied both in experiments and in theories. In this review, we provide topical discussions by selecting $X,Y,Z$ particles, to which Belle has made important contributions. These are $X(3872)$, $Y(4260)$, $Z_c(4430)^+$, $Z_c(3900)^+$, $Z_{b}(10610)^+$, and $Z_{b}(10650)^+$. Based on the current experimental observations, we discuss these states with emphasis on the hadronic molecule whose dynamics is governed by chiral symmetry and heavy-quark symmetry of QCD. We also mention briefly various interpretations and some theoretical predictions for the as yet undiscovered exotic hadrons.
Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Submuscular Plating (SMP) of Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures
Authors: Stoneback Jason W. , Carry Patrick M. , Flynn Katherine , Pan Zhaoxing , Sink Ernest L. , Miller Nancy H. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
To evaluate lower extremity strength and alignment among children who underwent submuscular plating (SMP).

Methods:
Subjects who underwent SMP for a length unstable femoral fracture returned for isokinetic strength testing ≥2 years after surgery. Extensor and flexor strength deficits (percent difference) between the operative and nonoperative limbs were evaluated. Radiographic measurements of mechanical alignment [anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA)] and qualitative measurements (The Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, PODCI) were obtained from all subjects. The upper 97.5% confidence interval approach to establishing clinical equivalency was utilized to compare differences in strength and alignment between the operative and nonoperative limbs. An extensor strength deficit of >19% and an aLDFA discrepancy of >5 degrees were considered to be clinically significant.

Results:
The average age at surgery of the 10 subjects included in the study was 8.7 years. The hardware was placed an average of 27.9 mm from the distal femoral physis and was removed 6.4 months postsurgery. Among all subjects, the median PODCI scores were ≥97 according to all subscales. There was no significant difference in extension torque between the operative versus nonoperative limbs at 60 degrees/s (P=0.5400), 120 degrees/s (P=0.4214), or 180 degrees/s (P=0.8166). More importantly, extension strength deficits between the operative and nonoperative limbs were not clinically significant at 60 degrees/s [upper 97.5% confidence interval (CI), 10.9%], 120 degrees/s (upper 97.5% CI, 11.0%), or 180 degrees/s (upper 97.5% CI, 10.7%). The difference in aLDFA between the operative and nonoperative limb was less than the predefined clinically significant threshold of 5 degrees for all subjects.

Conclusions:
SMP achieves satisfactory clinical and functional results. In this series, extensor strength deficits and/or lower extremity malalignment were not clinically meaningful. High patient satisfaction can be expected after implant removal.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.
Long-term Outcomes of Operative and Nonoperative Treatment of Congenital Coxa Vara
Authors: Roberts David W. , Saglam Yavuz , De La Rocha Adriana , Frasquillo Brigid N. , Tulchin-Francis Kirsten , Kim Harry K.W. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Congenital coxa vara (CCV) is a rare hip condition with few long-term studies. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes after operative and nonoperative treatment of CCV, assess reliability of radiographic parameters, and investigate risk factors for recurrence after surgery.

Methods:
Retrospective review was performed of all CCV patients treated at 1 institution from 1980 to 2010. In addition, patients were recalled for additional follow-up x-rays, modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), and gait analysis. Radiographic measurements [neck-shaft angle (NSA), head-shaft angle (HSA), Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle (HEA), and femoral neck length (FNL)] were assessed for reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for recurrence after surgery.

Results:
Forty-six hips in 32 patients were reviewed. Mean age at presentation was 5.4±4.9 years. Mean follow-up was 11.8±5.8 years. Valgus proximal femoral osteotomy was performed in 27 hips (20 patients). Initial deformity was greater in the operative group (NSA 90±17 degrees, HEA 68±19 degrees) versus nonoperative patients (NSA 122±19 degrees, HEA 34±14 degrees) (P<0.0001), but radiographic outcomes were similar at follow-up. Most nonoperative hips had normal FNL growth rates (80%), but resolution of varus NSA occurred in only 21%. In contrast, 56% of operative hips showed decreased FNL growth rates. Interobserver reliability was excellent for HEA (0.98), NSA (0.90), and FNL (0.89), and good for HSA (0.79). Repeat osteotomy was performed in 6 cases (22%). No significant predictors for recurrence were identified. At long-term follow-up for recalled patients, 72% had significantly abnormal gait, and 50% had fair-poor functional outcomes (mHHS<79).

Conclusions:
Valgus osteotomy corrects severe deformity in CCV with improved clinical and radiographic outcomes. HEA and NSA are the most reliable radiographic measurements of proximal femoral deformity in CCV. Recurrence is not uncommon, but no predictors were identified. Many patients have persistent gait abnormalities and functional impairment at long-term follow-up, regardless of prior treatment.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective cohort.
Chronic C1-C2 Rotatory Subluxation Reduced by C1 Lateral Mass Screws and C2 Translaminar Screws: A Case Report
Authors: Lavelle William F. , Palomino Kathryn , Badve Siddharth A. , Albanese Stephen A. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
C1-C2 rotatory subluxation can result from a variety or etiologies. Pediatric patients are particularly susceptible to C1-C2 rotatory subluxation. If left untreated the condition is termed an atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF) and chronic neck pain and deformity can result. Patients failing conservative treatment or those with recurrent or chronic rotatory subluxation may require halo treatment or surgical intervention. This illustrative case report is about a patient with chronic C1-C2 AARF who was treated with C1 lateral mass screws and C2 translaminar screws, a treatment that has not been addressed by this technique in a pediatric population.

Methods:
This is a retrospective case review.

Results:
After an unsuccessful attempt at reduction, an 11-year-old girl underwent surgery to treat her C1-C2 AARF. Through an all posterior approach, screws were placed bilaterally into the C1 lateral masses followed by the placement of C2 translaminar screws bilaterally. A small amount of distraction was applied through the screw construct to open up the C1-C2 articulation and the AARF was open reduced and fused. A detailed postoperative computed tomographic scan focused on the occiput C1-C2 joint confirmed the anatomical reduction of the joint complex.

Conclusions:
The patient had cosmetically pleasing relief of her torticollis and was doing well at 60 months after surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Age Predicts Disruption of the Articular Surface of the Femoral Condyles in Knee OCD: Can We Reduce Usage of Arthroscopy and MRI?
Authors: Siegall Evan , Faust John R. , Herzog Mackenzie M. , Marshall Kelley W. , Willimon S. Clifton , Busch Michael T. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
The purpose of this study was to determine if patient age could accurately identify disrupted articular cartilage overlying an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion of the femoral condyle in adolescents. This could have important implications for imaging and treatment decisions.

Methods:
All patients from 2001 to 2014 who were arthroscopically treated for a femoral condyle OCD were included in this Institutional Review Board-approved study. Exclusion criteria were trochlear and patellar OCD lesions, idiopathic arthritis, and traumatic osteochondral injuries. Arthroscopy was performed to visualize and probe the articular surface. Arthroscopic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were recorded as “intact” or “disrupted” cartilage. Extra-articular drilling was performed when the articular cartilage was intact.

Results:
There were 119 patients (81 male, 68%) with 139 OCD lesions in 136 knees. The mean age at time of surgery was 13.0 years (range, 7.2 to 19.3 y). At arthroscopy, 115 knees had intact cartilage and 24 had disrupted cartilage. There was a significant difference in age between patients with intact versus disrupted cartilage at arthroscopy (12.5 vs. 15.3 y; P<0.0001). Eighty-eight OCD lesions had MRIs preoperatively, showing 69 as intact and 19 (24%) disrupted. MRI reading for cartilage status had 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that age (P<0.01) and MRI status (P<0.0001) were strong predictors of cartilage status. Sixteen years was the critical age in which both sensitivity was maximized and false positive probability was minimized. Over the age of 17 years, 7 of 7 (100%) had disrupted cartilage. Age alone was 100% sensitive for children below the age of 10, and 96% sensitive below the age of 13.

Conclusions:
Age was a good predictor of cartilage status in both younger (<13 y) and older (≥17 y) patients in this study. For patients in the mid-range group (13 through 16 y), age alone is not an adequate predictor of cartilage status, but adding MRI increased accuracy.

Significance:
Age can be used to stratify patients and thereby influence diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
The Risk of Cancer With the Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Spine Fusion
Authors: Dettori Joseph R. , Chapman Jens R. , DeVine John G. , McGuire Robert A. , Norvell Daniel C. , Weiss Noel S. 
Published: June 2016

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study using the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System, the Washington State Cancer Registry, and Washington State death certificates.

Objective.
To study the possible association between recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) and cancer risk.

Summary of Background Data.
The use of rhBMP in spine fusion surgery remains controversial with respect to its possible role in tumorigenesis.

Methods.
We compared adults who underwent spine fusion for degenerative disease with and without rhBMP between 2002 and 2010. Patients were matched on the basis of age, sex, and year of treatment. We excluded patients with a diagnosis of cancer before or at the index procedure. The primary outcome was the first diagnosis of cancer as identified in the records of the cancer registry.

Results.
We included 16,914 patients who had spine fusion, of whom 4246 received rhBMP. During the study period, 449 patients received a diagnosis of cancer: 117 (2.76% of 4246) in the rhBMP group and 332 (2.62% of 12 668) in the no rhBMP group. The incidence rate was similar between the rhBMP and no rhBMP 9.5 and 9.0 per 1000 person years, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.30). There were no differences in the rate of cancer between the two groups in subgroups defined on the basis of site of fusion or surgical method.

Conclusion.
There was no increase in overall cancer incidence among those receiving rhBMP. An important limitation of this and other studies of rhBMP and cancer that have been conducted to date is their relatively limited duration of follow-up. The examination of cancer incidence following rhBMP administration must continue beyond just the first several years to adequately assess the potential of rhBMP to influence the occurrence of one or more types of malignancy.

Level of Evidence: 3
Building and Participating in a Simulation: Exploring a Continuing Education Intervention Designed to Foster Reflective Practice Among Experienced Clinicians
Authors: Zubairi Mohammad Samad , Lindsay Sally , Parker Kathryn , Kawamura Anne 
Published: June 2016

Introduction:
Engaging health professionals in the processes of first building and then participating in simulations has not yet been explored. This qualitative study explored the experience of building and participating in a simulation as an educational intervention with experienced clinicians.

Methods:
Pediatric rehabilitation clinicians, along with a patient facilitator and standardized patients, created simulations and subsequently participated in a live simulation. The educational content of the simulation was culturally sensitive communication. We collected participants' perspectives about the process from individual journal entries and focus groups. A thematic analysis of these data sources was conducted.

Results:
Participants described a process of building and participating in a simulation that provided: 1) a unique opportunity for clinicians to reflect on their current practice; 2) a venue to identify different perspectives through discussion and action in a group; and 3) a safe environment for learning.

Discussion:
The combined process of building and participating in a simulation stimulated reflection about the clinicians' own abilities in culturally sensitive communication through discussion, practice, and feedback. It provided a safe environment for participants to share their multiple perspectives and to develop new ways of communicating. This type of educational intervention may contribute to the continuing education of experienced clinicians in both academic and community settings.
A Prospective Trial Comparing Q-Switched Ruby Laser and a Triple Combination Skin-Lightening Cream in the Treatment of Solar Lentigines
Authors: Imhof Laurence , Dummer Reinhard , Dreier Jil , Kolm Isabel , Barysch Marjam J. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND
Quality-switched (QS) laser therapy is a safe and well-established treatment option for removing solar lentigines. Triple combination therapy (TCT) with the active pharmaceutical ingredients hydroquinone 5%, tretinoin 0.03%, and dexamethasone 0.03% is often used for skin-lightening.

OBJECTIVE
This prospective, open-label trial compares the efficacy and safety of a QS Ruby laser (QSRL) and a TCT in the treatment of solar lentigines.

METHODS
In total, 15 patients with symmetrically distributed solar lentigines on the back of both hands were included. The lesions on the back of the right hand were treated in one or 2 sessions with a QSRL, the ones on the back of the left hand with a TCT for 7 weeks accompanied by UV protection. Clinical results were evaluated 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 20 weeks after baseline.

RESULTS
Treatment with QSRL provided significant lightening (p = .01) compared with TCT. Both procedures were generally well-tolerated. Comparing the side effects, the laser produced significantly more crusting and hyperpigmentation than the TCT.

CONCLUSION
Both QSRL and TCT were capable in reducing solar lentigines in Fitzpatrick skin Type I to IV with an acceptable side effect profile. The QSRL provides faster, superior, and long lasting lightening compared with TCT.
The Impact of Allopurinol on Patients With Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: Separham Ahmad , Ghaffari Samad , Najafi Hossein , Ghaffari Reza , Ziaee Mojtaba , Babaei Hossein 
Published: June 2016

Abstract:
Allopurinol may have protective effects over ischemic reperfusion injury and reduce infarct size. In this randomized study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of allopurinol in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing thrombolytic therapy. Overall, 140 patients with STEMI were randomly assigned to receive 400 mg of allopurinol or placebo before treating with streptokinase. Then, study group received 100 mg of allopurinol daily for 28 days and placebo group received placebo for the same period. ST resolution rate in 90 minutes, in-hospital mortality, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were compared. Compared to placebo group, patients receiving allopurinol had significantly higher rate of ST resolution rate ≥50% (68.8% vs. 50%, P = 0.04) and lower levels of peak Creatine kinase (CK) (P = 0.003), Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) (P = 0.005), and Cardiac Troponin I (CTnI) (P < 0.001). Also, patients in allopurinol group had significantly lower rate of in-hospital MACE (P = 0.03), but there was no significant difference between groups regarding in-hospital mortality and cardiac events. In patients admitted with STEMI who are candidates of thrombolytic therapy, allopurinol is associated with better 90-minute ST resolution, lower enzymatically determined infarct size, and in-hospital MACE. More powerful studies are needed to determine the effect on mortality.