bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examination of the addition of video informed reflective practice to the active support toolkit
Authors: Baker Peter , Appleton Philippa , Williams Rosie 
Published: June 2017

Accessible summary

Active support is one of the best ways of getting people with learning disabilities to be busy and to look after themselves.

Good relationships between staff and people with learning disabilities are important.

This study looked at organising staff to be better at supporting the person with a learning disability. We also got them to record on video how they worked with the person. They watched these videos back so they could find out how to improve their support.

The results showed that the staff were better at helping service users do things for themselves and that service users were busier. It is also showed that staff had better relationships with the service users.

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated a package of Active Support (AS), which included standard training with additional video informed reflective practice.Materials & MethodsThe training package was implemented as part of a service improvement initiative in four residential intellectual disability homes, using a concurrent multiple baseline across environments design. Training consisted of a 1‐day workshop, and follow‐up coaching. Momentary time sampling was used to measure engagement levels and staff assistance. A new observational tool was piloted to code the presence of positive and negative interactions between staff and the people with intellectual disabilities.ResultsResults showed that service user engagement levels and staff assistance increased significantly following the training. There was also a significant increase in positive interactions and a significant decrease in negative interactions between staff and service users.ConclusionThe implications of these results are discussed.
Mechanotransduction properties of the cytoplasmic tail of PECAM‐1
Authors: Snyder Jessica L. , McBeath Elena , Thomas Tamlyn N. , Chiu Yi Jen , Clark Robert L. , Fujiwara Keigi 
Published: June 2017

Background InformationVascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a well‐known cell system used in the study of mechanobiology. Using cultured ECs, we found that platelet EC adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM‐1, CD31), a cell adhesion protein localised to regions of EC–EC contact, was rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in ECs exposed to shear or cyclic stretch. Src‐homology 2 domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) binds phosphorylated PECAM‐1 and activates the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling cascade, a known flow‐activated signalling pathway.ResultsAlthough PECAM‐1 tyrosine phosphorylation is characterised in ECs exposed to fluid shear stress, it is less well demonstrated in the cells stretched cyclically. Thus, we first show that PECAM‐1 is tyrosine‐phosphorylated in ECs cyclically stretched. We hypothesise that when an external force is applied to a monolayer of ECs, the force is directly transmitted to PECAM‐1 which is then stretched and phosphorylation sites in its cytoplasmic domain are exposed and phosphorylated. This hypothesis requires the presence of any stretchable structure within the PECAM‐1 cytoplasmic domain. Force spectroscopy measurements were performed with a construct containing cytoplasmic PECAM‐1 domains inserted between I27 motifs, a recombinant string of the structural elements from titin. This strategy allowed us to identify the events in which a single molecule is being pulled and to detect the unravelling of the cytoplasmic domain of PECAM‐1 by force. The response by PECAM‐1 to mechanical loading was heterogeneous but with magnitudes as high as or higher than the naturally force bearing I27 domains.ConclusionsThe PECAM‐1 cytoplasmic domain has a structure that can be unfolded by externally applied force and this unfolding of PECAM‐1 may be necessary for its phosphorylation, the first step of PECAM‐1 mechanosignalling.SignificanceWhen EC monolayers are mechanically stimulated, the PECAM‐1 found at EC contacts is phosphorylated. We have proposed that under these conditions, the cytoplasmic domain of PECAM‐1 is unfolded, which then exposes a phosphorylation site, allowing it to be accessed. The stretch induced unfolding is essential to this model of PECAM‐1 mechanosignalling. In this study, we investigate whether the cytoplasmic domain of PECAM‐1 has a stretchable structure, and the results are in line with our hypothesis.
Dialogic literary gatherings and out‐of‐home child care: Creation of new meanings through classic literature
Authors: Garcia Yeste Carme , Gairal Casadó Regina , Munté Pascual Ariadna , Plaja Viñas Teresa 
Published: June 2017

AbstractResearch on out‐of‐home child care has revealed that foster care programmes focused on educational attainment and reading have the potential to improve the academic outcomes of children in care. However, no studies have examined which elements of these programmes positively benefit children's emotional well‐being. This article presents evidence of the positive effects of implementing a successful educational action, dialogic literary gatherings, in a children's residential care institution. A qualitative study using a communicative‐oriented methodology was conducted and involved five participant observations and eight daily life stories with children in out‐of‐home care in Catalonia (Spain). The children's reflections demonstrated that reading classic books, such as Dickens' Oliver Twist, deeply influenced their feelings and self‐conceptions and created new and exciting meaning in their lives.
A genetic epidemiology study of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Italy
Authors: Gialluisi A. , Menabò S. , Baldazzi L. , Casula L. , Meloni A. , Farci M. C. , Mariotti S. , Balestrino L. , Ortolano R. , Murru S. , Carcassi C. , Loche S. , Balsamo A. , Romeo G. 
Published: June 2017

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD‐CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting steroidogenesis, due to mutations in CYP21A2 (6p21.3). 21OHD‐CAH neonatal screening is based on 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) serum levels, showing high type I error rate and low sensitivity to mild CAH forms.Here, we used an epidemiological approach, which estimates the allelic frequency (q) of an autosomal recessive disorder using the proportion of homozygous patients, the mutational spectrum and the inbreeding coefficient in a sample of affected individuals. We applied this approach to 2 independent Italian cohorts of patients with both clinical and molecular diagnosis of 21OHD‐CAH from mainland Italy (N = 240) and Sardinia (N = 53). We inferred q estimates of 2.87% and 1.83%, corresponding to a prevalence of 1/1214 and 1/2986, respectively. CYP21A2 mutational spectra were quite discrepant between the 2 cohorts, with V281L representing 74% of all the mutations detected in Sardinia vs 37% in mainland Italy.These findings provide an updated fine‐grained picture of 21OHD‐CAH genetic epidemiology in Italy and suggest the need for a screening approach suitable to the detection of the largest number of clinically significant forms of CAH.
From insinuator to dominator: Foraging switching by an exotic ant
Authors: Yitbarek Senay , Vandermeer John H. , Perfecto Ivette 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimUnderstanding the ecological conditions that determine invasive success requires information on the ecological dynamics in both the native and introduced range of exotic species. While numerous studies of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, have focused on the evolutionary aspects of invasiveness, we know little about possible ecological dynamics that might contribute to the remarkable invasiveness of this species.LocationWe investigate the ecological differences in resource discovery and recruitment by W. auropunctata within its native range (Mexico) and introduced range (Puerto Rico).MethodsWe conducted experimental trials on coffee plants by comparing: (1) the rate of resource discovery by W. auropunctata at various distances from main foraging trails; and (2) the recruitment rate between W. auropunctata in the introduced range of Puerto Rico.ResultsOur experiments revealed that W. auropunctata took nearly twice as long to discover baits in Puerto Rico, as compared to Mexico. W. auropunctata was relatively slower at recruiting workers than other dominant ants.Main conclusionWe conclude that competitive traits such as resource discovery and recruitment are not necessarily indicative of invasive success, but contradict traditional expectations. We propose that W. auropunctata behaves as an insinuator species in Mexico (i.e. workers maintain a low profile), while in Puerto Rico it acts as an aggressive dominator. The switch in foraging strategy might explain the astounding success of this exotic species.
Implementing the sterile insect technique with RNA interference – a review
Authors: Darrington Michael , Dalmay Tamas , Morrison Neil I. , Chapman Tracey 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe review RNA interference (RNAi) of insect pests and its potential for implementing sterile insect technique (SIT)‐related control. The molecular mechanisms that support RNAi in pest species are reviewed in detail, drawing on literature from a range of species including Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Homo sapiens L. The underlying genes that enable RNAi are generally conserved across taxa, although variance exists in both their form and function. RNAi represents a plausible, non‐GM system for targeting populations of insects for control purposes, if RNAi effector molecules can be delivered environmentally (eRNAi). We consider studies of eRNAi from across several insect orders and review to what extent taxonomy, genetics, and differing methods of double‐stranded (ds) RNA synthesis and delivery can influence the efficiency of gene knockdown. Several factors, including the secondary structure of the target mRNA and the specific nucleotide sequence of dsRNA effector molecules, can affect the potency of eRNAi. However, taxonomic relationships between insects cannot be used to reliably forecast the efficiency of an eRNAi response. The mechanisms by which insects acquire dsRNA from their environment require further research, but the evidence to date suggests that endocytosis and transport channels both play key roles. Delivery of RNA molecules packaged in intermediary carriers such as bacteria or nanoparticles may facilitate their entry into and through the gut, and enable the evasion of host defence systems, such as toxic pH, that would otherwise attenuate the potential for RNAi.
Learning climate and feedback as predictors of dental students' self‐determined motivation: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction
Authors: Orsini C. , Binnie V. , Wilson S. , Villegas M. J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to test the mediating role of the satisfaction of dental students' basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness on the association between learning climate, feedback and student motivation. The latter was based on the self‐determination theory's concepts of differentiation of autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation.MethodsA cross‐sectional correlational study was conducted where 924 students completed self‐reported questionnaires measuring motivation, perception of the learning climate, feedback and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha scores and bivariate correlations were computed. Mediation of basic needs on each predictor‐outcome association was tested based on a series of regression analyses. Finally, all variables were integrated into one structural equation model, controlling for the effects of age, gender and year of study.ResultsCronbach's alpha scores were acceptable (.655 to .905). Correlation analyses showed positive and significant associations between both an autonomy‐supportive learning climate and the quantity and quality of feedback received, and students' autonomous motivation, which decreased and became negative when correlated with controlled motivation and amotivation, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that these associations were indirect and mediated by how these predictors satisfied students' basic psychological needs. These results were corroborated by the structural equation analysis, in which data fit the model well and regression paths were in the expected direction.ConclusionAn autonomy‐supportive learning climate and the quantity and quality of feedback were positive predictors of students' autonomous motivation and negative predictors of amotivation. However, this was an indirect association mediated by the satisfaction of students' basic psychological needs. Consequently, supporting students' needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness might lead to optimal types of motivation, which has an important influence on dental education.
The role of expectation in multisensory body representation – neural evidence
Authors: Ferri Francesca , Ambrosini Ettore , Pinti Paola , Merla Arcangelo , Costantini Marcello 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSensory events contribute to body ownership, the feeling that the body belongs to me. However, the encoding of sensory events is not only reactive, but also proactive in that our brain generates prediction about forthcoming stimuli. In previous studies, we have shown that prediction of sensory events is a sufficient condition to induce the sense of body ownership. In this study, we investigated the underlying neural mechanisms. Participants were seated with their right arm resting upon a table just below another smaller table. Hence, the real hand was hidden from the participant's view and a life‐sized rubber model of a right hand was placed on the small table in front of them. Participants observed a wooden plank while approaching – without touching – the rubber hand. We measured the phenomenology of the illusion by means of questionnaire. Neural activity was recorded by means of near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results showed higher activation of multisensory parietal cortices in the rubber hand illusion induced by touch expectation. Furthermore, such activity was correlated with the subjective feeling of owning the rubber hand. Our results enrich current models of body ownership suggesting that our multisensory brain regions generate prediction on what could be my body and what could not. This finding might have interesting implications in all those cases in which body representation is altered, anorexia, bulimia nervosa and obesity, among others.
Reinterpreting maximum entropy in ecology: a null hypothesis constrained by ecological mechanism
Authors: O’Dwyer James P. , Rominger Andrew , Xiao Xiao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSimplified mechanistic models in ecology have been criticised for the fact that a good fit to data does not imply the mechanism is true: pattern does not equal process. In parallel, the maximum entropy principle (MaxEnt) has been applied in ecology to make predictions constrained by just a handful of state variables, like total abundance or species richness. But an outstanding question remains: what principle tells us which state variables to constrain? Here we attempt to solve both problems simultaneously, by translating a given set of mechanisms into the state variables to be used in MaxEnt, and then using this MaxEnt theory as a null model against which to compare mechanistic predictions. In particular, we identify the sufficient statistics needed to parametrise a given mechanistic model from data and use them as MaxEnt constraints. Our approach isolates exactly what mechanism is telling us over and above the state variables alone.
Effect of pH on dentin protease inactivation by carbodiimide
Authors: Seseogullari‐Dirihan Roda , Mutluay Mustafa M. , Tjäderhane Leo , Breschi Lorenzo , Pashley David H. , Tezvergil‐Mutluay Arzu 
Published: June 2017

A water‐soluble crosslinking agent, 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide (EDC), has been used as a pretreatment of acid‐etched dentin to inactivate matrix‐bound endogenous dentin proteases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH on the inactivation capacity of EDC. Demineralized dentin beams (1 × 2 × 6 mm) were divided into six groups (n = 8 per group). Then, EDC (0.3 M) was solubilized in distilled water with pH of 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, or 11. Control EDC was solubilized in 0.1 M 2‐(N‐morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer and its pH was adjusted to 6. The dentin beams were pretreated for 1 min with EDC at each pH or with EDC in MES buffer at pH 6.0 and then incubated in 1 ml of simulated body fluid (pH 7.2) for 1, 3, 7, or 14 d. Untreated beams served as controls. At each study time‐point, the dry mass of dentin beams was assessed and the incubation media were analyzed for carboxyterminal telopeptide of type‐I collagen (ICTP) and C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) using specific ELISAs. Data were subjected to repeat‐measures anova. The results of the study indicated that specimens pretreated with EDC in MES buffer showed the lowest collagen degradation in terms of mass loss and release of telopeptides, while specimens pretreated in alkaline media showed the highest collagen degradation. This study indicates that the pH of the EDC solution plays an important role in the stability of dentin protease inactivation.
Assessing global patterns in mammalian carnivore occupancy and richness by integrating local camera trap surveys
Authors: Rich Lindsey N. , Davis Courtney L. , Farris Zach J. , Miller David A. W. , Tucker Jody M. , Hamel Sandra , Farhadinia Mohammad S. , Steenweg Robin , Di Bitetti Mario S. , Thapa Kanchan , Kane Mamadou D. , Sunarto S. , Robinson Nathaniel P. , Paviolo Agustín , Cruz Paula , Martins Quinton , Gholikhani Navid , Taktehrani Ateih , Whittington Jesse , Widodo Febri A. , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Wultsch Claudia , Harmsen Bart J. , Kelly Marcella J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimBiodiversity loss is a major driver of ecosystem change, yet the ecological data required to detect and mitigate losses are often lacking. Recently, camera trap surveys have been suggested as a method for sampling local wildlife communities, because these observations can be collated into a global monitoring network. To demonstrate the potential of camera traps for global monitoring, we assembled data from multiple local camera trap surveys to evaluate the interchange between fine‐ and broad‐scale processes impacting mammalian carnivore communities.LocationArgentina, Belize, Botswana, Canada, Indonesia, Iran, Madagascar, Nepal, Norway, Senegal, South Africa, and the U.S.A.MethodsWe gathered camera trap data, totalling > 100,000 trap nights, from across five continents. To analyse local and species‐specific responses to anthropogenic and environmental variables, we fitted multispecies occurrence models to each study area. To analyse global‐level responses, we then fitted a multispecies, multi‐area occurrence model.ResultsWe recorded 4,805 detections of 96 mammalian carnivore species photographed across 1,714 camera stations located in 12 countries. At the global level, our models revealed that carnivore richness and occupancy within study areas was positively associated with prey availability. Occupancy within study areas also tended to increase with greater protection and greater distances to roads. The strength of these relationships, however, differed among countries.Main conclusionsWe developed a research framework for leveraging global camera trap data to evaluate patterns of mammalian carnivore occurrence and richness across multiple spatial scales. Our research highlights the importance of intact prey populations and protected areas in conserving carnivore communities. Our research also highlights the potential of camera traps for monitoring wildlife communities and provides a case study for how this can be achieved on a global scale. We encourage greater integration and standardization among camera trap studies worldwide, which would help inform effective conservation planning for wildlife populations both locally and globally.
Linking species interactions with phylogenetic and functional distance in European bird assemblages at broad spatial scales
Authors: Mönkkönen Mikko , Devictor Vincent , Forsman Jukka T. , Lehikoinen Aleksi , Elo Merja 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimUnderstanding the relative contribution of different species interactions in shaping community assembly has been a pivotal aim in community ecology. Biotic interactions are acknowledged to be important at local scales, although their signal is assumed to weaken over longer distances. We examine the relationship between positive, neutral and negative pairwise bird abundance distributions and the phylogenetic and functional distance between these pairs after first controlling for habitat associations.LocationFrance and Finland.Time period1984 to 2011 (Finland), 2001 to 2012 (France).Major Taxa studiedBirds.MethodsWe used results from French and Finnish land bird monitoring programmes, from which we created three independent datasets (French forests, French farmlands and Finnish forests). Separately for the three datasets, we fitted linear mixed‐effects models for pairwise abundance values across years per point count station to infer the association between all common species pairs, while controlling for geographical distribution and habitat associations, and saved pairwise regression coefficients for further analyses. We used a null model approach to infer whether the observed associations (effect sizes) differ from random. Finally, using quantile regression, we analysed the relationships between functional dissimilarity/phylogenetic distance and effect sizes.ResultsOur results show both negative and positive species interactions, although negative interactions were twice as common as positive interactions. Closely related species were more likely to show strong associations, both negative and positive, than more distant species across broad spatial scales. For functional dissimilarity, the results varied across datasets.Main conclusionsOur results emphasize the potential of functional and phylogenetic proximity in generating both negative and positive species associations, which can produce pervasive patterns from local to geographical scales. Future assembly studies should refrain from strict dichotomies, such as compensatory dynamics versus environmental forcing, and instead consider the possibility of positive interactions.
Uneasiness in culture, or negotiating the sublime distances towards the big Other
Authors: Kingsbury Paul 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper engages Slavoj Žižek's thesis that people's integration into a dominant culture requires successfully negotiating certain “distances” towards what Jacques Lacan called the “big Other,” that is, a nonexistent locus that subtly guides symbolic rules, conventions, and mandates. My main goal here is to illustrate how Žižek's conceptualizations of distance and the big Other can further our geographical theorizations of culture, especially in terms of Sigmund Freud's notion of the “uneasiness in culture.” I explore Žižek's identification of three modes of distanciation towards the big Other—“inherent transgression”, “empty gesture,” and “fetishistic disavowal,” which abound in uneasiness because they are sublime, that is, demarcated by virtuality and unfathomability. I also discuss how the demise of the big Other's authority has produced new spaces of cultural uneasiness that can be usefully understood in terms of increased interactions between everyday microcultures.