bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf Urea Metabolism in Potato. Urease Activity Profile and Patterns of Recovery and Distribution of 15N after Foliar Urea Application in Wild-Type and Urease-Antisense Transgenics
Authors: Witte Claus-Peter , Tiller Sarah A. , Taylor Mark A. , Davies Howard V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe influence of urease activity on N distribution and losses after foliar urea application was investigated using wild-type and transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum cv Désirée) plants in which urease activity was down-regulated. A good correlation between urease activity and 15N urea metabolism (NH3accumulation) was found. The general accumulation of ammonium in leaves treated with urea indicated that urease activity is not rate limiting, at least initially, for the assimilation of urea N by the plant. It is surprising that there was no effect of urease activity on either N losses or 15N distribution in the plants after foliar urea application. Experiments with wild-type plants in the field using foliar-applied 15N urea demonstrated an initial rapid export of N from urea-treated leaves to the tubers within 48 h, followed by a more gradual redistribution during the subsequent days. Only 10% to 18% of urea N applied was lost (presumably because of NH3 volatilization) in contrast to far greater losses reported in several other studies. The pattern of urease activity in the canopy was investigated during plant development. The activity per unit protein increased up to 10-fold with leaf and plant age, suggesting a correlation with increased N recycling in senescing tissues. Whereas several reports have claimed that plant urease is inducible by urea, no evidence for urease induction could be found in potato.
Snakin-2, an Antimicrobial Peptide from Potato Whose Gene Is Locally Induced by Wounding and Responds to Pathogen Infection
Authors: Berrocal-Lobo Marta , Segura Ana , Moreno Manuel , López Gemma , Garcı́a-Olmedo Francisco , Molina Antonio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe peptide snakin-2 (StSN2) has been isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum cv Jaerla) tubers and found to be active (EC50 = 1–20 μm) against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. It causes a rapid aggregation of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The correspondingStSN2 cDNA encodes a signal sequence followed by a 15-residue acidic sequence that precedes the mature StSN2 peptide, which is basic (isoelectric point = 9.16) and 66 amino acid residues long (molecular weight of 7,025). The StSN2gene is developmentally expressed in tubers, stems, flowers, shoot apex, and leaves, but not in roots, or stolons, and is locally up-regulated by wounding and by abscisic acid treatment. Expression of this gene is also up-regulated after infection of potato tubers with the compatible fungus Botritys cinerea and down-regulated by the virulent bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Erwinia chrysanthemi. These observations are congruent with the hypothesis that the StSN2 is a component of both constitutive and inducible defense barriers.
Castor Bean Isocitrate Lyase Lacking the Putative Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 1 ARM Is Imported into Plant Peroxisomes Both in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Gao X. , Marrison J. L. , Pool M. R. , Leech R. M. , Baker A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To understand and manipulate plant peroxisomal protein targeting, it is important to establish the universality or otherwise of targeting signals. Contradictory results have been published concerning the nature and location of the glyoxysomal/peroxisomal targeting signal of isocitrate lyase (ICL). L.J. Olsen, W.F. Ettinger, B. Damsz, K. Matsudaira, A. Webb, and J.J. Harada ([1993] Plant Cell 5: 941–952) concluded that the last 5 amino acids (AKSRM) of Brassica napus ICL were sufficient and the last 37 amino acids were necessary for targeting to Arabidopsis leaf peroxisomes. In contrast, R. Behari and A. Baker ([1993] J Biol Chem 268: 7315–7322) could find no requirement for the almost identical carboxy-terminal sequence AKARM for import of Ricinus communis ICL into isolated sunflower cotyledon glyoxysomes. To resolve this discrepancy, the import characteristics of a mutant R. communis ICL lacking the last 19 amino acids of the carboxy terminus was studied. ICL[delta]19 was able to be imported by isolated sunflower glyoxysomes and by tobacco leaf peroxisomes when expressed transgenically. These results demonstrate that the in vitro import system faithfully reflects targeting in vivo, and that the source of the organelles (Arabidopsis versus sunflower, leaf peroxisomes versus seed glyoxysomes) is not responsible for observed differences between B. napus and R. communis ICL. The R. communis enzyme would therefore appear to possess an additional glyoxysome/peroxisome targeting signal that is lacking in the B. napus protein.
Origin of the Thiazole Ring of Camalexin, a Phytoalexin from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zook M. , Hammerschmidt R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The principal phytoalexin that accumulates in Arabidopsis thaliana after infection by fungi or bacteria is 3-thiazol-2[prime]-yl-indole (camalexin). Detached noninoculated leaves of Arabidopsis and leaves inoculated with the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum were fed [35S]cysteine (Cys) and [35S]methionine. Inoculated leaves incorporated more than a 200-fold greater amount of radioactivity from [35S]Cys into camalexin, as compared with noninoculated leaves. The amount of radioactivity from [35S]Cys that was incorporated into camalexin from inoculated Arabidopsis leaves was 10-fold greater than the amount of radioactivity that was incorporated into camalexin from [35S]methionine. Additional labeling experiments were performed to determine whether other atoms of Cys are incorporated into camalexin. [14C]Cys and [35S]Cys were incorporated into camalexin with approximately the same efficiency. Cys labeled either with deuterium (D3-Cys[2,3,3]) or 13C and 15N ([U-13C,15N]Cys) was also fed to inoculated leaves of Arabidopsis; camalexin was analyzed by mass spectroscopic analysis. The average ratio of molecular ion intensities of 203/200 for [U-13C,15N]Cys-labeled camalexin was 4.22, as compared with 0.607 for the average 203/200 ratio for unlabeled camalexin. The mass fragment-ion intensity ratios of 60/58 (thiazole ring ion fragment) and 143/142 were also higher for [U-13C,15N]Cys-labeled camalexin, as compared with unlabeled camalexin. The 59/58 and 201/200 ratios were higher for D3-Cys-labeled camalexin as compared with unlabeled camalexin. These data are consistent with the predicted formation of the thiazole ring of camalexin from Cys.
hcf5, a Nuclear Photosynthetic Electron Transport Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with a Pleiotropic Effect on Chloroplast Gene Expression
Authors: Dinkins R. D. , Bandaranayake H. , Baeza L. , Griffiths AJF. , Green B. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A photosynthetic mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, hcf5, was isolated by screening M2 seedlings for high chlorophyll fluorescence. Thylakoid morphology was strikingly abnormal, with large grana stacks and almost no stroma lamellae. Fluorescence induction kinetics, activity assays, and immunoblotting showed that photosystem II was absent. Polypeptides of the photosystem I complex, the Cyt b6/f complex, coupling factor, and the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase were also severely depleted. However, the nuclear-encoded chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex polypeptides were unaffected. The rbcL transcript was present at very low levels, the pattern of transcripts from the polycistronic psbB-psbH-petB-petD operon was abnormal, and the mature psbH message was almost completely lacking. This suggests that the hcf5 locus may encode a product required for the correct expression of several chloroplast genes.
A Gene Encoding a Chloroplast-Targeted Lipoxygenase in Tomato Leaves Is Transiently Induced by Wounding, Systemin, and Methyl Jasmonate
Authors: Heitz T. , Bergey D. R. , Ryan C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) genes and the systemin-dependent wound response in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. A polymerase chain reaction-based approach was used to isolate two tomato Lox cDNAs, called TomLoxC and TomLoxD. Both TomLOXC and TomLOXD amino acid sequences possess an N-terminal extension of about 60 residues that were shown by in vitro uptake to function as transit peptides, targeting these proteins into the chloroplast. Within 30 to 50 min following wounding or systemin or methyl jasmonate treatments, the TomLoxD mRNA level increased and reached a maximum between 1 and 2 h. TomLoxC mRNA was not detectable in leaves and was not found following wounding, but it was found in ripening fruits, indicating that the two tomato Lox genes are regulated in different tissues by different processes. The results suggest that the TomLoxD gene is up-regulated in leaves in response to wounding and encodes a chloroplast LOX that may play a role as a component of the octadecanoid defense-signaling pathway.
A G-Box-Binding Protein from Soybean Binds to the E1 Auxin-Response Element in the Soybean GH3 Promoter and Contains a Proline-Rich Repression Domain
Authors: Liu Z. B. , Hagen G. , Guilfoyle T. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The E1 promoter fragment (-249 to -203) is one of three auxin-response elements (AuxREs) in the soybean (Glycine max L.) GH3 promoter (Z.-B. Liu, T. Ulmasov, X. Shi, G. Hagen, T.J. Guilfoyle [1994] Plant Cell 6: 645–657). Results presented here further characterize and delimit the AuxRE within the E1 fragment. The E1 fragment functioned as an AuxRE in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants, as well as in transfected protoplasts. The AuxRE within E1 contains a G-box, and this G-box was used to clone a G-box-binding factor (GBF) from soybean (SGBF-2). This 45-kD GBF contains an N-terminal proline-rich domain and a C-terminal basic/leucine zipper DNA-binding domain. Gel-mobility shift assays were used to characterize the binding specificity of SGBF-2. Antiserum raised against recombinant SGBF-2 was used to further characterize SGBF-2 and antigenically related GBFs in soybean nuclear extracts. Co-transfection assays with effector and reporter plasmids in carrot (Daucus carota L.) protoplasts indicated that the N-terminal proline-rich domain of SGBF-2 functioned as a repression domain in both basal and auxin-inducible transcription.
Jasmonic Acid-Dependent and -Independent Signaling Pathways Control Wound-Induced Gene Activation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Titarenko E. , Rojo E. , Leon J. , Sanchez-Serrano J. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plant response to mechanical injury includes gene activation both at the wound site and systemically in nondamaged tissues. The model developed for the wound-induced activation of the proteinase inhibitor II (Pin2) gene in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) establishes the involvement of the plant hormones abscisic acid and jasmonic acid (JA) as key components of the wound signal transduction pathway. To assess in Arabidopsis thaliana the role of these plant hormones in regulating wound-induced gene expression, we isolated wound- and JA-inducible genes by the differential mRNA display technique. Their patterns of expression upon mechanical wounding and hormonal treatments revealed differences in the spatial distribution of the transcripts and in the responsiveness of the analyzed genes to abscisic acid and JA. A correlation can be established between sensitivity to JA and the accumulation of the transcripts in systemic tissues upon wounding. A comparative study of the wound response in wild-type and JA-insensitive coi1 mutant plants indicated that in A. thaliana wound signals are transmitted via at least two different pathways. One of them does not involve JA as a mediator and is preferentially responsible for gene activation in the vicinity of the wound site, whereas the other requires JA perception and activates gene expression throughout the aerial part of the plant.
Rice Hemoglobins (Gene Cloning, Analysis, and O2-Binding Kinetics of a Recombinant Protein Synthesized in Escherichia coli)
Authors: Arredondo-Peter R. , Hargrove M. S. , Sarath G. , Moran J. F. , Lohrman J. , Olson J. S. , Klucas R. V. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although nonsymbiotic hemoglobins (Hbs) are found in different tissues of dicots and monocots, very little is known about hb genes in monocots and the function of Hbs in nonsymbiotic tissues. We report the cloning and analysis of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) hb genes, hb1 and hb2, that code for plant Hbs. Rice hb1 and hb2 genes contain four exons and three introns, as with all of the known plant hb genes. At least three copies of the hb gene were detected in rice DNA, and analysis of gene expression shows that hb1 and hb2 are expressed in leaves but only hb1 is expressed in roots. A cDNA for rice Hb1 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant Hb (rHb1) shows an unusually high affinity for O2 because of a very low dissociation constant. The absorbance spectra of the ferric and deoxyferrous rHb1 indicate that, in contrast to symbiotic Hbs, a distal ligand is coordinated to the ligand-binding site. Mutation of the distal His demonstrates that this residue coordinates the heme Fe of ferric and deoxyferrous rHb1 and stabilizes O2 in oxy-rHb1. The biochemical properties of rice rHb1 suggest that this protein probably does not function to facilitate the diffusion of O2.
Signal Transduction in the Carnivorous Plant Sarracenia purpurea (Regulation of Secretory Hydrolase Expression during Development and in Response to Resources)
Authors: Gallie D. R. , Chang S. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Carnivory in plants has developed as an evolutionary adaptation to nutrient-poor environments. A significant investment of the resources of a carnivorous plant is committed to producing the traps, attractants, and digestive enzymes needed for the carnivory. The cost:benefit ratio of carnivory can be improved by either maximizing the prey capture rate or by reducing the metabolic commitment toward carnivory. Using the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea, we have investigated whether the expression of the hydrolytic enzymes needed for digestion is regulated in response to the presence of prey. Expression of protease, RNase, nuclease, and phosphatase activities could be induced in the fluid of nonactive traps by the addition of nucleic acids, protein, or reduced nitrogen, suggesting that hydrolase expression is induced upon perception of the appropriate chemical signal. Hydrolase expression was also developmentally controlled since expression commenced upon opening of a trap, increased for several days, and in the absence of prey largely ceased within 2 weeks. Nevertheless, the traps remained competent to induce expression in response to the appropriate signals. These data suggest that in young traps hydrolase expression is developmentally regulated, which is later replaced by a signal transduction mechanism, and they demonstrate the ability of a carnivorous species to respond to the availability of resources.
Regulation of Actin Tension in Plant Cells by Kinases and Phosphatases1
Authors: Grabski Sharon , Arnoys Eric , Busch Benjamin , Schindler Melvin 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Changes in the organization and mechanical properties of the actin network within plant and animal cells are primary responses to cell signaling. These changes are suggested to be mediated through the regulation of G/F-actin equilibria, alterations in the amount and/or type of actin-binding proteins, the binding of myosin to F-actin, and the formation of myosin filaments associated with F-actin. In the present communication, the cell optical displacement assay was used to investigate the role of phosphatases and kinases in modifying the tension and organization within the actin network of soybean cells. The results from these biophysical measurements suggest that: (a) calcium-regulated kinases and phosphatases are involved in the regulation of tension, (b) calcium transients induce changes in the tension and organization of the actin network through the stimulation of proteins containing calmodulin-like domains or calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulatory proteins, (c) myosin and/or actin cross-linking proteins may be the principal regulator(s) of tension within the actin network, and (d) these actin cross-linking proteins may be the principal targets of calcium-regulated kinases and phosphatases.
Chickpea Defensive Proteinase Inhibitors Can Be Inactivated by Podborer Gut Proteinases1
Authors: Giri Ashok P. , Harsulkar Abhay M. , Deshpande Vasanti V. , Sainani Mohini N. , Gupta Vidya S. , Ranjekar Prabhakar K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Developing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds 12 to 60 d after flowering (DAF) were analyzed for proteinase inhibitor (Pi) activity. In addition, the electrophoretic profiles of trypsin inhibitor (Ti) accumulation were determined using a gel-radiographic film-contact print method. There was a progressive increase in Pi activity throughout seed development, whereas the synthesis of other proteins was low from 12 to 36 DAF and increased from 36 to 60 DAF. Seven different Ti bands were present in seeds at 36 DAF, the time of maximum podborer (Helicoverpa armigera) attack. Chickpea Pis showed differential inhibitory activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin, H. armigera gut proteinases, and bacterial proteinase(s). In vitro proteolysis of chickpea Ti-1 with various proteinases generated Ti-5 as the major fragment, whereas Ti-6 and -7 were not produced. The amount of Pi activity increased severalfold when seeds were injured by H. armigera feeding. In vitro and in vivo proteolysis of the early- and late-stage-specific Tis indicated that the chickpea Pis were prone to proteolytic digestion by H. armigera gut proteinases. These data suggest that survival of H. armigera on chickpea may result from the production of inhibitor-insensitive proteinases and by secretion of proteinases that digest chickpea Pis.
Guard Cells Possess a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates the KAT1 Potassium Channel1
Authors: Li Jiaxu , Julie Lee Yuh-Ru , Assmann Sarah M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and phosphorylation play important roles in the regulation of stomatal aperture and as ion transporters of guard cells. However, protein kinases responsible for Ca2+ signaling in guard cells remain to be identified. Using biochemical approaches, we have identified a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase with a calmodulin-like domain (CDPK) in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba. Both autophosphorylation and catalytic activity of CDPK are Ca2+dependent. CDPK exhibits a Ca2+-induced electrophoretic mobility shift and its Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity can be inhibited by the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine andN-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide. Antibodies to soybean CDPKα cross-react with CDPK. Micromolar Ca2+ concentrations stimulate phosphorylation of several proteins from guard cells; cyclosporin A, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin enhances the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of several soluble proteins. CDPK from guard cells phosphorylates the K+ channel KAT1 protein in a Ca2+-dependent manner. These results suggest that CDPK may be an important component of Ca2+ signaling in guard cells.
Oxygen Requirement and Inhibition of C4Photosynthesis1
Authors: Maroco João P. , Ku Maurice S.B. , Lea Peter J. , Dever Louisa V. , Leegood Richard C. , Furbank Robert T. , Edwards Gerald E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The basis for O2sensitivity of C4 photosynthesis was evaluated using a C4-cycle-limited mutant of Amaranthus edulis(a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-deficient mutant), and a C3-cycle-limited transformant of Flaveria bidentis (an antisense ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase [Rubisco] small subunit transformant). Data obtained with the C4-cycle-limited mutant showed that atmospheric levels of O2 (20 kPa) caused increased inhibition of photosynthesis as a result of higher levels of photorespiration. The optimal O2 partial pressure for photosynthesis was reduced from approximately 5 kPa O2 to 1 to 2 kPa O2, becoming similar to that of C3plants. Therefore, the higher O2 requirement for optimal C4 photosynthesis is specifically associated with the C4 function. With the Rubisco-limited F. bidentis, there was less inhibition of photosynthesis by supraoptimal levels of O2 than in the wild type. When CO2 fixation by Rubisco is limited, an increase in the CO2 concentration in bundle-sheath cells via the C4 cycle may further reduce the oxygenase activity of Rubisco and decrease the inhibition of photosynthesis by high partial pressures of O2 while increasing CO2 leakage and overcycling of the C4 pathway. These results indicate that in C4 plants the investment in the C3 and C4 cycles must be balanced for maximum efficiency.
Differential Expression of theS-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Synthase Genes during Pea Development1
Authors: Gómez-Gómez Lourdes , Carrasco Pedro 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo genes coding for S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthase (SAMS, EC 2.5.1.6) were previously isolated from pea (Pisum sativum) ovaries. Both SAMS genes were highly homologous throughout their coding regions but showed a certain degree of sequence divergence within the 5′ and the 3′ untranslated regions. These regions have been used as gene-specific probes to analyze the differential expression of SAMS1and SAMS2 genes in pea plants. The ribonuclease protection assay revealed different expression patterns for each individual gene. SAMS1 was strongly expressed in nearly all tissues, especially in roots. SAMS2 expression was weaker, reaching its highest level at the apex. Following pollination,SAMS1 was specifically up-regulated, whereasSAMS2 was expressed constitutively. The up-regulation ofSAMS1 during ovary development was also observed in unpollinated ovaries treated with auxins. In unpollinated ovaries an increase in SAMS1 expression was observed as a consequence of ethylene production associated with the emasculation process. In senescing ovaries both SAMS1 andSAMS2 genes showed increased expression. Ethylene treatment of unpollinated ovaries led to an increase in theSAMS1 mRNA level. However, SAMS2expression remained unchangeable after ethylene treatment, indicating that SAMS2 induction during ovary senescence was not ethylene dependent. SAMS mRNAs were localized by in situ hybridization at the endocarp of developing fruits and in the ovules of senescing ovaries. Our results indicate that the transcriptional regulation of SAMS genes is developmentally controlled in a specific way for each gene.