bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
قاعدة تجنب عدم دستورية القوانين
Authors: برهان علي خليل , خلف رسول جمعة 
Published: October 2024

تعد قاعدة عدم التجنب من القواعد المهمة في القضاء الدستوري، والتي في ضوئها يقوم القاضي بإعطاء تفسير ينقذ النص من عدم دستوريته، بشرط أن تدعم لغة النص ذلك التفسير، فمن غير الممكن أن نعطي تفسيراً للنص غير موجود أصلا ضمن طيات حروفه، إذ تعد تلك عملية تشريعية بحته وليس تفسيراً.
ورغم أن القضاء الدستوري قد أقر هذه القاعدة في الكثير من القرارات وخصوصا المحكمة العليا في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية، إلا أنهم يرون بضرورة أن يكون اللجوء إلى هذه القاعدة في الحالات الحساسة والحرجة (الاعتبارات العملية) التي تلقي بضلالها أحيانا على المحكمة وتجعل استخدام هذه القاعدة أمراً لا مفر منه وعليه التجأ الباحث إلى البحث في مفهوم قاعدة تجنب عدم دستورية القوانين وموقف الفقه منها وأهم التطبيقات القضائية عليها.
أحكام حق الإيجار للمتجر في التشريع الأردني
Authors: العلي محمد عقله علي 
Published: October 2024

بيان أحكام حق الإيجار للمتجر في التشريع الأردني، وبيان أهمية هذا العنصر للمتجر والسمعة التجارية التي له وخاصة عندما يتعلق في ذهن العملاء مكان المتجر، والتنازل عن هذا الحق في حال إجراء تصرفات قانونية على المتجر، وقد قمت بإجراء دراسة مقارنة مع بعض التشريعات العربية التي نظمت حق الإيجار للمتجر.
وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في حال إجراء تصرف قانوني معين من قبل مالك المتجر، فإن القانون لا يسمح له بالتنازل عن حق الإيجار للغير، إذا كان مالك المتجر مستأجر للعقار المتواجد فيه المتجر، وهذا يعارض نص المادة (38) من قانون التجارة الأردني التي تعتبره إحدى العناصر المعنوية للمتجر، والمادة (39) من قانون التجارة الأردني أشارت بالرجوع إلى القانون المدني وقانون المالكين والمستأجرين، وهذه القوانين لا تناسب طبيعة المتجر القانونية.
وقدمت الدراسة عدد من التوصيات من أهمها: ضرورة وضع تنظيم قانوني خاص بالمتجر ينظم بيع وإيجار ورهن المتجر، وكذلك تعديل قانون التجارة الأردني بوضع تنظيم قانوني خاص للمتجر يسمح بالتنازل عن حق الإيجار، أو تعديل قانون المالكين والمستأجرين لكي يميز بين الإيجار لغاية السكن والإيجار التجاري، والسماح لحق الإيجار بالانتقال للغير بالتوازن بين حق مالك المتجر ومالك العقار بوضع ضمانات معينة للمؤجر تسمح بالتنازل عن حق الإيجار للغير.
التنظيم القانوني لاستئناف قضايا ضريبة الدخل
Authors: عابدين أ. سماح 
Published: October 2024

منح المواطن حق اللجوء إلى القضاء بموجب القانون الأساسي الذي كفل هذا الحق للكافة بمن فيهم المكلف الذي لم يرتض التقدير الضريبي الصادر بحقه، ويأتي هذا الحق تعزيزاً لسيادة القانون على الكافة بمن فيهم مؤسسات الدولة، ومما لا شك فيه أن الحديث عن الإجراءات الضريبية والاعتراض عليها يطول وبحاجة إلى دراسة مستفيضة، وسيأتي الباحث من خلال هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء على التنظيم القانوني لاستئناف قضايا ضريبة الدخل في فلسطين.
ويهدف الباحث من خلال دراسته لتسليط الضوء على الأساس القانوني الذي بموجبه تم تشكيل محكمة استئناف قضايا ضريبة الدخل كمحكمة خاصة بنظر النزاعات الضريبية على خلاف المشرع المصري الذي منح هذا الاختصاص للقضاء الإداري، مع بيان الأصول المرعية، ومبررات اللجوء إلى تلك المحكمة لفض النزاع الضريبي، لاسيّما وأن المشرع جعل من الاستئناف أول مراحل التقاضي الضريبي خلافاً للمعتاد في الدرجات القضائية المتعلقة بفض النزاعات، وبالنتيجة نجد أن فقه القضاء الفلسطيني استقر على اعتبار أن القرار الصادر على الاعتراض الضريبي المقدم من قبل المُكلف لدى دائرة الضريبة يعد بمثابة حكم درجة أولى.
الاختصاص التكميلي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية حالة شيرين أبو عاقلة "نموذجاً"
Authors: جرادات سيف الدين 
Published: October 2024

كلفت الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة لجنة القانون الدولي في نوفمبر 1992 بإعداد مشروع النظام الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية واقترحت اللجنة عند تقديم تقريرها النهائي عام 1998 صيغة جديدة لمشروع النظام الأساسي، وأكدَ النظام الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية بصيغته النهائية على مبدأ الاختصاص التكميلي للمحكمة، وجعل من اختصاص المحكمة النظر في أشد الجرائم خطورة ومنها: جرائم الإبادة الجماعية، وجرائم الحرب، والعدوان والجرائم ضد الإنسانية.
لذلك يُعتبر الاختصاص التكميلي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية الحجر الأساسي في نظام المحكمة، واختصاصها لا يُعد بديلًا عن الاختصاص القضائي الوطني، وإنما مكمل له، وهو ما دفع العديد من الدول للمصادقة على ميثاق إنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، إذ إن الاختصاص التكميلي وفق بين الحفاظ على سيادة الدولة، وعدم إفلات المجرمين من الملاحقة والمساءلة ، وهو ما يشكل وسيلة لمواجهة سياسة القتل العمد للمدنيين الفلسطينيين من قبيل حالة الصحفية الفلسطينية شرين أبو عاقلة.
قراءة في بعض مظاهر التحول الاجتماعي في الجزائر وعلاقته بظاهرة الجريمة
Authors: نعاس حمزة , غلاي محمد 
Published: October 2024

التغير والتحول سمة المجتمعات وتخضع له جميع الظواهر، ما يعني وجود قوى اجتماعية تسهم في حدوث التغير، بل إن التطور اللافت للإعلام والتكنولوجيا، والتغير النمطي في شكل الحياة، وتراجع مؤسسات التنشئة الاجتماعية في أدائها كان له الأثر السلبي على المجتمع الجزائري في ظاهرة الانحراف والإجرام سواء لدى البالغين أو الأحداث، والانحراف والإجرام كحصيلة لعدة عوامل اجتماعية متنوعة سواء التقليدية منها كالفقر والحديثة كالذكاء الاصطناعي والتطور التكنولوجي كبيئة اجتماعية خاصة يمكن أن تكون من أهم العوامل المؤثرة في هذه الظواهر.
الطبيعة الخاصة لحماية المستهلك الإلكتروني ضمن قواعد القانون الدولي الخاص
Authors: ابو حلوة لينا محمد 
Published: October 2024

تُعد عقود الاستهلاك الإلكتروني من أكثر وسائل التسوق انتشاراً خاصةً مع التطور التكنولوجي الهائل، بحيث يستطيع الفرد شراء أية سلعة من أي مكان في العالم دون أن ينتقل من مكانه؛ وهذا من شأنه أن تضمن العلاقة القانونية وجود عنصر أجنبي، ما يثير مسألة تنازع القوانين وضرورة تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق، والقصور التشريعي سواء في التشريع الفلسطيني أو معظم تشريعات الدول الأخرى أدى إلى صعوبة في تحديد دولية مثل هذه العقود، ومن ناحية أخرى فإن قواعد تنازع القوانين التقليدية أصبحت غير ملائمة لتطبيقها على عقود المستهلك الإلكتروني؛ كون مثل هذه العقود تفتقر للتوازن بين أطرافها.
الأمر الذي تتطلب تحديد مفهوم المستهلك الإلكتروني وخصوصية حمايته في إطار القانون الدولي الخاص، وتحديد المعيار الملائم لتحديد دولية عقود المستهلك الإلكتروني، وتوضيح علاقة القانون الدولي الخاص بحماية المستهلك في العقود الإلكترونية من خلال مناقشة مدى ملائمة ضابط الإرادة وضابط الأداء المميز، وقواعد الإسناد التقليدية في حماية المستهلك في عقود الاستهلاك الإلكترونية.
وخلصت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، منها: عدم ملائمة ضابط الأداء المميز في تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على عقود الاستهلاك الإلكترونية؛ لأنه يؤدي بالنتيجة إلى تطبيق قانون المورد، وبالتالي لن يكفل حماية المستهلك (الطرف الضعيف)، وعدم ملائمة ضابطي الإسناد الاحتياطيين واللذين نص عليهما المشرع الفلسطيني في مشروع القانون المدني الفلسطيني رقم (4) لسنة 2012، في توفير الحماية للمستهلك الإلكتروني عند تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقد، وأن ضابط الإسناد إلى القانون الأكثر حماية للمستهلك من أكثر ضوابط الإسناد ملائمة ليحكم عقد الاستهلاك الإلكتروني.
Effect of Security Meetings on Crime Control in Machakos County, Kenya
Authors: Mutegi Rita Makena , Muna Wilson 
Published: October 2024

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of security meetings on crime control in Machakos. This research adopted a descriptive case study research designs. Target population was 230 individuals who comprised of individuals participating directly or indirectly in crime control. These were the Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs, the Police, Community Policing members as well as opinion leaders in Yatta Sub-county. Sample size was 197. The research employed primary and secondary sources of data. Results also showed that leaders moved from one place to another, mobilization of locals in time, increasing understanding between communities and government policing agencies and the community about their role is security; enhancing dialogue between communities and government policing agencies. Security meetings formed and integral part of effective crime prevention, given that they enhanced trust, cooperation, communication, ingenuity, integrity, initiative, discretion, leadership, responsibility, respect, and a broadened commitment to public safety and security. Security meetings had a significant effect on crime prevention and control, it is imperative on the government through the Ministry of Interior and The study recommended that it is important to identify which social groups are most seriously affected by the problem and develop a framework that will guide the Rolling down of the programme. The security agencies should strive to hold regular and structured meetings which produce actionable resolutions which must be implemented.
Effect of Peace Barazas on Crime Control in Machakos County, Kenya
Authors: Mutegi Rita Makena , Muna Wilson 
Published: October 2024

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of peace barazas on crime control in Machakos. The study adopted descriptive case study research design so as to learn new insights and broaden the understanding of crime and crime control. The target population comprised of individuals who were directly or indirectly involved in crime control. These were the police officers, Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs, community policing members as well as senior village elders. Krejcie & Morgan sampling method was applied in coming up with the sample size. The research employed primary and secondary sources of data where primary data. From the study findings it’s evident that peace Barraza were held at least three times in a month in all administrative units and members of the public attend the meetings whenever convened. The study concludes that practice is indeed an effective measure towards crime prevention and control in Machakos County. Through Peace Barazas, members together with security agents were able to identify and also address root causes of underlying conflict. The study recommended that measures should be taken by County Commissioners, to promote co-operation between local communities and regional authorities, particularly in criminal prevention. Peace actors should be capacitated with knowledge and skills so as to be able to discharge this mandate effectively. The National Steering Committee on peace building and conflict management should undertake the training and capacity building of peace committees.
Consulates of different countries in Harbin in the first third of the 20th century
Authors: Smolianinova Tatiana Anatolyevna 
Published: October 2024

The subject of the article is the buildings of consular offices in Harbin (Northeast China). The object of the study is the consular offices and their urban planning in the city structure. The author examines and analyzes consular offices of different countries that opened their offices during the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. In the course of the study, the position of the objects was analyzed and their characteristic features of location were revealed. The study is aimed at identifying the facilities where consulates of different countries were located and analyzing the criteria for choosing facilities for the placement of consulates in them. The boundaries of the study are determined by the period of the late XIX – mid XX century. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the collection and systematization of materials from field surveys (2023), the systematization of historical and archival materials. The article examines the history of the emergence and development of consular institutions in the city of Harbin. Attention is paid to the reasons for the appearance of these institutions and the principles of their placement in the city. Attention is drawn to how the location of the consular buildings depended on urban development and their importance. The architectural appearance of some notable consular sites is also briefly analyzed. The research is based on empirical methods, including observation and examination. Thanks to the cartographic analysis, it was possible to determine the location of consular offices in urban areas. In addition, a genetic approach was applied, which helped to identify the features and connections of consular institutions in a historical context. The main conclusions of the study are that consular offices were important objects for the formation of the compositional structure of the city. The architecture of the consular buildings reflected the stylistics of different countries, filled the cities with stylistic flavor, and increased the level of landscaping of the territories adjacent to these buildings. The study of the principles of the development of consular institutions in the context of the European architectural heritage of that period is of great interest, especially given the growing interest in identifying and preserving Russian cultural heritage. Consular institutions, in addition to their administrative and political role, had cultural and historical value. Therefore, the analysis of these institutions in terms of their importance for the development of relations between states, as well as their architectural features, allows not only to assess their political, but also their architectural value.
The life cycle of the northern settlement on the example of working settlements
Authors: Rostovskaia Anna Andreevna 
Published: October 2024

The presented research is part of the work on the formulation of the principles of urban development of northern settlements. The object of this study is the territories of settlements located in the arctic climate of the extreme North. The subject of the study is the patterns of formation of the environment of northern settlements in the context of the problem of the life cycle. The author emphasizes the primary and determining role of natural and climatic conditions. Such elements of the life cycle as the place of employment, population, and infrastructure are considered in more detail in order to find their relationship and determine the role of each of them. Special attention is paid to the study of real-life settlements (Kadykchan, Halmer-Yu, Ynykchan, Iultin) located in extreme climatic conditions of the North and now closed. Using their example, the patterns of the life cycle of the northern settlement are analyzed to determine the prospects for further urban development. The research method implies a consistent analysis of the elements of the life cycle of the designated settlements (place of employment, population, infrastructure), as well as the execution of graphoanalytical materials. The novelty of the study lies in identifying the features of the elements of the life cycle of the actually existing northern settlements, the life cycle of which has already been completed. The main conclusions based on the results of the study are the following provisions: 1. The primacy of the place of application of labor relative to the other two elements of the life cycle. 2. The duration of the life cycle and the success of the existence of a settlement is determined by the harmonious interrelation of its elements. 3. The need for an infrastructure element in the context of the values of the XXI century at any stage of the life cycle of a settlement. 4. The formation and existence of a northern settlement should not be an end in itself: a timely choice of a vector for "compression" of the settlement may be acceptable and environmentally rational. The prospects for further research should be focused on the concept of a master plan for settlements in extreme climatic conditions of the North. The use of the concept of the life cycle of the northern settlement is proposed as the main basis for master planning.
Demographic situation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the 2000s
Authors: Buyarov Dmitrii Vladimirovich , Skatov Daniil Romanovich 
Published: October 2024

The subject of this article is the analysis of the demographic situation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in the 2000s. The demographic situation in the largest autonomous region of the People's Republic of China is considered in a historical context. Xinjiang, inhabited by Turkic-speaking peoples, the largest of which are the Uighurs, has traditionally been a troubled region and has caused concern to the Chinese authorities. To stabilize the situation, the central Government of the People's Republic of China is launching economic programs aimed at developing the autonomous region and improving the standard of living of the local population. The demographic policy of the People's Republic of China, aimed at regulating the birth rate, but providing benefits for representatives of national minorities, is proving to be quite effective. In the first quarter of the XXI century, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has seen an increase in population and a certain improvement in the quality of life, including income levels, the development of education and healthcare. This study is based on historical analysis of public sources of the central government, government statistical reports, and Chinese academic articles. The methodological basis of the research is the work of foreign historians and sociologists who characterize the specific features of China's demographic policy. In general, this study was carried out in accordance with the methods of historical periodization, retrospective and socio-psychological methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the analysis of insufficiently studied aspects of the demographic development of Xinjiang at the present stage in the national historical science. Previously, stories related to the development of the XUAR in the context of the economic development of the People's Republic of China as a whole were popular among scientific circles. At the same time, little attention was paid to the intraregional specifics of Xinjiang itself, especially in connection with the local ethnic and religious situation. This paper examines the factors determining the importance of the region for the Chinese government, analyzes official measures aimed at regulating the demographic situation and the response from representatives of national minorities. The article focuses on the conflict-prone nature of the region, in which, despite ongoing socio-economic reforms, the threat of terrorism and religious extremism persists.
Academic Boycott of Israel in 2023-2024: causes, manifestations and consequences
Authors: Shugurov Mark Vladimirovich , Kolodub Grigorii Vyacheslavovich , Shugurova Irina Viktorovna 
Published: October 2024

The subject of the study is the content, structure, and dynamics of the academic boycott against Israel. The aim of the study is to systematically conceptualize the modern academic boycott of Israel in 2023-2024 by universities in the United States and Western Europe through the prism of the correlation of common and special features of this phenomenon. The study revealed the reasons for the academic boycott of Israel as a permanent phenomenon in 2002-2022; the degree of its validity was determined; the Palestinian-Israeli conflict of 2023-2024 was revealed as a factor in the transition of the anti-Israeli boycott in the academic sphere to a new stage, involving the introduction of unprecedented academic sanctions. The specific features of the academic boycott of Israel by universities of various states of the collective West are considered in detail by the authors in the context of new trends in the anti-Israeli protest movement. The methodological base of the research is represented by historical and systematic approaches. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization were used when working with empirical data. The comparative method made it possible to identify common and specific aspects of the anti-Israeli academic boycott. The forecasting method made it possible to assess the possible consequences of the current anti-Israeli boycott on the Israeli academic sector. The main conclusion of the study is that the essence of the new qualitative characteristics of the academic boycott of Israel is that the instruments of isolation of the Israeli academic sector in the space of international relations have become measures aimed at suspending or severing institutional relations between Israeli and foreign universities and research centers in the academic field. The novelty of the study lies in the disclosure of the compromise nature of decisions to limit academic ties with Israel, as well as the lack of a radical break. The consequences of the measures taken are unlikely to cause significant damage to the Israeli academic sector. It has been established that the suspension of bilateral agreements between universities of foreign countries and universities in Israel is often presented as a rupture. The contribution of the article to the subject area of research is the disclosure of the academic boycott model, which unfolds in the absence of economic sanctions, as well as the expansion of initiatives by Western countries aimed at evaluating project cooperation with Israel through the prism of human rights and academic freedom values.
Visualization of pre-revolutionary projects of the Moscow metro
Authors: Polishchuk Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 
Published: October 2024

The subject of the research is the reflection of the futurological image of the Moscow metro in the works of fine art of the pre—revolutionary period, as well as the phenomenon of the artistic evolution of ideas about the Moscow metro in the works of artists and engineers. The paper will also briefly consider the main projects of the Moscow metro, both visualized and not. Among the sources it is worth mentioning drawings from the book by A. I. Antonovich, N. I. Golinevich and N. P. Dmitriev "Moscow City Railway. (Metro)" (1902), illustrations by N. N. Karazin to the project of the metro by P. I. Balinsky and E. K. Knorre (1902) and a series of postcards by the Einem company "Moscow of the Future" (1914). The iconographic method and the method of stylistic and artistic analysis are used in the work. The main attention will be paid to the peculiarities of the authors' ideas about the future of the metro and the city as a whole. The scientific novelty of this publication lies in the fact that the pre-revolutionary futurological images of the Moscow metro will be analyzed comprehensively, the connection of later works with earlier ones will be shown. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the introduction into scientific circulation of N. N. Karazin's work "View of the Subway from the side of the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge", which is known only by photocopy. This photocopy is published in this article. The main conclusion of the study is that all the images appeared by chance, but each series of works for its own reason. All the authors also depicted the Central Station in their works, which was never built.