bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Dispersal Rate’ – a product dependent characteristic to predict the reliability of the calibrated in vitro SPF on WW5 plates
Authors: Batzer J. , Bleckmann A. , Lerg H. , Schwanke F. , Schläger T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe evaluation of the SPF by the measurement of light transmission through a thin film on PMMA plates is an interesting alternative to the conventional in vivo method. However, during the last years an internationally acknowledged in vitro SPF measurement could not be established mainly due to bad reproducibility. With this work, we would like to give new suggestions for an improved reproducibility and to open new space for discussion.MethodsA total of 22 o/w emulsions with well‐established in vivo SPF were measured in vitro close to the international Standard ISO 24443 on two different substrates (PMMA plates: WW5 and HD6). For each product, the ratio ‘in vitro SPFraw/in vivo SPF’ was calculated. The composition of the products was analysed regarding a parameter that correlates with the aforementioned ratio. Additionally seven suitable calibration products were determined to transfer the in vitro SPFraw to the calibrated in vitro SPFcal.ResultsWe could show that the results for the SPFcal matched very well for 19 measured o/w emulsions on WW5 plates. However, we found two products where the in vitro SPF was much lower than the in vivo SPF. The Dispersal Rate allows us to identify a product characteristic parameter to predict too low measured in vitro SPFs on WW5 plates. This parameter mainly refers to the ratio of water to lipids in an emulsion. We found that products with few emollients and few emulsifiers are measured too low in vitro.ConclusionWe suggest implementing an individual calibration of the in vitro SPF to improve the reproducibility of in vitro SPF measurements between different laboratories. Considering the Dispersal Rate helps to estimate the reliability of the in vitro SPF measured on WW5 plates. In order to evaluate whether those products with a high Dispersal Rate can also be calibrated with special standards, further measurements need to be done. We demonstrate that, besides the known parameter, also the composition of the products should be considered for the interpretation of the in vitro SPF. Our findings could explain some multiple reported problems in correlation between in vitro and in vivo SPF, especially for higher SPFs (Personal Care, November, 2014, 27).
DNA double‐strand breaks caused by new and contemporary endodontic sealers
Authors: Eldeniz A. U. , Shehata M. , Högg C. , Reichl F. X. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimTo investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a new silicate‐based BioRoot RCS® sealer in comparison with contemporary sealers.MethodologyA periodontal ligament cell line using lentiviral gene transfer of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) was used and exposed to subtoxic concentrations of 24‐h eluates from two epoxy resin‐based (AH Plus Jet® and Acroseal®), four various methacrylate‐based endodontic sealers (EndoREZ®, RealSeal®, RealSeal SE® and Hybrid Root SEAL®) and three silicate‐based sealers (BioRoot RCS®, iRootSP® and MTA Fillapex®). The XTT‐based cell viability assay was used for cytotoxicity screening of materials. The γ‐H2AX assay was used for genotoxicity screening. In the γ‐H2AX immunofluorescence assay, PDL‐hTERT cells were exposed to eluates of the substances for 6 h and DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB) were detected microscopically. Induced foci represented DSBs, which can induce ATM‐dependent phosphorylation of the histone H2AX. The statistical significance of the differences between the experimental groups was compared using the Student's t‐test (P < 0.05).ResultsThe cytotoxicity of the 24‐h eluates could be ranked in the following order: Hybrid Root SEAL®>RealSeal®>Acroseal®>RealSeal SE®≥ AH Plus Jet®> EndoREZ®>MTA Fillapex®> iRoot SP®>BioRoot RCS®. In negative controls (cells which received medium only) 4.08 ± 0.53 DSB foci (mean ± SEM) whilst in positive controls 10.76 ± 4.05 DSB foci/cell were found. BioRoot RCS® and RealSeal SE® exhibited significant differences in foci formation at 1/3 EC50 compared with their 1/10 EC50 concentration (P < 0.05). Both concentrations (1/10 and 1/3 of EC50) of AH Plus Jet®, Acroseal®, RealSeal® and MTA Fillapex® sealers were not significantly different when compared with the medium control (P < 0.05).ConclusionsNew BioRoot RCS® was not toxic whilst Hybrid Root SEAL® demonstrated more toxicity and DNA double‐strand breaks when compared with other resin‐ and silicate‐based root canal sealers.
Strategic Mobsters or Deprived Migrants? Testing the Transplantation and Deprivation Models of Organized Crime in an Effort to Understand Criminal Mobility and Diversity in the United States
Authors: Arsovska Jana 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe aim of this research is to study the emergence and mobility of organized crime in the United States. Focusing on Albanian organized crime in New York City, it investigates whether organized crime groups move abroad easily and reproduce their territorial control in a foreign country. This research explores the relevance of two perspectives on organized crime: the transplantation/importation model, and the deprivation model. Findings are based on analysis of court documents, interviews with law enforcement officials, Albanian immigrants, and Albanian offenders. The study did not find strong support for either the transplantation or the deprivation model of organized crime. There is no evidence of strategic organized crime transplantation. The findings suggest that the mobility of organized crime groups is functional and varies across criminal markets, and that not only economic foundations but also social forces and symbolic rewards of criminal migration need to be examined for better government policies.
Genetic testing of aetiology of intellectual disability in a dedicated physical healthcare outpatient clinic for adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Wallace R. A. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundNo guidelines exist for assessment of aetiology of intellectual disability in adults with intellectual disability by adult physicians, although robust guidelines exist for paediatric populations. It was speculated that the paediatric guidelines would also be suitable for adults.AimsIn rural/regional setting with limited clinical genetics, to perform a quality assurance evaluation on genetics assessment of aetiology of developmental disability in adults attending a dedicated healthcare clinic for adults with intellectual disability, compared results with paediatric standards, speculates if these seem appropriate for adults and speculates on a role for clinical genetics services.MethodsRetrospective chart audit of eligible patients looking at genetic clinical assessment, tests selected (molecular karyotype, G banding, metabolics), and yields of positive results. The results were compared with the recommended paediatric guidelines.ResultsOf 117 eligible adult patients, ideal genetic history was incomplete for 40% of patients without Down syndrome because of physician cause and lack of information. The number of abnormal genetic results increased from 46% to 66%, mainly from the molecular karyotype, though not all may have been clinically relevant. The improved yield from this test was similar to that in paediatric studies. Use of G banding and metabolic testing could be refined.ConclusionImprovement can be made in clinical genetic assessment, but results generally support use of molecular karyotyping as first tier testing of cause of unknown intellectual disability in adults, as in the case for paediatric populations. The study highlights a necessary complementary role for clinical geneticists to interpret abnormal results.
Being in a Bubble: the experience of loneliness among frail older people
Authors: Taube Elin , Jakobsson Ulf , Midlöv Patrik , Kristensson Jimmie 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore the experience of loneliness among frail older people living at home.BackgroundLoneliness is a threat to the physical and psychological well‐being with serious consequences if left unattended. There are associations between frailty and poor psychological well‐being, implying that frail older people who experience loneliness are vulnerable.DesignQualitative content analysis, focusing on both latent and manifest content.MethodFrail older people (65+ years), living at home and who have experienced various levels in intensity of loneliness, were purposively selected from a larger interventional study (N = 12). For this study, ‘frail’ means being dependent in activities of daily life and having repeated contacts with healthcare services. Data were collected between December 2009–August 2011. Semi‐structured interviews were performed, audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.FindingsThe analysis resulted in the overall theme ‘Being in a Bubble’, which illustrates an experience of living in an ongoing world, but excluded because of the participants' social surroundings and the impossibility to regain losses. The theme ‘Barriers’ was interpreted as facing physical, psychological and social barriers for overcoming loneliness. The theme ‘Hopelessness’ reveals the experience when not succeeding in overcoming these barriers, including seeing loneliness as a constant state. A positive co‐existing dimension of loneliness, offering independence, was reflected in the theme ‘Freedom’.ConclusionThe findings suggest that future strategies for intervening should target the frail older persons' individual barriers and promoting the positive co‐existing dimension of loneliness. When caring, a person centred approach, encompassing knowledge regarding physical and psychological aspects, including loneliness, is recommended.
Screening Prisoners for Intellectual Disabilities in Three English Prisons
Authors: Murphy Glynis H. , Gardner Jeff , Freeman Mark J. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundPrisoners with intellectual disabilities are known to be disadvantaged in prisons and to be more susceptible to bullying, segregation, depression and anxiety than other prisoners.MethodIn this study, nearly 3000 new prisoners entering three English prisons were offered screening for intellectual disabilities, using the LDSQ.ResultsOn average, 75% of all new prisoners entering prison were offered screening, and only 14% refused screening. Overall, just less than 7% were screened positive on the LDSQ and prisons made some reasonable adjustments as a result.ConclusionsIt is argued that it is feasible to screen for intellectual disabilities in prisons and, given the inequalities to which prisoners with intellectual disabilities are subject in prison, it is time for such screening to be rolled out to all prisons.
Improving the Quality of Fresh Rainbow Trout by Sage Essential Oil and Packaging Treatments
Authors: Çoban Ozlem Emir , Patir Bahri , Özpolat Emine , Kuzgun Nermin Karaton 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of addition of sage oil in different packaging conditions on the quality of fresh trout fillets during storage at 4C. Six different treatments were tested: A; (without sage oil, air packaged), A1; (added sage oil 2% v/wt, air packaged), A2; (added sage oil 4% v/wt, air packaged), VP; (without sage oil, vacuum packaged), VP1 (added sage oil 2% v/wt, vacuum packaged) and VP2 (added sage oil 4% v/wt, vacuum packaged). The results indicated that total mesophilic aerobe, psychrophile, yeast–mold and lipolytic bacteria reached higher populations in A, A1 and A2 groups (as compared to VP groups). In addition, significant differences were determined among groups in terms of total volatile basic nitrogen, Thiobarbituric acid, peroxide value and free fatty acid values (P < 0.05) during the storage period. Based primarily on sensory evaluation, the use of VP, VP1 and VP2 extended the shelf life of fresh trout by ca. 14, 19 and 29 days, respectively.Practical ApplicationsEssential oils derived from spices and herbs have a wide application in food flavoring and preservation. Moreover, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils are well‐known. We hypothesized that vacuum packaged fresh trout with the addition of sage oil would increase shelf life. This work demonstrates that sage essential oil together with vacuum packaging treatments could be used to improving the quality of fresh rainbow trout.
Testosterone regulation of cyclin E kinase: A key factor in determining gender differences in hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Pok Sharon , Barn Vanessa A , Wong Heng Jian , Blackburn Anneke C , Board Philip , Farrell Geoffrey C , Teoh Narci C 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:While gender differences in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are profound, the mechanism is unclear. Using castration and hormone replacement strategies, we tested whether these gender differences are attributable to testosterone or estradiol/progesterone effects on cell cycle regulators and p53.Methods:We studied dysplastic liver and HCCs in intact and castrated diethylnitrosamine‐injected C57BL/6J male and female mice, with or without hormonal replacement. Effects of sex steroids on proliferation and survival of primary hepatocytes and primary HCC cells were also characterized.Results:Diethylnitrosamine‐injected female mice displayed fewer dysplastic foci and slower onset of HCC than male mice, with smaller/more differentiated tumors and fewer metastases. Castration of diethylnitrosamine‐injected male mice reduced cyclin E kinase and augmented hepatocyte apoptosis compared with intact male mice; estradiol/progesterone enhanced these effects. In intact female mice, cyclin E kinase activity was less than in males; testosterone administered to ovariectomized female mice upregulated cyclin E, increased cyclin E kinase, and accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis. In vitro, testosterone increased expression of cell cycle regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin‐dependent kinase 2) and reduced p53 and p21, which enhanced hepatocyte viability. In contrast, estradiol both suppressed hepatocyte cell cycle markers, upregulated p53 and reduced viability of hepatocytes and HCC cells.Conclusions:Testosterone is the positive regulator of hepatocyte cell cycle via cyclin E, while estradiol plays a negative role by effects of p53 and p21. Together, both sex hormones determine the male predominance of gender differences in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Localizing Land Governance, Strengthening the State: Decentralization and Land Tenure Security in Uganda
Authors: van Leeuwen Mathijs 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDecentralization of land governance is expected to significantly improve land tenure security of small‐scale farmers in Africa, through ensuring better protection of their assets and reducing land‐related conflicts. This paper, however, cautions not to have too high expectations of transferring responsibilities for land administration and dispute resolution to local government bodies. Field research in Mbarara District in south‐western Uganda brings out how decentralization has limited impacts in terms of localizing land services provision. Nonetheless, local land governance has transformed in important ways, as decentralization adds to institutional multiplicity, and fuels competition among state and non‐state authorities, and about the rules they apply. Rather than strengthening local mechanisms for securing tenure, the reforms introduce new forms of tenure insecurity, fail to transform local conventions of dealing with land disputes and delegitimize local mechanisms for securing tenure. In practice, decentralization has had limited effects in securing tenure for the rural poor, yet reinforces the presence of the state at the local level in diverse ways.
Women's Literacies and Social Hierarchy in Early Modern England
Authors: Ferguson Margaret W. , Suzuki Mihoko 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article argues for a historically contextualized investigation of literacy that attends to early modern literacies in different and mixed media and to literacy as a complex set of practices and theories. Early modern literacy, for example, does not necessarily include both reading and writing: the criterion of measuring literacy by the signature is biased against women of various ranks as well as against poor men. Therefore, literacy rates of women should not be measured solely by means of their ability to sign their names but also by evidence provided by books dedicated to noblewomen or addressed to women of different ranks. A more expansive conception of authorship that includes anonymously, pseudonymously, and collectively written documents, as well as translations, can give a more accurate idea of the literacy of women of different social groups. Future research on literacy will be advanced by the discovery of hitherto unknown writings, and scholars will need to work on cultural documents of many kinds to gather evidence on the so‐called “unlettered women,” and thereby to focus our attention on the negatively charged side of the literacy/illiteracy dyad.
Does an ‘oversupply’ of ovules cause pollen limitation?
Authors: Rosenheim Jay A. , Schreiber Sebastian J. , Williams Neal M. 
Published: November 2015

Summary

Lifetime seed production can be constrained by shortfalls of pollen receipt (‘pollen limitation’). The ovule oversupply hypothesis states that, in response to unpredictable pollen availability, plants evolve to produce more ovules than they expect to be fertilized, and that this results in pollen limitation of seed production.

Here, we present a cartoon model and a model of optimal plant reproductive allocations under stochastic pollen receipt to evaluate the hypothesis that an oversupply of ovules leads to increased pollen limitation.

We show that an oversupply of ovules has two opposing influences on pollen limitation of whole‐plant seed production. First, ovule oversupply increases the likelihood that pollen receipt limits the number of ovules that can be fertilized (‘prezygotic pollen limitation’). Second, ovule oversupply increases the proportion of pollen grains received that are used to fertilize ovules (‘pollen use efficiency’). As a result of these opposing influences, ovule oversupply has only a modest effect on the degree to which lifetime seed production is constrained by pollen receipt, producing a small decrease in the incidence of pollen limitation.

Ovule oversupply is not the cause of the pollen limitation problem, but rather is part of the evolutionary solution to that problem.
Identification and characterization of bacteria isolated from crown galls on stone fruits in Poland
Authors: Puławska J. , Warabieda W. , Ismail E. 
Published: November 2015

Eighty stone fruit nurseries located in different regions of Poland were examined for the presence of crown gall affected plants. The disease was observed in 39 nurseries, and galls were sampled for bacterial isolation. Out of 1213 isolates, 409 were pre‐identified as Agrobacterium/Rhizobium spp. with 23S rDNA‐based multiplex PCR, and out of these, 315 were pathogenic when tested on sunflowers. Sequence analysis of three housekeeping genes (fusA, recA, rpoD) revealed that 366 strains belonged to Rhizobium rhizogenes, 23 to Agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex, and the rest of the strains were allocated to new phylogenetic lineages. Of these, the most numerous was the lineage allocated in the Pararhizobium genus. Positive results obtained from pathogenicity tests were generally in agreement with results obtained by PCR with primers complementary to T‐DNA except for two strains, which were positive for PCR but negative for the pathogenicity test. All detected Ti plasmids were nopaline‐type. Independent of their pathogenicity, 59% of tested strains were not sensitive to agrocin 84 in in vitro tests. Analysis of biochemical and physiological features distinguished 50 groups with different phenotypic profiles, but the tested traits were not consistent for strains classified to one taxon. This finding shows limited value of biochemical tests in identification procedures. The bacteria causing tumours were heterogeneous and strains classified to different taxa were found even in a single tumour.
Prenatal Stress as a Modifier of Associations between Phthalate Exposure and Reproductive Development: results from a Multicentre Pregnancy Cohort Study
Authors: Barrett Emily S. , Parlett Lauren E. , Sathyanarayana Sheela , Redmon J. Bruce , Nguyen Ruby H. N. , Swan Shanna H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal phthalate exposure is associated with altered male reproductive tract development, and in particular, shorter anogenital distance (AGD). AGD, a sexually dimorphic index of prenatal androgen exposure, may also be altered by prenatal stress. How these exposures interact to impact AGD is unknown. Here, we examine the extent to which associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and infant AGD are modified by prenatal exposure to stressful life events (SLEs).MethodsPhthalate metabolites [including those of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and their molar sum (ΣDEHP)] were measured in first trimester urine from 738 pregnant women participating in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES). Women completed questionnaires on SLEs, and permitted infant AGD measurements at birth. Subjects were classified as ‘lower’ and ‘higher’ stress (0 first trimester SLEs vs. 1+).We estimated relationships between phthalate concentrations and AGD (by infant sex and stress group) using adjusted multiple regression interaction models.ResultsIn the lower stress group, first trimester ΣDEHP was inversely associated with two measures of male AGD: anoscrotal distance (AGD‐AS; β = −1.78; 95% CI −2.97, −0.59) and anopenile distance (AGD‐AP; β = −1.61; 95% CI −3.01, −0.22). By contrast, associations in the higher stress group were mostly positive and non‐significant in male infants. No associations were observed in girls.ConclusionsAssociations between prenatal phthalate exposure and altered genital development were only apparent in sons of mothers who reported no SLEs during pregnancy. Prenatal stress and phthalates may interact to shape fetal development in ways that have not been previously explored.
Progressive Hemodialysis: Is It The Future?
Authors: Libetta Carmelo , Nissani Peni , Dal Canton Antonio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProgressive hemodialysis is based on the simple idea of adjusting its dose according to residual renal function (RRF). The progressive, infrequent paradigm is slowly gaining a foothold among nephrologists, despite a lot of skepticism in the scientific world. Given the importance of RRF preservation in conservative therapy, it seems a contradiction to ignore the contribution of RRF when patients initiate hemodialysis (HD), especially when it is routinely considered with peritoneal dialysis. While a three‐times‐weekly HD regimen is broadly considered the standard starting regimen for new patients, twice‐weekly HD has been used in selected patients and is currently a common practice in South‐East Asia. Small studies indicate that a once‐weekly HD regimen may be a viable starting option as well. Progressive hemodialysis still requires validation, yet it is promising. We share the belief that a randomized clinical trial to investigate progressive hemodialysis is much needed, but we also strongly recommend including a once‐weekly HD starting dose as part of any such investigation.