bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the simplicity of the Lyapunov spectrum of products
of random matrices
Authors: ARNOLD LUDWIG , CONG NGUYEN DINH 
Published: July 2002

Assuming that the underlying probability space is non-atomic,
we prove that products of random matrices (linear cocycles) with simple
Lyapunov spectrum form an $L^p$-dense set ($1 \leq p < \infty$) in the
space of all cocycles satisfying the integrability conditions of the
multiplicative ergodic theorem. However, the linear
cocycles with one-point spectrum are also $L^p$-dense.
Further, in any $L^\infty$-neighborhood of an orthogonal cocycle
there is a diagonalizable cocycle.For products of independent identically
distributed random matrices (with distribution $\mu$), simplicity of
the Lyapunov spectrum holds on a set of $\mu$'s which is open and
dense in both the topology of total variation and the topology of weak
convergence, hence is generic in both topologies. For products of
matrices which form a Markov chain, the spectrum is simple on a set of
transition functions dense in the topology of weak convergence.
In defiance of an ageing culture
Authors: HEPWORTH MIKE 
Published: July 2002

Margaret Morganroth Gullette, Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat
and the Politics of the Midlife. Charlottesville and London: University
Press of Virginia 1997, 276pp, $29.95 cloth ISBN 0-8139-1721-2.Margaret Morganroth Gullette is one of America's foremost critics of the
concept of ageing as a universal and comprehensive process of decline which
begins in the middle years. She is a formidable critic of biological essentialism,
defender of social constructionism, and opponent of ‘middle ageism’. Her
most recent book, published in 1997 and not yet available in the UK, has been
widely acclaimed in the USA. This review article describes Gullette's analysis
of the social construction of decline in the context of her previous writings on
midlife and outlines her strategy for combatting the decline model of ageing
into old age.
Out of the looking-glass
Authors: ALLOTT PHILIP 
Published: July 2002

Now, Kitty, let's consider who it was that dreamed it all. This is a serious question . . . [I]t must have been either me or the Red King. He was part of my dream, of course — but then I was part of his dream . . . ‘International studies’ and ‘international relations’, in all their various -isms and neo-isms, are part of a collusive dream in which academics imagine that they are rationalizing the behaviour of those who imagine that they are doing what academics seem to be rationalizing.
Computational models and Rethinking innateness
Authors: FELDMAN JEROME A. 
Published: July 2002

On the whole, I quite like both the target book (RI) and the review
by
Matthew Rispoli, but there are some additional observations that might
be of
interest to the readers of this journal. The whole concept of ‘truth
through
disputation’ is alien to my scientific tradition and I agree with
Rispoli that RI
is not helped by the polemical tone.There is a companion volume and software suite by Kim Plunkett &
Jeff
Elman (1997), Exercises in rethinking innateness, which we have
used in an
undergraduate cognitive science course. This is, in my opinion, the best

source for understanding the main point of RI, which I summarized for the

class as: the book tries to show that PDP learning techniques have advanced

to the point where we need not assume that tabula rasa learning
of language
must be ruled out. The Exercises in RI book and particularly doing
the on-line examples give the students direct intuition about this claim. Our

students were impressed by the Tlearn system, but understood its limitations

and were not convinced either of the main claim of RI or of the radical

nativist alternative.
Primes in short intervals
Authors: LI HONGZE 
Published: July 2002

In 1982, Glyn Harman [2] proved that for almost
all n, the interval [n,
n+n(1/10)+ε]
contains a prime number. By this we mean that the set of n[les ]N
for which the
interval does not contain a prime has measure o(N)
as n→+∞. It follows from
Huxley's work [6] that if θ>1/6
then there will almost always be asymptotically
nθ(log n)−1
primes in the interval [n,
n+nθ]. In 1983, Glyn Harman
[3] pointed
that for almost all n, the interval [n,
n+n(1/12)+ε] contains a prime
number, and
meantime Heath-Brown gave the outline of this result in
[5]. The exponent was reduced to
1/13 by Jia [10], 2/27 by Li [12]
and 1/14 by Jia [11], and meantime N. Watt
[16]
got the same result. In this paper we shall prove the following result.THEOREM. For almost all n, the intervalformula herecontains a prime number.
Diabetes mellitus, anti-secretory drugs and other risk factors

for campylobacter gastro-enteritis in adults: a case-control study
Authors: NEAL K. R. , SLACK R. C. B. 
Published: July 2002

The epidemiology of notified cases of campylobacter gastroenteritis

in adults in Nottingham

Health District was investigated using a case-control study with a

postal questionnaire to

ascertain data on risk factors. Over a 14-month period 531 cases (a

73% response rate of all laboratory confirmed cases) and 512 controls replied.Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine

independent associations with

infection. These included foreign travel (odds ratio (OR) 3·4; 95%

confidence intervals (CI)

2·0–5·7), diabetes mellitus (OR 4·1, CI

1·1–17), medication with omeprazole (OR 3·5, CI

1·1–12)

and H2 and H2 antagonists (OR 3·7, CI

1·3–15), contact with puppies (OR11·3, CI1·2–105),

eating chicken (OR 1·4, CI 1·1–1·8) and drinking

milk from bottles with tops damaged by a

bird (OR 3·3, CI 1·0–11). Preparing main meals

(OR 0·9, CI 0·8–1·0) and drinking delivered

milk (OR 0·6, CI 0·4–0·9) were associated with
a

reduced risk of campylobacter infection.Foreign travel was reported in 25% of cases and another 15% had

significant associations

with other risk factors. The majority of cases, 60%, remained unexplained,

indicating the need for further evolution of sporadic cases.
Population sizes, status and habitat associations of forest birds in Chu Yang Sin Nature Reserve, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam
Authors: HILL MIKE , EAMES JONATHAN C. , TRAI LE TRONG , CU NGUYEN 
Published: July 2002

Chu Yang Sin Nature Reserve, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam, is within an area of high bird endemism and supports a
number of globally threatened and restricted-range species. Data were collected on the bird communities of the Reserve
and their habitat in 1995, to ascertain habitat associations of some of the endemic and threatened taxa. Birds were
surveyed in circular plots around a recording point. Habitat associations were investigated using Discriminant Function
analysis, and populations estimated using DISTANCE.Seven restricted-range species and 38 restricted-range subspecies were recorded in the survey. The number of
contacts with some of the endemic species was low, which limited the statistical investigation of the habitat require
ments of these species. When analysis was possible, altitude was the most important of the factors measured determining species distributions, while measures of forest architecture seemed less important. The area appears to support
important populations of several restricted-range taxa and, provided that protection and management of the protected
area can be enhanced, it remains one of the most important areas for bird conservation in southern Vietnam. Some
drawbacks of the techniques used in the survey are discussed.
“THE DISTURBANCES OVERSEAS”: A COMPARATIVE REPORT ON THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH STUDIES
Authors: Gagnier Regenia 
Published: July 2002

This is an adaptation of a talk first presented to the Council for College and University English (CCUE) conference on English for the Millennium, Sept. 1996. CCUE is the British professional body that represents the discipline and departments of English in England, Scotland, and Wales. The talk was meant to provide a transatlantic perspective on the future of the discipline. Originally it was published in CCUE News (June 1997) and later adapted to presentations throughout the U.K. The excerpts here focus on issues of multiculturalism, interdisciplinarity, and cultural studies.WHEN I DRAW ON MY EXPERIENCE in the United States it is not because I am unaware that the centrality of English literary history is less controversial in England than in its former colony, but because the areas that I see as fundamental to the future of English — a diverse Anglophone population and the demands of the marketplace — are fundamental to both. Twenty years ago, American and British academics were different worlds. The formal democratization of the university and official ideologies of neoliberalism, or market orientation, have brought them closer together. My argument is that the future of English depends less on theories or ideas than on human geographies, institutional conditions, and our embeddedness in market society.
Molecular Analysis of Signals Controlling Dormancy and Growth in Underground Adventitious Buds of Leafy Spurge
Authors: Horvath David P. , Chao Wun S. , Anderson James V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDormancy and subsequent regrowth of adventitious buds is a critical physiological process for many perennial plants. We have used the expression of hormone and cell cycle-responsive genes as markers to follow this process in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). In conjunction with earlier studies, we show that loss of mature leaves results in decreased sugar levels and increased gibberellin perception in underground adventitious buds. Gibberellin is sufficient for induction of S phase-specific but not M phase-specific gene expression. Loss of both apical and axillary buds or inhibition of polar auxin transport did not result in induction of S phase- or M phase-specific gene expression. Loss of polar auxin transport was necessary for continuation of the cell cycle and further bud development if the S phase was previously initiated.
An Ultraviolet-B-Resistant Mutant with Enhanced DNA Repair in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Sakamoto Ayako , Ishigaki Yasuhito , Nikaido Osamu , Sun Guakin , Hase Yoshihiro , Shikazono Naoya , Tano Shigemitsu , Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An ultraviolet-B (UV-B)-resistant mutant,uvi1 (UV-B insensitive 1), of Arabidopsis was isolated from 1,280 M1 seeds that had been exposed to ion beam irradiation. The fresh weight ofuvi1 under high-UV-B exposure was more than twice that of the wild type. A root-bending assay indicated that root growth was less inhibited by UV-B exposure in uvi1 than in the wild type. When the seedlings were grown under white light, the UV-B dose required for 50% inhibition was about 6 kJ m−2for the wild type and 9 kJ m−2 for uvi1. When the seedlings were irradiated with UV-B in darkness, the dose required for 50% inhibition was about 1.5 kJ m−2 for the wild type and 4 kJ m−2 for uvi1. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the reduction in levels of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) under white light and of (6-4) photoproducts in darkness occurred faster in uvi1 than in the wild type. These results indicate that uvi1 had increased photoreactivation of CPDs and dark repair of (6-4) photoproducts, leading to strong UV-B resistance. Furthermore, the transcript levels of PHR1 (CPD photolyase gene) were much higher inuvi1 than in the wild type both under white light and after UV-B exposure. Placing the plants in the dark before UV-B exposure decreases the early reduction of CPDs in the wild type but not inuvi1. Our results suggest that UVI1 is a negative regulator of two independent DNA repair systems.
A Thiol Protease and an Anionic Peroxidase Are Induced by Lowering Cytokinins during Callus Growth in Petunia
Authors: Tournaire C. , Kushnir S. , Bauw G. , Inze D. , de la Serve B. T. , Renaudin J. P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We previously identified a group of proteins that increase early in Petunia hybrida calli subcultured on a low-cytokinin medium, unlike the calli subcultured on a high-cytokinin medium. The calli on the low-cytokinin medium do not regenerate (J.-P. Renaudin, C. Tournaire, B. Teyssendier de la Serve [1991] Physiol Plant 82: 48–56). Two of these proteins, P21 and P17, have been identified by peptide sequencing and cloned. P21 is highly homologous to a group of thiol proteases, including barley aleurain, rice oryzain [gamma], Arabidopsis SAG2, and mammalian cathepsin H. P17 is highly homologous to a group of anionic peroxidases from potato and tomato. A study of their expression in two P. hybrida lines, PC6 and St40, which differ in their ability to regenerate, showed that the genes for P21 and P17 are differentially expressed depending on the type and the age of the organ, with the highest expression in senescing leaves and in aged calli. The data are in favor of these genes being associated with an early step of senescence, which may be due, in part, to a reduction in total cytokinin. The two Petunia lines are, thus, functionally different concerning the action of cytokinin in two developmental phenomena: in vitro organogenesis and senescence.
A Cherry Protein and Its Gene, Abundantly Expressed in Ripening Fruit, Have Been Identified as Thaumatin-Like
Authors: Fils-Lycaon B. R. , Wiersma P. A. , Eastwell K. C. , Sautiere P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 29-kD polypeptide is the most abundant soluble protein in ripe cherry fruit (Prunus avium L); accumulation begins at the onset of ripening as the fruit turns from yellow to red. This protein was extracted from ripe cherries and purified by size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. Antibodies to the purified protein were used to screen a cDNA library from ripe cherries. Numerous recombinant plaques reacted positively with the antibodies; the DNA sequence of representative clones encoded a polypeptide of 245 amino acid residues. A signal peptide was indicated, and the predicted mature protein corresponded to the purified protein in size (23.3 kD, by mass spectrometry) and isoelectric point (4.2). A search of known protein sequences revealed a strong similarity between this polypeptide and the thaumatin family of pathogenesis-related proteins. The cherry thaumatin-like protein does not have a sweet taste, and no antifungal activity was seen in preliminary assays. Expression of the protein appears to be regulated at the gene level, with mRNA levels at their highest in the ripe fruit.
Identification and Characterization of a Fruit-Specific, Thaumatin-Like Protein That Accumulates at Very High Levels in Conjunction with the Onset of Sugar Accumulation and Berry Softening in Grapes
Authors: Tattersall D. B. , van Heeswijck R. , Hoj P. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The protein composition of the grape (Vitis vinifera cv Muscat of Alexandria) berry was examined from flowering to ripeness by gel electrophoresis. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of 24 kD, which was one of the most abundant proteins in extracts of mature berries, was purified and identified by amino acid sequence to be a thaumatin-like protein. Combined cDNA sequence analysis and electrospray mass spectrometry revealed that this protein, VVTL1 (for V. vinifera thaumatin-like protein 1), is synthesized with a transient signal peptide as seen for apoplastic preproteins. Apart from the removal of the targeting signal and the formation of eight disulfide bonds, VVTL1 undergoes no other posttranslational modification. Southern, northern, and western analyses revealed that VVTL1 is found in the berry only and is encoded by a single gene that is expressed in conjunction with the onset of sugar accumulation and softening. The exact role of VVTL1 is unknown, but the timing of its accumulation correlates with the inability of the fungal pathogen powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) to initiate new infections of the berry. Western analysis revealed that the presence of thaumatin-like proteins in ripening fruit might be a widespread phenomenon.
Studying Early Nodulin GeneENOD40Expression and Induction by Nodulation Factor and Cytokinin in Transgenic Alfalfa1
Authors: Fang Yiwen , Hirsch Ann M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractENOD40, an early nodulin gene, is expressed following inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti or by adding R. meliloti-produced nodulation (Nod) factors or the plant hormone cytokinin to uninoculated roots. We isolated two MsENOD40 clones, designatedMsENOD40–1 and MsENOD40–2, with distinct promoters from an alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv Chief) genomic library. The promoters were fused to the reporter geneuidA (gus), and the constructs were introduced into alfalfa. We observed that theMsENOD40–1 construct was expressed almost exclusively under symbiotic conditions. The MsENOD40–2 construct was transcribed under both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions and in nonnodular and nodular tissues. Both MsENOD40promoter-gus constructs were similarly expressed as nodules developed, and both were expressed in roots treated with 6-benzylaminopurine or purified Nod factor. However, no blue color was detected in nodule-like structures induced by the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-(naphthyl)phthalamic acid on roots of plants containing the MsENOD40–1 promoter construct, whereas pseudonodules from plants containing theMsENOD40–2 promoter construct stained blue. A 616-bp region at the distal 5′ end of the promoter is important for proper spatial expression of MsENOD40 in nodules and also for Nod-factor and cytokinin-induced expression.
Genes Involved in Osmoregulation during Turgor-Driven Cell Expansion of Developing Cotton Fibers Are Differentially Regulated1
Authors: Smart Lawrence B. , Vojdani Fakrieh , Maeshima Masayoshi , Wilkins Thea A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers are single-celled trichomes that synchronously undergo a phase of rapid cell expansion, then a phase including secondary cell wall deposition, and finally maturation. To determine if there is coordinated regulation of gene expression during fiber expansion, we analyzed the expression of components involved in turgor regulation and a cytoskeletal protein by measuring levels of mRNA and protein accumulation and enzyme activity. Fragments of the genes for the plasma membrane proton-translocating ATPase, vacuole-ATPase, proton-translocating pyrophosphatase (PPase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, major intrinsic protein, and α-tubulin were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and used as probes in ribonuclease protection assays of RNA from a fiber developmental series, revealing two discrete patterns of mRNA accumulation. Transcripts of all but the PPase accumulated to highest levels during the period of peak expansion (+12–15 d postanthesis [dpa]), then declined with the onset of secondary cell wall synthesis. The PPase was constitutively expressed through fiber development. Activity of the two proton-translocating-ATPases peaked at +15 dpa, whereas PPase activity peaked at +20 dpa, suggesting that all are involved in the process of cell expansion but with varying roles. Patterns of protein accumulation and enzyme activity for some of the proteins examined suggest posttranslational regulation through fiber development.
Coordinate Accumulation of Antifungal Proteins and Hexoses Constitutes a Developmentally Controlled Defense Response during Fruit Ripening in Grape1
Authors: Salzman Ron A. , Tikhonova Irina , Bordelon Bruce P. , Hasegawa Paul M. , Bressan Ray A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
During ripening of grape (Vitis labruscana L. cv Concord) berries, abundance of several proteins increased, coordinately with hexoses, to the extent that these became the predominant proteins in the ovary. These proteins have been identified by N-terminal amino acid-sequence analysis and/or function to be a thaumatin-like protein (grape osmotin), a lipid-transfer protein, and a basic and an acidic chitinase. The basic chitinase and grape osmotin exhibited activities against the principal grape fungal pathogens Guignardia bidwellii andBotrytis cinerea based on in vitro growth assays. The growth-inhibiting activity of the antifungal proteins was substantial at levels comparable to those that accumulate in the ripening fruit, and these activities were enhanced by as much as 70% in the presence of 1 m glucose, a physiological hexose concentration in berries. The simultaneous accumulation of the antifungal proteins and sugars during berry ripening was correlated with the characteristic development of pathogen resistance that occurs in fruits during ripening. Taken together, accumulation of these proteins, in combination with sugars, appears to constitute a novel, developmentally regulated defense mechanism against phytopathogens in the maturing fruit.
Differential Control of Xanthophylls and Light-Induced Stress Proteins, as Opposed to Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/bProteins, during Photosynthetic Acclimation of Barley Leaves to Light Irradiance
Authors: Montané Marie-Hélène , Tardy Florence , Kloppstech Klaus , Havaux Michel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were grown at different photon flux densities ranging from 100 to 1800 μmol m−2s−1 in air and/or in atmospheres with reduced levels of O2 and CO2. Low O2 and CO2 partial pressures allowed plants to grow under high photosystem II (PSII) excitation pressure, estimated in vivo by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, at moderate photon flux densities. The xanthophyll-cycle pigments, the early light-inducible proteins, and their mRNA accumulated with increasing PSII excitation pressure irrespective of the way high excitation pressure was obtained (high-light irradiance or decreased CO2 and O2availability). These findings indicate that the reduction state of electron transport chain components could be involved in light sensing for the regulation of nuclear-encoded chloroplast gene expression. In contrast, no correlation was found between the reduction state of PSII and various indicators of the PSII light-harvesting system, such as the chlorophyll a-to-b ratio, the abundance of the major pigment-protein complex of PSII (LHCII), the mRNA level of LHCII, the light-saturation curve of O2 evolution, and the induced chlorophyll-fluorescence rise. We conclude that the chlorophyll antenna size of PSII is not governed by the redox state of PSII in higher plants and, consequently, regulation of early light-inducible protein synthesis is different from that of LHCII.
Characterization of Source- and Sink-Specific Sucrose/H+ Symporters from Carrot
Authors: Shakya Roshani , Sturm Arnd 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To understand how sucrose (Suc) is transported from source leaves to developing tap roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.), we cloned two cDNAs (DcSUT1 and DcSUT2) for proteins with homologies to plant Suc/H+ symporters. The deduced polypeptide sequences are 52% identical and have 12 predicted membrane-spanning domains each. Transport activities were confirmed by expression of the clones in yeast cells. Both transporters had optimal activity below pH 5.0 and Michaelis constant values of 0.5 mm. Suc uptake was inhibited by protonophores, suggesting that Suc transport is linked to the proton electrochemical potential across the plasma membrane. DcSUT1 andDcSUT2 had markedly different expression patterns. Transcripts of DcSUT1 were found only in the green parts of plants, with highest levels in the lamina of source leaves, indicating that DcSUT1 is required for the loading of Suc into the phloem. In leaf lamina expression was diurnally regulated, suggesting that Suc export from the leaves is higher during the day than during the night. The mRNA of DcSUT2 was found mainly in sink organs, and no diurnal expression pattern was detected in the storage root. Here, expression was not restricted to the phloem but was much higher in storage parenchyma tissues of phloem and xylem. The close relationship of DcSUT2 with a Suc/H+ symporter from fava bean, which facilitates Suc uptake into the cotyledons of developing seeds, indicates that this carrot Suc transporter may be involved in loading Suc into storage parenchyma cells.