bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model Program for Precocious Children: Hollingworth Preschool
Authors: Wright Lisa , Coulianos Connie 
Published: November 2015

It is 8:30 on a cold, windy Monday morning in February. The cheery voices of children and parents can be heard echoing in the hallway. As the teachers open the “cubbie room” door (the room adjacent to the main classroom) the children race to their cubbies, stow their coats, hats, and boots, bid their parents a quick goodbye, and dash into the classroom. “Connie, look what 1 brought today!” exclaims Matthew as he holds up the most recent edition of the National Geographic. “I can see you are very excited about that. I wonder why?” responds Connie as she bends down to look at the magazine with him. “This is all about Will Steeger and Antarctica” Matthew points out as he holds open a picture of the Transantarctic Team. “How exciting. Do you have a plan for it?” questions Connie. “I want to show it to everyone at meeting time!” he says walking into the classroom with Connie. “Good idea. You choose the picture you would like to show the children.” Connie is pleased, though not surprised, that he has become so involved in the current unit of study in Antarctica. The other children have already begun activities in the classroom. Seth is at the art table making yet another book about animals to add to his growing collection, Theo and Jamie are building complex vehicles with the Legos™, Hannah and Beth are playing the penguin lotto game, and Sarah is rapidly assembling the new 40 piece floor puzzle. An energetic hum pervades the classroom as the 16 children, two teachers, and one graduate intern intermingle and pursue a host of activities. At 9:05 the children assemble on the red rug and the morning meeting commences. As the meeting proceeds, the children ponder such problems as what Will Steeger and his crew should take on their transantarctic journey, and how 16 children can share four scooters in the gym equitably. Their ideas demonstrate an extraordinary level of thought, their language development is astonishing, their enthusiasm for problem solving is infectious, and their delight in one another is endearing. This vignette is from the Hollingworth Preschool and these children are 3½ years old.
A Note on the Role of Credit in the Determination of Price in the United Kingdom
Authors: Black Harold 
Published: November 2015

The paper investigates the oral model specified by the British liquidity school, which asserts that there exists a causal and positive relationship between movements in credit (and their controls) and movements in prices. Importantly, the Bank of England has conducted monetary policy consistent with the pronouncements of the liquidity school. Consequently, in order to restrain in rising prices, the Bank of England tightens credit via the use of selective controls on bank lending, calls for special deposits, and hire purchase agreements. When the hypothesis is tested, it is found that credit controls exert little significant effect on prices. The poor performance of the model indicates that the role of credit controls in the determination of retail prices should be deemphasized.
Necessary Values of Brightness Contrast in Artificially Lighted Streets
Authors: Dunbar C. 
Published: November 2015

Experiments conducted in a street lighting installation in which the road surface was uniform in brightness have given a curve relating the brightness of the background to the difference in brightness between an object and the background which it is necessary to have for safe driving at 30 m.p.h. This standard curve applies only to the case of installations in which there is no glare from the street lamps. Although the background in most street lighting installations is not uniform in brightness, the results of other experiments have been used to show that, in practice, no modification of the standard curve is necessary on this account provided that the road is dry. If an installation is not free from glare, the necessary brightness difference between an object and its background will be greater than that given by the standard curve. The curve can, however, still be used if, in deriving this brightness difference, all brightnesses of the background are assumed to be increased by a certain amount. Methods of evaluating this correction for glare have been described. The results of this work can be applied to the problem of determining what proportion of practical objects will be revealed to the driver of a car by any region of the background in a street lighting installation.
Some Aspects of Power Station Lighting
Authors: Figgis P. D. 
Published: November 2015

Power station lighting covers a wide field. Exterior lighting includes the lighting of roadway systems, railway sidings or wharves, coal handling plant and coal storage areas, and uses standard street lighting and area floodlighting techniques. Interior lighting is more difficult. Boiler houses, however efficient, are always dusty, and the space much obstructed by pipes, flues, trunking, etc., making installation and maintenance awkward. Two basic systems of lighting are discussed for the illumination of the turbine houses. Problems arising in the control room—the nerve centre—depend closely on the interrelation of switch panel and control desk layouts and ceiling structure. Such lighting is best planned in the initial drawing board stage by close co-operation of all concerned. Emergency lighting systems must also be provided.
Some Polarised Headlight Systems
Authors: Jehu V. J. 
Published: November 2015

This is the second of two papers dealing with polarised headlight systems. The first paper discussed the relative merits of commercially available filters for polarising headlights. The present paper discusses the widely differing proposals that have been put forward in America and Germany for the use of polarised headlights, and records the results of tests made with an alternative system. The discussion and tests are concerned only with the benefits to drivers of vehicles. The consequences to pedal cyclists and pedestrians are not discussed in this paper. Any polarising device fitted to a headlamp will reduce the light available for seeing. The American system overcomes this handicap by increasing the power of the polarised headlights, so that the user always sees at least as well as with the driving beam of conventional headlights; the German system on the other hand uses a polarised beam which is no more glaring to face without a visor than existing German meeting beams. Neither system would be easy to introduce, because initially the benefits to the user would, for different reasons, be limited to the occasional meeting with another user. Polarisation of existing driving beams might provide a system which operated between these two extremes, and might enable the user to see objects in his own beam at greater distances than usual even when meeting normal beams. Driver-appreciation tests with the system, however, suggest that it does not illuminate the road near the vehicle well enough to inspire confidence, and that the loss in silhouette seeing is a real disadvantage. Preliminary experiments suggest that both criticisms might be overcome with an in-part polarised system in which the near view is illuminated by unpolarised light and the distant view by polarised light.
Artificial Lighting as Applied to Museums and Art Galleries
Authors: Rawson-Bottom W. E. , Harris J. B. 
Published: November 2015

Artificial lighting was first introduced into a national museum just over 100 years ago, and during the ensuing period there have been radical changes in its mode of application. Museums vary in style of architecture and in the nature and display of their exhibits so that the preparation of a standard code of lighting practice would be no easy task. Both the visiting public and museum authorities, however, have become “lighting-minded” and consequently lighting is now accepted as indispensable in modern display technique. The paper states the objectives of museum and art gallery lighting and deals with the problems encountered in both new and old buildings. The need for close co-operation between architects and lighting engineers, particularly when lighting is embodied in the main decorative scheme, is stressed. References are made to examples of specific integrated lighting treatments which have resulted in the creation of a pleasing and refreshing environment far removed from the all too familiar mausoleum atmosphere. The demand for better visual conditions has led to an increased interest in local lighting, and general recommendations are given in respect of various types of showcases. Paintings are a specialised subject of study involving accurate positioning of lighting equipment, avoidance of daylight shadows and consideration of colour and texture of walls. Provided that care is taken in their application, modern lamps and light controlling materials will be found of inestimable value in solving the various lighting problems encountered.
Sleep Disorders in Sanfilippo Syndrome: A Polygraphic Study
Authors: Mariotti P. , Marca G. Delia , Iuvone L. , Vernacotola S. , Ricci R. , Mennunl G. F. , Mazza S. 
Published: November 2015

Objective: A high prevalence of sleep disorders is reported in patients affected by Mucopolysaccharidosis III (Sanfilippo syndrome). These disorders have never been investigated by prolonged, objective, and instrumental evaluations. The present work is based on sleep duration and structure in Sanfilippo patients. Study design: The features of sleep/wake cycle in 6 Sanfilippo patients and 6 healthy controls were evaluated by means of sleep diaries and 48 hour ambulatory EEG and polygraphic recordings. Statistical analysis was performed by means of the U-test (Mann-Whitney). Results: Four out of six Sanfilippo patients, the oldest patients in our sample, showed an extremely irregular sleep pattern, with several sleep episodes of inconstant duration, irregularly distributed along 24 hours. The two younger patients showed sleep maintenance insomnia with several nocturnal awakenings. Conclusions: These results suggest that sleep disruption in Sanfilippo syndrome consists of an irregular sleep/wake pattern, which at its onset might appear as a disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep. This could explain why some patients do not respond to conventional hypnotics. The present observation might suggest attempting therapies aimed at resynchronization, such as behavioral treatment, light therapy or melatonin.
Quantitative EEG Effects of Topiramate
Authors: Wang W. W. , Li J. C. , Wu X. 
Published: November 2015

Objective: The study is to invesigate the effect of topiramate (TPM) on EEG by means of quantitative pharmacoelectroencephalography (QPEEG). Methods: One dose of TPM was administrated to epileptics and healthy adults. The EEG samples were obtained prior to and at regular intervals within the 24 hours following the administration of TPM. The EEG activity was processed with power spectral analysis. Results: The power of slow wave, alpha 1 bands and total power increased after the administration of TPM, the power or slow wave in both occipital areas, and the total power of all scalp areas also increased. The percent of power increased at the theta band and alpha 1 band (healthy adults) or delta band, theta band (patients). Conclusion: TPM can change the EEG background activity. These changes are different from other antiepileptic drugs.
Quantitative Electroencephalographic Studies of Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving
Authors: Reid Malcolm S. , Prichep Leslie S. , Ciplet Debra , O'Leary Siobhan , Tom MeeLee , Howard Bryant , Rotrosen John , John E. Roy 
Published: November 2015

Quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) profiles were studied in cocaine dependent patients in response to cocaine cue exposure. Using neurometric analytical methods, the spectral power of each primary bandwidth was computed and topographically mapped. Additional measures of cue-reactivity included cocaine craving, anxiety and related subjective ratings, and physiological measures of skin conductance, skin temperature, heart rate, and plasma Cortisol and HVA levels. Twenty-four crack cocaine-dependent subjects were tested for their response to tactile, visual and audio cues related to crack cocaine or neutral items. All measures were analyzed for significant difference by comparing cocaine versus neutral cue conditions. An increase in cocaine craving, anxiety and related subjective ratings, elevated plasma Cortisol levels, and a decrease in skin temperature, were induced by cocaine cue exposure. Distinct qEEG profiles were found during the paraphernalia handling and video viewing (eyes-open), and guided imagery (eyes-closed), phases of cocaine cue exposure. During paraphernalia handling and video viewing, there was an increase in beta activity accompanied by a drop in delta power in the frontal cortex, and an increase in beta mean frequency in the occipital cortex. In contrast, during guided imagery there was an increase in theta and delta power in the frontal cortex, and an increase in beta power in the occipital cortex. Correlation analyses revealed that cue-induced anxiety during paraphernalia handling and video viewing was associated with reduced high frequency and enhanced low frequency EEG activity. These findings demonstrated that EEG activation during cue-induced cocaine craving may be topographically mapped and subsequently analyzed for functional relevance.
Full-Band EEG (FbEEG): A New Standard for Clinical Electroencephalography
Authors: Vanhatalo Sampsa , Voipio Juha , Kaila Kai 
Published: November 2015

A variety of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), have been established during the last few decades, with progressive improvements continuously taking place in the underlying technologies. In contrast to this, the recording bandwidth of the routine clinical EEG (typically around 0.5–50 Hz) that was originally set by trivial technical limitations has remained practically unaltered for over half a decade. An increasing amount of evidence shows that salient EEG signals take place and can be recorded beyond the conventional clinical EEG bandwidth. These physiological and pathological EEG activities range from 0.01 Hz to several hundred Hz, and they have been demonstrated in recordings of spontaneous activity in the preterm human brain, and during epileptic seizures, sleep, as well as in various kinds of cognitive tasks and states in the adult brain. In the present paper, we will describe the practical aspects of recording the full physiological frequency band of the EEG (Full-band EEG; FbEEG), and we review the currently available data on the clinical applications of FbEEG. Recording the FbEEG is readily attained with commercially available direct-current (DC) coupled amplifiers if the recording setup includes electrodes providing a DC-stable electrode-skin interface. FbEEG does not have trade-offs that would favor any frequency band at the expense of another. We present several arguments showing that elimination of the lower ( infraslow) or higher ( ultrafast) bands of the EEG frequency spectrum in routine EEG has led, and will lead, to situations where salient and physiologically meaningful features of brain activity remain undetected or become seriously attenuated and distorted. With the currently available electrode, amplifier and data acquisition technology, it is to be expected that FbEEG will become the standard approach in both clinical and basic science.
Breeding for Trace Minerals in Wheat
Authors: Monasterio Ivan , Graham Robin D. 
Published: November 2015

In the search for genetic material with high iron and zinc concentration in wheat grain, a significant positive correlation has been found between iron and zinc concentrations, suggesting that these two traits may be combined relatively easily during breeding. In future research, the very high values of iron and zinc in the grain seen in wild types and landraces need to be confirmed in trials in which all the best material is planted in the same location and year. In addition, it is important to determine if these high levels of iron and zinc in the grain can be maintained in high-yielding material. The production of semi-dwarf wheat through the introduction of the rht genes has resulted in substantial yield increases. However, this is associated with a reduction in iron and zinc concentrations in some bread wheat genotypes, but not in durum wheat. The presence of the 1B/1R translocation in the wheat germplasm of the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) to increase leaf rust resistance may have had a positive effect on the concentration of iron and zinc, but a negative effect was ruled out. There is a strong positive correlation between grain yield and year of release in the CIMMYT wheat varieties. There is a small negative but statistically significant relationship between the time of release and the concentrations of iron, zinc, total phosphorus, and phytate. The positive effect of nitrogen applications on iron and zinc concentrations is more important than declines in these concentrations due to breeding during the last 42 years
Low-phytic-acid Grains
Authors: Raboy Victor 
Published: November 2015

As one approach to the improvement of the nutritional quality of crops for both foods and feeds, low-phytic-acid (lpa) mutants of maize and other cereals have been isolated. An important advantage of lpa mutants is that the bioavailability of a range of minerals may be improved, although phytic acid can also function as an antioxidant. Livestock producers are primarily concerned with excretion of feed phytic acid phosphorus by livestock and fish. This contributes to water pollution and is a major environmental issue in developed countries. In these mutants, phytic acid phosphorus is reduced by 55% to 66%, which is matched by an equal increase in inorganic phosphorus. Greater reductions in phytic acid, as high as 95% to 99%, may be desirable and are possible. The first two studies of an lpa maize in human nutrition found increased fractional absorption of iron and zinc in the lpa maize as compared with the control maize. Yields of the best lpa lines, first developed in the mid-1990s, now range between 5% and 15% below those of the highest-yielding commercial varieties. Because of benefits for animal nutrition, lpa crops could become highly profitable for use as animal feeds. All lpa lines to date have been developed using classical genetic methods; these classically obtained mutants affect the expression of a given gene throughout the tissues and organs of a plant. BY using a biotechnology approach, it may be possible to achieve optimal levels of phytic acid reduction and target the desired effect to the seed, thereby reducing any undesirable agronomic effects of whole-plant mutants.
Iodine Stability in Salt Double-Fortified with Iron and Iodine
Authors: Diosady L. L. , Alberti J. O. , Ramcharan K. , Mannar M. G. Venkatesh 
Published: November 2015

Deficiencies in small quantities of micronutrients, especially iodine and iron, severely affect more than a third of the world's population, resulting in serious public health consequences, especially for women and young children. Salt is an ideal carrier of micronutrients. the double fortification of salt with both iodine and iron is an attractive approach to the reduction of both anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Because iodine is unstable under the storage conditions found during the manufacturing, distribution, and sale of salt in most developing countries, the effects of packaging materials and environmental conditions on the stability of salt double-fortified with iron and iodine were investigated. Salt was double-fortified with potassium iodide or potassium iodate and with ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate. the effects of stabilizers on the stability of iodine and iron were followed by storing the salt under three conditions that represent the extremes of normal distribution and sale for salt in developing countries: room temperature (25°C) w ith 50%–70% relative humidity, 40° C with 60% relative humidity, and 40° C with 100% relative humidity. the effects of stabilizers, such as sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, and dextrose were investigated. None of the combinations of iron and iodine compounds was stable at elevated temperatures. Essentially all of the iodine was lost over a period of six months. SHMP effectively slowed down the iodine loss, whereas magnesium chloride, a typical hygroscopic impurity, greatly accelerated this process. Calcium carbonate did not have a sparing effect on iodine, despite contrary indications in the literature. Ferrous sulfate–fortified salts generally turned yellow and developed an unpleasant rusty flavor. Salt fortified with ferrous fumarate and potassium iodide was reasonably stable and maintained its organoleptic properties, making it more likely to be acceptable to consumers. We confirmed that application of the iodine compounds as solutions resulted in a more even distribution of the iodine throughout the sample. the effect of the packaging materials was overshadowed by the other variables. None of the packaging materials was clearly better than any other. This may have been due to the fact that the polymer bags were not heat sealed, and thus some moisture penetration was possible. the results indicate that with careful control of processing, packaging, and storage conditions, a double-fortified salt could be stabilized for the six-month period required for distribution and consumption. Unfortunately, the processing and storage required are difficult to attain under typical conditions in developing countries.