bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Non-Transgenic Cotton, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 untreated rows between plots and a 10-ft planted buffer at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 8 and 11 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi at 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticide was water. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of two levels on the plant: upper (first fully expanded leaf), and mid (mainstem leaf located one-third down the plant). Aphids were counted on the underside of each leaf. Throughout the growing season, there was ad-equate rainfall for crop development. Yield (lb of seed cotton per acre) was determined by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and measuring the actual area picked.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphid on Cotton, 1997A
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated Bt cotton planted 1 May in Test 1 and 5 May in Test 2. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No foliar insecticides were applied to the plots before the test was initiated. Prior to treatment, cotton plants with infestations of cotton aphids in the plant terminals (20/plot) were marked with plastic tags. Treatments were applied to Test 1 and 2 on 25 and 30 Jun, respectively. In both tests, insecticides were applied with a handboom and CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 28 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 10 tagged plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 2 and 7 DAT. Treatments were evaluated in Test 1 on 27 Jun (2 DAT) and 2 Jul (7 DAT) and in Test 2 on 2 Jul (2 DAT) and 7 Jul (7 DAT). Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300-mesh wire sieves, backwashed into ruled filter paper (7 cm), and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. Plots, in both tests, received 0.11 and 1.98 inches rainfall on 29 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Mint Root Borer & Wireworms in Peppermint, 1993
Authors: Gillespie Robert L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In 1993, the effect of Steinernema carpocapsae (Biovector) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 E) on MRB larvae and wireworms was evaluated in a center-pivot irrigated field near Royal City, WA, USA (Grant Co). A RCB design was used for treatments replicated 4 times. Plots were 12 ft by 25 ft. Treatments included a split application of nematodes at a rate of 1 billion nematodes/acre followed by a second application at the same rate, a single application of nematodes at a rate of 1 billion/acre and chlorpyrifos at a rate of 2 qt/acre. The last three treatments were made at the second application date. Application dates were 27 Sep 93 and 1 Oct 93. The evaluation involved pre- and post-treatment sampling to determine if the field population exceeded the economic threshold of 2 to 3 MRB larvae/ft2 and evaluate the effect of an entomopathogenic nematode and chlorpyrifos on MRB and wireworm post-treatment sample populations. Pre-treatment sampling for MRB larvae began 13 Sep and continued to 20 Sep 93. In each plot, all rhizomes from a randomly selected 1-ft2 subsample were split, inspected for larvae and the soil to a depth of 3 inches was sieved for MRB larvae and wireworms. The same procedure was used to evaluate MRB larval and wireworm sample populations post-treatment. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a 4-nozzle attachment that produced a spray width of 6 ft. Screens were removed from the nozzles and treatments were applied at 25 psi to reduce nematode mortality as they passed through the spray nozzles. The application regime consisted of the following. On 27 Sep 93, 3 gal water was applied with the backpack sprayer to moisten the soil surface immediately before applying nematodes, 3 gal water was used to apply nematodes to the soil surface at a rate of 1 billion/acre, and another 3 gal was applied post-application to water nematodes into the soil. On a per-acre basis, this was approximately 1300 gal of water/acre. On 1 Oct 93, the backpack sprayer was used to apply nematodes (1 billion/acre) and chlorpyrifos at 2 qt/acre with 3 gal water. Another 3 gal was immediately applied to each plot following application of each treatment. One inch of water was then sprinkled on all plots using a center-pivot irrigation sprinkling system to wash the nematodes and water into the soil.
Cyhexatin (TD-2383-01) Test on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted, airblast sprayer to a 9 tree plot (3 rows of 3 trees) of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ applies replicated twice and arranged in a RCB design. This experiment was designed to test the material again against a population of ERM which had been shown to be resistant in field and laboratory trails conducted in the 1980s. Savey, which has only been registered for 2 yr in New York and has bee shown to be highly effective throughout the season against ERM, was used as a standard treatment. A single spray of each material was applied at pink (14 May). An untreated check plot was not treated with any acaricides throughout the season. Following the treatment, ERM were counted on 25 randomly selected leaves from trees in the middle row of each plot on 25 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 6 Aug. Mites were removed from the leaves of these samples with a mite brushing machine. Data were transformed prior to analysis Log n (x + 1), and means were subjected to a Fisher’s Protected LSD Test (P ≤ 0.05).
Evaluation of Exp 61096A for Control of Rice Stink Bug in a Cage Study, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A field study was conducted to compare RSB control using EXP 61096A and a standard, methyl parathion. The experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 15 ft. Rice was drill seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 6 May and emerged on 17 May. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 75 lb N/acre as urea on 16 Jun and 30 lb N/acre on 10 and 23 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 22 Jun. Rice was 50% headed (panicle emergence) on 6 Aug. Insecticides were applied on 25 Aug with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa. Three days to applications, adult RSB were hand collected from rice fields and placed in 5-gal plastic buckets with bouquets of heading rice and weed host plants in water. Host plants were changed at 3 d intervals. Shortly before applications, 3 RSB were placed in nylon tulle sleeve cages, 4 inches diam by 14 inches long. Cage tops were closed with twist ties. RSB were herded to one end where a string was tied around the cage, effectively keeping the RSB confined to one end. Within 15 min after each insecticide application, 3 sleeve cages were pulled over 2 rice panicles and flag leaves and held in place with twist ties around the plants. Sleeve cages with RSB were also placed in plots 24, 72, and 120 h after insecticide application. After 72 h of exposure, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where RSB mortality was determined. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Selected Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experimental design was a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 20 ft. Each plot was bound by levees. Foundation seed rice was treated with fipronil 75 FS by Celpril Industries (Manteca, CA). Treated and untreated rice was drill seeded by Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 13 May and emerged between 24 and 28 May. Cool, rainy weather extended the emergence period and contributed to 5 to 15% stand reduction in plots. Propanil (Stam M4) and thiobencarb (Bolero 8 E) at 3 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 12 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 90 lb N/acre as urea on 2 Jul and 30 lb N/acre on 23 and 31 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 27 Jun. Post-flood foliar treatments of Fury, Karate, and Dimilin were made with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa. On 18 and 23 Jul three 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 3 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a Yanmar combine on 7 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA and means separated with LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate in a Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture at Eagle Lake, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. , Vawter J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and was surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 15 Apr at 80 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 45 lb nitrogen/acre, 38 lb phospho-rus/acre, and 40 lb potassium/acre. Rice emerged through soil on 25 Apr. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 22 May (27 d after application of the permanent flood), plots were flush irrigated (24 h temporary flood then drain) as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 1 qt/acre, Bolero 8 EC at 2 pt/acre and Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre. On 16 May, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 3 qt/acre, Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre, and Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 21 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre. On 24 May (2 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at the rates shown in the table using a 4-nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 1.60 gpa. At the time of Karate application, adult RWW were present in the plots. On 5 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a handheld shaker jar. On 13 Jun, plots were sprayed with Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 25 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the entire growing season was 155 lb/acre. On each of 12 Jun and 25 Jun (21 and 34 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4-inch-diam X 4-inch-deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 12 Jul, plots were sprayed with Sevin XLR Plus at 1 qt/acre to control rice stink bug. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested on 26 Aug (123 d from emergence of rice through soil). Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Preliminary Insecticide Test on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (8 May), petal fall (2 Jun), and as cover sprays on 11 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 4 Aug, and 18 Aug. Treatments of the standard compounds Guthion and Lorsban were applied at pink, petal fall, and during the first through sixth cover sprays. Treatments of CM-007 alone and in combination with Silwet were applied at petal fall. DPX-MP062 30 WG (0.35 oz AI/100 gal) and (0.59 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at pink, petal fall, and during the 1st through 6th cover sprays. A mixture of DPX-MP062 30 WG (0.35 oz (AI)/100 gal) and Lorsban 50 W (5.3 oz (AI)/100 gal) was also applied at pink, petal fall, and 1C-6C. Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (0.05 oz (AI)/100 gal) and (0.10 oz (AI)/100 gal) was combined with oil (0.125%) and applied at first hatch of the first generation of CM (ca. 1C). After the initial treatment with Agri-Mek 0.15 EC, Guthion 50 W (4.0 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at 3C-6C. Treatments were replicated 3 times on single-tree plots (2 ‘McIntosh’ trees and 1 '‘Cortland’) and arranged in a RCB design. Damage from the first generation of CM was estimated by sampling 100 apples on each tree in each replication on 7 Jul. At harvest (8-10 Sep), 100 apples were collected from each tree in each replication and examined for in-sect damage. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication on 21 Jul. The 1st generation of WALH was counted on 25 randomly selected fruit cluster spur leaves on 12 Jun and the second generation was counted on 50 randomly selected spur leaves on 28 Aug. First generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 25 fruit clusters from the trees in each replication on 11 Jul. Second generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 8-10 distal leaves on 20 randomly selected “hardened off” terminals/replication on 28 Aug. Foliar pest counts were transformed Logn (x + 1) and percentages of damaged and clean fruit were transformed Arcsin (Sqrt x) prior to analysis. Treatments means were subjected to a Fisher’s Protected LSD Test (P ≤ 0.05).
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 61096A 100 Ec and Exp 60949A 1.5 G in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. Or 2 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with 100 lb seed/acre. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24-48 h then drain). On 10 May, rice emerged through the soil. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 30 May (20 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagrar at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied with a 2-person, 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before application of the permanent flood EXP 61096A 100 EC and EXP 60949A 1.5 G were applied at the rates in the table to selected plots. Granular insecticide was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 2 Jun (3 d after application of the permanent flood), EXP 61096A 100 EC and Karate 1 EC were applied at the rates in the table to selected plots. Liquid formulations of insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 193 lb/acre. On each of 28 Jun and 9 Jul (29 and 40 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (22 Aug = 104 d from emergence) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted tc 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Sorghum Midge Suppression on Sorghum, 1997
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. , Pendleton B. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacies of 13 insecticides to control sorghum midge were evaluated at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of 6 sorghum hybrids of different maturity rates was mixed together and planted 29 May on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Mixtures of hybrids of different maturity were used to simulate sorghum with nonuniform flowering as often occurs in fields of sorghum. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots 6 rows X 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots. Insecticides were applied between 0630 and 0930 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with 4, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Insecticides were applied on 24 (when 10-50% of the panicles were flowering), 28, and 31 Jul (when 95-100% of panicles were flowering). Just before the 1st application, 10 panicles per replication of each treatment were enclosed individually in clear plastic bags, and the panicles were cut and taken to a laboratory where the number of adult sorghum midges were counted. Prior to the 2nd and 3rd applications, 5 panicles per plot were visually inspected and the number of adult sorghum midges recorded. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from the 2 treated rows of each plot. Panicles in these rows were visually rated for kernel damage based on a scale of 1-9, where 1 = 0-10% to 9 = 81-90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand harvested from 2, 8.75-ft sections of treated row per plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
Comparison of Insecticides Against Oblr on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of water/acre to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards: (1) ‘Idared’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were 10 ft high, 12 ft wide and with rows 20 ft apart, (2) ‘Delicious’ trees (Buhr orchard), which were 10 ft high, 9 ft wide and with rows 20 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated once in each orchard. Six schedules of a mixture of Confirm 2F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) and Latron B-1956 (16 oz/acre) were compared: (1) An initial spray was applied at the first catch of moths (20 Jun) followed by sprays on 1 Jul, 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (2) An initial spray was applied at the first catch of moths (20 Jun), followed by a spray at first hatch (1 Jul); (3) An initial spray was applied at first catch (20 Jun) followed by another spray on 16 Jul; (4) The initial spray was applied at the estimated mid-point of cumulative egg hatch (16 Jul), followed by a spray on 30 Jul; (5) The initial spray was applied at first hatch (1 Jul) followed by another spray at the estimated mid-point of cumulative egg hatch (16 Jul); (6) spray was applied at first hatch (1 Jul), followed by sprays on 16 Jul and 30 Jul. Also, Confirm 2°F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) + summer oil, Confirm 2°F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) and Confirm 2°F (3.0 oz (AI)/acre) 1 Latron B-1956 (16 oz/acre) were applied on 1 Jul, 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Three treatments of Spinosad 2 SC were compared: (1) Spinosad 2 SC (1.0 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch on (1 Jul), followed by additional sprays on 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (2) Spinosad 2 SC (1.25 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch (1 Jul), and on 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (3) Spinosad 2 SC (1.0 oz (AI)/acre) plus Confirm 2°F (3.0 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch (1 Jul), 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Lorsban 50 W (24 oz (AI)/acre) was applied as a standard treatment at first hatch (1 Jul), 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Check plots were not sprayed with insecticides during the test. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of five randomly selected trees/plot for live larvae on 29 Jul. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated initially on 11, 12 Aug by sampling 100-200 apples from each of 4 randomly selected trees/plot. At harvest (30 Sep, Buhr orchard and 3 Oct, Nesbitt orchard), 200 apples were picked from each plot and OBLR damaged fruit was classified according to USDA grading standards into the categories of “Fancy”, #1 and culls.
Insecticidal Control of the West Indian Canefly-Small Plot Insecticide Test, 1997
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticidal control of the WIC was evaluated in a RCB design (5 replications) of variety ‘CP 74-383’ first ratoon sugarcane at Glendale Plantation, Edgard, LA, during the summer of 1997. Treatments were randomly assigned to field plots 3 rows X 30 ft long. Each treatment was applied in water using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two 8004 T-Jet flat fan spray tips per row positioned to apply the spray upward into the whorl of the sugarcane plants. Output pressure was 32 psi and the sprayer was calibrated to deliver 16 gpa. Insecticide treatments were applied on 15 Sep and evaluated 18 and 25 Sep and 15 Oct by counting the number of live WIC per leaf (3rd leaf below the whorl) for 12 plants per plot.
Early Season Thrips Control and Impact on Aphid Population Densities in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1997
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. Delano 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco, variety K-326, was transplanted on 1 Apr 1997 at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Guidelines and included a preplant tank mixture of Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 pounds per acre. Plots, 2 rows wide (44-inch row spacing) by 20 feet long, were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Plots were separated on each side with one fallow border row and at each end with an alley six feet wide. On 8 Apr, 21 Apr, and 15 May, seven insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 19.2 gpaat40psi. The number of live thrips and aphids on 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th plant of the 2nd row was recorded from each plot prior to treatment (Pre-t) and weekly thereafter until 20 Jun. All plots were examined weekly for TSWV symptomatic plants, and the percent TSWV incidence was recorded. Plants no. 2 to 11 in the second row were harvested 4 times from 24 Jun to 30 Jul and cured. Cured samples were graded by USDA Graders and a grade index (1-99) was assigned to each sample based on equivalent grades-the higher the value, the higher the grade. All data were subjected to ANOVA and the means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05).