bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose attenuates the severity of experimental necrotising enterocolitis by enhancing mesenteric perfusion in the neonatal intestine
Authors: Good Misty , Sodhi Chhinder P. , Yamaguchi Yukihiro , Jia Hongpeng , Lu Peng , Fulton William B. , Martin Laura Y. , Prindle Thomas , Nino Diego F. , Zhou Qinjie , Ma Congrong , Ozolek John A. , Buck Rachael H. , Goehring Karen C. , Hackam David J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNecrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a common disease in premature infants characterised by intestinal ischaemia and necrosis. The only effective preventative strategy against NEC is the administration of breast milk, although the protective mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesise that an abundant human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) in breast milk, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), protects against NEC by enhancing intestinal mucosal blood flow, and we sought to determine the mechanisms underlying this protection. Administration of HMO-2′FL protected against NEC in neonatal wild-type mice, resulted in a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers and preserved the small intestinal mucosal architecture. These protective effects occurred via restoration of intestinal perfusion through up-regulation of the vasodilatory molecule endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), as administration of HMO-2′FL toeNOS-deficient mice or to mice that received eNOS inhibitors did not protect against NEC, and by 16S analysis HMO-2′FL affected the microbiota of the neonatal mouse gut, although these changes do not seem to be the primary mechanism of protection. Induction of eNOS by HMO-2′FL was also observed in cultured endothelial cells, providing a link between eNOS and HMO in the endothelium. These data demonstrate that HMO-2′FL protects against NEC in part through maintaining mesenteric perfusion via increased eNOS expression, and suggest that the 2′FL found in human milk may be mediating some of the protective benefits of breast milk in the clinical setting against NEC.
Assessing the diversity, host-specificity and infection patterns of apicomplexan parasites in reptiles from Oman, Arabia
Authors: MAIA JOÃO P. , HARRIS D. JAMES , CARRANZA SALVADOR , GOMÉZ-DÍAZ ELENA 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYUnderstanding the processes that shape parasite diversification, their distribution and abundance provides valuable information on the dynamics and evolution of disease. In this study, we assessed the diversity, distribution, host-specificity and infection patterns of apicomplexan parasites in amphibians and reptiles from Oman, Arabia. Using a quantitative PCR approach we detected three apicomplexan parasites (haemogregarines, lankesterellids and sarcocystids). A total of 13 haemogregarine haplotypes were identified, which fell into four main clades in a phylogenetic framework. Phylogenetic analysis of six new lankesterellid haplotypes revealed that these parasites were distinct from, but phylogenetically related to, knownLankesterellaspecies and might represent new taxa. The percentage of infected hosts (prevalence) and the number of haemogregarines in the blood (parasitaemia) varied significantly between gecko species. We also found significant differences in parasitaemia between haemogregarine parasite lineages (defined by phylogenetic clustering of haplotypes), suggesting differences in host–parasite compatibility between these lineages. ForPristurus rupestris, we found significant differences in haemogregarine prevalence between geographical areas. Our results suggest that host ecology and host relatedness may influence haemogregarine distributions and, more generally, highlight the importance of screening wild hosts from remote regions to provide new insights into parasite diversity.
Mechanisms of mortality in Culicoides biting midges due to Haemoproteus infection
Authors: BUKAUSKAITĖ DOVILĖ , BERNOTIENĖ RASA , IEZHOVA TATJANA A. , VALKIŪNAS GEDIMINAS 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYWe examined the effects of Haemoproteus infection on the survival and pathology caused in the biting midges. Forty-six females of Culicoides impunctatus were exposed experimentally by allowing them to feed on a naturally infected red-backed shrike infected with Haemoproteus lanii (lineage hRB1, gametocytaemia 5·2%). Seventeen females were fed on an uninfected bird (controls). Dead insects were collected, counted and used for dissection, histological examination and polymerase chain reaction-based testing. Parasites were present in all experimentally infected biting midges, but absent from control insects. Survivorship differed significantly between the control and infected groups. Twelve hours post-exposure (PE), 45 (98%) experimentally infected midges were dead, but all control midges remained alive, and many of them survived until 7 day PE. The migrating ookinetes of H. lanii overfilled midgut, markedly damaged the midgut wall, entered the haemocoel and overfilled the abdomen and thorax of exposed biting midges. Massive infection by migrating ookinetes led to damage of abdomen and thorax of biting midges. The parasites often present in large clumps in the haemocoel in abdomen and thorax, leading to the interruption of the haemolymph circulation. These are the main reasons for rapid death of biting midges after feeding on high-intensity infections of Haemoproteus parasites.
Border Anxiety: Culture, Identity and Belonging
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper considers the ethical choices confronting European countries in relation to what has been described as border anxiety. Last year over a million migrants and asylum-seekers crossed European Union borders and the flow has shown no sign of diminishing. This unprecedented movement of people has attracted two main responses. A core issue for both is the Schengen principle of open borders and opinion is split between those who believe that the sheer weight of numbers of would-be migrants requires the reintroduction of strictly controlled frontiers, and those who demand a prompt and sympathetic response to the plight of refugees from war-torn countries. These two positions, however, do not constitute the sum of the moral debate. A broader appraisal of the issues must take account of matters of culture and identity, partiality and preference, and also of some rather more arcane questions about the ethics of ownership, the notion of belonging, and the legitimacy of preferring your ‘own’, whether at a global, national, or personal level. The complexity of this debate and its internal paradoxes throw light on some contemporary concerns about the threat the current situation may pose to Europe's own historic culture and identity.
Do Personal Budgets Increase the Risk of Abuse? Evidence from English National Data
Authors: ISMAIL MOHAMED , HUSSEIN SHEREEN , STEVENS MARTIN , WOOLHAM JOHN , MANTHORPE JILL , ASPINAL FIONA , BAXTER KATE , SAMSI KRITIKA 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWith the continued implementation of the personalisation policy, Personal Budgets (PBs) have moved to the mainstream in adult social care in England. The relationship between the policy goals of personalisation and safeguarding is contentious. Some have argued that PBs have the potential to empower recipients, while others believe PBs, especially Direct Payments, might increase the risk of abuse.This paper provides empirical evidence about levels of uptake of PBs and safeguarding referrals in England based on in-depth analysis of national data at aggregate, local council level in England, covering 152 Councils. This is complemented by analysis of 2,209 individual referral records obtained from three purposively selected study sites. The aim is to explore whether available data could provide evidence of association between the uptake of PBs and safeguarding referrals. Analysis of the national dataset found no significant relationships between PB uptake and the level and type of alleged abuse. However, analysis of individual-level referral data, from the three selected sites did find some significant associations particularly with financial abuse; and found the main perpetrators of the alleged abuse to be home-care employees. The findings are discussed within the context of current policy and practice.
A Survey of Excavations and Studies on Ostia (2004–2014)
Authors: Pavolini Carlo 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe paper is a bibliographical and critical survey of the archaeological research on ancient Ostia and Portus in the decade 2004–2014. The first part deals with some general themes, such as cults, architectural typologies and urban history, decoration: wall-paintings, mosaics and marble, the guilds and their seats, trades, etc. The second part is a survey of individual monuments and buildings which have been the subject of recent excavations and interpretations. The critical problem of late antique Ostia is treated separately, as well as the archaeology of Isola Sacra and Portus, with the Imperial harbours.
A 10-year cohort analysis of routine paediatric ART data in a rural South African setting
Authors: LILIAN R. R. , MUTASA B. , RAILTON J. , MONGWE W. , McINTYRE J. A. , STRUTHERS H. E. , PETERS R. P. H. 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYSouth Africa's paediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme is managed using a monitoring and evaluation tool known as TIER.Net. This electronic system has several advantages over paper-based systems, allowing profiling of the paediatric ART programme over time. We analysed anonymized TIER.Net data for HIV-infected children aged <15 years who had initiated ART in a rural district of South Africa between 2005 and 2014. We performed Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to assess outcomes over time. Records of 5461 children were available for analysis; 3593 (66%) children were retained in care. Losses from the programme were higher in children initiated on treatment in more recent years (P< 0·0001) and in children aged ≤1 year at treatment initiation (P< 0·0001). For children aged <3 years, abacavir was associated with a significantly higher rate of loss from the programme compared to stavudine (hazard ratio 1·9,P< 0·001). Viral load was suppressed in 48–52% of the cohort, with no significant change over the years (P= 0·398). Analysis of TIER.Net data over time provides enhanced insights into the performance of the paediatric ART programme and highlights interventions to improve programme performance.
Bourbon manoeuvres in the plaza: shifting urban models in late colonial Lima
Authors: RAMÓN GABRIEL 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT:Most colonial Hispanic American cities were originally planned around a main plaza, which was a multifunctional square crucial for urban life. This spatial model for the whole city based on a main square is termed thePlaza Mayormodel. Bourbon reforms of the second half of the eighteenth century aimed at transforming this model according to aPlaza de Armasorganization. Here, these two models (Plaza MayorandPlaza de Armas) are characterized, and their contradictions in terms of political projects and quotidian city life are analysed. For late colonial Lima, Bourbon efforts to introduce thePlaza de Armasare shown to have affected both the main function of the central square and the entire urban system.
Cytotoxicity of Experimental Resin Composites on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Two Oral Sources
Authors: Roman Alexandra , Páll Emöke , Moldovan Mărioara , Rusu Darian , Şoriţău Olga , Feştilă Dana , Lupşe Mihaela 
Published: September 2016

AbstractResin composite materials that are used to restore tooth cervical lesions associated with gingival recessions can hamper healing after root coverage surgeries. This study evaluates thein vitrocytotoxic effect of five resin composites (two commercial and three experimental) on oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the persistence of stemness properties in high passage MSCs. Sorption and solubility tests were made for all materials. MSCs were isolated from re-entry palatal and periodontal granulation tissues and were characterized and cultured on composite discs. Cytotoxicity of the materials was evaluated by the Alamar Blue viability test, by Paul Karl Horan (PKH) labeling, and by immunocytochemical staining for actin. Water and saliva sorption and solubility data revealed that two of the experimental materials behaved comparable with the marketed resin composites. The Alamar Blue viability test shows that both cell lines grew well on composite discs that seemed to induce no apparent toxic effects. No signs of disruption of cytoskeleton organization was seen. Experimental resin composites can be recommended for further investigation for obtaining approval for use. The standard minimal criteria were fulfilled for high passage MSCs. Palatal tissue regains its regenerative properties in terms of MSC presence in the re-entry area after 6 months of healing.
Development of 3D biological effective dose distribution software program
Authors: Khadsiri Patchareewan , Tharavichitkul Ekkasit , Saekho Suwit , Chawapun Nisa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPurposeTo develop a software program to convert physical dose distribution into biological effective dose (BED).MethodsThe MATLAB-based BED distribution software program was designed to import the radiotherapy treatment plan from the computer treatment planning system and to convert the physical dose distribution into the BED distribution. The BED calculation was based on the linear-quadratic-linear model (LQ-L model). Besides radiobiological parameters, other specific data could be fed in through the panel. The accuracy of the program was verified by comparing the BED distribution with manual calculation.ResultsThis software program was able to import the radiotherapy treatment plans and pull out pixel-wised physical dose for BED calculation, and display the isoBED lines on the computed tomographic (CT) image. The verification of BED dose distribution was performed in both phantom and clinical cases. It revealed that there were no differences between the program and manual BED calculations.ConclusionIt is feasible and practical to use this in-house BED distribution software program in clinical practices and research work. However, it should be used with caution as the validity of the program depends on the accuracy of the published biological parameters.
Unilateral vocal cord paralysis in squamous cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: Syed Yusef A. , Ma Sung Jun , Gomez Jorge 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimWe report a unique presentation of a late side effect associated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of the lung.SummaryThe case of a 65-year-old male who developed left-sided vocal cord paralysis after two courses of SBRT for squamous cell lung carcinoma is presented. The patient developed this late toxicity 15 months after his second treatment, which was to address a recurrence in the perihilar region of the left upper lobe.
Formative evaluation of practice changes for managing depression within a Shared Care model in primary care
Authors: Beaulac Julie , Edwards Jeanette , Steele Angus 
Published: September 2016

AimTo investigate the implementation and initial impact of the Physician Integrated Network (PIN) mental health indicators, which are specific to screening and managing follow-up for depression, in three primary care practices with Shared Mental Health Care in Manitoba.BackgroundManitoba Health undertook a primary care renewal initiative in 2006 called the PIN, which included the development of mental health indicators specific to screening and managing follow-up for depression. These indicators were implemented in three PIN group practice sites in Manitoba, which are also part of Shared Mental Health Care.MethodsThe design was a non-experimental longitudinal design. A formative evaluation investigated the implementation and initial impact of the mental health indicators using mixed methods (document review, survey, and interview). Quantitative data was explored using descriptive and comparative statistics and a content and theme analysis of the qualitative interviews was conducted. Survey responses were received from 32 out of 36 physicians from the three sites. Interviews were conducted with 15 providers.FindingsThis evaluation illustrated providers’ perceived attitudes, knowledge, skills, and behaviours related to recognizing and treating depression and expanded our understanding of primary care processes related to managing depression related to the implementation of a new initiative. Depression is viewed as an important problem in primary care practice that is time consuming to diagnose, manage and treat and requires further investigation. Implementation of the PIN mental health indicators was variable across sites and providers. There was an increase in use of the indicators across time and a general sentiment that benefits of screening outweigh the costs; however, the benefit of screening for depression remains unclear. Consistent with current guidelines, a question the findings of this evaluation suggests is whether there are more effective ways of having an impact on depression within primary care than screening.
Flare stars across the H-R diagram: a clue to the origin of the corona
Authors: Balona L. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractKepler observations show that starspots and superflares are present in A stars. An analysis of Kepler short-cadence data shows that the relative number of A/F flare stars is only a factor of four smaller than K/M flare stars, which can be explained as a selection effect. The average maximum flare amplitude does not depend much on spectral type, which is to be expected if the size of the active region scales in proportion to the stellar radius. The presence of starspots and superflares in A stars suggests that these stars have magnetic fields. However, X-ray observations show that A stars do not possess coronae. I therefore conclude that convection in the stellar envelope is a necessary condition for the formation of the corona. A magnetic field may be necessary to enable coronal heating.
On the origin of solar and stellar flares
Authors: Ibadov Subhon , Ibodov Firuz S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSolar and stellar flares due to impacts of comet nuclei and falling evaporating bodies, FEBs, with the Sun/stars are analytically considered. It is shown that impacts of sun/stargrazing comets will be accompanied by essential aerodynamic effects: nuclei crushing and expansion/ flattening of crushed mass within the chromosphere. These processes lead to impulse generation of a hot plasma, strong shock wave in the thin layer near photosphere, eruption of the hot ionized clump to the lower corona, i.e., impact-induced solar/stellar flares.
Statistical properties of superflares on solar-type stars based on the Kepler 1-min cadence data
Authors: Maehara Hiroyuki , Shibayama Takuya , Notsu Yuta , Notsu Shota , Honda Satoshi , Nogami Daisaku , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe searched for superflares on solar-type stars using the Kepler short-cadence (1-min sampling) data in order to detect superflares with short duration. We found 187 superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the order of 1032 erg to 1036 erg. Using these new data combined with the results from the data with 30-min sampling, we found the occurrence frequency (dN/dE) of superflares as a function of flare energy (E) shows the power-law distribution (dN/dE ∝ E−α) with α=1.5 for 1033 < E < 1036 erg. The upper limit of energy released by superflares is basically comparable to a fraction of the magnetic energy stored near starspots which is estimated from the amplitude of brightness variations. We also found that the duration of superflares (τ) increases with the flare energy (E) as τ ∝ E0.39±0.03. This can be explained if we assume the time-scale of flares is determined by the Alfvén time.
The estimate of hot Jupiter mass loss rate in the interaction with CME from a solar type star
Authors: Bisikalo Dmitry V. , Cherenkov Alexander A. , Kaygorodov Pavel V. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe consider the influence of a coronal mass ejection (CME) of a solar type star on the mass loss rate of a hot Jupiter exoplanet. We have conducted 3D numerical gas-dynamic simulations of the planet's atmosphere that interacts with CME. Using the results of these simulations we have estimated the specific parameters that influence the mass loss rate. Based on the assumption that CME totally sweeps away part of the planet's gaseous envelope located outside the Roche lobe we estimated the maximum mass loss rate. Finally, we have considered the dependence of mass loss rate on the frequency of CMEs in course of star's evolution.
The Reflecting Heliometer of Rio de Janeiro after 6 years of activity
Authors: Boscardin S. C. , Sigismondi C. , Penna J. L. , D'Avila V. , Reis-Neto E. , Andrei A.H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStarted its regular, daily operational phase in 2011, by the occasion of the Symp264 in the XXVII IAU GA at Rio de Janeiro, the results so far obtained show that the Heliometer of the Observatorio Nacional fulfilled its planed performance of single measurement to the level of few tens of milli-arcsecond, freely pivoting around the heliolatitudes without systematic deviations or error enhancement. We present and discuss the astrometric additions required on ground based astronomic programs. We also discuss instrumental and observations terms, namely the constancy of the basic heliometric angle, against which the measurements are made, and the independence to meteorological and pointing conditions.
Solar activities observed with the New Vacuum Solar Telescope
Authors: Yang Shuhong , Zhang Jun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBased on the New Vacuum Solar Telescope observations, some new results about the solar activities are obtained. (1) In the Hα line, a flux rope tracked by filament activation is detected for the first time. There may exist some mild heating during the filament activation. (2) The direct observations illustrate the mechanism of confined flares, i.e., the flares are triggered by magnetic reconnection between the emerging loops and the pre-existing loops and prevented from being eruptive by the overlying loops. (3) The solid observational evidence of magnetic reconnection between two sets of small-scale loops is reported. The successive slow reconnection changes the conditions around the reconnection area and leads to the rapid reconnection. (4) An ensemble of oscillating bright features rooted in a light bridge is observed and given a new name, light wall. The light wall oscillations may be due to the leakage of p-modes from below the photosphere.
Restricted propagation of an “EIT wave” in the low solar corona
Authors: Long David M. , Pérez–Suárez David , Valori Gherardo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe present observations of an “EIT wave” associated with an X-class flare from 2012 July 6, the propagation of which was severely restricted by the magnetic structure of the solar corona surrounding the erupting active region. The “EIT wave” was observed by both SDO and STEREO-A, allowing a three-dimensional examination of how the propagation of the disturbance was affected both by a neighbouring coronal hole and a trans-equatorial loop system. In addition, the eruption was observed at the limb by the ground-based CoMP instrument, allowing the Doppler motion associated with the eruption and resulting coronal loop oscillation to be investigated in detail. This combination of data-sets provides a unique insight into the three-dimensional evolution of the “EIT wave” and its effects on the surrounding corona.