bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigen Acquisition Enables Newly Arriving B Cells To Enter Ongoing Immunization-Induced Germinal Centers
Authors: Turner Jackson S. , Benet Zachary L. , Grigorova Irina L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Modern vaccines must be designed to generate long-lasting, high-affinity, and broadly neutralizing Ab responses against pathogens. The diversity of B cell clones recruited into germinal center (GC) responses is likely to be important for the Ag-neutralization potential of the Ab-secreting cells and memory cells generated upon immunization. However, the factors that influence the diversity of B cell clones recruited into GCs are unclear. As recirculating naive Ag-specific B cells arrive in Ag-draining secondary lymphoid organs, they may join the ongoing GC response. However, the factors that limit their entry are not well understood, and it is not known how that depends on the stage of the ongoing follicular T cell and GC B cell response. In this article, we show that, in mice, naive B cells have a limited window of time during which they can undergo Ag-driven activation and join ongoing immunization-induced GC responses. However, preloading naive B cells with even a threshold-activating amount of Ag is sufficient to rescue their entry into the GC response during its initiation, peak, and contraction. Based on these results, we suggest that productive acquisition of Ag may be one of the main factors limiting entry of new B cell clones into ongoing immunization-triggered GC responses.
Em um mundo de incertezas: um survey sobre controle interno em uma perspectiva pública e privada
Authors: Sousa Rossana Guerra de , Souto Saulo Diógenes Azevedo Santos , Nicolau Antônio Moreira 
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2017v14n31p155Sob a perspectiva da uniformização entre a teoria e a prática quanto à gestão do controle interno nos segmentos público e privado, tendo a estrutura do COSO ICIF 2013 como base, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar como as organizações têm implementado o conceito, as dimensões centrais do controle interno e quais os desafios envolvidos neste processo. A partir da percepção dos atores organizacionais, que avaliam estas questões no seu contexto institucional, foi conduzido um survey com uso da escala de medição de Likert. Os dados foram analisados em conjunto e, em sequência, descritiva e comparativamente entre os segmentos público e privado com teste Mann-Whitney. Os resultados apontam que, nos dois segmentos, o conceito de controle é majoritariamente identificado com sua forma funcional, o que pode impactar na eficácia da gestão do sistema de controle, especialmente quanto à definição da responsabilização sobre as ações de controle na entidade. Os respondentes, públicos e privados, convergem na percepção da relativa implementação das dimensões de controle relacionadas ao ambiente de controle e sistemas de informação e comunicação, tendo como principais desafios visualizados a institucionalização da gestão de riscos, atividades de controle e, com destaque, do monitoramento. Os achados refletem a dificuldade da absorção e institucionalização de conceitos e das dimensões centrais estruturadas para a gestão dos controles nas organizações públicas e privadas. Este cenário pode conduzir à ineficiência do sistema de controle, implementado ou idealizado, gerando custos sem a contraprestação da obtenção dos benefícios relacionados ao alcance dos objetivos organizacionais. A atuação na divulgação e profissionalização do segmento de gestão de controles pode se constituir em uma das poucas alternativas viáveis para contornar este cenário, desde que unida, de modo indissociável, à decisão dos gestores públicos e privados neste caminho.
Uncertainty Analysis for Calm Water Tow Tank Measurements
Authors: Nikolov Margaret C. , Judge Carolyn Q. 
Published: July 2017

Uncertainty quantification is critical in the analysis and interpretation of experimental data. Tow-tank testing of high-speed planing craft is subject to various sources of uncertainty, both systematic and random, which impact the overall uncertainty in the estimate. This paper presents an approach for quantifying and combining the different sources of uncertainty in these types of experiments. A linear mixed-effect model is proposed to account for variability both between experimental runs and within experimental runs in the random uncertainty. Expressions for the combined uncertainty, and associated degrees of freedom, are developed. The paper offers a step-by-step guide for using the proposed method to construct confidence intervals, and shows a detailed example for a single testing condition. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides larger estimates of random uncertainty when the within-run variability is of a magnitude similar to the between-run variability. This translates to larger combined uncertainties—and wider confidence intervals—when the random uncertainty is a major contributor to the combined uncertainty. The paper includes estimates and associated expanded, combined uncertainties for speed, sinkage, and trim based on experimental data from high-speed model testing conducted at the U.S. Naval Academy in August 2013 and May 2014.

1. Introduction
Uncertainty analysis is a critical component to any experimental investigation. When data are collected or measurements are made, it is for the purpose of assisting with decision-making, such as risk assessments in design or validating simulation results. Uncertainty analysis is a way to estimate the likely magnitude of difference between a test result and the "true" value, an unknown quantity. Moffat (1982) states that quantification of "[uncertainty is the prediction of the uncertainty interval which should be associated with an experimental result, based on observations of the scatter in the raw data used in calculating the result." There are significant challenges in identifying and quantifying the uncertainties associated with the measurements, and development of a formal procedure for uncertainty analysis has been progressing for over 60 years (Kline & McClintock 1953; Abernathy et al. 1985; Moffat 1982; Moffat 1985; ISO 1995; Coleman & Steele 2009; AIAA 1995; ASME 2013; ITTC 2008). However, tow tank testing and, in particular, testing of high-speed craft, create unique challenges that are often not covered sufficiently in the existing guidelines.
Instructional Management Skills and Effectiveness of Physical Education Instructors in Higher Education Institutions in Cebu City, Philippines
Authors: Coronel Hazel Socorro , Ferrater-Gimena Judy Ann 
Published: July 2017

Teaching has become multiple jobs. It could be in myriad aspects and in harmony with the context of effectiveness and improvement course. It is concerned with a wider range of outcomes, social, and affective. The study determined the instructional management skills and level of effectiveness of the PE instructors of the three higher education institutions of Cebu City, Philippines. A total of 24 instructors coming from three selected institutions participated in the study. There were 14 instructors from the University A, seven instructors from University B, and three instructors from University C. The study utilized a descriptive research method. It uses a researcher-designed survey tool to gather data on the profile of physical education instructors; their instructional effectiveness as well their management skills. There was correlation analysis on the profile and instructional management skills and the level of effectiveness. The ratings of the PE instructors of the three universities on the instructional management skills and instructional effectiveness were very good. Age, gender, education, teaching experiences, and seminar had nothing to do with instructional management skills and effectiveness of the PE instructors. However, there was a significant relationship between their instructional management skills and their instructional effectiveness. The majority of the PE teachers of the three institutions were positive on the given support of the administration in the form of facilities, materials, and equipment. Multimedia resources should be enriched to upgrade learning in physical education.
Three‐dimensional modeling of lightning‐induced electromagnetic pulses on Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn
Authors: Pérez‐Invernón F. J. , Luque A. , Gordillo‐Vázquez F. J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhile lightning activity in Venus is still controversial, its existence in Jupiter and Saturn was first detected by the Voyager missions and later on confirmed by Cassini and New Horizons optical recordings in the case of Jupiter, and recently by Cassini on Saturn in 2009. Based on a recently developed 3‐D model, we investigate the influence of lightning‐emitted electromagnetic pulses on the upper atmosphere of Venus, Saturn, and Jupiter. We explore how different lightning properties such as total energy released and orientation (vertical, horizontal, and oblique) can produce mesospheric transient optical emissions of different shapes, sizes, and intensities. Moreover, we show that the relatively strong background magnetic field of Saturn can enhance the lightning‐induced quasi‐electrostatic and inductive electric field components above 1000 km of altitude producing stronger transient optical emissions that could be detected from orbital probes.
Statistical study of the storm time radiation belt evolution during Van Allen Probes era: CME‐ versus CIR‐driven storms
Authors: Shen Xiao‐Chen , Hudson Mary K. , Jaynes Allison N. , Shi Quanqi , Tian Anmin , Claudepierre Seth G. , Qin Mu‐Rong , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Sun Wei‐Jie 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCoronal mass ejection (CME)‐driven or corotating interaction region (CIR)‐driven storms can change the electron distributions in the radiation belt dramatically, which can in turn affect the spacecraft in this region or induce geomagnetic effects. The Van Allen Probes twin spacecraft, launched on 30 August 2012, orbit near the equatorial plane and across a wide range of L∗ with apogee at 5.8 RE and perigee at 620 km. Electron data from Van Allen Probes MagEIS and REPT instruments have been binned every 6 h at L∗=3 (defined as 2.5 < L∗<3.5), 4 (3.5 < L∗<4.5), 5 (4.5 < L∗<5.5). The superposed epoch analysis shows that (1) CME storms induce more electron flux enhancement at L∗=3 for energy channels below 1 MeV than CIR storms; (2) CME storms induce more electron flux enhancement at L∗=4 and 5 in the energy channels above 1 MeV than CIR storms; (3) CIR storms induce more electron flux enhancement at L∗=4 and 5 in the energy channels below 1 MeV than CME storms; (4) intense CME induce more than 50 times flux enhancement for the energy channel around 400 keV at L∗=3; (5) intense CIR induce more than 50 times flux enhancement for the energy channel around 200 keV at L∗=4. These results are consistent with a general picture of enhanced convection over a longer period for CIR storms which increased flux closer to geosynchronous orbit consistent with earlier studies, while CME storms likely produce deeper penetration of enhanced flux and local heating which is greater at higher energies at lower L∗.
Parametric decay of current‐driven Langmuir waves in plateau plasmas: Relevance to solar wind and foreshock events
Authors: Sauer Konrad , Malaspina David M. , Pulupa Marc , Salem Chadi S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLangmuir amplitude modulation in association with type III radio bursts is a well‐known phenomenon since the beginning of space observations. It is commonly attributed to the superposition of beam‐excited Langmuir waves and their backscattered counterparts as a result of parametric decay. The dilemma, however, is the discrepancy between fast beam relaxation and long‐lasting Langmuir wave activity. Instead of starting with an unstable electron beam, our focus in this paper is on the nonlinear response of Langmuir oscillations that are driven after beam stabilization by the still persisting current of the (stable) two‐electron plasma. The velocity distribution function of the second population forms a plateau (index h) with a point at which
associated with weak damping over a more or less extended wave number range k. As shown by particle‐in‐cell simulations, this so‐called plateau plasma drives primarily Langmuir oscillations at the plasma frequency (ωe) with k = 0 over long times without remarkable change of the distribution function. These Langmuir oscillations act as a pump wave for parametric decay by which an electron‐acoustic wave slightly below ωe and a counterstreaming ion‐acoustic wave are generated. Both high‐frequency waves have nearly the same amplitude, which is given by the product of plateau density and velocity. Beating of these two wave types leads to pronounced Langmuir amplitude modulation, in reasonable agreement with solar wind and terrestrial foreshock observations made by the Wind spacecraft.
Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric, biobased, nonisocyanate polyurethane from natural rubber
Authors: Jaratrotkamjorn Ruedee , Nourry Arnaud , Pasetto Pamela , Choppé Emilie , Panwiriyarat Wannarat , Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Pilard Jean‐François 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTLinear and crosslinked polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) based on natural rubber (NR) were synthesized by a polyaddition reaction without a solvent or catalyst to exploit the reactivity of diamines or triamines with dicyclic carbonate groups. Oligo‐isoprenes were obtained from the controlled oxidative degradation of NR and successive modifications of the chain ends. The syntheses of linear PHU were carried out with two approaches. The first one consisted of a reaction between amino telechelic oligo‐isoprenes and aromatic or aliphatic dicyclic carbonates. The second approach proceeded through a reaction between oligo‐isoprenes bearing cyclic carbonate chain ends and difunctional or trifunctional amines. The evolution of these reactions was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The influence of the carbonate‐to‐amine molar ratio, the chain length of the oligo‐isoprenes, and the reaction temperatures were investigated. The thermal properties of the PHUs were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45427.
The Unified Frame of Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Three Classes of Matrix Equations Arising in Control Theory
Authors: Ke Yi‐Fen , Ma Chang‐Feng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this paper, the unified frame of alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed for solving three classes of matrix equations arising in control theory including the linear matrix equation, the generalized Sylvester matrix equation and the quadratic matrix equation. The convergence properties of ADMM and numerical results are presented. The numerical results show that ADMM tends to deliver higher quality solutions with less computing time on the tested problems.
Quantifying the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae translocation tags
Authors: Ehrenworth Amy M. , Haines Mitchell A. , Wong Amy , Peralta‐Yahya Pamela 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCompartmentalization of metabolic pathways into organelles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to improve chemical production. Pathway compartmentalization aids chemical production by bringing enzymes into close proximity to one another, placing enzymes near key starting metabolites or essential co‐factors, increasing the effective concentration of metabolic intermediates, and providing a more suitable chemical environment for enzymatic activity. Although several translocation tags have been used to localize enzymes to different yeast organelles, their translocation efficiencies have not been quantified. Here, we systematically quantify the translocation efficiencies of 10 commonly used S. cerevisiae tags by localizing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into three yeast organelles: the mitochondrion (4 tags), the vacuole (3 tags), and the peroxisome (3 tags). Further, we investigate whether plasmid copy number or mRNA levels vary with tag translocation efficiency. Quantification of the efficiencies of S. cerevisiae translocation tags provides an important resource for bioengineering practitioners when choosing a tag to compartmentalize their desired protein. Finally, these efficiencies can be used to determine the percentage of enzyme compartmentalization and, thus, help better quantify effects of compartmentalization on metabolic pathway efficiency.
Clinical description of a neonate carrying the largest reported deletion involving the 10p15.3p13 region
Authors: Kim Saet Byeol , Kim Young‐Eun , Jung Ji Mi , Jin Hye Young , Lim Yun‐Jung , Chung Mi Lim 
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical MessageChromosome 10p deletion is a rare disorder. This is the largest deletion in chromosome 10p reported to date and the first to be diagnosed in the early neonatal period because of severe clinical manifestations. This rare case might help to understand the genotype‐phenotype spectrum in infants with 10p deletion.
JParEnt: Parallel entropy decoding for JPEG decompression on heterogeneous multicore architectures
Authors: Sodsong Wasuwee , Jung Minyoung , Park Jinwoo , Burgstaller Bernd 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe JPEG format employs Huffman codes to compress the entropy data of an image. Huffman codewords are of variable length, which makes parallel entropy decoding a difficult problem. To determine the start position of a codeword in the bitstream, the previous codeword must be decoded first. We present JParEnt, a new approach to parallel entropy decoding for JPEG decompression on heterogeneous multicores. JParEnt conducts JPEG decompression in two steps: (1) an efficient sequential scan of the entropy data on the CPU to determine the start‐positions (boundaries) of coefficient blocks in the bitstream, followed by (2) a parallel entropy decoding step on the graphics processing unit (GPU). The block boundary scan constitutes a reinterpretation of the Huffman‐coded entropy data to determine codeword boundaries in the bitstream. We introduce a dynamic workload partitioning scheme to account for GPUs of low compute power relative to the CPU. This configuration has become common with the advent of SoCs with integrated graphics processors (IGPs). We leverage additional parallelism through pipelined execution across CPU and GPU. For systems providing a unified address space between CPU and GPU, we employ zero‐copy to completely eliminate the data transfer overhead.Our experimental evaluation of JParEnt was conducted on six heterogeneous multicore systems: one server and two desktops with dedicated GPUs, one desktop with an IGP, and two embedded systems. For a selection of more than 1000 JPEG images, JParEnt outperforms the SIMD–implementation of the libjpeg‐turbo library by up to a factor of 4.3×, and the previously fastest JPEG decompression method for heterogeneous multicores by up to a factor of 2.2×. JParEnt's entropy data scan consumes 45% of the entropy decoding time of libjpeg‐turbo on average. Given this new ratio for the sequential part of JPEG decompression, JParEnt achieves up to 97% of the maximum attainable speedup (95% on average).On the IGP‐based desktop platform, JParEnt achieves energy savings of up to 45% compared to libjpeg‐turbo's SIMD‐implementation.
Genetic Testing for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
Authors: Nallamilli Babi Ramesh Reddy , Hegde Madhuri 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also called Lynch syndrome, is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome that confers an elevated risk of early‐onset colorectal cancer (CRC) and increased lifetime risk for other cancers of the endometrium, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary system, kidney, ureter, and ovary. Lynch syndrome accounts for up to 3% of all CRC, making it the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Germline mutations in methyl‐directed mismatch repair (MMR) genes give rise to microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor DNA. Lynch syndrome is most frequently caused by pathogrenic variants in the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. Germline mutations in MLH1 and MSH2 account for approximately 90% of detected mutations in families with Lynch syndrome. Pathogenic vatiants in MSH6 have been reported in approximately 7‐10% of families with Lynch syndrome. Pathogenic variants in PMS2 account for fewer than 5% of mutations in families with Lynch syndrome. This unit presents a comprehensive molecular genetic testing strategy for Lynch syndrome including MSI analysis, next generation sequencing (NGS)‐based targeted sequence analysis, PCR‐based Sanger sequencing and microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH). © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimization of epoxidation of ricinoleic acid methyl ester by hydrogen peroxide and phase‐transfer catalyst using response surface methodology
Authors: Zhao Ke , Chen Bang , Li Cong , Xia Chao‐shuang , Li Xing‐fu , Li Ke‐bin , Shen Ye‐hua 
Published: July 2017

The epoxidation of ricinoleic acid methyl ester (RAME) has been investigated using an environmentally friendly oxidant (i.e., hydrogen peroxide) and a phase‐transfer catalyst ([π‐C5H5N(CH2)15CH3]3[PW4O16]) in dichloroethane. The response surface methodology (RSM), based on the Box–Behnken design was used to assess individual and interactive effects of the process variables and to optimize the epoxidation reaction condition. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9544) obtained from analysis of the variance confirmed the suitability of the fitted model. The RSM analysis results indicated that the molar ratio of H2O2 to CC bonds and the reaction temperature are the most significant (P < 0.01) factors affecting the conversion of RAME epoxide. In addition, the interaction between the H2O2/CC molar ratio and the catalyst dosage also has significant effect (P < 0.05) on the conversion of RAME epoxide. The optimum reaction conditions for the epoxidation of RAME were H2O2: CC molar ratio of 1.93:1, catalyst dosage of 3.11 wt% (substrate:catalyst molar ratio = 207), reaction temperature of 52°C, and reaction time of 75 min, under which a conversion of 94.52% could be achieved. The epoxidation of RAME by hydrogen peroxide and the (π‐C5H5N[CH2]15CH3)3(PW4O16) phase‐transfer catalyst followed pseudo‐first order kinetics with an activation energy (Ea) of approximately 21.6 kJ/mol. The reaction process is a mass‐transfer control process.Practical applications: RSM was found to be a useful technique for optimizing epoxidation of RAME. The high conversion of the epoxidation of RAME indicates that (π‐C5H5N[CH2]15CH3)3(PW4O16) is a very efficient phase‐transfer catalyst for the epoxidation of RAME under the mild conditions mentioned above. The epoxidized RAME have the potential to be used as biolubricants, surfactants, biobased polymers, and surface‐active compounds for high‐value cosmetic.The epoxidized ricinoleic acid methyl ester (RAME) have great potential to be used as biolubricants, biobased polymers, and surface‐active compounds in a variety of industries. RAME is epoxidized using an environmentally friendly oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) and a phase‐transfer catalyst ([p‐C5H5N(CH2)15CH3]3[PW4O16]) in dichloroethane. The high conversion (94.52%) is achieved by using response surface methodology to optimize the epoxidation reaction variables.