bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tom L. Johnson and Cleveland Traction Wars, 1901–1909
Authors: Lough Alexandra W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTom L. Johnson made his mark on politics far from Capitol Hill, in the gritty world of turn‐of‐the‐century Cleveland, Ohio. Barely 30 years old and at the height of a successful career as an inventor, steel manufacturer, and street railway monopolist, Tom Loftin Johnson experienced a change of heart. After discovering the ideas of Henry George, Johnson became a lifelong advocate of the single tax, which he used to guide his new career in politics. In 1901, Cleveland voters elected Johnson to the first of his four terms as mayor of the industrial city of 400,000 people. During his eight‐year reign as chief executive, Cleveland took over essential services such as garbage collection, street cleaning, and lighting from private enterprise. Johnson helped humanize the city's correctional system by replacing the old workhouse with a network of farm colonies designed to rehabilitate wayward youths and adults convicted of petty crimes. Largely as a result of Johnson's efforts, Cleveland won constitutional home rule, a lower streetcar fare, the referendum, and higher taxes on the corporations that amassed giant fortunes through perpetual public franchise grants. For a short time, while he was still mayor, Cleveland owned and operated its own streetcar company, a rarity in early 20th‐century America. All of these accomplishments made Johnson something of a hero to progressive reformers. The muckraker Lincoln Steffens famously called Johnson “the best Mayor of the best‐governed city in the United States.”
Repolarization Vector Magnitude Differentiates Kawasaki Disease from Normal Children
Authors: Cortez Daniel , Patel Sonali S. , Sharma Nandita , Landeck Bruce F. , McCanta Anthony C. , Jone Pei‐Ni 
Published: January 2016

IntroductionKawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. The 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) changes in patients during the acute phase of KD include flattened T waves and prolonged corrected QT intervals (QTc). We set out to determine the 12‐lead ECG and vectorcardiography predictors for identification of patients with KD and which of these predictors would be clinically useful for early identification of those with coronary artery anomalies (CAA).MethodsA blinded, retrospective case‐control study of patients with KD and age‐matched controls was performed. Deep Q waves, QTc, spatial QRS‐T angles, and T‐wave vector magnitude (root mean square of the T wave, RMS‐T) were assessed. Comparisons between groups were performed to test for significant differences.ResultsFifty patients with KD (mean age 3.1 ± 3.1 years, 26% female) were compared to 50 previously healthy control patients (mean age 3.8 ± 2.9 years, 44% female). Of the KD patients, 32 (64%) were diagnosed as incomplete KD and 28 (56%) of them had CAA. When compared to the control group, KD patients had abnormal Q waves (72% vs 44% P = 0.005), shorter QTc values (395.1 ± 24.7 ms vs 410.4 ± 34.7 ms, P = 0.013), and lower RMS‐T (0.42 ± 0.02 mV vs 0.63 ± 0.03 mV P < 0.001), respectively. Incomplete KD was also discriminated from controls by the same parameters. No differences were noted between KD patients with versus without CAA.ConclusionThe RMS‐T differentiates complete and incomplete KD from controls. KD patients with CAA were not differentiated from those without CAA.
Ultrastructure of the mental gland of the Red‐Backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)
Authors: Sever David M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMental glands are sexually dimorphic glands found in the skin of the submandibular region in males of many species in the salamander family Plethodontidae. These glands have been demonstrated to secrete pheromones that increase female receptivity to courtship and mating. A number of studies exist on the morphology of mental glands at the light microscopy level, but ultrastructural studies on the glands exist for only two species, Eurycea quadridigitata and Hydromantes italicus. In this study, ultrastructure of the mental gland is described from seasonal samples of the eastern North American plethodontid Plethodon cinereus. The mental glands are most hypertrophied in males examined in mating condition (i.e. sperm in their Wolffian ducts) in October and April. In these specimens, 6‐ to 8‐μm electron‐dense secretory vacuoles are found in the apical cytoplasm (October) or throughout the entire epithelial cells (April). Mental glands from June and August contain only condensing vacuoles, and the cytoplasm is otherwise packed with stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the mental gland of P. cinereus agrees with earlier descriptions for E. quadridigitata and H. italicus. Two other sexually dimorphic skin glands, the caudal courtship gland and the cloacal vent gland, were previously examined from males in this sample of P. cinereus. Although all three glands show similarities in histology and histochemistry at the light microscopy level, they are dissimilar in ultrastructure. Whereas the secretory vacuoles of mental glands are uniformly electron dense, those of caudal courtship glands are smaller (1.2–1.5 μm), oblong and biphasic, and vent glands have spherical biphasic secretory vacuoles (1.8–2.1 μm). This indicates a difference in secretory product and function for the three glands and needs further investigation. Whether other plethodontids show similar variation among sexually dimorphic glands is another topic for future research.
The Role of Skeletal Muscle in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Loeffler Jean‐Philippe , Picchiarelli Gina , Dupuis Luc , Gonzalez De Aguilar Jose‐Luis 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult‐onset disease primarily characterized by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, muscle wasting and paralysis. It is increasingly accepted that the pathological process leading to ALS is the result of multiple disease mechanisms that operate within motor neurons and other cell types both inside and outside the central nervous system. The implication of skeletal muscle has been the subject of a number of studies conducted on patients and related animal models. In this review, we describe the features of ALS muscle pathology and discuss on the contribution of muscle to the pathological process. We also give an overview of the therapeutic strategies proposed to alleviate muscle pathology or to deliver curative agents to motor neurons. ALS muscle mainly suffers from oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetic disturbances. However, the way by which the disease affects different types of myofibers depends on their contractile and metabolic features. Although the implication of muscle in nourishing the degenerative process is still debated, there is compelling evidence suggesting that it may play a critical role. Detailed understanding of the muscle pathology in ALS could, therefore, lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
New Insights on the Mechanisms of Disease Course Variability in ALS from Mutant SOD1 Mouse Models
Authors: Nardo Giovanni , Trolese Maria Chiara , Tortarolo Massimo , Vallarola Antonio , Freschi Mattia , Pasetto Laura , Bonetto Valentina , Bendotti Caterina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a heterogeneous disease in terms of progression rate and survival. This is probably one of the reasons for the failure of many clinical trials and the lack of effective therapies. Similar variability is also seen in SOD1G93A mouse models based on their genetic background. For example, when the SOD1G93A transgene is expressed in C57BL6 background the phenotype is mild with slower disease progression than in the 129Sv mice expressing the same amount of transgene but showing faster progression and shorter lifespan. This review summarizes and discusses data obtained from the analysis of these two mouse models under different aspects such as the motor phenotype, neuropathological alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the motor neuron autonomous and non‐cell autonomous mechanisms with the aim of finding elements to explain the different rates of disease progression. We also discuss the identification of promising prognostic biomarkers by comparative analysis of the two ALS mouse models. This analysis might possibly suggest new strategies for effective therapeutic intervention in ALS to slow significantly or even block the course of the disease.
Non‐neuronal Cells in ALS: Role of Glial, Immune cells and Blood‐CNS Barriers
Authors: Puentes Fabiola , Malaspina Andrea , van Noort Johannes M. , Amor Sandra 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNeurological dysfunction and motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is strongly associated with neuroinflammation reflected by activated microglia and astrocytes in the CNS. In ALS endogenous triggers in the CNS such as aggregated protein and misfolded proteins activate a pathogenic response by innate immune cells. However, there is also strong evidence for a neuroprotective immune response in ALS. Emerging evidence also reveals changes in the peripheral adaptive immune responses as well as alterations in the blood brain barrier that may aid traffic of lymphocytes and antibodies into the CNS. Understanding the triggers of neuroinflammation is key to controlling neuronal loss. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the roles of non‐neuronal cells as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses in ALS. Existing ALS animal models, in particular genetic rodent models, are very useful to study the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration. We also discuss the approaches used to target the pathogenic immune responses and boost the neuroprotective immune pathways as novel immunotherapies for ALS.
Daily morphine administration increases impulsivity in rats responding under a 5‐choice serial reaction time task
Authors: Maguire DR , Henson C , France CP 
Published: January 2016

Background and PurposeRepeated administration of a μ opioid receptor agonist can enhance some forms of impulsivity, such as delay discounting. However, it is unclear whether repeated administration alters motor impulsivity.Experimental ApproachWe examined the effects of acute administration of morphine and amphetamine prior to and during daily morphine administration in rats responding under a five‐choice serial reaction time task. Rats (n = 5) were trained to detect a brief flash of light presented randomly in one of five response holes; responding in the target hole delivered food, whereas responding in the wrong hole or responding prior to illumination of the target stimulus (premature response) initiated a timeout. Premature responding served as an index of motor impulsivity.Key ResultsAdministered acutely, morphine (0.1–10 mg·kg−1, i.p.) increased omissions and modestly, although not significantly, premature responding without affecting response accuracy; amphetamine (0.1–1.78 mg·kg−1, i.p.) increased premature responding without changing omissions or response accuracy. After 3 weeks of 10 mg·kg−1·day−1 morphine, tolerance developed to its effects on omissions whereas premature responding increased approximately fourfold, compared with baseline. Effects of amphetamine were not significantly affected by daily morphine administration.Conclusions and ImplicationsThese data suggest that repeated administration of morphine increased effects of morphine on motor impulsivity, although tolerance developed to other effects, such as omissions. To the extent that impulsivity is a risk factor for drug abuse, repeated administration of μ opioid receptor agonists, for recreational or therapeutic purposes, might increase impulsivity and thus the risk for drug abuse.
Effects of the imidazoline I2 receptor agonist 2‐BFI on the development of tolerance to and behavioural/physical dependence on morphine in rats
Authors: Thorn David A , Zhang Yanan , Li Jun‐Xu 
Published: January 2016

Background and PurposeThis study examined the effects of imidazoline I2 receptor agonists on the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on repeated morphine treatment in rats.Experimental ApproachTwo groups of rats (n = 9 per group) were trained to lever press for sucrose (10%) presentation under a fixed‐ratio 10 schedule. The rate‐suppressing effects of the opioid receptor ligands morphine and naltrexone and the I2 receptor agonist 2‐BFI were examined weekly in rats treated with either daily morphine (20 mg·kg−1, s.c.), alone or in combination with 2‐BFI (10 mg·kg−1) for 3 weeks. Changes in body weight were measured following naltrexone tests in both groups of rats. In separate experiments, the antinociceptive effects of morphine were assessed using a warm‐water tail‐withdrawal procedure in rats before and after daily treatments (7 days) with morphine (32 mg·kg−1, i.p.) alone or in combination with various doses of the I2 receptor agonists 2‐BFI, BU224 and CR4056.Key ResultsDaily treatment for 3 weeks, with morphine in combination with 2‐BFI produced significantly less tolerance to the rate‐suppressing effects of morphine and produced a decreased sensitivity to the rate‐suppressing effects of naltrexone as well as decreased naltrexone‐induced weight loss, compared with morphine‐alone group. Repeated treatment for 7 days with morphine produced antinociceptive tolerance, which was attenuated by co‐administration with 2‐BFI, BU224 or CR4056.Conclusions and ImplicationsImidazoline I2 receptor agonists attenuated the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine, further supporting the therapeutic potential of combining I2 receptor agonists and opioids for pain treatment.
Tracking Nutrient Routing in Avian Consumers in a Subtropical Desert
Authors: Herrera M. L. Gerardo , Osorio M. Jazmín 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe nutrients animals ingest are allocated to serve different functions. We used contrasting C stable isotope signatures of dominant vegetation types in a North American subtropical desert to decipher how avian consumers allocate nutrients to fuel oxidative metabolism and to construct tissues. We conducted C stable isotope analysis of breath and feathers collected from nectarivores (hummingbirds) and of breath, plasma, and red blood cell samples collected from frugivores, granivores, and insectivores. Based on varying nutrient characteristics of food sources, we expected that for frugivores and granivores, CAM‐derived food (RCCAM) would have similar importance for oxidative metabolism and for tissue building, that RCCAM in nectarivores and insectivores would be more important for fueling metabolism than for generating tissues, and that (although low) RCCAM in insectivores would be higher for sustaining metabolism than for building tissues. Our predictions held true for nectarivores and granivores, but RCCAM use in tissue building was lower than expected in frugivores and higher than expected in insectivores. Our examination at the trophic guild, population, and individual levels showed that in general, nutrients used to sustain oxidative metabolism and tissue construction had a uniform isotopic origin. This finding suggests that the avian community under investigation does not route different food groups to fulfill different needs. However, we found some exceptions, indicating that birds can use different food sources for different functions, irrespective of trophic guild.
Comparative Phylogeography of Two Bird Species, Tachyphonus phoenicius (Thraupidae) and Polytmus theresiae (Trochilidae), Specialized in Amazonian White‐sand Vegetation
Authors: Matos Maysa V. , Borges Sergio H. , d'Horta Fernando M. , Cornelius Cíntia , Latrubesse Edgardo , Cohn‐Haft Mario , Ribas Camila C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhite‐sand vegetation (WSV) harbors a unique avifauna within Amazonia, including species with patchy distributions. The history of these species' populations is likely related to variation in the availability and connectivity among WSV patches though time. By investigating the phylogeographic history of WSV bird species, we aim to better understand the dynamic evolution of forested and open habitats in Amazonia. Here, we perform a phylogeographic analysis of two WSV specialist bird species, a tanager, Tachyphonus phoenicius, and a hummingbird, Polytmus theresiae. We obtained and analyzed sequences of one mitochondrial and one nuclear gene region from 152 individuals. Results indicate that the two species have different histories. Tachyphonus phoenicius split from its Atlantic Forest/Cerrado sister clade at about 11 Ma and includes two divergent lineages, north and south of the Amazon River. Polytmus theresiae split from its Tepuian sister group at about 2.5 Ma and shows no genetic structure within Amazonia. Both lineages of T. phoenicius and P. theresiae show signs of recent population expansion. Although the two WSV species originated at different moments, and show distinct patterns of population structure, both seem to have expanded their population sizes recently, indicating that availability of white‐sand habitats may have been increasing historically and the connectivity among different white‐sand patches may have been higher in the recent past.
Phylogenetic Overdispersion in Lepidoptera Communities of Amazonian White‐sand Forests
Authors: Lamarre Greg P.A. , Amoretti Diego Salazar , Baraloto Christopher , Bénéluz Frédéric , Mesones Italo , Fine Paul V.A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the Amazon basin and the Guiana Shield, white‐sand (WS) forests are recognized as a low‐resource habitat often composed by a distinct flora with many edaphic endemic plants. Small patches of nutrient‐poor white‐sand forests can pose a series of challenges to plants and animals. For plants, these challenges have been shown to function as strong filters that in turn drive taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic plant composition. However, very little is known about animal communities in WS forest and the effect that low‐resource availability may have on higher trophic levels. Here, we investigate the diversity of both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of three Lepidoptera families' (Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae) assemblages between low‐resource (White‐Sand Forest) and two adjacent high‐resource habitats, terra firme clay and seasonally flooded forests. We found no clear effect of habitat type on taxonomic composition although butterfly and moth species abundance differed among the three contrasted habitats. The WS forest Lepidoptera community is significantly more phylogenetically overdispersed than expected by chance. We suggest that these low‐resource habitats filter the number of plant lineages which, in turn, creates a bottom‐up control structuring Lepidoptera phylogenetic structure. We recommend long‐term sampling on Lepidoptera community both at larval and adult stages that may complement this study and test hypotheses linking herbivore phylogenetic structure to plant resource availability and trophic cascade theory.
The Evolutionary History of Pagamea (Rubiaceae), a White‐sand Specialist Lineage in Tropical South America
Authors: Vicentini Alberto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe flora of the Guiana Shield contains several plant lineages that are restricted to white‐sand vegetation, some of which are widespread in tropical South America. Here, the history of diversification of one of these lineages, the genus Pagamea (Rubiaceae), is reconstructed through phylogenetic hypotheses. Data from chloroplast (rps16 and rpl20‐rps12) and nuclear (ITS) markers were incongruent, with ITS found to be more consistent with morphological criteria to delimit species. Reconstruction of the ancestral area for the genus was ambiguous, with both the western Guiana Shield and the Atlantic coastal areas containing early divergent lineages, but most speciation events appeared to have happened in the western Guiana Shield where most extant diversity is present. Dispersal events into the western Amazon and the Andes (1.5–4.5 Ma) and the eastern Guiana Shield (0.4–2.2 Ma) were followed by speciation events in these regions. Dispersal events between the Amazon and Atlantic rain forest occurred at least three times independently. However, dispersals into new areas were limited, and most regions were found to be phylogenetically clustered. Altitudinal and habitat shifts happened multiple times independently, but ecological traits were found to be phylogenetically conserved, implying that such shifts were not the cause of lineage divergence. The result that most speciation events happened in the western Guiana Shield, where white‐sand habitats predominate in both lowlands and highlands, and which has been less affected by Pleistocene climatic change, coupled with the result that ecological traits are phylogenetically conserved, suggests that the diversification of Pagamea may have been related primarily to the patchy distribution of white‐sand vegetation.
Regional and Fine Scale Variation of Holoepiphyte Community Structure in Central Amazonian White‐Sand Forests
Authors: Marí Maikel L. G. , Toledo José J. , Nascimento Henrique E. M. , Zartman Charles E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFactors controlling holoepiphyte (plants which start and complete their life cycle on a phorophyte) distributions may be wide and variable. They are determined either by spatial processes, as evidenced by dispersal limitation and/or historical factors, environmental filters, such as microsite variation within phorophytes, and/or biotic interactions. Disentangling the importance of these classes is particularly difficult in tropical forests where phorophyte alpha‐diversity is exceptionally high. We controlled for phorophyte specificity by studying the holoepiphytic communities of an emergent tree Aldina heterophylla (Fabaceae), known for its heavy epiphyte loads and dominance in Amazonian white‐sand habitats, in order to quantify the importance of tree zone and geographic distance on holoepiphytes at fine (100 m2) and regional (2500 km2) scales. At regional scales, tree zone explained nearly two‐thirds of the main compositional gradient, accounting for more than double that of site differences. No spatial effects were observed on holoepiphyte community structure at the fine scale as treelet communities were more dissimilar than by chance alone from their neighboring emergent phorophyte. These results suggest that microsite availability, as opposed to dispersal limitation, is the most important mechanism in structuring holoepiphyte communities of this insular forest type.