bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sun-Seeking Behavior to Increase Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis: When Prevention Messages Conflict
Authors: Clipp Sandra L. , Burke Alyce , Hoffman-Bolton Judith , Alani Rhoda , Liégeois Nanette J. , Alberg Anthony J. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. The public has long been encouraged to engage in sun-safe practices to minimize exposure to sunlight, the major cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer. More recently, some have advocated unprotected sun exposure to increase cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D as a way to promote health. We assessed the net result of these conflicting messages. Methods. In a cross-sectional survey in 2007, questionnaires were mailed to participants of an ongoing cohort study in Washington County, Maryland. The study population consisted of 8,027 adults (55% response rate). Results. Thirty percent of respondents were aware that unprotected sun exposure increased endogenous vitamin D levels. Among those who were aware of this benefit, 42% reported going out into the sun to increase vitamin D levels. Sun-seeking to increase vitamin D production did not significantly differ according to self-reported personal history of skin cancer, but was significantly higher among women, older age groups, those with less education, and vitamin D supplement users. Conclusion. A substantial proportion of respondents reported sun-seeking behavior expressly to increase endogenous vitamin D levels. The message about sun exposure and vitamin D is reaching the general public; however, this finding poses challenges to skin cancer prevention efforts.
Do People Who Develop AIDS within 12 Months of HIV Diagnosis Delay HIV Testing?
Authors: Schwarcz Sandra K. , Hsu Ling , Chin Chi-Sheng Jennie , Richards T. Anne , Frank Heidi , Wenzel Conrad , Dilley James 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Individuals diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis have been considered “late testers.” Prevalence estimates of late testers have been made using HIV/AIDS surveillance data, and high rates of late testing have been reported. However, studies evaluating this definition have not been conducted. We measured the degree of misclassification of delayed testing based on this surveillance definition of late testing. Methods. We used dates of negative HIV tests among people who met this definition of late testing in San Francisco from 2007 to 2008 to reclassify people as “verified non-late testers” if there was a negative HIV test within five years of HIV diagnosis, as “verified late testers” if there were no prior tests or if negative tests were recorded five or more years prior to diagnosis, or as “late-tester status not verified.” We measured misclassification of late-tester status and the prevalence of late testing using the different definitions of late testing. Results. Of the 270 people who developed AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis, we found that 89 (33.0%) were verified late testers, 131 (48.5%) were verified non-late testers, and 50 (18.5%) were unverifiable. Using the surveillance definition (individuals who develop AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis), the prevalence of late testing was 26.3%, whereas it was 9.0% when restricted to individuals verified as late testers. Conclusion. Defining people who develop AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis without taking into consideration the dates of prior negative HIV tests leads to substantial misclassification of late testing.
Completeness and Timeliness of Electronic vs. Conventional Laboratory Reporting for Communicable Disease Surveillance—Oklahoma, 2011
Authors: Johnson Matthew G. , Williams Jean , Lee Anthony , Bradley Kristy K. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act encourages the meaningful use of certified electronic health record technology. A HITECH-compliant core component is nationwide electronic laboratory reporting (ELR) implementation for communicable disease surveillance. In Oklahoma, laboratories with ≥400 positive tests/year for reportable diseases must use ELR. Of 18 such laboratories, two have adopted ELR. We compared completeness and timeliness of ELR reports from these two laboratories with conventional reports from all other Oklahoma laboratories. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed confirmed reportable disease cases for January 1–December 31, 2011, excluding tuberculosis, hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections, diseases without laboratory diagnoses, and immediately reportable diseases. Probable reportable tickborne disease cases were included. We compared ELR with conventional reporting (i.e., mail, fax, telephone, and Internet). We assessed data completeness based on eight demographic and two laboratory fields in each disease report and timeliness by percentage of cases reported in ≤1 business day. Results. Overall, 1,867 reports met the inclusion criteria; 24% of these reports had been submitted by ELR. Data completeness was 90% for ELR and 95% for conventional reporting. Patient addresses accounted for 97% of the missing data fields for ELR reports. Timeliness was 91% for ELR and 87% for conventional reports. Conclusions. Although early in the transition to ELR compliance in Oklahoma, ELR has already yielded improved timeliness for communicable disease surveillance. However, ELR did not yield more complete reports than conventional reporting. Requiring specific demographic data fields for ELR reports can improve the completeness of ELR.
In vivo and in vitro trimethadione oxidation activity of the liver from various animal species including mouse, hamster, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human
Authors: Tanaka E , Ishikawa A , Horie T 
Published: July 2017

Trimethadione (TMO) has the properties required of a probe drug for the evaluation of hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity and, in this study, we have summarized the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of TMO in various animal species including mouse, hamster, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human. In the in vivo study, the plasma TMO level was measured after intravenous or oral (human) administration of TMO at a dose of 4 mg/kg to various animal species. The rate of TMO metabolic clearance in these animal species in vivo was in the order mouse > hamster >rat>rabbit>dog>monkey>human. In the in vitro study, species differences were observed in the cytochrome P450 (P450) content and drug-oxidizing enzyme activity. The content of P450 was monkey> mouse>dog>rabbit>hamster>rat>human. On the other hand, TMO N-demethylation was in the order mouse >hamster >rat >rabbit>dog>monkey>human. There was a good correlation between the mean total body clearance of TMO ( in vivo)andthemeanTMON-demethylase activity ( in vitro) (y=1.7×+0.11, r=0.965, P<0.001). These results show that TMO is a probe agent with metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics making it attractive for the in vivo and in vitro characterization of metabolic activity in various animal species.
A Time-Kill Evaluation of Fluconazole and Amphotericin B against Candida Isolates
Authors: Burgess David S , Hastings Rhonda W , Lewis James S 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To compare the activity of fluconazole and amphotericin B against four isolates of Candida spp. with varying susceptibilities by use of time-kill methodology. Methods: Two isolates of Candida albicans and one isolate each of Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata were used for all experiments. Susceptibilities were determined in duplicate by E-test. Time-kill studies were performed with fluconazole 1, 10, and 20 μg/mL and amphotericin B 0.25, 1, and 2.5 μg/mL. Samples were withdrawn at 0, 2, 8, 12, and 24 hours for fluconazole and at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours for amphotericin B, diluted if necessary, then plated on potato dextrose agar plates. After incubating plates at 35 °C for 24 hours, colony counts were determined. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration of fluconazole and amphotericin B, respectively, were as follows: 0.75 and 0.25 μg/mL for C. albicans ATCC 90028, >256 and 0.25 μg/mL for C. albicans 1378, 2 and 1 μg/mL for C. tropicalis, and 12 and 0.125 μg/mL for C. glabrata. Differences observed in the activity of fluconazole were dependent on the Candida spp. and susceptibility to the drug. All three concentrations of fluconazole were fungistatic against C. albicans ATCC 90028 and ineffective against C. albicans 1378 (the resistant isolate). Fluconazole suppressed the growth of C. tropicalis for the initial eight hours, after which fungal growth resumed. Against C. glabrata, fluconazole was ineffective at 1 μg/mL, whereas the 10- and 20-μg/mL concentrations were fungistatic for the first 12 hours. Amphotericin B displayed a concentration-dependent effect against all four isolates of Candida spp. Conclusions: Fluconazole 10 and 20 μg/mL were either fungistatic or suppressive for each of the susceptible and susceptible dose-dependent Candida isolates for the initial eight to 12 hours. In addition, despite resumed fungal growth, final colony counts with these concentrations were decreased by >80% compared with the growth controls at 24 hours. By comparison, the activity of amphotericin B was dependent on concentration against all four isolates, and fungicidal activity was demonstrated with only the concentration of 2.5 μg/mL. These concentrations of fluconazole and amphotericin B are readily available with common, clinically used dosing regimens (i.e., fluconazole 400 mg qd and amphotericin B 1 mg/kg/d).
Safer Alternatives to Sublingual Nifedipine for the Treatment of Hypertensive Urgencies
Authors: Matuschka Paul R 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To determine safer alternatives to sublingual administration of nifedipine for acute BP reduction. Data Sources: English-language articles were retrieved from a MEDLINE search (1992–1997) using the following search terms: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor administration, sublingual, hypertensive emergency, and nifedipine. Standard references were also consulted. Study Selection: Representative articles addressing the use of sublingual nifedipine, captopril, or oral medications in acute hypertensive situations were reviewed and relevant studies were selected and analyzed. Data Synthesis: Sublingual captopril, nifedipine, and oral and sublingual Clonidine have been used in the management of acute hypertension. Oral labetalol, topical and sublingual nitrates, and other medications have also been evaluated for the treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. Sublingual nifedipine and captopril have a rapid onset of action and are effective in quickly lowering elevated BP. Sublingual use of nifedipine is associated with severe adverse effects and fatalities. Sublingual captopril offers similar reductions in BP without many severe adverse effects. Conclusions: For patient safety, sublingual nifedipine is no longer available for the treatment of hypertensive emergencies or urgencies at the Louisville Veterans Affairs Medical Center. When oral medications are requested for acute BP reduction, captopril is administered. Sublingual or oral Clonidine is the alternative for patients in whom captopril is contraindicated. Use of immediate-release nifedipine has been reduced by 98%.
Hydrodynamic sensory threshold in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) for artificial flatfish breathing currents
Authors: Niesterok Benedikt , Dehnhardt Guido , Hanke Wolf 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTHarbour seals have the ability to detect benthic fish such as flatfish using the water currents these fish emit through their gills (breathing currents). We investigated the sensory threshold in harbour seals for this specific hydrodynamic stimulus under conditions which are realistic for seals hunting in the wild. We used an experimental platform where an artificial breathing current was emitted through one of eight different nozzles. Two seals were trained to search for the active nozzle. Each experimental session consisted of eight test trials of a particular stimulus intensity and 16 supra-threshold trials of high stimulus intensity. Test trials were conducted with the animals blindfolded. To determine the threshold, a series of breathing currents differing in intensity was used. For each intensity, three sessions were run. The threshold in terms of maximum water velocity within the breathing current was 4.2 cm s−1 for one seal and 3.7 cm s−1 for the other. We measured background flow velocities from 1.8 to 3.4 cm s−1. Typical swimming speeds for both animals were around 0.5 m s−1. Swimming speed differed between successful and unsuccessful trials. It appears that swimming speed is restricted for the successful detection of a breathing current close to the threshold. Our study is the first to assess a sensory threshold of the vibrissal system for a moving harbour seal under near-natural conditions. Furthermore, this threshold was defined for a natural type of stimulus differing from classical dipole stimuli which have been widely used in threshold determination so far.
Species-specific differences in the fine structure of learning walk elements inCataglyphisants
Authors: Fleischmann Pauline N. , Grob Robin , Wehner Rüdiger , Rössler Wolfgang 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTCataglyphis desert ants are famous navigators. Like all central place foragers, they are confronted with the challenge to return home, i.e. relocate an inconspicuous nest entrance in the ground, after their extensive foraging trips. When leaving the underground nest for the first time, desert ants perform a striking behavior, so-called learning walks that are well structured. However, it is still unclear how the ants initially acquire the information needed for sky- and landmark-based navigation, in particular how they calibrate their compass system at the beginning of their foraging careers. Using high-speed video analyses, we show that different Cataglyphis species include different types of characteristic turns in their learning walks. Pirouettes are full or partial rotations (tight turns about the vertical body axis) during which the ants frequently stop and gaze back in the direction of the nest entrance during the longest stopping phases. In contrast, voltes are small walked circles without directed stopping phases. Interestingly, only Cataglyphis ant species living in a cluttered, and therefore visually rich, environment (i.e. C. noda and C. aenescens in southern Greece) perform both voltes and pirouettes. They look back to the nest entrance during pirouettes, most probably to take snapshots of the surroundings. In contrast, C. fortis inhabiting featureless saltpans in Tunisia perform only voltes and do not stop during these turns to gaze back at the nest – even if a set of artificial landmarks surrounds the nest entrance.
Simulated predator stimuli reduce brain cell proliferation in two electric fish species, Brachyhypopomus gauderio and Apteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Dunlap Kent D. , Keane Geoffrey , Ragazzi Michael , Lasky Elise , Salazar Vielka L. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
The brain structure of many animals is influenced by their predators, but the cellular processes underlying this brain plasticity are not well understood. Previous studies showed that electric fish (Brachyhypopomus occidentalis) naturally exposed to high predator (Rhamdia quelen) density and tail injury had reduced brain cell proliferation compared with individuals facing few predators and those with intact tails. However, these field studies described only correlations between predator exposure and cell proliferation. Here, we used a congener Brachyhypopomus gauderio and another electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus to experimentally test the hypothesis that exposure to a predator stimulus and tail injury causes alterations in brain cell proliferation. To simulate predator exposure, we either amputated the tail followed by short-term (1 day) or long-term (17–18 days) recovery or repeatedly chased intact fish with a plastic rod over a 7 day period. We measured cell proliferation (PCNA+ cell density) in the telencephalon and diencephalon, and plasma cortisol, which commonly mediates stress-induced changes in brain cell proliferation. In both species, either tail amputation or simulated predator chase decreased cell proliferation in the telencephalon in a manner resembling the effect of predators in the field. In A. leptorhynchus, cell proliferation decreased drastically in the short term after tail amputation and partially rebounded after long-term recovery. In B. gauderio, tail amputation elevated cortisol levels, but repeated chasing had no effect. In A. leptorhynchus, tail amputation elevated cortisol levels in the short term but not in the long term. Thus, predator stimuli can cause reductions in brain cell proliferation, but the role of cortisol is not clear.
An analysis of general high school teachers’ attitudes towards teaching profession<p>Genel liselerde görev yapan öğretmenlerin öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesi
Authors: Pehlivan Hülya 
Published: July 2017

This study aims at analysing the attitudes displayed by teachers working in general high schools in terms of several variables. The research was conducted with teachers teaching in the general high schools located in the cental districts of Ankara, and a total of 434 teachers were reached for our purposes. The 35- item Scale of Attitudes towards Teaching Profession, which was developed by Çetin (2006), having three sub-scales was used in data collection. The alpha reliability for the scale used in data collection was found to be 0.94. For analyses, the t test was used in the comparison of groups of two whereas one-directional variance analysis in addition to the Scheffe test was used in the comparison of groups of more than two. According to the results, such factors as gender, the order of preferences, the reason for preferring, whether or not participating in cultural activities, considering quitting the job, and the availability of another teacher in the family were influential in attitudes towards teaching profession; while the number of years of teaching, the field of teaching and marital status were of no effect on the attitudes.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı, genel liselerde görev yapan öğretmenlerin öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutumlarını çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Araştırma Ankara merkez ilçelerde genel liselerde görev yapan öğretmenler üzerinde uygulanmış ve toplam 434 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır. Veri toplamak amacıyla Çetin (2006) tarafından geliştirilmiş 35 maddeden ve üç alt ölçekten oluşan öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutum ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veri toplamak amacıyla kullanılan tutum ölçeğinin alfa güvenirliği 0.94 olarak belirlenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde ikili grupların karşılaştırılmasında t testi, ikiden fazla karşılaştırmalarda tek yönlü varyans analizi ve Scheffe testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, cinsiyet, tercih sırası, tercih sebebi, kültürel etkinliklere katılabilme durumu, meslekten ayrılmayı düşünme durumu ve ailede öğretmen olma durumu öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutumu etkilerken, hizmet yılı, öğretim alanı ve medeni durumun öğretmenlik mesleğine yönelik tutumu etkilememektedir.
Accounting for changing returns to experience
Authors: Hendricks Lutz 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Returns to experience for U.S. workers have changed over the post-war period. This paper argues that a simple model goes a long way towards replicating these changes. The model features three well-known ingredients: (i) an aggregate production function with constant skill-biased technical change; (ii) cohort qualities that vary with average years of schooling; and crucially (iii) time-invariant age-efficiency profiles. The model quantitatively accounts for changes in longitudinal and cross-sectional returns to experience, as well as the differential evolution of the college wage premium for young and old workers.
Crystal structure of poly[μ4-(4-(carboxylatomethyl)benzoato-κ4
O:O′:O′′:O′′′)-(2-(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-κN)manganese(II)] [Mn(C9H6O4)(C16H12N4)]
Authors: Yin Wei-Dong , Li Gui-Lian 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
C25H18N4O4Mn, orthorhombic, P212121, a = 7.9366(11) Å, b = 10.2389(15) Å, c = 26.313(4) Å, V = 2138.3(5) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0385, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0832, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of 4-chloro-6-phenylpyrimidine, C10H7ClN2
Authors: Li Hong-Mei , Lou Xin-Hua 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
C10H7ClN2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.582(5) Å, b = 11.059(8) Å, c = 10.734(8) Å, β = 99.661(8)°, V =887.3(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0331, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0951, T = 296(2) K.
Functional brain MRI in patients complaining of electrohypersensitivity after long term exposure to electromagnetic fields
Authors: Heuser Gunnar , Heuser Sylvia A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction:Ten adult patients with electromagnetic hypersensitivity underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain scans. All scans were abnormal with abnormalities which were consistent and similar. It is proposed that fMRI brain scans be used as a diagnostic aid for determining whether or not a patient has electromagnetic hypersensitivity. Over the years we have seen an increasing number of patients who had developed multi system complaints after long term repeated exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). These complaints included headaches, intermittent cognitive and memory problems, intermittent disorientation, and also sensitivity to EMF exposure. Regular laboratory tests were within normal limits in these patients. The patients refused to be exposed to radioactivity. This of course ruled out positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scanning. This is why we ordered fMRI brain scans on these patients. We hoped that we could document objective abnormalities in these patients who had often been labeled as psychiatric cases.Materials and methods:Ten patients first underwent a regular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan, using a 3 Tesla Siemens Verio MRI open system. A functional MRI study was then performed in the resting state using the following sequences:Results:All ten patients had abnormal functional MRI brain scans. The abnormality was often described as hyper connectivity of the anterior component of the default mode in the medial orbitofrontal area. Other abnormalities were usually found. Regular MRI studies of the brain were mostly unremarkable in these patients.Conclusion:We propose that functional MRI studies should become a diagnostic aid when evaluating a patient who claims electrohypersensitivity (EHS) and has otherwise normal studies. Interestingly, the differential diagnosis for the abnormalities seen on the fMRI includes head injury. It turns out that many of our patients indeed had a history of head injury which was then followed sometime later by the development of EHS. Many of our patients also had a history of exposure to potentially neurotoxic chemicals, especially mold. Head injury and neurotoxic chemical exposure may make a patient more vulnerable to develop EHS.