bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legal Challenges of International Electronic Contracts in Iraq
Authors: Ayub Zainal Amin 
Published: September 2017

The electronic commerce activities raise an emerging legal challenges and problems based on the existing legal systems in Iraq. The traditional commercial relations make the commercial activity on the basis of offer and acceptance relies on the commitment of the seller. For example, to deliver the sales physically on one hand and the buyer has to pay the price either in cash or by using tools that are alternative to direct payment-in cash through trade securities or other means of conventional banking fulfillment. However, it is a different story in relation to electronic commerce transactions. The difference is not only in the concept of the commercial activity but also in the tools of its practice and the nature of relations arising under its umbrella. Most activities in the e-commerce activities is carried out online i.e. through the internet or information network. The use of technology is dominant, creating new challenges against the existing legal systems in Iraq. The aim of this article is to study the challenges and problems with regards to electronic contracts in Iraq. It is found that the current law governing the e-commerce in Iraq is the main obstacle for Iraqi consumer to conclude such contracts. It is interesting to note the growing importance of e-commerce contract among Iraqis in their daily life. The article suggests amendment to the current legislation governing e-commerce to facilitate the growth of online transaction in Iraq.
Survivorship of Hemiarthroplasty With Concentric Glenoid Reaming for Glenohumeral Arthritis in Young, Active Patients With a Biconcave Glenoid
Authors: Getz Charles L. , Kearns Kenneth A. , Padegimas Eric M. , Johnston Peter S. , Lazarus Mark D. , Williams Gerald R. 
Published: September 2017

Introduction:
Hemiarthroplasty with concentric glenoid reaming (known as “ream and run”) may be an option for treating glenohumeral arthritis in younger patients with a biconcave glenoid. The goal of this study was to evaluate early results of this technique.

Methods:
Two senior, fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons (G.R.W. and M.D.L.) performed a retrospective review of 23 patients (24 shoulders) with a biconcave glenoid and end-stage degenerative glenohumeral arthritis treated with hemiarthroplasty with concentric glenoid reaming. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 50 years. We evaluated the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score, and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) score or the time to revision surgery.

Results:
Twenty-four humeral hemiarthroplasties with concentric glenoid reaming were performed in 23 patients. Twenty patients (21 shoulders) reached the end point of 2-year follow-up or revision surgery. Six shoulders (25%) required revision surgery at an average of 2.7 years (range, 0.7 to 7.2 years), and three were lost to follow-up. The remaining 14 patients (15 shoulders) were followed up for an average of 3.7 years (range, 2.3 to 4.9 years). At 2-year follow-up, these 15 shoulders did not require revision surgery and had an average SANE score, PSS, and SST score of 74.5%, 82.9, and 10.4, respectively. Increasing age correlated positively with the SANE score (r = 0.62; P = 0.015), PSS (r = 0.52; P = 0.047), and SST score (r = 0.63; P = 0.012). Early postoperative forward elevation correlated weakly with the PSS (r = 0.24; P = 0.395), and early postoperative external rotation correlated moderately with the PSS (r = 0.53; P = 0.044). Final external rotation correlated moderately with the PSS (r = 0.69; P = 0.005).

Discussion:
Modest results were achieved with a hemiarthroplasty and concentric glenoid reaming in young patients with end-stage glenohumeral arthritis and a biconcave glenoid. Younger age and stiffness were associated with worse outcomes. Given the high revision rate and the percentage of patients who had unsatisfactory results, this procedure should be performed only after careful patient selection. Patients who are willing and able to undergo aggressive physical therapy focused on achieving early range of motion are more likely to have a satisfactory outcome after humeral hemiarthroplasty with concentric glenoid reaming.
Militância estudantil e memórias dos anos 1960
Authors: Brito Mauricio Freitas 
Published: September 2017

O artigo explora entrevistas de militantes estudantis dos anos 1960 que atuaram na UFBA. Investiga essa memória militante a respeito do movimento estudantil e suas representações sobre festa na política, violência, repressão e usos políticos do passado. Reflete sobre o esquecimento nas narrativas das lutas desenvolvidas pela militância estudantil antes do golpe de 1964. Sugere que investigar as continuidades e rupturas entre a militância estudantil antes do golpe e a que atuou na resistência à ditadura pode contribuir para novas problemáticas historiográficas. Problematiza a associação entre geração de 1960 e geração de 1968. Palavras-chave: Movimentos estudantis – Brasil. Estudantes – Atividades Políticas. Ditadura – Brasil. Memórias Estudantis. Geração de 1960 – Geração de 1968.
“O Oeste Catarinense não pode parar aqui”. Política, agroindústria e uma história do ideal de progresso em Chapecó (1950-1969)
Authors: Silva Claiton Marcio da , Hass Monica 
Published: September 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a importância da ideia de progresso na fundamentação de um projeto de hegemonia política e econômica em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, entre 1950 e 1969. Com a intensão de ocupar a região considerada como “vazio demográfico”, o governo do estado de Santa Catarina articulou o projeto de conquista da região através da atuação de companhias colonizadoras, responsáveis pela acomodação de migrantes eurodescendentes provindos do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste sentido, durante a primeira metade da década de 1950, as companhias colonizadoras simbolizaram o empreendimento de um processo “civilizatório” para a região, baseados em ideias de trabalho árduo, religiosidade católica e progresso. Com o linchamento de quatro forasteiros acusados de incendiar a igreja matriz em 1950, contemporâneo do declínio do poder político e econômico das companhias colonizadoras, as elites locais precisaram se articular na composição de um projeto político em torno da agroindústria como nova matriz produtiva, como forma de levar adiante o projeto colonizador. A ideia de progresso, neste sentido, mais do que um conceito abstrato, passou a traduzir e fundamentar a construção de um projeto político hegemônico, reunindo em torno de si diferentes grupos políticos e econômicos e que, nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, se materializou no aumento da infraestrutura regional e se difundiu por todos os demais grupos sociais do município. O artigo conclui com a abordagem do que consideramos ser o momento mais significativo desta construção: os festejos do cinquentenário de Chapecó, em 1967, durante a ditadura civil-militar, e a aproximação das elites locais em torno de um projeto que se consolidou na década de 1970. Palavras-chave: Chapecó, SC – Política e Governo. Agroindústria. Chapecó, SC – História. Chapecó, SC – Colonização.
História do Tempo Presente e América Latina: Argentina - uma entrevista com María Inés Mudrovcic
Authors: Daminelli Camila Serafim , Machieski Elisangela da Silva 
Published: September 2017

EntrevistadaMaría Inés Mudrovcic es doctora en filosofía por la Universidad de buenos aires, profesora titular de filosofía de la historia en la Universidad Nacional del Comahue e investigadora del CONICET y categoría I en el Programa Nacional de Incentivos. Actualmente es Directora del Centro de Investigaciones en Filosofía de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades y miembro del Consejo Directivo del Instituto Patagónico de Estudios en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Ha sido profesora invitada en numerosas universidades nacionales e internacionales. Ha escrito Voltaire, el Iluminismo y la Historia (Buenoa Aires, Fundec, 1996), Historia, Narración y Memoria. Los debates actuales en filosofía de la historia (Madrid, Akal, 2005), como editora, Pasados recientes en conflicto. Representación, mito y política (Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2009) y en co-autoría, En busca del tiempo pasado. Temporalidad, historia y memoria (México, Siglo XXI, 2013). Asimismo ha escrito artículos y capítulos de libro sobre teoría y filosofía de la historia Entrevista concedida em agosto de 2017.
When are declines in condom use while using PrEP a concern? Modelling insights from a Hillbrow, South Africa case study
Authors: Grant Hannah , Mukandavire Zindoga , Eakle Robyn , Prudden Holly , B Gomez Gabriela , Rees Helen , Watts Charlotte 
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising new prevention approach for those most at risk of HIV infection. However, there are concerns that behavioural disinhibition, specifically reductions in condom use, might limit PrEP's protective effect. This study uses the case of female sex workers (FSWs) in Johannesburg, South Africa, to assess whether decreased levels of condom use following the introduction of PrEP may limit HIV risk reduction.Methods: We developed a static model of HIV risk and compared HIV‐risk estimates before and after the introduction of PrEP to determine the maximum tolerated reductions in condom use with regular partners and clients for HIV risk not to change. The model incorporated the effects of increased STI exposure owing to decreased condom use. Noting that condom use with regular partners is generally low, we also estimated the change in condom use tolerated with clients only, to still achieve 50 and 90% risk reduction on PrEP. The model was parameterized using data from Hillbrow, Johannesburg. Sensitivity analyses were performed to ascertain the robustness of our results.Results: Reductions in condom use could be tolerated by FSWs with lower baseline condom use (65%). For scenarios where 75% PrEP effectiveness is attained, 50% HIV‐risk reduction on PrEP would be possible even with 100% reduction in condom use from consistent condom use as high as 70% with clients. Increased exposure to STIs through reductions in condom use had limited effect on the reductions in condom use tolerated for HIV risk not to increase on PrEP.Conclusions: PrEP is likely to be of benefit in reducing HIV risk, even if reductions in condom use do occur. Efforts to promote consistent condom use will be critical for FSWs with high initial levels of condom use, but with challenges in adhering to PrEP.
Identification of reference genes in blood before and after entering the plateau for SYBR green RT-qPCR studies
Authors: Xiao Jun , Li Xiaowei , Liu Juan , Fan Xiu , Lei Huifen , Li Cuiying 
Published: September 2017

Background
Tibetans have lived at high altitudes for thousands of years, and they have unique physiological traits that enable them to tolerate this hypoxic environment. However, the genetic basis of these traits is still unknown. As a sensitive and highly efficient technique, RT-qPCR is widely used in gene expression analyses to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying environmental changes. However, the quantitative analysis of gene expression in blood is limited by a shortage of stable reference genes for the normalization of mRNA levels. Thus, systematic approaches were used to identify potential reference genes.

Results
The expression levels of eight candidate human reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S RNA, β2-MG, PPIA, RPL13A, TBP and SDHA) were assessed in blood from hypoxic environments. The expression stability of these selected reference genes was evaluated using the geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper programs. Interestingly, RPL13A was identified as the ideal reference gene for normalizing target gene expression in human blood before and after exposure to high-altitude conditions.

Conclusion
These results indicate that different reference genes should be selected for the normalization of gene expression in blood from different environmental settings.
The Spanish version of the Fatigue Assessment Scale: reliability and validity assessment in postpartum women
Authors: Cano-Climent Antoni , Oliver-Roig Antonio , Cabrero-García Julio , de Vries Jolanda , Richart-Martínez Miguel 
Published: September 2017

Background
Fatigue is the most widely reported symptom by women during pregnancy, labour, the postpartum period, and early parenting. The objective was to translate the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) into Spanish and assess its psychometric properties.

Methods
Instrumental Design. The FAS was translated into Spanish (FAS-e) using forward and back translation. A convenience sample was constituted with 870 postpartum women recruited at discharge from 17 public hospitals in Eastern Spain. Data was obtained from clinical records and self-administered questionnaires at discharge. Internal consistency, factor structure, comparisons between known groups and correlations with other variables were assessed.

Results
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .80. Findings on the dimensionality of the FAS-e scale indicated that it was sufficiently unidimensional. FAS-e scores were higher among women who had undergone caesarean births (p < .05), had a higher level of postpartum pain (p < .01), experienced difficulties during breastfeeding (p < .01) and had lower levels of self-efficacy for breastfeeding (p < .01).

Conclusions
An equivalent Spanish version of the FAS was obtained with good reliability and validity properties. FAS-e is an appropriate tool to measure postpartum fatigue.
Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016
Authors: Dachev T. P. , Bankov N. G. , Tomov B. T. , Matviichuk Yu. N. , Dimitrov Pl. G. , Häder D.‐P. , Horneck G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe radiation risk radiometer‐dosimeter (R3D)‐R2 solid‐state detector performed radiation measurements at the European Space Agency EXPOSE‐R2 platform outside of the Russian “Zvezda” module at the International Space Station (ISS) from 24 October 2014 to 11 January 2016. The ISS orbital parameters were average altitude of 415 km and 51.6° inclination. We developed special software and used experimentally obtained formulas to determine the radiation flux‐to‐dose ratio from the R3DR2 Liulin‐type deposited‐energy spectrometer. We provide for the first time simultaneous, long‐term estimates of radiation dose external to the ISS for four source categories: (i) galactic cosmic ray particles and their secondary products; (ii) protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly region of the inner radiation belt (IRB); (iii) relativistic electrons and/or bremsstrahlung in the outer radiation belt (ORB); and (iv) solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The latter category is new in this study. Additionally, in this study, secondary particles (SP) resulting from energetic particle interaction with the detector and nearby materials are identified. These are observed continuously at high latitudes. The detected SPs are identified using the same sorting requirements as SEP protons. The IRB protons provide the highest consistent hourly dose, while the ORB electrons and SEPs provide the most extreme hourly doses. SEPs were observed 11 times during the study interval. The R3DR2 data support calculation of average equivalent doses. The 30 day and 1 year average equivalent doses are much smaller than the skin and eyes doses recommendations by the National Council on Radiation Protection (Report 132), which provides radiation protection guidance for Low Earth Orbit.
Ms. Hisako Koyama: From Amateur Astronomer to Long‐Term Solar Observer
Authors: Knipp Delores , Liu Huixin , Hayakawa Hisashi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe path to science for a girl of any nationality born in the early twentieth century was formidable‐to‐nonexistent. Yet paths were forged by a few. We present the little‐known story of one of Japan's premier solar observers and her contribution to the world's understanding of sunspots and space weather cycles. Ms. Hisako Koyama, born in Tokyo in 1916, became a passionate amateur astronomer, a dedicated solar observer, and a long‐serving staff member of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo. As a writer for amateur astronomy journals she advised many on the details and joys of sky viewing. She created a consistent, extended record of sunspots. Her multidecade archive of sunspot drawings is one of the “backbones” for the recent international recalibration of the sunspot record that provides insight into space weather reaching back to the early 1600s. We detail her contributions to the citizens of Japan as an ambassador of astronomy and her international contribution to understanding the symmetries and asymmetries of the solar cycle. We comment on the value of her continuous record of sunspots and on her tenacity in promoting a science that links to space weather.
Amyloid Templated Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Aerogels
Authors: Nyström Gustav , Roder Lukas , Fernández‐Ronco María P. , Mezzenga Raffaele 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis feature article covers the recent developments of amyloid fibrils as templates for organic–inorganic hybrid aerogels. It aims at introducing the reader to amyloid fibril functional bio‐nanomaterials and to show how, building on the prior art of colloidal aerogels, these anisotropic colloids can be used to template inorganic particles and to form gels and aerogels. Specifically, hybrid organic–inorganic amyloid fibril templated gold, silver, and calcium aerogels are discussed focusing on their material synthesis and how the preparation conditions can be tuned to vary the final materials' optical, structural, and mechanical properties. The colloidal processing methodology offers a convenient route to form gels and aerogels that maintain the nanoscopic dispersion properties within the formed monoliths. These ultralight porous materials are appealing for a diverse set of applications within food, fine arts, jewelry, and biomedicine. Here their use as pressure sensor, catalysis membrane, and antibacterial material are described and further applications based on the properties of the specific inorganic particles and hybrid aerogels are discussed.
Biohybrid Photoprotein‐Semiconductor Cells with Deep‐Lying Redox Shuttles Achieve a 0.7 V Photovoltage
Authors: Singh Varun Kumar , Ravi Sai Kishore , Ho Jian Wei , Wong Johnson Kai Chi , Jones Michael R. , Tan Swee Ching 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhotosynthetic proteins transduce sunlight into biologically useful forms of energy through a photochemical charge separation that has a close to 100% quantum efficiency, and there is increasing interest in their use as sustainable materials in biohybrid devices for solar energy harvesting. This work explores a new strategy for boosting the open circuit voltage of photoelectrochemical cells based on a bacterial photosynthetic pigment‐protein by employing highly oxidizing redox electrolytes in conjunction with an n‐type silicon anode. Illumination generates electron–hole pairs in both the protein and the silicon electrode, the two being connected by the electrolyte which transfers electrons from the reducing terminal of the protein to photogenerated holes in the silicon valence band. A high open circuit voltage of 0.6 V is achieved with the most oxidizing electrolyte 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy, and this is further improved to 0.7 V on surface modification of the silicon electrode to increase its surface area and reduce reflection of incident light. The photovoltages produced by these biohybrid protein/silicon cells are comparable to those typical of silicon heterojunction and dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Field‐Controlled Electrical Switch with Liquid Metal
Authors: Wissman James , Dickey Michael D. , Majidi Carmel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWhen immersed in an electrolyte, droplets of Ga‐based liquid metal (LM) alloy can be manipulated in ways not possible with conventional electrocapillarity or electrowetting. This study demonstrates how LM electrochemistry can be exploited to coalesce and separate droplets under moderate voltages of ~1–10 V. This novel approach to droplet interaction can be explained with a theory that accounts for oxidation and reduction as well as fluidic instabilities. Based on simulations and experimental analysis, this study finds that droplet separation is governed by a unique limit‐point instability that arises from gradients in bipolar electrochemical reactions that lead to gradients in interfacial tension. The LM coalescence and separation are used to create a field‐programmable electrical switch. As with conventional relays or flip‐flop latch circuits, the system can transition between bistable (separated or coalesced) states, making it useful for memory storage, logic, and shape‐programmable circuitry using entirely liquids instead of solid‐state materials.
Selective S‐Deacetylation of Functionalized Thioacetates Catalyzed by Dy(OTf)3
Authors: Guo Jiun‐Rung , Huang Hsin‐Yi , Yan Yi‐Ling , Liang Chien‐Fu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe dysprosium(III)‐trifluoromethanesulfonate‐catalyzed S‐deacetylation and selective S‐deacetylation reactions of functionalized thioesters could be tuned by changing the reaction medium or through the inclusion of additives. In this study, the deprotection of thioacetates by using catalytic amounts of Dy(OTf)3 under mild heating resulted in high yields of the free thiols without the formation of disulfide byproducts, whilst the selective S‐deacetylation reaction by using a combination of catalytic amounts of Dy(OTf)3 and NaHCO3 afforded the products in moderate‐to‐excellent yields. Moreover, glycosyl 1‐thioacetate was selectively S‐deacetylated at the anomeric position in a co‐solvent system. Notably, Dy(OTf)3 is an environmentally friendly catalyst, and a recycling strategy was successfully employed for the S‐deacetylation reaction.
Plasma sphingolipids and depressive symptoms in coronary artery disease
Authors: Dinoff Adam , Saleem Mahwesh , Herrmann Nathan , Mielke Michelle M. , Oh Paul I. , Venkata Swarajya Lakshmi Vattem , Haughey Norman J. , Lanctôt Krista L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundDepression is highly prevalent in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) and increases the risk of future cardiac events and mortality. Sphingolipids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both CAD and depression. This study assessed the association between plasma sphingolipid concentrations and depressive symptoms in CAD subjects.MethodsDepressive symptoms were measured using the depression subscale of the self‐reported Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Sphingolipid concentrations were measured from fasting plasma samples using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Linear regression models were used to assess associations between log‐transformed concentrations of plasma sphingolipids and depressive symptoms.ResultsA total of 111 CAD patients (mean (SD) age = 63.6 ± 6.4, 84.7% male) were included. In linear regression analyses, higher plasma concentrations of ceramides C16:0 (β = 0.204, p = .026) and C18:0 (β = 0.209, p = .023) and sphingomyelin SM18:1 (β = 0.210, p = .024) were significantly associated with higher HADS depression subscale score after adjusting for covariates.ConclusionSphingolipids, in particular the ceramide species C16:0 and C18:0 and the sphingomyelin species SM18:1, may be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression in CAD. The association between plasma sphingolipid concentrations and depression should be further examined in CAD patients and in other populations.