bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of different parameterisations of waveform inversion of compressional body waves in an elastic transverse isotropic Earth with a vertical axis of symmetry
Authors: He Weiguang , Plessix René‐Édouard 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn a multi‐parameter waveform inversion, the choice of the parameterisation influences the results and their interpretations because leakages and the tradeoff between parameters can cause artefacts. We review the parameterisation selection when the inversion focuses on the recovery of the intermediate‐to‐long wavenumbers of the compressional velocities from the compressional body (P) waves. Assuming a transverse isotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry and weak anisotropy, analytical formulas for the radiation patterns are developed to quantify the tradeoff between the shear velocity and the anisotropic parameters and the effects of setting to zero the shear velocity in the acoustic approach. Because, in an anisotropic medium, the radiation patterns depend on the angle of the incident wave with respect to the vertical axis, two particular patterns are discussed: a transmission pattern when the ingoing and outgoing slowness vectors are parallel and a reflection pattern when the ingoing and outgoing slowness vectors satisfy Snell's law. When the inversion aims at recovering the long‐to‐intermediate wavenumbers of the compressional velocities from the P‐waves, we propose to base the parameterisation choice on the transmission patterns. Since the P‐wave events in surface seismic data do not constrain the background (smooth) vertical velocity due to the velocity/depth ambiguity, the preferred parameterisation contains a parameter that has a transmission pattern concentrated along the vertical axis. This parameter can be fixed during the inversion which reduces the size of the model space. The review of several parameterisations shows that the vertical velocity, the Thomsen parameter δ, or the Thomsen parameter ε have a transmission pattern along the vertical axis depending on the parameterisation choice. The review of the reflection patterns of those selected parameterisations should be done in the elastic context. Indeed, when reflection data are also inverted, there are potential leakages of the shear parameter at intermediate angles when we carry out acoustic inversion.
Effects of Ethanol on Cellular Composition and Network Excitability of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Derived Neurons
Authors: Larsen Zoe H. , Chander Praveen , Joyner Jason A. , Floruta Crina M. , Demeter Tess L. , Weick Jason P. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundPrenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in animal models results in excitatory–inhibitory (E/I) imbalance in neocortex due to alterations in the GABAergic interneuron (IN) differentiation and migration. Thus, E/I imbalance is a potential cause for intellectual disability in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), but whether ethanol (EtOH) changes glutamatergic and GABAergic IN specification during human development remains unknown. Here, we created a human cellular model of PAE/FASD and tested the hypothesis that EtOH exposure during differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons (hPSNs) would cause the aberrant production of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, resulting in E/I imbalance.MethodsWe applied 50 mM EtOH daily to differentiating hPSNs for 50 days to model chronic first‐trimester exposure. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemical, and electrophysiological analysis to examine the effects of EtOH on hPSN specification and functional E/I balance.ResultsWe found that EtOH did not alter neural induction nor general forebrain patterning and had no effect on the expression of markers of excitatory cortical pyramidal neurons. In contrast, our data revealed highly significant changes to levels of transcripts involved with IN precursor development (e.g., GSX2, DLX1/2/5/6, NR2F2) as well as mature IN specification (e.g., SST, NPY). Interestingly, EtOH did not affect the number of GABAergic neurons generated nor the frequency or amplitude of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents.ConclusionsSimilar to in vivo rodent studies, EtOH significantly and specifically altered the expression of genes involved with IN specification from hPSNs, but did not cause imbalances of synaptic excitation–inhibition. Thus, our findings corroborate previous studies pointing to aberrant neuronal differentiation as an underlying mechanism of intellectual disability in FASD. However, in contrast to rodent binge models, our chronic exposure model suggests possible compensatory mechanisms that may cause more subtle defects of network processing rather than gross alterations in total E/I balance.
Atmospheric change causes declines in woodland arthropods and impacts specific trophic groups
Authors: Facey Sarah L. , Fidler David B. , Rowe Rhiannon C. , Bromfield Lisa M. , Nooten Sabine S. , Staley Joanna T. , Ellsworth David S. , Johnson Scott N. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Arthropod assemblages form a fundamental part of terrestrial ecosystems, underpinning ecosystem processes and services. Yet, little is known about how invertebrate communities, as a whole, respond to climatic and atmospheric changes, including predicted increases in carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2).
To date, woodland Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) studies have focused entirely on northern hemisphere managed plantations. We manipulated atmospheric CO2 in a mature, native Eucalyptus woodland (0.15 ha, >32 000 m3) in Australia, using the Eucalyptus FACE (‘EucFACE’) facility. We used three complementary sampling methods (vacuum sampling, pitfall and sticky trapping) to record invertebrate abundances under ambient and elevated levels of CO2 (400 versus 550 ppm).
Based on the collection of over 83 000 invertebrates, we found significant declines in the overall abundance of ground‐dwelling (14.7%) and aerial (12.9%) arthropods under elevated CO2, with significant decreases in herbivore, omnivore, scavenger and parasitoid functional groups. Even though several groups showed varying declines in abundance, elevated CO2 did not measurably affect community composition.
The results of the present study indicate that atmospheric CO2 levels predicted within the next 35 years may cause declines in arthropod abundances in Eucalyptus woodland. Declines found in several functional groups suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 has the potential to affect ecosystem processes, possibly including nutrient cycling by herbivores and omnivores, as well as biocontrol by parasitoids.
Biomedical Enhancement and Social Development: A Conservative Techno‐Fix
Authors: Sanyal Sagar 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAllen Buchanan has argued for a linking of the ethics of human enhancement to the ethics of development more generally. The promise of the ‘enhancement enterprise' is that it may help develop society, just as other technological advances have in the past. He proposes a framework of intellectual property rights, government action to ensure the poor can access the enhancements, an international organization to administer the diffusion of new enhancement technologies from the West to poor countries, and the diffusion within countries to the poorer populations. I take seriously his proposal of discussing biomedical enhancement in terms of the ethics of development. On these grounds of assessment, I argue that his proposal is politically conservative. To make the case, I distinguish conservatism in ethics from conservatism in politics; and I contextualize the proposal against the background of development economics and the neoliberal approach to development.
Two Kinds of Suicide
Authors: den Hartogh Govert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn suicidology, the common view is that ‘rational’ suicides occur only rarely, because the competence of people who want to end their lives is compromised by mental illness. In the Netherlands and Flanders, however, patients’ requests for euthanasia or assistance in suicide are granted in 5300 and 1400 cases a year respectively, and in all these cases at least two doctors have confirmed the patient's competence. The combination of these two findings is puzzling. In other countries one would expect at least some of these people to end their own lives. The article argues that we can distinguish between two types of suicide with clustering characteristics. In cases of the first type, the agent doesn't carefully plan his action, doesn't communicate his plans to relatives or others, and uses violent means. In such cases it is reasonable to presume lack of competence. The other type has the opposite characteristics. The most plausible explanation of our problem is that suicides of the second kind are invisible to suicidology, because they tend not to be registered as suicides at all.
Functional pharmacological characterization of SER100 in cardiovascular health and disease
Authors: Villar Inmaculada C , Bubb Kristen J , Moyes Amie J , Steiness Eva , Gulbrandsen Trygve , Levy Finn Olav , Hobbs Adrian J 
Published: September 2016

Background and PurposeSER100 is a selective nociceptin (NOP) receptor agonist with sodium‐potassium‐sparing aquaretic and anti‐natriuretic activity. This study was designed to characterize the functional cardiovascular pharmacology of SER100 in vitro and in vivo, including experimental models of cardiovascular disease.Experimental ApproachHaemodynamic, ECG parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) were determined using radiotelemetry in healthy, conscious mice. The haemodynamic and vascular effects of SER100 were also evaluated in two models of cardiovascular disease, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and murine hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). To elucidate mechanisms underlying the pharmacology of SER100, acute blood pressure recordings were performed in anaesthetized mice, and the reactivity of rodent aorta and mesenteric arteries in response to electrical‐ and agonist‐stimulation assessed.Key ResultsSER100 caused NOP receptor‐dependent reductions in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate that were independent of NO. The hypotensive and vasorelaxant actions of SER100 were potentiated in SHR compared with Wistar Kyoto. Moreover, SER100 reduced several indices of disease severity in experimental PH. Analysis of HRV indicated that SER100 decreased the low/high frequency ratio, an indicator of sympatho‐vagal balance, and in electrically stimulated mouse mesenteric arteries SER100 inhibited sympathetic‐induced contractions.Conclusions and ImplicationsSER100 exerts a chronic hypotensive and bradycardic effects in rodents, including models of systemic and pulmonary hypertension. SER100 produces its cardiovascular effects, at least in part, by inhibition of cardiac and vascular sympathetic activity. SER100 may represent a novel therapeutic candidate in systemic and pulmonary hypertension.
Attenuated nicotine‐like effects of varenicline but not other nicotinic ACh receptor agonists in monkeys receiving nicotine daily
Authors: Cunningham Colin S , Moerke Megan J , Javors Martin A , Carroll F Ivy , McMahon Lance R 
Published: September 2016

Background and PurposeChronic treatment can differentially impact the effects of pharmacologically related drugs that differ in receptor selectivity and efficacy.Experimental ApproachThe impact of daily nicotine treatment on the effects of nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) agonists was examined in two groups of rhesus monkeys discriminating nicotine (1.78 mg·kg−1 base weight) from saline. One group received additional nicotine treatment post‐session (1.78 mg·kg−1 administered five times daily, each dose 2 h apart; i.e. Daily group), and the second group did not (Intermittent group).Key ResultsDaily repeated nicotine treatment produced a time‐related increase in saliva cotinine. There was no significant difference in the ED50 values of the nicotine discriminative stimulus between the Daily and Intermittent group. Mecamylamine antagonized the effects of nicotine, whereas dihydro‐β‐erythroidine did not. Midazolam produced 0% nicotine‐lever responding. The nAChR agonists epibatidine, RTI‐36, cytisine and varenicline produced >96% nicotine‐lever responding in the Intermittent group. The respective maximum effects in the Daily group were 100, 72, 59 and 28%, which shows that the ability of varenicline to produce nicotine‐like responding was selectively decreased in the Daily as compared with the Intermittent group. When combined with nicotine, both varenicline and cytisine increased the potency of nicotine to produce discriminative stimulus effects.Conclusion and ImplicationsNicotine treatment has a greater impact on the sensitivity to the effects of varenicline as compared with some other nAChR agonists. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that varenicline differs from nicotine in its selectivity for multiple nAChR subtypes.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives as potential antitumor candidate
Authors: Zhu Panhu , Ye Wenfeng , Li Jiaming , Zhang Yanchun , Huang Weijun , Cheng Mohan , Wang Yujun , Zhang Yang , Liu Huicai , Zuo Jian 
Published: September 2016

A novel class of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives was designed and synthesized as antitumor agents and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo biological activities. The antiproliferative activities of all the target compounds on HUVEC, MCF‐7, and HT‐29 were evaluated. Compared with colchicine (1.04 × 10−2 μm), 17d and 17e exhibited outstanding activity on MCF‐7 with IC50 values 0.26 × 10−2 μm and 0.89 × 10−3μm in cell cytotoxicity assay. The tubulin polymerization assay demonstrated that 17d and 17e exhibited better inhibition rate. In the MCF‐7‐xenograft mouse model that was treated with 17d and 17e by intraperitoneal injection, the tumor weight was decreased at same rate with tamoxifen, and relative tumor proliferation rates were 59.48% and 41.33%, while tamoxifen was 45.08% with a daily dose of 20 mg/kg, which were demonstrated potent in vivo efficacy.
Diverse Effects, Complex Causes: Children Use Information About Machines' Functional Diversity to Infer Internal Complexity
Authors: Ahl Richard E. , Keil Frank C. 
Published: September 2016

Four studies explored the abilities of 80 adults and 180 children (4–9 years), from predominantly middle‐class families in the Northeastern United States, to use information about machines' observable functional capacities to infer their internal, “hidden” mechanistic complexity. Children as young as 4 and 5 years old used machines' numbers of functions as indications of complexity and matched machines performing more functions with more complex “insides” (Study 1). However, only older children (6 and older) and adults used machines' functional diversity alone as an indication of complexity (Studies 2–4). The ability to use functional diversity as a complexity cue therefore emerges during the early school years, well before the use of diversity in most categorical induction tasks.
Impaired virus replication and decreased innate immune responses to viral infections in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Głobińska A , Pawełczyk M , Piechota-Polańczyk A , Olszewska-Ziąber A , Moskwa S , Mikołajczyk A , Jabłońska A , Zakrzewski P K , Brauncajs M , Jarzębska M , Taka S , Papadopoulos N G , Kowalski M L 
Published: September 2016

Summary
The aim of this study was to assess the immune response to parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), rhinovirus 1B (RV1B) and intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLR) agonists in nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy controls. NECs were obtained from eight patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and 11 non-atopic healthy controls (HC) by nasal scraping, grown to confluence and exposed to PIV3, RV1B infection or TLR-3 and TLR-7/8 agonists. Interferon (IFN)-λ1, IFN-α, IFN-β and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) release into the cell culture supernatants was assessed at 8, 24 and 48 h upon infection or 8 and 24 h after stimulation with poly(I:C) and R848. mRNA levels of IFNs, RANTES, interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF)3, IRF7 and viral gene copy number were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PIV3 but not RV1B replication 48 h after infection was significantly lower (P &lt; 0·01) in NECs from AR patients compared to HC. PIV3 infection induced significantly less IFN-λ1 (both protein and mRNA) in NECs from AR compared to HC. IFN-β mRNA expression and RANTES protein release and mRNA expression tended to be smaller in AR compared HC cells in response to both viruses. Stimulation with TLR-3 agonist [poly (I:C)] induced similar IFN-λ1 and RANTES generation in AR and HC subjects. Viral infections in NECs induced IRF7 expression, which correlated with IFN and RANTES expression. These data suggest that virus proliferation rates and the immune response profile are different in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis compared to healthy individuals.
Real‐Time Oil Painting on Mobile Hardware
Authors: Stuyck Tuur , Da Fang , Hadap Sunil , Dutré Philip 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a realistic digital oil painting system, specifically targeted at the real‐time performance on highly resource‐constrained portable hardware such as tablets and iPads. To effectively use the limited computing power, we develop an efficient adaptation of the shallow water equations that models all the characteristic properties of oil paint. The pigments are stored in a multi‐layered structure to model the peculiar nature of pigment mixing in oil paint. The user experience ranges from thick shape‐retaining strokes to runny diluted paint that reacts naturally to the gravity set by tablet orientation. Finally, the paint is rendered in real time using a combination of carefully chosen efficient rendering techniques. The virtual lighting adapts to the tablet orientation, or alternatively, the front‐facing camera captures the lighting environment, which leads to a truly immersive user experience. Our proposed features are evaluated via a user study. In our experience, our system enables artists to quickly try out ideas and compositions anywhere when inspiration strikes, in a truly ubiquitous way. They do not need to carry expensive and messy oil paint supplies.
Assessing the Economic Implications of Reduced Water Availability and Better Management Practices on Representative Farms in Southern Alberta
Authors: Grant Jason , Peterson Everett , Klein K. K. 
Published: September 2016

Water for irrigated crops in Southern Alberta is under pressure. Consecutive years of drought at the turn of the century led to a rationing of the province's water supply and has raised concerns about the sustainability of the current water use system. In this paper, we develop a representative farm model for six irrigation districts in the South Saskatchewan River Basin to evaluate water use and improved water application efficiency for a scenario that reduces irrigation water availability by 10%. Irrigation districts with relatively greater area of sugar beets and potatoes, that have the most inelastic water demand, will be most affected by a reduction in water availability with relatively large adjustments in irrigation water applied to all other crops. A reduction in water availability also will lead to changes in the relative returns per hectare for irrigated crops, with producers having economic incentives to increase their areas devoted to canola production while reducing that devoted to wheat and barley production. Further, we find that representative farms can largely circumvent reduced water availability by relatively small increases in the efficiency with which water is applied in the field. The results have important policy implications for both producers and water policy makers in Canada.L'eau destinée aux cultures irriguées du sud de l'Alberta se trouve sous pression. Les années successives de sécheresse au début du siècle ont mené au rationnement de l'approvisionnement provincial de l'eau et soulèvent des inquiétudes au sujet de la durabilité du système actuel d'utilisation de l'eau. Ce document propose un modèle agricole représentatif pour six districts d'irrigation du bassin de la rivière Saskatchewan Sud (BRSS) pour évaluer l'utilisation de l'eau et l'amélioration de l'efficacité de l'application d'eau selon un scénario réduisant la disponibilité de l'eau irriguée de 10 pour cent. Les districts d'irrigation avec des zones relativement plus grandes de betteraves à sucre et de pommes de terre ayant la plus inélastique demande en eau seront le plus affectés par une réduction de la disponibilité de l'eau nécessitant des ajustements relativement importants à l'application d'eau irriguée aux autres cultures. Une réduction de la disponibilité de l'eau mènera aussi à une modification du rendement par hectare pour les cultures irriguées, les producteurs ayant des incitatifs économiques pour l'augmentation des terres vouées à la production de canola et la diminution de celles destinées au blé et à l'orge. De plus, nous observons qu'il est possible pour les fermes représentantes de contourner, en grande partie, la réduction de la disponibilité de l'eau en augmentation relativement minimalement l'efficacité avec laquelle l'eau est appliquée aux cultures. Les résultats ont des répercussions politiques importantes à la fois pour les producteurs et pour les décideurs politiques en matière d'eau au Canada.
Can temperament and character features of patients predict alcohol use after laryngectomy?
Authors: Batıoğlu‐Karaaltın A. , Binbay Z. , Yiğit Ö. , Dönmez Z. , Yollu U. 
Published: September 2016

AimPatients with larynx cancer usually use alcohol besides tobacco. It has been reported earlier that nearly half of the patients who have undergone laryngectomy after larynx cancer diagnosis still continue to consume alcohol after the operation. The aim of this study was to compare the mood and character features of patients who do or do not consume alcohol during the postoperative period and thus to be able to predict the patients who will continue their alcohol use at the postoperative period.Materials and methodsThe patients who have undergone partial or total laryngectomy operation were included in this study. To avoid early period treatment stress, it was required that the patients have completed their 6 months of postoperative period. The interviews made with the patients included filling out of the sociodemographic data form, TCI (temperament and character inventory), BDI (Beck depression inventory), BAI (Beck anxiety inventory), AUDIT (alcohol use disorders identification test) and CAGE (cut‐down, annoyed, guilty, eye‐opener) inquiry forms.Results80 patients who admitted alcohol consumption at the time of larynx cancer diagnosis were divided in to two groups and, 40% (n = 32) of this patients continued alcohol consumption after laryngectomy (Group 1) and 60% (n = 48) cut down on their alcohol use (Group 2). A statistically significant difference was observed between Group 1 and Group 2 at AUDIT and CAGE score averages (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). When TCI data were compared between Group 1 and Group 2, patients who continued their alcohol use at the postoperative period had significantly higher novelty seeking scores compared to others (P = 0.03).ConclusionOur data suggest that it may be possible in the preoperative period to predict the patients who will continue their alcohol use in the postoperative period and take precautions.