bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of age‐specific undernutrition in children aged less than 2 years—the Bangladesh context
Authors: Choudhury Nuzhat , Raihan Mohammad Jyoti , Sultana Sabiha , Mahmud Zeba , Farzana Fahmida Dil , Haque Md Ahshanul , Rahman Ahmed Shafiqur , Waid Jillian L. , Chowdhury Ahmed Mushtaque Raza , Black Robert E. , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGlobally, undernutrition affects nearly half of all children aged less than 5 years. It is more prominent in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This study aimed to identify the age‐specific risk factors for different categories of undernutrition among Bangladeshi children aged less than 2 years. Data of 10,291 children aged less than 2 years were collected between October 2011 to November 2013 through the Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Project in Bangladesh. Simple logistic regression established bivariate relationships between the categories of undernutrition and the relevant risk factors. Multiple logistic regression constructed the age‐specific regression models depicting the independent association and effect size of the risk factors contributing to the various categories of undernutrition among study population. Stunting was prevalent among 30.9% of the study children, whereas 9.7% were wasted and 24.9% were underweight. Being a male child, increase in age, maternal body mass index and education, and household food insecurity were the strongest predictors for all categories of undernutrition in terms of effect size. Our study shows that the different categories of childhood undernutrition have different age‐specific risk factors. Maternal body mass index and household food insecurity were the common age‐specific risk factors for all categories of undernutrition. We expect our findings to enhance the existing evidence base for the risk factors of undernutrition among children aged less than 2 years.
Genetics of host–parasite interactions: towards a comprehensive dissection of Drosophila resistance to viral infection
Authors: Magalhães Sara , Sucena Élio 
Published: October 2016

One of the major challenges in evolutionary biology is to unravel the genetic basis of adaptation. This issue has been gaining momentum in recent years with the accelerated development of novel genetic and genomic techniques and resources. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Cogni et al. (2016) address the genetic basis of resistance to two viruses in Drosophila melanogaster using a panel of recombinant inbred lines with unprecedented resolution allowing detection of rare alleles and/or alleles of small effect. The study confirms the role of previously identified genes of major effect and adds novel regions with minor effect to the genetic basis of Drosophila resistance to the Drosophila C virus or the sigma virus. Additional analyses reveal the absence of cross‐resistance and of epistasis between the various genomic regions. This detailed information on the genetic architecture of host resistance constitutes an important step towards the understanding of both the physiology of antiviral immunity and the evolution of host–parasite interactions.
Mosquitoes host communities of bacteria that are essential for development but vary greatly between local habitats
Authors: Coon Kerri L. , Brown Mark R. , Strand Michael R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMosquitoes are insects of interest because several species vector disease‐causing pathogens to humans and other vertebrates. We previously reported that mosquitoes from long‐term laboratory cultures require living bacteria in their gut to develop, but development does not depend on particular species of bacteria. Here, we focused on three distinct but interrelated areas of study to better understand the role of bacteria in mosquito development by studying field and laboratory populations ofAedes aegypti,Aedes albopictusandCulex quinquefasciatusfrom the southeastern United States. Sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed that bacterial community composition differed substantially in larvae from different collection sites, whereas larvae from the same site shared similarities. Although previously unknown to be infected byWolbachia, results also indicated thatAe. aegyptifrom one field site hosted a dual infection. Regardless of collection site or factors likeWolbachiainfection, however, each mosquito species required living bacteria in their digestive tract to develop. Results also identified several concerns in using antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial community in larvae in order to study its developmental consequences. Altogether, our results indicate that several mosquito species require living bacteria for development. We also hypothesize these species do not rely on particular bacteria because larvae do not reliably encounter the same bacteria in the aquatic habitats they develop in.
Large‐scale molecular genetic analysis in plant‐pathogenic fungi: a decade of genome‐wide functional analysis
Authors: Motaung Thabiso E. , Saitoh Hiromasa , Tsilo Toi J. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPlant‐pathogenic fungi cause diseases to all major crop plants world‐wide and threaten global food security. Underpinning fungal diseases are virulence genes facilitating plant host colonization that often marks pathogenesis and crop failures, as well as an increase in staple food prices. Fungal molecular genetics is therefore the cornerstone to the sustainable prevention of disease outbreaks. Pathogenicity studies using mutant collections provide immense function‐based information regarding virulence genes of economically relevant fungi. These collections are rich in potential targets for existing and new biological control agents. They contribute to host resistance breeding against fungal pathogens and are instrumental in searching for novel resistance genes through the identification of fungal effectors. Therefore, functional analyses of mutant collections propel gene discovery and characterization, and may be incorporated into disease management strategies. In the light of these attributes, mutant collections enhance the development of practical solutions to confront modern agricultural constraints. Here, a critical review of mutant collections constructed by various laboratories during the past decade is provided. We used Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium graminearum studies to show how mutant screens contribute to bridge existing knowledge gaps in pathogenicity and fungal–host interactions.
Impact of symptom burden and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) on esophageal motor diagnoses
Authors: Reddy C. A. , Patel A. , Gyawali C. P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐resolution manometry (HRM) categorizes esophageal motor processes into specific Chicago Classification (CC) diagnoses, but the clinical impact of these motor diagnoses on symptom burden remain unclear.MethodsTwo hundred and eleven subjects (56.8±1.0 years, 66.8% F) completed symptom questionnaires (GERDQ, Mayo dysphagia questionnaire [MDQ], visceral sensitivity index, short‐form 36, dominant symptom index, and global symptom severity [GSS] on a 100‐mm visual analog scale) prior to HRM. Subjects were stratified according to CC v3.0 and by dominant presenting symptom; contraction wave abnormalities (CWA) were evaluated within “normal” CC. Symptom burden, impact of diagnoses, and HRQOL were compared within and between cohorts.Key ResultsMajor motor disorders had highest global symptom burden (P=.02), “normal” had lowest (P<.01). Dysphagia (MDQ) was highest with esophageal outflow obstruction (P=.02), but reflux symptoms (GERDQ) were similar in CC cohorts (P=ns). Absent contractility aligned best with minor motor disorders. Consequently, pathophysiologic categorization into outflow obstruction, hypermotility, and hypomotility resulted in a gradient of decreasing dysphagia and increasing reflux burden (P<.05 across groups); GSS (P=.05) was highest with hypomotility and lowest with “normal” (P=.002). Within the “normal” cohort, 33.3% had CWA; this subgroup had symptom burden similar to hypermotility. Upon stratification by symptoms, symptom burden (GSS, MDQ, HRQOL) was most profound with dysphagia.Conclusions and InferencesChicago Classification v3.0 diagnoses identify subjects with highest symptom burden, but pathophysiologic categorization may allow better stratification by symptom type and burden. Contraction wave abnormalities are clinically relevant and different from true normal motor function. Transit symptoms have highest yield for a motor diagnosis.
Pain, Perceived Injustice, and Pain Catastrophizing in Chronic Pain Patients in Ireland
Authors: Margiotta Fabio , Hannigan Ailish , Imran Ather , Harmon Dominic Colman 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChronic pain is a public health concern affecting 20% to 30% of the population of Western countries. Psychological risk factors can worsen chronic pain patients. Themes of perceived injustice (PI) and pain catastrophizing are related to poor clinical outcomes. Particularly, perceived injustice has not been assessed systematically in patients at their first presentation in chronic pain clinics in Ireland. This study aims to assess the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ)'s internal consistency in the Irish population, assess PI in patients attending a chronic pain clinic in Ireland using the IEQ, investigate pain catastrophizing through the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and its relationship with IEQ scores, and explore their relationships with self‐reported Numeric Pain Rating Scale. One hundred adult patients were randomly selected from those attending the clinic for the first time. Eighty completed the IEQ (mean age 49 years, ranged 22 to 90 years; 59% female). The internal consistency of the IEQ was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). Twenty‐six patients (33%) had IEQ scores classified as severe. Patients whose cause of pain was trauma or road traffic accidents were more likely to have clinically severe scores than all other causes of pain (47% vs. 23%, P = 0.03). This has clinical consequences and may have legal implications. Pain catastrophizing scores were strongly correlated with IEQ (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). The correlation between IEQ and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale was weak (r = 0.25, P = 0.048). The results suggest that the IEQ may provide an additional tool to assess psychological contributors in problematic chronic pain patients and to institute targeted therapies to improve clinical outcomes.
Coupled response of stomatal and mesophyll conductance to light enhances photosynthesis of shade leaves under sunflecks
Authors: Campany Courtney E. , Tjoelker Mark G. , von Caemmerer Susanne , Duursma Remko A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLight gradients within tree canopies play a major role in the distribution of plant resources that define the photosynthetic capacity of sun and shade leaves. However, the biochemical and diffusional constraints on gas exchange in sun and shade leaves in response to light remain poorly quantified, but critical for predicting canopy carbon and water exchange. To investigate the CO2 diffusion pathway of sun and shade leaves, leaf gas exchange was coupled with concurrent measurements of carbon isotope discrimination to measure net leaf photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm) in Eucalyptus tereticornis trees grown in climate controlled whole‐tree chambers. Compared to sun leaves, shade leaves had lower An, gm, leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity (Amax) but gs was similar. When light intensity was temporarily increased for shade leaves to match that of sun leaves, both gs and gm increased, and An increased to values greater than sun leaves. We show that dynamic physiological responses of shade leaves to altered light environments have implications for up‐scaling leaf level measurements and predicting whole canopy carbon gain. Despite exhibiting reduced photosynthetic capacity, the rapid up‐regulation of gm with increased light enables shade leaves to respond quickly to sunflecks.
Parasites, microbiota and metabolic disease
Authors: Bhattacharjee S. , Kalbfuss N. , Prazeres da Costa C. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryRecent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in diseases that are ascribed to alter metabolism eventually resulting in conditions including obesity, type‐2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Of the many factors to which this rise has been attributed, including diet, physical activity and inflammation, several studies have correlated these disease states with alterations in gut microbiota. Simultaneously, studies have demonstrated the ability of parasites to alter microbial communities within their shared niche, leading to alterations in inflammatory processes. However, very few reports have addressed how these changes to the microbiome may be a mechanism by which parasites influence not only inflammation but also metabolic states. In this review, we attempt to draw parallels between the three capacious topics and examine the interrelationship between them.
A case of giant cell‐rich solitary fibrous tumor in the external auditory canal
Authors: Yuzawa Sayaka , Tanikawa Satoshi , Kunibe Isamu , Nishihara Hiroshi , Nagashima Kazuo , Tanaka Shinya 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present a rare case of giant cell‐rich solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) arising at the left external auditory canal in a 31‐year‐old woman. The tumor was well‐circumscribed and composed of spindle‐shaped cells with abundant collagenous bands. Scattered multinucleate giant cells were observed, some of which lined pseudovascular spaces. Although a focal mild‐hypercellular area was observed, mitoses were rare and necrosis was absent. Interstitial mast cells were scattered, especially in the hypercellular area. Immunohistochemically, CD34, vimentin, and Bcl‐2 presented diffuse positivity. Moreover, both mononuclear spindle cells and multinucleate cells showed nuclear STAT6 positivity, while NAB2‐STAT6 fusion gene could not be detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using formalin‐fixed specimen. These findings suggest the pathological diagnosis of giant cell‐rich SFT, previously known as giant cell angiofibroma, which is a rare variant of SFT with multinucleate giant cells and occurs predominantly in orbital region. Although giant cell‐rich SFTs of extra‐orbital sites have been reported, to our knowledge, this is the first case arising in the external auditory canal. Giant cell‐rich SFT should be considered as a differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesion with multinucleate giant cells, and STAT6 immunohistochemistry should be performed to distinguish this rare tumor from other mesenchymal neoplasms.
Law, Politics, and the Quality of Government in Africa
Authors: Asongu Simplice A. , Nwachukwu Jacinta C. 
Published: October 2016

This article examines interconnections between law, politics, and the quality of government in Africa. We investigate whether African democracies enjoy relatively better government quality (GQ) compared to their counterparts with more autocratic inclinations. The empirical evidence is based on instrumental variable two‐stage least squares and fixed effects with data from 38 African countries for the period 1994‐2010. Political regimes of democracy, polity, and autocracy are instrumented with income levels, legal origins, religious dominations, and press freedom to account for the GQ dynamics of corruption control, government effectiveness, voice and accountability, political stability, regulation quality, and the rule of law. Findings show that democracy has an edge over autocracy while the latter and polity overlap. As a policy implication, democracy once initiated should be accelerated to edge the appeals of authoritarian regimes.Related Articles

Tusalem, Rollin. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 94‐141. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12108/abstract

Nwokora, Zim, and
Riccardo Pelizzo. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 453‐473. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12124/abstract

Jakubow, Alexander. 2014. “.” Politics & Policy 42 (): 3–36. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12057/abstract
Related Media

Moyo, Dambisa. 2013. “.” TED Talks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = 4Q2aznfmcYU
Necrotrophic behaviour of Erwinia amylovora in apple and tobacco leaf tissue
Authors: Sobiczewski P. , Iakimova E. T. , Mikiciński A. , Węgrzynowicz‐Lesiak E. , Dyki B. 
Published: October 2016

An important issue related to the epidemiology of fire blight, a devastating disease of apples and pears, is how its causal agent, the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, survives and disseminates in the environment. Almost no information is available on the possibility of this pathogen overwintering as a necrotroph. In this study, bacterial survival in dead apple and tobacco (a non‐host) leaf tissues was addressed. In necrotized leaves collected 5, 6, 7 and 8 months following shoot inoculation of apple trees, viable E. amylovora cells were present in over 50% of samples from the midrib and in over 10% of samples from lateral veins, but were never found in parenchyma. Using a PCR‐based method, pathogen DNA was detected in more than 50% of samples that were found to be free of viable cells by conventional plating out. However, PCR analysis was insufficient to distinguish between the DNA of viable and dead bacteria. Sugars appropriate for bacterial growth were found in dead apple leaves. In spot‐inoculated attached apple and tobacco leaves, a remarkable increase in the bacterial population was observed in lesions that developed as a hypersensitive response (HR). As in other necrotrophic interactions, bacterial proliferation was associated with massive hydrogen peroxide production and progression toward plant cell death. The results indicate that E. amylovora has an ability to survive as a semi‐necrotroph or necrotroph, which allows for overwintering in dead apple leaves.
Manufacturing Skill‐biased Wage Inequality, Natural Resources and Institutions
Authors: Torres Nuno , Afonso Óscar , Soares Isabel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe use an extensive dataset on occupational wages to measure the manufacturing skill premium and assess, for the first time, the influence of natural resources and institutional quality—in addition to traditional drivers—for advanced and less‐advanced countries and the full sample. The new findings, regarding 21 countries between 1988 and 2008 in the main panel estimations, suggest the premium of advanced countries rises with tertiary enrollment, net foreign direct investment (FDI) and institutional quality, and falls with centralized wage negotiations and geographically diffuse natural resource activities, mainly re‐exportation related. In less‐advanced countries, the premium rises with net FDI, scale effects, centralized wage negotiations and geographically concentrated natural resource activities (absorbing scarce skilled workers), and falls with trade, diffuse natural resource exploration (using mainly unskilled workers) and high‐technology exports, as emerging national low‐end technology industrial exporters may lower skill pay compared with foreign industrial exporters. In the full sample, the premium rises with scale effects, trade, institutional quality and concentrated natural resources, and falls with the relative skilled‐labor supply, centralized wage negotiations and diffuse natural resources. The results account for a wider diversity of situations compared with the previous studies.
Sharing Social Network Data: Differentially Private Estimation of Exponential Family Random-Graph Models
Authors: Karwa Vishesh , Krivitsky Pavel N. , Slavković Aleksandra B. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryMotivated by a real life problem of sharing social network data that contain sensitive personal information, we propose a novel approach to release and analyse synthetic graphs to protect privacy of individual relationships captured by the social network while maintaining the validity of statistical results. A case-study using a version of the Enron e-mail corpus data set demonstrates the application and usefulness of the proposed techniques in solving the challenging problem of maintaining privacy and supporting open access to network data to ensure reproducibility of existing studies and discovering new scientific insights that can be obtained by analysing such data. We use a simple yet effective randomized response mechanism to generate synthetic networks under ε-edge differential privacy and then use likelihood-based inference for missing data and Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to fit exponential family random-graph models to the generated synthetic networks.
Cancer patients' effort to return to normal life: a hermeneutic study
Authors: Mardani‐Hamooleh Marjan , Heidari Haydeh 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe increasing population of patients with cancer highlights the need to develop an understanding of the patients' lived experiences.ObjectiveThe purpose of our study was to explore the lived experiences of Iranian patients regarding living with cancer.MethodsA hermeneutic phenomenological study was performed. Twelve patients with cancer were interviewed to understand their lived experiences. We employed the seven‐stage hermeneutical process of data analysis.FindingsOne constitutive pattern ‘cancer patients' effort to return to normal life' and two associated themes, namely ‘pass through limitations and challenges' and ‘emotional and informational support seeking', were identified. ‘Pass through limitations and challenges' had two subcategories: ‘acceptance of reality' and ‘resist cultural taboos'. ‘Emotional and informational support seeking' also had two subcategories: ‘family and friends support' and ‘healthcare providers support'.ConclusionThe findings present better understanding of the lived experiences of patients with cancer in Iran regarding the phenomena under the study.Implications for PracticeNurses have an obligation to educate patients with cancer about anticipated changes in their life.
The Influenza A Virus Non‐structural Protein NS1 Upregulates The Expression of Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1 Protein
Authors: Zhu C. , Peng G. , Yi W. , Song H. , Liu F. , Liu X. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInfluenza A virus (IAV) infection induces a strong immune response and regulates the expression of many host proteins. The collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) protein is a secreted protein that exhibits increased expression during the viral infection process. However, the regulatory function of IAV on CTHRC1 expression is obscure. In this study, we investigated the effect of IAV on CTHRC1 expression and its regulatory mechanism. A total of 106 serum specimens from healthy people and 80 serum specimens from patients infected with IAV were collected. The CTHRC1 levels in the sera from the IVA patients and healthy individuals were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the differences were statistically analysed. A549 cells were infected with the IAV or delNS1 virus. Additionally, A549 cells were cotransfected with a eukaryotic non‐structural NS1 protein gene expression plasmid and the CTHRC1 gene promoter reporter plasmid (pCTHRC1‐Luc), and, the luciferase activities were assessed. The CTHRC1 mRNA and protein expression were detected using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. The serum CTHRC1 level was significantly higher in the IAV patients than in the healthy individuals. IAV upregulated the CTHRC1 mRNA and protein expression. The non‐structural NS1 protein specifically activated CTHRC1 gene promoter activity and upregulated CTHRC1 mRNA and protein expression. The activation function had a dose‐dependent effect, indicating that influenza virus upregulated CTHRC1 expression through its NS1 protein.