bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2 on Silicon/Copper-patterned Substrates
Authors: Jablansky A. , Rossero A. Jorge I. , Jursich G. , Takoudis C.G. 
Published: August 2017

As microelectronic devices shrink, thinner diffusion barrier layers are needed to separate the copper and silicon substrates while leaving the copper vias open for conduction. Selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) of titanium dioxide(TiO2), a good barrier layer, onto silicon was studied by minimizing the exposure time to air of these substrates immediately before deposition. The minimized exposure time mimicked industrial conditions, where waiting before deposition is costly. Tetrakis(diethylamido)titanium (TDEAT) was used as the precursor, and water was the oxidizing agent. TDEAT was first deposited on silicon wafers using ALD to verify a steady, linear growth rate reported in the literature, and the measured rate of 0.9 ± 0.1 Å/cycle is consistent with values previously reported. Minimized exposure to air had no effect on the growth rate of TiO2 on silicon, and the effect on copper has yet to be determined.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of N5-Carboxyaminoimidazole Ribonucleotide Mutase (Class I PurE) in Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Silas M. , Wolf N. , Fung L.W.M. 
Published: August 2017

Anthrax, the infection caused by the Gram-positive pathogen Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), is fatal if untreated, and some strains of B. anthracis have been found to be resistant to currently available antibiotics. The development of broad spectrum antibiotics is needed to treat the resistive strains. In antibiotic development, we have targeted B. anthracis Class I PurE enzyme (Ba PurE) as a unique and necessary enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, since the inactivation of this gene prevents B. anthraci growth in human serum, resulting in decreased bacterial proliferation. To identify inhibitors to $Ba$PurE, structural information on the substrate binding to its active site is needed. However, it is difficult to obtain crystals of Ba PurE with the substrate molecule in its binding site since upon binding to PurE, the substrate molecule is converted to the product molecule. An alternative approach is to create mutants of PurE that exhibit no enzymatic activity and do not convert the substrate to product, but still allow the substrate to bind to the active site. Then, the structure of mutant PurE with bound substrate can be obtained. We have identified a histidine residue at position 70 as the target of mutation to give an inactive enzyme. After successfully preparing the recombinant protein H70N, we have found that it exhibited no enzyme activity. This mutant will be useful in future experimentation to identify inhibitors of Ba PurE.
Analysis on the Difficulties Faced by a Bilingual Child in Reading and Writing
Authors: Hardiyanti Rizki 
Published: August 2017

Bilingual child ability in two languages is become popular issue in the comparison of those two languages. In this paper, the Indonesian bilingual child has parent, school and course using English actively, then his environment using Bahasa Indonesia. This research was conducted to measure ability and difficulties faced by bilingual child in reading and writing in two languages Bahasa Indonesia- English. This journal applied a qualitative research design. Qualitative research is stated as naturalistic study that has the natural setting, as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrument (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992). To specify the design in this journal, this qualitative method was used to analyze a specific person of Bilingual Child. The data were taken from observation, interview, video recording of the child’s reading the English and Bahasa Indonesia textbook story and written test of the child’s writing the English and Bahasa Indonesia summary of textbook story. In both English and Bahasa Indonesia, the reading difficulties appear related to pronunciation, intonation, expression and word stress and the writing difficulties appear related to relevance, organization, vocabulary and grammar.
Comparative comparison between the characters of Jamie’s tale of (Salamon & Absal) and Avicenna ’s Hayy Ebn Yaqzan and Andalusian Ebn Tofeyl’s hayy Ebn Yaqazan
Authors: Ali Kennedy Mehdi Ebrahimi Hossein , Halabi Ali Asghar 
Published: August 2017

Brilliant models of allegory and secretive tales are observable in mystical and philosophical works of Persian literature in verse and prose. Avicenna is the first person who has written the philosophical tale of Hayy Ebn Yaqzan in mystical clothing and symbolic style. In this philosophical and symbolic epistle, Avicenna has represented evolution stages of human in request of hidden secrets and sublime insight and spiritual life, and in travers of behavior stages he became aware of the truth that there is a spiritual life other than corporeal life. Therefore he is guided to spiritual world by sense and by the help of active wisdom. Then Andalusian Ebn Tofeyl has combined Avicenna ’s tales of Hayy Ebn Yaqzan and Salamon & Absal and recompiled it in a symbolic form and wrote it out with philosophical array. In this tale Hayy Ebn Yaqzan was grown alone in an island and he was attracted by comprehension and perception of the reality by external senses, recognition of palpable worlds and by discovery. Despite some similarities with Persian archaic tales, ((Salamon & Absal)) is a Greek legend in fact, which was received by Honayn Ebn Eshaq in east by translation from Greek into Arabic for the first time. This tale contains allegorical and philosophical aspects and has Greek quality and Alexandria quality. This tale was changed into a mystical and discovery tale by Avicenna . In fact he made it a part of his ((philosophy of east and west)) equivalent of common philosophy. Jamie wrote the original narrative of Honayn Ebn Eshaq in a symbolic form with artistic, elegant and eloquent statement. This poem is Jamie’s shortest ‘Orang, and also his most gnostic ‘Orang, of his famous Haft ‘Orang. In this tale Salamon is the symbol of soul and Absal is the symbol of body. This research studies the introduced characters in Jamie’s Salamon & Absal and Hayy ebn Yaqzan in Avicenna ’s and Andalusian Ebn Tofeyl’s tales.
Effect of heterogeneity and shape on optical properties of urban dust based on three‐dimensional modeling of individual particles
Authors: Conny Joseph M. , Ortiz‐Montalvo Diana L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe show the effect of composition heterogeneity and shape on the optical properties of urban dust particles based on the three‐dimensional spatial and optical modeling of individual particles. Using scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography, spatial models of particles collected in Los Angeles and Seattle accounted for surface features, inclusions, and voids, as well as overall composition and shape. Using voxel data from the spatial models and the discrete dipole approximation method, we report extinction efficiency, asymmetry parameter, and single‐scattering albedo (SSA). Test models of the particles involved (1) the particle's actual morphology as a single homogeneous phase and (2) simple geometric shapes (spheres, cubes, and tetrahedra) depicting composition homogeneity or heterogeneity (with multiple spheres). Test models were compared with a reference model, which included the particle's actual morphology and heterogeneity based on SEM/EDX and FIB tomography. Results show particle shape to be a more important factor for determining extinction efficiency than accounting for individual phases in a particle, regardless of whether absorption or scattering dominated. In addition to homogeneous models with the particles' actual morphology, tetrahedral geometric models provided better extinction accuracy than spherical or cubic models. For iron‐containing heterogeneous particles, the asymmetry parameter and SSA varied with the composition of the iron‐containing phase, even if the phase was <10% of the particle volume. For particles containing loosely held phases with widely varying refractive indexes (i.e., exhibiting “severe” heterogeneity), only models that account for heterogeneity may sufficiently determine SSA.
An investigation of the implications of lunar illumination spectral changes for Day/Night Band‐based cloud property retrieval due to lunar phase transition
Authors: Min Min , Deng Jianbo , Liu Chao , Guo Jianping , Lu Naimeng , Hu Xiuqing , Chen Lin , Zhang Peng , Lu Qifeng , Wang Ling 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Moon reflects sunlight like a huge mirror hanging in the sky at night, which presents the obviously periodical changes in its luminance or irradiance due to Sun‐Earth‐Moon geometry variation. The potential effect of the periodical changes in lunar phase angle on nighttime Day/Night Band (DNB) radiative transfer simulation in the presence of cloud has seldom been reported thus far. In this study, a radiative transfer model is developed by coupling the lunar light source with various Sun‐Earth‐Moon geometries. To elucidate the stability of DNB‐averaged cloud bulk scattering properties, we simulate nighttime reflectance and radiances under four typical lunar phase angles (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°) from 7 April 2016 to 8 May 2016 (e.g., two lunar cycles). Explicit simulation analyses indicated that DNB‐averaged cloud bulk scattering properties exhibit weak sensitivity to lunar phase angles. The maximum DNB reflectance differences between any and 90° lunar phase angles are less than 0.05% (0.01%) in the presence of water (ice) clouds, indicating a negligible effect of periodically changes on lunar spectral irradiances. Our findings suggest that the differences of reflectance at lunar phase angle = 90° are less than approximately 0.05% (water cloud)/0.01% (ice cloud), much smaller than 11% radiometric calibration uncertainties of DNB. This means that these differences could be ignored in both nighttime cloud property retrieval and DNB radiative transfer modeling.
The influence of topography on midlatitude cyclones on Australia's east coast
Authors: Pepler Acacia S. , Alexander Lisa V. , Evans Jason P. , Sherwood Steven C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe east coast of Australia has a relatively high frequency of midlatitude cyclones, locally known as East Coast Lows (ECLs), which can cause severe weather including widespread flooding and coastal erosion. The elevated topography close to the east coast has been hypothesized to play a role in both the genesis and impacts of cyclones in this region, but existing studies have been limited to case studies of individual events. In this paper we present the results from two 20 year simulations over the Australian region using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model and assess the results from removing all topography in the region on both mean atmospheric circulation and ECL frequency. Removing topography results in an increase in sea level pressure to the south of Australia and an increase in moisture flux convergence and rainfall near the east coast, as well as a decrease in potential vorticity to the north of the ECL region. This results in a change in the spatial distribution of cyclones, with a 37% decrease in the frequency of cyclones that develop to the south of the ECL region but a 20% increase in cyclones near the east coast. This results in little overall change in the frequency of ECLs and suggests that coarse topography is unlikely to be responsible for the difficulties in simulating coastal cyclones in global climate models.
A Visible‐Light‐Driven, Metal‐free Route to Aromatic Amides via Radical Arylation of Isonitriles
Authors: Malacarne Marco , Protti Stefano , Fagnoni Maurizio 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe photochemical metal‐free carboamidation of aryl radicals has been exploited for the preparation of aromatic amides, including hetero‐ and polyaromatic derivatives, under visible light irradiation of arylazo sulfones in the presence of isocyanides in aqueous acetonitrile. The process was useful for the smooth preparation of the antidepressant moclobemide.magnified image
Theoretical Studies of Allene Synthesis through Cadmium Iodide‐Mediated Allenylation of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Han Yulin , Zhang Xue 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe cadmium iodide‐mediated reaction between an amine and two molecules of terminal alkynes for the synthesis of allenes has been investigated by using DFT calculations. On the basis of these calculations, a plausible mechanism has been proposed. The results also reveal that pyrrolidine serves not only as a reactant but also as a shuttle in a proton relay.
Platinum Nanoparticle Impacts at a Liquid|Liquid Interface
Authors: Stockmann T. Jane , Angelé Léo , Brasiliense Vitor , Combellas Catherine , Kanoufi Frédéric 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSingle nanoparticle (NP) electrochemistry detection at a micro liquid|liquid interface (LLI) is exploited using the catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this way, current spikes reminiscent of nanoimpacts were recorded, which corresponded to electrocatalytic enhancement of the ORR by Pt NPs. The nature of the LLI allows exploration of new phenomena in single NP electrochemistry. The recorded impacts result from a bipolar reaction occurring at the Pt NP straddling the LLI. O2 reduction takes place in the aqueous phase, while ferrocene hydride (Fc‐H+; a complex generated upon facilitated interfacial proton transfer by Fc) is oxidized in the organic phase. Ultimately, the role of reactant partitioning, NP bouncing, or the ability of NPs to induce Marangoni effects, is demonstrated.
Consensus of Fractional Multi‐Agent Systems Using Distributed Adaptive Protocols
Authors: Ren Guojian , Yu Yongguang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the adaptive consensus problem of fractional multi‐agent systems for both the linear and nonlinear cases. Distributed adaptive protocols are designed, respectively, for linear and nonlinear fractional multi‐agent systems, under which consensus is achieved for any undirected connected communication graph without using any global information. Furthermore, the leader‐following problem is studied as an extension. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Lithium Recovery from Challenging Deposits: Zinnwaldite and Magnesium‐Rich Salt Lake Brines
Authors: Bertau Martin , Voigt Wolfgang , Schneider Anke , Martin Gunther 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLithium can be found in its bound form in silicatic rocks and dissolved in salt lake brines. Both types of lithium resources, whose amounts exceed the expected demand for lithium by several times, are used for lithium recovery. The known lithium resources and their geochemical characteristics are reviewed together with the presently applied recovery processes which are still very similar to the historically early techniques. New processes for direct carbonization of zinnwaldite, hydrochloric and oxalic acid leaching as well as a new method for the recovery of lithium from magnesium‐rich brines are presented.
Extrarenal pelvis mimicking hydronephrosis: a case for caution
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Bhattacharya Deepti 
Published: August 2017

Key Clinical MessageExtrarenal pelvis is an anatomical variant that appears as a large hypoechoic mass just outside the renal sinus and can be confused with hydronephrosis, especially on a point‐of‐care renal ultrasound. Unlike hydronephrosis, it is not associated with dilated calyces, parenchymal thinning, hydroureter, or enlarged kidney per se.
Rational Design Rules for Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts based on Scaling Relationships
Authors: Hessels Joeri , Detz Remko J. , Koper Marc T. M. , Reek Joost N. H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLowering the overpotential required for water oxidation is of paramount importance for the efficient production of carbon‐neutral fuels. This article highlights the intrinsic influence of the water oxidation mechanism used by molecular catalysts on the theoretically achievable minimal overpotential, based on scaling relationships typically used for heterogeneous catalysts. Due to such scaling relationships, catalysts that operate through the water nucleophilic attack mechanism have a fundamental minimal overpotential of about 0.3 V, whereas those that follow the dinuclear radical oxo coupling mechanism should in principle be able to operate with a lower overpotential. Therefore, it is recommended to design catalysts operating through the latter mechanism to achieve very efficient water oxidation systems.
Conjugated Gold–Porphyrin Monolayers Assembled on Inorganic Surfaces
Authors: Contino Annalinda , Maccarrone Giuseppe , Fragalà Maria E. , Spitaleri Luca , Gulino Antonino 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGold nanoparticles show important properties owing to their electronic structures. A limitation of some gold nanoparticles is that they either show surface plasmons or luminescence. The increase in size of the gold nanoparticles, and the appearance of the surface plasmons may result in the disappearance of luminescence. The aim of our study is the nanoscale assembly of Au nanoparticles on a monolayer of porphyrin molecules anchored to functionalized inorganic surfaces. This functional architecture not only exhibits a strong surface plasmon due to the gold nanoparticles, but also a strong luminescence signal from the porphyrin molecules. Finally we observed a long‐range order in the Au nanoparticles conjugated to the porphyrin monolayer.
C−H Bond Functionalization by Mechanochemistry
Authors: Hernández José G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe advances made in the mechanosynthesis of inorganic and organometallic complexes and the excellent past developments with metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions by high‐speed ball milling have sufficienly laid the ground work for the merging of C−H functionalization and mechanochemical techniques. In recent years, the fast development of mechanochemical C−H activation have given us examples of metal‐catalyzed olefinations, amidations, halogenations, and oxidative couplings, among others. This concept article will describe some of the events that led to the development of mechanochemical C−H activation, the current state‐of‐the‐art, the present challenges of this merge, and some unique scenarios in which mechanochemistry could complement the traditional solution‐based approaches.
Ecohydrological index, native fish, and climate trends and relationships in the Kansas River basin
Authors: Sinnathamby Sumathy , Douglas‐Mankin Kyle R. , Muche Muluken E. , Hutchinson Stacy L. , Anandhi Aavudai 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis study quantified climatological and hydrological trends and relationships to presence and distribution of 2 native aquatic species in the Kansas River basin over the past half century. Trend analyses were applied to indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHAs) at 34 streamgages over a 50‐year period (1962–2012). Results showed a significant negative trend in annual streamflow for 10 of 12 western streamgages (up to −7.65 mm/50 years) and smaller negative trends for most other streamgages. Significant negative trends in western basin streamflow were more widespread in summer (12 stations) than in winter or spring (6 stations). The negative‐trend magnitude and significance decreased from west to east for maximum‐flow IHAs. Minimum‐flow IHAs, however, significantly decreased at High Plains streamgages but significantly increased at Central Great Plains streamgages. Number of zero‐flow days showed positive trends in the High Plains. Most streamgages showed negative trends in low‐ and high‐flow pulse frequency and high‐flow pulse duration, and positive trends in low‐flow pulse duration. These results were consistent with increasing occurrence of drought. Shift in occurrence from present (1860–1950) to absent (2000–2012) was significantly related (p < .10) to negative trends of 1‐day maximum flows (both species) and indices associated with reduced spawning‐season flows for Plains Minnow and shifting annual‐flow timing and increased flow intermittency for Common Shiner. Both species were absent for all western basin sites and had different responses to hydrological index trends at eastern basin sites. These results demonstrate ecohydrological index changes impact distributions of native fish and suggest target factors for assessment or restoration activities.
A flexible method to determine the sensitive physical parameter combination for soil carbon under five plant types
Authors: Sun Guodong , Mu Mu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractModel parameter errors are a critical source of uncertainty in simulations of soil carbon. It is important to determine which parameter errors should be reduced to improve the simulation ability of soil carbon. It is essential to determine the most sensitive parameter combination. In this study, a new flexible approach is employed to identify the most sensitive parameter combination based on the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation related to parameter (CNOP‐P) using the Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena model. The CNOP‐P is a type of parameter error that triggers the upper bound of uncertainty in a numerical simulation and prediction, for which a nonlinear effect can be reported. To compare the sensitivity of parameter combinations, the one‐at‐a‐time (OAT) approach is also applied to determine the sensitivity of each parameter. Using the CNOP‐P approach, parameter errors can really cause large simulation errors for soil carbon throughout an entire study region (2674.69 g C/m2). Results show the most sensitive parameter combinations of soil carbon are different for five plant functional types (PFTs). For all cases, fair (fraction of decomposed litter emitted as CO2 to the atmosphere) and (fraction of soil‐bound decomposed litter entering intermediate soil carbon pool) comprise the most sensitive parameter combination for boreal needle‐leaved evergreen trees, boreal needle‐leaved summergreen trees, temperate broadleaved summergreen trees, temperate broadleaved evergreen trees, and C3 perennial grass. For C3 perennial grass under semi‐arid conditions, the hydrology process is also critical in the uncertainty of simulated soil carbon. The most sensitive parameter combination using the new flexible approach is different to that of the top rank of sensitivity of each parameter when employing the CNOP‐P and OAT methods, which implies that a nonlinear effect of the parameter combination is crucial for determining the sensitive parameter combination. The sensitivity of the parameter combination is dependent on the PFTs and climate condition. Among factors causing the uncertainty of simulated soil carbon, the fast‐decomposing soil carbon pool plays the main contribution. It is considered that the physical process involved in the fast‐decomposing soil carbon pool needs to be improved as a priority compared to other physical processes to enhance the simulation ability of soil carbon.