bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Reformed Local Government in Macedonia
Authors: Sejdini Mirjana Kraja 
Published: June 2016

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">Local government in Westerns Balkans has gone through various public administration reforms resulting from the era of New Public Management (NPM) developments that took place in developed countries. However, such reforms have not yet reached their goal of creating more autonomous (especially financially) local government units that would be efficient and effective enough to provide better services to citizens. Macedonia is perceived a country where fiscal decentralisation has not reached its expected outcome reflected mainly in low shares of finances compared to central government finances. This paper aims to elaborate on the reforms that have shaped the management of local government in Macedonia, as well as its financial position. This is an exploratory study of previous writings about decentralization and local government (mainly) in Macedonia. The paper starts with some theoretical background of NPM and decentralisation that have shaped the local government. Then it follows with a review of the public administration reforms, decentralisation process, and local government finances. The paper is expected to contribute modestly in understanding the nature of local government and its finances along the reforms channelled mainly through the decentralization process. </span></p>
Exchange Rate Variability and Manufacturing Sector Performance in Ghana: Evidence from Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Abdul-Mumuni Abdallah 
Published: June 2016

<p>This study examined the effect of exchange rate variability on manufacturing sector performance in Ghana. Using time series data from the period 1986-2013 and employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the empirical results show that there exists both a short as well as long run relationship between exchange rate and manufacturing sector performance. Thus, in Ghana as the exchange rate appreciates, the manufacturing sector performance improves and as it depreciates, the sector is adversely affected. In view of this, it is recommended that policy should be put in place to regulate the importation of goods that could be locally produced so as to improve the performance of the manufacturing sector. In addition, the government should ensure that there is regular electricity supply, good roads, water and a reliable telecommunication system so that the manufacturing sector can perform effectively and efficiently in order to achieve a considerable rate of economic growth.</p>
Helseforskjeller blant nyfødte barn i Oslo
Authors: Rognerud Marit , Stensvold Inger 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGBakgrunn Materiale og metode Resultater Konklusjon Differences in health among newborns in Oslo.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYBackground Materials and methods Results Discussion : These data do not provide sufficient evidence to draw conclusions about the aetiology of theobserved differences. The differences are considerable, however, and knowledge about the mostimportant aetiologic factors is crucial for selecting interventions. Other types of studies using data onthe individual level should therefore be conducted.: Differences in low birth weight and infant mortality displayed strong correlation to differencesin socio-economic status. The study also showed an association between area differences in low birthweight and smoking habits for women 40-42 years. Differences in malformations were not linked tosocioeconomic or demographic measures, but there was a strong link between the level of malformationsamong Norwegian and non-western newborns in the local authorities.: Ecological analysis of birth statistics (1985-96), indicators of women’s smokinghabits (1985-88) and socio-economic measures (1995) in the local authorities.: «The Oslo health report» presented differences in health and risk factors between the 25local authorities within the city of Oslo. Large differences in child health were demonstrated.1998; 8 (1): 29-35.: De foreliggende datasettene gir ikke grunnlag til å trekke noen sikre konklusjoner omårsaker til de observerte forskjellene. Forskjellene er imidlertid betydelige og kunnskap om de viktigsteårsakene er avgjørende for å kunne målrette tiltak. Undersøkelsen burde derfor følges opp med andretyper studier med data på individnivå for å komme nærmere en etiologisk forklaring.Rognerud M, Stensvold I. : Bydelsvise forskjeller i lav fødselsvekt og spedbarnsdødelighet var nær knyttet til sosioøkonomiskefaktorer på bydelsnivå. Det ble også vist en samvariasjon på bydelsnivå mellom lav fødselsvektog røykevaner for kvinner 40-42 år. Medfødte misdannelser viste ingen samvariasjon med sosioøkonomiskeeller demografiske mål, men det var en sterk samvariasjon mellom medfødte misdannelser hosnorske og ikke-vestlige innvandrere på bydelsnivå.: Økologisk analyse av data fra Medisinsk fødselsregister (1985-96), mål på sosioøkonomiskstatus (1995) og indikatorer på kvinners røykevaner (1985-88) på bydelsnivå.: Oslohelsa presenterte forskjeller i helsetilstand og faktorer som virker inn på denne mellombydelene i Oslo (jf. Kommunehelsetjenestelovens § 1–4). Sentrale indikatorer på nyfødte barns helseviste store variasjoner mellom bydelene.
Regionale sykelighetsforskjeller i Nord-Trøndelag fylke belyst med tall fra ulike datakilder
Authors: Fretland Steinar , Krüger Øystein 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGNord-Trøndelag fylke inndeles i to sykehusområder, Namdal i nord/nordvest og Innherred i sør. Det ertidligere påvist høyere sykehusforbruk i Namdal enn i Innherred. En undersøkelse fra 80-tallet tydet på atforhold i primærhelsetjenesten forklarte noen av disse forskjellene: større stabilitet blant primærlegene ogbedre samarbeid mellom første- og andrelinjetjenesten i Innherred kunne forklare lavere sykehusforbruk i detteområdet. Forhold knyttet til geografi, næringsstruktur og befolkningssammensetning så ikke ut til å spillenoen vesentlig rolle. Formålet med denne undersøkelsen var å kartlegge eventuelle forskjeller i sykelighetmellom befolkningene i Namdal og Innherred. For å beskrive sykdomsmønstre i fylket har vi hentet data frabefolkningsundersøkelser i fylket, fra sykehusstatistikk, fra registrering hos primærleger, fra kreftregisteret,fra meldingssystemet for infeksjonssykdommer, fra dødsårsaksregisteret, fra fylkets trygdekontor og fraFylkeslegen. Det var høyere forekomst av hjertesykdom og høyere nivåer for risikofaktorer for hjertesykdom(målte gjennomsnittlige kolesterolverdier, høyt blodtrykk, daglig røyking og infarktrisk-skåre) i Namdal enn iInnherred. Regionale ulikheter i sykelighet registrert ved Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT) blebekreftet av tilsvarende forskjeller ved innleggelser i sykehus for en rekke sykdommer.Fretland S, Krüger Ø. Regional differences in disease morbidity in Nord-Trøndelag county.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYPrevious research has revealed that the population-adjusted number of hospital admissions through manyyears has been higher in Namdal than in Innherred hospital region. This was not explained by differences inpopulation age or sex distributions, but was to some extent associated with the level of primary health care.The aim of this study was to investigate if there were differences in morbidity between the two hospitalregions. We have used different sources to collect information about the disease patterns: The Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey, data from general practitioners in the county, the Cancer Registry of Norway, theNational Institute of Public Health, the hospital registers in the county of Nord-Trøndelag, the National DeathRegister, the public insurance company and from the County Health Office. There was a substantially higheroccurrence of heart disease and risk factors for heart disease (levels of cholesterol and blood pressure, cigarettesmoking and infarction risk score) in Namdal than in Innherred hospital region. The regional differencesin coronary heart disease were clearly confirmed in hospital admission data, and also for several otherdiseases: stroke, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Bechterew's disease and arm and hip fractures –1998; 8 (1): 73-78.
Dødelighet av hjerteinfarkt i fylker og helseregioner i perioden 1951-94
Authors: Tverdal Aage 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGBasert på data fra Statistisk sentralbyrå er dødeligheten av hjerteinfarkt i fylkene studert. Dødeligheten ialder 40-69 år økte markert i alle fylker mellom 1951-55 og 1971-75 for deretter å avta jevnt fram til 1991-94. For menn er ingen av fylkene kommet ned på nivået i 1951-55, mens for kvinner er dødeligheten i1991-94 lavere i fire fylker. Endringene varierte i størrelse mellom fylkene slik at rangeringen av fylkeneetter dødelighet er forskjellig i første og siste periode. Det var prosentvis en svakere økning i dødelighetenfor kvinner enn for menn fra 1951-55 til 1971-75 og også en svakere nedgang fra 1971-75 til 1991-94. Dennåværende tendens er meget gunstig i alle helseregioner.Tverdal A. Mortality from myocardial infarction in Norwegian counties and health regions 1951-94.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYData from Statistics Norway on mortality from myocardial infarction in Norwegian counties have beenstudied. The mortality in the age group 40-69 years increased distinctly between 1951-55 and 1971-75 inall counties followed by a gradual decrease until 1991-94. For men none of the counties have yet reachedthe level of 1951-55, whilst for women the mortality is now lower in four of the counties. The changesvaried in magnitude between the counties so that the ranking of the counties by mortality differed betweenthe first and the last period. In per cent the increase in mortality was weaker for women than for men from1951-55 to 1971-75, and there was also a weaker decline from 1971-75 to 1991-94 in women. The existingtendency is very favourable in all health regions.1998; 8 (1): 79-80.
Geografiske mønstre for helse, levekår og helsetjenester i Norge: En utvidet anmeldelse og sammenligning av to helseatlas
Authors: Jørgensen Stig 
Published: June 2016

Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Helse. 1996 Helse- og levekårsatlas for Hordaland og Noreg. 1996Hansen FH, Reitan J, Ågotnes J-E, red. Hordaland fylkeskommune og Norges samfunnsvitenskapeligedatatjeneste (NSD), Bergen, 191 sider, tab, ill.(National Atlas of Norway: Health. 1996)Aase A, Storm-Furru I, forfattere; Nilsen S, hovedred. Statens Kartverk, Hønefoss, 239 sider, tab, ill.
Out-patient geriatric assessment by a hospital-based general practitioner: Results and financial implications
Authors: Ranhoff Anette Hylen 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTNorway has few specialists in geriatric medicine, but geriatric services are supposed to be implementedin all local hospitals. I assessed a model for hospital out-patient geriatric service headed by a generalpractitioner. The service was organised in a local hospital. 266 elderly patients were referred for geriatricassessment.Main outcome measures were ICD-9 diagnostic categories, general patient well-being before and afterassessment, patients' and referring doctors' satisfaction, and cost of the service and income received.Age, gender and diagnoses were within the same range as in other studies of out-patient geriatricassessment. Two hundred and three (85.3%) out of 238 patients reached in follow-up interviews weresatisfied with the service and reported improved general well-being. Referring doctors reported satisfactionwith the service. The service was financed by charges paid by the patients and a capitation fee fromthe social security. Cost per patient was £ 94 (1070 NOK).The study shows that in Norway a GP can implement an outpatient geriatric service which improvesthe patients' general well-being and is cost effective.Key words: general practitioner, geriatric assessment, financial implications, local hospital, out-patient clinic, patient well-being
The paradoxes of gerotranscendence: The theory of gerotranscendence in a cultural gerontological and post-modernist perspective
Authors: Thorsen Kirsten 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents a theoretical analysis and discussion of the theory of gerotranscendence, formulatedby Lars Tornstam (University of Uppsala, Sweden). The theory is presented as a meta-theory ofageing, as a theory of universal and general ageing processes. Ageing is seen as an urge (a drive)towards a less engaged posititon in the wordly life, moving towards a higher degree of transcendence,with a more cosmic outlook and another definition of reality. In this article the theory is discussed fromanother theoretical position; Ageing seen in a cultural gerontological perspective, as a varied culturallyand historically situated phenomenon – differing in different times and different cultures. The theoreticalperspective underlines that ageing is complex dialectical processes, an intertwined interplay betweenindividual development and cultural change. The varied individual ageing processes are not seenas the result of «drives». In Western post-modern cultures the ageing processes are becoming manifold,often contradictory. Elderly present versions of the selves that are becoming complex, multiplied (multipleselves), acting at different scenes, stamped by varied cultural values, presenting mixed versions ofactivity and passivity, engagement and retractment, wordliness and transcendence.Key words: Ageing theories; gerotranscendence; cultural gerontology; postmodernism
Vancomycin extravasation: Evaluation, treatment, and avoidance of this adverse drug event
Authors: Peyko Vincent , Sasson Evan 
Published: June 2016

Purpose: To report the presentation, management, and potential future avoidance of vancomycin extravasation.Summary: An 84-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department due to observed seizures that progressed to statusepilepticus. Status epilepticus was controlled, but the patient developed hospital-acquired pneumonia, requiring treatment withvancomycin and cefepime. During treatment with vancomycin, extravasation occurred during peripheral administration. Coldpacks were immediately applied to the lesion for the next 24 hours with common gauze open dressings with frequent changes, andsilver sulfadiazine 1% topical application once daily were started on the day after extravasation. While skin necrosis developed, itdid not require surgical intervention and common gauze open dressings with frequent changes and silver sulfadiazine 1% topicallywere continued until the wound was healed.Conclusion: Although the package insert warns of extravasation with potential necrosis during vancomycin administration, thiscase highlights a potentially under-reported adverse event. Vancomycin extravasation was successfully managed by utilizing coldcompress for the first 24 hours post-extravasation with common gauze open dressings and silver sulfadiazine 1% until the woundwas healed. With a potential for vancomycin extravasation when administered peripherally, we would recommend central venousadministration.
Validity of the Diabetes, Hypertension and Hyperlipidaemia (DHL) Knowledge Instrument among Medical Students of Karachi
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Haseeb Abdul , Merchant Aleena Zehra , Sher Khan Muhammad Ahad , Adam Arsalan Majeed , Gul Ayesha , Saad Muhammad , Arshad Mohammad Hussham , Yasmin Farah , Saad Muhammad , Gagai Hasan Aslam , Al- Karim Manji Adil , S. Ahmed Taha , Kazani Bahram , Husain Hamza 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: While there have been a number of studies on DM, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, an instrument which assesses knowledge based on all three conditions has neither been established nor authorized in Pakistan. Hence, the focus of this study was to establish a pre- tested extensive questionnaire to evaluate medical students’ understanding of DM, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and their medications for use.METHODS: A pre-validated and pre-tested DHL instrument was employed on 250 students of Dow Medical and Sindh Medical College and on 45 physicians working in a leading teaching hospital of Karachi. The DHL knowledge instrument was then distributed a second time to the very same set of students, after a period of 2 months, at the end of the foundation module, once they had received some basic formal medical education including diabetes and CVS diseases.RESULTS: The overall internal consistency for the DHL instrument failed to comply with the set standard of more than or equal to 0.7 as our results yielded Cronbach’s α of 0.6. Overall the average difficulty factor of 28 questions is 0.41, which highlighted that the instrument was moderately tough. The mean scores for all domains were substantially lower in the students section in comparison to that of the professional section, which had remarkable impact on the overall mean(SD) knowledge score (40.58 ± 14.63 vs. 63.49 ± 06.67 ; p value = 0.00).CONCLUSION: The instrument can be used to recognize people who require educational programs and keep an account of the changes with the passage of time as it could help in differentiating the knowledge levels among its participants based on their educational status.
A Qualitative Exploration of Voice Oriented Quality of Life in Iranian Patients: A Cultural Explanation
Authors: Dehqan Ali , Yadegari Fariba , Asgari Ali , Scherer Ronald C , Dabirmoghadam Peyman 
Published: June 2016

<p><strong>PURPOSE: </strong>The phrase<strong> </strong>“health-related quality of life” (HRQOL) refers to patients’ perceptions of the influence of disease and treatment on their physical, psychological, and social function. Also, cultural aspects should be taken into account when evaluating quality of life and should be considered in related surveys. In the current study, the most prominent voice-related QOL dimensions, including culture-based items in Iranian individuals was examined.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> A convenience sample (n= 23) of adults was interviewed addressing voice related quality of life areas. Participants consisted of 15 people (13 men and 2 women) over 18 years with voice disorders lasting at least 6 months with mean age 41.46±16.06, 3 people (2 men and 1 woman) with mean age 47.66±6.65 who worked as radio broadcasters with over 20 years of experience in the ﬁeld, and 5 experienced specialists in voice disorders (3 speech therapists and 2 otolaryngologists). A semi-structured interview method was used. The components of voice quality of life based on the interviews were extracted by a fourteen stage process content analysis.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Many of the extracted components were common to both the interviews and those found in the relevant literature and some of them are new. Some of the new components appear to fit best under the category of “cultural”. Eleven cultural elements are “religious beliefs in disease tolerance and promotion of quality of life”, “More support expectation from family”, “Fear about pain and thinking about serious problems (such as Cancer)”, “Throat strain results in more disappointment ” “Fatalism in coping with problem and promotion of Quality of life”, “Traditional home remediation”, “Hope for spontaneous recovery”, “Discrimination because of sound problems”, “Pain and globus sensation as a factor in finding remediation more quickly”, “Negative judgments”, “Negative thoughts about people with voice disorders”. These elements appear to have a potentially strong effect on health quality of life especially in the voice domain.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Relative to the development of a Quality of Life questionnaire for voice, important cultural components of Iranian patients were identified in the current study. Identifying these components may help Iranian voice clinicians obtain a more accurate understanding of health-related quality of life aspects within the Iranian culture. This may lead to more effective remediation for voice patients. </p>
The relationship between eruptive activity, flank collapse, and sea level at volcanic islands: A long‐term (>1 Ma) record offshore Montserrat, Lesser Antilles
Authors: Coussens Maya , Wall‐Palmer Deborah , Talling Peter. J. , Watt Sebastian. F. L. , Cassidy Michael , Jutzeler Martin , Clare Michael A. , Hunt James. E. , Manga Michael , Gernon Thomas. M. , Palmer Martin. R. , Hatter Stuart. J. , Boudon Georges , Endo Daisuke , Fujinawa Akihiko , Hatfield Robert , Hornbach Matthew. J. , Ishizuka Osamu , Kataoka Kyoko , Le Friant Anne , Maeno Fukashi , McCanta Molly , Stinton Adam. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHole U1395B, drilled southeast of Montserrat during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 340, provides a long (>1 Ma) and detailed record of eruptive and mass‐wasting events (>130 discrete events). This record can be used to explore the temporal evolution in volcanic activity and landslides at an arc volcano. Analysis of tephra fall and volcaniclastic turbidite deposits in the drill cores reveals three heightened periods of volcanic activity on the island of Montserrat (∼930 to ∼900 ka, ∼810 to ∼760 ka, and ∼190 to ∼120 ka) that coincide with periods of increased volcano instability and mass‐wasting. The youngest of these periods marks the peak in activity at the Soufrière Hills volcano. The largest flank collapse of this volcano (∼130 ka) occurred toward the end of this period, and two younger landslides also occurred during a period of relatively elevated volcanism. These three landslides represent the only large (>0.3 km3) flank collapses of the Soufrière Hills edifice, and their timing also coincides with periods of rapid sea level rise (>5 m/ka). Available age data from other island arc volcanoes suggest a general correlation between the timing of large landslides and periods of rapid sea level rise, but this is not observed for volcanoes in intraplate ocean settings. We thus infer that rapid sea level rise may modulate the timing of collapse at island arc volcanoes, but not in larger ocean‐island settings.
Deformation in the mantle wedge associated with Laramide flat‐slab subduction
Authors: Behr Whitney M. , Smith Douglas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLaramide crustal deformation in the Rocky Mountains of the west‐central United States is often considered to relate to a narrow segment of shallow subduction of the Farallon slab, but there is no consensus as to how deformation along the slab‐mantle lithosphere interface was accommodated. Here we investigate deformation in mantle rocks associated with hydration and shear above the flat‐slab at its contact with the base of the North American plate. The rocks we focus on are deformed, hydrated, ultramafic inclusions hosted within diatremes of the Navajo Volcanic Field in the central Colorado Plateau that erupted during the waning stages of the Laramide orogeny. We document a range of deformation textures, including granular peridotites, porphyroclastic peridotites, mylonites, and cataclasites, which we interpret to reflect different proximities to a slab‐mantle‐interface shear zone. Mineral assemblages and chemistries constrain deformation to hydrous conditions in the temperature range ∼550–750°C. Despite the presence of hydrous phyllosilicates in modal percentages of up to 30%, deformation was dominated by dislocation creep in olivine. The mylonites exhibit an uncommon lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in olivine, known as B‐type LPO in which the a‐axes are aligned perpendicular to the flow direction. The low temperature, hydrated setting in which these fabrics formed is consistent with laboratory experiments that indicate B‐type LPOs form under conditions of high stress and high water contents; furthermore, the mantle wedge context of these LPOs is consistent with observations of trench‐parallel anisotropy in the mantle wedge above many modern subduction zones. Differential stress magnitudes in the mylonitic rocks estimated using paleopiezometry range from 290 to 444 MPa, and calculated effective viscosities using a wet olivine flow law are on the order of 1019−1023 Pa s. The high stress magnitudes, high effective viscosities, and high strains recorded in these rocks are consistent with models that invoke significant basal shear tractions as contributing to Laramide uplift and contraction in the continental interior.