bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Middle English
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the process of imitating Americans, British musicians created their own musical style. Part of this style was a blend of cultural preferences from across the isles that met and recombined in London. Another part emerged from the UK’s educational system, which shaped the Bulge Generation’s tastes and ambitions. In an era of “class convergence,” middle-class artists proved adept at creating a style of music that critics began to identify as distinctly British. Duos Chad and Jeremy and Peter and Gordon gentrified and anglicized their music. The dynamics between South African jazz pianist Manfred Mann and Oxford University singer Paul Jones produced a string of transatlantic hits with covers of American R&B. What, however, was English about their music? The Zombies hailed from St. Albans, northwest of London, came from middle-class backgrounds, and could have gone to university. Keyboardist and songwriter Rod Argent with singer Colin Blunstone brought a jazz-tinged element to their music that one American critic heard as “more English” than that of their contemporaries. Another thought their sound had “something to do with feminism” and was a form of “polite rock.”
The Problem That Has No Name
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique (1963) challenged male domination that pop music reflected. Singers Vera Lynn and Anne Shelton transitioned from World War II “sweethearts” to mainstream recording artists in the fifties and Julie Andrews became one of the most successful artists of the sixties. Winifred Atwell’s piano medleys topped UK charts, while Cleo Laine and Shirley Bassey brought their big band sensibilities to pop. Kathy Kirby brought sex and a powerful voice to the charts while Alma Cogan managed herself and featured in her own television shows. Petula Clark began as a child star in the forties, when television was an experiment, grew with the medium and, in collaboration with producer-songwriter Tony Hatch, her performances helped define the softer side of British pop. A few years younger, Dusty Springfield underwent several transformations before offering a British version of Motown.
Scenes
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
As the Bulge Generation entered the workforce, many applied their wages to clothing and music. Notable among their numbers, Dick Hebdige describes Mods as developing styles that allowed them to transition between school, work, and leisure. Mods deified Eric Clapton for his dedication to the blues and bands like the Animals and Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames proved adept at creating British versions of this Black American music. They played in clubs such as Ronan O’Rahilly’s The Scene with some promoted on his Radio Caroline, a commercial station that beat Allan Crawford’s Radio Atlanta to be the first pirate radio station operating in the English Channel. Other British artists too found ways to channel the anxiety and aggression of this community. Both Ray Davies with the Kinks and Van Morrison with Them created music that thousands of neighborhood bands imitated. Still,
Down the Road a Piece
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In Birmingham, the Spencer Davis group’s Steve Winwood wowed audiences with his singing and multi-instrumental prowess while the Applejacks and the Moody Blues with singers Denny Laine and Ray Thomas had national hits. The music of the West Midlands often favored vocal harmonies. John Carter, Ken Lewis, and Perry Ford wrote songs and provided backing vocals for others, as well as recording as the Ivy League. Similarly, the Rockin’ Berries and the Fortunes featured tight vocal harmonies. Further down the road from London in Manchester, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman’s Hermits (featuring Peter Noone) found their places on international charts in 1965, while American immigrants the Walker Brothers brought their version of Southern California soul to the south of England. All these male performers brought boyish charm to their performances. Running counter to that trend, Tom Jones arrived from Wales to assert an alpha male personality.
British Proto Punk
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A core part of pop music culture continued to flourish with three chords and a backbeat. The Troggs’ cover of “Wild Thing” proved that elemental blues forms still had legs, even if the BBC sometimes blocked broadcasts because of perceived bad taste. Manager Larry Page also returned to a previous era by gentrifying the band and renaming its members. For the Creation, manager Tony Stratton-Smith encouraged bringing art-school experimentation and shock to the stage. Singer Kenny Pickett painted and burned canvases during shows, while guitarist Eddie Phillips proved an early proponent of controlled feedback and using a violin bow on the guitar. Equally important, Shel Talmy produced records that captured the raw excitement of Creation’s live shows.
Transatlantic Transformers
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A key aspect of sixties British pop lay in historic transatlantic relationships that contributed to musical styles created for British audiences. Jamaican-British businessman Chris Blackwell facilitated ska artist Jackie Edwards’s collaboration with Steve Winwood and the Spencer Davis Group to create Anglo-Jamaican hybrids. Eric Clapton’s experiments with amplification and feedback, John Mayall’s anglicized singing, and their moderated approach to the blues contributed to a distinctive British interpretation of the Americans they imitated. Perhaps the most remarkable manifestation of transatlantic hybridity, Animal Chas Chandler transformed American Jimi Hendrix by bringing him to London and repackaging him as a psychedelic British phenomenon.
Male Delivery
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the last years of the sixties, the Bulge Generation began reaching the age of majority. However, the availability of birth control, a governmental financial crisis, the devaluation of the pound, and strikes undermined national confidence and led to some couples delaying marriage and starting families. Women were entering the workforce and demonstrating independence from the control of men. British songwriters, for example Les Reed and Gordon Mills, both wrote and appropriated songs from other languages about women rejecting men. Veteran solo male singers such as Tom Jones and Engelbert Humperdinck covered American country tunes about loneliness and isolation. Younger male singers such as Amen Corner’s Andy Fairweather Low and Love Affair’s Steve Ellis compared love to paradise. The theme of feminine rejection, however, remained common, with insinuations that women with foreign-sounding names (e.g., Delilah and Jesamine) could not be trusted.
Worlds Apart
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Against the backdrop of war, riots, and the constant threat of nuclear annihilation, youth in the late 1960s found refuge in sonic worlds created in studios: audioscapes to which they could escape for 3–20 minutes at a time. The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band brought surrealistic art-school humor to their performances. Fleetwood Mac celebrated the occult while searching for a tropical escape. And, while the Status Quo sang about yellow eyes in the sky, Roy Wood wrote songs for the Move that celebrated his everyday reality. Arthur Brown chose to personify the fire raging in riot-torn cities while Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley wrote songs for Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick, and Tich and for the Herd that suggested far-off countries and mythological worlds.
Intelligent Design Interviews
Authors: Nelson Thomas E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes interviews conducted with approximately 25 prominent individuals involved in the intelligent design (ID) debate, including activists on both sides, journalists, policymakers, and the judge presiding over the most significant ID trial to date. The interviews focus on the values recruited during the ID debate, as well as the strategies and tactics that activists employed to help claim values for their side of the issue and discredit value recruitment efforts by the opposing side. Key values for ID supporters include science, education, fairness, democracy, freedom, and religious liberty. ID opponents sought to recruit all of these values but concentrated mostly on discrediting ID supporters’ recruitment of science while framing ID as neo-creationism.
Afterlives
Authors: Amar Tarik Cyril 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 traces the legacy and resonance of Seventeen Moments, Stakes Greater than Life, and The Invisible Visor after the Cold War in their respective national contexts, Russia, Poland, and Germany. The chapter first takes a wide-angle look at each series and its national afterlife and then focuses on one aspect of the latter: for Stawka, the Polish director Patryk Vega’s 2012 film Stakes Greater than Death, a thoroughly post-Communist sequel; for Seventeen Moments, the rich world of Shtirlits jokes; and, finally, with regard to East Germany, the 2017 movie Kundschafter des Friedens, a comedy that made ironic references to Visor and revisited some of its themes.
The Old Testament and the Gospel
Authors: Peppard Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the two types of biblical readings proclaimed at almost every Mass, excerpts from the Old Testament and the Gospels. The readings from the Old Testament are often interpreted only as predictions of later revelations, though the Psalms are sometimes allowed to speak for themselves. The relationship between these Old Testament excerpts and the Gospels, established by the lectionary through thematic pairings for each Mass, sometimes also implies underlying assumptions about the relationship between Judaism and Christianity. The current Catholic approach to the Old Testament, while an improvement over previous eras, remains underdeveloped in contrast to that of other Christian communities and even to the Catholic Church’s official theological principles about these texts. Most importantly for Catholics, an oversimplified mode of interpreting the Old Testament prevents listeners in the pews from discerning a main goal of the readings: a faithful Catholic characterization of God.
Coda
Authors: Bowers John M. , Steffensen Peter 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Our “Coda” ends the book with consideration of a 1957 letter that Tolkien wrote as part of his response to a Polish professor’s review article on the 2nd edition of F. N. Robinson’s Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Tolkien covered Professor Mroczkowski’s draft article with detailed corrections and criticisms, preparing it for publication in the Times Literary Supplement. In his cover letter, he also considered specifically Chaucer’s Retracciouns as the medieval author’s anxious reflections on the posterity of his literary output. Nearing the end of his Oxford career, Tolkien seems also to be reflecting indirectly upon his own literary posterity for the many writings that he never saw into print, especially works like The Silmarillion which were never published during his lifetime.
NeuroEbola
Authors: Tshala-Katumbay Desire D. , Kombi Mbusa J. , Boivin Michael J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ebolaviruses are pathogens deadly to humans, with a mortality rate of 25–90 percent depending on the species. However, there is a high prevalence and variety of neurological complications including seizures, memory loss, headaches, cranial nerve abnormalities, and tremors among survivors of infection. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are also commonly observed in the long term. In a recent outbreak of Ebola in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, monoclonal antibodies or antiviral drugs were used for the first time for treatment with a remarkable improvement of survival rates of up to 80 percent with ansuvimab (also known as mAb114 or Ebanga) or REGN-EB3 (also known as Inmazeb). However, survivors had lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores in the acute stage and up to 34 percent of subjects had eye complications. The odds of depression remained higher in survivors, varying by sex and disease severity during acute illness. These are all important considerations for further longitudinal assessments of survivors of Ebola as they remain at risk for adverse neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive outcomes whether acute, chronic, or of delayed onset.
Infectious Diseases in Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Miller Chris H. , Pritchard Liz , Duran Marisol , Shapiro Martin , Sacchet Matthew D. , Woo Ellen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder are among the world’s most prevalent and burdensome diseases and involve a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors that converge on the nervous system to produce psychiatric symptoms. A large and growing body of evidence demonstrates that infectious diseases can constitute a primary cause or significant contributing factor of these neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly through mechanisms involving immune responses and inflammation affecting brain tissue. This chapter summarizes the present understanding of the clinical importance and biological mechanisms of several of the most prevalent and well-studied bacterial (e.g., Gram-negative enterobacteria, syphilis, Lyme disease, and Streptococcus), parasitic (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii), and viral (e.g., Borna disease, herpes simplex virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus) infections that contribute to the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder as well as some of the key uncertainties and remaining questions for future research.
Associations Between the Microbiome and Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Function
Authors: Lundwall Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Accumulating research findings indicate bidirectional influence between the gut microbiome and the brain and cognition. While this connection may sound surprising, even early in scientific thought it was assumed that the gut was connected to the cognitive and physiological experience of emotion. Nevertheless, the microbiota–gut–brain axis has been underappreciated by many until the National Institutes of Health in the United States launched the Human Microbiome Project. Researchers now know that the gut microbiome is established postnatally and shapes brain development with semi-permanent influence on cognition throughout life. However, it can be perturbed by several events, including antibiotic use, illness, and radical changes in diet or geographical environment. This chapter describes these and several psychiatric disorders associated with gut microbiome disturbance, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety, and certain dementias. It concludes by exploring the biological pathways that can explain this relationship and future directions that may foster well-being and improve neurocognitive outcomes.
The Battle and Its Consequences
Authors: Otte T. G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed account of the battle of Leuthen and its aftermath. At Leuthen Frederick pushed linear tactics to their utmost limits. His victory marked the zenith of eighteenth-century warfare and his own apogee as military leader in equal measure. For the first time, the concept of the oblique battle order had been applied fully and successfully; and this was possible because of a combination of Frederick’s superior generalship, his better knowledge of the terrain and his ability to exploit it to his advantage, and the superior drill of the Prussian army. Frederick’s regiments of foot combined movement and fire as precisely as prescribed in army manuals, decisively supported by the artillery and cavalry. Finally, as this chapter explains, victory at Leuthen saved Prussia from imminent defeat. In the long term, Leuthen ensured more than the survival of the kingdom—it also affirmed its rise to the position of a European great power. It marked the second foundation of Prussia. Therein lies its historical significance.
The Tenderness of Silent Minds
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The human body is the primary instrument of war, yet those waging war often confront soldiers’ bodies in a detached or merely intellectual way. In The Tenderness of Silent Minds, Martha C. Nussbaum, a leading thinker on emotion, morality, and justice, conducts a pioneering study of Benjamin Britten’s musical representations of the body amidst the brutality of war, and their ability to transform consciousness by evoking potent, non-personal emotions. Situating technical musicological analysis within philosophical accounts of both the aesthetics of the musical portrayal of war and the ethics of pacifism, Nussbaum presents a compelling framework for the critically assessment of Britten’s oeuvre, examining his account of aggression and its roots in his early collaborations with the poet W. H. Auden, offering a reading of Britten’s views about the value and beauty of the body that situates these in the context of his thirty-nine-year partnership with his lover, the singer Peter Pears, and also surveying pacifist themes in works written both before and after the War Requiem. The analysis throughout is enriched with perspectives from Britten’s letters and from thoughtful study of the social and political backdrop of fear and homophobic disgust in mid-twentieth century Britain. According to Nussbaum’s interpretation, War Requiem confronts listeners with the reality of bodily experience in war, eliciting compassion by its depiction of beauty, vulnerability, and eroticism. Issuing a stern warning, it points the way to hope for postwar reconciliation.
Pacifisms and the Music of Peace
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies Britten’s pacifism and its musical expression. It begins with a study of the varieties of pacifism influential in Britain during World War II, making a distinction between the pacifism of acts (no acts of violence under any circumstances) and emotional pacifism, a rejection of retributive anger against enemies in favor of a spirit of love and reconciliation. Many people embrace the second while endorsing Britain’s war of self-defense. Britten did not; he won conscientious objector status, a position I criticize. R. B. Gregg’s The Power of Non-Violence was a particularly influential work for his circle. The chapter then studies the ways in which the idea of peace is expressed musically, with a specific musical language, studying works both before and after the War Requiem. Britten’s use of poetry written to comment on World War I for an occasion related to World War II remains a problem for the audience of the War Requiem.
Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book explains what makes for effective, accurate, compelling psychobiography. Psychobiography refers to the study, using psychological perspectives, of the lives of notable figures in history, politics, intellectual life, the arts, and other fields. The essence of psychobiography is gaining access to the inner world of the subjects: Why did they act as they did? What are their inner motivations, strivings, and preoccupations? Research is the basis of psychobiography. Materials such as letters, diaries, dreams, Freudian slips, and fantasies are especially revealing and therefore useful for psychological analysis. Authors of psychobiographies inevitably have a relationship with their subjects; they must be able to gain insight through this relationship without being thrown off by either idealizing or denigrating their subjects. It is essential to take into account the subject’s culture: if an author today writes about a person who lived years ago, that person’s culture inevitably was significantly different from the author’s. Foisting a psychological theory onto the subject is a fatal mistake. Instead, theory should open up, not close down; provide new questions, not easy answers; complicate, not simplify. It is valuable for psychobiographers to learn about their subjects’ narrative identities—the way individuals feel about themselves, as expressed in the stories they tell about themselves. The ultimate challenge for authors, once they have information about the subject and have guidelines in mind, is to analyze their subjects. Some methods are recommended. One is Irving Alexander’s “Identifiers of Salience.” Another method, “multiplex analysis,” results in creating an explanatory structure that is an interacting, reinforcing whole.
The Relationship of Psychobiographers with Their Subjects
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
No topic pertaining to psychobiography is more crucial than the relationship of psychobiographers with their subjects. The unexamined prejudices of an author can easily cause a psychobiography to run aground. Either idealizing or hating the subject can undermine a biography. All authors form an intricate relationship with their subject, and, while the feelings of the author can get in the way, these feelings are also the key to a deep understanding of the subject. Authors must find a way to relate intimately to the personal experiences of their subjects in order to empathize with them. Several author-to-subject relationships are examined, such as Leon Edel with Henry James, Robert Waite with Adolf Hitler (an example that brings up the difficulty of writing about a loathsome monster), Erik Erikson with Mohandas Gandhi, Doris Kearns Goodwin with Lyndon Johnson, Margot Duxler with Anaïs Nin, and William Todd Schultz with Diane Arbus.
The Relevance of Culture to Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Psychobiographers must situate their subjects within the culture in which they lived. It is impossible to understand anyone’s motivations, conflicts, and struggles without considering the influence of gender, race, ethnic factors, and the mores and assumptions of that person’s society. It is obvious that when Erikson studied Gandhi, he took into account the culture of India. But whenever studying a historical figure, the author must realize the substantial differences between the author’s and the subject’s cultures. And even when studying contemporaries, there are always differences between the author’s and the subject’s cultures. Cultural competence is indispensable for psychobiographers. Several examples are considered, such as Jean Strouse studying Alice James, Nic Weststrate and Kate McLean studying Harvey Milk, Sunil Bhatia and Anjali Ram studying Babasaheb Ambedkar, and various studies of Black Africans that were carried out in South Africa.
Psychobiography of Literary Artists
Authors: Anderson James William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In creating their work, literary artists rely on that which haunts, obsesses, troubles, and moves them. This chapter describes how a psychobiographer can explore the process by which authors of novels, plays, and other literary works draw on their inner worlds to produce their creations. The chapter presents in-depth investigations of Arthur Miller and Edith Wharton and the connection, for each of them, between their lives and their work. Psychobiography potentially sensitizes one to the heart of an artist’s creation. Knowing about an artist’s emotional life helps the psychobiographer tune into the themes that matter most to the artist, the themes that the artist inevitably organizes the work around.