bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Transfer Reactions in Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Katz Faith E. H. , Owens Cedric P. , Tezcan F. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this review, we summarize our recent efforts toward understanding electron transfer (ET) processes in nitrogenase, the only enzyme capable of reducing dinitrogen to ammonia. We discuss new structural and biochemical perspectives on the role of ATP‐dependent interactions between the two components of nitrogenase, Fe‐protein (FeP) and MoFe‐protein (MoFeP), and how these interactions may regulate interprotein ET and catalysis. We also discuss the implications of our work on FeP‐ and ATP‐independent, photoredox‐activated substrate reduction by MoFeP. Elucidating why and how ATP‐hydrolysis is needed to control electron and proton flow in nitrogenase is not only a fundamentally important question in biological redox chemistry and energy transduction, but it also holds the key to understanding the intimate mechanism of dinitrogen reduction.
MiR‐375 and miR‐200c as predictive biomarkers of islet isolation and transplantation in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation
Authors: Yoshimatsu Gumpei , Takita Morihito , Kanak Mazhar A. , Haque Waqas Z. , Chang Charles , Saravanan Prathab Balaji , Lawrence Michael C. , Levy Marlon F. , Naziruddin Bashoo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundTotal pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a promising treatment for refractory chronic pancreatitis. Predictable biomarkers for the endocrine function after transplantation would be helpful in selecting patients for TPIAT. This study aims to identify novel biomarkers for predicting the outcome of islet isolation and transplantation in TPIAT patients.MethodsThis paper studied microRNA of 31 TPIAT patients and 11 deceased donors from plasma samples before TPIAT. MiR‐7, miR‐200a, miR‐200c, miR‐320, and miR‐375 were analyzed along with patient characteristics and the outcomes of islet isolation and transplantation via univariate and multivariate regression analysis.ResultsMiR‐375 before TPIAT showed a significant correlation with ∆C‐peptide (r = −0.396, P = 0.03) and post‐digestion islet count (r = −0.372, P = 0.04). And also miR‐200c was significantly correlated with insulin requirement, C‐peptide, and SUITO index at 1 year after transplantation. Moreover it was confirmed that miR‐200c was a predictable factor of endocrine outcome in multi regression analysis (coefficient = −7.081, P = 0.001).ConclusionsWe concluded that miR‐375 and miR‐200c could potentially serve as novel biomarkers in predicting the islet yield in islet isolation and the metabolic function after transplantation for chronic pancreatitis patients.
Oxygen isotopic evidence for high‐magnitude, abrupt climatic events during the Lateglacial Interstadial in north‐west Europe: analysis of a lacustrine sequence from the site of Tirinie, Scottish Highlands
Authors: Candy I. , Abrook A. , Elliot F. , Lincoln P. , Matthews I. P. , Palmer A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe Last Glacial to Interglacial Transition (LGIT) is a period of climatic instability. δ18O records are ideal for investigating the LGIT as this proxy responds rapidly to even minor climatic oscillations. Lacustrine carbonates offer the opportunity to investigate spatial diversity in patterns of climatic change during the LGIT but this requires the generation of δ18O records from a range of latitudinal and longitudinal settings. This study presents a coupled pollen and stable isotopic study of lacustrine carbonates spanning the Windermere Interstadial (the British equivalent of Greenland Interstadial 1, the Lateglacial Interstadial) from the site of Tirinie in the Scottish Highlands, a region where δ18O records are absent. The Interstadial is characterized by three δ18O peaks, warm intervals, and two δ18O declines, cold episodes, the timing of which is constrained by the presence of crypto‐tephra. The landscape at Tirinie was highly responsive to these climatic oscillations as the sedimentary and pollen record respond to each isotopic shift. The paper concludes by highlighting that, across the British Isles, lacustrine δ18O records of the Interstadial have a consistent stratigraphy/structure, although the magnitude of the isotopic shifts is regionally variable. Potential causes of this variability are discussed.
Fractionated Er:YAG laser versus fully ablative Er:YAG laser for scar revision: Results of a split scar, double blinded, prospective trial
Authors: Tidwell W. James , Owen Cindy E. , Kulp‐Shorten Carol , Maity Abhishek , McCall Michael , Brown Timothy S. 
Published: July 2016

Background and ObjectiveAblative laser resurfacing is a common treatment for post‐surgical scars. Fractional ablative laser resurfacing has been an emerging treatment option that is replacing fully ablative lasers in many applications. Data comparing fractionated and fully ablative lasers in treating post‐operative scars are lacking.Study DesignTwenty patients were enrolled in a split scar study following excisions from dermatologic surgery. Wounds had to be older than 8 weeks but less than 1 year. The scars were randomly divided into two halves. One half of the scar was treated with fully ablative erbium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) and the other was treated with fractionated Er:YAG. The scars were treated at monthly intervals for 3 months, then followed up at months 1 and 2 after the last treatment. POSAS was used to evaluate the scars by a panel of dermatologists blinded to the lasers in conjunction with the patients, who were also blinded.ResultsPhysicians and patients both observed a superior outcome of 32.5% (P = 0.019) and 58.1% (P = 0.001), respectively, using the POSAS. There was no trend in difference in pain reported by the patient between the two lasers. Patients overwhelmingly preferred the fractionated Er:YAG laser (94%) to the fully ablative laser when asked at the end of the study.ConclusionsAlthough this study is limited by a short follow‐up period, it shows a statistically significant superior outcome in fractionated Er:YAG over fully ablative Er:YAG for scar revision. It also adds quantitative values to the assessment of scar appearance when treated with fractionated lasers compared to fully ablative lasers. It was also found that the fractionated Er:YAG had increased patient satisfaction, but there was no difference in reported pain scores. These data are useful when counseling patients undergoing laser surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:837–843, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The eye opener: Preparing for and performing facility siting to best communicate with upper management
Authors: James Michael 
Published: July 2016

Upon completion of a facility siting study, a major step in the critical path for implementation is acceptance from upper management on the remediation plan. Communicating with upper management occurs at the end of several steps which can be strategically mapped in order to maximize upper management's understanding of the needs of a site's remediation requirements.Using an example chemical plant, this paper will detail the process of initiating a facility siting study, provide a novel approach to prioritizing building remediation requirements, and discuss how the resulting information can best be framed and communicated to upper management. In addition to discussing strategies for effective communication with upper management on proposed facility siting strategies, the paper also details an online system that could be used for keeping facility siting data evergreen after the study is completed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 158–164, 2017
Optical properties of silica aerogels with embedded multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chernov Alexander I. , Predein Alexander Y. , Danilyuk Alexander F. , Kuznetsov Vladimir L. , Larina Tatyana V. , Obraztsova Elena D. 
Published: July 2016

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully incorporated inside silica aerogel matrix. Solid composite materials were investigated by high‐resolution transmission microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical spectroscopy. MWCNTs in the form of small bundles and individual tubes get locked inside the aerogel between its pores resulting in the local solution‐free environment for nanotubes. Optical transmission of the composite material can be modified by the amount of the added MWCNTs. Nonlinear optical properties were studied by a Z‐scan technique. Composite materials demonstrate saturable absorption for femtosecond laser pulses at 515 nm wavelength that are attributed to the properties of embedded nanotubes. Silica aerogels possess significantly better thermal stability compared to polymer matrices, hosts that are frequently used for saturable absorption applications of carbon nanotubes. Solid and lightweight silica aerogels with embedded nanotubes can be used as optical elements for various photonic devices.Photo of silica aerogel with embedded MWCNTs. Normalized Z‐scan transmittance of silica aerogel with nanotubes for two different on‐focus intensities.
The role of early inter-professional and inter-agency encounters in increasing students’ awareness of the clinical and community context of medicine
Authors: Thandi Charankumal Singh , Forrest Simon , Williamson Catherine 
Published: July 2016

Coordinated input from a variety of health and social care professionals into medical education helps students to become strong, effective, successful and competent future practitioners able to function within the multi-disciplinary environment which characterizes modern medicine. This paper presents a new model of teaching developed within the context of the Phase 1 Medicine Programme at Durham, which has been used to help prepare students for this by intertwining a selection of lectures and activities run by external organizations with additional clinical exposure and experience. This one-week learning journey was called the Additional Clinical Experience (ACE) week, and now forms an integral part of the curriculum at Durham University.
Description of a Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in a Large Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Balkhy Hanan H. , Alenazi Thamer H. , Alshamrani Majid M. , Baffoe-Bonnie Henry , Arabi Yaseen , Hijazi Raed , Al-Abdely Hail M. , El-Saed Aiman , Al Johani Sameera , Assiri Abdullah M. , bin Saeed Abdulaziz 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDSince the first isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in 2012, sporadic cases, clusters, and sometimes large outbreaks have been reported.OBJECTIVETo describe the recent (2015) MERS-CoV outbreak at a large tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.METHODSWe conducted an epidemiologic outbreak investigation, including case finding and contact tracing and screening. MERS-CoV cases were categorized as suspected, probable, and confirmed. A confirmed case was defined as positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for MERS-CoV.RESULTSOf the 130 suspected cases, 81 (62%) were confirmed and 49 (38%) were probable. These included 87 patients (67%) and 43 healthcare workers (33%). Older age (mean [SD], 64.4 [18.3] vs 40.1 [11.3] years, P<.001), symptoms (97% vs 58%, P<.001), and comorbidity (99% vs 42%, P<.001) were more common in patients than healthcare workers. Almost all patients (97%) were hospitalized whereas most healthcare workers (72%) were home isolated. Among 96 hospitalized cases, 63 (66%) required intensive care unit management and 60 (63%) required mechanical ventilation. Among all 130 cases, 51 (39%) died; all were patients (51 [59%]) with no deaths among healthcare workers. More than half (54%) of infections were believed to be caught at the emergency department. Strict infection control measures, including isolation and closure of the emergency department, were implemented to interrupt the chain of transmission and end the outbreak.CONCLUSIONMERS-CoV remains a major healthcare threat. Early recognition of cases and rapid implementation of infection control measures are necessary.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–9
LGBT OLDER ADULTS, CHOSEN FAMILY, AND CAREGIVING
Authors: Knauer Nancy J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the United States, informal elder care is principally the responsibility of younger relatives. Adult children perform the majority of elder care and non-relatives perform only 14 percent of care. Caregiving in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, or LGBT, community follows a very different pattern that reflects the importance of “chosen family” in the lives of LGBT older adults. Instead of relying on relatives, LGBT older adults largely care for each other. Relatives provide only 11 percent of all elder care. This article explores the high level of caregiving by non-relatives in the LGBT community. It asks what motivates friends, neighbors, and community members to provide care for someone whom the law considers a legal stranger. It also asks what steps policy makers can take to facilitate and encourage this type of caregiving. Finally, it asks what lessons can be learned from LGBT older adults about the nature of both caregiving and community. As the aging population becomes more diverse, aging policies will have to become more inclusive to address the differing needs of various communities, including LGBT older adults. The potential lessons learned from the pattern of elder care in the LGBT community, however, extend far beyond a simple commitment to diversity.
Surface velocity fluctuations for Glaciar Universidad, central Chile, between 1967 and 2015
Authors: WILSON RYAN , MERNILD SEBASTIAN H. , MALMROS JEPPE K. , BRAVO CLAUDIO , CARRIÓN DANIELA 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTFor the Andes Cordillera, where observed mass-balance records are sparse, long-term glacier velocity measurements potentially represent a useful tool for assessing glacier health. Utilising manual and automatic feature-tracking techniques applied to Corona, Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery, this paper presents surface velocity fluctuations for Glaciar Universidad between 1967 and 1969, and 1985 and 2015, the longest such time series available for the Andes Cordillera, outside Patagonia. This time series reveals an increase in the surface velocities of the main glacier trunk between 1967 and 1987 (~90%) followed by a deceleration between 1987 and 2015 (~80%), with ice velocities observed between 2014 and 2015 possibly representing a 48 a low. In response to the surface velocity fluctuations, the glacier front advanced between 1985 and 1992 (cumulative change of 137 ± 14 m), and again to a lesser magnitude during the 1996–98 and 2004–08 periods. Although having exhibited possible surge behaviour during the 1940s, the synchrony of the glacier changes presented for Glaciar Universidad with those reported for nearby glaciers, suggests that this glacier is responding to climatic trends. If the above scenario is true, the results indicate a general pattern of increasingly negative glacier mass-balance conditions since the late 1980s.
Pressure cabins of elliptic cross section
Authors: Hitch H. P. Y. 
Published: July 2016

Some observers believe that there will be such growth in the travelling public and such constraint on airport and airspace usage that, by early in the 2000s. very large passenger carrying aircraft will be required. By ‘very large’ is meant anything from 1,000 to 2,000 seaters. Whilst the problems which come to mind when musing on this possibility are mostly those of ‘passenger flow’ in the widest sense and rather less related to the vehicle itself, there are some issues related to the vehicle which suggest themselves. One is the choice of fuselage cross section.Because cabins have to be pressurised (10 psi is a typical figure for cruise altitudes up to say 40,000 ft), it has been the norm to utilise circular cross sections (or double-bubble type) since the pressure forces are contained by hoop loads only, without frame bending, which affords a light and fatigue-insensitive structure (Fig. 1).
Fractal properties of inertial-range turbulence with implications for aircraft response
Authors: Jones J. G. , Foster G. W. , Haynes A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFractal geometry provides a method for modelling the scale dependence of fluctuations in atmospheric-turbulence velocity. In this paper the basic concepts are outlined and illustrated by a method of data analysis which, for a fractal process, displays measured probability distributions in scale-invariant form. To a first approximation the data exhibit statistical self-similarity, consistent with the classical theory of Kolmogorov. However, on more detailed analysis, the more intense fluctuations show systematic departures from self-similarity, consistent with recent theoretical estimates of the fractal dimension of the support of turbulence. Implications for aircraft gust response are discussed.
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic aspects of high-speed water surface craft
Authors: Nangia R. K. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHigh speeds on water are being attained in racing sport and in attempts on world speed records in various classes. Success, safety and stability of these craft depends upon the favourable interaction of their aerodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics under the influence of two media, one about 800 times denser than the other. Speed on the straight course and in turns is important.As its velocity increases, a craft experiences increasing dynamic pressure in water and to maintain the balance, the ‘wetted’ area of the craft reduces as it rises up (‘planing’). Modern fast craft have ‘tunnel-hulls’ and lifting areas to generate aerodynamic lift and to assist the craft to attain planing attitudes rapidly.The ‘lifting’ areas may not necessarily be in the correct locations however. An example often seen is that of a power boat riding virtually on its propeller and ‘wallowing’ in an unstable manner. In this case the variation in riding height alters the relative positions of centres of aero- and hydro-lift such that the ‘stability-margins’ are near critical in both the longitudinal and the lateral sense.
On the speed of progressive waves in gust-tunnels of the QMC-type
Authors: Ishaq M. S. , Bernstein L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn the Queen Mary College gust-tunnels, unsteady flows are generated by oscillating flaps attached to the downstream upper and lower surfaces of the contraction nozzle of a semi-open test section, open-return, low-speed wind-tunnel. The flow perturbations produced on the mainstream of velocity U∞, are of the travelling-wave type, with wave-velocity Q. Attention is drawn to the contradictory early measurements of Q/U∞. New data are presented which show Q/U∞ apparently diminishing along the tunnel axis from a high value near the nozzle exit to an asymptotic value of about 0·6 far downstream. Using a digital phase meter especially developed for the purpose it is shown that the explanation for this behaviour lies in the two-dimensional nature of the wave process in the region of the flaps.
Concepts of unreliability underlying the factor of safety for aircraft structures
Authors: Heath W. G. 
Published: July 2016

In considering reliability, it is logical to look at sources of uncertainty, variability and inaccuracy. British Civil Airworthiness Requirements - Section D defines the factor of safety in terms of several sources of unreliability, as follows:uncertainties in loads,inaccuracies in structural analysis,variability in the strength of materials.
Safety and availability of airborne weapons and their control in a 1553B based architecture
Authors: Clark G. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper is structured firstly to describe the operational requirements of a modern military aircraft with particular reference to its armament systems, secondly to derive and consider developing architectures for armament control and thirdly to present one of the architectures from an implementation point of view.The paper concludes that the optimum architecture for safety, availability and control of airborne weapons can be derived logically from the military aircraft operational requirement. It is not necessary to indulge in over duplication to achieve a cost effective, safe and available system.
Some laminated plate optimum design studies using an interactive computer programme
Authors: Webber J. P. H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn interactive computer programme, based on linear-elastic laminated plate theory, is used to study the effect of lay-up geometry on first ply failure loads. A maximum allowable strain failure criterion is used and a number of design problems are considered where searches are made for optimum lay-up configurations for typical carbon fibre reinforced plastic properties. The relative weakness of this material in tension across the fibres, is found to have a significant effect on first ply failure loads. An optimisation technique based on principal load directions is introduced and compared with the familiar 0/90/±45 lay-up configuration.
Civil aviation, hijacking and international terrorism — an historical and legal review
Authors: Dawson Humphrey G. 
Published: July 2016

Sadly, recent events continue to keep this subject to the fore — and memories of Dawsons Field, Entebbe, Mogadishu, Stansted, Beirut and Malta, to mention but a few of the most dramatic hijack incidents, are recalled, as are other events such as those of the early morning of 23rd June 1985 when one Boeing 747 of Air India was blown up in mid-air off the West Coast of Ireland, killing all 329 on board, with chance preventing the simultaneous destruction of another at Tokyo.The seriousness of such incidents has, in recent months, grown from the mere appalling and tragic but occasional incident to one of major world importance having substantial effect on world peace and economic survival. The fact that this is no exaggeration is shown by the bombing raid carried out by the USA on Libya in April 1986, in retaliation for that country’s alleged involvement in or support of international terrorism. The subsequent reported mass cancellation of travel to Europe by Americans with consequential serious commercial implications not only for the airlines operating on the North Atlantic, where, for instance, British Airways reported a 25% drop in passenger traffic, is but one example of the effect of terrorism on the stability of world trade.
Measurements of Entrainment on a Rotating Disc
Authors: Cham T. S. , Head M. R. 
Published: July 2016

In an earlier note Case reported direct measurements of entrainment on a rotating disc. More comprehensive measurements, made subsequently to those of Case and using essentially the same technique, are reported here. Two different sizes of drum were used in the present investigation, the flow within the drum in each case being smoothed by the use of a honeycomb and screens as well as a baffle at entry (see Fig. 1).The entrainment was also deduced from yawmeter and total pressure traverses through the boundary layer on the disc in free air, the integrated crossflow component of the velocity distribution through the layer evidently representing the entrainment up to the radius at which the traverses were performed. A typical measured crossflow profile is shown in Fig. 2.
The Value of Non-Destructive Testing in the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Troughton A. J. 
Published: July 2016

Before detailing the value of non-destructive testing in the aircraft industry, it seems best to explain aircraft structural design philosophies as they affect NDT.Airworthiness and weight-saving are two over-riding factors in aircraft design. The important parameter from an economic standpoint is the weight. Fig. 1 shows the value of weight saving for a civil aircraft operator in £ per lb with typical values going up to £100 per lb per aircraft per year. (This figure shows the actual financial saving associated with the reduction in operating economics due to the lower weight.) But the vulnerability of an aeroplane in any failure case makes safety a paramount consideration. To save weight, design factors on aircraft are very low.