bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravel Packing Fluid for HP/HT Environment
Authors: Prakash Chetan , Rama Mallikarjuna Shroff , Garaje Sunil 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An aqueous-based linear gel composition comprising diutan gum and an environmentally acceptable stabilizer has been developed for gravel packing applications. This aqueous-based gel works at elevated temperatures greater than 300°F. The rheological properties of these linear gels are particularly useful in gravel packing operations that involve shunt tubes. This paper presents laboratory studies that demonstrate the gel's thermal stability, rheological properties, minimal formation damage characteristics, and suitability for gravel packing operations.
Linear diutan gels exhibit excellent sand-suspension characteristics, even when they have relatively low viscosity because of their hyper-branched structure. However, their use at temperatures greater than 270°F can be challenging because of limited thermal stability. A new fluid composition that comprises a biodegradable, environmentally acceptable gel stabilizer was developed to address this issue. Thermal stability and rheological properties were studied using a Chandler Engineering® viscometer at elevated temperatures and various shear rates between 5 and 1021 s−1. The sand-suspension characteristic was studied using a high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) autoclave. Formation damage characteristics caused by fluid invasion were studied by measuring regain permeability after coreflooding.
The results show the thermal stability of linear diutan gel improved from 270 to 310°F when the gel stabilizer was added. This fluid was stable up to 4 hours and exhibited excellent shear-rehealing properties at 310°F. The fluid rheology profile at various shear rates is in accordance with the criteria necessary for gravel packing operations that use shunt tubes. The fluid could suspend proppant/sand for 1 hour at 310°F with less than 20% settling. The gel stabilizer helped to improve thermal stability and sand-suspension characteristics by scavenging oxygen dissolved in the fluid and quenching the radicals generated at higher temperatures. The fluid was compatible with completion brine, crude oil, and oil-based drilling mud. Therefore, it could be used in nonaqueous fluid-pack completions. It showed more than 90% regain permeability, which suggests a clean break of gelling agent and low damage to the formation rock.
The good thermal stability and sand-suspension properties of the fluid system using the biodegradable, environmentally acceptable gel stabilizer make it a good choice for gravel packing operations in HP/HT reservoirs. The low-residue fluid property helps to ensure economical production rates.
A Look at Processes Impacting Foamed Cements
Authors: Kutchko Barbara , Crandall Dustin , Spaulding Richard , Gill Magdalena , Moore Johanthan , Gieger Connor , Haljasmaa Igor , Benge Glen , Maxson Joe 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a joint industry study with the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to assess three sets of field-generated foamed cement at in-situ conditions using surface operations. In this data set, industrial bottled N2 gas was used to generate the field samples versus the cryogenic nitrogen in previous tests. The advantage in using bottled N2 was the ability to mix and pump at lower rates while maintaining an accurate nitrogen delivery, thus allowing collection of low quality foamed cement samples. Foam quality is a measure of the ratio of gas to slurry. Additionally a static capture manifold or split manifold was used for the foam capture which allowed for foam isolation while maintaining the defined rates and pressures. This also gave the ability to maintain the capture pressure during transfer of the samples to the pressurized containers. A foam accumulator chamber was added to the static capture manifold and was charged with foam and subsequently displaced with N2 while filling the sample cylinder.
This paper presents results of X-ray Computed Tomography scans of the constant pressure sample cylinders which showed that collection processes have a dramatic influence on the structure of the cured foamed cement. Physical properties such as porosity and permeability, were also measured and indicate a strong relationship between foam quality and homogeneity of the samples. This research will ultimately offer the ability to predict the behavior of foamed cements under in situ conditions when compared to laboratory generated foamed cements.
Relating Cement Additive Performance to Mix Water Composition for Deep Water and Salt Zone Applications
Authors: Reddy B. R. , Contreras Elizabeth Q. , Boul Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Achieving quality cement performance in deep water wells with large amounts of salt present requires fundamental understanding of the salt effects on the interactions of cement additives with cement on the slurry performance. Many problems encountered later in the life of the well can be traced to slurry performance issues during placement and the initial setting process. Cement slurry designs for an oilwell can range from simple to highly complex depending on the geology, lithology, placement logistics, wellbore conditions and long-term performance. Logically designed cement slurry formulations and dependable additive behavior are critical to meeting cement performance requirements. Formulations can include mineral admixtures added in substantial quantities and additives in smaller (&lt;2% by weight of cement) quantities. The performance of the additives in cement slurries depends strongly on competitive adsorption on cement and mineral surfaces. Adsorption interactions are directly influenced by downhole temperature, the nature of the formation, and the mix water composition. These aspects underline the need for understanding additive interactions with cement under wellbore conditions.
Of particular relevance to deep water cementing is the performance of additives in sea water containing monovalent and divalent salts with chloride and various other anions present in amounts close to 4% by weight. The problem of additive performance becomes even more of a concern when cement is placed against salt formations. High ionic strength of sea water or of a sea/fresh water slurry placed against a salt formation, can compress the electrical double layer of cement clinker particles, alter chain conformations of ionically charged or hydrophobically modified polymeric additives, or change the solubility of additives. Additives may perform extremely well in fresh water slurries, but may perform poorly in slurries with high salt content. Additionally, the salt itself can affect cement performance. For example, sodium chloride is a set accelerator in small quantities (≤13% by weight of cement) while it functions as a retarder in large quantities.
The objective of this presentation is to gain molecular level understanding of relationships among additives based on chemical structures, adsorption onto cement surfaces, and the mix water ionic strength.
In this study, typical additives for dispersion and retardation are contacted with Portland cement in deionized water, synthetic sea water, water containing 2% to saturation level of NaCl or divalent salts in a formation brine. The reactions were analyzed by isothermal calorimetry, UV/Visible spectroscopy and rheology. The interpretation and implications of laboratory results are presented.
Integrated Drilling Strategy Leads to Successful Execution of the First Highly Deviated Deep Water Well in Mexico
Authors: Przhegalinsky I.. , Briceno Colmenares C. J. , Ramirez Amayo O. O. , Jimenez G. Malpica 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The first highly deviated Deep Water well with an inclination up to 80° was drilled in Mexico. A strategy developed in collaboration with the owner and Directional Drilling contractor allowed to safely drill the well within AFE and reach all planned objectives.
In order to maximize production, avoid geological risks and optimize utilization of existing subsea infrastructure the Deep Water well (with water depth over 3000ft) was designed with inclination reaching 75°, demanding dog leg severity (2.5°/100ft) and several sections to be enlarged while drilling.
Being the first well with such high angle in Mexican Deep Water, Lakach-52 did not have much of a reference. Many design and operational issues had to be solved for the first time.
Besides problems typical for highly deviated wells, such as hole cleaning, wellbore stability, high ECD, etc., potential issues were anticipated with a kick off from vertical in very soft formation, perform directional work within interbedded formations and a zone of conglomerates, pass between faults and simultaneously enlarge the hole.
Additionally, a number of factors were taken into account in order to design the well: existing subsea infrastructure, local practices, geological/geomechanical risks, operational risks (direction, S&V, stuck pipe, etc.)
In order to ensure flawless performance and address all potential issues, the service company ran the project under integrated management roof. A special communication protocol/structure was designed in order to optimize the decision making process than response time. A specific project drilling strategy was developed for each stage of the well construction process.
All BHAs as well as drilling parameters were designed using the following approach: fit to purpose BHA tendency, bending stresses below critical, minimum shocks and vibrations and optimized hydraulics.
As a result, the well was successfully drilled within AFE curve, all given targets were successfully achieved. All sections were drilled with ROP faster than planned. The conductor was jetted and the following section was drilled ahead using a straight motor with a minimum deviation from verticality 0.26° The kick off successfully performed at very shallow depth and very soft formation with push the bit Rotary Steerable system. The 17 ½" × 20" section was drilled successfully in 1 run. Inclination was built to 30°. The 14 ½"x 17 ½" section was the most challenging section. 3 BHAs were used to drill the section. Optimization of the BHA allowed to eliminate shocks & vibrations and reach drilling objective within the given tolerance, despite the geological complications and demanding well profile. The 12 ¼" section was drilled successfully to TD and the required LWD logs were obtained in the reservoir at 75° of inclination.
Real-Time Health Monitoring of Top Drives for Offshore Operations Using Physics Based Models and New Sensor Technology
Authors: Pournazari Parham , Adams Douglas , Ashok Pradeepkumar , Oort Eric van , Holliday Keith 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The top drive is a critical piece of equipment in well construction. When the top drive fails, drilling halts and operations are suspended until the machine is fixed, at considerable cost to all parties. Literature and survey data reveal that top drive failure is among the leading causes of hardware-related non-productive time (NPT) on drilling rigs. The objective therefore is to detect a failing top drive hours or even days before it can no longer function effectively, and pro-actively maintain it before catastrophic failure takes places. In this paper, three separate health monitoring techniques are considered for a top drive: thermal analysis, vibration analysis, and oil analysis. Appropriate sensors are suggested for each of the three analyses, and are described in this paper. The paper also details a thermal model and a fault detection algorithm used to monitor the lubrication and electric motor subsystems of an AC electric top drive. These algorithms have been implemented and deployed in the field. Since no faults have occurred to date in the top drives on which these algorithms have been deployed, simulation results are presented for artificially induced faults. The advantages and disadvantages of other relevant sensor technologies and methodologies are studied and discussed. It is shown that the upfront cost of the sensors and the data acquisition system can easily be recouped by preventing one to two top drive failures. Additionally, the thermal analysis method described can be conducted with the existing sensor suite available on most top drives. This novel methodology can be easily implemented without the need for complex sensors, and is expected to make a meaningful, positive contribution to lowering NPT associated with rig hardware failures.
Invert Emulsion Fluid for Alpha Beta Gravel Packing - Laboratory Development and Successful Yard Test
Authors: Panamarathupalayam Balakrishnan , Khvostichenko Daria , Phatak Alhad , Zhang Joyce , Green Sarah , Gadiyar Balkrishna , Lecerf Bruno , Allogo Clotaire-Marie Eyaa 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This paper describes the development and qualification of an oil-based gravel pack carrier fluid. The fluid is a water-in-oil emulsion prepared with base oil, brine, and emulsifier. Densities up to 13.6 lbm/galUS can be achieved using oil-to-brine ratios between 45:55 and 60:40. This oil-to-brine ratio range is such that the fluid exhibits low viscosity and Newtonian rheology, making it suitable for alpha/beta gravel pack placement. Extensive laboratory testing was performed to characterize fluid properties at various temperatures and oil-to-brine ratios. Performed in 4-in pipe, tests evaluated pressure drops at rates of up to 15 bbl/min, which revealed that the friction pressure generated by this fluid matches established empirical correlations for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow. Finally, a full-scale yard test was performed to demonstrate that the fluid can be mixed using standard mixing equipment and used to successfully place alpha/beta gravel packs.
The Mystery of the Lord’s Nativity in the Sermons of Leo the Great
Authors: Jasiewicz Arkadiusz 
Published: August 2016

Jednym z piewców misterium Bożego Narodzenia był papież, św. Leon Wielki. Znamy dobrze działalność św. Leona dzięki jego przepięknym kazaniom – zachowało się ich niemal sto, zapisanych wspaniałą i jasną łaciną, oraz dzięki jego listom – ok. stu pięćdziesięciu. Wśród jego kazań znajdujemy te, które najbardziej nas interesują: na Narodzenie Pańskie (11 mów) i na Objawienie Pańskie (8 mów). Z tego materiału źródłowego staram się przybliżyć główne myśli naszego autora dotyczące misterium Bożego Narodzenia. Najpierw zatrzymuję się na duchowych owocach Tajemnicy Wcielenia, następnie ukazuje przyjście Pana jako objawienie się Miłosierdzia Bożego, a przy końcu wskazuję na postawę, jaką człowiek powinien zająć wobec tajemnicy Bożego Narodzenia. Tak streszcza swoją naukę: „Uciekając się bowiem znowu do miłosierdzia Bożego – co w tak niewysłowiony sposób ku nam zstąpiło, że Stwórca ludzi zechciał stać się człowiekiem – poznajemy siebie w Tym, któremu Boską część oddajemy” (Na Narodzenie Pańskie 8).
The Economy of Salvation According to 2 Tm 1 : 9–10
Authors: Wilk Janusz 
Published: August 2016

Artykuł podejmuje analizę hymniczno-liturgicznego dwuwiersza, który porusza trzy aspekty tematyczne: odkupienie człowieka przez Boga (w. 9a); odwieczne postanowienie zbawienia człowieka przez Jezusa Chrystusa (w. 9b) oraz skutki odkupienia – nowe, nieprzemijające życie (w. 10). 2 Tm 1, 9–10 eksponuje zbawienie jako łaskę Boga wobec człowieka, który w żaden sposób nie mógł sam zainicjować lub zrealizować tego dzieła. Człowiek jednakże mógł i wciąż może przyjąć lub odrzucić jego skutki. Studium 2 Tm 1, 9–10 wskazuje również na semantyczną i tematyczną integralność tego dwuwiersza z całą perykopą 2 Tm 1, 6–14. Nie tylko nie przerywa on głównej myśli całej wypowiedzi (wierność i wytrwałość w służbie Ewangelii), ale stanowi jej szczegółowe wyjaśnienie, wskazując, czym jest Ewangelia, dla której warto przyjąć cierpienie wiążące się z niedalekim męczeństwem lub też z codzienną, systematyczną i uciążliwą pracą związaną z przepowiadaniem Dobrej Nowiny o zbawieniu człowieka dokonanym przez Boga w osobie Jezusa Chrystusa.
Utility of the intensive care unit in patients undergoing microvascular decompression: a multiinstitution comparative analysis
Authors: Lawrence Jesse D. , Tuchek Chad , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Sekula Raymond F. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVEUse of the ICU during admission to a hospital is associated with a significant portion of the total health care costs for that stay. Patients undergoing microvascular decompression (MVD) for cranial neuralgias are routinely admitted postoperatively to the ICU for monitoring. The primary purpose of this study was to compare complication rates of patients with and without a postoperative ICU stay following MVD. The secondary intents were to identify predictors of complications, to analyze variables of health care resource utilization, and to estimate the cost of postoperative management.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective comparative analysis of consecutive patients undergoing MVD at 2 institutions. A total of 199 patients without a postoperative ICU stay from Institution A and 119 patients with an ICU stay from Institution B were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included any adult (i.e., 18 years of age or older) undergoing MVD for trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, or geniculate neuralgia. Patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. Medical comorbidities, intraoperative variables, complications, postoperative interventions, and variables indicating health care resource utilization were reviewed.RESULTSThe study compared 190 patients without a postoperative ICU stay from Institution A with 90 patients with an ICU stay from Institution B. Seven patients without an ICU stay and 5 patients with an ICU stay experienced complications after surgery (p = 0.53). Multivariate analysis identified coronary artery disease to be a predictor of complications (p = 0.037, OR 6.23, 95% CI 1.12–34.63). Patients from Institution A without a postoperative ICU stay had a significantly shorter length of stay, by approximately 16 hours (p < 0.001), and received less postoperative imaging (p < 0.001, OR 14.39, 95% CI 7.75–26.74) and postoperative diagnostic testing (p < 0.001) than patients from Institution B with an ICU stay. Estimated cost savings in patients without an ICU stay and 1 less day of inpatient recovery was calculated as $1400 per patient.CONCLUSIONSSelective versus routine use of ICU care as well as postoperative imaging and diagnostic testing may be safe after MVD and can lead to a reduction in overall health care costs.
Navigated odontoid screw placement using the O-arm: technical note and case series
Authors: Pisapia Jared M. , Nayak Nikhil R. , Salinas Ryan D. , Macyszyn Luke , Lee John Y. K. , Lucas Timothy H. , Malhotra Neil R. , Isaac Chen H. , Schuster James M. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE
As odontoid process fractures become increasingly common in the aging population, a technical understanding of treatment approaches is critical. 3D image guidance can improve the safety of posterior cervical hardware placement, but few studies have explored its utility in anterior approaches. The authors present in a stepwise fashion the technique of odontoid screw placement using the Medtronic O-arm navigation system and describe their initial institutional experience with this surgical approach.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed all cases of anterior odontoid screw fixation for Type II fractures at an academic medical center between 2006 and 2015. Patients were identified from a prospectively collected institutional database of patients who had suffered spine trauma. A standardized protocol for navigated odontoid screw placement was generated from the collective experience at the authors' institution. Secondarily, the authors compared collected variables, including presenting symptoms, injury mechanism, surgical complications, blood loss, operative time, radiographically demonstrated nonunion rate, and clinical outcome at most recent follow-up, between navigated and nonnavigated cases.

RESULTS
Ten patients (three female; mean age 61) underwent odontoid screw placement. Most patients presented with neck pain without a neurological deficit after a fall. O-arm navigation was used in 8 patients. An acute neck hematoma and screw retraction, each requiring surgery, occurred in 2 patients in whom navigation was used. Partial vocal cord paralysis occurred after surgery in one patient in whom no navigation was used. There was no difference in blood loss or operative time with or without navigation. One patient from each group had radiographic nonunion. No patient reported a worsening of symptoms at follow-up (mean duration 9 months).

CONCLUSIONS
The authors provide a detailed step-by-step guide to the navigated placement of an odontoid screw. Their surgical experience suggests that O-arm–assisted odontoid screw fixation is a viable approach. Future studies will be needed to rigorously compare the accuracy and efficiency of navigated versus nonnavigated odontoid screw placement.
Developing Teaching Strategies in the EHR Era: A Survey of GME Experts
Authors: Atwater Amber R. , Rudd Mariah , Brown Audrey , Wiener John S. , Benjamin Robert , Lee W. Robert , Rosdahl Jullia A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
There is limited information on the impact of widespread adoption of the electronic health record (EHR) on graduate medical education (GME).

Objective
To identify areas of consensus by education experts, where the use of EHR impacts GME, with the goal of developing strategies and tools to enhance GME teaching and learning in the EHR environment.

Methods
Information was solicited from experienced US physician educators who use EPIC EHR following 3 steps: 2 rounds of online surveys using the Delphi technique, followed by telephone interviews. The survey contained 3 stem questions and 52 items with Likert-scale responses. Consensus was defined by predetermined cutoffs. A second survey reassessed items for which consensus was not initially achieved. Common themes to improve GME in settings with an EHR were compiled from the telephone interviews.

Results
The panel included 19 physicians in 15 states in Round 1, 12 in Round 2, and 10 for the interviews. Ten items were found important for teaching and learning: balancing focus on EHR documentation with patient engagement achieved 100% consensus. Other items achieving consensus included adequate learning time, balancing EHR data with verbal history and physical examination, communicating clinical thought processes, hands-on EHR practice, minimizing data repetition, and development of shortcuts and templates. Teaching strategies incorporating both online software and face-to-face solutions were identified during the interviews.

Conclusions
New strategies are needed for effective teaching and learning of residents and fellows, capitalizing on the potential of the EHR, while minimizing any unintended negative impact on medical education.