bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do Stars Gain Their Mass? A JCMT/SCUBA-2 Transient Survey of Protostars in Nearby Star-forming Regions
Authors: Herczeg Gregory J. , Johnstone Doug , Mairs Steve , Hatchell Jennifer , Lee Jeong-Eun , Bower Geoffrey C. , Chen Huei-Ru Vivien , Aikawa Yuri , Yoo Hyunju , Kang Sung-Ju , Kang Miju , Chen Wen-Ping , Williams Jonathan P. , Bae Jaehan , Dunham Michael M. , Vorobyov Eduard I. , Zhu Zhaohuan , Rao Ramprasad , Kirk Helen , Takahashi Satoko , Morata Oscar , Lacaille Kevin , Lane James , Pon Andy , Scholz Aleks , Samal Manash R. , Bell Graham S. , Graves Sarah , Lee E’lisa M. , Parsons Harriet , He Yuxin , Zhou Jianjun , Kim Mi-Ryang , Chapman Scott , Drabek-Maunder Emily , Chung Eun Jung , Eyres Stewart P. S. , Forbrich Jan , Hillenbrand Lynne A. , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro , Kim Gwanjeong , Kim Kyoung Hee , Kuan Yi-Jehng , Kwon Woojin , Lai Shih-Ping , Lalchand Bhavana , Lee Chang Won , Lee Chin-Fei , Long Feng , Lyo A-Ran , Qian Lei , Scicluna Peter , Soam Archana , Stamatellos Dimitris , Takakuwa Shigehisa , Tang Ya-Wen , Wang Hongchi , Wang Yiren 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Most protostars have luminosities that are fainter than expected from steady accretion over the protostellar lifetime. The solution to this problem may lie in episodic mass accretion—prolonged periods of very low accretion punctuated by short bursts of rapid accretion. However, the timescale and amplitude for variability at the protostellar phase is almost entirely unconstrained. In A James Clerk Maxwell Telescope/SCUBA-2 Transient Survey of Protostars in Nearby Star-forming Regions, we are monitoring monthly with SCUBA-2 the submillimeter emission in eight fields within nearby (

<
500

pc) star-forming regions to measure the accretion variability of protostars. The total survey area of ∼1.6 deg2 includes ∼105 peaks with peaks brighter than 0.5 Jy/beam (43 associated with embedded protostars or disks) and 237 peaks of 0.125–0.5 Jy/beam (50 with embedded protostars or disks). Each field has enough bright peaks for flux calibration relative to other peaks in the same field, which improves upon the nominal flux calibration uncertainties of submillimeter observations to reach a precision of ∼2%–3% rms, and also provides quantified confidence in any measured variability. The timescales and amplitudes of any submillimeter variation will then be converted into variations in accretion rate and subsequently used to infer the physical causes of the variability. This survey is the first dedicated survey for submillimeter variability and complements other transient surveys at optical and near-IR wavelengths, which are not sensitive to accretion variability of deeply embedded protostars.
The Flaring Activity of M Dwarfs in the Kepler Field
Authors: Yang Huiqin , Liu Jifeng , Gao Qing , Fang Xuan , Guo Jincheng , Zhang Yong , Hou Yonghui , Wang Yuefei , Cao Zihuang 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Flare events are mainly due to magnetic reconnection and thus are indicative of stellar activity. The Kepler Space Observatory records numerous stellar activities with unprecedented high photometric precision in flux measurements. It is perfectly suitable for carrying out a statistical study of flares. Here we present 540 M dwarfs with flare events discovered using Kepler long-cadence data. The normalized flare energy, as defined by the ratio to bolometric stellar luminosity,

L

flare

/

L

bol

, is used to indicate the flare activity. We find that, similar to the X-ray luminosity relation, the

L

flare

/

L

bol

versus

P

rot

relation can also be described with three phases, supersaturation, saturation, and exponential decay, corresponding to an ultra-short period, a short period, and a long period. The flare activity and the number fraction of flaring stars in M dwarfs rise steeply near M4, which is consistent with the prediction of a turbulent dynamo. The size of starspots are positively correlated with flare activity. The

L

flare

/

L

bol

ratio has a power-law dependence on

L

H
α

/

L

bol

, a parameter indicative of stellar chromosphere activity. According to this relation, a small enhancement in chromosphere activity may cause a huge rise in flare energy, which suggests that superflares or hyperflares may not need an extra excitation mechanism. Through a comparison study, we suggest that flare activity is a more suitable indicator for stellar activity, especially in the boundary region. However, contrary to what is expected, some M dwarfs with strong flares do not show any light variation caused by starspots. Follow-up observations are needed to investigate this problem.
Probing the Spinning of the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center via Pulsar Timing: A Full Relativistic Treatment
Authors: Zhang Fupeng , Saha Prasenjit 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Pulsars around the massive black hole (MBH) in the Galactic center (GC) are expected to be revealed by upcoming facilities (e.g., the Square Kilometer Array). Under a full relativistic framework with the pulsar approximated as a test particle, we investigate the constraints on the spinning of the MBH by monitoring the timing of surrounding pulsars. For GC pulsars orbiting closely around the MBH (e.g., ≲1000 au), we find that full relativistic treatment in modeling accurately their timing signals can be necessary, as the relativistic signals are orders of magnitude larger than the time-of-arrival measurement accuracies. Although usually there are near degeneracies among MBH spin parameters, the constraints on the spinning of the MBH are still very tight. By continuously monitoring a normal pulsar in orbits with a period of ∼2.6 yr and an eccentricity of 0.3–0.9 under a timing precision of 1–5 ms, within ∼8 yr the spin magnitude and the orientations of the GC MBH can be constrained with

error of

and

, respectively. Even for pulsars in orbits similar to the detected star S2/S0-2 or S0-102, we find that the spinning of the MBH can still be constrained within 4–8 yr, with the most significant constraints provided near the pericenter passage. If the proper motion of the pulsars with astrometric accuracy of 10 μas can also be collected along with the timing measurement, then the position, velocity, mass, and distance to the solar system of the MBH can be constrained to ∼10 μas, ∼1 μas yr−1,

, and ∼1 pc, respectively.
Travail et subjectivité : la conservation de l’ours brun pour métier
Authors: Denayer Dorothée , Collard Damien 
Published: October 2017

Le « travailler » avec et-ou sur des animaux sauvages est assez peu documenté dans la littérature. Cet article s’intéresse au travail des professionnels qui œuvrent à la conservation de la faune sauvage et, plus précisément, à celui des agents qui sont chargés de la protection de l’ours brun dans les Pyrénées françaises. Il entend éclairer le rapport subjectif que ces agents entretiennent à leur travail et la manière dont ce dernier convoque la subjectivité tout entière. Ce volet de leur activité a pu être appréhendé grâce à une recherche de type ethnographique menée au sein de l’équipe technique ours rattachée à l’Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage. Les situations de travail étudiées sont marquées par de fortes incertitudes et des tensions, qui nécessitent que ces professionnels développent, en situation et dans l’action, de nouvelles compétences et, au-delà, de nouveaux registres de sensibilité.
Demande et écoute risquées comme conditions de l’enquête et de l’action en psychodynamique du travail
Authors: Edrei Béatrice 
Published: October 2017

Cet article reprend la contribution de l’auteure au séminaire d’échanges entre les préventeurs des services de santé au travail et les chercheurs régionaux de la région Occitanie travaillant sur les risques psychosociaux 1 . Il vise à rappeler l’importance fondamentale du lien entre théorie et pratique en matière d’action en général et plus précisément pour l’enquête en psychodynamique du travail. Il en résulte pour l’auteure une vaine opposition entre chercheurs et praticiens puisque la psychodynamique du travail est à la fois indissociable d’une visée de transformation et donc d’action ainsi que d’une visée scientifique qui s’apprécie par la rigueur de sa méthode comme condition fondamentale de la recherche de la vérité sur le lien entre santé mentale et organisation du travail.
Le fisc d’après les juristes napolitains (fin XIIIe-début XIVe siècle)
Authors: Boyer Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2017

L’article s’attache aux juristes de niveau « universitaire » qui s’associaient à la cour napolitaine. Leur rôle s’épanouissait entre fin XIIIe et première moitié du XIVe siècle. Ils donnaient une lecture des normes en vigueur, dans la monarchie « angevine », qui visait à faire autorité dans leur application et à orienter leur devenir. Ces savants réservaient une attention notable au fisc. Elle partait d’une représentation sur laquelle ils s’accordaient. Pour eux, le fisc matérialisait en quelque sorte la souveraineté. Par suite, un idéal de centralisation s’affichait. Il s’ébauchait du reste dans l’action gouvernementale. Ces constatations s’opposent à l’axe du présent ouvrage, qui met l’accent sur les périphéries, mais comme des restrictions qui le complètent. La réduction à l’unité pénétrait et orientait le réseau administratif dans ses ramifications, ou le souhaitait. En sus, le fisc était donné pour confondu avec le bien de tous. Vu à l’habitude comme un instrument d’oppression, il se présentait pour l’exact contraire.
La perception des droits et revenus du comte de Provence et de Forcalquier dans les cours locales (fin XIIIe-mi XIVe siècle)
Authors: Bonnaud Jean Luc 
Published: October 2017

Le comte de Provence et de Forcalquier perçoit sur ses administrés de nombreux droits de différentes nature et origine que la publication, depuis plusieurs années, de l’enquête de Leopardo da Foligno par l’équipe mise sur pied par Thierry Pécout ont mis en valeur. Celle-ci a mis à jour leur diversité mais ne s’est guère penchée sur leur mode de perception. Le but de cette intervention est d’en tenter une analyse. Pour ce faire, j’aborderai tout d’abord les différentes façons dont les cours locales perçoivent ces droits (affermage, régie directe). Puis, j’essaierai d’élaborer une première typologie des collecteurs de ces droits. Cependant, en raison de la diversité des droits et de leur mode de perception et du grand nombre de leurs collecteurs dans les différentes cours locales, je me contenterai d’une période relativement courte, allant de la fin du XIIIe siècle au milieu du XIVe siècle, soit le temps de la mise en place de l’appareil administratif local.
Gli Angiò e la gestione delle finanze in Piemonte e Lombardia
Authors: Rao Riccardo 
Published: October 2017

L’articolo indaga le finanze angioine in Piemonte e Lombardia, considerando tanto gli strumenti introdotti dalla dominazione per ottenere denaro, anche attraverso il coinvolgimento delle élite locali, quanto i circuiti funzionariali e gli uffici preposti all’amministrazione finanziaria. Ne emerge un quadro dove le istanze di uniformazione promosse, a più riprese, dai sovrani, sono tenute a confrontarsi con una tradizione comunale ancora viva, che non di rado porta alla pattuizione sulla ripartizione delle risorse e alla duplicazione degli uffici preposti, con ufficiali sotto il controllo del re e altri di garanzia per la città. All’interno di una simile dinamica, esistono tuttavia distinzioni di ordine cronologico e geografico : più forte è il controllo regio e l’opera di omologazione nei grossi borghi piemontesi sotto Carlo I, mentre maggiore è la capacità delle grandi città lombarde, soprattutto sotto Roberto che configura la sua egemonia come una sorta di grande lega urbana.
« Plus riche en haut vouloir que fortuné en pouvoir donner ! ». Les finances de René d’Anjou et les duchés de Lorraine et de Bar (1430-1480)
Authors: Dauphant Léonard 
Published: October 2017

Sous René d'Anjou, la Lorraine a-t-elle été une périphérie dans la politique financière ducale, ou une base de départ, vite oubliée au profit de plus grands desseins italiens ? Ou, au contraire, a-t-elle été un poids à cause de son instabilité politique, due à un État faible et à la guerre de Cent Ans ? Ou encore, l'État angevin a-t-il exploité la Lorraine pour financer sa politique européenne ? Ces hypothèses traditionnelles peuvent être revues en posant les jalons d'une histoire financière comparée de l'État-mosaïque angevin. L'étude des épaves de la comptabilité lorraine permet d'esquisser un budget régional global, dont on peut comparer les ordres de grandeur aux budgets des autres ensembles angevins. Enfin, l'étude des mouvements d'argent peuvent déterminer la place effective de la Lorraine au sein des États angevins, et ainsi de mieux comprendre cette construction européenne.
La mainmise financière des Angevins sur leur périphérie. L’exemple de la principauté de Morée aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles
Authors: Ortega Isabelle 
Published: October 2017

La principauté de Morée, fondée au début du XIIIe siècle par des conquérants d’origine française en grande partie, passe sous domination des Angevins de Naples dans le courant de ce siècle. Or, une fois devenue une dépendance du royaume angevin, les rois de Naples et les seigneurs italiens nouvellement établis dans la principauté, vont faire en sorte de percevoir des revenus importants de cet État. À travers les documents qui sont à notre disposition, nous essaierons d’établir leur mode opératoire. Nous envisagerons ainsi de quelle façon s’établit la domination de la terre et quelles redevances et taxes indirectes sont perçues. Nous étudierons quels officiers se font le relais du pouvoir angevin sur le sol moréote et quels sont leurs domaines de compétences. Nous tenterons enfin d’évaluer dans quelle mesure cette mainmise est efficace, car notamment pour la seconde moitié du XIVe siècle la péninsule balkanique n’est pas épargnée par les incursions turques ou encore la réapparition de la peste. En conséquence, à travers ce sujet, il s’agit bien de dresser un tableau de la vie économique et sociale d’une des périphéries angevines aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles.
Le spese per la cultura alla corte angioina di Napoli
Authors: Saggese Alessandra Perriccioli 
Published: October 2017

Una ricca e minuziosa documentazione relativa alle spese di traduzione, di scrittura e di decorazione di un codice medico affrontate da Carlo I d’Angiò fra il 1278 e il 1283 ci è pervenuta grazie alle trascrizioni di Nicola Barone, di Camillo Minieri Riccio, di Sergio Terlizzi e di Alain de Bouard. Tale documentazione ha acquistato un più grande valore quando sono stati individuati i manoscritti ai quali essa si riferiva. E’ stato, infatti, possibile confrontare i documenti con i codici e valutare l’entità del lavoro svolto dagli amanuensi e dai miniatori in rapporto al compenso che, a sua volta, è stato incrociato con i dati sul costo della vita che è possibile ricavare dalla preziosissima documentazione offerta da Nicola Faraglia nella sua Storia dei prezzi in Napoli dal 1131 al 1860. Partendo dall’importante e raro episodio dell’età di Carlo, l’intervento mette a fuoco le notizie sulle spese sostenute da Roberto per implementare la sua biblioteca, incrociandole, quando possibile, con i manoscritti che è stato possibile identificare nel corso degli anni.
Attending Physician Remote Access of the Electronic Health Record and Implications for Resident Supervision: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Martin Shannon K. , Tulla Kiara , Meltzer David O. , Arora Vineet M. , Farnan Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
Advances in information technology have increased remote access to the electronic health record (EHR). Concurrently, standards defining appropriate resident supervision have evolved. How often and under what circumstances inpatient attending physicians remotely access the EHR for resident supervision is unknown.

Objective
We described a model of attending remote EHR use for resident supervision, and quantified the frequency and magnitude of use.

Methods
Using a mixed methods approach, general medicine inpatient attendings were surveyed and interviewed about their remote EHR use. Frequency of use and supervisory actions were quantitatively examined via survey. Transcripts from semistructured interviews were analyzed using grounded theory to identify codes and themes.

Results
A total of 83% (59 of 71) of attendings participated. Fifty-seven (97%) reported using the EHR remotely, with 54 (92%) reporting they discovered new clinical information not relayed by residents via remote EHR use. A majority (93%, 55 of 59) reported that this resulted in management changes, and 54% (32 of 59) reported making immediate changes by contacting cross-covering teams. Six major factors around remote EHR use emerged: resident, clinical, educational, personal, technical, and administrative. Attendings described resident and clinical factors as facilitating “backstage” supervision via remote EHR use.

Conclusions
In our study to assess attending remote EHR use for resident supervision, attendings reported frequent remote use with resulting supervisory actions, describing a previously uncharacterized form of “backstage” oversight supervision. Future work should explore best practices in remote EHR use to provide effective supervision and ultimately improve patient safety.
Comprehensive Assessment of Struggling Learners Referred to a Graduate Medical Education Remediation Program
Authors: Warburton Karen M. , Goren Eric , Dine C. Jessica 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
Implementation of the Next Accreditation System has provided a standardized framework for identifying learners not meeting milestones, but there is as yet no corresponding framework for remediation.

Objective
We developed a comprehensive assessment process that allows correct diagnosis of a struggling learner's deficit(s) to promote successful remediation.

Methods
At the University of Pennsylvania, resident learners within the Department of Medicine who are not meeting milestones are referred to the Early Intervention Remediation Committee (EIRC). The EIRC, composed of 14 faculty members with expertise in remediation, uses a standardized process to assess learners' deficits. These faculty members categorize primary deficits as follows: medical knowledge, clinical reasoning, organization and efficiency, professionalism, and communication skills. The standardized process of assessment includes an analysis of the learner's file, direct communication with evaluators, an interview focused on learner perception of the problem, screening for underlying medical or psychosocial issues, and a review of systems for deficits in the 6 core competencies. Participants were surveyed after participating in this process.

Results
Over a 2-year period, the EIRC assessed and developed remediation plans for 4% of learners (14 of a total 342). Following remediation and reassessment, the identified problems were satisfactorily resolved in all cases with no disciplinary action. While the process was time intensive, an average of 45 hours per learner, the majority of faculty and residents rated it as positive and beneficial.

Conclusions
This structured assessment process identifies targeted areas for remediation and adds to the tools available to Clinical Competency Committees.
The effects of different footprint sizes and cloud algorithms on the top-of-atmosphere radiative flux calculation from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP)
Authors: Su Wenying , Liang Lusheng , Miller Walter F. , Sothcott Victor E. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Only one Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) and it has been placed in cross-track mode since launch; it is thus not possible to construct a set of angular distribution models (ADMs) specific for CERES on NPP. Edition 4 Aqua ADMs are used for flux inversions for NPP CERES measurements. However, the footprint size of NPP CERES is greater than that of Aqua CERES, as the altitude of the NPP orbit is higher than that of the Aqua orbit. Furthermore, cloud retrievals from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which are the imagers sharing the spacecraft with NPP CERES and Aqua CERES, are also different. To quantify the flux uncertainties due to the footprint size difference between Aqua CERES and NPP CERES, and due to both the footprint size difference and cloud property difference, a simulation is designed using the MODIS pixel-level data, which are convolved with the Aqua CERES and NPP CERES point spread functions (PSFs) into their respective footprints. The simulation is designed to isolate the effects of footprint size and cloud property differences on flux uncertainty from calibration and orbital differences between NPP CERES and Aqua CERES. The footprint size difference between Aqua CERES and NPP CERES introduces instantaneous flux uncertainties in monthly gridded NPP CERES measurements of less than 4.0 W m−2 for SW (shortwave) and less than 1.0 W m−2 for both daytime and nighttime LW (longwave). The global monthly mean instantaneous SW flux from simulated NPP CERES has a low bias of 0.4 W m−2 when compared to simulated Aqua CERES, and the root-mean-square (RMS) error is 2.2 W m−2 between them; the biases of daytime and nighttime LW flux are close to zero with RMS errors of 0.8 and 0.2 W m−2. These uncertainties are within the uncertainties of CERES ADMs. When both footprint size and cloud property (cloud fraction and optical depth) differences are considered, the uncertainties of monthly gridded NPP CERES SW flux can be up to 20 W m−2 in the Arctic regions where cloud optical depth retrievals from VIIRS differ significantly from MODIS. The global monthly mean instantaneous SW flux from simulated NPP CERES has a high bias of 1.1 W m−2 and the RMS error increases to 5.2 W m−2. LW flux shows less sensitivity to cloud property differences than SW flux, with uncertainties of about 2 W m−2 in the monthly gridded LW flux, and the RMS errors of global monthly mean daytime and nighttime fluxes increase only slightly. These results highlight the importance of consistent cloud retrieval algorithms to maintain the accuracy and stability of the CERES climate data record.