bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The welfare of ducks during foie gras production
Authors: Rochlitz I , Broom DM 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis review, which focuses on foie gras production from ducks in France, highlights welfare problems that may arise in the final (third) stage of production, when force-feeding occurs and which lasts 12 to 15 days. Welfare problems arising in the first two stages are also considered. The male mulard duck, a non-migratory hybrid between a muscovy drake (Cairina moschata) and a female domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos), is used most frequently despite being fearful, nervous and maladapted to force-feeding conditions. During the period of force-feeding, mortality is 2 to 6%, higher than in fattening units for meat production. Welfare deteriorates markedly as ducks progress through the three production stages. Posture and gait abnormalities and wing lesions develop, and contact dermatitis is widespread and often severe. Oesophagitis and other injuries are documented. Steatosis and other liver changes are pathological and can limit duck survival. Group housing necessitates the use of crowd-gates to facilitate force-feeding of birds, which show aversive behaviour towards the force-feeder. Cages are small, with a mesh floor without litter or a rest area. Access to open water for bathing or full immersion of the head may be insufficient and make thermoregulation difficult. We conclude that forcefeeding causes very poor welfare in ducks and should not be practised. Should foie gras production without force-feeding become possible, duck livers should not reach a weight at which there are pathological effects. Inadequate housing and management conditions should be prevented by establishing limits for the prevalences of contact dermatitis (foot-pad and digits), breast lesions and gait abnormalities, which should not be exceeded prior to slaughter. Limits should also be established for the prevalence of wing and other body lesions after slaughter.
Validation of scan sampling techniques for behavioural observations of pastured lambs
Authors: Pullin AN , Pairis-Garcia MD , Campler MR , Proudfoot KL 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe study of farm animal behaviour is a critical tool for assessing animal welfare. Collecting behavioural data with continuous sampling or short scan sampling intervals (eg every 60th second) is considered ideal as this provides the most complete and accurate dataset; however, these methods are also time and labour intensive. Longer sampling intervals provide an alternative in order to increase efficiency, but these require validation to ensure accurate estimation of the data. This study aims to validate scan sampling intervals for lambs (Ovis aries) housed on pasture. Grazing, lying, standing, drinking, locomotion, and mineral consumption were evaluated from six pens of crossbred lambs (six lambs per pen) for 15 h. Data from 1-min instantaneous scan sampling were compared with data from instantaneous scan sampling intervals of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min in two statistical tests: generalised linear mixed model and regression analysis. Using the mixed model, the percentage of time each behaviour was performed did not differ amongst sampling intervals for all behaviours except grazing, which was statistically different at 20-min intervals. Using regression analysis, lying and grazing estimations were accurate up to 20-min intervals, and standing was accurate at 10- and 20-min intervals only. Locomotion, mineral consumption, and drinking demonstrated poor associations for all tested intervals. The results from this study suggest that a 10-min instantaneous scan sampling interval will accurately estimate lying, grazing, and standing behaviour for lambs on pasture. This validation will assist with the efficiency of future data collection in lamb behaviour and welfare research.
Vers une poéthique acadienne : l’exemple d’Herménégilde Chiasson
Authors: Brophy Michael 
Published: May 2017

Voulant préciser la portée existentielle de la notion de « poétique », Jean-Claude Pinson déclare : « Il ne s’agit plus tant que la vie soit, par la littérature, mieux connue ; il s’agit qu’elle soit “mieux”vécue. » Autrement dit, comment la poésie peut-elle influer sur la réalité vécue, voire changer celle-ci envraie vie (Rimbaud) ? C’est sous cet angle que Michael Brophy examinera l’émergence de la poésie acadienne comme action et pratique au cours des années 1970. Cependant, pour tester l’hypothèse de la « longue décennie », il faudrait aussi en déterminer les limites. À cet égard, il privilégiera l’oeuvre d’Herménégilde Chiasson, oeuvrede longue haleine, qui accompagnera l’éclosion de nouvelles voix poétiques dans les décennies suivantes, alors que, dès la première parution en 1974, elle pose la question de la fin ainsi que celle du séjour, de l’ethos, de l’être de finitude :Mourir à Scoudouc. Ce titre, qui insiste sur le travail du négatif, est déjà incontestablement prospectif plutôt que rétrospectif, le choix du toponyme ne servant qu’à faire valoir par homophonie l’interrogatif « où ? » qui s’y joue en filigrane.
Cells tile a flat plane by controlling geometries during morphogenesis of Pyropia thalli
Authors: Xu Kai , Xu Yan , Ji Dehua , Chen Ting , Chen Changsheng , Xie Chaotian 
Published: May 2017

Background
Pyropia haitanensis thalli, which are made of a single layer of polygonal cells, are a perfect model for studying the morphogenesis of multi-celled organisms because their cell proliferation process is an excellent example of the manner in which cells control their geometry to create a two-dimensional plane.

Methods
Cellular geometries of thalli at different stages of growth revealed by light microscope analysis.

Results
This study showed the cell division transect the middle of the selected paired-sides to divide the cell into two equal portions, thus resulting in cell sides ≥4 and keeping the average number of cell sides at approximately six even as the thallus continued to grow, such that more than 90% of the cells in thalli longer than 0.08 cm had 5–7 sides. However, cell division could not fully explain the distributions of intracellular angles. Results showed that cell-division-associated fast reorientation of cell sides and cell divisions together caused 60% of the inner angles of cells from longer thalli to range from 100–140°. These results indicate that cells prefer to form regular polygons.

Conclusions
This study suggests that appropriate cell-packing geometries maintained by cell division and reorientation of cell walls can keep the cells bordering each other closely, without gaps.
Downscaling wind and wavefields for 21st century coastal flood hazard projections in a region of complex terrain
Authors: O'Neill A. C. , Erikson L. H. , Barnard P. L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhile global climate models (GCMs) provide useful projections of near‐surface wind vectors into the 21st century, resolution is not sufficient enough for use in regional wave modeling. Statistically downscaled GCM projections from Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogues provide daily averaged near‐surface winds at an appropriate spatial resolution for wave modeling within the orographically complex region of San Francisco Bay, but greater resolution in time is needed to capture the peak of storm events. Short‐duration high wind speeds, on the order of hours, are usually excluded in statistically downscaled climate models and are of key importance in wave and subsequent coastal flood modeling. Here we present a temporal downscaling approach, similar to constructed analogues, for near‐surface winds suitable for use in local wave models and evaluate changes in wind and wave conditions for the 21st century. Reconstructed hindcast winds (1975–2004) recreate important extreme wind values within San Francisco Bay. A computationally efficient method for simulating wave heights over long time periods was used to screen for extreme events. Wave hindcasts show resultant maximum wave heights of 2.2 m possible within the Bay. Changes in extreme over‐water wind speeds suggest contrasting trends within the different regions of San Francisco Bay, but 21th century projections show little change in the overall magnitude of extreme winds and locally generated waves
Variability in the mechanisms controlling Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom phenology in an ocean model and satellite observations
Authors: Rohr Tyler , Long Matthew C. , Kavanaugh Maria T. , Lindsay Keith , Doney Scott C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA coupled global numerical simulation (conducted with the Community Earth System Model) is used in conjunction with satellite remote sensing observations to examine the role of top‐down (grazing pressure) and bottom‐up (light, nutrients) controls on marine phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton seasonal phenology is evaluated in the context of the recently proposed “disturbance‐recovery” hypothesis relative to more traditional, exclusively “bottom‐up” frameworks. All blooms occur when phytoplankton division rates exceed loss rates to permit sustained net population growth; however, the nature of this decoupling period varies regionally in Community Earth System Model. Regional case studies illustrate how unique pathways allow blooms to emerge despite very poor division rates or very strong grazing rates. In the Subantarctic, southeast Pacific small spring blooms initiate early cooccurring with deep mixing and low division rates, consistent with the disturbance‐recovery hypothesis. Similar systematics are present in the Subantarctic, southwest Atlantic during the spring but are eclipsed by a subsequent, larger summer bloom that is coincident with shallow mixing and the annual maximum in division rates, consistent with a bottom‐up, light limited framework. In the model simulation, increased iron stress prevents a similar summer bloom in the southeast Pacific. In the simulated Antarctic zone (70°S–65°S) seasonal sea ice acts as a dominant phytoplankton‐zooplankton decoupling agent, triggering a delayed but substantial bloom as ice recedes. Satellite ocean color remote sensing and ocean physical reanalysis products do not precisely match model‐predicted phenology, but observed patterns do indicate regional variability in mechanism across the Atlantic and Pacific.
Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions
Authors: Smith M. R. , Golden C. D. , Myers S. S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIron deficiency reduces capacity for physical activity, lowers IQ, and increases maternal and child mortality, impacting roughly a billion people worldwide. Recent studies have shown that certain highly consumed crops—C3 grains (e.g., wheat, rice, and barley), legumes, and maize—have lower iron concentrations of 4–10% when grown under increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (550 ppm). We examined diets in 152 countries globally (95.5% of the population) to estimate the percentage of lost dietary iron resulting from anthropogenic CO2 emissions between now and 2050, specifically among vulnerable age‐sex groups: children (1–5 years) and women of childbearing age (15–49 years), holding diets constant. We also cross‐referenced these with the current prevalence of anemia to identify most at‐risk countries. We found that 1.4 billion children aged 1–5 and women of childbearing age (59% of global total for these groups) live in high‐risk countries, where the prevalence of anemia exceeds 20% and modeled loss in dietary iron would be in the most severe tertile (>3.8%). The countries with the highest anemia prevalence also derive their iron from the fewest number of foods, even after excluding countries consuming large amounts of unaccounted wild‐harvest foods. The potential risk of increased iron deficiency adds greater incentive for mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions and highlights the need to address anticipated health impacts via improved health delivery systems, dietary behavioral changes, or agricultural innovation. Because these are effects on content rather than yield, it is unlikely that consumers will perceive this health threat and adapt to it without education.
Coronal and heliospheric magnetic flux circulation and its relation to open solar flux evolution
Authors: Lockwood Mike , Owens Mathew J. , Imber Suzanne M. , James Matthew K. , Bunce Emma J. , Yeoman Timothy K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSolar cycle 24 is notable for three features that can be found in previous cycles but which have been unusually prominent: (1) sunspot activity was considerably greater in the northern/southern hemisphere during the rising/declining phase; (2) accumulation of open solar flux (OSF) during the rising phase was modest, but rapid in the early declining phase; (3) the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) tilt showed large fluctuations. We show that these features had a major influence on the progression of the cycle. All flux emergence causes a rise then a fall in OSF, but only OSF with foot points in opposing hemispheres progresses the solar cycle via the evolution of the polar fields. Emergence in one hemisphere, or symmetric emergence without some form of foot point exchange across the heliographic equator, causes poleward migrating fields of both polarities in one or both (respectively) hemispheres which temporarily enhance OSF but do not advance the polar field cycle. The heliospheric field observed near Mercury and Earth reflects the asymmetries in emergence. Using magnetograms, we find evidence that the poleward magnetic flux transport (of both polarities) is modulated by the HCS tilt, revealing an effect on OSF loss rate. The declining phase rise in OSF was caused by strong emergence in the southern hemisphere with an anomalously low HCS tilt. This implies the recent fall in the southern polar field will be sustained and that the peak OSF has limited implications for the polar field at the next sunspot minimum and hence for the amplitude of cycle 25.
Kinetic simulation of asymmetric magnetic reconnection with cold ions
Authors: Dargent J. , Aunai N. , Lavraud B. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Shay M. A. , Cassak P. A. , Malakit K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAt the dayside magnetopause, the magnetosphere often contains a cold ion population of ionospheric origin. This population is not always detectable by particle instruments due to its low energy, despite having an important contribution to the total ion density and therefore an impact on key plasma processes such as magnetic reconnection. The exact role and implications of this low‐temperature population are still not well known and has not been addressed with numerical simulation before. We present 2‐D fully kinetic simulations of asymmetric magnetic reconnection with and without a cold ion population on the magnetospheric side of the magnetopause, but sharing the same total density, temperature, and magnetic field profiles. The comparison of the simulations suggests that cold ions directly impact signatures recently suggested as a good marker of the X line region: the Larmor electric field. Our simulations reveal that this electric field, initially present all along the magnetospheric separatrix, is related to the bounce of magnetosheath ions at the magnetopause magnetic field reversal through Speiser‐like orbits. Once reconnection widens the current sheet away from the X line, the bouncing stops and the electric field signature remains solely confined near the X line. When cold ions are present, however, their very low temperature enables them to E × B drift in the electric field structure. If their density is large enough compared to other ions, their contribution to the momentum equation is capable of maintaining the signature away from the X line. This effect must be taken into account when analyzing in situ spacecraft measurements.
The implications of fault zone transformation on aseismic creep: Example of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey
Authors: Kaduri Maor , Gratier Jean‐Pierre , Renard François , Çakir Ziyadin , Lasserre Cécile 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAseismic creep is observed at surface along several segments of the North Anatolian right‐lateral active fault in Turkey, a major plate boundary between Eurasia and Anatolia. Identifying the mechanisms that control creep and their temporal and spatial change represents a major challenge for predicting the mechanical evolution of active faults, the interplay between creep and earthquakes, and the link between short‐term observations from geodesy and the long‐term fault zone evolution. We combine geological observations, laboratory analyses, and imaging techniques, shedding new light on the mechanism of fault creep along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and its time‐dependent change. A clear correlation is shown between shallow creep and near‐surface fault gouge composition: locked segments of the NAF are mostly composed of massive limestones without clay gouges, whereas creeping segments comprise clay gouges that contain low‐friction minerals. Such fault gouges appear to result from a progressive change of initial volcanic host rocks during their deformation. Anastomosing cleavage develops during the first stage of displacement, leading to layering, oblique at first and then subparallel to the fault, which accommodates part of the aseismic creep by pressure solution. Soluble minerals are dissolved, leading to passive concentration of phyllosilicates in the gouges where alteration transformations by fluid flow produce low friction minerals. At the same time damage zones are fractured and fractures are sealed by carbonates. As a result, these mineralogical and structural transformations weaken the gouge and strengthen the damage zone leading to the change from diffuse to localized seismic‐aseismic zones.
The universal scaling characteristics of tropical oceanic rain clusters
Authors: Teo C.‐K. , Huynh H.‐N. , Koh T.‐Y. , Cheung K. K. W. , Legras B. , Chew L. Y. , Norford L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUsing multiyear satellite rainfall estimates, the distributions of the area, and the total rain rate of rain clusters over the equatorial Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans was found to exhibit a power law, in whichSrepresents either the cluster area or the cluster total rain rate andfS(s) denotes the probability density function of finding an event of sizes. The scaling exponentsζSwere estimated to be 1.66 ± 0.06 and 1.48 ± 0.13 for the cluster area and cluster total rain rate, respectively. The two exponents were further found to be related via the expected total rain rate given a cluster area. These results suggest that convection over the tropical oceans is organized into rain clusters with universal scaling properties. They are also related through a simple scaling relation consistent with classical self‐organized critical phenomena. The results from this study suggest that mesoscale rain clusters tend to grow by increasing in size and intensity, while larger clusters tend to grow by self‐organizing without intensification.
Merging high‐resolution satellite‐based precipitation fields and point‐scale rain gauge measurements—A case study in Chile
Authors: Yang Zhongwen , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Xu Xinyi , Braithwaite Dan , Zhang Yuan , Verbist Koen M. J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWith high spatial‐temporal resolution, Satellite‐based Precipitation Estimates (SPE) are becoming valuable alternative rainfall data for hydrologic and climatic studies but are subject to considerable uncertainty. Effective merging of SPE and ground‐based gauge measurements may help to improve precipitation estimation in both better resolution and accuracy. In this study, a framework for merging satellite and gauge precipitation data is developed based on three steps, including SPE bias adjustment, gauge observation gridding, and data merging, with the objective to produce high‐quality precipitation estimates. An inverse‐root‐mean‐square‐error weighting approach is proposed to combine the satellite and gauge estimates that are in advance adjusted and gridded, respectively. The model is applied and tested with the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks‐Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN‐CCS) estimates (daily, 0.04° × 0.04°) over Chile, for the 6 year period of 2009–2014. Daily observations from about 90% of collected gauges over the study area are used for model calibration; the rest of the gauged data are regarded as ground “truth” for validation. Evaluation results indicate high effectiveness of the model in producing high‐resolution‐precision precipitation data. Compared to reference data, the merged data (daily) show correlation coefficients, probabilities of detection, root‐mean‐square errors, and absolute mean biases that were consistently improved from the original PERSIANN‐CCS estimates. The cross‐validation evidences that the framework is effective in providing high‐quality estimates even over nongauged satellite pixels. The same method can be applied globally and is expected to produce precipitation products in near real time by integrating gauge observations with satellite estimates.
Simulated impacts of direct radiative effects of scattering and absorbing aerosols on surface layer aerosol concentrations in China during a heavily polluted event in February 2014
Authors: Qiu Yulu , Liao Hong , Zhang Renjian , Hu Jianlin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe quantified aerosol direct radiative effects on surface layer concentrations of aerosols during a heavily polluted event in the North China Plain (NCP, 35.4°N–41.2°N, 113.3°E–119.3°E) during 21–27 February 2014, using the chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF‐Chem) Model. Comparisons of model results with observations showed that the WRF‐Chem model reproduced the spatial and temporal variations of meteorological variables reasonably well, but overestimated average PM2.5 concentration by 21.7% over the NCP during 21–27 February. The simulated direct radiative effects of total, absorbing, and scattering aerosols reduced the planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights by 111.4 m, 35.7 m, and 70.7 m, respectively, averaged over NCP and 21–27 February. The direct radiative effects of total aerosols induced increases in aerosol concentrations by 11.5% for
, 29.5% for
, 29.6% for
, 28.7% for organic carbon (OC), 26.7% for black carbon (BC), and 20.4% for PM2.5, respectively, averaged over the NCP during 21–27 February 2014. The increase in PM2.5 concentration averaged over the NCP and the haze event was 29.6 μg m−3 (16.8%) due to radiative effect of scattering aerosols, as a result of the decreases in PBL height and changes in secondary aerosol production rates. The corresponding increase in PM2.5 concentration owing to absorbing aerosols was 2.1 μg m−3 (1.0%), resulting from the offsetting impacts of changes in PBL height, wind near the surface, and chemical processes.