bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Management of Recurrent Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Elshaikh Mohamed A. , Vance Sean , Gaffney David K. , Biagioli Matthew , Jhingran Anuja , Jolly Shruti , Kidd Elizabeth , Lee Larissa J. , Li Linna , Moore David H. , Rao Gautam G. , Wahl Andrew O. , Williams Ned L. , Yashar Catheryn M. , Small William 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
In women with endometrial carcinoma (EC), tumor recurrences tend to occur in the 2- to 3-year period following surgical staging. Management of disease recurrence in EC poses significant challenges. These patients represent a heterogenous group where histologic subtypes, previous adjuvant management, interval since completion of adjuvant therapy, and size and site(s) of disease recurrence all have important implications on salvage therapies and prognosis. No randomized controlled trials have been published to determine optimal management in this group of patients. An expert panel was convened to reach consensus on the most appropriate management options in this group of patients.

Methods:
The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Results:
Five clinical variants were developed to address common scenarios in the management of women with recurrent EC. Group members reached consensus on the appropriateness of specific evaluation and treatment approaches with numerical ratings.

Conclusions:
In combining available medical literature and expert opinions, this manuscript may serve as an aid for other practitioners in the appropriate management of women with recurrent EC.
A Randomized, Comparative Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Two Injection Volumes of AbobotulinumtoxinA in Treatment of Glabellar Lines
Authors: Punga Anna Rostedt , Alimohammadi Mohammad , Fagrell Dan , Nyberg Frida , Rees Diane , Wong Cindy 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND
Different volumes of 0.9% NaCl may be used to reconstitute abobotulinumtoxinA yielding an injection volume that ranges from 0.05 to 0.1 mL per injection point for treatment of glabellar lines.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and subject satisfaction of 2 different injection volumes to deliver the same unit dose of abobotulinumtoxinA for treatment of glabellar lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This randomized comparative study was conducted using 2 different reconstitution volumes to deliver a fixed unit dose of 10 Speywood units (sU) of abobotulinumtoxinA in either 0.05 mL (labeled volume) or 0.1 mL (twofold volume) per injection point. Evaluations included wrinkle severity, neurophysiological assessment by compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and subject satisfaction.

RESULTS
Use of either injection volume of abobotulinumtoxinA resulted in the early onset of effect, high effectiveness, and long duration of effect. The safety profile and injection pain levels were similar in both groups. The twofold injection volume was shown to be noninferior to the labeled injection volume based on CMAP results.

CONCLUSION
A twofold increase in injection volume to 0.1 mL per injection point to deliver 10 sU of abobotulinumtoxinA is effective and safe.
Interocular Comparison of Anterior and Posterior Segment Findings and Laterality in Hyperopic Anisometropia
Authors: Cankurtaran Veysel , Tekin Kemal , Şimşek Mert , Elgin Ufuk , Yilmazbaş Pelin 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To investigate the laterality and the differences in anterior and posterior segment findings in hyperopic patients with anisometropia between their eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography and LenStar LS-900 device.

Methods:
This prospective institutional study included hyperopic anisometropic patients with and without amblyopia, aged between 6 and 40 years. The refractive error and the values of keratometry, axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and central macular thickness (CMT) obtained using the RK-F1 autorefractor, LenStar LS-900, and Spectralis optical coherence tomography were compared between the higher hyperopic and fellow eyes.

Results:
Eighty of the patients had hyperopic anisometropia with amblyopia and 30 of them had hyperopic anisometropia without amblyopia. The left eyes of the patients in this series were significantly more commonly affected. Axial length and CCT were significantly different between the higher hyperopic and the fellow eyes of all patients. In addition, the mean CMT and RNFL thickness of the higher hyperopic eyes were significantly higher than that of the fellow eyes.

Conclusions:
During the process of emmetropization and development of the retina, higher hyperopic eyes in hyperopic patients with anisometropia and amblyopic eyes may have blurred and abnormal vision, leading to under-development of vision, significantly higher CCT, CMT, and RNFL thickness, more hyperopic refraction, and shorter AL in the affected eye.
Lipid‐based Nutrient Supplements Do Not Affect Gut Bifidobacterium Microbiota in Malawian Infants
Authors: Aakko Juhani , Grześkowiak Łukasz , Asukas Tiia , Päivänsäde Eerika , Lehto Kirsi‐Maarit , Fan Yue‐Mei , Mangani Charles , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Per , Salminen Seppo 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to assess the effect of nutritional supplementation with lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) and corn‐soy blend flour on Bifidobacterium and Staphylococcus aureus gut microbiota composition in Malawian infants. In addition, the microbiota changes over time were characterized in the study infants.Methods:Healthy 6‐month‐old Malawian infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention schemes for a 6‐month period. Infants in the control group were not provided with any supplementary food. Infants in other 3 groups received either micronutrient‐fortified corn‐soy blend, micronutrient‐fortified LNS with milk protein base, or micronutrient‐fortified LNS with soy protein base between 6 and 12 months of age. Fecal bifidobacteria and S aureus gut microbiota at 6 and 12 months of age were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction method.Results:There was no difference in change in bacterial prevalence or counts between the intervention groups during the 6‐month study period. When looking at the total study population, higher counts of total bacteria (P = 0.028), Bifidobacterium genus (P = 0.027), B catenulatum (P = 0.031), and lower counts of B infantis (P < 0.001), B lactis (P < 0.001), B longum (P < 0.001), and S aureus (P < 0.001) were detected in the children's stools at 12 months rather than at 6 months of age.Conclusions:The dietary supplementation did not have an effect on the Bifidobacterium and S aureus microbiota composition of the study infants. The fecal bifidobacterial diversity of the infants, however, changed toward a more adult‐like microbiota profile within the observed time.
Emergency Medical Services Provider Pediatric Adverse Event Rate Varies by Call Origin
Authors: Jones David , Hansen Matt , Van Otterloo Josh , Dickinson Caitlin , Guise Jeanne-Marie 
Published: July 2016

Objective
Emergency medical services providers may be called to a variety of sites to transport pediatric patients, whether it be a scene call for initial evaluation and care, a clinic for transportation of a patient who has been assessed by medical providers, or a hospital where assessment and stabilization have already begun. We hypothesize that there may be a direct relationship between adverse event rates and adverse event severity in transports from less medically stabilizing origins.

Methods
Emergency medical services records of all critical pediatric transports in an urban Oregon county in 2011 were reviewed and abstracted using a standardized tool. From this, UNSEMs (unintended injury, near miss, suboptimal action, error, management complication) were determined, and the potential severity of the issue was assessed. Then, UNSEMs were compared with the origin of transport using logistic regression.

Results
Four hundred ninety records were abstracted: 59 hospital transports, 48 clinic transports, and 384 scene transports. Furthermore, UNSEMs were noted in 24 hospital transports (40.7%), 33 clinic transports (68.8%), and 263 scene transports (68.5%). Severe UNSEMs were reported on 0 hospital transports (0.0%), 12 clinic transports (25.0%), and 65 scene transports (16.9%). The odds ratio of UNSEM occurrence from a hospital compared with nonmedical scenes was 0.35 (95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.60), and the odds ratio of a severe UNSEM from a hospital compared with nonmedical scenes was 0.09 (95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.63).

Conclusions
In conclusion, UNSEMs involving the emergency medical services care of children are more likely to occur when transport originates from a clinic or scene compared with a hospital.
Children Covered by Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program More Likely to Use Emergency Departments for Food Allergies
Authors: Pruitt Zachary , Pruitt Rebecca Copeland 
Published: July 2016

Background
Food allergies (FAs) occur in 4% to 8% of children in the United States, and emergency department (ED) visits account for up to 20% of their costs. In 2010, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases established diagnostic criteria and management practices for FAs, and recognition and treatment of FAs for pediatric ED practitioners has been described.

Objective
This study identified trends and factors related to ED visits for pediatric FAs in the United States from 2001 to 2010. It was hypothesized that FAs increased and that differences existed in ED utilization based on age, insurance status, and geography. Low concordance with treatment guidelines for FAs was expected.

Methods
Multivariate logistic regression, using National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data, estimated factors associated with ED visits and treatment of FAs and nonspecific allergic reactions. Trends and treatment patters used weighted frequencies to account for the complex 4-stage probability survey design.

Results
An estimated 239,303 (95% confidence interval [CI], 180,322–298,284) children visited the ED for FAs, demonstrating a significant rate increase during the period (53.08, P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the odds of ED visits for FAs were significantly associated with Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program insurance (OR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.01–2.69], P = 0.04), adolescents (OR, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.10–3.35], P = 0.02), and boys (OR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.03–2.35], P = 0.04). Treatment with epinephrine for anaphylaxis diagnoses occurred in 57.4% of visits (95% CI, 42.3%–66.8%).

Conclusions
Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program–insured pediatric patients had higher odds of visiting ED for recognized FAs and nonspecific allergic reactions and higher odds of receiving epinephrine than privately insured children.
Global Epidemiology of HIV Infection and Related Syndemics Affecting Transgender People
Authors: Poteat Tonia , Scheim Ayden , Xavier Jessica , Reisner Sari , Baral Stefan 
Published: July 2016

Introduction:
Transgender populations have been underrepresented in HIV epidemiologic studies and consequently in HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs. Since 2012, there has been a dramatic increase in research focused on transgender people. Studies highlight the burden of HIV and risk determinants, including intersecting stigmas, as drivers of syndemics among transgender populations. This review synthesizes the most recent global epidemiology of HIV infection and describes current gaps in research and interventions to inform prioritization of HIV research for transgender populations.

Methods:
A systematic review was conducted of the medical literature published between January 1, 2012 and November 30, 2015. The data focused on HIV prevalence, determinants of risk, and syndemics among transgender populations.

Results:
Estimates varied dramatically by location and subpopulation. Transfeminine individuals have some of the highest concentrated HIV epidemics in the world with laboratory-confirmed prevalence up to 40%. Data were sparse among trans masculine individuals; however, they suggest potential increased risk for trans masculine men who have sex with men (MSM). No prevalence data were available for transgender people across Sub-Saharan Africa or Eastern Europe/Central Asia. Emerging data consistently support the association of syndemic conditions with HIV risk in transgender populations.

Discussion:
Addressing syndemic conditions and gender-specific challenges is critical to ensure engagement and retention in HIV prevention by transgender populations. Future research should prioritize: filling knowledge gaps in HIV epidemiology; elucidating how stigma shapes syndemic factors to produce HIV and other deleterious effects on transgender health; and understanding how to effectively implement HIV interventions for transgender people.
Longitudinal Study of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Macular Volume in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Manogaran Praveena , Traboulsee Anthony L. , Lange Alex P. 
Published: July 2016

Background:Neuromyelitis spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disorder previously thought to be a subtype of multiple sclerosis (MS). NMOSD is characterized by episodes of inflammation and damage to astrocytes that primarily results in damage to optic nerve and spinal cord. The objective of this exploratory study was to use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure axonal and neuronal health in NMOSD eyes over time.Methods:Nine patients with definite NMOSD were assessed at baseline and follow-up visits (time between visits: 35–55 months). OCT assessment involved a macular volume protocol and a retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness scan.Results:The temporal, inferior, nasal, or superior quadrant and the mean global RNFL thickness, macular thickness, and volume of each NMOSD patient was unchanged compared with baseline for each eye separately and both together. There also was no change between the 2 time points for the OCT measures for eyes affected and unaffected by optic neuritis and all eyes together except for a significant change in the temporal RNFL quadrant when all NMOSD eyes were pooled together (mean = 2.88 μm, SD = 3.7,P= 0.021).Conclusions:Unlike in MS eyes, ongoing RNFL and macular thinning secondary to brain and optic nerve atrophy could not be observed in NMOSD eyes during an observation period of 4 years. This might be an additional marker to distinguish these 2 diseases. However, to confirm this finding, more long-term data are needed to compare these 2 diseases longitudinally.
Cell-type specific open chromatin profiling in human postmortem brain infers functional roles for non-coding schizophrenia loci
Authors: Fullard John F. , Giambartolomei Claudia , Hauberg Mads E. , Xu Ke , Bare Christopher , Dudley Joel T. , Mattheisen Manuel , Pickrell Joseph K. , Haroutunian Vahram , Roussos Panos 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYTo better understand the role of cis regulatory elements in neuropsychiatric disorders we applied ATAC-seq to neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei isolated from frozen postmortem human brain. Most of the identified open chromatin regions (OCRs) are differentially accessible between neurons and non-neurons, and show enrichment with known cell type markers, promoters and enhancers. Relative to those of non-neurons, neuronal OCRs are more evolutionarily conserved and are enriched in distal regulatory elements. Our data reveals sex differences in chromatin accessibility and identifies novel OCRs that escape X chromosome inactivation, with implications for intellectual disability. Transcription factor footprinting analysis identifies differences in the regulome between neuronal and non-neuronal cells and ascribes putative functional roles to 16 non-coding schizophrenia risk variants. These results represent the first analysis of cell-type-specific OCRs and TF binding sites in postmortem human brain and further our understanding of the regulome and the impact of neuropsychiatric disease-associated genetic risk variants.
Autism genes are selectively targeted by environmental pollutants including pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A, phthalates and many others in food, cosmetics or household products
Authors: Carter C.J. , Blizard R.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe increasing incidence of autism suggests a major environmental influence. Epidemiology has implicated many candidates and genetics many susceptibility genes. Gene/environment interactions in autism were analysed using 206 autism genes (ASG’s) to interrogate ~1 million chemical/gene interactions in the comparative toxicogenomics database. Bias towards ASG’s was statistically determined for each chemical. Many suspect compounds identified in epidemiology, including tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, pesticides, particulate matter, benzo(a)pyrene, heavy metals, valproate, acetaminophen, SSRI’s, cocaine, bisphenol A, phthalates, polyhalogenated biphenyls, flame retardants, diesel constituents, terbutaline and oxytocin,inter aliashowed a significant degree of bias towards ASG’s, as did relevant endogenous agents (retinoids, sex steroids, thyroxine, melatonin, folate, dopamine, serotonin). Numerous other endocrine disruptors selectively targeted ASG’s including paraquat, atrazine and other pesticides not yet studied in autism and many compounds used in food, cosmetics or household products, including tretinoin, soy phytoestrogens, aspartame, titanium dioxide and sodium fluoride. Autism polymorphisms are known to influence sensitivity to some of these chemicals and these same genes play an important role in barrier function and control of respiratory cilia sweeping particulate matter from the airways. The close gene/environment relationships, for multiple suspect pollutants, suggest that the rising incidence of autism might be chemically driven by numerous environmental contaminants in a gene dependent manner. The protective dappled camouflage of the peppered moth was rendered invalid by industrial soot covering the trees, a situation reversed by clean air acts. The rising tide of neurodevelopmental and other childhood disorders linked to multiple pollutants may need a similar solution.
Joint Genotype- and Ancestry-based Genome-wide Association Studies in Admixed Populations
Authors: Szulc Piotr , Bogdan Malgorzata , Frommlet Florian , Tang Hua 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) genetic loci that influence complex traits are localized by inspecting associations between genotypes of genetic markers and the values of the trait of interest. On the other hand Admixture Mapping, which is performed in case of populations consisting of a recent mix of two ancestral groups, relies on the ancestry information at each locus (locus-specific ancestry).Recently it has been proposed to jointly model genotype and locus-specific ancestry within the framework of single marker tests. Here we extend this approach for population-based GWAS in the direction of multi marker models. A modified version of the Bayesian Information Criterion is developed for building a multi-locus model, which accounts for the differential correlation structure due to linkage disequilibrium and admixture linkage disequilibrium. Simulation studies and a real data example illustrate the advantages of this new approach compared to single-marker analysis and modern model selection strategies based on separately analyzing genotype and ancestry data, as well as to single-marker analysis combining genotypic and ancestry information. Depending on the signal strength our procedure automatically chooses whether genotypic or locus-specific ancestry markers are added to the model. This results in a good compromise between the power to detect causal mutations and the precision of their localization. The proposed method has been implemented in R and is available athttp://www.math.uni.wroc.pl/~mbogdan/admixtures/.
Steady at the wheel: conservative sex and the benefits of bacterial transformation
Authors: Ambur Ole Herman , Engelstädter Jan , Johnsen Pål J. , Miller Eric L. , Rozen Daniel E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMany bacteria are highly sexual, but the reasons for their promiscuity remain obscure. Did bacterial sex evolve to maximize diversity and facilitate adaptation in a changing world, or does it instead help to retain the bacterial functions that work right now? In other words, is bacterial sex innovative or conservative? Our aim in this review is to integrate experimental, bioinformatic and theoretical studies to critically evaluate these alternatives, with a main focus on natural genetic transformation, the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic sexual reproduction. First, we provide a general overview of several hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the evolution of transformation. Next, we synthesize a large body of evidence highlighting the numerous passive and active barriers to transformation that have evolved to protect bacteria from foreign DNA, thereby increasing the likelihood that transformation takes place among clonemates. Our critical review of the existing literature provides support for the view that bacterial transformation is maintained as a means of genomic conservation that provides direct benefits to both individual bacterial cells and to transformable bacterial populations. We examine the generality of this view across bacteria and contrast this explanation with the different evolutionary roles proposed to maintain sex in eukaryotes.
Integrative networks illuminate biological factors underlying gene-disease associations
Authors: Krishnan Arjun , Taroni Jaclyn N. , Greene Casey S. 
Published: July 2016

A.ABSTRACTIntegrative networks combine multiple layers of biological data into a model of how genes work together to carry out cellular processes. Such networks become more valuable as they become more context specific, for example, by capturing how genes work together in a certain tissue or cell type. We discuss the applications of these networks to the study of human disease. Once constructed, these networks provide the means to identify broad biological patterns underlying genes associated with complex traits and diseases. We cover the different types of integrative networks that currently exist and how such networks that encompass multiple biological layers are constructed. We highlight how specificity can be incorporated into the reconstruction of different types of biomolecular interactions between genes, using tissue-specificity as a motivating example. We discuss examples of cases where networks have been applied to study human diseases and opportunities for new applications. Integrative networks with specificity to tissue or other biological features provide new capabilities to researchers engaged in the study of human disease. We expect improved data and algorithms to continue to improve such networks, allowing them to provide more detailed and mechanistic predictions into the context-specific genetic etiology of common diseases