bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return to Sport After Operative Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum
Authors: Westermann Robert W. , Hancock Kyle J. , Buckwalter Joseph A. , Kopp Benjamin , Glass Natalie , Wolf Brian R. 
Published: June 2016

Background: Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is commonly managed surgically in symptomatic adolesent throwers and gymnasts. Little is known about the impact that surgical technique has on return to sport. Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and return-to-sport rates after operative management of OCD lesions in adolescent athletes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were queried for studies evaluating outcomes and return to sport after surgical management of OCD of the capitellum. Two independent reviewers conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies reporting patient outcomes with return-to-sport data and minimum 6-month follow-up were included in the review. Results: After review, 24 studies reporting outcomes in 492 patients (mean age ± SD, 14.3 ± 0.9 years) were analyzed. The overall return-to-sport rate was 86% at a mean 5.6 months. Return to the highest preoperative level of sport was most common after osteochondral autograft procedures (94%) compared with debridement and marrow stimulation procedures (71%) or OCD fixation surgery (64%). Elbow range of motion improved by 15.9° after surgery. The Timmerman-Andrews subjective and objective scores significantly improved after surgery. Complications were low (<5%), with 2 cases of donor site morbidity after osteoarticular autograft transfer (OAT) autograft harvest. The most common indications for reoperation were repeat debridement/loose body removal. Conclusion: A high rate of return to sport was observed after operative management of capitellar OCD. Patients were more likely to return to their highest level of preoperative sport after OAT autograft compared with debridement or fixation. Significant improvements in elbow range of motion and patient outcomes are seen with low complication rates after OCD surgery.
Biomechanical Comparison of Single- and Double-Leg Jump Landings in the Sagittal and Frontal Plane
Authors: Taylor Jeffrey B. , Ford Kevin R. , Nguyen Anh-Dung , Shultz Sandra J. 
Published: June 2016

Background: Double-leg forward or drop-jump landing activities are typically used to screen for high-risk movement strategies and to determine the success of neuromuscular injury prevention programs. However, research suggests that these tasks that occur primarily in the sagittal plane may not adequately represent the lower extremity biomechanics that occur during unilateral foot contact or non–sagittal plane movements that are characteristic of many multidirectional sports. Purpose: To examine the extent to which lower extremity biomechanics measured during a jump landing on a double leg (DL) after a sagittal plane (SAG) movement is representative of biomechanics measured during single-leg (SL) or frontal plane (FRONT) jump landing tasks. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Lower extremity biomechanics were measured in 15 recreationally active females (mean age [±SD], 19.4 ± 2.1 years; mean height, 163.3 ± 5.9 cm; mean weight, 61.1 ± 7.1 kg) while performing SAGDL, SAGSL, FRONTDL, and FRONTSL jump landing tasks. Repeated-measures analyses of variance examined differences in lower extremity biomechanics between the 4 tasks, and linear regressions examined the extent to which an individual’s biomechanics during SAGDL were representative of their biomechanics during SAGSL, FRONTDL, and FRONTSL. Results: Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics differed by condition, with the SAGDL task generally eliciting greater hip and knee flexion angles and lower hip and knee forces than the other tasks ( P < .05). Although biomechanics during the SAGDL task were strongly associated with those during the FRONTDL task ( R2, 0.41-0.82), weaker associations were observed between SAGDL and single-leg tasks for hip kinematics ( R2, 0.03-0.25) and kinetics ( R2, 0.05-0.20) and knee abduction moments ( R2, 0.06-0.18) ( P < .05). Conclusion: Standard double-leg sagittal plane jump landing tasks used to screen for ACL injury risk and the effectiveness of ACL injury prevention programs may not adequately represent the lower extremity biomechanics that occur during single-leg activities. Clinical Relevance: These results support further investigation of single-leg multidirectional landings to identify high-risk movement strategies in female athletes playing multidirectional sports.
The epidemiology of stroke in the Middle East
Authors: El-Hajj Maya , Salameh Pascale , Rachidi Samar , Hosseini Hassan 
Published: June 2016

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize data from different countries in the Middle East on stroke and its potential risk factors. Method A systematic review of all published stroke articles in the Middle East between 1980 and May 2015 was conducted. Findings Sixty-four papers were included in the review. The incidence rate for all strokes ranged between 22.7 and 250 per 100,000 population per year. The prevalence rate for stroke ranged between 508 and 777 per 100,000 population. Among studies reporting gender differences, 75% reported a high male-to-female ratio among stroke patients. The mean age of stroke was within the sixth and the seventh decade. Ischemic stroke was the most reported type followed by intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertension was the most reported risk factor followed by diabetes. The overall case-fatality rate within one month was 12–32%. Discussion During the last decades, there was an increase in stroke incidence and mortality rates in the Middle East. The Middle East faces low rates of self-awareness and control of noncommunicable diseases and also lacks knowledge for stroke risk factors, awareness, causes, and symptoms. Conclusion There is an urgent need to develop more efficient and accurate methods to measure stroke in the Middle East. There is also a significant call to increase public awareness and implement interventions on stroke and its risk factors and symptoms to help people understand the negative impact of stroke on quality of life and potentially prevent this disease.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation at diagnosis is a strong predictor for thrombosis in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Libourel Eduard J. , Klerk Clara P. W. , van Norden Yvette , de Maat Moniek P. M. , Kruip Marieke J. , Sonneveld Pieter , Löwenberg Bob , Leebeek Frank W. G. 
Published: June 2016

Key Points
A high D-dimer level strongly predicts symptomatic venous and arterial thrombosis in newly diagnosed AML. Thrombosis occurs in up to 10% of patients with newly diagnosed AML.
Human–animal chimeras: ethical issues about farming chimeric animals bearing human organs
Authors: Bourret Rodolphe , Martinez Eric , Vialla François , Giquel Chloé , Thonnat-Marin Aurélie , De Vos John 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent advances in stem cells and gene engineering have paved the way for the generation of interspecies chimeras, such as animals bearing an organ from another species. The production of a rat pancreas by a mouse has demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. The next step will be the generation of larger chimeric animals, such as pigs bearing human organs. Because of the dramatic organ shortage for transplantation, the medical needs for such a transgressive practice are indisputable. However, there are serious technical barriers and complex ethical issues that must be discussed and solved before producing human organs in animals. The main ethical issues are the risks of consciousness and of human features in the chimeric animal due to a too high contribution of human cells to the brain, in the first case, or for instance to limbs, in the second. Another critical point concerns the production of human gametes by such chimeric animals. These worst-case scenarios are obviously unacceptable and must be strictly monitored by careful risk assessment, and, if necessary, technically prevented. The public must be associated with this ethical debate. Scientists and physicians have a critical role in explaining the medical needs, the advantages and limits of this potential medical procedure, and the ethical boundaries that must not be trespassed. If these prerequisites are met, acceptance of such a new, borderline medical procedure may prevail, as happened before for in-vitro fertilization or preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
Fixed point theorems and iterative approximations for monotone nonexpansive mappings in ordered Banach spaces
Authors: Song Yisheng , Kumam Poom , Cho Yeol Je 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we prove some existence theorems of fixed points of a monotone nonexpansive mappingTin a Banach spaceEwith the partial order ‘≤’, where a such mapping may be discontinuous. In particular, in finite dimensional spaces, such a mappingThas a fixed point inEif and only if the sequence$\{T^{n}0\}${Tn0}is bounded inE. In order to find a fixed point of such a mappingT, we prove the weak convergence of the Mann iteration scheme under the condition$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\beta_{n}(1-\beta_{n})=\infty$∑n=1∞βn(1−βn)=∞, which entails$\beta _{n}=\frac{1}{n+1}$βn=1n+1as a special case.
Protection of CD4+ T cells from hepatitis C virus infection-associated senescence via ΔNp63–miR-181a–Sirt1 pathway
Authors: Zhou Yun , Li Guang Y , Ren Jun P , Wang Ling , Zhao Juan , Ning Shun B , Zhang Ying , Lian Jian Q , Huang Chang X , Jia Zhan S , Moorman Jonathan P , Yao Zhi Q 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
T cell dysfunction has a crucial role in establishing and maintaining viral persistence. We have previously shown a decline in miR-181a, which regulates CD4+ T cell responses via DUSP6 overexpression, in individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, we describe accelerated T cell senescence in HCV-infected individuals compared with age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Mechanistic studies revealed that up-regulation of transcription factor ΔNp63 led to the decline of miR-181a expression, resulting in an overexpression of the antiaging protein Sirt1, in CD4+ T cells from HCV-infected individuals. Either reconstituting miR-181a or silencing ΔNp63 or Sirt1 expression in CD4+ T cells led to accelerated T cell senescence, as evidenced by an increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) expression, shortened telomere length, and decreased EdU incorporation; this suggests that HCV-induced T cell senescence is counterregulated by the ΔNp63–miR-181a–Sirt1 pathway. An increase of IL-2 production was observed in these senescent CD4+ T cells and was driven by a markedly reduced frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and increased number of Foxp3− effector T (Teff) cells upon manipulating the ΔNp63–miR-181a–Sirt1 pathway. In conclusion, these findings provide novel mechanistic insights into how HCV uses cellular senescent pathways to regulate T cell functions, revealing new targets for rejuvenating impaired T cell responses during chronic viral infection.
At The Bedside: Clinical review of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for B cell malignancies
Authors: Oluwole Olalekan O , Davila Marco L 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
T cells kill microbial-infected and malignant cells by detection of nonself antigens with the TCR. Tumor reactivity can be encoded genetically by introducing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T cells. CARs are composed of an antigen-binding domain and an intracellular T cell activation domain. Early human trials evaluating CD19-targeted CAR T cells for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) showed limited responses until CARs included a costimulation domain, and conditioning chemotherapy was given before T cell infusion. Clinical trials evaluating CD19-targeted CAR T cells for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) are demonstrating response rates up to 90%. However, these clinical outcomes are associated with a cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is caused by T cell activation and manifests as high-grade fever, hypotension, and other cardiovascular complications. It is currently managed conservatively but can be treated with cytokine-directed therapy or with high-dose steroids. Current efforts are dedicated to confirming the clinical efficacy and managing toxicities in multicenter Phase II trials. We present a thorough overview of the preclinical and clinical development of CAR T cell therapy that will highlight important areas for the basic researcher to investigate in the laboratory and contribute to this exciting field.
Association Between Plasma Genotyping and Outcomes of Treatment With Osimertinib (AZD9291) in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Oxnard Geoffrey R. , Thress Kenneth S. , Alden Ryan S. , Lawrance Rachael , Paweletz Cloud P. , Cantarini Mireille , Yang James Chih-Hsin , Barrett J. Carl , Jänne Pasi A. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose Third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated potent activity against TKI resistance mediated by EGFR T790M. We studied whether noninvasive genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) is a useful biomarker for prediction of outcome from a third-generation EGFR-TKI, osimertinib. Methods Plasma was collected from all patients in the first-in-man study of osimertinib. Patients who were included had acquired EGFR-TKI resistance and evidence of a common EGFR-sensitizing mutation. Genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA was performed by using BEAMing. Plasma genotyping accuracy was assessed by using tumor genotyping from a central laboratory as reference. Objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed in all T790M-positive or T790M-negative patients. Results Sensitivity of plasma genotyping for detection of T790M was 70%. Of 58 patients with T790M-negative tumors, T790M was detected in plasma of 18 (31%). ORR and median PFS were similar in patients with T790M-positive plasma (ORR, 63%; PFS, 9.7 months) or T790M-positive tumor (ORR, 62%; PFS, 9.7 months) results. Although patients with T790M-negative plasma had overall favorable outcomes (ORR, 46%; median PFS, 8.2 months), tumor genotyping distinguished a subset of patients positive for T790M who had better outcomes (ORR, 69%; PFS, 16.5 months) as well as a subset of patients negative for T790M with poor outcomes (ORR, 25%; PFS, 2.8 months). Conclusion In this retrospective analysis, patients positive for T790M in plasma have outcomes with osimertinib that are equivalent to patients positive by a tissue-based assay. This study suggests that, upon availability of validated plasma T790M assays, some patients could avoid a tumor biopsy for T790M genotyping. As a result of the 30% false-negative rate of plasma genotyping, those with T790M-negative plasma results still need a tumor biopsy to determine presence or absence of T790M.
Nivolumab Monotherapy for First-Line Treatment of Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Gettinger Scott , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Chow Laura Q. , Borghaei Hossein , Brahmer Julie , Ready Neal , Gerber David E. , Shepherd Frances A. , Antonia Scott , Goldman Jonathan W. , Juergens Rosalyn A. , Laurie Scott A. , Nathan Faith E. , Shen Yun , Harbison Christopher T. , Hellmann Matthew D. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose Nivolumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody, has demonstrated improved survival over docetaxel in previously treated advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First-line monotherapy with nivolumab for advanced NSCLC was evaluated in the phase I, multicohort, Checkmate 012 trial. Methods Fifty-two patients received nivolumab 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxicity; postprogression treatment was permitted per protocol. The primary objective was to assess safety; secondary objectives included objective response rate (ORR) and 24-week progression-free survival (PFS) rate; overall survival (OS) was an exploratory end point. Results Any-grade treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 71% of patients, most commonly: fatigue (29%), rash (19%), nausea (14%), diarrhea (12%), pruritus (12%), and arthralgia (10%). Ten patients (19%) reported grade 3 to 4 treatment-related AEs; grade 3 rash was the only grade 3 to 4 event occurring in more than one patient (n = 2; 4%). Six patients (12%) discontinued because of a treatment-related AE. The confirmed ORR was 23% (12 of 52), including four ongoing complete responses. Nine of 12 responses (75%) occurred by first tumor assessment (week 11); eight (67%) were ongoing (range, 5.3+ to 25.8+ months) at the time of data lock. ORR was 28% (nine of 32) in patients with any degree of tumor PD–ligand 1 expression and 14% (two of 14) in patients with no PD–ligand 1 expression. Median PFS was 3.6 months, and the 24-week PFS rate was 41% (95% CI, 27 to 54). Median OS was 19.4 months, and the 1-year and 18-month OS rates were 73% (95% CI, 59 to 83) and 57% (95% CI, 42 to 70), respectively. Conclusion First-line nivolumab monotherapy demonstrated a tolerable safety profile and durable responses in first-line advanced NSCLC.
Glucocorticoids Have Opposing Effects on Liver Fibrosis in Hepatic Stellate and Immune Cells
Authors: Kim Kang Ho , Lee Jae Man , Zhou Ying , Harpavat Sanjiv , Moore David D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLiver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing process that is protective in the short term, but prolonged fibrotic responses lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components that suppresses hepatocyte regeneration, resulting in permanent liver damage. Upon liver damage, nonparenchymal cells including immune cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have crucial roles in the progression and regression of liver fibrosis. Here, we report differential roles of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), acting in immune cells and HSCs, in liver fibrosis. In the carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis model, both steroidal and nonsteroidal GR ligands suppressed expression of fibrotic genes and decreased extracellular matrix deposition but also inhibited immune cell infiltration and exacerbated liver injury. These counteracting effects of GR ligands were dissociated in mice with conditional GR knockout in immune cells (GRLysM) or HSC (GRhGFAP): the impacts of dexamethasone on immune cell infiltration and liver injury were totally blunted in GRLysM mice, whereas the suppression of fibrotic gene expression was diminished in GRhGFAP mice. The effect of GR activation in HSC was further confirmed in the LX-2 HSC cell line, in which antifibrotic effects were mediated by GR ligand inhibition of Sma and mad-related protein 3 (SMAD3) expression. We conclude that GR has differential roles in immune cells and HSCs to modulate liver injury and liver fibrosis. Specific activation of HSC-GR without alteration of GR activity in immune cells provides a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
Effect of Fibrin Glue Injection Into the Cavernous Sinus for Hemostasis During Transcavernous Surgery on the Cerebral Venous Draining System
Authors: Toyooka Terushige , Otani Naoki , Wada Kojiro , Tomiyama Arata , Ueno Hideaki , Fujii Kazuya , Yamamoto Takuji , Nakao Yasuaki , Mori Kentaro 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The extradural temporopolar transcavernous approach can be used to treat central skull base pathologies, but control of bleeding from the opened cavernous sinus is essential. Oxidized cellulose cotton packing and fibrin glue injection can be used, but the effect on the postoperative venous draining pattern remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in the venous drainage pattern immediately after transcavernous surgery with and without fibrin glue injection into the bleeding cavernous sinus.

METHODS: A total of 82 patients treated via the transcavernous approach were retrospectively divided into 2 groups based on the hemostasis methods. Both pre- and postoperative angiography and/or 3-dimensional computed tomography venography were available for 24 patients in the cotton packing group and 12 patients in the fibrin glue group.

RESULTS: Postoperative change in the venous draining pattern was observed in 5 of the 24 patients in the cotton packing group and in 3 of the 12 patients in the fibrin glue group. One of the 82 patients showed postoperative brain swelling due to obstruction of the sphenoparietal sinus. The volume of injected fibrin glue ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 mL (mean, 1.1 ± 0.5 mL), but none of the patients had brain swelling.

CONCLUSION: Direct fibrin glue injection into the opened cavernous sinus is relatively safe, but a change in the venous draining pattern occurs in 25% of patients. The study indicates the potential danger of the change in the venous draining pattern and recommends limiting the injection volume of fibrin glue in transcavernous surgery to avoid complications related to venous congestion.
Measuring Progress Toward Basic Opportunities for All
Authors: Barros Ricardo Paes de , Vega José R. Molinas , Saavedra Jaime 
Published: June 2016

Universal access to basic opportunities is undoubtedly a central objective of development. In this study, we propose an alternative scalar measure. In addition to being sensitive to the number of available opportunities, this new measure is also concerned with how these opportunities are allocated, and is therefore known as an equity sensitive coverage rate. The proposed measure is increasing in the overall coverage rate and decreasing in deviations from the ideal of equal opportunity. It is obtained by deducting a penalty equal to the deviation from the ideal of equal opportunity from the overall coverage rate. We show that this equity sensitive measure has several suitable properties. In particular, we demonstrate that it is consistent with both rst- and second-order stochastic dominance. As a consequence, this measure is Pareto-consistent and sensitive to improvements in the allocation of the available opportunities. According to this index, any increase in thenumber of opportunities that also leads to an increase in the average coverage rate among the most vulnerable groups would always represent a progress towards opportunities for all. In addition, we propose an estimation procedure for the index and its variance.
Subnational Government Investment in Brazil: Estimation and Analysis by State Space Models
Authors: Orair Rodrigo Octávio , Silva Wesley de Jesus 
Published: June 2016

There are many problems involved in estimating high frequency series for subnational governments. Space State Model (SSM) is a framework capable of handling some of these problems. The techniques that emerge from this approach are used to estimate monthly series for capital investments by subnational governments in Brazil during 2002-2011. SSM are also used to analyze the dynamic properties of time series. One of the most interesting results is the newly evidence of electoral cycles on investments of both municipalities and states in Brazil. These techniques might be easily generalized for other relevant series. The main objective of this work is to present a methodological framework for estimating and analyzing the development of high frequency series for Brazilians subnational governments. It offers a useful instrument for monitoring fiscal policy and for applied macroeconomic research.