bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies in the hardness data and the role of grinding‐induced surface effects for a porous zirconate ceramic
Authors: Kumar Rishu , Kumar Kundan , Chowdhury Anirban 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe conventionally sintered La2Zr2O7 (LZ) ceramic surfaces illustrated notable structural and microstructural changes post grinding and polishing operations. X‐ray diffraction studies confirmed presence of in‐plane compressive strain on polished surfaces; no phase segregation/separation was noted at surface or bulk level. The scanning electron micrographs revealed that the LZ ceramic grains on the polished top surfaces accommodated this strain by changing their size distribution from unimodal (observed for fractured and unpolished LZ surfaces with average size of 1.2 ± 0.5 μm) to a bimodal (with two modes occurring at 270 nm and 840 nm, respectively) distribution. Possibly, this grain size refinement led the pathway for obtaining surprising high hardness when probed via nanoindentation (13.8 GPa at 4 mN load). This hardness data made this 85% dense LZ sample comparable to its high density (>98%) counterpart (13.8 GPa). The hardness values were noted to have a strong dependence on the penetration depth (hmax). For hmax values beyond 500 nm (and loads≥30 mN), the hardness values depicted a significant decline (by one order of magnitude) and lowered down to 1.8 GPa for 30 mN load. The strain‐induced microstructural changes and the strong dependence of the hardness data (with hmax) paves the path for an in‐depth understanding of the mechanism by which the grinding‐induced strain is modifying the grain structures; especially for the smaller (mode I) grains on the polished LZ surface.
The Perfect Marriage? – Language and Art Criticism in the Hong Kong Public Examination Context
Authors: Lau Chung‐yim , Tam Cheung‐on 
Published: February 2017

AbstractArt education in Hong Kong has undergone various changes in response to educational reform. In art assessment, a major change in the Hong Kong New Senior Secondary (NSS) Curriculum is the inclusion of art criticism as a compulsory component of the new public examination. Assessing students’ abilities to interpret art in an art criticism public examination context is a critical issue in Hong Kong because the new senior secondary curriculum and assessment has brought attention to the role of written language in the art examination paper. This means the examination assesses not only students’ abilities to interpret art, but also their language abilities required to respond to art in written form. Since this new mode of assessment of art criticism has been published a number of issues have appeared. Recent studies show that teachers and students perceive this development negatively and they believe that the written format will assess students’ written language abilities rather than their critical abilities. These findings challenge the justification of the new art assessment policy and raise questions about the role of written language in responding to art. This article aims to raise the issue of the marriage between language and art criticism in the Hong Kong public examination context. It argues and examines the relationship of language to art interpretation, reasoning in the assessment, and issues in the public art criticism examination context. The issues addressed in this article provide opportunities for researchers and policy makers to reconsider and refine the new form of examination.
Age‐dependent trajectories differ between within‐pair and extra‐pair paternity success
Authors: Hsu Y.‐H. , Simons M. J. P. , Schroeder J. , Girndt A. , Winney I. S. , Burke T. , Nakagawa S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractReproductive success is associated with age in many taxa, increasing in early life followed by reproductive senescence. In socially monogamous but genetically polygamous species, this generates the interesting possibility of differential trajectories of within‐pair and extra‐pair siring success with age in males. We investigate these relationships simultaneously using within‐individual analyses with 13 years of data from an insular house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population. As expected, we found that both within‐ and extra‐pair paternity success increased with age, followed by a senescence‐like decline. However, the age trajectories of within‐ and extra‐pair paternity successes differed significantly, with the extra‐pair paternity success increasing faster, although not significantly, in early life, and showing a delayed decline by 1.5 years on average later in life compared to within‐pair paternity success. These different trajectories indicate that the two alternative mating tactics should have age‐dependent pay‐offs. Males may partition their reproductive effort between within‐ and extra‐pair matings depending on their current age to reap the maximal combined benefit from both strategies. The interplay between these mating strategies and age‐specific mortality may explain the variation in rates of extra‐pair paternity observed within and between species.
Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism in infancy secondary to urinary tract infection
Authors: Abraham Mary B , Larkins Nicholas , Choong Catherine S , Shetty Vinutha B 
Published: February 2017

AimHyponatraemia with hyperkalaemia in infancy is a typical presentation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In the presence of pyelonephritis, the same biochemical picture can occur with transient type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA‐1) also termed type 4 renal tubular acidosis. Recognition of PHA‐1 enables appropriate management thus avoiding unnecessary investigations and treatment. To improve awareness of this condition, we present a case series to highlight the clinical and biochemical features of PHA‐1.MethodsA retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with transient PHA‐1 at a tertiary children's hospital in Western Australia was conducted.ResultsFive male infants (32 days to 6 months) with transient PHA‐1 were identified. Failure to thrive was the most common symptom with hyponatraemia on presentation. Two infants had antenatally diagnosed bilateral hydronephrosis and urinary tract infection (UTI) on admission. Two infants were treated for congenital adrenal hyperplasia and received hydrocortisone. All infants had UTI and required parenteral antibiotics. The condition was transient and hyponatraemia corrected by day 4 in all infants. There was no correlation between plasma sodium and aldosterone levels. The severity of PHA‐1 was independent of the underlying renal anomaly. Four infants had hydronephrosis and vesicoureteric reflux. Surgical intervention was required in two infants.Conclusions
PHA‐1 may be precipitated by UTI or urinary tract anomalies in early infancy. Urine analysis should be performed in infants with hyponatraemia. Diagnosis of PHA‐1 facilitates appropriate renal investigations to reduce long‐term morbidity.
The Effect of Mental Simulation (Process‐ Versus Outcome‐Focus) on Extension Evaluation:A Bipolarized Fit Perception
Authors: Kim Yeung‐Jo , Song Sie‐Yeoun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe present research investigates perceived fit effects according to the focus that consumers place when evaluating brand extensions. Process‐focus encourages consumers to focus their thoughts on the process of reaching an outcome, thereby affecting extension evaluations on the basis of the process similarity between the original brand and its extensions. Conversely, outcome‐focus encourages consumers to focus their thoughts on the final outcome, thereby affecting extension evaluations on the basis of the final outcome similarity between the original brand and its extensions. With this conceptual framework, the present research demonstrated that for the process‐focus condition, the extension was evaluated more favorably when the similarity between the process of the original brand and the process of its extension was present (Study 1). By contrast, for the outcome‐focus condition, the extension was evaluated more favorably when the similarity between the final outcome of the original brand and the final outcome of its extension was present (Study 2).
Changes in apolipoprotein B and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein levels in gingival crevicular fluids as a result of periodontal tissue conditions
Authors: Ishizuka M. , Kato R. , Moriya Y. , Noguchi E. , Koide Y. , Inoue S. , Itabe H. , Yamamoto M. 
Published: February 2017

Background and ObjectivePeriodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacterial infection that can lead to tooth loss. Gingival crevicular fluid can be collected easily and noninvasively. We previously discovered the presence of apolipoprotein B (apoB), the main constituent of low‐density lipoprotein, and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the gingival crevicular fluid of healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated whether periodontal conditions affect the levels of apoB and oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid.Material and MethodsThe study population comprised 11 patients with chronic periodontitis. A pair of gingival crevicular fluid samples was collected from each patient at a healthy site and at a site with periodontitis (baseline samples). Thereafter, gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the same patients again at 4 and 8 wk after scaling and root planing (SRP). The levels of apoB, oxLDL, protein and cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid, in addition to gingival crevicular fluid volume, were measured.ResultsAt baseline, the levels of apoB and oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid were higher at the sites with periodontitis than at the healthy sites. The levels of apoB and oxLDL at periodontal sites decreased after SRP. The level of oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid correlated well with the probing pocket depth. The oxLDL : apoB ratio in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher than that in plasma.ConclusionsThe levels of apoB and oxLDL in gingival crevicular fluid change according to the periodontal tissue conditions.
The implications of dialogicality for ‘giving voice’ in social representations research
Authors: Zadeh Sophie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSocial representations research is often undertaken by scholars who seek to ‘give voice’ to knowledge(s) that are held by socially disenfranchised individuals and groups. However, this endeavour poses a number of problems in practice, not least because it assumes that the ‘voices’ voiced by individuals and/or groups in social research will be unambiguous and uniform, and unchanged by the research encounter. Despite the growth of attention to the critical potential of social representations theory, there remains a lack of scholarship on the relationship between the theory's emphasis on the relational, or dialogical, nature of social life (the Ego‐Alter‐Object relation) and the implications of this for critical research. In this article, I argue that the dialogical epistemology from which social representations research must depart incites reflection upon (i) the design of empirical studies, which must equally attend to both ‘Ego’ and ‘Alter’, and (ii) the researcher‐researched relationship, which may itself be best viewed as an Ego‐Alter interaction. I make the case for adopting dialogical epistemology in critical social psychology, and argue that this is essential to undertaking ethical social research. I conclude by suggesting that claims to ‘giving voice’ have little place in critical social psychology in general, and social representations scholarship in particular.
Gossip, defamation and sodomy in the early modern Southern Netherlands
Authors: Roelens Jonas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe article discusses the role played by rumour and gossip in denouncing the act of sodomy and in trying to prosecute sodomites in the early modern Southern Low Countries. Although sodomy was considered an ‘unmentionable vice' in the early modern period, this article argues that sodomy was a popular subject among urban slanderers in the region. Consequently, denunciation was a common way of identifying sodomites, and early modern authorities were often forced to take action because of local gossip. Using trial records and bailiff accounts dating from 1400 to 1700, this article analyses the different ways in which rumours about sodomy were disseminated in early modern urban society. In doing so, this essay aims to nuance the idea that the political elites were the main engine behind the persecution of sodomites and reveals the important role urban gossip and sexual slander played in early modern sodomy trials.
Nutritional status‐dependent endocannabinoid signalling regulates the integration of rat visceral information
Authors: Khlaifia Abdessattar , Matias Isabelle , Cota Daniela , Tell Fabien 
Published: February 2017

Key points
Vagal sensory inputs transmit information from the viscera to brainstem neurones located in the nucleus tractus solitarii to set physiological parameters. These excitatory synapses exhibit a CB1 endocannabinoid‐induced long‐term depression (LTD) triggered by vagal fibre stimulation.
We investigated the impact of nutritional status on long‐term changes in this long‐term synaptic plasticity.
Food deprivation prevents LTD induction by disrupting CB1 receptor signalling. Short‐term refeeding restores the capacity of vagal synapses to express LTD.
Ghrelin and cholecystokinin, respectively released during fasting and refeeding, play a key role in the control of LTD via the activation of energy sensing pathways such as AMPK and the mTOR and ERK pathways.
AbstractCommunication form the viscera to the brain is essential to set physiological homoeostatic parameters but also to drive more complex behaviours such as mood, memory and emotional states. Here we investigated the impact of the nutritional status on long‐term changes in excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii, a neural hub integrating visceral signals. These excitatory synapses exhibit a CB1 endocannabinoid (eCB)‐induced long‐term depression (LTD) triggered by vagal fibre stimulation. Since eCB signalling is known to be an important component of homoeostatic regulation of the body and is regulated during various stressful conditions, we tested the hypothesis that food deprivation alters eCB signalling in central visceral afferent fibres. Food deprivation prevents eCB‐LTD induction due to the absence of eCB signalling. This loss was reversed by blockade of ghrelin receptors. Activation of the cellular fuel sensor AMP‐activated protein kinase or inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway abolished eCB‐LTD in free‐fed rats. Signals associated with energy surfeit, such as short‐term refeeding, restore eCB‐LTD induction, which in turn requires activation of cholecystokinin receptors and the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway. These data suggest a tight link between eCB‐LTD in the NTS and nutritional status and shed light on the key role of eCB in the integration of visceral information.
Complete Genome Sequences of Six Copper-Resistant
Xanthomonas
Strains Causing Bacterial Spot of Solaneous Plants, Belonging to
X. gardneri
,
X. euvesicatoria
, and
X. vesicatoria
, Using Long-Read Technology
Authors: Richard Damien , Boyer Claudine , Lefeuvre Pierre , Canteros Blanca I. , Beni-Madhu Shyam , Portier Perrine , Pruvost Olivier 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Xanthomonas vesicatoria
,
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
, and
Xanthomonas gardneri
cause bacterial spot disease. Copper has been applied since the 1920s as part of integrated management programs. The first copper-resistant strains were reported some decades later. Here, we fully sequenced six
Xanthomonas
strains pathogenic to tomato and/or pepper and having a copper-resistant phenotype.
Endocrine and Metabolic Aspects of Tuberculosis
Authors: Vinnard Christopher , Blumberg Emily A. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTEndocrine and metabolic derangements are infrequent in patients with tuberculosis, but they are important when they occur. The basis for these abnormalities is complex. WhileMycobacterium tuberculosishas been described to infect virtually every endocrine gland, the incidence of gland involvement is low, especially in the era of effective antituberculosis therapy. Furthermore, endocrine and metabolic abnormalities do not always reflect direct infection of the gland but may result from physiological response or as a consequence of therapy. Metabolic disease may also predispose patients to the development of active tuberculosis, particularly in the case of diabetes mellitus. While hormonal therapy may be necessary in some instances, frequently these endocrine complications do not require specific interventions other than antituberculous therapy itself. With the exception of diabetes mellitus, which will be covered elsewhere, this chapter reviews the endocrinologic and metabolic issues related to tuberculosis.
Racial differences in crossing major growth percentiles in infancy
Authors: Hawkins Summer Sherburne , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L , Gillman Matthew W , Taveras Elsie M 
Published: February 2017

Background/aimsWe examined associations of ever crossing upwards ≥2 (vs <2) major weight-for-length (WFL) percentiles in the first 24 months with obesity at 5 years among white and black children.MethodsWe included 10 979 white and 1245 black children from the Linked CENTURY Study with percentile crossing data in all four 6-month periods in the first 24 months and obesity (age-specific and sex-specific body mass index ≥95th percentile) at 5 years. We used adjusted logistic regression models and stratified by race.Results64% of children crossed upwards ≥2 major WFL percentiles in the first 2 years. Among white children, 12% were obese vs 7% for <2 crossings, while among black children the frequencies were 23% vs 9%. Black children (adjusted OR 2.94, 2.04 to 4.23) who had ever crossed upwards ≥2 major WFL percentiles had a higher odds of obesity at age 5 than white children (adjusted OR 1.89, 1.64 to 2.18) (interaction p=0.02).ConclusionsOur results suggest that rapid weight gain in infancy is more deleterious among black than white children for later obesity.
Active shortening protects against stretch-induced force deficits in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Saripalli Anjali L. , Sugg Kristoffer B. , Mendias Christopher L. , Brooks Susan V. , Claflin Dennis R. 
Published: February 2017

Skeletal muscle contraction results from molecular interactions of myosin “crossbridges” with adjacent actin filament binding sites. The binding of myosin to actin can be “weak” or “strong,” and only strong binding states contribute to force production. During active shortening, the number of strongly bound crossbridges declines with increasing shortening velocity. Forcibly stretching a muscle that is actively shortening at high velocity results in no apparent negative consequences, whereas stretch of an isometrically (fixed-length) contracting muscle causes ultrastructural damage and a decline in force-generating capability. Our working hypothesis is that stretch-induced damage is uniquely attributable to the population of crossbridges that are strongly bound. We tested the hypothesis that stretch-induced force deficits decline as the prevailing shortening velocity is increased. Experiments were performed on permeabilized segments of individual skeletal muscle fibers obtained from human subjects. Fibers were maximally activated and allowed either to generate maximum isometric force (Fo), or to shorten at velocities that resulted in force maintenance of ≈50% Fo or ≈2% Fo. For each test condition, a rapid stretch equivalent to 0.1 × optimal fiber length was applied. Relative to prestretch Fo, force deficits resulting from stretches applied during force maintenance of 100, ≈50, and ≈2% Fo were 23.2 ± 8.6, 7.8 ± 4.2, and 0.3 ± 3.3%, respectively (means ± SD, n = 20). We conclude that stretch-induced damage declines with increasing shortening velocity, consistent with the working hypothesis that the fraction of strongly bound crossbridges is a causative factor in the susceptibility of skeletal muscle to stretch-induced damage. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Force deficits caused by stretch of contracting muscle are most severe when the stretch is applied during an isometric contraction, but prevented if the muscle is shortening at high velocity when the stretch occurs. This study indicates that velocity-controlled modulation of the number of strongly bound crossbridges is the basis for the observed relationship between stretch-induced muscle damage and prevailing shortening velocity.
Timing of Incident Stroke Risk After Cervical Artery Dissection Presenting Without Ischemia
Authors: Morris Nicholas A. , Merkler Alexander E. , Gialdini Gino , Kamel Hooman 
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—
Cervical artery dissection is a common cause of stroke in young people. The temporal profile of stroke risk after cervical artery dissection presenting without ischemia remains uncertain.

Methods—

We performed a crossover cohort study using administrative claims data on all emergency department visits and acute care hospitalizations from 2005 to 2011 in CA, 2006 to 2013 in NY, and 2005 to 2013 in FL. Using previously validated
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
codes, we identified patients with a cervical artery dissection and no previous or concurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack diagnosis. We compared the risk of stroke in successive 2-week periods during the 12 weeks after dissection versus the corresponding 2-week period 1 year later. Absolute risk increases were calculated using McNemar test for matched data. In a sensitivity analysis, we limited our population to patients presenting with typical symptoms of cervical artery dissection.

Results—
We identified 2791 patients with dissection without ischemia. The absolute increase in stroke risk was 1.25% (95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.67%) in the first 2 weeks after dissection compared with the same time period 1 year later. The absolute risk increase was 0.18% (95% confidence interval, 0.02–0.34%) during weeks 3 to 4 and was no longer significant during the remainder of the 12-week postdissection period. Our findings were similar in a sensitivity analysis identifying patients who presented with typical symptoms of acute dissection.

Conclusions—
The risk of stroke after cervical artery dissection unaccompanied by ischemia at time of diagnosis seems to be limited to the first 2 weeks.