bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nogo receptor 1 regulates Caspr distribution at axo-glial units in the central nervous system
Authors: Lee Jae Young , Kim Min Joung , Li Lijun , Velumian Alexander A. , Aui Pei Mun , Fehlings Michael G. , Petratos Steven 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAxo-glial units are highly organised microstructures propagating saltatory conduction and are disrupted during multiple sclerosis (MS). Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) has been suggested to govern axonal damage during the progression of disease in the MS-like mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we have identified that adult ngr1−/− mice, previously used in EAE and spinal cord injury experiments, display elongated paranodes, and nodes of Ranvier. Unstructured paranodal regions in ngr1−/− mice are matched with more distributed expression pattern of Caspr. Compound action potentials of optic nerves and spinal cords from naïve ngr1−/− mice are delayed and reduced. Molecular interaction studies revealed enhanced Caspr cleavage. Our data suggest that NgR1 may regulate axo-myelin ultrastructure through Caspr-mediated adhesion, regulating the electrophysiological signature of myelinated axons of central nervous system (CNS).
A canine chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1 and its clinical efficacy in canine oral malignant melanoma or undifferentiated sarcoma
Authors: Maekawa Naoya , Konnai Satoru , Takagi Satoshi , Kagawa Yumiko , Okagawa Tomohiro , Nishimori Asami , Ikebuchi Ryoyo , Izumi Yusuke , Deguchi Tatsuya , Nakajima Chie , Kato Yukinari , Yamamoto Keiichi , Uemura Hidetoshi , Suzuki Yasuhiko , Murata Shiro , Ohashi Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2017

AbstractImmunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint molecules, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1), using therapeutic antibodies has been widely used for some human malignancies in the last 5 years. A costimulatory receptor, PD-1, is expressed on T cells and suppresses effector functions when it binds to its ligand, PD-L1. Aberrant PD-L1 expression is reported in various human cancers and is considered an immune escape mechanism. Antibodies blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 axis induce antitumour responses in patients with malignant melanoma and other cancers. In dogs, no such clinical studies have been performed to date because of the lack of therapeutic antibodies that can be used in dogs. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of c4G12, a canine-chimerised anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, were evaluated in vitro, demonstrating significantly enhanced cytokine production and proliferation of dog peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A pilot clinical study was performed on seven dogs with oral malignant melanoma (OMM) and two with undifferentiated sarcoma. Objective antitumour responses were observed in one dog with OMM (14.3%, 1/7) and one with undifferentiated sarcoma (50.0%, 1/2) when c4G12 was given at 2 or 5 mg/kg, every 2 weeks. c4G12 could be a safe and effective treatment option for canine cancers.
Differential evolutionary patterns and expression levels between sex-specific and somatic tissue-specific genes in peanut
Authors: Song Hui , Zhang Qingping , Tian Pei , Nan Zhibiao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe patterns of evolution and expression of tissue-specific genes are poorly understood beyond sex-specific genes. Accordingly, we identified 3,191 tissue-specific genes and 38,745 common genes using 22 RNA-seq datasets from cultivated peanut. The expression levels of tissue-specific genes were significantly lower than those of common genes. Further, the expression levels of sex-specific genes were significantly higher than those of somatic tissue-specific genes. Among sex-specific genes, the expression levels of gynoecium-specific genes were significantly higher than those of androecium-specific genes. Function-specific genes were lacking among tissue-specific genes, and tissue-specific gene annotations overlapped among different tissues. Duplicate gene pairs were classified as homogeneous pairs expressed within the same tissue or heterogeneous pairs expressed in different tissues. Heterogeneous gene pairs evolved more rapidly than homogeneous gene pairs. In addition, somatic tissue-specific genes evolved faster than sex-specific genes. Molecular signatures of selection indicated that somatic tissue-specific genes have mainly experienced relaxed selection, while sex-specific genes have been under stronger selective constraint. Somatic tissue-specific genes had higher codon usage bias than sex-specific genes. These contrasting patterns between somatic tissue-specific and sex-specific genes provide new insights into the basic biology and evolution of peanut, an important crop.
Spatiotemporal database of US congressional elections, 1896–2014
Authors: Wolf Levi John 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHigh-quality historical data about US Congressional elections has long provided common ground for electoral studies. However, advances in geographic information science have recently made it efficient to compile, distribute, and analyze large spatio-temporal data sets on the structure of US Congressional districts. A single spatio-temporal data set that relates US Congressional election results to the spatial extent of the constituencies has not yet been developed. To address this, existing high-quality data sets of elections returns were combined with a spatiotemporal data set on Congressional district boundaries to generate a new spatio-temporal database of US Congressional election results that are explicitly linked to the geospatial data about the districts themselves.
Repeated exposure to systemic inflammation and risk of new depressive symptoms among older adults
Authors: Bell J A , Kivimäki M , Bullmore E T , Steptoe A ,   MRC ImmunoPsychiatry Consortium, Bullmore Edward , Vértes Petra E , Cardinal Rudolf , Richardson Sylvia , Leday Gwenael , Freeman Tom , Hume David , Regan Tim , Wu Zhaozong , Pariante Carmine , Cattaneo Annamaria , Zuszain Patricia , Borsini Alessandra , Stewart Robert , Chandran David , Carvalho Livia A , Bell Joshua A , Souza-Teodoro Luis Henrique , Perry Hugh , Harrison Neil , Drevets Wayne , Wittenberg Gayle M , Sun Yu , Jones Declan , Bullmore Edward , Khan Shahid , Stylianou Annie , Henderson Robert B , Carvalho L A 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEvidence on systemic inflammation as a risk factor for future depression is inconsistent, possibly due to a lack of regard for persistency of exposure. We examined whether being inflamed on multiple occasions increases risk of new depressive symptoms using prospective data from a population-based sample of adults aged 50 years or older (the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing). Participants with less than four of eight depressive symptoms in 2004/05 and 2008/09 based on the Eight-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale were analysed. The number of occasions with C-reactive protein ⩾3 mg l−1 over the same initial assessments (1 vs 0 occasion, and 2 vs 0 occasions) was examined in relation to change in depressive symptoms between 2008/09 and 2012/13 and odds of developing depressive symptomology (having more than or equal to four of eight symptoms) in 2012/13. In multivariable-adjusted regression models (n=2068), participants who were inflamed on 1 vs 0 occasion showed no increase in depressive symptoms nor raised odds of developing depressive symptomology; those inflamed on 2 vs 0 occasions showed a 0.10 (95% confidence intervals (CIs)=−0.07, 0.28) symptom increase and 1.60 (95% CI=1.00, 2.55) times higher odds. In further analyses, 2 vs 0 occasions of inflammation were associated with increased odds of developing depressive symptoms among women (odds ratio (OR)=2.75, 95% CI=1.53, 4.95), but not among men (OR=0.70, 95% CI=0.29, 1.68); P-for-sex interaction=0.035. In this cohort study of older adults, repeated but not transient exposure to systemic inflammation was associated with increased risk of future depressive symptoms among women; this subgroup finding requires confirmation of validity.
Incidence of Discomfort During Pure-Tone Audiometry and Measurement of Uncomfortable Loudness Levels Among People Seeking Help for Tinnitus and/or Hyperacusis
Authors: Aazh Hashir , Moore Brian C. J. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The aim of this study was to assess the proportion of patients seen in a tinnitus and hyperacusis therapy clinic for whom presentation levels based on the British Society of Audiology (BSA)–recommended procedures for pure-tone audiometry and determination of uncomfortable loudness levels (ULLs) exceed ULLs, leading to discomfort during administration of these procedures.

Method
This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 362 consecutive patients who attended a National Health Service audiology clinic for tinnitus and/or hyperacusis rehabilitation.

Results
For 21% of the patients, presentation levels based on the BSA procedure for pure-tone audiometry exceeded the ULL for at least 1 of the measured frequencies (excluding the first frequency tested, 1 kHz): 0.25, 0.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz. For 24% of patients, the starting presentation level of 60 dB hearing level recommended for determination of ULLs exceeded the ULL for at least 1 frequency.

Conclusion
The starting presentation levels used for pure-tone audiometry and measurement of ULLs should be lower than those recommended by the BSA for people with tinnitus and hyperacusis.
Infektionen bei außerklinischer Beatmung
Authors: Giesa Christian , Wolter Fabian , Ewig Santiago 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn patients with home ventilation, there is a markedly higher probability for lower respiratory infections or pneumonia and severe courses due to comorbidity. Tracheobronchitis and pneumonia are often difficult to distinguish. Tracheobronchitis with pronounced secretion which can’t be controlled otherwise can be an indication for antimicrobial therapy.There are no data available in order to establish a recommendation for the initial empiric calculated antimicrobial therapy in patients with home ventilation. However, risk factors for multi drug resistance (MDR) are mostly present and should be considered in the selection of antimicrobial therapy.The principles of antimicrobial therapy are also essential for infections in home ventilation: judicious indication, dosage, microbiological investigation, de-escalation and duration of therapy. In individual cases, inhaled antimicrobials are an option.In order to avoid lower airway infections, adherence to hygienic standards is essential. In addition, invasive ventilation should be avoided wherever possible. If possible, weaning attempts are to be repeated given that invasive ventilation is a risk factor for pneumonia caused by aspiration.
Hyponatriämie: Differenzialdiagnose und Therapie
Authors: Mönig Heiner , Arlt Alexander 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in hospitalized patients, with up to 30 % having a plasma sodium concentration below 135 mmol/l. It is now clear that the clinical problem extends beyond the neurological symptoms, which can be explained by intracerebral osmotic fluid shifts and brain edema. Instead, chronic hyponatremia is associated with impaired gait stability and an increased risk of bone fragility fractures. Moreover, hyponatremia has been demonstrated to be an indicator of poor prognosis in a variety of conditions.Hyponatremia can be a life-threatening disorder due to increased intracranial pressure, thus requiring prompt and efficacious treatment. However, overly rapid correction may be complicated by osmotic demyelination syndrome with catastrophic clinical sequelae, i. e., spastic quadriparesis, or even coma or death.To avoid inappropriate treatment, the underlying pathophysiology in each case as well as the time course (acute vs. chronic) and the clinical and biochemical severity must be considered.The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a systematic approach to the correct diagnosis and management of hyponatremia based on available European and international guidelines.
Knee osteoarthritis has doubled in prevalence since the mid-20th century
Authors: Wallace Ian J. , Worthington Steven , Felson David T. , Jurmain Robert D. , Wren Kimberly T. , Maijanen Heli , Woods Robert J. , Lieberman Daniel E. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Knee osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent, disabling joint disease with causes that remain poorly understood but are commonly attributed to aging and obesity. To gain insight into the etiology of knee osteoarthritis, this study traces long-term trends in the disease in the United States using large skeletal samples spanning from prehistoric times to the present. We show that knee osteoarthritis long existed at low frequencies, but since the mid-20th century, the disease has doubled in prevalence. Our analyses contradict the view that the recent surge in knee osteoarthritis occurred simply because people live longer and are more commonly obese. Instead, our results highlight the need to study additional, likely preventable risk factors that have become ubiquitous within the last half-century.
Hydrodynamics of microbial filter feeding
Authors: Nielsen Lasse Tor , Asadzadeh Seyed Saeed , Dölger Julia , Walther Jens H. , Kiørboe Thomas , Andersen Anders 
Published: August 2017

SignificanceMicrobes compose the majority of life in aquatic ecosystems and are crucial to the transfer of energy to higher trophic levels and to global biogeochemical cycles. They have evolved different foraging mechanisms of which our understanding is poor. Here, we demonstrate for filter-feeding choanoflagellates—the closest relatives to multicellular life—how the observed feeding flow is inconsistent with hydrodynamic theory based on the current understanding of the morphology. Instead, we argue for the widespread presence of flagellar vanes and suggest an alternative pumping mechanism. We also demonstrate a trade-off in filter spacing that allows us to predict choanoflagellate prey sizes. These mechanistic insights are important to correctly understand and model microbial heterotrophs in marine food webs.
Sobolev Extensions of Lipschitz Mappings into Metric Spaces
Authors: Zimmerman Scott 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWenger and Young proved that the pair $(\mathbb{R}^m,\mathbb{H}^n)$ has the Lipschitz extension property for $m \leq n$ where $\mathbb{H}^n$ is the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group. That is, for some $C&gt;0$, any $L$-Lipschitz map from a subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$ into $\mathbb{H}^n$ can be extended to a $CL$-Lipschitz mapping on $\mathbb{R}^m$. In this article, we construct Sobolev extensions of such Lipschitz mappings with no restriction on the dimension $m$. We prove that any Lipschitz mapping from a compact subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$ into $\mathbb{H}^n$ may be extended to a Sobolev mapping on any bounded domain containing the set. More generally, we prove this result in the case of mappings into any Lipschitz $(n-1)$-connected metric space.
Industrial Fatigue and the Productive Body: the Science of Work in Britain, c. 1900–1918
Authors: Blayney Steffan 
Published: August 2017

Summary
This article examines the emergence of ‘industrial fatigue’ as an object of medico-scientific enquiry and social anxiety in early-twentieth-century Britain. Between 1900 and 1918, industrial fatigue research became the basis of a new science of work, which I term ‘industrial physiology’. Drawing on François Guéry and Didier Deleule, I argue that industrial physiology is best understood as a science of ‘the productive body’. The worker was an object for medico-scientific intervention only insofar as they represented a constituent part of the machinery of industrial labour, while the individual body was, in turn, reimagined as a productive system in microcosm. In this context, industrial fatigue—defined as diminished capacity for productive work—emerged as the emblematic pathology of industrial civilisation. By 1918, it had become the central category in the scientific articulation of a conception of the body in which health was equated squarely with productive capacity.
The Value of Direct Immunofluorescence on Proteinase-Digested Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Skin Biopsies
Authors: Valencia-Guerrero Aida , Deng April , Dresser Karen , Bouliane Gail , Cornejo Kristine M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract:
Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) on frozen tissue (DIF-F) is the method of choice for the identification of immune deposits present in skin and other tissues. DIF can also be performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (DIF-P) after antigen retrieval with proteases and has proven to be of value in renal pathology. However, its utility in skin biopsies has not been fully examined. In this study, we performed DIF-P on 60 skin biopsies that comprised of bullous pemphigoid (n = 18), pemphigoid gestationis (n = 1), pemphigus (n = 7), linear IgA disease (n = 7), vasculitis (n = 20), lupus erythematosus (n = 3), and dermatitis herpetiformis (n = 4) cases. We compared the results of DIF-P with those of DIF-F from the same patients. The diagnostic features were found in 15 of 19 (79%) pemphigoid (bullous pemphigoid and pemphigoid gestationis), 3 of 7 (43%) pemphigus, 3 of 7 (43%) linear IgA disease, 14 of 20 (70%) vasculitis, 1 of 3 (33%) lupus erythematosus, and none (0%) of the dermatitis herpetiformis cases tested. Overall, DIF-P is less sensitive than DIF-F but seems to be a valuable technique that could aid in the diagnosis of vasculitides, immunobullous, and connective tissue disorders when fresh tissue is unavailable.
Influence of Written Informed Consent for Methylphenidate on Medicine Persistence Rates in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Naenen-Hernani Kristian , Palazón-Bru Antonio , Colomina-Climent Francisco , Gil-Guillén Vicente F. ,   GAIPNA (Alicante Research Group in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To assess the influence of written informed consent on nonpersistence with methylphenidate treatment in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods:
We undertook a cohort study including 141 children with ADHD who started treatment with methylphenidate, with a follow-up of 6 months. The main outcome variable was nonpersistence, defined as discontinuation of treatment by the patient. Two groups were analyzed with and without written informed consent. Use of this consent was the decision of the prescribing physician because the law allows its use on a voluntary basis. The homogeneity of both groups was verified by evaluating sex, type of ADHD, methylphenidate dosage, age, severity, and other psychiatric disorders. To assess the influence of consent on nonpersistence, bootstrapping was used to determine relative risk reduction (RRR) and number needed to treat (NNT).

Results:
Among the participants who completed follow-up, 67 provided written informed consent and 63 did not. We found the following nonpersistence frequencies in each group: (1) with written informed consent: 5 (7.5%) and (2) without written informed consent: 15 (23.8%). The clinically significant results were RRR, 0.67 ± 0.17; NNT, 7 (5–9).

Conclusion:
The use of written informed consent yielded higher persistence rates. Further studies are needed to determine whether we can use this procedure routinely in clinical practice.
Influence of fecal collection conditions and 16S rRNA gene sequencing protocols at two centers on human gut microbiota analysis
Authors: Penington Jocelyn Sietsma , Penno Megan A S , Ngui Katrina M , Ajami Nadim J , Roth-Schulze Alexandra J , Wilcox Stephen A , Bandala-Sanchez Esther , Wentworth John M , Barry Simon C , Brown Cheryl Y , Couper Jennifer J , Petrosino Joseph F , Papenfuss Anthony T , Harrison Leonard C 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundTo optimise fecal sampling and analysis yielding reproducible microbiome data, and gain further insight into sources of its variation, we compared different collection conditions and 16S rRNA gene sequencing protocols in two centers. Fecal samples were collected on three sequential days from six healthy adults and placed in commercial collection tubes (OMNIgeneGut OMR-200) at room temperature or in sterile 5 ml screw-top tubes in a home fridge or home freezer for 6-24 h, before transfer at 4°C to the laboratory and storage at - 80°C within 24 hours. Replicate samples were shipped on dry ice to centers in Australia and the USA for DNA extraction and sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, using different PCR protocols. Sequences were analysed with the QIIME pipeline and Greengenes database at the Australian center and with an in-house pipeline and SILVA database at the USA center.ResultsVariation in gut microbiome composition and diversity was dominated by differences between individuals. Minor differences in the abundance of taxa were found between collection-processing methods and day of collection. Larger differences were evident between the two centers, including in the relative abundances of genusAkkermansia, in phylumVerrucomicrobiales, andBifidobacteriainActinobacteria.ConclusionsCollection with storage and transport at 4°C within 24 h is adequate for 16S rRNA analysis of the gut microbiome. However, variation between sequencing centers suggests that cohort samples should be sequenced by the same method in one center. Differences in handling, shipping and methods of PCR gene amplification and sequence analysis in different centers introduce variation in ways that are not fully understood. These findings are particularly relevant as microbiome studies shift towards larger population-based and multicenter studies.
Integrative analysis of large scale transcriptome data draws a comprehensive functional landscape ofPhaeodactylum tricornutumgenome and evolutionary origin of diatoms
Authors: Rastogi Achal , Maheswari Uma , Dorrell Richard G. , Maumus Florian , Jimenez Vieira Fabio Rocha , Kustka Adam , McCarthy James , Allen Andy E. , Kersey Paul , Bowler Chris , Tirichine Leila 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDiatoms are one of the most successful and ecologically important groups of eukaryotic phytoplankton in the modern ocean. Deciphering their genomes is a key step towards better understanding of their biological innovations, evolutionary origins, and ecological underpinnings. Here, we have used 90 RNA-Seq datasets from different growth conditions combined with published expressed sequence tags and protein sequences from multiple taxa to explore the genome of the model diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum,and introduce 1,489 novel genes. The new annotation additionally permitted the discovery for the first time of extensive alternative splicing (AS) in diatoms, including intron retention and exon skipping which increases the diversity of transcripts to regulate gene expression in response to nutrient limitations. In addition, we have used up-to-date reference sequence libraries to dissect the taxonomic origins of diatom genomes. We show that theP. tricornutumgenome is replete in lineage-specific genes, with up to 47% of the gene models present only possessing orthologues in other stramenopile groups. Finally, we have performed a comprehensivede novoannotation of repetitive elements showing novel classes of TEs such as SINE, MITE, LINE and TRIM/LARD. This work provides a solid foundation for future studies of diatom gene function, evolution and ecology.