bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscous flow of medieval cathedral glass
Authors: Gulbiten Ozgur , Mauro John C. , Guo Xiaoju , Boratav Olus N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA popular urban legend concerns the apparent flow of stained glass windows in medieval cathedrals, where the glass windows are commonly observed to be thicker at the bottom than they are at the top. Advances in glass transition theory and experimental characterization techniques now allow for us to address this urban legend directly. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of a typical medieval glass composition used in Westminster Abbey. Depending on the thermal history of the glass, the room temperature viscosity is on the order of 1024 to 1025 Pa·s, about 16 orders of magnitude lower than found in a previous study of soda lime silicate glass. This measurement is in quantitative agreement with a newly derived model for the composition dependence of the nonequilibrium viscosity of glass. Despite this significantly lower value of the room temperature viscosity, the viscosity of the glass is much too high to observe measurable viscous flow on a human time scale. Using analytical expressions to describe the glass flow over a wall, we calculate a maximum flow of ~1 nm over a billion years.
Investing in the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Opportunities for Companies and Investors
Authors: Schramade Willem 
Published: July 2017

The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of ambitious targets for making the world a better place. For both companies and their investors, the pursuit of SDGs offers a “path to value” while addressing social problems—but a path that presents significant risks as well as opportunities.To prepare themselves for the SDGs, companies and investors will have to take a number of steps: (1) determine the extent of their exposures to those SDGs that are most relevant to their businesses or investment approaches; (2) set specific goals for contributing to the most relevant and material SDGs, which means among other things reflecting such goals in incentives through the use of carefully designed metrics, or key performance indicators (KPIs); and (3) establish a system for measuring and reporting on contributions to the SDGs.For investors, it is important to recognize that not all SDGs are equally investable and that reporting on key SDG performance indicators is still too new and uneven to rely on for investment purposes. To overcome this problem, the author's firm has developed a tagging approach that alerts investors to companies' main SDG exposures. As better data becomes available, the metrics and reporting will improve.Although companies are increasingly referring to the SDGs in their investor communications, corporate discussion of targets and KPIs on the SDGs is rare. But reporting of such KPIs is likely to become the norm as investors begin to expect companies to report on their progress on achieving their goals. The author offers a number of hypothetical KPIs for SDGs while providing several examples of pioneering companies.
Comparative pathogenicity of Vibrio spp., Photobacterium damselae ssp. damselae and five isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes in juvenile Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Authors: Bowden T J , Bricknell I R , Preziosi B M 
Published: July 2017

AbstractJuvenile Atlantic halibut (~100 mg, Hippoglossus hippoglossus) were exposed to Vibrio proteolyticus, a Vibrio spp. isolate, Photobacterium damselae ssp. damselae and five different isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes via an hour‐long bath immersion to ascertain their variation in pathogenicity to this fish species. Results were analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Analysis of the data from challenges using A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes revealed three survival values of zero and a spread of values from 0 to 28.43. Challenges using a Vibrio spp isolate, V. proteolyticus and P. damselae resulted in Kaplan–Meier survival estimates of 31.21, 50.41 and 57.21, respectively. As all bacterial species tested could induce juvenile halibut mortalities, they must all be considered as potential pathogens. However, the degree of pathogenicity of A. salmonicida is isolate dependent.
Clarification of jamun juice by centrifugation and microfiltration: Analysis of quality parameters, operating conditions, and resistance
Authors: Ghosh Payel , Pradhan Rama Chandra , Mishra Sabyasachi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractJamun is a subtropical minor fruit having many medicinal values. It has a distinguish flavor and color. The fruit pulp was depectinized with enzyme at low temperature and the obtained juice was used for clarification process. A comparison between physicochemical properties and operating parameters were performed between centrifuged and microfiltered clarified juice. Several operating conditions (speed and time) for centrifugation and pressure and membrane pore size for microfiltration (MF) had been chosen. Juice obtained from MF with a pressure of 137.89 kPa and membrane pore size of 0.45 µm has the best result in terms of clarity, turbidity, color, and protein concentration. Permeate flux declination was observed after a certain time period (130 min) due to macromolecules and fiber particles present in the initial juice. Fouling of the membrane was due to cake layer resistance (65%), which gave the maximum contribution to the total resistance, but a good percentage of restoration of membrane was observed after CIP treatment. The study will be helpful for scaling up the clarification process in industrial level.Practical applicationsSyzygium cumini, known as jambul, jambolan, jamblang, or jamun, is a tropical tree in the flowering plant family of Myrtaceae. A fresh food contains all the nutrients needed for good health, but because it may not always be possible to obtain fresh food, preservation becomes necessary. Clarification is necessary for making homogeneous juice. An attempt has been taken to clarify the jamun juice with microfiltration with different membrane as well as pressure. The data have been compared with traditional clarification process, that is, centrifugation. This article describes the optimization parameter for clarification process as well as the membrane resistance. The results will be helpful to clarify the juice in industrial level and for further research to clarify any other pulpy juice.
Exploring approaches to dietetic assessment of a common task across different universities through assessment moderation
Authors: Palermo C. , Volders E. , Gibson S. , Kennedy M. , Wray A. , Thomas J. , Hannan‐Jones M. , Gallegos D. , Beck E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundAssessment presents one of the greatest challenges to evaluating health professional trainee performance, as a result of the subjectivity of judgements and variability in assessor standards. The present study aimed to test a moderation procedure for assessment across four independent universities and explore approaches to assessment and the factors that influence assessment decisions.MethodsAssessment tasks designed independently by each of the four universities to assess student readiness for placement were chosen for the present study. Each university provided four student performance recordings for moderation. Eight different academic assessors viewed the student performances and assessed them using the corresponding university assessment instrument. Assessment results were collated and presented back to the assessors, together with the original university assessment results. Results were discussed with assessors to explore variations. The discussion was recorded, transcribed, thematically analysed and presented back to all assessors to achieve consensus on the emerging major learnings.ResultsAlthough there were differences in absolute scores, there was consistency (12 out of 16 performances) in overall judgement decisions regarding placement readiness. Proficient communication skills were considered a key factor when determining placement readiness. The discussion revealed: (i) assessment instruments; (ii) assessor factors; and (iii) the subjectivity of judgement as the major factors influencing assessment.ConclusionsAssessment moderation is a useful method for improving the quality of assessment decisions by sharing understanding and aligning standards of performance.
Filamin A expression predicts early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy
Authors: Donadon Matteo , Di Tommaso Luca , Soldani Cristiana , Franceschini Barbara , Terrone Alfonso , Mimmo Antonio , Vitali Eleonora , Roncalli Massimo , Lania Andrea , Torzilli Guido 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsRecurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy is very high. A predictive marker of early recurrence (ER) capable of personalizing follow‐up and developing a new target therapy would be beneficial. The overexpression of Filamin‐A (FLNA), a cytoskeleton protein with scaffolding properties, has recently been associated with progression in tumours. The aim of this study was to test the expression of FLNA in a cohort of patients operated for HCC.MethodsA retrospective cohort of patients who underwent hepatic resection at Humanitas Clinical and Research Center between January 2004 and December 2014 was analysed. FLNA was tested, using a tissue microarray, in the HCC and in the surrounding tissues. The endpoint was the role of FLNA expression in predicting ER of HCC after hepatectomy. Analyses were performed following the REMARK guidelines.ResultsA total of 113 patients were considered. FLNA was expressed only in the tumoral tissue. Several variables, including T stage, tumour number, tumour size, type of viral hepatitis, type of hepatectomy and intra and peritumoral immune‐reactivity to FLNA were significantly associated with ER by univariate analysis. With multivariate analysis, only T stage (HR=2.108; P=.002), tumour number (HR=1.586; P=.023), intra‐tumoral (HR=2.672; P<.001) and peritumoral immune‐reactivity to FLNA (HR=2.569; P<.001), significantly correlated with ER. The logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced T stage (OR=2.985; P=.001), HCV‐infection (OR=1.219; P=.008) and advanced tumour grading (OR=2.781; P=.002) were associated with intratumoral FLNA immune‐reactivity.ConclusionsFLNA expression predicts recurrence of HCC after hepatectomy. This finding provides important insights that would help physicians to personalize follow‐up strategies.
Weighing the risks: Morbid obesity and diabetes are associated with increased risk of death on the liver transplant waiting list
Authors: Kardashian Ani A. , Dodge Jennifer L. , Roberts John , Brandman Danielle 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsObesity is a growing problem in liver transplant (LT) candidates, paralleling the US obesity epidemic and increase in LT for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While post‐LT survival appears to be similar in obese and non‐obese patients, data are scarce regarding risk of waitlist dropout in patients with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2). We examined the impact of obesity on waitlist mortality and evaluated predictors of dropout in LT candidates with morbid obesity or NASH.MethodsCompeting risk analyses were performed in candidates listed between 3/2002‐12/2013 to evaluate predictors of waitlist removal or death. Variables with P‐value <.05 in univariable models or clinically relevant were included in multivariable models.ResultsEighty‐four thousand two hundred and fifty‐four patients (34% female, median age 55, 15% Hispanic) were included. Compared to those with BMI 25‐29.9 kg/m2, candidates with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 were more likely to be female (46% vs 28%), diabetic (25% vs 18%) and have NASH (35% vs 13%); all P < .001. After adjusting for well‐recognized predictors of waitlist dropout, including ascites severity, morbid obesity (HR = 1.27, CI 1.20‐1.36) and diabetes (HR = 1.14, CI 1.11‐1.17) were independent predictors of dropout. Morbid obesity remained a predictor (HR = 1.27, CI 1.10‐1.47) of dropout in patients without ascites (24%). In NASH patients, morbid obesity (HR = 1.21, CI 1.07‐1.37) and diabetes (HR = 1.15, CI 1.06‐1.23) were also associated with a higher dropout risk. In patients with morbid obesity, diabetes trended towards a higher dropout risk but was not significant (HR = 1.12, CI 0.995‐1.26).ConclusionsMorbid obesity and diabetes are independent predictors of death in LT candidates.
“Those who care much, understand much.” Maternal perceptions of children's appetite: Perspectives from urban and rural caregivers of diverse parenting experience in Bangladesh
Authors: Naila Nurun , Nahar Baitun , Lazarus Monica , Ritter Gaelen , Hossain Muttaquina , Mahfuz Mustafa , Ahmed Tahmeed , Denno Donna , Walson Judd , Ickes Scott 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAppetite in children is an important determinant of nutritional intake and growth. The information used by caregivers to understand children's appetite can help inform infant and young child feeding promotion and appetite assessment. We conducted a qualitative study to (a) explore maternal perceptions and responses to children's appetite and (b) to identify how these factors differ by type of caregiver, level of maternal experience, and urban versus rural context. We used purposive sampling to recruit mothers and alternate caregivers into 14 total focus group discussions (six to eight participants in each group; N = 95) in both urban and rural settings in Bangladesh. To understand children's appetite, caregivers monitor children's dietary patterns, emotional signs, and physical and verbal cues. Healthy appetite was observed by willingness to eat diverse foods, finish offered portions, and by acceptance of foods without excessive prompting. Child illness was cited for a cause of low appetite, which was manifested through fussiness, and avoiding commonly consumed foods. Mothers described a limited set of feeding practices (offering diverse foods, playing, and cheering children with videos) to encourage consumption when children lacked appetite. Mothers' stress related to work was noted as a barrier to identifying appetite cues. Urban mothers described a lower access to instrumental social support for child feeding but informational support than mothers in the rural setting. Understanding caregivers' perceptions of children's appetite may inform strategies to improve responsive feeding and tool development to assess changes in appetite as early indicators of change in health or nutrition status among high‐risk children.
Genome‐scale data reveal that endemic Poecilia populations from small sulphidic springs display no evidence of inbreeding
Authors: Brown Anthony P. , Greenway Ryan , Morgan Samuel , Quackenbush Corey R. , Giordani Luca , Arias‐Rodriguez Lenin , Tobler Michael , Kelley Joanna L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPopulations with limited ranges can be highly vulnerable to changes in their environment and are, thus, of high conservation concern. Populations that experience human‐induced range reductions are often highly inbred and lack genetic diversity, but it is unknown whether this is also the case for populations with naturally small ranges. The fishes Poecilia sulphuraria (listed as critically endangered) and Poecilia thermalis, which are endemic to small hydrogen sulphide‐rich springs in southern Mexico, are examples of such populations with inherently small habitats. We used geometric morphometrics and population genetics to quantify phenotypic and genetic variation within and among two populations of P. sulphuraria and one population of P. thermalis. Principal component analyses revealed phenotypic and genetic differences among the populations. Evidence for inbreeding was low compared to populations that have undergone habitat reduction. The genetic data were also used to infer the demographic history of these populations to obtain estimates for effective population sizes and migration rates. Effective population sizes were large given the small habitats of these populations. Our results imply that these three endemic extremophile populations should each be considered separately for conservation purposes. Additionally, this study suggests that populations in naturally small habitats may have lower rates of inbreeding and higher genetic diversity than expected, and therefore may be better equipped to handle environmental perturbations than anticipated. We caution, however, that the inferred lack of inbreeding and the large effective population sizes could potentially be a result of colonization by genetically diverse ancestors.
Ethical Pragmatism
Authors: Donelson Raff 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBeginning with a thought experiment about a mysterious Delphic oracle, this article motivates, explains, and attempts to defend a view it callsEthical Pragmatism. Ethical Pragmatism is the view that we can and should carry on our practice of moral deliberation without reference to moral truths, or more broadly, without reference to metaethics. The defense the article mounts tries to show that neither suspicions about the tenability of fact‐value distinctions, nor doubts about the viability of global pragmatism, nor worries about the “force” of ethical injunctions without reference to moral truths constitute good reason to reject Ethical Pragmatism.
The Philosophical Use and Misuse of Science
Authors: Kingsbury Justine , Dare Tim 
Published: July 2017

AbstractScience is our best way of finding out about the natural world, and philosophers who write about that world ought to be sensitive to the claims of our best science. There are obstacles, however, to outsiders using science well. We think philosophers are prone to misuse science: to give undue weight to results that are untested; to highlight favorable and ignore unfavorable data; to give illegitimate weight to the authority of science; to leap from scientific premises to philosophical conclusions without spelling out their relevance; to treat mere resonance between a scientific theory and a philosophical view as empirical evidence for the philosophical view. This article identifies and illustrates some of the ways in which philosophers misuse science, explains why these pitfalls are easy to fall into, and concludes with suggestions for avoiding them.
Effectiveness, safety and comfort of StatLock securement for peripherally‐inserted central catheters: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Luo Xianwu , Guo Yi , Yu Huidan , Li Sheng , Yin Xiaohong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we evaluated the effectiveness, safety and comfort of StatLock for the securement of peripherally‐inserted central catheters. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, and China Science and Technology Journal Database were searched. Randomized, controlled trials comparing StatLock with tape or suture on the performance of securing peripherally‐inserted central catheters were selected. Meta‐analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software. Thirteen randomized, controlled trials involving 1970 patients were included. Our results showed that StatLock reduced the incidence of catheter dislodgement and unplanned removal. Moreover, patients in the StatLock group had lower incidence of skin ulceration, phlebitis, catheter‐related bloodstream infection, and cellulitis, and felt more comfortable compared with those in the control group. Current evidence suggests that the StatLock securement device offer advantages over tape and suture in preventing catheter‐related complications and improving patient comfort. However, as considerable heterogeneity was found among the included studies, and the quality of evidence for main outcomes was relatively low, the results should be viewed with caution.
Seed desiccation mechanisms co‐opted for vegetative desiccation in the resurrection grass Oropetium thomaeum
Authors: VanBuren Robert , Wai Ching Man , Zhang Qingwei , Song Xiaomin , Edger Patrick P. , Bryant Doug , Michael Todd P. , Mockler Todd C. , Bartels Dorothea 
Published: July 2017

AbstractResurrection plants desiccate during periods of prolonged drought stress, then resume normal cellular metabolism upon water availability. Desiccation tolerance has multiple origins in flowering plants, and it likely evolved through rewiring seed desiccation pathways. Oropetium thomaeum is an emerging model for extreme drought tolerance, and its genome, which is the smallest among surveyed grasses, was recently sequenced. Combining RNA‐seq, targeted metabolite analysis and comparative genomics, we show evidence for co‐option of seed‐specific pathways during vegetative desiccation. Desiccation‐related gene co‐expression clusters are enriched in functions related to seed development including several seed‐specific transcription factors. Across the metabolic network, pathways involved in programmed cell death inhibition, ABA signalling and others are activated during dehydration. Oleosins and oil bodies that typically function in seed storage are highly abundant in desiccated leaves and may function for membrane stability and storage. Orthologs to seed‐specific LEA proteins from rice and maize have neofunctionalized in Oropetium with high expression during desiccation. Accumulation of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in drying leaves mirrors sugar accumulation patterns in maturing seeds. Together, these results connect vegetative desiccation with existing seed desiccation and drought responsive pathways and provide some key candidate genes for engineering improved drought tolerance in crop plants.
Shining a light on the Arabidopsis circadian clock
Authors: Oakenfull Rachael J. , Davis Seth J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe circadian clock provides essential timing information to ensure optimal growth to prevailing external environmental conditions. A major time‐setting mechanism (zeitgeber) in clock synchronization is light. Differing light wavelengths, intensities, and photoperiodic duration are processed for the clock‐setting mechanism. Many studies on light‐input pathways to the clock have focused on Arabidopsis thaliana. Photoreceptors are specific chromic proteins that detect light signals and transmit this information to the central circadian oscillator through a number of different signalling mechanisms. The most well‐characterized clock‐mediating photoreceptors are cryptochromes and phytochromes, detecting blue, red, and far‐red wavelengths of light. Ultraviolet and shaded light are also processed signals to the oscillator. Notably, the clock reciprocally generates rhythms of photoreceptor action leading to so‐called gating of light responses. Intermediate proteins, such as Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs), constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) and EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), have been established in signalling pathways downstream of photoreceptor activation. However, the precise details for these signalling mechanisms are not fully established. This review highlights both historical and recent efforts made to understand overall light input to the oscillator, first looking at how each wavelength of light is detected, this is then related to known input mechanisms and their interactions.