bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting the Picture in Fighter Cockpits
Authors: Reising John M. , Kopala Carole Jean , Herron Emmett L. , Calhoun Gloria L. 
Published: July 2017

This narrated, color, 16 1/2 minute film describes the type of experiments being performed in the Air Force's Flight Dynamics Laboratory's Digital Synthesis Simulator. The purpose of these experiments is to develop new controls/displays concepts for the next generation fighter aircraft. The simulator is fixed-base and its cockpit is the size of an A-7. The cockpit's electro-mechanical instruments have been replaced with six cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Two of the CRTs are color and four are black-and-white. Through software programming, new display and control concepts are implemented on the display surfaces. Past work discussed in the film includes: development of multifunction control logic, design of integrated monochrome display formats, and development of color-coded formats. On-going projects discussed in the film include: designing pictorial formats to replace current alphanumeric formats; designing computer-generated synthetic terrain displays to replace current radar displays; and designing algorithms which enable the cockpit computer to identify emergency conditions and perform the necessary emergency procedures for the pilot. The film emphasizes the necessity of a research team composed of members with different areas of expertise. For example, the Digital Synthesis Simulation team is composed of human factors psychologists, pilots, engineers, and software and hardware experts. It also emphasizes the necessity to examine the human factors design of equipment in as near an operational setting as possible before production is pursued.
Issues in the Design of Annunciator Systems
Authors: Benel Denise C. R. , Mccafferty Denise B. , Neal Valerie , Mallory Kenneth M. 
Published: July 2017

A major source of qualitative information in nuclear power plant control rooms is provided by the annunciator system. In many control room operations the alarm system is the initiating stimulus for operator response. Annunciators are an especially critical source of information in an emergency. For this reason, sound annunciator design and layout are crucial to efficient and safe nuclear power plant operation. Over the past few years, several investigators have determined that annunciator systems fail to fulfill the intended purpose. Human factors engineering principles often have been ignored or violated. Much work is needed to optimize the man-machine interface of annunciator systems. This paper discusses the importance of human factors criteria for consistency, accuracy, readability, position, and priority in the design of annunciator systems. The areas of functional grouping and prioritization, standardization of window nomenclature and format, and color coding are reviewed and evaluated. Additional problem areas in the design of an annunciator system are identified.
Compulsory Seat Belt Usage and Driver Risk Taking Behavior
Authors: Evans Leonard , Wasielewski Paul , Von Buseck Calvin R. 
Published: July 2017

The danger compensation principle contends that the use of certain vehicle safety features such as seat belts may induce drivers to take greater risks. To test for this hypothesized effect, observational data on seat belt usage and driver risk taking were collected on 4812 drivers in Ontario, Canada, where seat belt usage is required by law. These data were compared with the results of a similar study conducted in Michigan, which has no usage law. The measure of driver risk taking in both studies was the time duration of following headway maintained by seat belt users and nonusers in high flow freeway traffic. Seat belts were worn by 51% of the Ontario drivers and by 14% of the drivers in Michigan. The Ontario usage rate before the law took effect was similar to the rate observed in the Michigan study. The results of both studies taken together are incompatible with the danger compensation principle. In the two jurisdictions a smaller percentage of users than nonusers drove at close, risky headways of less than one second, and these differences were of the same general magnitude. In the Michigan study it was concluded that voluntary usage is associated with the avoidance of risk. Likewise, in the Ontario study mandatory usage, rather than producing a tendency for increased risk taking as suggested by the danger compensation principle, was also associated with the avoidance of risk. Since the results provide no evidence for a danger compensation effect in car following behavior, it was concluded that this study presents no evidence that the safety benefits of seat belts would be diminished or neutralized by greater driver risk taking.
Requirements for and Preparation of Human Factors Professionals: Three Perspectives
Authors: Mocharnuk John B. , Rockwell Thomas H. , Chambers Randall M. , Mcbride Dennis K. , Lamb Larry C. , Jones Edward R. , Faulkner Terrence W. , Hunt Darwin P. , Chaffin Don B. , Corso Gregory M. 
Published: July 2017

Representatives from government, industry, and academia present a wide range of viewpoints regarding the needs, training, and development of Human Factors Professionals in a session which combines formal presentations with spontaneous interaction. Perspectives from within the government relative to Human Factors personnel are presented both in terms of the special needs for managing Human Factors programs and in terms of skills and capabilities which facilitate the implementation of development and research activities. Insights regarding the philosophy underlying career tracks in Human Factors can be readily extracted from the presentations. Viewpoints from industry reveal substantial overlap in required skills despite dramatically diverse end products. Insights regarding the structure of corporate Human Factors activities are provided along with insights about expectations for new employees and on the job training as an augmentation of academic training. Also included are discussions of areas of divergence between the industrial practitioners’ needs and the data/research base from which they must draw. Academic viewpoints from both Psychology and Industrial Engineering are presented. An emphasis on the development of problem solving skills and knowledge of how to apply Human Factors tools is a recurring theme. Viewpoints on the Human Factors specialist performing both in a scientist and practitioner role are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of existing programs are reviewed. The diversity of viewpoints represented in the session allows frank recognition of problems being faced by the profession as well as providing a vehicle for discussing solutions.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Swindler William F. ,   Assisted, Price Granville , Pride Armistead S. , Mosse Baskett 
Published: July 2017

Threats to freedom of the press on the international scene constituted one of the most significant developments in the first quarter of 1951. In Argentina, the Peron government succeeded in closing down La Prensa, famed daily of Buenos Aires and one of the government's most virulent critics, in an action reminiscent of the Nazi appropriation of Frankfurter Zeitung two decades ago. In the United Nations, American and other western delegates criticized the proposed draft convention on freedom of information as a subtle, serious threat to actual freedom by reason of its clauses on security and restraint upon publications tending to offend foreign powers… . On the domestic scene, television occupied the spotlight; color processes were involved in a court battle, the televising of the New York hearings of the Senate crime investigation produced what social scientists believed was an unprecedented impact upon the public, and the FCC plans to distribute almost 2,000 “very high frequency” and “ultra high frequency” franchises made the prospect of local video very much greater. —W. F. S.
Status of Lymph Node Staging
Authors: Nieweg O. E. , Estourgie S. H. , Deurloo E. E. , Rutgers E. J. Th. , Kroon B. B. R. 
Published: July 2017

Sentinel node biopsy has the potential to provide more accurate staging information than axillary node dissection. Given the considerable morbidity of axillary node dissection this less invasive approach is attractive. However, there are a number of issues to be resolved before the best technique of sentinel node biopsy is determined. When large studies with long-term follow up demonstrate that lymphatic mapping to identify clinically occult lymph node metastases is as effective as we hope, then full axillary node dissection can be reserved to treat patients who indeed have lymph node metastases. Around 60 % of the patients could then be spared an axillary node dissection that they do not need because they do not have metastases there. Modern technology is providing more accurate prognostic information based on primary tumor characteristics. Applying these technologies to sentinel lymph nodes may render the lymph node status even more relevant than it currently is.
Abdominal Incisions: Techniques and Postoperative Complications
Authors: Burger J. W. A. , van't Riet M. , Jeekel J. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: The choice of incision for laparotomy depends on the area that needs to be exposed, the elective or emergency nature of the operation and personal preference. Type of incision may however have its influence on the occurrence of postoperative wound complications. Techniques and features of various incisions are discussed, as well as the incidence of their postoperative complications. Method: A medline search was conducted identifying prospective randomised trials, as well as retrospective studies with sufficient follow-up, comparing midline, paramedian, transverse and oblique incisions. Results: Significant differences in wound infection and wound dehiscence rates were not reported. Transverse, oblique and paramedian incisions caused significantly less incisional hernias than midline incisions. However, trials comparing transverse and midline incisions for larger laparotomies did not show significant differences. All four trials comparing lateral paramedian with midline incisions reported incisional hernia rates of 0 % after the lateral paramedian incision. Differences with the midline incision were significant. Conclusion: Transverse or oblique incisions should be preferred for small unilateral operations. The paramedian incision should be used for major elective laparotomies. The use of the midline incision should be restricted to operations in which unlimited access to the abdominal cavity is useful or necessary.
CT- and MR Colonography
Authors: Achiam M. P. , Bülow S. , Rosenberg J. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent cancer and adenomas are widely accepted as precursors to colorectal cancer. Diagnosis and removal of adenomas are recommended to reduce cancer incidence and mortality. The current diagnostic methods include sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Lately, CT- and MR colonography have emerged as non-invasive methods for colon imaging. Methods: At present, CTC and MRC require bowel preparation. However, preliminary studies have been carried out without colon preparation. After the colon has been filled with air or contrast, the patient is scanned in the supine and prone positions. Data are then downloaded to a workstation for post processing and image-analysis. Results: Results have shown a high sensitivity and specificity for polyps ≥ 10 mm, comparable to the sensitivity of conventional colonoscopy and superior to double contrast barium enema. Conclusions: With the exponential development in computer processing power, CT- and MR colonography holds the promise for future colon examination with the advantages of non-invasiveness, no need for sedation, and probably no bowel preparation. major disadvantage, however, is the radiation dose during CT colonography. Future developments with the use of “intelligent” computers, better resolution and faster examinations will make CT and/or MR colonography realistic options to replace conventional diagnostic colonoscopy.
Laparoscopic Billroth II Gastrectomy for Completely Stricturing Duodenal Ulcer: Technical Details
Authors: Saccomani G. E. , Percivale A. , Stella M. , Durante V. , Pellicci R. 
Published: July 2017

Background: The authors report a series of three patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric outlet obstruction due to stricturing duodenal ulcer. Materials and Methods: In all cases an intracorporeal resection of the antrum and an antecolic end to side gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II) were performed. Technical details are discussed in the paper. Results: Mean operative time was 260 minutes, mean blood loss was 43 millilitres. There were no postoperative complications and all patients were discharged on the fifth postoperative day. A follow up of three years shows that no patient had recurrence and post-gastrectomy syndromes. Conclusions: Laparoscopic Billroth II gastrectomy is a safe and feasible procedure with benefits such as quick hospital stay, decreased postoperative pain, good cosmesis and reduced morbidity.
Is Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Accompanied by High Grade Oxidative Stress?
Authors: Põder P. , Pulges A. , Kals J. , Aavik A. , Zilmer K. , Kullisaar T. , Kairane C. , Zilmer M. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: During elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (AAAR), lower torso ischaemia-reperfusion event is unavoidable. Previous studies on AAAR have reported the importance of oxidative stress (OS) in ischaemia-reperfusion injury, however, the grade of OS has not been adequately clarified up to now. The aim of this study was to perform a complex investigation of the time-course and grade of systemic and cellular OS in patients undergoing AAAR. Material and Methods: Arterial blood samples were taken from 18 patients undergoing elective AAAR (at four points in time: before anaesthesia, 5 min after aortic clamping and 5 min and 30 min after clamp removal). Diene conjugates (DC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidative capacity (TAC), glutathione redox ratio (GSSG/GSH), and levels of antioxidative enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured from the radial arterial blood. Results: 30 min after the removal of the aortic cross-clamp, arterial CAT showed significant elevation (96.0 vs 56.9 U/l, p < 0.05); GSHPx was significantly elevated (51.5 vs 39.9 U/g Hgb, p < 0.05) and TAC was decreased (31.4 vs 36.5 %, p < 0.05) in comparison with preoperative value. Conclusions: We found limited alterations of several OS parameters, which do not characterize either systemic or cellular high-grade OS during elective AAAR.
The Epidemiology of Multifocal Upper Limb Fractures
Authors: Broadbent M. R. , Quaba O. , Hadjucka C. , McQueen M. M. 
Published: July 2017

Aim: The aim of this study is to identify the epidemiology of multifocal upper limb fractures and define any commonly occurring patterns. Patients: Patients included were those over the age of 13 years who presented to one orthopaedic trauma unit, in an eight-year period, and who sustained a multifocal upper limb fracture. Results: There were 83 patients with 171 multifocal upper limb fractures. Mean age 60 years; range 13 to 92 years. 78 patients had bifocal fractures and 5 had trifocal. The most common pairing of fourteen different combinations was distal radius and proximal humerus. All but nine patients had involvement of the proximal humerus or distal radius. The most common injuries were the two-part proximal humerus fracture, the simple intra-articular olecranon fracture and the extra-articular fracture of the distal radius with metaphyseal comminution. Conclusion: This study has shown that multifocal fractures of the upper limb are most likely to occur in the middle aged to elderly women who have had a fall from standing height. As previously demonstrated osteopenic fractures are increasing in incidence in developed countries, where the population is ageing, which implies that the incidence of multifocal fractures of the upper limb is likely to increase.
Natural and Clinical Course of Renal Cell Carcinoma — Better Prospect for the Patients
Authors: Beisland C. , Beisland H. O. 
Published: July 2017

The many improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic tools over the last half-century have changed the prospects for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Higher survival rates and less morbidity have been achieved. The disease is, however, still unpredictable and represents many unsolved problems. In this paper we focus on determinants of the natural and clinical course of RCC and the changes in regard to this over the last decades.
Effects of Clinical Pathways: Do They Work?
Authors: Van Herck P , Vanhaecht K , Sermeus W 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Evaluation of the effect of implementing clinical pathways is a relatively new field in health care research. Little is known about the way in which practice is influenced by the implementation of clinical pathways, and to what degree. This review takes significant steps in answering these questions by describing the parameters that are used in literature as indicators to evaluate clinical pathways. Methods: A Medline-based review of literature published between 2000 and 2002 was carried out using the keywords ‘clinical pathway’, ‘critical pathway’, ‘care map’, ‘care pathway’ and ‘integrated care pathway’. Articles were selected if they contained any form of evaluation, outcome or indicator concerning the use of clinical pathways. This included all types of research design and sample size. A total of 200 articles were selected. Relevant data were summarized using the following characteristics: country of origin, clinical field of expertise, research design, sample size, clinical outcome indicators, service indicators, team indicators, process indicators and financial indicators. For each domain a positive, negative or ‘no effect’ conclusion was recorded. Excel® and Statistica® were used to obtain percentages and graphics. Results: A total of 34% of the articles on clinical pathways contained some form of evaluation concerning the effect of the implementation. Out of these articles, clinical outcome was emphasized in 65.5%, financial effects in 53%) and process effects were investigated by 50% of the studies. Team and service effects were discussed less often (24% and 18.5%), respectively). For clinical outcome, team, process and financial effects a variety of indicators were recorded. Service effects were almost always measured as ‘patient satisfaction’. The majority of the literature concluded that positive effects result from the implementation of clinical pathways. Conclusion: On a macro level clinical pathways result globally in positive effects. Negative results, however, were also present in the literature. In particular for process, team and service evaluation concerning the use of clinical pathways there is still a great need for research.
Attitudes towards Integrated Care Pathways in the UK NHS: A Pilot Study in One UK NHS Trust
Authors: Parker Dianne , Claridge Tanya , Cook Gary 
Published: July 2017

Background: Integrated care pathways (ICPs) offer an increasingly common approach to the standardization and integration of health-care practice in hospitals. The questionnaire study reported here was the final phase in a systematic investigation of the attitudes of health-care professionals towards ICPs in one acute UK NHS Trust. Method: A total of 314 health-care professionals working in a medium-sized NHS hospital in the UK completed a survey questionnaire, representing 34% of those approached. Results: Ten dimensions of attitude to ICPs were uncovered. Junior staff had less positive attitudes than senior staff on all dimensions. Across all professional groups (doctors, nurses, professions allied to medicine), staff were more unhappy with the idea of ICPs than with the evidence they are based on or the quality of the documentation itself. Conclusions: The investigation provided information about how widespread the dislike of ICPs was in the Trust and details of what was giving rise to staff unease. This enabled the authors to make recommendations to the Trust about the future development and implementation of ICPs in the Trust. The most central of these was that investing time and effort in changing the presentation of ICPs will not meet with success until more fundamental aspects of staff unease have been addressed. Overall, respondents from this Trust felt uneasy about ICPs because they do not like the idea of being told what to do. Therefore, if the ICP development programme is to continue at this hospital and be successful, the hearts and minds of those expected to use ICPs must be won over.
Audit of Fractured Neck of Femur Integrated Care Pathway
Authors: Hempling M , Adhikari A 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To assess quality of documentation in the fractured neck of femur pathway and to target problem areas with its use. Methods: Review of notes of all patients presenting to St Helier with a fractured neck of femur between 1 June and 31 August 2003. Results: Overall, doctors were worst at using the pathway; nurses were variable; physiotherapists were excellent. Several sections were underused or not used at all. A very low percentage managed to sign, date and include the patient's name. Conclusions: Better education, particularly of junior doctors, about how and why to use these documents and file them properly should eliminate the majority of problems with the use of the integrated care pathway.
A MALT lymphoma prognostic index
Authors: Thieblemont Catherine , Cascione Luciano , Conconi Annarita , Kiesewetter Barbara , Raderer Markus , Gaidano Gianluca , Martelli Maurizio , Laszlo Daniele , Coiffier Bertrand , Lopez Guillermo Armando , Torri Valter , Cavalli Franco , Johnson Peter W. , Zucca Emanuele 
Published: July 2017

Key PointsThe MALT-IPI was built by using 401 patients in the IELSG-19 randomized trial and validated in an independent set (N = 633). This novel disease-specific index efficiently discriminates patient with good, intermediate, and poor outcomes.
An AmI-based and privacy-preserving shopping mall model
Authors: Blundo Carlo , Orciuoli Francesco , Parente Mimmo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNowadays, large shopping malls provide tools to help and boost customers to buy products. Some of these tools melt down digital operations with physical ones executed by customers into blended commerce experiences. On the other hand, ambient intelligence (AmI) represents a paradigm focused on equipping physical environments to define ergonomic spaces for people interacting with computer-based localized services which are ubiquitously accessible. In this context, we propose a framework based on cellular automata (CA), a very well known formal computational model, suitable to abstract services deployed into an AmI-based environment preserving certain privacy levels of shoppers’ information. CA-based algorithms are advantageous because they are distributed, scalable, on-line and require low costs to be deployed. This work proposes a recent application of CA, namely Cellular ANTomata, to implement a service by which shoppers are guided to find the suitable offerings for items in their shopping lists. A further result provided by this paper is the instantiation of a protocol for privacy-preserving shopping experience in the shopping mall.