bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Single-Cell Data with Deep Multitasking Neural Networks
Authors: Amodio Matthew , van Dijk David , Srinivasan Krishnan , Chen William S , Mohsen Hussein , Moon Kevin R. , Campbell Allison , Zhao Yujiao , Wang Xiaomei , Venkataswamy Manjunatha , Desai Anita , Ravi V. , Kumar Priti , Montgomery Ruth , Wolf Guy , Krishnaswamy Smita 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBiomedical researchers are generating high-throughput, high-dimensional single-cell data at a staggering rate. As costs of data generation decrease, experimental design is moving towards measurement of many different single-cell samples in the same dataset. These samples can correspond to different patients, conditions, or treatments. While scalability of methods to datasets of these sizes is a challenge on its own, dealing with large-scale experimental design presents a whole new set of problems, including batch effects and sample comparison issues. Currently, there are no computational tools that can both handle large amounts of data in a scalable manner (many cells) and at the same time deal with many samples (many patients or conditions). Moreover, data analysis currently involves the use of different tools that each operate on their own data representation, not guaranteeing a synchronized analysis pipeline. For instance, data visualization methods can be disjoint and mismatched with the clustering method. For this purpose, we present SAUCIE, a deep neural network that leverages the high degree of parallelization and scalability offered by neural networks, as well as the deep representation of data that can be learned by them to perform many single-cell data analysis tasks, all on a unified representation.A well-known limitation of neural networks is their interpretability. Our key contribution here are newly formulated regularizations (penalties) that render features learned in hidden layers of the neural network interpretable. When large multi-patient datasets are fed into SAUCIE, the various hidden layers contain denoised and batch-corrected data, a low dimensional visualization, unsupervised clustering, as well as other information that can be used to explore the data. We show this capability by analyzing a newly generated 180-sample dataset consisting of T cells from dengue patients in India, measured with mass cytometry. We show that SAUCIE, for the first time, can batch correct and process this 11-million cell data to identify cluster-based signatures of acute dengue infection and create a patient manifold, stratifying immune response to dengue on the basis of single-cell measurements.
Deep sequencing reveals two Jurkat subpopulations with distinct miRNA profiles during camptothecin-induced apoptosis
Authors: Erdoğan İpek , Coşacak Mehmet İlyas , Aldanmaz Ayten Nalbant , Akgül Bünyamin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of about 19-25 nt that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally under various cellular conditions, including apoptosis. The miRNAs involved in modulation of apoptotic events in T cells are partially known. However, heterogeneity associated with cell lines makes it difficult to interpret gene expression signatures especially in cancer-related cell lines. Treatment of Jurkat T cell leukemia cell line with the universal apoptotic drug, camptothecin, resulted in identification of two Jurkat sub-populations: one that is sensitive to camptothecin and the other being rather intrinsically resistant. We sorted apoptotic Jurkat cells from the non-apoptotic ones prior to profiling miRNAs through deep sequencing. Our data showed that a total of 184 miRNAs were dysregulated. Interestingly, apoptotic and non-apoptotic sub-populations exhibited a distinct miRNA expression profile. In particular, 6 miRNAs were inversely expressed in these two sub-populations. The pyrosequencing results were validated by real time qPCR. Altogether these results suggest that miRNAs modulate apoptotic events in T cells and that cellular heterogeneity requires careful interpretation of miRNA expression profiles obtained from drug-treated cell lines.
Corporate governance and firm risk
Authors: Mathew Sudha , Ibrahim Salma , Archbold Stuart 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThis study aims to explore the relationship between board governance structure and firm risk. In particular, this study develops a “governance index” based on four aspects of the board: board composition, board leadership structure, board member characteristics and board processes, and it examines how the overall index relates to firm risk.Design/methodology/approachThe study is conducted using a sample of 268 UK firms from the FTSE 350 index over the period from 2005 to 2010. An index is constructed to capture the overall governance structure of the firm. Regressions of the index on three risk measures are examined.FindingsThis study finds that the governance index that aggregates the four sets of board attributes is significantly and negatively related to firm risk. Robustness tests confirm this result.Research limitations/implicationsA large number of studies have explored the relationship between the attributes of corporate boards and firm performance with mixed results. A much smaller number of studies have looked at board attributes and firm risk, but these have either focused on financial sector firms alone or have included only a single or a limited number of attributes. This study, using a broad agency framework, seeks to extend the work on firm risk and board attributes by both expanding industry sectors examined and using a comprehensive set of board attributes.Originality valueThe findings have policy and practical implications for investors, regulators and chairmen of boards of governors to the extent that they inform these constituencies about the set of board attributes that are associated with firm risk. This study is the first to use a comprehensive measure of governance and relate it to firm risk.
The chairperson and CEO roles interaction and responses to strategic tensions
Authors: Morais Filipe , Kakabadse Andrew , Kakabadse Nada 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use Stewart’s model of role as a lense from which to explore chairperson and CEO role dynamics in addressing strategic paradox and tension.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on 29 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with chairpersons and CEOs of UK-listed companies. Interview data are subjected to role analysis using Stewart’s (1982) Demands-Constraints-Choice (DCC) model of role.FindingsFindings indicate that relationship levels of trust, communication and chairperson time enable strategic tensions to be raised and confronted in the relationship reducing defensiveness. Two distinct approaches to handle strategic tensions are found. The CEO-led approach predominates and rests on less flexible role boundaries, requiring the chairperson to proactively identify strategic tensions and perform an advisory/mentoring role. The shared leadership approach, less prevalent, rests on highly flexible role boundaries where the skills and experience of each incumbent become more relevant, enabling the separation of efforts and integration of strategic tensions in the relationship in a “dynamic complementarity of function”.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper only applies to the UK context and is limited to contexts where CEO and chairperson roles are separate. The paper draws on individual perceptions of chairperson and CEOs (i.e. not pairs).Practical implicationsThe paper provides insights to practicing CEOs and chairperson on two distinct ways of working through strategic paradox and tensions.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the scarce literature at chairperson and CEO roles and strategic paradox and tension.
The curse of the #1 carmaker: Toyota’s crisis
Authors: Chikudate Nobuyuki , Alpaslan Can M. 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
Using as many perspectives as possible to understand large-scale industrial crises can be a daunting task. This paper aims to demonstrate a reasonably complex yet systemic, analytical and critical approach to analyzing what causes crises.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use a multi-perspective methodology within which each perspective uses a substantially different ontology and epistemology, offering a deeper understanding of the causes of large-scale crises. The methodology utilizes extant theory and findings, archival data from English and Japanese sources, including narratives of focal people such as Toyota President Akio Toyoda.

Findings
The analysis suggests that what caused Toyota’s crisis was not just Toyota’s failure to solve its technical problems. It was Toyota’s collective myopia, interactively complex new technologies and misunderstanding of corporate citizenship.

Practical implications
The authors argue that crises are complex situations best understood from multiple perspectives and that easily observable aspects of crises are often not the most significant causes of crises. In most cases, causes of crises are hidden and taken-for-granted assumptions of managers. Thus, managers must view crises critically from multiple yet distinct viewpoints.

Originality/value
The authors use Alpaslan and Mitroff’s multi-disciplinary methodology to outline several critical perspectives on Toyota’s messy recall crisis.
Organizational innovation: the role of leadership and organizational culture
Authors: Li Wenjing , Bhutto Tahseen Ahmed , Nasiri Ali Reza , Shaikh Hamid Ali , Samo Fayaz Ali 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to approach the issue of how organizational innovation can be accelerated with the support of leadership structures and the organizational climate, specifically taking into account the top innovative universities of the world, which has not been found in previous empirical studies.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey, based on a deductive approach, is adopted since the questionnaire for organizational innovation is designed for organizations in order to measure organizational innovation, widely used by experienced employees from senior managers to all kind of employees (Caird et al., 2013) facilitating the European Commission work, whereas for transformational leadership, a Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass and Avolio, 1994) is utilized. A complete online questionnaire was developed for collecting data, and the PLS-SEM statistical technique is used for analysis and results.

Findings
Top innovative universities of the world mostly have a transformational leadership style directly triggering organizational innovation which is consistent with the previous studies, while transactional leadership is having a positive relationship with organizational culture and innovation, but the results were statistically insignificant.

Research limitations/implications
Based on this research and other previous studies, it is suggested that universities across the world ought to imply transformational leadership traits and style which have fostered organizational innovation in the top-ranked innovative universities in developed nations, whereas more factors needed to be studied so that comprehensive guidelines should be provided to universities and research institutes where innovation is stagnant and passive.

Practical implications
The finding has practical implications, suggesting that universities and research institutes should draft and implement guidelines where leaders with certain traits and norms can play a role to nourish an environment where stakeholders think outside the box, with learning and knowledge creation, and proactive contribution beyond responsibilities, obligations, and compulsion.

Social implications
This study has suggested that less innovative universities should draft and design leadership and cultural enriching plans so that society, organizations, and commercial firms could foster innovation, ultimately benefiting general public and society.

Originality/value
Very few of the scholars have investigated from the perspective of innovative universities, where knowledge is created and flows into organizations, either governmental or private, and society in general. As a result, this study aims to investigate how leadership has impacted the culture of knowledge creation and innovativeness in the top 100 innovative universities. So, this is among rare studies where universities are suggested to adopt innovation supporting culture and leadership.
Human behavior analysis under financial information science
Authors: Hsu Feng Jui , Chen Yu-Cheng 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships among corporate social responsibility (CSR), analyst forecast accuracy and firms’ earnings management behavior using US-based firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini (KLD) database to construct CSR performance scores and divide all firms into ten groups from high to low as a proxy for CSR performance. The authors obtained an initial sample of 33,364 firm-year observations from 1991 to 2012. Filtering for records which exist in the KLD, Compustat, and Center for Research in Security Prices databases lefts a total of 16,807 firm-year observations and CSR evaluation reports for 5,896 firms.FindingsThe authors find that high CSR-score firms have lower rates of analyst forecast error than their low CSR-score counterparts, suggesting that CSR performance is a useful means of forecasting earnings. Furthermore, firms with better CSR performance have significantly lower accrual-based earnings management behavior. However, the level of the manipulation behavior of real earnings management (REM) activities increased significantly in better CSR firms, suggesting that high CSR-score firms substituted REM methods for accrual-based methods. REM methods are consistent with the stipulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and allow high CSR-score firms to better manipulate earnings behavior. These results hold after the authors control for various factors related to firm financial characteristics.Originality/valueOverall, the findings have important implications for investors and regulators to more easily assess firms’ earnings manipulation behavior and earnings stability under CSR performance and financial information in financial markets.
An emergent understanding of influences on managers’ voices in SMEs
Authors: Cumberland Denise M. , Shuck Brad , Immekus Jason , Alagaraja Meera 
Published: December 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight the effect of supervisor openness on employee voice among middle management employees in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The authors develop a model to examine the mediating role of job satisfaction and employee engagement in the SME context.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey design was used to gather data from respondents who worked in SMEs (N=202). Exploratory factor analysis was used for dimensionality assessment of the voice measure. Mediation analysis was used to examine a two-mediator model to investigate the effects of engagement and job satisfaction on voice, and the degree these variables mediated the relationship of supervisor openness to ideas with employee voice.FindingsResults revealed that supervisor openness is positively associated with job satisfaction and employee engagement, but only engagement was a facilitating variable that stimulated employee voice.Research limitations/implicationsMiddle management members can be a conduit or inhibitor of the free flow of information. Yet, research has tended to ignore the role of middle managers in voice research. Moreover, within the specific organizational context of SMEs, greater understanding of both the antecedents and mediators to voice behavior is likely to impact the development of specific HR practices that focus on engagement and better facilitate two-way communication between supervisors and employees.Originality/valueThis work refines the understanding of the role employee engagement has on employee voice in the context of SMEs.
Effects of increased specialization on revenue of Alaskan salmon fishers over four decades
Authors: Ward Eric J. , Anderson Sean C. , Shelton Andrew O. , Brenner Richard E. , Adkison Milo D. , Beaudreau Anne H. , Watson Jordan T. , Shriver Jennifer C. , Haynie Alan C. , Williams Benjamin C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Theory and previous studies have shown that commercial fishers with a diversified catch across multiple species may experience benefits such as increased revenue and reduced variability in revenue. However, fishers can only increase the species diversity of their catch if they own fishing permits that allow multiple species to be targeted, or if they own multiple single‐species permits. Individuals holding a single permit can only increase catch diversity within the confines of their permit (e.g. by fishing longer or over a broader spatial area).

Using a large dataset of individual salmon fishers in Alaska, we build a Bayesian variance function regression model to understand how diversification impacts revenue and revenue variability, and how these effects have evolved since the 1970s.

Applying these models to six salmon fisheries that encompass a broad geographic range and a variety of harvesting methods and species, we find that the majority of these fisheries have experienced reduced catch diversity through time and increasing benefits of specialization on mean individual revenues.

One factor that has been hypothesized to reduce catch diversity in salmon fisheries is large‐scale hatchery production. While our results suggest negative correlations between hatchery returns and catch diversity for some fisheries, we find little evidence for a change in variability of annual catches associated with increased hatchery production.

Synthesis and applications. Despite general trends towards more specialization among commercial fishers in Alaska, and more fishers exclusively targeting salmon, we find that catching fewer species can have positive effects on revenue. With increasing specialization, it is important to understand how individuals buffer against risk, as well as any barriers that prevent diversification. In addition to being affected by environmental variability, fishers are also affected by economic factors including demand and prices offered by processors. Life‐history variation in the species targeted may also play a role. Individuals participating in Alaskan fisheries with high contributions of pink salmon — which have the shortest life cycles of all Pacific salmon — also have the highest variability in year‐to‐year revenue.
Impact of adjusting for inter‐rater variability in conference abstract ranking and selection processes
Authors: Scanlan Justin Newton , Lannin Natasha A. , Hoffmann Tammy , Stanley Mandy , McDonald Rachael 
Published: December 2017

Background/aimScientific conferences provide a forum for clinicians, educators, students and researchers to share research findings. To be selected to present at a scientific conference, authors must submit a short abstract which is then rated on its scientific quality and professional merit and is accepted or rejected based on these ratings. Previous research has indicated that inter‐rater variability can have a substantial impact on abstract selection decisions. For their 2015 conference, the Occupational Therapy Australia National Conference introduced a system to identify and adjust for inter‐rater variability in the abstract ranking and selection process.MethodRatings for 1340 abstracts submitted for the 2015 and 2017 conferences were analysed using many‐faceted Rasch analysis to identify and adjust for inter‐rater variability. Analyses of the construct validity of the abstract rating instrument and rater consistency were completed. To quantify the influence of inter‐rater variability of abstract selection decisions, comparisons were made between decisions made using Rasch‐calibrated measure scores and decisions that would have been made based purely on raw average scores derived from the abstract ratings.ResultsConstruct validity and measurement properties of the abstract rating tool were good to excellent (item fit MnSq scores ranged from 0.8 to 1.2; item reliability index = 1.0). Most raters (24 of 27, 89%) were consistent in their use of the rating instrument. When comparing abstract allocations under the two conditions, 25% of abstracts (n = 341) would have been allocated differently if inter‐rater variability was not accounted for.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that, even with a strong abstract rating instrument and a small rater pool, inter‐rater variability still exerts a substantial influence on abstract selection decisions. It is recommended that all occupational therapy conferences internationally, and scientific conferences more generally, adopt systems to identify and adjust for the impact of inter‐rater variability in abstract selection processes.
Pregnancy leisure physical activity and children's neurodevelopment: a narrative review
Authors: Álvarez‐Bueno C , Cavero‐Redondo I , Sánchez‐López M , Garrido‐Miguel M , Martínez‐Hortelano JA , Martínez‐Vizcaíno V 
Published: December 2017

In recent years, interest in the relation between maternal physical activity during pregnancy and children's neurocognitive development has been growing. Several observational studies and clinical trials have analysed this relation and they differ in the findings, especially for children's language‐related skills and IQ. Physical activity assessment, amount of physical activity and the test used for measuring children's cognition could affect this relation, as well as other factors that should be considered. This article will review the evidence on the effects of physical activity during pregnancy on children's different cognitive domains.Tweetable abstractLeisure physical during pregnancy positively affects offspring's general intelligence and language skills.
Predicting re‐presentation following discharge from the emergency department with non‐specific chest pain
Authors: Potezny Tessa M , Horwood Christopher M , Hakendorf Paul , Papendick Cynthia , Thompson Campbell H 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the 30 day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and re‐presentation rates of non‐specific chest pain (NSCP) patients following four different disposition pathways and to contrast re‐presentation rates of patients with NSCP with those for all other patients presenting to the ED.MethodsCases were derived from the ED database for two large teaching hospitals where patients aged 18 or over were triaged between 2009 and 2016, and their diagnosis on leaving the ED was NSCP. Statewide 30 day rates of MACE and ED re‐presentations were calculated, and multivariable logistic regression analysis identified significant predictors of both.ResultsA total of 40 183 cases were included; 16 014 discharged directly from the ED, while the remainder were admitted under Cardiology (n = 7286), General Medicine (n = 7739) or an ED observation unit (n = 4086). Compared to discharge directly from the ED, admission was associated with a decreased 30 day re‐presentation rate (OR = 0.857; 95% CI 0.795–0.923; P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in adjusted re‐presentation between admitting units. The rates of 30 day MACE were higher in admitted patients, particularly in those admitted to general medicine; however, this difference was accounted for by differing patient characteristics.ConclusionDespite a slightly increased rate of re‐presentation in patients with NSCP sent home from the ED, we conclude that there is minimal advantage in admitting many patients who lack a diagnosis for their chest pain. For a selected patient population, discharge from the ED may become a safe and cost‐effective approach. A prospective randomised study is required.