bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discontinuation and Nonpublication of Randomized Clinical Trials Conducted in Children
Authors: Pica Natalie , Bourgeois Florence 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:
Trial discontinuation and nonpublication represent potential waste in research resources and lead to compromises in medical evidence. Pediatric trials may be particularly vulnerable to these outcomes given the challenges encountered in conducting trials in children. We aimed to determine the prevalence of discontinuation and nonpublication of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted in pediatric populations.

METHODS:
Retrospective, cross-sectional study of pediatric RCTs registered in ClinicalTrials.gov from 2008 to 2010. Data were collected from the registry and associated publications identified (final search on September 1, 2015).

RESULTS:
Of 559 trials, 104 (19%) were discontinued early, accounting for an estimated 8369 pediatric participants. Difficulty with patient accrual (37%) was the most commonly cited reason for discontinuation. Trials were less likely to be discontinued if they were funded by industry compared with academic institutions (odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27–0.77). Of the 455 completed trials, 136 (30%) were not published, representing 69 165 pediatric participants. Forty-two unpublished trials posted results on ClinicalTrials.gov. Trials funded by industry were more than twice as likely to result in nonpublication at 24 and 36 months (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.35–3.64; OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.6–6.08, respectively) and had a longer mean time to publication compared with trials sponsored by academia (33 vs 24 months, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
In this sample of pediatric RCTs, discontinuation and nonpublication were common, with thousands of children exposed to interventions that did not lead to informative or published findings. Trial funding source was an important determinant of these outcomes, with both academic and industry sponsors contributing to inefficiencies.
RESENSI BUKU: MEMBUKA PEMIKIRAN BARU TENTANG BELAJAR DAN PEMBELAJARAN
Authors: Syahid Aah Ahmad 
Published: August 2016

<p>Buku dengan judul Implementasi Belajar dan Pembelajaran ini hadir dengan memfokuskan pada perkembangan teori dan konsep belajar dan pembelajaran serta implementasi keduanya. Sesuai dengan judulnya, buku ini banyak membahas bagaimana penerapan teori serta praktik pada implementasi belajar dan pembelajaran di ruang kelas dengan mengaitkan antara kompetensi guru dengan penerapan berbagai metode pembelajaran. Hubungan antara kedua tugas pokok guru tersebut pada pembelajaran abad ke-21 semakin tegas diperlukan dan semakin kompleks. Kaitannya dengan kurikulum terbaru yaitu kurikulum 2013, buku ini mengetengahkan contoh-contoh yang dapat diaplikasikan pada kegiatan pembelajaran saintifik. Berbagai variasi metode pembelajaran disajikan oleh Suyono dan Hariyanto dalam buku terbitan PT. Remaja Rosdakarya tahun 2015 ini untuk membantu para pembacanya menemukan kegiatan pembelajaran yang pas dan sesuai kebutuhan belajar peserta didik.</p>
O IMPACTO DOS SERVIÇOS AO CLIENTE NO MARKETING DE RELACIONAMENTO ENTRE MINIMERCADOS E SEUS FORNECEDORES
Authors: Meurer Aline Maura , Antoni Verner Luis , Cruz Cassiana Maris Lima 
Published: August 2016

<p align="center"> </p><p>Em um ambiente de acirrada competição, a construção de relacionamentos sustentáveis entre os participantes de um canal comercial assume maior importância, tornando o desenvolvimento de parcerias estratégicas e cooperação mútua fundamental para as empresas aumentarem sua competitividade no mercado. Considerando esse contexto, com o estudo desenvolvido objetivou-se examinar as relações existentes entre os serviços ao cliente e o <em>marketing</em> de relacionamento nas transações entre minimercados e seus principais fornecedores. A mensuração do <em>marketing</em> de relacionamento foi feita por meio da escala proposta por Wilson e Vlosky (1997), e o nível de serviços ao cliente foi verificado pelos indicadores de serviços, gerados em uma etapa exploratória com gestores de minimercados. Utilizando-se Regressão Múltipla foi possível identificar que os serviços ao cliente apresentam influência no relacionamento do canal estudado. Os resultados também demonstram que o relacionamento entre minimercados e seus fornecedores é frágil, exceto na dimensão comprometimento.</p><p>Palavras-chave: <em>Marketing</em> de relacionamento. Serviços ao cliente. Canal de marketing. Minimercados.</p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>The impact of customer service in marketing relationship between minimarkets and its suppliers</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p align="center"><em>Abstract</em></p><p align="center"><em> </em></p><p><em>In a tough competitive environment, building sustainable relationships between the participants of a commercial channel assumes greater importance, making the development of strategic partnerships and mutual cooperation essential for the companies that wish to improve their competitiveness in the market. Given this context, the study developed aimed to examine the existing relationship between customer services and relationship marketing in transactions between minimarkets and its main suppliers. The relationship marketing measurement was evaluated through the scale proposed by Wilson and Vlosky (1997), and the level of customer service was verified through service indicators generated in an exploratory stage with minimarkets owners. </em><em>Through Multiple Regression it was found that customer services influence in this study channel. The results showed that the relationship between mini-markets’ owners and their suppliers is fragile, except on the commitment dimension.</em><em></em></p><p><em>Keywords: Relationship marketing. Customer services. Marketing channel. Minimarkets</em></p>
Is Trying to Quit Associated With Tooth Loss and Delayed Yearly Dental Visit Among Smokers? Results of the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: ALHarthi Shatha S. , Al‐Motlag Sarah K. , Wahi Monika M. 
Published: August 2016

Background: The rate of periodontitis in the US population has been estimated to be close to 50%. Patients with periodontitis, especially those who smoke, suffer from a high rate of tooth loss. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate predictors of poor oral health and oral health habits among smokers and determine if trying to quit smoking is associated with better oral health or oral health habits in smokers in the United States.Methods: Data from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used in the analysis. After limiting the dataset to smokers, the designated exposure was respondent’s report of trying to quit smoking (yes/no). Two logistic regression models were developed. One model identified factors associated with having a most recent dental visit longer than 1 year before the survey. The second model identified factors associated with loss of six or more teeth. Both models were controlled for confounding factors.Results: After controlling for confounding, among smokers in the 2014 BRFSS, trying to quit was associated with significantly lower odds of respondents having their most recent dental visit longer than a year before the survey (odds ratio [OR]: 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90 to 0.97) and was a significant risk factor for having lost six or more teeth (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.10).Conclusions: Among smokers in the United States, trying to quit is associated with compliance with yearly dental visits and higher odds of lost teeth. Future research should investigate optimal approaches for providing smoking cessation services in the dental setting.
Perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos e prevalência da produção de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido em cepas de Escherichia coli em um hospital terciário do Ceará, Brasil (2010 – 2013)<br>doi: 10.20513/2447-6595.2016v56n1p8-13
Authors: Augusto Kathiane Lustosa , Martins Andrea Goiana , Bezerra Leonardo Robson Pinheiro Sobreira , Neto Jose Ananias Vasconcelos , Vasconcelos Camila Teixeira Moreira , Karbage Sara Arcanjo Lino , Ferreira Thales Wellington Menezes , Façanha Nathália Cabó , Ogawa Erika Perdigão , Bilhar Andreisa Paiva Monteiro , Girão Evelyne Santana 
Published: August 2016

OBJETIVOS: A resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos comumente utilizados na prática médica para tratamento das infecções do trato urinário (ITU) vem crescendo nos últimos anos, acarretando maiores gastos com a saúde da mulher. Os objetivos deste estudo são traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos uropatógenos e o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana desses microorganismos nas urinoculturas positivas de mulheres, acima de 18 anos, atendidas ambulatorialmente em um hospital terciário de Fortaleza entre os anos de 2010 a 2013, além de prover um perfil da produção da enzima beta-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) nas cepas de E. coli isoladas nos anos de 2010 a 2012. METODOLOGIA: Realizado estudo retrospectivo transversal no Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF), coletando-se um total de 2.852 urinoculturas e obtendo-se dados acerca da prevalência de uropatógenos e o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana destes microorganismos. A identificação das espécies bacterianas e testes de antibiograma foram realizados utilizando-se a metodologia automatizada Vitek 2 ( bioMérieux). A produção de betalactamases de espectro estendido também foi detectada pelo Vitek 2, seguindo os critérios do CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute). RESULTADOS: Do total 2.852 urinoculturas positivas, 1.193 (41,8%) eram de mulheres com idade superior a 18 anos de demanda ambulatorial. Dessas amostras, Escherichia coli foi o agente mais prevalente (59,8%). Observa-se incidência crescente isolamento de E. coli durante o período estudado (p<0.001). As cepas de E. coli encontradas apresentaram taxas elevadas de resistência para ampicilina (de 52 a 67%) , sulfametoxazol-trimetropim ( 43 a50%) , ciprofloxacino ( 26 a 35%) e cefalotina ( 22 a 30%) no período estudado. Do total de 713 cepas de E. coli isoladas, 71 (9,9%) foram produtoras ESBL. Observou-se importante tendência de crescimento no período avaliado, variando de 10,7% em 2010 a 18,6% em 2012. CONCLUSÕES: E. coli foi o principal agente de infecção urinária em mulheres adultas na comunidade, com elevadas taxas de resistência aos antimicrobianos mais utilizados.As taxas crescentes de produção de ESBL por esse patógena são alarmantes, dificultando o tratamento dessas infecções.
Responses of Reclamation Plants to High Root Zone pH: Effects of Phosphorus and Calcium Availability
Authors: Zhang Wenqing , Zwiazek Janusz J. 
Published: August 2016

Low phosphorus (P) availability and high pH inhibit plant growth in calcareous soils and some oil sands reclamation sites in northeastern Alberta, Canada. In this study, we used a split‐root hydroponic setup to test the effects of supplemental P with different calcium (Ca) concentrations and root‐zone pH conditions on the growth and physiological response of trees commonly found in the region: paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), green alder [Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.], and black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.] seedlings. Plant roots were divided and treated with different combinations of P (0.5 and 15 mmol L−1), Ca (2 and 50 mmol L−1), and pH (5.0 and 9.0) for 6 wk. After that time, we measured seedling height, net photosynthesis and transpiration rates, and the concentration of chlorophyll and different elements in the leaves. Plant responses varied between species; black spruce was most resistant to high pH and high Ca concentrations. We did not find any strong beneficial effects of adding P to plants subjected to high root zone pH and high Ca concentration. However, exposure of part of the root system to low pH alleviated the effects of high pH, likely through the improved supply of micronutrients. Because pH conditions are often not uniform in disturbed sites and reclamation soils, our findings may help improve potential reclamation and phytoremediation strategies for the oil sands, bauxite, and coal‐combustion residue utilization industries.Core Ideas
Black spruce was relatively resistant to high pH and high Ca concentrations.
Increased P supply did not improve growth of plants exposed to high pH.
Partial exposure of roots to low pH alleviated effects of high pH and high Ca concentrations.
Revegetation of alkaline sites can be improved if only some roots can reach low pH soil.
Profenofos, an Acetylcholinesterase‐Inhibiting Organophosphorus Pesticide: A Short Review of Its Usage, Toxicity, and Biodegradation
Authors: Kushwaha Madhulika , Verma Shalini , Chatterjee Subhankar 
Published: August 2016

Pesticides play an important role in the protection of different crops. Among the diverse sets of pesticides used all over the world, the organophosphates are the most widely used group. Profenofos [O‐(4‐bromo‐2‐chlorophenyl) O‐ethyl S‐propyl phosphorothioate] is one of the most largely used organophosphate insecticides on field crops, vegetables, and fruit crops. The World Health Organization classifies this compound as moderately hazardous (Toxicity Class II), and its residues have been found in vegetables like okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], gooseberries (Ribes sp.), green chilies [Capsicum frutescens (L.)], curry leaves [Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng], mint leaves [Mentha piperita (L.)], and coriander leaves [Coriandrum sativum (L.)]. Dietary intake of profenofos (PFF) is the major exposure pathway for humans. When applied to agricultural fields, PFF residues spread into every part of the environment: ambient air, surface water, and soil. In this review, we discuss the worldwide usage of PFF pesticide, its toxic effects on humans and other living organisms in the environment, and biodegradation of this chemical by various microbial strains. To date, no complete biodegradation pathway has been established for PFF pesticide, calling for a study of this nature.Core Ideas
PFF is a moderately hazardous insecticide, used on field crops, vegetables, and fruit crops.
PFF causes extreme toxicity to many macroinvertebrates and vertebrates.
In humans, PFF exposure shows chromosomal aberrations, apoptosis, and necrosis of blood cells.
Many bacterial strains degrade PFF, producing BCP and EPPA as intermediate compounds.
To date, no complete biodegradation pathway of PFF has been reported.
Confirmation of the Impact of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems on Stream Base‐Flow Nitrogen Concentrations in Urban Watersheds of Metropolitan Atlanta, GA
Authors: Hoghooghi Nahal , Radcliffe David E. , Habteselassie Mussie Y. , Clarke John S. 
Published: August 2016

Wastewater and lawn fertilizer potentially contribute to degraded water quality in urban watersheds. Previously we described a study from 2011 to 2012 in which we examined the effect of the density of onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) on nitrogen concentrations in 24 small streams in metropolitan Atlanta. Our objective in this study was to confirm that the impact on water quality that we observed was due to OWTS and not lawn fertilizer. We sampled the same 24 streams again in 2013 and 2014, representing watersheds ranging in area from 0.18 to 8.8 km2. We conducted regression analysis of the effect of OWTS and season, used dual‐isotope analysis (nitrogen and oxygen in nitrate) to identify sources and determine the effect of denitrification and mixing, and conducted stream walks to identify areas where animals had access to the streams. Twelve streams were characterized as high‐density (HD, more than 75 systems km−2) OWTS and 12 as low‐density (LD, less than 75 systems km−2) OWTS. Water samples were collected three times a year under base‐flow conditions, from November 2011 to July 2014, and analyzed for nitrate (NO3−–N), ammonium (NH4+–N), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. Total nitrogen and NO3−–N concentrations increased linearly with increasing OWTS density above a threshold of about 75 OWTS km−2. Dual‐isotope analysis of NO3− showed that stream NO3− originated predominantly from OWTS in HD watersheds and from a combination of animal waste and perhaps organic N in LD watersheds. Stream walks showed that livestock had access to some of the LD streams with high N concentrations. Our results confirm that HD OWTS can significantly degrade water quality at the watershed scale.Core Ideas
The importance of OWTS density on water quality in small urbanized watersheds.
Nitrate concentrations increased linearly with increasing OWTS density in high‐density watersheds during base flow.
Nitrate was the main component of in‐stream nitrogen concentrations.
The source of nitrate in watersheds with high density of OWTS was mostly from OWTS.
The source of nitrate in watersheds with low density of OWTS was mainly from livestock.
Impact of Raindrop Characteristics on the Selective Detachment and Transport of Aggregate Fragments in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Fu Yu , Li Guanglu , Zheng Tenghui , Li Baiqiao , Zhang Teng 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
Six raindrop sizes and five distance intervals were tested.
Relations between splash raindrop size and soil aggregate detachment were determined.
Aggregate breakdown and dispersion mainly depended on large raindrops.
Microaggregate dispersion results in surface sealing.
Soil aggregate breakdown and detachment due to raindrop splash cause crusting and interrill erosion. Although raindrop splash can cause the aggregate breakdown, this fundamental processes associated with the size of splashed raindrops and their distance interval remain unresolved. To determine the relations between splash raindrop size/distance and the soil aggregate detachment/transport in the Loess Plateau of China, simulated rainfalls were created by a self‐designed raindrop generation device for six raindrop sizes (raindrop diameter, 2.67–5.45 mm) and five splash distances (range, 0–10 cm to 40–50 cm). The results showed that the relationship between the amount of splash detachment and the raindrop size increased in a positive linear trend (P < 0.05) and that the relationship between the amount of splash detachment and raindrop size was a significantly decreased exponential function (P < 0.05). A model was obtained to predict the amounts of splash detachment (M) for the raindrop sizes (D) and distance of splash detachment (S): M = 0.741D4.846 S−1.820 (P < 0.05; r2 = 0.916). The size of the raindrop in a rainfall event was the direct driving force for the aggregate breakdown and dispersion: the greater the diameter of raindrops, the higher was the degree of aggregate breakdown and dispersion. The splash erosion for the aggregate fragment <0.053 mm was at a maximum with increases in raindrop diameter, which accounted for 33.46 to 72.02% of the total splash amount. The contents of microaggregate fragments of <0.25 mm were highest at each splash distance and accounted for 50.49 to 94.04% of the total splash amount. This showed that microaggregate dispersion and breakdown is important in soil surface sealing and pore clogging.
Conjectura sistêmica: os jogos de poder na federação resiliente
Authors: Jurídico Marcio Pugliesi , López Nuria , Monaco Luciano Del 
Published: August 2016

Este artigo parte da perspectiva das relações institucionais como um sistema dinâmico complexo, composto pelas ações de cada um dos sujeitos envolvidos, em que, portanto, os conflitos podem ser compreendidos como jogos de poder (Pugliesi). Muitos dos lances desses jogos consistem em tomadas de decisão institucional acerca do significado pragmático de normas jurídicas, como nos casos brasileiros analisados, da PEC-33 e dos royalties do pré-sal. O impacto dos lances nesse jogo sistêmico de poder é analisado a partir da tese de Bednar, ampliada da perspectiva federativa para a institucional, de forma a compreender a dinâmica sistêmica dentro de um design resiliente.
Investigation into the kinetic behavior of molten aluminum pressureless infiltration into SiC preforms
Authors: Sharifi Hassan , Nasresfahani Mohamad Reza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Infiltration of molten metal into ceramic performs without using external force is a new fabrication method for metal-matrix composites. In this research, the kinetics of pressureless infiltration in the processing of Al/SiC composites have been investigated. In order to improve the wettability and infiltration properties, Al-6Mg (wt.%) alloy was prepared. Also, the ceramic component was coated for 15 min using electroless copper plating at a temperature of 60 – 70 °C (pH = 12.5) and a rate of 17 – 20 μm s−1. Infiltration of molten aluminum into the coated ceramic perform was successfully carried out in the temperature range of 850 to 950 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Microstructural investigations indicated a well-bonded metal–ceramic joint. Kinetic studies showed that the melt infiltration into the ceramic foam follows an S-shaped curve. The infiltration rate was specified with respect to variables such as the experiment temperature and the size of the pores of the ceramic component. The results revealed that by increasing the temperature and the size of pores, the infiltration rate increases. For infiltrating molten metal into the 10 and 30 ppi foams, activation energies of 5.902 kJ mol−1 and 7.232 kJ mol−1 are required, respectively.
Centrifugal casting technique baseline knowledge, applications, and processing parameters: overview
Authors: Ebhota Williams S. , Karun Akhil S. , Inambao Freddie L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The increasing need for materials with light weight, high resistance to corrosion and wear, toughness and strength, machinability, high thermal capacity etc. for various applications is unending. This demand has continued to stretch the exploitation and manipulation of various functionally graded materials (FGMs) and their production methods. This study explores one of the FGM production processes called the centrifugal casting technique (CCT). The centrifugal casting process has several potential advantages over traditional casting methods. This study provides information regarding the basic functionally graded production methods and their applications and also discusses categories of CCT, evolution and process parameters.
In vitro effects of co-incubation of blood with artemether/lumefantrine & vitamin C on the viscosity & elasticity of blood
Authors: McKoy M.G. , Kong-Quee P. , Pepple D.J. 
Published: August 2016

Background & objectives:
The antimalarial combination drug artemether/lumefantrine has been shown to be effective against malaria parasite through its haemolytic action. This drug is sometimes co-administered with vitamin C in patients with malaria. Vitamin C is associated with antioxidant properties which would be expected to protect against haemolytic effects of this antimalarial drug. This study was designed to investigate in vitro effects of co-incubation of artemether/lumefantrine with vitamin C on the viscosity and elasticity of blood.

Methods:
Blood was collected from 12 healthy female volunteers with normal haemoglobin genotype (HbAA). A Bioprofiler was used to measure the viscosity and elasticity of untreated blood samples (control) and samples exposed to artemether/lumefantrine (0.06/0.36 mg/ml) alone and with low or high dose vitamin C (equivalent to adult doses of 100 or 500 mg).

Results:
Artemether/lumefantrine significantly (P<0.05) reduced viscosity of blood from 4.72 ± 0.38 to 3.78 ± 0.17 mPa.s. Addition of vitamin C (500 mg) further reduced blood viscosity to 2.67 ± 0.05 mPa.s. The elasticity of blood was significantly (P<0.05) reduced from 0.33 ± 0.04 mPa.s to 0.24 ± 0.03 mPa.s by the antimalarial drug, and further reduced to 0.13 ± 0.02 mPa.s in the presence of vitamin C (500 mg).

Interpretation & conclusions:
Co-incubation of blood with vitamin C and antimalarial combination drug potentiates the haemolytic effects of the latter on reducing blood viscosity and elasticity in vitro. This may possibly have implications in relation to haemolysis in patients receiving vitamin C supplementation with artemether/lumefantrine during malaria therapy.