bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the Roots of The World Health Organization’s Challenges: Politics and Regionalization
Authors: Fee Elizabeth , Cueto Marcu , Brown Theodore M. 
Published: October 2016

The World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) leadership challenges can be traced to its first decades of existence. Central to its governance and practice is regionalization: the division of its member countries into regions, each representing 1 geographical or cultural area.The particular composition of each region has varied over time—reflecting political divisions and especially decolonization. Currently, the 194 member countries belong to 6 regions: the Americas (35 countries), Europe (53 countries), the Eastern Mediterranean (21 countries), South-East Asia (11 countries), the Western Pacific (27 countries), and Africa (47 countries). The regions have considerable autonomy with their own leadership, budget, and priorities. This regional organization has been controversial since its beginnings in the first days of WHO, when representatives of the European countries believed that each country should have a direct relationship with the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, whereas others (especially the United States) argued in favor of the regionalization plan.Over time, regional directors have inevitably challenged the WHO directors-general over their degree of autonomy, responsibilities and duties, budgets, and national composition; similar tensions have occurred within regions. This article traces the historical roots of these challenges.
Preferensi Konsumen terhadap Anggrek Phalaenopsis, Vanda, dan Dendrobium
Authors: Nurmalinda - , Kartikaningrum Susukandari , Hayati Nur Qomariyah , Widyastoety Diah 
Published: October 2016

Penelitian preferensi konsumen dapat membantu pemulia dalam menentukan arah dan tujuan penelitian pemuliaan terkait dengan pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen terhadap varietas unggul baru yang akan dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ialah untuk mengidentifikasi preferensi konsumen terhadap anggrek Phalaenopsis, Vanda, dan Dendrobium. Survei dilakukan terhadap 21 responden Phalaenopsis dan 32 responden Vanda, serta uji preferensi konsumen (100 panelis) anggrek Phalaenopsis, Vanda, dan Dendrobium dalam peragaan di arena Pameran Hortikultura Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Jakarta pada Juli-November 2006. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa preferensi konsumen terhadap atribut kualitas anggrek Phalaenopsis, Vanda, dan Dendrobium ialah bunga berbentuk bulat, warna putih untuk Phalaenopsis dan Vanda, serta warna hijau untuk Dendrobium, diameter bunga berukuran sedang, motif bunga tidak berpola (polos), jumlah kuntum bunga sedang (10-15 kuntum), serta jumlah kuntum bunga yang mekar 70-80%. Selain itu ketahanan simpan bunga lebih dari 10 hari. Implikasi dari penelitian ini ialah bahwa untuk merakit varietas-varietas baru yang diinginkan konsumen, perlu memperhatikan atribut-atribut preferensi yang diinginkan konsumen, seperti bentuk, warna, diameter, motif, jumlah kuntum per tangkai, serta ketahanan simpan bunga yang lebih lama.<br /><br /><br /><br />Consumer’s preference research can help the breeders in giving direct and goal their breeding activity in conjunction to fullfil consumer’s needs of new superior plant varieties. The objectives of this study were to identify consumer’s preference on Phalaenopsis, Vanda, and Dendrobium orchid. This study was conducted using survey method through collecting data of 21 respondents of Phalaenopsis, 32 respondents of Vanda, and flower display method through interviewing 100 panelists of Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis, and Vanda during Horticulture Exhibition at Beautiful Indonesian Miniature Park (TMII) Jakarta on July till November 2006. The results showed that consumer’s preferences of Phalaenopsis, Vanda, and Dendrobium were the plant having rounded flower, white color for Phalaenopsis and Vanda, green color for Dendrobium, medium diameter, plain color, medium number of flower bud of 10-15 flower buds per stem, 70-80% bloomed-flower, and vaselife more than 10 days. Implication of this research was better that in producing new superior varieties the breeders shall take into consideration the consumer’s needs in keeping with the preference attributes such as shape, color, diameter, patern, number, and vaselife of flower buds.<br /><br />
Analisis Pengaruh Fluktuasi Kurs Valuta Asing dan Kebijakan Harga Bahan Bakar Minyak dalam Periode 2000-2008 terhadap Kinerja PT Astra Internasional di Indonesia
Authors: Heykal Mohamad , Febrona Theresa , Hidayatullah Hidayatullah 
Published: October 2016

The fourth quarter in 2008 is the peak of Global Monetary Crisis, which is the decreasing of liquidity in companies around the world. The crisis also affected towards fluctuation of world petroleum price. Automotive industry in Indonesia was also affected towards cost of foreign exchange fluctuation and petroleum price due to the crisis. PT Astra International, Tbk. is assumed to represent automotive industry in Indonesia. The research is done through literature research and financial and sales report analysis in 2000-2008. The performance reduction is directly connected by the decreasing of earnings, especially in motor vehicle and parts sale in those years and also the increasing of cost of production, due to the increasing of import fee and transportation cost. Foreign exchange fluctuation and petroleum price directly affects the work performance of PT Astra Internasional.
Analisa Perbedaan Brand Image Situs Berita Berbahasa Indonesia Online Lokal
Authors: Wicaksono Kuspuji Catur Bagus 
Published: October 2016

The amount of graduates and the availability of jobs are unbalanced, therefore unemployment is generalized; not only for uneducated but also those educated ones. This is supporting educational institutions to provide entrepreneurship subject for students to prepare themselves when they have no job and unemployment for the consequences. Entrpreneurial education is not about theory but also field practice that involves every parts such as educational institutions, small-scale and major business, and also government. Education that moves accordingly with the development and field practice for students to be prepared for their graduation, whether or not being an entrepreneur.
Alternativas de materiais didáticos para o ensino de microalgas
Authors: Adamy Henrique Varela , Cassol Ana Paula Vestena , Elicker Camila , Meneghetti Jéssica , Silva Juliana Ferreira da , Oliveira Maria Angélica 
Published: October 2016

<p>No presente estudo foram confeccionados três materiais didáticos relacionados às microalgas para serem apresentados em turmas de Ensino Fundamental e Médio: jogo da memória de microalgas, moldes tridimensionais e também painéis demonstrando o habitat das mesmas. Para confecção do jogo de memória foram utilizadas cartas de papel cartão e impressão colorida para melhor visualização; para produção dos moldes didáticos foram utilizados biscuit. Por fim, o painel foi formado por uma placa de metal e sobre ele foram colocados os modelos didáticos tridimensionais com imãs colados do lado oposto da estrutura mais marcante da alga representada. O objetivo da confecção desses materiais foi facilitar o entendimento de conceitos relacionados às microalgas e de promover uma atenção especial a esse grupo de organismos. Portanto, a utilização de materiais didáticos é de suma importância, sendo uma alternativa útil para familiarizar o aluno com o assunto tratado e também para tornar o estudo de conceitos abstratos algo mais efetivo e atraente. </p>
Tanque hidráulico experimental para cálculo de perda de carga em tubulações
Authors: Garcia Renato Letizia , Falcão Daiane Acosta , Della Giustina Neto José André , Pibernat Cristiane Cassales , Zabadal Jorge Rodolfo 
Published: October 2016

<p>O artigo descreve a construção de um tanque hidráulico para o cálculo da perda de carga em dutos cilíndricos retos e a execução dos ensaios. O tanque possui estrutura simples, baixo custo, robustez e versatilidade necessárias para a realização de ensaios de fácil execução, baseados no registro dos tempos associados à variação da altura da coluna de água num tubo vertical. A utilização deste equipamento em aulas experimentais mostrou-se muito eficaz, possibilitando a comprovação de resultados teóricos a partir da utilização de modelos reais. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados em planilhas eletrônicas, cuja elaboração baseou-se na aplicação dos princípios de conservação de massa e energia no escoamento de fluidos viscosos, e nas equações de perda de carga distribuída e localizada. O experimento proposto constitui uma ferramenta pedagógica interessante, tendo em vista que sua execução requer a participação ativa dos alunos na realização dos ensaios e na execução de cálculos. A rotina de cálculos, visando comparar valores experimentais perda de carga obtidos experimentalmente com valores teóricos, abrange uma série de conceitos e equações da Mecânica dos Fluidos, propiciando que a aprendizagem desse conteúdo seja feita a partir de um problema real. </p>
Influence of Operator's Experience on the Shaping Ability of Protaper Universal and Waveone Systems: A Comparative Study on Simulated Root Canals
Authors: Troiano Giuseppe , Dioguardi Mario , Cocco Armando , Giannatempo Giovanni , Laino Luigi , Ciavarella Domenico , Berutti Elio , Lo Muzio Lorenzo 
Published: October 2016

Objective:
To assess the influence of operator experience on: shaping and centering ability, mean preparation time and presence of canal aberrations of ProTaper Universal and WaveOne systems on simulated root canals.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty S-shaped canals in resin blocks were assigned to four groups (n=15 for each group). Group1 (Experienced operator, ProTaper), Group2 (Experienced operator, WaveOne), Group3 (Inexperienced operator, ProTaper), Group4 (Inexperienced operator, WaveOne). Photographic method was used to record pre- and post-instrumentations images. After superimposition, it has been evaluated presence of canal aberrations and differences in shaping and centering ability between groups.

Results:
WaveOne system produced a lower amount of canal aberrations both in the hand of expert than inexpert operators. However, a WaveOne instrument breakage occurred in the hands of an inexperienced operator. No differences have been found in the evaluation of shaping ability with both systematics. Operator’s experience doesn't influence the shaping ability of ProTaper and WaveOne systems.

Conclusion:
Experience factor could influence the centering ability in the use of both the systematics. However, WaveOne Primary reduce the mean preparation time and the presence of canal aberrations.
Potentially Preventable Hospitalization among Patients with CKD and High Inpatient Use
Authors: Ronksley Paul E. , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. , Manns Braden J. , Wick James , James Matthew T. , Ravani Pietro , Quinn Robert R. , Scott-Douglas Nairne , Lewanczuk Richard , Tonelli Marcello 
Published: October 2016

Background and objectives
Although patients with CKD are commonly hospitalized, little is known about those with frequent hospitalization and/or longer lengths of stay (high inpatient use). The objective of this study was to explore clinical characteristics, patterns of hospital use, and potentially preventable acute care encounters among patients with CKD with at least one hospitalization.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We identified all adults with nondialysis CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) in Alberta, Canada between January 1 and December 31, 2009, excluding those with prior kidney failure. Patients with CKD were linked to administrative data to capture clinical characteristics and frequency of hospital encounters, and they were followed until death or end of study (December 31, 2012). Patients with one or more hospital encounters were categorized into three groups: persistent high inpatient use (upper 5% of inpatient use in 2 or more years), episodic high use (upper 5% in 1 year only), or nonhigh use (lower 95% in all years). Within each group, we calculated the proportion of potentially preventable hospitalizations as defined by four CKD–specific ambulatory care sensitive conditions: heart failure, hyperkalemia, volume overload, and malignant hypertension.

Results
During a median follow-up of 3 years, 57,007 patients with CKD not on dialysis had 118,671 hospitalizations, of which 1.7% of patients were persistent high users, 12.3% were episodic high users, and 86.0% were nonhigh users of hospital services. Overall, 24,804 (20.9%) CKD–related ambulatory care sensitive condition encounters were observed in the cohort. The persistent and episodic high users combined (14% of the cohort) accounted for almost one half (45.5%) of the total ambulatory care sensitive condition hospitalizations, most of which were attributed to heart failure and hyperkalemia. Risk of hospitalization for any CKD–specific ambulatory care sensitive condition was higher among older patients, higher CKD stage, lower income, registered First Nations status, and those with poor attachment to primary care.

Conclusions
Many hospitalizations among patients with CKD and high inpatient use are ambulatory care sensitive condition related, suggesting opportunities to improve outcomes and reduce cost by focusing on better community–based care for this population.
A presença da diferença negra e indígena na educação superior e o processo de ressignificação da universidade brasileira
Authors: Silva José Bonifácio Alves da , Backes José Licínio 
Published: October 2016

O artigo traz uma discussão acerca das tensas relações de poder entre diferentes culturas na universidade. A academia e a ciência tornam-se alvos de problematização, pois são questionadas, sobretudo pela presença ativa de negros e indígenas em seu interior, enquanto invenções eurocentradas que concebiam/concebem as culturas brancas como as únicas fontes e identificações válidas para a produção do conhecimento e da verdade. Focalizamos, primeiramente, os elementos socioculturais constituintes da universidade e, posteriormente, mostramos os impactos da presença de negros e indígenas reivindicando espaços nas universidades. Essa presença como argumentaremos, ressignifica a universidade, pois os saberes/poderes dos grupos negros e indígenas infiltram-se nos saberes hegemônicos, colocando a hegemonia branca em xeque.
Internacionalização da educação superior no Brasil: programas de indução à mobilidade estudantil
Authors: Chaves Vera Lúcia Jacob , De Castro Alda Maria Duarte Araújo de 
Published: October 2016

O texto discute a internacionalização da educação superior no Brasil relacionando-a no contexto da crise do capital e sua repercussão no programa de mobilidade estudantil Ciências sem Fronteiras. Apresenta uma reflexão sobre a interferência direta dos organismos multilaterais de financiamento nas políticas de internacionalização da educação superior em que mistura-se princípios de transferência de conhecimentos com razões economicistas e competitivas que se materializa por meio de processos de “cooperação internacional”, tendência que vem se desenhando mundialmente. A internacionalização não é um processo novo no Brasil, mas vem se reconfigurando nos últimos anos por meio de programas e políticas induzidas pelo governo brasileiro, nos quais são enfatizados a mobilidade estudantil. Nessa perspectiva o governo brasileiro criou em 2011 o Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF), com a previsão de concessão de 101 mil bolsas em quatro anos. O artigo analisa a concessão de bolsas de graduação pelo CsF no período de 2012 a 2014 evidenciando os países de destino para a realização da mobilidade estudantil. Os estudos mostram que a política de indução à mobilidade de estudantes adotada pelo Brasil com o CSF tem contribuído para consolidar a internacionalização no país e que os países mais procurados pelos estudantes brasileiros são aqueles considerados mais desenvolvidos com universidades de ponta na produção do conhecimento.
Effect of Biomechanical Constraints on Neural Control of Head Stability in Children With Moderate to Severe Cerebral Palsy
Authors: da Costa Carolina Souza Neves , Saavedra Sandra L. , Rocha Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira , Woollacott Marjorie H. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
External support has been viewed as an important biomechanical constraint for children with deficits in postural control. Nonlinear analysis of head stability may be helpful to confirm benefits of interaction between external trunk support and level of trunk control.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of biomechanical constraints (trunk support) on neural control of head stability during development of trunk control.

Design
This was a quasi-experimental repeated-measures study.

Methods
Data from 15 children (4–16 years of age) with moderate (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] IV; n=8 [4 boys, 4 girls]) or severe (GMFCS V; n=7 [4 boys, 3 girls]) cerebral palsy (CP) were compared with previous longitudinal data from infants with typical development (TD) (3–9 months of age). Kinematic data were used to document head sway with external support at 4 levels (axillae, midrib, waist, and hip). Complexity, predictability, and active degrees of freedom for both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were assessed.

Results
Irrespective of level of support, CP groups had lower complexity, increased predictability, and greater degrees of freedom. The effect of support differed based on the child's segmental level of control. The GMFCS V and youngest TD groups demonstrated better head control, with increased complexity and decreased predictability, with higher levels of support. The GMFCS IV group had the opposite effect, showing decreased predictability and increased complexity and degrees of freedom with lower levels of support.

Limitations
Infants with typical development and children with CP were compared based on similar segmental levels of trunk control; however, it is acknowledged that the groups differed for age, cognitive level, and motor experience.

Conclusions
The effect of external support varied depending on the child's level of control and diagnostic status. Children with GMFCS V and young infants with TD had better outcomes with external support, but external support was not enough to completely correct for the influence of CP. Children with GMFCS IV performed worse, with increased predictability and decreased complexity, when support was at the axillae or midribs, suggesting that too much support can interfere with postural sway quality.
Defining Patterns of Sagittal Standing Posture in Girls and Boys of School Age
Authors: Araújo Fábio Azevedo , Severo Milton , Alegrete Nuno , Howe Laura D. , Lucas Raquel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
Sagittal postural patterns are associated with back pain in adolescents and adults. However, whether postural patterns are already observable during childhood is unknown. Such a finding would confirm childhood as a key period for posture differentiation and thus for chronic pain etiology.

Objective
The aims of this study were to identify and describe postural patterns in girls and boys of school age.

Design
This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods
Eligible children were evaluated at age 7 in the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI in Portugal. Posture was assessed through right-side photographs during habitual standing with retroreflective markers placed on body landmarks. Postural patterns were defined from trunk, lumbar, and sway angles with model-based clusters, and associations with anthropometric measures were assessed by multinomial logistic regression.

Results
Posture was evaluated in 1,147 girls and 1,266 boys. Three postural patterns were identified: sway (26.9%), flat (20.9%), and neutral to hyperlordotic (52.1%) in girls and sway to neutral (58.8%), flat (36.3%), and hyperlordotic (4.9%) in boys. In girls, a higher body mass index was associated with a sway pattern (versus a flat pattern: odds ratio = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.29), whereas in boys, a higher body mass index was associated with a hyperlordotic pattern (versus a flat pattern: odds ratio = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.17, 1.44).

Limitations
Photogrammetry as a noninvasive method for posture assessment may have introduced some postural misclassifications.

Conclusions
Postural patterns in 7-year-old children were consistent with those previously found in adults, suggesting that childhood is a sensitive period for posture differentiation. Sagittal morphology differed between girls and boys, emphasizing sex-specific biomechanical loads during a habitual upright position even in prepubertal ages.
Core Domains in Evaluating Patient Outcomes After Acute Respiratory Failure: International Multidisciplinary Clinician Consultation
Authors: Hodgson Carol L. , Turnbull Alison E. , Iwashyna Theodore J. , Parker Ann , Davis Wesley , Bingham Clifton O. , Watts Nicola R. , Finfer Simon , Needham Dale M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
There is increasing interest in measuring the quality of survivorship for patients admitted to the intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure (ARF). However, there is substantial variability in patient outcomes reported in studies evaluating these patients, with few data on which outcomes are essential to inform clinical practice.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to determine clinicians’ perspectives on the outcome domains that should always be reported in studies evaluating people who have had ARF after hospital discharge and to compare findings about US and Australian perspectives.

Design
A modified Delphi method was used for the study.

Methods
A survey with 19 possible domains was developed to iteratively elicit clinicians’ perspectives on core outcome domains via a modified Delphi method. The survey was initially administered online. The survey results were then discussed independently at meetings at scientific conferences in the United States and Australia, and the survey was repeated at the meetings after the discussions.

Results
The numbers of participants who responded to both the online and the real-time polling were 44 of 100 (44%) in the United States and 78 of 85 (92%) in Australia. Most respondents were intensive care unit–based clinicians (United States: 33 [75%]; Australia: 76 [97%]). For the 19 domains evaluated, both US and Australian groups ranked physical function and symptoms as the most important domain, with quality of life, cognitive function and symptoms, and survival being the next 3 most important domains. These data yielded a total of 4 domains meeting the criteria for inclusion as core domains at both meetings.

Limitations
Several key constituencies, including patients and caregivers, were not represented in this study; their perspectives are also important and ideally should be included in the development of a comprehensive core outcome set.

Conclusions
Clinicians agreed that physical function and symptoms, quality of life, cognitive function, and survival were domains that should always be measured in research evaluating outcomes for people who have had ARF after hospital discharge.