bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of a ZnO/ZnS interface passivation layer on (NH4)2S treated In0.53Ga0.47As: Electrical and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization
Authors: Lucero Antonio T. , Byun Young-Chul , Qin Xiaoye , Cheng Lanxia , Kim Hyoungsub , Wallace Robert M. , Kim Jiyoung 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Atomic layer deposition is used to convert an (NH4)2S cleaned p-In0.53Ga0.47As with diethylzinc (DEZ) and water, resulting in the formation of a ZnO/ZnS interfacial passivation layer (IPL). The process is studied using in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. DEZ reacts with sulfur and oxygen present on the surface, chemically reducing arsenic 3+ and gallium 3+ to lower oxidation states. The sulfur concentration remains constant during the deposition process while the oxygen concentration on the surface remains small, confirming that the IPL is composed of both ZnO and ZnS. Measurements of metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors with HfO2 for the dielectric show that the ZnO/ZnS IPL can nearly eliminate frequency dispersion (<1% per frequency decade) in accumulation and results in small hysteresis (<60 mV) with a D
it in the 1011 eV−1 cm−2 range in the midgap. Frequency dispersion is observed in the depletion region and is attributed to minority carrier generation from the ZnO present in the IPL.
Net community production at Ocean Station Papa observed with nitrate and oxygen sensors on profiling floats
Authors: Plant Joshua N. , Johnson Kenneth S. , Sakamoto Carole M. , Jannasch Hans W. , Coletti Luke J. , Riser Stephen C. , Swift Dana D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSix profiling floats equipped with nitrate and oxygen sensors were deployed at Ocean Station P in the Gulf of Alaska. The resulting six calendar years and 10 float years of nitrate and oxygen data were used to determine an average annual cycle for net community production (NCP) in the top 35 m of the water column. NCP became positive in February as soon as the mixing activity in the surface layer began to weaken, but nearly 3 months before the traditionally defined mixed layer began to shoal from its winter time maximum. NCP displayed two maxima, one toward the end of May and another in August with a summertime minimum in June corresponding to the historical peak in mesozooplankton biomass. The average annual NCP was determined to be 1.5 ± 0.6 mol C m−2 yr−1 using nitrate and 1.5 ± 0.7 mol C m−2 yr−1 using oxygen. The results from oxygen data proved to be quite sensitive to the gas exchange model used as well as the accuracy of the oxygen measurement. Gas exchange models optimized for carbon dioxide flux generally ignore transport due to gas exchange through the injection of bubbles, and these models yield NCP values that are two to three time higher than the nitrate‐based estimates. If nitrate and oxygen NCP rates are assumed to be related by the Redfield model, we show that the oxygen gas exchange model can be optimized by tuning the exchange terms to reproduce the nitrate NCP annual cycle.
Helium as a tracer for fluids released from Juan de Fuca lithosphere beneath the Cascadia forearc
Authors: McCrory P. A. , Constantz J. E. , Hunt A. G. , Blair J. L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHelium isotopic ratios (3He/4He) observed in 25 mineral springs and wells above the Cascadia forearc provide a marker for fluids derived from Juan de Fuca lithosphere. This exploratory study documents a significant component of mantle‐derived helium within forearc springs and wells, and in turn, documents variability in helium enrichment across the Cascadia forearc. Sample sites arcward of the forearc mantle corner generally yield significantly higher ratios (∼1.2–4.0 RA) than those seaward of the corner (∼0.03–0.7 RA). 3He detected above the inner forearc mantle wedge may represent a mixture of both oceanic lithosphere and forearc mantle sources, whereas 3He detected seaward of the forearc mantle corner likely has only an oceanic source. The highest ratios in the Cascadia forearc coincide with slab depths (∼40–45 km) where metamorphic dehydration of young oceanic lithosphere is expected to release significant fluid and where tectonic tremor occurs, whereas little fluid is expected to be released from the slab depths (∼25–30 km) beneath sites seaward of the corner. These observations provide independent evidence that tremor is associated with deep fluids, and further suggest that high pore pressures associated with tremor may serve to keep fractures open for 3He migration through the ductile upper mantle and lower crust.
Mesoscale resolution capability of altimetry: Present and future
Authors: Dufau Claire , Orsztynowicz Marion , Dibarboure Gérald , Morrow Rosemary , Le Traon Pierre‐Yves 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWavenumber spectra of along‐track Sea Surface Height from the most recent satellite radar altimetry missions [Jason‐2, Cryosat‐2, and SARAL/Altika) are used to determine the size of ocean dynamical features observable with the present altimetry constellation. A global analysis of the along‐track 1‐D mesoscale resolution capability of the present‐day altimeter missions is proposed, based on a joint analysis of the spectral slopes in the mesoscale band and the error levels observed for horizontal wavelengths lower than 20km. The global sea level spectral slope distribution provided by Xu and Fu () with Jason‐1 data is revisited with more recent altimeter missions, and maps of altimeter error levels are provided and discussed for each mission. Seasonal variations of both spectral slopes and altimeter error levels are also analyzed for Jason‐2. SARAL/Altika, with its lower error levels, is shown to detect smaller structures everywhere. All missions show substantial geographical and temporal variations in their mesoscale resolution capabilities, with variations depending mostly on the error level change but also on slight regional changes in the spectral slopes. In western boundary currents where the signal to noise ratio is favorable, the along‐track mesoscale resolution is approximately 40 km for SARAL/AltiKa, 45 km for Cryosat‐2, and 50 km for Jason‐2. Finally, a prediction of the future 2‐D mesoscale sea level resolution capability of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission is given using a simulated error level.
Three‐dimensional numerical modeling of temperature and mantle flow fields associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea plate, southwest Japan
Authors: Ji Yingfeng , Yoshioka Shoichi , Matsumoto Takumi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe investigated temperature and mantle flow distributions associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate beneath southwest Japan, by constructing a three‐dimensional parallelepiped model incorporating a past clockwise rotation, the bathymetry of the Philippine Sea plate, and distribution of the subducting velocity within its slab. The geometry of the subducting plate was inferred from contemporary seismic studies and was used as a slab guide integrated with historical plate rotation into the 3‐D simulation. Using the model, we estimated a realistic and high‐resolution temperature field on the subduction plate interface, which was constrained by a large number of heat flow data, and attempted to clarify its relationship with occurrences of megathrust earthquakes, long‐term slow slip events (L‐SSEs), and nonvolcanic low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs). Results showed that the oblique subduction coupled with the 3‐D geometry of subducting PHS plate was a key factor affecting the interplate and intraplate temperature distributions, leading to a cold anomaly in the plate interface beneath western Shikoku, the Bungo Channel, and the Kii Peninsula. Temperatures in the slab core in these regions at a depth near the continental Moho were nearly 200°C lower than that in eastern Shikoku, indicating a high thermal lateral heterogeneity within the subducting plate. The geothermal control of the LFEs beneath western Shikoku was estimated to be within a range from 400 to 700°C, and the interplate temperature for the L‐SSEs with a slip larger than 15 cm beneath the Bungo Channel was estimated to be approximately 350–500°C. A large horizontal temperature gradient of 2.5 ~ °C/km was present where the LFEs occurred repeatedly. The steep temperature change was likely to be related to the metamorphic phase transformation from lawsonite or blueschist to amphibolite of hydrous minerals of the mid‐ocean ridge basalt of the subducting PHS plate.
Precise methane absorption measurements in the 1.64 μm spectral region for the MERLIN mission
Authors: Delahaye T. , Maxwell S. E. , Reed Z. D. , Lin H. , Hodges J. T. , Sung K. , Devi V. M. , Warneke T. , Spietz P. , Tran H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this article we describe a high‐precision laboratory measurement targeting the R(6) manifold of the 2ν3 band of 12CH4. High‐fidelity modeling of this absorption spectrum for atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions will be required by the Franco‐German, Methane Remote Sensing LIDAR (MERLIN) space mission for retrievals of atmospheric methane. The analysis uses the Hartmann‐Tran profile for modeling line shape and also includes line‐mixing effects. To this end, six high‐resolution and high signal‐to‐noise ratio absorption spectra of air‐broadened methane were recorded using a frequency‐stabilized cavity ring‐down spectroscopy apparatus. Sample conditions corresponded to room temperature and spanned total sample pressures of 40 hPa–1013 hPa with methane molar fractions between 1 µmol mol−1 and 12 µmol mol−1. All spectroscopic model parameters were simultaneously adjusted in a multispectrum nonlinear least squares fit to the six measured spectra. Comparison of the fitted model to the measured spectra reveals the ability to calculate the room temperature, methane absorption coefficient to better than 0.1% at the online position of the MERLIN mission. This is the first time that such fidelity has been reached in modeling methane absorption in the investigated spectral region, fulfilling the accuracy requirements of the MERLIN mission. We also found excellent agreement when comparing the present results with measurements obtained over different pressure conditions and using other laboratory techniques. Finally, we also evaluated the impact of these new spectral parameters on atmospheric transmissions spectra calculations.
Intercalibration of CERES, MODIS, and MISR reflected solar radiation and its application to albedo trends
Authors: Zhan Yizhe , Davies Roger 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMeasurements on the Terra satellite by the Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), between 2001 and 2015 over the polar regions, are analyzed in order to investigate the intercalibration differences between these instruments. Direct comparisons of colocated near‐nadir radiances from CERES, MODIS, and MISR show relative agreement within 2.4% decade−1. By comparison with the CERES shortwave broadband, MODIS Collection 6 is getting brighter, by 1.0 ± 0.7% decade−1 in the red band and 1.4 ± 0.7% decade−1 in the near infrared. MISR's red and near‐infrared bands, however, show darkening trends of −1.0 ± 0.6% decade−1 and −1.1 ± 0.6% decade−1, respectively. The CERES/MODIS or CERES/MISR visible and near IR radiance ratio is shown to have a significant negative correlation with precipitable water content over the Antarctic Plateau. The intercalibration results successfully correct the differential top‐of‐atmosphere trends in zonal albedos between CERES and MISR.
Scale‐dependency of effective hydraulic conductivity on fire‐affected hillslopes
Authors: Langhans Christoph , Lane Patrick N. J. , Nyman Petter , Noske Philip J. , Cawson Jane G. , Oono Akiko , Sheridan Gary J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEffective hydraulic conductivity (Ke) for Hortonian overland flow modeling has been defined as a function of rainfall intensity and runon infiltration assuming a distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ks). But surface boundary condition during infiltration and its interactions with the distribution of Ks are not well represented in models. As a result, the mean value of the Ks distribution (
), which is the central parameter for Ke, varies between scales. Here we quantify this discrepancy with a large infiltration data set comprising four different methods and scales from fire‐affected hillslopes in SE Australia using a relatively simple yet widely used conceptual model of Ke. Ponded disk (0.002 m2) and ring infiltrometers (0.07 m2) were used at the small scales and rainfall simulations (3 m2) and small catchments (ca 3000 m2) at the larger scales. We compared
between methods measured at the same time and place. Disk and ring infiltrometer measurements had on average 4.8 times higher values of
than rainfall simulations and catchment‐scale estimates. Furthermore, the distribution of Ks was not clearly log‐normal and scale‐independent, as supposed in the conceptual model. In our interpretation, water repellency and preferential flow paths increase the variance of the measured distribution of Ks and bias ponding toward areas of very low Ks during rainfall simulations and small catchment runoff events while areas with high preferential flow capacity remain water supply‐limited more than the conceptual model of Ke predicts. The study highlights problems in the current theory of scaling runoff generation.
Cavitands as Reaction Vessels and Blocking Groups for Selective Reactions in Water
Authors: Masseroni Daniele , Mosca Simone , Mower Matthew P. , Blackmond Donna G. , Rebek Julius 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe majority of reactions currently performed in the chemical industry take place in organic solvents, compounds that are generally derived from petrochemicals. To promote chemical processes in water, we examined the use of synthetic, deep water‐soluble cavitands in the Staudinger reduction of long‐chain aliphatic diazides (C8, C10, and C12). The diazide substrates are taken up by the cavitand in D2O in folded, dynamic conformations. The reduction of one azide group to an amine gives a complex in which the substrate is fixed in an unsymmetrical conformation, with the amine terminal exposed and the azide terminal deep and inaccessible within the cavitand. Accordingly, the reduction of the second azide group is inhibited, even with excess phosphine, and good yields of the monofunctionalized products are obtained. In contrast, the reduction of the free diazides in bulk solution yields diamine products.
Water as the Key to Proto‐Aragonite Amorphous CaCO3
Authors: Farhadi‐Khouzani Masoud , Chevrier Daniel M. , Zhang Peng , Hedin Niklas , Gebauer Denis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTemperature and pH value can affect the short‐range order of proto‐structured and additive‐free amorphous calcium carbonates (ACCs). Whereas a distinct change occurs in proto‐vaterite (pv) ACC above 45 °C at pH 9.80, proto‐calcite (pc) ACC (pH 8.75) is unaffected within the investigated range of temperatures (7–65 °C). IR and NMR spectroscopic studies together with EXAFS analysis showed that the temperature‐induced change is related to the formation of proto‐aragonite (pa) ACC. The data strongly suggest that the binding of water molecules induces dipole moments across the carbonate ions in pa‐ACC as in aragonite, where the dipole moments are due to the symmetry of the crystal structure. Altogether, a (pseudo‐)phase diagram of the CaCO3 polyamorphism in which water plays a key role can be formulated based on variables of state, such as the temperature, and solution parameters, such as the pH value.
Characterization of the trade in manta and devil ray gill plates in China and South‐east Asia through trader surveys
Authors: O'Malley Mary p. , Townsend Kathy A. , Hilton Paul , Heinrichs Shawn , Stewart Joshua D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Dried gill plates from manta and devil rays, some of the world's most biologically vulnerable fishes, have become a valued commodity in Asian dried‐seafood and traditional Chinese medicine markets. This trade is a primary driver of fisheries, which have led to declines in many mobulid populations.
With no reliable trade statistics and scarce data on mobulid fisheries, this study estimates the number and species of mobulids required to supply this trade, and investigates the consumers and suppliers involved and drivers of demand. Following preliminary market research, 525 trader surveys were conducted in Hong Kong, Singapore, Macau, Taiwan, and southern China.
Guangzhou, China was identified as the centre of the trade accounting for 99% of total estimated market volume of 60.5 tons of dried gill plates in 2011, increasing to 120.5 tons by 2013. The estimated number of mobulids converted from tons of gill plates more than doubled over the period to 130 000, comprising 96% devil rays, Mobula japanica, Mobula thurstoni, and Mobula tarapacana, and 4% Manta spp. By 2015 the Guangzhou market had declined sharply, reportedly due to conservation campaigns and government policies. However Hong Kong's gill plate sales increased dramatically between 2011 and 2015.
China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and India were reported most frequently as gill plate sources.
Vendors recommend gill plates (trade name pengyusai) for ailments ranging from acne to cancer and as a general health tonic. While pengyusai is a new addition to traditional Chinese medicine literature and is rarely prescribed by traditional medicine practitioners, it is readily available over the counter and aggressively marketed by vendors.
Working in concert with consumer demand reduction efforts, increased measures to restrict mobulid fisheries and trade are recommended to prevent further population declines of these highly vulnerable species.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed‐Time Consensus of Multi‐Agent Systems with Directed and Intermittent Communications
Authors: Wang Qingling , Wang Yuanda , Sun Changyin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper proposes a new class of nonlinear protocols for fixed‐time consensus in networked agents with directed and intermittent communications. First of all, based on the assumption of a common positive dwell time for all successful links, it is theoretically shown that the asymptotical consensus can be achieved if the interaction topology with some fixed length of time has a spanning tree. Then, if the length sum of time intervals, over which the directed interaction topology contains a spanning tree, is larger that a threshold value, which is independent of initial conditions, the system will solve a fixed‐time consensus problem. Furthermore, in light of the mirror operation principle of graph theory, the proposed protocol is extended to solve the fixed‐time consensus problem if a common positive dwell time for all active links is strongly connected without the detailed balanced condition. Finally, the effectiveness of the theoretical results is illustrated by simulation results.
Decision Making in Environments with Non‐Independent Dimensions
Authors: Bhatia Sudeep 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper tests whether the dimensions involved in preferential choice tasks are evaluated independently from one another. Common decision heuristics satisfy dimensional independence, and multi‐strategy models that assume that decision makers use a repertoire of these heuristics predict that they are unable to represent and respond to dimensional dependencies in the decision environment. In contrast, some single‐strategy models are able to violate dimensional independence, and subsequently adapt to environments that feature interacting dimensions. Across five experiments, this paper documents systematic violations of the assumption of dimensional independence. This suggests that decision makers are able to modify their behavior to respond to dimensional dependencies in their environment, and in turn those models that are unable to do this do not provide a full account of human strategy selection and behavior change. This paper ends with a discussion of ways in which some existing models can be modified to incorporate violations of dimensional independence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Fragile Is Conditional Cooperation? A Field Experiment with Smartphones during the 2014 Soccer World Cup
Authors: Graf Lambsdorff Johann , Giamattei Marcus , Werner Katharina 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe conducted an experiment in a highly cooperative environment to find out how a disruption, similar to a broken window, affects behavior. A centipede game was framed as a game of soccer and run with smartphones during a soccer public viewing event, that is, a Bavarian beer garden with a large screen displaying a soccer game. We provided some subjects with information that was supportive to cooperation and others with disruptive information, aimed at inducing a broken window effect. The disruption reduced the willingness to cooperate at the final stage of the game. But expectations regarding teammates remained unaffected such that cooperation at earlier stages remained high. Cooperation is thus not as fragile as one might fear. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weniger schlechte Bilder. Walfängerwissen in Naturgeschichte, Ozeanographie und Literatur im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Lüttge Felix 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLess Erroneous Pictures. Whalers’ Knowledge in Nineteenth‐Century Natural History, Oceanography, and Literature. This paper uses the iconoclasm of Herman Melville's Moby‐Dick as a point of departure to examine the problem of representing whales pictorially. Focussing on the use of images in cetological works and whaling logbooks, the paper investigates how the whalers’ knowledge, which served the hunting, killing, and economic exploitation of whales, came to be inscribed in the antithetical work of natural historians who were increasingly interested in living organisms. This paper argues that Melville's juxtaposition of whalers’ and naturalists’ knowledge runs parallel with a dichotomy, along which natural histories, travelogues, and thematic maps of oceanography constitute the whale as an object of knowledge. It concludes by suggesting that, at the same time, this dichotomy is repeatedly undermined for the sake of the whale's representation.