bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the forward‐backward‐in‐time approach for Monte Carlo solution of Parker's transport equation: One‐dimensional case
Authors: Bobik P. , Boschini M. J. , Della Torre S. , Gervasi M. , Grandi D. , La Vacca G. , Pensotti S. , Putis M. , Rancoita P. G. , Rozza D. , Tacconi M. , Zannoni M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cosmic rays propagation inside the heliosphere is well described by a transport equation introduced by Parker in 1965. To solve this equation, several approaches were followed in the past. Recently, a Monte Carlo approach became widely used in force of its advantages with respect to other numerical methods. In this approach the transport equation is associated to a fully equivalent set of stochastic differential equations (SDE). This set is used to describe the stochastic path of quasi‐particle from a source, e.g., the interstellar space, to a specific target, e.g., a detector at Earth. We present a comparison of forward‐in‐time and backward‐in‐time methods to solve the cosmic rays transport equation in the heliosphere. The Parker equation and the related set of SDE in the several formulations are treated in this paper. For the sake of clarity, this work is focused on the one‐dimensional solutions. Results were compared with an alternative numerical solution, namely, Crank‐Nicolson method, specifically developed for the case under study. The methods presented are fully consistent each others for energy greater than 400 MeV. The comparison between stochastic integrations and Crank‐Nicolson allows us to estimate the systematic uncertainties of Monte Carlo methods. The forward‐in‐time stochastic integrations method showed a systematic uncertainty <5%, while backward‐in‐time stochastic integrations method showed a systematic uncertainty <1% in the studied energy range.
Climatology and ENSO‐related interannual variability of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical stratosphere revealed by high‐resolution AIRS observations
Authors: Sato Kaoru , Tsuchiya Chikara , Alexander M. Joan , Hoffmann Lars 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new temperature retrieval from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder with a fine horizontal resolution of 13.5 km was used to examine gravity wave (GW) characteristics in the austral summer at an altitude of 39 km in the subtropical stratosphere over 8 years from 2003/2004 to 2010/2011. Using an S transform method, GW components were extracted, and GW variances, horizontal wave numbers, and their orientations were determined at each grid point and time. Both climatology and interannual variability of the GW variance were large in the subtropical South Pacific. About 70% of the interannual variation in the GW variance there was regressed to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. The regression coefficient exhibits a geographical distribution similar to that of the precipitation. In contrast, the regression coefficient of the GW variance to the quasi‐biennial oscillation of the equatorial lower stratosphere was not significant in the South Pacific. These results indicate that the interannual variability of GW variance in the South Pacific is controlled largely by the convective activity modulated by the ENSO. An interesting feature is that the GW variance is maximized slightly southward of the precipitation maximum. Possible mechanisms causing the latitudinal difference are (1) dense distribution of islands, which effectively radiate GWs with long vertical wavelengths, to the south of the precipitation maximum; (2) selective excitation of southward propagating GWs in the northward vertical wind shear in the troposphere; and (3) southward refraction of GWs in the latitudinal shear of background zonal wind in the stratosphere.
Spatial validation of large‐scale land surface models against monthly land surface temperature patterns using innovative performance metrics
Authors: Koch Julian , Siemann Amanda , Stisen Simon , Sheffield Justin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLand surface models (LSMs) are a key tool to enhance process understanding and to provide predictions of the terrestrial hydrosphere and its atmospheric coupling. Distributed LSMs predict hydrological states and fluxes, such as land surface temperature (LST) or actual evapotranspiration (aET), at each grid cell. LST observations are widely available through satellite remote sensing platforms that enable comprehensive spatial validations of LSMs. In spite of the great availability of LST data, most validation studies rely on simple cell to cell comparisons and thus do not regard true spatial pattern information. The core novelty of this study is the development and application of two innovative spatial performance metrics, namely, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and connectivity analyses, to validate predicted LST patterns by three LSMs (Mosaic, Noah, Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC)) over the contiguous United States. The LST validation data set is derived from global High‐Resolution Infrared Radiometric Sounder retrievals for a 30 year period. The metrics are bias insensitive, which is an important feature in order to truly validate spatial patterns. The EOF analysis evaluates the spatial variability and pattern seasonality and attests better performance to VIC in the warm months and to Mosaic and Noah in the cold months. Further, more than 75% of the LST variability can be captured by a single pattern that is strongly correlated to air temperature. The connectivity analysis assesses the homogeneity and smoothness of patterns. The LSMs are most reliable at predicting cold LST patterns in the warm months and vice versa. Lastly, the coupling between aET and LST is investigated at flux tower sites and compared against LSMs to explain the identified LST shortcomings.
Greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural soils of Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Rosenstock Todd S. , Mpanda Mathew , Pelster David E. , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Rufino Mariana C. , Thiong'o Margaret , Mutuo Paul , Abwanda Sheila , Rioux Janie , Kimaro Anthony A. , Neufeldt Henry 
Published: May 2016

AbstractKnowledge of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in soils is a prerequisite to constrain national, continental, and global GHG budgets. However, data characterizing fluxes from agricultural soils of Africa are markedly limited. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) fluxes at 10 farmer‐managed sites of six crop types for 1 year in Kenya and Tanzania using static chambers and gas chromatography. Cumulative emissions ranged between 3.5–15.9 Mg CO2‐C ha−1 yr−1, 0.4–3.9 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1, and −1.2–10.1 kg CH4‐C ha−1 yr−1, depending on crop type, environmental conditions, and management. Manure inputs increased CO2 (p = 0.03), but not N2O or CH4, emissions. Soil cultivation had no discernable effect on emissions of any of the three gases. Fluxes of CO2 and N2O were 54–208% greater (p < 0.05) during the wet versus the dry seasons for some, but not all, crop types. The heterogeneity and seasonality of fluxes suggest that the available data describing soil fluxes in Africa, based on measurements of limited duration of only a few crop types and agroecological zones, are inadequate to use as a basis for estimating the impact of agricultural soils on GHG budgets. A targeted effort to understand the magnitude and mechanisms underlying African agricultural soil fluxes is necessary to accurately estimate the influence of this source on the global climate system and for determining mitigation strategies.
Inadequate gestational weight gain increases risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age term birth in girls in Japan: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Melby Melissa K. , Yamada Goro , Surkan Pamela J. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesBabies born small for gestational age (SGA) have a higher risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as later life chronic disease. The objectives of this study were to examine the extent to which prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) influenced risk of SGA among Japanese, and to evaluate physician response to, and potential effects on, GWG.MethodsWe examined SGA risk as a function of maternal BMI and GWG using logistic regression with data from maternal child health handbooks obtained from women in Japan (N = 383). Physicians’ written comments on weight and dietary restriction were analyzed for responses to and influence on GWG.ResultsSGA babies comprised 8.6% of the sample, with 13% and 6% of the mothers being underweight and overweight, respectively, and 21.7% and 19.8% of mothers gaining less and more than the recommended amounts, respectively. In adjusted models, higher prepregnancy BMI and GWG were associated with lower risk of SGA (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56, 0.90; 0.75, 95% CI 0.61, 0.92 respectively) in models for girls, but not for boys. Inadequate GWG was associated with higher risk of SGA in girls (OR 6.64, 95% CI 2.18, 20.22). Physician written instructions to restrict dietary intake and weight gain followed an average weight gain of 0.69 kg/week from the previous prenatal exam, and were followed by weight gains that decreased to 0.30 kg/week.ConclusionsPrepregnancy BMI and GWG significantly influence SGA risk in female babies. GWG may be influenced by physicians’ recommendations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:714–720, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are simakobu (Simias concolor) loud calls energetically costly signals?
Authors: Erb Wendy M. , Ziegler Thomas , Lestari Nurul S. , Hammerschmidt Kurt 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesMale vocal displays play an important role in sexual selection in many species. If there are costs or constraints, calls may convey honest information about the caller. We studied the loud calls of male simakobu (Simias concolor), a sexually dimorphic primate that resides in one‐male groups, on Siberut Island, Indonesia.Materials and MethodsWe combined behavioral and ecological data with acoustic analysis to determine the influence of energy costs and status on calling effort. Based on all‐day follows (n = 107) and loud‐call recordings (n = 186), we determined how calling rates and durations varied in relation to short‐term (time of day, temperature, travel distance) and long‐term (fruit availability, physical condition) measures of energy availability and expenditure.ResultsWe found that males avoided calling at the hottest times of the day, and produced shorter calls at higher temperatures, supporting the hypothesis that calls are influenced by thermoregulation costs. A peak of longer duration calls just before sunrise, however, could not be explained by energy constraints, but we hypothesize that this pattern is related to the fact that dawn calls occur in choruses, motivating males to call longer than their neighbors. Contrary to predictions, calling rates increased with decreasing fruit availability and did not appear to be energetically costly.DiscussionWe hypothesize that calling rates instead reflect strategies involving feeding and/or mate competition, signaling the motivation, rather than fighting ability, of the caller. Overall, results only weakly support the hypothesis that the timing and duration—but not rate—of simakobu loud calls are influenced by energy costs. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:44–52, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Near‐infrared‐active and pH‐responsive fluorescent polymer‐integrated hybrid graphene oxide nanoparticles for the detection and treatment of cancer
Authors: Sharker Shazid Md. , Kang Eun Bi , Shin Chun‐Im , Kim Sung Han , Lee Gibaek , Park Sung Young 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTHybrid nanoparticles for theragnosis have great potentiality to bring desire functionalities in one integrated system. The development of bioimaging guided photothermal therapy (PTT) is pivotal in optimizing cytotoxic cancer therapy. We report near‐infrared (NIR)‐active and pH‐responsive fluorescent, catechol‐conjugated, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐anchored hybrid nanoparticles that can sharply increase the photothermal heat in response to NIR exposure and exhibit pH‐dependent fluorescence emission for the detection of tumor areas without causing cell toxicity. The optoelectronic absorption property of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT]:dopamine‐conjugated poly(4‐styrenesulfonate‐co‐maleic acid) [D‐PSM] and 3′,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone/boron‐dipyrromethene [CCDP/BODIPY]‐quaternized polyethylene glycol grafted poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (C/B‐PgP) present in this hybrid nanoparticles resulted in efficient photothermal conversion with pH‐tunable fluorescence that exerted sufficient photothermal cytotoxicity to cancer cells. The in vitro cellular uptake was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy, allowing the therapeutic efficiency and bioimaging effects to be explored. We expect that the broad optical absorption property of PEDOT:D‐PSM with BODIPY‐conjugated polymers on rGO sheets would get tremendous attraction in this enormous rising PTT with cancer detectable biomarker. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43791.
Recent advances in carbon fibers derived from biobased precursors
Authors: Ogale Amod A. , Zhang Meng , Jin Jing 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTHigh‐performance carbon fibers (CFs) are currently produced primarily from polyacrylonitrile (PAN). However, the high cost of such CFs and the environmental concerns during its manufacturing (from PAN) are stimulating research on alternative bio‐based precursors and environmentally friendly processing routes. This review summarizes the recent research studies on the pathways for converting cellulose and lignin (most abundant and renewable biomass) into suitable precursor fibers and CFs. The role of various bio‐based precursors, fiber spinning routes, and process conditions on the final properties of CFs is discussed. Although bio‐based CFs reported in the current research studies have limited strength and modulus to be considered for high‐performance aerospace applications, further progress in precursor purification and optimized fiber processing may lead to their application in less demanding structural applications such as automotive and industrial. Even in their current state, a lack of graphitic crystallinity results in a lower conductivity for the resulting CFs and makes them suitable for ultrahigh temperature insulative applications. Furthermore, the noncrystalline form of carbon obtained from bio‐based precursors clearly indicates a significant potential of carbon nanofibers, mats, and activated CFs in nonstructural applications that require a large specific surface area, such as electrochemical energy storage and purification. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43794.
Phototransparency and water vapor sorption properties of ABA‐type triblock copolymers derived from 6FDA‐TeMPD and poly(2‐methyl‐2‐adamantylmethacrylate)
Authors: Ando Shota , Konishi Shimpei , Yoshida Akihiro , Nagai Kazukiyo 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe phototransparency and water vapor sorption properties of ABA‐type triblock copolymer membranes derived from 4,4‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (PI) and poly(2‐methyl‐2‐adamantylmethacrylate) (PMAdMA) were investigated, with focus on the effect of the adamantane component. The phototransparency of PMAdMA‐block‐PI‐block‐PMAdMA [Block(PI/PMAdMA)] was about 10–20% higher than that of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐PI‐block‐Poly(methylmethacrylate) [Block(PI/PMMA)] because the high symmetric structure of adamantane inhibited photoabsorbance. The water vapor solubility of Block(PI/PMAdMA) decreased with increased PMAdMA because the PMAdMA had a hydrophobic property. Interestingly, in all relative‐pressure regions, Block(PI/PMAdMA) with the least PMAdMA content showed a higher solubility coefficient than PI because the high mobility of PMAdMA in Block(PI/PMAdMA) resulted in additional sorption sites in the PI segment. A comparison of Block(PI/PMAdMA) with Block(PI/PMMA) in terms of relative pressure at the beginning of clustering further revealed that cluster formation in Block(PI/PMAdMA) was inhibited compared with Block(PI/PMMA) because bulky structure of adamantane restricted the mobility of the polymer main chain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43795.
Preparation and application of tectoridin‐imprinted magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Pan Yujin , Zhang Qiuyan , Li Zhenzhen , Wang Qing , Ren Changjing , Li Sai , Li Hui , Zhao Qiang 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work, the tectoridin‐imprinted magnetite nanoparticles (TIMNPs) were firstly prepared by using tectoridin as template molecule, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, styrene as crosslinking agent, and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles as magnetic component. TIMNPs with a size of about 161 nm were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Rebinding experiments were carried out to determine the specific binding properties and adsorption selectivity. The maximum number of binding sites was 69.58 μmol/g and there was only one kind of binding sites existed in TIMNPs. The relative separation factors for tectoridin with its analogues such as baicalin and atenolol were 2.63 and 2.66, respectively. The results indicated that the synthesized TIMNPs had excellent saturation magnetization, binding capacity, and absorption selectivity. TIMNPs could be one of the most promising candidates for tectoridin extraction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43806.
ChemInform Abstract: MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LEAD LANTHANUM ZIRCONATE TITANATE (PB0.91LA0.09(ZR0.65TI0.35)0.98O3)
Authors: LITTLE J. A. , YAO P. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie wegen ihrer elektrooptischen Eigenschaften interessierende Titelverbindung (sog.
ChemInform Abstract: RHENIUM PENTACHLORIDE‐PHOSPHORYL CHLORIDE ADDUCT (RECL5.OPCL3); IR SPECTRUM AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Authors: KLINGELHOEFER P. + , MUELLER U. + , HAUCK H. G. , DEHNICKE K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEinkristalle der Titelverbindung werden durch Abkühlen einer gesättigten Lösung von ReCls in POCl3 in Form schwarzer, extrem feuchtigkeitsempfindlicher Nadeln erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF COLLOIDAL METAL SULFIDES. 6. KINETICS OF INTERFACIAL REACTIONS AT ZINC SULFIDE PARTICLES
Authors: HENGLEIN A. , GUTIERREZ M. , FISCHER CH.‐H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractZnS‐Sole mit Alkoholen oder Formiat als Reaktionspartner für positive Löcher und N2O oder CO3 als Reaktionspartner für Elektronen werden belichtet und die verschiedenen Produktausb.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF CYCLIC OLEFINS WITH ACETYL NITRATE. (2 + 2) CYCLOADDITION OF THE NITRYL CATION?
Authors: BORISENKO A. A. , NIKULIN A. V. , WOLFE S. , ZEFIROV N. S. , ZYK N. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFür die Reaktion z.B. des Cyclohexens (I) mit Acetylnitrat wird die prim. Bildung des [2 + 2]‐Adduktes (VI) angenommen, das zu einem Teil (29%) die Produkte (IIa), (III) und dessen trans‐Isomer (Ausb. 4%) bildet, und zu einem anderen Teil in die isomeren 2‐Isoxazolinonyl‐ und Zlsoxazinonylkationen übergeht (zu 24 bzw. 33°C /o), aus denen die Produkte (IIa), (IIb) und (IV) bzw. (IIb) und (V) hervorgehen.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANIC REACTIONS AT HIGH PRESSURE. A ROBINSON ANNULATION SEQUENCE INITIATED BY MICHAEL ADDITION OF ACTIVATED CYCLOALKANONES WITH HINDERED ENONES
Authors: DAUBEN W. G. , BUNCE R. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von aktivierten Ketonen (I)‐(III) sowie (XI) mit verschiedenen En‐onen (IV) bzw. (VIII) und (IX) wird systematisch unter erhöhtem Druck untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF THIOUREA DIOXIDES TO DIOXYGEN
Authors: BURGESS E. M. , ZOLLER U. , BURGER R. L. JUN. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThioharnstoffdioxid (I) bildet beim Erhitzen Thioharnstoff (II), Harnstoff (III) und Sauerstoff (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLETE KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL STEREOMUTATIONS AMONG THE EIGHT 2,3‐DIDEUTERIO‐2‐(METHOXYMETHYL)SPIRO(CYCLOPROPANE‐1,1′‐INDENES)
Authors: BALDWIN J. E. , BLACK K. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAusgehend vom Diazoinden (I) wird durch Cycloaddition mit dem Propiolat (II), Photolyse im Bereich von 364 nm und Deuterierung mit [DglDiimid unter peinlicher Fernhaltung von Protonenspendern hauptsächlich ein Gemisch der Ester (III) und (IV) erhalten, das durch Hydrolyse in die racemische Säure (V) und dessen Stereoisomer (Ausb. 97"/o) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE MILD OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF ALKENE‐3‐OLS: APPLICATION TO THE PREPARATION OF 2‐ALKOXY‐2‐(3,4,5‐TRIMETHOXYPHENYL)ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: MARINO J. P. , JAEN J. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDurch milde Oxidation der Olefine (I) werden die Aldehyde (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROXYLATION OF BENZENES INVOLVING THE NIH SHIFT UTILIZING AN ELECTRONIC MODEL COMPOUND FOR MONOOXYGENASES
Authors: KOJO S. , FUKUNISHI K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBei der Oxidation der Deutero‐Aromaten (I) mit dem Hydroperoxid (II) entstehen die Phenole (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: New Methods and Reagents in Organic Synthesis. Part 40. Amination of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Organometallics Using Diphenyl Phosphorazidate (DPPA).
Authors: MORI S. , AOYAMA T. , SHIORI T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractArylmetallverbindungen (II) werden z.B. aus Bromiden (I) durch Grignard‐Reaktion oder aus aktivierten Aromaten (III) durch Behandeln mit Butyllithium erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF SUBSTITUTED (α‐CARBETHOXYVINYL)CUPRATES. 2. STEREOSPECIFIC C OLEFIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: MARINO J. P. , LINDERMAN R. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus Propiolsäureester (I) werden die Li‐cuprate (III) hergestellt, die mit Elektrophilen umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ENANTIOCONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF (S)‐3‐SUBSTITUTED CYCLOALKANONES FROM (S)‐2‐(P‐TOLYLSULFINYL)‐2‐CYCLOALKENONES AND DIORGANOMAGNESIUM REAGENTS
Authors: POSNER G. H. , HULCE M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus den optisch aktiven 2‐Tolylsulfinyl‐cycloalkenonen (I) entstehen mit Organo‐Metallverbindungen Addukte, die zu den substituierten gesättigten Cycloalkanonen (III) in hohen optischen Ausbeuten führen.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMANGANOUS REAGENTS; XI. PREPARATION OF VARIOUS HALOGENATED, ALKOXYLATED, ARYLOXYLATED, AND ARYLSULFENYLATED KETONES FROM CORRESPONDINGLY FUNCTIONALIZED CARBOXYIC ACID CHLORIDES OR ANHYDRIDES
Authors: FRIOUR G. , CAHIEZ G. , NORMANT J. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie aus Organolithium‐ oder Organomagnesium‐Verbindungen (I) und Mangandiiodid zugänglichen Organo‐Mangan‐ Verbindungen (II) ergeben mit Säurechloriden (III) oder Trifluoracetanhydrid (V) Ketone (IV) bzw. (VI) in guten Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMYLATION PRODUCTS OF THIOAMIDES; VII. SYNTHESIS OF NEW N‐(3‐AMINOTHIOACRYLOYL)FORMAMIDINES AND N,N′‐BIS(AMINOMETHYLIDENE)THIOUREAS BY BISIMINOFORMYLATION OF THIOACETAMIDES AND THIOUREA WITH FORMAMIDE ACETALS
Authors: KNOLL A. , LIEBSCHER J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von Thioamiden (I) und Thioharnstoff (VI) mit Formamidacetalen (II) führt 7 in Abhängigkeit vom Mengenverhältnis zu Mono‐ und Bis‐Kondensationsprodukten.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYMER‐ANCHORED VANADIUM(V) AND MOLYBDENUM(VI) CATALYSTS FOR THE REGIOSELECTIVE EPOXIDATION OF (E)‐GERANIOL WITH TERT‐BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE
Authors: YOKOYAMA T. , NISHIZAWA M. , KIMURA T. , SUZUKI T. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Oxidation von E‐Geraniol (II) mit dem Hydroperoxid (III) in Gegenwart von an Polymere (I) gebundenen Vanadium‐ oder Molybdän‐Salzen führt mit hoher Selektivität zum Epoxid (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DEACYLATION AND DEFORMYLATION OF PYRROLES
Authors: SMITH K. M. , MIURA M. , TABBA H. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBei der Behandlung mit Ethan‐I ,2‐ dithiol und BF3 erhält man aus den Acyl‐pyrrolen (I) die Desacylierungsprodukte (II), während der 2‐Aldehyd (III) zu einem Dithioacetal (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED 2‐AMINO‐ AND 2‐HYDROXYPYRROLE FROM YLIDE NITRILES
Authors: GEWALD K. , HAIN U. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract4,4‐Dicyanobutensäureester (I) wird mit Phenyldiazoniumchlorid zum Pyridazin‐imin (III) umgesetzt, das als Hydrobromid (IV) isoliert werden kann.