bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Semi-analytic Criterion for the Spontaneous Initiation of Carbon Detonations in White Dwarfs
Authors: Garg Uma , Chang Philip 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Despite over 40 years of active research, the nature of the white dwarf progenitors of SNe Ia remains unclear. However, in the last decade, various progenitor scenarios have highlighted the need for detonations to be the primary mechanism by which these white dwarfs are consumed, but it is unclear how these detonations are triggered. In this paper we study how detonations are spontaneously initiated due to temperature inhomogeneities, e.g., hotspots, in burning nuclear fuel in a simplified physical scenario. Following the earlier work by Zel’Dovich, we describe the physics of detonation initiation in terms of the comparison between the spontaneous wave speed and the Chapman–Jouguet speed. We develop an analytic expression for the spontaneous wave speed and utilize it to determine a semi-analytic criterion for the minimum size of a hotspot with a linear temperature gradient between a peak and base temperature for which detonations in burning carbon–oxygen material can occur. Our results suggest that spontaneous detonations may easily form under a diverse range of conditions, likely allowing a number of progenitor scenarios to initiate detonations that burn up the star.
Korean VLBI Network Calibrator Survey (KVNCS). 1. Source Catalog of KVN Single-dish Flux Density Measurement in the K and Q Bands
Authors: Lee Jeong Ae , Sohn Bong Won , Jung Taehyun , Byun Do-Young , Lee Jee Won 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We present the catalog of the KVN Calibrator Survey (KVNCS). This first part of the KVNCS is a single-dish radio survey simultaneously conducted at 22 (K band) and 43 GHz (Q band) using the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) from 2009 to 2011. A total of 2045 sources are selected from the VLBA Calibrator Survey with an extrapolated flux density limit of 100 mJy at the K band. The KVNCS contains 1533 sources in the K band with a flux density limit of 70 mJy and 553 sources in the Q band with a flux density limit of 120 mJy; it covers the whole sky down to −32.°5 in decl. We detected 513 sources simultaneously in the K and Q bands; ∼76% of them are flat-spectrum sources (−0.5 ≤ α ≤ 0.5). From the flux–flux relationship, we anticipated that most of the radiation of many of the sources comes from the compact components. The sources listed in the KVNCS therefore are strong candidates for high-frequency VLBI calibrators.
A “Cosmic Comb” Model of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zhang Bing 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent observations of fast radio bursts (FRBs) indicate a perplexing, inconsistent picture. We propose a unified scenario to interpret diverse FRBs observed. A regular pulsar, otherwise unnoticeable at a cosmological distance, may produce a bright FRB if its magnetosphere is suddenly “combed” by a nearby, strong plasma stream toward the anti-stream direction. If the Earth is to the night side of the stream, the combed magnetic sheath would sweep across the direction of Earth and make a detectable FRB. The stream could be an AGN flare, a GRB or supernova blastwave, a tidal disruption event, or even a stellar flare. Since it is the energy flux received by the pulsar rather than the luminosity of the stream origin that defines the properties of the FRB, this model predicts a variety of counterparts of FRBs, including a possible connection between FRB 150418 and an AGN flare, a possible connection between FRB 131104 and a weak GRB, a steady radio nebula associated with the repeating FRB 121102, and probably no bright counterparts for some FRBs.
Probabilistic Constraints on the Mass and Composition of Proxima b
Authors: Bixel Alex , Apai Dániel 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent studies regarding the habitability, observability, and possible orbital evolution of the indirectly detected exoplanet Proxima b have mostly assumed a planet with M ∼ 1.3 M
⊕, a rocky composition, and an Earth-like atmosphere or none at all. In order to assess these assumptions, we use previous studies of the radii, masses, and compositions of super-Earth exoplanets to probabilistically constrain the mass and radius of Proxima b, assuming an isotropic inclination probability distribution. We find it is ∼90% likely that the planet’s density is consistent with a rocky composition; conversely, it is at least 10% likely that the planet has a significant amount of ice or an H/He envelope. If the planet does have a rocky composition, then we find expectation values and 95% confidence intervals of

M
⊕ for its mass and

R
⊕ for its radius.
154 MHz Detection of Faint, Polarized Flares from UV Ceti
Authors: Lynch C. R. , Lenc E. , Kaplan D. L. , Murphy Tara , Anderson G. E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We have detected four flares from UV Ceti at 154 MHz using the Murchison Widefield Array. The flares have flux densities between 10 and 65 mJy—a factor of 100 fainter than most flares in the literature at these frequencies—and are only detected in polarization. The circular polarized fractions are limited to

% at 3σ confidence and two of the flares exhibit polarity reversal. We suggest that these flares occur periodically on a timescale consistent with the rotational period of UV Ceti. During the brightest observed flare, we also detect significant linear polarization with a polarization fraction

%. Averaging the data in 6 minute, 10 MHz frequency bins we find that the flux density of these flares does not vary over the 30 MHz bandwidth of the Murchison Widefield Array; however, we cannot rule out finer time-frequency structure. Using the measured flux densities for the flares, we estimate brightness temperatures between

K, indicative of a coherent emission mechanism. The brightness temperature and polarization characteristics point to the electron cyclotron maser mechanism. We also calculate the flare rates given our four observed flares and compare them to flare rates for the set of M dwarf stars with known 100–200 MHz flares. Our measurement is the first for flares with intensities

mJy at 100–200 MHz.
Tracking data from nine free-roaming Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) collared in the Thabazimbi area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Marnewick Kelly , Page-Nicholson Samantha , Roxburgh Lizanne , Somers Michael 
Published: February 2017

In partnership with the University of Pretoria, the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Carnivore Conservation Programme collared six male and three female free-roaming Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Thabazimbi area in Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was undertaken to determine the spatial ecology of free-roaming Cheetahs that occur outside of formal protected areas on private ranchland, where they frequently come into conflict with, and are sometimes killed by, private landowners. The data were collected between September 2003 and November 2008, resulting in a total of 3165 location points (65 points from VHF collars and 3100 from GPS collars) for nine individual Cheetahs.
This dataset provides distribution information about this Vulnerable species occurring outside of protected areas within South Africa. The dataset has been published to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (www.GBIF.org) and provides the largest dataset on Cheetahs thus far, and, although it is spatially limited to a relatively small region on the African continent, it is the first study of its kind within South Africa. Also of significance is that the fate of 6 of the 9 collared Cheetahs is known, all except one of which died of anthropogenic causes.
On Subcritically Stein Fillable 5-manifolds
Authors: Ding Fan , Geiges Hansjörg , Zhang Guangjian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe make some elementary observations concerning subcritically Stein fillable contact structures on 5-manifolds. Specifically, we determine the diffeomorphism type of such contact manifolds in the case where the fundamental group is finite cyclic, and we show that on the 5-sphere, the standard contact structure is the unique subcritically ?llable one. More generally, it is shown that subcritically fillable contact structures on simply connected 5-manifolds are determined by their underlying almost contact structure. Along the way, we discuss the homotopy classification of almost contact structures.
Comment la souris est devenue, timidement, une espèce modèle pour la recherche en génétique animale et humaine
Authors: Panthier Jean-Jacques , Guénet Jean-Louis 
Published: February 2017

How the mouse has become, timidly, a model for animal and human genetic research.
From the early twentieth century onwards, the mouse is one the most popular model amongst geneticists. This article dedicates the origins of scientific work on mouse genetics and reports their links with current research in experimental biology. Following the first formal analyses by Lucien Cuénot, William E. Castle, Clarence C. Little, and John B. S. Haldane, geneticists plunged into the production of inbred strains. This history continues today with the development of new resource populations with high levels of genetic diversity : the Collaborative Cross, and the Diversity Outbred. At the same time, Leroy Stevens, Martin Evans, Gail Martin, and Barry Pierce performed a series of crucial experiments on a rare tumour : testicular teratocarcinoma. These tumours became the focus of a great deal of research that continues today through the works aimed at understanding the mechanisms of somatic adult cell reprogramming into pluripotent cells.
Chemical characterization of atmospheric ions at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland)
Authors: Frege Carla , Bianchi Federico , Molteni Ugo , Tröstl Jasmin , Junninen Heikki , Henne Stephan , Sipilä Mikko , Herrmann Erik , Rossi Michel J. , Kulmala Markku , Hoyle Christopher R. , Baltensperger Urs , Dommen Josef 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The ion composition at high altitude (3454 m a.s.l.) was measured with an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) during a period of 9 months, from August 2013 to April 2014. The negative mass spectra were dominated by the ions of sulfuric, nitric, malonic, and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as well as SO5−. The most prominent positive ion peaks were from amines. The other cations were mainly organic compounds clustered with a nitrogen-containing ion, which could be either NH4+ or an aminium. Occasionally the positive spectra were characterized by groups of compounds each differing by a methylene group. In the negative spectrum, sulfuric acid was always observed during clear sky conditions following the diurnal cycle of solar irradiation. On many occasions we also saw a high signal of sulfuric acid during nighttime when clusters up to the tetramer were observed. A plausible reason for these events could be evaporation from particles at low relative humidity. A remarkably strong correlation between the signals of SO5− and CH3SO3− was observed for the full measurement period. The presence of these two ions during both the day and the night suggests a non-photochemical channel of formation which is possibly linked to halogen chemistry. Halogenated species, especially Br− and IO3−, were frequently observed in air masses that originated mainly from the Atlantic Ocean and occasionally from continental areas based on back trajectory analyses. We found I2O5 clustered with an ion, a species that was proposed from laboratory and modeling studies. All halogenated ions exhibited an unexpected diurnal behavior with low values during daytime. New particle formation (NPF) events were observed and characterized by (1) highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) and low sulfuric acid or (2) ammonia–sulfuric acid clusters. We present characteristic spectra for each of these two event types based on 26 nucleation episodes. The mass spectrum of the ammonia–sulfuric acid nucleation event compares very well with laboratory measurements reported from the CLOUD chamber. A source receptor analysis indicates that NPF events at the Jungfraujoch take place within a restricted period of time of 24–48 h after air masses have had contact with the boundary layer. This time frame appears to be crucial to reach an optimal oxidation state and concentration of organic molecules necessary to facilitate nucleation.
Large- and small-scale periodicities in the mesosphere as obtained from variations in O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and OH nightglow emissions
Authors: Singh Ravindra P. , Pallamraju Duggirala 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Using 3 years (2013–2015) of O2(0–1) and OH(6–2) band nightglow emission intensities and corresponding rotational temperatures as tracers of mesospheric dynamics, we have investigated large- and small-timescale variations in the mesosphere over a low-latitude location, Gurushikhar, Mount Abu (24.6° N, 72.8° E), in India. Both O2 and OH intensities show variations similar to those of the number of sunspots and F10.7 cm radio flux with coherent periodicities of 150 ± 2.1, 195 ± 3.6, 270 ± 6.4, and 420 ± 14.8 days, indicating a strong solar influence on mesospheric dynamics. In addition, both mesospheric airglow intensities also showed periodicities of 84 ± 0.6, 95 ± 0.9, and 122 ± 1.3 days which are of atmospheric origin. With regard to the variability of the order of a few days, O2 and OH intensities were found to be correlated, in general, except when altitude-dependent atmospheric processes were operative. To understand mesospheric gravity wave behavior over the long term, we have carried out a statistical study using the periodicities derived from the nocturnal variations in all four parameters (O2 and OH intensities and their respective temperatures). It was found that the major wave periodicity of around 2 h duration is present in all the four parameters. Our analyses also reveal that the range of periods in O2 and OH intensities and temperatures is 11 to 24 and 20 to 60 min, respectively. Periods less than 15 min were not present in the temperatures but were prevalent in both emission intensities. No seasonal dependence was found in either the wave periodicities or the number of their occurrence.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Biology and Life Science, Vol. 8, No. 1
Authors: Lee Kelvin 
Published: February 2017

Journal of Biology and Life Science (JBLS) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from Auguest 1, 2016 to February 1, 2017. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether JBLS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Institute appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Abhay Anand ShuklaGokul Babarao KaleHossam El-Din Mohamed OmarJemimah NaineKhyati Hitesh Shah Mohamed Ahmed El-EsawiPrashanth Chandramani ShivalingappaRajeshwari ValiathanWaldiney Mello
Dagum Distribution: Properties and Different Methods of Estimation
Authors: Dey Sanku , Al-Zahrani Bander , Basloom Samerah 
Published: February 2017

This article addresses the various properties and different methods of estimation of the unknown parameters of a three-parameter Dagum distribution from the frequentist point of view. Although, our main focus is on estimation from frequentist point of view, yet, various mathematical and statistical properties of the Dagum distribution (such as quantiles, moments, moment generating function, hazard rate, mean residual lifetime, mean past lifetime, mean deviation about mean and median, various entropies, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves and order statistics) are derived. We briefly describe different frequentist approaches, namely, maximum likelihood estimators, moments estimators, L-moment estimators, percentile based estimators, least squares estimators, maximum product of spacings estimators, minimum distances estimators, Cram\'{e}r-von-Mises estimators, Anderson-Darling and right-tail Anderson-Darling estimators and compare them using extensive numerical simulations. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the performances of the proposed methods of estimation for both small and large samples. Finally, a real data set have been analyzed for illustrative purposes.
The Mechanisms Used to Review Existing Legislation in the Civil Law System
Authors: Albanesi Enrico 
Published: February 2017

The Mechanisms Used to Review Existing Legislation in the Civil Law System. Case Study – Italy
The aim of this article is to describe the mechanisms that are used in the civil law system to review existing legislation. The case study will be based on the Italian system. In the civil law system we are not familiar with the concept of law reform, in the sense used in the common law system, because there is no law reform agency in the civil law world. The mechanisms used to review the existing law in civil law systems are: codification, consolidation, repeal, law revision and legal restatement. To understand how the mechanisms used to review existing legislation work in Italy, an overview of the Italian law-making and drafting processes will be carried out here, underlying the bad impact that the Italian equal bicameralism has on the quality of legislation and also on the mechanisms to review existing legislation. After this, the article will focus on the specific tools that are used in Italy for codification and consolidation (decreti legislativi), for law revision (the so-called taglia-leggi) and for legal restatement (examining the role of the Consiglio di Stato). Particular attention will also be paid to the parliamentary scrutiny on the quality of legislation. Finally, the article will focus on the constitutional amendment process Italy carried out in 2014-2016 and that was expected to fundamentally change the Italian law-making process, superseding the equal bicameralism arrangement (a referendum on this was held on 4 December 2016, and the reform was rejected by the Italian people).
Managing the EU Acquis
Authors: Robinson William 
Published: February 2017

Managing the EU Acquis
EU legislation plays a key role in filling in the gaps in the framework created by the EU Treaties. The body of EU legislation known as the acquis has grown piecemeal over 60 years to a confused and confusing patchwork of over 100,000 pages. There is an urgent need for a more coherent approach to updating, condensing and revising that legislation to ensure that it is readily accessible. New mechanisms should be established for those tasks, or else the existing mechanisms should be enhanced and exploited to the full.
Prohibition of Discrimination: Citizenship as a Possible Discrimination Basis
Authors: Jović-Prlainović Olga , Belović Jelena 
Published: February 2017

Prohibition of Discrimination – Citizenship as a Possible Discrimination Basis
In modern society, the right to equality is not just a universal moral obligation; it is rather an expression of a generally accepted rule in international law that all people have equal rights, independently of differences based on innate or acquired personal characteristics. Prohibition of discrimination is a civilization heritage, and it is determined by systematically overcoming prejudices and stereotypes as key factors of discrimination, where educational institutions, media, public authority, and non-governmental organizations all have a vital role. Tackling with discrimination is not just the application of rules regulated by law and taking necessary measures towards social groups which are in an unequal position, but it is also a continuous development of tolerance when it comes to ethnicity, religion, gender, minorities, as well as acceptance of the existing interpersonal differences. It is well known that the area of West Balkans is often a breeding ground where stereotypes and prejudices thrive for decades. The strategic aim of the Republic of Serbia is membership in the European Union, and so nation-wide law regulation concerning this matter is directed at complying with the European Union Law since the prohibition of discrimination is one of the pillars of the European Union Law. In this article, the influence of the European Union Law and practical measures taken by the European Court of Human Rights in order to prohibit discrimination in a specific international and private domain are analyzed.
Different Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Mepivacaine and Its Toxic Impurity
Authors: Abdelwahab Nada S , Fared Nehal F , Elagawany Mohamed , Abdelmomen Esraa H 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Stability-indicating spectrophotometric, TLC-densitometric, and ultra-performance LC (UPLC) methods were developed for the determination of mepivacaine HCl (MEP) in the presence of its toxic impurity, 2,6-dimethylanaline (DMA). Different spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of MEP and DMA. In a dual-wavelength method combined with direct spectrophotometric measurement, the absorbancedifference between 221.4 and 240 nm was used for MEPmeasurements, whereas the absorbance at 283 nm was used for measuring DMA in the binary mixture. In the second-derivative method, amplitudes at 272.2 and 232.6 nm were recorded and used for the determination of MEP and DMA, respectively. The developed TLC-densitometric method depended on chromatographic separation using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates as a stationary phase and methanol–water–acetic acid (9 + 1 + 0.1, v/v/v) as a developing system, with UV scanning at 230 nm. The developed UPLC method depended on separation using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size) as a stationary phase and acetonitrile–water (40 + 60, v/v; pH 4 with phosphoric acid) as a mobilephase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, with UV detection at 215 nm. The chromatographic run time was approximately 1 min. The proposed methods were validated with respect to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines regarding precision, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness, and specificity.
Teachers’ actions and children’s interests. Quality becomings in preschool documentation
Authors: Pettersson Katarina Elfström 
Published: February 2017

High quality is considered to be important for children’s development and learning in early childhood education. Swedish preschool teachers are required to systematically develop their practice and support children’s learning, using documentation and taking children’s interests into account. From a posthumanist perspective, preschool documentation, models and templates could be seen as actively producing certain elements of quality. Reading documentation from eight Swedish preschool groups diffractively through different texts, such as the national curriculum, supportive texts and research, this article discusses how teachers’ actions and children’s interests are produced as important quality aspects in one of these groups.