bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size‐Dependent Turbidimetric Quantification of Suspended Soil Colloids
Authors: Yan Jing , Meng Xia , Jin Yan 
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas
An efficient turbidimetric method was developed to quantify colloids in aqueous samples.
Concentration–turbidity correlations depend primarily on particle size rather than composition.
The size‐dependent correlations have practical and nearly universal applicability.
This method allows accurate and quick colloid quantification in field samples.
Mobile soil colloids play an important role in affecting soil hydraulic properties and soil formation, as well as in facilitating the transport of strongly sorbing constituents (e.g., contaminants, pesticides, nutrients) in subsurface environments. Accurate quantification of mobile colloids is thus essential for understanding and prediction of soil element migration, changes in soil hydraulic properties, and colloid‐associated contaminants in natural and managed systems. However, quantification of colloids in field samples, especially the <0.45‐μm fractions, which are traditionally considered dissolved solutes, has largely been hindered due to the lack of reliable methods. In this study, we developed a simple and efficient methodology of using size‐dependent correlations between nephelometric turbidity and mass concentrations of colloids for quantifying colloids in the <0.1‐, 0.1‐ to 0.45‐, and 0.45‐ to 1.0‐μm fractions. The correlations were measured using model colloids (latex, silica, and Fe oxide particles) and soil colloids extracted from 37 soils. We found that colloid size strongly affected concentration–turbidity relationships, while colloid composition played a less important role in shifting the correlations. The size‐dependent concentration–turbidity correlations were further tested against gravimetric measurements using additional field samples and found to be more accurate than correlations that do not consider size effects. The relatively insignificant particle composition effect indicates the practically “universal” applicability of the reported correlations. In addition, the correlations, for the first time, allow quantification of colloids in different size fractions in environmental samples. This would enhance our capability to more accurately quantify the colloidal pools in natural systems, which have strong implications for understanding the processes and mechanisms of colloid and colloid‐associated‐constituent mobilization and transport.
A Simple Representation of Plant Water Storage Effects in Coupled Soil Water Flow and Transpiration Stream Modeling
Authors: Vogel Tomas , Votrubova Jana , Dohnal Michal , Dusek Jaromir 
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas
A previous soil water flow model was extended to allow simulation of transient plant water storage.
Comparison with measured Norway spruce sap flow data indicates improved model performance.
The proposed algorithm can be easily incorporated into existing soil water flow models.
When describing the movement of water in a variably saturated plant root zone, most existing hydrological models use the assumption of quasi‐steady‐state flow to relate root water uptake to canopy transpiration, thereby neglecting the effect of changing plant water storage. This approach is known to be problematic, especially when considering relatively large volumes of water stored in the tissues of tall trees. We propose a simple algorithm, based on the concept of whole‐plant hydraulic capacitance, to deal with the problem. The algorithm is implemented in a one‐dimensional soil water flow model involving vertically distributed macroscopic root water uptake. In this study, the proposed transient storage approach was compared with the quasi‐steady‐state approach. Both approaches were used to simulate soil water flow and diurnal variations of transpiration at a forest site covered with Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.]. The key parameter of the transient storage approach, the plant hydraulic capacitance, is estimated by comparing the variations in the potential transpiration rate, derived from micrometeorological measurements, with observed sap flow intensities. The application of the proposed algorithm leads to more realistic predictions of root water uptake rates at the site of interest. The inclusion of the plant water storage effects improved the ability of the model to capture the anticipated diurnal variations in actual transpiration rates. The algorithm can be easily implemented into existing soil water flow models and used to simulate transpiration stream responses to varying atmospheric and soil moisture conditions including isohydric and partly also anisohydric plant responses to drought stress.
Current Concepts - Congenital Scoliosis
Authors: Tikoo Agnivesh , Kothari Manish K. , Shah Kunal , Nene Abhay 
Published: May 2017

Background:Congenital scoliosis is one of the ‘difficult to treat’ scenarios which a spine surgeon has to face. Multiple factors including the age of child at presentation, no definite pattern of deformity and associated anomalies hinder the execution of the ideal treatment plan. All patients of congenital scoliosis need to be investigated in detail. X rays and MRI of spine is usually ordered first. Screening investigations to rule out VACTERL (Visceral, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheo-esophageal fistula, Renal and Lung) abnormalities are required. They are cardiac echocardiography and ultrasonography of abdomen and pelvis. CT scan is required to understand the complex deformity and is helpful in surgical planning.Methods:A comprehensive medical literature review was done to understand the current surgical and non surgical treatment options available. An attempt was made to specifically study limitations and advantages of each procedure.Results:The treatment of congenital scoliosis differs with respect to the age of presentation. In adults with curves more than 50 degrees or spinal imbalance the preferred treatment is osteotomy and correction. In children the goals are different and treatment strategy has to be varied according to the age of patient. A single or two level hemivertebra can easily be treated with hemivertebra excision and short segment fusion. However, more than 3 levels or multiple fused ribs and chest wall abnormalities require a guided growth procedure to prevent thoracic insufficiency syndrome. The goal of management in childhood is to allow guided spine growth till the child reaches 10 - 12 years of age, when a definitive fusion can be done. The current research needs to be directed more at the prevention and understanding the etiology of the disease. Till that time, diagnosing the disease early and treating it before the sequels set in, is of paramount importance.Conclusion:The primary aim of treatment of congenital scoliosis is to allow the expansion of chest and abdominal cavity, while keeping the deformity under control. Various methods can be categorized into definitive (hemivertebrectomy) or preventive (guided growth). Casting, Growth rods, Convex Epiphysiodesis are all guided growth measures. The guided growth procedure either ‘corrects the deformity’ or will have to be converted to a final fusion surgery once the child completes the spinal growth which is preferably done around 10 - 12 years of age. Future directions should aim at genetic counselling and early detection.
Efeito da somatotropina sobre o metabolismo de ruminantes
Authors: Valente Tiago Neves Pereira , Lima Erico da Silva , Figueiras Janderson Florêncio , Tsuruta Jorge Ossamu 
Published: May 2017

Diverse studies with administration of somatotropin (bST) in ruminants have been carried in the world. Milk yield and persistancy responses to bST have been observed for all dairy breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The knowledge mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. Improvement of efficiency and economic return is an important goal in farming, and productive responses with the use of bST should be economically evaluated. The objective of this revision is to present some mechanisms of action of the hormone and its role in the performance of ruminants.
The Market Valuation of the Permanent Book-to-Tax Differences Generated by Stock-Based Compensation Awards
Authors: Brushwood James D. , Johnston Derek , Kutcher Lisa 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
We examine the market valuation of the annual change in the additional paid-in capital (APIC) tax pool, a financial statement account that captures the permanent book-to-tax differences related to stock-based compensation awards. Evidence from prior compensation studies demonstrates that the tax deduction from the settlement of stock-based awards, rather than the recorded book expense, is the true economic cost of the awards. If this is true, then the APIC tax pool should be negatively related to firm value. Conversely, previous tax avoidance research suggests that this method of tax avoidance should be positively associated with firm value since it reduces cash tax payments. Using hand-collected data, we document a negative relation between the change in the APIC tax pool and cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the 10-K filing date. This result is consistent with the notion that investors use a tax-related financial statement account (i.e., the APIC tax pool) to incorporate the true economic cost of stock-based compensation awards into market values.
Audit Reviewers' Judgments in Multiple Client Audit Environments
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Maletta Mario J. , Moreno Kimberly K. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
This study replicates Bhattacharjee, Maletta, and Moreno (2007), who find that audit preparers are susceptible to contrast effects in a multi-client environment. We demonstrate that auditors in the role of reviewers are also susceptible to contrast effects from a prior client. Audit reviewers' assessments of internal audit quality of a current client were significantly affected by the quality of the internal audit group of a client they previously reviewed. Specifically, when auditors first reviewed a client with a weak internal audit group they assessed the subsequent moderate internal audit group as being of higher quality than when they first reviewed a prior client with a strong internal audit group or did not review a prior client. Reviewers' documentation of evidence was also influenced by comparative information from the prior client. These results corroborate the key findings of Bhattacharjee et al. (2007) and confirm audit reviewers' susceptibility to contrast effects.
Management Control for Stimulating Different Types of Creativity: The Role of Budgets
Authors: Cools Martine , Stouthuysen Kristof , Van den Abbeele Alexandra 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we examine the role of budgets as a central instrument within the management control system (MCS) in a creative context. In particular we investigate whether creative firms characterized by different kinds of creativity use their budgets in a similar way. We hereby distinguish between expected creativity (for open, self-discovered problems) and responsive creativity (for closed, presented problems) (Unsworth 2001) and investigate the interactive versus diagnostic use of budgets (Simons 1990, 1991, 1995). Based on a comparative study involving four creative firms, we find that creative firms, being mainly characterized by expected creativity, use their budgets in a more interactive way. In creative firms in which responsive creativity is most important, the budgets are used in a rather diagnostic way. This study contributes to the management control literature by acknowledging that a diagnostic use of budgets does not per se stifle creativity. Instead, it is important to understand that the specific creative context might have implications for the way in which MCS instruments are used to sustain the creative process.
Declining Trends of Cardiovascular-Renal Complications and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: The Hong Kong Diabetes Database
Authors: Luk Andrea O.Y. , Hui Eric M.T. , Sin Ming-Chuen , Yeung Chun-Yip , Chow Wing-Sun , Ho Andrew Y.Y. , Hung Hin-Fai , Kan Eva , Ng Chiu-Ming , So Wing-Yee , Yeung Chi-Kin , Chan Kin-Sang , Chan Kin-Wah , Chan Pang-Fai , Siu Shing-Chung , Tiu Sau-Cheung , Yeung Vincent T.F. , Chan Juliana C.N. , Chan Frank W.K. , Cheung Clement , Cheung Ngai-Tseung , Ho Siu-Tung , Lam Karen S.L. , Yu Linda W.L. , Chao David , Lau Ip-Tim 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE
Nationwide studies on secular trends of diabetes complications are not available in Asia. We examined changes in risk factor control and incidence of complications from diabetes and death in a large longitudinal cohort of Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, 338,908 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes underwent metabolic and complication assessment in 16 diabetes centers operated by Hong Kong Hospital Authority that provided care to a large majority of diagnosed patients. Patients were followed for incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and death until 31 December 2012. Risk factor levels between enrollment periods were compared. Incidence of clinical events, stratified by diabetes duration, was examined over time.

RESULTS
Incidence of complications from diabetes and death declined over the observation period in patients at varying disease duration. Among the high-risk group with diabetes for at least 15 years, crude incidence of AMI decreased from 8.7 to 5.8, stroke from 13.5 to 10.1, ESRD from 25.8 to 22.5, and death from 29.0 to 26.6 per 1,000 person-year between the periods 2000 to 2002 and 2010 to 2012. Improvements in levels of metabolic risk factors were detected. Proportion of patients achieving HbA1c &lt;7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was increased from 32.9 to 50.0%, blood pressure ≤130/80 mmHg from 24.7 to 30.7%, and LDL cholesterol &lt;2.6 mmol/L from 25.8 to 38.1%.

CONCLUSIONS
From this territory-wide Hong Kong Diabetes Database, we observed decreases in incidence of cardiovascular-renal complications and death and corresponding improvements in risk factor control over a 13-year period.
Immunopathologic Characteristics of Nasal Polyps in Adult Koreans: A Single-Center Study
Authors: Shin Seung-Heon , Kim Yee-Hyuk , Ye Mi-Kyung , Choi Sung-Yong 
Published: May 2017

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (NP) (CRSwNP) is classified into eosinophilic and noneosinophilic types based on the level of tissue eosinophilia. The immunopathologic features of Western and Asian CRSwNP differ. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathologic characteristics of Korean patients with eosinophilic NP versus noneosinophilic NP and those with atopic NP versus nonatopic NP. Methods Tissue samples were collected from 81 patients with NP and 24 controls. The clinical characteristics of all the patients were analyzed. Tissues were investigated for expression of chemical mediators, including interleukin (IL) 5, IL-10, IL-17, interferon-γ, and tumor growth factor-β1; transcription factors, including GATA binding protein 3 (GATA-3), forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), retinoic acid–related orphan receptor C (RORC), and T-box transcription factor (T-bet), and extracellular matrix, including collagen type I, fibronectin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9. Results Although the clinical characteristics differed between eosinophilic and noneosinophilic NPs, atopic status did not affect the clinical findings of CRSwNP. Both T-helper 1 and 2 cytokines increased significantly in patients with eosinophilic NP, but atopic status did not affect the expression of any of the chemical mediators. GATA-3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression increased significantly in patients with eosinophilic NP, and RORC mRNA expression increased significantly in patients with noneosinophilic NP. T-bet, RORC, and Foxp3 mRNA expression increased significantly in patients with nonatopic NP. Fibronectin and MMP-9 mRNA expression increased significantly in patients with noneosinophilic NP, whereas only MMP-9 mRNA increased significantly in patients with eosinophilic and those with noneosinophilic NP. Conclusion The immunopathologic characteristics differed between eosinophilic NP and noneosinophilic NP and between atopic NP and nonatopic NP. The different underlying pathogenic processes may influence the development of Korean NP.
Causes of Dacryocystorhinostomy Failure: External versus Endoscopic Approach
Authors: Lin Giant C. , Brook Christopher D. , Hatton Mark P. , Metson Ralph 
Published: May 2017

Objectives To compare the causes of failure between external and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) techniques for the treatment of lacrimal obstruction. Study Design A retrospective cohort study. Methods The study population consisted of 53 consecutive patients who underwent revision endoscopic DCR from 2002 to 2013 for lacrimal duct obstruction. Identified causes of previous DCR failure were compared between patients whose initial surgery was performed through an external versus an endoscopic approach. Results Reasons for surgical failure after external (n = 21) versus endoscopic (n = 32) DCR included cicatricial closure of the internal lacrimal ostium (52.4 versus 53.1%; p = 0.96), inadequate removal of bone overlying the lacrimal sac (23.8 versus 9.4%; p = 0.15), sump syndrome (9.5 versus 9.4%; p = 0.99), and intranasal adhesions (65 versus 37.5%; p = 0.05). Adhesions that involved the middle turbinate were a particularly impactful cause of failure when the DCR was performed through an external versus the endoscopic approach (57.1 versus 28.1%; p = 0.04). Septoplasty was more likely to be needed at the time of revision surgery if the initial procedure was performed externally (71.1 versus 15.6%; p = 0.02). Surgical success rates for revision DCR were comparable between the groups (75.0% external versus 73.3% endoscopic; p = 0.90), with a mean follow-up of 12.7 months. Conclusion DCR failure associated with intranasal adhesions was more likely to occur when the surgery was performed through an external rather than an endoscopic approach. Endoscopic instrumentation allowed for identification and correction of intranasal pathology at the time of DCR, includingan enlarged middle turbinate or a deviated septum, which may improve surgical outcome.
International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification and Anatomic Predictors of Low-Lying Anterior Ethmoidal Arteries
Authors: Sjogren Phayvanh P. , Waghela Rajendra , Ashby Shaelene , Wiggins Richard H. , Orlandi Richard R. , Alt Jeremiah A. 
Published: May 2017

Background The International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) was introduced to more accurately characterize ethmoid and frontal sinus pneumatization patterns. The prevalence of IFAC cells and their anatomic associations have not been described. Objective The goal was to examine the prevalence of IFAC cells and determine radiologic features associated with a low-lying anterior ethmoidal artery (LAEA). Methods Imaging of adult patients who underwent computed tomographies from January 2015 to March 2016 were retrospectively reviewed by using the IFAC classification. We also measured the distance from the skull base to the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA), the height of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate, and anterior-posterior diameter from the anterior wall of the frontal sinus to the skull base (APF). Patients with a history of sinus surgery, trauma, malignancy, or congenital anomaly were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed by using Pearson correlation coefficients and χ2 tests. Results A total of 95 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant association between supraorbital ethmoid cells and an LAEA (p < 0.001), with a significant effect size (ϕ = 0.276, p = 0.007). An inverse relationship was observed between Keros type I classification I and an LAEA (p < 0.001), with a significant effect size (ϕ = -0.414, p = 0.000). Significant associations were found between the AEA distance from the skull base and the cribriform lateral lamella height (R = 0.576, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant association between the AEA distance from the skull base and the APF (R = 0.497, p < 0.001). Conclusion The presence of a supraorbital ethmoid cell and a wide APF were associated with an LAEA. There was a significant relationship between Keros type I classification and the AEA adjacent to the skull base. Delineation of these anatomic relationships may be helpful during endoscopic sinus surgery to avoid complications.
Closure of Nasal Septal Perforations with a Polydioxanone Plate and Temporoparietal Fascia in a Closed Approach
Authors: Epprecht Lorenz , Schlegel Christoph , Holzmann David , Soyka Michael , Kaufmann Thomas 
Published: May 2017

Background Septal perforation closure is still often invasive and complex, with relatively low closure rates. Objectives We aimed to provide the first results of a case series of 20 patients with nasal septal perforations who underwent septal perforation repair by both an open and a minimally invasive technique by using a graft that consisted of temporoparietal fascia and a polydioxanone (PDS) plate without mucosal flaps. Between 2014 and 2016, we tested, for the first time, the feasibility of the insertion of this graft via a hemitransfixion incision at our institution. The rationale for the closed approach was to avoid any visible nasal scars. We reported our results of both approaches. Methods The septal perforations were closed by insertion of a graft, which consisted of a 0.25-mm PDS flexible plate enveloped by temporoparietal fascia, into the perforation. The insertion of the graft was performed either via a columellar incision (open approach) or via a cosmetically advantageous hemitransfixion incision (closed approach) in an underlay technique. No attempts were made to close the perforation by mucosal flap rotation and/or advancement. Protective silastic sheeting to both sides of the perforation provided fixation to the graft while natural mucosal healing occurred over the perforation in the course of 3 to 8 weeks. Results Eighteen of 20 perforations were closed by mucosa at the last follow-up. The mean follow-up was 8.7 months. Thirteen patients had surgery via the closed approach. Conclusion We showed, for the first time, that the insertion of a graft that consisted of a PDS flexible plate enveloped in temporoparietal fascia via a hemitransfixion incision was feasible and resulted in complete mucosal closure of nasal septal perforations in most patients. By performing the hemitransfixion incision, we avoided any visible nasal scars.