bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D fluid flow in fault zones of crystalline basement rocks (Poehla‐Tellerhaeuser Ore Field, Ore Mountains, Germany)
Authors: Achtziger‐Zupančič P. , Loew S. , Hiller A. , Mariethoz G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA comprehensive dataset for discrete groundwater inflows to mines in the Poehla‐Tellerhaeuser Ore Field and the mining scale fault zones has been compiled from unpublished data recorded by eastern German and Soviet hydrogeologists at the Soviet‐German stock company (SDAG) Wismut. This dataset has been analyzed to provide novel insights into the 3D distribution of preferential groundwater pathways and the impacts of faulting on the distribution of hydraulic parameters in crystalline rocks at site scale. The sampled 1030 discrete inflows include flow rates ranging from 1.7E‐8 to 3.7E‐2 m3 sec−1, which were transformed into mesoscale fracture transmissivity values ranging between 3E‐13 and 2E‐4 m2 sec−1. These mesoscale fracture transmissivities were spatially correlated with fault zones exhibiting trace lengths between 0.3 and 30 km, which were mainly formed during and reactivated several times since Variscan orogeny. The statistical correlations are based on a 3D geological model composed of 14 litho‐stratigraphic units and 131 mining scale faults, separated into five main strike directions. These fault zones strongly overlap and cover about 90% of the investigated rock mass volume with a decreasing percentage of overlap in the investigated depth range (0–900 mbgs). 97% of all inflows are located within fault damage zones, and most of the flow occurs within the overlap of multiple fault damage zones. A dimensionless hydraulic model for the distribution of flow Q as a function of the position x within mining scale fault zones has been derived as Q = 1.1e−4.5x (where x decreases from the fault core to the protolith and the exponent varies as a function of fault orientation). 75–95% of the flow occurs within the inner 50% of the damage zone, and mainly NW‐SE and NE‐SW striking mining scale faults are transmissive. The orientations of conductive mesoscale fractures within these damage zones show a larger variability than the corresponding mining scale faults.
Time orientation and construal level: effects on eating and exercising behaviour and preferences
Authors: van Beek Jannette , Handgraaf Michel J.J. , Antonides Gerrit 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEating and exercising behaviour are both characterized by immediate and future consequences. Consequently, consideration of these consequences (i.e. time orientation) predicts eating and exercising behaviour. We investigate whether construal level acts as an underlying mechanism of these relations. Students (N = 101) completed measures of consideration of immediate and future consequences (i.e. CFC‐food and CFC‐exercise), construal level, eating and exercising behaviour and preferences. For self‐reported eating and exercising behaviour, only direct effects of consideration of immediate and future consequences were found. For eating preferences, however, there was evidence of an indirect effect through construal level. A stronger tendency to consider future consequences led to a stronger preference for utilitarian (as compared with hedonic) food products through a more abstract construal level. All in all, construal level partially explains the differential relations between consideration of immediate and future consequences and eating and exercising behaviour and preferences.
Is it ‘all about having an opinion’? Challenging the Dominance of Rationality and Cognition in Democratic Education via Research in a Gallery Setting
Authors: McDonnell Jane 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article reports on findings from a research study exploring the potential for democratic learning in a gallery education project which took place in the UK in 2006–7. In doing so, it also explores a pressing issue for education today: the question of young people's democratic education in a time of political crisis in Europe. The focus of the article lies in a critique of the primacy of rational thought, cognitive skills and verbal discussion within democratic education, and an exploration of the potential role of the arts and art education in challenging this. Specifically, the article argues that there has been an affective and corporeal deficit in democratic education, and that some forms of gallery education are well placed to address this. Although the data discussed derive from a particular time and place (the UK in the latter days of a government that rigorously pursued an agenda of social and economic inclusion through both education and cultural policy), they also have relevance beyond their immediate context, illuminating the nature and dynamics of the process of democratic learning, and its aesthetic and artistic dimensions.
Telocytes in pancreas of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)
Authors: Zhang Hui , Yu Pengcheng , Zhong Shengwei , Ge Tingting , Peng Shasha , Guo Xiaoquan , Zhou Zuohong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTelocytes (TCs), novel interstitial cells, have been identified in various organs of many mammals. However, information about TCs of lower animals remains rare. Herein, pancreatic TCs of the Chinese giant salamanders (Andrias davidianus) were identified by CD34 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The IHC micrographs revealed CD34+ TCs with long telopodes (Tps) that were located in the interstitium of the pancreas. CD34+ TCs/Tps were frequently observed between exocrine acinar cells and were close to blood vessels. The TEM micrographs also showed the existence of TCs in the interstitium of the pancreas. TCs had distinctive ultrastructural features, such as one to three very long and thin Tps with podoms and podomers, caveolae, dichotomous branching, neighbouring exosomes and vesicles. The Tps and exosomes were found in close proximity to exocrine acinar cells and α cells. It is suggested that TCs may play a role in the regeneration of acinar cells and α cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated the presence of TCs in the pancreas of the Chinese giant salamander. This finding will assist us in a better understanding of TCs functions in the amphibian pancreas.
The impact of rate heterogeneity on inference of phylogenetic models of trait evolution
Authors: Chira A. M. , Thomas G. H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRates of trait evolution are known to vary across phylogenies; however, standard evolutionary models assume a homogeneous process of trait change. These simple methods are widely applied in small‐scale phylogenetic studies, whereas models of rate heterogeneity are not, so the prevalence and patterns of potential rate variation in groups up to hundreds of species remain unclear. The extent to which trait evolution is modelled accurately on a given phylogeny is also largely unknown because studies typically lack absolute model fit tests. We investigated these issues by applying both rate‐static and variable‐rates methods on (i) body mass data for 88 avian clades of 10–318 species, and (ii) data simulated under a range of rate‐heterogeneity scenarios. Our results show that rate heterogeneity is present across small‐scaled avian clades, and consequently applying only standard single‐process models prompts inaccurate inferences about the generating evolutionary process. Specifically, these approaches underestimate rate variation, and systematically mislabel temporal trends in trait evolution. Conversely, variable‐rates approaches have superior relative fit (they are the best model) and absolute fit (they describe the data well). We show that rate changes such as single internal branch variations, rate decreases and early bursts are hard to detect, even by variable‐rates models. We also use recently developed absolute adequacy tests to highlight misleading conclusions based on relative fit alone (e.g. a consistent preference for constrained evolution when isolated terminal branch rate increases are present). This work highlights the potential for robust inferences about trait evolution when fitting flexible models in conjunction with tests for absolute model fit.
Sustained, Low‐Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies
Authors: de Laat M.A. , Hampson B.A. , Sillence M.N. , Pollitt C.C. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundObesity in horses is increasing in prevalence and can be associated with insulin insensitivity and laminitis. Current treatment strategies for obesity include dietary restriction and exercise. However, whether exercise alone is effective for decreasing body fat is uncertain.HypothesisOur hypothesis was that twice daily use of a dynamic feeding system for 3 months would induce sustained, low‐intensity exercise thereby decreasing adiposity and improving insulin sensitivity (SI).AnimalsEight, university‐owned, mixed‐breed, adult ponies with body condition scores (BCS) ≥5/9 were used.MethodsTwo treatments (“feeder on” or “feeder off”) were administered for a 3‐month period by a randomized, crossover design (n = 4/treatment). An interim equilibration period of 6 weeks at pasture separated the 2 study phases. Measurements of body mass (body weight, BCS, cresty neck score [CrNS], and morphometry), body fat (determined before and after the “feeder on” treatment only), triglycerides, and insulin sensitivity (SI; combined glucose‐insulin test) were undertaken before and after treatments.ResultsThe dynamic feeding system induced a 3.7‐fold increase in the daily distance travelled (n = 6), compared to with a stationary feeder, which significantly decreased mean BCS (6.53 ± 0.94 to 5.38 ± 1.71), CrNS (2.56 ± 1.12 to 1.63 ± 1.06) and body fat (by 4.95%). An improvement in SI did not occur in all ponies.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA dynamic feeding system can be used to induce sustained (daily), low‐intensity exercise that promotes weight loss in ponies. However, this exercise may not be sufficient to substantially improve SI.
The European Survey on Adverse Systemic Reactions in Allergen Immunotherapy (EASSI): A paediatric assessment
Authors: Rodríguez del Río Pablo , Vidal Carmen , Just Jocelyne , Tabar Ana I. , Sanchez‐Machin Inmaculada , Eberle Peter , Borja Jesus , Bubel Petra , Pfaar Oliver , Demoly Pascal , Calderón Moises A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundSafety data on ‘real‐life’ allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in children and adolescents is usually extrapolated from studies in adults.MethodsPatients aged 18 or under initiating aeroallergen AIT were evaluated in a prospective European survey. Patient profiles and systemic reactions (SRs) were recorded. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for SRs.ResultsA total of 1563 patients (mean ± SD age: 11.7 ± 3.9 years; rhinitis: 93.7%; asthma: 61.5%; polysensitization: 62.5%) and 1578 courses of AIT were assessed. Single‐allergen AIT was administered in 89.5% of cases (n = 1412; mites: 49%; grass pollen: 25.8%; tree pollen: 8.7%; Alternaria: 4.6%; dander: 0.8%; weed pollen: 0.6%). Subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) was used in 71.4% (n = 1127) of the treatments, including 574 (50.9%) with natural extracts. Sublingual AIT (SLIT) was used for the remaining 451 treatments (drops: 73.8%; tablets: 26.2%). The mean ± SD follow‐up period was 12.9 ± 3.3 months. The estimated total number of doses was 19,669 for SCIT and 131,550 for SLIT. Twenty‐four patients (1.53%) experienced 29 SRs. Respiratory (55.7%) and skin symptoms (37.9%) were most frequent. Anaphylaxis was diagnosed in 3 SRs (10.3%), and adrenaline was administered in 2 of these cases. In a univariate analysis, the risk of SRs was lower in mite‐sensitized patients and higher in cases of pollen polysensitization (>3), grass pollen extracts and the use of natural extracts (vs. allergoids).ConclusionsIn a real‐life paediatric setting, AIT is safe. SRs are infrequent and generally not severe. Pollen polysensitization, grass pollen extracts and natural extracts (vs. allergoids) were risk factors for AIT‐associated SRs.
Infant lung function predicts asthma persistence and remission in young adults
Authors: Owens Louisa , Laing Ingrid A. , Zhang Guicheng , Le Souëf Peter N. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveAsthma in adults is associated with a persistent reduction in lung function from childhood, but this link has not been assessed back to infancy. Reduced infant lung function (ILF), a measure of antenatal and infant lung growth, is associated with asthma into adolescence. Our aim was to assess whether this link persists into adulthood and whether ILF can predict the remission of asthma symptoms in young adults.MethodsThe study cohort was an unselected full‐term birth cohort of 253 subjects enrolled antenatally with lung function assessments at 1, 6 and 12 months (maximum expiratory flow at functional residual capacity, V′maxFRC), and 6, 11, 18 and 24 years (spirometry) of age.ResultsInfants with V′maxFRC in the lowest quartile at 1 month had an OR of 5.1 (95% CI: 2–13, P = 0.001) for asthma at 24 years. Subjects with asthma at 24 years had a mean V′maxFRC at 1 month of 69% predicted (95% CI: 48–90%) versus 110% (95% CI: 101–119%) in non‐asthmatic patients (P = 0.001). Subjects with current versus resolved asthma symptoms at 24 years had a mean V′maxFRC at 1 month of 69% predicted (95% CI: 53–84%) versus 105% (88–123%), respectively (P = 0.003). Subjects with current asthma at 24 years had persistently lower lung function from infancy with a mean reduction of 16.2% (95% CI: 8.1–24.3%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionReduced lung function in early infancy is predictive of persistent asthma in young adults and a persistent reduction in lung function, suggesting abnormal lung development and growth in utero or very early in life.
EigenPrism: Inference for High Dimensional Signal-to-Noise Ratios
Authors: Janson Lucas , Barber Rina Foygel , Candès Emmanuel 
Published: September 2016

SummaryConsider the following three important problems in statistical inference: constructing confidence intervals for the error of a high dimensional (p &gt; n) regression estimator, the linear regression noise level and the genetic signal-to-noise ratio of a continuous-valued trait (related to the heritability). All three problems turn out to be closely related to the little-studied problem of performing inference on the l2-norm of the signal in high dimensional linear regression. We derive a novel procedure for this, which is asymptotically correct when the covariates are multivariate Gaussian and produces valid confidence intervals in finite samples as well. The procedure, called EigenPrism, is computationally fast and makes no assumptions on coefficient sparsity or knowledge of the noise level. We investigate the width of the EigenPrism confidence intervals, including a comparison with a Bayesian setting in which our interval is just 5% wider than the Bayes credible interval. We are then able to unify the three aforementioned problems by showing that EigenPrism with only minor modifications can make important contributions to all three. We also investigate the robustness of coverage and find that the method applies in practice and in finite samples much more widely than just the case of multivariate Gaussian covariates. Finally, we apply EigenPrism to a genetic data set to estimate the genetic signal-to-noise ratio for a number of continuous phenotypes.
Self‐regulation in early childhood: The role of siblings, center care and socioeconomic status
Authors: Backer‐Grøndahl Agathe , Nærde Ane 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDifferences in children's self‐regulation are assumed to be explained by genetic factors, socialization experiences, and sociodemographic risk. As for socialization, little research has addressed the influence of having siblings or attending early center based child care on emerging self‐regulation. As regarding sociodemographic risk, few studies have been conducted in countries characterized by high equality and little poverty. In a longitudinal study following 1157 children, we investigated presence of siblings, center care exposure in the first 3 years of life (attendance, hours, and child group size), and family socioeconomic status (SES) as predictors of hot and cool effortful control (EC), at the child's age 48 months. The results showed that having a sibling was consistently related to better hot EC, whereas higher SES predicted better cool EC. A small effect implied that hours in center care at 36 months negatively predicted hot EC, whereas center care group size at 36 months modestly predicted better cool EC. Otherwise, center care variables were unrelated to self‐regulation.
Temperature Measurements at the Outlet of a Lean Burn Single Sector Combustor by Laser-Optical Methods
Authors: Doll U. , Stockhausen G. , Heinze J. , Meier U. , Hassa C. , Bagchi I. 
Published: September 2016

High OPR engine cycles for reduced NOx emissions will generate new aggravated requirements and boundary conditions by implementing low emission combustion technologies into advanced engine architectures. Lean burn combustion systems will have a significant impact on the temperature and velocity traverse at the combustor exit. The highly swirling flow from the lean burn fuel injector interacts with the combustor wall cooling before exiting the combustor. As a large portion (up to 80%) of the total flow passes through the fuel injector, the combustor exit flow and temperature field is dominated by the fuel injector. With the transition to high pressure engines it is essential to fully understand and determine the high energetic interface between combustor and turbine to avoid excessive cooling with detrimental impacts to turbine and overall engine efficiency.
In this context the knowledge of temperature distributions at the combustor exit is of special importance. A lean burn single sector combustor was designed and built at DLR, providing optical access to the exit section. The sector was operated with a staged lean burn injector from Rolls-Royce Deutschland. Spatially resolved temperatures were measured at different operating conditions using planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF) and Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (FRS), the latter being used in a combustor environment for the first time. Apart from a conventional signal detection arrangement, FRS was also applied with an endoscope for signal collection, to assess its feasibility for future application in a full annular combustor with restricted optical access.
Both techniques are complementary in several respects, which justified their combined application and comparative assessment in this specific environment. OH-PLIF allows instantaneous measurements and therefore enables local temperature statistics, but is limited to relatively high temperatures. On the other hand FRS can also be applied at low temperatures, which makes it particularly attractive for measurements in cooling layers. However, due to the weak physical process of Rayleigh scattering, FRS requires long sampling times and therefore can only provide temporal averages. When applied in combination, the accuracy of both techniques could be improved by each method helping to overcome the other’s shortcomings.
In an accompanying paper, additional experiments are described which characterize the flow field at the combustor exit; the combined data provide comprehensive information on combustor exit conditions.
Rational Design of Gas Turbine Engine Compressor to Provide the Required Dynamic Strength Level of Rotor Blades
Authors: Kolmakova Daria , Popov Grigorii , Shklovets Aleksandr , Ermakov Aleksandr 
Published: September 2016

Compressors of gas turbine engines often operate under the conditions of uneven gas flow. Oscillations of the blades occur under the influence of circumferential flow unevenness.
The goal of the research was to find an acceptable method of reducing the level of dynamic stresses in the rotor blades. Motivation for the study was the problem of destruction of rotor blades of the last stage of Intermediate Pressure Compressor (IPC) which has been designed and produced at JSC “Kuznetsov” (Russia). The source of circumferential flow unevenness was middle annular frame located downstream the IPC. Seven struts with different maximum thickness are arranged irregularly in support passage.
The first approaches propose to reduce the dynamic stresses in blades by detuning the blades from the dangerous harmonic due to changes in their natural frequency.
The next two consist in reducing the circumferential unevenness of flow.
Thus, this study gives the ideas about methods of improving the dynamic strength of rotor blades of gas turbine engine compressors. On the basis of existing conditions (under development or existing compressor) it allows the selection of the most suitable method for reducing dynamic stresses.
2nd Quadrant Centrifugal Compressor Performance: Part II
Authors: Belardini Elisabetta , Pandit Rajeev , Satish Koyyalamudi V. V. N. K. , Rubino Dante Tommaso , Tapinassi Libero 
Published: September 2016

The sizing of surge protection devices for both compressor and surrounding system may require the knowledge of performance curves in 2nd quadrant with a certain level of accuracy. In particular two performance curves are usually important: the pressure ratio trend versus flow rate inside the compressor and the work coefficient or power absorption law. The first curve allows estimating mass flow in the compressor given a certain pressure level imposed by system, while the second is important to estimate the time required to system blow down during ESD (emergency shutdown). Experimental data are routinely not available in the early phase of anti-surge protection devices and prediction methods are needed to provide performance curves in 2nd quadrant starting from the geometry of both compressor and system.
In this paper two different approaches are presented to estimate performance curves in 2nd quadrant: the first is a simple 1D approach based on velocity triangle and the second is a full unsteady CFD computation. The two different approaches are applied to the experimental data more deeply investigated in part I by Belardini E.[3]. The measurement of compressor behavior in 2nd quadrant was possible thanks to a dedicated test arrangement in which a booster compressor is used forcing stable reverse flow.
The 1D method showed good agreement with experiments at design speed. In off-design condition a correlation for deviation angle was tuned on experimental data to maintain an acceptable level of accuracy. With very low reverse flow rates some discrepancies are still present but this region plays a secondary role during the dynamic simulations of ESD or surge events.
The unsteady CFD computation allowed a deeper insight into the fluid structures, especially close to very low flow rates when the deviation of the 1D method and the experimental data is higher. An important power absorption mechanism was identified in the pre-rotation effect of impeller as also the higher impact of secondary flows.
These two methods are complementary in terms of level of complexity and accuracy and to a certain extent both necessary. 1D methods are fast to be executed and more easily calibrated to match the available experiments, but they have limited capability to help understanding the underlying physics. CFD is a more powerful tool for understanding fluid structures and energy transfer mechanisms but requires computational times not always suitable for a production environment. 1D method can be used for standard compressor and applications for which consolidated experience have been already gathered while CFD is more suitable during the development of new products or up to front projects in general.