bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting research priorities in tobacco control: a stakeholder engagement project
Authors: Lindson Nicola , Richards‐Doran Dan , Heath Laura , Hartmann‐Boyce Jamie ,   on behalf of the CTAG taps team
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackground and AimsThe Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group (TAG) conducts systematic reviews of the evidence for tobacco cessation and prevention interventions. In 2016 TAG conducted a priority‐setting, stakeholder engagement project to identify where further research is needed in the areas of tobacco control and smoking cessation.DesignThe project comprised two surveys and a workshop. A range of stakeholders participated, including members of the public (smokers and ex‐smokers), clinicians, researchers, research funders, health‐care commissioners and public health organizations. The first survey phase identified unanswered research questions in the field of tobacco control. The second phase asked participants to rank these, with overall rankings calculated by combining scores across participants. The workshop allowed attendees to discuss prioritization of topics and questions in more depth. Workshop discussions were transcribed and analysed thematically, and a final voting activity at the close of the workshop allowed participants to choose topics to prioritize and to de‐prioritize.FindingsA total of 304 stakeholders (researchers, health professionals, smokers and ex‐smokers, guideline developers, research funders and policymakers, representing 28 countries) identified 183 unanswered research questions. These were categorized into 15 research categories. A total of 175 participants prioritized categories and questions in the second survey phase, with ‘electronic cigarettes’; ‘addressing inequalities’; and ‘mental health and other substance abuse’ prioritized as the top three categories. Forty‐three stakeholders attended the workshop and discussed reasons for and against category prioritization. Prioritized research categories largely mirrored those in the survey stage, although ‘treatment delivery’ also emerged as a key category. Five cross‐cutting themes emerged: efficacy; relative efficacy; cost effectiveness; addressing inequalities; and different types of evidence.ConclusionsThere are many unanswered questions in the field of tobacco control. Stakeholders highlighted electronic cigarettes, addressing inequalities and mental health and other substance abuse as key areas for further research, and efficacy, relative efficacy, cost‐effectiveness and use of non‐randomized studies as important themes cutting across research areas. Future prioritization work would benefit from targeting non‐US and non‐UK stakeholders explicitly and from examining where priorities may differ based on stakeholder group.
Complete response in a patient with stage IV adrenocortical carcinoma treated with adjuvant trans‐catheter arterial chemo‐embolization (TACE)
Authors: Wong Eugene , Jacques Sarah , Bennett Michael , Gorolay Vineet , Lee Adrian , Clarke Stephen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAdrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer, with estimate population incidence of 0.7–2.0 cases per 1 million each year. It also carries poor prognosis with estimated 5‐year survival of less than 15% of those with metastatic disease and has a poor response to cytotoxic treatment. A randomized controlled trial published in 2012 by Fassnacht et al. demonstrated improved progression‐free survival with first‐line etoposide‐doxirubicin‐cisplatin‐mitotane (EDP‐M) compared to first‐line streptozocin–mitotane in patients with stage III–IV disease.We report a case of a 25‐year‐old female diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma with liver and lung metastases treated with adjuvant EDP‐M chemotherapy. During her treatment, the patient experienced ongoing significant liver‐associated burden of disease, which prompted a trial of trans‐hepatic arterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin and mitomycin. The patient subsequently experienced complete remission of disease at 18 months with no fludeoxyglucose (FDG) avid lesions on PET/CT.
Preschool children living in joint physical custody arrangements show less psychological symptoms than those living mostly or only with one parent
Authors: Bergström Malin , Fransson Emma , Fabian Helena , Hjern Anders , Sarkadi Anna , Salari Raziye 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimJoint physical custody (JPC), where children spend about equal time in both parent's homes after parental separation, is increasing. The suitability of this practice for preschool children, with a need for predictability and continuity, has been questioned.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we used data on 3656 Swedish children aged three to five years living in intact families, JPC, mostly with one parent or single care. Linear regression analyses were conducted with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, completed by parents and preschool teachers, as the outcome measure.ResultsChildren in JPC showed less psychological problems than those living mostly (adjusted B 1.81; 95% CI [0.66 to 2.95]) or only with one parent (adjusted B 1.94; 95% CI [0.75 to 3.13]), in parental reports. In preschool teacher reports, the adjusted Betas were 1.27, 95% CI [0.14 to 2.40] and 1.41, 95% CI [0.24 to 2.58], respectively. In parental reports, children in JPC and those in intact families had similar outcomes, while teachers reported lower unadjusted symptom scores for children in intact families.ConclusionJoint physical custody arrangements were not associated with more psychological symptoms in children aged 3–5, but longitudinal studies are needed to account for potential preseparation differences.
Editorial: subgroups in irritable bowel syndrome—more than just diarrhoea and constipation?
Authors: Black C. J. , Ford A. C. 
Published: September 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Polster et al and Patel et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14260 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13074.
Letter: the potential risk of HBV reactivation in patients with resolved HBV infection during direct‐acting antiviral therapy – authors' reply
Authors: Mücke M. M. , Mücke V. T. , Vermehren J. 
Published: September 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Huang et al, and Mücke et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14227 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14177.
Letter: the importance of dosing and baseline haemoglobin when establishing the relative efficacy of intravenous iron therapies—authors' reply
Authors: Aksan A. , Işık H. , Radeke H. H. , Dignass A. , Stein J. 
Published: September 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Reinisch and Lindgren, and Aksan et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14236 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14043.
Introduced and native herbivores have different effects on plant composition in low productivity ecosystems
Authors: Travers Samantha K. , Eldridge David J. , Dorrough Josh , Val James , Oliver Ian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractQuestionsUnderstanding how livestock grazing alters plant composition in low productivity environments is critical to managing livestock sustainably alongside native and introduced wild herbivore populations. We asked four questions: (1) does recent livestock and rabbit grazing reduce some plant attributes more strongly than others; (2) does grazing by introduced herbivores (i.e. livestock and rabbits) affect plants more strongly than native herbivores (i.e. kangaroos); (3) do the effects of recent livestock grazing differ from the legacy effects of livestock grazing; and (4) does the probability of occurrence of exotic plants increase with increasing net primary productivity (NPP)?LocationSouth‐eastern Australia.MethodsWe measured the recent grazing activity of co‐occurring livestock (cattle, sheep, goats), rabbits and kangaroos by counting faecal pellets; historic grazing activity by measuring livestock tracks; and derived NPP from satellite imagery. We used a hierarchical GLMM to simultaneously model the presence or absence (i.e. probability of occurrence) of all plant species as a function of their attributes (growth form, lifespan and origin) to assess their average response to recent grazing, historic grazing and productivity in a broad‐scale regional study.ResultsRecent and historic livestock grazing, rabbit grazing and increasing NPP reduced the average probability of occurrence of plant species, although responses varied among plant attributes. Both recent and historic livestock grazing strongly reduced the average probability of occurrence of native species, and forbs and geophytes, but differed in their relative effects on other growth forms. Recent livestock grazing, rabbit grazing and NPP had similar effects, strongly reducing native species and forbs, geophytes, shrubs and sub‐shrubs. The overall effects of recent kangaroo grazing were relatively weak, with no clear trends for any given plant attribute.ConclusionOur results highlight the complex nature of grazing by introduced herbivores compared with native herbivores on different plant attributes. Land managers need to be aware that domestic European livestock, rabbits and other free‐ranging introduced livestock such as goats have detrimental impacts on native plant communities. Our results also show that kangaroo grazing has a relatively benign effect on plant occurrence.
Are the assemblages of tree pollination modes being recovered by tropical forest restoration?
Authors: Montoya‐Pfeiffer Paula María , Rodrigues Ricardo Ribeiro , Metzger Jean Paul , da Silva Claudia Inês , Santos Baquero Oswaldo , Alves dos Santos Isabel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractQuestionsDo the assemblages of pollination modes in restored (tree plantings) and secondary (naturally regenerated) forests change in comparison to primary forests, and how do these assemblages relate to species turnover at regional scale?LocationSoutheast region of Brazil.MethodsWe classified tree species found in a total of 40 forest sites (18 primary, 11 restored, 11 secondary) according to pollination mode, based on the literature. We calculated and compared functional dissimilarity distances, amounts of species and accumulated abundance of pollination modes, and functional indices of richness and evenness between forest types.ResultsFunctional dissimilarity distances were much smaller than species dissimilarity distances within forest types (mean <20%, >80%, respectively), indicating a small variation in pollination modes between sites. Functional indices of richness and evenness did not differ between forest types. However, significant changes were found in the species and abundance proportions of several pollination modes. Primary forests were characterized by the predominance of generalized insect‐pollinated species, followed by secondary proportions of bee, wind and moth pollination; other pollination modes were underrepresented. In restored forests, reductions were found in generalized insect, moth, wind, fly, pollen‐consuming insect and very‐small insect pollination, whereas the species pollinated by bees and bats more than doubled. Smaller changes were found among secondary forests, including reductions in moth, fly and fig‐wasp pollination, whereas there were incremental changes in bee, beetle, big animal and small insect pollination.ConclusionsOur results indicate a rather stable assemblage of pollination modes and also high ecological redundancy among trees regardless of the species replacement at the regional scale. Major changes among restored forests are probably in response to larger disturbance effects and/or restoration practices conducted in these sites. In contrast, smaller changes among secondary forests could be in response to smaller disturbance effects and natural selection processes, and also seem to suggest that highly resilient degraded areas are more likely to recuperate their functional diversity through natural regeneration alone. In both cases, however, efforts to recover such patterns should be encouraged to avoid possible negative effects in plant–pollinator interactions.
Formyl Peptide Receptors in Mice and Men: Similarities and Differences in Recognition of Conventional Ligands and Modulating Lipopeptides
Authors: Winther Malene , Dahlgren Claes , Forsman Huamei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe pattern recognition formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the class of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest group of cell surface receptors involved in a range of physiological processes and pathologies. The FPRs have regulatory function in the initiation as well as resolution of inflammatory reactions, making them highly interesting as targets for drug development. Recent research in the GPCR/FPR fields has uncovered novel receptor biology concepts, including biased signalling/functional selectivity, allosteric modulation, receptor reactivation and receptor cross‐talk. When it comes to allosteric modulators, ‘tailor‐made’ lipopeptides (pepducins and lipopeptoids) represent a novel concept of GPCR/FPR regulation. This MiniReview is focused on the basis for recognition of conventional ligands and immunomodulating lipopeptides, novel allosteric modulators for the FPRs, receptors that are highly expressed by both human and mouse neutrophils. The FPRs play key roles in host defence against microbial infections, tissue homeostasis and the initiation as well as resolution of inflammation but there are both similarities and differences in ligand recognition between mice and men. Thus, identification and functional characterization of activating and inhibiting ligands should provide insights into future design of FPR‐based animal models of human diseases and development of therapeutics for treating inflammatory diseases.
Melatonin: does it have utility in the treatment of haematological neoplasms?
Authors: Li Tian , Yang Zhi , Jiang Shuai , Di Wencheng , Ma Zhiqiang , Hu Wei , Chen Fulin , Reiter Russel J , Yang Yang 
Published: September 2017

Melatonin, discovered in 1958 in the bovine pineal tissue, is an indoleamine that modulates circadian rhythms and has a wide variety of other functions. Haematological neoplasms are the leading cause of death in children and adolescents throughout the world. Research has demonstrated that melatonin is a low‐toxicity protective molecule against experimental haematological neoplasms, but the mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we provide an introduction to haematological neoplasms and melatonin, especially as they relate to the actions of melatonin on haematological carcinogenesis. Secondly, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms of action of melatonin in the haematological system, including its pro‐apoptotic, pro‐oxidative, anti‐proliferative and immunomodulatory actions. Thirdly, we discuss the advantages of melatonin in combination with other drugs against haematological malignancy, as well as its other benefits on the haematological system. Finally, we summarize the findings that are contrary to the suppressive effects of melatonin on cancers of haematological origin. We hope that this information will be helpful in the design of studies related to the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin in haematological neoplasms.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc
A hot lunch for herbivores: physiological effects of elevated temperatures on mammalian feeding ecology
Authors: Beale Phillipa K. , Marsh Karen J. , Foley William J. , Moore Ben D. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTMammals maintain specific body temperatures (Tb) across a broad range of ambient temperatures. The energy required for thermoregulation ultimately comes from the diet, and so what animals eat is inextricably linked to thermoregulation. Endothermic herbivores must balance energy requirements and expenditure with complicated thermoregulatory challenges from changing thermal, nutritional and toxicological environments. In this review we provide evidence that plant‐based diets can influence thermoregulation beyond the control of herbivores, and that this can render them susceptible to heat stress. Notably, herbivorous diets often require specialised digestive systems, are imbalanced, and contain plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). PSMs in particular are able to interfere with the physiological processes responsible for thermoregulation, for example by uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, binding to thermoreceptors, or because the pathways required to detoxify PSMs are thermogenic. It is likely, therefore, that increased ambient temperatures due to climate change may have greater and more‐specific impacts on herbivores than on other mammals, and that managing internal and external heat loads under these conditions could drive changes in feeding ecology.
Diabetic retinopathy screening using deep neural network
Authors: Ramachandran Nishanthan , Hong Sheng Chiong , Sime Mary J , Wilson Graham A 
Published: September 2017

AbstractImportanceThere is a burgeoning interest in the use of deep neural network in diabetic retinal screening.BackgroundTo determine whether a deep neural network could satisfactorily detect diabetic retinopathy that requires referral to an ophthalmologist from a local diabetic retinal screening programme and an international database.DesignRetrospective audit.ParticipantsDiabetic retinal photos from Otago database photographed during October 2016 (485 photos), and 1200 photos from Messidor international database.MethodsReceiver operating characteristic curve to illustrate the ability of a deep neural network to identify referable diabetic retinopathy (moderate or worse diabetic retinopathy or exudates within one disc diameter of the fovea).Main Outcome MeasuresArea under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity and specificity.ResultsFor detecting referable diabetic retinopathy, the deep neural network had an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.901 (95% confidence interval 0.807–0.995), with 84.6% sensitivity and 79.7% specificity for Otago and 0.980 (95% confidence interval 0.973–0.986), with 96.0% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity for Messidor.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study has shown that a deep neural network can detect referable diabetic retinopathy with sensitivities and specificities close to or better than 80% from both an international and a domestic (New Zealand) database. We believe that deep neural networks can be integrated into community screening once they can successfully detect both diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema.
Misdiagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients receiving no local‐regional therapy prior to liver transplant: An analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network explant pathology form
Authors: Mehta Neil , Dodge Jennifer L. , Roberts John P. , Hirose Ryutaro , Yao Francis Y. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPatients with T1 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not eligible for Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception for liver transplant (LT) in part due to a high rate of misdiagnosis (no HCC on explant). The likelihood of misdiagnosis for T2 HCC and factors associated with misdiagnosis are unknown. We analyzed the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database including 5664 adults who underwent LT from 2012 to 2015 with MELD exception for T2 HCC, and searched for no evidence of HCC in the explant pathology file. We focused on those (n = 324) receiving no local‐regional therapy (LRT) to evaluate the probability of no HCC found in explant. Median waiting time was short at 1.7 months, and 35 (11%) had no HCC on explant. On multivariable logistic regression, factors associated with no HCC on explant were age <50 (OR: 17.3, P < .001), non‐HCV (OR: 5.4, P = .001), and alpha‐fetoprotein <10 (OR: 2.9, P = .04). Tumor size and number were not different between groups. The proportion of misdiagnosis did not change significantly after implementation of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) for HCC diagnosis. Conclusion: The rate of misdiagnosis was 11% among T2 HCC patients who underwent LT without receiving LRT prior to LT and did not change significantly after implementation of LI‐RADS. More efforts are needed to eliminate unnecessary LT for patients without HCC.
Outcome of kidney transplant in primary, repeat, and kidney‐after‐nonrenal solid‐organ transplantation: 15‐year analysis of recent UNOS database
Authors: El‐Husseini A. , Aghil A. , Ramirez J. , Sawaya B. , Rajagopalan N. , Baz M. , Mei X. , Davenport D. L. , Gedaly R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe number of nonrenal solid‐organ transplants increased substantially in the last few decades. Many of these patients develop renal failure and receive kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient and kidney allograft survival in primary, repeat, and kidney‐after‐nonrenal organ transplantation using national data reported to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) from January 2000 through December 2014. Survival time for each patient was stratified into the following: Group A (comparison group)—recipients of primary kidney transplant (178 947 patients), Group B—recipients of repeat kidney transplant (17 819 patients), and Group C—recipients of kidney transplant performed after either a liver, heart, or lung transplant (2365 patients). We compared survivals using log‐rank test. Compared to primary or repeat kidney transplant, patient and renal allograft survival was significantly lower in those with previous nonrenal organ transplant. Renal allograft and patient survival after liver, heart, or lung transplants are comparable. Death was the main cause of graft loss in patients who had prior nonrenal organ transplant.
How alcohol industry organisations mislead the public about alcohol and cancer
Authors: Petticrew Mark , Maani Hessari Nason , Knai Cécile , Weiderpass Elisabete 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAlcohol consumption increases the risk of several types of cancer, including several common cancers. As part of their corporate social responsibility activities, the alcohol industry (AI) disseminates information about alcohol and cancer. We examined the information on this which the AI disseminates to the public through its ‘social aspects and public relations organizations’ and related bodies. The aim of the study was to determine its comprehensiveness and accuracy.Design and MethodsQualitative analysis of websites and documents from 27 AI organisations. All text relating to cancer was extracted and analysed thematically.ResultsMost of the organisations were found to disseminate misrepresentations of the evidence about the association between alcohol and cancer. Three main industry strategies were identified: (i) denial/omission: denying, omitting or disputing the evidence that alcohol consumption increases cancer risk; (ii) distortion: mentioning cancer, but misrepresenting the risk; and (iii) distraction: focussing discussion away from the independent effects of alcohol on common cancers. Breast cancer and colorectal cancer appeared to be a particular focus for this misrepresentation.Discussion and ConclusionsThe AI appears to be engaged in the extensive misrepresentation of evidence about the alcohol‐related risk of cancer. These activities have parallels with those of the tobacco industry. This finding is important because the industry is involved in developing alcohol policy in many countries, and in disseminating health information to the public, including schoolchildren. Policymakers, academics, public health and other practitioners should reconsider the appropriateness of their relationships to these AI bodies.