bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virus-induced gene silencing of the RPC5-like subunit of RNA polymerase III caused pleiotropic effects in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Nemchinov Lev G. , Boutanaev Alexander M. , Postnikova Olga A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase III is highly conserved and transcribes housekeeping genes such as ribosomal 5S rRNA, tRNA and other small RNAs. The RPC5-like subunit is one of the 17 subunits forming RNAPIII and its exact functional roles in the transcription are poorly understood. In this work, we report that virus-induced gene silencing of transcripts encoding a putative RPC5-like subunit of the RNA Polymerase III in a model speciesNicotiana benthamianahad pleiotropic effects, including but not limited to severe dwarfing appearance, chlorosis, nearly complete reduction of internodes and abnormal leaf shape. Using transcriptomic analysis, we identified genes and pathways affected by RPC5 silencing and thus presumably related to the cellular roles of the subunit as well as to the downstream cascade of reactions in response to partial loss of RNA Polymerase III function. Our results suggest that silencing of the RPC5L inN. benthamianadisrupted not only functions commonly associated with the core RNA Polymerase III transcripts, but also more diverse cellular processes, including responses to stress. We believe this is the first demonstration that activity of the RPC5 subunit is critical for proper functionality of RNA Polymerase III and normal plant development.
Slingshot feeding of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni (Pisces: Lamniformes: Mitsukurinidae)
Authors: Nakaya Kazuhiro , Tomita Taketeru , Suda Kenta , Sato Keiichi , Ogimoto Keisuke , Chappell Anthony , Sato Toshihiko , Takano Katsuhiko , Yuki Yoshio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFive striking and prey capture events of two goblin sharks were videotaped at sea for the first time, showing their extraordinary biting process. The goblin sharks swung their lower jaw downward and backward to attain a huge gape and then rapidly protruded the jaws forward a considerable distance. The jaws were projected at a maximum velocity of 3.1 m/s to 8.6–9.4% of the total length of the shark, which is by far the fastest and greatest jaw protrusion among sharks. While the jaws were being retracted, the mouth opened and closed again, which was considered a novel feeding event for sharks. Phylogenetic evidence suggested that their feeding behavior has evolved as an adaptation to food-poor deep-sea environments, possibly as a trade-off for the loss of strong swimming ability.
Hyperspectral Imaging for Determining Pigment Contents in Cucumber Leaves in Response to Angular Leaf Spot Disease
Authors: Zhao Yan-Ru , Li Xiaoli , Yu Ke-Qiang , Cheng Fan , He Yong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHyperspectral imaging technique was employed to determine spatial distributions of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) contents in cucumber leaves in response to angular leaf spot (ALS). Altogether, 196 hyperspectral images of cucumber leaves with five infection severities of ALS were captured by a hyperspectral imaging system in the range of 380–1,030 nm covering 512 wavebands. Mean spectrum were extracted from regions of interest (ROIs) in the hyperspectral images. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were used to develop quantitative analysis between the spectra and the pigment contents measured by biochemical analyses. In addition, regression coefficients (RCs) in PLSR models were employed to select important wavelengths (IWs) for modelling. It was found that the PLSR models developed by the IWs provided the optimal measurement results with correlation coefficient (R) of prediction of 0.871 and 0.876 for Chl and Car contents, respectively. Finally, Chl and Car distributions in cucumber leaves with the ALS infection were mapped by applying the optimal models pixel-wise to the hyperspectral images. The results proved the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging for visualizing the pigment distributions in cucumber leaves in response to ALS.
Rotman Lens-Based Circular Array for Generating Five-mode OAM Radio Beams
Authors: Bai Xu-Dong , Liang Xian-Ling , Li Jian-Ping , Wang Kun , Geng Jun-Ping , Jin Rong-Hong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecently, vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) for radio communications has attracted much attention for its potential of transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at the same frequency, which can be used to increase the channel capacity. However, most of the methods for getting multi-mode OAM radio beams remain up to now mainly at simulation level, since their implementations are of complicated structure and very high cost. This paper provides an effective design of generating five-mode OAM radio beams by using the Rotman lens-fed antenna array. The Rotman lens is a viable beamforming approach instead of electronically scanned arrays for its low cost and the ease of implementation. The lens-fed array employs a two-layer structure for size reduction and the lens body and the antenna array are segregated by a common ground plane to eliminate spurious radiation and thus improve the performance of the OAM beams. The measured results coincide with the simulated ones, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed design for generating multi-mode OAM beams.
Reassessing the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during pathogenic influenza A virus infection via temporal inhibition
Authors: Tate Michelle D. , Ong James D. H. , Dowling Jennifer K. , McAuley Julie L. , Robertson Avril B. , Latz Eicke , Drummond Grant R. , Cooper Matthew A. , Hertzog Paul J. , Mansell Ashley 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe inflammasome NLRP3 is activated by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during infection, including RNA and proteins from influenza A virus (IAV). However, chronic activation by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can be deleterious to the host. We show that blocking NLRP3 activation can be either protective or detrimental at different stages of lethal influenza A virus (IAV). Administration of the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 to mice from one day following IAV challenge resulted in hypersusceptibility to lethality. In contrast, delaying treatment with MCC950 until the height of disease (a more likely clinical scenario) significantly protected mice from severe and highly virulent IAV-induced disease. These findings identify for the first time that NLRP3 plays a detrimental role later in infection, contributing to IAV pathogenesis through increased cytokine production and lung cellular infiltrates. These studies also provide the first evidence identifying NLRP3 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target to reduce IAV disease severity.
Distribution network reconfiguration validation with uncertain loads – network configuration determination and application
Authors: Bai Xuefeng , Mavrocostanti Yiango , Strickland Dani , Harrap Chris 
Published: June 2016

Automatic load transfer (ALT) on the 11 kV network is the process by which circuit breakers on the network are switched to form open points in order to feed load from different primary substations. Some of the potential benefits that may be gained from dynamically using ALT include maximising utilisation of existing assets, voltage regulation and reduced losses. One of the key issues, that has yet to be properly addressed in published research, is how to validate that the modelled benefits really exist. On an 11 kV distribution network where the load is continually changing and the load on each distribution substation is unlikely to be monitored – reduction in losses from moving the normally open point is particularly difficult to prove. This study proposes a method to overcome this problem and uses measured primary feeder data from two parts of the Western Power Distribution 11 kV Network under different configurations. The process of choosing the different configurations is based on a heuristic modelling method of locating minimum voltages to help reduce losses.
Predictive Performance of Echocardiographic Parameters for Cardiovascular Events Among Elderly Treated Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Chowdhury Enayet K. , Jennings Garry L.R. , Dewar Elizabeth , Wing Lindon M.H. , Reid Christopher M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Hypertension leads to cardiac structural and functional changes, commonly assessed by echocardiography. In this study, we assessed the predictive performance of different echocardiographic parameters including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on future cardiovascular outcomes in elderly hypertensive patients without heart failure.

METHODS
Data from LVH substudy of the Second Australian National Blood Pressure trial were used. Echocardiograms were performed at entry into the study. Cardiovascular outcomes were identified over short term (median 4.2 years) and long term (median 10.9 years). LVH was defined using threshold values of LV mass (LVM) indexed to either body surface area (BSA) or height 2.7 : &gt;115/95g/m 2 (LVH-BSA 115/95 ) or ≥49/45g/m 2.7 (LVH-ht 49/45 ) in males/females, respectively, and ≥125g/m 2 (LVH-BSA 125 ) or ≥51g/m 2.7 (LVH-ht 51 ) for both sexes.

RESULTS
In the 666 participants aged ≥65 years in this analysis, LVH prevalence at baseline was 33%–70% depending on definition; and after adjusting for potential risk factors, only LVH-BSA 115/95 predicted both short- and long-term cardiovascular outcomes. Participants having LVH-BSA 115/95 (69%) at baseline had twice the risk of having any first cardiovascular event over the short term (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval: 2.00, 1.12–3.57, P = 0.02) and any fatal cardiovascular events (2.11, 1.21–3.68, P = 0.01) over the longer term. Among other echocardiographic parameters, LVM and LVM indexed to either BSA or height 2.7 predicted cardiovascular events over both short and longer term.

CONCLUSIONS
In elderly treated hypertensive patients without heart failure, determining LVH by echocardiography is highly dependent on the methodology adopted. LVH-BSA 115/95 is a reliable predictor of future cardiovascular outcomes in the elderly.
Evaluating the molecule-based prediction of clinical drug responses in cancer
Authors: Ding Zijian , Zu Songpeng , Gu Jin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Motivation: Molecule-based prediction of drug response is one major task of precision oncology. Recently, large-scale cancer genomic studies, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), provide the opportunity to evaluate the predictive utility of molecular data for clinical drug responses in multiple cancer types.
Results: Here, we first curated the drug treatment information from TCGA. Four chemotherapeutic drugs had more than 180 clinical response records. Then, we developed a computational framework to evaluate the molecule based predictions of clinical responses of the four drugs and to identify the corresponding molecular signatures. Results show that mRNA or miRNA expressions can predict drug responses significantly better than random classifiers in specific cancer types. A few signature genes are involved in drug response related pathways, such as DDB1 in DNA repair pathway and DLL4 in Notch signaling pathway. Finally, we applied the framework to predict responses across multiple cancer types and found that the prediction performances get improved for cisplatin based on miRNA expressions. Integrative analysis of clinical drug response data and molecular data offers opportunities for discovering predictive markers in cancer. This study provides a starting point to objectively evaluate the molecule-based predictions of clinical drug responses.
Contact: jgu@tsinghua.edu.cn
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Relapsing drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome
Authors: Tan Sze-Chin , Chan Grace Y.L. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a serious adverse drug reaction with potential morbidity and mortality. ‘Flare up’ or relapses in DIHS is a rare but important feature. These relapses may occur within days to several weeks, even after discontinuation of the offending drug. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of DIHS, implication of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation, and describe published case reports of patients with relapsing DIHS.

Recent findings
Common drugs associated with DIHS include (but are not limited to) antiepileptics such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid; antituberculous drugs; sulfasalazine; allopurinol; and antivirals such as abacavir and nevirapine. Relapses may occur even after cessation of the culprit drug and appropriate management with corticosteroids. Studies have suggested that reactivation of herpesvirus, particularly, human herpesvirus 6, is the main cause of relapses. However, other pathomechanisms have been proposed – case reports have described the importance of drug cosensitization. In such cases, the introduction of a second drug (often an antibiotic) induces the relapse of DIHS. DIHS may also cause multiple drug allergies, where a patient develops sensitisation to other drugs which were previously well tolerated.

Summary
Large studies are lacking in this heterogeneous condition. More research is needed to further understand the pathogenesis of drug cosensitization and multiple drug allergies, role of genetics, identification of risk factors, and prevention of relapses in DIHS.
Inequities in Academic Compensation by Gender: A Follow-up to the National Faculty Survey Cohort Study
Authors: Freund Karen M. , Raj Anita , Kaplan Samantha E. , Terrin Norma , Breeze Janis L. , Urech Tracy H. , Carr Phyllis L. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated gender differences in salaries within academic medicine. No research has assessed longitudinal compensation patterns. This study sought to assess longitudinal patterns by gender in compensation, and to understand factors associated with these differences in a longitudinal cohort.

Method
A 17-year longitudinal follow-up of the National Faculty Survey was conducted with a random sample of faculty from 24 U.S. medical schools. Participants employed full-time at initial and follow-up time periods completed the survey. Annual pretax compensation during academic year 2012–2013 was compared by gender. Covariates assessed included race/ethnicity; years since first academic appointment; retention in academic career; academic rank; departmental affiliation; percent effort distribution across clinical, teaching, administrative, and research duties; marital and parental status; and any leave or part-time status in the years between surveys.

Results
In unadjusted analyses, women earned a mean of $20,520 less than men (P = .03); women made 90 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts. This difference was reduced to $16,982 (P = .04) after adjusting for covariates. The mean difference of $15,159 was no longer significant (P = .06) when adjusting covariates and for those who had ever taken a leave or worked part-time.

Conclusions
The continued gender gap in compensation cannot be accounted for by metrics used to calculate salary. Institutional actions to address these disparities include both initial appointment and annual salary equity reviews, training of senior faculty and administrators to understand implicit bias, and training of women faculty in negotiating skills.
Factors Associated With Attainment of Specialty Board Qualifications and Doctor of Medical Science Degrees Among Japanese Female Doctors
Authors: Chatani Yuki , Nomura Kyoko , Ishiguro Aya , Jagsi Reshma 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
Specialty board qualifications or doctor of medical science (DMSc) degrees are essential for women‘s promotion to leadership positions in medicine in Japan. The authors examined what personal and professional characteristics of female doctors were associated with attainment of specialty board qualifications and DMSc degrees.

Method
This study was based on alumnae surveys of 13 private medical schools in Japan conducted from 2009 to 2011 and investigating 882 alumnae who had at least one child (mean age 47 years). Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to investigate factors associated with attainment of specialty board qualifications alone, DMSc degrees alone, and both, compared with attainment of neither specialty board qualifications nor DMSc degrees.

Results
In total, 34% of the sample obtained both specialty board qualifications and DMSc degrees, 33% obtained specialty board qualifications only, 9% obtained DMSc degrees only, and 24% obtained neither. A one-year increase in age at the time of first birth was associated with an increased likelihood of attaining a specialty board qualification and/or a DMSc versus having neither qualification (P < .0001). Women who resigned from their jobs instead of taking maternity leave at the time of first childbirth had a significantly lower likelihood ratio of obtaining specialty board qualifications either alone or in conjunction with DMSc degrees (P < .0001).

Conclusions
Earlier age and job resignation at the time of first childbirth among physician–mothers in Japan were associated with failure to attain specialty board qualifications and DMSc degrees, with important implications for future career advancement.
Is Science Built on the Shoulders of Women? A Study of Gender Differences in Contributorship
Authors: Macaluso Benoit , Larivière Vincent , Sugimoto Thomas , Sugimoto Cassidy R. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
Women remain underrepresented in the production of scientific literature, and relatively little is known regarding the labor roles played by women in the production of knowledge. This study examined labor roles by gender using contributorship data from science and medical journals published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS), which require each author to indicate their contribution to one or more of the following tasks: (1) analyzed the data, (2) conceived and designed the experiments, (3) contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, (4) performed the experiments, and (5) wrote the paper.

Method
The authors analyzed contribution data from more than 85,000 articles published between 2008 and 2013 in PLOS journals with respect to gender using both descriptive and regression analyses.

Results
Gender was a significant variable in determining the likelihood of performing a certain task associated with authorship. Women were significantly more likely to be associated with performing experiments, and men were more likely to be associated with all other authorship roles. This holds true controlling for academic age: Although experimentation was associated with academically younger scholars, the gap between male and female contribution to this task remained constant across academic age. Inequalities were observed in the distribution of scientific labor roles.

Conclusions
These disparities have implications for the production of scholarly knowledge, the evaluation of scholars, and the ethical conduct of science. Adopting the practice of identifying contributorship rather than authorship in scientific journals will allow for greater transparency, accountability, and equitable allocation of resources.
An Integrated Framework for Gender Equity in Academic Medicine
Authors: Westring Alyssa , McDonald Jennifer M. , Carr Phyllis , Grisso Jeane Ann 
Published: June 2016

In 2008, the National Institutes of Health funded 14 R01 grants to study causal factors that promote and support women’s biomedical careers. The Research Partnership on Women in Biomedical Careers, a multi-institutional collaboration of the investigators, is one product of this initiative.
A comprehensive framework is needed to address change at many levels—department, institution, academic community, and beyond—and enable gender equity in the development of successful biomedical careers. The authors suggest four distinct but interrelated aspects of culture conducive to gender equity: equal access to resources and opportunities, minimizing unconscious gender bias, enhancing work–life balance, and leadership engagement. They review the collection of eight articles in this issue, which each address one or more of the four dimensions of culture. The articles suggest that improving mentor–mentee fit, coaching grant reviewers on unconscious bias, and providing equal compensation and adequate resources for career development will contribute positively to gender equity in academic medicine.
Academic medicine must adopt an integrated perspective on culture for women and acknowledge the multiple facets essential to gender equity. To effect change, culture must be addressed both within and beyond academic health centers (AHCs). Leaders within AHCs must examine their institutions’ processes, resources, and assessment for fairness and transparency; mobilize personnel and financial resources to implement evidence-based initiatives; and assign accountability for providing transparent progress assessments. Beyond AHCs, organizations must examine their operations and implement change to ensure parity of funding, research, and leadership opportunities as well as transparency of assessment and accreditation.
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Role of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatric Chronic Pain
Authors: Nelson Sarah M. , Cunningham Natoshia R. , Kashikar-Zuck Susmita 
Published: June 2016

Objectives:
This review outlines a conceptual framework adapted from the biopsychosocial model of pain to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and chronic pain in youth to highlight the state of current research and guide future efforts.

Methods:
A review of the literature was performed in the areas of ACEs and health outcomes with general adult and pediatric populations in addition to studies within the pain literature. Potential relationships between ACEs, chronic pain, and its impact in youth are outlined and discussed.

Results:
The literature suggests an association between adverse outcomes of ACEs and chronic pain in children and adolescents although causal links have not been confirmed. However, ACEs are associated with multiple risk factors identified in the biopsychosocial model of pain, and may serve to exacerbate or confer heightened risk for pain and poor outcomes.

Discussion:
Adverse experiences in childhood may be associated with greater risk for the development/maintenance of chronic pain in youth. More research is needed on ACEs and how they uniquely affect the biopsychosocial mechanisms underlying chronic pain in children throughout the lifespan.
Immune Modulation by Volatile Anesthetics
Authors: Stollings Lindsay M. , Jia Li-Jie , Tang Pei , Dou Huanyu , Lu Binfeng , Xu Yan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Volatile general anesthetics continue to be an important part of clinical anesthesia worldwide. The impact of volatile anesthetics on the immune system has been investigated at both mechanistic and clinical levels, but previous studies have returned conflicting findings due to varied protocols, experimental environments, and subject species. While many of these studies have focused on the immunosuppressive effects of volatile anesthetics, compelling evidence also exists for immunoactivation. Depending on the clinical conditions, immunosuppression and activation due to volatile anesthetics can be either detrimental or beneficial. This review provides a balanced perspective on the anesthetic modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses as well as indirect effectors of immunity. Potential mechanisms of immunomodulation by volatile anesthetics are also discussed. A clearer understanding of these issues will pave the way for clinical guidelines that better account for the impact of volatile anesthetics on the immune system, with the ultimate goal of improving perioperative management.