bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angular momentum, accretion, and radial flows in chemodynamical models of spiral galaxies
Authors: Pezzulli G. , Fraternali F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGas accretion and radial flows are key ingredients of the chemical evolution of spiral galaxies. They are also tightly linked to each other (accretion drives radial flows due to angular momentum conservation) and should therefore be modeled simultaneously. We summarize an algorithm that can be used to consistently compute accretion profiles, radial flows, and abundance gradients under quite general conditions, and we describe illustrative applications to the Milky Way. We find that gas‐phase abundance gradients strongly depend on the angular momentum of the accreting material and, in the outer regions, they are significantly affected by the choice of boundary conditions.
Milky Way chemo‐dynamics in the era of Gaia
Authors: Minchev I. , Chiappini C. , Martig M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe main goal of Galactic Archaeology is understanding the formation and evolution of the basic Galactic components. This requires sophisticated chemo‐dynamical modeling, where disc asymmetries (e.g., perturbations from the central bar, spirals arms, and infalling satellites) and non‐equilibrium processes are taken into account self‐consistently. Here we discuss the current status of Galactic chemo‐dynamical modeling and focus on a recent hybrid technique, which helps circumvent traditional problems with chemical enrichment and star formation encountered in fully self‐consistent cosmological simulations. We show that this model can account for a number of chemo‐kinematic relations in the Milky Way. In addition, we demonstrate that (1) our model matches well the observed age‐[α/Fe] and age‐[Fe/H] relations and (2) that the scatter in the age‐[Fe/H] relation cannot be simply explained by blurring (stars on apo‐ and pericenters visiting the solar vicinity) but significant radial migration (stars born elsewhere but ending up at the solar vicinity today because of a change in guiding radius) is needed. We emphasize the importance of accurate stellar ages, such as those obtained through asteroseismology by the CoRoT and Kepler missions, for breaking the degeneracy among different Galactic evolution scenarios.
Randomized clinical trial of observational versus antibiotic treatment for a first episode of CT-proven uncomplicated acute diverticulitis
Authors: Daniels L , Ünlü Ç , de Korte N , van Dieren S , Stockmann H B , Vrouenraets B C , Consten E C , van der Hoeven J A , Eijsbouts Q A , Faneyte I F , Bemelman W A , Dijkgraaf M G , Boermeester M A ,   Dutch Diverticular Disease (3D) Collaborative Study Group, Glaap C E M , Croonen A , Cuesta M A , Kuijvenhoven J , Buijsman R , Den Uil S , De Reuver P R , Tuynman J B , Van de Wall B J M , Stam M A W , Roumen R M H , Truin W , Wijn R , Gerhards M F , Kuhlmann K F D , Van der Zaag E S , Biemond J E , Klicks R J , Dhar N , Cense H A , De Groot G H , Pikoulin Y , Van Ramshorst G H , Hoornweg L L , Koet L , Van Geloven A A W , Emous M , Claassen A T P M , Mollink S , Sonneveld D J A , Bouvé L , Diepenhorst G M P , Vles W J , Toorenvliet B R , Lange J F , Mannaerts G H H , Grotenhuis B A , tot Nederveen Cappel R J De Vos , Deerenberg E B , Depla A C T M , Bruin S , Vos X , Scheepers J J G , Boom M J , Boerma D , Van Esser S , Pruim J , Reitsma J B 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
Antibiotics are advised in most guidelines on acute diverticulitis, despite a lack of evidence to support their routine use. This trial compared the effectiveness of a strategy with or without antibiotics for a first episode of uncomplicated acute diverticulitis.

Methods
Patients with CT-proven, primary, left-sided, uncomplicated, acute diverticulitis were included at 22 clinical sites in the Netherlands, and assigned randomly to an observational or antibiotic treatment strategy. The primary endpoint was time to recovery during 6 months of follow-up. Main secondary endpoints were readmission rate, complicated, ongoing and recurrent diverticulitis, sigmoid resection and mortality. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were done.

Results
A total of 528 patients were included. Median time to recovery was 14 (i.q.r. 6–35) days for the observational and 12 (7–30) days for the antibiotic treatment strategy, with a hazard ratio for recovery of 0·91 (lower limit of 1-sided 95 per cent c.i. 0·78; P = 0·151). No significant differences between the observation and antibiotic treatment groups were found for secondary endpoints: complicated diverticulitis (3·8 versus 2·6 per cent respectively; P = 0·377), ongoing diverticulitis (7·3 versus 4·1 per cent; P = 0·183), recurrent diverticulitis (3·4 versus 3·0 per cent; P = 0·494), sigmoid resection (3·8 versus 2·3 per cent; P = 0·323), readmission (17·6 versus 12·0 per cent; P = 0·148), adverse events (48·5 versus 54·5 per cent; P = 0·221) and mortality (1·1 versus 0·4 per cent; P = 0·432). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the observation group (2 versus 3 days; P = 0·006). Per-protocol analyses were concordant with the intention-to-treat analyses.

Conclusion
Observational treatment without antibiotics did not prolong recovery and can be considered appropriate in patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis. Registration number: NCT01111253 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Becoming Therapeutic Agents: A Grounded Theory of Mothers' Process When Implementing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy at Home with an Anxious Child
Authors: Pishva Rana 
Published: September 2016

The premise of parent‐centred programmes for parents of anxious children is to educate and train caregivers in the sustainable implementation of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in the home. The existing operationalization of parent involvement, however, does not address the systemic, parent or child factors that could influence this process. The qualitative approach of grounded theory was employed to examine patterns of action and interaction involved in the complex process of carrying out CBT with one's child in one's home. A grounded theory goes beyond the description of a process, offering an explanatory theory that brings taken‐for‐granted meanings and processes to the surface. The theory that emerged from the analysis suggests that CBT implementation by mothers of anxious children is characterized by the evolution of mothers' perception of their child and mothers' perception of their role as well as a shift from reacting with emotion to responding pragmatically to the child. Changes occur as mothers recognize the crisis, make links between the treatment rationale, child's symptoms and their own parenting strategies, integrate tenets of CBT for anxiety and eventually focus on sustaining therapeutic gains through natural life transitions. The theory widens our understanding of mothers' role, therapeutic engagement, process, and decision‐making. The theory also generates new hypotheses regarding parent involvement in the treatment of paediatric anxiety disorders and proposes novel research avenues that aim to maximize the benefits of parental involvement in the treatment of paediatric anxiety disorders. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Mothers of anxious youth who take part in parent‐centred programmes experience a shift in their perception of the child and of their role.
Parental strategy after CBT implementation shifts from emotional empathy to cognitive empathy.
Mothers experience significant challenges and require additional support in prevention of relapse and knowledge translation.
Nest covering in plovers: How modifying the visual environment influences egg camouflage
Authors: Troscianko Jolyon , Wilson‐Aggarwal Jared , Spottiswoode Claire N. , Stevens Martin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCamouflage is one of the most widespread antipredator defences, and its mechanistic basis has attracted considerable interest in recent years. The effectiveness of camouflage depends on the interaction between an animal's appearance and its background. Concealment can therefore be improved by changes to an animal's own appearance, by behaviorally selecting an optimal background, or by modifying the background to better match the animal's own appearance. Research to date has largely focussed on the first of these mechanisms, whereas there has been little work on the second and almost none on the third. Even though a number of animal species may potentially modify their environment to improve individual‐specific camouflage, this has rarely if ever been quantitatively investigated, or its adaptive value tested. Kittlitz's plovers (Charadrius pecuarius) use material (stones and vegetation) to cover their nests when predators approach, providing concealment that is independent of the inflexible appearance of the adult or eggs, and that can be adjusted to suit the local surrounding background. We used digital imaging and predator vision modeling to investigate the camouflage properties of covered nests, and whether their camouflage affected their survival. The plovers' nest‐covering materials were consistent with a trade‐off between selecting materials that matched the color of the eggs, while resulting in poorer nest pattern and contrast matching to the nest surroundings. Alternatively, the systematic use of materials with high‐contrast and small‐pattern grain sizes could reflect a deliberate disruptive coloration strategy, whereby high‐contrast material breaks up the telltale outline of the clutch. No camouflage variables predicted nest survival. Our study highlights the potential for camouflage to be enhanced by background modification. This provides a flexible system for modifying an animal's conspicuousness, to which the main limitation may be the available materials rather than the animal's appearance.
Biodiversity increases functional and compositional resistance, but decreases resilience in phytoplankton communities
Authors: Baert Jan M. , De Laender Frederik , Sabbe Koen , Janssen Colin R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThere is now ample evidence that biodiversity stabilizes aggregated ecosystem functions, such as primary production, in changing environments. In primary producer systems, this stabilizing effect is found to be driven by higher functional resistance (i.e., reduced changes in functions by environmental changes) rather than through higher functional resilience (i.e., rapid recovery following environmental changes) in more diverse systems. The stability of aggregated ecosystem functions directly depends on changes in species composition and by consequence their functional contributions to ecosystem functions. Still, it remains only theoretically explored how biodiversity can stabilize ecosystem functions by affecting compositional stability. Here, we demonstrate how biodiversity effects on compositional stability drive biodiversity effects on functional stability in diatom communities. In a microcosm experiment, we exposed 39 communities of five different levels of species richness (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 species) to three concentrations of a chemical stressor (0, 25, and 250 μg/L atrazine) for four weeks, after which all communities were transferred to atrazine‐free medium for three more weeks. Biodiversity simultaneously increased, increasing functional and compositional resistance, but decreased functional and compositional resilience. These results confirm the theoretically proposed link between biodiversity effects on functional and compositional stability in primary producer systems, and provide a mechanistic underpinning for observed biodiversity–stability relationships. Finally, we discuss how higher compositional stability can be expected to become increasingly important in stabilizing ecosystem functions under field conditions when multiple environmental stressors fluctuate simultaneously.
Setting the scene for the future: implications of key legal regulations for the development of e‐health interoperability in the EU
Authors: Kautsch Marcin , Lichoń Mateusz , Matuszak Natalia 
Published: September 2016

SummaryE‐health has experienced a dynamic development across the European Union in the recent years and enjoys support from the European Commission that seeks to achieve interoperability of national healthcare systems in order to facilitate free movement. Differences that can be observed between the member states in legal regulations, cultural approaches and technological solutions may hinder this process. This study compares the legal standing of e‐health in Denmark, Poland, Spain and the UK, along with key legal acts and their implications. The academic literature review along with an analysis of materials found through the desk study research (reports, legal acts, press articles, governmental web pages and so on) was performed in order to identify aspects relevant to e‐health interoperability. The approach to legal regulation of e‐health substantially differs by country. So do the procedures that they have developed regarding the requirement for patient's consent for the processing of their data, their rights to access to the medical data, to change the data, data confidentiality and types of electronic health records. The principles governing the assignment of responsibility for data protection are also different. These legal and technological differences must be reconciled if interoperability of European national e‐health systems is to be achieved. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal oxidation does not fractionate soil organic carbon with differing biological stabilities
Authors: Schiedung Marcus , Don Axel , Wordell‐Dietrich Patrick , Alcántara Viridiana , Kuner Petra , Guggenberger Georg 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThermal analysis techniques have been used to differentiate soil organic carbon (SOC) pools with differing thermal stability. A correlation between thermal and biological stability has been indicated in some studies, while others reported inconsistent relationships. Despite these controversial findings and no standardized method, several recently published studies used thermal analysis techniques to determine the biological stability and quality of SOC in mineral soils. This study examined whether thermal oxidation at temperature levels between 200°C and 400°C, combined with evolving gas analysis and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, is capable of identifying SOC pools with differing biological stability in mineral soils. Soil samples from three sites being under Miscanthus (C4‐plant) cultivation for more than 17 years following former agricultural cropland (only C3‐plant) cultivation were used. Due to natural shifts in 13C content, young and labile Miscanthus‐derived SOC could be distinguished from stable and old C3‐plant‐derived SOC. The proportion of Miscanthus‐derived SOC increased significantly with increasing temperatures up to 350°C in bulk soil samples, indicating increasing oxidation of labile and young SOC with increasing temperatures. Use of density fractions to validate the thermally oxidized SOC from bulk soil samples revealed that the thermal oxidation patterns did not reflect the biological stability of SOC. The suggested biologically labile particulate organic carbon (light fraction from density fractionation) was clearly enriched in Miscanthus‐derived young SOC. The thermal oxidation patterns, however, revealed preferential oxidation of these biologically labile fractions not at low temperatures, but rather at higher temperatures. The reverse was found for the biologically stable mineral‐associated density fraction (heavy fraction). Based on different soil types, it was concluded that the thermal stability of SOC between 200°C and 400°C is not a suitable indicator of the biological stability of SOC and, thus, thermal oxidation is not capable of fractionating SOC pools with differing biological stability.
A switched emissive transparent display with controllable per‐pixel opacity
Authors: Smithwick Quinn 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn emissive transparent display with per‐pixel opacity employs rapid synchronized switching of a transparent display and transparent backlight between content with a scattering luminous backlight and masks with a clear unlit backlight. A 144 fps transparent LCD panel is used in conjunction with a transparent backlight, controllably diffusive smartglass screen, and optional switching background lighting. The display is capable of producing opaque emissive content on a transparent field for novel transparent display and compact spatial augmented reality applications.
Kinematic analysis of pile behavior for improvement of slope stability in fractured and saturated Hoek–Brown rock masses
Authors: Qin C.B. , Chian S.C. , Wang C.Y. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBecause of a multitude of steep slopes being constructed adjacent to roadways, there is greater concern of landslide occurrence, particularly in instances where poor geomaterials are present. Installation of piles along the slope is one commonly adopted method. This paper presents the assessment of the stability of a rock slope with stabilizing piles based on kinematic analysis. The pile effect is introduced with a resultant lateral force and a moment. Upper bound solutions of the pile's lateral force are derived with a log‐spiral rotational failure mechanism. The slope performance based on the bearing capacity of surcharge loading is also discussed with consideration of pore water pressure. In order to substantiate the derived theoretical solutions, numerical analysis with optimization technique is carried out. Results demonstrate that rock materials with high quality are conducive to ensure slope stability. Reduced lateral force on the pile is produced with lower rock weight, slope height, and surcharge loading. Finally, the safety factor and stability coefficient are discussed to complete the evaluation of the slope stability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical, electrochemical, and sensing properties of polyfluorenes bearing thiazole or oxazole and triphenylamine in the main chain
Authors: Sarigiannis Yiannis , Spiliopoulos Ioakim K. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTPolyfluorenes bearing thiazole (PFTH) or oxazole (PFOX) heterocyclic units as well as triphenylamine (TPA) in the main chain were synthesized. The ratio of thiazole or oxazole/TPA in the polymer chain varies from 100/0 to 25/75. The optical properties of polymers depend on thiazole or oxazole contents. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that thiazole or oxazole hinder the oxidation of polymers and only polymers with TPA show reversible oxidation. The Electron Affinities do not practically depend on composition of the polymer chain. The sensing properties of polymers PFTH100 and PFOX100 are investigated toward several cations and anions. Polymers detect two analytes, Fe2+ and Hg2+. PL quenching shows linear response to Fe2+ in wide concentration region 1–800 μΜ. I− anions quench the emission of polymers. Hg2+ turns on the emission of the polymer/I− complex at concentrations as low as 1 μM. Enhancement of polymer/I− emission exhibits linear response to Hg2+ concentration. PFTH100 is able to detect Fe2+ and Hg2+ that coexist in a solution. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 243–254
Physicochemical effects of amino‐ or sulfur‐functional groups onto SBA‐15 sol‐gel synthesized mesoporous ceramic material
Authors: Vargas‐Osorio Zulema , Chanes‐Cuevas Osmar Alejandro , Pérez‐Soria Adriana , García‐Hipolito Manuel , Alvarez‐Fregoso Octavio , Alvarez‐Perez Marco Antonio 
Published: September 2016

SBA‐15 mesoporous ceramics were synthesized by a sol‐gel method with some modifications and functionalized with ethylenediamine or tetrasulfide groups and using a sequential washing approach of organic solvent mixtures. The effects of the functional groups onto the physicochemical properties were characterized using XRD, TG/DTA, FTIR, N2 adsorption–desorption, TEM, SEM and NMR. These analyses showed that the SBA‐15 ceramic synthesized at low temperature shows a flat two‐dimensional hexagonal symmetry with pore diameters of 7.1 to 7.8 nm. In the meantime, the functionalized ethylenediamine SBA‐15 presented a narrow pore‐size distribution with diameter around 3.5 to 5.7 nm.A different behavior was observed on the tetrasulfide SBA‐15 showing a decrease in unit‐cell parameter, in pore size (∼ 2.5 nm) and an increase in pore wall size with loss in structural order and at high sulfur concentrations exhibited an amorphous structure. Results indicated that the lattice crystalline structure value of the SBA‐15 increased due to the amino‐functionalization process to a value of 13.48 nm respect to a value of 12.72 nm in SBA‐15 and decreased to 10.12 nm as an effect of the sulfur‐functionalization process, indicative of the effect of the amino and sulfur group into the well‐ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure of SBA‐15 ceramic materials.
Application of Physicochemical and DFT Based Descriptors for QSAR Study of Camptothecin Derivatives
Authors: Hussain Iftikar , Bania Kusum K. , Gour N. K. , Deka Ramesh C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDensity functional based reactivity descriptors such as electrophilicity (ω), Fukui functions (
,
), energies of LUMO and next LUMO along with the physicochemical parameters (logP, hydration energy, molar refractivity and surface area) are introduced for QSAR studies of two different sets of camptothecin molecules. A good correlation between the biological activity and the DFT based descriptors is obtained using multiple linear regression analysis. In literature, the importance of the various classic 2D descriptors such as logP, molar refractivity (MR), surface area has been greatly emphasize but in this report we have focused mainly on the importance of the DFT based reactivity descriptors in understanding the behaviors of campothecins. The modeled QSAR equations derived by regression analysis predicted that the camptothecin inhibitory activity is highly correlated with the DFT‐based descriptors such as fukui functions, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), hydration energy and solvent accessible surface area of the molecules.
Modulating the Catalytic Activity of Gold Nanoparticles through Surface Tailoring
Authors: Satapathy Smithsagar , Mohanta Jagdeep , Si Satyabrata 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe present work describes the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles towards the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol and their modulation through surface tailoring using various organic ligands. One step protocol is used to prepare CTAB capped gold nanoparticles of size 15 ± 2 nm and the catalysis reaction using these particles simultaneously follow both zero‐order and first‐order reaction kinetics. The zero‐order rate constant, k0=0.418 mol lit−1 min−1 and first‐order rate constant, k1=0.938 min−1 is achieved just by using 8 nM of gold catalyst. On the other hand citrate capped gold nanoparticles of similar sizes (13 ± 3 nm) follow only the first‐order kinetics with k1=0.243 min−1, which is about four times less compared to CTAB capped gold nanoparticles. Moreover, the reaction kinetics is changed to zero‐order rate with k0=0.345 mol lit−1 min−1 simply by replacing citrate with CTAB on the gold nanoparticles surface. On the other hand, replacing the citrate with PVP on the nanoparticles surface, the reaction rate still follows the first‐order kinetics, but with two‐fold increase in the rate constant with k1=0.587 min−1. Further, silica coating of the CTAB capped gold nanoparticles and their use as catalyst for 4‐nitrphenol reduction exclusively follows the zero‐order kinetics with k0=0.305 mol lit−1 min−1 and are better recyclable upto five cycles without affecting their conversion efficiency.