bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Wine and Old Wineskins? Novel Ecosystems and Conceptual Change
Authors: Larson Brendon M. H. 
Published: June 2016

The concept of novel ecosystems (CNE) has been proposed as a way to recognize the extent and value of ecosystems that have been irreversibly transformed by human activity. Although the CNE has recently been subject to critique, existing critiques do not appear to seriously engage with the extent of anthropogenic change to the world’s ecosystems. Here, I seek to provide a deeper, philosophical and constructive critique, specifically arguing that the usefulness of the CNE is limited in the following three ways: (1) it is too static, (2) it is too vague, and (3) it is too dualistic. Although the CNE provides some conceptual advance (“new wine”), some of its conceptualization and packaging weakly support this advance (“old wineskins”), so I consider some ways to further develop it, in part to encourage more widespread recognition and appreciation of novel ecosystems.Co-address: Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Isthmus in the World: Elements for an Environmental History of Panama
Authors: Castro Guillermo H. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article proposes a framework for the study of interactions between human societies and the natural world in the Isthmus of Panama, and the consequences of these interactions over time. It also wants to encourage a new reading of the best-known sources and authors associated with this issue – from the reports of early Spanish travelers to the writings of contemporary specialists such as Dolores Piperno, Richard Cooke, Omar Jaén Suárez, and Alfredo Castillero Calvo –, as well as the adoption of a new perspective on the deep origins of the environmental problems the country faces today. After a general characterization of the Isthmus’ ecoregions, the author proposes a historical periodization reflecting successive human strategies of interaction with the natural world, differentiated in terms of the technologies employed and the corresponding social relations; the expression of these strategies in environmental culture and values; modes of land management; and the impact of all this on the natural world. Special attention is given to the ecological footprint of interoceanic transit from the 16th century onward, and to the search of alternatives allowing more sustainable ways of relating to nature in Panama.
Controlling Nature and Transforming Landscapes in the Early Modern Caribbean
Authors: Hollsten Laura 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, the Caribbean islands were increasingly incorporated into the international trade network, the core of which was constituted by the European colonial powers. The growth of markets and buying power in Europe stimulated investments in sugar plantations. Consequently, sugar cane agriculture in the Caribbean developed into a considerable apparatus, consisting of land, people, animals and buildings. Agricultural methods and techniques, as well as well-organised routines in sugar production, were developed with a view to managing the sugar plantations as efficiently as possible. The results were in many cases deforestation, impoverished soils and erosion. The changes in the landscapes were noticed and commented upon by visitors who wrote travel accounts of the English and French islands. By the end of the seventeenth century, new agricultural methods and techniques had been developed, based on the growing body of experiences of the sugar planters. The aim of the strict regime on the plantations was to control nature in order to produce sugar as efficiently as possible. In some cases experience taught planters to use resources in a more sustainable manner. The ambition to control nature created the solutions to the problems caused by overexploitation. Conservationist measures were taken to keep the sugar production apparatus in as good a shape as possible.
Environmental History, Traditional Populations, and Paleo-territories in the Brazilian Atlantic Coastal Forest
Authors: de Oliveira Rogério Ribeiro 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article examines the long-run anthropogenic factors that have affected the Atlantic Coastal Forest, where human activities was one of the ecological factors that influenced the biome, which formerly covered almost the entire Brazilian coast. The author proposes the concept of “paleo-territories” as part of this analysis of sucessional processes. The expression refers to the spatialization of influences of past ecosystem usage by a specific traditional population or economic cycle. A paleo-territory is the anthropogenic portion of the biotic and abiotic processes that affect the regeneration of forests, in which both the culture and technology of traditional human populations play a determining role. As such, the Atlantic Coastal Forest exhibits ecological attributes that reflect the long history of the co-existence of these populations within the regional ecosystem, and may hence not be a fully “natural” biome. The major impact of humans on the Atlantic Coastal Forest makes it imperative for any study of forest ecology to take account of human activity.
Nationalized Nature on Picture Postcards: Subtexts of Tourism from an Environmental Perspective
Authors: Winiwarter Verena 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Tourism is an important part of many national economies in Europe and beyond. Tourism imagery is a reflection of national environmental values and national claims upon nature. Postcards are a good example for the use of images in environmental history, and an important medium of tourist discourse. They are designed to sell tourist dreams about landscapes. In some ways, they are very uniform. They depict blue skies, green meadows, mountains, snow, whatever is to be sold as typical to the paying user. This uniformity is paradoxical, as what tourist destinations are striving to sell is their uniqueness. Upon close study, differences are revealed within the uniformity. Cards are full of national symbols and make claims about national natures. National styles of depicting nature have developed alongside increasingly targeted destination marketing. At a recent environmental history conference, a panel asked if nations had a place in environmental history. This paper argues, as did Ted Steinberg in his book on the history of the lawn in the U.S.A., that, for some topics, national boundaries do matter in environmental history. National styles are part of the socio-cultural legacies of different countries. Humans play a special role in picture postcards, being either sold as decorative “natives” to enhance the card’s picturesque appeal, or depicted as model tourists showing the proper use of the landscape portrayed, be it eating shrimp, mountaineering, or boating and fishing. The present paper uses postcards from several European countries to discuss national natures in comparison. The development of statements about national natures over time is interesting, as picture postcards do echo environmental values in different countries. The paper employs picture postcards to show how the environment was and is constructed for tourist use and for purposes of national interest. Postcards transmit environmental values. Since these are also national values, looking at cards reveals what may be a hidden agenda of difference within a politically but not culturally unified Europe.
The Loss of Territorial Efficiency: An Ecological Analysis of Land-Use Changes in Western Mediterranean Agriculture (Vallès County, Catalonia, 1853-2004)
Authors: Marull Joan , Pino Joan , Tello Enric 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This study introduces a new concept, that of ‘landscape efficiency’, understood as the state in which the economic flows of social metabolism in a land matrix are improved while maintaining the patterns and processes of landscape ecology as healthy as possible. This concept is used to explore the hypothesis that a serious reduction in this efficiency, typified by significant landscape degradation, underlies the increase observed in external inputs and the corresponding loss of energy efficiency that the agrarian system has undergone over the last 150 years. In the present article, a structural and functional analysis of the landscape changes experienced by an area in the Vallès county (Barcelona Metropolitan Area in Catalonia, Spain) is conducted, employing an innovative methodology that combines two indicators taken over from landscape ecology (land cover diversity and ecological fragmentation) with two new socio-ecological indices recently developed by two of the authors of this study (landscape metrics and ecological connectivity). Our results point to an increase in land cover heterogeneity, ecological fragmentation and anthropogenic barriers, as well as to a growth in landscape diversity. All these changes are associated with a substantial reduction in the ecologically functioning areas and the county’s ecological connectivity, and have resulted in a severe loss of landscape functionality and efficiency in the study area. The changes have gone hand-in-hand with a sharp reduction in agrarian energy returns on energy inputs, suggesting the need for a more in-depth cross-disciplinary dialogue between the natural and social sciences to develop, from a common historical background, new criteria and methods to ensure more sustainable types of energy and land-use planning.
A Month in the Life of José Salud, Forester in the Spanish Philippines, July 1882
Authors: Bankoff Greg 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The discovery of a monthly work schedule for José Salud, a district forester on the island of Panay, provides us with an unique insight into the operations and workings of the Inspección general de Montes, the Spanish colonial forestry service in the Philippines. The records of this agency were mainly lost in fire and war but the fortuitous preservation of a personal report for July 1882 provides us with a tantalising glimpse into the operations and methods of forestry in the archipelago at that time. For one month, we are able to follow an assistant forester on his daily rounds about Capiz and in so doing come to realise how the forest was being transformed from a resource and a refuge into an arena where state management practices and indigenous customary rights competed alongside those who saw trees as nothing more than a commercial enterprise. This paper charts a social and environmental history of scientific forestry during the last decades of the nineteenth century through the lens of one man’s activities. Rather than being separate inquiries, these two perspectives reinforce and complement one another, providing greater insight into both colonial social dynamics and the state of the environment.
Urban Trees and Urban Environmental History in a Latin American City: Belo Horizonte, 1897-1964
Authors: Duarte Regina Horta 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

This article deals with the city of Belo Horizonte, founded in 1897 in south-eastern Brazil, and designed after European models of what would constitute a “civilized” town in terms of sanitation and hygiene. Over the decades, however, its inhabitants have been confronted with challenges and obstacles determined by the specific historical context of Latin America. I focus here on an emblematic event, viz. the cutting down of 350
Ficus benjamina
planted along the principal avenue of Belo Horizonte, just before the 1964 military coup d’état. This decision split the inhabitants and took on emotional, urban, social and, above all, political significance. Rather than restricting myself to an analysis of this case study, I want to use it as a springboard for a discussion on the relationship between nature and society in Latin American urban environments. The case of Belo Horizonte exemplifies how studies of this theme must necessarily take into account the political and historical peculiarities of Latin American societies, and how these societies are enmeshed in transnational networks whose political and social significance is manifested in phenomena such as the acclimatization of ficus trees, the introduction of sparrows, and the attack of thrips.
Ecological and Poverty Impacts of Zimbabwe’s Land Struggles: 1980 to Present
Authors: Kwashirai Vimbai C. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Literature on Zimbabwe’s land struggles is dominated by a particular perspective emphasizing the historical rooting of inequitable land distribution and ownership in British colonial rule from 1890 onward. This view is informed by the imperative of redressing a historical injustice wherever British people alienated prime land from, among others, the indigenous Shona, Ndebele and Tonga. The key element in this perspective has been the science of land management, and particularly the protection of wooded areas, the soil and wildlife. The discourse on ecological calamity stresses the harmful consequences of unregulated agriculture, mining and hunting, the threats posed by degradation, and the need to control methods of resource exploitation. This study examines the debates on, and processes of, land reform in Zimbabwe in the independence era (1980-present), exploring the social, economic and political contexts of perceptions of land redistribution and management. Zimbabwe’s major land reform programme was carried out between 2000 and 2002. An estimated 300,000 small-holder farmers were provided with land holdings ranging between 5 and 10 hectares. In addition, land was set aside for 54,000 black commercial farmers. Of the original 5,000 white farmers in 2000, only 600 were estimated to have remained in full production on their farms. Much of this period has been characterised by both local and global debates about land reform and environmental problems, generating in their wake politically charged and emotive argumentations about issues such as poverty, deforestation, soil erosion and threats to wildlife.
Peasant Protest as Environmental Protest. Some cases from the 18th to the 20th century
Authors: González de Molina Manuel , Herrera Antonio , Ortega Santos Antonio , Soto David 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article analyzes peasant conflicts from an environmental perspective. First, we show a general theory about the environmental conflicts making a clear differentiation between environmental, environmentalist conflicts and green movements. We realize this differentiation using as criterion the goals of the actors in relation to the sustainability of the agroecosystems and depending on the types of discourses used on the protests. Second, we analyze the peasant use of agroecosystems and the differences between the agricultural systems based on organic energy in contrast with those based on fossil energy. Finally, we try to sort in several types the environmental conflicts of the peasant that took place between 18th and 20th centuries. In this sense, we analyze, using different bibliography, some examples of environmental peasant protests in the Mediterranean Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa. We discuss about conflicts produced around different resources like water, common goods or conflicts against pollution, Land Reform, reactions opposite to environment policies or defence of indigenous territories. These examples show that we have to pay attention to the environmental dimension of the peasant protest in order to understand the conflicts, although sometimes it is mixed with gender and class dimensions.
Netting the Global Forest: Attempts at Influence
Authors: Dargavel John 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper looks at the history of attempts to influence the conservation and management of the world’s forests through the creation of international organisations since the 1890s. The attempts are seen in the context of changes in the world political economy, changes to the forests themselves, and changing ideas about how forests should be conserved and managed. The turning points between stages of increasing organisational complexity were the Second World War, the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment, and the 1992 UN ‘Earth Summit’ Conference on Environment and Development. The numerous organisations and their inter-relationships have created a network of influence that spans the world’s forests in the twenty-first century. It is a phenomenon of globalisation that is regarded as an additional layer to the forms of forest conservation and management.
Le champ architectural et ses marchés : un cas de « réhabilitation symbolique »
Authors: Chadoin Olivier 
Published: June 2016

Au tournant des années 1990, en France, les marchés du bâtiment voient la commande de construction neuve diminuer au profit d’une commande d’entretien et d’amélioration. Le monde de l’architecture déplore alors la difficulté des architectes à investir ce marché devenu majoritaire. Les approches économiques dominantes pointent alors l’inadaptation de la profession d’architecte. Pourtant, une analyse sur la longue durée montre une capacité d’adaptation du champ architectural à ces changements d’environnement économique. Celle-ci emprunte des voies spécifiques qui caractérisent cet univers professionnel « précapitaliste ». L’article propose d’examiner cette prise de position dans les marchés de la construction en restituant les étapes par lesquelles un marché de la construction devient un « marché d’architecture ». Ainsi, en montrant que le fait professionnel est une construction à la fois sociale et économique, c’est également l’usage de la notion de profession qui est discuté.
Écrire, prescrire, proscrire
Authors: Gayon Vincent 
Published: June 2016

La sociogénétique de l’écrit défendue dans cet article invite à saisir les écrits bureaucratiques en cours de fabrication et en action, à s’intéresser au modus operandi de leur énonciation, à prendre au sérieux la forme écrite comme produit et comme producteur d’un espace et d’une rationalité bureaucratiques donnés. L’écriture bureaucratique, en particulier grâce à la signature et la siglaison, est ainsi comprise comme carburant de dépersonnalisation des rapports sociaux qui la portent et simultanément de personnalisation des institutions, érigées en « auteur ». Dans la gestion documentaire de « l’officiel », par le marquage du document ou sa « fuite », se mettent au jour les tensions entre vie publique et vie privée de l’écrit et ses circuits de légitimation. La sociogénétique des rapports d’expertise donne enfin une prise efficace à une sociohistoire de la rationalité épistémocratique. La piste de recherche proposée incite donc à bousculer les couples d’opposition usuels d’une analyse des formes symboliques (internalisme/externalisme, texte/contexte, auteur/lecteur, émetteur/récepteur, officiel/officieux, public/privé) et à mettre en dialogue des courants d’études dispersés mais tous intéressés aux pratiques documentaires (l’anthropologie de la literacy , la génétique littéraire, la sociologie des champs de production culturelle, la sociologie des textes et des institutions).
Liens jetables et pauvreté urbaine
Authors: Desmond Matthew 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Comment survivent les pauvres de nos villes ? L’hypothèse la plus répandue en sociologie est celle d’un cercle de proches (amis, famille) leur venant en aide dans les moments de besoin. Toutefois, des études plus récentes ont remis en question la prépondérance de ce soutien en décrivant des réseaux où dominent plutôt la méfiance et le quant-à-soi. Est-ce à dire qu’il n’y aurait aucun palier intermédiaire entre le soutien des proches et un individualisme brut ? Après avoir mené une étude ethnographique approfondie auprès des plus démunis et en s’intéressant tout particulièrement aux situations d’expulsion, Matthew Desmond montre qu’il existe une troisième voie, celle des « liens jetables ». Ni forts ni faibles, ces liens déjouent les grilles d’analyse traditionnelles ; ils se caractérisent par l’intensité de cette relation établie dans un laps de temps très court et pour une durée souvent brève. En analysant comment se créent, s’utilisent et se détruisent les liens jetables, cet article contribue à la connaissance du fonctionnement des réseaux dans les quartiers pauvres.
Une anthropologie politique et morale de la question sociale
Authors: Fassin Didier 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Dans un entretien original, Didier Fassin revient sur les différentes recherches qui l’ont amené à explorer la « face cachée de l’histoire » qu’évoquait Michel Foucault : non seulement les publics dominés ou victimes de discriminations, mais encore les analyses et les politiques dont ils font l’objet dans le cadre du « gouvernement de la précarité ». Il insiste en particulier sur les dangers d’une culturalisation de la pauvreté, cette dilution du social dans le culturel qui, en masquant les causes profondes du phénomène, en dépolitise le sens et les enjeux. Il montre également comment une sociologie des institutions de l’État, attentive aux économies morales qui les sous-tendent et aux subjectivités morales qu’expriment leurs agents, peut relier les dimensions macro et microsociologiques nécessaires pour analyser les formes contemporaines de traitement de l’inégalité.
L’espace urbain, de la théologie à la lutte : Jacques van der Biest et la paroisse des Marolles à Bruxelles au tournant des années 1960-1970
Authors: Chatelan Olivier 
Published: June 2016

Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre de recherches sur les luttes urbaines des années 1970 et 1980 en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, en particulier dans le militantisme catholique. Il se propose de retracer les principales étapes de la « bataille des Marolles » en 1969, nom du quartier bruxellois alors mobilisé contre un projet de destruction de plusieurs îlots. Le curé de la paroisse locale, Jacques van der Biest, est le leader charismatique de cette contestation. Auteur d’un travail universitaire sur l’espace missionnaire urbain quelques mois auparavant, il parvient à conduire les riverains à une victoire symbolique, au nom de la défense d’une communauté d’habitants contre l’urbanisme jugé destructeur des pouvoirs publics et des promoteurs immobiliers. L’article examine ce que le militantisme urbain de van der Biest doit à ses travaux sur la pastorale en ville. Il fait le lien avec l’émergence de la théologie de la libération au même moment en Amérique latine.
L’accompagnement éducatif des mineurs isolés étrangers : discours et représentations des éducateurs
Authors: Goudet-Lafont Bénédicte , Le Du Catherine , Marichez Héloïse , Radjack Rahmethnissah , Baubet Thierry 
Published: June 2016

Etat de la question : Le travail des professionnels auprès des mineurs isolés étrangers les mets devant un certains nombres de difficultés qui demandent des compétences à la fois spécifiques et complexes. Comment en faciliter l’acquisition ? Quel rôle peut jouer la clinique transculturelle dans la formation des éducateurs ? Notre étude propose de travailler sur le discours et les représentations des éducateurs. Elle se situe dans le champ de la psychiatrie transculturelle et s’appuie sur la notion de compétences transculturelles. Méthode : Notre travail participe d’une étude plus globale, pluri-institutionnelle, réunissant des jeunes isolés étrangers et leurs éducateurs en entretiens autour d’objets favorisant la narration. Résultats : Nous avons recruté 5 situations que nous avons analysé à l’aide d’une méthode qualitative le discours des éducateurs au cours des différentes phases. L’analyse du contenu retrouve 6 catégories et 25 sous-catégories. Discussion : Notre étude précise les difficultés ressenties par les professionnels. Elles sont liées aux enjeux du projet éducatif, de la rencontre de l’altérité, des difficultés qui vont venir déstabiliser les professionnels dans leurs compétences. Ces derniers perçoivent la nécessité d’une formation spécifique pour répondre de façon adaptée à un public spécifique. Cette étude va permettre au professionnel d’accéder à de nouvelles représentations du jeune, de mieux comprendre certaines situations de blocage, favorisant la création d’un nouveau projet individualisé, mieux investi par le jeune et l’acquisition de nouvelles compétences du côté de l’éducateur.