bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rise and fall of island butterfly diversity: Understanding genetic differentiation and extinction in a highly diverse archipelago
Authors: Dapporto Leonardo , Cini Alessandro , Menchetti Mattia , Vodă Raluca , Bonelli Simona , Casacci Luca P. , Dincă Vlad , Scalercio Stefano , Hinojosa Joan C. , Biermann Heinrich , Forbicioni Leonardo , Mazzantini Umberto , Venturi Lucia , Zanichelli Franca , Balletto Emilio , Shreeve Tim G. , Dennis Roger L. H. , Vila Roger 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimWe describe fine‐scale diversity patterns of the entire butterfly fauna occurring on the Tuscan Archipelago. By assessing the traits associated with population diversification, haplotype uniqueness and extinction, we aim to identify the factors determining the origin and maintenance of genetic diversity, and population vulnerability to environmental changes.LocationTuscan Archipelago, Sardinia, Tuscany (Italy) and Corsica (France).MethodsWe built a mtDNA dataset (1,303 COI sequences) for the 52 butterfly species reported in the Archipelago, also including specimens from neighbouring areas, and compiled data on 12 species traits and on the apparent extinction of species from the main islands. We calculated indices that measure genetic differentiation, and using phylogenetic regressions we evaluated the relationships between these indices and species traits. Finally, we inferred which traits are associated with disappearance of species on individual islands using phylogenetic regression.ResultsThe overall spatial pattern of genetic diversity corresponded with the proximity of the areas, but strong contrasts were also identified between geographically close areas. Together with the island endemics, several common and widespread species had a high genetic diversification among islands and mainland. Phylogenetic regressions revealed that smaller‐sized, more specialized species, with a preference for drier regions, displayed greater genetic structure and/or haplotype uniqueness. Species that disappeared from islands had a higher population diversification. Capraia has experienced a notable loss of diversity, which significantly affected species with shorter flight periods.Main conclusionsTuscan island butterflies are characterized by strong genetic contrasts and species differ in their contribution to the overall genetic diversity. By ranking the species for their contribution to genetic diversity and identifying the traits linked to the emergence and maintenance of diversity, we have developed a valuable tool for prioritizing populations as targets for monitoring and conservation action. The dataset constructed also represents a valuable resource for testing biogeographical hypotheses.
Synergistic effects of climate and land use on avian beta‐diversity
Authors: Ferger Stefan W. , Peters Marcell K. , Appelhans Tim , Detsch Florian , Hemp Andreas , Nauss Thomas , Otte Insa , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Schleuning Matthias 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimGradients in climate and land use occur simultaneously in many of the Earth's ecosystems and thus collectively impact most ecological communities. Albeit climate and land use have potentially interacting effects on ecological communities that may exacerbate or ameliorate their individual effects, little is known about the effect of the climate–land use interaction on community composition. A better understanding of the interaction between climate and land use is essential to predict the impacts of environmental change on ecological communities.LocationMt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.MethodsWe quantified the community composition of bird species and feeding guilds on 64 study plots of 13 different habitat types along an elevational gradient from 870 to 4550 m a.s.l. We partitioned the variation in pairwise beta‐diversity (βcc) of birds and its two additive components, abundance differences (βabu) and replacement (β−3), among the effects of temperature, land‐use intensity and their interaction.ResultsTemperature and land use had synergistic effects on beta‐diversity (βcc) of birds; that is, the combination of high temperature and high land‐use intensity led to higher beta‐diversity than expected from the sum of both individual effects. While temperature explained more of the variation in abundance differences (βabu), land use explained more of the variation in the replacement of individuals between species and feeding guilds (β−3), indicating that different processes drove avian beta‐diversity along the temperature and land‐use gradients.Main ConclusionsOur results challenge previous studies that investigated the effects of climate and land use in isolation because disregarding their synergistic interaction underestimates the joint effect of climate and land use on biodiversity. A consideration of the synergy between climate and land use is essential for adequate predictions of the impact of global change on biodiversity.
Educational and rehabilitation service utilization in adolescents born preterm or with a congenital heart defect and at high risk for disability
Authors: Majnemer Annette , Dahan‐Oliel Noemi , Rohlicek Charles , Hatzigeorgiou Sean , Mazer Barbara , Maltais Desiree B , Schmitz Norbert 
Published: August 2017

AimThis historical cohort study describes the use of educational and rehabilitation services in adolescents born preterm or with a congenital heart defect (CHD).MethodParents of 76 young people (mean age 15y 8mo [SD 1y 8mo]) with CHD and 125 born ≤29 weeks gestational age (mean age 16y [SD 2y 5mo]) completed a demographics questionnaire including educational and rehabilitation resource utilization within the previous 6 months. Rehabilitation services included occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech language pathology, psychology. Developmental (Leiter Brief IQ, Movement‐ABC, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and functional (Vineland) status of the young people was assessed. Pearson χ2 tests were used to perform simple pairwise comparisons of categorical outcomes across the two groups (CHD, preterm). Univariate logistic regression was used to examine predictors of service utilization.ResultsDevelopmental profiles of the two groups (CHD/preterm) were similar (29.9%/30% IQ<80; 43.5%/50.0% motor difficulties; 23.7%/22.9% behavior problems). One‐third received educational supports or attended segregated schools. Only 16% (preterm) and 26.7% (CHD) were receiving rehabilitation services. Services were provided predominantly in the school setting, typically weekly. Few received occupational therapy or physical therapy (1.3–7.6%) despite functional limitations. Leiter Brief IQ<70 was associated with receiving educational supports (CHD: OR 5.53, 95% CI 1.29–23.68; preterm: OR 14.63, 3.10–69.08) and rehabilitation services (CHD: OR 4.46, 1.06–18.88; preterm: OR 5.11, 1.41–18.49). Young people with motor deficits were more likely to require educational (CHD: OR 5.72, 1.99–16.42; preterm: OR 3.11, 1.43–6.77) and rehabilitation services (preterm: OR 3.97, 1.21–13.03).InterpretationAlthough young people with impairments were more likely to receive educational and rehabilitation services, many may not be adequately supported, particularly by rehabilitation specialists. Rehabilitation services at this important transition phase could be beneficial in optimizing adaptive functioning in the home, school, and community.
Patterns of glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating second‐line therapy after metformin monotherapy: Retrospective data for 10 256 individuals from the United Kingdom and Germany
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Godec Thomas R. , Medina Jesús , Garcia‐Alvarez Laura , Hiller Josh , Gomes Marilia B. , Cid‐Ruzafa Javier , Charbonnel Bernard , Fenici Peter , Hammar Niklas , Hashigami Kiyoshi , Kosiborod Mikhail , Nicolucci Antonio , Shestakova Marina V. , Ji Linong , Pocock Stuart 
Published: August 2017

AimTo investigate determinants of change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at 6 months after initiating uninterrupted second‐line glucose‐lowering therapies.Materials and MethodsThis cohort study utilized retrospective data from 10 256 patients with T2DM who initiated second‐line glucose‐lowering therapy (switch from or add‐on to metformin) between 2011 and 2014 in Germany and the UK. Effects of pre‐specified patient characteristics on 6‐month HbA1c changes were assessed using analysis of covariance.ResultsPatients had a mean (standard error [SE]) baseline HbA1c of 8.68% (0.02); 28.5% of patients discontinued metformin and switched to an alternative therapy and the remainder initiated add‐on therapy. Mean (SE) unadjusted 6‐month HbA1c change was −1.27% (0.02). When adjusted for baseline HbA1c, 6‐month changes depended markedly on the magnitude of the baseline HbA1c (HbA1c <9%, −0.45% per unit increase in HbA1c; HbA1c ≥9%, −0.87% per unit increase in HbA1c). Adjusted mean 6‐month HbA1c reductions showed slight treatment differences (range, 0.92–1.09%; P < .001). Greater reductions in HbA1c were associated with second‐line treatment initiation within 6 months of T2DM diagnosis (1.36% vs 1.03% [P < .001]) and advanced age (≥70 years, 1.13%; <70 years, 1.02% [P < .001]).ConclusionsMany patients with T2DM have very high HbA1c levels when initiating second‐line therapy, indicating the need for earlier treatment intensification. Patient‐specific factors merit consideration when making treatment decisions.
Effect of once‐weekly dulaglutide on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose in patient subpopulations by gender, duration of diabetes and baseline HbA1c
Authors: Gallwitz Baptist , Dagogo‐Jack Samuel , Thieu Vivian , Garcia‐Perez Luis‐Emilio , Pavo Imre , Yu Maria , Robertson Kenneth E. , Zhang Nan , Giorgino Francesco 
Published: August 2017

AimsTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 1.5 and 0.75 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes by subgroups of gender, duration of diabetes and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the dulaglutide clinical development programme (AWARD‐1 to ‐6 and ‐8 clinical trials).MethodsChange in HbA1c was analysed by gender, duration of diabetes (<5, ≥5 years and <10, ≥10 years), and baseline HbA1c (<8.5%, ≥8.5%) in pooled and individual studies. Changes from baseline in weight, hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse events were evaluated for individual trials.ResultsIn the pooled analysis of patients treated with dulaglutide 1.5 mg at 6 months, the reductions in HbA1c from baseline were similar across gender (men: least squares [LS] mean −1.26% [95% confidence interval {CI} −1.36, −1.16]; women: LS mean −1.33% [95% CI −1.43, −1.24]) and among duration of diabetes subgroups (<5 years: LS mean −1.32% [95% CI −1.43, −1.22]; ≥5 and <10 years: LS mean −1.33% [95% CI −1.43, −1.22]; ≥10 years: −1.24% [95% CI −1.35, −1.14]). Patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8.5% had greater HbA1c reductions than patients with baseline HbA1c <8.5%, (≥8.5%: LS mean −1.86% [95% CI −1.97, −1.75]; <8.5%: LS mean −1.02% [95% CI −1.12, −0.93]). Reductions in fasting blood glucose (FBG) were consistent with HbA1c changes. Similar results were observed with dulaglutide 0.75 mg. In general, body weight changes were similar among duration of diabetes and in baseline HbA1c subgroups, respectively; women had a numerically greater weight loss or less weight gain than men with both dulaglutide doses. There was no clinically meaningful difference in hypoglycaemia trends by gender or duration of diabetes. Hypoglycaemia incidence and rate were generally lower in patients with baseline HbA1c ≥8.5% than in those with <8.5%, except for the AWARD‐4 study (combination with mealtime insulin).ConclusionsAcross the AWARD studies, dulaglutide demonstrated significant improvements in glycaemic control irrespective of gender, duration of diabetes, or baseline HbA1c, with greater HbA1c and FBG reductions in patients with a higher baseline HbA1c. Dulaglutide was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to other glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists.
Attenuated suppression of lipolysis explains the increases in triglyceride secretion and concentration associated with basal insulin peglispro relative to insulin glargine treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Johansen Rakel F. , Søndergaard Esben , Linnebjerg Helle , Garhyan Parag , Lam Eric C. Q. , Porksen Niels , Jacober Scott J. , Nielsen Søren 
Published: August 2017

AimsTo test the hypothesis that, as well as lowering weight and increasing plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and hepatic fat compared with insulin glargine (GL) in patients with type 1 diabetes, the attenuated peripheral effects of basal insulin peglispro (BIL) may include increased free fatty acid flux to the liver, causing increased very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL)‐TG secretion and lipid oxidation, and decreased TG adipose tissue deposition.MethodsIn this open‐label, randomized, 2‐period crossover study, 14 patients with type 1 diabetes received once‐daily, individualized, stable BIL or GL doses for 3 weeks. Palmitate flux was assessed using [9,10‐3H]palmitate infusion. VLDL‐TG secretion, clearance and oxidation rate were assessed using primed‐constant infusion of ex vivo labelled [1‐14C]VLDL‐TG, while VLDL‐TG storage rate was assessed using [9,10‐3H]VLDL‐TG bolus injection.ResultsThe VLDL‐TG concentration and secretion rate, and palmitate flux were statistically significantly higher during BIL than during GL treatment (58%, 51% and 35%, respectively). The ratios of least squares (LS) geometric means for VLDL‐TG clearance and oxidation were 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72, 1.17) and 1.31 (95% CI 0.91, 1.90), respectively. The difference in LS means for VLDL‐TG storage rate was −0.36 (95% CI −0.83, 0.12).ConclusionsBIL‐treated patients had higher effective lipolysis, VLDL‐TG secretion and VLDL‐TG concentration compared with GL‐treated patients, explaining the increased plasma TG concentrations reported previously. Data support attenuated effects of BIL on lipolysis, in addition to the recently described hepato‐preferential glucodynamic effects.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tau and neurofilament concentrations in rapidly progressive neurological syndromes: a neuropathology‐based cohort
Authors: Kovacs G. G. , Andreasson U. , Liman V. , Regelsberger G. , Lutz M. I. , Danics K. , Keller E. , Zetterberg H. , Blennow K. 
Published: August 2017

Background and purposeCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau and neurofilament light chain (NF‐L) proteins have proved to be reliable biomarkers for neuronal damage; however, there is a strong need for blood‐based tests.MethodsThe present study included 132 autopsy cases with rapidly progressive neurological syndromes, including Alzheimer disease (AD) (21), sporadic (65) and genetic (21) Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), 25 cases with vascular, neoplastic and inflammatory alterations, and additionally 18 healthy control individuals. CSF tau and NF‐L concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma tau and NF‐L concentrations were measured using ultra‐sensitive single molecule array technology.ResultsPlasma and CSF tau (R = 0.59, P < 0.001) and NF‐L (R = 0.69, P < 0.001) levels correlated significantly (Spearman test). Plasma tau and NF‐L levels were significantly higher in all disease groups compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used and area under the curve values for comparisons with controls were 0.82 (AD), 0.94 (sporadic CJD), 0.92 (genetic CJD) and 0.83 (other neurological disorders) for plasma tau and 0.99, 0.99, 1.00 and 0.96 for plasma NF‐L, respectively. Molecular subtyping of sporadic CJD showed a strong effect (linear logistic regression) on plasma tau (P < 0.001) but not NF‐L levels (P = 0.19).ConclusionPlasma tau and NF‐L concentrations are strongly increased in CJD and show similar diagnostic performance to the corresponding CSF measure. Molecular subtypes of sporadic CJD show different levels of plasma tau. Although not disease‐specific, these findings support the use of plasma tau and NF‐L as tools to identify, or to rule out, neurodegeneration.
Thelytokous parthenogenesis in the exotic dacetine ant Strumigenys rogeri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Ching‐Chen , Hsu Shu‐Fen , Yang Chin‐Cheng (Scotty) , Lin Chung‐Chi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOnly recently has it become clear that several species of eusocial hymenopterans regularly reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis, that is, the production of diploid female offspring by unmated females. This phenomenon suggests that parthenogenetic reproduction might be advantageous to organisms under certain environmental conditions. Here the occurrence of asexual reproduction is reported for the first time in the dacetine ant, Strumigenys rogeri, at least for the focal populations in Taiwan. Virgin queens of S. rogeri maintained with several workers produced both workers and young queens from unfertilized eggs under laboratory conditions in as short as 39 days, whereas workers were strictly sterile as no spermatheca was discovered after dissection. Combined with additional evidence (i.e. absence of males in field colonies), queen thelytoky is confirmed. Such a reproductive mode and short development time may jointly help explain the success of this tramp ant species in Taiwan and elsewhere.
Competing Supremacies and Clashing Institutional Rationalities: the Danish Supreme Court's Decision in the Ajos Case and the National Limits of Judicial Cooperation
Authors: Madsen Mikael Rask , Olsen Henrik Palmer , Šadl Urška 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOn 6 December 2016, the Supreme Court of Denmark (SCDK) ruled on the grounds of Ajos case. The ruling concerned the scope of the principle of non‐discrimination on the grounds of age and whether a national court could weigh the principle of non‐discrimination on grounds of age against the principles of legal controversy, as the protection of legitimate expectations. The ruling has caused a great deal of controversy as the SCDK defied clear guidelines from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the ruling. Moreover, the case has been seen by some as an example of a new ‘sovereigntism’ in Danish law that is at odds with the project of European integration through law. This article explains the case from both an EU law and Danish constitutional law perspective. It concludes by providing a set of explanations of the new course of the SCDK in its relationship with the EU.
Going Unnoticed? Diagnosing the Right to Asylum in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
Authors: Nicolosi Salvatore Fabio 
Published: August 2017

AbstractArticle 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union enshrines the right to asylum. Nonetheless, despite its ‘constitutionalisation’ within primary law, asylum remains a far too amorphous right, whose axiological potential has gone virtually unnoticed in the ongoing migratory crisis. The paper will argue that this is partly due to the fact that the Court of Justice on a few occasions has declined to clarify the scope of Article 18. The provision at issue therefore remains a pathological element that requires an adequate diagnosis on which accurate prognoses can be based. In an attempt to diagnose the right to asylum enshrined in Article 18 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, this paper will compare different hermeneutical approaches and reflect on the contextualisation of the mentioned provision through the lens of domestic and EU case law and in the light of the recent EU–Turkey Statement. The article will ultimately propose to interpret the EU asylum legislation as instrumental to the effective exercise of the right to asylum.
An approach based on risk to dimensioning virtual organizations
Authors: Ferreira Jonathan Emannoel , Fiorese Adriano 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn an increasingly competitive market, small and medium enterprises have the temporarily option to divide their core competencies in sub‐competences. In fact, this is the purpose of so‐called virtual organizations (VOs), which aim to attend a particular goal joining partner forces. However, when these VOs are created, it is necessary to deal with the maximum number of participants involved in the process and the risk involved in these relationships, which should be measured through a well‐defined process. This paper aims to present an approach to dimensioning the maximum number of participants involved in the formation of a VO composed of several service providers. This approach is based on the overall risk level of the participants and uses different risk analysis methods to assess the suitable number of participants to be part of a VO.
T3SS effector ExoY reduces inflammasome‐related responses by suppressing bacterial motility and delaying activation of NF‐κB and caspase‐1
Authors: Jeon Jisu , Kim Yong‐Jae , Shin Heesung , Ha Un‐Hwan 
Published: August 2017

Type III‐secreted effectors are essential for modulating host immune responses during the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Little is known about the impact of one of the effectors, ExoY, on inflammasome activation, which results in IL‐1β production and pyroptotic cell death. In this study, we found that transcriptional expression of Il‐1β was induced to a lesser extent in response to an exoY‐harboring strain than to a deleted mutant. This suppressive effect of ExoY was verified by complementation assay as well as by direct translocation of exoY into host cells. In addition to the production of IL‐1β, pyroptotic cell death was also diminished in response to an exoY‐harboring strain. These inflammasome responses were mediated by the adenylate cyclase activity of ExoY, which plays a role in delaying the activation of NF‐κB and caspase‐1, a key component of inflammasome‐mediated responses. Moreover, the negative effects of ExoY on these responses were in part conferred by the suppression of bacterial motility, which could reduce the degree of bacterial contact with cells. Together, these results demonstrate that the adenylate cyclase activity of P. aeruginosa ExoY can reduce inflammasome‐related responses by influencing both the host and the bacterium itself by delaying the activation of inflammatory pathways and suppressing bacterial motility.
Some influencing variables on internal fatigue crack initiation in structural materials
Authors: Ebara R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper emphasizes the important effect of Kt and corrosive environment on internal fatigue crack initiation of structural materials in very high cycle regime. The conventional and ultrasonic fatigue testing results on notched specimens with Kt of 1.5 to 2.5 for YXR3 steel with HRC 60.7 showed subsurface fatigue crack initiation on all notched specimens at Nf higher than 106. On the contrary, fatigue crack initiated at notched surface for HAP72 with HRC 67 with Kt of 2.0. The fatigue crack initiation mode in notched specimens at high cycle regime is governed by surface hardness of high strength steels. The contrasting effect of refrigeration compressor gaseous environment on fatigue crack initiation mode is also demonstrated in the plate bending fatigue testing results of 1% carbon steel.