bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STABLE TETRAEDR OF LiF-LiCl-Li2SO4-NaCl
Authors: Omarova Sabina M. , Verdiev Nadinbeg N. , Alkhasov Alibek B. , Magomedbekov Ukhumaali G. , Dvoryanchikov Vasiliy I. , Nekrasov Dmitry A. 
Published: June 2017

With differential-thermal method of physicochemical analysis; using the General rules of the projection-thermographic method; the surface was studied of the liquidus stable tetrahedron LiF–LiCl–Li2SO4–NaCl of quaternary mutual system Li;Na//F;Cl;SO4. As a result of researches it was established that the system implements the quadruple eutectic point melting at 410 °C. Increased interest in involvement in the global energy balance of renewable energy sources (RES); encourages research to identify the eutectic salt mixtures capable of accumulating heat energy. Research undertaken with the aim of developing nizkodubova; eutectic composition; which can be used in thermal batteries as coolant of accumulators. As research object the stable tetrahedron LiF – LiCl – Li2SO4 – NaCl four-component mutual system was selected. This system was formed from the halides and sulfates of lithium and sodium. The choice of the research object is due to the fact that its composition includes lithium salt with large values of enthalpies of phase transitions. For planning of experimental researches; analysis of systems with lower dimensionality within free of the system under study was carried out. The results revealed that the most informative section for an experimental study in the system LiF –LiCl – Li2SO4 – NaCl is a cross-section of selected volume of the crystallization of lithium chloride. Based on these considerations; in a volume of the crystallization of lithium chloride the two-dimensional polythermal cross section ABC was choosen. The phase diagram of the section MN located at the cross-section ABC was DTA experimentally investigated. It allows determining the ratio of lithium fluoride and sodium chloride in the quaternary eutectic. Further; consistent analysis of DTA-dimensional polythermal sections- В – а –Ē□; (LiCl)2 – Ē□ – E□ - the ratio of sulfate and lithium chloride in the quaternary eutectic was determined. The revealed by such a way the eutectic contains (LiF)2 – 10.4%; (LiCl)2 – 38%; Li2SO4 -23.6%; (NaCl)2 – 28%. The crystallization temperature was 410 °C. Taking into account that all components of eutectic have relatively large values of enthalpies of phase transitions; it can be assumed that the identified eutectic composition will have sufficient value of ΔНпл. Therefore; the composition can be recommended as a coolant for devices of thermal energy storage. For citation:Omarova S.M.; Verdiev N.N.; Alkhasov A.B.; Magomedbekov U.G.; Dvoryanchikov V.I.; Nekrasov D.A. Stable tetraedr of LiF-LiCl-Li2SO4-NaCl. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 57-62
Environmental hedging: A theory and method for reconciling reservoir operations for downstream ecology and water supply
Authors: Adams L. E. , Lund J. R. , Moyle P. B. , Quiñones R. M. , Herman J. D. , O'Rear T. A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBuilding reservoir release schedules to manage engineered river systems can involve costly trade‐offs between storing and releasing water. As a result, the design of release schedules requires metrics that quantify the benefit and damages created by releases to the downstream ecosystem. Such metrics should support making operational decisions under uncertain hydrologic conditions, including drought and flood seasons. This study addresses this need and develops a reservoir operation rule structure and method to maximize downstream environmental benefit while meeting human water demands. The result is a general approach for hedging downstream environmental objectives. A multistage stochastic mixed‐integer nonlinear program with Markov Chains, identifies optimal “environmental hedging,” releases to maximize environmental benefits subject to probabilistic seasonal hydrologic conditions, current, past, and future environmental demand, human water supply needs, infrastructure limitations, population dynamics, drought storage protection, and the river's carrying capacity. Environmental hedging “hedges bets” for drought by reducing releases for fish, sometimes intentionally killing some fish early to reduce the likelihood of large fish kills and storage crises later. This approach is applied to Folsom reservoir in California to support survival of fall‐run Chinook salmon in the lower American River for a range of carryover and initial storage cases. Benefit is measured in terms of fish survival; maintaining self‐sustaining native fish populations is a significant indicator of ecosystem function. Environmental hedging meets human demand and outperforms other operating rules, including the current Folsom operating strategy, based on metrics of fish extirpation and water supply reliability.
Drought impacts to water footprints and virtual water transfers of the Central Valley of California
Authors: Marston Landon , Konar Megan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Central Valley of California is one of the most productive agricultural locations in the world, which is made possible by a complex and vast irrigation system. Beginning in 2012, California endured one of the worst droughts in its history. Local impacts of the drought have been evaluated, but it is not yet well understood how the drought reverberated through the global food system. Here we quantify drought impacts to the water footprint (WF) of agricultural production and virtual water transfers (VWT) from the Central Valley of California. To do this, we utilize high‐resolution spatial and temporal data sets and a crop model from predrought conditions (2011) through 3 years of exceptional drought (2012–2014). Despite a 12% reduction in harvested area, the WF of agricultural production in the Central Valley increased by 3%. This was due to greater crop water requirements from higher temperatures and a shift to more water‐intensive orchard and vine crops. The groundwater WF increased from 7.00 km3 in 2011 to 13.63 km3 in 2014, predominantly in the Tulare Basin. Transfers of food commodities declined by 1% during the drought, yet total VWT increased by 3% (0.51 km3). From 2011 to 2014, groundwater VWT increased by 3.42 km3, offsetting the 0.94 km3 reduction in green VWT and the 1.96 km3 decrease in surface VWT. During the drought, local and global consumers nearly doubled their reliance on the Central Valley Aquifer. These results indicate that drought may strengthen the telecoupling between groundwater withdrawals and distant consumers of agricultural commodities.
The effect of flooding on mental health: Lessons learned for building resilience
Authors: Foudi Sébastien , Osés‐Eraso Nuria , Galarraga Ibon 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRisk management and climate adaptation literature focuses mainly on reducing the impacts of, exposure to, and vulnerability to extreme events such as floods and droughts. Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the most important impacts related to these events, but also a relatively under‐researched topic outside original psychopathological contexts. We conduct a survey to investigate the mental stress caused by floods. We focus on hydrological, individual, and collective drivers of posttraumatic stress. We assess stress with flood‐specific health scores and the GHQ‐12 General Health Questionnaire. Our findings show that the combination of water depth and flood velocity measured via a Hazard Class Index is an important stressor; and that mental health resilience can be significantly improved by providing the population with adequate information. More specifically, the paper shows that psychological distress can be reduced by (i) coordinating awareness of flood risks and flood protection and prevention behavior; (ii) developing the ability to protect oneself from physical, material and intangible damage; (iii) designing simple insurance procedures and protocols for fast recovery; and (iv) learning from previous experiences.
cis
‐Regulatory Driver Mutations in Cancer Genomes
Authors: Poulos Rebecca C , Wong Jason WH 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

The increasing availability of large‐scale whole cancer genome sequencing data sets has enabled research efforts to focus on cancer driver mutations within the noncoding genome.
cis
‐Regulatory elements are sites responsible for the control of gene expression. Mutations at such loci may modify transcription factor binding sites, disrupt enhancer–promoter interactions or affect epigenetic marks.
cis
‐Regulatory driver mutations have been found in some cancer types to‐date, with initial discoveries of point mutations in the
TERT
promoter, small insertions creating an enhancer regulating
TAL1
and genomic rearrangements leading to simultaneous enhancer dysregulation of
EVI1
and
GATA2
. However, recent discoveries have also revealed mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of recurrent, and even functional, somatic single‐nucleotide mutations in regulatory regions, wholly apart from selective pressure. Close scrutiny of candidate
cis
‐regulatory mutations is necessary in order to effectively identify mutations that have undergone positive selection and to accurately distinguish driver from passenger mutations.

Key Concepts

Improvements in DNA sequencing technology, and the commencement of large‐scale cancer genome sequencing projects, have made discoveries in the noncoding genome possible.

cis
‐Regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, are responsible for the control of gene expression.

Transcription factors bind to
cis
‐regulatory elements, influencing the rate of transcription of DNA to mRNA.

Mutations in
cis
‐regulatory elements can drive cancer development by altering transcription factor binding sites, enhancer–promoter interactions or the epigenetic landscape of the cell.

Alterations to
cis
‐regulatory elements can lead to gene dysregulation, potentially impacting the expression of oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes.

Recurrent somatic driver mutations affecting
cis
‐regulatory elements have already been identified in cancer genomes, including point mutations, insertions and deletions (indels) and structural rearrangements.

cis
‐Regulatory elements may appear recurrently mutated in cancer due to selective pressures or due to other mechanisms driving the formation of mutation hot spots.

Transcription factor binding can inhibit access to nucleotide excision repair (NER) enzymes, leading to increased mutation rates at transcription factor binding sites in some cancers.

DNA modifications and nucleotide composition can both influence the propensity for certain sites to become mutated.

Close scrutiny of candidate
cis
‐regulatory mutations is necessary in order to effectively identify sites under selective pressure and to accurately distinguish driver from passenger mutations.
Allende, Isabel
Authors: Turner Jessie D. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Renowned novelist and memoirist Isabel Allende is well known for her multigenerational family sagas and historical fiction that at times utilize magical realism and highlight feminist characters, political resistance, and migration. A key figure in Latin American and women's literature, Allende is also known for her promotion of social justice, a subject that features prominently in her nonliterary work, and which can be seen in her aid of Pinochet victims as well as through The Isabel Allende Foundation.
Andrade, Mário Raul de Morais
Authors: Nunes Zita C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Mário Raul de Morais Andrade is one of Brazil's leading writers. He was born in São Paulo on October 9, 1893 to a family of modest means. A musical prodigy, he graduated in 1917 from the Conservatório Dramático e Musical de São Paulo (São Paulo Conservatory of Drama and Music), where he subsequently served as a lecturer. Andrade is best known for his role in launching the Brazilian modernist movement in 1922 and for his 1928 masterpiece,
Macunaíma: o herói sem nenhum caráter
(
Macunaíma: The Hero Without Any Character
). His achievements, however, extend much further. As a theorist, poet, novelist, folklorist, musician, musicologist, art and literary critic, newspaper chronicler, and photographer, he has had a profound and lasting effect on Brazilian culture.
Ben Jelloun, Tahar
Authors: Ségeral Nathalie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Tahar Ben Jelloun (b. 1944) is a Francophone poet and writer from Morocco, whose daring texts deal with racism in contemporary France, immigration, and otherness. His doctoral dissertation, “La plus haute des solitudes” (“The highest of solitudes”), explored the sexual and psychological problems encountered by unskilled North African immigrant workers in France. One of North Africa's most successful postcolonial writers, Ben Jeloun is increasingly present in the Western media and divides his time between Morocco and Paris. Despite the controversial aspects of some of his engagements concerning the Arab world, his texts are studied in Arab‐speaking universities. While some critics reproach him for writing in French, all his major texts have been translated into Arabic, sometimes by himself.
Camus, Albert
Authors: Ségeral Nathalie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Albert Camus was a French writer, philosopher, novelist, and playwright. He was born in 1913 in Algeria, and died in France in 1960. His position during the Algerian war of independence was highly controversial, as he fiercely opposed the independence of Algeria, while also criticizing French colonialism. This resulted in his being rejected by Algerians, and, at the same time, being misunderstood by his fellow citizens, the
pieds‐noirs
. Camus was also hated by the proponents of French colonialism and was forced to leave Algiers under special protection.
L’Étranger
(
The Stranger
) remains his most famous novel. Its main character, Meursault, can be read as an anthem of existentialism and alienation. Camus's philosophy is centered on the question of the absurd, the meaninglessness of life to which man is confronted when looking for a justification for his own existence. The absurd is not a knowledge; it is the result of the discrepancy between two opposite forces. Camus built his philosophy in opposition to Marxism and existentialism, after he broke up his friendship with Jean‐Paul Sartre, and relentlessly fought the various ideologies that deter philosophy from the human. At only 43, Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.
Caribbean Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: Shemak April 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFrom its earliest beginnings, the field of Caribbean literary studies has been shaped by questions surrounding the definition of “Caribbean” and the role of the writer and other cultural producers in defining it. One could locate an early attempt at self‐definition in Cuban José Martí's “Nuestra America” essay in which he called for a redefinition of “America” to include a collective identity of the Americas beyond US geographical borders, with the Caribbean playing a central role. Martí wrote in defiance of US imperialism that sought to control the region through its nineteenth‐century Manifest Destiny policies. The challenges of ongoing attempts to define the Caribbean lie in its complex historical, political, linguistic, and geographical diversity.
Caribbean Literature in English
Authors: Esprit Schuyler K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Caribbean literature in English comprises fiction, poetry, or drama originating from within the Anglophone Caribbean. Primary concerns of Anglophone Caribbean literature include the effects of slavery and colonialism, race, class, literacy and language, education, gender and sexuality. Authors of Caribbean literature produce and publish representations of West Indian life from within the geographical parameters of the region, but more frequently from European and North American locations. The production and dissemination of Caribbean literature is one area that illustrates the influence of migration on the region, a primary thematic concern in contemporary Caribbean writing.
Caribbean Literature in Spanish
Authors: Alcocer Rudyard J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Given its varied history, geography, and demography, the Spanish‐speaking (Hispanic) Caribbean region has a unique relationship with postcoloniality. Unlike other parts of the world closely associated with postcolonial studies, India and numerous African countries, for instance, the various areas of the Hispanic Caribbean did not attain statehood during the wave of independence movements in the middle of the twentieth century. In addition, the independence movements that transformed much of mainland Spanish America during the first two decades of the nineteenth century did not yield similar results in the principal insular regions of the Hispanic Caribbean. Indeed, with a complex colonial legacy that dates from the beginnings of European activity in the Americas to the present day, the Hispanic Caribbean both challenges and enriches conventional views on postcoloniality. The literature from the region reflects this complexity.
Carpentier, Alejo
Authors: Saumell Rafael E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Alejo Carpentier (1904–80) is one of the most renowned Cuban and Latin American writers of the twentieth century. His work encompasses different creative genres. He created his own literary system, also known as
real maravilloso
(magical realism) which he developed through essays, stories and novels. For Carpentier, being a Caribbean or a Latin American always implies a personal journey towards a syncretic condition. Histories and stories come from numerous sources, narrated in different ideological and cultural spaces, where languages and rhythms from all over the planet coexist. As a result, hybrid identities were formed by adopting and questioning, at the same time, Euro‐centered values. Endless syncretism and assertive otherness constitute the main ground for the baroque and magical realism theories. They are also based in what he calls a series of contexts: racial, economic, chthonic, political, cultural, culinary, lighting and ideological.
Chaudhuri, Amit
Authors: Rajakumar Mohanalakshmi , Sayied Alisha 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Amit Chaudhuri is an Indian novelist and Professor of Contemporary Literature at the University of East Anglia. He is best known for prize‐winning novels that feature the tensions of modern life in Bengali families. The bustling cities of contemporary India are the backdrop for his exploration for the dislocation and isolation experienced by his young male protagonists. Chaudhuri is also a scholar of literature and classical Indian musician.
Climatology
Authors: Dawson Ashley James 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Climatology is the study of weather patterns as they affect human cultures across time and space. Although the impact of industrial civilization on the global climate has caused increasing alarm over the last three decades, historically speaking the converse scenario has been of paramount concern. It has been the impact of the climate on humanity in general, and on European colonial culture in particular, that has been the prime focus of climatology and cognate fields such as tropical medicine since the beginning of European expansion. Representations of the determining impact of climate on culture have been a key, but surprisingly underacknowledged, constituent element of colonial discourse, dovetailing with and providing the intellectual framework for foundational colonial ideologies such as the scientific racism of the high imperial era.
Columbus, Christopher
Authors: Harmon Lauren Alexandra 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry briefly describes Christopher Columbus's career as a navigator on behalf of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. Columbus's proposal and journeys are discussed, followed by a discussion of the logbook that is the primary document for much Columbus scholarship today. The purpose of discussing the logbook at some length is to point to scholarly contributions that have challenged the logbook as a discursive production and have deconstructed it in order to come to new understandings about the earliest contact between Europeans and indigenous people of the Americas. The entry ends with a very brief description of the legacy of colonialism created by the voyages of Columbus.
Culture, Cultural Studies
Authors: Francuski Biljana Djoric 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In this entry, various attempts at defining the concept of culture are followed by an account of different classifications and theories of culture. The development of cultural studies, which brought together the elements of literary criticism, Marxist theory, sociology, and several other disciplines within the humanities, is then traced from its beginnings in Britain of the 1960s until its current status worldwide. Besides the “founding fathers” of British cultural studies – Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, E. P. Thompson, and, still the most influential figure in cultural studies, Stuart Hall – some other important theoreticians in the field are mentioned, as well as those who have criticized cultural studies.
de Lisser, H. G.
Authors: Mathison Ymitri 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Although he published more than 22 novels, a few travel narratives, and other short pieces, H. G. de Lisser is best known for his editorships of what became a major Jamaican newspaper during his time and remains so,
The Gleaner
, and
Planter's Punch
, an annual magazine, both of which hosted the first publications of his fiction. He was a prolific fiction writer whose reputation rests on his potboiler melodramatic historical romances of the empire, with
The White Witch of Rosehall
being his best known novel. His regional novels included political and social satires, mostly focusing on the brown middle class. De Lisser is mostly ignored by contemporary critics due to his reactionary political and social conservatism which promoted the continued federation of the British Empire against newly developing nationalistic movements.
Du Bois, W. E. B.
Authors: Risam Roopika 
Published: June 2017

AbstractW. E. B. Du Bois was an African American writer best known for his historical and sociological writing on African American life. Active during the first half of the twentieth century, Du Bois was a scholar and activist central to civil rights movements in the USA until the 1930s, when his disagreements with the black political establishment in the USA – namely, Du Bois's advocacy for anti‐colonial resistance – led to his marginalization. Among the themes in Du Bois's work are the philosophical underpinnings of race; the relationship between imperialism, racism, and capitalism; and the linked fate of African Americans and colonial subjects around the world.
Emecheta, Buchi
Authors: Brown Michelle Lynn 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Born in Yaba, near Lagos, in 1944, Buchi Emecheta is one of Nigeria's preeminent postcolonial novelists. Her fiction portrays various aspects of being a girl, woman, and mother in Nigeria, particularly how gender and motherhood can liberate or enslave. In accordance with Igbo narrative tradition, Emecheta intends her work to instruct as well as entertain. It addresses such themes as the immigrant experience, poverty, enslavement, and black women's coming of age. She has received numerous awards and is best known for her novels
Second‐Class Citizen
(1974),
The Bride Price
(1976),
The Slave Girl
(1977), and
The Joys of Motherhood
(1979). Emecheta holds a PhD from the University of London and has held academic appointments in the United States, Europe, and Africa. Influenced by fellow Nigerian writer Flora Nwapa, she identifies not as a feminist but as a human, a distinction that echoes other African female writers’ discomfort with Western conceptions of feminism.