bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Barker Hannah 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the book, and explores the reasons why tradesmen and women appear to have been overlooked by historians. The lack of attention can be explained in part by their tendency not to leave a significant mark on the historical record. In addition, the failure of shopkeepers and small-scale manufacturers to excite subsequent scholars more interested in those obvious motors of social and economic change—the working classes and the wealthier middle classes—is not entirely surprising. Yet, without traders, the urban landscape in Britain during the Industrial Revolution would have been completely different.
A Few Bases of Descriptive and Physical Oceanography
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
By transporting chemical elements, the ocean circulation is essential to marine geochemistry. The distribution of seawater temperature, salinity and density is used to describe the ocean stratification (mixed layer, thermocline and deep waters) and the main water masses. The balance of the forces (pressure, Coriolis force, gravity and shear stress) acting on a water parcel is used to derive the large-scale ocean circulation. The wind forcing results in the Ekman drift and the Ekman pumping. Dips and bumps at the ocean surface (dynamic topography) create geostrophic currents such as the Gulf Stream. The intensification of the western boundary currents is due to the change of the Coriolis force with latitude. The thermocline ventilation and the occurrence of shadow zone is explained. The equatorial circulation is particular because there is no Coriolis force at the Equator. The thermohaline circulation is introduced briefly.
Stable Isotopes
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Stable isotopes provide traceability throughout the ocean. The isotopes of a given chemical element have the same electronic structure and the same chemical behavior but slightly different weights. Therefore, slight variations of their relative abundance occur in nature because the atom diffusion speed and the atom bond strength in molecules are mass-dependent. This leads to shifts of the isotopic ratios between reactants and products during physical, chemical and biological processes. These isotopic fractionations are typically of the order of a few ppm. Light elements such as H, O, C, N, S and Si are most prone to these effects. Their stable isotopes provide signatures used to label the provenance of water and organic matter, to determine the extent of reactions or as isotopic thermometers. Recently developed “non-traditional” isotopes of transition metals, mass-independent fractionations and clumped isotopes are also presented. Fractionation and mixing equations are established and applied to ocean processes.
Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopes
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Radioactive and radiogenic isotopes are chronometers and source tracers in the ocean. A radioactive isotope of a given element has a constant probability per unit time (the time constant) to decay into a radiogenic isotope of another element. Long-lived isotopes (e.g., 87Rb, 147Sm, 238U, 235U) decay throughout Earth’s life, so the abundance of the radiogenic isotope that they produce (e.g., 87Sr, 143Nd, 206Pb, 207Pb) varies with the geological history of the rock that bears them and provides source signatures (e.g., 87Sr/86Sr tracing continental versus hydrothermal inputs, 143Nd/142Nd tracing water mass and particle origins and transports, 206Pb/207Pb tracing contaminant inputs) when they are released in the ocean. Short-lived isotopes are produced by spallation reactions in the atmosphere (10Be, 14C), during the U and Th radioactive decay chains (230Th, 222Rn, 226Ra) and by anthropogenic nuclear activity (14C, 226Pu). These isotopes are chronometers used to determine rates (sedimentation rate with 230Th, circulation rate with 14C and 3H).
Box Models
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A box model provides a simple and quantitative description of a tracer in the ocean. The ocean (or a part of the ocean) is described as a reservoir with a homogeneous tracer concentration. The tracer is fed by inflow and source terms and removed by outflow and sink terms. The conservation equation provides the balance between these fluxes and determines the evolution of the system: steady state if inputs balance outputs or transient state otherwise. The transient evolution of a tracer is considered for both constant and exponential forcings and applied to anthropogenic tracers. Each tracer is characterized by its residence time which is a consequence of its chemical/biological behavior and of the water residence time. Box models are used to determine ocean rates with isotopic tracers.
CO2 Exchanges between the Ocean and the Atmosphere
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The global carbon cycle is strongly controlled by the ocean because it is the largest carbon reservoir at the Earth surface and it absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The net ocean–atmosphere CO2 flux is controlled by a thermodynamic pump (CO2 solubility is higher when water get colder) and a biological pump (photosynthesis consumes CO2). Hence carbon is transferred from the surface ocean to the deep ocean by downwelling of cold and dense waters and by sinking of dead organic matter. In the surface ocean, the average dissolved CO2 concentration increases at the same rate than the atmospheric CO2. The buffering effect of carbonate system chemical equilibria amplifies carbon storage and reduces the lowering of the pH also called acidification. Elemental and isotopic tracers show that anthropic CO2 has invaded the thermocline and has started spreading in the deep Atlantic ocean with NADW and AABW.
Thermohaline Circulation
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The thermohaline circulation transports heat, salt and chemical elements through the deep ocean. At high latitudes, cooling and salting of surface water produce dense waters that sink in the deep ocean. North Atlantic Deep Water is formed in the Arctic Seas and Antarctic Bottom water is produced around Antarctica. It triggers the thermohaline circulation that flushes the deep ocean on a time scale of ∼900 y as indicated by the radioactive decay of 14C. Anthropogenic tracers mark the inflow of newly (&lt; 60 y) formed deep waters. 14C-transient tracer comparison highlights water recirculation in the deep basins. The closure of the thermohaline circulation requires the upwelling of deep waters to the ocean surface. In the deep basins upwelling is enhanced by current flowing over rough topographies. The bottleneck of the thermocline is passed in the Southern Ocean where steep isopycnal surfaces connect the deep and the surface ocean.
Growth and condition in harp seals: evidence of density-dependent and density-independent influences
Authors: Hammill M. O. , Sauvé C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Life history theory predicts that resource competition increases as a population increases, leading to changes in life history traits such as growth, survival, and reproduction. The Northwest Atlantic (NWA) harp seal population has increased from a low of 1.1 million animals in 1971 to over 7 million animals in 2014. Given this 7-fold increase in abundance, we hypothesized that density-dependent regulation might be reflected by changes in body growth. Gompertz curves fitted to size at age data for harp seals collected in the Gulf of St Lawrence over a 40 year period show a decline in female asymptotic length and mass. Body mass and condition were negatively related to reproductive rates the previous year, while a quadratic relationship (‘inverse u’) was observed between body measures and the ratio of the March:April first year ice cover, a measure of ice breakup. Condition was also negatively related to January ice cover. At high densities, reproduction is likely to be relatively more expensive for Northwest Atlantic harp seals, underlining the importance of females being able to access high energy food during the winter foraging period to build-up condition prior to pupping. A complex relationship between condition and the timing of ice-breakup likely reflects the influence of the timing of ice retreat on food resources and hence female ability to rebuild energy stores prior to moulting.
Estimating efficiency of survey and commercial trawl gears from comparisons of catch-ratios
Authors: Walker Nicola D. , Maxwell David L. , Le Quesne Will J. F. , Jennings Simon 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAssumptions about gear efficiency and catchability influence estimates of abundance, mortality, reference points and catch potential. Despite the need to better quantify fishing effects on some target species and on many non-target species taken as bycatch, there are few gear efficiency estimates for some of the most widely deployed towed fishing gears in the northeast Atlantic. Here, we develop a method that applies generalised additive models to catch-at-length data from trawl surveys and a commercial catch and discard monitoring program in the North Sea to estimate catch-ratios. We then rescale these catch-ratios and fit relationships to estimate gear efficiency. When catches of individuals by species were too low to enable species-specific estimates, gear efficiency was estimated for species-groups. Gear efficiency (and associated uncertainty) at length was ultimately estimated for 75 species, seven species-groups and for up to six types of trawl gear per species or species-group. Results are illustrated for dab (Limanda limanda), grey gurnard (Eutrigula gurnardus) and thornback ray (Raja clavata), two common non-target species and a depleted elasmobranch. All estimates of gear efficiency and uncertainty, by length, species, species-group and gear, are made available in a supplementary data file.
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition and Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Treatment Improve Vascularization of Engineered Skin Substitutes
Authors: Supp Dorothy M. , Hahn Jennifer M. , McFarland Kevin L. , Combs Kelly A. , Lee Kin Sing Stephen , Inceoglu Bora , Wan Debin , Boyce Steven T. , Hammock Bruce D. 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Autologous engineered skin substitutes comprised of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and biopolymers can serve as an adjunctive treatment for excised burns. However, engineered skin lacks a vascular plexus at the time of grafting, leading to slower vascularization and reduced rates of engraftment compared with autograft. Hypothetically, vascularization of engineered skin grafts can be improved by treatment with proangiogenic agents at the time of grafting. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid that are inactivated by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). EETs have multiple biological activities and have been shown to promote angiogenesis. Inhibitors of sEH (sEHIs) represent attractive therapeutic agents because they increase endogenous EET levels. We investigated sEHI administration, alone or combined with EET treatment, for improved vascularization of engineered skin after grafting to mice.

Methods:
Engineered skin substitutes, prepared using primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes, were grafted to full-thickness surgical wounds in immunodeficient mice. Mice were treated with the sEHI 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), which was administered in drinking water throughout the study period, with or without topical EET treatment, and were compared with vehicle-treated controls. Vascularization was quantified by image analysis of CD31-positive areas in tissue sections.

Results:
At 2 weeks after grafting, significantly increased vascularization was observed in the TPPU and TPPU + EET groups compared with controls, with no evidence of toxicity.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that sEH inhibition can increase vascularization of engineered skin grafts after transplantation, which may contribute to enhanced engraftment and improved treatment of full-thickness wounds.
EFFICACY OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT IN MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA TYPE 1 IS LINKED TO THE OCULAR ANGIOGENIC PROFILE
Authors: Kowalczuk Laura , Matet Alexandre , Dirani Ali , Daruich Alejandra , Ambresin Aude , Mantel Irmela , Spaide Richard F. , Turck Natacha , Behar-Cohen Francine 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To evaluate intravitreal aflibercept in macular telangiectasia Type 1 (MacTel 1) patients and measure their ocular angiogenic profile.

Methods:
Eight subjects with MacTel 1 refractory to bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or laser therapy and switched to aflibercept were included. Best-corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness, and cystic areas quantified on optical coherence tomography B-scans were assessed during 12 months. Perifoveal capillary densities were measured on optical coherence tomography angiography. Aqueous humor was sampled from six patients and eight control subjects undergoing cataract extraction. Growth factors were quantified using a multiarray immunoassay.

Results:
Over 12 months, patients received 6.6 ± 1.4 (range, 5–8) intravitreal aflibercept injections. Twelve months after switching to aflibercept, best-corrected visual acuity increased by ≥5 letters in 5 of 8 patients, compared with preaflibercept levels. Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 79.6 (∼20/50) to 88.0 (∼20/35) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (P = 0.042), and central macular thickness decreased from 434 ± 98 μm to 293 ± 59 μm (P = 0.014). Compared with control subjects, the profile of angiogenic factors in MacTel 1 eyes revealed no difference in vascular endothelial growth factor-A levels but significantly higher levels of placental growth factor (P = 0.029), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1; P = 0.013), vascular endothelial growth factor-D (P = 0.050), and Tie-2 (P = 0.019). Placental growth factor levels inversely correlated with both superficial and deep capillary plexus densities on optical coherence tomography angiography (P = 0.03).

Conclusion:
The clinical response to aflibercept coupled to the angiogenic profile of MacTel 1 eyes support the implication of the placental growth factor/Flt-1 pathway in MacTel 1.
Techniques for Learning Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty for Eyes of Asian Patients With Shallow Anterior Chamber
Authors: Hayashi Takahiko , Oyakawa Itaru , Kato Naoko 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To describe several essential surgical techniques that overcome difficulties in performing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for inexperienced surgeons, especially those who perform DMEK on eyes of Asian patients.

Methods:
Nine eyes of 9 Asian patients with bullous keratopathy who underwent DMEK were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were given a diuretic such as d-mannitol or acetazolamide shortly before surgery, with retrobulbar anesthesia and a Nadbath facial nerve block. Core vitrectomy before DMEK was performed in several cases in which a high vitreous pressure during surgery was predicted. The donor graft was stained with trypan blue, and a 25-G anterior chamber maintenance cannula was used to maintain the anterior chamber depth during graft insertion in all eyes.

Results:
The cornea became clear in all eyes. The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity had improved significantly 6 months after the surgery compared with preoperative values (P = 0.026). The corneal endothelial cell density was 1371 cells per square millimeter at postoperative 6 months.

Conclusions:
Although DMEK is technically difficult, especially for inexperienced surgeons who operate on eyes of Asian patients, controlling anterior chamber pressure using various manipulations may help to prevent iatrogenic primary graft failure and lead to successful DMEK.
Treatment of Pseudomonas Keratitis by Continuous Infusion of Topical Antibiotics With the Morgan Lens
Authors: Wang Mingwu , Smith Whitney A. , Duncan Joshua K. , Miller Joseph M. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
Despite following standard treatment, Pseudomonas keratitis can continue to progress and result in loss of vision or of the eye. Our cases demonstrate that the Morgan Lens can be an effective topical antibiotic delivery vehicle in advanced keratitis.

Methods:
Two patients (3 eyes) with Pseudomonas keratitis were included in this report after failing to respond to intense inpatient topical treatment. Because loss of the eyes was imminent, the Morgan Lenses were used for continuous lavage with ceftazidime (50 mg/mL), in conjunction with other conventional treatment.

Results:
Three days after lavage, corneal cultures became negative in all eyes. Infusion was continued for at least a week to ensure sterilization of the infection before switching to standard topical therapy. The infection in both cases was promptly eradicated and the eyes were rescued.

Conclusions:
The Morgan Lens can be a viable alternative in treating severe and aggressive infectious keratitis or sclerokeratitis. Application of the Morgan Lens is noninvasive and requires minimal training. Intravenous tubing connectors allow for easy swapping between medications, simultaneous administration of multiple medications, and titration of dosing. Additionally, it is cost-effective as the low demand for nursing care essentially eliminates the need for intensive care unit admission.
Extracorporeal Liver Support Systems in Paediatric Liver Failure
Authors: Jain Vandana , Dhawan Anil 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTExtracorporeal liver support systems (ELSS), encompassing artificial and bioartificial devices, have been used for decades, with the aim of supporting patients with acute liver failure and acute‐on chronic liver failure, as a bridge to recovery (acute liver failure only) or liver transplantation, in an era of organ donation shortage. Although biochemical efficacy has been consistently demonstrated by these devices, translation into clinical and survival benefits has been unclear, due to study limitations and lack of reliable prognostic scoring in liver failure. Consequently, extracorporeal devices are not widely accepted as routine therapy in adult liver failure. Recent large multicentre trials using artificial liver systems have not revealed beneficial outcomes associated with albumin dialysis but plasma exchange practices have shown some potential. In paediatric liver failure, data on extracorporeal systems is scarce, comprising few reports on albumin dialysis (namely, Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System; MARS) and plasma exchange. When extrapolating data from adult studies differences in disease presentation, aetiology, prognosis and the suitability, and safety of such devices in children must be considered. The aim of this review is to critically appraise current practices of extracorporeal liver support systems to help determine efficacy in paediatric liver failure.
The Mental Stress Ischemia Prognosis Study: Objectives, Study Design, and Prevalence of Inducible Ischemia
Authors: Hammadah Muhammad , Al Mheid Ibhar , Wilmot Kobina , Ramadan Ronnie , Shah Amit J. , Sun Yan , Pearce Brad , Garcia Ernest V. , Kutner Michael , Bremner J. Douglas , Esteves Fabio , Raggi Paolo , Sheps David S. , Vaccarino Viola , Quyyumi Arshed A. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) is a common phenomenon in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but contemporary studies of its prognostic significance and its underlying pathophysiology are limited.

Methods
We prospectively enrolled patients with confirmed CAD in the Mental Stress Ischemia Prognosis Study (MIPS) between 2011 and 2014. All patients underwent mental stress testing using a standardized public speaking task, and ischemia was detected by 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging. Patients also underwent conventional stress testing for myocardial ischemia (CSIMI) using exercise or pharmacological stress testing. Furthermore, digital microvascular flow, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood sample collections were performed before, during, and after mental stress. Two-year adverse clinical outcomes are being assessed.

Results
Six-hundred ninety-five patients completed baseline enrollment in the MIPS. Their mean (standard deviation) age was 62.9 (9.1) years, 72% were men, 30% were African American, and 32% had a history myocardial infarction. The prevalence of MSIMI and CSIMI is 16.1% and 34.7%, respectively. A total of 151 patients (22.9%) had only CSIMI, 28 (4.2%) had only MSIMI, and 78 (11.8%) had both MSIMI and CSIMI. Patients with ischemia had a lower ejection fraction and higher prevalence of previous coronary artery bypass grafting compared with those without inducible ischemia (p < .050). The prevalence of obstructive CAD was not statistically different between patients with and without MSIMI (p = .426); in contrast, it was higher in patients with CSIMI (p < .001).

Conclusions
The MIPS data will provide useful information to assess the prognostic significance and underlying mechanisms of MSIMI.
Prevalence and Predictors of Hospitalizations Among HIV-Infected and At-Risk HIV-Uninfected Women
Authors: Hotton Anna L. , Weber Kathleen M. , Hershow Ronald C. , Anastos Kathryn , Bacchetti Peter , Golub Elizabeth T. , Gustafson Deborah , Levine Alexandra M. , Young Mary , Cohen Mardge H. 
Published: December 2016

Objectives:
We evaluated the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index score, an index composed of age, CD4 count, viral load, hemoglobin, Hepatitis C coinfection, Fibrosis Index-4, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, and psychosocial and clinical risk factors for all-cause hospitalization among HIV-infected women on highly active antiretroviral therapy and HIV-uninfected women.

Methods:
Data were collected from 2008 to 2014 from 1585 highly active antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV infected and 692 uninfected women. Cox proportional hazards regression evaluated predictors of first hospitalization over 2 years.

Results:
Among HIV-infected women, VACS Index score (per 5 points) [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06 to 1.11], Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CESD) scores ≥16 (aHR 1.61; 95% CI: 1.30 to 1.99), smoking (aHR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.55), abuse history (aHR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.93), diabetes (aHR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.31 to 2.04), and black race (aHR 1.28; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.59) increased risk of hospitalization. Among HIV-uninfected women, VACS Index score (aHR 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.13), CESD scores ≥16 (aHR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.86), diabetes (aHR 2.15; 95% CI: 1.57 to 2.95), and black race (aHR 1.61; 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.24) predicted subsequent hospitalization.

Conclusions:
Psychosocial and clinical factors were associated with risk of hospitalization independently of the VACS Index score. Additional research on contextual and psychosocial influences on health outcomes among women is needed.