bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Great Australian Bight: New Offshore Frontiers, Challenges and Potential Solutions
Authors: Woodhams C. A. , Heshmati E. , Ruskin A. C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Great Australian Bight(GAB) has been subjected to exploration for the past five decades with no major hydrocarbon discoveries, and could be defined as a new frontier for oil and gas development. BP has recently committed to a drilling campaign in the region and establishing key infrastructure indicating potential for a significant hydrocarbon discovery. The key challenges for developing in this area are; ➢Remoteness–Closest population 300km away, nearest oil & gas infrastructure +1,000km away➢Deep water – Area explored range from 1,000m to 3,000m➢Harsh Environment–100yr storm estimate significant wave height 13m, period 12s, andcurrent 1m/s➢Limited information for long term modelling of the environment
This paper has focused on the evaluating different development options against the challenges, with mostof the data being based upon public information from BP drill sites. The focus of the technical feasibility assessment is on the potential production mechanism used to enable the development i.e. fixed or floating platform or other facility. This conceptual review forms the preliminary basis for concept selection for a field in this new and environmentally highly sensitive area and as such it is expected that several potential offshore development options are to be presented.
Seismic Site Response Analyses of Bay of Campeche Clay Using Predicted Dynamics Soil Properties
Authors: Taboada Victor M. , Flores Lopez Francisco A. , Dantal Vishal , Roque Diego Cruz , Nabor Procoro Barrera 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Seismic site response analyses are an important first step in the seismic evaluation of fixed offshore platforms in the Bay of Campeche. This analysis is used to estimate ground motions for the development of design response spectra, dynamic stresses, strains, and displacements within the soil profile and liquefaction hazard analyses. Seismic site response analyses of a clayey deposit located in the Bay of Campeche is performed using predicted dynamic soil properties, including the in-situ shear wave velocity based on empirical correlations developed for the Bay of Campeche clay, the shear modulus reduction curves and the material damping ratio curves based on equations also developed for the Bay of Campeche clay. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of using predicted modulus reduction and material damping ratio curves on the design acceleration spectrum at the depth of maximum soil-pile interaction. Site response analyses is also performed using other generic modulus reduction and damping curves presented by Vucetic and Dobry (1991), and Darendeli (2001).The spectral acceleration amplitudes are underestimated when the curves of modulus reduction and material damping ratio of Vucetic and Dobry (1991) and Darendeli (2001) are used in the site response analyses, and overestimated when the curves proposed by Taboada et al., (2017) are used. It is found when comparing the results using laboratory curves that at the depth of maximum soil-pile interaction the maximum ground acceleration and the plateau of the design acceleration spectra are over estimated by 4% when the predicted modulus reduction and damping ratio curves are obtained using the equations developed by Taboada et al., (2017).Therefore, it is important to use predictive equations of modulus reduction and material damping ratio curves developed specifically for the Bay of Campeche clay when dynamic laboratory data is not available to generate these curves.
Development of a High Hang Weight Expandable Liner Hanger for Deepwater Applications
Authors: Zhong Allan , Moeller Daniel , Maddux Stephen 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Liner hangers are expected to maintain anchor capability and pressure integrity throughout the life of the well. For deepwater applications where hang weights, temperature requirements, and operational expenses can be considerably higher, liner-hanger performance is even more important. A new concept was proposed to make expandable liner hangers (ELHs) more robust and less sensitive to high temperatures and temperature variations.
The concept of a new metal-sealing ELH was initiated to provide metal-to-metal sealing capability at elevated temperatures and in applications that require additional anchor capacity. During the development process, finite element analysis (FEA) and numerical optimization techniques were used to fine-tune the concept and optimize a 7- × 9 5/8-in. hanger design. The concept was extended to multiple sizes and made more robust for downhole environments after successful testing validations.
The optimized 7- × 9 5/8-in. hanger design was then physically tested and validated at 400°F. The liner hanger passed all executed testing including pressure testing from above and below and hang-weight testing. Results indicated that the hanger design is insensitive to downhole temperatures and has a high hang-weight capacity. The concept has since been extended to include multiple sizes and more robust features for downhole environments. Field trials to date have been successful in several regions, including the Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, West Africa, and Malaysia.
This paper presents a new ELH design and discusses the significant time and cost reductions resulting from the development using numerical analysis and optimization. Case histories of successful field trials are also presented. The new concept ELH has been proven to provide robust high-hanging capacity for a wide range of temperatures during validation testing and field trials.
A Holistic Approach to Sustainable Operational Risk Assessments in Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Laskar Sandipan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has long recognized the necessity of periodically revalidating operational risk assessments by performing Process Hazard Analyses (PHAs), such as Hazard and Operability Studies and What-if analyses. To be successful in creating a sustainable business in hazardous industries, organization need to collectively manage risk across their operations in a routine and efficient way. This requires a change in the dynamic between safety and productivity, where safety is not set against production and risk mitigation becomes an integral part of efficient and effective operations. CCPS has published a book which describes this work process titled Revalidating Process Hazard Analyses. However, there is limited guidance for revalidating supplemental risk analyses. The objectives of performing periodic revalidations are to address the cumulative changes in risk that occur over time and to continuously improve our understanding of that risk.
The purpose of operational risk assessments is to identify and understand the hazards associated with the process being reviewed, to understand the potential resultant hazardous events, and to prevent those events by identifying all the potential routes to those events and ensuring that adequate safeguards are in place to mitigate their risk. The application of a suitable hazards evaluation methodology (e.g., Hazard and Operability [HAZOP], Failure Mode and Effect Analysis [FMEA], What If, Checklist) is a core process of the risk assessment. All of the most-used methodologies are ultimately just different ways of asking "What If" questions. The key to success is asking (and, of course, correctly answering) the "right" What If questions. This paper will look at how a variation on an old theme can significantly improve the likelihood of asking all of the right questions, in a way that capitalizes on the strengths of some of the other approaches while avoiding their weaknesses. The work process mentioned in this paper will be illustrated with actual field examples and case studies.
This paper will guide operation managers, Health and Safety (HS) managers, and risk assessment team in effective preparation before and during a risk assessment meeting thereby can reduce the total resources required and improve the overall efficiency. The work process furnishes a company with an effective tool for revalidating operational risk assessments and will provide a holistic and common mean of balancing risk against production at all levels of the operation.
Mechanically Joined Pipes for HPHT Risers and Flowlines
Authors: Chaudhury Gautam 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe produce good quality, high strength, and sour resistant steel, but industry confidence in offshore welds to 65 Ksi and conservative codes lead to very thick pipes for all HPHT risers (SCR, Dry tree, drilling) and flowlines. Cumulative adverse effects of very thick and low D/t ratio pipes on pipe manufacturing, welding, inspection, and installation mean an alternative pragmatic enabler is essential. When compared with active HIPPS (High Integrity Pressure Protection System), a passive full pressure capable system was found with better life cycle cost, greater confidence, and higher risk assurance. A full pressure system, using mechanical connector, is an enabler for HPHT risers and flowlines.Different types of mechanical connectors, using high strength pipes, have been examined through the whole spectrum of materials selection, quality manufacture, application and installation, reliability, and pipe joint repair/replacement in deep water. Relative costs amongst alternatives, technology status, qualifications required, and risk management issues have been assessed.Mechanical connectors were found suitable for joining high strength pipes. There are different types of connectors to choose from depending on the types of risers and flowlines and attending pressure, temperature, and application. Grayloc connector demonstrated some limited use, especially as an enabler for easy repair replacement of high temperature flowlines. It has the potential to be a strong contender if some efforts in new design and qualification tests are provided.
A Revised Interpretation of Vortex-Induced Vibration
Authors: Lee Li , Dynamics Lee 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is a well-known phenomenon in the fields of physics and engineering. However, the description on vortex-shedding from a flexible or an elastically restrained cylinder (such as a deepwater riser or a floater) is somewhat primitive. When such a structure experiences flowing fluids, the pressure build-up at the stagnation point near the leading edge is automatically assumed by many. As a result, the vortex-shedding theories on stationary cylinders have been applied to the compliant structures without modification. It is believed that the lack of a sound understanding and explanation of this complex hydroelastic phenomenon has, to a certain degree, hindered VIV research and design. Based on VIV tests and test data, the author proposes a revised interpretation of VIV for the widely used compliant structures in offshore and marine engineering. The VIV process is first examined; starting from the instant the flow encounters the structure. The key events leading to VIV are identified and the relations among them are explored, such as that between the deflection and vortex-shedding. A new parameter characterizing a structure, termed as the coefficient of compliance, is then introduced. Its impacts on a number of VIV response parameters are qualitatively described. Along this line, the issues on VIV experiment, computer simulation, and VIV design are briefly discussed. Ideas on further research and development are suggested. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the effects of the structural compliance on VIV, and provoke others to look into these important influences, so that the VIV design can be established on a more solid foundation.
Time-Domain Research on Integrated Coupling Model of MODU, Drilling Riser and Wellhead
Authors: Leixiang Sheng , Liangbin Xu , Jianliang Zhou , Jingrui Zhao 
Published: April 2017

The coupling effects between MODU and slim drilling riser are of primary importance in analysis of dynamic response of drilling riser system. However,, the effect of MODU on drilling riser is simplified in conventional model in a way of only considering RAO of MODU in frequency-domain, ignoring the response of MODU on current and wave in time-domain.
In practical, the fitness-for-purpose assessment of drilling riser and wellhead is over-conservative by using conventional model, which will induce redundant design of wellhead strength, MODU capacity requirement, and drilling riser emergency evacuation response plan, consequently increase design and operating cost. As a result there is a requirement for more refined methodologies and finite element models to evaluate the coupling effect between MODU and drilling riser in time-domain.
This paper proposes a new model, an integrated coupling model incorporated MODU, drilling riser and wellhead system, in which the response of MODU on current and wave in time-domain is considered, In addition, a case study of the new model accounting for South China Sea environmental loading is presented in this paper. A number of conclusions drawn from the case study are outlined. Firstly, it is found that drilling riser has an inhibiting effect on the movement of MODU under wave and current loading, the more MODU drift-off, the stronger restoring force acts on MODU. This will actually improve drilling riser capacity against MODU drift-off. Secondly, hysteresis effect is found between drilling riser and wellhead stress peak and MODU drift-off peak. There are some lag between each other, When the MODU drift-off reaches its peak, the stress of drilling riser and wellhead does not reach its peak. It is shown in a case study, the peak stress of drilling riser lags 40s behind the peak MODU drift-off, and the peak stress of wellhead lags 60s behind the peak MODU drift-off.
As a conclusion the integrated coupling model is a more refined model to simulate the interaction between MODU and drilling riser system in time domain, which enhances the accuracy of drilling riser and wellhead fitness for purpose assessment and lead to a more optimal design of drilling riser system.
Piloting the ADNOC Group Process for New Technology Development and Qualification
Authors: El-Gharbawy Sherif , Beydoun Wafik , Abdul-Halim Abdulla , Khan Ibrahim 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Exploration, Development, and Production (EDP) R&D Department has developed a new, Stage-Gate process for new technology development and qualification, Tech Qual, for deployment across the ADNOC Group. The proposed process aims to minimize the Risk associated with deploying new technologies to a level that can be managed or mitigated, ensuring compliance with Operational constraints and promoting safety to our assets and the environment.
The Process, which is rooted in NASA's Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale, builds upon the shared heritage of ADNOC's Operating Companies (OPCOs) and our International Shareholders in developing and qualifying new technologies. It was launched in pilot status in Q3 2015 with the objective of becoming a powerful tool for centralizing and optimizing investment in new technology development (Tech Qual Stage Gate 1) and qualification (Tech Qual Stage Gate 2). It enables ADNOC and its OPCOs to make value-based decisions on allocation of R&D funding and sponsorship of new technologies in accordance with our Technology Roadmap.
In this paper, we present a background of the proposed ADNOC Tech Qual process, why and how it was developed. Also presented are cases in the qualification of new technologies under development or developed within the ADNOC Group or in collaboration with partner Shareholders and Service companies, spanning different intervals of the Technology Readiness Level scale and passing Stage Gates 1 or 2 of the Process. The technologies are qualified by means of select cross-functional, expert teams to ensure that they are strategically aligned with the Roadmap or respond to pressing Operational Challenges, possess the correct level of maturity on the TRL scale, and that resources are available to progress through the Stage Gate to the next phase of their technology life-cycle. Lessons are drawn from this experience for the shared benefit of the technology development community.
With the new Process, ADNOC creates a common language for maturing new technologies in a new culture of Innovation and Knowledge Sharing. Centralizing the Process improves its efficiency and reduces duplication of efforts by the Operating Companies. ADNOC hence maintains a catalogue of qualified new technologies to be made accessible to all Operating Companies. The ultimate benefit of the Process is UAE/ADNOC's ability to garner world-class experience and technology development partnerships as it pursues its long-term R&D Strategy.
Material Characterization Procedure for High Pressure High Temperature Applications Using API 17TR8 Criteria
Authors: Bunch Paul , Shademan Steven , Bajvani Arshad 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
API 17TR8 has been developed to be used as a general design guideline for high pressure high temperature (HPHT) applications. The input factors for design verification process are defined and procedures to evaluate the material's properties in the intended service environment are recommended within the document.
The goal of the material characterization work, Annex D of API 17TR8 2nd Edition, is to provide a standard approach to obtain materials data to use as input for design verification and analysis.
Environment can influence the material properties significantly, therefore, environmental conditions common to Gulf of Mexico for both oil and gas reservoirs were defined. In addition, the protocol defines the removal of test samples from a qualified forging.
This paper addresses environmental screening through slow strain rate test (SSRT) and the application of resulting reduction factors to the S-N fatigue, fracture toughness (FT), and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) development within the relevant standards. Finally the paper explains how to obtain local strain limit damage using ASME Section VIII DIV 2 and DIV 3 criteria, as outlined in Annex E.
This paper discusses the basis and progression of Annex D into development of detailed material testing program for selected material specifications common in subsea applications.
A Perspective on the State of Knowledge Regarding Soil-Pipe Interaction for SCR Fatigue Assessments
Authors: Clukey E. C. , Aubeny C. P. , Zakeri A. , Randolph M. F. , Sharma P. P. , White D. J. , Sancio R. , Cerkovnik M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The paper provides a review of the state of knowledge regarding the impact of soil response in the touchdown point region on Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) fatigue. For almost 20 years the impact of soil-pipe interaction on SCR fatigue has received considerable attention within the offshore geotechnical community. Over this course of time field measurements and a variety of experimental and analytical studies have been performed to determine the soil response necessary to characterize the soil-pipe interaction under long term loading conditions appropriate for fatigue. Little of this work has been integrated into existing codes and standards. This paper will summarize much of the new work to provide better insights on how to address the SCR fatigue problems and to serve as reference for future code modifications.
US Shale Revolution Impacts on Deepwater and Global Energy Landscape
Authors: Chin Y. Doreen , Roark Terren 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of the US Unconventional Play (shale/tight oil/gas) Revolution on Deepwater industry, and on global energy landscape. The discussions are focus on, –What are the contributions of shale oil/gas to future US and global energy landscape?–Have the high development costs, environmental challenges, and low oil price impair this contribution?–How will the Deepwater industry live while facing the impact of low oil price and the Unconventional Revolution?
The unconventional play development in the US has unlocked massive shale oil/gas reserves, and has been considered as the biggest game changer of recent years. US has become the number one unconventional oil and gas producer in the world. Influenced by the US success, the global unconventional play exploration had been active until the market downturn.
Historical data are analyzed. Relationships among crude price/production/Dollar value/investment tendency are explored. Characteristic differences between unconventional onshore and offshore development are compared. The new movement of shale play development and its long-term impact on Deepwater and global energy landscape are discussed.
There are a numerous discussion in the industry around how the new trends of renewable energy may sunset the fossil energy industry, this paper will address this as well.
The cliff-drop in the oil price has forced both onshore and offshore producers to focus on significantly cutting development and production cost, in order to lower their break-even price to below the current market oil price level. Technologies for development and for operation excellence are the key contributors for both Deepwater and Unconventionals when facing the long term stagnant low oil price. This paper will present the findings of the study.
How Classification Societies can be Efficiently Involved in the Current Offshore Industry Cost Reduction Era
Authors: Benyessaad O. , Barras S. , Rocha G. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Classification Societies (CS) have accompanied Offshore Oil & Gas industry for decades to guarantee and enhance the safety of their installations through continuous improvement of design codes, standards, rules and methodologies. In today's environment, where the offshore industry business model is challenged, CS have joined the industry efforts to reduce development costs by proposing solutions to fight against cost escalation without compromising safety.
CS main role is to ensure compliance of projects with pre-defined set of rules, standards or specifications. As a guarantor of the safety, they have an in-depth understanding of the technical and regulatory challenges related to an offshore development and are regularly consulted on technical & economic questions. To accompany the Oil & Gas industry further, CS have extended their classic role related to safety and are now looking to propose integrated and collaborative solutions to assist the full supply chain in their cost reduction efforts. Standardization, integrated QA/QC, AIM are some of the key solutions investigated in this paper
For almost 200 years, CS have brought their expertise to service the Marine and then the Offshore industry with impartiality. By publishing rules and participating in projects from concept stage to decommissioning, they have contributed to the sustainability of the industry through the continuous integration of industry experience and lessons learnt in order to ensure continuous improvement in asset operational safety and integrity. In light of this, the CS are uniquely positioned to actively contribute to cost reduction initiatives.
Cost reduction is not only motivated by the current crisis, it is the new reality of the oil & gas industry. Future generations of oil & gas companies will have to develop their solutions on new bases and this paper aims at providing an outline of the key areas in which the Classification Societies can provide expert assistance.