bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hedonic and motivational responses to food reward are unchanged in rats with neuropathic pain
Authors: Okun Alec , McKinzie David L. , Witkin Jeffrey M. , Remeniuk Bethany , Husein Omar , Gleason Scott D. , Oyarzo Janice , Navratilova Edita , McElroy Brian , Cowen Stephen , Kennedy Jeffrey D. , Porreca Frank 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Rewards influence responses to acute painful stimuli, but the relationship of chronic pain to hedonic or motivational aspects of reward is not well understood. We independently evaluated hedonic qualities of sweet or bitter tastants and motivation to seek food reward in rats with experimental neuropathic pain induced by L5/6 spinal nerve ligation. Hedonic response was measured by implantation of intraoral catheters to allow passive delivery of liquid solutions, and “liking/disliking” responses were scored according to a facial reactivity scale. Spinal nerve ligation rats did not differ from controls in either “liking” or “disliking” reactions to intraoral sucrose or quinine, respectively, at postsurgery day 21, suggesting no differences in perceived hedonic value of sweet or bitter tastants. To assess possible motivational deficits during acute and chronic pain, we used fixed- and progressive-ratio response paradigms of sucrose pellet presentation in rats with transient inflammatory or chronic neuropathic pain. Assessment of response acquisition and break points under the progressive ratio schedule revealed no differences between sham and spinal nerve ligation rats for up to 120 days after injury. However, rats with inflammation showed decrements in lever pressing and break points on days 1 and 2 after complete Freund adjuvant injection that normalized by day 4, consistent with transient ongoing pain. Thus, although acute ongoing inflammatory pain may transiently reduce reward motivation, we did not detect influences of chronic neuropathic pain on hedonic or motivational responses to food rewards. Adaptations that allow normal reward responding to food regardless of chronic pain may be of evolutionary benefit to promote survival.
Improvements in Function and Strength with Decompressive Bracing of the Osteoarthritic Knee
Authors: Lamberg Eric M. , Streb Robert , Werner Marc , Kremenic Ian J. , Penna James 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The aim of this study was to investigate if a decompressive knee brace used in the presence of unicompartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) alters knee strength, walking endurance, balance abilities, perception of pain, symptoms, activities of daily living (ADLs), and quality of life (QoL).

Materials and Methods
Nineteen individuals with unilateral unicompartment knee OA participated. Participants wore a knee brace for 6 months that decompresses the OA compartment. Muscle strength, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance, and balance abilities were assessed at baseline and at 2 weeks (post) and 8 weeks (final) after receiving the brace. The Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey (KOOS: domains of pain, symptoms, ADLs, and QoL) and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale were used at baseline, brace fitting, post, final, 3 months, and 6 months.

Results
Muscle strength into knee extension and flexion increased at final compared with that at baseline (P < 0.05). The 6MWT distance improved by 68 m at final compared with that at baseline. Improvements on the KOOS and ABC were found at 6 months compared with that at baseline (P < 0.05). No changes in balance abilities were identified (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Using a decompressive knee brace is beneficial for individuals with unicompartment knee OA. Brace use results in reduced pain, symptoms, improved ADLs, and QoL as well as increases in knee muscle strength and walking capacity.
Radiogenomics: towards a personalized radiation oncology
Authors: Roberson John D. , Burnett Omer L. , Robin Nathaniel 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
This article evaluates the field of radiogenomics within recent developments in genomics and radiation biology.

Recent findings
Many pediatric cancer survivors have undergone treatment with radiation, putting them at risk for long-term side-effects associated with this therapy, especially cardiac disease and secondary malignancies. Advancements in our understanding of radiation biology have led to the understanding that genetics plays a major role in determining a patient's susceptibility to developing long-term side-effects, leading to the field of ‘radiogenomics’. Although initial candidate gene studies did not demonstrate replicable genetic variants that affected radiosensitivity, genome-wide association studies have recently begun to identify genes that may help explain some of the observed variation in radiosensitivity. As genomic sciences continues to progress and whole genome studies become more accessible, our understanding of the genes responsible for radiosensitivity will continue to progress.

Summary
The field of radiogenomics continues to evolve with the availability and improved cost of genomic technologies allowing the study of an increasing fraction of the human genome. Studies into genetic factors influencing individual radiosensitivity will increase our understanding of radiobiology and improve our ability to counsel patients on the adverse effects they will likely experience.
Navigating genetic diagnostics in patients with hearing loss
Authors: Sloan-Heggen Christina M. , Smith Richard J.H. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
In the age of targeted genomic enrichment and massively parallel sequencing, there is no more efficient genetic testing method for the diagnosis of hereditary hearing loss. More clinical tests are on the market, which can make choosing good tests difficult.

Recent findings
More and larger comprehensive genetic studies in patients with hearing loss have been published recently. They remind us of the importance of looking for both single nucleotide variation and copy number variation in all genes implicated in nonsyndromic hearing loss. They also inform us of how a patient's history and phenotype provide essential information in the interpretation of genetic data.

Summary
Choosing the most comprehensive genetic test improves the chances of a genetic diagnosis and thereby impacts clinical care.
Developing brain networks of attention
Authors: Posner Michael I. , Rothbart Mary K. , Voelker Pascale 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Attention is a primary cognitive function critical for perception, language, and memory. We provide an update on brain networks related to attention, their development, training, and pathologies.

Recent findings
An executive attention network, also called the cingulo-opercular network, allows voluntary control of behavior in accordance with goals. Individual differences among children in self-regulation have been measured by a higher order factor called effortful control, which is related to the executive network and to the size of the anterior cingulate cortex.

Summary
Brain networks of attention arise in infancy and are related to individual differences, including pathology during childhood. Methods of training attention may improve performance and ameliorate pathology.
Newborn screening: a review of history, recent advancements, and future perspectives in the era of next generation sequencing
Authors: Almannai Mohammed , Marom Ronit , Sutton V. Reid 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to summarize the development and recent advancements of newborn screening.

Recent findings
Early initiation of medical care has modified the outcome for many disorders that were previously associated with high morbidity (such as cystic fibrosis, primary immune deficiencies, and inborn errors of metabolism) or with significant neurodevelopmental disabilities (such as phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism). The new era of mass spectrometry and next generation sequencing enables the expansion of the newborn screen panel, and will help to address technical issues such as turnaround time, and decreasing false-positive and false-negative rates for the testing.

Summary
The newborn screening program is a successful public health initiative that facilitates early diagnosis of treatable disorders to reduce long-term morbidity and mortality.
Inter-Display Reproducibility of Contrast Sensitivity Measurement with iPad
Authors: Rodríguez-Vallejo Manuel , Monsoriu Juan A. , Furlan Walter D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To evaluate the reliability of measuring CS with uncalibrated iPads.

Methods
Six random iPads with retina display were calibrated with a colorimeter and the correlation between Luminance (L) and pixel level (y) was computed according to an exponential function. The mean and confidence interval (±2SD) obtained from the six iPads were calculated and the bit-stealing technique was applied for expanding y from 256 to 2540 possible values. The L of the optotype was computed for the selected contrast values (logC) represented in log units, using 0.1 log and 0.05 log steps. At each particular y, the contrast was considered reliable when the mean L plus 2SD was less than half the difference of luminance between two consecutive levels of contrast. Differences between the iPads for the Experimental logC were evaluated with the Friedman test.

Results
Luminance properties vary between devices, which were reflected in the computed Experimental logC (p < 0.0005). The contrast was found to be reliable for 0.1 log steps in the range from 0 to −2.2 log. On the other hand, for steps of 0.05 log, the contrast was only reliable for values ranging from 0 to −1.7 log.

Discussion
Both luminance and contrast steps differed between iPads with the same retina display, making it necessary to calibrate each display to achieve accurate luminance and contrast steps of 0.05 log units or less. However, for screening purposes utilizing contrast steps of 0.1 log unit or greater for a validated psychophysical test, calibration is not required to achieve accurate results across the displays described herein.
Comparing the Outcomes of Different Agents to Treat Vasospasm at Microsurgical Anastomosis during the Papaverine Shortage
Authors: Ricci Joseph A. , Koolen Pieter G. , Shah Jinesh , Tobias Adam M. , Lee Bernard T. , Lin Samuel J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Papaverine remains popular for treating intraoperative vasospasm, but the recent shortage has forced surgeons to trial antispasmodic agents unproven in microsurgery but commonly used in other body areas. During this shortage, the authors have used topical lidocaine and nicardipine to break intraoperative vasospasm. This study aims to analyze the outcomes of these medications on flap complications compared with papaverine.

Methods:
All consecutive free flaps performed for breast reconstruction at a single institution were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, comorbidities, complications, and type of antispasmodic agent. Rates of reexploration, complications, and flap salvage were compared between patients receiving antispasmodic agents and matched papaverine controls.

Results:
Of the 1087 flaps treated with antispasmodic agents, nicardipine was used on 59 flaps and lidocaine was used on 55 flaps. Patients treated with lidocaine had higher body mass indexes (31.0 kg/m2 versus 27.4 kg/m2; p = 0.001). Patients treated with nicardipine tended to be older (64.0 versus 48.5; p < 0.01) and have a history of hypertension (22.0 percent versus 10.4 percent; p = 0.08) or preoperative irradiation (32.2 percent versus 13.6 percent; p = 0.016) compared with papaverine controls. No differences in the rates of total or partial flap loss, unplanned return to the operating room, or fat necrosis were observed between any of the groups. However, the nicardipine group demonstrated a higher rate of infection (15.3 percent versus 3.4 percent; p = 0.027).

Conclusion:
Substituting lidocaine or nicardipine for papaverine to treat vasospasm did not demonstrate an increased rate of flap loss or return to the operating room, making these medications safe and efficacious alternatives to papaverine.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Does the Use of Incisional Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy Prevent Mastectomy Flap Necrosis in Immediate Expander-Based Breast Reconstruction?
Authors: Kim Dae Young , Park Sun-June , Bang Sa-Ik , Mun Goo-Hyun , Pyon Jai-Kyong 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Mastectomy flap necrosis is one of the most common and significant complications in immediate expander-based breast reconstruction. Negative-pressure wound therapy is widely used for open wounds but is not commonly used for closed incisional wounds. However, the postoperative use of incisional negative-pressure wound therapy is demonstrated to reduce complication rates. The authors evaluate the incidence of mastectomy flap necrosis in patients with incisional negative-pressure wound therapy after immediate expander-based breast reconstruction compared with the incidence in patients with conventional dressing.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted to identify patients who underwent immediate expander-based breast reconstruction between January of 2010 and February of 2015 at a single institution. Patients were divided into a conventional dressing group and an incisional negative-pressure wound therapy group. Patient demographics, intraoperative findings, and complications were compared between the two groups.

Results:
A total of 228 breasts (206 patients) were included in this study. Of these, the incisional negative-pressure wound therapy group included 45 breasts (44 patients) and the conventional dressing group included 183 breasts (162 patients). The incisional negative-pressure wound therapy group had a lower overall complication rate (11.1 percent versus 27.9 percent; p = 0.019), overall mastectomy flap necrosis rate (8.9 percent versus 23.5 percent; p = 0.030), and major mastectomy flap necrosis rate (2.2 percent versus 13.7 percent; p = 0.031) compared with the conventional dressing group.

Conclusions:
Incisional negative-pressure wound therapy reduced the incidence of mastectomy flap necrosis. This simple and reliable dressing technique can be effective in preventing mastectomy flap necrosis in immediate expander-based breast reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Computed Tomographic Angiography–Based Planning of Bipedicled DIEP Flaps with Intraflap Crossover Anastomosis: An Anatomical and Clinical Study
Authors: Kim So Young , Lee Kyeong-Tae , Mun Goo-Hyun 
Published: August 2016

Background:When using deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps in breast reconstruction, harvesting bipedicled flaps can be a valuable option in cases requiring the transfer of a large portion of harvested flaps. Connecting the bilateral deep inferior epigastric arteries (DIEAs) by intraflap crossover anastomosis is one of the most popular methods of constructing bipedicled DIEP flaps. Planning the primary and secondary pedicle configurations for reliable intraflap crossover anastomosis is crucial. To achieve this, detailed anatomical DIEA information might be helpful. However, meticulous planning of bipedicled DIEP flaps based on computed tomographic angiography has not been reported.Methods:Detailed anatomical investigation of DIEA branches was conducted using computed tomographic angiographs of 100 hemiabdomens. Thirty-eight prospectively collected patients who underwent breast reconstruction using bipedicled DIEP flaps with intraflap crossover under computed tomographic angiography–based planning were reviewed.Results:Three intramuscular DIEA branching patterns with distinct branch point topography, branch diameters, and superior continuations cranial to sizable perforators were observed. In the prospective clinical study, a primary pedicle with a recipient branch for intraflap crossover anastomosis could be specified preoperatively using computed tomographic angiography–based anatomical data of the pedicles, including size of DIEA branches or their superior continuation and size of perforators. In all cases, the bipedicle configuration was easily achieved as planned on computed tomographic angiography, and secure perfusion of the entire flap was achieved.Conclusions:The authors’ results suggest that computed tomographic angiography provides detailed anatomical DIEA information, and comprehensive analysis of these data allows precise planning of bipedicle configurations with intraflap crossover anastomosis in DIEP flaps.CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic, IV.
A Porcine Orthotopic Forelimb Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model: Technical Considerations and Translational Implications
Authors: Fries C. Anton , Villamaria Carole Y. , Spencer Jerry R. , Rickard Rory F. , Gorantla Vijay S. , Davis Michael R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The restoration of complex tissue deficits with vascularized composite allotransplantation is a paradigm shift in reconstructive surgery. Clinical adoption of vascularized composite allotransplantation is limited by the need for systemic immunosuppression, with associated morbidity and mortality. Small-animal models lack the biological fidelity and preclinical relevance to enable translation of immunologic insights to humans. Large-animal models have been described; however, limitations persist, including the inability of heterotopic models to evaluate functional nerve regeneration, and the sensitivity of primates to toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. The authors’ novel orthotopic porcine limb transplant model has broad applicability and translational relevance to both immunologic and functional outcomes after vascularized composite allotransplantation.Methods:Recipients underwent amputation at a level corresponding to the mid forearm. Replantation or transplantation of grafts was performed by plate fixation of the radio-ulna, microsurgical repair of brachial artery and median nerve, and extensor and flexor tendon repairs. Viability of replants was monitored clinically and radiologically. Transplants were monitored for clinicopathologic signs of rejection. Animals mobilized freely postoperatively.Results:Replantations remained viable until the endpoint of 14 days. Transplants developed Banff grade 4 acute rejection by postoperative day 7. Doppler sonography and angiography confirmed vascular patency. Serial biopsy specimens of skin and histopathology of replants at endpoint confirmed tissue viability and bone healing.Conclusions:An orthotopic load-bearing porcine forelimb vascularized composite allotransplantation model was successfully established. Technical, procedural, and logistic considerations were optimized to allow model use for immunologic, bone healing, functional nerve regeneration, and other translational studies.
Optical Feedback Control and Electrical-Optical Costimulation of Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Kapur Sahil K. , Richner Thomas J. , Brodnick Sarah K. , Williams Justin C. , Poore Samuel O. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Optogenetics is an emerging technology that enables the expression of light-activated ion channels in mammalian cells. Neurons expressing light-activated ion channels can be depolarized using the appropriate wavelength of light. Optical stimulation of neurons could have important implications for further understanding and managing peripheral nerve deficits leading to paresis or paralysis. This study examines the utility of this technology in a feedback-controlled system and the advantages of coupling this technology with conventional electrical stimulation.

Methods:
The sciatic nerves of transgenic mice expressing blue light–activated ion channels (channelrhodopsin-2) were optically manipulated to generate electromyographic responses in the gastrocnemius muscle and to develop two potential applications of this technology: feedback-controlled optical stimulation using a proportional-integral controller, and simultaneous electrical-optical stimulation.

Results:
The authors observed repeatable and predictable behavior of the optical controller in over 200 trials and a statistically significant decreased error when using optical feedback control as opposed to non–feedback controlled stimulation (n = 6 limbs). A second application of this technology was the amplification of electrically generated peripheral nerve signals using an optical source. Amplification of electrical activity was observed even when subthreshold electrical stimulation was used.

Conclusions:
Optical feedback control and optical amplification of subthreshold activity extend the versatility of optogenetics in peripheral nerve applications. Optical feedback control is a new application of an approach originally developed for functional electrical stimulation. Optical amplification of subthreshold electrical stimulation motivates future investigations into the optical amplification of endogenous subthreshold peripheral nerve activity (e.g., following spinal cord injury).
Melting the Plastic Ceiling: Overcoming Obstacles to Foster Leadership in Women Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Silva Amanda K. , Preminger Aviva , Slezak Sheri , Phillips Linda G. , Johnson Debra J. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
The underrepresentation of women leaders in plastic surgery echoes a phenomenon throughout society. The importance of female leadership is presented, and barriers to gender equality in plastic surgery, both intrinsic and extrinsic, are discussed. Strategies for fostering women in leadership on an individual level and for the specialty of plastic surgery are presented.
The Subtleties of Success in Simultaneous Augmentation-Mastopexy
Authors: Doshier Laura J. , Eagan Spencer L. , Shock Leslie A. , Henry Steven L. , Colbert Stephen H. , Puckett C. Lin 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Many have challenged the safety of performing breast augmentation and mastopexy simultaneously. However, staging these procedures incurs the increased risk and inconvenience of two periods of anesthesia and recuperation. The authors set out to evaluate the occurrence of complications across the populations of patients undergoing (1) combined augmentation-mastopexy, (2) isolated augmentation, and (3) isolated mastopexy.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of one surgeon’s consecutive series of each of these procedures from 2000 to 2009 was conducted. Preoperative risk factors were characterized. Sixteen different complications were examined, and those necessitating operative revision were tracked. Statistical analysis was performed looking for significant differences between the surgical groups.

Results:
No instances of infection, tissue loss, or implant exposure occurred among the 297 patients over an average follow-up period of 15.5 months. The isolated mastopexy group did not provide sufficient data for statistical comparison. Tissue-related complications were most common in the combined procedure group. The operative revision rate for isolated augmentation was 7.97 percent compared with a combined procedure revision rate of 12.4 percent (p = 0.28).

Conclusions:
The majority of complications in this series comparing simultaneous augmentation-mastopexy to isolated augmentation were minor. Complications requiring operative revision were not found to be significantly different between the two groups. There was a much lower reoperation rate (12.4 percent) with the combined procedure compared with a 100 percent reoperation rate when the procedure is staged. Thus, the authors feel the combined procedure can safely be part of every plastic surgeon’s practice.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.