bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic alcohol exposure disrupts CB1 regulation of GABAergic transmission in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: Varodayan Florence P. , Bajo Michal , Soni Neeraj , Luu George , Madamba Samuel G. , Schweitzer Paul , Roberto Marisa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is critical to the pathophysiology of anxiety‐driven alcohol drinking and relapse. The endogenous cannabinoid/type 1 cannabinoid receptor (eCB/CB1) system curbs BLA‐driven anxiety and stress responses via a retrograde negative feedback system that inhibits neurotransmitter release, and BLA CB1 activation reduces GABA release and drives anxiogenesis. Additionally, decreased amygdala CB1 is observed in abstinent alcoholic patients and ethanol withdrawn rats. Here, we investigated the potential disruption of eCB/CB1 signaling on GABAergic transmission in BLA pyramidal neurons of rats exposed to 2–3 weeks intermittent ethanol. In the naïve rat BLA, the CB1 agonist WIN 55,212‐2 (WIN) decreased GABA release, and this effect was prevented by the CB1 antagonist AM251. AM251 alone increased GABA release via a mechanism requiring postsynaptic calcium‐dependent activity. This retrograde tonic eCB/CB1 signaling was diminished in chronic ethanol exposed rats, suggesting a functional impairment of the eCB/CB1 system. In contrast, acute ethanol increased GABAergic transmission similarly in naïve and chronic ethanol exposed rats, via both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. Notably, CB1 activation impaired ethanol's facilitation of GABAergic transmission across both groups, but the AM251‐induced and ethanol‐induced facilitation of GABA release was additive, suggesting independent presynaptic sites of action. Collectively, the present findings highlight a critical CB1 influence on BLA GABAergic transmission that is dysregulated by chronic ethanol exposure and, thus, may contribute to the alcohol‐dependent state.
In vitro evaluation of tooth discolouration induced by mineral trioxide aggregate Fillapex and iRoot SP endodontic sealers
Authors: Forghani Maryam , Gharechahi Maryam , Karimpour Sahar 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the tooth discolouration potential of two new calcium‐silicate‐based sealers (mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex and iRoot SP). Sixty premolars were resected below the coronal third of the root. Pulp chamber was instrumented and irrigated via the apical access. Samples were randomly assigned into groups A (MTA Fillapex), B (AH plus), C (iRoot SP) and D (unfilled as control). Colour assessment was performed at baseline, 1st, 3rd and 6th months with an intraoral spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance with additional multiple comparisons of post hoc were used for statistical analysis. All sealers caused perceptible tooth discolouration and there was no statistically significant difference between them. Discolouration progressed within the first 3 months and then decreased until the 6th month.
The Klinefelter syndrome is associated with high recurrence of copy number variations on the X chromosome with a potential role in the clinical phenotype
Authors: Rocca M. S. , Pecile V. , Cleva L. , Speltra E. , Selice R. , Di Mambro A. , Foresta C. , Ferlin A. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent sex chromosomal disorder in males, characterized by at least one supernumerary X chromosome (most frequent karyotype 47,XXY). This syndrome presents with a broad range of phenotypes. The common characteristics include small testes and infertility, but KS subjects are at increased risk of hypogonadism, cognitive dysfunction, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and autoimmune disorders, which are present in variable proportion. Although part of the clinical variability might be linked to a different degree of testicular function observed in KS patients, genetic mechanisms of the supernumerary X chromosome might contribute. Gene‐dosage effects and parental origin of the supernumerary X chromosome have been suggested to this regard. No study has been performed analyzing the genetic constitution of the X chromosome in terms of copy number variations (CNVs) and their possible involvement in phenotype of KS. To this aim, we performed a SNP arrays analysis on 94 KS and 85 controls. We found that KS subjects have more frequently than controls X‐linked CNVs (39/94, [41.5%] with respect to 12/42, [28.6%] of females, and 8/43, [18.6%] of males, p < 0.01). The number of X‐linked CNVs in KS patients was 4.58 ± 1.92 CNVs/subject, significantly higher with respect to that found in control females (1.50 ± 1.29 CNVs/subject) and males (1.14 ± 0.37 CNVs/subject). Importantly, 94.4% X‐linked CNVs in KS subjects were duplications, higher with respect to control males (50.0%, p < 0.001) and females (83.3%, p = 0.1). Half of the X‐linked CNVs fell within regions encompassing genes and most of them (90%) included genes escaping X‐inactivation in the regions of X–Y homology, particularly in the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) and Xq21.31. This study described for the first time the genetic properties of the X chromosome in KS and suggests that X‐linked CNVs (especially duplications) might contribute to the clinical phenotype.
Review article: safety and tolerability of direct‐acting anti‐viral agents in the new era of hepatitis C therapy
Authors: Banerjee D. , Reddy K. R. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundDirect‐acting anti‐virals (DAAs) licensed to treat chronic HCV infection have revolutionised treatment algorithms by drastically mitigating side effects while enhancing efficacy relative to interferon‐based therapy.AimTo review adverse events (AEs) uniquely associated with DAA therapy across a broad spectrum of patient populations.MethodsSearches of PubMed and FDA surveillance studies were undertaken to complete an exhaustive review. Search terms included ‘DAAs’, ‘safety’, and ‘tolerability’.ResultsWhile DAAs are remarkably well tolerated, they are accompanied by unique AEs. Simeprevir, an NS3/4A protease inhibitor, has been known, albeit infrequently, to cause mild hyperbilirubinemia and photosensitivity reactions; and paritaprevir boosted with ritonavir causes bilirubin and ALT elevations. Asunaprevir, another protease inhibitor, infrequently causes elevated transaminase levels. NS5A and NS5B inhibitors are well tolerated, although sofosbuvir is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment. Ribavirin co‐administered in certain treatment regimens has been associated with cough, rash and haemolytic anaemia.ConclusionsWith the impending reality of a more tolerable interferon‐sparing regimen, the future of DAA therapy offers shorter treatment duration, simplified disease management, and a patient‐centred regimen. With advantages come drawbacks, including development of resistance to therapy and accessibility to this expensive treatment. DAA therapy continues to advance at a brisk pace with a promising trend for higher tolerability, even in difficult‐to‐treat subgroups such as those with cirrhosis, nonresponders to prior therapy, and transplant recipients. Subgroup‐specific contraindications and safety‐related limitations are active areas of research. Concerted research efforts and continuing advances lend hope to the goal of rendering HCV a routinely curable disease.
Estimation and Interpretation of Heterogeneous Vaccine Efficacy Against Recurrent Infections
Authors: Mehtälä Juha , Dagan Ron , Auranen Kari 
Published: January 2016

Summary
Vaccine-induced protection may not be homogeneous across individuals. It is possible that a vaccine gives complete protection for a portion of individuals, while the rest acquire only incomplete (leaky) protection of varying magnitude. If vaccine efficacy is estimated under wrong assumptions about such individual level heterogeneity, the resulting estimates may be difficult to interpret. For instance, population-level predictions based on such estimates may be biased. We consider the problem of estimating heterogeneous vaccine efficacy against an infection that can be acquired multiple times (susceptible-infected-susceptible model). The estimation is based on a limited number of repeated measurements of the current status of each individual, a situation commonly encountered in practice. We investigate how the placement of consecutive samples affects the estimability and efficiency of vaccine efficacy parameters. The same sampling frequency may not be optimal for efficient estimation of all components of heterogeneous vaccine protection. However, we suggest practical guidelines allowing estimation of all components. For situations in which the estimability of individual components fails, we suggest to use summary measures of vaccine efficacy.
Do strategic processes contribute to the specificity of future simulation in depression?
Authors: Addis Donna Rose , Hach Sylvia , Tippett Lynette J. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe tendency to generate overgeneral past or future events is characteristic of individuals with a history of depression. Although much research has investigated the contribution of rumination and avoidance to the reduced specificity of past events, comparatively little research has examined (1) whether the specificity of future events is differentially reduced in depression and (2) the role of executive functions in this phenomenon. Our study aimed to redress this imbalance.MethodsParticipants with either current or past experience of depressive symptoms (‘depressive group’; N = 24) and matched controls (‘control group’; N = 24) completed tests of avoidance, rumination, and executive functions. A modified Autobiographical Memory Test was administered to assess the specificity of past and future events.ResultsThe depressive group were more ruminative and avoidant than controls, but did not exhibit deficits in executive function. Although overall the depressive group generated significantly fewer specific events than controls, this reduction was driven by a significant group difference in future event specificity. Strategic retrieval processes were correlated with both past and future specificity, and predictive of the future specificity, whereas avoidance and rumination were not.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that future simulation appears to be particularly vulnerable to disruption in individuals with current or past experience of depressive symptoms, consistent with the notion that future simulation is more cognitively demanding than autobiographical memory retrieval. Moreover, our findings suggest that even subtle changes in executive functions such as strategic processes may impact the ability to imagine specific future events.Practitioner points

Future simulation may be particularly vulnerable to executive dysfunction in individuals with current/previous depressive symptoms, with evidence of a differential reduction in the specificity of future events.

Strategic retrieval abilities were associated with the degree of future event specificity whereas levels of rumination and avoidance were not.

Given that the ability to generate specific simulations of the future is associated with enhanced psychological wellbeing, problem solving and coping behaviours, understanding how to increase the specificity of future simulations in depression is an important direction for future research and clinical practice.

Interventions focusing on improving the ability to engage strategic processes may be a fruitful avenue for increasing the ability to imagine specific future events in depression.

The autobiographical event tasks have somewhat limited ecological validity as they do not account for the many social and environmental cues present in everyday life; the development of more clinically‐relevant tasks may be of benefit to this area of study.
Landscapes of Invisibility: Anachronistic Subjects and Allochronous Spaces in Mill Land Mumbai
Authors: FINKELSTEIN MAURA 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBased on fieldwork conducted in the mill lands of Mumbai, India, this article investigates how deindustrialization shapes contemporary textile mill workers' identities. The centrality of textile manufacturing in Mumbai once made employment in the mills meaningful work. As mills closed and workers began to lose their jobs, the narrative of deindustrialization emphasized the need to protect the rights of the unemployed and eclipsed the reality that some individuals continue to work in the mills and emplace themselves in the city through their identification with mill work. This article demonstrates how deindustrialization discourse tends to erase contemporary textile workers from the city or frame workers as fake or relics of the past. I argue that framing textile workers as anachronistic while labor continues is an aspect of modernity and illuminates Mumbai's mill lands as an allochronous space that is indeed relevant to the city. Deindustrialization produces unemployment; however, it also produces other forms of marginality such as unprotected and unrepresented labor. Given that employed mill workers are not relics of the past, their perspectives are relevant to contemporary understanding of deindustrialization.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for giant circumferential rectal adenomas
Authors: Arezzo A. , Arolfo S. , Allaix M. E. , Bullano A. , Miegge A. , Marola S. , Morino M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTransanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) was originally invented by Buess et al. (Chirurg, 1984, 55, 677–80) for the treatment of infraperitoneal rectal adenomas. Its indications have progressively expanded to include larger and more advanced lesions. The aim of the study was to report the results of TEM used for the treatment of circumferential rectal lesions.MethodWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 17 consecutive patients [median age 69 (32–89) years; nine men] who underwent TEM for a circumferential rectal lesion in our department between September 2010 and January 2015.ResultsThe median distance from the anal verge was 4 (3–11) cm, the median longitudinal extent was 7 (3–10) cm and the median surface area was 75 (40–255) cm2. An end‐to‐end anastomosis without proximal bowel mobilization was completed endoscopically in all cases. The median operating time was 120 (40–240) min. Persistent, endoscopically uncontrollable endoluminal bleeding in one patient was successfully treated with a second TEM procedure. One patient underwent preoperative radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma detected at the preoperative assessment. Surgical histology showed a pT3 cancer in one patient who refused further surgery, a pT2 cancer in two who subsequently underwent abdominoperineal resection, a pT1 cancer in four and a ypT0 in one patient. All are at present free of disease. No patients developed faecal incontinence or urinary or sexual dysfunction. Four patients required endoscopic balloon dilatation for stenosis.ConclusionTransanal endoscopic microsurgery is a feasible and safe technique for large circumferential lesions with a satisfactory outcome. Preoperative staging may be inaccurate.
Predicting IUCN Extinction Risk Categories for the World's Data Deficient Groupers (Teleostei: Epinephelidae)
Authors: Luiz Osmar J. , Woods Rachael M. , Madin Elizabeth M.P. , Madin Joshua S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGroupers are highly susceptible to human‐induced impacts, making them one of the most threatened fish families globally. Extinction risk assessments are important in endangered threatened species management, however the most comprehensive—the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List—cannot classify approximately one‐third of grouper species due to data deficiency. We used an ordinal analytical approach to model relationships between species‐level traits and extinction risk categories. We found that larger species and those with shallower maximum depths and smaller geographic ranges had higher extinction risk. Using our best fitting model, we classified data deficient grouper species into IUCN's extinction risk categories based on traits. Most of these species were predicted to be of least concern. However, 12% were predicted to be endangered or vulnerable, suggesting that they may be of conservation interest. Importantly, we provide a quantitative method for overcoming data gaps that can be applied to conservation of other species.
Patterns of attention to threat across tasks in behaviorally inhibited children at risk for anxiety
Authors: Morales Santiago , Taber‐Thomas Bradley C. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough attention bias towards threat has been causally implicated in the development and maintenance of fear and anxiety, the expected associations do not appear consistently. Reliance on a single task to capture attention bias, in this case overwhelmingly the dot‐probe task, may contribute to this inconsistency. Comparing across attentional bias measures could help capture patterns of behavior that have implications for anxiety. This study examines the patterns of attentional bias across two related measures in a sample of children at temperamental risk for anxiety. Children (Meanage = 10.19 ± 0.96) characterized as behaviorally inhibited (N = 50) or non‐inhibited (N = 64) via parent‐report completed the dot‐probe and affective Posner tasks to measure attentional bias to threat. Parent‐report diagnostic interviews assessed children's social anxiety. Behavioral inhibition was not associated with performance in the dot‐probe task, but was associated with increased attentional bias to threat in the affective Posner task. Cross‐task convergence was dependent on temperament, such that attention bias across the two tasks was only related in behaviorally inhibited children. Finally, children who were consistently biased across tasks (showing high or low attentional bias scores in both tasks, rather than high in one but low in the other) had higher levels of anxiety. Convergence across attention bias measures may be dependent on individuals' predispositions (e.g. temperament). Moreover, convergence of attention bias across measures may be a stronger marker of information processing patterns that shape socioemotional outcomes than performance in a single task.
Cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel–titanium rotary instruments in interrupted rotation
Authors: Pedullà E. , Lizio A. , Scibilia M. , Grande N. M. , Plotino G. , Boninelli S. , Rapisarda E. , Lo Giudice G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate the influence of interrupted rotation on cyclic fatigue of two nickel–titanium rotary instruments.MethodologyCyclic fatigue of 300 new ProTaper Next size X1; X2 and Mtwo size 10, .04 taper; size 15, .05 taper; size 20, .06 taper and size 25, .06 taper instruments was tested in continuous or interrupted rotation. Fifty files of the same brand and size were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10). Group 1 instruments were tested in continuous rotation; groups 2 and 3 in paused rotation for 1 s every 10 or 20 s, respectively; groups 4 and 5 in interrupted rotation for 5 s every 10 or 20 s, respectively. Cyclic fatigue was expressed in time to fracture (TtF) in an artificial canal with 60° angle and 5 mm radius of curvature. The fracture surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were evaluated by two‐way analysis of variance.ResultsCyclic fatigue of groups 2 and 4 of ProTaper Next X2 and Mtwo size 25, .06 taper was significantly lower than that of group 1 of the same instruments (P < 0.01). ProTaper Next X2 had significantly reduced cyclic fatigue in groups 3 and 5 (P < 0.05). No differences were found by interrupting the rotation for 1 or 5 s in all instruments (P > 0.05). Fatigue of other instruments was not affected by interrupted rotation (P > 0.05).ConclusionsInterrupted rotation reduced cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Next X2 and Mtwo size 25, .06 taper, especially when a higher number of interruptions was performed.
Root canal treatment of a dilacerated mandibular premolar using a novel instrumentation approach. A case report
Authors: Chaniotis A. , Filippatos C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo report on a novel method to instrument a dilacerated double‐curved mandibular premolar.SummaryA 45‐year‐old female was referred suffering from diffuse pain emanating from the mandibular right quadrant. The second premolar (tooth 45) was diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. The radiographic examination revealed a dilacerated S‐shaped root configuration, with 2 severe curvatures of <2 mm radius. Under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation, a glide path was created until a size 10 K‐file reached working length. Instrumentation to larger size was achieved with a novel approach using controlled memory files. The controlled memory files were pre‐curved and passively inserted below the curvature until maximum frictional resistance. The motor was activated by maintaining light apical pressure, and the files were withdrawn from the canal. This procedure was repeated until each file could reach the working length. Chemical disinfection was achieved with positive syringe irrigation of 6% NaOCl, followed by 17% EDTA rinsing and manual dynamic gutta‐percha activation of the irrigants. Canal filling was achieved using the continuous wave of condensation technique and thermoplasticized injectable gutta‐percha backfill. The postoperative radiography revealed that the initial canal anatomy of the dilacerated double‐curved root canal was preserved.
Pulp sensibility and vitality tests for diagnosing pulpal health in permanent teeth: a critical review
Authors: Alghaithy R. A. , Qualtrough A. J. E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature related to pulp vitality and sensibility testing in order to determine the diagnostic accuracy of pulp tests with reference to a gold standard or control group. Implications of the results for research and clinical practice are also explored. The MEDLINE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for English‐language clinical trials in humans in which in vivo studies were designed to evaluate or compare the accuracy of selected pulp sensibility and pulp vitality tests in determining the state of pulpal health in permanent teeth. Studies were included only if the results were compared to a control group or to a valid gold or reference standard. Eight studies were identified. Shortcomings in research design were found to influence the findings. The limited number of studies investigating pulp vitality tests was insufficient to answer the research question. It was concluded from this critical appraisal of the literature that laser Doppler flowmetry appeared to be the most accurate method for diagnosing the state of pulpal health and came closest to serving as a gold standard. Pulp vitality tests proved superior to pulp sensibility tests for early and accurate assessments of the pulpal health of traumatized teeth. When accurately used and interpreted, pulp sensibility tests provide valuable diagnostic information, particularly when an electric pulp test is used in combination with either CO2 snow or Endo‐Ice.