bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Tricaine Methanesulfonate, Clove Oil, Metomidate, and 2-Phenoxyethanol for Anesthesia Induction in Alewives
Authors: Berlinsky David L , Watson Mark T , DiMaggio Matthew A , Breton Timothy S 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The efficacy of four anesthetic agents—tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil, metomidate, and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE)—was studied in adult, juvenile (133.3 ± 1.5 mm, 27.5 ± 8.9 g; mean ± SE), and larval Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus. In an initial trial, wild-caught adults were anesthetized to a state where they failed to respond to strong tactile stimuli when dosed with 87.5–112.5 mg/L MS-222, 25–40 mg/L clove oil, 0.5–5.0 mg/L metomidate, and 125–550 mg/L 2-PE. Optimal doses for anesthesia, defined as those providing the combined shortest induction and recovery times, were similar for larvae and juveniles: 75–100 mg/L MS-222, 40 mg/L clove oil, 5–7 mg/L metomidate, and 500 mg/L 2-PE. All juvenile fish survived 48 h postexposure to each optimal dose. In a longer (24 h) sedation experiment, juvenile Alewives were netted and exposed to low clove oil (2.5 and 5.0 mg/L) and metomidate (0.25 and 0.50 mg/L) doses, after which plasma cortisol was measured. Fish exposed to the clove oil treatments exhibited a cortisol stress response that was prolonged in the higher-dose treatment. No cortisol stress response was observed in the metomidate treatments. Overall, optimal acute anesthesia doses for Alewives were similar to those reported for other species, and metomidate may be useful for longer-term sedation.
Competing Radical Translations: Examples, Limitations and Implications
Authors: Levy Edwin 
Published: January 2016

In Chapter II of Word and Object, Quine presents and analyzes some of the philosophical difficulties found in the following situation: a linguist comes upon some jungle natives whose language is entirely unknown to him; the linguist then sets out to provide a translation of the jungle language into English. What the linguist would then be said to produce is a ‘radical translation’. Quine's thesis about radical translation is this: while, in a sense, translations can be produced, there are philosophical reasons why there can be no uniquely correct equivalence class of radical translations.Although I have stated Quine's theme with respect to radical translation, it must be emphasized that even in this single chapter he is defending a far more general claim, i.e.:Thinking in terms of radical translation of exotic languages has helped make factors vivid, but the main lesson to be derived concerns the empirical slack in our own beliefs… To the same degree that the radical translation of sentences is undetermined by the totality of dispositions to verbal behavior, our own theories and beliefs in general are underdetermined by the totality of possible sensory evidence time without end. ([10] p. 78)
On Some Autonomy Arguments in Social Science
Authors: Nickles Thomas 
Published: January 2016

My aim in this necessarily compact paper is to sketch a philosophical defense of the kind of position assumed by the later Kroeber, when he wrote:… That which is specifically characteristic and distinctively significant of phenomena of a level [of organization] is intelligible only in terms of the other phenomena, qualities, or regularities of that same level. The most characteristic qualities or phenomena are never explained by what we know of another level….This does not mean that a new entity is hypostasized [sic] as the unique, substance of each level. Life, mind, society, and culture are not outside matter and energy, not outside space and time…. They are different organizations of matter and energy, if one will, which physicists and chemists cannot, in virtue of their physical and chemical methods, deal with fruitfully….
The Plausibility of Research Programs
Authors: Millman Arthur B. 
Published: January 2016

Feyerabend, Kuhn, and Lakatos have held that no objective reasons can be given for entertaining or working on a particular new theory, paradigm, or research program. I shall examine one of the-main cases they appeal to and argue that, although Copernicus's theory was not superior to the Ptolemaic theory according to any of the usual criteria for comparing theories, it did have features which provided the early Copernicans with good reasons for entertaining it and trying to develop it further.Let us begin with Feyerabend. He has been a vigorous advocate of a “principle of proliferation” according to which scientists should always be considering alternatives to the theories currently accepted. Indeed, Feyerabend holds that scientists should strive to “invent and elaborate theories which are inconsistent with the accepted point of view, even if the latter should happen to be highly confirmed and generally accepted” ([4] , p.26).
Are There Interesting Philosophical Issues in Technology as Distinct from Science? An Overview of Philosophy of Technology
Authors: Durbin Paul T. 
Published: January 2016

I take it that the original issue of this symposium is implicit rather than explicit in the title. As expressed by one of the arrangers of the symposium, it was this: “Despite a growing interest in philosophy of technology, many philosophers of science doubt that there are any very interesting philosophical issues generated by technology as opposed to science.”While I share the concern here — much that has been written on technology, even by philosophers, is of dubious merit — I have been asked to present my views, I am sure, as an advocate of philosophy of technology. And I gladly accept the challenge. I feel that worthwhile work has been done, especially in the last ten years, and even more strongly that worthwhile work needs to be done — and from many perspectives. I turn to the need first.
Tachyon Signals, Causal Paradoxes, and the Relativity of Simultaneity
Authors: Savitt Steven F. 
Published: January 2016

The basic equations of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) imply that no massive particle travelling at a velocity less than the velocity of light in vacuo (call that ‘c’) can be accelerated to a velocity either equal to or greater than c. For instance, the total energy E of a particle is given by the formula(1)where m is the rest mass of the particle and v its velocity in some given co-ordinate system (CS). One can choose units so that c = 1; hence for ordinary particles (|v| < 1) as v approaches 1, E grows without bound. That is, as a particle accelerates, its total energy increases and ever-increasing amounts of energy are required to accelerate it. So no ordinary particle (tardyon, bradyon) can be accelerated continuously from velocity v < 1 to velocity v = 1, much less to velocity v > 1.
Philosophy of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions: Remarks on the VPI Program for Testing Philosophies of Science
Authors: Richardson Alan W. 
Published: January 2016

For a number of years now, we, as philosophers of science, have been enjoined by more and more of our colleagues to understand the task of developing a philosophy of science to be itself a scientific task. We are told that if we want to understand science we have no better (and perhaps indeed no other) path to such an understanding than the path of science itself. We should view ourselves as ultimately attempting to arrive at a relatively complete theoretical understanding of how science proceeds. This is a call tonaturalizephilosophy of science.Somewhat more recently some philosophers of science have become impatient even with those who have taken up the naturalist banner. It isn’t enough, they tell us, to arrive at an understanding of the nature of philosophy of science that proclaims it to be one science among many.
Putting Philosophy of Science to the Test: the Case or Aristotle's Biology
Authors: Lennox James G. 
Published: January 2016

Aristotle's De Partibus Animalium (PA) is, if there ever was one, a classic. It consists, at the broadest level, of four books. The first is devoted to articulating (I'm quoting its introduction) “…standards, by reference to which one will judge the manner of the demonstrations <of natural inquiry>, apart from the question of how the truth has it, whether thus or otherwise.” (639al2-15). Books II-IV, on the other hand, are introduced as attempts to provide causal explanations for the facts regarding the parts that belong to the various kinds of animals, facts systematically organized in the Historia Animalium. (646a8-12). This means that Aristotle's De Partibus consists of an introductory book on the philosophy of biological science, and three books of biological science.Such an arrangement provides the student of this great work an opportunity to explore one of the perennial issues in the history and philosophy of science: the connection between a scientist's theory of science, and his actual scientific practice.
Using observational data to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic treatment-switching strategies: an application to antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Cain Lauren E , Saag Michael S , Petersen Maya , May Margaret T , Ingle Suzanne M , Logan Roger , Robins James M , Abgrall Sophie , Shepherd Bryan E , Deeks Steven G , John Gill M , Touloumi Giota , Vourli Georgia , Dabis François , Vandenhende Marie-Anne , Reiss Peter , van Sighem Ard , Samji Hasina , Hogg Robert S , Rybniker Jan , Sabin Caroline A , Jose Sophie , del Amo Julia , Moreno Santiago , Rodríguez Benigno , Cozzi-Lepri Alessandro , Boswell Stephen L , Stephan Christoph , Pérez-Hoyos Santiago , Jarrin Inma , Guest Jodie L , D’Arminio Monforte Antonella , Antinori Andrea , Moore Richard , Campbell Colin NJ , Casabona Jordi , Meyer Laurence , Seng Rémonie , Phillips Andrew N , Bucher Heiner C , Egger Matthias , Mugavero Michael J , Haubrich Richard , Geng Elvin H , Olson Ashley , Eron Joseph J , Napravnik Sonia , Kitahata Mari M , Van Rompaey Stephen E , Teira Ramón , Justice Amy C , Tate Janet P , Costagliola Dominique , Sterne Jonathan AC , Hernán Miguel A ,   on behalf of the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration, the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems, and the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Background: When a clinical treatment fails or shows suboptimal results, the question of when to switch to another treatment arises. Treatment switching strategies are often dynamic because the time of switching depends on the evolution of an individual’s time-varying covariates. Dynamic strategies can be directly compared in randomized trials. For example, HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy could be randomized to switching therapy within 90 days of HIV-1 RNA crossing above a threshold of either 400 copies/ml (tight-control strategy) or 1000 copies/ml (loose-control strategy).
Methods: We review an approach to emulate a randomized trial of dynamic switching strategies using observational data from the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration, the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems and the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration. We estimated the comparative effect of tight-control vs. loose-control strategies on death and AIDS or death via inverse-probability weighting.
Results: Of 43 803 individuals who initiated an eligible antiretroviral therapy regimen in 2002 or later, 2001 met the baseline inclusion criteria for the mortality analysis and 1641 for the AIDS or death analysis. There were 21 deaths and 33 AIDS or death events in the tight-control group, and 28 deaths and 41 AIDS or death events in the loose-control group. Compared with tight control, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for loose control were 1.10 (0.73, 1.66) for death, and 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) for AIDS or death.
Conclusions: Although our effective sample sizes were small and our estimates imprecise, the described methodological approach can serve as an example for future analyses.
The Effects of Intrapartum Supportive Care on Fear of Delivery and Labor Outcomes: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: İsbir Gözde Gökçe , Serçekuş Pinar 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Background:
Supportive care during labor, the primary role of intrapartum nurses and midwives, provides comfort to prepartum women and helps facilitate a positive labor experience. It has been argued that supportive care during labor reduces fear and anxiety as well as the resultant side effects. However, evidence supporting this argument is insufficient.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intrapartum supportive care on fear of delivery and on the key parameters of the labor process.

Methods:
This study used a single-blind randomized controlled trial approach. Randomized block assignment was used to assign 72 participants to either the intervention group (n = 36) or the control group (n = 36). Three women in the intervention group and six in the control group were later excluded from the study because they received emergency cesarean delivery. The intervention group received continuous supportive care, and the control group received routine hospital care.

Results:
No significant differences were identified between the two groups at baseline. The intervention group reported less fear of delivery during the active and transient phases of labor, higher perceived support and control during delivery, lower pain scores during the transient phase of labor, and a shorter delivery period than the control group (p < .05). However, no significant difference in the use of oxytocin during delivery between the two groups was reported.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:
The results of this evidence-based study suggest that continuous support during labor has clinically meaningful benefits for women and that all women should receive this support throughout their labor and delivery process.
Newborn Direct or Conjugated Bilirubin Measurements As a Potential Screen for Biliary Atresia
Authors: Harpavat Sanjiv , Ramraj Ramya , Finegold Milton J. , Brandt Mary L. , Hertel Paula M. , Fallon Sara C. , Shepherd Ross W. , Shneider Benjamin L. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Although screening for biliary atresia (BA) is associated with improved outcomes, no screening program currently exists in the United States. In this study, we explore the possibility of a screening strategy based on newborn direct or conjugated bilirubin (DB or CB) measurements. Our objective is to estimate testing's sensitivity and specificity for BA.Methods:Two groups were examined retrospectively. For sensitivity calculations, a BA group consisting of infants born between January 2011 and December 2014, diagnosed with BA, and cared for at a pediatric gastroenterology referral center was examined. For specificity calculations, a non‐BA group that comprised of infants born between June 2009 and August 2011 in a hospital with a policy of checking newborn bilirubin concentrations was studied.Results:All 35 infants with newborn DB or CB measurements in the BA group had elevated concentrations, translating to a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 87.7–100). In the non‐BA group, 8936 of 9102 infants had DB concentrations within the laboratory's reference interval, translating to a specificity of 98.2% (95% CI 97.9–98.4). Three methods—calculating direct:total bilirubin ratios, using 99% reference intervals, and repeat testing—changed specificity to different degrees.Conclusions:Newborn DB or CB measurements may have a high sensitivity and specificity for BA. Specificity can be further improved by using 99% reference intervals and/or repeat testing. Our findings can serve as the foundation for larger prospective studies, to determine whether newborn DB or CB measurements can be an effective screening strategy for BA.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis‐Associated Chemical and Mechanical Microenvironment Shapes Esophageal Fibroblast Behavior
Authors: Muir Amanda B. , Dods Kara , Henry Steven J. , Benitez Alain J. , Lee Dale , Whelan Kelly A. , DeMarshall Maureen , Hammer Daniel A. , Falk Gary , Wells Rebecca G. , Spergel Jonathan , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Wang Mei‐Lun 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immune‐mediated allergic disease characterized by progressive esophageal dysmotility and fibrotic stricture associated with chronic esophageal fibroblast activation. It remains unknown how esophageal fibroblasts respond to EoE‐relevant matrix stiffness or inflammatory cytokines.Methods:Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) expression in endoscopic esophageal biopsies. Primary esophageal fibroblasts from adult and pediatric patients with or without EoE were exposed to transforming growth factor (TGF)β to determine gene expression, collagen‐matrix contractility, and cytoskeletal organization. The influence of matrix stiffness upon fibroblast behavior was assessed on the engineered surface of polyacrylamide gels with varying stiffness. Fibroblast traction forces were measured using microfabricated‐post‐array‐detectors.Results:EoE esophageal fibroblasts had enhanced α‐SMA expression. TGFβ not only stimulated enhanced fibroblast‐specific gene expression but also promoted fibroblast‐mediated collagen‐matrix contraction, despite disease state or age of patients as the origin of cells. Unlike conventional monolayer cell, culture conditions using plastic surface (1 GPa) that activates fibroblasts constitutively, our engineered platforms recapitulating physiologically relevant stiffness (1–20 kPa) revealed that matrix stiffness defines the extent of α‐SMA expression, intracellular collagen fibril organization, SMAD3 phosphorylation, and fibroblast traction force.Conclusions:Matrix stiffness may critically influence TGFβ‐mediated gene expression and functions of esophageal fibroblasts ex vivo independent of age and disease conditions. These findings provide a novel insight into the pathogenesis of fibrostenotic disease in EoE.
EUS and EUS‐Guided Interventions Alter Clinical Management in Children With Digestive Diseases
Authors: Gordon Kevin , Conway Jason , Evans Jerry , Petty John , Fortunato John E. , Mishra Girish 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) ± fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a useful tool to evaluate gastrointestinal tract disorders in adults because of its established feasibility and safety. Its role in children has not been well established and continues to evolve. Our objective was to evaluate the utility and impact on clinical management of EUS and EUS‐guided interventions in the pediatric population at our institution.Methods:Retrospective, single‐center study including 43 patients undergoing EUS and EUS‐FNA between August 2005 and January 2012.Results:Fifty‐one EUS procedures were performed in 43 patients, 30 girls, median age 14.5 (range 4–18). The most common indications were suspected biliary obstruction in 11 of 51 (22%), pancreatic cysts in 10 of 51 (20%), acute or recurrent pancreatitis in 9 of 51 (18%), and abdominal pain in 8 of 51 (16%). The most common findings of EUS included normal 11 of 51 (22%), pancreas cyst 6 of 51 (12%), pancreatic pseudocyst 5 of 51 (10%), biliary system sludge or stones 9 of 51 (18%), and acute and chronic pancreatitis 5 of 51 (10%). EUS‐FNA was performed in 13 cases: 7 solid masses or nodes, 4 pancreatic pseudocyst, 1 pancreatic cyst, and 1 celiac plexus block. FNA cyst drainage was successful in resolving all 4 pancreatic pseudocysts. EUS prompted a surgical procedure in 13 cases (25%), ERCP in 5 cases (10%), and repeat EUS in 5 cases (10%). EUS led to a new diagnosis in 34 of 43 (79%) patients and prompted further intervention in 24 of 51 (47%) procedures.Conclusions:In this large cohort study, we found that EUS and EUS‐guided interventions assist in diagnosing and altering clinical management in pediatric patients and should be considered in cases with vexing pancreaticobiliary disorders.
Putrescine Alleviates Iron Deficiency via NO-Dependent Reutilization of Root Cell-Wall Fe in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhu Xiao Fang , Wang Bin , Song Wen Feng , Zheng Shao Jian , Shen Ren Fang 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Plants challenged with abiotic stress show enhanced polyamines levels. Here, we show that the polyamine putrescine (Put) plays an important role to alleviate Fe deficiency. The adc2-1 mutant, which is defective in Put biosynthesis, was hypersensitive to Fe deficiency compared with wild type (Col-1 of Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Exogenous Put decreased the Fe bound to root cell wall, especially to hemicellulose, and increased root and shoot soluble Fe content, thus alleviating the Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis. Intriguingly, exogenous Put induced the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) under both Fe-sufficient (+Fe) and Fe-deficient (-Fe) conditions, although the ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity and the expression of genes related to Fe uptake were induced only under -Fe treatment. The alleviation of Fe deficiency by Put was diminished in the hemicellulose-level decreased mutant-xth31 and in the noa1 and nia1nia2 mutants, in which the endogenous NO levels are reduced, indicating that both NO and hemicellulose are involved in Put-mediated alleviation of Fe deficiency. However, the FCR activity and the expression of genes related to Fe uptake were still up-regulated under -Fe+Put treatment compared with -Fe treatment in xth31, and Put-induced cell wall Fe remobilization was abolished in noa1 and nia1nia2, indicating that Put-regulated cell wall Fe reutilization is dependent on NO. From our results, we conclude that Put is involved in the remobilization of Fe from root cell wall hemicellulose in a process dependent on NO accumulation under Fe-deficient condition in Arabidopsis.
Historical British antecedents of innovative construction project organisation and social structures
Authors: Holt Gary D. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to present examples of historical British antecedents of innovative construction procurement, project organisation and social structures, through an historical case study and highlight how contemporary innovative “newness” can sometimes be preceded by historical antecedents.Design/methodology/approach– This paper used informal analysis of extant literature and historical archives, to synthesise those antecedents presented and reflect on these in light of contemporary construction practice and innovation.Findings– The case study project, capturing the period c.1894-1904, demonstrates numerous historical but significant innovations relating to project organisation and social structures. The extent of these may result from more lax regulation and workplace controls of the time. The case also epitomises how a publicly accountable authority, can realise a high-quality, constructed product in good time, using direct labour and without recourse to competitive procurement.Research limitations/implications– The blending of historical construction research with contemporary construction innovation (CI) thinking may open new academic opportunities in both fields.Practical implications– The findings suggest that a less regulatory-constrained environment appears conducive to incremental and process-oriented CI activity.Originality/value– There is a dearth of construction history research; its application to CI is unique.