bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La métallurgie en 1937
Authors: Strycker Robert De 
Published: August 2016

Au cours de l’année écoulée, la production de notre industrie sidérurgique marque une nouvelle et sensible augmentation. Le progrès est d’environ 20 % pour les produits bruts, il est un peu plus faible pour les produits finis. Cet écart s’explique par les exportations importantes de demi-produits que nous avons faites, particulièrement vers l’Angleterre.L’histoire de la production pendant 1937 se résume en quelques mots: une augmentation continue de la demande au cours des premiers mois de l’année a permis de faire travailler à forte allure les installations déjà en service, puis de remettre en marche des appareils qui n’étaient plus utilisés depuis 1930; la demande s’étant fortement ralentie vers la fin du printemps la production put cependant se maintenir plusieurs mois, grâce à l’importance des commandes en carnet. Lorsque ces dernières s’épuisèrent en novembre, l’activité tomba brusquement et cette chute exceptionnellement rapide se poursuit d’ailleurs actuellement.La production moyenne journalière d’un haut fourneau se relève encore cette année. Dans notre chronique consacrée à 1936 nous avions fait remarquer que le chiffre de 209 tonnes qui résultait des opérations mathématiques habituelles devait être corrigé pour tenir compte des effets des grèves de juin 1936 et porté à 216 tonnes. Pour 1937 l’indice est de 224 tonnes, niveau qui n’avait pas encore été atteint jusqu’ici. Si l’on assimile l’année 1937 à 1929, en ce qui concerne sa position dans un cycle économique, on constate une augmentation de 26 tonnes pour la production journalière moyenne d’un haut fourneau, soit environ 13 % en huit ans. Cette progression est un des éléments qui permettent de mesurer le perfectionnement de notre outillage. Il n’y a, en effet, qu’une différence relativement faible entre la production mensuelle moyenne de ces deux années de sorte qu’on ne peut objecter que l’augmentation de cet indice est due exclusivement au sélectionnement des hauts fourneaux, seuls les appareils à haute production étant maintenus en activité.
La Conjoncture économique de la Belgique et du Luxembourg
Authors: Dupriez Léon-H. 
Published: August 2016

L’image de la conjoncture économique belge, qui nous donnait, voici trois mois, des signes nombreux d’un revirement en cours, s’est particulièrement précisée au cours de ces derniers temps. En se développant, le recul prend, de plus en plus, tous les aspects classiques, à l’exception des événements sensationnels qui marquent le début de la plupart des crises. L’aisance avec laquelle l’on est passé du progrès au recul contraste singulièrement avec les errements de la crise de 1929. Il faut dire que la prospérité antécédente a été de plus courte durée et n’a pas permis les mêmes exagérations; au surplus, la récession surprend un monde éminemment plus averti du problème des crises et plus prompt à accorder ses attitudes aux nécessités. Ceci nous paraît important, malgré le désarroi qui règne toujours en matière monétaire.Le recul de la conjoncture belge se situe dans la cadre d’une récession internationale, qui a atteint en tout premier lieu les grands produits des marchés internationaux, n’intéressant directement l’industrie belge que dans une faible mesure. Il apparaît donc comme provoqué par des circonstances extérieures, tout en se développant suivant un schéma classique à l’intérieur. A quelle partie du monde extérieur allions-nous emboîter le pas, en un moment où les évolutions sont fort différentes d’un pays à l’autre? Fort heureusement, les événements paraissent suggérer que notre guide principal est l’économie britannique, la plus stable en dehors des pays autarchiques. Cependant, la dépendance de la Belgique à l’égard de l’exportation rend son.économie plus sensible aux chocs de l’extérieur: aussi sa production fléchit-elle plus rapidement.
Le mouvement social en 1938
Authors: Velge Henri 
Published: August 2016

Nous avons, à différentes reprises, signalé la corrélation existant entre le développement de nouvelles réformes sociales et l’amélioration de la situation économique. Ce dernier phénomène n’a certes pas été constaté dans le courant de l’année 1938; notre économie a subi une régression incontestable; cependant, certaines réformes sociales nouvelles, dont certaines ne sont pas sans importance, ont vu le jour.D’une manière générale, toutefois, le Gouvernement a désiré s’en tenir exclusivement à deux points importants signalés dans sa déclaration ministérielle : la révision de la loi sur les congés payés et l’organisation légale de l’assurance contre le chômage involontaire.
La raison d’être et l’évolution du crédit fluvial de 1926 à 1938
Authors: Criekinge Henry Van 
Published: August 2016

Les difficultés passagères et relativement bénignes que la batellerie rencontra au cours de la crise mondiale, qui fut si fertile en faillites dans d’autres domaines, eurent un écho démesuré dans certains milieux très attentifs aux récriminations des défenseurs du rail.La réduction d’autorité des charges financières de la batellerie fit douter des capacités de résistance de la voie d’eau. Or, la résorption de la crise de la batellerie hypothéquée put se faire dans des conditions inattendues pour les non avertis, au cours des années 1935 et suivantes. La portée générale de ce probleme mérite d’être examinée.Aussi l’objet de cette étude est de pénétrer cette réalité vivante qu’est le crédit fluvial, en tant qu’instrument à la fois économique et social à la disposition de la population batelière, et aussi comme manifestation de ce crédit industriel dont le rôle s’étend à mesure que l’« Umwegproduktion » se développe.
Bcl-xL is an oncogenic driver in colorectal cancer
Authors: Scherr Anna-Lena , Gdynia Georg , Salou Mariam , Radhakrishnan Praveen , Duglova Katarina , Heller Anette , Keim Sophia , Kautz Nicole , Jassowicz Adam , Elssner Christin , He You-Wen , Jaeger Dirk , Heikenwalder Mathias , Schneider Martin , Weber Achim , Roth Wilfried , Schulze-Bergkamen Henning , Koehler Bruno Christian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignant neoplasia in women and men worldwide. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family is mainly known for its pivotal role in the regulation of the mitochondrial death pathway. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins may provide survival benefits and induce therapy resistance in cancer cells. Among anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, we found solely Bcl-xL strongly upregulated in human CRC specimens. In order to study protein function in the context of tumor initiation and progression in vivo, we generated a mouse model lacking Bcl-xL in intestinal epithelial cells (Bcl-xLIEC-KO). If challenged in an inflammation-driven tumor model, Bcl-xLIEC-KO mice showed a significantly reduced tumor burden with lower tumor numbers per animal and decreased tumor sizes. Analysis of cell death events by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting revealed a striking increase of apoptosis in Bcl-xL-negative tumors. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry excluded changes in proliferative capacity and immune cell infiltration as reasons for the reduced tumor load and thereby identify apoptosis as key mechanism. Human CRC tissue was cultured ex vivo and treated with the small molecule compound ABT-737, which inhibits Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Under ABT-737 treatment, the amount of apoptotic tumor cells significantly increased compared with controls, whereas proliferation levels remained unaltered. In summary, our findings identify Bcl-xL as a driver in colorectal tumorigenesis and cancer progression, making it a valuable target for clinical application.
Novel gene function revealed by mouse mutagenesis screens for models of age-related disease
Authors: Potter Paul K. , Bowl Michael R. , Jeyarajan Prashanthini , Wisby Laura , Blease Andrew , Goldsworthy Michelle E. , Simon Michelle M. , Greenaway Simon , Michel Vincent , Barnard Alun , Aguilar Carlos , Agnew Thomas , Banks Gareth , Blake Andrew , Chessum Lauren , Dorning Joanne , Falcone Sara , Goosey Laurence , Harris Shelley , Haynes Andy , Heise Ines , Hillier Rosie , Hough Tertius , Hoslin Angela , Hutchison Marie , King Ruairidh , Kumar Saumya , Lad Heena V. , Law Gemma , MacLaren Robert E. , Morse Susan , Nicol Thomas , Parker Andrew , Pickford Karen , Sethi Siddharth , Starbuck Becky , Stelma Femke , Cheeseman Michael , Cross Sally H. , Foster Russell G. , Jackson Ian J. , Peirson Stuart N. , Thakker Rajesh V. , Vincent Tonia , Scudamore Cheryl , Wells Sara , El-Amraoui Aziz , Petit Christine , Acevedo-Arozena Abraham , Nolan Patrick M. , Cox Roger , Mallon Anne-Marie , Brown Steve D. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDetermining the genetic bases of age-related disease remains a major challenge requiring a spectrum of approaches from human and clinical genetics to the utilization of model organism studies. Here we report a large-scale genetic screen in mice employing a phenotype-driven discovery platform to identify mutations resulting in age-related disease, both late-onset and progressive. We have utilizedN-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis to generate pedigrees of mutagenized mice that were subject to recurrent screens for mutant phenotypes as the mice aged. In total, we identify 105 distinct mutant lines from 157 pedigrees analysed, out of which 27 are late-onset phenotypes across a range of physiological systems. Using whole-genome sequencing we uncover the underlying genes for 44 of these mutant phenotypes, including 12 late-onset phenotypes. These genes reveal a number of novel pathways involved with age-related disease. We illustrate our findings by the recovery and characterization of a novel mouse model of age-related hearing loss.
A keystone mutualism underpins resilience of a coastal ecosystem to drought
Authors: Angelini Christine , Griffin John N. , van de Koppel Johan , Lamers Leon P. M. , Smolders Alfons J. P. , Derksen-Hooijberg Marlous , van der Heide Tjisse , Silliman Brian R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDroughts are increasing in severity and frequency, yet the mechanisms that strengthen ecosystem resilience to this stress remain poorly understood. Here, we test whether positive interactions in the form of a mutualism between mussels and dominant cordgrass in salt marshes enhance ecosystem resistance to and recovery from drought. Surveys spanning 250 km of southeastern US coastline reveal spatially dispersed mussel mounds increased cordgrass survival during severe drought by 5- to 25-times. Surveys and mussel addition experiments indicate this positive effect of mussels on cordgrass was due to mounds enhancing water storage and reducing soil salinity stress. Observations and models then demonstrate that surviving cordgrass patches associated with mussels function as nuclei for vegetative re-growth and, despite covering only 0.1–12% of die-offs, markedly shorten marsh recovery periods. These results indicate that mutualisms, in supporting stress-resistant patches, can play a disproportionately large, keystone role in enhancing ecosystem resilience to climatic extremes.
Per capita interactions and stress tolerance drive stress-induced changes in biodiversity effects on ecosystem functions
Authors: Baert Jan M. , Janssen Colin R. , Sabbe Koen , De Laender Frederik 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEnvironmental stress changes the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Because species interactions shape biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships, changes in per capita interactions under stress (as predicted by the stress gradient hypothesis) can be an important driver of stress-induced changes in these relationships. To test this hypothesis, we measure productivity in microalgae communities along a diversity and herbicide gradient. On the basis of additive partitioning and a mechanistic community model, we demonstrate that changes in per capita interactions do not explain effects of herbicide stress on the biodiversity–productivity relationship. Instead, assuming that the per capita interactions remain unaffected by stress, causing species densities to only change through differences in stress tolerance, suffices to predict the stress-induced changes in the biodiversity–productivity relationship and community composition. We discuss how our findings set the stage for developing theory on how environmental stress changes biodiversity effects on ecosystem functions.
CsPAO4 of Citrus sinensis functions in polyamine terminal catabolism and inhibits plant growth under salt stress
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Ji-Hong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPolyamine oxidase (PAO) is a key enzyme catalyzing polyamine catabolism leading to H2O2 production. We previously demonstrated that Citrus sinensis contains six putative PAO genes, but their functions are not well understood. In this work, we reported functional elucidation of CsPAO4 in polyamine catabolism and salt stress response. CsPAO4 was localized to the apoplast and used both spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) as substrates for terminal catabolism. Transgenic plants overexpressing CsPAO4 displayed prominent increase in PAO activity, concurrent with marked decrease of Spm and Spd and elevation of H2O2. Seeds of transgenic lines displayed better germination when compared with wild type (WT) under salt stress. However, both vegetative growth and root elongation of the transgenic lines were prominently inhibited under salt stress, accompanied by higher level of H2O2 and more conspicuous programmed cell death (PCD). Exogenous supply of catalase (CAT), a H2O2 scavenger, partially recovered the vegetative growth and root elongation. In addition, spermine inhibited root growth of transgenic plants. Taken together, these data demonstrated that CsPAO4 accounts for production of H2O2 causing oxidative damages under salt stress and that down-regulation of a PAO gene involved in polyamine terminal catabolism may be an alternative approach for improving salt stress tolerance.
Multi-scale structure and topological anomaly detection via a new network statistic: The onion decomposition
Authors: Hébert-Dufresne Laurent , Grochow Joshua A. , Allard Antoine 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe introduce a network statistic that measures structural properties at the micro-, meso-, and macroscopic scales, while still being easy to compute and interpretable at a glance. Our statistic,the onion spectrum, is based on theonion decomposition, which refines thek-core decomposition, a standard network fingerprinting method. The onion spectrum is exactly as easy to compute as thek-cores: It is based on the stages at which each vertex gets removed from a graph in the standard algorithm for computing thek-cores. Yet, the onion spectrum reveals much more information about a network, and at multiple scales; for example, it can be used to quantify node heterogeneity, degree correlations, centrality, and tree- or lattice-likeness. Furthermore, unlike thek-core decomposition, the combined degree-onion spectrum immediately gives a clear local picture of the network around each node which allows the detection of interesting subgraphs whose topological structure differs from the global network organization. This local description can also be leveraged to easily generate samples from the ensemble of networks with a given joint degree-onion distribution. We demonstrate the utility of the onion spectrum for understanding both static and dynamic properties on several standard graph models and on many real-world networks.
Enhancement of superconductivity under pressure and the magnetic phase diagram of tantalum disulfide single crystals
Authors: Abdel-Hafiez M. , Zhao X.-M. , Kordyuk A. A. , Fang Y.-W. , Pan B. , He Z. , Duan C.-G. , Zhao J. , Chen X.-J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn low-dimensional electron systems, charge density waves (CDW) and superconductivity are two of the most fundamental collective quantum phenomena. For all known quasi-two-dimensional superconductors, the origin and exact boundary of the electronic orderings and superconductivity are still attractive problems. Through transport and thermodynamic measurements, we report on the field-temperature phase diagram in 2H-TaS2 single crystals. We show that the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) increases by one order of magnitude from temperatures at 0.98 K up to 9.15 K at 8.7 GPa when the Tc becomes very sharp. Additionally, the effects of 8.7 GPa illustrate a suppression of the CDW ground state, with critically small Fermi surfaces. Below the Tc the lattice of magnetic flux lines melts from a solid-like state to a broad vortex liquid phase region. Our measurements indicate an unconventional s-wave-like picture with two energy gaps evidencing its multi-band nature.
Simple steatosis sensitizes cholestatic rats to liver injury and dysregulates bile salt synthesis and transport
Authors: Lionarons Daniël A. , Heger Michal , van Golen Rowan F. , Alles Lindy K. , van der Mark Vincent A. , Kloek Jaap J. , de Waart Dirk R. , Marsman Hendrik A. , Rusch Henny , Verheij Joanne , Beuers Ulrich , Paulusma Coen C. , van Gulik Thomas M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disorder. It is uncertain if simple steatosis, the initial and prevailing form of NAFLD, sensitizes the liver to cholestasis. Here, we compared the effects of obstructive cholestasis in rats with a normal liver versus rats with simple steatosis induced by a methionine/choline-deficient diet. We found that plasma liver enzymes were higher and hepatic neutrophil influx, inflammation, and fibrosis were more pronounced in animals with combined steatosis and cholestasis compared to cholestasis alone. Circulating bile salt levels were markedly increased and hepatic bile salt composition shifted from hydrophilic tauro-β-muricholate to hydrophobic taurocholate. This shift was cytotoxic for HepG2 hepatoma cells. Gene expression analysis revealed induction of the rate-limiting enzyme in bile salt synthesis, cytochrome P450 7a1 (CYP7A1), and modulation of the hepatic bile salt transport system. In conclusion, simple steatosis sensitizes the liver to cholestatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in part due to a cytotoxic shift in bile salt composition. Plasma bile salt levels were elevated, linked to dysregulation of bile salt synthesis and enhanced trafficking of bile salts from the liver to the systemic circulation.
Monocular and Binocular Contributions to Oculomotor Plasticity
Authors: Maiello Guido , Harrison William J. , Bex Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMost eye movements in the real-world redirect the foveae to objects at a new depth and thus require the co-ordination of monocular saccade amplitudes and binocular vergence eye movements. Additionally to maintain the accuracy of these oculomotor control processes across the lifespan, ongoing calibration is required to compensate for errors in foveal landing positions. Such oculomotor plasticity has generally been studied under conditions in which both eyes receive a common error signal, which cannot resolve the long-standing debate regarding whether both eyes are innervated by a common cortical signal or by a separate signal for each eye. Here we examine oculomotor plasticity when error signals are independently manipulated in each eye, which can occur naturally owing to aging changes in each eye’s orbit and extra-ocular muscles, or in oculomotor dysfunctions. We find that both rapid saccades and slow vergence eye movements are continuously recalibrated independently of one another and corrections can occur in opposite directions in each eye. Whereas existing models assume a single cortical representation of space employed for the control of both eyes, our findings provide evidence for independent monoculomotor and binoculomotor plasticities and dissociable spatial mapping for each eye.
Isolation and characterization of vesicular and non-vesicular microRNAs circulating in sera of partially hepatectomized rats
Authors: Castoldi Mirco , Kordes Claus , Sawitza Iris , Häussinger Dieter 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCirculating microRNAs are protected from degradation by their association with either vesicles or components of the RNAi machinery. Although increasing evidence indicates that cell-free microRNAs are transported in body fluids by different types of vesicles, current research mainly focuses on the characterization of exosome-associated microRNAs. However, as isolation and characterization of exosomes is challenging, it is yet unclear whether exosomes or other vesicular elements circulating in serum are the most reliable source for discovering disease-associated biomarkers. In this study, circulating microRNAs associated to the vesicular and non-vesicular fraction of sera isolated from partially hepatectomized rats were measured. Here we show that independently from their origin, levels of miR-122, miR-192, miR-194 and Let-7a are up-regulated two days after partial hepatectomy. The inflammation-associated miR-150 and miR-155 are up-regulated in the vesicular-fraction only, while the regeneration-associated miR-21 and miR-33 are up-regulated in the vesicular- and down-regulated in the non-vesicular fraction. Our study shows for the first time the modulation of non-vesicular microRNAs in animals recovering from partial hepatectomy, suggesting that, in the search for novel disease-associated biomarkers, the profiling of either vesicular or non-vesicular microRNAs may be more relevant than the analysis of microRNAs isolated from unfractionated serum.
The modulation of MiR-155 and MiR-23a manipulates Klebsiella pneumoniae Adhesion on Human pulmonary Epithelial cells via Integrin α5β1 Signaling
Authors: Teng Yan , Miao Junming , Shen Xiaofei , Yang Xiaolong , Wang Xinyuan , Ren Laibin , Wang Xiaoying , Chen Junli , Li Jingyu , Chen Shanze , Wang Yi , Huang Ning 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMicro-RNAs (miRNAs) critically regulate several host defense mechanisms, but their roles in the bacteria-epithelium interplay remain unclear. Our results displayed that the expression of miR-155 and miR-23a were down-regulated in K. pneumoniae-infected pulmonary epithelial cells. The elevated bacterial adhesion on A549 cells followed the enhancement of the cellular levels of these two miRNAs. Meanwhile, a mechanistic study demonstrated that miR-155 promoted integrin α5β1 function and resulted in the increased actin polymerization. Moreover, a non-histone nuclear protein, high mobility group nucleosomal-binding domain 2 (HMGN2) served as the potential target of miR-155 and miR-23a to regulate the integrin α5β1 expression and K. pneumoniae adhesion. Furthermore, the expression of a known integrin transcription suppressor-Nuclear Factor-I (NFI) was also repressed by miR-155, which paralleled with its chromatin location in the promoter regions of integrin α5 and β1. These results uncover novel links between miRNAs and integrin function to regulate bacterial adhesion, indicating a potential mechanism of host cell autonomous immune response to K. pneumoniae infection.