bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Electrochemical Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Properties from Surfactant‐Free Electrolyte
Authors: Hasan Maksudul , Khunsin Worawut , Mavrokefalos Christos K. , Maier Stefan A. , Rohan James F. , Foord John S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSynthesis of low‐dimensional metallic nanoparticles with a clean surface, high dispersibility, and enhanced atomic surface distribution is extremely important, as these factors strongly influence the electrocatalytic properties of the nanoparticles. In this study, the early stage electrochemical nucleation and growth of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) under potentiostatic control has been investigated on a Au(111) textured substrate. The size distribution and structural characterization of the ex situ as‐deposited Pd NPs by means of high‐resolution field emission gun‐scanning electron microscopy (FEG‐SEM) at different stages combined with electrochemical measurements revealed that the cluster of nuclei grew independently through the reduction of metal ions. The electrodeposited Pd NPs were very pure, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), owing to the surfactant‐free green electrodeposition process, and they exhibited a highly dispersed average particle size of 2–5 nm. The average nanoparticle size becomes smaller with higher overpotentials for the same deposition time. The synthesized Pd NPs demonstrated the largest specific surface area (four times that of commercial Pd−C) and electrocatalytic activity in ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox and ethanol electrooxidation processes (35 times that of commercial Pd−C). This work represents an important step in achieving the fundamental understanding of nucleation and growth of nanoparticles correlating the electrocatalytic performances.
Polyoxometalate‐graphene Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Fernandes Diana M. , Araújo Mariana P. , Haider Ali , Mougharbel Ali S. , Fernandes António J. S. , Kortz Ulrich , Freire Cristina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractElectrocatalytic reduction of water, also known as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), may be one of the solutions for a sustainable energy supply in the future, but the current use of precious platinum electrocatalysts is a major drawback, owing to the high cost. So, it is urgent to discover cost‐effective and earth‐abundant materials to replace precious‐metal electrocatalysts in order to make this technology economically viable. Herein, we report the preparation and application of three new nanocomposites based on polyoxometalates (POMs) and reduced oxidized‐graphene flakes (rGF_ox) as HER electrocatalysts (ECs). In highly acidic medium (pH=0.3), the POM@rGF_ox ECs showed similar overpotentials (0.033–0.044 V vs. RHE) for a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and these are very close to the state‐of‐the‐art HER EC, 20 wt% Pt/C (0.024 V). The POM‐based nanocomposites also exhibited excellent exchange current densities (0.65–1.02 mA cm−2) and very low Tafel slopes (0.033–0.041 V dec−1). P5W30@rGF_ox exhibited the best HER metrics and also showed long‐term electrochemical stability, as the overpotential only changed 0.009 V for j=10 mA cm−2 after 1000 linear sweep voltammetry cycles. Besides highlighting POM‐oxidized‐graphene flakes composites as a new class of nanomaterial with several important electrochemical applications, this work also points out that the POM shape, size, charge, and composition (W/P ratio) may play an important role in fine‐tuning the HER activity, and opens new avenues for designing a new set of highly efficient, cost‐effective, and durable non‐precious‐metal HER ECs in acidic medium.
Combination of heuristic optimal partner bands for variable selection in near‐infrared spectral analysis
Authors: Zhang Jin , Cui Xiaoyu , Cai Wensheng , Shao Xueguang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVariable selection plays a critical role in the analysis of near‐infrared (NIR) spectra. A method for variable selection based on the principle of the successive projection algorithm (SPA) and optimal partner wavelength combination (OPWC) was proposed for NIR spectral analysis. The method determines a number of knot variables with sufficient independence by SPA, and candidate variable bands with a definite width are defined. The cooperative effect of the bands is then evaluated with the partial least squares regression model by using the method of OPWC. The performance of the proposed method was compared with those of SPA, OPWC, randomization test, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, and Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination by using NIR datasets for pharmaceutical tablets, corn, and soil. The results show that the proposed method can select informative variable bands with a cooperative effect and improves the model for quantitative analysis.
Current challenges in second‐order calibration of hyphenated chromatographic data for analysis of highly complex samples
Authors: Vosough Maryam 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCoupling of multiway and multiset modeling methods with hyphenated chromatographic data for second‐order calibration purposes allows the quantification of multiple target analytes in highly complex samples, which otherwise would be impossible or at least a very hard task using univariate calibration scenario. In this regard, there are some chromatographic challenges that complicate attaining the best quantification efficiency through the highlighted advantages such as increased sensitivity and selectivity and the well‐known second‐order advantage. The present paper tries to overview these issues and to address the most usable strategies for their handling with a special focus on the relevant recent studies in quantitation field.
Synthesis and characterization of mixed matrix membranes incorporated with hydrous manganese oxide nanoparticles for highly concentrated oily solution treatment
Authors: Doraisammy Vaan , Lai Gwo‐Sung , Kartohardjono Sutrasno , Lau Woei‐Jye , Chong Kok‐Chung , Lai Soon‐Onn , Hasbullah Hasrinah , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this work, ultrafiltration (UF) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) incorporated with hydrophilic hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) nanoparticles were synthesized and used for the treatment process of a highly concentrated oily solution. The MMMs were fabricated via a phase inversion process and were characterized with respect to physiochemical properties and filtration performances. The results showed that the MMMs demonstrated higher water flux and better oil rejection rates compared to the control membrane (without HMO incorporation) when tested at three different oily solutions with oil concentration in the range of 5000–15 000 ppm. The membrane incorporated with the highest amount of HMO (labelled as MMM‐2) in particular showed the best results even when subjected to 15 000 ppm oily solution filtration, recording water flux of 32.2 L/m2 · h · bar and oil rejection of 82 %. The enhanced performance can be attributed to improved surface hydrophilicity coupled with better structural integrity and higher porosity that contributed to lower degree of oil molecules deposition and greater water transport rate. It was also reported that with the use of a feed spacer during the filtration process, the degree of flux deterioration of MMMs could be further reduced without compromising rejection. The findings of this work indicated the potential of MMMs for the treatment of highly concentrated oily effluent produced from industries, by producing permeate of high quality at reasonably good water permeability.
Comprehensive bandwidth utilization and polling mechanism for XGPON
Authors: Butt Rizwan Aslam , Idrus Sevia Mahdaliza , Zulkifli Nadiatulhuda , Waqar Ashraf M. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryFor an efficient utilization of the upstream bandwidth in passive optical network, a dynamic bandwidth assignment mechanism is necessary as it helps the service providers in provisioning of bandwidth to users according to the service level agreements. The scheduling mechanism of existing schemes, immediate allocation with colorless grant and efficient bandwidth utilization (EBU), does not assign the surplus bandwidth to a specific traffic class and only divides it equally among the optical network units (ONUs). This results in overreporting of ONU bandwidth demand to the optical line terminal and causes wastage of bandwidth and increase in delays at high traffic loads. Moreover, the EBU also assigns the unused bandwidth of lightly loaded ONU queues to the overloaded queues through an Update operation. This Update operation has a flaw that it borrows the extra bandwidth to a queue in the current service interval, if the queue report is higher than its service level agreement and refunds in next service interval. This borrow‐refund operation causes reduced bandwidth allocation to the lower priority classes and increases their delay and frame loss. This study improves both these weaknesses. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme uses bandwidth efficiently and reduces mean upstream delay of type‐2 (T2) traffic class by 38% and type‐3 (T3) up to 150% compared to immediate allocation with colorless grant at a cost of up to 10% higher delay for T2. However, T4 performance improves by 400% compared to EBU with slight increase in delay for T2 traffic class. Overall, it shows a balanced performance for all the traffic classes and minimizes the bandwidth waste per cycle as well as the frame loss rate.
Space–time clusters for early detection of grizzly bear predation
Authors: Kermish‐Wells Joseph , Massolo Alessandro , Stenhouse Gordon B. , Larsen Terrence A. , Musiani Marco 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAccurate detection and classification of predation events is important to determine predation and consumption rates by predators. However, obtaining this information for large predators is constrained by the speed at which carcasses disappear and the cost of field data collection. To accurately detect predation events, researchers have used GPS collar technology combined with targeted site visits. However, kill sites are often investigated well after the predation event due to limited data retrieval options on GPS collars (VHF or UHF downloading) and to ensure crew safety when working with large predators. This can lead to missing information from small‐prey (including young ungulates) kill sites due to scavenging and general site deterioration (e.g., vegetation growth). We used a space–time permutation scan statistic (STPSS) clustering method (SaTScan) to detect predation events of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) fitted with satellite transmitting GPS collars. We used generalized linear mixed models to verify predation events and the size of carcasses using spatiotemporal characteristics as predictors. STPSS uses a probability model to compare expected cluster size (space and time) with the observed size. We applied this method retrospectively to data from 2006 to 2007 to compare our method to random GPS site selection. In 2013–2014, we applied our detection method to visit sites one week after their occupation. Both datasets were collected in the same study area. Our approach detected 23 of 27 predation sites verified by visiting 464 random grizzly bear locations in 2006–2007, 187 of which were within space–time clusters and 277 outside. Predation site detection increased by 2.75 times (54 predation events of 335 visited clusters) using 2013–2014 data. Our GLMMs showed that cluster size and duration predicted predation events and carcass size with high sensitivity (0.72 and 0.94, respectively). Coupling GPS satellite technology with clusters using a program based on space–time probability models allows for prompt visits to predation sites. This enables accurate identification of the carcass size and increases fieldwork efficiency in predation studies.
Ocean acidification ameliorates harmful effects of warming in primary consumer
Authors: Pedersen Sindre Andre , Hanssen Anja Elise 
Published: November 2017

AbstractClimate change‐induced warming and ocean acidification are considered two imminent threats to marine biodiversity and current ecosystem structures. Here, we have for the first time examined an animal's response to a complete life cycle of exposure to co‐occurring warming (+3°C) and ocean acidification (+1,600 μatm CO2), using the key subarctic planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, as a model species. The animals were generally negatively affected by warming, which significantly reduced the females’ energy status and reproductive parameters (respectively, 95% and 69%–87% vs. control). Unexpectedly, simultaneous acidification partially offset the negative effect of warming in an antagonistic manner, significantly improving reproductive parameters and hatching success (233%–340% improvement vs. single warming exposure). The results provide proof of concept that ocean acidification may partially offset negative effects caused by warming in some species. Possible explanations and ecological implications for the observed antagonistic effect are discussed.
Contrasting genetic metrics and patterns among naturalized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two Patagonian lakes differentially impacted by trout aquaculture
Authors: Canales‐Aguirre Cristian B. , Seeb Lisa W. , Seeb James E. , Cádiz María I. , Musleh Selim S. , Arismendi Ivan , Gajardo Gonzalo , Galleguillos Ricardo , Gomez‐Uchida Daniel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDifferent pathways of propagation and dispersal of non‐native species into new environments may have contrasting demographic and genetic impacts on established populations. Repeated introductions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Chile in South America, initially through stocking and later through aquaculture escapes, provide a unique setting to contrast these two pathways. Using a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms, we found contrasting genetic metrics and patterns among naturalized trout in Lake Llanquihue, Chile's largest producer of salmonid smolts for nearly 50 years, and Lake Todos Los Santos (TLS), a reference lake where aquaculture has been prohibited by law. Trout from Lake Llanquihue showed higher genetic diversity, weaker genetic structure, and larger estimates for the effective number of breeders (Nb) than trout from LakeTLS. Trout from LakeTLSwere divergent from Lake Llanquihue and showed marked genetic structure and a significant isolation‐by‐distance pattern consistent with secondary contact between documented and undocumented stocking events in opposite shores of the lake. Multiple factors, including differences in propagule pressure, origin of donor populations, lake geomorphology, habitat quality or quantity, and life history, may help explain contrasting genetic metrics and patterns for trout between lakes. We contend that high propagule pressure from aquaculture may not only increase genetic diversity andNbvia demographic effects and admixture, but also may impact the evolution of genetic structure and increase gene flow, consistent with findings from artificially propagated salmonid populations in their native and naturalized ranges.
Conservation planning for freshwater–marine carryover effects on Chinook salmon survival
Authors: Gosselin Jennifer L. , Zabel Richard W. , Anderson James J. , Faulkner James R. , Baptista António M. , Sandford Benjamin P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractExperiences of migratory species in one habitat may affect their survival in the next habitat, in what is known as carryover effects. These effects are especially relevant for understanding how freshwater experience affects survival in anadromous fishes. Here, we study the carryover effects of juvenile salmon passage through a hydropower system (Snake and Columbia rivers, northwestern United States). To reduce the direct effect of hydrosystem passage on juveniles, some fishes are transported through the hydrosystem in barges, while the others are allowed to migrate in‐river. Although hydrosystem survival of transported fishes is greater than that of their run‐of‐river counterparts, their relative juvenile‐to‐adult survival (hereafter survival) can be less. We tested for carryover effects using generalized linear mixed effects models of survival with over 1 million tagged Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) (Salmonidae), migrating in 1999–2013. Carryover effects were identified with rear‐type (wild vs. hatchery), passage‐type (run‐of‐river vs. transported), and freshwater and marine covariates. Importantly, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index characterizing cool/warm (i.e., productive/nonproductive) ocean phases had a strong influence on the relative survival of rear‐ and passage‐types. Specifically, transportation benefited wild Chinook salmon more in cool PDO years, while hatchery counterparts benefited more in warm PDO years. Transportation was detrimental for wild Chinook salmon migrating early in the season, but beneficial for later season migrants. Hatchery counterparts benefited from transportation throughout the season. Altogether, wild fish could benefit from transportation approximately 2 weeks earlier during cool PDO years, with still a benefit to hatchery counterparts. Furthermore, we found some support for hypotheses related to higher survival with increased river flow, high predation in the estuary and plume areas, and faster migration and development‐related increased survival with temperature. Thus, pre‐ and within‐season information on local‐ and broad‐scale conditions across habitats can be useful for planning and implementing real‐time conservation programs.
Asymmetric reproductive interference: The consequences of cross‐pollination on reproductive success in sexual–apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula (Rosaceae)
Authors: Dobeš Christoph , Scheffknecht Susanne , Fenko Yulia , Prohaska Dagmar , Sykora Christina , Hülber Karl 
Published: November 2017

AbstractApomixis evolves from a sexual background and usually is linked to polyploidization. Pseudogamous gametophytic apomicts, which require a fertilization to initiate seed development, of various ploidy levels frequently co‐occur with their lower‐ploid sexual ancestors, but the stability of such mixed populations is affected by reproductive interferences mediated by cross‐pollination. Thereby, reproductive success of crosses depends on the difference in ploidy levels of mating partners, that is, on tolerance of deviation from the balanced ratio of maternal versus paternal genomes. Quality of pollen can further affect reproductive success in intercytotype pollinations. Cross‐fertilization, however, can be avoided by selfing which may be induced upon pollination with mixtures of self‐ and cross‐pollen (i.e., mentor effects). We tested for reproductive compatibility of naturally co‐occurring tetraploid sexuals and penta‐ to octoploid apomicts in the rosaceous species Potentilla puberula by means of controlled crosses. We estimated the role of selfing as a crossing barrier and effects of self‐ and cross‐pollen quality as well as maternal: paternal genomic ratios in the endosperm on reproductive success. Cross‐fertilization of sexuals by apomicts was not blocked by selfing, and seed set was reduced in hetero‐ compared to homoploid crosses. Thereby, seed set was negatively related to deviations from balanced parental genomic ratios in the endosperm. In contrast, seed set in the apomictic cytotypes was not reduced in hetero‐ compared to homoploid crosses. Thus, apomictic cytotypes either avoided intercytotype cross‐fertilization through selfing, tolerated intercytotype cross‐fertilizations without negative effects on reproductive success, or even benefitted from higher pollen quality in intercytotype pollinations. Our experiment provides evidence for asymmetric reproductive interference, in favor of the apomicts, with significantly reduced seed set of sexuals in cytologically mixed populations, whereas seed set in apomicts was not affected. Incompleteness of crossing barriers further indicated at least partial losses of a parental genomic endosperm balance requirement.
Carbon Hollow Fiber‐Supported Metal–Organic Framework Composites for Gas Adsorption
Authors: Lawson Shane , Rownaghi Ali A. , Rezaei Fateme 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSupporting metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) on scalable contactors such as hollow fibers provides a practical way to expedite their use in large‐scale industrial applications. Here, the development of carbon‐hollow‐fiber‐supported MOFs as adsorbent composites for gas separation processes is reported. Moreover, this work provides an effective approach for the growth of MOFs on the surface of carbon hollow fibers that are successfully produced by pyrolysis of cross‐linked Torlon hollow fibers. To fabricate MOF/carbon composites, the carbon hollow fibers are functionalized in different media to increase the surface hydroxyl groups prior to MOF growth. The MOF incorporation is performed by growing MOF‐74 and UTSA‐16 in the pores and on the outer surface of hollow fibers using dip‐coating and layer‐by‐layer techniques. The MOF/carbon composites with relatively high MOF loadings (37–38 %) and porous structures are successfully fabricated, yielding film thicknesses as high as 10–15 μm. The MOF‐74/carbon and UTSA‐16/carbon composites exhibit surface areas of 266 and 211 m2 g−1, and pore volumes of 0.28 and 0.20 cm3 g−1, respectively. As a proof‐of‐concept, the CO2 adsorption performances are evaluated and the MOF/carbon composites are shown to have relatively good CO2 adsorption capacities of 2.0 and 1.2 mmol g−1 for UTSA‐16 and MOF‐74, respectively, at room temperature and 1 bar.
Novel local smoothness indicators for improving the third‐order WENO scheme
Authors: Liu Shengping , Shen Yiqing , Chen Bei , Zeng Fangjun 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe local smoothness indicators play an important role in the performance of a weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme. Due to having only 2 points available on each substencil, the local smoothness indicators calculated by conventional methods make the third‐order WENO scheme too dissipative. In this paper, we propose a different method to calculate the indicators by using all the 3 points on the global stencil of the third‐order WENO scheme. The numerical results demonstrate that the WENO scheme with the new indicators has less dissipation and better resolution than the conventional third‐order WENO scheme of Jiang and Shu for both smooth and discontinuous solutions.
Sensory profiling and consumer acceptability of new dark cocoa bars containing Tuscan autochthonous food products
Authors: Cantini Claudio , Salusti Patrizia , Romi Marco , Francini Alessandra , Sebastiani Luca 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA new set of cocoa bars named Toscolata® were developed containing top‐quality extra virgin olive oil, dried apples cultivars, and chestnut flour. The present work has been conducted to define the sensory profile of these products through tasting by trained experts and consumers to study the acceptability, preference, and quality perception. The four sensorial profiles of the bars differed in the level of persistence, bitterness, aromaticity, acidity, astringency, and tastiness. In particular, the sour attribute could be traced to the presence of dried apple. Bars containing apple and chestnut flour obtained higher acceptance ratings, compared to those with extra virgin olive oil. The bar with chestnut flour was preferred by consumers who considered it to be sweeter due to the presence of natural sugars, which lowered the bitter sensation of cocoa. These results showed that the selection of the preferred bar by consumers was mainly based on the level of bitterness and, in particular, elderly consumers expressed a strong preference for the sweetest product. As far as we know, this is the first study comparing the results of a panel of expert tasters with that of consumers in the tasting of dark chocolate.