bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics in science
Authors: Wilson Timothy , Krizsán Attila 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntelligent design is a pseudoscientific concept conceived in an attempt to bring religion-based teaching into the classroom. As such, it is involved in a constant struggle for dialogic space with the dominant scientific discourse of the theory of evolution. Here, we use a corpus linguistic approach to study how intelligent design discourse uses engagement to forward its creationistic propositions and at the same time limit the propositions of the theory of evolution. The results suggest that intelligent design discourse employs engagement far more frequently than evolutionary biology discourse, mainly to counter opposing propositions and to entertain its own proposition in their stead. The underdog position of ID obligates it to highly modulated engagement in order forward its position, which is ultimately aimed at changing the political decision-making related to the teaching of science.
The hollow man
Authors: Lakoff Robin Tolmach 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDonald J. Trump’s surprising victory in the 2016 American presidential election requires analysis: what brought it about, and what might it portend? This paper explores these and other questions: how have Trump’s victory and his communicative strategies compromised the culture’s notions of “truth” – via a continuum from “lie” through “post-truth,” “truthiness,” and “alternative facts” to “truth”? Is Trump – judging from his language and other communications – really a populist? And how are we to understand his many idiosyncrasies of discourse, as well as his supporters’ unwillingness to worry about them?
The Merge Condition on Adjuncts
Authors: Haddad Youssef A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Discussion of merge as a feature-driven operation has predominantly focused on the restrictions on Set Merge, or substitution. This paper addresses the topic of Pair Merge, or adjunction. It suggests that Pair Merge is subject to a restriction called the Merge Condition on Adjuncts. While Set Merge is contingent on the feature specifications of the heads of the two merging elements, the Merge Condition on Adjuncts states that an adjunct must merge in accordance with the feature specifications of its own head. Two edge features are available: [+ Predicational] and [− Predicational]. Only the former forces the adjunct to function as an open predicate and to establish a predication dependency – or a subject-predicate relation – with an element in the matrix clause. This requirement is syntactic, and it overrides the semantic specifications of adjuncts. Support comes from adjunct control into circumstantial clauses in Lebanese Arabic.
Creole typology II
Authors: Daval-Markussen Aymeric , Bakker Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the late 1950s, creolists started drawing lists of shared lexical and grammatical properties of creole languages. In this chapter, a number of proposals and features are presented. We show that few of the proposed common properties are in fact shared by all creoles. We also discuss typological studies in which samples of creoles are compared with samples of non-creoles. Creoles, despite their diversity, tend to cluster in a different pattern from non-creoles, even when non-European creoles are added, providing robust evidence for a creole typological profile. Finally, the chapter deals with the neglected area of diachronic aspects of creoles. No systematic surveys comparing language change in creoles and non-creoles have yet been conducted. The pre-existence of a pidgin phase is a plausible explanation for some of the major differences observed between creoles and non-creoles.
Similarities and differences among Iberian creoles
Authors: Sippola Eeva 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This study provides an account of the classifications of Iberian creoles based on a phylogenetic network analysis of typological and lexical data. It maps the shared linguistic traits of these creoles and compares the differences between them. The results of the typological analysis support previous classifications, showing a clear division between Atlantic and Asian creoles, and the main subgroups are divided geographically. However, connections between the subgroups are less clear due to the degree of detail of the typological feature values. The similarities consist of typologically unmarked features that are shared with the lexifiers. The differences are a result of areal substrate and adstrate influence.
Afro-Hispanic varieties in comparison
Authors: Perez Danae M. , Sessarego Sandro , Sippola Eeva 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This study examines the potential of phylogenetic analysis in the classification and comparison of Spanish contact varieties, with special focus on three Afro-Hispanic varieties spoken in South America. Our analysis is based on typological and dialectal comparative data. The results of the phylogenetic analysis show clear clusters of standard varieties and creole varieties, while the placement of other contact varieties in the network has to be interpreted in the light of the data collection methods and socio-historical information about the varieties.
Cognitive creolistics and semantic primes
Authors: Levisen Carsten , Bøegh Kristoffer Friis 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This study presents a semantics-driven lexical comparison of 20 creole languages and five European lexifier languages. Breaking new ground into understanding creole semantics, it utilizes insights from both cognitive semantics (in particular, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach) and phylogenetic approaches to linguistics comparisons. We provide an extensive study of label-meaning correlations as a way of exploring the relationship between word labels and word meanings across creoles and lexifiers. We conclude that creoles are not simply “versions” of their lexifier languages, and that it is misleading to say that creoles are “based” on European languages in their basic lexical-semantic configuration. At the same time, we find that creoles do relate more closely to their historical lexifiers than to other creoles, and that the lexical-semantic perspective adds a new dimension to the typology of creoles, nuancing the pictures from grammar-based comparisons.
Life History Migrations of Adult Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Upper Yellowstone River
Authors: Ertel Brian D. , McMahon Thomas E. , Koel Todd M. , Gresswell Robert E. , Burckhardt Jason C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Knowledge of salmonid life history types at the watershed scale is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone for effective management. In this study, we used radiotelemetry to characterize the life history movements of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri in the upper Yellowstone River, an extensive tributary that composes nearly half of the drainage area of Yellowstone Lake. In Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout have precipitously declined over the past 2 decades primarily due to predation from introduced Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush. Radio tags were implanted in 152 Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout, and their movements monitored over 3 years. Ninety-six percent of tagged trout exhibited a lacustrine–adfluvial life history, migrating upstream a mean distance of 42.6 km to spawn, spending an average of 24 d in the Yellowstone River before returning to Yellowstone Lake. Once in the lake, complex postspawning movements were observed. Only 4% of radio-tagged trout exhibited a fluvial or fluvial–adfluvial life history. Low prevalence of fluvial and fluvial–adfluvial life histories was unexpected given the large size of the upper river drainage. Study results improve understanding of life history diversity in potamodromous salmonids inhabiting relatively undisturbed watersheds and provide a baseline for monitoring Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout response to management actions in Yellowstone Lake.
Received July 21, 2016; accepted March 25, 2017 Published online June 12, 2017
Diel Shifts in Microhabitat Selection of Steelhead and Coho Salmon Fry
Authors: Hines David , Liermann Martin , Seder Tiffany , Cluer Brian , Pess George , Schoenebeck Casey 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Diel shifts in habitat selection of newly emerged steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and Coho Salmon O. kisutch fry were investigated in three northern California coastal watersheds. Steelhead and Coho Salmon fry occupied shallow water near stream margins during both day and night; however, the proportion of fry within 0.5 m of the stream margin increased from 6% during the day to 44% at night. Similarly, the proportion of fry in 10 cm of water or less increased from 26% during the day to 76% at night. Reductions in depth and distance to stream margins were significant at all sites, suggesting that these behaviors are common attributes for steelhead and Coho Salmon fry in this region. These results also suggest that newly emerged fry are potentially vulnerable to becoming stranded due to reductions in stream stage and water surface area, particularly at night. Although our observations were undertaken to better understand the risks to salmonids from vineyard water use for frost protection, the results have implications for any anthropogenic streamflow changes during the spring season.
Received September 6, 2016; accepted June 3, 2017Published online August 9, 2017
kmerPyramid: an interactive visualization tool for nucleobase and k-mer frequencies
Authors: Kruppa Jochen , van der Vries Erhard , Jo Wendy K , Postel Alexander , Becher Paul , Osterhaus Albert , Jung Klaus 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Summary
Bioinformatics methods often incorporate the frequency distribution of nulecobases or k-mers in DNA or RNA sequences, for example as part of metagenomic or phylogenetic analysis. Because the frequency matrix with sequences in the rows and nucleobases in the columns is multi-dimensional it is hard to visualize. We present the R-package ‘kmerPyramid’ that allows to display each sequence, based on its nucleobase or k-mer distribution projected to the space of principal components, as a point within a 3-dimensional, interactive pyramid. Using the computer mouse, the user can turn the pyramid’s axes, zoom in and out and identify individual points. Additionally, the package provides the k-mer frequency matrices of about 2000 bacteria and 5000 virus reference sequences calculated from the NCBI RefSeq genbank. The ‘kmerPyramid’ can particularly be used for visualization of intra- and inter species differences.

Availability and implementation
The R-package ‘kmerPyramid’ is available from the GitHub website at https://github.com/jkruppa/kmerPyramid.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
What Limits the Distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis and Its Congener Liriomyza sativae in Their Native Niche: When Temperature and Competition Affect Species’ Distribution Range in Guatemala
Authors: Rodríguez-Castañeda G. , MacVean C. , Cardona C. , Hof A. R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Factors limiting distribution range for most species are generally unknown regardless of whether they are native or invasive. We studied factors that could enable or restrict the distribution of two cosmopolitan invasive leafminer fly species, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) in their native niche. In order to test which ecological and environmental factors affect leafminer distribution we conducted thermal tolerance assays, sampled along elevation gradients and modeled species distribution. Findings from the field and rearing chambers showed a physiological restriction due to high temperatures for L. huidobrensis at 28–29 °C, above which adult emergence is compromised. We also found that maximum temperatures below 22 °C, typical of tropical highlands, favored L. huidobrensis. L. sativae was found across a wider temperature range (i.e., from 21 to 36 °C) in Guatemala. Our finding of a physiological threshold in temperature for L. huidobrensis may enable us to predict its invasive risk when combined with the environmental conditions at horticultural ports of entry and the global agricultural landscape. Further, it strengthens our predictions on shifts in distribution of the leafminer fly under future climate. We also found a temperature mediated competitive exclusion interaction between the two herbivore species, where L. sativae occurred at temperatures &lt; 22 °C only in the absence of L. huidobrensis. We show that parasitoids had a negative effect on the leafminer flies, which varied with host plant. Finally, we show the importance of taking a multiaspect approach when investigating what limits distribution and invasiveness of a species.
Modern Applications of the General Principles of Law
Authors: Kotuby Jr Charles T , Sobota Luke A 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to define the general principles of law as they have been applied in national courts and international tribunals. For instance, the very concept of the law requires good faith adherence to contractual obligations (pacta sunt servanda) and the good faith exercise of legal rights. States as well as private parties are also precluded from contradicting their actions (estoppel) or abusing their rights, thereby defeating the legitimate expectations of another. Nor may they benefit from their own wrong or be unjustly enriched at another’s expense. All parties are liable for acts caused by and attributable to them, and the concept of responsibility requires that the consequences of their wrongful act be wiped out. In their various iterations and permutations, these exemplary principles are the logical consequences of the rule of law and the foundation of every legal order.
Epilogue
Authors: Kotuby Jr Charles T , Sobota Luke A 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Private international law usually does its part to resolve transnational disputes by pointing parties to the proper forum and the proper law. Its rules are adjectival and rarely provide the ultimate solution to a dispute. But in order to play a more meaningful role in aiding the resolution of modern transnational disputes, the authorities that encompass the rules of private international law might also play a role in determining the substance of the applicable municipal law. In this vein, the “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” may provide a rich reserve of normative principles on which private international law may draw to interpret, define, and even correct the governing municipal law. These principles are, after all, borne from a distillation and consensus of municipal laws, and they have been fashioned as positive law to function on the international plane. In a transnational case, involving litigants from differing legal traditions, a solution premised on international rather than municipal principles should be preferred given the competing interests of the two foreign parties to the dispute. Private international law scholars and municipal judges might be best suited to explicate and elevate this source of law with the rigor that is needed to ensure its vitality and applicability to modern transnational disputes.
Authors: Nottage Luke 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the withdrawal of an offer. An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offer before or at the same time as the offeree. Like the principle in Art 2.1.3(1) PICC, most national legal systems also recognize the principle in Art 2.1.3(2) that an offer does not remain effective if received before or at the same rime as the offer is withdrawn. The latter principle protects the offeror's freedom to change its mind and not enter into a contract at all, or only on any subsequently proposed terms. This is consistent with a classical or neoclassical model of contract law and creates quite a high threshold for entering into binding contracts. The party alleging an offer has the burden of proof to establish that it has been received. This can be rebutted by the other party.
Authors: Anderson Ross G 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning acceptance of an offer within a fixed period of time and how such time is to be calculated. Art 2.1.8 stipulates that a period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. In general, deadlines for acceptance may be either absolute or relative. Art 2.1.8 is concerned only with relative deadlines, for only relative deadlines leave anything for calculation. In cases where the offer has arrived but its date is manifestly wrong, it may be sufficient to lead evidence of the probability of the date of dispatch by working back from the date of delivery.
Authors: Anderson Ross G 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.12 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning written confirmations. Art 2.1.12 stipulates that if a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. This commentary discusses silence as acceptance of new terms, issues arising from incorporation of a choice of law or arbitration clause into the contract, consequences of failure to object to the written confirmation, and burden of proof of the party invoking the terms of the contract as stated in the confirmation.
Authors: Naudé Tjakie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.20 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning so-called surprising terms. Art 2.1.20 stipulates that no term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party. In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation. Art 2.1.20 is an exception to the rule that a party which accepts the standard terms of the user is in principle bound by them, irrespective of whether it actually knows their contents. In this sense, it reflects the general principle of good faith and fair dealing. This commentary discusses express acceptance of surprising terms as required by Art 2.1.20, along with the burden of proof relating to such terms.
Authors: Krebs Thomas 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Article 2.2.1 provides an overview of the scope of Section 2.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which deals with authority of agents. Section 2.2 governs the authority of a person (‘the agent’), to affect the legal relations of another person (‘the principal’), by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal. It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other. This commentary discusses legal relations ‘by or with respect to a contract’, authority to affect the legal relations of another person, agent acting in its own name or in that of the principal, internal aspects of agency, and exclusion of agency by operation of law.
Authors: Huber Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.1.1 concerning the scope of application of the rules on validity in Chapter 3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). The PICC do not deal with invalidity arising from lack of capacity. The Official Comment states that the reason for the exclusion of capacity matters lies in their ‘inherent complexity’ and in the fact that they are treated in an ‘extremely diverse manner’ by domestic legal systems. The provision has been changed in the 2010 edition of the PICC. Ar 3.1 of the 2004 edition had also excluded invalidity arising from immorality or illegality from the scope of the PICC. These matters are now governed in Section 3.3 of the 2010 edition.
Authors: Huber Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the concept of mistake. Art 3.2.1 defines mistake as an erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law existing when the contract was concluded. Based on this general definition of the concept of mistake, Art 3.2.1 does not follow those national legal systems that try to distinguish between different types of error. Instead, it takes a very broad approach to the concept of mistake. Furthermore, even errors in expression or transmission are regarded as mistakes under the PICC. This commentary discusses the purpose of Art 3.2.1, erroneous assumption relating to facts or to law, relevant time, burden of proof, and consequences of a mistake.
Authors: Huber Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning an error that occurs in the expression or transmission of a declaration. Art 3.2.3 serves two purposes. The first is to attribute errors in expression and transmission to the party from which the declaration emanated. This is of particular relevance for errors in transmission, as in this case a third party (the transmitter) may commit the mistake which will then, under Art 3.2.3, be attributed to the party making the declaration. The second purpose is to protect the mistaken party in those cases where, as a result of the application of the rules on contractual interpretation, the contract is concluded on terms that the mistaken party did not intend. This commentary discusses the general principles of the right to avoid the contract, specific fact patterns, and burden of proof, along with the liability of both parties for damages under Art 3.2.16.
Introduction to Chapter 4 of the PICC
Authors: Vogenauer Stefan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Chapter 4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with the interpretation of contracts, unilateral statements, and other conduct of the parties. The concept of contractual interpretation underlying the PICC is that of ‘determining the meaning to be attached to the terms of a contract’. In the context of dispute resolution, interpretation is concerned with establishing whether a given set of facts falls within the scope of application of a contractual term and therefore triggers the legal consequences spelt out in this term. The PICC seek to distinguish the process of interpretation from that of supplying omitted contractual terms and from that of implying obligations, although there is no clear line between these three mechanisms.