bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late‐Split Nitrogen Applications Increased Maize Plant Nitrogen Recovery but not Yield under Moderate to High Nitrogen Rates
Authors: Mueller Sarah M. , Camberato James J. , Messina Charlie , Shanahan John , Zhang Hao , Vyn Tony J. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Late‐split N applications at V12 increased total N uptake and N recovery efficiency.
Gains in N recovery with late‐split N came from increased post‐silking N uptake.
Increased whole‐plant N accumulation by R6 did not result in increased grain yields.
Grain yield was not sensitive to in‐season N timing in this single‐location study.
Newer (2012, 2014) and older (1993, 1995) hybrids respond similarly to late‐split N.
Theoretically, N losses are reduced by synchronizing fertilizer additions with plant uptake requirements. We investigated the impacts of supplemental, late‐season N applications on nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE), and N accumulation and partitioning in maize (Zea mays L.) at silking (R1) and physiological maturity (R6). Also tested was whether modern hybrids responded differently to split‐N applications compared to hybrids released 20 yr ago. We compared 3 to 4 N rates ranging from 0 to 245 kg N ha−1 applied either in a single application at V3, or split with the last 45 kg N ha−1 delayed until V12, over 3 yr. Two newer hybrids (2012 and 2014) and two 1990 era hybrids (1991 and 1995) were compared at all N treatment combinations. Additional plant N accumulation following late‐split N applications was already apparent at R1, particularly in stems. Late‐split N application increased both whole‐plant R6 N accumulation and NRE through higher post‐silking N uptake. However, these benefits were rarely accompanied by increased grain yields. We found little evidence of differential hybrid responses to N rate or timing treatments. Principal component analysis revealed that the most consistent predictor of high post‐silking N uptake was lower N remobilization during grain‐fill; these had a strong inverse relationship. Therefore, gains from N management programs aiming to increase post‐silking N uptake are most likely in environments where whole‐plant N accumulation at R1 (and, consequently, potential N remobilization) is reduced. Further studies of late‐split N approaches are most warranted at lower total‐season N rates.
Species‐Specific Contributions to Productivity and Weed Suppression in Cover Crop Mixtures
Authors: Holmes Ashley A. , Thompson Ashley A. , Wortman Sam E. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Mustard, oat, sudangrass, and buckwheat were the most productive cover crops.
Excluding mustard from spring mixtures sometimes increased weed biomass.
Excluding sudangrass from summer mixtures sometimes increased weed biomass.
Forage radish was less productive, but suppressed weeds in monoculture and mixture.
Cover crops can provide many ecosystem services and on‐farm adoption is increasing. Cover crop mixtures are popular, but little is known about the functional contributions of individual species in mixture. On‐farm field studies were conducted across 3 yr (2014–2016) and two locations (organic farms in central and northern Illinois) to assess the productivity and weed suppressive capacity of 12 cover crop species planted in monoculture and in mixture. Species were split into two equal (six species each) and seasonally appropriate groups (cool vs. warm season), planted in all possible monocultures and five‐way mixtures (divided proportionally to monoculture rates), and compared with a weedy control. Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] and oat (Avena sativa L.) were among the most productive (as much as 4.48 and 3.95 Mg ha−1, respectively) and weed suppressive spring cover crops. In 2 of 5 site‐years, excluding mustard from five‐way mixtures resulted in increased weed biomass. Sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) ssp. Drummondii] and buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum Moench) were typically the most productive summer cover crops (as much as 8.78 and 7.11 Mg ha−1, respectively) and also reduced weed biomass. In 2 of 6 site‐years, excluding sudangrass from the mixture led to increased weed biomass. Forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.) had less aboveground biomass, but reduced weed biomass by 45 to 100%. Results are among the first to document species‐specific contributions to an ecosystem service in cover crop mixtures, and can be used to inform recipes for mixtures designed for greater productivity and weed suppression.
Soil Salinity of an Urban Park after Long‐Term Irrigation with Saline Ground Water
Authors: Ganjegunte Girisha K. , Clark John A. , Sallenave Rossana , Sevostianova Elena , Serena Matteo , Alvarez Guillermo , Leinauer Bernhard 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Changes in soil salinity after 46 yr of irrigation.
Using electromagnetic induction to map soil salinity and sodicity.
Correlate soil salinity with irrigation system distribution uniformity.
Chamizal National Park, located in El Paso, TX, extends over 140,000 m2 and has been irrigated with saline water for 46 yr. In recent years, turf areas in the park have severely degraded and bare spots have developed. Root zone salinity and sodicity were suspected to be the main reasons for the turf conditions. Developing salinity management and remediation strategies to improve turf quality requires information on the distribution of salinity (ECe) within the turf root zone. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) uses apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) to delineate salinity distribution, and is reportedly superior to traditional wet chemistry analyses. This study was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of soil salinity and sodicity using the EMI technique. In addition, we assessed irrigation distribution uniformity and compared findings with root zone salinity and sodicity. The EMI data correlated well with saturated paste results and indicated that root zone salinity ranged from <1 to 43 dS m−1. In several parts of the park, ECe exceeded the threshold values for bermudagrass of 15 dS m−1. Root zone sodium adsorption ratio values ranged from <1 to 21 mmol1/2 L−1/2 and in areas where increased runoff and surface ponding were observed, values exceeded the threshold level of 12 mmol1/2 L−1/2. Correlation analysis between irrigation uniformity parameters and standard deviation of ECe and SAR values revealed that more than 90% of the variability of EC and SAR in the top 30 cm of the root zone could be explained by irrigation uniformity.
Calibration of Pasture Forage Mass to Plate Meter Compressed Height Is a Second‐Order Response with a Zero Intercept
Authors: Rayburn Edward B. , Shockey William L. , Seymour David A. , Smith Brad D. , Basden Thomas J. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Forage density has a linear relation to pasture height.
The regression of forage density to pasture height is a measure of plant morphology within the sward.
Forage mass is the product of forage density and pasture height resulting in a second‐order relation with zero intercept.
The form of the second‐order relation of forage mass to pasture height can be diminishing return, linear, or exponential, depending on the distribution of forage density within the pasture.
Fertilizer Management and Environmental Factors Drive N2O and NO3 Losses in Corn: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Eagle Alison J. , Olander Lydia P. , Locklier Katie L. , Heffernan James B. , Bernhardt Emily S. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Systematic review and meta‐analysis demonstrate key factors for reducing agricultural N losses.
Nitrification inhibitors and side‐dress fertilizer N each reduce N2O losses by ∼30%.
Temperature controls N2O emissions and precipitation controls NO3 leaching losses.
Higher levels of soil carbon reduce NO3 losses, but increase N2O emissions.
Lack of simultaneous data for N2Oand NO3 impedes understanding of tradeoffs and synergies.
Effective management of nitrogen (N) in agricultural landscapes must account for how nitrate (NO3) leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respond to local field‐scale management and to broader environmental drivers such as climate and soil. We assembled a comprehensive database of fertilizer management studies with data on N2O (417 observations, 27 studies) and NO3 (388 observations, 25 studies) losses associated with 4R fertilizer N management in North American corn‐cropping systems. Only one study measured both losses, and studies of N2O and NO3 differed by location, time period, and management practices. Meta‐analysis of side‐by‐side comparisons found significant yield‐scaled N2O emission reductions when SUPERU replaced urea or UAN, and when urea replaced anhydrous ammonia. Hierarchical regression models found near‐equivalent magnitude effects on N2O emissions of 1°C rise in average July temperature (+), increase in soil C by 10 g kg–1 (+), nitrification inhibitors (–), side‐dressed fertilizer timing (–), broadcast fertilizer (–), and 100 kg N ha–1 decrease in fertilizer rate (–). Average NO3 leaching response to 100 kg N ha–1 reduction in fertilizer rate (–) were comparable to effects of 100 mm less annual precipitation (–), 10 g kg–1 more soil C (–), or replacing continuous corn with corn‐soybean rotations (–). The large effects of climate and soil, and the potential for opposite reactions to some management changes, indicate that more simultaneous measurements of N2O and NO3 losses are needed to understand their joint responses to management and environmental factors, and how these shape tradeoffs or synergies in pathways of N loss.
Exploring Osmotic Stress and Differences between Soil–Root Interface and Bulk Salinities
Authors: Jorda Helena , Perelman Adi , Lazarovitch Naftali , Vanderborght Jan 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
High transpiration rates lead to larger osmotic stress.
Osmotic stress is highly dependent on root length density.
Sinusoidal potential transpiration leads to larger stress than constant transpiration.
Design of efficient water irrigation strategies with a combination of high‐quality water and saline water relies on accurate prediction of root water uptake. Macroscopic models are usually used to predict root water uptake at the field scale. However, they miss proper representation of stress processes at the plant scale. A fully mechanistic three‐dimensional model was used to investigate the effect of root length density (RLD), transpiration rate and dynamics, potential leaching fraction (LF), and irrigation frequency and salinity on osmotic stress and gradients developed between the soil–root interface and the bulk soil. For the same LF and salinity level of the irrigation water, osmotic stress was larger at lower RLDs and higher transpiration rates. Roots were also more stressed when a sinusoidal transpiration boundary condition was considered. The variability of macroscopic parameters calculated for the simulated data show that macroscopic functions need to take into account RLD and transpiration rate to adequately predict osmotic stress. Finally, small salt concentration gradients were observed in this single‐root study where root density was assumed constant with depth. However, future work requires checking salt concentration gradients at the scale of a whole plant, where this assumption does not apply.
Roots Partially in Contact with Soil: Analytical Solutions and Approximation in Models of Nutrient and Water Uptake
Authors: de Willigen Peter , Heinen Marius , van Noordwijk Meine 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Partial root–soil contact has an impact on uptake.
For the radial situation, a steady‐rate solution can be used.
For partial longitudinal contact, steady‐rate solutions cannot always be used.
Root–soil contact entails a trade‐off between uptake opportunities and aeration requirements. A single root in the center of a cylinder of soil has been the standard geometry for which most root‐level water and nutrient uptake models have been derived. However, this implies assumptions about complete root–soil contact and regularly spaced, parallel roots that do not conform to the situation in the field. In reality, the frequency distribution of transport distances will differ from what the cylinder model assumes, both by partial root–soil contact and irregular three‐dimensional (3‐D) distribution. We derived analytical equations describing the transport of water and nutrients to and uptake by roots in partial contact with soil for two extremes: (i) part of each root in contact or (ii) part of all roots in full contact and the rest without. Solutions range from negligible impacts to proportionality of uptake to the part of roots in contact with soil.
Developing a Conceptual Framework of Landscape and Hydrology on Tallgrass Prairie:A Critical Zone Approach
Authors: Vero S.E. , Macpherson G.L. , Sullivan P.L. , Brookfield A.E. , Nippert J.B. , Kirk M.F. , Datta S. , Kempton P. 
Published: October 2017

Core IdeasKonza Prairie is a reference ecosystem for evaluation of current and former grasslands.Hydrologic change includes climatic and geologic factors such as karstification.Future research is needed to expand vadose zone knowledge.Agricultural intensification and urbanization have greatly reduced the extent of tallgrass prairie across North America. To evaluate the impact of these changes, a reference ecosystem of unperturbed prairie is required. The Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas is a long‐term research site at which a critical zone approach has been implemented. Integration of climatic, ecologic, and hydropedologic research to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the complex environment provides the basis for predicting future aquifer and landscape evolution. We present a conceptual framework of the hydrology underpinning the area that integrates the extensive current and past research and provides a synthesis of the literature to date. The key factors in the hydrologic behavior of Konza Prairie are climate, ecology, vadose zone characteristics and management, and groundwater and bedrock. Significant interactions among these factors include bedrock dissolution driven by cool‐season precipitation and hence a climatic control on the rate of karstification. Soil moisture dynamics are influenced at various timescales due to the short‐ and long‐term effects of prescribed burning on vegetation and on soil physical characteristics. The frequency of burning regimes strongly influences the expansion of woody species in competition with native tallgrasses, with consequent effects on C and N dynamics within the vadose zone. Knowledge gaps exist pertaining to the future of Konza Prairie (a model for US tallgrass prairie)—whether continued karstification will lead to increasingly flashy and dynamic hydrology and whether compositional changes in the vegetation will affect long‐term changes in water balances.
Evaluation of the optimal size of a rainwater harvesting system in Sicily
Authors: Notaro Vincenza , Liuzzo Lorena , Freni Gabriele 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn the Mediterranean area, water scarcity represents a critical issue due to the increasing water demand related to the population growth and the expansion of urban and industrialized areas. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) may be an effective alternative water supply solution to deal with water scarcity in order to reduce non-potable water needs. The reliability of RWH systems is greatly affected by the intensity and the temporal distribution of rainfall events. The purpose of the present study was to identify the optimal tank capacity, in terms of water saving efficiency, of a RWH system installed to supply water for toilet flushing, garden irrigation and both uses with reference to a single-family house in a residential area of Sicily (southern Italy). A water balance simulation of the rainwater storage tank was performed to define the tank release rule. The optimal capacity of the RWH tank was evaluated considering three different catchment surfaces, namely 100, 200 and 300 m2. Results showed that, in some areas of the region, the system could be able to provide significant water savings, even with the installation of collecting tanks of less than 10 m3, thus ensuring important environmental and economic benefits to the householders.
The Economic Consequences of Accounting Standards: Evidence from Risk-Taking in Pension Plans
Authors: Anantharaman Divya , Chuk Elizabeth C. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Experts have long conjectured that pension accounting rules, by which pension expense depends on a managerial estimate that is directly tied to the riskiness of plan assets (i.e., the expected rate of return, or ERR, on plan assets), encourage risk-taking with pension investments. The recent passage of IAS 19, Employee Benefits (Revised) (hereafter, IAS 19R) eliminates the ERR and replaces it with a managerial estimate unrelated to plan asset riskiness (the discount rate). We demonstrate that a sample of Canadian firms affected by IAS 19R reduces risk-taking in pension investments post-IAS 19R, compared to a control sample of U.S. firms unaffected by IAS 19R. Therefore, removing firms' ability to recognize immediately in net income the expected higher returns from risk-taking (via a higher ERR) reduces their propensity for that risk-taking—providing some of the first empirical evidence on the economic consequences of eliminating the ERR-based pension accounting model.
Environmental Responsibility, External Assurance, and Firm Valuation
Authors: Sharma Divesh S. , Sharma Vineeta D. , Litt Barri A. 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARY
We provide new evidence in examining whether external auditors price environmental responsibility initiatives when performing the audit of financial statements. We also examine how investors value the firm when environmental initiatives occur in conjunction with higher audit fees. Results show environmental initiatives are positively associated with audit fees, but the extent of this association varies across the five different types of environmental initiatives we consider. We further find that auditors appear to price environmental initiatives due to their risk rather than additional audit effort. While environmental initiatives may be costly from an audit standpoint, investors value (Tobin's Q) firms more highly when environmental initiatives occur in conjunction with higher audit fees. Collectively, our findings imply that auditors price environmental initiatives into the audit and investors value firms more highly when auditors consider this social responsibility.
NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION TRIALS MODEL IN POOR AREAS OF BALI PROVINCE
Authors: Adhi Kadek Tresna , Utami Ni Wayan Arya , Adnyana I Made Suka 
Published: October 2017

Abstract The result from food utilization analysis in 2015 showed that a needed for a community based nutrition intervention
model to decrease malnutrition cases among under five years children. This was non experimental study using pre-post test
approached, conducted in Karangasem and Bangli regency. Samples were selected by purposive sampling method. Data were
collected by questionnaire and observation. Nutrition intervention model was arranged in the form of training module given to
society’s figure and integrated post service’s cadres. Result from trial of training module I showed no significant difference
between means of knowledge before and after training with p-value (1,00) > ? (0,05), meanwhile in the trial of training module
II showed significant difference between means of knowledge before and after training with p-value (0,048) < ? (0,05). Needed a
model for socialization the nutrition intervention’s module which actively involved society’s figures and integrated post service’s
cadre and ad vocation to policy maker thereby it can support the success of community nutrition improving program.
P-Glycoprotein Expression on Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Niiruri R. , Narayani I. , Ariawati K. , Herawati S. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Objective: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression on neoplastic cells can deteriorate the therapeutic outcome on cancer patients.
P-gp plays important role on drug efficacy and toxicity. This research aimed to measure P-gp expression on children with Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) on Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Method: Flowcytometry method was used to measure P-gp
expression level on Bone Marrow samples from pediatric patients (0-12 years old) who were newly diagnosed with ALL in
Sanglah Hospital. P-gp overexpression were based on the percentage of cell stained. Ten percent of P-gp expression were
considered as the cut-off value of P-gp overexpression. Result: On this study, 11 samples were obtained with the range value of
56-97% on P-gp expression. Conclusion: All 11 patients had P-gp overexpression.
Synthesis, Characterization and Unusual Dielectric Behaviour of &lambda;-Shaped Mesogenic Homologous Series With Polar Substituents
Authors: Chand P. B. , Manohar R. 
Published: October 2017

A new λ-shaped mesogenic homologous series with polar bromo and nitro substituent was synthesized by fixing rigid 2-bromo-4-nitrophenylazo groups to a resorcinol moiety. 4-n-alkoxybenzoyl groups esterify both the phenolic -OH groups. In the present series, methoxy and ethoxy derivatives are non-mesogenic, n-propyloxy to n-octyloxy derivatives exhibit enantiotropic nematic mesophase. Smectic C (SmC) mesophase commences from the n- octyloxy derivative as an enantiotropic phase and is retained up to the last member synthesized. The effect of polar bromo and nitro substituent on mesomorphic properties is discussed. In this paper, we also report the unusual dielectric behaviour of n-octyloxy and n-tetradecyloxy derivatives of the present λ-shaped mesogenic homologous series. The dielectric permittivity of the sample was found to be unusually low in SmC phase in comparison to nematic phase. We have explained it on the basis of two-conformer model, which can exist in SmC phase due to specific shape of the molecule. The model has been supported by calculating activation energy of both the possible conformers from Arrhenius plot of relaxation frequency versus temperature. There is a clear difference in the value of activation energy of both the conformers as expected.Keywords: C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); D. Dielectric properties; D. Phase transitionsThe Himalayan Physics Vol.2, No.2, May, 2011Page: 16-25Uploaded Date: 31 July, 2011
Rootfinding : An Iterative Tool to Solve Different Problems
Authors: Adhikari Iswarmani 
Published: October 2017

The aim of this paper is to apply the iteration methods for the solution of non-linear equations. Among the various root finding techniques, two of the common iterative methods Regula-falsi (false position) and the Secant method are used in two different problems to show the applications of numerical analysis in different fields.

The Himalayan Physics
Vol. 5, No. 5, Nov. 2014
Page: 121-125
A Six-planet System around the Star HD 34445
Authors: Vogt Steven S. , Butler R. Paul , Burt Jennifer , Tuomi Mikko , Laughlin Gregory , Holden Brad , Teske Johanna K. , Shectman Stephen A. , Crane Jeffrey D. , Díaz Matías , Thompson Ian B. , Arriagada Pamela , Keiser Sandy 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We present a new precision radial velocity (RV) data set that reveals a multi-planet system orbiting the G0V star HD 34445. Our 18-year span consists of 333 precision RV observations, 56 of which were previously published and 277 of which are new data from the Keck Observatory, Magellan at Las Campanas Observatory, and the Automated Planet Finder at Lick Observatory. These data indicate the presence of six planet candidates in Keplerian motion about the host star with periods of 1057, 215, 118, 49, 677, and 5700 days, and minimum masses of 0.63, 0.17, 0.1, 0.05, 0.12, and 0.38 M
J, respectively. The HD 34445 planetary system, with its high degree of multiplicity, its long orbital periods, and its induced stellar RV half-amplitudes in the range 2 m s−1 ≲ K ≲ 5 m s−1 is fundamentally unlike either our own solar system (in which only Jupiter and Saturn induce significant reflex velocities for the Sun), or the Kepler multiple-transiting systems (which tend to have much more compact orbital configurations).