bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of quartz crystallographic preferred orientations identified with optical fabric analysis, electron backscatter and neutron diffraction techniques
Authors: HUNTER N.J.R. , WILSON C.J.L. , LUZIN V. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThree techniques are used to measure crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) in a naturally deformed quartz mylonite: transmitted light cross‐polarized microscopy using an automated fabric analyser, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and neutron diffraction. Pole figure densities attributable to crystal‐plastic deformation are variably recognizable across the techniques, particularly between fabric analyser and diffraction instruments. Although fabric analyser techniques offer rapid acquisition with minimal sample preparation, difficulties may exist when gathering orientation data parallel with the incident beam. Overall, we have found that EBSD and fabric analyser techniques are best suited for studying CPO distributions at the grain scale, where individual orientations can be linked to their source grain or nearest neighbours. Neutron diffraction serves as the best qualitative and quantitative means of estimating the bulk CPO, due to its three‐dimensional data acquisition, greater sample area coverage, and larger sample size. However, a number of sampling methods can be applied to FA and EBSD data to make similar approximations.
Progression of alpha‐synuclein pathology in multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type
Authors: Brettschneider J. , Irwin D. J. , Boluda S. , Byrne M. D. , Fang L. , Lee E. B. , Robinson J. L. , Suh E. , Van Deerlin V. M. , Toledo J. B. , Grossman M. , Hurtig H. , Dengler R. , Petri S. , Lee V. M.‐Y. , Trojanowski J. Q. 
Published: September 2016

AimsThe aim of this study was to identify early foci of α‐synuclein (α‐syn pathology) accumulation, subsequent progression and neurodegeneration in multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type (MSA‐C).MethodsWe analysed 70‐μm‐thick sections of 10 cases with MSA‐C and 24 normal controls.ResultsMSA‐C cases with the lowest burden of pathology showed α‐syn glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in the cerebellum as well as in medullary and pontine cerebellar projections. Cerebellar pathology was highly selective and severely involved subcortical white matter, whereas deep white matter and granular layer were only mildly affected and the molecular layer was spared. Loss of Purkinje cells increased with disease duration and was associated with neuronal and axonal abnormalities. Neocortex, basal ganglia and spinal cord became consecutively involved with the increasing burden of α‐syn pathology, followed by hippocampus, amygdala, and, finally, the visual cortex. GCIs were associated with myelinated axons, and the severity of GCIs correlated with demyelination.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that cerebellar subcortical white matter and cerebellar brainstem projections are likely the earliest foci of α‐syn pathology in MSA‐C, followed by involvement of more widespread regions of the central nervous system and neurodegeneration with disease progression.
Is There a Difference in Tachycardia Cycle Length during SVT in Children with AVRT and AVNRT?
Authors: MILLS MARCOS F. , MOTONAGA KARA S. , TRELA ANTHONY , DUBIN ANNE M. , AVASARALA KISHOR , CERESNAK SCOTT R. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThere are limited adult data suggesting the tachycardia cycle length (TCL) of atrioventricular reentry tachycardia (AVRT) is shorter than atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), though little data exist in children. We sought to determine if there is a difference in TCL between AVRT and AVNRT in children.MethodsA single‐center retrospective review of children with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from 2000 to 2015 was performed. Inclusion criteria: Age ≤ 18 years, invasive electrophysiology study (EPS) confirming AVRT or AVNRT. Exclusion criteria: Atypical AVNRT, congenital heart disease, antiarrhythmic medication use at time of EPS. Data were compared between patients with AVRT and AVNRT via t‐test, χ2 test, and linear regression.ResultsA total of 835 patients were included (12 ± 4 years, 52 ± 31 kg, TCL 321 ± 55 ms), 539 (65%) with AVRT (270 Wolff‐Parkinson‐White, 269 concealed pathways) and 296 (35%) with AVNRT. Patients with AVRT were younger (11.7 ± 4.1 years vs 13.0 ± 3.6 years, P < 0.001) and smaller (49 ± 22 kg vs 57 ± 43 kg, P < 0.001). In the baseline state, the TCL was shorter in AVRT than AVRNT (329 ± 51 ms vs 340 ± 60 ms, P = 0.04). In patients requiring isoproterenol to induce SVT, there was no difference in TCL (290 ± 49 ms vs 297 ± 49 ms, P = 0.26). When controlling for age, there was no difference in TCL between AVRT and AVNRT at baseline or on isoproterenol. The regression equation for TCL in the baseline state was TCL = 290 + 4 (age), indicating the TCL will increase by 4 ms above a baseline of 290 ms for each year of life.ConclusionsWhen controlling for age, there is no difference in the TCL between AVRT and AVNRT in children. Age, not tachycardia mechanism, is the most significant factor in predicting TCL.
Genomic regions, cellular components and gene regulatory basis underlying pod length variations in cowpea (V. unguiculata L. Walp)
Authors: Xu Pei , Wu Xinyi , Muñoz‐Amatriaín María , Wang Baogen , Wu Xiaohua , Hu Yaowen , Huynh Bao‐Lam , Close Timothy J. , Roberts Philip A. , Zhou Wen , Lu Zhongfu , Li Guojing 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCowpea (V. unguiculata L. Walp) is a climate resilient legume crop important for food security. Cultivated cowpea (V. unguiculata L) generally comprises the bushy, short‐podded grain cowpea dominant in Africa and the climbing, long‐podded vegetable cowpea popular in Asia. How selection has contributed to the diversification of the two types of cowpea remains largely unknown. In the current study, a novel genotyping assay for over 50 000 SNPs was employed to delineate genomic regions governing pod length. Major, minor and epistatic QTLs were identified through QTL mapping. Seventy‐two SNPs associated with pod length were detected by genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Population stratification analysis revealed subdivision among a cowpea germplasm collection consisting of 299 accessions, which is consistent with pod length groups. Genomic scan for selective signals suggested that domestication of vegetable cowpea was accompanied by selection of multiple traits including pod length, while the further improvement process was featured by selection of pod length primarily. Pod growth kinetics assay demonstrated that more durable cell proliferation rather than cell elongation or enlargement was the main reason for longer pods. Transcriptomic analysis suggested the involvement of sugar, gibberellin and nutritional signalling in regulation of pod length. This study establishes the basis for map‐based cloning of pod length genes in cowpea and for marker‐assisted selection of this trait in breeding programmes.
A Case of Cutaneous Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Authors: de Menezes Sara , Mar Adrian , Dowling John , Wright Annaliesa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) rarely occurs as a primary cutaneous lesion. We report a case of cutaneous IMT in an 8‐year‐old girl presenting with an ulcerated nodule on the cheek. Although cutaneous IMT poses a diagnostic challenge because of its rarity, excision of the lesion is likely to be curative.
Sudden Onset of Papular Elastorrhexis After Immunologic Recovery in a Boy with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Rodríguez‐Lomba Enrique , Molina‐López Irene , Parra‐Blanco Verónica , Suárez‐Fernández Ricardo , Campos‐Domínguez Minia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPapular elastorrhexis (PE) is an uncommon elastic tissue disorder clinically characterized by the onset of asymptomatic flesh‐colored to whitish papules over the trunk and upper limbs in children. Its etiology remains unknown, although isolated familial cases have suggested that acquired and inherited forms of the disease may exist. We present the case of a 13‐year‐old boy with human immunodeficiency virus who presented with such lesions after immunological recovery from very low CD4+ counts after introducing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Because neutrophils and macrophages are implicated in elastin metabolism and degradation pathways, immune dysregulation might be another etiologic factor to be considered in this rare disease.
Annular Lichenoid Dermatitis of Youth: A Chronic Case Managed Using Pimecrolimus
Authors: Malachowski Stephen J. , Creasey Mackenzie , Kinkley Nancy , Heaphy Michael R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAnnular lichenoid dermatitis of youth, first described in 2003, is a rare and occasionally chronic skin disease. We report a case of annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth relapsing over the course of 5 years successfully treated and maintained with topical pimecrolimus cream.
Defining Environmental Justice Communities for Regulatory Enforcement: Implications from a Block‐Group‐Level Analysis of New York State
Authors: Liang Jiaqi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe absence of a clear definition of environmental justice areas has been cited as one of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's major deficiencies in managing federal environmental justice programs. Several states have explicitly defined potential environmental justice areas and integrated targeted efforts into the policy‐making process. At the block‐group level, this study evaluates the effects of New York State's environmental justice policy, which defines communities of concern in terms of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as mandates supplemental regulatory enforcement activities for these neighborhoods, on the agency's policy implementation practices under the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. The empirical findings suggest that there is inconclusive evidence regarding race/ethnicity‐ and class‐based environmental inequity. Also, the state's policy intervention is not universally effective. Moreover, task environments of a given community are a consistent determinant of the agency's regulatory compliance monitoring and assurance activities. This study then derives broader implications regarding the adoption of a policy instrument that defines and screens potential environmental justice communities.
FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS BASED ON VIBRATION AND ELECTRICAL CURRENT SIGNALS
Authors: Yousefi Rozbeh , Yusof Rubiyah , Arfa Reza 
Published: September 2016

Induction motors (IM) as a critical component of many industrial processes are subjected to issues such as aging motors, high reliability requirements, and cost competitiveness. Therefore, many research efforts have been focused on fault detection in IMs. The main specification of this paper involves fault detection of three phase IMs using vibration and electrical current setup. This paper compares the results obtained by vibration and electrical current setup in order to a better understanding of fault detection setups’ operation in induction machines. The experimentation was performed on two faulty and one healthy squirrel cage motor. A number of data was captured through the labVIEW software. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed for feature extraction to classify the faults of IMs. Most vibration hardware systems are relatively costly and difficult to set up, but they resulted in significantly higher accurate and classified data in comparison to the results of current setup.
Numerical Study of the Reynolds Number Effect on the Centrifugal Compressor Performance and Losses
Authors: Tiainen Jonna , Jaatinen-Värri Ahti , Grönman Aki , Backman Jari 
Published: September 2016

The efficiency is reduced in very small centrifugal compressors due to low Reynolds numbers. In the past, the effect of the Reynolds number on centrifugal compressor performance has been studied experimentally, and empirical correction equations for the efficiency have been derived based on those results. There is a lack of numerical investigations into the effect of the Reynolds number on centrifugal compressor performance and losses. This paper aims to compare the numerical results to the efficiencies predicted by the correction equations found in the literature. The loss generation in the impeller blade passages is also studied in order to find out which loss production mechanism has the most potential to be reduced or eliminated.
The effect of the Reynolds number on compressor performance is investigated in the chord Reynolds number range varying from 0.8 · 105 to 17 · 105 by simulating numerically the original compressors and downscaled ones. The numerical results are validated against experimental data and the results are compared with the efficiency correction equations used in the literature. The results indicate that the performance of the downscaled compressors follow quite precisely the most recently published correction equation. The results also show that the increased losses in low-Reynolds-number compressors are caused both by the relatively increased boundary layer thickness and by the shear stress resulting from the increased vorticity.
On the Unsteady Interaction Between the Leakage and the Main Passage Flow in a High Pressure Turbine Rig: CFD URANS Investigations and Comparison With the Rig Test Data
Authors: Zamboni Giulio , Adami Paolo 
Published: September 2016

The flow path of modern turbine stages is highly influenced by the interaction of the main passage flow with the secondary leakages used for sealing purposes. The interaction between these two flows significantly influences the topology of the overturning passage secondary flow and therefore with the performance of the turbine itself. During the aerodynamic design phase, this complex interaction is usually assessed using RANS and URANS CFD calculations.
This paper reports on the use of CFD calculations to predict the complex fluid dynamic interaction between the leakage at the inner platform upstream of a single stage HPT blade and the generation of the secondary overturning passage flow within the aerofoil. Rig test data are presented for a direct comparison with the CFD considering two different rim sealing geometric configurations.
The first aim of this paper is to show how the prediction of similar complex flows can be addressed to quantify the performance improvement and what results can be expected when using industrial mature simulation technology based on RANS/URANS CFD. The second objective is to support the understanding of accuracy improvements requirements and limitations still observed when comparing these flow path predictions with rig test data.
This work shows that despite the ability to capture trends, the details of these complex flow interactions still represent a challenge for the state of the art RANS and URANS solvers used in the design of the gas path of the HPT turbine stages. The understanding of the accuracy in prediction capability through the comparison with rig test data is not only essential to support present design work, but also for the developments and assessment of the next generation of modelling capabilities.
Flexible Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Utilising Organic Rankine Cycle Technology
Authors: Welch Michael , Rossetti Nicola 
Published: September 2016

Historically gas turbine power plants have become more efficient and reduced the installed cost/MW by developing larger gas turbines and installing them in combined cycle configuration with a steam turbine. These large gas turbines have been designed to maintain high exhaust gas temperatures to maximise the power generation from the steam turbine and achieve the highest overall electrical efficiencies possible.
However, in today’s electricity market, with more emphasis on decentralised power generation, especially in emerging nations, and increasing penetration of intermittent renewable power generation, this solution may not be flexible enough to meet operator demands.
An alternative solution to using one or two large gas turbines in a large central combined cycle power plant is to design and install multiple smaller decentralised power plant, based on multiple gas turbines with individual outputs below 100MW, to provide the operational flexibility required and enable this smaller power plant to maintain a high efficiency and low emissions profile over a wide load range. This option helps maintain security of power supplies, as well as providing enhanced operational flexibility through the ability to turn turbines on and off as necessary to match the load demand.
The smaller gas turbines though tend not to have been optimised for combined cycle operation, and their exhaust gas temperatures may not be sufficiently high, especially under part load conditions, to generate steam at the conditions needed to achieve a high overall electrical efficiency.
ORC technology, thanks to the use of specific organic working fluids, permits efficient exploitation of low temperatures exhaust gas streams, as could be the case for smaller gas turbines, especially when working on poor quality fuels.
This paper looks at how a decentralised power plant could be designed using Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in place of the conventional steam Rankine Cycle to maximise power generation efficiency and flexibility, while still offering a highly competitive installed cost. Combined cycle power generation utilising ORC technology offers a solution that also has environmental benefits in a water-constrained World.
The paper also investigates the differences in plant performance for ORC designs utilising direct heating of the ORC working fluid compared to those using an intermediate thermal oil heating loop, and looks at the challenges involved in connecting multiple gas turbines to a single ORC turbo-generator to keep installed costs to a minimum.
Influence of Boundary Layer Air Injection on Flashback of Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames
Authors: Hoferichter Vera , Mohammadzadeh Keleshtery Payam , Hirsch Christoph , Sattelmayer Thomas , Matsumura Yoshikazu 
Published: September 2016

Alternative fuels like hydrogen are presently discussed as one possibility to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from gas turbines. Premixed lean combustion is a current standard to minimize nitrogen oxide emissions. However, the early mixing of fuel and oxidizer upstream of the combustion chamber opens up the possibility of upstream flame propagation, referred to as flame flashback. Flame flashback in gas turbines has to be prevented as it leads to immediate engine shut down or even structural damage. Due to high burning velocities and low quenching distances, flashback is especially critical in premixed hydrogen flames. In particular, the low velocity region near the burner wall promotes flashback. Diluting the mixture near the wall by fluid injection is one approach to counteract this phenomenon and to enhance the safe operating range of a gas turbine burner.
This article presents an experimental study on the effect of air injection on flame flashback investigated at a channel burner configuration. Different injection mass flow rates, positions and angles are compared to a reference case without injection regarding their flashback limits. The effectiveness of the injection increases with the injected mass flow rate. The resulting flashback limits can be correlated with the equivalence ratio at the wall by concepts taken from film cooling. However, the fluid injector is a source of boundary layer disturbances leading to an initial penalty regarding flashback resistance. This penalty increases the closer the injector is located to the burner exit. Furthermore, the penalty increases for lower injection angles as the area of the injector and the corresponding boundary layer disturbances increase.
Adiabatic Film Cooling Effectiveness Measurements Throughout Multi-Row Film Cooling Arrays
Authors: Natsui Greg , Little Zachary , Kapat Jay , Socotch Anthony , Wang Anquan , Dees Jason E. 
Published: September 2016

Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness measurements are obtained using pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) on a flat film cooled surface. The effects of blowing ratio and hole spacing are investigated for four multi-row arrays comprised of 8 rows containing 52 holes of 3.8 mm diameter with 20° inclination angles and hole length-to-diameter ratio of 11.2.
The four arrays investigated have two different hole-to-hole spacings composed of cylindrical and diffuser holes. For the first case, lateral and streamwise pitches are 7.5 times the diameter. For the second case, pitch-to-diameter ratio is 14 in lateral direction and 10 in the streamwise direction. The holes are in a staggered arrangement. Adiabatic effectiveness measurements are taken for a blowing ratio range of 0.3 to 1.2 and a density ratio of 1.5, with CO2 injected as the coolant.
A thorough boundary layer analysis is presented, and data was taken using hotwire anemometry with air injection, with boundary layer and turbulence measurements taken at multiple locations in order to characterize the boundary layer. Local effectiveness, laterally averaged effectiveness, boundary layer thickness, momentum thickness, turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale are presented. For the cylindrical holes, at the first row of injection, the film jets are still attached at a blowing ratio of 0.3. By a blowing ratio of 0.5, the jet is observed to lift off, and then impinge back onto the test surface. At a blowing ratio of 1.2, the jets lift off, but reattach much further downstream, spreading the coolant further along the test surface. A thorough uncertainty analysis has been conducted in order to fully understand the presented measurements and any shortcomings of the measurement technique. The maximum uncertainty of effectiveness and blowing ratio is 0.02 counts of effectiveness and 3 percent respectively.
NOx Correlation for an Industrial 10 MW Non-Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor for High Hydrogen Fuels
Authors: Kroniger Daniel , Wirsum Manfred , Horikawa Atsushi , Okada Kunio , Kazari Masahide 
Published: September 2016

This paper describes a model to predict the nitric oxides (NOx) emissions for a dry non-premixed flame gas turbine combustor at full operation conditions. The NOx correlation considered the combustor pressure, the combustor outlet temperature and the fuel composition from natural gas (NG) to pure hydrogen (H2) fuel.
The test data for parametrizing the model was acquired with a high pressure combustion test rig for industrial 10 MWth reverse-flow gas turbine combustors. The experimental results confirm the typical dependencies of NOx emissions. As expected, higher NOx emissions occur with increasing combustor pressure, combustor outlet temperature and hydrogen content of the fuel.
The reference NOx model has been derived on the basis of physical approaches for the pressure and temperature effects. The substitution of natural gas with hydrogen is taken into account by a variable pressure exponent and a variable factor in the exponent of the exponential temperature correlation. As a result, the pressure exponent increases with increasing hydrogen. The temperature exponent factor decreases with increasing hydrogen. The model can describe the data set with limitations at high pressure and high hydrogen content fuel operation conditions.