bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimized Heart Sampling and Systematic Evaluation of Cardiac Therapies in Mouse Models of Ischemic Injury: Assessment of Cardiac Remodeling and Semi‐Automated Quantification of Myocardial Infarct Size
Authors: Valente Mariana , Araújo Ana , Esteves Tiago , Laundos Tiago L. , Freire Ana G. , Quelhas Pedro , Pinto‐do‐Ó Perpétua , Nascimento Diana S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCardiac therapies are commonly tested preclinically in small‐animal models of myocardial infarction. Following functional evaluation, post‐mortem histological analysis is essential to assess morphological and molecular alterations underlying the effectiveness of treatment. However, non‐methodical and inadequate sampling of the left ventricle often leads to misinterpretations and variability, making direct study comparisons unreliable. Protocols are provided for representative sampling of the ischemic mouse heart followed by morphometric analysis of the left ventricle. Extending the use of this sampling to other types of in situ analysis is also illustrated through the assessment of neovascularization and cellular engraftment in a cell‐based therapy setting. This is of interest to the general cardiovascular research community as it details methods for standardization and simplification of histo‐morphometric evaluation of emergent heart therapies. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Group Decision‐Making
Authors: Pavitt Charles 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
From the most formal organizational settings to the most informal friendship circles, decisions are often made by groups of people. Communication among these people is an integral part of the decision‐making process, and is often thought to perform a critical role in the quality of the final decision. Interpersonal communication scholars have studied such topics as the content and sequence of group communication, whether and how communication relates to group decision quality, and how communication impacts on individual group members’ decision preferences.
Group Information Sharing
Authors: Van Swol Lyn M. , Kolb Miranda 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Group members usually mention and focus more on information members share in common before the discussion than information that only one member knows before the discussion. Shared information is more influential because it influences all members’ initial opinions and because other members can validate it. Research has found that the focus on shared information can be reduced. Higher status members, like leaders, often mention more unshared information, as do members designated as advisors to the group. Groups in which members are aware of each other's specialized knowledge discuss more unshared information, and longer group discussions elicit more unshared information.
Models of Relationship Disengagement
Authors: Duck Steve 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry reviews known problems with models of relationship disengagement that were based on out‐of‐date methods and assumptions that reflected contemporary circumstances. They are no longer applicable to relationships in the modern world of social media, increasing gender equality, and changing views of morality. Nowadays, such classic works, therefore, prove unreliable and uninformative, yet are often cited in modern work. Cautioning researchers about the inherent risks of accepting such approaches as truly applicable in today's environment for relationships, the entry offers suggestions for entirely new styles of approach.
Sequential Request Strategies
Authors: Boster Franklin J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Compliance gaining studies examine techniques that produce behavioral conformity without exerting substantial pressure on the target and without necessarily persuading the target. These techniques can be classified as either sequential or nonsequential request strategies. Sequential request strategies are those requests that involve messages transmitted at multiple stages in the compliance process, and are reviewed in this entry. They include the foot‐in‐the‐door technique, the door‐in‐the‐face technique, the that's‐not‐all technique, the disrupt‐then‐reframe technique, and lowballing. There is evidence consistent with the effectiveness of each of these techniques, although the effects are generally contingent and the causal mechanisms producing them are not well known.
Structuration Theory
Authors: Haslett Beth Bonniwell 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Anthony Giddens is one of the world's foremost social theorists whose work has influenced a wide range of disciplines. Giddens's structuration theory dissolves the differentiation of structure and agency, and through his concept of the duality of structure, social interaction enacts the structural resources of signification, domination, and legitimation. As such, Giddens argues that structural properties of social systems are both the medium and outcome of social practices. Other significant concepts include distanciation, time–space relations, time–space edges, sociohistoricity, and globalization. Various communication scholars have relied on his work to propose models of communication, such as structurational interaction and adaptive structuration theory, and discussed the implications of structuration in organizational identity, policy knowledge, virtual communication, and other issues.
Physical/Social Attraction
Authors: Horan Sean M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Perceptions of physical and social attractiveness are developed based on verbal and nonverbal messages. A person who is highly physically desirable is described as having a high level of physical attractiveness whereas someone with whom a communicator desires a relationship with is described as having a high level of social attractiveness. Reliable predictors of attractiveness include facial symmetry, similarity, propinquity, and the perception of mutual attraction. Evolutionary theory proposes that men and women desire different attributes in mates, resulting in differential mate values that can influence communication. Importantly, assessments of attractiveness are rapidly formed during initial interactions (e.g., thin‐slicing) and communicators’ pupils dilate when facing someone they find attractive. Given the rapidly evolving nature of technology, future research should examine its role in forming perceptions of attractiveness.
Dialectical Tensions in Relationships
Authors: Baxter Leslie A. , Scharp Kristina M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Dialectical tensions, also known as contradictions or discursive struggles, are oppositions that affect or constitute relating. Two broad approaches can be identified in the dialectical research; the first approach conceives of dialectical tensions as conditions, needs, or goals that are situated outside of communication and that are managed through communication, whereas the second approach envisions dialectical tensions as competing systems of meaning constituted in communication and the process through which meanings are made.
Relational Turning Points
Authors: Baxter Leslie A. , Buchanan Lauren‐Ashley 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Turning points are moments of major change or transformation in a relationship with respect to some feature, generally commitment. Researchers have examined types of turning points, the valence of turning points, trajectories that link turning points into patterned change, partner agreement on turning point identification, and subsequent communication about turning point events. Turning points have been studied in a variety of relationship types, including romantic pairs, friendships, ex‐spouses, and stepfamilies, among others.
Conflict Avoidance
Authors: Roloff Michael E. , Liu Esther 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Although individuals frequently encounter provoking behaviors, they do not always confront the perpetrator and, when they do, they sometimes try to prevent the confrontation from escalating into a serious conflict. This entry illustrates how scholars describe the nature of conflict avoidance and what research shows as to the effects of conflict avoidance on conflict resolution, individual well‐being, and relationships.
Ethno‐Political Conflict
Authors: Ellis Donald G. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Ethno‐political conflict is explained as an intergroup conflict that distorts communication and perceptions between the groups. Ethno‐political conflicts categorize and foreground ethnic and religious differences and thus alter the perceptions of the other side. These conflicts are intractable and particularly resistant to resolution as a result of cognitive and informational biases as well as communication distortions. This entry notes the history of intergroup relations, the individual versus intergroup levels of perception, as well as the research tradition associated with ethno‐political conflicts.
Message Design Logics
Authors: Caughlin John P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Message design logics are the principles that individuals use to generate and interpret messages. The key insight of the message design logics model is that there are three distinct sets of logics. The distinct logics are evident when a situation is complex enough that different people communicate in markedly different ways. The expressive design logic values the clear expression of a person's thoughts and feelings. The conventional design logic conceptualizes communication as a game with fixed rules for successful communication. The rhetorical design logic views communication as a means by which the social situation and identities can be renegotiated. In general, the rhetorical design logic is the most sophisticated, the conventional design logic is moderate in sophistication, and the expressive design logic is the least sophisticated.
Models of Relationship Development
Authors: Fox Jesse 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Several factors predict relationship development, including physical attractiveness, similarity, proximity, and complementarity. Given this variety of factors, several theories and models have been proposed to predict how relationships evolve, including filter theory, social exchange theories, resource theory, equity theory, interdependence theory, social penetration theory, uncertainty reduction theory, predicted outcome value theory, uncertainty management theory, anxiety and uncertainty management theory, Knapp's relational stage model, relational dialectics, turning points, stimulus‐value‐role theory, the premarital dyadic formation model, and the hyperpersonal model. Despite extensive theorizing, there are many venues for future research in this area, including empirical testing of understudied models; testing competing hypotheses presented by contrasting models; and expanding research to consider understudied relationship types such as cross‐generational friendships or gay and lesbian romantic relationships. With the growing use of mediated communication in relationships, another necessary pursuit is re‐examining the viability of models and theories considering features and affordances of communication technologies.
Integrative Negotiation Strategies
Authors: Tutzauer Frank 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn contrast to traditional win–lose bargaining, win–win bargaining—orintegrative bargaining—is a negotiation type in which the bargainers attempt to arrange settlements of high joint benefit. Integrative bargaining can be distinguished from traditional negotiation in terms of the structure of the situation, the behaviors of the bargainers, and the cognitive frameworks of the negotiators. The flexible rigidity hypothesis and the dual concern model explain the types of goals and behaviors the bargainers must have to be successful in integrative bargaining. A number of integrative negotiation strategies can be employed that help attain agreements of high joint benefit. These include logrolling, simultaneous issue consideration, information exchange, heuristic trial and error, and bridging. The stereotypical view of bargaining or negotiation (this entry will treat the termsbargainingandnegotiationas synonyms) is of two parties glaring at each other across the table, each scheming to force the other to make concessions, so as to make as much for oneself as possible to the detriment of the opponent. Although descriptive of many real‐life situations, negotiation scholars have long realized that the stereotype is often wrong; many times it is possible to integrate the needs of both parties, fashioning agreements that benefit both parties rather than one at the expense of the other. Suchintegrative bargaining, along with the strategies that negotiators use to attain integrative agreements, is thus an active area of scholarly inquiry.
Parent‐Infant Communication
Authors: Haslett Beth Bonniwell , Samter Wendy 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
During infancy, major developments occur in mastering nonverbal and verbal means of communication. In addition, important cognitive and psychological processes are also developing, such as selfhood and security. These developmental processes are all interrelated, with cognitive and perceptual capacities enabling the development of increasingly coordinated, complex systems of communication. Interaction with adults shapes and refines these communicative skills, while simultaneously encouraging the development of a secure sense of selfhood and safety in a predictable, supportive environment. A critical aspect of infant communication is the development of social relationships with others, most notably significant adult caretakers. These feelings of attachment form the basis for social relationships and development over the life span and are fundamental to an infant's trust in others and a sense of security.
Planning Theory
Authors: Berger Charles R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Planning theory postulates that individuals’ actions and discourse are activated by goals and guided by knowledge structures called plans. Plans are hierarchically organized mental representations of action sequences that eventuate in goal achievement. Goals serve an activation function while plans guide actions toward goals. Plans not only guide actions, they also are implicated in the process of understanding others’ actions and discourse. Observations of others’ actions are understood by reference to the goals that individuals typically pursue in social situations and the plans they use to achieve them. Planning theory focuses on the message production processes rather than message processing and comprehension. Planning theory's fundamental constructs and processes are explicated and the role plan effectiveness and performance skills play in the successful attainment of goals is discussed. Planning theory's implications for improving social interaction performance are considered as well as potential limitations of the theory.
Forms of Affectionate Communication
Authors: Morman Mark T. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Scholars from a wide range of disciplines have long regarded the desire for love, affirmation, and appreciation as an essential human need. Affectionate communication is associated with a wide range of benefits and advantages for those expressing and receiving messages of affection within their personal relationships. This essay describes the positive and negative outcomes related to the expression of various forms of affectionate communication, provides a brief overview of the Affectionate Communication Index, a survey measure designed to assess affectionate communication, and ends with a short discussion of Floyd's Affection Exchange Theory.
Dual‐Process Theory of Supportive Message Outcomes
Authors: Bodie Graham D. , Jones Andrew C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe dual‐process theory of supportive message outcomes applies the general logic of the dual‐process framework to the processing and outcomes of varied forms of support, including advice, everyday emotional support, and grief management. This theory explains that supportive messages work as a joint function of the content of those messages and how they are processed by recipients. Drawing on social cognitive theory, theories of emotion, and theories specifying characteristics of quality supportive communication as well as the larger dual process framework developed in the field of psychology, this theory provides an empirically sound basis for prescribing types of supportive strategies. Most work to date has focused on testing key theoretical tenants and establishing the theory is a viable framework for organizing prior findings indicating variation in the effects supportive messages.
Supervisor–Subordinate Communication
Authors: Myers Karen K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEffective supervisor–subordinate communication is foundational for member productivity and satisfaction as well as the success and long‐term viability of organizations. Supervisor–subordinate interaction serves many functions including information distribution, goal setting, employee development, task coordination, and relationship and commitment building. Research has focused on supervisor characteristics, qualities of the supervisor–subordinate relationship, communication processes and outcomes. Negotiations between supervisors and subordinates also influence role characteristics, role performance, work–life balance, and worker–supervisor satisfaction.
Predicted Outcome Value Theory
Authors: Sunnafrank Michael 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Predicted outcome value theory proposes a rewards–costs analysis of interpersonal relationships focused exclusively on the motivating force and effects of outcome value forecasts for potential relational futures. Originally developed as a theory of initial interaction behavior and to provide an alternative interpretation of uncertainty reduction theory phenomena, the theory has since expanded to encompass interpersonal relationships across their life span.
Divorce
Authors: Afifi Tamara D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Research indicates that divorce can have short‐term and long‐term effects on children. Research shows, however, that children vary greatly in how they respond to divorce. Some children fare better after a divorce if they are removed from a highly conflicted family environment. Other children fare worse after a divorce, especially if their parents fight more after the divorce or they never saw the divorce coming and/or their parents had a good relationship. Still other children do not appear to be affected much at all by their parents’ divorce. The impact of divorce on children is a complex question that depends upon a host of complex situational circumstances. The most important factor in determining how children respond to divorce is parental conflict. Research suggests that many of the long‐term effects of divorce dissipate if conflict between former spouses is kept at a minimum.
Imagined Interactions
Authors: Honeycutt James M. , Hatcher Laura C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A major mechanism for analyzing interpersonal communication and social cognition is through the study of imagined interactions (IIs). They are frequently used in everyday life and serve a variety of functions including understanding, rehearsal, conflict management, relational maintenance, catharsis, and compensation. They are associated with personality, quality relationships, ability to argue, and mental health. Retroactive IIs are often portrayed in movies or television in the form of flashbacks. We review the attributes and functions of IIs. Subsequently, conflict linkage is discussed in which people ruminate about arguments in their mind. Indeed, there are cultural maxims that attest to the prevalence of intrapersonal conflict: for example, “I can forgive but not forget.” A study is presented revealing physiological indicators of intrapersonal communication in the form of heart‐rate variability while a couple is imagining a conversation discussing pleasing and displeasing issues in their relationship.
Virtual Communities
Authors: High Andrew C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Virtual communities are 3D interactive worlds that users access through computers to immerse themselves in alternate, Internet‐based realities. Users create customized avatars and interact with others through public and private text‐ or voice‐based communication modalities. Some of these communities present fanciful lands wherein members complete exotic quests; others mirror normal life with particular alterations, such as the ability to fly. In any virtual community, thousands of people can simultaneously interact in the same locale. Virtual communities attempt to supplement or recreate aspects of interpersonal interaction, often by inserting nonverbal cues that are absent from other modes of computer‐mediated communication. Their realism and distinguishing features combined with their ability to host multiple types of interactions make virtual communities a novel context for engaging and studying interpersonal communication.
Doctor‐Patient Communication
Authors: Duggan Ashley Paige 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Doctor–patient communication is shaped by relational dynamics similar to personal relationships, but with additional goals of diagnosing and treating a patient's presenting biomedical and illness concerns. In addition to building relationship and addressing illness concerns, doctor–patient communication is also shaped by a host of factors that together shape communication processes. Relational and task‐driven functions of provider–patient communication can work in concert, or they can become competing goals. Beyond these immediate functions, understanding the connection between doctor–patient communication and health outcomes is a cornerstone of health communication and medical research. The outcomes of doctor–patient communication are important because they impact adherence to the medical regimen, quality of life, and medical malpractice, in addition to predicting illness and health status changes.
Measurement Bias
Authors: Jensen Jakob D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Developing valid and reliable measures is a central component of interpersonal communication research. Measurement research—also known as psychometrics—typically utilizes factor analytic or structural equation model techniques to assess issues of dimensionality and fit. Interest in psychometrics can be traced back to the early 20th century where testing of soldiers for World War I solidified the value of measurement research. In the aftermath of World War II—another military effort that utilized soldier testing—the study of interpersonal communication and continued interest in measurement provided the foundations of modern communication science. The historical foundations, current emphasis, and future directions of measurement research are outlined in this entry.
Influence in the Classroom
Authors: Wright Courtney N. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Research examining influence in the classroom seeks to understand how instructor–student interpersonal power dynamics manifest in communication and the strategies employed to obtain compliance and/or resist complying with another's influence attempts. Enhanced understanding of interpersonal power dynamics may provide the basis for improving student educational experiences and the quality of the student–instructor relationship. The research literature examining influence in the classroom primarily focuses on instructor power and influence, and student resistance; however, student influence in the classroom is receiving increased attention.