bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Spinal Angles in a Typing Task on a Laptop and a Desktop Computer: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Alyami Hiedar , Albarrati Ali M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study’s objective was to discover whether a difference exists in four postural angles while performing a typing task on a laptop and a desktop computer.
METHOD. Twenty healthy participants performed a 5-min typing task on each computer.
RESULTS. Statistically significant differences for all angles were found when comparing sitting at the desktop computer with sitting at the laptop. Neck angle (p &lt; .0005), head tilt (p &lt; .0005), and lumbar lordosis (p = .018) were significantly higher when using the laptop. The greatest posterior pelvic tilt was associated with the desktop (p = .018).
CONCLUSION. A desktop appears to be more appropriate for the cervical and lumbar regions; however, using a laptop may be more suitable for pelvic tilt.
State of the Journal, 2016
Authors: Richards Lorie Gage 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) had a successful 2016. From September 2015 to September 2016, the number of manuscripts submitted remained steady at 255. Manuscripts were received from 30 non-U.S. countries, compared with 23 countries in 2015. AJOT continues to have the highest impact factor and to be the highest ranked of the occupational therapy journals listed in Journal Citation Reports. AJOT continues to focus on publishing research articles on aspects of occupational therapy among varied populations with diverse acute and chronic conditions. Changes in 2016 include requiring authors to register clinical trials at public trial registration sites and welcoming new associate editors and reviewers to the AJOT family.
Controls on hydrologic drought duration in near-natural streamflow in Europe and the USA
Authors: Tijdeman Erik , Bachmair Sophie , Stahl Kerstin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Climate classification systems, such as Köppen–Geiger and the aridity index, are used in large-scale drought studies to stratify regions with similar hydro-climatic drought properties. What is currently lacking is a large-scale evaluation of the relation between climate and observed streamflow drought characteristics. In this study we explored how suitable common climate classifications are for differentiating catchments according to their characteristic hydrologic drought duration and whether drought durations within the same climate classes are comparable between different regions. This study uses a dataset of 808 near-natural streamflow records from Europe and the USA to answer these questions. First, we grouped drought duration distributions of each record over different classes of four climate classification systems and five individual climate and catchment controls. Then, we compared these drought duration distributions of all classes within each climate classification system or classification based on individual controls. Results showed that climate classification systems that include absolute precipitation in their classification scheme (e.g., the aridity index) are most suitable for differentiating catchments according to drought duration. However, differences in duration distributions were found for the same climate classes in Europe and the USA. These differences are likely caused by differences in precipitation, in catchment controls as expressed by the base flow index and in differences in climate beyond the total water balance (e.g., seasonality in precipitation), which have been shown to exert a control on drought duration as well. Climate classification systems that include an absolute precipitation control can be tailored to drought monitoring and early warning systems for Europe and the USA to define regions with different sensitivities to hydrologic droughts, which, for example, have been found to be higher in catchments with a low aridity index. However, stratification of catchments according to these climate classification systems is likely to be complemented with information of other climate classification systems (Köppen–Geiger) and individual climate and catchment controls (precipitation and the base flow index), especially in a comparative study between Europe and the USA.
Advantage of Deep Inspiration Breath Hold in Left-sided Breast Cancer Patients Treated with 3D Conformal Radiotherapy
Authors: Lastrucci Luciana , Borghesi Simona , Bertocci Silvia , Gasperi Chiara , Rampini Andrea , Buonfrate Giovanna , Pernici Paola , De Majo Roberta , Gennari Pietro Giovanni 
Published: October 2016

Purpose To compare 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) treatment plans based on free-breathing (FB) and deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) and investigated whether DIBH technique enables a decrease of cardiac left anterior descending coronary artery (LADCA) and lungs dose with respect to the FB. Methods Twenty-three left-sided breast cancer patients referred for breast radiotherapy were included. The planning target volume (PTV) encompassed the breast and organs at risk including heart, LADCA, lungs, and contralateral breast, which were contoured in FB and DIBH CT scans. Dose to PTV was 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Two treatment plans were generated for each patient: FB-3D-CRT and DIBH-3D-CRT. Dosimetry parameters were obtained from dose volume histograms. Data were compared using the paired-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results For heart, LADCA, and left lung, a significant dose reduction was found using DIBH technique. By using DIBH, an average reduction of 25% was observed in LADCA for the volume receiving 20 Gy and of 48% considering the mean heart dose. Conclusions The DIBH technique results in a significant decrease of dose to the heart, LADCA, and left lung compared to FB.
Peritoneal Metastases from Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Treated by Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Sugarbaker Paul H. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that often presents in an advanced stage. Not only systemic metastases but also local recurrence and peritoneal metastases prevent long-term survival in these patients. Methods A profoundly symptomatic patient with extensive peritoneal metastases and local recurrence was treated using cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with melphalan as the chemotherapy agent. Results Relative sparing of the small bowel within the abdomen and pelvis allowed a visible complete resection of all cancer. The HIPEC with melphalan was used to control microscopic residual disease. Similar surgical technology used in this patient could be used to prevent local recurrence and peritoneal metastases in patients at the time of resection of the primary adrenal cortical carcinoma. Conclusions Rare diseases may have peritoneal metastases as a component of disease progression and profit from treatment with CRS plus HIPEC. The clinical features suggesting a favorable outcome from this combined treatment are relative sparing of small bowel and its mesentery, absence of disease outside the abdomen, low-grade disease, or limited extent of high-grade disease.
Característica Clínico-epidemiológica de los pacientes pediátricos con Cetoacidosis Diabética
Authors: Gutiérrez Sofía Alejandra , Zúniga Girón Oscar Francisco 
Published: October 2016

Antecedentes: La Cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) es una complicación de la Diabetes Mellitus, cuya importancia va cada vez en aumento. Es el trastorno metabólico que causa más ingresos a las unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico con una tasa de hospitalización que se ha mantenido alrededor de 10 por 100.000 niños/año. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la cetoacidosis diabética en los pacientes menores de 18 años.Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. La información fue recopilada mediante encuesta sobre características socio-demográficas, epidemiológicas y diagnóstica en niños con CAD que fueron ingresados en la emergencia de pediatría del Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (HNMCR), durante el período de agosto 2013 a agosto del 2015 (n=30).Resultados: Se encontró 18 (60%) mujeres y 12 (40%) varones con CAD. El promedio de edad de los pacientes diagnosticados con CAD fue de 12 años, con una mediana de 13 años. El 50% de los pacientes con CAD eran debutantes y el 20% tenían 2 años de diagnóstico. Las infecciones de tracto urinario estuvieron presentes en el 40% de los casos. El promedio de glicemia sérica en los pacientes con CAD fue de 500 mg⁄dl. El edema cerebral fue la principal complicación encontrada en un 33.3% de los casos. Fallecieron el 7% de los pacientes con CAD.Conclusiones: La CAD es frecuente en mujeres adolescentes y es desencadenado principalmente por infecciones del tracto urinario.Acta Pediátrica Hondureña, Vol. 6, No. 1 Abril 2015 a Septiembre 2015: 399-405
One-step fabrication of copper sulfide nanoparticles decorated on graphene sheets as highly stable and efficient counter electrode for CdS-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Hessein Amr , Wang Feiju , Masai Hirokazu , Matsuda Kazunari , El-Moneim Ahmed Abd 
Published: October 2016

AbstractQuantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) are thin-film photovoltaics and highly promising as next-generation solar cells owing to their high theoretical efficiency, easy fabrication process, and low production cost. However, the practical photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs) of QDSSCs are still far below the theoretically estimated value owing to the lack of an applicable design of the materials and electrodes. In this work, we developed a highly stable and efficient counter electrode (CE) from copper sulfide nanocrystals and reduced graphene oxide (CuxS@RGO) for QDSSC applications. The CuxS@RGO electrocatalyst was successfully prepared by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method, then directly applied to a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrate by the simple drop-casting technique. Owing to the synergistic effect between CuxS nanocrystals and conductive RGO sheets, the CuxS@RGO CE showed high electrocatalytic activity for polysulfide electrolyte reduction. A CdS QDSSC based on the CuxS@RGO CE yielded a high and reproducible PCE of 2.36%, exceeding those of 1.57 and 1.33% obtained with the commonly used Cu2S/brass and Pt CEs, respectively. Moreover, the QDSSC with the CuxS@RGO CE showed excellent photostability in a light-soaking test without any obvious decay in the photocurrent, whereas the cell based on the Cu2S/brass CE was severely degraded.
Design and analysis of nanowire p-type MOSFET coaxially having silicon core and germanium peripheral channel
Authors: Yu Eunseon , Cho Seongjae 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this work, a nanowire p-type metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (PMOSFET) coaxially having a Si core and a Ge peripheral channel is designed and characterized by device simulations. Owing to the high hole mobility of Ge, the device can be utilized for high-speed CMOS integrated circuits, with the effective confinement of mobile holes in Ge by the large valence band offset between Si and Ge. Source/drain doping concentrations and the ratio between the Si core and Ge channel thicknesses are determined. On the basis of the design results, the channel length is aggressively scaled down by evaluating the primary DC parameters in order to confirm device scalability and low-power applicability in sub-10-nm technology nodes.
Aboveground biomass variability across intact and degraded forests in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Longo Marcos , Keller Michael , dos‐Santos Maiza N. , Leitold Veronika , Pinagé Ekena R. , Baccini Alessandro , Saatchi Sassan , Nogueira Euler M. , Batistella Mateus , Morton Douglas C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDeforestation rates have declined in the Brazilian Amazon since 2005, yet degradation from logging, fire, and fragmentation has continued in frontier forests. In this study we quantified the aboveground carbon density (ACD) in intact and degraded forests using the largest data set of integrated forest inventory plots (n = 359) and airborne lidar data (18,000 ha) assembled to date for the Brazilian Amazon. We developed statistical models relating inventory ACD estimates to lidar metrics that explained 70% of the variance across forest types. Airborne lidar‐ACD estimates for intact forests ranged between 5.0 ± 2.5 and 31.9 ± 10.8 kg C m−2. Degradation carbon losses were large and persistent. Sites that burned multiple times within a decade lost up to 15.0 ± 0.7 kg C m−2 (94%) of ACD. Forests that burned nearly 15 years ago had between 4.1 ± 0.5 and 6.8 ± 0.3 kg C m−2 (22–40%) less ACD than intact forests. Even for low‐impact logging disturbances, ACD was between 0.7 ± 0.3 and 4.4 ± 0.4 kg C m−2 (4–21%) lower than unlogged forests. Comparing biomass estimates from airborne lidar to existing biomass maps, we found that regional and pantropical products consistently overestimated ACD in degraded forests, underestimated ACD in intact forests, and showed little sensitivity to fires and logging. Fine‐scale heterogeneity in ACD across intact and degraded forests highlights the benefits of airborne lidar for carbon mapping. Differences between airborne lidar and regional biomass maps underscore the need to improve and update biomass estimates for dynamic land use frontiers, to better characterize deforestation and degradation carbon emissions for regional carbon budgets and Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+).
Effect of melt/mantle interactions on MORB chemistry at the easternmost Southwest Indian Ridge (61°–67°E)
Authors: Paquet M. , Cannat M. , Brunelli D. , Hamelin C. , Humler E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe easternmost part of the Southwest Indian Ridge (61°–67°E) is an end‐member of the global ridge system in terms of very low magma supply. As such, it is a good laboratory to investigate the effect of melt/mantle interactions on the composition of erupted basalts: for a given volume of erupted basaltic melt, the volume of reacted mantle is potentially greater than at more magmatically robust ridges. We analyzed major, trace element and isotopic compositions in three groups of rocks: plagioclase‐bearing ultramafic and gabbroic rocks dredged in nearly amagmatic spreading corridors; basalts from the sparse volcanic cover of these corridors (“ultramafic seafloor basalts”); and basalts dredged from the intervening, more volcanically active domains (“volcanic seafloor basalts”). Ultramafic seafloor basalts have significantly lower CaO and Al2O3 contents at a given MgO than most volcanic seafloor basalts. We propose that both types of basalts are derived from similar parental melts, but that the ultramafic seafloor basalts are more affected by reactions between these parent melts and the mantle rocks in the lithosphere below the ridge. We infer that these reactions occur in the walls of conduits that allow the aggregated melts extracted from the melting mantle to rise through the axial lithosphere and to the eruption sites. The principal effect of these reactions is to enrich the asthenospheric melts in MgO through olivine dissolution. This effect is not expected to be as noticeable, but could still play a role in basalt petrogenesis at more magmatic regions of the global slow‐spreading MOR system.
Reconciling seismicity and geodetic locking depths on the Anza section of the San Jacinto fault
Authors: Jiang Junle , Fialko Yuri 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObservations from the Anza section of the San Jacinto Fault in Southern California reveal that microseismicity extends to depths of 15–18 km, while the geodetically determined locking depth is less than ~10 km. This contrasts with observations from other major faults in the region and also with predictions of fault models assuming a simple layered distribution of frictional properties with depth. We suggest that an anomalously shallow geodetic fault locking may result from a transition zone at the bottom of seismogenic layer with spatially heterogeneous frictional properties. Numerical models of faults that incorporate stochastic heterogeneity at transitional depths successfully reproduce the observed depth relation between seismicity and geodetic locking, as well as complex spatiotemporal patterns of microseismicity with relatively scarce repeating earthquakes. Our models predict propagation of large earthquakes to the bottom of the transition zone, and ubiquitous aseismic transients below the locked zone, potentially observable using high‐precision geodetic techniques.
Information theoretical approach to discovering solar wind drivers of the outer radiation belt
Authors: Wing Simon , Johnson Jay R. , Camporeale Enrico , Reeves Geoffrey D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe solar wind‐magnetosphere system is nonlinear. The solar wind drivers of geosynchronous electrons with energy range of 1.8–3.5 MeV are investigated using mutual information, conditional mutual information (CMI), and transfer entropy (TE). These information theoretical tools can establish linear and nonlinear relationships as well as information transfer. The information transfer from solar wind velocity (Vsw) to geosynchronous MeV electron flux (Je) peaks with a lag time of 2 days. As previously reported, Je is anticorrelated with solar wind density (nsw) with a lag of 1 day. However, this lag time and anticorrelation can be attributed at least partly to the Je(t + 2 days) correlation with Vsw(t) and nsw(t + 1 day) anticorrelation with Vsw(t). Analyses of solar wind driving of the magnetosphere need to consider the large lag times, up to 3 days, in the (Vsw, nsw) anticorrelation. Using CMI to remove the effects of Vsw, the response of Je to nsw is 30% smaller and has a lag time < 24 h, suggesting that the MeV electron loss mechanism due to nsw or solar wind dynamic pressure has to start operating in < 24 h. nsw transfers about 36% as much information as Vsw (the primary driver) to Je. Nonstationarity in the system dynamics is investigated using windowed TE. When the data are ordered according to transfer entropy value, it is possible to understand details of the triangle distribution that has been identified between Je(t + 2 days) versus Vsw(t).
Van Allen Probes observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves triggered by enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Cho J.‐H. , Lee D.‐Y. , Noh S.‐J. , Shin D.‐K. , Hwang J. , Kim K.‐C. , Lee J. J. , Choi C. R. , Thaller S. , Skoug R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMagnetospheric compression due to impact of enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn has long been considered as one of the generation mechanisms of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. With the Van Allen Probe‐A observations, we identify three EMIC wave events that are triggered by Pdyn enhancements under prolonged northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) quiet time preconditions. They are in contrast to one another in a few aspects. Event 1 occurs in the middle of continuously increasing Pdyn while Van Allen Probe‐A is located outside the plasmapause at postmidnight and near the equator (magnetic latitude (MLAT) ~ −3°). Event 2 occurs by a sharp Pdyn pulse impact while Van Allen Probe‐A is located inside the plasmapause in the dawn sector and rather away from the equator (MLAT ~ 12°). Event 3 is characterized by amplification of a preexisting EMIC wave by a sharp Pdyn pulse impact while Van Allen Probe‐A is located outside the plasmapause at noon and rather away from the equator (MLAT ~ −15°). These three events represent various situations where EMIC waves can be triggered by Pdyn increases. Several common features are also found among the three events. (i) The strongest wave is found just above the He+ gyrofrequency. (ii) The waves are nearly linearly polarized with a rather oblique propagation direction (~28° to ~39° on average). (iii) The proton fluxes increase in immediate response to the Pdyn impact, most significantly in tens of keV energy, corresponding to the proton resonant energy. (iv) The temperature anisotropy with T⊥ > T|| is seen in the resonant energy for all the events, although its increase by the Pdyn impact is not necessarily always significant. The last two points (iii) and (iv) may imply that in addition to the temperature anisotropy, the increase of the resonant protons must have played a critical role in triggering the EMIC waves by the enhanced Pdyn impact.
Equatorial noise emissions observed by the DEMETER spacecraft during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Němec F. , Parrot M. , Santolík O. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEquatorial noise emissions are electromagnetic waves routinely observed in the equatorial region of the inner magnetosphere at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency and the lower hybrid frequency. Their observations are, however, typically limited to radial distances larger than about 2RE. We use the data measured by the low‐altitude DEMETER spacecraft (altitude of about 700 km) to confirm that during periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity, these emissions penetrate down to low radial distances and eventually become a dominant wave emission close to the proton cyclotron frequency in the equatorial region. Wave data obtained during six intense geomagnetic storms (Dst <− 100 nT) are analyzed. It is shown that during the analyzed time intervals, the daytime wave activity within about 20° from the geomagnetic equator is significantly enhanced, while the nightside wave activity shows a weaker increase at lower frequencies. Multicomponent wave data allow us to determine dayside wave propagation parameters. It is shown that the waves are nearly linearly polarized and their wave vector directions are almost perpendicular to the ambient Earth's magnetic field, as it has been previously observed for equatorial noise emissions. Finally, we analyze the dependence of the equatorial wave intensity at the proton cyclotron frequency on Dst and AE geomagnetic indices, and we demonstrate that the dayside wave intensity increases by as much as 3 orders of magnitude during severely disturbed periods.
MAVEN observations of electron‐induced whistler mode waves in the Martian magnetosphere
Authors: Harada Y. , Andersson L. , Fowler C. M. , Mitchell D. L. , Halekas J. S. , Mazelle C. , Espley J. , DiBraccio G. A. , McFadden J. P. , Brain D. A. , Xu S. , Ruhunusiri S. , Larson D. E. , Lillis R. J. , Hara T. , Livi R. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe report on narrowband electromagnetic waves at frequencies between the local electron cyclotron and lower hybrid frequencies observed by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft in the Martian induced magnetosphere. The peaked electric field wave spectra below the electron cyclotron frequency were first observed by Phobos‐2 in the Martian magnetosphere, but the lack of magnetic field wave data prevented definitive identification of the wave mode and their generation mechanisms remain unclear. Analysis of electric and magnetic field wave spectra obtained by MAVEN demonstrates that the observed narrowband waves have properties consistent with the whistler mode. Linear growth rates computed from the measured electron velocity distributions suggest that these whistler mode waves can be generated by cyclotron resonance with anisotropic electrons. Large electron anisotropy in the Martian magnetosphere is caused by absorption of parallel electrons by the collisional atmosphere. The narrowband whistler mode waves and anisotropic electrons are observed on both open and closed field lines and have similar spatial distributions in MSO and planetary coordinates. Some of the waves on closed field lines exhibit complex frequency‐time structures such as discrete elements of rising tones and two bands above and below half the electron cyclotron frequency. These MAVEN observations indicate that whistler mode waves driven by anisotropic electrons, which are commonly observed in intrinsic magnetospheres and at unmagnetized airless bodies, are also present at Mars. The wave‐induced electron precipitation into the Martian atmosphere should be evaluated in future studies.