bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobin E Hemoglobinopathy in an Adult from Assam with Unusual Presentation: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Kiran Sunitha S , Aithal Saraswathy , Belagavi Charalingappa S 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTHemoglobin E (HbE) is estimated to affect at least one million people around the world. Carrier frequency of hemoglobin E/β-thalassemia (HbE/β-thalassemia) is highest in Southeast Asia, reaching as high as 60% in parts of Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. In the Indian subcontinent, highest frequency is observed in The Northeast regions, but relatively rare in rest of the country. Increasing migration of population from highly affected areas is resulting in rising prevalence in The South and other parts of India. HbE/β-thalassemia is characterized by marked clinical diversity, phenotypic instability, and age-related changes in adaptation to anemia. This paper reports a case of HbE disease in an adult immigrant from Assam and documents the difficulties encountered in the definitive subtyping of HbE hemoglobinopathy. Distinguishing between homozygous HbE disease and HbE/β-thalassemia is a challenge to hematopathologist as both are clinically and hematologically similar.
Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A Fatal Opportunistic Infection in Disguise
Authors: Tyagi Ruchita , Kaur Arshdeep , Selhi Pavneet Kaur , Puri Harpreet Kaur , Sood Neena 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTHistoplasma capsulatum is no longer confined to certain geographic areas and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy and organomegaly in HIV-positive patients. We present an unusual case of a 20-year-old immunocompromised male of African origin presenting with fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and retroperitoneal and cervical lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears from the cervical lymph node revealed numerous yeast forms of histoplasma in macrophages. The patient succumbed to the fulminant infection. Postmortem liver biopsy also revealed infiltration by histoplasma, confirming the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. This case highlights the variable nature of the clinical presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis which can mimic tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, or lymphoma. FNA cytology is a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic tool for early detection and prompt management of histoplasmosis.
Does mirror enrichment improve primate well-being?
Authors: de Groot B , Cheyne SM 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrimates are highly social animals and appropriate enrichment is required to ensure their psychological well-being. Mirrors are sometimes used as social or sensory environmental enrichment. In this paper we investigate the suitability of mirrors as enrichment for captive primates, by reviewing the literature on mirror implementation in captive primate environments. Mirror-directed responses are mainly social as the mirror self-image is often seen as a conspecific. Although positive exploration and affiliative behaviours are observed, negative aggressive behaviours towards the mirror are most frequently recorded, and abnormal behaviours in primates do not decrease in mirror-enriched environments. There appear to be differences in habituation rates to mirrors amongst primates. While habituation to enrichment is generally perceived to be undesirable, this criterion should not apply when mirrors elicit negative behaviours. Primates that show mirror self-recognition, which are mostly great apes, may be best suitable for mirror enrichment, as they do not perceive the mirror self-image as a threatening conspecific. Increasing the understanding of the reflective properties of a mirror might help primates to understand that the image in the mirror is not real. This could be attained by using small, mobile mirrors. We suggest that mirrors can make decent primate enrichment if the primate understands its reflective properties, which should be evaluated on an individual level. Appropriate use of mirrors as sensory enrichment can improve primate well-being and prevent suffering.
Lambs show changes in ear posture when experiencing pain
Authors: Guesgen MJ , Beausoleil NJ , Minot EO , Stewart M , Stafford KJ , Morel PCH 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEar posture, or the frequency of postural changes, may reflect various emotional states of animals. In adult sheep (Ovis aries), the ‘forward’ ear posture has been associated with negative experiences whereas the ‘plane’ posture has been associated with positive ones. This study aimed to see whether ear postures related to the experience of pain in lambs. The ear behaviour of four to eight week-old lambs (n = 44) was measured before and after tail-docking using a rubber ring. Each lamb was docked and its behaviour recorded while in the company of an observer lamb of similar age; each acted once as focal (docked) lamb and once as observer within the same pair. Lambs were docked in one of two rounds, so that half were docked in their first exposure to the test environment and half in their second exposure. Tail-docking was associated with an increase in the proportion of time spent with ears backward and decreases in the proportion of time spent with ears plane and forward (mean [± SEM]: Backward: pre 0.12 [± 0.04], post 0.56 [± 0.04]; Plane: pre 0.55 [± 0.05], post 0.19 [± 0.05]; Forward: pre 0.27 [± 0.04], post 0.18 [± 0.04]). There was also a significant increase in the number of changes between ear postures after docking (pre 5.63 [± 0.66], post 9.11 [± 0.66]). Over both periods, female lambs held their ears asymmetrically for longer than males (mean of ranks [± SEM] [raw proportion of time]: Females 52.14 [± 3.44] [0.09 (± 0.01)], males 37.54 [± 3.40] [0.05 (± 0.01)]). This is the first study to demonstrate changes in the ear posture of lambs associated with the negative experience of pain. Ear posture is a non-invasive indicator of physical pain in lambs and may be useful for evaluating potential welfare compromise.
Investigating the welfare, management and human-animal interactions of cattle in four Indonesian abattoirs
Authors: Doyle RE , Coleman GJ , McGill DM , Reed M , Ramdani W , Hemsworth PH 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study reports novel information on the animal handling, management and human-animal interactions in Indonesian cattle abattoirs. The slaughter of 304 cattle was observed and there was a high percentage of re-stuns in all abattoirs (range: 8-18.9%) when compared to a variety of international auditing guidelines. The average stun-to-neck cut time was within international recommendations (average: 9 s; range: 4-15 s). Time spent in lairage varied between animals and facilities and was compliant with international guidelines. Handling times were extremely variable (2 s-23 min 40s), but were only weakly correlated with a variety of handler techniques including the total number of handler interactions (sum of visual, auditory and tactile interactions, suggesting that long handling time does not increase handler interactions. There was a moderate correlation between the subjective handling scale and most of the objective behaviours, indicating that this may be a useful way to summarise handler behaviour in future assessments. The current study provides novel information about animal welfare in Indonesian abattoirs and highlights that management practices at the four abattoirs generally comply with international standards. The results also suggest that the subjective handling scale was moderately associated with the frequency of handler interactions, and so may be a useful measure of handler behaviour.
The effects of feeding space on the behavioural responses of cattle during rest periods offered as part of long-distance transportation
Authors: Ross M , Widowsk TM , Haley DB 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLivestock transport regulations in many countries require that cattle be unloaded for feed, water and rest when they are being transported long distances, but there are few evidence-based guidelines about how to most effectively manage and provide these requirements at rest stops. The aim of this study was to assess whether available feeding space at a commercial rest facility affected eating behaviour and general activity. Twenty-four trailer loads of cattle were selected for study, and each load was divided into two groups. The control group was provided ad libitum access to a single, round, hay-bale feeder. The treatment group had two round, hay-bale feeders and thus twice as much feeding space per animal. Cattle behaviour was recorded during a 5-h rest period using instantaneous scan sampling every 5 min. This was performed at the group level by counting the number of animals engaged in pre-defined activities, as well as individually by tracking a subset of focal animals from each group. Behaviour was categorised as one of the following: eating, drinking, lying, or ‘other’. Interruptions to eating were also quantified. Eating was counted as interrupted when, instead of being followed by a consecutive eating observation, it was interspersed by another behaviour. Doubling feeding space increased the mean proportion of cattle eating by 30%, decreased interruption of eating bouts and had no effect on drinking and lying behaviour. Increased access to feed has potential welfare and health benefits. These data can be used to inform standards for feeding beef cattle at rest stops during long distance travel.
Improvement of animal welfare by strategic analysis and logistic optimization of animal slaughter transportation
Authors: Håkansson N , Flisberg P , Algers B , Jonsson A , Rönnqvist M , Wennergren U 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe transportation of animals to slaughterhouses is a major welfare concern. The number of slaughterhouses has decreased over time in Europe due to centralisation. This is expected to increase transport time for animals and as a consequence negatively affect animal welfare. We propose an optimisation model based on a facility location model to perform strategic analysis to improve transportation logistics. The model is tested on the Swedish slaughter transport system. We show that, by strategic planning and redirection of transports while keeping the slaughterhouse capacities as of the original data, the potential exists to reduce transport distance by 25% for pigs and 40% for cattle. Furthermore, we demonstrated that approximately 50% of Swedish slaughterhouses can be shut down with a minimal effect on total transport distances. This implies that in terms of the overall welfare picture, the decision of which animals to send where plays a far more significant role than the number of slaughterhouses. In addition, by changing relative weights on distances in the optimisation function the amount of individual transports with long journey times can be decreased. We also show results from altered slaughterhouse capacity and geographical location of slaughterhouses. This is the first time an entire country has been analysed in great detail with respect to the location, capacity and number of slaughterhouses. The focus is mainly on the analysis of unique and detailed information of actual animal transports in Sweden and a demonstration of the potential impact redirection of the transports and/or altering of slaughterhouses can have on animal welfare.
An Elemental Approach to the Distribution of Lead-Glazed Coarse Earthenware in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake
Authors: Bloch Lindsay 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnlike many goods in the eighteenth century, which were wholly imported, utilitarian coarse earthenwares were also produced locally within the American colonies. In the Chesapeake region, it has been suggested that these local wares were primarily reserved for those unable to directly participate in the transatlantic credit economy fostered by the tobacco consignment system. Rather than relying on ambiguous visual attributes to identify these wares, this study utilized elemental analysis via LA-ICP-MS. Coarse earthenwares from domestic plantation contexts of varying social status were assigned to production zones based on shared elemental composition with a reference dataset. This reference dataset incorporated sherds from historic earthenware production sites across the mid-Atlantic and in Great Britain, representing 12 geologically distinct production zones. The results emphasize the diversity of coarse earthenware sources that Chesapeake residents accessed, both local and imported. There was a steady decrease in the use of imported wares in favor of domestically made products over time. There were no sharp differences among plantation households of different statuses, suggesting that these everyday wares were equally accessible to all, perhaps via plantation provisioning strategies. The omnipresence of local wares is evidence for the pragmatic and political strengths of local production.
Marking and Making Differences: Representational Diversity in the U.S. Southwest
Authors: Hegmon Michelle , Freeman Jacob , Kintigh Keith W. , Nelson Margaret C. , Oas Sarah , Peeples Matthew A. , Torvinen Andrea 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDiversity is generally valued, although it sometimes contributes to difficult social situations, as is recognized in recent social science literature. Archaeology can provide insights into how diverse social situations play out over the long term. There are many kinds of diversities, and we propose representational diversity as a distinct category. Representational diversity specifically concerns how and whether differences are marked or masked materially. We investigate several archaeological sequences in the U.S. Southwest. Each began with the coming together of populations that created situations of unprecedented social diversity; some resulted in conflict, others in long-term stability. We trace how representational diversity changed through these sequences. Specifically, we review the transregional Kayenta migration to the southern Southwest and focus empirical analyses on regional processes in the Cibola region and on painted ceramics. Results show that, initially, representational diversity increased above and beyond that caused by the combination of previously separate traditions as people marked their differences. Subsequently, in some instances, the diversity was replaced by widespread homogeneity as the differences were masked and mitigated. Although the social causes and effects of diversity are many and varied, long-term stability and persistence is associated with tolerance of a range of diversities.
A Wealth of Beads: Evidence for Material Wealth-Based Inequality in the Salish Sea Region, 4000–3500 Cal B.P.
Authors: Coupland Gary , Bilton David , Clark Terence , Cybulski Jerome S. , Frederick Gay , Holland Alyson , Letham Bryn , Williams Gretchen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractArchaeologists working in the Salish Sea (Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound) region of the Pacific Northwest have unearthed human burials and non-mortuary features dated to 4000–3500 cal B.P. containing tens and even hundreds of thousands of stone and shell disc beads. Several sites are reported here, including burials recently excavated from site DjRw–14 located in the territory of the shíshálh Nation. We argue that the disc beads constituted an important form of material wealth at this time, based on the amount of labor that would have been required to produce them and the capacity for beads to accrue in value after their production. A model of material wealth-based inequality is developed for a period much older than many archaeologists working in the region have previously thought.
The Civil Cooking Pot: Hominy and the Mississippian Standard Jar in the Black Warrior Valley, Alabama
Authors: Briggs Rachel V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough the Mississippian standard jar, a specific vessel form found in many parts of the Mississippian cultural world, has long been recognized as a utilitarian cooking pot, the important connection between this ceramic form and maize has largely been overlooked. By focusing on the Mississippian site of Moundville located in the Black Warrior valley of west-central Alabama, I propose that the Mississippian standard jar was not simply a general cooking pot, but instead a specialized culinary tool used to nixtamalize maize. As such, both the vessel and the plant were part of a cohesive ancestral hominy foodway. This relationship is demonstrated in two ways: first, by articulating both the hominy foodway and the antecedent nut foodway practiced between A.D. 1020–1260; and, second, by exploring changes in the morphology and use-alteration patterns of the Moundville Mississippian standard jars recovered from contexts dating to the Moundville I-III phases(A.D. 1120–1520). The relationship between vessel and food demonstrated here suggests a practice- and taste-based model for the synergistic relationship long recognized between maize and the emergence of the Mississippian civic-ceremonial center of Moundville.
Les concepts et les questions posées sur les langues aux recensements canadiens de 1901 à 1961
Authors: Houle René , Cambron-Prémont Amélie 
Published: April 2016

Nous examinons dans cette note l’origine et
l’évolution des concepts et définitions des
questions linguistiques des recensements canadiens de 1901,
année du premier recensement où des questions sur les
langues ont été posées au Canada, à 1961.
Nous nous intéressons d’abord à l’origine des
questions linguistiques : pourquoi a-t-on décidé de
poser ces questions au Canada en 1901 ? Quelles ont
été les influences internationales et intérieures
qui ont pu motiver leur inclusion dans le questionnaire du
recensement ? Nous poursuivons avec un examen
détaillé des concepts et des questions sur la
connaissance des langues officielles et la langue maternelle. Pour ce
faire, nous faisons appel à plusieurs sources : les
questionnaires eux-mêmes, les instructions données aux
agents recenseurs, les documents analytiques et autres écrits
publiés par les autorités statistiques et les fichiers
des microdonnées des recensements de 1901 à 1951 qui ont
servi à préciser certains détails de nature plus
technique.
Characterization of interface reaction of Ti/Al-based ohmic contacts on AlGaN/GaN epitaxial layers on GaN substrate
Authors: Zadeh Daryoush H. , Tanabe Shinichi , Watanabe Noriyuki , Matsuzaki Hideaki 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The ohmic properties of Ti/Al/Mo/Au contacts on a high-quality AlGaN/GaN heterostructure epitaxially grown on a GaN substrate were investigated. Systematic structural and electrical analyses of the metal/AlGaN interface after annealing in N2 at 700 and 900 °C were conducted. After annealing at 900 °C, a new Al-rich interlayer with nitrogen vacancies was formed at the metal/AlGaN interface. Ohmic contacts with a low specific contact resistance (ρc) of 5.1 × 10−6 Ω cm2 and a dominant field emission carrier transport mechanism were achieved. The fabrication of recessed-AlGaN-structured ohmic contact with ρc as low as 2.4 × 10−5 Ω cm2 at a low annealing temperature of 650 °C, was also successfully demonstrated. This result indicates that a process methodology can be provided for fabricating low-resistivity ohmic contacts with a low thermal budget on a high-quality AlGaN/GaN structure, which is based on an appropriate control of the metal/AlGaN interface and AlGaN thickness rather than relying on the existence of threading dislocations.
Image‐Derived Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass in Fetal Myocardial Hypertrophy by 4‐Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhu Meihua , Streiff Cole , Sahn David J. , Ashraf Muhammad 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesThis study tested the accuracy of new 4‐dimensional fetal echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular (LV) mass in an experimental model of fetal myocardial hypertrophy.MethodsTen fresh rabbit hearts were studied. Fetal myocardial hypertrophy was simulated by fixing different amounts of myocardial tissue to the LV epicardium. A small latex balloon was mounted on vinyl tubing and fixed within each LV cavity. The proximal end of the tube was attached to a pulsatile pump apparatus. The pump was calibrated to deliver stroke volumes of 2 and 4 mL at stroke rates of 60 and 120 beats per minute (bpm). Four‐dimensional data were acquired and analyzed with quantification software. Reference values for LV mass were determined by the displacement method.ResultsEcho‐derived measurements of LV mass showed good correlations with reference values at all stroke rates and stroke volumes: at 2 mL and 60 bpm, r = 0.95; at 2 mL and 120 bpm, r = 0.95; at 4 mL and 60 bpm, r = 0.93; and at 4 mL and 120 bpm, r = 0.95 (P< .01 for all values). There was also excellent interobserver (r = 0.98; mean difference of −0.32 g; −4.4% of the mean) and intraobserver (r = 0.98; mean difference of −0.28 g; −3.8% of the mean) agreement.ConclusionsIn this controlled in vitro study, high‐resolution 4‐dimensional echocardiography was shown to accurately assess LV mass and have the potential to evaluate fetal myocardial hypertrophy.
Is Ultrasound Fusion a Reasonable Replacement for Computed Tomography in Guiding Abdominal Interventions?
Authors: Ahmed Yasmine , Novak Ronald D. , Nakamoto Dean , Azar Nami 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo compare the diagnostic yield, complication rate, and procedure length of ultrasound fusion‐guided liver biopsy to the diagnostic yield, complication rate, and procedure length of computed tomography (CT)‐guided liver biopsy; to measure the average ionizing radiation dose that patients are exposed to during a typical CT‐guided liver biopsy procedure; and to present relevant and interesting cases of ultrasound fusion‐guided abdominal interventions to describe the efficacious use of the technology.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 63 patients who had image‐guided liver biopsies performed at our institution was completed. Patient records were divided into 2 groups according to the type of image guidance used during the procedure (ultrasound fusion versus CT), and data were compared by the χ2 test, Student t test, and Mann‐Whitney U test.ResultsThe diagnostic yields and complication rates were not statistically significantly different between the modalities. The average procedure durations were significantly different: ultrasound fusion‐guided biopsy, 31.63 minutes; compared to CT‐guided biopsy, 61.67 minutes (P = .003).ConclusionsDiagnostic yields and complication rates were comparable for ultrasound fusion and CT. However, the average procedure duration for an ultrasound fusion‐guided liver biopsy was approximately half that of CT‐guided liver biopsy, likely increasing both cost‐effectiveness and patient satisfaction.