bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the floating‐gate transistor using the charge sheet model
Authors: Medina‐Vazquez A. S. , Meda‐Campana M. E. , Gurrola‐Navarro M. A. , Becerra‐Alvarez E. C. , Lopez‐Delgadillo E. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe multiple‐input floating‐gate transistor is a semiconductor device that has found wide application in digital and analog electronic integrated circuits. Simulating an electronic circuit is an essential step in the design flow, prior to manufacturing. Therefore, an advanced model for the multiple‐input floating‐gate transistor is needed for analog design. This paper shows a method for adapting the charge sheet model for advanced models of the device. In addition, the problem of obtaining the drain to source current numerically as a function of external voltages is addressed. Furthermore, important plots are presented in order to clarify the behavior of the concerned device. The small signal analysis of the device is included. This summary may be interesting to those seeking to model the multiple‐input floating‐gate transistor, looking for alternatives to analog electronic design, needing low operating voltage, generating new design strategies, or wishing to understand of the operation of the device or the use of alternatives to implement analog circuits. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verification of transmission line de‐embedding method for on‐chip spiral inductor based on electromagnetic simulation
Authors: Han Bo , Song Youcai , Wang Zhongxin , Li Jun , Shi Xiaofeng 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAccurate measurement data are a prerequisite for the equivalent circuit modeling of on‐chip devices. In this paper, the open and transmission line de‐embedding methods for on‐chip spiral inductors have been compared and analyzed by electromagnetic simulation with 130‐nm 1P6M BiCMOS process. Compared with the open de‐embedding technique, the characteristic impedances and propagation constants of left and right side ground‐signal‐ground probe pads can be directly determined by one through structure. Thus, these probe pads parasitic can be removed from the on‐wafer passives based on transmission line theory. These proposed de‐embedding techniques are validated by on‐chip spiral inductor with occupying areas of 280 × 280 µm2 up to 40 GHz. Experiment results have excellent physical and theoretical trends. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Knowledge‐Based Approach for Mapping Land Degradation in the Arid Rangelands of North Africa
Authors: Mahyou Hamid , Tychon Bernard , Balaghi Riad , Louhaichi Mounir , Mimouni Jamal 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRangelands cover about 82% of the arid area of Morocco. It is generally acknowledged that these areas are threatened by desertification. Monitoring desertification requires accurate knowledge about the current status of rangeland degradation. Remote sensing is widely used to assess changes in land cover, but its use in arid rangelands has limitations because of spectral confusion among various types of land cover. The objective of this study was to assess the severity and spatial extent of rangeland degradation in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco, using a knowledge‐based approach combining remote sensing and ancillary data. This approach relies on analyzing datasets derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery, lithology, bioclimatic data and field measurements. The level of rangeland degradation was assessed using indicators such as vegetation parameters, grazing levels and cultivation intensity, which provided a high level of accuracy for mapping and monitoring the degradation of the arid rangelands. The results showed that the total area of degraded rangeland in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco is about 17,417 km2, accounting for 48% in the studied area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning of Crystallizable Polypeptoid Fibers
Authors: Thielke Michael W. , Secker Christian , Schlaad Helmut , Theato Patrick 
Published: November 2015

A unique fabrication process of low molar mass, crystalline polypeptoid fibers is described. Thermoresponsive fiber mats are prepared by electrospinning a homogeneous blend of semicrystalline poly(N‐(n‐propyl) glycine) (PPGly; 4.1 kDa) with high molar mass poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Annealing of these fibers at ≈100 °C selectively removes the PEO and produces stable crystalline fiber mats of pure PPGly, which are insoluble in aqueous solution but can be redissolved in methanol or ethanol. The formation of water‐stable polypeptoid fiber mats is an important step toward their utilization in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering or wound dressing.
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Submillimetre thermistors for balloon‐borne applications up to lower stratosphere: preliminary characterization with 0.02 K uncertainty
Authors: Sparasci F. , Jouin D. , Deuzé T. , Bordereau J. , Coeur‐Joly G. , Sourgen D. , Hertzog A. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe French metrological laboratory LNE‐CNAM, in the framework of a study commissioned by the Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology LMD, has carried out a preliminary metrological characterization of a device based on submillimetre thermistors, to be used for atmospheric temperature and humidity measurements from the ground up to the lower stratosphere.The device is a measuring system intended to perform temperature measurements between 173 K (around ‐100 °C) and 233 K (around −40 °C). It is composed of a self‐manufactured electronic device, in which submillimetre thermistors measure both air temperature and the temperature of a hygrometer sensor, in order to determine accurately water vapour concentration. Since the needed final measurement uncertainty is below 0.05 K, a comprehensive metrological characterization must be performed.One instrument prototype was supplied to the LNE‐CNAM, to be characterized between 173 K and 273 K (around 0 °C). Measurements were carried out in the quasi‐adiabatic calorimeter used by the LNE‐CNAM to realize the national temperature standard below 84 K. The calorimeter was adapted to work at temperatures up to 273 K. At any setpoint between 173 K and 273 K, the stability of the temperature was within 5 mK for several hours. The thermistors were calibrated by comparison to a calibrated reference thermometer.Preliminary results showed that calibrations with an uncertainty of around 0.02 K are possible. Tests are going to be performed in situ by the LMD, and further characterizations will be carried out to assess the obtained uncertainties and check long‐term reproducibility.
Hyperpolarized 13C urea relaxation mechanism reveals renal changes in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Laustsen Christoffer , Stokholm Nørlinger Thomas , Christoffer Hansen David , Qi Haiyun , Mose Nielsen Per , Bonde Bertelsen Lotte , Henrik Ardenkjaer‐Larsen Jan , Stødkilde Jørgensen Hans 
Published: November 2015

PurposeOur aim was to assess a novel 13C radial fast spin echo golden ratio single shot method for interrogating early renal changes in the diabetic kidney, using hyperpolarized (HP) [13C,15N2]urea as a T2 relaxation based contrast bio‐probe.MethodsA novel HP 13C MR contrast experiment was conducted in a group of streptozotocin type‐1 diabetic rat model and age matched controls.ResultsA significantly different relaxation time (P = 0.004) was found in the diabetic kidney (0.49 ± 0.03 s) compared with the controls (0.64 ± 0.02 s) and secondly, a strong correlation between the blood oxygen saturation level and the relaxation times were observed in the healthy controls.ConclusionHP [13C,15N2]urea apparent T2 mapping may be a useful for interrogating local renal pO2 status and renal tissue alterations. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Magn Reson Med 75:515–518, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Determination of spectral variations by means of component cells useful for CPV rating and design
Authors: Núñez Rubén , Domínguez César , Askins Stephen , Victoria Marta , Herrero Rebeca , Antón Ignacio , Sala Gabriel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA methodology is presented to determine both the short‐term and the long‐term influence of the spectral variations on the performance of multi‐junction (MJ) solar cells and concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules. Component cells with the same optical behavior as MJ solar cells are used to characterize the spectrum. A set of parameters, namely spectral matching ratios (SMRs), is used to characterize spectrally a particular direct normal irradiance (DNI) by comparison to the reference spectrum (AM1.5D‐ASTM‐G173‐03). Furthermore, the spectrally corrected DNI for a given MJ solar cell technology is defined providing a way to estimate the losses associated to the spectral variations. The last section analyzes how the spectrum evolves throughout a year in a given place and the set of SMRs representative for that location are calculated. This information can be used to maximize the energy harvested by the MJ solar cell throughout the year. As an example, three years of data recorded in Madrid shows that losses lower than 5% are expected because of current mismatch for state‐of‐the‐art MJ solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spirometric reference values for Hopi Native American children ages 4–13 years
Authors: Arnall David A. , Nelson Arnold G. , Hearon Christopher M. , Interpreter Christina , Kanuho Verdell 
Published: November 2015

SummarySpirometry is the most important tool in diagnosing pulmonary disease and is the most frequently performed pulmonary function test. Respiratory disease is also one of the greatest causes for morbidity and mortality on the Hopi Nation, but no specific reference equations exist for this unique population. The purpose of this study was to determine if population reference equations were necessary for these children and, if needed, to create new age and race‐specific pulmonary nomograms for Hopi children. Two hundred and ninety‐two healthy children, ages 4–13 years, attending Hopi Nation elementary schools in Arizona, were asked to perform spirometry for a full battery of pulmonary volumes and capacities of which the following were analyzed: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), FEV1 % (FEV1/FVC), FEF25–75% and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Spirometric data from Navajo children living in the same geographical region as the Hopi children were compared as well as spirometric data from common reference values used for other ethnic groups in the USA. Spirometry tests from 165 girls and 127 boys met American Thoracic Society quality control standards. We found that the natural log of height, body mass and age were significant predictors of FEV1, FVC, and FEF25–75% in the gender‐specific models and that lung function values all increased with height and age as expected. The predictions using the equations derived for Navajo, Caucasian, Mexican–American, African–American youth were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from the predictions derived from the Hopi equations for all of the variables across both genders, with the exceptions of Hopi versus Navajo FEV1/FVC in the males and Hopi versus Caucasians FEF25–75% in the females. Thus it would appear for this population important to have specific formulae to provide more accurate reference values. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:386–393. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systems dynamics model for decision support in risk assessment in software projects
Authors: Lopes Jhoney da. Silva , Braga José Luis , Resende Filho Moisés A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProject management is widely studied and has several tools that aid in the efficiency and effectiveness of software production. However, in project management, numerous risk factors are involved in the development of software. These risk factors interact in a dynamic and non‐linear way, hindering decision‐making. The objective of this paper is to present a model of systems dynamics, which is a descriptive technique used for modeling and simulating systems, involving risk factors that strongly influence the development of software. The model generated is a tool that aims to assist project managers in their decision‐making. The relationships between variables were extracted from actual or empirical experiments available in the literature, thus bringing the model results closer to the real world. The model enables reproducing scenarios in which real‐world tests would be costly or dangerous to be carried out, allowing the impacts of risks in software development process to be analyzed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein at 12, 22 and 32 weeks' gestation in screening for pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Bredaki F. E. , Mataliotakis M. , Wright A. , Wright D. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the distribution of maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) at 12, 22 and 32 weeks' gestation in singleton pregnancies which develop pre‐eclampsia (PE) and examine the performance of this biomarker in screening for PE.MethodsSerum AFP was measured in 17 071 cases at 11–13 weeks, in 8583 cases at 19–24 weeks and 8609 cases at 30–34 weeks' gestation. Bayes' theorem was used to combine the a‐priori risk from maternal characteristics and medical history with AFP. The performance of screening for PE requiring delivery < 32, at 32 + 0 to 36 + 6, < 37 and ≥ 37 weeks' gestation was estimated.ResultsIn pregnancies that developed PE, serum AFP multiples of the median (MoM) was increased at 11–13 and 19–24 weeks' gestation, but not at 30–34 weeks, and the values were inversely related to gestational age at delivery. Combined screening with maternal factors and serum AFP improved the prediction provided by maternal factors alone for PE delivering < 37 weeks, but not for PE delivering ≥ 37 weeks. The performance of screening for preterm PE was better at 19–24 weeks than at 11–13 weeks and the detection rate (DR) for a given false‐positive rate (FPR) was higher for PE delivering < 32 weeks than for PE delivering at 32 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks. The DRs, at 10% FPR, of combined screening at 11–13 weeks for PE delivering < 32 and at 32 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks were 54% and 45%, respectively, and these improved to 72% and 53% with screening at 19–24 weeks.ConclusionsMeasurement of serum AFP at 11–13 and 19–24 weeks' gestation improves the prediction of preterm PE provided by maternal factors alone. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Risk of fetal loss associated with invasive testing following combined first‐trimester screening for Down syndrome: a national cohort of 147 987 singleton pregnancies
Authors: Wulff C. B. , Gerds T. A. , Rode L. , Ekelund C. K. , Petersen O. B. , Tabor A. ,   the Danish Fetal Medicine Study Group
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess prospectively the risk of fetal loss associated with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AC) following combined first‐trimester screening (cFTS) for Down syndrome.MethodsThis was a nationwide population‐based study (Danish Fetal Medicine Database, 2008–2010) including 147 987 women with singleton pregnancy who underwent cFTS. Propensity score stratification was used to assess the risk of fetal loss with and without invasive testing. Analyses were performed between 3 and 21 days after cFTS for CVS and between 28 and 42 days after cFTS for AC. Results are reported as average risk differences with 95% CIs.ResultsThe risks of miscarriage and stillbirth were not higher in women exposed to CVS or AC compared with unexposed women, independent of the analysis time‐point. The average effect of CVS on risk of miscarriage was –0.08% (95% CI, −0.64; 0.47) at 3 days and –0.21% (95% CI, –0.58; 0.15) at 21 days after cFTS, while the effect on risk of stillbirth was –0.18% (95% CI, –0.50; 0.13) at 3 days and –0.27% (95% CI, –0.58; 0.04) at 21 days after cFTS. Regarding the effect of AC on risk of miscarriage, the analysis at 28 days after cFTS showed an average effect of 0.56% (95% CI, –0.21; 1.33), while the effect on risk of stillbirth was 0.09% (95% CI, –0.39; 0.58) at 42 days after cFTS.ConclusionNeither CVS nor AC was associated with increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth. These findings indicate that the procedure‐related risk of CVS and AC is very low. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sex Education and Intellectual Disability: Practices and Insight from Pediatric Genetic Counselors
Authors: Murphy Carly , Lincoln Sharyn , Meredith Stephanie , Cross Elizabeth M. , Rintell David 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntellectual disability (ID) with or without other anomalies is a common referral for genetic counseling. Sessions may include discussions of reproductive implications and other issues related to sex education. Patients with ID regularly meet barriers when trying to obtain sex education due to the misperceptions of others as being either asexual or that such education would promote inappropriate sexual behavior. In this pilot study, we surveyed genetic counselors to explore their experiences with being asked to provide sex education counseling and their comfort in doing so for patients with ID ages 9–17. Results were analyzed from 38 respondents. Caregivers and patients most frequently requested information on puberty, sex abuse prevention, and reproductive health. Genetic counselors were most comfortable when they could provide sex education counseling within the context of a particular condition or constellation of features. They were least comfortable when they lacked familiarity with the patient, caregiver, or the family's culture. The most frequently cited barriers that prevented genetic counselors from providing sex education counseling were lack of time, lack of training, the patient's ID being too profound, and a belief that genetic counselors should not be responsible for providing sex education counseling. While many respondents reported that providing sex education counseling is not considered within the scope of a genetic counselor's practice, they also noted that patients’ families initiate discussions for which counselors should be prepared. Respondents indicated that resource guides specifically designed for use by genetic counselors would be beneficial to their practice. Genetic counselors have the opportunity to embrace the role of advocate and broach the issue of sexual health with caregivers and patients by directing them toward educational resources, if not providing sex education directly to effectively serve the needs of patients and caregivers.
Ecological segregation of bark beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) infested Scots pine
Authors: Borkowski Andrzej , Skrzecz Iwona 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBark beetles infest several pine tree species, often creating major economic losses. Biotic interactions between Scolytinae populations inhabiting Pinus sylvestris were analyzed using a new sampling method involving a two dimensional division of tree space resources into units and sections. The goal was to evaluate the effects of the type of available reproduction material on insect infestation. The P. sylvestris stands in this study included an analysis of bark beetles colonizing dead trees and uninfested living trees (trap trees). Analyzed trees were harvested and their stems divided into ten equal units; each unit was halved into two sections (half of the stem circumference). The colonization of dead trees by insects was evaluated immediately after cutting for infested trees and 2 months after cutting for trap trees. The type of breeding material significantly affected the species composition of bark beetles infesting P. sylvestris. The dead trees were colonized mostly by Trypodendron lineatum and Tomicus minor, and to a lesser extent by Tomicus piniperda, which dominated in trap trees. Tomicus piniperda and T. lineatum preferred thicker stems; however, T. minor, Hylurgops palliatus and Pityogenes bidentatus preferred thinner ones. The application of the new sampling method helped to increase the accuracy of niche segregation among insect species. The results of niche segregation indicate bark beetles exhibited spatial specialization in the use of resources, mainly related to the moisture content of breeding material and the availability of food resources which is the main factor determining the coexistence of bark beetles in the same environment.
Peer punishment across payoff equivalent public good and common pool resource experiments
Authors: Kingsley David C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the effectiveness of peer punishment in non-linear social dilemmas and replicates Cason and Gangadharan (Exp Econ 18:66–88, 2015). The contribution of this replication is that cooperation is quantified across payoff equivalent, strategically symmetric public good and common pool resource experiments. Results suggest that the cooperation-inducing effect of peer punishment is statistically equivalent across conditions. Despite this increase in cooperation, earnings are significantly lower than in the absence of punishment. Institutional features which improve the effectiveness of peer punishment in linear public good experiments may, similarly, make self-governance possible in more complex social dilemmas.
Inter‐rater Reliability of Real‐Time Ultrasound to Measure Acromiohumeral Distance
Authors: Mackenzie Tanya Anne , Bdaiwi Alya H. , Herrington Lee , Cools Ann 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundReal‐time ultrasound (RTUS) has been suggested as a reliable measure of acromiohumeral distance. However, to date, no vigorous assessment and reporting of inter‐rater reliability of this method has been performed with the shoulder in a neutral position or with active and passive arm abduction.ObjectiveTo assess intrasession inter‐rater reliability of using RTUS to measure acromiohumeral distance with the shoulder in a neutral position and with 60° active and passive abduction.Study DesignInter‐rater intrasession reliability of repeated measures.SettingHuman performance laboratory.ParticipantsTwenty persons (12 male and 8 female) with an average age of 29.86 years (standard deviation, 7.8).MethodIn an inter‐rater, intrasession study, RTUS was used to measure the acromiohumeral distance with the shoulder in a neutral position and with 60° of both active and passive abduction.Main Outcome MeasureAcromiohumeral distance.ResultsIntraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)2.1 scores ranged between 0.65‐0.88 (standard error of the mean = 0.81‐1.2 mm and minimal detectable differences with 95% confidence = 2.2‐2.3 mm) for inter‐rater intrasession reliability.ConclusionRTUS was found to have fair to good inter‐rater reliability as a tool to measure acromiohumeral distance with the shoulder in a neutral position and with 60° of both active and passive arm abduction.