bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE ACCURACY OF SURFACE SPLINE APPROXIMATION AND INTERPOLATION TO BUMP FUNCTIONS
Authors: Bejancu Aurelian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLet $\sOm$ be the closure of a bounded open set in $\mathbb{R}^d$, and, for a sufficiently large integer $\kappa$, let $f\in C^\kappa(\sOm)$ be a real-valued ‘bump’ function, i.e. $\supp(f)\subset\textint(\sOm)$. First, for each $h>0$, we construct a surface spline function $\sigma_h$ whose centres are the vertices of the grid $\mathcal{V}_h=\sOm\cap h\zd$, such that $\sigma_h$ approximates $f$ uniformly over $\sOm$ with the maximal asymptotic accuracy rate for $h\rightarrow0$. Second, if $\ell_1,\ell_2,\dots,\ell_n$ are the Lagrange functions for surface spline interpolation on the grid $\mathcal{V}_h$, we prove that $\max_{x\in\sOm}\sum_{j=1}^n\ell_j^2(x)$ is bounded above independently of the mesh-size $h$. An interesting consequence of these two results for the case of interpolation on $\mathcal{V}_h$ to the values of a bump data function $f$ is obtained by means of the Lebesgue inequality.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 41A05; 41A15; 41A25; 41A63
A property of univalent functions in
A_{p}
Authors: Walsh David 
Published: July 2002

The univalent functions in the diagonal
Besov space A_{p}, where 1<p<\infty ,
are characterized in terms of the distance from the boundary of a point in the
image domain. Here A_{2} is the Dirichlet space. A consequence
is that there exist functions in A_{p},\ p>2, for which the
area of the complement of the image of the unit disc is
zero.1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 30C99, 46E35.
BRITAIN AND NAPOLEON
Authors: SIMMS BRENDAN 
Published: July 2002

The French Revolutionary wars, 1787–1802.
By T. C. W. Blanning. London: Longman,
1996. Pp. xvii+286. ISBN 0-340-56911-5. £15.99.The wars of Napoleon. By Charles J. Esdaile. London: Longman,
1995. Pp. xii+417.
ISBN 0-582-05955-0. £14.99.The Younger Pitt: the consuming struggle. By John Ehrman. London:
Constable, 1996.
Pp. xv+911. ISBN 0-09-475540-x. £35.British victory in Egypt, 1801: the end of Napoleon's conquest.

By Piers Mackesy. London and
New York: Routledge, 1995. Pp. xii+282. ISBN 0-415-04064-7. £45.Britain and the defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815.
By Rory Muir. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv+466. ISBN 0-300-06443-8. £29.95.Traditional historians of war and foreign policy in Britain have often
been accused –
sometimes justly – of all manner of sins, among them Anglo- and Eurocentricity.
There
is no trace, however, of insularity in the five new publications by John
Ehrman, Rory
Muir, Piers Mackesy, Charles Esdaile, and T. C. W. Blanning on the struggle
with
Napoleon. The global sweep of that conflict, to quote
Rory Muir's Britain and the defeat
of Napoleon, forces the historian to address an ‘interlocking

mosaic of problems’ (p. xii),
spanning the Baltic to the Cape of Good Hope, and the Indian subcontinent
to the
Caribbean.
The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion
in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy
cows
Authors: FERRIS C. P. , GORDON F. J. , PATTERSON D. C. , PORTER M. G. , YAN T. 
Published: July 2002

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were
used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial
experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus
protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg
respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter
(DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these
animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment,
were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the
efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05).
Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either
the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen
intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen
output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross
energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy
output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the
calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when
expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were
affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl
was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were
found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while
k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view
of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is
required.
The estimation of faeces output in penned cattle by controlled release of chromium oxide and the subsequent accuracy of predicting forage intake with in vitro digestibility
Authors: WILLIAMSON P. J. , HENNESSY D. W. , GOGEL B. J. , BARLOW R. 
Published: July 2002

The study examined the reliability of predicting faeces output of cattle from chromium oxide (Cr2O3)
released from a device (CRD) inserted in the rumen. Sixteen steers were selected from four genotypes
and were offered a diet of low quality pasture hay with a protein meal supplement. The steers were
placed in metabolism crates which allowed for total collection of faeces over two 5-day periods, days
6–9 (period 1), and days 13–16 (period 2), of a 20-day extrusion cycle of the CRD. Three faeces
samples were taken from each steer per rectum; grab samples in the a.m. and p.m. and a daily
subsample, that is, a sample of each daily total collected output. Cr2O3 release rates were derived for
each sampling regime (a.m., p.m. and daily from the Cr2O3 content of faeces). These derived rates
were compared with the release rate specified by the supplier to determine differences and any bias
associated with the sampling regimes. Release rates were also derived from the predicted expiry date
calculated from plunger travel in the CRD. Organic matter digestibility of the diet was determined
from measurements of feed intake and faeces output over the 4 days for each steer and from an in
vitro technique on diet samples. Predicted forage intakes were estimated using the mean faeces output
collected over 4 days in combination with either the in vivo or in vitro digestibility estimates.
Correlations between actual forage intake and predicted forage intake for each method were
calculated and the bias in predicted forage intake between methods was compared.The daily data revealed significant effects of steer (and/or CRD) and sampling period on the
estimated release rate of Cr2O3 from the CRD. However, whilst there was only a period effect on the
release rate with p.m. sampling there was a linear decline in release rate with the a.m. sampling. The
correlation between predicted and actual forage intake was greatly reduced when in vivo digestibility
was replaced by in vitro digestibility.The results of this study suggest that the CRD had release rates less than specified and therefore
devices should be calibrated for both the animals and the pastures prior to use. Furthermore, faeces
sampling should be restricted to <13 days post-dosing to minimize bias.
Apologia pro Vitis Veteriorum Hominum
Authors: HILTON BOYD 
Published: July 2002

The Oxford Movement in context. Anglican High Churchmanship,

1700–1857. By Peter
Benedict Nockles. Pp. xvii+342. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1994. £40 (cloth), £15.95 (paper). 0 521 38162 2; 0 521 58719
0This book, together with subsequent articles on Scotland and
Ireland, contains the fruits of researches which first became
available in Dr Nockles's Oxford DPhil. of 1982, probably the
most widely consulted dissertation on religious developments in
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain since John Walsh's
Cambridge PhD of 1956. The outlines of the argument have been
adumbrated elsewhere, but God (in Nockles's case) resides also in
the
details, and historians will turn to this book for its rich scholarship
and its
staggering mastery of published and unpublished sources. Indeed the
appearance of this definitive study is doubly welcome because, so long
as
it was known to be in the offing, there was a danger that other historians

would be deterred from starting research on the subject of Anglican High

Churchmanship, but now that it is out it will inevitably act as a guide
and
stimulus to further inquiry. Already scholars such as Stewart Brown,
Arthur Burns, Frances Knight, Simon Skinner and Brian Young are
beginning to till the ground. A field which had once seemed high and dry

has been refreshed and made fertile.
Laboratory simulation of the rise of buoyant thermals created by open detonation
Authors: THOMPSON ROGER S. , SNYDER WILLIAM H. , WEIL JEFFREY C. 
Published: July 2002

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a water tank to investigate the rise through
the atmosphere of thermals generated by the detonation of surplus military munitions.
The fall of a dense volume of fluid through the water in the tank follows the same
governing equations as the rise of a buoyant volume of gas in the atmosphere. By
filling the tank with a layer of water and a layer of salt water, an elevated step
change in density was obtained, simulating a temperature inversion or jump in the
atmosphere. The growth of the linear dimensions of the thermal and its volume were
determined and used in the development of a criterion for predicting when a thermal
will fully penetrate the inversion. Replacing the second layer of fluid with water of
gradually increasing salinity, an elevated constant density gradient was obtained. In
these cases, the maximum penetration distance of the thermal was observed and the
equilibrium position and vertical spread were determined experimentally.These observations and the empirical relationships determined from them should
prove useful in the development and evaluation of air pollution dispersion models for
predicting the atmospheric transport and diffusion of material released during such
detonations.
On the structure of a Taylor column driven by a buoyant parcel in an unbounded rotating fluid
Authors: LOPER DAVID E. 
Published: July 2002

The velocity and pressure fields produced in a homogeneous rapidly rotating fluid
driven by an isolated buoyant parcel are investigated. Gravity and rotation are
allowed to have arbitrary orientations and the parcel shape is assumed Gaussian.
Inertial forces and time-dependent effects are ignored. The linear problem is easily
solved by three-dimensional Fourier transform, and the inversion is facilitated by
assuming the Ekman number, E, to be very small. In this limit the fields form a
Taylor column extended in the direction of the rotation axis. In the absence of rigid
boundaries no boundary layers occur. The velocity and pressure in the vicinity of the
parcel are found in closed form while elsewhere (within the Taylor column) they are
expressed in terms of relatively simple scalar integrals which are easily evaluated.Within the buoyant parcel, the momentum balance is baroclinic, involving Coriolis,
pressure and buoyancy forces. Outside the parcel, the balance is geostrophic at unit
order. The viscous force is important at order E and determines the axial structure of
the Taylor column. In contrast to the case of flow driven by a rigid body, no ‘Taylor
slug’ of recirculating flow occurs. The velocity and pressure decay algebraically with
distance from the parcel, with the scale of variation being a/E in the axial direction
and a in the radial direction, where a is the parcel radius. In the vicinity of the parcel,
the return flow occurs in a broad region surrounding the parcel. The structure of flow
in the vicinity of the parcel is independent of the Ekman number. This return flow
sweeps the fringes of the parcel backward, making the net rise speed significantly
slower than that of a rigid sphere of identical buoyancy. The return flow also acts to
deform the parcel; this deformation is quantified.
Instabilities induced by concentration gradients in dusty gases
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ JUAN A. 
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the stability of suspensions modelled as dusty gases for non-uniform
profiles of mass fraction of particles. It is known that a stationary uniform
fluidized bed may be unstable to small disturbances which grow until a secondary
instability develops forming bubbles that rise through the bed. Interactions between
particles are difficult to model and this makes it necessary to close the model with
some assumptions. However, in dilute fluidized beds which are characterized by a
low volume fraction of particles, interactions between particles are negligible and
this motivates the study of instabilities of suspensions by means of the dusty gas
equations, avoiding the problem of particular closures.We show in this work that suspensions blown to regions of higher concentration are
unstable to two-dimensional disturbances. An equation which governs this instability
is obtained. A physical mechanism is proposed to explain this instability and it is
related to the Rayleigh–Taylor one in the limit of long characteristic lengthscales
associated with the concentration profile. Finally, the evolution of this instability is
followed using a fully nonlinear numerical code showing the formation of streamers
and clusters of particles.
Two-phase modelling of a fluid mixing layer
Authors: GLIMM J. , SALTZ D. , SHARP D. H. 
Published: July 2002

We analyse and improve a recently-proposed two-phase flow model
for the statistical
evolution of two-fluid mixing. A hyperbolic equation for the volume fraction,
whose
characteristic speed is the average interface velocity v*,
plays a central role. We
propose a new model for v* in terms of the volume fraction
and fluid velocities, which
can be interpreted as a constitutive law for two-fluid mixing. In the incompressible

limit, the two-phase equations admit a self-similar solution for an arbitrary
scaling of
lengths. We show that the constitutive law for v* can be expressed
directly in terms
of the volume fraction, and thus it is an experimentally measurable quantity.
For
incompressible Rayleigh–Taylor mixing, we examine the self-similar
solution based
on a simple zero-parameter model for v*. It is shown that
the present approach gives
improved agreement with experimental data for the growth rate of a Rayleigh–Taylor

mixing layer.Closure of the two-phase flow model requires boundary conditions for
the surfaces
that separate the two-phase and single-phase regions, i.e. the edges of
the mixing layer.
We propose boundary conditions for Rayleigh–Taylor mixing based on
the inertial,
drag, and buoyant forces on the furthest penetrating structures which define
these
edges. Our analysis indicates that the compatibility of the boundary conditions
with
the two-phase flow model is an important consideration. The closure assumptions

introduced here and their consequences in relation to experimental data
are compared
to the work of others.
Agreement in Chamorro
Authors: DUKES MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Sandra Chung, The design of agreement: evidence from Chamorro. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1998. Pp. xii + 423.Sandra Chung's leading contribution to the development of generative
analyses of the morphosyntax of Austronesian languages is widely known.
This book is the culmination of some two decades of research on Chamorro
and is also, as the title suggests, an attempt to embed that body of research
within a particular theory of agreement – one which has an explicitly
syntactic flavour and which emphasizes the separation of morphology and
syntax. Quite apart from the treatment of agreement itself, Chung also
discusses a host of fascinating issues surrounding the analysis of Chamorro
that have important ramifications for the analysis of languages that are
typologically and genetically related to it, including the issue of configurationality
and the nature of VSO word order. Additionally, there is
extensive discussion of the treatment of wh-movement and the relationship of
the Chamorro phenomenon of Wh-Agreement to the constraints on
extraction observed in numerous other Austronesian languages and
elsewhere. This book, along with the research program it represents, is an
important addition to the literature on the less well-studied languages of the
world and is obligatory reading for any syntactician with an interest in the
cross-linguistic viability of syntactic theory.
Changes in rates of suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in England and Wales
Authors: AMOS T. , APPLEBY L. , KIERNAN K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Self-asphyxiation using car exhaust gas is a common method of suicide in England and Wales, particularly in young males. The introduction of catalytic converters has reduced the toxicity of car exhausts. The main aims of the study were: to seek evidence of a fall in car exhaust suicides in the general population and in age and gender groups; to relate any fall to changes in car exhaust systems, particularly since legislation on car exhaust emissions in 1993; and to examine rates of suicide by other methods for evidence of method substitution.Methods. Population study in England and Wales using national suicide statistics for 1987 to 1998.Results. There was a fall in suicide by car exhaust asphyxiation in all age and gender groups. This change was most marked after 1993. The overall population suicide rate (all methods) also fell but there was no overall change in suicides by young males or females. In these groups suicide by hanging increased.Conclusions. Legislation on catalytic converters appears to have contributed to a fall in car exhaust suicides. However, the effect on overall suicide rates in young people has been reduced by method substitution.
Mood and neuropsychological function in depression: the role of
corticosteroids and serotonin
Authors: McALLISTER-WILLIAMS R. H. , FERRIER I. N. , YOUNG A. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Depressed patients show deficits on
neuropsychological tests. However, the basis of
these impairments and their relationship with mood disturbance remains
unclear.Methods. This paper reviews the literature regarding the
relationship between mood disturbance
and neuropsychological impairment in depression and the evidence for serotonergic
and
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis involvement in these
two domains.Results. Mood disturbance and neuropsychological impairment

both occur in depression, but have
no clear relationship in time or degree. Impairment of post-synaptic
5-HT1A receptor function may
result in the symptom of low mood in depression. Depressed patients
demonstrate abnormalities in
the functional control of the HPA axis with a resultant hypercortisolaemia,
which may impair
neuropsychological function. These processes may be related given the extensive
interactions
between the serotonergic system and the HPA axis.Conclusions. We argue that there is a neurobiological cause

of impaired neuropsychological
function in depression. The complex relationship between neuropsychological
function and mood
may be a result of interactions between the serotonergic system
and the HPA axis, particularly in
the hippocampus with involvement of serotonergic 5-HT1A and

glucocorticoid receptors. A primary
dysfunction in these receptors will produce a lowering of mood
and neuropsychological impairment
respectively. Either dysfunction will result in a secondary impairment

of the alternate system. Thus,
the affective and psychological changes of depressive illness are likely

to have complex relationships
in time and severity to one another and the illness as a whole may
result from a range of primary aetio-pathologies.
Impairments in working memory associated with spontaneous dieting
behaviour
Authors: GREEN MICHAEL W. , ROGERS PETER J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The current study investigated the fundamental

nature of the cognitive processing
deficit that has been demonstrated to be associated with dieting to
lose weight. Previous work has
characterized this deficit as being primarily one of a reduction in working-memory
capacity. The
present study investigated the particular components of the working-memory
system affected
during dieting.Method. A sample of female subjects was classified as either

low/medium restrained eaters (N=34),
highly restrained eaters (N=18) or current dieters (N=19),
based on
their responses to a modified
version of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Each subject
completed tasks that
assessed the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (mental rotation), Phonological
Loop (effect of phonological
similarity on recall) and the Central Executive (Tower of London Task)
components of working
memory.Results. Those subjects who reported themselves to be currently

dieting displayed poorer recall on
the Phonological Loop task and slower planning times on the Tower of London
Task. Performance
on both these tasks correlated significantly with a self-report measure
of body shape concern.Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that the

mediating variable in this deficit is that
of preoccupying cognitions concerning food and body shape.
Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
Authors: HEIMBERG R. G. , HORNER K. J. , JUSTER H. R. , SAFREN S. A. , BROWN E. J. , SCHNEIER F. R. , LIEBOWITZ M. R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The present study provides data on the reliability,
validity and treatment sensitivity of
the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), one of the most commonly used
clinician-administered
scales for the assessment of social phobia.Method. Three hundred and eighty-two patients from several
studies of the treatment of social
phobia were evaluated. An independent assessor administered the LSAS to
each patient prior to the
initiation of treatment. Patients also completed other measures of social
anxiety and avoidance,
although the specific measures varied across samples.Results. The LSAS and its subscales were normally distributed
and demonstrated excellent internal
consistency. The convergent validity of the LSAS was demonstrated via significant
correlations with
other commonly-used measures of social anxiety and avoidance. These correlations
also tended to
be larger than correlations with measures of depression, especially after
treatment. However, the
pattern of correlations of LSAS subscales with one another and with the
other measures suggest that
the fear subscales and the avoidance subscales may not be sufficiently
distinct in clinical samples.
The LSAS was also demonstrated to be sensitive to the effects of pharmacological
treatments of
social phobia over time and in comparison to double-blind pill placebo.Conclusion. The LSAS appears to be a reliable, valid and treatment
sensitive measure of social
phobia. Further study of the LSAS, both in samples with severe social phobia
and in community
samples, is needed.