bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting as proteinlosing enteropathy
Authors: Lakshmanan Ilavarasi , Krishnamurthy Veeraraghavan , Kumar Prem , Ali Mohammed 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, affects many people in tropical and subtropical countries. It is known to cause asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent and hyperinfection and disseminated Strongyloides infection in immunocompromised due to autoinfection. Here, we report a case of Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting with proteinlosing enteropathy. The diagnosis was made only with duodenal biopsy as the repeated stool examinations were negative. He was treated with ivermectin and his condition improved.
Colonoscopy does not induce small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Authors: Moraru Ioana Gabriela , Dumitraşcu Dan Lucian 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background and Aim: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is associated with gastrointestinal pathology and colonoscopy. This endoscopic investigation could cause changes in gut flora including the occurrence of SIBO. We looked in this study for the effect of colonoscopy (preparation and intubation) on the occurrence of SIBO. Materials and Methods: Prospective study including thirty patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) diagnosed according to Rome III criteria. Two groups were designed: Twenty IBS patients that performed colonoscopy (G1) and ten IBS patients (G2) not referred to colonoscopy. All patients have been tested for the presence of SIBO using glucose hydrogen breath tests (GHBT) at the beginning of the study, on day 1. G1 patients have also been tested before colonoscopy (day 2) and 1 week after (day 9). G2 patients performed GHBT on day 1 and on day 9. Results: The peak value of expired H2 was assessed, and the mean value was calculated. There were no significant statistical differences between the mean H2 values in the 2 groups of patients on day 1. The mean level of H2 significantly decreased after preparing for colonoscopy in G1 patients (P < 0.0001). There were no significant statistical differences between the mean levels of H2 on day 2 versus day 9 in G1 patients (P = 0.176). The mean level of H2 1 week after performing colonoscopy (7.65 ppm) is higher than that obtained after preparing for it (6.3 ppm), but no statistical significance. Patients from G2 showed no statistical differences between the mean levels of H2 on day 1 versus day 9 (P = 0.6132). Patients in G1 had a significantly lower mean H2 level versus G2 patients on day 9. Conclusions: Colonoscopy does not produce SIBO. Preparing for colonoscopy influences the level of expired H2, it reduces the number of intestinal bacteria, probably trough a mechanic effect or by inflating air during the procedure. Performing GHBT too soon after colonoscopy might result in false negative results of GHBT.
Způsoby financování výstavby jaderných elektráren a jejich hrozby
Authors: Dráb Tomáš , Vlček Tomáš 
Published: March 2017

The paper deals with the financing of new nuclear power plants. After a period of stagnation and decline, nuclear energy is regaining approval in the EU, as some member states are constructing or preparing to construct new nuclear power plants. Yet the development of new facilities is facing enormous challenges. One of the most significant challenges is the very costly financing of nuclear projects. This paper analyses the methods of financing new nuclear projects and attempts to offer a classification of possible financing schemes; then, on the basis of such a classification, it tries to identify the threats attached to particular schemes that states face when deciding to develop nuclear projects. The threats were derived from an analysis of the investment process and from the identification of participants in nuclear investments and their relations. The analysis reveals a greater set of threats when foreign and private entities are involved in financing. The relevance of threats and the associated risks, however, must be assessed in the context of each particular nuclear project.
Punitive laws, key population size estimates, and Global AIDS Response Progress Reports: an ecological study of 154 countries
Authors: Davis Sara LM , Goedel William C , Emerson John , Guven Brooke Skartvedt 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction: UN global plans on HIV/AIDS have committed to reducing the number of countries with punitive laws criminalizing key populations. This study explores whether punitive laws are associated with countries’ performance on targets set in the global plans.Methods: The study used chi‐square tests of independence to explore associations between legal status, key population size estimates, and HIV service coverage for 193 countries from 2007 to 2014. We used data reported by countries on United Nations Global AIDS Progress Report (GARPR) indicators, and legal data from UNAIDS, UNDP, and civil society organizations. Due to lack of sufficiently reliable legal data, only men who have sex with men (MSM) could be studied. The study utilized public data aggregated at the national level. Correspondence with individual experts in a subset of countries stated the purpose of the study, and all responses were anonymized.Results and Discussion: A significantly larger proportion of countries that criminalize same‐sex sexual behaviour reported implausibly low size estimates or no size estimates for MSM. This is consistent with findings in qualitative research that MSMs are marginalized and reluctant to be studied in countries where same‐sex sexuality is criminalized. Size estimates are often used as the denominators for national HIV service coverage reports. Initially, countries that criminalized same‐sex sexuality appeared to have higher HIV testing coverage among MSM than did countries where it is not criminalized. However, investigation of a subset of countries that have reported 90–100% HIV testing coverage among MSM found that most were based on implausibly low or absent size estimates.Conclusions: Criminalization of same‐sex sexuality is associated with implausibly low or absent MSM size estimates. Low size estimates may contribute to official denial of the existence of MSM; to failure to adequately address their needs; and to inflated HIV service coverage reports that paint a false picture of success. To enable and measure progress in the HIV response, UN agencies should lead a collaborative process to systematically, independently and rigorously gather data on laws and their enforcement.
Seed germination in a southern Australian temperate seagrass
Authors: Cumming Erin , Jarvis Jessie C. , Sherman Craig D.H. , York Paul H. , Smith Timothy M. 
Published: March 2017

In a series of experiments, seeds from a temperate seagrass species,Zostera nigricauliscollected in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia were exposed to a range of salinities (20 PSU pulse/no pulse, 25 PSU, 30 PSU, 35 PSU), temperatures (13 °C, 17 °C, 22 °C), burial depths (0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm) and site specific sediment characteristics (fine, medium, coarse) to quantify their impacts on germination rate and maximum overall germination. In southern Australia the seagrassZ. nigricaulisis a common subtidal species; however, little is known about the factors that affect seed germination which is a potential limiting factor in meadow resilience to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Overall seed germination was low (<20%) with germination decreasing to <10% when seeds were placed in the sediment. When germination ofZ. nigricaulisseeds was observed, it was enhanced (greater overall germination and shorter time to germination) when seeds were exposed to a 20 PSU pulse for 24 h, maintained at salinity of 25 PSU, temperatures <13 °C, in sediments with fine or medium grain sand and buried at a depth of <1 cm. These results indicate that germination ofZ. nigricaulisseeds underin situconditions may be seasonally limited by temperatures in southern Australia. Seed germination may be further restricted by salinity as freshwater pulses reaching 20 PSU are typically only observed in Port Phillip Bay following large scale rainfall events. As a result, these populations may be particularly susceptible to disturbance with only a seasonally limited capacity for recovery.
On the variation in the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms with time of onset
Authors: Greer K. R. , Immel T. , Ridley A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecent observations from Immel and Mannucci (2013) have indicated that geomagnetic storms cause larger enhancements in the ionospheric plasma density and total electron content (TEC) in the American sector than anywhere else on the planet. This suggests that the presence of a UT storm onset effect is important for correctly understanding the impact, longitudinal structure, and timing of geomagnetic storms. Using the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM), we conduct a modeling experiment of the August 2011 geomagnetic storm by modifying the storm arrival time (UT) in Earth's daily rotation and examining the subsequent system response. We find that the simulations reflect the recent studies indicating that the strongest enhancements of TEC are in the American and Pacific longitude sectors of storms with onsets between 1600 UT and 2400 UT. The underlying mechanisms of the strong TEC increases during storm times in these longitude sectors are also examined. Some of the resulting TEC structures may be explained by changes in the [O]/[N2] ratio (especially in the high latitudes), but it is unable to explain all of the variability in the equatorial regions. Storm time neutral winds and vertical ion motions coupled to Earth's asymmetrical geomagnetic topology appear to be driving the longitude sector variability due to UT storm onset times.
NBS‐Mediated Oxygen Transfer Reaction of Carbonyl in Ester: Efficient Synthesis of Benzil–o‐carboxylate Derivative From o‐Alkynylbenzoate
Authors: Yuan Si‐Tian , Wang Yan‐Hua , Liu Jin‐Biao , Qiu Guanyinsheng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA neighbouring ester group‐participated diketonization of o‐alkynylbenzoate is described here for the synthesis of benzil‐o‐carboxylate. Application of the resulting benzil‐o‐carboxylate in the synthesis of quinoxalines is also reached from o‐alkynylbenzoate in an one‐pot fashion. This diketonization proceeds smoothly with a high regioselectivity under mild conditions. Importantly, neighbouring group plays an important role in diketonization. A plausible mechanism suggests that a bromo‐incoporated isocoumarin cation is described as an intermediate, and the whole process is constituted by NBS‐mediated electrophilic 6‐endo annulation and oxygen transfer reaction through NBS‐mediated oxidative ring‐opening. Water serves as a nucleophile of ring‐opening.magnified image
Coordination Polymerization of Renewable 3‐Methylenecyclopentene with Rare‐Earth‐Metal Precursors
Authors: Liu Bo , Li Shihui , Wang Meiyan , Cui Dongmei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCoordination polymerization of renewable 3‐methylenecyclopentene has been investigated for the first time using rare‐earth metal‐based precursors bearing various bulky ligands. All the prepared complexes catalyze controllable polymerization of 3‐methylenecyclopentene into high molecular weight polymers, of which the NPN‐ and NSN‐tridentate non‐Cp ligated lutetium‐based catalytic systems exhibited extremely high activities up to 11 520 kg/(molLu⋅h) in a dilute toluene solution (3.2 g/100 mL) at room temperature. The resultant polymers have pure 1,4‐regioregularity (>99 %) and tailorable number average molecular weights (1–20×104) with narrow molecular weight distributions (polydispersity index (PDI)=1.45–1.79). DFT simulations were employed to study the polymerization mechanism and stereoregularity control.
Hydrogenation of tar residue derived from the synthesis of rubber vulcanization accelerator 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole
Authors: Zhao Jianhong , Cheng Xianglin , Wang Liucheng , Wang Jianshe , Song Chengying 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA large amount of hazardous tar residue is produced during the synthesis of rubber vulcanization accelerator 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT). In this study, pyrite (FeS2) was used as catalyst for the hydrogenation of the tar residue under different conditions. Optimal hydrogenation conditions were as follows: 270 °C under an H2 pressure of 4.5 MPa for 8 h under a catalyst loading of 2%. MBT presented in tar residue is converted to benzothiazole (BT) by a high yielding hydrogenation in 86.9% yield based on the initial amount of BT with a small quantity aniline also produced as side product. This work provides a framework for possible ways to treat the toxic tar residue formed in the industrial synthesis of BT through the hydrogenation procedure established in this study. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light‐Controlled Release and Uptake of Zinc Ions in Solution by a Photochromic Terthiazole‐Based Ligand
Authors: Guérin Juliette , Léaustic Anne , Berthet Jérôme , Métivier Rémi , Guillot Régis , Delbaere Stéphanie , Nakatani Keitaro , Yu Pei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe have synthesized and fully characterized a photochromic zinc complex with a terphenylthiazole‐based ligand with a salen‐like cavity. The solution stability of the complex was found to be greatly dependent on the state of the photochromic ligand and an interesting photo‐triggered release and uptake of zinc ions was found as well as monitored by its fluorescence. The contrasting stability difference of the zinc complex between its two isomeric states was rationalized by DFT calculations.
Adsorption of Cyclic Hydrocarbons on Silica Alumina Gels in Natural Gas Processing
Authors: Berg Frederik , Pasel Christoph , Luckas Michael , Eckardt Tobias , Bathen Dieter 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTo ensure the technical use of natural gas it is necessary to remove heavy (cyclic) hydrocarbons from the crude gas. In this article the adsorption of two cyclic hydrocarbons in a N2‐carrier gas is investigated on two commercial silica alumina gels. Adsorption isotherms are determined from cumulative breakthrough experiments in a fixed‐bed adsorber. The isosteric heat of adsorption is calculated from the temperature‐dependent isotherms. The experimental data is discussed regarding the molecular structure of the adsorptive agents as well as surface chemistry and pore structure of the adsorbents.
Can existing data on West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitos explain strain replacement?
Authors: Kain Morgan P. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUnderstanding pathogen strain displacement is important for predicting and managing the spread of infectious disease. However, a mechanistic understanding for the outcome of pathogen competition often remains unresolved, as in the case of the displacement of the West Nile virus (WNV) NY99 genotype by the newer WN02 genotype. In this study, we seek to explain the observed displacement of the NY99 genotype by examining evidence for differences between NY99 and WN02 over WNV's entire transmission cycle. We synthesized the available empirical data on key aspects of WNV's transmission cycle including viral titer profiles in birds, survival of birds, bird‐to‐mosquito transmission probability, and mosquito‐to‐bird transmission probability for infections with both the NY99 and WN02 genotypes of WNV. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we combine our literature synthesis on infection dynamics in birds and mosquitos with bird community and mosquito life history parameters to examine fitness differences between NY99 and WN02. We calculate the intrinsic reproduction numbers () for NY99 and WN02 and assume a larger value of for WN02 will explain its competitive dominance over NY99. Our analysis of the collective body of experimental infections of birds and mosquitos produced similar estimates for NY99 and WN02 with wide overlapping credible intervals, which we take as insufficient evidence for greater fitness of WN02. The currently cited explanation for the displacement of WN02 by NY99—the attribution of the displacement of NY99 by WN02 to the latter's more efficient replication in mosquitos—is, at best, weakly supported by the evidence. Further infection studies of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) and broader coverage of possibly competent hosts for WN02, as well as more ecological data such as the spatial and temporal differences in vector and bird communities, will be needed to fully understand the community dynamics of WNV and the determinants of higher fitness in the WN02 genotype.
Characterization of dissolved and particulate phases of water accommodated fractions used to conduct aquatic toxicity testing in support of the Deepwater Horizon natural resource damage assessment
Authors: Forth Heather P. , Mitchelmore Carys L. , Morris Jeffrey M. , Lay Claire R. , Lipton Joshua 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Natural Resource Trustees implemented a toxicity testing program that included 4 different Deepwater Horizon oils that ranged from fresh to weathered, and 3 different oil-in-water preparation methods (including one that used the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500) to prepare a total of 12 chemically unique water accommodated fractions (WAFs). We determined how the different WAF preparation methods, WAF concentrations, and oil types influenced the chemical composition and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the dissolved and particulate phases over time periods used in standard toxicity tests. In WAFs prepared with the same starting oil and oil-to-water ratio, the composition and concentration of the dissolved fractions were similar across all preparation methods. However, these similarities diverged when dilutions of the 3 WAF methods were compared. In WAFs containing oil droplets, we found that the dissolved phase was a small fraction of the total PAH concentration for the high-concentration stock WAFs; however, the dissolved phase became the dominant fraction when it was diluted to lower concentrations. Furthermore, decreases in concentration over time were mainly related to surfacing of the larger oil droplets. The initial mean diameters of the droplets were approximately 5 to 10 μm, with a few droplets larger than 30 μm. After 96 h, the mean droplet size decreased to 3 to 5 μm, with generally all droplets larger than 10 μm resurfacing. These data provide a detailed assessment of the concentration and form (dissolved vs particulate) of the PAHs in our WAF exposures, measurements that are important for determining the effects of oil on aquatic species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1460–1472. © 2017 SETAC
Synthesis and Characterization of First Row Metal Complexes Derived from a Pyridinophane Ligand Functionalized by Fluoroalcohol
Authors: Guillo Pascal , Daran Jean‐Claude , Manoury Eric , Poli Rinaldo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA new tetradentate N‐donor ligand (L) based on 2,11‐diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane with N‐bonded (CF3)2(OH)CCH2 groups is presented, along with the coordination compounds [(L)FeCl2][FeCl4], [(L)MnCl2], [(L)Cu(OAc)2] and [(L)Zn(OTf)(H2O)](OTf) (OAc=acetate; OTf=trifluomethylsulfonate). All metal complexes possess a distorted octahedral geometry around the metal center.
Microwave‐Mediated Sulfonium Ylide Cyclopropanation. Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropa[c]pentalenes
Authors: López‐Rodríguez Alberto , Domínguez Gema , Pérez‐Castells Javier 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStereoselective sulfonium ylide cyclopropanation is a useful transformation due to the presence of this moiety in numerous bioactive compounds. The procedures described to date involve long reaction times and variable stereoselectivity outcomes. We show here that performing these reactions under MW mediation gives good yields and selectivity after short reaction periods. The methodology is applied to different substrates including sterically hindered cyclopentenones, open chain unsaturated esters and pentalenones (Pauson‐Khand products). From these latter substrates, highly connected cyclopropa[c]pentalenes were synthesized in good yields, including a precursor of natural product pentalenene.
Capillary dysfunction is associated with symptom severity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Nielsen Rune B. , Egefjord Lærke , Angleys Hugo , Mouridsen Kim , Gejl Michael , Møller Arne , Brock Birgitte , Brændgaard Hans , Gottrup Hanne , Rungby Jørgen , Eskildsen Simon F. , Østergaard Leif 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe examined whether cortical microvascular blood volume and hemodynamics in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are consistent with tissue hypoxia and whether they correlate with cognitive performance and the degree of cortical thinning.MethodsThirty‐two AD patients underwent cognitive testing, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and perfusion MRI at baseline and after 6 months. We measured cortical thickness, microvascular cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) and estimated tissue oxygen tension (PtO2).ResultsAt baseline, poor cognitive performance and regional cortical thinning correlated with lower CBF and CBV, with higher MTT and CTH and with low PtO2 across the cortex. Cognitive decline over time was associated with increasing whole brain relative transit time heterogeneity (RTH = CTH/MTT).DiscussionOur results confirm the importance of microvascular pathology in AD. Deteriorating microvascular hemodynamics may cause hypoxia, which is known to precipitate amyloid retention.