bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Biomass Crops Using Biowastes on Low‐Fertility Soil: 1. Influence of Biowastes on Plant and Soil Quality
Authors: Esperschuetz J. , Anderson C. , Bulman S. , Lense O. , Horswell J. , Dickinson N. , Hofmann R. , Robinson B. H. 
Published: September 2016

Land application of biosolids to low‐fertility soil can improve soil quality by increasing concentrations of macronutrients and trace elements. Mixing biosolids with sawdust could reduce the risks of contaminant accumulation posed by rebuilding soils using biosolids alone. We aimed to determine the effects of biosolids and biosolids‐sawdust on the plant quality and chemical composition of sorghum, rapeseed, and ryegrass. Plants were grown in a greenhouse over a 5‐mo period in a low‐fertility soil amended with biosolids (1250 kg N ha−1), biosolids‐sawdust (0.5:1), or urea (200 kg N ha−1). Biosolids application increased the biomass of sorghum, rapeseed, and ryegrass up to 14.0, 11.9, and 4.1 t ha−1 eq, respectively. Mixing sawdust with biosolids resulted in a growth response similar to biosolids treatments in rapeseed but nullified the effect of biosolids in sorghum. Urea fertilization provided insufficient nutrients to promote rapeseed growth and seed production, whereas seed yields after biosolids application were 2.5 t ha−1. Biosolids and biosolids‐sawdust application enhanced plant quality by increasing element concentrations, especially Zn, and potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Ni) did not exceed food safety standards. An application of 50 t ha−1 of biosolids, equivalent to 1250 kg N ha−1, did not exceed current soil limits of Cu, Zn, and Cd and hence was effective in rebuilding soil without accumulating contaminants. The effect of mixing sawdust with biosolids varies with plant species but can further enhance plant nutrient quality in biomass and seeds, especially P, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, S, and Na.Core Ideas
Biosolids application showed potential for Zn enrichment in all plant species.
Biosolids and sawdust applied to soil enables growth of rapeseed in low‐fertility soil.
Toxic elements like Cd were not increased to levels dangerous for human health.
Biosolids and sawdust increased seed quality and hence potentially plant products.
Production of Biomass Crops Using Biowastes on Low‐Fertility Soil: 2. Effect of Biowastes on Nitrogen Transformation Processes
Authors: Esperschuetz J. , Bulman S. , Anderson C. , Lense O. , Horswell J. , Dickinson N. , Robinson B. H. 
Published: September 2016

Increasing production of biowastes, particularly biosolids (sewage sludge), requires sustainable management strategies for their disposal. Biosolids can contain high concentrations of nutrients; hence, land application can have positive effects on plant growth and soil fertility, especially when applied to degraded soils. However, high rates of biosolids application may result in excessive nitrogen (N) leaching, which can be mitigated by blending biosolids with other biowastes, such as sawdust. We aimed to determine the effects of biosolids and sawdust on growth and N uptake by sorghum, rapeseed, and ryegrass as well as N losses via leaching. Plants were grown in a greenhouse over a 5‐mo period in a low‐fertility soil amended with biosolids (1250 kg N ha−1), biosolids‐sawdust (0.5:1), or urea (200 kg N ha−1). Urea application increased biomass production of sorghum and ryegrass but proved insufficient for rapeseed on low‐fertility soil. Biosolids application increased plant N concentrations in ryegrass and rapeseed and increased N uptake into the seeds of sorghum, increasing seed quality. Biosolids application did result in lower N leaching compared with urea, irrespective of plant species, and N leaching was unaffected by mixing the biosolids with sawdust. There was an indication of biological nitrification inhibition in the rhizosphere of sorghum. Rapeseed had similar growth and N uptake into biomass in biosolids and biosolids‐sawdust treatments and hence was the most promising species with regard to recycling fresh sawdust in combination with high rates of biosolids on low‐fertility soil.Core Ideas
Mixing sawdust with biosolids did not reduce NO3− leaching irrespective of plant species.
Compared with urea, biosolids application did not result in higher N loss via leaching.
Results indicated biological nitrification inhibition of sorghum.
Does Fall Removal of the Dairy Manure Sludge in a Storage Tank Reduce Subsequent Methane Emissions?
Authors: Baldé Hambaliou , VanderZaag Andrew C. , Burtt Stephen D. , Gordon Robert J. , Desjardins Raymond L. 
Published: September 2016

When liquid manure is removed from storages for land application, “sludge” generally remains at the bottom of the tank. This may serve as an inoculum when fresh manure is subsequently added, thereby increasing methane (CH4) emissions. Previous pilot‐scale studies have shown that completely emptying storages can decrease CH4 emissions; however, no farm‐scale studies have been conducted to quantify the effect of sludge removal. In this study, a commercial dairy farm removed as much manure and sludge from their concrete storage as possible in the fall (∼2% by volume remained). Emissions of CH4 were measured during the following winter, spring, and summer, and compared with emissions measured the preceding 2 yr when most of the sludge had not been removed (∼14% of tank volume remained). Emissions were measured using a micrometeorological technique, utilizing open‐path CH4 lasers. Contrary to what was hypothesized, removing the majority of sludge in fall did not delay the onset of CH4 emissions and did not decrease emissions the following summer. In fact, annual CH4 emissions were ∼16% higher. It is possible that fall removal provided sufficient time for microbial dynamics to be restored before the following summer when emissions were high. Future farm‐scale research should examine the effect of spring (rather than fall) emptying for on‐farm CH4 mitigation in both concrete tanks and earthen storages.Core Ideas
Pilot‐scale studies suggest that complete manure storage emptying reduces CH4 emissions.
The effect of fall sludge removal for on‐farm concrete tanks was evaluated.
Sludge removal in fall did not reduce subsequent CH4 emissions over the next 240 d.
Fall removal of sludge did not delay the onset of CH4 emissions in summer storage.
Methane fluxes increased with temperature in July.
Distribution and Properties of Podzolized Soils in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Valerio M.W. , McDaniel P.A. , Gessler P.E. 
Published: September 2016

Core IdeasPodzolization is a widespread pedogenic process in the Northern Rocky Mountains.Podzolization is strongly influenced by terrain attributes and environmental gradients.Northern Rocky Mountain landscapes are dominated by Spodosols, spodic intergrades, and Andisols.Although not recognized on land system inventory maps, Spodosols have been documented in the volcanic ash–mantled landscapes of the Northern Rocky Mountains (Major Land Resource Area 43A). This study focuses on terrain attributes and environmental gradients as potential predictors of the distribution and properties of podzolized soils in the region. Seventy‐two forested sites were sampled using hierarchical randomization. Podzolization, as indicated by the presence of a spodic horizon, was observed at 43 sites. Soils meeting all or most taxonomic criteria for Spodosols were present at 26 sites. These Spodosols are concentrated above elevations of approximately 1100 m and on northerly aspects. In this mountainous region, more northerly aspects and increasing elevation serve as proxies for lower temperatures, increased effective precipitation, and greater snow cover, all of which promote podzolization. Spodosol E horizons are very strongly acidic, with pH values as low as 3.1 and Al saturation as high as 89% of the effective cation exchange capacity. Other soils exhibit evidence of podzolization as interpreted from subsurface increases in pyrophosphate‐ and oxalate‐extractable Fe and Al. However, most of these soils have darker and/or higher‐chroma colors in the surface mineral horizon and lack the albic–spodic morphology of Spodosols. Results indicate that podzolization is a widespread pedogenic process in the Northern Rocky Mountains and occurs under different climatic conditions, topographic settings, and parent materials than those of the upper Midwest and northeastern United States.
Non‐Newtonian Fluids in Action: Revisiting Hydraulic Conductivity and Pore Size Distribution of Porous Media
Authors: Abou Najm Majdi R. , Atallah Nabil M. 
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas
Experimenting with non‐Newtonian fluids allows for improved media characterization.
This unfolds unique signatures of flow–pore interaction.
Those signatures can be used in the hydraulic characterization of the medium.
Model potential for unsaturated media characterization with only saturated flow experiments.
The model allows for obtaining multiple hydraulic conductivities for porous media.
Classic porous media flow experiments focus on water as the fluid of choice, thus limiting estimates of saturated hydraulic conductivity to a single averaged value that is rarely informative of the complexity of the pore structure. A theoretical framework is presented for a new method for experimentally estimating a functional pore structure of porous media using a combination of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. The proposed method builds an analog geometry of parallel capillary tubes (with tortuosity) that has the same functional behavior of real porous media in terms of saturated flow and porosity. The equivalent pore structure is formed by transforming results from N saturated infiltration experiments, comprised of water and N − 1 non‐Newtonian solutions, into a system of equations that yields N representative pore radii (Ri) (size distribution of tubes) and their corresponding number (derived from percent contribution to water flow, wi). This feature further allows estimating the soil water retention curve using only saturated experiments. We further show the ability of the proposed theoretical framework to infer additional information about flow in the porous medium as compared to what can be inferred from N (or even more) Newtonian fluids. This example shows the potential of this method and the ability of the proposed framework to extract additional information that an equal or larger number of experiments with only Newtonian fluids cannot extract.
An overview of oral mucosa condition of shisha smoker
Authors: Amtha Rahmi , Kurniadi Ardianto 
Published: September 2016

Shisha is a water pipe that tobacco extract and fruit scented burnt using coal. It produces the smoke through the vessel and inhaled using a hose with good taste. The culture of shisha smoking is popular in Midle East country that curently has been also entering Indonesia. The side effect of shisha smoking habit is still very rare reported. Aim of this study is to describe the oral mucosa condition of shisha user. A preliminary observasional study was conducted at several sisha cafe at South Jakarta. Under informed consent, subject with habit of tobacco and shisha smoker were included. Sociodemographic data (age, gender, duration, frequency of smoking), salivary flow rate and oral mucosa changes were documented. Eighteen subjects were recruited into this study. Most of shisha smoker was also tobacco smoker. Shisha was more practiced by male at age (15-24 years old). The oral mucosa changes such as keratosis, melanosis, leukoedema, coated tongue, gingivitis and xerostomia were found on subject with habit of tobacco smoking habit only or both shisha and tobacco smoking. In conclusion apparently the shisha smoking habit may casue oral mucosa changes almost the same with tobacco smoking habit
Macronutrient Intake–Associated FGF21 Genotype Modifies Effects of Weight-Loss Diets on 2-Year Changes of Central Adiposity and Body Composition: The POUNDS Lost Trial
Authors: Heianza Yoriko , Ma Wenjie , Huang Tao , Wang Tiange , Zheng Yan , Smith Steven R. , Bray George A. , Sacks Frank M. , Qi Lu 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is involved in the regulation of energy balance and adipose metabolism. Our previous genome-wide association study identified genetic variants in the FGF21 region associated with macronutrient intake preference. We investigated whether the FGF21 genotype modified effects of weight-loss diets varying in macronutrient intake on changes in adiposity in a 2-year randomized diet intervention trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We genotyped FGF21 rs838147 in 715 overweight or obese individuals who were assigned to one of four diets varying in macronutrient contents. A DEXA scan was performed to evaluate body composition.

RESULTS
We observed a significant interaction between the FGF21 genotype and carbohydrate/fat intake on 2-year changes in waist circumference (WC), percentage of total fat mass, and percentage of trunk fat (P = 0.049, P = 0.001, and P = 0.003 for interaction, respectively). In response to the low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet, carrying the carbohydrate intake–decreasing C allele of rs838147 was marginally associated with less reduction in WC (P = 0.08) and significantly associated with less reduction of total fat mass (P = 0.01) and trunk fat (P = 0.02). Opposite genetic associations with these outcomes were observed among the high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet group; carrying the C allele was associated with a greater reduction of WC, total body fat mass, and trunk fat.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that FGF21 genotypes may interact with dietary carbohydrate/fat intake on changes in central adiposity and body fat composition. A low-calorie, high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet was beneficial for overweight or obese individuals carrying the carbohydrate intake–decreasing allele of the FGF21 variant to improve body composition and abdominal obesity.
A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of resveratrol administration in performance horses with lameness localized to the distal tarsal joints
Authors: Watts Ashlee E. , Dabareiner Robin , Marsh Chad , Carter G. Kent , Cummings Kevin J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of resveratrol administration in performance horses with lameness localized to the distal tarsal joints.
DESIGN Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
ANIMALS 45 client-owned horses with lameness localized to the distal tarsal joints.
PROCEDURES All horses received injections of triamcinolone acetonide in the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints of both hind limbs. A placebo or a supplement containing resveratrol was fed twice daily by owners for 4 months. Primary outcomes were horse performance as determined by rider opinion (better, worse, or the same) and change in lameness severity from the enrollment examination.
RESULTS Complete data were obtained for 21 horses that received resveratrol and 20 that received the placebo. Percentage of riders who reported that the horse's performance was better, compared with worse or the same, was significantly higher for the resveratrol group than for the placebo group after 2 (20/21 [95%] vs 14/20 [70%]) and 4 (18/21 [86%] vs 10/20 [50%]) months. The change in A1:A2 ratio between the enrollment and 4-month recheck examinations was significantly better for horses in the resveratrol versus placebo group. However, subjective lameness scores and degree of asymmetry of pelvis movement did not differ between groups.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that in performance horses with lameness localized to the distal tarsal joints, injection of triamcinolone in the centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints of both hind limbs followed by oral supplementation with resveratrol for 4 months resulted in reduced lameness, compared with triamcinolone injection and supplementation with a placebo.
Serologic response in eight alpacas vaccinated by extralabel use of a large animal rabies vaccine during a public health response to a rabid alpaca in South Carolina
Authors: Wallace Ryan M. , Niezgoda Michael , Waggoner Emily A. , Blanton Jesse Dean , Radcliffe Rachel A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A female alpaca, kept at pasture with 12 other female alpacas, 2 crias, and 5 goats, was evaluated because of clinical signs of aggression.
CLINICAL FINDINGS The clinical signs of aggression progressed to include biting at other animals as well as disorientation. Three days later, the alpaca was euthanized because of suspicion of rabies virus infection.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME No physical injuries were found at necropsy. Brain tissue specimens were confirmed positive for rabies on the basis of direct fluorescent antibody test results. Molecular typing identified the rabies virus variant as one that is enzootic in raccoons. The farm was placed under quarantine, restricting movement of animals on and off the property for 6 months. To prevent further rabies cases, 14 alpacas (12 adults and 2 crias) were vaccinated by extralabel use of a large animal rabies vaccine. Of the 14 vaccinated alpacas, 8 had paired serum samples obtained immediately before and 21 days after vaccination; all 8 alpacas had adequate serum antirabies antibody production in response to rabies vaccination. As a result of an adequate serologic response, the quarantine was reduced to 3 months. In the year after the index rabies case, no other animals on the farm developed rabies.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Extralabel use of rabies vaccines in camelids was used in the face of a public health investigation. This report provides an example of handling of a rabies case for future public health investigations, which will undoubtedly need to develop ad-hoc rabies vaccination recommendations on the basis of the unique characteristics of the event.
Comparison of the accuracy and proximal shunt failure rate of freehand placement versus intraoperative guidance in parietooccipital ventricular catheter placement
Authors: Wilson Thomas J. , McCoy Kathleen E. , Al-Holou Wajd N. , Molina Sergio L. , Smyth Matthew D. , Sullivan Stephen E. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this paper is to compare the accuracy of the freehand technique versus the use of intraoperative guidance (either ultrasound guidance or frameless stereotaxy) for placement of parietooccipital ventricular catheters and to determine factors associated with reduced proximal shunt failure.

METHODS
This retrospective cohort study included all patients from 2 institutions who underwent a ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedure in which a new parietooccipital ventricular catheter was placed between January 2005 and December 2013. Data abstracted for each patient included age, sex, method of ventricular catheter placement, side of ventricular catheter placement, Evans ratio, and bifrontal ventricular span. Postoperative radiographic studies were reviewed for accuracy of ventricular catheter placement. Medical records were also reviewed for evidence of shunt failure requiring revision. Standard statistical methods were used for analysis.

RESULTS
A total of 257 patients were included in the study: 134 from the University of Michigan and 123 from Washington University in St. Louis. Accurate ventricular catheter placement was achieved in 81.2% of cases in which intraoperative guidance was used versus 67.3% when the freehand technique was used. Increasing age reduced the likelihood of accurate catheter placement (OR 0.983, 95% CI 0.971–0.995; p = 0.005), while the use of intraoperative guidance significantly increased the likelihood (OR 2.809, 95% CI 1.406–5.618; p = 0.016). During the study period, 108 patients (42.0%) experienced shunt failure, 79 patients (30.7%) had failure involving the proximal catheter, and 53 patients (20.6%) had distal failure (valve or distal catheter). Increasing age reduced the likelihood of being free from proximal shunt failure (OR 0.983, 95% CI 0.970–0.995; p = 0.008), while both the use of intraoperative guidance (OR 2.385, 95% CI 1.227–5.032; p = 0.011), and accurate ventricular catheter placement (OR 3.424, 95% CI 1.796–6.524; p = 0.009) increased the likelihood.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of intraoperative guidance during parietooccipital ventricular catheter placement as part of a CSF shunt system significantly increases the likelihood of accurate catheter placement and subsequently reduces the rate of proximal shunt failure.
An improved reservoir for the flushing test to diagnose shunt insufficiency
Authors: Schlosser Hans-Georg , Crawack Hans-Joachim , Miethke Christoph , Knitter Thoralf , Zeiner Andreas , Sprung Christian 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
Reservoirs integrated into hydrocephalus shunts are commonly used for the removal of CSF and for intra-ventricular pressure measurement. Pumping with the reservoir to diagnose shunt sufficiency is still a matter of controversy. The authors describe an improved flushing device and its characteristic features in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS
The flushing reservoir is constructed with a sapphire ball in a cage as a nonresistance valve to also enable the detection of distal occlusions. The most important reservoir parameters were investigated in vitro, simulating total and partial proximal and distal shunt occlusions. Then the expected advantages were assessed in vivo by evaluating the pump test data of 360 implanted reservoirs. The results were compared with those found in the literature.

RESULTS
The optimization of the technical parameters of the device, such as the high stroke volume in combination with moderate suction force, are obvious advantages compared with other flushing devices. Total occlusion of the ventricular catheter and the valve could be assessed with high certainty. The detection of a total obstruction of the peritoneal catheter or any partial obstruction is also possible, depending on its exact grade and location.

CONCLUSIONS
Shunt obstructions can be assessed using the pumping test. The reservoir construction presented here provides a clear enhancement of that diagnostic test.
“Generatie Schierbeek”. Lyricisering in de jaren vijftig
Authors: Vandevoorde Hans 
Published: September 2016

« Génération Schierbeek » . Lyricisation dans les années cinquante.
Het boek ik (1951) est considéré par H. R. Heite comme « l’unique oeuvre de prose des Vijftigers » . Selon lui, la poésie des Vijftigers, libérée de toute convention poétique et grammaticale, est également pratiquée par le prosateur Bert Schierbeek. Seul Lucebert, avec lequel il a collaboré, semble faire quelque chose de similaire sans toutefois démembrer la syntaxe de sa prose. Dans cet article, je vais tout d’abord tenter, en me fondant sur les idées de Werner Wolf, de comprendre en quoi consiste la lyricisation de la prose de Schierbeek et pourquoi cette prose ne peut être qualifiée de poésie et est appelée «proésie » . Ensuite, j’examinerai si Schierbeek a été effectivement le seul à lyriciser. J’estime que la poésie en prose, qui a été utilisée par bon nombre de poètes expérimentaux, est le principal domaine où la lyricisation doit être discernée. Tant la prose poétique de Schierbeek que la poésie en prose des années cinquante s’avèrent tributaires du surréalisme français, qui a permis une libéralisation de la littérature après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.