bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All‐sky imaging of transglobal thermospheric gravity waves generated by the March 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Smith Steven M. , Martinis Carlos R. , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Mendillo Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe report on imaging measurements of thermospheric gravity wave signatures in 630 nm and 557.7 nm nightglow that suggest an association with the M = 9 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake on 11 March 2011. The propagating waves were recorded in all‐sky images at the El Leoncito Observatory, Argentina (31.8°S, 69.3°W), which is located 17,080 km from the earthquake epicenter, almost at the global antipodal point.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Authors: Manusov Valerie 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Facial Feedback hypothesis predicts, in a counterintuitive way, that our facial movements can affect our feelings. So, if our brows are furrowed, we may come to see something as negative (or at least more negative) as a direct result of changing our faces. This entry reviews some research testing this hypothesis as well as that of the Interpersonal Facial Feedback Hypothesis.
Compliance Gaining/Resisting Strategies and Principles
Authors: Wilson Steve R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCompliance gaining refers to interactions in which an individual attempts to induce a second person to perform a behavior that the second person otherwise might not have performed. Such interactions occur frequently within a variety of personal and professional relationships including those involving spouses or romantic partners, parents/children, friends, work associates, teachers/students, and healthcare providers/patients. Early research focused on describing and predicting the strategies that individuals use when attempting to seek or resist another person's compliance. Contemporary research explores how individuals pursue specific influence goals while also managing relational and identity concerns made relevant by those goals.
Mediation
Authors: Burrell Nancy , Maier Melissa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry examines the process of mediation by defining it as a conflict management process, describing the utility of mediation, and discussing various mediation models used by practitioners. The assumptions about conflict held by third‐party interventionists influence how the process is enacted. The usefulness of mediation across contexts is explored. Research in mediation, theoretical perspectives, and international mediation illustrate a theory‐into‐practice framework. Because there are disputes that are never quite resolved, finding a sustainable approach to conflict is addressed.
Social Exchange Theories
Authors: Roloff Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHuman survival is based on the ability to acquire resources and exchange is one way to do so. Social exchange theories provide insight into antecedents, processes, and outcomes of exchange. Communication is a tool by which individuals can negotiate an exchange as well as provide resources. Appropriately, communication scholars have used social exchange theories to guide their research. The entry will examine the key constructs associated with the social exchange theories, explicate the assumptions of the core social exchange theories and those social exchange frameworks used to study interpersonal relationships, organizational processes, and social networks. The entry ends with an assessment of their usefulness for studying interaction.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Jones Susanne M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Attachment theory is a conceptual framework for developmental psychology and has been advanced to the study of adult attachments in interpersonal relationships, relational communication, and individual‐level psychological processes. The theory was created by Bowlby and made testable by Ainsworth. It states that children are born with a psycho‐biological system, the so‐called attachment behavioral system that motivates them to seek or maintain proximity to an attachment figure, usually a primary caregiver. Attachment theory is a life‐span theory, which assumes that initially formed attachment orientations are sustained over time and extended to a host of interpersonal relationships. Attachment insecurities, identified as consisting of attachment avoidance and anxiety, shape such social‐cognitive mechanisms as interpersonal goal formation and planning. These mechanisms subsequently shape interpersonal communication.
Multilevel Modeling
Authors: Theiss Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Multilevel modeling (MLM) is a statistical method designed to accommodate nested data. The method parses variance in the dependent variable of a model to estimate the unique effects of micro‐ and macro‐level independent variables. Interpersonal communication researchers frequently utilize this method to analyze data from romantic dyads, families, or other types of small groups, because it simultaneously considers the influence of individual‐level variables and dyadic or group‐level variables on individual outcomes of communication. MLM is also implemented in longitudinal research designs to document within‐person changes over time, as well as between‐person differences in communication. Thus, MLM is a method that enables a nuanced and complex view of the cross‐level factors that influence interpersonal communication.
Parasocial Relationships
Authors: Rubin Alan M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Parasocial interaction is the degree to which a media consumer perceives he or she has developed a social relationship with a media character. It is an affective relationship of friendship and involvement. Researchers have examined parasocial interaction across traditional and newer media formats. Based on attributes such as social presence, media differ in their potential of attracting viewers. Media producers and personalities also use various techniques to attract viewers and encourage parasocial relationships. Parasocial interaction mirrors interpersonal interaction, and is grounded in notions of attraction, similarity, empathy, and friendship. The camaraderie felt with certain media personalities affects message reception and processing.
Political Discussion
Authors: Cho Jaeho 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Political discussion is a type of interpersonal conversation held between ordinary citizens. Research suggests that political discussion is a way that individuals respond to the information to which they have been exposed. In this line of research, political discussion is viewed as a behavioral outcome of complex interactions between the individual and the incoming messages. The information–discussion link is then conceived of as a communicative mechanism producing a range of political effects including learning, persuasion, decision‐making, and psychological and behavioral engagements. On the other hand, political discussion is not simply an individual phenomenon. Rather, the likelihood and nature of political discussion are deeply sensitive to social and political environments.
Family Communication about Genetics
Authors: Galvin Kathleen M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Advances in genetic research provide family members with increasing amounts of genetic information and generate ongoing conversations about members’ genetic health and susceptibility to certain diseases. Disclosure of genetic information within families is impacted by multiple factors such as gender, family structure, relational ties, and geographic distance. Family members’ ongoing talk about genetics involves narratives, discussion, and following communication rules. This entry focuses on disclosure practices when a member is affected by a genetic disorder, as well as ongoing family discussion about genetics over time. It concludes with future genetic research that will impact family interaction.
Social Information Processing Theory (
CMC
)
Authors: Walther Joseph B. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Social information processing theory explains how individuals use computer‐mediated communication to develop interpersonal impressions and to advance relational communication over time online. The theory focuses on how communicators adapt to the absence of nonverbal cues when using a medium that is generally restricted to textual symbols. The theory stipulates that the information processing of such code systems requires more time than face‐to‐face communication in order to achieve similar levels of interpersonal development. This entry reviews its basic tenets, empirical support, theoretical revisions, challenges from alternative theoretical perspectives, and implications of newer forms of computer‐mediated communication for the theory's status.
Communication among In‐Laws
Authors: Mikucki‐Enyart Sylvia L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In‐law relationships are complex, yet socially significant family relationships. Several theoretical frameworks have been applied to the study of communication among in‐laws, including the triangular theory of in‐law relationships, communication privacy management theory, theories of uncertainty, and a multiple goals perspective. The resultant research suggests that in‐laws grapple with managing communicative openness and closedness as well as uncertainty. Additionally, the relational implications associated with these experiences are not limited to the in‐law dyad, but echo throughout the in‐law triad and affect the well‐being of the marital duo and the relationship between the adult child and their parent.
Upward Family Communication about Health
Authors: Weiner Lauren H. , Pusateri Kimberly B. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
“Upward family health communication” describes younger family members’ attempts to influence the health‐related values and behaviors of older family members. In the parent–child relationship, the direction of health influence tends to shift developmentally from parent‐to‐child (with young children) to child‐to‐parent (with adult children and elderly parents). Relational and communicative dynamics inherent to this developmental shift have vast implications for the health and wellness of both parents and children throughout their lives. This entry explains how upward health communication manifests from childhood to adulthood, including the communication and relationship dynamics that foster or undermine successful upward health influence attempts.
MUMEffect, The
Authors: Dibble Jayson L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe MUM effect describes a messenger's hesitation to share bad news, relative to good news, with a recipient for whom the news is bad. Some MUM effects are dysfunctional to bad news disclosure situations, while others may be functional. Common explanations for MUM effects include messenger's self‐concerns, messenger's concerns about the recipient, and concerns about norms regarding bad news sharing. More research is needed to explain MUM effects, as well as to determine the conditions under which MUM effects are harmful and/or helpful. Such research benefits those who routinely deliver bad news, e.g., healthcare practitioners, supervisors, clergy, and police.
Regretted Messages
Authors: Meyer Janet R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
People sometimes say things they later regret. The early research on regretted messages sought to identify types of regrettable messages, speakers’ reactions to and efforts to repair such failures, reasons for saying the messages, emotional states prior to speaking the messages, and reasons for regretting the messages. More recent work has focused on the cognitive and emotional processing speakers engage in after saying regretted messages. The latter work has been increasingly motivated by an interest in identifying factors that influence when and how speakers might learn from saying such messages.
Relational Framing Theory
Authors: M. McLaren Rachel 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relational framing theory identifies two dimensions of relational communication that aid people in interpreting messages in interactions: the dominance–submissiveness frame, which refers to the extent to which people control or influence one another, and the affiliation–disaffiliation frame, which refers to the extent to which people have positive regard or liking for one another. These dimensions act as cognitive frames, aiding people in making sense of interactions and filling in missing information when messages are unclear. The two frames are in competition with one another: when one is used, the other frame is inhibited. A final dimension of relational communication, called involvement, acts to intensify the salient frame and differentiate between degrees of strength for the substance of the interaction.
Memorable Messages
Authors: Smith Sandi W. , Grayson‐Sneed Katelyn A. , Cornacchione Jennifer 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Interpersonal relationships involve the exchange of messages, some of which can become quite memorable throughout a lifetime. Memorable messages are defined as verbal messages that may be remembered for extremely long periods of time, and which people perceive as a major influence on the course of their lives. An overview of the concept of memorable messages, control theory, and contexts in which interpersonal memorable messages have been recalled, as well as their impact, are presented here.
Relational Communication Ideals and Standards
Authors: Caughlin John P. , McAninch Kelly G. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relational standards or ideals are judgments about what people believe their relationships should be like. Different people view different standards as most important, but regardless of which standards they hold, if they believe their standards are unmet, they tend to be dissatisfied with their relationships. Individuals do vary, however, in how (and how well) they cope with unmet standards. Although gender stereotypes would suggest that men and women have very different standards, empirical findings suggest more similarities than differences in what men and women think counts as good relational communication. There is also evidence that people's standards are related to socially important behaviors, such as children reporting to their parents that they are victims of bullying.
Argumentative Skills Deficiency Theory
Authors: Aloia Lindsey Susan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Argumentative skills deficiency theory is focused on the causes of verbally aggressive communication behavior. The theory posits that conflict interactions can be defused through the use of appropriate, constructive communication. Argumentative skills deficiency theory further proposes that individuals utilize verbal aggression during conflict interactions when they lack productive conflict management skills to manage escalating situations. In its initial conception, argumentative skills deficiency theory focused on verbally aggressive exchanges and violent disputes in marriages. Subsequently, the scope of the theory was broadened to include a variety of interpersonal relationships such as parent–child dyads, same‐sex and opposite‐sex friendships, and workplace associations. In addition, application of the theory considered a variety of individual aptitudes relevant to the management of conflict. Argumentative skills deficiency theory provides useful insight into conflict episodes within interpersonal relationships and promises many directions for expanding the theory.
Modality Switching
Authors: Ramirez Artemio , Sumner Erin M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Modality switching often involves shifting between communication channels that vary in their ability to transmit nonverbal and social information. The modality switching perspective developed as a result of contradictory findings about the effects of switching from one communication channel to another on how partners perceived each other, their communication, and their relationship. The perspective offers a resolution to these findings by identifying the length of time partners are allowed for interaction as an important moderator that accounts for both the positive and negative findings reported in published studies. This entry describes the emergence of the perspective, theoretical approaches used in its study, and empirical findings resulting from its investigation.
Family Secrets
Authors: Romo Lynsey K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
From alcoholism to unemployment, all families have secrets, i.e. information they intentionally withhold from people within or outside their family. The disclosure and nondisclosure of family secrets is fundamentally interpersonal in nature. Family members are socialized about secret‐keeping through the privacy norms and rules that their families develop. The (non)disclosure of secrets can affect well‐being and relationships. Thus, people are motivated to consider carefully whether to reveal or conceal a secret. While popular culture generally views keeping secrets as negative, beneficial effects can result from revealing as well as concealing secrets. This entry describes scholarship conceptualizing the type, function, and disclosure of secrets within the context of family relationships.
Communication and Telework
Authors: Fonner Kathryn L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Telework is a work arrangement in which employees perform part or all of their work outside of their organization's physical boundaries, using technology. Research has focused on teleworkers’ reliance upon technology and the associated outcomes. Due to a lack of face‐to‐face communication, extensive telework tends to harm coworker relationships. Telework has a positive effect on supervisory relationships, resulting in more structured communication between supervisors and employees. Finally, telework is assumed to create professional and social isolation, but research suggests a more complex picture, including potential benefits related to working remotely. This entry highlights several primary theoretical perspectives used to examine telework and communication, and addresses research on teleworkers’ use of technology, coworker and supervisory communication, and the potential for teleworker isolation.
Communication in Families with a Transgender Member
Authors: M. Norwood Kristen 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Historically, scholarly research on transgender (and transsexual) identities focused on the psychology of gender dysphoria, but more recently scholars have begun to explore the relational experiences of transgender persons and their friends, family, and significant others. Particularly, there is growing interest in family communication surrounding transgender identity. Families often experience significant stress related to transgender identity disclosures and transitions, and family acceptance and support is profoundly important for transgender persons. This article gives a brief overview of key issues related to communication in families with a transgender member.
Incivility in the Workplace
Authors: Gill Matthew J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Uncivil interpersonal communication exchanges demonstrate disregard and disrespect for others while violating social interaction norms and expectations. Incivility is characterized by low‐intensity, subtle behaviors with an ambiguous intent to harm. Because of its harmful effects on interpersonal relationships, incivility is extremely problematic in the workplace. Incivility in the workplace is a growing phenomenon and has a number of negative consequences for both individuals and organizations. At the individual level, workplace incivility can increase feelings of anxiety and depression, decrease self‐esteem, and cause withdrawal. Workplace incivility also damages organizations by reducing employees’ abilities to work together and achieve organizational goals. Due to the relational damage incivility creates, workers become far less productive and less willing to collaborate with others.
Communication and Employee Retention
Authors: Erickson Robin Adair 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Retaining high‐performing employees is no longer simply the concern of human resources (
HR
) directors; rather, attracting and retaining employees are consistently listed as one of the top concerns of global chief executive officers (
CEOs
), alongside growing the business and becoming more profitable. Retention of employees encompasses a wide spectrum of topics, and the literatures of the following six areas of study are briefly reviewed: organizational commitment, turnover intentions and voluntary turnover, psychological contracts and their violations, trust, perceived organizational support, and perceived supervisor support. Four communication applications that increase employee retention are considered: (1) meeting regularly with employees, (2) providing regular performance management feedback, (3) committing to ongoing learning and professional development, and (4) conducting periodic stay interviews.
Listening
Authors: Bodie Graham D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractListening is a topic of interest that spans the academic landscape. Within Communication Studies, the history of listening research in many ways parallels the history of the discipline, with attention shifting from issues related to how audiences listen to speeches, to how best to teach listening as part of a larger set of fundamental communication skills, to more recent efforts aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms that make listening possible in a variety of contexts. This entry provides a brief history of listening research conducted within Communication Studies in order to provide readers with an understanding of the myriad perspectives available for investigating this important life skill. The entry closes by providing readers with future research considerations based on the directions pointed to by contemporary scholarship.
Performance Feedback
Authors: Drury‐Grogan Meghann L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Performance feedback is the information shared with a person about the effectiveness of his or her work behavior. Research in this area spans a variety of disciplines and focuses on three main areas: reactions to feedback resulting in individuals’ performance improvement and affect felt; feedback‐seeking behaviors, including goal achievement, and protecting and enhancing one's image; and delivering feedback effectively. This entry describes each of these three areas in more detail. It also examines existing gaps in the research on performance feedback and recommendations for future research.
Mindfulness
Authors: Jones Susanne M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMindfulness has emerged as a powerful personal and social resource that allows people to recuperate faster and better from adverse life events and prepares them to deal more effectively with future adversities. Neurological research suggests that the regular practice of mindfulness changes the brain, which is referred to as neuroplasticity. Research in social and clinical psychologies has also found that mindfulness increases prosocial emotional experiences and social connectedness. However, it is not yet known whether and how mindfulness influences interpersonal communication. Because mindfulness is considered a metacognitive factor, which means it precedes any kind of cognition, it is assumed that the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal communication is indirect and likely mediated by a third cognitive/affective mechanism. The entry defines mindfulness, discusses practice approaches, and reviews experimental research that is underway to examine this assumption in the context of supportive communication.