bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An alternative clinical routine for subjective refraction based on power vectors with trial frames
Authors: María Revert Antonia , Conversa Maria Amparo , Albarrán Diego César , Micó Vicente 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeSubjective refraction determines the final point of refractive error assessment in most clinical environments and its foundations have remained unchanged for decades. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results obtained when monocular subjective refraction is assessed in trial frames by a new clinical procedure based on a pure power vector interpretation with conventional clinical refraction procedures.MethodsAn alternative clinical routine is described that uses power vector interpretation with implementation in trial frames. Refractive error is determined in terms of: (i) the spherical equivalent (M component), and (ii) a pair of Jackson Crossed Cylinder lenses oriented at 0°/90° (J0 component) and 45°/135° (J45 component) for determination of astigmatism. This vector subjective refraction result (VR) is compared separately for right and left eyes of 25 subjects (mean age, 35 ± 4 years) against conventional sphero‐cylindrical subjective refraction (RX) using a phoropter. The VR procedure was applied with both conventional tumbling E optotypes (VR1) and modified optotypes with oblique orientation (VR2).ResultsBland‐Altman plots and intra‐class correlation coefficient showed good agreement between VR, and RX (with coefficient values above 0.82) and anova showed no significant differences in any of the power vector components between RX and VR. VR1 and VR2 procedure results were similar (p ≥ 0.77).ConclusionsThe proposed routine determines the three components of refractive error in power vector notation [M, J0, J45], with a refraction time similar to the one used in conventional subjective procedures. The proposed routine could be helpful for inexperienced clinicians and for experienced clinicians in those cases where it is difficult to get a valid starting point for conventional RX (irregular corneas, media opacities, etc.) and for refractive situations/places with inadequate refractive facilities/equipment.
Maximalism versus Omnism about Permissibility
Authors: Portmore Douglas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRoughly speaking, maximalism is the view that only certain options are to be assessed in terms of whether they have some right‐making property (such as that of producing optimal consequences), whereas omnism is the view that all options are to be assessed in terms of whether they have this property. I argue that maximalism is preferable to omnism because it provides a more plausible solution to what's known as the problem of act versions and is not subject to any significant problems of its own. If I'm right, then most moral theories, which are versions of omnism, need revision.
Marker‐assisted selection for rice blast resistance genes Pi2 and Pi9 through high‐resolution melting of a gene‐targeted amplicon
Authors: Luo Wenlong , Huang Ming , Guo Tao , Xiao Wuming , Wang Jiafeng , Yang Guili , Liu Yongzhu , Wang Hui , Chen Zhiqiang , Zhuang Chuxiong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe use of host resistance (R) genes is considered the most cost‐effective option to control the rice blast disease. The two allelic R genes Pi2 and Pi9 confer very broad‐spectrum resistance against blast isolates collected worldwide. However, the two genes have not yet been widely deployed in rice breeding programmes. Availability of specific markers for them would facilitate incorporating the two R genes into new rice lines through marker‐assisted selection. Herein, we report the development and utilization of a robust and specific marker for the Pi2 and Pi9. This marker was derived from polymorphisms within the target gene, and achieved simultaneously distinguish Pi2 and Pi9 from other alleles through high‐resolution melting of a small amplicon. With the marker, we were able to transfer the Pi2 into an elite restorer line through marker‐assisted backcrossing, successfully obtained effective resistance to blast disease, and we were also able to, respectively, incorporate the Pi2 and Pi9 with two other R genes. As the additive effect, blast resistance in these stacking lines harbouring three R genes were significantly improved.
Clinical characteristics of urethral prolapse in Japanese children
Authors: Ninomiya Takahito , Koga Hiroshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundUrethral prolapse (UP) in children is a rare condition and has commonly been reported in black girls. The aim of this study was to clarify the status of medical management for UP in Japanese children.MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted in Japanese children ≤15 years old with UP. The relationship between initial treatment approach and outcome was investigated, with symptom persistence or recurrence defined as treatment failure.ResultsOf 77 cases of UP in Japanese children reported since 1972, initial surgical treatment was performed in 42 cases (55%) and non‐surgical treatment in 35 cases (45%). Underlying conditions constituting possible causative factors were present in 26 cases (34%) in total. Treatment outcome was evaluated in 59 cases (surgical treatment, n = 28; non‐surgical treatment, n = 31) during a median follow‐up period of 10 months. The rate of treatment failure was significantly higher in the non‐surgical (81%, 25/31) than in the surgical treatment group (18%, 5/28; risk ratio, 4.2; 95%CI: 2.0–8.9; P < 0.001). Topical estrogen cream, a standard management worldwide, is not available as a prescription drug in Japan, and therefore was able to be used in only seven cases (20%) in the non‐surgical treatment group.ConclusionsSurgical treatment is more effective than non‐surgical treatment in Japanese children, but both failure rates are high compared with that in non‐Asian children. Drug approval revision for prescription use of estrogen cream, centralizing treatment to specialized facilities, and an active policy of surgical management in cases of non‐surgical treatment failure may improve treatment outcomes for pediatric UP in Japan.
Immigration and Equal Ownership of the Earth
Authors: Oberman Kieran 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA number of philosophers argue that the earth's resources belong to everyone equally. Suppose this is true. Does this entail that people have a right to migrate across borders? This article considers two models of egalitarian ownership and assesses their implications for immigration policy. The first is Equal Division, under which each person is granted an equal share of the value of the earth's natural resources. The second is Common Ownership, under which every person has the right to use the earth's natural resources, but not the right to exclude others from them. While these models and their associated ideas have a long history within Western political thought, this article will examine them as they are presented by two sets of contemporary philosophers: Hillel Steiner, who defends Equal Division, and Michael Blake and Mathias Risse, who defend Common Ownership. In the case of each model, the article does three things. First, it considers the implications of the model for immigration policy. Second, it defends the model against objections from those defending immigration restrictions. Third, it contends that the model does not go far enough in its opposition to immigration restrictions. More specifically, the article argues that both Equal Division and Common Ownership, as presented by their proponents, fail to respect the claims of people whose interest in the land is not primarily economic. If the earth belongs to everyone equally, then people should not be prevented from pursuing important migratory goals such as family reunification, career development and education. The article concludes with a proposal for combining Equal Division with Common Ownership. Under this combined model, people would be free to migrate across international borders.
Tectonic Settings and Geological Implications of Neoproterozoic Liujiaping VMS Deposit, Northwestern Yangtze Block, China
Authors: Su Yanping , Zhang Baolin , Zhang Guoliang , Xu Xingwang , Liu Ruilin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLiujiaping VMS (volcanic massive sulfide) deposit contains mainly copper and zinc, which is located at the Longmenshan orogenic belt of the northwestern margin of Yangtze block. The deposit is hosted in Neoproterozoic Datan terrane (composed of Datan granitoids and Liujiaping group) and is a typical, and the biggest, VMS deposit in this area. The Datan granitoids and Liujiaping group are contemporary and both parental magmas have the same genesis. The tectonic evolution history of Northwestern Yangtze is complicated. Chronology, isotope and geochemistry of the Liujiaping VMS ores and wall rocks (especially the Datan granitoids) are analyzed to restrict the tectonic progress. High‐precision secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis of the Datan granitoids resulted in two concordant ages, 815.5 ± 3.2 Ma and 835.5 ± 2.6 Ma, which are contemporary with the Liujiaping Cu–Zn ore and volcanics. The wall rocks are characterized by enrichment in LREE and with a weak negative anomaly of Eu. The Pb isotope data of sulfide and volcanics from the Liujiaping deposit indicate that the material source is lower crust. Together with variable negative anomalies of high strength field elements HFSE (Th, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, P and Ti), positive εNd (825 Ma) values (+1.8 to +3.1) and the Nd model age T2DM = 1.2–1.3 Ga, it shows that the Liujiaping deposit and wall rocks were formed by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic lower crust. Geological and geochemical characteristics of Liujiaping deposit indicate that this deposit was formed during subduction of the oceanic crust. This study clarified that that the Liujiaping deposit and the northwestern margin of the Yangtze block were part of an arc setting at ~820 Ma rather than intra‐continental rift.
A Blueprint for Full Collective Flood Risk Estimation: Demonstration for European River Flooding
Authors: Serinaldi Francesco , Kilsby Chris G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFloods are a natural hazard evolving in space and time according to meteorological and river basin dynamics, so that a single flood event can affect different regions over the event duration. This physical mechanism introduces spatio‐temporal relationships between flood records and losses at different locations over a given time window that should be taken into account for an effective assessment of the collective flood risk. However, since extreme floods are rare events, the limited number of historical records usually prevents a reliable frequency analysis. To overcome this limit, we move from the analysis of extreme events to the modeling of continuous stream flow records preserving spatio‐temporal correlation structures of the entire process, and making a more efficient use of the information provided by continuous flow records. The approach is based on the dynamic copula framework, which allows for splitting the modeling of spatio‐temporal properties by coupling suitable time series models accounting for temporal dynamics, and multivariate distributions describing spatial dependence. The model is applied to 490 stream flow sequences recorded across 10 of the largest river basins in central and eastern Europe (Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Waser, Meuse, Rhone, Seine, Loire, and Garonne). Using available proxy data to quantify local flood exposure and vulnerability, we show that the temporal dependence exerts a key role in reproducing interannual persistence, and thus magnitude and frequency of annual proxy flood losses aggregated at a basin‐wide scale, while copulas allow the preservation of the spatial dependence of losses at weekly and annual time scales.
The Perception of Inequality of Opportunity in Europe
Authors: Brunori Paolo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDoes the way in which scholars measure inequality of opportunity correspond to how people perceive it? What other factors influence individual perception of this phenomenon? To answer these questions, we must first clarify how scholars define and measure inequality of opportunity. We discuss the possible mechanisms linking objective measures to subjective perception of the phenomenon, then propose a measure of perceived inequality of opportunity, and finally test our hypothesis by merging data from two sources: the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (2011) and the International Social Survey Programme (2009). We suggest that the prevailing perception of the degree of unequal opportunity in a large sample of respondents is only weakly correlated with its objective measure. We estimate a multilevel model considering both individual‐ and country‐level controls to explain individual perception of unequal opportunity. Our estimates suggest that the two most adopted measures of inequality of opportunity have no clear role in explaining its perception. Conversely, other country‐level variables and personal experiences of intergenerational social mobility are important determinants of how inequality of opportunity is perceived.
Strategies for implementing shared decision making in elective surgery by healthcare practitioners: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Lizarondo Lucylynn , Pham Clarabelle , Aromataris Edoardo , Munn Zachary , Gibb Catherine , Karnon Jonathan 
Published: December 2016

Review objectives/questions:
The objectives of the review are to:Identify and collect relevant international scientific evidence on strategies aimed facilitate or improving healthcare practitioners’ adoption of shared decision making (SDM) in elective surgery.Evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies for the implementation of SDM by healthcare practitioners with patients for elective surgery.

Specifically, the review questions are:What is the effectiveness of strategies for implementing SDM by healthcare practitioners with patients for elective surgery?What are the characteristics of effective strategies?
Extravasation management in the pediatric oncology ward of Children's Hospital of Fudan University: a best practice implementation project
Authors: Wang Yingwen , Kong Meijing , Ge Youhong 
Published: December 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background:
Extravasation in a pediatric patient can cause a serious adverse event, but many nurses have insufficient experience to deal with it during intravenous administration. Our division implemented a best practice project, which included extravasation kit instruction preparation, staff education and an update of institutional policy and procedures. The project focused on auditing the extent to which the protocol was implemented and promoting its implementation.

Objectives:
The objective of the project was to establish an evidence-based policy and procedure for extravasation management, improve knowledge regarding best practice of extravasation management among staff and formalize the documentation template for extravasation events.

Methods:
The Joanna Briggs Institute's Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice were used to examine compliance with criteria based on the best available evidence before and after the implementation of strategies to promote the use of the evidence-based practice protocol.

Results:
Four criteria showed a noticeable improvement in compliance: increased use of extravasation kit (0–100%), updated policies and procedure (0–94%), staff education (19–94%) and documented outcomes (13–88%).

Conclusions:
The project successfully established effective strategies for establishing an extravasation kit instruction sheet, updating policies and procedures, continuous staff education and nursing documentation to ensure best practice and improve patient outcomes.
Experiences of incivility among faculty and students in online nursing education: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Lampley Tammy M. , Curia Marianne , Vottero Beth , Hensel Desiree 
Published: December 2016

Review question/objective:
The objective of this review is to synthesize available evidence of nursing faculty's and nursing students’ experiences and perceptions of incivility in online education with the objective of identifying the meaning of incivility in online nursing education. The specific questions to be addressed by this review areWhat are nursing faculty's experiences of incivility in online nursing education?What are nursing student's experiences of incivility in online nursing education?
Tracking motor units longitudinally across experimental sessions with high‐density surface electromyography
Authors: Martinez‐Valdes E. , Negro F. , Laine C. M. , Falla D. , Mayer F. , Farina D. 
Published: December 2016

Key points
Classic motor unit (MU) recording and analysis methods do not allow the same MUs to be tracked across different experimental sessions, and therefore, there is limited experimental evidence on the adjustments in MU properties following training or during the progression of neuromuscular disorders.
We propose a new processing method to track the same MUs across experimental sessions (separated by weeks) by using high‐density surface electromyography.
The application of the proposed method in two experiments showed that individual MUs can be identified reliably in measurements separated by weeks and that changes in properties of the tracked MUs across experimental sessions can be identified with high sensitivity.
These results indicate that the behaviour and properties of the same MUs can be monitored across multiple testing sessions.
The proposed method opens new possibilities in the understanding of adjustments in motor unit properties due to training interventions or the progression of pathologies.
AbstractA new method is proposed for tracking individual motor units (MUs) across multiple experimental sessions on different days. The technique is based on a novel decomposition approach for high‐density surface electromyography and was tested with two experimental studies for reliability and sensitivity. Experiment I (reliability): ten participants performed isometric knee extensions at 10, 30, 50 and 70% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force in three sessions, each separated by 1 week. Experiment II (sensitivity): seven participants performed 2 weeks of endurance training (cycling) and were tested pre–post intervention during isometric knee extensions at 10 and 30% MVC. The reliability (Experiment I) and sensitivity (Experiment II) of the measured MU properties were compared for the MUs tracked across sessions, with respect to all MUs identified in each session. In Experiment I, on average 38.3% and 40.1% of the identified MUs could be tracked across two sessions (1 and 2 weeks apart), for the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis, respectively. Moreover, the properties of the tracked MUs were more reliable across sessions than those of the full set of identified MUs (intra‐class correlation coefficients ranged between 0.63—0.99 and 0.39–0.95, respectively). In Experiment II, ∼40% of the MUs could be tracked before and after the training intervention and training‐induced changes in MU conduction velocity had an effect size of 2.1 (tracked MUs) and 1.5 (group of all identified motor units). These results show the possibility of monitoring MU properties longitudinally to document the effect of interventions or the progression of neuromuscular disorders.
Contrast enhanced ultrasound of a rare case of Peliosis hepatis
Authors: Loizides Alexander , Glodny Bernhard , Zoller Heinz , Zelger Bettina Gudrun , Junker Daniel , Henninger Benjamin , Putzer Daniel , Gruber Hannes 
Published: December 2016

Peliosis hepatis is a rare benign disorder of the liver, histologically characterized by blood-filled cystic cavities of various sizes and irregular shapes, communicating with the hepatic sinusoids. Only a few cases of peliosis hepatis have been described using contrast enhanced ultrasound showing admittedly various dynamic enhancement patterns. We present a case of peliosis hepatis with a typical target-sign enhancement depicted by means of contrast enhanced ultrasound.
Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior, Obesity, and Psychological Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Schoolchildren
Authors: Ishii Kaori , Shibata Ai , Adachi Minoru , Mano Yoshiyuki , Oka Koichiro 
Published: December 2016

Background:Sedentary behaviors (SB) are associated with health indicators; however, there are currently very few studies that have examined these associations, especially in conjunction with psychological factors, in children. The current study examined the independent relationship between objectively assessed SB, and indicators of obesity and psychological well-being, among Japanese children.Methods:A total of 967 elementary-school children completed a cross-sectional survey. SB was measured with accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. Psychological well-being data (eg, anxiety and behavior problems) were collected via a self-report questionnaire. To determine the relationship of SB with degree of obesity and psychological well-being, linear regression analyses were conducted to relate the indicators of obesity and psychological well-being on SB, adjusted by gender, grade, percentage of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day, duration spent wearing the accelerometer, and degree of obesity.Results:SB was significantly related to behavioral/emotional problems (β = .280, P = .010, R2 = .015). There was a statistically significant relationship between SB and anxiety (β = .206, P = .059, R2 = .007). No significant association with degree of obesity was found.Conclusions:Excess SB relates higher levels of behavioral/emotional problems and anxiety. These results can inspire the development of interventions that promote well-being and enhance psychological health, by focusing on SB in Japanese children.
A Phage-Like IncY Plasmid Carrying the
mcr-1
Gene in Escherichia coli from a Pig Farm in China
Authors: Zhang Chunping , Feng Yuqing , Liu Fei , Jiang Hui , Qu Zhina , Lei Meng , Wang Jianfeng , Zhang Bing , Hu Yongfei , Ding Jiabo , Zhu Baoli 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

We report here a new type of plasmid that carries the
mcr-1
gene, the pMCR-1-P3 plasmid, harbored in an
Escherichia coli
strain isolated from a pig farm in China. pMCR-1-P3 belongs to the IncY incompatibility group and is a phage-like plasmid that contains a large portion of phage-related sequences. The backbone of this plasmid is different from that of other
mcr-1
-carrying plasmids reported previously.