bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Pregnancy and the Birth Weight Distribution: Where Is the Effect?
Authors: Mudd Lanay M. , Pivarnik Jim , Holzman Claudia B. , Paneth Nigel , Pfeiffer Karin , Chung Hwan 
Published: August 2016

Background:Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is recommended during pregnancy and has been associated with lower risk of delivering a large infant. We sought to characterize the effect of LTPA across the entire birth weight distribution.Methods:Women enrolled in the Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) Study (1998–2004) were followed-up in 2007. Follow-up efforts were extensive for a subcohort and minimal for the remainder (nonsubcohort). Thus, 596 subcohort and 418 nonsubcohort women who delivered at term participated. Offspring were categorized as small-, appropriate-, or large-for-gestational-age (SGA, AGA, and LGA, respectively) based on gender and gestational age-specific birth weight z-scores (BWz). At follow-up, women recalled pregnancy LTPA and were classified as inactive, insufficiently active or meeting LTPA recommendations. Linear, logistic, and quantile regression analyses were conducted separately by subcohort status.Results:Meeting LTPA recommendations decreased odds of LGA significantly among the nonsubcohort (aOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14–0.64) and nonsignificantly among the subcohort (aOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.34–1.34). In quantile regression, meeting LTPA recommendations reduced BWz among the upper quantiles in the nonsubcohort.Conclusions:LTPA during pregnancy lowered odds of LGA and reduced BWz among the upper quantiles, without shifting the entire distribution. LTPA during pregnancy may be useful for reducing risks of large fetal size.
Brief Physical Activity-Related Psychosocial Measures: Reliability and Construct Validity
Authors: Carlson Jordan A. , Sallis James F. , Wagner Nicole , Calfas Karen J. , Patrick Kevin , Groesz Lisa M. , Norman Gregory J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Psychosocial factors have been related to physical activity (PA) and are used to evaluate mediation in PA interventions.Methods:Brief theory-based psychosocial scales were compiled from existing measures and evaluated. Study 1 assessed factor structure and construct validity with self-reported PA and accelerometry in overweight/obese men (N = 441) and women (N = 401). Study 2 assessed 2-week reliability and internal consistency in 49 college students.Results:Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit in men and women (CFI = .90; RMSEA = .05). Construct validity was supported for change strategies (r = .29–.46), self-efficacy (r = .19–.22) and enjoyment (r = .21–.33) in men and women, and for cons in women (r = –.19 to –.20). PA pros (r = –.02 to .11) and social support (r = –.01 to .12) were not supported for construct validity. Test-retest reliability ICCs ranged from .49–.81. Internal consistency alphas ranged from .55–.90. Reliability was supported for most scales with further testing needed for cons (alphas = .55–.63) and enjoyment (ICC = 49).Conclusions:Many of the brief scales demonstrated adequate reliability and validity, while some need further development. The use of these scales could advance research and practice in the promotion of PA.
Framework for Physical Activity as a Complex and Multidimensional Behavior
Authors: Gabriel Kelley K. Pettee , Morrow James R. , Woolsey Anne-Lorraine T. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The selection of the most psychometrically appropriate self-report tool(s) to measure specific physical activity constructs has been a challenge for researchers, public health practitioners, and clinicians, alike. The lack of a reasonable gold standard measure and inconsistent use of established and evolving terminology have contributed to these challenges. The variation of self-report measures and quality of the derived summary estimates could be attributed to the absence of a standardized conceptual framework for physical activity.Objective:To present a conceptual framework for physical activity as a complex and multidimensional behavior that differentiates behavioral and physiological constructs of human movement.Process:The development of a conceptual framework can provide the basic foundation from which to standardize definitions, guide design and development of self-report measures, and provide consistency during instrument selection.Conclusions:Based on our proposed conceptual framework for physical activity, we suggest that physical activity is more clearly defined as the behavior that involves human movement, resulting in physiological attributes including increased energy expenditure and improved physical fitness. Utilization of the proposed conceptual framework can result in better instrument choices and consistency in methods used to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviors across research and public health practice.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Sport
Authors: Bradish Cheri , Cronin J. Joseph 
Published: August 2016

Over the past decade, there has been a groundswell of support within the sport industry to be “good sports”, as evidenced by a growing number of, and commitment to, “giving” initiatives and “charitable” programs. Consider the following examples:• In 1998, the “Sports Philanthropy Project” was founded, devoted to “harnessing the power of professional sports to support the development of healthy communities.” (Sports Philanthropy Project, 2009) To date, this organization has supported and sustained over 400 philanthropic-related organizations associated with athlete charities, league initiatives, and team foundations in the United States and Canada.• In 2003, “Right To Play” (formerly Olympic Aid) the international humanitarian organization was established, which has used sport to bring about change in over 40 of the world's most disadvantaged communities. Of note is their vision to “engage leaders on all sides of sport, business and media, to ensure every child's right to play” (www.righttoplay.com).• In 2005, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) became one of the first sport organizations to create an internal corporate social responsibility unit, and soon thereafter committed a significant percentage of their revenues to related corporate social responsibility programs (FIFA, 2005).
Analysis of Peak Oxygen Consumption and Heart Rate during Elliptical and Treadmill Exercise
Authors: Mercer John A. , Dufek Janet S. , Bates Barry T. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To compare peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) during treadmill (TM) running and exercise on an elliptical trainer (ET).Design:A graded exercise test (GXT) during TM running and ET exercise.Participants:Physically active college students (N = 14; 25 ± 4.6 years). Each completed a TM GXT and ET GXT on separate days.Results:There were no differences in either VO2peak or peak HR between TM (53.0 ± 7.7 ml · kg–1 · min–1, 193.4 ± 9.4 bpm) and ET (51.6 ± 10.7 ml · kg–1 · min–1, 191.2 ± 11.5 bpm; P > .05). Correlations between HR and VO2 data for all stages of exercise for all subjects were similar between machines (ET: r = .88; TM: r = .95; P > .05).Conclusion:No adjustments to the target HR used during TM running are necessary when using the ET.
Defining and Measuring Functional Limitations and Disability in the Athletic Shoulder
Authors: Keskula Douglas R. , Lott Jason 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To define, identify, and briefly describe functional outcome measures for assessing functional limitations and disability in athletes with shoulder conditions.Data Sources:The MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched for English-language articles published from 1982 to 2000, using the termsfunctional outcomes, shoulder, questionnaires, disability,andfunctional limitations,among others.Study Selection:The authors identified disease-specific self-report questionnaires that assess functional limitations and disability in patients with shoulder dysfunction.Data Synthesis:When describing outcome measures, the authors considered the items to be assessed, the measurement properties, and the practicality of the test. They categorized the available measures designed to assess patients with shoulder instability or general shoulder conditions.Conclusions:The ability to define and measure function is a fundamental consideration in managing athletes with shoulder dysfunction. The measures described might be useful in assessing functional limitations and disability in such athletes.
The Effect of Muscle Fatigue on Muscle Force-Couple Activation of the Shoulder
Authors: Henry Timothy J. , Lephart Scott M. , Giraldo Jorge , Stone David , Fu Freddie H. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Muscle fatigue is an important concept in regard to the muscle function of the shoulder joint. Its effect on the muscle force couples of the glenohumeral joint has not been fully identified.Objective:To examine the effects of muscle fatigue on muscle force-couple activation in the normal shoulder.Design:Pretest, posttest.Patients:Ten male subjects, age 18–30 years, with no previous history of shoulder problems.Main Outcome Measures:EMG (area) values were assessed for the anterior and middle deltoid, subscapularis, and infraspinatus muscles during 4 dynamic stabilizing exercises before and after muscle fatigue. The exercises examined were a push-up, horizontal abduction, segmental stabilization, and rotational movement on a slide board.Results:No significant differences were observed for any of the muscles tested.Conclusions:The results of our study indicate that force-couple coactivation of the glenohumeral joint is not significantly altered after muscle fatigue.
Effects of Extensive Training on Female Teenage Gymnasts’ Active and Passive Ankle-Joint Position Sense
Authors: Aydin Taner , Yildiz Yavuz , Yildiz Cemil , Kalyon Tunç Alp 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To compare the ankle-joint position-sense patterns of gymnasts and nongymnasts.Design:Proprioceptive ability was evaluated with active and passive angle-reproduction tests.Participants:40 subjects assigned to 2 groups: group 1 (n = 20), healthy subjects, and group 2 (n = 20), teenage female gymnasts.Measurements:Joint-position sense was actively measured with a Cybex NORM™ isokinetic dynamometer and passively with a proprioception-testing device.Results:A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean values of the gymnasts’ and controls’ ankles. Results revealed statistically significant differences (P < .05) between the 2 groups. No statistically significant difference between the dominant and nondominant ankles in the 2 groups was observed.Conclusions:The results suggest that extensive training might affect ankle-joint position sense, but genetics and natural selection could be the reason. It is thought that athletes are able to develop enhanced neurosensory pathways as a result of long-term training.
Do Functional-Performance Tests Detect Impairment in Subjects with Ankle Instability?
Authors: Munn Joanne , Beard David J. , Refshauge Kathryn M. , Lee Raymond W.Y. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine whether the triple-crossover hop and timed shuttle run are able to discriminate between injured and uninjured limbs in subjects with functional ankle instability.Design and Setting:A comparative study involving the assessment of functional performance, conducted in a university gymnasium.Participants:A volunteer sample of 16 university-age subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability.Outcome Measures:The triple-crossover hop for distance and timed shuttle run measured functional performance, with the uninjured limb acting as a control. Subjects also rated their ankle symptoms using a self-report questionnaire.Results:The triple-crossover hop and shuttle run did not detect functional deficit despite subjects’ self-report scores indicating functional impairment.Conclusions:Results of the triple-crossover hop and shuttle run used in the clinic should be interpreted with caution, because they will not necessarily identify functional impairment.
Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis Obliquus Activity during a Straight-Leg Raise and Knee Extension with Lateral Hip Rotation
Authors: Livecchi Nicole M. , Armstrong Charles W. , Cordova Mitchell L. , Merrick Mark A. , Rankin James M. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To compare average electromyogram (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) during straight-leg raise (SLR) and knee extension (KE) with the hip in neutral and lateral rotation.Design:1 × 4 factorial repeated-measures.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:13 male college students.Intervention:SLR with hip flexed at 40°, in neutral position, and maximally laterally rotated and KE with hip in neutral and maximally laterally rotated.Main Outcome Measure:Average EMG activity during each of the 4 conditions, normalized against peak muscle activity during that trial.Results:No differences were observed between exercises in VMO activity (F3,36 = 0.646, P > .05), VL activity (F3,36 = 1.08, P > .05), or VMO:VL ratio (F3,36 = 0.598, P > .05).Conclusions:Electrical activity of the VMO or VL and VMO:VL ratio do not change with hip position or exercise.
Construct Validity and Interrater Agreement of the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale
Authors: Brewer Britton W. , Avondoglio Joshua B. , Cornelius Allen E. , Van Raalte Judy L. , Brickner John C. , Petitpas Albert J. , Kolt Gregory S. , Pizzari Tania , Schoo Adrian M.M. , Emery Kelley , Hatten Stephen J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Adherence to clinic-based rehabilitation might influence outcomes.Objective:To examine the construct validity and interrater agreement of a measure of adherence to clinic-based rehabilitation.Design:Repeated-measures in both study 1 and study 2.Participants:43 student rehabilitation practitioners in study 1 and 12 patients undergoing rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in study 2.Interventions:Participants in study 1 rated the adherence of a simulated videotaped patient exhibiting high, moderate, and low adherence. Two certified athletic trainers rated the adherence of patients at 4 consecutive appointments in study 2.Main Outcome Measure:The Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale.Results:In study 1, adherence ratings increased in a linear fashion across the 3 levels of adherence, and rWG(J) and rater-agreement-index values ranging from .84 to .95 were obtained. In study 2, the rater-agreement index was .94.Conclusions:Strong support was found for the construct validity and interrater agreement of the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale.
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes: What Sport-Rehabilitation Specialists Need to Know
Authors: Evans Christian C. , Cassady Sandra L. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To describe the underlying conditions that predispose athletes to sudden cardiac death (SCD) and review signs and symptoms that indicate an athlete is at risk.Data Sources:MEDLINE, the Los Angeles Times and Triathlon Times archives, and other sources identified in the references of articles initially located therein. A total of 43 references were included.Conclusions:Most cases of SCD in younger athletes (≤35 years) are attributable to multiple hereditary conditions, with familial hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy being the primary cause, whereas the major cause of SCD in older athletes (>35 years) is coronary artery disease. Health-care professionals evaluating athletes should pay particular attention to past medical and family history. Items in an athlete’s screening that suggest increased risk include a history of chest pain, syncope, excessive shortness of breath, irregular heart rate or murmur, or a history of SCD in an immediate family member.
Certified Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
Authors: Stone Marcus B. , Edwards Jeffrey E. , Stemmans Catherine L. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Palmieri Riann M. , Krause B. Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Context:Despite recent evidence to suggest that exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) might be primarily of neuromuscular origin, the authors surmise that most information available to certified athletic trainers (ATCs) emphasizes the role of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in EAMC.Objective:To investigate ATCs' perceptions of EAMC.Design:7-question, Web-based, descriptive, cross-sectional survey.Subjects:997 ATCs.Main Outcome Measures:Responses to 7 questions regarding the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC.Results:Responders indicated humidity, temperature, training, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance as causative factors of EAMC. Fluid replacement and stretching the involved muscle were identified as very successful in treating and preventing EAMC. Proper nutrition and electrolyte replacement were also perceived as extremely successful prevention strategies.Conclusions:ATCs' perceptions of the cause, treatment, and prevention of EAMC are primarily centered on dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Other prominent ideas concerning EAMC should be implemented in athletic training education.
The Effectiveness of Exercise in Treating Patellofemoral-Pain Syndrome
Authors: Loudon Janice Kaye , Gajewski Byron , Goist-Foley Heather L. , Loudon Karen Lee 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To determine the effect of exercise on patients with patellofemoral-pain syndrome (PFPS).Patients:29 subjects with unilateral PFPS, assigned to control, home-exercise (HE), or physical therapy (PT) group.Intervention:8-wk exercise program.Main Outcome Measures:A knee survey, visual analog scale (VAS), and 5 weight-bearing tests.Results:MANOVA indicated an overall statistical difference between groups (P< .05). The HE and PT groups experienced less pain than control, and PT experienced less pain than HE (P< .05). In overall knee function and most weight-bearing tests, HE and PT were stronger and more functional than control (P< .05). For anteromedial lunge only PT was stronger and more functional than control (P< .05).Conclusions:Intervention helps PFPS, but there appear to be no differences between home and in-clinic interventions.
Return to Sport after Serious Injury: A Retrospective Examination of Motivation and Psychological Outcomes
Authors: Podlog Leslie , Eklund Robert C. 
Published: August 2016

Context:It is argued in self-determination theory that the motivation underlying behavior has implications for health and well-being independent of the behavior itself.Objective:To examine associations between athlete motivations for returning to sport after injury and perceived psychological return-to-sport outcomes.Design:A correlational survey design was employed to obtain data in Canada, Australia, and England.Participants:Elite and subelite athletes (N = 180) with injuries requiring a minimum 2-month absence from sport participation.Main Outcome Measures:Participants completed an inventory measuring perceptions of motivation to return to sport from a serious injury and psychological return-to-sport outcomes.Results:Correlational analyses revealed that intrinsic motivations for returning to competition were associated with a positive renewed perspective on sport participation. Conversely, extrinsic motivations for returning to sport were associated with increased worry and concern.Conclusions:The motivation underlying return to sport might play an important role in return-to-sport perceptions among elite and subelite athletes.
Rehydration after Exercise Dehydration in Heat: Effects of Caffeine Intake
Authors: Dias João C. , Roti Melissa W. , Pumerantz Amy C. , Watson Greig , Judelson Daniel A. , Casa Douglas J. , Armstrong Lawrence E. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Dieticians, physiologists, athletic trainers, and physicians have recommended refraining from caffeine intake when exercising because of possible fluid-electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.Objective:To assess how 16-hour rehydration is affected by caffeine ingestion.Design:Dose–response.Setting:Environmental chamber.Participants:59 college-age men.Intervention:Subjects consumed a chronic caffeine dose of 0 (placebo), 3, or 6 mg · kg−1 · day−1 and performed an exercise heat-tolerance test (EHT) consisting of 90 minutes of walking on a treadmill (5.6 km/h) in the heat (37.7 °C).Outcome Measures:Fluid-electrolyte measures.Results:There were no between-group differences immediately after and 16 hours after EHT in total plasma protein, hematocrit, urine osmolality, specific gravity, color, and volume. Body weights after EHT and the following day (16 hours) were not different between groups (P > .05).Conclusion:Hydration status 16 hours after EHT did not change with chronic caffeine ingestion.
Golf after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Review of 46 Patients
Authors: Liem Dennis , Van Fabeck Katharina , Poetzl Wolfgang , Winkelmann Winfried , Gosheger Georg 
Published: August 2016

Context:With the rising number of patients with total hip arthroplasty, there is demand for sporting activities for these patients to stay physically active.Objectives:The goal of this study was to evaluate satisfaction and golfing performance for golfers after total hip arthroplasty.Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Patients:Data of 46 golfers with an average age of 66.5 years (46–79 years) with an average follow up of 58.8 months (7–253 months) after total hip arthroplasty was analysed.Results:37 patients (80.4%) were able to return completely pain free, 9 patients still had pain during golf (19.6%). While satisfaction was high regardless of gender or affected side, only male golfers significantly improved their handicap and driving distance. Time spent on the golf course was the same pre- and postoperatively. Average time for returning to practice was 3.8 months; time until a full round of golf was 5.2 months. Postoperative physiotherapy was a significant factor in achieving an improved performance postoperatively.Conclusions:Golfers can return to the golf course with the same frequency and performance level to stay physically active after total hip arthroplasty.
Collegiate Athletes’ Perceptions of Adhesive Ankle Taping: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Hunt Erika , Short Sandra 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To study athletes perceptions of adhesive ankle taping.Design:A qualitative study where athletes were interviewed regarding adhesive ankle taping.Setting:The University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, ND, USA.Participants:Eleven collegiate athletes, all currently taping their ankles, representative of three groups: recent injury, past injury, and no prior injury.Results:Taping resulted in feelings of increased confidence, increased strength, and decreased anxiety for injury or reinjury. Differences were found in responses given by the participants in the three groups.Conclusions:Taping has a psychological impact on athletes. Athletic trainers should make sure they educate athletes about the uses and functions of adhesive tape.
Duration of Maintained Hamstring ROM Following Termination of Three Stretching Protocols
Authors: Ford Philip , McChesney John 
Published: August 2016

Context:Literature supports habitual stretching for increasing an individual’s flexibility; however, immediate gains in range of motion have received limited investigation.Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the retention of active knee extension range of motion (AKE ROM) after a single bout of stretching.Design:Subjects participated in three experimental stretching groups: contract-relax, agonist contract (CRAC); static stretch; and active control stretch. AKE ROM was measured by an analog inclinometer fixed to a modified Orthotron II for pretreatment and posttreatment measurements at 0, 3, 7, 12, 18, and 25 minutes.Participants:32 active male and female college age students.Results:Analysis suggested that stretching as a combined treatment effect demonstrated an increase in AKE ROM that lasted for 25 minutes; however, no specific method of stretching was found to be more beneficial.Conclusion:Stretching utilizing CRAC, static, or active control techniques lend support to their use for the purpose of increasing and retaining ROM prior to physical activity.