bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Differences between Induced and Spontaneous Mouse Models of Graves’ Disease with Implications for Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Humans
Authors: Rapoport Basil , Banuelos Bianca , Aliesky Holly A. , Hartwig Trier Nicole , McLachlan Sandra M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Graves’ hyperthyroidism, a common autoimmune disease caused by pathogenic autoantibodies to the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR), can be treated but not cured. This single autoantigenic target makes Graves’ disease a prime candidate for Ag-specific immunotherapy. Previously, in an induced mouse model, injecting TSHR A-subunit protein attenuated hyperthyroidism by diverting pathogenic TSHR Abs to a nonfunctional variety. In this study, we explored the possibility of a similar diversion in a mouse model that spontaneously develops pathogenic TSHR autoantibodies, NOD.H2h4 mice with the human (h) TSHR (hTSHR) A-subunit transgene expressed in the thyroid and (shown in this article) the thymus. We hypothesized that such diversion would occur after injection of “inactive” hTSHR A-subunit protein recognized only by nonpathogenic (not pathogenic) TSHR Abs. Surprisingly, rather than attenuating the pre-existing pathogenic TSHR level, in TSHR/NOD.H2h4 mice inactive hTSHR Ag injected without adjuvant enhanced the levels of pathogenic TSH-binding inhibition and thyroid-stimulating Abs, as well as nonpathogenic Abs detected by ELISA. This effect was TSHR specific because spontaneously occurring autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase were unaffected. As controls, nontransgenic NOD.H2h4 mice similarly injected with inactive hTSHR A-subunit protein unexpectedly developed TSHR Abs, but only of the nonpathogenic variety detected by ELISA. Our observations highlight critical differences between induced and spontaneous mouse models of Graves’ disease with implications for potential immunotherapy in humans. In hTSHR/NOD.H2h4 mice with ongoing disease, injecting inactive hTSHR A-subunit protein fails to divert the autoantibody response to a nonpathogenic form. Indeed, such therapy is likely to enhance pathogenic Ab production and exacerbate Graves’ disease in humans.
Delayed mesh erosion after rectopexy: A rare surprise diagnosis
Authors: Jha Ashish Kumar , Kumar Uday , Kumar Sanjay , Kumar Amarendra , Mandal Manish , Kumar Keshav 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMesh rectopexy is a frequently performed surgery for the treatment of rectal prolapse. Mesh rectopexy may be complicated by mesh infection, mesh erosion/migration into bowel wall, and extrusion of mesh. Erosion of the mesh into the rectum is very rare. Delayed erosion of mesh into rectosigmoid can present after many years of mesh rectopexy and poses diagnostic dilemma. We report a case of delayed mesh erosion into the rectum diagnosed during sigmoidoscopy.
The Shifted Classical Circulant and Skew Circulant Splitting Iterative Methods for Toeplitz Matrices
Authors: Liu Zhongyun , Qin Xiaorong , Wu Nianci , Zhang Yulin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is known that every Toeplitz matrix T enjoys a circulant and skew circulant splitting (denoted CSCS) i.e., T = C−S with C a circulantmatrix and S a skew circulantmatrix. Based on the variant of such a splitting (also referred to as CSCS), we first develop classical CSCS iterative methods and then introduce shifted CSCS iterative methods for solving hermitian positive deûnite Toeplitz systems in this paper. The convergence of each method is analyzed. Numerical experiments show that the classical CSCS iterative methods work slightly better than the Gauss–Seidel (GS) iterative methods if the CSCS is convergent, and that there is always a constant α such that the shifted CSCS iteration converges much faster than the Gauss–Seidel iteration, no matter whether the CSCS itself is convergent or not.
Role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in prediction of Gleason score upgrading and disease upstaging in low-risk prostate cancer patients eligible for active surveillance
Authors: Gokce Mehmet Ilker , Tangal Semih , Hamidi Nurullah , Suer Evren , Ibis Muhammed Arif , Beduk Yasar 
Published: November 2016

Introduction: Active surveillance (AS) is an option for management of low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). However, grade and stage progression is an important consideration. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a useful marker of cancer-related inflammation. In this study, we aimed to identify the roles of neutrophil count (NC), lymphocyte count (LC), and NLR to predict Gleason score (GS) upgrading, disease upstaging, and biochemical recurrence rates (BCR) in low-risk PCa patients.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated data of 210 low-risk PCa patients eligible for AS, but who underwent radical prostatectomy. The roles of NC, LC, and NLR on the GS upgrading, disease upstaging, and BCR rates were investigated. Univariate and multivariate models were used to determine the effect of these parameters. Results: There were 104 and 106 patients in the NLR <2.5 and NLR ≥2.5 groups, respectively. GS upgrading in the NLR ≥2.5 group was more common than in the NLR<2.5 group (p=0.04). The NLR ≥2.5 group had significantly higher GS (8‒10; p=0.03). With regard to NLR, the groups were found to have similar rates of disease upstaging (9/104 in NLR <2.5 vs. 16/106 in NLR ≥2.5; p=0.200). BCR rates were also significantly different between groups (p=0.033). NC an LC were not found to be associated with GS upgrading, disease upstaging, or BCR.Conclusions: NLR is a predictor of GS upgrading and BCR, but not disease upstaging in patients with low-risk PCa. Furthermore, higher NLR was found to be associated with higher GS PCa. NLR is a cost-effective and easily accessible tool that can be used in the decision-making process for treatment of low-risk PCa cases.
Stumbling Blocks in Empirical Legal Research: Case Study Research
Authors: Webley Lisa 
Published: November 2016

Stumbling Blocks in Empirical Legal Research: Case Study Research
This article examines the main assumptions and theoretical underpinnings of case study method in legal studies. It considers the importance of research design, including the crucial roles of the academic literature review, the research question and the use of rival theories to develop hypotheses and the practice of identifying the observable implications of those hypotheses. It considers the selection of data sources and modes of analysis to allow for valid analytical inferences to be drawn in respect of them. In doing so it considers, in brief, the importance of case study selection and variations such as single or multi case approaches. Finally it provides thoughts about the strengths and weaknesses associated with undertaking socio-legal and comparative legal research via a case study method, addressing frequent stumbling blocks encountered by legal researchers, as well as ways to militate them. It is written with those new to the method in mind.
Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia
Authors: Villarreal M. Osvaldo , García Andrés F. 
Published: November 2016

The Cranaidae genus Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 is revisited and its species are diagnosed. An identification key for the males of Phalangodus is provided. Four Colombian species are described as new: Phalangodus briareos sp. nov. from a cave in Zapatoca, Santander department, P. cottus sp. nov. from Villavicencio, Meta department, P. gyes sp. nov. from Ibagué, Tolima department and P. kuryi sp. nov. from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena department. SEM images of the penis of Phalangodus, including the type species of the genus, P. anacosmetus Gervais, 1842, are provided for the first time. Sexual dimorphism and the morphology of stylar caps and ovipositor in Cranaidae are discussed. Additionally, we revised the geographical distribution of P. anacosmetus, including a map with the geographical records of the genus.
La critique au temps de l’amour : Jacques Rivière et la musique debussyste
Authors: Perreault Isabelle 
Published: November 2016

En replaçant dans l’histoire de la critique – et, plus largement, dans celle des conceptions musicales – les premiers textes que Jacques Rivière consacre à l’œuvre de Claude Debussy, je me propose de (re)lire ces derniers comme les traces discursives des processus de mutations qui ont lieu dans la presse musicale à l’orée du XXesiècle. Je postule d’abord que Rivière, héritier des conventions rhétoriques mises en place au XIXesiècle, use de sa connaissance de la littérature symboliste comme d’un tremplin d’accès vers la musique de Debussy. Par la façon dont le mouvement de son écriture vient épouser la forme et la ligne mélodique de l’esthétique du compositeur, Rivière parvient, d’une part, à adapter son discours à l’objet qu’il décrit – ce que j’ai appelé le « dévouement à l’objet » –, et d’autre part, à outrepasser la dialectique d’une critique impressionniste ou techniciste tout en transformant le texte en un « donné-à-entendre ». La critique musicale acquiert dès lors une nouvelle fonction, intermédiaire entre l’expérience du concert et les lecteurs deLa NRF, de sorte que les modalités du discours se modifient elles aussi. Cependant, comme partout chez Rivière, celles-ci ne peuvent se passer du filtre nécessaire à tout accueil esthétique : l’amour.
High levels of pre‐treatment HIV drug resistance and treatment failure in Nigerian children
Authors: Boerma Ragna S , Boender T Sonia , Sigaloff Kim C.E. , Rinke de Wit Tobias F , van Hensbroek Michael Boele , Ndembi Nicaise , Adeyemo Titilope , Temiye Edamisan O , Osibogun Akin , Ondoa Pascale , Calis Job C , Akanmu Alani Sulaimon 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionPre‐treatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) is an increasing problem in sub‐Saharan Africa. Children are an especially vulnerable population to develop PDR given that paediatric second‐line treatment options are limited. Although monitoring of PDR is important, data on the paediatric prevalence in sub‐Saharan Africa and its consequences for treatment outcomes are scarce. We designed a prospective paediatric cohort study to document the prevalence of PDR and its effect on subsequent treatment failure in Nigeria, the country with the second highest number of HIV‐infected children in the world.MethodsHIV‐1‐infected children ≤12 years, who had not been exposed to drugs for the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT), were enrolled between 2012 and 2013, and followed up for 24 months in Lagos, Nigeria. Pre‐antiretroviral treatment (ART) population‐based pol genotypic testing and six‐monthly viral load (VL) testing were performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of PDR (World Health Organization (WHO) list for transmitted drug resistance) on subsequent treatment failure (two consecutive VL measurements >1000 cps/ml or death).ResultsOf the total 82 PMTCT‐naïve children, 13 (15.9%) had PDR. All 13 children harboured non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations, of whom seven also had nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance. After 24 months, 33% had experienced treatment failure. Treatment failure was associated with PDR and a higher log VL before treatment initiation (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.53 (95%CI 1.61–35.15) and 2.85 (95%CI 1.04–7.78), respectively).DiscussionPDR was present in one out of six Nigerian children. These high numbers corroborate with recent findings in other African countries. The presence of PDR was relevant as it was the strongest predictor of first‐line treatment failure.ConclusionsOur findings stress the importance of implementing fully active regimens in children living with HIV. This includes the implementation of protease inhibitor (PI)‐based first‐line ART, as is recommended by the WHO for all HIV‐infected children <3 years of age. Overcoming practical barriers to implement PI‐based regimens is essential to ensure optimal treatment for HIV‐infected children in sub‐Saharan Africa. In countries where individual VL or resistance testing is not possible, more attention should be given to paediatric PDR surveys.
Identifying Clinical Factors Associated With Low Disease Activity and Remission of Rheumatoid Arthritis During Pregnancy
Authors: Ince‐Askan Hilal , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Dolhain Radboud J. E. M. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo identify a combination of clinical factors associated with low disease activity and remission in the third trimester during pregnancy in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsThis study is embedded in the Pregnancy‐Induced Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis study, a prospective cohort study. There were data available on 190 pregnancies from first trimester until delivery. Multivariate regression analyses were performed on the disease activity (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28] using the C‐reactive protein [CRP] level) in the third trimester. Independent covariates were the DAS28‐CRP‐3 in first trimester, prednisone and sulfasalazine use in the first trimester, parity, methotrexate use in the past, autoantibody status, the presence of erosions, and RA disease duration.ResultsIn multivariate regression models, the DAS28‐CRP‐3, use of prednisone in the first trimester, and the presence of autoantibodies were negatively associated with low disease activity (DAS28‐CRP‐3 <3.2) in the third trimester (P < 0.05), and the DAS28‐CRP‐3 and presence of autoantibodies were also associated with remission (DAS28‐CRP‐3 <2.6) (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the associations of prednisone use and presence of autoantibodies were only present in patients with moderate‐to‐high disease activity (DAS28‐CRP‐3 ≥3.2) in the first trimester.ConclusionRA patients who have a low DAS28‐CRP‐3 in the first trimester (irrespective of autoantibody status or prednisone use) are likely to have low disease activity or remission in the third trimester. Also, women with higher disease activity who are not taking prednisone and who express no autoantibodies still have a fair chance of low disease activity in the last trimester.
1,3‐Diamine‐Derived Bifunctional Organocatalyst Prepared from Camphor
Authors: Ričko Sebastijan , Svete Jurij , Štefane Bogdan , Perdih Andrej , Golobič Amalija , Meden Anže , Grošelj Uroš 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChiral 1,2‐diamines are privileged structural motifs in organocatalysis, whereas efficient 1,3‐diamine‐derived organocatalysts are very rare. Herein we report a highly efficient camphor‐1,3‐diamine‐derived squaramide organocatalyst. Its catalytic activity in Michael additions of 1,3‐dicarbonyl nucleophiles to trans‐β‐nitrostyrene derivatives provides excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).magnified image
Empowerment Praxis: Community Organizing to Redress Systemic Health Disparities
Authors: Douglas Jason A. , Grills Cheryl T. , Villanueva Sandra , Subica Andrew M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSocial and environmental determinants of childhood obesity present a public health dilemma, particularly in low‐income communities of color. Case studies of two community‐based organizations participating in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Communities Creating Healthy Environments (CCHE) childhood obesity initiative demonstrate multilevel, culturally situated community organizing strategies to address the root causes of this public health disparity. Informed by a 3‐lens prescription—Social Justice, Culture‐Place, and Organizational Capacity—contained in the CCHE Change Model and Evaluation Frame, we present examples of individual, organizational, and community empowerment to redress systemic inequities that manifest in poor health outcomes for people of color. These case studies offer compelling evidence that public health disparities in these communities may effectively be abated through strategies that employ bottom‐up, community‐level approaches for (a) identifying proximal and distal determinants of public health disparities, and (b) empowering communities to directly redress these inequities. Guided by this ecological framework, application of the CCHE evaluation approach demonstrated the necessity to document the granularity of community organizing for community health, adding to the community psychology literature on empowering processes and outcomes.
An Energetic Triazolo‐1,2,4‐Triazine and its N‐Oxide
Authors: Piercey Davin G. , Chavez David E. , Scott Brian L. , Imler Greg H. , Parrish Damon A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe reaction of 3‐amino‐5‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazole with nitrous acid produces the corresponding diazonium salt. When the diazonium salt is treated with nitroacetonitrile, a subsequent condensation and cyclization reaction occurres to produced 4‐amino‐3,7‐dinitrotriazolo‐[5,1‐c][1,2,4] triazine (DPX‐26). X‐ray crystallographic analysis shows that the DPX‐26 has a density of 1.86 g cm−3, while it is calculated to have a heat of formation of 398.3 kJ mol−1. DPX‐26 is predicted to approach the explosive performance of RDX but displays significantly better safety properties. Oxidation of DPX‐26 using hypofluorous acid produces 4‐amino‐3,7‐dinitrotriazolo‐[5,1‐c][1,2,4] triazine 4‐oxide (DPX‐27), which is also predicted to be a high‐performance material with enhanced safety properties.
A Square‐Planar Complex of Platinum(0)
Authors: Takeuchi Katsuhiko , Taguchi Hiro‐omi , Tanigawa Ippei , Tsujimoto Shota , Matsuo Tsukasa , Tanaka Hiromasa , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Ozawa Fumiyuki 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Pt0 complex [Pt(PPh3)(Eind2‐BPEP)] with a pyridine‐based PNP‐pincer‐type phosphaalkene ligand (Eind2‐BPEP) has a highly planar geometry around Pt with ∑(Pt)=358.6°. This coordination geometry is very uncommon for formal d10 complexes, and the Pd and Ni homologues with the same ligands adopt distorted tetrahedral geometries. DFT calculations reveal that both the Pt and Pd complexes are M0 species with nearly ten valence electrons on the metals whereas their atomic orbital occupancies are evidently different from one another. The Pt complex has a higher occupancy of the atomic 6s orbital because of strong s–d hybridization due to relativistic effects, thereby adopting a highly planar geometry reflecting the shape and orientation of the partially unoccupied
orbital.
Magneto‐Plasmonic Janus Vesicles for Magnetic Field‐Enhanced Photoacoustic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors
Authors: Liu Yijing , Yang Xiangyu , Huang Zhiqi , Huang Peng , Zhang Yang , Deng Lin , Wang Zhantong , Zhou Zijian , Liu Yi , Kalish Heather , Khachab Niveen M. , Chen Xiaoyuan , Nie Zhihong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMagneto‐plasmonic Janus vesicles (JVs) integrated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetic NPs (MNPs) were prepared asymmetrically in the membrane for in vivo cancer imaging. The hybrid JVs were produced by coassembling a mixture of hydrophobic MNPs, free amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs), and AuNPs tethered with amphiphilic BCPs. Depending on the size and content of NPs, the JVs acquired spherical or hemispherical shapes. Among them, hemispherical JVs containing 50 nm AuNPs and 15 nm MNPs showed a strong absorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) window and enhanced the transverse relaxation (T2) contrast effect, as a result of the ordering and dense packing of AuNPs and MNPs in the membrane. The magneto‐plasmonic JVs were used as drug delivery vehicles, from which the release of a payload can be triggered by NIR light and the release rate can be modulated by a magnetic field. Moreover, the JVs were applied as imaging agents for in vivo bimodal photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors by intravenous injection. With an external magnetic field, the accumulation of the JVs in tumors was significantly increased, leading to a signal enhancement of approximately 2–3 times in the PA and MR imaging, compared with control groups without a magnetic field.
Electron Cryo‐microscopy as a Tool for Structure‐Based Drug Development
Authors: Merino Felipe , Raunser Stefan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFor decades, X‐ray crystallography and NMR have been the most important techniques for studying the atomic structure of macromolecules. However, as a result of size, instability, low yield, and other factors, many macromolecules are difficult to crystallize or unsuitable for NMR studies. Electron cryo‐microscopy (cryo‐EM) does not depend on crystals and has therefore been the method of choice for many macromolecular complexes that cannot be crystallized, but atomic resolution has mostly been beyond its reach. A new generation of detectors that are capable of sensing directly the incident electrons has recently revolutionized the field, with structures of macromolecules now routinely being solved to near‐atomic resolution. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent examples of high‐resolution cryo‐EM structures. We put particular emphasis on proteins with pharmacological relevance that have traditionally been inaccessible to crystallography. Furthermore, we discuss examples where interactions with small molecules have been fully characterized at atomic resolution. Finally, we stress the current limits of cryo‐EM, and methodological issues related to its usage as a tool for drug development.
Magnetically water‐dispersible and recoverable rhodium organometallic catalyst derived from Wilkinson's catalyst for promoting organic reactions
Authors: Nejat Razieh , Mahjoub Alireza 
Published: November 2016

A novel magnetic rhodium catalyst was prepared through immobilizing Wilkinson's catalyst on the surface of silica‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles. After (thio)diphenylphosphine (─S&─PPh2) was modified on the surface of the silica‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles, tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) chloride was employed to synthesize the Rh(Cl)(PPh3)2(Ph2P&─S&─) complex, affording a rhodium loading of 0.16 mmol g−1. The Rh(I) organometallic magnetic nanoparticles form a novel class of heterogeneous catalyst which is particularly suitable for the practice of organic synthesis. The prepared system exhibits high catalytic efficiency in Suzuki–Miyaura and Miyaura–Michael reactions in ethanol–water solution. High yield, low reaction times, use of green solvents and non‐toxicity of the catalyst are the main merits of this protocol. Also, magnetic separation is an environmentally friendly alternative for the recovery of the catalyst, since it minimizes energy and catalyst loss by preventing mass loss and oxidation. The produced catalyst was characterized using a variety of techniques.
Enhanced emission from Alq3 in amphiphilic block copolymers PEG‐b‐PVK‐co‐Alq3 synthesized via RAFT polymerization
Authors: Fang Fei , Kong Fan , Zhang Xueqin , Lin Mengqi , Zhang Yichi , Ding Shounian 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTA series of amphiphilic poly(N‐vinyl carbazole) (PVK) block copolymers containing tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) have been synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization with trithiocarbonate terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a RAFT agent. The chemical structures of the block copolymers have been identified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The analysis of gel permeation chromatography indicates that the polydispersity indices of the block copolymers are lower than 1.30. The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that the decomposition temperatures of the copolymers are higher than 330  °C. The optical properties of the copolymers have been investigated and the obviously enhanced emission from Alq3 has been found due to resonance energy transfer from PVK to Alq3. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44573.