bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wireless InGaN–Si/Pt device for photo-electrochemical water splitting
Authors: Sekimoto Takeyuki , Hashiba Hiroshi , Shinagawa Shuichi , Uetake Yusuke , Deguchi Masahiro , Yotsuhashi Satoshi , Ohkawa Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate a wireless device comprising a gallium nitride (GaN)–silicon-based photo-electrode, and a platinum cathode. Compared with conventional two-electrode photo-electrochemical systems, this wireless monolithic device showed potential for a wider range of applications, and reduced the resistance losses resulting from the wiring and aqueous solution. The efficiency was improved when the electrolyte was changed from KHCO3 to NaOH because water oxidation capability of the surface of the GaN was enhanced. A wider solar spectrum wavelength range was exploited by adopting InGaN as a photo-absorption layer; the improved efficiency for hydrogen generation was 0.90%.
Percentile curves for skinfold thickness for Canadian children and youth
Authors: Kuhle Stefan , Ashley-Martin Jillian , Maguire Bryan , Hamilton David C. 
Published: July 2016

Background.Skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements are a reliable and feasible method for assessing body fat in children but their use and interpretation is hindered by the scarcity of reference values in representative populations of children. The objective of the present study was to develop age- and sex-specific percentile curves for five SFT measures (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, medial calf) in a representative population of Canadian children and youth.Methods.We analyzed data from 3,938 children and adolescents between 6 and 19 years of age who participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey cycles 1 (2007/2009) and 2 (2009/2011). Standardized procedures were used to measure SFT. Age- and sex-specific centiles for SFT were calculated using the GAMLSS method.Results.Percentile curves were materially different in absolute value and shape for boys and girls. Percentile girls in girls steadily increased with age whereas percentile curves in boys were characterized by a pubertal centered peak.Conclusions.The current study has presented for the first time percentile curves for five SFT measures in a representative sample of Canadian children and youth.
Non-invasive assessment of phosphate metabolism and oxidative capacity in working skeletal muscle in healthy young Chinese volunteers using31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Ming , Chen Fei , Wang Huiting , Wu Wenbo , Zhang Xin , Tian Chuanshuai , Yu Haiping , Liu Renyuan , Zhu Bin , Zhang Bing , Dai Zhenyu 
Published: July 2016

Background.Generally, males display greater strength and muscle capacity than females while performing a task. Muscle biopsy is regarded as the reference method of evaluating muscle functions; however, it is invasive and has sampling errors, and is not practical for longitudinal studies and dynamic measurement during excise. In this study, we built an in-house force control and gauge system for quantitatively applying force to quadriceps while the subjects underwent31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-MRS); our aim was to investigate if there is a sex difference of phosphate metabolite change in working muscles in young heathy Chinese volunteers.Methods.Volunteers performed knee-extending excises using a force control and gauge system while lying prone in a Philips 3T Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanner. The31P-MRS coil was firmly placed under the middle of the quadriceps .31P-MRS measurements of inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were acquired from quadriceps while subjects were in a state of pre-, during- and post-exercise. The PCr, Pi, PCr/Pi, PCr/ATP, pH, work/energy cost ratio (WE), kPCrand oxidative capacity were compared between males and females.Results.A total of 17 volunteers underwent the study. Males:N= 10,age= 23.30 ± 1.25years; females:N= 7, age = 23.57 ± 0.79 years. In this study, males had significantly greater WE (16.33 ± 6.46 vs. 7.82 ± 2.16,p= 0.002) than females. Among PCr, Pi, PCr/Pi, PCr/ATP, pH, kPCr and oxidative capacity at different exercise status, only PCr/Pi (during-exercise, males = 5.630 ± 1.647, females = 4.014 ± 1.298,p= 0.047), PCr/ATP (during-exercise, males =1.273 ± 0.219, females = 1.523 ± 0.167,p= 0.025), and ATP (post-exercise, males = 24.469 ± 3.911 mmol/kg, females = 18.353 ± 4.818 mmol/kg,p= 0.035) had significant sex differences. Males had significantly greater PCr/Pi, but less PCr/ATP than females during exercise, suggesting males had higher energy transfer efficiency than females. At the post-exercise status, the recovery of PCr did not show sex difference.Conclusions.Our in-house force control and gauge system quantitatively applied force during the exercise for31P-MRS experiments, and a sex difference of higher energy transfer efficiency and WE was detected in males with mild loaded exercising quadriceps. This noninvasive technology allows us to further study and understand the sex difference of high energy phosphate metabolism in the future.
A study of aerosol properties based on observations of particulate matter from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, China
Authors: Mukherjee Anondo , Toohey Darin W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe United States Embassy in Beijing, China publicly released a record of mass concentrations of particulate matter 2.5 µm and smaller in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), from April 2008 to the present, measured with a beta attenuation monitor (BAM). We compare these measurements with observations of particulate matter recorded at the Beijing Institute of Atmospheric Physics and observations of visibility recorded at the Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) to assess their value as a record of air quality in the greater Beijing metropolitan area. We find that the PM2.5 observations correlate well with the other observations of particulate matter (PM) over the period 1 January–1 February 2013 using a tapered element oscillating microbalance and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and they exhibit a clear inverse correlation with visibility measured at BCIA. Using inverse visibility as a proxy of radiation extinction, we determine a dry mass extinction efficiency and a dependence of radiation extinction on relative humidity, which is consistent with other studies of polluted urban environments. We deduce a strong degree of homogeneity of particulate pollution across the Beijing metropolitan region and conclude that the U.S. Embassy measurements are a reliable sample of this particulate pollution during periods of photochemical smog. The U.S. Embassy observations of PM2.5 appear to remain consistent throughout the available record and can serve as a useful dataset for studying future trends in particulate matter as China implements ambitious measures to improve air quality in the region.
Impaired Chaperone Activity of Human Heat Shock Protein Hsp27 Site‐Specifically Modified with Argpyrimidine
Authors: Matveenko Maria , Cichero Elena , Fossa Paola , Becker Christian F. W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNon‐enzymatic posttranslational modifications (nPTMs) affect at least ∼30 % of human proteins, but our understanding of their impact on protein structure and function is limited. Studies of nPTMs are difficult because many modifications are not included in common chemical libraries or protein expression systems and should be introduced site‐specifically. Herein, we probed the effect of the nPTM argpyrimidine on the structure and function of human protein Hsp27, which acquires argpyrimidine at residue 188 in vivo. We developed a synthetic approach to an argpyrimidine building block, which we then incorporated at position 188 of Hsp27 through protein semisynthesis. This modification did not affect the protein secondary structure, but perturbed the oligomeric assembly and impaired chaperone activity. Our work demonstrates that protein function can be altered by a single nPTM and opens up a new area of investigation only accessible by methods that allow site‐selective protein modification.
Evaluation of the emulsion copolymerization of vinyl pivalate and methacrylated methyl oleate
Authors: Jensen Alan Thyago , de Oliveira Ana Carolina Couto , Gonçalves Sílvia Belém , Gambetta Rossano , Machado Fabricio 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, we synthesized a new class of copolymeric lattices based on vinyl pivalate (VPi) and modified oleic acid (OA) through a batch emulsion polymerization process. The effects of the chemically modified OA [methacrylated methyl oleate (MAMO)] on the thermal stability, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), average molar masses [mass‐average molar mass (Mw) and number‐average molar mass (Mn)], and molar mass dispersity (Ð) of the copolymers were evaluated. The experimental results indicate that via the introduction of MAMO into the polymer chains resulted in significant reductions in Tg, Mw, Mn, and Ð; this demonstrated a decrease of Tg at approximately 40 °C when the MAMO molar fraction equaled 9% compared to the value observed for the pure poly(vinyl pivalate) (PVPi), which was equal to 80.5 °C. MAMO incorporation led to a significant decrease in the Mw value observed in the interval, with a differential from approximately 1.6 × 103 to 289.6 kg/mol, and Ð values between 2.17 to 1.55, which was when the MAMO molar fraction present in the VPi‐containing copolymers varied from zero (pure PVPi) to approximately 9 mol %. We also observed that the thermal stability of the copolymers decreased slightly when the MAMO concentration increased in the reaction medium. Despite this minor drawback, polymer lattices with a high colloidal stability were formed at a high rate of polymerization, and the elevated conversion was within the interval 90–100%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44129.
Epoxy composite reinforced with three‐dimensional polyimide fiber felt: Fabrication and tribological properties investigation
Authors: Wang Huaiyuan , Zhu Yixing , Yan Lei , Sun Liyuan , Zhu Yanji 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTNovel epoxy (EP) composite reinforced with three‐dimensional (3D) polyimide (PI) fiber felt (PI3D/EP) is first fabricated by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The tribological behaviors of pure EP and PI3D/EP composite under dry sliding and water lubricated condition are comparatively studied. Results indicate that both wear rates and friction coefficients of PI3D/EP composite are lower than those of pure EP. The wear resistance of PI3D/EP composite is 9.8 times higher than that of pure EP under dry sliding of 1.5 MPa and 0.76 m s−1 while a 27‐fold increase is achieved under water lubricated condition. The wear mechanisms of PI3D/EP composite are investigated based on tribological testing results and scanning electron microscopy observations. The PI fiber felt provides strong 3D structure supports to sustain most of the loads on the composite, improving the mechanical and tribological properties significantly. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44160.
Effect of human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on cerebral ischemic volume‐controlled photothrombotic mouse model
Authors: Choi Yun‐Kyong , Urnukhsaikhan Enerelt , Yoon Hee‐Hoon , Seo Young‐Kwon , Park Jung‐Keug 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVarious animal models of stroke have been developed to simulate the human stroke with the development of the ischemic method facilitates preclinical stroke research. The photothrombotic ischemia model, based on the intravascular photochemical reaction, is widely used for in vivo studies. However, this study has limitations, which generated a relatively small‐sized infarction model on superficial cortex compared to that of the MCAO stroke model. In this study, the photothorombosis mouse model is adapted and the optimum conditions for generation of cell death and deficits with high reproducibility is determined. The extent of damage within the cortex was assessed by infarct volume and cellular/behavioral analyses. In this model, the neural cell death and inflammatory responses is detected; moreover, the degree of behavioral impairment is correlated with the brain infarct volume. Further, to enhance the understanding of neural repair, the effect of neural differentiation by transplantation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) is analyzed. The authors demonstrated that transplantation of BM‐MSCs promoted the neural differentiation and behavioral performance in their photothrombosis model. Therefore, this research was meaningful to provide a stable animal model of stroke with low variability. Moreover, this model will facilitate development of novel MSC‐based therapeutics for stroke.
Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?
Authors: Allott Kelly , Fisher Caroline A. , Amminger Gunther Paul , Goodall Joanne , Hetrick Sarah 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) affects a quarter of adolescents and young adults and is associated with the greatest global burden of disease in this population. There is a growing literature, mostly in adults, showing that significant neurocognitive impairments are common in MDD. It remains unclear whether these impairments are pre‐existing trait markers of MDD, state‐related impairments that fluctuate with depressive symptoms, or ‘scar’ impairments that worsen with illness progression. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding MDD and neurocognitive impairment in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 12–25 years).MethodExamination of the evidence for neurocognitive deficits as trait, state, and scar features of MDD according to different study designs (family studies, premorbid studies, current depression, remitted depression, and longitudinal studies with repeated assessment) was conducted.ResultsThe few premorbid and family studies conducted in youth provide equivocal evidence for neurocognitive impairments as trait markers of MDD. The presence of state‐based neurocognitive impairment remains unclear as evidence comes mostly from cross‐sectional studies. There are a limited, but growing number of longitudinal studies with repeated neurocognitive assessment in youth. Studies that examined neurocognition prior to the onset of MDD and with long‐term follow‐up provide tentative evidence for neurocognitive scarring.ConclusionNeurocognitive impairment is a feature of MDD in adolescents and young adults. To better understand the nature, timing, and pattern of impairment, longitudinal studies that examine neurocognition before and after the development of full‐threshold MDD, including following recurrence are needed. This knowledge will have important implications for mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of MDD in youth.
Helix‐Grafted Pleckstrin Homology Domains Suppress HIV‐1 Infection of CD4‐Positive Cells
Authors: Tennyson Rachel L. , Walker Susanne N. , Ikeda Terumasa , Harris Reuben S. , Kennan Alan J. , McNaughton Brian R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe size, functional group diversity and three‐dimensional structure of proteins often allow these biomolecules to bind disease‐relevant structures that challenge or evade small‐molecule discovery. Additionally, folded proteins are often much more stable in biologically relevant environments compared to their peptide counterparts. We recently showed that helix‐grafted display—extensive resurfacing and elongation of an existing solvent‐exposed helix in a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain—led to a new protein that binds a surrogate of HIV‐1 gp41, a validated target for inhibition of HIV‐1 entry. Expanding on this work, we prepared a number of human‐derived helix‐grafted‐display PH domains of varied helix length and measured properties relevant to therapeutic and basic research applications. In particular, we showed that some of these new reagents expressed well as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, were relatively stable in human serum, bound a mimic of pre‐fusogenic HIV‐1 gp41 in vitro and in complex biological environments, and significantly lowered the incidence of HIV‐1 infection of CD4‐positive cells.
Reduction of Nitrophenyl Films in Aqueous Solutions: How Many Electrons?
Authors: Brooksby Paula A. , Shields James D. , Farquhar Anna K. , Downard Alison J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe surface concentration of nitrophenyl (NP) films is commonly calculated from the charge associated with its redox reactions in aqueous solution. Reduction is usually carried out in acidic or basic solution and is assumed to proceed by either four electrons, or a mixed four and six electron process. Here, we reproducibly graft NP films of different thicknesses to glassy carbon electrodes from the corresponding diazonium ion and examine the reduction of the films in strongly acidic and basic solutions. We demonstrate that in most, if not all, cases, assumption of a four‐electron reduction of NP groups coupled with use of the redox reaction of the hydroxylamine product will lead to an underestimation of the surface concentration of NP groups. Use of acidic media with the assumption of a mixed four and six electron reduction of NP groups is shown to be an electrochemically and chemically sensible approach to estimating surface concentrations of NP groups.
Rational Design of Fluorescent Phthalazinone Derivatives for One‐ and Two‐Photon Imaging
Authors: Yang Lingfei , Zhu Yuanjun , Shui Mengyang , Zhou Tongliang , Cai Yuanbo , Wang Wei , Xu Fengrong , Niu Yan , Wang Chao , Zhang Jun‐Long , Xu Ping , Yuan Lan , Liang Lei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPhthalazinone derivatives were designed as optical probes for one‐ and two‐photon fluorescence microscopy imaging. The design strategy involves stepwise extension and modification of pyridazinone by 1) expansion of pyridazinone to phthalazinone, a larger conjugated system, as the electron acceptor, 2) coupling of electron‐donating aromatic groups such as N,N‐diethylaminophenyl, thienyl, naphthyl, and quinolyl to the phthalazinone, and 3) anchoring of an alkyl chain to the phthalazinone with various terminal substituents such as triphenylphosphonio, morpholino, triethylammonio, N‐methylimidazolio, pyrrolidino, and piperidino. Theoretical calculations were utilized to verify the initial design. The desired fluorescent probes were synthesized by two different routes in considerable yields. Twenty‐two phthalazinone derivatives were synthesized and their photophysical properties were measured. Selected compounds were applied in cell imaging, and valuable information was obtained. Furthermore, the designed compounds showed excellent performance in two‐photon microscopic imaging of mouse brain slices.
Quantitative Determination and Comparison of the Surface Binding of Phosphonic Acid, Carboxylic Acid, and Catechol Ligands on TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Zeininger Lukas , Portilla Luis , Halik Marcus , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe adsorption, desorption, co‐adsorption, and exchange behavior of phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, and catechol derivatives on the surface of titanium oxide (anatase) nanoparticles are investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis provides a facile and fast‐track quantitative determination of the wet‐chemical monolayer adsorption constants and grafting densities of ten adsorbates, all under neutral pH conditions. This characterization protocol allows straightforward quantification of the relevant thermodynamic data of ligand adsorption and a comparison of ligand adsorption strengths. The reported procedure is proposed as a universal tool and it should be applicable to many other colloidal metal oxide materials. Moreover, the determined values for the adsorption constants and the monolayer grafting densities provide a toolbox for the assessment of the adsorbates’ behavior in desorption, exchange, and co‐adsorption equilibria. This versatile evaluation procedure will help to identify optimal monolayer–surface combinations and to evaluate critical parameters, such as monolayer robustness, ligand exchange rates, or targeted mixed assembly of functionalities.
B=N Units as Part of Extended π‐Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers
Authors: Helten Holger 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe replacement of C=C units by their isoelectronic and isosteric B=N units (BN/CC isosterism) in π‐conjugated organic compounds, as a strategy to produce novel organic–inorganic hybrid materials, has recently been successfully transferred to π‐conjugated polymers. This Concept provides an overview of the recent advances in this quickly evolving field, with a focus on synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of the new polymers and related oligomers, as well as possible future applications in organic electronics and optoelectronics.
Efficient Solar‐Driven Nitrogen Fixation over Carbon–Tungstic‐Acid Hybrids
Authors: Li Xiaoman , Wang Wenzhong , Jiang Dong , Sun Songmei , Zhang Ling , Sun Xiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAmmonia synthesis under mild conditions is of supreme interest. Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation with water at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is an intriguing strategy. However, the efficiency of this method has been far from satisfied for industrialization, mainly due to the sluggish cleavage of the N≡N bond. Herein, we report a carbon–tungstic‐acid (WO3⋅H2O) hybrid for the co‐optimization of N2 activation as well as subsequent photoinduced protonation. Efficient ammonia evolution reached 205 μmol g−1 h−1 over this hybrid under simulated sunlight. Nitrogen temperature‐programmed desorption revealed the decisive role of carbon in N2 adsorption. Photoactive WO3⋅H2O guaranteed the supply of electrons and protons for subsequent protonation. The universality of carbon modification for enhancing the N2 reduction was further verified over various photocatalysts, shedding light on future materials design for ideal solar energy utilization.
Au‐Cu Alloy Formation on Cubic Cu2O Nanocrystals at Ambient Temperature and Their Catalytic Performance
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Cao Tian , Luo Liangfeng , Song Rui , Wang Huijuan , Huang Weixin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of metal alloys usually requires harsh reaction conditions. We report herein that the chemical reactions of HAuCl4 and cubic Cu2O nanocrystal in an ethanol‐water mixture solution at ambient temperature can form supported Au‐Cu alloys. The parallel galvanic replacement reaction between HAuCl4 and Cu2O and disproportionation reaction of Cu2O simultaneously form Au and Cu atoms, respectively, on the Cu2O surface that cluster and grow into Au‐Cu alloys. The supported AuCu alloy particles exhibit excellent activity in catalyzing the liquid phase aerobic oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol. These results demonstrate a novel approach to fabricate metal alloys with very mild conditions via oxide‐surface‐directed chemical synthesis.