bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Important but De-centred: ASEAN's Role in the Southeast Asian Human Rights Space
Authors: Davies Mathew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this article, I argue that to capture ASEAN's importance in the promotion and protection of human rights requires embedding the analysis of what ASEAN says and does into an awareness of the broader human rights space of which it is a part. The Southeast Asian human rights space has four dimensions: ASEAN, domestic institutions, civil society, and the global United Nations system, all of which are increasingly linked together in a complex whole. Revealing this human rights space suggests three conclusions. First, ASEAN is important as an educator, enabler, standard setter, and mobiliser of human rights, often despite its flawed institutional design. This importance is the product of its own activities and how it is used by other actors. Second, ASEAN member states engage with each other on questions of human rights broadly, and not only through ASEAN, which illustrates the limits and resilience of the ‘ASEAN Way’ as a set of procedural norms. Third, ASEAN, despite its growing importance to human rights promotion, has become increasingly de-centred in that field, with serious consequences for its own security agenda.
A crotonyl-CoA reductase-carboxylase independent pathway for assembly of unusual alkylmalonyl-CoA polyketide synthase extender units
Authors: Ray Lauren , Valentic Timothy R. , Miyazawa Takeshi , Withall David M. , Song Lijiang , Milligan Jacob C. , Osada Hiroyuki , Takahashi Shunji , Tsai Shiou-Chuan , Challis Gregory L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractType I modular polyketide synthases assemble diverse bioactive natural products. Such multienzymes typically use malonyl and methylmalonyl-CoA building blocks for polyketide chain assembly. However, in several cases more exotic alkylmalonyl-CoA extender units are also known to be incorporated. In all examples studied to date, such unusual extender units are biosynthesized via reductive carboxylation of α, β-unsaturated thioesters catalysed by crotonyl-CoA reductase/carboxylase (CCRC) homologues. Here we show using a chemically-synthesized deuterium-labelled mechanistic probe, and heterologous gene expression experiments that the unusual alkylmalonyl-CoA extender units incorporated into the stambomycin family of polyketide antibiotics are assembled by direct carboxylation of medium chain acyl-CoA thioesters. X-ray crystal structures of the unusual β-subunit of the acyl-CoA carboxylase (YCC) responsible for this reaction, alone and in complex with hexanoyl-CoA, reveal the molecular basis for substrate recognition, inspiring the development of methodology for polyketide bio-orthogonal tagging via incorporation of 6-azidohexanoic acid and 8-nonynoic acid into novel stambomycin analogues.
Endothelial-specific inhibition of NF-κB enhances functional haematopoiesis
Authors: Poulos Michael G. , Ramalingam Pradeep , Gutkin Michael C. , Kleppe Maria , Ginsberg Michael , Crowley Michael J. P. , Elemento Olivier , Levine Ross L. , Rafii Shahin , Kitajewski Jan , Greenblatt Matthew B. , Shim Jae-Hyuck , Butler Jason M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHaematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in distinct niches within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, comprised of endothelial cells (ECs) and tightly associated perivascular constituents that regulate haematopoiesis through the expression of paracrine factors. Here we report that the canonical NF-κB pathway in the BM vascular niche is a critical signalling axis that regulates HSC function at steady state and following myelosuppressive insult, in which inhibition of EC NF-κB promotes improved HSC function and pan-haematopoietic recovery. Mice expressing an endothelial-specific dominant negative IκBα cassette under the Tie2 promoter display a marked increase in HSC activity and self-renewal, while promoting the accelerated recovery of haematopoiesis following myelosuppression, in part through protection of the BM microenvironment following radiation and chemotherapeutic-induced insult. Moreover, transplantation of NF-κB-inhibited BM ECs enhanced haematopoietic recovery and protected mice from pancytopenia-induced death. These findings pave the way for development of niche-specific cellular approaches for the treatment of haematological disorders requiring myelosuppressive regimens.
Suppressed ion-scale turbulence in a hot high-β plasma
Authors: Schmitz L. , Fulton D. P. , Ruskov E. , Lau C. , Deng B. H. , Tajima T. , Binderbauer M. W. , Holod I. , Lin Z. , Gota H. , Tuszewski M. , Dettrick S. A. , Steinhauer L. C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn economic magnetic fusion reactor favours a high ratio of plasma kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure in a well-confined, hot plasma with low thermal losses across the confining magnetic field. Field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas are potentially attractive as a reactor concept, achieving high plasma pressure in a simple axisymmetric geometry. Here, we show that FRC plasmas have unique, beneficial microstability properties that differ from typical regimes in toroidal confinement devices. Ion-scale fluctuations are found to be absent or strongly suppressed in the plasma core, mainly due to the large FRC ion orbits, resulting in near-classical thermal ion confinement. In the surrounding boundary layer plasma, ion- and electron-scale turbulence is observed once a critical pressure gradient is exceeded. The critical gradient increases in the presence of sheared plasma flow induced via electrostatic biasing, opening the prospect of active boundary and transport control in view of reactor requirements.
A live RSV vaccine with engineered thermostability is immunogenic in cotton rats despite high attenuation
Authors: Stobart Christopher C. , Rostad Christina A. , Ke Zunlong , Dillard Rebecca S. , Hampton Cheri M. , Strauss Joshua D. , Yi Hong , Hotard Anne L. , Meng Jia , Pickles Raymond J. , Sakamoto Kaori , Lee Sujin , Currier Michael G. , Moin Syed M. , Graham Barney S. , Boukhvalova Marina S. , Gilbert Brian E. , Blanco Jorge C. G. , Piedra Pedro A. , Wright Elizabeth R. , Moore Martin L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant hospitalization and there remains no pediatric vaccine. RSV live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have a history of safe testing in infants; however, achieving an effective balance of attenuation and immunogenicity has proven challenging. Here we seek to engineer an RSV LAV with enhanced immunogenicity. Genetic mapping identifies strain line 19 fusion (F) protein residues that correlate with pre-fusion antigen maintenance by ELISA and thermal stability of infectivity in live RSV. We generate a LAV candidate named OE4 which expresses line 19F and is attenuated by codon-deoptimization of non-structural (NS1 and NS2) genes, deletion of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, codon-deoptimization of the attachment (G) gene and ablation of the secreted form of G. OE4 (RSV-A2-dNS1-dNS2-ΔSH-dGm-Gsnull-line19F) exhibits elevated pre-fusion antigen levels, thermal stability, immunogenicity, and efficacy despite heavy attenuation in the upper and lower airways of cotton rats.
A small electron donor in cobalt complex electrolyte significantly improves efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Hao Yan , Yang Wenxing , Zhang Lei , Jiang Roger , Mijangos Edgar , Saygili Yasemin , Hammarström Leif , Hagfeldt Anders , Boschloo Gerrit 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical approach to solar energy conversion demands a kinetic optimization of various light-induced electron transfer processes. Of great importance are the redox mediator systems accomplishing the electron transfer processes at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, therefore affecting profoundly the performance of various photoelectrochemical cells. Here, we develop a strategy—by addition of a small organic electron donor, tris(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, into state-of-art cobalt tris(bipyridine) redox electrolyte—to significantly improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. The developed solar cells exhibit efficiency of 11.7 and 10.5%, at 0.46 and one-sun illumination, respectively, corresponding to a 26% efficiency improvement compared with the standard electrolyte. Preliminary stability tests showed the solar cell retained 90% of its initial efficiency after 250 h continuous one-sun light soaking. Detailed mechanistic studies reveal the crucial role of the electron transfer cascade processes within the new redox system.
Ultrafast electronic response of graphene to a strong and localized electric field
Authors: Gruber Elisabeth , Wilhelm Richard A. , Pétuya Rémi , Smejkal Valerie , Kozubek Roland , Hierzenberger Anke , Bayer Bernhard C. , Aldazabal Iñigo , Kazansky Andrey K. , Libisch Florian , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Schleberger Marika , Facsko Stefan , Borisov Andrei G. , Arnau Andrés , Aumayr Friedrich 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe way conduction electrons respond to ultrafast external perturbations in low dimensional materials is at the core of the design of future devices for (opto)electronics, photodetection and spintronics. Highly charged ions provide a tool for probing the electronic response of solids to extremely strong electric fields localized down to nanometre-sized areas. With ion transmission times in the order of femtoseconds, we can directly probe the local electronic dynamics of an ultrathin foil on this timescale. Here we report on the ability of freestanding single layer graphene to provide tens of electrons for charge neutralization of a slow highly charged ion within a few femtoseconds. With values higher than 1012 A cm−2, the resulting local current density in graphene exceeds previously measured breakdown currents by three orders of magnitude. Surprisingly, the passing ion does not tear nanometre-sized holes into the single layer graphene. We use time-dependent density functional theory to gain insight into the multielectron dynamics.
Unraveling the genetic basis of xylose consumption in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
Authors: dos Santos Leandro Vieira , Carazzolle Marcelo Falsarella , Nagamatsu Sheila Tiemi , Sampaio Nádia Maria Vieira , Almeida Ludimila Dias , Pirolla Renan Augusto Siqueira , Borelli Guilherme , Corrêa Thamy Lívia Ribeiro , Argueso Juan Lucas , Pereira Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe development of biocatalysts capable of fermenting xylose, a five-carbon sugar abundant in lignocellulosic biomass, is a key step to achieve a viable production of second-generation ethanol. In this work, a robust industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was modified by the addition of essential genes for pentose metabolism. Subsequently, taken through cycles of adaptive evolution with selection for optimal xylose utilization, strains could efficiently convert xylose to ethanol with a yield of about 0.46 g ethanol/g xylose. Though evolved independently, two strains carried shared mutations: amplification of the xylose isomerase gene and inactivation of ISU1, a gene encoding a scaffold protein involved in the assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. In addition, one of evolved strains carried a mutation in SSK2, a member of MAPKKK signaling pathway. In validation experiments, mutating ISU1 or SSK2 improved the ability to metabolize xylose of yeast cells without adaptive evolution, suggesting that these genes are key players in a regulatory network for xylose fermentation. Furthermore, addition of iron ion to the growth media improved xylose fermentation even by non-evolved cells. Our results provide promising new targets for metabolic engineering of C5-yeasts and point to iron as a potential new additive for improvement of second-generation ethanol production.
Systematic Assessment of Seven Solvent and Solid-Phase Extraction Methods for Metabolomics Analysis of Human Plasma by LC-MS
Authors: Sitnikov Dmitri G. , Monnin Cian S. , Vuckovic Dajana 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe comparison of extraction methods for global metabolomics is usually executed in biofluids only and focuses on metabolite coverage and method repeatability. This limits our detailed understanding of extraction parameters such as recovery and matrix effects and prevents side-by-side comparison of different sample preparation strategies. To address this gap in knowledge, seven solvent-based and solid-phase extraction methods were systematically evaluated using standard analytes spiked into both buffer and human plasma. We compared recovery, coverage, repeatability, matrix effects, selectivity and orthogonality of all methods tested for non-lipid metabolome in combination with reversed-phased and mixed-mode liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). Our results confirmed wide selectivity and excellent precision of solvent precipitations, but revealed their high susceptibility to matrix effects. The use of all seven methods showed high overlap and redundancy which resulted in metabolite coverage increases of 34–80% depending on LC-MS method employed as compared to the best single extraction protocol (methanol/ethanol precipitation) despite 7x increase in MS analysis time and sample consumption. The most orthogonal methods to methanol-based precipitation were ion-exchange solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction using methyl-tertbutyl ether. Our results help facilitate rational design and selection of sample preparation methods and internal standards for global metabolomics.
Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phage C11 and Identification of Host Genes Required for Virion Maturation
Authors: Cui Xiaoli , You Jiajia , Sun Li , Yang Xiaojing , Zhang Tian , Huang Kechong , Pan Xuewei , Zhang Fenjiao , He Yang , Yang Hongjiang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe underlying mechanisms of phage-host interactions largely remained to be elucidated. In this work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage C11 was first characterized as a Myoviridae virus having a linear dsDNA molecule of 94109 bp with 1173 bp identical terminal direct repeats (TDR). Then the mutants resistant to phage C11 were screened in a Tn5G transposon mutant library of P. aeruginosa PAK, including two mutants with decreased adsorption rates (DAR) and five mutants with wild-type adsorption rates (WAR). When the WAR mutants were incubated with phage C11, their growth rates were significantly inhibited; the replication of the phage genomic DNA was detected in all the WAR mutants with the real-time quantitative PCR analysis; and the synthesized phage genomic DNA was processed into monomers for packaging evidenced by the southern blot analysis. Moreover, with strain PAK as indicator, small quantities of phage C11 were synthesized in the WAR mutants. Taken together, these data suggested the identified genes of the WAR mutants are necessary for efficient synthesis of the infectious phage particles. Finally, the WAR mutants were detected sensitive to two other Pseudomonas phages closely related with C11, further implying the evolved diversity and complexity of the phage-host interactions in both sides.
Root transcriptome of two contrasting indica rice cultivars uncovers regulators of root development and physiological responses
Authors: Singh Alka , Kumar Pramod , Gautam Vibhav , Rengasamy Balakrishnan , Adhikari Bijan , Udayakumar Makarla , Sarkar Ananda K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe huge variation in root system architecture (RSA) among different rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars is conferred by their genetic makeup and different growth or climatic conditions. Unlike model plantArabidopsis, the molecular basis of such variation in RSA is very poorly understood in rice. Cultivars with stable variation are valuable resources for identification of genes involved in RSA and related physiological traits. We have screened for RSA and identified two suchindicarice cultivars, IR-64 (OsAS83) and IET-16348 (OsAS84), with stable contrasting RSA. OsAS84 produces robust RSA with more crown roots, lateral roots and root hairs than OsAS83. Using comparative root transcriptome analysis of these cultivars, we identified genes related to root development and different physiological responses like abiotic stress responses, hormone signaling, and nutrient acquisition or transport. The two cultivars differ in their response to salinity/dehydration stresses, phosphate/nitrogen deficiency, and different phytohormones. Differential expression of genes involved in salinity or dehydration response, nitrogen (N) transport, phosphate (Pi) starvation signaling, hormone signaling and root development underlies more resistance of OsAS84 towards abiotic stresses, Pi or N deficiency and its robust RSA. Thus our study uncovers gene-network involved in root development and abiotic stress responses in rice.
Heterogeneity of paclitaxel distribution in different tumor models assessed by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Giordano Silvia , Zucchetti Massimo , Decio Alessandra , Cesca Marta , Fuso Nerini Ilaria , Maiezza Marika , Ferrari Mariella , Licandro Simonetta Andrea , Frapolli Roberta , Giavazzi Raffaella , Maurizio D’Incalci , Davoli Enrico , Morosi Lavinia 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe penetration of anticancer drugs in solid tumors is important to ensure the therapeutic effect, so methods are needed to understand drug distribution in different parts of the tumor. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has great potential in this field to visualize drug distribution in organs and tumor tissues with good spatial resolution and superior specificity. We present an accurate and reproducible imaging method to investigate the variation of drug distribution in different parts of solid tumors. The method was applied to study the distribution of paclitaxel in three ovarian cancer models with different histopathological characteristics and in colon cancer (HCT116), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM487). The heterogeneous drug penetration in the tumors is evident from the MALDI imaging results and from the images analysis. The differences between the various models do not always relate to significant changes in drug content in tumor homogenate examined by classical HPLC analysis. The specificity of the method clarifies the heterogeneity of the drug distribution that is analyzed from a quantitative point of view too, highlighting how marked are the variations of paclitaxel amounts in different part of solid tumors.
The application of homemade Neosinocalamus affinis AC in electrokinetic removal technology on heavy metal removal from the MSWI fly ash
Authors: Liu Kexiang , Huang Tao , Huang Xiao , Yu Lin , Muhammad Faheem , Jiao Binquan , Li Dongwei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis present paper was focused on the manufacture of activated carbon (AC) and its application in the electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology on removal of the heavy metals (HMs) from the municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. AC was produced from Neosinocalamus affinis (NF) by chemical activation with H3PO4 in N2 atmosphere, the effects of activation temperatures, soaking time and impregnation ratios on the adsorption capacity of AC on HMs were examined through equilibrium adsorption experiments. The AC produced under the condition of 450 °C of activation temperature, 10 h of soaking time and 1.5 of impregnation ration was applied in the EKR experiment. The addition of AC in the S3-region of the electrolyzer could effectively improve the removal efficiencies of HMs. The technical parameters of voltage gradient, processing time and proportion were further optimized in the coupled experiments, the maximum removal of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb was 84.93%, 69.61%, 79.57%, and 78.55% respectively obtained under the optimal operating conditions of 2 V/cm of voltage gradient, 8 d of processing time and 20% of proportion.
Multi-beam reflections with flexible control of polarizations by using anisotropic metasurfaces
Authors: Ma Hui Feng , Liu Yan Qing , Luan Kang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe propose a method to convert linearly polarized incident electromagnetic waves fed by a single source into multi-beam reflections with independent control of polarizations based on anisotropic metasurface at microwave frequencies. The metasurface is composed of Jerusalem Cross structures and grounded plane spaced by a dielectric substrate. By designing the reflection-phase distributions of the anisotropic metasurface along the x and y directions, the x- and y-polarized incident waves can be manipulated independently to realize multi-beam reflections. When the x- and y-polarized reflected beams are designed to the same direction with equal amplitude, the polarization state of the beam will be only controlled by the phase difference between the x- and y-polarized reflected waves. Three examples are presented to show the multi-beam reflections with flexible control of polarizations by using anisotropic metasurfaces and excellent performance. Particularly, we designed, fabricated, and measured an anisotropic metasurface for two reflected beams with one linearly polarized and the other circularly polarized. The measurement results have good agreement with the simulations in a broad bandwidth.
Genetic polymorphisms -137 (rs187238) and -607 (rs1946518) in the interleukin-18 promoter may not be associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Shao-Liang , Zhao Yun , Hu Xue-Ying , Luo Tao , Chen Zu-Shun , Zhang Yu , Yang Shui-Hua , Zhou Lu , Li Le-Qun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study meta-analyzed the literature on possible association of polymorphisms -137 (rs187238) and -607 (rs1946518) in the interleukin-18 (IL-18) promoter with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The analysis included 8 case-control studies on the -137 polymorphism (1,318 cases, 2,254 controls) and 7 case-control studies on the -607 polymorphism (1,262 cases, 1,696 controls). None of the five genetic models suggested a significant association between the -137 polymorphism and HCC risk: allelic model, OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.74–1.34, P = 0.97; recessive model, OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.65–1.46, P = 0.91; dominant model, OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.73–2.52, P = 0.34; homozygous model, OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.65–1.49, P = 0.95; heterozygous model, OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.66–1.48, P = 0.94. Similar results were obtained in subgroup analyses of Asian patients, Chinese patients, or patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC. Similar results were also obtained for the -607 polymorphism across the entire study population as well as in the three subgroups. The available evidence suggests no significant association of the -137 or -607 polymorphisms with risk of HCC in general or specifically of HBV-related HCC. These conclusions should be verified in large, well-designed studies.
Mechanical splitting of microtubules into protofilament bundles by surface-bound kinesin-1
Authors: VanDelinder Virginia , Adams Peter G. , Bachand George D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe fundamental biophysics of gliding microtubule (MT) motility by surface-tethered kinesin-1 motor proteins has been widely studied, as well as applied to capture and transport analytes in bioanalytical microdevices. In these systems, phenomena such as molecular wear and fracture into shorter MTs have been reported due the mechanical forces applied on the MT during transport. In the present work, we show that MTs can be split longitudinally into protofilament bundles (PFBs) by the work performed by surface-bound kinesin motors. We examine the properties of these PFBs using several techniques (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, SEM, AFM), and show that the PFBs continue to be mobile on the surface and display very high curvature compared to MT. Further, higher surface density of kinesin motors and shorter kinesin-surface tethers promote PFB formation, whereas modifying MT with GMPCPP or higher paclitaxel concentrations did not affect PFB formation.