bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
17 Effects of trace mineral source on dry matter digestibility of silage and mineral absorption
Authors: de Leonel Fernando P Paula , De Araujo Davi Brito , Resende Maria Eduarda L , Leitão Guilherme C , Vieira Neto Cícero M , Braga Bruna C , Simões Tiago O , Lacerda e Souza Luis Felipe C , Cação Freitas Luis Eduardo Costa , Correa de Souza Geraldo L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Copper, manganese, and zinc when coming from highly soluble sources in the rumen can strongly bind to diet fiber, which reduces it intestinal absorption and DM digestibility. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of dry matter and the apparent absorption of Cu, Mn, and Zn depending on different sources of these trace minerals. Four ruminally cannulated crossbred steers [body weight (BW = 560 ± 35 kg)] were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design and offered corn silage ad libitum, and mineral supplement for four 21-d periods (14-d adaptation and 7-d data collection). Treatments assigned were: 1) Control (No Cu, Mn, and Zn); 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn-sulfate; 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn-organic; and 4) Cu, Mn, and Zn-hydroxychloride. In each period, two dry matter intake measurements and two total feces collections were carried out for 24 h. Thus, the digestibility of dry matter (DMd) and the apparent absorption (aA = trace minerals intake - trace minerals in feces/trace minerals intake) of Cu, Mn, and Zn were calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (P &lt; 0.05), and when significant, a multiple comparison test was performed (SNK test). No treatment x animal x period interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.05). The greatest DM digestibility was in the diets with Cu, Mn, and Zn-hydroxychloride and Cu, Mn, and Zn-organic, and the least DMd were Cu, Mn, and Zn-sulfate and control diet (P &lt; 0.05), respectively 588, 575, 468 e, 449 g/kg (Table 1). Copper apparent absorption was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in steers receiving Cu-hydroxychloride (0.14) and Cu-organic (0.12) and was equal (P ≥ 0.05) between those receiving Cu-sulfate (0.05) and those not receiving (-0.006) supplemental Cu. The sources did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) manganese aA, and the absorption of Mn was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in steers receiving Mn than those not receiving. Diets with Zn-hydroxychloride (0.16) and Zn-organic (0.12) had greater (P &lt; 0.05) aA than diet with Zn-sulfate (0.01), and steers that did not receive supplemental zinc (-0.10) had the least (P &lt; 0.05) zinc aA. Low ruminal solubility trace minerals sources result in greater DM digestibility. Hydroxychloride and organic are more absorbable than Cu and Zn sulfates. Non-supplementation resulted in a net loss of Cu, Mn, and Zn, regardless of the type of trace minerals source.
25 Copper, manganese, and zinc source and concentration in free-choice mineral supplements influence production throughout three cow-calf production cycles
Authors: Farmer Chance G , Engle Terry E , Spears Jerry W , Heldt Jeff S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The effects of Cu, Zn, and Mn source and concentration in free-choice mineral supplements on mineral status, reproduction, and performance of grazing beef cows and their offspring were evaluated over 3 production cycles. Treatments targeted: 1) 1X NASEM requirement for Cu, Zn, Mn from sulfate sources (1X SUL), 2) 1X NASEM requirement for Cu, Zn, Mn with hydroxychloride sources (1X HYD), and 3) 0.5X NASEM requirement for Cu, Zn, Mn with hydroxychloride sources (0.5X HYD). Crossbred (Angus and Angus x Hereford; n = 160) beef cows were stratified by expected calving date, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and liver mineral status and randomly assigned to one of eight replicates. Replicates were then assigned to one of the three treatments (n = 20 cows per replicate), resulting in three replicates for 1X SUL and 0.5X HYD and two replicates for 1X HYD in each year of the 3-yr study. Replicates were rotated among pastures approximately every 28 d to minimize pasture effects. Free-choice mineral feeders were used to provide Cu, Zn, and Mn treatments which were formulated into complete mineral supplements with a target intake of 114 g·cow-1·d-1. Elemental S was included in the free-choice mineral supplement at an inclusion rate of 12% S to serve as a potential antagonist to Cu. Additionally, pasture forage concentrations of Mo were &gt; 2 mg Mo/kg DM. Body weights and BCS of the cows were obtained at study initiation and at the end of yr 1, 2, and 3. Liver biopsies were obtained from all of the cows before study initiation, and then a subset of cows (10 cows per replicate) at the end of yr 1, 2, and 3. Over the 3-yr study, mineral supplement intake was approximately 1.5 times the targeted intake for all treatments. Cow BW and BCS were similar (P ≥ 0.91) across treatments over the 3-yr study. Liver Cu, Zn, and Mn concentrations and pregnancy rate to AI were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in cows receiving 1X HYD and 0.5X HYD compared with 1X SUL after yr 2 and 3 of the study. Actual weaning weights were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in 1X HYD and 0.5X HYD supplemented animals compared with 1X SUL after yr 3 of mineral supplementation. Hydroxy Cu, Zn, and Mn supplementation improved Cu, Zn, Mn liver status, pregnancy rate to AI, and actual weaning weights of calves compared with sulfate sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn.
26 Trace minerals to improve bull fertility
Authors: Fontes Pedro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Bull fertility is paramount for reproductive success in cow-calf production systems and there are a variety of factors that influence bull fertility. Trace mineral requirements and recommendations have been established for growing and finishing steers, as well as lactating and pregnant cows, yet no specific requirements have been established for young or mature beef bulls. Nonetheless, trace minerals have been shown to have an important role in sexual maturation and semen quality of ruminants. Research performed in rams indicates that zinc deficiency results in reduced testicular development, decreased testicular concentrations of testosterone, and impaired development of seminiferous tubules. Deficiency of Zn has also been reported to negatively impact male fertility in humans, where men diagnosed with infertility responded positively to Zn supplementation. In growing bulls, diets with greater concentrations of organic forms of Zn, Cu, and Mn, tended to result in earlier attainment of puberty compared with control diets containing inorganic minerals. Furthermore, greater liver concentrations of Zn have been negatively correlated with sperm acrosomal damage in growing bulls, based on flow cytometry analyses. More recent research indicates that the use of hydroxichloride-based trace minerals results in greater liver concentrations of Zn and Cu compared with sulfate sources. While evidence indicates that trace mineral status has an important role in bull fertility, further research is required to better understand the contributions of trace minerals to semen quality. In addition, investigating the impact of trace mineral sources with greater bioavailability on semen quality may result in the development of practical recommendations that optimize bull fertility.
52 Differences in body composition measurements for developing Angus heifers
Authors: Phelps Sarah L , Dahlke Garland , Reynolds Mary E , Wall Patrick B , Culbertson Miranda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The profitability of beef cow-calf operations relies on the reproductive ability of females to calve at 2 yr of age and provide a calf each subsequent year for her lifetime. The management of replacement heifers could affect her ability to conceive early, calve, and rebreed. Common management practices use heifer body weight (BW) (and body condition score (BCS) as indicators of puberty onset but do not indicate body composition and fat deposition. The objective of this study was to use ultrasound measurements of carcass traits to compare the effect of different diet management practices on muscle development and fat deposition of post-weaning heifers. The heifers placed on a higher energy diet are expected to have greater mean carcass trait measurements than the lower energy diet heifers. A total of 124 purebred Angus heifers from the Iowa State University McNay Memorial Research and Demonstration Farm were used for this study. Two diets were administered in this study. One group of heifers (G1; n = 61) was developed on a low-energy roughage diet to reach a target BW of 55% of mature BW at the time of breeding. The second group (G2; n = 63) was developed on a grain diet to reach the target BW of 65% mature BW at breeding. Body weight and ultrasound measurements for backfat (BFAT), ribeye area (REA), and intramuscular fat (IMF) were collected over three time points (0-d, 55-d, and 123-d) during the study to quantify the development of body composition characteristics. The initial measurements were collected 1 wk post-weaning. Significant mean differences between the two groups were observed for BW, BFAT, and REA at 55-d (P = 0.027, P = 0.008, and P &lt; 0.0001, respectively), and 123-d (P &lt; 0.001). The mean differences for BW, BFAT, and REA at 123-d between G1 and G2 were 30.98 kg, 0.10 cm, and 7.81 cm2, respectively No significant difference was found between the groups for IMF measurements at 55-d (P = 0.927) or 123-d (P = 0.169). This suggests IMF is not significantly influenced by diet during the early, post-weaning heifer developmental stage. Although further research is needed, the results from this study suggest the development of weight, BFAT, and REA in early post-weaning beef heifers is influenced by the energy concentration of the diet.
51 Lean meat yield of Angus, Brahman and Charolais grain fed steers
Authors: Burgess Jillian E M , Imaz Jose A , Gonzalez Luciano A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Lean meat yield (LMY) is a key driver of profitability in the beef industry, and it is associated with muscling and feed efficiency (Pethick et al., 2021). No research has studied differences in LMY between British, Continental, and Tropical beef breeds fed for increasing days on feed. The objective of the present study was to compare LMY of Angus, Brahman and Charolais steers with increasing days on feed (DOF). The hypothesis was that Charolais have the greatest LMY throughout the feeding period due to being a later maturing, high muscling breed compared with Angus and Brahman. Angus (n = 30), Brahman (n = 30), and Charolais (n = 29) 12-18 mo-old steers were inducted with a body weight (BW) of 361 ± 5.3 kg, 355 ± 5.3 kg and 317 ± 5.3 kg, respectively. Six animals of each breed were randomly selected for slaughter at 50-d intervals until 200 DOF. Steers were allowed ad libitum access to water and feed (78% rolled barley, 13.76% CP, 12.15 ME MJ/kg DM). Body weight, hot carcass weight (HCW), and LMY were measured at slaughter. All components of the animal were collected, and carcass muscle, fat and bones physically dissected with knives and weighed separately. The LMY as % empty BW (EBW) was calculated as the weight of lean meat separated from the carcass divided by EBW. The LMY as % of HCW was calculated as the weight of lean meat separated from the carcass divided by HCW. Data was analyzed with a model containing the fixed effect of breed, DOF at slaughter, and their interaction. Breed, DOF and their interaction affected LMY expressed as both ratio to EBW and HCW (P &lt; 0.05). Charolais steers had the greatest LMY (% HCW) at 50, 100, and 150 DOF, but similar to Brahman at 0 and 200 DOF (P &lt; 0.05; Figure 1a). Angus steers showed the lowest LMY (% HCW) throughout all DOF (P &lt; 0.05) except at 50 DOF being similar to Brahman (P &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, Charolais had the greatest LMY (% EBW) from 50 to 200 DOF (P &lt; 0.05) but it was similar to Brahman at 0 DOF (Figure 1b; P &gt; 0.05). Angus had the least LMY (% EBW) throughout (P &lt; 0.05) but was not different to Brahman at 50 DOF. Brahman had intermediate LMY (% EBW and % HCW) between Charolais and Angus. Differences between beef breeds suggest that LMY should be considered as another factor to establish an accurate carcass value.
261 Vitamin A administration in pregnant cows or newborn calves: Growth performance and carcass traits
Authors: Ladeira Marcio M , Junior Jose Maria oliveira , Casagrande Daniel R , Salinas Sara , Horta Artur , Souza Marcela , Dias Miguel , Souza Paloma , Vale Rafael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Vitamin A (VA) injection on the growth performance and carcass traits of Nellore × Angus crossbred steers and heifers. For that, the same sire inseminated Nellore cows from two artificial insemination (AI) groups were randomly assigned to one of three treatments at 250 d of gestation: no VA injection (Control); VA injection in pregnant cows at 250 d of gestation (VAcow; 2,000,000 IU single dose); VA injection in newborn calves at birth and 60 d of age (VAcalf; 200,000 IU each dose). Cow-calf pairs were kept in the same paddock, and calves received creep-feeding supplementation from 90 d of age to weaning. After weaning, steers and heifers [n = 36; body weight (BW) 213 ± 25.7 kg] were stratified by treatment and BW and allotted into 16 pens. After 207 d of feeding (77 d of growing diet + 130 d of finishing diet), steers and heifers were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of VA injection, sex, and VA injection*sex interaction. The random effects were animal, AI group, and cow parity. Average daily gain before weaning (P &lt; 0.01) and final BW in the finishing phase were greater (P = 0.04) in VAcow steers compared with heifers from all treatments (Table 1). Vitamin A had a positive impact on weaning BW of male calves and a negative impact on heifers (P &lt; 0.01). There was no treatment difference (P = 0.35) in feedlot average daily gain (ADG), but steers had greater (P = 0.03) ADG compared with heifers. Moreover, VAcow steers had greater dry matter intake (DMI) in the feedlot (P = 0.04) compared with other treatments, and there was no effect of VA on DMI of heifers. On the other hand, feedlot feed efficiency tended to be greater (P = 0.07) in Control steers compared with other treatments, with no VA effect on heifers too. The ribeye area was greater (P = 0.04) in VAcow steers than in Control steers and heifers from all treatments. Intramuscular fat content was greater (P = 0.04) in VAcow steers than in Control and VAcalf steers. However, there was no effect of VA on heifers and VAcow steers. In addition, VAcow treatment tended (P = 0.08) to increase backfat thickness. In conclusion, VA injection in pregnant cows can be a strategy to improve marbling in steers, but there is no effect on intramuscular fat in heifers. Additionally, VA injection in pregnant cows produced intramuscular content in beef of steers, similar to heifers.
262 Why are some cows skinny? An evaluation of stress and immune factors
Authors: Lindholm-Perry Amanda K , Kuehn Larry A , Freetly Harvey C , Oliver William T , Neville Bryan W , Crouse Matt S , Thorson Jennifer F , Wells Jim E , Keel Brittney N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
For the mature cow with low body condition scores (BCS), being too thin can accompany health issues, reduced pregnancy rates, more days to rebreeding, and decreased milk production resulting in lighter calves at weaning. In addition, reduced fat insulation in low BCS cows during the winter equates to additional feed requirements for warmth. The hypothesis of this study was that stress and immune factors contribute to low BCS in mature cows. The objective of this study was to determine whether there were differences in hematology parameters, hair cortisol concentrations, and plasma cytokine concentrations among animals with low body condition (BCS ≤ 4). Over a 3 yr study, we collected 62 pairs of cows which included cows with a BCS ≤ 4, and a matched control animal born in the same year with the same or similar breed composition from the same population of animals with a BCS of 5 or higher. Hematology parameters, cytokine concentration, and cortisol concentrations were analyzed using a model with BCS classification and sample year as fixed effects and age in years as a covariate. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell and mean platelet volume were all less among the low BCS cows, and neutrophil count was greater (P &lt; 0.05). Platelet, monocyte counts, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin tended to be greater in low BCS cows (0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.1), and lymphocyte count tended to be less. Hair cortisol concentrations, a longer-term measure of cortisol, tended to be greater in low BCS cows (P = 0.09). None of the 15 cytokines tested differed with BCS. The combination of reduced RBC parameters with greater neutrophils suggests that low BCS cows were responding to or were the reflection of some type of chronic stressor, such as a subclinical disease state or a physiologic stressor. This was also supported by the tendency for greater cortisol concentrations in low BCS cows. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
259 Impacts of vaccination or lipopolysaccharide challenge on ruminal and physiological responses in beef cattle
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F , Pickett Autumn , Mackey Shea , Prado Mykael , Gouvêa Vinicius N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This experiment compared feed intake, ruminal forage degradability, and physiological responses in beef cattle receiving a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge or a modified-live vaccine for respiratory disease. Ruminally cannulated Angus-influenced steers [n = 15; initial body weight (BW) = 589 kg ± 45] were housed in individuals pens with free access to hay, water, and a commercial vitamin + mineral mix during the experiment (d -7 to 7). On d 0, steers were ranked by initial BW and allocated to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) i.v. bolus dose (5 mL) of bacterial LPS (0.5 μg/kg of BW; Escherichia coli 0111:B4) + s.c. injection (2 mL) of 0.9% physiological saline (LPS), 2) i.v. dose (5 mL) of 0.9% physiological saline + 2 mL s.c. injection of Bovi-Shield Gold One Shot (VAC), or 3) i.v. bolus dose (5 mL) and s.c. injection (2 mL) of 0.9% physiological saline (CON). Hay intake was evaluated daily from d -5 to 7. Immediately prior to treatment administration on d 0, polyester bags containing 4 g of ground dietary hay [dry matter (DM) basis] were immersed into the rumen of each steer and incubated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h for DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability evaluation. Blood samples were collected at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h relative to treatment administration. Values obtained before treatment administration were used as a covariate within each respective analysis. Steers receiving LPS had less DMI (P &lt; 0.01) on d 0 and 1 compared with CON and VACC steers. Steers receiving LPS had reduced (P ≤ 0.02) ruminal disappearance rate (%/h) and effective degradability (%) of DM and NDF compared with CON and VACC steers. Steers receiving LPS and VACC had greater (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentrations of haptoglobin (P &lt; 0.01) from 18 to 144 h relative to treatment administration when compared with CON, whereas LPS steers had greater plasma haptoglobin (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations compared with VACC at 48 and 60 h. Overall, administration of LPS and VACC elicited an inflammatory response in cattle with increased levels and plasma haptoglobin. However, only LPS administration reduced DMI and ruminal in situ disappearance parameters including ruminal disappearance rate and effective degradability of DM and NDF.
264 Dakota Feeder Calf Show: Twenty-two years of producer retained ownership at NDSU
Authors: Tobin Colin T , Hoppe Karl F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Retained ownership of weaned steers has been limited in North Dakota. With annual reductions to cattle on feed numbers, genetic potential continues to leave the state each fall as North Dakota-born steers are fed across Central and Southern Plains States. In October 2001, the Dakota Feeder Calf Show (DFCS) relocated to the North Dakota State University Carrington Research Extension Center (CREC). The DFCS provides livestock producers the opportunity to consign spring-born steer calves to be fed to finish while receiving performance, carcass, and economic data to make informed management decisions, such as genetic selection. Calves consigned to the DFCS are marketed on a value-based grid and producers are afforded premiums for exceptional carcass qualities. The aim of this analysis is to determine changes in growth performance and carcass characteristics of steers. From Fall 2001 to Spring 2023, 140 consigners delivered 3,913 steers to be backgrounded and finished at the CREC. To identify trends throughout time within the dataset, independent variables, including initial bodyweight (IBW), days on feed (DOF), final bodyweight (FBW), marbling score (MS), hot carcass weight (HCW), rib fat (RF), ribeye area (REA), USDA Yield Grade (YG), total weight gain (TWG), and average daily gain (ADG) were regressed against year and DOF and correlations among independent variables were calculated using the REG and CORR procedures of SAS 9.4. No differences in IBW (P = 0.46), REA (P = 0.70), and ADG (P = 0.69) were detected. Days on feed (P &lt; 0.0001), FBW (P = 0.0012), MS (P = 0.0006), HCW (P = 0.0017), RF (P = 0.0023), YG (P = 0.0007), and TWG (P = 0.0015) have increased linearly throughout the 22-year retained ownership program. The relationship of MS and RF are regressed MS = 263+(373*RF; P &lt; 0.0001). Increasing DOF has resulted in linearly increased FBW (P = 0.012), MS (P = 0.0009), HCW (P = 0.0164), RF (P = 0.0193), YG (P = 0.0042), and TWG (P = 0.007).
267 Comparison of methods to process remotely collected body weight in feedlot steers
Authors: Gonzalez Luciano A , Burgess Jillian E M , Shirvan Milad Bagheri 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
New technologies such as automatic in-pen weighing of cattle offer great opportunities to monitor, improve and control livestock production. The large amount of raw BW data recorded must be processed to estimate BW minimizing the impact of erroneous records and the large variability due to various factors such as fill of the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the present study was to compare two data processing methods of remotely collected body weight (BW) in feedlot steers against traditional weighing measured in central handling facilities. The BW data were collected from a serial slaughter trial with 26 steers of each Angus, Brahman, and Charolais slaughtered at 50, 100, 150, and 200 DOF (initial BW = 345 ± 29.9 kg). Body weight was measured every 50 d in the central handling facilities (stationary BW in a weighing box) and then using an in-pen weighing system setup in front of the water trough to record animal BW linked to RFID while drinking water. The remotely collected BW data were processed with two smoothing: 1) penalized b-splines (BWpbs) and 2) natural cubic splines (BWncs). After fitting the data from each animal to each smoothing algorithm, datapoints greater or less than the estimated BW × 1.5 residual error were deleted. The BW estimated from remotely collected data with each method was regressed against traditional BW. The former algorithm resulted in a linear regression of the form BWpbs = -13.1 (± 1.46) + 1.04 (± 0.003) BW (R2 = 0.996; RMSW = 6.46 kg). The natural cubic spline algorithm resulted in a linear regression of the form BWncs = -11.0 (± 3.02) + 1.04 (± 0.007) BW (R2 = 0.985; RMSW = 12.88 kg). Both algorithms had acceptable accuracy and precision although the penalized b-spline algorithm was more sensitive because it better detected sudden changes in BW. The intercept showed that both algorithms estimated heavier BW compared with traditional BW, likely because of BW loss due to defecation and urination during yarding. In conclusion, penalized b-splines smoothing algorithm is recommended over natural cubic splines to process remotely collected BW because of decreased error and greater precision.