bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnically and Racially Mixed Families in the
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Authors: Csizmadia Annamaria 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Ethnically and racially mixed families consist of family members of different ethnicity or race. Until 1967, interracial unions were outlawed. With the deconstruction of legal barriers to interracial marriage, social acceptance and the number of ethnically and racially mixed relationships have grown considerably. Yet, ethnically and racially mixed families today may face challenges regarding family identity development, boundary management, social disapproval, and racism. Parents have the added task of supporting their multiracial children's healthy ethnic/racial identity development and preparing them to manage social relations across ethnic and racial lines both within and outside the family. Research suggests that multiracial youth identify in a variety of ways; they may also change their identity across context and over time. Their racial identification depends on numerous individual, family, and situational factors and is associated with diverse developmental outcomes. Future research should study young children's development over time in ethnically and racially mixed families.
Family Resilience
Authors: Coyle James P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Family resilience is a dynamic process in which families successfully cope with or adapt to adverse events or conditions that place them at risk for poor outcomes. This occurs when families use family, individual, and community resources that compensate for or assist in the recovery from adverse events to achieve positive outcomes. Research has examined the impact of common risk factors, for example, physical or mental illness, disability, substance abuse, normative transitions, and disasters, and the benefits from protective factors such as positive family functioning, spiritual beliefs, or supportive resources outside the family. Family resilience‐based treatment approaches assess interactions between risk factors and available protective factors and focus on interventions that enhance protective factors.
Poverty in the
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Authors: McCandless N. Jane 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Poverty, or the absence of the basic needs of life, has been part of American society for decades. However, on closer examination, living without even the basic needs of life is more prevalent among certain segments of US society, including women, children, and members of racial minorities. While the explanations of poverty are varied and abundant, the fact remains that these explanations have done little to decrease the number of persons living below the poverty line. Today, far too many persons continue to live in poverty, resulting in very real consequences for these persons both individually and socially. Efforts to end poverty began in the 1930s and yet only small steps have been made toward its complete eradication.
Marriage Movement
Authors: Heath Melanie , Randles Jennifer , Avishai Orit 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe marriage movement arose in the late 1990s in the United States out of growing concern over trends in marriage and its steady decline, rising rates of divorce, cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing, and debates over same‐sex marriage. Its activities and organizations include faith‐based, proheterosexual and antigay marriage campaigns; covenant marriage and divorce law reform efforts; marriage and relationship education and school‐based classes; and government‐funded federal, state, and community marriage initiatives.
Primogeniture
Authors: Shuker Zeinab F. , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Primogeniture literally means “first born,” but is nearly always linked to the legal or customary right of inheritance of property (land), titles, and/or offices by the first‐born son. The system appears nearly as old as heritable property, when lineage and descent becomes a real or fictive determinant of the maintenance of “family” property. Primogeniture reaches its zenith in agrarian or feudal societies and, typically speaking, is less and less important in urban societies; as has been the case in many European states, it may become legally prohibited.
Role‐Sequencing
Authors: Azneer Daniel 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Individuals often fill various roles through their lifetime. The student role, the worker role, the partner role, and the parent role are all shoes that an individual may fill during their lifetime. Role‐sequencing aims to explain how individuals transition from role to role and explains how they can adjust better to some roles than others. Role‐sequencing provides a context and explanation that helps give meaning to an individual's life.
Child Custody
Authors: Elizabeth Vivienne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Determining custody arrangements for children when parents have separated or divorced is becoming a commonplace experience in the west, especially in English‐speaking countries. In general, the guiding principle in family law for the determination of postseparation arrangements for children is that of the “best interests of the child.” The current understanding of this principle stresses the importance of the ongoing involvement of both biological parents in their children's lives. Hence, joint legal custody has become normative, as has regular and frequent contact, if not equal shared care. However, the emphasis given to the quantity of time in debates over residence and contact can detract attention from more important issues, like the quality of parenting children receive; their exposure to conflict, violence, and/or abuse; and children's developmental needs. Issues raised by social parents and wider kin have also been largely neglected.
Childhood, Sociology of
Authors: Tabor Jaclyn A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The sociology of childhood attempts to rectify the absence of children in meaningful sociological work by placing them at the center of study. Moving beyond seeing children as passive subjects of socialization, contemporary childhood studies see children as (1) active, creative social agents who appropriate as well as contribute to adult culture, (2) socially constructed, and (3) in potentially power‐differential relationships peers and with adults. Because of the uniqueness of children's social position, contemporary childhood scholars advocate the use of qualitative methodologies (especially comparative ethnographies, interviews, and historical research) for studying children and childhood. Future directions for research in this burgeoning field are discussed.
Monogamy
Authors: Uz Irem 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Monogamy is the pair‐bonding of two mates. It is found in less than 5 percent of mammals. Yet, monogamy is a central element in human mating systems. Based on sexual strategies theory, some scientists suggest that great sex differences exist in monogamous tendencies. However, others dispute that claim by asserting that the research in human mating systems exaggerated sex differences by exclusively focusing on differences and ignoring the many similarities between males and females. Debate continues as to whether humans are closer to sexual monomorphic species.
Marriage and Relationship Education in theUnitedStates
Authors: Randles Jennifer , Avishai Orit , Heath Melanie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMarriage and relationship education involves teaching romantically involved couples how to develop positive communication and conflict resolution patterns. Marriage and relationship education is founded on the idea that people can cultivate skills, attitudes, and knowledge that can help them create and sustain mutually satisfying interpersonal relationships and avoid relationship distress and separation, thereby preventing the negative social outcomes associated with relationship and family instability.
Polyandry
Authors: Blume Amelia , Abrutyn Seth 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Polyandry is the marital practice of one woman taking multiple husbands. Most commonly practiced as fraternal polyandry or as a marriage between a woman and a set of brothers, polyandry creates a solution to kinship problems, especially in societies where an uneven sex ratio has negatively impacted mate selection. While this system has been commonly considered rare, recent research has questioned whether it may be more prevalent than previously assumed. Within the resurgence of the study of polyandry, the term has also been reconceptualized to apply more broadly in terms of behavioral ecology or adaptive patterns. Within this framework, polyandry is argued to hold a degree of importance in terms of the formation of the nature of human sexuality.
Family Systems Theory
Authors: Johnson Benjamin E. , Ray Wendel A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Family systems theory places primary focus on exchanges of behavior that take place in a given moment of interaction between members of the family. The theory maintains that patterns of interaction between family members call forth, maintain, and perpetuate both problem
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nonproblematic behavior. Nonpathology‐oriented, family system theory seeks to identify and bring forth reconstitutive behavioral exchanges between family members. Emphasis is placed on identifying and interrupting repeating sequences of behavioral exchanges of which the problem behavior is a part. When these problem‐perpetuating patterns are successfully interrupted, the problem behavior dissipates and treatment is complete.
Childlessness, Involuntary
Authors: Olmer Ruth M. , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Involuntary childlessness can be caused by a number of physical and situational factors. For those who choose to pursue medical treatments in the hope of becoming pregnant, it is an expensive and frequently disappointing journey. Couples and individuals living with involuntary childlessness have to face the stigma of not having children in today's society and to create new goals and plans for their future. Couples experiencing infertility are at greater risk of divorce, affairs, suicide, and a number of other negative consequences. Therapy can assist individuals and couples to grieve while discovering and forming their new childfree identity and to work toward a different but still fulfilling future.
Mothering, Intensive, in theUnitedStates
Authors: Walls Jill K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSharon Hays was the first to describe intensive mothering ideology as a set of beliefs about appropriate caregiving and the responsibility of mothers. As part of an intensive mothering ideology, mothers are assumed to be primary caregivers who prioritize their children's needs and invest all of their energy and resources in the mothering role. Feminist scholarship expanding on the work of Hays has shown how mothers vary systematically in their endorsement of intensive mothering beliefs. Mothers' education seems to play a significant role in shaping their endorsement of intensive mothering beliefs. Related studies have examined aspects of intensive mothering beliefs such as attitudes toward maternal employment and child care. The personal and relational consequences for endorsing intensive mothering beliefs have not been examined empirically. Future research is needed to understand fathers' mothering beliefs and links between intensive mothering beliefs and mothers' intersecting background characteristics.
Intermarriage in theUnitedStates
Authors: Noam Kris R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntermarriage occurs when two people from different backgrounds form a marital bond. Intermarried partners can differ in their race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, or a combination of these characteristics. Since the 1960s, there has been a growth in the number of people who intermarry. This growth can be attributed to an increasingly heterogeneous society, progressively positive attitudes toward marrying the other, and closing gaps between “us” and “them.” In addition to structural changes and explanations of intermarriage, several individual‐based theories aim to explain the phenomenon, such as hypergamy theory and assimilation theory. Intermarriage can bring populations together that may not have had any contact otherwise, which may increase the overall harmony in a diverse society such as the United States.
Gender and Aging
Authors: McCandless N. Jane 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Growing older is not the same for women as it is for men. Women's and men's early socialization has very real consequences in the later years of life. Seeing as women are consistently, and over the course of their lives, defined as caring, emotional, and domestic, it is not surprising to find that they enter the later years of life with unique values, attitudes, behaviors, and circumstances. Like women, when men are consistently, and over the course of their lives, defined as ambitious, competitive, and independent, it is not surprising to find that they enter the later years of life with different unique values, attitudes, behaviors, and circumstances. Indeed, gender has an impact upon the aging process for both women and men.
Intergenerational Households
Authors: Piontak Joy Rayanne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Intergenerational households have been on the rise since the early twenty‐first century. Contrary to popular belief, most are formed to allow elderly parents to provide assistance to adult children and/or grandchildren. Minority families are more likely than white families to live in intergenerational households, and low‐income families are more likely to live in intergenerational households than are affluent families. Households consisting only of grandparents and grandchildren have even higher rates of poverty. Intergenerational households, and when and why they form, are affected by public policies, both those aimed at mothers and families and those aimed at the elderly, and by changes in economic conditions.
Cohabitation, Nonmarital
Authors: Rougeaux‐Burnes Gaston , Spray Beverly J. , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTraditionally, couples have exhibited their commitment to each other through marriage. Couples have expanded upon their typical demonstrations of commitment to include the practice of nonmarital cohabitation. In nonmarital cohabitation, two individuals in a romantic relationship live together without being married. Reasons for cohabiting can differ between males and females, as well as by race. Research generally shows that cohabitation correlates strongly with later marital dissatisfaction, but research since 2000 has determined that not all cohabiting couples are alike and that couples who are engaged before cohabitating are exempt from this effect primarily due to the couple's level of commitment before cohabitation. Commitment also informs the ways in which couples decide to cohabit, which is often referred to as the process of “sliding versus deciding.” Cohabitation tends to have worse outcomes for those who continually move into and out of cohabiting.
Caregiving Experience
Authors: Wendel Carrie , Landry Sarah Terrebonne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the United States and in many other countries worldwide, the demand for caregivers is rising as the population ages, at the same time that the supply of family caregivers is declining. Caregiving is a holistic activity, encompassing numerous tasks and emotions, and therefore can be difficult to define and quantify. Most caregivers are women providing unpaid care to family members, although male caregivers and the formal caregiving workforce is growing. Feminist scholars on caregiving have pointed to the ways in which caregiving is devalued by many societies. Although many caregivers take pride in fulfilling this responsibility, they also often experience negative health and financial consequences. The United States has some social policies to support caregivers.
Children's Literature and Family Diversity
Authors: Miller Bobbi J. , Mitchell Stephen W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The representation of diversity in children's literature has expanded from a focus on individual identities to representation of increasingly complex and diversified family structures. Children's ability to see themselves and their families mirrored in the stories they read impacts their development of a healthy identity. In addition, seeing families that are different may increase sensitivity and the ability to interact cross‐culturally. Research and theoretical work since the early 2000s have focused on barriers that prevent existing literature from being more widely distributed, thereby limiting and narrowing children's exposure to diverse family structures, particularly in representations of gay‐ and lesbian‐headed households.
Grief
Authors: Lapierre Tracey A. , Leszko Magdalena 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGrief encompasses emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical responses to a loss. Western notions of grief have been heavily influenced by a medical model that views grief as a form of illness in need of intervention, although no clear consensus exists on what constitutes normal versus abnormal grief. Societal norms and rules prescribe how a bereaved individual is expected to feel, think, and behave, shaping individual experiences of grief. Culturally based grieving rules govern what losses can be legitimately grieved, by whom and for how long, and how others should respond. Experiences falling outside these rules are disenfranchised. The type of loss experienced and the social characteristics of the bereaved also influence the experience of grief. A plethora of theories on grief exist with notable shifts over time. Collective experiences of grief are also investigated at the family and community level.
Moldova, Families in
Authors: Bodrug‐Lungu Valentina , Kostina‐Ritchey Erin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFamily dynamics in Moldova reflect a balance between traditional and modern societal demands. The transformation of the family institution has been influenced by population shifts including negative demographic growth, the deterioration of socioeconomic structures, and external migration. To meet the changing demands of modern society, family policy should not only be limited to government programming aimed at increasing fertility but should also be expanded to other comprehensive measures, addressing family issues connected to family and work–life balance, job creation, and broader gender equality issues.
Lesbian Relationships
Authors: Harder Brittany M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Lesbian relationships are complex and unique in many ways. The creation and maintenance of relationships begins with unique bonds and highly valued friendship networks that involve social support, trust, and shared experiences. A host of factors contribute to the overall quality of lesbian relationships and the degree of relationship satisfaction. Some of these factors include the disclosure of sexual orientation, external social support, role conflict, quality of alternatives, investment, and differences based on race/ethnicity, social class, and age. Lesbian couples face various societal and legal barriers that limit their options, such as being excluded from the institution of marriage and discrimination in raising children. Everyday experiences of discrimination, prejudice, stigma, and management of a lesbian identity also contribute to the vulnerability of lesbians and lesbian relationships.
Homeschooling in the
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Authors: Hughes Teresa Shehan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Learning at home is not a new phenomenon in the United States. Throughout American history, parents have assumed the responsibility of teaching their children practical skills to assist them with daily life. The advent of public school codes during the mid‐1800s instituted compulsory education and required children to attend school at designated institutions of learning. These mandatory attendance laws caused the decline of learning at home as American families began to rely on public schools to educate their children. It was not until educational reform movements of the 1970s and 1980s called for school improvement that parents once again began to consider homeschooling as an option.
Decision‐Making in Families
Authors: Weber Kirsten M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDue to changes in the role of women in society and in the structure of families, in the United States decision‐making practices within families have moved from being primarily driven by husbands to collaborative experiences among all family members. In particular, joint decision‐making has flourished in marital dyads, and family‐centered decision‐making, which includes the input of children, is on the rise. These more inclusive family decision‐making patterns have received increased attention in the medical field as family members are being called upon to help make a variety of health‐related decisions.
Lesbian Parents
Authors: Gilmore Denise L. , Esmail Ashraf , Eargle Lisa A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
For lesbians parenting is not a new occurrence. Just like their male gay counterparts, lesbians have been raising children for decades. Children enter lesbian parent households in a multiplicity of ways. These children are often the result of the blending of families from lesbians' previous heterosexual relationships; they may also be birthed by means of surrogacy; one of the lesbians in the relationship may become impregnated through in vitro fertilization; or the lesbian couple may decide adoption is the best method for them. According to the US Census Bureau American Community Survey on Same‐Sex Couples in the year 2009, of the identified 581,300 total unmarried same‐sex households (male–male/female–female) in the United States, approximately 23.9 percent of the female–female households (300,890) contained children who were being reared by lesbian parents.
Civil Unions
Authors: Solernou Daniel J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A civil union is the legal recognition of a domestic partnership and is typically reserved for same‐sex couples who are denied the legal status of a marriage. The registration of the union provides the partnership with some legal rights, obligations, and benefits that are similar to or approaching those of a marriage. Same‐sex domestic partnerships challenge the traditional marriage paradigm, which has placed civil unions amid heated legal debate. Some countries and some US states have legalized same‐sex unions. Civil unions have not been legalized in many states in the United States, nor in any countries in the Middle East or Africa (with the exception of South Africa).
Health Disparities in Families in the
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Authors: Latham Kenzie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the United States, the family is a powerful social institution and as such it contributes to health disparities in multiple ways. The family shapes health over the entire life course – from childhood to the end of life. Understanding health disparities in families requires a close examination of family structures and family processes (or social patterns of interaction and behavior) that influence health. As diversity in family forms continues to increase in the United States, it is valuable to consider the implications of these various family structures on US health disparities and to gain a better understanding of how family processes confer health advantages or disadvantages on family members.
Genocide and Families
Authors: Manoogian Margaret M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Genocide has long been a feature of civilizations. For families, genocide causes significant losses including the death and suffering of family members, interruption and termination of cultural practices, destruction of communities, and forced relocation of survivors. Gender influences how genocide occurs and has similar yet distinctly different outcomes for women and men. Genocide leaves an indelible mark on family rituals, communication between family members, and intergenerational transfers over time. Services that address the physical, social, psychological, and legal needs of genocide survivors are critical and these needs often surpass available resources.