bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judicial Architecture and Capacity
Authors: Robinson Nick 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the structure of the Indian judiciary, which includes the different types of courts and judges as well as the hierarchies and relations between them. In particular, it considers the appeal and stare decisis, along with the system of internal administrative control through which the Indian judiciary coordinates its behaviour. The discussion begins with an overview of India’s judicial system and the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution. The chapter then discusses the functioning of the Indian Supreme Court, the High Courts, and subordinate judiciary. It comments on the top-heaviness of the Indian judiciary and its impact on the judicial system’s performance.
Judicial Independence
Authors: Srikrishna B. N. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the independence of the Indian judiciary and how judicial independence has been interpreted and secured in the country’s constitutional law. In particular, it considers the balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability, along with various concerns and goals that have shaped constitutional doctrine in this area. The chapter begins with and primarily focuses upon a study of the appointment of judges to the higher judiciary and its relevance to the debate over judicial independence in India. It then describes the conditions of service of officers and servants of the Indian Supreme Court and the High Courts as spelled out in the Indian Constitution. It also discusses the approach towards disciplinary action against judges, including their impeachment, and concludes by looking at issues that are integral to the question of judicial independence, especially those relating to salaries, tenure, transfers, and removal.
Inter-State Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse
Authors: Datar Arvind 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the trade, commerce, and intercourse clauses in the Indian Constitution. Part XIII of the Indian Constitution consists of Articles 301 to 305 and encompasses ‘Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the territory of India’. The focus of this chapter is on the controversy surrounding compensatory taxes. It first compares the Indian framework with Australian law on trade, commerce, and intercourse, before discussing the controversy over compensatory tax that began with Section 3 of the Assam Taxation (On Goods Carried by Roads or Inland Waterways) Act 1954 and whether the concept of compensatory tax has a place in Indian constitutional law. It then considers the Indian Supreme Court ruling in the Atiabari and Automobile Transport cases and concludes by analysing unresolved questions, such as whether the imposition of entry tax levied under Entry 52, List II, violates Article 301.
Inter-State River Water Disputes
Authors: Salve Harish 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the constitutional framework for the resolution of inter-State river water disputes in India, considering whether water disputes are best resolved through political negotiation or through adjudication, how political agreements can be enforced and implemented, and how disputes are tackled substantively and procedurally. It discusses Article 262 of the Indian Constitution and the vesting of power in Parliament to adjudicate disputes regarding inter-State rivers or river valleys. It then provides a historical perspective on inter-State river water dispute resolution, starting from the Government of India Act 1919, and reviews two pieces of legislation enacted in 1956 to deal with inter-State river waters: the River Boards Act 1956 and the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act 1956. It looks at some of the major constitutional and legal debates that have surrounded inter-State river water disputes in India and analyses the Indian Supreme Court’s ruling in the Mullaperiyar Dam case.
Writs and Remedies
Authors: Subramanium Gopal 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution regarding the power of courts to issue writs and grant remedies, with particular emphasis on Articles 32 and 226. It considers these two provisions and how they empower the Indian Supreme Court and High Courts to issue directions, orders, or writs to any person or authority, and to enforce the fundamental rights. It then considers a number of issues relating to Article 226, such as whether it is confined to governmental institutions and statutory public bodies, along with the question of cause of action and territoriality. It also discusses the Supreme Court’s position on the nature of writ jurisdiction in India, including the writ of mandamus, habeas corpus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto. Finally, the chapter explores the procedural aspects of constitutional remedies by focusing on res judicata, questions of fact, and political questions.
Public Interest Litigation
Authors: Divan Shyam 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines public interest litigation (PIL) and its place in Indian constitutional law. The chapter begins with an overview of PIL as an instrument for dealing with public grievances such as flagrant human rights violations by the State, or for vindicating the public policies embodied in statutes or constitutional provisions. It then discusses the evolution of PIL in India and four distinct factors that contributed to its growth. It also explores how courts efficiently deploy judicial resources and decide genuine disputes of a legal character by recognising only those persons with locus standi, or legal standing. Finally, it describes a range of procedural innovations that distinguish PIL from conventional litigation and explains how the growth of PIL affected traditional notions of justiciability. It shows how the phenomenon of PIL has shaped both the nature of rights-based claims within Indian constitutional law as well as the role of the Supreme Court within Indian democracy.
The Constitutionalisation of Indian Private Law
Authors: Balganesh Shyamkrishna 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between private law and constitutional law in India, with particular emphasis on tort law. It considers the Indian Supreme Court’s expansion of its fundamental rights jurisprudence over the past thirty years, as well as its effort to transcend the public law/private law divide. It also explains how the Court’s fusion of constitutional law and tort law has affected the independent efficacy, normativity, and analytical basis of equivalent private law claims in India. It argues that the Court’s efforts have only undermined the overall legitimacy of private law mechanisms in the country, and that this phenomenon is evident not only with respect to tort law, but also to a lesser degree in other areas of private law, such as contract law and property law.
Assembly and Association
Authors: Guruswamy Menaka 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution with respect to freedom of assembly and freedom of association. It begins with a historical background on the restrictions to the freedom to assemble peaceably in colonial India, as well as restrictions under the Criminal Procedure Code covering public meetings and the right of government employees to participate in demonstrations. It then considers the power of the State to curtail the freedom to assemble, the constitutionality of Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the right to strike, and what constitutes unlawful association. It also discusses the jurisprudence of the Indian Supreme Court with regard to the freedom of association.
Too small to succeed: the difficulty of sustaining star formation in low-mass haloes
Authors: Cashmore Claire R. , Wilkinson Mark I. , Power Chris , Bourne Martin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe present high-resolution simulations of an isolated dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy between redshifts z ∼ 10 and z ∼ 4, the epoch when several Milky Way dSph satellites experienced extended star formation, in order to understand in detail the physical processes which affect a low-mass halo's ability to retain gas. It is well established that supernova feedback is very effective at expelling gas from a 3 × 107 M⊙ halo, the mass of a typical redshift 10 progenitor of a redshift 0 halo with mass ∼109 M⊙. We investigate the conditions under which such a halo is able to retain sufficient high-density gas to support extended star formation. In particular, we explore the effects of: an increased relative concentration of the gas compared to the dark matter; a higher concentration dark matter halo; significantly lower supernova rates; enhanced metal cooling due to enrichment from earlier supernovae. We show that disc-like gas distributions retain more gas than spherical ones, primarily due to the shorter gas cooling times in the disc. However, a significant reduction in the number of supernovae compared to that expected for a standard initial mass function is still needed to allow the retention of high-density gas. We conclude that the progenitors of the observed dSphs would only have retained the gas required to sustain star formation if their mass, concentration and gas morphology were already unusual for those of a dSph-mass halo progenitor by a redshift of 10.
Early science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: molecules in the extreme outflow of a protoplanetary nebula
Authors: Gómez-Ruiz A. I. , Guzman-Ramirez L. , Serrano E. O. , Sánchez-Argüelles D. , Luna A. , Schloerb F. P. , Narayanan G. , Yun M. S. , Sahai R. , Zijlstra A. A. , Chavez-Dagostino M. , Montaña A. , Hughes D. H. , Rodríguez M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Extremely high velocity emission, likely related to jets, is known to occur in some protoplanetary nebulae. However, the molecular complexity of this kinematic component is largely unknown. We observed the known extreme outflow from the protoplanetary nebula IRAS 16342−3814, a prototype water fountain, over the full frequency range from 73–111 GHz with the Redshift Search Receiver (RSR) on the Large Millimetre Telescope. We detected the molecules SiO, HCN, SO and 13CO. All molecular transitions, with the exception of the latter, are detected for the first time in this source and all present emission with velocities up to a few hundred km s−1. IRAS 16342−3814 is therefore the only source of this kind presenting extreme outflow activity in all these molecules simultaneously, with SO and SiO emission showing the highest velocities found for these species in protoplanetary nebulae. A tentative weak SO component with a full width at half-maximum of ∼700 km s−1 remains to be confirmed. The extreme outflow gas consists of dense gas ($n_{\rm H_2} &gt; 10^{4.8}$–105.7 cm−3) with a mass larger than ∼ 0.02–0.15 M⊙. The relatively high abundances of SiO and SO may be an indication of oxygen-rich extremely high velocity gas.
Revealing strong bias in common measures of galaxy properties using new inclination-independent structures
Authors: Devour Brian M. , Bell Eric F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Accurate measurement of galaxy structures is a prerequisite for quantitative investigation of galaxy properties or evolution. Yet, the impact of galaxy inclination and dust on commonly used metrics of galaxy structure is poorly quantified. We use infrared data sets to select inclination-independent samples of disc and flattened elliptical galaxies. These samples show strong variation in Sérsic index, concentration and half-light radii with inclination. We develop novel inclination-independent galaxy structures by collapsing the light distribution in the near-infrared on to the major axis, yielding inclination-independent ‘linear’ measures of size and concentration. With these new metrics we select a sample of Milky Way analogue galaxies with similar stellar masses, star formation rates, sizes and concentrations. Optical luminosities, light distributions and spectral properties are all found to vary strongly with inclination: When inclining to edge-on, r-band luminosities dim by &gt;1 magnitude, sizes decrease by a factor of 2, ‘dust-corrected’ estimates of star formation rate drop threefold, metallicities decrease by 0.1 dex and edge-on galaxies are half as likely to be classified as star forming. These systematic effects should be accounted for in analyses of galaxy properties.
Can Intraneural Perineuriomas Occur Intradurally? An Anatomic Perspective
Authors: Prasad Nikhil K. , Tubbs R. Shane , Amrami Kimberly K. , Dyck P. James B. , Mauermann Michelle L. , Giannini Caterina , de Divitiis Oreste , Spinner Robert J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Intraneural perineuriomas are rare, benign lesions produced by the neoplastic proliferation of perineurial cells. They typically present in adolescents and affect nerves of the limbs. In our experience, we have not encountered a single case of classic intraneural perineurioma at an intradural location.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intraneural perineuriomas could occur intradurally, given the prevalence of intradural nerve sheath tumors, and explain our findings with an anatomic perspective.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the high-resolution magnetic resonance images of 56 patients from an institutional registry of patients with intraneural perineurioma. All cases were analyzed for signs of proximal extension toward spinal nerves, roots, and spinal cord. A literature review was performed. The clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of potential intradural lesions were critically appraised against strict criteria for a diagnosis of classic intraneural perineurioma.

RESULTS: Fifteen of 56 (27%) patients with intraneural perineurioma had a proximal localization in the lumbosacral or brachial plexus. Not a single case occurred proximal to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). One case of trigeminal intraneural perineurioma occurred distal to the gasserian ganglion. A literature review did not reveal any convincing cases of classic intraneural perineuriomas occurring in an intraspinal intradural location and revealed only 1 possible case in an intracranial intradural location.

CONCLUSION: Based on our study, the occurrence of classic intraneural perineuriomas intradurally is exceedingly rare, if at all present. This may be related to the paucity of perineurial cells at the nerve root level and reciprocal interactions between neuroglial cells at the central-to-peripheral transition zones.
Multifocal Intradural Extramedullary Pilocytic Astrocytomas of the Spinal Cord: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Basheer Azam , Rammo Richard , Kalkanis Steven , Felicella Michelle M. , Chedid Mokbel 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is among the most common of the central nervous system gliomas in the pediatric population; however, it is uncommon in adults. PAs of the spinal cord in adults are even rarer, with only a few cases found in the literature. We report here the first case in the literature of multifocal intradural extramedullary spinal cord PAs in an adult.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Our patient is a 56-yr-old female who presented with loss of balance and an ataxic gait. Multiple extramedullary spinal cord tumors were identified intraoperatively, the lesions completely resected, and all diagnosed as PAs.

CONCLUSION: This case illustrates a unique instance of multifocal intradural extramedullary spinal cord PAs in an adult with no previous history of PA during childhood, no known familial syndromes, and no brain involvement.
Community Health Workers: Addressing Client Objectives Among Frequent Emergency Department Users
Authors: Kwan Bethany M. , Rockwood Amy , Bandle Brian , Fernald Douglas , Hamer Mika K. , Capp Roberta 
Published: February 2017

Objectives:
To evaluate effectiveness of a community health worker (CHW) program designed to address client objectives among frequent emergency department (ED) users.

Design:
Program evaluation using secondary analysis of client objectives from program records. Client objectives were characterized according to the World Health Organization's social determinants of health framework. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to assess factors associated with objective achievement.

Setting:
An ED and the surrounding community in an economically disadvantaged area of Buffalo, New York.

Participants:
A total of 1600 adults over age 18 eligible for Medicaid and/or Medicare and who had at least 2 ED visits in the prior year.

Intervention:
Clients worked with CHWs in the community to identify diverse needs and objectives. Community health workers provided individualized services to help achieve objectives.

Main Outcome Measure:
Achievement of client-focused objectives.

Results:
Most objectives pertained to linkage to community resources and health care navigation, emphasizing chronic medical conditions and connection to primary care. Clients and CHWs together achieved 43% of total objectives. Objective achievement was positively associated with greater client engagement in CHW services.

Conclusions:
Low objective achievement may stem from system- and policy-level barriers, such as lack of affordable housing and access to primary care. Strategies for improving client engagement in CHW services are needed. Community health workers and their clients were most successful in areas in which public health policies and systems made resources easy to access or where the program had formalized relationships with resources, such as primary care.
Determining the impact of putative loss-of-function variants in protein-coding genes
Authors: Balasubramanian Suganthi , Fu Yao , Pawashe Mayur , McGillivray Patrick , Jin Mike , Liu Jeremy , Karczewski Konrad J. , MacArthur Daniel G. , Gerstein Mark 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVariants predicted to result in the loss of function (LoF) of human genes have attracted interest because of their clinical impact and surprising prevalence in healthy individuals. Here, we present ALoFT (Annotation of Loss-of-Function Transcripts), a method to annotate and predict the disease-causing potential of LoF variants. Using data from Mendelian disease-gene discovery projects, we show that ALoFT can distinguish between LoF variants deleterious as heterozygotes and those causing disease only in the homozygous state. Investigation of variants discovered in healthy populations suggests that each individual carries at least two heterozygous premature stop alleles that could potentially lead to disease if present as homozygotes. When applied tode novopLoF variants in autism-affected families, ALoFT distinguishes between deleterious variants in patients and benign variants in unaffected siblings. Finally, analysis of somatic variants in > 6,500 cancer exomes shows that pLoF variants predicted to be deleterious by ALoFT are enriched in known driver genes.
COBRAme: A Computational Framework for Genome-Scale Models of Metabolism and Gene Expression
Authors: Lloyd Colton J. , Ebrahim Ali , Yang Laurence , King Zachary , Catoiu Edward , O’Brien Edward J. , Liu Joanne K. , Palsson Bernhard O. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGenome-scale models of metabolism and macromolecular expression (ME-models) explicitly compute the optimal proteome composition of a growing cell. ME-models expand upon the well-established genome-scale models of metabolism (M-models), and they enable new and exciting insights that are fundamental to understanding the basis of cellular growth. ME-models have increased predictive capabilities and accuracy due to their inclusion of the biosynthetic costs for the machinery of life, but they come with a significant increase in model size and complexity. This challenge results in models which are both difficult to compute and challenging to understand conceptually. As a result, ME-models exist for only two organisms (Escherichia coli and Thermotoga maritima) and are still used by relatively few researchers. To address these challenges, we have developed a new software framework called COBRAme for building and simulating ME-models. It is coded in Python and built on COBRApy, a popular platform for using M-models. COBRAme streamlines computation and analysis of ME-models. It provides tools to simplify constructing and editing ME-models to enable ME-model reconstructions for new organisms. We used COBRAme to reconstruct a condensed E. coli ME-model called iJL1678b-ME. This reformulated model gives virtually identical solutions to previous E. coli ME-models while using ¼ the number of free variables and solving in less than 10 minutes, a marked improvement over the 6 hour solve time of previous ME-model formulations. This manuscript outlines the architecture of COBRAme and demonstrates how ME-models can be reconstructed and edited most efficiently using the software.
Neotrygon vali, a new species of the blue-spotted maskray complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae)
Authors: Borsa Philippe 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe blue-spotted maskray from Guadalcanal Island (Solomon archipelago) is distinct by its colour patterns fromNeotrygon kuhliiwith which it was previously confused, and belongs to a genetic lineage clearly separate from all other known species in the genusNeotrygon. It is here described as a new species,Neotrygon valisp. nov., on the basis of its nucleotide sequence at thecytochrome oxidase 1(CO1) gene locus. It is diagnosed from all other known species in the genusNeotrygonby the possession of nucleotide T at nucleotide site 420 and nucleotide G at nucleotide site 522 of theCO1gene.
An examination of the factors contributing to participation in online social platforms
Authors: Bronstein Jenny , Gazit Tali , Perez Oren , Bar-Ilan Judit , Aharony Noa , Amichai-Hamburger Yair 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine participation in online social platforms consisting of information exchange, social network interactions, and political deliberation. Despite the proven benefits of online participation, the majority of internet users read social media data but do not directly contribute, a phenomenon called lurking.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey was administered electronically to 507 participants and consisted of ten sections in a questionnaire to gather data on the relationship between online participation and the following variables: anonymity, social value orientation, motivations, and participation in offline activities, as well as the internet’s political influence and personality traits.

Findings
Findings show that users with high levels of participation also identify themselves, report higher levels of extroversion, openness, and activity outside the internet, the motivations being an intermediary variable in the relationship between the variables value.

Originality/value
The study shows that participation in online social platforms is not only related to personality traits, but they are impacted by the nature of the motivations that drive them to participate in the particular social platform, as well as by the interest toward the specific topic, or the type or nature of the social group with whom they are communicating.