bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of mixed-layer height estimation from single-wavelength ceilometer profiles
Authors: Knepp Travis N. , Szykman James J. , Long Russell , Duvall Rachelle M. , Krug Jonathan , Beaver Melinda , Cavender Kevin , Kronmiller Keith , Wheeler Michael , Delgado Ruben , Hoff Raymond , Berkoff Timothy , Olson Erik , Clark Richard , Wolfe Daniel , Van Gilst David , Neil Doreen 
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Differing boundary/mixed-layer height measurement methods were assessed in moderately polluted and clean environments, with a focus on the Vaisala CL51 ceilometer. This intercomparison was performed as part of ongoing measurements at the Chemistry And Physics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (CAPABLE) site in Hampton, Virginia and during the 2014 Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) field campaign that took place in and around Denver, Colorado. We analyzed CL51 data that were collected via two different methods (BLView software, which applied correction factors, and simple terminal emulation logging) to determine the impact of data collection methodology. Further, we evaluated the STRucture of the ATmosphere (STRAT) algorithm as an open-source alternative to BLView (note that the current work presents an evaluation of the BLView and STRAT algorithms and does not intend to act as a validation of either). Filtering criteria were defined according to the change in mixed-layer height (MLH) distributions for each instrument and algorithm and were applied throughout the analysis to remove high-frequency fluctuations from the MLH retrievals. Of primary interest was determining how the different data-collection methodologies and algorithms compare to each other and to radiosonde-derived boundary-layer heights when deployed as part of a larger instrument network. We determined that data-collection methodology is not as important as the processing algorithm and that much of the algorithm differences might be driven by impacts of local meteorology and precipitation events that pose algorithm difficulties. The results of this study show that a common processing algorithm is necessary for light detection and ranging (lidar)-based MLH intercomparisons and ceilometer-network operation, and that sonde-derived boundary layer heights are higher (10–15 % at midday) than lidar-derived mixed-layer heights. We show that averaging the retrieved MLH to 1 h resolution (an appropriate timescale for a priori data model initialization) significantly improved the correlation between differing instruments and differing algorithms.
Expansion of oil palm and other cash crops causes an increase of the land surface temperature in the Jambi province in Indonesia
Authors: Sabajo Clifton R. , le Maire Guerric , June Tania , Meijide Ana , Roupsard Olivier , Knohl Alexander 
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. Land cover changes, which modify land surface properties, have a direct effect on the land surface temperature (LST), a key driver for many ecological functions. Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on the LST in Indonesia. We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which suffered large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI) and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear-cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 °C (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets the albedo warming effect. Our analysis of the LST trend of the past 16 years based on MODIS data shows that the average daytime surface temperature in the Jambi province increased by 1.05 °C, which followed the trend of observed land cover changes and exceeded the effects of climate warming. This study provides evidence that the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops leads to changes in biophysical variables, warming the land surface and thus enhancing the increase of the air temperature because of climate change.
Entrevista com Júlio Bressane
Authors: Malheiros Munhoz Cláudia 
Published: October 2017

Entrevista al consagrado cineasta brasileño Júlio Bressane, en ocasión de su estancia en Madrid, en 2016, para el Festival Internacional de Cine FILMADRID. Con películas como Cleópatra (2007), Bressane señala su interés por la mitología clásica, presente igualmente en su vida personal – a través de relatos que le contaban de niño, lecturas y artes plásticas – además de su trabajo, como revela en la presente entrevista.
Bærekraftig utvikling, tverrfaglighet og dybdelæring: fra big ideas til store spørsmål
Authors: Sinnes Astrid Tonette , Straume Ingerid Solrunsdatter 
Published: October 2017

I den norske stortingsmeldingen «Fag – Fordypning – Forståelse. En fornyelse av Kunnskapsløftet» er «bærekraftig utvikling» ett av tre tverrfaglige temaer som skal gi retning til fornyelse av skolefagene. Sammenlignet med resten av Skandinavia har bærekraftig utvikling så langt hatt en mindre forpliktende stilling i norsk skole. Bakgrunnen for dette er sammensatt, og skyldes forhold både i og utenfor skolen. Spørsmålet som diskuteres her, er hvordan den nye satsningen på utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling kan gi temaet en mer aktiv rolle i framtidens norske skole enn det vi har sett til nå. I den sammenheng ser vi spesielt på spenninger implisitt i begrepet bærekraftig utvikling, forholdet mellom dybdelæring og tverrfaglighet, samt betydningen av handlinger og erfaringer som fremmer en bærekraftig utvikling. Konklusjonen er at det er tvilsomt om fokusering på «big ideas» og kjerneelementer i fagene (stortingsmeldingens anbefalinger) i seg selv vil lede til den tverrfaglige, systemiske forståelsen og kompetansen som er nødvendig for å leve bærekraftige liv i framtidens samfunn. Som alternativ tilnærming foreslår vi å ta utgangspunkt i tidens store spørsmål: det vi lurer på i dag.Nøkkelord: utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling, dybdelæring, tverrfaglighet, læreplaner, Norge Sustainable development, interdisciplinarity and deep learning: from big ideas to big questionsAbstractThe Norwegian White Paper “Fag – Fordypning – Forståelse. En fornyelse av Kunnskapsløftet” [Subjects – Immersion – Understanding. A Renewal of the Knowledge Promotion] states that sustainable development is to be one of three interdisciplinary themes that should guide and inform the renewal of subjects in Norwegian K12 education. Compared to the rest of Scandinavia, education for sustainable development, ESD, has so far been relatively weakly implemented in the Norwegian school system. This is due to complex relations both in and outside of schools. The question discussed in this paper is whether the new initiative for sustainability promises a more effective implementation in the Norwegian “school of the future” than we have seen so far. We elucidate tensions implicit in the concept of sustainable development, the relationship between deep learning and interdisciplinarity, and the significance of actions and experiences that foster sustainable development. Our conclusion is that it is doubtful whether focusing on “big ideas” and core elements in the school subjects (as recommended in the White Paper), in itself will lead to the cross-disciplinary, systemic outlook and competency needed to lead sustainable lives in the future. As an alternative approach, we recommend starting with the big questions of our time: issues we wonder about today.Keywords: education for sustainability, deep learning, interdisciplinarity, national curricula, Norway
Den gemensamma europeiska referensramen för språk: Lärande, undervisning, bedömning – ett nordiskt perspektiv
Authors: Erickson Gudrun , Pakula Heini-Marja 
Published: October 2017

Den gemensamma europeiska referensramen för språk har sedan den gavs ut av Europarådet år 2001 fått allt större inflytande vad gäller språkutbildning och bedömning, främst i Europa men även i andra delar av världen. I artikeln behandlas referensramen som sådan, liksom den europeiska språkportfolio som kan ses som en didaktisk operationalisering av dokumentet. Efter inledande bakgrundsinformation, som även innehåller ett avsnitt kring diskussioner och dilemman runt referensramen, fokuseras situationen i de nordiska länderna utifrån de tre aspekter som nämns i dokumentets titel, nämligen lärande, undervisning och bedömning. Frågor om mottagande, användning och effekter behandlas från ett såväl deskriptivt som problematiserande perspektiv, baserat på skrivna källor samt upplysningar från informanter i de nordiska länderna. I texten berörs vidare aktuell utveckling och diskussion kring referensramen.Nyckelord: gemensam europeisk referensram för språk; lärande, undervisning och bedömning; europeisk språkportfolio; de nordiska länderna Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment - a nordic perspectiveAbstractSince its publication by the Council of Europe in 2001, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has gained increasing influence, mainly in Europe but also in other parts of the world. In the current article, the Framework of Reference is focused upon, as is the European Language Portfolio that can be seen as an educational operationalization of the document. After some initial background information, including a section on discussions and dilemmas related to the CEFR, the situation in the Nordic countries is focused upon, based on the three aspects mentioned in the title of the document, namely learning, teaching and assessment. Issues related to reception, use and effects are treated from a descriptive as well as a problematizing perspective, based on written sources and reports from informants in the different countries. Further, current developments and discussion related to the CEFR are touched upon. Keywords: Common European Framework of Reference; learning, teaching and assessment; European Language Portfolio; Nordic countries
The Ability of Students to Explain Science Concepts in Two Languages
Authors: Airey John 
Published: October 2017

This paper analyses the ability of twenty-one physics undergraduates at two Swedish universities to orally describe and explain in both Swedish and English the science concepts met in their lectures. This ability is related back to the language used to teach the concepts (English, Swedish or both languages). Transcripts of student descriptions in both languages are rated using three measures:1. Fluency (in terms of syllables per second and mean length of runs)2. Code-switching3. A judgment about the ‘disciplinarity’ of what is said.Comparison between languages ﬁnds that students speak on average 45% slower and have 33% shorter runs in their English descriptions. However, these differences in speaking rate and run length become much lower (28% and 26% respectively) in those transcripts where students appear to have adequately understood the concepts that were presented in the lectures. These latter values are in line with ﬁndings in comparative studies of other types of speech event (See Hincks 2010). Analysis of code-switching identiﬁes some students (n=3) who have great difﬁculty describing disciplinary concepts in English. These were ﬁrst year students and were being taught in English for the ﬁrst time. It is thus concluded that for some students disciplinary English is indeed a problem. However, from a disciplinary point of view, all other students give similarly good (or bad) descriptions of physics concepts in both Swedish and English, regardless of the language used in the lectures.
Anisotropic Tomography Around La Réunion Island From Rayleigh Waves
Authors: Mazzullo Alessandro , Stutzmann Eléonore , Montagner Jean‐Paul , Kiselev Sergey , Maurya Satish , Barruol Guilhem , Sigloch Karin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn the western Indian Ocean, the Réunion hot spot is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. Temporal interactions between ridges and plumes have shaped the structure of the zone. This study investigates the mantle structure using data from the Réunion Hotspot and Upper Mantle‐Réunions Unterer Mantel (RHUM‐RUM) project, which significantly increased the seismic coverage of the western part of the Indian Ocean. For more than 1 year, 57 ocean bottom seismometer stations and 23 temporary land stations were deployed over this area. For each earthquake station path, the Rayleigh wave fundamental mode phase velocities were measured for the periods from 30 s to 300 s and group velocities for the period from 16 s to 250 s. A three‐dimensional model of the shear velocity in the upper mantle was built in two steps. First, the path mean phase and group velocities were inverted, to obtain regionalized velocity maps for each separate period. Then, all of the phase and group velocity maps were combined and inverted at each grid point, to obtain the local S wave velocity as a function of depth, using a transdimensional inversion scheme. The three‐dimensional anisotropic S wave velocity model has resolution down to 300 km in depth. The tomographic model and surface tectonics are correlated down to ∼100 km in depth. Starting at 50 km in depth, a slow velocity anomaly beneath Rodrigues Ridge and the east‐west orientation of the azimuthal anisotropy show a connection between Réunion upwelling and the Central Indian Ridge. The slow velocity signature beneath La Réunion is connected at greater depths (150–300 km) with a large slow velocity zone beneath the entire Mascarene Basin. This develops along a northeast direction, following the general motion direction of the African Plate. These observations indicate nonisotropic spreading of hot plume material and dominant horizontal flow in the upper mantle beneath this area.
Interannual Variation in Offshore Advection of Amazon‐Orinoco Plume Waters: Observations, Forcing Mechanisms, and Impacts
Authors: Fournier S. , Vandemark D. , Gaultier L. , Lee T. , Jonsson B. , Gierach M. M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study investigates sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the tropical Atlantic east of the Lesser Antilles, a region where freshwater advection from the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, may potentially impact air‐sea interaction. Observations are used to document later‐summer variability and evaluate offshore riverine transport from 2010 to 2014. During this period, the largest difference in plume‐affected areas, defined as the extent covered by SSS lower than 35.5 pss, is found between 2011 and 2014. Plume waters covered 92% of the study region in 2011 and 60% in 2014, with the average SSS in the study region being 2 pss lower in 2011. Lagrangian particle tracking based on satellite‐derived ocean currents is used to diagnose the impact of the river plumes on SSS and SST from 2010 to 2014. Northward freshwater flux in summer 2014 was significantly weaker than fluxes in 2010–2013. This difference is not due to interannual discharge variability, but to significant changes in eddy‐driven transport and cross‐shore winds. In particular, the stronger cross‐shore wind in May 2014 restricted offshore freshwater flow and lead to a smaller plume‐affected area. Persistent SST gradients are often found near the plume edge, which may have implications for ocean‐atmosphere coupling associated with atmospheric convection. SST in the study region was 1°C higher in 2010 compared to other years, and is related to basin‐scale ocean‐atmosphere processes. Interannual variation in Amazon advective pathways and the associated SSS changes are also influenced by changes in the ITCZ position between 2011 and 2014.
A Methodology to Adjust ATMS Observations for Limb Effect and Its Applications
Authors: Zhang Kexin , Zhou Lihang , Goldberg Mitch , Liu Xingpin , Wolf Walter , Tan Changyi , Liu Quanhua 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Advanced Technology Microwave Sounders (ATMS), carried on the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, was launched on 28 October 2011. The ATMS is a follow‐on instrument to advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU), currently flying on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. The primary new ATMS features are a reduced hardware package and improved gap coverage. One thing in common about cross‐track sounders is a scan perpendicular to the motion of the satellite, allowing a broad swath of measurements to be taken. But an undesirable feature is that the measurements vary with scan angle because of changes in the optical pathlength through the Earth's atmosphere between the Earth and the satellite. One approach to this problem is to limb adjust the measurements to a fixed view angle. The limb correction algorithm applied to ATMS is based on the heritage methodology originally applied to MSU and later to AMSU. The limb correction method is applied to each of the 96 ATMS field of view (FOV) per scan line, adjusting the off‐nadir FOV to the nadir view with fitting error generally within the instrumental noise. The limb‐adjusted brightness temperature were used in the original, legacy TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder, and Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder NOAA sounding product algorithms and more recently to derive the total precipitation water (TPW) retrieval over ocean, with a bias of 0.046 mm and a standard deviation of 3.43 mm, when compared with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts TPW data. The limb‐corrected brightness temperature can be used to detect the atmospheric weather features, such as the warm cores for tropical cyclones, and the imagery presents snapshots for quick weather signal diagnosis.
The Future of Ground Magnetometer Arrays in Support of Space Weather Monitoring and Research
Authors: Engebretson Mark , Zesta Eftyhia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA community workshop was held in Greenbelt, Maryland, on 5–6 May 2016 to discuss recommendations for the future of ground magnetometer array research in space physics. The community reviewed findings contained in the 2016 Geospace Portfolio Review of the Geospace Section of the Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Science of the National Science Foundation and discussed the present state of ground magnetometer arrays and possible pathways for a more optimal, robust, and effective organization and scientific use of these ground arrays. This paper summarizes the report of that workshop to the National Science Foundation (Engebretson & Zesta, ) as well as conclusions from two follow‐up meetings. It describes the current state of U.S.‐funded ground magnetometer arrays and summarizes community recommendations for changes in both organizational and funding structures. It also outlines a variety of new and/or augmented regional and global data products and visualizations that can be facilitated by increased collaboration among arrays. Such products will enhance the value of ground‐based magnetometer data to the community's effort for understanding of Earth's space environment and space weather effects.
Giant Polarization Sustainability in Ultrathin Ferroelectric Films Stabilized by Charge Transfer
Authors: Zhang Sirui , Zhu Yinlian , Tang Yunlong , Liu Ying , Li Shuang , Han Mengjiao , Ma Jinyuan , Wu Bo , Chen Zuhuang , Saremi Sahar , Ma Xiuliang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFerroelectricity is generally deteriorated or even vanishes when the ferroelectric films are downsized to unit cell scale. To maintain and enhance the polarization in nanoscale ferroelectrics are of scientific and technological importance. Here, giant polarization sustainability is reported in a series of ultrathin PbTiO3 films scaled down to three unit cells grown on NdGaO3(110) substrates with La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 as bottom electrodes. Atomic mappings via aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrate the robust ferroelectricity for the sub‐10 nm thick film. For the 1.2 nm thick film, the polarization reaches ≈50 µC cm−2. The 2 nm thick film possesses a polarization as high as the bulk value. The films ranging from 10 to 35 nm display a giant elongation of out‐of‐plane lattice parameter, which corresponds to a polarization of 100 µC cm−2, 20% larger than that of the bulk PbTiO3. The giant enhancement of polarization in the present films is proposed to result from the charge transfer at the La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/PbTiO3 interface, as supported by the anomalous decrease of Mn valence measured from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These results reveal the significant role of charge transfer at interfaces in improving large polarizations in ultrathin ferroelectrics and are meaningful for the development of future electronic devices.
Atomic Layered Titanium Sulfide Quantum Dots as Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Yang , Liang Chenglu , Wu Jingjie , Sharifi Tiva , Xu Hui , Nakanishi Yusuke , Yang Yingchao , Woellne Cristiano F. , Aliyan Amir , Martí Angel A. , Xie Banghu , Vajtai Robert , Yang Wei , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe overall electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction for layered transition metal dichalcogenides is governed by their intrinsic activity, the corresponding density of active sites, and the electron transfer resistance. Here, nanoengineering strategies to scale down both the lateral size and thickness of layered 1T‐TiS2 powder to quantum dots (QDs) by bath sonication and probing sonication incision are employed. Uniform lateral size of 3–6 nm in the resulting QDs enhances the density of edge sites while the atomic layer thickness (1–2 nm) facilitates the electron transfer from the substrate to the edge sites. The obtained TiS2 QDs exhibit superior hydrogen evolution reaction activity over TiS2 nanosheets and MoS2 QDs prepared by the same method. The turnover frequency of TiS2 QDs with a small loading of 0.7 ng cm−2 in an optimal deposition on electrode reached ≈2.0 s−1 at an overpotential of −0.2 V versus RHE, several orders of magnitude higher than TiS2 nanosheets (0.01 s−1) and MoS2 QDs (0.07 s−1).