bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypergamy
Authors: Buckley Rhonda R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Hypergamy is a term that refers to one partner improving his/her overall well‐being by marrying (or partnering with) someone with certain financial and status attributes that are perceived to be better than his/her own. This concept was historically associated with women “marrying up,” to improve their social status, but over time it has evolved to describe anyone (male or female) in an adult relationship partnering with (married or not married) someone who has financial and status attributes that are perceived to be better than his/her own.
Race and Family Life
Authors: Yang Ying 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Since the 1970s, American society has experienced steady and noticeable changes in family structures. Across racial groups, some commonalities have been identified: declining marriage rate, increasing divorce rate and singlehood, delayed marriage, and increasing numbers of out‐of‐wedlock births. The unequal distribution of power, prestige, and wealth in racial groups is one leading explanation for such transitions. In addition, divergent cultural backgrounds and immigration experience, in conjunction with structural conditions surrounding racial groups in the United States, have all had their impacts on family and marriage issues.
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
Authors: Nguyen Hoa N. , Piercy Fred P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
(
JMFT
) is the flagship journal of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) and the largest circulation family therapy journal in the world. As a peer‐reviewed journal,
JMFT
publishes articles on research, theory, clinical practice, and training in marital and family therapy. Recent initiatives include Virtual Issues, the
JMFT
Doctoral Student Apprenticeship Review Program, and the
JMFT
Best Article of the Year Award. The journal prides itself on providing a supportive, fair, and respectful review process and dedicated, high quality reviews from its reviewers. It continues to both reflect and shape the field through its commitment to publish the best in family therapy research, theory, practice, and training.
Heterogamy, Race
Authors: Obasi Sharon N. , Hill Toni 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

With the decision on
Loving v. Virginia
in 1967, the United States Supreme Court declared antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional. This ruling paved the way for adult American men and women to marry regardless of racial or ethnic origin. Despite the removal of legal restrictions, however, interracial and interethnic marriages continue to face social barriers. This entry focuses on the social implications of racially and/or ethnically heterogamous marriages.
Teen Motherhood
Authors: Dalton Elizabeth D. , Miller Laura E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTeen motherhood involves giving birth and parenting during a woman's teenage years. The experience of teen motherhood changed throughout the twentieth century and in today's society fewer teens are becoming mothers, yet the health, social, and economic disparities for these young women abound. As the conceptualizations of motherhood and parenting shift, the need to better understand the lived experiences of young mothers becomes a salient societal and familial concern.
Mating Gradient
Authors: Chen Ruoxi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Mating gradient dictates that in mate selection, women should marry up and men should marry down. This socially and culturally prescribed assets differential between husbands and wives carries profound implications for members of different groups (e.g., gender, age, and socioeconomic status) and societies as a whole. High‐status women and low‐status men tend to be penalized in the marriage markets due to a lack of marriage candidates deemed suitable by the mating gradient.
Violence against Women Act
Authors: Stylianou Amanda M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Violence against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA; P.L. 103–322) was the first comprehensive response to the pervasive crimes of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking. This entry focuses on providing a more extensive overview of the initial Violence against Women Act of 1994, and, in addition, the Violence against Women Act Reauthorizations of 2000, 2005, and 2013. The ways in which VAWA impacted the legal/criminal system's response to violence against women, society's awareness of violence against women, and services available to victims of crime are discussed.
Stepgrandparenting
Authors: Chapman Ashton , Ganong Lawrence H. , Coleman Marilyn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDecades of divorce and remarriage, coupled with increases in longevity, have resulted in large numbers of multigenerational stepfamilies in many societies worldwide. Stepgrandparents are more common in families in the early twenty‐first century than ever before; thus, researchers, clinicians, and educators are eager to better understand stepgrandparents' roles and relationships. Stepgrandparents may enter families as a result of death, divorce, or remarriage. Stepgrandparents are often highly valued in families and can serve as important sources of support to younger generations. Stepgrandparent–stepgrandchild relationships are often complex in nature and their development is influenced by a variety of factors. Researchers are continuing to explore stepgrandparent transitions and experiences, including how they might differ from those of biological grandparents, as well as the ways in which stepgrandparent–stepgrandchild relationships are developed and maintained.
Higher Education
Authors: Hughes Teresa Shehan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Law requires students throughout the world to receive an education from the time they are considered of enrollment age until they have successfully completed a program of study and have received a diploma or certificate, or until they reach the legal age for leaving compulsory schooling. Students who have met program expectations are no longer of mandatory educational age. Often, students who have completed compulsory education choose to further their education by attending programs at institutions offering specific programs in a particular field of study. This voluntary education is referred to as postsecondary education, tertiary education, or higher education.
U
nited
S
tates, Families in
Authors: Shehan Constance L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The definition of “family” in the United States has been the subject of debate since early in the twentieth century. Long‐term demographic trends in age at first marriage, fertility, nonmarital cohabitation, divorce and remarriage, and life expectancy have changed the composition of – and the relationship between – families and households and challenged the traditional definition of family in the United States. Laws of each state regulate matters related to sexuality, marriage, and parent–child relationships (such as paternity and adoption). Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty‐first, the Supreme Court of the United States has addressed family issues in a number of landmark cases regarding marriage, contraception, and abortion. These, along with key demographic changes in families, are discussed in this entry.
Conarticular congruence of the hominoid subtalar joint complex with implications for joint function in Plio‐Pleistocene hominins
Authors: Prang Thomas C. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that conarticular surfaces areas and curvatures are correlates of mobility at the hominoid talocalcaneal and talonavicular joints.Materials and MethodsArticular surface areas and curvatures of the talonavicular, anterior talocalcaneal, and posterior talocalcaneal joints were quantified using a total of 425 three‐dimensional surface models of extant hominoid and fossil hominin tali, calcanei, and naviculars. Quadric surface fitting was used to calculate curvatures, pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate statistical differences between taxa, and regression was used to test for the effects of allometry.ResultsPairwise comparisons show that the distributions of values for joint curvature indices follow the predicted arboreal‐terrestrial morphocline in hominoid primates with no effect of body mass (PGLS p > 0.05). OH 8 (Homo habilis) and LB 1 (Homo floresiensis) can be accommodated within the range of human variation for the talonavicular joint, whereas MH2 (Australopithecus sediba) falls within the ranges of variation for Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla in measures of posterior talocalcaneal joint congruity.ConclusionsJoint curvature indices are better discriminators than joint surface area indices, which may reflect a greater contribution of rotation, rather than translation, to joint movement in plantigrade taxa due to discrepancies in conarticular congruence and the “convex‐concave” rule. The pattern of joint congruence in Au. sediba contributes to other data on the foot and ankle suggesting that the lateral side of the foot was more mobile than the medial side, which is consistent with suggestions of increased medial weight transfer associated with hyperpronation. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:446–457, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carpal bones of Nacholapithecus kerioi, a Middle Miocene Hominoid From Northern Kenya
Authors: Ogihara Naomichi , Almécija Sergio , Nakatsukasa Masato , Nakano Yoshihiko , Kikuchi Yasuhiro , Kunimatsu Yutaka , Makishima Haruyuki , Shimizu Daisuke , Takano Tomo , Tsujikawa Hiroshi , Kagaya Miyuki , Ishida Hidemi 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe carpal bones of the middle Miocene hominoid Nacholapithecus kerioi are described based on new materials.Materials and MethodsThe materials comprise a trapezoid, three capitates, two hamates, a centrale, a lunate, a triquetrum, and a pisiform, collected during the 2001 and 2002 field seasons from Nachola, Kenya. We also describe a pisiform recently assigned to the type specimen of N. kerioi, KNM‐BG 35250.ResultsIn the Nacholapithecus wrist, the ulnar styloid process articulates with both the triquetrum and pisiform, and the triquetrum facet on the hamate is relatively proximodistally oriented in dorsal view. The Nacholapithecus capitate possesses a moderate distopalmar hook‐like process and separated radial articular facets for the trapezoid and the second metacarpal due to the carpometacarpal ligament attachment that is absent in the Proconsul capitate.DiscussionThe carpal anatomy of Nacholapithecus is similar to that of the early Miocene hominoid Proconsul. However, Nacholapithecus wrist anatomy appears to exhibit slightly more emphasized stability. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:469–482, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antibiotikaresistenzen gezielt überwinden
Authors: Chellat Mathieu F. , Raguž Luka , Riedl Rainer 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNeue Strategien zur Bekämpfung von Antibiotikaresistenzen zu finden, ist eine der größten globalen Herausforderungen für die Gesundheitssysteme. In den letzten Jahrzehnten gab es eine drastische Zunahme an humanpathogenen Bakterien, die resistent gegen Antibiotika sind. Immer mehr Infektionen, die durch resistente Mikroorganismen verursacht werden, lassen sich nicht mehr mit konventionellen Behandlungen kurieren, und selbst Reserveantibiotika verlieren ihre Wirkung. Zusätzlich sind die Entwicklungsströme an neuen Antibiotika aus der pharmazeutischen Industrie in den letzten Jahrzehnten versiegt. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation hat mit ihrem Aufruf “Combat drug resistance: no action today means no cure tomorrow” eine Zunahme der Forschungsaktivitäten auf diesem Gebiet stimuliert, und mehrere neue, vielversprechende Strategien zur Wiederherstellung antibiotischer Behandlungsoptionen konnten seitdem entwickelt werden.
A Hydrazone‐Based exo‐Directing‐Group Strategy for β C−H Oxidation of Aliphatic Amines
Authors: Huang Zhongxing , Wang Chengpeng , Dong Guangbin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDescribed is a new hydrazone‐based exo‐directing group (DG) strategy developed for the functionalization of unactivated primary β C−H bonds of aliphatic amines. Conveniently synthesized from protected primary amines, the hydrazone DGs are shown to site‐selectively promote the β‐acetoxylation and tosyloxylation via five‐membered exo‐palladacycles. Amines with a wide scope of skeletons and functional groups are tolerated. Moreover, the hydrazone DG can be readily removed, and a one‐pot C−H acetoxylation/DG removal protocol was also discovered.
Targeting Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Chellat Mathieu F. , Raguž Luka , Riedl Rainer 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFinding strategies against the development of antibiotic resistance is a major global challenge for the life sciences community and for public health. The past decades have seen a dramatic worldwide increase in human‐pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to one or multiple antibiotics. More and more infections caused by resistant microorganisms fail to respond to conventional treatment, and in some cases, even last‐resort antibiotics have lost their power. In addition, industry pipelines for the development of novel antibiotics have run dry over the past decades. A recent world health day by the World Health Organization titled “Combat drug resistance: no action today means no cure tomorrow” triggered an increase in research activity, and several promising strategies have been developed to restore treatment options against infections by resistant bacterial pathogens.
Evaluation of alginate dialdehyde as a suitable crosslinker on modifying porcine acellular dermal matrix: The aggregation of collagenous fibers
Authors: Zhu Shichen , Gu Zhipeng , Hu Yang , Dan Weihua , Xiong Shanbai 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTPorcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM) has been investigated widely as a natural biomaterial. However, the success of PADM has been limited by insufficient stability and poor physicochemical properties. In our work, alginate dialdehyde (ADA) with various oxidation degrees (OD = 25%, 45%, and 65%) were explored to modify PADM, while glutaraldehyde (GA), dehydrathermal treatment (DHT), and carbodiimide (EDC) were used as the control. The efficacy of ADA on modifying PADM increased along with the rising of oxidation degree. The ADA (OD = 65% and 45%) groups showed better mechanical and thermal stability, crosslink density, and resistance to enzymatic degradation than ADA (OD = 25%) and DHT + EDC group. Meanwhile, the structure of PADM crosslinked by ADA (OD = 45% and 65%) were maintained largely. Further, ADA (OD = 45%) group revealed better cytocompatibility than DHT + EDC, ADA (OD = 65%) and GA group. Considering the balance of cytocompatibility and physicochemical behavior, ADA (OD = 45%) was more suitable as a natural derived crosslinker to modify PADM in tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43550.
Thermo‐responsive polyurethane hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(caprolactone): Physico‐chemical and mechanical properties
Authors: Polo Fonseca Lucas , Bergamo Trinca Rafael , Isabel Felisberti Maria 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present the synthesis and characterization of chemically crosslinked polyurethanes (PU) composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(caprolactone) diol (PCL‐diol), as hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments respectively, poly(caprolactone) triol (PCL‐triol), to induce hydrolysable crosslinks, and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The syntheses were performed at 45 °C, resulting in polyurethanes with different PEG/PCL‐diol/PCL‐triol mass fractions. All the PUs are able to crystallize and their thermal properties depend on the global composition. The water uptake capacities of the PU increase as the PEG amount increases. The water into hydrogels is present in different environments, as bounded, bulk and free water. The PU hydrogels are thermo‐responsive, presenting a negative dependence of the water uptake with the temperature for PEG rich networks, which gradually changes to a positive behavior as the amount of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) segments increases. However, the water uptake capacity changes continuously without an abrupt transition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of the hydrogel morphology after lyophilization revealed a porous structure. Mechanical compression tests revealed that the hydrogels present good resilience and low recovery hysteresis when they are subject to cycles of compression–decompression. In addition, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels varies with the composition and crosslinking density, and therefore with the water uptake capacity. The PU properties can be tuned to fit for different applications, such as biomedical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43573.
Analysis of polymorphisms of genes associated with folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism and neural tube defects in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Piao Wei , Guo Jin , Bao Yihua , Wang Fang , Zhang Ting , Huo Junsheng , Zhang Kunlin 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe polymorphism of genes involved in folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism may be a risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes BHMT, CUBN, FTCD, GAMT, GART, SARDH, SHMT1, and MUT, and their effect on NTDs in the Chinese Han population.MethodsA total of 270 NTDs cases and 192 controls were enrolled in this study. The SNPs were analyzed with the next‐generation sequencing method. The folate levels of brain tissues from 113 available NTDs cases and 123 available controls were measured.ResultsNext‐generation sequencing identified 818 single nucleotide variants, including 214 SNPs used for further analysis. Statistical analysis showed that two independent SNP loci, rs2797840 and rs2073817 in SARDH, may be associated with the susceptibility of NTDs. Specifically, the minor allele G of rs2797840 was significantly associated with NTDs risk in spina bifida subgroup (p value = 0.0348). For subjects whose folate content was measured, the protective allele G of rs2797840 was significantly associated with increased folate content of brain. rs2797840 is within several ENCODE regulatory regions, indicating this SNPs may influence expression of SARDH.ConclusionThe SNPs rs2797840 and rs2073817 in SARDH may serve as an indicator for the occurrence of NTDs in the Chinese Han population, and rs2797840 may also be an indicator for folate content of brain. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:232–239, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capping β‐hairpin with N‐terminal d‐amino acid stabilizes peptide scaffold
Authors: Makwana Kamlesh M. , Mahalakshmi Radhakrishnan 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTVarious strategies exist to stabilize de novo designed synthetic peptide β‐hairpins or β‐sheets structures, especially at the non‐hydrogen bonding position. However, strategies to stabilize strand termini, which are affected by fraying, are highly limited. Here, by substituting N‐terminal aliphatic amino acid with its mirror image counterpart, we achieve a significant increase in scaffold stabilization, resulting from the formation of a terminal aliphatic–aromatic hydrophobic CH…pi cluster. Our extensive solution NMR studies support the incorporation of an N‐terminal d‐aliphatic amino acid in the design of short β‐hairpins, while successfully retaining the overall structural scaffold. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 260–266, 2016.
Strategies for tonal and atonal musical interpretation in blind and normally sighted children: an fMRI study
Authors: Guerrero Arenas Coral , Hidalgo Tobón Silvia S. , Dies Suarez Pilar , Barragán Pérez Eduardo , Castro Sierra Eduardo , García Julio , de Celis Alonso Benito 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionEarly childhood is known to be a period when cortical plasticity phenomena are at a maximum. Music is a stimulus known to modulate these mechanisms. On the other hand, neurological impairments like blindness are also known to affect cortical plasticity. Here, we address how tonal and atonal musical stimuli are processed in control and blind young children. We aimed to understand the differences between the two groups when processing this physiological information.ResultsAtonal stimuli produced larger activations in cerebellum, fusiform, and temporal lobe structures than tonal. In contrast, tonal stimuli induced larger frontal lobe representations than atonal. Control participants presented large activations in cerebellum, fusiform, and temporal lobe. A correlation/connectivity study showed that the blind group incorporated larger amounts of perceptual information (somatosensory and motor) into tonal processing through the function of the anterior prefrontal cortex (APC). They also used the visual cortex in conjunction with the Wernicke's area to process this information. In contrast, controls processed sound with perceptual stimuli from auditory cortex structures (including Wernicke's area). In this case, information was processed through the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex and not the APC. The orbitofrontal cortex also played a key role for atonal interpretation in this group.DiscussionWernicke′s area, known to be involved in speech, was heavily involved for both groups and all stimuli. The two groups presented clear differences in strategies for music processing, with very different recruitment of brain regions.
The developing human brain: age‐related changes in cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar anatomy
Authors: Sussman Dafna , Leung Rachel C. , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Lerch Jason P. , Taylor Margot J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis study is the first to characterize normal development and sex differences across neuroanatomical structures in cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar brain regions in a single large cohort.MethodsOne hundred and ninety‐two magnetic resonance images were examined from 96 typically developing females and 96 age‐matched typically developing males from 4 to 18 years of age. Image segmentation of the cortex was conducted with CIVET, while that of the cerebellum, hippocampi, thalamus, and basal ganglia were conducted using the MAGeT algorithm.ResultsCortical thickness analysis revealed that most cortical regions decrease linearly, while surface area increases linearly with age. Volume relative to total cerebrum followed a quadratic trend with age, with only the left supramarginal gyrus showing sexual dimorphism. Hippocampal relative volume increased linearly, while the thalamus, caudate, and putamen decreased linearly, and the cerebellum did not change with age. The relative volumes of several subcortical subregions followed inverted U‐shaped trends that peaked at ~12 years of age. Many subcortical structures were found to be larger in females than in males, independently of age, while others showed a sex‐by‐age interaction.ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive assessment of cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar growth patterns during normal development, and draws attention to the role of sex on neuroanatomical maturation throughout childhood and adolescence.
New Alkaloids and α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Flavonoids from Ficus hispida
Authors: Shi Zheng‐Feng , Lei Chun , Yu Bang‐Wei , Wang He‐Yao , Hou Ai‐Jun 
Published: March 2016

Two new pyrrolidine alkaloids, ficushispimines A (1) and B (2), a new ω‐(dimethylamino)caprophenone alkaloid, ficushispimine C (3), and a new indolizidine alkaloid, ficushispidine (4), together with the known alkaloid 5 and 11 known isoprenylated flavonoids 6 – 16, were isolated from the twigs of Ficus hispida. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Isoderrone (8), 3′‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)biochanin A (11), myrsininone A (12), ficusin A (13), and 4′,5,7‐trihydroxy‐6‐[(1R*,6R*)‐3‐methyl‐6‐(1‐methylethenyl)cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐yl]isoflavone (14) showed inhibitory effects on α‐glucosidase in vitro.