bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pipeline Repair Based on Diagnostic Inspection – Investment Return
Authors: Pallaghy Barnabas , Bartos Andras 
Published: October 2016

After the review and analysis of a 6000 km (3750 miles) pipeline system’s failure cases, we asked a theoretical question: what would this data show if we didn’t implement any in-line inspection or the consequential repairs and interventions? The amount of data considered is large enough to analyse how we could effect the undesirable changes.
The results clearly indicate that ILI and its associated interventions can measurably reduce the number of failures on a pipeline system. However, the extent of reduction is somewhat dependant on the vintage of the pipeline system.
If such interventions repair near critical defects only, the number of future failures decrease, but the trend remain unchanged. However, if the intervention is comprehensive, the failure trend will also decrease, indicatings, that in-line inspection of pipelines is a profitable investment.
Deformation and Fracture Behaviors of Polyethylene Coatings on the Natural Gas Transmission Line With Ultraviolet Exposure
Authors: Lee Seong-Min , Shin Sung-Sik , Song Hong-Seok , Kho Young-Tai 
Published: October 2016

The effect of carbon black, ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer and color pigment on the mechanical property of polyethylene (PE) has been investigated. The transition of fracture mode from ductile to brittle upon UV exposure is identified through microscopic examination of fracture surface. This transition is responsible for the degradation of mechanical properties.
The carbon black doped PE shows excellent UV resistance regardless of the presence of UV stabilizer. The mechanical properties of the PE remained unchanged even after 50-days UV exposure. The ductile fracture mode is also maintained in this case. The addition of red color pigment exhibited a very poor UV resistance.
Strain-Based Pipeline Design Criteria Review
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron S. , Smith Raymond J. 
Published: October 2016

The new Canadian limit states pipeline design standard (CSA Z662-96, Appendix C - Limit States Design) incorporates deformation or strain-based design criteria to prevent pipe rupture and or buckling and limit ovality due to bending. These criteria are different and in some instances, much more conservative than those contained in the Canadian offshore pipeline design standard (chapter 11 of CSA Z662-96) and similar standards used in other countries. This study was completed to review the ovality, buckling (including wrinkling) and rupture criteria included in current Canadian pipeline design standards (CSA Z662-96) and define its basic differences with respect to other standards.
The deformation or strain based design criteria formulations in Z662 are compared with those contained in design standards, industry association recommendations and classification society rules from Norway, Britain, Germany, Australia and the USA to illustrate their differences and relative levels of conservatism. In addition, current and on-going research efforts were reviewed to identify the state-of-the-art in pipeline strain-based design, since this research could form the basis for future amendments to existing pipeline design standards.
Based on the findings of this review, recommended changes to the limit states pipeline design formulation are given to better reflect the strain-based (non-linear or post-yield) design and assessment approaches included in the Canadian offshore or foreign pipeline design approaches. In addition, an analytical basis for pipeline ovality and buckling design criteria are recommended.
Full Flow High Pressure Hot Taps: The New Technology and Why It’s Indispensable to Industry
Authors: McElligott John A. , Delanty Joe , Delanty Burke 
Published: October 2016

The connection of a new pipeline lateral or loop to an existing high pressure pipeline system has always been fraught with high costs and the potential for major system impacts. Pipeline owners and operators have historically had to choose between a traditional cold connection with its high associated costs and a less expensive but more mysterious hot tap.
Although the cost savings of a hot tap have always been considerable, they were not always sufficient to justify the risk of complications during the branch weld or hot tap or during the subsequent operation of the system. Despite their extraordinary costs and throughput impacts, the perceived certainties of cold connections were often sufficient to justify their regular use.
The recent Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change has resulted in new commitments by the world’s governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For the North American gas industry, these initiatives could result in voluntary compliance objectives, incentive based programs or legislated reforms — any of which will have significant impacts on current practices.
TransCanada PipeLines Limited (TransCanada) has successfully managed the risk/reward conundrum and completed more than 700 large diameter (NPS 12 to NPS 30) horizontal high pressure hot taps without incident since 1960. TCPL’s research and development work has enabled it to refine its procedures to the point where it can now complete branch welding and hot tapping work with minimal effects on throughput, negligible emissions and no system integrity impacts. For TransCanada, the direct advantages of a hot tap over a cold connection have resulted in the avoidance of gross revenue losses of $1 million or more per hot tap, no environmental emissions, seamless service and no impacts whatsoever to shippers. TransCanada PipeLines Services Ltd. (TPSL) has further streamlined the supporting field procedures and now provides a complete turn key service to industry.
Requirements of Pipeline Simulation: Accurately Modeling Transient Pipeline Operation
Authors: Hanks Kenneth H. , Stanley Galen T. 
Published: October 2016

In an attempt simulate the hydraulic conditions actually exhibited in a pipeline, several simplifications have traditionally been made to reduce the computational requirements and complexity of the simulation models.
Recent advances in computer technology and solution techniques have allowed many of these simplifications to be removed. This paper discusses the benefit of the proper simulation of several of these areas. Transient vs. Steady state simulation, Two-phase vs. Single-phase simulation, Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian fluid flow, Multi-component boiling and condensation in wet gas.
The effects of these features on leak detection, line pack, pressure loss, and inventory analysis are discussed, as well as the effects on pipeline design, operator training, and real time decision support.
Gas Demand Forecasting Based on Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Miura Kazuyoshi , Sato Ritsuo 
Published: October 2016

Teikoku Oil Co. Ltd. (TOC) and NKK Corp. established a joint pilot project in 1994 in order to provide pipeline application and evaluation of NKK’s gas hydraulic simulation engine (GASTRAN) and to co-develop a Demand Forecasting Model (DFC). When the pilot project finished in March 1997, a commercial system, called Support Operation and Monitoring Application of Pipeline Simulator (SMAPS), was installed in TOC’s operation center.
The DFC, which is based on an artificial neural network architecture, has several advantages for sales forecasting especially as several dozen delivery points that have different sales patterns are connected to the pipeline network. The results from DFC can be easily used for scenarios in off-line simulation to predict future pipeline situations when it is attached to the SMAPS system. It automatically assists the pipeline operator by reducing his workload and evaluating operation plans.
The A.R.T. of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Authors: Germain George L. , Clarke Terry W. 
Published: October 2016

Understanding Business Process needs is critical to successful implementation of new Information Technology. Understanding Information Technology capabilities is critical to successful evolution of Business Processes.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have been in the gas industry since the 1960’s. Earlier systems provided some data or information from the remotely controlled locations and a few key inter-connections. Now, sophisticated networked systems which contain layers of information detail from field devices and other computerized processes, feed simulators designed to study the process, use expert systems to advise on capability, and provide excellent data and information retention and retrieval tools.
The potential to automate business processes is more complete than ever before. Computers can now help to manage integrated business processes where important data and information is moved regularly from one business process to another under the watchful eye of validation steps, at specified frequencies, with all the necessary reporting to process workers about the health, and performance, of the business process, process links, and the computer system.
The business must understand the benefits and constraints which technology offers to a business process, and find ways to evolve the process with the new technology in hand. The IT manager must understand the business process needs in order to provide the appropriate technology to enable the business process with quick-change capability when change is indicated.
This paper explores some of the relationships between the business process, and the technology impacting the process, on the way to producing a flexible, enduring, and friendly SCADA network, ready to interact with other SCADA systems, other internal processes, and the external world.
Pipeline Control: Merging SCADA and Gas Measurement
Authors: Clark Ian M. , Shaw Glenn 
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses the merits of merging SCADA1 and gas measurement from a technical and economical perspective. Because traditional SCADA is largely limited to control room data used only for day to day operational purposes, the real-time metering data is not often utilized in the external revenue-generation business systems of the organization. In many cases, entirely separate measurement systems are utilized in isolation which often have few, if any, ties to the SCADA system which is capable of collecting pertinent measurement information.
Measurement data validation provides automatic data validation of flow measurement data upon retrieval from telemetered or non-telemetered data sources. Row measurement data can be supplied from field devices such as electronic flow computers or from other sources of flow measurement data such as manual operator entry, third party collection systems, chart integration sources, etc.
Flow measurement data undergoes a series of automated validation tests including single-run limit checking, meter run comparisons (at a given metering station) and historical validation tests (such as searching for frozen values). The outcome of these tests determines the data quality code assigned to each flow measurement reading (indicating the results of validation tests).
When combined with a real-time processing and data acquisition engine in a SCADA system that is capable of communicating with field devices via leased lines, VSAT, radio, dial-up, etc., many benefits can be realized.
Identifying and Accounting for Environmental Costs
Authors: Jagger Doug , Korpach Dave 
Published: October 2016

Protection of the environment has been and will continue to be a major issue facing the pipeline business around the world. Many of the decisions companies make relating to future investments and ongoing operations have environmental implications. These decisions can have significant cost implications that impact the bottom line of oil and gas transportation companies. Most companies do not track their environmental costs rigorously and thus, do not have a good understanding of the magnitude of these costs.
Recently, we have undertaken studies to define and identify the major environmental cost drivers in the industry. As part of these studies, we identified some potential measures of environmental performance and actually measured certain aspects of environmental performance in pipeline companies.
This paper will provide insights into the major environmental cost drivers in the industry and will define these cost drivers. It will provide some ideas on “what to measure” relating to environmental costs.
Implementing an environmental cost management system is not a trivial task. It is difficult to assess how much of the cost associated with a certain investment is related to the environment. This can only be determined on a project by project basis and will also be unique from company to company. Although there is no “cookbook” approach to implementing this system, this paper will provide some guidance for implementing such a system.
Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Program for a Liquid Petroleum Products Pipeline
Authors: Hadden Robert V. , De Leenheer Kevin J. 
Published: October 2016

As part of its Integrity Management Program, Trans Mountain Pipe Line hydrostatically tests sections of its pipeline system with water transported to test sites through the pipeline. After completion of the testing, the water continues through the pipeline to a water treatment facility where it is treated and discharged to the municipal sewer system.
Hydrostatic testing of an operating pipeline, although simple in concept, is a major undertaking. This paper will outline the technical aspects of Trans Mountain’s hydrostatic testing program including: test water transportation, environmental constraints, coordination of test activities and water treatment.
Inspection and Rehabilitation of Crude Oil Pipelines in Eastern Europe and the FSU
Authors: Feizlmayr Adolf H. , Fassl Helmut J. 
Published: October 2016

Major leakages occurred during the last years demonstrate the risk involved with older pipeline systems in Eastern Europe and the FSU, which for the most part are not operated and maintained in accordance with nowadays safety standards.
The typical project approach to standardize the individual subsystem rather than engineering a customized approach, and unclear operating procedures are main causes for this situation.
Having little or no detailed information on condition of the individual systems makes it difficult to evaluate the risks involved. However, certain measures contribute to make a reasonable statement on the reliability of the system, to reduce the risk of environmental pollution significantly and to bring long term economic sustainability.
Using the experience gained through actual projects and with an individually well considered approach, a rehabilitation project in the FSU can be adequately assessed and carried out to ensure optimum deferred expenditure while meeting all relevant environmental and safety requirements.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Benefits Associated With Developing a Natural Gas Distribution System in Nova Scotia
Authors: Buszynski Mario E. , Peacock Tanya 
Published: October 2016

Novia Scotia, a province of about one million people, is located on the east coast of Canada. With the discovery of large natural gas reserves off the Scotian Shelf, offshore production platforms, undersea and onshore pipelines have been constructed to link the find with major markets in Boston by the end of 1999. The onshore pipeline through the province will allow a distribution system to be developed. This natural gas system will be the largest Greenfield development seen in North America for many years.
A billion-dollar expenditure is proposed to establish a local distribution company, which would construct and maintain around 8,000 kilometres of distribution and lateral pipelines in the province. An integral part of this program involves the provision of local benefits through hiring and purchasing of goods and services.
This paper describes aspects of the construction program and benefits plan proposed during the regulatory hearings in order to illustrate the methods used to ensure that the objectives of accessing the majority of Nova Scotians in a seven year planning horizon will be met. The varied landscapes to be crossed and specialized construction techniques to meet those challenges are discussed. The mechanisms in place to ensure maximum benefit for Nova Scotians are also discussed.
Up-to-date information will be presented to demonstrate how the benefits plan is being implemented. The successes of the benefits plan for the distribution utility and the other local megaproject in the province (Sable Offshore Energy) are compared. Conclusions will be drawn regarding successful strategies for implementing benefits plans related to large energy projects.
Fracture Behaviour and Defect Evaluation of Large Diameter, HSLA Steels, Very High Pressure Linepipes
Authors: Demofonti G. , Mannucci G. , Barsanti L. , Spinelli C. M. , Hillenbrand H. G. 
Published: October 2016

Actually, the increase in natural gas needs in the European market, foreseen for the beginning of the next century, compels to develop new solutions for the exploitation of gas fields in remote areas. For natural gas transportation over long distances the hypothesis of a large diameter high-pressure pipeline, up to 150 bar (doubling of the actual one) has been found economically attractive, resulting in significant reduction of the transportation cost of the hydrocarbon. In this contest the interest amongst gas companies in the possible applications of high-grade steels (up to API X100) is growing. A research program, partially financed by E.C.S.C. (European Community for Coal and Steel), by a joint co-operation among Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), S.N.A.M. and Europipe in order to investigate the fracture behaviour of large diameter, API X100 grade pipes at very high pressure (up to 150 bar) has been carried out.
This paper presents: the current status of technology of API X100 steel with respect to the combination of chemical composition, rolling variables and mechanical properties the results obtained from West Jefferson tests, in order to confirm the ductile-brittle transition behaviour stated from laboratory tests (DWTT), the results obtained concerning the control of long shear propagating fracture and in particular the results of a full scale crack propagation test on line operating at very high hoop stress (470 MPa). Besides, in order to investigate the defect tolerance behaviour of the pipe with respect to axial surface defect, burst tests with water as pressurising medium have been carried out and the relative results are presented and discussed.
Innovative Project Management Techniques: Major International Pipeline Project
Authors: Marshall Robert G. , Galatiuk Robert , Mensik Michal 
Published: October 2016

The Gasoducto del Pacifico Pipeline Project (GasPacifico), a 543 Km. pipeline transporting gas from the Province of Neuquen in Argentina to major cities in Chile, was accomplished in record time and under budget. The project was executed in a time frame even shorter than a previous fast track project in the region, the GasAndes Pipeline Project which also crossed the imposing Andes mountain range. Relying on the experience of the GasAndes Project, the Project Management Team, achieved success through the innovative implementation of project management techniques tailored to the specific challenges of the GasPacifico Project which include:
- The fast track nature of the project;
- Contractual obligations imposed by the Project Management Agreement between TransCanada International (TCI) and the owner, GasPacifico;
- Environmental contraints (route traversed a national park in Chile and areas of high erosion and instability);
- Seasonal constraints (one summer of construction, heavy rains in winter);
- Two countries with two sets of laws and stringent regulatory regimes;
- Procurement and importation of major equipment, materials and pipe.
The project management techniques balanced the triumvirate of quality, schedule and cost while managing the Owner’s risks within the boundary constraints of:
- Schedule commitments;
- Budget;
- Right-of-way acquisition;
- Regulatory Permits;
- Design challenges;
- Procurement limitations;
- Environment requirements;
- Construction challenges.
This paper presents the project management techniques used to manage these challenges, placing them in a relevant context, with the intent that learnings can be applied to other international projects.
Combined Loading Tests of Large Diameter Corroded Pipelines
Authors: Smith Marina Q. , Waldhart Christopher J. 
Published: October 2016

Current methods for estimating the remaining strength of aging, corroded pipelines have been restricted to the capabilities of pressure based engineering models that rely on the definition of hoop stress in the pipe wall. Because in practice, pipelines are subjected to a variety of loading conditions (e.g.; axial bending from settlement and thermal stresses) that act in concert with those derived by internal pressure, a multi-year combined testing and analysis program was initiated by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company aimed at developing computer tools for the prediction of rupture and wrinkling in corroded pipes. During the program, seventeen full-scale tests of mechanically corroded 48-inch diameter (1219-mm), X65 pipes subjected to internal pressure, axial bending, and axial compression were performed to provide data necessary for the verification of analytical models and failure prediction models. While all of the tests were designed to produce rupture, wrinkling, as defined by the occurrence of a limit moment during the application of bending loads, was produced in eleven of the tests either prior to or instead of rupture. Loading of the pipe was intended to simulate that which would be observed by a pipe in-service and included both load control and displacement control of the applied bending load, and in some tests, intended to define the amount of additional pressure required to cause burst after wrinkling was produced.
Results of the tests showed that two different failure modes are produced depending on whether the bending moment is transmitted to the pipe as a fixed load or a fixed displacement, and consequently, the burst capacity of the corroded pipe may not be compromised by the presence of axial loads. This paper discusses the tests performed, including a description of the load schedule and corrosion geometries, and key results of the tests that were used in the development of a new strain-based burst prediction procedure for corroded pipes subjected to combined loads.
Automated Inspection of External Pipeline Corrosion With Laser-Based Pipeline Inspection Tool
Authors: Kania Richard 
Published: October 2016

Integrity assessments for external corrosion damage on an exposed pipeline are only as accurate as the methods used to quantify the extent and severity of the damage. Inaccuracies in measurement can lead to unnecessary repairs or non-conservative assessments.
This paper describes the development and use of the second-generation Laser Pipeline Inspection Tool (LPIT). The LPIT is used to reliably and efficiently measure and assess corrosion damage on external surfaces of exposed in-service pipeline segments. To overcome the limitations of the previous system, Mark II LPIT utilizes a spot laser sensor that allows scanning of up to 103 degrees of pipe circumference. The sensor is mounted on a magnetic-wheeled crawler, which permits scanning of unlimited lengths of pipe in any clock position with high acquisition rates. Furthermore, the system has the ability to auto-steer at all orientations about the pipe.
Typical pipeline characteristics such as dents, bends, bulges and welds formerly impeded corrosion measurement. New sophisticated software (CorrosionPro98) easily accommodates such features allowing the system to provide an accurate and precise measurement of corrosion. CorrosionPro98 software incorporates the RSTRENG analysis that is used to assess the significance of the damage from the data and calculate the predicted failure pressure. The LPIT system provides colour-coded contour maps of corroded areas.