bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle synergies during the walk-run and run-walk transitions
Authors: Lagos-Hausheer Leonardo , Vergara Samuel , Munoz-Martel Victor , Pequera Germán , Bona Renata L. , Biancardi Carlo M. 
Published: October 2024

Background
Muscular synergies could represent the patterns of muscular activation used by the central nervous system (CNS) to simplify the production of movement. Studies in walking-running transitions described up to nine synergy modules, and an earlier activation of flexor and extension ankle muscular groups compared to running or walking. Our project aims to study the behaviour of muscle synergies in different stance and swing variations of walking-running (WRT) and running-walking (RWT) transitions.

Methods
Twenty-four trained men participated in this study. A variable speed protocol on a treadmill was developed to record the activity of 14 muscle during walking, running and relative transitions. The protocol was based on five ramps of 50 seconds each around ± 10 and 20% of the WRT speed. WRT and RWT were identified according to an abrupt change of the duty factor. Analysing surface electromyography using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) we obtained synergy modules and temporal activation profiles. Alpha threshold for statistical tests set at 0.05.

Results
We described four different transition strides, two for increasing speed transitions, and two for decreasing speed transitions. Four to six synergy modules were found in each condition. According to the maximum cosine similarity results, the two identified WRT conditions shared five modules, while the two RWT conditions shared four modules. WRT and RWT overall shared 4.33 ± 0.58 modules. The activation profiles and centres of activation revealed differences among conditions.

Discussion
Transition occurred at step level, and transition strides were composed by walk-like and run-like steps. Compared with previous studies in running and walking, both transitions needed earlier activation of a comparable number of synergy modules. Synergies were affected by acceleration: during RWT the need to dissipate energy, to decrease the speed, was achieved by increasing the number of co-activating muscles. This was reflected in fewer synergy modules and different activation profiles compared to WRT. We believe that our results could be enforced in different applied fields, like clinical gait analysis, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, where plans including co-activation of specific muscular groups could be useful. Gait transitions are common in different sports, and therefore also application in training and sport science would be possible.
Comment on “An Assessment of the ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Model” by Purcell et al.
Authors: Richard Peltier W. , Argus Donald F. , Drummond Rosemarie 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe most recently published model of the glacial isostatic adjustment process in the ICE‐NG (VMX) sequence from the University of Toronto, denoted ICE‐6G_C (VM5a), was originally developed to degree and order 256 in spherical harmonics and has been shown to provide accurate fits to a voluminous database of GPS observations from North America, Eurasia, and Antarctica, to time dependent gravity data being provided by the GRACE satellites, and to radiocarbon‐dated relative sea level histories through the Holocene epoch. The authors of the Purcell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012742) paper have suggested this model to be flawed. We have produced a further version of our model, denoted ICE‐6G_D (VM5a), by employing the same BEDMAP2 bathymetry for the Southern Ocean as employed in their analysis which has somewhat reduced the differences between our results. However, significant physically important differences remain, including the magnitude of present‐day vertical crustal motion in the embayments and in the spectrum of Stokes coefficients for present‐day geoid height time dependence which continues to “flatten” at high spherical harmonic degree. We explore the reasons for these differences and trace them to the use by Purcell et al. of a loading history for the embayments that differs significantly from that tabulated for both the original and modified versions of our model.
Topography of the Mantle Transition Zone Discontinuities Beneath Alaska and Its Geodynamic Implications: Constraints From Receiver Function Stacking
Authors: Dahm Haider H. , Gao Stephen S. , Kong Fansheng , Liu Kelly H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe 410 and 660 km discontinuities (d410 and d660, respectively) beneath Alaska and adjacent areas are imaged by stacking 75,296 radial receiver functions recorded by 438 broadband seismic stations with up to 30 years of recording period. When the 1‐D IASP91 Earth model is used for moveout correction and time depth conversion, significant and spatially systematic variations in the apparent depths of the d410 and d660 are observed. The mean apparent depth of the d410 and d660 for the entire study area is 417 ± 12 km and 665 ± 12 km, respectively, and the mean mantle transition zone (MTZ) thickness is 248 ± 8 km which is statistically identical to the global average. For most of the areas, the undulations of the apparent depths of the d410 and d660 are highly correlated, indicating that lateral velocity variations in the upper mantle above the d410 contribute to the bulk of the observed apparent depth variations by affecting the traveltimes of the P‐to‐S converted phases from both discontinuities. Beneath central Alaska, a broad zone with greater than normal MTZ thicknesses and shallower than normal d410 is imaged, implying that the subducting Pacific slab has reached the MTZ and is fragmented or significantly thickened. Within the proposed Northern Cordilleran slab window, an overall thinner than normal MTZ is observed and is most likely the result of a depressed d410. This observation, when combined with results from seismic tomography investigations, may indicate advective thermal upwelling from the upper MTZ through the slab window.
The Role of Texture, Cracks, and Fractures in Highly Anisotropic Shales
Authors: Baird Alan F. , Kendall J. Michael , Fisher Quentin J. , Budge Jessica 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOrganic shales generally have low permeability unless fractures are present. However, how gas, oil, and water flows into these fractures remains enigmatic. The alignment of clay minerals and the alignment of fractures and cracks are effective means to produce seismic anisotropy. Thus, the detection and characterization of this anisotropy can be used to infer details about lithology, rock fabric, and fracture and crack properties within the subsurface. We present a study characterizing anisotropy using S wave splitting from microseismic sources in a highly anisotropic shale. We observe very strong anisotropy (up to 30%) with predominantly VTI (vertical transverse isotropy) symmetry, but with evidence of an HTI (horizontal transverse isotropy) overprint due to a NE striking vertical fracture set parallel to the maximum horizontal compressive stress. We observe clear evidence of a shear wave triplication due to anisotropy, which to our knowledge is one of only a very few observations of such triplications in field‐scale data. We use modal proportions of minerals derived from X‐ray fluorescence data combined with realistic textures to estimate the contribution of intrinsic anisotropy as well as possible contributions of horizontally aligned cracks. We find that aligned clays can explain much of the observed anisotropy and that any cracks contributing to the vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) must have a low ratio of normal to tangential compliance (ZN/ZT), typical of isolated cracks with low hydraulic connectivity. Subhorizontal cracks have also been observed in the reservoir, and we propose that their reactivation during hydraulic fracturing may be an important mechanism to facilitate gas flow.
Evaluating the Resolution of Deep Mantle Plumes in Teleseismic Traveltime Tomography
Authors: Maguire Ross , Ritsema Jeroen , Bonnin Mickaël , van Keken Peter E. , Goes Saskia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe strongest evidence to support the classical plume hypothesis comes from seismic imaging of the mantle beneath hot spots. However, imaging results are often ambiguous and it is questionable whether narrow plume tails can be detected by present‐day seismological techniques. Here we carry out synthetic tomography experiments based on spectral element method simulations of seismic waves with period T > 10 s propagating through geodynamically derived plume structures. We vary the source‐receiver geometry in order to explore the conditions under which lower mantle plume tails may be detected seismically. We determine that wide‐aperture (4,000–6,000 km) networks with dense station coverage (<100–200 km station spacing) are necessary to image narrow (<500 km wide) thermal plume tails. We find that if uncertainties on traveltime measurements exceed delay times imparted by plume tails (typically <1 s), the plume tails are concealed in seismic images. Vertically propagating SKS waves enhance plume tail recovery but lack vertical resolution in regions that are not independently constrained by direct S paths. We demonstrate how vertical smearing of an upper mantle low‐velocity anomaly can appear as a plume originating in the deep mantle. Our results are useful for interpreting previous plume imaging experiments and guide the design of future experiments.
Black‐Phosphorus‐Based Orientation‐Induced Diodes
Authors: Xin Wei , Li Xiao‐Kuan , He Xin‐Ling , Su Bao‐Wang , Jiang Xiao‐Qiang , Huang Kai‐Xuan , Zhou Xiang‐Feng , Liu Zhi‐Bo , Tian Jian‐Guo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDespite many decades of research of diodes, which are fundamental components of electronic and photoelectronic devices with p–n or Schottky junctions using bulk or 2D materials, stereotyped architectures and complex technological processing (doping and multiple material operations) have limited future development. Here, a novel rectification device, an orientation‐induced diode, assembled using only few‐layered black phosphorus (BP) is investigated. The key to its realization is to utilize the remarkable anisotropy of BP in low dimensions and change the charge‐transport conditions abruptly along the different crystal orientations. Rectification ratios of 6.8, 22, and 115 can be achieved in cruciform BP, cross‐stacked BP junctions, and BP junctions stacked with vertical orientations, respectively. The underlying physical processes and mechanisms can be explained using “orientation barrier” band theory. The theoretical results are experimentally confirmed using localized scanning photocurrent imaging. These orientation‐induced optoelectronic devices open possibilities for 2D anisotropic materials with a new degree of freedom to improve modulation in diodes.
Bendamustine plus rituximab for indolent B‐cell lymphoma of renal significance
Authors: Ribes David , Hachem Hélène E. L. , Oberic Lucie , Vergez François , Delas Audrey , Belliere Julie , Protin Caroline , Kamar Nassim , Ferrandiz Inès , Tavitian Suzanne , Laurent Camille , Huart Antoine , Chauveau Dominique , Ysebaert Loïc , Faguer Stanislas 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTreatment of indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (iNHL) of renal significance is challenging given the need for deep and prolonged hematological response to restore and control renal function overtime, yet to be balanced with the risk of adverse drug‐related events. This prospective single‐center study included 20 patients with iNHL of renal significance (tubulointerstitial presentation [n = 8], glomerulopathy with or without monoclonal Ig deposits [n = 12]) who received a steroid‐sparing regimen of rituximab plus bendamustine (BR), with either no or <1 month of steroid intake (as a first line therapy in 80%). Seventeen patients (85%) achieved a complete (CHR, n = 12) or a partial (PHR, n = 5) hematological response. Nine out of the 12 patients (75%) with iNHL‐related glomerulopathy had a complete (CRR) or a partial (PRR) renal response. Among the six patients with glomerulopathy and CHR, five had a CRR (83%) compared to 1/6 (17%) that did not reach CHR. eGFR increased from 38 to 58 mL/min/1.73 m2, and returned to baseline in five patients. Among the eight patients with a tubulointerstitial presentation, six (75%) had a renal response (5 CRR), and eGFR increased from 29 to 48 mL/min/1.73 m2. One patient with a PHR had a renal relapse. Mortality rate was 10% at 12 months. The BR regimen was well tolerated overall. Thus, despite severe renal disease at presentation, a relapsing iNHL in 20% of patients and several comorbidities, the BR regimen was efficient and safe in our series. It should be further assessed as a first line therapy for patients with iNHL of renal significance.
Seven‐Coordinate MoII−Diiodo Complexes with Benzothiazole−N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene Ligands and Their Mo0 Precursors: Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Application in the Epoxidation of cis‐Cyclooctene
Authors: Wang Zhe , Song Xiaolu , Jiang Lu , Lin Ting Ting , Schreyer Martin Karl , Zhao Jin , Hor T. S. Andy 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe oxidative addition of I2 to molybdenum(0) complexes [Mo(CO)4(LNC)] (1–3; LNC1=1‐(benzothiazolin‐2‐yl)‐3‐allyl‐2‐ylidene; LNC2=1‐(benzothiazolin‐2‐yl)‐3‐benzylimidazol‐2‐ylidene; LNC3=1‐(benzothiazolin‐2‐yl)‐3‐methylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) afforded the first isolable and crystallographically elucidated seven‐coordinate MoII−diiodo complexes, [Mo(CO)3I2(LNC)] (4–6), with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. The application of complexes 1–6 as precatalysts for the epoxidation of cis‐cyclooctene with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant has also been studied. Complexes 1–3 performed better than previously reported Mo0−carbonyl−NHC complexes, thereby producing the epoxide in 80–90 % yield after 24 h. Complexes 4–6 were superior to complexes 1–3. Complex 5 was the most‐active MoII−NHC complex, thereby achieving the epoxide in quantitative yield after 6 h.
Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based PA/EP interpenetrating network polymer as coating material for controlled release fertilizers
Authors: Jia Cong , Zhang Xiao , Li Yufeng , Jiang Yanghui , Zhang Min , Lu Panfang , Chen Hongkun 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTA novel controlled release fertilizer was developed using interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) as the coating material. The IPN was successfully sprayed on the surface of the urea particles to form IPN‐coated fertilizers (IPNCU) for controlled nitrogen release. The IPN was synthesized by bio‐based polyamide (PA) from d‐glucaric acid and epoxy (EP) through network interpenetrating. The chemical structure and microscopic morphology characteristics of IPN were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. The property of IPN with the different PA/EP mass ratios were investigated and compared with that of EP‐coated fertilizers (EPCU). The nutrient release behaviors of IPNCU in water and soil were detected. The results showed that the IPNCU with 5% PA content increased the nitrogen release longevity by 41 days, raised the water contact angle of surface by 23.9°, and then significantly slowed the nitrogen release rate of the IPNCU. The nutrient release mechanism of IPNCU was discussed in detail. This work indicated that the environment‐friendly IPN with superior controlled release properties could be especially useful in horticultural and agricultural applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46052.
After Papua New Guinea's Resource Boom: Is the Kina Overvalued?
Authors: Fox Rohan , Schröder Marcel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPapua New Guinea's (PNG) resource boom has come to an end. Theory suggests that the real exchange rate (RER) should subsequently depreciate in order to restore internal and external balance. In practice, however, the imposition of foreign exchange controls has led to a large backlog in foreign currency orders suggesting that the RER is significantly overvalued. The purpose of this paper is to inform the ongoing policy debate surrounding this issue by estimating the extent to which PNG's RER is currently misaligned. Our results suggest that the kina should depreciate by about 20% to close the gap between the actual and equilibrium value of the RER. Otherwise PNG is likely to pay high economic costs as real overvaluation sustained through foreign exchange restrictions led to resource misallocation, lower economic growth, black markets, and ultimately a balance of payments crisis in many other developing countries in the past.
Genomic risk prediction of aromatase inhibitor‐related arthralgia in patients with breast cancer using a novel machine‐learning algorithm
Authors: Reinbolt Raquel E. , Sonis Stephen , Timmers Cynthia D. , Fernández‐Martínez Juan Luis , Cernea Ana , de Andrés‐Galiana Enrique J. , Hashemi Sepehr , Miller Karin , Pilarski Robert , Lustberg Maryam B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMany breast cancer (BC) patients treated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) develop aromatase inhibitor‐related arthralgia (AIA). Candidate gene studies to identify AIA risk are limited in scope. We evaluated the potential of a novel analytic algorithm (NAA) to predict AIA using germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) data obtained before treatment initiation. Systematic chart review of 700 AI‐treated patients with stage I‐III BC identified asymptomatic patients (n = 39) and those with clinically significant AIA resulting in AI termination or therapy switch (n = 123). Germline DNA was obtained and SNP genotyping performed using the Affymetrix UK BioBank Axiom Array to yield 695,277 SNPs. SNP clusters that most closely defined AIA risk were discovered using an NAA that sequentially combined statistical filtering and a machine‐learning algorithm. NCBI PhenGenI and Ensemble databases defined gene attribution of the most discriminating SNPs. Phenotype, pathway, and ontologic analyses assessed functional and mechanistic validity. Demographics were similar in cases and controls. A cluster of 70 SNPs, correlating to 57 genes, was identified. This SNP group predicted AIA occurrence with a maximum accuracy of 75.93%. Strong associations with arthralgia, breast cancer, and estrogen phenotypes were seen in 19/57 genes (33%) and were functionally consistent. Using a NAA, we identified a 70 SNP cluster that predicted AIA risk with fair accuracy. Phenotype, functional, and pathway analysis of attributed genes was consistent with clinical phenotypes. This study is the first to link a specific SNP/gene cluster to AIA risk independent of candidate gene bias.
Bioactive Pimarane Diterpenes from the Arctic Fungus Eutypella sp. D‐1
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Sun Kunlai , Wang Bin 
Published: November 2017

Two new pimarane diterpenes, libertellenone M (1) and libertellenone N (2), together with five known compounds were isolated from the culture extract of Eutypella sp. D‐1 derived from high‐latitude soil of the Arctic. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic data as well as experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Compound 3 exhibited weak antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio vulnificus, each with MIC values of 16 μg/mL. Compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against K562 and MCF‐7 cell lines with IC50 values of 7.67 and 9.57 μm, respectively.
Morphological Changes in Electrografted Aryl‐Based Thin Films Induced by using Diazonium Salts or Aryl Iodides
Authors: González Miriam C. Rodríguez , Carro Pilar , Hernández Creus Alberto 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA comparative study of the growth of electrografted films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) when using aryl iodides and aryl diazonium salts is reported. Films were generated under potentiostatic control by using 1‐iodo‐4‐nitrobenzene (INB) and 4‐nitrobenzene diazonium (NBD). To check the charge‐transfer properties of the modified electrodes, ferrocyanide/ferricyanide and dopamine were used as electrochemical redox probes. Atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of both systems at the nanoscale. Our results show that, despite the electrografting reaction for both molecules being based on the formation of an aryl radical and its subsequent anchorage on the HOPG surface, the required electrochemical conditions and the sub‐product generated for each species determine the properties and morphology of the films at the nanoscale. Theoretical results obtained through DFT calculations show the role of the adsorption of different products when an aryl iodide is used, which determines the morphology of the electrografted films.
Zinc/Nickel‐Doped Hollow Core–Shell Co3O4 Derived from a Metal–Organic Framework with High Capacity, Stability, and Rate Performance in Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Yuzhen , Li Jie , Zhang Tianyu , Qi Pengfei , Li Siwu , Gao Xing , Zhou Junwen , Feng Xiao , Wang Bo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTransition‐metal oxides are one of the most promising anode materials for energy storage in lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries (LIBs and NIBs, respectively). To improve the electrochemical performance of metal oxides (e.g., Co3O4), such as capacity and cyclability, a convenient strategy (with a metal–organic framework as a template) is introduced to generate Zn‐ or Ni‐doped Co3O4. The obtained hollow core–shell nanosized Co3O4 (denoted as Zn/Ni‐Co‐Oxide) derived from pyrolyzing zinc or nickel co‐doped ZIF‐67 (Co(mIm)2; mIm=methylimidazole) shows a drastically enhanced capacity of 1300 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 5000 mA g−1, compared with that of pristine cobalt oxide (800 mAh g−1) in LIBs. A zinc‐doped Zn‐Co‐Oxide demonstrates a stable capacity of 1600 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 for 700 cycles and an excellent performance in full coin cells (cycled with LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2). Moreover, NIB tests show a stable capacity of 300 mAh g−1 for more than 250 cycles.
The Rickiols: 20‐, 22‐, and 24‐membered Macrolides from the Ascomycete Hypoxylon rickii
Authors: Surup Frank , Kuhnert Eric , Böhm Andreas , Pendzialek Tim , Solga Danny , Wiebach Vincent , Engler Hauke , Berkessel Albrecht , Stadler Marc , Kalesse Markus 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn preceding studies the neotropical ascomycete Hypoxylon rickii turned out to be a prolific source of new secondary metabolites, considering that we had obtained terpenoids with five different scaffolds along with a series of terphenyls. From the mycelial extracts of a 70 L scale fermentation of this strain we additionally isolated nine new macrolides (1–9) by RP‐HPLC. The planar structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy complemented by HR‐ESIMS. The relative configurations were assigned by J‐based configuration analyses and confirmed by Kishi′s Universal Database. Subsequently, the absolute configurations were assigned by Mosher′s method using the shift analysis of a tetra‐MTPA derivative. For rickiol A (1) and E (5) we observed transesterification of 20‐membered ring structures to 22‐membered isomers rickiol A2 (6) and E2 (7), and to 24‐membered isomers rickiol A3 (8) and rickiol E3 (9), respectively. Cytotoxic effects and moderate antibiotic activity against Gram‐positive bacteria were observed for 1–8 and 1–6 and 8, respectively. The total synthesis of rickiol E3 (9) established easier access to these compounds.