bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications for public health research of models and theories of disability: a scoping study and evidence synthesis
Authors: Berghs Maria , Atkin Karl , Graham Hilary , Hatton Chris , Thomas Carol 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundPublic health interventions that are effective in the general population are often assumed to apply to people with impairments. However, the evidence to support this is limited and hence there is a need for public health research to take a more explicit account of disability and the perspectives of people with impairments.Objectives(1) To examine the literature on theories and models of disability; (2) to assess whether or not, and how, intervention studies of effectiveness could incorporate more inclusive approaches that are consistent with these theories and models; and (3) to use the findings to draw out implications for improving evaluative study designs and evidence-based practice.Review methodsThe project is a scoping review of the literature. The first stage examines theories and models of disability and reflects on possible connections between theories of disability and public health paradigms. This discussion is used to develop an ethical–empirical decision aid/checklist, informed by a human rights approach to disability and ecological approaches to public health. We apply this decision aid in the second stage of the review to evaluate the extent to which the 30 generic public health reviews of interventions and the 30 disability-specific public health interventions include the diverse experiences of disability. Five deliberation panels were also organised to further refine the decision aid: one with health-care professionals and four with politically and socially active disabled people.ResultsThe evidence from the review indicated that there has been limited public health engagement with theories and models of disability. Outcome measures were often insensitive to the experiences of disability. Even when disabled people were included, studies rarely engaged with their experiences in any meaningful way. More inclusive research should reflect how people live and ‘flourish’ with disability.LimitationsThe scoping review provides a broad appraisal of a particular field. It generates ideas for future practice rather than a definite framework for action.ConclusionsOur ethical–empirical decision aid offers a critical framework with which to evaluate current research practice. It also offers a resource for promoting more ethical and evidence-based public health research that is methodologically robust while being sensitive to the experiences of disability.Future workDeveloping more inclusive research and interventions that avoid conceptualising disability as either a ‘burden’ or ‘problem’ is an important starting point. This includes exploring ways of refining and validating current common outcome measures to ensure that they capture a diverse range of disabling experiences, as well as generating evidence on meaningful ways of engaging a broad range of disabled children and adults in the research process.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
Analysis of risk factors for elbow dysplasia in giant breed dogs
Authors: Nixon Britton , Baltzer Wendy , Nemanic Sarah 
Published: July 2016

SummaryObjective: Identify radiographic risk factors for development of elbow dysplasia in giant breed dogs less than one year of age.Methods: Twenty-five giant breed puppies (Bernese Mountain dogs, English Mastiff, and Newfoundland) were studied. Both elbows of each dog were radiographed monthly from two to six months of age, then every other month until radial and ulnar physeal closure, followed two months later by bilateral elbow computed tomography. Radiographic parameters measured included the presence or absence of a separate centre of ossification of the anconeal process (SCOAP), medial coronoid disease (MCD), ununited anconeal process, humeral osteochondrosis, elbow incongruity, as well as the length of the radius and ulna, radius-to-ulna ratio, and date of closure of the radial and ulnar physes.Results: Fifteen dogs completed the study. Two Bernese Mountain dogs were diagnosed with MCD. Risk factors significantly associated with medial coronoid disease included dyssynchronous physeal closure and a decreased radius-to-ulna ratio, both detected between eight to 11 months of age. A separate centre of ossification of the anconeal process was present in 60% of the dogs, and was not a risk factor for development of elbow dysplasia.Clinical significance: Transient, dyssynchronous growth of the radius and ulna may be a risk factor for development of MCD in Bernese Mountain dogs. Dyssynchronous physeal closure or decreased radius-to-ulna ratio prior to radiographic closure of the distal ulnar and radial physes warrants further study in Bernese Mountain dogs and other breeds subject to MCD development.
Surgical correction of bilateral metacarpophalangeal valgus with curved osteotomies and type II external skeletal fixation in a seven-month-old alpaca
Authors: Whitfield Chase , Rochat Mark , Streeter Robert , Sippel Kate , Schoonover Mike 
Published: July 2016

SummaryObjective: To report the successful surgical correction of severe bilateral metacarpophalangeal valgus angular limb deformities in a seven-month-old intact male alpaca cria using curved osteotomies stabilized with type II external skeletal fixation.Methods: Using a 21 mm crescentic shaped oscillating saw blade, bilateral osteotomies were performed in the distal metaphyses of the fused third and fourth metacarpal bones to correct valgus angular limb deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints. Axial alignment of each limb was achieved by medially rotating the distal metacarpus in the frontal plane along the curved osteotomies. The osteotomies were stabilized using type II external skeletal fixators.Results: The alpaca was immediately weight-bearing following the surgical procedure and no to minimal lameness was observed during healing of the osteotomies. Evaluation at five and 10 months following the surgery demonstrated acceptable axial alignment in the left forelimb while moderate to severe varus deformity (overcorrection) was observed in the right.Clinical significance: Curved osteotomy of the distal metacarpus stabilized with type II external skeletal fixation can provide a favourable outcome in older alpaca crias affected with metacarpophalangeal angular limb deformities. Placement of the distal transfixation pins relative to the metacarpal physes should be carefully evaluated as over-correction is possible, especially if growth -potential remains in only one physis of the fused third and fourth metacarpal bones.
PARTICLE ACCELERATION AND THE ORIGIN OF X-RAY FLARES IN GRMHD SIMULATIONS OF SGR A*
Authors: Ball David , Özel Feryal , Psaltis Dimitrios , Chan Chi-kwan 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Significant X-ray variability and flaring has been observed from Sgr A* but is poorly understood from a theoretical standpoint. We perform general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations that take into account a population of non-thermal electrons with energy distributions and injection rates that are motivated by PIC simulations of magnetic reconnection. We explore the effects of including these non-thermal electrons on the predicted broadband variability of Sgr A* and find that X-ray variability is a generic result of localizing non-thermal electrons to highly magnetized regions, where particles are likely to be accelerated via magnetic reconnection. The proximity of these high-field regions to the event horizon forms a natural connection between IR and X-ray variability and accounts for the rapid timescales associated with the X-ray flares. The qualitative nature of this variability is consistent with observations, producing X-ray flares that are always coincident with IR flares, but not vice versa, i.e., there are a number of IR flares without X-ray counterparts.
STELLAR TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS BY DIRECT-COLLAPSE BLACK HOLES
Authors: Kashiyama Kazumi , Inayoshi Kohei 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We analyze the early growth stage of direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs) with ∼105
M
⊙, which are formed by collapse of supermassive stars in atomic-cooling halos at z ≳ 10. A nuclear accretion disk around a newborn DCBH is gravitationally unstable and fragments into clumps with a few × 10 M
⊙ at ∼0.01–0.1 pc from the center. Such clumps evolve into massive Population III stars with a few × 10–102
M
⊙ via successive gas accretion, and a nuclear star cluster is formed. Radiative and mechanical feedback from an inner slim disk and the star cluster will significantly reduce the gas accretion rate onto the DCBH within ∼106 yr. Some of the nuclear stars can be scattered onto the loss cone orbits also within ≲106 yr and tidally disrupted by the central DCBH. The jet luminosity powered by such tidal disruption events can be L

j
≳ 1050 erg s−1. The prompt emission will be observed in X-ray bands with a peak duration of δt
obs ∼ 105–6(1 + z) s followed by a tail ∝t
obs
−5/3, which can be detectable by Swift BAT and eROSITA even from z ∼ 20. Follow-up observations of the radio afterglows with, e.g., eVLA and the host halos with James Webb Space Telescope could probe the earliest active galactic nucleus feedback from DCBHs.
FAST RADIO BURSTS AND THEIR GAMMA-RAY OR RADIO AFTERGLOWS AS KERR–NEWMAN BLACK HOLE BINARIES
Authors: Liu Tong , Romero Gustavo E. , Liu Mo-Lin , Li Ang 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are radio transients lasting only about a few milliseconds. They seem to occur at cosmological distances. We propose that these events can originate in the collapse of the magnetospheres of Kerr–Newman black holes (KNBHs). We show that the closed orbits of charged particles in the magnetospheres of these objects are unstable. After examining the dependencies on the specific charge of the particle and the spin and charge of the KNBH, we conclude that the resulting timescale and radiation mechanism fit well with extant observations of FRBs. Furthermore, we argue that the merger of a KNBH binary is a plausible central engine for the potential gamma-ray or radio afterglow following certain FRBs and can also account for gravitational wave (GW) events like GW 150914. Our model leads to predictions that can be tested by combined multi-wavelength electromagnetic and GW observations.
THE SOFT STATE OF CYGNUS X-1 OBSERVED WITH NuSTAR: A VARIABLE CORONA AND A STABLE INNER DISK
Authors: Walton D. J. , Tomsick J. A. , Madsen K. K. , Grinberg V. , Barret D. , Boggs S. E. , Christensen F. E. , Clavel M. , Craig W. W. , Fabian A. C. , Fuerst F. , Hailey C. J. , Harrison F. A. , Miller J. M. , Parker M. L. , Rahoui F. , Stern D. , Tao L. , Wilms J. , Zhang W. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a multi-epoch hard X-ray analysis of Cygnus X-1 in its soft state based on four observations with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). Despite the basic similarity of the observed spectra, there is clear spectral variability between epochs. To investigate this variability, we construct a model incorporating both the standard disk-corona continuum and relativistic reflection from the accretion disk, based on prior work on Cygnus X-1, and apply this model to each epoch independently. We find excellent consistency for the black hole spin and the iron abundance of the accretion disk, which are expected to remain constant on observational timescales. In particular, we confirm that Cygnus X-1 hosts a rapidly rotating black hole,

, in broad agreement with the majority of prior studies of the relativistic disk reflection and constraints on the spin obtained through studies of the thermal accretion disk continuum. Our work also confirms the apparent misalignment between the inner disk and the orbital plane of the binary system reported previously, finding the magnitude of this warp to be ∼10°–15°. This level of misalignment does not significantly change (and may even improve) the agreement between our reflection results and the thermal continuum results regarding the black hole spin. The spectral variability observed by NuSTAR is dominated by the primary continuum, implying variability in the temperature of the scattering electron plasma. Finally, we consistently observe absorption from ionized iron at ∼6.7 keV, which varies in strength as a function of orbital phase in a manner consistent with the absorbing material being an ionized phase of the focused stellar wind from the supergiant companion star.
BINARY BLACK HOLES, GAS SLOSHING, AND COLD FRONTS IN THE X-RAY HALO HOSTING 4C+37.11
Authors: Andrade-Santos Felipe , Bogdán Ákos , Romani Roger W. , Forman William R. , Jones Christine , Murray Stephen S. , Taylor Greg B. , Zavala Robert T. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We analyzed deep Chandra ACIS-I exposures of the cluster-scale X-ray halo surrounding the radio source 4C+37.11. This remarkable system hosts the closest resolved pair of super-massive black holes and an exceptionally luminous elliptical galaxy, the likely product of a series of past mergers. We characterize the halo with r
500 ∼ 0.95 Mpc, M
500 = 2.5 ± 0.2 × 1014
M
⊙, kT = 4.6 ± 0.2 keV, and a gas mass of M
g,500 = 2.2 ± 0.1 × 1013
M
⊙. The gas mass fraction within r
500 is f
g = 0.09 ± 0.01. The entropy profile shows large non-gravitational heating in the central regions. We see several surface brightness jumps, associated with substantial temperature and density changes but approximate pressure equilibrium, implying that these are sloshing structures driven by a recent merger. A residual intensity image shows a core spiral structure closely matching that seen in the Perseus cluster, although at z = 0.055 the spiral pattern is less distinct. We infer that the most recent merger occurred 1–2 Gyr ago and that the event that brought the two observed super-massive black holes to the system core is even older. Under this interpretation, the black hole binary pair has, unusually, remained at a parsec-scale separation for more than 2 Gyr.
ROTATION AND GRANULATION OF THE K2 GIANT α SER
Authors: Gray David F. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The red giant α Ser was observed over 10 seasons, 2001–2010, at the Elginfield Observatory with the high-resolution coudé spectrograph. Season-mean radial velocities appear to show a small secular rise ∼11 ± 3 m s−1 yr−1. The absolute spectroscopic radial velocity with convective blueshifts taken into account is 2730 m s−1. Ten line-depth ratios were investigated and show that the star's temperature is constant with any secular variation below 1.3 ± 1.0 K over the 11 years of observation. Fourier analysis of the line broadening yields v sin i = 2.0 ± 0.3 km s−1 and a radial-tangential macroturbulence dispersion ζ
RT = 4.50 ± 0.10 km s−1. The third-granulation-signature plot shows that the granulation velocities of α Ser are only 0.55 ± 0.10 as large as the Sun's. The line bisector of Fe i
λ6253 has the usual “C” shape and when mapped onto the third-signature plot results in a flux deficit that is slightly broader than seen in other measured K giants. The deficit fractional area of 12.3 ± 1.5% suggests a temperature difference between granules and lanes of 105 K as seen averaged over the stellar disk.
REDUNDANT ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS FOR 21 cm COSMOLOGY
Authors: Dillon Joshua S. , Parsons Aaron R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Realizing the potential of 21 cm tomography to statistically probe the intergalactic medium before and during the Epoch of Reionization requires large telescopes and precise control of systematics. Next-generation telescopes are now being designed and built to meet these challenges, drawing lessons from first-generation experiments that showed the benefits of densely packed, highly redundant arrays—in which the same mode on the sky is sampled by many antenna pairs—for achieving high sensitivity, precise calibration, and robust foreground mitigation. In this work, we focus on the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) as an interferometer with a dense, redundant core designed following these lessons to be optimized for 21 cm cosmology. We show how modestly supplementing or modifying a compact design like HERA’s can still deliver high sensitivity while enhancing strategies for calibration and foreground mitigation. In particular, we compare the imaging capability of several array configurations, both instantaneously (to address instrumental and ionospheric effects) and with rotation synthesis (for foreground removal). We also examine the effects that configuration has on calibratability using instantaneous redundancy. We find that improved imaging with sub-aperture sampling via “off-grid” antennas and increased angular resolution via far-flung “outrigger” antennas is possible with a redundantly calibratable array configuration.
A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COSMIC RAY MODULATION NEAR THE HELIOPAUSE. II. SOME PHYSICAL INSIGHTS
Authors: Luo Xi , Potgieter Marius S. , Zhang Ming , Pogorelov Nikolai V. , Feng Xueshang , du Toit Strauss R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Cosmic ray (CR) transport near the heliopause (HP) is studied using a hybrid transport model, with the parameters constrained by observations from the Voyager
1 spacecraft. We simulate the CR radial flux along different directions in the heliosphere. There is no well-defined thin layer between the solar wind region and the interstellar region along the tail and polar directions of the heliosphere. By analyzing the radial flux curve along the direction of Voyager 2, together with its trajectory information, the crossing time of the HP by Voyager 2 is predicted to be in 2017.14. We simulate the CR radial flux for different energy values along the direction of Voyager 1. We find that there is only a modest modulation region of about 10 au wide beyond the HP, so that Voyager 1 observing the Local Interstellar Spectra is justified in numerical modeling. We analyze the heliospheric exit information of pseudo-particles in our stochastic numerical (time-backward) method, conjecturing that they represent the behavior of CR particles, and we find that pseudo-particles that have been traced from the nose region exit in the tail region. This implies that many CR particles diffuse directly from the heliospheric tail region to the nose region near the HP. In addition, when pseudo-particles were traced from the Local Interstellar Medium (LISM), it is found that their exit location (entrance for real particles) from the simulation domain is along the prescribed Interstellar Magnetic Field direction. This indicates that parallel diffusion dominates CR particle transport in the LISM.
NH3(3,3) AND CH3OH NEAR SUPERNOVA REMNANTS: GBT AND VLA OBSERVATIONS
Authors: McEwen Bridget C. , Pihlström Ylva M. , Sjouwerman Loránt O. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on Green Bank Telescope 23.87 GHz NH3(3,3) emission observations in five supernova remnants (SNRs) interacting with molecular clouds (G1.4−0.1, IC 443, W44, W51C, and G5.7−0.0). The observations show a clumpy gas density distribution, and in most cases the narrow line widths of ∼3–4 km s−1 are suggestive of maser emission. Very Large Array observations reveal 36 and/or 44 GHz CH3OH maser emission in a majority (72%) of the NH3 peak positions toward three of these SNRs. This good positional correlation is in agreement with the high densities required for the excitation of each line. Through these observations we have shown that CH3OH and NH3 maser emission can be used as indicators of high-density clumps of gas shocked by SNRs, and provide density estimates thereof. Modeling of the optical depth of the NH3(3,3) emission is compared to that of CH3OH, constraining the densities of the clumps to a typical density of the order of 105 cm−3 for cospatial masers. Regions of gas with this density are found to exist in the post-shocked gas quite close to the SNR shock front, and may be associated with sites where cosmic rays produce gamma-ray emission via neutral pion decay.
THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF WOLF–RAYET STARS IN EMERGING MASSIVE STAR CLUSTERS
Authors: Sokal Kimberly R. , Johnson Kelsey E. , Indebetouw Rémy , Massey Philip 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars as a source of feedback contributing to the removal of natal material in the early evolution of massive star clusters. Despite previous work suggesting that massive star clusters clear out their natal material before the massive stars evolve into the WR phase, WR stars have been detected in several emerging massive star clusters. These detections suggest that the timescale for clusters to emerge can be at least as long as the time required to produce WR stars (a few million years), and could also indicate that WR stars may be providing the tipping point in the combined feedback processes that drive a massive star cluster to emerge. We explore the potential overlap between the emerging phase and the WR phase with an observational survey to search for WR stars in emerging massive star clusters hosting WR stars. We select candidate emerging massive star clusters from known radio continuum sources with thermal emission and obtain optical spectra with the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and the 6.5 m MMT.4
We identify 21 sources with significantly detected WR signatures, which we term “emerging WR clusters.” WR features are detected in ∼50% of the radio-selected sample, and thus we find that WR stars are commonly present in currently emerging massive star clusters. The observed extinctions and ages suggest that clusters without WR detections remain embedded for longer periods of time, and may indicate that WR stars can aid, and therefore accelerate, the emergence process.
AN IRON K COMPONENT TO THE ULTRAFAST OUTFLOW IN NGC 1313 X-1
Authors: Walton D. J. , Middleton M. J. , Pinto C. , Fabian A. C. , Bachetti M. , Barret D. , Brightman M. , Fuerst F. , Harrison F. A. , Miller J. M. , Stern D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the detection of an absorption feature at

E
=

8.77

−
0.06

+
0.05

keV in the combined X-ray spectrum of the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 1313 X-1 observed with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR, significant at the 3σ level. If associated with blueshifted ionized iron, the implied outflow velocity is ∼0.2c for Fe xxvi, or ∼0.25c for Fe xxv. These velocities are similar to the ultrafast outflow seen in absorption recently discovered in this source at lower energies by XMM-Newton, and we therefore conclude that this is an iron component to the same outflow. Photoionization modeling marginally prefers the Fe xxv solution, but in either case the outflow properties appear to be extreme, potentially supporting a super-Eddington hypothesis for NGC 1313 X-1.
ENHANCED STAR FORMATION OF LESS MASSIVE GALAXIES IN A PROTOCLUSTER AT z = 2.5
Authors: Hayashi Masao , Kodama Tadayuki , Tanaka Ichi , Shimakawa Rhythm , Koyama Yusei , Tadaki Ken-ichi , Suzuki Tomoko L. , Yamamoto Moegi 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate a correlation between star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass for Hα emission-line galaxies (HAEs) in one of the richest protoclusters ever known at z ∼ 2.5, the USS 1558-003 protocluster. This study is based on a 9.7 hr narrowband imaging data with MOIRCS on the Subaru telescope. We are able to construct a sample in combination with additional H-band data taken with WFC3 on the Hubble Space Telescope, of 100 HAEs reaching the dust-corrected SFRs down to 3 M
⊙ yr−1 and the stellar masses down to 108.0
M
⊙. We find that while the star-forming galaxies with ≳109.3
M
⊙ are located on the universal SFR-mass main sequence (MS) irrespective of the environment, less massive star-forming galaxies with ≲109.3
M
⊙ show a significant upward scatter from the MS in this protocluster. This suggests that some less massive galaxies are in a starburst phase, although we do not know yet if this is due to environmental effects.