bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORRELATION BETWEEN HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS IN PATIENTS WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION
Authors: Ibrahim Hadeel , Mohammed Mohammed , Mahmood Kawa 
Published: July 2017

Background
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in gastric mucosa may cause systemic inflammatory reaction, which increases risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.
Objectives
This study aimed to assess the association between H. pylori infection and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and carotid intima media thickness.
Patients and Methods
This is a case control study, conducted at Kurdistan center for Gastroenterology & Hepatology from Dec. 2012 to March 2014. One hundred patients with dyspepsia and positive H. pylori. 75 (39 males and 36 females) non dyspeptic apparently healthy subject with H. pylori negative as control group were assessed. The serum sample tested for H. pylori infection and Hs-CRP using ELISA and stool sample examined by using Rapid Immunoassay method to detect H. pylori antigens.
Results
The mean hs-CRP level was significantly different (P<0.01) between patients and controls. A significant correlation between different tests of H. pylori and hs-CRP level was found (p < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between hs-CRP level and internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery (CCA) thickness in patients (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
H. pylori infection was significantly associated with higher serum hs-CRP.There was significant correlation between hs-CRP and carotid intima-media thickness.
COMPLICATIONS OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN KURDISTANCENTER FOR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
Authors: Al-Najjar Ali 
Published: July 2017

Background
ERCP has become widely available for the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary diseases.In this retrospective study, the overall complications rates for therapeutic ERCP were identified in Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and hepatology-Sulaimani-Kurdistan region-Iraq.
Patients and Methods
This retrospective case series was carried out in Kurdistan center for gastroenterology and hepatology in Sulaimani city-Iraq from January 2014 to January 2015. The records of 806 ERCP were evaluated to collect procedure related data and the overall complications rate for diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP.
Results
All cases examined by ERCP in the KCGH in Sulaimani over a period of one year (from January 2014 to January 2015) were 806, 471 females (58.43%) and 335 males (41.56%). Less than quarter of patients were referrals from Iraqi governorates other than Sulaimani governorate. The mean duration of ERCP procedure was 27.5 min. Deep cannulation was successful in 749 (92.92%) patients. There were 57 (7.07%) failure of cannulation. In cases who had successful cannulation a cholangiogram was obtained which showed bile duct dilatation. In cases of failed cannulation pancreatic stent deployed in 26 (3.22%). Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 472 (58.56%) patients, followed by stone extraction in 341 (96.05%) patients, stenting of common bile duct in 422 (52.35%) ,stent removal in second session of ERCP. The overall complications rate was 9.42%. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was the most common and occurs in 34 patients (4.23%), Bleeding occurred in 19 patients (2.35%) and was related to a therapeutic procedure in all cases. Sixteen patients had cholangitis (1.98%), most cases being secondary to incomplete drainage. There were 4 perforations (0.49%). All other complications totaled 1.12%.
Conclusion
Despite the potential benefits of ERCP for the treatment of benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary diseases, it is associated with morbidity and risk of mortality. The most frequent ERCP-related complication was pancreatitis. Bleeding was second complication and mostly associated with sphincterotomy. Other complications such as cholangitis and perforation were rare. Patients’ comorbidities and therapeutic procedures can increase the risk of post-ERCP complications.Our interventions and their complications rates are comparable to those reported in other countries.
USES OF ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BILE DUCT STONES IN KURDISTAN CENTER FOR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
Authors: Al-Najjar Ali , Karboly Taha 
Published: July 2017

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to document the extent of pre and post-cholecystectomy retained bile duct stones in our region with evaluation of the endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography role in their management.
Design
Retrospective study.
Patients and Methods
This retrospective case series was carried out in Kurdistan center for gastroenterology and Hepatology in Sulaimani city–Iraq from January 2014 to January 2015. The records of 486 patients were retrospectively evaluated to collect demographic, clinical and procedure related data.
Results
The mean age was 51 years (range14-88 years).The female : male ratio was 2.01:1 with females constituted 325 (66.87%) while males constituted 161 (33.12%).Less than quarter of the patients were referrals from Iraqi governorates other than Sulaimani governorate. The mean duration of the ERCP procedure was 27.5 min. Deep cannulation was successful in 452 (93.o1%) patients. There was 34 (6.99%) failure of cannulation. In cases that had successful cannulation a cholangiogram was obtained which showed bile duct dilatation. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is almost done in all cases before stone extraction, and it is an adjunct for stone removal which is done by basket or balloon. It was performed in 285 (84.2%) patients, followed by stone extraction in 341 (96.05%) patients, stenting in 208 (45.51%). The most common complications reported in this study were pancreatitis, bleeding and cholangitis. Elevated liver function tests and dilated CBD by ultrasound are the most accurate predictors of stones.
Conclusion
Despite its associated morbidity and risk of mortality, ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography) is an important method in managing pre and post cholecystectomy choledocholithiasis. Our indications, interventions and complications rates are comparable to those reported in other countries.
IN VITRO EQUIVALENCE EVALUATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT METFORMIN TABLET PRODUCTS USING UV SPECTROMETER
Authors: Abdulhameed Baraa , Karim Hazhar , Qader Gulala , Mohammed Mohammed 
Published: July 2017

Backgrond
Equivalence studies are needed to assess and confirm the safety and efficacy of generic formulations and are essential for the protection of patients from being treated by counterfeit medicines or from unwanted effects of medications. Two pharmaceutical products are considered to be bioequivalent when their bioavailability factors are similar and they show clinically comparable therapeutic effects.
Objectives
To compare the in vitro equivalence of five products of metformin tablets available in the markets of Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Materials and Methods
This work involved studying of five products of metformin tablets available in the markets of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The products were compared to investigate their contents, dissolution and friability profiles.
Results
Results of content assay indicated that all five products stayed within the standard value ranges, which should not be less than 95% and not more than 105% of labeled amount. The dissolution profile study showed that all five brands of metformin released at least 80% of their contents in 30 minutes and passed the acceptance criteria for US Pharmacopeia 2015. The friability test demonstrated that the tablets manufactured by Bristol had maximum loss while tablets manufactured by Merck showed minimum friability, as compared to other brands in the study.
Conclusion
The study indicates that the five tested products of metformin tablets, which are available in Iraqi markets, Comply with the standards set by US Pharmacopeia and are considered to be equivalent to each other.
SEXUAL SATISFACTION IN A GROUP OF MARRIED WOMEN IN ERBIL, IRAQ
Authors: Ahmed Hamdia , Ismail Kameran , Al-Tawil Namir 
Published: July 2017

Background
Healthy sexual relationship leads to achievement of affinity and affection in family in addition to proper satisfaction of sexual instincts.
Objectives
This study was conducted to find out the prevalence of sexual satisfaction and to identify factors that are associated with marital satisfaction in a group of married women in Erbil.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 1, 2014 and March 1, 2015. A convenience sample (of 300 married women aged 15-45 years) was taken from three settings in Erbil, Iraq (the maternity teaching hospital, two schools, and nursing institute and college). Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. A Five Point Likert Scale was used to assess the sexual satisfaction of the studied sample.
Results
The majority of women were satisfied most of the time with their sexual partners, and they enjoy the process. The overall sexual satisfaction was 88.7%. There was significant association between high level of satisfaction and the following variables: place of the sample (adult school), religion (Muslim), occupation (high professionals), smoking (non-smokers), contraceptive method (condom and natural method), and women who mentioned “husband have right to make sex any time he want”. Also there was a significant association between level of satisfaction and following variables: family planning (non-users), type of marriage (no previous agreement) and overall satisfaction.
Conclusion
The majority of women were satisfied most of the time with their sexual partners, and they enjoy the process.
ASSESSMENT OF NURSE’S KNOWLEDGE REGARDING RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS IN HAWLER AND RIZGARY TEACHING HOSPITAL IN ERBIL CITY
Authors: Omer Bakhtyar 
Published: July 2017

Background
Osteoporosis is one of the main cause of mortality, disability and impaired quality of life among population especially older people. It also causes premature death. It has a major effect and economic burden on health services, preventing and treating osteoporosis requires many billions of dollars annually worldwide .
Objectives
This study aimed to assess nurse’s knowledge regarding risk factors of osteoporosis in Hawler and Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Kurdistan Region/Iraq.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken with 160 nurses of Hawler and Rizgary Teaching Hospital. Knowledge was assessed by using a face-to-face interview with semi-structured questionnaire. A purposive sampling was used for data collection. The data were analyzed through using SPSS, for calculating descriptive (Frequency and Percentage) and inferential (Chi-square and Fishers exact tests) to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and overall levels of knowledge of the study sample.
Result
Out of 160 samples 35% of them were in age between 34-52 years old and 86.2% were females. The majority of the study sample didn’t have enough knowledge regarding some risk factors of osteoporosis such as: diabetes mellitus (87.5%), alcoholism (79.4%), high caffeine intake (78.1%), menopause (72.5%), smoking (68.8%), hormonal change (66.9%), low intake of calcium and vitamin (65%), corticosteroid (63.8%), and female sex (60%).
Conclusion
Nurses had a poor knowledge regarding risk factors for osteoporosis. On findings, more education and seminars are required about osteoporosis for nurses.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AND DEGREE OF AXIAL MYOPIA AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING SHAHEED DR. ASO TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Al-Saffar Ali , Ali Yaseen 
Published: July 2017

Background
Central corneal thickness (CCT) is an important indicator of corneal health status. Myopia is the refractive state in which parallel rays of light from a distant object are brought to focus in front of the retina in the non-accommodating eye. Since, both cornea and sclera are continuous layers the thinner cornea would also be expected.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to determine whether there is an association between central corneal thickness and degree of axial myopia.
Subjects and Methods
This cross sectional study encompasses 103 patients (203 eyes) of emmetropic control group and 100 patients (197 eyes) of myopic group. The subjects had slit lamp examination for both eyes, including lids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, iris, lens and fundus; best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) refraction, and intraocular pressure (TOPCON computerized tonometer). Axial lengths, central corneal thickness, and keratometry reading were measured by a LENSTAR LS900 machine (HAAG-STREIT).
Results
The Mean CCT + SD for the emmetropic group was (539.35 ±28.98 μm), and for the axial myopic group (533.22 ±32.27μm). The mean CCT from the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.047). However there is no significant correlation between mean CCT and the degree of axial myopia (r = 0.013, P = 0.109).
Conclusion
Central corneal thickness has no statistically significant correlation with degree of axial myopia.
ASSESSMENT OF ANXIETY AMONG NURSING STUDENTS AT KOYA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE IN ERBIL
Authors: Kareem Mosleh 
Published: July 2017

Background
Anxiety is a major obstacle to learning in the clinical setting. While a moderate level of anxiety may be needed for learning, a high level of anxiety results in decreased learning. Emerging data indicate that nursing students are possibly more anxious than other students.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the anxiety levels among nursing students the Koya Technical Institute at Erbil polytechnic University.
Methods
A quantitative descriptive study was conducted on 194 students selected for the Koya Technical Institute at Erbil polytechnic University in Erbil-Iraq. A non-probability purposive sample was selected. A questionnaire was designed for the purpose of the study, it contained of two parts; Part one consisted of socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, income, religion, nation and residential area of the students and part two consisted of a Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale which used to measure the severity of anxiety. Data were collected through interview with students. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for data analysis.
Results
The mean age (±SD) was 20.25 (± 1.98) years. The majority (59.3 %) of the samples were male, single (92.8%), Kurdish (98.5%), Muslim (99.5%), had fair income (58.2%), and most of them from rural areas (61.9%). The majority of the study sample (77.3%) had normal anxiety, while 22.2% had mild to moderate anxiety level and only 0.5% were severe with anxiety level. In general, there was no significant association between level of anxiety and their socio-demographic characteristics except gender having a significantly higher P = 0.013.
Conclusion
Nursing students had mild to moderate anxiety levels, but still need better awareness, advice and management of the affected students. Future research is required to affirm these determinations.
INDUCED HYPERTENSION AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS ATTENDING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS IN ERBIL CITY
Authors: Doski Nazar , Mikha Rukhosh , Baker Jawdat 
Published: July 2017

Background
Pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes represent the most common medical complications of pregnancy and a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Gestational diabetes have has been shown to have a significantly higher risk of having a pregnancy complicated disease of mixed etiology when compared to women with normal carbohydrate metabolism, gestational diabetes mellitus is also relatively common and affects 3–5% of pregnancies, resulting in a variety of complications that primarily affect the fetus, including, stillbirth, jaundice, and respiratory distress syndrome.
Objectives
This study aimed to determine the pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes ‎among pregnant women attending primary health care center in Erbil city and to identify the relationship between pregnancy-Induced hypertension, gestational diabetes with some demographic characteristics (age, age of marriage, occupation and level of education).
Methods
The study is descriptive study, the sample was composed of 350 pregnant women who had been attended to primary health care center in Erbil from the period 1/4/2016 to 1/9/2016, a constructed questionnaires was used to obtain the pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes among pregnant women, and the interview was used as methods of data collection and data was analyzed using SPSS version 18.
Results
The results shows the highest age of pregnant women were between age group (18-34) years old, pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes were represented (2%) of the study sample, and there was no significant association between age group and educational level with induced hypertension and diabetes mellitus (P-value = 0.156, 0.549,and hypertension (P-value = 0.156, P-value = 0.906)
Conclusion
The prevalence of induced hypertension and gestational diabetes was not high and there was no any association between induced hypertension and gestational diabetes with all variables.
RISK FACTORS AND CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS GRADE I AND II
Authors: Nadhim Ari , Mustafa Nabaz , Hasan Seerwan 
Published: July 2017

Background
Spondylolysis is a fracture of pars interarticularis without slippage of the vertebral bodies. Spondylolisthesis is anterior slippage of one vertebral body on to the immediate inferior vertebral body. The conservative treatment of spondylolysis and low-grade spondylolisthesis is preferable initial step in the management.
Objectives
The purposes were to find the risk factors for lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and the plausibility of conservative management of them.
Materials and Methods
Prospective cohort study of a series of (100) patients performed. Each followed up for six consecutive months during 2012-2014. Failure of conservative treatment necessitated surgical intervention. Inclusion criteria for the patients to be included in the study were that the patient needed to be afflicted with Spondylolysis, and/or spondylolisthesis Meyerding grade I and II. We assessed the grades of slippage by Meyerding grading system
Results
Patients included in the study were 14% males and 86% females, and the mean and SD (Standard Deviation) age were (43.92±13.83) years. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of the patients were 55% overweight, and 17% obese, with a significant P-value of (<0.001). The mean±SD body height was (166.75±6.94 cm). There was history of trauma in 63% patients, and the level of pars fracture was L5 in 65%, L4 in 30%, and L3 in 4%. The degrees of vertebral slippage were 59% grade I, 34% spondylolysis, 7% grade II. Eleven (11%) of patients were indicated for surgery. Transpedicular screw fixation and fusion was performed for nine patients and two of them refused surgery.
Conclusion
Conservative treatment is preferable as an initial step in the management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Grade I and II if there were no neurological deficits.
Seismic Refraction Tomography and MASW Survey for Geotechnical Evaluation of soil for the Teaching Hospital Project at Mosul University
Authors: Al-Saigh Nabil , Al-Heety Ahmed 
Published: July 2017

This study includes Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and Multi-channel Analysis of
Surface Waves (MASW) survey. 12 shallow refraction profiles and 2 profiles for MASW were
conducted in teaching hospital project site in Mosul University to delineate some of shallow soil
engineering characteristics for construction purpose. The linear arrays by using 12 geophones with
10 Hz frequency are used. Both of compressional (P) waves and MASW data were acquired and
interpreted using seismic tomography method and MASW methods to create 1-D shear velocity
model respectively. A number of engineering parameters such as Concentration Index, Material
Index, Density Gradient and Stress Ratio are calculated. The seismic velocity values ,engineering,
consolidation ,and strength parameter show that the site have three layers just as follows: the first
one is the upper layer which corresponds to recent superficial deposits is characterized by an
incompetent rock quality, the second one is the middle one that corresponded mostly to the river
deposits composed especially of River terraces and clays is characterized by fairly competent rock
quality While the third one is the lower layer is corresponded to the upper part of Fat’ha formation
which is mostly composed of marl layers is good competent rock quality .Hence the 3rd layer is
suggested for engineering and foundation purpose.
Simulation of Nanopattern Formation of Si Surface due to Ion Irradiation
Authors: Ali Sarwar , Saeed S. 
Published: July 2017

Energetic ion irradiation induce surface nano-scale patterns formation, ripple or wavelike
pattern is one of the surface morphologies. Analytical solution of the BH continuum equation, using
MATLAB applied on Si target, well-defined ripple structure were observed as a function of
different parameters such as angle of ion incidence, ion energy, ion flux, ion species, and thermal
diffusion coefficient
Structural analysis of the Azmir – Goizha anticline, north and northeast of Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, Northeast Iraq
Authors: Karim Kamal , Ahmad Sirwan 
Published: July 2017

The Azmir–Goizha anticline (AGA) is located directly to north and northeast boundary of
Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq. The anticline originally consists of two main connected
anticlines (Azmir and Goizha anticlines) with many smaller anticlines along southwest and
northeast limbs. In the studied area, it has length and width of about (10 and 4) kms, respectively,
with height of 1600 m (a.s.l). It extends from Weladar village, from southeast to Khamza village at
the northwest and further extends outside of the studied area. The anticline has very complicate
structural setting and recently few structural analyses were conducted by different workers. The
present study is an attempt to discover the actual structural setting of the anticline and try to review
the previous studies critically by using data collected in the field with aid of precise stratigraphic
analysis. Structurally, the previous pigy-back thrust imbricated fan is changed to nearly isoclinal
detachment fold, which is detached in the form of either lift-off detachment fold or multi-
detachment fold or multi-detachment faulted fold. In the core of the anticline, the accommodation
of the shortening is preserved as second-order folding or second-order conjugate faulting. The
competent cover (outer layers) of the anticline consists of Kometan and upper part Balambo
formations. Core Azmir and Qaywan anticlines are occupied plastic incompetent layers of Sarmord
Formation and lower part of Balambo formations while that of Azmir Bichkola and Naugirdan (or
Goizha) anticlines are occupied. These units are deformed as disharmonic buckle folds in the cores.
The main detachment had occurred in the lower part of the Sarmord Formation (Lower
Cretaceous) and inside Jurassic rocks. All the mapped strike-slip and reverse faults, in the previous
studies are not recorded in the present study. Furthermore, this study recommends excluding the
anticline from the Imbricate Zone and including it within the High Folded Zone.