bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Estimation Based on Appearance of Gray Hair in Different Body Sites of Sri Lankan Autopsy Cases
Authors: Senanayake Harshana Mahendra Kumara , Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOwing to the scanty evidence on usefulness of information of appearance of gray hair for age estimation, this study was conducted to estimate age based on the appearance of gray hair on different body sites in a sample of autopsy cases in Sri Lanka. A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted in Teaching Hospital‐Kurunegala during 2011 to 2013. Based on the pattern of the presence of gray hair in different body sites, six stages of gray hair were computed. The analysis 1155 autopsy cases revealed strong, positive correlations between age and appearance of gray hair in head, mustache, beard, and pubic area among males and strong, positive correlations between age and the appearance of gray hair in head and pubic area among females (p < 0.01). Our findings demonstrate the value of information of appearance of gray hair for age estimation in the field of forensic science.
Cambrian Reefs in the Western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia
Authors: LEE Jeong‐Hyun , KIM Byeong‐Jun , LIANG Kun , PARK Tae‐Yoon S. , CHOH Suk‐Joo , LEE Dong‐Jin , WOO Jusun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMid to late Cambrian thrombolites and maze‐like maceriate reefs from the western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, northwestern China, occur in the middle of a succession dominated by thin‐bedded lime mudstone‐shale/marlstone alternations, and are laterally surrounded by limestone conglomerate and/or grainstone. Thrombolite, characterized by meter‐scale lenticular mounds composed of millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale mesoclots and wackestone matrix, occurs in the lower middle part of the sequence. Thrombolite mesoclots are composed of microstromatolites with alternating dark gray and light gray micritic laminae. The maze‐like maceriate reefs occur in the middle to the upper part of the sequence, commonly forming lenticular mounds up to 1 m thick. They are characterized by centimeter‐ to decimeter‐scale branched maze‐like structures, whose biogenic portions (maceria) are selectively dolomitized. The maceriae are composed of poorly preserved microstromatolites and siliceous sponges. Inter‐macerial sediments consist of lime mud and scattered bioclasts. These Wuhai reefs are generally similar to but older than various other Cambrian reefs previously reported from the Shandong region, northeastern China.
Systematic Revision of Trilobites from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Klimoli Formation of the Zhuozishan Area, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: LEE Seung‐Bae , LEE Dong‐Chan , WOO Jusun , ZHANG Xingliang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNew morphologic information permits systematic revision of trilobites from the Middle Ordovician Klimoli Formation of the Zhuozishan area, Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. The new assemblage is composed of 10 species of the Raphiophoridae, Nileidae, Asaphidae, and Telephinidae. An asaphid, aff. Mioptychopyge lashachungensis (previously Paraptychopyge lashachungensis) displays an intermediate morphology between the Chinese nobiliasaphine genera Mioptychopyge and Zhenganites. The pygidial doublure is regarded as the most significant character to differentiate Symphysurus klimoliensis (previously Nileus klimoliensis) of the Nileidae from such closely allied taxa as Poronileus. A nileid, cf. Peraspis kujandensis displays typical nileid morphology, unlike the type species, Peraspis lineolata, which might turn out to be an asaphid. Ampyx gongwusuensis sp. nov. of the Raphiophoridae is the first record of the genus in the Zhuozishan area and reveals morphologic details that might be employed to resolve Ampyx taxonomy in China. Morphologic differences between A. gongwusuensis and Abulbaspis ordosensis might represent a case of sexual dimorphism.
In Situ Stress Measurements in the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: MENG Wen , GUO Changbao , ZHANG Yongshuang , DU Yuben , ZHANG Min , BAO Linhai , ZHANG Peng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTectonic activities are frequent in the Lhasa terrane because of the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasia plates. Knowledge of the stress state is critical to evaluate the crustal stability and the design of underground excavations. Because of the limitations imposed by natural conditions, little research has been performed on the present crustal in situ stress in the Tibetan Plateau, and further study is imperative. In this study, hydraulic fracturing measurements were conducted in Nyching County (LZX) and Lang County (LX), Lhasa terrane to characterize the shallow crustal stress state. The results indicate that the stress state in the LZX borehole is markedly different from that in the LX borehole, in both magnitude and orientation. At the same measurement depths, the magnitudes of horizontal principal stresses in the LX borehole are 1.5–3.0 times larger than those in the LZX borehole. The stress regime in the LX borehole favors reverse faulting characterized by SH>Sh>Sv, where SH, Sh, and Sv are maximum horizontal, minimum horizontal, and vertical principal stresses, respectively. The SH and Sh values are approximately three and two times greater than Sv. Fracture impression results reveal that SH in the LX borehole are predominantly N–S, while in the LZX borehole the maximum horizontal principal stress is mainly in the NNE‐direction. The heterogeneity of the regional stress state might be a result of the population and distribution of local structures and seismic activities. The stress state in the LX borehole has exceeded the critical state of failure equilibrium, and there is an optimally orientated pre‐existing fault near the borehole. It can be concluded that the optimally orientated fault is likely to be active when the stress has built up sufficiently to destroy the frictional equilibrium; it is suggested that research focus should be placed on this in future. The stress states in boreholes LZX and LX indicate uniformity of the regional stress field and diversity of the local stress fields resulting from the interactions among regional dynamic forces, tectonic stress field, and geological structures.
Petrogenesis of Two Types of Archean TTGs in the North China Craton: A Case Study of Intercalated TTGs in Lushan and Non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan
Authors: SHAN Houxiang , ZHAI Mingguo , DEY Sukanta 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTTG (Tonalite‐Trondhjemite‐Granodiorite) gneisses, a major component of Precambrian continental crust, play a significant role in understanding the process and mechanism of the crustal evolution in the early periods of the Earth. In terms of field occurrence, there are two kinds of Archean TTGs in the NCC (North China Craton): intercalated and non‐intercalated TTGs. In this contribution, we make a comprehensive comparison of these two types of TTGs from the typical areas (Lushan and Hengshan) in the NCC with an aim to constrain their petrogenesis. The results suggest that they have similar mineral assemblages of Pl + Qtz + Bt ± Amp ± Kfs but different field appearances and geochemical compositions, thus probably reflecting different source materials and tectonic settings. Differences in the contents of characteristic elements, such as Sr, REE and HFSE, suggest that the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were generated at deeper levels than those of intercalated TTGs in Lushan. Constraints from element contents and geochemical modeling results are consistent with derivation from dual sources involving both garnet amphibolite and rutile‐bearing eclogite residues for the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan, whereas the compositions of intercalated TTGs in Lushan indicate that they were formed by partial melting with amphibolite to garnet‐amphibolite residues. Moreover, accumulation of plagioclase is also required in the petrogenesis of intercalated TTGs in Lushan, at least for part of them. In addition, the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan display distinctly higher MgO, Mg#, Cr and Ni values and lower SiO2average contents compared to the intercalated TTGs in Lushan. These features suggest that the former magma, at least a part, might have interacted with the mantle wedge during ascent. Considering all the above factors and in combination with the whole‐rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopic data, it is suggested that the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were produced by partial melting of subducted slab contaminated by the overlying mantle wedge at deeper levels and high pressures, whereas the intercalated TTGs in Lushan were generated by melting of the thickened lower crust at lower pressures and shallower depths. The tectonic settings of the two types of TTGs shed new light on the growth of the NCC.
Zircon U‐Pb‐Hf Isotopic Systematics and Geochemistry of the Granites in the Wurinitu Molybdenum Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: Implications for Tectonic Setting and Genetic Type of Mineralization
Authors: ZHANG Zhenjie , CHENG Qiuming , YAO Lingqing , BAI Huishan , LI Cheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Wurinitu Mo deposit is one of the newly found molybdenum deposits in the southwestern part of the late Paleozoic–Mesozoic Erenhot–Dong‐Ujimqin metallogenic belt (S‐EDMB), Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, the mineralization age of the Wurinitu deposit is constrained to 137.3 ± 1.3 to 131.9 ± 1.5 Ma based on a combination of the laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) zircon U–Pb dating of the mineralization related fine‐grained monzonitic granite and the post‐mineralization granite porphyry. The results of zircon Lu–Hf isotopes, combined with the geochemical characteristics of the granites in the S‐EDMB, suggest that the Wurinitu Mo deposit was formed in an extensional environment in relation to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific plate in late Mesozoic. The Wurinitu deposit shares similarities with the classical Climax‐type porphyry molybdenum deposits in tectonic setting, mineral assemblages, and metal zonation.
Discovery and Geological Significance of Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Granite in Jimo, Shandong Province, Eastern China
Authors: ZHU Decheng , LÜ Dawei , SHEN Xiaoli , YANG Qing , LI Dandan , REN Tianlong , YANG Shipeng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDuring the 1:50000 regional geological survey in Jimo, east Shandong Province, Paleoproterozoic metamorphic supracrustal rocks and Neoproterozoic metamorphic plutonite were newly discovered. These rocks displayed inclusions which had occurred in the Mesozoic granite, and the main lithologies are schist, granulite, marble, and granitic gneiss. Geochemical analyses suggest that Neoproterozoic metamorphic plutonite are characterized by high‐K, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous. They are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE, with moderately enrichment of LREE, weak fractionation of LREE from HREE and negative Eu anomalies. The surface age of plutonic rocks in the survey area is 770.2±2.4 Ma, representing the age of magma crystallization, which is agreement with the the Neoproterozoic magmatic event after Rodinia supercontinent in the northern margin of Southern China continental block. In addition, the age of sporadic distribution (298 Ma and 269 Ma) is mixed zircon age, representing the rocks experienced metamorphism in Indosinian period. According to the associated mineral assemblages, and the characteristic metamorphic minerals and temperature pressure conditions, four metamorphic facies were identified, including amphibolitic, epidote amphibolite, greenschist, and mid‐high pressure greenschist. Analysis of tectonic setting suggests that granitic gneiss is formed in an extensional environment and was involved from the continental margin magmatic arc to intraplate environment. Jimo is distributed in the east of Zhuwu fault, and has the same Spatial distribution location with the Weihai uplift UHP metamorphic belt rocks. The metamorphic rocks in Jimo area have similar geochemical characteristics of elements, tectonic setting and retrograde metamorphism with that in the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt. Therefore, Zhuwu fault may be the boundary fault of Sulu UHP metamorphic belt.
Metamerism Appreciation of Jadeite‐Jade Green under the Standard Light Sources D65, A and CWF
Authors: GUO Ying , WANG Huan , LI Xiang , DONG Shirong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe tested 288 pieces of the polished cabochon jadeite‐jade with high quality green and smooth surfaces using the colorimeter Color i5 based on the CIE 1976 L*a*b* uniform color space. The color changes after alternating three CIE standard light sources D65, A and CWF were compared, and the degree of metamerism was evaluated. The results show that the CIE standard light sources D65, A and CWF increase the chroma of green and turn bluish green into vivid green, which are similar or to nearly colorless and transparent glass‐like samples with fine textures. When the three light sources were individually alternated, the lightness of the jadeite‐jades showed little change, but the tone changed significantly. Metamerism occurred only in 3 pairs among the 16 samples that were selected by cluster analysis for quality, and the metamerism colors were highly consistent of L*D65∊(43.47, 46.75), C*D65∊(65.20, 68.80) and ho*D65∊(138.10, 140.23). We can conclude that the jadeite‐jade green gradually turns to blue when the color temperature of the light source increases. But when considering both the light sources and the samples, D65 is more suitable to be the light source of jadeite‐jade green when compared with the light sources CWF and A. Compared with the CIE standard green and high chroma green, high‐quality jadeite‐jade green has a slight yellow tone, low lightness and high chroma. The special metamerism index decreased to 1 when the light source alternated among D65, A and CWF. Therefore, the color of jadeite‐jade green might be slightly influenced by alternating of the light sources.
The Relationship between Jurassic Coal Measures and Sandstone‐type Uranium Deposits in the Northeastern Ordos Basin, China
Authors: JIAO Yangquan , WU Liqun , RONG Hui , PENG Yunbiao , MIAO Aisheng , WANG Xiaoming 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOutcrop and drill hole data show that the Jurassic coal measures in the northeastern Ordos Basin are composed mainly of the Yan'an Formation and the lowstand system tract of the Zhiluo Formation, and there is a regional unconformity between them. The Dongsheng uranium deposit is associated with the Jurassic coal measures. Research data indicate that the Jurassic coal measures in the study area have a certain hydrocarbon‐generating capacity, although the metamorphic grade is low (Ro=0.40%–0.58%). In the Dongsheng region alone, the accumulative amount of generated coalbed methane (CBM) is about 2028.29 × 108 −2218.72 × 108 m3; the residual amount is about 50.92 × 108 m3, and the lost amount is about 1977 × 108 m3. Analysis of the burial history of the host rocks and the evolutionary history of the Dongsheng uranium deposit suggests that the Jurassic coal measures generated hydrocarbon mainly from Middle Jurassic to Early Crataceous, which is the main mineralization phase of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. By the Late Cretaceous, a mass of CBM dissipated due to the strong tectonic uplift, and the Dongsheng uranium deposit stepped into the preservation phase. Therefore, the low‐mature hydrocarbon‐containing fluid in the Jurassic coal measures not only served as a reducing agent for the formation of sandstone‐type uranium deposits, but also rendered the second reduction of paleo‐interlayer oxidation zone and become the primary reducing agent for ore conservation. Regional strata correlation reveals that the sandstone‐type uranium reservoir at the bottom of the Zhiluo Formation is in contact with the underlying industrial coal seams in the Yan'an Formation through incision or in the form of an unconformity surface. In the Dongsheng region with poorly developed fault systems, the unconformity surface and scour surface served as the main migration pathways for low‐mature hydrocarbon‐containing fluid migrating to the uranium reservoir.
Original Sedimentary Pattern of an Inverted Basin: A Case Study from the Bozhong Depression, Offshore Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: ZHAO Junfeng , LIU Chiyang , HUANG Lei , MOUNTNEY Nigel , HAN Shaojia , LIU Peng , HU Junhao 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe third member of Shahejie Formation (Sha‐3 member; 42–38Ma of Eocene) in the Bozhong Depression, offshore Bohai Bay Basin was subject to multiple post‐depositional modifications. The present structural framework of the Bozhong Depression, which is characterized by sags alternating with uplifts, does not reflect its original sedimentary pattern. Previous studies have not discussed the post‐depositional modification of this succession, including the sedimentary pattern variations and the depositional geodynamic setting. This work determined the characteristics of the post‐depositional modification and original sedimentary pattern of the Bozhong Depression through analysis of seismic data, well‐log data and fission‐track ages. The results demonstrate that the Shijiutuo rise, a major structural feature of the current basin, did not exist during the major depositional stage of the Sha‐3 member, when the Qinnan sag was largely connected to the Bozhong sag to form a single contiguous deposition area within the basin. By contrast, the Shaleitian and Chengbei rises, located in the western part of the Bozhong Depression, have existed before the depositional period of the Eocene Sha‐3 member; these features were manifested as syn‐depositional tilted fault blocks, the uplifted footwall blocks of which provided sediments for the neighboring Shanan and Chengbei sags. The western part of the Bonan low rise, located in the southern part of the Bozhong Depression, did not experience uplifting during the depositional phase of the Eocene Sha‐3 member. The Huanghekou sag was connected with the Bozhong sag in the western part of the Bozhong Depression. The original sedimentary boundary of the southern Miaoxi sag possibly extended eastward about 10 km and connected with the Bozhong sag at its northern part. The present‐day Bodong low rise, which is bounded by the Tan–Lu fault zone, also formed after the depositional period of Eocene Sha‐3 member. It is thus concluded that the Bozhong Depression formed a connected large‐scale sub‐basin during the depositional stage of the Eocene Sha‐3 member. Several neighboring sags that are now separated by rises, including the Qinnan, Shanan, Chengbei, Huanghekou, Miaoxi and Bodong sags, formed a single contiguous depositional area during the Eocene. The significant differences between the present and original basin patter and framework provide valuable information for better understanding the history of basin inversion and its impact on related hydrocarbon‐system evolution.
Coupled Model of Two‐phase Debris Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution
Authors: HE Siming , OUYANG Chaojun , LIU Wei , WANG Dongpo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows, which evolves simultaneously across terrains, largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper, we present a depth‐averaged two‐phase debris‐flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth, the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition (Iverson and Ouyang, 2015) is presented. In this formula, the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity‐dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe's Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.
Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: LIU Hua , JING Chen , JIANG Youlu , SONG Guoqi , YU Qianqian , FENG Yuelin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single‐bottom‐ overpressure to double‐bottom‐overpressure and finally to double‐top‐overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon‐generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source‐rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.
Changes in leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant metabolism within wheat leaves infected by Bipolaris sorokiniana
Authors: Rios J.A. , Aucique‐Pérez C.E. , Debona D. , Cruz Neto L.B.M. , Rios V.S. , Rodrigues F.A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe photosynthetic performance (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a (Chla) fluorescence), activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the flag leaves of plants from two wheat cultivars with contrasting levels of resistance to spot blotch was assessed. Spot blotch severity was significantly lower in plants from cv. BR‐18 compared to cv. Guamirim. Net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and concentrations of Chla, Chlab and carotenoids were significantly decreased from fungal infection. In contrast, internal CO2 concentration was significantly increased from fungal infection in comparison to their non‐inoculated counterparts. Similarly, inoculation significantly reduced photochemical performance in the inoculated flag leaves in comparison to their non‐inoculated counterparts. However, plants from cv. BR‐18 were able to sustain greater functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus during fungal infection process compared to cv. Guamirim. The activities of SOD, POX, APX and CAT increased in inoculated flag leaves from both cultivars compared to non‐inoculated plants, and the highest increases were measured in cv. BR‐18. The greater activities of these enzymes were associated with a reduced H2O2 concentration in the inoculated flag leaves from cv. BR‐18, resulting, therefore, in a lower MDA concentration. Thus, a more efficient antioxidative system in flag leaves from cv. BR‐18 plays a pivotal role in removing the excess reactive oxygen species that were generated during the infection process of Bipolaris sorokiniana, therefore limiting cellular damage and largely preserving the photosynthetic efficiency of the infected flag leaves.