bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Testing of Acute Leukemia Samples: Survey Result From the College of American Pathologists
Authors: George Tracy I. , Tworek Joseph A. , Thomas Nicole E. , Fatheree Lisa A. , Souers Rhona J. , Nakhleh Raouf E. , Arber Daniel A. 
Published: May 2017

Context.—
The classification and prognosis determination in acute leukemia (AL) are complex and it is unclear what testing is being performed in practice.

Objective.—
To survey physicians describing their current practice of test ordering in the diagnosis of AL.

Design.—
In anticipation of a guideline by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the American Society for Hematology on laboratory testing needed for the initial workup of AL, a baseline survey was designed by an expert panel from CAP. Members of professional societies were asked to describe their current practice of test ordering.

Results.—
Two hundred ninety-four responses were received with 258 respondents analyzed after the first qualifying survey question regarding initial diagnosis of AL. One hundred seventy-six of 249 respondents (70.7%) were board-certified hematopathologists. Flow cytometry and karyotype analysis were routinely performed for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (99.1% [232 of 234] and 96.2% [225 of 234], respectively) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (98.3% [229 of 233] and 96.6% [225 of 233], respectively). In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization studies were routinely performed by 81.2% (190 of 234) of respondents for AML and 85.0% (198 of 233) of respondents for ALL; other molecular studies were performed by 78.2% (183) for AML and 54.9% (128) for ALL; immunohistochemistry by 44.9% (105) for AML and 47.6% (111) for ALL; and cytochemistry by 24.8% (58) for AML and 14.2% (33) for ALL.

Conclusions.—
While flow cytometry and karyotyping are routinely reported as being performed for the diagnosis of AL, there is marked variation in the reporting of testing patterns for other genetic studies, immunohistochemistry, and cytochemistry.
Mapping the rheology of the Central Chile subduction zone with aftershocks
Authors: Frank William B. , Poli Piero , Perfettini Hugo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe postseismic deformation following a large (Mw >7) earthquake is expressed both seismically and aseismically. Recent studies have appealed to a model that suggests that the aseismic slip on the plate interface following the mainshock can be the driving factor in aftershock sequences, reproducing both the geodetic (afterslip) and seismic (aftershocks) observables of postseismic deformation. Exploiting this model, we demonstrate how a dense catalog of aftershocks following the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake in Central Chile can constrain the frictional and rheological properties of the creeping regions of the subduction interface. We first expand the aftershock catalog via a 19 month continuous matched‐filter search and highlight the log‐time expansion of seismicity following the mainshock, suggestive of afterslip as the main driver of aftershock activity. We then show how the time history of aftershocks can constrain the temporal evolution of afterslip. Finally, we use our dense aftershock catalog to estimate the rate and state rheological parameter (a − b)σ as a function of depth and demonstrate that this low value is compatible either with a nearly velocity‐neutral friction (a≈b) in the regions of the megathrust that host afterslip, or an elevated pore fluid pressure (low effective normal stress σ) along the plate interface. Our results present the first snapshot of rheology in depth together with the evolution of the tectonic stressing rate along a plate boundary. The framework described here can be generalized to any tectonic context and provides a novel way to constrain the frictional properties and loading conditions of active faults.
Mars plasma system response to solar wind disturbances during solar minimum
Authors: Sánchez‐Cano B. , Hall B. E. S. , Lester M. , Mays M. L. , Witasse O. , Ambrosi R. , Andrews D. , Cartacci M. , Cicchetti A. , Holmström M. , Imber S. , Kajdič P. , Milan S. E. , Noschese R. , Odstrcil D. , Opgenoorth H. , Plaut J. , Ramstad R. , Reyes‐Ayala K. I. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper is a phenomenological description of the ionospheric plasma and induced magnetospheric boundary (IMB) response to two different types of upstream solar wind events impacting Mars in March 2008, at the solar minimum. A total of 16 Mars Express orbits corresponding to five consecutive days is evaluated. Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory‐B (STEREO‐B) at 1 AU and Mars Express and Mars Odyssey at 1.644 AU detected the arrival of a small transient interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME‐like) on the 6 and 7 of March, respectively. This is the first time that this kind of small solar structure is reported at Mars's distance. In both cases, it was followed by a large increase in solar wind velocity that lasted for ~10 days. This scenario is simulated with the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA) ‐ ENLIL + Cone solar solar wind model. At Mars, the ICME‐like event caused a strong compression of the magnetosheath and ionosphere, and the recovery lasted for ~3 orbits (~20 h). After that, the fast stream affected the upper ionosphere and the IMB, which radial and tangential motions in regions close to the subsolar point are analyzed. Moreover, a compression in the Martian plasma system is also observed, although weaker than after the ICME‐like impact, and several magnetosheath plasma blobs in the upper ionosphere are detected by Mars Express. We conclude that, during solar minimum and at aphelion, small solar wind structures can create larger perturbations than previously expected in the Martian system.
Foreshock waves as observed in energetic ion flux
Authors: Petrukovich A. A. , Chugunova O. M. , Inamori T. , Kudela K. , Stetiarova J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOscillations of energetic ion fluxes with periods 10–100 s are often present in the Earth's foreshock. Detailed analysis of wave properties with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms data and comparisons with other data sets confirm that these oscillations are the previously unnoticed part of well‐known “30 s” waves but are observed mainly for higher‐speed solar wind. Simultaneous magnetic oscillations have similar periods, large amplitudes, and nonharmonic unstable waveforms or shocklet‐type appearance, suggesting their nonlinearity, also typical for high solar wind speed. Analysis of the general foreshock data set of Interball project shows that the average flux of the backstreaming energetic ions increases more than 1 order of magnitude, when solar wind speed increases from 400 to 500 km/s.
Sensitivity of inorganic aerosol radiative effects to U.S. emissions
Authors: Holt J. I. , Solomon S. , Selin N. E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBetween 2005 and 2012, U.S. emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) decreased by 42% and 62%, respectively. These species, as well as ammonia (NH3), are precursors of inorganic fine aerosols, which scatter incoming shortwave radiation and thus affect climate. Scaling aerosol concentrations to emissions, as might be done for near‐term climate projections, neglects nonlinear chemical interactions. To estimate the magnitude of these nonlinearities, we conduct a suite of simulations with a chemical transport model and an off‐line radiative transfer model. We find that the direct radiative effect (DRE) over the North American domain decreases by 59 and 160 mW m−2 in winter and summer, respectively, between 2005 and 2012. The sensitivities of DRE to NOx and SO2 emissions increase, by 11% and 21% in summer, while sensitivity to NH3 emissions decreases. The wintertime sensitivity of DRE to NOx emissions is small in 2005 but is 5 times as large in 2012. Scaling radiative effects from 2005 to 2012 based on 2005 sensitivities overestimates the magnitude of the DRE of 7% and 6% of the U.S. attributable DRE in January and July, respectively. The difference between the changes in DRE and the changes in sensitivity suggests that scaling to SO2 emissions alone has so far been an accurate approximation, but it may not be in the near future. These values represent the level of accuracy that can be expected in adjusting aerosol radiative effects in climate models without chemistry.
Evaluation of SMAP, SMOS, and AMSR2 soil moisture retrievals against observations from two networks on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen Yingying , Yang Kun , Qin Jun , Cui Qian , Lu Hui , La Zhu , Han Menglei , Tang Wenjun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTwo soil moisture and temperature monitoring networks were established in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during recent years. One is located in a semihumid area (Naqu) of central TP and consists of 56 soil moisture and temperature measurement (SMTM) stations, the other is located in a semiarid area (Pali) of southern TP and consists of 21 SMTM stations. In this study, the station data are used to evaluate soil moisture retrievals from three microwave satellites, i.e., the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) of NASA, the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) of European Space Agency, and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. It is found that the SMAP retrievals tend to underestimate soil moisture in the two TP networks, mainly due to the negative biases in the effective soil temperature that is derived from a climate model. However, the SMAP product well captures the amplitude and temporal variation of the soil moisture. The SMOS product performs well in Naqu network with acceptable error metrics but fails to capture the temporal variation of soil moisture in Pali network. The AMSR2 products evidently exaggerate the temporal variation of soil moisture in Naqu network but dampen it in Pali network, suggesting its retrieval algorithm needs further improvements for the TP.
Recirculation over complex terrain
Authors: Kutter Eric , Yi Chuixiang , Hendrey George , Liu Heping , Eaton Timothy , Ni‐Meister Wenge 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study generated eddy covariance data to investigate atmospheric dynamics leeward of a small, forested hillside in upstate New York. The causes and effects of recirculation eddies were examined to support the larger goal of improving measurement of the exchange of energy, moisture, and trace gases between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere over complex terrain. Sensors operated at five different altitudes on two separate towers—one at the top of the hill and one down the slope to the east—for approximately 8 weeks in the spring of 2013. During the experiment, the vertical potential temperature gradient was found to be the primary factor for determining whether winds interacting with the terrain features caused a recirculating eddy leeward of the hill. The study found evidence that the recirculation influenced carbon dioxide flux and caused the air column to be vertically well mixed.
Hindered erosion: The biological mediation of noncohesive sediment behavior
Authors: Chen X. D. , Zhang C. K. , Paterson D. M. , Thompson C. E. L. , Townend I. H. , Gong Z. , Zhou Z. , Feng Q. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractExtracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are ubiquitous on tidal flats but their impact on sediment erosion has not been fully understood. Laboratory‐controlled sediment beds were incubated with Bacillus subtilis for 5, 10, 16, and 22 days before the erosion experiments, to study the temporal and spatial variations in sediment stability caused by the bacterial secreted EPS. We found the biosedimentary systems showed different erosional behavior related to biofilm maturity and EPS distribution. In the first stage (5 days), the biosedimentary bed was more easily eroded than the clean sediment. With increasing growth period, bound EPS became more widely distributed over the vertical profile resulting in bed stabilization. After 22 days, the bound EPS was highly concentrated within a surface biofilm, but a relatively high content also extended to a depth of 5 mm and then decayed sharply with depth. The biofilm increased the critical shear stress of the bed and furthermore, it enabled the bed to withstand threshold conditions for an increased period of time as the biofilm degraded before eroding. After the loss of biofilm protection, the high EPS content in the sublayers continued to stabilize the sediment (hindered erosion) by binding individual grains, as visualized by electron microscopy. Consequently, the bed strength did not immediately revert to the abiotic condition but progressively adjusted, reflecting the depth profile of the EPS. Our experiments highlight the need to treat the EPS‐sediment conditioning as a bed‐age associated and depth‐dependent variable that should be included in the next generation of sediment transport models.
Urban responses to restrictive conservation policy during drought
Authors: Palazzo Joseph , Liu Owen R. , Stillinger Timbo , Song Runsheng , Wang Ying , Hiroyasu Elizabeth H. T. , Zenteno Jose , Anderson Sarah , Tague Christina 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWith climate change, the extent, severity, and frequency of droughts around the world are expected to increase. This study analyzed the ability of water districts to meet mandatory urban water conservation targets, which are a common policy response to drought. During California's recent record‐breaking drought, a 25% state‐wide use reduction objective was set and met. However, only 50% of urban water districts analyzed in this study reached their individual conservation target, which offers an opportunity to evaluate the factors associated with successful water use reduction. The findings show that the inclusion of water districts in the polycentric import structure may improve water conservation, but that source diversity may offer water districts a perceived buffer from the need for immediate water use reductions. Drought severity and lower median incomes are associated with greater water conservation, and conservation varies by hydrologic region. This analysis offers insights into institutional design and suggests that local biophysical and economic conditions shape responses in systematic ways that should be addressed by public policy responses to drought.
Relative linkages of stream water quality and environmental health with the land use and hydrologic drivers in the coastal‐urban watersheds of southeast Florida
Authors: Abdul‐Aziz Omar I. , Ahmed Shakil 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA systematic data analytics was employed to determine the relative linkages of stream water quality and environmental health with the land use and hydrologic drivers in the coastal‐urban watersheds of southeast Florida. Power law‐based partial least squares regression models were developed to reliably estimate the linkages by appropriately resolving multicollinearity (Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.72–0.95). The analytics indicated Everglades as the external and the largest source of total nitrogen (TN) in the coastal‐urban streams for both wet (June–October) and dry (November–May) seasons. The “external driver” exhibited 1.5–2 times stronger control on stream TN than that of the watershed “land use,” “hydrology,” and the “upstream reach” contributions. In contrast, Everglades appeared to be a minor source of in‐stream total phosphorus (TP), which was predominantly controlled by the internal watershed processes. TP was most strongly linked with the upstream reach concentrations and watershed land uses in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Despite the predominantly built‐up fraction (74%) of the study area, agricultural land was the most substantial watershed source of in‐stream nutrients. The linkages of algal biomass (Chl a) with the drivers indicated TP as the limiting nutrient. Stream dissolved oxygen was most strongly influenced by the adjacent groundwater depth and watershed land uses, respectively, in the wet and dry seasons. The estimated relative linkages and insights would be useful to identify the management targets and priorities to achieve healthy coastal‐urban stream ecosystems in southeast Florida and around the world.
Generation of lower and upper bands of electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves in the Van Allen radiation belts
Authors: Zhou Qinghua , Xiao Fuliang , Yang Chang , Liu Si , He Yihua , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractElectrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves generated by the electron loss cone distribution can produce efficient scattering loss of plasma sheet electrons, which has a significant effect on the dynamics in the outer magnetosphere. Here we report two ECH emission events around the same location L≈ 5.7–5.8, MLT ≈ 12 from Van Allen Probes on 11 February (event A) and 9 January 2014 (event B), respectively. The spectrum of ECH waves was centered at the lower half of the harmonic bands during event A, but the upper half during event B. The observed electron phase space density in both events is fitted by the subtracted bi‐Maxwellian distribution, and the fitting functions are used to evaluate the local growth rates of ECH waves based on a linear theory for homogeneous plasmas. ECH waves are excited by the loss cone instability of 50 eV–1 keV electrons in the lower half of harmonic bands in the low‐density plasmasphere in event A, and 1–10 keV electrons in the upper half of harmonic bands in a relatively high‐density region in event B. The current results successfully explain observations and provide a first direct evidence on how ECH waves are generated in the lower and upper half of harmonic frequency bands.
Depletion of ozone and reservoir species of chlorine and nitrogen oxide in the lower Antarctic polar vortex measured from aircraft
Authors: Jurkat T. , Voigt C. , Kaufmann S. , Grooß J.‐U. , Ziereis H. , Dörnbrack A. , Hoor P. , Bozem H. , Engel A. , Bönisch H. , Keber T. , Hüneke T. , Pfeilsticker K. , Zahn A. , Walker K. A. , Boone C. D. , Bernath P. F. , Schlager H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNovel airborne in situ measurements of inorganic chlorine, nitrogen oxide species, and ozone were performed inside the lower Antarctic polar vortex and at its edge in September 2012. We focus on one flight during the Transport and Composition of the LMS/Earth System Model Validation (TACTS/ESMVal) campaign with the German research aircraft HALO (High‐Altitude LOng range research aircraft), reaching latitudes of 65°S and potential temperatures up to 405 K. Using the early winter correlations of reactive trace gases with N2O from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS), we find high depletion of chlorine reservoir gases up to ∼40% (0.8 ppbv) at 12 km to 14 km altitude in the vortex and 0.4 ppbv at the edge in subsided stratospheric air with mean ages up to 4.5 years. We observe denitrification of up to 4 ppbv, while ozone was depleted by 1.2 ppmv at potential temperatures as low as 380 K. The advanced instrumentation aboard HALO enables high‐resolution measurements with implications for the oxidation capacity of the lowermost stratosphere.
Angular normalization of GOME‐2 Sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence observation as a better proxy of vegetation productivity
Authors: He Liming , Chen Jing M. , Liu Jane , Mo Gang , Joiner Joanna 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has been regarded as a promising proxy for gross primary productivity (GPP) over land. Considerable uncertainties in GPP estimation using remotely sensed SIF exist due to variations in the Sun‐satellite view observation geometry that could induce unwanted variations in SIF observation. In this study, we normalize the far‐red Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment‐2 SIF observations on sunny days to hot spot direction (SIFh) to represent sunlit leaves and compute a weighted sum of SIF (SIFt) from sunlit and shaded leaves to represent the canopy. We found that SIFh is better correlated with sunlit GPP simulated by a process‐based ecosystem model and SIFt is better correlated with the simulated total GPP than the original SIF observations. The coefficient of determination (R2) are increased by 0.04 ± 0.03, and 0.07 ± 0.04 on a global average using SIFh and SIFt, respectively. The most significant increases of the R2 (0.09 ± 0.04 for SIFt and 0.05 ± 0.03 for SIFh) appear in deciduous broadleaf forests.
Internal variability in simulated and observed tropical tropospheric temperature trends
Authors: Suárez‐Gutiérrez Laura , Li Chao , Thorne Peter W. , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe explore the extent to which internal variability can reconcile discrepancies between observed and simulated warming in the upper tropical troposphere. We compare all extant radiosonde‐based estimates for the period 1958–2014 to simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 multimodel ensemble and the 100 realization Max Planck Institute large ensemble. We consider annual mean temperatures and all available 30‐and 15‐year trends. Most observed trends fall within the ensemble spread for most of the record, and trends calculated over 15‐year periods show better agreement than 30‐year trends, with generally larger discrepancies for the older observational products. The simulated amplification of surface warming aloft in the troposphere is consistent with observations, and the linear correlation between surface and simultaneous tropospheric warming trends decreases with trend length. We conclude that trend differences between observations and simulations of tropical tropospheric temperatures are dominated by observational uncertainty and chaotic internal variability rather than by systematic errors in model performance.
First Na lidar measurements of turbulence heat flux, thermal diffusivity, and energy dissipation rate in the mesopause region
Authors: Guo Yafang , Liu Alan Z. , Gardner Chester S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTurbulence is ubiquitous in the mesopause region, where the atmospheric stability is low and wave breaking is frequent. Measuring turbulence is challenging in this region and is traditionally done by rocket soundings and radars. In this work, we show for the first time that the modern Na wind/temperature lidar located at Andes Lidar Observatory in Cerro Pachón, Chile, is able to directly measure the turbulence perturbations in temperature and vertical wind between 85 and 100 km. Using 150 h of lidar observations, we derived the frequency (ω) and vertical wave number (m) spectra for both gravity wave and turbulence, which follow the power law with slopes consistent with theoretical models. The eddy heat flux generally decreases with altitude from about −0.5 Km s−1 at 85 km to −0.1 Km s−1 at 100 km, with a local maximum of −0.6 Km s−1 at 93 km. The derived mean turbulence thermal diffusivity and energy dissipation rate are 43 m2 s−1 and 37 mW kg−1, respectively. The mean net cooling resulted from the heat transport and energy dissipation is −4.9 ± 1.5 K d−1, comparable to that due to gravity wave transport at −7.9 ± 1.9 K d−1. Turbulence key parameters show consistency with turbulence theories.