bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BRAF
V600E Mutations in High-Grade Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumors May Predict Responsiveness to BRAF–MEK Combination Therapy
Authors: Klempner Samuel J. , Gershenhorn Bruce , Tran Phu , Lee Thomas K. , Erlander Mark G. , Gowen Kyle , Schrock Alexa B. , Morosini Deborah , Ross Jeffrey S. , Miller Vincent A. , Stephens Philip J. , Ou Sai-Hong Ignatius , Ali Siraj M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a broad spectrum of clinical behavior. Poorly differentiated tumors follow an aggressive course with limited treatment options, and new approaches are needed. Oncogenic BRAF V600E (BRAFV600E) substitutions are observed primarily in melanoma, colon cancer, and non–small cell lung cancer, but have been identified in multiple tumor types. Here, we describe the first reported recurrent BRAFV600E mutations in advanced high-grade colorectal neuroendocrine tumors and identify a BRAF alteration frequency of 9% in 108 cases. Among these BRAF alterations, 80% were BRAFV600E. Dramatic response to BRAF–MEK combination therapy occurred in two cases of metastatic high-grade rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma refractory to standard therapy. Urinary BRAFV600E circulating tumor DNA monitoring paralleled disease response. Our series represents the largest study of genomic profiling in colorectal neuroendocrine tumors and provides strong evidence that BRAFV600E is an oncogenic driver responsive to BRAF–MEK combination therapy in this molecular subset.
Significance: BRAFV600E is an established oncogenic driver, but significant disparities in response exist among tumor types. Two patients with treatment-refractory high-grade colorectal neuroendocrine tumors harboring BRAFV600E exhibited rapid and durable response to combined BRAF–MEK inhibition, providing the first clinical evidence of efficacy in this aggressive tumor type. Cancer Discov; 6(6); 594–600. ©2016 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 561
Microbubble-Mediated Sonothrombolysis Improves Outcome After Thrombotic Microembolism-Induced Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lu Yongkang , Wang Junfen , Huang Ruizhu , Chen Gangbin , Zhong Lintao , Shen Shuxin , Zhang Chuanxi , Li Xinzhong , Cao Shiping , Liao Wangjun , Liao Yulin , Bin Jianping 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
Microthrombi originating from disintegrated clots or formed in situ may account for the poor clinical improvement of acute ischemic stroke after recanalization therapy. We attempted to determine whether microbubble-mediated sonothrombolysis could dissolve platelet-rich and erythrocyte-rich microthrombi, thereby reducing their brain injury-causing potential.

Methods—
Platelet- and erythrocyte-rich microthrombosis were induced by periadventitial application of 5% ferric chloride or thrombin to mesenteric microvessels in 75 Sprague–Dawley rats. Acute ischemic stroke was induced by intracarotid injection of platelet- or erythrocyte-rich microthrombi in another 50 rats. Rats were randomly divided into control (CON), ultrasound (US), ultrasound and microbubble (US+MB), recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA), and US+MB+r-tPA groups. The post-treatment mesenteric microvessel recanalization rates, cerebral infarct volumes, and neurological scores were determined.

Results—

The recanalization rates of platelet- and erythrocyte-rich microthrombi in mesenteric microvessels were higher (
P
<0.05), and the cerebral infarct volumes and neurological scores of rats with either microthrombi were lower in the US+MB group than in the CON group (
P
<0.01). The infarct volumes and neurological scores were greater in the r-tPA group than in the US+MB and US+MB+r-tPA groups after treatment of rats with platelet-rich microthrombi (
P
<0.05). In contrast, after treatment of rats with erythrocyte-rich microthrombi, the infarct volumes and neurological scores were similar in the r-tPA and US+MB groups, but smaller in the US+MB+r-tPA group (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—
Microbubble-mediated sonothrombolysis improved the outcomes of microthrombi-induced acute ischemic stroke. Thus, this method may serve as an attractive adjunct to recanalization therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
National Analysis of 2454 Pediatric Moyamoya Admissions and the Effect of Hospital Volume on Outcomes
Authors: Titsworth W. Lee , Scott R. Michael , Smith Edward R. 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
Comprehensive multicenter data on treatment of pediatric moyamoya in the United States is lacking. We sought to identify national trends in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Methods—
A total of 2454 moyamoya admissions from 1997 to 2012 were identified from the Kids Inpatient Database. Demographics, inpatient costs, interventions, and discharge status were analyzed. Admissions with and without surgical revascularization were reviewed separately. The effect of hospital moyamoya volume on outcomes was analyzed by multivariate regression analysis.

Results—

Care of moyamoya patients has been concentrating at high-volume centers during the past 12 years. Among moyamoya admission without surgical revascularization, high-volume hospitals show no difference in length of stay, cost, or complications compared with low-volume centers. However, low-volume hospitals have more nonroutine discharges (odds ratio, 2.32;
P
=0.0005) and inpatient deaths (odds ratio, 12.7;
P
=0.02) when no revascularization was performed. In contrast, among admissions with surgical revascularization, high-volume centers had decreased length of stay (4.7 versus 6.2 days;
P
=0.004), reduced cost ($88 000 versus $138 000;
P
<0.0001), and no increase in complications (
P
=0.29) compared with low-volume centers. Admissions with revascularization to low-volume hospitals also had increased likelihood of nonroutine discharge (odds ratio, 8.23;
P
=0.02) compared with high-volume centers.

Conclusions—
This is the largest study of US pediatric moyamoya admissions to date. These data demonstrate that volume correlates with outcome, indicating high-volume centers provide significantly improved care and reduced mortality in pediatric moyamoya patients, with the most marked benefit observed in admissions for surgical revascularization.
The Warm-Core Structure of Hurricane Earl (2010)
Authors: Stern Daniel P. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The warm-core structure of Hurricane Earl (2010) is examined on four different days, spanning periods of both rapid intensification (RI) and weakening, using high-altitude dropsondes from both the inner core and the environment, as well as a convection-permitting numerical forecast. During RI, strong warming occurred at all heights, while during rapid weakening, little temperature change was observed, implying the likelihood of substantial (unobserved) cooling above flight level (12 km). Using a local environmental reference state yields a perturbation temperature profile with two distinct maxima of approximately equal magnitude: one at 4–6-km and the other at 9–12-km height. However, using a climatological-mean sounding instead results in the upper-level maximum being substantially stronger than the midlevel maximum. This difference results from the fact that the local environment of Earl was warmer than the climatological mean and that this relative warmth increased with height. There is no obvious systematic relationship between the height of the warm core and either intensity or intensity change for either reference state.
The structure of the warm core simulated by the convection-permitting forecast compares well with the observations for the periods encompassing RI. Later, an eyewall replacement cycle went unforecast, and increased errors in the warm-core structure are likely related to errors in the forecast wind structure. At most times, the simulated radius of maximum winds (RMW) had too great of an outward slope (the upper-level RMW was too large), and this is likely also associated with structural biases in the warm core.
A Robust but Spurious Pattern of Climate Change in Model Projections over the Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Li Gen , Xie Shang-Ping , Du Yan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Climate models consistently project reduced surface warming over the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (IO) under increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. This IO dipole (IOD)-like warming pattern, regarded as robust based on consistency among models by the new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, results in a large increase in the frequency of extreme positive IOD (pIOD) events, elevating the risk of climate and weather disasters in the future over IO rim countries. These projections, however, do not consider large model biases in both the mean state and interannual IOD variance. In particular, a “present–future relationship” is identified between the historical simulations and representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 experiments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel ensemble: models with an excessive IOD amplitude bias tend to project a strong IOD-like warming pattern in the mean and a large increase in extreme pIOD occurrences under increased GHG forcing. This relationship links the present simulation errors to future climate projections, and is also consistent with our understanding of Bjerknes ocean–atmosphere feedback. This study calibrates regional climate projections by using this present–future relationship and observed IOD amplitude. The results show that the projected IOD-like pattern of mean changes and frequency increase of extreme pIOD events are largely artifacts of model errors and unlikely to emerge in the future. These results illustrate that a robust projection may still be biased and it is important to consider the model bias effect.
Annual Sea Level Changes on the North American Northeast Coast: Influence of Local Winds and Barotropic Motions
Authors: Piecuch Christopher G. , Dangendorf Sönke , Ponte Rui M. , Marcos Marta 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Understanding the relationship between coastal sea level and the variable ocean circulation is crucial for interpreting tide gauge records and projecting sea level rise. In this study, annual sea level records (adjusted for the inverted barometer effect) from tide gauges along the North American northeast coast over 1980–2010 are compared to a set of data-assimilating ocean reanalysis products as well as a global barotropic model solution forced with wind stress and barometric pressure. Correspondence between models and data depends strongly on model and location. At sites north of Cape Hatteras, the barotropic model shows as much (if not more) skill than ocean reanalyses, explaining about 50% of the variance in the adjusted annual tide gauge sea level records. Additional numerical experiments show that annual sea level changes along this coast from the barotropic model are driven by local wind stress over the continental shelf and slope. This result is interpreted in the light of a simple dynamic framework, wherein bottom friction balances surface wind stress in the alongshore direction and geostrophy holds in the across-shore direction. Results highlight the importance of barotropic dynamics on coastal sea level changes on interannual and decadal time scales; they also have implications for diagnosing the uncertainties in current ocean reanalyses, using tide gauge records to infer past changes in ocean circulation, and identifying the physical mechanisms responsible for projected future regional sea level rise.
Calibration Method of Low-Light Sensor Based on Bridge Lights
Authors: Ma Shuo , Yan Wei , Huang Yunxian , Jiang Jun , Hu Shensen , Wang Yingqiang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMany quantitative uses of the nighttime imagery provided by low-light sensors, such as the day–night band (DNB) on board the Suomi–National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP), have emerged recently. Owing to the low nighttime radiance, low-light calibration at night must be investigated in detail. Traditional vicarious calibration methods are based on some targets with nearly invariant surface properties under lunar illumination. However, the relatively stable light emissions may also be used to realize the radiometric calibration under low light. This paper presents a low-light calibration method based on bridge lights, and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) DNB data are used to assess the proposed method. A comparison of DNB high-gain-stage (HGS) radiances over a 2-yr period from August 2012 to July 2014 demonstrates that the predictions are consistent with the observations, and the agreement between the predictions and the observations is on the order of −2.9% with an uncertainty of 9.3% (1σ) for the Hangzhou Bay Bridge and −3.9% with an uncertainty of 7.2% (1σ) for the Donghai Bridge. Such a calibration method based on stable light emissions has a wide application prospect for the calibration of low-light sensors at night.
Development and Application of a Simplified Coplane Wind Retrieval Algorithm Using Dual-Beam Airborne Doppler Radar Observations for Tropical Cyclone Prediction
Authors: Melhauser Christopher , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBased on established coplane methodology, a simplified three-dimensional wind retrieval algorithm is proposed to derive two-dimensional wind vectors from radial velocity observations by the tail Doppler radars on board the NOAA P3 hurricane reconnaissance aircraft. Validated against independent in situ flight-level and dropsonde observations before and after genesis of Hurricane Karl (2010), each component of the retrieved wind vectors near the aircraft track has an average error of approximately 1.5 m s−1, which increases with the scanning angle and distance away from the aircraft track. Simulated radial velocities derived from a convection-permitting simulation of Karl are further used to systematically quantify errors of the simplified coplane algorithm. The accuracy of the algorithm is strongly dependent on the time between forward and backward radar scans and to a lesser extent, the zero vertical velocity assumption at large angles relative to a plane parallel with the aircraft wings. A proof-of-concept experiment assimilating the retrieved wind vectors with an ensemble Kalman filter shows improvements in track and intensity forecasts similar to assimilating radial velocity super observations or the horizontal wind vectors from the analysis retrievals provided by the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA. Future work is needed to systematically evaluate this simplified coplane algorithm with proper error characteristics for TC initialization and prediction through a large number of events to establish statistical significance.
A Diagnostic Case Study of Mei-Yu Frontal Retreat and Associated Low Development near Taiwan
Authors: Wang Chung-Chieh , Tai-Jen Chen George , Ho Kuok-Hou 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
After advancing southward across Taiwan and becoming quasi stationary, a mei-yu front moved north again and led to a second period of significant rainfall during 13–14 June 2012. Associated with this frontal retreat, a meso-α-scale low pressure developed to the southwest of Taiwan, in the proximity of organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) along and south of the front over the northern South China Sea. In this study, using mainly the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts gridded analyses, the physical mechanisms of this frontal retreat are investigated and diagnosed, with a focus on the initial retreat and the role played by the deepening frontal low.
The diagnoses employing the vorticity equation and frontogenetical function both indicate that the appearance of southerly winds, and thus the retrogression of cold air north of the front was the cause of the initial frontal retreat, consistent with earlier studies. The potential vorticity diagnosis using the piecewise inversion technique further confirms that the deepening low over the southern Taiwan Strait provided the southerly winds east of Taiwan where the retreat started, while the low itself intensified in response to the persistent latent heating by the active and organized MCSs. Thus, the northerly winds on the cold side of the front near Taiwan were replaced by southerly winds, and the mei-yu front in the present case retreated and essentially became a warm front. While mei-yu frontal retreats near Taiwan are more frequent than previously recognized, the present case was the most significant event in three seasons during 2012–14.
Reexamining the United Kingdom’s Greatest Tornado Outbreak: Forecasting the Limited Extent of Tornadoes along a Cold Front
Authors: Apsley Miriam L. , Mulder Kelsey J. , Schultz David M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOn 23 November 1981, a strong cold front swept across the United Kingdom, producing tornadoes from the west to the east coasts. An extensive campaign to collect tornado reports by the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) resulted in 104 reports, the largest U.K. outbreak on record. The front was simulated with a convection-permitting numerical model down to 200-m horizontal grid spacing to better understand its evolution and meteorological environment. The event was typical of tornadoes in the United Kingdom, with convective available potential energy (CAPE) less than 150 J kg−1, 0–1-km wind shear of 10–20 m s–1, and a narrow cold-frontal rainband forming precipitation cores and gaps. A line of cyclonic absolute vorticity existed along the front, with maxima as large as 0.04 s−1. Some hook-shaped misovortices bore kinematic similarity to supercells. The narrow swath along which the line was tornadic was bounded on the equatorward side by weak vorticity along the line and on the poleward side by zero CAPE, enclosing a region where the environment was otherwise favorable for tornadogenesis. To determine if the 104 tornado reports were plausible, first possible duplicate reports were eliminated, resulting in as few as 58 tornadoes to as many as 90. Second, the number of possible parent misovortices that may have spawned tornadoes is estimated from model output. The number of plausible tornado reports in the 200-m grid-spacing domain was 22 and as many as 44, whereas the model simulation was used to estimate 30 possible parent misovortices within this domain. These results suggest that a number of 90 reports was plausible.
A Systematic Review of Patient‐ or Proxy‐Reported Validated Instruments Assessing Pediatric Dysphagia
Authors: Myer Charles M. , Howell Rebecca J. , Cohen Aliza P. , Willging J. Paul , Ishman Stacey L. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivePediatric dysphagia occurs in 500,000 children each year; however, there is not a common tool to assess these children. Our aim was to identify validated patient‐ or parent‐reported outcome assessment tools evaluating pediatric dysphagia.Data SourcesScopus, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL electronic databases (all indexed years through August 2014).Review MethodsInclusion criteria included English‐language articles containing instruments evaluated in children. Two investigators independently reviewed all articles, and the review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses).ResultsThe initial search yielded 1697 abstracts; 158 studies were assessed further. Four symptom questionnaires, validated in adults, were used to report pediatric dysphagia outcomes. Four outcomes tools assessing dysphagia were validated in pediatrics in selected populations. The Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis questionnaire and the Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire for eosinophilic esophagitis were validated in adolescents and adults. The Symptom Questionnaire for Eosinophilic Esophagitis was validated in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module, validated in children with gastrointestinal disorders, includes 2 domains that assess swallowing function.ConclusionWe did not identify any validated patient‐ or parent‐reported outcome assessment tools examining dysphagia symptoms in a general pediatric population. However, we identified 4 questionnaires that have been validated in specific pediatric disease cohorts. Having a standardized assessment instrument validated in all children would allow clinicians to systematically report symptoms and compare results of pediatric clinical trials. With this in mind, we recommend establishing a standard questionnaire for the broader pediatric population.
Salivary Stone Pneumatic Lithotripsy in a Live Porcine Model
Authors: Walvekar Rohan R. , Hoffman Henry T. , Kolenda Jack , Hernandez Stephen 
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic fragmentation and removal of artificial calculi in a live porcine model employing intracorporeal pneumatic lithotripsy. In this experimental study, 7 submandibular ducts were accessed and artificial calculi placed. A salivary pneumatic lithotripter probe was inserted through an interventional sialendoscope to fragment the calculi. A salivary duct catheter was then used to flush stone fragments, followed by endoscopy to assess complete fragmentation and ductal trauma. Ultimately, 7 artificial stones (3‐10 mm, 4F/5F) were successfully fragmented without causing significant endoluminal trauma. Number of pulses for adequate stone fragmentation averaged 20 (range, 5‐31). In all cases, stone fragments were successfully flushed out with the salivary duct catheter. Postprocedure endoscopy confirmed ductal integrity in all 7 ducts. While more studies are needed, this preliminary animal model demonstrates efficacy of endoscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for the management of sialolithiasis.
Retromaxillary Pneumatization of Posterior Ethmoid Air Cells
Authors: Herzallah Islam R. , Saati Faisal A. , Marglani Osama A. , Simsim Rehab F. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveRetromaxillary pneumatization of posterior ethmoid (PE) air cells is an area that is yet to have appropriate description in rhinologic literature.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care hospital.Subjects and MethodsFirst, 524 sides in 262 paranasal sinus computed tomography scans were analyzed: 350 normal sides were examined for PE pneumatization lateral to the sagittal plane of the medial wall of maxillary sinus posteriorly, and 174 diseased sides were similarly reviewed to check how pathology may affect identification and measurements. Following that, 153 operated sides in 84 cases prepared for revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) were studied for residual diseased cells at different anatomic locations.ResultsOverall, retromaxillary PE pneumatization was identifiable in 416 of the 524 sides (79.4%). Lateral retromaxillary extension varied from 0.5 to 12.3 mm (mean ± SD, 4.8 ± 2.3 mm). This area of pneumatization is bounded anteroinferiorly by the junction between the posterior and superior walls of the maxillary sinus. Three cell types were described depending on the degree of lateral extension (type I, <3 mm; type II, 3‐6 mm; type III, >6 mm). This cell, which we refer to as the Herzallah cell, was distinguishable from the anterior ethmoid Haller cell and was found to have residual disease in 50.3% of cases prepared for revision ESS.ConclusionRetromaxillary extension of PE air cells varies considerably and requires attention during ESS. Residual undissected retromaxillary cell is a common finding in revision ESS and can contribute to inadequate disease clearance.