bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importância das características morfológicas e agronômicas no estudo da biodiversidade genética em milho
Authors: Rotili E. A. , Afférri F. S. , Peluzio J. M. , Pimenta R. S. , Carvalho E. V. 
Published: March 2016

<p>O milho, um dos cereais mais utilizados no mundo para alimentação humana e animal, é fonte de renda para várias famílias, quer seja na agricultura familiar ou em grandes propriedades. O trabalho teve como objetivo reunir resultados de pesquisas publicadas em periódicos revelando a importância relativa de características morfológicas e agronômicas da diversidade genética em milho. Devido à importância econômica e social deste cereal, a identificação de genótipos produtivos, sob condições ótimas ou de estresses, oriundos de diferentes programas de melhoramento genético, pode trazer grandes benefícios, tais como o aumento da produção e redução de insumos que reflete, em última instância, em uma diminuição de custos de produção e impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, é necessário conhecer a importância relativa de características para estudos sobre a diversidade genética, que podem auxiliar na escolha de genótipos potencialmente promissosres para as diferentes condições de cultivo. Na estimativa da importância relativa, os atributos encontrados com maior frequência nos trabalhos estudados foram: produtividade de grãos, altura de espiga, altura de planta, comprimento de espiga, diâmetro de espiga e massa de grãos.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Importance of</em></strong><strong><em> morphological and agronomic characteristics in the study of genetic biodiversity in maize</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>Maize is one of the most commonly used cereal in the world, as in food or feed, and it is source of income for many families). The aim of this work was reunite the results of scientific articles about the relative importance of morphological and agronomic traits on maize genetic diversity. Due to the economic and social importance of this cereal, the identification of productive genotypes under stress conditions or not, from various breeding programs, can be promote benefits such as increased production, reduction of inputs and thus with decrease of production costs and environmental impacts. In this case, it is essential to know the relative importance of the traits for the study of genetic diversity, and this results can help in choosing genotypes for use in breeding programs in different conditions. In the estimate of relative importance, the traits with more frequency in the articles were: grain yield, ear and plant height, ear length and diameter and grain weight. </p>
Decontamination of Anodized Implant Surface With Different Modalities for Peri‐Implantitis Treatment: Lasers and Mechanical Debridement With Citric Acid
Authors: Htet Moe , Madi Marwa , Zakaria Osama , Miyahara Takayuki , Xin Wang , Lin Zayar , Aoki Kazuhiro , Kasugai Shohei 
Published: March 2016

Background: Although oral rehabilitation with dental implants is a very promising and effective procedure, peri‐implantitis is an emerging concern. Surgical and non‐surgical methods have been applied to treat peri‐implantitis together with various implant surface decontamination methods. However, there is no consensus concerning the most effective treatment for peri‐implantitis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of erbium‐doped:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Er:YAG) laser, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and titanium bur with and without citric acid on ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis around an anodized implant surface.Methods: Thirty dental implants with anodized surface (3.3 × 10 mm) were installed in the mandibles of five beagle dogs. After 3 months, peri‐implantitis was induced by applying cotton ligatures subgingivally. After ligature removal (baseline), the implants were divided into the following treatment groups: 1) Er:YAG laser, 2) PDT, 3) titanium bur alone, and 4) titanium bur with citric acid. Animals were sacrificed after 3 months, and clinical, radiologic, histologic, and histomorphometric evaluations were conducted for all treatment modalities. The data were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey test. A value of P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The titanium bur with citric acid group exhibited statistically significantly greater improvement in vertical bone height than the Er:YAG laser group and significantly better bone‐to‐implant contact than the PDT group and the bur‐alone group.Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the combination of mechanical and chemical treatment proved to be the most effective treatment for disinfection of the anodized implant surface.
Clinical Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Non‐Surgical Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial With 1‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Morales Alicia , Carvajal Paola , Silva Nora , Hernandez Marcela , Godoy Claudia , Rodriguez Gonzalo , Cabello Rodrigo , Garcia‐Sesnich Jocelyn , Hoare Anilei , Diaz Patricia I. , Gamonal Jorge 
Published: March 2016

Background: Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide beneficial effects for the host when administered in proper quantities. The aim of this double‐masked placebo‐controlled parallel‐arm randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the clinical effects of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1‐containing probiotic sachet as an adjunct to non‐surgical therapy.Methods: Twenty‐eight systemically healthy volunteers with chronic periodontitis were recruited and monitored clinically at baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after therapy. Clinical parameters measured included plaque accumulation, bleeding on probing, probing depths (PDs), and clinical attachment loss. Patients received non‐surgical therapy, including scaling and root planing (SRP), and were assigned randomly to a test (SRP + probiotic, n = 14) or control (SRP + placebo, n = 14) group. The intake, once a day for 3 months, of an L. rhamnosus SP1 probiotic sachet commenced after the last session of SRP.Results: Both test and control groups showed improvements in clinical parameters at all time points evaluated. However, the test group showed greater reductions in PD than the control. Also, at initial visits and after 1‐year follow‐up, the test group showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of participants with PD ≥6 mm, indicating a reduced need for surgery, in contrast to the placebo group.Conclusion: The results of this trial indicate that oral administration of L. rhamnosus SP1 resulted in similar clinical improvements compared with SRP alone.
Evapotranspiration and Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency of Switchgrass and High Biomass Sorghum
Authors: Wagle Pradeep , Kakani Vijaya Gopal , Huhnke Raymond L. 
Published: March 2016

Water and energy flux densities of co‐located cellulosic feedstocks, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and high biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), were measured using the eddy covariance technique during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons to quantify and compare evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem water use efficiency (EWUE). Peak growing season ET from the switchgrass field was approximately 6 mm d−1 in both years; whereas, the sorghum ET reached 6.7 in 2012 and 4.8 mm d−1 in 2013. While both species showed similar water use patterns during the active growing period, seasonal cumulative ET was higher in switchgrass due to a longer growing season. Monthly ET integrals were strongly correlated with monthly integrals of gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) for both species, suggesting a strong linkage between C gain and water loss over the season. Different methods of EWUE estimations yielded different EWUE values. The ratio of seasonal sums of GPP to ET yielded EWUE of 9.41 to 11.32 and 8.98 to 9.17 g CO2 mm−1 ET in switchgrass and sorghum, respectively. The ratio of seasonal sums of NEP to ET was 2.75 to 2.81 and 2.06 to 2.18 g CO2 mm−1 ET in switchgrass and sorghum, respectively. Slightly larger EWUE in switchgrass than sorghum shows that the switchgrass was more efficient than the sorghum on using water to gain C. Results suggest that larger seasonal C uptake by switchgrass was enough to offset its higher water use due to the longer growing season.

Eddy covariance technique can be used to assess bioenergy crops ecosystem water use efficiency.
Swithcgrass has higher ET than sorghum due to longer growing season.
Greater seasonal carbon uptake by switchgrass than sorghum was enough to offset higher water use.
Evaluating Barley for the Emerging Craft Malting Industry in Western Washington
Authors: Brouwer Brook O. , Schwarz Paul B. , Barr John M. , Hayes Patrick M. , Murphy Kevin M. , Jones Stephen S. 
Published: March 2016

Craft malting companies are emerging in response to demand from the rapidly growing North American craft brewing industry, and creating a market for malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in production regions considered to be of minor importance for this crop. Growing malting barley in these under‐represented areas, such as western Washington, requires identification of cultivars with suitable agronomic and quality characteristics. Twelve two‐row spring barley cultivars were evaluated for 2 yr at four western Washington locations to assess suitability for craft malt production in the region. Standard North American malting cultivars had lower yield stability than locally adapted feed cultivars. Pre‐harvest sprouting reduced falling number and germination capacity resulting in a high proportion of samples unsuitable for malt quality evaluation. Cultivars with the highest levels of resistance to pre‐harvest sprouting did not meet malt quality standards when malted according to standard micro‐malting methods. However, craft maltsters have more flexibility to alter processing conditions to produce malt from cultivars previously deemed unacceptable for large‐scale malting and brewing. Craft brewer specifications for malt are also different from large‐scale industry. The current work suggests the need to adjust the malting process to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs.

Demand for barley for craft malt production outside of major production regions is increasing.
Standard North American malting barley cultivars are susceptible to preharvest sprouting and foliar pathogens common in nontraditional growing regions such as western Washington.
To meet demand for craft breweries the emerging craft malting industry will need to find ways to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs.
Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Growth, Phosphorus Uptake, Seed Yield, Yield Components, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Oilseed Flax
Authors: Xie Yaping , Niu Xiaoxia , Niu Junyi 
Published: March 2016

Improving the seed yield of oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important issue to meet the growing demand for this crop. This study was conducted to determine whether various aspects of oilseed flax growth could be manipulated through P under the arid and semiarid conditions in China. The effects of P on oilseed flax phenological stages, seed yield, yield components, biomass growth rate (BGR), and phosphorus uptake rate (PUR) were investigated at Zhangjiakou, China. The Baxuan 3 flax cultivar was grown on a P deficient soil, to which four rates of P fertilizer were applied (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg P ha−1). Our results indicated that the application of P increased the number of capsules per plant, seed weight, seed yield, and the oil yield by 20, 19, 44, and 56%, respectively, compared with the 0P control treatment. At 30 kg P ha−1, the apparent phosphorus recovery efficiency (APE) was higher than those at 45 kg P ha−1. However, at 15 kg P ha−1, agronomic efficiency (AE) was higher than those at 30 and 45 kg P ha−1. The seed‐filling period, the growth rates (biomass, economic, and seed) and the P uptake rates (biomass, economic, and seed) were significantly improved by P application. A linear positive relationship was found between seed yield and number of capsules per plant, seed weight, growth rates, and P uptake rates. The results suggest the addition of P fertilizer enhanced growth and P uptake, and increased seed yield of oilseed flax.Core Ideas

The effect of P application on key biomass growth rate and P uptake rate indices.
Phosphorus increase number of capsules per plant, mean seed weight, seed‐filling period and days to maturity.
Phosphorus promotes the growth of oilseed flax, P uptake, and increase the seed yield and oil yield.
Choosing Sampling Interval Durations for Remotely Classifying Rocky Mountain Elk Behavior
Authors: Gaylord Adam J. , Sanchez Dana M. , Van Sickle John 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Dual-axis accelerometer global positioning system collars can be used to remotely record the activity level and behavior of free-ranging animals, but inter- and intraspecific variations in motion among behaviors necessitate calibration for each species of interest. To date, little work has been done to determine the best duration for sampling intervals when using activity monitors that incorporate dual-axis accelerometers. However, we expected that the duration of behaviors relative to the duration of sampling intervals could affect the accuracy of calibration and behavior classification models. Furthermore, we considered the potential effect of winter diet supplementation (hay) on behavior classification. We used Lotek 4500 global positioning system collars featuring dual-axis accelerometer activity monitors to collect data for calibration and classification trials on Rocky Mountain elk Cervus elaphus nelsoni. We used discriminant function model structures to determine the number of accurately classifiable behaviors that could be derived from data sampled over three sampling interval durations (5 min, 152 s, and 64 s) while also considering the potential effect of hay supplementation on classification. Our results suggest that investigators should ascertain whether their focal elk herd accesses or might access supplemental hay before deployment and analysis of activity sensor data. Similarly, researchers must weigh priorities when choosing a sampling interval, because no optimal solution emerged from our investigation. For example, of our acceptable models, only those constructed using 64-s intervals were able to distinguish short bouts of running. However, only models constructed with 5-min intervals accurately classified browsing while also maximizing the number of behaviors identified.
Indices de Trauma: Prediccion del Desenlace
Authors: Macías Silvia Inés Guerrero , Pastrana Juan Paulo Serrano , Lizcano Dairon Gelves , Mateus Laura Juliana Delgado 
Published: March 2016

RESUMEN

Introduccion
Los índices de severidad del trauma son sistemas para clasificar y codificar lesiones, describen objetivamente las condiciones de cada paciente, indicando aquellos con lesiones de mayor severidad, la probabilidad de sobrevida y ayudando a prever desenlaces mórbidos.

Objetivo
Establecer cual índice de severidad predice mejor la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes con trauma penetrante múltiple.

Diseño del estudio
Estudio prospectivo, observacional, de cohorte. En un periodo de 13 meses, se recopilaron los pacientes que ingresaron por trauma penetrante múltiple del Hospital Universitario de Santander. Evaluamos la relacion de los índices de severidad (RTSc, ISS, TRISS) con los desenlaces mediante curvas de regresion logística y la predicción de la mortalidad de cada uno según la sensibilidad, especificidad y la curva ROC.

Resultados
Se incluyeron 111 pacientes, 72% ingresaron por heridas por arma corto-punzante (HACP) y 28% por arma de fuego (HPAF). La mortalidad fue del 9.9%, siendo mayor en las HPAF (23 vs 5%). En los pacientes con HACP, el área bajo la curva (ROC) para el RTSc fue 0.225, para el TRISS 0.148 y para el ISS 0.68. En el grupo con HPAF, el área bajo la curva para el RTSc fue 0.247, para el TRISS 0.190 y para el ISS 0.735.

Conclusiones
El ISS presentó el valor discriminatorio más significativo, siendo un factor pronóstico adaptable en nuestro medio para evaluar el desenlace (mortalidad). La reanimación inicial previa al ingreso de los pacientes a los centros de atención medica afecta el valor predictivo del RTSc y TRISS.

How to cite this article
Macías SIG, Pastrana JPS, Lizcano DG, Mateus LJD. Indices de Trauma: Prediccion del Desenlace. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2015;4(3):172-179.
Program Characteristics Influencing Allopathic Students’ Residency Selection
Authors: Stillman Michael D. , Miller Karen Hughes , Ziegler Craig H. , Upadhyay Ashish , Mitchell Charlene K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractContext:Medical students must consider many overt variables when entering the National Resident Matching Program. However, changes with the single graduate medical education accreditation system have caused a gap in knowledge about more subtle considerations, including what, if any, influence the presence of osteopathic physician (ie, DO) and international medical graduate (IMG) house officers has on allopathic students’ residency program preferences. Program directors and selection committee members may assume students’ implicit bias without substantiating evidence.Objective:To reexamine which program characteristics affect US-trained allopathic medical students’ residency selection, and to determine whether the presence of DO and IMG house officers affects the program choices of allopathic medical students.Methods:Fourth-year medical students from 4 allopathic medical schools completed an online survey. The Pearson χ2statistic was used to compare demographic and program-specific traits that influence ranking decisions and to determine whether school type (private vs public), valuing a residency program’s prestige, or interest in a competitive specialty dictated results. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Pandit variation of the Glaser and Strauss constant comparison.Results:Surveys were completed by 323 of 577 students (56%). Students from private vs public institutions were more likely to value a program’s prestige (160 [93%] vs 99 [72%];P<.001) and research opportunities (114 [66%] vs 57 [42%];P<.001), and they were less likely to consider their prospects of being accepted (98 [57%] vs 111 [81%];P<.001). A total of 33 (10%) and 52 (16%) students reported that the presence of DO or IMG trainees, respectively, would influence their final residency selection, and these percentages were largely unchanged among students interested in programs’ prestige or in entering a competitive specialty. Open-ended comments were generally optimistic about diversification of the physician workforce, and 4 of the 709 student comments expressed cynicism or hostility to the presence of DOs or IMGs.Conclusion:Both overt and subtle variables influence students’ perceptions of residency programs in the United States, but the presence of DO and IMG house officers seems relevant to a small percentage of them.
Preparation Strategies of Osteopathic Medical Students for the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE
Authors: Sandella Jeanne M. , Peters Alex , Smith Larissa L. , Gimpel John R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Context: Since 2002, osteopathic medical schools have made curricular changes to further enhance the clinical skills of their students, to prepare them for residency training, and to pass the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA Level 2-Performance Evaluation (COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE).

Objective: To report how students at osteopathic medical schools prepare for the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE, and to investigate the effect of these techniques on examination performance.

Methods: A standardized survey was given to students before the beginning of their examination to assess the preparation of osteopathic medical students for the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE, such as coursework, orientation materials, and standardized patient (SP) encounters. Surveys that were completed by first-time test takers during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 test cycles were included in this study.

Results: Of 9120 surveys administered, 8733 were completed, achieving a response rate of 95.8%. Of those 8733 respondents, 8706 students (99.7%) reported having SP encounters during the first and second year of medical school, and 7379 (84%) reported having at least 1 SP encounter in years 3 and 4. Of 8733 students, 6079 (70%) reported receiving feedback from an osteopathic physician on their SP encounters, and 6049 (69%) and 6253 (72%) reported having viewed the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE orientation video online and having read the examination’s orientation guide, respectively. The largest difference in preparation between students who passed the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE and students who did not was a prerequisite SP examination at their school, with 5574 students (68.9%) who passed reporting having participated compared with 364 students (56.5%) who failed. None of the differences in clinical skills training and test preparation was associated with statistically significant differences in pass or fail status.

Conclusion: Osteopathic medical students use a variety of methods to enhance their clinical skills in preparation for the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE, with universal use of SP programs since the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE was implemented in 2004. Educators should continue to foster ways to develop students’ clinical skills that reflect new advances in education and assessment to ensure that future osteopathic physicians can demonstrate competency in fundamental clinical skills before beginning postgraduate training.
Comprehensive profiling of retroviral integration sites using target enrichment methods from historical koala samples without an assembled reference genome
Authors: Cui Pin , Löber Ulrike , Alquezar-Planas David E. , Ishida Yasuko , Courtiol Alexandre , Timms Peter , Johnson Rebecca N. , Lenz Dorina , Helgen Kristofer M. , Roca Alfred L. , Hartman Stefanie , Greenwood Alex D. 
Published: March 2016

Background.Retroviral integration into the host germline results in permanent viral colonization of vertebrate genomes. The koala retrovirus (KoRV) is currently invading the germline of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and provides a unique opportunity for studying retroviral endogenization. Previous analysis of KoRV integration patterns in modern koalas demonstrate that they share integration sites primarily if they are related, indicating that the process is currently driven by vertical transmission rather than infection. However, due to methodological challenges, KoRV integrations have not been comprehensively characterized.Results.To overcome these challenges, we applied and compared three target enrichment techniques coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) and a newly customized sequence-clustering based computational pipeline to determine the integration sites for 10 museum Queensland and New South Wales (NSW) koala samples collected between the 1870s and late 1980s. A secondary aim of this study sought to identify common integration sites across modern and historical specimens by comparing our dataset to previously published studies. Several million sequences were processed, and the KoRV integration sites in each koala were characterized.Conclusions.Although the three enrichment methods each exhibited bias in integration site retrieval, a combination of two methods, Primer Extension Capture and hybridization capture is recommended for future studies on historical samples. Moreover, identification of integration sites shows that the proportion of integration sites shared between any two koalas is quite small.