bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Khan Faisal , Hashemi Seyed Javad 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Development of natural resources in offshore and marine environments presents significant technical and logistical challenges. There is a collective need for the offshore and marine operators to demonstrate that risks are being adequately controlled. The purpose of risk assessment is to help all stakeholders understand the risks to people, assets, and the environment and address potential major hazards in a structured manner. This article provides a general outline for risk assessment and reviews different approaches for risk assessment of offshore and marine operations. It also identifies the key marine hazards and review methods for the assessment of probabilities and consequences of marine hazards. A general framework for development, implementation, and maintenance of risk management process is provided and methods for risk mitigation and reduction are discussed. The purpose of the article is to give the operators a general overview of the process of conducting risk assessments and management in the context of offshore and marine operations to ensure all applicable hazards are identified and the risks are reduced to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).
Flow Assurance
Authors: Kak Ashutosh , Meng Weihong , Carnahan Norman F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article provides an overview of flow assurance analysis required for design, operation, and maintenance of petroleum fluid flow in a production system.Of specific importance is formation of solids in the production stream, causing deposition/plug of pipelines and processing vessels. The solids are sands, scales, waxes, hydrates, and asphaltenes. Each of those components or their combination presents challenges for designers and operators. The second aspect is erosion caused by multiphase flow, especially when solids are present. The third is liquid flow rate fluctuation (severe slugging or liquid surge) exceeding the process facilities handling capacities.Flow assurancerefers to the methods and technologies ensuring successful and economical flow of hydrocarbon stream from reservoir to the point of sale. The term was coined by Petrobras in the early 1990s. Flow assurance requires knowledge of extremely diverse sciences, testing skills from different engineering disciplines. For flow assurance analysis of the production system, fluid sampling and laboratory tests are the foundation; steady and transient multiphase simulation are the basic requirements; and knowledge of production chemistry and operations are the necessities. Flow assurance engineers provide the system operating information and help facilities engineers and operators to design and effectively prevent/manage solid deposits such as, gas hydrates, asphaltene, wax, and scales (inorganic and/or naphthenates). Flow assurance review is a critical task during deep water petroleum asset development and operations. The financial loss from production interruption or asset damage due to flow assurance mishap can be astronomical. The following sections present the basic concepts and analysis methods of flow assurance technologies.
Mega‐Float
Authors: Ohmatsu Shigeo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Mega‐Float is a very large artificial island floating on the sea. The total system consists of floating main structure, mooring system, and access facility. Mega‐Float has various possible applications, for examples, floating airport, offshore container terminal, and leisure facility.
Compared with the land reclamation method, Mega‐Float seems to have advantages or merits such as (i) easy construction regardless of its depth or subsoil condition, (ii) lower construction cost and shorter construction period, (iii) easy extension or removal, (iv) vast inner space under the deck, (v) earthquake effect free, and (vi) Few environmental impact.
However, Mega‐Float has also some technical challenges caused by its own structural characteristics. In general, Mega‐Float will be far thinner than conventional floating structures in term of depth to horizontal length ratio and it behaves almost like an elastic plate under wave actions. Therefore, it is necessary to give consideration to hydroelasticity, a coupled response between fluid and structural deformation, in the design of Mega‐Float. The structure is too large to be built at any building dock yard or other site on land, it is inevitably constructed by joining floating units together at sea. Achievements of these technical subjects, including others, are described in the text.
Mobile Offshore Base
Authors: Suzuki Hideyuki 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMobile offshore base (MOB) was first conceived in the 1990s under “SeaBasing” concept of US Navy. Three concepts, discrete connectors MOB, flexible bridge MOB, and dynamically positioned MOB, were developed followed by preliminary investigation. MOB Science and Technology project by Office of Naval Research (ONR) was initiated to advance engineering design capabilities sufficient to design of MOB by industry. Engineering design tasks and associated design tools were reviewed and industry state‐of‐the‐art standard, deficiencies in the engineering design and attainable advancement goals and performers were identified. Highlights of MOB S&T project are development of multiple‐module dynamic positioning system, numerical hydrodynamic modeling and hydroelastic response, wave field characteristics, and MOB classification guide.
Pile Foundations: Installation
Authors: Schneider James , Randolph Mark , Stevens Bob , Erbrich Carl 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPile foundations for offshore structures can be installed in different ways, with this article focusing on two main pile types: (i) driven; and (ii) drilled and grouted. An overview of simplified mechanics‐based concepts for issues affecting analysis of pile installation is provided. For driven piles, the concepts considered include soil resistance to driving, dynamic soil models, and pile damage. For drilled and grouted piles, attention is focused on methods to avoid hole collapse and hydraulic fracture. With these concepts in mind, a designer can minimize the potential for costly remedial activities that may be required during pile installation if the above issues have not been adequately addressed.
Condition Monitoring of Steerable Thrusters, An Overview, Practical Considerations and Example Cases
Authors: Velthuis Frank 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
It is a common misunderstanding that doing an overhaul every five years is a requirement from the thruster manufacturers, or from the class societies. In reality the overhaul is done simultaneously with the obligatory five yearly inspection carried out by a class surveyor. From a technical point of view many thrusters can reliably operate beyond a five year period. Whether or not such is advisable depends on the actual condition of the thruster, which can be determined with condition monitoring. Furthermore the original equipment manufacturer may be able to assess the future reliability using stochastic models and recorded operational data; this is normally referred to as prognostics. This article will describe both methods as well as several vibration analysis cases on thrusters.
Pipeline Technology—Expansion and Global Buckling
Authors: Bruton David A.S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA pipeline is a long slender structure that in operation develops compressive axial force, with increasing internal temperature and pressure. The severity of the compressive force depends on the pipeline length, geometry, and seabed conditions. Long slender structures under compression are susceptible to Euler (column‐type) global buckling. This is commonly observed in railway tracks and pipelines.Pipelines may buckle upward (upheaval buckling) or sideways (lateral buckling). This leads to two distinctly different design strategies: (i) Upheaval buckling is considered in the design of trenched and buried pipelines. Upheaval buckling of a trenched pipeline is usually considered a failure condition, due to the loss of protection (from the trench) and the high level of strain that typically occurs. Therefore, the design aim is to prevent upheaval buckling by placing sufficient backfill over the pipe in the trench. (ii) Lateral buckling is considered in the design of pipelines laid on the seabed. Lateral buckling can often be tolerated in low temperature pipelines, or deliberately encouraged in higher temperature pipelines. The design aim is to encourage and control buckling at regular intervals along the pipeline, to relieve the axial compressive load in the pipeline and share the thermal expansion between adjacent buckles.The associated phenomenon of pipeline walking (axial ratcheting displacement) occurs due to differential expansion and contraction during startup and shutdown. Limits on allowable end expansion for pipelines susceptible to walking often require that walking must be controlled by the installation of pipeline anchors.This article addresses pipeline buckling and walking, highlighting the important aspects of pipe–soil interaction and mitigation measures to ensure that design limit states are not exceeded.
Human Factors
Authors: Parker Christopher , Ranasinghe Sam 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDue to high risk nature of the maritime and offshore industries, it is crucial to consider human factors (HF) as part of the system design and operation in order to adequately affect safety, operations, process, and ultimately total ownership costs (TOCs). The defence, aerospace and nuclear industries historically have led the initiative to integrate HF into the acquisition, design, and operation of large complex systems. In response to this global initiative, the maritime and offshore industries are progressing in efforts to recognize and integrate considerations for the human element and incorporate HF principles consistently and comprehensively.Federal government entities, like the US Navy and Coast Guard, initially addressed HF ad hoc from project to project. In addition, the government's expectations for HF efforts (i.e., standards, requirements, and responsibilities of the contractor or designer) were not adequately communicated. As a result, standardization and formal guidance on HF integration slowly evolved. Some key practical components to come from this evolution were a combination of policy, adequate resource allocation, meaningful and appropriate requirements, and clear expectations between roles of oversight and execution. This slow evolution helped facilitate effective HF integration that is applicable to the oil and gas industry.One element that the US government experience could not provide was the consideration of HF in risk management and management systems to support the design and operation of oil and gas installations. There have been oil and gas projects that have included HF in their development, but the adoption is still evolving. This is illustrated by the formal promulgation of Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement's (BSEE) rule on Safety Environment Management Systems (SEMS) in 2010. However, this approach needs to be comprehensive and treated as part of a management system. The latter half of this section addresses the elements of management systems and organizational factors as they relate to the human element where both process and personnel safety are critical.The goal when authoring this section is that the human element is considered throughout the lifecycle of systems that are developed in the marine and offshore industries. A systematic and comprehensive approach will ensure that industry to be more proactive in affecting the reduction of hazards in design and operation through the appropriate consideration of human element. The section is divided into the following areas: what is HF; history of HF; purpose and benefits of HF; goals of integrating HF into the project lifecycle; HF in design; integrating the human element in risk management; HF in management systems; and organizational factors.
Infrared Thermography
Authors: Edmondson Simon 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Thermography is a proven money saving tool for diagnostics and predictive maintenance of all types of commercial buildings and residential structures. Utilising Infrared Thermography within a predictive maintenance program will provide information that will effectively reduce energy consumption, increase equipment reliability, decrease overall maintenance costs, minimise interruption to equipment, increase safety and eliminate most surprise equipment failures.
In a nut shell Thermography is a must in the Marine industry.
Ancient Naval Warfare, 700BC–AD600
Authors: Rankov Boris 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe military capabilities of ancient navies were determined by the muscle power of massed oarsmen and the inability of warships to remain at sea for long or in rough weather. Phoenicia, the first naval innovator, was the source of Persian power, after which Athens dominated the eastern Mediterranean in the fifth centurybc. Ships’ sizes and costs increased significantly in the fourth century, with Carthage and then Rome emerging as the dominant powers in the western Mediterranean, and Rome was eventually dominant everywhere. Navies required substantial infrastructures of harbors and dockyards, of which important remains survive at Athens and Carthage.
Greeks in Italy, 342–303BC
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn the 340 s the Greek cities of southern Italy, led by Taras (Tarentum), asked for help from mainland Greece to protect them from encroachment by Italian tribes. King Archidamus II of Sparta was killed while supporting Taras and in the 330 s another external savior, Alexander of Epirus, also perished on campaign in southern Italy. The Italian Greeks continued to look for an external champion, turning next to King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
Campaigns in Pannonia, 35
BC–AD
9
Authors: Campbell Brian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

There was intermitted Roman interest in Illyria from the second century
bc
onward, but, when Augustus achieved sole mastery of the Roman empire in 31
bc
, he made it a priority to secure Rome's east–west communications by pushing its empire to the Danube. The Pannonians precipitated matters by invading Istria; in response, the Romans annexed Noricum in 16. Agrippa campaigned in the Drava and Sava valleys in 13; on his death, command was assumed by Augustus’ stepson, Tiberius, who succeeded in subduing the Pannonians. While Roman attention was fixed on the Rhine frontier, in
ad
6 the Pannonians and Dalmatians rose in revolt. Faced with guerrilla warfare, the Romans changed tactics and began to employ smaller, more agile units. The revolt was eventually put down in 9, and Pannonia and Dalmatia were made provinces.
Campaigns in Armenia, 58–66
Authors: Campbell Brian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Roman involvement in Armenia began with the Mithridatic Wars of the first century
bc
, though, rather than the kingdom being annexed, pro‐Roman rulers were placed on the throne. Armenia later became a pawn in the political maneuverings between Rome and Parthia. Assertive Parthian rulers often installed their own nominees, destabilizing the situation. In
ad
58 the Romans invaded Armenia to eject the Parthian Tiridates and replace him with Tigranes. The latter soon attacked Parthian interests; diplomacy led to the withdrawal of all troops from Armenia and the restoration of Tiridates. A final agreement was not reached, however, and, with Roman forces massing in Cappadocia, Parthia now invaded Armenia. The Roman forces were ineffectually led and forced to call a truce despite the approach of reinforcements. In the subsequent negotiations, a compromise was reached that Tiridates would be acknowledged if crowned in Rome by the emperor Nero. Relative stability followed, until Trajan annexed Armenia in 114 and made war on Parthia.
Attila and the Huns, 442–455
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the 430 s the Huns, whose main impact on the Roman empire had previously been to stimulate other tribes to invade and provide a resource of effective mercenary soldiers, consolidated their authority north of the Danube under the leadership of Attila. Attila terrorized the eastern empire via destructive invasions (managing to capture fortified cities, an achievement beyond most tribes) and diplomatic bullying. In 451 he turned west, but his invasion of Gaul ended in defeat at the Catalaunian plains and then an attack on Italy was bought off. Attila's death was followed by the rapid disintegration of his federation.
Anastasius and Persia, 502–506
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In 502, over a century of almost unbroken peace ended on Rome's eastern frontier when the Persian king Kavadh invaded in search of military glory and booty. Amida fell after a long siege. Operations then moved south and focused on Edessa, whose guarantee of divine protection irked Kavadh. Edessa and Constantina survived attacks, and hostilities eventually petered out after four years when threats to Persia's northeastern frontier distracted Kavadh. A truce signed in 506 gradually evolved into a longer‐term arrangement.
Seed Dispersal and Crop Domestication: Shattering, Germination and Seasonality in Evolution Under Cultivation
Authors: Fuller Dorian Q. , Allaby Robin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe transition between wild plant forms and domesticated species can be considered an evolutionary adaptation by plants in response to a human driven ecology. Evidence from archaeobotany and genetics is providing deeper insight into this evolutionary process in terms of its scale, mechanism and parallelism between species. The evidence indicates that the timescale of this evolution was considerably longer than previously supposed, raising questions about the mode of human mediated selection pressure and increasing the importance of the role of pre‐domestication cultivation. Different selection pressures were chronologically separated into at least three stages, each important at different points of the evolutionary process affecting different traits. Early selection pressures were ultimately driven by the pre‐domestication sowing activities affecting the polygenically controlled germination and seed size traits. Later, in the second stage, release of natural selection pressures of dispersal requirements led to modification of architecture such as awns loss of awns and increase in dispersal unit size. The loss of dispersal requirement combined with positive pressure through harvesting practice led to the typically monogenically controlled non‐shattering phenotypes. At the tertiary stage new selection pressures were imposed with changing climate caused by movement of the crops into different latitudes, resulting in typically monogenically controlled aseasonal phenotypes. The genetic evidence shows in most cases that genetically similar mechanisms have been affected in different plant species implying an evolutionary convergence in response to adaptation to human ecology. These adaptations can be considered various types of heterochrony; a mechanism of major importance generally in plant evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Wink Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSecondary metabolites (SM) occur in plants in a high structural diversity. A typical feature of SM is their storage in relatively high concentrations, sometimes in organs which do not produce them or as inactive ‘prodrugs’ that are enzymatically activated in case of danger. Biochemical and physiological features of secondary metabolism are strongly correlated with the function of SM: SM are not useless waste products (as assumed earlier) but important tools of plants needed against herbivores, microbes (bacteria, fungi) and viruses. Some of the SM also function as signal molecules to attract pollinating arthropods or seed‐dispersing animals. During more than 500 million years of evolution, plants have evolved SM with a wide variety of biochemical and pharmacological properties. Many SM interact with proteins (receptors, ion channels, enzymes, cytoskeleton, transcription factors), DNA/RNA and/or biomembranes. Some of the interactions with molecular targets are highly specific, others have pleiotropic properties. Potential modes of action are summarized. As a consequence of the pharmacological properties of SM, several of them are used in medicine to treat disorders and infections. Others are interesting in biotechnology as rational pesticides. Phytomedicine normally employs complex mixtures, as they are present in the producing plant, which may exert additive or even synergistic properties.
Inactivation Processes
Authors: Magome Hiroshi , Kamiya Yuji 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGibberellins (GAs) play a role in many aspects of growth and development in plants. Endogenous levels of bioactive GAs are controlled by both biosynthetic and inactivation processes. There is accumulating evidence that inactivation is important for control of endogenous GA levels as well as its biosynthesis. Recent studies demonstrate that there are multiple inactivation mechanisms, and some of them are controlled by developmental and environmental cues, the latter including factors, such as light, temperature and even various stresses. In this chapter we describe our current understanding of GA inactivation and its control mechanisms in flowering plants through the action of various enzymes, including GA 13‐oxidase, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of the bioactive GA1. Recent findings following the isolation of GA 13‐oxidase genes suggest that their function is to partially decrease GA bioactivity.
Robust guaranteed cost state estimation for discrete‐time systems with random delays and random uncertainties
Authors: Nishanthi D. , Jarina Banu L. , Balasubramaniam P. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis paper investigates the guaranteed cost state estimation problem for a class of discrete‐time systems based on the Wirtinger‐based inequality with randomly occurring delays (RODs) and randomly occurring uncertainties (ROUs). The time‐varying delays and parameter uncertainties are considered to occur in random way. Certain mutually uncorrelated Bernoulli‐distributed white‐noise sequences are included to govern the random occurrences. The cost function is chosen appropriately to guarantee an adequate level of performance. New sufficient conditions are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities to ensure the estimation of state vectors for the given discrete‐time system by constructing Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals and using reciprocally convex lemma. The advantage of using the proposed results is illustrated via numerical examples.
Merging Photoredox Catalysis with Iron(III) Catalysis: C5‐H Bromination and Iodination of 8‐Aminoquinoline Amides in Water
Authors: Qiao Huijie , Sun Suyan , Yang Fan , Zhu Yu , Kang Jianxun , Wu Yusheng , Wu Yangjie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA simple and efficient protocol for the iron(III)‐catalyzed C5 halogenation of 8‐aminoquinoline with potassium halides via a photoredox process was developed, affording desired products in good to excellent yields. This reaction features its mild and green conditions (proceeding in water under air at room temperature). Electronic effect is not obvious in this reaction, and the desired products can be afforded in good to excellent yields regardless of the benzamides possessing electron‐donating groups or electron‐withdrawing groups; comparatively, substrates containing electron‐donating groups result in slightly higher yields of the coupling products than those of electron‐withdrawing groups. Moreover, a gram‐scale bromination reaction was also successfully fulfilled, demonstrating its potential applicable value in organic synthesis.magnified image