bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GMO Trees: Substantial promise but serious obstacles to commercialization
Authors: Sedjo R. A. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThis paper assesses the potential of transgenic trees to generate substantial financial returns in an environmental where there are substantial investment costs in research and development, deregulation and deployment. The formidable obstacles and in addition to the usual research and development costs, include the costs of obtaining requisite intellectual property rights. Also, there are substantial costs to achieve deregulation, and some evidence of deregulatory slowdown in the U.S., and cost of product deployment. The product deployment costs are likely to be higher than for other products, e.g., traditionally improved seedlings, due to substantial and widespread opposition (stigma) to GE in general and transgenic trees particular. As with all trees, the payoff time (harvest) is delayed longer than most other investments and the financial returns adversely affected by the delay. Additionally, the financial costs and benefits may vary substantially by country and region. Some evidence suggests that deregulation costs may vary substantially by country. Additionally, the perceived “stigma” costs are likely to vary greatly among regions thereby providing better opportunities in some markets than others. If deployment depends upon the financial and economic returns, one might expect widespread adoption among some countries, e.g., China and Brazil, where the net benefits are large, and little or no adoption among countries where the net benefits are small, e.g., countries of the EU. However, at this time the final success of GE trees remains to be witnessed. Although some firms have withdrawn entirely from the area of tree GE research, other firms continue to invest substantial sums in tree GE development presumably anticipating eventual payoffs. It remains to be determined whether the technology ultimately is broadly accepted, accepted only regionally or fails globally.
Genetic Engineering in Conifer Plantation Forestry
Authors: Henderson Anna R. , Walter C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this review we examine the history and progression of conifer genetic engineering. The review includes the methods used, the conifer species transformed, the genes inserted and the regeneration of genetically engineered conifer trees. We cover both Biolistic®and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and we detail transformation events with and without plant regeneration. We show that almost all conifer transformation work uses nptII as a selective marker, and very often uidA is included as a reporter gene. Further, we show that a range of genes that are of commercial interest for forest tree plantations have been introduced, such as herbicide resistance, insect resistance and those related to wood properties. We briefly discuss the future for biotechnology in the context of socially acceptable enhanced plantation forestry and under consideration of benefits and risks.
Performance of Maritime Pine Spanish Mediterranean Provenances at Young Ages in a Transitional Region Between Atlantic and Mediterranean Climates in NW Spain
Authors: Mata R. De La , Zas R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMaritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) occurs naturally in a wide variety of sites around SW Europe, from typical Mediterranean climates to areas in Northern Spain and France with a strong oceanic influence. Within its distribution range populations are strongly differentiated, showing local adaptations to environmental conditions that have been widely documented in different provenance trials both in the Atlantic region and in the Mediterranean area. In the present paper, we analyzed the performance of six Mediterranean provenances in three sites in the interior of Galicia (NW Spain), a transitional region between Atlantic and Mediterranean climates where few catalogued materials are available for reforestation. Seven year after planting, provenances coming from the mildest climates grew faster but showed inferior stem form. The provenance x site interaction was weak, although some significant provenance rank changes were observed in the driest site. Among the tested provenances, Serranía de Cuenca showed good early growth in all sites and acceptable stem form, being thus a potential recommended material for using in the area. The Albarracín origin showed also good results, with excellent stem form and acceptable growth, especially in the driest site. A combined spatial analysis allowed us to compare the tested provenances with improved materials from Coastal Galicia (NW Spain) and Western Australia planted in adjacent progeny trials. Although the differences were small, the Atlantic material of both breeding programs performed slightly better than the Mediterranean provenances, and represents another alternative material for use in reforestation in this transitional climate region.
Genetic Variation in Cold Hardiness and Phenology Between and Within Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Populations: Implications for Seed Transfer
Authors: Kandemir G. E. , Kaya Zeki , Temel F. , Önde S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWind-pollinated seeds from 40 trees (half-sib families) were collected from each of six Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) populations in southern Turkey. Two-year old seedlings were evaluated for growth, phenology and cold resistance in a common garden experiment established in Ankara, located outside the species’ natural range. Each family was represented with a six-tree row plot within each of the three replications. The below freezing temperatures (-15.2°C) observed in January and February of 2000 were sufficient to observe visually- assessable-cold damage to the seedlings. The populations significantly differed in all traits under investigation except for second flushing in 1999. Populations originating from more inland and higher elevation areas were more resistant to cold than coastal low elevation populations. Families within populations were significantly different as regards all traits except HT00. Family heritability for bud burst was 0.40, and ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 for height, and from 0.20 to 0.23 for bud set. Final height of cold damage prone seedlings was shorter than cold tolerant seedlings. Families with early bud-set, later bud-burst and shorter second flush shoots suffered less from cold damage. Considering the expected climate change in the eastern Mediterranean, there is a potential for using this species outside its natural range, especially in sites experiencing more continental climate since it will be possible to move the species 200-300 m in altitude and 2-3 degrees in latitude.
Use of Microsatellite Markers in an American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Population and Paternity Testing
Authors: Koch Jennifer L. , Carey D. W. , Mason M. E. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Cross-species amplification of six microsatellite markers from European beech (Fagus sylvatica Linn) and nine markers from Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) was tested in American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Three microsatellites from each species were successfully adapted for use in American beech and were found to be highly polymorphic, with 4-22 alleles at each locus and an expected heterozygosity value of 0.291 to 0.913. Twenty-five trees (including two clonal clusters) from a mature stand were sampled and genotyped to compute population statistics. No linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci was detected, and the marker loci indicated that the population is at Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. The markers were also used to genotype two full-sibling families consisting of a combined total of 99 individuals and were found to contain sufficient genetic information to assign paternity using a maximum likelihood method.
Bio-economic Modelling as a Method for Determining Economic Weights for Optimal Multiple-Trait Tree Selection
Authors: Ivković M. , Wu H. , Kumar S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA bio-economic model provides a framework for simultaneously considering breeding, management, and production decisions. Such a model should result in optimal breeding (and silvicultural) objectives if main goals of a production system are well defined. Historically estimation of economic weights for breeding-objective traits has been based on partial regressions and profit functions relating only to certain parts of the production system. A bio-economic model includes effects of growth rate, branching, form, and wood quality on all production system components and on overall profitability of an integrated production system. However, long rotation cycles in forestry make determination of relative economic values for the breeding-objective traits particularly difficult. When modelling complex systems under uncertainty about future production goals, there are necessary trade offs between the complexity of the model and the use of simplifying assumptions.
Clone Fertility and Genetic Diversity in a Black Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Ertekin M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractClonal variation in the number of female and male strobili was studied for three consecutive years (2002-2004) in a clonal black pine seed orchard in Turkey. The data showed large differences in female and male fertility among clones in the three years. The correlation between female and male strobilus production was negative and statistically significant in 2004, a good-flowering year. Clonal fertility and fertility variation, expressed by the sibling coefficient and coefficient of variation in strobilus production among 30 clones, were reported. Fertility varied among clones and among years, producing three-year averages of 99.3 and 801.6 for female and male strobili per ramet, respectively. Male fertility variation was higher than was female fertility variation in the three years. The status number, a measure of genetic diversity, was calculated as 26.4 (2002), 23.9 (2003), and 24.0 (2004). On average, the relative status number, estimated based on total fertility, was 86% of the census number. Sexual asymmetry calculations showed that clonal contributions would be balanced between genders. Some management activities such as adjusting ramet number to balance clone contributions and mixing of seeds from consecutive years are suggested for the black pine seed orchard.
Population Differentiation and Climatic Adaptation for Growth Potential of White Spruce (Picea glauca) in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Rweyongeza Deogratias M. , Barnhardt L. K. , Dhir N. K. , Hansen C. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Genetic differentiation among white spruce populations in Alberta, Canada, was studied using time series data of height and diameter and a climatic index developed by principal component analysis. The objectives were to discern patterns of variation for growth potential and predicted optimum climate; compare optimum climate between populations, between height and diameter at the same age and between height or diameter at different ages; and to see if optimum climate differed from the climate inhabited by populations. Using cluster analysis we found that: (1) populations from mid-latitudes (54° - 57°N) and mid-elevations (600 - 800 m) were grouped together and exhibited high growth potential; populations from north of 57°N were grouped with those from elevations higher than 900m in the Rocky Mountains and exhibited low growth potential; and (2) With minor exceptions, populations from similar climates or geography were grouped together in terms of predicted optimum climate. (3) Analysis of variance showed that optimum climate differed significantly (P < 0.05) among populations; among heights at different ages; among diameters at different ages and between height and diameter at the same ages. However, there was no consistent trend in the direction of change in optimum climate with tree age. (4) The range of climate inhabited by the populations (PI₁ = -5.792 to 4.483) was much wider than the range of their predicted optimum climate (P̂Ō₁ = -1.001 to 0.842), which suggests that in terms of growth potential some populations inhabit sub-optimal climates. Implications of the results on management of white spruce in Alberta are discussed.
Selection of Genetically Divergent Clones of Casuarina equisetifolia for Further Breeding Programmes
Authors: Warrier Kannan C. S. , Gurudevsingh B. 
Published: October 2017

Summary
Genetic divergence studies were carried out in clones of Casuarina equisetifolia L. selected from Chidambaram/ Chengalpet (CH/CP) and Tiruchendur (TCR) in Tamil Nadu, India. 33 CH/CP clones and 43 TCR clones were subjected to the analysis separately at 8 years of age. Mahalanobis’ D2 technique was used to study the genetic divergence and the clones were grouped into different clusters using the Tocher’s method. Tree height, diameter at breast height, collar diameter, crown length, cladode length, cladode diameter, number of primary branches, frustum volume and volume index were the characters used for the analysis. Application of Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics and Tocher’s clustering method grouped the CH/CP clones into eleven clusters with cluster strength varying from one (clusters X and XI) to eleven (cluster V) and the TCR clones into seven clusters with cluster strength from one in cluster VII to twelve in cluster VI. Among the various characters, volume index contributed the maximum towards genetic divergence. Based on the inter and intra-cluster distances, male clones CH 3004, CH 0401, CP 0207, CP 3903, CH 2604 and CP 1501 and female clones CH 2703, CH 2803, CP 3703, CP 0301 and CH 3002 are recommended for further breeding programmes from the CH/CP group. From the TCR group of clones, TCR 110202, TCR 090201 and TCR 030101 (male) and female clones, TCR 040204, TCR 120102, TCR 080201, TCR 120203 and TCR 090102 are recommended. The results on genetic divergence have got an immediate application in the establishment of clonal seed orchards. Information on genetic distance between genotypes helps in developing planting design, such that it can facilitate equal opportunity for hybridization among the genotypes and obtaining quality seeds with high vigour.
A DNA Method to Verify the Integrity of Timber Supply Chains; Confirming the Legal Sourcing of Merbau Timber From Logging Concession to Sawmill
Authors: Lowe Andrew J. , Wong K.-N. , Tiong Y.-S. , Iyerh S. , Chew F.-T. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Several methods are employed by the timber industry to try to restrict the flow of products from illegal or unsustainable sources into timber supply chains. The most commonly applied are systems of log marking and associated documentation that accompany the logs. However this system is open to falsification, particularly between the logging concession and the timber mill, where the majority of illegally logged timber enters the supply chain. This paper describes the development of a methodology to track a unique genetic fingerprint for single logs of merbau, Intsia palembanica (Leguminosae), a high-value Indonesian timber species, from logging concession to the mill, where the DNA profile of individual logs is difficult or impossible to falsify. We find that whilst the ability to extract DNA and amplify a PCR product from logs decreases slightly between forest concession (59.2%) and mill (41.9%) samples, that overall enough samples worked across the 14 microsatellite markers to provide an exact genotype match between forest and sawmill samples for 27 out of 32 logs. Furthermore for these 27 samples, the probability that an illegal log with an exact genotype match to forest samples had been substituted was very low (less than 10-5) for 18 samples, was low (between 10-2 and 10-4) for 7 samples and was moderate (10-1) for 2 samples. Improvements to DNA extraction and amplification success are recommended to improve this protocol, and there was a negative correlation between locus size and amplification success but a positive correlation with allele number. However, overall we propose that this methodology is now suitable for broad-scale industry application to track legally harvested timber and check for illegal substitutions along supply chains.
Use of DNA-Fingerprints to Control the Origin of Forest Reproductive Material
Authors: Degen Bernd , Höltken A. , Rogge M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWell-adapted, high quality reproductive material is key to the success of forest plantations. Consequently in many countries the collection and trade of forest reproductive material is regulated. Paper documents are usually the only evidence for the origin of forest reproductive material. Certification schemes already established in Germany use genetic inventories to compare reference samples collected at different steps of the chain-ofcustody. A new approach using DNA-fingerprints efficiently controls the origin of seed sources without these multiple reference samples. Only a sample of adult trees within the seed stands is needed. The control is directly made for each suspicious plant or a group of suspicious plants by use of multilocus genotype assignment. We made a field test with samples of adults and seedling from 5 registered seed stands of Quercus robur in Western Germany. Eight highly variable nuclear microsatellites were used to genotype each individual. We found in total 255 different alleles at all loci in the adult populations. The observed levels of genetic variation (Ae= 9.18), genetic differentiation (delta = 0.187) and population fixation (FST= 0.01) were slightly higher than results of similar studies. Individual and group assignment tests were performed with the Bayesian multi-locus approach. The proportion of correctly assigned seedlings was 65% for individuals with completely scored genotypes. In all 5 cases the groups of seedlings were assigned to the correct seed stand and an additional sample of seedlings from another stand could be successfully excluded with a probability test. The conclusion of the field study is that a large scale application of this new approach to control of the origin of forest reproductive material is feasible.
Population Structure and Molecular Characterization of Nigerian Field Genebank Collections of Cacao, Theobroma cacao L.
Authors: Aikpokpodion P. O. , Kolesnikova-Allen M. , Adetimirin V. O. , Guiltinan M. J. , Eskes A. B. , Motamayor J.-C. , Schnell R. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractInadequate knowledge of the population structure and diversity present often hamper the efficient use of germplasm collections. Using a high through-put system, twelve microsatellite loci were used to analyze genetic diversity and population structure in a national field genebank repository of 243 cacao accessions grouped into 11 populations based on their known sources. Based on multi-locus profiles, the Bayesian method was used for individual assignment to verify membership in each population, determine mislabeling and ancestry of some important accessions used in breeding program. A total of 218 alleles was revealed with a mean number of 18.2 alleles per locus. Gene diversity (He= 0.70) and allelic richness (4.34 alleles per locus) were highest in the F1 hybrid population. Differential mating system was suggested as responsible for the observed deficit and excess of heterozygotes observed among the populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed that within-population variance accounted for 63.0% of the total variance while the rest 37% was accounted for by the among-population variance. Cluster dendrogram based on UPGMA revealed two main subsets. The first group was made up of the Amelonado/Trinitario ancestry and the other of Nanay/Parinari ancestry. We found that Nanay and Parinari populations were the major source of Upper Amazon genes utilized while a large proportion of genetic diversity in the field genebank remained under-utilized in development of improved cultivars released to farmers in Nigeria. This study showed that the presence of alleles of the Upper Amazon Forasteros (Nanay, Parinari and Iquitos Mixed Calabacillo) genetic materials in the locally available accessions predated the formal large scale introduction of Upper Amazon materials in 1944. This is the first report of population structure of field genebank collections of cacao in Nigeria since more than seven decades of formal cacao breeding research.
Primary Small Cell Carcinoma Of Lung With Metachronous Breast Metastasis
Authors: Markovic Marina , Jovanovic Dalibor , Todorovic Zeljko , Zivkovic Marija , Dagovic Aleksandar , Mitrović Slobodanka , Petrović Marina , Nešić Jelena 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Breast metastases from an extra-mammary malignancy are rare. Among the lung malignancies that metastasise in the breasts, previous literature has described approximately 30 cases of NSCLC and only a few cases of SCLC. Here, we present a 54-year-old woman with metachronous breast metastasis from pulmonary small cell carcinoma. She presented with a soft tissue mass in the right lung hilum. After bronchoscopy with biopsy, SCLC was verified. Th e patient was given 4 cycles of etoposide and cisplatin followed by radiation therapy. Seven months after the diagnosis of primary lung cancer, the patient palpated a mass in her right breast. Clinical examination and further diagnostics revealed the suspected malignancy, and a radical mastectomy was performed. Immunohistochemical findings suggested metastatic SCLC in the breast. Differentiation between primary and metastatic cancer in the breast is very important for therapeutic planning
Synthesis and Characterization of Platinum (IV) complexes with S-alkyl Derivatives of Thiosalicylic Acid and the Crystal Structure of the S-butyl Derivative of Thiosalicylic Acid
Authors: Mijajlovic Marina Z. , Nikolic Milos V. , Tomovic Dusan Lj. , Bukonjic Andriana M. , Kocovic Aleksandar , Jevtic Verica V. , Ratkovic Zoran R. , Klisuric Olivera , Trifunovic Srecko R. , Radic Gordana P. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
New platinum(IV)-complexes with S-alkyl derivatives of thiosalicylic acid (alkyl = benzyl-(L1), methyl-(L2), ethyl-(L3), propyl-(L4), butyl-(L5)) have been synthesized and characterized by microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Th e bidentate S,O ligand precursor, the S-butyl derivative of thiosalicylic acid (S-bu-thiosal), was prepared, and its crystal structure was determined. Single crystals suitable for X-ray measurements were obtained by slow crystallization from a DMSO-water system. S-bu-thiosal crystallized in a P21/c space group of a monoclinic crystal system with a = 8.0732 (3) Å, b = 19.6769 (4) Å, c = 8.2291 (3) Å and Z = 4. S-bu-thiosal also has a coplanar geometry.