bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: TERDENTATE LIGANDS‐ PART II. OCTAHEDRAL NICKEL(II), COBALT(II) AND CHROMIUM(III) COMPLEXES OF SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM 2‐(2′‐AMINOETHYL)PYRIDINE
Authors: RASTOGI D. K. , PACHAURI P. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Reaktion der entsprechenden Salicylaldehyde bzw. o‐Hydroxyphenylalkylketone mit dem Aminoethylpyridin.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHEDRAL MIXED‐METAL CLUSTERS OF THE IRON TRIAD. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIDECACARBONYLDIHYDROIRONOSMIUMDIRUTHENIUM AND TRIDECACARBONYLDIHYDROIRONDIOSMIUMRUTHENIUM
Authors: GEOFFROY G. L. , GLADFELTER W. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEinige neue Fe‐Ru‐ Os‐Cluster werden durch Addition von Tetracarbonylmetallaten an geschlossene Metallcarbonyl‐Trimere dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ISOLATION OF STABLE PLATINUM(II) Σ‐ALLYLIC DERIVATIVES
Authors: PEARSON R. G. , LAURENT M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Oxidative Addition der Allylhalogenide (II) an den Pt(0)‐Komplex (I) liefert die kristallinen, luftstabilen o‐Allylderivate (III), deren trans‐Struktur und o‐Allylkonfiguration anhand IR‐ und 1H‐ sowie 13C‐NMR‐spektroskopischer Untersuchungen festgelegt Wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON STEROIDS. PART CXXIV. SYNTHESIS OF 15α‐HYDROXYTESTOSTERONE AND RELATED C19 STEROIDS
Authors: HOSODA H. , YAMASHITA K. , TADANO K. , NAMBARA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von dem Silyl‐geschützten Cycloandrostanol (I) wird das Hydroxytestosteron (IIIb) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL STUDIES. XLVIII. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 6‐DEOXY‐L‐HEXOSE DERIVATIVES FROM L‐ALANINE WITHOUT A RESOLUTION STEP
Authors: OHZEKI M. , MIZOGUCHI T. , KOGA K. , YAMADA S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie aus L‐Alanin (Ia) über mehrere Stufen in optisch reiner Form zugängliche Hexenopyranosidulose (V) wird in die Verbindungen (VIII), (X) und (XI) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF OLIGORIBONUCLEOTIDES
Authors: OGILVIE K. K. , THERIAULT N. , SADANA K. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUmsetzung der silylierten Ribonucleoside (I) mit dem Reagenz (III) und dem Nucleosid (V) gibt die Dinucleotide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CURRENT METHODS OF PHOSPHORYLATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Authors: SLOTIN L. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDieser Übersichtsartikel beschreibt die Verwendung von Phosphor‐ und Phosphorigsäure‐Derivaten als Phosphorylierungsreagentien für Nucleinsäuren, Kohlenhydrate, Proteine, Lipide, Coenzyme und Steroide.
A guinea pig's tale: learning to review end-to-end marine ecosystem models for management applications
Authors: Kaplan Isaac C. , Marshall Kristin N. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A shift towards ecosystem-based management in recent decades has led to new analytical tools such as end-to-end marine ecosystem models. End-to-end models are complex and typically simulate full ecosystems from oceanography to foodwebs and fisheries, operate on a spatial framework, and link to physical oceanographic models. Most end-to-end approaches allow multiple ways to implement human behaviours involving fishery catch, fleet movement, or other impacts such as nutrient loading or climate change effects. Though end-to-end ecosystem models were designed specifically for marine management, their novelty makes them unfamiliar to most decision makers. Before such models can be applied within the context of marine management decisions, additional levels of vetting will be required, and a dialogue with decision makers must be initiated. Here we summarize a review of an Atlantis end-to-end model, which involved a multi-day, expert review panel with local and international experts, convened to challenge models and data used in the management context. We propose nine credibility and quality control standards for end-to-end models intended to inform management, and suggest two best practice guidelines for any end-to-end modelling application. We offer our perspectives (as recent test subjects or “guinea pigs”) on how a review could be motivated and structured and on the evaluation criteria that should be used, in the most specific terms possible.
Classification of Southern Ocean krill and icefish echoes using random forests
Authors: Fallon Niall G. , Fielding Sophie , Fernandes Paul G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Target identification remains a challenge for acoustic surveys of marine fauna. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, are typically identified through a combination of expert scrutiny of echograms and analysis of differences in mean volume backscattering strengths (SV; dB re 1 m−1) measured at two or more echosounder frequencies. For commonly used frequencies, however, the differences for krill are similar to those for many co-occurring fish species that do not possess swimbladders. At South Georgia, South Atlantic, one species in particular, mackerel icefish, Champsocephalus gunnari, forms pelagic aggregations, which can be difficult to distinguish acoustically from large krill layers. Mackerel icefish are currently surveyed using bottom-trawls, but the resultant estimates of abundance may be biased because of the species' semi-pelagic distribution. An acoustic estimate of the pelagic component of the population could indicate the magnitude of this bias, but first a reliable target identification method is required. To address this, random forests (RFs) were generated using acoustic and net sample data collected during surveys. The final RF classified as krill, icefish, and mixed aggregations of weak scattering fish species with an overall estimated accuracy of 95%. Minimum SV, mean aggregation depth (m), mean distance from the seabed (m), and geographic positional data were most important to the accuracy of the RF. Time-of-day and the difference between SV at 120 kHz (SV 120) and that at 38 kHz (SV 38) were also important. The RF classification resulted in significantly higher estimates of backscatter apportioned to krill when compared with widely applied identification methods based on fixed and variable ranges of SV 120–SV 38. These results suggest that krill density is underestimated when those SV-differencing methods are used for target identification. RFs are an objective means for target identification and could enhance the utility of incidentally collected acoustic data.
Assembly and Activation of Dynein-Dynactin by the Cargo Adaptor Protein Hook3
Authors: Schroeder Courtney M. , Vale Ronald D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMetazoan cytoplasmic dynein moves processively along microtubules with the aid of dynactin and an adaptor protein that joins dynein and dynactin into a stable ternary complex. Here, we have examined how Hook3, a cargo adaptor involved in Golgi and endosome transport, forms a motile dynein-dynactin complex. We show that the conserved Hook domain interacts directly with the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (LIC1). By solving the crystal structure of the Hook domain and using structure-based mutagenesis, we identify two conserved surface residues that are each critical for LIC1 binding. Hook proteins with mutations in these residues fail to form a stable dynein-dynactin complex, revealing a crucial role for LIC1 in this interaction. We also identify a region of Hook3 specifically required for an allosteric activation of processive motility. Our work reveals the structural details of Hook3’s interaction with dynein and offers insight into how cargo adaptors form processive dynein-dynactin motor complexes.
Workplace conflict and willingness to cooperate
Authors: Ayoko Oluremi Bolanle 
Published: April 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to clarify the relationship between conflict, apologies, forgiveness and willingness to cooperate after a conflict event.Design/methodology/approachThe paper used scenarios and quantitative measures to examine the connection between conflict, perceived apology sincerity, forgiveness and willingness to cooperate in 358 business undergraduates.FindingsData revealed that relationship conflict was significantly but negatively associated with forgiveness and willingness to cooperate. Additionally, attitudes toward forgiveness were directly and positively related not only to forgiveness but also to willingness to cooperate. Finally, forgiveness mediated the link between both perceived apology sincerity attitudes to forgiveness and willingness to cooperate.Research limitations/implicationsData were cross-sectional and may be subject to bias. Longitudinal studies are needed to further tease out the connection between the variables in the current study. Similarly, future research should explore the role of climate and individuals’ disposition and readiness to apologize, forgive and their willingness to cooperate at work.Practical implicationsThe paper includes practical implications for managers interested in eliciting cooperation after a workplace conflict. Specifically, apology and forgiveness should be included in managers’ conflict management training programs.Social implicationsOur findings indicated that apology and forgiveness are social skills that are important for conflict management and cooperation after a workplace conflict.Originality/valueBeyond reconciliation, the current study provides new insights into the important role of actual forgiveness in whether employees are willing to cooperate after conflict at work. Practical assistance is offered to managers who are interested in fostering cooperation and increased performance after conflict episodes.
Towards an understanding of the role of anticipatory justice in the employment dispute-resolution process
Authors: Goldman Barry , Shapiro Debra L. , Pearsall Matthew 
Published: April 2016

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate why organizations often opt to reject Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)-sponsored mediation of employment disputes (in contrast to employees who tend to readily agree to it). It is guided by recent research associated with Shapiro and Kirkman’s (1999, 2001) theory of “anticipatory justice”, whereby (in)justice is anticipated, or expected, when people think about an event they have not yet experienced whose likely fairness they are questioning. In contrast, “organizational justice” reflects people’s retrospective assessments of how fair they have been treated to date.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relied upon data made available by the mediation program administered by the US EEOC. The EEOC provided the names and contact information for the officially designated EEOC contacts for each dispute. The authors distributed surveys to each of these organizational representatives and received completed surveys from 492 organizations (a response rate of 85.8 per cent).FindingsThe authors tested the extent to which organizational representatives’ decision to accept or reject mediation as a means of settling discrimination claims is influenced by representatives’ expectation of more versus less fair treatments – by the opposing party as well as by the third-party mediator – during the mediation procedure. The pattern of findings in the study support all hypotheses and, thus, also the expectation-oriented theories that have guided them.Research limitations/implicationsThe study relies on self-reports. However, this concern is somewhat lessened because of the salience and recency of events to the time of surveying.Practical implicationsThe paper provides new insights on the need for organizations to implement rules, policies and procedures to constrain decision-maker choices consistent with organizational goals. The authors offer specific procedural proposals to reduce this organizational tendency to reject mediation.Social implicationsEmployee grievances are costly to organizations in terms of finances, reputation and to the emotional climate of the organization. Moreover, it is similarly costly to employees. This study provides new insights to better understand why employees (as opposed to organizations) are almost three times more likely to elect mediation of employment disputes. As such, it offers some promising ideas to narrow that gap.Originality/valueThe paper investigates a little-studied phenomenon – the differential participation rate of employees versus organizations in EEOC-sponsored mediation.
A Structurally Novel Chitinase from the Chitin-Degrading Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus chitonophagus
Authors: Horiuchi Ayumi , Aslam Mehwish , Kanai Tamotsu , Atomi Haruyuki 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

A structurally novel chitinase,
Tc
-ChiD, was identified from the hyperthermophilic archaeon
Thermococcus chitonophagus
, which can grow on chitin as the sole organic carbon source. The gene encoding
Tc
-ChiD contains regions corresponding to a signal sequence, two chitin-binding domains, and a putative catalytic domain. This catalytic domain shows no similarity with previously characterized chitinases but resembles an uncharacterized protein found in the mesophilic anaerobic bacterium
Clostridium botulinum
. Two recombinant
Tc
-ChiD proteins were produced in
Escherichia coli
, one without the signal sequence [
Tc
-ChiD(ΔS)] and the other corresponding only to the putative catalytic domain [
Tc
-ChiD(ΔBD)]. Enzyme assays using
N
-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers indicated that both proteins hydrolyze GlcNAc oligomers longer than (GlcNAc)
4
. Chitinase assays using colloidal chitin suggested that
Tc
-ChiD is an exo-type chitinase that releases (GlcNAc)
2
or (GlcNAc)
3
. Analysis with GlcNAc oligomers modified with
p
-nitrophenol suggested that
Tc
-ChiD recognizes the reducing end of chitin chains. While
Tc
-ChiD(ΔBD) displayed a higher initial velocity than that of
Tc
-ChiD(ΔS), we found that the presence of the two chitin-binding domains significantly enhanced the thermostability of the catalytic domain. In
T. chitonophagus
, another chitinase ortholog that is similar to the
Thermococcus kodakarensis
chitinase ChiA is present and can degrade chitin from the nonreducing ends. Therefore, the presence of multiple chitinases in
T. chitonophagus
with different modes of cleavage may contribute to its unique ability to efficiently degrade chitin.

IMPORTANCE
A structurally novel chitinase,
Tc
-ChiD, was identified from
Thermococcus chitonophagus
, a hyperthermophilic archaeon. The protein contains a signal peptide for secretion, two chitin-binding domains, and a catalytic domain that shows no similarity with previously characterized chitinases.
Tc
-ChiD thus represents a new family of chitinases.
Tc
-ChiD is an exo-type chitinase that recognizes the reducing end of chitin chains and releases (GlcNAc)
2
or (GlcNAc)
3
. As a thermostable chitinase that recognizes the reducing end of chitin chains was not previously known,
Tc
-ChiD may be useful in a wide range of enzyme-based technologies to degrade and utilize chitin.
Population- and Individual-Level Dynamics of the Intestinal Microbiota of a Small Primate
Authors: Aivelo Tuomas , Laakkonen Juha , Jernvall Jukka 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Longitudinal sampling for intestinal microbiota in wild animals is difficult, leading to a lack of information on bacterial dynamics occurring in nature. We studied how the composition of microbiota communities changed temporally in free-ranging small primates, rufous mouse lemurs (
Microcebus rufus
). We marked and recaptured mouse lemurs during their mating season in Ranomafana National Park in southeastern mountainous rainforests of Madagascar for 2 years and determined the fecal microbiota compositions of these mouse lemurs with MiSeq sequencing. We collected 160 fecal samples from 71 animals and had two or more samples from 39 individuals. We found small, but statistically significant, effects of site and age on microbiota richness and diversity and effects of sex, year, and site on microbiota composition, while the within-year temporal trends were less clear. Within-host microbiota showed pervasive variation in intestinal bacterial community composition, especially during the second study year. We hypothesize that the biological properties of mouse lemurs, including their small body size and fast metabolism, may contribute to the temporal intraindividual-level variation, something that should be testable with more-extensive sampling regimes.

IMPORTANCE
While microbiome research has blossomed in recent years, there is a lack of longitudinal studies on microbiome dynamics on free-ranging hosts. To fill this gap, we followed mouse lemurs, which are small heterothermic primates, for 2 years. Most studied animals have shown microbiota to be stable over the life span of host individuals, but some previous research also found ample within-host variation in microbiota composition. Our study used a larger sample size than previous studies and a study setting well suited to track within-host variation in free-ranging mammals. Despite the overall microbiota stability at the population level, the microbiota of individual mouse lemurs can show large-scale changes in composition in time periods as short as 2 days, suggesting caution in inferring individual-level patterns from population-level data.
Bordetella holmesii
: Still Emerging and Elusive 20 Years On
Authors: Pittet Laure F. , Posfay-Barbe Klara M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Since the first description of
Bordetella holmesii
in 1995, almost 100 publications have contributed to the increasing knowledge of this emerging bacterium. Although first reported to induce bacteremia mainly in immunocompromised patients, it has also been isolated in healthy persons and has shown the capacity to induce pertussis-like symptoms and other clinical entities, such as meningitis, arthritis, or endocarditis. Respiratory diseases are generally less severe than those induced by
Bordetella pertussis
. However,
B. holmesii
was found to have a higher capacity of invasiveness given the various infection sites in which it was isolated. The diagnosis is difficult, particularly as it is a slow-growing organism but also because respiratory infections are systematically misdiagnosed as
B. pertussis
. Treatment is delicate, as its susceptibility to macrolides (prescribed in respiratory infections) and ceftriaxone (used in invasive disease) is challenged. Regarding prevention, there is no consensus on prophylactic treatment following index cases and no vaccine is available. Epidemiological data are also sparse, with few prevalence studies available. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on
B. holmesii
.
The Phylogeny of
Bacillus cereus sensu lato
Authors: Okinaka Richard T. , Keim Paul 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The three main species of the
Bacillus cereus sensu lato
,
B. cereus
,
B. thuringiensis
, and
B. anthracis
, were recognized and established by the early 1900s because they each exhibited distinct phenotypic traits.
B. thuringiensis
isolates and their parasporal crystal proteins have long been established as a natural pesticide and insect pathogen.
B. anthracis
, the etiological agent for anthrax, was used by Robert Koch in the 19th century as a model to develop the germ theory of disease, and
B. cereus
, a common soil organism, is also an occasional opportunistic pathogen of humans. In addition to these three historical species designations, are three less-recognized and -understood species:
B. mycoides
,
B. weihenstephanensis
, and
B. pseudomycoides
. All of these “species” combined comprise the
Bacillus cereus sensu lato
group. Despite these apparently clear phenotypic definitions, early molecular approaches to separate the first three by various DNA hybridization and 16S/23S ribosomal sequence analyses led to some “confusion” because there were limited differences to differentiate between these species. These and other results have led to frequent suggestions that a taxonomic change was warranted to reclassify this group to a single species. But the pathogenic properties of
B. anthracis
and the biopesticide applications of
B. thuringiensis
appear to “have outweighed pure taxonomic considerations” and the separate species categories are still being maintained.
B. cereus sensu lato
represents a classic example of a now common bacterial species taxonomic quandary.
Stress Responses, Adaptation, and Virulence of Bacterial Pathogens During Host Gastrointestinal Colonization
Authors: Flint Annika , Butcher James , Stintzi Alain 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Invading pathogens are exposed to a multitude of harmful conditions imposed by the host gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Bacterial defenses against these physical and chemical stresses are pivotal for successful host colonization and pathogenesis. Enteric pathogens, which are encountered due to the ingestion of or contact with contaminated foods or materials, are highly successful at surviving harsh conditions to colonize and cause the onset of host illness and disease. Pathogens such as
Campylobacter
,
Helicobacter
,
Salmonella
,
Listeria
, and virulent strains of
Escherichia
have evolved elaborate defense mechanisms to adapt to the diverse range of stresses present along the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these pathogens contain a multitude of defenses to help survive and escape from immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. This chapter focuses on characterized bacterial defenses against pH, osmotic, oxidative, and nitrosative stresses with emphasis on both the direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to the survival of each respective stress response.
The Role of Biotin in Bacterial Physiology and Virulence: a Novel Antibiotic Target for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Salaemae Wanisa , Booker Grant W. , Polyak Steven W. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Biotin is an essential cofactor for enzymes present in key metabolic pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid metabolism. Biotin is synthesized
de novo
in microorganisms, plants, and fungi, but this metabolic activity is absent in mammals, making biotin biosynthesis an attractive target for antibiotic discovery. In particular, biotin biosynthesis plays important metabolic roles as the sole source of biotin in all stages of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
life cycle due to the lack of a transporter for scavenging exogenous biotin. Biotin is intimately associated with lipid synthesis where the products form key components of the mycobacterial cell membrane that are critical for bacterial survival and pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the central role of biotin in bacterial physiology and highlight studies that demonstrate the importance of its biosynthesis for virulence. The structural biology of the known biotin synthetic enzymes is described alongside studies using structure-guided design, phenotypic screening, and fragment-based approaches to drug discovery as routes to new antituberculosis agents.
Iron Acquisition Strategies of Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Sheldon Jessica R. , Laakso Holly A. , Heinrichs David E. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Iron is an essential micronutrient for both microbes and humans alike. For well over half a century we have known that this element, in particular, plays a pivotal role in health and disease and, most especially, in shaping host-pathogen interactions. Intracellular iron concentrations serve as a critical signal in regulating the expression not only of high-affinity iron acquisition systems in bacteria, but also of toxins and other noted virulence factors produced by some major human pathogens. While we now are aware of many strategies that the host has devised to sequester iron from invading microbes, there are as many if not more sophisticated mechanisms by which successful pathogens overcome nutritional immunity imposed by the host. This review discusses some of the essential components of iron sequestration and scavenging mechanisms of the host, as well as representative Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens, and highlights recent advances in the field. Last, we address how the iron acquisition strategies of pathogenic bacteria may be exploited for the development of novel prophylactics or antimicrobials.