bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Trafficking
Authors: Gregoria Erin M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sex trafficking, a form of modern‐day slavery, is a multibillion‐dollar enterprise. Sex trafficking thrives via the sophisticated ways in which victims are manipulated into the sex trade, as well as trafficking's profitability with low risk of penalty for the perpetrators. Typically, victims of trafficking are targeted due to their vulnerability and are lured through force, fraud, or coercion. Sex trafficking occurs in residential brothels, restaurants, truck stops, motels/hotels, and other places and is not always recognizable to the general public. Due to trauma, shame, and fear, an individual who survives sex trafficking will often experience difficulty reintegrating into mainstream society. Survivors of trafficking may face complex challenges such as social isolation, poverty, mental health issues, medical issues, legal troubles, and increased vulnerability. It is also common for survivors of sex trafficking to have co‐occurring psychological diagnoses such as chemical dependency, mood disorders, and dissociate disorders.
Female‐Headed Households in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Kang Young Jin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Female‐headed households are heterogeneous; individuals' experiences in these households may differ depending on various factors. Although female‐headed households may include those headed by cohabiting females, single mothers, same‐sex cohabiting and married females, and grandmothers, they may have permeable boundaries in that individuals often move into and out of them. Female‐headed households often face unique challenges, such as poverty, conflicts in balancing work and family responsibilities, gender discrimination, social class bias, and other social stigma. Researchers may need to focus more on resilience factors that can sustain members of female‐headed households. Given the likelihood that they will continue to increase in numbers, it may be important for governments to pay attention to the various needs of these households.
Arranged Marriage
Authors: Rider Kennon V. , Swallow Ann 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPeople the world over engage in mate selection through one of two ways: future spouses themselves choose or parents or a larger kinship group choose. The first of these is referred to as “love marriage,” “free‐choice marriage,” or “autonomous mate selection.” The second form, “arranged marriage,” is the prevalent form of marriage in about half of the world's population. However, not all arranged marriages are alike. They range from the more traditional form where parents select partners based on factors likely to protect the interests of the family and larger society and without any input from the potential spouses, to a more contemporary form where the potential spouses have considerable influence. Forced marriage is sometimes a form of arranged marriage but should not be considered synonymous. Studies of marital quality have been inconclusive as to whether love marriages or arranged marriages result in greater marital satisfaction.
Abstinence Programs in theUnitedStates
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Campos Cruz J. I. Falcon 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstinence in general refers to avoiding actions or substances that may involve long‐term harm to oneself or others, even if they present opportunities for short‐term pleasurable experiences. Abstinence can be voluntary or involuntary. While it can refer to avoiding many things, in family studies it usually refers to avoiding premarital sex to some degree, and is often used in reference to abstinence‐based sex education, which remains controversial and often appears to be less effective than a mixture of abstinence and comprehensive programming. In the United States, federal and state politics have a substantial impact on the acceptance and implementation of abstinence‐based and other types of sex education programming.
Wedding Industry
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Weddings are considered to be a cultural universal. They appear, in some fashion, across all cultures. Since the mid‐nineteenth century, the wedding industry has seen some shifts in its purpose, services provided, outlook, and place in a consumer culture. In the early twenty‐first century, weddings and all their trappings represent a billion‐dollar industry. In this entry the shifts in the wedding industry are discussed in terms of their impact, the current state of the wedding industry, and predictions as to its future directions.
Maternal Employment
Authors: Shehan Constance L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWomen's participation in the paid labor force depends on many factors, including marriage, reproductive rights, and the belief that women should be the primary providers of care for children. The structure of a nation's economy, specifically whether it is agricultural, goods producing, or service producing, is also a primary determinant of the demand for women's employment and shapes the types of jobs they hold. Maternal employment, particularly among those who have young children, is of concern in most societies. Yet, in the United States, little formal support is available to them in the form of paid maternity leave, guaranteed job protection upon return to work after the birth of a baby, and/or provisions that enable new mothers to continue to breastfeed their babies while employed. Moreover, employed mothers experience a wage penalty relative to employed women who are not mothers.
Flow Metal‐Free ArC Bond Formation via Photogenerated Phenyl Cations
Authors: Bergami Matteo , Protti Stefano , Ravelli Davide , Fagnoni Maurizio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA convenient photochemical flow protocol for the formation of aryl‐carbon bonds via photogenerated phenyl cations has been developed. A wide range of phenylated products, including biaryls, allylarenes, 2‐arylacetals and benzyl γ‐lactones, was smoothly synthesized in satisfactory yields under metal‐free conditions. The adoption of a flow reactor often allowed us to adopt higher concentrations of substrates and shorter irradiation times compared to those usually employed in batch systems.magnified image
Biocomposite proton‐exchange membrane electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Suganthi S , Mohanapriya S , Raj V. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐amino acid (AA) biocomposite membranes are prepared by blending PVA with AAs such as glycine, lysine (LY), and phenyl alanine followed by in situ crosslinking with citric acid (CA) and explored as a new class of biocomposite membrane electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). CA crosslinks with PVA through esterification offers adequate chemical, thermal, and morphological stability thereby produces methanol‐obstructing close‐packed polymeric network. These biocomposite membranes are characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal, sorption, and proton‐conducting properties. Hydrophilic nature of AA zwitterions significantly facilitates proton conduction and CA crosslinking mitigates methanol crossover through establishing appropriate balance between hydrophilic/hydrophobic domains. The rational design of membrane microstructure with proper arrangement of hydrophobic/hydrophilic domains is a key to enhance electrochemical selectivity of PVA‐AA/CA biocomposite membranes. Biocomposite membrane comprising LY exhibits nearly threefold higher electrochemical selectivity in relation to PVA/CA blend membrane. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43514.
STP Approach to Model Controlled Automata with Application to Reachability Analysis of DEDS
Authors: Yan Yongyi , Chen Zengqiang , Yue Jumei , Fu Zhumu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper introduces semi‐tensor product of matrices (STP), a new matrix analysis tool, into the field of discrete event dynamic system (DEDS). Using STP, the dynamics of controlled automaton are modelled as an algebraic expression of the states, events and control specification. Based on this algebraic description, a sufficient and necessary condition is proposed to check whether any two states of a DEDS are reachable or not. The condition suggests an algorithm which can discover all the event strings by which a controlled automaton can move to one state from another one if they are reachable. All the results can be used to analyze corresponding problems of finite automata after simple modification. Finally, illustrative examples examine the correctness of the presented results/algorithm and demonstrate the modification after which the results are suitable for finite automata. The approach of this paper provides a new angle and means to understand and analyze the dynamics of DEDS.
Entrainment and droplet spectral characteristics in convective clouds during transition to monsoon
Authors: Bera Sudarsan , Pandithurai G. , Prabha Thara V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn situ observations in growing deep cumulus in polluted and clean environments during the transition to monsoon over Indian peninsula are used to investigate entrainment effects on droplet size distribution and the width of possible cloud cores. Pre‐monsoon clouds indicate reduction in spectral width in the diluted cloud volumes due to lateral entrainment whereas monsoon cloud has higher spectral width. Relative dispersion is observed to increase with the distance from cloud core of monsoon cloud while for pre‐monsoon clouds it remained almost constant. Enhanced entrainment in polluted pre‐monsoon clouds is responsible for narrow cloud core compared to monsoon cloud.
Effect of extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields on antioxidant activity in the human keratinocyte cell line NCTC 2544
Authors: Calcabrini Cinzia , Mancini Umberto , De Bellis Roberta , Diaz Anna Rita , Martinelli Maddalena , Cucchiarini Luigi , Sestili Piero , Stocchi Vilberto , Potenza Lucia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSome epidemiological studies have suggested possible associations between exposure to extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMFs) and various diseases. Recently, ELF‐EMF has been considered as a therapeutic agent. To support ELF‐EMF use in regenerative medicine, in particular in the treatment of skin injuries, we investigated whether significant cell damage occurs after ELF‐EMF exposure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated in the human keratinocyte exposed for 1 H to 50 Hz ELF‐EMF in a range of field strengths from 0.25 to 2 G. Significant ROS increases resulted at 0.5 and 1 G and under these flux densities ROS production, glutathione content, antioxidant defense activity, and lipid peroxidation markers were assessed for different lengths of time. Analyzed parameters of antioxidant defense and membrane integrity showed a different trend at two selected magnetic fluxes, with a greater sensitivity of the cells exposed to 0.5 G, especially after 1 H. All significant alterations observed in the first 4 H of exposure reverted to controls 24 H after suggesting that under these conditions, ELF‐EMF induces a slight oxidative stress that does not overwhelm the metabolic capacity of the cells or have a cytotoxic effect.
GroE chaperonins assisted functional expression of bacterial enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Xia Peng‐Fei , Zhang Guo‐Chang , Liu Jing‐Jing , Kwak Suryang , Tsai Ching‐Sung , Kong In Iok , Sung Bong Hyun , Sohn Jung‐Hoon , Wang Shu‐Guang , Jin Yong‐Su 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTRapid advances in the capabilities of reading and writing DNA along with increasing understanding of microbial metabolism at the systems‐level have paved an incredible path for metabolic engineering. Despite these advances, post‐translational tools facilitating functional expression of heterologous enzymes in model hosts have not been developed well. Some bacterial enzymes, such as Escherichia coli xylose isomerase (XI) and arabinose isomerase (AI) which are essential for utilizing cellulosic sugars, cannot be functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We hypothesized and demonstrated that the mismatching of the HSP60 chaperone systems between bacterial and eukaryotic cells might be the reason these bacterial enzymes cannot be functionally expressed in yeast. The results showed that the co‐expression of E. coli GroE can facilitate the functional expression of E. coli XI and AI, as well as the Agrobacterium tumefaciens D‐psicose epimerase in S. cerevisiae. The co‐expression of bacterial chaperonins in S. cerevisiae is a promising post‐translational strategy for the functional expression of bacterial enzymes in yeast. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2149–2155. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcome of acute intestinal failure
Authors: Atema J J , Mirck B , Van Arum I , ten Dam S M , Serlie M J , Boermeester M A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundType 2 acute intestinal failure is characterized by the need for parenteral nutrition (PN) for several months, and is typically caused by complications of abdominal surgery with enteric fistulas or proximal stomas. This study aimed to evaluate clinical management according to quality indicators established by the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland.MethodsConsecutive patients with type 2 intestinal failure referred to a specialized centre were analysed. Outcomes included the rate of discontinuation of PN, morbidity and mortality.ResultsEighty-nine patients were analysed, of whom 57 had an enteric fistula, 29 a proximal stoma (6 with distal fistulas), and three had intestinal failure owing to other causes. One patient was deemed inoperable, and nine patients died from underlying illness during initial management. Before reconstructive surgery, 94 per cent (65 of 66 operated and 3 patients scheduled for surgery) spent the period of rehabilitation at home. Discontinuation of PN owing to restoration of enteral autonomy was achieved in 65 (73 per cent) of 89 patients. Seven patients developed a recurrent fistula, which was successfully managed with a further operation in four, resulting in successful fistula takedown in 41 of 44 patients undergoing fistula resection. Three patients (5 per cent) died in hospital after reconstructive surgery. The overall mortality rate in this series, including preoperative deaths from underlying diseases, was 16 per cent (14 patients).ConclusionIntestinal failure care and reconstructive surgery resulted in successful discontinuation of PN in the majority of patients, although disease-related mortality was considerable.
Mortality from laparoscopic antireflux surgery in a nationwide cohort of the working-age population
Authors: Maret-Ouda J , Yanes M , Konings P , Brusselaers N , Lagergren J 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background
Both medication and surgery are effective treatments for severe gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Postoperative risks have contributed to decreased use of antireflux surgery. The aim of this study was to assess short-term mortality following primary laparoscopic fundoplication.

Methods
This was a population-based nationwide cohort study including all Swedish hospitals that performed laparoscopic fundoplication between 1997 and 2013. All patients aged 18–65 years with GORD who underwent primary laparoscopic fundoplication during the study interval were included. The primary outcome was absolute all-cause and surgery-related 90- and 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were reoperation and length of hospital stay. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios with 95 per cent confidence intervals of reoperation within 90 days and prolonged hospital stay (4 days or more).

Results
Of 8947 included patients, 5306 (59·3 per cent) were men and 551 (6·2 per cent) had significant co-morbidity (Charlson score above 0). Median age at surgery was 48 years, and median hospital stay was 2 days. The annual rate of laparoscopic fundoplication decreased from 15·3 to 2·4 patients per 100 000 population during the study period, whereas the proportion of patients with co-morbidity increased more than twofold. All-cause 90- and 30-day mortality rates were 0·08 per cent (7 patients) and 0·03 per cent (3 patients) respectively. Only one death (0·01 per cent) was directly surgery-related. The 90-day reoperation rate was 0·4 per cent (39 patients). Co-morbidity and older age were associated with an increased risk of prolonged hospital stay, but not reoperation.

Conclusion
This population-based study revealed very low mortality and reoperation rates following primary laparoscopic fundoplication in the working-age population. The findings may influence clinical decision-making in the treatment of severe GORD.
Form ‘defines’ function: Neural connectivity between aesthetic perception and product purchase decisions in an fMRI study
Authors: Chattaraman Veena , Deshpande Gopikrishna , Kim Hyejeong , Sreenivasan Karthik Ramakrishnan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the aesthetics literature, object beauty has been emphasized for its non‐instrumental benefits, in other words, beauty that is ‘rewarding’ in itself, without functional considerations. In the context of consumer products, this study examines the influence of aesthetic perceptions on purchase decisions based on integrating both reward (hedonic) and functional value attribution mechanisms. Brain connectivity analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data sheds light on the neural route for the influence of product beauty on purchase. Notably, a significant directional connectivity from brain networks mediating ‘aesthetic perception’ to ‘functional value’ to ‘purchase decision’ shows that the left Amygdala, an emotion‐related region of the aesthetic network, influences all five regions in the functional network, which then influences the purchase network of the brain, thus supporting the utilitarian goals of aesthetic appraisals and the Antonio Damasio's somatic/emotional marker hypothesis. Further, we find clear evidence that the reward (hedonic) network, which also influences the purchase network, receives information from the functional network of the brain, integrating both the non‐instrumental and instrumental value of the product. In other words, beauty in consumer products influences purchase decisions by evoking emotions that importantly define the functional value of products, in addition to their hedonic/reward value uncovered in previous literature. In light of the novel findings, the authors discuss important implications for marketing theory, methodology, and practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can an organization's philanthropic donations encourage consumers to give? The roles of gratitude and boundary conditions
Authors: Kwak Dae Hee , Kwon Youngbum 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study examines whether an organization's charitable donation will prompt consumers who closely identify with the organization to give to the charity as well. We posit that identifying with a benefactor will enhance the perception that consumers are involved in the donation process, which evokes grateful feelings. We also predict that the amount of the organization's donation will positively moderate the influence of organization identification on charity‐evoked feelings of gratitude, while attitude toward the organization's charity will positively moderate the gratitude–donation relationship. In Study 1, we show how gratitude arises in the context of corporate social responsibility by demonstrating the mediating role of perceived donation contribution in the relationship between organization identification and gratitude. In Study 2, we demonstrate that organization identification has a significant indirect effect on donation intention through gratitude. Multigroup analyses show that the identification–gratitude link is more salient when the organization commits to donating a larger amount of money to a charity. Furthermore, the impact of gratitude on donation intent is significantly stronger for individuals who hold a favorable attitude toward the organization's corporate social responsibility activity. Our findings indicate that an organization's charitable giving also encourages consumers to give to the community via vicariously felt gratitude. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A d‐Camphor‐Based Schiff Base as a Highly Efficient N,P Ligand for Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions
Authors: Liu Qiao‐Ling , Chen Weifeng , Jiang Qun‐Ying , Bai Xing‐Feng , Li Zhifang , Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNew Schiff bases derived from chiral d‐camphor were determined to be effective phosphine ligands for the asymmetric palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation of activated methylene compounds, the allylic etherification of alcohols, and the allylic amination of primary amines or secondary amines, in which the corresponding products with various functional groups were achieved in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). Remarkably, the palladium catalyst derived from Schiff base L2 afforded the highest level of enantioselectivity reported to date for allylic substitution reactions, including allylic etherification and allylic amination, which revealed the privileged role of d‐camphor‐derived Schiff bases in palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution reactions.
Structural Study of Electrochemically Lithiated Si(111) by using Soft X‐ray Emission Spectroscopy Combined with Scanning Electron Microscopy and through X‐ray Diffraction Measurements
Authors: Aoki Nana , Omachi Asami , Uosaki Kohei , Kondo Toshihiro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe structure, composition, and electronic state of electrochemically lithiated Si(111) were investigated by using soft X‐ray emission spectroscopy (SXES) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) with synchrotron radiation (SR). When the SXES results were compared with the calculated density of state (DOS), we found that three kinds of electrochemically lithiated Si (EC‐LiSi) phases were formed on the Si(111) substrate, that is, a single‐crystalline Li15Si4 (sc‐Li15Si4) alloy phase, an amorphous phase of Li15Si4 and/or Li13Si4 (a‐Li15Si4 and/or a‐Li13Si4), and a mixed phase of a‐Li15Si4 and/or a‐Li13Si4 (52 %) and crystalline Si (c‐Si) (48 %),. The shape of the sc‐Li15Si4 phase was a micrometer‐sized, three‐fold‐symmetric triangular pyramid, which reflects the atomic arrangement of the Si(111) surface, and the XRD patterns, obtained by using SR, revealed that the crystal orientation of sc‐Li15Si4 is in the same direction as the Si(111) substrate. Based on the band center energy shifts, we confirmed that electrons are partially transferred from Li to Si atoms in the LixSi alloy.