bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Metal and Ligand Substitutions on Gas‐Phase Acidities of Transition‐Metal Hydrides.
Authors: MILLER A. E. S. , KAWAMURA A. R. , MILLER T. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGas‐phase acidities are determined for HRe(CO)5, HMn(CO)3(PF3)2, HMn(CO)2(PF3)3, HCo(PF3)4, HIr(PF3)4 and HMn(CO)5.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐State Structure Variation in the Diels‐Alder Reaction from Secondary Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects: The Reaction of Nearly Symmetrical Dienes and Dienophiles is Nearly Synchronous.
Authors: GAJEWSKI J. J. , PETERSON K. B. , KAGEL J. R. , HUANG Y. C. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title reactions such as shown in the scheme are also carried out in competition with the isotopomers 4,4‐d2‐(I) and 1,1,4,4‐tetradeuterioisoprene.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5‐Annelated 4‐Methylenecyclopentenes by Intramolecular Type I Zinc‐Ene Reactions Followed by Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Cyclization.
Authors: VAN DER LOUW J. , KOMEN C. M. D. , KNOL A. , DE KANTER F. J. J. , VAN DER BAAN J. L. , BICKELHAUPT F. , KLUMPP G. W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe branched methoxyalkenynylmagnesium chlorides (VI), prepared via the key steps outlined in the reaction scheme, are transmetallated with zinc dibromide (VII) to generate the organozinc analogues (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Generation and Cycloadditions of 2‐(N‐Acylamino)‐1‐thia‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: BARNISH I. T. , FISHWICK C. W. G. , HILL D. R. , SZANTAY C. JUN. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cinnamic thioamides (I) and (IV) are treated with acetyl chloride (II) to generate the N‐acetyl derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Barbituric Acids by Alcohols as a Synthetic Pathway to 6‐Alkoxyuracils.
Authors: RUDENKO E. S. , KRASNOV K. A. , SLESAREV V. I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the presence of BF3·Et2O, the alkylation of barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid and their N‐methyl derivatives by the alkanols (II) affords the title compounds (III) (19 examples) in mostly fair to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of the Zirconocene Complex of a Cyclopentyne and Its Use to Prepare Bicyclic Cyclopentenones.
Authors: BUCHWALD S. L. , LUM R. T. , FISHER R. A. , DAVIS W. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cyclopentyne complex (III) and its ligand‐free version, which can be generated and used in situ, react with olefins to give only one isomer as is demonstrated for the examples (V) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5,9‐Tristannacyclododecanes as Lewis Acids. Novel Structure of a Chloride Complex.
Authors: JURKSCHAT K. , KUIVILA H. G. , LIU S. , ZUBIETA J. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe complexation behavior of the title complexes (III), (IV) and (VI) toward chloride is investigated by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Stabilized Carbanions. Part 12. Intramolecular Cr(CO)3 Migration from a Phenyl to a Cyclopentadienyl Ring Through a σ‐Bond.
Authors: CECCON A. , GAMBARO A. , GOTTARDI F. , SANTI S. , VENZO A. , LUCCHINI V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe potassium salts (I)‐(III) are prepared by KH treatment of the corresponding neutral complexes and characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutral Complexes of Tungsten Oxotetrafluoride with Hydrazine Derivatives.
Authors: SAKHAROV S. G. , ZARELUA S. A. , KOKUNOV YU. V. , BUSLAEV YU. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopic investigation of the complexes (I), obtained by the reaction of hydrazines and hydrazones with WOF4, shows the existence of isomerism which is due to different orientations of substituents of the coordinated hydrazine.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐Dihydro‐6,13‐di(ethoxycarbonyl)‐7,12‐dimethyl‐dibenzo(b.i.)‐1,4,8,11‐tetraaza(14)annulene: Demetalation of the Copper Complex and Synthesis of New Metal Chelates.
Authors: MUELLER K. + , JAEGER E.‐G. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe demetalation of the Cu(II) complex (Ia) with sulfuric acid gives the title ligand (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(allyloxy)(diisopropylamino)phosphine as a New Phosphinylation Reagent for the Phosphorylation of Hydroxy Functions.
Authors: BANNWARTH W. , KUENG E. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe amidophosphite (IIIa) and its analogues (IIIb) ‐ (IIId) are prepared from the bisamino derivatives (I) and the alcohols (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of a New Intermediate Lu2+xS3 Phase.
Authors: KIM S.‐J. , ANDEREGG J. W. , FRANZEN H. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe new intermediate phase in the Lu‐S system, Lu2+xS3, located between the S‐rich end of the monosulfide homogeneity range and Lu2S3, is found to be isostructural with Sc2S3.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Behavior of Aluminum‐Base Intermetallics Containing Iron.
Authors: NISANCIOGLU K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe effects of Fe, Mn, and Si on the electrochemical behavior of the intermetallics Al3Fe, α‐Al(Fe,Mn)Si, and δ‐AlFeSi are studied in NaOH solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydriding Characteristics of Mg‐x wt.% LaNi5 Sintered Alloys (x = 10‐60).
Authors: NAGAI H. , TOMIZAWA H. , OGASAWARA T. , SHOJI K.‐I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe hydrogen storage characteristics and the microstructure of Mg alloys containing 10‐60 wt.% LaNi5 are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Reduction of α‐Keto Amides Having trans‐2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidine as a Chiral Auxiliary.
Authors: KAWANAMI Y. , FUJITA I. , ASAHARA S. , KATSUKI T. , YAMAGUCHI M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUnder the optimized conditions A) and B), reduction of the α‐keto amides (I) and (IV) proceeds with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimetallic Oxidation Catalysts: Oxidations with tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide Mediated by Bis(tributyltin oxide) Dioxochromium(VI).
Authors: MUZART J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reagent system mentioned in the title is employed in the oxidation of activated methylene groups or benzylic alcohols to form the corresponding ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Reductive Removal of Benzylic Hydroxyl and Trimethylsilyloxyl Groups with Me3SiCl‐NaI‐MeCN Reagent.
Authors: SAKAI T. , MIYATA K. , TSUBOI S. , TAKEDA A. , UTAKA M. , TORII S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractExamples for the title reaction A) are given in the scheme including the preparation of the compounds (VI) and (IX), the conversion of which to the antiinflammatory agent ibuprofen (VIIa) butibufen (VIIb) and naproxen (X) is known.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of S‐(1‐Benzoyl‐2‐bis‐methylthio)‐vinyl N,N‐Pentamethylenethiocarbamates and Their Reactions with N‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: DOELLING W. + , KHOUDARY K. , AUGUSTIN M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhereas only the bromo derivative (IVa) among the thiocarbamates (IV) gives a ketene‐S,N‐acetal (VI), all dithiocarbamates (VII) (known compounds) react analogously to give (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: The Stereochemistry of Organometallic Compounds. Part 34. Regioselection in the Hydroformylation of Silylalkenes.
Authors: DOYLE M. M. , JACKSON W. R. , PERLMUTTER P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of the trimethylsilylalkene (I) does not proceed regioselectively leading to a 1:1 mixture of the regioisomers (II) + (V); (V) rearranges in situ forming the second product (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Ritter Reaction with Cyclopropyl Ketones and Cyclopropyl Alcohols: Synthesis of N‐Acyl γ‐Keto and N‐Acyl Homoallyl Amines.
Authors: VANKAR Y. D. , KUMARAVEL G. , RAO C. T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcetonitrile (IIa) and acrylonitrile (IIb) are employed as nucleophiles for the cleavage of various cyclopropyl ketones and carbinols in acidic solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Cross Coupling Reaction of a Glyoxylate with Carbonyl Compounds. A Facile Synthesis of α,β‐Dihydroxycarboxylate Based on a Low Valent Titanium Compound.
Authors: MUKAIYAMA T. , SUGIMURA H. , OHNO T. , KOBAYASHI S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aldehydes (I) are treated with a low valent titanium agent, generated from titanium tetrachloride and zinc copper couple, in DME/methylene chloride to produce the diols (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Extension of the Horner‐Wittig Reaction to the Synthesis of E‐Alkenes with Chiral Substituents: Stereochemical Control by Acyl Transfer.
Authors: AYREY P. M. , WARREN S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVarious β‐hydroxyalkyldiphenylphosphine oxides, e.g. (III), (VIII), and (XIII), are prepared and then treated with sodium hydride in DMF to yield alkenes such as (IV), (IX), and (XIV).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐Cycloaddition of 1,3‐Diazabutadienes with Enamines: An Efficient Route to the Pyrimidine Ring.
Authors: BARLUENGA J. , TOMAS M. , BALLESTEROS A. , LOPEZ L. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe siloxy‐1,3‐diazabutadiene (I) undergoes cycloaddition reaction with the enamine (II), followed by hydrolysis and dehydration, to produce the dihydropyrimidinone (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Amino‐Substituted Oxophosphorane Iron Complexes ((η5‐C5H5)(CO)2Fe(P(O)(NR2)n(OR′)2‐n)) (n = 1, 2) by the Arbuzov‐Like Dealkylation Reaction.
Authors: NAKAZAWA H. , KADOI Y. , MIYOSHI K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of the chloro‐iron complex (I) with stoichiometric amounts of the phosphines (II) generates the isolable cationic complexes (III), which undergo an Arbuzov‐like dealkylation to the iron‐phosphonate complexes (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Studies of Nickel(II) Complexes of 14‐Membered trans‐N2O2 and trans‐N2S2 Quadridentate Macrocycles.
Authors: DUCKWORTH P. A. , STEPHENS F. S. , WAINWRIGHT K. P. , WEERASURIA K. D. V. , WILD S. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTriphenylphosphine reacts with azide (I) in an aza‐Wittig reaction to yield the unsaturated 14‐membered trans‐N2O2 macrocycle (II), presumably via seven‐membered 2,3‐dihydro‐1,4‐benzoxazepine.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Gold(I) Thiocyanate with Imidazolidine‐2‐thione and Its Derivatives.
Authors: ISAB A. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of NH4(Au)(SCN)4 with imidazolidine‐2‐thione and its N‐ or N,N'‐substituted derivatives gives linear gold(I) complexes such as (I), whereas the same reaction with six‐membered heterocycles yields three‐coordinated gold(I) complexes (II), probably because the six‐membered ligand can adopt a boat or chair conformation to relieve any steric congestion which may not be relieved in the system with the five‐membered ligand (yields not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands. Part 52. Binding of Monosaccharides Through the Isocyano and Carbene Group to the Metal Atom: Chromium(0), Tungsten(0), Rhodium(III), Iridium(III), Palladium(II), Platinum(II), and Gold(I) Complexes of 1,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐2‐isocyano‐α‐D‐glucose and ‐β‐D‐glucose.
Authors: PILL T. , POLBORN K. , BECK W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title ligands Glu‐NC react with M1Cl2, M2(CO)5(THF), and ClAu(SMe2) to give the stable isocyanide complexes (Ia), (III), and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium Carbenoid Mediated Cyclizations. Part 4. Synthetic Approaches to Oxepanes Related to Zoapatanol.
Authors: DAVIES M. J. , HESLIN J. C. , MOODY C. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe relatively complex model oxepane (III) is successfully prepared by cyclization of the diazo alcohol (II) according to A).
ChemInform Abstract: Confirmation of the Structure of Nisin by Complete 1H NMR Resonance Assignment in Aqueous and Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution.
Authors: CHAN W. C. , LIAN L.‐Y. , BYCROFT B. W. , ROBERTS G. C. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe chemical structure of the peptide antibiotic nisin is confirmed by the unambiguous sequence‐specific assignment of its 1H NMR spectrum using a range of 2D‐NMR techniques.
ChemInform Abstract: Dienone‐Phenol Rearrangements of 3‐Acylcyclohexa‐2,5‐dienones Kinetics and Mechanism.
Authors: GOODYEAR G. , WARING A. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAt high acidities, the acetyl group in (Ia) enhances the reactivity of the protonated cation, which in Ac2O/H2SO4 yields the acetate of (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Organotitanium Chemistry. Part 18. Dehalogenation of Organic Halides by Cp2TiX (X: Cl, Br).
Authors: QIAN Y. , LI G. , HUANG Y.‐Z. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDicyclopentadienyltitanium chloride (II) and bromide prepared in situ from the reduction of dicyclopentadienyltitanium dichloride (I) by iPrMgCl or iPrMgBr are effective dehalogenating reagents for benzylic, allylic halides, and α‐bromoketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Vicinal Hydroxylation of Terminal and E‐1,2‐Disubstituted Olefins by a Chiral Complex of Osmium Tetraoxide. An Effective Controller System and a Rational Mechanistic Model.
Authors: COREY E. J. , DASILVA JARDINE P. , VIRGIL S. , YUEN P.‐W. , CONNELL R. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA system is described for the enantioselective hydroxylation of E olefins such as (I) that is unsurpassed in terms of enantioselectivity, ready availability and recoverability of the chiral controller ligand DMDPE, and recoverability of osmium.
ChemInform Abstract: Inverse Amine‐Stabilized Sulfenes F2C=SO2 and FHC=SO2.
Authors: PRITZKOW H. , RALL K. , REIMANN‐ANDERSEN S. , SUNDERMEYER W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn electrophilic C atom distinguishes the two title sulfenes from other sulfenes, in which the S atom is electrophilic.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Organic Anions. Part 165. Dihalomethanes as C‐H Acids in the Catalytic Two‐Phase (CTP) System. A New Method for the Synthesis of gem‐Dichlorocyclopropanes.
Authors: JONCZYK A. , BALCERZAK P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe olefins (I) are treated with dichloromethane (II) or dibromomethane (IV) in tetrachloromethane and aqueous potassium hydroxide, yielding the dichlorocyclopropanes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A New, Short Synthetic Route to α‐Substituted 5,5‐Difluoro‐4‐pentenoic Acid Esters.
Authors: KENDRICK D. A. , KOLB M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe enolates derived from the esters (I) react with 3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (II) to give the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Arylation and Alkenylation of Bicyclic Alkenes.
Authors: LAROCK R. C. , JOHNSON P. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNorbornene (I) reacts with iodobenzene (IIa) or the vinylic iodides (IIb) and (IIc) in the presence of potassium formate as a reducing agent to give the 2‐substituted exo‐norbornanes (III) and the double insertion product (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Chloroanthracyclines from Acetal‐Alkene Cyclization.
Authors: BROWN E. G. , CAMBIE R. C. , HOLROYD S. E. , JOHNSON M. , RUTLEDGE P. S. , WOODGATE P. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractQuinizarine (I) is converted to the acetal (IV) by known procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(2‐Aminoethyl)thiophene via Activated Arylsulfonylaziridines.
Authors: FIKENTSCHER R. , BRUECKMANN R. + , BETZ R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhereas 2‐lithiothiophene reacts with N‐pivaloylaziridine (II) exclusively at the carbon atom to give the product (I), reaction with the aziridines (IV) leads to the desired ring opening to yield the sulfonamides (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Competition Between Nucleophilic Attack and Electron Transfer in the Reaction of Indoledione Imine N‐Oxides with Primary Aromatic Amines.
Authors: CARLONI P. , GRECI L. , STIPA P. , ALBERTI A. , RIZZOLI C. , SGARABOTTO P. , UGOZZOLI F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reaction of N‐oxide (I) with anilines (II) proceeds through several steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiro Dihydrofuran‐pyrazolidinones from Tetraacetylethylene and Azodicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: CELLI A. M. , DONATI D. , SCOTTON M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTetraacetylethylene (I) reacts with electron‐withdrawing azo compounds (II), (IV) to give spiro furan‐pyrazoles (III), and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐(3‐Oxo‐1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐2‐yl)(Phenyl‐, Phenoxy‐)alkanoic Acids: Synthesis, Antiphlogistic, Analgetic, and Antipyretic Properties.
Authors: BORDI F. , CATELLANI P. L. , MORINI G. , PLAZZI P. V. , SILVA C. , BAROCELLI E. , CHIAVARINI M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe oxobenzisothiazolinecarboxylates (IV) are prepared by in situ reaction of the acid chloride (II) with the amino compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Preliminary Pharmacological Examination of 2,4‐Disubstituted N,N‐Dialkyl‐1,8‐naphthyridine‐3‐carboxamides.
Authors: DI BRACCIO M. , ROMA G. , BALBI A. , SOTTOFATTORI E. , CARAZZONE M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aminonicotinic acid (I) is coupled with the malonamates (II) in the presence of POCl3 to give the chloronaphthyridinecarboxamides (III) which are transformed into the dichloro derivatives (IV) upon further treatment with POCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaloids of Lycopodium selago. Identity of Selagine with Huperzine A and the Structure of a Related Alkaloid.
Authors: AYER W. A. , BROWNE L. M. , ORSZANSKA H. , VALENTA Z. , LIU J.‐S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSelagine, previously assigned as (I), is found to be identical with huperzine A (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemically Generated Gold Catalyst for Selective Electroless Plating of Copper.
Authors: BAUM T. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is shown that UV irradiation of a substrate (Al2O3 or glass‐epoxy coupons) treated with the dimethyl(1,3‐diphenyl‐1,3‐propanedionato)gold complex results in the formation of elemental gold, which catalyzes copper metal plating from an electroless bath.
A BOILED‐Egg To Predict Gastrointestinal Absorption and Brain Penetration of Small Molecules
Authors: Daina Antoine , Zoete Vincent 
Published: May 2016

AbstractApart from efficacy and toxicity, many drug development failures are imputable to poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Gastrointestinal absorption and brain access are two pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to estimate at various stages of the drug discovery processes. To this end, the Brain Or IntestinaL EstimateD permeation method (BOILED‐Egg) is proposed as an accurate predictive model that works by computing the lipophilicity and polarity of small molecules. Concomitant predictions for both brain and intestinal permeation are obtained from the same two physicochemical descriptors and straightforwardly translated into molecular design, owing to the speed, accuracy, conceptual simplicity and clear graphical output of the model. The BOILED‐Egg can be applied in a variety of settings, from the filtering of chemical libraries at the early steps of drug discovery, to the evaluation of drug candidates for development.
An observational study to examine changes in metabolic syndrome components in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Dieli‐Conwright Christina M. , Wong Louise , Waliany Sarah , Bernstein Leslie , Salehian Behrouz , Mortimer Joanne E. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDThe authors sought to determine the effect of chemotherapy on the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing (neo)adjuvant therapy for early‐stage breast cancer.METHODSA total of 86 women with early‐stage (AJCC stage I‐III) breast cancer who were free from clinically diagnosed MetS (defined as 3 of 5 components of MetS) were prospectively tested for the presence of the 5 components of MetS within 1 week before initiating and after completing (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. The 5 components of MetS measured were waist circumference; blood pressure; and fasting levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Anthropometrics (body weight, percentage body fat, fat mass), lipid profile (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol), glucose metabolism (insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin), and inflammation (C‐reactive protein) also were examined before initiating and after completing treatment.RESULTSThe current study included 46 premenopausal and 40 postmenopausal women. All individual MetS components and the overall MetS score were found to be statistically significantly increased (P<.01) after chemotherapy. Body weight, percentage body fat, fat mass, lipids, glucose metabolism, and inflammation also were found to be statistically significantly increased (P<.01).CONCLUSIONSA 12‐week to 18‐week course of chemotherapy appears to statistically significantly increase MetS and related anthropometrics, biomarkers of glucose metabolism, and inflammation in patients with early‐stage breast cancer with no preexisting MetS. Lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise may be preventive approaches for use during chemotherapy to reduce the onset of MetS in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2646–2653. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Olefin Epoxidation in Aqueous Phase Using Ionic‐Liquid Catalysts
Authors: Cokoja Mirza , Reich Robert M. , Wilhelm Michael E. , Kaposi Marlene , Schäffer Johannes , Morris Danny S. , Münchmeyer Christian J. , Anthofer Michael H. , Markovits Iulius I. E. , Kühn Fritz E. , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Jess Andreas , Love Jason B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHydrophobic imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (IL) act as catalysts for the epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins in water using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Although the catalysts are insoluble in both the substrate and in water, surprisingly, they are very well soluble in aqueous H2O2 solution, owing to perrhenate‐H2O2 interactions. Even more remarkably, the presence of the catalyst also boosts the solubility of substrate in water. This effect is crucially dependent on the cation design. Hence, the imidazolium perrhenates enable both the transfer of hydrophobic substrate into the aqueous phase, and serve as actual catalysts, which is unprecedented. At the end of the reaction and in absence of H2O2 the IL catalyst forms a third phase next to the lipophilic product and water and can easily be recycled.
Reductions in tonic GABAergic current in substantia gelatinosa neurons and GABAA receptor δ subunit expression after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in mice
Authors: Iura A. , Takahashi A. , Hakata S. , Mashimo T. , Fujino Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundDecreased Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic phasic inhibitory transmission in the spinal cord is thought to be responsible for the development of neuropathic pain. However, the role of GABAergic tonic current in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in neuropathic pain remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we assessed GABAergic tonic currents of SG neurons in a sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) mouse.MethodWhole‐cell patch clamp recordings form lumbar spinal cord slices was performed to evaluate GABAergic currents. We also investigated the expression changes of GABAA receptor subunits which are considered to mediate tonic currents.ResultsThe percentage of SG neurons receiving GABAergic tonic currents decreased in CCI mice compared with Naïve mice. No significant change was observed in the mean amplitude of GABAergic tonic currents. RT‐PCR and Western blot revealed that the expression of GABAA receptor δ subunits decreased following CCI.ConclusionA reduction in the expression the δ subunit of the GABAA receptor and diminished GABAergic tonic current in SG neurons were observed after CCI in mice. GABAergic tonic current plays a key role in neuropathic pain. The GABAA receptor δ subunit may be a therapeutic target in neuropathic pain.What does this study add?In spinal SG neurons, GABAergic inhibitory transmission operates through both phasic and tonic currents, but physiological role is largely unknown. In this study, we report dysregulation of GABAA receptor δ subunit‐mediated tonic current in SG neurons may result in spinal disinhibition resulting in neuropathic pain in CCI mice.