bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the thermal conductivity of the powder bed in Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Smith C. J. , Tammas-Williams S. , Hernandez-Nava E. , Todd I. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMetallic powder bed additive manufacturing is capable of producing complex, functional parts by repeatedly depositing thin layers of powder particles atop of each other whilst selectively melting the corresponding part cross-section into each layer. A weakness with this approach arises when melting overhanging features, which have no prior melted material directly beneath them. This is due to the lower thermal conductivity of the powder relative to solid material, which as a result leads to an accumulation of heat and thus distortion. The Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process alleviates this to some extent as the powder must first be sintered (by the beam itself) before it is melted, which results in the added benefit of increasing the thermal conductivity. This study thus sought to investigate to what extent the thermal conductivity of local regions in a titanium Ti-6Al-4V powder bed could be varied by imparting more energy from the beam. Thermal diffusivity and density measurements were taken of the resulting sintered samples, which ranged from being loosely to very well consolidated. It was found that the calculated thermal conductivity at two temperatures, 40 and 730 °C, was more than doubled over the range of input energies explored.
M2-like macrophages in the fibrotic liver protect mice against lethal insults through conferring apoptosis resistance to hepatocytes
Authors: Bai Li , Liu Xin , Zheng Qingfen , Kong Ming , Zhang Xiaohui , Hu Richard , Lou Jinli , Ren Feng , Chen Yu , Zheng Sujun , Liu Shuang , Han Yuan-Ping , Duan Zhongping , Pandol Stephen J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAcute injury in the setting of liver fibrosis is an interesting and still unsettled issue. Most recently, several prominent studies have indicated the favourable effects of liver fibrosis against acute insults. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms governing this hepatoprotection remain obscure. In the present study, we hypothesized that macrophages and their M1/M2 activation critically involve in the hepatoprotection conferred by liver fibrosis. Our findings demonstrated that liver fibrosis manifested a beneficial role for host survival and apoptosis resistance. Hepatoprotection in the fibrotic liver was tightly related to innate immune tolerance. Macrophages undertook crucial but divergent roles in homeostasis and fibrosis: depleting macrophages in control mice protected from acute insult; conversely, depleting macrophages in fibrotic liver weakened the hepatoprotection and gave rise to exacerbated liver injury upon insult. The contradictory effects of macrophages can be ascribed, to a great extent, to the heterogeneity in macrophage activation. Macrophages in fibrotic mice exhibited M2-preponderant activation, which was not the case in acutely injured liver. Adoptive transfer of M2-like macrophages conferred control mice conspicuous protection against insult. In vitro, M2-polarized macrophages protected hepatocytes against apoptosis. Together, M2-like macrophages in fibrotic liver exert the protective effects against lethal insults through conferring apoptosis resistance to hepatocytes.
An ultra-compact rejection filter based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Zhao Shumin , Zhang Hao Chi , Zhao Jiahao , Tang Wen Xuan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a scheme to construct a new type of ultra-compact rejection filter by loading split-ring resonators (SRRs) on the transmission line of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). From the dispersion analysis of the spoof SPP transmission line with and without the SRR loading, we clearly reveal the mechanism of the rejection characteristic for this compact filter. Meanwhile, we fabricate two spoof SPPs waveguides loaded with different amounts of metamaterials particles, and experimentally test them using an Agilent Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and a homemade near-field scanning system. Both the simulated and measured results agree well with our theoretical analysis and demonstrate the excellent filtering characteristics of our design. The isolation of both filters can be less than −20 dB, and even reach −40 dB at rejection frequencies. The proposed rejection and stop-band filters show important potentials to develop integrated plasmonic functional devices and circuits at microwave and terahertz frequencies.
The Gaia-ESO Survey: Churning through the Milky Way
Authors: Hayden M. R. , Recio-Blanco A. , de Laverny P. , Mikolaitis S. , Guiglion G. , Hill V. , Gilmore G. , Randich S. , Bayo A. , Bensby T. , Bergemann M. , Bragaglia A. , Casey A. , Costado M. , Feltzing S. , Franciosini E. , Hourihane A. , Jofre P. , Koposov S. , Kordopatis G. , Lanzafame A. , Lardo C. , Lewis J. , Lind K. , Magrini L. , Monaco L. , Morbidelli L. , Pancino E. , Sacco G. , Stonkute E. , Worley C. C. , Zwitter T. 
Published: August 2017

Context. There have been conflicting results with respect to the extent that radial migration has played in the evolution of the Galaxy. Additionally, observations of the solar neighborhood have shown evidence of a merger in the past history of the Milky Way that drives enhanced radial migration.
Aims. We attempt to determine the relative fraction of stars that have undergone significant radial migration by studying the orbital properties of metal-rich ([Fe/H] > 0.1) stars within 2 kpc of the Sun. We also aim to investigate the kinematic properties, such as velocity dispersion and orbital parameters, of stellar populations near the Sun as a function of [Mg/Fe] and [Fe/H], which could show evidence of a major merger in the past history of the Milky Way.
Methods. We used a sample of more than 3000 stars selected from the fourth internal data release of the Gaia-ESO Survey. We used the stellar parameters from the Gaia-ESO Survey along with proper motions from PPMXL to determine distances, kinematics, and orbital properties for these stars to analyze the chemodynamic properties of stellar populations near the Sun.
Results. Analyzing the kinematics of the most metal-rich stars ([Fe/H] > 0.1), we find that more than half have small eccentricities (e< 0.2) or are on nearly circular orbits. Slightly more than 20% of the metal-rich stars have perigalacticons Rp> 7 kpc. We find that the highest [Mg/Fe], metal-poor populations have lower vertical and radial velocity dispersions compared to lower [Mg/Fe] populations of similar metallicity by ~10 km s-1. The median eccentricity increases linearly with [Mg/Fe] across all metallicities, while the perigalacticon decreases with increasing [Mg/Fe] for all metallicities. Finally, the most [Mg/Fe]-rich stars are found to have significant asymmetric drift and rotate more than 40 km s-1 slower than stars with lower [Mg/Fe] ratios.
Conclusions. While our results cannot constrain how far stars have migrated, we propose that migration processes are likely to have played an important role in the evolution of the Milky Way, with metal-rich stars migrating from the inner disk toward to solar neighborhood and past mergers potentially driving enhanced migration of older stellar populations in the disk.
Stellar population of the superbubble N 206 in the LMC
Authors: Ramachandran Varsha , Hainich R. , Hamann W.-R. , Oskinova L. M. , Shenar T. , Sander A. A. C. , Todt H. , Gallagher J. S. 
Published: August 2017

Context. Massive stars severely influence their environment by their strong ionizing radiation and by the momentum and kinetic energy input provided by their stellar winds and supernovae. Quantitative analyses of massive stars are required to understand how their feedback creates and shapes large scale structures of the interstellar medium. The giant H ii region N 206 in the Large Magellanic Cloud contains an OB association that powers a superbubble filled with hot X-ray emitting gas, serving as an ideal laboratory in this context.
Aims. We aim to estimate stellar and wind parameters of all OB stars in N 206 by means of quantitative spectroscopic analyses. In this first paper, we focus on the nine Of-type stars located in this region. We determine their ionizing flux and wind mechanical energy. The analysis of nitrogen abundances in our sample probes rotational mixing.
Methods. We obtained optical spectra with the multi-object spectrograph FLAMES at the ESO-VLT. When possible, the optical spectroscopy was complemented by UV spectra from the HST, IUE, and FUSE archives. Detailed spectral classifications are presented for our sample Of-type stars. For the quantitative spectroscopic analysis we used the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet model atmosphere code. We determined the physical parameters and nitrogen abundances of our sample stars by fitting synthetic spectra to the observations.
Results. The stellar and wind parameters of nine Of-type stars, which are largely derived from spectral analysis are used to construct wind momentum − luminosity relationship. We find that our sample follows a relation close to the theoretical prediction, assuming clumped winds. The most massive star in the N 206 association is an Of supergiant that has a very high mass-loss rate. Two objects in our sample reveal composite spectra, showing that the Of primaries have companions of late O subtype. All stars in our sample have an evolutionary age of less than 4 million yr, with the O2-type star being the youngest. All these stars show a systematic discrepancy between evolutionary and spectroscopic masses. All stars in our sample are nitrogen enriched. Nitrogen enrichment shows a clear correlation with increasing projected rotational velocities.
Conclusions. The mechanical energy input from the Of stars alone is comparable to the energy stored in the N 206 superbubble as measured from the observed X-ray and Hα emission.
Electrophilic Ring Opening of Small Heterocycles
Authors: Wang Chuan 
Published: August 2017

Small heterocycles, such as epoxides, aziridines, and ox­etanes are among the most useful building blocks in organic synthesis. Through electrophilic ring opening of these molecules, various electrophilic functional groups can be installed, which cannot be achieved via classic nucleophilic ring-opening reactions. In this review, the developments of electrophilic ring opening of small heterocycles are surveyed and organized according to the types of metal promoters.1	Introduction2	Electrophilic Ring Opening of Small Heterocycles Using Stoichiometric Metals2.1	Lithium-Mediated Electrophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides and Oxetanes2.2	Chromium-Mediated Electrophilic Ring Opening of Vinyl Epoxides2.3	Tin-Mediated Electrophilic Ring Opening of Vinyl Epoxides2.4	Samarium-Mediated Electrophilic Ring Opening of Vinyl and Alkynyl Epoxides2.5	Titanium-Mediated Electrophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides2.6	Platinum, Palladium, and Nickel-Mediated Electrophilic Ring Opening of 1,1-Dimethyl Ethylene Oxide3	Catalytic Electrophilic Ring Opening of Small Heterocycles3.1	Titanium-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides3.2	Palladium-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of Vinyl and Alkynyl Small Heterocycles3.3	Iron-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of Oxetanes3.4	Scandium-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of Vinyl Epoxides3.5	Iridium-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of 2-Methyl 2-Vinyl­oxiranes3.6	Nickel-Catalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides and Aziridines3.7	Nickel–Titanium-Cocatalyzed Electrophilic Ring Opening of Epoxides4	Summary
Aspirin in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System: Missing Demographics and Underreporting
Authors: Serebruany Victor , Tomek Ales , Kim Moo , Litvinov Oleg , Marciniak Thomas 
Published: August 2017

Background The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event (AE) Reporting System (FAERS) is a global passive surveillance repository requiring mandatory updates by pharmaceutical manufacturers. Oral antiplatelet agents (OAAs) including aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) are broadly used to prevent thrombosis, at the expense of extra bleeding risks. However, the OAA filing quality and their comparative patterns in FAERS are unknown. We assessed completeness of original annual FAERS reports for OAA with special attention on ASA.
Methods We extracted AE cases co-reported with OAA including ASA, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, vorapaxar, or their combination. The 2015 FAERS cases were examined based on OAA distribution, suspected causative role, missing gender or age, and most common AEs after ASA.
Results A total of 1,187,729 reports qualified the inclusion criteria. The majority (n = 1,121,989) of the reports contain no reference of OAA, while 65,730 reports contain reference of at least one OAA, including 47,900 ASA cases. Therapy with ASA was heavily (>50%) underreported when used with prasugrel or ticagrelor, but still dominant (72.8%) among OAAs, followed by clopidogrel (18.7%), prasugrel (4.1%), ticagrelor (3.6%), and anecdotal vorapaxar (0.05%). Despite current recommendations, some (0.73%) reports contain multi-OAAs. The primary role of ASA in AE reporting was seldom (<1%), followed by clopidogrel (2.9%), prasugrel (3.7%), and highest for ticagrelor (9.3%). Missing gender after OAA was not common (<10%), but age was missing in approximately 25% of reports. Bleeding was the most frequent AE associated with ASA.
Conclusion The quality of reporting for OAA in general and ASA in particular can be improved by stricter FDA rules, better surveillance, and enforcements. Heavy ASA underreporting during dual antiplatelet therapy and missed demographic variables challenge outcome research capacities for establishing drug interactions in FAERS.
Prognostic Markers in Term Infants with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy: Comparative Analysis of MRI, EEG, and Apgar Scores
Authors: Yozawitz Elissa , Goenka Ajay 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a frequent cause of perinatally acquired brain injury resulting in abnormal neurological consequences. In this retrospective study, we evaluated 68 neonates with clinical evidence of HIE to investigate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and Apgar scores, individually and in combination, as predictors of long-term outcome. Six infants died during treatment, and 46 of the remaining 62 infants (74%) received follow-up neurological assessments at ages 6 to 24 months. The outcome was dichotomously classified as good (reflecting “normal development”) or as poor (reflecting “neurological deficits” based upon attainment of developmental milestones or death). Abnormal Apgar scores, MRIs, and EEGs had sensitivities of 50, 84, and 95% for predicting “neurological deficit.” Corresponding specificities were 85, 66, and 18%. However, the combination of abnormal Apgar scores, MRIs, and EEGs in predicting poor outcomes (i.e., “neurological deficits” or death) had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. In addition, the combination of abnormal Apgar scores, MRIs, and EEGs provided a positive predictive value of 100% in assessing poor outcome as compared with 73% (p = 0.2) for Apgar scores, 71% (p = 0.01) for MRIs, and 56% (p = 0.001) for EEGs.
Systemische Sklerose
Authors: Riemekasten G. , Schinke S. 
Published: August 2017

ZusammenfassungDie systemische Sklerose gehört zu den rheumatischen Erkrankungen mit dem höchsten Einfluss auf die Prognose und Lebensqualität. Organmanifestationen wie die interstitielle Lungenfibrose, die pulmonale arterielle Hypertonie (PAH) und die Herzbeteiligung bestimmen die Mortalität, während Schmerzen, Bewegungseinschränkungen und digitale Ulzerationen häufig die Lebensqualität beeinflussen. Mangelernährung, Sarkopenie, Depression, Osteoporose, kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Tumorerkrankungen treten möglicherweise bedingt durch die chronische Aktivierung des Immunsystems gehäuft auf. Es gibt derzeit erste Ansätze, Krankheitsmechanismen und die Beziehung zwischen der obliterativen Vaskulopathie und der variabel vorhandenen Fibrose zu verstehen. Die Therapie sollte frühzeitig beginnen. Eine Reihe von Substanzen beeinflusst die Raynaud-Symptomatik und die obliterative Gefäßerkrankung. Leider werden diese Therapien oftmals nicht ausreichend genutzt. Immunsuppressiva wie Cyclophosphamid, MMF oder eine autologe Stammzelltransplantation haben zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der inflammatorischen Fibrose in klinischen Studien geführt. Neue Therapieansätze, die Krankheitsmechanismen beeinflussen und nebenwirkungsärmer sind, erscheinen erfolgversprechend und könnten künftig zu einer Zulassung führen. Derzeit wird eine Vielzahl von Studien durchgeführt. Die konsequente zielorientierte und individuelle Therapie stellt einen wichtigen Schlüssel zum Therapieerfolg dar.
Das Sjögren-Syndrom
Authors: Tröster Isabella , Jülich Maike , Voll Reinhard , Kollert Florian 
Published: August 2017

ZusammenfassungDas Sjögren-Syndrom ist eine chronische Autoimmunerkrankung mit Beteiligung der Tränen- und Speicheldrüsen. Durch lymphozytäre Infiltration und sekundäre Destruktion des exokrinen Drüsengewebes kommt es zur Sicca-Symptomatik. Es handelt sich um eine der 3 häufigsten Autoimmunerkrankungen mit einer Prävalenz von 0,03–2,1%, abhängig von Alters- und Populationsgruppen sowie der angewandten Diagnostik-Kriterien, und betrifft deutlich häufiger Frauen (ca. 10:1) 1
2
3. Neben der charakteristischen Sicca-Symptomatik leiden viele Patienten unter systemischen Manifestationen wie z. B. Arthralgien, seltener Hautvaskulitis, interstitieller Lungenerkrankung oder Nierenbeteiligung.Nicht-steroidale Antirheumatika, Kortikosteroide und Immunsuppressiva werden zur Therapie dieser Komplikationen angewandt während die Sicca-Symptomatik meist lokal-symptomatisch behandelt wird. Das Risiko der Entwicklung eines malignen Lymphoms ist beim Sjögren-Syndrom erhöht. Ein Großteil der Patienten leidet außerdem unter einer ausgeprägten Abgeschlagenheit (Fatigue) 4, die das subjektiv schwerwiegendste Symptom darstellen kann. Die Prävalenz von depressiven Störungen ist ebenfalls erhöht 5. Auch wenn neue therapeutische Angriffspunkte und B-Zell-gerichtete Therapien, die sich derzeit in klinischer Testung befinden, auf eine Verbesserung der Behandlungsmöglichkeiten hoffen lassen, bleibt die Heterogenität des Krankheitsbildes und der Symptome eine Herausforderung in Klinik und Forschung.
Intestinale Dysbiosen erkennen und therapieren
Authors: Bayer Wolfgang , Schmidt Karlheiz 
Published: August 2017

ZusammenfassungEine Dysbiose bezeichnet im Gegensatz zur Eubiose, Normobiose oder Symbiose Veränderungen der
intestinalen Mikrobiota (früher als Darmflora bezeichnet), die mit krankhaften, häufig entzündlichen
Symptomen korreliert ist. Ursachen einer Dysbiose sind z. B. eine Überwucherung mit pathogenen Keimen,
chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen, aber auch Einflüsse durch Arzneimittel wie Antibiotika,
Kortikosteroide etc. Vielfältige weitere Wechselwirkungen sind zu berücksichtigen wie
Ernährungseinflüsse, Genussgifte (Rauchen, Alkohol) sowie auch Wechselwirkungen mit dem Hormonsystem, dem
Immunsystem, dem Nervensystem und vielen weiteren Regelkreisen.
RNA structure inference through chemical mapping after accidental or intentional mutations
Authors: Cheng Clarence Y. , Kladwang Wipapat , Yesselman Joseph D. , Das Rhiju 
Published: August 2017

Significance
The intricate structures of RNA molecules are crucial to their biological functions but have been difficult to accurately characterize. Multidimensional chemical-mapping methods improve accuracy but have so far involved painstaking experiments and reliance on secondary-structure prediction software. A methodology called M2-seq now lifts these limitations. Mechanistic studies clarify the origin of serendipitous M2-seq–like signals that were recently discovered but not correctly explained and also provide mutational strategies that enable robust M2-seq for new RNA transcripts. The method detects dozens of Watson–Crick helices across diverse RNA folds in vitro and within frog egg extract, with a low false-positive rate (<5%). M2-seq opens a route to unbiased discovery of RNA structures in vitro and beyond.
Robust continuous clustering
Authors: Shah Sohil Atul , Koltun Vladlen 
Published: August 2017

SignificanceClustering is a fundamental experimental procedure in data analysis. It is used in virtually all natural and social sciences and has played a central role in biology, astronomy, psychology, medicine, and chemistry. Despite the importance and ubiquity of clustering, existing algorithms suffer from a variety of drawbacks and no universal solution has emerged. We present a clustering algorithm that reliably achieves high accuracy across domains, handles high data dimensionality, and scales to large datasets. The algorithm optimizes a smooth global objective, using efficient numerical methods. Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art clustering algorithms by significant factors in multiple domains.
Empathy and well-being correlate with centrality in different social networks
Authors: Morelli Sylvia A. , Ong Desmond C. , Makati Rucha , Jackson Matthew O. , Zaki Jamil 
Published: August 2017

SignificanceWhich traits make individuals popular or lead others to turn to them in times of stress? We examine these questions by observing newly formed social networks in first-year college dormitories. We measured dorm members’ traits (for example, their empathy) as well as their position in their dorm’s social networks. Via network analysis, we corroborate insights from psychological research: people who exude positive emotions are sought out by others for fun and excitement, whereas empathic individuals are sought out for trust and support. These findings show that individuals’ traits are related to their network positions and to the different roles that they play in supporting their communities.
Comparison of methods for phylogenetic B-cell lineage inference using time-resolved antibody repertoire simulations (AbSim)
Authors: Yermanos Alexander , Greiff Victor , Krautler Nike Julia , Menzel Ulrike , Dounas Andreas , Miho Enkelejda , Oxenius Annette , Stadler Tanja , Reddy Sai T 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Motivation
The evolution of antibody repertoires represents a hallmark feature of adaptive B-cell immunity. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have dramatically increased the resolution to which we can measure the molecular diversity of antibody repertoires, thereby offering for the first time the possibility to capture the antigen-driven evolution of B cells. However, there does not exist a repertoire simulation framework yet that enables the comparison of commonly utilized phylogenetic methods with regard to their accuracy in inferring antibody evolution.

Results
Here, we developed AbSim, a time-resolved antibody repertoire simulation framework, which we exploited for testing the accuracy of methods for the phylogenetic reconstruction of B-cell lineages and antibody molecular evolution. AbSim enables the (i) simulation of intermediate stages of antibody sequence evolution and (ii) the modeling of immunologically relevant parameters such as duration of repertoire evolution, and the method and frequency of mutations. First, we validated that our repertoire simulation framework recreates replicates topological similarities observed in experimental sequencing data. Second, we leveraged Absim to show that current methods fail to a certain extent to predict the true phylogenetic tree correctly. Finally, we formulated simulation-validated guidelines for antibody evolution, which in the future will enable the development of accurate phylogenetic methods.

Availability and implementation
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/AbSim/index.html

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.