bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Microvascular Complications Review Article
Authors: Sarah Hashim Mhaibes  , Shatha H. Ali  
Published: September 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a result of biochemical processes that are not in balance with the body's antioxidant defense mechanism. This metabolic dysfunction is referred to the oxidative stress (OS). Metabolic dysfunction-associated diseases are affected by changes in the redox balance. It is now widely recognized that oxidative stress significantly affects diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 diabetes. The biochemical changes associated with DM could disturb the oxidative milieu, leading to several microvascular complications in diabetic patients. Thus, DM is a perfect disease to explore the harmful consequences of oxidative stress and how to treat it. Oxidative stress triggered by hyperglycemia is an important contributor to the effects of diabetic microvascular diseases. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia carried by deficiencies in insulin secretion or action produces a number of problems, such as peripheral vascular disorders, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, increased morbidity and/or mortality, as well as the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) are rising globally. The development and progression of diabetic problems are strongly correlated with reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, according to a wide body of research. This review aims to explore various markers of oxidative stress and the role of ROS in the pathogenesis and progression of late diabetic microvascular complications.
Variables Affecting the Preparation and Characterization of Axitinib as Oral Niosmoes
Authors: Ibtihal Abdulkadhim Dakhil  , Nidhal K. Maraie  
Published: September 2024

Axitinib is anticancer drug act on different solid tumors by inhibtion protein kinase enzyme which is responsible for support the tumors with blood demand. Due to its low solubility, it has low bioavailability when given orally also it is affected by liver metabolism. Axitinib formulated as non-ionic vesicles (niosomes) for the first time to study the effect of different variables on the in vitro behaviour of vesicles in a hope to improve drug oral bioavailability.
Niosomal dispersion formulas were formulated by diverse techniques via multiple kinds of surface-active agent (tween also span), cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate then evaluated for visual appearance, efficiency of drug entrapment (EE%), size of the vesicles, poly dispersity index, zetapotential, viscosity, invitro drug release and study the vesicles morphology by FE-SEM. Many variables effect on EE% were studied such as effect of surfactant amount and type, effect of surfactant combination, impact of various ratios of cholesterol, impact of DCP in various amount , effect of preparation method and effect of sonication time.
The results showed that the EE% between (50.97%-98.24%), the particle size was found within the range (64.5 nm - 530.79 nm), zeta potential which was between ( -16.6 to -31 mV), polydispersity index (PDI) <1 and viscosity between (584 – 889.6) centipoise. The niosomal dispersion F1 which contained 1:1 weight ratio (span60: cholesterol) was found with high EE% (96.5±0.16%), smallest particle size (64.5±0.5 nm), highest drug release (100%) of drug released at the end of 4 hours and FE-SEM photograph showed that niosomes were spherical with no aggregation and had a smooth surface.
The results showed that thin film hydration method with sonication for four minutes was the best method for preparation of axitinib niosomes, the type and amount of surfactants used, cholesterol ratio, stabilizer and the time of sonication had a substantial effect on EE%, the size of the vesicles as well as drug release; which were investigated so as to optimize the niosomal dispersion of anti-tumour drug reaching to an optimum formula that may improve drug bioavailability.
Key words: Axitinib, Anticancer, Vesicles, Surfactants, Invitro behaviour, Entrapment efficiency.
Preparation and in- vitro Evaluation of Bioadhesive Vaginal Film of Tinidazole
Authors: Thomas Lena Murad , Al-Akkam Entidhar J. , Daood Noor Mohammed 
Published: September 2024

Bioadhesive vaginal film is becoming a more effective and convenient dosage form compared to suppositories and gel for vaginal application as a method for the treatment of vaginal infections. This study aimed to prepare and characterize bioadhesive films of tinidazole to be used for vaginal delivery over a prolonged period to treat local infections.
Fourteen formulas of tinidazole films were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Each film was composed of 10 mg tinidazole with different ratios and concentrations of a polymeric combination of polyvinyl alcohol/ polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) or polyvinyl alcohol/ hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (PVA/HPMC) for formulas A1-A7 and B1-B7, respectively. The prepared films were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, content uniformity, swelling, mucoadhesive strength, mucoadhesive time, and drug release. All the prepared films were transparent, had a uniform thickness (0.1-0.15 mm), and exhibited sufficient flexibility with drug content uniformity. The mucoadhesive strength of films was in the range of 28 ± 0.2 to 75 ± 0.01 g. Films containing PVA/HPMC showed higher swelling and lower mucoadhesive strength than those containing PVA/PVP polymeric combination. The in vitro drug release study showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among films containing PVA/PVP or PVA/HPMC polymeric combinations.
Formulas A3 and B4 were considered as the optimal bioadhesive films containing 3% of PVA: PVP (4:1) and 4% of PVA: HPMC (2:1), respectively as they showed complete flexibility, acceptable mucoadhesive strength and time (43 ± 0.1, 45 ± 0.23 g and 30 ± 0.02, 34 ± 0.01 min, respectively) and prolonged drug release rate.
In conclusion, films of formulas A3 and B4 possess the potential as a delivery system for tinidazole for the treatment of vaginal infections at the site of application.
Cutaneous and Systemic Adverse Effect of Topical Corticosteroid Misuse on Iraqi Women
Authors: Teeba H. Sagban  , Jaccob Ausama Ayob , Abdulla Ayob Yaqoub  , Huda. A. Khadim  
Published: September 2024

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the most widely prescribed and abused topical medications worldwide. TCs have melanogenic, anti-pruritic, atrophogenic, immunosuppressive effects on the epidermis and sex-hormone-like, in addition to anti-inflammatory activity. Several of these, if used without judgment, may have serious local and systemic negative repercussions. The current study was designed to evaluate the possible local and systemic effects of topical corticosteroid misuse among women in Basrah City and Amara city, Iraq. Totally 125 participants were categorized into three major groups: control individuals, patients who utilize TCs for 1–3 months, and patients with long-term TC use for more than 3 months. A questionnaire was filled out, and a full skin examination was performed by a special dermatologist. Blood was drawn for hematological, hormonal, and biochemical analysis. TCS abuse was linked to the development of skin conditions with various percentages and frequencies, such as erythema, photosensitivity, dryness, acne, atrophy, infections, pigmentation, hirsutism, and rosacea. TCs also have systemic adverse effects in addition to their cutaneous ones, especially with prolonged use. TCS prolongs bleeding time compared to control group. Long-term TCS suppresses ACTH and decreases cortisol concentrations significantly while having no effect on insulin or testosterone levels. Interestingly, TCS significantly reduced serum vitamin D and serum interleukin 6 compared to the normal control group. TCS misuse is a big disaster in Iraq, associated with huge skin impacts and systemic deterioration, including hormonal and hematological consequences that require medical intervention and educational and legal approaches for successful treatment.
Evaluation of the Frequency of (rs2227981 and rs2282055) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Programmed Cell Death 1 and Its Ligand Genes of Iraqi Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sarah Abdul Hameed Sahib  , Ghassan Mohammad Sulaiman  , Huda J. Waheed  
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease that causes demyelination and persistent inflammation and most of them among young adults.
The current study aimed to assess gene polymorphism of PDCD1 and PDLCD1 genes and the frequency of two SNPs (rs2227981 and rs2282055).
MS patients (n=100) were divided into two groups; newly diagnosed (42), and patients with ongoing treatments (58). These groups were compared to healthy subjects (n=55); the mean age ±SD was (30±8.46 years), (37±8.06years), and (31±8.73 years) for MS newly patients, patients with ongoing treatments, and healthy subjects, respectively. Studies for gene polymorphism of PDCD1 and PDLCD1 Genes and the Frequency of Two SNPs (rs2227981 and rs2282055) were measured by Real-time PCR by used HRM.
The results of this study found that the genotypic frequencies of MS patient were 31% (n=31) normal AA and 48 % (n=48) heterozygous AG. Mutant homozygous was found in GG 21 % (n=21). In controls, the results demonstrate 69% (n=38) wild type AA, 27.27% (n=15) heterozygous AG and mutant homozygous GG 3.6% (n=2). The odds ratio for the GG genotype was 12.8 (0.2-5.9) with p=0.001 indicating that the homomutant genotype In PD1 gene polymorphism rs2227981 GG was a higher risk of MS than the wild-type PD1 gene polymorphism rs2227981 AA, The PD1 gene polymorphism rs2227981 AG genotype has the second risk of MS after PD1 gene polymorphism rs2227981GG with 3.92 fold high risk than the wild type AA (OR =3.92 (1.8-8.2) p=0.0003).
The present study concludes that the population-based case-control study, which focused on the three PD-1 SNPs PD-1.3, PD-1.5, and PD-1.9, found that polymorphism variation might actually be a disease-modifying factor as opposed to an MS risk factor. There were substantially more PD-L1 gene SNP loci in MS patients compared to controls, and there were significantly more PD-L1 gene SNP loci in MS patients compared to controls. The pathogenesis of MS might be connected to PD-1 and PD-L1 SNPs. PD-L1 gene SNP locus rs2282055 and PD-1 gene SNP locus rs2227981 might be potential MS candidate polymorphism loci.
The Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Vinpocetine against Lead-Induced Inflammatory and Apoptotic Cytokines in Rats
Authors: Ibrahim Manal Abdulkhaliq , OMRAN SARAH , S. Ghalib Noora , N. Al-Shawi Nada 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Environmental pollution with heavy metals like lead has become a matter of concern, the accumulation and multi-systemic toxicity of lead affect most body organs and its toxicity is related with many pathological changes, especially on liver. 18 Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 160-250g of both male and female were included; the animals were divided with randomness into three groups, 6 rats each group: 1st group: Rats were orally inoculated with 0.3 ml saline, after 1 hour, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 100 μl of saline was given (Control). 2nd group: Rats received daily IP injection (20 mg/kg body wt.) of immediately preparation lead acetate for 5 days, the dose and route of administration were chose based on previous research. 3rd group Rats in this group received vinpocetine and lead as the following; at first vinpocetine administered orally by gavage tube in a dose of 3mg / kg every day for five days alone and then lead injection started in a dose of 20 mg/kg and continued for 10 days with oral vinpocetine dose where vinpocetine administered 1hr before lead. After 24 hrs (end of management period), each rat was anesthetized by diethyl ether.
Liver homogenates were done; then interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase 3 were estimated.
Lead was significantly (P < 0.05) raised IL-1beta, TNF-α and caspase 3, whereasit significantly (P < 0.05) reducedIL-10 levels. On the other hand, vinpocetine significantly (P < 0.05) lowered IL-1beta, caspase 3 and it significantly (P < 0.05) raised IL-10 but it didn’t significantly (P > 0.05) reduce TNF-α.
Vinpocetine may have potential hepatoprotective effect against lead-induced toxicity.
Keywords: Apoptotic, Hepatoprotective, Inflammation, Lead, Vinpocetine.
Isolation, Structural Characterisation and Wound Healing Activity of Flavonoid and its Glycoside from Euphorbia hirta L. Methanolic Extract
Authors: Alsaffar Dania , Maram B. Alhawarri  , Ahmed Yaseen  , Nur Aziah Hanapi  , Siti Rafidah Yusof  , Roza Dianita  , Nur Hidayah Kaz Abdul Aziz  
Published: September 2024

Euphorbia hirta is a plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family that is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various dermal diseases in tropical and subtropical countries. It has been found to have anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects, which may make it a promising natural treatment for different medical conditions. The aim of the present study focuses on the investigation of the main active compounds associated with the wound-healing activity of plants. The plant powder of aerial part was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water using the serial exhaustive extraction method.The extract with the best activities was further fractionated using various chromatographic techniques to isolate the active compounds responsible for wound healing. The isolated compounds were assessed for wound healing activity by measuring migration and proliferation against human dermal fibroblast cells. The structure elucidation of compounds was confirmed by IR, LC-MS, and NMR. These isolated compounds were subsequently identified as kaempferol and its glycoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragalin). The findings also revealed that both isolated compounds were able to stimulate the cell population with no sign of toxicity and the highest cell migration ability shows after 48-hour treatment. This study provides new evidence to support the traditional use of E. hirta as a natural promising wound healer.
Assessment of suitability of the Dniester River's water for drinking water supply
Authors: Romanchuk M. Ye. , Veslohuzova Z. Н. 
Published: September 2024

The Dniester is a transboundary river between Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the ninth in Europe. From its source to a town of Staryi Sambir, the Dniester flows through the Carpathian Mountains, then across the flat territory of Ukraine and Moldova.
The Dniester Basin extends across seven regions in southwestern Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi and Odesa Regions). A small area of the river in its upper reaches is located in Poland. The basin's shape is a very elongated oval that is curved in the middle, about 700 km long with an average width of 120 km.
As it flows into the Black Sea, the Dniester River forms the Dniester estuary in Odesa region (between Ovidiopol and Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi districts). The estuary area of the Dniester River is a complex landscape system at the sea-river-land contact.
Drinking water is an important factor determining a person's health. Due to the intensive development of industry, agriculture and utility services, the number of pollutants that enter the environment and worsen the quality of drinking water in Ukraine keeps increasing. This increases the risk of toxic and infectious diseases spread among the population that consumes such low-quality water. That is why solving the problem of drinking water monitoring and assessment of its quality is a pressing task requiring urgent action.
The article examines the quality of water for drinking needs at the water intake site of the Dniester River, a town of Biliaivka, for 2018-2022. Water quality assessment was carried out according to DSTU 4808: 2007 based on average and worst values. The methodology covers 80 indicators and, in accordance with sanitary legislation, is divided into seven separate groups (blocks). According to hygienic standards, the quality of river water is considered suitable for use if it belongs to quality classes 1-3. In this research, the analysis was carried out according to 23 indicators included in three groups, so the assessment is considered as tentative: Group I - organoleptic indicators (chromaticity, turbidity); Group II - general sanitary indicators (dry residue (mineralization), sulfates, chlorides, magnesium, alkalinity, hydrogen index, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, bichromate oxidation (COD), BSK5); Group VII – toxicological parameters (total iron, manganese, chromium (VI), zinc, petroleum products, synthetic surface active agents (surfactants), volatile phenols).
It was determined that, according to the average values, the water quality of the Dniester at the water intake site is characterized as "good", which means it has clean water of acceptable quality. As for the worst indicators, the water was assessed as transitional in quality from "good" (clean) to "satisfactory" (slightly polluted).
الدور الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للتاجر هاشم يوسف العوضي (1918-1991م) في إمارة رأس الخيمة
Authors: العليلي خولة , العوضي حمدة 
Published: September 2024

قام اقتصاد دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة قبل قيام الاتحاد في الثاني من كانون الأول عام 1971م على عاتق طبقة من التجار الذين أسهموا في دعم اقتصادها من خلال مشاركتهم في تمويل تجارة اللؤلؤ التجارة الأهم في الخليج العربي، وتجارة الاستيراد والتصدير مع مختلف البلدان الأسيوية والأفريقية، فكانوا ركيزة أساسية لا غنى عنها لضمان استمرار عجلة اقتصاد بلدانهم.
ويُعتبر التاجر هاشم يوسف العوضي أحد تلك الشخصيات المهمة في إقامة المشاريع الاقتصادية الحيوية والحديثة في منطقة حدودية نائية بين رأس الخيمة ودولة عمان، حيث ساهم في تحسين نوعية الحياة لسكان تلك المنطقة، وفي الوقت نفسه، ساهم في خزانة حكومة إمارة رأس الخيمة خلال أصعب الظروف الاقتصادية بعد فشل تجارة اللؤلؤ واندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939-1945)، فمن مساهماته في القطاع الاقتصادي إنشاء محطة لتزود بالوقود، وإنشاء مركز جمارك الحويلات، والعمل في تجارة التبغ، بعدما حصل على حق تصدير التبغ إلى الأسواق المحلية والخليجية، مما كان له أثر في تقوية العلاقات التجارية مع مجموعة من تجار الخليج العربي.
ركزت هذه الدراسة على إبراز الدور الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للتاجر هاشم يوسف العوضي من خلال إجراء مقابلات شخصية مع بعض أفراد عائلة التاجر هاشم يوسف العوضي وبعض معاصريه، فضلا عن توظيف العديد من الوثائق الرسمية الصادرة عن حكومة رأس الخيمة، والتي احتفظت بها عائلة التاجر هاشم يوسف العوضي.
Analysis of the Challenges and Dilemmas in the Categorization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Authors: OGUNBANJO Bimbo 
Published: September 2024

This paper discusses the limitations associated with the basic classification of human rights into several categories. The topic of whether international trends have an impact on the State's view of the significance of implementing rights through the acceptance of individual complaint procedures is a complex one. Starting with an acknowledgment of the infinite extent of the issue, this paper displays a belief in the fallacious conceptions of differences in human rights. It investigates and assesses the institutional contribution to the advancement of human rights through a chronological analysis of historical processes that give rise to changes in the 20th century. To address this particular distinction, this paper looks to the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Program of Action and the new Optional Protocol for validation and endorsement. By highlighting many similarities in the language and nature of State responsibilities, it challenges the reader to consider whether non-justiciability provides a basis in the first place. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the function of dispute resolution mechanisms during the implementation phase. From a practical standpoint, it compels the reader to contemplate if the committee procedures outlined in international conventions serve just as symbolic representations of non-cooperation by States or are put into effect. This paper ultimately presents the reader with some thought-provoking material in the shape of the dichotomy between enforcement and justiciability.
أثر الجريمة في المناطق الساخنة على الشعور بالأمان من وجهة نظر ضحايا الجريمة في دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة
Authors: بيات سعود , العموش أحمد , الطائي آلاء 
Published: September 2024

تهدف الدراسة الى التعرف على مفهوم الجريمة والمناطق الساخنة والتعرف على تصنيف الجرائم في دولة الامارات العربية وتأثيرها على مجتمع امارة الشارقة. وتبيان طبيعة العلاقة بين الجريمة والمناطق الساخنة وماهي الأخطار التي تمثلها على المجتمع. تقديم النتائج والحلول والمقترحات التي تمكن الأجهزة الأمنية والقيادة العامة لشرطة الشارقة من العمل عليها للسيطرة على المناطق الساخنة ووقاية المجتمع منها. ولتحقيق اهداف الدراسة تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، باستخدام الاستبانة كأداة للدراسة وتتكون من (39) فقرة موزعة على أربعة محاور. وتتكون عينة الدراسة من (507) أشخاص تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية. وأظهرت النتائج وجود تأثير واضح للمتغيرات الشخصية والمتمثلة في منطقة السكن وطبيعة التواجد والجنس والجنسية على محاور الدراسة الاربعة: الشعور بالأمن وخطورة الجريمة والاثر على الاعمال وسبل التصدي للجرائم. وتوصلت الدراسة الى عدد من التوصيات أهمها: تكثيف الجهود المتعلقة بالحد من الجرائم المرتكبة في المناطق الساخنة وكذلك بأهمية وجود كاميرات في الشوارع الأماكن العامة، ووجود نظام الكتروني متطور في الاماكن العامة لأغراض المراقبة، وكذلك توفر إضاءة كافية في أماكن السكن والعمل، ثم تطوير مبادرات امنية مبتكرة للحد من الجريمة وذلك لمواجهة الجرائم في المناطق الساخنة.
موظفو الاجهزة الامنية والابتزاز الالكتروني
Authors: غازي احمد , قنبر فراس 
Published: September 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الأسباب التي تقف وراء تعرض رجال الشرطة للابتزاز الإلكتروني والتعرف على الأهداف والأسباب الكامنة وراء ابتزاز رجال الشرطة، فضلا عن التعرف على الأسباب التي تدفع رجال الشرطة إلى اللجوء إلى مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي كبديل للجهات الرقابية الرسمية ومعالجة تلك الأسباب. الأسباب. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم تصميم وبناء استبانة في ضوء الأدبيات المتعلقة بموضوع البحث وآراء المختصين والخبراء.
تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، إذ تكوّن مجتمع البحث من الضباط والمنتسبين والموظفين المدنيين في مقر وزارة الداخلية في العاصمة بغداد، وتكونت عينة البحث من (300) فرداً إجمالاً ، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن فئة ضباط الشرطة هي الفئة الأكثر عرضة للابتزاز نظرا لامتلاكهم الإمكانيات لتحقيق أهداف المبتز، وعدم إلمام معظم رجال الشرطة بالأدوات القانونية التي تجرم الابتزاز نظرا لعدم توفرها بشكل كافي. التدريب على مواجهة هذا التهديد.
وبشكل عام فإن الدافع المالي وراء ارتكاب هذا النوع من الجرائم كان بالرغم من وجود دوافع وظيفية وشخصية أخرى منها خوف الشرطي من اتهامه بالابتزاز وضعف الإجراءات الرسمية قد يدفع عدداً من رجال الشرطة إلى الامتناع عن الإبلاغ عن حالات الابتزاز إلى التي يتعرضون لها.
كما كشفت الدراسة عن وجود آثار نفسية واجتماعية ووظيفية يتعرض لها ضحايا رجال الشرطة. وأوصى البحث بضرورة اعتماد ما توصل إليه من نتائج بشأن أسباب تعرض ضباط الشرطة للابتزاز الإلكتروني، وحث وكيل الوزارة للشؤون الإدارية والمالية على توجيه كافة أقسام وإدارات الوزارة بإجراء تحقيق في أسباب الاستقالة. أو الفصل من الوظيفة أو المسؤولية التي يوفرها ضابط الشرطة، بالإضافة إلى توجيه الدوائر القانونية في الوزارة بضرورة التحقق من هوية المشتكي قبل البدء في التحقيق، وتوفير الحماية القانونية للشرطي للتأكد من أنه مطلع على حالات ابتزاز.