bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Burden of Mental Illness and Addiction in Ontario
Authors: Ratnasingham Sujitha , Cairney John , Manson Heather , Rehm Jürgen , Lin Elizabeth , Kurdyak Paul 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Public Health Ontario and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences have collaborated to estimate the burden of illness attributable to mental disorder and addictions in Ontario. Methods: Health-adjusted life years were used to estimate burden. It is conceptually similar to disability-adjusted life years that were used in the global burden of disease studies. Data sources for the mental illnesses and addictions used in our study included health administrative data for the province of Ontario, survey data from Statistics Canada and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, vital statistics data from the Ontario Office of the Registrar General, and US epidemiologic survey data. Results: The 5 conditions with the highest burden are: major depression, bipolar affective disorder, alcohol use disorders (AUDs), social phobia, and schizophrenia. The burden of depression is double the next highest mental health condition (that is, bipolar affective disorder) and is more than the combined burden of the 4 most common cancers in Ontario. AUDs were the only disease group that had a substantial proportion of burden attributable to early death. The burden estimates for the other conditions were primarily due to disability. Conclusions: The burden of these conditions in Ontario is as large or larger than other conditions, such as cancer and infectious diseases, owing in large part to the high prevalence, chronicity, and age of onset for most mental disorders and addiction problems. The findings serve as an important baseline for future evaluation of interventions intended to address the burden of mental health and addictions.
The Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment Project: Theory and Methodology
Authors: O'Donnell Katherine A , Gaudreau Hélène , Colalillo Sara , Steiner Meir , Atkinson Leslie , Moss Ellen , Goldberg Susan , Karama Sherif , Matthews Stephen G , Lydon John E , Silveira Patricia P , Wazana Ashley D , Levitan Robert D , Sokolowski Marla B , Kennedy James L , Fleming Alison , Meaney Michael J 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To describe the theory and methodology of the multi-wave, prospective Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) study. The goal of MAVAN is to examine the pre- and postnatal influences, and their interaction, in determining individual differences in mental health. Method: MAVAN is a community-based, birth cohort study of pregnant Canadian mothers and their offspring. Dyads are assessed longitudinally, with multiple assessments of both mother and child in home and laboratory across the child's development. Study measures, including assessments of cognitive and emotional function, are described. The study uses a candidate gene approach to examine gene–environment interdependence in specific developmental outcomes. Finally, the study includes measures of both brain-based phenotypes and metabolism to explore comorbidities associated with child obesity. One of the unique features of the MAVAN protocol is the extensive measures of the mother–child interaction. The relation between these measures will be discussed. Results: Evidence from the MAVAN project shows interesting results about maternal care, families, and child outcomes. In our review, preliminary analyses showing the correlations between measures of maternal care are reported. As predicted, early evidence suggests that maternal care measures are positively correlated, over time. Conclusions: This review provides evidence for the feasibility and value of laboratory-based measures embedded within a longitudinal birth cohort study. Though retention of the samples has been a challenge of MAVAN, they are within a comparable range to other studies of this nature. Indeed, the trade-off of somewhat greater participant burden has allowed for a rich database. The results yielded from the MAVAN project will not only describe typical development but also possible targets for intervention. Understanding certain endophenotypes will shed light on the pathogenesis of various mental and physical disorders, as well as their interrelation.
The Prevalence of Major Depression is Not Changing
Authors: Patten Scott B , Williams Jeanne V A , Lavorato Dina H , Fiest Kirsten M , Bulloch Andrew G M , Wang JianLi 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate trends in the prevalence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) in Canada during the past 2 decades using data collected in a series of national surveys. Method: MDE prevalence has been assessed in national surveys that either used a short form version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form for Major Depression (CIDI-SFMD) or an adaptation of the World Health Organization's (full-length) version, World Mental Health (WMH) CIDI. We applied meta-regression methods to adjust for instrument type while also addressing design effects in the individual data sets. Interprovincial differences that might have confounded estimation of national trends were also explored. Results: Interprovincial differences were not found to be significant, nor were time by province interactions. Estimates based on the WMH-CIDI were about 1% lower than those using the CIDI-SFMD. There was no evidence of changing prevalence over time, with slope for time, adjusted for assessment instrument, being nearly zero (β = 0.0007, P = 0.24). Conclusion: An extensive collection of surveys conducted in Canada between 1994 and 2012 provide an opportunity to examine long-term trends in the prevalence of major depression. MDE prevalence has not changed during this period of time.
Differential Effects of D2- and D4-Blocking Neuroleptics on the Procedural Learning of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Bédard Marc-André , Scherer Hélène , Delorimier Julie , Stip Emmanuel , Lalonde Pierre 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To illustrate the differential effects of D2- and D4-blocking neuroleptics on the procedural learning of patients with schizophrenia. Method: Twenty-nine schizophrenic patients were divided into 3 groups according to their pharmacological treatment: 1) drug naive, 2) haloperidol, and 3) clozapine. They were all assessed on clinical and procedural measures, the latter being the mirror drawing task. Results: All groups showed progressive learning over the successive trials, and drug-naive patients performed better than the other groups. Patients in the haloperidol group showed many fluctuations over trials, suggesting difficulty in the progressive automation of the task. Such fluctuations did not occur in the clozapine group, but performances per se were worse than in the other groups during the learning trials. A utomation of the task occurred at the same point (second block of trials) for all groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that D2- and D4-blocking neuroleptics do not similarly affect striatal dependent procedural learning in schizophrenia.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Motor Vehicle Accidents: A Multidisciplinary Overview
Authors: Kuch Klaus , Cox Brian J , Evans Ramon J 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) may result in intractable disability. This paper investigates posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a potential cause. Method: The literature was reviewed for recent studies on prevalence, symptom profile, and outcome of PTSD. Results: PTSD is prevalent in roughly 10% of survivors of MVAs during the first year. Comorbid depression and pain are common. Medical complications, psychophysiological reactivity, and possibly litigation may slow remission. Phobic symptoms can persist for years. Mood disturbance may augment the impact of pain on daily living and on self-perceived disability. Conclusion: Recently developed screening instruments, structured interviews, and behavioural approach tests yield quantitative and reliable assessments of symptom severity. Cognitive–behavioural intervention and antidepressants may improve coping, ease fear, and reduce the impact of pain.
Serum Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and with GAD and Comorbid Major Depression
Authors: Kuczmierczyk Andrzej R , Barbee James G , Bologna Nancy A , Townsend Mark H 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate risk for cardiovascular disease inpatients with GAD, as well as the effects of comorbid major depression (MD). Method: Predrug-trial serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were assessed in 38 patients with pure GAD and compared with those of 21 patients with mixed GAD and comorbid (MD). Results: Significantly higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found in the GAD group. Conclusion: Increased noradrenergic activity may be responsible for elevations in lipid levels in patients with pure GAD.
Plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes status in workers exposed to cadmium
Authors: Babu Kalahasthi Ravi , Rajmohan Hirehal Raghavendra Rao , Rajan Bagalur Krishna Murthy , M Karuna Kumar 
Published: January 2017

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a corrosion-resistant metal, used extensively for electroplating in the automobile, electronic and aerospace industry. Only a few studies are available regarding Cd-induced oxidative stress in animals, but no reports are available regarding the effects of Cd on oxidative stress during occupational exposure. Objective: The present study was carried out to determine the plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes status in workers exposed to Cd during electroplating. Methods: 50 subjects exposed to Cd during electroplating formed the study group. An equal number of age-sex matched subjects, working in the administrative section, formed the control group. Urinary Cd levels were determined using the flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Results: A significant increase of plasma lipid peroxidation and a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were noted in the study group compared with the control group. The level of plasma lipid peroxidation was positively and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were negatively and significantly associated with Cd levels in urine. Multiple regression analysis assessed the oxidative stress associated with Cd and other lifestyle confounding factors, such as age, body mass index, the consumption of vegetables, coffee, tea, smoking and alcohol. Analysis showed that the lifestyle confounding factors viz; smoking, body mass index and urinary Cd levels >5 μg/g of creatinine, were significantly associated with oxidative stress. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that increased plasma lipid peroxidation and decreased superoxide dismutase levels could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress in cadmium-exposed workers.
Sources and Number of Coupons for Cigarettes and Snus Received by a Cohort of Young Adults
Authors: Choi Kelvin , Taylor Naomi , Forster Jean 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: To examine the sources of tobacco coupons and their influence on susceptibility to snus use. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort Study. Subjects: A population-based sample of US Midwest young adults in 2011 to 2012 and 2012 to 2013 (aged 22-28; n = 2384). Measures: Exposure to coupons for various tobacco products through various sources in the past 6 months, susceptibility to snus use. Analysis: Multiple logistic regressions. Results: During the 6 months prior to 2012 to 2013 survey, 11% of the sample received coupons for cigarettes, 5% received coupons for snus, 3% received coupons for other smokeless tobacco products, and <1% received coupons for little cigars. Direct mail was the most commonly cited source of cigarette and snus coupons. Tobacco product packaging provided the highest number of tobacco coupons for current and former smokers. Participants without a 4-year college education (compared to those who had a 4-year college education) were more likely to have received coupons for cigarettes and snus and received more coupons for both products ( P < .05). Racial/ethnic minority young adults (vs non-Hispanic white) received more cigarette and snus coupons ( P < .05). Receiving snus coupons was positively associated with susceptibility to snus use ( P < .05). Conclusion: Tobacco companies are successful in reaching young adults using coupons for various tobacco products. Snus coupons may influence snus use, similar to how cigarette coupons influence smoking.
Source and Size of Social Support Network on Sedentary Behavior Among Older Adults
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Crush Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose: To examine the association of source of social support and size of social support network on sedentary behavior among older adults. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2006. Participants: 2519 older adults (60+ years). Measures: Sedentary behavior was assessed via accelerometry over a 7-day period. Social support was assessed via self-report. Sources evaluated include spouse, son, daughter, sibling, neighbor, church member, and friend. Regarding size of social network, participants were asked, “In general, how many close friends do you have?” Analysis: Multivariable linear regression. Results: After adjustment, there was no evidence of an association between the size of social support network and sedentary behavior. With regard to specific sources of social support, spousal social support was associated with less sedentary behavior (β = −11.6; 95% confidence interval: −20.7 to −2.5), with evidence to suggest that this was only true for men. Further, an inverse association was observed between household size and sedentary behavior, with those having a greater number of individuals in the house having lower levels of sedentary behavior. These associations occurred independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, age, gender, race–ethnicity, measured body mass index, total cholesterol, self-reported smoking status, and physician diagnosis of congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke, cancer, hypertension, or diabetes. Conclusion: Spouse-specific emotion-related social support (particularly for men) and household size were associated with less sedentary behavior.
Effect of the Knowledge and Attitudes of a Support Person on Maternal Feeding Choice
Authors: Thomas Courtney , O’Riordan Mary Ann , Furman Lydia 
Published: January 2017

Background: Breastfeeding rates among urban, low-income populations are lower than the national average, and social support can affect breastfeeding initiation and duration both positively and negatively. Research aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of the presence of a support person and breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes of that person on a mother’s feeding choice and perceived level of support for her choice. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 192 mothers receiving care for their infants in the Pediatric Practice at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, along with 74 adults accompanying these mothers. Data on demographics, feeding characteristics, and breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes were collected. Results: Analysis of the entire group of mothers found that breastfeeding-supportive knowledge and attitudes were an independent predictor of exclusive breastfeeding (odds ratio [ OR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.38, 2.60]) and any breastfeeding ( OR = 2.28, 95% CI [1.62, 3.21]). The presence of an accompanying adult was not related to feeding choice. Analysis of the subgroup of mothers with surveyed accompanying adults found independent predictors of any breastfeeding include maternal intention to breastfeed ( OR = 23.68, 95% CI [1.48, 377.6]) and breastfeeding-supportive knowledge and attitudes of the mother ( OR = 2.71, 95% CI [1.36, 5.40]) and the accompanying adult ( OR = 2.78, 95% CI [1.17, 6.60]). The only independent predictor of exclusive breastfeeding was maternal intention to breastfeed ( OR = 7.64, 95% CI [2.22, 26.3]). The majority of mothers (91%) felt supported, regardless of presence or absence of an accompanying adult. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of breastfeeding education for mothers and their support persons.
Likelihood of Breastfeeding Within the USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Population
Authors: Houghtaling Bailey , Byker Shanks Carmen , Jenkins Mica 
Published: January 2017

Background: Breastfeeding is an important public health initiative. Low-income women benefiting from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food and Nutrition Service Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are a prime population for breastfeeding promotion efforts. Research aim: This study aims to determine factors associated with increased likelihood of breastfeeding for WIC participants. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement guided the systematic review of literature. Database searches occurred in September and October 2014 and included studies limited to the previous 10 years. The following search terms were used: low-income; WIC; women, infants, and children; breastfeeding; breast milk; and maternal and child health. The criterion for inclusion was a study sample of women and children enrolled in the WIC program, thereby excluding non-United States–based research. Results: Factors that increased the likelihood of breastfeeding for WIC participants included sociodemographic and health characteristics ( n = 17); environmental and media support ( n = 4); government policy ( n = 2); intention to breastfeed, breastfeeding in hospital, or previous breastfeeding experience ( n = 9); attitudes toward and knowledge of breastfeeding benefits ( n = 6); health care provider or social support; and time exposure to WIC services ( n = 5). Conclusion: The complexity of breastfeeding behaviors within this population is clear. Results provide multisectored insight for future research, policies, and practices in support of increasing breastfeeding rates among WIC participants.
Factors Associated With Extended Breastfeeding in India
Authors: Mehta Arpit R. , Panneer Sigamani , Ghosh-Jerath Suparna , Racine Elizabeth F. 
Published: January 2017

Background: Extended breastfeeding duration is common in India. Extended breastfeeding protects the infant from infectious disease and promotes child spacing. In the 1990s, the median breastfeeding duration in India was 24 months. Research aim: This study aimed to investigate the median duration of breastfeeding in India and to identify the factors associated with extended breastfeeding to 24 months as recommended by the World Health Organization. Methods: This cross-sectional data analysis used nationally representative data from the 2011–2012 Indian Human Development Survey II. The outcome in this study was extended breastfeeding defined as breastfeeding to 24 months or more. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with extended breastfeeding. Results: The median duration of breastfeeding was 12 months; approximately 25% of women breastfed 24 months or more. Women were at greater odds of breastfeeding 24 months or more if the infant was a boy compared with a girl, if the women lived in a rural area compared with an urban area, if the women were married at a young age (< 17 vs. 20 years or older at marriage), and if the delivery was assisted by a friend or relative compared with a doctor. Conclusion: The median duration of breastfeeding has decreased by 50% from 1992–1993 to 2011–2012. The women who continue to breastfeed 24 months or more tend to be more traditional (i.e., living in rural areas, marrying young, and having family/friends as birth attendants). Further research to study the health effect of decreased breastfeeding duration is warranted.
Preliminary Report on Nurse Job Satisfaction on Wards for the Elderly, Mentally Ill
Authors: Mountain G. A. , Bowie P. C. W. , Dabbs A. R. 
Published: January 2017

The effect of Community Care Policies upon staffing levels within institutions is potentially problematic; wider job opportunities becoming available to nurses as community provision increases. The job satisfaction of nurses still working within institutions must, therefore, be an issue of importance in the maintenance of suitably qualified and experienced staff. This study examines the differing amounts of job satisfaction reported by a sample of 59 nurses all working on long-stay wards for the elderly, mentally ill; located within three different institutions. The results show that the measures selected for use have high content and face validity for this population. The effects of institutional and staff management are highlighted as being major influences upon the degree of job satisfaction.
The Compatibility of General Managers' Activities and Intentions in Managing Change in the NHS
Authors: Spurgeon Peter , Barwell Frederick 
Published: January 2017

As Hales (1986) has observed, the problem of much of the managerial research to date has been the reluctance to ask why managers behave in the way they do. The behaviour of general managers in tackling organisational change in the NHS needs to be viewed not only with respect to what is done but also with respect to how personal and organisational objectives are construed. In other words, the implementation of organisational change ultimately rests on how general managers perceive the nature of this change and their role in structuring their own personal and organisational objectives into appropriate activities. Examining the compatibility of managerial activities and the underlying values and intentions which support them is of critical importance in any cognitively-based approach. These intentions provide an important link between perceptions (i.e. how the organisation is construed) and behaviour (i.e. what activities managers choose to perform). Understanding the conceptual frameworks which underpin managerial activities could have profound implications for assessing the performance of general managers.
The Elderly Healthcare Consumer: A Critical Review of Information Source Use and Advertising Recommendations
Authors: Pemberton Judy Hathaway 
Published: January 2017

A critical review of the literature is undertaken to examine the state of the art and degree of articulation of theories, methods, and findings between health care marketing and the traditional “generic” marketing literature as related to knowledge of information use by and advertising to the elderly consumer. Evaluative criteria suggestive of scientific rigor are applied to this domain as consistencies, discrepancies, and gaps are identified. Recommendations for future research are advanced.