bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on vitamin A status in young children: A multicenter pragmatic controlled trial in Brazil
Authors: Silva Lara Livia Santos , Augusto Rosângela Aparecida , Tietzmann Daniela Cardoso , Sequeira Leopoldina Augusta Souza , Hadler Maria Claret Costa Monteiro , Muniz Pascoal Torres , de Lira Pedro Israel Cabral , Cardoso Marly Augusto ,   for the ENFAC Working Group
Published: December 2016

AbstractHome fortification with multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) is effective in the prevention of anemia in young children. However, the impact on their vitamin A status remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MNP on vitamin A status in young Brazilian children. A multicenter pragmatic, controlled trial was carried out in primary health centers in four Brazilian cities. In the beginning of the study, the control group (CG) consisted of children 11–14 months old (n = 395) attending in routine pediatric health care. In parallel, the intervention group (IG) was composed of children 6–8 months old (n = 399), in the same health centers, who followed the intervention with MNP for 2–3 months. The analysis of the effect of MNP on vitamin A status was performed by comparing the IG with the CG after a 4‐ to 6‐month follow‐up when IG children had reached the age of the controls. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD; serum retinol <0.70 μmol/L) in the CG was 16.2%, while in the IG was 7.5%—a 55% reduction in the VAD [prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.45 (0.28; 0.72)]. This reduction was also significant when stratifying the study centers by coverage of the Brazilian Vitamin A Supplementation Program. The adjusted mean of vitamin A serum concentrations improved in the IG compared with CG children, with a shift to the right in the vitamin A distribution. Home fortification with MNP was effective in reducing VAD among young Brazilian children.
Dickeya dadantii pectic enzymes necessary for virulence are also responsible for activation of the Arabidopsis thaliana innate immune system
Authors: Expert Dominique , Patrit Oriane , Shevchik Vladimir E. , Perino Claude , Boucher Virginie , Creze Christophe , Wenes Estelle , Fagard Mathilde 
Published: December 2016

SummarySoft‐rot diseases of plants attributed to Dickeya dadantii result from lysis of the plant cell wall caused by pectic enzymes released by the bacterial cell by a type II secretion system (T2SS). Arabidopsis thaliana can express several lines of defence against this bacterium. We employed bacterial mutants with defective envelope structures or secreted proteins to examine early plant defence reactions. We focused on the production of AtrbohD‐dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose deposition and cell death as indicators of these reactions. We observed a significant reduction in ROS and callose formation with a bacterial mutant in which genes encoding five pectate lyases (Pels) were disrupted. Treatment of plant leaves with bacterial culture filtrates containing Pels resulted in ROS and callose production, and both reactions were dependent on a functional AtrbohD gene. ROS and callose were produced in response to treatment with a cellular fraction of a T2SS‐negative mutant grown in a Pels‐inducing medium. Finally, ROS and callose were produced in leaves treated with purified Pels that had also been shown to induce the expression of jasmonic acid‐dependent defence genes. Pel catalytic activity is required for the induction of ROS accumulation. In contrast, cell death observed in leaves infected with the wild‐type strain appeared to be independent of a functional AtrbohD gene. It was also independent of the bacterial production of pectic enzymes and the type III secretion system (T3SS). In conclusion, the work presented here shows that D. dadantii is recognized by the A. thaliana innate immune system through the action of pectic enzymes secreted by bacteria at the site of infection. This recognition leads to AtrbohD‐dependent ROS and callose accumulation, but not cell death.
Estimating the sensitivity of stomatal conductance to photosynthesis: a review
Authors: Miner Grace L. , Bauerle William L. , Baldocchi Dennis D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA common approach for estimating fluxes of CO2 and water in canopy models is to couple a model of photosynthesis (An) to a semi‐empirical model of stomatal conductance (gs) such as the widely validated and utilized Ball–Berry (BB) model. This coupling provides an effective way of predicting transpiration at multiple scales. However, the designated value of the slope parameter (m) in the BB model impacts transpiration estimates. There is a lack of consensus regarding how m varies among species or plant functional types (PFTs) or in response to growth conditions. Literature values are highly variable, with inter‐species and intra‐species variations of >100%, and comparisons are made more difficult because of differences in collection techniques. This paper reviews the various methods used to estimate m and highlights how variations in measurement techniques or the data utilized can influence the resultant m. Additionally, this review summarizes the reported responses of m to [CO2] and water stress, collates literature values by PFT and compiles nearly three decades of values into a useful compendium.
Attitudes toward driver's licenses for people with epilepsy: 2012 versus 2014
Authors: Okumura Akihisa , Abe Shinpei , Nakazawa Mika , Ikeno Mitsuru , Igarashi Ayuko , Takasu Michihiko , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe compared knowledge about and attitudes toward epilepsy and the issuing of driver's licenses to people with epilepsy among non‐medical students before and after media controversies.MethodsThe survey was performed in 2012 and 2014 using a structured questionnaire. Participants were non‐medical students who attended a lecture on neurological diseases in children. The proportion of positive answers to each question in 2012 was compared with that in 2014. In addition, questions regarding attitudes toward driver's licenses were compared according to knowledge about car accidents linked to people with epilepsy.ResultsMore participants were familiar with epilepsy and had a favorable attitude toward epilepsy in 2014 than in 2012. In contrast, the proportion of participants who knew of car accidents linked to people with epilepsy was reduced in 2014 compared with 2012. The proportion of participants who did not think that severe punishment should be given to people with epilepsy if they caused a car accident decreased in 2014 among those without knowledge of car accidents.ConclusionsFamiliarity with and attitudes toward epilepsy were improved in 2014, whereas the decrease in proportion of positive answers on punishment among participants unfamiliar with car accidents suggests a latent worsening of public attitudes.
Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes
Authors: de Ruiter K. , Tahapary D. L. , Sartono E. , Soewondo P. , Supali T. , Smit J. W. A. , Yazdanbakhsh M. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryWorldwide, there is little overlap between the prevalence of soil‐transmitted helminths and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Helminth‐induced type 2 immune responses and immune regulatory network might modulate the obesity‐induced activation of inflammatory pathways that are associated with the development of insulin resistance, a strong predictor of the development of T2D. However, other factors such as helminth‐associated changes in adiposity and gut microbiome might also contribute to improved metabolic outcomes. In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.
Inclusion of a rest period in diaphragmatic breathing increases high frequency heart rate variability: Implications for behavioral therapy
Authors: Russell Matthew E. B. , Scott April B. , Boggero Ian A. , Carlson Charles R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHeart rate variability (HRV) is associated with positive physiological and psychological effects. HRV is affected by breathing parameters, yet debate remains regarding the best breathing interventions for strengthening HRV. The objective of the current study was to test whether the inclusion of a postexhalation rest period was effective at increasing HRV, while controlling for breathing rate. A within‐subject crossover design was used with 40 participants who were assigned randomly to a breathing pattern including a postexhalation rest period or a breathing pattern that omitted the postexhalation rest period. Participants completed training on each breathing pattern, practiced for 6 min, and sat quietly during a 5‐min washout period between practices. Participants were given instructions for diaphragmatic breathing at a pace of six breaths/minute with or without a postexhalation rest period. Recordings of heart rate, breathing rate, HF‐HRV, RMSSD, LF‐HRV, and SDNN were collected before and during each of the breathing trials. HRV indices were derived from Lead 1 ECG recordings. Pairwise contrasts showed that inclusion of a postexhalation rest period significantly decreased heart rate (p < .001) and increased HF‐HRV (p < .05). No differences were found for breathing rates (p > .05), RMSSD (p > .05), and SDNN (p > .05). Results indicated that omission of the postexhalation rest period resulted in higher LF‐HRV (p < .05). A postexhalation rest period improves HF‐HRV, commonly associated with self‐regulatory control, yet the importance of a postexhalation rest period requires further exploration.
Extracellular matrix in epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial and haemochorial placentation and its potential application for regenerative medicine
Authors: da Anunciação ARA , Mess AM , Orechio D , Aguiar BA , Favaron PO , Miglino MA 
Published: December 2016

ContentsA placenta is defined as structural approximation of maternal and foetal tissues to perform physiological exchange. Associated processes of differentiation and the establishment of its cells take place within the extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides a rich environment of collagens, fibronectins, cytokines and other components. Placental ECM is promising for tissue regeneration purposes, because it has immune tolerance capacities that may cause only minimal rejections of transplants with immunological differences between donor and recipient. However, specific characteristics of ECM during evolution of the structurally very diverse mammalian placenta are not yet revealed. We here address the major aspects of placental types, that is non‐invasive (epitheliochorial), medium (endotheliochorial)‐to‐high (haemochorial) invasive nature of the interhemal barrier between the foetal and maternal blood system as well as their main components of ECM with special reference to species that are commonly used as animal models for human placentation and in the potential applications for regenerative medicine.
Closed reduction and fluoroscopic‐assisted percutaneous pinning of 42 physeal fractures in 37 dogs and 4 cats*
Authors: Boekhout‐Ta Christina L. , Kim Stanley E. , Cross Alan R. , Evans Richard , Pozzi Antonio 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo report complications and clinical outcome of dogs and cats that underwent fluoroscopic‐assisted percutaneous pinning (FAPP) of physeal fractures.Study DesignRetrospective study.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 4).Materials and MethodsRecords (August 2007‐August 2014) of physeal fractures treated with FAPP in 3 hospitals were evaluated. Data collected included signalment, fracture characteristics (etiology, location, duration, Salter‐Harris classification, preoperative and postoperative displacement), surgical information (implant size, surgical duration), and outcome assessment information (functional outcome, radiographic outcome, and complications).ResultsThe majority of animals (92%) were classified as full functional outcome. No significant predictors of functional outcome were identified. The overall complication rate was 15% (n = 6). Elective pin removal rate was 41% (n = 17). Goniometry and limb circumference measurements of the affected and contralateral limbs were not significantly different in dogs for which measurements were obtained. Seventeen of 18 animals (16 dogs, 2 cats) measured had bone length changes on follow‐up radiographs.ConclusionFAPP is associated with an excellent functional outcome in a narrow selection of fracture configurations, specifically those with minimal displacement and for which anatomical alignment can be achieved with closed reduction.
Vertebral Subluxation Repair in a Pet Goat
Authors: Nannarone Sara , Bellezza Enrico , Moens Yves P. , Larenza Menzies Paula 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the perioperative management, including surgery, anesthesia, metabolic derangements, and physiotherapy, in a goat referred for paraparesis secondary to a road traffic accident.Study DesignCase report.Animals2‐year‐old mixed breed dwarf 44 kg female pet goat.MethodsClinical examination showed symptoms of early compensatory stages of shock, paraparesis with hyperextension of the thoracic limbs, pain on palpation of the thoracolumbar spine, increased patellar reflexes of both pelvic limbs without superficial sensitivity, but preserved deep pain sensation. These signs suggested a spinal cord injury with upper motor neuron syndrome and an anatomic localization between the third thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Radiographic examination revealed a thoracolumbar vertebral subluxation. Vertebral stabilization was achieved with the application of pins in the vertebral bodies stabilized by an interconnecting bridge of polymethylmethacrylate, a technique commonly adopted in companion animals.ResultsSurgery and recovery from anesthesia were uneventful, but 3 days later ruminal atony and subsequent bloating occurred. This was associated with metabolic derangements (metabolic alkalosis), decreased mentation, and marked tachypnea that responded to medical treatment. From day 3 post‐surgery, the goat underwent physiotherapy with manual and active exercises during the rehabilitation period of 21 days duration.ConclusionThe injury in this goat was successfully managed using vertebral stabilization similar to that used in dogs and cats. Extensive postoperative physiotherapeutic support contributed to the complete recovery of the animal.
High-Resolution pH Imaging of Living Bacterial Cells To Detect Local pH Differences
Authors: Morimoto Yusuke V. , Kami-ike Nobunori , Miyata Tomoko , Kawamoto Akihiro , Kato Takayuki , Namba Keiichi , Minamino Tohru 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Protons are utilized for various biological activities such as energy transduction and cell signaling. For construction of the bacterial flagellum, a type III export apparatus utilizes ATP and proton motive force to drive flagellar protein export, but the energy transduction mechanism remains unclear. Here, we have developed a high-resolution pH imaging system to measure local pH differences within living
Salmonella enterica
cells, especially in close proximity to the cytoplasmic membrane and the export apparatus. The local pH near the membrane was ca. 0.2 pH unit higher than the bulk cytoplasmic pH. However, the local pH near the export apparatus was ca. 0.1 pH unit lower than that near the membrane. This drop of local pH depended on the activities of both transmembrane export components and FliI ATPase. We propose that the export apparatus acts as an H
+
/protein antiporter to couple ATP hydrolysis with H
+
flow to drive protein export.

IMPORTANCE
The flagellar type III export apparatus is required for construction of the bacterial flagellum beyond the cellular membranes. The export apparatus consists of a transmembrane export gate and a cytoplasmic ATPase complex. The export apparatus utilizes ATP and proton motive force as the energy source for efficient and rapid protein export during flagellar assembly, but it remains unknown how. In this study, we have developed an
in vivo
pH imaging system with high spatial and pH resolutions with a pH indicator probe to measure local pH near the export apparatus. We provide direct evidence suggesting that ATP hydrolysis by the ATPase complex and the following rapid protein translocation by the export gate are both linked to efficient proton translocation through the gate.
Attenuation of the Type IV Pilus Retraction Motor Influences Neisseria gonorrhoeae Social and Infection Behavior
Authors: Hockenberry Alyson M. , Hutchens Danielle M. , Agellon Al , So Magdalene 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Retraction of the type IV pilus (Tfp) mediates DNA uptake, motility, and social and infection behavior in a wide variety of prokaryotes. To date, investigations into Tfp retraction-dependent activities have used a mutant deleted of PilT, the ATPase motor protein that causes the pilus fiber to retract. Δ
pilT
cells are nontransformable, nonmotile, and cannot aggregate into microcolonies. We tested the hypothesis that these retraction-dependent activities are sensitive to the strength of PilT enzymatic activity by using the pathogen
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
as a model. We constructed an
N. gonorrhoeae
mutant with an amino acid substitution in the PilT Walker B box (a substitution of cysteine for leucine at position 201, encoded by
pilT
L201C
). Purified PilT
L201C
forms a native hexamer, but mutant hexamers hydrolyze ATP at half the maximal rate.
N. gonorrhoeae
pilT
L201C
cells produce Tfp fibers, crawl at the same speed as the wild-type (wt) parent, and are equally transformable. However, the social behavior of
pilT
L201C
cells is intermediate between the behaviors of wt and Δ
pilT
cells. The infection behavior of
pilT
L201C
is also defective, due to its failure to activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) pathway. Our study indicates that pilus retraction,
per se
, is not sufficient for
N. gonorrhoeae
microcolony formation or infectivity; rather, these activities are sensitive to the strength of PilT enzymatic activity. We discuss the implications of these findings for
Neisseria
pathogenesis in the context of mechanobiology.

IMPORTANCE
Type IV pili are fibers expressed on the surface of many bacteria.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
cells crawl, take up DNA, and communicate with each other and with human cells by retracting these fibers. Here, we show that an
N. gonorrhoeae
mutant expressing an enzymatically weakened type IV pilus retraction motor still crawls and takes up DNA normally. However, mutant cells exhibit abnormal social behavior, and they are less infective because they fail to activate the epidermal growth factor receptor. Our study shows that
N. gonorrhoeae
social and infection behaviors are sensitive to the strength of the retraction motor enzyme.
Biliary Secretion of Quasi-Enveloped Human Hepatitis A Virus
Authors: Hirai-Yuki Asuka , Hensley Lucinda , Whitmire Jason K. , Lemon Stanley M. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTHepatitis A virus (HAV) is an unusual picornavirus that is released from cells cloaked in host-derived membranes. These quasi-enveloped virions (eHAV) are the only particle type circulating in blood during infection, whereas only nonenveloped virions are shed in feces. The reason for this is uncertain. Hepatocytes, the only cell type known to support HAV replicationin vivo, are highly polarized epithelial cells with basolateral membranes facing onto hepatic (blood) sinusoids and apical membranes abutting biliary canaliculi from which bile is secreted to the gut. To assess whether eHAV and nonenveloped virus egress from cells via vectorially distinct pathways, we studied infected polarized cultures of Caco-2 and HepG2-N6 cells. Most (>99%) progeny virions were released apically from Caco-2 cells, whereas basolateral (64%) versus apical (36%) release was more balanced with HepG2-N6 cells. Both apically and basolaterally released virions were predominantly enveloped, with no suggestion of differential vectorial release of eHAV versus naked virions. Basolateral to apical transcytosis of either particle type was minimal (<0.02%/h) in HepG2-N6 cells, arguing against this as a mechanism for differences in membrane envelopment of serum versus fecal virus. High concentrations of human bile acids converted eHAV to nonenveloped virions, whereas virus present in bile from HAV-infectedIfnar1−/−Ifngr1−/−andMavs−/−mice banded over a range of densities extending from that of eHAV to that of nonenveloped virions. We conclude that nonenveloped virions shed in feces are derived from eHAV released across the canalicular membrane and stripped of membranes by the detergent action of bile acids within the proximal biliary canaliculus.IMPORTANCEHAV is a hepatotropic, fecally/orally transmitted picornavirus that can cause severe hepatitis in humans. Recent work reveals that it has an unusual life cycle. Virus is found in cell culture supernatant fluids in two mature, infectious forms: one wrapped in membranes (quasi-enveloped) and another that is nonenveloped. Membrane-wrapped virions circulate in blood during acute infection and are resistant to neutralizing antibodies, likely facilitating HAV dissemination within the liver. On the other hand, virus shed in feces is nonenveloped and highly stable, facilitating epidemic spread and transmission to naive hosts. Factors controlling the biogenesis of these two distinct forms of the virus in infected humans are not understood. Here we characterize vectorial release of quasi-enveloped virions from polarized epithelial cell cultures and provide evidence that bile acids strip membranes from eHAV following its secretion into the biliary tract. These results enhance our understanding of the life cycle of this unusual picornavirus.