bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial 2017/3
Authors: Kocourek Sheila 
Published: January 2018

Nesta edição, do volume 30, número III da RSH (2017), foram selecionados 12 artigos científicos e uma produção artística. O dossiê elaborado pela equipe editorial da RSH é composto por cinco artigos que abordam os direitos humanos nas dimensões de educação, violência de gênero, violência contra crianças e adolescentes e direitos LGBTs. Os trabalhos científicos foram escolhidos com base nos intentos da edição, a fim de contribuir com o tema dos direitos humanos de maneira plural e abrangente.
Parasitism without frontiers: Infection variability of an intermediate host across multiple spatial scales
Authors: Rodríguez Sara M , Aliaga Fernando C , Valdivia Nelson 
Published: January 2018

Background. Parasites are heterogeneously distributed in intermediate host populations, but how this variability changes between multiple geographic scales remain unclear. Here, we test whether in a complex host-parasite system developing in sandy shores, the high spatiotemporal variability in the physical structure of these habitats will lead to comparatively high variability in parasitosis observed at the local- (i.e. few metres) and meso-scale (i.e. tens of km), relative to the regional scale (several 100s of km).
Methods. Here, we analyse the spatial variability of acanthocephalan parasites infecting decapod molecrabs according to a hierarchical design spanning more than 500 km of the southern-central shore of Chile. We predicted that the local effects could potentially influence the host-parasite interaction by generating a large amount of between-site heterogeneity in parasitosis and thus, to improve our understanding of the development of epidemic and infectious processes.
Results. The analysis of generalized mixed-effect models showed that the spatial variability in parasitosis (i.e. probability of infection, parasite burden, prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance) was smallest at the regional scale. On the other hand, the largest amount of spatial variability of most measures of parasitosis was observed at the meso-scale. Prevalence, however, displayed similar (and high) levels of variation at meso- and local-scales.
Conclusions. We suggest that parasite infection could be related with abiotic factors that determine habitat physical stability, such as seasonal morphodynamic of sandy shores. Thus, local environmental filters can have strong and deterministic effects on the regulation of this complex host-parasite system across spatial scales.
Translating genomics into practice for real-time surveillance and response to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: evidence from a complex multi-institutional KPC outbreak
Authors: Kwong Jason C. , Lane Courtney R. , Romanes Finn , Gonçalves da Silva Anders , Easton Marion , Cronin Katie , Waters Mary Jo , Tomita Takehiro , Stevens Kerrie , Schultz Mark B. , Baines Sarah L. , Sherry Norelle L. , Carter Glen P. , Mu Andre , Sait Michelle , Ballard Susan A. , Seemann Torsten , Stinear Timothy P. , Howden Benjamin P. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundUntil recently,Klebsiella pneumoniaecarbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae were rarely identified in Australia. Following an increase in the number of incident cases across the state of Victoria, we undertook a real-time combined genomic and epidemiological investigation. The scope of this study included identifying risk factors and routes of transmission, and investigating the utility of genomics to enhance traditional field epidemiology for informing management of established widespread outbreaks.MethodsAll KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates referred to the state reference laboratory from 2012 onwards were included. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in parallel with a detailed descriptive epidemiological investigation of each case, using Illumina sequencing on each isolate. This was complemented with PacBio long-read sequencing on selected isolates to establish high-quality reference sequences and interrogate characteristics of KPC-encoding plasmids.ResultsInitial investigations indicated that the outbreak was widespread, with 86 KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates (K. pneumoniae92%) identified from 35 different locations across metropolitan and rural Victoria between 2012 and 2015. Initial combined analyses of the epidemiological and genomic data resolved the outbreak into distinct nosocomial transmission networks, and identified healthcare facilities at the epicentre of KPC transmission. New cases were assigned to transmission networks in real-time, allowing focussed infection control efforts. PacBio sequencing confirmed a secondary transmission network arising from inter-species plasmid transmission. Insights from Bayesian transmission inference and analyses of within-host diversity informed the development of state-wide public health and infection control guidelines, including interventions such as an intensive approach to screening contacts following new case detection to minimise unrecognised colonisation.ConclusionA real-time combined epidemiological and genomic investigation proved critical to identifying and defining multiple transmission networks of KPC Enterobacteriaceae, while data from either investigation alone were inconclusive. The investigation was fundamental to informing infection control measures in real-time and the development of state-wide public health guidelines on carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae surveillance and management.
Artifacts in Century‐Length Atmospheric and Coupled Reanalyses Over Antarctica Due To Historical Data Availability
Authors: Schneider David P. , Fogt Ryan L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEnabled by advances in data assimilation and the digitization of historical observations, atmospheric reanalysis products that span the entire twentieth century provide valuable gridded data over the sparsely observed high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere. Here austral summer and winter surface pressure trends in three reanalyses are compared to trends in a statistically based pressure reconstruction, trends in atmospheric models without data assimilation, and estimates of uncertainty from the reanalyses. In austral summer during the early twentieth century, the reanalyses underestimate the depth of the circumpolar trough, leading to erroneously high pressure values over the region. Around 1950, a rapid increase in the number of assimilated pressure observations leads to a dramatic reduction in the reanalyses standard error and a spurious drop in the surface pressure. A more likely history of the surface pressure over this region is provided by the reconstruction, which is consistent with the model simulations without data assimilation.
Precipitation, Convective Clouds, and Their Connections With Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Intensity Change
Authors: Ruan Zhenxin , Wu Qiaoyan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this paper, satellite‐based precipitation, clouds with infrared (IR) brightness temperature (BT), and tropical cyclone (TC) data from 2000 to 2015 are used to explore the relationship between precipitation, convective cloud, and TC intensity change in the Western North Pacific Ocean. An IR BT of 208 K was chosen as a threshold for deep convection based on different diurnal cycles of IR BT. More precipitation and colder clouds with 208 K < IR BT < 240 K are found as storms intensify, while TC 24 h future intensity change is closely connected with very deep convective clouds with IR BT < 208 K. Intensifying TCs follow the occurrence of colder clouds with IR BT < 208 K with greater areal extents. As an indicator of very deep convective clouds, IR BT < 208 K is suggested to be a good predictor of TC intensity change. Based upon the 16 year analysis in the western North Pacific, TCs under the conditions that the mean temperature of very deep convective clouds is less than 201 K, and the coverage of this type of clouds is more than 27.4% within a radius of 300 km of the TC center, will more likely undergo rapid intensification after 24 h.
Three‐Step Buildup of the 17 March 2015 Storm Ring Current: Implication for the Cause of the Unexpected Storm Intensification
Authors: Keika Kunihiro , Seki Kanako , Nosé Masahito , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Mitchell Donald G. , Gkioulidou Matina , Manweiler Jerry W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe examine the spatiotemporal variations of the energy density and the energy spectral evolution of energetic ions in the inner magnetosphere during the main phase of the 17 March 2015 storm, using data from the RBSPICE and EMFISIS instruments onboard Van Allen Probes. The storm developed in response to two southward IMF intervals separated by about 3 h. In contrast to two steps seen in the Dst/SYM‐H index, the ring current ion population evolved in three steps: the first subphase was apparently caused by the earlier southward IMF, and the subsequent subphases occurred during the later southward IMF period. Ion energy ranges that contribute to the ring current differed between the three subphases. We suggest that the spectral evolution resulted from the penetration of different plasma sheet populations. The ring current buildup during the first subphase was caused by the penetration of a relatively low‐energy population that had existed in the plasma sheet during a prolonged prestorm northward IMF interval. The deeper penetration of the lower‐energy population was responsible for the second subphase. The third subphase, where the storm was unexpectedly intensified to a Dst/SYM‐H level of <−200 nT, was caused by the penetration of a hot, dense plasma sheet population. We attribute the hot, dense population to the entry of hot, dense solar wind into the plasma sheet and/or ion heating/acceleration in the near‐Earth plasma sheet associated with magnetotail activity such as reconnection and dipolarization.
Origins of the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Semiannual Oscillation: Reformulating the “Thermospheric Spoon” Mechanism
Authors: Jones M. , Emmert J. T. , Drob D. P. , Picone J. M. , Meier R. R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe demonstrate how Earth's obliquity generates the global thermosphere‐ionosphere (T‐I) semiannual oscillation (SAO) in mass density and electron density primarily through seasonally varying large‐scale advection of neutral thermospheric constituents, sometimes referred to as the “thermospheric spoon” mechanism (TSM). The National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME‐GCM) is used to isolate the TSM forcing of this prominent intraannual variation (IAV) and to elucidate the contributions of other processes to the T‐I SAO. An ∼30% SAO in globally averaged mass density (relative to its global annual average) at 400 km is reproduced in the TIME‐GCM in the absence of seasonally varying eddy diffusion, tropospheric tidal forcing, and gravity wave breaking. Artificially, decreasing the tilt of Earth's rotation axis with respect to the ecliptic plane to 11.75° reduces seasonal variations in insolation and weakens interhemispheric pressure differences at the solstices, thereby damping the global‐scale, interhemispheric transport of atomic oxygen (O) and molecular nitrogen in the thermosphere and reducing the simulated global mass density SAO amplitude to ∼10%. Simulated T‐I IAVs in mass density and electron density have equinoctial maxima at all latitudes near the F2 region peak; this phasing and its latitude dependence agree well with empirically inferred climatologies. When tropospheric tides and gravity waves are included, simulated IAV amplitudes and their latitudinal dependence also agree well with empirically inferred climatologies. Simulated meridional and vertical transport of O due to the TSM couples to the upper mesospheric circulation, which also contributes to the T‐I SAO through O chemistry.
Survey of the Favorable Conditions for Magnetosonic Wave Excitation
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Chan , Shprits Yuri 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe ratio of the proton ring velocity (VR) to the local Alfven speed (VA), in addition to proton ring distributions, plays a key factor in the excitation of magnetosonic waves at frequencies between the proton cyclotron frequency fcp and the lower hybrid resonance frequency fLHR in the Earth's magnetosphere. Here we investigate whether there is a statistically significant relationship between occurrences of proton rings and magnetosonic waves both outside and inside the plasmapause using particle and wave data from Van Allen Probe‐A during the time period of October 2012 to December 2015. We also perform a statistical survey of the ratio of the ring energy (ER, corresponding to VR) to the Alfven energy (EA, corresponding to VA) to determine the favorable conditions under which magnetosonic waves in each of two frequency bands (fcp < f ≤ 0.5 fLHR and 0.5 fLHR < f < fLHR) can be excited. The results show that the magnetosonic waves in both frequency bands occur around the postnoon (12–18 magnetic local time, MLT) sector outside the plasmapause when ER is comparable to or lower than EA, and those in lower‐frequency bands (fcp < f ≤ 0.5 fLHR) occur around the postnoon sector inside the plasmapause when ER/EA > ~9. However, there is one discrepancy between occurrences of proton rings and magnetosonic waves in low‐frequency bands around the prenoon sector (6–12 MLT) outside the plasmapause, which suggests either that the waves may have propagated during active time from the postnoon sector after being excited during quiet time, or they may have locally excited in the prenoon sector during active time.
Ultrahigh‐Pressure Phase Transitions in FeS2 and FeO2: Implications for Super‐Earths' Deep Interior
Authors: Huang Shengxuan , Wu Xiang , Qin Shan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIron oxides play an important role in planetary evolution, but little information about the structural properties of AX2‐type iron oxides under extreme conditions limits our understanding of the so‐called “super‐Earth” planets. Here an investigation into the high‐pressure behavior of FeO2 as well as its sulfide counterpart FeS2, has been conducted by first‐principle calculations based on density functional theory. Both FeO2 and FeS2 are predicted to undergo a
‐
‐I4/mmm transition sequence at extreme pressure. Differences in high‐pressure behaviors between FeO2 and FeS2 have been discussed in detail, such as effective coordination number and elasticity. This study not only resolves the controversy about the structural stability of FeS2 under high pressure but also suggests the tenfold coordinated I4/mmm‐type FeO2 may contribute to local chemical heterogeneity by accumulation in the deep interior of a large super‐Earth or water‐rich planet, whose pressure at the core‐mantle boundary can reach 2 TPa.
Impact of East Asian Summer Monsoon on Surface Ozone Pattern in China
Authors: Li Shu , Wang Tijian , Huang Xing , Pu Xi , Li Mengmeng , Chen Pulong , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Wang Minghuai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTropospheric ozone plays a key role in regional and global atmospheric and climate systems. In East Asia, ozone can be affected both in concentration level and spatial pattern by typical monsoon climate. This paper uses three different indices to identify the strength of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and explores the possible impact of EASM intensity on the ozone pattern through synthetic and process analysis. The difference in ozone between three strong and three weak monsoon years was analyzed using the simulations from regional climate model RegCM4‐Chem. It was found that EASM intensity can significantly influence the spatial distribution of ozone in the lower troposphere. When EASM is strong, ozone in the eastern part of China (28°N ‐ 42° N) is reduced, but the inverse is detected in the north and south. The surface ozone difference ranges from −7 to 7 ppbv during the 3 months (June to August) of the EASM, with the most obvious difference in August. Difference of the 3 months' average ozone ranges from −3.5 to 4 ppbv. Process analysis shows that the uppermost factor controlling ozone level during summer monsoon seasons is the chemistry process. Interannual variability of EASM can impact the spatial distribution of ozone through wind in the lower troposphere, cloud cover, and downward shortwave radiation, which affect the transport and chemical formation of ozone. The phenomenon should be addressed when considering the interaction between ozone and the climate in East Asia region.
Assessing Parameter Importance of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Based On Global Sensitivity Analysis Methods
Authors: Ji Dong , Dong Wenjie , Hong Tao , Dai Tanlong , Zheng Zhiyuan , Yang Shili , Zhu Xian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe effectiveness and efficiency of two state‐of‐the‐art global sensitivity analysis (SA) methods, the Morris and surrogate‐based Sobol' methods, are evaluated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 3.6.1. The sensitivities of precipitation and other related meteorological variables to 11 selected parameters in the new Kain‐Fritsch Scheme, WRF Single‐Moment 6‐class Scheme, and Yonsei University Scheme are then investigated. The results demonstrate that (1) the Morris method is effective and efficient for screening important parameters qualitatively, and with recommended settings of levels p = 8 and replication times r = 10 only 10 × (D + 1) WRF runs are required, where D is the dimension of parameter space; (2) Gaussian process regression (GP) is the best method for constructing surrogates, and the GP‐based Sobol' method can provide reliable quantitative results for sensitivity analysis when the number of WRF runs exceeds 200; and (3) the sensitivity index μ∗ in the Morris method is closely related to the Sobol' index ST, and even for qualitative sensitivity analysis, the GP‐based Sobol' method is more efficient compared to the Morris method. The SA results show that larger values of the downdraft‐related parameter x1, entrainment‐related parameter x2, and downdraft starting height x3 significantly decrease rainfall, while the maximum allowed value for the cloud ice diameter x6 has a moderate decreasing effect on precipitation. This work is useful for further tuning of the WRF to improve the agreement between the climate model and observations.
Retracted: Time‐Dependent Cryospheric Longwave Surface Emissivity Feedback in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Kuo Chaincy , Feldman Daniel R. , Huang Xianglei , Flanner Mark , Yang Ping , Chen Xiuhong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFrozen and unfrozen surfaces exhibit different longwave surface emissivities with different spectral characteristics, and outgoing longwave radiation and cooling rates are reduced for unfrozen scenes relative to frozen ones. Here physically realistic modeling of spectrally resolved surface emissivity throughout the coupled model components of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) is advanced, and implications for model high‐latitude biases and feedbacks are evaluated. It is shown that despite a surface emissivity feedback amplitude that is, at most, a few percent of the surface albedo feedback amplitude, the inclusion of realistic, harmonized longwave, spectrally resolved emissivity information in CESM1.2.2 reduces wintertime Arctic surface temperature biases from −7.2 ± 0.9 K to −1.1 ± 1.2 K, relative to observations. The bias reduction is most pronounced in the Arctic Ocean, a region for which Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5) models exhibit the largest mean wintertime cold bias, suggesting that persistent polar temperature biases can be lessened by including this physically based process across model components. The ice emissivity feedback of CESM1.2.2 is evaluated under a warming scenario with a kernel‐based approach, and it is found that emissivity radiative kernels exhibit water vapor and cloud cover dependence, thereby varying spatially and decreasing in magnitude over the course of the scenario from secular changes in atmospheric thermodynamics and cloud patterns. Accounting for the temporally varying radiative responses can yield diagnosed feedbacks that differ in sign from those obtained from conventional climatological feedback analysis methods.
A Case Study of Low‐Level Jets in Yerevan Simulated by the WRF Model
Authors: Gevorgyan Artur 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCapabilities of high‐resolution (3 km) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations to reproduce topographically induced mountain‐valley winds and low‐level jets (LLJs) in Yerevan have been evaluated using high‐frequency observational and modeled data. High sensitivities of simulations of near‐surface winds and LLJ characteristics observed on 4 July 2015 to both boundary layer and initial and lateral boundary conditions setup have been demonstrated. Among the nine tested planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes the MYJ, QNSE, and TEMF PBL schemes showed greater skill in simulation of near‐surface valley winds over Yerevan, while the other PBL schemes tend to significantly underestimate the strength of valley winds, with the BouLac PBL scheme being the worst performer. Most of PBL schemes simulate well‐defined LLJs in Yerevan associated with evening valley winds. The simulated jet cores are mostly located between 150 and 250 m above ground with magnitudes varying from 12 to 21 m s−1. However, the intensity of the observed nocturnal LLJ in Yerevan (located at 110 m above ground) is strongly underestimated by most of the WRF runs while the Shin and Hong and YSU PBL schemes simulate nocturnal LLJs higher than the observed LLJ. The WRF runs initiated with newly released European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐5 data set showed improved simulation of near‐surface winds and nighttime potential temperatures in Yerevan relative to those forced by the Global Forecast System fields.
Synoptic Formation of Double Tropopauses
Authors: Liu Chengji , Barnes Elizabeth 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDouble tropopauses are ubiquitous in the midlatitude winter hemisphere and represent the vertical stacking of two stable tropopause layers separated by a less stable layer. By analyzing COSMIC GPS data, reanalysis, and eddy life cycle simulations, we demonstrate that they often occur during Rossby wave breaking and act to increase the stratosphere‐to‐troposphere exchange of mass. We further investigate the adiabatic formation of double tropopauses and propose two mechanisms by which they can occur. The first mechanism operates at the tropopause break in the subtropics where the higher tropical tropopause sits on one side of the break and the lower extratropical tropopause sits on the other. The double tropopauses are then formed by differential meridional advection of the higher and lower tropopauses on the two sides of the tropopause break. We show that anticyclonic wave breaking can form double tropopauses mainly by providing stronger poleward advection of the higher tropopause in its poleward lobe. Cyclonic wave breaking mainly forms double tropopauses by providing stronger equatorward advection of the lower tropopause in its equatorward lobe. We demonstrate in the COSMIC GPS data and reanalysis that about half of the double tropopauses in the Northern Hemisphere winter can be directly attributed to such differential advection. For the second mechanism, adiabatic destabilization of the air above the tropopause contributes to the formation of a double tropopause. In this case, a tropopause inversion layer is necessary for this destabilization to result in a double tropopause.