bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model Reduction Method for Conduction-Based Thermal Analysis of a Complex System to Obtain an Equivalent Numerical Model
Authors: Usul Yener , Özkökdemir Emir 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this study, we focus on an electronic unit within a complex system for numerical thermal analysis, which must be analyzed for each design iteration. There are heat sources inside and outside the system. The electronic unit itself is also a heat source due to the heat dissipating electronic components. That is to say, there may be a positive or negative heat transfer through the electronic unit from the rest of the system. The first step in the model reduction process employed in this study involves removing regions distant from the unit of interest from the analysis model and simplifying the geometry of regions near the unit. Then, the equivalent thermal properties of the simplified region as well as the corresponding boundary conditions, are estimated. This estimation is carried out iteratively by adjusting the parameters related to the simplified model using the main analysis model results as a reference for predetermined analysis scenarios. Consequently, the analysis model is mathematically reduced while preserving the physical phenomena associated with the unit of interest within an acceptable margin of error.
Advancement in Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Thermal Modeling Based on Electrochemical Principles
Authors: Ferreira Patryck , Tang Shu-Xia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study introduces an advanced thermal model for lithiumion battery packs, examining cell and module-level heat dynamics. Heat within cells originates from complex electrochemical reactions described by Fick’s second law. The Single Particle Model (SPM) utilizes two Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) to analyze electrode dynamics, considering electric power generation via Ohm’s law and subsequent heat generation from Joule’s effect. Conduction interactions within cells and the battery casing are assessed using a thermal resistance model. Convective heat within the liquid electrolyte is also considered in the cell heat analysis. This cumulative heat is averaged per cell within a module to determine total module heat. A transient heat equation, employing PDEs, analyzes internal module temperatures, incorporating the heat exchange system as boundary conditions, creating a system of PDEs for each module. This approach, distinct from computational fluid dynamics studies, focuses on detailed cell-level modeling using PDEs, extending to module-level heat analysis with boundary conditions. The study’s novelty lies in its method of employing multiple PDEs to model module temperature within battery packs, improving accuracy and safety assessment.
Prediction of Critical Heat Flux for Liquid Helium Using Machine Learning Models Assisted by Physics-Based Correlation
Authors: Li Jiayuan , Kharangate Chirag R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Liquid helium plays an important role in fields such as superconductivity, quantum computing, medical cryopreservation, and space exploration. Prediction of pool boiling heat transfer, especially the critical heat flux, is crucial for all these applications. To date, no effective tool is available to give accurate predictions of critical heat flux specific for liquid helium. In this study, we use both traditional machine learning models and physics-assisted machine learning models to predict critical heat flux of liquid helium with 585 data sourced from 22 studies. While the traditional machine learning models possess no information on critical heat flux, the physics-assisted machine learning models obtain physical information of critical heat flux from Zuber [2]’s correlation by predicting the multiplier of the hydrodynamic instability term. Recursive feature elimination and stepwise selection are used to remove the redundant features while multivariate adaptive regression splines, support vector machine, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting are used for modeling. Support vector machine, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting result in better performance than traditional correlations. Physics-assisted extreme gradient boosting model achieves the best result with 14% mean absolute percentage error. This work is the first attempt in reported literatures to predict critical heat flux for liquid helium using machine learning models.
Design of a Continuous Suspension Freeze Crystallizer for Desalination Brine Treatment
Authors: El Kadi Khadije , Al Aghbari Anas , Janajreh Isam 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Freeze crystallization presents an innovative thermal desalination technology whereby water is separated from salts in brine solution through freezing, commonly known as freeze desalination (FD). This work presents a comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigation aimed at optimizing the design of a Continuous Suspension Freeze Crystallizer (CSFC) for seawater brine treatment. The approach involves a dual-level methodology, comprising non-isothermal geometrical optimization and ice crystallization evaluation. Geometrical optimization explores parameters such as crystallizer height, channel diameter, and the number of inlets/outlets across different residence times. Results demonstrate that increasing crystallizer height, diameter, residence time, and the number of inlets/outlets positively impact heat transfer, leading to a notable enhancement in the outlet-to-inlet temperature difference. This adjustment creates conducive conditions to attain less temperature polarization within the crystallizer. Nonetheless, implementation of solidification modeling revealed heterogeneous ice crystallization at the CSFC walls, especially at higher residence times. The results underscore the potential need for external agitation or ultrasonic power to address temperature polarization near the wall.
Optimisation of Energy Usage in Some Senior High Schools in Tarkwa and its Environs
Authors: Simons Anthony , Offei Daniel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In line with the worldwide efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainability in energy generation, renewable energy sources offer the most advantageous option. This work explores optimisation of energy consumption in four Senior High Schools within the Tarkwa Nsuaem and Prestea Huni-Valley Municipalities in the Western Region of Ghana. A comprehensive energy audit used the ASHRAE standards to identify areas for improvement in the electricity usage of these schools. Replacing CFLs and incandescent lamps with LED bulbs, along with changing old refrigerators with higher energy consumption, reduced the general energy consumption by an average of 40 % in the selected schools. The study went further to assess the feasibility of implementing solar energy technology options for power generation on the gable roof which is predominant in Ghanaian schools. Comparison of solar technologies favored grid-connected PV for its cost-effectiveness. A prototype of solar tracking system designed specifically for the gable roof was fabricated to increase solar panel efficiency. This new design collected 31 % more solar power compared to another installation which did not track the varying position of the sun in the sky. It was recommended that exclusive use of LED bulbs in Senior High Schools should be encouraged, and government should continue to support the usage of renewable energy to achieve sustainable energy goals. This study emphasises the vital role of energy efficiency and renewable energy in educational institutions to reduce the cost of purchasing energy (a direct function of the rate of energy consumption) and for climate change mitigation.
Numerical Analysis of Surface Coatings Performances for In-Flight Icing Device Performance Enhancement
Authors: Croce Giulio , Suzzi Nicola 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recent developments in manufacturing techniques offer a wide range of high-performance coatings designed to improve heat and mass transfer processes. Superhydrophobic surfaces may enhance the performances of anti and de-icing devices for in-flight ice applications. Numerical modeling of the effect of such devices requires the analysis of the behavior of an ensemble of individual droplets, rather than assuming a continuous film as in standard icing codes. Here an individual-based method (IBM) is adopted. Droplets are assumed as the smaller element of the simulations, and phenomenological sub-models describe their behavior through impact on the surface, possible rebound, growth via coalescence or phase change (either freezing or evaporation), transition from still droplet to moving ones, the transition from running droplets to rivulets. The model is validated versus literature experimental data, showing the capability of the approach. It appears that hydrophobicity is not yet enough to build a passive anti-icing system but can significantly enhance the performances of typical thermal devices.
An Embedded Microfluidic Approach for Direct Cooling of Copper Windings in Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Moguel Daniel A. , Pekarek Steven D. , Weibel Justin A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Increasing the current density of electric machine windings is a means to increase the torque density, and thus the power density, of an electric machine. The peak achievable current density is governed by the ability to remove heat from the windings subject to material temperature constraints. Traditional thermal management schemes use external cooling jackets or other approach where the coolant indirectly interfaces with the windings. However, recent studies have shown the use of printed circuit boards (PCB) as a shared substrate for both cooling channels as well as copper traces, with demonstrations of planar inductor coil current densities that exceed those in traditional power-dense machinery. In view of this application need, this study explores an approach to increase the achievable current densities to &gt; 100 A/mm2 in windings using direct liquid cooling of copper traces on PCBs. This is enabled by fabricating multi-layer board stacks having embedded microchannels for cooling with a dielectric fluid that is in direct contact with internal copper winding traces.
Adaptive Determination of the Damping Coefficient of the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm Using Type-2 Fuzzy in Inverse Heat Transfer Problems
Authors: Sajedi Ramin , Faraji Javad , Samadi Forooza , Kowsary Farshad 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this study, a combination of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and the type-2 fuzzy method is used to solve an inverse heat transfer problem. Considering the essential role of the damping factor in the stability and efficiency of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm in solving ill-posed problems, a new method based on fuzzy logic theory is used to update the value of this parameter in the iteration of the solution. A cubic polynomial test case is estimated using classical, type-1, and type-2 fuzzy Levenberg-Marquardt methods for the boundary heat flux in a one-dimensional heat transfer problem. The evaluation criteria chosen are convergence speed and robustness. The results show that the use of the new method increases the speed of convergence. The robustness and the accuracy of the estimates is improved by using this new method compared to the conventional Levenberg-Marquardt method.
Validating the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitors With Nondiabetic Recreational Runners
Authors: Mason Lesley J. , Hartwig Timothy , Greene David 
Published: September 2024

Purpose: Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are becoming increasingly popular among endurance athletes despite unconfirmed accuracy. We assessed the concurrent validity of the FreeStyle Libre 2 worn on 2 different sites at rest, during steady-state running, and postprandial. Methods: Thirteen nondiabetic, well-trained recreational runners (age = 40 [8] y, maximal aerobic oxygen consumption = 46.1 [6.4] mL·kg–1·min–1) wore a CGM on the upper arm and chest while treadmill running for 30, 60, and 90 minutes at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, and 70% of maximal aerobic oxygen consumption, respectively. Glucose was measured by manually scanning CGMs and obtaining a finger-prick capillary blood glucose sample. Mean absolute relative difference, time in range, and continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis were used to compare paired CGM and blood glucose readings. Results: Across all intensities of steady-state running, we found a mean absolute relative difference of 13.8 (10.9) for the arm and 11.4 (9.0) for the chest. The coefficient of variation exceeded 70%. Approximately 47% of arm and 50% of chest paired glucose measurements had an absolute difference ≤10%. Continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis indicated 99.8% (arm) and 99.6% (chest) CGM data fell in clinically acceptable zones A and B. Time-in-range analysis showed reduced accuracy at lower glucose levels. However, CGMs accurately detected trends in mean glucose readings over time. Conclusions: CGMs are not valid for point glucose monitoring but appear to be valid for monitoring glucose trends during steady-state exercise. Accuracy is similar for arm and chest. Further research is needed to determine whether CGMs can detect important events such as hypoglycemia during exercise.
Zebrafish as an effective model for evaluating phage therapy in bacterial infections: a promising strategy against human pathogens
Authors: Plumet Lucile , Costechareyre Denis , Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Kissa Karima , Molle Virginie 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections necessitates urgent alternative therapeutic strategies. Phage therapy, which employs bacteriophages to specifically target pathogenic bacteria, emerges as a promising solution. This review examines the efficacy of phage therapy in zebrafish models, both embryos and adults, which are proven and reliable for simulating human infectious diseases. We synthesize findings from recent studies that utilized these models to assess phage treatments against various bacterial pathogens, including
Enterococcus faecalis
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Mycobacterium abscessus
,
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
,
Acinetobacter baumannii
, and
Escherichia coli
. Methods of phage administration, such as circulation injection and bath immersion, are detailed alongside evaluations of survival rates and bacterial load reductions. Notably, combination therapies of phages with antibiotics show enhanced efficacy, as evidenced by improved survival rates and synergistic effects in reducing bacterial loads. We also discuss the transition from zebrafish embryos to adult models, emphasizing the increased complexity of immune responses. This review highlights the valuable contribution of the zebrafish model to advancing phage therapy research, particularly in the face of rising antibiotic resistance and the urgent need for alternative treatments.
Characterization of 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase from the sulfate-reducing, phenanthrene-degrading enrichment culture TRIP
Authors: Kaplieva-Dudek I. , Samak Nadia A. , Bormann Jenny , Kaschani Farnusch , Kaiser Markus , Meckenstock Rainer U. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemically stable pollutants that are poorly degraded by microorganisms in anoxic sediments. The anaerobic degradation pathway of PAHs such as phenanthrene starts with a carboxylation reaction forming phenanthroic acid. In this study, we identified and characterized the next enzyme in the pathway, the 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase involved in the ATP-dependent formation of 2-phenanthroyl-CoA from cell-free extracts of the sulfate-reducing enrichment culture TRIP grown anaerobically with phenanthrene. The identified gene sequence indicated that 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase belongs to the phenylacetate:CoA ligase-like enzyme family. Based on the sequence, we predict a two-domain structure of the 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase with a typical large N-terminal and a smaller C-terminal domain. Partial purification of 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase allowed us to identify the coding gene in the genome. 2-Phenanthroate:CoA ligase gene was heterologously expressed in
Escherichia coli
. Characterization of the 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase was performed using the partially purified enzyme from cell-free extract and the purified recombinant enzyme. Testing all possible phenanthroic acid isomers as substrate for the ligase reaction showed that 2-phenanthroic acid is the preferred substrate and only 3-phenanthroic acid can be utilized to a minor extent. This also suggests that the product of the prior carboxylase reaction is 2-phenanthroic acid. 2-Phenanthroate:CoA ligase has an optimal activity at pH 7.5 and is oxygen-insensitive, analogous to other aryl-CoA ligases. In contrast to aryl-Coenzyme A ligases reported in the literature, which need Mg
2+
as cofactor, 2-phenanthroate:CoA ligase showed greatest activity with a combination of 5 mM MgCl
2
and 5 mM KCl. Furthermore, a substrate inhibition was observed at ATP concentrations above 1 mM and the enzyme was also active with ADP.

IMPORTANCE
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) constitute a class of very toxic and persistent pollutants in the environment. However, the anaerobic degradation of three-ring PAHs such as phenanthrene is barely investigated. The initial degradation step starts with a carboxylation followed by a CoA‑thioesterification reaction performed by an aryl-CoA ligase. The formation of a CoA-thioester is an important step in the degradation pathway of aromatic compounds because the CoA-ester is needed for all downstream biochemical reactions in the pathway. Furthermore, we provide biochemical proof for the identification of the first genes for anaerobic phenanthrene degradation. Results presented here provide information about the biochemical and structural properties of the purified 2‑phenanthroate:CoA ligase and expand our knowledge of aryl-CoA ligases.
Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of delta subunit of T-complex protein-1 from
Leishmania donovani
Authors: Anand Apeksha , Gautam Gunjan , Srivastava Gaurava , Yadav Shailendra , Ramalingam Karthik , Siddiqi Mohammad Imran , Goyal Neena 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Chaperonins/Heat shock protein 60 are ubiquitous multimeric protein complexes that assist in the folding of partially and/or misfolded proteins using metabolic energy into their native stage. The eukaryotic group II chaperonin, also referred as T-complex protein-1 ring complex (TRiC)/T-complex protein-1 (TCP1)/chaperonin containing T-complex protein (CCT), contains 8–9 paralogous subunits, arranged in each of the two rings of hetero-oligomeric complex. In
Leishmania
, till date, only one subunit, LdTCP1γ, has been well studied. Here, we report the molecular, structural, and functional characterization of TCP1δ subunit of
Leishmania donovani
(LdTCP1δ), the causative agent of Indian kala-azar. LdTCP1δ gene exhibited only 27.9% identity with LdTCP1γ and clustered in a separate branch in the phylogenic tree of LdTCP1 subunits. The purified recombinant protein formed a high molecular weight complex (0.75 MDa), arranged into 16-mer assembly, and performed
in vitro
chaperonin activity as assayed by ATP-dependent luciferase folding. LdTCP1δ exhibits 1.8-fold upregulated expression in metabolically active, rapidly dividing log phase promastigotes. Over-expression of LdTCP1δ in promastigotes results in increased infectivity and rate of multiplication of intracellular amastigotes. The study thus establishes the existence of an individual functionally active homo-oligomeric complex of LdTCP1δ chaperonin with its role in parasite infectivity and multiplication.
Conformations of membrane human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins solubilized in Amphipol A18 lipid-nanodiscs
Authors: Zhang Shijian , Anang Saumya , Zhang Zhiqing , Nguyen Hanh T. , Ding Haitao , Kappes John C. , Sodroski Joseph 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Upon binding to the host cell receptor, CD4, the pretriggered (State-1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer undergoes transitions to downstream conformations important for virus entry. State 1 is targeted by most broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas downstream conformations elicit immunodominant, poorly neutralizing antibody (pNAb) responses. Extraction of Env from the membranes of viruses or Env-expressing cells disrupts the metastable State-1 Env conformation, even when detergent-free approaches like styrene-maleic acid lipid nanoparticles (SMALPs) are used. Here, we combine three strategies to solubilize and purify mature membrane Envs that are antigenically native (i.e., recognized by bNAbs and not pNAbs): (1) solubilization of Env with a novel amphipathic copolymer, Amphipol A18; (2) use of stabilized pretriggered Env mutants; and (3) addition of the State-1-stabilizing entry inhibitor, BMS-806. Amphipol A18 was superior to the other amphipathic copolymers tested (SMA and AASTY 11–50) for preserving a native Env conformation. A native antigenic profile of A18 Env-lipid-nanodiscs was maintained for at least 7 days at 4°C and 2 days at 37°C in the presence of BMS-806 and was also maintained for at least 1 h at 37°C in a variety of adjuvants. The damaging effects of a single cycle of freeze-thawing on the antigenic profile of the A18 Env-lipid-nanodiscs could be prevented by the addition of 10% sucrose or 10% glycerol. These results underscore the importance of the membrane environment to the maintenance of a pretriggered (State-1) Env conformation and provide strategies for the preparation of lipid-nanodiscs containing native membrane Envs.

IMPORTANCE
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) mediate virus entry into the host cell and are targeted by neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection or vaccines. Detailed studies of membrane proteins like Env rely on purification procedures that maintain their natural conformation. In this study, we show that an amphipathic copolymer A18 can directly extract HIV-1 Env from a membrane without the use of detergents. A18 promotes the formation of nanodiscs that contain Env and membrane lipids. Env in A18-lipid nanodiscs largely preserves features recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and conceals features potentially recognized by poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs). Our results underscore the importance of the membrane environment to the native conformation of HIV-1 Env. Purification methods that bypass the need for detergents could be useful for future studies of HIV-1 Env structure, interaction with receptors and antibodies, and immunogenicity.