bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quinolinic acid induces neuritogenesis in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells independently of NMDA receptor activation
Authors: Hernandez‐Martinez Juan‐Manuel , Forrest Caroline M. , Darlington L. Gail , Smith Robert A. , Stone Trevor W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlutamate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) have been implicated in neuronal development and several types of cancer. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes quinolinic acid (QA) which is both a selective agonist at N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and also a precursor for the formation of NAD+. The effect of QA on cell survival and differentiation has therefore been examined on SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Retinoic acid (RA, 10 μm) induced differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells into a neuronal phenotype showing neurite growth. QA (50–150 nm) also caused a concentration‐dependent increase in the neurite/soma ratio, indicating differentiation. Both RA and QA increased expression of the neuronal marker β3‐tubulin in whole‐cell homogenates and in the neuritic fraction assessed using a neurite outgrowth assay. Expression of the neuronal proliferation marker doublecortin revealed that, unlike RA, QA did not decrease the number of mitotic cells. QA‐induced neuritogenesis coincided with an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Neuritogenesis was prevented by diphenylene‐iodonium (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) and superoxide dismutase, supporting the involvement of reactive oxygen species. NMDA itself did not promote neuritogenesis and the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK‐801) did not prevent quinolinate‐induced neuritogenesis, indicating that the effects of QA were independent of NMDA receptors. Nicotinamide caused a significant increase in the neurite/soma ratio and the expression of β3‐tubulin in the neuritic fraction. Taken together, these results suggest that QA induces neuritogenesis by promoting oxidizing conditions and affecting the availability of NAD+, independently of NMDA receptors.
Climate change‐induced vegetation shifts lead to more ecological droughts despite projected rainfall increases in many global temperate drylands
Authors: Tietjen Britta , Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K. , Hall Sonia A. , Duniway Michael C. , Hochstrasser Tamara , Jia Gensuo , Munson Seth M. , Pyke David A. , Wilson Scott D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDrylands occur worldwide and are particularly vulnerable to climate change because dryland ecosystems depend directly on soil water availability that may become increasingly limited as temperatures rise. Climate change will both directly impact soil water availability and change plant biomass, with resulting indirect feedbacks on soil moisture. Thus, the net impact of direct and indirect climate change effects on soil moisture requires better understanding. We used the ecohydrological simulation model SOILWAT at sites from temperate dryland ecosystems around the globe to disentangle the contributions of direct climate change effects and of additional indirect, climate change‐induced changes in vegetation on soil water availability. We simulated current and future climate conditions projected by 16 GCMs under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for the end of the century. We determined shifts in water availability due to climate change alone and due to combined changes of climate and the growth form and biomass of vegetation. Vegetation change will mostly exacerbate low soil water availability in regions already expected to suffer from negative direct impacts of climate change (with the two RCP scenarios giving us qualitatively similar effects). By contrast, in regions that will likely experience increased water availability due to climate change alone, vegetation changes will counteract these increases due to increased water losses by interception. In only a small minority of locations, climate change‐induced vegetation changes may lead to a net increase in water availability. These results suggest that changes in vegetation in response to climate change may exacerbate drought conditions and may dampen the effects of increased precipitation, that is, leading to more ecological droughts despite higher precipitation in some regions. Our results underscore the value of considering indirect effects of climate change on vegetation when assessing future soil moisture conditions in water‐limited ecosystems.
Leaf chlorophyll content as a proxy for leaf photosynthetic capacity
Authors: Croft Holly , Chen Jing M. , Luo Xiangzhong , Bartlett Paul , Chen Bin , Staebler Ralf M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractImproving the accuracy of estimates of forest carbon exchange is a central priority for understanding ecosystem response to increased atmospheric CO2 levels and improving carbon cycle modelling. However, the spatially continuous parameterization of photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax) at global scales and appropriate temporal intervals within terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) remains unresolved. This research investigates the use of biochemical parameters for modelling leaf photosynthetic capacity within a deciduous forest. Particular attention is given to the impacts of seasonality on both leaf biophysical variables and physiological processes, and their interdependent relationships. Four deciduous tree species were sampled across three growing seasons (2013–2015), approximately every 10 days for leaf chlorophyll content (ChlLeaf) and canopy structure. Leaf nitrogen (NArea) was also measured during 2014. Leaf photosynthesis was measured during 2014–2015 using a Li‐6400 gas‐exchange system, with A‐Ci curves to model Vcmax. Results showed that seasonality and variations between species resulted in weak relationships between Vcmax normalized to 25°C () and NArea (R2 = 0.62, P < 0.001), whereas ChlLeaf demonstrated a much stronger correlation with (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001). The relationship between ChlLeaf and NArea was also weak (R2 = 0.47, P < 0.001), possibly due to the dynamic partitioning of nitrogen, between and within photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic fractions. The spatial and temporal variability of was mapped using Landsat TM/ETM satellite data across the forest site, using physical models to derive ChlLeaf. TBMs largely treat photosynthetic parameters as either fixed constants or varying according to leaf nitrogen content. This research challenges assumptions that simple NArea– relationships can reliably be used to constrain photosynthetic capacity in TBMs, even within the same plant functional type. It is suggested that ChlLeaf provides a more accurate, direct proxy for and is also more easily retrievable from satellite data. These results have important implications for carbon modelling within deciduous ecosystems.
Agronomic and environmental implications of sugarcane straw removal: a major review
Authors: Carvalho João Luís Nunes , Nogueirol Roberta Corrêa , Menandro Lauren Maine Santos , Bordonal Ricardo de Oliveira , Borges Clovis Daniel , Cantarella Heitor , Franco Henrique C. Junqueira 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLarge‐scale bioenergy demand has triggered new approaches to straw management in Brazilian sugarcane fields. With the progressive shift from a burned to a nonburned harvest system, most of the straw presently retained on the soil surface has become economically viable feedstock for bioenergy production. The trade‐offs between the need to preserve soil quality and produce more bioenergy have been the subject of intense discussion. This study presents a synthesis of available information on the magnitude of the main impacts of straw removal from sugarcane fields for bioenergy production and therefore represents an easily available resource to guide management decisions on the recommended amount of straw to be maintained on the field to take advantage of the agronomic, environmental, and industrial benefits. Crop residues remaining on sugarcane fields provide numerous ecosystem services including nutrient recycling, soil biodiversity, water storage, carbon accumulation, control of soil erosion, and weed infestation. Furthermore, several studies reported higher sugarcane production under straw retention on the field, while few suggest that straw may jeopardize biomass production in cold regions and under some specific soil conditions. Pest control is among the parameters favored by straw removal, while N2O emissions are increased only if straw is associated with the application of N fertilizer and vinasse. An appropriate recommendation, which is clearly site specific, should be based on a minimum mass of straw on the field to provide those benefits. Overall, this review indicates that most of the agronomic and environmental benefits are achieved when at least 7 Mg ha−1 of dry straw is maintained on the soil surface. However, modeling efforts are of paramount importance to assess the magnitude and rates of straw removal considering the several indicators involved in this complex equation, so that an accurate straw recovery rate could be provided to producers and industry toward greater sustainability.
Mohs micrographic surgery of rare cutaneous tumours
Authors: Flohil S.C. , van Lee C.B. , Beisenherz J. , Mureau M.A.M. , Overbeek L.I.H. , Nijsten T. , van den Bos R.R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundRecurrence rates after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for rare cutaneous tumours are poorly defined.ObjectiveTo investigate the recurrence rate after MMS for rare cutaneous tumours at a university centre.Methods & MaterialsRetrospective review of all rare cutaneous tumours treated with MMS at a large university centre between January 2008 and December 2012. To detect all recurrences, patients were linked to The Nationwide Network and registry of histo‐ and cytopathology (PALGA).ResultsIn total, 80 patients with 80 tumours were included. Tumour types included dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (27), atypical fibroxanthoma (22), Merkel cell carcinoma (8), microcystic adnexal carcinoma (9), sebaceous carcinoma (6), extramammary Paget's disease (2) and other (6). Mean follow‐up time was 3.7 years (standard deviation 1.4) during which two atypical fibroxanthomas recurred (2.5%).ConclusionThis large case series shows that MMS is an appropriate treatment for rare cutaneous tumours with a recurrence rate less than 3%. Preferably, MMS for rare cutaneous tumours is performed in experienced multidisciplinary centres to further improve the quality of treatment.
Treatment of primary hyperhidrosis with oral anticholinergic medications: a systematic review
Authors: Cruddas L. , Baker D.M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPrimary hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating. Patients are treated off‐license with oral anticholinergic medications and report adverse events associated with systemic anticholinergic interactions. This review assesses clinical evidence of efficacy, impact on quality of life and adverse events associated with oral anticholinergic therapy for primary hyperhidrosis. PRISMA guidelines were implemented to complete a systematic review (PROSPERO:CRD42016036326). MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed were searched from 1946 to 2015. Inclusion criteria included observational and experimental studies, anticholinergic medication use in primary hyperhidrosis, oral therapy and clear diagnostic and outcome measures. Twenty‐three articles relevant to the inclusion criteria were analysed. Oxybutynin therapy improved symptoms in an average of 76.2% (range 60–97%) patients and improved QOL in 75.6% (range 57.6–100%) of patients. Methantheline bromide therapy was associated with a 41% reduction in axillary sweating, 16.4% reduction in palmar sweating, 25% decrease in HDSS score and 40.9% increase in DLQI score. Outcome measures of glycopyrrolate therapy were too variable to collate. Dry mouth was reported in 73.4% (range 43.3–100%) of participants taking oxybutynin 10 mg/day, 38.6% (range 27.8–63.2%) of patients taking glycopyrrolate and 68.8% of patients taking methantheline bromide. Nine studies reported that patients stopped therapy due to adverse events. In eight of these studies, a mean of 10.9% of total participants ceased treatment due to dry mouth. Evidence of oral anticholinergic therapy for hyperhidrosis is limited. However, its use is associated with improvement in quality of life and clinical symptoms but at the cost of considerable adverse events.
Haptophyte Diversity and Vertical Distribution Explored by 18S and 28S RibosomalRNAGene Metabarcoding and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gran‐Stadniczeñko Sandra , Šupraha Luka , Egge Elianne D. , Edvardsen Bente 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHaptophyta encompasses more than 300 species of mostly marine pico‐ and nanoplanktonic flagellates. Our aims were to investigate the Oslofjorden haptophyte diversity and vertical distribution by metabarcoding, and to improve the approach to study haptophyte community composition, richness and proportional abundance by comparing tworRNAmarkers and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Samples were collected in August 2013 at the Outer Oslofjorden, Norway. TotalRNA/cDNAwas amplified by haptophyte‐specific primers targeting the V4 region of the 18S, and the D1‐D2 region of the 28SrRNA. Taxonomy was assigned using curated haptophyte reference databases and phylogenetic analyses. Both marker genes showed Chrysochromulinaceae and Prymnesiaceae to be the families with highest number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), as well as proportional abundance. The 18SrRNAdata set also containedOTUs assigned to eight supported and defined clades consisting of environmental sequences only, possibly representing novel lineages from family to class. We also recorded new species for the area. Comparing coccolithophores bySEMwith metabarcoding shows a good correspondence with the 18SrRNAgene proportional abundances. Our results contribute to link morphological and molecular data and 28S to 18SrRNAgene sequences of haptophytes without cultured representatives, and to improve metabarcoding methodology.
Persistent Hazardous Waste and the Quest Toward a Circular Economy: The Example of Arsenic in Chromated Copper Arsenate–Treated Wood
Authors: Augustsson Anna , Sörme Louise , Karlsson Anna , Amneklev Jennie 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe importance of a circular economy is today widely accepted and advocated, but among the challenges in achieving this, we find difficulties in the implementation of legislation and policies designed to control various waste streams from society. The example used in this article is wood that has been treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), which, in Sweden, has been covered by the rules for hazardous waste since 2002. One year later, in 2003, a survey showed that only 42% to 50% of the expected amount of CCA waste could be traced to the public waste management system. An updated material flow analysis for 2010 revealed that the figure had increased to 73%, whereas the fraction of correctly treated CCA wood waste had increased from 11% to 35%. However, almost one third of the expected volume was still not tracable, and half of the amount that was correctly submitted was incinerated together with nontoxic waste fractions. This results in, for example, arsenic contamination of slag and fly ashes that prevents the further use of these residue products. So, despite legislative instruments, there is still an urgent need for an improved collection of hazardous wood waste, as well as better routines for identifying hazardous flows and separating them from nonhazardous ones. For a circular economy to be achievable, a key priority should be to reduce the gap between intended directions and legislation, on one hand, and activities in practice on the other.
Prostaglandin E2 potentiates interferon‐γ‐induced nitric oxide production in cultured rat microglia
Authors: Nagano Takayuki , Nishiyama Ryo , Sanada Ayaka , Mutaguchi Yukiko , Ioku Anna , Umeki Hirohisa , Kishimoto Satoshi , Yamanaka Daisuke , Kimura Shinya H. , Takemura Motohiko 
Published: December 2016

AbstractProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays crucial roles in managing microglial activation through the prostanoid EP2 receptor, a PGE2 receptor subtype. In this study, we report that PGE2 enhances interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐induced nitric oxide production in microglia. IFN‐γ increased the release of nitrite, a metabolite of nitric oxide, which was augmented by PGE2, although PGE2 by itself slightly affects nitrite release. The potentiating effect of PGE2 was positively associated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. In contrast to nitrite release induced by IFN‐γ, lipopolysaccharide‐induced nitrite release was not affected by PGE2. An EP2 agonist, ONO‐AE1‐259‐01 also augmented IFN‐γ‐induced nitrite release, while an EP1 agonist, ONO‐DI‐004, an EP3 agonist, ONO‐AE‐248, or an EP4 agonist, ONO‐AE1‐329, did not. In addition, the potentiating effect of PGE2 was inhibited by an EP2 antagonist, PF‐04418948, but not by an EP1 antagonist, ONO‐8713, an EP3 antagonist, ONO‐AE3‐240, or an EP4 antagonist, ONO‐AE3‐208, at 10−6 M. Among the EP agonists, ONO‐AE1‐259‐01 alone was able to accumulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and among the EP antagonists, PF‐04418948 was the only one able to inhibit PGE2‐increased intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation. On the other hand, IFN‐γ promoted phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, which was not affected by PGE2. Furthermore, other prostanoid receptor agonists, PGD2, PGF2α, iloprost, and U‐46119, slightly affected IFN‐γ‐induced nitrite release. These results indicate that PGE2 potentiates IFN‐γ‐induced nitric oxide production in microglia through the EP2 receptor, which may shed light on one of the pro‐inflammatory aspects of PGE2.
image
A genetic screen for zebrafish mutants with hepatic steatosis identifies a locus required for larval growth
Authors: Hugo Sarah E. , Schlegel Amnon 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn a screen for zebrafish larval mutants with excessive liver lipid accumulation (hepatic steatosis), we identified harvest moon (hmn). Cytoplasmic lipid droplets, surrounded by multivesicular structures and mitochondria whose cristae appeared swollen, are seen in hmn mutant hepatocytes. Whole body triacylglycerol is increased in hmn mutant larvae. When we attempted to raise mutants, which were morphologically normal at the developmental stage that the screen was conducted, to adulthood, we observed that most hmn mutants do not survive to the juvenile period when raised. An arrest in growth occurs in the late larval period without obvious organ defects. Maternal zygotic mutants have no additional defects, suggesting that the mutation affects a late developmental process. The developmental window between embryogenesis and the metamorphosis remains under‐studied, and hmn mutants might be useful for exploring the molecular and anatomic processes occurring during this transition period.
Musculoskeletal anatomy of the pelvic fin of Polypterus: implications for phylogenetic distribution and homology of pre‐ and postaxial pelvic appendicular muscles
Authors: Molnar Julia L. , Johnston Peter S. , Esteve‐Altava Borja , Diogo Rui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAs a member of the most basal clade of extant ray‐finned fishes (actinopterygians) and of one of the most basal clades of osteichthyans (bony fishes + tetrapods), Polypterus can provide insights into the ancestral anatomy of both ray‐finned and lobe‐finned fishes, including those that gave rise to tetrapods. The pectoral fin of Polypterus has been well described but, surprisingly, neither the bones nor the muscles of the pelvic fin are well known. We stained and dissected the pelvic fin of Polypterus senegalus and Polypterus delhezi to offer a detailed description of its musculoskeletal anatomy. In addition to the previously described adductor and abductor muscles, we found preaxial and postaxial muscles similar to those in the pectoral fin of members of this genus. The presence of pre‐ and postaxial muscles in both the pectoral and pelvic fins of Polypterus, combined with recent descriptions of similar muscles in the lobe‐finned fishes Latimeria and Neoceratodus, suggests that they were present in the most recent common ancestor of bony fishes. These results have crucial implications for the evolution of appendicular muscles in both fish and tetrapods.
Evaluation of salicylic acid peeling in comparison with topical tretinoin in the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
Authors: Mohamed Ali Basma Morad , Gheida Shereen Farouk , El Mahdy Nageh Ahmed , Sadek Shery Nashaat 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundPostinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is an acquired hyperpigmentation that involves areas of prior cutaneous inflammation. In addition to prevention, there are a variety of medications and procedures used to treat PIH.Aim of the workThe aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of salicylic acid peeling in comparison with topical tretinoin in the treatment of PIH.Patients and MethodsThis study included forty‐five patients with PIH lesions. The patients were divided into three groups, group I was treated with salicylic acid peeling 20–30%, group II was treated with topical tretinoin 0.1%, and group III was treated with combination of salicylic acid peel and topical tretinoin. The patients were assessed clinically to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of the treatment. Dermoscopy was carried out to the recurrent or nonimproved cases only.ResultsCombination of salicylic acid peel and topical tretinoin treatment showed significant clinical improvement of PIH than each treatment alone with no complications. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the three groups. There was nonsignificant difference between the efficacy of the treatment and the PIH type in the studied groups. There was nonsignificant difference between the efficacy of the treatment and the duration of the PIH except for group III.ConclusionCombination treatment modality is believed to be preferred in the treatment of PIH due to its higher efficacy than single treatment alone, with well tolerability, less side effects, and low recurrence rate.