bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parents as partners in adolescent HIV prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa: an evaluation of the current United Nations’ approach
Authors: Wathuta Jane 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe United Nations’s (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs) include the target (3.3) of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. A major challenge in this regard is to curb the incidence of HIV among adolescents, the number two cause of their death in Africa. In Eastern and Southern Africa, they are mainly infected through heterosexual transmission. Research findings about parental influence on the sexual behavior of their adolescent children are reviewed and findings indicate that parental communication, monitoring and connectedness contribute to the avoidance of risky sexual behavior in adolescents. This article evaluates the extent to which these three dimensions of parenting have been factored in to current HIV prevention recommendations relating to adolescent boys and girls. Four pertinent UN reports are analyzed and the results used to demonstrate that the positive role of parents or primary caregivers vis-à-vis risky sexual behavior has tendentially been back-grounded or even potentially undermined. A more explicit inclusion of parents in adolescent HIV prevention policy and practice is essential – obstacles notwithstanding – enabling their indispensable partnership towards ending an epidemic mostly driven by sexual risk behavior. Evidence from successful or promising projects is included to illustrate the practical feasibility and fruitfulness of this approach.
The effects of smoking and nicotine ingestion on exercise heat tolerance
Authors: Druyan Amit , Atias Danit , Ketko Itay , Cohen-Sivan Yoav , Heled Yuval 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background:
Smoking has a thermogenic effect and is associated with low physical performance. Nevertheless, a direct, quantitative effect of acute smoking on exercise heat tolerance has not been reported.

Methods:
Sixteen healthy young male volunteers, eight cigarette smokers, and eight non-smokers participated in the study. All subjects performed a maximal oxygen consumption test (VO2max) and a standardized heat tolerance test (HTT) after at least 12 h without smoking under the following conditions: no nicotine exposure, 10 min after nicotine exposure (2 mg nicotine lozenge), and 10 min after smoking two cigarettes (0.8 mg nicotine in each cigarette, smokers only).

Results:
There was no significant effect of nicotine exposure on physiological performance and heat tolerance in the non-smokers group. In the smokers group, cigarette smoking, but not nicotine ingestion, resulted with higher heart rate (by 9±9 bpm) at the end of the HTT (p<0.05). Moreover, both smoking and nicotine ingestion increased smokers’ rectal temperature at the end of the HTT (by 0.24±0.16°C and 0.21±0.26°C, respectively, p<0.05) and were associated with higher sweat rate during the HTT (by 0.08±0.07 g/h and 0.06±0.08 g/h, respectively, p<0.05). Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis also revealed a higher LF/HF (low frequency/high frequency) ratio after exposure to nicotine and smoking in the smokers group compared with no exposure (2.13±2.57 and 2.48±2.76, respectively, p<0.05), indicating a higher sympathetic tone.

Conclusions:
According to this preliminary study, cigarette smoking and nicotine ingestion increase the physiological strain during a HTT in smokers. Acute smoking may, therefore, increase heat intolerance and the risk to heat injuries.
Analysis of Dual-Order Backward Pumping Schemes in Distributed Raman Amplification System
Authors: Singh Kulwinder , Patterh Manjeet Singh , Bhamrah Manjit Singh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Backward pumping in fiber Raman amplifiers has been investigated in this paper in terms of on-off Raman gain, noise figure and optical signal-to-noise ratio. The results exhibit that with four first-order pumps and one second-order pump scheme can be employed to achieve 8.2 dB noise figure in 64 channel fiber optic communication system. It has also been reported that 2.65 dB gain ripple, 0.87 dB noise figure tilt and 2.02 dB OSNR tilt can be attained with the second-order pumping in fiber Raman amplifiers. The main advantage of the scheme is that only 50 mW second-order pump shows appreciable improvement in the system performance. It shows that further increase in first-order and second-order pump powers increase system noise implications.
The association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Apelin gene and diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population
Authors: Zheng Hui , Fan Xiaofang , Li Xuesong , Zhang Yu , Fan Yujuan , Zhang Ning , Song Yuping , Ren Fengdong , Shen Chunfang , Shen Jiayi , Yang Jialin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground:The objective of the study was to analyze the association of apelin gene (Methods:A total of 1966 subjects were enrolled in this study, including 168 cases (first batch), 330 cases (second batch), and 1468 nondiabetic controls. The SNPs in the HapMap-HCB ofResults:A correlation between rs3115757 and rs2281068 and diabetes was observed in first batch. Thus, we compared the SNPs (rs3115757 and rs2281068) between the cases and controls after more cases were enrolled. In addition, the results showed a significant correlation betweenConclusions:The SNP rs2281068 in
Xanthogranuloma of the sellar region diagnosed by frozen section
Authors: Ji Kun , Zhang Liyan , Wang Liwei , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Xanthogranuloma (XG) of the sellar region is uncommon and is difficult to diagnose based on intraoperative frozen sections. This study is a case presentation and review of the literature, highlighting the need to explore underlying diseases in order to guarantee an accurate patient diagnosis. Herein, we presented the case of a 43-year-old woman who was afflicted with xanthogranuloma of the sellar region; the patient had a history of headache and lengthened menstrual cycles over the 6 months prior to presentation. Endocrinology tests revealed that the patient’s levels of prolactin were high and the MRI of the patient showed a clearly defined sellar mass. As a result, the patient was considered to have prolactinoma prior to undergoing surgery. The tumor was completely removed using a transsphenoidal approach, and intraoperative frozen section revealed histology similar to xanthogranuloma. When the tumor was removed by surgical operation, the patient’s visual field defects and headache were relieved. Although intraoperative frozen section should provide some guidance with regard to the diagnosis, a pathological study is conducted to confirm the actual diagnosis.
Gapping also needs vP-coordination: An argument from French NPI licensing
Authors: Dagnac Anne 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe analysis of gapping still leaves many questions open. At least three aspects remain controversial: whether it involves unpronounced structure, whether clausal or non-clausal constituents are conjoined, and whether all gapped sentences are must be analyzed uniformly. On the basis of French gapped constructions such as Marie n’est jamais allée à Rome ni Jean à Pékin ‘Mary never went to Rome nor John to Beijing’, the paper argues that gapping is not an homogeneous phenomenon. It first shows that in such gapped clauses involving ni, a strict Negative Polarity Item, a negation low inside the first TP can license the ‘negative coordinator’ ni, a fact that a TP-deletion analysis of gapping or a fragment coordination one can capture. Conversely, it shows that a vP-coordination analysis correctly predicts the properties of ni-gapped clauses. However, such an analysis cannot extend to gapped clauses conjoined by double ni : the second conjunct, this time, must be a full clause or a fragment.
First-Principles Investigations on Structural, Elastic, Dynamical, and Thermal Properties of Earth-Abundant Nitride Semiconductor CaZn2N2 under Pressure
Authors: Zhao Ying-Qin , Hu Cui-E. , Liu Lei , Cheng Yan , Cai Ling-Cang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We presented a detailed first-principal calculation to study the structural, elastic, dynamical, and thermal properties of a new synthetic ternary zinc nitride semiconductors CaZn2N2 using the generalised gradient approximation (GGA) method. The obtained lattice parameters of CaZn2N2 at 0 K and 0 GPa are in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical findings. The pressure dependences of the elastic constants Cij
together with other derived mechanical properties of CaZn2N2 compound have also been systematically investigated. The results reveal that CaZn2N2 is mechanically stable up to 20 GPa. The calculated the phonon curves and phonon density of states under different pressures indicate that the CaZn2N2 compound maintains its dynamical stability up to 20 GPa. An analysis in terms of the irreducible representations of group theory obtained the optical vibration modes of this system, and we obtained the frequencies of the optical vibrational modes at Г points together with the atoms that contributed to these vibrations of CaZn2N2. Meanwhile, the pressure dependencies of the frequencies Raman-active and IR-active modes at 0–20 GPa have been studied. The quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA) was applied to calculate the thermal properties of CaZn2N2 as functions of pressures and temperatures such as the heat capacity, thermal expansions, the entropy, and Grüneisen parameter γ.
Biodegradation of micropollutant naproxen with a selected fungal strain and identification of metabolites
Authors: Aracagök Y. Doruk , Göker Hakan , Cihangir Nilüfer 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are widely used for treating human and animal diseases. Naproxen [(S) 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthalene acetic acid] and its sodium salt are members of the α-arylpropionic acid group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Due to excessive usage of naproxen, this drug has been determined even in drinking water. In this study, four fungal strains Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Funalia trogii, Aspergillus niger, and Yarrowia lipolytica were investigated in terms of naproxen removal abilities. According to LC/MS data, A. niger was found the most efficient strain with 98% removal rate. Two main by-products of fungal transformation, O-desmethylnaproxen and 7-hydroxynaproxen, were identified by using LC/MS, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. Our results showed that O-demethylation and hydroxylation of naproxen is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
Multimodal Imaging for DREADD-Expressing Neurons in Living Brain and Their Application to Implantation of iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitors
Authors: Ji Bin , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Minamimoto Takafumi , Inoue Haruhisa , Takeuchi Hiroki , Kumata Katsushi , Zhang Ming-Rong , Aoki Ichio , Seki Chie , Ono Maiko , Tokunaga Masaki , Tsukamoto Satoshi , Tanabe Koji , Shin Ryong-Moon , Minamihisamatsu Takeharu , Kito Seiji , Richmond Barry J. , Suhara Tetsuya , Higuchi Makoto 
Published: November 2016

Chemogenetic manipulation of neuronal activities has been enabled by a designer receptor (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs, DREADD) that is activated exclusively by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Here, we applied CNO as a functional reporter probe to positron emission tomography (PET) of DREADD in living brains. Mutant human M4 DREADD (hM4Di) expressed in transgenic (Tg) mouse neurons was visualized by PET with microdose [11C]CNO. Deactivation of DREADD-expressing neurons in these mice by nonradioactive CNO at a pharmacological dose could also be captured by arterial spin labeling MRI (ASL-MRI). Neural progenitors derived from hM4Di Tg-induced pluripotent stem cells were then implanted into WT mouse brains and neuronal differentiation of the grafts could be imaged by [11C]CNO-PET. Finally, ASL-MRI captured chemogenetic functional manipulation of the graft neurons. Our data provide the first demonstration of multimodal molecular/functional imaging of cells expressing a functional gene reporter in the brain, which would be translatable to humans for therapeutic gene transfers and cell replacements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe present work provides the first successful demonstration ofin vivopositron emission tomographic (PET) visualization of a chemogenetic designer receptor (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs, DREADD) expressed in living brains. This technology has been applied to longitudinal PET reporter imaging of neuronal grafts differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Differentiated from currently used reporter genes for neuroimaging, DREADD has also been available for functional manipulation of target cells, which could be visualized by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a real-time manner. Multimodal imaging with PET/fMRI enables the visualization of the differentiation of iPSC-derived neural progenitors into mature neurons and DREADD-mediated functional manipulation along the time course of the graft and is accordingly capable of fortifying the utility of stem cells in cell replacement therapies.
Transformation of Vestibular Signals for the Control of Standing in Humans
Authors: Forbes Patrick A. , Luu Billy L. , Van der Loos H.F. Machiel , Croft Elizabeth A. , Inglis J. Timothy , Blouin Jean-Sébastien 
Published: November 2016

During standing balance, vestibular signals encode head movement and are transformed into coordinates that are relevant to maintaining upright posture of the whole body. This transformation must account for head-on-body orientation as well as the muscle actions generating the postural response. Here, we investigate whether this transformation is dependent upon a muscle's ability to stabilize the body along the direction of a vestibular disturbance. Subjects were braced on top of a robotic balance system that simulated the mechanics of standing while being exposed to an electrical vestibular stimulus that evoked a craniocentric vestibular error of head roll. The balance system was limited to move in a single plane while the vestibular error direction was manipulated by having subjects rotate their head in yaw. Vestibular-evoked muscle responses were greatest when the vestibular error was aligned with the balance direction and decreased to zero as the two directions became orthogonal. This demonstrates that muscles respond only to the component of the error that is aligned with the balance direction and thus relevant to the balance task, not to the cumulative afferent activity, as expected for vestibulospinal reflex loops. When we reversed the relationship between balancing motor commands and associated vestibular sensory feedback, the direction of vestibular-evoked ankle compensatory responses was also reversed. This implies that the nervous system quickly reassociates new relationships between vestibular sensory signals and motor commands related to maintaining balance. These results indicate that vestibular-evoked muscle activity is a highly flexible balance response organized to compensate for vestibular disturbances.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe postural corrections critical to standing balance and navigation rely on transformation of sensory information into reference frames that are relevant for the required motor actions. Here, we demonstrate that the nervous system transforms vestibular sensory signals of head motion according to a muscle's ability to stabilize the body along the direction of a vestibular-evoked disturbance. By manipulating the direction of the imposed vestibular signal relative to a muscle's action, we show that the vestibular contribution to muscle activity is a highly flexible and organized balance response. This study provides insight into the neural integration and central processing associated with transformed vestibulomotor relationships that are essential to standing upright.
Cortical Control of Spatial Resolution by VIP+Interneurons
Authors: Ayzenshtat Inbal , Karnani Mahesh Miikael , Jackson Jesse , Yuste Rafael 
Published: November 2016

Neuronal tuning, defined by the degree of selectivity to a specific stimulus, is a hallmark of cortical computation. Understanding the role of GABAergic interneurons in shaping cortical tuning is now possible with the ability to manipulate interneuron classes selectively. Here, we show that interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP+) regulate the spatial frequency (SF) tuning of pyramidal neurons in mouse visual cortex. Using two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetic manipulations of VIP+cell activity, we found that activating VIP+cells elicited a stronger network response to stimuli of higher SFs, whereas suppressing VIP+cells resulted in a network response shift toward lower SFs. These results establish that cortical inhibition modulates the spatial resolution of visual processing and add further evidence demonstrating that feature selectivity depends, not only on the feedforward excitatory projections into the cortex, but also on dynamic intracortical modulations by specific forms of inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe demonstrate that interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP+) play a causal role in regulating the spatial frequency (SF) tuning of neurons in mouse visual cortex. We show that optogenetic activation of VIP+cells results in a shift in network preference toward higher SFs, whereas suppressing them shifts the network toward lower SFs. Several studies have shown that VIP+cells are sensitive to neuromodulation and increase their firing during locomotion, whisking, and pupil dilation and are involved in spatially specific top-down modulation, reminiscent of the effects of top-down attention, and also that attention enhances spatial resolution. Our findings provide a bridge between these studies by establishing the inhibitory circuitry that regulates these fundamental modulations of SF in the cortex.
Toward Whole-Body Connectomics
Authors: Lo Chung-Chuan , Chiang Ann-Shyn 
Published: November 2016

Recent advances in neuro-technologies have revolutionized knowledge of brain structure and functions. Governments and private organizations worldwide have initiated several large-scale brain connectome projects, to further understand how the brain works at the systems levels. Most recent projects focus on only brain neurons, with the exception of an early effort to reconstruct the 302 neurons that comprise the whole body of the small worm,Caenorhabditis elegans. However, to fully elucidate the neural circuitry of complex behavior, it is crucial to understand brain interactions with the whole body, which can be achieved only by mapping the whole-body connectome. In this article, we discuss the current state of connectomics study, focusing on novel optical approaches and related imaging technologies. We also discuss the challenges encountered by scientists who endeavor to map these whole-body connectomes in large animals.This article is based on a Presidential Lecture presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting.
Public Health and Epidemiology Informatics
Authors: Bar-Hen A. , Paragios N. , Flahault A. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Objectives: The aim of this manuscript is to provide a brief overview of the scientific challenges that should be addressed in order to unlock the full potential of using data from a general point of view, as well as to present some ideas that could help answer specific needs for data understanding in the field of health sciences and epidemiology.
Methods: A survey of uses and challenges of big data analyses for medicine and public health was conducted. The first part of the paper focuses on big data techniques, algorithms, and statistical approaches to identify patterns in data. The second part describes some cutting-edge applications of analyses and predictive modeling in public health.
Results: In recent years, we witnessed a revolution regarding the nature, collection, and availability of data in general. This was especially striking in the health sector and particularly in the field of epidemiology. Data derives from a large variety of sources, e.g. clinical settings, billing claims, care scheduling, drug usage, web based search queries, and Tweets.
Conclusion: The exploitation of the information (data mining, artificial intelligence) relevant to these data has become one of the most promising as well challenging tasks from societal and scientific viewpoints in order to leverage the information available and making public health more efficient.
Unintended Consequences of Sensor, Signal, and Imaging Informatics: New Problems and New Solutions
Authors: Hughes C. , Moreau-Gaudry A. , Voros S. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Objectives: This synopsis presents a selection for the IMIA (International Medical Informatics Association) Yearbook 2016 of excellent research in the broad field of Sensor, Signal and Imaging Informatics published in the year 2015, with a focus on Unintended consequences: new problems and new solutions.
Methods: We performed a systematic initial selection and a double blind peer review process to find the best papers in this domain published in 2015, from the PubMed and Web of Science databases. The set of MesH keywords used was provided by experts.
Results: The constant advances in medical technology allow ever more relevant diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to be designed. Nevertheless, there is a need to acquire expert knowledge of these innovations in order to identify precociously new associated problems for which new solutions need to be designed and developed.
Widespread Historical Contingency in Influenza Viruses
Authors: Nshogozabahizi Jean Claude , Dench Jonathan , Aris-Brosou Stéphane 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn systems biology and genomics, epistasis characterizes the impact that a substitution at a particular location in a genome can have on a substitution at another location. This phenomenon is often implicated in the evolution of drug resistance or to explain why particular “disease-causing” mutations do not have the same outcome in all individuals. Hence, uncovering these mutations and their locations in a genome is a central question in biology. However, epistasis is notoriously difficult to uncover, especially in fast-evolving organisms. Here, we present a novel statistical approach that replies on a model developed in ecology and that we adapt to analyze genetic data in fast-evolving systems such as the influenza A virus. We validate the approach using a two-pronged strategy: extensive simulations demonstrate a low-to-moderate sensitivity with excellent specificity and precision, while analyses of experimentally validated data recover known interactions, including in a eukaryotic system. We further evaluate the ability of our approach to detect correlated evolution during antigenic shifts or at the emergence of drug resistance. We show that in all cases, correlated evolution is prevalent in influenza A viruses, involving many pairs of sites linked together in chains; a hallmark of historical contingency. Strikingly, interacting sites are separated by large physical distances, which entails either long-range conformational changes or functional tradeoffs, for which we find support with the emergence of drug resistance. Our work paves a new way for the unbiased detection of epistasis in a wide range of organisms by performing whole-genome scans.