bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Born blonde: a recessive loss‐of‐function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration inAntarctic fur seals
Authors: Peters Lucy , Humble Emily , Kröcker Nicole , Fuchs Birgit , Forcada Jaume , Hoffman Joseph I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough the genetic basis of color variation has been extensively studied in humans and domestic animals, the genetic polymorphisms responsible for different color morphs remain to be elucidated in many wild vertebrate species. For example, hypopigmentation has been observed in numerous marine mammal species but the underlying mutations have not been identified. A particularly compelling candidate gene for explaining color polymorphism is the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which plays a key role in the regulation of pigment production. We therefore used Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) as a highly tractable marine mammal system with which to test for an association between nucleotide variation at theMC1Rand melanin‐based coat color phenotypes. By sequencing 70 wild‐type individuals with dark‐colored coats and 26 hypopigmented individuals with cream‐colored coats, we identified a nonsynonymous mutation that results in the substitution of serine with phenylalanine at an evolutionarily highly conserved structural domain. All of the hypopigmented individuals were homozygous for the allele coding for phenylalanine, consistent with a recessive loss‐of‐function allele. In order to test for cryptic population structure, which can generate artefactual associations, and to evaluate whether homozygosity at theMC1Rcould be indicative of low genome‐wide heterozygosity, we also genotyped all of the individuals at 50 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We were unable to detect any population structure and also found that wild‐type and hypopigmented individuals did not differ significantly in their standardized multilocus heterozygosity. Such a lack of association implies that hypopigmented individuals are unlikely to suffer disproportionately from inbreeding depression, and hence, we have no reason to believe that they are at a selective disadvantage in the wider population.
Hydrologic characteristics, food resource abundance, and spatial variation in stream assemblages
Authors: Niu Sophia Qian , Knouft Jason H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA primary focus of ecological research is to characterize the factors responsible for patterns in biodiversity and assemblage structure along gradients of resources and environmental conditions. In addition to biotic and abiotic factors, the spatial relatedness of locations can also influence assemblage patterns and should be accounted for when inferring the influences of environmental factors on assemblage structure. To address this issue, we examined the influences of hydrology, food resources, and a spatial component by comparing assemblage attributes of fishes and macroinvertebrates at 13 sites in the Meramec River watershed, southeastern Missouri, USA. Redundancy analyses and multiple regression techniques were used to predict variation in species composition, richness, and abundance. Results suggest that spatial processes play an important role in structuring fish assemblages, while macroinvertebrates are regulated to a greater extent by local environmental conditions. Additionally, hydrologic variability, alone or in combination with resource abundance and habitat quality, explains considerable amounts of variation in composition, richness, and abundance of fishes and macroinvertebrates. In particular, fish species richness increases with increasing flow variability, potentially because the majority of species are characterized by opportunistic and equilibrium life history strategies, which are favored by hydrologic variability; we also observed negative effects of extreme hydrologic variability on macroinvertebrate taxon richness. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of natural flow regimes for explaining spatial variation in aquatic assemblages at the within‐watershed scale and point to the strength of a framework integrating hydrologic variability, resource abundance, and spatial relatedness when predicting assemblage patterns in freshwater systems.
IL‐4 and IL‐15 promotion of virtual memory CD8+ T cells is determined by genetic background
Authors: Tripathi Pulak , Morris Suzanne C. , Perkins Charles , Sholl Allyson , Finkelman Fred D. , Hildeman David A. 
Published: July 2016

Virtual memory (VM) CD8+ T cells are present in unimmunized mice, yet possess T‐cell receptors specific for foreign antigens. To date, VM cells have only been characterized in C57BL/6 mice. Here, we assessed the cytokine requirements for VM cells in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. As reported previously, VM cells in C57BL/6 mice rely mostly on IL‐15 and marginally on IL‐4. In stark contrast, VM cells in BALB/c mice rely substantially on IL‐4 and marginally on IL‐15. Further, NKT cells are the likely source of IL‐4, because CD1d‐deficient mice on a BALB/c background have significantly fewer VM cells. Notably, this NKT/IL‐4 axis contributes to appropriate effector and memory T‐cell responses to infection in BALB/c mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice. However, the effects of IL‐4 are manifest prior to, rather than during, infection. Thus, cytokine‐mediated control of the precursor population affects the development of virus‐specific CD8+ T‐cell memory. Depending upon the genetic background, different cytokines encountered before infection may influence the subsequent ability to mount primary and memory anti‐viral CD8+ T‐cell responses.
A simple phase transition relaxation solver for liquid–vapor flows
Authors: Chiapolino Alexandre , Boivin Pierre , Saurel Richard 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDetermining liquid–vapor phase equilibrium is often required in multiphase flow computations. Existing equilibrium solvers are either accurate but computationally expensive or cheap but inaccurate. The present paper aims at building a fast and accurate specific phase equilibrium solver, specifically devoted to unsteady multiphase flow computations. Moreover, the solver is efficient at phase diagram bounds, where non‐equilibrium pure liquid and pure gas are present. It is systematically validated against solutions based on an accurate (but expensive) solver. Its capability to deal with cavitating, evaporating, and condensing two‐phase flows is highlighted on severe test problems both 1D and 2D. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme precipitation time trends in Ontario, 1960–2010
Authors: Soulis E. D. , Sarhadi A. , Tinel M. , Suthar M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe impact of climate change on the behaviour of intensity–duration–frequency curves is critical to the estimation of design storms, and thus to the safe design of drainage infrastructure. The present study develops a regional time trend methodology that detects the impact of climate change on extreme precipitation from 1960 to 2010. The regional time trend linear regression method is fitted to different durations of annual maximum precipitation intensities derived from multiple sites in Ontario, Canada. The results show the relationship between climate change and increased extreme precipitation in this province. The regional trend analysis demonstrates, under nonstationary conditions arising from climate change, that the intensity of extreme precipitation increased decennially between 1.25% for the 30‐min storm and 1.82% for the 24‐h storm. A comparison of the results with a regional Mann–Kendall test validates the found regional time‐trend results. The results are employed to extrapolate the intensity–duration–frequency curves temporally and spatially for future decades across the province. The results of the regional time trend assessment help with the establishment of new safety margins for infrastructure design in Ontario. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal Fluorosis Due To Inhalation Abuse of a Difluoroethane-Containing Computer Cleaner
Authors: Tucci Joseph R , Whitford Gary M , McAlister William H , Novack Deborah V , Mumm Steven , Keaveny Tony M , Whyte Michael P 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Skeletal fluorosis (SF) is endemic in many countries and millions of people are affected worldwide, whereas in the United States SF is rare with occasional descriptions of unique cases. We report a 28-year-old American man who was healthy until 2 years earlier when he gradually experienced difficulty walking and an abnormal gait, left hip pain, loss of mobility in his right wrist and forearm, and progressive deformities including enlargement of the digits of both hands. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of his lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and the one-third forearm revealed bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores of +6.2, +4.8, +3.0, and –0.2, respectively. Serum, urine, and bone fluoride levels were all elevated and ultimately explained by chronic sniffing abuse of a computer cleaner containing 1,1-difluoroethane. Our findings reflect SF due to the unusual cause of inhalation abuse of difluoroethane. Because this practice seems widespread, particularly in the young, there may be many more such cases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adults’ Explanations for Intimate Partner Violence During Childhood and Associated Effects
Authors: Graham‐Bermann Sandra A. , Cater Åsa K. , Miller‐Graff Laura E. , Howell Kathryn H. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesExposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is known to challenge children's optimal development. This study sought to associate participants’ beliefs about IPV held during childhood with their adjustment as adults, and to compare their beliefs from childhood to their beliefs in early adulthood.MethodA nationally representative sample of 703 Swedish young adults reported on their past and present beliefs about the causes of their parents’ IPV. Standardized measures assessed their mental health (anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress symptoms) and the quality of their relationships as adults.ResultsThe most common explanations for IPV were that the perpetrator suffered from physical or mental illness, had relationship problems, or was distressed. Participants were less likely to blame themselves for IPV or to believe that the perpetrator was cruel when they were adults, compared to their reports of themselves as children. Women were more likely to attribute mental or physical illness as the cause of the perpetrator's IPV. Childhood beliefs that the perpetrator was debilitated (from mental illness or substance abuse) and cruel (took pleasure in violence and/or despised the child) were associated with greater mental health problems and poorer relationship quality in adulthood.ConclusionEvaluation of children's harmful beliefs about IPV could be useful in adapting intervention services aimed at ameliorating negative personal causal attributions.
Attentional Control Scale for Children: Factor Structure and Concurrent Validity Among Children and Adolescents Referred for Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Melendez Raquel , Bechor Michele , Rey Yasmin , Pettit Jeremy W. , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThe present study examined the factor structure and concurrent validity of the Attentional Control Scale for Children (ACS‐C; Muris, de Jong, & Engelen, 2004), a youth self‐rating scale of attentional control.MethodA multisource assessment approach was used with 186 children and adolescents referred to an anxiety disorders specialty clinic.ResultsExploratory factor analysis yielded a 2‐factor structure with internally consistent and moderately correlated subscales of Attentional Focusing and Attentional Shifting. Total ACS‐C and subscale scores demonstrated significant associations with youth and parent ratings of youth anxiety symptoms, youth self ratings of depressive symptoms, and youth diagnosis of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder.ConclusionsThese findings support use of the ACS‐C as a self‐rating scale of attentional control among referred youth. Future research is encouraged to examine retest reliability of the ACS‐C and to evaluate whether its internal structure could be enhanced by removing or modifying items that performed poorly.
Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma inhibits tumor growth by negatively regulating nuclear factor‐κB activation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nojima Hiroyuki , Kuboki Satoshi , Shinoda Kimio , Shimizu Hiroaki , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Kato Atsushi , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Furukawa Katsunori , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Miyazaki Masaru 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor because of its rapid progression. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARγ) is known to inhibit tumor growth in vitro; however, the behavior of PPARγ in clinical cases of HCC remains uncertain.MethodsSurgical specimens were collected from 104 HCC patients. The anti‐neoplastic effects of PPARγ were evaluated.ResultsPPARγ and its ligand expression were increased in some cases of HCC. When HCC patients were divided into two groups, tumor size was larger in patients with low PPARγ expression. Moreover, low PPARγ expression in HCC was an independent predictor of poorer prognosis. PPARγ expression was positively correlated with PPARγ activation and negatively correlated with NF‐κB activation in HCC. PPARγ activation inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest, through increased expression of p27(kip1) and decreased expression of cyclin D1 and interleukin‐8. When HCC cells were treated with PPARγ ligands, PPARγ activation was increased and cell proliferation was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, PPARγ ligands negatively regulated NF‐κB activation.ConclusionsActivation of PPARγ induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits tumor progression by negatively regulating NF‐κB activation in HCC. Therefore, PPARγ is an important endogenous regulator of HCC progression, and is a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
DTI metrics can be used as biomarkers to determine the therapeutic effect of stem cells in acute peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Chen Yue‐Yao , Zhang Xiang , Lin Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Fang , Duan Xiao‐Hui , Zheng Chu‐Shan , Chen Mei‐Wei , Wang Dong‐Ye , Zeng Wei‐Ke , Shen Jun 
Published: July 2016

PurposeTo determine the role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics as biomarkers for the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in acute peripheral nerve injury.Materials and MethodsForty‐four adult rats received subepineurial microinjection of MSCs (n = 22) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, n = 22) 1 week after the sciatic nerve trunk crush injury. Sequential fat‐suppressed T2‐weighted imaging, T2 measurement, DTI and sciatic nerve functional assessment were performed at a 3.0 Tesla MR unit over an 8‐week follow‐up, with histological assessments performed at regular intervals. The sciatic nerve function index, T2 value, and DTI metrics, including fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity values of the distal stumps of crushed nerves were measured and compared between the two groups.ResultsNerves treated with MSCs showed better functional recovery and exhibited more pronounced nerve regeneration compared with nerves treated with PBS. T2 values in nerves treated with MSCs or PBS showed a similar change pattern (P = 0.174), while FA and RD values in nerves treated with MSCs showed more rapid return (one week earlier) to baseline level than nerves treated with PBS (P = 0.045; 0.035). Nerves treated with MSCs had higher FA and lower RD values than nerves treated with PBS during the period from 2 to 3 weeks after surgery (P ≤ 0.0001, 0.004; P = 0.004, 0.006).ConclusionFA and RD values derived from DTI might be used as sensitive biomarkers for detecting the therapeutic effect of stem cells in acute peripheral nerve crush injuries.Level of Evidence: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:855–862.
Effects of variety and steeping conditions on some barley components associated with colonic health
Authors: Teixeira Cristina , Nyman Margareta , Andersson Roger , Alminger Marie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDButyric acid is produced by degradation of dietary fibre by microbiota and is crucial for maintaining a healthy colon. The physicochemical properties are important for butyric acid formation, and this study aimed to evaluate the use of malting to tailor the functional characteristics of barley dietary fibre. The effect of different steeping conditions was evaluated in laboratory‐scale malting experiments with three different barley varieties.RESULTSSteeping at 35°C and with 0.4 % (v/v) lactic acid resulted in a higher content of β‐glucan and soluble fibre in malts than in those steeped at lower temperature and lower lactic acid concentration. Resistant starch increased, whereas the content of soluble arabinoxylan was lower. Dietary fibre components in Tipple were more affected by steeping conditions than the other varieties. The total contents of iron, phytate and amylose were little influenced by steeping conditions.CONCLUSIONThe selection of steeping conditions during malting influences composition and the characteristics of dietary fibre in barley. However, the choice of barley variety is also important for tailoring of functional ingredients beneficial for colonic health. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The use of supraclavicular free flap with vascularized lymph node transfer for treatment of lymphedema: A prospective study of 100 consecutive cases
Authors: Mardonado Andres A. , Chen Ru , Chang David W. 
Published: July 2016

Background and ObjectivesVascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) is gaining popularity for treatment of lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flap and the donor site morbidity of the supraclavicular (SC) VLNT.MethodsA review of a prospective database was performed for patients who had undergone SC VLNT to treat upper or lower extremity lymphedema. Flap and donor site complications were registered for each patient. A detailed technical surgical approach is explained.ResultsOne hundred consecutive patients with lower or upper extremity lymphedema underwent SC VLNT (84% from the right side) with a mean of 11‐months follow‐up (range 3–19 months). There were no flap loss but three flaps (3%) required re‐exploration due to venous congestion of the skin paddle. Two patients had local infection and three patients developed chyle leak (3%) at the donor site but resolved spontaneously. No donor site secondary lymphedema was noted.ConclusionsThis is the largest prospective series of SC free flap VLNT for treatment of lymphedema. Low flap and donor site morbidity makes this flap an appealing source of lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:68–71. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinicopathologic features of gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma in early gastric cancer
Authors: Huh Cheal Wung , Jung Da Hyun , Kim Hyunki , Kim Hoguen , Youn Young Hoon , Park Hyojin , Kim Jong Won , Choi Seung Ho , Noh Sung Hoon , Kim Jie‐Hyun 
Published: July 2016

Background and ObjectivesGastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS) is a rare variant of gastric cancer. The aims of this study were to investigate the clinicopathologic features of GCLS in early gastric cancer (EGC).MethodsAnalysis included 3,385 patients who were diagnosed with EGC after surgery between 2005 and 2012. This study compared GCLS with non‐GCLS patients in terms of clinicopathological features including lymph node metastasis (LNM).ResultsForty‐one (1.2%) patients were diagnosed as GCLS among those with EGC. When GCLS and non‐GCLS patients were compared, the GCLS group showed a greater predominance among males, greater tendency towards proximal location, a more elevated gross appearance, and deeper submucosal invasion. In particular, more than 90% of GCLS cases showed deep submucosal invasion. The LNM rate was significantly lower in GCLS than non‐GCLS cases after adjustment for depth of invasion. Among the GCLS group, there was no LNM in the cases with lesions confined to the mucosa or submucosal invasive lesions with tumor size ≤10 mm.ConclusionsIn EGC, GCLS showed deeper submucosal invasion and a lower LNM rate compared with non‐GCLS. Thus, clinical considerations of GCLS may be helpful to decide on a specific cancer treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:769–772. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Childhood‐Onset Movement Disorders: A Clinical Series of 606 Cases
Authors: Bäumer Tobias , Sajin Valeria , Münchau Alexander 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of this work is to report the distribution of clinical phenomenology, demographic variables, and delay of diagnosis in a cohort of patients with childhood‐onset movement disorders. Personally examined patients with childhood‐onset movement disorders apart from those with cerebral palsy are reported. A total of 606 patients were included. The majority had tic disorders (346; 57%) followed by dystonia (72; 12%); other movement disorders were less frequent (<5%). Mean onset age of patients with tics was 7.4 years ± 3.8 standard deviation; mean delay of diagnosis was 9.9 ± 11 years. Mean onset age of other movement disorders was 8.6 ± 5.7 years; mean delay of diagnosis was 11.1 ± 12.5 years. Psychogenic movement disorders had a later onset than all other movement disorders (P < 0.01) apart from tremor and “other movement disorders.” Dystonias had a longer delay of diagnosis than psychogenic movement disorders (P < 0.038). The diagnostic delay of childhood‐onset movement disorders is considerable, indicating that they are probably under‐recognized.
3D dynamic fragmentation with parallel dynamic insertion of cohesive elements
Authors: Vocialta M. , Richart N. , Molinari J.‐F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDynamic fragmentation is a rapid and catastrophic failure of a material. During this process, the nucleation, propagation, branching, and coalescence of cracks results in the formation of fragments. The numerical modeling of this phenomenon is challenging because it requires high‐performance computational capabilities. For this purpose, the finite‐element method with dynamic insertion of cohesive elements was chosen. This paper describes the parallel implementation of its fundamental algorithms in the C++ open‐source library Akantu. Moreover, a numerical instability that can cause the loss of energy conservation and possible solutions to it are illustrated. Finally, the method is applied to the dynamic fragmentation of a hollow sphere subjected to uniform radial expansion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.