bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Real‐time RT‐PCR Assays for Detection and Quantification of Pineapple Mealybug Wilt‐associated Viruses‐1
Authors: Chang Kai‐Wei , Ho Tsing‐Fen , Lin Yu‐Chang , Kuan Cheng‐Ping 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPineapple mealybug wilt‐associated virus‐1 (PMWaV‐1) is a major causative agent for pineapple disease. A real‐time, one‐step reverse transcription (RT)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using TaqMan probes was developed for the detection of PMWaV‐1. Real‐time RT‐PCR, targeting the amplification of heat‐shock protein 70 homolog (hsp70 h) gene fragment, was highly specific and capable of distinguishing PMWaV‐1 from PMWaV‐2 and PMWaV‐3, which are two other common virus species in pineapple plants. Sensitivity assay revealed that real‐time RT‐PCR was approximately 100‐ to 1000‐fold more sensitive than standard one‐step RT‐PCR, when total RNA of infected plant and PMWaV‐1 hsp70 h transcript were used, respectively. This real‐time RT‐PCR assay is rapid, specific and sensitive, which can be used for PMWaV‐1 diagnosis as well as surveillance.
A simple estimation of ideal profile of essential amino acids and metabolizable energy for growing Japanese quail
Authors: Mehri M. , Ghazaghi M. , Bagherzadeh‐Kasmani F. , Rokouei M. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryAn experiment was conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and amino acid requirements of growing Japanese quail based on ideal protein concept using artificial neural network and desirability function (D‐ANN). Seven‐day‐old quail chicks were assigned to nine experimental diets based on central composite design (CCD) containing five levels of AME (2809–3091 kcal/kg) and CP (19–24.8% of diet). The ratio of lysine (Lys) to CP was set at 0.053 among all treatments, and remaining essential amino acids (EAA) were adjusted to Lys. The experimental data of CCD were fitted to D‐ANN model to compute the optimal values for independent variables. The optimal values of inputs including AME, CP, digestible Lys (dLys), methionine (dMet), total sulphur amino acids (dTSAA), threonine (dThr), tryptophan (dTrp), isoleucine (dIle), valine (dVal) and arginine (dArg) for maximizing gain and minimizing feed conversion ratio were estimated at 2865 kcal/kg, 25, 1.32, 0.55, 0.88, 0.84, 0.20, 0.75, 1.04 and 1.45% of diet, respectively, with D (desirability function) = 0.94. The corresponding optimal amounts of amino acids based on total amino acids were 1.42, 0.59, 0.95, 0.90, 0.22, 0.81, 1.12 and 1.56% of diet respectively. The ideal pattern of essential amino acids to Lys was as follows: dMet: dLys = 0.42, dTSAA: dLys = 0.67, dThr: dLys = 0.64, dTrp: dLys = 0.15, dIle: dLys = 0.57, dVal: dLys = 0.79 and dArg: dLys = 1.09. The results of this study showed that amino acid requirements of modern quails might be higher than those reported by NRC.
A pharmacokinetic and residual study of sulfadiazine/trimethoprim in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) with single‐ and multiple‐dose oral administrations
Authors: Wang W. , Luo L. , Xiao H. , Zhang R. , Deng Y. , Tan A. , Jiang L. 
Published: December 2015

A pharmacokinetic and tissue residue study of sulfadiazine combined with trimethoprim (SDZ/TMP = 5/1) was conducted in Siniperca chuatsi after single‐ (120 mg/kg) or multiple‐dose (an initial dose of 120 mg/kg followed by a 5‐day consecutive dose of 60 mg/kg) oral administrations at 28 °C. The absorption half‐life (t1/2α), elimination half‐life (t1/2β), volume of distribution (Vd/F), and the total body clearance (ClB/F) for SDZ and TMP were 4.3 ± 1.7 to 6.3 ± 1.8 h and 2.4 ± 1.0 to 3.9 ± 0.9 h, 25.9 ± 4.5 to 53.0 ± 5.6 h and 11.8 ± 3.5 to 17.1 ± 3.4 h, 2.34 ± 0.78 to 3.67 ± 0.99 L/kg and 0.39 ± 0.01 to 1.33 ± 0.57 L/kg, and 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.06 ± 0.01 L/kg·h and 0.02 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01 L/kg·h, respectively, after the single dose. The elimination half‐life (t1/2β) and mean residue time (MRT) for SDZ and TMP were 68.8 ± 7.8 to 139.8 ± 12.3 h and 34.0 ± 5.5 to 56.1 ± 6.8 h, and 99.3 ± 6.1 to 201.7 ± 11.5 h and 49.1 ± 3.5 to 81.0 ± 5.1 h, respectively, after the multiple‐dose administration. The daily oral SDZ/TMP administration might cause a high tissue concentration and long t1/2β, thereby affecting antibacterial activity. The withdrawal time for this oral SDZ/TMP formulation (according to the accepted guidelines in Europe for maximum residue limits, <0.1 mg/kg of tissues for sulfonamides, and <0.05 mg/kg for TMP) should not be <36 days for fish.
Genome‐wide DNA methylation profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Mahurkar S. , Polytarchou C. , Iliopoulos D. , Pothoulakis C. , Mayer E. A. , Chang L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a stress‐sensitive disorder. Environmental factors including stress can trigger epigenetic changes, which have not been well‐studied in IBS. We performed a pilot study investigating genome‐wide DNA methylation of IBS patients and healthy controls (HCs) to identify potential epigenetic markers and associated pathways. Additionally, we investigated relationships of epigenetic changes in selected genes with clinical traits.MethodsTwenty‐seven IBS patients (59% women; 10 IBS‐diarrhea, 8 IBS‐constipation, 9 IBS‐mixed) and 23 age‐ and sex‐matched HCs were examined. DNA methylation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured using HM450 BeadChip, and representative methylation differences were confirmed by bisulphite sequencing. Gene expression was measured using quantitative PCR. Gastrointestinal (GI) and non‐GI symptoms were measured using validated questionnaires. Associations were tested using non‐parametric methods.Key ResultsGenome‐wide DNA methylation profiling of IBS patients compared with HCs identified 133 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) (mean difference ≥10%; p < 0.05). These genes were associated with gene ontology terms including glutathione metabolism related to oxidative stress and neuropeptide hormone activity. Validation by sequencing confirmed differential methylation of subcommissural organ (SCO)‐Spondin (SSPO), glutathione‐S‐transferases mu 5 (GSTM5), and tubulin polymerization promoting protein genes. Methylation of two promoter CpGs in GSTM5 was associated with epigenetic silencing. Epigenetic changes in SSPO gene were positively correlated with hospital anxiety and depression scores in IBS patients (r > 0.4 and false discovery rate <0.05).Conclusions & InferencesThis study is the first to comprehensively explore the methylome of IBS patients. We identified DMPs in novel candidate genes which could provide new insights into disease mechanisms; however, these preliminary findings warrant confirmation in larger, independent studies.
An evaluation of new and established methods to determine T‐DNA copy number and homozygosity in transgenic plants.
Authors: Głowacka Katarzyna , Kromdijk Johannes , Leonelli Lauriebeth , Niyogi Krishna K. , Clemente Tom E. , Long Stephen P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStable transformation of plants is a powerful tool for hypothesis testing. A rapid and reliable evaluation method of the transgenic allele for copy number and homozygosity is vital in analysing these transformations. Here the suitability of Southern blot analysis, thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL‐)PCR, quantitative (q)PCR and digital droplet (dd)PCR to estimate T‐DNA copy number, locus complexity and homozygosity were compared in transgenic tobacco. Southern blot analysis and ddPCR on three generations of transgenic offspring with contrasting zygosity and copy number were entirely consistent, whereas TAIL‐PCR often underestimated copy number. qPCR deviated considerably from the Southern blot results and had lower precision and higher variability than ddPCR. Comparison of segregation analyses and ddPCR of T1 progeny from 26 T0 plants showed that at least 19% of the lines carried multiple T‐DNA insertions per locus, which can lead to unstable transgene expression. Segregation analyses failed to detect these multiple copies, presumably because of their close linkage. This shows the importance of routine T‐DNA copy number estimation. Based on our results, ddPCR is the most suitable method, because it is as reliable as Southern blot analysis yet much faster. A protocol for this application of ddPCR to large plant genomes is provided.
Electrophysiological measurement of information flow during visual search
Authors: Cosman Joshua D. , Arita Jason T. , Ianni Julianna D. , Woodman Geoffrey F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe temporal relationship between different stages of cognitive processing is long debated. This debate is ongoing, primarily because it is often difficult to measure the time course of multiple cognitive processes simultaneously. We employed a manipulation that allowed us to isolate ERP components related to perceptual processing, working memory, and response preparation, and then examined the temporal relationship between these components while observers performed a visual search task. We found that, when response speed and accuracy were equally stressed, our index of perceptual processing ended before both the transfer of information into working memory and response preparation began. However, when we stressed speed over accuracy, response preparation began before the completion of perceptual processing or transfer of information into working memory on trials with the fastest reaction times. These findings show that individuals can control the flow of information transmission between stages, either waiting for perceptual processing to be completed before preparing a response or configuring these stages to overlap in time.
RegData: A numerical database on industry‐specific regulations for all United States industries and federal regulations, 1997–2012
Authors: Al‐Ubaydli Omar , McLaughlin Patrick A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe introduce RegData, formerly known as the Industry‐specific Regulatory Constraint Database. RegData annually quantifies federal regulations by industry and regulatory agency for all federal regulations from 1997–2012. The quantification of regulations at the industry level for all industries is without precedent. RegData measures regulation for industries at the two, three, and four‐digit levels of the North American Industry Classification System. We created this database using text analysis to count binding constraints in the wording of regulations, as codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, and to measure the applicability of regulatory text to different industries. We validate our measures of regulation by examining known episodes of regulatory growth and deregulation, as well as by comparing our measures to an existing, cross‐sectional measure of regulation. Researchers can use this database to study the determinants of industry regulations and to study regulations’ effects on a massive array of dependent variables, both across industries and time.
THE ACTION OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON INTESTINAL MUSCLE
Authors: Macdonald A. D. 
Published: December 2015

Doubt is thrown on the commonly held view that the pituitary gland contains a general stimulant of plain muscle fibres, since for the isolated intestine there is no evidence of action in such concentration nor of such tissue specificity as would justify that belief.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh.
ON AMPHIBIAN RETINAL CURRENTS
Authors: Jolly W. A. 
Published: December 2015

The amphibian isolated eyeball mounted in the usual way in a moist dark chamber furnished with a camera shutter, in an oxygen atmosphere, was stimulated by flashes of light, 40 σ in duration, from equal areas in different regions of the spectrum and the responses recorded by the string galvanometer.The maximum response in the case of the initial positive deflection B of the electroretinogram was found to lie in the dark‐adapted eye in the neighbourhood of 6350, and the maximum of the secondary elevation C in the neighbourhood of 5360 A.U.Oscillations on the curve at a slow rate (below 3 per second) are described.By experimental alterations of the condition of adaptation of the eye it is possible to conclude that the oscillation phenomenon, the B summit, and the dip between the B and C summits are together dependent on one retinal process, the C summit on another. The relations of the preliminary negative deflection A are undecided.
ACETYLCHOLINE ACTION ON THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED OF THE DOG AND ITS MODIFICATION BY ADRENALINE AND BY ERGOTOXINE
Authors: Foggie P. 
Published: December 2015

In isolated lungs of the dog under negative pressure ventilation and perfused at constant volume inflow with defibrinated blood, it has been found that:1. In non‐nicotinised preparations adrenaline tends to suppress or reverse the rise in pulmonary arterial pressure produced by large doses of acetylcholine.2. In fully nicotinised preparations, ergotoxine partially or wholly suppresses, or reverses the pulmonary arterial pressure rise produced by large doses of acetylcholine.I wish to express my thanks to Professor I. de Burgh Daily and to Miss Catherine O. Hebb for helpful advice, and to the Moray Endowment Committee for defraying part of the cost of the research.
OBSERVATIONS RELATING TO CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY IN THE RABBIT: ITS PRODUCTION BY ARTERIO‐VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
Authors: Drury Alan N. , Wightman K. J. R. 
Published: December 2015

The anastomosis of the right carotid artery into the external jugular vein leads within a short time to cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation.In the auricles the hypertrophy is considerable, the weights being on occasions four times that of the normal auricle. Both auricles share equally in the hypertrophy.In the ventricles the hypertrophy is not so great, the weights seldom being greater than twice the normal. The right ventricle shows a slightly greater hypertrophy than the left.The change of pressure in the right auricle upon closing the anastomosis indicates that the input into the heart is increased.When the anastomosis is closed, the venous pressure in the veins leading to the superior vena cava falls, but rises in those leading to the inferior vena cava.I wish to express my thanks to Dr. T. D. Day and Miss G. Plaut for their help in the histological study of the hearts.
THE INFLUENCE OF NERVES AND DRUGS ON SECRETION BY THE SMALL INTESTINE AND AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENZYMES IN INTESTINAL JUICE
Authors: Wright R. D. , Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. , Lium R. 
Published: December 2015

1. Stimulation of the vagus nerves in decerebrate or decapitate cats causes a secretion from the duodenum which comes principally from the Brunner's gland area.2. No clear evidence has been obtained that vagal stimulation causes secretion from the jejunum or ileum.3. Cutting the greater splanchnic nerves in the thorax causes secretion from the duodenum, but not from the lower levels of the small intestine.4. Cutting all the preganglionic sympathetic fibres causes secretion from all the small intestine.5. The ganglia of the solar plexus exert an inhibitory influence on secretion after section of the preganglionic fibres.6. The subcutaneous administration of eserine causes secretion from all the small intestine.7. The concomitant administration of eserine and acetylcholine may cause extreme damage to the intestinal mucosa.8. Stimulation of the Nervi Erigentes has no influence on the secretion of the small intestine.9. Histamine has no influence on the secretion of the small intestine.10. Certain anæsthetics abolish or considerably reduce secretory activity produced by the above methods.11. Atropine also abolishes it.12. Confirmation has been obtained of the presence of a secretory hormone acting on the first part of the duodenum in cats. A similar hormone has been shown to be present in pigs. In dogs, innervated fistulæ cease to secrete after 24 hours' starvation and recommence soon after feeding.13. Duodenal secretion obtained experimentally contains amylase and enterokinase. It does not contain protease or peptidase. It sometimes contains traces of invertase and lipase, but their digestive power is insignificant.14. The duodenal secretions of five different species of animal and of both denervated and innervated fistulæ have the same digestive properties.15. In a few experiments no differences were found between the digestive properties of secretion from the duodenum and from other levels of the small intestine.16. Juices from the same level of the small intestine secreted in response to different stimuli show differences in digestive properties which are due to cells and not to differences in the secreted fluid.Dr. E. Chain has kindly advised on the conduct of the enzyme investigations. We are glad to acknowledge the technical help of J. Kent and A. Sale. We are indebted to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society and to the Nuffield Trust for grants towards expenses. One of us (R. D. W.) was also in receipt of a personal grant from the Nuffield Trust.
ABSORPTION FROM THE JOINT CAVITY
Authors: Adkins E. W. O. , Davies D. V. 
Published: December 2015

1. Removal of true solutions, colloidal solutions and fine suspensions from the joint cavity into the subsynovial tissues occurs comparatively rapidly. The rate is proportional to the size of the particle under consideration.2. The mechanism of this removal is obscure. The experiments in this paper suggest a predominantly physical process, although an active rôle for the synovial cells has not been excluded.The mechanism of further removal of substances from the subsynovial tissues varies with the size of particle.(a) Small particles, e.g. true solutions, enter both capillaries and lymphatics with ease. Most are removed in the blood‐stream.(b) Small colloidal particles, e.g. Congo red, enter both blood capillaries and lymphatics, but with greater difficulty.(c) Above a certain critical size, probably in the neighbourhood of the globulin molecule, removal by both these routes ceases, with the exception of small quantities which enter lymphatic vessels but are retained in the regional lymphatic glands.(d) Still larger particles, e.g. 100 m. µ and over, have no route of egress from the subsynovial tissues.We wish to express our gratitude to Professor H. A. Harris for his stimulating interest. Our thanks are also due to Mr. N. W. Pirie and Mr. R. Markham for their help and advice, and to Mr. J. A. F. Fozzard and Miss R. Ernest for technical assistance.
THE PROBLEM OF THE MOULT IN THE CASTRATED BROWN LEGHORN FOWL
Authors: Greenwood Alan W. , Burns Marca 
Published: December 2015

From the observations that have been recorded here on the shedding of feathers from the plumage of fowls it can be concluded that capons do not behave in the same way as normal males and females. They exhibit a tendency, to an appreciable extent, to cast feathers in the winter period, a season of the year when normal birds retain their feathering.With the onset of spring an intensification of the moulting process sets in and feather loss reaches its maximum in the May‐June period, and this may be taken as the appearance of a true moult in such birds. Females, on the other hand, characteristically enter the moult much later in the year—autumn and early winter—as determined by the cessation of egg production and coincident casting of feathers. In normal males, although no accurate determination of moulting phenomena has so far been made, casual observations over a number of years suggest that they tend to moult at a time intermediate between that shown by castrates and females respectively.The data discussed lend support to the hypothesis previously put forward by Greenwood that in the fowl reproductive activity inhibits the onset of the moult, and only when this activity ceases, or continues at a lower level, can the casting and renewing of feathers occur.The investigation failed to provide evidence in support of the conclusion of Benoit [1929] that the capon does not exhibit a true annual moult, although agreement is reached with him on the point that feathers continue to grow and are replaced throughout the whole year. The contention of Pézard [1918] that capons behave as normal males received no confirmation, and the view of Zawadowsky [1922] that castrated males moult twice a year was not borne out, neither by reference to the total number of feathers shed by these birds in the course of a full year nor by the rate of feather shedding. His explanation of the phenomena would only be valid if confusion had arisen with regard to the moult as it affected one particular region only, the neck, an area which, even in normal birds, may exhibit a double moult annually.A further point of interest which was brought out in this study is the appearance of distinct and characteristic rhythms in feather casting in various regions of the plumage. It has been suggested tentatively that an explanation of this may be found by attributing to the expression of a causal relationship the known sensitivity of certain feather types to thyroid stimulation with the variable character of the moult as it affects certain regions. Among many workers Giacomini [1924] and Zawadowsky [1925] have shown that a generalised moult may be obtained in birds by feeding a heavy single dose of thyroid substance. Moulting of the plumage follows as a direct result of hypophysectomy in birds [Hill, Corkhill and Parkes, 1924], but while the primary factor here may be the removal of the pituitary gland it is significant that the new feathers subsequently growing in indicated by their colour and structure a marked inactivity of the thyroid glands.
PERMEABILITY OF CANINE SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS TO BLOOD‐BORNE HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE: EFFECTS OF TRANSIENT DUCTAL OBSTRUCTION DURING SECRETION
Authors: Garrett J. R. , Klinger A. H. , Parsons P. A. 
Published: December 2015

Outflow obstruction of the submandibular duct, for a short period during parasympathetic secretion, caused an increase in glandular permeability to horseradish peroxidase. Higher frequencies of parasympathetic nerve stimulation during the obstructive period induced greater increases in the permeability. It is likely that the intraluminal distensions had disrupted some tight junctions and so permitted a greater paracellular leakiness. The damage tended to induce ballooning between striated ductal cells, similar to the appearances observed by Emmelin, Garrett & Gjörstrup (1977a) when sympathetic secretion was accompanied by myoepithelial contraction against a raised outflow pressure.The present results have been compared with experimental data from other workers and give support to the idea that tight junctions can behave in a sieve‐like manner towards the back‐diffusion of molecules across them.This work indicates that there is a great need for care in permeability studies. It is possible that some permeability changes observed by other workers may have been the consequences of physical damage between cells. Our findings reinforce the need for morphological assessment of the glands after permeability experiments. In man it is likely that naturally occurring or artificially induced obstructive events may at times create similar permeability changes and these may enable protective substances to pass from the blood to the saliva. This affords possible explanation for such phenomena as the therapeutic value that often accrues from sialography and the efficacy of many different antibiotics in obstructive sialadenitis, despite the fact that most antibiotics do not normally permeate to the saliva.