bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TGEV infection up-regulates FcRn expression via activation of NF-κB signaling
Authors: Guo Jinyue , Li Fei , Qian Shaoju , Bi Dingren , He Qigai , Jin Hui , Luo Rui , Li Shaowen , Meng Xianrong , Li Zili 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt has been well characterized that the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal IgG to a fetus or newborn and protects IgG from degradation. We previously reported that FcRn is expressed in a model of normal porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Transmissible gastroenteritis is an acute enteric disease of swine that is caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). How porcine FcRn (pFcRn) expression is regulated by pathogenic infection remains unknown. Our research shows that IPEC-J2 cells infected with TGEV had up-regulated pFcRn expression. In addition, the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in IPEC-J2 cells by TGEV infection. Furthermore, treatment of TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells with the NF-κB-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082 resulted in down-regulation of pFcRn expression. Transient transfection of pFcRn promoter luciferase report plasmids with overexpression of NF-κB p65 transcription factor enhanced the activation of the luciferase report plasmids. We identified four NF-κB transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of this gene using luciferase reporter system, chromatin immunoprecipitation, electromobility shift assay, and supershift analysis. Together, the data provide the first evidence that TGEV infection up-regulates pFcRn expression via activation of NF-κB signaling.
An ultrasensitive electrogenerated chemiluminescence-based immunoassay for specific detection of Zika virus
Authors: Acharya Dhiraj , Bastola Pradip , Le Linda , Paul Amber M. , Fernandez Estefania , Diamond Michael S. , Miao Wujian , Bai Fengwei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a globally emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can cause severe fetal abnormalities, including microcephaly. As such, highly sensitive, specific, and cost-effective diagnostic methods are urgently needed. Here, we report a novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)-based immunoassay for ultrasensitive and specific detection of ZIKV in human biological fluids. We loaded polystyrene beads (PSB) with a large number of ECL labels and conjugated them with anti-ZIKV monoclonal antibodies to generate anti-ZIKV-PSBs. These anti-ZIKV-PSBs efficiently captured ZIKV in solution forming ZIKV-anti-ZIKV-PSB complexes, which were subjected to measurement of ECL intensity after further magnetic beads separation. Our results show that the anti-ZIKV-PSBs can capture as little as 1 PFU of ZIKV in 100 μl of saline, human plasma, or human urine. This platform has the potential for development as a cost-effective, rapid and ultrasensitive assay for the detection of ZIKV and possibly other viruses in clinical diagnosis, epidemiologic and vector surveillance, and laboratory research.
Split square resonators using high dielectric constant resonator
Authors: Moradi B. , Matrinez U. , Garcia J. 
Published: August 2016

The design of a split ring resonator bandpass filter is reported. The design is based on coupling coefficient filter and the novelty of the proposed design is possibility to miniaturise the structure by including a new kind of dielectric resonator fabricated with a commercial high dielectric constant epoxy paste. Equivalent circuit model is discussed, establishing a clear relation between each component and physical parameter of the proposed design. Excellent agreement between electromagnetic simulation and measured of band pass filter at 1.65 GHz is found.
Least‐cost path analysis and multi‐criteria assessment for routing electricity transmission lines
Authors: de Lima Rodolfo Mendes , Osis Reinis , de Queiroz Anderson Rodrigo , Santos Afonso Henriques Moreira 
Published: August 2016

The classical approach for transmission line (TL) routing based on paper maps, aerial photographs and field visits can generate inconsistent results, besides being a time consuming and intensive labour activity. The application of methodologies based on geographic information system (GIS) combined with multi‐criteria assessment (MCA) methods can generate time and cost savings on the planning step. However, this methodology still must be better assessed for its applicability and improvements can be made. Therefore, this study aims at verifying the applicability of a GIS methodology for TL routing using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for weighting criteria. In addition, the effectiveness of AHP method is evaluated comparing the previously attained results with a route modelled using monetary values to weight the criteria. To achieve the objectives, the methodology is applied for an area in the northern region of Brazil (state of Pará) where a 230 kV TL is already implemented: the TL Vila do Conde‐Castanhal. As a result, routes with lower length and lower total cost than the implemented TL were obtained, which suggest the potential benefits of applying the proposed methodology compared with traditional route planning, which does not use quantitative MCA and more advanced GIS tools.
Sand, Flaubert, Cuvier: Writing Time and Nature
Authors: Mathias Manon 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

This article reveals new connections between Sand and Flaubert by examining their shared interest in geology. Focusing on Flaubert’s
L’Éducation sentimentale
(1869) and
Bouvard et Pécuchet
(1880), and Sand’s understudied later works, particularly
Jean de La Roche
(1860), the article considers these writers’ engagement with Georges Cuvier’s catastrophist model of earth history as developed in his
Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe
(1825). It argues that Sand and Flaubert’s works illustrate rich intersections with geohistory, specifically with regards to temporality and humanity’s changing relationship with the environment. Whereas Flaubert draws on Cuvierian geology to develop a fractured conception of history, Sand takes the upheavals of the earth’s past as a model for humanity’s struggle towards moral and spiritual progress. Both authors, however, also draw on the deductions of geology to question humanity’s pre-eminence. Their shared attraction to earth history as a means of challenging the supremacy of humankind destabilizes conventional readings of Sand and Flaubert as polar opposites. Through their engagement with geology as a mysterious conceptual space, the two authors reach towards a deeper union with the wider universe beyond the limitations and oppositions of the present.
How Can Physicians Educate Patients About Health Care Policy Issues?
Authors: Gordon Paul R. 
Published: August 2016

Complicated health care policy decisions are generally made by elected officials. The officials making these complicated decisions are elected by the people, and citizens’ participation in the voting process is one of the basic tenets of democracy. Voters in the United States, who are also patients in the health care system, receive enormous amounts of information throughout election cycles. This information is generally delivered in sound bites often intended to elicit an emotional reaction rather than simply inform. From April through July 2016, the author—an academic physician—rode a bicycle across the United States and met with people in small rural towns to ask them their understanding of the Affordable Care Act and the impact it has had on their lives. In this Commentary the author shares some of those stories, which are often informed by sound bites and misinformation. The author argues that it is the role of academic physicians to educate not only students and residents but also patients. In addition to providing information about patients’ medical problems, physicians can educate them about the health care policy issues that are decided by elected officials.
A doctor can help educate patients about these issues to facilitate their making informed decisions in elections. Physicians have a role and responsibility in society as a knowledgeable person to make the health care system be the best it can be for the most people.
Human Envelope Following Responses to Amplitude Modulation: Effects of Aging and Modulation Depth
Authors: Dimitrijevic Andrew , Alsamri Jamal , John M. Sasha , Purcell David , George Sahara , Zeng Fan-Gang 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
To record envelope following responses (EFRs) to monaural amplitude-modulated broadband noise carriers in which amplitude modulation (AM) depth was slowly changed over time and to compare these objective electrophysiological measures to subjective behavioral thresholds in young normal hearing and older subjects.

Design:
Participants: three groups of subjects included a young normal-hearing group (YNH 18 to 28 years; pure-tone average = 5 dB HL), a first older group (“O1”; 41 to 62 years; pure-tone average = 19 dB HL), and a second older group (“O2”; 67 to 82 years; pure-tone average = 35 dB HL). Electrophysiology: In condition 1, the AM depth (41 Hz) of a white noise carrier, was continuously varied from 2% to 100% (5%/s). EFRs were analyzed as a function of the AM depth. In condition 2, auditory steady-state responses were recorded to fixed AM depths (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%) at a rate of 41 Hz. Psychophysics: A 3 AFC (alternative forced choice) procedure was used to track the AM depth needed to detect AM at 41 Hz (AM detection). The minimum AM depth capable of eliciting a statistically detectable EFR was defined as the physiological AM detection threshold.

Results:
Across all ages, the fixed AM depth auditory steady-state response and swept AM EFR yielded similar response amplitudes. Statistically significant correlations (r = 0.48) were observed between behavioral and physiological AM detection thresholds. Older subjects had slightly higher (not significant) behavioral AM detection thresholds than younger subjects. AM detection thresholds did not correlate with age. All groups showed a sigmoidal EFR amplitude versus AM depth function but the shape of the function differed across groups. The O2 group reached EFR amplitude plateau levels at lower modulation depths than the normal-hearing group and had a narrower neural dynamic range. In the young normal-hearing group, the EFR phase did not differ with AM depth, whereas in the older group, EFR phase showed a consistent decrease with increasing AM depth. The degree of phase change (or phase slope) was significantly correlated to the pure-tone threshold at 4 kHz.

Conclusions:
EFRs can be recorded using either the swept modulation depth or the discrete AM depth techniques. Sweep recordings may provide additional valuable information at suprathreshold intensities including the plateau level, slope, and dynamic range. Older subjects had a reduced neural dynamic range compared with younger subjects suggesting that aging affects the ability of the auditory system to encode subtle differences in the depth of AM. The phase-slope differences are likely related to differences in low and high-frequency contributions to EFR. The behavioral-physiological AM depth threshold relationship was significant but likely too weak to be clinically useful in the present individual subjects who did not suffer from apparent temporal processing deficits.
Prospective Study of Gastroesophageal Reflux, Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and H2-Receptor Antagonists, and Risk of Hearing Loss
Authors: Lin Brian M. , Curhan Sharon G. , Wang Molin , Jacobson Brian C. , Eavey Roland , Stankovic Konstantina M. , Curhan Gary C. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common and often treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2-receptor antagonists (H2-RAs). GERD has been associated with exposure of the middle ear to gastric contents, which could cause hearing loss. Treatment of GERD with PPIs and H2-RAs may decrease exposure of the middle ear to gastric acid and decrease the risk of hearing loss. We prospectively investigated the relation between GERD, use of PPIs and H2-RAs, and the risk of hearing loss in 54,883 women in Nurses’ Health Study II.

Design:
Eligible participants, aged 41 to 58 years in 2005, provided information on medication use and GERD symptoms in 2005, answered the question on hearing loss in 2009 or in 2013, and did not report hearing loss starting before the date of onset of GERD symptoms or medication use. The primary outcome was self-reported hearing loss. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for potential confounders.

Results:
During 361,872 person-years of follow-up, 9842 new cases of hearing loss were reported. Compared with no GERD symptoms, higher frequency of GERD symptoms was associated with higher risk of hearing loss (multivariable adjusted relative risks: <1 time/month 1.04 [0.97, 1.11], several times/week 1.17 [1.09, 1.25], daily 1.33 [1.19, 1.49]; p value for trend <0.001). After accounting for GERD symptoms, neither PPI nor H2-RA use was associated with the risk of hearing loss.

Conclusions:
GERD symptoms are associated with higher risk of hearing loss in women, but use of PPIs and H2-RAs are not independently associated with the risk.
Age-Related Differences in Listening Effort During Degraded Speech Recognition
Authors: Ward Kristina M. , Shen Jing , Souza Pamela E. , Grieco-Calub Tina M. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
The purpose of the present study was to quantify age-related differences in executive control as it relates to dual-task performance, which is thought to represent listening effort, during degraded speech recognition.

Design:
Twenty-five younger adults (YA; 18–24 years) and 21 older adults (OA; 56–82 years) completed a dual-task paradigm that consisted of a primary speech recognition task and a secondary visual monitoring task. Sentence material in the primary task was either unprocessed or spectrally degraded into 8, 6, or 4 spectral channels using noise-band vocoding. Performance on the visual monitoring task was assessed by the accuracy and reaction time of participants’ responses. Performance on the primary and secondary task was quantified in isolation (i.e., single task) and during the dual-task paradigm. Participants also completed a standardized psychometric measure of executive control, including attention and inhibition. Statistical analyses were implemented to evaluate changes in listeners’ performance on the primary and secondary tasks (1) per condition (unprocessed vs. vocoded conditions); (2) per task (single task vs. dual task); and (3) per group (YA vs. OA).

Results:
Speech recognition declined with increasing spectral degradation for both YA and OA when they performed the task in isolation or concurrently with the visual monitoring task. OA were slower and less accurate than YA on the visual monitoring task when performed in isolation, which paralleled age-related differences in standardized scores of executive control. When compared with single-task performance, OA experienced greater declines in secondary-task accuracy, but not reaction time, than YA. Furthermore, results revealed that age-related differences in executive control significantly contributed to age-related differences on the visual monitoring task during the dual-task paradigm.

Conclusions:
OA experienced significantly greater declines in secondary-task accuracy during degraded speech recognition than YA. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that OA expended greater listening effort than YA, which may be partially attributed to age-related differences in executive control.
Does Specialty Bias Trump Evidence in the Management of High-risk Prostate Cancer?
Authors: Kishan Amar U. , Duchesne Gillian , Wang Pin-Chieh , Rwigema Jean-Claude M. , Saigal Christopher , Rettig Matthew , Steinberg Michael L. , King Christopher R. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
The objective was to query how specialty influences treatment recommendations for high-risk prostate cancer in 3 clinical settings: upfront management, postoperative management, and management of biochemical recurrences (BCRs) after radiotherapy (RT). We hypothesized that specialty bias would manifest in all settings, trumping available evidence.

Methods:
A survey of practicing urologists and radiation oncologists was distributed through electronic mail. Questions pertained to upfront management, postoperative treatment, and local salvage for postradiation BCRs. The associations between 26 selected categorical responses and specialty were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Training level/expertise, practice setting, percentage of consultation caseload consisting of prostate cancer, and nationality were set as effect modifiers.

Results:
One thousand two hundred fifty-three physicians (846 radiation oncologists and 407 urologists) completed the survey. Radiation oncologists were more likely to recommend adjuvant RT and consider it to be underutilized, and more likely to recommend salvage RT at lower prostate-specific antigen thresholds (P<0.0001). Urologists were more likely to recommend salvage radical prostatectomy or cryoablation for local salvage after RT, whereas radiation oncologists were more likely to recommend RT-based modalities and more likely to report that local salvage was underutilized after RT (P<0.0001). Urologists were more likely to report that upfront radical prostatectomy was a better definitive treatment (P<0.0001), whereas radiation oncologists were more likely to report the opposite (P=0.005).

Conclusions:
Specialty biases permeate recommendations for upfront management and management in the postoperative and post-RT BCR setting, irrespective of available evidence. These data reveal the critical need for multidisciplinary clinics and cross-specialty training as potential solutions for overcoming specialty bias.
Dural stimulation in rats causes brain-derived neurotrophic factor–dependent priming to subthreshold stimuli including a migraine trigger
Authors: Burgos-Vega Carolina C. , Quigley Lilyana D. , Avona Amanda , Price Theodore , Dussor Gregory 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMigraine is one of the most common and most disabling disorders. Between attacks, migraine patients are otherwise normal but are sensitized to nonnoxious events known as triggers. The purpose of these studies was to investigate whether a headache-like event causes sensitization, or priming, to subsequent subthreshold events. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was applied to the rat cranial dura mater which produced cutaneous facial and hind paw allodynia that lasted 24 hours. At 72 hours, IL-6–treated rats developed allodynia in response to dural stimulation with either a pH 6.8 or pH 7.0 solution and to a systemic nitric oxide (NO) donor, a well-known migraine trigger. Vehicle-treated rats did not respond to either pH stimulus or to the NO donor, demonstrating that IL-6 exposure primes rats to subthreshold stimuli. Inhibitors of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling given either systemically or intracisternally 24 hours after IL-6 eliminated responses to dural pH stimulation at 72 hours. Additionally, intracisternal administration of BDNF without previous dural stimulation produced allodynia and once resolved, animals were primed to dural pH 6.8/pH 7.0 and a systemic NO donor. Finally, hind paw IL-6 produced paw allodynia but not priming to paw injection of pH 7.0 at 72 hours demonstrating differences in priming depending on location. These data indicate that afferent input from the meninges produces BDNF-dependent priming of the dural nociceptive system. This primed state mimics the interictal period of migraine where attacks can be triggered by normally nonnoxious events and suggests that BDNF-dependent plasticity may contribute to migraine.
Characterizing the pain score trajectories of hospitalized adult medical and surgical patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kannampallil Thomas , Galanter William L. , Falck Suzanne , Gaunt Michael J. , Gibbons Robert D. , McNutt Robert , Odwazny Richard , Schiff Gordon , Vaida Allen J. , Wilkie Diana J. , Lambert Bruce L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Pain care for hospitalized patients is often suboptimal. Representing pain scores as a graphical trajectory may provide insights into the understanding and treatment of pain. We describe a 1-year, retrospective, observational study to characterize pain trajectories of hospitalized adults during the first 48 hours after admission at an urban academic medical center. Using a subgroup of patients who presented with significant pain (pain score >4; n = 7762 encounters), we characterized pain trajectories and measured area under the curve, slope of the trajectory for the first 2 hours after admission, and pain intensity at plateau. We used mixed-effects regression to assess the association between pain score and sociodemographics (age, race, and gender), pain medication orders (opioids, nonopioids, and no medications), and medical service (obstetrics, psychiatry, surgery, sickle cell, intensive care unit, and medicine). K-means clustering was used to identify patient subgroups with similar trajectories. Trajectories showed differences based on race, gender, service, and initial pain score. Patients presumed to have dissimilar pain experiences (eg, sickle vs obstetrical) had markedly different pain trajectories. Patients with higher initial pain had a more rapid reduction during their first 2 hours of treatment. Pain reduction achieved in the 48 hours after admission was approximately 50% of the initial pain, regardless of the initial pain. Most patients' pain failed to fully resolve, plateauing at a pain score of 4 or greater. Visualizing pain scores as graphical trajectories illustrates the dynamic variability in pain, highlighting pain responses over a period of observation, and may yield new insights for quality improvement and research.
A data science approach to candidate gene selection of pain regarded as a process of learning and neural plasticity
Authors: Ultsch Alfred , Kringel Dario , Kalso Eija , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Lötsch Jörn 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The increasing availability of “big data” enables novel research approaches to chronic pain while also requiring novel techniques for data mining and knowledge discovery. We used machine learning to combine the knowledge about n = 535 genes identified empirically as relevant to pain with the knowledge about the functions of thousands of genes. Starting from an accepted description of chronic pain as displaying systemic features described by the terms “learning” and “neuronal plasticity,” a functional genomics analysis proposed that among the functions of the 535 “pain genes,” the biological processes “learning or memory” (P = 8.6 × 10−64) and “nervous system development” (P = 2.4 × 10−40) are statistically significantly overrepresented as compared with the annotations to these processes expected by chance. After establishing that the hypothesized biological processes were among important functional genomics features of pain, a subset of n = 34 pain genes were found to be annotated with both Gene Ontology terms. Published empirical evidence supporting their involvement in chronic pain was identified for almost all these genes, including 1 gene identified in March 2016 as being involved in pain. By contrast, such evidence was virtually absent in a randomly selected set of 34 other human genes. Hence, the present computational functional genomics–based method can be used for candidate gene selection, providing an alternative to established methods.