bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internet addiction: Prevalence and relation with mental states in adolescents
Authors: Kawabe Kentaro , Horiuchi Fumie , Ochi Marina , Oka Yasunori , Ueno Shu‐ichi 
Published: May 2016

AimInternet addiction disrupts the daily lives of adolescents. We investigated the prevalence of Internet addiction in junior high school students, elucidated the relation between Internet addiction and mental states, and determined the factors associated with Internet addiction in adolescents.MethodsJunior high school students (aged 12–15 years) were assessed using Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and a questionnaire on access to electronic devices.ResultsBased on total IAT scores, 2.0% (male, 2.1%; female, 1.9%) and 21.7% (male, 19.8%; female, 23.6%) of the total 853 participants (response rate, 97.6%) were classified as addicted and possibly addicted, respectively. Total GHQ scores were significantly higher in the addicted (12.9 ± 7.4) and possibly addicted groups (8.8 ± 6.0) than in the non‐addicted group (4.3 ± 4.6; P < 0.001, both groups). A comparison of the percentage of students in the pathological range of GHQ scores revealed significantly higher scores in the possibly addicted group than in the non‐addicted group. Further, accessibility to smartphones was significantly associated with Internet addiction.ConclusionStudents in the addicted and possibly addicted groups were considered ‘problematic' Internet users. Use of smartphones warrants special attention, being among the top factors contributing to Internet addiction.
Inheritance patterns of photoperiodic diapause induction inLeptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Lehmann Philipp , Margus Aigi , Lindström Leena 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotoperiod is a reliable indicator of season and an important cue that many insects use for phenological synchronization. Undergoing range expansion insects can face a change in the local photoperiod to which they need to resynchronize. Rapid range expansion can be associated with rapid photoperiodic adaptation, which can be associated with intense selection on strongly heritable polygenic traits. Alternatively, it is proposed that, in insects with an XO sex‐determination system, genes with large effect residing on the sex chromosome could drive photoperiodic adaptation because the gene or genes are exposed to selection in the sex carrying only a single X‐chromosome. The present study seeks to understand which of these alternatives more likely explains the rapid photoperiodic adaptation in European Colorado potato beetlesLeptinotarsa decemlineataSay. Diapause induction is assessed in beetles from a northern and a southern population, as well as from reciprocal hybrid crosses between the northern and southern population, when reared at an intermediate length photoperiod. The crosses within population display the expected responses, with the northern and southern populations showing high and low diapause propensity, respectively. The hybrids show intermediate responses in all studied traits. No clear difference in the responses in hybrids depending on the latitudinal origin of their father or mother is detected, even though partial paternal line dominance is seen in the responses of male beetles in one hybrid cross. These results therefore indicate that, inL. decemlineata, photoperiodic diapause induction is strongly heritable, and has an additive polygenic autosomal background.
SerumMX2 Protein as Candidate Biomarker for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Buffalo
Authors: Buragohain L , Kumar R , Nanda T , Phulia SK , Mohanty AK , Kumar S , Balhara S , Ghuman SPS , Singh I , Balhara AK 
Published: May 2016

ContentsInterferon‐tau (IFN‐τ)‐induced molecular markers such as ubiquitin‐like modifier (ISG15), 2′,5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) and myxovirus resistance genes (MX1andMX2) have generated immense attention towards developing diagnostic tools for early diagnosis of pregnancy in bovine. These molecules are expressed at transcriptional level in peripheral nucleated cells. However, their presence in the serum is still a question mark. This study reports sequential changes in expression ofMX2transcript in whole blood and serumMX2protein level on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 in pregnant (n = 9) buffalo heifers, and on days 0, 7 and 14 in non‐inseminated (n = 8) and inseminated non‐pregnant (n = 10) control animals. In non‐inseminated and inseminated non‐pregnant heifers, the differential expression ofMX2transcript andMX2 protein level remained similar between day 7 and 14 post‐oestrus. However, in pregnant heifers, on 14th and 28th day post‐inseminationMX2transcript was 16.38 ± 1.57 and 28.16 ± 1.91 times upregulated as compared to day 0. Similarly, serumMX2 protein concentration followed analogous trend asMX2transcript and increased gradually with the progression of pregnancy. Correlation analysis between expression ofMX2transcript and its serum protein level showed a significant positive correlation in pregnant animals, while it was random in other two groups. Therefore,MX2surge at transcriptional and serum protein level after day 14–28 of pregnancy in buffalo holds potential for its use in early pregnancy detection.
Analysis of pulmonary non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infections after lung transplantation
Authors: Shah S.K. , McAnally K.J. , Seoane L. , Lombard G.A. , LaPlace S.G. , Lick S. , Dhillon G.S. , Valentine V.G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposeNon‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are important pathogens in lung transplant recipients. This study describes the spectrum of NTM respiratory tract infections and examines the association of NTM infections with lung transplant complications.MethodsData from 208 recipients transplanted from November 1990 to November 2005 were analyzed. Follow‐up data were available to November 2010. Lung infection was defined by bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, or blood cultures in the appropriate clinical setting. All identified NTM respiratory tract infections were tabulated. The cohort of patients with NTM lung infections (NTM+) were compared to the cohort without infection (NTM−). Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to determine characteristics associated with NTM infection. Survival analyses for overall survival and development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) were also performed.ResultsIn total, 52 isolates of NTM lung infection were identified in 30 patients. The isolates included Mycobacterium abscessus (46%), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (36%), Mycobacterium gordonae (9%), Mycobacterium chelonae (7%), and Mycobacterium fortuitum (2%), with multiple NTM isolates seen on 3 different occasions. The overall incidence was 14%, whereas cumulative incidences at 1, 3, and 5 years after lung transplantation were 11%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Comparisons between the NTM+ and NTM− cohorts revealed that NTM+ patients were more likely to be African‐American and have cytomegalovirus mismatch. Although no difference was seen in survival, the NTM+ cohort was more likely to develop BOS (80% vs. 58%, P = 0.02). NTM+ infection, however, was not independently associated with development of BOS by multivariate analysis.ConclusionWith nearly 20 years of follow‐up, 14% of lung recipients develop NTM respiratory tract infections, with M. abscessus and MAC more commonly identified. M. gordonae was considered responsible for nearly 10% of NTM infections. Although survival of patients with NTM infections is similar, a striking difference in BOS rates is present in the NTM+ and NTM− groups.
Ecological Dynamics of Campylobacter in Integrated Mixed Crop–Livestock Farms and Its Prevalence and Survival Ability in Post‐Harvest Products
Authors: Salaheen S. , Peng M. , Biswas D. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis study investigated the ecological distribution of zoonotic bacterial pathogen, Campylobacter, in mixed crop–livestock (MCL) farms compared to conventional farms and their products at pre‐ and post‐harvest levels. A total of 222 Campylobacter isolates were identified. At pre‐harvest level, a total of 1287 samples from seven MCL farms, four conventional poultry farms, four organic produce‐only and five conventional produce‐only farms from Maryland and the DC metropolitan area were analysed from 2012 to 2014. Campylobacter was detected in 11.16% and 3.6% of MCL and conventional farm samples, respectively, but none from produce‐only farm samples. Tetracycline resistance was observed in 51.02% of MCL farm isolates but none among conventional farm isolates. For post‐harvest analysis, a total of 1281 food products from seven farmers markets, three organic retail supermarkets and three conventional retail supermarkets were collected from the same area. Campylobacter was isolated in 87.5%, 71.43% and 33.33% of whole chicken carcasses in farmers markets, organic and conventional retail supermarkets, respectively. No Campylobacter was detected in post‐harvest produce samples due in part to the inability of Campylobacter to survive in absence of sufficient water activity. Overall, this study reveals public health concerns regarding the MCL farm environment and their products that are sold in retail and farmers markets.
Analyses of Short-Term Antagonistic Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1 and Phage KPP22 (Myoviridae Family, PB1-Like Virus Genus)
Authors: Uchiyama Jumpei , Suzuki Masato , Nishifuji Koji , Kato Shin-ichiro , Miyata Reina , Nasukawa Tadahiro , Yamaguchi Kotoe , Takemura-Uchiyama Iyo , Ujihara Takako , Shimakura Hidekatsu , Murakami Hironobu , Okamoto Noriaki , Sakaguchi Yoshihiko , Shibayama Keigo , Sakaguchi Masahiro , Matsuzaki Shigenobu 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
causes serious intractable infections in humans and animals. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has been applied to treat
P. aeruginosa
infections, and phages belonging to the PB1-like virus genus in the
Myoviridae
family have been used as therapeutic phages. To achieve safer and more effective phage therapy, the use of preadapted phages is proposed. To understand in detail such phage preadaptation, the short-term antagonistic evolution of bacteria and phages should be studied. In this study, the short-term antagonistic evolution of bacteria and PB1-like phage was examined by studying phage-resistant clones of
P. aeruginosa
strain PAO1 and mutant PB1-like phages that had recovered their infectivity. First, phage KPP22 was isolated and characterized; it was classified as belonging to the PB1-like virus genus in the
Myoviridae
family. Subsequently, three KPP22-resistant PAO1 clones and three KPP22 mutant phages capable of infecting these clones were isolated in three sets of
in vitro
experiments. It was shown that the bacterial resistance to phage KPP22 was caused by significant decreases in phage adsorption and that the improved infectivity of KPP22 mutant phages was caused by significant increases in phage adsorption. The KPP22-resistant PAO1 clones and the KPP22 mutant phages were then analyzed genetically. All three KPP22-resistant PAO1 clones, which were deficient for the O5 antigen, had a common nonsense mutation in the
wzy
gene. All the KPP22 mutant phage genomes showed the same four missense mutations in the open reading frames
orf060
,
orf065
, and
orf086
. The information obtained in this study should be useful for further development of safe and efficient phage therapy.

IMPORTANCE
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
causes serious intractable infections in humans and animals; bacteriophage (phage) therapy has been utilized to treat
P. aeruginosa
infections, and phages that belong to the PB1-like virus genus in the family
Myoviridae
have been used as therapeutic phages. The preadapted phage is trained in advance through the antagonistic evolution of bacteria and phage and is proposed to be used to achieve safer and more effective phage therapy. In this study, to understand the phage preadaptation, the
in vitro
short-term antagonistic evolution was studied using
P. aeruginosa
strain PAO1 and the newly isolated PB1-like phage KPP22. Phage KPP22 was characterized, and the molecular framework regarding the phage preadaptation of KPP22 was elucidated. The importance of study of antagonistic evolution of bacteria and phage in phage therapy is discussed.
Gene Expression Patterns of Wood Decay Fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Are Influenced by Wood Substrate Composition during Degradation
Authors: Skyba Oleksandr , Cullen Dan , Douglas Carl J. , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Identification of the specific genes and enzymes involved in the fungal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass derived from feedstocks with various compositions is essential to the development of improved bioenergy processes. In order to elucidate the effect of substrate composition on gene expression in wood-rotting fungi, we employed microarrays based on the annotated genomes of the brown- and white-rot fungi,
Rhodonia placenta
(formerly
Postia placenta
) and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
, respectively. We monitored the expression of genes involved in the enzymatic deconstruction of the cell walls of three 4-year-old
Populus trichocarpa
(poplar) trees of genotypes with distinct cell wall chemistries, selected from a population of several hundred trees grown in a common garden. The woody substrates were incubated with wood decay fungi for 10, 20, and 30 days. An analysis of transcript abundance in all pairwise comparisons highlighted 64 and 84 differentially expressed genes (>2-fold,
P
< 0.05) in
P. chrysosporium
and
P. placenta
, respectively. Cross-fungal comparisons also revealed an array of highly differentially expressed genes (>4-fold,
P
< 0.01) across different substrates and time points. These results clearly demonstrate that gene expression profiles of
P. chrysosporium
and
P. placenta
are influenced by wood substrate composition and the duration of incubation. Many of the significantly expressed genes encode “proteins of unknown function,” and determining their role in lignocellulose degradation presents opportunities and challenges for future research.

IMPORTANCE
This study describes the variation in expression patterns of two wood-degrading fungi (brown- and white-rot fungi) during colonization and incubation on three different naturally occurring poplar substrates of differing chemical compositions, over time. The results clearly show that the two fungi respond differentially to their substrates and that several known and, more interestingly, currently unknown genes are highly misregulated in response to various substrate compositions. These findings highlight the need to characterize several unknown proteins for catalytic function but also as potential candidate proteins to improve the efficiency of enzymatic cocktails to degrade lignocellulosic substrates in industrial applications, such as in a biochemically based bioenergy platform.
Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotope Effects of Ammonia Oxidation by Thermophilic Thaumarchaeota from a Geothermal Water Stream
Authors: Nishizawa Manabu , Sakai Sanae , Konno Uta , Nakahara Nozomi , Takaki Yoshihiro , Saito Yumi , Imachi Hiroyuki , Tasumi Eiji , Makabe Akiko , Koba Keisuke , Takai Ken 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTAmmonia oxidation regulates the balance of reduced and oxidized nitrogen pools in nature. Although ammonia-oxidizing archaea have been recently recognized to often outnumber ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in various environments, the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea is still uncertain due to difficulties in thein situquantification of ammonia oxidation activity. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrite (δ15NNO2−and δ18ONO2−, respectively) are geochemical tracers for evaluating the sources and thein siturate of nitrite turnover determined from the activities of nitrification and denitrification; however, the isotope ratios of nitrite from archaeal ammonia oxidation have been characterized only for a few marine species. We first report the isotope effects of ammonia oxidation at 70°C by thermophilicThaumarchaeotapopulations composed almost entirely of “CandidatusNitrosocaldus.” The nitrogen isotope effect of ammonia oxidation varied with ambient pH (25‰ to 32‰) and strongly suggests the oxidation of ammonia, not ammonium. The δ18O value of nitrite produced from ammonia oxidation varied with the δ18O value of water in the medium but was lower than the isotopic equilibrium value in water. Because experiments have shown that the half-life of abiotic oxygen isotope exchange between nitrite and water is longer than 33 h at 70°C and pH ≥6.6, the rate of ammonia oxidation by thermophilicThaumarchaeotacould be estimated using δ18ONO2−in geothermal environments, where the biological nitrite turnover is likely faster than 33 h. This study extended the range of application of nitrite isotopes as a geochemical clock of the ammonia oxidation activity to high-temperature environments.IMPORTANCEBecause ammonia oxidation is generally the rate-limiting step in nitrification that regulates the balance of reduced and oxidized nitrogen pools in nature, it is important to understand the biological and environmental factors underlying the regulation of the rate of ammonia oxidation. The discovery of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in marine and terrestrial environments has transformed the concept that ammonia oxidation is operated only by bacterial species, suggesting that AOA play a significant role in the global nitrogen cycle. However, the archaeal contribution to ammonia oxidation in the global biosphere is not yet completely understood. This study successfully identified key factors controlling nitrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios of nitrite produced from thermophilicThaumarchaeotaand elucidated the applicability and its limit of nitrite isotopes as a geochemical clock of ammonia oxidation rate in nature. Oxygen isotope analysis in this study also provided new biochemical information on archaeal ammonia oxidation.
A Novel Glycoside Hydrolase Family 5 β-1,3-1,6-Endoglucanase from Saccharophagus degradans 2-40
T
and Its Transglycosylase Activity
Authors: Wang Damao , Kim Do Hyoung , Seo Nari , Yun Eun Ju , An Hyun Joo , Kim Jae-Han , Kim Kyoung Heon 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

In this study, we characterized Gly5M, originating from a marine bacterium, as a novel β-1,3-1,6-endoglucanase in glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) in the Carbohydrate-Active enZyme database. The
gly5M
gene encodes Gly5M, a newly characterized enzyme from GH5 subfamily 47 (GH5_47) in
Saccharophagus degradans
2-40
T
. The
gly5M
gene was cloned and overexpressed in
Escherichia coli
. Through analysis of the enzymatic reaction products by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–tandem time of flight mass spectrometry, Gly5M was identified as a novel β-1,3-endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) and bacterial β-1,6-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.75) in GH5. The β-1,3-endoglucanase and β-1,6-endoglucanase activities were detected by using laminarin (a β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6-glycosidic linkages derived from brown macroalgae) and pustulan (a β-1,6-glucan derived from fungal cell walls) as the substrates, respectively. This enzyme also showed transglycosylase activity toward β-1,3-oligosaccharides when laminarioligosaccharides were used as the substrates. Since laminarin is the major form of glucan storage in brown macroalgae, Gly5M could be used to produce glucose and laminarioligosaccharides, using brown macroalgae, for industrial purposes.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we have discovered a novel β-1,3-1,6-endoglucanase with a unique transglycosylase activity, namely, Gly5M, from a marine bacterium,
Saccharophagus degradans
2-40
T
. Gly5M was identified as the newly found β-1,3-endoglucanase and bacterial β-1,6-glucanase in GH5. Gly5M is capable of cleaving glycosidic linkages of both β-1,3-glucans and β-1,6-glucans. Gly5M also possesses a transglycosylase activity toward β-1,3-oligosacchrides. Due to the broad specificity of Gly5M, this enzyme can be used to produce glucose or high-value β-1,3- and/or β-1,6-oligosaccharides.
Unusual Butane- and Pentanetriol-Based Tetraether Lipids in Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis, a Representative of the Seventh Order of Methanogens
Authors: Becker Kevin W. , Elling Felix J. , Yoshinaga Marcos Y. , Söllinger Andrea , Urich Tim , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

A new clade of archaea has recently been proposed to constitute the seventh methanogenic order, the
Methanomassiliicoccales
, which is related to the
Thermoplasmatales
and the uncultivated archaeal clades deep-sea hydrothermal vent
Euryarchaeota
group 2 and marine group II
Euryarchaeota
but only distantly related to other methanogens. In this study, we investigated the membrane lipid composition of
Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis
, the sole cultured representative of this seventh order. The lipid inventory of
M. luminyensis
comprises a unique assemblage of novel lipids as well as lipids otherwise typical for thermophilic, methanogenic, or halophilic archaea. For instance, glycerol sesterpanyl-phytanyl diether core lipids found mainly in halophilic archaea were detected, and so were compounds bearing either heptose or methoxylated glycosidic head groups, neither of which have been reported so far for other archaea. The absence of quinones or methanophenazines is consistent with a biochemistry of methanogenesis different from that of the methanophenazine-containing methylotrophic methanogens. The most distinctive characteristic of the membrane lipid composition of
M. luminyensis
, however, is the presence of tetraether lipids in which one glycerol backbone is replaced by either butane- or pentanetriol, i.e., lipids recently discovered in marine sediments. Butanetriol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (BDGT) constitutes the most abundant core lipid type (>50% relative abundance) in
M. luminyensis
. We have thus identified a source for these unusual orphan lipids. The complementary analysis of diverse marine sediment samples showed that BDGTs are widespread in anoxic layers, suggesting an environmental significance of
Methanomassiliicoccales
and/or related BDGT producers beyond gastrointestinal tracts.

IMPORTANCE
Cellular membranes of members of all three domains of life,
Archaea
,
Bacteria
, and
Eukarya
, are largely formed by lipids in which glycerol serves as backbone for the hydrophobic alkyl chains. Recently, however, archaeal tetraether lipids with either butanetriol or pentanetriol as a backbone were identified in marine sediments and attributed to uncultured sediment-dwelling archaea. Here we show that the butanetriol-based dibiphytanyl tetraethers constitute the major lipids in
Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis
, currently the only isolate of the novel seventh order of methanogens. Given the absence of these lipids in a large set of archaeal isolates, these compounds may be diagnostic for the
Methanomassiliicoccales
and/or closely related archaea.