bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of UV on power degradation of photovoltaic modules in combined acceleration tests
Authors: Ngo Trang , Heta Yushi , Doi Takuya , Masuda Atsushi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
UV exposure and other factors such as high/low temperature, humidity and mechanical stress have been reported to degrade photovoltaic (PV) module materials. By focusing on the combined effects of UV stress and moisture on PV modules, two new acceleration tests of light irradiation and damp heat (DH) were designed and conducted. The effects of UV exposure were validated through a change in irradiation time (UV dosage) and a change of the light irradiation side (glass side vs backsheet side) in the UV-preconditioned DH and cyclic sequential tests, respectively. The chemical corrosion of finger electrodes in the presence of acetic acid generated from ethylene vinyl acetate used as an encapsulant was considered to be the main origin of degradation. The module performance characterized by electroluminescence images was confirmed to correlate with the measured acetic acid concentration and Ag finger electrode resistance.
Growth evolution of γ′-Fe4N films on GaN(0001) and their interfacial structure
Authors: Kimura Masamitsu , Hasegawa Shigehiko 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We report the growth parameter dependence of structural and magnetic properties of γ′-Fe4N thin films on GaN(0001) grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, particularly focusing on their interfacial structure. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and X-ray diffraction reveal that γ′-Fe4N(111) layers are grown at the interface, while the succeeding layers are preferentially oriented to (111) or (100) depending on the growth conditions. The RHEED observation during the interface formation and the cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observation indicate that the γ′-Fe4N(111)/GaN interface is abrupt. On the basis of the present findings, we propose the structural model for the interface.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry studies on the m-plane Al1−
xInxN epilayers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on a freestanding GaN substrate
Authors: Kojima Kazunobu , Kagaya Daiki , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Ikeda Hirotaka , Fujito Kenji , Chichibu Shigefusa F. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Dispersion relationships of the refractive index and extinction coefficient of m-plane Al1−

x
In
x
N epitaxial films (x = 0.00, 0.23, and 0.30) grown on a freestanding m-plane GaN substrate were determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry measurement. The experimentally obtained ellipsometric parameters tan Ψ and cos Δ, which represent the differences in the p- and s-polarized amplitudes and phases of the incident light, respectively, were well fitted using the standard analytical functions. As the measurement was carried out at photon energies between 1.55 and 5.40 eV, the dispersion curves of the extinction coefficient k exhibited local maxima at approximately the Al1−

x
In
x
N bandgap energies of x = 0.23 and 0.30, and the sample with x = 0.00 showed an ordinal absorption spectrum with a bandtail formed owing to high-concentration residual impurities. A large and x-dependent energy difference between the absorption and emission spectra (Stokes’ shift) was observed for the Al1−

x
In
x
N films, suggesting the presence of carrier localization phenomena.
Ta2O5-based redox memory formed by neutral beam oxidation
Authors: Ohno Takeo , Samukawa Seiji 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A room temperature neutral beam oxidation process using a tantalum (Ta) metal film was used to obtain a high quality Ta oxide (Ta2O5) film. After irradiation of a Ta metal film with a neutral oxygen beam, a nanometer-thick Ta2O5 film with a film density of 7.5 g/cm3 was obtained. We also confirmed that the fabricated Cu/Ta2O5/Pt redox memory structure shows a bipolar resistive switching characteristic. This result demonstrates the great potential of neutral beam metal oxidation for the development of redox-based memory devices.
Stage‐discharge rating curves based on satellite altimetry and modeled discharge in the Amazon basin
Authors: Paris Adrien , Dias de Paiva Rodrigo , Santos da Silva Joecila , Medeiros Moreira Daniel , Calmant Stephane , Garambois Pierre‐André , Collischonn Walter , Bonnet Marie‐Paule , Seyler Frederique 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, rating curves (RCs) were determined by applying satellite altimetry to a poorly gauged basin. This study demonstrates the synergistic application of remote sensing and watershed modeling to capture the dynamics and quantity of flow in the Amazon River Basin, respectively. Three major advancements for estimating basin‐scale patterns in river discharge are described. The first advancement is the preservation of the hydrological meanings of the parameters expressed by Manning's equation to obtain a data set containing the elevations of the river beds throughout the basin. The second advancement is the provision of parameter uncertainties and, therefore, the uncertainties in the rated discharge. The third advancement concerns estimating the discharge while considering backwater effects. We analyzed the Amazon Basin using nearly one thousand series that were obtained from ENVISAT and Jason‐2 altimetry for more than 100 tributaries. Discharge values and related uncertainties were obtained from the rain‐discharge MGB‐IPH model. We used a global optimization algorithm based on the Monte Carlo Markov Chain and Bayesian framework to determine the rating curves. The data were randomly allocated into 80% calibration and 20% validation subsets. A comparison with the validation samples produced a Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (
) of 0.68. When the MGB discharge uncertainties were less than 5%, the
value increased to 0.81 (mean). A comparison with the in situ discharge resulted in an
value of 0.71 for the validation samples (and 0.77 for calibration). The
values at the mouths of the rivers that experienced backwater effects significantly improved when the mean monthly slope was included in the RC. Our RCs were not mission‐dependent, and the
value was preserved when applying ENVISAT rating curves to Jason‐2 altimetry at crossovers. The cease‐to‐flow parameter of our RCs provided a good proxy for determining river bed elevation. This proxy was validated against Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) cross sections with an accuracy of more than 90%. Altimetry measurements are routinely delivered within a few days, and this RC data set provides a simple and cost‐effective tool for predicting discharge throughout the basin in nearly real time.
Coupling centennial‐scale shoreline change to sea‐level rise and coastal morphology in the Gulf of Mexico using a Bayesian network
Authors: Plant Nathaniel G. , Robert Thieler E. , Passeri Davina L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPredictions of coastal evolution driven by episodic and persistent processes associated with storms and relative sea‐level rise (SLR) are required to test our understanding, evaluate our predictive capability, and to provide guidance for coastal management decisions. Previous work demonstrated that the spatial variability of long‐term shoreline change can be predicted using observedSLRrates, tide range, wave height, coastal slope, and a characterization of the geomorphic setting. The shoreline is not sufficient to indicate which processes are important in causing shoreline change, such as overwash that depends on coastal dune elevations. Predicting dune height is intrinsically important to assess future storm vulnerability. Here, we enhance shoreline‐change predictions by including dune height as a variable in a statistical modeling approach. Dune height can also be used as an input variable, but it does not improve the shoreline‐change prediction skill. Dune‐height input does help to reduce prediction uncertainty. That is, by including dune height, the prediction is more precise but not more accurate. Comparing hindcast evaluations, better predictive skill was found when predicting dune height (0.8) compared with shoreline change (0.6). The skill depends on the level of detail of the model and we identify an optimized model that has high skill and minimal overfitting. The predictive model can be implemented with a range of forecast scenarios, and we illustrate the impacts of a higher future sea‐level. This scenario shows that the shoreline change becomes increasingly erosional and more uncertain. Predicted dune heights are lower and the dune height uncertainty decreases.
The response of runoff and sediment loading in the Apalachicola River, Florida to climate and land use land cover change
Authors: Hovenga Paige A. , Wang Dingbao , Medeiros Stephen C. , Hagen Scott C. , Alizad Karim 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe response of runoff and sediment loading in the Apalachicola River under projected climate change scenarios and land use land cover (LULC) change is evaluated. A hydrologic model using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was developed for the Apalachicola region to simulate daily runoff and sediment load under present (circa 2000) and future conditions (2100) to understand how parameters respond over a seasonal time frame to changes in climate, LULC, and coupled climate/LULC. The Long Ashton Research Station‐Weather Generator was used to downscale temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models, each under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon emission scenarios A2, A1B, and B1. Projected 2100 LULC data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center was incorporated for each corresponding IPCC scenario. Results indicate that climate change may induce seasonal shifts to both runoff and sediment loading. Changes in LULC showed that more sediment load was associated with increased agriculture and urban areas and decreased forested regions. A nonlinear response for both runoff and sediment loading was observed by coupling climate and LULC change, suggesting that both should be incorporated into hydrologic models when studying the future conditions. The outcomes from this research can be used to better guide management practices and mitigation strategies.
The origin of the gullwing‐shaped cirrus above an Argentinian thunderstorm as seen in CALIPSO images
Authors: Wang Pao K. , Cheng Kai‐Yuan , Setvak Martin , Wang Chen‐Kang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGullwing‐shaped cirrus layers are observed on an image above a severe thunderstorm occurred in Argentina taken by the instrument CALIOP on board of the CALIPSO satellite. The cirrus layers extended into a level in the stratosphere even higher than the above‐anvil cirrus plumes that had been studied previously. This paper utilized the cloud model simulation results of a similar storm to explain the formation of such gullwing cirrus. It is shown that these cirrus layers can form from the moisture transported upward by successive internal gravity wave breaking at levels higher than the above‐anvil plumes. The vertical locus of the wave crests where wave breaking occurs is itself gullwing‐shaped which is the main reason why the thin cirrus layers are also gullwing shaped. Model results indicate that wave breaking can transport materials irreversibly into higher stratospheric layers and the gullwing‐shaped cirrus is an evidence of this transport process.
On the relationships among cloud cover, mixed‐phase partitioning, and planetary albedo in GCMs
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Tan Ivy , Hartmann Dennis L. , Zelinka Mark D. , Storelvmo Trude 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, it is shown that CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) that convert supercooled water to ice at relatively warm temperatures tend to have a greater mean‐state cloud fraction and more negative cloud feedback in the middle and high latitude Southern Hemisphere. We investigate possible reasons for these relationships by analyzing the mixed‐phase parameterizations in 26 GCMs. The atmospheric temperature where ice and liquid are equally prevalent (T5050) is used to characterize the mixed‐phase parameterization in each GCM. Liquid clouds have a higher albedo than ice clouds, so, all else being equal, models with more supercooled liquid water would also have a higher planetary albedo. The lower cloud fraction in these models compensates the higher cloud reflectivity and results in clouds that reflect shortwave radiation (SW) in reasonable agreement with observations, but gives clouds that are too bright and too few. The temperature at which supercooled liquid can remain unfrozen is strongly anti‐correlated with cloud fraction in the climate mean state across the model ensemble, but we know of no robust physical mechanism to explain this behavior, especially because this anti‐correlation extends through the subtropics. A set of perturbed physics simulations with the Community Atmospheric Model Version 4 (CAM4) shows that, if its temperature‐dependent phase partitioning is varied and the critical relative humidity for cloud formation in each model run is also tuned to bring reflected SW into agreement with observations, then cloud fraction increases and liquid water path (LWP) decreases with T5050, as in the CMIP5 ensemble.
Understanding satellite‐based monthly‐to‐seasonal reservoir outflow estimation as a function of hydrologic controls
Authors: Bonnema Matthew , Sikder Safat , Miao Yabin , Chen Xiaodong , Hossain Faisal , Ara Pervin Ismat , Mahbubur Rahman S. M. , Lee Hyongki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGrowing population and increased demand for water is causing an increase in dam and reservoir construction in developing nations. When rivers cross international boundaries, the downstream stakeholders often have little knowledge of upstream reservoir operation practices. Satellite remote sensing in the form of radar altimetry and multisensor precipitation products can be used as a practical way to provide downstream stakeholders with the fundamentally elusive upstream information on reservoir outflow needed to make important and proactive water management decisions. This study uses a mass balance approach of three hydrologic controls to estimate reservoir outflow from satellite data at monthly and annual time scales: precipitation‐induced inflow, evaporation, and reservoir storage change. Furthermore, this study explores the importance of each of these hydrologic controls to the accuracy of outflow estimation. The hydrologic controls found to be unimportant could potentially be neglected from similar future studies. Two reservoirs were examined in contrasting regions of the world, the Hungry Horse Reservoir in a mountainous region in northwest U.S. and the Kaptai Reservoir in a low‐lying, forested region of Bangladesh. It was found that this mass balance method estimated the annual outflow of both reservoirs with reasonable skill. The estimation of monthly outflow from both reservoirs was however less accurate. The Kaptai basin exhibited a shift in basin behavior resulting in variable accuracy across the 9 year study period. Monthly outflow estimation from Hungry Horse Reservoir was compounded by snow accumulation and melt processes, reflected by relatively low accuracy in summer and fall, when snow processes control runoff. Furthermore, it was found that the important hydrologic controls for reservoir outflow estimation at the monthly time scale differs between the two reservoirs, with precipitation‐induced inflow being the most important control for the Kaptai Reservoir and storage change being the most important for Hungry Horse Reservoir.
The impact of information on behavior under an ambient‐based policy for regulating nonpoint source pollution
Authors: Miao Haoran , Fooks Jacob R. , Guilfoos Todd , Messer Kent D. , Pradhanang Soni M. , Suter Jordan F. , Trandafir Simona , Uchida Emi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStemming from Segerson [1988], literature on nonpoint source pollution shows that ambient‐based regulatory policies can induce polluters in a common watershed to comply with an exogenously determined pollution standard. This study uses laboratory economic experiments in a spatially heterogeneous setting to test the effectiveness of an ambient tax/subsidy policy in a setting with realistic in‐stream nutrient transport dynamics when varying levels of sensor information on ambient pollution are available to the agents and the regulator. We find that increasing the frequency of ambient monitoring improves the spatial allocation of emissions reductions. In particular, with more frequent monitoring, the ambient‐based policy induces firms further from the monitoring point to reduce emissions significantly more than downstream firms. Overall, the results suggest that enhanced temporal resolution of monitoring leads to efficiency gains.
Earth's albedo variations 1998–2014 as measured from ground‐based earthshine observations
Authors: Palle E. , Goode P. R. , Montañés‐Rodríguez P. , Shumko A. , Gonzalez‐Merino B. , Lombilla C. Martinez , Jimenez‐Ibarra F. , Shumko S. , Sanroma E. , Hulist A. , Miles‐Paez P. , Murgas F. , Nowak G. , Koonin S. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Earth's albedo is a fundamental climate parameter for understanding the radiation budget of the atmosphere. It has been traditionally measured not only from space platforms but also from the ground for 16 years from Big Bear Solar Observatory by observing the Moon. The photometric ratio of the dark (earthshine) to the bright (moonshine) sides of the Moon is used to determine nightly anomalies in the terrestrial albedo, with the aim of quantifying sustained monthly, annual, and/or decadal changes. We find two modest decadal scale cycles in the albedo, but with no significant net change over the 16 years of accumulated data. Within the evolution of the two cycles, we find periods of sustained annual increases, followed by comparable sustained decreases in albedo. The evolution of the earthshine albedo is in remarkable agreement with that from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System instruments, although each method measures different slices of the Earth's Bond albedo.
Rapid estimation of tsunami source centroid location using a dense offshore observation network
Authors: Yamamoto N. , Hirata K. , Aoi S. , Suzuki W. , Nakamura H. , Kunugi T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper proposes a rapid method of estimating tsunami source locations using real‐time ocean‐bottom hydrostatic pressure data from a dense offshore observation network. We defined two characteristic locations representing the real‐time tsunami disturbance and the initial sea surface height distribution. First, we defined the tsunami centroid location (TCL), which is the centroid location of the maximum absolute amplitude of the real‐time ocean‐bottom hydrostatic pressure changes. Second, we defined the centroid location of the absolute values of the initial sea surface height displacements. To determine whether the TCL can approximate the centroid location of the tsunami source, we examined approximately 1000 near‐field synthetic tsunami scenarios and a realistic tsunami scenario of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in the Japan Trench. From these examinations, it was confirmed that in most scenarios, the TCLs obtained within a few minutes after the occurrence of an earthquake were close to the actual corresponding tsunami source locations.
Variable relationship between accumulation and temperature in West Antarctica for the past 31,000 years
Authors: Fudge T. J. , Markle Bradley R. , Cuffey Kurt M. , Buizert Christo , Taylor Kendrick C. , Steig Eric J. , Waddington Edwin D. , Conway Howard , Koutnik Michelle 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Antarctic contribution to sea level is a balance between ice loss along the margin and accumulation in the interior. Accumulation records for the past few decades are noisy and show inconsistent relationships with temperature. We investigate the relationship between accumulation and temperature for the past 31 ka using high‐resolution records from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core in West Antarctica. Although the glacial‐interglacial increases result in high correlation and moderate sensitivity for the full record, the relationship shows considerable variability through time with high correlation and high sensitivity for the 0–8 ka period but no correlation for the 8–15 ka period. This contrasts with a general circulation model simulation which shows homogeneous sensitivities between temperature and accumulation across the entire time period. These results suggest that variations in atmospheric circulation are an important driver of Antarctic accumulation but they are not adequately captured in model simulations. Model‐based projections of future Antarctic accumulation, and its impact on sea level, should be treated with caution.
Uncovering the hidden signature of a magmatic recharge at Piton de la Fournaise volcano using small earthquakes
Authors: Lengliné O. , Duputel Z. , Ferrazzini V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe apply a template matching method to detect and locate preeruptive earthquakes at Piton de la Fournaise volcano in 2014 and 2015. This approach enabled the detection of many events and unveiled persistent seismicity features through multiple eruptions. Shallow earthquakes define a ring‐shaped structure beneath the main crater. The repetitive occurrence of events along this structure suggests that it corresponds to a preexisting zone of weakness within the edifice. We also show evidence of deep magma transfer in 2015. More than 5000 deep earthquakes define an upward migration immediately followed by the occurrence of shallow events leading to an eruption 20 days later. This suggests the creation of a hydraulic connection between the lower part of the volcanic system and a magma reservoir located near sea level. We can envisage than such replenishments of the shallow reservoir occurred in the past but were undetected because of limited deep earthquake detections.
Contribution of the Yellow Sea bottom cold water to the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperature in the summer of 2011
Authors: Lee Joon‐ho , Pang Ig‐Chan , Moon Jae‐Hong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSatellite‐based sea surface temperature (SST) measurements revealed an abnormal cooling anomaly over the Yellow Sea (YS) in the summer of 2011. Using in situ hydrographic profiles, meteorological fields, and an ocean circulation model with a passive tracer experiment, we identified the cold SST anomaly and its connection with the YS Bottom Cold Water (YSBCW), which occupies the central part of the YS below the thermocline in the summer. The summer SST anomalies in the YS showed three cold peaks in 1993, 2003, and 2011 over the past 20 years, but the reasons for the cooling events were different, as one was due to weakened surface heating and the other was attributed to mixing with the YSBCW. In 1993 and 2003, relatively weak surface heating made the surface water cooler compared with that during the other years, whereas in 2011, a strong vertical mixing of water was induced by a typhoon that passed through the central YS, causing the surface water to cool by ∼8°C and the bottom water to warm up by ∼4°C. A tracer experiment further confirmed that the vertical heat transfers between the warm surface and the cold bottom water masses when the typhoon passed through the YS interior.