bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INJURIES AND ILLNESS DURING MASS-PARTICIPATION TRIATHLON RACES: OPTIMISING COMPETITOR SAFETY
Authors: Kipps Courtney , Smith Ralph , Knight Nick , Parkin James 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundTriathlon is an increasingly popular mass-participation endurance sport which incorporates swimming, cycling and running stages over a variety of distances. Overuse injuries during triathlon training are common (Zwingenbergeret al. 2014; Korkiaet al. 1994) however the incidence of illness and injury during triathlon races is less well described. A clear understanding of this data is valuable in planning medical care for mass-participation triathlon races.ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of illness and injuries during triathlon races in the UK.DesignRetrospective analysis of competitors' medical records (CMRs).SettingTwo large summer triathlons over 5 years.ParticipantsAll triathlon competitors requiring treatment by the triathlon medical team (TMT) for illness or injury (excluding first aid).Assessment of Risk FactorsAge, gender, race distance, race experience, mechanism of injury, co-morbidities, and medical management was recorded.Main Outcome MeasurementsNumber of cases of medical illness, musculoskeletal (MSK) injury, and topical injury (e.g. abrasions) treated by the TMT.ResultsThere were 68557 starters and 67270 finishers across Supersprint, Sprint, Olympic and OlympicPlus distances (2.3% did not finish) from 11 consecutive events. The TMT treated 429 competitors (0.62%, 1/161 starters) for complaints including falls, fractures, breathlessness and collapse. Medical illness was the most common complaint (44.1%), followed by MSK injury (27.1%) and topical injury (24.8%). There were three cardiorespiratory arrests during the swim leg including two successful resuscitations (1/34279 starters) and one fatality (1/68557). The run leg was responsible for most MSK injuries (41.4% of all injuries) and nearly a third (11/38) of all hospital transfers.ConclusionsTriathlons have a high incidence of both illness and injury. The swim leg had the most serious medical conditions whilst the run accounted for most injuries. Triathlon organisers should be aware of these findings to ensure optimal medical care and competitor safety at mass-participation triathlon races.
VIDEO ANALYSIS OF MATCH INJURIES IN GERMAN MEN'S PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL
Authors: Klein Christian , Luig Patrick , Bloch Hendrik , Henke Thomas , Platen Petra 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAfter description of injury epidemiology the description of injury etiology is the next step to identify relevant preventive approaches.ObjectiveWhat are common injury situations, mechanisms and characteristics?DesignProspective video-based analysis of match injuries.SettingTwo highest German professional leagues in men's football.ParticipantsAll first and second division football players who played at least one competitive club match (n=3,747) within the seasons 2010/11, 11/12, 12/13 and 14/15 were included.InterventionsAnalysis of all moderate and severe match injuries (time-loss>7 days) that were registered by clubs or physicians with the VBG (German statutory accident insurance for the administrative sector) as part of the occupational accident reporting.Main Outcome MeasurementsA surveillance sheet was evaluated containing six categories and 31 items describing general match and injury information (e.g. date, teams, name of injured player, position on pitch), match situation in moment of injury (e.g. ball possession, movement of injured player, type and direction of possible tackling), mechanism of injury (e.g. type of contact, trigger of injury) and referee's decision.Results217 moderate or severe match injuries were identified in the video footage. 52.4% of injuries were contact injuries, 20.4% indirect contact and 27.2% non-contact injuries. 17.2% of injuries result from opponent's and 14.3% from own foul play. Injuries mainly occurred during defending actions (sliding 22.1%, tackling 10.6%), shooting (18.6%), heading (13.3), dribbling (11.5%) or passing (11.5%). Moreover, six typical injury situations for thigh, knee, ankle, lower leg and foot injuries were recognized.ConclusionsVideo analysis of injuries sustained in competition show that the share of injuries effected by irregular actions of the opponents is low. Thus there seems to be a high preventive potential to reduce number and severity of injuries in football. Thus particularly individual intrinsic risk factors needs to be identified within routinely screening measures.
PREVENTION OF ACL INJURIES IN OLYMPIC SPORTS – FIRST STEPS FOR A NATIONAL "ACL REGISTRY IN FOOTBALL"
Authors: Krutsch Werner , Gündisch Christian , Nerlich Michael , Angele Peter 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundPrevention strategies for ACL injuries in Olympic sports are mandatory and the collection of data about risk factors and injury characteristics have highest priority.ObjectiveWhat are the main risk and influencing factors on ACL injuries and safe return to play in different sports, beginning with worl's number one sport football?DesignA prospective analysis of ACL injuries in German amateur and professional football.SettingACL injury registration over two football seasons and investigation of ACL injured player by 2 questionnaire after injury and after one year.PatientsPlayers of German football divisions were investigated, including all divisions, both gender and all age levels.InterventionsBeside typical influencing and risk factors for ACL injuries, circumstances for a return to play decision were investigated.Main Outcome MeasurementsInvestigated variables are anthropometric data, football exposure data, training and warm up data, regeneration data and return to play decision-making.Results512 ACL injuries in football were registered in the first season with 71.1% non-contact injuries, 85.5% match injuries, younger female players and 93.5% surgical treatment rate. 68% of ACL injuries occurred in the preseason period, 60% of 1st division players were internationals and the first professional division revealed a higher ACL rate than the 2nd and 3rd division. Balancing exercises (<40%) or trunk stability exercises (<20%) were rare. Small pre-injuries were seen in 30% of all players directly before ACL injury. Over 50% had directly before the ACL injury changes of the training program or football level. Changing of football shoes before ACL injury was seen in 33.3%. A mean of 9.2 months for return to competition was seen in the male professional football players, which was earlier than in amateurs.ConclusionsTo improve injury prevention strategies for ACL injuries, a detailed knowledge about injury characteristics is necessary in all sports.
IMPACT OF AN ULTRA-MARATHON OF 330 KM ON PLASMA LEVELS OF CARDIAC BIOMARKERS
Authors: Goff Caroline Le , Kaux Jean-François , Gergelé Laurent , Millet Grégoire P , Giardini Guido , Viallon Magalie , Croisille Pierre , Cavalier Etienne 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundWhile a moderate exercise benefits on the cardiovascular system, consequences of a supraphysiological effort are not yet clear.ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to evaluate the consequences of an ultra-marathon on cardiac and muscles markers (CK, myoglobin, hsTnT, NT-proBNP, copeptin, H-FABP) but also markers of inflammation CRP DFO, GB) and of renal function (urinary NGAL and plasma and urinary creatinine). This project also studied the evolution of new cardiac fibrosis biomarkers: ST2 and Gal-3.DesignLongitudinal, cohort study.SettingThe Tor des Geants (TdG), a 330 km long ultra distance trail running, with +24,000 m elevation changes in the Valley of Aosta (Italy), is considered as one of the most difficult mountain marathon race in the world. The maximum time allowed to complete the race is 150 h.Patients (or Participants)51 participants attending the TdG have been followed and the study was conducted on 33 subjects having reached at least half of the race (148.7 km).Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Repeated blood and urine samples collection were carried out at four key time points: before, during (mid-point) and after the race (less than 1 h) and 3 days after the end of the race.Main Outcome MeasurementsBiological samples were collected at these four different times. Several biomarkers were assayed on different analyzers such COBAS®, KRYPTOR®, VIDAS® and ETIMAX®, meanwhile, the ST2 and Gal-3 were measured manually.ResultsDuring the TdG, the plasma levels of cardiac markers, muscle and inflammation have increased significantly to halfway. Meanwhile, the markers of renal function have only slightly varied, excepting plasma creatinine.ConclusionsThe study suggests that there is no permanent structural damage at the myocardium level. However, the low pace adopted by the tired runners caused an inflammatory response as well as muscle damage less important than a shorter race.
INVESTIGATION OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY STATIC POSTURES PREDICTING VALGUS COLLAPSE DURING DROP LANDING IN KOREAN MALE AND FEMALE – LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA (LAD) APPROACH
Authors: Lee Sae Yong , Lee Seok Gi , Kang Yuncheol , Chun Young Min , Kim Chang-Young , Kong In Deok 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe result of 2002∼2012 National Health Insurance Sharing Service (NHISS) data analysis demonstrated that the gender's odds ratio of ACL was as low as 1.06, which is different from other studies. The static posture measures (SPM) of Asian may not be strongly associated with valgus collapse during landing.ObjectiveTo investigate SPMs that account for valgus collapse in Korean male and female using the LAD approach.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingControlled laboratory.Patients (or Participants)Forty-four active male (age: 22.2±3.6 yrs; Height: 176±6.6 cm; Weight: 73.3±9.7 kg) and 43 female (age: 21.9±2.5 yrs; Height: 163±5.3 cm; Weight: 56.5±5.1 kg) with no history of lower extremity injury were recruited.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Gender.Main Outcome MeasurementsJoint kinematics associated with valgus collapse during drop landing were extracted (Vicon Inc, Oxford, UK) during drop landing task. Thirteen lower extremity SPMs were collected. LAD was implemented using the machine learning software, Weka 3.7.10 (U of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand) to generate male and female patterns that characterize features of SPM and its association with valgus collapse.ResultsA total of eight and 33 distinct male and female patterns respectively could be generated (>10% relative prevalence (RP)). Interestingly, Joint kinematics associated with valgus collapse were not shown in patterns, but only six SPMs were included. The most relevant pattern that represents male (RP 25.00%) was tibiofemoral angle less than or equal to 9.5° and leg length discrepancy greater than −3.5 cm. The most relevant pattern that represents female (RP 34.88%) was Q-angle greater than 17.5°, genu recurvatum greater than −1.5°, femoral anteversion greater than 5.5°, and leg length discrepancy less than or equal to 2.5 cm.ConclusionsSPMs of Korean male and female were not associated with valgus collapse during drop jump. It seemed that the Korean female demonstrated similar neuromuscular control characteristics as male to avoid valgus collapse.
LANDING WITH LESS HIP FLEXION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF ACL INJURIES IN YOUNG FEMALE TEAM SPORTS PLAYERS
Authors: Leppänen Mari , Pasanen Kati , Krosshaug Tron , Kannus Pekka , Vasankari Tommi , Parkkari Jari 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundStiff landings with less knee flexion and high vertical ground reaction force have shown to be associated with increased risk of ACL injuries (Leppänenet al. 2016). The association between other sagittal plane measures and the risk of ACL injuries is less studied in prospective study designs.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between selected sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle biomechanics and the risk of ACL injuries in young female team sport players.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingFemale youth team sports.ParticipantsA total of 171 female basketball and floorball players (aged 12–21) participated in a VDJ test using 3D motion analysis. All new ACL injuries, as well as match and training exposure, were recorded for 1 to 3 years.Assessment of Risk FactorsThe following biomechanical variables were analysed: 1) peak knee extension moment, 2) peak hip flexion angle, 3) peak hip extension moment, and 4) peak ankle dorsiflexion angle. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs, adjusted for 10 unit change) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Main Outcome MeasurementsNon-contact ACL injuries.ResultsSubjects suffered a total of 15 ACL injuries during the follow-up (0.2 injuries per 1 000 player hours). Of the investigated variables, landing with decreased hip flexion was significantly associated with increased risk of ACL injury (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.97,P=0.038). Peak knee extension moment (HR 1.13; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.62,P=0.490), peak hip extension moment (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.01,P=0.065), and peak ankle dorsiflexion angle (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.33 to 1.51,P=0.360) were not significantly associated with ACL injuries.ConclusionsLanding with less hip flexion may increase the risk of ACL injury in young female team sport players. More studies with large study populations are needed to confirm these findings.
ALTERATIONS IN REDOX HOMEOSTASIS IN ELITE ENDURANCE ATHLETES DIAGNOSED WITH UNEXPLAINED UNDER-PERFORMANCE SYNDROME (OVERTRAINING SYNDROME)
Authors: Lewis Nathan , Rogers John , Towey Colin , Howatson Glyn , Moore Brian , Pedlar Charlie 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAlterations in redox homeostasis (ARH) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of Unexplained Under-Performance Syndrome (UUPS). No studies have investigated alterations in ARH in elite athletes with UUPS.ObjectiveTo investigate concentrations of antioxidant nutrients and enzymes in world-class endurance athletes diagnosed with UUPS.DesignProspective observational case-control study.SettingUUPS was diagnosed by a sports medicine physician and referred to sports science and nutrition science practitioners for an exercise test, blood work, nutritional history, and an interview involving a questionnaire. Control athletes were required, not to have suffered with any fatigue associated training restrictions for the past four years (Olympic cycle); and tested in the competitive season to ensure performing successfully.Patients (or Participants)Elite endurance athletes from Track & Field and Triathlon (n=16, of which 9 were UUPS and 7 were controls). The athletes were competing at national and international standard, including World and European Championship, Commonwealth and Olympic Games medallists.Main Outcome MeasurementsRedox biomarkers (α- and β-carotene, lutein, α- and γ-tocopherol, red blood cell superoxide dismutase, total glutathione, and co-enzyme Q10) were measured at rest.ResultsResting hydroperoxides (FORT) were significantly higher in controls vs. UUPS athletes (1.40±0.12 vs. 1.89±0.20 mmolŸL−1H2O2; p<0.001,g=2.87). Controls had higher concentrations of total carotenoids (1.49±.052 µmol•L−1vs. 3.16±1.07 µmol•L−1, p=0.006, g=2.07) and α-tocopherol than UUPS athletes (22.78±8.54 µmol•L−1vs. 31.71±5.80 µmol•L−1, p=0.039,g=1.19). No between-group differences were identified for RBC GSH, SOD, co-enzyme Q10 and γ-tocopherol.ConclusionsUUPS athletes have lower concentrations of antioxidant nutrients than healthy elite athletes. We speculate that the measurement of antioxidant nutrients and subsequent dietary interventions may reduce the risk of UUPS in elite endurance athletes.
US RUGBY-7S: THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE WITH A GROWING AMATEUR COLLISION SPORT
Authors: Lopez Victor , Ma Richard , Weinstein Meryle , Hume Patria , Cantu Robert , Victoria Christian , Marcano Erica , Answorth Allen 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThere are limited data on Rugby-7s, an emerging sport in the United States (US), which debuted in the 2016 Olympics.ObjectiveTo report incidence and causes for US Rugby-7s. We hypothesized that match injuries would be frequent and patterns of injuries would be similar in the US population to international cohorts.DesignProspective descriptive epidemiology study.SettingThe study encompassed U19 to elite players in USA Rugby tournaments (2010–2013).ParticipantsA total of 13,644 US players (Men=9,768; Women=3,876; age: 13–49 years) were included over 28 tournaments (37 days) of 2,688 matches (Men=1,886; Women=802) in 1,137 sides/teams (Men=814; Women=323).Assessment of Risk FactorsIntrinsic and extrinsic risk factors in Rugby-7s match injuries.Main measurement outcomeInjury incidence (per 1000 player-hour (ph)) and mechanism captured using the Rugby Injury Survey & Evaluation (RISE) Report methodology. Time-loss injuries were defined as players who did not return to play the day of their injury. Injury severity was defined as days absent before return to training/competition (including post tournament).ResultsOverall incidence of time-loss injuries was 50.6/1000 ph. Time-loss injuries were highest among sub-elite level players (69.5/1000 ph) (P<0.001). Fifty percent of all injuries occurred in 20–25 year olds which was consistent with the age distribution of the participants. The average injury severity was 44 days (CI 37.7–49.4) for the 97% of players with follow-up data. Most tournament match injuries were new acute injuries (95%), occurred during tackling (68%), were ligament sprains (35%), and in the lower extremity (52%). Head/face (22.6%) and upper extremity (24.7%) injuries were also frequent.ConclusionsCompared to international elite cohorts, the US amateur population had lower overall injury incidence, however, they had a higher frequency of upper extremity and head/face injuries. Injury prevention protocols in the US should focus on tackling techniques, which may reduce incidence of tournament match injuries.
INJURIES IN AMERICAN YOUTH RUGBY-7S: AN EMERGING ADOLESCENT COLLISION SPORT
Authors: Lopez Victor , Ma Richard , Weinstein Meryle , Hume Patria , Cantu Robert , Victoria Christian , Queler Sophie , Answorth Allen 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRugby-7s growth in the United States predominantly seen in the amateur population, has very little youth rugby injury data.ObjectiveTo report incidence and causes for US youth Rugby-7s match injuries.DesignProspective descriptive epidemiology study.SettingThe study encompassed Under-19 players in USA Rugby sanctioned tournaments (2010–2014).ParticipantsA total of 3,804 US players (13–19 years old) were included over 24 tournaments, of 643 youth-division matches (140=female; 515=male) in 317 sides/teams (61=females; 256=males).Assessment of Risk FactorsCauses in youth Rugby-7s injuries.Main measurement outcomeInjury incidence (per 1000 player-hour (ph)) and mechanism, captured using Rugby Injury Survey & Evaluation (RISE) Report methodology. Time-loss injuries=players who did not return to play the day of their injury. Medical attention injuries=players who had injuries evaluated with no absence from play. Severity=days absent before return to training/competition (including post tournament).ResultsInjuries combined were found at 81.9/1000 ph (n=172) (time-loss injuries=33.3/1000 ph; n=70; medical attention injuries=48.6/1000 ph; n=102;P=0.013). Males among positions, experienced higher rates of injuries (backs 81.8/1000 ph, n=77; forwards 56.7/1000 ph, n=40; RR: 1.16,P=0.053) than females (backs 65.6/1000 ph, n=17; forwards 77.1/1000 ph, n=15; RR: 0.93, P=0.642) (RR: 0.96,P=0.332). Time-loss injuries resulted in a mean severity of 35.4 days (females, 29.6 days; males, 37.6 days). Most injuries were acute (93%; RR: 2.3,P<0.001) during tackling (80.3%; RR: 1.6,P<0.001). Injuries most commonly involved the joints or ligaments (40%) and the lower extremities (39%). High incidences of head and neck injuries including concussions (overall 26%) and upper extremity injuries (29%) were seen among the youth.ConclusionsUS Rugby-7s youth had lower time-loss injury rates (33.3/1000 ph) than US amateur adult Rugby-7s (49.2–55.4/1000 ph) and international boys' Rugby-15s (35–57.2/1000 ph). Due to tackling injuries among head, neck and upper extremity, US youth would benefit from injury prevention in a tackling technique evaluation.
VIDEO-ANALYSIS OF MODERATE AND SEVERE MATCH INJURIES IN GERMAN MEN'S PROFESSIONAL HANDBALL
Authors: Luig Patrick , Bloch Hendrik , Henke Thomas , Klein Christian 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThere is little knowledge about the causes of injuries in men's professional handball, in particular with a view to the specificity of regular league play.ObjectiveTo identify and describe typical injury situations, mechanisms and characteristics in German men's professional handball.DesignProspective video-based analysis of match injuries.SettingTwo highest German professional leagues in men's handball.ParticipantsAll first and second league handball players who played at least one competitive club match (n=1,194) were included in the study and observed over a period of three consecutive seasons (2010–2013).Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Analysis of all moderate and severe match injuries (time-loss>7 days) that were registered by clubs or physicians with the VBG (German statutory accident insurance for the administrative sector) as part of the occupational accident reporting.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe video observation form contained 27 variables including data on injury location, time of injury, injury situation, injury mechanism.Results560 moderate or severe match injuries were recorded during 2,227 competitive matches. 243 injuries (43.4%) were identified on video. 56.8% of injuries were contact injuries, 25.1% indirect contact injuries and 18.1% non-contact injuries. 63.8% of injuries occurred during attacking play. While pivots most often injured themselves in a defensive position and through contact, injuries in backcourt players were more often the result of indirect contact and in an attacking position. Injuries in field players were significantly overrepresented during the final thirds of each half, specifically in the last ten minutes of the game. Moreover, 7 typical injury situations for knee, ankle, shoulder and head injuries in were recognized.ConclusionsVideo-analysis of match injuries made it clear that not only sport-specific, but also position- and injury-specific aspects must be taken into account in order to derive targeted, multidisciplinary preventive measures.