bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jeremy Waldron,Law and Disagreement
Authors: Schwartzberg Melissa 
Published: August 2017

AbstractJeremy Waldron’s Law and Disagreement (1999) is a landmark work in jurisprudence and in democratic theory. In retrospect, it also constitutes an intervention into a methodological debate over the aims of political theory, defending the study of institutions over work attending to the ends and ideals of a good society. A crucial insight of LD is the value of equal respect for the judgment of citizens and of legislatures. By entrenching rights in constitutions, and by shifting interpretive authority to courts via judicial review, framers and judges assert moral and epistemic priority over elected representatives and citizens. This priority is unwarranted, given the ineliminable character of political disagreement, and may entail a form of disrespect. Yet Waldron himself provides a sanitized account of legislatures, one that may prevent LD from fully realizing his vision of political political theory.
Split Ergativity is not about Ergativity
Authors: Coon Jessica , Preminger Omer 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter argues that split ergativity is epiphenomenal, and that the factors which trigger its appearance are not limited to ergative systems in the first place. In both aspectual and person splits, the split is the result of a bifurcation of the clause into two distinct case/agreement domains, which renders the clause structurally intransitive. Since intransitive subjects do not appear with ergative marking, this straightforwardly accounts for the absence of ergative morphology. Crucially, such bifurcation is not specific to ergative languages; it is simply obfuscated in nominative-accusative environments because there, by definition, transitive and intransitive subjects pattern alike. The account also derives the universal directionality of splits, by linking the structure that is added to independent facts: the use of locative constructions in nonperfective aspects (Bybee et al. 1994, Laka 2006, Coon 2013), and the requirement that 1st/2nd person arguments be structurally licensed (Bejar & Rezac 2003, Preminger 2014).
Remarks on the Relation between Case-Alignment and Constituent Order
Authors: Taraldsen Tarald 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe topic of this chapter is a descriptive generalization indicating a connection between case-alignment and the linear order of the major constituents of a sentence. In particular, the generalization claims that no SVO language can have Ergative/Absolutive case-alignment (“Mahajan’s Generalization”). The discussion focuses on determining to what extent existing theories of case-alignment provide a basis for explaining the descriptive generalization as well as its exceptions, and some concrete proposals are examined. I also suggest ways of broadening the empirical foundations of the generalization so as to narrow down the range of analytical options. In particular, it should be determined whether neutral languages with Ergative/Absolutive agreement fall under the scope of the generalization, and also whether the generalization extends to tripartite languages.
Ergativity and Austronesian-Type Voice Systems
Authors: Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka , Levin Theodore , Urk Coppe van 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn an Austronesian-type voice system, one argument is designated the "pivot" in each clause, with verbal morphology indicating the choice of pivot and corresponding changes in case marking and extraction possibilities. It has been suggested that ergativity plays a crucial role in these systems. This paper argues that voice and case reflect separate but interacting systems, which can be dissociated from each other, based on the behavior of voice in Dinka (Nilotic; South Sudan) and Balinese (Austronesian; Indonesia). These languages exhibit familiar voice morphology, but are shown to not involve any ergativity. Instead, we propose that what unifies "voice" system behavior is a lack of structural licensing for subjects in Non-Subject Voices. Different voice systems solve this problem in different ways: Balinese licenses the subject under adjacency with the verb, whereas Dinka allows for a last resort genitive case like in many Austronesian languages of the Philippines and of Taiwan.
Ergative Constellations in the Structure of Speech Acts
Authors: Wiltschko Martina 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIt is widely assumed that ergativity is not a primitive phenomenon but derives from a constellation of properties. This chapter demonstrates that we find similar structural constellations in the layer of structure where speech act relations are introduced. In particular, it is argued that speech act structure consists of a grounding layer, where the speaker’s or the addressee’s commitment towards the proposition are encoded. The second layer of SA-structure is dedicated to the response system of language: e.g., what the speaker wants the addressee to do with the utterance. Each of these layers can come in different guises, in much the same way as argument-structure can be transitive, ergative, or unergative. This lends support to the idea that ergativity is not a primitive phenomenon but also sheds new light on the syntax of speech acts suggesting that they typology of speech acts is more complicated than typically assumed.
Grammaticalization of Ergative Case Marking
Authors: McGregor William B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter overviews some of the patterns of emergence and development of ergative case markers in the world’s languages. What shines through most clearly is diversity: the range of possible source morphemes, constructions, and developmental pathways is much broader than might be expected. Rarely, it is possible to identify lexical sources for ergative case markers. More common sources are other case markers (notably instrumental, genitive, oblique, and ablative), and indexical items (such as demonstratives and pronominals); other possible sources include directional elements and focus markers. Ergative case markers can also be the sources of further grammatical developments, and can develop into markers of other grammatical categories, including other cases and verbal categories such as tense and aspect. Some observations are also included on the emergence and development of ergative case marking in language contact situations.
Lexical Category and Alignment in Austronesian
Authors: Kaufman Daniel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPhilippine-type languages are often cited as exemplifying a cross-linguistically unique voice system, in which verb morphology can select not only an agent or patient, but also locative, instrumental and other adjunct type relations as the nominative argument. In this paper, we examine three approaches to this typologically remarkable system: the ergative analysis, the case agreement analysis and the nominalization analysis, arguing for the latter based on strong parallels between verbal and nominal predication from the root level to the clause level. The morphologically symmetric nature of Philippine-type languages is argued to stem from their nominal roots. The historical development of verbal roots leads to a more fixed argument structure in which canonical ergative languages develop. Mamuju, an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia, is offered as an example of a classically ergative language, in contrast to Philippine-type systems.
The Acquisition of Ergativity: An Overview
Authors: Bavin Edith 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe chapter illustrates variation associated with ergative alignment and properties of ergative languages that might impact on acquisition of the system. Language input, the social context and developmental patterns are also discussed, as are criteria for determining when a system has been acquired. Examples provided represent different language families and geographic areas. Also included are more detailed examples: for Kaluli, which has a split ergative system, dependent on word order and pragmatic factors; for Arctic Quebec Inuktitut which employs detransitivisation processes to change the role of the arguments of bivalent verbs; and for Warlpiri which has frequent ellipsis of core arguments, so reducing the frequency of ergative marking in the input. The data illustrate that split morphological systems and variable use of ergative marking do not seem to be problematic overall. By the age of 2.5 or 3 years, children show knowledge of the system.
The Role of Defaults in the Acquisition of Basque Ergative and Dative Morphology
Authors: Austin Jennifer 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe use of default agreement plays a key role in morphological theories from diverse perspectives, as well as in many analyses of child language acquisition. In this paper, the development of ergative and dative agreement and case in 20 bilingual and 11 monolingual Basque-speaking children between 2;00-3;06 years old is examined. I propose that the most commonly-produced errors in child Basque involve the substitution of unmarked absolutive forms for ergative and dative case and dative verbal morphemes; for independent reasons, the absolutive is considered to be unmarked inflection in adult Basque (Arregi and Nevins, 2012). These errors suggest that in early stages of morphological acquisition, children learning Basque use default forms which encode a subset of the morphemes as a “best match” to support their developing language when they are unable to produce or retrieve target forms.
Processing Ergativity: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence
Authors: Zawiszewski Adam 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSo far ergativity has been mostly studied from a language-theoretic perspective and the evidence on how it is processed and represented is rather scarce. In this paper I provide an insight into ergativity from an experimental approach. First, I present an overview of the experimental methods used to investigate ergativity (self-paced reading, event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and next I review studies that examined behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlates of ergativity in both native and non-native speakers, as well as those focused on the universality of processing strategies in ergative languages. Finally, I also review and discuss the experimental data from works that dealt with syntactic and semantic aspects of ergativity and discuss the implication of the results for future research.
Experimental Approaches to Ergative Languages
Authors: Longenbaugh Nicholas , Polinsky Maria 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter summarizes major results in the domain of experimental approaches to ergativity, focusing on three major topics. First, it discusses studies that explore the competition between accusative and ergative alignment, where researchers have attempted to derive the typological preference for accusative alignment from processing- and learnability based constraints. Next, it examines studies concerning the interrelated issues of long-distance dependencies and agreement. The unique dissociation of case and argument-hood in ergative languages has afforded researchers new means of testing conclusions regarding the privileged grammatical status of subject, the relative import and function of case and agreement in the grammar, and the origins of constraints on extraction in ergative languages and beyond. Given that linguists have only recently begun to conduct experimental research on ergative languages, we conclude by suggesting areas for future research where ergativity might provide genuine insights rather than just replicate existing studies of accusative languages.
Ergative Case in Burushaski: A Dependent Case Analysis
Authors: Baker Mark C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter analyzes ergative case in the Burushaski language as a strictly structural case, not subject to arbitrary lexical variation. More specifically, ergative is a dependent case: an NP is ergative if and if it c-commands another NP in the same local domain (phase). Three apparent deviations from canonical ergativity are considered: verbs that take two absolutive arguments and no ergative, verbs that take an ergative NP and a dative NP but no absolutive, and clauses in future tense in which the transitive subject can be absolutive. In each instance, it turns out that the syntactic structure is more complex than it appears, as shown by independent tests such as agreement. Once the structures in question are properly understood, ergative case can be assigned purely structurally, with no direct sensitivity to semantic nuances or idiosyncratic lexical properties.
The Ergative in Warlpiri: A Case Study
Authors: Laughren Mary 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe DP subject of a Warlpiri finite clause containing verbs of a certain class is marked with the ergative suffix whereas other DP subjects are morphologically unmarked. This chapter examines the wider distribution in Warlpiri of the ergative morpheme and the varied functions of ergative-marked DPs in both finite and non-finite clauses. Particular focus is on the relationship between the subject-marking and instrument adjunct-marking role of the ergative suffix. Unlike finite transitive clauses in which both an agent subject and an instrument adjunct are marked ergative, in non-finite clauses only one of these can be marked ergative: the instrument adjunct in clauses where the agent subject is realized either as phonologically null PRO or as a dative case-marked DP external to the verb phrase; the agent or instrument subject contained in the infinitival phrase embedded in a stative predicate whose external subject is co-referent with the logical object of the embedded verb.
Ergativity in Jê languages
Authors: Salanova Andres 
Published: August 2017

AbstractErgativity in Jê languages is generally associated to nominal or adjectival forms of the verb, strengthening the proposed link between nominalizations and ergativity (cf. Alexiadou 2001). Jê languages differ from some of the better-known languages with ergative nominalizations by the extent to which nominal forms of predicates are used in the former. In addition to being required in all contexts of subordination (i.e., finite subordination is virtually absent in the family), they are governed by a number of verbal modifiers, among which might be negation, manner predicates, and most aspectual auxiliaries. The present chapter explores this general pattern and describes in some detail the various modifiers that govern nominal forms of the verb, with particular attention to Mẽbengokre, a language from the northern branch of the family, spoken in the Brazilian Amazon. Cases of "insubordination" of nominal forms are also discussed.
Alignment and orientation in Kartvelian (South Caucasian)
Authors: Tuite Kevin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe small Kartvelian family is one of the three endemic language families of the Caucasus. The Kartvelian languages are double marking, with nominal case and two sets of person markers in the verb. Since the 17th century, linguists have attempted to accommodate the complexities of Georgian morphosyntax within the descriptive categories of their time, successively describing the language as nominative, (split) ergative, and active/inactive. In the present chapter, I will argue that its alignment can be most accurately described as split-intransitive, once the considerable number of monovalent dative-subject verbs are brought into consideration. Proto-Kartvelian would have had split-intransitive verb agreement, absolutively aligned verbal plurality marking, and incipient ergative-absolutive case assignment. Also discussed is the morphosyntactic orientation of the Kartvelian languages and dialects, that is, the distribution of morphological and syntactic privileges among the clausal arguments.
Slaves as Active Subjects
Authors: Hunt Peter 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers the strategies that ancient Greek and Roman slaves adopted in response to the conditions of their enslavement. Some of these involved collaboration with their masters, since slaves could ease their oppression most easily and predictably through compliance and hard work and masters relied on systems of rewards and punishment to control their slaves. Such collaborative strategies were common, but the interests of slaves and masters were hardly congruent. So some slaves acted contrary to their masters’ interests: stealing food, avoiding work or doing it slowly, and asserting themselves to the greatest extent possible. Other slaves gained their freedom by running away rather than by working diligently towards manumission. Of course, these contrary strategies cannot be understood without considering the countermeasures available to masters, whose resources and power were far superior to those of slaves. Finally, some strategies depended on the involvement of people outside the slave–master dyad.
An Open-Source, Programmable Pneumatic Setup for Operation and Automated Control of Single- and Multi-Layer Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Brower Kara , Puccinelli Robert , Markin Craig J. , Shimko Tyler C. , Longwell Scott A. , Cruz Bianca , Gomez-Sjoberg Rafael , Fordyce Polly M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMicrofluidic technologies have been used across diverse disciplines (e.g.high-throughput biological measurement, fluid physics, laboratory fluid manipulation) but widespread adoption has been limited due to the lack of openly disseminated resources that enable non-specialist labs to make and operate their own devices. Here, we report the open-source build of a pneumatic setup capable of operating both single and multilayer (Quake-style) microfluidic devices with programmable scripting automation. This setup can operate both simple and complex devices with 48 device valve control inputs and 18 sample inputs, with modular design for easy expansion, at a fraction of the cost of similar commercial solutions. We present a detailed step-by-step guide to building the pneumatic instrumentation, as well as instructions for custom device operation using our software, Geppetto, through an easy-to-use GUI for live on-chip valve actuation and a scripting system for experiment automation. We show robust valve actuation with near real-time software feedback and demonstrate use of the setup for high-throughput biochemical measurements on-chip. This open-source setup will enable specialists and novices alike to run microfluidic devices easily in their own laboratories.Specifications table
Intraocular pressure elevation precedes a phagocytosis decline in a model of pigmentary glaucoma
Authors: Dang Yalong , Waxman Susannah , Wang Chao , Loewen Ralitsa T. , Loewen Nils A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeOutflow regulation and phagocytosis are key functions of the trabecular meshwork (TM), but it is not clear how the two are related in secondary open angle glaucomas characterized by an increased particle load. We hypothesized that diminished TM phagocytosis is not the primary cause of early ocular hypertension and recreated pigment dispersion in a porcine ex vivo model.Materials and MethodsSixteen porcine anterior chamber cultures received a continuous infusion of pigment granules (P), while 16 additional anterior chambers served as controls (C). Pressure transducers recorded the intraocular pressure (IOP). The phagocytic capacity of the trabecular meshwork was determined by fluorescent microspheres.ResultsThe baseline IOPs in P and C were similar (P=0.82). A significant IOP elevation occurred in P at 48, 120, and 180 hours (allP<0.01, compared to baseline). The pigment did not cause a reduction in TM phagocytosis at 48 hours, when the earliest IOP elevation occurred, but at 120 hours onward (P=0.001 compared to C). This reduction did not result in an additional IOP increase at 120 or 180 hours compared to the first IOP elevation at 48 hours (P>0.05).ConclusionIn this porcine model of pigmentary glaucoma, an IOP elevation occurs much earlier than when phagocytosis fails, suggesting that two separate mechanisms might be at work.
3-(Pyridin-4-yl)acetylacetone: CdII and HgII compete for nitrogen coordination
Authors: Truong Khai-Nghi , Merkens Carina , Englert Ulli 
Published: August 2017

3-(Pyridin-4-yl)acetylacetone (HacacPy) acts as a pyridine-type ligand towards CdII and HgII halides. With CdBr2, the one-dimensional polymer [Cd(μ-Br)2(HacacPy)Cd(μ-Br)2(HacacPy)2]∞ is obtained in which five- and six-coordinated CdII cations alternate in the chain direction. Reaction of HacacPy with HgBr2 results in [Hg(μ-Br)Br(HacacPy)]∞, a polymer in which each HgII centre is tetracoordinated. In both compounds, each metal(II) cation is N-coordinated by at least one HacacPy ligand. Equimolar reaction between these CdII and HgII derivatives, either conducted in ethanol as solvent or via grinding in the solid state, leads to ligand redistribution and the formation of the well-ordered bimetallic polymer catena-poly[[bromidomercury(II)]-μ-bromido-[aquabis[4-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-4-yl)pent-3-en-2-one]cadmium(II)]-di-μ-bromido], [CdHgBr4(C10H11NO2)2(H2O)]
n
or [{HgBr}(μ-Br){(HacacPy)2Cd(H2O)}(μ-Br)2]∞. HgII and CdII cations alternate in the [100] direction. The HacacPy ligands do not bind to the HgII cations, which are tetracoordinated by three bridging and one terminal bromide ligand. The CdII centres adopt an only slightly distorted octahedral coordination. Three bromide ligands link them in a (2 + 1) pattern to neighbouring HgII atoms; two HacacPy ligands in a cis configuration, acting as N-atom donors, and a terminal aqua ligand complete the coordination sphere. Classical O—H...Br hydrogen bonds stabilize the polymeric chain. O—H...O hydrogen bonds between aqua H atoms and the uncoordinated carbonyl group of an HacacPy ligand in a neighbouring strand in the c direction link the chains into layers in the (010) plane.
Role of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness in the relationship between violent daydreaming and suicidal ideation in two adult samples
Authors: Chu Carol , Rogers Megan L. , Gai Anna R. , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: August 2017

PurposeDespite evidence that violent daydreaming is a correlate of suicidal ideation, no research has examined the mechanisms underlying this association. The interpersonal theory of suicide may provide insight. This theory postulates that individuals with high suicidal desire experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB). Violent daydreaming may fuel negative attitudes toward others and oneself and turn attention away from loved ones, thereby increasing feelings that one is a burden on others (PB) and socially disconnected (TB). However, no studies have tested TB and PB as explanatory mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between violent daydreaming, PB, TB, suicidal ideation, and depression in two samples (n=818).Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 was comprised of general undergraduates, and Study 2 selected for undergraduates with a history of ideation. Self-report measures were administered and indirect effects analyses were conducted.FindingsIn both studies, violent daydreaming was associated with increased feelings of PB, TB, and ideation severity. Consistent with the interpersonal theory, TB and PB were significant parallel mediators of the relationship between violent daydreaming and suicidal ideation, beyond sex and age. In contrast to Study 1, results were no longer significant in Study 2 after accounting for depression.Originality/valueThis was the first study to test TB and PB as mechanisms underlying the relationship between violent daydreaming and suicide risk. Findings highlight the importance of monitoring and addressing violent daydreams and interpersonal functioning throughout treatment to mitigate risk.