bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled Folding, Motional, and Constitutional Dynamic Processes of Polyheterocyclic Molecular Strands
Authors: Barboiu Mihail , Stadler Adrian‐Mihail , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGeneral design principles have been developed for the control of the structural features of polyheterocyclic strands and their effector‐modulated shape changes. Induced defined molecular motions permit designed enforcement of helical as well as linear molecular shapes. The ability of such molecular strands to bind metal cations allows the generation of coiling/uncoiling processes between helically folded and extended linear states. Large molecular motions are produced on coordination of metal ions, which may be made reversible by competition with an ancillary complexing agent and fueled by sequential acid/base neutralization energy. The introduction of hydrazone units into the strands confers upon them constitutional dynamics, whereby interconversion between different strand compositions is achieved through component exchange. These features have relevance for nanomechanical devices. We present a morphological and functional analysis of such systems developed in our laboratories.
Reduction‐Induced Highly Selective Uptake of Cesium Ions by an Ionic Crystal Based on Silicododecamolybdate
Authors: Seino Saori , Kawahara Ryosuke , Ogasawara Yoshiyuki , Mizuno Noritaka , Uchida Sayaka 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCation adsorption and exchange has been an important topic in both basic and applied chemistry relevant to materials synthesis and chemical conversion, as well as purification and separation. Selective Cs+ uptake from aqueous solutions is especially important because Cs+ is expensive and is contained in radioactive wastes. However, the reported adsorbents incorporate Rb+ as well as Cs+, and an adsorbent with high selectivity toward Cs+ has not yet been reported. Highly selective uptake of Cs+ by an ionic crystal (etpyH)2[Cr3O(OOCH)6(etpy)3]2[α‐SiMo12O40]⋅3 H2O (etpy =4‐ethylpyridine) is described. The compound incorporated up to 3.8 mol(Cs+) mol(s)−1 (where s=solid) by cation‐exchange with etpyH+ and reduction of silicododecamolybdate with ascorbic acid. The amount of Cs+ uptake was comparable to that of Prussian blue, which is widely recognized as a good Cs+ adsorbent. Moreover, other alkali‐metal and alkaline‐earth‐metal cations were almost completely excluded (<0.2 mol mol(s)−1).
Synthesis of halide anion‐doped bismuth terephthalate hybrids for organic pollutant removal
Authors: Zhao Xinyun , Xiong Xuyang , Chen Xi , Hu Juncheng , Li Jinlin 
Published: February 2016

Halide anion‐doped bismuth terephthalate hybrids were synthesized using a facile solvothermal method. Four series of hybrids doped with halide anions X− (F−, Cl−, Br− and I−) were produced by varying the molar ratios (n) of X− relative to Bi(NO3)3 (n = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) in dimethylformamide solution. The results indicated that 0.25 equiv. of different halide anion‐doped bismuth terephthalate hybrids, especially BiBDC‐Cl(0.25) and BiBDC‐Br(0.25), exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity under visible light and UV light irradiation. They also exhibited excellent adsorption performance for Rhodamine B which could be attributed to high surface areas and negative charge on the surface of the catalysts. Moreover, the degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation is a photosensitization process and •O2− is the most important active species. The halide anion‐doped bismuth terephthalate hybrids are promising photocatalysts for removal of organic pollutants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalent immobilization of trypsin onto thermo‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) microspheres with high activity and stability
Authors: Lai Enping , Wang Yuxia , Wei Yi , Li Guang , Ma Guanghui 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (P(NIPAM‐co‐AA)) microspheres with a high copolymerized AA content were fabricated using rapid membrane emulsification technique. The uniform size, good hydrophilicity, and thermo sensitivity of the microspheres were favorable for trypsin immobilization. Trypsin molecules were immobilized onto the microspheres surfaces by covalent attachment. The effects of various parameters such as immobilization pH value, enzyme concentration, concentration of buffer solution, and immobilization time on protein loading amount and enzyme activity were systematically investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the protein loading was 493 ± 20 mg g−1 and the activity yield of immobilized trypsin was 155% ± 3%. The maximum activity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) of immobilized enzyme were found to be 0.74 μM s−1 and 0.54 mM, respectively. The immobilized trypsin showed better thermal and storage stability than the free trypsin. The enzyme‐immobilized microspheres with high protein loading amount still can show a thermo reversible phase transition behavior. The research could provide a strategy to immobilize enzyme for application in proteomics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43343.
Wire‐shaped, dye‐sensitized solar cells with poly(vinyl alcohol) gel electrolyte and metal filaments
Authors: Kwon Ji Hyun , Kim Jeong Soo 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTA kind of wire‐shaped, dye‐sensitized solar cell (WDSSC) composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel electrolyte and filament‐formed electrodes of titanium and platinum was prepared, and its photovoltaic performance was analyzed with the variations in the dimensions of the electrodes and cells. The dimensions of the wire‐shaped cell were adjusted through the thickness of the TiO2 layer, the amount of PVA gel electrolyte, and length of the Pt filament. The dominant parameters determining the cell performance were mainly analyzed with the results from the various scanning electron microscopy images and fitted plots of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Although the conversion efficiencies of the fabricated WDSSCs were relatively lower than those of the conventional dye‐sensitized solar cells, this development should provide important guiding directions for the design of similar WDSSCs with higher efficiencies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43439.
Sorption equilibria and diffusion of toluene, methanol, and cyclohexane in/through elastomers
Authors: Santos C.I.A.V. , Mialdun A. , Legros J.C. , Shevtsova V. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTMolecular transport of toluene, methanol, and cyclohexane and their mixtures in Chemraz 505 elastomer has been investigated using gravimetric techniques for short and long time exposure in these solvents. The sorption–desorption results have been used to calculate the diffusion coefficients by solving Fick's equation under appropriate boundary conditions. The dependence of sorption, desorption, diffusion, and permeation on temperature and composition changes was also studied. The results are discussed in terms of possible interactions between Chemraz 505 polymer and the solvent molecules. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43449.
Synthesis and properties of novel benzobisthiazole‐containing hyperbranched polyamides derived from 2,6‐diaminobenzo[1,2‐d:4,5‐d']bisthiazole
Authors: Hu Xiaobing 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, two novel benzobisthiazole‐containing hyperbranched polyamides with different end groups were synthesized, by adjusting the feed molar ratio of the reaction monomers, using 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid and 2,6‐diaminobenzo[1,2‐d:4,5‐d']bisthiazole as monomers, polyphosphoric acid as solvent, and catalyst. The molecular structure of the synthesized hyperbranched polymers were speculated by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, 13C‐NMR analysis, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The Mn, Mw, and DB of the carboxyl terminated polymer HB‐COOH are 3264 g/mol, 3350 g/mol, and 44.1%, respectively, with a polydispersity of 1.03. The Mn, Mw, and DB of amino terminated polymer HB‐NH2 are 3340 g/mol, 3420 g/mol, and 41.7%, respectively, with a polydispersity of 1.02. The thermal stability of HB‐NH2 was higher than HB‐COOH in the range of 30 °C–800 °C.These two benzobisthiazole‐containing hyperbranched polyamides were completely amorphous and soluble in DMSO. Their DMSO solutions exhibited strong blue fluorescence. The fluorescent intensity of HB‐NH2 was higher than HB‐COOH. The prepared polymers were potential useful in the area of blue light emitting and display. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43453.
Polyurethane/poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate) and functional carbon black‐based hybrids: Physical properties and shape memory behavior
Authors: Kausar Ayesha , Siddiq Muhammad 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTA polyurethane (PU) was developed from poly(dimethylamine‐co‐epichlorohydrin‐co‐ethylenediamine) (PDMAE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as soft segment and 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI) incorporating as hard segment. Later PU was blended with poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate) (PEEA). Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐functionalized carbon black (CB‐PVA) nanoparticles was used as filler. The structure, morphology, mechanical, crystallization, and shape memory behavior (heat and voltage) were investigated methodically. Due to physical interaction of the blend components, unique self‐assembled network morphology was observed. The interpenetrating network was responsible for 83% rise in tensile modulus and 46% increase in Young's modulus of PU/PEEA/CB‐PVA 1 hybrid compared with neat PU/PEEA bend. Electrical conductivity was increased to 0.2 Scm−1 with 1 wt % CB‐PVA nanofiller. The original shape of sample was almost 94% recovered using heat induced shape memory effect while 97% recovery was observed in an electric field of 40 V. Electroactive shape memory results were found better than heat stimulation effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43481.
Beyond marine paper parks? Regulation theory to assess and address environmental non‐compliance
Authors: Pieraccini Margherita , Coppa Stefania , De Lucia G. Andrea 
Published: February 2016

Abstract1. Many marine protected areas (MPAs) around the world are ‘paper parks’. A key factor contributing to their ineffectiveness is non‐compliance with the rules in place.2. This paper contributes to the existing academic discussion on ‘paper parks’ by drawing on critical regulation scholarship to develop a theoretical framework to assess and address compliance gaps in MPAs.3. The theoretical insights are then explored using a case study of the second largest Italian MPA (the ‘Penisola del Sinis‐Isola di Mal di Ventre’), employing a multidisciplinary perspective built on both biological and socio‐legal expertise.4. The biological study consists of a review including existing unpublished data on biological resources in the MPA coupled with new analyses on the effects of sea urchin harvesting restrictions. The socio‐legal research consists of the analysis of primary qualitative research in the form of semi‐structured interviews conducted with key stakeholders at the local and regional level in 2014, followed by two workshops (one with stakeholders and one with the general public) in 2015 to discuss the research findings collectively.5. The results show that the Sinis MPA is not achieving its conservation goals, primarily because of actors' non‐compliance with the rules. The interviews with key stakeholders reveal a number of interlinked social, normative and calculative motivations at the basis of non‐compliance. Policy solutions are then offered.6. This study offers a novel analysis on ‘paper parks’ that may be applicable to other MPAs experiencing similar compliance issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD4+ and CD8+ CD28null T Cells Are Cytotoxic to Autologous Muscle Cells in Patients With Polymyositis
Authors: Pandya Jayesh M. , Venalis Paulius , Al‐Khalili Lubna , Shahadat Hossain Mohammad , Stache Vanessa , Lundberg Ingrid E. , Malmström Vivianne , Fasth Andreas E. R. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveInflammatory T cell infiltrates in the skeletal muscle tissue of patients with polymyositis are dominated by CD28‐negative effector (CD28null) T cells of both the CD4 and CD8 lineage. These cells are potentially cytotoxic, and the aim of the present study was to develop a fully autologous cell culture system in which to investigate the functional contribution of such CD28null T cells to myotoxicity.MethodsIn vitro cocultures of autologous skeletal muscle cells and T cell subsets obtained from 5 polymyositis patients were performed. Myotoxicity of T cells was quantified by calcein release and flow cytometric analyses. T cell degranulation was blocked with concanamycin A. Specific blocking of perforin, cytokines, and HLA was performed using antibodies.ResultsBoth CD4+CD28null and CD8+CD28null T cells induced more muscle cell death than did their CD28+ counterparts. Differentiated muscle cells (myotubes) were more sensitive to T cell–mediated cell death than were their precursors (myoblasts). Both CD8+ and CD4+ CD28null T cells displayed perforin polarization toward muscle cells and secreted higher levels of granzyme B and interferon‐γ (IFNγ) in coculture than did CD28+ T cells. The myotoxic effects of CD28null T cells were reduced upon the blocking of perforin, cytokines, and HLA. Addition of IFNγ or tumor necrosis factor did not induce skeletal muscle cell death in the absence of T cells; however, it did up‐regulate HLA expression on muscle cells.ConclusionMyotoxicity of CD4+ and CD8+ CD28null T cells is mediated by directed perforin‐dependent killing and can be further influenced by IFNγ‐induced HLA expression on muscle cells. The data suggest that CD28null T cells are key effector cells that contribute to the muscle cell damage in polymyositis.
Light‐Harvesting Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria under Both Visible and Near‐Infrared Excitations
Authors: Hu Bo , Cao Xian , Ahmadov Ms. Tevhide Ozkaya , Ding Rui , Tang Hong , Zhang Peng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report a hybrid singlet oxygen production system, where strong resonance coupling between plasmonic nanoparticles and photosensitizing molecules results in exceptionally high singlet oxygen production under both visible light and near‐infrared light excitation, even for the photosensitizing molecules without near‐infrared absorption. The light‐harvesting property of the plasmon‐photosensitizer hybrids leads to an enhanced, broad‐spectrum photodynamic inactivation of bacteria under a wide range of excitations, including that with near‐infrared light.
Aromatic Monochlorination Photosensitized by DDQ with Hydrogen Chloride under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Ohkubo Kei , Fujimoto Atsushi , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPhotochlorination of aromatic substrates by hydrogen chloride with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐cyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ) occurs efficiently to produce the corresponding monochlorinated products selectively under visible‐light irradiation. The yields for the chlorination of phenol were 70 % and 18 % for p‐ and o‐chlorophenol, respectively, without formation of further chlorinated products. The photoinduced chlorination is initiated by electron transfer from Cl− to the triplet excited state of DDQ. The radical intermediates involved in the photochemical reaction have been detected by time‐resolved transient absorption measurements.
Quantification based on dimensionless dendrometry and drying of residual biomass from the pruning of orange trees in Bolivar province (Ecuador)
Authors: Velázquez‐Martí Borja , Gaibor‐Chávez Juan , Pérez‐Pacheco Sergio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this work, a new approach to evaluating the amount of residual biomass obtained from orange trees based on normalization of variables is proposed for Bolivar province, Ecuador. So far, several models to quantify the amount of residues obtained from pruning have been proposed from dendrometric and cultivation variables, such as height, crown diameter, stem diameter, area per plant, yield, and age. However, the high dispersion of their values, caused by uncontrolled conditions, gave models with a low‐medium coefficient of determination. The aim of this work has been to develop several models in order to predict wet available biomass using dimensionless dendrometric parameters from height, diameter and height of the crown, and the stem height. They improved the coefficients of determination to 0.94 for the global mathematical model. The drying process of pruned materials has also been analyzed. Residual biomass with 50% initial moisture content was dried outdoors on cement and agricultural soil until it reached constant moisture content. Models used to describe the drying process of agricultural products were employed to fit the observed data of the drying process of orange tree chips. Among the tested models, the Midili and Page models were those that best fitted the observed data in the drying process. The information offered by these equations is of vital importance because they help estimate the amount of biomass that is generated in a given area, and the implementation geographic information system (GIS) maps. In addition, logistic algorithms can be applied. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Non‐stop lab week: A real laboratory experience for life sciences postgraduate courses
Authors: Freitas Maria João , Silva Joana Vieira , Korrodi‐Gregório Luís , Fardilha Margarida 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAt the Portuguese universities, practical classes of life sciences are usually professor‐centered 2‐hour classes. This approach results in students underprepared for a real work environment in a research/clinical laboratory. To provide students with a real‐life laboratory environment, the Non‐Stop Lab Week (NSLW) was created in the Molecular Biomedicine master program at the University of Aveiro, Portugal. The unique feature of the NSLW is its intensity: during a 1‐week period, students perform a subcloning and a protein expression project in an environment that mimics a real laboratory. Students work autonomously, and the progression of work depends on achieving the daily goals. Throughout the three curricular years, most students considered the intensity of the NSLW a very good experience and fundamental for their future. Moreover, after some experience in a real laboratory, students state that both the techniques and the environment created in the NSLW were similar to what they experience in their current work situation. The NSLW fulfills a gap in postgraduate students' learning, particularly in practical skills and scientific thinking. Furthermore, the NSLW experience provides skills to the students that are crucial to their future research area. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:297–303, 2016.
Figure analysis: A teaching technique to promote visual literacy and active Learning
Authors: Wiles Amy M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLearning often improves when active learning techniques are used in place of traditional lectures. For many of these techniques, however, students are expected to apply concepts that they have already grasped. A challenge, therefore, is how to incorporate active learning into the classroom of courses with heavy content, such as molecular‐based biology courses. An additional challenge is that visual literacy is often overlooked in undergraduate science education. To address both of these challenges, a technique called figure analysis was developed and implemented in three different levels of undergraduate biology courses. Here, students learn content while gaining practice in interpreting visual information by discussing figures with their peers. Student groups also make connections between new and previously learned concepts on their own while in class. The instructor summarizes the material for the class only after students grapple with it in small groups. Students reported a preference for learning by figure analysis over traditional lecture, and female students in particular reported increased confidence in their analytical abilities. There is not a technology requirement for this technique; therefore, it may be utilized both in classrooms and in nontraditional spaces. Additionally, the amount of preparation required is comparable to that of a traditional lecture. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):336–344, 2016.
RT‐qPCR demonstrates light‐dependent AtRBCS1A and AtRBCS3B mRNA expressions in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves
Authors: Chang Ming‐Mei , Li Anna , Feissner Robert , Ahmad Talal 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is widely used in diagnosis and research to determine specific mRNA expressions in cells. As RT‐qPCR applications increase, it's necessary to provide undergraduates hands‐on experience of this modern technique. Here, we report a 3‐week laboratory exercise using RT‐qPCR to demonstrate the light‐dependent expressions of AtRBCS1A and AtRBCS3B genes encoding two Arabidopsis thaliana small subunits of the ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). In the first week, students purified and quantified total RNA from leaves of A. thaliana pretreated in the dark for 96 hr and untreated controls. In the second week, RNA samples were separated by formaldehyde gel electrophoresis and used for RT‐qPCR. Students calculated expressions of the two genes in dark treated leaves as percentages of those of the controls by using the 2−ΔΔCT method and the collected CTs. In the third week, class CTs, melting curves, students' calculations, and factors affecting the reliability of RT‐qPCR results were summarized and discussed. Students' results show that (i) relatively pure and intact RNA samples are obtained; (ii) ACTIN2 is a better reference gene than the 18S rRNA; (iii) the dark treatment reduces both gene expressions to < 1%; (iv) the reduction in the expression of AtRBCS3B is significantly more than that of the AtRBCS1A. Results from pre‐ and post‐lab tests indicate that besides the theory, this exercise helps students learn the applications and associated techniques of RT‐qPCR. Future modifications and new experiments that can be developed based on students' learning outcomes and assessment are also discussed. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):405–411, 2016.