bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends of CT utilisation in an emergency department in Taiwan: a 5-year retrospective study
Authors: Hu Sung-Yuan , Hsieh Ming-Shun , Lin Meng-Yu , Hsu Chiann-Yi , Lin Tzu-Chieh , How Chorng-Kuang , Wang Chen-Yu , Tsai Jeffrey Che-Hung , Wu Yu-Hui , Chang Yan-Zin 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between the trends of CT utilisation in an emergency department (ED) and changes in clinical imaging practice and patients' disposition.SettingA hospital-based retrospective observational study of a public 1520-bed referral medical centre in Taiwan.ParticipantsAdult ED visits (aged ≥18 years) during 2009–2013, with or without receiving CT, were enrolled as the study participants.Main outcome measuresFor all enrolled ED visits, we retrospectively analysed: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) triage categories, (3) whether CT was performed and the type of CT scan, (4) further ED disposition, (5) ED cost and (6) ED length of stay.ResultsIn all, 269 239 adult ED visits (148 613 male patients and 120 626 female patients) were collected during the 5-year study period, comprising 38 609 CT scans. CT utilisation increased from 11.10% in 2009 to 17.70% in 2013 (trend test, p<0.001). Four in 5 types of CT scan (head, chest, abdomen and miscellaneous) were increasingly utilised during the study period. Also, CT was increasingly ordered annually in all age groups. Although ED CT utilisation rates increased markedly, the annual ED visits did not actually increase. Moreover, the subsequent admission rate, after receiving ED CT, declined (59.9% in 2009 to 48.2% in 2013).ConclusionsED CT utilisation rates increased significantly during 2009–2013. Emergency physicians may be using CT for non-emergent studies in the ED. Further investigation is needed to determine whether increasing CT utilisation is efficient and cost-effective.
Radiologist-initiated double reading of abdominal CT: retrospective analysis of the clinical importance of changes to radiology reports
Authors: Lauritzen Peter Mæhre , Andersen Jack Gunnar , Stokke Mali Victoria , Tennstrand Anne Lise , Aamodt Rolf , Heggelund Thomas , Dahl Fredrik A , Sandbæk Gunnar , Hurlen Petter , Gulbrandsen Pål 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundMisinterpretation of radiological examinations is an important contributing factor to diagnostic errors. Consultant radiologists in Norwegian hospitals frequently request second reads by colleagues in real time. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of clinically important changes to radiology reports produced by these prospectively obtained double readings.MethodsWe retrospectively compared the preliminary and final reports from 1071 consecutive double-read abdominal CT examinations of surgical patients at five public hospitals in Norway. Experienced gastrointestinal surgeons rated the clinical importance of changes from the preliminary to final report. The severity of the radiological findings in clinically important changes was classified as increased, unchanged or decreased.ResultsChanges were classified as clinically important in 146 of 1071 reports (14%). Changes to 3 reports (0.3%) were critical (demanding immediate action), 35 (3%) were major (implying a change in treatment) and 108 (10%) were intermediate (requiring further investigations). The severity of the radiological findings was increased in 118 (81%) of the clinically important changes. Important changes were made less frequently when abdominal radiologists were first readers, more frequently when they were second readers, and more frequently to urgent examinations.ConclusionA 14% rate of clinically important changes made during double reading may justify quality assurance of radiological interpretation. Using expert second readers and a targeted selection of urgent cases and radiologists reading outside their specialty may increase the yield of discrepant cases.
FODMAPs alter symptoms and the metabolome of patients with IBS: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: McIntosh Keith , Reed David E , Schneider Theresa , Dang Frances , Keshteli Ammar H , De Palma Giada , Madsen Karen , Bercik Premysl , Vanner Stephen 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo gain mechanistic insights, we compared effects of low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) and high FODMAP diets on symptoms, the metabolome and the microbiome of patients with IBS.DesignWe performed a controlled, single blind study of patients with IBS (Rome III criteria) randomised to a low (n=20) or high (n=20) FODMAP diet for 3 weeks. Symptoms were assessed using the IBS symptom severity scoring (IBS-SSS). The metabolome was evaluated using the lactulose breath test (LBT) and metabolic profiling in urine using mass spectrometry. Stool microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rRNA gene profiling.ResultsThirty-seven patients (19 low FODMAP; 18 high FODMAP) completed the 3-week diet. The IBS-SSS was reduced in the low FODMAP diet group (p<0.001) but not the high FODMAP group. LBTs showed a minor decrease in H2production in the low FODMAP compared with the high FODMAP group. Metabolic profiling of urine showed groups of patients with IBS differed significantly after the diet (p<0.01), with three metabolites (histamine, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, azelaic acid) being primarily responsible for discrimination between the two groups. Histamine, a measure of immune activation, was reduced eightfold in the low FODMAP group (p<0.05). Low FODMAP diet increased Actinobacteria richness and diversity, and high FODMAP diet decreased the relative abundance of bacteria involved in gas consumption.ConclusionsIBS symptoms are linked to FODMAP content and associated with alterations in the metabolome. In subsets of patients, FODMAPs modulate histamine levels and the microbiota, both of which could alter symptoms.Trial registration numberNCT01829932.
Using the evidence
Authors: Mills David 
Published: June 2016

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Using the evidence’, was submitted and is discussed by David Mills. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Refusing to take part in euthanasia’, which was published in the May issue of In Practice, appears on page 311.The series is being coordinated by Steven McCulloch, a practising vet with a PhD in the ethics of veterinary policy. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practitioners find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Three-point functions in the 𝒩 = 4 orthogonal coset theory
Authors: Ahn Changhyun , Kim Hyunsu , Paeng Jinsub 
Published: June 2016

We construct the lowest higher spin-2 current in terms of the spin-1 and the spin-[Formula: see text] currents living in the orthogonal [Formula: see text] Wolf space coset theory for general [Formula: see text]. The remaining 15 higher spin currents are determined. We obtain the three-point functions of bosonic (higher) spin currents with two scalars for finite [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (the level of the spin-1 current). By multiplying [Formula: see text] into the above Wolf space coset theory, the other 15 higher spin currents together with the above lowest higher spin-2 current are realized in the extension of the large [Formula: see text] linear superconformal algebra. Similarly, the three-point functions of bosonic (higher) spin currents with two scalars for finite [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are obtained. Under the large [Formula: see text] ’t Hooft limit, the two types of three-point functions in the nonlinear and linear versions coincide as in the unitary coset theory found previously.
Bias Explains Most of the Parent-of-Origin Effect on Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers
Authors: Vos Janet R. , Oosterwijk Jan C. , Aalfs Cora M. , Rookus Matti A. , Adank Muriel A. , van der Hout Annemarie H. , van Asperen Christi J. , Gómez Garcia Encarna B. , Mensenkamp Arjen R. , Jager Agnes , Ausems Margreet G.E.M. , Mourits Marian J. , de Bock Geertruida H. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Background:Paternal transmission of a BRCA mutation has been reported to increase the risk of breast cancer in offspring more than when the mutation is maternally inherited. As this effect might be caused by referral bias, the aim of this study was to assess the parent-of-origin effect of the BRCA1/2 mutation on the breast cancer lifetime risk, when adjusted for referral bias.
Methods: A Dutch national cohort including 1,314 proven BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and covering 54,752 person years. Data were collected by family cancer clinics, via questionnaires and from the national Dutch Cancer Registry. The parent-of-origin effect was assessed using Cox regression analyses, both unadjusted and adjusted for referral bias. Referral bias was operationalized by number of relatives with cancer and by personal cancer history.
Results: The mutation was of paternal origin in 330 (42%, P &lt; 0.001) BRCA1 and 222 (42%, P &lt; 0.001) BRCA2 carriers. Paternal origin increased the risk of prevalent breast cancer for BRCA1 [HR, 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–2.00] and BRCA2 carriers (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.95–2.06). Adjusted for referral bias by several family history factors, these HRs ranged from 1.41 to 1.83 in BRCA1 carriers and 1.27 to 1.62 in BRCA2 carriers. Adjusted for referral bias by personal history, these HRs were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.25–1.71) and 1.14 (95% CI, 0.42–3.15), respectively.
Conclusion: A parent-of-origin effect is present after correction for referral bias by family history, but correction for the personal cancer history made the effect disappear.
Impact: There is no conclusive evidence regarding incorporating a BRCA1/2 parent-of-origin effect in breast cancer risk prediction models. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(8); 1251–8. ©2016 AACR.
Clinical Implications of the Pharmacokinetics of Crizotinib in Populations of Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Wang Erjian , Nickens Dana J. , Bello Akintunde , Khosravan Reza , Amantea Michael , Wilner Keith D. , Parivar Kourosh , Tan Weiwei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Purpose: We assessed the effect of baseline patient demographic and disease characteristics on the crizotinib pharmacokinetic parameters oral clearance (CL/F), volume of distribution (V2/F), and area under the curve at steady state (AUCss) following multiple crizotinib 250-mg twice-daily dosing in patients with ALK-positive cancer.
Experimental Design: A pharmacokinetic model was fit to data from 1,214 patients. We identified statistically significant covariates (P ≤ 0.001) by evaluating their effects on CL/F and V2/F and estimated their magnitudes.
Results: Age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, albumin levels, and smoking status had no effect on CL/F or V2/F. Statistically significant covariates were Asian race and female sex for CL/F and V2/F and body weight, creatinine clearance (CLcr), and total bilirubin for CL/F only. The model predicted that CL/F would be 9% lower or higher in a 40-kg or a 100-kg patient, respectively; 16% lower in patients with CLcr 30 mL/minute; 23% lower in Asians; and 11% lower in females than the reference patient (65-kg non-Asian male; baseline CLcr, 91.6 mL/minute; total bilirubin, 0.41 mg/dL). The effect of total bilirubin on CL/F was small. V2/F was 23% lower in Asians than non-Asians and females than males. Effects of all significant covariates on AUCss were not predicted to be clinically relevant.
Conclusions: Crizotinib at a 250-mg twice-daily starting dose appears to be appropriate for all patients irrespective of age, sex, race, body weight, mild or moderate renal impairment, or hepatic function (in the range evaluated: bilirubin ≤ 2.1 mg/dL or AST ≤124 U/L). Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5722–8. ©2016 AACR.
Transcriptomic analysis of the ion channelome of human platelets and megakaryocytic cell lines
Authors: Wright Joy R. , Amisten Stefan , Goodall Alison H. , Mahaut-Smith Martyn P. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIon channels have crucial roles in all cell types and represent important therapeutic targets. Approximately 20 ion channels have been reported in human platelets; however, no systematic study has been undertaken to define the platelet channelome. These membrane proteins need only be expressed at low copy number to influence function and may not be detected using proteomic or transcriptomic microarray approaches. In our recent work, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) provided key evidence that Kv1.3 is responsible for the voltage-dependent K+ conductance of platelets and megakaryocytes. The present study has expanded this approach to assess relative expression of 402 ion channels and channel regulatory genes in human platelets and three megakaryoblastic/erythroleukaemic cell lines. mRNA levels in platelets are low compared to other blood cells, therefore an improved method of isolating platelets was developed. This used a cocktail of inhibitors to prevent formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates, and a combination of positive and negative immunomagnetic cell separation, followed by rapid extraction of mRNA. Expression of 34 channel-related transcripts was quantified in platelets, including 24 with unknown roles in platelet function, but that were detected at levels comparable to ion channels with established roles in haemostasis or thrombosis. Trace expression of a further 50 ion channel genes was also detected. More extensive channelomes were detected in MEG-01, CHRF-288–11 and HEL cells (195, 185 and 197 transcripts, respectively), but lacked several channels observed in the platelet. These “channelome” datasets provide an important resource for further studies of ion channel function in the platelet and megakaryocyte.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Identification of polymorphisms in Apolipoprotein M gene and their relationship with risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism
Authors: Sundquist Kristina , Zöller Bengt , Dahlbäck Björn , Svensson Peter J. , Sundquist Jan , Memon Ashfaque A. , Ahmad Abrar 
Published: June 2016

SummaryApolipoprotein M (ApoM) plasma levels have been reported to be associated with risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence. However, the role of genetic alterations in the ApoM gene in VTE recurrence remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify genetic aberrations in ApoM gene in VTE recurrence and their role in prediction of VTE recurrence in a prospective follow-up study of 1465 VTE patients. During follow-up, 156 (10.6 %) patients had VTE recurrence. First screening of whole ApoM gene was performed by Sanger’s sequencing in selected age and sex matched non-recurrent and recurrent patients (n=95). In total six polymorphisms were identified and two polymorphisms (rs805297 and rs9404941) with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥5 % were further genotyped in the whole cohort by Taqman PCR. ApoM rs805297 polymorphism was significantly associated with higher risk of VTE recurrence in males but not in females on both univariate (p= 0.038, hazard ratio = 1.72, confidence interval = 1.03–2.88) and on multivariate analysis adjusted with mild and severe thrombophilia, family history, location and acquired risk factors for VTE. However, ApoM rs9404941 polymorphism showed no significant association with risk of VTE recurrence in all patients as well as in different gender groups. Moreover, ApoM rs805297 and rs9404941 polymorphisms were not associated with the ApoM plasma levels. In conclusion, for the first time we have sequenced whole ApoM gene in VTE and identified six polymorphisms. ApoM rs805297 was significantly associated with higher risk of VTE recurrence in male but not in female patients.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
First report of, and additional information on, Meloidogyne konaensis (Nematoda: Meloidogyninae) parasitising various crops in Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Jessica M.S. , Cares Juvenil E. , Gomes Ana Cristina M.M. , Correa Valdir R. , Mattos Vanessa S. , Santos Marcilene F.A. , Almeida Maria Ritta A. , Santos Carmem D.G. , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe , Carneiro Regina M.D.G. 
Published: June 2016

In a survey for Meloidogyne spp. in different crops from 11 regions in Ceará State, Brazil, using esterase isozyme electrophoresis as a specific identification method, four atypical populations were characterised from cabbage, papaya, noni and canapum plants, all of which showed an esterase profile different from those previously detected in Brazil. Morphological studies showed typical characteristics of Meloidogyne konaensis. Perineal patterns of females were variable, similar to M. arenaria and M. incognita, stylet length 14-20 μm. In females, the knobs gradually merged with the shaft and the dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) ranged from 4 to 7 μm. Although males are not frequently found, the stylet morphology provides the most useful source of diagnostic character for the species, having 6-12 large projections protruding from the shaft. The esterase pattern K3 is unique and species-specific with three major bands Rm 1.0, 1.17, 1.27 and a secondary band Rm 1.10. Some confusion about the true identity of this species was clarified in this study, including differentiation from M. paranaensis. A species-specific SCAR marker developed for M. paranaensis was tested and no amplification products were observed. In Neighbour-Joining analyses of ITS and D2-D3 rRNA sequences, M. konaensis from Brazil appeared clearly separated from M. paranaensis. Pathological tests indicated that coffee is not a host of M. konaensis as previously reported in the original description of this species.
The Impact of GCM Dynamical Cores on Idealized Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and Their QBO Interactions
Authors: Yao Weiye , Jablonowski Christiane 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The paper demonstrates that sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) can be simulated in an ensemble of dry dynamical cores that miss the typical SSW forcing mechanisms like moist processes, land–sea contrasts, or topography. These idealized general circulation model (GCM) simulations are driven by a simple Held–Suarez–Williamson (HSW) temperature relaxation and low-level Rayleigh friction. In particular, the four dynamical cores of NCAR’s Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), are used, which are the semi-Lagrangian (SLD) and Eulerian (EUL) spectral-transform models and the finite-volume (FV) and the spectral element (SE) models.
Three research themes are discussed. First, it is shown that SSW events in such idealized simulations have very realistic flow characteristics that are analyzed via the SLD model. A single vortex-split event is highlighted that is driven by wavenumber-1 and -2 wave–mean flow interactions. Second, the SLD simulations are compared to the EUL, FV, and SE dynamical cores, which sheds light on the impact of the numerical schemes on the circulation. Only SLD produces major SSWs, while others only exhibit minor stratospheric warmings. These differences are caused by SLD’s more vigorous wave–mean flow interactions in addition to a warm pole bias, which leads to relatively weak polar jets in SLD. Third, it is shown that tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)–like oscillations and SSWs can coexist in such idealized HSW simulations. They are present in the SLD dynamical core that is used to analyze the QBO–SSW interactions via a transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) analysis. The TEM results provide support for the Holton–Tan effect.
Local Oceanic Precursors for the Summer Monsoon Onset over the Bay of Bengal and the Underlying Processes
Authors: Xing Nan , Li Jianping , Jiang Xingwen , Wang Lanning 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLocal sea surface temperature (SST) plays an important role in the onset of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) summer monsoon (BoBSM). Previous study indicated that the meridionally warmest SST axis (WSSTA) appears in mid-April in the central BoB, which may be a precursor for the BoBSM onset. In this study, it is found that a warm but not the meridionally warmest center, which is defined as the secondary WSSTA (SWSSTA), occurs in early April in the central BoB, leading the BoBSM onset by five pentads. Dates of the SWSSTA occurrence are significantly positively correlated with dates of the WSSTA occurrence in the central BoB and the BoBSM onset on an interannual time scale. The SWSSTA is an earlier precursor for the BoBSM onset. The formation of the oceanic precursor and its impact on the BoBSM onset are as follows. Before the BoBSM onset, resulting from more surface heat input and shallower mixed layer affected by the low-level anticyclone and subtropical high in the central BoB, local SST shows the most rapid increase. Meanwhile, the situation is adverse to the rapid increase of SST in the equatorial BoB. For this reason, the SWSSTA occurs, and the WSSTA subsequently appears in the central BoB. The WSSTA in turn enhances local convection, eliminates the low-level anticyclone, and moves the subtropical high outward away from the BoB by inducing atmospheric instability, thus developing a heating center. Convectional heating further strengthens southwesterlies in the BoB by exciting mixed planetary–gravity waves, resulting in the BoBSM onset.
The effects of cognitive remediation therapy using the frontal/executive program for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Miyajima Maki , Omiya Hidetoshi , Yamashita Kiyoko , Miyata Tomoki , Yambe Kenji , Matsui Mie , Denda Kenzo 
Published: June 2016

Objective The cognitive features and treatment of autism spectrum disorder have been the subject of much debate in recent years. Therapeutic approaches to date have focused on skills acquisition, support tailored to the characteristics of autism spectrum disorder, and interventions in social cognitive functioning; there have been few reports describing interventions aimed at neurocognitive dysfunction. In this study, we focus on impairment of executive functioning in autism spectrum disorder patients and investigate improvements in executive functioning and their generalization to social functioning. Method The intervention adopted for this study was cognitive remediation therapy using the frontal/executive program. To investigate the effectiveness of frontal/executive program, 15 subjects who consented to participate in the study were randomly assigned to an intervention group or control group. Frontal/executive program was administered to the intervention group for about six months. Both groups were evaluated using the same scales: BACS-J, WCST, and CPT for cognitive assessment; SCoRS-J, GAF, and LASMI for social functioning; and GSE for self-efficacy. Results Both groups had lower scores for cognitive functioning than normal individuals at baseline. After completion of frontal/executive program, the intervention group showed improved performance on BACS-J for overall score, digit sequencing, verbal fluency, and Tower of London tasks. Improvements were also seen on SCoRS-J and LASMI scales of social functioning. Conclusions This was the first study to use frontal/executive program to focus on neurocognitive dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder patients. Frontal/executive program is effective in improving impaired executive functioning in autism spectrum disorder patients and may also lead to improvements in some aspects of social functioning.