bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of biomarkers for periodontal disease using the immunoproteomics approach
Authors: Kerishnan Jesinda P. , Mohammad Sani , Alias Muhamad Shaifunizam , Mu Alan Kang-Wai , Vaithilingam Rathna Devi , Baharuddin Nor Adinar , Safii Syarida H. , Abdul Rahman Zainal Ariff , Chen Yu Nieng , Chen Yeng 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundPeriodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases associated with the host’s immune response against periodontopathogenic infection. Failure to accurately diagnose the stage of periodontitis has limited the ability to predict disease status. Therefore, we aimed to look for reliable diagnostic markers for detection or differentiation of early stage periodontitis using the immunoprotemic approach.MethodIn the present study, patient serum samples from four distinct stages of periodontitis (i.e., mild chronic, moderate chronic, severe chronic, and aggressive) and healthy controls were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), followed by silver staining. Notably, we consistently identified 14 protein clusters in the sera of patients and normal controls.ResultsOverall, we found that protein levels were comparable between patients and controls, with the exception of the clusters corresponding to A1AT, HP, IGKC and KNG1 (p < 0.05). In addition, the immunogenicity of these proteins was analysed via immunoblotting, which revealed differential profiles for periodontal disease and controls. For this reason, IgM obtained from severe chronic periodontitis (CP) sera could be employed as a suitable autoantibody for the detection of periodontitis.DiscussionTaken together, the present study suggests that differentially expressed host immune response proteins could be used as potential biomarkers for screening periodontitis. Future studies exploring the diagnostic potential of such factors are warranted.
Sea ice decline and 21st century trans‐Arctic shipping routes
Authors: Melia N. , Haines K. , Hawkins E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe observed decline in Arctic sea ice is projected to continue, opening shorter trade routes across the Arctic Ocean, with potentially global economic implications. Here we quantify, using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 global climate model simulations calibrated to remove spatial biases, how projected sea ice loss might increase opportunities for Arctic transit shipping. By midcentury for standard open water vessels, the frequency of navigable periods doubles, with routes across the central Arctic becoming available. A sea ice‐ship speed relationship is used to show that European routes to Asia typically become 10 days faster via the Arctic than alternatives by midcentury, and 13 days faster by late century, while North American routes become 4 days faster. Future greenhouse gas emissions have a larger impact by late century; the shipping season reaching 4–8 months in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5 double that of RCP2.6, both with substantial interannual variability. Moderately, ice‐strengthened vessels likely enable Arctic transits for 10–12 months by late century.
Toward a universal mass‐momentum transfer relationship for predicting nutrient uptake and metabolite exchange in benthic reef communities
Authors: Falter James L. , Lowe Ryan J. , Zhang Zhenlin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHere we synthesize data from previous field and laboratory studies describing how rates of nutrient uptake and metabolite exchange (mass transfer) are related to form drag and bottom stresses (momentum transfer). Reanalysis of this data shows that rates of mass transfer are highly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.9) with the root of the bottom stress
under both waves and currents and only slightly higher under waves (~10%). The amount of mass transfer that can occur per unit bottom stress (or form drag) is influenced by morphological features ranging anywhere from millimeters to meters in scale; however, surface‐scale roughness (millimeters) appears to have little effect on actual nutrient uptake by living reef communities. Although field measurements of nutrient uptake by natural reef communities agree reasonably well with predictions based on existing mass‐momentum transfer relationships, more work is needed to better constrain these relationships for more rugose and morphologically complex communities.
Imaging Mercury's polar deposits during MESSENGER's low‐altitude campaign
Authors: Chabot Nancy L. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Paige David A. , Nair Hari , Denevi Brett W. , Blewett David T. , Murchie Scott L. , Deutsch Ariel N. , Head James W. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractImages obtained during the low‐altitude campaign in the final year of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission provide the highest‐spatial‐resolution views of Mercury's polar deposits. Images for distinct areas of permanent shadow within 35 north polar craters were successfully captured during the campaign. All of these regions of permanent shadow were found to have low‐reflectance surfaces with well‐defined boundaries. Additionally, brightness variations across the deposits correlate with variations in the biannual maximum surface temperature across the permanently shadowed regions, supporting the conclusion that multiple volatile organic compounds are contained in Mercury's polar deposits, in addition to water ice. A recent large impact event or ongoing bombardment by micrometeoroids could deliver water as well as many volatile organic compounds to Mercury. Either scenario is consistent with the distinctive reflectance properties and well‐defined boundaries of Mercury's polar deposits and the presence of volatiles in all available cold traps.
Comparing dry and wet friction of plagioclase: Implication to the mechanism of frictional evolution effect at hydrothermal conditions
Authors: He Changrong , Tan Wenbin , Zhang Lei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo understand mechanism for unstable velocity‐weakening slip behavior of plagioclase at hydrothermal conditions in the lower crust, we employed nominally dry experiments on plagioclase gouge to isolate fluid‐assisted processes that may be activated at hydrothermal conditions and obtained constitutive parameters fitted to rate and state friction laws with temperatures of 99–617°C and confining pressure of 150 MPa, allowing comparison to the hydrothermal counterpart. While the direct effect (a value) has relatively high values of 0.007–0.01 in the high temperature range above 300–400°C, the evolution effect (b value) shows a diminishing trend from peak values of 0.0075 and 0.0057, respectively, at 305°C and 400°C down to ~0 at 617°C, in contrast to the increasing trend in both effects at hydrothermal conditions. The evolution effect in the dry experiments may be controlled by structural changes related to degrees of shear localization and evolution of porosity change rate in response to a change in loading rate. The evolution effect in dry friction compared to the thermally enhanced, much stronger one at hydrothermal conditions suggests activation of fluid‐assisted time‐dependent mechanism operating in the wet experiments.
Seaglider surveys at Ocean Station Papa: Circulation and water mass properties in a meander of the North Pacific Current
Authors: Pelland Noel A. , Eriksen Charles C. , Cronin Meghan F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA Seaglider autonomous underwater vehicle augmented the Ocean Station Papa (OSP; 50°N, 145°W) surface mooring, measuring spatial structure on scales relevant to the monthly evolution of the moored time series. During each of three missions from June 2008 to January 2010, a Seaglider made biweekly 50 km × 50 km surveys in a bowtie‐shaped survey track. Horizontal temperature and salinity gradients measured by these surveys were an order of magnitude stronger than climatological values and sometimes of opposite sign. Geostrophically inferred circulation was corroborated by moored acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and AVISO satellite altimetry estimates of surface currents, confirming that glider surveys accurately resolved monthly scale mesoscale spatial structure. In contrast to climatological North Pacific Current circulation, upper‐ocean flow was modestly northward during the first half of the 18 month survey period, and weakly westward during its latter half, with Rossby number
. This change in circulation coincided with a shift from cool and fresh to warm, saline, oxygen‐rich water in the upper‐ocean halocline, and an increase in vertical fine structure there and in the lower pycnocline. The anomalous flow and abrupt water mass transition were due to the slow growth of an anticyclonic meander within the North Pacific Current with radius comparable to the scale of the survey pattern, originating to the southeast of OSP.
Reduction of saltwater intrusion by modifying hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Strack O. D. L. , Stoeckl L. , Damm K. , Houben G. , Ausk B. K. , de Lange W. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present an approach for reducing saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers by artificially reducing the hydraulic conductivity in the upper part of selected areas by using a precipitate. We apply a previously presented analytical approach to develop formulas useful for the design of artificial barriers. Equations for the location of the tip of the saltwater wedge are presented and verified through a sand‐tank experiment. The analysis is capable of computing discharges exactly, but requires the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximation to compute points of the interface between flowing fresh and stationary saltwater. We consider a vertical coastline and boundaries in the freshwater zone of either given discharge or given head. We demonstrate in the paper that reduction of the hydraulic conductivity in the upper part of a coastal aquifer will result in a decrease of saltwater intrusion, and present analytic expressions that can be used for design purposes. The previously presented analytical approach can be applied to design systems to reduce saltwater intrusion caused by pumping inland from the zone that contains saline groundwater.
Smart Meters and Residential Customers
Authors: Darby Sarah J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Smart meters measure consumption at regular intervals, and they store, transmit, and receive data. This basic definition offers only limited clues to what a smart meter can enable, though, and it gives little indication of possible outcomes from a smart metering program. The outcomes from smart metering will depend on precise functional specifications and on how metering programs are implemented.
This chapter offers a commentary on the development of residential smart metering. The focus is on the context in which smart metering is introduced and on householders' experience of it, and there is a brief review of what we know about possible outcomes, risks, and uncertainties. There is an emphasis on the importance of a customer interface with the meter, as a feedback tool for learning about energy management; without this and a measure of program support, the potential for demand response and for direct customer benefit is reduced. The chapter also stresses the need to analyze the precise requirements for smart metering in any given situation, taking into account factors such as climate, geography and infrastructure, the built environment, regulatory regimes, equity and privacy issues, market structure, and the nature and patterning of load. Examples are taken primarily from Europe.
Workforce Training and Education on Smart Grids
Authors: Wang Chengshan , Li Peng , Wu Jianzhong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status and available facilities for the workforce training and education of the smart grid. Experienced workforce with up‐to‐date skillset is the pillar of successful deployment of the smart grid technologies in the decades to come, which makes education and training a high priority task in the smart grid development. The roles of the government, universities, industry, research institutions, and academic organizations in these training and education programs are analyzed; details of new curriculum to address the construction, operation, and maintenance of modern power systems are discussed. Software and hardware environments that are indispensable in research, education, and training for smart grid technologies are also selectively presented, spanning a wide range of topics including fast simulation and modeling (FSM), dynamic simulation, optimal planning, and design. We conclude this chapter with a detailed case example of the microgrid test bed at Tianjin University.
Overview of Smart Grid Project in Korea and Smart Power Grid Field Test
Authors: Ha Boknam 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
There are many smart grid test beds in the world, and the combination of smart grid technologies in each test bed is somewhat different according to the needs of each country. Among several test beds, it seems that Korean case is the special reference because it was covered with full scale from transmission to customer, and all kinds of smart grid technologies were installed and tested in its test bed. In this paragraph, the readers may understand the draft of smart grid technology in Korea, the directions of smart grid filed application, and the results of smart power grid project.
Utilization and Customer Behavior: Smart Choices for the Smart Grid
Authors: Jessoe Katrina , Rapson David , Smith Jeremy B. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The smart grid offers a wide array of opportunities to improve efficiency of the electricity grid via load management policies. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge in the economics literature as it relates to time‐varying pricing and to behavioral interventions, which together comprise a large portion of regulators' policy choice set. The authors present evidence that consumers respond to financial incentives, but that these are not the only determinants of behavior. For example, consumers are often uninformed and inattentive, and they exhibit a tendency to respond to certain nonmonetary factors in addition to monetary incentives. The authors conclude that time‐varying pricing is an effective and essential policy instrument, while instruments designed to boost customer attentiveness and allow households to become better informed about their energy use play an important complementary role. Smart meters are crucial in making such a policy package feasible. The power of randomized experimental designs, which underlie much of the evidence that is presented, is also discussed. The authors highlight the important areas for future research and recommend that such future research efforts continue to leverage randomized designs.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Smart Connections of Renewable Distributed Generation Projects: A Guide
Authors: Anaya Karim L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explain and disseminate the methodology for the estimation of the costs and benefits associated with the implementation of renewable distributed generation projects. The analysis is focused on the estimation of two financial indicators: the net present value and the internal rate of return. The regulatory context and the different approaches of commercial arrangements are analyzed and taken into consideration in the costs and benefit analysis. Empirical examples and case studies of different connection options (smart vs conventional) are provided for illustrating the calculations and for interpreting the results, respectively. The cases relate to the different connection options offered under the context of the Flexible Plug and Play project, a customer‐funded network innovation project in the United Kingdom.
Synchrophasor Device Testing and Related Standards
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Biswas Saugata 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith ongoing smart grid efforts, wide area monitoring and control requires advanced synchrophasor measurements based algorithms. However, testing and validation of these phasor measurement units (PMUs) are needed before integration into the physical grid. New procedures need to be developed for conformance testing of these devices. This work discusses an example testing tool PMU performance analyser (PPA) for conformance testing of PMU against standards. Number of related standards and other testing procedures have also been discussed. Example test results using PPA and associated test bed have been provided.
Grid Codes in Power Systems with Significant Renewable‐Based Generation
Authors: Erlich Istvan , Shewarega Fekadu 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter deals with grid codes designed to facilitate the integration of decentralized generation facilities into the power system. Power in‐feed by distributed resources with outputs fluctuating over a wide margin requires a strict operational regime to ensure power quality, system stability, and supply reliability. Grid codes specify and spell out these basic rules. This chapter discusses the scope of these requirements from the grid perspective with the German grid code as an illustrative example. Further, some implementation examples and technological options that enable strict adherence to the grid code requirements are also discussed.
System‐Level Simulation for Future Smart Grids
Authors: Xiong Jinjun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSmart grid is a complex, dynamic, stochastic, and hierarchical system of systems, and system‐level simulation is an essential step for understanding, reasoning, modifying, and designing such a system. Existing simulation solutions either have a narrow scope that is difficult to capture the complex interactions, or are not scalable enough in terms of development cost, computing capabilities, and application diversity. This chapter proposes a multi‐scenario multi‐agent simulation framework for future smart grid application development. The proposed system‐level simulation framework is configurable and scalable by leveraging a number of key technologies, including a library of well‐defined functional components with power industry semantics, a high‐level programming language for users to describe the power industry applications for simulation, and a compiler that automatically generates a target runtime simulation environment. A number of use cases along with some promising simulation tools are discussed to show the benefits and feasibility of developing such a system‐level simulation tool for future smart grid applications.
Data Analytics for Transmission and Distribution
Authors: Catterson Victoria M. , McArthur Stephen D. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith more sources of monitoring coming on‐line, manual analysis of the raw data becomes increasingly infeasible. Data analytics can provide the toolset for automated decision support for utility engineers, helping to unlock the potential of network data. This chapter will focus on when and how data analytics can support transmission and distribution engineers in various job functions. Some particular applications are considered first, highlighting what role analytics can play and how this benefits the utility. Then, the enabling technologies for data analytics are discussed, exploring the links with fields such as data science and Big Data. Finally, the chapter concludes with various case studies of transmission and distribution data analytics in practice, and draws out some key design and deployment challenges overcome in each case.
Power System Restoration
Authors: Sforna Marino 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The organization, the implementation, and the test of a restoration plan are mandatory prerequisites for the success of a power system restoration after a large outage. The chapter describes the criteria and the strategies to build a restoration plan starting from the basic assumptions and the general rules, up to the correct use of the available resources considering component constrains and system priorities for the black‐start process. Examples of actual restoration tests are provided together with the description about their organization and the obtained results.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 4H‐Pyrans Through Organocatalytic Asymmetric Formal [3+3] Cycloadditions of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with β‐Keto Esters
Authors: Yue Zhenting , Li Wenbo , Liu Lu , Wang Cuihong , Zhang Junliang 
Published: August 2016

Abstract4H‐Pyran units are frequently present in molecules with significant biological and pharmaceutical activities. Herein, we present the first enantioselective formal [3+3] cycloaddition between 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones and β‐keto esters catalyzed by a cyclohexyldiamine‐based thiourea‐tertiary amine bifunctional catalyst. Under the mild and eco‐friendly conditions, a wide range of polysubstituted 4H‐pyrans were obtained in moderate yields with good enantioselectivities.magnified image
The Significance of Lewis Acid Sites for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide on Vanadium‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Marberger Adrian , Ferri Davide , Elsener Martin , Kröcher Oliver 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe long debated reaction mechanisms of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide with ammonia (NH3) on vanadium‐based catalysts rely on the involvement of Brønsted or Lewis acid sites. This issue has been clearly elucidated using a combination of transient perturbations of the catalyst environment with operando time‐resolved spectroscopy to obtain unique molecular level insights. Nitric oxide reacts predominantly with NH3 coordinated to Lewis sites on vanadia on tungsta–titania (V2O5‐WO3‐TiO2), while Brønsted sites are not involved in the catalytic cycle. The Lewis site is a mono‐oxo vanadyl group that reduces only in the presence of both nitric oxide and NH3. We were also able to verify the formation of the nitrosamide (NH2NO) intermediate, which forms in tandem with vanadium reduction, and thus the entire mechanism of SCR. Our experimental approach, demonstrated in the specific case of SCR, promises to progress the understanding of chemical reactions of technological relevance.
Symmetriebruch in chiralen ionischen Flüssigkeiten: Nachweis durch vibratorisch‐optische Aktivität
Authors: Oulevey Patric , Luber Sandra , Varnholt Birte , Bürgi Thomas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIonische Flüssigkeiten (ILs) erfreuen sich in Syntheselaboren und in der Industrie großer Beliebtheit. Ihre Zusammensetzung aus geladenen Ionen verleiht den ILs ein komplexes und zu einem großen Teil noch unerforschtes Verhalten. Chirale ILs (CILs) bergen ein hohes Potential beim Einsatz als Lösungsmittel für enantioselektive Synthesen. Chiroptische Messmethoden ermöglichen wegen ihrer Empfindlichkeit für die molekulare Konformation, die Struktur solcher CILs zu erforschen. Die Messung der Raman‐optischen Aktivität ist eine geeignete Methode, Aminosäure‐basierte CILs (Gegenion: 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, achiral) zu untersuchen. Mithilfe theoretischer Methoden konnte nun belegt werden, dass auch das achirale Gegenion in der Gegenwart der (chiralen) Aminosäuren eine im Mittel chirale Konformation einnimmt. Diese Erkenntnis zeigt, dass bei der Entwicklung neuer CILs für die Verwendung in asymmetrischen Reaktionen auch die Struktur des achiralen Gegenions sorgfältig ausgewählt werden muss.