bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluto's interaction with the solar wind
Authors: McComas D. J. , Elliott H. A. , Weidner S. , Valek P. , Zirnstein E. J. , Bagenal F. , Delamere P. A. , Ebert R. W. , Funsten H. O. , Horanyi M. , McNutt R. L. , Moser C. , Schwadron N. A. , Strobel D. F. , Young L. A. , Ennico K. , Olkin C. B. , Stern S. A. , Weaver H. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study provides the first observations of Plutogenic ions and their unique interaction with the solar wind. We find ~20% solar wind slowing that maps to a point only ~4.5RPupstream of Pluto and a bow shock most likely produced by comet‐like mass loading. The Pluto obstacle is a region of dense heavy ions bounded by a “Plutopause” where the solar wind is largely excluded and which extends back >100RPinto a heavy ion tail. The upstream standoff distance is at only ~2.5RP. The heavy ion tail contains considerable structure, may still be partially threaded by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and is surrounded by a light ion sheath. The heavy ions (presumably CH4+) have average speed, density, and temperature of ~90 km s−1, ~0.009 cm−3, and ~7 × 105 K, with significant variability, slightly increasing speed/temperature with distance, and are N‐S asymmetric. Density and temperature are roughly anticorrelated yielding a pressure ~2 × 10−2 pPa, roughly in balance with the interstellar pickup ions at ~33 AU. We set an upper bound of <30 nT surface field at Pluto and argue that the obstacle is largely produced by atmospheric thermal pressure like Venus and Mars; we also show that the loss rate down the tail (~5 × 1023 s−1) is only ~1% of the expected total CH4loss rate from Pluto. Finally, we observe a burst of heavy ions upstream from the bow shock as they are becoming picked up and tentatively identify an IMF outward sector at the time of the NH flyby.
The characteristics of soil N transformations regulate the composition of hydrologic N export from terrestrial ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Jinbo , Tian Peng , Tang Jialiang , Yuan Lei , Ke Yun , Cai Zucong , Zhu Bo , Müller Christoph 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is important to clarify the quantity and composition of hydrologic N export from terrestrial ecosystem and its primary controlling factors, because it affected N availability, productivity, and C storage in natural ecosystems. The most previous investigations were focused on the effects of N deposition and human disturbance on the composition of hydrologic N export. However, few studies were aware of whether there were significant differences in the concentrations and composition of hydrologic N export from natural ecosystems in different climate zones and what is the primary controlling factor. In the present study, three natural forest ecosystems and one natural grassland ecosystem that were located in different climate zones and with different soil pH range were selected. The concentrations of total dissolved N, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NH4+, NO3− in soil solution and stream water, soil properties, and soil gross N transformation rates were measured to answer above questions. Our results showed that NO3− concentrations and the composition pattern of hydrologic N export from natural ecosystems varied greatly in the different climate zones. The NO3− concentrations in stream water varied largely, ranging from 0.1 mg N L−1 to 1.6 mg N L−1, while DON concentration in stream water, ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 mg N L−1, did not differ significantly, and the concentrations of NH4+ were uniformly low (average 0.1 mg N L−1) in all studied sites. There was a trade‐off relationship between the proportions of NO3− and DON to total dissolved N in stream water. In subtropical strongly acidic forests soil site, DON was the dominance in total dissolved N in stream water, while NO3−‐N became dominance in temperate acidic forests soil site, subtropical alkaline forests soil region, and the alpine meadow sites on the Tibetan Plateau. The proportions of NO3− to total dissolved N in both soil solution and stream water significantly increased with the increasing of the gross autotrophic nitrification rates (p < 0.01). Our results indicated that the characteristics of soil N transformations were the most primary factor regulating the composition of hydrologic N losses from ecosystems. The nitrification was the central soil N transformation processes regulating N composition in soil solution and hydrologic N losses. These results provided important information on understanding easily the composition of hydrologic N export from terrestrial ecosystem.
Testing the ability of a semidistributed hydrological model to simulate contributing area
Authors: Mengistu S. G. , Spence C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA dry climate, the prevalence of small depressions, and the lack of a well‐developed drainage network are characteristics of environments with extremely variable contributing areas to runoff. These types of regions arguably present the greatest challenge to properly understanding catchment streamflow generation processes. Previous studies have shown that contributing area dynamics are important for streamflow response, but the nature of the relationship between the two is not typically understood. Furthermore, it is not often tested how well hydrological models simulate contributing area. In this study, the ability of a semidistributed hydrological model, the PDMROF configuration of Environment Canada's MESH model, was tested to determine if it could simulate contributing area. The study focused on the St. Denis Creek watershed in central Saskatchewan, Canada, which with its considerable topographic depressions, exhibits wide variation in contributing area, making it ideal for this type of investigation. MESH‐PDMROF was able to replicate contributing area derived independently from satellite imagery. Daily model simulations revealed a hysteretic relationship between contributing area and streamflow not apparent from the less frequent remote sensing observations. This exercise revealed that contributing area extent can be simulated by a semi‐distributed hydrological model with a scheme that assumes storage capacity distribution can be represented with a probability function. However, further investigation is needed to determine if it can adequately represent the complex relationship between streamflow and contributing area that is such a key signature of catchment behavior.
An Efficient, Stable and Reusable Palladium Nanocatalyst: Chemoselective Reduction of Aldehydes with Molecular Hydrogen in Water
Authors: Kotha Surya Srinivas , Sharma Nidhi , Sekar Govindasamy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPalladium nanoparticles (Pd‐BNP) stabilized by a binaphthyl‐backbone can be efficiently used for the chemoselective reduction of aldehydes in the presence of hydrogen at room temperature in water. The Pd‐BNP catalyst is easily recovered and reused for five catalytic cycles.magnified image
Selective Monoarylation of Primary Anilines Catalyzed by Pd(dippf) and its Application in OLED Component Synthesis
Authors: Grünberg Matthias F. , Jia Fan , Rivas‐Nass Andreas , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPalladium 1,1′‐bis(diisopropylphosphino)‐ferrocene [Pd(dippf)] complexes were found to promote the monoarylation of primary anilines with unprecedented selectivities. They also allow the sequential arylation of primary anilines with two different aryl bromides in one pot. The reactions can be performed at low catalyst loadings (0.2 mol%) and high substrate concentrations. The synthetic utility of the optimum catalyst was demonstrated by the synthesis of various di‐ and triarylamines. A particular focus was set on compounds with carbazole and fluorene moieties as employed in state‐of‐the‐art small‐molecule organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).magnified image
Catalyst‐Free Isothiocyanatoalkylthiation of Styrenes with (Alkylthio)pyrrolidine‐2,5‐diones and Trimethylsilyl Isothiocyanate
Authors: Tian Hua , Yu Jipan , Yang Haijun , Zhu Changjin , Fu Hua 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA simple and efficient catalyst‐free method for isothiocyanatoalkylthiation of styrenes has been developed. The protocol uses (alkylthio)pyrrolidine‐2,5‐diones and trimethylsilyl isothiocyanate as the isothiocyanatoalkylthiolating reagents, dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent, and the reactions were completed within one hour with tolerance of some functional groups. No catalyst and additive were required in the reaction system, which avoided any contamination of transition metal catalysts in the target products. Therefore, the present method provides a convenient, efficient and practical strategy for the synthesis of compounds by a combination of sulfides and isothiocyanates.magnified image
Trifunctional Squaramide Catalyst for Efficient Enantioselective Henry Reaction Activation
Authors: Alegre‐Requena Juan V. , Marqués‐López Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new class of trifunctional squaramide catalyst acting by means of multiple interactions has been found in a study of the Henry reaction. Enantiomerically enriched nitroaldol products were obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities under mild conditions using one of the smallest amounts of organocatalyst reported so far for this reaction (0.25 mol%). The catalyst was able to generate hydrogen bonding and anion‐π/hydrogen‐π interactions with the substrates, responsible of the improvement in the reactivity and the enantioselectivity of this process. Computational calculations support a mechanistic hypothesis based on an anion‐π effect, this being the first example reported in asymmetric catalysis.magnified image
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Tandem Annulation Reactions of 7‐Azaindoles with Electron‐Deficient Olefins via Double CH Activation
Authors: Li Shuai‐Shuai , Lin Hui , Liu Chen‐Fei , Xia Ying‐Qi , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Dong Lin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRhodium‐catalyzed tandem annulation reactions via olefination and subsequent intramolecular C‐Michael‐type cyclization represent an efficient approach for the direct construction of CC bonds. The simple and atom‐economic strategy produces various alkylation derivatives of 7‐azaindole with a quaternary carbon center from 7‐azaindoles and olefins.magnified image
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C−C Homocoupling
Authors: Cai Yingxiao , Qian Xin , Gosmini Corinne 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn efficient and easy method for C
−C
homocoupling was developed using cobalt bromide as catalyst. A series of functionalized alkyl bromides and alkyl chlorides were coupled in high yields under mild conditions. This reaction seems to involve a radical intermediate.magnified image
Predictors of long‐term disability accrual in relapse‐onset multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jokubaitis Vilija G. , Spelman Tim , Kalincik Tomas , Lorscheider Johannes , Havrdova Eva , Horakova Dana , Duquette Pierre , Girard Marc , Prat Alexandre , Izquierdo Guillermo , Grammond Pierre , Van Pesch Vincent , Pucci Eugenio , Grand'Maison François , Hupperts Raymond , Granella Franco , Sola Patrizia , Bergamaschi Roberto , Iuliano Gerardo , Spitaleri Daniele , Boz Cavit , Hodgkinson Suzanne , Olascoaga Javier , Verheul Freek , McCombe Pamela , Petersen Thor , Rozsa Csilla , Lechner‐Scott Jeannette , Saladino Maria Laura , Farina Deborah , Iaffaldano Pietro , Paolicelli Damiano , Butzkueven Helmut , Lugaresi Alessandra , Trojano Maria ,   on behalf of the MSBase Study Group
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo identify predictors of 10‐year Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) change after treatment initiation in patients with relapse‐onset multiple sclerosis.MethodsUsing data obtained from MSBase, we defined baseline as the date of first injectable therapy initiation. Patients need only have remained on injectable therapy for 1 day and were monitored on any approved disease‐modifying therapy, or no therapy thereafter. Median EDSS score changes over a 10‐year period were determined. Predictors of EDSS change were then assessed using median quantile regression analysis. Sensitivity analyses were further performed.ResultsWe identified 2,466 patients followed up for at least 10 years reporting post‐baseline disability scores. Patients were treated an average 83% of their follow‐up time. EDSS scores increased by a median 1 point (interquartile range = 0–2) at 10 years post‐baseline. Annualized relapse rate was highly predictive of increases in median EDSS over 10 years (coeff = 1.14, p = 1.9 × 10−22). On‐therapy relapses carried greater burden than off‐therapy relapses. Cumulative treatment exposure was independently associated with lower EDSS at 10 years (coeff = −0.86, p = 1.3 × 10−9). Furthermore, pregnancies were also independently associated with lower EDSS scores over the 10‐year observation period (coeff = −0.36, p = 0.009).InterpretationWe provide evidence of long‐term treatment benefit in a large registry cohort, and provide evidence of long‐term protective effects of pregnancy against disability accrual. We demonstrate that high annualized relapse rate, particularly on‐treatment relapse, is an indicator of poor prognosis. Ann Neurol 2016;80:89–100
Radiation Damage and Racemic Protein Crystallography Reveal the Unique Structure of the GASA/Snakin Protein Superfamily
Authors: Yeung Ho , Squire Christopher J. , Yosaatmadja Yuliana , Panjikar Santosh , López Gemma , Molina Antonio , Baker Edward N. , Harris Paul W. R. , Brimble Margaret A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractProteins from the GASA/snakin superfamily are common in plant proteomes and have diverse functions, including hormonal crosstalk, development, and defense. One 63‐residue member of this family, snakin‐1, an antimicrobial protein from potatoes, has previously been chemically synthesized in a fully active form. Herein the 1.5 Å structure of snakin‐1, determined by a novel combination of racemic protein crystallization and radiation‐damage‐induced phasing (RIP), is reported. Racemic crystals of snakin‐1 and quasi‐racemic crystals incorporating an unnatural 4‐iodophenylalanine residue were prepared from chemically synthesized d‐ and l‐proteins. Breakage of the C−I bonds in the quasi‐racemic crystals facilitated structure determination by RIP. The crystal structure reveals a unique protein fold with six disulfide crosslinks, presenting a distinct electrostatic surface that may target the protein to microbial cell surfaces.
Salt‐Driven Deposition of Thermoresponsive Polymer‐Coated Metal Nanoparticles on Solid Substrates
Authors: Zhang Zhiyue , Maji Samarendra , da Fonseca Antunes André B. , De Rycke Riet , Hoogenboom Richard , De Geest Bruno G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHere we report on a simple, generally applicable method for depositing metal nanoparticles on a wide variety of solid surfaces under all aqueous conditions. Noble‐metal nanoparticles obtained by citrate reduction followed by coating with thermoresponsive polymers spontaneously form a monolayer‐like structure on a wide variety of substrates in presence of sodium chloride whereas this phenomenon does not occur in salt‐free medium. Interestingly, this phenomenon occurs below the cloud point temperature of the polymers and we hypothesize that salt ion‐induced screening of electrostatic charges on the nanoparticle surface entropically favors hydrophobic association between the polymer‐coated nanoparticles and a hydrophobic substrate.
Hierarchical Proteinosomes for Programmed Release of Multiple Components
Authors: Liu Xiaoman , Zhou Pei , Huang Yudong , Li Mei , Huang Xin , Mann Stephen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA facile route to hierarchically organized multicompartmentalized proteinosomes based on a recursive Pickering emulsion procedure using amphiphilic protein–polymer nanoconjugate building blocks is described. The number of incarcerated guest proteinosomes within a single host proteinosome is controlled, and enzymes and genetic polymers encapsulated within targeted subcompartments to produce chemically organized multi‐tiered structures. Three types of spatiotemporal response—retarded concomitant release, synchronous release or hierarchical release of dextran and DNA—are demonstrated based on the sequential response of the host and guest membranes to attack by protease, or through variations in the positioning of disulfide‐containing cross‐links in either the host or guest proteinosomes integrated into the nested architectures. Overall, our studies provide a step towards the construction of hierarchically structured synthetic protocells with chemically and spatially integrated proto‐organelles.
Positioning a Carbon–Fluorine Bond over the π Cloud of an Aromatic Ring: A Different Type of Arene Activation
Authors: Holl Maxwell Gargiulo , Struble Mark D. , Singal Prakhar , Siegler Maxime A. , Lectka Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIt is known that the fluoro group has only a small effect on the rates of electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Imagine instead a carbon–fluorine (C−F) bond positioned tightly over the π cloud of an aryl ring—such an orthogonal, noncovalent arrangement could instead stabilize a positively charged arene intermediate or transition state, giving rise to novel electrophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of molecule 1, containing a rigid C−F⋅⋅⋅Ar interaction that plays a prominent role in both its reaction chemistry and spectroscopy. For example, we established that the C−F⋅⋅⋅Ar interaction can bring about a >1500 fold increase in the relative rate of an aromatic nitration reaction, affording functionalization on the activated ring exclusively. Overall, these results establish fluoro as a through‐space directing/activating group that complements the traditional role of fluorine as a slightly deactivating aryl substituent in nitrations.
A Rainbow Structural‐Color Chip for Multisaccharide Recognition
Authors: Qin Meng , Huang Yu , Li Yanan , Su Meng , Chen Bingda , Sun Heng , Yong Peiyi , Ye Changqing , Li Fengyu , Song Yanlin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA critical requirement for the successful recognition of multiple analytes is the acquisition of abundant sensing information. However, for this to be achieved requires massive chemical sensors or multiplex materials, which complicates the multianalysis. Thus, there is a need to develop a strategy for the facile and efficient recognition of multiple analytes. Herein, we explore the angle‐dependent structural colors of photonic crystals to provide abundant optical information, thereby generating a rainbow‐color chip to realize the convenient recognition of multiple analytes. By simply using a multiangle analysis method, the monophotonic crystal matrix chip can differentially enhance fluorescence signals over broad spectral ranges, thereby resulting in abundant sensing information for highly efficient multiple analysis. Twelve saccharides with similar structures, as well as saccharides in different concentrations and mixtures, were successfully discriminated.
Influence of processing condition and carbon nanotube on mechanical properties of injection molded multi‐walled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Navidfar Amir , Azdast Taher , Karimzad Ghavidel Ayub 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) pellets were compounded via corotating twin‐screw extruder. The produced MWCNT/PMMA nanocomposite pellets were injection molded. The effect of MWCNT concentration, injection melt temperature and holding pressure on mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. To examine the mechanical properties of the MWCNT/PMMA nanocomposites, tensile test, charpy impact test, and Rockwell hardness are considered as the outputs. Design of experiments (DoE) is done by full factorial method. The morphology of the nanocomposites was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed when MWCNT concentration are increased from 0 to 1.5 wt %, tensile strength and elongation at break were reduced about 30 and 40%, respectively, but a slight increase in hardness was observed. In addition, highest impact strength belongs to the nanocomposite with 1 wt % MWCNT. This study also shows that processing condition significantly influence on mechanical behavior of the injection molded nanocomposite. In maximum holding pressure (100 bar), the nanocomposites show highest tensile strength, elongation, impact strength and hardness. According to findings, melt temperature has a trifle effect on elongation, but it has a remarkable influence on tensile strength. In the case of impact strength, higher melt temperature is favorable. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43738.
Intellectual development in Noonan syndrome: a longitudinal study
Authors: Roelofs Renée L. , Janssen Nikki , Wingbermühle Ellen , Kessels Roy P.C. , Egger Jos I.M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionAlthough cognitive impairments in adults with Noonan syndrome seem to be limited to a low‐average intelligence and slower processing speed, studies in children with Noonan syndrome have demonstrated more extensive cognitive problems. These include deficits in language skills, memory, attention, and executive functioning. This longitudinal study is the first to investigate intellectual development in a group of individuals with Noonan syndrome.MethodsSixteen patients with Noonan syndrome underwent intelligence assessment both in childhood and in adulthood, using Wechsler's intelligence scales. IQ scores and Wechsler standard scores achieved in childhood and adulthood were compared. Subsequently, verbal and performance IQ in childhood were used as predictors for adult IQ and index scores.ResultsCompared with childhood scores, adult full‐scale IQ and performance IQ significantly increased. Adult performance IQ was higher than verbal IQ. Childhood performance IQ and verbal IQ together predicted all adult IQ and index scores, except for the processing speed index.DiscussionChildhood IQ was a significant predictor of adult intelligence in patients with Noonan syndrome. Performance IQ advanced to a normal level in adulthood, while verbal IQ did not develop proportionately, resulting in a discrepancy between adult performance IQ and verbal IQ. This finding could suggest a delay in the development of executive functioning in patients with Noonan syndrome, which seems to be outgrown in adulthood.
The association between vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and stroke: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Tao , Qiu Shi , Wang Peifu , Li Jilai , Li Qin , Du Jichen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesNumerous studies have investigated the relationships between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphisms and stroke. However, their findings remain controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between VEGF gene polymorphisms and stroke by a meta‐analysis.Materials and methodsThe PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, Wanfang Chinese database, and VIP Chinese database were systemically searched. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.ResultsTen studies were included, including a total of 2331 cases and 1814 controls for +936C>T, 3040 cases and 2649 controls for −1154G>A. Under the dominant and recessive models, respectively, the overall ORs and 95% CIs of +936 T were 1.44, 1.09–1.90, P = 0.01 (1.53, 1.14–2.05, P = 0.005, in Asians) and 1.19, 0.85–1.65, P = 0.31, and the overall ORs and 95% CIs of −1154 A were 0.98, 0.87–1.10, P = 0.75 and 0.95, 0.82–1.11, P = 0.53. No publication bias was found in this meta‐analysis.ConclusionsThe meta‐analysis showed that +936C>T may be a risk factor for stroke, especially in Asians, while −1154G>A was not associated with stroke.