bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liraglutide ameliorates non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease by enhancing mitochondrial architecture and promoting autophagy through the SIRT1/SIRT3–FOXO3a pathway
Authors: Tong Wenxin , Ju Liping , Qiu Miaoyan , Xie Qihai , Chen Ying , Shen Weili , Sun Weihong , Wang Weiqing , Tian Jingyan 
Published: December 2015

AimOverwhelming oxidative stress is implicated as crucial in the pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liraglutide, a well‐established antidiabetes drug, was recently reported to ameliorate NAFLD with an elusive mechanism. We used a mouse model to examine whether liraglutide could ameliorate NAFLD and explored the possible mechanisms.MethodsTwenty C57BL/6J mice were randomly treated with a normal‐fat diet or high‐fat diet for 16 weeks, then further distributed into four groups and subjected to s.c. injection of liraglutide or saline for 4 weeks. The growth/metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial architecture and autophagy were assessed prospectively at the 20th week.ResultsHigh‐fat diet inducement resulted in severe NAFLD while liraglutide treatment significantly reversed the trend, marked by reduced bodyweight, improved glucose tolerance and liver triglyceride composition. Reduced hepatic malondialdehyde level, increased mRNA and protein levels of CATALASE and MNSOD indicated liraglutide affected both the oxidative and antioxidative process to ameliorate oxidative stress. After liraglutide administration, the upregulated mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial fission and fusion‐related DRP1, OPA1 and respiratory chain‐related COMPLEX1, UCP2 demonstrated the enhancement of mitochondrial architecture which may attenuate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the diminished mRNA and protein level of P62 and increased levels of Beclin1 and LC3II/I ratio indicated the promoting autophagy, which probably contribute to the ROS elimination. Further, restored protein levels of Sirtuin1/Sirtuin3 and the downstream p‐FOXO3a reveal the probable pathways of liraglutide acting on autophagy.ConclusionLiraglutide diminishes oxidative stress by enhancing mitochondrial architecture and promoting autophagy through the SIRT1/SIRT3–FOXO3a–LC3 pathway to ameliorate diet‐induced NAFLD.
The effectiveness of electron beam irradiation to reduce or eliminate mould in cork stoppers
Authors: Corsi Aaron J. , Robles Hernandez Francisco C. , Cordúa y Cruz Glenn , Neal Jack A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe objective of this research project was to reduce or eliminate moulds known to cause TCA using electron beam (e‐beam) irradiation. Four types of cork were inoculated with Paecilomyces viridis, Penicillium glabrum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor racemosus, Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus oryzae and Cladosporium oxysporum. Cork samples were treated with 5, 10 or 15 kilograys (kGy) of e‐beam irradiation, respectively. Sensory evaluation revealed that irradiation had little or no effect on the overall quality of wine with irradiated corks stored for 56 months. Cork samples viewed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed some structural changes compared to control corks. The results suggest that e‐beam irradiation can significantly reduce or eliminate the moulds known to cause TCA in cork.
Antihyperuricemic activities of an ethanolic and aqueous extract of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell and a new aldehyde xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhao Mouming , Su Guowan , Cai Mengsen , Sun‐Waterhouse Dongxiao , Zhou Chunming , Lin Lianzhu 
Published: December 2015

SummaryHyperuricemia is a common metabolic disorder disease in human and is associated with increased xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity. This study was aimed to evaluate the antihyperuricemic activities of an ethanolic and aqueous extract of walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell in vivo and obtain active compounds with high xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activities and distinct chemical structures form allopurinol in vitro. Finally, the structure–XOI activity relationship of the active compound was further discussed based on the molecular docking. The in vivo antihyperuricemic study indicated that the walnut shell extract (WSE) could decrease the serum uric acid levels significantly (20‐days treatment, P < 0.05; 30‐days treatment, P < 0.01). And a new aldehyde XOD inhibitor with high XOI activity was obtained through XOI activity‐guided purification in vitro. The studies of structure–XOI activity relationship and molecular docking indicated that the synergy of aldehyde group, double bond and hydroxyl group at C‐4 in p‐coumaric aldehyde was the critical contributor for its high XOI activity.
In vitro antioxidant activities of hydrolysates obtained from Iranian wild almond (Amygdalus scoparia) protein by several enzymes
Authors: Mirzapour Mozhgan , Rezaei Karamatollah , Sentandreu Miguel Angel , Moosavi‐Movahedi Ali Akbar 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA protein extract from wild almond was hydrolysed using five different enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alcalase and flavourzyme). The hydrolysates were then assayed for their antioxidant activities. The highest extent of proteolysis was obtained with alcalase (0.35; determined as the change in the absorbance at 340 nm, ΔA340) and the lowest was with pepsin (ΔA340 = 0.12). Radical scavenging activities obtained by 2, 2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) and ferric‐reducing abilities of the hydrolysates demonstrated that the hydrolysate from alcalase had significantly (P < 0.05) greater antioxidant activity. Analysis of the molecular weight distributions showed that peptides produced by alcalase were smaller than those produced by chymotrypsin, trypsin and flavourzyme. Based on the current study, the hydrolysates produced by alcalase can be suggested as potential antioxidant agents in food industry and for use in functional foods.
Stability of betacyanin from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and its potential application as a natural colourant in milk
Authors: Gengatharan Ashwini , Dykes Gary A. , Choo Wee Sim 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe effects of temperature (30, 50, 85 and 100 °C) treatment and 10 weeks of refrigerated storage (4 °C) on the betacyanin content and colour stability of betacyanins from red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) were investigated and compared to red beet (Beta vulgaris; E‐162) which was used as a control. Temperature treatment at 50 and 85 °C caused a greater reduction in betacyanin content (BC) in E‐162 compared to red pitahaya by inducing changes in betacyanin profile. The 10 weeks of refrigerated storage at 4 °C induced colour changes in betacyanins from red pitahaya and E‐162. In milk, betacyanins from red pitahaya presented a lower loss of BC and total colour changes (ΔE*) compared to E‐162. The microbial onset in milk containing betacyanins from red pitahaya and E‐162 was delayed up to day 5 of refrigerated storage at 4 °C compared to day 3 in plain milk. Milk containing betacyanins from red pitahaya showed better colour acceptability (3.89 ± 1.89) compared to E‐162 (6.10 ± 1.71). Hence, betacyanins from red pitahaya may be a potential natural functional colourant to simulate strawberry colour in milk.
Effect of heat, nisin and ethylene diamine tetra‐acetate treatments on shelf life extension of liquid whole egg
Authors: Ahmadi Shokouh , Soleimanian‐Zad Sabihe , Sheikh‐Zeinoddin Mahmoud 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThis study examined the effect of nisin alone or in combination with pasteurisation or ethylene diamine tetra‐acetate (EDTA), on the shelf life of unpasteurised liquid whole egg (LWE) stored at refrigerator temperature for a period of 21 days. The shelf life of samples was determined by counting total mesophilic bacteria, yeast and mould and also pH changes. It was observed that addition of 3 ppm nisin to pasteurised LWE was effective enough to extend the shelf life of this product from about 7 days to at least 21 days. However, for unpasteurised LWE nisin alone had no significant effect on shelf life while treatment of LWE with nisin in combination with EDTA showed a significant antibacterial and antifungal activity leading to extended shelf life of unpasteurised LWE from 1 to 4 days to at least 21 days.
Postharvest changes in physicochemical characteristics and free amino acids content of immature vegetable soya bean (Glycine max L.) grains
Authors: Song Jiangfeng , Liu Chunquan , Li Dajing , Gu Zhenxin 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the changes in physicochemical characteristics and free amino acid profile occurring in immature vegetable soya bbean during postharvest storage under three temperatures [5, 10 and 20 (control), ±1 °C] for 7 days. The results showed that a lower temperature provided an effective control in reducing weight loss, maintained firmness, delayed changes in the pod colour and soluble sugars concentration. Twenty‐two free amino acids in immature soya beans also identified by the 1H NMR spectroscopy were strongly affected by postharvest temperature, and there were time‐specific differences in the concentration. Those significant differences in free amino acids concentration among storage conditions were closely associated with aspartate and glutamate degradation. Additionally, after 7‐day storage at 5 and 10 °C, the soya bean grains accumulated the highest amount of some essential and flavour amino acids, which revealed storage conditions selected should be dictated by the goal.
Effects of oxidised linoleic acid on the formation of Nε‐carboxymethyl‐lysine and Nε‐carboxyethyl‐lysine in Maillard reaction system
Authors: Yu Ligang , He Zhiyong , Zeng Maomao , Zheng Zongping , He Jialiang , Wang Mengle , Chen Jie 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThis study investigated the effects of oxidised linoleic acid (18:2) on Nε‐carboxymethyl‐lysine (CML) and Nε‐carboxyethyl‐lysine (CEL) formation in Maillard reaction systems. Model systems of lysine/glucose (L/G), lysine/18:2 (L/18:2), lysine/18:2/glucose (L/18:2/G), myofibrillar protein/glucose (MFP/G), MFP/18:2 and MFP/18:2/G were maintained at 37 °C for 6 weeks. The results showed that CML/CEL contents in L/G (6.99 and 0.96 mmol mol−1 lysine, respectively) were significantly higher than those in L/18:2/G (1.43 and 0.41 mmol mol−1 lysine, respectively), and there is a small amount of CML/CEL generation in L/18:2. However, the CML/CEL levels in MFP/G (197.2 and 83.8 ng mg−1 protein, respectively) were markedly lower than those in MFP/18:2/G (283.2 and 118.5 ng mg−1 protein, respectively). 18:2 favours the formation of CML/CEL in MFP/18:2/G, not in L/18:2/G. All these findings indicated that the role of 18:2 on CML/CEL formation in Maillard reaction system was complex, and depended on CML/CEL formation rate and substrate types (lysine or lysine residue in protein).
Multivariate analysis for the safety assessment of genetically modified rices in the anti‐nutrients and phenolic compounds
Authors: Oh Seon‐Woo , Park Soo‐Yun , Lee Si‐Myung , Oh Sung‐Dug , Cho Hyun‐Suk , Park Soon‐Ki , Lee Hyun‐Joo , Kim Hee‐Yun , Yeo Yun‐Soo 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) rice Agb0102 (resveratrol synthesis) and Agb0103 (drought‐tolerant) were conducted by comparing with their non‐GM comparators. Phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors and phenolic acids of the rices were analysed to identify the biological equivalences and the impacts of the environment. The analytical tools were principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The PCA results of phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors revealed no clear separation among rices due to breeding conditions, environmental conditions or among various cultivars. The total, bound, free and ester forms of phenolic acids were not separated in the environmental conditions and different cultivars. The HCA analysis showed strong relationship between GM rice and non‐GM rice. The concentrations of anti‐nutrient and phenolic compounds of the GM rices were not different from those of non‐GM comparators and that various chemometric tools were useful to describe the separation of GM and non‐GM groups.
Control of overweight and obesity in childhood through education in meal time habits. The ‘good manners for a healthy future’ programme
Authors: Salazar Vázquez B. Y. , Salazar Vázquez M. A. , López Gutiérrez G. , Acosta Rosales K. , Cabrales P. , Vadillo‐Ortega F. , Intaglietta M. , Pérez Tamayo R. , Schmid‐Schönbein G. W. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectiveOur aim is to determine the effect of paced eating, exposure to an educational programme that promotes healthy eating habits and allowing the satiety reflex to limit food intake in controlling weight gain in healthy adolescents.MethodsFifty‐four healthy individuals consisting of 18 adolescent girls and 36 boys aged 12 ± 2 years were given recommendations for reducing eating rate without changing diet or meal size according to the educational programme ‘good manners for a healthy future’. Each participant was provided with a 30‐s portable hourglass to pace time between bites. Individuals using and not using the hourglass were placed either into an ‘adhering’ or a ‘non‐adhering’ group, respectively. Control data were obtained from a similar population.ResultsInitially, the adhering group had higher weight compared with the non‐adhering group (64.1 ± 13.2 vs. 56.2 ± 11.7 kg). Control group weight was no different from the study group at baseline (56.3 ± 10.3 kg). Weight in the adhering group decreased after the first semester of participation by 2.0 ± 5.7% and after a year by 3.4 ± 4.8%, while the non‐adhering group gained weight by 5.8 ± 4.5% and 12.6 ± 8.3%. The control group increased weight after a year by 8.2 ± 6.5%. In total, 18 non‐adhering and 14 adhering adolescents completed the study.ConclusionsThis 1‐year study shows a statistically significant association between rate of food intake and weight control in adherence to an educational programme directed at developing healthy eating habits. The proposed behavioural training may serve as an option for weight control in adolescents.
Dialect change in South‐East Norway and the role of attitude in diffusion
Authors: Stausland Johnsen Sverre 
Published: December 2015

A common claim in the literature is that the local dialects in South‐East Norway are being leveled towards the dialect of the upper social classes in Oslo. A meta‐analysis of previous studies on dialect change in this region demonstrates that this assertion is incorrect, and that linguistic features have diffused from the dialect of thelowersocial classes in Oslo. Attitude studies show that people in South‐East Norway have strongly negative views on the upper Oslo speech community, and this can largely explain why they do not adopt new linguistic features from this community. Within Oslo, however, linguistic features diffuse from the upper classes down to the lower classes, and the overall picture that can be drawn from these diffusion patterns is that the lower‐class dialect of Oslo is spreading its features outwards from the capital, at the same time as it is gradually disappearing as a distinct sociolect.Det er vanleg å hevda at dei lokale målføra i Søraust‐Noreg vert tiljamna talemålet i dei øvre sosiale laga i Oslo. Ein metaanalyse av tidlegare språkendringsundersøkingar i dette området syner at den påstanden ikkje er rett, og at måldrag i staden spreier seg frå talemålet i deilægresosiale laga i Oslo. Haldningsundersøkingar syner at folk i Søraust‐Noreg tykkjer ille om dei frå dei øvre sosiale laga i Oslo, og då kan dét vera mykje av grunnen til at dei ikkje tek imot nye måldrag frå talemålet deira heller. Men innanfor Oslo spreier måldraga seg frå dei øvre til dei lægre sosiale laga, og hovudbiletet frå desse observasjonane vert då at måldrag frå talemålet i dei lægre sosiale laga i Oslo spreier seg utetter Søraust‐Noreg samstundes som det same talemålet noko om senn vert borte i hovudstaden. [Norwegian]
Smoking and gingivitis: focus on inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide and basic fibroblast growth factor
Authors: Özdemir B. , Özmeric N. , Elgün S. , Barış E. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundPeriodontal disease pathogenesis has been associated with smoking. Gingivitis is a mild and reversible form of periodontal disease and it tends to progress to periodontitis only in susceptible individuals. In the present study, we aimed to examine the impact of smoking on host responses in gingivitis and to evaluate and compare the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in gingival tissue and NO and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with gingivitis and healthy individuals.Material and MethodsForty‐one participants were assigned to the gingivitis‐smoker (n = 13), gingivitis (n = 13), healthy‐smoker (n = 7) and healthy groups (n = 8). Clinical indices were recorded; gingival biopsy and gingival crevicular fluid samples were obtained from papillary regions. iNOS expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The immunoreactive cells were semiquantitatively assessed. For the quantitative determination of nitrite and nitrate in gingival crevicular fluid, the NO assay kit was used. The amount of bFGF in gingival crevicular fluid was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe gingivitis–smoker group demonstrated a stronger iNOS expression than the non‐smoker gingivitis group. iNOS expression intensity was lower in the non‐smoker healthy group compared to that in healthy‐smokers. No significant gingival crevicular fluid NO and bFGF level changes were observed between groups. Among patients with gingivitis, a positive correlation was detected between gingival crevicular fluid NO and bFGF levels (r = 0.806, p = 0.001).ConclusionsOur data suggest that smoking has significant effects on iNOS expression but not on gingival crevicular fluid NO or bFGF levels in healthy and patients with gingivitis. However, our results suggest that bFGF might be involved in the regulation of NO production via iNOS.
Arabinogalactan proteins have deep roots in eukaryotes: identification of genes and epitopes in brown algae and their role in Fucus serratus embryo development
Authors: Hervé Cécile , Siméon Amandine , Jam Murielle , Cassin Andrew , Johnson Kim L. , Salmeán Armando A. , Willats William G. T. , Doblin Monika S. , Bacic Antony , Kloareg Bernard 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated, hydroxyproline‐rich proteins found at the cell surface of plants, where they play key roles in developmental processes. Brown algae are marine, multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes. They belong to the phylum Stramenopiles, which is unrelated to land plants and green algae (Chloroplastida). Brown algae share common evolutionary features with other multicellular organisms, including a carbohydrate‐rich cell wall. They differ markedly from plants in their cell wall composition, and AGPs have not been reported in brown algae.

Here we investigated the presence of chimeric AGP‐like core proteins in this lineage.

We report that the genome sequence of the brown algal model Ectocarpus siliculosus encodes AGP protein backbone motifs, in a gene context that differs considerably from what is known in land plants. We showed the occurrence of AGP glycan epitopes in a range of brown algal cell wall extracts. We demonstrated that these chimeric AGP‐like core proteins are developmentally regulated in embryos of the order Fucales and showed that AGP loss of function seriously impairs the course of early embryogenesis.

Our findings shine a new light on the role of AGPs in cell wall sensing and raise questions about the origin and evolution of AGPs in eukaryotes.
Gene coevolution and regulation lock cyclic plant defence peptides to their targets
Authors: Gilding Edward K. , Jackson Mark A. , Poth Aaron G. , Henriques Sónia Troeira , Prentis Peter J. , Mahatmanto Tunjung , Craik David J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryPlants have evolved many strategies to protect themselves from attack, including peptide toxins that are ribosomally synthesized and thus adaptable directly by genetic polymorphisms. Certain toxins inClitoria ternatea(butterfly pea) are cyclic cystine‐knot peptides ofc. 30 residues, called cyclotides, which have co‐opted the plant's albumin‐1 gene family for their production. How butterfly pea albumin‐1 genes were commandeered and how these cyclotides are utilized in defence remain unclear. The role of cyclotides in host plant ecology and biotechnological applications requires exploration.We characterized the sequence diversity and expression dynamics of precursor and processing proteins implicated in butterfly pea cyclotide biosynthesis by expression profiling through RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq). Peptide‐enriched extracts from various organs were tested for activity against insect‐like membranes and the model nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans.We found that the evolution and deployment of cyclotides involved their diversification to exhibit different chemical properties and expression between organs facing different defensive challenges. Cyclotide‐enriched fractions from soil‐contacting organs were effective at killing nematodes, whereas similar enriched fractions from aerial organs contained cyclotides that exhibited stronger interactions with insect‐like membrane lipids.Cyclotides are employed as versatile and combinatorial mediators of defence inC. ternateaand have specialized to affect different classes of attacking organisms.
Global and Country‐Specific Output Growth Uncertainty and Macroeconomic Performance
Authors: Berger Tino , Grabert Sibylle , Kempa Bernd 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe identify global and country‐specific measures of output growth uncertainty for a large OECD country sample by means of a dynamic factor model with stochastic volatility. We find evidence for major bouts of global uncertainty in the early 1970s and late 2000s, and a number of periods with elevated levels of either global or national uncertainty, particularly in the early 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. VAR impulse responses of national macroeconomic variables to our estimated measures of uncertainty reveal that global uncertainty is the major driver of macroeconomic performance in most countries, whereas the impact of national uncertainty is small and frequently insignificant. We also find that uncertainty is transmitted primarily through investment and trade flows rather than through consumption demand.
Creation of Parametric BIM Objects from Point Clouds Using Nurbs
Authors: Barazzetti L. , Banfi F. , Brumana R. , Previtali M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper presents an innovative procedure to create parametric building information modelling (BIM) objects from point clouds of complex architectural features. BIM technology requires an advanced parametric representation of the geometry involving spatial relationships, constraints and material properties. The aim of the procedure is a BIM‐based reconstruction methodology that preserves the level of detail encapsulated in photogrammetric and laser‐scanning point clouds, and relies on non‐uniform rational basis splines (NURBS) curves. The particular case of architectural objects with irregular shapes is addressed due to the lack of commercial BIM software able to handle such buildings. An actual case study made up of 7·5 billion points is discussed to demonstrate the use of the proposed procedure with huge point‐cloud datasets.