bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human capital sorting: The “when” and “who” of the sorting of educated workers to urban regions
Authors: Ahlin Lina , Andersson Martin , Thulin Per 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sorting of high‐ability workers is often advanced as one source of spatial disparities in economic outcomes. There are still few papers that analyze when human capital sorting occurs and whom it involves. Using data on 16 cohorts of university graduates in Sweden, we demonstrate significant sorting to urban regions on high school grades and education levels of parents, i.e., two attributes typically associated with latent abilities that are valued in the labor market. A large part of this sorting has already occurred in deciding where to study, because the top universities in Sweden are predominantly located in urban regions. The largest part of directed sorting on ability indicators occurs in the decision of where to study. Even after controlling for sorting prior to labor market entry, the “best and brightest” are still more likely to start working in urban regions. However, this effect appears to be driven by Sweden's main metropolitan region, Stockholm. We find no influence of our ability indicators on the probability of starting to work in urban regions after graduation when Stockholm is excluded. Studies of human capital sorting need to account for selection processes to and from universities, because neglecting mobility prior to labor market entry is likely to lead to an underestimation of the extent of the sorting to urban regions.
Type‐III secretion pore formed by flagellar protein FliP
Authors: Ward Elizabeth , Renault Thibaud T. , Kim Eun A , Erhardt Marc , Hughes Kelly T. , Blair David F. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryDuring assembly of the bacterial flagellum, protein subunits that form the exterior structures are exported through a specialized secretion apparatus energized by the proton gradient. This category of protein transport, together with the similar process that occurs in the injectisomes of gram‐negative pathogens, is termed type‐III secretion. The membrane‐embedded part of the flagellar export apparatus contains five essential proteins: FlhA, FlhB, FliP, FliQ and FliR. Here, we have undertaken a variety of experiments that together support the proposal that the protein‐conducting conduit is formed primarily, and possibly entirely, by FliP. Chemical modification experiments demonstrate that positions near the center of certain FliP trans‐membrane (TM) segments are accessible to polar reagents. FliP expression sensitizes cells to a number of chemical agents, and mutations at predicted channel‐facing positions modulate this effect. Multiple assays are used to show that FliP suffices to form a channel that can conduct a variety of medium‐sized, polar molecules. Conductance properties are strongly modulated by mutations in a methionine‐rich loop that is predicted to lie at the inner mouth of the channel, which might form a gasket around cargo molecules undergoing export. The results are discussed in the framework of an hypothesis for the architecture and action of the cargo‐conducting part of the type‐III secretion apparatus.
A cerato‐platanin protein SsCP1 targets plant PR1 and contributes to virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Yang Guogen , Tang Liguang , Gong Yingdi , Xie Jiatao , Fu Yanping , Jiang Daohong , Li Guoqing , Collinge David B. , Chen Weidong , Cheng Jiasen 
Published: October 2017

Summary

Cerato‐platanin proteins (CPs), which are secreted by filamentous fungi, are phytotoxic to host plants, but their functions have not been well defined to date.

Here we characterized a CP (SsCP1) from the necrotrophic phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sscp1 transcripts accumulated during plant infection, and deletion of Sscp1 significantly reduced virulence. SsCP1 could induce significant cell death when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Using yeast two‐hybrid, GST pull‐down, co‐immunoprecipitation and bimolecular florescence complementation, we found that SsCP1 interacts with PR1 in the apoplast to facilitate infection by S. sclerotiorum. Overexpressing PR1 enhanced resistance to the wild‐type strain, but not to the Sscp1 knockout strain of S. sclerotiorum. Sscp1‐expressing transgenic plants showed increased concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and higher levels of resistance to several plant pathogens (namely Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria brassicicola and Golovinomyces orontii).

Our results suggest that SsCP1 is important for virulence of S. sclerotiorum and that it can be recognized by plants to trigger plant defense responses. Our results also suggest that the SA signaling pathway is involved in CP‐mediated plant defense .
WRKY70 prevents axenic activation of plant immunity by direct repression of SARD1
Authors: Zhou Man , Lu You , Bethke Gerit , Harrison Brian T. , Hatsugai Noriyuki , Katagiri Fumiaki , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: October 2017

Summary

SARD1 is an activator of plant immunity that promotes production of the hormone salicylic acid (SA) and activation of defense gene expression. SARD1 itself is strongly inducible by infection. Here, we investigated the transcriptional control of SARD1.

We used yeast one‐hybrid assays to identify WRKY70. The WRKY70 binding site was defined using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and its importance was investigated using an Arabidopsis thaliana protoplast system. The effect of wrky70 mutations was studied by measurements of pathogen growth, SA concentrations, and gene expression by RNA‐seq.

WRKY70 binds to a GACTTTT motif in the SARD1 promoter in yeast and Arabidopsis protoplasts. Plants with wrky70 mutations have elevated expression of SARD1 in the absence of pathogens, but not when infected. Expression profiling revealed that WRKY70 represses many pathogen‐inducible genes in the absence of pathogens, yet is required for activation of many other pathogen‐inducible genes in infected plants. The GACTTTT motif is enriched in the promoters of both these gene sets, and conserved in SARD1 orthologs within the Brassicaceae.

WRKY70 represses SARD1 by binding the motif GACTTTT in the absence of pathogens. Conservation of the WRKY70 binding among the Brassicaceae suggests that WRKY70 repression of SARD1 is important for fitness.
Migrant Networks and the Spread of Information
Authors: Elsner Benjamin , Narciso Gaia , Thijssen Jacco 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDiaspora networks provide information to future migrants, which affects their success in the host country. While the existing literature explains the effect of networks on the outcomes of migrants through the size of the migrant community, we show that the quality of the network is an equally important determinant. We argue that networks that are more integrated in the society of the host country can provide more accurate information to future migrants about job prospects. In a decision model with imperfect signalling, we show that migrants with access to a better network are more likely to make the right decision, that is, they migrate only if they gain. We test these predictions empirically using data on recent Mexican migrants to the United States. To instrument for the quality of networks, we exploit the settlement of immigrants who came during the Bracero program in the 1950s. The results are consistent with the model predictions, providing evidence that connections to a better integrated network lead to better outcomes after migration.
Informed consent in pediatric anesthesiology
Authors: Gentry Katherine R. , Lepere Katherine , Opel Douglas J. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackgroundInformed consent for pediatric anesthesia is unique because it is (1) obtained from surrogates (ie, parents) rather than from the patient and (2) sought after parents have authorized the surgical intervention. There are limited data on how pediatric anesthesia informed and consent discussions are conducted. The purpose of this study was to characterize the content of preanesthesia informed consent discussions and assess their impact on parent recall and understanding.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional observational study at a tertiary pediatric hospital. We audio‐recorded and transcribed preanesthesia consent discussions between pediatric anesthesia providers and parents of children undergoing elective surgery. Parents were recruited on the day of surgery and completed a survey postdiscussion to assess their recall and perceived understanding. We used directed content analysis to identify 7 informed consent elements: (i) description of the plan; mention of (ii) alternatives, (iii) risks, and (iv) benefits; (v) discussion of uncertainties; (vi) assessment of comprehension; and (vii) solicitation of a decision. We used multivariable logistic regression to explore the association between discussions that included 3 informed consent elements (description of plan, mention of risks, and mention of benefits) and parent recall and understanding of these elements.ResultsWe analyzed 97 discussions involving 41 different anesthesia providers. The element most frequently included in preanesthesia discussions was a description of the plan (100%); the least frequently included was decision solicitation (18%). Seventy‐one percent of discussions included ≥5 informed consent elements and 70% included a description of the plan, mention of risks, and mention of benefits. Parental recall of these 3 informed consent elements was associated with their inclusion in the preanesthesia discussion (75% vs 34%), and more parents understood all 3 elements if they had reported (vs not reported) recall of all 3 elements (97% vs 53%).ConclusionMost pediatric preanesthesia discussions include ≥5 informed consent elements and describe the plan, mention risks, and mention benefits. Inclusion of these latter 3 consent elements was associated with parental recall of these elements but not understanding.
‘I can see it and I can feel it, but I can't put my finger on it’: A Foucauldian discourse analysis of experiences of relating on psychiatric inpatient units
Authors: Cheetham John , Holttum Sue , Springham Neil , Butt Kate 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesResearch has shown interpersonal relationships influence experiences of inpatient psychiatric services. This study explored inpatient staff and service users’ talk about relating, and consequences on available/limited social actions.DesignA Foucauldian discourse analysis was used to analyse transcribed semi‐structured interviews and focus groups with current inpatient staff members and members of a service‐user involvement group.MethodTwo focus groups (service users n = 10; staff n = 6) and five interviews (service users n = 2; staff n = 3) were held, with participants responding to questions regarding the discursive object of ‘experiences of relating on inpatient wards’.ResultsA dominant ‘medical–technical–legal’ discourse was seen, alongside a counter discourse of ‘ordinary humane relating’. Through the tensions between these discourses emerged a discourse of ‘collaborative exploration’.ConclusionThe medical–technical–legal discourse perpetuates notions of mental illness as impenetrable to relating. Staff fear of causing harm and positions of legal accountability generate mistrust which obstructs relating, whilst patients expect to be asked their opinions on their experiences and to be involved in deciding what treatment to accept, and experience frustration and alienation when this is not forthcoming. Ordinary humane relating was described as vital for service users in regaining a sense of self, although not considered enough in itself to promote recovery/wellness. ‘Treatment for my problems’ was constructed by service users as emerging through the collaborative exploration discourse, where therapeutic relationships can develop, enabling change and a return to safety.Practitioner points

Discourse analysis of how we talk can help us understand the complexities of being, working, and relating on psychiatric inpatient units.

Relating as constructed through the medical–technical–legal discourse is seen as the most legitimized but least fulfilling for staff and service users alike.

Both staff and service users want purposefully therapeutic, collaborative relationships

however, the environment does not currently appear to support these ways of relating emerging with legitimacy.

Some simple steps might be taken to begin the shift towards more fulfilling and therapeutic ways of relating being privileged in psychiatric inpatient environments.
Orthotopic liver transplantation for Sensenbrenner syndrome
Authors: Ackah Ruth Linda , Yoeli Dor , Kueht Michael , Galván Nhu Thao Nguyen , Cotton Ronald Timothy , Rana Abbas , O'Mahony Christine Ann , Goss John Alan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSensenbrenner syndrome, or cranioectodermal dysplasia, is a rare heterogeneic autosomal recessive disorder, affecting ~1 of 1 000 000 live births. The syndrome usually manifests within the first year of life and can present with progressive liver and renal involvement. For all Sensenbrenner patients, renal and liver diseases are the main contributors of morbidity and mortality. In this report, we present the case of a 7‐year‐old boy with congenital liver disease progressing to liver failure secondary to Sensenbrenner syndrome. For this patient, evidence of liver dysfunction was evident from 2 months of age and progressed to frank cirrhosis and severe portal hypertension with multiple episodes of life‐threatening variceal bleeding by age 6. This report illustrates the capability of orthotopic liver transplantation as a viable therapy for those pediatric patients suffering from severe liver failure secondary to a congenital ciliopathy, such as Sensenbrenner syndrome. In fact, early emphasis should be placed on the renal and liver involvement associated with Sensenbrenner syndrome with particular consideration for early referral for transplantation in cases with severe disease. Although the condition is rare, clinicians should be aware of it and its association with fatal liver disease to facilitate appropriate evaluation and referral.
A T‐cell diagnostic test for cystic echinococcosis based on Antigen B peptides
Authors: Petrone L. , Vanini V. , Amicosante M. , Corpolongo A. , Gomez Morales M. A. , Ludovisi A. , Ippolito G. , Pozio E. , Teggi A. , Goletti D. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryCystic echinococcosis (CE) immunodiagnosis is still imperfect. We recently set‐up a whole‐blood test based on the interleukin (IL)‐4 response to the native Antigen B (AgB) of Echinococcus granulosus. However, AgB is encoded by a multigene family coding for five putative subunits. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyse the IL‐4 response to peptides spanning the immunodominant regions of the five AgB subunits and to evaluate the accuracy of this assay for CE diagnosis. Peptides corresponding to each subunit were combined into five pools. A pool containing all peptides was also used (total pool). IL‐4 evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was significantly higher in patients with CE compared to those without (NO‐CE subjects) when whole‐blood was stimulated with AgB1 and with the total pool. Moreover, IL‐4 levels in response to the total pool were significantly increased in patients with active cysts. Receiver Operator Curve analysis identified a cut‐off point of 0.59 pg/mL predicting active cysts diagnosis with 71% sensitivity and 82% specificity in serology‐positive CE patients. These data, if confirmed in a larger cohort, offer the opportunity to develop new diagnostic tools for CE based on a standardized source of AgB as the peptides.
Detection of APAF1 mutation in Holstein cows and mummified foetuses in Japanese dairy herds
Authors: Ghanem ME , Nishibori M , Isobe N , Hisaeda K 
Published: October 2017

ContentsSome of the highest genetic merit sires have been shown to harbour recessive mutations affecting fertility, which may spread rapidly in the population through AI. These disorders may result in abortion and decline in pregnancy per insemination in cows. This study was carried out on 240 Holstein‐Friesian cows and 15 mummified foetuses. Blood and tissue samples were collected from the cows and mummified foetuses, respectively, for DNA extraction. Allele‐specific PCR was designed for the detection of the cows and foetuses carrying the nonsense mutation (C/T) in apoptosis peptide activating factor 1 gene (APAF1). The mutant allele frequency of the APAF1 in carrier cows and mummified foetuses was calculated. Milk samples were taken from the carrier and non‐carrier cows for progesterone assay. The allele‐specific PCR reaction efficiently distinguished the C/T mutation in APAF1. Of 240 cows, seven cows (2.9%) were diagnosed to carry one copy of the mutant allele of APAF1. However, the carrier frequency was 33.3% in mummified foetuses (five of 15). The mutant allele frequency was 0.02 and 0.17 in the cows and mummified foetuses, respectively. Concentrations of progesterone did not differ between cows with APAF1 mutation and non‐carrier cows during 45 days post‐insemination. This study provided allele‐specific PCR for the detection of APAF1 mutation in cows. Moreover, it reports the carrier and mutant allele frequencies of APAF1 in dairy cows and mummified foetuses in Japan.
Long‐term care and pay‐for‐performance programs
Authors: Norton Edward C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPay‐for‐performance programs are gradually spreading across Asia. This paper builds on the longer experience in the United States to offer lessons for Asia. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has introduced several pay‐for‐performance programs since 2012 to encourage hospitals to improve quality of care and reduce costs. Some state Medicaid programs have also introduced pay‐for‐performance for nursing homes. Long‐term care providers play an important role in hospital pay‐for‐performance programs because they can affect the readmission rate and also total episode payments. A good pay‐for‐performance program will focus on improving quality of care that affects health outcomes. In addition, that quality must vary across providers and be measurable. Furthermore, it is important that the measures be reported in a timely way, that both demand and supply respond to the measures, and that the measures be risk adjusted. Empirical data from Medicare beneficiaries in the state of Michigan show that mean episode payments and readmission rates in skilled nursing facilities vary widely and are sensitive to the number of observations. These practical matters create challenges for implementing pay‐for‐performance in practice. There is an extensive literature review of pay‐for‐performance in long‐term care in the United States and in Asia.
Tissue‐specific Differences in Immune Cell Subsets Located in the Naso‐oropharyngeal‐associated Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Bankvall M. , Jontell M. , Wold A. , Östman S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDefining the immune cells within the naso‐oropharyngeal‐associated lymphoid tissues would promote the development of efficient orally and nasally delivered immunotherapies. The aim was to compare murine antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and T cell subsets in the nose‐associated lymphoid tissues (NALT), cervical lymph nodes (CLN), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN) using flow cytometry and in vitro proliferation assays. Overall, the NALT contained a higher proportion of APCs and a lower proportion of T cells compared to the CLN, MLN and PLN. The APCs of the NALT more often belonged to the CD11c+CD11b+ and the CD11cnegCD11b+ subsets as compared to the other sites. Both of these APC populations showed little sign of activation, that is low expression of the markers CD40, CD86 and IAd. Instead, the APCs of the NALT more often co‐expressed CX3CR1 and CD206, markers associated with a tolerogenic function. No increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells was observed in the NALT. Instead, the T cells frequently exhibited a memory/effector phenotype, expressing the homing markers α4β7, CCR4 and CCR9, but rarely the naïve phenotype cell surface marker CD45RB. In contrast, the T cells at the other sites were mostly of the naïve phenotype. In addition, cells from the NALT did not proliferate upon in vitro stimulation with Con A, whereas the cells from the other sites did. Taken together, these results suggest that the NALT is primarily an effector site rather than one for activation and differentiation, despite it being regarded as a site of induction.
Cost of visceral leishmaniasis care in Brazil
Authors: de Carvalho Isis Polianna Silva Ferreira , Peixoto Henry Maia , Romero Gustavo Adolfo Sierra , de Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the Brazilian direct and indirect costs of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in 2014.MethodsCost‐of‐illness study on the Brazilian public health system and societal perspective.VLcases registered in the Notifiable Diseases Information System in the year of 2014 were considered. Direct medical costs regarding diagnostic, treatment and care provided to patients withVLwere estimated through the top‐down approach. The indirect costs related to productivity loss due to premature mortality and morbidity were estimated by means of the human‐capital method.ResultsIn 2014, 9895 suspected cases ofVLwere reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System, and 3453 were later confirmed. There were 234 patients with Leishmania‐HIVcoinfection underwent a secondary prophylaxis. The total cost ofVLin Brazil wasUS$ 14 190 701.50 (US$ 14 189 150.10 to 14 199 940.53) that varied according to the sensitivity analysis. The total of direct medical costs corresponded toUS$ 1 873 681.96 (US$1 872 130.55 to 1 882 920.99), and the majority of costs was associated with hospitalisation (40%), followed by treatment (22%), and secondary prophylaxis (18%). Productivity loss corresponded toUS$ 11 421 683.37 for premature mortality andUS$ 895 336.18 for work absence due to hospitalisation by the illness.ConclusionsVLrepresents an expensive health problem for the Brazilian public health system and society, mainly because of its productivity loss due to premature mortality. Interventions to reduceVLlethality could have a great impact on decreasing the cost of illness.
Dual control of ROS1‐mediated active DNA demethylation by DNA damage‐binding protein 2 (DDB2)
Authors: Córdoba‐Cañero Dolores , Cognat Valérie , Ariza Rafael R. , Roldán Arjona Teresa , Molinier Jean 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBy controlling gene expression, DNA methylation contributes to key regulatory processes during plant development. Genomic methylation patterns are dynamic and must be properly maintained and/or re‐established upon DNA replication and active removal, and therefore require sophisticated control mechanisms. Here we identify direct interplay between the DNA repair factor DNA damage‐binding protein 2 (DDB2) and the ROS1‐mediated active DNA demethylation pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that DDB2 forms a complex with ROS1 and AGO4 and that they act at the ROS1 locus to modulate levels of DNA methylation and therefore ROS1 expression. We found that DDB2 represses enzymatic activity of ROS1. DNA demethylation intermediates generated by ROS1 are processed by the DNA 3′‐phosphatase ZDP and the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease APE1L, and we also show that DDB2 interacts with both enzymes and stimulates their activities. Taken together, our results indicate that DDB2 acts as a critical regulator of ROS1‐mediated active DNA demethylation.