bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Public Attitudes to Welfare over the Longue Durée: Re‐examination of Survey Evidence from Beveridge, Beatlemania, Blair and Beyond
Authors: Hudson John , Lunt Neil , Hamilton Charlotte , Mackinder Sophie , Meers Jed , Swift Chelsea 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIt is commonly argued that public support for the welfare state is in long‐term decline in the UK. Evidence from the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) is typically cited to support this claim, but it only stretches back to 1983. Few would disagree that the Thatcher years offered an unusual socio‐political‐economic context, which raises a question over whether the BSA's early 1980s baseline provides a misleading view on support for the welfare state over the longue durée. In this article, we explore this issue, piecing together data from the Beveridge era through to the present day, drawing on data from contemporary studies and surveys; opinion polls; and historical government surveys and reports. Our method is undoubtedly a ‘second best approach’, making use of often limited historical data, which means we remain cautious in offering bold findings. However, we argue there is some evidence to suggest the 1980s were an unusual moment, suggesting the decline in support for welfare is less dramatic than analysis of the BSA might make it seem, but also that support for the welfare state during the postwar consensus years was likely more equivocal than we often believe it to be from today's perspective, perhaps reflecting a tendency to reify this period as a ‘golden age’ of welfare and so underplaying the complexity of the politics of social policy in the pre‐BSA period.
A review of visual soil evaluation techniques for soil structure
Authors: Emmet‐Booth J. P. , Forristal P. D. , Fenton O. , Ball B. C. , Holden N. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSoil structure forms a key component of soil quality, and its assessment by semi‐quantitative visual soil evaluation (VSE) techniques can help scientists, advisors and farmers make decisions regarding sampling and soil management. VSE techniques require inexpensive equipment and generate immediate results that correlate well with quantitative measurements of physical and biochemical properties, highlighting their potential utility. We reviewed published VSE techniques and found that soils of certain textures present problems and a lack of research into the influence of soil moisture content on VSE criteria. Generally, profile methods evaluate process interactions at specific locations within a field, exploring both intrinsic aspects and anthropogenic impacts. Spade methods focus on anthropogenic characteristics, providing rapid synopses of soil structure over wider areas. Despite a focus on structural form, some methods include criteria related to stability and resiliency. Further work is needed to improve existing methods regarding texture influences, on‐farm sampling procedures and more holistic assessments of soil structure.
Export Competitiveness of Developing Countries and US Trade Policy
Authors: Hakobyan Shushanik 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the revocation of tariff exemptions on exports of developing countries using data from cases of the Competitive Needs Limits (CNL), a feature of the US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Competitive Needs Limits are arguably imposed on ‘super competitive’ GSP beneficiaries who no longer need the preferential treatment, and aim to reserve the GSP benefits for other GSP eligible countries. The findings suggest that being excluded from the GSP as a result of a CNL induces a large and significant drop in US imports from affected countries, both in value and as a share of total US imports, and much of their market share is captured by non‐GSP countries, contrary to the policy objectives of CNLs.
Transudate or exudate: can lactate dehydrogenase activity in canine and feline effusions help to differentiate between the 2?
Authors: Smuts Celia M. , Mills Jennifer N. , Gaál Tibor 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity is often measured in human effusions to help in differentiating between transudates and exudates. Few studies have been performed using effusion samples from animals.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to determine whether LDH can be used to differentiate between transudative and exudative effusions in dogs and cats (including postmortem samples), and whether there is a difference between different laboratory methods of LDH measurement.MethodsLactate dehydrogenase activity was measured in canine and feline effusions that were submitted to the Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital Clinical Pathology Laboratory over approximately 12 months using 2 wet and one dry chemistry methods, including 10 effusions collected postmortem. Results were compared to classification using traditional methods for effusion types.ResultsLactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in exudates than in transudates, significantly different depending on the method of measurement, and significantly higher in all effusions collected postmortem. An LDH effusion:serum ratio of < 0.5 was associated with transudates. There was no significant difference between samples collected into EDTA or plain serum tubes, in frozen and thawed samples, or after storage at 4°C for 3–7 days.ConclusionsMeasurement of LDH activity may be useful in helping to differentiate between transudates and exudates in cats and dogs. The method of measurement must be known and kept consistent if cutoff values are to be used. The LDH activity was increased in all effusions collected from animals after death, potentially invalidating its use postmortem.
Molecular basis of circadian rhythmicity in renal physiology and pathophysiology
Authors: Gumz Michelle L. 
Published: October 2016

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This brief symposium report is focused on the molecular and physiological evidence that supports a key role for the circadian clock in the regulation of kidney function.

What advances does it highlight?
Progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of the kidney clock is reviewed here, including new results from global ‘omics’ studies and candidate gene approaches. The molecular kidney clock is a master regulator of gene expression that affects renal electrolyte and drug handling as well as blood pressure.

In this brief review, an overview of the molecular and physiological evidence for the kidney clock and the implications for the regulation of renal physiology and pathophysiology are presented. Accumulating evidence suggests that the molecular circadian clock acts as a master regulator of gene expression in the kidney. Global transcriptomic approaches have revealed the important finding that there are thousands of genes in the kidney subject to regulation by the molecular clock. Candidate gene approaches have also yielded information regarding regulation of renal sodium transport genes by the molecular clock. To date, the evidence linking the molecular kidney clock to rhythmic renal function provides strong support for the concept that circadian control of gene expression underlies rhythms in physiological function.
Prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria in ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Erfani Yousef , Rasti Arezoo , Janani Leila 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and potentially lethal problem among mechanically ventilated neonates in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The main pathogenic bacteria of VAP in NICUs are Gram-negative pathogens, which show a general decline in sensitivities to commonly used antibiotics, but their true prevalence is not known.Methods and analysisWe aim to provide a systematic review of studies measuring the prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria in VAP in NICUs. We will search PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE and the ISI Web of Science, as well as the Google Scholar search engine with no restriction on language. Full copies of articles will be identified by a defined search strategy and will be considered for inclusion against predefined criteria. Study selection and data extraction will be performed by 2 independent reviewers. Statistical analysis will include the identification of data sources and documentation of estimates, as well as the application of the random-effects and fixed-effects meta-analysis models. This will allow us to aggregate prevalence estimates and account for between-study variability in calculating the overall pooled estimates and 95% CI for the prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria in VAP in NICUs. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2and χ2statistical tests to determine the extent of variation in effect estimates due to heterogeneity rather than chance. Publication bias and data synthesis will be assessed by funnel plots and Begg's and Egger's tests using STATA software V.13. This systematic review protocol was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical issues are predicted. These findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberCRD42016036048.
Estimating the burden of injury in urban and rural Sudan in 2008
Authors: Abdalla Safa , Ahmed Suad , Swareldahab Zeinab , Bhalla Kavi 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundSudan has been undergoing demographic and social changes that could have a tangible impact on population injury rates. However, reliable estimates of injury epidemiology are lacking. We aimed to estimate injury incidence and mortality in urban and rural Sudan, using existing data sources.MethodsWe used the 2008 national census mortality data with mortuary data to construct unintentional and intentional injury mortality estimates in urban and rural areas. We estimated incidence of non-fatal injuries using the Sudan Household Health Survey 2010. Uncertainty analysis was carried out to construct 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for the final estimates.FindingsOverall injury death rate was estimated at 109 (95% UI 83–142) per 100 000 per year, 94 (66–129) per 100 000 in urban populations and 117 (95% UI 86–157) per 100 000 in rural populations. Injuries accounted for 12% of all male deaths and 6% of all female deaths, but more than half of the deaths among young men aged 20–34 years. Urban injury rates were higher among males but lower among females than rural injury rates. Road traffic injuries were the major cause of fatal injury in urban Sudan, but other causes accounted for the majority of non-fatal injuries nationally.ConclusionsRoad traffic injuries should remain a priority for the country but better data are needed for rural Sudan. To that end, investment in existing data collection systems is essential. Our method can be applied in other countries with a similar data availability pattern.
Harmonisation of full blood count reports, recommendations of the French-speaking cellular haematology group (GFHC)
Authors: Trimoreau Franck , Galoisy Anne-Cécile , Geneviève Franck , Bardet Valérie , Cornet Edouard , Hurst Jean-Pierre , Lesesve Jean-François , Leymarie Vincent , Lusina Daniel , Perez Benoite , Cahn Jean-Yves , Damaj Gandhi , Ugo Valérie , Troussard Xavier 
Published: October 2016

AimsTo propose recommendations related to the presentation, content and formulation of full blood count analysis reports.MethodsStrong professional agreement among a group of experts from the French-Speaking Cellular Haematology Group (GFHC) was obtained.ResultsThe following two proposals emerged from the consensus: (1) stratification of comments into three parts upon the discovery of an anomaly in blood cell analysis and (2) selection and/or redefinition of the terms recommended for designating the cell types found in normal and pathological peripheral blood.ConclusionsThe recommendations can help biologists who are currently undergoing the process of accreditation.
Precision measurements of cross-sections for inelastic processes in collisions of alkali metal ions with atoms of rare gases
Authors: Lomsadze R. A. , Gochitashvili M. R. , Kezerashvili R. Ya. 
Published: October 2016

A multifaceted experimental study of collisions of Na[Formula: see text] and K[Formula: see text] ions in the energy range of 0.5–10 keV with He and Ar atoms is presented. Absolute cross-sections for charge-exchange, ionization, stripping and excitation processes were measured using a refined version of the transfer electric field method, angle- and energy-dependent collection of product ions, energy loss and optical spectroscopy methods. The experimental data and the schematic correlation diagrams are employed to analyze and determine the mechanisms for these processes.
A Tissue Systems Pathology Test Detects Abnormalities Associated with Prevalent High-Grade Dysplasia and Esophageal Cancer in Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Critchley-Thorne Rebecca J. , Davison Jon M. , Prichard Jeffrey W. , Reese Lia M. , Zhang Yi , Repa Kathleen , Li Jinhong , Diehl David L. , Jhala Nirag C. , Ginsberg Gregory G. , DeMarshall Maureen , Foxwell Tyler , Jobe Blair A. , Zaidi Ali H. , Duits Lucas C. , Bergman Jacques J.G.H.M. , Rustgi Anil , Falk Gary W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground: There is a need for improved tools to detect high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with Barrett's esophagus. In previous work, we demonstrated that a 3-tier classifier predicted risk of incident progression in Barrett's esophagus. Our aim was to determine whether this risk classifier could detect a field effect in nondysplastic (ND), indefinite for dysplasia (IND), or low-grade dysplasia (LGD) biopsies from Barrett's esophagus patients with prevalent HGD/EAC.Methods: We performed a multi-institutional case–control study to evaluate a previously developed risk classifier that is based upon quantitative image features derived from 9 biomarkers and morphology, and predicts risk for HGD/EAC in Barrett's esophagus patients. The risk classifier was evaluated in ND, IND, and LGD biopsies from Barrett's esophagus patients diagnosed with HGD/EAC on repeat endoscopy (prevalent cases, n = 30, median time to HGD/EAC diagnosis 140.5 days) and nonprogressors (controls, n = 145, median HGD/EAC-free surveillance time 2,015 days).Results: The risk classifier stratified prevalent cases and non-progressor patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk classes [OR, 46.0; 95% confidence interval, 14.86-169 (high-risk vs. low-risk); P &lt; 0.0001]. The classifier also provided independent prognostic information that outperformed the subspecialist and generalist diagnosis.Conclusions: A tissue systems pathology test better predicts prevalent HGD/EAC in Barrett's esophagus patients than pathologic variables. The results indicate that molecular and cellular changes associated with malignant transformation in Barrett's esophagus may be detectable as a field effect using the test.Impact: A tissue systems pathology test may provide an objective method to facilitate earlier identification of Barrett's esophagus patients requiring therapeutic intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(2); 240–8. ©2016 AACR.
Phase IB Study of Vemurafenib in Combination with Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer with BRAFV600E Mutation
Authors: Hong David S. , Morris Van K. , El Osta Badi , Sorokin Alexey V. , Janku Filip , Fu Siqing , Overman Michael J. , Piha-Paul Sarina , Subbiah Vivek , Kee Bryan , Tsimberidou Apostolia M. , Fogelman David , Bellido Jorge , Shureiqi Imad , Huang Helen , Atkins Johnique , Tarcic Gabi , Sommer Nicolas , Lanman Richard , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Kopetz Scott 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In vitro, EGFR inhibition, combined with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, causes synergistic cytotoxicity for BRAFV600E metastatic colorectal cancer, further augmented by irinotecan. The safety and efficacy of vemurafenib, irinotecan, and cetuximab in BRAF-mutated malignancies are not defined. In this 3+3 phase I study, patients with BRAFV600E-advanced solid cancers received cetuximab and irinotecan with escalating doses of vemurafenib. Nineteen patients (18 with metastatic colorectal cancer and 1 with appendiceal cancer) were enrolled. Three patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities. The MTD of vemurafenib was 960 mg twice daily. Six of 17 evaluable patients (35%) achieved a radiographic response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 criteria, consistent with in vivo models demonstrating tumor regressions with the triplet regimen. Median progression-free survival was 7.7 months. BRAFV600E circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) trends correlated with radiographic changes, and acquired mutations from cfDNA in genes reactivating MAPK signaling were observed at progression.
Significance: Vemurafenib, in combination with irinotecan and cetuximab, was well tolerated in patients with refractory, BRAF-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer, and both survival outcomes and response rates exceeded prior reports for vemurafenib and for irinotecan plus cetuximab in BRAFV600E metastatic colorectal cancer. In vivo models demonstrated regressions with the triplet, in contrast with vemurafenib and cetuximab alone. cfDNA predicted radiographic response and identified mutations reactivating the MAPK pathway upon progression. Cancer Discov; 6(12); 1352–65. ©2016 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1293
Canadian Registry of Implantable Electronic Device Outcomes
Authors: Parkash Ratika , Thibault Bernard , Mangat Iqwal , Coutu Benoit , Bennett Matthew , Healey Jeffrey , Verma Atul , Philippon Francois , Sandhu Roopinder , Cameron Douglas , Ayala-Paredes Felix , Sterns Laurence , Essebag Vidal , Kus Teresa , Nery Pablo , Stephenson Elizabeth , Yee Raymond , Exner Derek , Toal Satish , Birnie David , Wells George , Krahn Andrew 
Published: October 2016

Background—
The Riata lead under advisory has posed a unique clinical scenario where inside-out abrasion results in externalization of conductor cables, with a higher risk of electrical failure. We developed a comprehensive registry to assist with clinical management of this lead.

Methods and Results—

This Canadian registry reports the findings of 3763 (74.2% of all Riata leads in Canada) Riata leads under advisory, with a mean follow-up time of 8.9±1.5 years. The overall electrical failure rate was 5.2% at 8 years, with no difference between 7-French and 8-French lead models. Cable externalization was found to be more common in the 8-French model (12.3% versus 5.2%,
P
<0.0001) and was associated with a higher risk of electrical failure. Predictors of electrical lead failure included cable externalization, higher left ventricular ejection fraction, younger age, higher body mass index, and a passive fixation lead. One patient died due to electrical failure, a further 2 patients survived an event where the device failed to deliver high-voltage therapy. Major complications because of lead extraction were higher when compared with lead abandonment, no difference among lead model observed. Two deaths occurred as a consequence of lead extraction, in the context of an underlying infection.

Conclusions—
The Riata lead under advisory has a steady electrical failure rate over time. There are identifiable predictors of lead failure that can assist with clinical decisions as to whether lead revision should be performed prophylactically.
Basal Left Ventricular Dilatation and Reduced Contraction in Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse Can Be Secondary to Annular Dilatation
Authors: Fukuda Shota , Song Jae-Kwan , Mahara Keitaro , Kuwaki Hiroshi , Jang Jeong Yoon , Takeuchi Masaaki , Sun Byung Joo , Kim Yun Jeong , Miyamoto Tetsu , Oginosawa Yasushi , Sonoda Shinjo , Eto Masataka , Nishimura Yosuke , Takanashi Shuichiro , Levine Robert A. , Otsuji Yutaka 
Published: October 2016

Background—
Prominent mitral valve (MV) annular dilatation with only modest left ventricular (LV) dilatation in patients with MV prolapse (MVP) suggests predominant dilatation in adjacent basal LV, which may augment regional wall tension and attenuate contraction by Laplace’s law. We hypothesized that MV annular dilatation in patients with MVP is associated with the basal predominance of LV dilatation and attenuated contraction, which can be altered by surgical MV plasty with annulus reduction.

Methods and Results—

Echocardiography with speckle-tracking analysis to assess regional cross-sectional short-axis area and longitudinal contraction (strain) of basal, middle, and apical LV was performed in 30 controls and 130 patients with MVP. The basal value/averaged middle and apical values (B/M·A ratio) of LV cross-sectional area and strain were obtained. Patients with MVP showed significantly greater MV annular area (6.4±1.6 versus 3.7±0.6 cm
2
/m
2
), increased B/M·A LV area ratio (2.4±0.5 versus 1.8±0.2), and reduced B/M·A LV strain ratio (0.83±0.14 versus 0.96±0.09) than controls (
P
<0.001). Multivariable analyses identified that MV annular dilatation was independently associated with increased B/M·A LV area ratio (β=0.60,
P
<0.001), which was associated with reduced B/M·A LV strain ratio (β=−0.32,
P
<0.001). In 35 patients with MVP, B/M·A LV area and strain ratio significantly altered after surgical MV plasty with annulus reduction (2.5±0.5–1.8±0.3 and 0.73±0.10–0.89±0.17,
P
<0.001, respectively).

Conclusions—
In patients with MVP, MV annular dilatation was associated with the basal predominance of LV dilatation and reduced contraction, which can be altered by surgical MV plasty with annulus reduction, suggesting unfavorable influence from MV annular dilatation on basal LV.
Effect of Sex Differences on the Association Between Stroke Risk and Left Atrial Anatomy or Mechanics in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yoshida Kuniko , Obokata Masaru , Kurosawa Koji , Sorimachi Hidemi , Kurabayashi Masahiko , Negishi Kazuaki 
Published: October 2016

Background—

Embolic stroke in atrial fibrillation is more prevalent in women than in men, yet the basis for this difference remains unclear. This study seeks to elucidate whether there are any sex differences in the relationships between stroke risk (CHADS
2
score, CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score without a sex category, and estimated stroke rate) and left atrial (LA) anatomy or mechanics in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods and Results—

LA emptying fraction and global peak atrial longitudinal strain were assessed in 414 subjects with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (156 women and 258 men). Linear regression models with an interaction term were performed to test the effect of sex difference on associations between the embolic risk and LA function or anatomy. Sensitivity analyses were performed in 228 age, heart rate, and rhythm-matched subjects (114 women and men). Women were older and had larger LA volumes and lower LA mechanics than men. Significant negative association between the CHADS
2
score and LA emptying fraction was only demonstrated in women with a significant interaction between sexes. Similar significant interactions were found in global peak atrial longitudinal strain but not in LA volume. These findings were corroborated in the comparisons against CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score without a sex category and the estimated stroke rate. Sensitivity analyses in the matched subgroup also confirmed the robustness of these sex differences in LA emptying fraction, but less so in global peak atrial longitudinal strain.

Conclusions—
Significant sex interactions on the association between global LA function and risk stratification schemes exist, which may be a reason for the higher prevalence of embolic stroke in women.