bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for enhanced single-crystal GaN growth in the C-assisted Na-flux method
Authors: Kawamura Takahiro , Imabayashi Hiroki , Maruyama Mihoko , Imade Mamoru , Yoshimura Masashi , Mori Yusuke , Morikawa Yoshitada 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
First-principles molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the effect of C addition in Na-flux growth of GaN. The mechanism for suppression of polycrystalline growth and the enhancement of single-crystal growth was identified by systematically calculating activation free energies for the formation and dissociation of C–N bonds. The energy barrier for C–N dissociation in a Ga–Na melt is ≥3 eV; thus, dissociation is inhibited and the growth of polycrystals is suppressed. However, at kink sites at a Na/GaN interface with excess Ga atoms, the barrier is only ∼1.0 eV, allowing C–N dissociation and growth of GaN single crystals.
Effect of added silicon carbide nanowires and carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties of 0–3 natural rubber composites
Authors: Janyakunmongkol Khantichai , Nhuapeng Wim , Thamjaree Wandee 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this work, the mechanical properties of 0–3 nanocomposite materials containing silicon carbide nanowires (SiCNWs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and natural rubber were studied. The SiCNWs and CNTs were used as reinforcement fiber whereas natural rubber was used as the matrix phase. The chemical vapor depositions (CVD) was used for synthesizing the nanowire and nanotube phases. The volume fraction of reinforcement was varied from 0 to 10%. The nanophases were mixed in the natural rubber matrix and molded by the hand lay-up technique. The mechanical properties of the samples were examined and compared with those of neat natural rubber. From the results, it was found that the hardness and density of the samples increased with the quantities of nanophases. The nanocomposites with a volume fraction of 10% exhibited maximum hardness (50.5 SHORE A). The maximum tensile strength and extent of elongation at break of the samples were obtained from the 4% volume fraction sample, which were 16.13 MPa and 1,540%, respectively.
Engaging youth in alcohol policy: The Lee Law Project
Authors: Mosher James F. , D’Andrea Maia E. 
Published: December 2015

Mosher, J., & D’Andrea, M. (2015). Engaging youth in alcohol policy: The Lee Law Project. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 113-118. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.206Aims: (1) Conduct a pilot project to test the effectiveness of a youth development “toolkit” designed to reduce youth exposure tosignage on liquor store windows; (2) Highlight the disparity in violation rates of a state law limiting window signage on liquorstore windows between low income communities of color and higher income, predominantly Anglo communities.Design: Pilot project/case study. Participating young people, working with adult coaches, photographed liquor store windows inthree communities and determined level of compliance with state law limiting liquor store window signage to 33 percent of totalwindow area and requiring clear view of cash register area in the store.Setting: Three communities in Santa Cruz County, California, with diverse income and racial/ethnic compositions.Participants: 71 liquor stores.Measures: Compliance rates of participating liquor stores with state law limiting the amount and placement of window signage.Findings: Low income, predominantly Latino community had significantly lower compliance rates than two nearby higherincome, Anglo communities. Youth participants successfully engaged community organizations and policy makers in advocatingfor voluntary compliance.Conclusions: The toolkit provides a promising model for engaging youth in alcohol policy reform and reducing youth exposureto liquor store signage.
What is the role of roles? Exploring the link between social roles and women’s alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Grittner Ulrike , Nemeth Zsofia , Kuntsche Sandra , Gaertner Beate , Bloomfield Kim 
Published: December 2015

Grittner, U., Nemeth, Z., Kuntsche, S., Gaertner, B., & Bloomfield, K. (2015). What is the role of roles? Exploring the link between social roles and women’s alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 139-149. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.211Aims: This paper investigates how social roles are related to alcohol use among women in low- and middle-income countries.Methods: Cross-sectional data were used from 25-49-years-old women in 11 low- and middle-income countries from the GenACIS project. Dependent variables were current drinking and risky drinking (10+gr/day). Information on partnership, parenthood and having paid labour were used as social role measures. Multiple and multilevel regression analyses were carried out to test whether holding several roles are related to current and risky drinking.Results: Having paid work was associated with current and risky drinking across countries. Having a partner and having children were associated with a higher likelihood of abstention. With regard to country level characteristics per capita consumption was significantly related to both current drinking and risky drinking among women, while gross national income was significantly associated only with current drinking. Gender equality within the country did not have a significant association with women’s drinking. Concerning differing role combinations, working single women without children were most likely to be risky drinkers, while women who were not working and had a partner and children were the least likely.Conclusions: Paid labour was a substantial singular factor positively associated with women’s drinking. In addition, with the exception of Argentina and Kazakhstan, high per capita consumption on country level was associated with higher prevalence of risky drinking among women.
Optimum interpolation analysis of Aquarius sea surface salinity
Authors: Melnichenko Oleg , Hacker Peter , Maximenko Nikolai , Lagerloef Gary , Potemra James 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA new high‐resolution sea surface salinity (SSS) analysis has been produced using Aquarius satellite observations from September 2011 to June 2015. The motivation for the new product is twofold: to produce Level‐4 SSS analysis that is consistent with existing in situ observations such as from Argo profile data, and to reduce the large‐scale satellite biases that have existed in all versions of the standard Level‐3 Aquarius products. The new product is a weekly SSS analysis on a nearly global 0.5° grid. The analysis method is optimum interpolation (OI) that takes into account analyzed errors of the observations, specific to the Aquarius instrument. The method also includes a large‐scale correction for satellite biases, filtering of along‐track SSS data prior to OI, and the use of realistic correlation scales of SSS anomalies. All these features of the analysis are shown to result in more accurate SSS maps. In particular, the method reduces the effects of relative biases between the Aquarius beams and eliminates most of the large‐scale, space‐varying, and time‐varying satellite biases relative to in situ data, including spurious annual signals. Statistical comparison between the weekly OI SSS maps and concurrent buoy data demonstrates that the global root‐mean‐square error of the analysis is smaller than 0.2 pss for nearly all weeks over the ∼4 year period of comparison. The utility of the OI SSS analysis is also exemplified by the derived patterns of regional SSS variability.
Environmental controls on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the high‐altitude arid western Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau permafrost region
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Zhao Lin , Fang Hongbing , Zhao Yuguo , Smoak Joseph M. , Pang Qiangqiang , Ding Yongjian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhile permafrost in the circum‐Artic has great influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks, this might not be the case in low‐latitude arid permafrost regions. We test this hypothesis in the western Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) permafrost region. Fifty‐nine soil profiles were analyzed to examine the SOC and TN distribution and the controlling factors in western QTP, which is a desert steppe ecoregion. Mean stocks of SOC (5.29 kg m−2) and TN (0.56 kg m−2) for the top 200 cm in this area were lower than those of the east QTP and circum‐Arctic regions. The SOC and TN stocks under vegetative cover with permafrost conditions were significantly higher than those of desert conditions. The SOC and TN stocks for the layers of different depths were related to the content of clay, silt, and moisture. Although the active layer thickness (ALT) had a significant negative correlation to soil moisture, the ALT explained little or no variance in the SOC and TN stocks. The results showed that in the vast permafrost regions of the western QTP, the SOC and TN stocks are very low, and the main controlling factors for the SOC and TN are soil texture, moisture, and vegetation type. The SOC pool in this area may not be as vulnerable to degradation associated with climate warming and thus not emit greenhouse gases at the same rate as other permafrost regions. The different response of the SOC in this region should be considered in carbon cycling models.
Integer Programming
Authors: Balas Egon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInteger programming (IP) is optimization of a linear function subject to linear constraints in variables some or all of which are constrained to be integer. By far the most important special case of IP is 0–1 programming, in which the integer variables are restricted to 0 or 1. This is so because binary variables can be used to represent all kinds of situations not captured by linear or convex functions, like discontinuities, interruptions, implications, and other logical conditions that arise frequently in practice. The article outlines why and how this happens, discusses the scope and applicability of IP, and after introducing combinatorial optimization as the study of 0–1 programs defined on graphs, it reviews the relation of IP to statistics, in particular its applications to regression analysis, design of experiments and cluster analysis. Next, solution methods for IP's are outlined, the two principal ones being branch and bound (or implicit enumeration) and cutting planes (or convexification). The former one is relatively straightforward to implement and for 30 years was the only one used in practice, limiting the sphere of solvable IP's to no more than 30–40 integer variables. The latter one on the other hand generated a rich theory of cutting planes derived from several basic principles, but for 30 years could not be used in practice, mainly because of numerical problems. The article then outlines the revolution in the state of the art of IP that occurred roughly between 1990 and 2005. Namely, by embedding cutting planes into a branch‐and‐bound framework and using them in new ways, highly efficient algorithms were developed that can routinely solve instances with thousands of variables and constraints.
Financial Time Series
Authors: Tsay Ruey S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFinancial time series analysis is concerned with theory and practice of asset valuation over time. This article introduces key features and properties of financial time series and discusses econometric and statistical methods available for analyzing such series. It also discusses recent developments in financial time series analysis in the advent of high‐frequency transaction data and in estimation of stochastic diffusion equations for derivative pricing. Finally, the article provides methods for analyzing multiple asset returns.
Correlated Binary Data
Authors: Pendergast Jane F. , Gange Stephen J. , Lindstrom Mary J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCorrelated binary data may arise in longitudinal or spatial studies or through some other form of clustering of sampling units. The simplest setting, with clusters of size two and no covariates, leads to familiar methods of analysis. Models with covariates include response feature models, conditionally specified models, transitional models, marginal models, and cluster‐specific models. These may lead to different interpretations of the regression parameters.
Analysis of Complex Survey Data, Misuse of Standard Statistical Procedures
Authors: Brogan Donna J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Many researchers conduct primary or secondary analyses with data from complex sample surveys but do not realize that specialized statistical procedures need to be used. This article compares analyses of complex survey data conducted with standard statistical procedures (which assume simple random sampling) and with appropriate survey statistical procedures. The numerical examples illustrate that the inappropriate use of standard statistical procedures for complex survey data typically result in (i) biased estimators of population parameters, (ii) underestimation of standard errors, (iii) confidence intervals that are too narrow, and (iv) tests of statistical significance with underestimated
p
‐values. Weighted analyses using standard statistical procedures with an expansion or normed sampling weight variable yield correct estimators of population parameters but still yield incorrect results for estimated standard errors, confidence intervals, and statistical tests of significance. Survey statistical procedures are available today in almost all statistical software packages and also available as standalone software packages. Data analysts are advised to use appropriate survey statistical procedures for the analysis of complex survey data.
Accident Proneness
Authors: Kemp Adrienne W. , Kemp C. D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The entry reviews the development of both the concept of “accident proneness” as a possible personal cause of accidents and various statistical models that have been proposed to enable its detection and estimation (and hence to modify behavior in order to reduce the number of accidents). Unfortunately, a distribution derived in such a model can usually also be derived in a competing cause model. Attempts to apply this model approach in practice have proved largely ineffective. Since about 1985, attention has moved from model detection to risk evaluation and analysis.
Regression to the Mean: Introduction
Authors: Beach Michael L. , Baron John 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Regression to the mean (RTM) (also called regression toward the mean or reversion toward the mean) can broadly be described as the tendency of observations that are extreme by chance to move closer to the mean when repeated. The importance of this in statistics is that causality (see Causation)—rather than RTM—may erroneously be inferred when there is improvement after, say, a treatment or change after an intervention. In an experiment in which before and after measurements are made in order to evaluate some intervention, regression to the mean can account for some and possibly all of the estimated treatment effect. The extent of confounding will depend on the actual treatment effect, the sampling procedure used for patient selection, and the correlation between the two measurements. Methods of analysis and sampling techniques are available to adjust for regression to the mean, although direct estimation of treatment effects in trials is probably best.
Admixture in Human Populations
Authors: Basu Analabha 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhen parental populations give rise to a hybrid population, it is possible to estimate the proportions of admixture from each parental population on the basis of known marker allele frequencies if there has been no genetic drift. Previous methods include generalized least squares and maximum likelihood. Subsequent popular methods use unsupervised Bayesian clustering using genotype data for many loci. With availability of dense genotype data, recent methods of inferring admixture employ various tools like efficient haplotyping of the data, machine learning tools like Random Forests and topological data analysis. These methods not only utilize the allele frequencies at various loci but simultaneously also take account of the linkage‐disequilibrium between the loci. Applications of these methods provide us with greater understanding of documented as well as undocumented admixture events, which are reconstructed and teased out in fine details.
Uniform Random Numbers
Authors: Deng Lih‐Yuan , Shiau Jyh‐Jen Horng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPseudo‐random numbers, uniformly distributed on the interval , are widely used in the development of statistical methods when analytic methods are intractable. The following random number generators are described: linear congruential generators, MT19937, multiple recursive generators (MRGs), some special classes of MRGs such as DX, DL, DS, and DT. The merits of these generators are discussed. Designs and implementations of parallel random number generators are also discussed.
Alternating Treatments Designs
Authors: Coffee Gina , Kratochwill Thomas R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The alternating treatments design (ATD) is a type of single‐case research design that is commonly used to determine the effectiveness of two or more treatments. Conditions in the ATD are alternated rapidly and randomly/semirandomly, and effects can be analyzed by visual inspection and/or statistically (e.g., randomization tests). Using the ATD can be advantageous because treatment effects can be found rather quickly, and a withdrawal phase and baseline data are not always required.
Residuals in Structural Equation, Factor Analysis, and Path Analysis Models
Authors: Raykov Tenko 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Residuals are defined for structural equation, factor analysis, and path analysis models. Their defining equations are given and it is pointed out how they can be obtained in empirical contexts. The different types of residuals are particularly useful when examining local goodness of fit for those models, including cases when model choice is to be carried out, and can be especially helpful with large samples.
Disease Mapping, Hierarchical Models for
Authors: Waller Lance A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHierarchical models for disease mapping. Hierarchical models provide a convenient framework to combine information across multiple observational units. Such models are particularly convenient for small area estimation of disease rates to improve statistical precision of estimates associated with small local sample sizes. We review the basic framework of model‐based approaches for combining information across small administrative units through the use of random effects. Varying definitions of the random effects distribution allows one to combine information from all locations, neighboring locations, or a combination of both.
np‐Charts for Attribute Control
Authors: Leiva Víctor , Oliveira Amilcar 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this article, we introduce charts for attribute control considering the number of defective items, namednp‐charts. These charts are preferable over charts for proportion (p) of defective items, namedp‐charts, when the sample size (n) remains constant for all subgroups. The benefits of usingnp‐charts overp‐charts are: an easier interpretation and the fact that no calculation is required for each sample result. We provide a review of the basic issues related tonp‐charts and some recent ideas on the topic based on life distributions. In addition, we discuss an implementation ofnp‐charts in theRsoftware by using examples with data on attributes and lifetimes.
Statistics in Musicology
Authors: Beran Jan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the last few decades, music theory witnessed an increasing trend toward quantification. The quantification of musical data lead to a fast growing demand for statistical methods. Potentially, all areas of statistics can be useful for answering questions in musicology. Due to the complexity of music, often new statistical methods have to be developed. In the following, a brief overview is given, illustrated by a few examples.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Arylation of α‐Aryl‐α‐diazoacetates with Aniline Derivatives.
Authors: Xu Bin , Li Mao‐Lin , Zuo Xiao‐Dong , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe title reaction provides a new method for the synthesis of α‐diaryl acetates such as (III), (V), and (VII) in good yields and with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Differentiated syn‐1,2‐Diol Derivatives by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation—Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Alkoxy‐Substituted β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Monnereau Laure , Cartigny Damien , Scalone Michelangelo , Ayad Tahar , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTitle compounds (II), (IV), and (VI) are formed in the presence of chiral Ru‐catalyst using a mixture of HCOOH and triethylamine as hydrogen source in high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Copper‐Catalyzed Group‐, Site‐, and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution with a Readily Accessible Propargyl(pinacolato)boron Reagent: Utility in Stereoselective Synthesis and Mechanistic Attributes.
Authors: Shi Ying , Jung Byunghyuck , Torker Sebastian , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe first examples of allylic substitution reaction of allyl diethylphosphates with propargylated (pinacolato)boron compounds (II) are reported to provide generally branched products.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetramethyleneethane Equivalents: Recursive Reagents for Serialized Cycloadditions.
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Jeffreys Matthew S. , Raub Andrew G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA one‐pot procedure is developed consisting of a Diels—Alder reaction of the tetramethyleneethane equivalent (II) and dienophiles, subsequent elimination to give a second diene, captured in a subsequent [4 + 2] cycloaddition to afford compounds like (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Ynamide Carbopalladation: A Flexible Route to Mono‐, Bi‐ and Tricyclic Azacycles.
Authors: Campbell Craig D. , Greenaway Rebecca L. , Holton Oliver T. , Walker P. Ross , Chapman Helen A. , Russell C. Adam , Carr Greg , Thomson Amber L. , Anderson Edward A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA plenty of azacycles is obtained by a cascade sequence of carbopalladation followed by cross‐coupling/electrocyclization, or reduction processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Dearomatization of Alkyne‐Tethered Indoles: Divergent Synthesis of Spirocyclic Indolenines and Carbazoles.
Authors: James Michael J. , Clubley Rosa E. , Palate Kleopas Y. , Procter Thomas J. , Wyton Anthony C. , O'Brien Peter , Taylor Richard J. K. , Unsworth William. P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA common indole‐tethered propargyl alcohol precursor is converted efficiently into either spirocyclic indolenines or carbazoles by using different Ag(I) catalysts at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Superoxide Mediated Isomerization of 4‐Aryl‐but‐1‐ynes to 1‐Aryl‐1,3‐butadienes.
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Budanur Basavaraj M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe title isomerizations of the substrates having disubstitution at benzylic position give different products depending on the nature of the substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of N,N‐Disubstituted Hydroxylamines to Nitrones with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Authors: Matassini Camilla , Parmeggiani Camilla , Cardona Francesca , Goti Andrea 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIBX is proven as the reagent of choice for the preparation of aldonitrones from nonsymmetric hydroxylamines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Chemoselective Reduction of Nitro and Azo Compounds Catalyzed by a Well‐Defined Mo3S4 Cluster Bearing Diamine Ligands.
Authors: Pedrajas Elena , Sorribes Ivan , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias , Llusar Rosa 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA novel molybdenum complex MSDB is prepared and successfully applied as a catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes (I) and azobenzene (III) to anilines with Ph2SiH2.