bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mountain waves modulate the water vapor distribution in the UTLS
Authors: Heller Romy , Voigt Christiane , Beaton Stuart , Dörnbrack Andreas , Giez Andreas , Kaufmann Stefan , Mallaun Christian , Schlager Hans , Wagner Johannes , Young Kate , Rapp Markus 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The water vapor distribution in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) region has a strong impact on the atmospheric radiation budget. Transport and mixing processes on different scales mainly determine the water vapor concentration in the UTLS. Here, we investigate the effect of mountain waves on the vertical transport and mixing of water vapor. For this purpose we analyze measurements of water vapor and meteorological parameters recorded by the DLR Falcon and NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft taken during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) in New Zealand. By combining different methods, we develop a new approach to quantify location, direction and irreversibility of the water vapor transport during a strong mountain wave event on 4 July 2014. A large positive vertical water vapor flux is detected above the Southern Alps extending from the troposphere to the stratosphere in the altitude range between 7.7 and 13.0 km. Wavelet analysis for the 8.9 km altitude level shows that the enhanced upward water vapor transport above the mountains is caused by mountain waves with horizontal wavelengths between 22 and 60 km. A downward transport of water vapor with 22 km wavelength is observed in the lee-side of the mountain ridge. While it is a priori not clear whether the observed fluxes are irreversible, low Richardson numbers derived from dropsonde data indicate enhanced turbulence in the tropopause region related to the mountain wave event. Together with the analysis of the water vapor to ozone correlation, we find indications for vertical transport followed by irreversible mixing of water vapor. For our case study, we further estimate greater than 1 W m−2 radiative forcing by the increased water vapor concentrations in the UTLS above the Southern Alps of New Zealand, resulting from mountain waves relative to unperturbed conditions. Hence, mountain waves have a great potential to affect the water vapor distribution in the UTLS. Our regional study may motivate further investigations of the global effects of mountain waves on the UTLS water vapor distributions and its radiative effects.
The Questionable Legitimacy of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project
Authors: Fung Sissie 
Published: December 2017

The Questionable Legitimacy of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project
The global financial crisis of 2008 and the following public uproar over offshore tax evasion and corporate aggressive tax planning scandals gave rise to unprecedented international cooperation on tax information exchange and coordination on corporate tax reforms. At the behest of the G20, the OECD developed a comprehensive package of ‘consensus-based’ policy reform measures aimed to curb base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) by multinationals and to restore fairness and coherence to the international tax system. The legitimacy of the OECD/G20 BEPS Project, however, has been widely challenged. This paper explores the validity of the legitimacy concerns raised by the various stakeholders regarding the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
“Mal-estar entre os ferroviários”: a relação entre o Estado, a CVRD, o SINDFER e os trabalhadores de 1957 a 1961
Authors: Pereira André Ricardo Valle Vasco , Grandson Douglas Edward Furness 
Published: December 2017

<p>Esse artigo toma o jornal do Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB), <strong>Folha Capixaba</strong>, no período de 1957 até 1961, como base para estudar as relações estabelecidas entre o poder de Estado, a direção da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD), o Sindifer (Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Empresas Ferroviárias de Vitória) e os trabalhadores. Buscamos identificar as estratégias usadas por comunistas e trabalhistas como mediadores no interior desse arranjo de poder. Para tanto, discutimos com a literatura especializada e buscamos uma solução interpretativa que não seja unilateral no sentido dos mecanismos de controle ou cooptação, das dinâmicas internas das lideranças e das realidades vividas pelos ferroviários. Além disso, acompanhamos as circunstâncias mutantes de uma conjuntura complexa e rica, nas quais os atores por vezes se aliaram ou se afastaram, mas tendo sempre que dar respostas satisfatórias às pressões de suas bases e tendo em vista os limites estabelecidos. </p>
<em>Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias</em>, treinta y cinco años después. Lo que queda por hacer = <em>Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias</em>, Thirty Five Years Later. What Remanis to Be Done
Authors: Lobato Franco Isabel 
Published: December 2017

El aniversario de la publicación de una obra fundamental en la historiografía modernista catalana y española como es Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias de Carlos Martínez Shaw, sirve no sólo para rendir obligado tributo al autor, sino también como punto de partida de un ensayo donde se reflexiona sobre la evolución seguida por una línea de investigación que, abierta por Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias, rindió sus mejores frutos en las dos últimas décadas del siglo pasado y que en la actualidad ha desaparecido de las agendas de investigación de las universidades catalanas, quedando las relaciones entre Cataluña y América a merced de las tergiversadas opiniones de supuestos investigadores. El eclipse de este ámbito de investigación no se debe, en modo alguno al agotamiento de sus fuentes, antes bien, en este trabajo se muestra cómo existen fuentes prácticamente inéditas que permitirían ampliar hacia atrás el marco cronológico de Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias extendiéndolo hacia el siglo XVI.AbstractThe anniversary of the publication of a fundamental work in the Catalan and Spanish historiography of the Early Modern period , Carlos Martínez Shaw’s Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias, serves not only to pay a worthy tribute to the author, but also as the starting point of an essay reflecting on the evolution followed by line of research which, opened by Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias, bore its best results in the last two decades of the last century, but which has currently disappeared from the research agendas of the Catalan universities. Relations between Catalonia and America have thus been left at the mercy of the distorted opinions of supposed researchers. The eclipse of this area of research is not at all due to the drying-up of its sources, and this paper shows that there are practically unpublished sources which would make it possible to extend the time frame of Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias back to the sixteenth century.
Det är inte enbart frågan om nomenklatur: Naturvetenskap och estetik
Authors: Wolff Lili-Ann , Sjöblom Pia 
Published: December 2017

This article discusses the way humans value nature, with a focus on the way they value nature aesthetically. Of particular interest are the values of children and adolescents and the role of aesthetics in scientific studies. The discussion is based on philosophical writings, especially aesthetic sources, and current environmental education empirical research. Our aim is to show the necessity the science lessons have of an unambiguous aesthetic dimension. With flexible teaching methods that partly take place outdoor, the students' own values and aesthetic experiences become a prompting starting point for understanding humankind’s role in nature.
Intervenir par le sport auprès de jeunes contrevenants : analyse descriptive et compréhensive de dix interventions
Authors: Rioux Michel-Alexandre , Laurier Catherine , Gadais Tegwen , Terradas Miguel 
Published: December 2017

L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser des recherches portant sur des interventions fondées sur le sport en milieu de réhabilitation afin de comprendre comment et pourquoi de telles initiatives peuvent avoir un impact sur la réhabilitation des jeunes participants. Une revue de la littérature à été effectuée à partir de quatre bases de données : ERIC, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Psycinfo et Sport Discuss. Toutes les études répondant aux critères d’inclusion (N = 10) ont d’abord été analysées de manière descriptive, puis compréhensive à la lumière de la Théorie du changement (Weiss, 1998). Ces analyses ont permis de mettre en lumière les facteurs associés au fonctionnement des interventions basées sur le sport auprès des jeunes contrevenants. Les grands thèmes sous lesquels se regroupent les principaux facteurs sont (a) les jeunes participants (participation et non participation), (b) l’intervention basée sur le sport (objectifs et mécanismes), (c) l’expérience sportive des participants (entraîneurs et discipline sportive), (d) les effets de l’intervention sur les participants (attitude face à la délinquance, comportements délinquants, physique, psychologique, social et psychoéducative), et finalement, (e) les facteurs influençant la relation entre la participation sportive et les impacts sur les jeunes participants (intra personnels, interpersonnels et programmation). La présente étude mène à des recommandations sur l’implantation d’une intervention basée sur le sport en milieu de réhabilitation.
A Morpho-Syntactic Analysis of Modal Verbs in Iraqi Dialects: A Comparative Study
Authors: Mohammed Abbas Amthal , Kadir Mugair Sarab 
Published: December 2017

This study is an attempt to investigate and analyze the linguistic forms of modal verbs in three Iraqi dialects. These modal verbs are "can", "will" and "must” and the dialects under study are Musiliyah that is spoken in Mosul province in the north of Iraq, Baghdadiyah that is spoken in Baghdad city in the middle of Iraq and Basriyah that is spoken in the city of Basrah in the south. The study adopts the descriptive and comparative techniques of James' theory (1998) to analyze the data. The present study aims to investigate and analyze three modal verbs in three Iraqi dialects. It tends to share the same views of Ma'ruf (2011:24) and James (1998:19) who state that nations’ dialects can be fruitful which in turn can enrich their mother tongue, in disagreement with Lakoff (1972:) who argues that dialects may hinder their mother tongue which eventually can be fuzzier than of great help. The findings of the present study reveal that, in a way or another, speakers of IDs can use different kinds of clauses to convey the general and predicative meaning simultaneously. Dialects can help speakers of IDs reinforce their specificities and preferences, i.e., dialects strengthen their ability to create new words, which at long last, enrich their mother tongue. The analysis of the present study proves the usability of Ma'ruf’s (2011) and James’ (1998) standing regarding the dialects. Contrarily, the analysis also shows that Lakoff's views (1972) are not , to an extent, objective, i.e., her views are relative.
Grice’s Conversational Implicature: A Pragmatics Analysis of Selected Poems of Audre Lorde
Authors: Igwedibia Adaoma 
Published: December 2017

A number of works have been done by scholars on the study and interpretation of Audre Lorde’s poetry, especially through the lens of literary and critical analysis. However, Lorde’s poems have not been analyzed pragmatically. A lot may have been written about Lorde’s poetry, but there is absolutely no evidence of a pragmatics study of her work. Lorde is the author of many poems that have been studied in various theoretical dimensions, but none have been done with reference to their pragmatics implications. The problem which this research recognizes, therefore, is that Lorde’s poems, especially the ones under the present study, have not been studied and interpreted using Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicature (Cooperative Principle) which is comprised the four maxims: the maxims of Quantity, Quality, Manner and Relation. This study seeks to discover the extent to which these maxims could be applied to the reading of the selected poems of Lorde. It also seeks to ascertain the degree to which Lorde’s selected poems violate or adhere to these maxims. The study has found that Audre Lorde in some of her poems, violates the maxims as well as adheres to them both in the same breath.
The Effect of Two Pre- task Activities: Pre- taught Vocabulary and Brainstorming on Intermediate EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Khalili Sabet Masoud , Tahriri Abdorreza , Shirkoohi Somayeh Rostami 
Published: December 2017

The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of two pre- task activities of reading: pre- taught vocabulary and brainstorming in EFL learners’ reading comprehending. To this end, three intact classes in a private English Institute in Tehran, were selected from a population of 60 English learners. Based on their scores on Oxford Placement Test (OPT), the students were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group and a pre-test was run at the beginning of the course. At outset of the course a pre- test was run among three groups. The researcher instructed the experimental groups in 16 weeks, one session a week and lasting 40 minutes in each session. The first experimental group benefited from pre- taught vocabulary, while the second experimental group benefited from brainstorming as a pre- task and the third group did not receive any pre- task activities in the reading class. At the end of the course, a post- test with the same items of the pre- test was run to determine the improvement of EFL intermediate students’ reading comprehension changes and an attitude questionnaire was planned to determine the learners’ attitudes toward the pre- task activities. The results of paired sample t- test indicated that the use of pre- taught vocabulary and also brainstorming enhanced the scores of the first experimental and second experimental groups’ post- tests ; moreover, ANOVA results revealed a significant increase in reading comprehension scores of the first and the second experimental groups’ post- tests compared to the control group’ post-test scores. The results of attitude questionnaire demonstrated the pupils’ positive attitudes toward the use of pre- task activities.
The Effect of Problem Solving Task on Critical Reading of Intermediate EFL Learners in Iranian Context
Authors: Khalili Sabet Masoud , Madavi Zafarghandi Amir , Norouz Karkaraq Arezoo 
Published: December 2017

The attempt in this study is to investigate the effect of teaching critical thinking through problem solving on reading comprehension performance of EFL intermediate learners. In so doing, forty including twenty male and twenty female intermediate students studying English in an institute in Ardabil, Iran, were selected based on their scores on Preliminary English Test and assigned into control and experimental groups. Afterwards, the sample TOEFL reading comprehension pre-test was administered to both of these groups to ensure homogeneity. The learners in experimental group were taught through problem solving instruction and the learners in control group were taught through traditional method of instructing reading comprehension. After ten sessions of instruction, the same sample TOEFL reading comprehension as post-test was given to the learners to measure the possible differences between pre-test and post-test. The finding revealed teaching problem solving had statistically significant effect on EFL learners reading comprehension performance. Conclusion can be drawn to confirm that teaching critical thinking through problem solving bring better understanding of the text.
A Fluid Pulse on the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: Evidence From a Heat Flux Transect Across the Upper Limit of Gas Hydrate Stability
Authors: Pecher I. A. , Villinger H. , Kaul N. , Crutchley G. J. , Mountjoy J. J. , Huhn K. , Kukowski N. , Henrys S. A. , Rose P. S. , Coffin R. B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA transect of seafloor heat probe measurements on the Hikurangi Margin shows a significant increase of thermal gradients upslope of the updip limit of gas hydrate stability at the seafloor. We interpret these anomalously high thermal gradients as evidence for a fluid pulse leading to advective heat flux, while endothermic cooling from gas hydrate dissociation depresses temperatures in the hydrate stability field. Previous studies predict a seamount on the subducting Pacific Plate to cause significant overpressure beneath our study area, which may be the source of the fluid pulse. Double‐bottom simulating reflections are present in our study area and likely caused by uplift based on gas hydrate phase boundary considerations, although we cannot exclude a thermogenic origin. We suggest that uplift may be associated with the leading edge of the subducting seamount. Our results provide further evidence for the transient nature of fluid expulsion in subduction zones.
Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Earthquake Dynamics: Case Study of the Mw 8.3 Illapel Earthquake, Chile
Authors: Yin Jiuxun , Denolle Marine A. , Yao Huajian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe develop a methodology that combines compressive sensing backprojection (CS‐BP) and source spectral analysis of teleseismic P waves to provide metrics relevant to earthquake dynamics of large events. We improve the CS‐BP method by an autoadaptive source grid refinement as well as a reference source adjustment technique to gain better spatial and temporal resolution of the locations of the radiated bursts. We also use a two‐step source spectral analysis based on (i) simple theoretical Green's functions that include depth phases and water reverberations and on (ii) empirical P wave Green's functions. Furthermore, we propose a source spectrogram methodology that provides the temporal evolution of dynamic parameters such as radiated energy and falloff rates. Bridging backprojection and spectrogram analysis provides a spatial and temporal evolution of these dynamic source parameters. We apply our technique to the recent 2015 Mw 8.3 megathrust Illapel earthquake (Chile). The results from both techniques are consistent and reveal a depth‐varying seismic radiation that is also found in other megathrust earthquakes. The low‐frequency content of the seismic radiation is located in the shallow part of the megathrust, propagating unilaterally from the hypocenter toward the trench while most of the high‐frequency content comes from the downdip part of the fault. Interpretation of multiple rupture stages in the radiation is also supported by the temporal variations of radiated energy and falloff rates. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms, either from prestress, fault geometry, and/or frictional properties to explain our observables. Our methodology is an attempt to bridge kinematic observations with earthquake dynamics.
Investigating Compaction by Intergranular Pressure Solution Using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: van den Ende M. P. A. , Marketos G. , Niemeijer A. R. , Spiers C. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntergranular pressure solution creep is an important deformation mechanism in the Earth's crust. The phenomenon has been frequently studied and several analytical models have been proposed that describe its constitutive behavior. These models require assumptions regarding the geometry of the aggregate and the grain size distribution in order to solve for the contact stresses and often neglect shear tractions. Furthermore, analytical models tend to overestimate experimental compaction rates at low porosities, an observation for which the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here we present a conceptually simple, 3‐D discrete element method (DEM) approach for simulating intergranular pressure solution creep that explicitly models individual grains, relaxing many of the assumptions that are required by analytical models. The DEM model is validated against experiments by direct comparison of macroscopic sample compaction rates. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the overall DEM compaction rate to the grain size and applied stress is tested. The effects of the interparticle friction and of a distributed grain size on macroscopic strain rates are subsequently investigated. Overall, we find that the DEM model is capable of reproducing realistic compaction behavior, and that the strain rates produced by the model are in good agreement with uniaxial compaction experiments. Characteristic features, such as the dependence of the strain rate on grain size and applied stress, as predicted by analytical models, are also observed in the simulations. DEM results show that interparticle friction and a distributed grain size affect the compaction rates by less than half an order of magnitude.
Holocene Event Record of Aysén Fjord (Chilean Patagonia): An Interplay of Volcanic Eruptions and Crustal and Megathrust Earthquakes
Authors: Wils Katleen , Van Daele Maarten , Lastras Galderic , Kissel Catherine , Lamy Frank , Siani Giuseppe 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn the first months of 2007, the Aysén region in southern Chile was affected by a crustal seismic swarm. Its largest earthquake (Mw 6.2) occurred in April and had its epicenter in Aysén Fjord. Seismic intensities became so high that hundreds of onshore mass movements were triggered, several of which entered into the fjord, resulting in mass transport deposits (MTDs) preserved at the fjord bottom. Here we present a Holocene record of paleo‐earthquakes in the previously unstudied Patagonian fjordland based on MTD stratigraphy. High‐resolution seismic data retrieved using two different seismic systems (sparker and TOPAS) reveal multiple older MTDs on different stratigraphic levels. Correlation of the seismic stratigraphy with sedimentological data obtained from a long Calypso core (MD07‐3117) allows conclusion on the seismic origin of these deposits. Additionally, radiocarbon dating permits constructing an age model, validated by tephrochronology, providing an age for the different MTD levels. We thus present a highly detailed paleoseismological history of the Aysén region, including at least six major Holocene earthquakes, one of which is likely related to a known megathrust earthquake. Other earthquakes are related to activity of the Liquiñe‐Ofqui Fault Zone (LOFZ), forming the main source of seismic hazard in the area. We can infer a general average recurrence time for LOFZ earthquakes of ~2,100 years in the vicinity of Aysén Fjord with clustered events during the early and late Holocene. Finally, we argue that cascading events (causal link between volcanic and seismic events) may be a frequent phenomenon along the LOFZ.