bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emissions embodied in global trade have plateaued due to structural changes in China
Authors: Pan Chen , Peters Glen P. , Andrew Robbie M. , Korsbakken Jan Ivar , Li Shantong , Zhou Dequn , Zhou Peng 
Published: September 2017

In the 2000s, the rapid growth of CO2 emitted in the production of exports from developing to developed countries, in which China accounted for the dominant share, led to concerns that climate polices had been undermined by international trade. Arguments on “carbon leakage” and “competitiveness”—which led to the refusal of the U.S. to ratify the Kyoto Protocol—put pressure on developing countries, especially China, to limit their emissions with Border Carbon Adjustments used as one threat. After strong growth in the early 2000s, emissions exported from developing to developed countries plateaued and could have even decreased since 2007. These changes were mainly due to China: In 2002–2007, China's exported emissions grew by 827 MtCO2, amounting to almost all the 892 MtCO2 total increase in emissions exported from developing to developed countries, while in 2007–2012, emissions exported from China decreased by 229 MtCO2, contributing to the total decrease of 172 MtCO2 exported from developing to developed countries. We apply Structural Decomposition Analysis to find that, in addition to the diminishing effects of the global financial crisis, the slowdown and eventual plateau was largely explained by several potentially permanent changes in China: Decline in export volume growth, improvements in CO2 intensity, and changes in production structure and the mix of exported products. We argue that growth in China's exported emissions will not return to the high levels during the 2000s, therefore the arguments for climate polices focused on embodied emissions such as Border Carbon Adjustments are now weakened.Plain Language SummaryIn the 2000s, CO2 emissions from production in developed countries flattened while emissions from their consumption grew. The rapid growth of exported emissions from developing countries to developed countries, with the largest contribution from China, played a significant role. This led to concerns that climate polices had been undermined by rapid growth in international trade. Since around 2007, growth in these exported emissions has plateaued, predominantly due to changes in China. Our study investigates China's changes, demonstrating that in addition to the effects of global financial crisis, China implemented potentially permanent structural changes. We argue that China's exported emissions are unlikely to return to the growth levels from the 2000s, and therefore trade‐related climate polices will be much less relevant.
Global Structure and Sodium Ion Dynamics in Mercury's Magnetosphere With the Offset Dipole
Authors: Yagi M. , Seki K. , Matsumoto Y. , Delcourt D. C. , Leblanc F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe conducted global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation of Mercury's magnetosphere with the dipole offset, which was revealed by MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging) observations, in order to investigate its global structure under northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. Sodium ion dynamics originating from the Mercury's exosphere is also investigated based on statistical trajectory tracing in the electric and magnetic fields obtained from the MHD simulations. The results reveal a north‐south asymmetry characterized by open field lines around the southern polar region and northward deflection of the plasma sheet in the far tail. The asymmetry of magnetic field structure near the planet drastically affects trajectories of sodium ion and thus their pressure distributions and precipitation pattern onto the planet. Weaker magnetic field strength in the southern hemisphere than in the north increases ion loss by precipitation onto the planetary surface in the southern hemisphere. The “sodium ring,” which is formed by high‐energy sodium ions drifting around the planet, is also found in the vicinity of the planet. The sodium ring is almost circular under nominal solar wind conditions. The ring becomes partial under high solar wind density, because dayside magnetosphere is so compressed that there is no space for the sodium ions to drift around. In both cases, the sodium ring is formed by sodium ions that are picked up, accelerated in the magnetosheath just outside the magnetopause, and reentered into the magnetosphere due to combined effects of finite Larmor radius and convection electric field in the dawnside magnetosphere.
Magnetosheath High‐Speed Jets: Internal Structure and Interaction With Ambient Plasma
Authors: Plaschke F. , Karlsson T. , Hietala H. , Archer M. , Vörös Z. , Nakamura R. , Magnes W. , Baumjohann W. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFor the first time, we have studied the rich internal structure of a magnetosheath high‐speed jet. Measurements by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft reveal large‐amplitude density, temperature, and magnetic field variations inside the jet. The propagation velocity and normal direction of planar magnetic field structures (i.e., current sheets and waves) are investigated via four‐spacecraft timing. We find structures to mainly convect with the jet plasma. There are indications of the presence of a tangential discontinuity. At other times, there are small cross‐structure flows. Where this is the case, current sheets and waves overtake the plasma in the jet's core region; ahead and behind that core region, along the jet's path, current sheets are overtaken by the plasma; that is, they move in opposite direction to the jet in the plasma rest frame. Jet structures are found to be mainly thermal and magnetic pressure balance structures, notwithstanding that the dynamic pressure dominates by far. Although the jet is supermagnetosonic in the Earth's frame of reference, it is submagnetosonic with respect to the plasma ahead. Consequently, we find no fast shock. Instead, we find some evidence for (a series of) jets pushing ambient plasma out of their way, thereby stirring the magnetosheath and causing anomalous sunward flows in the subsolar magnetosheath. Furthermore, we find that jets modify the magnetic field in the magnetosheath, aligning it with their propagation direction.
Deducing Climatic Elasticity to Assess Projected Climate Change Impacts on Streamflow Change across China
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Yongqiang , Chen Xi , Li Jianfeng , Aryal Santosh K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractClimatic elasticity has been widely applied to assess streamflow responses to climate changes. To fully assess impacts of climate under global warming on streamflow and reduce the error and uncertainty from various control variables, we develop a four‐parameter (precipitation, catchment characteristics n, and maximum and minimum temperatures) climatic elasticity method named PnT, based on the widely used Budyko framework and simplified Makkink equation. We use this method to carry out the first comprehensive evaluation of the streamflow response to potential climate change for 372 widely spread catchments in China. The PnT climatic elasticity was first evaluated for a period 1980–2000, and then used to evaluate streamflow change response to climate change based on 12 global climate models under Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6) and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. The results show that (1) the PnT climatic elasticity method is reliable; (2) projected increasing streamflow takes place in more than 60% of the selected catchments, with mean increments of 9% and 15.4% under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 respectively; and (3) uncertainties in the projected streamflow are considerable in several regions, such as the Pearl River and Yellow River, with more than 40% of the selected catchments showing inconsistent change directions. Our results can help Chinese policy makers to manage and plan water resources more effectively, and the PnT climatic elasticity should be applied to other parts of the world.
Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Two Interacting Streamers
Authors: Shi Feng , Liu Ningyu , Dwyer Joseph R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInteracting streamers are commonly found in natural plasma discharges, such as lightning, jets and sprites, but are poorly understood at present. In this paper, we report a three‐dimensional modeling study of two interacting streamers simultaneously initiated from identical plasma columns in a uniform ambient field. Simulation results show that the streamers no longer propagate in the direction of the ambient field due to strong repulsion between them. The results also show that the peak field in the streamer head determines the direction of streamer propagation, and that the two streamers propagate in separate directions. We further conjecture that they will be unlikely to merge later on. Finally, the interacting streamers still grow exponentially, with a growth rate similar to an isolated streamer under the same condition.
Observation‐Based Study on Aerosol Optical Depth and Particle Size in Partly Cloudy Regions
Authors: Várnai T. , Marshak A. , Eck T. F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study seeks to help better understand aerosol‐cloud interactions by examining statistical relationships between aerosol properties and nearby low‐altitude cloudiness using satellite data. The analysis of a global data set of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations reveals that the positive correlation between cloudiness and aerosol optical depth (AOD) reported in earlier studies is strong throughout the globe and during both winter and summer. Typically, AOD is 30–50% higher on cloudier‐than‐average days than on less cloudy days. A combination of satellite observations and Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 global reanalysis data reveals that the correlation between cloud cover and AOD is strong for all aerosol types considered: sulfate, dust, carbon, and sea salt. The observations also indicate that in the presence of nearby clouds, aerosol size distributions tend to shift toward smaller particles over large regions of the Earth. This is consistent with a greater cloud‐related increase in the AOD of fine‐mode than of coarse‐mode particles. The greater increase in fine‐mode AOD implies that the cloudiness‐AOD correlation does not come predominantly from cloud detection uncertainties. Additionally, the results show that aerosol particle size increases near clouds even in regions where it decreases with increasing cloudiness. This suggests that the decrease with cloudiness comes mainly from changes in large‐scale environment, rather than from clouds increasing the number or the size of fine‐mode aerosols. Finally, combining different aerosol retrieval algorithms demonstrated that quality assessment flags based on local variability can help identifying when the observed aerosol populations are affected by surrounding clouds.
Hollow‐Structured Graphene–Silicone‐Composite‐Based Piezoresistive Sensors: Decoupled Property Tuning and Bending Reliability
Authors: Luo Ningqi , Huang Yan , Liu Jing , Chen Shih‐Chi , Wong Ching Ping , Zhao Ni 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA versatile flexible piezoresistive sensor should maintain high sensitivity in a wide linear range, and provide a stable and repeatable pressure reading under bending. These properties are often difficult to achieve simultaneously with conventional filler–matrix composite active materials, as tuning of one material component often results in change of multiple sensor properties. Here, a material strategy is developed to realize a 3D graphene–poly(dimethylsiloxane) hollow structure, where the electrical conductivity and mechanical elasticity of the composite can be tuned separately by varying the graphene layer number and the poly(dimethylsiloxane) composition ratio, respectively. As a result, the sensor sensitivity and linear range can be easily improved through a decoupled tuning process, reaching a sensitivity of 15.9 kPa−1 in a 60 kPa linear region, and the sensor also exhibits fast response (1.2 ms rising time) and high stability. Furthermore, by optimizing the density of the graphene percolation network and thickness of the composite, the stability and repeatability of the sensor output under bending are improved, achieving a measurement error below 6% under bending radius variations from −25 to +25 mm. Finally, the potential applications of these sensors in wearable medical devices and robotic vision are explored.
Specific and Direct Amplified Detection of MicroRNA with MicroRNA:Argonaute‐2 Cleavage (miRACle) Beacons
Authors: Luby Benjamin M. , Zheng Gang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMicroRNA detection is a valuable method for determining cell identity. Molecular beacons are elegant sensors that can transform intracellular microRNA concentration into a fluorescence intensity. While target binding enhances beacon fluorescence, the degree of enhancement is insufficient for demanding applications. The addition of specialty nucleases can enable target recycling and signal amplification, but this process complicates the assay. We have developed and characterized a class of beacons that are susceptible to the endogenous nuclease Argonaute‐2 (Ago2). After purification of the complex by co‐immunoprecipitation, microRNA:Ago2 cleavage (miRACle) beacons undergo site‐ and sequence‐specific cleavage, and show a 13‐fold fluorescence enhancement over traditional beacons. The system can be adapted to any microRNA sequence, and can cleave nuclease‐resistant, non‐RNA bases, potentially allowing miRACle beacons to be designed for cells without interference from non‐specific nucleases.
Branched Hydrosilane Oligomers as Ideal Precursors for Liquid‐Based Silicon‐Film Deposition
Authors: Haas Michael , Christopoulos Viktor , Radebner Judith , Holthausen Michael , Lainer Thomas , Schuh Lukas , Fitzek Harald , Kothleitner Gerald , Torvisco Ana , Fischer Roland , Wunnicke Odo , Stueger Harald 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHerein a convenient synthetic method to obtain 2,2,3,3‐tetrasilyltetrasilane 3 and 2,2,3,3,4,4‐hexasilylpentasilane 4 on a multigram scale is presented. Proton‐coupled 29Si NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography enabled unequivocal structural assignment. Owing to their unique properties, which are reflected in their nonpyrophoric character on contact with air and their enhanced light absorption above 250 nm, 3 and 4 are valuable precursors for liquid‐phase deposition (LPD) and the processing of thin silicon films. Amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) films of excellent quality were deposited starting from 3 and characterized by conductivity measurements, ellipsometry, optical microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
Practical Chemical Synthesis of Atypical Ubiquitin Chains by Using an Isopeptide‐Linked Ub Isomer
Authors: Tang Shan , Liang Lu‐Jun , Si Yan‐Yan , Gao Shuai , Wang Jia‐Xing , Liang Jun , Mei Ziqing , Zheng Ji‐Shen , Liu Lei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractChemical ubiquitination is an effective approach for accessing structurally defined, atypical ubiquitin (Ub) chains that are difficult to prepare by other techniques. Herein, we describe a strategy that uses a readily accessible premade isopeptide‐linked 76‐mer (isoUb), which has an N‐terminal Cys and a C‐terminal hydrazide, as the key building block to assemble atypical Ub chains in a modular fashion. This method avoids the use of auxiliary‐modified Lys and instead employs the canonical and therefore more robust Cys‐based native chemical ligation technique. The efficiency and capacity of this isoUb‐based strategy is exemplified by the cost‐effective synthesis of several linkage‐ and length‐defined atypical Ub chains, including K27‐linked tetra‐Ub and K11/K48‐branched tri‐, tetra‐, penta‐, and hexa‐Ubs.
Multi‐criteria analysis of a biorefinery for co‐production of lactic acid and ethanol from sugarcane lignocellulose
Authors: Mandegari Mohsen Ali , Farzad Somayeh , van Rensburg Eugéne , Görgens Johann F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBiorefineries are regarded as a key enabler to facilitate the transition toward a sustainable and low carbon bioeconomy. In this study, alternative lignocellulose biorefineries annexed to a typical sugar mill were investigated to co‐produce ethanol (EtOH), lactic acid (LA), and/or electricity, utilizing bagasse and a component of harvesting residues (brown leaves) as feedstock. Studied scenarios included EtOH as the sole product from glucose and xylose (Scenario 1), LA as the sole product from these two sugars (Scenario 2), EtOH from glucose and LA from xylose (Scenario 3), and EtOH from xylose and LA from glucose (Scenario 4), all of which were associated with some level of export electricity production. Aspen Plus® simulations of the scenarios were developed considering all supplementary units, such as evaporation, water treatment, boiler, and steam/power generation in addition to the process units required for the main product streams. Economic evaluation, energy assessment, and environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) were carried out on the developed simulations, in a multi‐criteria analysis of the desirability of each scenario. To service the combined energy demands of a sugar mill and annexed biorefinery, a 35 to 40% bypass of lignocellulose directly to the boiler section was required to achieve integrated scenarios that were energy self‐sufficient, i.e., not dependent on external (fossil) energy sources. Scenario 2 was economically most attractive with the highest internal rate of return (IRR) of 31.1%, whereas Scenario 1 had the lowest IRR of 10.0%. Scenarios 2 and 4 were economically the most robust, with the least sensitivity to variations in the key economic drivers, i.e., EtOH, LA and enzymes. The LCA suggested that LA producing scenarios introduced environmental burdens that were marginally higher than Scenario 1, due to higher consumption of processing chemicals. Overall, Scenario 4 was found to be the most desirable biorefinery scenario, by balancing financial and environmental considerations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Dilemma during ultrasound‐guided internal jugular venous catheterization
Authors: Dwarakanath Sanjay , Cheriyan Monica , Rebel Annette 
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical MessageThe presence of Internal Jugular Valves can pose a diagnostic and procedural challenge during ultrasound‐guided cannulation. After ruling out dissection, thrombus, or ultrasound artifacts, it can still be accessed and successfully cannulated with appropriate precautions including use of Live ultrasound, positioning, use of soft‐tipped catheters, and minimizing duration of catheter placement.
Maxillary molar healing after treatment of an uninstrumented canal with a novel root canal procedure: a case report
Authors: DiVito Enrico E. , Le Khang T. 
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical MessageA major cause for endodontic failure is the inability to treat all anatomy. Studies report endodontic retreatments contain 42% missed canals. This case illustrates dentin preservation of a molar with an uninstrumented mesiobuccal‐3 canal revealed post‐GentleWave Procedure. Efficient cleaning and disinfection with maintained healing to 18 months is demonstrated.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma presenting as an inconspicuous primary lesion with extensive cavernous sinus involvement and temporal lobe extension: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Pollard Courtney , Mesko Shane M. , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Kies Merrill S. , Raza Shaan M. , Su Shirley Y. , Tung Sam , Phan Jack 
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical MessageDetection of nodal metastasis in the neck or adjacent structures is common in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) when there is frank primary disease. Intracranial extension without obvious nasopharyngeal disease is not common. Here, we discuss a patient with NPC that presented with extensive intracranial disease with subtle findings in the nasopharynx.
Rate and Selectivity Control in Thioether and Alkene Oxidation with H2O2 over Phosphonate‐Modified Niobium(V)–Silica Catalysts
Authors: Thornburg Nicholas E. , Notestein Justin M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSupported metal oxide catalysts are versatile materials for liquid‐phase oxidations, including alkene epoxidation and thioether sulfoxidation with H2O2. Periodic trends in H2O2 activation was recently demonstrated for alkene epoxidation, highlighting Nb‐SiO2 as a more active and selective catalyst than Ti‐SiO2. Three representative catalysts are studied consisting of NbV, TiIV, and ZrIV on silica, each made through a molecular precursor approach that yields highly dispersed oxide sites, for thioanisole oxidation by H2O2. Initial rates trend Nb>Ti≫Zr, as for epoxidation, and Nb outperforms Ti for a number of other thioethers. In contrast, selectivity to sulfoxide vs. sulfone trends Ti>Nb≫Zr at all conversions. Modifying the Nb‐SiO2 catalyst with phenylphosphonic acid does not completely remove sulfoxidation reactivity, as it did for photooxidation and epoxidation, and results in an unusual material active for sulfoxidation but neither epoxidation nor overoxidation to the sulfone.
Accessing d‐Valine Synthesis by Improved Variants of Bacterial Cyclohexylamine Oxidase
Authors: Gong Rui , Yao Peiyuan , Chen Xi , Feng Jinhui , Wu Qiaqing , Lau Peter C. K. , Zhu Dunming 
Published: September 2017

AbstractChemoenzymatic deracemization was applied to prepare d‐valine from racemic valine ethyl ester or l‐valine ethyl ester in high yield (up to 95 %) with excellent optical purity (>99 % ee) by employing a newly evolved cyclohexylamine oxidase (CHAO) variant Y321I/M226T exhibiting catalytic efficiency that was 30 times higher than that of the wildtype CHAO. Interestingly, CHAO and its variants showed opposite enantioselectivity for valine ethyl ester and phenylalanine ethyl ester.
Stereoselective Arene‐Forming Aldol Condensation: Catalyst‐Controlled Synthesis of Axially Chiral Compounds
Authors: Witzig Reto M. , Lotter Dominik , Fäseke Vincent C. , Sparr Christof 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe fundamental role that aldol chemistry adopts in various disciplines, such as stereoselective catalysis or the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides, illustrates its exceptional versatility. On the one hand, numerous aldol addition reactions reliably transfer the stereochemical information from catalysts into various valuable products. On the other hand, countless aromatic polyketide natural products are produced by an ingenious biosynthetic machinery based on arene‐forming aldol condensations. With the aim of complementing aldol methodology that controls stereocenter configuration, we recently combined these two tenets by investigating small‐molecule‐catalyzed aldol condensation reactions that stereoselectively form diverse axially chiral compounds through the construction of a new aromatic ring.
Role of the Bridging Group in Bis‐Pyridyl Ligands: Enhancing Both the Photo‐ and Electroluminescent Features of Cationic (IPr)CuI Complexes
Authors: Elie Margaux , Weber Michael D. , Di Meo Florent , Sguerra Fabien , Lohier Jean‐François , Pansu Robert B. , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Hamel Matthieu , Linares Mathieu , Costa Rubén D. , Gaillard Sylvain 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe report on the benefits of changing the bridging group X of bis‐pyridyl ligands, that is, Py‐X‐Py where X is NH, CH2, C(CH3)2, or PPh, on the photo‐ and electroluminescent properties of a new family of luminescent cationic H‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) complexes. A joint experimental and theoretical study demonstrates that the bridging group affects the molecular conformation from a planar‐like structure (X is NH and CH2) to a boat‐like structure (X is C(CH3)2 and PPh), leading to i) four‐fold enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield (ϕem) without affecting the thermally activated delayed fluorescence mechanism, and ii) one order of magnitude reduction of the ionic conductivity (σ) of thin films. This leads to an overall enhancement of the device efficacy and luminance owing to the increased ϕem and the use of low applied driving currents.