bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ULTRA-FAINT GALAXY CANDIDATE DISCOVERED IN EARLY DATA FROM THE MAGELLANIC SATELLITES SURVEY
Authors: Drlica-Wagner A. , Bechtol K. , Allam S. , Tucker D. L. , Gruendl R. A. , Johnson M. D. , Walker A. R. , James D. J. , Nidever D. L. , Olsen K. A. G. , Wechsler R. H. , Cioni M. R. L. , Conn B. C. , Kuehn K. , Li T. S. , Mao Y.-Y. , Martin N. F. , Neilsen E. , Noel N. E. D. , Pieres A. , Simon J. D. , Stringfellow G. S. , Marel R. P. van der , Yanny B. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
We report a new ultra-faint stellar system found in Dark Energy Camera data from the first observing run of the Magellanic Satellites Survey (MagLiteS). MagLiteS J0644−5953 (Pictor II or Pic II) is a low surface brightness (

within its half-light radius) resolved overdensity of old and metal-poor stars located at a heliocentric distance of

. The physical size (

) and low luminosity (

) of this satellite are consistent with the locus of spectroscopically confirmed ultra-faint galaxies. MagLiteS J0644−5953 (Pic II) is located

from the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and comparisons with simulation results in the literature suggest that this satellite was likely accreted with the LMC. The close proximity of MagLiteS J0644−5953 (Pic II) to the LMC also makes it the most likely ultra-faint galaxy candidate to still be gravitationally bound to the LMC.
L’efficacité dans la diversité, la preuve par Jolokia
Authors: Bourguinat Élisabeth 
Published: November 2016

Team Jolokia embarque des équipages avec de fortes différences : juniors/seniors, hommes/femmes, mais aussi des handicapés. Sur cinq compétitions, Jolokia accède à trois podiums. Avec un management approprié, la diversité est source de performance.
Usage of directional common image gathers for shallow seismic source localization
Authors: Lellouch Ariel , Reshef Moshe 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTAccurate localization of shallow subsurface seismic events recorded by an array of receivers might be challenging given the near‐surface complexity and its inadequate spatial sampling, low velocities, and limited frequency content. A novel approach that performs a joint localization and velocity analysis is presented. In this study, we utilize non‐conventional migrated common image gathers as a tool for velocity and location analysis, based on the diffractive nature of the source. Only when the correct velocity model is used energy from all receivers is coherently focused at the true subsurface location. However, if the used model or CIG location is wrong, the migrated event does not have a flat moveout. The effectiveness of this technique is greatly improved by the use of vertical arrays of receivers. Through synthetic and real data examples, we show the usefulness of the method in a fully automatic workflow.
Design and Development Philosophies for Arctic Projects
Authors: Kuehnlein Walter L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper describes some design and development philosophies for Arctic Projects. In order to have success in realizing new projects in Arctic or ice covered areas, these projects need to consider besides operational and technical also social, physiological and political aspects. This means prior such a project should be defined, all aspects need be heard, collected and included in the development of the project. As we have to realize, everyone who will be not directly involved from day one in such projects might be able to stop the project at a later state resulting in a major waste of resources and money. Ambitious and challenging offshore installations in harsh environments have to be designed and optimized totally from an operational point of view taking into consideration the full range of determining factors, such as environmental sensitivity, operational aspects, technical possibilities, investment requirements, lifecycle and operational costs. Each project has to be approached with a tailor-made solution, as it is not possible to copy one project from one location to another location, even if the defining parameters are quite the same. But of course such an existing project might be a good start for developing a new tailor-made project solution.
Numerical Investigation of FRP Laminates Under Ice Loading
Authors: Quinton Bruce W. T. , Taylor Rocky S. , Veitch Brian , Kennedy Allison , Simões Ré António 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the results and insights gained from numerical simulations of the response of FRP laminate plates to ice loads. These models were motivated and supported by previous related research in the form of full-scale field trials, ice-tank model tests, and FRP laminates laboratory experimentation.
The numerical models were benchmarked against a laboratory experiment involving an actual lifeboat FRP laminate plate. Subsequently ice loads, garnered from full-scale field trials of an instrumented lifeboat in ice, were applied to the numerical laminate models using pressures, or rigid body contact.
The simulation results showed that indenter "shape" is an important parameter for laminate fracture, and that laminate layup design is critical to its resistance to fracture. A well designed laminate is far better than a thicker, poorly designed laminate.
Parallel Channel Tests During Ice Management Operations in The Arctic Ocean
Authors: Lu Wenjun , Lubbad Raed , Løset Sveinung , Skjetne Roger 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
During ice management operations, creating narrow parallel channels with icebreakers can effectively reduce ice floe sizes for the protected vessel/structure. Yet too narrow channel spacing requirement shall lead to excessive or even unpractical ice management operations. Empirical experience shows an almost 1:1 relationship between ‘downstream floe size’ and ‘parallel channel spacing’ while designing an ice management operation. However, before this paper, there exists no dedicated parallel channel tests with strictly controlled channel spacing and sufficient instrumentation to quantify such relationship. In this paper, we report two parallel channel tests, which have been conducted in September 2015 during an expedition to the Arctic Ocean with icebreakers, Oden and Frej. During the test, helicopter images and an onboard camera were utilised to document the parallel channel fracturing events. With the collected data, we strive to quantify if there is a prominent relationship between parallel channel spacing and the corresponding managed ice floe size. In order to analyse the floe size distribution and its relationship with channel spacing from helicopter images, we developed an image segmentation method that propagates visually identifiable seeding cracks in the image. In addition, onboard camera images were utilised to yield the frequency of parallel channel fracturing events. Given the ice conditions and Oden's specific structural form, with all the different channel spacing tested, it turned out that a channel spacing over 200 m would already prohibit the development of parallel channel fracturing events. Most of the observed events take place when the spacing is smaller than around 100 m. In addition, as was expected, more frequent fractures are taking place with narrower channel spacing, e.g., distances smaller than 30 m. The relationship between managed ice floe size and channel spacing are studied. It is found that almost all (100%) of the produced downstream floe sizes are smaller than twice the channel spacing; 90% of them are smaller than 1.5 times of the spacing; and the majority of them (from 46% to 80%, depending on the spacing distance) are smaller than 1 time of the channel spacing. With such quantified relationships, we can practically estimate the size of the managed ice floes based on known/expected channel spacing.
Ice Compression Risks to Shipping Over Canadian Arctic and Sub-Arctic Zones
Authors: Kubat Ivana , Watson David , Sayed Mohamed 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe paper examines ice compression (or pressure) build-up, which may pose a threat to navigation, over various zones of the Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. The results were obtained from a multi-year program conducted at the National Research Council of Canada. The objective of that program is to quantify the risks to navigation posed by compressive ice, and to develop predictive tools to aid shipping operations in an ice environment. The work consisted of a number of activities, including: the development of an ice dynamics model tailored for high-resolution simulations of ice cover drift and deformation; creating a database of besetting events and analysis of the conditions that influence the risk of besetting; hindcasting of ice and other environmental conditions that led to besetting over various geographic regions; and the development of forecasting tools to support offshore and shipping operations and training mariners. The present paper documents the governing equations of the ice dynamics and ridging model and discusses the high-resolution implementation that makes it possible to predict the risk of vessel besetting. A case of ice compression that took place in the southern Beaufort Sea is examined. The critical values of ice pressure and ridge thickness that posed a threat to vessels during that event were found compatible with estimates corresponding to besetting events in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Frobisher Bay.
Technical and Legislative Risks Associated With Arctic Development Case Study - Russia and Norway
Authors: Oppong Riverson , Talipova Amina , Abdul-Latif Benson Lamidi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractArctic territory, today, is one of the most prospective territories for oil and gas companies. Development of the Arctic Region completely requires new technological advancement, and thus calls for intense attention and support from experienced institutions and research centers. Following the USGC research made in 2008, more than 80% of perspective Arctic rersources are located in offshore. This inevitably conveys technical and legislative risks that are not experienced onshore or in conventional offshore fields. Technical risks are associated with severe climatic conditions, sensitive ecological situations and lack of field development experience from arctic territories, as legislative risks vary within the arctic countries in question.This present paper consists of two main parts - analysis of technical risks, and legislative risks influence (including taxation system) on field developments in the Russian Barents Sea and Norwegian Barents Sea. In the frame of technical analysis, risk classification system according to different Arctic Sea conditions are presented. Probability for each technical risk was assessed and included in the field development project evaluation. In order to achieve synergetic effect, valuation model of field development with technical risks were then incorporated into economic model, which includes legislative restriction and taxation. These conditions differ from territory to territory; for that matter Russian and Norway.
Evidence for Movement Crushing and Recrystallization of Ice in the Keels of Scouring Icebergs
Authors: Woodworth-Lynas Chris M. T. , King Tony 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
When icebergs touch and scour through unconsolidated seafloor sediment the keel ice may fracture and crush, creating individual ice blocks that may rotate independently of each other under confining pressure. Blocks of ice also may be forced into and embedded in the seafloor beneath the keel. Evidence for these dynamic processes is presented based on seafloor features observed during submersible dives on the Labrador shelf in 1985 and later. Additional evidence for crushing and recrystallization of ice from the keel of a grounded iceberg is provided from thin sections of ice collected from growlers that floated to the surface after breaking free from the margin of the keel. The constant width of upslope scouring events, some traversing more than 20 m of bathymetric change on Makkovik Bank, clearly indicate that scouring keels remain relatively stable after initial crushing and modification of the keel as it first contacts the seafloor. Such stability is very likely the result of keel armouring, the action of ice protection by adhesion and freezing of coarse seafloor material into the keel. The mechanical removal of keel ice by crushing early in a scour event reduces iceberg draft so that the potential amount of drop-down of a scouring iceberg into an Excavated Drill Centre is reduced.
The Evolution of Design Tools for Arctic Subsea Pipelines
Authors: Paulin Mike , Caines Jonathan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
As the demand for energy resources grew, the oil and gas industry looked north for exploration and development of offshore hydrocarbon resources. Significant discoveries were made in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions; however, these environments can be particularly unforgiving on pipelines and offshore structures with a host of geohazards unique to the area. Burial under the seabed became the common practice of protecting offshore Arctic pipelines. Innovative design considerations including installation techniques, leak detection monitoring of the pipelines during operation, and bundling pipelines together aided in the successful completion of these projects.
As design engineers on the three subsea pipelines completed in the US Arctic - Northstar (BP), Oooguruk (Pioneer), and Nikaitchuq (ENI) - all in the Beaufort Sea on the North Slope of Alaska, INTECSEA have been able to progressively improve upon design evaluations, building upon learnings from each of the previous projects.
Traditional subsea pipeline design is a stress-based approach with individual pipelines either laying on the seabed or buried to a shallow depth to protect against hazards including fishing gear or dragged anchors or for protection against upheaval buckling. In Arctic pipeline design, the extreme environmental loadings tend to require deeper burials, and due to the short installation windows and high cost of installation on-ice, may lead to the use of pipeline bundles to facilitate installation. Strain-based design is generally used for Arctic subsea pipelines due to the extreme displacement-controlled loading conditions.
This paper will discuss the evolution of the design considerations and methodologies for Arctic subsea pipelines subjected to the unique Arctic environmental loadings such as strudel scour, permafrost thaw settlement, and ice gouging. These evolving design methodologies are comprised in INTECSEA's in-house suite of Arctic Tools and pipeline design standards. Focus is also placed on the importance of appropriate environmental and geotechnical data collection, the use of limit states design, and the various trenching and backfilling aspects of pipeline design.
Burial and Exhumation History of the Labrador-Newfoundland Margin and Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration
Authors: Japsen Peter , Green Paul F. , Bonow Johan M. , Hinchey Alana M. , Wilton Derek H. C. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The stratigraphic record along the continental margin of Labrador and Newfoundland provides ample evidence for vertical movements both prior to and after break-up. In the offshore domain, several major hiatuses punctuate the stratigraphic record. Along Labrador and the Grand Banks, Lower Cretaceous rocks rest on Paleozoic rocks or Precambrian basement in parts of the area. Onshore Labrador, the presence of a Cretaceous outlier on Precambrian basement adds to the evidence of one or more events of exhumation that has removed pre-Cretaceous sediments on a regional scale. Over much of the Labrador shelf, Miocene deposits are absent, and we show evidence based on vitrinite reflectance and sonic data that indicate that Miocene deposits of significant thickness may have been present prior to uplift and exhumation. We also present results from a pilot study comprising apatite fission-track analysis (AFTA) data that reveals a Phanerozic history involving a series of burial and exhumation episodes. The pilot study is a forerunner for a study of the onshore and offshore domain with three components. (1) A thermochronological study based on samples from outcrops and from onshore and offshore boreholes. (2) A stratigraphic landform analysis of the onshore study area based on mapping of denudation surfaces that will provide evidence of vertical motion using cross-cutting relationships between the denudation surfaces and stratigraphic constraints. (3) An integrated interpretation of the geological, geomorphological and thermochronological data to provide a coherent model of the timing and magnitude of the vertical movements along the margin both prior to and after break-up. Failure to account for greater depths of burial prior to exhumation may lead to serious underestimation of the petroleum resource maturity and to erroneous estimates of the timing of hydrocarbon generation. Uplift and exhumation may also lead to changes in migration routes and affect hydrocarbons present in reservoirs. Insights into the uplift history of a margin are important for understanding the source-to-sink system of sediment input into offshore basins.
Evaluation of Global Ice Strength for Design Iceberg Impact Loads
Authors: Fuglem Mark , Stuckey Paul , Tillson Pete 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn designing an oil and gas platform for offshore arctic and subarctic regions, operators may need to consider potential iceberg impacts when determining optimal structure configuration and ice strengthening requirements. Ice strengthening requirements will depend on the frequency of impacts, the sizes and shapes of icebergs impacting, the impact velocities as determined by the response of icebergs to currents and waves and the strength of the ice. Global ice strength will influence overall design, and local ice strength will influence local structural design. Failure of ice in crushing is a complex process involving mechanisms such as spalling, pressure melting and recrystallization, which are very difficult to model. As a practical approach, global force is often modeled as the product of nominal contact area times global crushing pressure, with global crushing pressure estimated based on full scale measurements. During iceberg impacts, contact area increases with penetration, with the maximum area influenced strongly by the initial kinetic energy of the iceberg, and to a lesser extent by driving forces during the impact. Ice strength, as observed during field measurements, has a significant random variance, both in time during an interaction, and from interaction to interaction. This variance is especially important when designing for iceberg impact loads in regions such the Grand Banks off Canada's east coast where load events are very infrequent, on the order of once every 10 years given ice management. While ice strength data for sea ice loads is often presented in terms of upper limit strengths based on the assumption that there are large numbers of interactions per year, a probabilistic approach that explicitly considers the frequency of events is more appropriate.In this paper, emphasis is given to global ice strength as relates to the total force on a structure, rather than local ice pressure as relates to local design for fixed structural areas on the platform. A strong scaling effect is observed in which the average global strength of ice decreases as the nominal area of contact increases. There is a lack of observed ice strength data for interactions involving failure of iceberg ice at large contact areas; a consequence of which is that there is not consensus in industry regarding the most appropriate strength model to use. While ISO 19906 presents a probabilistic model that accounts for variance in ice strength as contact area increases, with random coefficients to account for the variance between impacts, use of a minimum pressure cut-off for large areas is suggested due to the lack of ice strength data for large contact areas. ISO 19906 does not give guidance on the selection of the cut-off. A review of relevant data is presented here and different models for the minimum pressure cut-off considered, with example calculations presented.
Accelerating Numerical Ice Engineering Tools Using GPGPU
Authors: Alawneh Shadi , Thijssen Jan Willem , Richard Martin 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
C-CORE is engaged in understanding the iceberg and sea ice design loads needs of the energy sector. As the energy industry ventures into oceans with greater ice cover and more icebergs, there is a significant need for efficient engineering tools to plan and manage operations in exploration, production, and safety. Industry requires a range of scenarios for their risk assessments, where existing simulations can be computationally and time intensive.
C-CORE has recently started using the benefit of the General Purpose Computing on Graphical Processing Units (GPGPU) approach. This approach has shown significant speed up of several numerical ice engineering applications related to icebergs and sea ice. The investigated model types are Monte-Carlo type approaches for probabilistic design method, and quadratic discriminant. GPU computing with Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) is a new approach to solve complex problems and transform the GPU into a massively parallel processor.
The present study applies the GPGPU technology to a Monte-Carlo simulation, used for a sea ice load application. The objective of this study is to measure the performance of the GPU using CUDA, and compare against the serial Central Processing Unit (CPU) using C++ and MATLAB implementations. Results show a speedup of up to 2,600 times of the GPGPU implementation compared to the MATLAB implementation, reducing the elapsed time from about 1.5 hour to about 2 seconds. This strongly indicates that the GPGPU approach can help the industry to significantly reduce the time required for the simulations.
The Extent of Water Sheet Breakup on a Vertical Surface
Authors: Saha Debashish , Dehghani Saeed Reza , Pope Kevin , Muzychka Yuri 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the extent of water splash resulting from the collision of a flat water jet onto a vertical surface. The water sheet spread on the plate and its splash, as a result of water breakup, are the most significant phenomena that affect water delivery to marine and offshore structures. In an arctic environment, wave impact and splash can significantly affect ice accretion on a marine structure. To predict ice accretion, water sheet breakup behavior onto a surface needs to be studied closely. The motivation of this experimental study is to further examine water sheet splash. The tests performed in the lab scale setup comprise of high-speed image capture from a water jet-vertical surface collision at various attack angles, which cause mild to severe breakup situations. The results show that variation in jet velocity significantly affects the height, width and splash area of a water sheet. The results also show that attack angle is another significant factor for water trajectory and therefore water shedding beyond the vertical surface. The interdependence in between water trajectory and water shedding provides a new correlation of water transport after water sheet breakup.