bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Extraction Method on Yield, Physicochemical Properties and Tocopherol Content of Manketti (Schinziophyton rautanenii) Nut Oil
Authors: Gwatidzo L. , Botha B. M. , McCrindle R. I. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe influence of extraction method on yield, physicochemical characteristics and tocopherol content of manketti nut oil extracted by four different methods has been determined. Soxhlet (SE) and supercritical fluid (SFE) extractions yielded 45.3 and 44.8%, respectively, while screw press and mechanical shaking extractions had 39.7 and 27.3%, respectively. SPE and SE extractions gave oils that had lower values of unsaponifiable matter (0.70; 0.74%) indicating lower amounts of minor components such as tocopherols (233.13; 290.68 µg/g oil), a greater extent of lipid peroxidation parameters; peroxide values (6.25; 3.01 mequiv O2/kg), para‐anisidine values (10.22; 9.94), totox value (22.72; 15.96), flavour score (−0.25; 2.11), and high acid values (1.23; 1.03 mg KOH/g oil), respectively, compared to SFE and MSE oils. This was attributed to the high processing temperatures of SPE and SE extractions compared to SFE and MSE oils. Refractive indices (1.485–1.487), iodine values (127.97–129.07, Wijs) and density (0.908–0.914 g/cm3) were not affected by extraction method indicating that the oils generally had the same double bond content. Saponification values (182.98–192.95 mg KOH/g oil) and ester values (181.95–192.11), were not affected by extraction method except for SE oil which had lower values that were speculated to be due to co‐extraction with colour pigments.
Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease based on salivary lactoferrin
Authors: Carro Eva , Bartolomé Fernando , Bermejo‐Pareja Félix , Villarejo‐Galende Alberto , Molina José Antonio , Ortiz Pablo , Calero Miguel , Rabano Alberto , Cantero José Luis , Orive Gorka 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe Alzheimer's disease (AD) process is likely initiated many years before clinical onset. Biomarkers of preclinical disease are critical for the development of disease‐modifying or even preventative therapies. Current biomarkers for early disease, including cerebrospinal fluid tau and amyloid β (Aβ) levels, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and the use of brain amyloid imaging, are limited because they are very invasive or expensive. Noninvasive biomarkers may be a more accessible alternative, but none can currently detect preclinical AD with the required sensitivity and specificity.MethodsHere, we show a novel, straight‐forward, and noninvasive approach for assessment of early stages of cognitive decline. Salivary samples from cases of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD, and neurology controls were analyzed.ResultsWe have discovered and validated a new single saliva biomarker, lactoferrin, which in our cross‐sectional investigation perfectly discriminates clinically diagnosed aMCI and AD patients from a cognitively healthy control group. The accuracy for AD diagnosis shown by salivary lactoferrin was greater than that obtained from core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, including total tau and CSF Aβ42. Furthermore, salivary lactoferrin can be used for population screening and for identifying those underdiagnosed subjects with very early stages of mild cognitive impairment and AD.ConclusionThis biomarker may offer new insights in the early diagnostics for AD.
Competencias directivas y virtudes: un camino a la excelencia
Authors: Serrano German 
Published: May 2017

En esta reflexión se contempla la competencia directiva desde la visión aristotélica, en donde se identifican tres campos del saber: teoría, práctica y técnica, los cuales son indispensables para el conocimiento y dominio de una tarea específica, y proporcionan la pauta para justificar la elevación de la competencia directiva a categoría de virtud, apoyando al directivo en la orientación del trabajo de las personas hacia el logro de unos objetivos comunes. Esta reflexión está basada en la comparación de dos propuestas con origen diferente, pero con la misma identidad de propósito: una proveniente de la psicología positiva y otra de la antropología filosófica.
Effects of stimulants and atomoxetine on emotional lability in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Moukhtarian T.R. , Cooper R.E. , Vassos E. , Moran P. , Asherson P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackground:Emotional lability (EL) is an associated feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, contributing to functional impairment. Yet the effect of pharmacological treatments for ADHD on EL symptoms is unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effects of stimulants and atomoxetine on symptoms of EL and compare these with the effects on core ADHD symptoms.Methods:A systematic search was conducted on the databases Embase, PsychInfo, and Ovid Medline®and the clinicaltrials.gov website. We included randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults aged 18–60 years, with any mental health diagnosis characterised by emotional or mood instability, with at least one outcome measure of EL. All identified trials were on adults with ADHD. A random-effects meta-analysis with standardised mean difference and 95% confidence intervals was used to investigate the effect size on EL and compare this to the effect on core ADHD symptoms.Results:Of the 3,864 publications identified, nine trials met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Stimulants and atomoxetine led to large mean weighted effect-sizes for on ADHD symptoms (n= 9, SMD = −0.8, 95% CI:−1.07 to −0.53). EL outcomes showed more moderate but definite effects (n= 9, SMD = −0.41, 95% CI:−0.57 to −0.25).Conclusions:In this meta-analysis, stimulants and atomoxetine were moderately effective for EL symptoms, while effect size on core ADHD symptoms was twice as large. Methodological issues may partially explain the difference in effect size. Reduced average effect size could also reflect heterogeneity of EL with ADHD pharmacotherapy responsive and non-responsive sub-types. Our findings indicate that EL may be less responsive than ADHD symptoms overall, perhaps indicating the need for adjunctive psychotherapy in some cases. To clarify these questions, our findings need replication in studies selecting subjects for high EL and targeting EL as the primary outcome.
The effects of noncoding aquaporin‐4 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms on cognition and functional progression of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Burfeind Kevin G. , Murchison Charles F. , Westaway Shawn K. , Simon Matthew J. , Erten‐Lyons Deniz , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Quinn Joseph F. , Iliff Jeffrey J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe glymphatic system is a brain‐wide perivascular network that facilitates clearance of proteins, including amyloid β, from the brain interstitium through the perivascular exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. The astrocytic water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) is required for glymphatic system function, and impairment of glymphatic function in the aging brain is associated with altered AQP4 expression and localization. In human cortical tissue, alterations in AQP4 expression and localization are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) status and pathology. Although this suggests a potential role for AQP4 in the development or progression of AD, the relationship between of naturally occurring variants in the human AQP4 gene and cognitive function has not yet been evaluated.MethodsUsing data from several longitudinal aging cohorts, we investigated the association between five AQP4 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the rate of cognitive decline in participants with a diagnosis of AD.ResultsNone of the five SNPs were associated with different rates of AD diagnosis, age of dementia onset in trial subjects. No association between AQP4 SNPs with histological measures of AD pathology, including Braak stage or neuritic plaque density was observed. However, AQP4 SNPs were associated with altered rates of cognitive decline after AD diagnosis, with two SNPS (rs9951307 and rs3875089) associated with slower cognitive decline and two (rs3763040 and rs3763043) associated with more rapid cognitive decline after AD diagnosis.DiscussionThese results provide the first evidence that variations in the AQP4 gene, whose gene product AQP4 is vital for glymphatic pathway function, may modulate the progression of cognitive decline in AD.
Deciphering the geology of some Darriwilian–Sandbian (Ordovician) ‘ghost’ formations in the UK and North America using olistoliths in marine debris flows
Authors: BERGSTRÖM STIG M. , FERRETTI ANNALISA 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOlistostromes with calcareous olistoliths are rare components in the Ordovician successions in NW Europe and North America, having been described from only a small number of localities. One of the best exposed, but least known, is in the Garn Formation in coastal outcrops in Anglesey in northwestern Wales. Here, in the graptolite-bearing shales of the Garn Formation, there are numerous limestone olistoliths that are derived from an otherwise unknown ‘ghost’ formation whose original depositional site remains an enigma. These olistoliths contain a Baltoscandian type of conodont fauna that is otherwise unknown in Wales and England. It represents the Baltoniodus variabilis Subzone of the Amorphognathus tvaerensis Zone. Similar, but slightly older, conodont faunas are recorded from olistoliths in the Tweeddale Member of the Shinnel Formation in southern Scotland and in probable olistoliths of the Cobbs Arm Limestone in northeasternmost Newfoundland. Approximately coeval conodont faunas are present in calcareous olistoliths in the Woods Hollow Shale of West Texas and the Womble Shale in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, USA. Lithological and conodont evidence indicates that the calcareous olistoliths were derived from carbonate sediments deposited in relatively shallow water. It is concluded that the study of ‘ghost’ formation olistoliths may provide otherwise unavailable but important data bearing on the marine depositional history of a particular region.
New data on flatfish scuticociliatosis reveal thatMiamiensis avidusandPhilasterides dicentrarchiare different species
Authors: DE FELIPE ANA-PAULA , LAMAS JESÚS , SUEIRO ROSA-ANA , FOLGUEIRA IRIA , LEIRO JOSÉ-MANUEL 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYScuticociliatosis is a severe disease in farmed flatfish. However, the causative agent is not always accurately identified. In this study, we identified two isolates of scuticociliates from an outbreak in cultured fine flounderParalichthys adspersus. Scuticociliate identification was based on morphological data, examination of life stages and the use of molecular approaches. The isolates were compared with a strain ofPhilasterides dicentrachifrom turbotScophthalmus maximusand with a strain deposited in the American Type Culture Collection asMiamiensis avidusATCC®50180™. The use of morphological, biological and molecular methods enabled us to identify the isolates from the fine flouder asP. dicentrarchi. Comparison ofP. dicentrachiisolates andM. avidusrevealed some differences in the buccal apparatus. UnlikeP. dicentrarchi, M. avidushas a life cycle with three forms: macrostomes (capable of feeding onP. dicentrarchi), microstomes and tomites. Additionally, we found differences in the 18S rRNA and α- and β-tubulin gene sequences, indicating thatP. dicentrarchiandM. avidusare different species. We therefore reject the synonymy/conspecificity of the two taxa previously suggested. Finally, we suggest that a combination of morphological, biological, molecular (by multigene analysis) and serological techniques could improve the identification of scuticociliates parasites in fish.
Barriers to Receipt of Social Care Services for Working Carers and the People They Care For in Times of Austerity
Authors: BRIMBLECOMBE NICOLA , PICKARD LINDA , KING DEREK , KNAPP MARTIN 
Published: May 2017

AbstractReconciliation of unpaid care and employment is an increasingly important societal, economic and policy issue, both in the UK and internationally. Previous research shows the effectiveness of formal social care services in enabling carers to remain in employment. Using quantitative and qualitative data collected from carers and the person they care for in 2013 and 2015, during a period of cuts to adult social care in England, we explore barriers experienced to receipt of social care services. The main barriers to receipt of services identified in our study were availability, characteristics of services such as quality, and attitudes of carer and care-recipient to receiving services. These barriers have particular implications for carers' ability to reconcile care and employment.
Controlling Homeless People? Power, Interventionism and Legitimacy
Authors: WATTS BETH , FITZPATRICK SUZANNE , JOHNSEN SARAH 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is intense debate over the legitimacy of interventions which seek behavioural change on the part of street homeless people. ‘Hard’ measures, such as arresting people for begging, are particularly controversial, but ‘softer’ interventions such as motivational interviewing have also prompted objections on grounds that they are paternalistic. At the same time, the ‘non-interventionist’ stance of some service providers has been accused of perpetuating harmful street lifestyles. Inspired by Ruth Grant's philosophically informed interrogation of the ethics of incentives, we propose a normative framework for application in this field. Via systematic exploration of Grant's three ‘legitimacy standards’ (legitimate purpose, voluntary response, effects on character), and an additional outcome-focussed fourth (effectiveness, proportionality and balance), we attempt to unsettle any intuitive assumption that non-interventionist approaches are necessarily more morally defensible than interventionist ones. We also, however, explicate the high ethical and empirical bar required to justify social control measures.
Environmental Destruction in Ecuador: Crimes Against Humanity Under the Rome Statute?
Authors: LAMBERT CAITLIN 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOn 16 March 2016, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) rejected on jurisdictional grounds a victims’ request to investigate a case of environmental destruction by Chevron in Ecuador. A little over a year later, on 15 September 2016, the Prosecutor released a policy paper indicating that her office would consider hearing cases of environmental destruction. This article examines how the ICC can prosecute environmental destruction as a crime against humanity under Article 7 of the Rome Statute. It presents a survey of the potential jurisdictional and substantive issues of prosecuting environmental issues and uses the victims’ request asking the Prosecutor to investigate environmental destruction by Chevron in the Ecuadorian Amazon as a backdrop. The article proceeds in three parts. Firstly, it discusses the request by the victims in Ecuador asking for the Prosecutor to investigate. Secondly, it sets out the basic jurisdictional framework of the ICC and analyzes why the Prosecutor rejected the victims’ request. Thirdly, it examines Article 7 and concludes that while peacetime environmental destruction committed by a non-state actor that results in a humanitarian atrocity can qualify as a crime against humanity, the factual circumstances alleged in the Ecuadorian victims’ request did not amount to a crime against humanity under the Rome Statute.
Procedural Normative System of the International Court of Justice
Authors: PUNZHIN SERGEY M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOn the basis of a thorough empirical analysis, the article comes to a number of theoretical conclusions which have never previously been discussed in the literature. In particular, it demonstrates that the Court's procedure is governed not only by ‘procedural law’ but also by norms which are non-legal. Moreover, it clearly circumscribes which norms in the documents relating to the functioning of the Court are procedural and which lack this character. In their entirety, provisions governing the Court's procedure form a ‘normative system’, with the law being only one of its elements. The Court's procedural norms originate both from the traditional sources of international law as well as from sources which, according to the usual classification, do not necessarily belong to that category. The procedural norms that are derived from all of these sources, while not tending towards uniformity in terms of their characteristics and effect, nevertheless form a system which operates as a whole. The procedure of the International Court of Justice does not fit neatly within the general scheme of ‘legalversusnon-legalnorms’; neither can one readily apply the theory of traditional sources of international law to a procedural system which brings together heterogeneous elements and must therefore be explained keeping in mind its own logic and nature.
Congenital pseudoaneurysm of the mitral–aortic intervalvular fibrosa: a case report
Authors: Harrington Jamie K. , Glickstein Julie , Shah Amee 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe mitral–aortic intervalvular fibrosa is an area of fibrous continuity between the mitral and aortic valves. We present the first case of a congenital pseudoaneurysm in this region, detected prenatally as an isolated cardiac defect, which was followed-up conservatively postnatally. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiogram demonstrating blood flow into the pouch during systole and into the left ventricular outflow tract during diastole. The infant has been followed-up with serial echocardiograms demonstrating stable size and appearance of the lesion, without signs of obstruction, making close continued observation a reasonable approach.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in patients with or without CHD: a case–control study
Authors: Björk Anna , Svensson Ann-Marie , Fard Mir Nabi Pirouzi , Eriksson Peter , Dellborg Mikael 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 1% of children are born with CHD, and 90–95% reach adulthood. Increased exposure to infections and stress-strain can contribute to an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus. CHD may increase the risk of more serious infections, stress-strain, and increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe analysed the onset of and the risk of mortality and morbidity associated with concurrent CHD in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared with patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without CHD. The study combined data from the National Diabetes Register and the National Patient Register.ResultsA total of 104 patients with CHD and type 1 diabetes mellitus were matched with 520 controls. Patients with CHD and type 1 diabetes mellitus had an earlier onset of diabetes (13.9 versus 17.4 years, p<0.001), longer duration of diabetes (22.4 versus 18.1 years, p<0.001), higher prevalence of retinopathy (64.0 versus 43.0%, p=0.003), higher creatinine levels (83.5 versus 74.1 µmol/L, p=0.03), higher mortality (16 versus 5%, p=0.002), and after onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus higher rates of co-morbidity (5.28 versus 3.18, p⩽0.01), heart failure (9 versus 2%, p=0.02), and stroke (6 versus 2%, p=0.048) compared with controls.ConclusionsFrom a nationwide register of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the coexistence of CHD and type 1 diabetes mellitus was associated with an earlier onset, a higher frequency of microvascular complications, co-morbidity, and mortality.
In the Drink: A Review of Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Water-Related Activities in the Top End region, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Jenkins Bevan , Read D. J. , McDermott K. , Ward L. M , Treacy P. J. 
Published: May 2017

Study/Objective
A 10-year descriptive analysis of morbidity and mortality associated with water-related activities in the Top End, Northern Territory (NT), Australia.

Background
An outdoor, water-orientated lifestyle characterises the Top End due to its tropical climate, lengthy coastline, many inland-waterways, and common domestic-pool ownership. However, the water holds many dangers: from drowning to the prospect of crocodile attacks.

Methods
Data were retrospectively collected from two sources: the Trauma Registry (TR), Royal Darwin Hospital, NT and the National Coronial Information System. Inclusion criteria: all mortality or injury with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥9 from water-related activity in the Top End. Exclusion criteria: envenomation. Data included: demographics, geographical location, time/mechanism of injury, injury narrative/outcome, alcohol consumption, ISS, and Indigenous race.

Results
Ninety-five deaths occurred from 1/1/2005–12/31/2014; 87 prehospital (92%). The leading three mechanisms of injury for the 138 TR admissions were drowning (40%), falling/diving (35%), and watercraft events (14%). Median age 27 (0-90); 78% males. There were 74 children (&lt;16 years) including 20 deaths. Indigenous Australians represent 30% of the NT population, but had 43% of deaths and 12% of admissions. Deaths from crocodile attacks are increasing with 14 deaths from 2005-2014, compared to 10 deaths from 1971-2004 (Caldicutt). Alcohol was recorded in 31% of admissions and 52% of deaths in those age &gt;16. The Top End’s crude rate of drowning averaged over 10 years was 4.36/100,000/annum, compared to 1.31/100,000/annum in Australia.

Conclusion
Alcohol plays a major role in the Top End’s water-related harm, associated with all mechanisms and over one-half of adult deaths. Also striking is increasing crocodile fatalities, possibly caused by population recovery from endangered to plentiful, since hunting ceased in 1971. Local authorities/advocates push water-safety and crocodile-awareness programs. However, the lure of tropical waters combined with alcohol remains a risk to life and limb. Further public health campaigns focusing on these issues are called for.
Restart capability of resting-states ofEuglena gracilisafter 9 months of dormancy: preparation for autonomous space flight experiments
Authors: Strauch Sebastian M. , Becker Ina , Pölloth Laura , Richter Peter R. , Haag Ferdinand W. M. , Hauslage Jens , Lebert Michael 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDormant states of organisms are easier to store than the living state because they tolerate larger variations in temperature, light, storage space etc., making them attractive for laboratory culture stocks and also for experiments under special circumstances, especially space flight experiments. Like several other organisms,Euglena gracilisis capable of forming desiccation tolerant resting states in order to survive periods of unfavourable environmental conditions. In earlier experiments it was found that dormantEuglenacells must not become completely desiccated. Some residual moisture is required to ensure recovery of the resting states. To analyse the water demand in recovery ofEuglenaresting states, cells were transferred to a defined amount of cotton wool (0.5 g). Subsequently different volumes of medium (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 and 20 ml) were added in order to supply humidity; a control was set up without additional liquid. Samples were sealed in transparent 50 ml falcon tubes and stored for 9 months under three different conditions:•Constant low light conditions in a culture chamber at 20°C,•In a black box, illuminated with short light emitting diode-light pulses provided by joule thieves and•In darkness in a black box.After 9 months, cells were transferred to fresh medium and cell number, photosynthetic efficiency and movement behavior was monitored over 3 weeks. It was found that cells recovered under all conditions except in the control, where no medium was supplied. Transcription levels of 21 genes were analysed with a Multiplex-polymerase chain reaction. One hour after rehydration five of these genes were found to be up-regulated: ubiquitin, heat shock proteins HSP70, HSP90, the calcium-sensor protein frequenin and a distinct protein kinase, which is involved in gravitaxis. The results indicate a transient general stress response of the cells.