bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El legado problemático del caso Brown v. Board of Education
Authors: López Gerardo R. , Burciaga Rebeca 
Published: January 2016

Resumen El propósito: Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre el 60º aniversario de la decisión judicial de la Corte Suprema en el caso Brown v. Board of Education y discute las lecciones significativas aprendidas de ésta y las subsiguientes decisiones de la corte. El argumento: Afirmamos que un nuevo diálogo fundamentalmente diferente referido al legado del caso Brown es necesario si apuntamos a entender de manera crítica el pasado, el presente y el futuro de las relaciones raciales como telón de fondo de las cuestiones de segregación escolar en este país. Implicaciones: El legado problemático de Brown provee una oportunidad para interrogar la cuestión de por qué nosotros como un país continuamos teniendo fe en este caso en particular como solución por la inequidad racial. Invitamos a los lectores a “soltar” simbólicamente a Brown para imaginar nuevas posibilidades de la justicia racial, la oportunidad educacional, y la reforma social.
Workload Capacity
Authors: Yamani Yusuke , McCarley Jason S. 
Published: January 2016

Objective An experiment used the workload capacity measure C( t) to quantify the processing efficiency of human–automation teams and identify operators’ automation usage strategies in a speeded decision task. Background Although response accuracy rates and related measures are often used to measure the influence of an automated decision aid on human performance, aids can also influence response speed. Mean response times (RTs), however, conflate the influence of the human operator and the automated aid on team performance and may mask changes in the operator’s performance strategy under aided conditions. The present study used a measure of parallel processing efficiency, or workload capacity, derived from empirical RT distributions as a novel gauge of human–automation performance and automation dependence in a speeded task. Method Participants performed a speeded probabilistic decision task with and without the assistance of an automated aid. RT distributions were used to calculate two variants of a workload capacity measure, COR( t) and CAND( t). Results Capacity measures gave evidence that a diagnosis from the automated aid speeded human participants’ responses, and that participants did not moderate their own decision times in anticipation of diagnoses from the aid. Conclusion and Application Workload capacity provides a sensitive and informative measure of human–automation performance and operators’ automation dependence in speeded tasks.
The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions implemented after the Indian Ocean Tsunami: A systematic review
Authors: Lipinski Kyle , Liu Lucia L , Wong Paul WC 
Published: January 2016

Background: Currently, the number of natural disasters has increased sixfold when compared to the 1960s. The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami offered provided an opportunity for scientifically investigating the effectiveness of post-disaster programs across countries with diverse ethnic, religious and cultural backgrounds. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of psychological interventions focused on the prevention or reduction in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and/or enhancement of psychological well-being implemented after the 2004 Tsunami. Methods: We systematically searched through MEDLINE, PsycINFO and The Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) databases using the following keywords: ‘tsunami’ OR ‘Indian Ocean’, AND ‘intervention’. Results: Our systematic review included 10 studies which adopted 10 different psychological interventions. A total of 8 of the 10 studies reported positive results in reducing PTSD symptoms and most interventions showed high levels of cultural sensitivity. No significant harmful effects of the included interventions were identified although two studies used potentially harmful interventions. Conclusion: Evidence-based practice is a process of collaborative decision-making between the affected ones and interventionists. The practitioner assesses not only the availability of the level of evidence of the preferred interventions, but he or she also assesses his or her own expertise, the availability of resources, the surrounding context and the characteristics, values and preferences of relevant stakeholders.
Mechanochemical ablation for symptomatic great saphenous vein reflux: A two-year follow-up
Authors: Kim Pamela S , Bishawi Muath , Draughn David , Boter Marab , Gould Charles , Koziarski John , Bernstein Rick , Hamilton Richard 
Published: January 2016

Background Several studies have shown comparable early efficacy of mechanochemical ablation to endothermal techniques. The goal of this report was to show if early efficacy is maintained at 24 months. Methods This was a two-year analysis on the efficacy of mechanochemical ablation in patients with symptomatic C2 or more advanced chronic venous disease. Patients with reflux in the great saphenous vein involving the sapheno-femoral junction and no previous venous interventions were included. Demographic information, clinical, and procedural data were collected. The occlusion rate of treated veins was assessed with duplex ultrasound. Patient clinical improvement was assessed by Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (CEAP) class and venous clinical severity score. Results Of the initial 126 patients, there were 65 patients with 24 month follow-up. Of these 65 patients, 70% were female, with a mean age of 70 ± 14 years and an average body mass index (BMI) of BMI of 30.5 ± 6. The mean great saphenous vein diameter in the upper thigh was 7.6 mm and the mean treatment length was 39 cm. Adjunctive treatment of the varicosities was performed in 14% of patients during the procedure. Closure rates were 100% at one week, 98% at three months, 95% at 12 months, and 92% at 24 months. There was one patient with complete and four with partial recanalization ranging from 7 to 12 cm (mean length 9 cm). There was significant improvement in CEAP and venous clinical severity score (P < .001) for all time intervals. Conclusion Early high occlusion rate with mechanochemical ablation is associated with significant clinical improvement which is maintained at 24 months, making it a very good option for the treatment of great saphenous vein incompetence.
Hope, Symptoms, and Palliative Care
Authors: Davis Mellar P. , Lagman Ruth , Parala Armida , Patel Chirag , Sanford Tanya , Fielding Flannery , Brumbaugh Anita , Gross James , Rao Archana , Majeed Sumreen , Shinde Shivani , Rybicki Lisa A. 
Published: January 2016

Background: Hope is important to patients with cancer. Identifying factors that influence hope is important. Anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain are reported to impair hope. The objective of this study was to determine whether age, gender, marital status, duration of cancer, symptoms, or symptom burden measured by the sum of severity scores on the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) correlated with hope measured by the Herth Hope Index (HHI). Methods: Patients with advanced cancer in a palliative care unit participated. Demographics including age, gender, marital status, cancer site, and duration of cancer were collected. Individuals completed the ESAS and HHI. Spearman correlation and linear regression were used to assess associations adjusting for gender (male vs female), age (< 65 vs ≥ 65 years), marital status (married or living with a partner vs other), and duration of cancer (≤ 12 vs > 12 months). Results: One hundred and ninety-seven were participated in the study, of which 55% were female with a mean age of 61 years (standard deviation 11). Hope was not associated with gender, age, marital status, or duration of cancer. In univariable analysis, hope inversely correlated with ESAS score (−0.28), lack of appetite (−0.22), shortness of breath (−0.17), depression (−0.39), anxiety (−0.32), and lack of well-being (−0.33); only depression was clinically relevant. In multivariable analysis, total symptom burden weakly correlated with hope; only depression remained clinically significant. Discussion: This study found correlation between symptom burden and hope was not clinically relevant but was so for depression. Conclusion: Among 9 ESAS symptoms, only depression had a clinically relevant correlation with hope.
Prospective comparison of use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the Bosniak classification of complex renal cysts
Authors: Ragel Matthew , Nedumaran Anbu , Makowska-Webb Jolanta 
Published: January 2016

Aim To compare contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the evaluation of complex renal cysts using the Bosniak classification. Methods Forty-six patients with 51 complex renal cysts were prospectively examined using contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography and images analysed by two observers using the Bosniak classification. Adverse effects and patients’ preference were assessed for both modalities. Results There was complete agreement in Bosniak classification between both modalities and both observers in six cysts (11.8%). There was agreement of Bosniak classification on both modalities in 21 of 51 cysts (41.2%) for observer 1 and in 17 of 51 cysts (33.3%) for observer 2. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound gave a higher Bosniak classification than corresponding contrast-enhanced computed tomography in 31 % of cysts by both observers. Histological correlation was available in three lesions, all of which were malignant and classified as such simultaneously on both modalities by at least one observer, with remaining patients followed up with US or CT for 6–24 months. No adverse or side effects were reported following the use of US contrast, whilst 63.6% of patients suffered minor side effects following the use of CT contrast. 81.8% of the surveyed patients preferred contrast-enhanced ultrasound to contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a feasible tool in the evaluation of complex renal cysts in a non-specialist setting. Increased contrast-enhanced ultrasound sensitivity to enhancement compared to contrast-enhanced computed tomography, resulting in upgrading the Bosniak classification on contrast-enhanced ultrasound, has played a role in at best moderate agreement recorded by the observers with limited experience, but this would be overcome as the experience grows. To this end, we propose a standardised proforma for the contrast-enhanced ultrasound report. The benefits of contrast-enhanced ultrasound over contrast-enhanced computed tomography include patients’ preference and avoidance of ionising radiation or nephrotoxicity, as well as lower cost.
Aldosterone and progesterone-secreting adrenocortical adenocarcinoma in a cat with a concurrent meningioma
Authors: Leshinsky Jana , Beatty Julia A , Fawcett Anne , Voss Katja , Makara Mariano , Krockenberger Mark B , Barrs Vanessa R 
Published: January 2016

Case summary A 12-year-old, male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of suspected hyperaldosteronism due to persistent hypokalaemia, hindlimb ataxia, weakness of 1 month’s duration and a left adrenal mass that was detected on abdominal ultrasound. Neurological examination findings at referral were suggestive of a concurrent left forebrain lesion. Hyperaldosteronism and concurrent hyperprogesteronism were confirmed on endocrine testing. On computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and thorax there was no evidence of local vascular invasion by the adrenal mass or of metastatic disease. CT and magnetic resonance imaging featured a large, focal rim-enhancing extra-axial left forebrain lesion consistent with a meningioma. Surgical excision of the forebrain mass was followed by adrenalectomy 2 weeks later. The tumours were classified on histopathology as a psammomatous meningioma and an adrenocortical adenocarcinoma, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining of the meningioma confirmed the presence of progesterone receptors. The cat remains well 2 years later. Relevance and novel information In humans, elevated serum progesterone levels have been associated with rapid growth of meningiomas due to the presence of progesterone receptors on the tumour. This is the first report of a cat with a progesterone and aldosterone-secreting adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and a concurrent meningioma. Clinicians should be aware of the potential effect of elevated progesterone on meningiomas in cats.
Crystal chemistry of Na-rich rectorite from North Little Rock, Arkansas
Authors: Dietel Jan , Steudel Annett , Warr Laurence N. , Emmerich Katja 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe rectorite, a regular mixed layer mineral consisting of dioctahedral swelling and non-swelling 2:1 layers, from North Little Rock, Arkansas, was studied to define the crystal chemistry and structural parameters (e.g. layer charge of the different layers, presence of cis/trans-vacancies). X-ray diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence and cation exchange capacity are used to characterize this rectorite. The rectorite has a coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.19 and a cation exchange capacity of 60 cmol(+)/kg, as determined by the ammonium acetate method. The mineral is best described as a regular interstratification of brammallite-like and highcharged beidellite-like layers. Dehydration occurs at ≈118°C with a mass loss of 6.77% and dehydroxylation occurs in two steps at 470°C and 588°C with an overall mass loss of 4.67%. Peak decomposition of the mass spectrometer curve of evolved water shows ≈20% peak area with a maximum higher than 600°C, indicating ≈20% cis-vacant layers.
Preparation and characterization of kaolinite nanostructures: reaction pathways, morphology and structural order
Authors: Zsirka Balázs , Horváth Erzsébet , Makó Éva , Kurdi Róbert , Kristóf János 
Published: January 2016

AbstractClay-based nanostructures were prepared from kaolinites of varying structural order by two different methods. In the first method the kaolinite-urea precursor, obtained by dry grinding, was intercalated further with triethanolamine and the tetraalkylammonium salt was synthesized in the interlamellar space. Exfoliation was achieved by the use of sodium polyacrylate (PAS). In the second method, the kaolinite-potassium acetate (kaolinite-KAc) precursor, obtained via two different methods, was intercalated further with ethylene glycol (EG) and then n-hexylamine (HA). Intercalation with EG was also achieved by heating either directly or with microwaves. The morphology that results depends on the method of precursor preparation, the method of heat treatment and the degree of structural order of the original clay. Higher structural order facilitates the formation of a tubular morphology, while mechanical treatment and microwave agitation may result in broken tubes. Molecular mechanical (MM) calculations showed that organo-complexes may be exfoliated to a d value of 10–11 Å.
Kaolin from Acoculco (Puebla, Mexico) as raw material: Mineralogical and thermal characterization
Authors: Garcia-Valles M. , Pi T. , Alfonso P. , Canet C. , Martínez S. , Jiménez-Franco A. , Tarrago M. , Hernández-Cruz B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe present study determined the mineralogy and thermal properties of kaolin from Acoculco (Puebla), at the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and compared it with the nearby deposits of Agua Blanca (Hidalgo) and Huayacocotla (Veracruz). The mineralogy of the kaolins was determined by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal behaviour was studied by differential thermal analysis, dilatometry and hot-stage microscopy. The Acoculco deposit is composed mainly of kaolinite and SiO2minerals. In the case of Agua Blanca and Huayacocotla, alunite is abundant in places and minor anatase is also present locally. The Acoculco kaolins are Fe-poor and relatively rich in some potentially toxic elements (Zr, Sb, Pb). They undergo a relatively small amount of shrinkage (∼3–4 vol.%), during firing at 20–1300°C and cooling down to 20°C, except when >10 wt.% alunite is present. These kaolins are a suitable raw material for the ceramics industry. Other applications (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics) would require an enrichment process to eliminate impurities such as Fe oxides.
A holistic view of cancer bioenergetics: mitochondrial function and respiration play fundamental roles in the development and progression of diverse tumors
Authors: Alam Md Maksudul , Lal Sneha , FitzGerald Keely E. , Zhang Li 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSince Otto Warburg made the first observation that tumor cells exhibit altered metabolism and bioenergetics in the 1920s, many scientists have tried to further the understanding of tumor bioenergetics. Particularly, in the past decade, the application of the state‐of the‐art metabolomics and genomics technologies has revealed the remarkable plasticity of tumor metabolism and bioenergetics. Firstly, a wide array of tumor cells have been shown to be able to use not only glucose, but also glutamine for generating cellular energy, reducing power, and metabolic building blocks for biosynthesis. Secondly, many types of cancer cells generate most of their cellular energy via mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Glutamine is the preferred substrate for oxidative phosphorylation in tumor cells. Thirdly, tumor cells exhibit remarkable versatility in using bioenergetics substrates. Notably, tumor cells can use metabolic substrates donated by stromal cells for cellular energy generation via oxidative phosphorylation. Further, it has been shown that mitochondrial transfer is a critical mechanism for tumor cells with defective mitochondria to restore oxidative phosphorylation. The restoration is necessary for tumor cells to gain tumorigenic and metastatic potential. It is also worth noting that heme is essential for the biogenesis and proper functioning of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Hence, it is not surprising that recent experimental data showed that heme flux and function are elevated in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and that elevated heme function promotes intensified oxygen consumption, thereby fueling tumor cell proliferation and function. Finally, emerging evidence increasingly suggests that clonal evolution and tumor genetic heterogeneity contribute to bioenergetic versatility of tumor cells, as well as tumor recurrence and drug resistance. Although mutations are found only in several metabolic enzymes in tumors, diverse mutations in signaling pathways and networks can cause changes in the expression and activity of metabolic enzymes, which likely enable tumor cells to gain their bioenergetic versatility. A better understanding of tumor bioenergetics should provide a more holistic approach to investigate cancer biology and therapeutics. This review therefore attempts to comprehensively consider and summarize the experimental data supporting our latest view of cancer bioenergetics.
Enzalutamide Versus Bicalutamide in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The STRIVE Trial
Authors: Penson David F. , Armstrong Andrew J. , Concepcion Raoul , Agarwal Neeraj , Olsson Carl , Karsh Lawrence , Dunshee Curtis , Wang Fong , Wu Kenneth , Krivoshik Andrew , Phung De , Higano Celestia S. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose Enzalutamide, a potent oral androgen receptor inhibitor, improves survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) before and after chemotherapy. Bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, is widely used to treat men with nonmetastatic or metastatic CRPC. The efficacy and safety of these drugs were compared in this randomized, double-blind, phase II study of men with CRPC. Patients and Methods A total of 396 men with nonmetastatic (n = 139) or metastatic (n = 257) CRPC were randomly assigned to enzalutamide 160 mg per day (n = 198) or bicalutamide 50 mg per day (n = 198). Androgen deprivation therapy was continued in both arms. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Results Enzalutamide reduced the risk of progression or death by 76% compared with bicalutamide (hazard ratio [HR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.32; P < .001). Median PFS was 19.4 months with enzalutamide versus 5.7 months with bicalutamide. Enzalutamide resulted in significant improvements in all key secondary end points: time to prostate-specific antigen progression (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.26; P < .001); proportion of patients with a ≥ 50% prostate-specific antigen response (81% v 31%; P < .001); and radiographic PFS in metastatic patients (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.50; P < .001). Beneficial effects with enzalutamide were observed in both nonmetastatic and metastatic subgroups. The observed adverse event profile was consistent with that from phase III enzalutamide trials. Conclusion Enzalutamide significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer progression or death compared with bicalutamide in patients with nonmetastatic or metastatic CRPC.
Prolonged Oral Administration of a Pan-Retinoic Acid Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Spermatogenesis in Mice With a Rapid Recovery and Changes in the Expression of Influx and Efflux Transporters
Authors: Chung Sanny S. W. , Wang Xiangyuan , Wolgemuth Debra J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe have previously shown that oral administration of a pan-retinoic acid receptor antagonist in mice daily at 2.5 mg/kg for 4 weeks reversibly inhibited spermatogenesis, with no detectable side effects. To elucidate the lowest dose and the longest dosing regimen that inhibits spermatogenesis but results in complete restoration of fertility upon cessation of administration of the drug, we examined the effects of daily doses as low as 1.0 mg/kg with dosing periods of 4, 8, and 16 weeks. We observed 100% sterility in all regimens, with restoration of fertility upon cessation of the drug treatment even for as long as 16 weeks. There was no change in testosterone levels in these males and the progeny examined from 2 of the recovered males were healthy and fertile, with normal testicular weight and testicular histology. Strikingly, a more rapid recovery, as assessed by mating studies, was observed at the lower dose and longer dosing periods. Insight into possible mechanisms underlying this rapid recovery was obtained at 2 levels. First, histological examination revealed that spermatogenesis was not as severely disrupted at the lower dose and with the longer treatment regimens. Second, gene expression analysis revealed that the more rapid recovery may involve the interplay of ATP-binding cassette efflux and solute carrier influx transporters in the testes.
The Precariousness of Homonationalism: The Queer Agency of Terrorism in Post-9/11 Rhetoric
Authors: Chávez Karma R. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, people from across the political spectrum offered explanations for the terrorists’ motivations and searched for where to place the blame. Figures that featured centrally in the Cold War, such as the “homosexual-communist-subversive,” would reemerge in new forms in the discourse of this burgeoning War on Terror, including the racialized figure of the “queer-immigrant-terrorist.” This article analyzes conservative media discourse that blamed former Congressman Barney Frank and his “gay agenda” for the attacks due to Frank’s influential role in passing the 1990 Immigration Act. It also explores how conservative and mainstream media reports and commentaries constructed the lead hijacker, Mohamed Atta, as “queer,” and how this (racialized and culturally specific) queerness was argued to be his primary motivation for the attacks. Reading these two kinds of discourse in relation to each other shows that “queerness” becomes the agency of terrorism, and this logic maps onto even the most “homonormative,” white gay bodies.