bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐invasive estimation of the depth profile of soil strength with acoustic‐to‐seismic coupling measurement in the presence of crops
Authors: Shin H.‐C. , Watts C. W. , Whalley W. R. , Attenborough K. , Taherzadeh S. 
Published: September 2017

A traditional penetrometer measurement of soil strength in terms of penetration resistance, a useful indicator of a soil's mechanical property, is invasive and manually laborious. An alternative non‐invasive technique uses an acoustic source, two microphones and a laser Doppler vibrometer to obtain acoustic‐to‐seismic (A–S) transfer functions. Transfer functions between the acoustically‐induced soil vibration and the acoustic signals have been compared, through numerical optimizations, with predictions of a wave‐propagation model for layered poro‐elastic media. The numerically optimized shear modulus of soil was converted to the soil strength equivalent of penetration resistance by applying an empirical relation for the type of soil in question. The A–S and penetrometer measurements were made in experimental fields planted with winter wheat. The depth profiles of A–S‐deduced soil strength agree reasonably with those of penetrometer readings in shallow layers of five arable plots. We have demonstrated that the strength of soil in the presence of growing crops can be measured by this non‐invasive approach.Highlights
Measurement of soil strength with a penetrometer is invasive and laborious.
Acoustic‐to‐seismic (A–S) coupling has been applied to soil planted with crops.
Numerically optimized shear modulus from A–S data can be converted to penetration resistance.
Non‐invasive A–S method can be used as an alternative to a penetrometer.
Alzheimer's disease: can the retina be a window to the brain?
Authors: Neves A.C. , Chiquita S. , Carecho R. , Campos E. , Moreira P. , Baptista F. , Ambrósio F. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThe diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is difficult. Since AD patients have visual problems, even before AD diagnosis, and retina is part of the CNS, we aim to understand whether retina could be used as a window to the brain, and for earlier and better diagnosis of AD.MethodsTo achieve this, we are performing a longitudinal study to evaluate potential changes in several molecular, cellular, structural and physiological parameters in the retina of a triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg‐AD), comparing to age‐matched wild‐type (C57BL6/129S) mice, at 4, 8 and 12 months (M) of age, by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, ERG, PERG and OCT.ResultsIn 3xTg‐AD mice, at 8 and 12 M, the retinal thickness decreased significantly, and at 4, 8 and 12 M the scotopic b‐wave and photopic flicker amplitude increased. No differences were detected in PERG recordings. Amyloid beta protein was not detected in the retina of 3xTg‐AD at 4 and 8 M. The p‐Tau protein levels increased at 4 M, but not at 8 M. At 4 and 8 M, amyloid precursor protein, beta‐secretase 1, choline acetyltransferase, syntaxin and synaptophysin levels remained unchanged in the retina of 3xTg‐AD. Apoptotic cells (TUNEL+ cells) were not detected. Also, no alterations were detected in the immunostaining of vimentin in 3xTg‐AD, but GFAP immunostaining decreased at 8 M.ConclusionsThese results show that retinal thickness and function are early affected in a mouse model of AD. However, no molecular and cellular correlates were found in the majority of parameters evaluated in the retina, with the exception of p‐Tau and GFAP, at least in early timepoints.Support: Santa Casa Mantero Belard Award 2015 (MB‐1049‐2015); FCT Portugal, PEst (UID/NEU/04539/2013), COMPETE‐FEDER (POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐007440); Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme (CENTRO‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐000008: BrainHealth 2020).
Characterizing microglia activation: a spatial statistics approach to maximize information extraction
Authors: Davis B. , Salinas‐Navarro M. , Cordeiro M.F. , Moons L. , De Groef L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryMicroglia play an important role in the pathology of CNS disorders, however, there remains significant uncertainty about the neuroprotective/degenerative role of these cells due to a lack of techniques to adequately assess their complex behaviour in response to injury. This talk briefly describes a novel technique for microglia analysis, combining improved immunohistological image analysis with spatial statistical techniques (Ripley‐K function and Dixon's χ2‐test). Using this approach, a comprehensive set of morphological parameters describing microglia activation status was developed to characterise microgliosis in a murine optic nerve injury model. In addition to monitoring global changes in microglia density, nearest neighbour distance, and regularity index, cluster analyses based on changes in soma size and roundness were used to yield novel insights into the behaviour of different microglia phenotypes. These methods should be considered a generic tool to quantitatively assess microglia activation status, to profile these phenotypic changes into microglia subpopulations, and to map their spatial distributions in virtually every CNS region and disease state.
Older people's experiences of nurse–patient telephone communication in the primary healthcare setting
Authors: Waterworth Susan , Raphael Deborah , Parsons John , Arroll Bruce , Gott Merryn 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo determine which aspects of primary nurse–patient telephone communication are viewed positively or negatively in terms of meeting the older persons’ needs.BackgroundHealth professionals are increasingly being called on to develop different ways of working and increase their capacity to meet the needs of an ageing population. In some countries, telephone communication between primary nurses and patients in General Practice is already seen as a routine practice, but determining the value of this type of communication as a specific health service needs more understanding.DesignA qualitative exploratory study as the aim was to explore the older person's experiences.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 21 older people from General Practices in New Zealand during 2014–2015. Thematic analysis was informed by a constructivist grounded theory approach.FindingsThe overarching theme was the difficulties older people face in making decisions about whether to contact a health professional by telephone and whether this should be the Primary nurse. Accounting for some of their symptoms as age related added to the uncertainty of decision‐making. Importantly, some older people were not raising concerns e.g. emotional state.ConclusionDecision‐making by older people around treatment seeking is complex. Increasing the awareness of the nurse role in the General Practice is integral to creating a health system which will meet the needs of a growing older population. Primary care practices can review their systems to better inform older people how the nurse‐telephone role as a specific health service works and what they can expect when using this service.
Differentiation of movement behaviour in an adaptively diverging salamander population
Authors: Hendrix Ralf , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Schaub Michael , Krause E. Tobias , Steinfartz Sebastian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDispersal is considered to be a species‐specific trait, but intraspecific variation can be high. However, when and how this complex trait starts to differentiate during the divergence of species/lineages is unknown. Here, we studied the differentiation of movement behaviour in a large salamander population (Salamandra salamandra), in which individual adaptations to different habitat conditions drive the genetic divergence of this population into two subpopulations. In this system, salamanders have adapted to the deposition and development of their larvae in ephemeral ponds vs. small first‐order streams. In general, the pond habitat is characterized as a spatially and temporally highly unpredictable habitat, while streams provide more stable and predictable conditions for the development of larvae. We analysed the fine‐scale genetic distribution of larvae, and explored whether the adaptation to different larval habitat conditions has in turn also affected dispersal strategies and home range size of adult salamanders. Based on the genetic assignment of adult individuals to their respective larval habitat type, we show that pond‐adapted salamanders occupied larger home ranges, displayed long‐distance dispersal and had a higher variability of movement types than the stream‐adapted individuals. We argue that the differentiation of phenotypically plastic traits such as dispersal and movement characteristics can be a crucial component in the course of adaptation to new habitat conditions, thereby promoting the genetic divergence of populations.
Local environment rather than past climate determines community composition of mountain stream macroinvertebrates across Europe
Authors: Múrria Cesc , Bonada Núria , Vellend Mark , Zamora‐Muñoz Carmen , Alba‐Tercedor Javier , Sainz‐Cantero Carmen Elisa , Garrido Josefina , Acosta Raul , El Alami Majida , Barquín Jose , Derka Tomáš , Álvarez‐Cabria Mario , Sáinz‐Bariain Marta , Filipe Ana F. , Vogler Alfried P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCommunity assembly is determined by a combination of historical events and contemporary processes that are difficult to disentangle, but eco‐evolutionary mechanisms may be uncovered by the joint analysis of species and genetic diversity across multiple sites. Mountain streams across Europe harbour highly diverse macroinvertebrate communities whose composition and turnover (replacement of taxa) among sites and regions remain poorly known. We studied whole‐community biodiversity within and among six mountain regions along a latitudinal transect from Morocco to Scandinavia at three levels of taxonomic hierarchy: genus, species and haplotypes. Using DNA barcoding of four insect families (>3100 individuals, 118 species) across 62 streams, we found that measures of local and regional diversity and intraregional turnover generally declined slightly towards northern latitudes. However, at all hierarchical levels we found complete (haplotype) or high (species, genus) turnover among regions (and even among sites within regions), which counters the expectations of Pleistocene postglacial northward expansion from southern refugia. Species distributions were mostly correlated with environmental conditions, suggesting a strong role of lineage‐ or species‐specific traits in determining local and latitudinal community composition, lineage diversification and phylogenetic community structure (e.g., loss of Coleoptera, but not Ephemeroptera, at northern sites). High intraspecific genetic structure within regions, even in northernmost sites, reflects species‐specific dispersal and demographic histories and indicates postglacial migration from geographically scattered refugia, rather than from only southern areas. Overall, patterns were not strongly concordant across hierarchical levels, but consistent with the overriding influence of environmental factors determining community composition at the species and genus levels.
Pancreas‐preserving duodenectomy after living donor liver transplantation for invasive cytomegalovirus disease
Authors: Vincenzi Rodrigo , Fonseca Eduardo A. , Chapchap Paulo , Machado Marcel C. C. , Roda Karina M. O. , Candido Helry L. , Benavides Marcel R. , D'Assuncao Marco A. , Afonso Rogerio C. , Turine Plinio , Marson Fernando P. , Neto João Seda 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCMV infection plays an important role in the postoperative course following solid organ transplantation. We present the case of an 11‐year‐old male patient who underwent LDLT due to severe hepatopulmonary syndrome and biliary cirrhosis. Four weeks after LDLT, he developed persistent GI bleeding and was subjected to repeated endoscopic treatment and radiological arterial embolization to stop the bleeding from duodenal ulcers. Diagnostic workup was negative for CMV disease. Because the bleeding persisted, surgical treatment was indicated, and a pancreas‐preserving duodenectomy was performed. Immunohistochemical staining of the surgical specimen demonstrated diffuse endothelial infiltration by CMV. Despite ganciclovir treatment, the patient developed new erosions in the jejunal mucosa and melena; ganciclovir was discontinued, and foscarnet was started, resulting in clinical improvement and the cessation of bleeding. This case highlights the technical aspects of performing a complex upper GI resection in a patient recently subjected to LDLT, taking care to avoid injury to the previous liver graft anastomosis and restore GI continuity. Moreover, CMV tissue‐invasive disease compartmentalized in the GI tract may be difficult to diagnose, as indicated by the negative results of antigenemia and PCR assays and endoscopic superficial mucosal biopsies.
Top Management Turnover: The Role of Governing Board Structures
Authors: Rutherford Amanda , Lozano Jon 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe convergence of performance accountability policies, a graying bureaucracy, and shorter executive tenures highlights the timeliness of investigating executive turnover. Prior public administration research has examined pull and push factors linked to these departures, but it has yet to fully explore the influence of governing board structures and political pressures that stem from such structures. Using data on 123 public four‐year research universities in the United States from 1993 to 2012, this article finds that governing board structures play a pivotal role in predicting the departure decisions of university presidents. While the size of the board increases the risk of departure, boards overseeing multiple institutions and boards with a faculty or student representative lower the risk of departure. Additional evidence suggests that both the share of gubernatorial and legislative appointees on the board and the party division of the legislature have a direct influence on departure.
Distinctive effects between cognitive stimulation and reminiscence therapy on cognitive function and quality of life for different types of behavioural problems in dementia
Authors: Lin Hsiu‐Ching , Yang Ya‐Ping , Cheng Wen‐Yun , Wang Jing‐Jy 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundAmong the various complementary therapies for patients with dementia (PwD), cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) and reminiscence therapy (RT) are frequently used to improve cognitive function and quality of life. However, no studies have examined the use of complementary therapies applied to different types of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in PwD.AimsThe purpose of this study was to investigate the distinctive effects of CST and RT on cognitive function and quality of life for PwD with three types of behavioural problems – the dispute, return and dissociate types.MethodsA quasi‐experimental design was employed. A total of PwD residing in 10 long‐term care institutions participated in the study and were divided into three groups. The CST and RT groups received 50‐minute sessions of intervention therapy once a week for 10 continuous weeks, and the control group participated in regular activities. The pretest (week 1), post‐test (week 12) and follow‐up (week 24) data were collected using the Mini–Mental State Examination and Quality of Life–Alzheimer's Disease. Two‐way analysis of variance was used for data analysis.ResultsThe results of our study revealed CST and RT interventions had positive effects on cognition and quality of life of PwD. For short‐term effects on cognitive function, CST was the most positive intervention for the dispute type. With regard to short‐term effects on quality of life, CST was greater than RT for PwD. For follow‐up effects, CST and RT may have potentially sustained effects.ConclusionThis study suggests that CST and RT could be applied to improve the cognitive function and quality of life for PwD, as well as contribute to the effectiveness of nonpharmacological approaches to PwD with certain types of behavioural problems.
NAD metabolism fuels human and mouse intestinal inflammation
Authors: Gerner Romana R , Klepsch Victoria , Macheiner Sophie , Arnhard Kathrin , Adolph Timon E , Grander Christoph , Wieser Verena , Pfister Alexandra , Moser Patrizia , Hermann-Kleiter Natascha , Baier Gottfried , Oberacher Herbert , Tilg Herbert , Moschen Alexander R 
Published: September 2017

Objective

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT, also referred to as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor or visfatin) is critically required for the maintenance of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) supply catalysing the rate-limiting step of the NAD
salvage pathway
. NAMPT is strongly upregulated in inflammation including IBD and counteracts an increased cellular NAD turnover mediated by NAD-depleting enzymes. These constitute an important mechanistic link between inflammatory, metabolic and transcriptional pathways and NAD metabolism.

Design
We investigated the impact of NAMPT inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor FK866 in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis and the azoxymethane/DSS model of colitis-associated cancer. The impact of NAD depletion on differentiation of mouse and human primary monocytes/macrophages was studied in vitro. Finally, we tested the efficacy of FK866 compared with dexamethasone and infliximab in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) isolated from patients with IBD.

Results

FK866 ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and suppressed inflammation-associated tumorigenesis in mice. FK866 potently inhibited NAMPT activity as demonstrated by reduced mucosal NAD, resulting in reduced abundances and activities of NAD-dependent enzymes including PARP1, Sirt6 and CD38, reduced nuclear factor kappa B activation, and decreased cellular infiltration by inflammatory monocytes, macrophages and activated T cells. Remarkably, FK866 effectively supressed cytokine release from LPMNCs of patients with IBD. As FK866 was also effective in Rag1
−⁄−
mice, we mechanistically linked FK866 treatment with altered monocyte/macrophage biology and skewed macrophage polarisation by reducing CD86, CD38, MHC-II and interleukin (IL)-6 and promoting CD206, Egr2 and IL-10.

Conclusion
Our data emphasise the importance of NAD immunometabolism for mucosal immunity and highlight FK866-mediated NAMPT blockade as a promising therapeutic approach in acute intestinal inflammation.
Prognostic role of tumour-associated macrophages and regulatory T cells in EBV-positive and EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ooft Marc L , van Ipenburg Jolique A , Sanders Maxime E , Kranendonk Mariette , Hofland Ingrid , de Bree Remco , Koljenović Senada , Willems Stefan M 
Published: September 2017

AimsTumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) form a special niche supporting tumour progression, and both correlate with worse survival in head and neck cancers. However, the prognostic role of TAM and Tregs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still unknown. Therefore, we determined differences in TAMs and Tregs in different NPC subtypes, and their prognostic significance.MethodsTissue of 91 NPCs was assessed for TAMs and Tregs by determination of CD68, CD163, CD206 and FOXP3 expression in the tumour microenvironment. Clinicopathological correlations were assessed using Pearson X2test, Fisher’s exact test, analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U test. Survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression.ResultsCD68 and FOXP3 counts were higher in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive NPC, while CD68−/FOXP3−, CD163+/FOXP3− and CD206+/FOXP3− infiltrates were more common in EBV-negative NPC. In the whole NPC group, CD68−/FOXP3− correlated with worse overall survival (OS), and after multivariate analysis high FOXP3 count showed better OS (HR 0.352, 95% CI 0.128 to 0.968). No difference in M2 counts existed between EBV-positive and negative NPC.ConclusionsFOXP3, a Treg marker, seems to be an independent prognostic factor for better OS in the whole NPC group. Therefore, immune-based therapies targeting Tregs should be carefully evaluated. M2 spectrum macrophages are probably more prominent in EBV-negative NPC with also functional differences compared with EBV-positive NPC.
Dependence of Energy Flux from the Wind to Surface Inertial Currents on the Scale of Atmospheric Motions
Authors: Zhai Xiaoming 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAtmospheric features such as translating cold fronts and small lows with horizontal scales of about 100 km are traditionally thought to be most important in exciting near-inertial motions in the ocean. However, recent studies suggest that a significant fraction of energy flux from the wind to surface inertial currents may be supplied by atmospheric systems of larger scales. Here, the dependence of this energy flux on the scale of atmospheric motions is investigated using a high-resolution atmosphere reanalysis product and a slab model. It is found that mesoscale atmospheric systems with scales less than 1000 km are responsible for almost all the energy flux from the wind to near-inertial motions in the midlatitude North Atlantic and North Pacific. Transient atmospheric features with scales of ~100 km contribute significantly to this wind energy flux, but they are not as dominant as traditionally thought. Owing to the nonlinear nature of the stress law, energy flux from mesoscale atmospheric systems depends critically on the existence of the background, larger-scale wind field. Finally, accounting for relative motions in the stress calculation reduces the net wind energy flux to near-inertial motions by about one-fifth. Mesoscale atmospheric systems are found to be responsible for the majority of this relative wind damping effect.
The evaluation of achievement orientation and academic self-regulation of students studying in Faculties of Sport Sciences
Authors: Çimen Kubilay 
Published: September 2017

This study aims to evaluate the achievement orientation and academic self-regulation of students studying in Faculties of Sport Sciences according to a number of variables.1073 students studying in the Departments of Teaching, Sport Management, Coaching and Recreation in the Faculties of Sport Sciences at Gazi University, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University and Selcuk University participated in this study voluntarily. Volunteers were asked to complete the Socio-Demographic Information Form, Achievement Orientation Scale and Academic Self-Regulation Scale. The Achievement Orientation Scale was created by Elliot and Murayama in 2008 and adapted into Turkish in 2012 by Uçar with the validity and reliability value of .89. The Academic Self-Regulation Scale, on which validity and reliability studies have been carried out, was created by Martinez Pons in 2000, modified by Maclellan and Soden in 2006 and adapted into Turkish by Kaplan in 2014. Data collected was registered using the IBM SPSS 22 package. Inventories, which contain personal information about participants, were given as frequency (f) or percentage (%) values corresponding to the average score. The data had a non-parametric distribution. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis analyses were used for statistical analysis.As a result, it is proven that achievement orientation and self-regulation are directly related to the gender, university and department. The reason for this may be the fact that universities and instructors, who aspire to develop students' professional and personal characteristics and increase students' knowledge and awareness, also desire to make students attain individual self-sufficiency by educating them in accordance with students' goals.// Annotate Highlight