bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neuropeptides and Their Control of Endogenous Glucose Production
Authors: Foppen E. , Tan A. A. T. , Ackermans M. T. , Fliers E. , Kalsbeek A. 
Published: January 2016

Defective control of endogenous glucose production is an important factor responsible for hyperglycaemia in the diabetic individual. During the past decade, progressively more evidence has appeared indicating a strong and potentially causal relationship between disturbances of the circadian system and defects of metabolic regulation, including glucose metabolism. The detrimental effects of disturbed circadian rhythms may have their origin in disturbances of the molecular clock mechanisms in peripheral organs, such as the pancreas and liver, or in the central brain clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). To assess the role of SCN output per se on glucose metabolism, we investigated (i) the effect of several SCN neurotransmitters on endogenous glucose production and (ii) the effect of SCN neuronal activity on hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity. We show that silencing of SCN neuronal activity results in decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and increased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, both oxytocin neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and orexin neurones in the lateral hypothalamus may be important targets for the SCN control of glucose metabolism. These data further highlight the role of the central clock in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance.
Altered Hippocampal White Matter Connectivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Memory Decrements
Authors: van Bussel F. C. G. , Backes W. H. , Hofman P. A. M. , van Boxtel M. P. J. , Schram M. T. , Stehouwer C. D. A. , Wildberger J. E. , Jansen J. F. A. 
Published: January 2016

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive decrements. Specifically affected cognitive domains are learning and memory, for which the hippocampus plays an essential role. The pathophysiological mechanism remains to be revealed. The present study examined whether local hippocampal microstructure and white matter connectivity are related to type 2 diabetes and memory performance. Forty participants with type 2 diabetes and 38 participants without type 2 diabetes underwent detailed cognitive assessment and 3‐Tesla diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion MRI was performed to assess microstructure (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) and white matter connectivity (tract volume) of the hippocampus, which were compared between participants with and without type 2 diabetes. No differences in hippocampal microstructure were observed. Participants with type 2 diabetes had fewer white matter connections between the hippocampus and frontal lobe (P = 0.017). Participants who scored lower on memory function, regardless of type 2 diabetes, had fewer white matter connections between the hippocampus and temporal lobe (P = 0.017). Taken together, type 2 diabetes and memory decrements appear to be associated with altered hippocampal white matter connectivity.
Prevalence and clinical significance of neutropenia discovered in routine complete blood cell counts: a longitudinal study
Authors: Andersen C. L. , Tesfa D. , Siersma V. D. , Sandholdt H. , Hasselbalch H. , Bjerrum O. W. , Felding P. , Lind B. , Olivarius Niels de. F. , Palmblad J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundNeutropenia, defined as an absolute blood neutrophil count (ANC) <1.5 G L−1, may accompany a variety of diseases. However, the clinical significance of neutropenia detected in a routine complete blood cell count is poorly understood.MethodsUsing a primary care resource, comprising more than 370 000 individuals, we assessed the association with a number of previously recognized conditions as well as all‐cause mortality in the 4 years following the identification of neutropenia. By matching laboratory data with Danish nationwide health registers, risk estimates were assessed.ResultsNeutropenia was observed in approximately 1% of all individuals and was associated dose dependently with viral infections, haematological malignancies (but not autoimmune disorders or solid cancers) and mortality. Neutropenia was particularly associated with HIV, acute leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Odds ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] for viral infections were 2.32 (1.84–2.91), 2.80 (2.20–3.57) and 4.77 (3.22–7.07) for subnormal (≥1.5–1.8 G L−1), mild (≥1.0–1.5 G L−1) and moderate–severe (≥0.0–1.0 G L−1) neutropenic individuals, respectively (all P < 0.001). Likewise, odds ratios (95% CI) for haematological malignancies were 3.23 (2.35–4.45), 8.69 (6.58–11.47) and 46.03 (33.98–62.35 ), for the same neutropenia levels, respectively (all P < 0.001). Thus, the lower the ANC, the greater the likelihood of these diseases. The relative risk estimates observed for severe neutropenia corresponded to absolute risks of haematological malignancies and mortality from any cause of 40% and >50%, respectively.ConclusionsNeutropenia is an ominous sign necessitating careful follow‐up. The risk estimates presented here support focusing attention to viral diseases and haematological malignancies when neutropenia is observed.
Travel burden and dentist bypass among dentally insured children
Authors: McKernan Susan C. , Pooley Mark J. , Momany Elizabeth T. , Kuthy Raymond A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesUsing administrative data from Iowa Medicaid and a large private dental insurer, we compared distance to the nearest primary care dentist for children ages 6‐15 in 2012. Additionally, we examined rates of provider bypass in both populations as an indicator of spatial accessibility to dental care.MethodsWe calculated measures of travel burden, including distance to the nearest primary care dentist and distance to current primary care dentist. Distance outcomes and rates of bypass, traveling beyond the nearest dentist for care, were compared by insurance type.ResultsWe found that Medicaid‐enrolled children lived farther from the nearest dentist and farther from their current dentist than privately insured children. However, rates of bypass were higher among the privately insured population. These results were consistent among urban and rural residents; additionally, both rural populations demonstrated greater travel distances than urban dwellers.ConclusionsTravel burden was greater among Medicaid‐enrolled children. Lower rates of bypass, in conjunction with lower rates of dental utilization in this population, may indicate a distance threshold beyond which dental care becomes unattainable.
Effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) isolates from the Salish Sea
Authors: Bill Brian D. , Moore Stephanie K. , Hay Levi R. , Anderson Donald M. , Trainer Vera L. 
Published: January 2016

Toxin‐producing blooms of dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium have plagued the inhabitants of the Salish Sea for centuries. Yet the environmental conditions that promote accelerated growth of this organism, a producer of paralytic shellfish toxins, is lacking. This study quantitatively determined the growth response of two Alexandrium isolates to a range of temperatures and salinities, factors that will strongly respond to future climate change scenarios. An empirical equation, derived from observed growth rates describing the temperature and salinity dependence of growth, was used to hindcast bloom risk. Hindcasting was achieved by comparing predicted growth rates, calculated from in situ temperature and salinity data from Quartermaster Harbor, with corresponding Alexandrium cell counts and shellfish toxin data. The greatest bloom risk, defined at μ >0.25 d−1, generally occurred from April through November annually; however, growth rates rarely fell below 0.10 d−1. Except for a few occasions, Alexandrium cells were only observed during the periods of highest bloom risk and paralytic shellfish toxins above the regulatory limit always fell within the periods of predicted bloom occurrence. While acknowledging that Alexandrium growth rates are affected by other abiotic and biotic factors, such as grazing pressure and nutrient availability, the use of this empirical growth function to predict higher risk time frames for blooms and toxic shellfish within the Salish Sea provides the groundwork for a more comprehensive biological model of Alexandrium bloom dynamics in the region and will enhance our ability to forecast blooms in the Salish Sea under future climate change scenarios.
Salivary pathogen and serum antibody to assess the progression of chronic periodontitis: a 24‐mo prospective multicenter cohort study
Authors: Morozumi T. , Nakagawa T. , Nomura Y. , Sugaya T. , Kawanami M. , Suzuki F. , Takahashi K. , Abe Y. , Sato S. , Makino‐Oi A. , Saito A. , Takano S. , Minabe M. , Nakayama Y. , Ogata Y. , Kobayashi H. , Izumi Y. , Sugano N. , Ito K. , Sekino S. , Numabe Y. , Fukaya C. , Yoshinari N. , Fukuda M. , Noguchi T. , Kono T. , Umeda M. , Fujise O. , Nishimura F. , Yoshimura A. , Hara Y. , Nakamura T. , Noguchi K. , Kakuta E. , Hanada N. , Takashiba S. , Yoshie H. 
Published: January 2016

Background and ObjectiveA diagnosis of periodontitis progression is presently limited to clinical parameters such as attachment loss and radiographic imaging. The aim of this multicenter study was to monitor disease progression in patients with chronic periodontitis during a 24‐mo follow‐up program and to evaluate the amount of bacteria in saliva and corresponding IgG titers in serum for determining the diagnostic usefulness of each in indicating disease progression and stability.Material and MethodsA total of 163 patients with chronic periodontitis who received trimonthly follow‐up care were observed for 24 mo. The clinical parameters and salivary content of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were assessed using the modified Invader PLUS assay, and the corresponding serum IgG titers were measured using ELISA. The changes through 24 mo were analyzed using cut‐off values calculated for each factor. One‐way ANOVA or Fisher's exact test was used to perform between‐group comparison for the data collected. Diagnostic values were calculated using Fisher's exact test.ResultsOf the 124 individuals who completed the 24‐mo monitoring phase, 62 exhibited periodontitis progression, whereas 62 demonstrated stable disease. Seven patients withdrew because of acute periodontal abscess. The ratio of P. gingivalis to total bacteria and the combination of P. gingivalis counts and IgG titers against P. gingivalis were significantly related to the progression of periodontitis. The combination of P. gingivalis ratio and P. gingivalis IgG titers was significantly associated with the progression of periodontitis (p = 0.001, sensitivity = 0.339, specificity = 0.790).ConclusionsIt is suggested that the combination of P. gingivalis ratio in saliva and serum IgG titers against P. gingivalis may be associated with the progression of periodontitis.
Ineffective hand washing and the contamination of carrots after using a field latrine
Authors: Monaghan J.M. , Hutchison M.L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A study was undertaken to simulate the likely effects of a field worker with poor hygienic practices that had returned to work too soon after recovering from an infection by an enteric pathogen. The studies simulated a variety of hand-washing practices from no washing to washing with soap and water followed by an application of alcohol gel after using a field latrine. The numbers of generic Escherichia coli isolated from workers' hands declined with increasing thoroughness of hand-washing treatments with unwashed hands &gt; water &gt; water and soap &gt; water, soap and alcohol gel. Where gloves were worn the counts obtained for the treatments were significantly reduced, but it was observed that unwashed hands contaminated gloves during the process of putting them on. Hand contamination following the use of a field latrine transferred contamination to carrots. These results suggest that if no gloves are worn it would be best practice to wash hands with water and soap and apply alcohol gel after using a field latrine. Wearing gloves reduced the risk of contaminating handled produce but workers should still wash their hands after using a field latrine before applying gloves.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This study shows that inadequate hand hygiene in the field following the use of a field latrine can transfer bacterial contamination to hand-harvested carrots. Where fresh produce crops are to be handled by workers, wearing gloves reduces the risk of contaminating produce but workers should still wash their hands after using a field latrine before applying gloves. If no gloves are worn it would be best practice to wash hands with water and soap and apply alcohol gel after using a field latrine.
Dental microwear texture analysis in mammalian ecology
Authors: Calandra Ivan , Merceron Gildas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNeoecology and paleoecology both seek to answer the same questions, albeit using different material, at different time scales and with different limitations. Nevertheless, too often, neoecologists neglect paleoecology, and paleoecologists only use neoecology as a baseline for actualism. One reason for this is the lack of tools that can be applied to both fields.This is a review of the contributions to both neoecology and paleoecology of three‐dimensional (3D) dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), a method that can act as a bridge between these fields.DMTAstudies can be grouped according to the type of ecological questions researchers seek to answer: specific ecology, intra‐specific ecology, niche partitioning and dietary overlap, and ecology over time. The first question has been the main focus of research; the other three were only superficially studied.In this review, selected examples will be presented to demonstrate thatDMTA, as one of the few tools that can be applied to both modern and fossil samples, has been used to address key ecological questions in mammalian neoecology and paleoecology.With the wide range of neoecological and paleoecological questions thatDMTAcan answer, it is clear that this methodology will be used increasingly in the future, possibly in combination with other ecological proxies.
Association between tactile over‐responsivity and vegetable consumption early in the introduction of solid foods and its variation with age
Authors: Coulthard Helen , Harris Gillian , Fogel Anna 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe main aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that early reactions to a vegetable in infants may be associated with sensory processing, in particular, tactile over‐responsivity. A secondary aim was to see whether the relationship between sensory over‐responsivity and vegetable consumption would be moderated by the age of the infant. A sample of 61 infants was recruited from children's centres and playgroups in South Birmingham, UK. Infant's acceptance of carrot was measured in grams during the first week of complementary feeding in one testing situation. Mothers filled in self‐report measures of infant sensory processing, as well as their own fruit and vegetable consumption. Infant carrot consumption in the first week of solid food consumption was negatively associated with total sensory over‐responsivity across different sensory domains (P < 0.01). Across the sensory domains only tactile over‐responsivity predicted carrot consumption, accounting for 10.7% of the variance in consumption scores. Across the sample as a whole, the relationship between carrot consumption and tactile over‐responsivity varied according to the age of introduction to solid foods. In particular, those who were weaned later and had high tactile over‐responsivity ate less carrot (P < 0.001). Infants who were weaned early ate a similar amount of carrot, regardless of their tactile responsivity (P > 0.05). This study constitutes some of the first evidence to suggest that sensory processing styles be associated with early vegetable acceptance; however, more research is needed to evaluate the best strategies to use when feeding infants who are sensitive to tactile information.
Working with Kwok Leung: Reflections from Four Grateful Collaborators
Authors: Bond Michael H. , van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Morris Michael W. , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article is a set of tributes about Kwok Leung, a colleague of the four colleagues who collaborated with Kwok over more than three decades and provide their reflections on working professionally with him. The four content areas of their academic contributions were justice, social axioms, and methodology in cross‐cultural research and creativity. The focus of each tribute is upon Kwok Leung's collaborative style and particular genius.
Environmental Conflict and Media Coverage of an Oil Spill in Trinidad
Authors: Steele Godfrey A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn December 2013, local media reported an oil spill off the southwestern coast of Trinidad. Subsequent media reports generated local and international interest, statements, and commentary from company and government interests and members of the La Brea community (fisherfolk and residents directly affected by the oil spill), the national community, trade unionists, politicians, oil spill experts, and environmentalists. As the news coverage developed, various narrative themes emerged. Within these themes, various conflict issues, mainly pertaining to the nature and focus of communication, and differences over the prevention, mitigation and management of environmental disasters were manifested in the media coverage and corporate communications management of crisis and reputation. Using crisis communication theory, and content analysis of media and company texts, this study examined the extent of media coverage and organizational and corporate communications framing of the creation, escalation, and management of a significant environmental conflict situation.
Effects of diabetes on tooth movement and root resorption after orthodontic force application in rats
Authors: Arita K. , Hotokezaka H. , Hashimoto M. , Nakano‐Tajima T. , Kurohama T. , Kondo T. , Darendeliler M. A. , Yoshida N. 
Published: January 2016

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of diabetes on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption in rats.Setting and sample populationTwenty‐three 10‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats divided into control (n = 7), diabetes (n = 9), and diabetes + insulin (n = 7) groups.Materials and methodsDiabetes was induced by administering a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rats with a blood glucose level exceeding 250 mg/dl were assigned to the diabetes group. Insulin was administered daily to the diabetes + insulin group. A nickel–titanium closed‐coil spring of 10 g was applied for 2 weeks to the maxillary left first molar in all rats to induce mesial tooth movement. Tooth movement was measured using microcomputed tomography images. To determine the quantity of root resorption, the mesial surfaces of the mesial and distal roots of the first molar were analyzed using both scanning electron microscopy and scanning laser microscopy.ResultsAfter 2 weeks, the amount of tooth movement in the diabetic rats was lower than that in the control rats. Root resorption was also significantly lower in the diabetic rats. These responses of the rats caused by diabetes were mostly diminished by insulin administration.ConclusionsDiabetes significantly reduced orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption in rats. The regulation of blood glucose level through insulin administration largely reduced these abnormal responses to orthodontic force application.
Postoperative pain management in Latino families: parent beliefs about analgesics predict analgesic doses provided to children
Authors: Rosales Alvina , Fortier Michelle A. , Campos Belinda , Kain Zeev N. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackground/ObjectivesThe present study examined whether parental perceptions of children's pain impacted home‐based pain management following outpatient surgery in a sample of Latino families from low socioeconomic backgrounds.MethodsLatino parents of children (n = 161) who underwent outpatient surgery were recruited for this study and completed measures assessing attitudes on pain and analgesic use (Parental Pain Expression Perceptions and Medication Attitudes Questionnaire) before their child's surgery. Parents also rated their child's pain after their child's surgery using the Parent Postoperative Pain Measure and collected data on the amount of analgesics they gave to their child on the first postoperative day. Hierarchical regression analyses examined whether parental attitudes predicted pain assessment and management at home.ResultsA majority of parents reported multiple misconceptions regarding children's pain and fears of side effects as well as avoidance of analgesic use. For example, over 80% reported believing that a child always tells their parents when they are in pain. Hierarchical regression analyses found that more fear and avoidance regarding analgesic use for children's pain predicted parents providing fewer doses of analgesic to their children on the first postoperative day (β = −0.21, P = 0.028).ConclusionsPreoperative parents’ beliefs regarding analgesics for treatment of children's pain may adversely impact parent postoperative analgesic administration at home in Latino families.
Polyamine oxidase 5 loss‐of‐function mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana trigger metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming and promote salt stress tolerance
Authors: Zarza Xavier , Atanasov Kostadin E. , Marco Francisco , Arbona Vicent , Carrasco Pedro , Kopka Joachim , Fotopoulos Vasileios , Munnik Teun , Gómez‐Cadenas Aurelio , Tiburcio Antonio F. , Alcázar Rubén 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe family of polyamine oxidases (PAO) in Arabidopsis (AtPAO1–5) mediates polyamine (PA) back‐conversion, which reverses the PA biosynthetic pathway from spermine and its structural isomer thermospermine (tSpm) into spermidine and then putrescine. Here, we have studied the involvement of PA back‐conversion in Arabidopsis salinity tolerance. AtPAO5 is the Arabidopsis PAO gene member most transcriptionally induced by salt stress. Two independent loss‐of‐function mutants (atpao5‐2 and atpao5‐3) were found to exhibit constitutively higher tSpm levels, with associated increased salt tolerance. Using global transcriptional and metabolomic analyses, the underlying mechanisms were studied. Stimulation of abscisic acid and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and accumulation of important compatible solutes, such as sugars, polyols and proline, as well as TCA cycle intermediates were observed in atpao5 mutants under salt stress. Expression analyses indicate that tSpm modulates the transcript levels of several target genes, including many involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of JA, some of which are already known to promote salinity tolerance. Transcriptional modulation by tSpm is isomer‐dependent, thus demonstrating the specificity of this response. Overall, we conclude that tSpm triggers metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming that promotes salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.