bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Jordan Berit , Schweden Tabea L.K. , Mehl Theresa , Menge Uwe , Zierz Stephan 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cognitive fatigue has frequently been reported in myasthenia gravis (MG). However, objective assessment of cognitive fatigability has never been evaluated. Methods: Thirty‐three MG patients with stable generalized disease and 17 healthy controls underwent a test battery including repeated testing of attention and concentration (d2‐R) and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Fatigability was based on calculation of linear trend (LT) reflecting dynamic performance within subsequent constant time intervals. Additionally, fatigue questionnaires were used. Results: MG patients showed a negative LT in second d2‐R testing, indicating cognitive fatigability. This finding significantly differed from stable cognitive performance in controls (P < 0.05). Results of Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test testing did not differ between groups. Self‐assessed fatigue was significantly higher in MG patients compared with controls (P < 0.001), but did not correlate with LT. Conclusions: LT quantifies cognitive fatigability as an objective measurement of performance decline in MG patients. Self‐assessed cognitive fatigue is not correlated with objective findings. Muscle Nerve 56: 449–457, 2017
Proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the healthy human breast at 7 T
Authors: van der Kemp Wybe J.M. , Stehouwer Bertine L. , Boer Vincent O. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W.J. , Wijnen Jannie P. 
Published: December 2016

In vivo water‐ and fat‐suppressed 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 31P magnetic resonance adiabatic multi‐echo spectroscopic imaging were performed at 7 T in duplicate in healthy fibroglandular breast tissue of a group of eight volunteers. The transverse relaxation times of 31P metabolites were determined, and the reproducibility of 1H and 31P MRS was investigated. The transverse relaxation times for phosphoethanolamine (PE) and phosphocholine (PC) were fitted bi‐exponentially, with an added short T2 component of 20 ms for adenosine monophosphate, resulting in values of 199 ± 8 and 239 ± 14 ms, respectively. The transverse relaxation time for glycerophosphocholine (GPC) was also fitted bi‐exponentially, with an added short T2 component of 20 ms for glycerophosphatidylethanolamine, which resonates at a similar frequency, resulting in a value of 177 ± 6 ms. Transverse relaxation times for inorganic phosphate, γ‐ATP and glycerophosphatidylcholine mobile phospholipid were fitted mono‐exponentially, resulting in values of 180 ± 4, 19 ± 3 and 20 ± 4 ms, respectively. Coefficients of variation for the duplicate determinations of 1H total choline (tChol) and the 31P metabolites were calculated for the group of volunteers. The reproducibility of inorganic phosphate, the sum of phosphomonoesters and the sum of phosphodiesters with 31P MRS imaging was superior to the reproducibility of 1H MRS for tChol. 1H and 31P data were combined to calculate estimates of the absolute concentrations of PC, GPC and PE in healthy fibroglandular tissue, resulting in upper limits of 0.1, 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg of tissue, respectively.
Conflict processing among multiple frames of reference
Authors: Nan Weizhi , Li Qi , Sun Yanlong , Wang Hongbin , Liu Xun 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPeople rely on multiple frames of reference (FORs) to represent and update spatial relationships of different objects in a complex environment. According to the “Frame of Reference‐based Map of Salience” theory (FORMS), FORs with high salience are processed in priority, and human performance is determined by the interaction of all relevant FOR‐based representations. We conducted a modified two‐cannon task manipulating conflicts among FORs (e.g., egocentric [FOR‐EFOR], intrinsic [FOR‐IFOR]) in order to explore how FORs interact with each other. We found that participants responded slower when two IFORs were incongruent than when they were congruent. There was also an interaction between these two conflicts. Moreover, the effect size of conflict between two IFORs was much larger than that between an IFOR and an EFOR. These results suggest that although the IFOR and EFOR may be coded by different spatial representations, they rely on a common processing mechanism and compete with each other. The findings from the current study provide support for the FORMS theory.
The impact of physics teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and motivation on students’ achievement and interest
Authors: Keller Melanie M. , Neumann Knut , Fischer Hans E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper examines students’ achievement and interest and the extent to which they are predicted by teacher knowledge and motivation. Student achievement and interest are both considered desirable outcomes of school instruction. Teacher pedagogical content knowledge has been identified a major predictor of student achievement in previous research, whereas teacher motivation is considered a decisive factor influencing students’ interest. So far, however, most research either focused on knowledge or motivation (both on the students’ as well as the teachers’ side), rarely investigating them together or examining the instructional mechanisms through which the supposed effects of teacher knowledge and motivation are facilitated. In the present study, N = 77 physics teachers and their classes in Germany and Switzerland are investigated utilizing a multi‐method approach in combining data obtained from test‐instruments (teacher pedagogical content knowledge, student achievement) and questionnaires (teacher motivation, student interest, student perceived enthusiastic teaching) as well as videotaped instruction (cognitive activation rated by observers). Multi‐level structural equation modeling was used to support the assumptions that teacher pedagogical content knowledge positively predicted students’ achievement; the effect was mediated by cognitive activation. Teachers’ motivation predicted students’ interest which was mediated by enthusiastic teaching as perceived by students. Neither did teacher pedagogical content knowledge predict students’ interest, nor teacher motivation students’ achievement. This implies that in order to improve students’ cognitive as well as affective outcomes, both teachers’ knowledge but also their motivation need to be considered. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Research in Science Teaching Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54:586–614, 2017
Sonocrystallization of Interesterified Fats with 20 and 30% C16:0 at sn‐2 Position
Authors: Kadamne Jeta V. , Ifeduba Ebenezer A. , Akoh Casimir C. , Martini Silvana 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to induce crystallization in enzymatically interesterified fats (IE) with 20 and 30% palmitic acid at the sn‐2 position using high intensity ultrasound (HIU). The physical blends (PB) used to prepare these two IE were consisted of tripalmitin and high oleic sunflower oil and contained 13.2 and 27.1% tripalmitin, respectively. Crystallization behavior of IE was compared with PB at supercoolings of 9, 6 and 3 °C. Results show that the melting point, SFC, and crystallization rate of PB were higher than IE and were driven mainly by tripalmitin content. HIU induced crystallization and generated small crystals in the IE samples. At 9 °C supercooling, sonication did not increase the viscosity of IE C16:0 20%, while that of the IE C16:0 30% increased significantly from 192.4 ± 118.9 to 3297.7 ± 1368.6 Pa·s. The elastic modulus (G’) for IE C16:0 30% increased from 12521 ± 2739.8 to 75076.7 ± 18259 Pa upon sonication at 9 °C supercooling, while the G’ of the IE C16:0 20% did not increase. Similar behavior was observed for the other supercoolings tested. This research suggests that HIU can improve the functional properties of IE with low content of C16:0 creating more viscous and elastic materials. These fats with low C16:0 content and improved functional properties could be used as trans‐free fat alternatives.
Impact of Cognitive and Psychological Symptoms on Work Productivity and Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Andy S.K. , Lau Lauren O.C. , Ma Yvonne N.H. , Ngai Rain H. , Fong Sanne S.L. 
Published: December 2016

Objective/Background Employed breast cancer survivors (BCS) may experience residual symptoms that can impact their work productivity and quality of life (QoL), but it is unclear whether such associations exist among BCS in Hong Kong. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the symptom burden (cognitive limitation and psychological distress) of employed BCS in HK, and to investigate whether such factors are related to work productivity and QoL. Methods A cross-sectional study including employed BCS (n = 30), women with musculoskeletal conditions (n = 30), and healthy women (n = 30) was conducted. Participants completed a questionnaire covering their sociodemographics, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Cognitive Symptom Checklist, Work Limitation Questionnaire, and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30. Results The self-perceived cognitive limitations at work of BCS were significantly higher than that of the healthy control group (5.33 vs. 2.60; p < .05). The cognitive limitations in BCS were significantly associated with their QoL (β = —0.320; p = .032). A negative relationship between depression and QoL in BCS was also observed in this study. Conclusion This exploratory study provides local evidence that BCS experience greater work-task related cognitive limitations and that is related to QoL. Similar to findings in other countries, this provides insight for the consideration of early identification of cognitive problems in this particular patient group. Further studies may be needed to further substantiate such findings and to examine the effectiveness of potential cognitive interventions.
Essentials of infection prevention in the pediatric population
Authors: Koutlakis-Barron Irene , Hayden Tina Ann 
Published: December 2016

Application of infection prevention and control (IP&C) measures is synonymous with safety, quality, resource saving, and the rights of all patients, staff and visitors. An extensive literature review was undertaken to identify key IP&C measures that address pediatric-specific requirements, taking into account age-related factors, diseases that occur most frequently among pediatric populations, and the important role of the caregiver in prevention and disease transmission. IP&C initiatives that target and incorporate both human (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) sources of infection are population specific and guide practices and provide safe caring environments when used appropriately.
Categories of care specifically geared to the pediatric age-group (0-14 years) are divided into two categories: within-the-healthcare system and outside-of-the-healthcare setting. By taking into account the child's developmental age; physiological, psycho-social and immunological development; differing impacts on the body's natural defense mechanisms, including procedural, device type and length of utilization; and availability of specific technologies and disciplines, the caregiver IP&C strategies can be developed and tailored to address specific needs. Within-the-healthcare setting strategies focus on surveillance, standard and transmission-based precautions, the immune system, age-related factors, institutional regulations, the family and visitation. Outside the healthcare setting preventative and protective measures are vital for providing maximum and comprehensive care. Care provided within and outside the healthcare setting can either be independent of each other or work together to maximize the health and safety of the child.
This review article highlights the importance of IP&C knowledge, need for strict adherence to approved standards, and need for auditing compliance to achieve the ultimate goal of providing safe, quality care as well as an infection-free environment.
Evaluation of Real-Time Mortality Surveillance Based on Media Reports
Authors: Olayinka Olaniyi O. , Bayleyegn Tesfaye M. , Noe Rebecca S. , Lewis Lauren S. , Arrisi Vincent , Wolkin Amy F. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the usefulness and accuracy of media-reported data for active disaster-related mortality surveillance.MethodsFrom October 29 through November 5, 2012, epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) tracked online media reports for Hurricane Sandy–related deaths by use of a keyword search. To evaluate the media-reported data, vital statistics records of Sandy-related deaths were compared to corresponding media-reported deaths and assessed for percentage match. Sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and timeliness of the media reports for detecting Sandy-related deaths were calculated.ResultsNinety-nine media-reported deaths were identified and compared with the 90 vital statistics death records sent to the CDC by New York City (NYC) and the 5 states that agreed to participate in this study. Seventy-five (76%) of the media reports matched with vital statistics records. Only NYC was able to actively track Sandy-related deaths during the event. Moderate sensitivity (83%) and PPV (83%) were calculated for the matching media-reported deaths for NYC.ConclusionsDuring Hurricane Sandy, the media-reported information was moderately sensitive, and percentage match with vital statistics records was also moderate. The results indicate that online media-reported deaths can be useful as a supplemental source of information for situational awareness and immediate public health decision-making during the initial response stage of a disaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:460–466)
Are press depictions of Affordable Care Act beneficiaries favorable to policy durability?
Authors: Chattopadhyay Jacqueline 
Published: December 2016

Background: If successfully implemented and enduring, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) stands to expand health insurance access in absolute terms, reduce inter-group disparities in that access, and reduce exposure to the financial vulnerabilities illness entails. Its durability—meaning both avoidance of outright retrenchment and fidelity to its policy aims—is thus of scholarly interest. Past literature suggests that social constructions of a policy’s beneficiaries may impact durability.Questions: This paper first describes media portrayals of ACA beneficiaries with an eye toward answering three descriptive questions: (1) Do portrayals depict beneficiaries as economically heterogeneous? (2) Do portrayals focus attention on groups that have acquired new political relevance due to the ACA, such as young adults? (3) What themes that have served as messages about beneficiary “deservingness” in past social policy are most frequent in ACA beneficiary portrayals? The paper then assesses how the portrayal patterns that these questions uncover may work both for and against the ACA’s durability, finding reasons for confidence as well as caution.Methods: Using manual and automated methods, this paper analyzes newspaper text from August 2013 through January 2014 to trace portrayals of two ACA “target populations” before and during the new law’s first open-enrollment period: those newly eligible for Medicaid, and those eligible for subsidies to assist in the purchase of private health insurance under the ACA. This paper also studies newspaper text portrayals of two groups informally crafted by the ACA in this timeframe: those gaining health insurance and those losing it.Results: The text data uncover the following answers to the three descriptive questions for the timeframe studied: (1) Portrayals may underplay beneficiaries’ economic heterogeneity. (2) Portrayals pay little attention to young adults. (3) Portrayals emphasize themes of workforce participation, economic self-sufficiency, and insider status. Health status, age, gender, and race/ethnicity appear to receive little attention.Implications and Conclusions: Existing literature suggests that these portrayal patterns may both support and limit ACA durability. In favor of durability is that ACA beneficiaries are depicted in terms that have been associated with deservingness in past American social policy—particularly being cast as workers and insiders. Yet, the results also give three reasons for caution. First, ACA insurance-losers are also portrayed as deserving. Second, it is unclear how the portrayal patterns found may impact the durability of the ACA’s efforts to cut insurance disparities by age, health status, and especially race/ethnicity. Third, portrayals’ strong casting of beneficiaries as workers, and limited attention to beneficiaries’ economic heterogeneity and to young adults, may do little to help cultivate beneficiary political engagement around the ACA.
Evolutionary institutionalism
Authors: Fürstenberg Kai 
Published: December 2016

Background. Institutions are hard to define and hard to study. Long prominent in political science have been two theories: Rational Choice Institutionalism (RCI) and Historical Institutionalism (HI). Arising from the life sciences is now a third: Evolutionary Institutionalism (EI). Comparative strengths and weaknesses of these three theories warrant review, and the value-to-be-added by expanding the third beyond Darwinian evolutionary theory deserves consideration.Question.Should evolutionary institutionalism expand to accommodate new understanding in ecology, such as might apply to the emergence of stability, and in genetics, such as might apply to political behavior?Methods.Core arguments are reviewed for each theory with more detailed exposition of the third, EI. Particular attention is paid to EI’s gene-institution analogy; to variation, selection, and retention of institutional traits; to endogeneity and exogeneity; to agency and structure; and to ecosystem effects, institutional stability, and empirical limitations in behavioral genetics.Findings.RCI, HI, and EI are distinct but complementary.Conclusions. Institutional change, while amenable to rational-choice analysis and, retrospectively, to critical-juncture and path-dependency analysis, is also, and importantly, ecological. Stability, like change, is an emergent property of institutions, which tend to stabilize after change in a manner analogous to allopatric speciation. EI is more than metaphorically biological in that institutional behaviors are driven by human behaviors whose evolution long preceded the appearance of institutions themselves.
A Personal Reflection on 40 Years of Radiocarbon Dating and Archaeology
Authors: Van Strydonck Mark 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn 1981, the first 14C and Archaeology Symposium was organized because it was felt necessary to have a symposium that focused on the specific problems related to the use of 14C dating in archaeology. The dating method has been constantly changing and approving itself technically as well as in the application of the method. The relationship between the archaeologists and the 14C dating laboratories has, however, never been straightforward. For a lot of 14C laboratories, archaeology was not their core business. For archaeologists, the main problem arose from an insufficient knowledge of natural sciences. The last decennia, however, 14C and archaeology are growing towards one another. One of the reasons might be the introduction of small exclusively 14C-dedicated machines and the availability of fully automatic graphitization lines.
Risk factors for secondary post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage following tonsillectomy with bipolar scissors: four-year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Harju T , Numminen J 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjective:To analyse risk factors associated with secondary post-operative bleeding when only one technique, namely bipolar scissors, is used.Methods:The medical records of all consecutive patients aged six years or older who underwent tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy between 1 December 2010 and 30 November 2014 were retrospectively analysed.Results:A total of 1734 patients were included in the study. A secondary haemorrhage occurred in 208 patients (12 per cent). Patients aged 15 years or older were 4.5 times (95 per cent confidence interval = 2.6–7.9;p< 0.001) more likely to experience secondary haemorrhage. In cases of acute quinsy, patients aged 15 years or older had an 8.1-fold (95 per cent confidence interval = 1.1–59.6;p= 0.02) increased likelihood of experiencing secondary haemorrhage.Conclusion:Patients aged 15 years or older have a higher risk for bleeding regardless of the primary indication for the tonsillectomy. The risk for secondary haemorrhage does not seem to depend on the primary indication itself.
The relationship between cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bora E. , Akdede B. B. , Alptekin K. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundIndividuals with schizophrenia are at greater risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is associated with cognitive deficits in the general population. MetS might be potentially an important contributing factor to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.MethodIn the current systematic review and meta-analysis, the findings of 18 studies investigating the association between MetS (and its components) with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia are reviewed.ResultsCo-morbidity of MetS (d = 0.28) and diabetes mellitus (d = 0.28) were both associated with more severe cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There was also evidence for a significant relationship between cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and each of the components of MetS including hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and diabetes.ConclusionsMetS is significantly associated with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and can potentially contribute to functional decline observed in some patients with schizophrenia throughout the course of illness.
Global benefits and local costs – The dilemma of tropical forest conservation: A review of the situation in Madagascar
Authors: NEUDERT REGINA , GANZHORN JÖRG U. , WÄTZOLD FRANK 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYDeforestation is one of the most important conservation problems in tropical developing countries, even though cost–benefit analyses consistently show that forest conservation is economically beneficial. In Madagascar, deforestation continues at alarming rates despite numerous initiatives of international donors to increase incentives for local households to support forest conservation. In this literature review, we contrast cost–benefit analyses for forest conservation with: (1) the actual burdens and (2) the actual gains of forest conservation for rural households, generated mainly in the context of conservation projects. We show that approaches to generating direct benefits deliver less value than expected for rural communities; the benefit transfer mechanisms are insufficient as the majority of benefits are captured by other stakeholders, and increased benefit transfer is limited by structural and institutional limitations in local communities, valuation chains and in terms of governance failure at higher levels.