bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple Instruments in Radio Astronomy
Authors: Rieu Nguyen Quang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRadio astronomy has a major role in the study of the universe. The spiral structure of our Galaxy and the cosmic background radiation were first detected, and the dense component of interstellar gas is studied, at radio wavelengths. COBE revealed very weak temperature fluctuations in the microwave background, considered to be the seeds of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Most electromagnetic radiation from outer space is absorbed or reflected by the Earth’s atmosphere, except in two narrow spectral windows: the visible-near-infrared and the radio, which are nearly transparent. Centimetre and longer radio waves propagate almost freely in space; observations of them are practically independent of weather. Turbulence in our atmosphere does not distort the wavefront, which simplifies the building of radio telescopes, because no devices are needed to correct for it. Observations at these wavelengths can be made in high atmospheric humidity, or where the sky is not clear enough for optical telescopes.Simple instruments operating at radio wavelengths can be built at low cost in tropical countries, to teach students and to familiarize them with radio astronomy. We describe a two-antennae radio interferometer and a single-dish radio telescope operating at centimetre wavelengths. The Sun and strong synchrotron radio-sources, like Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A, are potential targets.
Security of Equipment
Authors: Onuora Lesley I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProviding adequate security for equipment is probably a problem in all parts of the world, but needs special consideration in developing countries. Social and economic conditions are very different so that implementation of advice sought from experts who are unfamiliar with local conditions can lead to disasters.The need for adequate security must be taken into account while considering factors such as type of equipment, the site for the equipment, budgetary provisions, personnel etc.Some examples of situations that may arise will be given in order to provoke discussion and raise the awareness of participants on this important issue.
The Preservation of Library Materials in Developing Countries
Authors: Lastovica Ethleen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe acquisition of books and journals for a scientific library is costly. To ensure that this is a cost-effective process, consideration must be given to the arrangement, care and preservation of the collection. The books should be stored in a designated library area. Items acquired by purchase or donation must be catalogued, and a loan record kept. Besides regular library routines, attention must be given to the protection and preservation of the collection. Among the factors that contribute to the deterioration of library materials are temperature and humidity within the storage area, air pollution, dust, light and pests. Unchecked, they may cause serious damage to library materials at a very fast rate. If they are controlled, deterioration is greatly reduced.
Division II: The Sun and Heliosphere: (Le Soleil et Heliosphere)
Authors: Foukal Peter , Ai Guoxiang , Benz Arnold , Engvold Oddbjorn , Solanki Sami , Vandas Marek , Verheest Frank 
Published: July 2016

Division II consists of Commissions 10 (Solar Activity), 12 (Solar Radiation and Structure), and 49 (Interplanetary Plasma and Heliosphere). More detailed information on IAU activities in each of these three areas can be found in the individual reports of the respective Commissions.The Division II OC briefly considered changes to the structure of our Division in response to opportunities offered by the Executive Committee during this triennium. However, we believe that the present structure works well and change is not warranted at this time.
31. Time (L’heure)
Authors: McCarthy D. D , Paquet P. , Aoki S. , Benavente J. , Blinov N. , Guinot B. , Herrmleb G. , Kovalevsky J. , Miao Y. , Mueller I. , Pilkington J. , Proverbio E. , Ye S. 
Published: July 2016

The work of IAU Commission 31 members is contained mainly in the reports contributed by members and listed below. Unfortunately because of limitations in space, journal references to the work could not be listed. Readers interested in any of the topics mentioned in the reports are urged to contact those who have submitted that particular report for further information.During the period from 1984 to 1987 the membership list of Commission 31 was revised to reflect new addresses and telephone numbers. Those listed as members previous to this period who were no longer concerned with Commission matters were deleted from membership. Members were also asked to submit their recommendations for future research in the area of time. The result of this poll was the formation of two working groups.
36. Theory of Stellar Atmospheres (Theorie Des Atmospheres Stellaires)
Authors: Kodaira K. , Gray D.F. , Cassinelli J.P. , Cram L.E. , Gustafsson B. , Hearn A.G. , Hubeny I. , Kalkofen W. , Kudritzki P.-P. , Mihalas D. , Seaton M.J. , Underhill A.B. 
Published: July 2016

Commission 36 acted or acts as a sponsor or a cosponsor of the following Symposia and Colloquia.(l)Symposium No. 122: “Circumstellar Matter”, Heidelberg, FRG (June 1986), (2)Symposium No. 132: “The Impact of Very High S/N Spectroscopy on Stellar Physics”, Paris, France (June 1987), (3)Colloquium No. 95: “Second Conference on Faint Blue Stars”, Tucson, AZ, USA (May 1987), (4)Colloquium No. 102: “UV and X-ray Spectroscopy of Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas”, Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France (September 1987), (5) Colloquium No. 106: “Evolution of Peculiar Red Giant Stars”, Bloomington, IN, USA (July 1988), (6)Colloquium No. 108: “Atmospheric Diagnostics of Stellar Evolution: Chemical Peculiarity, Mass Loss and Explosion”, Tokyo, Japan (September 1987).
Commission 37: Star Clusters and Associations (Amas Stellaires Et Associations)
Authors: Heggie D.C. , Harris G.L.H. , Freeman K.C. , Hesser J.E. , Nissen P.E. , Pilachowski C. , Salukvadze G.N. 
Published: July 2016

The last three years have been very productive for cluster research, especially now that observations with CCDs have become so routine. After a section on recent meetings, and one on data catalogues (by J.-C. Mermilliod), subsequent sections of this report go into details on individual topics: associations (P.E. Nissen), open clusters (G.L.H. Harris), globular clusters and cluster systems (R.E. White) and dynamical theory (D.C. Heggie).The rapid growth in the volume of observational data has meant regrettably that the information has had to be tabulated in an even more compressed form than in earlier Reports. As in previous Reports, three-figure references are to Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts, and two-figure references to Physics Abstracts. Most entries cover publications from 1 July 1984 to 30 June 1987, but some exceptions are noted under the individual sections. For abbreviations see §6.
Commission 49: The Interplanetary Plasma and the Heliosphere (Plasma Intsrplanetaire Et L’heliosphere)
Authors: Grzedzielski S. , Burlaga L.F. 
Published: July 2016

The area of interest to the Commission includes:
1.Solar wind composition and dynamics;2.Solar Interaction of solar wind with extended interplanetary sources of plasma and gases of non-solar origin;3.SolarStructure and dynamics of the three-dimensional heliosphere;4.SolarInteraction of heliosphere with the local interstellar medium.The following reports summarize recent developments in the aforementioned fields.
42. Close Binary Stars (Etoiles Binaires Serrees)
Authors: Koch Robert H. 
Published: July 2016

By the end of the XXth General Assembly in Baltimore, the number of Commission 42 members had increased to 305. Subsequently, D. Ya. Martynov has died and 11 new members have been added.The last Draft Report showed a healthy rate of growth in citations of Sections 117 (Close Binaries), 119 (Eclipsing Binaries), and 120 (Spectroscopic Binaries) of Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts from 1982 through 1986. The number of these citations has continued the mean trend with 976 and 1015 references for 1987 and 1988, respectively. As the Past-President remarked, these counts are considerable underestimates of the total literature concerning close binaries (hereafter, CB’s). A personal appreciation of the total corpus of work is that quality remains very high and content has become much richer as more and more associations have been made with generalized stellar studies. In part, this may be traced to the everincreasing awareness by the general community of the experiments in stellar evolution which Nature runs in CB’s.
5. Documentation and Astronomical Data: (Documentation Et Donnees Astronomiques)
Authors: Hauck B. 
Published: July 2016

The restructuring of our commission, adopted at the last General Assembly, was undoubtedly beneficial and various activities were developed under the aegis of the commission.Two very important changes have marked the last triennium: the World Wide Web and electronic publishing. The American Astronomical Society is the first to have introduced an electronic version of an astronomical journal and will be followed soon by the Astronomy and Astrophysics Journal. Last February, an ICSU/UNESCO Conference was held in Paris on this topic. A.G. Hearn was the IAU representative. An extensive report of this meeting can also be found on the Web (http://astro.fys.ruu.nl:8000/iau) and the proceedings are available also on the Web (http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/icsu/Information/index.html. A Joint Discussion on this very hot topic will be held during the Kyoto General Assembly.
8. Commission De L’Astronomie Meridienne
Authors: Morgan M. H. R. 
Published: July 2016

The inability to obtain information about work in other countries, under present world conditions, necessarily makes this report incomplete. The conditions since the 1938 meeting have interfered seriously with major programmes of observation, and have delayed reductions, such that there are now several series of observations of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, and many catalogues of stars awaiting final reduction and publication.The Sun, Moon, and Planets. Fundamental observations of these objects and of the fundamental stars have been carried on regularly at Cape and Washington, and at Greenwich except for part of the time during the war. The Greenwich and Cape results 1925–44 have been reduced; and summaries of the results have been published in reports. The Washington series 1928–32 is published; the series 1925–40 is about reduced; and the series 1935–45 is to be printed this year.
25. Commission De Photometrie Stellaire
Authors: Hertzsprung M. E. 
Published: July 2016

Since the last report of our Commission, now 10 years ago, there has been important progress in the development of photometric methods, notably the increase in sensitivity of the photoelectric cell. This improvement opens a wide field of useful work even with smaller instruments in the hands of skilled observers. As the cell can only deal with one object at a time, it is desirable that an increased number of instruments be adapted for this kind of work.The photographic method, which is now antiquated in every case where the highest accuracy is required, will still maintain itself when the problem is to obtain approximate information about a large number of stars within a reasonable time and for the photometry of the very faintest stars which can be reached.
33. Commission De La Statistique Stellaire
Authors: Lindblad M. B. 
Published: July 2016

Since the last meeting of the Union there has been considerable development in the field covered by the Commission, and the following report, which has been drawn up on the basis of reports by the members of the Commission, can only summarize very briefly some important lines of investigation in the recent development.Photometry and Spectral Investigations in Various Regions of the Galaxy. In addition to the work in Kapteyn’s Selected Areas, systematic investigation is in progress for a great number of galactic regions, and it seems to be an urgent need that such investigations be co-ordinated as effectively as possible in the future.
35. Commission De La Constitution Des Etoiles
Authors: Russell M. H. N. 
Published: July 2016

The study of the internal constitution of the stars has advanced rapidly in the past few years, especially for those of the main sequence. The present summary is necessarily brief.For a star of uniform composition, whose interior is in radiative equilibrium, with or without a convective core, the constitution can be completely determined by successive approximations by quadratures, if there are given(a)the atomic composition(b)the equation of state, defining the mean molecular weight μ(c)the equation defining the opacity for the outflowing radiation(d)the equation defining the rate of liberation of energy per gram.
9. Commission des Instruments Astronomiques
Authors: Fabry M. Ch. , Bianchi M. , Chandon Mme , Chrétien MM. , Couder  , Pluvinel de la Baume , Delvosal  , Hamy  , Merfield  , Moll  , Moreau  , Nechvíle  , Nušl  , Pease  , Ritchey  , Sampson  , Schilt  , Tinoco  , Van Heel  
Published: July 2016

Matériaux. La fabrication de grands disques de quartz a été poursuivie aux États-Unis; mais aucun résultat n’a encore été communiqué à la Commission.Mlle Clavier, de l’Observatoire de Paris, a étudié des miroirs en acier inoxydable, taillés, polis optiquement et argentés. Deux points d’ordre chimique restaient à élucider pour rendre pratique l’emploi de cette matière: (a) l’argenture, qui ne donnait jamais de couches bien régulières et adhérentes; (b) l’enlèvement de l’argent terni, en vue d’une argenture nouvelle.
29. Commission des Spectres Stellaires
Authors: Russell M. H. N. , Abetti MM. , Adams  , Baillaud J. , Bosler  , Cannon Mile , Deslandres MM. , Dingle  , Eddington  , Lindblad  , Lockyer  , Merrill  , Milne  , Payne Mile , Plaskett MM. H. H. , Plaskett J. S. , Rosseland  , Saha  , Tiercy  , Wright  
Published: July 2016

Investigation of stellar spectra has been active during the last four years. Without attempting to make a complete survey, some important researches may be mentioned.The theory of the intensities and contours of absorption lines has been discussed by Eddington, Milne, Pannekoek, Woolley, H. H. Plaskett, and others, and has proved to be difficult. For example, no quantitative theory has yet been developed for the residuai intensity which remains in even the strongest lines, although the physical causes underlying the formation of residual intensities are rather obvious. Study of solar lines with light which has left the surface at different angles shows that the processes which produce the wings and the centre are probably different. The most promising line of attack on this intricate problem appears to be in studies of the solar spectrum, where different regions of the disc may be separately investigated, rather than of integrated starlight. The highest dispersion available, even in solar work, will be none too great.
17. Commission de Nomenclature Lunaire
Authors: Dyson Frank , Adams M. , Blagg Mlle , Delmotte MM. , Jackson J. , Müller K. , Pickering  , Strömgren E. , Wright F. E. 
Published: July 2016

At the meeting of the Commission in 1932 under the Presidency of Prof. E. W. Brown, it was resolved that the “Named Lunar Formations” presented in manuscript by Miss Blagg and Dr Müller should be printed and published. It is anticipated that the volume will be distributed before the meeting of the I.A.U. in Paris.The reference maps prepared by Mr Wesley and Miss Blagg were not recommended for immediate publication. It was thought that they might be incorporated with the series of photographic maps in preparation by the Committee of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on Study of the Surface Features of the Moon. After correspondence with Dr Wright, however, it seemed better that the maps accompanying the “Named Lunar Formations” should be published with them. The Commission again expresses its great indebtedness to Miss Blagg and Dr Müller for their arduous and painstaking labour.
25. Commission de Photométrie Stellaire
Authors: Seares M. F. H. , Baade MM. , Baillaud J. , Bemporad A. , Bergstrand  , Danjon  , Graff  , Greaves  , Green W. K. , Guthnick  , Hassenstein  , Hellerich  , Hertzsprung  , Jones  , Lindblad  , Malmquist  , Pannekoek  , Gaposchkin Mme Payne , Ross MM. , Rougier  , Sampson  , Schilt  , Shapley  , Vanderlinden  , van Rhijn  , von Zeipel  
Published: July 2016

The following summarizes the activities of various members of the Commission in matters pertaining to stellar photometry during the interval 1932-35: La partie photométrique des trois derniers volumes du Catalogue Astrographique (zone de Catane entre +46° et +55°) est soigneusement dressée sur le système de Miss Leavitt (Harv. Annals, 81). L’erreur moyenne des grandeurs, d’après la réduction de 100 plaques (zones +51° à + 54°, entre 6h et I2h), n’est que de ± om.o8. Nos réductions photométriques ont été effectuées par la formuleD = a-bg+cg2-dg3,où D dénote le diamètre de l’image photographique et G=8m+g dénote la grandeur de l’étoile.
Commission 4. (Ephemerides.)
Authors: Comrie L. J. , Kopff A. 
Published: July 2016

A meeting with Commission 8 (Dr Jackson in the chair) was held to discuss two questions:(a)Which stars are to be used in future as fundamental stars?(b)What positions are to be used for these stars?The two systems available are the General Catalogue of Boss, with about 32,000 stars, and the FK3 of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, containing, with a supplement to be completed, 1535 stars.
Commission 20. (Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites)
Authors: Leuschner A. O. , Hansen J. M. Vinter 
Published: July 2016

I. ‘Joint meeting of Commissions 6 and 20 on Thursday morning, July 11.The cipher code for astronomical telegrams (relating to the description of objects and other matters) proposed by the President of Commission 6 (Prof. Strömgren) was discussed and accepted, with minor alterations. (See report Of meeting of Commission 6, page 289; also the cipher code adopted, page 391.)2. Joint meeting of Commissions 4, 8 and 20 on Thursday afternoon, July 11. (See also reports of meetings of Commissions 4 and 8, pages 281 and 290.)The proposals of Noumerov (Leningrad) and Brouwer for the determination of systematic corrections to star positions from observations of minor planets were discussed, and the following resolution passed for action by the General Assembly. “Commissions 4, 8 and 20 recommend that the programme of M. Noumerov for the determination of systematic corrections to star positions from observations of minor planets and the similar programme advanced by Mr Brouwer be encouraged as being of great importance, but that the formation of a subcommittee of one of the existing commissions or of an independent commission for the co-ordination of the two programmes and the promotion of international co-operation of observatories and planet institutes or almanac offices be deferred pending the outcome of the experimental stages of the two programmes.”
Commission 33. (Stellar Statistics.)
Authors: Lindblad B. , Schalén C. 
Published: July 2016

A recommendation to the Union concerning the construction of certain tables was accepted.A discussion was opened on the subject of collaboration in the study of open clusters. An application to the General Assembly was passed for a recommendation as follows: “That the Union call attention to the important problems connected with the open clusters and determinations of proper motions, radial velocities, magnitudes and spectra along the lines already inaugurated at several observatories.”It was agreed that Dr Mineur should approach the observatories of the Carte du Ciel on the subject of photographing the open clusters for the future determinations of proper motions.
Commission 36. (Spectrophotometry.)
Authors: Plaskett H. H. , Redman R. O. 
Published: July 2016

In view of the wide range of topics covered by the Commission, it was agreed that it would be desirable to press for the nomination of a new president for the Commission each three years.ReportIn a discussion of stellar “temperatures” (§ 2.1) Prof. Russell referred to the importance of “ excitation temperatures “, as determined from the ratio of numbers of atoms in two states of different energy in the atom. Dr Minnaert pointed out that this was essentially only a “ brightness temperature “ to which Prof. Russell agreed, but added that in this way “brightness temperatures” could be found for those stars for which no measures of angular diameter were available.
6. Commission des Télégrammes Astronomiques
Authors: Jones M. H. Spencer , Strömgren M. E. , Dawson MM. B. H. , Jackson J. , Shapley H. 
Published: July 2016

From April 6,1935 (date of the last report) up to the present date (Feb. 26,1938) the Bureau has distributed 723 telegrams and published 174 circulars (Nos. 535-708).The Bureau has again been supported by a great many colleagues and institutions.As heretofore, the leading principle in our work has been as far as possible to procure provisional data for the continuous observation of new objects. The telegraphic service has been used when necessary to safeguard new discoveries, while in all cases possible the circulars have been depended on. Thus, as before, in dubious cases we have, to begin with, sent a telegram to a few correspondents only, asking for control. In cases of rediscovery of periodic comets and in other cases, when there was no risk of losing the object, we have distributed the announcement through the circulars.
12. Commission de la Radiation Solaire et de la Spectroscopic Solaire
Authors: Abetti M. G. , Abbot MM. , Babcock  , Carrasco P. , Carroll  , Chapman S. , d’Azambuja  , Dingle  , Evershed  , Lyot  , Menzel  , Milne  , Minnaert  , Pannekoek  , Perepelkin  , Pettit  , Plaskett H. H. , Russell  , Sekiguti  , Shane  , Sitterly Mme Moore , Stetson MM. , ten Braggencate  , Unsöld  , Woolley  , Yü  
Published: July 2016

The Commission has suffered the heavy loss of Prof. W. Bernheimer, who was co-opted on to our Commission and whose work is well known and appreciated.The following report touches the subjects of interest to this Commission as treated by the various members and is not an account more or less complete of the work done in them in the three years.
35. Commission de la Constitution des Étoiles
Authors: Eddington A. S. , Chandrasekhar MM. , Emden  , Fowler R. H. , Hagihara  , Jeans  , Milne  , Pannekoek  , Rosseland  , Russell  , Strömgren B. , Tiercy  , Vogt  , von Zeipel  , Woltjer  
Published: July 2016

The Commission has found no opportunity of acting collectively in the last triennial period. Progress in the theoretical study of the constitution of the stars must be mainly a matter of individual effort; and it would be impracticable and undesirable to seek uniformity of views and methods.A brief reference may here be made to some of the problems now especially engaging attention. In this connection I would call attention to a valuable Report on “Die Theorie des Sterninnern und die Entwicklung der Sterne” (Ergebnisse der exakten Naturwissenschaften, Bd. XVI, 1937) by a member of the Commission, B. Strömgren, which deals especially with progress in the last ten years, and shows very clearly the present state of the subject.