bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prejudice is a general evaluation, not a specific emotion
Authors: Bahns Angela J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPrejudice, like contempt, is a general evaluation rather than a specific emotion. I explore the idea that emotions and attitudes are conceptually distinct by applying Gervais & Fessler's model to the intergroup context. I argue that prejudice is an affective representation of a social group's relational value (friend or foe) and dispute the idea that there are many distinct prejudices.
From disgust to contempt-speech: The nature of contempt on the map of prejudicial emotions
Authors: Bilewicz Michal , Kamińska Olga Katarzyna , Winiewski Mikołaj , Soral Wiktor 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAnalyzing the contempt as an intergroup emotion, we suggest that contempt and anger are not built upon each other, whereas disgust seems to be the most elementary and specific basic-emotional antecedent of contempt. Concurring with Gervais & Fessler, we suggest that many instances of “hate speech” are in fact instances of “contempt speech” – being based on disgust-driven contempt rather than hate.
Dominance as a competence domain, and the evolutionary origins of respect and contempt
Authors: Chapais Bernard 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe hypothesis of a phylogenetic connection betweenprotorespectin primate dominance hierarchies andrespectin human prestige hierarchies lies in the principle that dominance is a domain of competence like others and, hence, that high-ranking primates haveprotoprestige. The idea that dominant primates manifestprotocontemptto subordinates suggests that “looking down on” followers is intrinsic to leadership in humans, but that the expression of contempt varies critically in relation to the socioecological context.
Two kinds of respect for two kinds of contempt: Why contempt can be both a sentiment and an emotion
Authors: Cova Florian , Deonna Julien , Sander David , Teroni Fabrice 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGervais & Fessler argue that because contempt is a sentiment, it cannot be an emotion. However, like many affective labels, it could be that “contempt” refers both to a sentiment and to a distinct emotion. This possibility is made salient by the fact that contempt can be defined by contrast with respect, but that there are different kinds of respect.
Contempt, like any other social affect, can be an emotion as well as a sentiment
Authors: Giner-Sorolla Roger , Fischer Agneta H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGervais & Fessler assert that contempt is (a) not an emotion (or an attitude) but (b) a sentiment. Here, we challenge the validity and empirical basis of these two assertions, arguing that contempt, like many other emotions, can be both an emotion and a sentiment.
How dare you not recognize the role of my contempt? Insight from experimental psychopathology
Authors: Grecucci Alessandro , Frederickson Jon , Job Remo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGervais & Fessler argue that contempt is an attitude state defined as a lack of respect that potentiates the activation and deactivation of two different clusters of emotions. However, clinical and experimental findings do not support this view. We provide evidence that contempt is not an emotion, nor an attitude, but a reactive defensive mechanism evolved to help individuals avoid shame.
Oxytocin shapes the priorities and neural representations of attitudes and values
Authors: Hurlemann René , Marsh Nina , Schultz Johannes , Scheele Dirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe phylogenetically ancient neuropeptide oxytocin has been linked to a plethora of social behaviors. Here, we argue that the action of oxytocin is not restricted to the downstream level of emotional responses, but substantially alters higher representations of attitudes and values by exerting a distant modulatory influence on cortical areas and their reciprocal interplay with subcortical regions and hormonal systems.
Socioecological factors are linked to changes in prevalence of contempt over time
Authors: Varnum Michael E. W. , Grossmann Igor 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGervais & Fessler argue that the perceived legitimacy of contempt has declined over time in the United States, citing evidence of a decrease in the frequency of its use in the American English corpus. We argue that this decline in contempt, as reflected in cultural products, is linked to shifts in key socioecological features previously associated with other forms of cultural change.
Morphological awareness, word reading, and reading comprehension in Portuguese
Authors: DE FREITAS PEDRO VIANA , MOTA MÁRCIA MARIA PERUZZI ELIA DA , DEACON S. HÉLÈNE 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTWe investigated the unique effects of morphological awareness on several aspects of reading in Portuguese. We tested 132 Portuguese-speaking children in the fourth grade. Morphological awareness was assessed with a word analogy task that included inflectional and derivational transformations. Results indicated that morphological awareness was a significant predictor of word reading accuracy, word reading fluency, and reading comprehension after controlling for the effects of nonverbal ability and phonological awareness. Morphological awareness also explained unique variance in reading comprehension after adding word reading as a control. In conclusion, morphological awareness has important roles in both word reading and reading comprehension in Portuguese. Educational and clinical implications are discussed.
MEASURING A NEGLECTED TYPE OF LOTTERY UNFAIRNESS
Authors: Vong Gerard 
Published: November 2017

Abstract:When it is most fair for a claimant to receive a particular chance of benefiting (e.g. 50%) but they instead receive a different chance of benefiting (e.g. 40%), this lower chance is not ideally fair. I specify the often-overlooked type of individual unfairness evident in differences of this kind and argue for four intuitively supported criteria that a measure of this unfairness must meet. I defend the Asymmetrical Proportional View, which meets these criteria and is a measure of how individually unfair any particular difference of this kind is. Finally I conclude with the View's implications for theories of distributive fairness.
Marine resource management and conservation in the Anthropocene
Authors: ASWANI SHANKAR , BASURTO XAVIER , FERSE SEBASTIAN , GLASER MARION , CAMPBELL LISA , CINNER JOSHUA E. , DALTON TRACEY , JENKINS LEKELIA D. , MILLER MARC L. , POLLNAC RICHARD , VACCARO ISMAEL , CHRISTIE PATRICK 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYBecause the Anthropocene by definition is an epoch during which environmental change is largely anthropogenic and driven by social, economic, psychological and political forces, environmental social scientists can effectively analyse human behaviour and knowledge systems in this context. In this subject review, we summarize key ways in which the environmental social sciences can better inform fisheries management policy and practice and marine conservation in the Anthropocene. We argue that environmental social scientists are particularly well positioned to synergize research to fill the gaps between: (1) local behaviours/needs/worldviews and marine resource management and biological conservation concerns; and (2) large-scale drivers of planetary environmental change (globalization, affluence, technological change, etc.) and local cognitive, socioeconomic, cultural and historical processes that shape human behaviour in the marine environment. To illustrate this, we synthesize the roles of various environmental social science disciplines in better understanding the interaction between humans and tropical marine ecosystems in developing nations where issues arising from human–coastal interactions are particularly pronounced. We focus on: (1) the application of the environmental social sciences in marine resource management and conservation; (2) the development of ‘new’ socially equitable marine conservation; (3) repopulating the seascape; (4) incorporating multi-scale dynamics of marine social–ecological systems; and (5) envisioning the future of marine resource management and conservation for producing policies and projects for comprehensive and successful resource management and conservation in the Anthropocene.
Algebraic data integration
Authors: SCHULTZ PATRICK , WISNESKY RYAN 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we develop an algebraic approach to data integration by combining techniques from functional programming, category theory, and database theory. In our formalism, database schemas and instances are algebraic (multi-sorted equational) theories of a certain form. Schemas denote categories, and instances denote their initial (term) algebras. The instances on a schemaSform a category,S–Inst, and a morphism of schemasF:S→Tinduces three adjoint data migration functors: ΣF:S–Inst→T–Inst, defined by substitution alongF, which has a right adjoint ΔF:T–Inst→S–Inst, which in turn has a right adjoint ΠF:S–Inst→T–Inst. We present a query language based on for/where/return syntax where each query denotes a sequence of data migration functors; a pushout-based design pattern for performing data integration using our formalism; and describe the implementation of our formalism in a tool we call AQL (Algebraic Query Language).
Building Italian Menton, 1940–1943: urban planning and Italianization
Authors: MACGALLOWAY NIALL 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT:The Italo-French armistice of July 1940 brought an end to the brief period of conflict between Italy and France that had taken place after Mussolini's declaration of war in June of the same year. Disappointing Italian military performances left Italy with only a small strip of territory on the Italo-French border to occupy until the expansion of the occupation zone in November 1942. This article will explore urban planning projects in the largest of the Italian-occupied towns, Menton. It will argue that Italian urban planning projects formed a crucial layer of the long-term Italianization of the town and were indicative of wider Italian plans in the event of an Axis victory. It will demonstrate that hitherto underexplored post-war plans reveal not only how Italian planners hoped to reshape the region, but also how planners hoped that these changes would bind territories physically to Italy.
Meat-milieu: medicalization, aestheticization and productivity in Buenos Aires and its Pampas, 1868–1950
Authors: LÓPEZ-DURÁN FABIOLA , MOORE NIKKI 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT:Between 1868 and 1950, when meat production facilities were expelled from the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina became one of the largest producers of meat in the world. Beginning in 1945, bringing the city into the countryside and the countryside into the city, agriculture was instrumentalized as an urban function. Revealing the convergence of two usually separated movements – hygenics and eugenics – the meat industry in the province of Buenos Aires created a scientifically supported arena for the biopolitical appropriation of human and non-human resources, bearing out a unified ideology of medicalization, aestheticization, urbanization and productivity.
General Practitioners’ views and experiences on the barriers and facilitators that men who have sex with men have when accessing primary care for HIV testing and sexual health screening
Authors: Maxwell Steven 
Published: November 2017

Aim
This study’s objectives were to collate General Practitioners’ (GPs) views and experiences on the barriers and facilitators for providing HIV and sexual health screening in primary care to men who have sex with men.

Background
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately effected by sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Some MSM may not attend for testing and primary care may come in contact with this group. There may be varying barriers for MSM accessing services. Primary care can provide an opportunity to offer testing but with limited GPs views on this topic, it is important to understand the potential barriers and facilitators.

Method
A structured online survey was used to gather data and the survey link was emailed to all General Practices in the City of Edinburgh. The total available sample of GPs was 485. The survey used a combination of multiple choice questions and Likert scales rating from 1 to 5. Friedman’s two-way analysis of variation rank was used for data analysis.

Findings
In total, 62 GPs from the City of Edinburgh completed the survey with the majority of the sample having over 10 years’ experience in primary care. The most significant barrier was patient preference to access specialist services. The highest rated method to promote HIV and sexual health screening was the use of external promotion.
Instrumental Culturalism: The Work of Comparisons across Japan, ‘the West’ and Myanmar
Authors: Watanabe Chika 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAs ‘emerging donors' push alternative paradigms of development cooperation ‘beyond aid' onto the global agenda, some scholars discuss those from Asia as presenting culturally specific approaches. These observations echo the claims that aid practitioners and policy makers themselves make about, for example, Japanese forms of development. In this article, I caution against scholars repeating these culturally essentialising arguments that promote certain political interests. Instead, I propose that we ‘take seriously' these aid actors’ instrumental culturalist views as ethnographic artefacts—that is, as logics and practices that our interlocutors use. By taking what I call instrumental culturalism as the object of study, rather than the analytical frame, this article shows that the work of comparisons plays a central role in producing culturalist worldviews. In short, culturalism is performative, creating that which it names. If we are to understand the “beyond aid” agenda, we need to attend to the ways that the production of culturalisms through the work of comparisons informs development actors’ understandings of social organisation and global interaction.
Confirmation of Glyphosate-Resistant Kochia (Kochia scoparia) from Sugar Beet Fields in Idaho and Oregon
Authors: Kumar Vipan , Felix Joel , Morishita Don , Jha Prashant 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGlyphosate-resistant (GR) kochia is an increasing management concern in major cropping systems of the northwestern US. In 2014, we investigated four putative GR kochia accessions (designated as ALA, VAL, WIL, DB) collected from sugar beet fields in eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho to characterize the level of evolved glyphosate resistance and determine the relationship between the 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phospate synthase (EPSPS) gene copy number and level of glyphosate resistance. TheEPSPSgene copy number was used as a molecular marker to detect GR kochia in subsequent surveys in 2015 and 2016. Based on LD50values from a whole-plant dose-response study, the four putative GR kochia populations were 2.0- to 9.6-fold more resistant to glyphosate than the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) accession. In anin vivoleaf-disk shikimate assay, leaf disks of GS kochia plants treated with 100-μM glyphosate accumulated 2.4- to 4.0-fold higher amounts of shikimate than the GR plants. The four GR accessions had 2.7 to 9.1 relativeEPSPSgene copies compared with the GS accession (<1EPSPSgene copies), and there was a linear relationship betweenEPSPSgene copy number and glyphosate resistance level (LD50values). The 2015 and 2016 GR kochia survey results indicated that about half of the collected populations from sugar beet fields in eastern Oregon had developed resistance to glyphosate whereas only one population from the Idaho collection was confirmed glyphosate resistant. This is the first confirmation of GR kochia in sugar beet fields in eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Diversified weed control programs will be required to prevent further development and spread of GR kochia in sugar beet-based rotations in this region.
Field Pea and Lentil Tolerance to Interrow Cultivation
Authors: Stanley Katherine A. , Shirtliffe Steven J. , Benaragama Dilshan , Syrovy Lena D. , Duddu Hema S. N. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInterrow cultivation is a selective, in-crop mechanical weed control tool that has the potential to control weeds later in the growing season with less crop damage compared with other in-crop mechanical weed control tools. To our knowledge, no previous research has been conducted on the tolerance of narrow-row crops to interrow cultivation. The objective of this experiment was to determine the tolerance of field pea and lentil to interrow cultivation. Replicated field experiments were conducted in Saskatchewan, Canada, in 2014 and 2015. Weekly cultivation treatments began at the 4-node stage of each crop, continuing for 6 wk. Field pea and lentil yield linearly declined with later crop stages of cultivation. Cultivating multiple times throughout the growing season reduced yield by 15% to 30% in both crops. Minimal yield loss occurred when interrow cultivation was conducted once at early growth stages of field pea and lentil; however, yield loss increased with delayed and more frequent cultivation events.
Delivery of Native Proteins into C. elegans Using a Transduction Protocol Based on Lipid Vesicles
Authors: Perni Michele , Aprile Francesco A. , Casford Sam , Mannini Benedetta , Sormanni Pietro , Dobson Christopher M. , Vendruscolo Michele 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a versatile and widely used animal model for in vivo studies of a broad range of human diseases, in particular for understanding their genetic origins and for screening drug candidates. Nevertheless, the challenges associated with the administration of native proteins to C. elegans have limited the range of applications of this animal model in protein-based drug discovery programs. Here, we describe a readily usable protocol for the transduction of native proteins in C. elegans, which is based on the encapsulation of the proteins of interest within cationic lipid vesicles, prior to their administration to worms. This procedure limits the degradation of the proteins in the guts of the animals, and promotes their adsorption into body tissues. To illustrate the efficacy of this approach we apply it to deliver an antibody designed to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation, and show that it can lead to the rescue of the disease phenotype in a C. elegans model of Parkinson’s disease. As this transduction protocol is fast and inexpensive, we anticipate that it will be readily applicable to protein-based drug discovery studies that utilize C. elegans as a model organism.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation ameliorates the impact of maternal obesity in mice: comparison with exercise
Authors: Uddin Golam Mezbah , Youngson Neil A. , Doyle Bronte M. , Sinclair David A. , Morris Margaret J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMaternal overnutrition increases the risk of long-term metabolic dysfunction in offspring. Exercise improves metabolism partly by upregulating mitochondrial biogenesis or function, via increased levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). We have shown that the NAD+precursor, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) can reverse some of the negative consequences of high fat diet (HFD) consumption. To investigate whether NMN can impact developmentally-set metabolic deficits, we compared treadmill exercise and NMN injection in offspring of obese mothers. Five week old lean and obese female C57BL6/J mice were mated with chow fed males. Female offspring weaned onto HFD were given treadmill exercise for 9 weeks, or NMN injection daily for 18 days. Maternal obesity programmed increased adiposity and liver triglycerides, with decreased glucose tolerance, liver NAD+levels and citrate synthase activity in offspring. Both interventions reduced adiposity, and showed a modest improvement in glucose tolerance and improved markers of mitochondrial function. NMN appeared to have stronger effects on liver fat catabolism (Hadh) and synthesis (Fasn) than exercise. The interventions appeared to exert the most global benefit in mice that were most metabolically challenged (HFD-consuming offspring of obese mothers). This work encourages further study to confirm the suitability of NMN for use in reversing metabolic dysfunction linked to programming by maternal obesity.
Human single chain-transbodies that bound to domain-I of non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) of hepatitis C virus
Authors: Glab-ampai Kittirat , Chulanetra Monrat , Malik Aijaz Ahmad , Juntadech Thanate , Thanongsaksrikul Jeeraphong , Srimanote Potjanee , Thueng-in Kanyarat , Sookrung Nitat , Tongtawe Pongsri , Chaicumpa Wanpen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA safe and broadly effective direct acting anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agent that can withstand the viral mutation is needed. In this study, human single chain antibody variable fragments (HuscFvs) to conserved non-structural protein-5A (NS5A) of HCV were produced by phage display technology. Recombinant NS5A was used as bait for fishing-out the protein bound-phages from the HuscFv-phage display library. NS5A-bound HuscFvs produced by five phage transfected-E. coli clones were linked molecularly to nonaarginine (R9) for making them cell penetrable (become transbodies). The human monoclonal transbodies inhibited HCV replication in the HCVcc infected human hepatic cells and also rescued the cellular antiviral immune response from the viral suppression. Computerized simulation verified by immunoassays indicated that the transbodies used several residues in their multiple complementarity determining regions (CDRs) to form contact interface with many residues of the NS5A domain-I which is important for HCV replication complex formation and RNA binding as well as for interacting with several host proteins for viral immune evasion and regulation of cellular physiology. The human monoclonal transbodies have high potential for testing further as a new ramification of direct acting anti-HCV agent, either alone or in combination with their cognates that target other HCV proteins.
Temporal and spatial expression of genes involved in DNA methylation during reproductive development of sexual and apomictic Eragrostis curvula
Authors: Selva J. P. , Siena L. , Rodrigo J. M. , Garbus I. , Zappacosta D. , Romero J. R. , Ortiz J. P. A. , Pessino S. C. , Leblanc O. , Echenique V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRecent reports in model plant species have highlighted a role for DNA methylation pathways in the regulation of the somatic-to-reproductive transition in the ovule, suggesting that apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) likely relies on RdDM downregulation. Our aim was therefore to explore this hypothesis by characterizing genes involved in DNA methylation in the apomictic grassEragrostis curvula. We explored floral transcriptomes to identify homologs of three candidate genes, for which mutations inArabidopsisand maize mimic apomixis (AtAGO9/ZmAGO104,AtCMT3/ZmDMT102/ZmDMT105, andAtDDM1/ZmCHR106), and compared both their spatial and temporal expression patterns during reproduction in sexual and apomictic genotypes. Quantitative expression analyses revealed contrasting expression patterns for the three genes in apomictic vs sexual plants.In situhybridization corroborated these results for two candidates,EcAGO104andEcDMT102, and revealed an unexpected ectopic pattern for theAGOgene during germ line differentiation in apomicts. Although our data partially support previous results obtained in sexual plant models, they suggest that rather than an RdDM breakdown in the ovule, altered localization ofAtAGO9/ZmAGO104expression is required for achieving diplospory inE.curvula. The differences in the RdDM machinery acquired during plant evolution might have promoted the emergence of the numerous apomictic paths observed in plants.