bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous distribution of H2O in the Martian interior: Implications for the abundance of H2O in depleted and enriched mantle sources
Authors: McCubbin Francis M. , Boyce Jeremy W. , Srinivasan Poorna , Santos Alison R. , Elardo Stephen M. , Filiberto Justin , Steele Andrew , Shearer Charles K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe conducted a petrologic study of apatite within 12 Martian meteorites, including 11 shergottites and one basaltic regolith breccia. These data were combined with previously published data to gain a better understanding of the abundance and distribution of volatiles in the Martian interior. Apatites in individual Martian meteorites span a wide range of compositions, indicating they did not form by equilibrium crystallization. In fact, the intrasample variation in apatite is best described by either fractional crystallization or crustal contamination with a Cl‐rich crustal component. We determined that most Martian meteorites investigated here have been affected by crustal contamination and hence cannot be used to estimate volatile abundances of the Martian mantle. Using the subset of samples that did not exhibit crustal contamination, we determined that the enriched shergottite source has 36–73 ppm H2O and the depleted source has 14–23 ppm H2O. This result is consistent with other observed geochemical differences between enriched and depleted shergottites and supports the idea that there are at least two geochemically distinct reservoirs in the Martian mantle. We also estimated the H2O, Cl, and F content of the Martian crust using known crust‐mantle distributions for incompatible lithophile elements. We determined that the bulk Martian crust has ~1410 ppm H2O, 450 ppm Cl, and 106 ppm F, and Cl and H2O are preferentially distributed toward the Martian surface. The estimate of crustal H2O results in a global equivalent surface layer (GEL) of ~229 m, which can account for at least some of the surface features on Mars attributed to flowing water and may be sufficient to support the past presence of a shallow sea on Mars' surface.
The Effect of Advice on Negotiations: How Advisors Influence What Negotiators Do
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W. 
Published: April 2016

Studies of negotiations often overlook, or at least do not fully account for, the important role played by people who advise negotiators. Often deliberately hidden from view, advisors have important but unrecognized influence on the negotiation dynamic. In this article, I explore the roles and methods of advisors in the negotiation process, drawing on role theory and survey research conducted in 2013 among approximately seventy advisors at the European Union Council of Ministers.I define advice as “a communication from one person (the advisor) to another (the client) for the purpose of helping that second person determine a course of action for solving a particular problem” and consider the nature of this advice and the range of relationships that may exist between advisors and their clients. Advising is much more than the mere transmittal of information from advisor to negotiator and that for advice to be effective a relationship must exist between the two parties.I then identify three models of the advisor–negotiator relationship. The first is the advisor as director, wherein the advisor tends to take control of the negotiating process, directing the negotiator toward actions that she or he should take to achieve success at the negotiation. The second is the advisor as servant, in which the advisor merely responds to the demands of the client for help and guidance in the negotiation. And the third is the advisor as partner, wherein advisor and negotiator jointly manage the process and solve the problem together. Finally, I explore the factors that lead advisors and negotiators to adopt each of these three models, the various advising styles that advisors use, and the differing effects on the negotiation process that these elements may have, drawing on historical examples as well as survey data from the EU Council of Ministers.
Influencing Negotiation Willingness in the Middle East: The Potential Contributions of Private Actors
Authors: Hofmann Claudia , Goerzig Carolin 
Published: April 2016

Numerous efforts to solve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict through diplomacy have taken place over the last four decades. To shed light on this dilemma in this article, the role that private actors and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can play to enhance the negotiation willingness of nonstate armed groups was examined. It was argued that the NGOs in particular could play key roles in promoting the negotiation willingness of nonstate actors and also in influencing their internal dynamics and increasing their cohesion.Specifically, we examine two pairs of efforts to resolve the conflict in Israel and Palestine: the “Road Map” and the track two Geneva Initiative of 2003, and the Olmert Peace Plan and Jimmy Carter's visit to the Middle East in 2008. In the first pair, NGO efforts yielded unexpected results. The Palestinians were ready to compromise even though the deal offered by the Israelis did not seem very generous. In the second pair, the reaction of the Palestinians to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's generous peace offer seemed especially puzzling, illustrating, the internal dynamics between the Palestinian factions. Negotiation willingness was closely related to cohesion, and that cohesion plays an important role in conflict negotiations. President Jimmy Carter's efforts in 2008 to enhance cohesion among the Palestinians illustrated the potential that NGOs have to complement official negotiations.
Associations of sleep bruxism with age, sleep apnea, and daytime problematic behaviors in children
Authors: Tachibana M , Kato T , Kato‐Nishimura K , Matsuzawa S , Mohri I , Taniike M 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of sleep bruxism in children in Japan, and its relationships with sleep‐related factors and daytime problematic behavior.Subjects and MethodsGuardians of 6023 children aged 2–12 years completed the Japanese Sleep Questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling were performed.ResultsSleep bruxism was reported in 21.0% children (n = 1263): the prevalence was highest in the age group of 5–7 years (27.4%). Multiple regression analysis showed that sleep bruxism had significant correlations with age 5–7 years (OR: 1.72; P < 0.0001), ‘Moves a lot during sleep’ (OR: 1.47; P < 0.0001), ‘sleeps with mouth open’ (OR: 1.56; P < 0.0001), and ‘snores loudly’ (OR: 1.80; P < 0.0001). In structural equation modeling, sleep bruxism had a significant but weak direct effect on daytime problematic behavior, while sleep bruxism significantly correlated with obstructive sleep apnea, which had a higher direct effect on daytime problematic behavior.ConclusionsSleep bruxism was reported in 21.0% of Japanese children and had independent relationships with age, movements during sleep, and snoring. A comorbidity of sleep‐disordered breathing might be related to daytime problematic behavior in children with sleep bruxism.
The state of melanoma: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Merlino Glenn , Herlyn Meenhard , Fisher David E. , Bastian Boris C. , Flaherty Keith T. , Davies Michael A. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , Weber Michael J. , Leachman Sancy A. , Soengas Maria S. , McMahon Martin , Harbour J. William , Swetter Susan M. , Aplin Andrew E. , Atkins Michael B. , Bosenberg Marcus W. , Dummer Reinhard , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Halpern Allan C. , Herlyn Dorothee , Karakousis Giorgos C. , Kirkwood John M. , Krauthammer Michael , Lo Roger S. , Long Georgina V. , McArthur Grant , Ribas Antoni , Schuchter Lynn , Sosman Jeffrey A. , Smalley Keiran S. , Steeg Patricia , Thomas Nancy E. , Tsao Hensin , Tueting Thomas , Weeraratna Ashani , Xu George , Lomax Randy , Martin Alison , Silverstein Steve , Turnham Tim , Ronai Ze'ev A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe Melanoma Research Foundation (MRF) has charted a comprehensive assessment of the current state of melanoma research and care. Intensive discussions among members of the MRF Scientific Advisory Council and Breakthrough Consortium, a group that included clinicians and scientists, focused on four thematic areas – diagnosis/early detection, prevention, tumor cell dormancy (including metastasis), and therapy (response and resistance). These discussions extended over the course of 2015 and culminated at the Society of Melanoma Research 2015 International Congress in November. Each of the four groups has outlined their thoughts as per the current status, challenges, and opportunities in the four respective areas. The current state and immediate and long‐term needs of the melanoma field, from basic research to clinical management, are presented in the following report.
Historical Perspectives on Atopic Dermatitis: Eczema Through the Ages
Authors: Bhattacharya Tanya , Strom Mark A. , Lio Peter A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThroughout history, individuals have had a myriad of dermatologic conditions characterized as chronic pruritic dermatoses. The term atopic dermatitis was not coined until the early 20th century. Many diseases typical of this condition were reported using a variety of eponyms and descriptive terms. Even as the incidence of atopic dermatitis rises, it remains poorly understood in the modern era, and viewing the disease from a historical perspective provides useful insight into its nature. This article highlights the evolution of concepts related to the pathogenesis of and recommended treatments for atopic dermatitis.
Eczema Coxsackium Caused by Coxsackievirus A6
Authors: Horsten Hans‐Henrik , Fisker Niels , Bygum Anette 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present the first case of atypical hand, food, and mouth disease in our department with the distinct cutaneous morphology of eczema coxsackium. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility for more extensive cutaneous eruption related to coxsackievirus A6 infection and the diagnostic methods required to determine the diagnosis.
Emotion regulation during threat: Parsing the time course and consequences of safety signal processing
Authors: Hefner Kathryn R. , Verona Edelyn , Curtin John. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractImproved understanding of fear inhibition processes can inform the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Safety signals can reduce fear to threat, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Safety signals may acquire attentional salience and affective properties (e.g., relief) independent of the threat; alternatively, safety signals may only hold affective value in the presence of simultaneous threat. To clarify such mechanisms, an experimental paradigm assessed independent processing of threat and safety cues. Participants viewed a series of red and green words from two semantic categories. Shocks were administered following red words (cue+). No shocks followed green words (cue‐). Words from one category were defined as safety signals (SS); no shocks were administered on cue+ trials. Words from the other (control) category did not provide information regarding shock administration. Threat (cue+ vs. cue‐) and safety (SS+ vs. SS‐) were fully crossed. Startle response and ERPs were recorded. Startle response was increased during cue+ versus cue‐. Safety signals reduced startle response during cue+, but had no effect on startle response during cue‐. ERP analyses (PD130 and P3) suggested that participants parsed threat and safety signal information in parallel. Motivated attention was not associated with safety signals in the absence of threat. Overall, these results confirm that fear can be reduced by safety signals. Furthermore, safety signals do not appear to hold inherent hedonic salience independent of their effect during threat. Instead, safety signals appear to enable participants to engage in effective top‐down emotion regulatory processes.
Organizing for Crisis Management: Building Governance Capacity and Legitimacy
Authors: Christensen Tom , Lægreid Per , Rykkja Lise H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhat makes a well‐functioning governmental crisis management system, and how can this be studied using an organization theory–based approach? A core argument is that such a system needs both governance capacity and governance legitimacy. Organizational arrangements as well as the legitimacy of government authorities will affect crisis management performance. A central argument is that both structural features and cultural context matter, as does the nature of the crisis. Is it a transboundary crisis? How unique is it, and how much uncertainty is associated with it? The arguments are substantiated with empirical examples and supported by a literature synthesis, focusing on public administration research. A main conclusion is that there is no optimal formula for harmonizing competing interests and tensions or for overcoming uncertainty and ambiguous government structures. Flexibility and adaptation are key assets, which are constrained by the political, administrative, and situational context. Furthermore, a future research agenda is indicated.
Making Sense of Inequalities: How Do Clinical Commissioning Groups in England Understand their New Role?
Authors: Warwick‐Giles Lynsey , Coleman Anna , Checkland Katherine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis research explored how newly forming clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) were beginning to think about their new ‘duty’ to tackle health inequalities (HIs), as outlined in UK health policy. The concept of ‘sensemaking’ (Weick 1995) was used to illustrate the influences on CCGs’ interpretations of the policy. Three CCGs in the North of England were recruited, and qualitative methods, including interviews, observations and document analysis, were used to collect data, over a period from January 2012 to December 2012. The tangibility of central policy objectives is important in providing clear guidance and direction to organizations trying to tackle large scale policy agendas such as HIs. At a local level, both individual and collective organizational histories and wider relationships were influential on the way CCGs understood the problem of HIs and how they decided to try to tackle the issue locally. The research highlights what influences local level relationships and what factors need to be considered when trying to interpret and implement national policy at a local level.
Effect of Media Conductivity on High Frequency Dielectrophoretic Response
Authors: Hadady Hanieh , Wong Johnson J. , Hiibel Sage R. , Geiger Emil J. 
Published: April 2016

A method was developed for analyzing the high frequency dielectrophoresis (>20 MHz) response of microalgal cells with different lipid content on the basis of media conductivities. At these frequencies, the DEP response is expected to depend primarily on the dielectric properties of the cytoplasm. The medium used to perform DEP experiments has an important influence on their outcome since all properties are measured in relation to the medium, therefore its properties must be tightly controlled. This method is label free and only uses electric fields, and thus it is suitable for many other applications in the medical field.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were cultured in regular medium and then the same cells were cultured under nitrogen-free conditions to accumulate neutral (non-polar) lipids. To measure the upper crossover frequency, two thin, needle shaped electrodes (100 nm thick) were patterned onto a glass slide using standard micro-technology processes and the motion of the cells was observed as an AC signal was swept from 20–80 MHz at ∼30Vpp (Volt peak to peak). Cells were injected to the microelectrode array in different medium conductivities that were adjusted by sodium chloride.
The upper crossover frequencies of N-free cells in different media conductivities were measured. It was found that when the solution conductivity was between 4 ± 2 μs/cm and 106 ± 1 μS/cm and the operating frequency was between 20 and 80 MHz, the upper crossover frequency of the microalgae increased as the medium conductivity increased. The lipid content was verified via fluorescence microscopy and MATLAB image processing.
Dietary yeast-based nucleotides as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in promoting growth performance and nutrient utilization in weaned pigs
Authors: Waititu S.M. , Heo J.M. , Patterson R. , Nyachoti C.M. 
Published: April 2016

Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation without or with in-feed antibiotics on piglet performance and energy and nutrient digestibility was determined. Supplementing antibiotics without or with nucleotides (1000 ppm) increased weight gain (P < 0.05), whereas increasing nucleotide levels in antibiotic-supplemented diets linearly decreased (P < 0.05) energy and nutrient digestibility.
Growth and seed production of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) in response to water stress
Authors: Kaur Simranpreet , Aulakh Jatinder , Jhala Amit J. 
Published: April 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of degree and duration of water stress on growth and seed production of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed. The degree of water stress included giant ragweed response to 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% of field capacity. The highest growth index (588 cm3) was achieved at 75% of field capacity with plants typically ≥125 cm tall and ≥57 leaves plant−1. Giant ragweed seed production was ≥55, 35, 20, and 5 seeds plant−1 at ≥75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% of field capacity, respectively. The study of duration of water stress included the response of giant ragweed to withholding water for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d following 100% of field capacity. Water stress of 4 d or longer reduced giant ragweed plant height ≥20%, root and shoot biomass ≥66%, number of leaves ≥36%, growth index ≥54%, and seed production by 36% compared with 2 d of water stress. Results from this study indicate that giant ragweed can survive and produce seeds at 12.5% of field capacity or 10 d of water stress.
The Impact of Alternative Payment Models on Oncology Innovation and Patient Care
Authors: Miller Amy M. , Omenn Gilbert S. , Kean Marcia A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Oncology care is in a time of major transformation. Scientific discovery is driving breakthroughs in prevention, diagnostics, and treatment, resulting in tremendous gains for patients as the number of cancer survivors continues to grow on an annual basis. At the same time, there is mounting pressure across the healthcare system to contain costs while improving the quality of cancer care. In response to this pressure, private and government payers are increasingly turning to tools such as alternative payment models (APM) and clinical pathways to improve the efficiency of care, inform coverage decisions, and support shared decision-making. As APMs, clinical pathways and other tools are utilized more broadly, it will be critical that these models support the evidence-based use of innovative biomedical advances, including personalized medicine, and deliver patient-centered, high-value care. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2335–41. ©2016 AACR.
Optimal operation of Low Cost Topology for Improving the Power Quality in the Wind Power Conversion System
Authors: Vani E , Rengarajan N 
Published: April 2016

<p class="Default">In this paper, Vienna rectifier and Z Source Inverter (ZSI) based Wind Power Conversion System (WPCS) has been proposed with less number of switches to provide high quality power to off grid system. The three phase full bridge converter has six switches for the conversion of AC-DC and also need separate DC-DC boost converter to boost the DC voltage. In the proposed WPCS, three Phase Vienna rectifier has only three switches for the conversion of AC-DC and also it boosts the DC voltage. The ZSI jointly with Vienna rectifier provides higher, boosted AC voltage and high quality power to the off grid system. The ZSI utilizes the shoot-through states to boost the DC link voltage and also, reduces the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) noise. The combination of Vienna rectifier and Z source inverter shows the good performance which improves the efficiency and reduces Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The performance of the proposed system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. Simulation and experimental results expose that, this configuration is beneficial with respect to power quality improvement with less number of switches compared to a conventional converter.</p>
Comparison Methods for Converting a Spindle Plant to Discrete System
Authors: Khairudin M. 
Published: April 2016

This study presents comparison methods in the conversion of a spindle plant in order to obtain an accurate discrete system when compared to a continuous system of spindle. The accurate conversion results of the continuous system into discrete form are required for implementing the control system of spindle. Comparison methods that will be conducted to convert the continuous system of spindle plant into discrete system through zero-order hold (ZOH), first-order hold (FOH), impulse invariant dicretisation, tustin (bilinear), and pole-zero matching methods. The performances of each method in the conversion process have been presented. Conversion performances of continous spindle plant into discrete form using FOH method, showed more accurate compared to other methods. Performances of the conversion accuracy of FOH method have been evaluated in terms of transient responses analysis that closed similar results with a continuous system of spindle plant. At the closed similar transient responses for the discrete system using FOH method show the final value, time to peak, percertages overshoot and setlling time are 0.863 v, 0.910 s, 0 % and 0.550 s respectively.
When a Sleeping Giant Wakes – A Neoclassical Realist Analysis of China’s Expanding Ties in the Middle East
Authors: Keskin Tugrul , Braun Christian N. 
Published: April 2016

Between 1949 and the late 1970s, interactions between China (prc) and Middle Eastern nations were limited. After China started to implement economic reforms in 1978, however, the country opened up to the global economy in general and the Middle East in particular. Since the 1980s, the new Chinese economic dynamic, as a result of its economic reforms, has significantly increased China’s footprint in the region. China’s distinct approach has been to secure access to natural resources and new markets while, at the same time, making sure not to get bogged down in the Middle East’s political conflicts. However, as we argue in this paper, China’s role has by now become so prominent that it will be increasingly difficult for China to maintain its low-profile role. By analyzing the development of China’s role in the region generally as well as its specific relations to Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Israel, we conclude that China is likely to become a more active player in the region.
Identity and neotypification of Hieracium zanogae (Asteraceae), endemic to the Southern Carpathians<br />
Authors: Szelag Zbigniew 
Published: April 2016

In a taxonomic revision of Hieracium sect. Cernua Uechtritz (1875: 215) in the Carpathians, Sudetes and Alps (Szeląg 2006a), I did not manage to resolve the taxonomic position of H. zanogae Pax (1908: 98) described from the Retezat Mountains in the Southern Carpathians, Romania. I have been unable to trace any specimens of Pax’s original material in a number of European herbaria, including the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest (BP) which hosts the Carpathian herbarium of Pax, and the Natural History Museum in Wrocław (WRSL) where Ferdinand Pax worked. Based on the description included in the protologue (Pax 1908), I supposed that H. zanogae could be conspecific with H. tubulare Nyárády in Zahn (1929: 144), the other endemic species to the Retezat Mountains.