bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landslide hazard assessments: problems and limitations. Examples from Hong Kong
Authors: Parry S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Hong Kong has made considerable progress in reducing landslide hazards from man-made slopes. As a consequence, Hong Kong has recently commenced the systematic evaluation of landslides from natural slopes. This paper discusses the assessment approached adopted, limitations with the approach and the problems with landslide hazard assessment in general by means of a case study. The paper concludes that the current approach, whilst suitable for its original purpose, that is the rapid evaluation of the likely magnitude of landslide hazards at the review stage of a development, has limitations when used for systematic landslide assessments at existing developments. It is suggested that landslide hazard assessments to quantify ‘top events’, for example loss of life, would be an improved approach which would allow simplified quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to be undertaken. However, such an approach requires a significant level of engineering geological and engineering geomorphological input. In particular, the careful derivation of appropriate values of landslide magnitude and frequency, based on expert judgment and making use of available data, knowledge and experience.
Site classification map of Italy based on surface geology
Authors: Di Capua G. , Peppoloni S. , Amanti M. , Cipolloni C. , Conte G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this article a method developed for the creation of a site classification map at a territorial scale, starting from the geological mapping available at 1:100 000 scale, is described. This map has been used to embed amplification factors as provided by the Italian seismic code in seismic hazard studies, in order to consider the contribution of the surface geology on the expected ground motion values. The Italian territory has been divided into polygons classified on the basis of lithologies that the seismic code considers homogeneous in their average seismic response. The data processing has been conducted in a GIS environment, starting from the digital format of the lithological map of Italy at 1:100 000 scale. Our results can be used in seismic risk analyses that take into account the local seismic amplification due to the geological characteristics of an area, and in studies on ground motion prediction equations (GMPE).
Three-dimensional pore geometry and permeability anisotropy of Berea sandstone under hydrostatic pressure: connecting path and tortuosity data obtained by microfocus X-ray CT
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kato M. , Lin W. , Sato M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Void space and permeability are two primary factors controlling the movement and storage of fluids in rock and sediments. To investigate fluid flow anisotropy in Berea sandstone, permeability was measured in three perpendicular directions under effective confining pressure as a function of pore pressure. Permeability anisotropy was observed slightly in the normal and in two parallel directions to the bedding planes. We introduced microfocus X-ray computed tomography (CT) as a non-destructive tool and the three-dimensional medial axis (3DMA) method to quantify the flow-relevant geometric properties of the voids structure. Using this apparatus and structure analysis software, we obtained the distributions of pore size, throat size and the number of connecting paths between two faces in an arbitrary region of Berea sandstone. Using these data, we also evaluated the number of connecting paths between two faces and tortuosity within an arbitrary region, and discussed the relationship between permeability anisotropy and voids geometry.
Review of the historical data characterizing Latrobe Valley brown coal consolidation behaviour
Authors: Moein F. , Xue J. , Dent B. , Mackay R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Victoria, Australia contains 25% of the world's known brown coal reserves. Much of the coal is located in thick seams overlain by a thin veneer of sands and clays. Three brown coal open-cut mines are presently operating in the Latrobe Valley. As a result of the mining activity, ground movements can be significant within and around the mines. Slope stability has to be managed during all mine development phases. Recent stability issues at some mines have highlighted a need to review the historical geotechnical information and data with a view to guiding future data collection. To support this purpose, the existing understanding of the geomechanical properties of the brown coal has been revisited, with emphasis on impacts of unloading. The coal has low density (specific gravity <1.2) and high water content (>60% by volume). Given this background, historical data for 49 consolidation tests on one of the major mined upper coal seams, the Morwell seam, were extracted from the historical records. Additionally, 44 consolidation tests for interseam materials were also extracted for the same area. These data have been analysed by re-evaluation of the consolidation data. The analysis shows that the behaviour of brown coal differs from that of typical engineering soils, in that at lower load the stress v. strain gradient is higher than for greater loads. At higher loads the stress v. strain gradient is almost constant. These observations indicate that reassessment of the unloading parameters for slope design in the open cuts is required.
Urban Futures: the sustainable management of the ground beneath cities
Authors: Price S. J. , Ford J. R. , Campbell S. D. G. , Jefferson I. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Over half of the world's population now live in cities. In 2011 it was estimated that the global population exceeded 7 billion. Pressures on the environment including land use are increasing. The ground beneath cities and the interaction between physical, biological and chemical processes provides natural capital on which society depends. These benefits and the ground properties and processes that support and deliver them can be considered ecosystem services. Characterizing the ground properties on which ecosystem services depend involves a qualitative assessment of positive and negative impacts of proposed urban sustainability solutions, including use of the ground. The sustainability of a proposed solution depends on how the future might unfold. Future scenario analysis allows consideration of the social, technological, economic, environmental and political changes that may determine the ability of a proposed solution to deliver its benefits now and in the future. Analysis of the positive and negative impacts of a proposed use of the ground on ecosystem function, measured against future scenarios of change, can be integrated to deliver strategies for the future management of the ground and the wider environment beneath cities.
Effects of saline coal seam gas water on consistency limits, compaction characteristics and hydraulic conductivities of clays used for liners
Authors: Indrawan I. G. B. , Williams D. J. , Scheuermann A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Four kaolinite-dominant clays were moisture-conditioned with coal seam gas (CSG) water (CW) and deionized water (DW) and their consistency limits and compaction characteristics were compared. Further, two of the four clay samples were moisture-conditioned with CW, compacted in compaction mould permeameters and permeated with DW, CW and brine water (BW) under a 100 kPa hydraulic loading, simulating a pond water depth of 10 m in the field. The test results show that CW tended to increase the liquid and plastic limits and decrease the compaction densities of the clay samples. The hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples tended to decrease with decreasing concentration of salt and increasing pH value of the permeating waters. The hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples that were permeated with DW and CW were about one order of magnitude lower than those permeated with BW. At pH values above the isoelectric point of the edges (IEP
edge
) of the clay particles, the hydraulic conductivities of the clay samples tended to increase with increasing concentration of salt of the permeating water. The changes in the index and hydraulic parameters of the clay samples were attributed to changes in the net interparticle forces and in the associated clay structure.
Urban planning: the geoscience input
Authors: Marker B. R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Over half of the world's population is urbanized. Urban planners aim at sustainable development but often take more account of social and economic information than geoscience. Many authorities do not employ geoscientists. This leads to poor policies and decisions and increased costs and risks. Planning systems are complicated and lengthy, involving many participants from planners to elected members as well as the public who may have limited understanding of the importance of geoscience information, scientific methods and uncertainties in results. Careful presentation focusing on the requirements of each audience is needed. Researchers should engage with stakeholders to develop trust and understanding. Planners should be included in research teams. Information on resources, hazards and emissions should be combined with social and economic material. Collaboration with other specialists is important. Work is not over when the results are written up. Thorough dissemination is required for results to be used fully and properly. It is wise to train geoscientists in writing for, and communicating with, the public and media. Ongoing advice and guidance is needed not least when plans are reviewed and updated but that is often prevented by funding mechanisms.
Study of geology and Carboniferous subcrop topography upon engineering geological mapping of Moscow territory
Authors: Kozlyakova I. V. , Eremina O. N. , Anisimova N. G. , Kozhevnikova I. A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Carboniferous deposits in Moscow are composed of interlaying carbonate and clay-marl massifs. The roof of Carboniferous deposits occurs at a depth 5–150 m below the surface. It has been affected by several generations of river erosion. Carbonate layers consist mainly of limestones karstified to a different extent. Suffosion development in overlaying sandy-clayey and sandy horizons resulting in karst-suffosion sinkholes and surface subsidence are related to the ancient buried karst forms. The geological map of Carboniferous deposits is compiled to a scale of 1: 10 000 for the entire territory of Moscow. The map shows the geological structure at the roof of Carboniferous deposits. It also displays the spatial distribution of various stratigraphical and lithological series of Carboniferous system, the subcrop topography of the Carboniferous deposits and thalwegs of pre-Jurassic and pre-Pleistocene (pre-glacial) buried river valleys and gullies. The specifics of karst development in Carboniferous limestone massifs are studied. Karstification and fracturing distribution is analysed in connection with the ancient topography. The geological map of Carboniferous deposits is one of the principal maps for compiling the map of karst and karst-suffosion hazard and the map of engineering geological zoning of Moscow.
Sustainable management of aggregate resources in İstanbul
Authors: Tuğrul A. , Yilmaz M. , Sönmez İ. , Hasdemir S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
One of the principle strategies of the European Community is efficient and sustainable usage of aggregate resources. The appropriation and implementation of these strategies are highly important. Rapid reductions in the usable aggregate resources, the possibility of future closure of quarries near the city centre and inefficient use of the resources are major problems for İstanbul. To provide efficient use of aggregate resources in İstanbul and its vicinity, it is therefore necessary to review the regional plan and develop new strategies for sustainable management of resources. However, sustainability is affected by local factors such as availability of a suitable transportation infrastructure and a lack of detailed knowledge of the geology. It is therefore important to manage existing resources effectively, and maximize the resources through use of operational systems that maintain quality.
Geophysics, geochemistry and engineering geology: how disciplines combine to improve mine slope design in the Pilbara detrital valleys of Western Australia
Authors: Baxter H. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Cenozoic age detrital sequences in the Pilbara region of Western Australia are becoming a focus for engineering geological and hydrogeological investigations with an increasing number of final open-pit walls developed in these materials for iron ore mining. Historically, detrital sequences were classified chronostratigraphically. However, within each chronostratigraphic unit exist sub-units of variable engineering geological and hydrogeological character. As the majority of drill-hole data from Pilbara iron ore mines is derived from reverse circulation techniques, a methodology to identify the engineering geological units through downhole geophysics and geochemical assays was required to progress model development to the level of detail required for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies. The methodology entails a review of cored hole data and use of twin holes to assess the typical geochemical and geophysical signatures of units identified. Improved interpretation of reverse circulation drill-holes has resulted in the development of detailed 3D engineering geological models, which have improved the understanding of geological variability and engineering properties for geotechnical and hydrogeological studies.
Developing an engineering geological model in the fractured and brecciated rocks of a copper porphyry deposit
Authors: Cammack R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Successful open-pit slope design depends on the formulation of a representative geotechnical model. This paper presents the development of an engineering geological rock-mass model as part of a feasibility geotechnical study for the Tampakan copper/gold open-pit mine in the Philippines. This porphyry deposit has been subjected to several cycles of volcanism, chemical alteration and tectonic disturbance resulting in a complex, highly fractured and brecciated rock mass. The model requirements for design were identified early in the project and a unique geotechnical logging system was developed to effectively capture the relevant rock-mass characteristics.
In Vivo Imaging of Tumor Metabolism and Acidosis by Combining PET and MRI-CEST pH Imaging
Authors: Longo Dario L. , Bartoli Antonietta , Consolino Lorena , Bardini Paola , Arena Francesca , Schwaiger Markus , Aime Silvio 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The vast majority of cancers exhibit increased glucose uptake and glycolysis regardless of oxygen availability. This metabolic shift leads to an enhanced production of lactic acid that decreases extracellular pH (pHe), a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment. In this way, dysregulated tumor pHe and upregulated glucose metabolism are linked tightly and their relative assessment may be useful to gain understanding of the underlying biology. Here we investigated noninvasively the in vivo correlation between tumor 18F-FDG uptake and extracellular pH values in a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. Tumor extracellular pH and perfusion were assessed by acquiring MRI-CEST (chemical exchange saturation transfer) images on a 3T scanner after intravenous administration of a pH-responsive contrast agent (iopamidol). Static PET images were recorded immediately after MRI acquisitions to quantify the extent of 18F-FDG uptake. We demonstrated the occurrence of tumor pHe changes that report on acidification of the interstitial fluid caused by an accelerated glycolysis. Combined PET and MRI-CEST images reported complementary spatial information of the altered glucose metabolism. Notably, a significant inverse correlation was found between extracellular tumor pH and 18F-FDG uptake, as a high 18F-FDG uptake corresponds to lower extracellular pH values. These results show how merging the information from 18F-FDG-uptake and extracellular pH measurements can improve characterization of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6463–70. ©2016 AACR.
Efficacy of Cotargeting Angiopoietin-2 and the VEGF Pathway in the Adjuvant Postsurgical Setting for Early Breast, Colorectal, and Renal Cancers
Authors: Wu Florence T.H. , Man Shan , Xu Ping , Chow Annabelle , Paez-Ribes Marta , Lee Christina R. , Pirie-Shepherd Steven R. , Emmenegger Urban , Kerbel Robert S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) that target VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) have not been effective as adjuvant treatments for micrometastatic disease in phase III clinical trials. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) is a proangiogenic and proinflammatory vascular destabilizer that cooperates with VEGF. The purpose of this study was to test whether CVX-060 (an Ang2-specific CovX-body) can be combined with VEGFR2-targeting TKIs (sunitinib or regorafenib) to successfully treat postsurgical metastatic disease in multiple orthotopically implanted human tumor xenograft and syngeneic murine tumor models. In the MDA-MB-231.LM2-4 human breast cancer model, adjuvant sunitinib was ineffective, whereas adjuvant CVX-060 delayed the progression of pulmonary or distant lymphatic metastases; however, overall survival was only improved with the adjuvant use of a VEGF-A/Ang2-bispecific CovX-body (CVX-241) but not when CVX-060 is combined with sunitinib. Adjuvant CVX-241 also showed promise in the EMT-6/CDDP murine breast cancer model, with or without an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1). In the RENCA model of mouse renal cancer, however, combining CVX-060 with sunitinib in the adjuvant setting was superior to CVX-241 as treatment for postsurgical lung metastases. In the HCT116 and HT29 xenograft models of colorectal cancer, both CVX-060 and regorafenib inhibited liver metastases. Overall, our preclinical findings suggest differential strategies by which Ang2 blockers can be successfully combined with VEGF pathway targeting in the adjuvant setting to treat micrometastatic disease—particularly, in combination with VEGF-A blockers (but not VEGFR2 TKIs) in resected breast cancer; in combination with VEGFR2 TKIs in resected kidney cancer; and as single agents or with VEGFR2 TKIs in resected colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6988–7000. ©2016 AACR.
Ramificação e distribuição dos nervos frênicos em diafragmas de eqüinos, sem raça definida
Authors: Santiago Wilson , Borelli Vicente 
Published: September 2016

Os resultados obtidos com o estudo de 50 diafragmas de eqüinos sem raça definida, retirados de 25 machos e 25 fêmeas, jovens e adultos, oriundos do abatedouro "Avante", Araguari - Minas Gerais, permitiram-nos chegar às seguintes conclusões: 1) os nervos frênicos fornecem o ramo ventral e o tronco laterodorsal (84%) à direita e (10%) à esquerda, o ramo dorsal e o tronco lateroventral (80%) à esquerda e (4%) à direita, encontrando-se, ainda, origem simultânea dos ramos dorsal, lateral e ventral (12%) à direita e (10%) à esquerda; 2) os nervos frênicos direito e esquerdo comportam-se simetricamente (18%) quando fornecem tronco laterodorsal e ramo ventral (10%), ramo dorsal e tronco lateroventral esimultaneamente os ramos dorsais, laterais e ventrais (4%); 3) os ramos dorsais dos nervos frênicos, em todas as preparações, tanto à direita como à esquerda, distribuem-se na parte lombar (pilar mediai e lateral)do lado correspondente, fornecendo, ainda, o ramo dorsal direito para o folfolo dorsal direito, um filete nervoso (20%), dois filetes nervosos (2%) e para o centro tendíneo, um filete nervoso (2%), cedendo ainda o ramo dorsal esquerdo em todos os casos (100%) um filete nervoso para o pilar mediai direito, para o folfolo dorsal esquerdo um filete nervoso (6%), dois filetes nervosos (4%) e 4 filetes nervosos (2%); 4) os ramos laterais dos nervos frênicos, em todas as preparações, tanto à direita como à esquerda, distribuem-se na parte costal mais exatamente na região laterodorsal do lado correspondente, fornecendo, ainda, o ramo lateral direito para o folfolo dorsal direito, um filete nervoso (12%), dois filetes nervosos (6%), três filetes nervosos (2%) e um filete nervoso para o pilar lateral direito (4%), cedenao o ramo lateral esquerdo para o folfolo dorsalesquerdo um filete nervoso (16%) e dois filetes nervosos (4%); 5) os ramos ventrais dos nervos frênicos, em todas as preparações, tanto à direita como à esquerda, distribuem-se às regiões lateroventral da parte costal e esternal do lado correspondente, fornecendo ainda, o ramo ventral direito para o centro tendíneo, um filete nervoso (6%), em direção à veia cava caudal, um filete nervoso (4%) e para o folfolo ventral direito, um filete nervoso (2%); 6) conexões (anastomoses) homolaterais aparecem (20%) isto é, (12%) à direita e (4%) à esquerda entre os ramos dorsais e laterais correspondentes, e (2%) entre os ramos dorsal e lateral direito e dorsal e lateral esquerdo enquanto conexões heterolaterais surgem apenas (2%) entre os ramos dorsais direito e esquerdo; 7) a análise não revelou diferenças significantes ao nível de 5% quanto ao sexo, quando confrontamos em eqüinos sem raça definida as diferentes modalidades de ramificação dos nervos frênicos, o mesmo ocorrendo quando comparamos os resultados ora obtidos com os registrados para os eqüinos Puro Sangue Inglês.
Avaliação comparativa nos efeitos de um novo adesivo biológico (Colagel) sobre a resistência tênsil e a cicatrização de anastomoses intestinais
Authors: Laus José Luiz , Morales Adriana , Ferreira Affonso Luiz , Sobreira Lúcia Ferreira Rosa , Vicente Wilter Ricardo Russiano , Toniollo Gilson Hélio 
Published: September 2016

Os efeitos de un novo adesivo biológico a base de gelatina - resorcina e formaldefdo (Colagel), como adjuvante no reforço, impermeabilização e cicatrização de anastomoses intestinais, foram avaliados e comparados com a omentopexia, procedimento padrão em cirurgias dessa natureza. Duas anastomoses ileais foram realizadas em 12 cães de experimentação empregando-se, como sutura, técnica em pontos simples separados extramucosos em plano único. Para a avaliação comparativa, estas receberam, respectivamente, o adesivo e a omentopexia. Os segmentos intestinais que receberam as anastomoses foram avaliados segundo a força tênsil e histopatologia aos 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de pós-operatório. 0 estudo da força tênsil das anastomoses tratadas pelos procedimentos não mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas. A histopatologia revelou evolução normal da cicatrização em ambas as técnicas, nos dias 1, 3 e 7 e maior exudação no grupo cota aos 14, 21 e 28 dias de pós-operatório.
Comparação entre ceratoplastias lamelares por enxertos autógenos, livres, de córnea e pediculados de conjuntiva. Estudo experimental no cão (Canis familiaris - LINNAEUS, 1758)
Authors: Laus José Luiz , Souza Mirian Siliance Batista de , Morales Adriana , Andrade Alexandre Lima de , Figueiredo Florêncio , Santos Jaime Maia dos , Valeri Victório 
Published: September 2016

Estudaram-se comparativamente enxertos autógenos de conjuntiva pediculados e de córnea no reparo experimental de ceratectomias superficiais em cães (Canis familiaris). Empregaram-se 24 animais e estudaram-se as técnicas segundo parâmetros clínicos, histológicos e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, em períodos precoces e tardios de pós-operatório. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as técnicas propostas são exeqüíveis e, sobretudo, aplicáveis à cirurgia reparadora oftálmica. Houve poucas e irrelevantes diferenças entre as técnicas testadas.