bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Simplicity of the Evidence Pyramid Actually Detrimental for Understanding Evidence?
Authors: O'Connor Annette 
Published: February 2017

The evidence pyramid for assessing the efficacy of interventions under real world conditions has been used in various forms for many years, and to a lesser extent the pyramid has been used for assessing evidence for disease risk factors. While acknowledging minor differences, many pyramids list the following information sources for interventions in decreasing order of “validity”: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised control trials, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies, case series and case reports. The evidence pyramid is often used as a teaching aid to help clinicians and students visualise the concept that all studies might not have equal evidentiary value when evaluating real world efficacy.The rationale for the hierarchy of the pyramid is partially based on the potential for bias in some designs and partially based on the external validity of the information source. Designs with greater potential for bias “on average” are placed lower on the pyramid. The greater risk of bias means a greater risk that effect size estimates from studies lower on the pyramid may be systematically incorrect (overestimated or underestimated). As such, the evidence pyramid makes very broad statements about the design “on average”. Of course, for any particular study or topic, the pyramid may not be correct. Regardless, the generalisations described in the evidence pyramid have over the years been considered useful and use of the tool continues likely because of its simplicity. However, the validity of most pyramids that we have seen (and used ourselves, and published ourselves) is predicated on two potentially false concepts. The first potentially false concept conveyed by most evidence pyramids, is that there is only one case-control design and it is of lesser evidentiary value than cohort studies. The second potentially false concept conveyed by evidence pyramids is that the terms cohort, case control, and case series can be used to “filter” out studies of lower evidentiary value.In this presentation Annette discusses the validity of the evidence pyramid on the interpretation of evidence from primary research. She proposes a new way to think about evidence from primary studies using the framework for classifying epidemiologic studies proposed by Pearce (2012) based on incident and prevalent cases. This would also result in a rethinking of the current evidence pyramid.
Effect of exposure time of pregnant females guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters, in 17a-methyltestosterone solution on sex ratio of their offsprings
Authors: Junior M. Zairin , Yunianti A. , Dewi R.R.S.P.S. , Sumawidjaja Kusman 
Published: February 2017

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>This experiment was carried out to study the effect of female broodstocks immersion in 17amethyltestosterone (MT) solution on sex ratio of their offspring, Three-months old males and females were paired to mate in aquaria for four days. Broodstocks were fed with frozen blood worm and water flea 2-3 tii-nes daily. Twelve days after mating, female broodstock were treated by immersing in 2 mg/1 MT solution for 0. 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Birthed guppy babies were collected and reared separately from their parents. During the rearing period, the babies were fed with artemia nauplius and silkworm until identification for male and female. Percentage of female offspring in control group were higher than those of male. Exposure of pregnant females to MT solution for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours resulted in 42, 1'/o, 51%, 84,6%, 1 00%, dan 100% of males offspring, respectively. The best result was obtained from 24 hours treatment. Longer treatment duration tend to shorten time interval between treatment and birth. Key words : Guppy, 17(x-methyltestosterone, exposure time, broodstock immersion, sex ratio ABSTRAK Penefitian ini bertuiuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu perendaman induk di dalam larutan hormon 17a-metiltestosteron (MT) terhadap nisbah kelamin ikan gapi. Induk Ikan gapi berumur tiga bulan dikawinkan berpasangan di dalam akuarium selama empat hari Induk diberi pakan cuk merah beku dan kutu air dengan frekuensi 2-3 kali sehari. Dua belas hari setelah masa perkawinan, induk betina diberi perlakuan berupa perendaman di dalam larutan MT 2 mg/1 selama 0 (kontrol), 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam. Anak-anak ikan gapi yang baru lahir dipelihara terpisah dari induknya. Selama masa pemeliharaan, anak ikan gapi diberi pakan nauplius artemia dan cacing rambut. Pemeliharaan berlangsung sampai jenis kelamin anak ikan gapi dapat diidentifikasi. Persentase anak ikan gapi betina pada semua ulangan kontrol lebih tinggi daripada .iantan dengan perbandingan persentase rata-rata 57,9%: 42,1%. Adapun pada lama waktu perendaman 0, 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam, menghasilkan persentase anak ikan gapi berfenotip jantan berturut-turut sebesar 42,1%, 51%, 84,6%, 100%, dan 100%. Lama waktu perendaman terbaik adalah 24 jam. Selain itu terdapat kecenderungan bahwa semakin lama waktu perendaman semakin cepat kelahirannya. Kata kunci : Ikan gapi, 17ot-metiltestosteron, lama perendaman, perendaman induk, nisbah kelamin</p>
Editorial
Authors: Avendaño de Barón Gloria Smith 
Published: February 2017

La revista Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica es un órgano de difusión de la Maestría en Lingüística y del Doctorado en Lenguaje y Cultura, de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (Uptc), que cumple ya 30 años de difusión; está dirigida a investigadores (estudiantes, docentes y profesionales) nacionales y extranjeros interesados en el área de humanidades. Está integrada por un Editor, un Asistente Editorial, un Comité Editorial y un Comité Científico que examinan la calidad editorial y científica y definen la publicación de los manuscritos recibidos. Cada miembro es evaluado a partir de su productividad académica publicada en otras revistas afines a la cobertura temática de Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica.
El aspecto y sus cualidades tradicionales perfecto e imperfecto: análisis e inconsistencia
Authors: Vásquez González Jorge Alberto 
Published: February 2017

Se analizan el aspecto y sus cualidades tradicionales –perfecto e imperfecto– en ciertas formas verbales del español con el fin de mostrar un problema de inconsistencia conceptual. La distinción aspectual entre los tiempos simple y compuesto de la conjugación verbal española con arreglo a la terminología latina de infectum y perfectum, según se observa en la normatividad de la Real Academia Española (RAE), presenta un equívoco. Se propone, luego de una adecuada comprensión del concepto de participio, que forma el tiempo compuesto con el auxiliar haber, una terminología diferente para solucionarlo: continuo y discontinuo como las nuevas cualidades del aspecto. Lo que de paso conduce a plantear un nuevo accidente verbal: el estado. La metodología empleada en la presente investigación fue explicativa para precisar el término aspecto en el ámbito restringido de la lengua española; también, en menor grado, descriptiva, por cuanto se muestran ejemplos particulares y aclarativos que pueden confirmar la conveniencia de mantener el aspecto.
Competencias de lectura y escritura en música. Una propuesta para su asimilación en el currículo escolar
Authors: Cárdenas Soler Ruth Nayibe , Martínez Álvarez Juan Diego , Cremades Andreu Roberto 
Published: February 2017

La música llega sin reservas a todos sus oyentes, partiendo del uso de los signos para la composición y pasando por la decodificación para llegar a la interpretación del mensaje musical. Por esta razón, se puede decir que la música es una lengua no materna, que sin conocer su código puede ser asimilada por cualquier persona. En este artículo se pretende analizar el concepto de competencias de lectura y escritura en música, situándolo específicamente en el campo de la lectura y la escritura de la lengua, entendiendo que la música se vale de signos y códigos aplicables a estas habilidades comunicativas (leer, escribir). Producto de dicho análisis se presenta, al finalizar el documento, una propuesta de estructuración de la competencia de lectura y escritura musical para un currículo escolar. Con este planteamiento se pretende aportar a la discusión sobre el deber ser de la educación musical en la escuela.
Excretions of Urinary Creatinine on Young and Mature Kacang Goat under Different Feeding Levels
Authors: Mukminah Nurul , Rianto Edy , Purbowati Endang 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This study was aimed to examine the excretion of urinary creatinine in young and mature Kacang goat bucks under different feeding levels. This study used 16 Kacang goat bucks consisting of 2 groups of age, i.e. eight young bucks (aged 6-7 months, weighed 12.75±2.68 kg) and 8 mature bucks (age 9-12 months, weighed 17.34±3.32 kg). The bucks were fed pelleted complete feed containing 78.82% dry matter (DM), 18.80% crude protein (CP), and 76.29% total digestible nutrients (TDN). The bucks were allocated into a 2x2 nested design with four replications. The treatment was the amount of 2.24% dry matter intake (T1) and 4.48% of body weight (BW) (T2) for the young goat, while the mature buck was 1.87% and 3.74%, respectively. The results showed that DM, CP and TDN intake were significant different across ages and highly significantly different between feeding levels. Changes of urinary creatinine from week 0–12 showed no differences in the age group (142 mg/dl) and feeding level (143 mg/dl). Conclusively, age and feed level affected body weight, feed intake and creatinine excretion of Kacang Goat. The more body weight gain (age) and feed level, the more urinal creatinine excretion in male Kacang goat. Key words: Kacang goat, ages, feeding level, and creatinine Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kadar kreatinin pada kambing Kacang muda dan dewasa dengan jumlah pemberian pakan yang berbeda. Materi berupa 16 ekor kambing Kacang jantan, terdiri dari 8 ekor umur muda (6-7 bulan) dan 8 ekor umur dewasa (9-12 bulan). Pakan komplit yang diberikan memiliki kandungan bahan kering (BK) 78,82%, protein kasar (PK) 18,80%, dan total digestible nutrients (TDN) 76,29%. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah pola tersarang 2x2 dengan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan pakan berupa jumlah BK pakan yang diberikan yaitu 2,24% bobot badan (BB) (T1) dan 4,48% BB (T2) untuk kambing muda, sedangkan kambing dewasa sebesar 1,87% BB (T1) dan 3,74% BB (T2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi BK, PK dan TDN berbeda nyata pada kelompok umur dan berbeda sangat nyata pada perlakuan pakan. Kadar kreatinin pada minggu ke 0-6 tidak berbeda nyata, namun pada minggu ke 12 berbeda nyata baik kelompok umur maupun akibat perlakuan pakan. Perubahan kadar kreatinin dari minggu ke 0-12 menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata pada kelompok umur dan perlakuan pakan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kadar kreatinin semakin meningkat dengan semakin meningkatnya bobot badan (umur) dan pakan ternak. Kata kunci : kambing Kacang, umur, level pakan, dan kreatinin
Effect of Condensed Tannin of Leucaena and Calliandra Leaves in Protein Trash Fish Silage on In vItro Ruminal Fermentation, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Digestibility
Authors: Rimbawanto Efka Aris , Yusiati Lies Mira , Baliarti Endang , Utomo Ristianto 
Published: February 2017

Two plants as condensed tannin (CT) sources were supplemented to protein trash fish silage (TFS) to observe their effect on in vitro ruminal fermentation product, micobial protein synthesis, and digestibility. CT supplementation on protein trash fish silage was on control proportion (0), under optimum level (2.0%), at optimum level (4.0%), and above optimum level (6.0%) of g TFS); of protein precipitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with CT from L. leucocephala; and under optimum level (1.5%), at optimum level (3.0%) and above optimum level (4.5% of g TFS), BSA protein precipitation with CT from C. calothyrsus. The effect on degradation in ruminal fluid and ruminal fluid followed by incubation in HCl-pepsin was evaluated using a modified two-step in vitro method. The CT level of L. leucocephala and C. calothyrsus was 4% and 6%, respectively with protein precipitation BSA was 26.25 and 31.77 g BSA/g CT, respectively. CT supplementation to trash fish silage, ruminal fermentation product (NH3-N, C2, C3, and total VFAs) and digestibility (DM and OM) decreased (P<0.01) and increased (P<0.01) total CP digestibility (in HCl-pepsin). The difference was attributed to CT source without affecting ruminal microbial protein synthesis. CT of L. leucocephala was better in increasing total protein digestibility (70%) than that of C. calothyrsus (15%). It indicated that CT of C. calothyrsus was less effective in protected TSF protein degradation in rumen compared to that of L. leucocephala.
Methane Gas Reduction Using Virgin Coconut Oil Supplementation in Rumen Fermentation through in Vitro
Authors: Sondakh Erwin Hubert Barton , Rorong Johnly Alfreds , Kalele Jerry Audy Donny 
Published: February 2017

This study aims to determine the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO)supplementation into ruminant feed on the methane reduction in vitro The study used rumen fluid with forage substrate and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40. The experiement consists of five kinds of VCO treatments, namely: R0 – feed substrates without VCO; R1 – feed substrates with 2% VCO; R2 – feed substrates with 4% VCO; R3 – feed substrates with 6% VCO; and R4 – feed substrates with 8% VCO. Each treatment was done three times. The fermentation used Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) at a temperature of 390 C for 48 hours. At the end of the fermentation, measurements of methane and microbial activity of the rumen fluid were implemented. Data obtained were analyzed using a completely randomized design, and continued with Duncan test for examining the mean differences. The results showed that methane production descreased by 18.39% - 29.7% when the feed was given 2% - 8% VCO. Based in the findings, it can be concluded that the supplementation of 2% - 8% VCO can be used a substrate for ruminant feed because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity of the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro.
In Vitro Study of Fermented Complete Feed by Using Sago Residues as Main Source Diet
Authors: Samadi Samadi , Wajizah Sitti , Usman Yunasri 
Published: February 2017

Recently, fermentation of low quality feed such as agro industry by products has been widely applied to produce enriched animal feed and improve animal productivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro digestibility of fermented complete feed by using agro-residues from sago starch processing industries as main source diet. Feed was formulated on the basis of 40% sago residue and mixed with other ingredients (rice brand, coconut meal, bread by product, soybean meal and soybean hulls) to fulfill the requirement of sheep with 16,10% of CP, 2,80 Mkal ME/kg and TDN 60,88% based on calculation. Mineral and Urea were added in the complete feed to reach mineral and CP requirements of sheep. Complete feed formulation was fermented by using 3 commercial fermentation products (Saus Burger Pakan® (SBP), Probion® and EM4®) for 21 days. Total and types of microbes from commercial fermentation products which were utilized in this study were not determined. Parameters measured in this study were pH, NH3, IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility), IVOMD (in vitro organic matter digestibility) and VFA total. The model used for the statistical analysis was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments (control and 3 different commercial fermentation products) and 4 replications. The results of this study indicated that administration of different commercial fermentation products into fermented complete feed based on sago residues significantly influenced (P<0.05) on pH, NH3, VFA total, IVDMD and IVOMD. Generally, commercial fermentation products mainly SBP produced better feed quality by improving the values of pH, NH3, VFA total, IVDMD and IVOMD. However, types and total microorganisms were needed to be determined before experiment.
Study on Callus Induction System of 4 Genotype of Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum )
Authors: Umami Nafiatul , Akashi Ryo , Gondo Takahiro , Ishigaki Genki , Tanaka Hidenori 
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to produce callus induction potential of 4 napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes (Dwarf Late, Hybrid, Merkeron and Wrukwona). Callus was induced from shoot apices of shoot tillers on MS media containing 2,4-D and BAP. On the MS medium containing 2 mg L–1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L–1 BAP all genotypes could produce embryogenic calli, with different rate of growth. The best genotype for producing embryogenic calli was dwarf napiergrass in 60 day culture. These genotypes would be usefull for tissue cultured based research and for napiergrass improvement program, particularly in genetic transformation. Culturing shoot apices on MS medium containing 2 mgL–1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgL–1 BAP was more suitable than on MS medium containing 0.5 mgL–1 2,4-D. In the subculture with similar medium composition, proliferation occured poorly on dwarf napiergrass, whereas none happened on the three other genotypes. On the hormon-free medium, all genotypes germinated in different rates. This research pointed out that dwarf napiergrass gave the best response toward induction medium. However, its proliferation and regeneration needed to be optimized in order to obtain more obvious data. This genotype would be usefull for tissue culture based research and for napiergrass improvement program, particularly in genetic transformation.
Effect of Carrot-Juice on Exopolisaccharides and β-D Galactosidase Activity in Yogurt
Authors: Radiati Lilik Eka , Jaya Firman , Oktavia Heldy 
Published: February 2017

Carrot juice and milk were blended and fermented by culture bacteria Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Carrot juice affect significantly on lactic acid content (1.09± 0.12% – 1.15± 0.01%), pH value (3.80±0.06 – 4.17± 0.10), viscosity (133±2.30 cP–146±2.10cP), β-carotene (0-173.19±1.02 µg/g), EPS (11.90 ±0.50 - 18.00 ±0.40 mg/100g), β-D-galactosidase activity (2.27±0.30-192.40±0.48 µ/g) yogurt, but did not affect significantly on bacteria number (9.0± 0.5 – 9.8±0.4 log CFU/g). Carrot juice increased the yogurt culture activity with increasing acidifying, β-catotene, EPS and β-D-galactosidase, suggesting that yogurt could be fortified with carrot juice.
PEMBUATAN SELULOSA ASETAT DARI PULP KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus)
Authors: Widyaningsih Senny , Radiman Cynthia Linaya 
Published: February 2017

Cellulose acetate (CA) is one of polymer which is usually used in industry. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) pulp is one of non wood cellulose sources which can be used for producing CA. CA was produced in three step i.e. initial, acetylation, and hydrolysis. The characterization of CA kenaf had been conducted with analyzing function groups and determining relative molecule mass, acetyl content, and structure of CA. The result of infrared spectroscopy analyze showed that specific peak of acetyl group at 1237.4 cm-1 with acetyl content 40.40% and the relative molecule mass of CA was 1.15.104 with amorf structure.
PENGARUH pH LARUTAN DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL ABU SEKAM PADI TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR CONGO RED
Authors: Setyaningtyas Tien , Sulaeman Uyi 
Published: February 2017

Rice husk used as a raw material to produce the rice husk ash. The purpose of this research were to determine the optimum contact time and maximum pH of congo red adsorption by rice husk ash, to find out the influence of particle size to adsorption The rice husk was washed, then soaked in HCl 3.84 M to remove mineral impurities, and it was dried and heated for four hours at the temperature 6000 C. The yield gained from this research is 23.44%. Optimum contact time started at after five minutes and maximum pH is six for the tree mention particle sizes 50, 100 and 140 mesh. Particle size didn’t give any significant effect to adsorption process with percent decreasing of congo red is 84.97 %, 90.39 %, 89.32 % respectively.
STUDI DEGRADASI ZAT PEWARNA AZO, METIL ORANYE MENGGUNAKAN FERRAT (FeO42-)
Authors: Windy Dwiasi Dian , Kurniasih Mardiyah 
Published: February 2017

Synthesis of ferrate and its application to azo dyes degradation have been investigated. The synthesis was carried out by reacting Fe(NO3)3 solution with NaOCl in alkaline condition. Oxidation reaction of azo dyes was carried out by adjusting the molar ratio of ferrate to azo dyes. When ferrate reacted with azo dyes, its absorbance was monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at pH condition that had been optimized. Kinetics study for azo dyes degradation was carried out at the absorbance maximum of azo dyes, as a function of time. Ferrate can oxidize azo dyes, methyl oranye effectively in optimum pH of 9.6. With the molar ratio of ferrate/azo dyes 5/1, it showed that the percentages of methyl oranye degradation reached 100%. The azo dyes degradation followed first order of kinetics. Analysis using UV-Vis spectrofotometry suggests that the products of azo dyes degradation are nitrate, ammonia, and benzene. This results showed that ferrate is an alternative and green oxidizing agent which can be used for azo dyes degradation.
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIKANKER EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN Rhizopora mucronata TERHADAP SEL MYELOMA
Authors: Diastuti Hartiwi , Warsinah Warsinah , Purwati Purwati 
Published: February 2017

The mangrove plant have been long used the people for traditional medicine to cure various diseases, one of them to cancer therapy. Investigation the anticancer potent of R. mucronata has not been carried yet. This research was aimed to toxicity test of R. mucronta leaves extracts againts Artemia salina Leach, then cytotoxicity test of R. mucronata leave extracts againts Myeloma cancer cells. The extraction of R. mucronata leaves was peformed by maseration with ethanol. The ethanol extracts was partitioned with chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol. The ethanol extracts of R. mucronata leaves respectively was examined their toxicity againts A. salina Leach larv. The toxic exctracts was examined their citotoxicity againts Myeloma cells. The ethanol extract of R. mucronata leaves has toxic character because has LC50 < 1000 mg/mL. Citotoxicity test againts Myeloma cells showed that the chloroform fraction of ethanol extract of R. mucronata leaves have a high activity against Myeloma cell, LC50 value equal to 28,72 mg/mL. Phytochemical study showed that the active fractions contained terpenoid and alkaloid.
POTENSI HUMIN HASIL ISOLASI TANAH HUTAN DAMAR BATURRADEN DALAM MENURUNKAN KESADAHAN AIR
Authors: Setyaningtyas Tien , Andreas Roy , Riyani Kapti 
Published: February 2017

The hardness water is not good for consumption because can resulted kidney disease One of the method which can be used to degrade rodamin B is adsorption use humin. Humin is biggest fraction of humat materials that insoluble in acid, alcohol and base. The ability of humin for adsorp Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused by the existence of OH phenolic and carboxylic functional group which can interacted with metal ion. The aim of this study is to recognize humin characteristic from the soil of Baturraden resin forest, and ability of humin from the soil of Baturraden resin forest for decreasing the hardness water.Humin was isolated from the Baturraden resin forest and purified use mixture of HCl:HF. Purified humin is characterised such as identify of functional group of humin, stipulating of water content, stipulating of dust content, obstetrical stipulating of total acidity content, carboxylic and OH phenolic functional group. Decreasing of hardness water was analysed with variation time 0, 10, 30, 60, 180, 300, 600, 900, 1200 dan 1440 minute.Humin that isolated from Baturraden resin forest have characteristic such as water content 16.6199 %; dust content 9.2050 %; total acidity content 475 cmol / Kg; carboxylic rate 200 cmol/Kg, and OH phenolic rate 275 cmol/Kg. Decreasing of hardness water in Darmakradenan, Ajibarang subdistrict, Banyumas regency was 54,745 % with equlibrium time at 600 minute (10 hours).