bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of gamma irradiation and boiling treatment on antioxidant status in different spices
Authors: Khatun Afifa , Hossain Afzal , Islam Mahfuza , Munshi Kamruzzaman , Akter Afroza , Rahman Badier , Huque Roksana 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThree spice samples (garlic, ginger, and turmeric) were gamma‐irradiated at a dose of 0.05 and 0.1 kGy. The effects of irradiation treatment on the content of antioxidant markers (such as, total phenol, and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and reducing power) after boiling of fresh and gamma irradiated spices were investigated. Results indicated that the antioxidant quality of ginger has improved when treated with irradiation but irradiation treatment gradually decreased the antioxidant parameters with increasing dose in turmeric. For garlic, lower dose (0.05 kGy) was useful to retain antioxidant value after boiling than higher dose gamma radiation. In addition, boiling showed a significant loses of total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity as well as other antioxidant markers were observed for fresh ginger and garlic. But fresh turmeric showed reverse phenomena upon boiling. The changes of bioactive compound upon irradiation and boiling might contribute to antioxidant activity of studied spices.Practical applicationGamma irradiation has been recognized as an effective method for inhibiting sprouting in rhizome spices along with improving safety of spices by inactivating food‐borne pathogens. In the present research, influence of gamma irradiation and boiling treatment on antioxidant status in different spices has been determined. Though irradiation has no positive effect on antioxidant parameters in boiled turmeric while irradiated ginger and garlic showed improvement of antioxidant markers in boiled sample. This result demonstrates that gamma irradiation could be a potential tool to improvement of antioxidant quality in cooked spices.
Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis in Individuals Aged 80 and Older: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Giannadakis Charalampis , Solheim Ole , Jakola Asgeir S. , Nordseth Trond , Gulati Agnete M. , Nerland Ulf S. , Nygaard Øystein P. , Solberg Tore K. , Gulati Sasha 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo compare clinical outcomes after decompressive surgery for central lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) in individuals aged 80 and older with those of individuals aged 18–79.DesignProspective data from the Norwegian Registry for Spine Surgery.SettingMulticenter observational study.ParticipantsIndividuals with central LSS undergoing surgery at 36 orthopedic or neurosurgical departments (N = 1,503; 1,325 aged <80 (median 66, range 21–79); 178 aged ≥80 (median 82, range 80–95)).InterventionLaminectomy or microdecompression.MeasurementsChanges in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), EuroQol 5D (EQ‐5D), back pain numerical rating scale (NRS), and leg pain NRS at 1 year. Complications and duration of surgical procedures and hospital stays are reported.ResultsFor all participants, there was a significant improvement in ODI (difference 16.60 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 15.59–17.61, P < .001). There were no differences between age cohorts in mean changes in ODI (0.2, 95% CI = −3.05–3.39, P = .92), EQ‐5D (0.02, 95% CI = −0.04–0.09, P = .49), back pain NRS (−0.2, 95% CI = −0.7–0.4, P = .56), or leg pain NRS (−0.1, 95% CI = −0.7–0.5), P = .77). There were no differences in perioperative complications between age cohorts (4.9% vs 7.9%, P = .11). Participants aged 80 and older reported more complications occurring within 3 months (11.8% vs 7.5%, P = .02), mainly because of more urinary tract infections (9.6% vs 3.5%, P = .001). Mean duration of hospital stays was 1.3 days longer for participants aged 80 and (4.5 vs 3.2 days, P < .001). There were no differences in duration of single‐level microdecompression (P = .94), two‐level microdecompression (P = .53), single‐level laminectomy (P = .78), or two‐level laminectomy (P = .08).ConclusionIndividuals aged 80 and older experience improvement in self‐reported outcomes similar to those of younger individuals after decompressive surgery for LSS.
Survival of Elderly Adults Undergoing Incident Home Hemodialysis and Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Molnar Miklos Z. , Ravel Vanessa , Streja Elani , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Rivara Matthew B. , Mehrotra Rajnish , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo compare the mortality of elderly adults with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with home hemodialysis (HD) with that of those receiving a kidney transplant (KTx).DesignProspective cohort.SettingPertinent data for the two groups were obtained from electronic medical records from a large dialysis provider and the U.S. Renal Data System.ParticipantsUsing data from elderly adults (aged ≥65) who started home HD and underwent KTx in the US between 2007 and 2011, a 1:1 propensity score (PS)‐matched cohort of 960 elderly adults was created, and the association between treatment modality and all‐cause mortality was examined using Cox proportional hazards and competing risk regression survival models using modality failure as a competing event.MeasurementsModality of renal replacement therapy.ResultsThe baseline mean age ± standard deviation of the PS‐matched individuals undergoing home HD was 71 ± 6, and that of KTx recipients was 71 ± 5, 69% of both groups were male, 81% of those undergoing home HD and 79% of KTx recipients were white, and 11% and 12%, respectively, were African American. Median follow‐up time was 205 days (interquartile range (IQR) 78–364 days) for those undergoing home HD and 795 days (IQR 366–1,221 days) for KTx recipients. There were 97 deaths (20%, 253/1,000 patient‐years, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 207–309/1,000 patient‐years) in the home HD group and 48 deaths (10%, 45/1,000 patient‐years, 95% CI = 34–60/1,000 patient‐years) in the KTx group. Elderly adults undergoing home HD had a risk of mortality that was almost five times as high as that of KTx recipients (hazard ratio = 4.74, 95% CI = 3.25–6.91). Similar results were seen in competing risk regression analyses (subhazard ratio = 4.71, 95% CI = 3.27–6.79). Results were consistent across different types of kidney donors and subgroups divided according to various recipient characteristics.ConclusionElderly adults with ESRD who receive a KTx have greater survival than those who undergo home HD. Further studies are needed to assess whether KTx receipt is associated with other benefits such as better quality of life and lower hospitalization rates.
Factors Associated with Transition from Community Settings to Hospital as Place of Death for Adults Aged 75 and Older: A Population‐Based Mortality Follow‐Back Survey
Authors: Bone Anna E. , Gao Wei , Gomes Barbara , Sleeman Katherine E. , Maddocks Matthew , Wright Juliet , Yi Deokhee , Higginson Irene J. , Evans Catherine J. ,   OPTCare Elderly
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo identify factors associated with end‐of‐life (EoL) transition from usual place of care to the hospital as place of death for people aged 75 and older.DesignPopulation‐based mortality follow‐back survey.SettingDeaths over 6 months in 2012 in two unitary authorities in England covering 800 square miles with more than 1 million residents.ParticipantsA random sample of people aged 75 and older who died in a care home or hospital and all those who died at home or in a hospice unit (N = 882). Cases were identified from death registrations. The person who registered the death (a relative for 98.9%) completed the survey.MeasurementsThe main outcome was EoL transition to the hospital as place of death versus no EoL transition to the hospital. Multivariable modified Poisson regression was used to examine factors (illness, demographic, environmental) related to EoL transition to the hospital.ResultsFour hundred forty‐three (50.2%) individuals responded, describing the care of the people who died. Most died from nonmalignant conditions (76.3%) at a mean age of 87.4 ± 6.4. One hundred forty‐six (32.3%) transitioned to the hospital and died there. Transition was more likely for individuals with respiratory disease than for those with cancer (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–3.01) and for people with severe breathlessness (PR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.12–3.43). Transition was less likely if EoL preferences had been discussed with a healthcare professional (PR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.42–0.88) and when there was a key healthcare professional (PR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58–0.95).ConclusionTo reduce EoL transition to the hospital for older people, there needs to be improved management of breathlessness in the community and better access to a key healthcare professional skilled in coordinating care, communication, facilitating complex discussions, and in planning for future care.
Family Instability, Multipartner Fertility, and Behavior in Middle Childhood
Authors: Fomby Paula , Osborne Cynthia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTwo concepts capture the dynamic and complex nature of contemporary family structure: family instability and multipartner fertility. Although these circumstances are likely to co‐occur, their respective literatures have proceeded largely independently. The authors used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,062) to consider these dimensions of dynamic family structure together, asking whether they independently predict children's behavior problems at age 9. Frequent family instability was consistently predictive of higher predicted levels of behavior problems for children born to mothers who were unmarried, an association largely attenuated by factors related to family stress. Multipartner fertility was robustly related to self‐reported delinquency and teacher‐reported behavior problems among children born to mothers who were married.
Bruxism and dental implant failures: a multilevel mixed effects parametric survival analysis approach
Authors: Chrcanovic B.R. , Kisch J. , Albrektsson T. , Wennerberg A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryRecent studies have suggested that the insertion of dental implants in patients being diagnosed with bruxism negatively affected the implant failure rates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the bruxism and the risk of dental implant failure. This retrospective study is based on 2670 patients who received 10 096 implants at one specialist clinic. Implant‐ and patient‐related data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the patients and implants. Multilevel mixed effects parametric survival analysis was used to test the association between bruxism and risk of implant failure adjusting for several potential confounders. Criteria from a recent international consensus (Lobbezoo et al., J Oral Rehabil, 40, 2013, 2) and from the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (International classification of sleep disorders, revised: diagnostic and coding manual, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Chicago, 2014) were used to define and diagnose the condition. The number of implants with information available for all variables totalled 3549, placed in 994 patients, with 179 implants reported as failures. The implant failure rates were 13·0% (24/185) for bruxers and 4·6% (155/3364) for non‐bruxers (P < 0·001). The statistical model showed that bruxism was a statistically significantly risk factor to implant failure (HR 3·396; 95% CI 1·314, 8·777; P = 0·012), as well as implant length, implant diameter, implant surface, bone quantity D in relation to quantity A, bone quality 4 in relation to quality 1 (Lekholm and Zarb classification), smoking and the intake of proton pump inhibitors. It is suggested that the bruxism may be associated with an increased risk of dental implant failure.
Tetanus in New Zealand children: Intensive care management of a vaccine preventable disease
Authors: Wen Sophie CH , Webb Catherine , Miles Fiona , Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: September 2016

AimTo review management of children admitted with tetanus to Starship Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2013.MethodsRetrospective chart review of children aged 0–15 years admitted to Starship Children's Hospital with tetanus from 2000 to 2013. Follow‐up of immunisation status was via the National Immunisation Register and/or phone contact with patient's primary health care provider.ResultsFour cases of tetanus occurred, all in unimmunised children. All four required paediatric intensive care unit admission (length of stay (LOS) 2.5–7 weeks) for ventilatory support; three required tracheostomy. Specific tetanus treatment included metronidazole, tetanus immunoglobulin and antispasmodic medications such as magnesium sulphate and benzodiazepines. Three remain partially or unimmunised following discharge.ConclusionTetanus in children is a rare but preventable life‐threatening disease, requiring costly intensive care management. Immunisation is cheap and effective in preventing tetanus and should be offered to all children, including tetanus cases for their future protection.
Calcium to phosphorus ratio, essential elements and vitamin D content of infant foods in the UK: Possible implications for bone health
Authors: Loughrill Emma , Wray David , Christides Tatiana , Zand Nazanin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdequate intake of calcium and phosphorus in the appropriate ratio of 1–2:1 (Ca:P), in addition to magnesium and vitamin D, is vital for bone health and development of infants. In this feasibility study, the ratio of Ca:P in conjunction with vitamin D and other essential elements (Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn) in a range of commercial infant food products in the UK was investigated. The elemental analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and vitamin D levels were determined using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The quantitative data were further evaluated, based on a standardised menu, to measure the total daily intake of an infant aged 7–12 months against the Reference Nutrient Intake. The results from the study show that the Ca:P ratio of the infant's total dietary intake was within the recommended range at 1.49:1. However, the level of intake for each of the nutrients analyzed, with the exception of sodium, was found to be above the Reference Nutrient Intake, which warrants further investigation in relation to both micronutrient interactions and in situations where the intake of fortified infant formula milk is compromised. Finally, as the study is the first to include consumption of infant snack products, the level of total calorie intake was also calculated in order to assess the total daily estimated energy intake; the results indicate that energy intakes exceed recommendations by 42%, which may have implications for obesity.
Local adaptation of plant viruses: lessons from experimental evolution
Authors: Elena Santiago F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFor multihost pathogens, adaptation to multiple hosts has important implications for both applied and basic research. At the applied level, it is one of the main factors determining the probability and severity of emerging disease outbreaks. At the basic level, it is thought to be a key mechanism for the maintenance of genetic diversity both in host and pathogen species. In recent years, a number of evolution experiments have assessed the fate of plant virus populations replicating within and adapting to one single or to multiple hosts species. A first group of these experiments tackled the existence of trade‐offs in fitness and virulence for viruses evolving either within a single hosts species or alternating between two different host species. A second set of experiments explored the role of genetic variability in susceptibility and resistance to infection among individuals from the same host species in the extent of virus local adaptation and of virulence. In general, when a single host species or genotype is available, these experiments show that local adaptation takes place, often but not always associated with a fitness trade‐off. However, alternating between different host species or infecting resistant host genotypes may select for generalist viruses that experience no fitness cost. Therefore, the expected cost of generalism, arising from antagonistic pleiotropy and other genetic mechanisms generating fitness trade‐offs between hosts, could not be generalized and strongly depend on the characteristics of each particular pathosystem. At the genomic level, these studies show pervasive convergent molecular evolution, suggesting that the number of accessible molecular pathways leading to adaptation to novel hosts is limited.
Correlation between mtDNA complexity and mtDNA replication mode in developing cotyledon mitochondria during mung bean seed germination
Authors: Cheng Ning , Lo Yih‐Shan , Ansari Mohammad Israil , Ho Kuo‐Chieh , Jeng Shih‐Tong , Lin Na‐Sheng , Dai Hwa 
Published: September 2016

Summary

The currently accepted model of recombination‐dependent replication (RDR) in plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) does not clearly explain how RDR progresses and how highly complex mtDNA develops. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between RDR and mtDNA complexity during mitochondrial development in mung bean (Vigna radiata) seed, and the initiation and processing of RDR in plant mitochondria.

Flow cytometry, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, real‐time PCR and biochemical studies were used in this study.

The highly dynamic changes in mtDNA complexity correspond to mtDNA RDR activity throughout mitochondrial development. With in vitro freeze–thaw treatment or prolonged in vivo cold incubation, the mtDNA rosette core disappeared and the rosette structure converted to a much longer linear DNA structure. D‐loops, Holliday junctions and putative RDR forks often appeared near the rosette cores.

We hypothesize that the rosette core may consist of condensed mtDNA and a replication starting sequence, and play an initial and central role in RDR. The satellite cores in the rosette structure may represent the re‐initiation sites of mtDNA RDR in the same parental molecule, thereby forming highly complex and giant mitochondrial molecules, representing the RDR intermediates, in vivo.
Divergent evolution of multiple virus‐resistance genes from a progenitor in Capsicum spp.
Authors: Kim Saet‐Byul , Kang Won‐Hee , Huy Hoang Ngoc , Yeom Seon‐In , An Jeong‐Tak , Kim Seungill , Kang Min‐Young , Kim Hyun Jung , Jo Yeong Deuk , Ha Yeaseong , Choi Doil , Kang Byoung‐Cheorl 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Plants have evolved hundreds of nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich domain proteins (NLRs) as potential intracellular immune receptors, but the evolutionary mechanism leading to the ability to recognize specific pathogen effectors is elusive.

Here, we cloned Pvr4 (a Potyvirus resistance gene in Capsicum annuum) and Tsw (a Tomato spotted wilt virus resistance gene in Capsicum chinense) via a genome‐based approach using independent segregating populations.

The genes both encode typical NLRs and are located at the same locus on pepper chromosome 10. Despite the fact that these two genes recognize completely different viral effectors, the genomic structures and coding sequences of the two genes are strikingly similar. Phylogenetic studies revealed that these two immune receptors diverged from a progenitor gene of a common ancestor.

Our results suggest that sequence variations caused by gene duplication and neofunctionalization may underlie the evolution of the ability to specifically recognize different effectors. These findings thereby provide insight into the divergent evolution of plant immune receptors.
Defense traits in the long‐lived Great Basin bristlecone pine and resistance to the native herbivore mountain pine beetle
Authors: Bentz Barbara J. , Hood Sharon M. , Hansen E. Matthew , Vandygriff James C. , Mock Karen E. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryMountain pine beetle (MPB,Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a significant mortality agent ofPinus, and climate‐driven range expansion is occurring.Pinusdefenses in recently invaded areas, including high elevations, are predicted to be lower than in areas with longer termMPBpresence.MPBwas recently observed in high‐elevation forests of the Great Basin (GB) region, North America. Defense and susceptibility in two long‐lived species,GBbristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), are unclear, although they are sympatric with a commonMPBhost, limber pine (P. flexilis).We surveyed stands with sympatricGBbristlecone–limber pine and foxtail–limber pine to determine relativeMPBattack susceptibility and constitutive defenses.MPB‐caused mortality was extensive in limber, low in foxtail and absent inGBbristlecone pine. Defense traits, including constitutive monoterpenes, resin ducts and wood density, were higher inGBbristlecone and foxtail than in limber pine.GBbristlecone and foxtail pines have relatively high levels of constitutive defenses which make them less vulnerable to climate‐drivenMPBrange expansion relative to other high‐elevation pines. Long‐term selective herbivore pressure and exaptation of traits for tree longevity are potential explanations, highlighting the complexity of predicting plant–insect interactions under climate change.
A new race of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae of lettuce
Authors: Gilardi G. , Franco Ortega S. , van Rijswick P. C. J. , Ortu G. , Gullino M. L. , Garibaldi A. 
Published: September 2016

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, the causal agent of fusarium wilt of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), occurs in most countries in which lettuce is grown and causes serious economic losses. Three races (1, 2 and 3) of the pathogen have previously been identified on the basis of their ability to cause disease on differential lettuce cultivars, as well as by means of molecular tools developed to characterize different races of this pathogen. Only race 1 has been detected in Europe so far. In this study, two isolates of F. oxysporum, obtained from lettuce plants grown in the Netherlands showing symptoms of wilt, have been characterized by combining the study of pathogenicity with differential cultivars of lettuce and molecular assays to determine whether the isolates are different from the known races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. This study reports the presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae for the first time in the Netherlands. The causal pathogen has been identified, using the IRAP‐SCAR technique, as a new race of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. Specific primers have been designed to identify this new race.
Big Data in Public Affairs
Authors: Mergel Ines , Rethemeyer R. Karl , Isett Kimberley 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the conceptual, substantive, and practical issues surrounding “big data” to provide one perspective on how the field of public affairs can successfully cope with the big data revolution. Big data in public affairs refers to a combination of administrative data collected through traditional means and large‐scale data sets created by sensors, computer networks, or individuals as they use the Internet. In public affairs, new opportunities for real‐time insights into behavioral patterns are emerging but are bound by safeguards limiting government reach through the restriction of the collection and analysis of these data. To address both the opportunities and challenges of this emerging phenomenon, the authors first review the evolving canon of big data articles across related fields. Second, they derive a working definition of big data in public affairs. Third, they review the methodological and analytic challenges of using big data in public affairs scholarship and practice. The article concludes with implications for public affairs.