bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wireless‐Powered Cooperative Relay Networks
Authors: Maso Marco , Zhong Caijun , Zhou Xiangyun , Suraweera Himal A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA cooperative communication network consisting of a source, a destination, and one or multiple relays serves as a primary building block useful to implement practical wireless systems. On the other hand, limited battery life of mobile terminals adversely affects the performance of wireless communication systems. As a contemporary development, significant advances made in wireless power transfer (WPT) and energy harvesting techniques offer effective solutions to replenish energy and prolong the network operation. In this context, envisioning the combination of WPT and relay nodes seems to open up the promising prospect of building a network with larger throughput, wider coverage, and quasiperpetual operation. In this article, we present an overview of the contemporary results on system analysis, optimization, and hardware design aspects of wireless‐powered cooperative relay networks. Further, we highlight key research challenges that requires the attention of research community and system designers so that implementation of such networks becomes a reality in the near future.
Thermosets
Authors: Gotro Jeffrey , Prime R. Bruce 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUnlike thermoplastic polymers, which are processed in the molten state without altering their molecular structure, chemical reactions are involved when utilizing thermosets, for example, as an adhesive or to fabricate composite parts. As a result of these reactions, thermosetting resins form a cross‐linked network and become “set,” that is, they can no longer flow or dissolve. In contrast to cross‐linked elastomers or rubbers, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermosets is generally above room temperature. They may contain additives such as catalysts to promote or accelerate cure. Many thermosets are used in filled or reinforced form. While epoxy resins are the best‐known thermosets, others include phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes, dicyanates, bismaleimides, acrylates and methacrylates. Topics covered in this article include the distinguishing characteristics of thermosetting materials; the more common thermosetting resins, including their cure chemistry; thermoset applications; materials and process characterization; cure, including cure kinetics and cure monitoring; and selected thermoset processes.
Polymer–Fullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Jeon Il , Matsuo Yutaka 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPolymer–fullerene solar cells are a type of organic solar cells made with conductive polymers and electron‐accepting fullerene derivatives. Among many types of organic solar cells, the polymer–fullerene combination has become the archetype due to their superior efficiency and stability. Compared to conventional solar cells, such as silicon‐based solar cells, polymer–fullerene solar cells are lightweight, potentially disposable, and flexible. Above all, the main advantage of polymer–fullerene solar cells is the fact that they are customizable at the molecular level. Here, we illustrate an insightful description of polymer–fullerene solar cells, their history of development, and methods of fabrication. Other components surrounding the polymer–fullerene active layer as well as ways to improve the performance of solar cells are also discussed. Finally, the current and future commercialization prospects of polymer–fullerene solar cells are discussed in detail.
Natural‐Based Hydrogels: From Processing to Applications
Authors: Vieira Sílvia , da Silva Morais Alain , Silva‐Correia Joana , Oliveira J. Miguel , Reis Rui L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNatural‐based hydrogels have been widely used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) as a platform to better mimic the native extracellular matrix of different tissues. Polysaccharides and proteins of natural origin have been functionalized, tuned, and processed used different methods to produce different scaffolds and medical devices. Herein, the recent reports dealing with the application of natural‐based hydrogels in TERM strategies are overviewed. Moreover, different methodologies used to process the polymeric hydrogels are also described as well as the most relevant strategies used within the scope of TERM.
Heterogeneous Coulomb wedges: Influence of fluid pressure, porosity, and application to the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand
Authors: Skarbek Rob M. , Rempel Alan W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite the widespread use of critical Coulomb wedge models, the effects of internal heterogeneities have been largely overlooked. Here we consider how spatial variations in pore pressure and porosity within an accretionary prism affect predictions of shear traction along the base of the prism and the internal slip surface geometry. Compared to Coulomb wedge models that use depth‐averaged parameter values, the basal shear traction will be lower if (i) the pore pressure ratio increases monotonically with depth, (ii) the porosity decreases monotonically with depth, or (iii) the internal friction coefficient decreases monotonically with depth. The first two conditions can be considered first‐order descriptions of many natural settings. To illustrate their effects, we consider two specific functional forms: a linear increase in the pore pressure ratio and an exponential decrease in porosity with depth within the prism. Both cases separately can be completely accounted for by simple modifications to the solution for a homogeneous Coulomb wedge. We show that including heterogeneity in the pore pressure ratio and the porosity, together or separately, can lead to large reductions in the basal shear traction, compared to wedges with relevant depth‐averaged parameters. Finally, we apply our results to the Hikurangi margin at the North Island of New Zealand and show that lateral increases in the pore pressure ratio lead to further reductions in basal shear traction.
Evolution of the East Greenland Current from Fram Strait to Denmark Strait: Synoptic measurements from summer 2012
Authors: Håvik L. , Pickart R. S. , Våge K. , Torres D. , Thurnherr A. M. , Beszczynska‐Möller A. , Walczowski W. , von Appen W.‐J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe present measurements from two shipboard surveys conducted in summer 2012 that sampled the rim current system around the Nordic Seas from Fram Strait to Denmark Strait. The data reveal that, along a portion of the western boundary of the Nordic Seas, the East Greenland Current (EGC) has three distinct components. In addition to the well‐known shelfbreak branch, there is an inshore branch on the continental shelf as well as a separate branch offshore of the shelfbreak. The inner branch contributes significantly to the overall freshwater transport of the rim current system, and the outer branch transports a substantial amount of Atlantic‐origin Water equatorward. Supplementing our measurements with historical hydrographic data, we argue that the offshore branch is a direct recirculation of the western branch of the West Spitsbergen Current in Fram Strait. The total transport of the shelfbreak EGC (the only branch sampled consistently in all of the sections) decreased toward Denmark Strait. The estimated average transport of dense overflow water (
27.8 kg/m3 and θ > 0°C) in the shelfbreak EGC was 2.8 ± 0.7 Sv, consistent with previous moored measurements. For the three sections that crossed the entire EGC system the freshwater flux, relative to a salinity of 34.8, ranged from 127 ± 13 to 81 ± 8 mSv. The hydrographic data reveal that, between Fram Strait and Denmark Strait, the core of the Atlantic‐origin Water in the shelfbreak EGC cools and freshens but changes very little in density.
Salt wedge dynamics lead to enhanced sediment trapping within side embayments in high‐energy estuaries
Authors: Yellen Brian , Woodruff Jonathan D. , Ralston David K. , MacDonald D. G. , Jones D. S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOff‐river coves and embayments provide accommodation space for sediment accumulation, particularly for sandy estuaries where high energy in the main channel prevents significant long‐term storage of fine‐grained material. Seasonal sediment inputs to Hamburg Cove in the Connecticut River estuary (USA) were monitored to understand the timing and mechanisms for sediment storage there. Unlike in freshwater tidal coves, sediment was primarily trapped here during periods of low discharge, when the salinity intrusion extended upriver to the cove entrance. During periods of low discharge and high sediment accumulation, deposited sediment displayed geochemical signatures consistent with a marine source. Numerical simulations reveal that low discharge conditions provide several important characteristics that maximize sediment trapping. First, these conditions allow the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) to be located in the vicinity of the cove entrance, which increases sediment concentrations during flood tide. Second, the saltier water in the main channel can enter the cove as a density current, enhancing near‐bed velocities and resuspending sediment, providing an efficient delivery mechanism. Finally, higher salinity water accumulates in the deep basin of the cove, creating a stratified region that becomes decoupled from ebb currents, promoting retention of sediment in the cove. This process of estuarine‐enhanced sediment accumulation in off‐river coves will likely extend upriver during future sea level rise.
Multidecadal trends in aerosol radiative forcing over the Arctic: Contribution of changes in anthropogenic aerosol to Arctic warming since 1980
Authors: Breider Thomas J. , Mickley Loretta J. , Jacob Daniel J. , Ge Cui , Wang Jun , Payer Sulprizio Melissa , Croft Betty , Ridley David A. , McConnell Joseph R. , Sharma Sangeeta , Husain Liaquat , Dutkiewicz Vincent A. , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Skov Henrik , Hopke Phillip K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractArctic observations show large decreases in the concentrations of sulfate and black carbon (BC) aerosols since the early 1980s. These near‐term climate‐forcing pollutants perturb the radiative balance of the atmosphere and may have played an important role in recent Arctic warming. We use the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model to construct a 3‐D representation of Arctic aerosols that is generally consistent with observations and their trends from 1980 to 2010. Observations at Arctic surface sites show significant decreases in sulfate and BC mass concentrations of 2–3% per year. We find that anthropogenic aerosols yield a negative forcing over the Arctic, with an average 2005–2010 Arctic shortwave radiative forcing (RF) of −0.19 ± 0.05 W m−2 at the top of atmosphere (TOA). Anthropogenic sulfate in our study yields more strongly negative forcings over the Arctic troposphere in spring (−1.17 ± 0.10 W m−2) than previously reported. From 1980 to 2010, TOA negative RF by Arctic aerosol declined, from −0.67 ± 0.06 W m−2 to −0.19 ± 0.05 W m−2, yielding a net TOA RF of +0.48 ± 0.06 W m−2. The net positive RF is due almost entirely to decreases in anthropogenic sulfate loading over the Arctic. We estimate that 1980–2010 trends in aerosol‐radiation interactions over the Arctic and Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes have contributed a net warming at the Arctic surface of +0.27 ± 0.04 K, roughly one quarter of the observed warming. Our study does not consider BC emissions from gas flaring nor the regional climate response to aerosol‐cloud interactions or BC deposition on snow.
Flank vents and graben as indicators of Late Amazonian volcanotectonic activity on Olympus Mons
Authors: Peters S. I. , Christensen P. R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPrevious studies have focused on large‐scale features on Olympus Mons, such as its flank terraces, the summit caldera complex, and the basal escarpment and aureole deposits. Here we identify and characterize previously unrecognized and unmapped small scale features to help further understand the volcanotectonic evolution of this enormous volcano. Using Context Camera, High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, Thermal Emission Imaging System, High Resolution Stereo Camera Digital Terrain Model, and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data, we identified and characterized the morphology and distribution of 60 flank vents and 84 grabens on Olympus Mons. We find that effusive eruptions have dominated volcanic activity on Olympus Mons in the Late Amazonian. Explosive eruptions were rare, implying volatile‐poor magmas and/or a lack of magma‐water interactions during the Late Amazonian. The distribution of flank vents suggests dike propagation of hundreds of kilometers and shallow magma storage. Small grabens, not previously observed in lower‐resolution data, occur primarily on the lower flanks of Olympus Mons and indicate late‐stage extensional tectonism. Based on superposition relationships, we have concluded two stages of development for Olympus Mons during the Late Amazonian: (1) primarily effusive resurfacing and formation of flank vents followed by (2) waning effusive volcanism and graben formation and/or reactivation. This developmental sequence resembles that proposed for Ascraeus Mons and other large Martian shields, suggesting a similar geologic evolution for these volcanoes.
Plant Responses to Wounding
Authors: Sanchez‐Serrano Jose J 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Plants react to wounding and herbivory by activating complex signalling pathways that lead to transcriptional reprogramming at the damaged leaf and at distal, undamaged ones. Signalling involves the perception of both damaged‐self and herbivore‐derived elicitors, and may be modulated by insect oral secretions. Systemic transmission of the signal occurs along the vasculature, and involves membrane depolarisation and hydraulic waves. An increase in jasmonic acid (JA)‐Ile synthesis is a hallmark of damage. JA‐Ile binding by the COI1‐JAZ receptor complex results in degradation of JAZ repressors, thereby releasing transcription factors that activate local and systemic defence gene expression. There is little overlap between the set of genes induced in the damaged leaf and that in distal, undamaged ones. Whereas genes induced locally are largely devoted to wound healing and limiting further desiccation, many of those induced systemically produce defensive proteins that reduce the nutritional value of the tissue, in anticipation of subsequent herbivore attack.

Key Concepts

Plants have an intrinsic response to damage that triggers transcriptional reprogramming.

Wounding releases plant‐derived damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

Herbivory activates the plant's response to damage, which is modulated by herbivore‐derived elicitors and oral secretions.

Damage‐responsive genes are induced close to the wounds and in distal, undamaged tissues.

Damage signals generated at the wound site travel along the vasculature to trigger a systemic defence response.

Synthesis and perception of JA‐Ile is key for wound‐induced gene expression.

JA‐Ile binding to the COI1/JAZ receptor complex triggers degradation of JAZ repressors, thereby releasing transcription factors that regulate wound‐responsive gene expression.
At the Heart of a Complex Disease ‘Molecular Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease’
Authors: Preuss Christoph , Wünnemann Florian , Andelfinger Gregor 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect and affects almost 1% of the general population. Compared to other rare congenital disorders, CHD rarely shows strictly Mendelian inheritance patterns. Human genetic studies have revealed that multiple genes contribute to the disease in pathways, which affect early cardiac development. Despite recent large‐scale efforts to identify causal genes for CHD, the majority of cases remain enigmatic. The challenges in identifying genotype–phenotype relationships in CHD suggest a more complex pattern of inheritance, where structural as well as single nucleotide variants contribute to the disease and modifiers tune the spectrum of cardiac malformations expressed. Here, we review the current state of genetic research in CHD and discuss the challenges in moving variant identification in CHD into the personal genomics era.

Key Concepts

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a complex developmental phenotype with many genes contributing to its etiology.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as structural variants contribute to the burden of CHD in the population.

Loss of function variants (LOF) and missense mutations can have different impacts during cardiac development, thus leading to different CHD phenotypes.

Genetic factors for congenital heart malformations can be inherited autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X‐linked or show non‐Mendelian patterns in families.

Genetic background can alter the manifestation of CHD and lead to different CHD subtypes or buffer against disease.
Host‐Catalyzed Cyclodehydration–Rearrangement Cascade Reaction of Unsaturated Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Catti Lorenzo , Pöthig Alexander , Tiefenbacher Konrad 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Brønsted acidic resorcin[4]arene hexamer can be applied as an effective catalyst in the dehydrative cyclization and subsequent rearrangement of unsaturated tertiary alcohols. This is the first report on catalyzing such a reaction with a Brønsted acid. Scope and limitations of this cyclopentene‐forming reaction sequence are presented. Furthermore, substrate‐selective conversion as well as competitive inhibition are described and provide evidence that the reactions proceed within the cavity of the self‐assembled structure. Additionally, a cyclobutanone‐forming intramolecular hydride transfer of an encapsulated cyclopropyl acetate is reported.magnified image
A Stable Saddle‐Shaped Polycyclic Hydrocarbon with an Open‐Shell Singlet Ground State
Authors: Ma Ji , Liu Junzhi , Baumgarten Martin , Fu Yubin , Tan Yuan‐Zhi , Schellhammer Karl Sebastian , Ortmann Frank , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Komber Hartmut , Berger Reinhard , Müllen Klaus , Feng Xinliang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDiindeno‐fused bischrysene, a new diindeno‐based polycyclic hydrocarbon (PH), was synthesized and characterized. It was elucidated in detailed experimental and theoretical studies that this cyclopenta‐fused PH possesses an open‐shell singlet biradical structure in the ground state and exhibits high stability under ambient conditions (t1/2=39 days). The crystal structure unambiguously shows a novel saddle‐shaped π‐conjugated carbon skeleton due to the steric hindrance of the central cove‐edged bischrysene unit. UV/Vis spectral measurements revealed that the title molecule has a very narrow optical energy gap of 0.92 eV, which is consistent with the electrochemical analysis and further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Rapid and Complete Surface Modification with Strain‐Promoted Oxidation‐Controlled Cyclooctyne‐1,2‐Quinone Cycloaddition (SPOCQ)
Authors: Sen Rickdeb , Escorihuela Jorge , van Delft Floris , Zuilhof Han 
Published: February 2017

AbstractStrain‐promoted oxidation‐controlled cyclooctyne‐1,2‐quinone cycloaddition (SPOCQ) between functionalized bicyclo[6.1.0]non‐4‐yne (BCN) and surface‐bound quinones revealed an unprecedented 100 % conjugation efficiency. In addition, monitoring by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) revealed the underlying kinetics and activation parameters of this immobilization process in dependence on its microenvironment.
Photoresponsive Nanosheets of Polyoxometalates Formed by Controlled Self‐Assembly Pathways
Authors: Ishiba Keita , Noguchi Takao , Iguchi Hiroaki , Morikawa Masa‐aki , Kaneko Kenji , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAnionic Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) and ether linkage‐enriched ammonium ions spontaneously self‐assemble into rectangular ultrathin nanosheets in aqueous media. The structural flexibility of the cation is essential to form oriented nanosheets; as demonstrated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. The difference in initial conditions exerts significant influence on selecting for self‐assembly pathways in the energy landscape. Photoillumination of the POM sheets in pure water causes dissolution of reduced POMs, which allowed site‐specific etching of nanosheets using laser scanning microscopy. By contrast, photoetching was suppressed in aqueous AgNO3 and site‐selective deposition of silver nanoparticles occurred as a consequence of electron transfer from the photoreduced POMs to Ag+ ions on the nanosheet surface.
Towards Organic Zeolites and Inclusion Catalysts: Heptazine Imide Salts Can Exchange Metal Cations in the Solid State
Authors: Savateev Aleksandr , Pronkin Sergey , Willinger Marc Georg , Antonietti Markus , Dontsova Dariya 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHighly crystalline potassium (heptazine imides) were prepared by the thermal condensation of substituted 1,2,4‐triazoles in eutectic salt melts. These semiconducting salts are already known to be highly active photocatalysts, for example, for the visible‐light‐driven generation of hydrogen from water. Herein, we show that within the solid‐state structure, potassium ions can be exchanged to other metal ions while the crystal habitus is essentially preserved.
Diffraction of solar neutrinos at the Earth's solid core
Authors: Lauter R. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundThis paper presents a gedankenexperiment or “thought experiment” on the solar neutrino beam in regard to a diffraction study of the Earth's core.Materials and MethodsThe Sun is the source of the most intense neutrino radiation on Earth. Owing to the Sun's long distance from the Earth it forms a parallel beam of white radiation as well as discrete lines. The coherent scattering of these neutrinos at the Earth's solid core produces a diffraction pattern on the Earth's night side.ResultsI will show that this diffraction pattern will be most likely observable on the Earth's surface by using a detector configuration that is located between the tropics. There has not been any neutrino detector that is located on the Earth's surface and suitable for these measurements.ConclusionAn investigation of the diffraction pattern of the solar neutrino beam would provide a tool for studying not only the Earth's center but also the neutrinos themselves.
The Großschwabhausen binary survey
Authors: Mugrauer M. , Buder S. , Reum F. , Birth A. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundSince 2009, the Großschwabhausen binary survey is being carried out at the University Observatory Jena. This new imaging survey uses available time slots during photometric monitoring campaigns, caused by nonphotometric weather conditions, which often exhibit good atmospheric seeing. The goal of the project is to obtain current relative astrometric measurements of the binary systems that are listed in the Washington Visual Double Star Catalog.Materials and MethodsFor the survey we use the Refraktor‐Teleskop‐Kamera at the University Observatory Jena to take imaging data of selected visual binary systems.ResultsIn this paper, we characterize the target sample of the survey, describe the imaging observations and the astrometric measurements including the astrometric calibration, and present the relative astrometric measures of 352 binaries that could be obtained during the course of the Großschwabhausen binary survey, so far.