bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why we should develop guidelines and quantitative standards for using genetic data to delimit subspecies for data‐poor organisms like cetaceans
Authors: Taylor Barbara L. , Perrin William F. , Reeves Randall R. , Rosel Patricia E. , Wang John Y. , Cipriano Frank , Scott Baker C. , Brownell Robert L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObtaining the representative morphological data required for traditional taxonomy is difficult, and sometimes impossible, for cetaceans, especially large ones. As a result, three quarters of the 88 currently recognized extant species have no subspecies and 40 taxa likely have additional unnamed taxa. Conservation needs give urgency to improving taxonomy because unnamed taxa are unlikely to receive protection equivalent to that received by named taxa. Genetic data can improve efforts to delimit subspecies, but the markers and methods used have varied and the magnitude of genetic difference used to justify subspecies distinctions across studies has also varied. Here, we define the concepts of populations, subspecies, and species to establish a foundation for developing guidelines (data to include and analyses to conduct) and quantitative standards (the magnitude of differentiation expected at different taxonomic levels) for using genetic data to support taxonomic recognition. Our definition is particularly applicable to data‐poor groups because it allows for naming a subspecies when there is uncertainty about whether lineages have diverged sufficiently for species‐level recognition. This allows a species that lacks convincing data for lineage divergence to be recognized as a subspecies while sufficient data are accrued, which could take decades for some cetaceans.
Comparison of Subsidy Schemes for Reducing Waiting Times in Healthcare Systems
Authors: Qian Qu , Guo Pengfei , Lindsey Robin 
Published: June 2017

This study analyzes subsidy schemes that are widely used in reducing waiting times for public healthcare service. We assume that public healthcare service has no user fee but an observable delay, while private healthcare service has a fee but no delay. Patients in the public system are given a subsidy s to use private service if their waiting times exceed a pre‐determined threshold t. We call these subsidy schemes ( s, t) policies. As two extreme cases, the ( s, t) policy is called an unconditional subsidy scheme if t = 0, and a full subsidy scheme if s is equal to the private service fee. There is a fixed budget constraint so that a scheme with larger s has a larger t. We assess policies using two criteria: total patient cost and serviceability (i.e., the probability of meeting a waiting time target for public service). We prove analytically that, if patients are equally sensitive to delay, a scheme with a smaller subsidy outperforms one with a larger subsidy on both criteria. Thus, the unconditional scheme dominates all other policies. Using empirically derived parameter values from the Hong Kong Cataract Surgery Program, we then compare policies numerically when patients differ in delay sensitivity. Total patient cost is now unimodal in subsidy amount: the unconditional scheme still yields the lowest total patient cost, but the full subsidy scheme can outperform some intermediate policies. Serviceability is unimodal too, and the full subsidy scheme can outperform the unconditional scheme in serviceability when the waiting time target is long.
High‐order Corrected Estimator of Asymptotic Variance with Optimal Bandwidth
Authors: Chan Kin Wai , Yau Chun Yip 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEstimation of time‐average variance constant (TAVC), which is the asymptotic variance of the sample mean of a dependent process, is of fundamental importance in various fields of statistics. For frequentists, it is crucial for constructing confidence interval of mean and serving as a normalizing constant in various test statistics and so forth. For Bayesians, it is widely used for evaluating effective sample size and conducting convergence diagnosis in Markov chain Monte Carlo method.In this paper, by considering high‐order corrections to the asymptotic biases, we develop a new class of TAVC estimators that enjoys optimal
‐convergence rates under different degrees of the serial dependence of stochastic processes. The high‐order correction procedure is applicable to estimation of the so‐called smoothness parameter, which is essential in determining the optimal bandwidth. Comparisons with existing TAVC estimators are comprehensively investigated. In particular, the proposed optimal high‐order corrected estimator has the best performance in terms of mean squared error.
Exercise training modulates the hepatic renin–angiotensin system in fructose‐fed rats
Authors: Frantz Eliete Dalla Corte , Medeiros Renata Frauches , Giori Isabele Gomes , Lima Juliana Bittencourt Silveira , Bento‐Bernardes Thais , Gaique Thaiane Gadioli , Fernandes‐Santos Caroline , Fernandes Tiago , Oliveira Edilamar Menezes , Vieira Carla Paulo , Conte‐Junior Carlos Adam , Oliveira Karen Jesus , Nobrega Antonio Claudio Lucas 
Published: June 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What are the effects of exercise training on the hepatic renin–angiotensin system and their contribution to damage resulting from fructose overload in rats?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Exercise training attenuated the deleterious actions of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis and increased expression of the counter‐regulatory (angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1–7)/Mas receptor) axis in the liver. Therefore, our study provides evidence that exercise training modulates the hepatic renin–angiotensin system, which contributes to reducing the progression of metabolic dysfunction and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in fructose‐fed rats.

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome. We investigated whether the hepatic RAS is modulated by exercise training and whether this modulation improves the deleterious effects of fructose overload in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into (n = 8 each) control (CT), exercise control (CT‐Ex), high‐fructose (HFr) and exercise high‐fructose (HFr‐Ex) groups. Fructose‐drinking rats received d‐fructose (100 g l−1). After 2 weeks, CT‐Ex and HFr‐Ex rats were assigned to a treadmill training protocol at moderate intensity for 8 weeks (60 min day−1, 4 days per week). We assessed body mass, glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic histopathology, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity, the angiotensin concentration and the expression profile of proteins affecting the hepatic RAS, gluconeogenesis and inflammation. Neither fructose overload nor exercise training influenced body mass gain and serum ACE and ACE2 activity. The HFr group showed hyperinsulinaemia, but exercise training normalized this parameter. Exercise training was effective in preventing hepatic steatosis and in preventing triacylglycerol and glycogen accumulation. Furthermore, exercise improved the response to the deleterious effects of HFr overload by normalizing the gluconeogenesis pathway and the protein levels of interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α. The HFr rats displayed increased hepatic ACE activity and protein expression and angiotensin II concentration, which were attenuated by exercise training. Exercise training restored the ACE2/angiotensin‐(1–7)/Mas receptor axis. Exercise training may favour the counter‐regulatory ACE2/angiotensin‐(1–7)/Mas receptor axis over the classical RAS (ACE/angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis), which could be responsible for the reduction of metabolic dysfunction and the prevention of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.
ВИВЧЕННЯ СТАНУ СИСТЕМИ ІМУНІТЕТУ У МОБІЛІЗОВАНИХ ТА ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ЗА КОНТРАКТОМ ПІД ЧАС АТО, ХВОРИХ НА ГРЗ
Authors: Tkachuk S. I. , Trykhlib V. I. , Sliusarev O. A. , Raksha- Sliusareva O. A. 
Published: June 2017

Мета роботи – розробка способу виявлення прихованої недостатності функції системи імунітету наоснові цитоморфологічних досліджень, виявлення й визначення вмісту атипових, морфологічно змінених лімфоцитів у військовослужбовців із хворобами органів дихання.Пацієнти і методи. Наведено інформацію про цитоморфологічні зміни формених елементів крові у 84 хворих на ГРЗ військовослужбовців. Вміст лейкоцитів периферичної крові та відносний вміст елементів лейкограми периферичної крові визначали за допомогою звичайних методів. Приховану недостатність системи імунітету за показниками функціонально здатних й атипових лімфоцитів визначали за методом Ракші-Слюсаревої та співавторів, 2016.Результати. Встановлено, що у перші дні захворювання на ГРЗ у 54,5 % хворих реєструвались лімфоцити у вигляді ручки дзеркала, у 27,2 % – аберантні лімфоцити, пул молодих лімфоцитів й широкоплазмених лімфоцитів мав тенденцію до майже подвійного збільшення, у 54,5 % виявлялись плазмоциnи, їх вміст збільшувався майже вдвічі, у 72,0 % – широкоплазменіb й у 63,6 % – фестончасті лімфоцити, у 27 % – природні великі гранульовані лімфоцити, у 54,5 % – бобоподібні лімфоцити, у 27 % хворих – Ріддерівські лімфоцити, у 54,5 % – лімфоцити з ядром у вигляді сухого листка.Висновок. Отримані результати свідчили про недостатність системи імунітету у 95,3 % хворих на ГРЗ, яка у більшості в період ранньої реконвалесценції зникає
Шляхи профілактики тромбоемболічних ускладнень у травматологічних хворих
Authors: Ivashchuk L. Yu. , Osadchuk D. V. , Mayka B. M. 
Published: June 2017

Мета роботи: проаналізувати ефективність профілактики тромбоемболічних ускладнень у травматологічних хворих, які перенесли операційні втручання.Матеріали і методи. Обстежували пацієнтів травматологічного відділення Тернопільської міської комунальної лікарні швидкої допомоги. У 2016 р. госпіталізовано 1410 хворих різних вікових категорій, які були поділені на 3 групи. Першу групу – 263 чоловіки (18,6 %) – склали хворі із політравмою та несприятливим прогнозом для життя через тяжкість захворювання. У другу групу входили пацієнти із поєднаною травмою – 462 хворих (32,8 %) – із сумнівним прогнозом для життя. Третя група – 685 пацієнти (48,6 %) – хворі з ізольованою травмою і сприятливими наслідками лікування. Усім пацієнтам, крім загальноклінічних обстежень, визначали кількість тромбоцитів, час згортання крові, тривалість кровотечі і в усіх вивчали коагулограму (протромбіновий індекс, протромбінову активність, тромботест, загальний фібриноген, фібриноген В, фібриноген А, активований час рекальцифікації). Стан венозної системи нижніх кінцівок досліджували за допомогою дистальної висхідної флебографії, кольорової доплерографії і дуплексної ультрасонографії апаратом SIMENS ACUSSON X 300.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Усім хворим у повному об’ємі було проведено профілактику тромбоемболічних ускладнень шляхом застосування антикоагулянтів sз низькою молекулярною масою і обов’язковим комплексом кінетерапії. Цибор у лікувальній дозі призначали з 1-ї доби перебування пацієнта в стаціонарі до 10–14-ї доби післяопераційного періоду один раз на добу підшкірно в ділянку живота. Для пацієнтів із помірним ризиком та високим операційним ризиком (великі втручання, вік, старший 40 років, ожиріння, серйозні супутні захворювання) цибор призначали по 5000–7500 МО на добу протягом перебування пацієнта в стаціонарі. При підозрі чи наявності змін з боку венозного русла ніг у хворих із обтяженим анамнезом проводили одягання еластичних панчіх та еластичне бинтування. Субопераційні рухи у гомілковостопних суглобах, рання активізація хворого після операції, лікувальна фізкультура здійснювались у всіх пацієнтів. Венотоніки (детралекс, флебодію та ін.) застосовували у комплексному лікуванні пацієнтів із хронічною венозною недостатністю. В осіб із підгострим і хронічним тромбофлебітом підшкірних вен здійснювали хірургічну профілактику тромбоемболічних ускладнень. Кросектомію виконано у 9 (1,9 %) пацієнтів як перший етап перед операційним втручанням.
Порівняльний аналіз ефективності хірургічного лікування хворих на поєднані форми легеневого туберкульозу та недрібноклітинного раку легень у групах хворих із застосуванням стерно-медіастинального хірургічного доступу
Authors: Koshak B. F. , Savenkov Yu. F. 
Published: June 2017

Мета роботи: представити перший в Україні порівняльний аналіз ефективного хірургічного лікування хворих на поєднані форми легеневого туберкульозу та недрібноклітинного раку легень із застосуванням стерно-медіастинального хірургічного доступу; підвищити ефективність хірургічного лікування хворих на поєднані форми легеневого туберкульозу та недрібноклітинного раку легень.Матеріали і методи. Було проведено ретроспективний аналіз 91 випадку лікування хворих із поєднаними формами легеневого туберкульозу та раку легень у протитуберкульозних диспансерах, хірургічних відділеннях різних регіонів України. Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Проаналізовано морфологічні особливості поєднаних форм легеневого туберкульозу та недрібноклітинного раку легень у групах порівняння, які досліджувалися ретроспективно. Показано провідний вплив легеневого туберкульозу на операційне лікування хворих на поєднані форми туберкульозу та раку легень у групах порівняння. Встановлено збільшення трирічної виживаності у пацієнтів основної групи, що свідчить на користь активної хірургічної тактики стерно-медіастинального доступу та застосування при цьому більш радикальної білатеральної лімфодисекції.
Love and its Critics
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi 
Published: June 2017

This book is a history of love and the challenge love offers to the laws and customs of its times and places, as told through poetry from the Song of Songs to John Milton’s Paradise Lost. It is also an account of the critical reception afforded to such literature, and the ways in which criticism has attempted to stifle this challenge.
Bryson and Movsesian argue that the poetry they explore celebrates and reinvents the love the troubadour poets of the eleventh and twelfth centuries called fin’amor: love as an end in itself, mutual and freely chosen even in the face of social, religious, or political retribution. Neither eros nor agape, neither exclusively of the body, nor solely of the spirit, this love is a middle path. Alongside this tradition has grown a critical movement that employs a 'hermeneutics of suspicion', in Paul Ricoeur’s phrase, to claim that passionate love poetry is not what it seems, and should be properly understood as worship of God, subordination to Empire, or an entanglement with the structures of language itself – in short, the very things it resists.
The book engages with some of the seminal literature of the Western canon, including the Bible, the poetry of Ovid, and works by English authors such as William Shakespeare and John Donne, and with criticism that stretches from the earliest readings of the Song of Songs to contemporary academic literature. Lively and enjoyable in its style, it attempts to restore a sense of pleasure to the reading of poetry, and to puncture critical insistence that literature must be outwitted.
It will be of value to professional, graduate, and advanced undergraduate scholars of literature, and to the educated general reader interested in treatments of love in poetry throughout history.
Efficacy of a Weight Loss Intervention for African American Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Stolley Melinda , Sheean Patricia , Gerber Ben , Arroyo Claudia , Schiffer Linda , Banerjee Anjishnu , Visotcky Alexis , Fantuzzi Giamila , Strahan Desmona , Matthews Lauren , Dakers Roxanne , Carridine-Andrews Cynthia , Seligman Katya , Springfield Sparkle , Odoms-Young Angela , Hong Susan , Hoskins Kent , Kaklamani Virginia , Sharp Lisa 
Published: June 2017

Purpose African American women with breast cancer have higher cancer-specific and overall mortality rates. Obesity is common among African American women and contributes to breast cancer progression and numerous chronic conditions. Weight loss interventions among breast cancer survivors positively affect weight, behavior, biomarkers, and psychosocial outcomes, yet few target African Americans. This article examines the effects of Moving Forward, a weight loss intervention for African American breast cancer survivors (AABCS) on weight, body composition, and behavior. Patients and Methods Early-stage (I-III) AABCS were randomly assigned to a 6-month interventionist-guided (n = 125) or self-guided (n = 121) weight loss program supporting behavioral changes to promote a 5% weight loss. Anthropometric, body composition, and behavioral data were collected at baseline, postintervention (6 months), and follow-up (12 months). Descriptive statistics and mixed models analyses assessed differences between groups over time. Results Mean (± standard deviation) age, and body mass index were 57.5 (± 10.1) years and 36.1 (± 6.2) kg/m2, respectively, and 82% had stage I or II breast cancer. Both groups lost weight. Mean and percentage of weight loss were greater in the guided versus self-guided group (at 6 months: 3.5 kg v 1.3kg; P < .001; 3.6% v 1.4%; P < .001, respectively; at 12 months: 2.7 kg v 1.6 kg; P < .05; 2.6% v 1.6%; P < .05, respectively); 44% in the guided group and 19% in the self-guided group met the 5% goal. Body composition and behavioral changes were also greater in the interventionist-guided group at both time points. Conclusion The study supports the efficacy of a community-based interventionist-guided weight loss program targeting AABCS. Although mean weight loss did not reach the targeted 5%, the mean loss of > 3% at 6 months is associated with improved health outcomes. Affordable, accessible health promotion programs represent a critical resource for AABCS.
Interest and Attitudes of Patients With Advanced Cancer With Regard to Secondary Germline Findings From Tumor Genomic Profiling
Authors: Hamilton Jada G. , Shuk Elyse , Genoff Margaux C. , Rodríguez Vivian M. , Hay Jennifer L. , Offit Kenneth , Robson Mark E. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose: Tumor genomic profiling (TGP) can reveal secondary findings about inherited disease risks in a patient with cancer. Little is known about how patients with advanced cancer, currently the primary users of TGP, perceive the benefits and harms of secondary germline findings. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 40 patients with advanced breast, bladder, colorectal, or lung cancer who had TGP. Qualitative interview data were evaluated by using a thematic content analysis approach. Results: Most participants expressed interest in the prospect of learning their secondary germline findings (57%), although a minority was equivocal (29%) or disinterested (14%). Reasons for these preferences varied but were influenced by participants’ perceptions of diverse benefits and harms of this information, which they regarded as relevant to themselves; their families; and other patients with cancer, medical science, and society. These attitudes were uniquely shaped by participants’ personal disease experiences and health status. Conclusion: Many patients with advanced cancer are interested in learning secondary germline findings and hold optimistic and perhaps unrealistic beliefs about the potential health benefits. Patients also have important concerns about clinical and emotional implications of this information. These perceptions are necessary to address to ensure that patients make informed decisions about learning secondary germline findings.
Early National Dissemination of Abiraterone and Enzalutamide for Advanced Prostate Cancer in Medicare Part D
Authors: Caram Megan E.V. , Borza Tudor , Min Hye-Sung , Griggs Jennifer J. , Miller David C. , Hollenbeck Brent K. , Mukherjee Bhramar , Skolarus Ted A. 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Abiraterone and enzalutamide were approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2011 and 2012 to treat men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Most men with mCRPC are > 65 years of age and thus eligible for Medicare Part D. We conducted a study to better understand the early dissemination of these drugs across the United States using national Medicare Part D data. Methods: We evaluated the number of prescriptions for abiraterone and enzalutamide by provider specialty and hospital referral region (HRR) using Medicare Part D and Dartmouth Atlas data. We categorized HRRs by abiraterone and enzalutamide prescriptions, adjusted for prostate cancer incidence, and examined factors associated with regional variation using multilevel regression models. Results: Among providers who wrote the majority of prescriptions for abiraterone or enzalutamide in 2013 (n = 2,121), 87.5% were medical oncologists, 3.3% were urologists, and 9.2% were other provider specialties. Among prescribers, approximately 30% were responsible for three quarters of the claims for abiraterone and 20% were responsible for more than half the claims for enzalutamide. Some HRRs demonstrated low-prescribing rates despite average medical oncology and urology physician workforce density. Our multilevel model demonstrated that regional factors potentially influenced variation in care. Conclusion: The majority of prescriptions written for abiraterone and enzalutamide through Medicare Part D in 2013 were written by a minority of providers, with marked regional variation across the United States. Better understanding of the early national dissemination of these effective but expensive drugs can help inform strategies to optimize introduction of new, evidence-based mCRPC treatments.
The Effect Of Reynolds Number At Fluid Flow In Porous Media
Authors: Buchori L. , Supardan M. D. , Bindar Y. , Sasongko D. , Makertihartha IGBN 
Published: June 2017

In packed bed catalytic reactor, the fluid flow phenomena are very complicated because of the fluid and solid particles interaction to dissipate the energy. The governing equations need to be developed to the forms of specific models. Flows modeling of fluid flow in porous media with thw absence of the convection and viscous terms have been considerably developed such as Darcy, Brinkman, Forchheimer, Ergun, Liu, et.al and Liu and Masliyah models. These equations usually are called shear factor model. Shear factor is determined by the flow regime, porous media characteristics and fluid properties. It is true that these models are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model types above is available only for simple one-dimentionalcases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. The present work is aimed to developed a two-dimentional numerical modeling flow in porous media by including the convective and viscous term. The momentum lost due to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available Brinkman-Forchheimer and Liu and Masliyah equations. Numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction in porous media is the basic principle of the flow model in porous media. The momentum and continuity equations are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinate. The result were validated with the experimental data . the result show a good agreement in their trend between Brinkman-Forchheimer equqtion with the Stephenson and Stewart (1986) and Liu and Masliyah equation with Kufner and Hoffman (1990) experimental data.Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, Reynold number, shear factor