bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deoxyribonuclease 1 reduces pathogenic effects of cigarette smoke exposure in the lung
Authors: King Paul T. , Sharma Roleen , O’Sullivan Kim M. , Callaghan Judy , Dousha Lovisa , Thomas Belinda , Ruwanpura Saleela , Lim Steven , Farmer Michael W. , Jennings Barton R. , Finsterbusch Michaela , Brooks Gavin , Selemidis Stavros , Anderson Gary P. , Holdsworth Stephen R. , Bardin Philip G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOur aim was to investigate if deoxyribonuclease (DNase) 1 is a potential therapeutic agent to reduce pathogenic effects of cigarette smoke exposure in the lung. Cigarette smoke causes protease imbalance with excess production of proteases, which is a key process in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The mechanisms responsible for this effect are not well-defined. Our studies demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that cigarette smoke significantly increases the expression of neutrophil and macrophage extracellular traps with coexpression of the pathogenic proteases, neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 12. This response to cigarette smoke was significantly reduced by the addition of DNase 1, which also significantly decreased macrophage numbers and lung proteolysis. DNase 1, a treatment currently in clinical use, can diminish the pathogenic effects of cigarette smoke.
First Presentation of an Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome
Authors: Gottlieb-Smith Rachel , Waldman Amy 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAcquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) present with acute or subacute monofocal or polyfocal neurologic deficits localizing to the central nervous system. The clinical features of distinct ADS have been carefully characterized including optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These disorders may all be monophasic disorders. Alternatively, optic neuritis, partial transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis may be first presentations of a relapsing or polyphasic neuroinflammatory disorder, such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. The clinical features of these disorders and the differential diagnosis are discussed in this article.
Organinteraktion Leber und Niere
Authors: Roedl Kevin , Jarczak Dominik , Fuhrmann Valentin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlterations of the kidney function can be observed often in patients with liver diseases. Different mechanisms are leading to alterations in kidney funciton in these patients. New onset of kidney function alterations in patients with acute- or chronic liver disease often leads to acute kidney injury. This Review will inform you about the most importatant clinical interactions of the kidneys and the liver.
E-Zigaretten in aller Munde? – Aktuelle repräsentative Daten zur Nutzung unter Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen
Authors: Schneider Sven , Görig Tatiana , Schilling Laura , Diehl Katharina 
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Fragestellung Internationale Daten weisen auf einen Anstieg im E-Zigaretten-Konsum hin. In Deutschland jedoch gibt es bis dato große Defizite in der Berichterstattung aktueller Prävalenzen. Zur Behebung dieses Defizits sollen die vorliegenden Daten einen Beitrag liefern. Sie erlauben insbesondere eine simultane Differenzierung nach Nikotingehalt der E-Zigarette und nach dem Tabakrauchstatus der Nutzer.
Methodik und Material Datenbasis bildet das Nationale Krebshilfe-Monitoring NCAM. Hier wurden in der ersten Welle 3000 Personen im Alter von 14 bis 45 Jahren telefonisch befragt. Berichtet werden Punktschätzer, Konfidenzintervalle sowie Determinanten des Konsums.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt hatten 20 % der Befragten schon einmal eine E-Zigarette genutzt, davon griffen 80 % auf nikotinhaltige Liquids zurück. Männer, jüngere Personen, Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und Personen mit niedrigem Bildungsstand hatten eher schon einmal E-Zigaretten genutzt als die jeweiligen Referenzgruppen. Die Hälfte aller Jemalsnutzer von E-Zigaretten rauchte auch Tabakzigaretten. Rund ein Drittel aller Jemalsnutzer hatte noch nie Tabakprodukte konsumiert.
Folgerungen und Diskussion Als Zielgruppen für zukünftige Präventionsmaßnahmen ergaben sich zum einen Jugendliche, da die jüngsten Befragten die höchsten Prävalenzen aufwiesen, sowie Nie-Raucher, da ein Drittel der E-Zigarettennutzer noch nie Tabakzigaretten geraucht hatte. Beide Gruppen erscheinen ebenfalls als relevante Zielgruppe, deren Einstieg in die Nutzung von E-Zigaretten verhindert werden sollte.
SOP Allgemeine Methodik der Myografie
Authors: Bischoff Christian , Schulte-Mattler Wilhelm 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Elektromyografie dient der Untersuchung von Patienten mit neuromuskulären Erkrankungen mittels konzentrischer Nadelelektroden. In dieser SOP wird eine standardisierte Verfahrensweise mit technischen Details vorgestellt. Ein Überblick über die wichtigsten elektromyografischen Befunde bietet Unterstützung bei der Interpretation der Messergebnisse. Abschließend werden Besonderheiten der Einzelfaser-EMG erläutert.
Palliative Therapies for Congenital Heart Disease with Ductus Dependent Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Yuan Shi-Min 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn neonates, the management of ductus dependent pulmonary circulation is challenging. There have been three palliative therapies for this lesion: the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, ductal stenting and prostaglandin E infusions, for maintaining the ductal patency before definite operations. Debates remain with regard to the indications and disadvantages of three palliative therapies. The aim of this article is to give a brief review of these three palliative therapies.
Robust mechanobiological behavior emerges in heterogeneous myosin systems
Authors: Egan Paul F. , Moore Jeffrey R. , Ehrlicher Allen J. , Weitz David A. , Schunn Christian , Cagan Jonathan , LeDuc Philip 
Published: September 2017

Significance
Myosin proteins operate in complex coordinated systems to power muscle. There is a diversity of myosins that enable muscle responses with tuned force–velocity characteristics. Myosin structures may be altered and repurposed for nanotechnologies. We developed a computational model to compare myosin systems when multiple myosin types operate together (i.e. heterogeneous) or only a single type is present (i.e. homogeneous). The model predicts that modifying myosin chemical attachment and detachment rates may improve the robustness of a system to operate for a broad range of force conditions. In vitro experiments were conducted for force-loaded heterogeneous systems to validate computational predictions. The model suggests that in comparison with homogenous systems, heterogeneous systems have potentially advantageous and unique trade-offs for system robustness.
IntPred: a structure-based predictor of protein–protein interaction sites
Authors: Northey Thomas C , Barešić Anja , Martin Andrew C R 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMotivationProtein–protein interactions are vital for protein function with the average protein having between three and ten interacting partners. Knowledge of precise protein–protein interfaces comes from crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), but only 50% of structures in the PDB are complexes. There is therefore a need to predict protein–protein interfaces in silico and various methods for this purpose. Here we explore the use of a predictor based on structural features and which exploits random forest machine learning, comparing its performance with a number of popular established methods.ResultsOn an independent test set of obligate and transient complexes, our IntPred predictor performs well (MCC = 0.370, ACC = 0.811, SPEC = 0.916, SENS = 0.411) and compares favourably with other methods. Overall, IntPred ranks second of six methods tested with SPPIDER having slightly better overall performance (MCC = 0.410, ACC = 0.759, SPEC = 0.783, SENS = 0.676), but considerably worse specificity than IntPred. As with SPPIDER, using an independent test set of obligate complexes enhanced performance (MCC = 0.381) while performance is somewhat reduced on a dataset of transient complexes (MCC = 0.303). The trade-off between sensitivity and specificity compared with SPPIDER suggests that the choice of the appropriate tool is application-dependent.Availability and implementationIntPred is implemented in Perl and may be downloaded for local use or run via a web server at www.bioinf.org.uk/intpred/.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
High Rates of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana
Authors: Ryan Kathleen , Anderson Motswedi , Gyurova Ivayla , Ambroggio Lilliam , Moyo Sikhulile , Sebunya Teresa , Makhema Joseph , Marlink Richard , Essex Max , Musonda Rosemary , Gaseitsiwe Simani , Blackard Jason T 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–negative but hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA-positive infection—known as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI)—occurs in 1% to &gt;15% of HIV-positive individuals in the United States and South Africa, respectively. However, there are no data on OBI from Botswana, a country known to be hyperendemic for chronic HBV infection and to have a significant HIV burden.MethodsTwo hundred seventy-two adults enrolled in an HIV treatment study of tenofovir/emtricitabine as the nucleoside backbone who were previously determined to be HBsAg negative were tested for HBV DNA at baseline and 1 year after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).ResultsHBV DNA was detected in 72 of 272 (26.5%). Six individuals (8.3%) had HBV DNA levels greater than 200 IU/mL, and the highest viral load was 3280 IU/mL. Of 65 participants with OBI evaluated at 12 months after initiating HAART, only 1 (1.5%) had detectable HBV DNA.ConclusionsOccult HBV infection is quite common in HIV-infected patients in Botswana, although its impact on the course of HIV disease progression is unknown. The suppression of occult HBV DNA levels by tenofovir/emtricitabine suggests an effective therapeutic option, although the long-term suppressive abilities remain unstudied.
Indications for CT-Angiography of the Vertebral Arteries After Trauma
Authors: Drain Joseph P. , Weinberg Douglas S. , Ramey James S. , Moore Timothy A. , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: September 2017

Study Design.
Retrospective.

Objective.
The purpose of this project is to identify factors that predict vertebral artery injury (VAI) in an effort to assess risks and benefits of computed tomography angiography (CT-A) of the neck in the trauma setting. We seek to develop guidelines for practitioners to stratify patients at medium/high risk of VAI from those who are at low risk.

Summary of Background Data.
VAI and blunt carotid injury (BCI) together comprise blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). More is known about risk factors for BCI than for VAI, but the neurovascular complications associated with VAI are similarly disastrous. With increasing frequency, trauma providers are using CT-A to screen for BCVI; this test carries risks that include radiation exposure and nephrotoxicity, in addition to higher cost of treatment and longer hospital stay.

Methods.
Trauma patients seen over 4 months at an urban, level 1 trauma were analyzed. BCVI screening was conducted in 144/1854 (7.77%) patients. Presence of VAI and several clinical characteristics were recorded. Univariate analysis and binomial logistic regression analysis were conducted at a 95% significance level.

Results.
VAI was diagnosed in 0.49% of the study population. Univariate analysis determined six factors associated with positive VAI screening. Regression analysis showed four factors that independently predicted VAI: female sex, decreased Glasgow Coma Scale, cervical spine (c-spine) fracture, and concurrent BCI. A positive c-spine physical examination trended toward predicting VAI without achieving significance.

Conclusion.
Several independent predictors of VAI were identified. This study highlights the importance of identifying patients at a higher risk for VAI and indicating CT-A of the neck versus those who are at low risk and can be evaluated without undergoing advanced imaging, as CT-A appears unnecessary for most trauma patients.

Level of Evidence: 3
Systemic therapy in advanced melanoma: integrating targeted therapy and immunotherapy into clinical practice
Authors: Silva Inês P. , Long Georgina V. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Here we review the results from relevant phase III trials and discuss treatment strategies for challenging subgroups of melanoma patients.

Recent findings
Targeted therapies induce rapid responses in the majority of BRAF-mutant patients, however, 50% of these responders will develop resistance within approximately 13 months. In contrast, inhibitors of checkpoints on T cells, particularly inhibitors of PD-1, induce responses in 40–55% of patients (monotherapy or whenever combined with anti-CTLA-4), and these responses tend to be durable. Data from subgroup analyses of large clinical trials, as well as patient-centred factors, help guide clinicians in their choice of first-line therapy.

Summary
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and MAP kinase pathway-targeted therapies have revolutionized the management of advanced melanoma, and significantly prolong the overall survival of patients with this disease. The median overall survival is over 2 years for both anti-PD-1-based therapy and combined BRAF and MEK inhibition. Without head-to-head comparison data for either therapy, choice of first-line drug treatment is difficult.
Academic Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Faculty at Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric Research Network Sites: Changing Composition and Interests
Authors: Roizen Nancy , Stein Ruth E. K. , Silver Ellen J. , High Pamela , Augustyn Marilyn C. , Blum Nathan J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To obtain and review workforce data, given the critical demand for developmental pediatricians (DPs).

Methods:
Survey of demographics and professional activities of DP physician faculty at Developmental-Behavioral Pediatric (DBP) Research Network fellowship training sites.

Results:
Of the eligible providers at 12 centers, 76% (n = 50) completed surveys. They were on average 50 years old and mostly female (86%), white (82%), and working full time (74%). Full timers reported a mean 50.2-hour week made up of clinical work (23.2 hours), supervision (5.9 hours), research (8.8 hours), administration (5.2 hours), teaching (1.5 hours), advocacy (1.1 hours), and other (4.3 hours). Compared with those >10 years out of training, the 20 physicians (40%) ≤10 years out of fellowship were more likely to be nonwhite (p = .003). Overall faculty interest/expertise (I/E) was highest in autism (90%) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; 86%). Those ≤10 years out of fellowship had more I/E in autism (p = .05) and less in chronic illness (p = .06) and parenting (p = .06). DPs practiced most frequently in a General DBP Clinic (74%), followed by clinics specific for: Autism (36%), Toddlers (22%), ADHD (20%), Infants (18%) and Preschoolers (16%). Common clinics were Autism (9), syndrome specific (9), ADHD (6), and School-Aged (5).

Conclusion:
Developmental pediatrician faculty in DBP training sites feed the pipeline of much needed DP physicians. This survey provides baseline information on the professional activities of DP faculty and found changing demographics and I/E as well as a wide variety of clinic types.
Disparities in access to care in marginalized populations
Authors: Silberholz Elizabeth A. , Brodie Nicola , Spector Nancy D. , Pattishall Amy E. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of reviewThe current article reviews recent literature related to three groups whose health is affected by barriers to the healthcare system: refugee and immigrant populations; youth who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning; and those with mental health problems.Recent findingsRefugee and immigrant populations are increasing worldwide, and recent work has focused on improving their access to mental, dental, and preventive care. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning youth have unique healthcare needs but frequently lack a support system and may not be forthcoming about their sexuality or sex identity. A rising number of children are being diagnosed with mental health disorders, but due to multiple factors, youth are not receiving the care they need.SummaryPediatric healthcare providers should be aware of the unique challenges faced by youth displaced from their country of origin, who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender or are questioning their sexuality or sex identity, and who struggle with mental health disorders. Toolkits, other educational resources, and novel technological advances can assist pediatricians in ensuring optimal health care of these at-risk groups.
Atypical Exit Wound in High-Voltage Electrocution
Authors: Parakkattil Jamshid , Kandasamy Shanmugam , Das Siddhartha , Devnath Gerard Pradeep , Chaudhari Vinod Ashok , Shaha Kusa Kumar 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Electrocution fatality cases are difficult to investigate. High-voltage electrocution burns resemble burns caused by other sources, especially if the person survives for few days. In that case, circumstantial evidence if correlated with the autopsy findings helps in determining the cause and manner of death. In addition, the crime scene findings also help to explain the pattern of injuries observed at autopsy. A farmer came in contact with a high-voltage transmission wire and sustained superficial to deep burns over his body. A charred and deeply scorched area was seen over the face, which was suggestive of the electric entry wound. The exit wound was present over both feet and lower leg and was atypical in the form of a burnt area of peeled blistered skin, charring, and deep scorching. The injuries were correlated with crime scene findings, and the circumstances that lead to his electrocution are discussed here.
Decision-Making in Pediatric Transport Team Dispatch Using Script Concordance Testing*
Authors: Rajapreyar Prakadeshwari , Marcdante Karen , Zhang Liyun , Simpson Pippa , Meyer Michael T. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
Our objective was to compare decision-making in dispatching pediatric transport teams by Medical Directors of pediatric transport teams (serving as experts) to that of Pediatric Intensivists and Critical Care fellows who often serve as Medical Control physicians. Understanding decision-making around team composition and dispatch could impact clinical management, cost effectiveness, and educational needs.

Design:
Survey was developed using Script Concordance Testing guidelines. The survey contained 15 transport case vignettes covering 20 scenarios (45 questions). Eleven scenarios assessed impact of intrinsic patient factors (e.g., procedural needs), whereas nine assessed extrinsic factors (e.g., weather).

Setting:
Pediatric Critical Care programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (the United States).

Subjects:
Pediatric Intensivists and senior Critical Care fellows at Pediatric Critical Care programs were the target population with Transport Medical Directors serving as the expert panel.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Survey results were scored per Script Concordance Testing guidelines. Concordance within groups was assessed using simple percentage agreement. There was little concordance in decision-making by Transport Medical Directors (median Script Concordance Testing percentage score [interquartile range] of 33.9 [30.4–37.3]). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the median Script Concordance Testing scores among the senior fellows and Pediatric Intensivists (31.1 [29.6–33.2] vs 29.7 [28.3–32.3], respectively; p = 0.12). Transport Medical Directors were more concordant on reasoning involving intrinsic patient factors rather than extrinsic factors (10/21 vs 4/24).

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates pediatric transport team dispatch decision-making discordance by pediatric critical care physicians of varying levels of expertise and experience. Script Concordance Testing at a local level may better elucidate standards in medical decision-making within pediatric critical care physicians. The development of a curriculum, which provides education and trains our workforce on the logistics of pediatric transport team dispatch, would help standardize practice and evaluate outcomes based on decision-making.
Early Exercise in Critically Ill Youth and Children, a Preliminary Evaluation: The wEECYCLE Pilot Trial*
Authors: Choong Karen , Awladthani Saif , Khawaji Adeeb , Clark Heather , Borhan ASM , Cheng Ji , Laskey Sam , Neu Charmaine , Sarti Aimee , Thabane Lehana , Timmons Brian W. , Zheng Katina , Al-Harbi Samah 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
To determine the feasibility of conducting a full trial evaluating the efficacy of early mobilization using in-bed cycling as an adjunct to physiotherapy, on functional outcomes in critically ill children.

Design:
Single center, pilot, randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
Twelve-bed tertiary care, medical-surgical PICU at McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Patients:
Children 3–17 years old who were limited to bed-rest with an expected PICU stay of at least 48 hours. Patients were excluded if they were at their baseline level of function, already mobilizing out of bed or expected to do so within 24 hours.

Interventions:
Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to early mobilization using in-bed cycling in addition to usual care physiotherapy (cycling arm) or to usual care physiotherapy alone (control). Usual care was according to institutional practice guidelines. The primary outcome was feasibility and safety.

Measurements and Main Results:
Thirty patients were enrolled (20 to the cycling and 10 to control) over a 12-month period, at a 93.7% consent rate. The median (interquartile range) time from PICU admission to mobilization was 1.5 days (1–3) in the cycling arm and 2.5 days (2–7) in the control arm. Total duration of mobilization therapy in PICU was 210 (152–380) and 136 minutes (42–314 min) in cycling and control arms, respectively. Total number of PICU days mobilized was 5.0 (3–6) with cycling and 2.5 (2–4.8) with usual care. No adverse events occurred in either arm. The main threat to feasibility of mobilization was the availability of physiotherapists or research personnel.

Conclusions:
Early mobilization is safe and feasible in the PICU. In-bed cycling may facilitate greater duration and intensity of mobilization, in critically ill children. A full-scale randomized controlled trial is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of this intervention on PICU-acquired morbidities and functional outcomes in this population.
Sepsis in Children: Global Implications of the World Health Assembly Resolution on Sepsis
Authors: Kissoon Niranjan , Reinhart Konrad , Daniels Ron , Machado Machado Flavia R. , Schachter Raymond D. , Finfer Simon 
Published: September 2017

Background:
Sepsis, worldwide the leading cause of death in children, has now been recognized as the global health emergency it is. On May 26, 2017, the World Health Assembly, the decision-making body of the World Health Organization, adopted a resolution proposed by the Global Sepsis Alliance to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and management of sepsis.

Objective:
To discuss the implications of this resolution for children worldwide.

Conclusions:
The resolution highlights sepsis as a global threat and urges the 194 United Nations member states to take specific actions and implement appropriate measures to reduce its human and health economic burden. The resolution is a major step toward achieving the targets outlined by the Sustainable Developmental Goals for decreasing mortality in infants and children, but implementing it will require a concerted global effort.