bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute alcohol effects on explicit and implicit motivation to drink alcohol in socially drinking adolescents
Authors: Jünger Elisabeth , Javadi Amir-Homayoun , Wiers Corinde E , Sommer Christian , Garbusow Maria , Bernhardt Nadine , Kuitunen-Paul Sören , Smolka Michael N , Zimmermann Ulrich S 
Published: February 2017

Alcohol-related cues can evoke explicit and implicit motivation to drink alcohol. Concerning the links between explicit and implicit motivation, there are mixed findings. Therefore, we investigated both concepts in 51 healthy 18- to 19-year-old males, who are less affected by neuropsychological deficits in decision-making that are attributed to previous alcohol exposure than older participants. In a randomized crossover design, adolescents were infused with either alcohol or placebo. Self-ratings of alcohol desire, thirst, well-being and alcohol effects comprised our explicit measures of motivation. To measure implicit motivation, we used money and drink stimuli in a Pavlovian conditioning (Pc) task and an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Alcohol administration increased explicit motivation to drink alcohol, reduced Pc choices of alcoholic drink-conditioned stimuli, but had no effect on the AAT. This combination of results might be explained by differences between goal-directed and habitual behavior or a temporary reduction in rewarding outcome expectancies. Further, there was no association between our measures of motivation to drink alcohol, indicating that both self-reported motivation to drink and implicit approach tendencies may independently contribute to adolescents’ actual alcohol intake. Correlations between Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores and our measures of motivation to drink alcohol suggest that interventions should target high-risk adolescents after alcohol intake. Clinical trials: Project 4: Acute Effects of Alcohol on Learning and Habitization in Healthy Young Adults (LeAD_P4); NCT01858818; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01858818
Peripheral immune system suppression in early abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals: Links to stress and cue-related craving
Authors: Fox Helen C , Milivojevic Verica , Angarita Gustavo A , Stowe Raymond , Sinha Rajita 
Published: February 2017

Background: Peripheral immune system cytokines may play an integral role in the underlying sensitized stress response and alcohol craving during early alcohol withdrawal. To date, the nature of these immune changes during early abstinence have not been examined. Methods: A total of 39 early abstinent, treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent individuals and 46 socially drinking controls were exposed to three guided imageries: stress, alcohol cue and neutral. These were presented randomly across consecutive days. Plasma measures of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), were collected at baseline, immediately after imagery and at various recovery time-points. Ratings of alcohol craving, negative mood and anxiety were also obtained at the same time-points. Results: The alcohol group demonstrated decreased basal IL-10 compared with controls particularly following exposure to alcohol cue. They also showed a dampened TNFα and TNFR1 response to stress and cue, respectively, and a generalized suppression of IL-6. In the alcohol group, these immune system adaptations occurred alongside significant elevations in anxiety, negative mood and alcohol craving. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate that broad immunosuppression is still observed in alcohol-dependent individuals after 3 weeks of abstinence and may be linked to motivation for alcohol.
Coexistence of antiphospholipid antibodies and cephalalgia
Authors: Islam Md. Asiful , Alam Fahmida , Gan Siew Hua , Cavestro Cinzia , Wong Kah Keng 
Published: February 2017

Background The occurrence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and headache comorbidity in the presence or absence of underlying autoimmune diseases remains unclear. Aim The aim of this review was to summarize the relationship between headache and aPLs based on evidences from cohort studies and case reports, in addition to examining the treatment strategies that resolved headache in aPLs-positive individuals. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted through PubMed, ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar. A total of 559 articles were screened and the appropriate articles were selected based on quality and level of evidence. Results Cohort studies (n = 27) from Europe, North America and Asia demonstrated comorbidity of aPLs and headache in antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric SLE patients. Significantly higher association between migraine and aPLs was observed (n = 170/779; p < 0.0001) in individuals without any underlying diseases. Our analysis of shortlisted case reports (n = 17) showed that a higher frequency of anticardiolipin antibodies were present in subjects with different autoimmune disorders (70.6%). Corticosteroids were highly effective in resolving headache in aPLs-positive individuals. Conclusion Higher frequency of comorbidity between aPLs and headache was observed in healthy individuals and patient cases. Therefore, experimental studies are warranted to evaluate the aPLs-induced pathogenic mechanism of headache.
Modelling the Outcomes of International Crises Using Confrontation Analysis
Authors: Curry John , Ruggiero Dana , Sabin Phil , Young Michael 
Published: February 2017

Aim. To explore the professional application of Professor Nigel Howard’s 1998 Confrontation Analysis method of modelling political conflicts. Case Study. The Confrontation Analysis methodology was applied to the design of a political-military (pol-mil) game held at the UK’s Defence Academy in 2011 to examine the future course of the then current Libyan Civil War. Methodology. Confrontation Analysis provides a structured schema to help identify the parties involved in a dispute, highlight the differences in their narratives, find the subsequent dilemmas and attempt to resolve them to move the situation on. This helps provide rigour to analysis, negotiation and decision making as it clearly documents initial policy positions and subsequent changes through the use of cards which summarise each stakeholder’s position at each stage. Value. The methodology, used in conjunction with role-play and multi-player teams, was found to have some utility, not in forecasting detailed outcomes, but in highlighting key aspects of the potential development of the situation. This research concluded that Confrontation Analysis can make a significant contribution to understanding and analyzing international crises as well as assisting in formulating successful national policy. Confrontation Analysis can be also be an invaluable part of a learning process for analysts and key decision makers facing real crises.
New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe
Authors: Kobelt Gisela , Thompson Alan , Berg Jenny , Gannedahl Mia , Eriksson Jennifer ,   the MSCOI Study Group,   the European Multiple Sclerosis Platform
Published: February 2017

Background: The current focus in multiple sclerosis (MS) is on early diagnosis and drug intervention, with a view to modifying disease progression. Consequently, healthcare costs have shifted from inpatient care and rehabilitation to outpatient care. Objectives: This European burden of illness study provides data that can be combined with other evidence to assess whether management approaches provide value to society. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 countries. Patients reported on their disease, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and resource consumption. Descriptive analyses were performed by disease severity. Costs are reported from a societal perspective in 2015€ PPP (adjusted for purchasing power parity). Results: The 16,808 participants had a mean age of 51.5 years, and 52% had relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Work capacity declined from 82% to 8%, and utility declined from normal population values to less than zero with advancing disease. Mean costs were 22,800€ PPP in mild, 37,100€ PPP in moderate and 57,500€ PPP in severe disease; healthcare accounted for 68%, 47% and 26%, respectively. Fatigue and cognitive difficulties were reported by 95% and 71% of participants, respectively; both had a significant independent effect on utility. Conclusion: Costs and utility were highly correlated with disease severity, but resource consumption was heavily influenced by healthcare systems organisation and availability of services.
Associations between having an informal caregiver, social support, and self-care among low-income adults with poorly controlled diabetes
Authors: Bouldin Erin D , Trivedi Ranak B , Reiber Gayle E , Rosland Ann-Marie , Silverman Julie B , Krieger James , Nelson Karin M 
Published: February 2017

Objective To determine whether the presence of an informal caregiver and the patient’s level of social support are associated with better diabetes self-care among adults with poorly controlled diabetes. Methods Cross-sectional study using baseline data from 253 adults of age 30–70 with poorly controlled diabetes. Participants who reported receiving assistance with their diabetes from a friend or family member in the past month were classified as having a caregiver. We used multivariate linear and logistic regression models to evaluate the associations between having a caregiver and level of social support with five self-reported diabetes self-care behaviors: diet, foot checks, blood glucose monitoring, medications, and physical activity. Results Compared to participants with no informal caregiver, those with an informal caregiver were significantly more likely to report moderate or high medication adherence (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.07–3.49, p = 0.028). When we included social support in the model, having a caregiver was no longer significantly associated with medication adherence (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.80–2.82), but social support score was (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03–1.45, p = 0.023). Discussion Among low-income adults with poorly controlled diabetes, having both an informal caregiver and high social support for diabetes may have a beneficial effect on medication adherence, a key self-care target to improve diabetes control.
Understanding uncertainty in young-onset Parkinson disease
Authors: Ravenek Michael , Rudman Debbie L , Jenkins Mary E , Spaulding Sandi 
Published: February 2017

Objectives Individuals living with young-onset Parkinson’s disease compose a rare subtype of a disease typically associated with older age. Situated within a large grounded theory study exploring information behavior, this paper describes the core category of the theory, i.e. uncertainty. Methods Data were collected with 39 individuals living with young-onset Parkinson’s disease who took part in in-depth interviews, focus groups and/or an online discussion board. Fourteen autobiographies written by individuals living with young-onset Parkinson’s disease were also used as data sources. Results Through experiencing young-onset Parkinson’s disease, participants were confronted with uncertainty along two main lines. First, they experienced uncertainty with respect to their identities as young- and middle-aged adults, deviating from the idealized age-graded life path marked out within their socio-cultural context. Second, they experienced uncertainty with respect to their functioning, as the heterogeneous nature of Parkinson’s progression meant that it would not be possible to chart how their disease would change over time. This uncertainty was associated with feelings of lost control over their lives and increased grief. Discussion With a deeper appreciation for how uncertainty is experienced in the lives of those with young-onset Parkinson’s disease, health professionals may be better prepared to discuss these issues with patients and provide support and resources.
Cement Casting to Optimize Reconstruction of Chronic Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Pulgar Jorge , Escudero Mario , Carcuro Giovanni , Schiff Adam , Pellegrini Manuel 
Published: February 2017

Few surgical techniques have been described for reconstruction in massive osteochondral lesions of the talus, and there is limited evidence of techniques for accurately reproducing native talar anatomy with bone auto/allograft techniques. In this article, we present a novel technique, which is highly reproducible, using bone cement to restore the congruence and anatomy of the ankle joint. Levels of Evidence: Level V: Technical tip
CT venography after knee replacement surgery: comparison of dual-energy CT-based monochromatic imaging and single-energy metal artifact reduction techniques on a 320-row CT scanner
Authors: Kidoh Masafumi , Utsunomiya Daisuke , Oda Seitaro , Nakaura Takeshi , Funama Yoshinori , Yuki Hideaki , Hirata Kenichiro , Hatemura Masahiro , Namimoto Tomohiro , Yamashita Yasuyuki 
Published: February 2017

Background An optimal metal artifact reduction (MAR) technique is needed for a reliable and accurate image-based diagnosis. Purpose Using a 320-row scanner, we compared the dual-energy computed tomography (CT)-based monochromatic and the single-energy metal artifact reduction (SEMAR) techniques for CT venography (CTV) to identify the better imaging method for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients who had undergone knee replacement surgery. Material and Methods Twenty-three consecutive patients with suspected DVT after unilateral knee replacement surgery underwent dual-energy CT (135/80 kVp). Monochromatic images of 35–135 keV were generated; the monochromatic image with the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the popliteal vein near the metal prosthesis were selected. The projection data of 80 kVp were reconstructed using MAR algorithm. The mean SNR ON MAR and the best SNR ON monochromatic images were compared. Two radiologists evaluated visualization of the metal artifacts on a four-point scale where 1 = extensive artifacts, 2 = strong artifacts, 3 = mild artifacts, and 4 = minimal artifacts. Results The mean SNR was significantly higher on the MAR than the monochromatic images (12.8 ± 4.7 versus 7.7 ± 5.1, P < 0.01) and the visual scores were significantly higher for MAR than monochromatic images (2.6 ± 0.8 versus 1.3 ± 0.4, P < 0.01). Conclusion For CTV after knee replacement surgery, the MAR technique is superior to the monochromatic imaging technique.
Relations between quantitative ultrasound assessment of calcaneus and grip and key pinch power in Japanese mountain village residents
Authors: Nagai Ayako , Tajika Tsuyoshi , Yamamoto Atsushi , Okura Chisa , Kanazawa Saeko , Takagishi Kenji 
Published: February 2017

Purpose: It seems to be important to recognize bone health condition using a simple method in Japanese super-aged society. The aim of our study was to investigate whether grip and key pinch strength were associated with bone quality. Methods: Medical examinations were conducted of 337 adult residents (123 men, 214 women; average age of 64.7 years) of a mountain village. Bilateral grip and key pinch strength were measured. The sound of speed (SOS) of calcaneus was assessed using an ultrasound bone densitometer. Study participants were divided into non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic groups according to the relevant WHO classification to evaluate statistical significance by age-adjusted analysis. Stepwise linear regression was used to identify the predictor of SOS using the following factors as explanatory variables: age, height, weight BMI, grip and key pinch power strength in bilateral side. A P value of < .05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: In age-adjusted analysis, significant associations were found between osteoporosis and BMI (OR 0.87, 95%CI 0.80–0.95), gender (OR 3.21, 95%CI 1.83–5.62), grip strength (right side:, OR 0.95, 95%CI 0.92–0.98; left side: OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.98) and key pinch strength (right side: OR 0.76, 95%CI 0.65–0.88; left side: OR 0.79, 95%CI 0.68–0.91). In stepwise linear regression, age and left key pinch strength were predictors of calcaneal SOS (age β coefficient = −0.46, P = .00; left key pinch strength β coefficient = 0.17, P = .0049). Conclusions: Key pinch strength assessment might be useful to predict calcaneal SOS in general population.
A Unique Case of Bilateral High Ulnar Nerve Laceration
Authors: Robb Jessica , Jassal Rajive , Mehling Blair , Morhart Michael J 
Published: February 2017

High ulnar nerve injuries are now commonly treated with a distal nerve transfer, in which the anterior interosseuos nerve to pronator quadratus is coapted to the deep ulnar nerve motor branch. Herein, the authors describe a case of bilateral ulnar nerve laceration that provides an opportunity to directly compare two operative techniques on different extremities of the same patient. The patient sustained bilateral ulnar nerve injuries 6 cm superior to the medial epicondyle. The right ulnar nerve was proximally repaired with primary neurorraphy and a distal motor nerve transfer. The left ulnar nerve underwent primary nuerorraphy without a nerve transfer because the median nerve was mistakenly tied off to control bleeding. Physical examination and nerve conduction studies two years postsurgical intervention demonstrated an undeniable difference in cosmesis and function. The clinical findings suggest a superior result with a combined primary neurorraphy and a distal nerve transfer compared with a primary neurorraphy alone.
Immediate Thumb Opposition Following Extensor Indicis Proprius Opponensplasty Using the Wide-Awake Approach
Authors: Moriya Koji , Yoshizu Takae , Maki Yutaka 
Published: February 2017

Background: The wide-awake approach enables surgeons to adjust tendon transfer tension during active movement. Objective: To examine the proximity of the index finger to the thumb in the motor network of the brain during extensor indicis proprius (EIP) opponensplasty, performed under local anesthesia, for restoration of thumb opposition in patients with thenar paralysis caused by advanced carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods: Between April 2009 and October 2013, seven patients underwent wide-awake opponensplasty of the EIP in conjunction with carpal tunnel release. Under local anesthesia (lidocaine with epinephrine), the EIP tendon was routed subcutaneously, around the distal ulna and across the palm to the abductor pollicis brevis tendon. Results: Immediately after severing the EIP tendon over the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger, patients exhibited varying degrees of retraction of the proximal end of the EIP tendon into the dorsal subcutaneous space when asked to perform thumb opposition while maintaining active flexion of the index finger. All patients were able to perform palmar abduction of the thumb via the EIP following opponensplasty. Discussion: The intraoperative data suggest that single, individuated movements of the thumb opposition activate both the thenar muscle and the EIP. Additionally, these phenomena may be explained by activation of a pre-existing neural network, and overlap between the thumb and index finger in the motor cortex. Conclusion: Achievement of immediate thumb opposition without re-education suggests that the index finger and thumb are in close proximity in the motor network of the brain.
Retroperitoneal Femoral Nerve Reconstruction in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Kattan AE , Tsoi K , Stubenitsky Bm , Curtis CG , Gerstle JT , Clarke HM 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal femoral nerve lesions in children are rare. They can result in a complete femoral nerve palsy causing severe functional impairment of ambulation and standing and sensory impairment of the anterior and medial thigh extending down the medial aspect of the leg. While treatment can be challenging due to the complex anatomy of the region and the difficulty of achieving adequate surgical access, femoral nerve repair has lead to the recovery of useful function in adult patients. OBJECTIVE: The authors review their experience from the surgical treatment of three consecutive cases of this rare lesion in children while focusing on validated outcome measures. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all cases of retroperitoneal femoral nerve transection treated surgically was completed (n=3). Data collected included demographics, timing of repair, surgical approach, Medical Research Council muscle grading scores, the Hospital for Sick Children Active Movement Scale scores and follow-up period. RESULTS: Follow-up ranged from two to 4.5 years. All three patients had excellent motor recovery and ambulated without assistance. Sensory function also improved, with a substantial resolution of preoperative dysesthesia in one case. There were no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Complete retroperitoneal femoral nerve transection in children is a rare but devastating injury. Appropriate surgical access to the retroperitoneal space is a prerequisite for lumbar plexus reconstruction and mandates a team approach. In the present series, all patients regained excellent function following reconstruction. The surgical treatment of these unusual lesions in childhood proved highly rewarding.
Osimertinib in Pretreated T790M-Positive Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: AURA Study Phase II Extension Component
Authors: Yang James Chih-Hsin , Ahn Myung-Ju , Kim Dong-Wan , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Sequist Lecia V. , Su Wu-Chou , Kim Sang-We , Kim Joo-Hang , Planchard David , Felip Enriqueta , Blackhall Fiona , Haggstrom Daniel , Yoh Kiyotaka , Novello Silvia , Gold Kathryn , Hirashima Tomonori , Lin Chia-Chi , Mann Helen , Cantarini Mireille , Ghiorghiu Serban , Jänne Pasi A. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose Osimertinib is an irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) selective for both EGFR-TKI sensitizing ( EGFRm) and T790M resistance mutations. AURA (NCT01802632) is a phase I/II clinical trial to determine the dose, safety, and efficacy of osimertinib. This article reports the results from the phase II extension component. Patients and Methods Patients with EGFR-TKI–pretreated EGFRm- and T790M-positive advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received once-daily osimertinib 80 mg. T790M status was confirmed by central testing from a tumor sample taken after the most recent disease progression. Patients with asymptomatic, stable CNS metastases that did not require corticosteroids were allowed to enroll. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) by independent radiology assessment. Secondary end points were disease control rate, duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), and safety. Patient-reported outcomes comprised an exploratory objective. Results In total, 201 patients received treatment, with a median treatment duration of 13.2 months at the time of data cutoff (November 1, 2015). In evaluable patients (n = 198), ORR was 62% (95% CI, 54% to 68%), and the disease control rate was 90% (95% CI, 85 to 94). Median duration of response in 122 responding patients was 15.2 months (95% CI, 11.3 to not calculable). Median PFS was 12.3 months (95% CI, 9.5 to 13.8). The most common possibly causally related adverse events (investigator assessed) were diarrhea (43%; grade ≥ 3, < 1%) and rash (grouped terms; 40%; grade ≥ 3, < 1%). Interstitial lung disease (grouped terms) was reported in eight patients (4%; grade 1, n = 2; grade 3, n = 3; grade 5, n = 3). Conclusion In patients with EGFRm T790M advanced NSCLC who progress after EGFR-TKI treatment, osimertinib provides a high ORR, encouraging PFS, and durable response.