bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Inequalities and the Road to Allostatic Load: From Vulnerability to Resilience
Authors: Juster Robert‐Paul , Seeman Teresa , McEwen Bruce S. , Picard Martin , Mahar Ian , Mechawar Naguib , Sindi Shireen , Smith Nathan Grant , Souza‐Talarico Juliana , Sarnyai Zoltan , Lanoix Dave , Plusquellec Pierrich , Ouellet‐Morin Isabelle , Lupien Sonia J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractVulnerability and resilience are intertwined yet unraveling constructs in the allostatic load literature centered on stress‐disease pathways. In examining this paradigm shift, this chapter focuses on allostatic load indices of multisystemic physiological dysregulations among marginalized populations. Social inequalities reviewed include early adversity, socioeconomic health gradients, race/ethnicity and discrimination, Brazil's shifting economy, the struggles of North American and Australian Indigenous peoples, and finally sex/gender diversity and sexual orientation as key determinants of allostatic load. We then present innovative biochemical, neurological, and cognitive approaches for future empirical consideration, with conclusions centered on clinical and social policy implications. In espousing a developmental psychopathology approach that emphasizes causal processes, developmental mechanisms, and diverse conceptualizations of health, we highlight allostatic load studies that focus on resilient pathways and how these trajectories can be promoted to protect populations otherwise considered vulnerable.
Competence and Psychopathology in Development
Authors: Burt Keith B. , Douglas Coatsworth J. , Masten Ann S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA core mission of developmental psychopathology is studying the interplay between normal and abnormal developmental processes. Working from this perspective, we review research on associations between competence and psychopathology as divided among three major areas: (1) functional impairment in the context of formal mental disorder classification systems as a parallel to the negative extreme of competence; (2) cascade models that test longitudinal cross‐domain links between constructs with statistical controls for continuity and potential common‐cause variables; and (3) preventive interventions aimed at promoting competent adaptation. Each of these areas shows compelling examples of the dynamic interplay between competence in age‐salient developmental tasks and either broad dimensions of psychopathology or discrete mental disorders. We begin with a historical and theoretical discussion of the nature of competence and psychopathology and conclude with an overview of this broad domain and suggestions for future work. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize the interdependence of theory and statistical methodology.
Culturally Adapted Preventive Interventions for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Gonzales Nancy A. , Lau Anna S. , Murry Velma M. , Pina Armando A. , Barrera, Manuel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs evidence to support the efficacy and long‐term benefits of interventions to prevent social, emotional, and behavioral problems of childhood and adolescence has accumulated steadily over the past three decades, scholars involved in intervention development and evaluation have tackled concerns about the relevance and fit of these interventions for distinct ethnic and racial minority groups. A critical mass of scholars have engaged the fundamental question as to whether intervention adaptation is required and, if so, how adaptations should be conducted to best reach and address the needs of diverse ethnocultural groups. In this chapter, we summarize the historical context, key conceptual challenges, and methods that have shaped the emerging field of cultural adaptation during this period. Current progress and empirical evidence regarding the effects and relative benefits of culturally adapted interventions are highlighted by presenting the most influential exemplars that have been developed and evaluated to date. Conclusions are offered about the current status of the field, future research directions, and remaining challenges for launching effective population‐based strategies that address the needs and health disparities of ethnocultural groups in the United States and internationally.
Efficient Oxidative Cleavage of Tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols to γ‐Lactones by a 2‐Iodobenzamide Catalyst in Combination with Oxone®
Authors: Yakura Takayuki , Horiuchi Yuto , Nishimura Yushi , Yamada Akihiro , Nambu Hisanori , Fujiwara Tomoya 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn environmentally friendly oxidative cleavage of tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols to the corresponding γ‐lactones using a catalytic amount of 2‐iodo‐N‐isopropylbenzamide has been developed. The reaction of various tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols with the catalyst in the presence of Oxone® (2 KHSO5⋅KHSO4⋅K2SO4) as a co‐oxidant in DMF at room temperature successfully affords the corresponding lactones in good to high yields, and recovery of the catalyst is readily accomplished using a reductive work‐up. This method is notable because it enables the transformation of tetrahydrofuran‐2‐methanols to γ‐lactones under mild conditions without the use of any toxic heavy metals.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Indoles with Dimethylformamide as a Methylenating Reagent
Authors: Pu Fan , Li Yang , Song Yong‐Hong , Xiao Jianliang , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Wang Chao , Liu Zhao‐Tie , Chen Jian‐Gang , Lu Jian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBy using N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methylenating reagent, the copper‐catalyzed CH activation of indole was demonstrated as an efficient and facile protocol for synthesizing 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) and its derivatives. The results indicate that copper chloride was the best catalyst among the investigated transition metal salts, which affords an excellent regioselectivity and good yield when tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used as an oxidant.magnified image
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indole Derivatives From Pyrimidyl‐Substituted Anilines and Diazo Compounds
Authors: Yu Ke , Liang Yujie , Li Bin , Wang Baiquan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of indole derivatives from readily available pyrimidyl‐substituted anilines and diazo compounds via rhodium(III)‐catalyzed CH bond activation has been developed. This cyclization reaction displays excellent functional group compatibility and regioselectivity, which overcomes some drawbacks of the classical indole synthetic methods and provides a facile approach for the construction of multi‐substituted indole derivatives. The redox‐neutral intermolecular annulation procedure comprises tandem CH bond activation, cyclization, and condensation steps, releasing water and nitrogen as by‐products.magnified image
Titania‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles Catalyze the Selective Oxidation of Amines into Nitroso Compounds in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Fountoulaki Stella , Gkizis Petros L. , Symeonidis Theodoros S. , Kaminioti Eleni , Karina Athanasia , Tamiolakis Ioannis , Armatas Gerasimos S. , Lykakis Ioannis N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, the catalytic activity of titania‐supported gold nanoparticles (Au/TiO2) was studied for the selective oxidation of amines into nitroso compounds using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Gold nanoparticles deposited on Degussa P25 polymorphs of titania (TiO2) have been found to promote the selective formation of a variety of nitroso arenes in high yields and selectivities, even in a large‐scale synthesis. In contrast, alkyl amines are oxidized to the corresponding oximes under the examined conditions. Kinetic studies indicated that aryl amines substituted with electron‐donating groups are oxidized faster than the corresponding amines bearing an electron‐withdrawing functionality. A Hammett‐type kinetic analysis of a range of para‐X‐substituted aryl amines implicates an electron transfer (ET) mechanism (ρ=−1.15) for oxidation reactions with concomitant formation of the corresponding N‐aryl hydroxylamine as possible intermediate. We also show that the oxidation protocol of aryl amines in the presence of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene leads in excellent yields to the corresponding hetero Diels–Alder adducts between the diene and the in situ formed nitrosoarenes.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Divergent Trifluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Zheng Jing , Deng Ziyang , Zhang Yan , Cui Sunliang 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMost of the precedent copper‐catalyzed trifluoromethylation reactions of unactivated alkenes concern terminal alkenes, and these processes are terminated in elimination, or nucleophilic addition, or semipinacol rearrangement, or CH bond functionalization steps. In this study, we develop a trifluoromethylation method for both unactivated terminal and internal alkenes to enable divergent late‐stage radical cyclization and achieve high molecular complexity. These cyclizations are well consistent with Baldwin’s rule. Furthermore, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) study and control reactions were conducted, and a plausible mechanism is proposed.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Acrylamides Coupled with Indole Dearomatization: Access to Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Spiro[indole‐3,3′‐pyrrolidine] Derivatives
Authors: Han Guifang , Wang Qiang , Chen Linwei , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed cascade reaction involving trifluoromethylation of acrylamides coupled with ring closure and indole dearomatization is reported. This facile transformation was highly regioselective and proceeded under mild conditions, allowing efficient access to trifluoromethyl‐substituted spiro[indole‐3,3′‐pyrrolidine] derivatives, which are of increasing interest to the pharmaceutical industry.magnified image
Easy Access to 1‐Amino and 1‐Carbon Substituted Isoquinolines via Cobalt‐Catalyzed CH/NO Bond Activation
Authors: Muralirajan Krishnamoorthy , Kuppusamy Ramajayam , Prakash Sekar , Cheng Chien‐Hong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA green atom‐economical method for the synthesis of highly functionalized 1‐amino and 1‐carbon substituted isoquinolines from the reaction of N′‐hydroxybenzimidamides and aryl ketoximes, respectively, with alkynes via pentamethylcyclopentadienylcobalt(III)‐catalyzed CH/NO bond activation is described. The external oxidant‐free annulation reaction uses the =NOH moiety in N′‐hydroxybenzimidamides or N‐aromatic ketone oximes as the directing group and internal oxidant. This first row transition metal‐catalyzed annulation serves as an efficient alternative for the synthesis of isoquinolines, as water is the only by‐product and expensive noble metals such as rhodium(III), iridium(III), palladium(II), and ruthenium(II) are not required. The reaction proceeds via CH activation, alkyne insertion, reductive elimination, and NO activation.magnified image
Synthesis of Bisphthalamic Acids for the Preparation of Glass‐Reinforced Composites of Multifunctional Epoxy Resin of Bisphenol‐C and Their Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Patel Jignesh P. , Parsania Parsotam H. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBisphthalamic acids of tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA), tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA), tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA), and 4,4′‐diamino diphenylsulfone (DDS), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylether (DDE), and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) were synthesized and used as hardeners for multifunctional epoxy resin of bisphenol‐C(EBCF). Glass‐reinforced composites (G‐EBCF‐THPA, G‐EBCF‐TCPA, G‐EBCF‐TBPA, G‐EBCF‐THPADDS, G‐EBCF‐TCPADDS, G‐EBCF‐TCPADDE, and G‐EBCF‐TCPADDM) were fabricated by hand layup followed by compression molding technique at 140/170°C under 2 bar pressure for 6/15 h. Glass composites possess good tensile strength (99–168 MPa), flexural strength (131—270 MPa), flexural modulus (5419–7987 MPa), impact strength (19–36 kg m−2), Barcol hardness (31–44), electric strength (7.2–8.9 kV mm−1), volume resistivity (1 × 1012 to 1.9 × 1012 ohm cm), and 13–15.8% water absorption indicated their usefulness for low load bearing housing, electrical, and marine applications.
POSS Grafting on Polyethylene and Maleic Anhydride‐Grafted Polyethylene by One‐Step Reactive Melt Mixing
Authors: Morici Elisabetta , Di Bartolo Alberto , Arrigo Rossella , Dintcheva Nadka Tzankova 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis study reports the one‐step reactive melt mixing preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid based on maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene and 3‐(2‐aminoethyl)aminopropyl‐heptaisobutyl substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, (NPOSS), as well as on low‐density polyethylene and allyl‐heptaisobutyl‐POSS (1POSS) in dicumyl peroxide presence, which is believed to activate the unsaturation of the reactive functional group of POSS itself. The successful grafting of POSS molecules onto polymeric backbones was probed through rheological and spectroscopic analysis. Grafting of POSS molecules enhances their dispersion in the polymeric matrix as shown by morphological analysis. Moreover, the rheological analysis of the organic–inorganic hybrids reveals a solid‐like behavior, due to the formation of a network related to the interactions between grafted POSS molecules. The homogeneous dispersion of POSS molecules along with the strong interaction between polymeric segments and the nanoparticles influences the calorimetric and mechanical properties of the obtained hybrids.
Synthesis, Characterization, Catalytic Reduction, and Splinting Activity of Poly(ε‐caprolactone–co–morpholine)/Ag Nanocomposite
Authors: Meenarathi B. , Siva P. , Jeyapriya M. , Baskaran R. , Anbarasan R. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe ring‐opening polymerization of ɛ‐caprolactone and morpholine mixture was carried out at 160°C for 24 h under nitrogen atmosphere at two different experimental conditions, mercaptoaceticacid (MAA) and Ag‐MAA initiator variation. The resultants were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, gel permeation chromatography, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. The tensile strength of the copolymer nanocomposites was tested. The catalytic reduction behavior (reduction of nitrophenol into amino phenol), splinting activity, and drug delivery activity of the copolymer nanocomposite were tested. The obtained results were analyzed and critically compared.
Risikofaktoren für Krebs und MS in Kuhmilch und Rindfleisch?
Authors: zur Hausen Harald , de Villiers Ethel‐Michele 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie globale epidemiologische Analyse des Auftretens von Brust‐ und Dickdarmkrebs gibt Anlass zu der Vermutung, dass der Konsum von Fleisch‐ und Milchprodukten unserer Milchrinder zum Risiko dieser Erkrankungen beiträgt. Von unserer Gruppe wurde eine Reihe neuer Einzelstrang‐DNAs aus Serum und Milch von europäischen Milchkühen isoliert. Es handelt sich um zirkuläre Moleküle (∼1000 bis 3000 Basen) vermutlich viraler Herkunft, deren Erbgut offensichtlich nicht in die Chromosomen der Tiere eingebaut wird, sondern nicht integriert (episomal) vorliegt. Nach Übertragung in menschliche Zellen ist diese DNA genetisch aktiv. In zwei Läsionen von Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose konnten verwandte Isolate nachgewiesen werden. Konzepte für eine mögliche ätiologische Rolle dieser Agenzien bei Erkrankungen des Menschen wurden entwickelt. Die Rolle solcher Sequenzen bei Krebs und neurologischen Erkrankungen wird zurzeit intensiv untersucht.
Zika‐Virus: Bedrohung durch invasive Tigermücken?
Authors: Tetsch Larissa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStechmücken der Gattung Aedes sind dafür bekannt, virale Erreger von Fiebererkrankungen wie Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika und Gelbfieber zu übertragen. Von invasiven Arten, die begünstigt durch die globale Erwärmung in Europa einwandern, geht deshalb auch eine gesundheitliche Bedrohung aus. Die aktuell in Südamerika grassierende Zika‐Epidemie zeigt, dass auch Tropenkrankheiten mit sonst mildem Verlauf schwere Komplikationen wie neurologische Erkrankungen und embryonale Fehlbildungen verursachen können.
Warum Säugetiere und Pflanzen ähnlich “ticken”
Authors: Staiger Dorothee 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie innere Uhr im Vegetationskegel (Apex) von Arabidopsis‐Pflanzen fungiert als Zentraluhr. Die Uhren in seinen Zellen sind eng miteinander gekoppelt und beeinflussen die Uhren in den Wurzeln. Diese interzelluläre Kommunikation innerhalb des Sprossapex und die Beeinflussung von Uhren in entfernten Organen weisen verblüffende Parallelen zur Zentraluhr im Nucleus suprachiasmaticus von Säugern auf.
Wer loslässt, verliert: Der Klammerreflex der Erdkröten‐Männchen
Authors: Petrischak Hannes 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn milden, feuchten Nächten am Ende des Winters setzen die Amphibienwanderungen ein. Wo sich die Wanderrouten der Erdkröten (Bufo bufo) vom Wald zum Laichgewässer hin bündeln, raschelt es nach Einbruch der Dunkelheit überall am Boden. Jedes Männchen verfolgt konsequent das Ziel, ein Weibchen zu umklammern und damit den eigenen Fortpflanzungserfolg zu sichern – manchmal mit kuriosem Ergebnis.
Parathyroid gland angiography with indocyanine green fluorescence to predict parathyroid function after thyroid surgery
Authors: Vidal Fortuny J , Belfontali V , Sadowski S M , Karenovics W , Guigard S , Triponez F 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Postoperative hypoparathyroidism remains the most common complication following thyroidectomy. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative parathyroid gland angiography in predicting normal parathyroid gland function after thyroid surgery.

Methods
Angiography with the fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) was performed in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, to visualize vascularization of identified parathyroid glands.

Results
Some 36 patients underwent ICG angiography during thyroidectomy. All patients received standard calcium and vitamin D supplementation. At least one well vascularized parathyroid gland was demonstrated by ICG angiography in 30 patients. All 30 patients had parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the normal range on postoperative day (POD) 1 and 10, and only one patient exhibited asymptomatic hypocalcaemia on POD 1. Mean(s.d.) PTH and calcium levels in these patients were 3·3(1·4) pmol/l and 2·27(0·10) mmol/l respectively on POD 1, and 4·0(1.6) pmol/l and 2·32(0·08) mmol/l on POD 10. Two of the six patients in whom no well vascularized parathyroid gland could be demonstrated developed transient hypoparathyroidism. None of the 36 patients presented symptomatic hypocalcaemia, and none received treatment for hypoparathyroidism.

Conclusion
PTH levels on POD 1 were normal in all patients who had at least one well vascularized parathyroid gland demonstrated during surgery by ICG angiography, and none required treatment for hypoparathyroidism.
Concurrent hyperbaric oxygen therapy and intratympanic steroid application as salvage therapy after severe sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Lamm Hans , Müller‐Kortkamp Claus , Warnecke Athanasia , Pohl Friederike , Paasche Gerrit , Lenarz Thomas , Stolle Stefan R. O. 
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical MessageConcurrent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and intratympanic steroid application (ITS) are beneficial as salvage therapy for therapy‐refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The findings encourage further research on the treatment of noise‐induced and idiopathic SSNHL with concurrent use of HBOT and ITS respecting also patients with long‐term or therapy‐refractory SSNHL.
Microstructure Simulation as Part of Fibrous Filter Media Development Processes – From Real to Virtual Media
Authors: Lehmann Martin J. , Weber Johannes , Kilian Alexander , Heim Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor developing innovative filter media, simulation of filtration performance on virtual 3D fibrous microstructures is a key enabling technology. Typical steps on the way to a virtual clone of a real filter medium are briefly described, but the focus is on image processing. Due to the limitations imposed by available computational power and time, a small simulation domain is desirable. Therefore, a numerical study is carried out to determine the minimal representative domain size for a given air filter medium. It turns out that the percolation path, i.e., the path of the largest penetrating particle, correlates quite well with dust holding capacity and might be a better measure than pressure drop for a representative domain size. As an outlook and an example, it is demonstrated that the performance achieved by a virtual clone agrees well with the one of the original real media based on which the clone was modeled.
Effect of Stretching Parameters on Structure and Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Hollow‐Fiber Membranes
Authors: Jia Jingxuan , Kang Guodong , Cao Yiming 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous hollow‐fiber membranes were prepared by a method involving billet preform, paste extrusion, stretching, and sintering. The influence of stretching parameters including stretching ratio, temperature, and speed was systematically investigated. The structure and properties of these membranes were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, filtration performance, and mechanical strength test. The results indicate that the stretching ratio is the most significant influencing factor for the formation of various regions in the stress‐strain curve. With increasing stretching ratio, the porosity, maximum pore size, and ethanol flux increase remarkably while bovine serum albumin rejection is reduced. These findings have the potential to facilitate PTFE membrane fabrication with finely tuned microporous structure for various application processes.
A Re‐evaluation of Electron‐Transfer Mechanisms in Microbial Electrochemistry: Shewanella Releases Iron that Mediates Extracellular Electron Transfer
Authors: Oram Joseph , Jeuken Lars J. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExoelectrogenic bacteria can couple their metabolism to extracellular electron acceptors, including macroscopic electrodes, and this has applications in energy production, bioremediation and biosensing. Optimisation of these technologies relies on a detailed molecular understanding of extracellular electron‐transfer (EET) mechanisms, and Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (MR‐1) has become a model organism for such fundamental studies. Here, cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the relationship between the surface chemistry of electrodes (modified gold, ITO and carbon electrodes) and the EET mechanism. On ultra‐smooth gold electrodes modified with self‐assembled monolayers containing carboxylic‐acid‐terminated thiols, an EET pathway dominates with an oxidative catalytic onset at 0.1 V versus SHE. Addition of iron(II)chloride enhances the catalytic current, whereas the siderophore deferoxamine abolishes this signal, leading us to conclude that this pathway proceeds via an iron mediated electron transfer mechanism. The same EET pathway is observed at other electrodes, but the onset potential is dependent on the electrolyte composition and electrode surface chemistry. EET pathways with onset potentials above −0.1 V versus SHE have previously been ascribed to direct electron‐transfer (DET) mechanisms through the surface exposed decaheme cytochromes (MtrC/OmcA) of MR‐1. In light of the results reported here, we propose that the previously identified DET mechanism of MR‐1 needs to be re‐evaluated.