bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management on a Golf Course Fairway With Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin, Talstar, and Experimental Formulations in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 908 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (15 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: application time, mid-afternoon; air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.2% sand, 45.1% silt, 33.7% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 50.1%; organic matter, 7.0%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.8; and skies were partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.0588 inch of water/48 square feet. Posttreatment counts were made 36 d later (20 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 4 inch cupcutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Merit on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Penn-Sylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml/54 ft2 of water or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (20 Jul) the following soil and environ-mental conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 68°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 56.5% silt, 15.0% clay; organic matter, 6.8%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 34.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; application time, early-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inch of water followed by 0.2 inch of rainfall. Posttreatment counts were made 69 d later (27 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Individual Mound Control of Red Imported Fire Ant in Residential Turf with Bait Formulations, 1995
Authors: Reinert James A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Bait formulations of Finitron and Amdro were applied to individual mounds of RIFA in residential lawns in Piano, TX on 30 June, 1995. Measured amounts of bait material was applied evenly over and immediately adjacent to each mound with a hand held shaker. An untreated undisturbed check was included for comparison. A randomized complete block design was used with 15 replications of one RIFA mound per treatment in each replicate. Mounds were blocked by colony size, that is the largest colonies were in the first replicate. Mound activity was assessed 1-2 days before treatments and 2-wk, 3-wk, and 4-wk posttreatment ratings were taken. Mound activity was determined by stomping hard (4–5 times) on the soil or turf ca 1 ft from the mound in a circle around each mound. For the final rating at 4 wk (28 July), each colony was also excavated to a depth of ca. 8 inches with a small shovel to determine mound activity. If no live ants were found, the colony was considered dead. The percentage mortality provided by each bait treatment was determined and the means were separated using exact confidence intervals calculated from binomial distribution (Steel & Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.).
Synthetic Pyrethroid Dusts Evaluated for Individual Mound Control of Red Imported Fire ant in Residential Landscapes, 1995
Authors: Reinert James A. , Maranz Steven J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dust formulations of two synthetic pyrethroid were applied to individual mounds of RIFA in residential turf on 13 Nov, 1995 in Dallas, TX. Material was applied with a hand held shaker evenly over the mound or to the mound and including a 6 inch perimeter area around the mound. Mounds treated with either Tempo or Orthene that were still active at the 1-wk rating, were retreated at their initial rates. Orthene 75%S was used as the standard control and both a water check (1 gal of water sprinkled over each mound) and an untreated check were included. All treatments were replicated on 12 isolated mounds. Mound activity was assessed the day before treatments and 3-d, 1-wk, and 2-wk posttreatment ratings were taken. Mound activity was determined by stomping hard (4-5 times) on the soil or turf ca 1 ft from the mound in a circle around each mound. For the final rating at 2 wk, each colony was also excavated to a depth of ca. 8 inches with a small shovel to determine mound activity. If no live ants were found, the colony was considered dead. The percentage mortality provided by each chemical treatment was determined and the means were separated using exact confidence intervals calculated from binomial distribution (Steel & Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.).
Pine Tortoise Scale, Foliar Control Trial, 1995
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on heavily infested lodge-pole pine grown at the Houston Gardens in Greeley, CO. Treatments were applied to single branches on 7 Jul, 1994 with replications consisting of a single tree. Plot design was a RCB with 4 replications. Evaluations were made the following spring, 12 May, 1995 by counting all mature female scales on the terminal 1-ft of each branch.
Campylomma Control On ‘Golden Delicious’, 1995
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a RCB with ten treatments and four single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300-400 psi. Per acre application rates were based on 400 gpa. The Lorsban 4E + Volck Supreme oil treatments were applied at half-inch green (31 Mar). The other treatments were applied at pink (19 Apr) or petal fall (10 May). Nymphs were sampled from 2 limbs of each replicate tree on each sampling date with the mean of the 2 samples representing that replication. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm X 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 1 Aug. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for C. verbasci damage. Fruit with one or more stings were classed as damaged.
Laboratory Bioassay for Control of Fall Webworm, 1995
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Jason Bishop R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate growth regulator insecticides (Precision, Azatin, Spinosad) for control of fall webworm. In addition, two pyrethroid insecticides were included as standards. Fall webworms (in late instars) were collected from native chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.) and returned to the laboratory. Larvae were placed in petri dishes at a density of ten larvae/dish. A total of ten dishes (100 larvae) was used for each insecticide. Chokecherry foliage was then treated with the test insecticidesand, after drying, was collected for the bioassay and fed to the larvae. Subsequent feedings, after 48 h, involved use of untreated foliage. Evaluation of larval mortality was done every 48 h by counting the number of live, dead and moribund larvae present in each petri dish. A low level of parasitism was present in webworms used in the study. Larvae found to be parasitized were removed from the dishes and treatment effects were analyzed on the number of larvae left in the petri dish.
Ovicidal Activity Trial, 1995
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, Miss. Plot size was 30 ft X 4 rows arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates/treatment. Treatments were applied on 12 Jul (Test 1) and 18 Aug (Test 2) by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gpa at 5 mph and 35 psi using two TX10 nozzles/row. TB eggs were obtained from cultures maintained in the laboratory. Test 1 eggs were obtained from a susceptible STV-LAB strain and Test 2 eggs were from a resistant G2-95 strain. The STV-LAB strain had been in culture without insecticide selection pressure since collection from cotton in 1984; the G2-95 strain was collected from cotton 13-16 Jun, 1995, and had been shown to have multiple resistance by standard bioassays. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed by crumpling the material. Eggs treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3-4 expanded leaves in the terminal of 4 plants in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthan gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs were sprinkled on the leaves in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. Eggs remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after being sprayed. The number of eggs averaged 15.0 ± 5.5 (S.D.). Leaves were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82° F. The number of unhatched eggs was determined at 48 and 72 h after eggs were applied. Eggs were considered dead when black and shriveled. Cumulative egg mortality (EM) 72 h after treatment is reported. Hatched larval mortality (LM) was observed at 48 and 72 h after treatment and is reported as cumulative larval mortality at 72 h after treatment. Larval mortality was used to calculate total mortality (TM) at 72 h.
Observations On Dpl Nucotn 33 And Dpl Nucotn 35, 1995
Authors: Burris Gene , Cook Don , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were 50 feet long and 16 rows wide (40-inch spacing) and consisted of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Transgenic cotton seed (NuCOTN 33 and NuCOTN 35) containing a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki that codes for a delta endotoxin (BOLLGARD) toxic to certain lepidopteran larvae and seed of standard commercial varieties from Delta and Pine Land Seed Company (DPL 5415, DPL 20, DPL 5690 were planted 16May, on a Commerce silt loam soil which was sidedress fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. A John Deere model 7100 series planter equipped with 10 inch seed cones mountedto replace the seed hoppers was used for planting. The seed rate was 4 seeds/row ft. All plots received 0.5 lbs Al/acre Temik 15G and 1.2 lbs Al/acre Terraclor Super X at planting. Control measures for the heliothine complex were applied to the appropriate treatment on an “as needed” basis. Plant terminals and squares were examined for bollworm and tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) eggs, larvae, and damage and boll weevil damage on 3, 12, 17, 20, 24, 26 July, 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 Aug. Based on those observations, the plots designated as requiring treatments for the heliothine complex received the following control measures: Karate IE, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (18 Jul); Karate IE, 0.028 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (2 Aug); Karate IE, 0.033 lb Al/acre + Lannate LV 2.4, 0.24 lb Al/acre (8 Aug); Baythroid 2E, 0.04 lb Al/acre + Curacron 8E, 1.0 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.4 lb AI/ acre (17 Aug); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Orthene 90S, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Confirm 2F, 0.125 lb Al/acre (25 Aug); and Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Evasion 1.5E, 0.25 lb Al/acre + Curacron 8E, 1.0 lb Al/acre (30 Aug). Control measures for nonheliothine pests applied as oversprays to all plots and/or the border rows on an “as needed” basis, consisted of the following treatments: Provado 1.6, 0.05 lb Al/acre (23 Jun); Bidrin 4E, 0.4 lb Al/acre + Evasion 1.5E, 0.2 lb Al/acre (29 Jun); Guthion 2L, 0.25 lb Al/acre (13 Jul); Baythroid 2E, 0.033 lb Al/acr + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (18 Jul, applied to border rows only); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (28 Jul); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (2 Aug); Karate IE, 0.03 lb Al/acre + Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Lannate LV 2.4, 0.24 lb Al/acre (10 Aug); and Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Orthene 90S, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Confirm 2F, 0.125 lb Al/acre (25 Aug). Percent defoliation from insect feeding and number of damaged bolls per 3 meters was determined on 30 Aug. The center four rows of the plots were harvested on 12 Oct. Plots were harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted to lbs. seedcotton/acre.
Spanworm Control, 1995
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 25 May for early to middle instar BS larval control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Columbia, (Test 1) and Cherryfield (Test 2), Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment (4 for Cryolite, Marlate, no insecticide in Test 1), with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Treatments were blocked according to population levels. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 5-10% tight cluster, 85-90% loose cluster and 5% bloom. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot. The larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test.
Blueberry, Early Season Control of Cranberry Fruitworm and Cherry Fruitworm, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes near Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments plots were arranged in a CRD of two 44 foot-long rows containing a total of 22 bushes, replicated 4 times. Untreated control plots contained 3 rows of blueberries (33 bushes). Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. Applications of materials were made on 9 Jun (1st egg laying) and 15 Jun (Petal Fall) as indicated in the tables. CBFW and CFW injury was assessed by sampling fruit twice weekly from 8 Jun to 29 Jun. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA followed by Fischer’s LSD multiple comparison procedure for sample dates with significant main treatment effects (P ≤ 0.05). Larval counts for 15, 19, 26, and 29 Jun were transformed using Log(x +1).
Evaluation of Bas 300 111 for Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus 1995
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental BAS 300 1II tank-mixed with Bond sticker, NR 435 spray oil, or Bond sticker and Champ copper fungicide, were compared to Vendex + Bond sticker. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 5 trees each in a block of 10-yr-old grapefruit on 15 X 28 ft spacing. Applications were made on 28 Apr using an FMC 1229 commercial single volute sprayer with nozzling, pressure and speed calibrated to deliver 250 gpa. At 7-day-intervals post spray, 25 fruit were randomly selected from the center 3 trees in each plot and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. At harvest, 12 randomly sampled fruit from each tree (60 per treatment replicate) were evaluated for CRM feeding damage. If one third of the fruit surface area was damaged it was downgraded to process or juice fruit. The percent of downgraded fruit for each treatment was determined and expressed as percent russet.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1995
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1995 in Field 4142 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. Five treatments were compared against an untreated control using 200 gpa and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). The field was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and replicated twice in each field; each plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. Ten data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 10 fruit randomly selected from each data tree (100 fruit per plot, 200 fruit per treatment in each field). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct, 1995 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Apple, Obliquebanded Leafroller Control with Spinosad, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Abamectin and Chlorpyrifos in Spring, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Spinosad, 80% (formulation NAF-127, DowElanco); Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories), abamectin Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (Merck & Co., Inc.) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E, DowElanco) were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard in Mattawa, WA. The trees were 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to 12-tree plots replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip. Application dates were 5 Apr (pink) and 9 May (petal fall). Approximate application timings with regard to plant development stage are shown in the table. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 24 May by a count of the total number of live OBLR larvae on all trees of a treatment replication. Live larvae were collected to observe sublethal effects. Surviving larvae were reared on artificial leafroller diet in 3.25 oz portion cups until death or adult emergence. Any deformities possibly resulting from exposure to an insect growth regulator were recorded. Weather was good, calm winds and moderate temperatures, at the time of applications.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Spring and Fall Planted Snapbeans, 1995
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A spring and a fall planting of snapbeans were made at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA on 18 May and 03 Aug, respectively. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft long rows planted on 3 ft row spacing and replicated 4 times in a RCBD. An untreated guard row separated each plot. The experimental design and the treatments were identical in both plantings. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/ row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied at the appearance of the first trifoliate leaves (spring - 14 Jun, fall - 29 Aug), at beginning bloom (spring - 26 Jun, fall - 11 Sep), and at pin stage pod formation (spring - 30 Jun, fall - 20 Sep). Additional sprays of Asana XL and Asana SP at 0.20 lb(AI)/acre were applied on 21 Jun in the spring and 5 Sep in the fall. No phytotoxicity was observed at this rate of active ingredient for either formulation. Fifty pods/plot were hand-harvested on 11 Jul (spring planting) and 29 Sep (fall planting) and rated for insect damage. The plots were mechanically harvested (both rows) on 12 Jul (spring planting) and 03 Oct (fall planting) and weighed to determine yields. The percent damaged pods was calculated from the 50 pod subsample and subtracted from the yields (adjusted yield).
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Broccoli, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Broccoli was direct seeded into double-row beds on 19 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. A single foliar application was made on 15 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.25% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (&gt; 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on 10 randomly selected broccoli plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted the day of application, 15 Oct, and at 4 days after treatment, 19 Oct (4 DAT).
Control of Insect Pests on Cabbage with Spinosad, 1996
Authors: McEnhill E. , Grafius E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two rates of Spinosad were tested in Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm, in East Lansing, MI, for the control of imported cabbageworm, cabbage looper, and diamondback moth and their effect on beneficial insects. Seedlings were transplanted on 18 July at 2-ft spacing into four row plots 40 feet long. There was a 10-ft untreated zone between each plot within each row and an untreated row (3-ft spacing) on either side of the plots. Treatments were replicated three times and assigned to plots in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with a single boom (40 psi, 20 gal/A), on 12 and 23 Aug. and 4 Sep. All insects on 10 randomly selected plants were sampled in each plot on 7, and 16 Aug, and 2 and 10 Sep. The percent defoliation of outer leaves was assessed on 17 Sep, when 8-10 heads per plot were harvested. These were then rated for marketability: no damage, slight damage (damage to outer leaves of head only), or unmarketable (damage to head beyond outer couple of leaves).