bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of CPTED and space syntax for the analysis of crime
Authors: Matijosaitiene Irina 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to combine both Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and space syntax for the more detailed and overall analysis of built environment in terms of crime. The author is aiming to verify the designed research methodology by its application in cities that are similar in terms of size and population, and are very different in culture and location: New Haven (USA) and Kaunas (Lithuania).Design/methodology/approach– Based on CPTED strategies the factors of urban environment are analyzed, such as topological depth from private space to a public space, density of entrances and windows, street’s constitutedness, inter-visibility, land use, blind walls, segment’s accessibility, greenery, lighting, objects of small architecture, graffiti. Space syntax method is applied for the analysis of the following topological properties of urban spaces: integration, choice, depth, connectivity.Findings– The combination of both methods revels that choice and depth of urban spaces are related to robberies, and connectivity and depth are related to thefts from motor vehicles in New Haven. Integration and depth are related to thefts from motor vehicles in Kaunas. According to the correlation analysis results, in Kaunas more robberies happen in common use areas, and more thefts from cars happen in the spaces with blind walls and dense abandoned greenery. In New Haven more thefts from motor vehicles happen in spaces with blind walls. In both cities with the increase of the topological depth the thefts from motor vehicles increase too.Originality/value– Based on the research results recommendations on urban planning and design are developed. The implementation of the recommendations might make New Haven and Kaunas safer.
What are the support needs of women with learning disabilities who have been abused?
Authors: McCarthy Michelle 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– In discussing some of the issues arising from the article by Angela Olsen and Catherine Carter, the purpose of this paper is to draw readers’ attention to the various support needs women with learning disabilities may have.Design/methodology/approach– Critical analysis based on review of literature and the author’s research and practice-based experience.Findings– Women with learning disabilities have similar support needs to other women who have experienced violence and abuse. However, in order to get their needs met, they need access to information, support from professionals and to share experiences with other women.Originality/value– This commentary encourages readers to view the abuse of women with learning disabilities in a broad social context and to use all the knowledge available to protect and empower individuals, whilst at the same time demanding social changes to end discrimination and abuse.
Animating the Urban Vortex: New Sociological Urgencies
Authors: Hall Suzanne , Savage Mike 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe current era of global urbanization is defined by a convergence of economic and political crises requiring urgent sociological reflection on the meaning of the ‘urban' today. This article responds to the current rethinking of worldwide processes of urbanization sparked off by Brenner, and Brenner and Schmid, arguing for a renewed sociological approach to urban formations that probes beyond the economic logic of urban ‘de‐territorialization', towards the capricious life‐worlds and forms of planetary organization that define the urban. We pursue a theory of the ‘urban vortex' to capture the maelstrom of disorienting crises since 2008, and explicate the social formations implicated in the construction, materialization and practice of power and transgression in cities today. Our aim is to consider what forms of social change emerge in volatile, intense and centralized dynamics (the urban vortex), and how this might relate to arrangements of interconnectivity, particularity and variegation (the planetary). The article highlights three prominent processes of urban social formation: accumulation, stratification and hyper‐diversity—reinstating the need to theorize the centrality of the city within the formations of twenty‐first century capitalism.
Chemical Quality of Raw Milk Retentate processed by Ultra‐filtration or Reverse Osmosis at the Dairy Farm
Authors: Sørensen Ida , Jensen Søren , Ottosen Niels , Neve Tommas , Wiking Lars 
Published: December 2015

Concentrating raw milk at the dairy farms – rather than at the dairy – reduces energy consumption and CO2 emission, due to less road transportation of the milk. This study demonstrates whether it is possible to use either reverse osmosis or ultra‐filtration for milk concentration at the farm without harming the milk quality, regarding lipolysis and proteolysis. Filtration at low temperature (4 °C) secures a good milk quality. Despite reverse osmosis operating at much higher feed pressures, the effect on lipolysis is small, which makes this technology the most applicable, as lactose is withhold in retentate.
Allocating Grant to the UK's Devolved Territories by Needs Assessment: Lessons from School Funding Formulae in England and Scotland
Authors: King David , Eiser David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe UK's devolved governments (DGs) receive block grants to finance almost all their expenditure. The Barnett formula used to calculate these grants is often criticised because it does not consider the DGs’ spending needs. However, the feasibility of allocating block grants by needs assessment is often questioned, given the contestability of spending needs.This paper compares the formula used within England to assess the education spending needs of local authorities there with the equivalent Scottish formula, by using each formula in turn to calculate the relative spending needs of the UK territories. The rationale is to consider how similar the two formulae are in how they estimate the territories’ relative spending needs for education, a major responsibility of the DGs.The results show that the English and Scottish education allocation formulae produce similar estimates of the territories’ relative education spending needs. This suggests that it may be more feasible to allocate education resources to the UK's devolved territories based on needs assessment than some have suggested. The results also suggest some inequity in current patterns of education spending across the UK.
Assessing the Food Safety Knowledge of University of Maine Students
Authors: Ferk Chelsea C. , Calder Beth L. , Camire Mary Ellen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFoodborne illness is a global public health issue. Young adults may work in foodservice while they are university students, and their habits may later shape the practices and well‐being of their children. The objective of this study was to establish baseline data and assess the food safety knowledge of 18‐ to 26‐year‐old Univ. of Maine students. Demographic questions and the previously validated Food Safety Knowledge Questionnaire (FSKQ) were placed online. Of 123 people who responded to the email recruitment notice, 104 Univ. of Maine undergraduates aged 18 to 26 years completed the survey. The average score among all participants was 60% correct (53 points out of a possible 89 points). Survey questions that required participants to identify common sources of foodborne pathogens had the lowest average percent correct (31%). Less than 50% of participants were able to correctly identify several high‐risk foods, including sliced melon, raw sprouts, and unpasteurized fruit juice. Our findings indicate a need for educational programs for 18‐ to 26‐year‐old Univ. of Maine students in regards to common sources of foodborne pathogens and proper handling of fresh produce and that food safety knowledge among university students has not improved since publication of a national survey using the FSKQ in 2006. Effective educational programs are needed to ensure that young adults understand food risks and appropriate food handling practices.
Toward Determining Best Practices for Recruiting Future Leaders in Food Science and Technology
Authors: Stevenson Clinton D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThere is a shortage of qualified food scientists in the workforce that has adverse consequences for the quality and safety of our food supply. The Institute of Food Technologists and other institutions have initiated and continue to initiate outreach programs; however, an analysis of the effectiveness of these efforts has not yet come to fruition. The potential for determining best practices in recruitment is infinite. This manuscript provides a brief review of the possibilities for leveraging Social Cognitive Career Theory and various research instruments toward determining best practices in recruiting future generations of food science and technology professionals.
True Density Prediction of Garlic Slices Dehydrated by Convection
Authors: López‐Ortiz Anabel , Rodríguez‐Ramírez Juan , Méndez‐Lagunas Lilia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPhysiochemical parameters with constant values are employed for the mass‐heat transfer modeling of the air drying process. However, structural properties are not constant under drying conditions. Empirical, semi‐theoretical, and theoretical models have been proposed to describe true density (ρp). These models only consider the ideal behavior and assume a linear relationship between ρp and moisture content (X); nevertheless, some materials exhibit a nonlinear behavior of ρp as a function of X with a tendency toward being concave‐down. This comportment, which can be observed in garlic and carrots, has been difficult to model mathematically. This work proposes a semi‐theoretical model for predicting ρp values, taking into account the concave‐down comportment that occurs at the end of the drying process. The model includes the ρs dependency on external conditions (air drying temperature (Ta)), the inside temperature of the garlic slices (Ti), and the moisture content (X) obtained from experimental data on the drying process. Calculations show that the dry solid density (ρs) is not a linear function of Ta, X, and Ti. An empirical correlation for ρs is proposed as a function of Ti and X. The adjustment equation for Ti is proposed as a function of Ta and X. The proposed model for ρp was validated using experimental data on the sliced garlic and was compared with theoretical and empirical models that are available in the scientific literature. Deviation between the experimental and predicted data was determined. An explanation of the nonlinear behavior of ρs and ρp in the function of X, taking into account second‐order phase changes, are then presented.
Rare phenotypes in domestic animals: unique resources for multiple applications
Authors: Leroy G. , Besbes B. , Boettcher P. , Hoffmann I. , Capitan A. , Baumung R. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryPreservation of specific and inheritable phenotypes of current or potential future importance is one of the main purposes of conservation of animal genetic resources. In this review, we investigate the issues behind the characterisation, utilisation and conservation of rare phenotypes, considering their multiple paths of relevance, variable levels of complexity and mode of inheritance. Accurately assessing the rarity of a given phenotype, especially a complex one, is not a simple task, because it requires the phenotypic and genetic characterisation of a large number of animals and populations and remains dependent of the scale of the study. Once characterised, specific phenotypes may contribute to various purposes (adaptedness, production, biological model, aesthetics, etc.) with adequate introgression programmes, which justifies the consideration of (real or potential) existence of such characteristics inin situorex situconservation strategies. Recent biotechnological developments (genomic and genetic engineering) will undoubtedly bring important changes to the way phenotypes are characterised, introgressed and managed.
Insertion of intrauterine contraceptive devices by registered nurses in Australia
Authors: Kemeny Fiona , Digiusto Erol , Bateson Deborah 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundIn spite of many advantages, intrauterine contraception (IUC) is underutilised in Australia: only 5% of Australian women using contraceptive methods in 2011 were using IUC.AimsIn 2012, Family Planning New South Wales (FPNSW) commenced training registered nurses (RNs) to insert IUC. This article reports outcomes of insertion attempts by the first four trained RNs and suggests strategies for increasing IUC utilisation in Australia.Materials and MethodsData regarding client characteristics and outcomes of insertion attempts, including relevant adverse events that occurred during a 6‐month follow‐up period after the IUC insertions, were retrospectively extracted from the FPNSW clinical record system and analysed in SPSS.ResultsOf 207 insertion attempts by RNs, 91% were successful without Medical Officer (MO) assistance. The likelihood of insertion attempts being successful did not differ significantly between nulliparous and parous clients. Incidence of a postinsertion adverse event was equal to or less than rates in previous studies. All adverse events involved parous clients.ConclusionsWe have shown that RNs who undertook competency‐based IUC insertion training had a high rate of successful insertions and a low rate of adverse outcomes. Utilisation of IUC in Australia could be increased by engaging RNs as inserters, and it is timely to review the barriers that make it difficult for private medical services to employ RNs to insert IUC.
Clonal architecture of CXCR4 WHIM‐like mutations in Waldenström Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Xu Lian , Hunter Zachary R. , Tsakmaklis Nicholas , Cao Yang , Yang Guang , Chen Jie , Liu Xia , Kanan Sandra , Castillo Jorge J. , Tai Yu‐Tzu , Zehnder James L. , Brown Jennifer R. , Carrasco Ruben D. , Advani Ranjana , Sabile Jean M. , Argyropoulos Kimon , Lia Palomba M. , Morra Enrica , Trojani Alessandra , Greco Antonino , Tedeschi Alessandra , Varettoni Marzia , Arcaini Luca , Munshi Nikhil M. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Treon Steven P. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryCXCR4WHIM somatic mutations are distinctive to Waldenström Macroglobulinaemia (WM), and impact disease presentation and treatment outcome. The clonal architecture of CXCR4WHIM mutations remains to be delineated. We developed highly sensitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (AS‐PCR) assays for detecting the most common CXCR4WHIM mutations (CXCR4S338X C>A and C>G) in WM. The AS‐PCR assays detected CXCR4S338X mutations in WM and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) patients not revealed by Sanger sequencing. By combined AS‐PCR and Sanger sequencing, CXCR4WHIM mutations were identified in 44/102 (43%), 21/62 (34%), 2/12 (17%) and 1/20 (5%) untreated WM, previously treated WM, IgM MGUS and marginal zone lymphoma patients, respectively, but no chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non‐IgM MGUS patients or healthy donors. Cancer cell fraction analysis in WM and IgM MGUS patients showed CXCR4S338X mutations were primarily subclonal, with highly variable clonal distribution (median 35·1%, range 1·2–97·5%). Combined AS‐PCR and Sanger sequencing revealed multiple CXCR4WHIM mutations in many individual WM patients, including homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations validated by deep RNA sequencing. The findings show that CXCR4WHIM mutations are more common in WM than previously revealed, and are primarily subclonal, supporting their acquisition after MYD88L265P in WM oncogenesis. The presence of multiple CXCR4WHIM mutations within individual WM patients may be indicative of targeted CXCR4 genomic instability.
Conservative management of staghorn calculi: a single‐centre experience
Authors: Deutsch Peter G. , Subramonian Kesavapilla 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcomes of conservatively managed staghorn calculi, specifically looking at morbidity and mortality, incidence of infections and progressive changes in renal function.Patients and MethodsA total of 22 patients with unilateral or bilateral staghorn calculi, who were treated conservatively, were included in the study. Patients were reviewed yearly with symptom assessment, urine culture and measurement of estimated glomerular filtration rate.ResultsThe presentations to the urology department of staghorn calculi were incidental (41%), haematuria (36%), abdominal discomfort (5%) and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs; 18%). The reasons for conservative management in the cohort were comorbidities (59%), patient choice (36%) or poor access/anatomy (5%). In the whole cohort the rate of recurrent UTIs was 50%, the progressive renal failure rate was 14%, the disease‐specific mortality rate was 9%, the dialysis dependence rate was 9% and the rate of hospital attendances attributable to stone‐related morbidity was 27%. Comparison of outcome measures between the unilateral and bilateral staghorn stones showed statistically significant differences in disease‐specific mortality (0 vs 40%) and morbidity (12 vs 80%) in favour of the unilateral group. Although there was a lower incidence of UTIs (41 vs 80%), renal deterioration (6 vs 40%) and dialysis requirement (6 vs 20%) in the unilateral group, these findings were not statistically significant.ConclusionsFrom the results, we conclude that conservative management of staghorn calculi is not as unsafe as previously thought. Careful patient selection to include unilateral asymptomatic stones with minimal infection, and thorough counselling with regard to the risks, could make conservative management a suitable option for specific patient groups.
Lack of allergy to timothy grass pollen is not a passive phenomenon but associated with the allergen‐specific modulation of immune reactivity
Authors: Hinz D. , Seumois G. , Gholami A. M. , Greenbaum J. A. , Lane J. , White B. , Broide D. H. , Schulten V. , Sidney J. , Bakhru P. , Oseroff C. , Wambre E. , James E. A. , Kwok W. W. , Peters B. , Vijayanand P. , Sette A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundTimothy grass (TG) pollen is a common seasonal airborne allergen associated with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize changes in TG‐specific T cell responses as a function of seasonality.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from allergic individuals and non‐allergic controls, either during the pollen season or out of season, were stimulated with either TG extract or a pool of previously identified immunodominant antigenic regions.ResultsPBMCs from allergic subjects exhibit higher IL‐5 and IL‐10 responses in season than when collected out of season. In the case of non‐allergic subjects, as expected we observed lower IL‐5 responses and robust production of IFN‐γ compared to allergic individuals. Strikingly, non‐allergic donors exhibited an opposing pattern, with decreased immune reactivity in season. The broad down‐regulation in non‐allergic donors indicates that healthy individuals are not oblivious to allergen exposure, but rather react with an active modulation of responses following the antigenic stimulus provided during the pollen season. Transcriptomic analysis of allergen‐specific T cells defined genes modulated in concomitance with the allergen exposure and inhibition of responses in non‐allergic donors.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceMagnitude and functionality of T helper cell responses differ substantially in season vs. out of season in allergic and non‐allergic subjects. The results indicate the specific and opposing modulation of immune responses following the antigenic stimulation during the pollen season. This seasonal modulation reflects the enactment of specific molecular programmes associated with health and allergic disease.
Determinants of heroin retail prices in metropolitan France: Discounts, purity and local markets
Authors: Lahaie Emmanuel , Janssen Eric , Cadet‐Taïrou Agnès 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsField studies have indicated a recent increase in heroin availability and use in France, and yet very little is known about the mechanisms underlying heroin retail prices. This paper offers a first attempt at identifying the determinants of heroin pricing, to measure quantity discounts and assess the influence of purity on street prices, while controlling for a geographical effect.Design and MethodsData on heroin samples were collected during 2011 in seven urban areas of metropolitan France. Ordinary least squares regression was used to model the associations between price, quantity, purity and other independent variables.ResultsQuantity remains the most influential variable on heroin pricing. We estimate that a 10% increase in the size of a transaction leads to a 2.3% decrease in the unit price. Assessed purity proved to be significant, although in modest proportion. Sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender, users' experience and relationships with dealers, proved to be insignificant. Heroin retail prices vary according to a geographical gradient related to the routes of entry and distribution.Discussion and ConclusionsAs a credence good, heroin retail prices in France are affected by more than simply the traditional supply and demand relationship. The results of this study also underline the limitations of a quantitative framework and should be complemented by further ethnographic research to obtain an in‐depth understanding of local markets. Policies should be designed to better take local disparities into account.[Lahaie E, Janssen E, Cadet‐Taïrou A. Determinants of heroin retail prices in metropolitan France:Discounts, purity and local markets. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:597–604]
Collagens XV and XVIII show different expression and localisation in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: type XV appears in tumor stroma, while XVIII becomes upregulated in tumor cells and lost from microvessels
Authors: Karppinen Sanna‐Maria , Honkanen Hanne‐Kaisa , Heljasvaara Ritva , Riihilä Pilvi , Autio‐Harmainen Helena , Sormunen Raija , Harjunen Vanessa , Väisänen Marja‐Riitta , Väisänen Timo , Hurskainen Tiina , Tasanen Kaisa , Kähäri Veli‐Matti , Pihlajaniemi Taina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs the second most common skin malignancy, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is an increasing health concern, while its pathogenesis at molecular level remains largely unknown. We studied the expression and localisation of two homologous basement membrane (BM) collagens, types XV and XVIII, at different stages of cSCC. These collagens are involved in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, but their role in cancer development is incompletely understood. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed upregulation of collagen XVIII, but not collagen XV, in primary cSCC cells in comparison with normal human epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, the Ha‐ras‐transformed invasive cell line II‐4 expressed high levels of collagen XVIII mRNA, indicating upregulation in the course of malignant transformation. Immunohistochemical analyses of a large human tissue microarray material showed that collagen XVIII is expressed by tumor cells from grade 1 onwards, while keratinocytes in normal skin and in premalignant lesions showed negative staining for it. Collagen XV appeared instead as deposits in the tumor stroma. Our findings in human cSCCs and in mouse cSCCs from the DMBA‐TPA skin carcinogenesis model showed that collagen XVIII, but not collagen XV or the BM markers collagen IV or laminin, was selectively reduced in the tumor vasculature, and this decrease associated significantly with cancer progression. Our results demonstrate that collagens XV and XVIII are expressed in different sites of cSCC and may contribute in a distinct manner to processes related to cSCC tumorigenesis, identifying these collagens as potential biomarkers in the disease.