bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human immunodeficiency virus‐associated heart failure in sub‐Saharan Africa: evolution in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations in the antiretroviral era
Authors: Ntusi Ntobeko A. B. , Ntsekhe Mpiko 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe survival of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who have access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically increased in recent times. This review focuses on HIV‐associated heart failure in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). In HIV infected persons, heart failure may be related to pathology of the pericardium, the myocardium, the valves, the conduction system, or the coronary and pulmonary vasculature. HIV‐associated heart failure can be because of direct consequences of HIV infection, autoimmune reactions, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, opportunistic infections (OIs) or neoplasms, use of ART or therapy for OIs and presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Myocardial involvement includes diastolic dysfunction, asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, fibrosis, and steatosis. Pericardial diseases include pericarditis, pericardial effusions (rarely causing tamponade), pericardial constriction, and effusive‐constrictive syndromes. Coronary artery disease is commonly reported in industrial nations, although its prevalence is thought to be low in HIV‐infected persons from SSA.
Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice
Authors: Baron R. , Binder A. , Attal N. , Casale R. , Dickenson A.H. , Treede R‐D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveLow back pain (LBP) is one of the most common chronic pain conditions. This paper reviews the available literature on the role of neuropathic mechanisms in chronic LBP and discusses implications for its clinical management, with a particular focus on pharmacological treatments.Databases and data treatmentLiterature searches were performed in PubMed, key pain congresses and ProQuest Dialog to identify published evidence on neuropathic back pain and its management. All titles were assessed for relevant literature.ResultsChronic LBP comprises both nociceptive and neuropathic components, however, the neuropathic component appears under‐recognized and undertreated. Neuropathic pain (NP) is challenging to manage. Many patients with chronic LBP have pain that is refractory to existing treatments. Typically, less than half of patients experience clinically meaningful analgesia with oral pharmacotherapies; these are also associated with risks of adverse effects. Paracetamol and NSAIDs, although widely used for LBP, are unlikely to ameliorate the neuropathic component and data on the use of NP medications such as antidepressants and gabapentin/pregabalin are limited. While there is an unmet need for improved treatment options, recent data have shown tapentadol to have efficacy in the neuropathic component of LBP, and studies suggest that the capsaicin 8% patch and lidocaine 5% medicated plaster, topical analgesics available for the treatment of peripheral NP, may be a valuable additional approach for the management of neuropathic LBP.ConclusionsChronic LBP often has an under‐recognized neuropathic component, which can be challenging to manage, and requires improved understanding and better diagnosis and treatment.What does this review add?Increased recognition and improved understanding of the neuropathic component of low back pain raises the potential for the development of mechanism‐based therapies.Open and retrospective studies suggest that agents like tapentadol and topical analgesics — such as the capsaicin 8% patch and the lidocaine 5% medicated plaster — may be effective options for the treatment of neuropathic low back pain in defined patient groups.
On the authentication and re‐authentication protocols in LTE‐WLAN interworking architecture
Authors: Alezabi Kamal Ali , Hashim Fazirulhisyam , Hashim Shaiful J. , Ali Borhanuddin M. , Jamalipour Abbas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFor mobile users, interworking environment composed of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and wireless local area network (WLAN) has become a practical consideration. As a prevalent technology, LTE has desirable features that support high data rate, mobile capabilities, good quality of service and wide coverage area. On the other hand, WLAN network provides higher bit rate but weaker mobility support. Additional features such as cost effectiveness on covering signal‐deadzones of LTE networks and its plentiful bandwidth for better good quality of service make the WLAN a complementary solution for LTE networks. Accordingly, the combination of both technologies would provide better system with higher privilege to both users and service providers. Recent development in LTE‐WLAN interworking has led to a need of authentication protocols that can provide secure and seamless handover process among such networks. Several studies have modified the existing authentication protocols, but they are limited to 3G‐WLAN interworking architecture. Besides, most of the existing authentication schemes are complex and vulnerable to network attacks (e.g. user identity disclosure). Extensible Authentication Protocol with improved authentication and key agreement protocol is introduced in this paper to present the new inter‐re‐authentication and intra‐re‐authentication protocols specified for the LTE‐WLAN interworking architecture. The proposed protocols are verified using Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications, and the performances are evaluated in terms of energy consumption, authentication delay and signalling cost. The results indicate that the proposed protocols are more secure and efficient compared with standard protocols. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing accidental residential fires: the role of human involvement in non‐injury house fires
Authors: Xiong Lin , Bruck Dorothy , Ball Michelle 
Published: March 2016

SummaryResearch to date has focused on causal descriptions of residential fire fatalities and injuries, with an emphasis on ignition factor. This paper examines if, how and why human actions or inactions lead to accidental residential fires and identifies the risk factors most closely associated with those fires caused by human unsafe behaviours. Interviews of 182 people who had survived accidental residential fires without serious injury were conducted. Each fire was classified as either of the following: (1) directly caused by human unsafe behaviours; (2) directly caused by human long‐term inactions; or (3) involved no human actions. Frequencies and odds ratio values were presented. Slightly less than half (46%) of the non‐injury fires were directly caused by human unsafe behaviours, 40% involved no human actions and 14% were associated with long‐term human inactions. Examination of the fires caused by human unsafe behaviours compared with no human involvement using odds ratios showed that individuals in the former group were significantly more likely to be mentally ill, physically disabled, asleep, not in full‐time paid employment and more intimate with ignition. Many non‐injury fires do not directly arise from unsafe activity, and most of them were caused by electrical or ignition system failure. New design innovations and/or improvements in appliances may reduce those fires due to appliance maintenance negligence or electrical faults. Identification of the most high‐risk individuals for unsafe behaviours can help inform fire safety educational programmes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Font Size, Stroke Width, and Character Complexity on the Legibility of Chinese Characters
Authors: Liu Na , Yu Ruifeng , Zhang Yunhong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of font size, stroke width, and character complexity on the legibility of Chinese characters. A within‐subjects design experiment was employed. Thirty‐six subjects participated in the experiment and completed the character‐search tasks in the pseudo‐texts. The search time per target character, correct response number, and correct response rate were used to measure the legibility. The results indicated that the font size and character complexity had significant effects on the legibility, while the effect of stroke width was not significant. All the two‐way interactions among the three display factors had significant effects on the legibility. Stroke width is critical to the legibility for characters with high‐level complexity, whereas font size is the critical factor influencing the legibility for characters with low‐level complexity. The combination of 12pt font size and 1:10 stroke width resulted in the best legibility for both character complexity levels. The findings provide useful information for the font design of Chinese texts displayed on a visual display terminal to improve the legibility.
Physically‐Based Modelling of the Post‐Fire Runoff Response of a Forest Catchment in Central Portugal: Using Field versus Remote Sensing Based Estimates of Vegetation Recovery
Authors: Van Eck Christel M. , Nunes Joao P. , Vieira Diana C. S. , Keesstra Saskia , Keizer Jan Jacob 
Published: March 2016

AbstractForest fires are a recurrent phenomenon in Mediterranean forests, with impacts for human landscapes and communities, which must be understood before they can be managed. This study used the physically based Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) to simulate rainfall–runoff response, under soil water repellent (SWR) conditions and different stages of vegetation recovery. Five rainfall–runoff events were selected, representing wet and dry conditions, spread over two years after a wildfire which burned eucalypt and maritime pine plantations in the Colmeal experimental micro‐catchment, central Portugal. Each event was simulated using three Leaf Area Index (LAI) estimates: indirect field‐based measurements (TC–LAI), NDVI‐based estimates derived from Landsat‐5 TM and Landsat‐7 ETM+ imagery (NDVI–LAI), and the LAI of a fully restored canopy to test model sensitivity to interception parameters. LISEM was able to simulate events in relative terms but underestimated peak runoff (r2 = 0·36, mean error = −31%, and NSE = −0·15) and total runoff (r2 = 0·52, mean error = −15% and NSE = 0·09), which could be related to the presence of SWR or saturated areas, according to pre‐rainfall soil moisture conditions. The model performed better for individual hydrographs, especially under wet conditions. Modelling the full‐cover scenario showed minor sensitivity of LISEM to the observed changes in LAI. NDVI–LAI data gave a close to equal model performance with TC–LAI and therefore can be considered a suitable substitute for ground‐based measurements in post‐fire runoff predictions. However, more attention should be given to representing pre‐rainfall soil moisture conditions and especially the presence of SWR. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular Response to Reagent‐Free Electron‐Irradiated Gelatin Hydrogels
Authors: Wisotzki Emilia I. , Friedrich Ralf P. , Weidt Astrid , Alexiou Christoph , Mayr Stefan G. , Zink Mareike 
Published: March 2016

As a biomaterial, it is well established that gelatin exhibits low cytotoxicity and can promote cellular growth. However, to circumvent the potential toxicity of chemical crosslinkers, reagent‐free crosslinking methods such as electron irradiation are highly desirable. While high energy irradiation has been shown to exhibit precise control over the degree of crosslinking, these hydrogels have not been thoroughly investigated for biocompatibility and degradability. Here, NIH 3T3 murine fibroblasts are seeded onto irradiated gelatin hydrogels to examine the hydrogel's influence on cellular viability and morphology. The average projected area of cells seeded onto the hydrogels increases with irradiation dose, which correlates with an increase in the hydrogel's shear modulus up to 10 kPa. Cells on these hydrogels are highly viable and exhibits normal cell cycles, particularly when compared to those grown on glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin hydrogels. However, proliferation is reduced on both types of crosslinked samples. To mimic the response of the hydrogels in physiological conditions, degradability is monitored in simulated body fluid to reveal strongly dose‐dependent degradation times. Overall, given the low cytotoxicity, influence on cellular morphology and variability in degradation times of the electron irradiated gelatin hydrogels, there is significant potential for application in areas ranging from regenerative medicine to mechanobiology.
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Sea breeze characteristics on two sides of a shallow gulf: study of the Gulf St Vincent in South Australia
Authors: Pazandeh Masouleh Zahra , Walker David John , Crowther John McCauley 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA study of the long‐term behaviour (1957–2007) of sea breeze characteristics in the coastal city of Adelaide, Australia has been undertaken, applying a sea breeze day selection algorithm that employed four quantitative filters based on the temperature of the sea and land surfaces and the behaviour of surface‐ and upper‐level winds.Despite the similarity of the daily surface wind circulation on non‐sea breeze days on both sides of Gulf St Vincent, the westerly wind component of selected sea breeze days for Adelaide has been accompanied by an easterly wind direction on the opposite side of the Gulf, as would be expected.In the last three decades of the study period, where a higher frequency of data was available, the sea breeze has been shown to start at least 4 h after sunrise and normally cease before sunset and thus was of longer duration in summer than in the other seasons. It also appears that the maximum sea breeze intensity in summer months has a comparatively stronger southerly component than in other seasons.
Triangular truncation and its extremal matrices
Authors: Zhou Weiqi 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe triangular truncation operator is a linear transformation that maps a given matrix to its strictly lower triangular part. The operator norm (with respect to the matrix spectral norm) of the triangular truncation is known to have logarithmic dependence on the dimension, and such dependence is usually illustrated by a specific Toeplitz matrix. However, the precise value of this operator norm as well as on which matrices can it be attained is still unclear. In this article, we describe a simple way of constructing matrices whose strictly lower triangular part has logarithmically larger spectral norm. The construction also leads to a sharp estimate that is very close to the actual operator norm of the triangular truncation. This research is directly motivated by our studies on the convergence theory of the Kaczmarz type method (or equivalently, the Gauß‐Seidel type method), the corresponding application of which is also included. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse association between altitude and obesity: A prevalence study among andean and low‐altitude adult individuals of Peru
Authors: Woolcott Orison O. , Gutierrez Cesar , Castillo Oscar A. , Elashoff Robert M. , Stefanovski Darko , Bergman Richard N. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the association between altitude and obesity in a nationally representative sample of the Peruvian adult population.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional analysis of publicly available data from the Food and Nutrition National Center (CENAN, Peru), period 2009‐2010. The Prevalence ratio of obesity and abdominal obesity was determined as a measure of association. Obesity and abdominal obesity were diagnosed based on direct anthropometric measurements.ResultsThe final data set consisted of 31,549 individuals ≥20 years old. The prevalence ratio of obesity was as follows: 1.00 between 0 and 499 m (reference category), 1.00 (95% confidence interval 0.87‐1.16) between 500‐1,499 m, 0.74 (0.63‐0.86) between 1,500‐2,999 m, and 0.54 (0.45‐0.64) at ≥3,000 m, adjusting for age, sex, self‐reported physical activity, out‐migration rate, urbanization, poverty, education, and geographical latitude and longitude. In the same order, the adjusted prevalence ratio of abdominal obesity was 1.00, 1.01 (0.94‐1.07), 0.93 (0.87‐0.99), and 0.89 (0.82‐0.95), respectively. We found an interaction between altitude and sex and between altitude and age (P < 0.001, for both interactions) on the association with obesity and abdominal obesity.ConclusionsAmong Peruvian adult individuals, we found an inverse association between altitude and obesity, adjusting for multiple covariates. This adjusted association varied by sex and age.
Type 1 diabetes cadaveric human pancreata exhibit a unique exocrine tissue proteomic profile
Authors: Liu Chih‐Wei , Atkinson Mark A. , Zhang Qibin 
Published: March 2016

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder resulting from a self‐destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. The complete proteome of the human pancreas, where both the dysfunctional beta cells and their proximal environment co‐exist, remains unknown. Here, we used TMT10‐based isobaric labeling and multidimensional LC‐MS/MS to quantitatively profile the differences between pancreatic head region tissues from T1D (N = 5) and healthy subjects (N = 5). Among the 5357 (1% false discovery rate) confidently identified proteins, 145 showed statistically significant dysregulation between T1D and healthy subjects. The differentially expressed pancreatic proteome supports the growing notion of a potential role for exocrine pancreas involvement in T1D. This study also demonstrates the utility for this approach to analyze dysregulated proteins as a means to investigate islet biology, pancreatic pathology and T1D pathogenesis.
Development of ZnSe‐based organic–inorganic hybrid UV‐APDs array
Authors: Abe Tomoki , Inoue Ryoichi , Fujimoto Takeru , Tanaka Kenta , Uchida Shigeto , Kasada Hirofumi , Ando Koshi , Ichino Kunio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecently, we have developed organic (PEDOT:PSS)–inorganic (ZnSSe) hybrid avalanche photodiode (APD) with long life time and its array. In this article, we review the development of the organic–inorganic hybrid‐type ZnSe‐based UV‐APDs array. We used PEDOT:PSS as UV transparent hole‐transport conducting polymer window layers formed by inkjet printing technique. We have successfully fabricated low dark current ultraviolet hybrid APDs. The hybrid APD device has exhibited very low voltage APD operation at 29 V and extremely low dark current of 10‐11 A/mm2 in the avalanche breakdownregion. The hybrid APD also has shown maximum multiplication factor of 45 and high sensitivity ∼ 3 A/W at the ultraviolet region (∼ 300 nm). A stable device operation is established using polyimide passivation and sealed package with N2 atmosphere. We also demonstrated integrated devices operation in APD mode with very small photosignal cross‐talk of ‐50 dB. The tail of current‐profile was determined as 8 μm by using in‐plane electron‐beam induced current (EBIC) measurement. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time delays, competitive interdependence, and firm performance
Authors: Luoma Jukka , Ruutu Sampsa , King Adelaide Wilcox , Tikkanen Henrikki 
Published: March 2016

Research summary: Competitors' experiences of prior interactions shape patterns of rivalry over time. However, mechanisms that influence learning from competitive experience remain largely unexamined. We develop a computational model of dyadic rivalry to examine how time delays in competitors' feedback influence their learning. Time delays are inevitable because the process of executing competitive moves takes time, and the market's responses unfold gradually. We analyze how these lags impact learning and, subsequently, firms' competitive behavior, industry profits, and performance heterogeneity. In line with the extant learning literature, our findings reveal that time delays hinder learning from experience. However, this counterintuitively increases rivals' profits by reducing their investments in costly head‐to‐head competition. Time delays also engender performance heterogeneity by causing rivals' paths of competitive behavior to diverge.Managerial summary: While competitive actions such as new product launches, geographical expansion, and marketing campaigns require up‐front resource commitments, the potential lift in profits takes time to materialize. This time delay, combined with uncertainty surrounding the outcomes of competitive actions, makes it difficult for managers to learn reliably from previous investment decisions. This results in systematic underinvestment in competitive actions. The severity of the underinvestment grows as the time delay between an investment and its positive results increases. Counterintuitively, however, competitors' collective underinvestment increases profit‐making opportunities. In industries with large time delays, companies that do invest in competitive actions are likely to enjoy high returns on investment. It is also likely that rivals' paths of competitive behavior bifurcate. Together, these mechanisms generate large differences in competitors' profits. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independent director death and CEO acquisitiveness: Build an empire or pursue a quiet life?
Authors: Shi Wei , Hoskisson Robert E. , Zhang Yan Anthea 
Published: March 2016

Research summary: This study examines the relationship between an independent director's death and CEO acquisitiveness. Using a sample of large U.S. public firms, we find that CEOs who have experienced an independent director's death undertake fewer acquisitions in the post‐director death period, in particular fewer large acquisitions. Our findings are consistent with the prediction of posttraumatic growth theory that mortality awareness can induce CEOs to reevaluate their life priorities and reduce the importance of extrinsic goals in their decision making. This study contributes to the strategic leadership literature by highlighting the influence of the death of CEOs' social peers on CEOs' strategic decisions.Managerial summary: Does the death of CEOs' social peers influence CEOs' strategic decisions? We find that CEOs who have experienced an independent director's death engage in fewer acquisitions in the post‐director death period, in particular fewer large acquisitions. One likely explanation for our findings is that the death of an independent director may heighten CEOs' mortality awareness, lead the CEOs to pursue a quieter life, and weaken their propensities for undertaking decisions (i.e., acquisitions) that increase their compensation and social status. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.