bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach in Hydrogeochemical Exploration for Uranium Mineralization: an Example from West Central Sinai, Egypt
Authors: Ahmed E. EL‐RAYES , Mohamed O. ARNOUS 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGroundwater in contact with ore deposits may acquire a chemical composition that could be used as a guide for exploration. Eight well‐water samples are collected from a known uranium‐mineralized area near Abu Zenima, west central Sinai to examine the applicability of using the hydrogeochemical technique in the search for uranium mineralization in similar arid areas. The analytical chemical data of the ground water is compared with ground radiometric measurements. The obtained results indicate that groundwater affected by uranium mineralization has a specific relativity of major anions expressed essentially as SO4>Cl>HCO3 and to a lesser extent as C1>SO4>HCO3, associated as a rule with low magnesium content. This association constitutes a signature of uranium mineralization on the composition of groundwater in west central Sinai and could be used as an important exploration guide in the search for uranium deposits in similar areas. Anomalies in Ni, Fe, Zn and Cr and other pathfinder elements in groundwater can furnish geochemical guides to uranium ores. The immobile trace element anomalies, including Zn, Ni and Fe are strongly distributed near the orebody; whereas the relatively mobile trace elements, including Co, U, V and Cr, constitute the dispersion haloes away from the orebody. A new hydrogeochemical discrimination diagram is constructed to be used as a quick and cost effective exploration tool in the search for uranium occurrences in environmentally similar arid areas. Based on the obtained results, a new site for uranium occurrence, west of W. Baba, is delineated and recommended for future detailed geological and geochemical surveying.
Division of Matrix‐ and Fracture‐Type Shale Oils in the Jiyang Depression and Their Differences
Authors: Fangxing NING , Xuejun WANG , Xuefeng HAO , Deyan ZHU , Deshun ZHU 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study discussed the division of matrix‐ and fracture‐type shale oils in the Jiyang Depression, and proposed the concept of fracture development coefficient. The fracture development coefficient is defined as the ratio of fault throw to the distance between a shale oil well and the nearest fault. Based on CO2 content, state of water, oil production and logging response of shale oil formations, the classification of shale oils was established, Le., a fracture‐type shale oil well has a fracture development coefficient greater than 0.2, while a matrix‐type one has a fracture development coefficient less than 0.2. Furthermore, the key control factors of matrix‐ and fracture‐type shale oil enrichment were analyzed using typical anatomical and statistical methods. For matrix‐type shale oil enrichment, these factors are lithofacies, total organic carbon (TOC), shale porosity and abnormal pressure; for fracture‐type shale oil enrichment, they are lithofacies, extent of fracture development, and abnormal pressure. This study also first described the differences between matrix‐ and fracture‐type shale oils. The results provide reference for the exploration of terrestrial faulted basins in eastern China.
Insights into the Tectonic Fractures in the Yanchang Formation Interbedded Sandstone‐Mudstone of the Ordos Basin Based on Core Data and Geomechanical Models
Authors: Wei JU , Weifeng SUN , Guiting HOU 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe distribution and intensity of tectonic fractures within geologic units are important to hydrocarbon exploration and development. Taken the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation interbedded sandstone‐mudstone in the Ordos Basin as an example, this study used the finite element method (FEM) based on geomechanical models to study the development of tectonic fractures. The results show that the sandstones tend to generate tectonic fractures more easily than mudstones with the same layer thickness, and the highest degree of tectonic fractures will be developed when the sandstone‐mudstone thickness ratio is about 5.0. A possible explanation is proposed for the tectonic fracture development based on two important factors of rock brittleness and mechanical layer thickness. Generally, larger rock brittleness and thinner layer thickness will generate more tectonic fractures. In interbedded sandstone‐mudstone formations, the rock brittleness increases with the increasing mechanical layer thickness, hence, these two factors will achieve a balance for the development of tectonic fractures when the sandstone‐mudstone thickness ratio reaches a specific value, and the development degree of tectonic fractures is the highest at this value.
Isotopic Geochemistry of Cadmium: A Review
Authors: Chuanwei ZHU , Hanjie WEN , Yuxu ZHANG , Yizhang LIU , Rongfei WEI 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a scarce, but not an extremely rare element in the Earth's crust (crustal average: 0.2 ppm Cd). Geochemically, Cd exhibits thiophile, lithophile, and volatile behavior in different geologic processes. Biologically, it is a nutrient‐like element that is closely related to P and Zn and is toxic element to organisms. Presently, Cd isotopes have been successfully utilized to trace Cd sources and nutrient cycling in marine systems in addition to unearthing other geochemical processes. Using published studies and our recent work, this survey summarizes the chemical preparation and mass spectrometry of Cd isotopes. It also reviews Cd isotopic compositions and fractionation mechanisms in nature as well as experiments.
Hydrogen and thiosulfate limits for growth of a thermophilic, autotrophic Desulfurobacterium species from a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent
Authors: Stewart Lucy C. , Llewellyn James G. , Butterfield David A. , Lilley Marvin D. , Holden James F. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryHydrothermal fluids (341°C and 19°C) were collected < 1 m apart from a black smoker chimney and a tubeworm mound on the Boardwalk edifice at the Endeavour Segment in the northeastern Pacific Ocean to study anaerobic microbial growth in hydrothermal mineral deposits. Geochemical modelling of mixed vent fluid and seawater suggests the mixture was anoxic above 55°C and that low H2 concentrations (79 μmol kg−1 in end‐member hydrothermal fluid) limit anaerobic hydrogenotrophic growth above this temperature. A thermophilic, hydrogenotrophic sulfur reducer, Desulfurobacterium strain HR11, was isolated from the 19°C fluid raising questions about its H2‐dependent growth kinetics. Strain HR11 grew at 40–77°C (Topt 72–75°C), pH 5–8.5 (pHopt 6–7) and 1–5% (wt vol−1) NaCl (NaClopt 3–4%). The highest growth rates occurred when S2O32− and S° were reduced to H2S. Modest growth occurred by NO3− reduction. Monod constants for its growth were Ks of 30 μM for H2 and Ks of 20 μM for S2O32− with a μmax of 2.0 h−1. The minimum H2 and S2O32− concentrations for growth were 3 μM and 5 μM respectively. Possible sources of S2O32− and S° are from abiotic dissolved sulfide and pyrite oxidation by O2.
Developing a validated instrument to measure preservice teachers’ ICT competencies: Meeting the demands of the 21st century
Authors: Tondeur Jo , Aesaert Koen , Pynoo Bram , van Braak Johan , Fraeyman Norbert , Erstad Ola 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to develop a self‐report instrument to measure preservice teachers’ ICT competencies in education. The questionnaire items of this instrument are based on an existing comprehensive framework and were created with input from experts in the field. The data were collected from a sample of 931 final‐year preservice teachers in Flanders (Belgium). A first subsample was used for an exploratory factor analysis, and a second one to verify the identified factor structure via confirmatory factor analysis. A two‐factor structure of ICT competencies was identified: (1) competencies to support pupils for ICT use in class and (2) competencies to use ICT for instructional design. This two‐factor structure was confirmed in the confirmatory factor analysis. Recommendations are made on how this reliable instrument can help assess the level and progress of preservice teachers’ ICT competencies.
Structure–activity relationship studies of citalopram derivatives: examining substituents conferring selectivity for the allosteric site in the 5‐HT transporter
Authors: Larsen M Andreas B , Plenge Per , Andersen Jacob , Eildal Jonas NN , Kristensen Anders S , Bøgesø Klaus P , Gether Ulrik , Strømgaard Kristian , Bang‐Andersen Benny , Loland Claus J 
Published: December 2015

Background and PurposeThe 5‐HT transporter (SERT) is a target for antidepressant drugs. SERT possesses two binding sites: the orthosteric (S1) binding site, which is the presumed target for current SERT inhibitors, and an allosteric (S2) site for which potential therapeutic effects are unknown. The antidepressant drug citalopram displays high‐affinity S1 binding and low‐affinity S2 binding. To elucidate a possible therapeutic role of allosteric inhibition of SERT, a drug that specifically targets the allosteric site is required. The purpose of this study was to find a compound having higher selectivity towards the S2 site.Experimental ApproachWe performed a systematic structure–activity relationship study based on the scaffold of citalopram and the structurally closely related congener, talopram, which shows low‐affinity S1 binding in SERT. The role of the four chemical substituents, which distinguish citalopram from talopram in conferring selectivity towards the S1 and S2 site, respectively, was assessed by determining the binding of 14 citalopram/talopram analogous to the S1 and S2 binding sites in SERT using membranes of COS7 cells transiently expressing SERT.Key ResultsThe structure–activity relationship study revealed that dimethyl citalopram possesses the highest affinity for the allosteric site relative to the S1 site in SERT and has approximately twofold selectivity for the allosteric site relative to the S1 site in SERT.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe compound could be a useful lead for future synthesis of drugs with high affinity and high selectivity towards the allosteric binding site.
Efficacy and safety of Gammaplex® 5% in children and adolescents with primary immunodeficiency diseases
Authors: Melamed I R , Gupta S , Stratford Bobbitt M , Hyland N , Moy J N 
Published: December 2015

Summary
This open-label multi-centre study evaluated Gammaplex® 5%, a human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 5% liquid, in 25 children and adolescent patients (aged 3–16 years) with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs). Subjects received Gammaplex 5% (at doses of 300–800 mg/kg/infusion) for 12 months, with a 3-month follow-up. The primary efficacy end-point was the incidence of serious acute bacterial infections (SABIs) during the 12-month treatment period. Secondary objectives assessed safety and tolerability. Nineteen males and six females were treated using the same infusion schedule as their prior IVIG treatment (14 and 11 subjects on 21- and 28-day dosing schedules, respectively). Two SABIs of pneumonia were reported, resulting in an annual SABI event rate of 0·09 [upper one-sided 99% confidence interval (CI) = 0·36]. Twenty-one subjects (84%) experienced ≥ 1 infection during the study, with a median infective episode per subject/year of 3·08 (range = 0–10·4). Sixteen subjects (64%) missed ≥ 1 day of nursery or school because of infection or other illness. All trough immunoglobulin G levels exceeded 7·00 g/l after 15 weeks (mean = 9·69 g/l; range = 7·04–15·35 g/l). Product-related adverse events occurred in 14 subjects (56%); none were serious. Of 368 total infusions, 97 (26%) were associated temporally with an adverse event (≤ 72 h after infusion), regardless of causality. Laboratory test results and adverse-reaction data showed no evidence of product-related haemolysis or thromboembolic events. These data demonstrate that Gammaplex 5% is effective in preventing SABIs and well tolerated in children and adolescents with PID.
Phenibut (4‐amino‐3‐phenyl‐butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity
Authors: Owen David R. , Wood David M. , Archer John R. H. , Dargan Paul I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThere has been a global increase in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) over the last decade. Phenibut (β‐phenyl‐γ‐aminobutyric acid) is a GABAB agonist that is used as an NPS. Here, we bring together published scientific and grey information sources to further understand the prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity of phenibut.Design and MethodsUsing European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Internet snapshot methodology, we undertook an English language Internet snapshot survey in May 2015 to gather information on the availability and price of phenibut from Internet NPS retailers. To gather information on prevalence of use, desired effects and/or adverse effects, we searched grey literature (online drug discussion forums) and medical literature (PubMed and abstracts from selected International Toxicology conferences).ResultsWe found 48 unrelated Internet suppliers selling phenibut in amounts ranging from 5 g (US$1.60, £1.01/g) to 1000 kg (US$0.23, £0.14/g). Capsules containing 200–500 mg of phenibut were available in packs of between 6 (US$4.45, £2.80/g) and 360 (US$0.43, £0.27/g). According to the grey literature, phenibut is taken for its anxiolytic and euphoric properties, with tolerance and withdrawal syndromes commonly reported adverse effects. Phenibut is taken orally at an average dose of 2.4 g. Case reports in the medical literature feature users who present to emergency departments heavily sedated or experiencing withdrawal. There have been no reported deaths relating to phenibut use.Discussion and ConclusionsPhenibut is readily available in the UK from Internet sites selling NPS. Its desired and adverse effects appear similar to other gamma‐aminobutyric acid receptor agonists. [Owen DR, Wood DM, Archer JRH, Dargan PI. Phenibut (4‐amino‐3‐phenyl‐butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:591–596]
Role of the general practitioner in providing early intervention for youth mental health: a mixed methods investigation
Authors: Leahy Dorothy , Schaffalitzky Elisabeth , Saunders Jean , Armstrong Claire , Meagher David , Ryan Patrick , Dooley Barbara , McNicholas Fiona , McGorry Patrick , Cullen Walter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionYouth suicide in Ireland is now the second highest in the European Union. General practitioners (GPs), as the health‐care professional most often consulted by young people, have a central role in early detection of youth mental health problems. However, evidence regarding the perspectives of young people and health‐care workers towards screening and treatment for such issues in primary care in Ireland is lacking.AimThis study aimed to examine the role of GP in providing early intervention and treatment for youth mental health problems.MethodsA mixed methods study that involved qualitative interviews with health‐care workers from primary care, secondary care and community agencies (n = 37) and young people (n = 20) in two of Ireland's most socioeconomically disadvantaged areas and a national cross‐sectional survey of GPs (n = 175) were carried out.ResultsGP satisfaction rates were low in regard to postgraduate training received in child and adolescent mental health (17%) and substance use (21%). Key barriers to treatment included the attitude of patients/families, lack of specialist staff, poor service availability and time. Access to services (66%), knowing which interventions can be initiated in primary care (44%), having appropriate time and space (47%) and access to a youth worker (42%) were the interventions most commonly identified that would facilitate screening and treatment.ConclusionThe research outlined potential implications for clinical practice, research and education such as promoting awareness of mental health and the role of the GP in helping these issues, education of practitioners and improving access to psychological treatments.
Parallel declines in species and genetic diversity driven by anthropogenic disturbance: a multispecies approach in a French Atlantic dune system
Authors: Frey David , Arrigo Nils , Granereau Gilles , Sarr Anouk , Felber François , Kozlowski Gregor 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNumerous studies assess the correlation between genetic and species diversities, but the processes underlying the observed patterns have only received limited attention. For instance, varying levels of habitat disturbance across a region may locally reduce both diversities due to extinctions, and increased genetic drift during population bottlenecks and founder events. We investigated the regional distribution of genetic and species diversities of a coastal sand dune plant community along 240 kilometers of coastline with the aim to test for a correlation between the two diversity levels. We further quantify and tease apart the respective contributions of natural and anthropogenic disturbance factors to the observed patterns. We detected significant positive correlation between both variables. We further revealed a negative impact of urbanization: Sites with a high amount of recreational infrastructure within 10 km coastline had significantly lowered genetic and species diversities. On the other hand, a measure of natural habitat disturbance had no effect. This study shows that parallel variation of genetic and species diversities across a region can be traced back to human landscape alteration, provides arguments for a more resolute dune protection, and may help to design priority conservation areas.
Species turnover in vertebrate communities along elevational gradients is idiosyncratic and unrelated to species richness
Authors: McCain Christy M. , Beck Jan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimStudies of species turnover commonly assume that turnover is a critical determinant of species richness patterns. But the concordance in patterns of turnover and species richness along gradients is poorly known. Here we characterize elevational patterns of species turnover and test whether turnover and species richness are strongly related.LocationSixty‐two elevation gradients world‐wide, from 17° S to 43° N.MethodsWe used elevational range data for six terrestrial vertebrate groups to characterize species turnover between neighbouring elevational bands. We measured turnover as Simpson's dissimilarity, a metric that is unaffected by measured differences in species richness among recorded samples. To assess differences from random patterns, elevational turnover was compared with three null models (hard, soft and no boundaries). Lastly, elevational turnover was compared with the combined species richness of neighbouring elevational bands. Analyses were conducted at three grain sizes (200, 400 and 800 m elevation).ResultsWe found no consistent, repeated patterns in elevational turnover. Variability among gradients was very high, with most datasets displaying multiple but inconsistently located peaks. Concordance between null predictions and empirical turnover was poor (average r2 for 200, 400 and 800m grains were: hard boundaries 0.06, 0.12 and 0.15; soft boundaries 0.06, 0.11 and 0.14; unbounded 0.03, 0.07 and 0.10; respectively), although many empirical values fell within the confidence intervals of the null model. Correlations of turnover and species richness were generally poor, but increased with analysis grain (average r2 = 0.19, 0.33 and 0.54, respectively).Main conclusionsTurnover cannot serve as a general explanation for richness patterns within elevational gradients. Elevational turnover patterns are highly idiosyncratic, change with scale, and are often indistinguishable from random patterns. Despite the common assertion that the highest species richness occurs where distinct, dominant communities turn over on mountains (e.g. low‐ and high‐elevation communities at a middle ecotone), we found no strong support for such Clementsian‐structured patterns.
Night as Fragmenting Frontier: Understanding the Night that Remains in an era of 24/7
Authors: Shaw Robert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSocial scientists have previously understood the night through a frontier metaphor. This has pitched night as an empty or lightly inhabited space into which the urban, capitalist day has been expanding. The contemporary increase in nocturnal research has complicated this picture, showing an increasing multiplicity of complexly lived, structured and experienced nights across the globe. This paper looks to retrieve the concept of night as frontier by drawing on postcolonial theories to generate a more subtle conceptualisation of ‘frontier’, while also arguing that recent research reveals that this frontier is now fragmenting. By exploring research into a series of core themes – artificial light at night and darkness; night‐lives; and global nights – I then explore what such an understanding of night allows us to say about current research. As nocturnal social science continues to mature, a more critical eye will need to be paid to the complexity of shifting power relations and identities within this fragmenting nocturnal frontier.
Discursive Constructions of Low‐income Neighbourhoods
Authors: Lombard Melanie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article provides a critical review of debates relating to discursive constructions of low‐income neighbourhoods. Drawing on literature from urban and development studies, it examines these issues in diverse contexts across the global North and South, in order to explore divergent and cross‐cutting themes from different periods and settings. In this way, it aims to show how interrogating apparently diverse and disconnected discourses may help to more clearly reveal their effects on low‐income neighbourhoods, in terms of the reflection and reproduction of marginalisation. It begins with a consideration of the power of discourses in terms of their potential for tangible effects in already marginalised neighbourhoods, including compounding existing spatial and social marginalisation. It then gives a brief relation of the historical context of discursive constructions of low‐income neighbourhoods, drawing on accounts which respond to processes of urbanisation in different times and places, to show how the same discursive tropes recur. This is followed by a section which explores resistance to these discursive tropes, and their enduring nature. The penultimate section examines recent theoretical interpretations which may hold the potential to account for both the place‐specific nature and the structural conditions of such discourses. The article concludes with a suggestion of how such an approach, even while offering a selective and partial view of discursive constructions of urban poverty, may offer the basis from which to contest them.