bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of diet on the efficacy of insulin lispro mix 25 and insulin lispro mix 50 as starter insulin in East Asian patients with type 2 diabetes: Subgroup analysis of the Comparison Between Low Mixed Insulin and Mid Mixed Insulin as Starter Insulin For Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (CLASSIFY Study) randomized trial
Authors: Chen Wei , Qian Lei , Watada Hirotaka , Li Peng Fei , Iwamoto Noriyuki , Imori Makoto , Yang Wen Ying 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe pathophysiology of diabetes differs between Asian and Western patients in many ways, and diet is a primary contributor. The present study examined the effect of diet on the efficacy of 25% insulin lispro/75% insulin lispro protamine suspension (LM25) and 50% insulin lispro/50% insulin lispro protamine suspension (LM50) as starter insulin in Chinese and Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control with oral antidiabetic medication.Materials and MethodsThis was a predefined subgroup analysis of a phase 4, open‐label, 26‐week, parallel‐arm, randomized (computer‐generated random sequence) trial (21 January 2013 to 22 August 2014). Nutritional intake was assessed from food records kept by participants before study drug administration. Outcomes assessed were changes from baseline in self‐monitored blood glucose, 1,5‐anhydroglucitol and glycated hemoglobin.ResultsIn total, 328 participants were randomized to receive twice‐daily LM25 (n = 168) or LM50 (n = 160). Median daily nutritional intake (by weight and percentage of total energy) was 230.8 g of carbohydrate (54%), 56.5 g of fat (31%) and 66 g of protein (15%). Improvements in self‐monitored blood glucose were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.028) in the LM50 group than in the LM25 group, regardless of nutritional intake. When carbohydrate (by weight or percentage energy) or fat (by weight) intake exceeded median levels, LM50 was significantly more efficacious than LM25 (P ≤ 0.026) in improving 1,5‐anhydroglucitol and glycated hemoglobin.ConclusionsGlycemic control improved in both LM25 and LM50 groups, but LM50 was significantly more efficacious under certain dietary conditions, particularly with increased carbohydrate intake.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Ptychodiscus noctiluca revealed the polyphyletic nature of the order Ptychodiscales (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Gómez Fernando , Qiu Dajun , Dodge John D. , Lopes Rubens M. , Lin Senjie 
Published: June 2016

The planktonic dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus noctiluca combined distinctive morphological features such as a disk‐shaped anteroposteriorly compressed cell body and an apical carina, together with a flexible and tough cell covering, suggesting intermediate characteristics between thecate and naked dinoflagellates. Ptychodiscus noctiluca was examined by light, epifluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy from specimens collected in the Mediterranean Sea and the North and South Atlantic Ocean. Ptychodiscus noctiluca showed a straight apical groove that bisected the carina, a cell covering with a polygonal surface reticulum, nucleus without capsule, sulcal intrusion in the episome, sulcal ventral flange, and yellowish‐green chloroplasts that are shared characters with Brachidinium/Karenia. The cell division was the typical binary fission of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates, although exceptionally in an oblique transversal axis. We examined the intraspecific variability during incubation experiments. In the fattened cells, termed as Ptychodiscus carinatus, chloroplasts transformed into dark granules, and the cell acquired the swollen and smaller stage, termed as P. inflatus. Ptychodiscus carinatus, P. inflatus, and Diplocystis antarctica are synonyms of P. noctiluca. Molecular phylogeny based on the SSU rDNA sequence revealed that Ptychodiscus branched within the short‐branching dinokaryotic dinoflagellates as an independent lineage with affinity to Brachidinium/Karenia and Karlodinium/Takayama in a generally poorly resolved clade. Our results indicated that the order Ptychodiscales, established for unarmored dinoflagellates with a strongly developed pellicle, has artificially grouped thecate dinoflagellates (Kolkwitziella, Herdmania), naked dinoflagellates with thick cell covering (Balechina, Cucumeridinium) and other insufficiently known unarmored genera with typical cell coverings (Brachidinium, Ceratoperidinium).
Remarkable life history polymorphism may be evolving under divergent selection in the silverleaf sunflower
Authors: Moyers Brook T. , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSubstantial intraspecific variation in life history is rare and potentially a signal of incipient ecological speciation, if variation is driven by geographically heterogenous natural selection. We present the first report of extensive life history polymorphism inHelianthus argophyllus, the silverleaf sunflower, and examine evidence for its evolution by divergent selection. In 18 populations sampled from across the species range and grown in a common garden, most quantitative traits covaried such that individuals could be assigned to two distinct life history syndromes: tall and late flowering with small initial flowerheads, or short and early flowering with larger initial flowerheads.Helianthus argophyllusexhibits regional genetic structure, but this population structure does not closely correspond with patterns of phenotypic variation. The early‐flowering syndrome is primarily observed in populations from coastal barrier islands, while populations from the nearby mainland coast, although geographically and genetically close, are primarily late flowering. Additionally, several traits are more differentiated among regions than expected based on neutral genetic divergence (QST > FST), including the first principal component score corresponding with life history syndrome. This discordance between patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation suggests that divergent selection is driving genetic differences in life history across the species range. If so, the silverleaf sunflower may be in early stages of ecological speciation.
Divergence history of the Carpathian and smooth newts modelled in space and time
Authors: Zieliński P. , Nadachowska‐Brzyska K. , Dudek K. , Babik W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInformation about demographic history is essential for the understanding of the processes of divergence and speciation. Patterns of genetic variation within and between closely related species provide insights into the history of their interactions. Here, we investigated historical demography and genetic exchange between the Carpathian (Lissotriton montandoni, Lm) and smooth (L. vulgaris, Lv) newts. We combine an extensive geographical sampling and multilocus nuclear sequence data with the approximate Bayesian computation framework to test alternative scenarios of divergence and reconstruct the temporal and spatial pattern of gene flow between species. A model of recent (last glacial period) interspecific gene flow was favoured over alternative models. Thus, despite the relatively old divergence (4–6 mya) and presumably long periods of isolation, the species have retained the ability to exchange genes. Nevertheless, the low migration rates (ca. 10−6per gene copy per generation) are consistent with strong reproductive isolation between the species. Models allowing demographic changes were favoured, suggesting that the effective population sizes of both species at least doubled as divergence reaching the current ca. 0.2 million in Lm and 1 million in Lv. We found asymmetry in rates of interspecific gene flow between Lm and one evolutionary lineage of Lv. We suggest that intraspecific polymorphism for hybrid incompatibilities segregating within Lv could explain this pattern and propose further tests to distinguish between alternative explanations. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating intraspecific genetic structure into the models investigating the history of divergence.
A comparison of single‐sample estimators of effective population sizes from genetic marker data
Authors: Wang Jinliang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn molecular ecology and conservation genetics studies, the important parameter of effective population size (Ne) is increasingly estimated from a single sample of individuals taken at random from a population and genotyped at a number of marker loci. Several estimators are developed, based on the information of linkage disequilibrium (LD), heterozygote excess (HE), molecular coancestry (MC) and sibship frequency (SF) in marker data. The most popular is the LD estimator, because it is more accurate than HE and MC estimators and is simpler to calculate than SF estimator. However, little is known about the accuracy of LD estimator relative to that of SF and about the robustness of all single‐sample estimators when some simplifying assumptions (e.g. random mating, no linkage, no genotyping errors) are violated. This study fills the gaps and uses extensive simulations to compare the biases and accuracies of the four estimators for different population properties (e.g. bottlenecks, nonrandom mating, haplodiploid), marker properties (e.g. linkage, polymorphisms) and sample properties (e.g. numbers of individuals and markers) and to compare the robustness of the four estimators when marker data are imperfect (with allelic dropouts). Extensive simulations show that SF estimator is more accurate, has a much wider application scope (e.g. suitable to nonrandom mating such as selfing, haplodiploid species, dominant markers) and is more robust (e.g. to the presence of linkage and genotyping errors of markers) than the other estimators. An empirical data set from a Yellowstone grizzly bear population was analysed to demonstrate the use of the SF estimator in practice.
Trade‐offs and evolution of thermal adaptation in the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Yang Li‐Na , Zhu Wen , Wu E‐Jiao , Yang Ce , Thrall Peter H. , Burdon Jeremy J. , Jin Li‐Ping , Shang Li‐Ping , Zhan Jiasui 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTemperature is one of the most important environmental parameters with crucial impacts on nearly all biological processes. Due to anthropogenic activity, average air temperatures are expected to increase by a few degrees in coming decades, accompanied by an increased occurrence of extreme temperature events. Such global trends are likely to have various major impacts on human society through their influence on natural ecosystems, food production and biotic interactions, including diseases. In this study, we used a combination of statistical genetics, experimental evolution and common garden experiments to investigate the evolutionary potential for thermal adaptation in the potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and infer its likely response to changing temperatures. We found a trade‐off associated with thermal adaptation to heterogeneous environments in P. infestans, with the degree of the trade‐off peaking approximately at the pathogen's optimum growth temperature. A genetic trade‐off in thermal adaptation was also evidenced by the negative association between a strain's growth rate and its thermal range for growth, and warm climates selecting for a low pathogen growth rate. We also found a mirror effect of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation on growth rate. At below the optimum, phenotypic plasticity enhances pathogen's growth rate but nature selects for slower growing genotypes when temperature increases. At above the optimum, phenotypic plasticity reduces pathogen's growth rate but natural selection favours for faster growing genotypes when temperature increases further. We conclude from these findings that the growth rate of P. infestans will only be marginally affected by global warming.
Non‐motor involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new insight from nerve and vessel analysis in skin biopsy
Authors: Nolano M. , Provitera V. , Manganelli F. , Iodice R. , Caporaso G. , Stancanelli A. , Marinou K. , Lanzillo B. , Santoro L. , Mora G. 
Published: June 2016

AimsTo assess cutaneous sensory and autonomic nerves and the vascular bed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsWe enrolled 41 patients (M = 20, aged 63.5 ± 11.8 years), and 41 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy volunteers (M = 20, aged 63.5 ± 11.8 years). Disease severity and sensory and autonomic symptoms were scored using dedicated rating scales. Skin biopsies obtained from thigh, leg and fingertip were processed using indirect immunofluorescence. Intraepidermal nerve fibres, Meissner corpuscles (MCs), intrapapillary myelinated endings, cholinergic and noradrenergic pilomotor nerves and dermal vessels were quantified on confocal images. Intraepidermal nerve fibres, pilomotor nerves and vessels were also assessed on distal leg skin samples of 10 spinal cord injury patients to compare our findings with those of a chronic hypomobility condition.ResultsCompared to healthy controls skin biopsies showed: (i) non–length‐dependent loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres (P < 0.01) and loss of MCs (P < 0.01); (ii) reduced (P < 0.01) density of pilomotor nerves involving cholinergic and noradrenergic fibres and (iii) a reduced (P < 0.01) vascular bed. Autonomic nerve and dermal vessel densities were higher in patients with higher disease progression rate (P < 0.01). Moreover, we observed signs of nerve regeneration coexisting with nerve degeneration and increased complexity of the dermal vessels. In patients with posttraumatic spinal cord injury, the density of intraepidermal nerve fibres, pilomotor nerves and of the vascular bed did not differ from controls (P > 0.05).ConclusionsWe demonstrated a cutaneous sensory and autonomic denervation in ALS and a previously undescribed relationship between autonomic and vascular involvement that appeared to be linked to the disease progression rate.
EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide
Authors: Matricardi P. M. , Kleine‐Tebbe J. , Hoffmann H. J. , Valenta R. , Hilger C. , Hofmaier S. , Aalberse R. C. , Agache I. , Asero R. , Ballmer‐Weber B. , Barber D. , Beyer K. , Biedermann T. , Bilò M. B. , Blank S. , Bohle B. , Bosshard P. P. , Breiteneder H. , Brough H. A. , Caraballo L. , Caubet J. C. , Crameri R. , Davies J. M. , Douladiris N. , Ebisawa M. , EIgenmann P. A. , Fernandez‐Rivas M. , Ferreira F. , Gadermaier G. , Glatz M. , Hamilton R. G. , Hawranek T. , Hellings P. , Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K. , Jakob T. , Jappe U. , Jutel M. , Kamath S. D. , Knol E. F. , Korosec P. , Kuehn A. , Lack G. , Lopata A. L. , Mäkelä M. , Morisset M. , Niederberger V. , Nowak‐Węgrzyn A. H. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Pastorello E. A. , Pauli G. , Platts‐Mills T. , Posa D. , Poulsen L. K. , Raulf M. , Sastre J. , Scala E. , Schmid J. M. , Schmid‐Grendelmeier P. , van Hage M. , van Ree R. , Vieths S. , Weber R. , Wickman M. , Muraro A. , Ollert M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe availability of allergen molecules (‘components’) from several protein families has advanced our understanding of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated responses and enabled ‘component‐resolved diagnosis’ (CRD). The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Molecular Allergology User's Guide (MAUG) provides comprehensive information on important allergens and describes the diagnostic options usingCRD. Part A of theEAACI MAUGintroduces allergen molecules, families, composition of extracts, databases, and diagnostic IgE, skin, and basophil tests. Singleplex and multiplex IgE assays with components improve both sensitivity for low‐abundance allergens and analytical specificity; IgE to individual allergens can yield information on clinical risks and distinguish cross‐reactivity from true primary sensitization. Part B discusses the clinical and molecular aspects of IgE‐mediated allergies to foods (including nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, milk, egg, meat, fish, and shellfish), inhalants (pollen, mold spores, mites, and animal dander), and Hymenoptera venom. Diagnostic algorithms and short case histories provide useful information for the clinical workup of allergic individuals targeted forCRD. Part C covers protein families containing ubiquitous, highly cross‐reactive panallergens from plant (lipid transfer proteins, polcalcins,PR‐10, profilins) and animal sources (lipocalins, parvalbumins, serum albumins, tropomyosins) and explains their diagnostic and clinical utility. Part D lists 100 important allergen molecules. In conclusion, IgE‐mediated reactions and allergic diseases, including allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, food reactions, and insect sting reactions, are discussed from a novel molecular perspective. TheEAACI MAUGdocuments the rapid progression of molecular allergology from basic research to its integration into clinical practice, a quantum leap in the management of allergic patients.
Basal serum tryptase is not a risk factor for immediate‐type drug hypersensitivity during childhood
Authors: Cavkaytar Ozlem , Karaatmaca Betul , Arik Yilmaz Ebru , Sahiner Umit M. , Sackesen Cansın , Sekerel Bulent E. , Soyer Ozge 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundHigh serum basal tryptase (sBT) levels have been identified as a risk factor for both venom‐ and food‐induced severe allergic reactions. The aim of this study was to comparesBTlevels in children with different severity of actual drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) with those of age‐ and sex‐matched controls without any history ofDHRs.MethodPatients between 0 and 18 years of age with a history of immediate‐typeDHRs manifested in 0–6 h after the culprit drug intake were included. FollowingENDA(European Network for Drug Allergy) inquiries, patients were evaluated with skin and/or provocation tests to define the actual drug‐hypersensitive patients. SerumBTlevels were determined for both patients and controls.ResultsOf 345 children, 106 patients (30.7%) [(58.5% male), median age (interquartile range) 8.0 years (4.2–12.2)] were diagnosed as drug hypersensitive. Ninety‐eight controls were also included. ThesBTlevels of drug‐hypersensitive patients with and without anaphylaxis and the control group were similar [2.6 (2.0–3.6) μg/l vs. 2.8 (1.6–4.3) μg/l vs. 2.6 (1.8–3.6) μg/l, respectively, (p > 0.05)]. ThesBTlevels of the patients with sole cutaneous symptoms 2.8 (1.6–4.3) μg/l, mild anaphylaxis 3.0 (1.9‐4.9) μg/l, and moderate‐to‐severe anaphylaxis 2.6 (2.0–3.6) μg/l were also comparable (p > 0.05). The onset ofDHRs [those occurring in 1 h (n = 87) or in 1–6 h (n = 19) after the drug intake], positive results with skin tests with the culprit drug, or the classification of the patients according to different age groups [(0–2 years), (2–6 years), (6–12 years), (12–18 years)] did not correlate withsBTlevels.ConclusionThesBTlevels in children with actual drug hypersensitivity would not be a risk factor for severe systemic reactions on the contrary to children with allergic reactions to food or insect venom.
How specialized volatiles respond to chronic and short‐term physiological and shock heat stress in Brassica nigra
Authors: Kask Kaia , Kännaste Astrid , Talts Eero , Copolovici Lucian , Niinemets Ülo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBrassicales release volatile glucosinolate breakdown products upon tissue mechanical damage, but it is unclear how the release of glucosinolate volatiles responds to abiotic stresses such as heat stress. We used three different heat treatments, simulating different dynamic temperature conditions in the field to gain insight into stress‐dependent changes in volatile blends and photosynthetic characteristics in the annual herb Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Heat stress was applied by either heating leaves through temperature response curve measurements from 20 to 40 °C (mild stress), exposing plants for 4 h to temperatures 25–44 °C (long‐term stress) or shock‐heating leaves to 45–50 °C. Photosynthetic reduction through temperature response curves was associated with decreased stomatal conductance, while the reduction due to long‐term stress and collapse of photosynthetic activity after heat shock stress were associated with non‐stomatal processes. Mild stress decreased constitutive monoterpene emissions, while long‐term stress and shock stress resulted in emissions of the lipoxygenase pathway and glucosinolate volatiles. Glucosinolate volatile release was more strongly elicited by long‐term stress and lipoxygenase product released by heat shock. These results demonstrate that glucosinolate volatiles constitute a major part of emission blend in heat‐stressed B. nigra plants, especially upon chronic stress that leads to induction responses.
Selective Photoreceptor Gene Knock‐out Reveals a Regulatory Role for the Growth Behavior of Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Shah Rashmi , Pathak Gopal , Drepper Thomas , Gärtner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) is a well‐established model organism for bacterial infection of plants. The genome sequences of two pathovars, pv. syringae and pv. tomato, revealed one gene encoding a blue and two genes encoding red/far red light‐sensing photoreceptors. Continuing former molecular characterization of the photoreceptor proteins, we here report selective photoreceptor gene disruption for pv. tomato aiming at identification of potentially regulatory functions of these photoreceptors. Transformation of Ps cells with linear DNA constructs yielded interposon mutations of the corresponding genes. Cell growth studies of the generated photoreceptor knock‐out mutants revealed their role in light‐dependent regulation of cell growth and motility. Disruption of the blue‐light (BL) receptor gene caused a growth deregulation, in line with an observed increased virulence of this mutant (Moriconi et al., Plant J., 2013, 76, 322). Bacterial phytochrome‐1 (BphP1) deletion mutant caused unaltered cell growth, but a stronger swarming capacity. Inactivation of its ortholog, BphP2, however, caused reduced growth and remarkably altered dendritic swarming behavior. Combined knock‐out of both bacteriophytochromes reproduced the swarming pattern observed for the BphP2 mutant alone. A triple knock‐out mutant showed a growth rate between that of the BL (deregulation) and the phytochrome‐2 mutant (growth reduction).
Ethylene signalling is essential for the resistance of Nicotiana attenuata against Alternaria alternata and phytoalexin scopoletin biosynthesis
Authors: Sun H. , Song N. , Ma L. , Li J. , Ma L. , Wu J. , Wu J. 
Published: June 2016

The phytohormone ethylene plays an important role in plant defence responses to pathogen attack. When infected by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata (tobacco pathotype), which causes severe diseases in Nicotiana species, the wild tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata accumulates a high amount of the jasmonate (JA)‐dependent phytoalexin scopoletin to defend itself against this fungal pathogen. However, it is still not known whether ethylene signalling is also involved in scopoletin biosynthesis and the resistance of N. attenuata. After infection, ethylene biosynthetic genes were highly elicited. Furthermore, plants strongly impaired in ethylene biosynthesis or perception had dramatically decreased scopoletin levels, and these plants became more susceptible to the fungus, while A. alternata‐elicited JA levels were increased, indicating that the decreased defence responses were not due to lower JA levels. Thus, it is concluded that after infection, ethylene signalling is activated together with JA signalling in N. attenuata plants and this subsequently regulates scopoletin biosynthesis and plant resistance.