bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural variations of tropical width and recent trends
Authors: Mantsis Damianos F. , Sherwood Steven , Allen Robert , Shi Lei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe temporal evolution of the tropical width since 1979 is investigated in observations and models by using metrics based on outgoing radiation, 6.7 µm brightness temperature, and atmospheric reanalysis. The maximum 20 year widening as seen in radiation by satellites occurred during 1993–2012 and was associated with a global sea surface temperature (SST) change that resembles the El Niño–Southern Oscillation/Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the Pacific region. Idealized experiments with Community Atmospheric Model version 5 reveal that Tropical Pacific SST pattern largely accounts for the widening. A number of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 coupled models can simulate, without any type of forcing, this satellite‐inferred tropical widening and its associated Pacific SST pattern. While model‐simulated widenings are consistent for all metrics, the two reanalysis‐based widenings are inconsistent internally and with the satellite‐based and model widenings. Our results reinforce suggestions that observed widenings can be explained by internal variability as captured by climate models, though this depends on whether reanalysis trends are regarded as reliable.
Intense biological phosphate uptake onto particles in subeuphotic continental margin waters
Authors: Sokoll S. , Ferdelman T. G. , Holtappels M. , Goldhammer T. , Littmann S. , Iversen M. H. , Kuypers M. M. M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractElucidating the processes that affect particulate phosphorus (P) export from the euphotic zone and burial in sediments is important for models of global phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon cycling. We investigated dissolved inorganic Pi incorporation into particles (>0.2 µm) in the subeuphotic zone and benthic boundary layer of high‐productivity Mauritanian and Namibian shelf waters, using 33PO43− tracer experiments combined with a sequential chemical extraction analysis. Pi uptake (5.4 to 19.9 nmol P L−1 d−1) by particulate matter was biologically mediated (~50% into the organic fraction) and similar to estimated rates of heterotrophic growth. Thus, a substantial fraction of Pi must be recycled through a particle‐associated microbial pool. Rapid adsorption of 33P in the anoxic waters of Namibia indicated the additional existence of a large pool of surface exchangeable P. Particle‐associated Pi recycling and adsorption may influence the export flux and ultimate fate of particle bound P in continental shelf waters.
Hydroxynitrile Lyase Isozymes from Prunus communis: Identification, Characterization and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Zheng Yu‐Cong , Xu Jian‐He , Wang Hui , Lin Guo‐Qiang , Hong Ran , Yu Hui‐Lei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBiocatalysts originating from Badamu (Prunus communis) have been applied to catalyze the asymmetric synthesis of (R)‐4‐methylsulfanylmandelonitrile, a key building block of thiamphenicol and florfenicol. Here, four hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) isozymes from Badamu were cloned and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The biochemical properties and catalytic performances of these isozymes were comprehensively explored to evaluate their efficiency and selectivity in asymmetric synthesis. Among then, PcHNL5 was identified with outstanding activity and enantioselectivity in asymmetric hydrocyanation. Under the optimized mild biphasic reaction conditions, seventeen prochiral aromatic aldehydes were converted to valuable chiral cyanohydrins with good yields (up to 94%) and excellent optical purities (up to >99.9% ee), which provide a facile access to numerous chiral amino alcohols, hypoglycemic agents, angiotension converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and β‐blockers. This work therefore underlines the importance of discovering the most potent biocatalyst among a group of isozymes for converting unnatural substrates into value‐added products.magnified image
Tunable Cinchona‐Based Thioureas‐Catalysed Asymmetric Epoxidation to Synthetically Important Glycidic Ester Derivatives
Authors: Meninno Sara , Zullo Luca , Overgaard Jacob , Lattanzi Alessandra 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA novel class of synthetically important glycidic esters has been obtained via an asymmetric epoxidation of trans‐α‐cyano‐α,β‐unsaturated esters catalysed by a multifunctional Cinchona alkaloid‐derived thiourea/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) system. The glycidic esters, isolated in excellent yield with complete trans‐diastereocontrol and high enantioselectivity, proved to be versatile building blocks to access challenging small targets bearing a quaternary stereocenter.magnified image
Effect of PBMA on PVC‐based polymer blend electrolytes
Authors: Arunkumar R. , Babu Ravi Shanker , Usha Rani M. , Kalainathan S. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)—poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) blended polymer electrolytes with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as the complexing salts are prepared by solution casting technique. The addition of PBMA into PVC matrix is found to induce considerable changes in physical and electrical properties of the polymer electrolytes. Addition of PBMA into PVC matrix is found to increase the conductivity by two orders of magnitude (1.108 × 10−5 S cm−1) when compared with that of the pristine PVC polymer electrolyte (10−7 S cm−1). Structural, thermal, mechanical, morphological, and polymer–salt interactions are ascertained from X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. A thermal stability upto 250 °C is asserted from the TG/DTA analysis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44939.
Effect of an intensive mechanical removal effort on a population of non‐native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a South African headwater stream
Authors: Shelton Jeremy , Weyl Olaf , Van Der Walt Johannes , Marr Sean , Impson Dean , Maciejewski Kristine , Tye Donovan , Dallas Helen , Esler Karen 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Invasions by non‐native species can compromise the conservation value of otherwise pristine headwater streams. While both developed and developing countries recognize this threat, few of the latter have suitable budgets to implement control programmes.
This study assessed the effectiveness of a mechanical project to remove non‐native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a 6 km section of the upper Krom River, a small headwater stream in the Cederberg Mountains in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region (CFR).
From October 2013 to February 2014, 354 O. mykiss were removed by angling (58%), fyke netting (28%) and gill netting (14%). This resulted in a marked reduction, but not eradication, of the O. mykiss population (fish relative abundance decreased from 0.53 ± 0.09 fish per net per night in October 2013 to 0.21 ± 0.09 fish per net per night in February 2014). Following the cessation of manual removals, the relative abundance of O. mykiss had increased to 0.56 ± 0.18 fish per net per night by March 2016, suggesting that without sustained removal effort, the population will rapidly return to its pre‐removal abundance level.
Further work is needed to refine the methodology and test the effectiveness of mechanical removal of non‐native freshwater fish in a variety of ecological settings in the CFR. This approach holds potential for meeting the dual goals of reducing the ecological impacts of non‐native fishes and generating employment opportunities in line with the policy objectives of developing nations.
Train movement simulation by element increment method
Authors: Xu Gaowei , Li Feng , Long Jiancheng , Han Ding 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe article presents an element increment method that is developed by current time increment method of train traction calculation. A railway route was divided, breaking it down into elements of different lengths. A whole train movement simulation curve (v–t curve and v–S curve) was formed by splitting the joints of each of the elements' individual simulation curves. During this process, the train velocity variance was calculated by time increment method with assistance of polynomial fitting technology. Additionally, a step‐by‐step method with iteration was used to combine each element and makes the whole simulation curve continuous. Meanwhile, the energy‐saving issue was also taken into account to optimize the simulation curve. This article gives more details about the modeling by providing an example of a railway route based on moving block control. The element increment method is a more effective way to calculate train traction of high‐speed railway, and it is an alternative method to train movement simulation for aiding macroscopic railway transportation planning. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in single heavy vehicle crashes at intersections and midblocks
Authors: Balakrishnan Sivanandan , Moridpour Sara , Tay Richard 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe objective of this research is to identify the factors differentiating between single heavy vehicle collisions at intersections and midblocks by using a binary logit model. Our results show that single vehicle crashes involving heavy vehicle at intersections are more likely to occur on main roads and highways, whereas crashes at midblocks are more likely to occur on divided two‐way roads, roads with special facilities or features (e.g. bridge) and roads with a higher percentage of heavy vehicle traffic. Intersection crashes are also more likely to involve vehicles that are turning left or right, resulting in angle crashes and vehicle overturn, whereas midblock crashes are more likely to involve vehicles on higher posted speed roads. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing cell‐free protein expression in CHO: Assessing small molecule mass transfer effects in various reactor configurations
Authors: Peñalber‐Johnstone Chariz , Ge Xudong , Tran Kevin , Selock Nicholas , Sardesai Neha , Gurramkonda Chandrasekhar , Pilli Manohar , Tolosa Michael , Tolosa Leah , Kostov Yordan , Frey Douglas D. , Rao Govind 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTCell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an ideal platform for rapid and convenient protein production. However, bioreactor design remains a critical consideration in optimizing protein expression. Using turbo green fluorescent protein (tGFP) as a model, we tracked small molecule components in a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) CFPS system to optimize protein production. Here, three bioreactors in continuous‐exchange cell‐free (CECF) format were characterized. A GFP optical sensor was built to monitor the product in real‐time. Mass transfer of important substrate and by‐product components such as nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), creatine, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) across a 10‐kDa MWCO cellulose membrane was calculated. The highest efficiency measured by tGFP yields were found in a microdialysis device configuration; while a negative effect on yield was observed due to limited mass transfer of NTPs in a dialysis cup configuration. In 24‐well plate high‐throughput CECF format, addition of up to 40 mM creatine phosphate in the system increased yields by up to ∼60% relative to controls. Direct ATP addition, as opposed to creatine phosphate addition, negatively affected the expression. Pi addition of up to 30 mM to the expression significantly reduced yields by over ∼40% relative to controls. Overall, data presented in this report serves as a valuable reference to optimize the CHO CFPS system for next‐generation bioprocessing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1478–1486. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of an HPLC‐UV method for the simultaneous determination of the antipsychotics clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine, several beta‐blockers and their metabolites
Authors: Silva Gracia Margarete , Köppl Alexandra , Unholzer Sandra , Haen Ekkehard 
Published: March 2017

AbstactA simple, accurate and selective column‐switching high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of six beta‐blockers (metoprolol, timolol, bisoprolol, propranolol, carvedilol and nebivolol), three of their metabolites (α‐hydroxy metoprolol, N‐desisopropyl propranolol and 4′‐hydroxy carvedilol 4‐HCAR), three antipsychotics (olanzapine, clozapine and quetiapine) and three of their metabolites (N‐desmethyl olanzapine, N‐desmethyl clozapine and N‐desalkyl quetiapine) in human serum. After pretreatment on a Merck LiChrospher RP‐4 ADS column (25 μm), drugs were separated on a Phenomenex Gemini Phenyl Hexyl 110 A column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a gradient mixture of acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 3.1 (containing 10% methanol) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The total analysis time was 40 min. For detection of the analytes, four different UV wavelengths were used: 215, 226, 242 and 299 nm. The method was validated according to the guidelines of the Society of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and stability and successfully applied for the analysis of the 15 described analytes in human serum.
Teaching kinematics with interactive schematics and 3D models
Authors: Arnay Rafael , Hernández‐Aceituno Javier , González Evelio , Acosta Leopoldo 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn this paper, some computer applications for teaching forward and inverse kinematics in Robotics are presented. These applications, developed in Unity3D and Python, allow both teachers and students to create and manipulate 3D interactive representations of the studied robotic models. The use of these tools has been proved to help students improve their understanding of the geometric transformations and mathematical operations required to solve both forward and inverse kinematics exercises. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:420–429, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21809
Retrospective review of serotonergic medication tolerability in patients with neuroendocrine tumors with biochemically proven carcinoid syndrome
Authors: Shi Diana D. , Yuppa David P. , Dutton Trevor , Brais Lauren K. , Minden Sarah L. , Braun Ilana M. , Kulke Matthew H. , Chan Jennifer A. , Meyer Fremonta L. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUNDPatients with carcinoid tumors frequently could benefit from the pharmacologic treatment of depression and anxiety. However, many prescribers avoid serotonergic medications due to the theoretical risk of exacerbating carcinoid syndrome.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with carcinoid tumors and elevated serotonin levels (as measured by 24‐hour urine 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5‐HIAA]) at Dana‐Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center who initiated treatment with serotonergic antidepressants after a carcinoid diagnosis from 2003 to 2016. Each medication regimen was categorized based on the presence of adverse interactions as defined by clinical worsening of symptoms of carcinoid syndrome in the absence of progressive disease that temporally correlated with a serotonergic medication trial.RESULTSA total of 73 serotonergic regimens received by 52 patients were included in the primary analysis. Among these medication trials, 8.2% of the regimens (6 regimens) were categorized as being associated with a likely adverse interaction, 61.6% of the regimens (45 regimens) were categorized as having no adverse reaction, 9.6% of the regimens (7 regimens) were categorized as an unlikely adverse reaction, and 20.6% of the regimens (15 regimens) were categorized as unknown. It is interesting to note that none of the 73 trials resulted in a carcinoid crisis requiring emergency care or hospitalization. Only 3 patients discontinued serotonergic medications due to worsening carcinoid syndrome.CONCLUSIONSSerotonergic medications appear to be a safe option for the treatment of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the majority of patients with neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid syndrome. In the current study, <10% of patients developed a combination of flushing, diarrhea, and bloating after the initiation of serotonergic medications. Clinicians can begin with low doses, monitor these symptoms, and reduce the dose or discontinue the medication if necessary. Cancer 2017;123:2735‐42. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
In‐the‐loop or on‐the‐loop? Interactional arrangements to support team coordination with a planning agent
Authors: Fischer Joel E. , Greenhalgh Chris , Jiang Wenchao , Ramchurn Sarvapali D. , Wu Feng , Rodden Tom 
Published: March 2017

SummaryIn this paper, we present the study of interactional arrangements that support the collaboration of headquarters (HQ), field responders, and a computational planning agent in a time‐critical task setting created by a mixed‐reality game. Interactional arrangements define the extent to which control is distributed between the collaborative parties. We provide 2 field trials, one to study an “on‐the‐loop” arrangement in which HQ monitors and intervenes in agent instructions to field players on demand and the other, to study a version that places HQ more tightly “in‐the‐loop.” The studies provide an understanding of the sociotechnical collaboration between players and the agent in these interactional arrangements by conducting interaction analysis of video recordings and game log data. The first field trial focuses on the collaboration of field responders with the planning agent. Findings highlight how players negotiate the agent guidance within the social interaction of the collocated teams. The second field trial focuses on the collaboration between the automated planning agent and the HQ. We find that the human coordinator and the agent can successfully work together in most cases, with human coordinators inspecting and “correcting” the agent‐proposed plans. Through this field trial‐driven development process, we generalise interaction design implications of automated planning agents around the themes of supporting common ground and mixed‐initiative planning.
A Voltage‐Responsive Free‐Blockage Controlled‐Release System Based on Hydrophobicity Switching
Authors: Jiao Xiangyu , Sun Ruijuan , Cheng Yaya , Li Fengyu , Du Xin , Wen Yongqiang , Song Yanlin , Zhang Xueji 
Published: March 2017

AbstractControlled‐release systems based on mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) have drawn great attention owing to their potential biomedical applications. Various switches have been designed to control the release of cargoes through the construction of physical blocking units on the surface of MSNs. However, such physical blockages are limited by poor sealing ability and low biocompatibility, and most of them lack closure ability. Herein, a voltage‐responsive controlled‐release system was constructed by functionalizing the nanopore of MSNs with ferrocene. The system realized free‐blockage controlled release and achieved pulsatile release. The nanopores of the ferrocene‐functionalized MSNs were hydrophobic enough to prevent invasion of the solution. Once a suitable voltage was applied, the nanopores became hydrophilic, which was followed by invasion of the solution and the release of the cargos. Moreover, pulsatile release was realized, which avoided unexpected release after the stimulus disappeared. Thus, we believe that our studies provide new insight into highly effective blockage for MSNs. Furthermore, the voltage‐responsive release system is expected to find use in electrical stimulation combination therapy and bioelectricity‐responsive release.
Variable competitive effects of fungicide resistance in field experiments with a plant pathogenic fungus
Authors: Hagerty Christina H. , Graebner Ryan C. , Sackett Kathryn E. , Mundt Christopher C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractClassic evolutionary theory suggests that mutations associated with antimicrobial and pesticide resistance result in a fitness cost in the absence of the selective antimicrobial agent or pesticide. There is experimental evidence to support fitness costs associated with resistance to anti‐microbial compounds and pesticides across many biological disciplines, including human pathology, entomology, plant sciences, and plant pathology. However, researchers have also found examples of neutral and increased fitness associated with resistance, where the effect of a given resistance mutation depends on environmental and biological factors. We used Zymoseptoria tritici, a model evolutionary plant pathogenic fungus, to compare the competitive ability of fungicide‐resistant isolates to fungicide‐sensitive isolates. We conducted four large‐scale inoculated winter wheat experiments at Oregon State University agriculture experiment stations. We found a significant change in the frequency of fungicide resistance over time in all four experiments. The direction and magnitude of these changes, however, differed by experimental location, year of experiment, and inoculum resistance treatment (fungicide‐resistant, resistant/sensitive mixture, and fungicide‐sensitive). These results suggest that the competitive ability of resistant isolates relative to sensitive isolates varied depending upon environmental conditions, including the initial frequency of resistant individuals in the population.
Changes in the natural dynamics of Nothofagus dombeyi forests: population modeling with increasing drought frequencies
Authors: Molowny‐Horas Roberto , Suarez Maria Laura , Lloret Francisco 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDrought‐induced episodes of tree mortality can determine forest dynamics and structure, particularly in forests dominated by single species. Short‐ and mid‐term climate projections indicate that strong changes in annual precipitation may strike more often in northern Patagonia. Data for recruitment, growth, and survival of Nothofagus dombeyi tree individuals were collected at several sites across the Nahuel Huapi National Park in Argentina. We combined mathematically all these different demographic stages into an Integral Projection Model to simulate 100‐yr projections of simulated stand structure under different frequencies of extreme drought episodes. We projected total basal area and the number of individuals for three different initial stand types (i.e., young, medium, and old) and for varying drought frequencies (i.e., from 1 to 5 drought events every 100 years). Recruitment into the dbh ≥ 10 cm size class under normal conditions (i.e., without drought) was higher than under episodic drought conditions. In addition, survival under normal conditions was higher than under drought conditions, especially for small trees. Differences in growth were also important, with trees growing more vigorously under normal than under drought conditions. Our simulations predicted that N. dombeyi populations would experience a reduction in tree density in the mid‐term if, as predicted by the IPCC projections, the frequency of future drought events increased. The simulations also showed that in those cases, young stands should suffer the most. Drought‐mediated changes may induce a decline in the development of N. dombeyi forests in the mid‐ and long term by a drastic reduction in tree density.