bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling by tankyrase‐dependent poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation and scaffolding
Authors: Mariotti Laura , Pollock Katie , Guettler Sebastian 
Published: September 2017

The Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway is pivotal for stem cell function and the control of cellular differentiation, both during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in adults. Its activity is carefully controlled through the concerted interactions of concentration‐limited pathway components and a wide range of post‐translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and acetylation. Regulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling by PARylation was discovered relatively recently. The PARP tankyrase PARylates AXIN1/2, an essential central scaffolding protein in the β‐catenin destruction complex, and targets it for degradation, thereby fine‐tuning the responsiveness of cells to the Wnt signal. The past few years have not only seen much progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which PARylation controls the pathway but also witnessed the successful development of tankyrase inhibitors as tool compounds and promising agents for the therapy of Wnt‐dependent dysfunctions, including colorectal cancer. Recent work has hinted at more complex roles of tankyrase in Wnt/β‐catenin signalling as well as challenges and opportunities in the development of tankyrase inhibitors. Here we review some of the latest advances in our understanding of tankyrase function in the pathway and efforts to modulate tankyrase activity to re‐tune Wnt/β‐catenin signalling in colorectal cancer cells.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc
Evaluation of volumetric dimensional changes in posterior extraction sites with and without ARP using a novel imaging device
Authors: Sbordone Carolina , Toti Paolo , Martuscelli Ranieri , Guidetti Franco , Porzio Massimo , Sbordone Ludovico 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlveolar ridge volume loss may be minimized when postextraction sockets are filled by bone substitutes.PurposeThe aim of the study was to measure the effect of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in maintaining the external contour of the ridge after fresh socket grafting with or without particulate anorganic bovine bone mineral (BBM) and resorbable barrier covering.Materials and methodsIn the present controlled study, patients subjected to single‐tooth extraction were allocated to 2 groups: postextraction sockets grafted with bovine bone mineral (bbm), and naturally healing sockets (nat). Before and at 5 months following tooth extraction, plaster cast contours of the sockets were acquired by means of an optical scanner; the 2 contours of each patient underwent voxelization and fusion using a matrix elaborator. Outcome variables at 5 months (volumetric, surface, and linear changes) were measured in digital fused plaster casts with a dental scan software analyzing a volume of interest ranging from residual papilla to 10 mm toward the apical point. Intra‐ and inter‐group pair‐wise variables' comparisons were conducted. Level of significance was set at 0.05.ResultsTwenty‐four sites were enrolled: 12 ARP and 12 naturally healed. Five‐month percentage of volume loss of the bbm‐group (21.7% ± 7.4%) was significantly lower (Ps < .0003) than that of the naturally healing group (38.8% ± 7.9%). When tooth position was investigated, volume loss in percentage registered a significantly better (P values ≤ .0485) behavior in molars (ΔV% = −19.1% ± 6.5% and ΔV% = −35.6% ± 7.6%, respectively, for bbm and nat) than that in premolars (ΔV% = −26.9% ± 7.2% and ΔV% = −45.1% ± 4.2%, respectively, for bbm and nat), in both the preserved and naturally healing groups.ConclusionThe dimensional loss in postextraction sockets grafted with anorganic bovine bone substitute and covered by a resorbable collagen barrier was lower than that of the naturally healing sites. However, ridge preservation was able to maintain almost 80% of the pristine bone.
First experience in colorectal surgery with a new robotic platform with haptic feedback
Authors: Spinelli A. , David G. , Gidaro S. , Carvello M. , Sacchi M. , Montorsi M. , Montroni I. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimThe use of robotic techniques in colorectal surgery is increasing. Recently, the Senhance™ surgical robotic system was introduced as a novel robotic platform designed to overcome some of the limits of standard laparoscopy. This study describes the initial, single‐center experience, evaluating feasibility and safety of the new robotic system in performing colorectal surgical procedures.MethodsFrom June 2015 to November 2016, perioperative data of the first 45 patients who underwent robotic colorectal surgery with the Senhance™ surgical robotic system were collected and analysed. Indications for surgery included inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, endoscopically unresectable adenomas and complicated diverticular disease.ResultsThe median age of patients was 57 (range: 18–92) years and the median body mass index (BMI) was 24 (range: 16–30) kg/m2. Surgical indications were colorectal cancer (66%), complicated inflammatory bowel disease (18%), diverticular disease (11%) and endoscopically unresectable adenoma (4.4%). The median operative time was 256 minutes, and the median docking time was 10.7 (range: 2–25) min. There were three conversions to standard laparoscopy and none to laparotomy. All patients operated on for malignancy (28 adenocarcinoma and 2 neuroendocrine tumours) underwent an appropriate oncological procedure. The median time to discharge was 5 (range: 3–19) days. The incidence of postoperative complications was 35.5% (Clavien–Dindo I/II, 14 patients; and Clavien–Dindo III, two patients). One patient was readmitted in the postoperative period. No patient required reoperation.ConclusionThe results of this audit suggest that adoption of the Senhance™ surgical robotic system in colorectal surgery is feasible and safe. More clinical data are needed to determine whether this approach can offer any other benefits over other minimally invasive surgical techniques.
Exercise to preserve β‐cell function in recent‐onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus (EXTOD) – a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Narendran P. , Jackson N. , Daley A. , Thompson D. , Stokes K. , Greenfield S. , Charlton M. , Curran M. , Solomon T. P. J. , Nouwen A. , Lee S. I. , Cooper A. R. , Mostazir M. , Taylor R. S. , Kennedy A. , Andrews R. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimResidual β‐cell function is present at the time of diagnosis with Type 1 diabetes. Preserving this β‐cell function reduces complications. We hypothesized that exercise preserves β‐cell function in Type 1 diabetes and undertook a pilot trial to address the key uncertainties in designing a definitive trial to test this hypothesis.MethodsA randomized controlled pilot trial in adults aged 16–60 years diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes within the previous 3 months was undertaken. Participants were assigned to control (usual care) or intervention (exercise consultation every month), in a 1 : 1 ratio for 12 months. The primary outcomes were recruitment rate, drop out, exercise adherence [weeks with ≥ 150 min of self‐reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)], and exercise uptake in the control group. The secondary outcomes were differences in insulin sensitivity and rate of loss of β‐cell function between intervention and control at 6 and 12 months.ResultsOf 507 individuals who were approached, 58 (28 control, 30 intervention) entered the study and 41 completed it. Participants were largely white European males, BMI 24.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2, HbA1c 75 ± 25 mmol/mol (9 ± 2%). Mean level of objectively measured MVPA increased in the intervention group (mean 243 to 273 min/week) and 61% of intervention participants reached the target of ≥ 150 min/week of self‐reported MVPA on at least 42 weeks of the year. Physical activity levels fell slightly in the control group (mean 277 to 235 min of MVPA/week). There was exploratory evidence that intervention group became more insulin sensitive and required less insulin. However, the rate of loss of β‐cell function appeared similar between the groups, although the change in insulin sensitivity may have affected this.ConclusionWe show that it is possible to recruit and randomize people with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes to a trial of an exercise intervention, and increase and maintain their exercise levels for 12 months. Future trials need to incorporate measures of greater adherence to exercise training targets, and include more appropriate measures of β‐cell function. (Clinical Trials Registry No; ISRCTN91388505)
First reported case of Hypoderma diana Brauer, 1985 (Diptera: Oestridae)‐associated myiasis in a horse in Germany
Authors: Borges F. , Sybrecht G. W. , von Samson‐Himmelstjerna G. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA massive infestation with warble fly larvae was observed in a mare in Lower Saxony, Germany. From a herd of 20 horses, only a single mare accidently escaped the routine treatment with macrocyclic lactone in autumn and showed the myiasis infestation next year in January. Eighteen subcutaneous nodules were found on the back (n = 2), ribs (n = 3), flank (n = 5) and croup (n = 8). Deer, the specific hosts of the warble fly Hypoderma diana, was abundant on this farm and some other risk factors for the hypodermiosis are discussed herein. This is the first report of myiasis caused by H. diana in horses in Germany. This massive warble fly infestation in a horse in Germany reported here is important to alert equine health professionals concerning the prevention of this disease in the routine parasite control programme.
The conjunctival crypt of the equine third eyelid
Authors: Vallone L. , Scott E. , Irby N. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe purpose of this study is to characterise the gross anatomy of a relatively large, cryptic structure within the bulbar conjunctival surface of the equine third eyelid that has commonly been observed by the authors during equine ophthalmic examinations. In this study, cadaveric eyes and adnexa were obtained from 13 Quarter Horses without history of ocular disease. The gross anatomy of the bulbar surface of the third eyelid was characterised by digital macrophotography and with an image capture system using an operating microscope. A well‐defined cryptic structure was readily identified in the majority of eyes (17/26). The location of the crypt varied but was most commonly observed within the central aspect of the bulbar surface of the third eyelid, often in close proximity to prominent blood vessels oriented perpendicular to the leading edge of the third eyelid. A patch of lymphoid follicles was often observed surrounding the crypt. The rectangular shape and upward facing orientation of the crypt was akin to a shirt's breast pocket. Width and depth were variable but ranged between 1 and 8 mm in either dimension. Some crypts were complex, with multiple channels observed within the primary opening. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of a well‐organised mucosal crypt within the bulbar surface of the equine third eyelid capable of harbouring foreign material and ocular irritants. Additional anatomical characterisation of the macro‐crypt by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy is underway. Evaluation of this structure by equine practitioners and veterinary ophthalmologists should be performed during the routine ophthalmic examination to better understand its role in ocular disease.
Forest biomass, productivity and carbon cycling along a rainfall gradient in West Africa
Authors: Moore Sam , Adu‐Bredu Stephen , Duah‐Gyamfi Akwasi , Addo‐Danso Shalom D. , Ibrahim Forzia , Mbou Armel T. , de Grandcourt Agnès , Valentini Riccardo , Nicolini Giacomo , Djagbletey Gloria , Owusu‐Afriyie Kennedy , Gvozdevaite Agne , Oliveras Imma , Ruiz‐Jaen Maria C. , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNet Primary Productivity (NPP) is one of the most important parameters in describing the functioning of any ecosystem and yet it arguably remains a poorly quantified and understood component of carbon cycling in tropical forests, especially outside of the Americas. We provide the first comprehensive analysis of NPP and its carbon allocation to woody, canopy and root growth components at contrasting lowland West African forests spanning a rainfall gradient. Using a standardized methodology to study evergreen (EF), semi‐deciduous (SDF), dry forests (DF) and woody savanna (WS), we find that (i) climate is more closely related with above and belowground C stocks than with NPP (ii) total NPP is highest in the SDF site, then the EF followed by the DF and WS and that (iii) different forest types have distinct carbon allocation patterns whereby SDF allocate in excess of 50% to canopy production and the DF and WS sites allocate 40%–50% to woody production. Furthermore, we find that (iv) compared with canopy and root growth rates the woody growth rate of these forests is a poor proxy for their overall productivity and that (v) residence time is the primary driver in the productivity‐allocation‐turnover chain for the observed spatial differences in woody, leaf and root biomass across the rainfall gradient. Through a systematic assessment of forest productivity we demonstrate the importance of directly measuring the main components of above and belowground NPP and encourage the establishment of more permanent carbon intensive monitoring plots across the tropics.
Repatriation or Reshoring of Manufacturing to the U.S. and UK: Dynamics and Global Production Networks or from Here to There and Back Again
Authors: Vanchan Vida , Mulhall Rachel , Bryson John 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThere are three contrasting approaches to understanding the geography of production. The first approach emphasizes the importance of local agglomerations, the second intrafirm mechanisms, while the third highlights global relationships or global production networks (GPN) or global value chains. These explanations are partial, but complementary. This paper explores the restructuring of global production with a focus on the reshoring or repatriation of manufacturing production to the U.S. and UK. Our intention is to identify the drivers behind reshoring as the first stage toward developing a dynamic conceptual framework for understanding the global organization of production. Reshoring needs to be conceptualized by drawing on and combining approaches developed in GPN with micro‐approaches to understanding firms including the development of a geography of production tasks. The study is based on a theoretical mapping to inform an empirical analysis of reshoring in both countries to identify and conceptualize the quantitative and qualitative causal drivers behind this process. The evidence suggests that reshoring is sector‐dependent and is mainly driven by manufacturers’ cost‐management and quality strategies combined with the importance of manufacturing products close to market. This involves a “total manufacturing cost analysis” in which access to a set of tangible and intangible inputs are key drivers behind dynamics of GPN.
Origin and Evolution of Aquitard Porewater in the Western Coastal Plain of Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Li Jing , Liang Xing , Jin Menggui , Yang Jilong , Ma Bin , Ge Qin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh‐salinity paleowater from low‐permeability aquitards in coastal areas can be a major threat to groundwater resources; however, such water has rarely been studied. The chemical and isotopic compositions of porewater extracted from a 200‐m‐thick Quaternary sedimentary sequence in the western coastal plain of Bohai Bay, China, were analyzed to investigate the salinity origin and chemical evolution of porewater in aquitards. Porewater samples derived at depths shallower than 32 m are characterized by Cl‐Na type saline water (total dissolved solids [TDS], 10.9–84.3 g/L), whereas those at depths greater than 32 m comprise Cl·SO4‐Na type brackish water (TDS, 2.2–6.3 g/L). Saline porewater is interpreted as evaporated seawater prior to halite saturation, as evidenced by Cl‐Br relationships. Although substantial dilution of saline porewater with meteoric water is supported by a wider Cl− range and δ2H‐δ18O covariance, the original marine waters were not completely flushed out. The deeper brackish porewater is determined to be a mixture of fresher porewater and brine groundwater and had a component of old brine of less than 10%, as indicated by a mixing model defined using δ2H and Cl− tracers. Porewater δ2H‐δ18O relationships and negative deuterium excess ranging from −25.9‰ to −2.9‰ indicate the existence of an arid climate since Late Pleistocene in Tianjin Plain. The aquitard porewaters were chemically modified through water‐rock interactions due to the long residence time.
Fell‐Muir Lecture: Fibrillin microfibrils: structural tensometers of elastic tissues?
Authors: Kielty Cay M. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFibrillin microfibrils are indispensable structural elements of connective tissues in multicellular organisms from early metazoans to humans. They have an extensible periodic beaded organization, and support dynamic tissues such as ciliary zonules that suspend the lens. In tissues that express elastin, including blood vessels, skin and lungs, microfibrils support elastin deposition and shape the functional architecture of elastic fibres. The vital contribution of microfibrils to tissue form and function is underscored by the heritable fibrillinopathies, especially Marfan syndrome with severe elastic, ocular and skeletal tissue defects. Research since the early 1990s has advanced our knowledge of biology of microfibrils, yet understanding of their mechanical and homeostatic contributions to tissues remains far from complete. This review is a personal reflection on key insights, and puts forward the conceptual hypothesis that microfibrils are structural ‘tensometers’ that direct cells to monitor and respond to altered tissue mechanics.
Gluten‐free muffins: effects of sugar reduction and health benefit information on consumer liking, emotion, and purchase intent
Authors: Wardy Wisdom , Jack Amber Renee , Chonpracha Pitchayapat , Alonso Jose Ramon , King Joan M. , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAvailability of reduced sugar gluten‐free (GF) muffins remains commercially limited. In this study, selected physical properties, consumer perception and effects of health benefit information (HBI) were investigated for three GF muffins made with different amounts of sucrose (0%, 50%, 100%), with stevia used as a sucrose replacement. Sucrose reduction by 50%, unlike 100% with stevia, did not significantly decrease consumer acceptability (colour, odour, taste, sweetness, moistness, softness, stickiness, overall liking), positive emotions (calm, good, happy, healthy, pleasant, pleased, satisfied) and purchase intent (PI) before HBI was displayed. HBI had a positive effect on overall liking, PI and intensities of calm, good, happy, healthy and pleased emotions for both 50% and/or 100% sucrose reduction. The emotions happy and wellness became significant predictors of PI after HBI was provided. Overall, consumer acceptability and emotional responses of the GF muffin with 50% sucrose reduction were comparable to those with 100% sucrose.
Does International Migration Affect Labor Supply, Non‐farm Diversification and Welfare of Households? Evidence from Egypt
Authors: Arouri Mohamed , Nguyen Cuong Viet 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study examines the effect of international migration in Egypt using fixed‐effect regressions and panel data from Egypt Labour Market Panel Surveys in 2006 and 2012. We find that men and people with higher education are more likely to migrate than women and people with lower education. Middle‐aged people are also more likely to migrate than young or old people. International migration does not seem to affect the overall employment of remaining members of migrant‐sending households. However, it tends to increase the self‐employed work of members of migrant‐sending households. Finally, international migration also helps migrant‐sending households increase their wealth index. Remittances are used to improve living conditions (housing) and purchase more assets and durables. This finding supports the theory as well as the policy to increase migration as a way to stabilize consumption and reduce poverty in low income countries.
DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND HONEYCOMB LUNG
Authors: FORBES I. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe clinical and pathological details are presented of seven cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lungs conforming to the criteria of Hamman and Rich.Similar interstitial fibrosis was found in the lungs of a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. One case of "honeycomb lung". complicating a more chronic diffuse interstitial fibrosis was described.It has not hitherto been appreciated that honeycomb change occurs in most cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis of Hamman‐Rich type.Although this type of interstitial fibrosis was formerly thought to be an acute process, it is now apparent that even the most rapidly fatal cases have been in progress many months, and what has been thought to be a fulminating acute course is actually the rapid terminal deterioration.The symptoms and signs, course and pathological physiology are readily explained by the anatomical alterations.Curious "conchoidal bodies" similar to Schaumann bodies in sarcoidosis were found in the lungs of four subjects. Their significance is not known.Similar interstitial changes occur in many conditions. They evidently represent a pattern of response to injury of the pulmonary mesenchymal ground substance.The ætiology of Hamman‐Rich fibrosis is discussed. An auto‐immune phenomenon may he involved.The status of treatment with adi enal steroids and corticotrophin is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON KURU : I. A POSSIBLE GENETIC BASIS
Authors: BENNETT J. H. , RHODES F. A. , ROBSON H. N. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryKuru, a recently described neurological disease, occurs with high frequency among the Fore people, in a remote part of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea.The results are given of a genealogical survey carried out in the northern Fore area. The survey recorded 2099 individuals, of whom 913 were dead. The cause of death was given as kuru in 204 instances, including 177 females (21 children) and 27 males (19 children).An analysis is presented which shows that male victims of kuru are born almost exclusively to mothers with the disease, and that there is a similar association between young female victims and their mothers. The incidence of the disease is almost equal in males and young females, while a larger proportion of adult females is affected.A tentative genetical hypothesis is advanced, suggesting that kuru may be controlled by a single autosomal gene “K”, which is recessive to its allelomorph “k” in males, and dominant in females. The females of genotype KK tend to have an early onset of the disease, while those of genotype Kk tend to have an onset in adult life.
SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS OF AUSTRALIANS AND NATIVES OF NEW GUINEA FROM BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD
Authors: WHYTE H. M. , YEE IRIS L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe serum cholesterol concentration of newborn infants was the same for Australians (70 milligrammes per moo millilitres) as for natives (68 milligrammes per 100 millilitres). Measurements were also made of phospholipids, total fatty acids and lipoprotein fractions for Australian newborn infants and their mothers. There was no significant correlation between the lipid levels of mother and child.The cholesterol concentration doubled within one year in both races and then rose steadily with age in Australians and fell gradually in the natives to adult levels. Possible causes of this acquired deviation are discussed, especially the differences in dietary fat and protein.