bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Institutes of Health–Funded Cardiac Arrest Research: A 10‐Year Trend Analysis
Authors: Coute Ryan A. , Panchal Ashish R. , Mader Timothy J. , Neumar Robert W. 
Published: July 2017

Background

Cardiac arrest (
CA
) is a leading cause of death in the United States, claiming over 450 000 lives annually. Improving survival depends on the ability to conduct
CA
research and on the translation and implementation of research findings into practice. Our objective was to provide a descriptive analysis of annual National Institutes of Health (
NIH
) funding for
CA
research over the past decade.

Method and Results

A search within
NIH
Re
PORTER
for the years 2007 to 2016 was performed using the terms: “cardiac arrest” or “cardiopulmonary resuscitation” or “heart arrest” or “circulatory arrest” or “pulseless electrical activity” or “ventricular fibrillation” or “resuscitation.” Grants were reviewed and categorized as
CA
research (yes/no) using predefined criteria. The annual
NIH
funding for
CA
research, number of individual grants, and principal investigators were tabulated. The total
NIH
investment in
CA
research for 2015 was calculated and compared to those for other leading causes of death within the United States. Interrater reliability among 3 independent reviewers for fiscal year 2015 was assessed using Fleiss κ. The search yielded 2763
NIH
‐funded grants, of which 745 (27.0%) were classified as
CA
research (κ=0.86 [95%
CI
0.80‐0.93]). Total inflation‐adjusted
NIH
funding for
CA
research was $35.4 million in 2007, peaked at $76.7 million in 2010, and has decreased to $28.5 million in 2016. Per annual death,
NIH
invests ≈$2200 for stroke, ≈$2100 for heart disease, and ≈$91 for CA.

Conclusions

This analysis demonstrates that the annual
NIH
investment in CA research is low relative to other leading causes of death in the United States and has declined over the past decade.
Ideas, Persons, and Objects in the History of Ideas
Authors: Gilbert Bennett 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The history of ideas is most prominently understood as a highly specialized group of methods for the study of abstract ideas, with both diachronic and synchronic aspects. While theorizing the field has focused on the methods of study, defining the object of study – ideas – has been neglected. But the development of the theories behind material culture studies poses a sharp challenge to these narrow approaches. It both challenges the integrity of the notion of abstract ideas and also offers possibilities for enlarging the scope of the ways in which we can study ideas historically. It is proposed here to regard ideas as mental relations deeply connected to human communication by both thinking and doing. This connection of ideational thought to human production and behavior is a deep foundation for the history of ideas as an interdisciplinary historiographic means of understanding moral life.
Coupling a Markov Chain and Support Vector Machine for At-Site Downscaling of Daily Precipitation
Authors: Hou Yu-Kun , Chen Hua , Xu Chong-Yu , Chen Jie , Guo Sheng-Lian 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Statistical downscaling is useful for managing scale and resolution problems in outputs from global climate models (GCMs) for climate change impact studies. To improve downscaling of precipitation occurrence, this study proposes a revised regression-based statistical downscaling method that couples a support vector classifier (SVC) and first-order two-state Markov chain to generate the occurrence and a support vector regression (SVR) to simulate the amount. The proposed method is compared to the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) for reproducing the temporal and quantitative distribution of observed precipitation using 10 meteorological indicators. Two types of calibration and validation methods were compared. The first method used sequential split sampling of calibration and validation periods, while the second used odd years for calibration and even years for validation. The proposed coupled approach outperformed the other methods in downscaling daily precipitation in all study periods using both calibration methods. Using odd years for calibration and even years for validation can reduce the influence of possible climate change–induced nonstationary data series. The study shows that it is necessary to combine different types of precipitation state classifiers with a method of regression or distribution to improve the performance of traditional statistical downscaling. These methods were applied to simulate future precipitation change from 2031 to 2100 with the CMIP5 climate variables. The results indicated increasing tendencies in both mean and maximum future precipitation predicted using all the downscaling methods evaluated. However, the proposed method is an at-site statistical downscaling method, and therefore this method will need to be modified for extension into a multisite domain.
Morphologic Changes in the Guinea Pig Cochlea following Cochleostomy—A Preliminary Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Dimitrov Eva A. , Duckert Larry G. 
Published: July 2017

Fistulization of the membranous labyrinth via a surgically created endolymphatic‐perilymphatic shunt (cochleosacculotomy) is currently being advocated as a treatment for endolymphatic hydrops. As a preliminary study to the Investigation of the effects of labyrinthine fistulization on the hydropic condition, we sought first to reproduce the cochleosacculotomy procedure in a series of normal animals. Fistulization of the cochlear duct was performed in 15 normal animals using a tungsten wire directed via the round window through the cochlear partition in the region of the organ of Corti. The animals were sacrificed at regular intervals and the cochleas examined for histopathologic changes with the scanning electron microscope. Observations suggest that discrete permanent fistulization of the cochlear duct in the normal guinea pig results in progressive sensory cell degeneration. The implication of these observations and the apparent difference between these results and the experience thus far reported in humans are discussed.
First Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1994: Early Effects of Cerebellopontine Angle Compression on Rabbit Distortion‐Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Model for Monitoring Cochlear Function during Acoustic Neuroma Surgery
Authors: Widick Michael P. , Telischi Fred F. , Lonsbury‐Martin Brenda L. , Stagner Barden B. 
Published: July 2017

A rabbit model was developed to simulate the effects of Ischemia that may occur during surgical removal of tumors Involving the cerebellopontine angle or internal auditory canal. Specifically, the internal auditory artery was visualized through a posterior craniotomy and mechanically compressed for repetitive 1‐minute intervals with a micromanipulator‐controlled glass pipet terminating in a smooth bead. The 2f1‐f2 distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions were used to monitor the susceptibility of cochlear function to compressive effects. Distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions were measured during discrete preblock, block, and postblock periods to determine the time course of distortion‐product otoacoustic emission reduction and its return to baseline levels after rapid obstruction and resumption, respectively, of the cochlear vascular supply. Comparisons during these times indicated that preblock distortion‐product otoacoustic emission levels were very stable, often varying by less than 1 dB. Additionally, distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions were very sensitive to brief vascular occlusions in that, within approximately 25 seconds of blockage onset, emission levels at all frequencies decreased at rates of about − 1.5 dB/second. On alleviation of the occlusion, distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions rapidly and completely returned to preblock levels with a delay of about 4 seconds and recovery slopes of about 10.5 dB/second. A notable finding in some animals was that early and reproducible variations in distortion‐product otoacoustic emission levels occurred within 5 to 8 seconds of internal auditory artery compression. When present, these transitory changes on distortion‐product otoacoustic emission levels acted as early warning signs for vascular compromise of cochlear function.
Cochlear Endoscopy with Preservation of Hearing in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Balkany Thomas , Hodges Annelle V. , Whitehead Martin , Memari Faramarz , Martin Glen K. 
Published: July 2017

Advances in fiberoptic technology have revolutionized the way many disorders are treated by otolaryngologists. We have previously described our experiences with cochlear endoscopy during cochlear Implantation. However, endoscopy of the functioning cochlea has not previously been reported. To test the hypothesis that endoscopy of the guinea pig cochlea is possible without catastrophic loss of auditory function, we subjected 20 ears of 10 Hartley‐strain albino guinea pigs to limited endoscopy of the cochlea through the round window with evaluation of distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brain stem responses. Insertion of the endoscope caused measurable changes in auditory brain stem response latency and amplitude. Distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes were reduced an average of 6 dB with greater loss close to the round window. Frequencies above 18 kHz, corresponding to the region of endoscopy, were not evaluated in this preliminary study and are suspected to have sustained more damage. Results demonstrate that endoscopy of the guinea pig cochlea is possible without major loss of the above physiologic measures in the regions tested. If endoscopy of the cochlea is to become a tool with clinical and basic science applications, refinements in techniques to avoid damage are necessary.
Military Use of Nasopharyngeal Irradiation with Radium during World War II
Authors: Warlick Steven R. 
Published: July 2017

Published reports of the military use of nasopharyngeal irradiation during World War II include treatment of U.S. aviators in England, the aerotitis control program of the Army Air Forces, treatment of Navy submarine trainees at New London, Connecticut, and other miscellaneous reports. In England, Army aviators developed hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Radon applicators were used to treat 220 Army aviators from 1942 to 1944. The radium applicator provided a much more stable applicator and allowed much shorter exposure times, making it suitable for field use. From 1944 to 1945 the Army Air Forces had an aerotitis control program that was developed on the recommendations of an expert panel convened by the air surgeon. Nasopharyngeal radium was used to treat 6881 aviators. Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue was also a problem in submarine escape training at New London. Reports indicate that 732 Navy submariners were treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Other documented military use included 60 Navy aviators by Northington and 277 aviators in the Pacific theater. The total number of U.S. military personnel treated in World War II is 8170. After the war, there were no indications that the Army or Air Force continued to use nasopharyngeal radium, but it was used by the Navy at New London for some time. Precise numbers treated are unknown, and it is unclear when use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was stopped.
Auditory Spatial Information and Head-Coupled Display Systems
Authors: Strybel Thomas Z. 
Published: July 2017

Developments of head-coupled control/display systems have focused primarily on the display of three dimensional visual information, as the visual system is the optimal sensory channel for the aquisition of spatial information in humans. The auditory system improves the efficiency of vision, however, by obtaining spatial information about relevant objects outside of the visual field of view. This auditory information can be used to direct head and eye movements. Head-coupled display systems, can also benefit from the addition of auditory spatial information, as it provides a natural method of signaling the location of important events outside of the visual field of view. This symposium will report on current efforts in the developments of head-coupled display systems, with an emphasis on the auditory spatial component. The first paper “Virtual Interface Environment Workstations”, by Scott S. Fisher, will report on the development of a prototype virtual environment. This environment consists of a head-mounted, wide-angle, stereoscopic display system which is controlled by operator position, voice, and gesture. With this interface, an operator can virtually explore a 360 degree synthesized environment, and viscerally interact with its components. The second paper, “A Virtual Display System For Conveying Three-Dimensional Acoustic Information” by Elizabeth M. Wenzel, Frederic L. Wightman and Scott H. Foster, will report on the development of a method of synthetically generating three-dimensional sound cues for the above-mentioned interface. The development of simulated auditory spatial cues is limited to some extent, by our knowlege of auditory spatial processing. The remaining papers will report on two areas of auditory space perception that have recieved little attention until recently. “Perception of Real and Simulated Motion in the Auditory Modality”, by Thomas Z. Strybel, will review recent research on auditory motion perception, because a natural acoustic environment must contain moving sounds. This review will consider applications of this knowledge to head-coupled display systems. The last paper, “Auditory Psychomotor Coordination”, will examine the interplay between the auditory, visual and motor systems. The specific emphasis of this paper is the use of auditory spatial information in the regulation of motor responses so as to provide efficient application of the visual channel.
FDG-PET–driven consolidation strategy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: final results of a randomized phase 2 study
Authors: Casasnovas R.-O. , Ysebaert L. , Thieblemont C. , Bachy E. , Feugier P. , Delmer A. , Tricot S. , Gabarre J. , Andre M. , Fruchart C. , Mounier N. , Delarue R. , Meignan M. , Berriolo-Riedinger A. , Bardet S. , Emile J.-F. , Jais J.-P. , Haioun C. , Tilly H. , Morschhauser F. 
Published: July 2017

Key Points
Superiority of R-ACVBP over R-CHOP14 was not established, as IHP criteria driving consolidation did not properly reflect disease control. The 26% PET2−/PET4− patients using IHP criteria increased to 79% using ΔSUVmax, which may help better select those needing an alternative to SIC.
Lung microbiome and host immune tone in subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with inhaled interferon-γ
Authors: Wang Jing , Lesko Melissa , Badri Michelle H. , Kapoor Bianca C. , Wu Benjamin G. , Li Yonghua , Smaldone Gerald C. , Bonneau Richard , Kurtz Zachary D. , Condos Rany , Segal Leopoldo N. 
Published: July 2017

Therapies targeting inflammation reveal inconsistent results in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Aerosolised interferon (IFN)-γ has been proposed as a novel therapy. Changes in the host airway microbiome are associated with the inflammatory milieu and may be associated with disease progression. Here, we evaluate whether treatment with aerosolised IFN-γ in IPF impacts either the lower airway microbiome or the host immune phenotype.Patients with IPF who enrolled in an aerosolised IFN-γ trial underwent bronchoscopy at baseline and after 6 months. 16S rRNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was used to evaluate the lung microbiome. Biomarkers were measured by Luminex assay in plasma, BALF and BAL cell supernatant. The compPLS framework was used to evaluate associations between taxa and biomarkers.IFN-γ treatment did not change α or β diversity of the lung microbiome and few taxonomic changes occurred. While none of the biomarkers changed in plasma, there was an increase in IFN-γ and a decrease in Fit-3 ligand, IFN-α2 and interleukin-5 in BAL cell supernatant, and a decrease in tumour necrosis factor-β in BALF. Multiple correlations between microbial taxa common to the oral mucosa and host inflammatory biomarkers were found.These data suggest that the lung microbiome is independently associated with the host immune tone and may have a potential mechanistic role in IPF.
Lung adenocarcinoma patients of young age have lower
EGFR
mutation rate and poorer efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Wu Shang-Gin , Chang Yih-Leong , Yu Chong-Jen , Yang Pan-Chyr , Shih Jin-Yuan 
Published: July 2017

Patients aged =50 years are rarely diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to understand the mutation status of
EGFR
and the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) treatment in young Asian patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
We collected tumour specimens and malignant pleural effusions from lung adenocarcinoma patients from June 2005 to April 2014, recorded their clinical demographic data, and analysed
EGFR
mutations by reverse transcriptase PCR.

EGFR
mutation data were collected from 1039 lung adenocarcinoma patients, including 161 patients aged =50 years and 878 patients aged >50 years. Fewer patients aged =50 years had
EGFR
mutations than older patients (p=0.043), but they showed a higher rate of uncommon
EGFR
mutations (p=0.035). A total of 524 patients with
EGFR
mutations received EGFR-TKI treatment, including 81 patients aged =50 years. Younger patients had a lower response rate than older patients (p=0.038) and had the shortest progression-free survival compared with other predefined age categories (p=0.033). Multivariate analysis of overall survival revealed age =50 years as a poor prognostic factor.
In conclusion, fewer Asian patients aged =50 years had
EGFR
mutations, but the
EGFR
mutation types were more uncommon. Age =50 years is associated with poorer efficacy of EGFR-TKI treatment.
Fate bias during neural regeneration adjusts dynamically without recapitulating developmental fate progression
Authors: Ng Chi Kei Jeremy , Currie Peter David , Jusuf Patricia Regina 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Background
Regeneration of neurons in the central nervous system is poor in humans. In other vertebrates neural regeneration does occur efficiently and involves reactivation of developmental processes. Within the neural retina of zebrafish, Müller glia are the main stem cell source and are capable of generating progenitors to replace lost neurons after injury. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent Müller glia and neuron differentiation mirror development.

Methods
Following neural ablation in the zebrafish retina, dividing cells were tracked using a prolonged labelling technique. We investigated to what extent extrinsic feedback influences fate choices in two injury models, and whether fate specification follows the histogenic order observed in development.

Results
By comparing two injury paradigms that affect different subpopulations of neurons, we found a dynamic adaptability of fate choices during regeneration. Both injuries followed a similar time course of cell death, and activated Müller glia proliferation. However, these newly generated cells were initially biased towards replacing specifically the ablated cell types, and subsequently generating all cell types as the appropriate neuron proportions became re-established. This dynamic behaviour has implications for shaping regenerative processes and ensuring restoration of appropriate proportions of neuron types regardless of injury or cell type lost.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that regenerative fate processes are more flexible than development processes. Compared to development fate specification we observed a disruption in stereotypical birth order of neurons during regeneration Understanding such feedback systems can allow us to direct regenerative fate specification in injury and diseases to regenerate specific neuron types in vivo.
Recognition of visceral obesity beyond body fat: assessment of cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease using anthropometry
Authors: Vogt Barbara Perez , Caramori Jacqueline Costa Teixeira 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEvaluation of body fat and its distribution are important because they can predict several risk factors, mainly cardiovascular risk. Imaging techniques have high precision and accuracy for body fat measurement. However, trained personnel are required and the cost is high. Anthropometric indices might be used to evaluate body fat and its distribution in general population. In chronic kidney disease patients, studies have been indicating that overweight status improves survival rates. On the other hand, visceral fat accumulation is associated with inflammatory responses and insulin resistance. This narrative review discusses particularities of fat distribution in metabolic context and the relevance of available methods for abdominal adiposity evaluation in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients.
Storied Place
Authors: Reinburg Virginia 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Pilgrim shrines and their fabled miracles became beacons of resurgent Catholicism after the religious wars ended. Since the seventeenth century, historians have highlighted the contributions of bishops, clerics, and aristocratic patrons to Catholic reform, including the building and expansion of shrines dedicated to the Virgin Mary. But a close look at Notre-Dame de Garaison in Bigorre shows that the local community—peasants, shepherds, and pilgrims—created the shrine and its meanings out of the landscape and stories of this particular place in the central Pyrenees.
Les lieux de pèlerinage et leurs légendes miraculeuses sont devenus des lieux privilégiés du renouveau catholique à la fin des guerres de Religion. Dès le dix-septième siècle, les historiens ont souligné la contribution des évêques, des clercs et des patrons aristocratiques à la Réforme catholique, y compris la construction et l'extension des sanctuaires consacrés à la Vierge Marie. Or le cas de Notre-Dame de Garaison en Bigorre montre que c'est la communauté locale—paysans, bergers et pèlerins—qui a fondé le sanctuaire et lui a donné son sens en partant du paysage et des récits de ce lieu précis des Pyrénées centrales.