bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of pseudoephedrine in sport: a systematic review
Authors: Trinh Kien V , Kim Jiin , Ritsma Amanda 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivePseudoephedrine is a stimulant that can be purchased over-the-counter to relieve symptoms of nasal and sinus congestion. Owing to its similar composition to ephedrine and other amphetamines, pseudoephedrine mirrors some of its ergogenic effects. This study investigates its possible ergogenic effect through a systematic review. Our primary aim was to determine the effects of pseudoephedrine in sport and its potential for performance enhancement.DesignWe searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and The Cochrane Library for trials conducted from their beginning to March 2015. Any published trial that used randomised assignment to the intervention and control groups in full text and measured pseudoephedrine as an independent variable were included.ResultsOverall, the review showed that the ergogenic effect of pseudoephedrine is dose-dependent. None of the reviewed studies showed an ergogenic effect at the therapeutic dose of the drug (60–120 mg); however, supratherapeutic doses (≥180 mg) yielded clinically significant results.ConclusionsOwing to the limitations of the published studies in this field, we were unable to make any firm conclusions with respect to the overall effect of pseudoephedrine and its ergogenic effect. It is evident that there is a correlation between the dose administered and its ergogenic effects, but it is also evident that the side effects of using above the therapeutic dose outweigh the possible benefits of using pseudoephedrine in sport. Further research with larger sample sizes is required to determine the relationship between doses (≥180 mg) and concentrations in urine that cause an ergogenic effect.
Focal cortical dysplasia resulting in seizures in an adult dog
Authors: Cooper Camilla Jayne , McConnell Fraser , Walmsley Gemma , Gonçalves Rita 
Published: December 2015

A two‐year‐old, neutered male, old English sheepdog was presented for further investigation of generalised tonic‐clonic seizures. MRI of the brain revealed cortical grey matter thickening, grey‐white matter blurring and malformation of the prorean and precruciate gyrus and absence of the presylvian sulcus. These findings are consistent with congenital focal cortical dysplasia; although the histopathological findings have been previously described in dogs, the MRI findings have not yet been reported in the veterinary literature. Phenobarbitone was added at the time of diagnosis with levetiracetam being added after 12 months due to worsening seizure frequency. Cortical dysplasia, although uncommon, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in an adult dog with generalised seizures.
Controlling cyber arms, and creating new LEGOs
Authors: Arquilla John , Adams Joel C. 
Published: December 2015

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John Arquilla identifies flaws in a potential U.S.-China cyber arms control pact, while Joel C. Adams suggests an unusual way of preserving computer science history.
The Neural Basis of Vocal Pitch Imitation in Humans
Authors: Belyk Michel , Pfordresher Peter Q. , Liotti Mario , Brown Steven 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Vocal imitation is a phenotype that is unique to humans among all primate species, and so an understanding of its neural basis is critical in explaining the emergence of both speech and song in human evolution. Two principal neural models of vocal imitation have emerged from a consideration of nonhuman animals. One hypothesis suggests that putative mirror neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis of Broca's area may be important for imitation. An alternative hypothesis derived from the study of songbirds suggests that the corticostriate motor pathway performs sensorimotor processes that are specific to vocal imitation. Using fMRI with a sparse event-related sampling design, we investigated the neural basis of vocal imitation in humans by comparing imitative vocal production of pitch sequences with both nonimitative vocal production and pitch discrimination. The strongest difference between these tasks was found in the putamen bilaterally, providing a striking parallel to the role of the analogous region in songbirds. Other areas preferentially activated during imitation included the orofacial motor cortex, Rolandic operculum, and SMA, which together outline the corticostriate motor loop. No differences were seen in the inferior frontal gyrus. The corticostriate system thus appears to be the central pathway for vocal imitation in humans, as predicted from an analogy with songbirds.
Typification of the Linnaean names Oxalis flava and O. versicolor (Oxalidaceae)
Authors: FERRER-GALLEGO PEDRO PABLO , ALTINORDU FAHIM 
Published: December 2015

The typification of the Linnaean names Oxalis flava and O. versicolor (Oxalidaceae) are discussed. The illustrations provided by Burman in Rariorum Africanarum Plantarum are designated as the lectotypes of these names. Furthermore, an epitype for the name O. versicolor is also designated in order to avoid any ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotype.
Skill in Simulating Australian Precipitation at the Tropical Edge*
Authors: Maher Penelope , Sherwood Steven C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Expansion of the tropics will likely affect subtropical precipitation, but observed and modeled precipitation trends disagree with each other. Moreover, the dynamic processes at the tropical edge and their interactions with precipitation are not well understood. This study assesses the skill of climate models to reproduce observed Australian precipitation variability at the tropical edge. A multivariate linear independence approach distinguishes between direct (causal) and indirect (circumstantial) precipitation drivers that facilitate clearer attribution of model errors and skill. This approach is applied to observed precipitation and ERA-Interim reanalysis data and a representative subset of four models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and their CMIP3 counterparts. The drivers considered are El Niño–Southern Oscillation, southern annular mode, Indian Ocean dipole, blocking, and four tropical edge metrics (position and intensity of the subtropical ridge and subtropical jet). These models are skillful in representing the covariability of drivers and their influence on precipitation. However, skill scores have not improved in the CMIP5 subset relative to CMIP3 in either respect. The Australian precipitation response to a poleward-located Hadley cell edge remains uncertain, as opposing drying and moistening mechanisms complicate the net response. Higher skill in simulating driver covariability is not consistently mirrored by higher precipitation skill. This provides further evidence that modeled precipitation does not respond correctly to large-scale flow patterns; further improvements in parameterized moist physics are needed before the subtropical precipitation responses can be fully trusted. The multivariate linear independence approach could be applied more widely for practical model evaluation.
GRACE-Based Hydrological Drought Evaluation of the Yangtze River Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Dan , Zhang Qi , Werner Adrian D. , Liu Xiaomang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this study, hydrological drought in the Yangtze River basin (YRB) is characterized based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) total water storage (TWS). An artificial neural network approach is applied to extend the GRACE TWS observations (2003–12) to a longer TWS time series (1979–2012), which is well matched (Nash–Sutcliff efficiency of 0.83) to the GRACE data. Hydrological drought is identified by water storage deficit (WSD; the shortfall in TWS from the average value) in three consecutive months. The method builds on previous research by considering potentially ineffective interdrought events and by characterizing drought recovery time from a multidecadal TWS time series. The results show that the YRB was in hydrological drought 29 times during 1979–2012, and the three subbasins of the YRB (upper, middle, and lower YRB) experienced between 21 and 28 hydrological drought events during the same period. The drought recovery time, defined as the time required for WSD to recover to average conditions, is evaluated by a simple statistical approach based on the empirical cumulative distribution function. The average drought recovery time is 3.3 months for the entire YRB and ranges from 2.3 to 3.4 months for the three subbasins. The severest YRB drought occurred during 2003–08 as a result of below-average precipitation, high temperatures, and intense human activities. The results demonstrate that GRACE data are useful for reconstructing the TWS time series for a large river basin, from which hydrological drought can be characterized, and for investigating spatial and temporal trends in water storage conditions.
Mesoscale to Submesoscale Wavenumber Spectra in Drake Passage
Authors: Rocha Cesar B. , Chereskin Teresa K. , Gille Sarah T. , Menemenlis Dimitris 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study discusses the upper-ocean (0–200 m) horizontal wavenumber spectra in the Drake Passage from 13 yr of shipboard ADCP measurements, altimeter data, and a high-resolution numerical simulation. At scales between 10 and 200 km, the ADCP kinetic energy spectra approximately follow ak−3power law. The observed flows are more energetic at the surface, but the shape of the kinetic energy spectra is independent of depth. These characteristics resemble predictions of isotropic interior quasigeostrophic turbulence. The ratio of across-track to along-track kinetic energy spectra, however, significantly departs from the expectation of isotropic interior quasigeostrophic turbulence. The inconsistency is dramatic at scales smaller than 40 km. A Helmholtz decomposition of the ADCP spectra and analyses of synthetic and numerical model data show that horizontally divergent, ageostrophic flows account for the discrepancy between the observed spectra and predictions of isotropic interior quasigeostrophic turbulence. In Drake Passage, ageostrophic motions appear to be dominated by inertia–gravity waves and account for about half of the near-surface kinetic energy at scales between 10 and 40 km. Model results indicate that ageostrophic flows imprint on the sea surface, accounting for about half of the sea surface height variance between 10 and 40 km.
Increased risk of trigeminal neuralgia in patients with migraine: A nationwide population-based study
Authors: Lin Kuan-Hsiang , Chen Yung-Tai , Fuh Jong-Ling , Wang Shuu-Jiun 
Published: December 2015

Objectives The objectives of this article are to evaluate the association between migraine and trigeminal neuralgia and to investigate the effects of age, sex, migraine subtype, and comorbid risk factors on trigeminal neuralgia development. Methods This population-based cohort study was conducted using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Individuals aged ≥ 20 years with neurologist-diagnosed migraine between 2005 and 2009 were included. A non-headache age-, sex-, and propensity score-matched control cohort was selected for comparison. All participants were followed until the end of 2010, death, or the occurrence of trigeminal neuralgia. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for comparison of the risk of trigeminal neuralgia between groups. Results Both cohorts ( n = 137,529 each) were followed for a mean of 3.1 years. During the follow-up period, 575 patients (421,581 person-years) in the migraine cohort and 88 matched controls (438,712 person-years) were newly diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia (incidence rates, 136.39 and 20.06/100,000 person-years, respectively). The HR for trigeminal neuralgia was 6.72 (95% CI, 5.37–8.41; p < 0.001). The association between migraine and trigeminal neuralgia remained significant in sensitivity analyses. Among migraine subtypes, patients with migraine with aura were at greater risk of trigeminal neuralgia development. No other significant interaction was identified in subgroup analyses. Conclusions Migraine is a previously unidentified risk factor for trigeminal neuralgia. The association between these conditions suggests a linked underlying mechanism, which is worthy of further exploration.
Defining the impact of the use of granulocyte colony stimulating factors on the incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with gynecologic malignancies
Authors: Julius Justin M , Hammerstrom Aimee , Wei Caimiao , Rajesh Raeshmma , Bodurka Diane C , Kurian Shiney , Smith Judith A 
Published: December 2015

Purpose The objectives of this study were to characterize the incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) and febrile neutropenia (FN) with specific chemotherapy agents commonly used in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies, as well as defining the impact of granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) on the prevention of CIN and FN in this patient population. Methods This retrospective analysis was conducted from a database of 635 gynecologic cancer patients who received chemotherapy between 1 September 2007 and 31 August 2008. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the impact of potential covariates on the overall incidence of CIN. Results Overall, 28.3% of patients experienced CIN with one or more cycles chemotherapy, and 13.1% had treatment delays or dose reduction associated with CIN. The use of G-CSF prior to administration of chemotherapy resulted in a decrease in the incidence of CIN from 29.8% to 19.6% compared to no G-CSF use. No difference was observed in number of treatment delays or dose reductions in the 46 (7.2%) of gynecologic cancer patients that received G-CSF prophylaxis. Multivariate analysis found that both age and the number of current cycles jointly may predict risk of CIN. Conclusions Patients with gynecologic malignancies appear to be at a higher risk of development of neutropenia when treated with chemotherapy. The proactive use of G-CSF did decrease the risk of CIN by over 30%. Prospective study is warranted to determine the impact of G-CSF to reduce CIN in patients with gynecologic malignancies receiving chemotherapy.
Nascent osteoblast matrix inhibits osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro
Authors: Kolf Catherine M. , Song Lin , Helm Jeannine , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionAdult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered promising candidates for cell-based therapies. Their potential utility derives primarily from their immunomodulatory activity, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and likely progenitor cell function in wound healing and repair of connective tissues. However,in vitro, MSCs often senesce and spontaneously differentiate into osteoblasts after prolonged expansion, likely because of lack of regulatory microenvironmental signals.In vivo, osteoblasts that line the endosteal bone marrow surface are in close proximity to MSCs in the marrow stroma and thus may help to regulate MSC fate.MethodsWe examined here how osteogenic differentiation of MSCsin vitrois affected by exposure to osteoblastic cells (OBCs). Human bone marrow MSCs were exposed to OBCs, derived by induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, either directly in contact co-cultures, or indirectly to OBC-conditioned medium or decellularized OBC extracellular matrix (ECM).ResultsOur results showed that OBCs can act as negative regulators of MSC osteogenesis. mRNA expression profiling revealed that OBCs did not affect MSC osteogenesis in direct contact cultures or via secreted factors. However, seeding MSCs on decellularized OBC ECM significantly decreased expression of several osteogenic genes and maintained their fibroblastic morphologies. Proteomic analysis identified some of the candidate protein regulators of MSC osteogenesis.ConclusionsThese findings provide the basis for future studies to elucidate the signaling mechanisms responsible for osteoblast matrix-mediated regulation of MSC osteogenesis and to better manipulate MSC fatein vitroto minimize their spontaneous differentiation.
Fluid Volume Expansion and Depletion in Hemodialysis Patients Lack Association with Clinical Parameters
Authors: Kalainy Sylvia , Reid Ryan , Jindal Kailash , Pannu Neesh , Braam Branko 
Published: December 2015

Background: Achievement of normal volume status is crucial in hemodialysis (HD), since both volume expansion and volume contraction have been associated with adverse outcome and events. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of fluid volume expansion and depletion and to identify the best clinical parameter or set of parameters that can predict fluid volume expansion in HD patients. Design: This study is cross-sectional. Setting: This study was conducted in three hemodialysis units. Patients: In this study, there are 194 HD patients. Methods: Volume status was assessed by multifrequency bio-impedance spectroscopy (The Body Composition Monitor, Fresenius) prior to the mid-week HD session. Results: Of all patients, 48 % ( n = 94) were volume-expanded and 9 % of patients were volume-depleted ( n = 17). Interdialytic weight gain was not different between hypovolemic, normovolemic, and hypervolemic patients. Fifty percent of the volume-expanded patients were hypertensive. Paradoxical hypertension was very common (31 % of all patients); its incidence was not different between patient groups. Intradialytic hypotension was relatively common and was more frequent among hypovolemic patients. Multivariate regression analysis identified only four predictors for volume expansion (edema, lower BMI, higher SBP, and smoking). None of these parameters displayed both a good sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: The volume assessment was performed once. Conclusions: The study indicates that volume expansion is highly prevalent in HD population and could not be identified using clinical parameters alone. No clinical parameters were identified that could reliably predict volume status. This study shows that bio-impedance can assist to determine volume status. Volume status, in turn, is not related to intradialytic weight gain and is unable to explain the high incidence of paradoxical hypertension.
GROUP INTERVAL WEIGHTS BASED ON CONJUNCTION APPROXIMATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTERVAL WEIGHTS
Authors: Entani Tomoe 
Published: December 2015

<p>The individual and group decisions in this study are denoted as the normalized interval weights of alternatives as in Interval AHP. It assumes that a decision maker uses crisp values in the interval weights in giving comparisons. The interval weights reflect uncertainty in a decision maker’s mind. Then, the group interval weight is obtained as a conjunction approximation of the individual interval weights. For a consensus, the group interval weight is obtained so as to intersect with all the individual interval weights. In other words, the group interval weight has something in common with each individual interval weight. The group decision depends on how much the decision makers are satisfied or dissatisfied with it. The satisfaction of a decision maker is measured by the ranges of the group interval weights which s/he can support. Similarly, the decision maker’s dissatisfaction is defined by the ranges which are out of his/her decision. It is better to maximize the satisfaction and simultaneously to minimize the dissatisfaction. However, there is a trade-off between these two objectives. In the proposed model, the importance of the satisfaction or dissatisfaction is given. Then, the decision makers find not only the group decision but also their satisfaction and dissatisfaction with it. </p>
GIS BASED GEO HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF PAKISTAN FOR FUTURE URBAN DEVELOPMENT USING AHP
Authors: Minhas Amer Imran 
Published: December 2015

<p>Pakistan has been subject to frequent earthquakes, which are often severe (especially in the north and west), and severe flooding along the Indus River after heavy monsoon rains (July to August every year). Loss to life and property as a result of these natural disasters has been very high in the recent past. In order to mitigate these losses, an integrated decision support which could help planners make complex decisions accurately and quickly is required. This first ever study aims to provide a multi criteria decision analysis framework resulting in the regionalization of the territories of Pakistan according to the level of vulnerability to these natural disasters. Site suitability for urban development in Pakistan was assessed by the application of GIS and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). GIS can effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyse and display the spatial in site selection problems. AHP can be used to calculate weights of criteria while the decision maker remains consistent in judging and allocating comparative preferences to criteria. Weighted scores were aggregated in two clusters namely environmental (elevation, slope, aspect, distance from rivers, land surface temperature and precipitation) and hazard (flood extents, earthquake density and intensity). The results of these two clusters were then synthesized using an innovative scheme to obtain a suitability index map. Indices in the map were classified into four categories representing extremely suitable, suitable, less suitable and worst regions for urban development. This study shows how an effective multi criteria decision support method can be developed to select suitable sites for urban development in order to reduce exposure to natural disasters. Urban development should be planned in extremely suitable areas. </p>
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE FLUID DELIVERY TECHNIQUE FOR GRINDING TITANIUM GRADE-1 USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
Authors: Chaudhury Ayan , Mandal Bijoy , Das Santanu 
Published: December 2015

<p class="abstract">Grinding is commonly used in industry for the finishing or semi-finishing of different mechanical components. In this process, a wheel is rotated at a high speed. The wheel is made of abrasive particles known as grits. During grinding, high grinding zone temperature is experienced leading to several grinding defects. To control these thermal defects grinding fluid is usually employed mainly to cool and lubricate the grinding region. However, most of the applied grinding fluid cannot reach the grinding zone as it is deflected by the stiff air layer formed around the wheel periphery. Several attempts have been made in the past to overcome this problem in order to guarantee better fluid delivery. In this paper, two newly developed methods, a pneumatic barrier and a compound nozzle are considered to serve this purpose. Grinding experiments are conducted on titanium grade-1 specimens under four environmental conditions, which include dry, flood cooling, flood cooling with pneumatic barrier set up and cooling using a compound nozzle. Under each environment, 10 grinding passes are undertaken using 10, 20 and 30 mm infeed. Data obtained are used to optimize the grinding performance by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The AHP results show compound nozzle fluid delivery at 20 mm infeed to be the appropriate condition for grinding titanium grade-1 within this experimental domain. This condition is supposed to deliver grinding fluid deep into the grinding zone thereby controlling grinding temperature effectively and may be recommended to the industry. </p>
Plato And Aristotle's Missing Axiom Of Logical Thought: Creativity And Priorities
Authors: Saaty Thomas L. 
Published: December 2015

The original three laws of thought due to Plato comprise the most basic requirements for identification and reasoning. Here we expand these three laws to include comparison which must precede all the three laws. The only way we know a thing is by comparing it with other things, or with our memories of other things.