bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Neurophysiology Fellows in the United States
Authors: Haneef Zulfi , Chiang Sharon , Rutherford Holly C. , Antony Arun R. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
Fellowship training in Clinical Neurophysiology (CNP) is often sought following Neurology residency. However, data documenting the reasons for choosing CNP fellowship, and experiences therein, are sparse.

Methods:
Current Neurophysiology fellows across the United States participated in a 17-item, Internet-based survey. Data regarding demographics, reasons for choosing fellowship, adequacy of training, and future plans were collected.

Results:
Among respondents (n = 49), 84% graduated from a US medical school. Personal interest in CNP was the most common reason for choosing the fellowship. Program choice was guided by location and clinical strength of the program. Choosing a program based on clinical strength was likely to result in higher satisfaction scores. Overall, most (87%) were satisfied with their current program giving a satisfaction score of 4 or 5 on a 1–5 Likert scale. Lesser time spent in the epilepsy monitoring unit and EEG was also associated with higher satisfaction scores—these were also the areas that seemed to be most stressed during training. No differences emerged between male and female respondents in their answers to the various survey questions.

Conclusions:
The authors encountered a group of academically minded CNP trainees who are satisfied with their choice of fellowship, the current application process, and training received. Most intend to have a future in academic medicine. The CNP areas that seem to need further development in providing a well-rounded fellowship include training in sleep, evoked potentials, and intraoperative monitoring. The findings would be informative to future fellowship trainees and to program officers.
Aliasing of 60-Hz Artifact as a Result of Compressed Time Base
Authors: Bolen Robert D. , Edwards Jonathan C. , Halford Jonathan J. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
Digital EEG has brought about greater flexibility in data interpretation but has also resulted in new and unique artifacts. As digital EEG has evolved, an increase in intensive care unit monitoring has occurred, bringing more sources of artifact to light. Aliasing as a result of a combination of compressed time base and display monitor resolution can result in appearance of spurious waveforms that can potentially skew interpretation.

Methods:
A portion of a digital EEG from an intensive care unit patient acquired at a sample rate of 1,024 Hz was reviewed at a time base of 15 mm/second on a monitor with a resolution of 1,920 × 1,080.

Results:
At a time base of 15 mm/second, a 60-Hz artifact resulted in the appearance of a 4-Hz delta artifact that resolved when the time base was changed to a more standard 30 mm/second.

Conclusions:
A software malfunction of the digital antialiasing filter for display resulted in the appearance of a novel 4-Hz artifact.
Size-Dependent Expression of the Mitotic Activator Cdc25 as a Mechanism of Size Control in Fission Yeast
Authors: Keifenheim Daniel , Sun Xi-Ming , D'Souza Edridge , Ohira Makoto J. , Magner Mira , Mayhew Michael B. , Samuel Marguerat , Rhind Nicholas 
Published: October 2016

SummaryProper cell size is essential for cellular function (Hall et al., 2004). Nonetheless, despite more than 100 years of work on the subject, the mechanisms that maintain cell size homeostasis are largely mysterious (Marshall et al., 2012). Cells in growing populations maintain cell size within a narrow range by coordinating growth and division. Bacterial and eukaryotic cells both demonstrate homeostatic size control, which maintains population-level variation in cell size within a certain range, and returns the population average to that range if it is perturbed (Marshall et al., 2012; Turner et al., 2012; Amodeo and Skotheim, 2015). Recent work has proposed two different strategies for size control: budding yeast has been proposed to use an inhibitor-dilution strategy to regulate size at the G1/S transition (Schmoller et al., 2015), while bacteria appear to use an adder strategy, in which a fixed amount of growth each generation causes cell size to converge on a stable average, a mechanism also suggested for budding yeast (Campos et al., 2014; Jun and Taheri-Araghi, 2015; Taheri-Araghi et al., 2015; Tanouchi et al., 2015; Soifer et al., 2016). Here we present evidence that cell size in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombeis regulated by a third strategy: the size dependent expression of the mitotic activator Cdc25. Thecdc25transcript levels are regulated such that smaller cells express less Cdc25 and larger cells express more Cdc25, creating an increasing concentration of Cdc25 as cell grow and providing a mechanism for cell to trigger cell division when they reach a threshold concentration of Cdc25. Since regulation of mitotic entry by Cdc25 is well conserved, this mechanism may provide a wide spread solution to the problem of size control in eukaryotes.
Multi-algorithm particle simulations with Spatiocyte
Authors: Arjunan Satya N. V. , Takahashi Koichi 
Published: October 2016

SummaryAs quantitative biologists get more measurements of spatially regulated systems such as cell division and polarization, simulation of reaction and diffusion of proteins using the data is becoming increasingly relevant to uncover the mechanisms underlying the systems. Spatiocyte is a lattice-based stochastic particle simulator for biochemical reaction and diffusion processes. Simulations can be performed at single molecule and compartment spatial scales simultaneously. Molecules can diffuse and react in 1D (filament), 2D (membrane) and 3D (cytosol) compartments. The implications of crowded regions in the cell can be investigated because each diffusing molecule has spatial dimensions. Spatiocyte adopts multi-algorithm and multi-timescale frameworks to simulate models that simultaneously employ deterministic, stochastic and particle reaction-diffusion algorithms. Comparison of light microscopy images to simulation snapshots is supported by Spatiocyte microscopy visualization and molecule tagging features. Spatiocyte is open-source software and is freely available athttp://spatiocyte.org.
Omics and bioinformatics approaches to target boar taint
Authors: Agarwal Rahul , Narayan Jitendra 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn livestock species, a rapid growth in high-throughput omics data has accelerated the pace of studies that target to dissect economically important traits to provide better quality animal products to consumers. In pig industries, young boars are generally castrated to remove boar taint, a phenotypic and inheritable trait well-known by an abnormally bad smell and taste in pork meat derived from some uncastrated male pigs. Existence of porcine reference genome made possible to catalogue genome-wide QTLs, candidate genes and biomarkers in associations with boar taint and other industrially significant traits in pigs. The aim of this paper to review the contribution of bioinformatics resources and omics technology in boar taint related studies. This paper also provides concise details about state-of-the-art sequencing technology.
Dynamical patterns of coexisting strategies in a hybrid discrete-continuum spatial evolutionary game model
Authors: Burgess A.E.F. , Schofield P.G. , Hubbard S.F. , Chaplain M.A.J. , Lorenzi T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present a novel hybrid modelling framework that takes into account two aspects which have been largely neglected in previous models of spatial evolutionary games: random motion and chemotaxis. A stochastic individual-based model is used to describe the player dynamics, whereas the evolution of the chemoattractant is governed by a reaction-diffusion equation. The two models are coupled by deriving individual movement rules via the discretisation of a taxis-diffusion equation which describes the evolution of the local number of players. In this framework, individuals occupying the same position can engage in a two-player game, and are awarded a payoff, in terms of reproductive fitness, according to their strategy. As an example, we let individuals play the Hawk-Dove game. Numerical simulations illustrate how random motion and chemotactic response can bring about self-generated dynamical patterns that create favourable conditions for the coexistence of hawks and doves in situations in which the two strategies cannot coexist otherwise. In this sense, our work offers a new perspective of research on spatial evolutionary games, and provides a general formalism to study the dynamics of spatially-structured populations in biological and social contexts where individual motion is likely to affect natural selection of behavioural traits.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Haemophilus haemolyticus and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and a New Testing Scheme for Their Discrimination
Authors: Hu Fang , Rishishwar Lavanya , Sivadas Ambily , Mitchell Gabriel J. , Jordan I. King , Murphy Timothy F. , Gilsdorf Janet R. , Mayer Leonard W. , Wang Xin 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Haemophilu
s
haemolyticus
has been recently discovered to have the potential to cause invasive disease. It is closely related to nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NT
H. influenzae
). NT
H. influenzae
and
H. haemolyticus
are often misidentified because none of the existing tests targeting the known phenotypes of
H. haemolyticus
are able to specifically identify
H. haemolyticus
. Through comparative genomic analysis of
H. haemolyticus
and NT
H. influenzae
, we identified genes unique to
H. haemolyticus
that can be used as targets for the identification of
H. haemolyticus
. A real-time PCR targeting
purT
(encoding phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 in the purine synthesis pathway) was developed and evaluated. The lower limit of detection was 40 genomes/PCR; the sensitivity and specificity in detecting
H. haemolyticus
were 98.9% and 97%, respectively. To improve the discrimination of
H. haemolyticus
and NT
H. influenzae
, a testing scheme combining two targets (
H. haemolyticus
purT
and
H. influenzae
hpd
, encoding protein D lipoprotein) was also evaluated and showed 96.7% sensitivity and 98.2% specificity for the identification of
H. haemolyticus
and 92.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the identification of
H. influenzae
, respectively. The dual-target testing scheme can be used for the diagnosis and surveillance of infection and disease caused by
H. haemolyticus
and NT
H. influenzae
.
Development of a Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae Serotypes K1 and K2
Authors: Siu L. Kristopher , Tsai Yu-Kuo , Lin Jung-Chung , Chen Te-Li , Fung Chang-Phone , Chang Feng-Yee 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

In this study, a novel colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) containing anti-
Klebsiella pneumoniae
capsular polysaccharide polyclonal antibodies was developed to specifically detect
K. pneumoniae
serotypes K1 and K2. Capsular polysaccharide K1 and K2 antigens were first used to produce polyclonal anti-K1 and anti-K2 antibodies. Reference strains with different serotypes, nontypeable
K. pneumoniae
strains, and other bacterial species were then used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of these test strips. The detection limit was found to be 10
5
CFU, and the ICSs were stable for 6 months when stored at room temperature. No false-positive or false-negative results were observed, and equivalent results were obtained compared to those of more conventional test methods, such as PCR or serum agglutination. In conclusion, the ICS developed here requires no technical expertise and allows for the specific, rapid, and simultaneous detection of
K. pneumoniae
serotypes K1 and K2.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Viroporin 2B Antagonizes RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Effects by Inhibition of Its Protein Expression
Authors: Zhu Zixiang , Wang Guoqing , Yang Fan , Cao Weijun , Mao Ruoqing , Du Xiaoli , Zhang Xiangle , Li Chuntian , Li Dan , Zhang Keshan , Shu Hongbing , Liu Xiangtao , Zheng Haixue 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

The role of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells remains unknown. Here, we showed that RIG-I inhibits FMDV replication in host cells. FMDV infection increased the transcription of RIG-I, while it decreased RIG-I protein expression. A detailed analysis revealed that FMDV leader proteinase (L
pro
), as well as 3C proteinase (3C
pro
) and 2B protein, decreased RIG-I protein expression. L
pro
and 3C
pro
are viral proteinases that can cleave various host proteins and are responsible for several of the viral polyprotein cleavages. However, for the first time, we observed 2B-induced reduction of host protein. Further studies showed that 2B-mediated reduction of RIG-I is specific to FMDV, but not other picornaviruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus, enterovirus 71, and coxsackievirus A16. Moreover, we found the decreased protein level of RIG-I is independent of the cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma, the induction of cellular apoptosis, or the association of proteasome, lysosome, and caspase pathways. A direct interaction was observed between RIG-I and 2B. The carboxyl-terminal amino acids 105 to 114 and amino acids 135 to 144 of 2B were essential for the reduction of RIG-I, while residues 105 to 114 were required for the interaction. These data suggest the antiviral role of RIG-I against FMDV and a novel antagonistic mechanism of FMDV that is mediated by 2B protein.

IMPORTANCE
This study demonstrated that RIG-I could suppress FMDV replication during virus infection. FMDV infection increased the transcriptional expression of RIG-I, while it decreased RIG-I protein expression. FMDV 2B protein interacted with RIG-I and induced reduction of RIG-I. 2B-induced reduction of RIG-I was independent of the induction of the cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma or cellular apoptosis. In addition, proteasome, lysosome, and caspase pathways were not involved in this process. This study provides new insight into the immune evasion mediated by FMDV and identifies 2B as an antagonistic factor for FMDV to evade the antiviral response.
TMPRSS12 Is an Activating Protease for Subtype B Avian Metapneumovirus
Authors: Yun Bingling , Zhang Yao , Liu Yongzhen , Guan Xiaolu , Wang Yongqiang , Qi Xiaole , Cui Hongyu , Liu Changjun , Zhang Yanping , Gao Honglei , Gao Li , Li Kai , Gao Yulong , Wang Xiaomei 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The entry of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) into host cells initially requires the fusion of viral and cell membranes, which is exclusively mediated by fusion (F) protein. Proteolysis of aMPV F protein by endogenous proteases of host cells allows F protein to induce membrane fusion; however, these proteases have not been identified. Here, we provide the first evidence that the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS12 facilitates the cleavage of subtype B aMPV (aMPV/B) F protein. We found that overexpression of TMPRSS12 enhanced aMPV/B F protein cleavage, F protein fusogenicity, and viral replication. Subsequently, knockdown of TMPRSS12 with specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) reduced aMPV/B F protein cleavage, F protein fusogenicity, and viral replication. We also found a cleavage motif in the aMPV/B F protein (amino acids 100 and 101) that was recognized by TMPRSS12. The histidine, aspartic acid, and serine residue (HDS) triad of TMPRSS12 was shown to be essential for the proteolysis of aMPV/B F protein via mutation analysis. Notably, we observed TMPRSS12 mRNA expression in target organs of aMPV/B in chickens. Overall, our results indicate that TMPRSS12 is crucial for aMPV/B F protein proteolysis and aMPV/B infectivity and that TMPRSS12 may serve as a target for novel therapeutics and prophylactics for aMPV.

IMPORTANCE
Proteolysis of the aMPV F protein is a prerequisite for F protein-mediated membrane fusion of virus and cell and for aMPV infection; however, the proteases used
in vitro
and
vivo
are not clear. A combination of analyses, including overexpression, knockdown, and mutation methods, demonstrated that the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS12 facilitated cleavage of subtype B aMPV (aMPV/B) F protein. Importantly, we located the motif in the aMPV/B F protein recognized by TMPRSS12 and the catalytic triad in TMPRSS12 that facilitated proteolysis of the aMPV/B F protein. This is the first report on TMPRSS12 as a protease for proteolysis of viral envelope glycoproteins. Our study will shed light on the mechanism of proteolysis of aMPV F protein and pathogenesis of aMPV.
Injuries among weightlifters and powerlifters: a systematic review
Authors: Aasa Ulrika , Svartholm Ivar , Andersson Fredrik , Berglund Lars 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundOlympic weightlifting and powerlifting are two sports that expose the body to great forces. Injury characteristics have not been systematically reviewed for these two growing sports.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding various definitions of injuries used, injury localisation, the prevalence and incidence of injuries and the associated risk factors for injuries in weightlifting and powerlifting.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesFive databases, PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and Web of Science, were searched between 9 March and 6 April 2015.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies assessing injury incidence and prevalence in Olympic weightlifting and powerlifting were included. The Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies was used to assess methodological quality.Results9 studies were included in the review. Injury was defined fairly consistently across studies. Most studies were of low methodological quality. The spine, shoulder and the knee were the most common injury localisations in both sports. The injury incidence in weightlifting was 2.4–3.3 injuries/1000 hours of training and 1.0–4.4 injuries/1000 hours of training in powerlifting. Only one retrospective study had analysed possible risk factors.Summary/conclusionsThe risk of injury in both sports were similar to other non-contact sports also requiring strength/power, but low compared to contact sports. The severity of injuries differed in the included studies. Since little has been studied regarding possible risk factors to injuries, further research is therefore warranted to explain why athletes get injured and how to prevent injuries.Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42015014805.
Multiple complications among people with diabetes from Finland: an 18-year follow-up in 1994–2011
Authors: Forssas Erja , Arffman Martti , Manderbacka Kristiina , Keskimäki Ilmo , Ruuth Iiris , Sund Reijo 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveIn this study, we examined trends in severe diabetes-related complications (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, lower extremity amputation, and end-stage renal disease) and prevalence of multiple complications in a total population with diabetes in Finland during an 18-year period.Research design and methodsThe total population with diabetes aged 30 years or older in 1994–2011 was obtained from several Finnish health registers. Only the first episode of each end point was included in the analysis. We examined trends in the prevalence of these end points using age-standardization and changes in these end points were analyzed using repeated-measures Poisson regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of single comorbidities decreased during the study period, especially for acute myocardial infarction and stroke. The age-adjusted and diabetes duration-adjusted risk of having one of these end points decreased throughout the study period among persons with type 2 diabetes. Among women, the risk ratio was 0.71 (0.63 to 0.79) in 2006–2011 compared to 1994–1999, and among men, the figure was 0.72 (0.66 to 0.78). In type 1 diabetes, the risk of multiple serious complications increased. We further found increased mortality risk among persons with any of these complications irrespective of diabetes type.ConclusionsOur results concerning the development of risk of complications suggest improvements in the management of diabetes. More attention needs to be paid to the prevention of complications among older persons and those with longer history of diabetes to prevent clustering of complications and to prevent the diabetes epidemic in the population to reduce the public health burden of diabetes.
Patients' estimations of the importance of preventive health services: a nationwide, population-based cross-sectional study in Portugal
Authors: Sá Luísa , Ribeiro Orquídea , Azevedo Luís Filipe , Couto Luciana , Costa-Pereira Altamiro , Hespanhol Alberto , Santos Paulo , Martins Carlos 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo determine, in the context of primary care preventive health services, the level of importance that Portuguese patients attribute to different preventive activities.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPrimary Healthcare, Portugal.Participants1000 Portuguese adults selected by a stratified cluster sampling design were invited to participate in a computer-assisted telephone survey. Persons with a cognitive or physical disability that hampered the ability to complete a telephone interview and being a nursing home resident or resident in any other type of collective dwelling were excluded.OutcomesMean level of importance assigned to 20 different medical preventive activities, using a scale of 1–10, with 1 corresponding to ‘no importance for you and your health’ and 10 indicating ‘very important’.ResultsThe mean level of importance assigned to medical preventive activity was 7.70 (95% CI 7.60 to 7.80). Routine blood and urine tests were considered the most important, with an estimated mean of 9.15 (95% CI 9.07 to 9.24), followed by female-specific interventions (Pap smear, mammography and gynaecological and breast ultrasounds), with mean importance ranging from 8.45 (95% CI 8.23 to 8.63) for mammography to 8.56 (95% CI 8.36 to 8.76) for Pap smear. Advice regarding alcohol consumption (6.18; 95% CI 5.96 to 6.39) and tobacco consumption (5.99; 95% CI 5.75 to 6.23) were considered much less important.ConclusionsOur results reveal that Portuguese patients overestimate the importance of preventive medical activities, tend to give more importance to diagnostic and laboratory tests than to lifestyle measures, do not discriminate tests that are important and evidence-based, and seem not be aware of the individualisation of risk. Family physicians should be aware of these optimistic expectations, because these can influence the doctor–patient relationship when discussing these interventions and incorporating personalised risk.