bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balancing Aggradation and Progradation on a Vegetated Delta: The Importance of Fluctuating Discharge in Depositional Systems
Authors: Piliouras Anastasia , Kim Wonsuck , Carlson Brandee 
Published: October 2017

AbstractVegetation is an important component of constructional landscapes, as plants enhance deposition and provide organic sediment that can increase aggradation rates to combat land loss. We conducted two sets of laboratory experiments using alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine the effects of plants on channel organization and large‐scale delta dynamics. In the first set, we found that rapid vegetation colonization enhanced deposition but inhibited channelization via increased form drag that reduced the shear stress available for sediment entrainment and transport. A second set of experiments used discharge fluctuations between flood and base flow (or interflood). Interfloods were critical for reworking the topset via channel incision and lateral migration to create channel relief and prevent rapid plant colonization. These low‐flow periods also greatly reduced the topset slope in the absence of vegetation by removing topset sediment and delivering it to the shoreline. Floods decreased relief by filling channels with sediment, resulting in periods of rapid progradation and enhanced aggradation over the topset surface, which was amplified by vegetation. The combination of discharge fluctuations and vegetation thus provided a balance of vertical aggradation and lateral progradation. We conclude that plants can inhibit channelization in depositional systems and that discharge fluctuations encourage channel network organization to naturally balance against aggradation. Thus, variations in discharge are an important aspect of understanding the ecomorphodynamics of aggrading surfaces and modeling vegetated deltaic systems, and the combined influences of plants and discharge variations can act to balance vertical and lateral delta growth.
A State‐Dependent Quantification of Climate Sensitivity Based on Paleodata of the Last 2.1 Million Years
Authors: Köhler Peter , Stap Lennert B. , von der Heydt Anna S. , de Boer Bas , van de Wal Roderik S. W. , Bloch‐Johnson J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe evidence from both data and models indicates that specific equilibrium climate sensitivity S[X]—the global annual mean surface temperature change (ΔTg) as a response to a change in radiative forcing X (ΔR[X])—is state dependent. Such a state dependency implies that the best fit in the scatterplot of ΔTg versus ΔR[X] is not a linear regression but can be some nonlinear or even nonsmooth function. While for the conventional linear case the slope (gradient) of the regression is correctly interpreted as the specific equilibrium climate sensitivity S[X], the interpretation is not straightforward in the nonlinear case. We here explain how such a state‐dependent scatterplot needs to be interpreted and provide a theoretical understanding—or generalization—how to quantify S[X] in the nonlinear case. Finally, from data covering the last 2.1 Myr we show that—due to state dependency—the specific equilibrium climate sensitivity which considers radiative forcing of CO2 and land ice sheet (LI) albedo,
, is larger during interglacial states than during glacial conditions by more than a factor 2.
Flow, Transport, and Reaction in Porous Media: Percolation Scaling, Critical‐Path Analysis, and Effective Medium Approximation
Authors: Hunt Allen G. , Sahimi Muhammad 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe describe the most important developments in the application of three theoretical tools to modeling of the morphology of porous media and flow and transport processes in them. One tool is percolation theory. Although it was over 40 years ago that the possibility of using percolation theory to describe flow and transport processes in porous media was first raised, new models and concepts, as well as new variants of the original percolation model are still being developed for various applications to flow phenomena in porous media. The other two approaches, closely related to percolation theory, are the critical‐path analysis, which is applicable when porous media are highly heterogeneous, and the effective medium approximation—poor man's percolation—that provide a simple and, under certain conditions, quantitatively correct description of transport in porous media in which percolation‐type disorder is relevant. Applications to topics in geosciences include predictions of the hydraulic conductivity and air permeability, solute and gas diffusion that are particularly important in ecohydrological applications and land‐surface interactions, and multiphase flow in porous media, as well as non‐Gaussian solute transport, and flow morphologies associated with imbibition into unsaturated fractures. We describe new applications of percolation theory of solute transport to chemical weathering and soil formation, geomorphology, and elemental cycling through the terrestrial Earth surface. Wherever quantitatively accurate predictions of such quantities are relevant, so are the techniques presented here. Whenever possible, the theoretical predictions are compared with the relevant experimental data. In practically all the cases, the agreement between the theoretical predictions and the data is excellent. Also discussed are possible future directions in the application of such concepts to many other phenomena in geosciences.
Accelerated neuroadaptive tracking control of strict‐feedback nonlinear systems without precise knowledge of target trajectory
Authors: Zhou Shuyan , Song Yongduan , Zhao Kai 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThe problem of tracking control under uncertain desired trajectory is interesting but nontrivial. The problem is even more challenging if the system under consideration involves modeling uncertainties. This paper investigates such problem for strict‐feedback nonlinear systems. By combining Fourier series with radial basis function neural networks (NNs), an analytical model is developed to reconstruct the unknown desired trajectory. Based on which, 2 neural adaptive control schemes are developed to maintain target tracking closely. The first control strategy is based on direct tuning of the NN weights, and the second strategy is built upon the concept of a virtual parameter related to NN weights, which substantially reduces the number of parameters to be online updated, rendering the strategy structurally simpler and computationally less expensive. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is confirmed by systematic stability analysis and numerical simulation.
Supertough Hybrid Hydrogels Consisting of a Polymer Double‐Network and Mesoporous Silica Microrods for Mechanically Stimulated On‐Demand Drug Delivery
Authors: Choi Suji , Choi Young jin , Jang Moon‐Sun , Lee Jung Hee , Jeong Ji Hoon , Kim Jaeyun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDespite their potential in various fields of bioapplications, such as drug/cell delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine, hydrogels have often suffered from their weak mechanical properties, which are attributed to their single network of polymers. Here, supertough composite hydrogels are proposed consisting of alginate/polyacrylamide double‐network hydrogels embedded with mesoporous silica particles (SBA‐15). The supertoughness is derived from efficient energy dissipation through the multiple bondings, such as ionic crosslinking of alginate, covalent crosslinking of polyacrylamide, and van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bondings between SBA‐15 and the polymers. The superior mechanical properties of these hybrid hydrogels make it possible to maintain the hydrogel structure for a long period of time in a physiological solution. Based on their high mechanical stability, these hybrid hydrogels are demonstrated to exhibit on‐demand drug release, which is controlled by an external mechanical stimulation (both in vitro and in vivo). Moreover, different types of drugs can be separately loaded into the hydrogel network and mesopores of SBA‐15 and can be released with different speeds, suggesting that these hydrogels can also be used for multiple drug release.
Efficient Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with Tunable Color enabled by an Ultralow‐Bandgap Nonfullerene Acceptor
Authors: Cui Yong , Yang Chenyi , Yao Huifeng , Zhu Jie , Wang Yuming , Jia Guoxiao , Gao Feng , Hou Jianhui 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSemitransparent organic solar cells (OSCs) show attractive potential in power‐generating windows. However, the development of semitransparent OSCs is lagging behind opaque OSCs. Here, an ultralow‐bandgap nonfullerene acceptor, “IEICO‐4Cl”, is designed and synthesized, whose absorption spectrum is mainly located in the near‐infrared region. When IEICO‐4Cl is blended with different polymer donors (J52, PBDB‐T, and PTB7‐Th), the colors of the blend films can be tuned from purple to blue to cyan, respectively. Traditional OSCs with a nontransparent Al electrode fabricated by J52:IEICO‐4Cl, PBDB‐T:IEICO‐4Cl, and PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4Cl yield power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 9.65 ± 0.33%, 9.43 ± 0.13%, and 10.0 ± 0.2%, respectively. By using 15 nm Au as the electrode, semitransparent OSCs based on these three blends also show PCEs of 6.37%, 6.24%, and 6.97% with high average visible transmittance (AVT) of 35.1%, 35.7%, and 33.5%, respectively. Furthermore, via changing the thickness of Au in the OSCs, the relationship between the transmittance and efficiency is studied in detail, and an impressive PCE of 8.38% with an AVT of 25.7% is obtained, which is an outstanding value in the semitransparent OSCs.
Triggering and Tracing Electro‐Hydrodynamic Liquid‐Metal Surface Convection with a Particle Raft
Authors: Tang Jianbo , Zhao Xi , Zhou Yuan , Liu Jing 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMicrocopper particles are introduced to trigger and trace persistent surface convection of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) when the liquid‐metal is partially immersed in shallow alkaline solution. It is found that the surface convection, which further induces large‐scale shape transformation of the liquid‐metal body, is driven by the surface‐tension imbalance originated from the numerous tiny copper–eGaIn galvanic couples through the electrocapillary mechanism. Meanwhile, the particular configuration of particles binding to the liquid‐metal surface and surfing with the flow also enables one to capture the flow patterns and visualize the flow field with the assistance of particle imaging velocimetry technology. This overcomes the difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the dynamic surface‐flow behaviors of such nontransparent yet highly reflective liquid‐metals. Characteristic flow regimes of the liquid–metal surface convection are revealed and their indications regarding the flow beneath the surface are also made.
2D TiS2 Layers: A Superior Nonlinear Optical Limiting Material
Authors: Varma Sreekanth J. , Kumar Jitesh , Liu Yang , Layne Katherine , Wu Jingjie , Liang Chenglu , Nakanishi Yusuke , Aliyan Amir , Yang Wei , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Thomas Jayan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe advancement in high power lasers has urged the requisite of efficient optical limiting materials for both eye and sensor protection. The discovery of atomically thin 2D transition metal dichacogenides with distinctive properties has paved the way for a variety of applications including optical limiting. Until recently, the optical limiting effect exhibited by 2D materials is inferior to the benchmark materials fullerene (C60) and graphene. This article reports the optical limiting activity of the 2D transition metal dichalcogenide, titanium disulfide (TiS2) nanosheets, using optical and photoacoustic z‐scan techniques. The 77% nonlinear optical limiting exhibited by the TiS2 sheets with 73% linear‐transmittance is superior to that of any other existing 2D dichalcogenide sheets, graphene, and the benchmark optical limiting material, C60. The enhanced nonlinear response is attributed to the concerted effect of 2‐photon and the induced excited state absorptions. By using photoacoustic z‐scan, a unique tool developed to determine the nonlinear optical limiting mechanism in materials, it is found that the optical limiting exhibited by TiS2 2D sheets and graphene are mainly due to nonlinear absorption rather than scattering effects. These results have opened the door for 2D‐dichalcogenide‐materials‐based highly efficient optical limiters, especially at low fluences.
New Insight into Ni‐Rich Layered Structure for Next‐Generation Li Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Lee Wontae , Muhammad Shoaib , Kim Taewhan , Kim Hyunchul , Lee Eunkang , Jeong Mihee , Son Suhan , Ryou Jae‐Hyun , Yoon Won‐Sub 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAn increase in the amount of nickel in LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn) layered system is actively pursued in lithium‐ion batteries to achieve higher capacity. Nevertheless, fundamental effects of Ni element in the three‐component layered system are not systematically studied. Therefore, to unravel the role of Ni as a major contributor to the structural and electrochemical properties of Ni‐rich materials, Co‐fixed LiNi0.5+xCo0.2Mn0.3–xO2 (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2) layered materials are investigated. The results, on the basis of synchrotron‐based characterization techniques, present a decreasing trend of Ni2+ content in Li layer with increasing total Ni contents. Moreover, it is discovered that the chex.‐lattice parameter of layered system is not in close connection with the interslab thickness related to actual Li ion pathway. The interslab thickness increases with increasing Ni concentration even though the chex.‐lattice parameter decreases. Furthermore, the lithium ion pathway is preserved in spite of the fact that the c‐axis is collapsed at highly deintercalated states. Also, a higher Ni content material shows better structural properties such as larger interslab thickness, lower cation disorder, and smoother phase transition, resulting in better electrochemical properties including higher Li diffusivity and lower overpotential when comparing materials with lower Ni content.
The association of air pollution with height: Evidence from Hong Kong's “Children of 1997” birth cohort
Authors: Huang Jian V. , Leung Gabriel M. , Schooling C. Mary 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectivesWithin populations, height is positively associated with economic success and in economically developed populations inversely associated with health. Recent studies also suggest air pollution may result in higher bone turnover markers among children, which may affect growth. However, few studies have investigated the effect of air pollution on height or growth rate. We therefore assessed the associations of several air pollutants with height at different ages.MethodsWe simultaneously assessed associations of particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in utero, in infancy, and in childhood with height at different ages (∼9, ∼11, ∼13, and ∼15 years), in a population‐representative birth cohort “Children of 1997” (n = 8327) from the developed non‐Western setting of Hong Kong with relatively high air pollution and short children, using partial least square regression.ResultsAfter considering multiple comparison, higher SO2 in childhood was associated with shorter height at ∼13 years (–0.20 cm, 99% CI −0.32 to −0.06). This difference was not evident at ∼15 years.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that air pollution may affect the trajectory of growth and development rather than final height, with corresponding implications for health in later life.
Biosynthese des enterotoxischen Pyrrolobenzodiazepin‐Naturstoffs Tilivallin
Authors: Dornisch Elisabeth , Pletz Jakob , Glabonjat Ronald A. , Martin Florian , Lembacher‐Fadum Christian , Neger Margit , Högenauer Christoph , Francesconi Kevin , Kroutil Wolfgang , Zangger Klaus , Breinbauer Rolf , Zechner Ellen L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDas nichtribosomale Enterotoxin Tilivallin war das erste natürliche Pyrrolobenzodiazepin, das als Ursache von Erkrankungen des menschlichen Darm erkannt worden ist. Der produzierende Organismus Klebsiella oxytoca ist Bestandteil des Darmmikrobioms. Da die Pathogenese der Darmcolitis durch das Pyrrolobenzodiazepin verursacht wird, ist es wichtig, die Biosynthese und Regulierung der Aktivität von Tilivallin zu verstehen. Wir berichten über die Biosynthese von Tilivallin und zeigen, dass in einem nichtribosomalem Peptidaufbauweg zunächst Tilimycin, ein einfaches Pyrrolobenzodiazepin mit zytotoxischen Eigenschaften, gebildet wird. Tilivallin entsteht durch eine nichtenzymatische spontane Reaktion von Tilimycin mit biogenetisch erzeugtem Indol. Durch chemische Totalsynthese von Tilimycin konnten wir die über die Biosynthese gemachten Vorhersagen belegen. Die Produktion von zwei zytotoxischen Pyrrolobenzodiazepinen mit unterschiedlichen Funktionen durch Klebsiella oxytoca hat Implikationen für das Verständnis von Darmkrankheiten.
Biosynthesis of the Enterotoxic Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Natural Product Tilivalline
Authors: Dornisch Elisabeth , Pletz Jakob , Glabonjat Ronald A. , Martin Florian , Lembacher‐Fadum Christian , Neger Margit , Högenauer Christoph , Francesconi Kevin , Kroutil Wolfgang , Zangger Klaus , Breinbauer Rolf , Zechner Ellen L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe nonribosomal enterotoxin tilivalline was the first naturally occurring pyrrolobenzodiazepine to be linked to disease in the human intestine. Since the producing organism Klebsiella oxytoca is part of the intestinal microbiota and the pyrrolobenzodiazepine causes the pathogenesis of colitis it is important to understand the biosynthesis and regulation of tilivalline activity. Here we report the biosynthesis of tilivalline and show that this nonribosomal peptide assembly pathway initially generates tilimycin, a simple pyrrolobenzodiazepine with cytotoxic properties. Tilivalline results from the non‐enzymatic spontaneous reaction of tilimycin with biogenetically generated indole. Through a chemical total synthesis of tilimycin we could corroborate the predictions made about the biosynthesis. Production of two cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepines with distinct functionalities by human gut resident Klebsiella oxytoca has important implications for intestinal disease.
New organotin supramolecular complexes based on copper cyanide and auxiliary N‐donor ligands as potent inhibitors of cancer cell lines: In vitro and antioxidant experiments
Authors: Etaiw Safaa Eldin H. , Abdou Safaa N. 
Published: October 2017

The new synthesized supramolecular complexes (SC); [Cu2(CN)4(Et3Sn)2(tbpe)], 1 and [Cu2(CN)3(Et3Sn)(bpe)], 2 (tbpe = trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethene and bpe = 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane), were characterized by elemental analyses, electrical conductance, spectroscopic studies and thermal analyses. UV–Vis spectra and magnetic moment data suggested the tetrahedral geometry around Cu(I) atoms. The structures of the SC 1 and 2 were also theoretically studied using molecular mechanics (MM+). The structures were minimized with a semi‐empirical (PM3) method. The organotin compounds represent significant advances in the clinical management of some cancer cell lines. 1 and 2 were tested as inhibitors and their citotoxicities showed potent growth inhibitory activity for hepatocellular carcinoma HePG‐2, mammary gland breast cancer MCF‐7, human prostate cancer PC3 and Colorectal carcinoma HCT‐116 cell lines. The tested compounds showed high inhibitory anti‐oxidant activity either using erythrocyte hemolysis or ABTS method.
Thermodynamics and kinetics control of support layer synthesis for enhanced thin film composite membrane performance
Authors: Beh J. J. , Ng E. P. , Sum J. Y. , Ooi B. S. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe desalination performance of a thin film composite (TFC) membrane hinges highly on the surface characteristics of support membrane. In this study, good wettability, regular pore size, and moderate roughness were identified as the critical surface properties of support membrane in forming a defect‐free, uniform, and structurally stable polyamide film. These features were tailored by adjusting the thermodynamics and kinetics properties of the polymer solution via polysulfone (PSf)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ratio as well as using N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N,N‐dimethylformamide as co‐solvent. It was found that the membrane formation was controlled kinetically by altering the PSf/PVP ratio but thermodynamically by using co‐solvent. The TFC membrane with better desalination performance was achieved with the support membrane prepared at PSf/PVP ratio of 0.941 without any co‐solvent. The resulting TFC membrane attained the highest permeability ratio of 0.691 bar−1 for water/NaCl filtration in this study. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45802.
Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of three flavonoid glycosides in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS after oral administration of Rubus chingii Hu extract
Authors: Zan Tao , Piao Li , Wei Yuntao , Gu Yue , Liu Baohua , Jiang Daqing 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of isoquercitrin, kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside and tiliroside in rat plasma. Plasma samples were deproteinized with methanol and separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, i.d., 3.0 μm) using gradient elution with the mobile phase of water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection was performed with negative ion electrospray ionization in selected reaction monitoring mode. All analytes showed good linearity over their investigated concentration ranges (r2 > 0.99). The lower limit of quantification was 1.0 ng/mL for isoquercitrin and 2.0 ng/mL for kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside and tiliroside, respectively. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <8.2% and accuracy ranged from −11.5 to 9.7%. The mean extraction recoveries of analytes and IS from rat plasma were >80.4%. The assay was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic study of the three ingredients after oral administration of Rubus chingii Hu to rats.
Quantification and application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of WKYMVm peptide in rat using solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Lee Byeong ill , Park Min‐Ho , Heo Soon Chul , Park Yuri , Shin Seok‐Ho , Byeon Jin‐Ju , Kim Jae Ho , Shin Young G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA liquid chromatographic–electrospray ionization–time‐of‐flight/mass spectrometric (LC‐ESI‐TOF/MS) method was developed and applied for the determination of WKYMVm peptide in rat plasma to support preclinical pharmacokinetics studies. The method consisted of micro‐elution solid‐phase extraction (SPE) for sample preparation and LC‐ESI‐TOF/MS in the positive ion mode for analysis. Phenanthroline (10 mg/mL) was added to rat blood immediately for plasma preparation followed by addition of trace amount of 2 m hydrogen chloride to plasma before SPE for stability of WKYMVm peptide. Then sample preparation using micro‐elution SPE was performed with verapamil as an internal standard. A quadratic regression (weighted 1/concentration2), with the equation y = ax2 + bx + c was used to fit calibration curves over the concentration range of 3.02–2200 ng/mL for WKYMVm peptide. The quantification run met the acceptance criteria of ±25% accuracy and precision values. For quality control samples at 15, 165 and 1820 ng/mL from the quantification experiment, the within‐run and the between‐run accuracy ranged from 92.5 to 123.4% with precision values ≤15.1% for WKYMVm peptide from the nominal values. This novel LC‐ESI‐TOF/MS method was successfully applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of WKYMVm peptide in rat plasma.