bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Phytoplankton Community Structure on the Spring and Annual Primary Production in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Mayot Nicolas , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Uitz Julia , Gentili Bernard , Ras Joséphine , Vellucci Vincenzo , Golbol Melek , Antoine David , Claustre Hervé 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSatellite ocean color observations revealed that unusually deep convection events in 2005, 2006, 2010, and 2013 led to an increased phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom over a large area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NWM). Here we investigate the effects of these events on the seasonal phytoplankton community structure, we quantify their influence on primary production, and we discuss the potential biogeochemical impact. For this purpose, we compiled in situ phytoplankton pigment data from five ship surveys performed in the NWM and from monthly cruises at a fixed station in the Ligurian Sea. We derived primary production rates from a light photosynthesis model applied to these in situ data. Our results confirm that the maximum phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom is larger in years associated with intense deep convection events (+51%). During these enhanced spring blooms, the contribution of diatoms to total phytoplankton biomass increased (+33%), as well as the primary production rate (+115%). The occurrence of a highly productive bloom is also related to an increase in the phytoplankton bloom area (+155%) and in the relative contribution of diatoms to primary production (+63%). Therefore, assuming that deep convection in the NWM could be significantly weakened by future climate changes, substantial decreases in the spring production of organic carbon and of its export to deep waters can be expected.
Satellite radiance data assimilation for binary tropical cyclone cases over the western North Pacific
Authors: Choi Yonghan , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Lee Myong‐In , Kim Joowan , Jin Chun‐Sil , Park Sang‐Hun , Joh Min‐Su 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA total of three binary tropical cyclone (TC) cases over the Western North Pacific are selected to investigate the effects of satellite radiance data assimilation on analyses and forecasts of binary TCs. Two parallel cycling experiments with a 6 h interval are performed for each binary TC case, and the difference between the two experiments is whether satellite radiance observations are assimilated. Satellite radiance observations are assimilated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Data Assimilation (WRFDA)'s three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) system, which includes the observation operator, quality control procedures, and bias correction algorithm for radiance observations. On average, radiance assimilation results in slight improvements of environmental fields and track forecasts of binary TC cases, but the detailed effects vary with the case. When there is no direct interaction between binary TCs, radiance assimilation leads to better depictions of environmental fields, and finally it results in improved track forecasts. However, positive effects of radiance assimilation on track forecasts can be reduced when there exists a direct interaction between binary TCs and intensities/structures of binary TCs are not represented well. An initialization method (e.g., dynamic initialization) combined with radiance assimilation and/or more advanced DA techniques (e.g., hybrid method) can be considered to overcome these limitations.
Representative point‐integrated suspended sediment sampling in rivers
Authors: Gitto A. B. , Venditti J. G. , Kostaschuk R. , Church M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe vast majority of continental sediment delivered to the world's oceans moves by suspension in rivers. Depth‐integrated or point‐integrated bottle samplings are the traditional methods used to determine the mean concentration of suspended sediment in rivers. While there has been some investigation of the error associated with depth‐integrated sampling, the representativeness of a point‐integrated bottle sample has not been addressed in the literature. Here we analyze continuous hour‐long measurements of suspended sediment and grain‐size fractions collected using a LISST‐SL in the sand‐bed portion of the Fraser River, British Columbia, to determine an appropriate sampling time. The 2σ uncertainty range of individual 30 s samples varied from ±3% to ±33% about the observed mean, with a systematic increase toward the streambed. Mean concentrations for suspended sediment and grain‐size fractions were computed over increasing time periods and compared with a long‐duration mean concentration to determine when a sample becomes representative. A cumulative probability distribution was generated from multiple iterations of this process. All suspended sediment load and grain‐size fractions bear a low probability of representing the mean concentration over standard bottle sample durations. A probability >90% of representing the mean concentration and grain size of various fractions requires ∼570 s (9.5 min) of sampling. Sampling for a shorter period of 264 s (4.4 min) can yield a sample with 73% probability of representing the mean concentration.
Posterior population expansion for solving inverse problems
Authors: Jäggli C. , Straubhaar J. , Renard P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSolving inverse problems in a complex, geologically realistic, and discrete model space and from a sparse set of observations is a very challenging task. Extensive exploration by Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) methods often results in considerable computational efforts. Most optimization methods, on the other hand, are limited to linear (continuous) model spaces and the minimization of an objective function, what often proves to be insufficient. To overcome these problems, we propose a new ensemble‐based exploration scheme for geostatistical prior models generated by a multiple‐point statistics (MPS) tool. The principle of our method is to expand an existing set of models by using posterior facies information for conditioning new MPS realizations. The algorithm is independent of the physical parametrization. It is tested on a simple synthetic inverse problem. When compared to two existing McMC methods (iterative spatial resampling (ISR) and Interrupted Markov chain Monte Carlo (IMcMC)), the required number of forward model runs was divided by a factor of 8–12.
Contribution of the deep ocean to the centennial changes of the Indonesian Throughflow
Authors: Feng Ming , Zhang Xuebin , Sloyan Bernadette , Chamberlain Matthew 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is an important component of the global overturning circulation. In this study, we amend Godfrey's Island Rule to estimate the ITF transport by including contributions from deep ocean vertical transport. Simulations using a near‐global 1/10° ocean general circulation model are used to verify the amended Island Rule. We show that deep ocean circulation is as important as wind‐driven processes to the ITF transport and variability. The centennial weakening of the ITF by 32% during the 21st century, under the high greenhouse gas emission scenario, is primarily associated with reductions in net deep ocean upwelling in the tropical and South Pacific. Deep ocean circulation of the Pacific may become less connected with the ITF transport in a warm climate.
Interplay of solar wind parameters and physical mechanisms producing the saturation of the cross polar cap potential
Authors: Myllys M. , Kipua E. K. J. , Lavraud B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe nonlinear response of the cross polar cap potential (CPCP) to solar wind driving electric field is a well‐known phenomenon. The reasons behind this saturation, however, are still under debate. We have performed a statistical study of the coupling efficiency between the solar wind and the northern polar cap index (PCN). PCN is used as a proxy for the CPCP. Our main focus is in quantifying how the solar wind dynamic pressure alters the efficiency. We show that the saturation of PCN occurs both during low and moderate upstream MA conditions. We also show that the increasing dynamic pressure is associated with increasing PCN. In addition, we find that the coupling is different depending on which parameter, the velocity or the magnetic field, increases the solar wind driving electric field: the higher the velocity the higher the coupling efficiency.
Breakup of land‐fast sea ice in Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica, and its teleconnection to tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures
Authors: Aoki S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA large land‐fast sea ice breakup occurred in 2016 in Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica. The breakup caused calving from the Shirase Glacier Tongue. Although similar breakups and calving have been observed in the past, the timing and magnitudes are not well‐constrained. The ice's breakup latitude during 1997–2016 was analyzed to investigate the variables controlling breakup and examine correlation with local calving for a longer period. The breakup latitude in April had a persistently high correlation with sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific, which exceeds correlations with local atmospheric variables. The years of five out of six observed calving events from the mid‐20th century can correspond to those of warm SST episodes and calving‐front retreat in the 1980s to warmer SST shift. Our proposed teleconnection between tropical SST and Antarctic sea ice could lead to better predictions of breakup and might impact the glacier flux for a wider region.
Switch‐off slow shock/rotational discontinuity structures in collisionless magnetic reconnection: What to look for in satellite observations
Authors: Innocenti M. E. , Cazzola E. , Mistry R. , Eastwood J. P. , Goldman M. V. , Newman D. L. , Markidis S. , Lapenta G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn Innocenti et al. (2015) we have observed and characterized for the first time Petschek‐like switch‐off slow shock/rotational discontinuity (SO‐SS/RD) compound structures in a 2‐D fully kinetic simulation of collisionless magnetic reconnection. Observing these structures in the solar wind or in the magnetotail would corroborate the possibility that Petschek exhausts develop in collisionless media as a result of single X point collisionless reconnection. Here we highlight their signatures in simulations with the aim of easing their identification in observations. The most notable signatures include a four‐peaked ion current profile in the out‐of‐plane direction, associated ion distribution functions, increased electron and ion anisotropy downstream the SS, and increased electron agyrotropy downstream the RDs.
Inter‐Greek Wars of the Third CenturyBC
Authors: McKechnie Paul 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAfter the Lamian War, the cities of peninsular Greece became a pawn in the wider conflicts between Antigonids in Macedon and Ptolemies in Egypt, with the former trying to dominate the Greeks through strategic garrisons and compliant governments while the latter provided money for those opposing Macedon in the name of Greek freedom. New configurations came to prominence in the Greek world, principally the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues, whose rivalries could be exploited by external powers. An attempt to reconstruct Spartan power through internal revolution failed since the thought of Spartan resurgence was even worse than that of Macedonian control.
Spartacus and the Slave Revolts, 133–71BC
Authors: Matyszak Philip 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBy the late second centurybcthere were 500,000 slaves in Sicily. Many were free‐born captives of Rome's recent wars, and in 135 up to 20,000 of these rebelled under the leadership of Eunus. The slaves avoided open confrontation, but the cities they had captured were starved into submission and the revolt was suppressed with great brutality. In 104, the Romans began to free wrongly enslaved Bithynians. When the Sicilian slave‐owners halted the process, many slaves rose up in despair. After besieging Morgantia, the rebel army was defeated at the battle of Triokala. A third uprising broke out in Italy in 73, led by Spartacus. His army, including thousands of enslaved Germanic warriors, initially headed north to break out of Italy, but soon made Sicily its goal instead, defeating scratch Roman forces as it went. Though prevented from crossing to Sicily, Spartacus avoided a trap to pin him in Calabria. His German contingent broke away and was defeated; weakened, Spartacus withdrew into the mountains but was persuaded to launch a disastrous attack on Crassus before fresh Roman armies arrived. The survivors were later crucified.
The Battle of Pistoia, 62BC
Authors: Marshall Richard 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFollowing the collapse of a coup at Rome, the failed politician Lucius Sergius Catilina joined a rebellion in the Italian countryside, chiefly composed of indebted veterans. Escape from Italy was blocked by the maneuvering of two armies under Antonius Hybrida and Metellus Celer; in desperation, Catilina turned and attacked Hybrida at Pistoia with a force much reduced by desertion. The rebels were slaughtered to a man.
The Jewish Revolt, 66
Authors: Campbell Brian 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In 68, Sulpicius Galba joined the Gallic revolt of Vindex against Nero. Vindex was defeated, but Galba marched on Rome with the support of Otho, a neighboring governor in Spain. Nero panicked and committed suicide. Galba was installed as emperor but assassinated in January 69 by the praetorian guard, which proclaimed Otho emperor in his place. In the meantime, Vitellius and the Rhine legions had risen against Galba. Vitellius’ forces crossed into northern Italy and routed Otho's forces at Bedriacum. When news reached Rome, Otho committed suicide. In July, Vespasian was hailed emperor in the east. Vespasian delegated command in the west to subordinates; in the face of Vitellian inactivity, his forces entered Italy unopposed. The decisive battle was again fought at Bedriacum, leading to a Vitellian defeat. In Rome, Vespasian's supporters tried to persuade Vitellius to abdicate, but the praetorians retaliated and parts of the city were burned down. Vespasian's troops were forced to take Rome street by street, capturing Vitellius on December 20 in a final assault on the praetorian barracks.
The Dacian Wars, 84–106
Authors: Sidebottom Harry 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The Dacians were a formidable foe, politically unified and equipped with sophisticated military technology. In the winter of 84–85, they crossed the Danube into Roman Moesia. They were ejected in 85, and in 86 the Romans struck at Dacia. The Roman army was defeated with the loss of its general, but the situation was stabilized by the arrival of the emperor Domitian. In 88 the Romans invaded Dacia again, and in 89 they attacked their German allies. After suffering reverses in the field, however, Domitian concluded peace. No narrative of Trajan's conquest of Dacia survives, and Trajan's Column, though depicting scenes from this war, is difficult to interpret. Trajan invaded Dacia in 101, winning the hard‐fought battle of Tapae. In 102, a three‐pronged invasion was launched, which led to the Dacians agreeing to peace terms. In 105, the Second Dacian War was launched on a pretext. Unable to withstand the Roman armies, the Dacian king Decebalus unsuccessfully plotted to assassinate Trajan but was eventually cornered and committed suicide. Dacia was added to the empire.
The Third‐Century “Crisis”
Authors: Hartmann Udo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFor 50 years (between 235 and 284), the Roman empire experienced an unprecedented succession of challenges. Some were external, such as the expansionary ambitions of the Sasanids in the east and the pressure from tribes on the Danube and Rhine frontiers, and others (even more dangerous) were internal, as unsuccessful emperors were repeatedly challenged by their leading generals. In the 260 s the empire appeared to be fragmenting as Palmyra took control of much of the eastern frontier while Gaul was controlled by separatist emperors. Eventually energetic campaigning by Aurelian stabilized the situation.
The Fourth‐Century Roman Empire: Internal
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAfter Constantine death, conflict over control of Italy broke out between Constantine II and Constans, in which the former was killed. In 350 Constans’ unpopular regime was challenged by Magnentius, whose resistance to Constantius’ attack from the east resulted in exceptionally bloody conflicts. In 361 the Caesar Julian's rebellion triggered a destructive siege at Aquileia. Two decades later the unpopularity of Gratian led to his overthrow by Magnus Maximus; for a time distractions in the east led to the latter's acceptance as de facto emperor, but in 388 Emperor Theodosius marched west to crush the usurpation in further bloody battles.
The Vandals in Spain and Africa, 422–468
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAttempts by the Vandals to find a secure territory for themselves led them first to Spain, where they competed with other tribal groups, and then, in 429, across to North Africa, where they exploited Roman internal conflicts to advance east to capture Carthage in 439. There they successfully resisted attempts by both western and eastern emperors to dislodge them.
BIM im Infrastrukturbau der Deutschen Bahn
Authors: Ehrbar Heinz 
Published: March 2017

AbstractGroßprojekte im Infrastrukturbau haben häufig den Ruf, wenig erfolgreich zu sein. Auch wenn diese Generalisierung den hohen Anteil erfolgreicher Projekte zu Unrecht ausblendet, ist unbestritten, dass es den Handlungsbedarf gibt, Großprojekte mit einer höheren Erfolgsquote erfolgreich zu realisieren. Das erfolgreiche Realisieren eines Großprojekts verlangt, dass die anfänglich gestellten Anforderungen an das Projekt vollumfänglich erfüllt werden. Die Projektanforderungen umfassen dabei die Anforderungen bezüglich Qualität, Kosten und Termine. Bei richtiger Interpretation des Qualitätsbegriffs sind auch die Anforderungen der Arbeitssicherheit, des schonenden Umgangs mit der Umwelt, der Organisation und der Prozesse, die Anforderungen des Markts und der öffentlichen Meinung inbegriffen.Es stellt sich die Frage, ob mit dem Einsatz von Building Information Modeling (BIM) ein Beitrag zur besseren Erfüllung der Projektanforderungen der Großprojekte gleistet werden kann. Wenn unter der Einführung von BIM mehr verstanden wird als die 3‐D‐CAD‐Planung, nämlich die integrale Steuerung von Projekten mittels numerischer Modelle, lässt sich die Frage klar positiv beantworten. Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Einführung von BIM ist aber der parallele kulturelle Wandel hin zu einer partnerschaftlichen Projektabwicklung, verbunden mit angepassten Prozessen, Organisationsformen und einem professionellen Risikomanagement.
Optimization of the Reaction Conditions for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Pretreated Lignin over Zeolite for the Production of Phenol
Authors: Ma Zhiqiang , Ghosh Ashim , Asthana Navinchandra , van Bokhoven Jeroen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 6/2017 was a collaboration between the Heterogeneous Catalysis Group at the ETH Zurich, the Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry at the Paul Scherrer Institute, and SABIC. The image shows the complete route starting with the growth of biomass, harvesting, lignin isolation/pretreatment and catalytic conversion to the yielded products. By choosing different paths (red arrows), different products can be selectively produced. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201601674.
Optimization of Process Variables for Biodiesel Production Using the Nanomagnetic Catalyst CaO/NaY‐Fe3O4
Authors: Firouzjaee Mahjoobeh Hajitabar , Taghizadeh Majid 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDue to decreasing oil resources, alternative fuels such as biodiesel are required. The nanomagnetic catalyst CaO/NaY‐Fe3O4 was synthesized and used for biodiesel production from canola oil. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer method. To optimize the influence of the operating variables, such as the methanol/canola oil molar ratio, the amount of catalyst, and the reaction time, on the yield of transesterification reaction, an experimental design was applied based on the Box‐Behnken method. The optimum values of these variables were predicted by the cubic model and were in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Reactive Liquid‐Flow Simulation of Micromixers Based on Grid Deformation Techniques
Authors: Mierka Otto , Munir Maimoona , Spille Claas , Timmermann Jens , Schlüter Michael , Turek Stefan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractProcess intensification of engineering applications in the framework of reacting flows in micromixer devices attracts the attention of engineers and scientists from various fields. With the steadily increasing available computational resources, the traditional experimentally supported investigations may be extended by computational ones. For this purpose, a simulation framework based on state‐of‐the‐art numerical techniques extended with special grid deformation techniques has been developed. Its validation in terms of comparison with computational and experimental results in reacting as well as in non‐reacting frameworks has been performed on the basis of the T‐mixer and SuperFocus mixer, respectively. The computational efficiency of the developed tool is shown to be applicable for optimization tasks, such as reverse engineering purposes.
Adaptations following an intermittent hypoxia‐hyperoxia training in coronary artery disease patients: a controlled study
Authors: Glazachev Oleg , Kopylov Phylipp , Susta Davide , Dudnik Elena , Zagaynaya Elena 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundRepeated exposure to intermittent normobaric hypoxia improves exercise tolerance in cardiac patients. Little is known on the effects of intermittent normobaric hypoxia‐hyperoxia exposure in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (New York Heart Association II–III).Hypothesis
IHHT improves exercise tolerance, cardiometabolic profile, and quality of life in CAD patients.MethodsThe study design was a nonrandomized, controlled, before‐and‐after trial. Forty‐six CAD patients volunteered to take part in the study: a group of 27 patients undertook the intermittent hypoxia (O2
at 10%)–hyperoxia (O2
at 30%) training (IHHT), whereas a control group (CTRL) of 19 patients, who already completed an 8‐week standard cardiac rehabilitation program, was allocated to sham‐IHHT treatment (breathing room air, O2
at 21%). Exercise performance, blood and metabolic profiles, and quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ]) were measured before and after in the IHHT group (IHHG) and sham‐IHHT in the CTRL group.ResultsThe IHHG showed improved exercise capacity, reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures, enhanced left ventricle ejection fraction, and reduced glycemia, but only at 1‐month follow‐up. Angina as a reason to stop exercising was significantly reduced after treatment and at 1‐month follow‐up. The IHHT SAQ profile was improved in the IHHG and not significantly different to the CTRL group after standard rehabilitation. The IHHG was also compared to the CTRL group at 1‐month follow‐up, and no differences were found.ConclusionsIn CAD patients, an IHHT program is associated with improved exercise tolerance, healthier risks factors profile, and a better quality of life. Our study also suggests that IHHT is as effective as an 8‐week standard rehabilitation program.