bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why governments cannot afford Codentify to support their track and trace solutions
Authors: Ross Hana , Eads Michael , Yates Michael 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundIn anticipation of the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (ITP) entering into force in 2018, there is a growing demand for information on track and trace (T&T) solutions for tobacco products. This article contrasts the efficacy of Codentify from the perspective of authentication with that of material-based multilayered security technologies.MethodTo calculate the probability of detecting one fraudulent pack under Codentify, we relied on a modified Bernoulli trial experiment with independent repeated sampling without replenishment. The probability is calculated using a multinomial distribution formula adjusted for the fact that both legitimate and non-legitimate packs may be sold in the market.ResultsIn a relatively small market, a law enforcement authority would have to inspect over 27 000 (almost 31 000) packs per week to have a 90% (95%) certainty that it did not miss a fraudulent pack under the Codentify system. A material based T&T solution would require only 45 (59) pack inspections a week to have the same level of confidence.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the inefficiency of Codentify compared to other solutions that incorporate material-based security features. Signatories to the ITP should reject Codentify due to both its low efficacy and its clear violation of the ITP’s requirement that T&T shall not be performed by or delegated to the tobacco industry or its front groups.
Amplitude modulation coding in awake mice and squirrel monkeys
Authors: Hoglen Nerissa E. G. , Larimer Phillip , Phillips Elizabeth A. K. , Malone Brian J. , Hasenstaub Andrea R. 
Published: January 2018

Both mice and primates are used to model the human auditory system. The primate order possesses unique cortical specializations that govern auditory processing. Given the power of molecular and genetic tools available in the mouse model, it is essential to understand the similarities and differences in auditory cortical processing between mice and primates. To address this issue, we directly compared temporal encoding properties of neurons in the auditory cortex of awake mice and awake squirrel monkeys (SQMs). Stimuli were drawn from a sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) paradigm, which has been used previously both to characterize temporal precision and to model the envelopes of natural sounds. Neural responses were analyzed with linear template-based decoders. In both species, spike timing information supported better modulation frequency discrimination than rate information, and multiunit responses generally supported more accurate discrimination than single-unit responses from the same site. However, cortical responses in SQMs supported better discrimination overall, reflecting superior temporal precision and greater rate modulation relative to the spontaneous baseline and suggesting that spiking activity in mouse cortex was less strictly regimented by incoming acoustic information. The quantitative differences we observed between SQM and mouse cortex support the idea that SQMs offer advantages for modeling precise responses to fast envelope dynamics relevant to human auditory processing. Nevertheless, our results indicate that cortical temporal processing is qualitatively similar in mice and SQMs and thus recommend the mouse model for mechanistic questions, such as development and circuit function, where its substantial methodological advantages can be exploited. NEW & NOTEWORTHY To understand the advantages of different model organisms, it is necessary to directly compare sensory responses across species. Contrasting temporal processing in auditory cortex of awake squirrel monkeys and mice, with parametrically matched amplitude-modulated tone stimuli, reveals a similar role of timing information in stimulus encoding. However, disparities in response precision and strength suggest that anatomical and biophysical differences between squirrel monkeys and mice produce quantitative but not qualitative differences in processing strategy.
Swimming rhythm generation in the caudal hindbrain of the lamprey
Authors: Buchanan James T. 
Published: January 2018

The spinal cord has been well established as the site of generation of the locomotor rhythm in vertebrates, but studies have suggested that the caudal hindbrain in larval fish and amphibians can also generate locomotor rhythms. Here, we investigated whether the caudal hindbrain of the adult lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus and Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) has the ability to generate the swimming rhythm. The hindbrain-spinal cord transition zone of the lamprey contains a bilateral column of somatic motoneurons that project via the spino-occipital (S-O) nerves to several muscles of the head. In the brainstem-spinal cord-muscle preparation, these muscles were found to burst and contract rhythmically with a left-right alternation when swimming activity was evoked with a brief electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. In the absence of muscles, the isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparation also produced alternating left-right bursts in S-O nerves (i.e., fictive swimming), and the S-O nerve bursts preceded the bursts occurring in the first ipsilateral spinal ventral root. After physical isolation of the S-O region using transverse cuts of the nervous system, the S-O nerves still exhibited rhythmic bursting with left-right alternation when glutamate was added to the bathing solution. We conclude that the S-O region of the lamprey contains a swimming rhythm generator that produces the leading motor nerve bursts of each swimming cycle, which then propagate down the spinal cord to produce forward swimming. The S-O region of the hindbrain-spinal cord transition zone may play a role in regulating speed, turning, and head orientation during swimming in lamprey.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although it has been well established that locomotor rhythm generation occurs in the spinal cord of vertebrates, it was unknown whether the hindbrain of the adult vertebrate nervous system can also generate the locomotor rhythm. Here, we show that the isolated hindbrain-spinal cord transition zone of adult lamprey can generate the swimming rhythm. In addition, the swimming bursts of the hindbrain lead the bursts occurring in the first segment of the spinal cord.
Determination of Phenolic Acids in Sugarcane Vinasse by HPLC with Pulse Amperometry
Authors: Freitas P. V. , da Silva D. R. , Beluomini M. A. , da Silva J. L. , Stradiotto N. R. 
Published: January 2018

A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation with pulsed amperometric detection of phenolic acids at a glassy carbon electrode is described. Chromatographic separation was carried out in isocratic conditions using 0.20 mol·L−1acetic acid (pH 5.0)/water (80 : 20,v/v) as mobile phase under constant working potential mode of 0.80 V. Chromatographic peaks presented high resolution and separation. Calibration curves exhibited excellent correlation coefficients, above 0.995. Linear ranges of the analytes, in mg L−1, were of 0.018–18 (gallic acid), 0.146–19 (vanillic acid), 0.13–17 (caffeic acid), 0.016–16 (ferulic acid), and 0.008–17 (p-coumaric acid), respectively. Limits of detection ranged from 1.6 to 97 μg·L−1and precision varied in 1.73–3.78% interval. Concentrations of 19 ± 0.51 mg·L−1and 7.8 ± 2.5 mg·L−1were found for vanillic and caffeic acids, respectively, in a sugarcane vinasse sample. Gallic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids were not detected. Recovery results demonstrated that the proposed method is accurate, and it can be used to detect and quantify phenolic acids in sugarcane vinasse without any influence of interferents.
Molecular Markers Increase Precision of the European Association of Urology Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Progression Risk Groups
Authors: van Kessel Kim E.M. , van der Keur Kirstin A. , Dyrskjøt Lars , Algaba Ferran , Welvaart Naeromy Y.C. , Beukers Willemien , Segersten Ulrika , Keck Bastian , Maurer Tobias , Simic Tatjana , Horstmann Marcus , Grimm Marc-Oliver , Hermann Gregers G. , Mogensen Karin , Hartmann Arndt , Harving Niels , Petersen Astrid C. , Jensen Jørgen B. , Junker Kerstin , Boormans Joost L. , Real Francisco X. , Malats Núria , Malmström Per-Uno , Ørntoft Torben F. , Zwarthoff Ellen C. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Purpose: The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recommend risk stratification based on clinicopathologic parameters. Our aim was to investigate the added value of biomarkers to improve risk stratification of NMIBC.
Experimental Design: We prospectively included 1,239 patients in follow-up for NMIBC in six European countries. Fresh-frozen tumor samples were analyzed for GATA2, TBX2, TBX3, and ZIC4 methylation and FGFR3, TERT, PIK3CA, and RAS mutation status. Cox regression analyses identified markers that were significantly associated with progression to muscle-invasive disease. The progression incidence rate (PIR = rate of progression per 100 patient-years) was calculated for subgroups.
Results: In our cohort, 276 patients had a low, 273 an intermediate, and 555 a high risk of tumor progression based on the EAU NMIBC guideline. Fifty-seven patients (4.6%) progressed to muscle-invasive disease. The limited number of progressors in this large cohort compared with older studies is likely due to improved treatment in the past two decades. Overall, wild-type FGFR3 and methylation of GATA2 and TBX3 were significantly associated with progression (HR = 0.34, 2.53, and 2.64, respectively). The PIR for EAU high-risk patients was 4.25. On the basis of FGFR3 mutation status and methylation of GATA2, this cohort could be reclassified into a good class (PIR = 0.86, 26.2% of patients), a moderate class (PIR = 4.32, 49.7%), and a poor class (PIR = 7.66, 24.0%).
Conclusions: We conclude that the addition of selected biomarkers to the EAU risk stratification increases its accuracy and identifies a subset of NMIBC patients with a very high risk of progression. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1586–93. ©2018 AACR.
Albuminuria Increases the Risks for Both Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia in Community‐Dwelling Japanese Elderly: The Hisayama Study
Authors: Takae Keita , Hata Jun , Ohara Tomoyuki , Yoshida Daigo , Shibata Mao , Mukai Naoko , Hirakawa Yoichiro , Kishimoto Hiro , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Kitazono Takanari , Kiyohara Yutaka , Ninomiya Toshiharu 
Published: January 2018

Background

Epidemiologic evidence has emerged to reveal an association of albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (
eGFR
) with dementia, but the findings are inconsistent. In addition, there are limited studies addressing the association between albuminuria and Alzheimer disease (
AD
).

Methods and Results

A total of 1562 community‐dwelling Japanese subjects aged ≥60 years without dementia were followed up for 10 years. The outcomes were incidence of all‐cause dementia and its subtypes, namely,
AD
and vascular dementia (VaD). The hazard ratios for the outcomes were estimated according to urine albumin–creatinine ratio (
UACR
) and
eGFR
levels using a Cox proportional hazards model. During the follow‐up, 358 subjects developed all‐cause dementia (238
AD
and 93 VaD). Higher
UACR
level was significantly associated with greater multivariable‐adjusted risks of all‐cause dementia (hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 1.00 [reference], 1.12 [0.78–1.60], 1.65 [1.18–2.30], and 1.56 [1.11–2.19] for
UACR
of ≤6.9, 7.0–12.7, 12.8–29.9, and ≥30.0 mg/g, respectively),
AD
(1.00 [reference], 1.20 [0.77–1.86], 1.75 [1.16–2.64], and 1.58 [1.03–2.41], respectively), and VaD (1.00 [reference], 1.03 [0.46–2.29], 1.94 [0.96–3.95], and 2.19 [1.09–4.38], respectively). On the other hand, lower
eGFR
level was marginally associated with greater risk of VaD, but not
AD
. Subjects with
UACR
≥12.8 mg/g and
eGFR
of <60 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
had 3.3‐fold greater risk of VaD than those with
UACR
<12.8 mg/g and
eGFR
of ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
.

Conclusions

Albuminuria is a significant risk factor for the development of both
AD
and VaD in community‐dwelling Japanese elderly. Moreover, albuminuria and low
eGFR
are mutually associated with a greater risk of VaD.
The Preterm Heart in Childhood: Left Ventricular Structure, Geometry, and Function Assessed by Echocardiography in 6‐Year‐Old Survivors of Periviable Births
Authors: Mohlkert Lilly‐Ann , Hallberg Jenny , Broberg Olof , Rydberg Annika , Halvorsen Cecilia Pegelow , Liuba Petru , Fellman Vineta , Domellöf Magnus , Sjöberg Gunnar , Norman Mikael 
Published: January 2018

Background
Preterm birth has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity in adult life. We evaluated whether preterm birth is associated with deviating cardiac structure and function before school start.

Methods and Results

In total, 176 children aged 6 years and born extremely preterm (
EXPT
; gestational age of 22–26 weeks) and 134 children born at term (control [
CTRL
]) were studied. We used echocardiography to assess left heart dimensions, geometry, and functions. Recording and off‐line analyses of echocardiographic images were performed by operators blinded to group belonging. Body size, blood pressure, and heart rate were also measured. Rates of family history of cardiovascular disease and sex distribution were similar in the
EXPT
and CTRL groups. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure did not differ, whereas diastolic blood pressure was slightly higher in
EXPT
than CTRL participants. After adjusting for body surface area, left ventricular length, width, and aortic valve annulus diameter were 3% to 5% smaller in
EXPT
than CTRL participants. Left ventricular longitudinal shortening and systolic tissue velocity were 7% to 11% lower, and transversal shortening fraction was 6% higher in
EXPT
than CTRL participants. The
EXPT
group also exhibited lower atrial emptying velocities than the CTRL group. Sex, fetal growth restriction, or a patent ductus arteriosus in the neonatal period did not contribute to cardiac dimensions or performance.

Conclusions
Six‐year‐old children born extremely preterm exhibit a unique cardiac phenotype characterized by smaller left ventricles with altered systolic and diastolic functions than same‐aged children born at term.
A Portal to Knowledge
Authors: Golan Nurit 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article engages with the Creation cycle (hexaemeron) sculpted on the vault of the south portal of the choir of the Holy Cross Church at Schwäbisch Gmünd (1351–1377). Several reliefs depict the cosmological creation, which was a rather rare topic in monumental sculpture on public display during the Middle Ages. Being based on cosmological theories, taught at the universities, but not expected to be shared with the laity, it is a unique intellectual cultural phenomenon.
The article seeks to interpret anew the full scientific significance of these unprecedented iconographic cosmological depictions. The choice of topic and location of the cosmological reliefs will be explained in relation to the town’s socioeconomic and political developments that brought to substantial changes in the lives of the burghers.
Presenting these novel ideas to the medieval public in an ecclesiastic context suggests an important change in the intellectual history of the region in the late fourteenth century.
A Novel Instrument for Real-Time Measurement of Attenuation of Weather Radar Radome Including Its Outer Surface. Part II: Applications
Authors: Mancini Alessio , Salazar Jorge L. , Lebrón Rodrigo M. , Cheong Boon Leng 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The concept and theory of a novel instrument to characterize the radio frequency performance of a radome under different conditions, including dirtiness, wetness, and varying temperature, was presented and discussed in Part I. The proposed concept estimates the transmittance through the radome using the reflected signal, directly measured, and an algorithm to evaluate the water absorption on the radome surface. In this second part of the paper, the proposed concept was employed to characterize the radome of an operative X-band weather radar in both dry and wet conditions.
Cortical surface area reduction in identification of subjects at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study
Authors: Hu Hao , Sun Yawen , Su Shanshan , Wang Yao , Qiu Yongming , Yang Xi , Zhou Yan , Xiao Zeping , Wang Zhen 
Published: January 2018

Objective: Victims of motor vehicle accidents often develop post-traumatic stress disorder, which causes significant social function loss. For the difficulty in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, identification of subjects at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder is essential for providing possible intervention. This paper aims to examine the cortical structural traits related to susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: To address this issue, we performed structural magnetic resonance imaging study in motor vehicle accident victims within 48 hours from the accidents. A total of 70 victims, available for both clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data, enrolled in our study. Upon completion of 6-month follow-up, 29 of them developed post-traumatic stress disorder, while 41 of them didn’t. At baseline, voxelwise comparisons of cortical thickness, cortical area and cortical volume were conducted between post-traumatic stress disorder group and trauma control group. Results: As expected, several reduced cortical volume within frontal-temporal loop were observed in post-traumatic stress disorder. For cortical thickness, no between-group differences were observed. There were three clusters in left hemisphere and one cluster in right hemisphere showing decreased cortical area in post-traumatic stress disorder patients, compared with trauma controls. Peak voxels of the three clusters in left hemisphere were separately located in superior parietal cortex, insula and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusion: The finding of reduced surface area of left insula and left rostral anterior cingulate cortex suggests that shrinked surface area in motor vehicle accident victims could act as potential biomarker of subjects at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder.
Opportunities for well-being: The right to occupational engagement
Authors: Hammell Karen Whalley 
Published: January 2018

Background. The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists’ 2017 conference theme prompted thoughts about shaping our profession’s future. Purpose. This Muriel Driver Memorial Lecture explores how occupational therapy’s future might be shaped to become more important, relevant, and valuable to society. Key Issues. Because occupational engagement is integral to human well-being and because well-being is integral to human rights, occupational therapy could usefully advance the right of all people to engage in occupations that contribute positively to their own well-being and the well-being of their communities. Implications. Occupational therapy’s importance to society will be manifested when we focus unambiguously on well-being; extend our efforts beyond enhancing the abilities of individuals whose lives are already impacted by illness, injury, or impairment; and address the opportunities for achieving well-being through occupational engagement of all those whose capabilities—their opportunities to do what they have the abilities to do—are inequitably constrained.
Characterization of single vs. recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Authors: Rigatelli Gianluca , Dell’Avvocata Fabio , Picariello Claudio , Zuin Marco , Giordan Massimo , Roncon Loris 
Published: January 2018

Background Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndromes, often underdiagnosed based on standard coronary angiography. Moreover, features, presentation, and intravascular imaging of recurrent spontaneous dissections have not been assessed. Methods Patients with recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection, who were admitted to our catheterization laboratory over a 10-year period, were identified. Demographic, clinical, angiographic, and intravascular imaging data were reviewed and analyzed, comparing patients with a single event with those who had a recurrence. Results Over the study period, 31 (0.2%, mean age 48.1 ± 8.8 years, 24 females) of 10,954 patients who underwent coronary angiography experienced a single spontaneous coronary artery dissection, and 6 (0.05%, mean age 49.3 ± 10.1 years, 4 females) experienced recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection. No patient suffered more than 2 dissections. Arterial hypertension ( p = 0.004), a string sign measuring >15 mm on angiography, and hematoma on intravascular ultrasound imaging were more frequently observed in patients with recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Conclusions Hypertension, length of the string sign on angiography, and hematoma on intravascular ultrasound imaging might identify patients at higher risk of recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection despite a lifelong dual antiplatelet regimen.
Comparison of peritumoral stromal tissue stiffness obtained by shear wave elastography between benign and malignant breast lesions
Authors: Park Hye Sun , Shin Hee Jung , Shin Ki Chang , Cha Joo Hee , Chae Eun Young , Choi Woo Jung , Kim Hak Hee 
Published: January 2018

Background Aggressive breast cancers produce abnormal peritumoral stiff areas, which can differ between benign and malignant lesions and between different subtypes of breast cancer. Purpose To compare the tissue stiffness of the inner tumor, tumor border, and peritumoral stroma (PS) between benign and malignant breast masses by shear wave elastography (SWE). Material and Methods We enrolled 133 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative SWE. Using OsiriX commercial software, we generated multiple 2-mm regions of interest (ROIs) in a linear arrangement on the inner tumor, tumor border, and PS. We obtained the mean elasticity value (Emean) of each ROI, and compared the Emean between benign and malignant tumors. Odds ratios (ORs) for prediction of malignancy were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed among tumor subtypes. Results There were 85 malignant and 48 benign masses. The Emean of the tumor border and PS were significantly different between benign and malignant masses ( P < 0.05 for all). ORs for malignancy were 1.06, 1.08, 1.05, and 1.04 for stiffness of the tumor border, proximal PS, middle PS, and distal PS, respectively ( P < 0.05 for all). Malignant masses with a stiff rim were significantly larger than malignant masses without a stiff rim, and were more commonly associated with the luminal B and triple negative subtypes. Conclusion Stiffness of the tumor border and PS obtained by SWE were significantly different between benign and malignant masses. Malignant masses with a stiff rim were larger in size and associated with more aggressive pathologic subtypes.