bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and Efficiency of Pressure‐Swirl and Twin‐Fluid Nozzles Spraying Food Liquids with Varying Viscosity
Authors: Stähle Philipp , Schuchmann Heike P. , Gaukel Volker 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe investigated two different sized pressure‐swirl nozzles and two twin‐fluid nozzles (external and internal mixing) spraying food liquids with different viscosities (0.001 Pa s ≤ µ ≤ 0.308 Pa s). Liquid pressures in the range of 0.2 MPa ≤ pL ≤ 30 MPa and gas‐to‐liquid ratios of 0.01 ≤ GLR ≤ 2.92 were applied. To compare the nozzles, we used two energy based approaches: The spraying efficiency e and the energy density EV. The spraying efficiency of all investigated nozzles was within reported ranges from literature. When described as a function of EV, the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray drops showed a power‐law dependency. Further, the SMD was independent of the size of the pressure‐swirl nozzles and the location (internal or external) of mixing in twin‐fluid nozzles. The pressure‐swirl nozzles were superior over the twin‐fluid nozzles when low viscous fluids were sprayed. However, only the twin‐fluid nozzles were able to spray viscosities of µ ≥ 0.143 Pa s satisfactorily. Overall, the EV concept showed to be an appropriate method for the prediction of SMD in dependency of energy relevant process parameters.Practical ApplicationIn spray‐drying of foodstuffs, the spray drop size is a crucial parameter. It depends on the physical properties of the liquid, on the type of nozzle and on the chosen process parameters. The nozzle comparison by means of the energy density EV enables the operator to quickly choose the needed energy, i.e. the process parameters, which has to be supplied to the nozzle at a specific viscosity and liquid volume flow rate to obtain the desired mean spray drop size. This facilitates the operation of spray dryers and the scale up of spraying nozzles.
Mathematical Modeling of the Anthocyanins Adsorption/Desorption from Blueberries on Amberlite FPX‐66 Resin in A Fixed Bed Column
Authors: Sandhu Amandeep K. , Cai Yun , Janve Bhaskar , Yang Wade , Yagiz Yavuz , Marshall Maurice R. , Gu Liwei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to predict column design parameters using mathematical models such as bed depth service time (BDST) and the empty bed residence time (EBRT). The dynamic adsorption/desorption of anthocyanins from blueberry water extracts was conducted on Amberlite FPX‐66 resin in a fixed bed column system. Blueberry anthocyanins were extracted with acidified hot water (90 °C) utilizing high power ultrasound. Breakthrough curves were obtained at different bed depths (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 cm) and constant flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. Increase in bed height increased both the breakpoint and exhaustion point of the FPX‐66 resin. The experimental data fitted well to BDST model at 5% of the breakthrough curve (R2 = 0.9864). The EBRT was in the range of 3.75–10.25 min at different bed depths. In addition, desorption of anthocyanins was studied at different ethanol concentrations and sigmoid equation was applied to obtain maximum recovery rates.Practical ApplicationsAnthocyanins are antioxidant flavonoids in blueberries. They are responsible for the blue color of the berries and are known to promote better health by preventing chronic diseases. A concentrated anthocyanin extract from blueberries has the potential to be used as dietary supplement, natural colorant and functional food ingredient. This present study optimized resin adsorption method to concentrate polyphenols and remove sugars using mathematical models. Optimization of the column design parameters can be used in designing a pilot/industrial scale column for the separation and concentration of anthocyanins from blueberries.
Study on Effect of the Polyethylene Terephthalate/Nanoclay Nanocomposite Film on the Migration of Terephthalic Acid into the Yoghurt Drinks Simulant
Authors: Dardmeh N. , Khosrowshahi A. , Almasi H. , Zandi M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPoly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)‐based nanocomposite was developed to study the effect of nanoclay presence and different concentration on the polymer properties and terephthalic acid (TPA) migration. First, PET/Cloisite 15A nanocomposite films containing 1, 3 and 5% wt were prepared by melt blending. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry and mechanical analyses were conducted on fabricated nanocomposite films. Then migration of TPA (as a monomer) from PET/Cloisite 15A nanocomposite into yoghurt drink simulant was evaluated under various storage temperature (4, 25 and 40
) during 15, 30, 60 and 90 days by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The glass transition temperature, Tg, of all nanocomposites increased on increasing nanoclay content. However, crystallinity decreased except for PET/Cloisite 15A 3%. Morphological analysis using SEM and XRD revealed homogenous dispersion and exfoliated structure at the level of 3% nanoclay, respectively. Also the highest value of Young's modulus was found for PET/Cloisite 15A containing 3% nanoclay. The HPLC results show that the amount of the specific migration of TPA into the acetic acid 3% was at the range of 0.077–3.362
in all treatments. Our results depicted that Cloisite 15A addition at content of 3% wt into PET matrix caused to increase in thermal and mechanical properties and decrease TPA migration amount.Practical ApplicationsIn this work, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites containing 1, 3 and 5% wt Cloisite 15A were prepared by melt blending. Our results depicted that Cloisite 15A addition at content of 3% wt into PET matrix caused to increase in thermal and mechanical properties and decrease terephthalic acid migration amount. Results revealed that 3% wt loading concentration was better compared to others due to its improved properties and migration prevented. Migration of polymer constituents can take place when the packaging plastic materials and foodstuffs come in direct contact during storage condition; but addation of Cloisite 15A reduce migration.
Changes in Myofibrillar and Sarcoplasmic Proteins in Salami Processing Added with Lactobacillus Sakei/Staphylococcus Carnosus According to Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the Color Profile
Authors: Blanco‐Lizarazo Carla María , Arjona‐Roman JoséLuis , Llorente‐Bousquets Adriana , Sotelo‐Díaz Indira 
Published: December 2015

AbstractChanges in the thermal and color profiles of the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions were analyzed during the fermentation and ripening processes of salami added with Lactobacillus sakei and Staphylococcus carnosus using modulated differential scanning calorimetry, CIELAB and reflectance. The results of the pre and postfermentation stages for the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic fractions showed a decrease in transition temperatures (Tm) without variation in the degradation enthalpy (ΔHd). Thus, the sarcoplasmic protein fraction in these stages showed Cp values between 0.18 and 1.0 J/gC while for myofibrillar was 0.22 and 0.07 J/gC. However, in the postripening stage, the ΔHd increased to 364.1 J/g for myofibrillar fraction and 1292 J/g for sarcoplasmic fractions. Seventh day corresponds to the turning point in L*, a decreasing trend was observed in L* and the reflectance percentage in postripening stage, which can reflect structural changes in proteins.Practical ApplicationsThis study facilitates a comparison of the changes in sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions during three stages of salami processing, correlating these changes with the bacterial population dynamics focused on the behavior of a starter culture, pH and aw. Likewise, the possibility of using a methodology such as modulated differential scanning calorimetry and color to analyze protein changes in a complex matrix such as salami is intriguing.
Individual and Combined Effects of Pomegranate Extract and Ultrasonic Treatments on Kiwifruit Juice Quality Parameters
Authors: Tomadoni Barbara , Moreira Maria Del Rosario , Espinosa Juan Pablo , Ponce Alejandra 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to report the effectiveness of ultrasound and pomegranate extract, individually and combined, on kiwifruit juice quality attributes. Fruit juices were treated with 180 μg/mL pomegranate extract and sonicated for 10 and 30 min (180 W, 40 kHz). Microbial populations, ascorbic acid retention, sensory attributes and color parameters were evaluated through refrigerated storage. By the end of storage, individual ultrasound treatments were able to reduce yeast and molds counts compared with that in control. Furthermore, combined treatments of ultrasound and pomegranate extract showed synergism, with higher reductions on yeast and molds. None of the treatments were able to increase the ascorbic acid retention through storage time. Color parameters evaluated showed that the treatments applied had significant differences from that of control. At Day 2, the treatments showed an improvement in color, with total color difference (ΔE) lower than that of untreated sample, indicating less color difference from fresh kiwifruit juice. Sensory attributes were not significantly affected by the treatments. However, a significant effect of storage time was perceived by the panelists, with a decrease in overall visual quality score throughout time, indicating the end of shelf‐life of the product at Day 7 of refrigerated storage.Practical ApplicationsUltrasonic processing technology and the application of natural antimicrobials are continuously being explored as alternatives to traditional thermal treatments in the food industry. It is necessary to study the impact of these technologies both individually and combined, in terms of microbiological stability and quality preservation. In practice, it is important to not only decrease the microbial growth on food products, but also minimize the loss of their nutritional and sensory attributes. This study suggests some processing and preservation conditions for kiwifruit juice, demonstrating the potential use of ultrasound in combination with the application of pomegranate extract as a biopreservative. This hurdle technology could be easily introduced in the fruit and vegetable juice industry, replacing thermal treatments that compromise the nutritional and sensory quality of the final product.
Behavior of the Complex Micro‐Ecology in Maize and Rye Flour and Mother‐Dough for Broa Throughout Storage
Authors: Rocha João M. , Malcata F. Xavier 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBesides water, maize and rye flour are the main constituents of broa – a unique sourdough bread, manufactured following traditional protocols at the farm level in Portugal. Mother‐dough, i.e., a piece of leavened dough kept aside from batch to batch under refrigeration conditions, constitutes the only starter culture used throughout breadmaking. Maize and rye flour, as well as mother‐dough, were accordingly assayed for their microbiological profiles throughout storage time, to characterize the evolution in viability of the adventitious microorganisms: total viable counts, as well as viable yeasts, molds, gram‐negative rods, gram‐positive rods (endospore‐forming and nonsporing) and gram‐positive cocci (catalase+ and catalase−). In general, all microbial groups exhibited an outstanding resistance to storage, so use of mother‐dough appears technologically effective in this form of breadmaking, and an appropriate storage of flour does not convey any important changes to their microbiological profile.Practical ApplicationsBroa is a traditional sourdough bread made of maize (Zea mays) and rye (Secale cereale) flour. It is widely manufactured at farm level in Northern Portugal following ancient manufacturing procedures, and has earned the food specialty status (with an Appellation d'Origine Protégée label already granted). This research is expected to contribute to a better understanding of its microbiological dynamics (and related chemistry), thus effectively supporting health claims associated with its consumption and rational optimization of its technological process – both of which, in turn, will help to expand its market and economic value. The practical purpose of this research is to study the behavior of microflora during the storage period of mother‐dough and flour samples for broa. To date, no research work had specifically tackled on this topic, yet the importance of this traditional specialty bread in the Portuguese economy fully justifies allocation of resources to elucidate the effects of processing on the final product.
Towards a framework in interaction training for staff working with clients with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour
Authors: Willems A. , Embregts P. , Hendriks L. , Bosman A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundTraining support staff in dealing with challenging behaviour in clients with intellectual disabilities (ID) is needed. The goal of this study is to determine which elements need to be incorporated in a training on staff interactions with these clients, building upon a framework and an interpersonal model. As in functional analysis, this study tests the influence of client interpersonal behaviour, three types of staff reactions to challenging behaviour, two types of staff psychological resources and staff team climate on four styles of staff interpersonal behaviour.MethodA total of 318 support staff members completed a questionnaire on staff interpersonal behaviour for 44 clients with ID and challenging behaviour, as well as seven questionnaires on client interpersonal behaviour, staff emotions, attributions, self‐efficacy, self‐reflection, coping styles and team climate. The influence of these seven factors on four staff interpersonal behaviours was examined using multilevel multiple regression analysis.ResultsFriendly‐warm and dominant client interpersonal behaviour had a significant positive impact on friendly and assertive control staff behaviour, respectively. Also, there was a strong influence of staff negative and positive emotions, as well as their self‐efficacy, on most of the staff interpersonal behaviours. Staff self‐reflection, insight and avoidance‐focused coping style had an impact on some staff interpersonal behaviours. Staff team climate only predicted higher support‐seeking staff behaviour.ConclusionsIn conducting a functional analysis of staff interpersonal behaviour, the results of this study can be used both as a framework in staff–client interaction training and in clinical practice for treating challenging behaviour. The emphasis in training and practice should not only be on the bidirectional dynamics of control and affiliation between staff and clients, but also – in order of importance – on the impact of staff emotions, self‐efficacy, self‐reflection and insight, coping style, team climate and attributions on staff interpersonal behaviour.
Entropy‐assisted image segmentation for nano‐ and micro‐sized networks
Authors: KIM D. , CHOI J. , NAM J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryImage analysis is an important tool for characterizing nano/micro network structures. To understand the connection, organization and proper alignment of network structures, the knowledge of the segments that represent the materials inside the image is very necessary. Image segmentation is generally carried out using statistical methods. In this study, we developed a simple and reliable masking method that improves the performance of the indicator kriging method by using entropy. This method selectively chooses important pixels in an image (optical or electron microscopy image) depending on the degree of information required to assist the thresholding step. Reasonable threshold values can be obtained by selectively choosing important pixels in a complex network image composed of extremely large numbers of thin and narrow objects. Thus, the overall image segmentation can be improved as the number of disconnected objects in the network is minimized. Moreover, we also proposed a new method for analyzing high‐pixel resolution images on a large scale and optimized the time‐consuming steps such as covariance estimation of low‐pixel resolution image, which is rescaled by performing the affine transformation on high‐pixel resolution images. Herein, image segmentation is executed in the original high‐pixel resolution image. This entropy‐based masking method of low‐pixel resolution significantly decreases the analysis time without sacrificing accuracy.
Dopamine induces mitochondrial depolarization without activating PINK1‐mediated mitophagy
Authors: Bondi Heather , Zilocchi Mara , Mare Maria Gabriella , D'Agostino Gianluca , Giovannardi Stefano , Ambrosio Santiago , Fasano Mauro , Alberio Tiziana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. PD mostly occurs sporadically and its cause remains unknown, nevertheless the discovery of familiar forms of PD, characterized by mutations of genes encoding proteins associated with mitochondria homeostasis, suggests a strong implication of the mitochondrial quality control system in PD. We investigated the effect of dopamine cytosolic accumulation in undifferentiated SH‐SY5Y cells, an in vitro model widely used to reproduce impairment of dopamine homeostasis, an early step in PD pathogenesis. A strong depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane was observed after dopamine exposure. Nevertheless, mitochondrial network resulted to assume a peculiar morphology with a distinct pattern of OPA1 and MFN1, key regulators of mitochondrial dynamics. Moreover, selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria did not take place, suggesting an impairment of the mitophagic machinery induced by dopamine. Indeed, PINK1 did not accumulate on the outer mitochondrial membrane, nor was parkin recruited to depolarized mitochondria. Altogether, our results indicate that an improper handling of dysfunctional mitochondria may be a leading event in PD pathogenesis.
imageImpaired dopamine (DA) homeostasis and oxidative stress play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Free cytosolic dopamine undergoes spontaneous oxidation and generates semiquinonic and quinonic species (DAQ) with the concurrent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dopamine dissipates mitochondrial potential (Δψm) with a peculiar alteration of the mitochondrial network. However, PINK1‐dependent mitophagy is not activated by dopamine toxicity and dysfunctional mitochondria accumulate inside the cell.
Proteoglycans and axon guidance: a new relationship between old partners
Authors: Masu Masayuki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNeural circuits are formed with great precision during development. Accumulated evidence over the past three decades has demonstrated that growing axons are navigated toward their targets by the combined actions of attractants and repellents together with their receptors. It has long been known that proteoglycans, glycosylated proteins possessing covalently attached glycosaminoglycans, play a critical role in axon guidance; however, the molecular mechanisms by which proteoglycans regulate axon behaviors remain largely unknown. Glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are large linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units that are highly modified by specific sulfation and epimerization. Recent biochemical and molecular biological studies have identified the enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Interestingly, many mutants lacking glycosaminoglycan‐synthesizing enzymes or proteoglycans in several model organisms show defects in specific nerve tract formation. In parallel, detailed biochemical studies have identified the molecular interactions between axon guidance molecules and glycosaminoglycans that have specific modification in their sugar chains. This review summarizes the structure and function of axon guidance molecules and glycosaminoglycans, and then tries to combine the knowledge from these studies to understand the role of proteoglycans from a new vantage point. Deciphering the sugar code is important for understanding the complicated nature of proteoglycans in axon guidance.
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Neural circuits are formed by the combined actions of axon guidance molecules. Proteoglycans play critical roles in regulating axon guidance through the interaction between signaling molecules and glycosaminoglycan chains attached to the core protein. This paper summarizes the structure and functions of axon guidance molecules and glycosaminoglycans and reviews the molecular mechanisms by which proteoglycans regulate axon guidance from a new vantage point.This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
Prognostic clinical indicators of short‐term survival for ineffective breathing pattern in children with acute respiratory infection
Authors: Pascoal Lívia Maia , Lopes Marcos Venícios de Oliveira , da Silva Viviane Martins , Beltrão Beatriz Amorim , Chaves Daniel Bruno Resende , Nunes Marília Mendes , de Castro Natália Barreto 
Published: December 2015

Aims and objectivesTo identify prognostic clinical indicators of short‐term survival for ineffective breathing pattern in children with acute respiratory infection.BackgroundDespite the studies of survival for nursing diagnosis, there is not enough evidence about the clinical indicators that are associated with a worse prognosis for ineffective breathing pattern.DesignA prospective cohort study.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐six children were followed up for a minimum of six and a maximum of 10 consecutive days. The survival rate for ineffective breathing pattern was calculated using Nelson‐Aalen's method. An extended Cox model was adjusted to identify the main prognostic clinical indicators for this nursing diagnosis.ResultsOver half of the sample had an ineffective breathing pattern at the first evaluation. The occurrence of new cases was observed until the ninth day of monitoring, and the survival rate after this day was low. According to the Cox model, the main clinical indicators of a poor prognosis were an abnormal breathing pattern, the use of accessory muscles, dyspnoea and increase in the anterior–posterior chest diameter.ConclusionsChildren with acute respiratory infection who present with an abnormal breathing pattern, the use of accessory muscles to breathe, dyspnoea and increased anterior–posterior diameter have a poor prognosis for an ineffective breathing pattern.Relevance to clinical practiceSurvival analyses of nursing diagnoses allow the identification of clinical indicators that can be used in clinical practice as prognostic markers. The identification of indicators associated with a poor clinical prognosis allows nurses to intervene early and to maximise the possibility of a good outcome.