bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of polar stratospheric clouds in the Nimbus 7 LIMS Version 6 data set
Authors: Remsberg Ellis , Harvey V. Lynn 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The historic Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) measurements of 1978–1979 from the Nimbus 7 satellite were re-processed with Version 6 (V6) algorithms and archived in 2002. The V6 data set employs updated radiance registration methods, improved spectroscopic line parameters, and a common vertical resolution for all retrieved parameters. Retrieved profiles are spaced about every 1.6° of latitude along orbits and include the additional parameter of geopotential height. Profiles of O3 are sensitive to perturbations from emissions of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). This work presents results of implementing a first-order screening for effects of PSCs using simple algorithms based on vertical gradients of the O3 mixing ratio. Their occurrences are compared with the co-located, retrieved temperatures and related to the temperature thresholds needed for saturation of H2O and/or HNO3 vapor onto PSC particles. Observed daily locations where the major PSC screening criteria are satisfied are validated against PSCs observed with the Stratospheric Aerosol Monitor (SAM) II experiment also on Nimbus 7. Remnants of emissions from PSCs are characterized for O3 and HNO3 following the screening. PSCs may also impart a warm bias in the co-located LIMS temperatures, but by no more than 1–2 K at the altitudes of where effects of PSCs are a maximum in the ozone; thus, no PSC screening was applied to the V6 temperatures. Minimum temperatures vary between 187 and 194 K and often occur 1 to 2 km above where PSC effects are first identified in the ozone (most often between about 21 and 28 hPa). Those temperature–pressure values are consistent with conditions for the existence of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) mixtures and to a lesser extent of super-cooled ternary solution (STS) droplets. A local, temporary uptake of HNO3 vapor of order 1–3 ppbv is indicated during mid-January for the 550 K surface. Seven-month time series of the distributions of LIMS O3 and HNO3 are shown based on their gridded Level 3 data following the PSC screening. Zonal coefficients of both species are essentially free of effects from PSCs on the 550 K surface, based on their average values along PV contours and in terms of equivalent latitude. Remnants of PSCs are still present in O3 on the 450 K surface during mid-January. It is judged that the LIMS Level 3 data are of good quality for analyzing the larger-scale, stratospheric chemistry and transport processes during the Arctic winter of 1978–1979.
Daytime twin-peak structures observed at southern African and European middle latitudes on 8–13 April 2012
Authors: Katamzi Zama T. , Habarulema John Bosco , Giday Nigussie M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Daytime twin-peak structures, also known as bite-out or diurnal double-maxima structures, are ionospheric phenomena in which the diurnal ionospheric trend shows two peaks (instead of the normal one) during the daytime. This study reports on first simultaneous observations of these structures in the Global Positioning System and ionosonde measurements from the southern African and European middle-latitude stations during a mostly quiet geomagnetic condition period of 8–13 April 2012, which indicates that their occurrence and therefore driving mechanism(s) may not be localised. It is found that the daytime twin-peak structures generally appear later in the Northern Hemisphere with a 1–3 h latency although they propagate mostly equatorward in both hemispheres. Proxies of meridional neutral winds were calculated from available manually scaled ionosonde measurements and used to explore their potential as drivers of the structures. Bite-out events were linked to downward drifts of the vertical component of equivalent neutral winds causing plasma depletions. In addition, evidence of sporadic E layers at the same time as enhancements of daytime twin-peak structures suggests that the tides had influence via the meridional wind shear in generating these structures through the dynamo electric field which resulted in upward E  ×  B drifts.
Landfast ice thickness in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from
observations and models
Authors: Howell Stephen E. L. , Laliberté Frédéric , Kwok Ron , Derksen Chris , King Joshua 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Observed and modelled landfast ice thickness variability and trends spanning more than 5 decades within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) are summarized. The observed sites (Cambridge Bay, Resolute, Eureka and Alert) represent some of the Arctic's longest records of landfast ice thickness. Observed end-of-winter (maximum) trends of landfast ice thickness (1957–2014) were statistically significant at Cambridge Bay (−4.31 ± 1.4 cm decade−1), Eureka (−4.65 ± 1.7 cm decade−1) and Alert (−4.44  ± 1.6 cm −1) but not at Resolute. Over the 50+-year record, the ice thinned by  ∼ 0.24–0.26 m at Cambridge Bay, Eureka and Alert with essentially negligible change at Resolute. Although statistically significant warming in spring and fall was present at all sites, only low correlations between temperature and maximum ice thickness were present; snow depth was found to be more strongly associated with the negative ice thickness trends. Comparison with multi-model simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5), Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison (ORA-IP) and Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) show that although a subset of current generation models have a "reasonable" climatological representation of landfast ice thickness and distribution within the CAA, trends are unrealistic and far exceed observations by up to 2 orders of magnitude. ORA-IP models were found to have positive correlations between temperature and ice thickness over the CAA, a feature that is inconsistent with both observations and coupled models from CMIP5.
The Reversal of Stock Market Trends as a Behavioral Bias: Evidence from Tunisian Stock Exchange
Authors: Kouki Mondher , Hsini Mosbeh 
Published: July 2016

This paper examines the behavioral bias in Tunisia, a country with a small stock market in terms of capital, but surprisingly dynamic in comparison to other emerging markets. Our study is consistent with Jegadeesh & Titman (1993)’ approach as presented to highlight an analysis of such reversal phenomena of portfolio returns, and provides explanatory factors to the so-called market trends reversal. The empirical investigation is based on a weekly database for a period from January 2002 to January 2013 related to stock prices and index values of market capitalization (TUNINDEX). The empirical test demonstrates the existence of winner-loser phenomenon in accordance with over-reaction hypothesis stating that portfolios with the worst past performance outperform, during the subsequent periods, those having produced best past performance and vice versa.
Barriers to Career Advancement of Women Managers in Indian Five Star Hotels: A Gender Perspective
Authors: Patwardhan Vidya , Mayya Suresh , Joshi H.G. 
Published: July 2016

This descriptive study was carried out to understand the issues related to women managers’ career advancement from the perspectives of male managers as represented by general managers and human resource managers of Indian five star hotels. The male managers opined that attitude, leadership skills and communications skills are most important for women to advance in their careers. Factor and regression analyses revealed the relationships between the dimensions of mobility pathway (gender stereotyping, social structure and culture, gender inequality, gaining social capital, and double bind) and human resource strategies adopted by the hotel organizations to support the career advancement of women managers. According to male managers, the utmost barriers to women managers’ ascent to leadership positions in Indian five star hotels are: ‘more family responsibilities than men’, ‘lack of flexible work solutions’, and ‘stereotypes against women’. The findings of this study will be useful for women managers who desire advancement to executive positions and to organizational leaders who wish to hire and promote the right person regardless of gender.
Participatory Governance through Youth Volunteerism in Public Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Soomro Kamran Ahmed , Shukui Tan , Butt Mattiullah , Anand Vivake 
Published: July 2016

Participatory governance in public sector is of great importance especially for a democratic country like Pakistan. In this paper we discuss Youth Volunteerism as tool to ensure participation of young people in public service delivery as partners of the government. This research is based on primary data collected on convenience sampling basis, through questionnaires distributed among 243 youth studying in colleges of selected areas of Pakistan. The objective of this research was to find out the perception of young people about Volunteerism in public sector and to find factors that may encourage them to engage in participatory governance through volunteering in public sector institutions of Pakistan. Data was analyzed through SPSS-21, using Multiple Regression Analysis and Pearson’s Correlation techniques. The results show that young people in Pakistan are willing to volunteer their services in the public sector because they think it is honor for them, it is need of the time and that it will increase the productivity of the public institutions. This study concludes that promoting culture of volunteerism in the public sector of Pakistan will enable young people to become part of government in service deliver, will reduce public-government gap, will help reduce shortage of workforce in public sector and will increase the productivity of public institutions.
Reading Chaucer's Calkas: Prophecy and Authority in Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Espie Jeff , Star Sarah 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article examines the role of calkas in troilus and criseyde, paying particular attention to his influence on the exchange in book iv and his importance for diomede in book v. by comparing troilus with its vernacular and latin precedents, we show that chaucer makes calkas both the voice of historical determinism and a locus of individual agency, both a knowing authority and an untrustworthy schemer. chaucer's troilus questions the certainty and inevitability of calkas' prophecy, a skepticism that also affects the narrator's posture of self-representation, diomede's appropriation of the past, and the poem's conception of “gret auctorite.”
“ʒe han desired to knowe in comfort of ʒoure soule”: Female Agency in The Chastising of God's Children
Authors: Cré Marleen 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The Chastising of God's Children is a devotional compilation written for a religious sister to help her deal with the afflictions common to the advanced contemplative life. The article investigates female agency in the text. It discusses how the religious sister is addressed by the compiler and how the text uses female role models. It argues that female agency and the sister's empowerment do not derive from the female role models she is given but, rather, from the instruction she receives. The article shows that the compiler's focus is on the transmission of knowledge that enables the female reader to arrive at in-depth understanding of the causes and advantages of temptations and specific and general remedies for them. The religious sister is given tools that enable her to practice discernment of spirits, so that she can judge her own and other people's spiritual experiences as given by God or the devil.
De statutair bestuurder in de Wet werk en zekerheid
Authors: Beltzer R.M. , Rietveld R.D. 
Published: July 2016

De statutair bestuurder in de Wet werk en zekerheid
De op 1 juli 2015 ingevoerde Wet werk en zekerheid is de grootste operatie op het terrein van het ontslagrecht in jaren. De wijzigingen die deze wet meebrengt, hebben ook gevolgen voor de juridische positie van de statutair bestuurder, die immers veelal (tevens) in een arbeidsrechtelijke betrekking tot de vennootschap staat. Hoewel van een revolutie niet te spreken is, dient men in de praktijk rekening te houden met een gewijzigd speelveld. De auteurs gaan in hun artikel in op de belangrijkste wijzigingen, zoals het verplichte grondenstelsel voor ontslag, de opzegverboden, de herplaatsingsplicht en de ontslagvergoeding. Ook wordt bezien of de leer uit de 15 april-arresten nog (onverkort) geldt.
Het afgescheiden vermogen van beleggingsfondsen: art. 4:37j Wft, een geschikte regeling voor de cv én het fgr?
Authors: Maters M.C. 
Published: July 2016

Het afgescheiden vermogen van beleggingsfondsen: art. 4:37j Wft, een geschikte regeling voor de cv én het fgr?
Sinds de implementatie van de AIFMD in de Wet op het financieel toezicht is art. 4:37j van toepassing op Nederlandse beheerders van beleggingsinstellingen. Art. 4:37j bepaalt dat beleggingsinstellingen (waaronder beleggingsfondsen) een afgescheiden vermogen hebben. Sommige beleggingsfondsen zijn personenvennootschappen (zoals de cv) en hebben op grond van jurisprudentie reeds een afgescheiden vermogen. Het artikel bespreekt deze civiele en financiële regels en behandelt de vraag of art. 4:37j Wft voldoende rekening houdt met de kenmerken van de cv, en of dat wenselijk is.
VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Jovović David , Jovović Marina , Cvetković Kristina 
Published: July 2016

Venture capital represents the money who invest wealthy individuals or institutional investors in companies at different stages of their development in order to achieve thr greatest possible profit. Venture capital is a long-term investment that carries a great risik or potential high yields. The venture industry provides the capital to development some of the most innovative and successful companies. But venture capital is more than money. Active engagement manager funds through membership in boards of is crucial for the success of the company. Over the next three to eight or so years, the venture firm works with the managers of company to growthe company. After a period intensive development of the company they are sold. Venture funds invest in small and medium-sized companies with potential for growth and development and as such are highly desirable source of funding especially in developing countries. In the world of risk capital proved to be the driving force behind the development of many countries.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiate Into Functional Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Repair Bone Defects
Authors: Sheyn Dmitriy , Ben-David Shiran , Shapiro Galina , De Mel Sandra , Bez Maxim , Ornelas Loren , Sahabian Anais , Sareen Dhruv , Da Xiaoyu , Pelled Gadi , Tawackoli Wafa , Liu Zhenqiu , Gazit Dan , Gazit Zulma 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently the most established cells for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration; however, their availability and capability of self-renewal are limited. Recent discoveries of somatic cell reprogramming may be used to overcome these challenges. We hypothesized that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that were differentiated into MSCs could be used for bone regeneration. Short-term exposure of embryoid bodies to transforming growth factor-β was used to direct iPSCs toward MSC differentiation. During this process, two types of iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs) were identified: early (aiMSCs) and late (tiMSCs) outgrowing cells. The transition of iPSCs toward MSCs was documented using MSC marker flow cytometry. Both types of iMSCs differentiated in vitro in response to osteogenic or adipogenic supplements. The results of quantitative assays showed that both cell types retained their multidifferentiation potential, although aiMSCs demonstrated higher osteogenic potential than tiMSCs and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Ectopic injections of BMP6-overexpressing tiMSCs produced no or limited bone formation, whereas similar injections of BMP6-overexpressing aiMSCs resulted in substantial bone formation. Upon orthotopic injection into radial defects, all three cell types regenerated bone and contributed to defect repair. In conclusion, MSCs can be derived from iPSCs and exhibit self-renewal without tumorigenic ability. Compared with BM-MSCs, aiMSCs acquire more of a stem cell phenotype, whereas tiMSCs acquire more of a differentiated osteoblast phenotype, which aids bone regeneration but does not allow the cells to induce ectopic bone formation (even when triggered by bone morphogenetic proteins), unless in an orthotopic site of bone fracture.

Significance
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently the most established cells for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration of various skeletal conditions; however, availability of autologous MSCs is very limited. This study demonstrates a new method to differentiate human fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to cells with MSC properties, which we comprehensively characterized including differentiation potential and transcriptomic analysis. We showed that these iPS-derived MSCs are able to regenerate nonunion bone defects in mice more efficiently than bone marrow-derived human MSCs when overexpressing BMP6 using a nonviral transfection method.
Survival and Functionality of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes in a Nonhuman Primate Model for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Thiruvalluvan Arun , Czepiel Marcin , Kap Yolanda A. , Mantingh-Otter Ietje , Vainchtein Ilia , Kuipers Jeroen , Bijlard Marjolein , Baron Wia , Giepmans Ben , Brück Wolfgang , ’t Hart Bert A. , Boddeke Erik , Copray Sjef 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Fast remyelination by endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is essential to prevent axonal and subsequent retrograde neuronal degeneration in demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). In chronic lesions, however, the remyelination capacity of OPCs becomes insufficient. Cell therapy with exogenous remyelinating cells may be a strategy to replace the failing endogenous OPCs. Here, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into OPCs and validated their proper functionality in vitro as well as in vivo in mouse models for MS. Next, we intracerebrally injected hiPSC-derived OPCs in a nonhuman primate (marmoset) model for progressive MS; the grafted OPCs specifically migrated toward the MS-like lesions in the corpus callosum where they myelinated denuded axons. hiPSC-derived OPCs may become the first therapeutic tool to address demyelination and neurodegeneration in the progressive forms of MS.

Significance
This study demonstrates for the first time that human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), after intracortical implantation in a nonhuman primate model for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), migrate to the lesions and remyelinate denuded axons. These findings imply that human iPSC-OPCs can be a therapeutic tool for MS. The results of this feasibility study on the potential use of hiPSC-derived OPCs are of great importance for all MS researchers focusing on the stimulation of remyelination in MS patients. Further optimization and research on practical issues related to the safe production and administration of iPSC-derived cell grafts will likely lead to a first clinical trial in a small group of secondary progressive MS patients. This would be the first specific therapeutic approach aimed at restoring myelination and rescuing axons in MS patients, since there is no treatment available for this most debilitating aspect of MS.
On the energy budgets of fragmenting rockfalls and rockslides: Insights from experiments
Authors: Haug Øystein Thordén , Rosenau Matthias , Leever Karen , Oncken Onno 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe travel lengths of rockfalls and rockslides can be difficult to predict due to complex interactions of numerous physical processes, such as fragmentation of the rock mass and its effect on the energy dissipation through basal and internal friction. Previous studies have shown that the front of the rockslide deposits travels farther with increased fragmentation. However, little is known about the displacement of the center of mass, which is the relevant parameter for studying the energy budget, leaving open the question whether fragmentation acts as an effective sink or source of energy. Taking advantage of a newly developed rock analogue material, we perform a total of 109 experiments to study the effect of fragmentation on the displacement of the center of mass and the energy budget of experimental rockslides. To determine the degree of fragmentation, we define a characteristic fragment size from the total mass of the experimental sample and the mass of the largest fragment. The degree of fragmentation is seen to depend linearly on the aspect ratio of the experimental sample and as a power law on its cohesion. Similar to the previous studies, our results show that the travel distance of the front of the deposits increases with the degree of fragmentation. In contrast, displacement of the center of mass is reduced with the degree of fragmentation, suggesting increased energy consumption, consistent with the assumption that fragmentation acts effectively as an energy sink.
Large‐scale precipitation tracking and the MJO over the Maritime Continent and Indo‐Pacific warm pool
Authors: Kerns Brandon W. , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA large‐scale precipitation tracking (LPT) method is developed to track convection and precipitation associated with the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) using the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 rainfall data from October to March 1998–2015. LPT uses spatially smoothed 3 day rainfall accumulation to identify and track precipitation features in time with a minimum size of 300,000 km2 and time continuity at least 10 days. While not all LPT systems (LPTs) are attributable to the MJO, among the 199 LPTs, there were 42 with a mean eastward propagation of at least 2 m s−1, which are considered to be MJO convective initiation events. These LPTs capture the diversity of the MJO convection, which is not well depicted by the Real‐time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index or the outgoing longwave radiation MJO index. During the 17 years, there were 17 instances out of 45 with a MJO signature in the RMM without eastward propagating LPTs. Among the 42 eastward propagating LPTs, 24 propagated across the Maritime Continent (MC), which confirms the MC barrier effect. Among the cases that crossed the MC from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific (MC crossing), 18 (75%) had a significant MJO signature in the RMM index. In contrast, only six (33%) of the non‐MC‐crossing cases occurred with a RMM MJO signal. There is a significant seasonal and interannual variability with MC‐crossing LPTs occurring in December more commonly than other months. More MC‐crossing events were observed during La Niña than El Niño, which is consistent with the observations of stronger and more frequent MJO events identified by RMM during La Niña years.