bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient safety events in hospital care of individuals with epilepsy
Authors: Mendizabal Adys , Thibault Dylan P. , Willis Allison W. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectives(1) To describe patient adverse events (PAEs) experienced by hospitalized individuals with epilepsy and examine the association of an epilepsy diagnosis on risk of specific PAEs; (2) to examine the impact of a PAE on (a) length of stay (LOS), (b) inpatient death, and (c) use of institutional post‐acute care.MethodsWe applied the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Patient Safety Indicator (PSI) software to the National Inpatient Sample database to identify potential medical and postoperative PAEs among >72 million hospitalizations of adults in the United States from 2000 to 2010. Logistic regression models compared the odds of experiencing each PAE between hospitalizations of persons with epilepsy (PWE) and the general inpatient population. We also examined the impact of experiencing a PAE on LOS, inpatient death, and discharge disposition.ResultsHospitalized PWEs were at increased risk for specific postoperative PAEs: fall with hip fracture (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR 1.90, 1.21–2.99), respiratory failure (AOR 2.64, 2.43–2.87), sepsis (AOR 1.41, 1.21–1.63), and preventable postoperative death (AOR 1.25, 1.15–1.36). The odds of perioperative pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis (AOR 1.65, 1.57–1.73), skin pressure ulcer (AOR 1.25, 1.22–1.29), and central venous catheter‐related bloodstream infections (AOR 1.24, 1.17–1.32) were also greater among hospitalizations of PWEs. Experiencing a PAE was associated with a prolonged mean length of stay (15 days vs. 5 days, t‐test p < 0.001), a 416% increase in the odds of inpatient death (AOR 4.16, 3.95–4.38), and a 282% increase in use of high‐level post‐acute care (AOR 2.82, 2.72–2.93).SignificanceHospitalized adults with epilepsy are vulnerable to specific safety‐related adverse events, and these potential patient safety failures substantially impact outcomes and resource use. Efforts to reduce long‐term disability and improve the value of care delivered to PWEs may need to consider provider‐level interventions to reduce adverse events.
Seed growth of three perennial ryegrass cultivars sown on two dates and treated with trinexapac ethyl straw shortener
Authors: Chynoweth R. J. , Moot D. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFirst‐year crops of diploid perennial ryegrass (cvs. Meridian, Bronsyn and Grasslands Impact) were sown on 1 April and 14 May 2008. Applications of trinexapac ethyl (TE) plant growth regulator at 0, 200 and 400 g a.i. ha−1 were used to shorten stems to examine the impact of seed growth. Seed filling followed a consistent sigmoidal growth pattern with a lag phase of 127°C days, and linear duration of 390°C days. Time to 95% of final seed weight was 517°C days. Seed yield increases from TE were from higher numbers of first‐grade seeds m−2, achieved by a higher rate of seed filling during the linear phase of 0·115 mg per °C day per spike. For all cultivars, the maximum stem dry weight occurred at 310–400°C days post‐anthesis, which suggest the stem was a strong sink. As seeds developed, their demand for assimilate increased and they drew more from the stem. At harvest, stem weights from TE treatments were 25% heavier than at anthesis, while untreated ‘Bronsyn’ and ‘Grasslands Impact’ stems were similar to those at anthesis. Thus, stems treated with TE contributed assimilates to increase seed yield but were still a net sink with assimilates in the stem at harvest. Trinexapac ethyl rate induced an inverse relationship between seed yield and stem height. This showed that competition for assimilate between stems and growing seeds limited the seed yield. Management or genetic factors that reduce stem height are likely to increase seed yields of perennial ryegrass.
Improvement in health‐related quality of life in patients with haemophilia B treated with nonacog beta pegol, a new extended half‐life recombinant FIX product
Authors: Chowdary P. , Kearney S. , Regnault A. , Hoxer C. S. , Yee D. L. 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionHealth‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals with haemophilia has greatly improved with the use of factor replacement and routine prophylaxis.AimTo explore the HRQoL of individuals with haemophilia B treated with nonacog beta pegol, an extended half‐life recombinant factor IX, in a single‐blind, randomized multinational phase III pivotal trial (paradigm™2) and its open‐label extension (paradigm™4).MethodsIn the pivotal trial, adolescents and adults with haemophilia B were allocated to 28‐week on‐demand treatment or randomized to 52 weeks of prophylaxis with 10 or 40 IU kg−1 nonacog beta pegol administered every seven days. In the extension trial, patients could continue on the same treatment or switch to the alternate dosing regimen at any time. HRQoL was assessed with the HAEMO‐QOL/HAEM‐A‐QOL age‐specific questionnaires and the EQ‐5D.ResultsIn the pivotal trial, adults receiving 40 IU kg−1 prophylaxis reported significant improvements in the ‘HAEM‐A‐QOL Total’ score (−6.4 ± 8.5, P = 0.017) and in ‘Sport’ (−15.3 ± 8.5, P = 0.020), ‘Feeling’ (−15.2 ± 18.3, P = 0.010) and ‘Partnership’ (−9.6 ± 15.5, P = 0.046) domain scores; no significant improvements were seen in the other arms. At the pivotal trial end, fewer patients reported problems in the EQ‐5D ‘Mobility’ and ‘Pain/Discomfort’ dimensions, in particular those receiving prophylaxis. In the extension trial, adult patients switching from 10 to 40 IU kg−1 prophylaxis showed significant improvements in ‘HAEM‐A‐QOL Total’ score (−12.5 ± 8.7, P = 0.016) and ‘Physical health’ domain (−23.1 ± 14.4, P = 0.016).ConclusionProphylactic treatment with nonacog beta pegol 40 IU kg−1 once weekly leads to HRQoL benefits in individuals with haemophilia B; this might be related to fewer bleeding episodes and higher FIX activity levels.
Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Agrawal Kunal , Burger Kathy , Rothrock John F. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundAlthough cerebral venous thrombosis/cerebral sinus thrombosis (CVT/CST) remains a relatively uncommon cause of stroke and other neurologic complications, the widespread availability of noninvasive brain imaging has led to an increase in its diagnosis.PurposeThrough a review and description of its epidemiology, clinical features and treatment, to heighten awareness of CVT/CST.MethodologyVia a systematic review of the more recently published medical literature relevant to the topic and focusing in particular on primary sources, we compiled data related to the incidence of CVT/CST and its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.ResultsThrombosis of a cerebral vein or sinus may occur in individuals of any age and may be caused by a myriad of prothrombotic conditions, both primary and acquired. The clinical presentation of CVT/CST is widely variable, but headache is present in the great majority of cases, and the predominant symptom in many. The headache associated with CVT/CST may be acute, severe, and even “thunderclap” in character, or it may be chronic, pervasive, and of lower intensity.ConclusionsGiven its eclectic epidemiology, its potential to produce a highly unfavorable clinical outcome, and evidence suggesting that specific treatment improves outcome, CVT/CST is a disorder whose salient features should be familiar to virtually all clinicians.
Three‐dimensional microscopic analysis of clinical prostate specimens
Authors: van Royen Martin E , Verhoef Esther I , Kweldam Charlotte F , van Cappellen Wiggert A , Kremers Gert‐Jan , Houtsmuller Adriaan B , van Leenders Geert J L H 
Published: June 2016

AimsMicroscopic evaluation of prostate specimens for both clinical and research purposes is generally performed on 5‐μm‐thick tissue sections. Because cross‐sections give a two‐dimensional (2D) representation, little is known about the actual underlying three‐dimensional (3D) architectural features of benign prostate tissue and prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to show that a combination of tissue‐clearing protocols and confocal microscopy can successfully be applied to investigate the 3D architecture of human prostate tissue.Methods and resultsOptical clearing of intact fresh and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) clinical prostate specimens allowed us to visualize tissue structures up to a depth of 800 μm, whereas, in uncleared tissue, detection of fluorescence was only possible up to 70 μm. Fluorescent labelling with a general nuclear dye and antibodies against cytokeratin (CK) 5 and CK8‐18 resulted in comprehensive 3D imaging of benign peripheral and transition prostate zones, as well as individual PCa growth patterns. After staining, clearing, and imaging, samples could still be processed for 2D (immuno)histochemical staining and DNA analysis, enabling additional molecular and diagnostic characterization of small tissue specimens.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the applicability of 3D imaging to archival FFPE and fresh clinical specimens offers unlimited opportunities to study clinical and biological topics of interest in their actual 3D context.
HIV viraemia and mother‐to‐child transmission risk after antiretroviral therapy initiation in pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Myer L , Phillips TK , McIntyre JA , Hsiao N‐Y , Petro G , Zerbe A , Ramjith J , Bekker L‐G , Abrams EJ 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesMaternal HIV viral load (VL) drives mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (MTCT) risk but there are few data from sub‐Saharan Africa, where most MTCT occurs. We investigated VL changes during pregnancy and MTCT following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of HIV‐infected women initiating ART within routine antenatal services in a primary care setting. VL measurements were taken before ART initiation and up to three more times within 7 days postpartum. Analyses examined VL changes over time, viral suppression (VS) at delivery, and early MTCT based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing up to 8 weeks of age.ResultsA total of 620 ART‐eligible HIV‐infected pregnant women initiated ART, with 2425 VL measurements by delivery (median gestation at initiation, 20 weeks; median pre‐ART VL, 4.0 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL; median time on ART before delivery, 118 days). At delivery, 91% and 73% of women had VL ≤ 1000 and ≤ 50 copies/mL, respectively. VS was strongly predicted by time on therapy and pre‐ART VL. The risk of early MTCT was strongly associated with delivery VL, with risks of 0.25, 2.0 and 8.5% among women with VL < 50, 50–1000 and > 1000 copies/mL at delivery, respectively (P < 0.001).ConclusionsHigh rates of VS at delivery and low rates of MTCT can be achieved in a routine care setting in sub‐Saharan Africa, indicating the effectiveness of currently recommended ART regimens. Women initiating ART late in pregnancy and with high VL appear substantially less likely to achieve VS and require targeted research and programmatic attention.
Childhood adiposity and fertility difficulties: the Bogalusa Heart Study
Authors: Jacobs M. B. , Bazzano L. A. , Pridjian G. , Harville E. W. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundAdult obesity is associated with infertility; however, childhood obesity has received little consideration.ObjectivesThe present study sought to evaluate the impact of childhood adiposity on fertility.MethodsAssociations between childhood adiposity and self‐reported fertility difficulties were estimated among women participating in a long‐term study of cardiovascular risks and reproductive health (n = 1061).ResultsParticipants with obesity between ages 9 and 12 were more likely to report fertility difficulties (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.82, 95% CI 1.17–2.82) and inability to become pregnant when trying (aRR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.22–3.08) as were those with obesity prior to age 9 (aRR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.04–2.97). Similar associations were seen among those ever overweight or obese in childhood. High subscapular skinfold thickness (age < 12) increased risk of receiving help becoming pregnant (aRR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.15–4.06), inability to become pregnant (aRR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.04) and any fertility difficulties (aRR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.13–2.14); associations for triceps skinfold were attenuated. Participants with increased adiposity also had fewer pregnancies and live births. Effects persisted, excluding women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.ConclusionsThis study supports an association between childhood adiposity and infertility, not solely driven by polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Collaborative contribution of six cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes to fenpropathrin resistance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)
Authors: Shi L. , Zhang J. , Shen G. , Xu Z. , Xu Q. , He L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), as an important family of detoxification enzymes, participate in the metabolism of agrochemicals in almost all agricultural pests and play important roles in the development of insecticide resistance. Two P450 genes (CYP389B1 and CYP392A26) were identified and their expression patterns were investigated in our previous study. In this study, four more P450 gene sequences (CYP391A1, CYP384A1, CYP392D11 and CYP392A28) from the Clan 2, Clan 3 and Clan 4 families were identified and characterized. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that these four P450 genes were highly expressed in a fenpropathrin‐resistant (FeR) strain of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. In addition, their expressions were much more sensitive to fenpropathrin induction in the FeR strain than the susceptible strain. Gene‐silencing experiments via double‐stranded RNA feeding were carried out. The results showed that mRNA levels of these six P450 genes were reduced in the FeR strain and the activities of P450s were decreased. Consequently mite susceptibilities to fenpropathrin were increased. Interestingly, silencing all six P450 genes simultaneously had an even greater effect on resistance than silencing them individually. This study increases our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of insecticide detoxification, suggesting that the overexpression of these six P450 genes might play important roles in fenpropathrin resistance in T. cinnabarinus collaboratively.
Local adaptation to developmental density does not lead to higher mating success in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Shenoi V. N. , Prasad N. G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the effect of local adaptation to developmental density on male mating success in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Mating success is known to be influenced by body condition which can in turn be influenced by local adaptation. We test the hypothesis that males adapted to a given environment have higher mating success when assayed in that environment. We used males selected for adaptation to high larval density and their controls which are reared at low larval density. We grew assay males in low and high densities whereas the focal females (raised at low larval density) used for the experiment belonged to the common ancestor of selected and control populations. We considered selected males grown at high density and control males grown at low density as ‘adapted’. Similarly, we considered selected males grown at low density and control males grown at high density as ‘nonadapted’. Selected male belonging to a given treatment (larval density) was made to compete with control male of the same treatment for mating with ancestral female. We quantified components of reproductive fitness: mating latency, copulation duration, mating success and number of progeny sired by the ‘adapted’ and ‘nonadapted’ males. The results show that local adaptation does not lead to higher mating success in populations adapted to their own larval rearing environment.
Risk factors for metachronous colorectal cancer or polyp: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jayasekara Harindra , Reece Jeanette C , Buchanan Daniel D , Ahnen Dennis J , Parry Susan , Jenkins Mark A , Win Aung Ko 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and AimWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify personal, lifestyle, and tumor‐related risk factors for metachronous colorectal cancer (CRC) and polyp.MethodsRelevant studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register through 15 May 2016. Estimates for associations were summarized using random effects models.ResultsFifty‐five studies were included in the review. For individuals who had a CRC resection, having a synchronous polyp was a risk factor for metachronous CRC or polyp (relative risk [RR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48–2.82) and having a synchronous CRC (RR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.25–2.91) and proximally located CRC (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.24–3.64) were risk factors for metachronous CRC. For individuals who had a polypectomy, larger size (RR, 4.26; 95% CI, 2.11–8.57) or severe dysplasia of the initial polyp (RR, 5.15; 95% CI, 2.02–13.14), and having a synchronous polyp (RR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.35–4.73) were risk factors for metachronous CRC; and a family history of CRC (RR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.26–2.87), having a synchronous polyp (RR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.74–3.50) and a larger size (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.03–2.15) and proximal location of the initial polyp (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02–1.40) were risk factors for metachronous polyp. Meta‐regression showed duration of follow‐up was not a source of heterogeneity for most associations. There was no evidence that lifestyle factors were associated with metachronous CRC or polyp risk.ConclusionA comprehensive list of risk factors identified for metachronous CRC or polyp may have important clinical implications.
Self‐Reported Sleep Duration, Napping, and Incident Heart Failure: Prospective Associations in the British Regional Heart Study
Authors: Wannamethee S. Goya , Papacosta Olia , Lennon Lucy , Whincup Peter H. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the associations between self‐reported nighttime sleep duration and daytime sleep and incident heart failure (HF) in men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD).DesignPopulation‐based prospective study.SettingGeneral practices in 24 British towns.ParticipantsMen aged 60–79 without prevalent HF followed for 9 years (N = 3,723).MeasurementsInformation on incident HF cases was obtained from primary care records. Assessment of sleep was based on self‐reported sleep duration at night and daytime napping.ResultsSelf‐reported short nighttime sleep duration and daytime sleep of longer than 1 hour were associated with preexisting CVD, breathlessness, depression, poor health, physical inactivity, and manual social class. In all men, self‐reported daytime sleep of longer than 1 hour duration was associated with significantly greater risk of HF after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.06–2.71) than in those who reported no daytime napping. Self‐reported nighttime sleep duration was not associated with HF risk except in men with preexisting CVD (<6 hours: aHR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.31–6.45; 6 hours: aHR = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.89–4.03; 8 hours: aHR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.61–2.71; ≥9 hours: aHR = 1.80, 905% CI = 0.71–4.61 vs nighttime sleep of 7 hours). Snoring was not associated with HF risk.ConclusionSelf‐reported daytime napping of longer than 1 hour is associated with greater risk of HF in older men. Self‐reported short sleep (<6 hours) in men with CVD is associated with particularly high risk of developing HF.
The Lived Experiences of People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Chang Yi‐Ya , Dai Yu‐Tzu , Chien Nai‐Hui , Chan Hui‐Ya 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeThis study explored the lived experiences of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) following hospitalization for acute exacerbation or pneumonia.Design and MethodA phenomenological approach was adopted to collect data through semistructured interviews. Fourteen participants were recruited from a medical center in northern Taiwan. Data were collected from January 2013 to January 2014. Giorgi's phenomenological methodology was adopted to analyze the interview content.FindingsThree phenomenological themes emerged: trapped in an invisible cage, torments in the winter, and striving for wellness.ConclusionsThis study sought to elucidate the lived experiences of people with COPD, who perceived themselves as feeling an overwhelming sense of confinement. The interviewees displayed positive attitudes, indicating that people with COPD are willing to cope with their disease. Health practitioners should focus on educating people with COPD about their needs, encouraging them to be more positive, and assisting them in engaging in self‐management.Clinical RelevancePeople with COPD can cope with the disease and seek alternative methods to improve their health. These positive attitudes could be used to encourage self‐management in the future.
New graduate registered nurse transition into primary health care roles: an integrative literature review
Authors: Murray‐Parahi Pauline , DiGiacomo Michelle , Jackson Debra , Davidson Patricia M 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesTo summarise the literature describing new graduate nurse transition to professional practice within the primary health care (PHC) setting.BackgroundThere is a plethora of research literature spanning several decades about new graduate nurse transition in the acute care setting. Yet, the experiences of new graduate nurse in the PHC setting is unremarkable particularly considering the increasing demand for skilled health care workers and focus of health reform to provide care where people work and live.DesignElectronic data bases, Academic Search Complete, EBSCO, Medline, PsycINFO, CINHAL, and ERIC were searched using a combination of terms and synonyms arising from three key concepts which identify the phenomenon; ‘transition’, ‘new graduate registered nurse’ and ‘primary health care. An inclusive search strategy placed no limits on language or publication date.ResultsOf the 50 articles located and examined for relevance; 40 were sourced through databases and 10 from Google Scholar/Alerts and hand‐searching references. None of the 19 articles retained for analysis addressed all key concepts.ConclusionsSome challenges of researching the professional transition of graduate nurses in PHC settings included, an absence of definitive transition models, a dearth of literature and deference to acute care research.Relevance to clinical practiceNursing in PHC settings, particularly the client's home is notably different to hospital settings because of higher levels of isolation and autonomy. Societal changes, health reform and subsequent demand for skilled workers in PHC settings has caused health care providers to question the logic that such roles are only for experienced nurses. Implications arise for education and health service providers who desire to close the theory practice gap and mitigate risk for all stakeholders when next generation nurses have limited opportunities to experience PHC roles as undergraduates and newly graduated registered nurses are already transitioning in this setting.