bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections
Authors: Jensen J.S. , Cusini M. , Gomberg M. , Moi H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMycoplasma genitalium infection contributes to 10–35% of non‐chlamydial non‐gonococcal urethritis in men. In women, M. genitalium is associated with cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Transmission of M. genitalium occurs through direct mucosal contact. Asymptomatic infections are frequent. In women, symptoms include vaginal discharge, dysuria or symptoms of PID – abdominal pain and dyspareunia. In men, urethritis, dysuria and discharge predominates. Besides symptoms, indication for laboratory test is a high‐risk sexual behaviour. Diagnosis is achievable only through nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). If available, NAAT diagnosis should be followed with an assay for macrolide resistance. Therapy for M. genitalium is indicated if M. genitalium is detected or on an epidemiological basis. Doxycycline has a low cure rate of 30–40%, but does not increase resistance. Azithromycin has a cure rate of 85–95% in macrolide susceptible infections. An extended course appears to have a higher cure rate. An increasing prevalence of macrolide resistance, most likely due to widespread use of azithromycin 1 g single dose without test of cure, is drastically decreasing the cure rate. Moxifloxacin can be used as second‐line therapy, but resistance is increasing. Uncomplicated M. genitalium infection should be treated with azithromycin 500 mg on day one, then 250 mg on days 2–5 (oral), or josamycin 500 mg three times daily for 10 days (oral). Second line treatment and treatment for uncomplicated macrolide resistant M. genitalium infection is moxifloxacin 400 mg od for 7–10 days (oral). For third line treatment of persistent M. genitalium infection after azithromycin and moxifloxacin doxycycline 100 mg two times daily for 14 days can be tried and may cure 30%. Pristinamycin 1 g four times daily for 10 days (oral) has a cure rate of app. 90%. Complicated M. genitalium infection (PID, epididymitis) is treated with moxifloxacin 400 mg od for 14 days.
Pharmacokinetic model of florfenicol in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): establishment of optimal dosage and administration in medicated feed
Authors: de Ocenda V‐R , Almeida‐Prieto S , Luzardo‐Álvarez A , Barja J L , Otero‐Espinar F J , Blanco‐Méndez J 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FF) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) was studied after single intravenous (10 mg kg−1) and oral (100 mg kg−1) administration. The plasma concentration–time data of florfenicol were described by an open one‐compartment model. The elimination half‐life (t1/2) was estimated to be 21.0 h, and the total body clearance, Cl, was determined as 0.028 L kg h−1. The apparent volume distribution (Vd) was calculated to be 0.86 L kg−1 and the mean residence time (MRTiv) was 30.2 h. Following oral administration, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 55.4 μg mL−1 was reached at 12 h (Tmax). The absorption constant (ka) was 0.158 h−1. The bioavailability was estimated to be 57.1%. The low bioavailability observed at higher doses was explained by the saturation of the mechanisms of absorption. The drug absorption process was limited by its inherent low solubility, which limited the amount of available FF absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.Based on the pharmacokinetic data, an optimal dosing schedule for FF administration is hereby provided. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration found for susceptible strains of Aeromonas salmonicida, oral FF administration of first, an initial dose of 30 mg FF kg−1, followed by 6 maintenance doses at 18 mg kg−1/daily could be effective against furunculosis in turbot.
Learning from facial expressions in individuals with Williams syndrome
Authors: Goldman K. J. , Burack J. A. , Shulman C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundDespite high levels of social engagement, the social competence of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) is frequently compromised. This descriptive study explores the ability of young people with WS to learn from facial expressions when provided as a source of feedback for their actions.MethodUsing a novel task, the ability to interpret facial expressions and adapt behaviour after receiving feedback in the form of happy or angry faces was assessed in 12 participants with WS aged between 10 and 28 years and with a mean nonverbal mental age of 6.5 years, and in typically developing (TD) children aged between 4 and 7 years.ResultsIndividuals with WS were able to use facial expressions as feedback in a manner commensurate with their mental age, only when other cognitive demands were low. Their performance profile differed from that of the TD children matched for mental age and from the performance profile of 4 year olds.ConclusionsPossible explanations for the unique performance profile observed in the participants with WS are discussed. The results highlight the need to examine social competencies in the context of the cognitive demands characteristic of social environments.
Iron isotopic systematics of UHP eclogites respond to oxidizing fluid during exhumation
Authors: Li D.‐Y. , Xiao Y. L. , Li W.‐Y. , Zhu X. , Williams H. M. , Li Y.‐L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe iron stable isotope compositions (δ56Fe) and iron valence states of ultrahigh‐pressure eclogites from Bixiling in the Dabie orogen belt, China, were measured to trace the changes of geochemical conditions during vertical transportation of earth materials, for example, oxygen fugacity. The bulk Fe3+/ΣFe ratios of retrograde eclogites, determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy, are consistently higher than those of fresh eclogites, suggesting oxidation during retrograde metamorphism and fluid infiltration. The studied eclogites (five samples) display limited mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB)‐like (~0.10‰) δ56Fe values, which are indistinguishable from their protoliths, that is, gabbro cumulates formed through differentiation of mantle‐derived basaltic magma. This suggests that Fe isotope fractionation during continental subduction is limited. Garnet separates display limited δ56Fe variation ranging from −0.08 ± 0.07 ‰ to 0.02 ± 0.07‰, whereas coexisting omphacite displays a large variation of δ56Fe values from 0.15 ± 0.07‰ to 0.47 ± 0.07‰. Omphacite also has highly variable Fe3+/ΣFe ratios from 0.367 ± 0.025 to 0.598 ± 0.024, indicating modification after peak metamorphism. Omphacite from retrograde eclogites has elevated Fe3+/ΣFe ratios (0.54–0.60) compared to that from fresh eclogites (~0.37), whereas garnet displays a narrow range of ferric iron content with Fe3+/ΣFe ratios from 0.039 ± 0.013 to 0.065 ± 0.022. The homogenous δ56Fe values and Fe3+/ΣFe ratios of garnet suggest that it survived the retrograde metamorphism and preserved its Fe‐isotopic features and ferric contents of peak metamorphism. Because of similar diffusion rates of Fe and Mg in garnet and omphacite, and constant Δ26Mgomphacite‐garnet values (1.14 ± 0.04‰), equilibrium iron isotope fractionation between garnet and omphacite was probably achieved during peak metamorphism. Elevated Fe3+/ΣFe ratios of omphacite from retrograde eclogites and variant Δ56Feomphacite‐garnet values of the studied eclogites (0.13 ± 0.10‰ to 0.48 ± 0.10‰) indicate that oxidized geofluid infiltration resulted in the elevation of δ56Fe values of omphacite during retrograde metamorphism.
When the woman gets violent: the construction of domestic abuse experience from heterosexual men's perspective
Authors: Entilli Lorenza , Cipolletta Sabrina 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo promote a critical approach on the conceptualisation of domestic violence by investigating the experience of abuse on the part of men who are victims of domestic violence by their female partners.BackgroundMedia attention and prevention programmes relating to domestic violence have mainly focused on women as the victims and men as the perpetrators. The underlying idea is that violence is predominantly physical and a prerogative of men. This conceptualisation of violence reduces the opportunities for the consideration of different modalities of abuse.DesignDiscourse analysis within a qualitative approach.MethodsSemistructured interviews with 20 Italian men who claimed to have been abused by their female partners were conducted via Skype and analysed with the software atlas.ti. The grounded theory methodology was used to avoid imposing external points of view. Personal data were collected; in particular, their occupational level was compared to their partners’ to assess the social power within the couple.ResultsBecause of their strong endorsement of social and cultural values, participants showed a protective attitude towards their partners and imputed their violent acts to fragility or an external condition. Emotional distress emerged due to the isolation and subsequent inability to seek help. Although the physical violence reported is severe, the psychological violence was indicated as more damaging.ConclusionGaining an understanding of how men experience domestic abuse offers an opportunity to provide better prevention and intervention for them and other family members at risk of abuse.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study identifies gaps in service provision generated by a lack of information or perceived prejudice towards abused men. The role of the nurse in supporting male victims is discussed, and future applications for treatments and prevention plans are proposed.
Trauma in Veterans With Substance Use Disorder: Similar Treatment Need Among Urban and Rural Residents
Authors: Young Lance Brendan , Timko Christine , Tyler Kimberly A. , Grant Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this study is to determine whether rural residence is associated with trauma exposure or posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among military veterans seeking treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Delivering mental health services to veterans in rural areas is a challenge, so identifying differences in the causes and outcomes of trauma exposure would assist in effectively targeting service delivery.MethodsVeterans (N = 196) entering SUD treatment at 3 Midwestern VA treatment centers were designated as either urban or rural, based on rural‐urban commuting area (RUCA) codes. The veterans completed the Life Events Checklist, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, and the Addiction Severity Index's psychiatric status subscale. Hypothesized relationships between rural‐urban residence and both trauma exposure and symptomology were tested using independent samples t tests, chi‐square tests, and ordinary least squares regression.FindingsThe range of traumatic experiences was similar between rural and urban veterans, and rural‐urban residence was not significantly associated with the overall array of traumas experienced or the symptom measures’ overall scores or subscores. Of 17 possible traumatic lifetime experiences, rural veterans differed from urban veterans on only 2, reporting significantly lower rates of transportation accidents and unwanted sexual experiences.ConclusionsIn both the causes of trauma and the need for treatment, veterans residing in rural areas differ little from their urban counterparts.
Maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks of intervention programs to address micronutrient malnutrition: symposium report
Authors: Bruins Maaike J , Kupka Roland , Zimmermann Michael B , Lietz Georg , Engle‐Stone Reina , Kraemer Klaus 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInterventions to address micronutrient deficiencies have large potential to reduce the related disease and economic burden. However, the potential risks of excessive micronutrient intakes are often not well determined. During the Global Summit on Food Fortification, 9–11 September 2015, in Arusha, a symposium was organized on micronutrient risk–benefit assessments. Using case studies on folic acid, iodine and vitamin A, the presenters discussed how to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of intervention programs to address micronutrient malnutrition. Pre‐implementation assessment of dietary intake, and/or biomarkers of micronutrient exposure, status and morbidity/mortality is critical in identifying the population segments at risk of inadequate and excessive intake. Dietary intake models allow to predict the effect of micronutrient interventions and their combinations, e.g. fortified food and supplements, on the proportion of the population with intakes below adequate and above safe thresholds. Continuous monitoring of micronutrient intake and biomarkers is critical to identify whether the target population is actually reached, whether subgroups receive excessive amounts, and inform program adjustments. However, the relation between regular high intake and adverse health consequences is neither well understood for many micronutrients, nor do biomarkers exist that can detect them. More accurate and reliable biomarkers predictive of micronutrient exposure, status and function are needed to ensure effective and safe intake ranges for vulnerable population groups such as young children and pregnant women. Modelling tools that integrate information on program coverage, dietary intake distribution and biomarkers will further enable program makers to design effective, efficient and safe programs.
Internal Cardioverter Defibrillator Indications and Therapies after Atrial Baffle Procedure for d‐Transposition of the Great Arteries: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: BACKHOFF DAVID , KERST GUNTER , PETERS ANDREA , LÜDEMANN MONIKA , FRISCHE CHRISTIAN , HORNDASCH MICHAELA , HESSLING GABRIELE , PAUL THOMAS , KRAUSE ULRICH 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundSudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most important cause of late mortality after atrial baffle procedure for d‐transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA). Experience with internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in this population is limited. We conducted a multicenter cohort study to determine the current state of ICD therapy in individuals after atrial baffle procedure.MethodsDemographic and clinical data as well as data on device implantation, programming, ICD discharges, and complications after atrial baffle procedure for d‐TGA from four German centers were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsICD implantation was undertaken in 33 subjects. ICD implantation was undertaken as primary prevention in 29 (88%) and secondary prevention in four (12%) individuals. There were 21 (64%) subjects with atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART). During a median follow‐up of 4.8 years, seven appropriate ICD therapies were delivered in three (10%) individuals with primary prevention indication. No appropriate shocks were documented in subjects with secondary prevention indication. A total of 12 inappropriate ICD discharges occurred in eight (24%) individuals due to IART (n = 6) or lead failure (n = 2). ICD‐related complications were noted in seven individuals (21%): lead dislodgement/failure in five (15%) and ICD infection in two subjects (6%).ConclusionsThe majority of individuals received an ICD for primary prevention of SCD, thus representing a liberal attitude of physicians for ICD implantation. During a median follow‐up of 4.8 years, the rate of appropriate ICD therapies was low and clearly exceeded by inappropriate ICD discharges. Lead failure and IART were present in >20% of the individuals and were frequent reasons for inappropriate ICD discharges. Facing these results, rigorous treatment of IART and careful ICD programming seems mandatory.
Models of wound healing: an emphasis on clinical studies
Authors: Wilhelm K.‐P. , Wilhelm D. , Bielfeldt S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe healing of wounds has always provided challenges for the medical community whether chronic or acute. Understanding the processes which enable wounds to heal is primarily carried out by the use of models, in vitro, animal and human. It is generally accepted that the use of human models offers the best opportunity to understand the factors that influence wound healing as well as to evaluate efficacy of treatments applied to wounds.ObjectivesThe objective of this article is to provide an overview of the different methodologies that are currently used to experimentally induce wounds of various depths in human volunteers and examines the information that may be gained from them.MethodsThere is a number of human volunteer healing models available varying in their invasiveness to reflect the different possible depth levels of wounds.ResultsCurrently available wound healing models include sequential tape stripping, suction blister, abrasion, laser, dermatome, and biopsy techniques. The various techniques can be utilized to induce wounds of variable depth, from removing solely the stratum corneum barrier, the epidermis to even split‐thickness or full thickness wounds.ConclusionDepending on the study objective, a number of models exist to study wound healing in humans. These models provide efficient and reliable results to evaluate treatment modalities.
Rotavirus vaccines contribute towards universal health coverage in a mixed public–private healthcare system
Authors: Loganathan Tharani , Jit Mark , Hutubessy Raymond , Ng Chiu‐Wan , Lee Way‐Seah , Verguet Stéphane 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate rotavirus vaccination in Malaysia from the household's perspective. The extended cost‐effectiveness analysis (ECEA) framework quantifies the broader value of universal vaccination starting with non‐health benefits such as financial risk protection and equity. These dimensions better enable decision‐makers to evaluate policy on the public finance of health programmes.MethodsThe incidence, health service utilisation and household expenditure related to rotavirus gastroenteritis according to national income quintiles were obtained from local data sources. Multiple birth cohorts were distributed into income quintiles and followed from birth over the first five years of life in a multicohort, static model.ResultsWe found that the rich pay more out of pocket (OOP) than the poor, as the rich use more expensive private care. OOP payments among the poorest although small are high as a proportion of household income. Rotavirus vaccination results in substantial reduction in rotavirus episodes and expenditure and provides financial risk protection to all income groups. Poverty reduction benefits are concentrated amongst the poorest two income quintiles.ConclusionWe propose that universal vaccination complements health financing reforms in strengthening Universal Health Coverage (UHC). ECEA provides an important tool to understand the implications of vaccination for UHC, beyond traditional considerations of economic efficiency.
MSL1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel that dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential and maintains redox homeostasis in mitochondria during abiotic stress
Authors: Lee Chun Pong , Maksaev Grigory , Jensen Gregory S. , Murcha Monika W. , Wilson Margaret E. , Fricker Mark , Hell Ruediger , Haswell Elizabeth S. , Millar A. Harvey , Sweetlove Lee J. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryMitochondria must maintain tight control over the electrochemical gradient across their inner membrane to allow ATP synthesis while maintaining a redox‐balanced electron transport chain and avoiding excessive reactive oxygen species production. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the ion transporters in the inner mitochondrial membrane that contribute to control of membrane potential. We show that loss of MSL1, a member of a family of mechanosensitive ion channels related to the bacterial channel MscS, leads to increased membrane potential of Arabidopsis mitochondria under specific bioenergetic states. We demonstrate that MSL1 localises to the inner mitochondrial membrane. When expressed in Escherichia coli, MSL1 forms a stretch‐activated ion channel with a slight preference for anions and provides protection against hypo‐osmotic shock. In contrast, loss of MSL1 in Arabidopsis did not prevent swelling of isolated mitochondria in hypo‐osmotic conditions. Instead, our data suggest that ion transport by MSL1 leads to dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential when it becomes too high. The importance of MSL1 function was demonstrated by the observation of a higher oxidation state of the mitochondrial glutathione pool in msl1‐1 mutants under moderate heat‐ and heavy‐metal‐stress. Furthermore, we show that MSL1 function is not directly implicated in mitochondrial membrane potential pulsing, but is complementary and appears to be important under similar conditions.
Distal Normograde Intramedullary Pin and Locking Plate Placement in the Canine Humerus: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Pearson Tim , Glyde Mark , Hosgood Giselle , Beierer Lucas 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo identify a repeatable anatomic landmark for pin insertion and to describe the technique for placement of a distal normograde intramedullary (IM) pin of approximately 35% of the IM diameter using this approach combined with a locking compression plate (LCP) on the medial aspect of the canine humerus.Study DesignEx vivo anatomic study.Sample PopulationCanine cadavers (n=10 Greyhounds).MethodsAn anatomic landmark for pin insertion was identified based on three‐dimensional reconstructions of previous elbow computed tomography studies and cadaveric dissection of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle. Bilateral distal normograde IM pin and LCP placement were performed and confirmed radiographically and by disarticulation and sagittal sectioning.ResultsThe anatomic landmark for pin insertion was consistently identified in each specimen using the technique described. Distal normograde insertion of a 3.5 mm IM pin was possible in Greyhound cadaveric humeri at the described location in conjunction with a 3.5 mm LCP with fixed angle, locked screws. A monocortical locking screw was required to avoid interference with the IM pin in 28 of 60 of the 3 proximal screw holes. No pin interference was encountered in any of the distal screw holes.ConclusionThe anatomic landmark and technique described in our study enabled repeatable successful placement of a distal normograde IM pin of approximately 35% of the IM diameter combined with an LCP on the medial aspect of the canine humerus. This technique may be useful for locking plate‐rod fixation of distal humeral diaphyseal fractures.