bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A view of the global conservation job market and how to succeed in it
Authors: Lucas Jane , Gora Evan , Alonso Alfonso 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe high demand for conservation work is creating a need for conservation‐focused training of scientists. Although many people with postsecondary degrees in biology are finding careers outside academia, many programs and mentors continue to prepare students to follow‐in‐the‐footsteps of their professors. Unfortunately, information regarding how to prepare for today's conservation‐based job market is limited in detail and scope. This problem is complicated by the differing needs of conservation organizations in both economically developed and developing regions worldwide. To help scientists identify the tools needed for conservation positions worldwide, we reviewed the current global conservation job market and identified skills required for success in careers in academia, government, nonprofit, and for‐profit organizations. We also interviewed conservation professionals across all conservation sectors. Positions in nonprofit organizations were the most abundant, whereas academic jobs were only 10% of the current job market. The most common skills required across sectors were a strong disciplinary background, followed by analytical and technical skills. Academic positions differed the most from other types of positions in that they emphasized teaching as a top skill. Nonacademic jobs emphasized the need for excellent written and oral communication, as well as project‐management experience. Furthermore, we found distinct differences across job locations. Positions in developing countries emphasized language and interpersonal skills, whereas positions in countries with advanced economies focused on publication history and technical skills. Our results were corroborated by the conservation professionals we interviewed. Based on our results, we compiled a nondefinitive list of conservation‐based training programs that are likely to provide training for the current job market. Using the results of this study, scientists may be better able to tailor their training to maximize success in the conservation job market. Similarly, institutions can apply this information to create educational programs that produce graduates primed for long‐term success.
miR‐1297 regulates neural stem cell differentiation and viability through controlling Hes1 expression
Authors: Zheng Jiaolin , Yi Dan , Shi Xiaodong , Shi Huaizhang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesNeural stem cells (NSCs) are self‐renewing, undifferentiated and multipotent precursors that can generate neuronal and glial lineages. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs that act crucial roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. However, the role of miR‐1297 in the development of NSCs is still unknown.Materials and methodsPrimary NSCs were isolated from rat's embryos. The expression of miR‐1297 and Hes1 were measured by qRT‐PCR. Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of Hes1, β‐tubulin‐III and GFAP.ResultsWe showed that miR‐1297 expression was upregulated during NSC differentiation, while the expression of Hes1 was decreased during NSC differentiation. Elevated expression of miR‐1297 promoted the NSCs viability and increased the formation of NSCs to neurospheres. Ecoptic expression of miR‐1297 promoted β‐tubulin‐III expression in the NSCs. Overexpression of miR‐1297 decreased GFAP expression in the NSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR‐1297 regulated NSCs viability and differentiation by directly targeting Hes1. Overexpression of miR‐1297 suppressed Hes1 expression in the NSCs.ConclusionsThese results suggested that miR‐1297 played an important role in NSCs viability and differentiation through inhibiting Hes1 expression.
LINC00152: A pivotal oncogenic long non‐coding RNA in human cancers
Authors: Yu Yang , Yang Jian , Li Quanpeng , Xu Boming , Lian Yifan , Miao Lin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn recent years, increasing evidence has shown the potential role of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in multiple cancers. Deregulation of lncRNAs was detected being closely associated with many kinds of tumours where they can act as a tumour suppressor or accelerator. LINC00152 was identified as an oncogene involved in many kinds of cancers, such as gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, gallbladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Moreover, inhibition of LINC00152 can suppress proliferation, migration and invasion of the cancer cells. Increasing evidence has showed that LINC00152 may act as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for the above‐mentioned cancers. In our review, we summarize the recent research progress of the expression and role of LINC00152 in various kinds of cancers.
Patterns of primary care utilization before and after living kidney donation
Authors: Alejo Jennifer L. , Luo Xun , Massie Allan B. , Henderson Macey L. , DiBrito Sandra R. , Locke Jayme E. , Purnell Tanjala S. , Boyarsky Brian J. , Anjum Saad , Halpern Samantha E. , Segev Dorry L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundAnnual visits with a primary care provider (PCP) are recommended for living kidney donors to monitor long‐term health postdonation, yet adherence to this recommendation is unknown.MethodsWe surveyed 1170 living donors from our center from 1970 to 2012 to ascertain frequency of PCP visits pre‐ and postdonation. Interviews occurred median (IQR) 6.6 (3.8‐11.0) years post‐transplant. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine associations between donor characteristics and PCP visit frequency.ResultsOverall, only 18.6% had less‐than‐annual PCP follow‐up postdonation. The strongest predictor of postdonation PCP visit frequency was predonation PCP visit frequency. Donors who had less‐than‐annual PCP visits before donation were substantially more likely to report less‐than‐annual PCP visits postdonation (OR=9.814.421.0, P<.001). Men were more likely to report less‐than‐annual PCP visits postdonation (adjusted OR=1.21.62.3, P<.01); this association was amplified in unmarried/noncohabiting men (aOR=2.43.96.3, P<.001). Donors without college education were also more likely to report less‐than‐annual PCP visits postdonation (aOR=1.31.82.5, P=.001).ConclusionsThe importance of annual PCP visits should be emphasized to all living donors, especially those with less education, men (particularly single men), and donors who did not see their PCP annually before donation.
Healthier or bigger? Trade‐off mediating male dimorphism in the black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae)
Authors: BUSSO JUAN P. , BLANCKENHORN WOLF U. , GONZÁLEZ‐TOKMAN DANIEL 
Published: May 2017

1. Life history trade‐offs emerge when limited resources are allocated to multiple functions of an organism. Under highly competitive conditions trade‐offs can result in alternative phenotypes that differ morphologically and physiologically. Such is the case in insect species that grow under high densities, where competition for resources but also the risk of disease contagion is high, prompting important adjustments in immune response and melanic cuticular pigmentation, with consequent sacrifices in other fitness‐related traits.2. In the present study, the potential trade‐offs between total‐ and active phenoloxidase (PO), body size and body pigmentation in Sepsis thoracica black scavenger flies that show alternative male morphs differing in cuticular pigmentation, and body size were evaluated.3. As expected, small/dark (obsidian) males showed higher total‐PO activity than larger/orange (amber) males. A negative relationship was found between total‐PO activity and body size in females and obsidian but not amber males, suggesting that growth and immunity are more costly for the former. In contrast, density did not affect PO activity, as predicted by the density‐dependent prophylaxis hypothesis, which had not been tested in dipterans before. However, rearing density did affect the body size negatively in females and amber but not obsidian males, showing that male morph is largely determined by condition‐dependent plasticity rather than genes.4. This study provides good evidence that trade‐offs between different life‐history traits can result in alternative resource allocation strategies, even within one species. These strategies can produce strikingly different alternative phenotypes, evincing that there is not only one optimal solution to address fitness optimisation.
Phosphorus addition affects soil nitrogen dynamics in a nitrogen‐saturated and two nitrogen‐limited forests
Authors: Chen H. , Zhang W. , Gurmesa G.A. , Zhu X. , Li D. , Mo J. 
Published: May 2017

Phosphorus (P) availability can affect nitrogen (N) dynamics in forest soil, and this effect might depend largely on the soil N status of forest ecosystems. So far, however, this view has not been well tested among forests with contrasting N status. Here, we used a 6‐year experiment with additions of N and P to evaluate the effects of P availability and its interaction with N availability on soil N dynamics in one N‐saturated and two N‐limited tropical forests in southern China. Soil inorganic N concentrations and rates of N mineralization, nitrification, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and nitrate leaching were measured. Our results showed that addition of P alone changed soil N dynamics in the N‐saturated forest only; it accelerated rates of soil N transformation and decreased rates of N2O emission and nitrate leaching, but had no significant effects on N dynamics in the two N‐limited forests. Furthermore, compared with the addition of N alone, addition of both N and P caused significant increases in the rates of net N mineralization and nitrification and a significant decrease in N2O emission in the two N‐limited forests. Our results suggest that P availability stimulates soil N dynamics only when the ecosystem is saturated with N or there is considerable N deposition.HighlightsWe compared the effects of P addition on soil N dynamics among forests with different N status.
Addition of P alone changed N dynamics in the N‐saturated forest, but not in N‐limited forests.
Combined N and P additions had a larger effect on N dynamics than N addition alone.
Phosphorus addition affects N dynamics only when an ecosystem has considerable N status.
Electroclinical findings of minor motor events during sleep in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Giuliano Loretta , Uccello Denise , Fatuzzo Daniela , Mainieri Greta , Zappia Mario , Sofia Vito 
Published: May 2017

SummaryObjectiveIt is well known that sleep‐related motor seizures can originate from the temporal lobe. However, little is known about the clinical features of minor motor manifestations during sleep in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The main objective of our study was to verify the existence of minor motor events during sleep in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and to define their clinical features and electroencephalography (EEG) correlations.MethodsWe enrolled in the study patients with diagnosis of symptomatic MTLE and a group of healthy controls. All patients and controls underwent long‐term video ‐EEG monitoring, including at least one night of nocturnal sleep. We analyzed all the movements recorded during nocturnal sleep of patients and controls and their electroencephalographic correlations.ResultsWe analyzed the nocturnal sleep of 15 patients with symptomatic MTLE (8 males and 7 females; mean age ± standard deviation [SD]31.8 ± 14.9 years) and of 15 healthy controls (6 males and 9 females; mean age ± SD 32.8 ± 11.2 years). The analysis of movements during sleep revealed significant differences between groups, with the patients presenting significantly more movements in sleep than healthy controls (56.7 ± 39.2 vs. 15 ± 6.1; p < 0.001) with significant differences regarding oroalimentary automatisms, limb dystonia, straightening movements and gestural automatisms. EEG analysis showed that the proportion of movements preceded by EEG abnormalities was significantly higher in patients than in controls (57.8 ± 35.9 movements vs. 16.6 ± 13.4 movements; p < 0.001).SignificanceThe results of our study demonstrated the presence of minor motor events during sleep in patients with MTLE, suggesting an epileptic origin of these episodes. The study of nocturnal sleep in MTLE patients is useful in helping the clinicians in the diagnostic and therapeutic workup of these patients.
Structural and functional responses of leaf‐associated fungal communities to chemical pollution in streams
Authors: Rossi Florent , Artigas Joan , Mallet Clarisse 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

The decomposition of allochthonous plant litter is a key ecological process in forested streams, involving the lignolytic activities of aquatic fungi. In this study we investigated the relationship between water pollution (by a mixture of nutrients, metals and pesticides) and the biomass, structure and enzyme activities of leaf‐associated fungal communities.

The experiment was performed through a microcosm approach by comparing fungal communities from a less‐polluted upstream site to a more‐polluted downstream site in the agricultural basin of the Auzon stream (Puy‐de‐Dôme region, Centre France). The resistance as well as the ability of these fungal communities to recover from pollution was also assessed through a translocation experiment.

Results showed a lower laccase activity and higher band richness in fungal communities from the downstream site comparing to the upstream site, which can partially be explained by the greater pesticide toxicity and concentration of dissolved organic carbon of downstream waters.

Specifically, a negative relationship between laccase activity and nitrate concentration was observed, irrespectively of the studied site, whereas the relationship between nitrate and phenol oxidase/peroxidase appeared much weaker.

The translocation experiment evidenced (1) a fast decrease in laccase activity concomitant with a shift in fungal structure after stress exposure, and (2) a recovery ability in terms of laccase activity and fungal community structure 2 weeks after stress removal.

This study underlines the sensitivity of leaf‐associated fungal communities in terms of laccase activity and community structure to variations in chemical stress, as well as their ability to recover once the stress is removed. This study highlights the potential use of laccase as an indicator of chemical pollution of streams.
The impacts of overwintered green frog larvae on wood frog embryo mortality under a wetter climate
Authors: Crump Paul , Houlahan Jeff 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

For many species, the distribution and quantity of habitat is likely to be altered under climate change scenarios. Globally, temperatures are expected to increase, but changes in precipitation will be variable with some locations expected to receive more and other locations to receive less. The amount and timing of precipitation has a strong influence on wetland hydroperiod, which is a critical factor in determining wetland use by species of pond‐breeding amphibians. Past research has focused on the direct effects of reductions in precipitation and shorter hydroperiods, such as larvae desiccation, but little attention has been given to the indirect consequences of increased precipitation and longer hydroperiods, such as changes in predation pressure.

We used wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), a species that typically breeds in ephemeral (temporary) wetlands, to test the hypothesis that increased precipitation and permanent wetlands would indirectly increase mortality in wood frog embryos through increases in the density of embryo predators, second‐year green frog larvae (Lithobates clamitans), limnephilid and phryganeid caddisfly larvae and red‐spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). We conducted translocation experiments in 2014 and 2015. We monitored wood frog embryo hatch success and mortality from predation using open (predator access) and closed (predators excluded) cages in 16 wetlands in each year.

We observed no difference in embryo hatch success between ephemeral and permanent wetlands, with water temperature, not pH, affecting hatch rates. Wood frog embryos in permanent wetlands with overwintered second‐year green frog larvae had higher mortality from predation (0.80, 95% confidence intervals 0.65–0.91) than permanent wetlands (0.42, CI 0.26–0.60) and ephemeral wetlands (0.37, CI 0.31–0.45) that lacked predatory green frog larvae. Embryo mortality from predation increased with increasing green frog larvae density. Regression models showed that ponds with larvae densities >2.5 larvae m−2 resulted in 90% embryo mortality. Caddisfly larvae and red‐spotted newt density had no effect, and pond water temperature had a weak negative effect on embryo mortality from predation.

Under a wetter and warmer climate, springtime occupancy of predatory green frog larvae is likely to increase, resulting in a reduction in the amount of suitable wood frog breeding habitat. Our research suggests that indirect effects of climate change mediated through biotic interactions may play a critical role in the distribution of ephemeral wetland species.
Global evaluation of a semiempirical model for yield anomalies and application to within‐season yield forecasting
Authors: Schauberger Bernhard , Gornott Christoph , Wechsung Frank 
Published: May 2017

AbstractQuantifying the influence of weather on yield variability is decisive for agricultural management under current and future climate anomalies. We extended an existing semiempirical modeling scheme that allows for such quantification. Yield anomalies, measured as interannual differences, were modeled for maize, soybeans, and wheat in the United States and 32 other main producer countries. We used two yield data sets, one derived from reported yields and the other from a global yield data set deduced from remote sensing. We assessed the capacity of the model to forecast yields within the growing season. In the United States, our model can explain at least two‐thirds (63%–81%) of observed yield anomalies. Its out‐of‐sample performance (34%–55%) suggests a robust yield projection capacity when applied to unknown weather. Out‐of‐sample performance is lower when using remote sensing‐derived yield data. The share of weather‐driven yield fluctuation varies spatially, and estimated coefficients agree with expectations. Globally, the explained variance in yield anomalies based on the remote sensing data set is similar to the United States (71%–84%). But the out‐of‐sample performance is lower (15%–42%). The performance discrepancy is likely due to shortcomings of the remote sensing yield data as it diminishes when using reported yield anomalies instead. Our model allows for robust forecasting of yields up to 2 months before harvest for several main producer countries. An additional experiment suggests moderate yield losses under mean warming, assuming no major changes in temperature extremes. We conclude that our model can detect weather influences on yield anomalies and project yields with unknown weather. It requires only monthly input data and has a low computational demand. Its within‐season yield forecasting capacity provides a basis for practical applications like local adaptation planning. Our study underlines high‐quality yield monitoring and statistics as critical prerequisites to guide adaptation under climate change.
Climate‐driven geographic distribution of the desert locust during recession periods: Subspecies’ niche differentiation and relative risks under scenarios of climate change
Authors: Meynard Christine N. , Gay Pierre‐Emmanuel , Lecoq Michel , Foucart Antoine , Piou Cyril , Chapuis Marie‐Pierre 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe desert locust is an agricultural pest that is able to switch from a harmless solitarious stage, during recession periods, to swarms of gregarious individuals that disperse long distances and affect areas from western Africa to India during outbreak periods. Large outbreaks have been recorded through centuries, and the Food and Agriculture Organization keeps a long‐term, large‐scale monitoring survey database in the area. However, there is also a much less known subspecies that occupies a limited area in Southern Africa. We used large‐scale climatic and occurrence data of the solitarious phase of each subspecies during recession periods to understand whether both subspecies climatic niches differ from each other, what is the current potential geographical distribution of each subspecies, and how climate change is likely to shift their potential distribution with respect to current conditions. We evaluated whether subspecies are significantly specialized along available climate gradients by using null models of background climatic differences within and between southern and northern ranges and applying niche similarity and niche equivalency tests. The results point to climatic niche conservatism between the two clades. We complemented this analysis with species distribution modeling to characterize current solitarious distributions and forecast potential recession range shifts under two extreme climate change scenarios at the 2050 and 2090 time horizon. Projections suggest that, at a global scale, the northern clade could contract its solitarious recession range, while the southern clade is likely to expand its recession range. However, local expansions were also predicted in the northern clade, in particular in southern and northern margins of the current geographical distribution. In conclusion, monitoring and management practices should remain in place in northern Africa, while in Southern Africa the potential for the subspecies to pose a threat in the future should be investigated more closely.
Trade‐offs for food production, nature conservation and climate limit the terrestrial carbon dioxide removal potential
Authors: Boysen Lena R. , Lucht Wolfgang , Gerten Dieter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLarge‐scale biomass plantations (BPs) are a common factor in climate mitigation scenarios as they promise double benefits: extracting carbon from the atmosphere and providing a renewable energy source. However, their terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) potentials depend on important factors such as land availability, efficiency of capturing biomass‐derived carbon and the timing of operation. Land availability is restricted by the demands of future food production depending on yield increases and population growth, by requirements for nature conservation and, with respect to climate mitigation, avoiding unfavourable albedo changes. We integrate these factors in one spatially explicit biogeochemical simulation framework to explore the tCDR opportunity space on land available after these constraints are taken into account, starting either in 2020 or 2050, and lasting until 2100. We find that assumed future needs for nature protection and food production strongly limit tCDR potentials. BPs on abandoned crop and pasture areas (~1,300 Mha in scenarios of either 8.0 billion people and yield gap reductions of 25% until 2020 or 9.5 billion people and yield gap reductions of 50% until 2050) could, theoretically, sequester ~100 GtC in land carbon stocks and biomass harvest by 2100. However, this potential would be ~80% lower if only cropland was available or ~50% lower if albedo decreases were considered as a factor restricting land availability. Converting instead natural forest, shrubland or grassland into BPs could result in much larger tCDR potentials ̶ but at high environmental costs (e.g. biodiversity loss). The most promising avenue for effective tCDR seems to be improvement of efficient carbon utilization pathways, changes in dietary trends or the restoration of marginal lands for the implementation of tCDR.