bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of cloud-related fine-mode AOD enhancements based on AERONET SDA product
Authors: Arola Antti , Eck Thomas F. , Kokkola Harri , Pitkänen Mikko R. A. , Romakkaniemi Sami 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork), which is a network of ground-based sun photometers, produces a data product called the aerosol spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA) that utilizes spectral total aerosol optical depth (AOD) data to infer the component fine- and coarse-mode optical depths at 500 nm. Based on its assumptions, SDA identifies cloud optical depth as the coarse-mode AOD component and therefore effectively computes the fine-mode AOD also in mixed cloud–aerosol observations. Therefore, it can be argued that the more representative AOD for fine-mode fraction should be based on all direct sun measurements and not only on those cloud screened for clear-sky conditions, i.e., on those from level 1 (L1) instead of level 2 (L2) in AERONET. The objective of our study was to assess, including all the available AERONET sites, how the fine-mode AOD is enhanced in cloudy conditions, contrasting SDA L1 and L2 in our analysis. Assuming that the cloud screening correctly separates the cloudy and clear-sky conditions, then the increases in fine-mode AOD can be due to various cloud-related processes, mainly by the strong hygroscopic growth of particles in the vicinity of clouds and in-cloud processing leading to growth of accumulation mode particles. We estimated these cloud-related enhancements in fine-mode AOD seasonally and found, for instance, that in June–August season the average over all the AERONET sites was 0.011, when total fine-mode AOD from L2 data was 0.154; therefore, the relative enhancement was 7 %. The enhancements were largest, both absolutely and relatively, in East Asia; for example, in June–August season the absolute and relative differences in fine-mode AOD, between L1 and L2 measurements, were 0.022 and 10 %, respectively. Corresponding values in North America and Europe were about 0.01 and 6–7 %. In some highly polluted areas, the enhancement is greater than these regional averages, e.g., in Beijing region and in June–July–August (JJA) season the corresponding absolute values were about 0.1. It is difficult to separate the fine-mode AOD enhancements due to in-cloud processing and hygroscopic growth, but we attempted to get some understanding by conducting a similar analysis for SDA-based fine-mode Ångström exponent (AE) patterns. Moreover, we exploited a cloud parcel model, in order to understand in detail the relative role of different processes. We found that in marine conditions, were aerosol concentration are low and cloud scavenging is efficient, the AE changes in opposite direction than in the more polluted conditions, were hygroscopic growth of particles leads to a negative AE change.
Evaluation of a cosmic-ray neutron sensor network for improved land surface model prediction
Authors: Baatz Roland , Hendricks Franssen Harrie-Jan , Han Xujun , Hoar Tim , Bogena Heye Reemt , Vereecken Harry 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. In situ soil moisture sensors provide highly accurate but very local soil moisture measurements, while remotely sensed soil moisture is strongly affected by vegetation and surface roughness. In contrast, cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) allow highly accurate soil moisture estimation on the field scale which could be valuable to improve land surface model predictions. In this study, the potential of a network of CRNSs installed in the 2354 km2 Rur catchment (Germany) for estimating soil hydraulic parameters and improving soil moisture states was tested. Data measured by the CRNSs were assimilated with the local ensemble transform Kalman filter in the Community Land Model version 4.5. Data of four, eight and nine CRNSs were assimilated for the years 2011 and 2012 (with and without soil hydraulic parameter estimation), followed by a verification year 2013 without data assimilation. This was done using (i) a regional high-resolution soil map, (ii) the FAO soil map and (iii) an erroneous, biased soil map as input information for the simulations. For the regional soil map, soil moisture characterization was only improved in the assimilation period but not in the verification period. For the FAO soil map and the biased soil map, soil moisture predictions improved strongly to a root mean square error of 0.03 cm3 cm−3 for the assimilation period and 0.05 cm3 cm−3 for the evaluation period. Improvements were limited by the measurement error of CRNSs (0.03 cm3 cm−3). The positive results obtained with data assimilation of nine CRNSs were confirmed by the jackknife experiments with four and eight CRNSs used for assimilation. The results demonstrate that assimilated data of a CRNS network can improve the characterization of soil moisture content on the catchment scale by updating spatially distributed soil hydraulic parameters of a land surface model.
GEOGRAFIA NA PRÉ-ESCOLA - DESAFIOS DE UMA ALFABETIZAÇÃO CARTOGRÁFICA - GEOGRAPHY IN KINDERGARTEN - CHALLENGES OF A CARTOGRAPHIC ALPHABETIZATION
Authors: Silva Franciele Pedroso , Dias Eliza , Verdum Roberto 
Published: May 2017

Mapas são ferramentas fundamentais para o ensino de Geografia, tanto sendo instrumentos de orientação e localização do público em geral como fundamentais na representação de temas e definição de estratégias locacionais. Assim perceber os elementos que estão representados nos mapas é substancial para a leitura e interpretação dos espaços geográficos. Neste sentido, a alfabetização cartográfica deve iniciar desde a pré-escola, para a construção da evolução das noções de espaço geográfico. Em seguida, deve-se dar continuidade nas séries iniciais, assim, após essas etapas concluídas, os alunos estarão aptos a ler, interpretar, questionar e produzir mapas. Ou seja, deve-se instrumentalizar os cidadãos a ler e se reconhecer no espaço geográfico através dos mapas, como essência da sua existência social. No presente artigo expomos o trabalho realizado com alunos de pré-escola, na Escola Municipal Nossa Senhora de Fátima, em Porto Alegre/RS, cujo principal objetivo foi desenvolver as noções de alfabetização cartográfica, a partir do (re) conhecimento do lugar onde moram. O trabalho foi concebido através de oficinas divididas em cinco etapas, sendo elas: 1. O caminho; 2. O glossário e as imagens; 3. O dado; 4. Onde estou?; 5. Onde fica a minha casa? O desenvolvimento das oficinas se deu em conjunto com os referenciais teórico-metodológicos da Pedagogia, onde na prática escolar com os alunos foram utilizados os elementos do cotidiano deles para a alfabetização escrita, concomitante à cartográfica.ABSTRACTMaps are fundamental tools for the teaching of Geography, to acknowledge the elements represented on the maps are substantial to the reading and interpretation of spaces. Cartographic alphabetization should begin at kindergarten, for the construction of evolution of spatial impressions, therefore, should continue the effort on initial grades, and, after these steps are concluded, students while be capable of reading, interpreting, questioning and making maps. It must equip citizens to read and recognize the geographical space through maps, as the essence of their social existence. In the present article, we work with kindergarten students, in the Elementary School Nossa Senhora de Fátima, in Porto Alegre/RS, which the main purpose was developing the ideas of cartographic alphabetization from recognizing the place where they live. These workshops were developed together with Pedagogy that resort to everyday elements of students to the written and cartographic alphabetization.
Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism
Authors: Voigtlaender Minna , Langer Florian 
Published: May 2017

SummaryCancer patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at increased risk for both bleeding and VTE recurrence. Anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is the standard of care during the initial and longterm treatment phase (i.e. during the first 3 – 6 months of therapy) based on its overall beneficial safety and efficacy profile compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, and dabigatran are approved for the treatment of acute VTE, and the combined six phase-3 trials have included > 1500 patients with active cancer, as defined by variable selection criteria. Subgroup analyses of these patients, either pooled or separately reported, suggest that DOACs could be a safe and efficacious alternative to VKA therapy for the treatment of cancer-associated VTE. However, the populations of cancer patients included in the DOAC and LMWH trials are not comparable with regard to mortality and VTE risk, and no specific data from direct head-to-head comparisons of DOACs with LMWHs are currently available. The use of DOACs for the management of VTE in cancer is thus not recommended by clinical practice guidelines.
De ‘governmentality’ van een lokaal prostitutieveld?
Authors: van Wijk Eelco 
Published: May 2017

The ‘governmentality’ of a local prostitution market.
Many scholars interpreted the lifting of the ban on brothels in 2000 (often called the legalization of prostitution) in The Netherlands, as a sign that selling sex was no longer deemed morally objectionable. Governing prostitution thus became primarily a technical matter of government. A task that, for a large part, was delegated to municipalities. However, nearly two decades later, the debate surrounding prostitution (policy) is still characterized by its moral tone of voice, and we lack insight into the strategies and techniques deployed by local governments. This raises two important questions. First, what actually happens in legalized local prostitution markets? Extant research, focusses too much on (changes in) national policy, and too little on what key actors (such as municipalities) are actually doing in local prostitution markets. Second, what is the role of moral aspects? When local actors are studied, insufficient attention is paid to the influence of moral issues. My PhD research addresses these two questions, by looking at the relationship between moral beliefs surrounding prostitution and the way in which local governments attempt to stabilize or change the modus operandi of a local prostitution market. It develops a theoretical framework combining field theory and Foucauldian governmentality concepts, and tries to shed light on the broader theme of the relation between morality and governing in late modern times.
Equality and Difference in Education. Theoretical and Practical Issues in Equity Education – A Polish Example
Authors: Zamojska Eva 
Published: May 2017

Studie si klade za cíl zamyslet se nad současným chápáním rovnosti a různosti ve vzdělávání a na základě diskuse výběru odborných textů představit klíčové teoretické a praktické problémy ovlivňující spravedlnost vzdělávání v Polsku. Každý projekt zaměřený na spravedlnost ve vzdělávání musí čelit dialektice rovnosti a různosti ve vzdělávání. V historické perspektivě lze jasně vysledovat evoluci modernistického pojetí rovnosti ve vzdělávání. Základem této evoluce byla změna v chápání různosti: od chápání rovnosti jako stejnosti a důrazu na standardizované praktiky ve vzdělávání (jednotná škola; ačkoliv byla ovlivněna myšlenkou národa – Gellner – a skrytým genderovým, třídním, rasovým a etnickým dělením), přes segregaci a selekci na základě různých rozdílů, až po dnešní chápání rovnosti jako přijímání rozdílů a snahy o rovnováhu mezi citlivostí k rozdílům a spravedlivým přístupem ke všem bez ohledu na tyto rozdíly. Toto poslední pojetí dialektiky mezi rovností a růzností tvoří základ spravedlivého vzdělávání, které je podle autorky jedním z prostředků sociální inkluze. Je ale potřeba diskutovat tři překážky efektivní implementace této myšlenky. Zaprvé, vzdělávání jako oblast (Bourdieu) má specifický charakter. Je těžké sladit nutnost přetvářet lidi v souladu s přednastavenými cíli, testování a hierarchickou strukturu samotného procesu vzdělávání s výše uvedeným chápáním rovnosti. Dalším problémem je neoliberální logika trhu, která prohlubuje třídní rozdíly ve struktuře vzdělávacího systému (tj. rozdělení na státní a soukromé školy) a vytváří rozdíly mezi státními školami („lepší“ a „horší“ školy), a tak vnucuje všem účastníkům vzdělávání, kteří se snažit naplnit dané cíle, rivalitu a extrémní individualizaci (neboli soutěž kulturního kapitálu). Třetím problémem je nesoulad mezi obsahem kurikula a učebnic a diskursem rovnosti. Tento problém je v naší studii ilustrován na příkladu Polska a tamějších výzkumů obsahu učebnic.
Dolutegravir–lamivudine as initial therapy in HIV‐1 infected, ARV‐naive patients, 48‐week results of the PADDLE (Pilot Antiretroviral Design with Dolutegravir LamivudinE) study
Authors: Cahn Pedro , Rolón María José , Figueroa María Inés , Gun Ana , Patterson Patricia , Sued Omar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroduction: A proof‐of‐concept study was designed to evaluate the antiviral efficacy, safety and tolerability of a two‐drug regimen with dolutegravir 50 mg once daily (QD) plus lamivudine 300 mg once daily as initial highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among antiretroviral (ARV)‐naive patients.Methods: PADDLE is a pilot study including 20 treatment‐naive adults. To be selected, participants had no IAS‐USA‐defined resistance, HIV‐1 RNA ≤100,000 copies/mL at screening and negative HBsAg. Plasma viral load (pVL) was measured at baseline; days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28; weeks 6, 8 and 12; and thereafter every 12 weeks up to 96 weeks. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with HIV‐1 RNA <50 copies/mL in an intention to treat (ITT)‐exposed analysis at 48 weeks (the FDA snapshot algorithm).Results: Median HIV‐1 RNA at entry was 24,128 copies/mL (interquartile range (IQR): 11,686–36,794). Albeit as per protocol, all patients had pVL ≤100,000 copies/mL at screening as required by inclusion criteria, four patients had ≥100,000 copies/mL at baseline. Median baseline CD4+ T‐cell count was 507 per cubic millimetre (IQR: 296–517). A rapid decline in pVL was observed (median VL decay from baseline to week 12 was 2.74 logs). All patients were suppressed at week 8 onwards up to week 24. At week 48, 90% (18/20) reached the primary endpoint of a pVL <50 copies/mL. Median change in CD4 cell count between baseline and week 48 was 267 cells/mm3 (IQR: 180–462). No major tolerability/toxicity issues were observed. Nineteen patients completed 48 weeks of the study, and one patient (with undetectable VL at last visit) committed suicide. One patient presented a low‐level protocol‐defined confirmed virological failure at week 36, being the only observed failure. This patient had pVL <50 copies/mL at the end‐of‐study visit without having changed the two‐drug regimen. Observed failure rate was 5%. This is the first report of integrase strand transfer inhibitor/lamivudine dual regimen in ARV‐naive patients.Conclusions: This novel dual regimen of dolutegravir and lamivudine warrants further clinical research and consideration as a potential therapeutic option for ARV‐therapy‐naive patients.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02211482.
Exercise and dietary program-induced weight reduction is associated with cognitive function among obese adolescents: a longitudinal study
Authors: Xie Chun , Wang Xiaochun , Zhou Chenglin , Xu Chang , Chang Yu-Kai 
Published: May 2017

Objective
The present study was to determine the effect of a combined exercise and dietary program on cognitive function as well as the relationship between the program-induced weight change and cognitive function alterations.

Design
The study applies a quasi-experimental design.

Methods
Fifty-eight adolescents with obese status (body mass index, BMI >28 kg/m2) were assigned to either an experiment (n = 30) or control group (n = 28). Participants in the experiment group received a scheduled program with a specific exercise protocol (two sessions per day, six days per week) and diet plan for four consecutive weeks; the control group was instructed to maintain their normal school activities. The primary outcome measures were anthropometric data and flanker task performance.

Results
The combined program led to reduced BMI with maintenance of the incongruent accuracy in the experiment group, but the incongruent accuracy decreased in the control group after the four-week period. Additionally, the change in weight status between post- and pre-test measurements was inversely correlated with the change in incongruent accuracy.

Conclusion
The combined exercise and dietary program resulted in decreased weight and enhanced executive function in the obese adolescents, and the weight alteration may be considered the mediator between the intervention and executive function.
Reappraisal of the extinct seal “Phoca”vitulinoidesfrom the Neogene of the North Sea Basin, with bearing on its geological age, phylogenetic affinities, and locomotion
Authors: Dewaele Leonard , Amson Eli , Lambert Olivier , Louwye Stephen 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundDiscovered on the southern margin of the North Sea Basin, “Phoca”vitulinoidesrepresents one of the best-known extinct species of Phocidae. However, little attention has been given to the species ever since its original 19th century description. Newly discovered material, including the most complete specimen of fossil Phocidae from the North Sea Basin, prompted the redescription of the species. Also, the type material of “Phoca”vitulinoidesis lost.Methods“Phoca”vitulinoidesis redescribed. Its phylogenetic position among Phocinae is assessed through phylogenetic analysis. Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy is used to determine and reassess the geological age of the species. Myological descriptions of extant taxa are used to infer muscle attachments, and basic comparative anatomy of the gross morphology and biomechanics are applied to reconstruct locomotion.ResultsDetailed redescription of “Phoca”vitulinoidesindicates relatively little affinities with the genusPhoca, but rather asks for the establishment of a new genus:Nanophocagen. nov. Hence, “Phoca”vitulinoidesis recombined intoNanophoca vitulinoides. This reassignment is confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis, grouping the genusNanophocaand other extinct phocine taxa as stem phocines. Biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy expand the known stratigraphic range ofN. vitulinoidesfrom the late Langhian to the late Serravallian. The osteological anatomy ofN. vitulinoidesindicates a relatively strong development of muscles used for fore flipper propulsion and increased flexibility for the hind flipper.DiscussionThe extended stratigraphic range ofN. vitulinoidesinto the middle Miocene confirms relatively early diversification of Phocinae in the North Atlantic. Morphological features on the fore- and hindlimb of the species point toward an increased use of the fore flipper and greater flexibility of the hind flipper as compared to extant Phocinae, clearly indicating less derived locomotor strategies in this Miocene phocine species. Estimations of the overall body size indicate thatN. vitulinoidesis much smaller thanPusa, the smallest extant genus of Phocinae (and Phocidae), and than most extinct phocines.
Near‐continuous tremor and low‐frequency earthquake activities in the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone revealed by a mini seismic array
Authors: Li Bo , Ghosh Abhijit 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTectonic tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are relatively poorly studied in the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone due to the limited data availability, difficult logistics, and rugged terrain. Using 2 months of continuous data recorded by a mini seismic array in the Akutan Island, we detect near‐continuous tremor activity with an average of 1.3 h of tectonic tremor per day using a beam backprojection method. Tremor sources are clustered in two patches with an ~25 km gap in between them. In addition, we visually identify three low‐frequency earthquakes, and using them as templates, we detect ~1300 additional LFEs applying a matched‐filter method. Tremor and LFE activities agree well in space and time, and LFEs show a much smaller recurrence interval during tremor than during non‐tremor time periods. Tremor sources propagate both along the strike and dip directions of the subduction fault with velocities ranging between 13 and 110 km/h. Prolific patchy tremor and LFE activities suggest lateral heterogeneity in the locked to freely slipping transition zone, indicating that slow earthquakes may play an important role in the earthquake cycles in this subduction zone.
Field‐aligned current response to solar indices
Authors: Edwards Thom R. , Weimer D. R. , Tobiska W. K. , Olsen Nils 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMagnetometer data from three satellite missions have been used to analyze and identify the effects of varying solar radiation on the magnitudes and locations of field‐aligned currents in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Data from the CHAMP, Ørsted, and Swarm satellite missions have been brought together to provide a database spanning a 15 year period. The extensive time frame has been augmented by data from the ACE satellite, as well as a number of indices of solar radiation. This data set has been sorted by a number of solar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, and solar radiation indices to provide measurements for the field‐aligned current structures in both hemispheres for arbitrary seasonal tilts. In addition, routines have been developed to extract the total current for different regions of the current structures, including regions 0, 1, and 2. Results from this study have been used to evaluate the effects of variations in four different solar indices on the total current in different regions of the polar cap. While the solar indices do not have major influence on the total current of the polar cap when compared to solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, it does appear that there is a nonlinear response to increasing F10.7, M10.7, and S10.7 solar indices. Surprisingly, there appears to be a very linear response as Y10.7 solar index increases.
Beaver‐mediated lateral hydrologic connectivity, fluvial carbon and nutrient flux, and aquatic ecosystem metabolism
Authors: Wegener Pam , Covino Tim , Wohl Ellen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRiver networks that drain mountain landscapes alternate between narrow and wide valley segments. Within the wide segments, beaver activity can facilitate the development and maintenance of complex, multithread planform. Because the narrow segments have limited ability to retain water, carbon, and nutrients, the wide, multithread segments are likely important locations of retention. We evaluated hydrologic dynamics, nutrient flux, and aquatic ecosystem metabolism along two adjacent segments of a river network in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado: (1) a wide, multithread segment with beaver activity; and, (2) an adjacent (directly upstream) narrow, single‐thread segment without beaver activity. We used a mass balance approach to determine the water, carbon, and nutrient source‐sink behavior of each river segment across a range of flows. While the single‐thread segment was consistently a source of water, carbon, and nitrogen, the beaver impacted multithread segment exhibited variable source‐sink dynamics as a function of flow. Specifically, the multithread segment was a sink for water, carbon, and nutrients during high flows, and subsequently became a source as flows decreased. Shifts in river‐floodplain hydrologic connectivity across flows related to higher and more variable aquatic ecosystem metabolism rates along the multithread relative to the single‐thread segment. Our data suggest that beaver activity in wide valleys can create a physically complex hydrologic environment that can enhance hydrologic and biogeochemical buffering, and promote high rates of aquatic ecosystem metabolism. Given the widespread removal of beaver, determining the cumulative effects of these changes is a critical next step in restoring function in altered river networks.