bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Goal Understanding in Social Interaction
Authors: Palomares Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Goal understanding is as ubiquitous as social interaction. When people interact, they inevitably infer others’ goals. What a conversation partner is trying to do is typically understood by interlocutors via cognitive mechanisms that connect factors of a social interaction to goals. Goal understanding, or at least the rudimentary aspects of it, is likely an innate ability as a result of evolutionary processes. Goal understanding at times occurs unconsciously, whereas generating inferences can happen explicitly with much thought. People vary in the extent to which they infer others’ goals accurately, and this largely depends on their conversation partner's behavior and how situational features activate goals. Goal inferences are consequential for conversation in that they can lead to goal contagion and influence judgments of communication competence. This entry discusses goal understanding or the process by which a person gains insight into and infers another person's goal and associated aspects of this process.
Dual‐Earner Marriage
Authors: Medved Caryn E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Dual‐earner couples are those in which both marital partners participate in paid employment. Empirical studies of dual‐career couple relationships explore interpersonal communication processes such as spousal role‐identity construction, work–family routines, and relational equity negotiation. Division of household labor and martial satisfaction are two relational outcomes frequently investigated in the lives of dual‐earner couples. Diverse dual‐earner couple experiences that are gaining scholarly attention also include commuter couples, copreneurs, and female breadwinner couples.
Self‐Construals and Social Interaction
Authors: Kim Min‐Sun 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
It has been proffered that independent and interdependent construals of self are one of the most prominent self‐schemata for distinguishing culture. Those with independent self‐construals see themselves as distinct, autonomous individuals with unique internal attributes, while those with interdependent self‐construals view themselves in the context of being woven inextricably within significant social relationships. Cultures and individuals can balance and develop each of these orientations in many different ways. Self‐construals are conducive in formulating views of the self‐concept that include the newer ideas of multiple or hybrid identities. Applied in social interaction, self‐construals seem to determine the degree of direct and indirect communication styles in various communication settings as well as the flexibility in various conversational strategy choices across different cultural settings.
Same‐Sex Friendships
Authors: Hall Jeffrey A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFriendship is a nonobligatory relationship of choice. Four characteristics of same‐sex friends do not appear to differ by sex and show similarity across culture and age groups: propinquity, homophily, inclusion, and symmetrical reciprocity. Three characteristics that distinguish male same‐sex friendship from female same‐sex friendships are: greater value of instrumental or agentic characteristics in friends, the greater risk of low‐quality friendships, and increased homophobia. Three characteristics that distinguish female same‐sex friendships from males’ same‐sex friendships are: communion and self‐disclosure, greater effort and expectations from friends in general, and a greater risk of corumination. There is ongoing need to explore friendship from cross‐cultural and multigenerational developmental perspectives to account for both evolutionary and cultural influences.
Self‐Monitoring
Authors: Wright Courtney N. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Self‐monitoring is an influential social psychological construct that describes the use of social cues to regulate expressive and self‐presentational behavior. High self‐monitors are sensitive to these cues and adjust their behavior accordingly. Low self‐monitors rely instead on their internal dispositions and attitudes to guide their behavior. In moderation, self‐monitoring is useful to effectively navigating social interactions and norms for behavior. There are positive and negative implications for high and low self‐monitoring behavior. Research examining these consequences demonstrates that self‐monitoring is related to cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal processes across a variety of contexts.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Uncertainty reduction theory (URT) seeks to explain how people think and behave during the initial stages of relationship development. URT is a seminal theory in the field of interpersonal communication for two reasons: It is one of the first frameworks to originate within the discipline, and it has spawned extensive ongoing scholarship on uncertainty within dyadic domains. URT delineates seven axioms, 21 theorems, and a variety of information‐seeking strategies to account for uncertainty processes within acquaintance. Scholars have employed the theory to illuminate interpersonal contexts as diverse as initial interaction, social exchange processes, individual differences in uncertainty, established relationships, computer‐mediated communication, dyadic communication within organizations, and intercultural communication. A synthesis of research on these topics points to strengths and weaknesses of the theory along with recommendations for future expansion.
Extramarital Affairs
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Infidelity is a widely disapproved form of relational transgression, but also relatively common. Infidelity can involve sexual activity or more emotional forms of intimacy. The occurrence and discovery of infidelity are risk factors for communicable diseases, intimate partner violence, and relationship dissolution. There are various communicative aspects of infidelity, including the ways in which partners may signal and interpret one another's intent or actual transgression, and how the partners negotiate the effects of the transgression discovery or disclosure.
Sojourner Relationships
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Sojourners who leave home to live and work in an unfamiliar culture embark on the project of cross‐cultural adaptation, one that both challenges their cultural habits and presents opportunities for personal growth. The experience of stress, commonly known as culture shock, stimulates their adaptive efforts to cultivate host communication competence and to engage in the local social processes. The adaptation process is further facilitated by the similarity and compatibility of the sojourner's own ethnicity to the prevailing ethnicity of the local population, and by the openness, strength, and positivity of his or her personality. Through stress and adaptation experiences over time, sojourners are able to attain a desired level of functional fitness and psychological health with respect to the host environment, and to undergo a gradual and largely unconscious internal transformation from a monocultural identity to an increasingly intercultural identity.
Power and Conflict
Authors: Dunbar Norah E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Conflict is the struggle over incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others, which means interpersonal power is a determinant of how the conflict is enacted. Power is a result of dependence on others when attempting to achieve goals and determines the strategies that are employed in a conflict or whether conflict is avoided entirely. Power differentials can result in destructive conflict patterns such as violence or verbal aggressiveness and can also interfere with team performances.
Self‐Disclosure
Authors: Catona Danielle , Greene Kathryn 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Self‐disclosure focuses on interactions between at least two people where one deliberately divulges something personal to the other. There are different dimensions of self‐disclosure, including both breadth (the variety of topics disclosed) and depth (the level of intimacy of disclosure). Disclosure is relevant in a variety of contexts including relationships (e.g., “I am falling in love with you” or “I don't like your uncle very much”) and health (e.g., “I have cancer” or “My family has a history of alcoholism”). Scholars have sought to develop theories and predictive models of self‐disclosure since the 1960s and continue more than 50 years later. Early models of self‐disclosure focused on predicting the outcomes of self‐disclosure. Recently developed information management models move beyond relationship characteristics to explain variation in intention to disclose and/or disclosure message features. Disclosure research continues to expand and provide insight into how relationships develop and how people cope with illness.
Social Identity Theories
Authors: Reid Scott A. , Robinson Becky 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Social identity theory originated as a social psychological explanation for prejudice and discrimination. It has since expanded into a general social identity perspective that encompasses several mutually complementary theories. The most notable of these are social identity theory, communication accommodation theory, ethnolinguistic identity theory, and self‐categorization theory. This entry describes these theories, their history, and their importance for understanding interpersonal communication.
Theory of Motivated Information Management
Authors: Afifi Walid A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The theory of motivated information management accounts for the factors that jump‐start and guide people through the process of deciding whether to seek information from specific others about important issues. The theory argues that both information‐seekers and providers consider the costs and benefits of information, as well as their ability and that of the receiver to manage and communicate the sought‐after information effectively, as part of their decision about whether to seek/provide information or avoid doing so. The theory has received good support across a wide range of contexts but also has important areas in which it can improve its predictive precision.
Relational Turbulence Model
Authors: Solomon Denise Haunani 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The relational turbulence model is focused on the transformations that surround movement from one relationship state to another. The theory posits that transitions in relationships correspond with increases in relational uncertainty and maladaptive patterns of interdependence. These relationship states complicate interpersonal relating by exacerbating negative emotions, promoting negative cognitions, and undermining people's ability to express and process messages. In its initial conception, the relational turbulence model focused on one particular relationship transition: the escalation of romantic relationships from casual dating to serious, mutually committed involvement. Subsequently, the scope of the theory was broadened to include transitions that might occur within more established relationships, such as marriage, when circumstances internal or external to relational dyads render previous perceptions of the relationship and patterns of interaction obsolete.
Conflict Styles and Strategies
Authors: Cai Deborah A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Dual‐concern models indicate that styles and strategies for managing conflict result from concerns for self or other, concern for own outcomes or other's outcomes, or personality traits of high or low assertiveness and cooperation. These models have resulted in a variety of styles, which have been tested across cultures. A number of measures have been developed in a growing literature that has examined the possible styles and strategies and their appropriateness for studying conflict behavior.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Levine Timothy R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is a set of statistical analyses that is increasingly prevalent in interpersonal communication research. CFA is most commonly used to assess the adequacy of multiple‐item rating scales in quantitative, empirical research. CFA is distinguished from exploratory factor analysis, and issues such as assessing fit, cross validation, and measurement invariance are discussed. CFA is very informative and its popularity is likely to continue to grow.
Communication and Family Resilience
Authors: Carr Kristen 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Family resilience describes the coping and adaptation processes by which families function competently after stressful or adverse experiences. A relatively new area of study, this article provides a historical overview of resilience inquiry, illustrates why families serve as a unique context for the development of resilience, summarizes recent research surrounding the role of communication in the resilience process, and concludes by articulating the unique challenges of advancing family resilience through communication.
Relationship Maintenance Strategies
Authors: Canary Daniel J. , Yum Young‐Ok 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relational partners engage in behaviors designed to maintain their relationships and a research literature has focused on relationship maintenance. This entry looks at definitions of relationship maintenance, maintenance strategies, and theories used to explain and predict relationship maintenance. Two recent research areas that focus on the associations between culture and maintenance communication, and between computer‐mediated communication and relationship maintenance, are also examined.
Maladaptive Sequences
Authors: Roloff Michael E. , Liu Esther 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Communicating is typically viewed as an important way to meet needs and solve problems. Indeed, some forms of communication effectively meet goals. Yet it sometimes can fail. To address this problem, social scientists have studied maladaptive communication sequences. This entry examines the nature of these sequences, identifies the antecedents of maladaptive sequences, types of maladaptive behaviors and patterns, and discusses ways to prevent them.
The relation between physical activity, fitness, and fatness in adolescents: A mediation analysis
Authors: Arngrímsson Sigurbjörn Árni , Ólafsdóttir Anna SigríĐur 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo investigate the total, direct and mediated (by fatness) association of physical activity (PA) with fitness.MethodsBody fat percentage (%Fat), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and PA were measured directly in 18‐year‐olds (n=202) and their association analyzed with a linear regression‐based mediation analysis after controlling for sex.ResultsThe total association between PA and VO2max was significant (c=0.66, P<0.001) and was significantly mediated by %Fat (ab=0.25, 95% CI: 0.04–0.49). The direct association was also significant (ć=0.41, P<0.001).ConclusionPhysical activity is associated with VO2max in 18‐year‐old adolescents but a little over a third of that association is mediated by %Fat. Regardless of fatness, PA is important for fitness in this age group. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:584–586, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of vitamin D levels in allergic fungal sinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis
Authors: Mostafa Badr El‐Din , Taha Mohammed Shehata , Abdel Hamid Tarek , Omran Azza , Lotfi Neema 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundVitamin D3 (VD3) levels have been recently found to be responsible for a number of immunological, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐infectious roles. Some studies reported that some forms of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS), occurs more commonly in patients who are more susceptible to VD3 deficiency. The aim of this work was to measure VD3 levels in patients with AFRS and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).MethodsWe report a prospective case control study conducted at Ain Shams University. It included 74 participants divided into 4 groups: group A, 25 patients with AFRS; group B, 15 patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP); group C: 15 patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP); and group D, 19 controls.ResultsThere was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference of VD3 between groups A and B compared with groups C and D. There were no statistically significant differences between the 4 groups regard calcium levels. Finally, there was a statistically significant difference in phosphate levels when we compared groups A and B with groups C and D (p = 0.001).ConclusionSerum level of VD3 in patient with CRSwNP and AFRS is significantly lower than that of patients with CRSsNP and control subjects. Although these results do not imply a specific etiological or therapeutic relationship, VD3 levels may constitute an inexpensive prophylactic and cost‐effective option in the therapeutic armamentarium in the control of AFRS and CRSwNP, either by itself or as a synergistic agent with traditional agents.
Efficacy of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pekala Kelly , Chandra Rakesh K. , Turner Justin H. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundOlfactory loss is a challenging clinical problem with few proven therapeutic options. Early experimental results with olfactory training suggest that this novel therapy may be an effective intervention for olfactory dysfunction of multiple etiologies. The aim of this study was to systematically review currently available studies that assess the efficacy and outcomes of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss.MethodsA comprehensive systematic literature review was performed with the assistance of a reference librarian using the PubMed, PsycInfo, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Proquest databases. Eligible studies were extracted based on defined inclusion criteria and the effect of olfactory training on objective olfactory function was evaluated qualitatively and by meta‐analysis.ResultsA total of 10 studies with 639 patients were identified and systematically reviewed. Sufficient data for meta‐analysis was available for 3 studies. Patients receiving olfactory training experienced a statistically significant improvement in the Threshold, Discrimination, Identification (TDI) score compared to control patients (mean difference [MD] 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28 to 5.26). Improvement in olfactory function was observed in discrimination (MD 1.92; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.71) and identification (MD 1.61; 95% CI, 0.55 to 2.68), but not in olfactory thresholds (MD −0.01; 95% CI, −0.42 to 0.39).ConclusionOlfactory training is a promising modality for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Results of this systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that it may be an effective treatment for olfactory dysfunction due to multiple etiologies. Additional high‐quality studies are needed to define indications, outcomes, and duration of therapy for this novel therapy.
Sensitivity analysis and diagnostic accuracy of the Brief Smell Identification Test in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: El Rassi Edward , Mace Jess C. , Steele Toby O. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Soler Zachary M. , Fu Rongwei , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) is an abbreviated version of the Smell Identification Test (SIT) used to assess olfactory function. Although the BSIT can be efficiently administered in under 5 minutes, the accuracy of the BSIT in relation to the SIT in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is unknown.MethodsPatients with CRS were recruited as part of an ongoing multi‐institutional observational cohort study. A total of 183 participants provided both BSIT and SIT olfactory function scores during initial enrollment. Linear associations between BSIT and SIT scores were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients (rp). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of BSIT scores were determined using SIT scores as the “gold standard.”ResultsA strong bivariate linear association was found between BSIT and SIT scores (rp = 0.893; p < 0.001) for all participants. A significantly lower proportion of patients were identified as having abnormal olfaction using the BSIT compared to the SIT (47% vs 68%, respectively; p < 0.001). Using the currently defined score of ≤8 as a cut‐point for abnormal olfactory function, the BSIT demonstrated a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 88% with an overall accuracy of 71%. Increasing the cut‐point to ≤9 resulted in an increased sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 76%, and an improved overall accuracy of 83%.ConclusionIn patients with CRS, BSIT scores strongly correlate with SIT scores; however, the BSIT underestimates olfactory dysfunction as defined by the suggested cut‐point of ≤8. Increasing the cut‐point to ≤9 increased the sensitivity and accuracy of the BSIT.
Electrospinning preparation, characterization, and enhanced photocatalytic activity of an Silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40)/poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite nanofiber membrane
Authors: Li Tingting , Zhang Zhiming , Li Wei , Liu Ce , Zhou Haoyu , An Libao 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSilicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite nanofiber membranes were prepared by an electrospinning technique. A PMMA emulsion was mixed with PVA and H4SiW12O40 evenly in water (electrospinning solvent). The configuration and elemental composition of the membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that H4SiW12O40 with an intact Keggin structure existed in the composite membrane. The as‐prepared H4SiW12O40/PVA/PMMA membranes exhibited enhanced photocatalytic efficiency (>84%) in the degradation of methyl orange (MO); it outperformed H4SiW12O40 powder (4.6%) and the H4SiW12O40/PVA nanofiber membrane (75.2%) under UV irradiation. More importantly, the H4SiW12O40/PVA/PMMA membranes could be easily separated from the aqueous MO solution, and the photocatalytic efficiency of the membranes decreased inappreciably after three photocatalytic cycles. This may have been due to the enhanced water tolerance of the membranes and the stability of H4SiW12O40 in the membranes. The photocatalytic process was driven by the reductive pathway with a much faster degradation rate because of the presence of PVA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43193.