bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the rise of blockchain technology: Towards distributed collaborative organizations
Authors: Scott Brett , Loonam John , Kumar Vikas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCryptocurrencies and blockchain technology are playing an increasingly important role for organizations that seek to build social and solidarity‐based finance. Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential disruptor for the financial industry. However, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology may help develop organizations that seek to build social and solidarity‐based finance.
Blockchain for good?
Authors: Kewell Beth , Adams Richard , Parry Glenn 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe blockchain innovation appears to represent viable catalysts for achieving global sustainable development targets. Projects and initiatives seeking to extend the reach of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) seem mostly intended for the benefit of for‐profit businesses, governments, and consumers. DLT projects devised for the public good could aim, in theory, to fulfill the United Nation’s current sustainable development goals. Blockchain technology is being applied in ways that could transform this ambition for good into a practical reality.
The networked record industry: How blockchain technology could transform the record industry
Authors: O’Dair Marcus , Beaven Zuleika 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBlockchain technology may have transformational potential for those music industries associated with recorded music, and for the sustainability of music careers. While predictions of widespread disintermediation may have been premature, blockchain technology does appear to have the potential to transform the role of third parties and to make musicians’ careers more sustainable. Blockchains could improve the accuracy and availability of copyright data, facilitate near‐instant micropayments for royalties, and significantly improve the transparency of the value chain.
Hemocompatibility of Ca2+‐Crosslinked Nanocellulose Hydrogels: Toward Efficient Management of Hemostasis
Authors: Basu Alex , Hong Jaan , Ferraz Natalia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe present work investigates Ca2+‐crosslinked nanofibrillated cellulose hydrogels as potential hemostatic wound dressings by studying core interactions between the materials and a central component of wounds and wound healing—the blood. Hydrogels of wood‐derived anionic nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and NFC hydrogels that incorporate kaolin or collagen are studied in an in vitro whole blood model and with platelet‐free plasma assays. The evaluation of thrombin and factor XIIa formation, platelet reduction, and the release of activated complement system proteins, shows that the NFC hydrogel efficiently triggered blood coagulation, with a rapid onset of clot formation, while displaying basal complement system activation. By using the NFC hydrogel as a carrier of kaolin, the onset of hemostasis is further boosted, while the NFC hydrogel containing collagen exhibits blood activating properties comparable to the anionic NFC hydrogel. The herein studied NFC hydrogels demonstrate great potential for being part of advanced wound healing dressings that can be tuned to target certain wounds (e.g., strongly hemorrhaging ones) or specific phases of the wound healing process for optimal wound management.
Synthesis and Characterization of Functional Triphenylphosphine‐Containing Microporous Organic Polymers for Gas Storage and Separation
Authors: Xu Jiawei , Zhang Chong , Qiu Zexiong , Lei Zhenyu , Chen Bing , Jiang Jia‐Xing , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTwo kinds of novel triphenylphosphine‐containing microporous organic polymers are designed and synthesized via palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira−Hagihara coupling condensation reaction of triphenylphosphine oxide‐ and sulfide‐based monomers with different arylethynylene linkers. The gas adsorption isotherms reveal that these polymers have strong binding affinity for CO2 with high CO2 adsorption capacity, although they have moderate Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area ranging from 684 to 883 m2 g−1. Among the resulting polymers, triphenylphosphine oxide–tris(4‐ethynylphenyl)amine exhibits the highest CO2 uptake capacity of 2.61 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 1.13 bar with relatively high gas selectivity of 60.2 for CO2 over N2 at 273 K.
Organocatalyzed Photo‐Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methacrylic Acid in Continuous Flow and Surface Grafting
Authors: Ramakers Gijs , Krivcov Alexander , Trouillet Vanessa , Welle Alexander , Möbius Hildegard , Junkers Tanja 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe organocatalyzed photo‐atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP) using 10‐phenylphenothiazine as catalyst is studied toward its use in methacrylic acid (MAA) polymerization and surface grafting. The organocatalyzed photoATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is first optimized for continuous flow synthesis in order to assess the livingness of the polymerization. MMA can be polymerized in batch and in flow; however, conversions are limited by the loss of bromine functionality and hence high conversions have to be traded in with increasing dispersities. Also, MAA is polymerized successfully in continuous flow with similar limitations. Flow conditions are transferred to surface grafting from silanized silicon wafers. The presence of ATRP initiators after silanization is confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Dense polymethacrylic acid brush films are successfully produced, which is not directly accessible via classical copper‐mediated ATRP techniques.
How well do Met Office post‐processed site‐specific probabilistic forecasts predict relative‐extreme events?
Authors: Sharpe Michael A. , Bysouth Clare E. , Stretton Rebecca L. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe Met Office routinely generates post‐processed forecasts at sites throughout the United Kingdom; both deterministic and probabilistic products exist and deterministic data populate the publicly available website. In recent years, providers of weather information have focused upon the impact of events; impact is often related to the frequency of occurrence of an event at a site which is determined by its climatology. The ability with which a site‐specific forecast predicts relative‐extremes may be investigated by examining the skill with which these events (defined in terms of a percentile chosen from the climatology at each site) are predicted. The blended, deterministic, website forecast is less likely to forecast extreme events; therefore, the probabilistic forecast product (which does not currently appear on the Met Office website) was evaluated for its ability to predict heavy rainfall (RF24), maximum summer day time temperature (Tmax), minimum winter night time temperature (Tmin) and strong winds (WShrly) over a 21 month period between December 2013 and August 2015. To this end, four methods of verification are considered: the Symmetric Extremal Dependency Index (SEDI), a threshold weighted version of the continuous ranked probability skill score (CRPSS) and a conditioned version of the CRPSS together with an analysis of the discrimination and reliability. Each method indicates forecast skill, with Tmax and RF24 identified as the most and least skilful respectively and WShrly identified as the most reliable. Site‐specific values of both versions of the CRPSS appear relatively well correlated and these scores also show correlation with SEDI for WShrly.
Model evaluation using ballistic trajectories and preliminary mesoscale model accuracies with age of global model initialization data
Authors: Cogan J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe evaluation of vertical profiles derived from model output normally consists of comparisons with meteorological observations at prescribed levels. Simulated ballistic trajectories with their major dependence on meteorological conditions is suggested as an additional means to evaluate the accuracy of a model over the vertical extent of the trajectory, and is demonstrated with a preliminary model evaluation. Normally, initialization and adjustment of lateral boundary conditions employs the most recent output available from a larger scale regional or global model. However, some applications such as for civilian or military responders in areas with minimal or no connectivity to data centres may require the use of older large‐scale model data. This paper demonstrates the alternative method in a preliminary investigation on the effect of using older large‐scale data on mesoscale model accuracy. Initial results for trajectories and comparisons with meteorological observations showed wide variation among individual cases and a general tendency towards poorer accuracy with age of the large‐scale data. As the age of the large‐scale model increased from 3 to 4 days, trajectory outcomes showed slight improvements, and wind and, to a lesser extent, temperature appeared to improve slightly at several heights. Model profile and coincident radiosonde‐based trajectories differed by about 89 m for the mesoscale model forecast using the most recent (0 day) large‐scale input to 276 m for the oldest (4 days). While a far more complete dataset is required for conclusive results, these outcomes help point the way to further research.
Reliability analysis for electronic devices using beta‐Weibull distribution
Authors: Méndez‐González Luis Carlos , Rodríguez‐Picón Luis Alberto , Valles‐Rosales Delia Julieta , Romero‐López Roberto , Quezada‐Carreón Abel Eduardo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractToday, in reliability analysis, the most used distribution to describe the behavior of electronic products under voltage profiles is the Weibull distribution. Nevertheless, the Weibull distribution does not provide a good fit to lifetime datasets that exhibit bathtub‐shaped or upside‐down bathtub–shaped (unimodal) failure rates, which are often encountered in the reliability analysis of electronic devices. In this paper, a reliability model based on the beta‐Weibull distribution and the inverse power law is proposed. This new model provides a better approach to model the performance and fit of the lifetimes of electronic devices. To estimate the parameters of the proposed model, a Bayesian analysis is used. A case study based on the lifetime of a surface mounted electrolytic capacitor is presented, the results showed that the estimation of the proposed model differs from the inverse power law–Weibull and that it affects directly the mean time to failure, the failure rate, the behavior, and the performance of the capacitor under analysis.
Catalytic activation of nitrobenzene on PVP passivated silver cluster: A DFT investigation
Authors: Shukla Madhulata , Sinha Indrajit 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPoly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) has been used extensively to stabilize the surface of noble metal nanoparticles against aggregation and also to produce anisotropic nanostructures. Naturally, it is very important to understand the effect of such surface stabilization by PVP on the catalytic activity of these nanoparticles. This communication investigates through DFT calculations the electronic properties of PVP stabilized 13‐atom Ag cluster for catalytic activation of nitrobenzene (NB). These computations suggest that poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) interact with silver (Ag) cluster mainly through oxygen atom and acts not only as a stabilizer to prevent the aggregation of Ag clusters but also as an electron donor to activate the Ag clusters for further reaction. Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) calculations show that catalytic activation of NB by PVP passivated Ag cluster occurs due to interaction of the oxygen of the nitro group with the Ag cluster. Weak back donation of electrons from M(dπ) orbital of Ag to antibonding σ* of one of the NO bond, facilitates the formation of the nitroso intermediate. To understand the extent and the nature of this interaction better, vibrational frequency calculation of nitrobenzene association with Ag13‐2PVP cluster is carried out. Red shift in the frequencies is consequence of strong interaction with that of silver cluster present in Ag13‐2PVP‐NB model.
A closer look into the nitrogen blank in elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurements
Authors: Langel Reinhard , Dyckmans Jens 
Published: September 2017

RationaleOne important limitation for the precise measurement of minute amounts of nitrogen (N) in solid samples by elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) is the accurate determination of the analyser blank value. This study was performed to identify different sources, amounts and isotopic composition of N blanks in EA/IRMS in order to identify measures for minimising the effect of the N blank on N isotopic data quality.MethodsDifferent types of autosamplers, with and without zero‐blank functionality, were tested by analysing different amounts of substances of varying isotopic composition by EA/IRMS.ResultsUsing zero‐blank autosamplers reduces the atmospheric N2 blank from 60 nmol to between 4 and 5 nmol depending on the autosampler type. This blank is derived from atmospheric N2 leaking into the elemental analyser, trapped in the sample tin capsules or contained in the oxygen added for combustion. Another source of blank is the reaction tube. As the sources of the blank differ, the isotopic composition of the blank is very variable. In addition, cross‐contamination from previous samples may contribute up to 3.3 nmol N.ConclusionsFor precise measurements of minute amounts of N in solid samples, reduction of the N blank is the most promising strategy. Correcting for the remaining N blank is only meaningful if the sample isotopic composition is very different from that of the N blank, because the precise determination of the isotopic composition of the N blank is not possible.
Does Fairtrade Certification Meet Producers' Expectations Related to Participating in Mainstream Markets? An Analysis of Advertised Benefits and Perceived Impact
Authors: Mook Anne , Overdevest Christine 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we identify three literature‐based hypotheses about how and whether Fairtrade labeling delivers its advertised benefits: a market mechanism that provides producers in developing countries advantaged access to consumer markets; a sustainable agriculture mechanism that improves the sustainability of Fairtrade products and a social justice mechanism that protects the rights and livelihoods of farmers and workers. We surveyed a broad cross‐section of Fairtrade‐certified producer organizations and compared their expectations with their satisfactions using an importance–performance analysis (IPA), principal component analysis (PCA) and ordered logit regression analyses. According to our results, Fairtrade producers report both high importance and high performance in terms of metrics such as empowering women, democratic decision‐making and reduction of child labor, suggesting that farmers are most satisfied with Fairtrade as a social justice mechanism. Fairtrade producers report high importance but lower performance of Fairtrade as a market mechanism and least satisfaction as a sustainable agriculture mechanism. We explore the drivers and implications of these findings for Fairtrade and provide recommendations to increase producer satisfaction.
Catalyst‐Free Synthesis for Pyrazole‐Fused Isocoumarins in Recyclable and Biodegradable Reaction Medium
Authors: Yadav Vijay B. , Rai Pragati , Sagir Hozeyfa , Kumar Akhilesh , Siddiqui Ibadur R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn efficient and facile protocol for the synthesis of pyrazole‐fused isocoumarins via reactions of readily available ninhydrin and arylhydrazone is disclosed. This approach illustrate operational simplicity, offering a modified and expedient methodology for the direct construction of synthetically useful pyrazole‐fused isocoumarins compounds in good to excellent yields. This documented strategy, provide a cost effective and environmentally benign alternative to the other existing method.
Electrochemical Study of Self‐Assembled Aminothiol Substituted Phthalonitrile Layers for Corrosion Protection of Copper
Authors: Arslan Ece , Gürten Ali A. , Gök Halil Z. , Farsak Murat 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSelf‐assembled layers were formed using the compound of 4‐(2‐aminophenylthio)‐5‐(5‐mercaptopentylthio) phthalo‐nitrile (AMPN) to protect the copper surface from chloride corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to examine the interaction of self‐assembled layers with the copper surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization resistance methods were used in 3.5% NaCl solution to investigate the effect of self‐assembled layers on copper corrosion. The results show that the optimum waiting time for the layer formed on the copper surface is 8 hours and the AMPN concentration is 15 mM. The AMPN‐self assembled film on the copper surface exhibited a maximum of 98.7% inhibition.
A New Approach to Chiral Enrichment by Exposure of Racemates of Amino Acids to Sonochemically‐Prepared BSA Microspheres
Authors: Kumar Vijay Bhooshan , Steinberg Yael , Porat Ze'ev , Nassir Molhm , Saady Abed , Hassner Alfred , Gedanken Aharon 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis preliminary study describes a one‐step sonochemical formation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) microspheres and theirchiralinteraction with several amino acids. Partial separation between enantiomers of various amino acids was accomplished by the interaction of these microspheres with solutions of racemic amino acids. The highest rate of enantiomeric enrichment was attained for D,L‐cysteine, where 59% enantiomeric excess (ee) of the L‐cysteine was measured. This indicates the preferrential interaction of theBSAmicrospheres with the D‐enantiomer of cystein. Nochiralactivity was observed for unsonicatedBSAmolecules. All other D,L‐amino acids that were examined provided enrichment of the D‐enantiomer albeit in lower ee values. D,L‐cysteine interacted with theBSAmicrospheres leading to L‐enantioselective enrichment up to 59 % ee at room tempertaure and 72% at 5 °C.Chiralenrichment was also carried out succesfully with other protein microspheres such as Avidin microspheres. In this case up to 41 % ee was acheived on interaction with DL‐phenylalanine. Our simple and facile method opens a new window for enantiomeric separation of racemic compounds.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of 4,3‐Fused 1,2,4‐Triazoles via One‐Pot Multicomponent Domino Reaction Catalyzed by KI/TBHP
Authors: Inturi Surendra Babu , Kalita Biswajit , Ahamed Abdul Gafoor Jafar 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn unprecedented and highly efficient multicomponent domino reaction for construction of various 4,3‐fused 1,2,4‐triazoles from readily available starting materials such as aldehydes, p‐toluenesulfonhydrazide and aromatic N‐heterocycles catalyzed by KI/TBHP system has been developed. The method is transition metal free, operationally simple, eco‐friendly and inexpensive with broad functional group tolerance. This unique methodology was further expanded toward a new concept of multicomponent diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) to generate various 4,3‐fused 1,2,4‐triazoles using a combination of multiple N‐heterocycles and aldehydes, all in one‐pot, to give the corresponding products.
Preparation of Mesoporous Biomass Carbon Derived from Corn Stalks and Formation Mechanism
Authors: Yu Kaifeng , Zhu He , Li Mingyu , Zhang Hanxiang , Liang Ce 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDifferent formational process could lead to diverse morphologies and properties. Therefore, the study on formation mechanism was very important to figure out the influence of formational process. The corn stalk core (CSC), as a kind of renewable biological resource, could be used as raw materials to prepare activated carbon materials (ACs) via carbonizing and activating. The transformational mechanisms on the every step and the variation of various components in the CSC were studied, which was supposed the feasible methods to enhance the performance. In addition, the process of cellulose transforming into the carbon and the carbon structure were deduced. The carbon materials prepared were characterized through a series of equipments, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption‐desorption measurements (BET), the obtained results showed that the ACs with more pores and higher specific surface area than the materials unactivated. In the end, the ACs was applied as anode in the lithium ion batteries (LIBs) to test their electrochemical performances. Comparing the carbon materials unactivated, the role of activated process was revealed.
[Bmim]BF4: A Versatile Ionic Liquid for the Synthesis of Diverse Bioactive Heterocycles
Authors: Banerjee Bubun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLast decade has seen a tremendous applications of [bmim]BF4 (1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate) as an efficient, cheap, commercially available, less toxic ionic liquid for the various organic transformations. On the other hand heterocycles are the privileged structural subunit of many marketed drug molecules. The present review deals with the recent applications of [bmim]BF4 as an efficient reaction medium for the synthesis of diverse biologically relevant heterocycles reported so far.
Sterol synthesis and cell size distribution under oscillatory growth conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae scale‐down cultivations
Authors: Marbà‐Ardébol Anna‐Maria , Bockisch Anika , Neubauer Peter , Junne Stefan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhysiological responses of yeast to oscillatory environments as they appear in the liquid phase in large‐scale bioreactors have been the subject of past studies. So far, however, the impact on the sterol content and intracellular regulation remains to be investigated. Since oxygen is a cofactor in several reaction steps within sterol metabolism, changes in oxygen availability, as occurs in production‐scale aerated bioreactors, might have an influence on the regulation and incorporation of free sterols into the cell lipid layer. Therefore, sterol and fatty acid synthesis in two‐ and three‐compartment scale‐down Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivation were studied and compared with typical values obtained in homogeneous lab‐scale cultivations. While cells were exposed to oscillating substrate and oxygen availability in the scale‐down cultivations, growth was reduced and accumulation of carboxylic acids was increased. Sterol synthesis was elevated to ergosterol at the same time. The higher fluxes led to increased concentrations of esterified sterols. The cells thus seem to utilize the increased availability of precursors to fill their sterol reservoirs; however, this seems to be limited in the three‐compartment reactor cultivation due to a prolonged exposure to oxygen limitation. Besides, a larger heterogeneity within the single‐cell size distribution was observed under oscillatory growth conditions with three‐dimensional holographic microscopy. Hence the impact of gradients is also observable at the morphological level. The consideration of such a single‐cell‐based analysis provides useful information about the homogeneity of responses among the population.