bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytotoxicity of Insecticides on Dendrobium Orchids, Hi, 1994
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B. K. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 20 Sep through 17 Dec 1993 (trial 1) at a commercial dendrobium farm in Hilo, HI and 26 Jul through 26 Sep 1994 (trial 2) at the University of Hawaii Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo. Tests were conducted on mature plants (approximately 3.5 ft in height) growing in 2 gal. bags under 6 mil. clear FVG 3HLFI polyethylene film covering. Treatments consisted of 36 plants of each cultivar. In trial 1, six weekly insecticide applications were made to the flowers and foliage beginning 20 Sep ending 25 Oct. In trial 2, three weekly applications were made beginning 26 Jul ending 10 Aug. Insecticides were applied using a Solo backpack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi (377 GPA). The spreader-sticker Ad-here was added to all treatments including the control at a rate of 5 fl. oz./lOO gal. Phytotoxicity was evaluated weekly and continued for five weeks after the last insecticide application. In addition, one week after the last insecticide application 5 inflorescences were harvested randomly from each plot and evaluated for vase life. Data were taken on the number of days inflorescences remained intact (start of blossom wilt or senescence) and end of vase life (≥50% of blossoms affected). Treatment means were compared by t test and the standard deviation calculated.
Control of Green Scale on Cape Jasmine with Imidacloprid, Hawaii, 1993
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B. K. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 27 Oct through 23 Dec at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo. One year old established plants, approximately 2 ft tall, growing in 9 by 10 inch polyethylene bags under a fiberglass greenhouse were used in this study. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 2 plants per replicate. Treatments were evaluated by taking visual counts on the number of live and dead scales from three leaves selected at random from the bottom, center and top of each plant on 27 Oct (pretreatment), and 12, 18, and 23 Nov. To determine efficacy against crawlers and eggs, counts were taken on 30 Nov, and 6, 16, and 23 Dec using a dissecting microscope. Imidacloprid 0.62G (NTN 33893) was applied once at 0.009 g AI per bag (0.001 g Al/inch diameter) on 28 Oct 93 and watered immediately after treatment. Percentage mortality was calculated using the mean number of live and dead scales from two leaves (one per plant) from each location. Percentages were transformed to arcsine sqrt and subjected to t test. Back transformed means are presented. Plants were also observed weekly for phytotoxicity.
Control of Leafcurl Ash Aphid, Ft. Collins, Co, 1993
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted using field grown nursery trees of approximately 2-inch trunk diam at a commercial nursery in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of single trees, arranged in a RCB design with 6 replications. Applications of Bay NTN 33893 (foliar and soil injection) and Orthene 75S were made 1 Jun; Metasystox-R was applied 2 Jun. Soil injected insecticides were made using a Kioritz soil injector and insecticides were diluted at a concentration that allowed 1 fl oz to be introduced per injection hole. Injections were made at a rate of 2 per inch DBH, in a pattern under the drip line of the tree.
Spring Management of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Highly Refined Horticultural Spray Oil, Insecticidal Soap, Tempo, and Sevin on Douglas-Fir in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seven treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 14 Apr, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/A (454 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 69°F; 45%RH; water pH, 6-7; and skies were clear. Posttreatment counts were completed on 30 DAT. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting the total number of life stages (nymphs, adult females with egg masses) over a 15 sec count on 1994 needle growth at each location. Each tree was rated on 1 Aug (109 DAT) to determine effect of treatments on needle quality. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting four cardinal locations on each tree at breast height, and counting the total number of Cooley spruce gall adelgid damaged 1994 needles over a 15 sec count.
Evaluation of Oils for Control of Striped Pine Scale, Ft. Collins, Co 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted at the campus of Colorado State University on pinyon pine heavily infested with striped pine scale. Applications were made 22 Jul to point of run-off on infested terminal branches with reapplication 4 Aug. Plot design was a RCB with 8 replications. At the time of treatment nymphs were in the second instar; at evaluation males were beginning to emerge. Plots were evaluated 30 Jul and 18 Aug by counting the number of dead and alive nymphs on 5 pairs of needles collected randomly from the plants.
Insecticide Sprays, 1993
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Kitchens in single family dwellings located in Harnett, Johnston, Sampson and Wake counties, NC served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. Formulations, supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis, were applied from self-pressurized, aerosol-type containers into cracks and crevices. Nontest rooms in the dwellings were treated with the formulation as needed at each visit to minimize possible migration of German cockroaches into treated areas. Insecticide reapplications were made at 2, 4 and 8 wk only in kitchens and other rooms where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre- vs post-treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of individual kitchen floor and wall spaces varied, the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.01 to 6.3 g and from 0.0 to 3.7 g for the reapplications, respectively. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because of partial cockroach control from the initial applications.
Laboratory Bioassay of Selected Bt Insecticides Against Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Burris Gene , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Selected Bt insecticides were evaluated for efficacy and persistence against a laboratory colony of tobacco budworm (STV-LAB, USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Laboratory, Stoneville, MS). Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Deltapine 51 cotton was planted 3 Jun in plots of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft. Treatments were applied on 29 Jul with a tractor mounted spray boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 GPA at 29 psi through two 8002 flat fan nozzles equally spaced per row. At 2 and 72 h after insecticide application, 10 cotton plant terminals were randomly collected from the center rows within each plot and placed in 1 oz clear plastic cups. One 2nd instar larva (≥3 days old; 3.3-7.7 mg) was placed in each cup and confined to plant terminals for 72 h. A larva was considered dead if it was unable to right itself within 15 s after being prodded.
Efficacy/Persistence Evaluations of Elm Bark Beetle Insecticides, Laboratory Bioassay
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Branches of Siberian elm were sprayed May 12 to point of run-off with insecticides to evaluate their potential for control of adults of the European elm bark beetle. Adult European elm bark beetles collected with pheromone-baited Lindgren funnels were placed in groups of ten in petri dishes and given portions of the treated branches as food. In the first trial, the experiment was initiated on 1 Jun and mortality evaluated at 15, 40 and 64 hours after exposure. Each treatment consisted of five replications of 10 beetles. In the second trial, the experiment was initiated on 11 Jun and mortality evaluated at 16, 43, 64 and 96 hours after exposure. Each treatment consisted of 10 replications of 10 beetles.
Toxicity of Neem Derived Insecticides to Various Life Stages of the Elm Leaf Beetle
Authors: Zimmerman Rick J. , Randolph Terri , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Elm leaf beetle eggs were field collected from the Ft. Collins, CO area in June of 1991. The eggs were placed in Petri dishes, sealed with Parafilm and maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C. Sufficient number of eggs were collected which allowed a uniform age of 48 to 72 h post-eclosion for each of the three instars. Larvae were separated into 6 groups of 15/petri dish for Instar I and II, and 12/dish for Instar III. At the time of testing Siberian elm foliage was field collected and treated with the neem-derived insecticide Margosan-O in serial dilutions of between 1:80 and 1:640. The leaves were dipped for 5 seconds and allowed to air dry (approximately 30 minutes). The larvae were then placed onto the foliage in petri dishes and sealed with Parafilm. Mortality was assessed after 48, 96, 216 and 312 hours exposure. The larvae were maintained at a constant 25 ± 1°C for the duration of the study.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Japanese Beetle on Grapes, 1994
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the Japanese beetle in an experimental ‘Concord’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liters/ha) on 13 and 27 Jul. A hand-held COz sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 27 Jul, after treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the lab on 0, 1, 3, 6, and 8 days after initial treatment and placed in round 1-gal cardboard containers along with 10 Japanese beetles. The beetles used in these studies were collected in traps in an untreated area. The 1-gal containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the open top. After allowing beetles to feed on treated foliage for 24 h, a count of the number of dead beetles was taken. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 65% RH. No phytotoxicity was observed in these studies.
Spray Table Evaluation of Foliar Applied Insecticides for Hop Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Miller R. H. , Cone W. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Hop leaves infested on the lower side with hop aphids were collected from a yard of Cluster LI hops in early October. Leaf squares measuring 2 to 3 cm on a side and containing from 20 to 100 aphids were placed on cotton padding in a square, polyethylene petri dish. Treatments consisted of various concentrations of M-Pede, Azatin EC and mixtures of the two materials applied at a rate equivalent to 160 gal/acre and 40 gal/acre. H20 checks were included in each spray series. Following treatment, aphids were examined under a magnifying scope at two post spraying intervals (PT), and the total number of aphids and the number of living aphids recorded. Percent mortality was computed.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Molt Accelerating Compounds and Penncapm, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Using a leaf-disk bioassay, Rohm and Haas experimental ecdysone agonists or Molt Accelerating Compounds (MAC), RH-5992 and RH- 2485, and Penncap-M were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 4 Aug ai the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatmem was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept ai 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
B. thuringiensis products, including two experimental products from Sandoz Crop Protection (SAN 420 and SAN 415), were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, their allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Sevin Versus Cyfluthrin in Cucurbit Bait for Western Corn Rootworm Beetles
Authors: Hesler L. S. , Sutter G. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Four-day old, laboratoryreared male WCR beetles were assayed under clear plastic cones (11.5 cm diam., 9 cm ht.) placed on black poster board and set upon a laboratory countertop. Ten WCR were added per cone. WCR were fed until about 1 h before the bioassay. The narrow end of a no. 8 cork was fitted about 0.5 cm into an opening (2 cm diam.) at the top of the cone. This end was bored (1 cm depth, 1.3 cm diam.), and the bore was filled with 1.5 g of toxic bait. Bait contained 2% (wt.) carbaryl, 0.024% cyfluthrin, 0.12% cyfluthrin, or no insecticide. Carbaryl was a 40% AI (wt.) formulation of Sevin XLR, and cyfluthrin was a 93% pure technical grade material. Each bait contained 5% powdered root of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K.), which acted as a feeding stimulant. The remainder of the bait was composed of a 3:1 (w/w) mixture of artificial patty diet and corn oil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Moribund beetles were counted at 30 min and 1 h.
Laboratory Evaluation of Compounds for Repellency Against the Cat Flea, 1994
Authors: Zhao Rongcai , Klotz J. , Moss J. , Davis L. , Patterson R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Thirty compounds were screened for repellency against the adult cat flea and deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) was used as a standard for comparison. The compounds tested were obtained from the USDA-ARS Medical & Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, Gainesville, FL. One pair of knee-high white tube socks (80% cotton, 17% polyester, 3% Lycra, Dupont) was treated with a repellent in acetone solution at an estimated rate of 1 mg/cm2. Each sock was soaked in a solution of 950 mg technical repellent in 100 ml of acetone until the entire amount of solution was absorbed into the sock. The control socks were soaked in 100 ml of acetone. Both pairs of socks were then air-dried for two hours. Each trial was begun by the subject pulling on an under-layer of nylon stockings over his trousers before putting on the treated or control socks. The subject walked for three minutes in a 1 × 1 × 0.5 m square aluminum arena. The arena floor was covered with carpet and was infested before each trial with 200 newly emerged adult cat fleas. After the three minute trial period the subject removed each sock by rolling it off his leg and foot and placing it in a plastic bag which was then frozen to kill the fleas before they were counted. After each trial the carpet was vacuumed to remove fleas that did not attack the subject. To protect the carpet from contamination, the subject wore rubber sandals over the treated socks. Each trial was completed with the same subject used as treatment and control. Compounds which had percent repellency &lt;70% were eliminated. For the remaining effective compounds, tests were replicated four times on different days for each repellent.
Evaluation of Neem-Derived Insecticides for Control of Western Tent Caterpillar, 1993
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney , Casey Sclar D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Colonies of late instar caterpillars feeding on mountain mahogany that had created tents were used for this experiment. All caterpillars on an individual tent were sprayed with each treatment and the larvae were subsequently collected after sprays had dried. Plots consisted of single colony of larvae and there were four replications of each treatment arranged in a randomized complete block design. Collected larvae were returned to the lab and separated into groups of approximately ten larvae per petri dish. These were initially fed treated foliage from the same plant from which they were collected; after the third day other foliage from untreated plants was substituted. Condition of larvae was assessed three and seven DAT. Since individual colony size varied (201 maximum; 27 minimum; 90 mean), percent mortality of each colony was used for analysis.
Apple Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Bradley S. J. , Mayer D. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 3-yr-old orchard with the trees planted at a spacing of 8 × 5 ft. The experimental design was seven 0.17 acre plots. Insecticides were applied on 15 Jun with a Rears Pak-Blast airblast sprayer delivering 100 gpa. Aphid control was evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 8 randomly selected tagged shoots per treatment pre-application and 2 and 10 d postapplication.
Peach, Oriental Fruitmoth Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Sunhigh’, 2 replicates of ‘Redhaven’ and 2 replicates of ‘Cresthaven’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. All trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 10 years old. Sprays were applied with a handgun from a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump at 400 psi. Approximately 3.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree (=225 GPA). The first application (29 Apr) was timed for 150° degree days (45°F base) after first trap capture of an adult OFM. Additional applications were made at 15 day intervals (13 and 28 May). Effectiveness on OFM was determined by randomly selecting 100 shoots per replicate tree and counting the number of shoots showing evidence of flagging.
Insecticide Evaluations Against Foliar and Fruit Feeding Insects on Blueberries, 1994
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Polk D. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a recently abandoned ‘bluecrop’ blueberry field in full production, near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 × 4 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design with each replicate consisting of 6 bushes in 2 rows. There were 2 unsprayed rows between blocks, and 3 unsprayed bushes between treatments within a block that served as buffer. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff with a Mighty Mac model PS-322T garden sprayer equipped with a Hamilton handgun operated at 200 psi. Approximately 1.25 to 1.5 gal of spray solution was applied per replicate (250-300 gal/acre). Insecticides were applied 3 times beginning petal-fall on 31 May, 10 June, and 23 June. Data were collected from 100 leaf and fruit cluster (CL) samples (25 clusters × 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate) on 8 June and 14 June. Samples consisted of 40 fruit clusters (10 fruit clusters × 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate) on 1 July. A leaf or fruit cluster was considered damaged if at least 1 leaf or fruit in that cluster was injured.
Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Conventional Insecticides in Summer, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different insecticides were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were 2-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was ditch irrigated. Treatments were applied to live-tree plots replicated five times in a RCBD. All treatments were applied on 6 Jul with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 29 Jul. Each tree was examined and the no. of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Evaluation of Miticides Applied by Airblast Sprayer to Florida Citrus, 1994
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
AC 303,630 2SC in combination with FC435-66 petroleum oil was compared to a standard Agri-mek + petroleum oil for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were assigned to 3 × 3 (=9 tree) plots in a RCBD, replicated 5 times on 10 ft tall trees with 7.5 × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul using an FMC 352 PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure (180 psi) adjusted to apply 200 gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lensfields on the partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Data were subjected to log10(X + 1) transformations for statistical analysis. Un-transformed means were presented for comparison.