bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing oral contamination during corneal scrapes
Authors: Samarawickrama Chameen , Li Yi-Chiao , Carnt Nicole , Willcox Mark , Dutta Debarun , Watson Stephanie 
Published: February 2017

AimsTo identify potential contaminants of the corneal sampling procedure and examine the effect of wearing surgical face masks on the rate of contamination.MethodsTen surgeons recited out loud a 30 s standardised script for corneal scraping with blood agar plates positioned 30 cm away from them. Three groups were identified: in group 1 a surgical mask was worn; group 2 had no mask worn; and group 3 had no mask but used agar plates pretreated with 5% povidone-iodine as a negative control. Each surgeon repeated the process 10 times for all groups, totalling 30 plates per surgeon and 300 plates for the experiment. All plates were masked and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours, and the number of colony forming units (CFUs) was determined.ResultsAt 24 hours, group 1 had a mean of 0.3 CFUs per surgeon; group 2 had 6.4 CFUs per surgeon and group 3 had 0.1 CFUs per surgeon. The difference between group 1 and group 2 was significant (p<0.001) whereas the difference between group 1 and group 3 was non-significant (p=0.4). Use of face masks decreased the number of plates with CFUs by 93% (from 29 to 2 plates) and decreased the total number of CFUs by 95% (from 63 to 3 CFUs). The most common microbiota identified wasStreptococcusspecies.ConclusionsOral bacterial microbiota may contaminate the slides and media used to collect samples during corneal sampling. Use of a face mask can significantly decrease the rate of contamination of such samples.
Fields of promoted actions for facilitating multitasking activity during a medical emergency
Authors: Morineau Thierry , Chapelain Pascal , Le Courtois Marion , Le Gac Jean-Marc 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundAn adverse clinical event requires emergency team coordination and multitasking activity. Based on studies in ecological psychology, we propose that a structured ambient environment can implicitly facilitate these requirements.MethodWe designed a new configuration of work in which spatial zones were specified as fields of promoted actions for doctors, nurses and nursing auxiliaries. 6 emergency teams were confronted with scenarios in a simulation setting, either with a traditional configuration of work or with the new configuration.ResultsSignificantly, each kind of caregiver respected the delimited spatial zones: 91.5% of occupation time for doctors, 97.1% for nurses and 95.3% for nursing auxiliaries. The mean durations of occupation of a same zone by the nursing auxiliaries and another caregiver decreased significantly, thus reducing the likelihood of mutual disturbance. Readiness for multitasking activity measured before and after experiencing the work configuration increased significantly among caregivers. An ergonomic evaluation scale showed a high level of satisfaction among caregivers (68.5 points out of 100). Participants also indicated the advantages and disadvantages of this new work configuration.ConclusionsThis study is a first step towards recommendations to standardise the positioning of emergency team members and for a new spatial arrangement of equipment.
Subclinical sleep apnoea and plasma levels of endothelin-1 among young and healthy adults
Authors: Schoen Tobias , Aeschbacher Stefanie , Leuppi Joerg D , Miedinger David , Werthmüller Ursina , Estis Joel , Todd John , Risch Martin , Risch Lorenz , Conen David 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a risk factor for vascular disease and other adverse outcomes. These associations may be at least partly due to early endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated endothelial dysfunction (ED). Therefore, we assessed the relationships between subclinical sleep apnoea and plasma levels of ET-1.MethodsWe performed a population-based study among 1255 young and healthy adults aged 25–41 years. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes or a body mass index >35 kg/m2were exclusion criteria. Plasma levels of ET-1 were measured using a high-sensitivity, single-molecule counting technology. The relationships between subclinical sleep apnoea (OSA indices: respiratory event index (REI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), mean night-time blood oxygen saturation (SpO2)) and ET-1 levels were assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis.ResultsMedian age of the cohort was 35 years. Median ET-1 levels were 2.9 (IQR 2.4–3.6) and 2.5 pg/mL (IQR 2.1–3.0) among patients with (n=105; 8%) and without subclinical sleep apnoea (REI 5–14), respectively. After multivariable adjustment, subclinical sleep apnoea remained significantly associated with plasma levels of ET-1 (β=0.13 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.20) p=0.0002 for a REI 5–14; β=0.10 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.16) p=0.003 for an ODI≥5). Every 1% decrease in mean night-time SpO2increased ET-1 levels by 0.1 pg/mL, an association that remained significant after multivariable adjustment (β=0.02 (95% CI 0.003 to 0.033) p=0.02).ConclusionsIn this study of young and healthy adults, we found that participants with subclinical sleep apnoea had elevated plasma ET-1 levels, an association that was due to night-time hypoxaemia. Our results suggest that ED may already be an important consequence of subclinical sleep apnoea.
Improvement of NIR models for quality parameters of leech and earthworm medicines using outlier multiple diagnoses
Authors: Wu Chunyan , Chen Jiashan , Li Mengru , Wu Yongjiang , Liu Xuesong 
Published: March 2017

Leeches and earthworms are the main ingredients of Shuxuetong injection compositions, which are natural biomedicines. Near infrared (NIR) diffuse reflection spectroscopy has been used for quality assurance of Chinese medicines. In the present work, NIR spectroscopy was proposed as a rapid and nondestructive technique to assess the moisture content (MC), soluble solid content (SSC) and hypoxanthine content (HXC) of leeches and earthworms. This study goal was to improve NIR models for accurate quality control of leech and earthworm using outlier multiple diagnoses (OMD). OMD was composed of four outlier detection methods: spectrum outlier diagnostic (MD), leverage diagnostic (LD), principal component scores diagnostic (PCSD) and factor loading diagnostic (FLD). Conventional outlier diagnoses (MD, LD) and OMD were compared, and the best NIR models were those based on OMD. The correlation coefficients ([Formula: see text]) for leech were 0.9779, 0.9616 and 0.9406 for MC, SSC and HXC, respectively. The values of relative standard error of prediction (RSEP) for leech were 2.3%, 5.1% and 9.0% for MC, SSC and HXC, respectively. The values of [Formula: see text] for earthworm were 0.9478, 0.9991 and 0.9605 for MC, SSC and HXC, respectively. The values of RSEP for earthworm were 8.8%, 2.4% and 12% for MC, SSC and HXC, respectively. The performance of the NIR models was certainly improved by OMD.
mTOR regulates peripheral nerve response to tensile strain
Authors: Love James M. , Bober Brian G. , Orozco Elisabeth , White Amanda T. , Bremner Shannon N. , Lovering Richard M. , Schenk Simon , Shah Sameer B. 
Published: March 2017

While excessive tensile strain can be detrimental to nerve function, strain can be a positive regulator of neuronal outgrowth. We used an in vivo rat model of sciatic nerve strain to investigate signaling mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve response to deformation. Nerves were deformed by 11% and did not demonstrate deficits in compound action potential latency or amplitude during or after 6 h of strain. As revealed by Western blotting, application of strain resulted in significant upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and S6 signaling in nerves, increased myelin basic protein (MBP) and β-actin levels, and increased phosphorylation of neurofilament subunit H (NF-H) compared with unstrained (sham) contralateral nerves ( P < 0.05 for all comparisons, paired two-tailed t-test). Strain did not alter neuron-specific β3-tubulin or overall nerve tubulin levels compared with unstrained controls. Systemic rapamycin treatment, thought to selectively target mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), suppressed mTOR/S6 signaling, reduced levels of MBP and overall tubulin, and decreased NF-H phosphorylation in nerves strained for 6 h, revealing a role for mTOR in increasing MBP expression and NF-H phosphorylation, and maintaining tubulin levels. Consistent with stretch-induced increases in MBP, immunolabeling revealed increased S6 signaling in Schwann cells of stretched nerves compared with unstretched nerves. In addition, application of strain to cultured adult dorsal root ganglion neurons showed an increase in axonal protein synthesis based on a puromycin incorporation assay, suggesting that neuronal translational pathways also respond to strain. This work has important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying nerve response to strain during development and regeneration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Peripheral nerves experience tensile strain (stretch) during development and movement. Excessive strain impairs neuronal function, but moderate strains are accommodated by nerves and can promote neuronal growth; mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood. We demonstrated that levels of several structural proteins increase following physiological levels of nerve strain and that expression of a subset of these proteins is regulated by mTOR. Our work has important implications for understanding nerve development and strain-based regenerative strategies.
Decreasing Trends in Cervical Cancer Incidence among Young Women (15–34 Years) in the United States during the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Era
Authors: Guo F , Cofie LE , Berenson AB 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been recommended for girls 11–12 years of age since 2006, with catch-up vaccination up to 26 years, to protect against most common types of HPV that cause cervical cancer. Cervical cancer incidence stabilized in women &lt;50 years during 2008–2012. Comparing trends and incidence of cervical cancer before and during the vaccine era among vaccine-eligible young women (15–34 years) may provide valuable insight about potential vaccine impact. Methods: We examined trends in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by race and histology among young women (15–24 years and 25–34 years) during the prevaccine era (2000–2006) and the vaccine era (2007–2013). Data were from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, including 18 SEER registry areas (Hurricane Katrina impacted Louisiana population excluded). Incidence rates (per 1,000,000) were age-adjusted to the 2010 US standard population by the direct method, using SEER*Stat software. Confidence intervals were calculated using the Tiwari method. Joinpoint regression modeling was used to compare the difference in the trends between the prevaccine era and the vaccine era. Results: Cervical cancer incidence among young women 15–24 years of age was stable during 2000–2006 from 9.5 in 2000 to 9.1 in 2006, but decreased from 6.9 in 2007 to 5.3 in 2013 (annual percentage decrease [APD] 5.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–10.2, significantly different from the APD during 2000–2006). Cervical cancer incidence among young females 25–34 years of age also decreased from 99.7 in 2000 to 78.2 in 2006 (APD 4.0, 95% CI 2.3–5.6), and from 78.6 in 2007 to 68.2 in 2013 (APD 2.5, 95% CI 0.5–4.5). A significance decrease in the incidence was only observed in Whites, but not in Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians/Pacific Islanders. A significance decrease was observed in the incidence of non-squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) rather than SCC among young females 15–24 years from 3 in 2007 to 1.5 in 2013 (APD 9.1, 95% CI 3.1–14.7). Conclusion: A significance decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer during the vaccine era among young females 15–24 years may indicate early effects of HPV vaccination. Further research is needed to confirm this trend.
Emerging Trends in Family History of Breast Cancer and Associated Risk
Authors: Shiyanbola OO , Arao RF , Miglioretti DL , Sprague BL , Hamption JM , Stout NK , Kerlikowske K , Braithwaite D , Buist DSM , Egam KM , Newcomb PA , Trentham-Dietz A 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The impact of the rise in breast cancer incidence associated with mammography diffusion on the prevalence of breast cancer family history is unknown, and may attenuate risk associations between family history and breast cancer. Methods: The proportions of women 40–74 years reporting a first-degree family history of breast cancer were estimated in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC, N = 1,170,900) from 1996–2012 and Collaborative Breast Cancer Study (CBCS; cases N = 23,400; controls N = 25,460) from 1987–2007. Breast cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive) relative risk estimates associated with family history and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard (BCSC) and logistic regression (CBCS) models. Results: The proportion of women reporting a family history increased from 11% in the 1980s to 16% in 2010–13. Family history was associated with a 60% increased risk of breast cancer in the BCSC (hazard ratio = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.55–1.66) and CBCS (odds ratio = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.58–1.74), with relative risks decreasing with age. Trends in relative risks were not evident over time or stage of disease at diagnosis, except among older women (60–74) where estimates were attenuated in more recent years (P-trend = 0.08 for both cohorts). Conclusion: The proportion of women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer increased over time and by age, nonetheless breast cancer risk associations with family history were constant over time for women 40–59. First-degree family history of breast cancer remains an important breast cancer risk factor, especially for younger women, despite its increasing prevalence in the mammography screening era
Effect of Fatigue Protocols on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Function and Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Training: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barber-Westin Sue D. , Noyes Frank R. 
Published: March 2017

Background: Approximately two-thirds of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are sustained during noncontact situations when an athlete is cutting, pivoting, decelerating, or landing from a jump. Some investigators have postulated that fatigue may result in deleterious alterations in lower limb biomechanics during these activities that could increase the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. However, prior studies have noted a wide variation in fatigue protocols, athletic tasks studied, and effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. Purpose: First, to determine if fatigue uniformly alters lower limb biomechanics during athletic tasks that are associated with noncontact ACL injuries. Second, to determine if changes should be made in ACL injury prevention training programs to alter the deleterious effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE was performed. Key terms were fatigue, neuromuscular, exercise, hop test, and single-legged function tests. Inclusion criteria were original research studies involving healthy participants, use of a fatigue protocol, study of at least 1 lower limb task that involved landing from a hop or jump or cutting, and analysis of at least 1 biomechanical variable. Results: Thirty-seven studies involving 806 athletes (485 female, 321 male; mean age, 22.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. General fatigue protocols were used in 20 investigations, peripheral protocols were used in 17 studies, and 21 different athletic tasks were studied (13 single-legged, 8 double-legged). There was no consistency among investigations regarding the effects of fatigue on hip, knee, or ankle joint angles and moments or surface electromyography muscle activation patterns. The fatigue protocols typically did not produce statistically significant changes in ground-reaction forces. Conclusion: Published fatigue protocols did not uniformly produce alterations in lower limb neuromuscular factors that heighten the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. Therefore, justification does not currently exist for major changes in ACL injury prevention training programs to account for potential fatigue effects. However, the effect of fatigue related to ACL injuries is worthy of further investigation, including the refinement of protocols and methods of analysis.
Incidence of Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears (1990-2000) and Associated Factors in a Specific Geographic Locale
Authors: Schilaty Nathan D. , Bates Nathaniel A. , Sanders Thomas L. , Krych Aaron J. , Stuart Michael J. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: March 2017

Background: Second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears after reconstruction occur at a reported rate of 20% to 30%. This high frequency indicates that there may be factors that predispose an athlete to graft failure and ACL tears of the contralateral knee. Purpose: To determine the incidence of second ACL injuries in a geographic population-based cohort over a 10-year observation period. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes relevant to the diagnosis of an ACL tear and the procedure code for ACL reconstruction were searched across the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a multidisciplinary county database, between the years of 1990 and 2000. This cohort of patients was tracked for subsequent ACL injuries through December 31, 2015. The authors identified 1041 patients with acute, isolated ACL tears. These patients were stratified by primary and secondary tears, sex, age, activity level, side of injury, sex by side of injury, and graft type. Results: Of the 1041 unique patients with a diagnosed ACL tear in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1990 to 2000, there were 66 (6.0%) second ACL tears; 66.7% of these tears occurred on the contralateral side. A second ACL injury was influenced by graft type ( P < .0001), election of ACL reconstruction ( P = .0060), and sex by side of injury ( P = .0072). Nonparametric analysis of graft disruption by graft type demonstrated a higher prevalence of second ACL tears with allografts compared with hamstring ( P = .0499) or patellar tendon autografts ( P = .0012). Conclusion: The incidence of second ACL tears in this population-based cohort was 6.0%, with 66.7% of these tears occurring on the contralateral side from the original injury. There was a high population incidence of second ACL injuries in female patients younger than age 20 years. The utilization of patellar tendon autografts significantly reduced the risk of second ACL injuries compared with allografts or hamstring autografts in this cohort.
In vitro digital subtraction angiographic evaluation of flow diverters in a patient-specific aneurysm
Authors: Jou Liang-Der 
Published: March 2017

Background The importance of both porosity and pore density of a flow diverter is well recognized in treatment of intracranial aneurysms; however, understanding of the effect of individual wire (wire number and size) is critical in improving device design and use. Methods A total of 10 multi-layered flow diverters with different wire numbers (32, 48, 56, and 72) and sizes (30, 35, and 40 µm) were implanted into identical patient-specific middle cerebral artery aneurysm models. Digital subtraction angiography was acquired at 30 f/s and X-ray signals at three selected regions of interest were compared to determine the amount of intra-aneurysmal flow. Results Flow reduction ranged from 19% for a high porosity (82%) and low pore density (5 pores/mm2) to nearly 80% for a low porosity (49%) and high pore density (36 pores/mm2). An increase in the wire number from 32 to 72 lowers intra-aneurysmal flow and redirects the flow jet; however, the effect of wire size is not observed. Conclusions In our in vitro angiographic study, flow jet is influenced by the wire number in a device qualitatively; quantitatively, intra-aneurysmal flow is affected by both the porosity and pore density. A 2.5 mm device performs better in flow diversion of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm than a 3 mm device with the same wire size and wire number, but thicker wires do not lead to better flow diversion.
Effects of Tamsulosin and Tolterodine on double J stent–related symptoms: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Moradi Mahmoudreza , Abdi Hossein , Ebrahimi Sina , Rezaee Haress , Kaseb Kaveh 
Published: March 2017

Background: Ureteral double J stent are routinely applied for urologic patients although stent-related symptoms are common. Several attempts have been reported to minimize these symptoms. Objective: To compare Tolterodine, Tamsulosin, and placebo effects on double J stent–related symptoms. Material and method: In all, 125 patients (82 males and 43 females) with double J stent were randomly divided into three groups (group 1, n: 42, group2, n: 40 and group 3, n: 43). Each patient randomly received one pack of drug in different colors by a nurse unaware of the content to take Tamsulosin 0.4 mg before sleep (MODALUSINE), Tolterodine 2 mg twice a day or placebo once daily (capsules filled with starch): group 1 received placebo, group 2 Tamsulosin and group 3 Tolterodine for 1 month in a double-blind manner. Ureteral stent-related morbidity indices which analyzed include urinary symptom, pain, general health, quality of work and sex scores. All of indices measured by Ureteral Symptom Score Questionnaire for first and fourth weeks after drug consumption and the first week after double J stent removal (labeled as w1, w4, and w5, respectively). Result: The mean age was 44.8 years (range: 15–83 years). There was no statistically significant difference in background characteristics between groups ( p value > 0.05). The most important and statistically significant results were Tolterodine-reduced urinary symptom score ( p value = 0.001) and improved general health score (p value = 0.007) of the fourth week. The pain score in groups of Tamsulosin and Tolterodine significantly reduced between weeks 4 and 1 and 5 and 1 (both with the p value < 0.05), but in other indices, there was no significant difference between them. Conclusion: According to our results, we suggest Tolterodine to minimize stent-related urinary symptom and improve general health in patients with double J stent.
Frequency-dependent attenuation in water-saturated cracked glass based on creep tests
Authors: Mallet Céline , Quintal Beatriz , Caspari Eva , Holliger Klaus 
Published: March 2017

We estimate attenuation at subseismic frequencies from an experimental creep test performed on a thermally cracked water-saturated glass sample. The time-dependent axial stress and strain rates are used to infer the attenuation and Young’s modulus as functions of frequency. Attenuation is characterized by a pronounced frequency dependence between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. A corresponding frequency-dependent behavior of the Young’s modulus is observed with an increase from 60 to 70 GPa, which is consistent with the measured static and ultrasonic values. These observations are interpreted as being due to fluid flow between interconnected cracks in the mesoscopic scale range. To test this hypothesis, we compare the analytical characteristic frequency for the presumed mesoscopic squirt-type flow with its experimental counterpart. We also compare the experimentally observed attenuation characteristics with results of numerical simulations. For the latter, a thin section of the cracked glass sample has been digitized to provide essential information with regard to the geometry of the crack network. Together with the known physical properties of the intact glass matrix, this then allows for deriving a first-order 2D poroelastic model for the cracked sample based on Biot’s quasi-static equations.