bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Handels- und industriepolitische Eingriffe in die europäische Filmwirtschaft: Eine ökonomische Analyse
Authors: Fredebeul-Krein Markus 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The American dominance in the European film industry has been common for many years. As a response, Europeans have implemented various protectionist measures. By analysing these measures from an economic point of view it is shown that there is no case for government intervention in the audiovisual industry. On the contrary, national and regional subsidisation as well as national quotas are one of the main reasons for the low competitiveness of the European film industry. The direction to go is therefore to remove these protectionist instruments. Thereby the European film industry might become more competitive, although Americans will continue to dominate the European film market. However, this is rather positive, since both consumers and tax payers benefit from a deregulated European film market.
Globale Finanzmärkte, Währungskrisen und aufstrebende Volkswirtschaften
Authors: Dönges Juergen B. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Recent international financial crises in emerging markets have impressively made clear that there is still a lack of knowledge about the causes and consequences of financial turmoil. In particular, questions of why crises emerge, how they are transmitted, how they can be predicted and prevented and how they can be managed once they have occurred, are not adequately answered. Both research in economics and economic policy now focus on all aspects of international financial crises. This paper first provides an overview about the state of economic theory explaining financial and monetary crises. The theoretical survey is followed by a discussion of the appropriate economic policy reaction. This discussion includes the role of international organisations, exchange rate policy, costs and benefits of capital controls as well as the need for a prudential banking regulation.
Ordnungspolitische Beurteilung von Zertifikatesystemen in der Umweltpolitik - Am Beispiel des Acid Rain- und des RECLAIM-Programms
Authors: Fromm Oliver 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The evaluation of tradeable permit systems concerning their conformity with the market economy is debated controversially. The Acid Rain- and the RECLAIM-Program for the first time offer the opportunity to analyse existing, implemented tradeable permit systems for their market conformity. For that purpose both programs are systematically compared to an instrument, that may be considered as an ideal of market conformity, the Coase theorem. The comparison shows that the evaluation of the market conformity of tradeable permit systems depends on the one hand on different pre-analytic views of environmental problems and on the other hand on the concrete institutional design of the instrument in praxis. Concluding, the Acid Rain- and the RECLAIM-Program are characterized by a high conformity with the criteria that constitute the proper shaping of the market system.
Probleme des Länderfinanzausgleichs aus institutionenökonomischer Sicht
Authors: Döring Thomas 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Since the fiscal equalization system among states in Germany was repeatedly the subject of controversial political discussions, there exist many proposals in economics for far-reaching reforms. However, these proposals are deficient because they do not take into account the necessity of political consensus as well as the fact of path dependencies of institutional change. The paper is aiming at a better foundation of scientific advice by “reconstructing” the actor’s incentives in terms of collective dilemmata. This institutional economics approach explains, with respect to the fiscal equalization system among the German states, which type of proposal has greater chances to be politically adopted.
Zur Notwendigkeit einer anreizorientierten Gesundheitspolitik
Authors: Sauerland Dirk 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The German health care sector provides a good example for the negative effects of a substitution of potential market failure by real state failure. Generally, buyers and sellers should be allowed to determine the appropriate level and mix of resources that will be channeled into the health sector. The only way to assure that the system provides an efficient allocation is to have well-designed, structural incentives for each party involved in the health care sector. From this perspective, the article identifies the incentives for patients, the providers of medical treatment and for the financing insurance plans as the mere source for inefficiencies. These incentives result from a lack of equivalence and a lack of competition within the German health care sector. They can therefore be related to inadequately designed framework legislation. The article outlines proposals for an improved design of the economic incentives for patients, providers, and insurers in Germany.
Lohnfortzahlung und Krankenstand
Authors: Boss Alfred 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Sickness benefit income reduces an employee’s opportunity costs of absence from work. In the Federal Republic of Germany the institutional arrangement was changed several times during the 1951-1999 period. This paper investigates the effects on sick leave behavior. According to the empirical analysis, moral hazard is a serious problem in Germany. The paper discusses some institutional changes (including compulsory private insurance for the employed) which probably would reduce moral hazard significantly.
Risk Aversion and Unemployment in an Open Economy
Authors: Weiß Pia 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The paper analyses the impact which risk aversion has on a small open economy characterised by search frictions on the labour market. It is shown that the long-run qualitative effects caused by a terms-of-trade shock are independent of individual risk behaviour. As far as quantitative aspects are concerned risk aversion always leads to higher equilibrium employment; however the increase in unemployment due to a price shock is the higher the more risk-averse individuals are.
Was ist wirklich neu an der “New Economy”?
Authors: Hüther Michael , Szyperski Norbert , Freytag Andreas 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This economic policy forum is assigned to the question “What is really new about the New Economy”? Michael Wither argues that the truly novel element of the New economy is the close interaction of three aspects: structural change, innovation and economic policy. This new facet adds to the increasing improvement of economic performance, accompanied by levelled inflation rates. The current process can be observed especially in the US. The author demonstrates that the revolution of information technology is a necessary explanation for the phenomenon “New Economy”, which however does not deal with all the relevant aspects. Furthermore, Hüther refers to the coherences between technological change and reduced volatility of macro-economic indicators in the US. He then states that an appropriate economic policy, in particular a monetary policy, is needed to describe the outstanding economic performance associated with the New Economy.
Norbert Szyperski shows in his article that the New Economy is basically the consequence of the revolution of information technology. The main effect of the latter is the infrastructural change taking place in three areas: transport, finance and information. According to the author, this new infrastructure is accessible for everyone and induces new products and services. Due to this change, the IT revolution also affects competition. Hence, the author concludes that there really is a new aspect to the New Economy.
In his contribution, Andreas Freytag starts by discussing the elements of the New Economy. In particular, the Information Technology (IT) sector is new and possesses the potential of having positive effects on economic growth. However the author argues that there is more to the New Economy than merely the IT sector. To concentrate economic policy on fostering IT could inflict the danger of creating structural problems for the future. Thus, the New Economy seems to be a macro-economic phenomenon: the economy is growing rapidly with small fluctuation and low inflation. Furthermore, Freytag demonstrates that although the elements of the New Economy are novel, the policy implications are not. To be able to implement it in Germany, old policies, as e.g. deregulation, opening markets, etc. are called for - the exact measures which ensured the prosperity of the Old Economy.
Arbeitsplätze durch Arbeitsmarktöffnung – Reflexionen zur aktuellen beschäftigungspolitischen Debatte –
Authors: Dönges Juergen B. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The high level of structural unemployment has been for many years the most serious economic problem in Germany. It is argued that this problem can be traced to two persistent distortions: One refers to misconcieved collective wage agreements, which do not provide an adequately differentiated wage structure according to workforce qualifications and to sectoral and regional characteristics; the other cause is a lack of flexibility on the labour market as a result of overregulation. The German labour market does not function with the elasticity required to cope with the challenges of globalization and technical progress. There is an urgent need to reform the institutional framework of the labour market. Various proposals are made in this paper. They address both the wage negotiators and the legislator. However, at present the Federal Government is taking initiatives of regulatory policy which may further deepen rigidities on the labour market and thus make a sustained increase in employment more difficult to achieve.
Braucht die Europäische Union ein neues Finanzsystem?
Authors: Fehr Hans , Huber Bernd , Kuhn Thomas 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This economic policy forum is assigned to the question “Does the European Union need a new financial order?” Hans Fehr considers the recent development of the budget of the EU and discusses a number of reform options for the future. He shows that during the 90ies there has been considerable success in consolidating the budget and reforming its structure. The future challenge will be twofold. On one side the UK correction has to be further reduced and finally eliminated, since there are a number of countries with similar budgetary imbalances. In addition, the intended eastern enlargement of the EU creates a stronger reform pressure for the EU expenditure programs. Fehr argues that since there will be no new financing sources available in the medium term, one can be optimistic that the EU will continue its budget consolidation strategy also in the future.
Bernd Huber analyzes the financing mechanism of the European Union. After presenting the current financing system, the paper studies the potential for reform. He remarks that in principle, the EU can be financed by contributions of member states or by taxes assigned to the EU. In a system of contributions, contributions should be imposed according to member states' GDP. In the current state of integration, the EU can only impose indirect taxes. Huber argues that a contribution system dominates EU financing via taxes.
Thomas Kuhn studies the existence of schemes for fiscal equalization among regions in the EU. He focusses on designing schemes for the distribution of EU funds, which simultaneously meet allocative and redistributive objectives, given institutional constraints. Using an axiomatic approach, Kuhn finds that an allocation scheme assuring for fiscal equity and incentive compatibility does not exist. This is explained by the lack of institutions providing a link between the distribution of funds and the regional incidence of EU revenue raising, calling for a remodeling of the existing fiscal institutions of the EU. Otherwise, the potential for equalization may be restricted to a large extent, especially in the frame of the upcoming East European Enlargement of the EU.
Effizienz und Praktikabilität von Universaldienstauktionen im Bereich der Postdienstleistungen
Authors: Elsenbast Wolfgang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Due to German postal law, franchising of non economic universal services is regarded as the preferred alternative for their allocation in a liberalised market. Unfortunately, there are no practical experiences of such ‘carrier of last resort (COLR) auctions’. Therefore, by the knowledge of auction theory as well as the economics of the postal sector blueprints for suitable COLR-auctions have to be designed by the regulator. In this paper a framework for an COLR-auction on the level of incidental services, mainly for the distribution of letters and parcels in rural areas, is developed. According to the most important economic criteria, allocative efficiency, avoidance of collusion and of a ‘winners curse’, and by taking account of economies of scope, mechanisms for the allocation of non economic universal services are identified. Finally, the rights for the successful bidder to interconnect with market dominating firms are characterised.
Zur Rentenproblematik: Lösungswege und Reformvorschläge. Nach der Rentenreform ist vor der Rentenreform - auch die jüngsten Maßnahmen lösen die Probleme der GRV nicht dauerhaft
Authors: Bomsdorf Eckart 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die Alterssicherungssysteme in Deutschland werden - wie in vielen anderen hoch entwickelten Ländern - in Zukunft durch die demographische Entwicklung stark belastet: Die Anzahl der Rentenempfänger steigt bei konstanter oder sogar sinkender Anzahl von Beitragszahlern. Die aktuelle Rentenreform versucht dem entgegenzusteuern. Bis zum Jahr 2010 gelingt dies, danach sind die bisher getroffenen Maßnahmen allerdings unzureichend. Eine Reihe von zusätzlichen Maßnahmen kann das System der gesetzlichen Altersvorsorge in Deutschland zukunftsfest machen. Im Zentrum stehen hierbei die Erhöhung des Rentenzugangsalters und eine Rentenformel, die die Belastung der GRV durch den demographischen Wandel genügend berücksichtigt.
Freizügigkeit für Arme in der Europäischen Union? – Wanderungsneutralität als Leitbild einer konsensfähigen Grundsicherung
Authors: Markt Jörg , Schick Gerhard 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Years after the completion of the Common Market the needy and unemployed still lack the right to take residence in the EU member country they choose. The Amsterdam Treaty, however, aims at realizing an “area of freedom” for every citizen. This requires compatible systems of social aid. The article discusses possible solutions drawing on the normative framework of Constitutional Economics. The question to be answered is therefore: Which system of state aid to the needy could European citizens agree upon? We suggest a variant of the so called “differential principle” that allows for “migration neutrality” by adapting the aid level of the home country to the price level in the country of residence.
Doch keine Freizügigkeit für Arme? – Zur Notwendigkeit einer Abwägung unterschiedlicher konstitutioneller Interessen
Authors: Roth Steffen J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In reply to Jörg Markt and Gerhard Schick in this volume, this paper argues for a different view on social assistance and migration. First, this article will present some methodological conditions for constitutional contracts. Lacking empirical testability, the method of constitutional economics particularly needs the revelation of constitutional interests before evaluating alternative rules. By testing the described alternative rules of migration in the face of potential constitutional interests, it will be shown that no rule discussed meets all targets. The reader has to be aware that Märkt/Schick decided to meet the target of free migration for welfare recipients and thereby missed some essential targets of social assistance. In this paper it is questioned, if the objective of free migration for welfare recipients is as important as it looks at first glance. It is argued that liberty as a constitutional interest can be restricted by rational constitutional voters. Behind the veil of uncertainty it might be necessary to limit the external diseconomy from free-riding welfare recipients in social assistance schemes or the external diseconomy from the poor in the utility-interdependence sense. If the reader comes to share this point of view, there is no need to harm the original constitutional interests related to social assistance.
Effiziente Versorgung, präferenzgerechte Versicherung und gerechte Lastenverteilung in der Krankenversicherung
Authors: Knappe Eckhard , Härter Stefan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The German Statutory Health Insurance System (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) has been in a continuous reform process for the past twenty years. This reform process was mostly dominated by the model of a cost-containment policy. Most health economists are not in favour of a global cost-containment policy, because it cannot solve the structural deficiencies within the system. As a result we recommend a further strategy of deregulation so that competitive processes will be enforced. This in turn will be more responsive to the preferences of the insured and patients and sets incentives for insurers and health-providers to follow efficiency goals in a static and dynamic way in order to mitigate the future burden of the demographic changes.
Daseinsvorsorge ökonomisch betrachtet
Authors: Blankart Charles B. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Services of general economic interest (such as water, electricity, gas, broadcasting, waste removal, waste disposal and bus services) are usually provided by public or semi-public institutions. Often they enjoy special privileges protecting them from open competition. The European Commission, however, who is responsible for enforcing EU competition rules, aims at integrating these services as far as possible into competitive markets. In a normative part of the paper it is analysed what regimes of competition are appropriate for which services. Then, it is shown in a positive analysis how far political entrepreneurs, in their strive to win elections, do apply these regimes. While politicians seem to approve competition rules in the very long run. They want to restrict their application in the short run in order to obtain electoral support.
Mehr Mut zur Zuwanderung. Der arbeitsmarktpolitische Teil des geplanten Zuwanderungsgesetzes verfehlt sein eigenes Ziel
Authors: Gerken Lüder , Rieble Volker , Straubhaar Thomas , Raddatz Mitwirkung von Guido 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Recently, the political discussion concerning a new national immigration policy in Germany has been highly controversial, although all political forces agree that the existing legal provisions have significant deficits. In the fall of 2001, the German government presented its draft bill for a new immigration law, intending it to form the cornerstone of a broad-based political consensus. However, since then the political controversy has intensified.
This paper analyzes those provisions of the bill which are relevant for labor-market-oriented immigration. It is argued that although the bill moves in the right direction, many of its rules are still much too restrictive and are characterized by protectionist attitudes. The rigidities of the German labor market are preserved. In addition, many of the new rules leave room for unnecessary and arbitrary bureaucratic intervention or do not take the cartel-like structure of the German labor market into account. Economic necessities demand a more liberal approach to immigration into Germany, if this immigration is to benefit the labor market.
Zur Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: Reformvorschläge in der Diskussion
Authors: Eekhoff Johann , Franz Wolfgang , Spermann Alexander 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Johann Eekhoff deals with the employment of low skilled workers. He recommends not to subsidize recipients of social security, but to offer them unpaid jobs, so that they get a chance to render their services in return of the received social aid, to train their skills, and to improve their prospect of getting a regular job. Monetary incentives for work are not compatible with the system of social security, and they are not necessary. The main problem is not willingness to work but the denial of jobs for low skilled workers in a society with strong labor unions and restrictive regulations. Charitable employment is one way to relieve the problems of unemployed recipients of social security, to increase employment, and to reduce public spending.
In his paper Wolfgang Franz points out „The Need to more Flexibility on Labor Markets in Germany”. He determinates that an important aspect distinguishes the time pattern of unemployment in Germany from that in other countries such as the United States. After a recession unemployment rates in Germany do not decline to pre-recession levels. This raises the suspicion that ratchet effects are at work. Besides an unadequate wage policy several malfunctionings of the institutional framework of the labor market are highlighted in his paper mostly associated with labor laws such as lay-off restraints, insufficient decentralized.
Alexander Sperman is writing about the improving financial incentives by the Mainz employee subsidy model - a placebo pill for low qualified workers? He determinates that the Mainz employee subsidy model was introduced in March 2002. It implies a time-restricted, degressive employee subsidy that subsidizes a part of employee’s social insurance contributions for a maximum of three years. In his paper he points out the enormous bureaucratic effort associated with paying back social contributions. A much more simplier and cost effective measure to reach the same goal would be to reduce the burden of social insurance contributions directly rather than indirectly. But for political economic reasons the chosen procedure could be reasonable. Furthermore, the introduction of the Mainz model was premature because evaluation results of field experiments with a couple of employee subsidy models are still missing. Therefore, the Mainz model could easily be a placebo pill for the low qualified workers as well as „Red Bull” for the government in election times.
Unterentwickelter Risikokapitalmarkt und geringe Beschäftigungsdynamik: Zwei Seiten derselben Medaille im strukturellen Wandel?
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Fehn Rainer 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Labor market performance has differed considerably between OECD countries over the last two decades. The focus of the literature so far has been to ask whether these differences can be explained by varying degrees of labor market rigidities and generosity of welfare states. This paper takes a different perspective and analyzes whether differences in venture capital investments have explanatory power with respect to labor market performance across countries and over time. In particular, the Anglo-Saxon countries have been relatively successful over the last two decades in producing employment growth and in reducing unemployment compared to most continental European OECD countries. As a rule they have also been and are still ahead in developing thriving venture capital markets that are often deemed crucial for the creation of new firms and for successfully managing the ongoing radical structural change away from traditional industrial production toward the so-called “new economy”.