bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the catalytic efficiency of X‐doped (X=B, N, P) graphene in oxygen reduction reaction: Influence of solvent and border effects
Authors: Aguilar‐Galindo Fernando , Ocón Pilar , Poyato José Manuel L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractX doped graphene surfaces, where X is a heteroatom, are interesting for electrocatalytic applications in fuel cell because active sites are generated on the surface. In this work, a new large size surface is proposed to allow several heteroatoms to be located in positions far from the edge of the graphene sheet. Dispersion terms were introduced in the calculations which are crucial in adsorption processes. Natural charges are analyzed to determine the most active sites. A four‐electron transfer mechanism is assumed. The energies calculated for each step of the mechanism reveal that the P‐doped or the B‐doped surface are the ones that favors the oxygen reduction reaction the most, depending on the media.
Cost-effectiveness of WHO-Recommended Algorithms for TB Case Finding at Ethiopian HIV Clinics
Authors: Adelman Max W , McFarland Deborah A , Tsegaye Mulugeta , Aseffa Abraham , Kempker Russell R , Blumberg Henry M 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active tuberculosis (TB) case finding and a rapid molecular diagnostic test (Xpert MTB/RIF) to detect TB among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in high-burden settings. Information on the cost-effectiveness of these recommended strategies is crucial for their implementation.

Methods
We conducted a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis comparing 2 algorithms for TB screening and diagnosis at Ethiopian HIV clinics: (1) WHO-recommended symptom screen combined with Xpert for PLHIV with a positive symptom screen and (2) current recommended practice algorithm (CRPA; based on symptom screening, smear microscopy, and clinical TB diagnosis). Our primary outcome was US$ per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. Secondary outcomes were additional true-positive diagnoses, and false-negative and false-positive diagnoses averted.

Results
Compared with CRPA, combining a WHO-recommended symptom screen with Xpert was highly cost-effective (incremental cost of $5 per DALY averted). Among a cohort of 15 000 PLHIV with a TB prevalence of 6% (900 TB cases), this algorithm detected 8 more true-positive cases than CRPA, and averted 2045 false-positive and 8 false-negative diagnoses compared with CRPA. The WHO-recommended algorithm was marginally costlier ($240 000) than CRPA ($239 000). In sensitivity analysis, the symptom screen/Xpert algorithm was dominated at low Xpert sensitivity (66%).

Conclusions
In this model-based analysis, combining a WHO-recommended symptom screen with Xpert for TB diagnosis among PLHIV was highly cost-effective ($5 per DALY averted) and more sensitive than CRPA in a high-burden, resource-limited setting.
Virtual Simulated Care Coordination Rounds for Nursing Students
Authors: Badowski Donna M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has nursing education reflecting on paradigm shifts in order to prepare nursing students for the evolving health care environment. The traditional focus of nursing education on nursing care in acute care settings does not provide learning experiences in care coordination and transitional care management skills. Virtual simulated care coordination rounds, using the National League for Nursing Advancing Care Excellence resources, offer nursing students an innovative experience in care coordination and transition care management.
Advanced Nursing Education
Authors: McGhie-Anderson Rose Lavine 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the social processes associated with the decision of diploma and associate degree nurses to advance academically.

BACKGROUND
Advanced nursing education needs to be pursued along the continuum of the nursing career path. This education process is indispensable to the role of nurses as educator, manager, nurse leader, and researcher who will effect policy changes, assume leadership roles as revolutionary thinkers, and implement paradigmatic shifts.

METHOD
Data were collected from two groups of participants using face-to-face, semistructured interviews. Group 1 consisted of diploma and associate degree nurses; Group 2 consisted of baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral degree nurses who have progressed academically.

RESULTS
Emerging from the thick, rich data were core categories of rewarding, motivating, and supporting as critical factors that influence professional advancement.

CONCLUSION
This qualitative study elucidated that professional advancement was the social process that grounds. The emergent theory was the theory of professional advancement.
Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension Lines for Excisional Surgery of the Lower Limb and the Technique of Using Parallel Relaxing Incisions to Further Reduce Wound Tension
Authors: Paul Sharad P. 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Closing of defects of the lower limb after skin cancer excision poses a challenge in lower limb skin. Although the concept of relaxed skin tension lines has been established as ideal on the face, on the lower limb there remains confusion between Langer’s lines and wrinkle lines, and this study was done with the task of identifying and mapping biodynamic excisional skin tension (BEST) lines on the lower limb.

Methods:
Following studies on BEST lines elsewhere on the body, the author investigated BEST lines on the lower limb. Using a specially designed tensiometer, inherent skin tension (pretension) and wound-closing tension were studied along with the force needed to bring the wound edges together after excision of a lesion in 23 cases with defects ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 cm in diameter. Skin tension measurements of skin lines (relaxed skin tension lines (RSTL) versus BEST) and vertical closure (BEST) versus vertical closure with a parallel relaxing incision were undertaken and followed by statistical analyses utilizing the paired t test and the unpaired Student’s t tests.

Results:
BEST lines run in the vertical direction on the lower limb, that is, closure in a vertical direction resulted in a statistically significant reduction in closing tension when compared with other directions. Using a parallel relaxing incision can offer further reduction in tension, if needed.

Conclusion:
BEST lines of the lower limb are discussed, and a new technique of using parallel relaxing incisions to achieve closure of larger defects is also presented as an alternative to cutaneous flaps or grafts in the lower limb.
Changes in Sunken Eyes Combined with Blepharoptosis after Levator Resection
Authors: Mawatari Yuki , Fukushima Mikiko , Kawaji Takahiro 
Published: December 2017

Background:
This study aims to report the changes in sunken eyes combined with blepharoptosis after levator resection.

Methods:
Analysis involved 60 eyes from 32 patients with sunken eyes combined with blepharoptosis. Advancement of the levator aponeurosis and the Müller’s muscle complex (levator resection) was performed in these patients. Area of upper eyelid sulcus (AES) was defined as the area of the upper eyelid shadow. The digital images were converted to black and white using image-processing software (Adobe Photoshop), and the AES was calculated using ImageJ software. In addition, margin reflex distance, eyebrow height (EBH), and AES were measured before and 3 months after surgery to assess the changes in the eyelids.

Results:
Preoperative AES was significantly correlated to age (P < 0.0001; r = 0.8062). Sunken eyes were remarkably improved after levator resection in all patients. Mean margin reflex distance significantly increased, whereas mean EBH and mean AES significantly decreased at 3 months after surgery (P < 0.0001). The AES change was significantly correlated to the EBH change (P < 0.0001; r = 0.5184).

Conclusions:
The principal aim of levator resection is to improve upper eyelid height and visual fields; however, this technique can alter the location of the eyebrow and upper orbital fat. The effects fill the hollowness of the upper eyelid and can remarkably improve sunken eyes.
Childhood Infections and Subsequent School Achievement Among 598,553 Danish Children
Authors: Köhler-Forsberg Ole , Sørensen Holger J. , Nordentoft Merete , McGrath John J. , Benros Michael E. , Petersen Liselotte 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Hospitalizations for infections have been associated with subsequent decreased cognitive ability, but it is uncertain if childhood infections influence subsequent scholastic achievement (SA). We aimed to estimate the association between infections during childhood and SA.

Methods:
Nationwide prospective cohort study including 598,553 children born in Denmark between 1987 and 1997 and their parents. Exposures were hospitalization for infections and treatment with anti-infective agents. Outcomes were completion of ninth grade and ninth grade test scores. Data were analyzed with logistic and linear regression analysis techniques and adjusted for any mental disorder, birthweight, Apgar score, malformations at birth, chronic somatic diseases, first-born child, parental educational level and parental mental disorders.

Results:
Hospitalization with infections was linked to lower completion of ninth grade with an odds ratio of 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.85) compared with children without prior hospitalizations for infections. Dose–response relationships were observed with respect to number of hospital contacts for infections and a shorter time since last hospitalization (all P < 0.001). Among those who completed the ninth grade test score, we found a dose–response and time–since relationship between number of prior severe infections and subsequent lower grade scores (P < 0.001). Treatment of nonsevere infections with anti-infective agents did not predict lower completion of ninth grade but was associated with lower grade scores (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Infections, particularly those requiring hospitalizations, were associated with subsequent affected cognitive ability as indicated by lower SA. These findings might also be explained by missed school days or socioeconomic factors associated with the susceptibility of acquiring infections.
Characterization of CD127− CD25++ Treg from human colostrum
Authors: Cérbulo‐Vázquez Arturo , Hernández‐Peláez Graciela , Arriaga‐Pizano Lourdes A. , Bautista‐Pérez Paulina , Romero‐Venado Jannett , Flores‐González Julio C. , Figueroa‐Damian Ricardo , Soriano‐Becerril Diana , Mancilla‐Herrera Ismael 
Published: December 2017

ProblemBreastfeeding's influence on the tolerance to environmental antigens is essential for short‐ and long‐term homeostasis for children. Colostrum is rich in leucocytes, but it is unknown whether regulatory T cells (Treg) account for part of this cell population.Method of studyFrequencies of CD127− CD25++ Treg and levels of immunoregulatory‐associated cell markers were determined in colostrum and were compared with autologous blood cells. In addition, we evaluated whether the birth conditions can affect these features.ResultsHigher frequencies of CD127 −CD25++ Treg cells expressing Foxp3 and CD45RO were observed in the colostrum. The cells’ CD25, CD152, CD279, and TGF‐β expression levels were greater than those in autologous blood cells. In addition, the CD279 and TGF‐β expressions of colostrum CD127− CD25++ Treg cells were influenced by gestational age and delivery mode.ConclusionThe higher proportion of these cells with a function‐associated phenotype may reflect certain tolerogenic effects of breastmilk on newborns and infants, contributing to immune system homeostasis.
Teeth of extant Polypteridae and Amiidae have plicidentine organization
Authors: Germain Damien , Meunier François J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe study of teeth of the lower jaws of Amia calva and Polypterus senegalus, with non ‐destructive X‐ray tomography, has revealed that there are dentine folds in the tooth pulp cavity in both species. These folds are simple and present only in the base of the pulp cavity where they strengthen the fixation of teeth on the jaw. So the teeth of these two basal actinopterygian taxa have a simplexodont type of plicidentine like the extinct †Cheirolepis and various extant teleostean predators, whereas the extant Lepisosteids, the sister group of Amiidae, have polyplocodont plicidentine. The phylogenetic/adaptive significance of this simplexodont plicidentine is discussed.
Oral health behaviours of parents and young children in a practice‐based caries prevention trial in Northern Ireland
Authors: O'Malley Lucy , Worthington Helen V. , Donaldson Michael , O'Neil Ciaran , Birch Stephen , Noble Solveig , Killough Seamus , Murphy Lynn , Greer Margaret , Brodison Julie , Verghis Rejina , Tickle Martin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe NICPIP trial evaluated the costs and effects of a caries prevention intervention delivered to 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children attending dental practices in Northern Ireland. This supplementary study explored the oral health behaviours of children and their parents to help understand the reasons for the trial's findings.MethodsA mixed methods study that included a questionnaire completed by all parents (n = 1058) at the time they brought their child for the NICPIP final clinical assessment. The questionnaire collected data on frequency of toothbrushing and sugar consumption. Questionnaire data were analysed by trial group and caries status. Parents of trial participants (n = 42) were invited to take part in telephone interviews. Parents were purposively sampled according to trial group and whether or not their child developed caries. The interviews explored how and why oral health behaviours happened. Interview data were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.ResultsThe questionnaire data indicated that toothbrushing and between‐meal sugar snacking were common in the majority of children. The children of parents who automatically reminded their child to brush their teeth were more likely to remain caries‐free (Odds Ratio 1.24; 95% CI 1.08, 1.41; P = .002). Frequency of sweet drink consumption was associated with the child developing caries (Odds Ratio 0.88; 95% CI 0.79, 0.98; P = .021). The interview data showed that parents had positive attitudes towards brushing both in terms of perceived importance and expected outcomes. Attitudes towards sugar snacking were more complex, with parents reporting difficulties in controlling this behaviour. Sugar was described as being something that was “ever present” in children's lives.ConclusionsToothbrushing was widely adopted from a young age, but between‐meal sugar consumption was highly prevalent. The results suggest that effective family‐level and population‐level interventions are needed to reduce sugar consumption if substantial improvements in caries prevention are to be achieved.
No augmentation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity through belatacept treatment in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Bigenzahn S , Juergens B , Mahr B , Pratschke J , Koenigsrainer A , Becker T , Fuchs D , Brandacher G , Kainz A , Muehlbacher F , Wekerle T 
Published: December 2017

Summary
Belatacept is a second-generation cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein approved for immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients. It was designed intentionally to interrupt co-stimulation via CD28 by binding to its ligands B7·1 and B7·2. Experimental evidence suggests a potential additional mechanism for CTLA-4 Ig compounds through binding to B7 molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and up-regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an immunomodulating enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine and that down-regulates T cell immunity. So far it remains unknown whether belatacept up-regulates IDO in transplant recipients. We therefore investigated whether belatacept therapy enhances IDO activity in liver transplant recipients enrolled in a multi-centre, investigator-initiated substudy of the Phase II trial of belatacept in liver transplantation (IM103-045). Tryptophan and kynurenine serum levels were measured during the first 6 weeks post-transplant in liver transplant patients randomized to receive either belatacept or tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. There was no significant difference in IDO activity, as indicated by the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, between belatacept and tacrolimus-treated patients in per-protocol and in intent-to-treat analyses. Moreover, no evidence was found that belatacept affects IDO in human dendritic cells (DC) in vitro. These data provide evidence that belatacept is not associated with detectable IDO induction in the clinical transplant setting compared to tacrolimus-treated patients.
Long‐term effects on glycaemic control and β‐cell preservation of early intensive treatment in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A multicentre randomized trial
Authors: Chon Suk , Rhee Sang Youl , Ahn Kyu Jeung , Baik Sei Hyun , Park Yongsoo , Nam Moon Suk , Lee Kwan Woo , Yoo Soon Jib , Koh Gwanpyo , Lee Dae Ho , Kim Young Seol , Woo Jeong‐Taek ,   KIIT study investigators
Published: December 2017

AimTo determine the effects of early intensive glycaemic control with intensive insulin treatment (IIT) or initial combined oral antidiabetic drug (COAD) therapy on long‐term glycaemic control and the preservation of β‐cell function in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsNewly diagnosed drug‐naïve patients with T2DM from 8 outpatient diabetes centres were randomized to receive either IIT (n = 50; glargine/glulisine) or COAD (n = 47; glimepiride/metformin) as intensive treatment until the termination criteria to ensure euglycaemia were met. After intensive treatment, the patients completed a follow‐up period with either lifestyle modification (LSM) alone or rescue therapy to maintain target glycated haemoglobin levels of <7% (53 mmol/mol) up to week 104. The primary outcomes were analysed after excluding participants who were anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody‐positive.ResultsBoth intensive treatment methods were effective for short‐term glycaemic control, but improvements in the disposition index (DI) were significantly greater in the IIT group than in the COAD group (P = .021). During the follow‐up period after intensive treatment, the two groups significantly differed in rescue method regarding the maintenance of comparable levels of glycaemic control (P = .010) and more participants who received IIT exhibited well‐controlled glycaemia with LSM alone. Additionally, the IIT group maintained a higher DI than the COAD group during the follow‐up period. Cox regression analysis showed that the IIT method was associated with a 52.5% lower risk of failing to maintain drug‐free glycaemic remission compared with the COAD method (P = .015).ConclusionsThe findings indicate that outpatient clinic‐based IIT to ensure euglycaemia in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM might be an effective initial therapeutic option for improvements in β‐cell function and glycaemic control over the long term, without serious adverse events.
Clinical usefulness of prognostic biomarkers in optic neuritis
Authors: Tejeda‐Velarde A. , Costa‐Frossard L. , Sainz de la Maza S. , Carrasco Á. , Espiño M. , Picón C. , Toboso I. , Walo P. E. , Lourido D. , Muriel A. , Álvarez‐Cermeño J. C. , Villar L. M. 
Published: December 2017

Background and purposeDifferent biological and radiological biomarkers predict clinical conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS) after a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). The aim was to explore their role in predicting the outcome of patients with optic neuritis (ON), a CIS considered to have a benign prognosis.MethodsSixty‐eight consecutive ON patients were followed prospectively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid studies including oligoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) bands (OCGBs), lipid‐specific oligoclonal IgM bands (LS‐OCMBs) and neurofilament light chain quantification were performed at disease onset. Conversion to clinically definite MS (CDMS) was monitored.ResultsThe mean time of follow‐up of our series was 46.4 months. Twenty‐five patients (36.7%) developed CDMS during follow‐up. Neurofilament light chain levels did not predict clinical conversion. By contrast, an abnormal MRI increased the risk of CDMS [hazard ratio (HR) 12.5, P = 0.013]. The clearest association was found in patients with more than three T2 lesions. OCGBs also predicted the onset of CDMS (HR 21.3, P = 0.003) and LS‐OCMBs were associated with a shorter time to CDMS (HR = 116.6, P < 0.001).ConclusionsMagnetic resonance imaging and OCGBs predicted conversion to CDMS after an ON episode. In addition, LS‐OCMBs identified the ON patients more likely to develop MS early. These results, applicable to the everyday clinical setting, may be of interest for therapeutic decisions.
Obsessive, compulsive, and conscientious? The relationship between OCPD and personality traits
Authors: Mike Anissa , King Hannah , Oltmanns Thomas F. , Jackson Joshua J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveObsessive‐compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is defined as being overly controlling, rigid, orderly, and perfectionistic. At a definitional level, OCPD would appear to be highly related to the trait of Conscientiousness. The current study attempts to disentangle this relationship by examining the relationship at a facet level using multiple forms of OCPD assessment and using multiple reports of OCPD and personality. In addition, the relationship between OCPD and each Big Five trait was examined.MethodThe study relied on a sample of 1,630 adults who completed self‐reports of personality and OCPD. Informants and interviewers also completed reports on the targets. Bifactor models were constructed in order to disentangle variance attributable to each facet and its general factors.ResultsAcross four sets of analyses, individuals who scored higher on OCPD tended to be more orderly and achievement striving, and more set in their ways, but less generally conscientious. OCPD was also related to select facets under each Big Five trait. Notably, findings indicated that OCPD has a strong interpersonal component and that OCPD tendencies may interfere with one's relationships with others.ConclusionsFindings suggest that OCPD's relationship with personality can be more precisely explained through its relationships with specific tendencies rather than general, higher‐order traits.