bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hérodote : quatre décennies de lecture pragmatique du monde
Authors: Pitte Jean-Robert 
Published: May 2016

Hérodote est l’une des plus singulières aventures intellectuelles de la géographie française contemporaine. Fondée par Yves Lacoste en 1976, cette revue, lue largement en dehors des frontières de la discipline et même par des lecteurs non universitaires cultivés, a refondé la géopolitique qui était devenue taboue au sein des sciences humaines après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La pensée de son fondateur, Yves Lacoste, a connu une évolution notable. Plutôt idéologue en ses jeunes années, convaincu par les idées véhiculées par le Parti communiste, lui et son équipe ont progressivement évolué vers le pragmatisme, fondant leurs analyses sur l’observation sans a priori de la réalité de terrain. Pour lui, la géographie est une discipline qui ne peut se contenter d’élaborer des lois qui seraient applicables en tous lieux et en tous temps. C’est en cela qu’ Hérodote constitue un espace de liberté.
La géopolitique dans l’enseignement scolaire en France : essor récent et nouveaux enjeux
Authors: Carroué Laurent 
Published: May 2016

En France, la place et le rôle de l’histoire et de la géographie dans les programmes scolaires sont très spécifiques. Depuis les débuts de la III e République, ils correspondent à un projet politique de construction de l’État, de la nation, de la République et de la démocratie. À partir des années 1980, la géographie scolaire et universitaire a connu une véritable révolution scientifique et épistémologique. La géopolitique joue dans celle-ci un rôle considérable grâce aux travaux d’Yves Lacoste et de l’équipe de la revue Hérodote . Depuis, la profonde rénovation de l’enseignement scolaire en géographie à partir des années 2000 a fait une large place à la géopolitique dans ses programmes scolaires, dans les concours de recrutement des professeurs ou dans les classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles.
Un bilan amer pour l’Égypte : quarante ans de croissance rentière, au prix de la désagrégation sociale et de la dépendance extérieure
Authors: Lavergne Marc 
Published: May 2016

Depuis le milieu des années 1970, l’Égypte est entrée dans une voie nouvelle, entre libéralisation économique et alignement diplomatique sur l’Occident. Une première étape, sous le règne d’Anouar el-Sadate, a été celle de la paix avec Israël et de l’ infitah (ouverture économique) en phase avec l’essor des pays pétroliers voisins de la péninsule Arabique et de la Libye. Cette orientation, symbolisée par le dénigrement du haut barrage d’Assouan, héritage de Nasser et de l’amitié égypto-soviétique, a favorisé l’urbanisation rapide du pays, l’émigration massive de la jeunesse vers les pays riches voisins, et une réislamisation politique conduisant à l’éclosion d’une intense activité terroriste. Après l’assassinat d’Anouar el-Sadate en octobre 1981, la même politique est suivie par son successeur, Hosni Moubarak. Surfant sur une prospérité rentière, celui-ci accentue le clivage sociospatial du pays, en tentant d’insérer l’Égypte dans la mondialisation. Il concentre ainsi le développement économique hors du delta et de la vallée, dans des villes nouvelles créées dans le désert, ainsi que le long du canal de Suez et des rivages de la Méditerranée et de la mer Rouge. Face à la résistance croissante de la majorité de la population, il maintient parallèlement un régime autoritaire et répressif. Le 25 janvier 2011 éclate un soulèvement de la jeunesse urbaine qui obtient avec l’aide de l’armée la chute du régime. Mais l’avènement démocratique n’est qu’un intermède, la majorité issue des Frères musulmans se révélant incapable d’apporter le remède attendu aux maux de l’Égypte, la pauvreté et le chômage. Sous la conduite du général Abdelfattah el-Sissi, l’armée, acteur économique autant que militaire, a vite repris le contrôle des affaires du pays. L’Égypte cherche désormais son salut dans une alliance étroite avec ses bailleurs de fonds du Golfe, aux prises avec un contexte régional menaçant.
Syrie : de la révolution laïque et démocratique à Daech
Authors: Balanche Fabrice 
Published: May 2016

En 2011, il était communément admis que Bachar el-Assad allait tomber après quelques mois de contestation comme un fruit mûr, que la révolte syrienne était pacifique, laïque et démocratique, et qu’il n’existait aucun danger de radicalisation car la société civile syrienne allait s’opposer à toute dérive. Le communautarisme qui structure la société syrienne était complètement nié par les chercheurs en sciences sociales, tout comme la réislamisation, à tendance salafiste, de la société syrienne depuis les années 1990. De plus, il était clair, dès 2011, que Bachar el-Assad allait bénéficier d’un soutien sans faille de la Russie et de l’Iran, ce qui lui permettrait de résister à une insurrection rapidement soutenue par les ennemis de l’Iran. Une partition de facto du territoire se met en place L’objectif de l’armée syrienne n’est plus de reprendre l’ensemble du pays, mais de sécuriser sa zone en éliminant les poches rebelles qui s’y trouvent. Au final, il n’existe pas de bon scénario en Syrie, le pire est sans doute encore devant nous car nul ne semble en mesure de maîtriser Daech.
La Palestine, les Arabes et le monde arabe : entre rivalités et représentation
Authors: Shahid Leïla , Giblin Béatrice , Blanc Pierre 
Published: May 2016

Parmi les responsabilités politiques qu’elle a endossées, Leïla Shahid fut représentante de l’Autorité palestinienne en France et en Belgique. Parvenue à la fin de sa carrière de diplomate engagée, elle livre ici un regard sur le monde arabe et sur les liens particuliers qu’il entretient avec la cause palestinienne. Pour Leïla Shahid, le monde arabe existe aujourd’hui, notamment au travers la vitalité de ses sociétés civiles dont les soulèvements connaissent des fortunes diverses. Historiquement, ces sociétés ont été très tournées vers la cause palestinienne, qui a constitué pour elles un facteur unificateur, par-delà les rivalités interétatiques qui divisent l’espace arabe. Leïla Shahid revient sur les ressorts de cet attachement qui participe entre autres de la valeur spirituelle de la Terre sainte et du combat national palestinien. De leur coté, les États arabes ont tenté d’instrumentaliser cette cause pour asseoir leur légitimité mais sans pour autant servir le nationalisme palestinien car la popularité et l’autonomie des leaders palestiniens les ont longtemps inquiétés. Au-delà de cette dichotomie entre peuples et États arabes, Leïla Shahid s’attache à revenir sur la vitalité des dynamiques internationales en direction de la Palestine : celle qui vient de la diaspora et celle d’un mouvement internationaliste attaché au caractère juste de la cause palestinienne. Elle s’attache aussi à démontrer l’impératif d’une solution en vue de paver la voie à la paix dans la région.
Les droits des femmes en Tunisie : acquis ou enjeux politiques ?
Authors: Chekir Hafidha 
Published: May 2016

Depuis le départ de Ben Ali, le 14 janvier 2011, certaines voix se sont élevées pour remettre en cause les droits des femmes tels que reconnus et garantis dans le code du statut personnel, en particulier les militants et dirigeants du mouvement islamiste Ennahda. Mais la société civile a réagi à chacune de leurs tentatives et s’y est fortement opposée. Quant à la parité qui est une revendication des mouvements féministes à travers le monde, elle a bien été défendue et mise en pratique durant les premières élections de l’Assemblée nationale constituante d’octobre 2011, mais elle s’est, en même temps, heurtée à une opposition farouche qui en a limité les résultats positifs. L’obtention de la majorité au sein de l’Assemblée nationale constituante du parti islamiste Ennahdha a fait craindre aux femmes la perte de leurs droits et les ont incitées à une vigilance permanente pour obtenir la constitutionnalisation de leurs droits, ce qu’a entériné la Constitution de 2014, victoire d’un combat séculaire.
Resistivity imaging technique to investigate the subsurface strata conditions due to blasting in underground coal mines in India
Authors: Singh K.K.K. , Singh P.K. , Roy M.P 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTProduction from underground coal mining in India has been decreasing since the last three decades. Blasting‐off‐the‐solid, in Indian underground mines, has been a widely practised method for winning coal while developing mine galleries in bord and pillar system. The blast holes are drilled in solid coal without free face in blasting‐off‐the‐solid method of mining and are blasted with permitted types of explosives and delay detonators. Blasting‐off‐the‐solid will play an important role in underground coal production. The mines that were planned earlier to be away from residential areas are now approaching to those areas. The coal reserves are being exploited very fast, and mine owners cannot ignore to take the coal beneath the structures/houses. In this paper, resistivity imaging technique has been used to document the change of subsurface structures/features between the surface and underground face, where blasting is carried out to extract the coal in underground coal mines. Resistivity imaging survey conducted at three mining sites revealed that there was no significant change in subsurface strata conducted during pre‐ and post‐blasting conditions. The slight change in resistivity values up to 35 Ωm up to a few metres of peripheral area of the blasting face in the mine may be either due to the effect of blast vibration and/or same void created by blasting or increase in porosity of overlying subsurface strata.
A laboratory study to determine the effect of pore size, surface relaxivity, and saturation on NMR T2 relaxation measurements
Authors: Falzone Samuel , Keating Kristina 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, we present laboratory experiments investigating the effect of pore size and surface relaxivity on the nuclear magnetic resonance response of variably saturated sands that relax both within and outside the fast diffusion regime. We measured the NMR response of sands with a range of grain sizes (129 to 753 μm), which resulted in samples with different pore sizes, and a range of iron concentrations (0.07% to 0.38%), which resulted in sands with different values. The laboratory results showed that the relation between relaxation time and water saturation depended on the regime in which relaxation occurred. For samples relaxing in the fast diffusion regime (i.e., small pores and low surface relaxivity), the relation between relaxation time and water saturation was linear; for the remaining samples, the relation between relaxation time and saturation demonstrated a power‐law relationship with an exponent greater than one. In addition, we performed numerical simulations based on common pore‐filling mechanisms (i.e., capillary tubes or thin films). The numerical simulations did not predict the experimental results for the relative surface relaxation versus saturation trends. We conclude that, in addition to the diffusion regime in which relaxation occurs, the shape of the relaxation time versus saturation curve depends on the pore‐filling mechanism, the value of , and the pore size. The dependence of NMR relaxation on the pore‐filling mechanism of saturating porous media may complicate efforts to develop a relation between relaxation time and saturation for use in characterizing unsaturated porous media.
Cutting Edge: IFN-β Expression in the Spleen Is Restricted to a Subpopulation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Exhibiting a Specific Immune Modulatory Transcriptome Signature
Authors: Bauer Jens , Dress Regine J. , Schulze Anja , Dresing Philipp , Ali Shafaqat , Deenen René , Alferink Judith , Scheu Stefanie 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Type I IFNs are critical in initiating protective antiviral immune responses, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a major source of these cytokines. We show that only few pDCs are capable of producing IFN-β after virus infection or CpG stimulation. Using IFNβ/YFP reporter mice, we identify these IFN-β–producing cells in the spleen as a CCR9+CD9− pDC subset that is localized exclusively within the T/B cell zones. IFN-β–producing pDCs exhibit a distinct transcriptome profile, with higher expression of genes encoding cytokines and chemokines, facilitating T cell recruitment and activation. These distinctive characteristics of IFN-β–producing pDCs are independent of the type I IFNR-mediated feedback loop. Furthermore, IFN-β–producing pDCs exhibit enhanced CCR7-dependent migratory properties in vitro. Additionally, they effectively recruit T cells in vivo in a peritoneal inflammation model. We define “professional type I IFN-producing cells” as a distinct subset of pDCs specialized in coordinating cellular immune responses.
The CD4 and CD3δε Cytosolic Juxtamembrane Regions Are Proximal within a Compact TCR–CD3–pMHC–CD4 Macrocomplex
Authors: Glassman Caleb R. , Parrish Heather L. , Deshpande Neha R. , Kuhns Michael S. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
TCRs relay information about peptides embedded within MHC molecules (pMHC) to the ITAMs of the associated CD3γε, CD3δε, and CD3ζζ signaling modules. CD4 then recruits the Src kinase p56Lck (Lck) to the TCR–CD3 complex to phosphorylate the ITAMs, initiate intracellular signaling, and drive CD4+ T cell fate decisions. Whereas the six ITAMs of CD3ζζ are key determinants of T cell development, activation, and the execution of effector functions, multiple models predict that CD4 recruits Lck proximal to the four ITAMs of the CD3 heterodimers. We tested these models by placing FRET probes at the cytosolic juxtamembrane regions of CD4 and the CD3 subunits to evaluate their relationship upon pMHC engagement in mouse cell lines. The data are consistent with a compact assembly in which CD4 is proximal to CD3δε, CD3ζζ resides behind the TCR, and CD3γε is offset from CD3δε. These results advance our understanding of the architecture of the TCR–CD3–pMHC–CD4 macrocomplex and point to regions of high CD4–Lck + ITAM concentrations therein. The findings thus have implications for TCR signaling, as phosphorylation of the CD3 ITAMs by CD4-associated Lck is important for CD4+ T cell fate decisions.
Stereolithographic Additive Manufacturing of Bulky Ceramic Components with Functionally Geometric Micropattern
Authors: Kirihara Soshu 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In a stereolithographic additive manufacturing (AM), two dimensional (2D) cross sectional patterns were created through photo polymerization by ultraviolet laser drawing on spread resin paste including ceramic nanoparticles, and three dimensional (3D) composite models were sterically printed by layer lamination through chemical bonding. An automatic collimeter was equipped with the laser scanner to adjust beam diameter. Fine or coarse beams could realize high resolution or wide area drawings, respectively. Metal and ceramic bulky components including dendritic networks were geometrically built by using stereolithographic AM. Geometric patterns with periodic, self-similar, graded and fluctuated arrangements were created by computer aided design, manufacture and evaluation (CAD/CAM/CAE) for effective modulations of energy and material flows through dielectric lattices in photonic crystals, porous electrodes in fuel cells and biological scaffolds in artificial bones.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Inorganic Thin Films on Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC)
Authors: Putman Carol , Horn Rachel Cramm , Wolf Ambrose , Krueger Daniel 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) has been established as an excellent packaging technology for high reliability, high density microelectronics. The functionality and robustness of rework has been increased through the incorporation of a Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) thin film Ti/Cu/Pt/Au metallization. PVD metallization is suitable for RF (Radio Frequency) applications as well as digital systems. Adhesion of the Ti “adhesion layer” to the LTCC as-fired surface is not well understood. While past work has established extrinsic parameters for delamination mechanisms of thin films on LTCC substrates, there is incomplete information regarding the intrinsic (i.e. thermodynamic) parameters in literature. This paper analyzes the thermodynamic favorability of adhesion between Ti, Cr, and their oxides coatings on LTCC (assumed as amorphous silica glass and Al2O3). Computational molecular calculations are used to determine interface energy as an indication of molecular stability over a range of temperatures. The end result will expand the understanding of thin film adhesion to LTCC surfaces and assist in increasing the long-term reliability of the interface bonding on RF microelectronic layers.
Microwave Filter Design Optimized for Ceramic Multilayer Technique
Authors: Uhlig Peter , Kassner Juergen , Guenner Carsten , Noack Elke 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) is a proven packaging technology for microwave and millimetre-wave applications. Advanced low-loss material systems and improved manufacturing technology facilitate economic and highly reliable packaging solutions for automotive, telecom, medical and security applications. One of the virtues of LTCC is the option to integrate all kinds of components into the multilayer. Embedded passives include resistors, capacitors and inductors. Moving matching networks and filters into inner layers is further increasing density of integration.
Microwave filters in LTCC can be used as an integral part of a larger package but also as single components mounted as drop-in or SMT. Ceramic multilayer technology allows for new filter concepts with three-dimensional routing and integration. Tolerances in material properties and manufacturing are challenges to be met with the design and production of microwave filters. Tape thickness, permittivity, shrinkage, registration of conductor pattern to via position, conductor width and thickness are some of the parameters that influence filter performance and reproducibility.
This paper shall compare two different concepts for a 20 GHz band pass filter regarding their sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. An optimized filter design shows improved robustness against manufacturing tolerances. This concept particularly reduces the sensitivity to registration tolerances of conductors and ground vias. A filter synthesis and simulation which takes into account systematic and random manufacturing effects takes out some of the guesswork of filter design and fabrication. It will also reduce the trial and error loops traditionally involved with this part of microwave engineering.
Microwave Characterization of a Thick Film System for Hybrid Packaging Applications
Authors: Thrasher Bradley A. , Skurski Michael A. , Souders Ken E. , Parisi James M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Thick film material systems for hybrid applications have existed for many years and have provided the ability to create high density interconnects in industries such as consumer, military, telecommunications and automotive electronic devices. Despite their breadth of applications, thick film hybrid circuits are rarely utilized for microwave/millimeter-wave packaging applications. In this work, the DuPont™ QM44 thick film dielectric is characterized up to 40 GHz. Test samples to characterize this thick film system consisted of the screen-printed QM44 multilayer dielectric and QG150 gold thick film conductor and vias on top of a 96% alumina substrate. Three different fabrication methods were used in the fabrication of the test samples to illustrate the effect of processing techniques on material loss properties, with the conductor lines formed through standard screen printing, chemical etching, and laser ablation. Laser ablation is a technique recently utilized to form transmission line features in low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) circuits [1] to increase dimensional precision when compared to standard screen printing. S-parameter measurements of microstrip transmission lines demonstrate a system loss at 30 GHz of approximately 0.8 dB/cm for chemical etching, 0.9 dB/cm for laser ablation, and 1.0 dB/cm for screen printing. Through careful design and good processing, acceptable microwave performance of the QM44 thick film system can be achieved up to 40 GHz.
Evaluation of screen-printable type S (Pt-PtRh) thermocouples on different ceramic substrates
Authors: Kita Jaroslaw , Wiegärtner Sven , Prince Alistair , Weigand Peter , Moos Ralf 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The application of thermocouples as temperature sensors has been well known and has already been established for many years. However, for classical thick-film technology using screen-printing and firing, no standardized solutions exist. The here-presented newly developed PtRh thick-film compositions (90% Pt,10% Rh) allows to construct thick-film type S thermocouples (Pt/PtRh), following the IEC temperature characteristics. They can be fired in air, and therefore can be easily integrated into existing thick-film components and devices. In an earlier study, the new Pt-Rh composition was successfully tested on alumina substrates. Their electrical characteristics is equal with classical wire type S thermocouples. This study continues the investigations of thick-film thermocouples. We tested the newly developed pastes for high temperature applications on alumina substrates and evaluated the application of the new screen-printable type S thermocouples on LTCC ceramics. Three possible configurations were investigated: deposited on already fired LTCC substrates (post-fired), screen-printed and co-fired with LTCC tapes on the top surface as well as as buried structures. The paper presents the results of our evaluation and discusses further possible applications.
The Design and Evaluation of an Integrated Wire-Bondless Power Module (IWPM) using Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic Interposer
Authors: Seal Sayan , Glover Michael D. , Mantooth H. Alan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the plan and initial feasibility studies for an Integrated Wire Bondless Power Module (IWPM). Contemporary power modules are moving toward unprecedented levels of power density. The ball has been set rolling by a drastic reduction in the size of bare die power devices themselves owing to the advent of wide band gap semiconductors like silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). SiC has capabilities of operating at much higher temperatures and faster switching speeds as compared with its silicon counterparts, while being a fraction of their size. However, electronic packaging technology has not kept pace with these developments. High performance packaging technologies do exist in isolation, but there has been limited success in integrating these disparate efforts into a single high performance package of sufficient reliability. This paper lays the foundation for an electronic package which is designed to completely leverage the benefits of SiC semiconductor technology, with a focus on high reliability and fast switching capability.
The Effect of Firing Temperature on Structure and Electrical Properties in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics
Authors: Walker Jim , Maloney John , Gleason Cody , Holthus Jeff , Smith Bradford , Henry Jim , Graddy Ed , Sridharan Sid , Sakoske George 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
An LTCC tape dielectric (A6M) was fired stepwise from 775°C – 925°C using standard industry profiles. The fired tapes were investigated for shrinkage, density, crystallization (XRD), composition distribution (SEM/EDS), and high frequency (10 GHz) electrical properties. The tape consists of a glassy material that undergoes crystallization upon firing. Two crystalline phases were observed along with residual glass. Both crystallized phases appear to alter their unit cell dimensions with firing temperature. Fired tape density and XY-shrinkages were stable over the temperature range studied. Electrical properties (εr, tan δ) were stable above 825°C including and up to the maximum temperature studied.