bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blepharospasm 40 years later
Authors: Defazio Giovanni , Hallett Mark , Jinnah Hyder A. , Conte Antonella , Berardelli Alfredo 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTForty years ago, C.D. Marsden proposed that blepharospasm should be considered a form of adult‐onset focal dystonia. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the findings regarding blepharospasm reported in the past 40 years. Although prolonged spasms of the orbicularis oculi muscles remain the clinical hallmark of blepharospasm, patients with blepharospasm may be characterized by various types of involuntary activation of periocular muscles. In addition to motor features, blepharospasm patients may also have nonmotor manifestations, including psychiatric, mild cognitive, and sensory disturbances. The various motor and nonmotor symptoms are not present in all patients, suggesting that blepharospasm is phenomenologically a heterogeneous condition. This emphasizes the need for tools for severity assessment that take into account both motor and nonmotor manifestations. The cause of blepharospasm remains elusive, but several lines of evidence indicate that blepharospasm is a multifactorial condition in which one, or several, as yet unknown genes together with epigenetic and environmental factors combine to reach the threshold of the disease. Although blepharospasm was originally believed to be solely a basal ganglia disorder, neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence point to anatomical and functional involvement of several brain regions. The contribution of multiple areas has led to the hypothesis that blepharospasm should be considered as a network disorder, and this might reflect the varying occurrence of motor and nonmotor manifestations in blepharospasm patients. Despite advances in the aetiology and pathophysiology, treatment remains symptomatic. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Technical Note: Fully‐automated analysis of Jaszczak phantom measurements as part of routine SPECT quality control
Authors: Hirtl Albert , Bergmann Helmar , Knäusl Barbara , Beyer Thomas , Figl Michael , Hummel Johann 
Published: February 2017

PurposeInspection and quantitative validation of tomographic imaging properties of SPECT systems, i.e., spatial resolution, contrast, and inhomogeneity must be performed in regular intervals. Typically, the modular Jaszczak phantom is used for that purpose, as it offers the possibility to investigate all three system properties with a single measurement. The interpretation of the measurement is performed visually, thus, being insensitive to subtle changes in system performance. To overcome this limitation, a fully‐automated software for the objective analysis of Jaszczak phantom measurements is proposed here.MethodsThe software was developed as an ImageJ plugin and offers a number of sequential evaluation steps: automatic determination of the type of Jaszczak phantom, calculation of sector and sphere contrast, detection of ring artifacts using either the Hough transform, followed by a threshold‐based decision criterion, or Student's t‐test. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the detectability limits for ring artifacts.ResultsThe software successfully calculated sector and sphere contrasts and reliably determined ring artifacts present in the homogeneity part of the Jaszczak phantom, based on automatic identification of the phantom type.ConclusionGiven the quantitative nature of the produced output, results from one imaging system can easily be compared to another in an objective way. The advantage of the software is clearly that the information provided is objective and does not rely on the experience level of the user.
Feasibility of through‐time spiral generalized autocalibrating partial parallel acquisition for low latency accelerated real‐time MRI of speech
Authors: Lingala Sajan Goud , Zhu Yinghua , Lim Yongwan , Toutios Asterios , Ji Yunhua , Lo Wei‐Ching , Seiberlich Nicole , Narayanan Shrikanth , Nayak Krishna S. 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of through‐time spiral generalized autocalibrating partial parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) for low‐latency accelerated real‐time MRI of speech.MethodsThrough‐time spiral GRAPPA (spiral GRAPPA), a fast linear reconstruction method, is applied to spiral (k‐t) data acquired from an eight‐channel custom upper‐airway coil. Fully sampled data were retrospectively down‐sampled to evaluate spiral GRAPPA at undersampling factors R = 2 to 6. Pseudo‐golden‐angle spiral acquisitions were used for prospective studies. Three subjects were imaged while performing a range of speech tasks that involved rapid articulator movements, including fluent speech and beat‐boxing. Spiral GRAPPA was compared with view sharing, and a parallel imaging and compressed sensing (PI‐CS) method.ResultsSpiral GRAPPA captured spatiotemporal dynamics of vocal tract articulators at undersampling factors ≤4. Spiral GRAPPA at 18 ms/frame and 2.4 mm2/pixel outperformed view sharing in depicting rapidly moving articulators. Spiral GRAPPA and PI‐CS provided equivalent temporal fidelity. Reconstruction latency per frame was 14 ms for view sharing and 116 ms for spiral GRAPPA, using a single processor. Spiral GRAPPA kept up with the MRI data rate of 18ms/frame with eight processors. PI‐CS required 17 minutes to reconstruct 5 seconds of dynamic data.ConclusionSpiral GRAPPA enabled 4‐fold accelerated real‐time MRI of speech with a low reconstruction latency. This approach is applicable to wide range of speech RT‐MRI experiments that benefit from real‐time feedback while visualizing rapid articulator movement. Magn Reson Med 78:2275–2282, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A 2‐in‐1 single‐element coil design for transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lu Hai , Wang Shumin 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo demonstrate the feasibility of turning transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil for MRI signal reception.MethodsA critically coupled network was formed by using a resonated turn of TMS coil as the secondary and a regular radiofrequency (RF) coil as the primary. A third coil was positioned between the two coils for detuning during RF transmission. Bench measurement, numerical simulation, and MRI experiment were performed for validation.ResultsThe signal‐to‐noise ratio of the proposed 2‐in‐1 coil is 35% higher in its field of view, compared with a MRI‐only reference coil of the same size, made by the same material, and backed up by an untuned TMS coil, but lower than a RF surface coil of the same size without any TMS coil nearby. Spin‐echo images of the human brain further validated its performance.ConclusionsThe proposed method can transform TMS coil for MRI signal acquisition with virtually no modifications on the TMS side. It not only enables flexible and close positioning of TMS coil inside MRI scanner, but also improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio compared with conventional implementations. It can be applied as a building block for developing advanced concurrent TMS/MRI hardware. Magn Reson Med 79:582–587, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Parallel transmission RF pulse design with strict temperature constraints
Authors: Deniz Cem M. , Carluccio Giuseppe , Collins Christopher 
Published: February 2017

RF safety in parallel transmission (pTx) is generally ensured by imposing specific absorption rate (SAR) limits during pTx RF pulse design. There is increasing interest in using temperature to ensure safety in MRI. In this work, we present a local temperature correlation matrix formalism and apply it to impose strict constraints on maximum absolute temperature in pTx RF pulse design for head and hip regions. Electromagnetic field simulations were performed on the head and hip of virtual body models. Temperature correlation matrices were calculated for four different exposure durations ranging between 6 and 24 min using simulated fields and body‐specific constants. Parallel transmission RF pulses were designed using either SAR or temperature constraints, and compared with each other and unconstrained RF pulse design in terms of excitation fidelity and safety. The use of temperature correlation matrices resulted in better excitation fidelity compared with the use of SAR in parallel transmission RF pulse design (for the 6 min exposure period, 8.8% versus 21.0% for the head and 28.0% versus 32.2% for the hip region). As RF exposure duration increases (from 6 min to 24 min), the benefit of using temperature correlation matrices on RF pulse design diminishes. However, the safety of the subject is always guaranteed (the maximum temperature was equal to 39°C). This trend was observed in both head and hip regions, where the perfusion rates are very different.
Imaging porcine cardiac substrate selection modulations by glucose, insulin and potassium intervention: A hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate study
Authors: Hansen Esben Søvsø Szocska , Tougaard Rasmus Stilling , Nørlinger Thomas Stokholm , Mikkelsen Emmeli , Nielsen Per Mose , Bertelsen Lotte Bonde , Bøtker Hans Erik , Jørgensen Hans Stødkilde , Laustsen Christoffer 
Published: February 2017

Cardiac metabolism has received considerable attention in terms of both diagnostics and prognostics, as well as a novel target for treatment. As human trials involving hyperpolarized magnetic resonance in the heart are imminent, we sought to evaluate the general feasibility of detection of an imposed shift in metabolic substrate utilization during metabolic modulation with glucose–insulin–potassium (GIK) infusion, and thus the limitations associated with this strategy, in a large animal model resembling human physiology. Four [1‐13C]pyruvate injections did not alter the blood pressure or ejection fraction over 180 min. Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate conversion showed a generally high reproducibility, with intraclass correlation coefficients between the baseline measurements at 0 and 30 min as follows: lactate to pyruvate, 0.85; alanine to pyruvate, 1.00; bicarbonate to pyruvate, 0.83. This study demonstrates that hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate imaging is a feasible technique for cardiac studies and shows a generally high reproducibility in fasted large animals. GIK infusion increases the metabolic conversion of pyruvate to its metabolic derivatives lactate, alanine and bicarbonate, but with increased variability.
Air Quality Monitoring with Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Authors: Karlsson Håkan , Sinisalo Sauli 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe ultimate instrumentation for trace gas analysis and detection in air quality monitoring as well as industrial process control would be one that can simultaneously a sensitive, provideselective, and fast, multi‐gas measurement with wide dynamic range all in a compact and robust system. One of the few such promising technologies that can deliver these requirements is laser based photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). In this article, the PAS technique is presented using the Cobolt Odin tunable mid‐IR laser.
Brought into Focus at Lightning Speed
Authors: Stiefenhöfer Peter 
Published: February 2017

AbstractParticularly during the mass manufacture of products, the working distance between an object and a camera system generally changes little or not at all. In these cases, the optical design of a vision system is relatively simple: The prevailing working distance the anddesired resolution are used to calculate the optical characteristics of the system which, after the selection of suitable components and integration into the installation, then performs its function without any further adaptation. While conversion of the installation to products with a different geometry requires a one‐time adaptation of the vision system, after that the installation runs optimally again without further intervention until the next change.
Teraboard Project Closing in on Future of Telecommunications
Authors: Belén González Ana , Pozo Jose 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe European project Teraboard is an initiative of the Photonics Public Private Partnership, with a total budget of 4.25 million euros. The project started on December 1st, 2015 with the ambitious goal of transforming the telecommunication area by the introduction of new integrated photonics technologies.
Bright Prospects
Authors: Gubela Hans‐Erich 
Published: February 2017

AbstractClouds, veils of rain, diffuse light, and a colourless monotonous landscape. It's no fun driving on a motorway in the middle of the night, with weariness as an additional passenger. This is a scenario that should be familiar to every car driver. According to a study made by the General German Automobile Association ADAC, our biological low is in the small hours between 2 and 5 a.m. It is a time at which the frequency of accidents noticeably rises. A reason for the increase is also night‐blindness, medically: hemeralopia, the reduced visual faculty at dawn and at dusk. Especially at times of increasing building activity — up to 582 German road sections were temporarily concerned in September 2016 — reduced perception of the roadway grows into an immense risk of accidents. With a number of road construction sites corresponding to nearly 150 % of the value of the preceding year, the accident figures might have reached peak values again in 2016.
Bright Minds, Bright Lights — with Industrial 3D Printing
Authors: Krauß Fabian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe often say that someone is in their element when they act with confidence in a familiar environment. In water, most people are certainly not in their element, which is why, beneath the surface, it is so important to have flawless equipment. In the ocean's depths, three things are in short supply: air, heat, and light. It is the provision of the last of these that has been the focus of attention for the team at Canto Ing. GmbH. It has designed and developed the Thor Rev 2.0, a particularly high quality, high performance dive light. EOS and its additive manufacturing technology made a significant contribution to the project.
New guidelines for a more accurate extraction of solar cells and modules key data from their current–voltage curves
Authors: Paviet‐Salomon Bertrand , Levrat Jacques , Fakhfouri Vahid , Pelet Yanik , Rebeaud Nicolas , Despeisse Matthieu , Ballif Christophe 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates the optimisation of the fit procedures to determine with the highest accuracy the key data of photovoltaic cells and modules from their current–voltage characteristics. Our analysis is based on numeric current–voltage curves obtained by solving the two‐diode equation in steady state. The established state‐of‐the‐art fit procedures, such as the ASTM E948‐09 standard, are shown to be outperformed by smart adjustments of the fit range and the regression type. As a result of this optimisation, the accuracy in determining the short‐circuit current density is improved by up to 15 times, the open‐circuit voltage by 3 to 10 times and the maximum power by 4 to 5 times, in comparison to state‐of‐the‐art approaches. It is demonstrated that the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the experimental data strongly influences the fit accuracy, and therefore, the fit criteria must be adjusted according to the noise level of the measuring unit. Finally, our fit procedures were applied to experimentally measured current–voltage curves of 3000 silicon heterojunction solar cells. Notably, the established fit standards are shown to overestimate the maximum power by up to 0.2%, whereas our proposed fit yields more consistent values. In conclusion, novel fit guidelines are provided, aiming at enhancing the key data determination of high‐efficiency photovoltaic cells and modules. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive ligand influence on initiation in phenylene catalyst‐transfer polymerization
Authors: Hall Ariana O. , Lee Se Ryeon , Bootsma Andrea N. , Bloom Jacob W. G. , Wheeler Steven E. , McNeil Anne J. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTSynthesizing conjugated polymers via catalyst‐transfer polymerization (CTP) has led to unprecedented control over polymer sequence and molecular weight. Yet many challenges remain, including broadening the monomer scope and narrowing the molecular weight dispersities. Broad polymer dispersities can arise from nonliving pathways as well as slow initiation. Previously, slow initiation was observed in Ni‐mediated CTP of phenylene monomers. Although precatalysts with faster initiation rates have been reported, the rates still do not exceed propagation. Herein a second‐ and third‐generation of reactive ligands are described, along with a simple method for measuring initiation rates. A precatalyst with an initiation rate that exceeds propagation is now reported, however, the resulting polymer samples still exhibit broad dispersities, suggesting that slow initiation is not the most significant contributing factor in Ni‐mediated phenylene polymerizations. In addition, initiation rates measured under authentic polymerization conditions revealed that both exogenous triphenylphosphine and an ortho‐trifluoroethoxy substituent on the reactive ligand have a strong influence. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1530–1535
Direct access to functional (Meth)acrylate copolymers through transesterification with lithium alkoxides
Authors: Fleischmann Carolin , Anastasaki Athina , Gutekunst Will R. , McGrath Alaina J. , Hustad Phillip D. , Clark Paul G. , Laitar David S. , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTA straightforward and efficient synthetic method that transforms poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) into value‐added materials is presented. Specifically, PMMA is modified by transesterification to produce a variety of functional copolymers from a single starting material. Key to the reaction is the use of lithium alkoxides, prepared by treatment of primary alcohols with LDA, to displace the methyl esters. Under optimized conditions, up to 65% functionalization was achieved and copolymers containing alkyl, alkene, alkyne, benzyl, and (poly)ether side groups could be prepared. The versatility of this protocol was further demonstrated through the functionalization of both PMMA homo and block copolymers obtained through either radical polymerization (traditional and controlled) or anionic procedures. The scope of this strategy was illustrated by extension to a range of architectures and polymer backbones. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1566–1574
Selective cysteine modification of metal‐free human metallothionein 1a and its isolated domain fragments: Solution structural properties revealed via ESI‐MS
Authors: Irvine Gordon W. , Santolini Melissa , Stillman Martin J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHuman metallothionein 1a, a protein with two cysteine‐rich metal‐binding domains (α with 11 Cys and β with 9), was analyzed in its metal‐free form by selective, covalent Cys modification coupled with ESI‐MS. The modification profiles of the isolated β‐ and α‐fragments reacted with p‐benzoquinone (Bq), N‐ethylmalemide (NEM) and iodoacetamide (IAM) were compared with the full length protein using ESI‐mass spectral data to follow the reaction pathway. Under denaturing conditions at low pH, the reaction profile with each modifier followed pathways that resulted in stochastic, Normal distributions of species whose maxima was equal to the mol. eq. of modifier added. Our interpretation of modification at this pH is that reaction with the cysteines is unimpeded when the full protein or those of its isolated domains are denatured. At neutral pH, where the protein is expected to be folded in a more compact structure, there is a difference in the larger Bq and NEM modification, whose reaction profiles indicate a cooperative pattern. The reaction profile with IAM under native conditions follows a similar stochastic distribution as at low pH, suggesting that this modifier is small enough to access the cysteines unimpeded by the compact structure. The data emphasize the utility of residue modification coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the study of protein structure.
Development of spin‐dependent relativistic open‐shell Hartree–Fock theory with time‐reversal symmetry (I): The unrestricted approach
Authors: Nakano Masahiko , Seino Junji , Nakai Hiromi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn open‐shell Hartree–Fock (HF) theory for spin‐dependent, two‐component relativistic calculations, termed the Kramers‐unrestricted HF (KUHF) method, is developed. The present KUHF method, which is formulated as a relativistic counterpart of nonrelativistic UHF, is based on quaternion algebra and partly uses time‐reversal symmetry. The fundamental characteristics of KUHF are discussed in this study. From numerical assessments, it was revealed that KUHF gives a corresponding solution to nonrelativistic UHF; furthermore, KUHF properly describes spin‐orbit interactions. In addition, KUHF can improve the self‐consistent field convergence behavior in spin‐dependent calculations, for example, for f‐block elements.
Predicted Native Fish Response, Potential Rewards and Risks from Flow Alteration in a New Mexico Arid Mountain Stream
Authors: Pine W. E. , Caldwell J. , Allen M. , Stropki C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWater and natural resource managers are concerned with evaluating how fish habitat and populations may respond to water diversions and small‐scale flow augmentations. We used two‐dimensional hydraulic models, habitat suitability curves and an individual‐based population viability model to assess whether flow augmentations of about 0.28–0.57 m3/s would create suitable habitat for federally listed native fish loach minnow Rhinichthys cobitis and spikedace Meda fulgida in a reach of the Gila River, New Mexico, and then examined how fish population viability may change under a variety of colonization and extinction scenarios. These simulations help to inform water management decisions in a reach of the Gila River where river diversions currently exist and new diversions and augmentations are being proposed. Our results suggest that the flow augmentations evaluated will result in small changes (on average across life stages, −0.22% to 4.06%) in suitable habitat for loach minnow and spikedace depending on augmentation scenario and fish life stage. While these percent changes are small, they would result in a reduction in the dewatering of the river channel in a river reach where native fish abundance is thought to be low. Actual native fish responses to these habitat changes are unknown; however, these flow augmentations could potentially allow these native species to re‐colonize this river segment from upstream or downstream sources increasing species distribution and likely population viability. Maintaining viable populations of native fish in this river reach is dependent on complex factors including persistence of suitable habitat for multiple life stages, connectivity with other populations and minimizing risk of invasion from non‐native species. We recommend that these predictions from the habitat and population models be tested and verified in an adaptive management framework linking modelling, experimental management, monitoring and reassessment to inform water management decisions in the Gila River. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.