bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of the Aphicides M-Pede, Align and Thiodan, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 2-yr-old commercial nonbearing orchard near East Wenatchee, WA. Plots consisted of groups of four trees across in four rows. There were four to five buffer trees within rows between plots. One shoot per tree was tagged, and all counts were taken from tagged shoots. Pre-treatment counts of the number of aphids on the most infested leaf were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 18 Aug. Posttreatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Sep, when counts dropped to zero.
Control of the Boll Worm/Tobacco Budworm Complex in Northwest Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 28 Apr and plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. All plots had Temik 15G (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) and Terraclor Super-X 10-2.5G (1.12 + 0.28 kg (AI)/ha) applied infurrow at planting. The entire test was oversprayed with Vydate C-LV (0.28 kg (AI)/ha) for plant bugs and weevils on 17 Jun. Plots were oversprayed for the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex before and after the trial with Karate 1EC (0.034 kg (AI)/ha) and Baythroid 2EC + Orthene 90SP (0.031 + 1.12 kg (AI)/ha) on 30 Jun and 26 Aug, respectively. During the trial, plots were oversprayed for weevils with Methyl Parathion 4EC at 0.28 and 0.37 kg (AI)/ha on 5 and 10 Aug, respectively. Insecticide treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a COz system for spraying small plots. Treatments were applied in 52.4 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Insecticides were applied on 20, 26 Jul, 1 and 15 Aug. The 14-day interval between sprays in Aug resulted from a 5.54-cm rainfall on 8 Aug. Infestations of larvae and square damage were monitored on 25, 28 Jul, and 4 Aug. During the trial, the bollworm was the predominant species. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 21 Oct.
Control of Boll Weevil and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Pankey J. H. , Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil and tarnished plant bug in irrigated cotton planted 18 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. in all tests. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 1, 6, 11, 18, and 21 Jul in all tests. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 48 psi. Treatments were evaluated 4-5 times by examining 50 cotton squares (flower buds) per plot 3-5 DAT for evidence of boll weevil damage. Treatments were evaluated for tarnished plant bug control with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net by counting the number of adults and nymphs in a 25 sweep sample/plot on 25 Jul. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 0.46 inch rainfall on 4 Jul, 0.72 inch rainfall on 9 Jul, 1.6 inches rainfall on 14 Jul, 0.51 inch rainfall on 16 Jul, and 0.46 inch rainfall on 22 Jul. Data from each test were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Whitefly in Cotton with Capture and Various Additives, 1992
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two-month old cotton plants grown in Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 15 cm diam. pots and exposed to heavy whitefly infestations were transferred on 26 Jun into spray booths (60 cm X 60 cm × 90 cm frames covered with polyethylene on three sides) arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adult SW were counted on the third expanded leaf node from the growing point and nymphs were counted on a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk from the central portion of the leaf on the fifth or sixth node. A pre-treatment count of whiteflies was made before the first spray on 29 Jun 1992 and then SPWF adults were counted at 24 and 72 hours after treatment and immatures were counted at 72 and 144 hours after each of three weekly treatments. Plants were treated by spraying to runoff (approximately 3 seconds/15 ml/plant, ca. 473 liters/ha) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-2 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 4.2 kg/cm2. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variance indicated that a log transformation was needed for analysis of variance of immature whitefly data and a square-root transformation was needed for adult data. Analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means were calculated on means averaged over six sample dates. ValOil® (a cottonseed oil spray adjuvant), jojoba oil, and Butacide® 8EC (piperonyl butoxcide) were tested alone and in combination with Capture® 2EC (bifenthrin) to assess their potential as adjuvants to enhance whitefly control.
Control of Whitefly in Cotton with Danitol, Asana, Monitor, Orthene and Combinations, 1992
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twomonth old cotton plants grown in Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 15 cm pots and exposed to heavy whitefly infestations were transferred on 1 May into spray booths (60 cm × 60 cm × 90 cm frames covered with polyethylene on three sides) arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adult SW were counted on the third expanded leaf node from the growing point and nymphs were counted on a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk from the leaf on the 5-6 node. A pre-treatment count of whitefly was made 48 h before the first spray. Whitefly adults were counted at 24 and 72 hours after each treatment on 6 May and 16 May (with exception to 17 May). Immatures were counted at 72 and 144 hours after each treatment. Plants were treated by spraying to runoff (concentration based on 568 liters/ha spray volume, ca. 5 ml/plant) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-2 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 4.2 kg/cm2. The treatments on 6 May and 16 May were: 1) fenpropathrin (Danitol® 2.4 EC) 0.20 lb Al/acre, 2) methamidophos (Monitor® 4 EC) 0.75 lb Al/acre, 3) acephate (Orthene® 90 S) 1.00 lb Al/acre, 4) fenpropathrin + methamidophos, 5) fenpropathrin + acephate, 6) esfenvalerate (Asana® XL) 0.04 lb Al/acre + methamidophos, 7) esfenvalerate + acephate, and 8) an untreated check.
Effects of Insecticides, with and Without Vapam, on Thrips Injury and Peanut Growth and Yield, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides, with and without fumigation with Vapam, was evaluated against TT injury and for effects on growth and yield of Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 9 May with 36-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractor-mounted Noble granular applicator. Liquids were applied using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1 SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Vapam (metam-sodium) at the rate of 10 gal per acre was applied two weeks before planting 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered over each in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Flower, peg and plant canopy measurements were taken in the 2 center rows of each plot. Flowers were counted on 6 or 80 row feet (depending on the sample date); pegs were counted on 2 or 6 row feet (depending on the sample date); and terminal leader height and lateral branch width were measured on five randomly selected plants. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (60 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two rates of Karate 1 EC each applied at 3 postflood treatments were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Karate was applied to test the efficacy as an adulticide, hence the applications shortly after permanent flood. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Rice was drill-seeded (9 rows with a 7 inch row spacing) in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 28 Apr and emerged 9 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each and bentazon at 1 lb (AI)/acre were applied 17 May. Permanent flood was applied on 3 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 120 lb/acre on 3 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 5 and 19 Jul. Plots were circular with a 5 ft diam each and bounded by a 12 inch tall aluminum sheet. Plots were infested naturally by RWW adults and by adding 13 field-collected mating pairs per circular plot on 3 Jun. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 16 gpa at 22 psi with a single nozzle (9501-E fiat-fan) boom. Furadan 3G was applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 8 Jun. On 23 and 30 Jun three 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Rice Water Weevil Control in California, 1994
Authors: Palrang A. T. , Godfrey L. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Rice Experiment Station near Biggs. The design was a randomized complete block with 21 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 0.7 m2 and encircled by 36 cm high aluminum sheeting. The plots were fertilized on 20 Apr with urea at 76 kg nitrogen/ha and with 18-46-0 at 20 kg nitrogen/ha. Copper sulfate at 11.2 kg (AI)/ha was applied 12 May. Ordram 10G at 4.5 kg (AI)/ha was applied on 17 May and Londax at 70 gm (AI)/ha was applied on 18 May. Rice ‘M-202’ was pre-soaked for 22 h, drained for 4h, and hand seeded at 400 seeds per plot. The plots were flooded and seeded on 6 May. The plots were thinned to 128 plants per square meter between 16 May and 25 May. The pre-flood insecticide treatments were applied on 6 May. Post-plant insecticide applications went on 23 May (3-leaf rice stage), 30 May (5-leaf) and 7 Jun (7-leaf). A moderately heavy natural rice water weevil (RWW) infestation was supplemented with hand collected adults on 26 May (4 RWW), 6 Jun (2 RWW), 10 Jun (4 RWW), and 17 Jun (5 RWW/plot). Adult RWW feeding activity was estimated with leaf scar counts on 7 and 15 Jun. Larval densities were evaluated by randomly selecting ten soil cores (9.5 cm diam × 10 cm deep), each containing one plant, from each plot. The cores were washed through a 20 mesh screen (0.9 mm openings) to separate and count the larvae and pupae. Larval counting occurred on 5 Jul and was repeated on 17 Jul. Cored plants were measured for height, root length, number of tillers and leaves, and dry weight of roots and leaves. Plots were harvested on 23 Sep.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Yellow Sugarcane Aphid and Greenbug on Sorghum Seedlings, 1994
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Foliar treatments of 2 organophosphates and imidachloprid (Confidor) were evaluated for yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA) and greenbug (GB) control in a research greenhouse at Texas A&M University. Hybrid grain sorghum seedlings (ATx399 × RTx430) were grown in 110-mm germination pots containing a prepared soil mixture composed of peat, vermiculite, and periite in a 2:1:1 ratio, respectively. Four days after plant emergence and 3 d prior to insecticide applications, each seedling plant was infested with 10-20 YSA or GB. There were 5 singleseedling replications for each treatment. Insecticides were applied by using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, through TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 5.6 gpa. Pre-treatment counts of YSA and GB were made the day of insecticide application; post-treatment counts of aphids were made 1, 2, and 3 DAT. Percent control was calculated by using Abbott’s (1925) formula. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Red Imported Fire Ant in Grain Sorghum, 1994
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of selected insecticides and application methods for management of RIFA in no-till sorghum was evaluated in two tests at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station in Franklin Parish, LA. Both tests were planted in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.0, 1.4% organic matter) in an area that had been covered with a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) winter cover crop. Plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 35 ft were planted on 28 Apr in a RCB with 4 replications. Lorsban 4EC and Asana XL were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa at 35 psi through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row). Lorsban 4EC and Asana XL were also applied as pre-emergence surface sprays (PRE) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to delvier 10 gpa at 35 psi through 8001 flat fan nozzles (1/row) in a 20 inch band immediately post-plant. Other insecticide treatments were applied either as in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), T-banded granules at planting (T-BAND) or seed treatments (SEEDT). RIFA numbers were estimated on 11 May by placing an unruled index card (3 × 5 inches) baited with peanut butter in each plot and recording the no. of ants attracted after 3 h. Plant stand densities were recorded on 19 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows in each plot. Plant heights were estimated on 25 May by measuring 20 plants in each plot. Sorghum seed yields were recorded on 15 Aug by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot.
Selected Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control in ‘Pioneer 9444’ Soybean in Virginia, 1994
Authors: Chappell G. F. , Herbert D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides, with and without adjuvants, was evaluated against CEW in double-crop ‘Pioneer 9444’ soybean planted in 15-inch rows on 3 Jul. Treatments were applied on 20 Aug with water using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.0 gpa at 18 psi through 8002VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 10 ft by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated 1 h before and 2 and 6 d DAT by comparing numbers of larvae using a rigid beat cloth sampling technique. Percent pod damage was determined 9 DAT by randomly selecting 3 plants from the center rows of each plot and recording the number of damaged pods. Yield was determined by combining the 4 center rows of each plot (130 row feet) using an Almaco small-plot combine. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Apple, IGR Timing Trial for Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Red Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with a FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as a completely randomized design. Plots consisted of three rows by three trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 27 May (petal fall), 7 Jun (1C), 20 Jun (2C), 30 Jun (3C), 14 Jul (4C), 21 Jul (5C), 26 Jul (6C), 2 Aug (7C), 8 Aug (8C) and 12 Aug (9C) as indicated in the table. Guthion applications were timed with the CM predictive model of the Neogen Envirocaster. V 71639 applications were timed for first sustained CM flight followed by second app. in 21-28 days, for both CM generations. RH treatments were timed for 150 degree days base 50 after first sustained CM flight, followed by two more applications 10-14 days apart, for both CM generations. In addition, RH treatments received petal fall applications. Captan was applied separately to all treatments. Midseason fruit evaluations were made on 23 Jun by randomly picking 50 apples from the periphery of the center tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment, and on 14 Jul by similarly picking 25 apples per rep. A harvest fruit evaluation was made on 26 Sep by randomly picking 50 apples from the periphery of the center tree, per replicate or a total of 200 apples per treatment. OBLR terminal evaluations on 13, 20, and 29 Jul consisted of visual inspection of 100 terminals from the center tree of each replicate for presence of live and dead (this category also includes damaged terminals with no larvae present) leafrollers. OFM terminal evaluations on 20 Jul and 29 Jul consisted of visual inspection of 100 terminals from the center tree of each replicate for the presence of flagging damage. STLM evaluations were made on 14 Jun by picking 50 randomly selected leaves from the center tree of each replicate, for a total of 200 leaves per treatment. Damage from STLM sap feeding and tissue feeding stages were distinguished and recorded separately for comparison.
Field Test of a Pathogenic Virus Against Scb, 1994
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Season long control of the SCB was evaluated in a RCB design (5 replications) of plant cane at the St Gabriel Research Station, St Gabriel, LA. Two biological treatments were compared to that of an insecticide treatment and an untreated control. All treatments were applied over the sugarcane canopy with a CO2 backpack sprayer on 20 Jul, 10 Aug, and 1 Sept when the SCB infestation exceeded the economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths). Four 0.004 flat fan spray tips per 6 ft width of row at 32 psi applied 20.1 gpa of finished formulation. Prior to the initiation of the experiment, 2 applications of Lorsban 15G were made (15 lb/acre each) to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae (10 May and 9 Jun). The two Crop Genetics International treatments were applied with Plyac at a rate of 6 oz/100 gallons and powdered skim milk at 0.5% wt:vol. SCB damage was assessed by counting the bored internodes, exit holes, and total number of internodes from 100 randomly selected stalks of sugarcane (20 stalks/replication) in each treatment (18 Oct). Analysis of variance was conducted and separation of means was by LSD.
Effects of Aerially Applied Insecticides for Sugarcane Borer Control on Non-Target Arthropods, 1994
Authors: Wool wine A. E. , Rodriguez L. M. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Six different insecticide treatments were used for control of SCB at Goldmine Farm, near Edgard, LA. Treatments were randomly assigned to plots (ca. 2.12 to 1.03 acres) according to RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were treated when 5% of sugarcane stalks contained live larvae of third instar or smaller in leaf sheaths (28 Jun, 26 Jul, and 20 Aug). Treatments were applied in water using a Cessna AG Cat with swaths of 54 ft delivering 2 gpa finished formulation. Confirm treatments were applied with Latron CS-7 at 0.025% vol/vol. Non-target arthropods were monitored continuously using 3 pitfall traps (pt jars filled with 150 ml 70% ethanol and 40 ml mineral oil) embedded to the soil surface near the center of each plot and spaced 20 m apart. Traps were sheltered by a 22 cm diam disc supported on a tripod at 4 cm above the surface. Traps were installed 7 Jul, collected and replaced 26 Jul and 16 Aug, and removed 12 Sept.
Tobacco Insect Control with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Various insecticides applied as soil, foliar and transplant water treatments were evaluated for TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield- Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Nine treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Lorsban 4E treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 34 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003LP tips on 3 May. The treatment was immediately incorporated by double disking. The soil temperature was 60°F, the ambient temperature was 64 to 66°F, and the weather was cloudy. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and it was immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 11 May (soil temperature, 67°F; ambient temperature, 75°F; soil pH, 5.8; soil moisture, good). ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 215 gal solution/acre with a Holland plungertype transplanter on 12 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperatures were 71"F and 77-80°F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 22 Jun and 24 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row. Tobacco production followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 1 to 13 wks after transplanting. TFB and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot once a wk for 3 wks after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yields and prices were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Logl0(x + 1) before analysis.