bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noise Pollution: Do We Need a Solution? An Analysis of Noise in a Cardiac Care Unit
Authors: Ryan Kevin M. , Gagnon Matthew , Hanna Tyler , Mello Brad , Fofana Mustapha , Ciottone Gregory , Molloy Michael 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionHospitals are meant to be places for respite and healing; however, technological advances and reliance on monitoring alarms has led to the environment becoming increasingly noisy. The coronary care unit (CCU), like the emergency department, provides care to ill patients while being vulnerable to noise pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) recommends that for optimum rest and healing, sound levels should average approximately 30 decibels (dB) with maximum readings less than 40 dB.ProblemThe purpose of this study was to measure and analyze sound levels in three different locations in the CCU, and to review alarm reports in relation to sound levels.MethodsOver a one-month period, sound recorders (Extech SDL600; Extech Instruments; Nashua, New Hampshire USA) were placed in three separate locations in the CCU at the West Roxbury Veterans’ Administration (VA) Hospital (Roxbury, Massachusetts USA). Sound samples were recorded once per second, stored in Comma Separated Values format for Excel (Microsoft Corporation; Redmond, Washington USA), and then exported to Microsoft Excel. Averages were determined, plotted per hour, and alarm histories were reviewed to determine alarm noise effect on total noise for each location, as well as common alarm occurrences.ResultsPatient Room 1 consistently had the lowest average recordings, though all averages were >40 dB, despite decreases between 10:00pmand 7:00am. During daytime hours, recordings maintained levels >50 dB. Overnight noise remained above recommended levels 55.25% of the period in Patient Room 1 and 99.61% of the same time period in Patient Room 7. The nurses’ station remained the loudest location of all three. Alarms per hour ranged from 20-26 during the day. Alarms per day averaged: Patient Room 1-57.17, Patient Room 7-122.03, and the nurses’ station - 562.26. Oxygen saturation alarms accounted for 33.59% of activity, and heart-related (including ST segment and pacemaker) accounted for 49.24% of alarms.ConclusionThe CCU cares for ill patients requiring constant monitoring. Despite advances in technology, measured noise levels for the hospital studied exceeded WHO standards of 40 dB and peaks of 45 dB, even during night hours when patients require rest. Further work is required to reduce noise levels and examine effects on patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, and length of stay.RyanKM,GagnonM,HannaT,MelloB,FofanaM,CiottoneG,MolloyM.Noise pollution: do we need a solution? An analysis of noise in a cardiac care unit.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(4):432–435.
Nursing Home Self-assessment of Implementation of Emergency Preparedness Standards
Authors: Lane Sandi J. , McGrady Elizabeth 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionDisasters often overwhelm a community’s capacity to respond and recover, creating a gap between the needs of the community and the resources available to provide services. In the wake of multiple disasters affecting nursing homes in the last decade, increased focus has shifted to this vital component of the health care system. However, the long-term care sector has often fallen through the cracks in both planning and response.ProblemTwo recent reports (2006 and 2012) published by the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Office of Inspector General (OIG), elucidate the need for improvements in nursing homes’ comprehensive emergency preparedness and response. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has developed an emergency preparedness checklist as a guidance tool and proposed emergency preparedness regulations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the progress made in nursing home preparedness by determining the level of completion of the 70 tasks noted on the checklist. The study objectives were to: (1) determine the preparedness levels of nursing homes in North and South Carolina (USA), and (2) compare these findings with the 2012 OIG’s report on nursing home preparedness to identify current gaps.MethodsA survey developed from the checklist of items was emailed to 418 North Carolina and 193 South Carolina nursing home administrators during 2014. One hundred seventeen were returned/“bounced back” as not received. Follow-up emails and phone calls were made to encourage participation. Sixty-three completed surveys and 32 partial surveys were received. Responses were compared to data obtained in a 2010 study to determine progress.ResultsProgress had been made in many of the overall planning and sheltering-in-place tasks, such as having contact information of local emergency managers as well as specifications for availability of potable water. Yet, gaps still persisted, especially in evacuation standards, interfacing with emergency management officials, establishing back-up evacuation sites and evacuation routes, identification of resident care items, and obtaining copies of state and local emergency planning regulations.ConclusionNursing homes have made progress in preparedness tasks, however, gaps persist. Compliance may prove challenging for some nursing homes, but closer integration with emergency management officials certainly is a step in the right direction. Further research that guides evacuation or shelter-in-place decision making is needed in light of persistent challenges in completing these tasks.LaneSJ, McGradyE. Nursing home self-assessment of implementation of emergency preparedness standards. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):422–431.
Intimate partner violence, common mental disorders and household food insecurity: an analysis using path analysis
Authors: Moraes Claudia Leite de , Marques Emanuele Souza , Reichenheim Michael Eduardo , Ferreira Marcela de Freitas , Salles-Costa Rosana 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the direct and indirect associations between psychological and physical intimate partner violence and the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) and how they relate to the occurrence of household food insecurity (HFI).DesignThis was a population-based cross-sectional study. Intimate partner violence was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and HFI was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. The propositional analytical model was based on a review of the literature and was tested using path analysis.SettingDuque de Caxias, Greater Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (April–December 2010).SubjectsWomen (n849) who had been in a relationship in the 12 months preceding the interview.ResultsBoth psychological and physical violence were found to be major risk factors of HFI. Psychological violence was associated with HFI indirectly via physical violence and CMD, and directly by an unidentified path. The effects of physical violence seemed to be manifested exclusively through CMD. Most of the variables in the propositional model related to socio-economic position, demographic characteristics, degree of women’s social support and partner alcohol misuse were retained in the ‘final’ model, indicating that these factors contribute significantly to the increased likelihood of HFI.ConclusionsThe results reinforce the importance of considering domestic violence and other psychosocial aspects of family life when implementing interventions designed to reduce/eradicate HFI.
A broad band circularly polarized cross slot cavity back array antenna with sequentially rotated feed network for improving gain in X-band application
Authors: Fakheri Majid- , Naser-Moghadasi Mohammad , Sadeghzadeh Ramezan Ali- 
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a new broad band circularly polarized slot antenna array based on substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) and aperture feeding techniques. The antenna element's impedance and 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths are from 8.8 to 10.4 GHz (16.67%) and 9.5–10.7 GHz (12%), respectively. Employing aperture-coupled feed and combining this method with sequentially rotated network, a 2 × 2 antenna array is achieved. Parametric optimization procedure is used to enhance the antenna specifications. In the presented scheme by reducing mutual coupling caused by the SIW technique and sequentially rotated feed network, all parameters of antenna are improved. Consequently a novel antenna array with impedance bandwidth of 2.8 GHz (8.7–11.5 GHz) and 3 dB AR bandwidth of 2.1 GHz (9–11.05 GHz) are obtained. The average gain of the proposed antenna is about 16.7 dBic. A new method is used to increase the gain of antenna array. The extracted result shows that side lob level, mutual coupling, impedance bandwidth, and performance of antenna simultaneously are controlled.
Academic Goals and Self-Handicapping Strategies in University Students
Authors: Ferradás María del Mar , Freire Carlos , Valle Antonio , Núñez José Carlos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn highly competitive settings like university, the fear of failure leads some students to protect their self-worth using self-handicapping strategies. The present investigation examines to what extent academic goals are related to those tactics in university students. Specifically, MANCOVA was applied to estimate statistical differences linked to behavioral and claimed self-handicapping strategies according to the level (high/medium/low) of four types of academic goal (achievement approach, achievement avoidance, mastery approach, and work avoidance). Degree, year in school, and gender were entered as covariates. 940 students (86.5% women) from University of A Coruña (M = 20.44; SD = 1.73) participated. Results show that: (a) both behavioral and claimed self-handicapping are promoted by ego-oriented goals (achievement avoidance, F(2, 937) = 23.56, p < .001, ηp2 = .048; achievement approach, F(2, 937) = 7.49, p < .001, ηp2 = .016); (b) work avoidance goals are related to behavioral self-handicapping (F(2, 937) = 9.09, p < .001, ηp2 = .019), but are not statistically linked to claimed self-handicapping; and (c) mastery approach goals are significantly, negatively related to both types of self-handicapping (F(2, 937) = 20.09, p < .001, ηp2 = .041). Psychological and educational implications of the findings are discussed.
Unterstützung des Pflegeprozesses durch die elektronische Pflegeprozessdokumentation (UEPD)
Authors: Hediger Hannele , Müller-Staub Maria , Petry Heidi 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Elektronische Pflegedokumentationssysteme mit hinterlegter standardisierter Pflegefachsprache erfassen den Pflegeprozess IT-gestützt. Sie haben das Potenzial, die Qualität der Dokumentation des Pflegeprozesses zu verbessern und die Pflegenden in dessen Durchführung zu unterstützen. Fragestellung/Ziel: Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklung und erste Validierung eines Instruments (UEPD), das die subjektiv wahrgenommene Unterstützung Pflegender in der Umsetzung des Pflegeprozesses durch eine elektronische Pflegeprozessdokumentation misst. Methode: Die Validität des UEPD wurde anhand einer Evaluationsstudie in einem Krankenhaus (n = 94) in der Deutschschweiz untersucht. Die psychometrische Testung des Instruments wurde anhand einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die ersten Hinweise zur Validität des Instruments konnten vorgestellt werden. Die Analyse ergab eine stabile vier Faktorenstruktur (FS = 0,89) mit 25 Items, die Faktorladungen ≥ 0,50 aufwiesen. Die Skalen zeigten hohe interne Konsistenzen (Cronbachs α = 0,73 – 0,90). Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse zeigte folgende vier Dimensionen der Unterstützung: Beim Stellen von Pflegediagnosen und -zielen; beim Erfassen von Anamnese/Assessment und im Dokumentieren des Pflegeprozesses; in der Implementierung und Evaluation sowie im Informationsaustausch. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse sollen in größeren Stichproben sowie mit verschiedenen Dokumentationssystemen weitergetestet werden. In einem weiteren Schritt könnte das UEPD zum Vergleich verschiedener elektronischer Dokumentationssysteme eingesetzt werden.
Executive Function and Ambiguous Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Key-DeLyria Sarah E. , Altmann Lori J. P. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
Sentence comprehension is a critical skill in today's literate society. Recent evidence suggests that processing and comprehending language taps cognitive as well as linguistic abilities, a finding that has critical import for clinicians who have clients with language disorders. To promote awareness of the impact of cognition, especially executive function (EF) and working memory (WM), this opinion article presents current views of how sentences are processed and links the various steps of the process to specific EF and WM subcomponents.

Method
The article focuses on ambiguous sentences, pointing out the similar types of processing needed when resolving an ambiguity and performing EF tasks.

Results
We discuss the potential overlap between the neurobiology of sentence processing and EF and the evidence supporting a link between EF and sentence processes.

Conclusion
Awareness of the potential role of EF and WM in sentence comprehension will help clinicians be more aware of potential cognitive-linguistic deficits in their clients. Future research will help to clarify the link between EF and sentence comprehension.
3.1 Heck Reactions
Authors: Andersson C. M. , Andersson M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe arylation of terminal alkenes bearing mesomerically electron-withdrawing groups is the archetypal palladium(0)-catalyzed Heck reaction, also known as the Mizoroki–Heck reaction. These substrates generally provide a very high regioselectivity, with both steric and electronic factors favoring arylation at the terminal position of the alkene. Additionally, diastereoselectivity is generally very high, and products with an E configuration are obtained exclusively in most cases. In the wake of the pioneering studies on this reaction in which stoichiometric amounts of palladium reagents were used, iodoarenes were introduced as arylating agents in a catalytic version of the reaction; these were later supplemented by bromo- and chloroarenes. Subsequently, many other arylating agents, such as pseudohalides, aroyl chlorides, and diazonium or iodonium salts, have been introduced as electrophiles in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction. Later advances include the development of oxidative Heck arylations catalyzed by palladium(II) species.This chapter aims to provide a general perspective on the applicability of this type of coupling chemistry, and to describe the depth and breadth of various aspects that have been researched and refined in making the Heck reaction of alkenes bearing electron-withdrawing groups a cornerstone of the art of C—C bond formation.
3.2 C—C Cross Coupling via Single C—H Activation
Authors: Kantak A. , DeBoef B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of biaryl C—C bonds via the arylation of the C—H bonds of either simple arenes or heteroarenes is a rapidly expanding field. In particular, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, and copper catalysts can be used to couple a C—H carbon of one arene with a carbon bearing a reactive moiety such as a halogen, pseudohalogen, borane, or silane. Due to the ubiquity of C—H bonds in organic molecules, it is tempting to assume that these reactions will be plagued by the formation of multiple regioisomers; however, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that specific C—H bonds can be functionalized. The regioselectivity is often governed by the substrate, catalyst, or reaction conditions. This chapter describes the current state of the art in this field and guides the reader in choosing the appropriate reaction conditions for forming biaryl C—C bonds via C—H arylation. Particular focus is placed on substrates containing directing groups to achieve regioselectivity and on heteroaromatic substrates.
3.2.3 Coupling via C(sp3)—H Activation under Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Kalyani D. , Desai L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter describes the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of palladium-catalyzed arylation, carbonylation, alkenylation, and alkylation of C(sp3)—H bonds. Recent accomplishments in the enantioselective construction of C(sp3)—C bonds via C(sp3)—H activation are also detailed. Additionally, the few reported examples of the strategic application of these powerful C(sp3)—C bond forming transformations toward complex molecule synthesis are presented.
2.3.3 Addition of Ammonia and Amines to C=C Bonds
Authors: Bartsch S. , Vogel A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAmmonia lyases and aminomutases catalyze the reversible, nonreductive, asymmetric amination of α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. They utilize ammonia and, to a lesser extent, substituted amines as substrates. The most common acceptors are fumarate and aromatic α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. Typical products are optically pure α-amino acids, but production of β-amino acids is also described. No cofactor recycling is required and, by using high concentrations of ammonia, conversion up to 100% can be reached with excellent enantioselectivity. Ammonia lyases comprise a very heterogeneous group of enzymes from plants and microbes, showing diverse substrate selectivities and reaction mechanisms. The most commonly used members are the aspartate and phenylalanine ammonia lyases.
2.3.4 Enzymatic Carbon—Carbon Bond-Forming Michael-Type Additions
Authors: Geertsema E. M. , Poelarends G. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of practical biocatalytic procedures for C—C bond-forming Michael(-type) additions suitable for organic synthesis purposes. Reported product yields, workup and isolation methods, stereoselectivity, and availability of the applied enzymes are assessed. All methodologies involve promiscuous enzyme activities, since natural enzyme-catalyzed C—C bond-forming Michael additions are extremely rare.
2.6.3 Epoxide Hydrolysis
Authors: Wohlgemuth R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the selective biocatalytic ring opening of epoxides by water, leading to vicinal diols or other reaction products. This strategy is also used by nature to prepare a range of important metabolites and natural products by epoxide hydrolase catalyzed ring-opening reactions. The hydrolysis of easily accessible racemic epoxides to enantiomerically pure epoxides or vicinal diols has become of increasing interest as a method for preparing a great variety of chiral intermediates for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds, agrochemicals, flavors and fragrances, and metabolites.
Estimating the Relationship between Food Prices and Food Consumption—Methods Matter
Authors: Cornelsen Laura , Mazzocchi Mario , Green Rosemary , Dangour Alan D. , Smith Richard D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConcerns about the growing prevalence of obesity worldwide have led researchers and policy makers to investigate the potential health impact of fiscal policies such as taxes on unhealthy foods. A common instrument used to measure the relationship between food prices and food consumption is the price elasticity of demand. Using meta‐regression analysis we assessed how differences in methodological approaches to estimating demand affected food price elasticities. Most methodological differences had a statistically significant impact on elasticity estimates, which stresses the importance of using meta‐estimates or testing the sensitivity of simulation outcomes to a range of elasticity parameters before drawing policy conclusions.
Active Spinal Orthosis to Reduce Lumbar Postural Muscle Activity in Flexed Postures
Authors: Johnson Daniel D. , Ashton-Miller James A. , Shih Albert J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This article describes a prototype actively powered lumbar spinal orthosis that can be programmed to permit a gradual increase in range of motion. The hypothesis was that wearing the brace would reduce trunk extensor muscle activity in a range of flexed postures. Feasibility tests were performed in acute experiments on a single healthy subject.

Methods
The subject was asked to assume a quasi-static trunk flexion posture of 5°, 10°, 15°, or 20° repeated in a pseudorandomized order, both with and without use of the prototype orthosis. Muscle activity was measured from medial and lateral bipolar surface electrodes located bilaterally at the L3 level. Data were filtered and scaled to percent maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC).

Results
The results show that, for the range of postures studied, wearing the brace reduced mean observed %MVC values in every posture in both muscle groups studied, up to a maximum reduction of 9%.

Discussion
These pilot results suggest that this powered lumbar spinal orthosis has the potential to reduce postural muscle activity over a range of trunk flexion.
Early Versus Late Cholecystectomy After Clearance of Common Bile Duct Stones by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: El Nakeeb Ayman , Ezzet Helmy , Askar Waleed , El Hanafy Ehab , Hamdy Emad , Atef Ehab , Youssef Mohamed , Talaat Hussein , Hamed Hosam , Abdallah Talaat 
Published: May 2016

Introduction:
The time interval between endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a matter of debate. This study was planned to compare early LC versus late LC.

Patients and Methods:
This is a prospective randomized study on patients who are presented with concomitant gallbladder and common bile duct stone. The study population was divided into two groups; group (A) managed by early LC within three days after ERCP; and group (B) managed by late LC one month after ERCP.

Results:
No significant difference between both groups as regards the conversion rate, the degree of adhesion, cystic duct diameter, and intraoperative common bile duct injury or bleeding. Recurrent biliary symptoms were significantly more in delayed LC group in 7 (12.71%) patient versus 1 patient in early LC (P=0.03).

Conclusions:
No significant difference between both groups as regards the conversion rate. Recurrent biliary symptoms were significantly more in delayed LC while waiting LC. Morbidity was significantly more in delayed LC.
High-throughput mapping of single neuron projections by sequencing of barcoded RNA
Authors: Kebschull Justus M , Garcia da Silva Pedro , Reid Ashlan P , Peikon Ian D , Albeanu Dinu F , Zador Anthony M 
Published: May 2016

SummaryNeurons transmit information to distant brain regions via long-range axonal projections. In the mouse, area-to-area connections have only been systematically mapped using bulk labeling techniques, which obscure the diverse projections of intermingled single neurons. Here we describe MAPseq (Multiplexed Analysis of Projections by Sequencing), a technique that can map the projections of thousands or even millions of single neurons by labeling large sets of neurons with random RNA sequences ("barcodes"). Axons are filled with barcode mRNA, each putative projection area isdissected, and the barcode mRNA is extracted and sequenced. Applying MAPseq to the locus coeruleus (LC), we find that individual LC neurons have preferred cortical targets. By recasting neuroanatomy, which is traditionallyviewed as a problem of microscopy, as a problem of sequencing, MAPseq harnesses advances in sequencing technology to permit high-throughput interrogation of brain circuits.