bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Health Research after Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOn October 6, 2015, in Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner, the European Court of Justice, the European Union's highest court, held that the fifteen‐year‐old Safe Harbor Framework Agreement with the United States was invalid. Under the agreement, about forty‐five hundred American companies each year self‐certified to the U.S. Department of Commerce that they were in compliance with the essential privacy protections of the European Union, and therefore it was permissible for entities in the European Union to send personal data to these American companies. According to the court, because some American companies were making the personal data of E.U. citizens available to U.S. government agencies, such as the National Security Agency (NSA), the fundamental privacy interests of E.U. citizens were not being protected. As a result of this court decision there has been considerable speculation about what, if any, effect the case has on international collaboration in health research, in particular, the sharing of personal data by E.U. researchers with their U.S. colleagues.
Structural and functional connectivity in healthy aging: Associations for cognition and motor behavior
Authors: Hirsiger Sarah , Koppelmans Vincent , Mérillat Susan , Liem Franziskus , Erdeniz Burak , Seidler Rachael D. , Jäncke Lutz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAge‐related behavioral declines may be the result of deterioration of white matter tracts, affecting brain structural (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) during resting state. To date, it is not clear if the combination of SC and FC data could better predict cognitive/motor performance than each measure separately. We probed these relationships in the cingulum bundle, a major white matter pathway of the default mode network. We aimed to attain deeper knowledge about: (a) the relationship between age and the cingulum's SC and FC strength, (b) the association between SC and FC, and particularly (c) how the cingulum's SC and FC are related to cognitive/motor performance separately and combined. We examined these associations in a healthy and well‐educated sample of 165 older participants (aged 64‐85). SC and FC were acquired using probabilistic tractography to derive measures to capture white matter integrity within the cingulum bundle (fractional anisotropy, mean, axial and radial diffusivity) and a seed‐based resting‐state functional MRI correlation approach, respectively. Participants performed cognitive tests measuring processing speed, memory and executive functions, and motor tests measuring motor speed and grip force. Our data revealed that only SC but not resting state FC was significantly associated with age. Further, the cingulum's SC and FC showed no relation. Different relationships between cognitive/motor performance and SC/FC separately were found, but no additive effect of the combined analysis of cingulum's SC and FC for predicting cognitive/motor performance was apparent. Hum Brain Mapp 37:855–867, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corrin Syntheses. Part III
Authors: Pesaro Mario , Elsinger Fritz , Boos Helmut , Felner‐Cabogy Ivo , Gribi Hanspeter , Wick Alexander , Gschwend Heinz , Eschenmoser Albert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSince our work on corrin synthesis was intended to be a model study for the construction of the ligand system of vitamin B12 (cf. Part I of this series), the choice of an A/D component that would contain an angular Me group at the junction between rings A and D seemed crucial. Such a Me group was expected to direct (through its steric impact) a regioselective functionalization of the two carbonyl groups of a corresponding dilactam structure that appeared to be the obvious type of intermediate in the construction of an A/D component. The target A/D structure envisaged originally was the methyl ester derivative 1a (cf. Fig. 1). However, observations in an early phase of our work made it clear that we better aim at the nitrile derivative 1b, instead of the corresponding methyl ester. Nitrile 1b was in fact synthesized, but not used as A/D component, because, on the way to its synthesis, the opportunity emerged to prepare structure 2. As A/D component, 2 differs from 1b by the isomeric positioning of the angular Me group, it could be prepared regio‐ as well as stereoselectively and, therefore, much more efficiently than 1b.
Corrin Syntheses. Part VI
Authors: Yamada Yasuji , Wehrli Pius , Miljkovic Dusan , Wild Hans‐Jakob , Bühler Niklaus , Götschi Erwin , Golding Bernard , Löliger Peter , Gleason John , Pace Brian , Ellis Larry , Hunkeler Walter , Schneider Peter , Fuhrer Walter , Nordmann René , Srinivasachar Kasturi , Keese Reinhart , Müller Klaus , Neier Reinhard , Eschenmoser Albert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs already extensively discussed inPart Iof this series, the ‘climax’ of the studies at the ETH on the synthesis of corrins was reached with the conception and experimental realization of the corrin synthesisviaa final ring closure between ringsAandDby the photochemicalA/D‐secocorrin→corrin cycloisomerization. As it was the case for the ‘old corrin synthesis’, described inPart IVof this series [4], the ‘new synthesis’ was first explored in a model system, before it became the antetype of the photochemical variant of the synthesis of vitamin B12.
The conceptualisation of forgiveness among Turkish children and adolescents
Authors: Taysi Ebru , Orcan Fatih 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study examined (a) how Turkish children and adolescents define forgiveness, (b) the association between self‐reported forgiveness and the concepts participants hold and (c) the association between self‐reported forgiveness and age. Three hundred and sixty‐seven Turkish children in primary (N = 220) and secondary schools (N = 147) were involved in the study. Participants were asked to define forgiveness, and the study used the Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI‐C). Participants' conceptions of forgiveness were categorised into four groups: conditional forgiveness, reconciliation, ignoring the hurtful event and affective reactions. Half of all the participants in the study were found to be in the conditional forgiveness category. Turkish children were found to be mostly in the category of conditional forgiveness, reconciliation and affective reactions compared with adolescents. Adolescents were mainly found to be in the ignoring the hurtful event category. The highest self‐reported forgiveness mean was in the affective reactions category. Participants were commonly offended by friends, siblings, teachers and fathers. No correlation was found between self‐reported forgiveness and age. The present results expand the literature of forgiveness by presenting evidence that Turkish children's and adolescents' understanding of forgiveness moderately relates to theoretical definitions.
Discrimination of Fluoroamphetamine Regioisomers by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Yung‐Fou , Liu Ju‐Tsung , Pan Dong‐Shyogn 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe ability of a portable Raman spectrometer to perform on‐site and real time discrimination of fluoroamphetamine regioisomers demonstrated in this study. It suggests the presence and the position shifts of Star of David ring breathing vibration around 1000 cm−1 and CF stretching vibrations are assigned at 1232 cm−1 (2‐FA), 1241 cm−1 (3‐FA) and 1217 cm−1 (4‐FA) are good indicators to differentiate ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐FAs, whereas the CF vibrational shifts can help to confirm the determination.
Optic nerve sheath fenestration using a Raman‐shifted alexandrite laser
Authors: Kozub John , Shen Jin H. , Joos Karen M. , Prasad Ratna , Hutson M. Shane 
Published: December 2015

Background and ObjectiveOptic nerve sheath fenestration is an established procedure for relief of potentially damaging overpressure on the optic nerve resulting from idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Prior work showed that a mid‐IR free‐electron laser could be delivered endoscopically and used to produce an effective fenestration. This study evaluates the efficacy of fenestration using a table‐top mid‐IR source based on a Raman‐shifted alexandrite (RSA) laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsPorcine optic nerves were ablated using light from an RSA laser at wavelengths of 6.09, 6.27, and 6.43 μm and pulse energies up to 3 mJ using both free‐space and endoscopic beam delivery through 250‐μm I.D. hollow‐glass waveguides. Waveguide transmission was characterized, ablation thresholds and etch rates were measured, and the efficacy of endoscopic fenestration was evaluated for ex vivo exposures using both optical coherence tomography and histological analysis.ResultsUsing endoscopic delivery, the RSA laser can effectively fenestrate porcine optic nerves. Performance was optimized at a wavelength of 6.09 μm and delivered pulse energies of 0.5–0.8 mJ (requiring 1.5–2.5 mJ to be incident on the waveguide). Under these conditions, the ablation threshold fluence was 0.8 ± 0.2 J/cm2, the ablation rate was 1–4 μm/pulse, and the margins of ablation craters showed little evidence of thermal or mechanical damage. Nonetheless, nominally identical exposures yielded highly variable ablation rates. This led to fenestrations that ranged from too deep to too shallow—either damaging the underlying optic nerve or requiring additional exposure to cut fully through the sheath. Of 48 excised nerves subjected to fenestration at 6.09 μm, 16 ex vivo fenestrations were judged as good, 23 as too deep, and 9 as too shallow.ConclusionsMid‐IR pulses from the RSA laser, propagated through a flexible hollow waveguide, are capable of cutting through porcine optic nerve sheaths in surgically relevant times with reasonable accuracy and low collateral damage. This can be accomplished at wavelengths of 6.09 or 6.27 μm, with 6.09 μm slightly preferred. The depth of ex vivo fenestrations was difficult to control, but excised nerves lack a sufficient layer of cerebrospinal fluid that would provide an additional margin of safety in actual patients. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:270–280, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticle‐Triplet Emitter Hybrids in Aqueous Dispersion: Fabrication and Fluorescence Quenching Behavior
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sujoy , Métivier Rémi , Pallavi Pragyan , Preis Eduard , Nakatani Keitaro , Landfester Katharina , Patra Abhijit , Scherf Ullrich 
Published: December 2015

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles based on poly[9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)fluorene] and poly[N‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐N,N‐diphenylamine)‐4,4′‐diyl] are fabricated using anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulphate in water by miniemulsion technique. Average diameters of polyfluorene and polytriarylamine nanoparticles range from 70 to 100 and 100 to 140 nm, respectively. The surface of the nanoparticles is decorated with triplet emitting dye, tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride. Intriguing photophysics of aqueous dispersions of these hybrid nanoparticles is investigated. Nearly 50% quenching of fluorescence is observed in the case of dye‐coated polyfluorene nanoparticles; excitation energy transfer is found to be the dominant quenching mechanism. On the other hand, nearly complete quenching of emission is noticed in polytriarylamine nanoparticle‐dye hybrids. It is proposed that the excited state electron transfer from the electron‐rich polytriarylamine donor polymer to Ru complex leads to the complete quenching of emission of polytriarylamine nanoparticles. The current study offers promising avenues for developing aqueous solution processed‐electroluminescent devices involving a conjugated polymer nanoparticle host and Ru or Ir‐based triplet emitting dye as the guest.
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Associations and Implications of Low Health Literacy in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Fleisher Jori E. , Shah Krunal , Fitts Whitney , Dahodwala Nabila A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundLow health literacy (HL) indicates a limited ability to understand and use basic information to make appropriate health care decisions. Whereas low HL is associated with higher morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in multiple chronic conditions, little is known about HL and its associations in Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of nondemented adults with PD participating in the National Parkinson Foundation Parkinson's Outcomes Project at the University of Pennsylvania. Subjects were administered two brief HL assessments—the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine‐Short Form (REALM‐SF), a word‐recognition test, and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS), a test of literacy, numeracy, and understanding of health information—as well as demographic and clinical questionnaires. Adverse outcomes included falls in the 3 months preceding the study visit and hospital admissions, emergency room visits, infections, or injuries in the preceding year. Caregiver burden was measured using the Multidimensional Caregiver Strain Index.ResultsA total of 168 subjects completed both HL screens (mean, 65.8 years; 65.5% male; 65.2% H & Y stage 2). Using the REALM‐SF, 97.6% of subjects had adequate HL. Using the NVS, however, 29.8% had low HL, which was associated with older age, lower education, male sex, greater disease severity, and poorer cognition. Low HL was associated with hospital admission and increased caregiver burden.ConclusionsLow HL is common and associated with greater caregiver burden and a higher likelihood of hospitalization in patients with PD. Because HL is associated with both disease severity and adverse outcomes, it may be an important, modifiable contributor to morbidity.
Dystonia in Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2
Authors: Markovic Vladana , Dragasevic‐Miskovic Natasa T. , Stankovic Iva , Petrovic Igor , Svetel Marina , Kostić Vladimir S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDystonia has been described in various genetically proven spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), most often in SCA3, SCA17, and SCA2 patients. In this report, we describe different types of dystonia observed in 5 of our 11 SCA2 patients. All our patients had cranial and/or cervical dystonia with focal or segmental distribution. Except for 1 case with isolated cervical dystonia, all other patients had lower cranial affection of variable severity. Although it is difficult to describe ataxia‐dystonia syndrome that would be highly characteristic for SCA2, we suggest that occurrence of dystonia in a patient with slowly evolving cerebellar disease should, besides SCA3 and SCA17, also suggest SCA2 testing. In patients with lower cranial dystonia, especially jaw and tongue dystonia, SCA2 should be considered during the diagnostic workup.
A particle‐based moving interface method (PMIM) for modeling the large deformation of boundaries in soft matter systems
Authors: Foucard Louis , Vernerey Franck J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe mechanics of the interaction between a fluid and a soft interface undergoing large deformations appear in many places, such as in biological systems or industrial processes. We present an Eulerian approach that describes the mechanics of an interface and its interactions with a surrounding fluid via the so‐called Navier boundary condition. The interface is modeled as a curvilinear surface with arbitrary mechanical properties across which discontinuities in pressure and tangential fluid velocity can be accounted for using a modified version of the extended finite element method. The coupling between the interface and the fluid is enforced through the use of Lagrange multipliers. The tracking and evolution of the interface are then handled in a Lagrangian step with the grid‐based particle method. We show that this method is ideal to describe large membrane deformations and Navier boundary conditions on the interface with velocity/pressure discontinuities. The validity of the model is assessed by evaluating the numerical convergence for a axisymmetrical flow past a spherical capsule with various surface properties. We show the effect of slip length on the shear flow past a two‐dimensional capsule and simulate the compression of an elastic membrane lying on a viscous fluid substrate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molards and Their Relation to Landslides Involving Permafrost Failure
Authors: Milana Juan Pablo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMolards are conical‐shaped, often symmetrical debris mounds with a distinctive radial grain size gradation, which were first named in the Alps over 100 years ago. Historically, these landforms did not receive much academic attention as they were rarely observed. Today, six different genetic hypotheses can be applied to molards, and the most recent has suggested a link to permafrost failure. The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that molards result from the failure of permafrost‐bearing ground and subsequent thawing of the frozen debris boulders. This hypothesis is tested by: (1) reviewing the known global distribution of molard‐bearing mass movements with respect to permafrost distribution; (2) investigating a landslide in the Andes of Argentina that unequivocally relates to permafrost failure; (3) describing and interpreting the external and internal structure of molards, applying sedimentary transport concepts; and (4) reproducing molards by laboratory simulation. The results show that, with few exceptions, molards are produced by melt‐out of ground ice in permafrost blocks. In particular, a permafrost source of the mass flow is more certain for landslide deposits that are densely populated by molards. This study serves to reappraise the presence of molards as they could be used to track ground ice loss and potential permafrost degradation in mountainous areas and hence climate change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and Analysis of Spindle with Active Magnetic Bearings for High-Speed Milling Process
Authors: Barkallah M. , Bouaziz A. , Bouaziz S. , Choley J.-Y. , Haddar M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe high speed milling represents the most important process to produce parts in different fields such as aeronautics, automotive and mould. It allows obtaining parts with complex form and with the best surface quality. So, it remains essential to understand the impact of both the cutting force model and its parameters on the tool tip response. Consequently, the mastering of chatter vibration in milling and surface properties of the work piece is essential. In this paper, the simulation of machining is applied to determine the cutting forces distribution. A spindle system modeling is presented using a new approach: Both rigid and flexible modes of the spindle's shaft are taken into account. The shaft is discretized with the Timoshenko beam finite elements with different circular sections. Nonlinear electromagnetic loads exerted by AMBs are computed in terms of the nominal air gap between bearings and spindle, the control current and the displacement of each node. A parametric study is performed to determine the influence of some parameters, such as the feed rate, the tangential cutting coefficient, the spindle speed and the axial depth of the cut on the cutting forces and the chatter vibrations in milling.
Explication de texte: “Adventures of Menakhem-Mendl,” Sholem Aleichem in Moscow, Oxford, and Toronto
Authors: Shternshis Anna 
Published: December 2015

How does one teach a nineteenth-century Yiddish novel to twenty-first-century Canadian undergraduates? Can Jewish literature be of interest to nonheritage learners? The piece analyzes strategies of teaching of Letters of Menakhem Mendl written by the Ukrainian Yiddish writer Sholem Aleichem at the end of the nineteenth century. The trajectory of teaching the novel in the context of Jewish studies to the context of diaspora studies provides unexpected insight into the meaning of this text.
The Graz Malnutrition Screening (GMS): a new hospital screening tool for malnutrition
Authors: Roller Regina E. , Eglseer Doris , Eisenberger Anna , Wirnsberger Gerhard H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDespite the significant impact of malnutrition in hospitalised patients, it is often not identified by clinical staff in daily practice. To improve nutritional support in hospitals, standardised routine nutritional screening is essential. The Graz Malnutrition Screening (GMS) tool was developed for the purpose of malnutrition risk screening in a large hospital setting involving different departments. It was the aim of the present study to validate the GMS against Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) and Mini Nutritional Assessment-short form (MNA-sf) in a randomised blinded manner. A total of 404 randomly selected patients admitted to the internal, surgical and orthopaedic wards of the University Hospital Graz were screened in a blinded manner by different raters. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the GMS with the NRS and in older patients (70+ years) with the MNA-sf additionally. According to GMS, 31·9 or 28·5 % of the admitted patients were categorised as at ‘risk of malnutrition’ (depending on the rater). According to the reference standard of NRS, 24·5 % of the patients suffered from malnutrition. Pearson’srvalues of 0·78 compared with the NRS and 0·84 compared with the MNA showed strong positive correlations. Results of accuracy (0·85), sensitivity (0·94), specificity (0·77), positive predictive value (0·76) and negative predictive value (0·95) of GMS were also very high. Cohen’sκfor internal consistency of the GMS was 0·82. GMS proves to be a valid and reliable instrument for the detection of malnutrition in adult patients in acute-care hospitals.
A State Polytope Decomposition Formula
Authors: Hyeon Donghoon , Kim Jaekwang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe give a decomposition formula for computing the state polytope of a reducible variety in terms of the state polytopes of its components: if a polarized projective variety X is a chain of subvarieties Xi satisfying some further conditions, then the state polytope of X is the Minkowski sum of the state polytopes of Xi translated by a vector τ, which can be readily computed from the ideal of Xi. The decomposition is in the strongest sense in that the vertices of the state polytope of X are precisely the sum of vertices of the state polytopes of Xi translated by τ. We also give a similar decomposition formula for the Hilbert–Mumford index of the Hilbert points of X. We give a few examples of the state polytope and the Hilbert–Mumford index computation of reducible curves, which are interesting in the context of the log minimal model program for the moduli space of stable curves.
Euler–Lagrange as Pseudo-metric of the RRT algorithm for optimal-time trajectory of flight simulation model in high-density obstacle environment
Authors: Altaher Mohammad , Nomir Omaima 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYThis paper introduces a solution to the problem of steering an aerodynamical system, with non-holonomic constraints superimposed on dynamic equations of motion. The proposed approach is a dimensionality reduction of the Optimal Control Problem (OCP) with heavy path constraints to be solved by Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm. In this research, we formulated and solved the OCP with Euler–Lagrange formula in order to find the optimal-time trajectory. The RRT constructs a non-collision path in static, high-dense obstacle environment (i.e. heavy path constraint). Based on a real-world aircraft model, our simulation results found the collision-free path and gave improvements of time and fuel consumption of the optimized Hamiltonian-based model over the original non-optimized model.