bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use and misuse of bibliometric indices in evaluating scholarly performance
Authors: Browman Howard I. 
Published: November 2015

See a video of the presentation.Quantifying the relative performance of individual scholars, groups of scholars, departments, institutions, provinces/states/regions and countries has become an integral part of decision-making over research policy, funding allocations, awarding of grants, faculty hirings, and claims for promotion and tenure. Bibliometric indices (based mainly upon citation counts), such as the h-index and the journal impact factor (JIF), are heavily relied upon in such assessments. There is a growing consensus, and a deep concern, that these indices - moreand-more often used as a replacement for the informed judgment of peers - are misunderstood and are, therefore, often misinterpreted and misused. Although much has been written about the JIF, some combination of its biases and limitations will be true of any citation-based metric. While it is not my contention that bibliometric indices have no value, they should not be applied as performance metrics without a thorough and insightful understanding of their (few?) strengths and (many?) weaknesses. I will present a range of analyses in support of this conclusion. Alternative approaches, tools and metrics, that will hopefully lead to a more balanced role for these instruments, will also be presented.
Ionospheric response to tidal waves measured by dynasonde techniques
Authors: Negrea Cătălin , Zabotin Nikolay , Bullett Terence , Codrescu Mihail , Fuller‐Rowell Tim 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAtmospheric tides are known to have a dramatic influence on thermospheric and ionospheric structure and variability. Considerable effort goes into understanding characteristics of tidal modes, their interactions with planetary and gravity waves and other tidal modes, as well as their influence on the background state of the thermosphere‐ionosphere system. For the altitude interval between roughly 120 and 400 km, this effort is somewhat hindered by the lack of global observations. We propose a new method of determining tidal variability by making use of dynasonde measurements. The NeXtYZ inversion procedure produces altitude profiles of the ionospheric parameters with a vertical resolution typically better than 1 km. This, together with the typical 2 min cadence of the instrument, results in extensive data sets with wide temporal and altitude coverage. At any given altitude we have nonuniform sampling due to the natural ionospheric variability. A Lomb‐Scargle implementation is used to obtain equivalent results at all altitudes and locations. We report height profiles of the first three tidal harmonics derived from dynasonde measurements. The data analyzed include the vertical electron density profiles, the ionospheric X (east‐west) “tilt” measurement, and the derived zonal plasma density gradient. Both the tilt and the gradient are shown to be sensitive tracers of atmospheric waves. We use data from Wallops Island and San Juan, for two time intervals: 6 May‐ 6 June and 9 October‐ 8 November 2013, thus capturing seasonal, latitudinal, and altitude variations of tidal amplitude and phase. This proves the potential of using dynasonde‐capable instruments as a data source for tidal studies in the thermosphere.
GPS as a solar observational instrument: Real‐time estimation of EUV photons flux rate during strong, medium, and weak solar flares
Authors: Singh Talwinder , Hernandez‐Pajares Manuel , Monte Enric , Garcia‐Rigo Alberto , Olivares‐Pulido Germán 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this manuscript, the authors show how the Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS (exemplified in the Global Positioning System, GPS), can be efficiently used for a very different purpose from that for which it was designed as an accurate Solar observational tool, already operational from the open global GPS measurements available in real‐time, and with some advantages regarding dedicated instruments onboard spacecraft. The very high correlation of the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photon flux rate in the 26–34 mm spectral band, obtained from the solar EUV monitor instrument onboard the SOHO spacecraft during Solar flares, is shown with the GNSS solar flare activity indicator (GSFLAI). The GSFLAI is defined as the gradient of the ionospheric vertical total electron content rate versus the cosine of the Solar zenith angle in the day hemisphere (which filters out nonsolar over ionization), and it is measured from data collected by a global network of dual frequency GPS receivers (giving in this way continuous coverage). GSFLAI for 60 X class flares, 320 M class flares, and 300 C class flares, occurred since 2001, were directly compared with the EUV solar flux rate data to show existing correlations. It was found that the GSFLAI and EUV flux rate present the same linear relationship for all classes of flares, not only the strong and medium intensity ones, X and M class, as in previous works, but also for the weakest C class solar flares, which is a remarkable result.
Evidence of scale height variations in the Martian ionosphere over the solar cycle
Authors: Sánchez‐Cano B. , Lester M. , Witasse O. , Milan S. E. , Hall B. E. S. , Blelly P.‐L. , Radicella S. M. , Morgan D. D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSolar cycle variations in solar radiation create density changes in any planetary ionosphere, which are well established in the Earth's case. At Mars, however, the ionospheric response to such changes is not well understood. We show the solar cycle impact on the topside ionosphere of Mars, using data from the Mars Advance Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) on board Mars Express. Topside ionospheric variability during the solar cycle is analyzed through neutral scale height behavior. For moderate and high solar activity phases, the topside electron density profile is reproduced with an altitude‐variable scale height. However, for the period of extremely low solar activity in 2008 and 2009, the topside was smaller in density than in the other phases of the solar cycle, and there is evidence that it could be reproduced with either a constant scale height or a height‐variable scale height with lower electron density. Moreover, the ionosphere during this time did not show any apparent dependence on the EUV flux. This singular behavior during low solar activity may respond to the presence of an induced magnetic field which can penetrate to lower ionospheric altitudes than in other phases of the solar cycle due to the reduced thermal pressure. Numerical simulations of possible scenarios for two different solar cycle phases indicate that this hypothesis is consistent with the observations.
Changes in atmospheric composition during the 2014 APEC conference in Beijing
Authors: Wang Zhanshan , Li Yunting , Chen Tian , Li Lingjun , Liu Baoxian , Zhang Dawei , Sun Feng , Wei Qiang , Jiang Lei , Pan Libo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFive sites were selected to investigate the impact of regional‐scale air pollutant control strategies during the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference (1–12 November 2014) in and around Beijing. Concentrations of most of the air pollutants in the APEC period were significantly lower than those in the adjacent time period, especially when the enhanced reduction measures were implemented. Compared with the same time period in the previous 5 years (PM2.5 was compared with the last year), average concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 in the five sites during the APEC period decreased by 62%, 41%, 36%, and 47% respectively, whereas average concentration of O3 increased by 102%. A possible cause of the increase of O3 concentrations is the stricter reduction measure on NOx compared to that applied to volatile organic compounds. Compared with the non‐APEC period in autumn 2014, concentrations of most of the chemical compositions of PM2.5 decreased significantly in the APEC period, especially SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium). The aerosol optical depth and the columnar NO2 in the area of 39.5°–40.5°N, 116°–117°E showed a changing pattern similar to the typical gas pattern. The net effectiveness of the emission reduction measures was calculated through a comparison of concentrations of air pollutants under similar meteorological conditions. Through the reduction measures imposed during the APEC period, concentrations of CO, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 decreased by 54%, 74%, 64%, 48%, 67%, and 65%, respectively, whereas concentrations of O3 increased by 189%.
Seasonality and interannual variability of CH4 fluxes from the eastern Amazon Basin inferred from atmospheric mole fraction profiles
Authors: Basso Luana S. , Gatti Luciana V. , Gloor Manuel , Miller John B. , Domingues Lucas G. , Correia Caio S. C. , Borges Viviane F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Amazon Basin is an important region for global CH4 emissions. It hosts the largest area of humid tropical forests, and around 20% of this area is seasonally flooded. In a warming climate it is possible that CH4 emissions from the Amazon will increase both as a result of increased temperatures and precipitation. To examine if there are indications of first signs of such changes we present here a 13 year (2000–2013) record of regularly measured vertical CH4 mole fraction profiles above the eastern Brazilian Amazon, sensitive to fluxes from the region upwind of Santarém (SAN), between SAN and the Atlantic coast. Using a simple mass balance approach, we find substantial CH4 emissions with an annual average flux of 52.8 ± 6.8 mg CH4 m−2 d−1 over an area of approximately 1 × 106 km2. Fluxes are highest in two periods of the year: in the beginning of the wet season and during the dry season. Using a CO:CH4 emission factor estimated from the profile data, we estimated a contribution of biomass burning of around 15% to the total flux in the dry season, indicating that biogenic emissions dominate the CH4 flux. This 13 year record shows that CH4 emissions upwind of SAN varied over the years, with highest emissions in 2008 (around 25% higher than in 2007), mainly during the wet season, representing 19% of the observed global increase in this year.
Validation of the global distribution of CO2 volume mixing ratio in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from SABER
Authors: Rezac L. , Jian Y. , Yue J. , Russell J. M. , Kutepov A. , Garcia R. , Walker K. , Bernath P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite has been measuring the limb radiance in 10 broadband infrared channels over the altitude range from ~ 400 km to the Earth's surface since 2002. The kinetic temperatures and CO2 volume mixing ratios (VMRs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have been simultaneously retrieved using SABER limb radiances at 15 and 4.3 µm under nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non‐LTE) conditions. This paper presents results of a validation study of the SABER CO2 VMRs obtained with a two‐channel, self‐consistent temperature/CO2 retrieval algorithm. Results are based on comparisons with coincident CO2 measurements made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) and simulations using the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD‐WACCM). The SABER CO2 VMRs are in agreement with ACE‐FTS observations within reported systematic uncertainties from 65 to 110 km. The annual average SABER CO2 VMR falls off from a well‐mixed value above ~80 km. Latitudinal and seasonal variations of CO2 VMRs are substantial. SABER observations and the SD‐WACCM simulations are in overall agreement for CO2 seasonal variations, as well as global distributions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Not surprisingly, the CO2 seasonal variation is shown to be driven by the general circulation, converging in the summer polar mesopause region and diverging in the winter polar mesopause region.
Modeling the Arctic freshwater system and its integration in the global system: Lessons learned and future challenges
Authors: Lique Camille , Holland Marika M. , Dibike Yonas B. , Lawrence David M. , Screen James A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNumerous components of the Arctic freshwater system (atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and terrestrial hydrology) have experienced large changes over the past few decades, and these changes are projected to amplify further in the future. Observations are particularly sparse, in both time and space, in the polar regions. Hence, modeling systems have been widely used and are a powerful tool to gain understanding on the functioning of the Arctic freshwater system and its integration within the global Earth system and climate. Here we present a review of modeling studies addressing some aspect of the Arctic freshwater system. Through illustrative examples, we point out the value of using a hierarchy of models with increasing complexity and component interactions, in order to dismantle the important processes at play for the variability and changes of the different components of the Arctic freshwater system and the interplay between them. We discuss past and projected changes for the Arctic freshwater system and explore the sources of uncertainty associated with these model results. We further elaborate on some missing processes that should be included in future generations of Earth system models and highlight the importance of better quantification and understanding of natural variability, among other factors, for improved predictions of Arctic freshwater system change.
Is the Teisseyre‐Tornquist Zone an ancient plate boundary of Baltica?
Authors: Mazur Stanislaw , Mikolajczak Mateusz , Krzywiec Piotr , Malinowski Michal , Buffenmyer Vinton , Lewandowski Marek 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Teisseyre‐Tornquist Zone (TTZ) is generally regarded as a fossil plate boundary in Europe that extends 2000 km from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. We used an integrated approach merging potential fields and seismic data to explore crustal architecture across the TTZ in central Poland. The aim of the study was to test whether the TTZ coincides with an early Paleozoic (Caledonian) suture formed through the closure of the Tornquist Ocean along the SW Baltica margin. The suture is presumed to separate the East European Craton (EEC) from the Paleozoic terranes of Western Europe. Two seismic reflection lines from the PolandSPAN™ experiment were used to image the deep structure at the SW margin of the EEC. Lines PL‐5300 and PL‐5400 run NE‐SW in central and northern Poland, respectively. The seismic interpretation down to top of basement was integrated with 2‐D gravity and magnetic modeling to highlight the structure of the deep crust. Both the gravity and magnetic models show a suture that welds together two blocks at the base of crust. However, top of basement above the suture dips uniformly to the SW and is overlain by undisturbed lower Paleozoic and younger sediments. By implication, the suture must have developed in the Precambrian and both crustal blocks amalgamated belong to the EEC. Consequently, the Caledonian suture, formed by the closure of the Tornquist Ocean between Avalonia and Baltica, must be located farther southwest beneath thick upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments.
Modeling of Retention in Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography
Authors: García‐Alvarez‐Coque Maria C. , Ramis‐Ramos Guillermo , Torres‐Lapasió José R. , Ortiz‐Bolsico C. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Interpretive optimization strategies in liquid chromatography are based on the accurate description (modeling) of the chromatographic behavior. The first step in these strategies consists of gathering information about the compounds in the sample, usually attending only to retention and covering reasonably wide regions of the factors involved. For each solute, a relationship that describes the retention is obtained as a function of the experimental factors. This function will allow the prediction of isocratic or gradient retention times for a given solute under different conditions. This chapter presents an overview of retention modeling in reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The most widely used models for stationary‐phase characterization are outlined. The chapter also talks about isocratic elution, dead time estimation, the influence of temperature on retention, prediction in retention, gradient elution, computer‐assisted interpretive optimization, and the hydrophobic subtractive model.
Chemometrics in Data Analysis and Liquid Chromatographic Method Development
Authors: Jančić‐Stojanović Biljana , Rakić Tijana 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

This chapter talks about the two important fields of chemometrics used to resolve chromatographic problems. The first part of the chapter presents the techniques for managing the large number of data obtained from chromatographic analysis. The second part overviews the chemometric applications in liquid chromatography (LC) method development. The advantages of chemometric approaches over the traditionally applied trial and error approaches is observed through the full control gained by the analyst over all important quality characteristics. The most significant problems that appear in chromatographic analysis are baseline and noise, retention time shift, incomplete separation, and data overloading. All these problems can be solved during preprocessing using chemometrics. The chapter gives special attention given to the application of chemometrics in the development of LC methods in accordance with modern QbD principles explaining in detail the systematic approach to the creation of highly reliable chromatographic methods.
Micellar Liquid Chromatography: Fundamentals
Authors: García‐Alvarez‐Coque Maria C. , Ruiz‐Angel Maria J. , Carda‐Broch Samuel 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

The reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mode with surfactant above the critical micellar concentration (CMC) has been called micellar liquid chromatography (MLC). In pure micellar systems, the retention behavior is explained by considering three phases or environments: surfactant‐modified stationary phase, bulk aqueous solvent, and micellar pseudo‐phase. Surfactant adsorption on the porous RPLC packing affects chromatographic retention, owing to the change of diverse surface properties of the stationary phase. In pure micellar systems, the retention behavior is explained by considering three phases or environments: surfactant‐modified stationary phase, bulk aqueous solvent, and micellar pseudo‐phase. In pure micellar mobile phases, water‐insoluble nonpolar solutes or species strongly bound to surfactant monomers do not participate significantly in the aqueous environment of the three‐phase partitioning scheme. Some of the solutions proposed along the years to overcome these limitations have favored the potential of the technique, but they have not resulted in an extensive use.
Micellar Liquid Chromatography: Method Development and Applications
Authors: García‐Alvarez‐Coque Maria C. , Ruiz‐Angel Maria J. , Carda‐Broch Samuel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAfter more than three decades of experience, micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) seems to be an alternative to conventional reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with hydro‐organic mobile phases, with increasing interest in “green” chemistry. MostMLCprocedures use hybrid micellar mobile phases containing a surfactant (frequently sodium dodecyl sulfate) above the critical micellar concentration and a relatively small amount of organic solvent to increase the elution strength and improve the efficiencies. Practical indications a chromatographer should consider inMLCwhen developing an analytical procedure, related to the mobile‐phase preparation and the cautions with the stationary phase, are discussed. The retention models to be considered for optimizing the best experimental conditions, taking the concentrations of surfactant and organic solvent and the pH as factors, and the diverse detection modes that have been used inMLCare described. The direct injection capability ofMLCafter simple filtration is highlighted. A compilation of analytical methods inMLCis given, mainly related to the determination of drugs in formulations and physiological fluids, oriented to follow the parent drug and/or its metabolites.
Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Pfaunmiller Erika L. , Bas Jesbaniris , Brooks Marissa , Milanuk Mitchell , Rodriguez Elliott , Vargas John , Matsuda Ryan , Hage David S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAffinity chromatography is a form of liquid chromatography that uses a biologically‐related binding agent as the stationary phase. This separation method can be highly selective, making it valuable for the purification, pretreatment, or analysis of many biologically relevant molecules. This chapter discusses the basic principles of affinity chromatography and the factors that need to be considered in the development or use of this technique. Several possible binding agents that can be employed in this method will be examined, including biological ligands such as antibodies, lectins, and nucleic acids, as well as nonbiological ligands such as boronic acids, metal ion chelates, and biomimetic dyes. The types of support materials and immobilization methods that can be utilized in this method are described, along with the application and elution conditions that are commonly used in affinity chromatography. A summary of the applications for this method are provided, including its use in biomolecule purification, sample pretreatment, chemical analysis, and studies of biological interactions. Recent developments and future directions for this area are also described.
New Essential Events in Modern Applications of Inverse Gas Chromatography
Authors: Voelkel Adam , Grajek Henryk , Strzemiecka Beata , Adamska Katarzyna 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) may be realized in two modes: at finite concentration of test solutes, FC‐IGC, or in the region of infinitive dilution ID‐IGC. The properties of solid materials in IGC are expressed by several parameters describing its ability for the dispersive and specific acid‐base interactions. In the design process and in the obtaining of complex systems such as mixtures and formulations consisting of various components, it is important to know their characteristics, expressed by the physicochemical parameters. One of the potential solutions is to determine the cohesion energy components or, more specifically, the solubility parameter. A proper description of the elution peak profile has an impact on the precise determination of the time of the end of the analyte elution from an adsorbent bed in a column or from a layer of the stationary phase deposited on an inert support or on a column wall.
Trends in
CE
‐
MS
and Applications
Authors: Tycova Anna , Foret Frantisek 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (
CE
‐
ESI
‐
MS
) is becoming a very powerful tool utilized not only in academic research but also in industrial applications. This overview covers mainly the research published in the past decade and is divided into two main parts. Since the crucial parameter of the
CE
‐
MS
is the interface design, the first part of this chapter covers the instrumentation developments. The second part covers selected applications of the
CE
‐
ESI
‐
MS
in the field of proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics.