bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiocarbon Dating of Leaf Waxes in the Loess-Paleosol Sequence Kurtak, Central Siberia
Authors: Haas Mischa , Bliedtner Marcel , Borodynkin Igor , Salazar Gary , Szidat Sönke , Eglinton Timothy Ian , Zech Roland 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLoess-paleosol sequences (LPS) are valuable archives for Quaternary climate and environmental changes. So far, LPS are generally dated using luminescence, with ~10% uncertainties, or radiocarbon (14C) analyses in the rare cases that charcoal or macrofossils are available. For this study, we determined 14C ages of leaf waxes (long-chain n-alkanes) extracted from the LPS Kurtak in central Siberia. 14C ages range from 16.7 to 22.9 ka cal BP for the last glacial loess and from 24.5 to 35.3 ka cal BP for the paleosol correlated with marine isotope stage (MIS) 3. Overall, this is in good agreement with independent age control based on stratigraphy, infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating, and 14C dating on charcoal and macrofossils. However, strong cryoturbation and solifluction seem to have affected the MIS 3 paleosol early during MIS 2. Our results corroborate the stratigraphic integrity of leaf waxes, and highlight their potential for dating LPS back to ~35–40 ka BP. Compared to compound-specific 14C analyses, which are very time-consuming and require specialized instrumentation (gas chromatograph with fraction collector), 14C dating of leaf waxes as a whole compound class is relatively quick and straightforward and warrants further investigation as a chronological tool.
Stress Optical Experiments
Authors: Low A. R. 
Published: February 2017

Sir David Brewster in 1816 discovered that an isotropic transparent solid, such as glass, behaves as a temporary crystal under stress, and when examined in the polariscope between crossed Nicols exhibits the characteristic colours of crystalline plates.Since Brewster's day this property has been studied by a number of observers. Clerk Maxwell showed that isinglass jelly would show the colours under stress when in its soft state, and retained them, more or less permanently, when allowed to harden under strain. To him is due the first attempt to apply this effect to the exploration of the stress system in the plane of a strained plate; experimental investigations of this nature were afterwards carried out by Carus Wilson, by Major Filon, and by Prof. E. G. Coker, F.R.S.Neither glass, however, nor isinglass jelly forms a suitable material for the investigation by this means of stresses in engineering structures. Glass does not lend itself readily to the construction of such models as regards shape and jointing.
Dynamics and control of different aircraft formation structures
Authors: Giulietti F. , Mengali G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe problem of aircraft formation dynamics and control is investigated from the viewpoint of formation architecture. Three different formation structures, leader-wingman, virtual leader and behavioural approaches are introduced. A comparative study is made using a unified approach through a suitable control law. The formation systems are analyzed on a quantitative basis and objective results are made available for the designer. The trade-off between system performance and complexity is indicated. A complete nonlinear simulation involving a flight-path change and a heading change manoeuvre is discussed. Results show the superiority of a behavioural approach to maintain close formations of vehicles.
Experimental and numerical investigation of confined unsteady supersonic flow over cavities
Authors: Anavaradham T. K. G. , Chandra B. U. , Babu V. , Chakravarthy S. R. , Panneerselvam S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractExperimental investigations were carried out to study the acoustic radiation from a rectangular wall mounted cavity in a confined supersonic flow. The free-stream Mach number was maintained at 1·5 and the cavity length-to-depth ratio was varied from 0·43 to 5·0. Acoustic measurements made on the top wall show jumps in the dominant frequency as the cavity behaviour changes from shallow-to-square-to-deep cavity. Numerical simulations of this unsteady two-dimensional flow using the commercially available software FLUENT have also been carried out. Unsteady pressure data at the same location in the flow field as the pressure transducers in the experiments was collected. FFT analysis of the unsteady pressure data was performed to obtain the dominant acoustic frequencies. The values for these dominant frequencies predicted by the numerical calculations agree well with experimental data. The numerical study also predicts the frequency jump observed in experiments.
Revenge Porn by Teens in the United States and India: A Socio-Legal Analysis
Authors: Halder Debarati , Jaishankar K. 
Published: February 2017

SummarySexting among teens has become a huge problem in the US as well as in India. This has given birth to numerous issues including issues related to child pornography, exploitation of images by perpetrators and revenge porn. While in the US laws are being created and tested for regulating sexting in relation to revenge porn, the situation is quite different in India. This paper emphasises that there is a lacuna in dealing with adolescent sexual behaviour including revenge taking attitude with the help of sexted images. This paper argues that instead of dealing the issue of revenge porn by teens in the traditional procedural ways as has been laid down in the legal provisions or by way of rusticating the children (including the perpetrators and the victim) from the school as has happened in India in several occasions, Therapeutic Jurisprudence approach should be taken up.
THE SURVIVAL CON: FRAUD AND FORGERY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BIAFRA, 1967–70
Authors: DALY SAMUEL FURY CHILDS 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOver the course of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70), many people in the secessionist Republic of Biafra resorted to forgery, confidence scams, and other forms of fraud to survive the dire conditions created by Nigeria's blockade. Forgery of passes and other documents, fraudulent commercial transactions, and elaborate schemes involving impersonation and racketeering became common in Biafra, intensifying as the Biafran government's ability to enforce the law diminished. Using long-neglected legal records from Biafra's courts and tribunals, this study traces the process by which deception emerged as a practice of survival in wartime Biafra – a process with important implications for the growth of fraud (known as ‘419’ after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code) in reintegrated postwar Nigeria.
NONCONFORMITY IN AFRICA'S CULTURAL HISTORY
Authors: PETERSON DEREK R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article uses E. P. Thompson's last book – Witness against the Beast (1993) – as an occasion to claim oddity, peculiarity, and nonconformity as subjects of African history. Africa's historians have been engaged in an earnest effort to locate contemporary cultural life within the longue durée, but in fact there was much that was strange and eccentric. Here I focus on the reading habits and interpretive strategies that inspired nonconformity. Nonconformists read the Bible idiosyncratically, snipping bits of text out of the fabric of the book and using these slogans to launch heretical and odd ways of living. Over time, some of them sought to position themselves in narrative structures that could authenticate and legitimate their dissident religious activity. That entailed experimentation with voice, positionality, and addressivity.
WHIGS AND HUNTERS: THE PATH NOT TAKEN
Authors: WHITE LUISE 
Published: February 2017

AbstractE. P. Thompson'sWhigs and Huntershas had an enormous impact on African historiography in its articulation of the relationship between property and law and the subsequent criminalization of customary practices. Some of the other themes in this book – indistinct bands of law-breaking peasants, people and animals, notions of the wild, and the near impossibility of commonplace judicial murder in peacetime – have not been taken up. This article argues for a broader engagement with this book and to remind African historians that the many facets and eras of Thompson's scholarship should encourage a more flexible reading of his work.
DREAMS AND POLITICAL IMAGINATION IN COLONIAL BUGANDA
Authors: EARLE JONATHON L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article explores the intellectual history of dreaming practices in the eastern African kingdom of Buganda. Whereas Muslim dissenters used their dreams to challenge colonial authority following the kingdom's late nineteenth-century religious wars, political historians such as Apolo Kaggwa removed the political practice of dreaming from Buganda's official histories to deplete the visionary archives from which dissenters continued to draw. Kaggwa's strategy, though, could only be pressed so far. Recently unearthed vernacular sources show that Christian activists, such as Erieza Bwete and Eridadi Mulira, continued to marshal their dreams and literacy to imagine competing visions of Buganda's colonial monarchy. Earlier scholars had argued that modernity and literacy would displace the political function of dreams. This article, by contrast, proposes that sleeping visions took on new, more complicated meanings throughout the twentieth century. Literacy offered new technologies to expound upon the political implications of dreams and a vast repository of symbols to enrich interpretative performances.
The Bearing Capacity of Floating Ice Plates Subjected to Static or Quasi-Static Loads
Authors: Kerr Arnold D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper contains a critical survey of the literature on the bearing capacity of floating ice plates. It consists of a discussion of general questions, a critical survey of analytical attempts to determine the bearing capacity of floating ice plates and a survey of field and laboratory tests on floating ice plates and their relation to the analytical results. It concludes with a systematic summary of the results, a discussion of observed shortcomings, and suggestions for needed investigations.
The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf: Recent Changes of the Ice Front
Authors: Hattersley-Smith G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Massive calving of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, northern Ellesmere Island, occurred between August 1961 and April 1962. An estimated 596 km.2 of ice shelf with a volume of 18 to 24 km.3 became detached to form ice islands, five of which are very large with areas ranging from 70 to 140 km.2. The fracture pattern and the subsequent drift of these ice islands are discussed.
Vertical strain-rate measurements in an arctic ice cap and gerductions freom them
Authors: Paterson W. S. B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractClosely spaced measurements of diameter of thermally drilled bore holes reveal a pattern of small variations. These patterns serve to igerntify points on the bore-hole wall; thus the change in length of sections of bore hole can be gertermined as a function of time. This method has been used to measure vertical strain-rate as a function of gerpth in two bore holes near the crest of the Devon Island ice cap. The measured strain-rate, corrected for firn compaction, varies significantly with gerpth. The vertical component of velocity at the surface was gertermined freom the contraction rate of a bore hole that penetrated to the base of the ice. Comparison of this velocity with the present accumulation rate suggests that the ice cap, in the vicinity of the bore hole, is thickening slightly at present. The age of the ice at various gerpths, as calculated freom the measured vertical velocities, is in broad agreement with radio-carbon dates covering the past 6 000 years. This suggests that the flow of the ice cap has not varied significantly over this period, and thus that the present accumulation rate, which is causing thickening, is slightly above the average for the period.
Radio-echo sounding of temperate glaciers: ice properties and soungerr gersign criteria
Authors: Watts Raymond D. , England Anthony W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis is the first paper in a two-part series which gerscribes the gersign, operation, and testing of a successful 5 MHz radio-echo soungerr for temperate glaciers. This part gerals with the electromagnetic characteristics of temperate glaciers at radio freequencies. Earlier workers' problems in sounding through temperate ice are explained in terms of electromagnetic scattering by water-filled voids. The freequency gerpengernce of the scattering indicates that returns freom scatterers diminish rapidly at freequencies below about 10 MHz. A system with the following characteristics is recommengerd: a transmitted pulse with a center freequency of about 5 MHz, duration of about 1 cycle, and a receiver which is untuned and which measures field intensity rather than power. Spectral methods for studying the size distribution of scatterers are presented. An actual instrument and field trials will be gerscribed in a forthcoming publication by R. S. Vickers and R. Bollen.
Pleistocene Glaciation in Ethiopia: New Evigernce
Authors: Potter E. C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Geomorphological evigernce indicates that Mount Badda, Ethiopia, had a Pleistocene ice cap of at least 140 km2. Altituger of the snow line was probably about 4 000 m, only 350 m below the summit, suggesting that glaciation occurred during the Würm glacial maximum.
Size and structure of the southernmost population of the Endangered Barbary macaqueMacaca sylvanusin the western Moroccan High Atlas
Authors: Namous Salwa , Znari Mohammed , Ait Baamrane Moulay Abdeljalil , Naimi Mohamed , Aourir Mohamed , Siess Jan , Mokhtari Soraya 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Barbary macaqueMacaca sylvanusis imperiled throughout its distribution range in north-west Africa. In the summers of 2009 and 2013 we used the piecewise line-transect distance sampling method to study the southernmost population in the High Ourika valley, in the western High Atlas of Morocco. This rugged mountainous area is dominated by degraded fruit-poor environments, mostly holm oakQuercus rotundifoliaforest patches. We located four and two groups in 2009 and 2013, respectively, and estimated population sizes of 122 and 84 individuals. The mean group size was 12 individuals in 2009 and 46 in 2013. The estimated mean density (individuals per km2) varied among groups (10–171), with a mean of 27. The population structure varied significantly among groups and years. Our records comprised 24.8 and 20% adult males, 24.8 and 22% adult females, 11 and 13% subadults, 13 and 17% juveniles and 26.4 and 26.3% infants in 2009 and 2013, respectively. In both years 50–56% of the population consisted of young individuals (subadults excluded). The mean sex ratio among adults was 1 : 1. The apparent fecundity rate was 1.06 infants per adult female. We propose conservation actions to protect this peripheral population of Barbary macaques.
Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bradley A. J. , Webb-Mitchell R. , Hazu A. , Slater N. , Middleton B. , Gallagher P. , McAllister-Williams H. , Anderson K. N. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundSubjective reports of insomnia and hypersomnia are common in bipolar disorder (BD). It is unclear to what extent these relate to underlying circadian rhythm disturbance (CRD). In this study we aimed to objectively assess sleep and circadian rhythm in a cohort of patients with BD compared to matched controls.MethodForty-six patients with BD and 42 controls had comprehensive sleep/circadian rhythm assessment with respiratory sleep studies, prolonged accelerometry over 3 weeks, sleep questionnaires and diaries, melatonin levels, alongside mood, psychosocial functioning and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires.ResultsTwenty-three (50%) patients with BD had abnormal sleep, of whom 12 (52%) had CRD and 29% had obstructive sleep apnoea. Patients with abnormal sleep had lower 24-h melatonin secretion compared to controls and patients with normal sleep. Abnormal sleep/CRD in BD was associated with impaired functioning and worse QoL.ConclusionsBD is associated with high rates of abnormal sleep and CRD. The association between these disorders, mood and functioning, and the direction of causality, warrants further investigation.
Snow and Ice Studies By Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner Landsat Images
Authors: Orheim Olav , Lucchitta Baerbel K. 
Published: February 2017

Digitally enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of Antarctica reveal snow and ice features to a detail never seen before in satellite images. The six TM reflective spectral bands have a nominal spatial resolution of 30 m, compared to 80 m for the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). TM bands 2–4 are similar to the MSS bands. TM infra-red bands 5 and 7 discriminate better between clouds and snow than MSS or the lower TM bands. They also reveal snow features related to grain-size and possibly other snow properties. These features are not observed in the visible wavelengths. Large features such as flow lines show best in the MSS and lower TM bands. Their visibility is due to photometric effects on slopes. TM thermal band 6 has a resolution of 120 m. It shows ground radiation temperatures and may serve to detect liquid water and to discriminate between features having similar reflectivities in the other bands, such as blue ice.
Repeated Landsat images can be used for sophisticated glaciological studies. By comparing images from 1975 and 1985, flow rates averaging 0.72 km a−1, and mean longitudinal and transverse strains of respectively 1.3 × 10 −4 a −1 and 130 × 10−4 a−1 have been measured for Jutulstraumen, Dronning Maud Land.
Radio Echo-Sounding of Sub-Polar Glaciers in Svalbard: Some Problems and Results of Soviet Studies
Authors: Kotlyakov V.M. , Macheret Yu, Ya. 
Published: February 2017

The paper discusses data analysed from airborne radio echo-sounding of Svalbard glaciers at frequencies of 440 and 620 MHz. Bottom returns from depths greater than 200 m are recorded with fewer gaps if the more powerful 620 MHz radar is used, and if measurements are carried out in the spring before intensive melt on glaciers. For all relatively thin glaciers and some glaciers up to 320–625 in thick, the track with bed returns is still rather common, apparently caused by their colder temperature regime. However, because of severe scattering of radio waves, this procedure still does not solve the problems of the echo-sounding of accumulation areas of many of the larger glaciers, the ice plateau, and heavily crevassed parts of glaciers.
For considerable areas of those Spitsbergen glaciers which have a thickness greater than 200 m, internal radar reflections (IRR) were registered as a single isolated layer from depths usually ranging from ¼ to ½ of their thickness. Studies of two deep bore holes on Fridtjovbreen have- demonstrated that such IRR are related to a boundary between cold ice and water-bearing ice near the melting point. These IRR can be interpreted as indicators of a special class of two-layered or transitional glacier, and of the location within them of the ice-melt isotherm.
Estimation of Snow-Melt Run-Off During Pre-Monsoon Months in Beas Sub-Basin using Satellite Imagery (Abstract)
Authors: Sharma K.P. , Garg P.K. 
Published: February 2017

The increasing demand for water, coupled with the construction of multi-purpose reservoirs to control and regulate snow-melt run-off, requires accurate strearm-flow forecast. For making an accurate prediction of spring run-off, information on the amount of snow accumulation in winter is necessary; this may be achieved through remote-sensing techniques in any inaccessible region.
This paper outlines the snow-melt run-off study carried out in a part of Beas basin, India, using Landsat imagery for the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977. The Beas basin lies between long. 76°56' to 77°52'E. and lat. 31°30' to 32°25'N., covering an area about 4900 km2, of which 1400 km2 is permanently covered by snow. The gradual melting of snow accumulated over the catchment area during the winter months is responsible for the perennial character of the Beas River.
Photohydrological investigation of the part of the Beas basin up-stream of Barji was carried out and a study was made for the estimation of the snow-melt run-off during the pre-monsoon period in the sub-basin up-stream of Manali. For this purpose, the sub-basin has been divided into permanent and temporary snow-covered zones. The degree-day method and the melt due to rainfall on snow have been used to estimate snow-melt run-off. The routing of snow-melt, after accounting for losses as well as the run-off from the excess rainfall from the permanent and temporary snow-covered areas, has also been done taking the recession coefficient K as 0.90, and the excess rain from the non-snow-covered areas has been assumed to contribute directly to the run-off for that day. Run-off coefficients of 0.595 for rainfall on the snow-covered areas and 0.278 for rainfall on the non-snow-covered areas have been determined.
Reference can be made to similar work in India and Pakistan to establish the relationship between the snow cover and the cumulative discharges for the months of March, April, and May of the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977, and an exponential trend was observed with the help of Landsat Imagery. Furthermore, the snow-covered areas as determined from bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat imagery, for the same day, showed a linear trend.
The analysis of the results shows that remote-sensing data used in conjunction with conventional methods are likely to improve the accuracy of the snow-melt forecasts in remote areas like the Himalayan catchments.
Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry
Authors: Jianming Chen 
Published: February 2017

For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail.
In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map.
Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method.
The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.