bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Effects of Prior Distributions on the Bayesian Predictive Inference
Authors: Rahman Azizur , Gao Junbin , D'Este Catherine , Ahmed Syed Ejaz 
Published: August 2016

Predictive inference is one of the oldest methods of statistical analysis and it is based on observable data. Prior information plays an important role in the Bayesian methodology. Researchers in this field are often subjective to exercise noninformative prior. This study tests the effects of a range of prior distributions on the Bayesian predictive inference for different modelling situations such as linear regression models under normal and Student-t errors. Findings reveal that different choice of priors not only provide different prediction distributions of the future response(s) but also change the location and/or scale or shape parameters of the prediction distributions.
Fast injection of the relativistic electrons into the inner zone and the formation of the split‐zone structure during the Bastille Day storm in July 2000
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Chan , Shprits Yuri Y. , Blake J. Bernard 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring the July 2000 geomagnetic storm, known as the Bastille Day storm, Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX)/Heavy Ion Large Telescope (HILT) observed a strong injection of ~1 MeV electrons into the slot region (L ~ 2.5) during the storm main phase. Then, during the following month, electrons were clearly seen diffusing inward down to L = 2 and forming a pronounced split structure encompassing a narrow, newly formed slot region around L = 3. SAMPEX observations are first compared with electron and proton observations on HEO‐3 and NOAA‐15 to validate that the observed unusual dynamics was not caused by proton contamination of the SAMPEX instrument. The time‐dependent 3‐D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) simulation of 1 MeV electron flux evolution is compared with the SAMPEX/HILT observations. The results show that the VERB code predicts overall time evolution of the observed split structure. The simulated split structure is produced by pitch angle scattering into the Earth atmosphere of ~1 MeV electrons by plasmaspheric hiss.
Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes
Authors: Sprenger Matthias , Leistert Hannes , Gimbel Katharina , Weiler Markus 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWater stable isotopes (18O and 2H) are widely used as ideal tracers to track water through the soil and to separate evaporation from transpiration. Due to the technical developments in the last two decades, soil water stable isotope data have become easier to collect. Thus, the application of isotope methods in soils is growing rapidly. Studies that make use of soil water stable isotopes often have a multidisciplinary character since an interplay of processes that take place in the vadose zone has to be considered. In this review, we provide an overview of the hydrological processes that alter the soil water stable isotopic composition and present studies utilizing pore water stable isotopes. The processes that are discussed include the water input as precipitation or throughfall, the output as evaporation, transpiration, or recharge, and specific flow and transport processes. Based on the review and supported by additional data and modeling results, we pose a different view on the recently proposed two water world hypothesis. As an alternative to two distinct pools of soil water, where one pool is enriched in heavy isotopes and used by the vegetation and the other pool does not undergo isotopic fractionation and becomes recharge, the water gets successively mixed with newly introduced rainwater during the percolation process. This way, water initially isotopically enriched in the topsoil loses the fractionation signal with increasing infiltration depth, leading to unfractionated isotopic signals in the groundwater.
Century‐long increasing trend and variability of dissolved organic carbon export from the Mississippi River basin driven by natural and anthropogenic forcing
Authors: Ren Wei , Tian Hanqin , Cai Wei‐Jun , Lohrenz Steven E. , Hopkinson Charles S. , Huang Wei‐Jen , Yang Jia , Tao Bo , Pan Shufen , He Ruoying 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere has been considerable debate as to how natural forcing and anthropogenic activities alter the timing and magnitude of the delivery of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the coastal ocean, which has ramifications for the ocean carbon budget, land‐ocean interactions, and coastal life. Here we present an analysis of DOC export from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico during 1901–2010 as influenced by changes in climate, land use and management practices, atmospheric CO2, and nitrogen deposition, through the integration of observational data with a coupled hydrologic/biogeochemical land model. Model simulations show that DOC export in the 2000s increased more than 40% since the 1900s. For the recent three decades (1981–2010), however, our simulated DOC export did not show a significant increasing trend, which is consistent with observations by U.S. Geological Survey. Our factorial analyses suggest that land use and land cover change, including land management practices (LMPs: i.e., fertilization, irrigation, tillage, etc.), were the dominant contributors to the century‐scale trend of rising total riverine DOC export, followed by changes in atmospheric CO2, nitrogen deposition, and climate. Decadal and interannual variations of DOC export were largely attributed to year‐to‐year climatic variability and extreme flooding events, which have been exacerbated by human activity. LMPs show incremental contributions to DOC increase since the 1960s, indicating the importance of sustainable agricultural practices in coping with future environmental changes such as extreme flooding events. Compared to the observational‐based estimate, the modeled DOC export was 20% higher, while DOC concentrations were slightly lower. Further refinements in model structure and input data sets should enable reductions in uncertainties in our prediction of century‐long trends in DOC.
Two centuries of coherent decadal climate variability across the Pacific North American region
Authors: Sanchez S. C. , Charles C. D. , Carriquiry J. D. , Villaescusa J. A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe decadal variability of the Pacific Ocean and North American hydroclimate are subjects of immediate concern for society, yet the length of the instrumental record limits full mechanistic understanding of this variability. Here we introduce a 178 year, seasonally resolved coral oxygen isotopic record from Clarion Island (18°N, 115°W), a sampling a subtropical region that is strongly influenced by the decadal‐scale fluctuations of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation and a region that serves as a critical locus for the communication of climate anomalies with the tropics. This Mexican Pacific coral record is highly correlated to coral records from the central tropical Pacific and tree ring records from western North America. Significant changes in the amplitude of oceanic decadal variability in the early nineteenth century are mirrored in the drought reconstructions in western North America. The spatial manifestation of this relationship was relatively invariant, despite notable changes in the climatic mean state.
An efficient repeating signal detector to investigate earthquake swarms
Authors: Skoumal Robert J. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Currie Brian S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRepetitive earthquake swarms have been recognized as key signatures in fluid injection induced seismicity, precursors to volcanic eruptions, and slow slip events preceding megathrust earthquakes. We investigate earthquake swarms by developing a Repeating Signal Detector (RSD), a computationally efficient algorithm utilizing agglomerative clustering to identify similar waveforms buried in years of seismic recordings using a single seismometer. Instead of relying on existing earthquake catalogs of larger earthquakes, RSD identifies characteristic repetitive waveforms by rapidly identifying signals of interest above a low signal‐to‐noise ratio and then grouping based on spectral and time domain characteristics, resulting in dramatically shorter processing time than more exhaustive autocorrelation approaches. We investigate seismicity in four regions using RSD: (1) volcanic seismicity at Mammoth Mountain, California, (2) subduction‐related seismicity in Oaxaca, Mexico, (3) induced seismicity in Central Alberta, Canada, and (4) induced seismicity in Harrison County, Ohio. In each case, RSD detects a similar or larger number of earthquakes than existing catalogs created using more time intensive methods. In Harrison County, RSD identifies 18 seismic sequences that correlate temporally and spatially to separate hydraulic fracturing operations, 15 of which were previously unreported. RSD utilizes a single seismometer for earthquake detection which enables seismicity to be quickly identified in poorly instrumented regions at the expense of relying on another method to locate the new detections. Due to the smaller computation overhead and success at distances up to ~50 km, RSD is well suited for real‐time detection of low‐magnitude earthquake swarms with permanent regional networks.
Observations of the connection of positive and negative leaders in meter‐scale electric discharges generated by clouds of negatively charged water droplets
Authors: Kostinskiy A. Yu. , Syssoev V. S. , Bogatov N. A. , Mareev E. A. , Andreev M. G. , Bulatov M. U. , Makal'sky L. M. , Sukharevsky D. I. , Rakov V. A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDetailed observations of the connection between positive and negative leaders in meter‐scale electric discharges generated by clouds of negatively charged water droplets are presented, and their possible implications for the attachment process in lightning are discussed. Optical images obtained with three different high‐speed cameras (visible range with image enhancement, visible‐range regular, and infrared) and corresponding current recordings were used. Two snapshots of the breakthrough phase of the leader connection, showing significant leader branching inside the common streamer zone, are presented for the first time. Positive and negative leader speeds inside the common streamer zone for two events were found to be similar. Higher leader speeds were generally associated with higher leader currents. In the case of head‐to‐head leader connection, the infrared brightness of the junction region (probably representing the gas temperature and, hence, the energy input) was typically a factor of 5 or so higher than for channel sections either below or above that region. In 16% of cases, the downward negative leader connected to the upward positive leader below its tip (attached to the lateral surface of the positive leader), with the connection being accomplished via a channel segment that appeared to be perpendicular to one or both of the leader channels.
Characteristics and controls of extremely large wildfires in the western Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Fernandes Paulo M. , Barros Ana M. G. , Pinto Anita , Santos João A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLarge fires account for a disproportionally high percentage of area burned with potentially severe environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This study characterizes extremely large fires (ELFs; 2500–24,843 ha) in Portugal (1998–2013) and the concomitant fuel and weather conditions, analyzing the response of ELF size to their variation. ELF burned less shrubland‐grassland (33% of the total ELF area) than forest (59% of total), the latter primarily composed by pine and pine‐eucalypt. High fuel hazard was the norm, as indicated by median values of 0.98 for fuel load as a fraction of potential (maximum) load and time since fire >14 years over 91% of the burned area. ELF occurred under anticyclonic circulation patterns, especially ridging, and 78% of them coincided with extreme fire danger days (corresponding to infrequent conditions) in conjunction with unstable atmosphere. Containment time, fire growth rate, and energy release metrics varied by 1 more order of magnitude than ELF size, hence indicating that size alone is insufficient to describe extreme fires. Distinct combinations between ambient weather conditions, atmospheric instability, and drought defined three categories of ELF as defined by size. Quantile regression indicated that increasingly larger fires showed gradually stronger responses to fire weather severity, highlighting the difficulty in restraining fire spread in flammable landscapes in the absence of extensive fuel treatments. Data limitations inherent to the methods used are discussed, and improvements to further advance the understanding of extreme fires are suggested.
Catalytic promiscuity of an iron(II)–phenanthroline complex
Authors: De Abhranil , Garai Mamoni , Yadav Hare Ram , Choudhury Angshuman Roy , Biswas Bhaskar 
Published: August 2016

A mononuclear iron(II) complex, [Fe(phen)3]Cl2 (1) (phen =1,10‐phenanthroline), has been synthesized in crystalline phase and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques including single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystal structure analysis revealed that 1 crystallizes in a monoclinic system with C2/m space group. Complex 1 acts as a functional model for a biomimetic catalyst promoting the aerobic oxidation of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylcatechol (3,5‐DTBC) through radical pathways with a significant turnover number (kcat =3.55 × 103 h−1) and exhibits catechol dioxygenase activity towards the same 3,5‐DTBC substrate at room temperature in oxygen‐saturated ethanol medium. The existence of an isobestic point at 610 nm from spectrophotometric data indicates the presence of Fe3+ −3,5‐DTBC adduct favouring an enzyme–substrate binding phenomenon. Upon stoichiometric addition of 3,5‐DTBC pretreated with two equivalents of triethylamine to the iron complex, two catecholate‐to‐iron(III) ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer bands (575 and 721 nm) are observed and the in situ generated catecholate intermediate reacts with dioxygen (kobs =9.89 × 10−4 min−1) in ethanol medium to afford exclusively intradiol cleavage products along with a small amount of benzoquinone, and a small amount of extradiol cleavage products, which provide substantial evidence for a substrate activation mechanism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet and Sodium Intake on Serum Uric Acid
Authors: Juraschek Stephen P. , Gelber Allan C. , Choi Hyon K. , Appel Lawrence J. , Miller Edgar R. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveRandomized trial data guiding dietary recommendations to lower serum uric acid (UA), the etiologic precursor of gout, are scarce. We undertook this study to examine the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (a well‐established diet that lowers blood pressure) and levels of sodium intake on serum UA.MethodsWe conducted an ancillary study of a randomized, crossover feeding trial in 103 adults with prehypertension or stage I hypertension. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the DASH diet or a control diet (typical of the average American diet) and were further fed low, medium, and high levels of sodium for 30 days, each in random order. Body weight was kept constant. Serum UA levels were measured at baseline and following each feeding period.ResultsTrial participants were 55% women and 75% black with a mean ± SD age of 51.5 ± 9.7 years and a mean ± SD serum UA level of 5.0 ± 1.3 mg/dl. The DASH diet reduced serum UA (−0.35 mg/dl [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −0.65, −0.05], P = 0.02), with a higher effect (−1.29 mg/dl [95% CI −2.50, −0.08]) among participants (n = 8) with a baseline serum UA level of ≥7 mg/dl. Increasing sodium intake from the low level decreased serum UA during the medium sodium intake period (−0.3 mg/dl [95% CI −0.5, −0.2], P < 0.001) and during the high sodium intake period (−0.4 mg/dl [95% CI −0.6, −0.3], P < 0.001).ConclusionThe DASH diet lowered serum UA, and this effect was greater among participants with hyperuricemia. Moreover, we found that higher sodium intake decreased serum UA, which enhances our knowledge of urate pathophysiology and risk factors for hyperuricemia.
Boil‐Off Gas Two‐Stage Compression and Recondensation Process at a Liquefied Natural Gas Receiving Terminal
Authors: Li Yajun , Wen Mingyang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDue to ship unloading and the change of downstream gas consumption, the boil‐off gas (BOG) and liquefied natural gas outputs fluctuate constantly, causing difficulties in both the design and operation of the BOG handling process. The high energy consumption, instability, and inflexibility of the original process affect the operation cost and running safety of the terminal to a large extent. To address these problems, a two‐stage compression and recondensation process is designed and optimized, based on the original one. Compared with the original process through dynamic simulation, the design process has better stability, benefiting from lower operating pressure and smaller fluctuations of both the pressure and the liquid level in the recondenser. In addition, the power and BOG emission are remarkably reduced, which will soon bring great benefit and recovery of investment cost.
Dynamic Modeling of Fixed‐Bed Fischer‐Tropsch Reactors with Phase Change Material Diluents
Authors: Odunsi Ademola O. , O'Donovan Tadhg S. , Reay David A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA simplified transient model for fixed‐bed reactors was extended to account for the heat sink effect of the phase change material diluent in the Fischer‐Tropsch reactor energy balance. The resulting model was found to accurately approximate the more rigorous two‐dimensional model with significantly less computational requirements even at the hotspot, where the reactor enthalpy balance is most sensitive. As anticipated, the presence of the encapsulated phase change material in the reactor induced thermal inertia, thereby restricting the temperature ramp rate in the reactor to acceptably safe operational limits for the catalyst. Although there was a reduction in both the CH4 and C5+ productivity, the reduction in CH4 production was up to four times that of the C5+ at the same coolant temperature.
Operation of a Small‐Scale Demonstration Plant for Biodiesel Synthesis under Supercritical Conditions
Authors: Schürer Jochen , Bersch Daniel , Schlicker Sebastian , Thiele Richard , Wiborg Ole , Ziogas Athanassios , Zapf Ralf , Kolb Gunther 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA small‐scale demonstration plant was designed, set up, and operated for the heterogeneously catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel under supercritical conditions. An Aspen Plus® model was applied to minimize the energy demand for the product purification stages. Vacuum distillation followed by a small rectification column was identified as the optimum solution. The determination of the energy demand of the plant revealed the economic viability of the process as far as the energy consumption is concerned. The catalyst incorporated into the plant was selected through a screening procedure applying tricaprin as model substance. γ‐Al2O3 modified by acid treatment and La2O3 supported by γ‐Al2O3 proved to be the most promising candidates. The stability of these formulations was proven by long‐term stability tests.
Correlative analyses of RET and RAS mutations in a phase 3 trial of cabozantinib in patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Sherman Steven I. , Clary Douglas O. , Elisei Rossella , Schlumberger Martin J. , Cohen Ezra E. W. , Schöffski Patrick , Wirth Lori J. , Mangeshkar Milan , Aftab Dana T. , Brose Marcia S. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDCabozantinib significantly prolonged progression‐free survival (PFS) versus a placebo in patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC; P < .001). An exploratory analysis of phase 3 trial data evaluated the influence of rearranged during transfection (RET) and RAS (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) mutations on cabozantinib clinical activity.METHODSPatients (n = 330) were randomized to cabozantinib (140 mg/day) or a placebo. The primary endpoint was PFS. Additional outcome measures included PFS, objective response rates (ORRs), and adverse events in RET and RAS mutation subgroups.RESULTSAmong all study patients, 51.2% were RET mutation–positive (38.2% with RET M918T), 34.8% were RET mutation–unknown, and 13.9% were RET mutation–negative. Sixteen patients were RAS mutation–positive. Cabozantinib appeared to prolong PFS versus the placebo in the RET mutation–positive subgroup (hazard ratio [HR], 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14‐0.38; P < .0001), the RET mutation–unknown subgroup (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16‐0.57; P = .0001), and the RAS mutation–positive subgroup (HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02‐1.10; P = .0317). The RET M918T subgroup achieved the greatest observed PFS benefit from cabozantinib versus the placebo (HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08‐0.28; P < .0001). The ORRs for RET mutation–positive, RET mutation–negative, and RAS mutation–positive patients were 32%, 22%, and 31%, respectively. No PFS benefit was observed in patients lacking both RET and RAS mutations, although the ORR was 21%. The safety profile for all subgroups was similar to that for the overall cabozantinib arm.CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that cabozantinib provides the greatest clinical benefit to patients with MTC who have RET M918T or RAS mutations. However, a prospective trial is needed to confirm the relation between genetic variation and the response to cabozantinib. Cancer 2016;122:3856–3864. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Environmental versus geographical effects on genomic variation in wild soybean (Glycine soja) across its native range in northeast Asia
Authors: Leamy Larry J. , Lee Cheng‐Ruei , Song Qijian , Mujacic Ibro , Luo Yan , Chen Charles Y. , Li Changbao , Kjemtrup Susanne , Song Bao‐Hua 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA fundamental goal in evolutionary biology is to understand how various evolutionary factors interact to affect the population structure of diverse species, especially those of ecological and/or agricultural importance such as wild soybean (Glycine soja). G. soja, from which domesticated soybeans (Glycine max) were derived, is widely distributed throughout diverse habitats in East Asia (Russia, Japan, Korea, and China). Here, we utilize over 39,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 99 ecotypes of wild soybean sampled across their native geographic range in northeast Asia, to understand population structure and the relative contribution of environment versus geography to population differentiation in this species. A STRUCTURE analysis identified four genetic groups that largely corresponded to the geographic regions of central China, northern China, Korea, and Japan, with high levels of admixture between genetic groups. A canonical correlation and redundancy analysis showed that environmental factors contributed 23.6% to population differentiation, much more than that for geographic factors (6.6%). Precipitation variables largely explained divergence of the groups along longitudinal axes, whereas temperature variables contributed more to latitudinal divergence. This study provides a foundation for further understanding of the genetic basis of climatic adaptation in this ecologically and agriculturally important species.