bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombozytose und Thrombozytopenie – Ursachen und klinische Bedeutung
Authors: Wille Kai , Sadjadian Parvis , Griesshammer Martin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDue to the central role of platelets in hemostasis, the clinical relevance of quantitative changes in platelet counts (< 150 G/l or > 450 G/l) may be significant. Thrombopoesis (= production of platelets) occurs in the bone marrow, and the hormone thrombopoetin takes control on its regulation.In thrombocytosis, primary causes have to be distinguished from the far more common reactive (= secondary) reasons. The most important form of primary thrombocytosis occurs in myeloproliferative neoplasms especially in essential thrombocythemia (ET). Clinically, increased thrombophilia, microcirculatory disturbances as well as an increased hemorrhagic diathesis occur in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. According to the WHO diagnosis criteria 2016 standard diagnostic procedure in myeloproliferative neoplasms includes bone marrow biopsy and the detection of one of the acquired and typical MPN mutations in the JAK2, MPL or CALR gene.In contrast, patients with thrombocytopenia more often suffer from bleeding complications, however, in antiphospholipid syndrome or thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) thrombotic events occur in spite of a low platelet count. Generally it makes sense to differentiate between pathological changes in thrombopoesis and the various causes of increased peripheral platelet turnover. Concerning differential diagnosis a careful anamnesis is very important in order to get hints like drugs associated with thrombocytopenia, signs of infection or autoimmune disorders. As an initial diagnostic approach we recommend examination of the blood smear in order to exclude pseudothrombocytopenia or disorderes like thrombotic microangiopathy, myelodysplasia or other hematological diseases.
Leukopenie – ein diagnostischer Leitfaden für die Praxis
Authors: Christen Deborah , Brümmendorf Tim , Panse Jens 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReasons for leukopenia can be numerous. To get close to the diagnosis it’s always useful to check previous blood counts of the patient to get a feeling for the dynamic development of the leukopenia. Furthermore, it’s important to check the red blood cell count and platelet count as well; a bi- or a pancytopenia usually implies an insufficient production in the bone marrow. Nevertheless, a manual counted peripheral blood smear is an essential step towards the right diagnosis in leukopenia: Beside cell counts of the single subgroups of leucocytes it also provides information on potential causes such as dysplasia.Leukopenia can be life-threatening for the patient especially if the patient presents with an agranulocytosis and fever: In this case admission is mandatory and the patient has to be treated immediately with broad-spectrum antibiotics to reduce mortality.
Masern in Deutschland – Epidemiologie und Management
Authors: Matysiak-Klose Dorothea , Wicker Sabine ,   für die Nationale Verifizierungskommission Masern Röteln (NAVKO) in Deutschland
Published: November 2017

AbstractMeasles are one of the most contagious diseases of mankind. Measles incidence has declined worldwide since the introduction of vaccinations. Due to low numbers of measles cases in countries with high vaccination rates the population is not aware of possible complications of measles any more. Measles elimination is an important goal set by all regions of the World Health Organization. However, it remains a challenge for Germany and other European countries. Because of a high proportion of susceptibles in specific population and age groups outbreaks take place in Germany every year after importation of the virus. More than 50 % of measles cases are 20 years and older. However, the highest incidences have been seen in two-year-olds since several years. In addition to epidemiological findings such as case numbers and risk groups, genotyping permits e. g. an assessment of the endemic circulation of viruses. Suspicion of a measles case should result in immediate and consistent measures.
1.2.1 Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Chetcuti M. J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of an organoboronic acid (usually an arylboronic acid) with an organo halide (typically an aryl halide) to generate a new C—C bond is one of the most valuable methods for C–C bond formation. Since the ascension of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to occupy the position of key ligands in the repertoire of synthetic organometallic chemists, metal complexes based on these ligands have become important as catalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Most metal–NHC complexes used for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling are based on palladium, but an increasingly important contribution is being played by nickel-based complexes. This chapter reviews the state of the art of Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions catalyzed by metal–NHC complexes, with a focus on systems with broad applicability, and especially those that can be applied to “difficult” reactions such as the coupling of aryl chlorides or sterically hindered substrates. The relatively undeveloped fields of asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura reactions and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions in water, both catalyzed by metal–NHC complexes, are also covered.
1.2.3 The Buchwald–Hartwig Reaction
Authors: Martin A. R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter covers the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands in the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction. The most efficient and convenient palladium- and nickel-based catalytic systems able to promote the C—N bond formation between various amines and (het)aryl halides or pseudohalides are reviewed.
1.4.3 Hydrosilylation
Authors: Baudrenghien L. , Markó I. E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHydrosilylation of alkenes and alkynes, promoted by various generations of now commercially available (or easily formed) platinum–N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, enables efficient access to valuable silanes. Under optimal conditions, this process constitutes an atom economical, solvent-free, green process yielding terminal alkylsilanes and β-(E)-vinylsilanes in a rapid, efficient, and selective manner.
1.4.10 Hydroformylation
Authors: Trzeciak A. M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHydroformylation of alkenes is one of the most important catalytic industrial processes performed in a homogeneous system. During hydroformylation, aldehydes are formed from alkenes and syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) in the presence of a metal complex, usually based on rhodium or cobalt. In this chapter, the catalytic application of metal complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands in hydroformylation is discussed.
2.1.3 Cross Metathesis
Authors: Jana A. , Malecki P. , Grela K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract During the past two decades, among all the types of transition-metal-catalyzed reaction, olefin metathesis has become arguably the most powerful synthetic tool for carbon–carbon bond formation. The reason for this is undoubtedly the development of well-defined functional-group-tolerant N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based ruthenium alkylidene catalysts. Among the types of olefin metathesis, cross metathesis is probably the most useful due to its numerous advantages and has found a wide range of application in almost every field of organic synthesis. Introduction of NHCs has made the ruthenium catalysts more stable and more functional group tolerant. The efficiency and selectivity of the reaction and the activity of the catalyst are three key issues that need to be considered in cross metathesis and introduction of NHC-based ruthenium catalysts addresses all three. This chapter focuses on different types of cross metathesis, performed under different conditions and using different NHC-based catalysts.
2.1.5 Alkene Metathesis Based Polymerization
Authors: Liu J. , Johnson J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlkene metathesis based polymerizations that rely on metal complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are discussed in this chapter. Particular emphasis is placed on novel polymer microstructures, architectures, and applications that have been enabled by NHC–metal complexes. Applications of ruthenium–NHC initiated ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) for the synthesis of block copolymers, branched polymers, stereocontrolled polymers, and cyclic polymers are described. Ruthenium–NHC catalyzed acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET) and cyclopolymerization are also discussed, along with alkene metathesis polymerizations using tungsten– and molybdenum–NHC complexes.
2.2 Polymerization, Oligomerization, and Telomerization Involving N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Ligands or Initiators
Authors: Costabile C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an overview of recent developments in polymerization and oligomerization of alkenes and cyclic esters involving N-heterocyclic carbenes, both as ligands in organometallic catalysts and as organocatalysts. Telomerization reactions catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene–palladium complexes are also briefly discussed.
2.7.3 Catalytic Systems Featuring Ionically Tagged N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Schmid T. , Crevisy C. , Basle O. , Mauduit M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSince the discovery of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), their unique properties as ligands in organometallic chemistry have enabled the synthesis of a myriad of novel metal complexes. Thanks to the facile modulation of this class of ligands, they can be easily functionalized with ionic tags, which has proven to be useful for various applications. Notably, such groups have enabled the immobilization of metal complexes on a variety of supports, and recyclable catalysis could be realized. This chapter describes organometallic species featuring ionically-tagged NHCs for such applications, focusing on catalytic systems that show the best performance in terms of versatility and reusability.
2.8 Recent Advances in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis
Authors: Davies A. , Smith A. D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract In recent years, organocatalysis has seen a rapid rise in popularity and this has led to a subsequent increase in the research output of the area, with organocatalysis by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) playing a significant role. Beginning with the benzoin condensation, through the work of Breslow and others to modern, asymmetric protocols, NHC organocatalysis has a rich history, which has been covered in many reviews. The focus of this chapter is on recent advances within the area of NHC organocatalysis, offering a brief historical perspective and highlighting what the authors believe to be some of the key advances made within recent times, both in terms of novel processes and significant advancements on previously documented reactions.
Serial Participation and the Ethics of Phase 1 Healthy Volunteer Research
Authors: Walker Rebecca L , Cottingham Marci D , Fisher Jill A 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Phase 1 healthy volunteer clinical trials—which financially compensate subjects in tests of drug toxicity levels and side effects—appear to place pressure on each joint of the moral framework justifying research. In this article, we review concerns about phase 1 trials as they have been framed in the bioethics literature, including undue inducement and coercion, unjust exploitation, and worries about compromised data validity. We then revisit these concerns in light of the lived experiences of serial participants who are income-dependent on phase 1 trials. We show how participant experiences shift attention from discrete exchanges, behaviors, and events in the research enterprise to the ongoing and dynamic patterns of serial participation in which individual decision-making is embedded in collective social and economic conditions and shaped by institutional policies. We argue in particular for the ethical significance of structurally diminished voluntariness, routine powerlessness in setting the terms of exchange, and incentive structures that may promote pharmaceutical interests but encourage phase 1 healthy volunteers to skirt important rules.
Flickering AGN can explain the strong circumgalactic O viobserved by COS-Halos
Authors: Oppenheimer Benjamin D , Segers Marijke , Schaye Joop , Richings Alexander J , Crain Robert A 
Published: November 2017

AbstractProximity zone fossils (PZFs) are ionization signatures around recently active galactic nuclei (AGNs) where metal species in the circumgalactic medium remain overionized after the AGNs have shut off due to their long recombination time scales. We explore cosmological zoom hydrodynamic simulations, using the EAGLE (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) model paired with a non-equilibrium ionization and cooling module including time-variable AGN radiation to model PZFs around star-forming disc galaxies in the z ∼ 0.2 Universe. Previous simulations typically underestimated the ${O{\,}\small {\rm VI}}$ content of galactic haloes, but we show that plausible PZF models increase ${O{\,}\small {\rm VI}}$ column densities by 2 − 3 × to achieve the levels observed around COS-Halos star-forming galaxies out to 150 kpc. Models with AGN bolometric luminosities ≳ 1043.6erg s− 1, duty cycle fractions ≲ 10 per cent, and AGN lifetimes ≲ 106 yr are the most promising, because their supermassive black holes grow at the cosmologically expected rate and they mostly appear as inactive AGN, consistent with COS-Halos. The central requirement is that the typical star-forming galaxy hosted an active AGN within a time-scale comparable to the recombination time of a high metal ion, which for circumgalactic ${O{\,}\small {\rm VI}}$ is ≈107 yr. ${{H{\,}\small {\rm I}}}$, by contrast, returns to equilibrium much more rapidly due to its low neutral fraction and does not show a significant PZF effect. ${O{\,}\small {\rm VI}}$ absorption features originating from PZFs appear narrow, indicating photoionization, and are often well aligned with lower metal ion species. PZFs are highly likely to affect the physical interpretation of circumgalactic high ionization metal lines if, as expected, normal galaxies host flickering AGN.
Multidisciplinary Team Learning in the Management of the Morbidly Adherent Placenta: Outcome Improvements Over Time
Authors: Shamshirsaz A.A. , Fox K.A. , Erfani H. , Belfort, et al M.A. 
Published: November 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 February 16)
A previous retrospective study has demonstrated that a multidisciplinary management approach can improve maternal outcomes in cases of morbidly adherent placenta (MAP), or invasive implantation of the villi into/through the myometrium. This proposed, standardized multidisciplinary approach included admission at 33 to 34 weeks of gestation with planned cesarean hysterectomy at a gestational age of 34 to 35 weeks. In the current study, the authors evaluated medical records of patients treated with this multidisciplinary management approach since January 2011, and determined whether or not there was improvement in the outcomes of singleton pregnancies with MAP when managed by a stable and increasingly experienced team.
Simulation-based Team Training for Multiprofessional Obstetric Care Teams to Improve Patient Outcome: A Multicentre, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fransen A.F. , van de Ven J. , Schuit E. , van Tetering A.A.C. , Mol B.W. , Oei S.G. 
Published: November 2017

(BJOG. 2017;124:641–650)
Simulation training is considered an important component in medical education. It provides a more effective method for teaching technical skills through practice without risk to the patient. It has also been recommended for obstetric teams as a way to improve team performance and perhaps obstetric outcomes. Criteria for assessing simulation training has included participants’ perceptions of the simulation experience, assessment of knowledge and skills during and after simulation, subsequent changes in clinical practice, and ultimately improvement in patient outcomes. However, data on the effect of simulation training on patient outcomes has been limited. This study looked at the effect of a 1-day simulation-based training course for obstetric teams on the rate of patient complications over a 1-year period.
Bipolar Sealer Devices Used in Posterior Spinal Fusion for Neuromuscular Scoliosis Reduce Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirements
Authors: Hardesty Christina K. , Gordon Zachary L. , Poe-Kochert Connie , Son-Hing Jochen P. , Thompson George H. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Reducing perioperative blood loss and the need for transfusions in patients undergoing spinal surgery is especially important for those with neuromuscular disorders. These patients require extensive spino-pelvic exposure and are often medically fragile. We have used Amicar to decrease blood loss since 2001. As an effort to further reduce blood loss and transfusions, we use a bipolar sealer device (Aquamantys) as an adjunct to electrocautery. We present the results of our first 64 neuromuscular patients to show the efficacy of the device.

Methods:
Using a prospectively maintained database we reviewed the operative time, estimated perioperative blood loss, cell saver use, and intraoperative and postoperative transfusion rate in patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis. Sixty-four patients were identified who fit these criteria since the use of the bipolar sealer device was instituted.We compared these patients with a control group of the preceding 65 patients in whom this device was not used for hemostasis. All patients, including those in the study group, received Amicar (infusion of 100 mg/kg over 15 to 20 min, then 10 mg/kg/h throughout the remainder of the procedure). The surgical technique did not differ between the 2 groups.

Results:
Baseline characteristics between the 2 groups were similar except for the number of patients having an all-screw construct which was larger in the investigational group (25% vs. 8%, P=0.03). There were no significant differences in operative time or duration of hospital stay. Intraoperative blood loss was lower in the study group (741 mL) as compared with the control group (1052 mL, P=0.003). Total perioperative blood loss, however, showed no significant difference. Thirty-five (55%) patients in the study group and 50 (77%) patients in the control group required additional intraoperative or postoperative transfusions (P=0.01). The number of packed red cell units transfused per patient was 0.81 in the study group and 1.57 in the control group (P=0.001). Although the intraoperative cell saver transfusion was same, the total blood volume transfused, which includes cell saver and any other transfusions, was significantly lower in the study group, 425 mL versus 671 mL (P=0.002).

Conclusions:
Use of a bipolar sealer device in posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss and transfusion rate when compared with a control group in this retrospective review.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgeons Dissatisfied in On-Call Practices Despite Improving Call Conditions. The 2015 POSNA Membership Survey Regarding Trauma Care
Authors: Lind Allison , Latz Kevin , Sinclair Mark R. , Williams David D. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
To examine the current trends in trauma call coverage of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons in North America and to identify predictors of surgeon on-call satisfaction.

Methods:
In 2015, ∼1200 active members of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) were surveyed regarding emergency room on-call practices. In total, 410 members completed the survey with a response rate of 35%. Information collected included call frequency, practice setting and satisfaction with call. This information was analyzed and compared with the 2006 and 2010 trauma call surveys of Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America membership using 2 sample difference in proportion, χ2 tests for trend and the Fisher exact tests. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of call satisfaction among pediatric orthopaedic surgeons.

Results:
In total, 47% of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons had access to a designated trauma operating room in 2015, up from 39% in 2010 and 24% in 2006. In total, 43% of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons currently receive a stipend for taking call, up from 35% in 2010 and 28% in 2006. Although 83% of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons believe that trauma call is an integral part of their practice, only 53% are satisfied with their call experience. Controlling for covariates, believing that call is integral to one’s practice doubles odds of call satisfaction. Having resident or fellow support and being financially compensated for orthopaedic trauma call also increases one’s odds of satisfaction. The odds of being satisfied with call decrease by 7% for each year of increase in age of the surgeon.

Conclusions:
Access to a designated trauma operating room and financial compensation for call coverage have steadily increased over the past decade. A sizable majority of respondents continue to believe that trauma care is an integral part of being a pediatric orthopedist. Despite this, 47% of respondents remain dissatisfied with their trauma call arrangements. The age and attitude of the individual surgeon and extent of hospital support predict satisfaction of surgeons providing trauma coverage.

Level of Evidence:
Level V—economic and decision analysis.
Characterization of American Football Injuries in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Smith Patrick J. , Hollins Anthony M. , Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Spence David D. , Outlaw Shane , Kelly Derek M. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
As a collision sport, football carries a significant risk of injury, as indicated by the large number of pediatric football-related injuries seen in emergency departments. There is little information in the medical literature focusing on the age-related injury patterns of this sport. Our purpose was to evaluate the types of football-related injuries that occur in children and adolescents and assess which patient characteristics, if any, affect injury pattern.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review was performed of football-related injuries treated at a level 1 pediatric referral hospital emergency department and surrounding urgent care clinics between January 2010 and January 2014. Patients with e-codes for tackle football selected from the electronic medical record were divided into 4 age groups: younger than 8 years old, 8 to 11, 12 to 14, and 15 to 18 years. Data collected included diagnosis codes, procedure codes, and hospital admission status.

Results:
Review identified 1494 patients with 1664 football-related injuries, including 596 appendicular skeleton fractures, 310 sprains, 335 contusions, 170 closed head injuries, 62 dislocations, 9 spinal cord injuries, and 14 solid organ injuries. There were 646 (43.2%) athletes with upper extremity injuries and 487 (32.6%) with injuries to the lower extremity. Hospital admissions were required in 109 (7.3%) patients. Fracture was the most common injury in all four patient age groups, but occurred at a lower rate in the 15 to 18 years old age group. The rate of soft tissue injury was higher in the 15 to 18 years old age group. The rate of closed head injury, which included concussions, was highest in the younger than 8 years old age group.

Conclusions:
Age does influence the rates of certain football-related injuries in children and adolescents. Fractures decrease with increasing age, while the rate of soft tissue trauma increases with increasing age. Younger patients (younger than 8 y old) trended toward higher rates of closed head injury compared with other age groups. Awareness of these variations in injury patterns based on age could result in age-specific changes in equipment, training, and safety rules.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.