bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La vulnérabilité d’un territoire, un héritage complexe à révéler : démonstration à travers l’étude géohistorique du risque d’inondation en Val d’Orléans (France)
Authors: Dournel Sylvain 
Published: January 2017

Le présent article se focalise sur l’optimisation des politiques de prévention du risque d’inondation en Val d’Orléans. Sur cette plaine comme sur l’ensemble du Val de Loire, la conscience du risque d’inondation n’est pas acquise pour une majorité d’habitants ni même pour certains acteurs locaux. Pourtant, un imposant dispositif de défense contre les crues du fleuve, appelé levées, édifié dès le XVIe siècle, témoigne de la récurrence initiale des épisodes de hautes eaux. Ces digues ont eu aussi pour effet de freiner les communications entre le fleuve et le val, de confiner le lit mineur et d’en complexifier les accès. Cette situation est problématique, car les crues majeures, bien que rares et irrégulières, ont souvent démontré l’inefficacité des levées. Toutefois, les périodes d’accalmie hydraulique ont donné à l’homme le sentiment illusoire de maîtriser le risque. La dernière accalmie, effective depuis 1907, a fait place à une urbanisation soutenue de l’ouest du Val d’Orléans, exposant désormais 48 000 personnes aux crues majeures. Dans cette conjoncture, la vulnérabilité est traitée comme un héritage qu’il s’agit non seulement de révéler face à la complexité de la situation présente, mais encore d’affirmer dans le but de réactiver une mémoire voire une culture locale du risque d’inondation. Ce travail, accordant une place importante au temps long, recourt à la géographie historique et à la géohistoire pour cerner le mécanisme et la construction de la vulnérabilité du Val d’Orléans aux crues de Loire.
La mise en œuvre de la politique Trame verte et bleue en zone rurale aux échelles infrarégionales L’exemple de la basse vallée du Salat (Midi-Pyrénées, France)
Authors: Canard Mathilde , Antoine  Jean-Marc , Guillerme Sylvie 
Published: January 2017

La politique Trame verte et bleue, instituée en 2007 en France par le Grenelle de l’environnement, a pour objectif la préservation de la biodiversité par le maintien des continuités écologiques, et ce au-delà des zones protégées, dans les espaces de « biodiversité ordinaire ». La Trame verte et bleue doit être déployée aux différents niveaux territoriaux selon le principe de subsidiarité. Cet article s’intéresse à la mise en œuvre de cette politique en zone rurale et aux échelles infrarégionales. À travers le cas d’étude de la basse vallée du Salat (Occitanie, France), nous interrogeons l’appropriation de la Trame verte et bleue par les différentes catégories d’acteurs, de l’échelle des territoires de projets jusqu’au niveau local, par l’analyse des discours d’acteurs (structures professionnelles, élus locaux, agriculteurs, particuliers, associations locales). Dans un premier temps, cet article montre que les structures territoriales abordent la Trame verte et bleue par le prisme d’enjeux qui ne sont pas nécessairement centrés sur la préservation de la biodiversité, amenant à des stratégies adaptées sur les territoires. À l’échelle locale, on constate que la Trame verte et bleue est mal connue, et souvent mal comprise par les acteurs. Nous mettons également en lumière les différents leviers que mobilisent les structures territoriales en charge de la Trame verte et bleue pour agir localement, sur les espaces publics et privés. Finalement, il apparaît que l’entrée paysagère choisie par certains opérateurs pour mettre en œuvre la TVB permet de mobiliser les acteurs locaux et d’infléchir leurs pratiques.
Espèces végétales exotiques et vulnérabilité environnementale : un débat ancien ? Le cas de la Belgique (fin XVIIIe siècle-années 1950)
Authors: De Bruyn Odile 
Published: January 2017

La perte de biodiversité végétale est assurément un facteur de vulnérabilité environnementale. Parmi les éléments très divers pouvant être à l’origine de ce phénomène (pollution, changement climatique, aménagement du territoire, guerre…), il en est un dont l’impact paraît moins évident de prime abord, dans la mesure où il est lui-même d’ordre végétal : il s’agit de la plantation d’espèces exotiques dans les parcs, les jardins et les milieux forestiers. Ces quarante dernières années furent marquées par un important questionnement sur la dangerosité que pouvaient constituer ces plantes (qu’elles soient invasives ou non) pour l’environnement. Mais qu’en était-il avant l’apparition toute récente des notions de biodiversité et de vulnérabilité environnementale ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question et de faire l’histoire des débats suscités en Belgique par l’introduction des espèces végétales exotiques, ce depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à l’après-guerre. Nous examinerons les principaux acteurs des différentes opinions avancées et nous nous interrogerons sur leur catégorie professionnelle et leur milieu d’appartenance. Nous chercherons également à savoir si l’éventualité d’une fragilisation de l’environnement par les végétaux non indigènes était au centre de leurs préoccupations ou non.
The Molecular Basis for the Lack of Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Cells
Authors: D’Angelo William , Gurung Chandan , Acharya Dhiraj , Chen Bohan , Ortolano Natalya , Gama Vivian , Bai Fengwei , Guo Yan-Lin 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We reported previously that mouse embryonic stem cells do not have a functional IFN-based antiviral mechanism. The current study extends our investigation to the inflammatory response in mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cell–differentiated cells. We demonstrate that LPS, TNF-α, and viral infection, all of which induce robust inflammatory responses in naturally differentiated cells, failed to activate NF-κB, the key transcription factor that mediates inflammatory responses, and were unable to induce the expression of inflammatory genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Similar results were obtained in human embryonic stem cells. In addition to the inactive state of NF-κB, the deficiency in the inflammatory response in mouse embryonic stem cells is also attributed to the lack of functional receptors for LPS and TNF-α. In vitro differentiation can trigger the development of the inflammatory response mechanism, as indicated by the transition of NF-κB from its inactive to active state. However, a limited response to TNF-α and viral infection, but not to LPS, was observed in mouse embryonic stem cell–differentiated fibroblasts. We conclude that the inflammatory response mechanism is not active in mouse embryonic stem cells, and in vitro differentiation promotes only partial development of this mechanism. Together with our previous studies, the findings described in this article demonstrate that embryonic stem cells are fundamentally different from differentiated somatic cells in their innate immunity, which may have important implications in developmental biology, immunology, and embryonic stem cell–based regenerative medicine.
Induction of IL21 in Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells Is an Indicator of Influenza Vaccine Response in a Previously Vaccinated HIV-Infected Pediatric Cohort
Authors: de Armas Lesley R. , Cotugno Nicola , Pallikkuth Suresh , Pan Li , Rinaldi Stefano , Sanchez M. Celeste , Gonzalez Louis , Cagigi Alberto , Rossi Paolo , Palma Paolo , Pahwa Savita 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
HIV-infected patients of all ages frequently underperform in response to seasonal influenza vaccination, despite virologic control of HIV. The molecular mechanisms governing this impairment, as well as predictive biomarkers for responsiveness, remain unknown. This study was performed in samples obtained prevaccination (T0) from HIV-infected children who received the 2012–2013 seasonal influenza vaccine. Response status was determined based on established criterion for hemagglutination inhibition titer; participants with a hemagglutination titer ≥1:40 plus a ≥4-fold increase over T0 at 3 wk postvaccination were designated as responders. All children had a history of prior influenza vaccinations. At T0, the frequencies of CD4 T cell subsets, including peripheral T follicular helper (pTfh) cells, which provide help to B cells for developing into Ab-secreting cells, were similar between responders and nonresponders. However, in response to in vitro stimulation with influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) Ag, differential gene expression related to pTfh cell function was observed by Fluidigm high-density RT-PCR between responders and nonresponders. In responders, H1N1 stimulation at T0 also resulted in CXCR5 induction (mRNA and protein) in CD4 T cells and IL21 gene induction in pTfh cells that were strongly associated with H1N1-specific B cell responses postvaccination. In contrast, CD4 T cells of nonresponders exhibited increased expression of IL2 and STAT5 genes, which are known to antagonize peripheral Tfh cell function. These results suggest that the quality of pTfh cells at the time of immunization is important for influenza vaccine responses and provide a rationale for targeted, ex vivo Ag-driven molecular profiling of purified immune cells to detect predictive biomarkers of the vaccine response.
Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Immune Complex Priming of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Involves TLR and FcγR Cooperation and Is Dependent on CARD9
Authors: Rhoads Jillian P. , Lukens John R. , Wilhelm Ashley J. , Moore Jared L. , Mendez-Fernandez Yanice , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi , Major Amy S. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to activate inflammatory responses in a variety of cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells. Interestingly, much of the oxLDL in circulation is complexed to Abs, and these resulting immune complexes (ICs) are a prominent feature of chronic inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis, type-2 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Levels of oxLDL ICs often correlate with disease severity, and studies demonstrated that oxLDL ICs elicit potent inflammatory responses in macrophages. In this article, we show that bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) incubated with oxLDL ICs for 24 h secrete significantly more IL-1β compared with BMDCs treated with free oxLDL, whereas there was no difference in levels of TNF-α or IL-6. Treatment of BMDCs with oxLDL ICs increased expression of inflammasome-related genes Il1a, Il1b, and Nlrp3, and pretreatment with a caspase 1 inhibitor decreased IL-1β secretion in response to oxLDL ICs. This inflammasome priming was due to oxLDL IC signaling via multiple receptors, because inhibition of CD36, TLR4, and FcγR significantly decreased IL-1β secretion in response to oxLDL ICs. Signaling through these receptors converged on the adaptor protein CARD9, a component of the CARD9–Bcl10–MALT1 signalosome complex involved in NF-κB translocation. Finally, oxLDL IC–mediated IL-1β production resulted in increased Th17 polarization and cytokine secretion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that oxLDL ICs induce inflammasome activation through a separate and more robust mechanism than oxLDL alone and that these ICs may be immunomodulatory in chronic disease and not just biomarkers of severity.
Synthetic Retinoid AM80 Ameliorates Lung and Arthritic Autoimmune Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper and Th17 Cell Responses
Authors: Naskar Debdut , Teng Fei , Felix Krysta M. , Bradley C. Pierce , Wu Hsin-Jung Joyce 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints and other organs. Pulmonary complications contribute significantly to rheumatoid arthritis mortality. Retinoic acid and its synthetic compound AM80 play roles in immunoregulation but their effect on mucosal autoimmunity remains largely unknown. T follicular helper (Tfh) and Th17 cells are known to promote inflammation and autoantibody production. Using the K/BxN autoimmune arthritis model, we elucidate a novel mechanism whereby oral AM80 administration suppressed lung mucosa–associated Tfh and autoantibody responses by increasing the gut-homing α4β7 integrin expression on Tfh cells. This diverted Tfh cells from systemic (non-gut) inflamed sites such as the lung into the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, Peyer’s patches, and thus reduced the systemic autoantibodies. AM80 also inhibited the lung Th17 response. AM80’s effect in the lungs was readily applied to the joints as AM80 also inhibited Tfh and Th17 responses in the spleen, the major autoantibody producing site known to correlate with K/BxN arthritis severity. Finally, we used anti-β7 treatment as an alternative approach, demonstrating that manipulating T cell migration between the gut and systemic sites alters the systemic disease outcome. The β7 blockade prevented both Tfh and Th17 cells from entering the non-immunopathogenic site, the gut, and retained these T effector cells in the systemic sites, leading to augmented arthritis. These data suggest a dual beneficial effect of AM80, targeting both Tfh and Th17 cells, and warrant strict safety monitoring of gut-homing perturbing agents used in treating intestinal inflammation.
Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for Determination of Thiamethoxam and Its Metabolites in Cotton Leaves and Soil
Authors: Jyot Gagan , Singh Balwinder 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
An easy and simple analytical method was standardized and validated for the estimation of residues of thiamethoxam and its metabolites in cotton. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, water, and methanol; diluted with brine solution;partitioned into dichloromethane and ethyl acetate; dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate; and cleaned up by glass column chromatography. Final clear extracts were concentrated under vacuum and reconstituted into HPLC grade acetonitrile, and residues were estimated using an HPLC instrument equipped with a C18 column and photodiode array detector system. Acetonitrile–1% formic acid in HPLC grade water (30 + 70) was used as mobile phase at 0.2 mL/min. Consistent recoveries ranging from 82 to 97% for thiamethoxam and its metabolites were observed when samples were spiked at 0.05–1.0 mg/kg levels. The LOQ of the method was determined to be 0.05mg/kg. The analytical method was validated in terms of the selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy of the detection system.
Low‐frequency nonlinearity and regime behavior in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical atmosphere
Authors: Hannachi Abdel. , Straus David M. , Franzke Christian L. E. , Corti Susanna , Woollings Tim 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe extratropical atmosphere is characterized by robust circulations which have time scales longer than that associated with developing baroclinic systems but shorter than a season. Such low‐frequency variability is governed to a large extent by nonlinear dynamics and, hence, is chaotic. A useful aspect of this low‐frequency circulation is that it can often be described by just a few quasi‐stationary regime states, broadly defined as recurrent or persistent large‐scale structures, that exert a significant impact on the probability of experiencing extreme surface weather conditions. We review a variety of techniques for identifying circulation regimes from reanalysis and numerical model output. While various techniques often yield similar regime circulation patterns, they offer different perspectives on the regimes. The regimes themselves are manifest in planetary scale patterns. They affect the structure of synoptic scale patterns. Extratropical flow regimes have been identified in simplified atmospheric models and comprehensive coupled climate models and in reanalysis data sets. It is an ongoing challenge to accurately model these regime states, and high horizontal resolutions are often needed to accurately reproduce them. The regime paradigm helps to understand the response to external forcing on a variety of time scales, has been helpful in categorizing a large number of weather types and their effect on local conditions, and is useful in downscaling. Despite their usefulness, there is a debate on the “nonequivocal” and systematic existence of these nonlinear circulation regimes. We review our current understanding of the nonlinear and regime paradigms and suggest future research.
The GMT/MATLAB Toolbox
Authors: Wessel Paul , Luis Joaquim F. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe GMT/MATLAB toolbox is a basic interface between MATLAB® (or Octave) and GMT, the Generic Mapping Tools, which allows MATLAB users full access to all GMT modules. Data may be passed between the two programs using intermediate MATLAB structures that organize the metadata needed; these are produced when GMT modules are run. In addition, standard MATLAB matrix data can be used directly as input to GMT modules. The toolbox improves interoperability between two widely used tools in the geosciences and extends the capability of both tools: GMT gains access to the powerful computational capabilities of MATLAB while the latter gains the ability to access specialized gridding algorithms and can produce publication‐quality PostScript‐based illustrations. The toolbox is available on all platforms and may be downloaded from the GMT website.
Cloud response and feedback processes in stratiform mixed‐phase clouds perturbed by ship exhaust
Authors: Possner Anna , Ekman Annica M. L. , Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: January 2017

AbstractStratiform mixed‐phase clouds (MPCs), which contain both supercooled liquid and ice, play a key role in the energy balance of the Arctic and are a major contributor to surface precipitation. As Arctic shipping is projected to increase with climate change, these clouds may frequently be exposed to local aerosol perturbations of up to 15,000 cm−3. Yet little consensus exists within the community regarding the key feedback mechanisms induced in MPCs perturbed by ship exhaust, or aerosol in general. Here we show that many known processes identified in the warm‐phase stratocumulus regime can be extrapolated to the MPC regime. However, their effect may be compensated, or even undermined, by the following two most relevant processes unique to the MPC regime: (i) increased cloud glaciation via immersion freezing due to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) induced cloud top radiative cooling and (ii) the continued cycling of ice nucleating particles (INPs) through the cloud and subcloud layer.
Energetic Particle Data From the Global Positioning System Constellation
Authors: Morley S. K. , Sullivan J. P. , Carver M. R. , Kippen R. M. , Friedel R. H. W. , Reeves G. D. , Henderson M. G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSince 2000, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Combined X‐ray and Dosimeter (CXD) and Burst Detector Dosimeter for Block II‐R (BDD‐IIR) instruments have been fielded on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Today, 21 of the 31 operational GPS satellites are equipped with a CXD detector and a further 2 carry a BDD‐IIR. Each of these instruments measures a wide range of energetic electrons and protons. These data have now been publicly released under the terms of the Executive Order for Coordinating Efforts to Prepare the Nation for Space Weather Events. The specific goal of releasing space weather data from the GPS satellites is to enable broad scientific community engagement in enhancing space weather model validation and improvements in space weather forecasting and situational awareness. The time period covered by this data release is approximately 16 years, which corresponds to more than 167 satellite years of data. The large number of GPS satellites, distributed over six orbital planes, will provide important context for ongoing and historical science missions, as well as enabling new types of research not previously possible.
Practical Access to Difluoromethyl Ketones via Straightforward Decarboxylative Difluorination of β‐Ketoacids
Authors: Li Yin‐Long , Li Jian , Deng Jun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA facile synthetic approach to a series of difluoromethyl ketones from β‐ketoacids has been described. This transformation is achieved through the straightforward decarboxylative difluorination of β‐ketoacids in the absence of any catalyst. Furthermore, the resulted difluoromethyl ketones can be easily converted into corresponding difluoromethylated building blocks for pharmaceuticals and materials.magnified image
Increased stability in self‐healing polymer networks based on reversible Michael addition reactions
Authors: Kuhl Natascha , Geitner Robert , Vitz Jürgen , Bode Stefan , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hager Martin D. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTA reversible thiol‐ene click reaction is utilized to design novel self‐healing polymers. These materials are based on a new methacrylate monomer featuring a benzylcyanoacetamide derivative, which is copolymerized with butyl methacrylate. Afterwards, the crosslinking is performed by the addition of a dithiol and a tetrathiol, respectively. Self‐healing behavior is obtained by heating the crosslinked polymers to 100 °C (150 °C) for several hours and is monitored by scratch healing experiments utilizing an optical microscope. The thermal properties are studied in detail by differential scanning calorimetry as well as thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, depth‐sensing indentation measurements are performed to determine the mechanical properties. The healing process is based on the reversible cleavage/closing of the bonds (i.e., thiol‐ene reaction), which could be demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44805.
Plasticized poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) with improved melt processing and balanced properties
Authors: Panaitescu Denis Mihaela , Nicolae Cristian Andi , Frone Adriana Nicoleta , Chiulan Ioana , Stanescu Paul Octavian , Draghici Constantin , Iorga Michaela , Mihailescu Mona 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThe widespread application of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in the food packaging and biomedical fields has been hindered by its high brittleness, slow crystallization, poor thermal stability, and narrow processing window. To overcome these limitations, a mixture of biodegradable and biocompatible plasticizers was used to modify PHB. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), acetyl tributyl citrate, poly(ethylene glycol) 4000 (PEG4000), and poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG6000) were tested to improve PHB melt processing and to achieve balanced thermal and mechanical properties. These plasticizers increased the flexibility and decreased the melt viscosity, improving the processability. The tensile strength was maintained within the limit of experimental error for ESO and decreased slightly (6–7%) for the other plasticizers. PEG6000 and ESO delayed the decomposition process of PHB. The plasticizers did not hinder the crystallization, and poly(ethylene glycol)s increased the crystallinity. The change in the interplanar distance and crystallite size, correlated with lamellar stack dimensions, gave more information on the plasticizers' effects in PHB. The blend with 5 wt % ESO was considered suitable for the fabrication of marketable PHB films. This study showed that it is possible to tailor the rheological, thermal, and mechanical behavior of a commercial PHB through the addition of a second plasticizer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44810.