bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geostatistical Pre-Stack Inversion for Thin-Bedded Reservoir Characterization in Bongkot Field, Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Promrak W. , Tubsrinuan N. , Asawachaisujja S. , Pabchanda S. , Boonyasaknanon P. , Srisuriyon K. , Sognnes H. I. , Shaw R. K. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A geostatistical seismic pre-stack inversion was carried out over a producing gas and condensate field in the Gulf of Thailand, North Malay basin. As the main reservoirs are thin-bedded stacked fluvial deltaic sands of Miocence age, detailed mapping of reservoir distribution was challenging due to limited seismic resolution. To overcome such challenges, a pre-stack geostatistical inversion was initiated. The input dataset consisted of six wells and 250 km2 of 3D seismic data. The well log data passed through rigorous QC and rock physics analysis, while the seismic data were subject to preconditioning to ensure improved CDP gather flatness and signal-to-noise ratio. Starting from geostatistical modeling, the inversion generated multiple detailed realizations of lithology and elastic properties based on Bayesian Inference and Markov-Chain Monte Carlo methods. Statistic of multiple resulting realizations also implied a range of possible solutions of this non-unique inverse problem. In addition, petrophysical properties were simulated by using statistical relationships between inverted elastic and petrophysical properties. By integrating high frequency well logs with low frequency seismic, the geostatistical inversion process provided high vertical resolution and captured spatial variations of the various lithology types and their respective elastic properties. Since a majority of the stacked gas sand reservoirs in the area were below the tuning thickness, the geostatistic inversion results provided significantly improved insight to facies distribution. According to blind well results, precision of net pay estimation provided by the geostatistical inversion improved from 40% to 83%, compared to predrilled prognosis; while, pay estimation uncertainty was reduced by 30%. The generated petrophysical volumes also showed more detailed spatial variation, and can be used to improve in-place volumetric calculations and support field development planning.
South Atlantic Recent Slope Setting Discoveries, the Proven Pathway to the Ultra-Deep Water Basin Floor Fan Play
Authors: Hodgson Neil , Rodriguez Karyna , Intawong Anongporn , Eastwell David 
Published: November 2016

Oil exploration has become a journey into ever deeper water as increasing competition for a smaller prize in the accessible shelf or failed rift basins has encouraged oil companies to explore the continental slopes, where success has been episodic and predominantly associated with stratigraphic channel plays. As a safer and highly rewarding alternative, we propose the ultra-deep water basin floor fan in the deep water abyssal plains setting as the future oil play for this century.
An extensive dataset of modern long streamer 2D seismic in ultra-deep water along both sides of the South Atlantic margins has been employed to identify a regional source rock and kitchen areas, while depth domain seismic profiles have been utilized to reveal the true geometries of basin floor fans on either side. A model of an ultra-deep water basin floor fan play with its associated resource potential has been put together and indicates a huge trapping geometry in the depth domain where it becomes apparent that the basin floor fans deposited at the base of slope directly overlying the mature source rock are in fact not dipping out to sea, but dip landward, eliminating the up-dip seal trapping risk.
Basin floor fan examples observed in Mauritania, Senegal and Sergipe have all been calibrated with seismic attributes associated with major recent discoveries. These have also been integrated with results from source rock maturity modelling and analysis of satellite seep clusters, both of which provide strong evidence of an oil generative system.
An identical geometric relationship can be seen on PreSDM data from other basins, for instance the Pelotas Basin in Brazil/Uruguay, Gabon, Namibia/South Africa and even Somalia on the eastern side of Africa. In addition, settings in South East Asia with similar potential but subtly different play types have been reviewed, to indicate how these systems might work in ultra-deep water outboard of broadly destructive margins.
The surprising result is that, significant areas around the globe below 3,000 metre of water, in the lower slope and abyssal plain setting, appear to have potential for a working hydrocarbon system.
Post Rift Oligocene Marine Source Rock, a New Petroleum System in Greater Bangkanai, Upper Kutai, Indonesia
Authors: Nugroho Bayu , Guritno Elly , Mustapha Haryo , Darmawan Windi , Subekti Ari , Davis Carey 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The long-held view and general understanding on the source rock within the Upper Kutai Basin is that it comes from the fluvial-deltaic facies. This deltaic coals and carbonaceous source rock has been proven generating gas with oil in Western Indonesian tertiary basins such as the Miocene Balikpapan Formation in the Lower Kutai Basin, Tanjung Formation in the Barito Basin and TalangAkar Formation in the South Sumatra Basin. The Oligocene carbonate play in the Upper Kutai Basin is under-explored, with exploration historically focusing on the Miocene deltaic and turbidite plays. These carbonates mainly consist of the UjohBilang or Berai equivalent Formation which outcrops along the southern and western margin of the basin, and is seismically imaged in the subsurface, forming on isolated basement highs and large platform areas.
Ophir Energy's Kerendan Gas Field in the Bangkanai PSC is the only Oligocene carbonate gas producer in the Kutai Basin. Development drilling on the Kerendan Field and the West Kerendan-1 exploration well has provided new information which, together with a re-evaluation of the existing carbon isotope and other geochemical data has led to a reinterpretation of the source rocks for Kerendan gas. The gas was previously postulated to be generated from Eocene terrestrial source rocks similar to the source rocks that generated oil and gas in the neighboring Tanjung Field in the Barito Basin, 100 kms to the South. The recent carbon isotope data from the Kerendan wells reveals that the gas in the Oligocene carbonate reservoir in Kerendan was generated from a marine source rock and is not terrestrial in origin. In addition there is also a terrestrial component within the gas found at the younger stratigraphic interval.
Controlling Vibration and Noise Hazards to Insure Safe Work Conditions in Oil and Gas Plants
Authors: Souil N. , Jacq J. , Crivelli B. , Marongiu C. Deslot , Vouagner P. , Lacolle S. , Pischedda P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the noise and vibration methodologies applied at the FEED and EPC phases, in order to ensure that plant design meets the noise and vibration requirements of an Oil and Gas project. Working areas, but also the quiet areas such as living quarters or technical rooms are adressed.
More specifically, the following steps / actions are detailed: –The control of vibration levels on support structures due to vibrating equipment;–The control of airborne noise levels on working areas due to noisy equipment;–The control of structure borne noise levels inside quiet living areas due to vibrating equipment;–The correct design of the noise coverage of the loudspeaker system used for warning signals (PA/GA: Public Address / General Alarm); and–The evaluation process for identifying and defining corrective actions, if they are required.
The development of an innovative numerical method to assess the structure borne noise transmission from vibrating equipment into working and/or living areas is presented. This tool is based on a hybrid Statistical Energy Analysis / Finite Element Modelling methodology, and used to recommend architectural alternatives that reduce the structure borne noise contribution within closed areas. In addition, methodologies to correctly define noise coverage of PA/GA systems are discussed, including within a Norsok regulatory context.
Modelling Formation of a New Fluid Phase During Carbonated Water Injection
Authors: Al Mesmari Ali , Mahzari Pedram , Sohrabi Mehran 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Direct flow visualisation experiments have revealed that the transfer of CO2 from water into crude oil triggers the formation of a new gas-like phase within the oil. The new phase will subsequently expand and contributes significantly to oil recovery. In this study, we first develop a methodology to describe the formation of the new phase based on our visual observation obtained from our high-pressure micromodel experiments. We then use a commercial simulator (Fluid Modelling Package) and tune an equation-of-state using PVT data of the oil reservoir of interest. The proposed methodology is then employed to examine the capability of commercial simulators to model the experimentally observed process of new phase formation.
The outcome of this simulation exercise verifies that the dissolution of CO2 into the oil phase would expel the lighter components of the oil forming a gaseous phase with much higher swelling factor compared to the normal swelling of a crude oil due to CO2 dissolution. The higher swelling of the new phase outperforms other oil recovery mechanisms considered for carbonated water injection and is the dominant factor controlling the amount of oil recovery and the performance of the oil recovery process. The new phase becomes heavier as the CO2 transfer from water to crude oil continues and reduces the IFT (interfacial tension) between the oil and the newly formed gaseous phase.
The results of the study help improving the accuracy of the numerical simulation of the oil recovery processes involving CO2 and carbonated water injection. This will in turn improve the quality of our reservoir performance predictions and the reliability of our economic calculations of these enhanced oil recovery techniques.
A Performance Analysis Model for Multi-Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Lei Zhengdong , Li Junchao , Deng Xiaomei , Tang Zichun , yu Tao , Zhang Zike , Yang Lepeng 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Due to the advances of horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing technologies, the utilization of tight oil resources has become a world focus in global petroleum industry. The performance forecast is significant to determine optimal well spacing and optimum drainage areas within and beyond the stimulated reservoir volumes (SRV). Multiple hydraulic fracture treatments in the reservoirs with natural fractures create complex fracture networks. Complex behavior of fluid flow in extremely tight porous media and presence of hydraulically fractured long horizontal wells in tight oil reservoirs imposes different set of challenges for performance prediction.
This paper presents a comprehensive hybrid grid model and performance analysis workflow to study the impact of reservoir and hydraulic fracturing parameters on production performance of tight oil reservoir. In the coarse model, large-scale fractures are treated explicit like conventional discrete fracture models, while relatively small-scale fractures are upscaled into dual porosity grids by global upscaling procedures. We performed history matching with field production data in the ChangQing oilfield. Based on the history matching results, fracture half-length and fracture conductivity were quantified and the present model is validated against production data.
The effect of fracture density, complexity of the fracture network, and permeability of the rock matrix on well productivity and tight oil recovery is studied in this paper. Subsequently, we performed optimization of multiple horizontal wells placement in a spacing unit with purpose of maximizing the reserve utilization. Finally, the optimal facture length of wells was determined. The proposed method provides a useful tool for diagnosing natural fractures, quantifying stimulated-reservoir volume, and assessing reliability of future performance predictions.
Formulating a Stable Emulsified Acid at High Temperatures: Stability and Rheology Study
Authors: Sidaoui Ziad , Sultan Abdullah S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Matrix acidizing is a means to stimulate wells; in order to increase the productivity or injectivity. Amongst the wide acidizing fluids, emulsified acids are the most commonly used. Emulsified acids have a reputation to retard the reaction with formation rock, hence they cause deeper penetration. Apart from that, they need minimum additives, since acid is encapsulated by oil phase. That being said, only the oil phase is in immediate contact with the tubing. Thus, granting less corrosion issues. All of these perks of emulsified acids are based on the mere condition that they are stable during their journey in the well to reach the formation rock. Therefore, a stable emulsion (emulsified acid) is extremely critical to the acidizing job, and the degree to which it is stable dictates how successful the job will be.
This work aims to experimentally study the factors which contribute to create a stable emulsion by conducting thermal stability and rheology tests. These factors include mixing means (magnetic stirrer & high-power mixer), emulsifier concentration (up to 1.5vol%), mixing speed (up to 1500 rpm), addition rate of acid phase to diesel one (separatory funnel & syringe pump). Moreover, the emulsified acid is prepared using 15wt% HCl and diesel. The volume ratio of acid-to-diesel is 70:30. And, all of the thermal stability tests are conducted at 120°C in a heating oven. Furthermore, the apparent viscosity is measured at different temperatures and supported by droplet size distribution.
The results show that emulsifier concentration and mixing speed have significant effect when the emulsion is prepared using magnetic stirrer; however, this effect diminishes when the mixing means is a high-power mixer. Interestingly, the addition rate plays a key role on the stability; even a small difference as 0.5 mL/minute would result in changing the behavior of the emulsion at 120°C. Also, the results confirm that the smaller the droplet size of an emulsion, the more viscous it becomes. Furthermore, temperature increase results in emulsion degradation.
This study offers a unique way to look at emulsified acids and addresses factors that have never been addressed before. The novelty of this study is the comprehensive knowledge it brings about the factors affecting the stability of HCl emulsion. It helps to better understand HCl emulsion and how it works. Hence, production engineers can design and conduct acidizing jobs seamlessly.
The First Integrated Formation Evaluation of Shale Gas in Horizontal Wells Using An Efficient and Economical Logging Method Involving Conveyance Through the Drill String and Bit: A Case Study in Huangjinba Block, China
Authors: Liang X. , Jiao Y. J. , Wang G. C. , Zhang L. , Zhang Y. Q. , Liu C. , Wang Y. , Luo Y. , Zhao X. R. , Li K. X. , Zhang R. , Liu Q. M. , Chen Z. P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The performance of shale gas wells varies, and the heterogeneity of shale gas reservoirs requires a good understanding of both reservoir quality (RQ) and completion quality (CQ) of the formation. There are many choices for data acquisition in shale gas horizontal wells, such as wireline conveyance and logging while drilling (LWD). The operator needs to balance between costs, risks, availability of certain measurements and quality of data acquisition.
This paper shows a new logging method using a slim tool string that is designed to be conveyed though the drill string and a hollow bit, and the memory data can be obtained when the tool is tripping out. It shows great advantage in lowering the costs, reducing the risks and saving the rig time, when compared to other logging methods. The quad-combo logging suite incorporates spectral gamma ray, density, compensated neutron, array induction resistivity, and array sonic measurements. An integrated formation evaluation derived from the quad-combo data provides answers to RQ and CQ of the shale gas reservoir, which can be the guide for the hydraulic stimulation.
Case studies are presented from shale gas reservoirs of Huangjinba Block in Zhejiang Oilfield of PetroChina, which is located at the Zhaotong area of Northern Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. The environmental corrected quad-combo data from the new slim logging tool proves to be consistent when compared with the wireline data in the pilot hole and LWD data in the offset horizontal wells, using a heterogeneous analysis method. A robust and comprehensive petrophysical description of lithology, porosity, permeability, total organic carbon content (TOC), gas content, fluid saturation, and tri-axial stress magnitudes is presented. A new understanding of shale gas reservoir heterogeneity is established. Engineered completion design based on the RQ and CQ has demonstrable value in improving perforation efficiency and production performance.
This paper discusses a novel application of a new slim logging tool in formation evaluation of shale gas horizontal wells, and it proves to be efficient and economical. It makes the engineered design for the hydraulic stimulation possible and a success. The workflow can also be applied to other shale gas plays in China.
Interior Design of Care Homes for People with Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Study
Authors: Krliu Tina 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND: The population of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is rapidly increasing worldwide. While in Republic of Macedonia there is no formal special care for people with AD, developed countries are expanding on both the typology of their care homes and services they offer for people with AD. The Macedonian aging population is in need of long-term care (LTC) options tailored to meet the special needs of people with AD.AIM: The aims of this study are (i) to explore the Macedonian approach to the problem of creating LTC environments for people with AD, as compared to the approach of a developed country through the example of Canada, and (ii) to identify successful interior design characteristics that would meet the special needs of people with AD. METHODS: The study begins by reviewing existing literature with the purpose of obtaining knowledge about the common clinical symptoms of AD (i.e. memory problems and behavior) and how these changes have an impact on the interaction between AD individuals and the physical environment they live in. For the purposes of the study, a fieldtrip was conducted in two LTC homes in Toronto (Canada) offering special 24 hour care for people with AD, and one LTC home in Skopje (Macedonia) that includes people with AD in their care program. The interior design of LTC homes was described through photographs, plans, observations and a description of the spaces used by people with AD. For a controlled analysis of the recorded environments, the 'Evaluation of Older People's Living Environments (EVOLVE)' questionnaire was used. RESULTS: The identified qualities from the case studies, and the lessons learned throughout the analysis of the key design elements, were used towards developing a list of suggestions for modifying the interior of the Macedonian LTC home. The developed suggestions were classified into two groups: (1) proposals for minimal constructional modifications of the interior environment, and (2) proposals for major constructional modifications of the interior environment. CONCLUSION: While the suggested modifications are not final changes of the LTC environment, they are an important step towards developing a design strategy for providing 24 hour care for people with AD in Macedonia.
The Interrelationship of Common Clinical Movement Screens: Establishing Population-Specific Norms in a Large Cohort of Military Applicants
Authors: de la Motte Sarah J. , Gribbin Timothy C. , Lisman Peter , Beutler Anthony I. , Deuster Patricia 
Published: November 2016

Context: Musculoskeletal injuries (MSK-Is) are a leading cause of missed duty time and morbidity in the military. Modifiable risk factors for MSK-Is, such as inadequate core stability, poor movement patterns, and dynamic balance deficits, have not been identified in military applicants on entering service.
Objective: To establish normative functional movement data using a series of screens in military applicants entering basic training and explore relationships among several movement tests.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Military Entrance Processing Station.
Patients or Other Participants: A total of 1714 (1434 male, 280 female) military applicants entering the US Army (n = 546), Navy (n = 414), Air Force (n = 229), or Marine Corps (n = 525).
Intervention(s): We conducted the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), Y-Balance Test (YBT), overhead squat (OHS), and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS). Movements were assessed using the scoring convention for each screen.
Main Outcome Measure(s): The FMS, YBT, OHS, and LESS scores and associations among the movement screens as well as clinical meaningfulness.
Results: A total of 1037 of the 1714 enrolled applicants were screened on the day they left for basic training. Normative means for this population were established: FMS = 14.7 ± 1.8, YBT anterior-reach difference = 3.1 ± 3.0 cm, mean YBT composite differences = 8.0 ± 6.8 cm, mean YBT composite percentage = 90.9% ± 8.3%, OHS errors = 5.0 ± 2.8, and LESS score = 5.7 ± 2.1. Backward regression results revealed that the YBT composite percentage was related to the FMS and OHS scores in males and to the FMS and LESS results in females. However, clinically meaningful relationships between the tests varied for both males and females.
Conclusions: Sex-normative values for the FMS, YBT, OHS, and LESS screens were established for US military applicants, and some of the assessments overlapped. Overall, males performed better on the OHS and LESS and achieved a greater YBT composite percentage than females. The regression results revealed movement screen performance relationships that varied by sex and clinical meaningfulness. In future studies, we will determine if performance on any of the screens is associated with MSK-Is in basic trainees.
Ocean–atmosphere interactions modulate irrigation's climate impacts
Authors: Krakauer Nir Y. , Puma Michael J. , Cook Benjamin I. , Gentine Pierre , Nazarenko Larissa 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Numerous studies have focused on the local and regional climate effects of irrigated agriculture and other land cover and land use change (LCLUC) phenomena, but there are few studies on the role of ocean–atmosphere interaction in modulating irrigation climate impacts. Here, we compare simulations with and without interactive sea surface temperatures of the equilibrium effect on climate of contemporary (year 2000) irrigation geographic extent and intensity. We find that ocean–atmosphere interaction does impact the magnitude of global-mean and spatially varying climate impacts, greatly increasing their global reach. Local climate effects in the irrigated regions remain broadly similar, while non-local effects, particularly over the oceans, tend to be larger. The interaction amplifies irrigation-driven standing wave patterns in the tropics and midlatitudes in our simulations, approximately doubling the global-mean amplitude of surface temperature changes due to irrigation. The fractions of global area experiencing significant annual-mean surface air temperature and precipitation change also approximately double with ocean–atmosphere interaction. Subject to confirmation with other models, these findings imply that LCLUC is an important contributor to climate change even in remote areas such as the Southern Ocean, and that attribution studies should include interactive oceans and need to consider LCLUC, including irrigation, as a truly global forcing that affects climate and the water cycle over ocean as well as land areas.