bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward establishing model organisms for marine protists: Successful transfection protocols for Parabodo caudatus (Kinetoplastida: Excavata)
Authors: Gomaa Fatma , Garcia Paulo A. , Delaney Jennifer , Girguis Peter R. , Buie Cullen R. , Edgcomb Virginia P. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryWe developed protocols for, and demonstrated successful transfection of, the free‐living kinetoplastid flagellate Parabodo caudatus with three plasmids carrying a fluorescence reporter gene (pEF‐GFP with the EF1 alpha promoter, pUB‐GFP with Ubiquitin C promoter, and pEYFP‐Mitotrap with CMV promoter). We evaluated three electroporation approaches: (1) a square‐wave electroporator designed for eukaryotes, (2) a novel microfluidic transfection system employing hydrodynamically‐controlled electric field waveforms, and (3) a traditional exponential decay electroporator. We found the microfluidic device provides a simple and efficient platform to quickly test a wide range of electric field parameters to find the optimal set of conditions for electroporation of target species. It also allows for processing large sample volumes (>10 ml) within minutes, increasing throughput 100 times over cuvettes. Fluorescence signal from the reporter gene was detected a few hours after transfection and persisted for 3 days in cells transfected by pEF‐GFP and pUB‐GFP plasmids and for at least 5 days post‐transfection for cells transfected with pEYFP‐Mitotrap. Expression of the reporter genes (GFP and YFP) was also confirmed using reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR). This work opens the door for further efforts with this taxon and close relatives toward establishing model systems for genome editing.
Germination‐Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis Can Improve the Quality of Soybean Protein
Authors: Yang Hui , Li Xin , Gao Jinyan , Tong Ping , Yang Anshu , Chen Hongbing 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of combined germination and Alcalase hydrolysis on the quality of soybean protein. Protein profiles, water solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties, thixotropic properties, and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) were tested, the chemical score (CS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of soybean protein were also defined. The combined treatment of germination and Alcalase hydrolysis remarkably improved the solubility, emulsification activity index, emulsion stability index, and foaming capacity of soybean protein. Notably, a decrease in foaming stability was detected. The electrophoretic profile showed a weak breakdown of soybean protein during germination. However, a strong breakdown of protein was observed after the hydrolysis with Alcalase. The combined treatment also decreased the CS and EAAI of soybean protein, but only by 18%. Meanwhile, the IVPD and PER of soybean protein were significantly improved. Moreover, the protein of the germinated and hydrolyzed soybean flour demonstrated better swallowing properties. These findings indicated that the combined treatment of germination and enzymatic hydrolysis can improve the quality of soybean protein.
Myosin substitution rate is affected by the amount of cytosolic myosin in cultured muscle cells
Authors: Ojima Koichi , Ichimura Emi , Yasukawa Yuya , Oe Mika , Muroya Susumu , Suzuki Takahiro , Wakamatsu Jun‐ichi , Nishimura Takanori 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn striated muscles, approximately 300 myosin molecules form a single thick filament in myofibrils. Each myosin is continuously displaced by another myosin to maintain the thick filament structure. Our previous study using a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique showed that the myosin replacement rate is decreased by inhibition of protein synthesis, but myosin is still exchangeable. This result prompted us to examine whether myosin in the cytoplasm is involved in myosin replacement in myofibrils. To address this, FRAP was measured in green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged myosin heavy chain 3 (Myh3) expressing myotubes that were treated with streptolysin‐O (SLO), which forms pores specifically in the plasma membrane to induce leakage of cytoplasmic proteins. Our biochemical data demonstrated that the cytoplasmic myosin content was reduced in SLO‐permeabilized semi‐intact myotubes. Furthermore, FRAP experiments showed a sluggish substitution rate of GFP‐Myh3 in SLO‐permeabilized myotubes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the myosin substitution rate is significantly reduced by a decreased amount of myosin in the cytoplasm and that cytoplasmic myosin contributes to myosin replacement in myofibrils.
Young children seek out biased information about social groups
Authors: Over Harriet , Eggleston Adam , Bell Jenny , Dunham Yarrow 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the origins of prejudice necessitates exploring the ways in which children participate in the construction of biased representations of social groups. We investigate whether young children actively seek out information that supports and extends their initial intergroup biases. In Studies 1 and 2, we show that children choose to hear a story that contains positive information about their own group and negative information about another group rather than a story that contains negative information about their own group and positive information about the other group. In a third study, we show that children choose to present biased information to others, thus demonstrating that the effects of information selection can start to propagate through social networks. In Studies 4 and 5, we further investigate the nature of children's selective information seeking and show that children prefer ingroup‐favouring information to other types of biased information and even to balanced, unbiased information. Together, this work shows that children are not merely passively recipients of social information; they play an active role in the creation and transmission of intergroup attitudes.
Effects of degrees of grass competition on spreading of Kura clover
Authors: Kim Byong W. , Nejad Jalil Ghassemi , Sung Kyung I. , Lee Bae H. , Albrecht Kenneth A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractKura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is known to develop an extensive rhizome system when grown in monoculture. However, there is no information about the effects that competition from companion grasses could have on its rhizome development. This study was conducted to determine the difference in rhizome development of kura clover planted in grass, grass plus nitrogen (grass + N) fertilizer, or killed‐grass plots, and to evaluate the effect of defoliation height on kura clover rhizome development. Using 1‐year‐old smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) swards, experiment 1 and 2 commenced in August 1991 and May 1992, respectively, at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station. Ten kura clover entries (populations started from seeds or from rhizomes started from clones) were transplanted into each sub‐plot. Two cutting height sub‐plots were superimposed on each of the three grass sward types. In each Exp., two plants from the same seed or rhizome source represented the experimental unit. Individual plants spread up to 1 m in diameter over a 2‐year period after transplanting when there was no grass competition. For both swards, the mean spread of kura clover by rhizome growth was highest in killed‐grass plots (85 cm diameter), least in the grass + N plots (29 cm diameter) and intermediate (57 cm diameter) in the grass only plots. The defoliation height (4 cm or 10 cm) of the swards did not significantly affect the spread of kura clover regardless of grass status (killed or + or −N) in either smooth bromegrass or Kentucky bluegrass. We conclude that reducing the competition from grasses is a management tool that can be used to maximize the colonizing ability of kura clover.
Identification of allergens by IgE‐specific testing improves outcomes in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Will Brett M. , Severino Richard , Johnson Douglas W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroductionIgE quantitative assaying of allergens (IgEQAA) has long been implemented by allergists in determining patients’ reactivities for allergic rhinitis and asthma, two of the three diagnoses in atopic syndrome. This test operates by measuring the patient's IgE response to different allergens and can identify potential triggers for a patient's symptoms. Despite this, IgEQAA has yet to see the same widespread use in the field of dermatology, specifically in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).Materials and MethodsThe affected body surface area (BSA) at first presentation, IgEQAA classes, and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration were taken retrospectively for 54 patients with AD.ResultsOf the 54 patients observed, 41 had an abnormally high total IgE concentration (76%). Additionally, it was observed that nine (17%) of our patients significantly improved after making lifestyle changes.ConclusionKnowledge of the identified specific antigens can guide patients to make lifestyle modifications that may improve disease outcomes. IgEQAA and avoidance of allergens may help some patients with AD.
Inside a Uniform Imaginary: Gender, Politics, and Aesthetics in Peruvian Technical Education
Authors: Silverstein Sydney M. 
Published: June 2017

ResumenEste artículo explora el surgimiento de los Institutos Superiores Tecnológicos (ISTs) en la ciudad amazónica de Tarapoto, Perú, centrándose en su atractivo para mujeres jóvenes. En Perú, el surgimiento de la escuela tecnológica privada llega en una coyuntura histórica con la disminución de un violento conflicto social, seguido por las reformas neoliberales que han reducido drásticamente la financiación de las universidades públicas ‐y especialmente sus programas en las humanidades y las ciencias sociales. Sin embargo, la dramática representación de las mujeres jóvenes matriculados en los ISTs de Tarapoto—de las cuales son las primeras en sus familias en asistir postsecundaria, o incluso secundario– plantea importantes cuestiones sobre el tipo de esperanzas, posibilidades y experiencias que complementan el plan de estudios técnicos en las aulas de los ISTs.
Stereotypical Inferences: Philosophical Relevance and Psycholinguistic Toolkit
Authors: Fischer Eugen , Engelhardt Paul E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractStereotypes shape inferences in philosophical thought, political discourse, and everyday life. These inferences are routinely made when thinkers engage in language comprehension or production: We make them whenever we hear, read, or formulate stories, reports, philosophical case‐descriptions, or premises of arguments – on virtually any topic. These inferences are largely automatic: largely unconscious, non‐intentional, and effortless. Accordingly, they shape our thought in ways we can properly understand only by complementing traditional forms of philosophical analysis with experimental methods from psycholinguistics. This paper seeks, first, to bring out the wider philosophical relevance of stereotypical inference, well beyond familiar topics like gender and race. Second, we wish to provide (experimental) philosophers with a toolkit to experimentally study these ubiquitous inferences and what intuitions they may generate. This paper explains what stereotypes are (Section1), and why they matter to current and traditional concerns in philosophy – experimental, analytic, and applied (Section2). It then assembles a psycholinguistic toolkit and demonstrates through two studies (Sections3–4) how potentially questionnaire‐based measures (plausibility‐ratings) can be combined with process measures (reaction times and pupillometry) to garner evidence for specific stereotypical inferences and study when they ‘go through’ and influence our thinking.
Lifetime Suicidal Behaviors and Career Characteristics Among U.S. Army Soldiers: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)
Authors: Millner Alexander J. , Ursano Robert J. , Hwang Irving , King Andrew J. , Naifeh James A. , Sampson Nancy A. , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Stein Murray B. , Kessler Ronald C. , Nock Matthew K. ,   the STARRS‐LS Collaborators
Published: June 2017

The current report presents data on lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation and nonfatal attempts as reported by the large representative sample of U.S. Army soldiers who participated in the Consolidated All‐Army Survey of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (N = 29,982). We also examine associations of key Army career characteristics with these outcomes. Prevalence estimates for lifetime suicide ideation are 12.7% among men and 20.1% among women, and for lifetime suicide attempts are 2.5% and 5.1%, respectively. Retrospective age‐of‐onset reports suggest that 53.4%–70% of these outcomes had preenlistment onsets. Results revealed that, for both men and women, being in the Regular Army, compared with being in the National Guard or Army Reserve, and being in an enlisted rank, compared with being an officer, is associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviors and that this elevated risk is present both before and after joining the Army.
Combined Effect of the Cfr Methyltransferase and Ribosomal Protein L3 Mutations on Resistance to Ribosome-Targeting Antibiotics
Authors: Pakula Kevin K. , Hansen Lykke H. , Vester Birte 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Several groups of antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth by binding to bacterial ribosomes. Mutations in ribosomal protein L3 have been associated with resistance to linezolid and tiamulin, which both bind at the peptidyl transferase center in the ribosome. Resistance to these and other antibiotics also occurs through methylation of 23S rRNA at position A2503 by the methyltransferase Cfr. The mutations in L3 and the
cfr
gene have been found together in clinical isolates, raising the question of whether they have a combined effect on antibiotic resistance or growth. We transformed a plasmid-borne
cfr
gene into a uL3-depleted
Escherichia coli
strain containing either wild-type L3 or L3 with one of seven mutations, G147R, Q148F, N149S, N149D, N149R, Q150L, or T151P, expressed from plasmid-carried
rplC
genes. The L3 mutations are well tolerated, with small to moderate growth rate decreases. The presence of Cfr has a very minor influence on the growth rate. The resistance of the transformants to linezolid, tiamulin, florfenicol, and Synercid (a combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin [Q-D]) was measured by MIC assays. The resistance from Cfr was, in all cases, stronger than the effects of the L3 mutations, but various effects were obtained with the combinations of Cfr and L3 mutations ranging from a synergistic to an antagonistic effect. Linezolid and tiamulin susceptibility varied greatly among the L3 mutations, while no significant effects on florfenicol and Q-D susceptibility were seen. This study underscores the complex interplay between various resistance mechanisms and cross-resistance, even from antibiotics with overlapping binding sites.
Impact of
gyrB
and
eis
Mutations in Improving Detection of Second-Line-Drug Resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Georgia
Authors: Bablishvili N. , Tukvadze N. , Shashkina E. , Mathema B. , Gandhi N. R. , Blumberg H. M. , Kempker R. R. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

The country of Georgia has a high burden of multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). To evaluate whether mutations in
gyrB
and
eis
genes increased the sensitivity of detection of phenotypic resistance to ofloxacin and kanamycin or capreomycin compared to use of the first-generation MTBDR
sl
assay alone, which tests for mutations in
gyrA
and
rrs
genes, a retrospective study of stored
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates was performed. All isolates underwent DNA sequencing of resistance-determining regions. Among 112
M. tuberculosis
isolates with DNA extraction data, targeted sequencing was successfully performed for each gene as follows: for
gyrA
, 98% sensitivity; for
gyrB
, 96%; for
rrs
, 93%; for the
eis
gene and its promoter, 93%. The specificity and hence the positive predictive value of
gyrA
and
gyrB
mutations for detecting ofloxacin resistance were 100%. The addition of
gyrB
mutations increased the sensitivity of phenotypic ofloxacin resistance detection by 13% (75% to 88%). All
rrs
resistance-conferring mutations were A1401G, and this mutation had low sensitivity (40% and 18%) and high specificity (95% and 100%) in predicting phenotypic capreomycin and kanamycin resistance, respectively. The
eis
C-14T mutation increased the sensitivity of phenotypic kanamycin resistance detection by 9% (18% to 27%) and was found solely in kanamycin phenotypic resistance isolates. Our data showed that the inclusion of
eis
C-14T and
gyrB
mutations in addition to
rrs
and
gyrA
mutations improves the sensitivity of detection of phenotypic ofloxacin and kanamycin resistance, respectively.
Risk of allergic conjunctivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Chen Yin-Huei , Lin Cheng-Li , Bau Da-Tian , Hung Yi-Chih 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveIn accordance with the dichotomy between T helper type 1(Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) responses, the occurrence of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is, in theory, inversely related in the individual. However, recent studies investigating the association between the two diseases are controversial.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingWe used claims data of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan.ParticipantsWe identified 4160 patients aged 1–30 years with newly diagnosed T1DM and no history of AC at baseline. For each patient with T1DM, four non-T1DM controls (n=16,640) were matched by sex. The mean follow-up time was 6 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMultivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of AC. We additionally evaluated the association between risk of AC and T1DM progression by examining Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI) changes from the date of diagnosis until the end of follow-up.ResultsThe overall incidence of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) was higher in the type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) cohort than in the control cohort (23.0 vs 13.5 per 1000 person-years, adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): 1.59, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.71). Relative to that in patients with mildly progressive T1DM, the risk of AC increased as the adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI) increased (aIRR: 1.68, 3.78 and 18.8, with yearly changes in aDCSI score: 0.51 to 1.00, 1.01 to 2.00, and >2.00 vs <0.51, respectively; for trend <0.001).ConclusionPatients with T1DM are at an elevated risk of developing AC; this risk increases with T1DM progression. The T helper type 1/T helper type 2 hypothesis is an overly simplistic explanation for this association.
PM2.5 Pollution in China and How It Has Been Exacerbated by Terrain and Meteorological Conditions
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Dickinson Robert E. , Su Liangyuan , Zhou Chunlüe , Wang Kaicun 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The recent severe and frequent PM2.5 (i.e., fine particles smaller than 2.5 µm) pollution in China has aroused unprecedented public concern. The first two years of PM2.5 measurements in China are reported and compared with those of Europe and the United States. The average PM2.5 concentration in China is approximately 5 times that over Europe and America. The contribution of atmospheric dispersion to such air quality is evaluated in this study. Air stagnation or its absence is a good indicator of the atmosphere’s capability to disperse its pollutants, but the NOAA definition of an air stagnation event is found to not be applicable to China since it depends on vertical mixing that is weakened in China by the effects of terrain. To address this deficiency, a new threshold for air stagnation events is proposed that depends on the 10-m wind speed, boundary layer height, and occurrence of precipitation. This newly defined air stagnation closely tracks the day-to-day variation of PM2.5 concentrations. Such events are more frequent over China than over Europe and the United States during autumn and winter, especially over the Sichuan basin and Jing-Jin-Ji region of China. If China had the same frequency of air stagnation as the United States or Europe, 67% and 82% of its stations would improve their current air quality during autumn and winter (e.g., an average of 12% decrease in PM2.5 concentrations for the Jing-Jin-Ji region in wintertime). Its severe pollution and frequent air stagnation conditions make controls on emission less effective in China than elsewhere.
The best drug treatment for psychotic depression: Antidepressants, antipsychotics or both combined? Commentary On… Cochrane Corner
Authors: Smith Katharine 
Published: June 2017

SummaryPsychotic depression is a severe condition. Drug treatment (antipsychotics, antidepressants or the combination) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are both effective. However, a 2005 Cochrane review of drug treatments could not find a clear benefit for combination treatment with antidepressant and antipsychotic medication over antidepressants alone. The current updated Cochrane review (2015) incorporated two larger studies and found evidence of superiority for combination treatment. The review was constrained by the small number of available studies and could not address key questions such as the relative merits of antipsychotics and/or antidepressants compared with ECT or ketamine in acute treatment, and which treatments are best for long-term maintenance and prevention of recurrence. However, the methodology used was rigorous and the review gives the best summary to date of the evidence, as well as providing a platform for informing future research.
After a prolonged gestation and difficult labour, informed consent is safely delivered into English and Scots law
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryIt is over 40 years since the principle of informed consent was accepted in the USA and it has been long established in other common law jurisdictions. But for decades English law has been constrained by theSidawaycase, which effectively perpetuated a form of medical paternalism. Nevertheless, a patient-centred approach can be traced to one of the judgments in that case, and in the case ofMontgomerythe Supreme Court has now adopted an approach to consent which is based on self-determination and autonomy and is more closely aligned to professional practice. It calls for a dialogue between doctor and patient, recognition of the patient's right to make a choice and recognition by the doctor of their duty to provide the comprehensible information necessary for the patient to exercise choice, having regard to what a prudent patient, in that patient's circumstances and with that patient's characteristics, would want to know.Learning Objectives• Understand how the principle of informed consent has emerged in UK law• Understand the principle of informed consent• Know how to apply the principle of informed consent to the practice of psychiatry