bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Input‐Output Model of Extended Producer Responsibility
Authors: Rodrigues João F. D. , Lorena António , Costa Inês , Ribeiro Paulo , Ferrão Paulo 
Published: January 2016

SummaryUnder an extended producer responsibility (EPR) system, when a producer delivers a product to the market it must also pay a takeback fee, which is used to cover the costs of end‐of‐life disposal. EPR systems are currently used in Europe and beyond to manage a variety of products, including packaging and used tires. In this article we develop an input‐output (IO) model that is able to assess the impacts of an EPR system, and is based on the waste IO (WIO) model. The WIO model is itself a hybrid‐unit model extension of the Leontief model that is able to capture the substitution effect between recycled/recovered material/energy from waste treatment and their non‐waste cognates. The resulting EPRIO model, besides the conventional direct and indirect effects of the Leontief model and the substitution effects of the WIO model, is able to capture the opportunity costs of financing the EPR system, and additionally requires the specification of an alternative waste management policy, with its own opportunity costs. The impact of an EPR policy is thus the difference between the impacts of the reference EPR and the alternative waste treament policies. The resulting model is illustrated with a simple example of a used tire management EPR system.
Evidence of multimicrometric coherent γ′ precipitates in a hot‐forged γ–γ′ nickel‐based superalloy
Authors: CHARPAGNE M.‐A. , VENNÉGUÈS P. , BILLOT T. , FRANCHET J.‐M. , BOZZOLO N. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis paper demonstrates the existence of large γ’ precipitates (several micrometres in diameter) that are coherent with their surrounding matrix grain in a commercial γ–γ’ nickel‐based superalloy. The use of combined energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses allowed for revealing that surprising feature, which was then confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Coherency for such large second‐phase particles is supported by a very low crystal lattice misfit between the two phases, which was confirmed thanks to X‐ray diffractograms and TEM selected area electron diffraction patterns. Dynamic recrystallization of polycrystalline γ–γ’ nickel‐based superalloys has been extensively studied in terms of mechanisms and kinetics. As in many materials with low stacking fault energy, under forging conditions, the main softening mechanism is discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. This mechanism occurs with preferential nucleation on the grain boundaries of the deformed matrix. The latter is then being consumed by the growth of the newly formed grains of low energy and by nucleation that keeps generating new grains. In the case of sub‐solvus forging, large γ’ particles usually pin the migrating boundaries and thus limit grain growth to a size which is determined by the distribution of second‐phase particles, in good agreement with the Smith–Zener model. Under particular circumstances, the driving force associated with the difference in stored energy between the growing grains and the matrix can be large enough that the pinning forces can be overcome, and some grains can then reach much larger grain sizes. In the latter exceptional case, some intragranular primary γ’ particles can be observed, although they are almost exclusively located on grain boundaries and triple junctions otherwise. In both cases, primary precipitates have no special orientation relationship with the surrounding matrix grain(s). This paper demonstrates the existence of high fractions of large γ’ precipitate (several micrometres in diameter) that are coherent with their surrounding matrix grain, in a commercial γ–γ’ nickel‐based superalloy. Such a configuration is very surprising, because there is apparently no reason for the coherency of such particles.
Differential detection of impact site versus rotational site injury by magnetic resonance imaging and microglial morphology in an unrestrained mild closed head injury model
Authors: Hernandez Alfredo , Donovan Virgina , Grinberg Yelena Y. , Obenaus Andre , Carson Monica J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeventy‐five percent of all traumatic brain injuries are mild and do not cause readily visible abnormalities on routine medical imaging making it difficult to predict which individuals will develop unwanted clinical sequelae. Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages and early responders to brain insults. Their activation is associated with changes in morphology or expression of phenotypic markers including P2Y12 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Using a murine model of unrestrained mild closed head injury (mCHI), we used microglia as reporters of acute brain injury at sites of impact versus sites experiencing rotational stress 24 h post‐mCHI. Consistent with mild injury, a modest 20% reduction in P2Y12 expression was detected by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) analysis but only in the impacted region of the cortex. Furthermore, neither an influx of blood‐derived immune cells nor changes in microglial expression of CD45, TREM1, TREM2, major histocompatibility complex class II or CD40 were detected. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), small reductions in T2 weighted values were observed but only near the area of impact and without overt tissue damage (blood deposition, edema). Microglial morphology was quantified without cryosectioning artifacts using ScaleA2 clarified brains from CX3CR1‐green fluorescence protein (GFP) mice. The cortex rostral to the mCHI impact site receives greater rotational stress but neither MRI nor molecular markers of microglial activation showed significant changes from shams in this region. However, microglia in this rostral region did display signs of morphologic activation equivalent to that observed in severe CHI. Thus, mCHI‐triggered rotational stress is sufficient to cause injuries undetectable by routine MRI that could result in altered microglial surveillance of brain homeostasis.
image
Acute changes in microglial morphology reveal brain responses to unrestrained mild traumatic brain injury

In areas subjected to rotational stress distant from impact site

In the absence of detectable changes in standard molecular indicators of brain damage, inflammation or microglial activation.

That might result in decreased surveillance of brain function and increased susceptibility to subsequent brain insults.
The Interpersonal Adaptiveness of Dispositional Guilt and Shame: A Meta‐Analytic Investigation
Authors: Tignor Stefanie M. , Colvin C. Randall 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDespite decades of empirical research, conclusions regarding the adaptiveness of dispositional guilt and shame are mixed. We use meta‐analysis to summarize the empirical literature and clarify these ambiguities. Specifically, we evaluate how guilt and shame are uniquely related to pro‐social orientation and, in doing so, highlight the substantial yet under‐acknowledged impact of researchers’ methodological choices. A series of meta‐analyses was conducted investigating the relationship between dispositional guilt (or shame) and pro‐social orientation. Two main methodological moderators of interest were tested: test format (scenario vs. checklist) and statistical analysis (semi‐partial vs. zero‐order correlations). Among studies employing zero‐order correlations, dispositional guilt was positively correlated with pro‐social orientation (k = 63, Mr = .13, p < .001), whereas dispositional shame was negatively correlated, (k = 47, Mr = –.05, p = .07). Test format was a significant moderator for guilt studies only, with scenario measures producing significantly stronger effects. Semi‐partial correlations resulted in significantly stronger effects among guilt and shame studies. Although dispositional guilt and shame are differentially related to pro‐social orientation, such relationships depend largely on the methodological choices of the researcher, particularly in the case of guilt. Implications for the study of these traits are discussed.
Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells ameliorate hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Lee Sang-Bin , Cho Hong-Ik , Jin Young-Woo , Lee Eun-Kyong , Ahn Jeung Youb , Lee Sun-Mee 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the protective mechanisms of wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice.

Methods
Male C57BL/6 mice received either normal-fat diet or HFD for 10 weeks along with wild ginseng CMCs (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulose) by oral administration once a day. Triglyceride and total cholesterol contents were measured in liver and serum samples. Parameters for hepatic lipid metabolism and mitochondria biogenesis were assessed.

Key findings
Treatment with wild ginseng CMCs markedly attenuated body weight, serum and hepatic lipid contents, and serum aminotransferase activity. While wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increases in sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) expression, it enhanced the increases in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) expression. HFD decreased glutamate dehydrogenase activity and glutathione content, and increased lipid peroxidation, which were all attenuated by wild ginseng CMCs. Furthermore, wild ginseng CMCs enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co activator 1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).

Conclusions
Wild ginseng CMCs protect against HFD-induced liver injury, which prevents lipid accumulation and mitochondrial oxidative stress, and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis.
Use of Serial Quantitative PCR of the vapA Gene of Rhodococcus equi in Feces for Early Detection of R. equi Pneumonia in Foals
Authors: Madrigal R.G. , Shaw S.D. , Witkowski L.A. , Sisson B.E. , Blodgett G.P. , Chaffin M.K. , Cohen N.D. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundCurrent screening tests for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals lack adequate accuracy for clinical use. Real‐time, quantitative PCR (qPCR) for virulent R. equi in feces has not been systematically evaluated as a screening test.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of qPCR for vapA in serially collected fecal samples as a screening test for R. equi pneumonia in foals.AnimalsOne hundred and twenty‐five foals born in 2011 at a ranch in Texas.MethodsFecal samples were collected concurrently with thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) screening examinations at ages 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Affected (pneumonic) foals (n = 25) were matched by age and date‐of‐birth to unaffected (n = 25) and subclinical (ie, having thoracic TUS lesions but no clinical signs of pneumonia) foals (n = 75). DNA was extracted from feces using commercial kits and concentration of virulent R. equi in feces was determined by qPCR.ResultsSubsequently affected foals had significantly greater concentrations of vapA in feces than foals that did not develop pneumonia (unaffected and subclinical foals) at 5 and 7 weeks of age. Accuracy of fecal qPCR, however, was poor as a screening test to differentiate foals that would develop clinical signs of pneumonia from those that would remain free of clinical signs (including foals with subclinical pulmonary lesions attributed to R. equi) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn the population studied, serial qPCR on feces lacked adequate accuracy as a screening test for clinical R. equi foal pneumonia.
Forest age and isolation affect the rate of recovery of plant species diversity and community composition in secondary rain forests in tropical Australia
Authors: Goosem Miriam , Paz Claudia , Fensham Rod , Preece Noel , Goosem Stephen , Laurance Susan G. W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractQuestionsWhich factors affect the diversity and species composition of tropical secondary rain forests in a region with little information regarding their contribution to global biodiversity?Can older secondary forests approach the diversity and composition of mature forests following 100 yr of pasture use?LocationTropical secondary rain forest, northeast Australia.MethodsWe identified trees, shrubs and vines ≥2.5 cm DBH in a chronosequence comprising 33 sites, aged 3–60 yr since the formation of closed canopy (9–69 yr since pasture abandonment) and compared them with eight sites in nearby mature forest remnants.ResultsSpecies richness and community composition were strongly influenced by secondary forest age but did not attain values of mature forest. Sites in close proximity to mature forests had higher plant richness, whereas low soil fertility appeared to depress species recruitment. Thus, multiple factors operated in secondary forest community assembly. Unusual tree community patterns that suggest accelerated or slowed successional trajectories were observed at several sites.ConclusionsSecondary forests in our study region contained important plant diversity for conservation, particularly in older sites, however, even the oldest secondary forests (60 yr) did not converge with the species composition and diversity of mature forests. The protection of mature forest tracts and remnants must be a priority if we are to maintain high levels of plant diversity in tropical landscapes, conserve rare species and facilitate the recruitment of plant species in recovering forests.
Biotic and abiotic determinants of appendage length evolution in a cave amphipod
Authors: Delić T. , Trontelj P. , Zakšek V. , Fišer C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSubterranean animals are known for their highly evolved phenotypes. They are eyeless, depigmented and possess elongated appendages compared to their surface relatives. Increased antenna and leg length of cave species has traditionally been explained as a consequence of selection for non‐visual senses and increased food‐finding ability in an environment low in energy. Variation in appendage length between cave species is usually thought to result from differences in time since the colonization of the subterranean habitat. In this study, we analyzed appendage length variation in the Dinaric amphipod speciesNiphargus croaticus. Relative length of appendages varied substantially among populations. Using multilocus phylogenetic analysis, we showed that the species is nested within highly specializedN. steuerispecies complex and rejected the time hypothesis. Next, we explored the effects and strength of two environmental factors, water flow and presence of a competing species,N. subtypicus. Populations in caves with flowing water had shorter appendages than populations in cave lakes. Presence of the competing sister species did lead to longer appendages in stagnant water, but had no effect in flowing water. Abiotic factors had a stronger effect than biotic factors, but their relative strength differed among appendage pairs. High variation in appendage length between adjacent population shows that the morphology of cave arthropods is changing quickly and therefore cannot be used to predict species age. Rather than being a general adaptation to cave life, long appendages seem to be associated with the absence of water flow as well as character displacement when in sympatry with ecologically similar competing species.
Are Financial Cooperatives Crowded out by Commercial Banks in the Process of Financial Sector Development?
Authors: Périlleux Anaïs , Vanroose Annabel , D'Espallier Bert 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis paper investigates whether financial cooperatives are crowded out by commercial banks in the process of financial sector development. We use a self‐constructed database based on World Council of Credit Unions data for the years 1990‐2011 of cooperatives in 55 developing countries. Our empirical results are threefold. First, financial cooperatives tend to reach more members in countries where the commercial banking sector is weak. This validates their role as a banking market failure solution. Second, in the process of commercial bank expansion, financial cooperatives run the risk of being crowded out. Third, the relationship is actually complex, since financial cooperatives seem to benefit from some kind of bank presence, especially as far as savings mobilization is concerned.
A Constitutional Economics Perspective on Soft Paternalism
Authors: Schnellenbach Jan 
Published: January 2016

SummaryUsing a framework that distinguishes short‐term consumer preferences, individual reflective preferences and political preferences, we discuss from a constitutional economics perspective whether individuals find it in their common constitutional interest to endow representatives and bureaucrats with the competence to impose soft paternalist policies. The focus is specifically on soft paternalist policies, because these often work with non‐transparent “nudges” that are considered as manipulative in some contributions to the literature. We show that those soft paternalist policies that are manipulative indeed collide with three criteria of consumer sovereignty, reflective sovereignty, and citizen sovereignty that can be argued to represent common constitutional interest of citizens. On the other hand, we argue that the set of paternalist policies that is deemed acceptable on the constitutional level is restricted to non‐manipulative instruments, and their application as government policies is limited to cases with stable and very homogenous preferences. However, we also argue that competitive markets are capable of supplying many mechanisms that allow individuals to cope with problems in their decision‐making processes on a private level.
Individual Differences in Emotional Reactivity and Academic Achievement: A Psychophysiological Study
Authors: Scrimin Sara , Altoè Gianmarco , Moscardino Ughetta , Pastore Massimiliano , Mason Lucia 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTFactors related to grade point average (GPA) are of great importance for students' success. Yet, little is known about the impact of individual differences in emotional reactivity on students' academic performance. We aimed to examine the emotional reactivity–GPA link and to assess whether self‐esteem and psychological distress moderate this relationship.Eighty undergraduate students reported on their GPA, self‐esteem, and psychological distress. Students' pupil radius was monitored during affective picture viewing to assess sympathetic activation in response to emotional stimuli. Cluster analysis on pupil reactivity to pictures identified low, average, and high emotionally reactive students. Regression analyses indicated that profiles of emotional reactivity were associated with GPA. This relationship was moderated by self‐esteem, but not psychological distress. Among students with higher emotional reactivity, those with lower self‐esteem reported poorer GPA. Findings document the importance of differences in students' emotional reactivity and self‐esteem in relation to academic success.
Obesity and Cancer: An Angiogenic and Inflammatory Link
Authors: Fukumura Dai , Incio Joao , Shankaraiah Ram C. , Jain Rakesh K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWith the current epidemic of obesity, a large number of patients diagnosed with cancer are overweight or obese. Importantly, this excess body weight is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. The mechanisms for this worse outcome, however, remain poorly understood. We review here the epidemiological evidence for the association between obesity and cancer, and discuss potential mechanisms focusing on angiogenesis and inflammation. In particular, we will discuss how the dysfunctional angiogenesis and inflammation occurring in adipose tissue in obesity may promote tumor progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and targeted therapies such as anti‐angiogenic and immune therapies. Better understanding of how obesity fuels tumor progression and therapy resistance is essential to improve the current standard of care and the clinical outcome of cancer patients. To this end, we will discuss how an anti‐diabetic drug such as metformin can overcome these adverse effects of obesity on the progression and treatment resistance of tumors.
A novel Meloidogyne enterolobii effector MeTCTP promotes parasitism by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants
Authors: Zhuo Kan , Chen Jiansong , Lin Borong , Wang Jing , Sun Fengxia , Hu Lili , Liao Jinling 
Published: January 2016

SummaryMeloidogyne enterolobii is one of the most important plant‐parasitic nematodes that can overcome the Mi‐1 resistance gene and damage many economically important crops. Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is a multifunctional protein that exists in various eukaryotes and plays an important role in parasitism. In this study, a novel M. enterolobii TCTP effector, named MeTCTP, was identified and functionally characterized. MeTCTP was specifically expressed within the dorsal gland and was up‐regulated during M. enterolobii parasitism. Transient expression of MeTCTP in protoplasts from tomato roots showed that MeTCTP was localized in the cytoplasm of the host cells. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing MeTCTP were more susceptible to M. enterolobii infection than wild‐type plants in a dose‐dependent manner. By contrast, in planta RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MeTCTP suppressed the expression of MeTCTP in infecting nematodes and attenuated their parasitism. Furthermore, MeTCTP could suppress programmed cell death triggered by the pro‐apoptotic protein BAX. These results demonstrate that MeTCTP is a novel plant‐parasitic nematode effector that promotes parasitism, probably by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants.
Optimising the diagnostic strategy for onychomycosis from sample collection to FUNGAL identification evaluation of a diagnostic kit for real‐time PCR
Authors: Petinataud Dimitri , Berger Sibel , Ferdynus Cyril , Debourgogne Anne , Contet‐Audonneau Nelly , Machouart Marie 
Published: January 2016

SummaryOnychomycosis is a common nail disorder mainly due to dermatophytes for which the conventional diagnosis requires direct microscopic observation and culture of a biological sample. Nevertheless, antifungal treatments are commonly prescribed without a mycological examination having been performed, partly because of the slow growth of dermatophytes. Therefore, molecular biology has been applied to this pathology, to support a quick and accurate distinction between onychomycosis and other nail damage. Commercial kits are now available from several companies for improving traditional microbiological diagnosis. In this paper, we present the first evaluation of the real‐time PCR kit marketed by Bio Evolution for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Secondly, we compare the efficacy of the kit on optimal and non‐optimal samples. This study was conducted on 180 nails samples, processed by conventional methods and retrospectively analysed using this kit. According to our results, this molecular kit has shown high specificity and sensitivity in detecting dermatophytes, regardless of sample quality. On the other hand, and as expected, optimal samples allowed the identification of a higher number of dermatophytes by conventional mycological diagnosis, compared to non‐optimal samples. Finally, we have suggested several strategies for the practical use of such a kit in a medical laboratory for quick pathogen detection.