bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eating Attitudes as Related to Demographic and Personality Characteristics: A High School Survey
Authors: Chandarana Praful , Helmes Edward , Benson Nancy 
Published: April 2017

A survey of 577 high school students was conducted to assess attitudes toward eating and their relationship to demographic and personality characteristics. Students completed a demographic questionnaire, and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) and the Basic Personality Inventory (A-BPI). When a cut-off score of 20 on EAT-26 was applied, overall prevalence of disordered eating attitude was found to be 7.5%. Groups scoring in pathological versus normal ranges showed no significant difference in mean age, socioeconomic status or race. The former group reported significantly shorter height and lower body weight. Of the subjects, 6.06% reported weight below the 10th percentile. This subgroup did not vary from those above the 10th percentile on sociodemographic and psychopathological variables, nor in prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes. Analysis of the A-BPI data showed subjects with abnormal eating attitudes had increased psychopathology in several areas, with greater neurotic tendencies, lower self-esteem and higher levels of deviant thinking and behaviour.
Mourning and Grief as Healing Processes in Psychotherapy
Authors: Olders Henry 
Published: April 2017

The argument developed in this paper can be outlined as follows: relationships are vital for growth, for adults and especially for children; to ensure that we work to maintain relationships, evolution provided for pain on separation, which stimulates behaviours designed to restore the relationship. If the separation is permanent, it is necessary to form other relationships. This requires modifying the attachment to the lost object, a process which involves unlearning of emotional bonds and then learning new bonds to new objects. The process of mourning and the affective state of grief, I believe, assist in this unlearning and new learning. The stages of mourning involve cognitive learning of the reality of the loss; behaviours associated with mourning, such as searching, embody unlearning by extinction; finally, physiological concomitants of grief may influence unlearning by direct effects on neurotransmitters or neurohormones, such as cortisol, ACTH, or norepinephrine. Besides losses occasioned by bereavement, life and normal development include many other kinds of losses. Mourning for these losses is as necessary as mourning after a death. Failure to adequately mourn can result in psychopathology or psychosomatic illness. In comparison, appropriate mourning is adaptive, and parallels can be drawn between it and healing in psychotherapy. The psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic literature supports the notion that mourning and grief in therapy act to heal. Given that there may be a biological basis for this healing through the effects of mourning on learning, psychotherapists might actively seek to encourage identification of losses and their adequate mourning in therapy. Various approaches are discussed. Two case reports of mourning occurring in psychotherapy are given, followed by suggestions for research.
An Appraisal of the DSM-III System
Authors: Adamson John 
Published: April 2017

DSM-III is a major document in the history of psychiatry. The DSM-III system is here seen as an instrument that promotes the scientific development of psychiatry and the clarity of cummunication among psychiatrists. However a major theme of this review is that reliability does not ensure validity. While making this point it is recognized that the major defects in the DSM-III system result from scientific inadequacies inherent in present day psychiatry.This review also may be taken as an amplification of the statement in DSM-III-R that it is not a textbook. In particular the data required to arrive at diagnoses in the DSM-III system do not provide sufficient information to arrive at a comprehensive biopsychosocial case formulation, a shortcoming that has relevance for teaching and clinical practice.
Peut-il y avoir une définition médicale de la crise familiale?
Authors: Kahn J.P. , Witkowski P. , Laxenaire M. 
Published: April 2017

In our contemporary society, the traditional multi-generational family has to adapt and to organize itself around a smaller nucleus: “The nuclear family”. Nowadays, the management of the crises which accompany significant Life Events (such as birth, marriage, retirement, death…) within this new family-system, is refrained by the lack of “relays” which were previously provided by the “enlarged family”. In the absence of available relatives (that is, grandparents, cousins, etc…), it is now the Medical System which is addressed with the demand for help. Using worthy contributions of the systemic theories, the authors analyze the ambiguity of such a request and the paradox underlying it, namely, to take care of a “normal” family crisis. They emphasize two major dangers consisting of the “designation” of an identified patient and the risk of “phagocytosis” of the therapeutic system by the family system.
Attachment Theory and Brief Psychotherapy: Applying Current Research to Clinical Interventions
Authors: West Malcolm , Sheldon Adreenne , Redtfer Linda 
Published: April 2017

Recent advances in attachment research provide a framework for defining the content and process of brief psychotherapy with adults. Attachment theory emphasizes a number of issues crucial to therapeutic work. Specifically, attachment relationships are enduring components of a individual's pattern of interpersonal behaviours. Functionally, attachment relationships address security needs. Insecure attachment arises from a representational model based on feared loss of the attachment figure, which predisposes the individual to have little confidence in the attachment figure's availability, responsiveness, and permanence. Behavioural responses to insecure attachment can lead to specific patterns of interpersonal relationships which, in turn, strengthen the representational model. Thus, a relatively stable, self-reinforcing system evolves and results in a consistent inability to experience security within attachment relationships.In this article, the authors describe the current framework for understanding adult attachment relationships and present clinical vignettes illustrating the saliency of attachment theory to common clinical presentations. The goal of the clinical intervention is defined as increasing the “permeability” of the individual's working model of attachment through affective and cognitive re-assessment of attachment experiences and expectations. Finally, the utility of this approach in evaluating the outcome and effectiveness of psychotherapy is highlighted.
Comparative Plasma Levels of Doxepin and Desipramine in the Elderly*
Authors: Gosselin Caroline , Ancill Raymond J. 
Published: April 2017

Although tricyclic antidepressants remain a principal mode of treatment of depression in the elderly, concomitant medical illness in this subgroup creates particular concern regarding the safety of these drugs. Doxepin has gained favour for use in the geriatric population due to claims of low cardiovascular side effects. This perceived safety has been questioned, however, since few investigators have actually reviewed plasma levels. A recent finding of interest revealed that two patients on 150 mg of doxepin daily with assured compliance had undetectable levels of doxepin or desmethyldoxepin in their plasma. Aprospective study was consequently undertaken to compare oral doses and plasma levels of doxepin with desipramine as a standard reference compound. Data was collected for 19 females (12 on doxepin, seven on desipramine) and 12 males (five on doxepin, seven on desipramine) with a mean age of 76. Eight patients on doxepin showed undetectable plasma levels as compared with none on desipramine. This is a highly significant difference. Although the therapeutic plasma range for doxepin remains controversial, it is unlikely that patients can respond to levels of zero. The authors recommend routine monitoring of doxepin levels in the elderly and question poor bioavailability or absorption of this tricyclic antidepressant in some patients.
An Integrated Approach to Family Therapy Training for Psychiatric Residents
Authors: Guttman Herta , Feldman Ronald , Braverman Shirley 
Published: April 2017

Unlike nonmedical family therapists, psychiatric family therapists are able to evaluate and treat both the biological and psychosocial components of a problem. They can integrate knowledge of biology, psychopharmacology and individual psychodynamics with family systems theory and family therapy skills. A family therapy training program is presented as a model which prepares psychiatric residents for this unique role. This model emphasizes the importance of having psychiatrists as family therapy teachers, the use of both systems and psychodynamic perspectives in teaching about families, and the principle of presenting concepts and interventive techniques at successively greater levels of difficulty. Illustrative examples are presented. A minimum of two years of family therapy training and supervision is recommended during a four year residency program.
La Doctrine du Consentement Libre et Éclairé: Ses Fondements Éthiques, Juridiques et ses Applications dans la Recherche et la Pratique de la Psychiatrie
Authors: Grunberg Frédéric 
Published: April 2017

This article briefly examines the ethical and legal foundations for the doctrine of informed consent in medical research and pratice. The doctrine is based upon the importance of respecting the individual's autonomy and his right to self-determination. The article also reviews the development of the doctrine of informed consent based on its recent application. The authors cite the Nuremburg Code and the Helsinki Declarations and particularly the media denunciation of several scandals in the United States during the late 1960s, when Henri Beecher's name figured prominently. The effects of informed consent in psychiatry are examined specifically, as well as the consequences for psychiatric research, on subjects who are able to give their consent, as well as those who are unable to do so. As for its effects on clinical practice, the paper discusses the right of the hospitalized patient to refuse treatment, and informed consent and the risks for patients treated with neuroleptics of developing tardive dyskinesia. The authors conclude that in psychotherapy the concept of informed consent cannot be taken for granted.
Patient Assaults on Psychiatric Residents: The Canadian Experience
Authors: Chaimowitz G.A. , Moscovitch A. 
Published: April 2017

There have been fairly limited reports in the literature of assaults on residents in psychiatric facilities. Assaults on residents and staff tend to be underreported and, for a variety of reasons, not adequately dealt with by the administration. For this reason, security in psychiatric facilities may be lacking in many instances. In order to prepare a position paper of guidelines specifying minimum security requirements for psychiatric facilities in Canada, the Residents' Section of the Canadian Psychiatric Association gathered data on this issue from psychiatric residents. We present the results of a questionnaire sent to all psychiatric residents who are members of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. Results indicate that 40.2% of residents have been assaulted at least once. We present some interesting findings that relate to the residents' perception of their training and the appropriateness of the facilities for assessing patients. Requests for improved security were made by 36.9% of the residents, but only 22.9% of this group found the response by acceptable. Some of the residents' explanations for the assaults suggest interesting dynamics. These and other findings suggest an urgent need to address this issue.
Primary and Secondary Depression: A Review
Authors: Costello Charles G. , Scott Carol B. 
Published: April 2017

The literature on the distinction between primary and secondary depression is reviewed. The research data indicate that less severe, non life-threatening suicidal thoughts and behaviours occur more often in patients with secondary depression than in those with primary depression and that the prognosis for secondary depression after somatic forms of therapy is poorer than that for primary depression. The data also suggest that secondary depressives, unlike primary depressives, suffer from chronic dysphoria. It is concluded that, because the available evidence suggests that there are no qualitative differences between the episodes of primary and secondary depression, future research should concentrate on investigating the characteristics of different groups of patients with secondary depression rather than on comparisons between primary and secondary depression in general.
Risk and Protective Factors Affecting Children in Foster Care: A Pilot Study of the Role of Siblings*
Authors: Thorpe M.B. , Swart G.T. 
Published: April 2017

A retrospective chart review of 115 siblings (from 48 families) simultaneously taken into the care of a Children's Aid Society was conducted. These children were a very neglected group at great risk of developing mental illness. There was a significant correlation between the number of symptoms the child had while in the receiving home and the time spent in foster care. Protective factors correlated with fewer symptoms at home but not while the child was in care. Being in care resulted in better performance at school, fewer symptoms and involvement in more extracurricular activities. High risk children made up their losses.While in foster care, 53% were eventually separated from their siblings. Children were more likely to be separated from their siblings if they were older, their father was physically ill or their parents were separated. Children who were separated from their siblings had more risk factors and placements while in care. However, they had fewer symptoms and better school performance while they were in foster care and fewer symptoms at discharge than the siblings who stayed together.
Family Factors in Adolescent Unipolar Depression
Authors: Marton P. , Maharaj S. 
Published: April 2017

This paper reviews the current literature on the contribution of family factors to unipolar depression among adolescents. Research which examined the following factors was reviewed and evaluated: genetic transmission, parental depression, parental death, quality of attachment and family interaction. Studies had to meet the following criteria to be included: publication must have been between the years 1985 and 1992; the evaluation had to be empirical with some form of control; a dependent measure of family characteristics or functioning; the adolescent had to be between the ages of 13 to 19; and the adolescent had to meet the recognizable criteria for unipolar depression. Recent literature suggests that adolescents suffering from depression share a number of risk factors: a family history of affective disorder, inept or inadequate parenting, abrasive interactions within the family and insecure attachments. At this time, there is no evidence that these aversive interactions predate the disorder. Weaknesses in the current literature are identified and strategies for improving future research are proposed.
The Influence of Gonadal Hormones on Periodicity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Weiss Margaret , Baerg Elizabeth , Wisebord Susan , Temple Julia 
Published: April 2017

Objective This paper reviews the evidence linking gonadal hormones and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Method Four case reports of the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and exogenous sex hormone changes are presented. These cases are reviewed within the context of other case reports and the literature on the relationship between serotonin, gonadal hormones and OCD. Results The authors suggest that there is a relationship between onset or exacerbation of OCD and changes in gonadal hormones. Conclusion Clinicians should carefully evaluate patients for exogenous and endogenous changes in gonadal hormones when evaluating onset or exacerbation of OCD.
The Effects of Changes in the Law concerning Mentally Disordered Offenders: The Alberta Experience with Bill C-30
Authors: Arboleda-Flórez J. , Crisanti A. , Holley H.L. 
Published: April 2017

Objective Until recently, the Criminal Code of Canada, enacted in 1892, stood stalwart to social, political and technological changes, particularly with respect to the regulations pertaining to the management of the mentally ill offender. This became more definitely so with the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1984) as many regulations in the Code about mentally ill offenders contravened the mandates contained in the Charter. The Supreme Court of Canada's decision on Regina v. Swain spurred the Federal Government to bring the regulations on the mentally ill offender into line with the Charter. The result was the enactment of Bill C-30 which was intended to dramatically change the way in which forensic psychiatry was practised in Canada. This paper presents the Alberta findings from a multi-site evaluation commissioned by the Federal Department of Justice to judge the effects of Bill C-30 on forensic health care practices. Methods Health records data were used to compare utilization patterns from the year prior to the enactment of Bill C-30 with the year following. In addition, qualitative data were obtained from key clinical and legal informants outlining implementation difficulties that they had experienced. Results Results support the judgement that Bill C-30 has not achieved its desired effects with respect to the length of the remand, and has resulted in an increased burden on hospitals and health care providers. In addition, an unanticipated finding was the increased use of the Mental Health Act which was considered to place forensic patients in a position of double jeopardy.
Immigrant Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Referrals: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Asian and Caucasian Families
Authors: Roberts Nasreen , Cawthorpe David 
Published: April 2017

Objective Referrals to the Bradford (England) Child and Family Psychiatric Clinic were studied over a five-year period with the purpose of comparing native Caucasian and immigrant groups. Punjabi Moslems of Pakistani descent formed a majority of immigrant referrals. Method This immigrant sample was compared with native Caucasians matched for age and sex. Results Differences between these groups were found in the rates and sources of referral, together with family composition, diagnosis and adherence to treatment. Conclusion These results are discussed in terms of the influence of cultural background and gender socialization. This report makes suggestions with respect to service provision and the assessment of individuals from linguistically unassimilated ethnic minorities.
A Comparison of Comorbid Patterns in Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Depression
Authors: Sharma Verinder , Mazmanian Dwight , Persad Emmanuel , Kueneman Karen 
Published: April 2017

Objective To examine the occurrence of concomitant psychiatric disorders in patients with treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. Method Forty-nine patients participated as subjects. Twenty-four (49%) had unipolar depression and 25 (51%) had bipolar depression using DSM-III-R criteria. Structured clinical interviews were conducted with all patients. Chart reviews and interviews with family members were also carried out. Information relating to both current and lifetime diagnoses was obtained. Results Of the entire sample, 75.5% were found to have at least one other Axis I diagnosis and 46.9% had at least two additional Axis I diagnoses. The unipolar group had significantly more current comorbid diagnoses. When type of diagnoses was examined, unipolar patients had significantly more anxiety diagnoses at the time of the index episode, and over their entire lifetime. Bipolar patients had significantly more lifetime substance abuse diagnoses. Conclusions Axis I comorbidity appears to be differentially associated with treatment resistance in unipolar and bipolar depression.
Firesetting during the Preschool Period: Assessment and Intervention Issues
Authors: Hanson Mark , Mackay Sherri , Atkinson Leslie , Staley Shauna , Pignatiello Antonio 
Published: April 2017

Objective To describe a methodology of assessing preschoolers involved in firesetting incidents, and outline the psychiatric implications of firesetting incidents in young children. Method To outline The Arson Prevention Program for Children and present case vignettes. Results The heightened risk of burn injury or fatality in fires caused by young children is highlighted and practical suggestions for facilitating the immediate safety of the child and family are presented. Conclusion Despite the popular notion that fire interest and play is relatively benign in young children, the cases show that, as with older children, firesetting in preschoolers can be associated with serious child and/or family psychopathology.
Socio-Cultural Determinants of Psychiatric Symptomatology in James Bay Cree Children and Adolescents
Authors: Phil Regina Minde , Minde Klaus 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo examine the type of psychiatric disorders found in 100 Cree children living in a Native community in northern Quebec.MethodStandardized semi-structured interviews were given to all children and their caregivers, collecting 24 items of information.Results51% of the children did not qualify for a DSM-III-R diagnosis but their frequently severe behavioural symptoms could be categorized by using 5 types of socio-cultural disturbances. There were also significant correlations between parental educational level, including length of time spent away from home, and the number of stress factors the children had been exposed to.ConclusionThere is a need to develop a diagnostic classification for child psychiatric disorders for aboriginal children.
The Acute Management of Aggressive Behaviour in Hospitalized Children and Adolescents
Authors: Toby J Measham 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo examine how health care professionals attempt to manage acutely aggressive behaviours exhibited by children and adolescents in various hospital settings.MethodA review of the literature examining management techniques on child psychiatric and pediatric wards is presented. Techniques reviewed include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, seclusion, restraint and the use of pro re nata (prn) medications.ResultsEffects of various management techniques are presented, where available.ConclusionThere is little evidence for the effectiveness of most presently used acute management techniques in containing aggressive child behaviours over the long term. Suggestions for improved evaluation of management techniques are made.