bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminist Film Analysis
Authors: Cerqueira Carla 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In this entry the main paradigms and studies of feminist film theory are outlined, particularly with regard to the discussion concerning masculinities, femininities, and sexualities. The exponential increase in the research conducted in recent years shows that this is an area characterized by dynamism, but also by the complexity of epistemological positions, theoretical approaches, methodologies, and analyses. This diversity raises many challenges for the field, which must be addressed according to a situated and interdisciplinary approach.
Bricolage: Role of Media
Authors: Schmidt Leonie , de Kloet Jeroen 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry engages with questions like: What does bricolage theoretically mean? How has bricolage traveled across different academic disciplines? How did it make its way into media studies research? And what are examples of bricolage? Answers are provided through two case studies. The first case study, on the Song of the Grass Mud Horse, shows how censorship in China becomes a creative force that inspires the proliferation of all kinds of bricolage that help evade or mock the system. The second case study, on the fictive Dutch TV station Lucky TV, shows how bricolage is both a cheap way of producing media contents and a way to generate new meanings by recycling fragments.
Content Effects: Advertising and Marketing
Authors: Weber Patrick , Schweiger Wolfgang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe study of advertising effects usually follows two traditions. The first relates the intensity of advertising input (mostly ad expenditures and exposures) to behavioral and market outcomes (mostly sales and market share) by using statistical modeling techniques designed to determine advertising effectiveness. The second seeks to uncover individuals' mental responses to advertising stimuli that are associated with memory, attitudinal, and behavioral effects of advertising. This entry describes the logic of research and central concepts and theories in these two traditions and outlines long‐term trends in academic advertising research.
Content Effects: Entertainment
Authors: Bartsch Anne 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
What is media entertainment? What makes it so attractive? And what are the positive and negative side effects of exposure to popular entertainment media? On the basis of a review of past and current entertainment research, entertainment can be characterized as an intrinsically gratifying form of media use that is enjoyed or appreciated by audiences for the sake of the media experience itself. Among the functions that account for the intrinsic appeal of entertainment media are mood management, meaning making, attentional absorption, character affiliation, and self‐affirmation. In addition to these rewarding functions that are actively sought by entertainment audiences, exposure to popular entertainment media can also result in unintended side effects such as the stimulation of aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors or biased perceptions of reality. But entertainment can also be harnessed for prosocial purposes such as contributing to entertainment education or raising public awareness about social and political issues.
Content Effects: Educational Media for Children
Authors: Piotrowski Jessica Taylor 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this entry educational media are defined as media content that has been designed with research‐based knowledge of how the target audience uses and understands media and that systemically incorporates academic or social curricula into its core. This entry highlights key findings for educational media effects in childhood, in particular illustrating how educational media can support a range of cognitive (e.g., literacy, mathematics) and behavioral (e.g., prosocial) outcomes. Additionally, the entry presents two main theories—SCT and the capacity model—that are most frequently offered to explain these effects. It concludes with a discussion on future directions, both practical and empirical, for the field of educational media.
Mobile Communication: Media Effects
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina , Taipale Sakari 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis entry introduces the reader to various media effects of mobile communication devices. The special focus is on mobile phones. The entry begins with a presentation of media effects on communication practices, on users, as well as on interlocutors and bystanders. It continues by analyzing the reverse effects of users on the redesign of mobile media. Lastly, the issues of how mobile communication is connected to social and geographical surroundings and how the use of mobile communication devices is related to the social structures of society are addressed. The entry concludes with a discussion of the media effects of mobile communication in the future.
Media Representation: Health and Body Images
Authors: Vandenbosch Laura P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The current chapter presents a review of the portrayal of appearance ideals in popular entertainment media. It examines the literature on the components of the ideal and on the nature of portrayals of appearance standards in popular media. First, study findings on the characteristics of appearance ideals presented in the media demonstrate that popular media frequently glamorize curvaceously thin female and mesomorphic male characters with flawless faces and a suntanned white or lighter black skin tone. Second, younger characters are more likely to adhere to media standards of appearance than older characters. Moreover, the ideal appearance is considered to be malleable. Characters with an ideal appearance also outperform characters that deviate from the ideal at a sexual, social, and professional level. Lastly, appearance standards in the media are inherently related to stereotypes of gender and ethnicity. Several recommendations for future research are made.
Media Representation: Environment
Authors: Hansen Anders 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCharting the historical development of research on media and the environment since the emergence of the environment as an issue of public and political concern in the 1960s, this entry outlines the key theoretical influences and approaches to mediated representations of the environment and environmental issues. Dominant trends and findings from research on news media coverage of environmental issues and controversy are outlined and discussed in relation to research on environmental journalism, source influence on media coverage, agenda‐setting processes, and wider implications for public and political understanding and action with regard to the environment. The advantages of longitudinal and comparative research are outlined, as is their contribution to understanding key influences on the media and the public career of environmental issues. The emergence of visual environmental communication research is discussed and key findings outlined. Finally, an outline of nonnews media representations (film, entertainment television, advertising) of the environment is offered.
Media Representation: Sports
Authors: Beck Daniel 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The entry focuses on the entertainment value of media sports, the actors in the sports–media complex (sports associations, media, and sponsors), the function of sports coverage in different media, and findings about the content of sports coverage. Television is still a leading medium for sports coverage, thanks to the popularity of live broadcasts. The sports press provides more background information, including on economic and political aspects of sports, but strongly concentrates on reports and analyses from sporting competitions in few selected media sports. Besides the topics of sports coverage, notable research fields are the stereotypical depiction of nations and social groups and the celebrity status of athletes. Thanks to new communication technologies and revenues from sponsoring and selling broadcasting rights, sports organizations could professionalize their own communication channels and gain influence at the expense of traditional media.
Culture, Nationality, and the Media
Authors: Kramer Stefan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry introduces the concepts of “culture” and “nationality” as media events of the modern industrial age. It also discusses the ontological concept of “difference,” which primarily constituted those of culture and nation, and all three are looked at in their historical derivations, anthropological connections, and interactions among themselves. The entry is to be understood as a description of the role of the media in the development of cultures and nations and as a guide to overcoming the hegemonial concepts of cultures and nations.
Escapism
Authors: Hastall Matthias R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
People use media to actively disengage themselves from troubling thoughts and unpleasant mood states caused by challenging life situations. Escapism is one of the most frequently reported motives for engaging in media use. It is a complex phenomenon that involves specific motivations, cognitions, emotional states, media choices, media use periods, and short‐term as well as long‐term consequences. Threatening psychological states such as exhaustion, depression, anxiety, or poor self‐esteem can motivate escapism, which in turn can yield adaptive (e.g., relaxation, mood repair) and maladaptive (e.g., withdrawal, excessive media use) effects simultaneously. Watching television, surfing the Internet, and playing video games are the most frequently studied escapist media activities and are regarded as particularly effective at satisfying individuals' needs to temporarily escape into the absorbing and entertaining mass media worlds.
Information Seeking and Scanning
Authors: Lewis Nehama 
Published: March 2017

AbstractInformation seeking and scanning are core concepts in media effects research and have been studied in a variety of contexts. Information seeking includes deliberate, purposive attempts to acquire information from selected information carriers. It is driven by a perceived need for specific information and is intended to fill a gap in one's existing knowledge. Information scanning involves information acquisition through less deliberate means, which occurs during routine patterns of exposure to mediated and interpersonal sources. Scanned information can be recalled at a later time with a minimal prompt. A common methodological problem in research on information seeking and scanning is that individuals may often be unable or unwilling to report their information acquisition behaviors accurately and with precision. Recent studies have employed new technologies and methods as an alternative to reliance on self‐reported behavior, with the goal of enhancing the validity and reliability of measures of information seeking and scanning.
Intergroup Communication: Media Influence on
Authors: Seate Anita Atwell 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMedia are an important factor in intergroup relations. Drawing insights from both intergroup and mass communication theory, research in this area examines the role of the media in intergroup communication, mainly taking a cognitive and/or a motivational sociopsychological approach. This entry presents an overview of the media's influence on intergroup communication, focusing on the ways dominant and nondominant groups are portrayed in the media landscape; the association between media consumption and stereotype endorsement; the effects of (media) stereotype priming on (unfavorable) intergroup judgments; how cognitive and identity‐based factors help explain media priming findings; and areas for future research.
Emotion in Media Persuasion
Authors: Nabi Robin L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlthough the history of the study of media's persuasive influence is long and robust, the examination of emotion in such processes has been more limited. Still, there has been ongoing attention to the role of many emotions, including fear, guilt, and humor, in the processing of media‐based persuasive messages. Although less directly focused on emotion, recent trends in both narrative persuasion and viral messages suggest that emotion may play a key role in media‐based persuasion. Each of these areas is discussed in this entry.
Emotion Regulation and Coping via Media Use
Authors: Schramm Holger , Cohen Elizabeth L. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Individuals regularly use media to adjust their affective experiences by selectively exposing themselves to different types of media content, by choosing different types of media platforms, or by using different media simultaneously or in sequence. A number of individual differences have been found to determine when and how individuals use media for emotional regulation. Meta‐emotions are key motivators for emotional regulation through media. Suggestions for future research in this area are discussed.
Entertainment Effects: Enjoyment
Authors: Eden Allison 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Enjoyment as a concept has been central to media effects research for decades, though an exact definition of the term has proven difficult for communication scientists. This entry offers an overview of the concept of enjoyment, its causes, and its effects. Focusing on the development of entertainment research and theories of enjoyment, it offers a retrospective look at a central media effect and a view on where current research and development in the study of media enjoyment are situated today.
Fright Responses to Media
Authors: Cantor Joanne 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Fear is a common reaction to television and movies. Research shows that fright reactions to media can often be intense and long‐lasting, involving sleep problems, emotional disturbances, and long‐term changes in attitudes and behavior. These effects are explained through processes of conditioning, stimulus generalization, alterations in risk perception, evolutionary considerations, and the neurophysiology of fear memories. Although there is a great deal of individual variability, age and level of cognitive development are important determinants of what is frightening and which techniques are best for alleviating fears. Gender differences account for some variability as well.
Civic Engagement Through Media
Authors: Thorson Kjerstin , Edgerly Stephanie 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The study of media and civic engagement concerns the impact of media use on the development of social capital and civic participation within communities. Research suggests that whether media use promotes or hinders civic engagement depends on how media are used: Their use in news and information is positively related to engagement, while their use in entertainment is often negatively related to engagement. Use of the news media in particular is important for the development of political knowledge and for promoting discussion of issues, both of which are predictors of civic engagement. The rise of digital and social media has expanded the focus of civic engagement research beyond the geographic communities within the reach and impact of traditional media. In consequence, such research includes now the effect of Internet use and social media interaction on engagement outcomes.
Media Addiction
Authors: Leung Louis , Liang Jingwen , Zhang Yin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis entry discusses the origins, theoretical traditions, and methodological development of the field of media addiction in the past two decades. Specifically, the theoretical underpinnings, definitions, symptoms, and assessments of media addiction are reviewed, and its critical overlap with the research on chemical‐based addiction is addressed. On the basis of this conceptual review, a content analysis of the latest developments in four of the most frequently researched media addiction themes in recent years is presented: Internet addiction, online game addiction, smartphone addiction, and cybersex addiction. This review and its results then serve to inform conclusions about the significance and relevance of media addiction and its context‐specific contingencies and to suggest several fruitful directions for future research.
Attention and Awareness
Authors: Anderson Daniel R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMedia effects depend largely on whether media users pay attention. A common concern about media effects, moreover, is that screen media have short‐ and long‐term influences on attention and related psychological processes. The most important determinants of attention to media concern the use of production features, comprehensibility, and individual interest in particular media content. Consequently, beyond those aspects of media that attract and hold attention, preexisting interests and beliefs guide content choices and are therefore self‐reinforcing. With respect to the impact of media on attention skills, entertainment TV and media multitasking is weakly associated with reduced attention and executive function skills, but educational media can increase these skills. Interactive digital screen media are associated with increased attention and executive function skills. Screen media, including television, designed to teach these skills are successful at doing so.
Modality and Medium Characteristics
Authors: Bracken Cheryl Campanella , Dalessandro Amy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractModality and medium characteristics are important to our understanding of how media can influence audiences. These characteristics are related to the formal features or affordances of media platforms. The comparison of media channels or media has a long history in the area of mass media effects research. The examination of modality characteristics has contributed to our understanding of how people process media forms. This entry discusses what is known about medium channels or media channels and individual modality characteristics. The influence of medium channels and modality characteristics on a variety of media effects applications is detailed.
Cyberhate
Authors: Quandt Thorsten , Festl Ruth 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCyberhate describes various forms of online communication initiated by hate groups with the purpose of attracting new members, building and strengthening group identity, coordinating group action, distributing propagandistic messages and indoctrination, provoking counterreactions as part of propagandistic campaigns, and attacking societal groups and individuals with hateful messages. A large segment of research under the label “cyberhate” has focused on racist and xenophobic groups (especially white supremacist groups in the United States) and their use of email, websites, blogs, and social online networks. However, the general principles and functions of cyberhate can be identified in the online communication of other extremist groups as well, for instance religious extremists with comparable supremacy, separatist, or extermination ideologies. Typically these groups portray themselves as being oppressed or endangered by a far more powerful, misguided, or despicable enemy, as part of an attempt to justify unrestrained hate and extreme actions.
Media Effects: Methods of Critical Audience Studies
Authors: Hirzalla Fadi , van Zoonen Liesbet 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In this entry the epistemological and ontological assumptions of critical audience studies are explained first. Then the appropriate research designs are identified and described, in particular ethnography, audience‐cum‐content analysis, and participatory action research. In the next step the discussion focuses on methods for data collection that follow from the tenets of critical audience studies and “belong” to the respective research design. A distinction between nonobtrusive and obtrusive methods is made, claiming that the former are practically and ethically problematic. Obtrusive methods, on the other hand, are more common and involve long interviews, focus groups, and creative methods like photovoice or video diaries. It is argued that data analysis in critical audience studies is fragmented and underdeveloped, but that strategies for quality control—including triangulation, comparison, peer debriefing, exceptionalism, and member feedback—work together to produce trustworthy and plausible results.
Intertextuality
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Intertextuality is a term that indicates that all texts, whether written or spoken, whether formal or informal, whether artistic or mundane, are in some way related to each other. It is a particularly apt term to understand current media culture, with its ever increasing abundance of images, sounds, characters, and stories. The term comes from literary studies but was taken up by critical media scholars in the 1970s and 1980s to examine particular popular genres. Currently, the term has found some currency among media psychologists as well. In this entry, the provenance of the concept of intertextuality is described, using James Bond and Lady Gaga as iconic examples. Further, various levels and dimensions of intertextuality are explained. It is shown how intertextuality is an intentional product not only of artists, writers, and media producers but also of particular processes of interpretation and reading.
Gas solubility in long‐chain imidazolium‐based ionic liquids
Authors: Dai Chengna , Lei Zhigang , Chen Biaohua 
Published: March 2017

SignificanceThe gas solubility in 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium [C12MIM] based ionic liquids (ILs) was measured at temperatures (333.2, 353.2, and 373.2) K and pressures up to 60 bar for the first time. The popular UNIFAC‐Lei model was successfully extended to long‐chain imidazolium‐based IL and gas (CO2, CO, and H2) systems. The free volume theory was used to explain the gas solubility and selectivity in imidazolium‐based ILs by calculating the fractional free volume and free volume by the COSMO‐RS model. Furthermore, the excess enthalpy of gas‐IL system was concerned to provide new insights into temperature dependency of gas (CO2, CO, and H2) solubility in ILs. The experimental data, calculation, and theoretical analysis presented in this work are important in gas separations with ILs or supported ionic liquid membranes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1792–1798, 2017
A Nickel Dithiolate Water Reduction Catalyst Providing Ligand‐Based Proton‐Coupled Electron‐Transfer Pathways
Authors: Koshiba Keita , Yamauchi Kosei , Sakai Ken 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA nickel pyrazinedithiolate ([Ni(dcpdt)2]2−; dcpdt=5,6‐dicyanopyrazine‐2,3‐dithiolate), bearing a NiS4 core similar to the active center of [NiFe] hydrogenase, is shown to serve as an efficient molecular catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This catalyst shows effectively low overpotentials for HER (330–400 mV at pH 4–6). Moreover, the turnover number of catalysis reaches 20 000 over the 24 h electrolysis with a high Faradaic efficiency, 92–100 %. The electrochemical and DFT studies reveal that diprotonated one‐electron‐reduced species (i.e., [NiII(dcpdt)(dcpdtH2)]− or [NiII(dcpdtH)2]−) forms at pH<6.4 via ligand‐based proton‐coupled electron‐transfer (PCET) pathways, leading to electrocatalytic HER without applying the highly negative potential required to generate low‐valent nickel intermediates. This is the first example of catalysts exhibiting such behavior.
Catalytic Enantioselective Protonation/Nucleophilic Addition of Diazoesters with Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Ion Activated Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Kang Ki‐Tae , Kim Seung Tae , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Ryu Do Hyun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA new chiral Brønsted acid derived from carboxylic acid and a chiral oxazaborolidinium ion (COBI), as an activator, is introduced. This acid was successfully applied as a catalyst for the highly enantioselective protonation/nucleophilic addition of diazoesters with carboxylic acids.