bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OnabotulinumtoxinA for Lower Limb Spasticity: Guidance From a Delphi Panel Approach
Authors: Esquenazi Alberto , Alfaro Abraham , Ayyoub Ziyad , Charles David , Dashtipour Khashayar , Graham Glenn D. , McGuire John R. , Odderson Ib R. , Patel Atul T. , Simpson David M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundOnabotulinumtoxinA is approved for the treatment of upper and lower limb spasticity in adults. Guidance on common postures and onabotulinumtoxinA injection paradigms for upper limb spasticity has been developed via a Delphi Panel; however, similar guidance for lower limb spasticity has not been established.ObjectiveTo define a clinically recommended treatment paradigm for the use of onabotulinumtoxinA for each common posture among patients with poststroke lower limb spasticity (PSLLS) and to identify the most common PSLLS aggregate postures.DesignClinical experts provided insight regarding onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for PSLLS using an adaptation of the Delphi consensus process.SettingDelphi panel.ParticipantsTen expert clinicians in neurology and physical medicine and rehabilitation who treat PSLLS.MethodsA minimum of 2 rounds of anonymous voting occurred for each recommendation until consensus was reached (≥66% agreement). The first round was conducted via a survey; the second round was an in‐person meeting.Main Outcome MeasurementsReached consensus on muscle selection for injection, overall and per‐muscle dose of onabotulinumtoxinA, number of injection sites/muscle, onabotulinumtoxinA dilution, and use of localization techniques. The most common PSLLS postures were reviewed. Recommendations were tailored toward injectors with less experience.ResultsConsensus was reached on targeted subsets of muscles for each posture. Doses ranged from 20 to 150 U for individual muscles and 50 to 300 U for limb postures. OnabotulinumtoxinA dilution 50 U/mL (2:1 ratio) was considered most appropriate but varied based on muscles selected (range, 2:1‐4:1). Experts agreed that localization techniques for muscle identification during injection for all postures would be useful. For suboptimal response to injection, all panel members would increase the dose, and the majority (89%) would increase the number of treated muscles. The panel identified 3 common aggregating lower limb postures: (1) equinovarus foot and flexed toes; (2) extended knee and plantar flexed foot/ankle; and (3) plantar flexed foot/ankle and flexed toes. The recommended starting doses for each aggregate posture were 400 U, 400 U, and 300 U, respectively.ConclusionThe modified Delphi panel process provided consensus on common muscles and corresponding onabotulinumtoxinA treatment paradigms for postures associated with PSLLS that can be used for guidance in optimizing care delivery.Level of EvidenceV
Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population‐based analysis
Authors: Noel Julia , Habib Al‐Rahim R. , Thamboo Andrew , Patel Zara M. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveOlfactory dysfunction is known to have significant social, psychological, and safety implications. Despite increasingly recognized prevalence, potential risk factors for olfactory loss have been arbitrarily documented and knowledge is limited in scale. The aim of this study is to identify potential demographic and exposure variables correlating with olfactory dysfunction.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis of the 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 editions of the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey was performed. The utilized survey reports from a nationally representative sample of about 5000 persons each year located in counties across the United States. There is an interview and physical examination component which includes demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, and health‐related questions as well as medical, dental, physiologic measurements, and laboratory tests. 3594 adult respondents from 2011 to 2012 and 3708 respondents from 2013 to 2014 were identified from the above population‐based database. The frequency of self‐reported disorders as well as performance on odor identification testing was determined in relation to demographic factors, occupational or environmental exposures, and urinary levels of environmental and industrial compounds.ResultsIn both subjective and objective analysis, smell disorders were significantly more common with increasing age. While the non‐Hispanic Black and non‐Hispanic Asian populations were less likely to report subjective olfactory loss, they, along with Hispanics, performed more poorly on odor identification than Caucasians. Those with limited education had a decreased prevalence of hyposmia. Women outperformed men on smell testing. Those reporting exposure to vapors were more likely to experience olfactory dysfunction, and urinary levels of manganese, 2‐Thioxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid, and 2‐Aminothiazoline‐4‐carboxylic acid were lower among respondents with subjective smell disturbance. In odor detection, elevated serum levels of lead and urinary levels of 2,4 dichlorophenol were associated with anosmia and hyposmia, respectively.ConclusionsThis study provides current, population‐based data identifying demographic and exposure elements related to smell disturbances in U.S. adults. Age, race, gender, education, exposure to vapors, urinary levels of manganese, 2‐Thioxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid, 2‐Aminothiazoline‐4‐carboxylic acid, 2,4 dichlorophenol, and serum lead levels were all implicated in smell disturbance. Care should be taken in interpretation due to lack of consistency between subjective and objective measures of olfaction as well as limitations related to population‐based data. Prospective trials are indicated to further elucidate these relationships.
Renewable futures and industrial legacies: Wind and solar sectors in China, Germany, and the United States
Authors: Nahm Jonas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article develops an explanation for patterns of industrial specialization in emerging high-technology industries through a comparative analysis of wind and solar sectors in China, Germany, and the United States. Although governments have held similar industrial policy goals in the support of renewable energy industries, firms in all three economies have established distinct innovative capabilities in response to the policies of the state. This article shows that firms utilize both legacy institutions and engage in relational learning in global networks to carve out distinct niches in emerging industries. Based on an original dataset of more than 200 firm-level interviews, the article suggests that the rise of global value chains has widened the space for national diversity in industrial specialization. Firms no longer have to establish the full range of skills required to bring an idea from lab to market, but can specialize and collaborate with others. In this context, firms respond to industrial policy by incrementally building on existing industrial capabilities and by relying on familiar public resources and institutions, even in emerging industries. These findings point to the role of industrial legacies in shaping firms' positions in global value chains and show that firms are active agents in maintaining distinct industrial specializations and domestic institutions under conditions of globalization.
Merging Outpatient Addiction and Opioid-Maintenance Programs During A Disaster: Lessons From Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Gupta Vishal K. , Hansen Helena , Mendoza Sonia , Chen Xinlin (Linda) , Swift Ronnie G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveAfter Hurricane Sandy flooded Bellevue Hospital in New York City, its opiate maintenance patients were displaced and Bellevue’s outpatient program was temporarily merged with the program at Metropolitan Hospital for continuation of care. The merger forced Metropolitan to accommodate a program twice as large as its own and required special staff coordination and adjustments in clinical care.MethodsPhysicians, clinicians, and administrators from both institutions participated in interviews regarding the merger.ResultsIssues that emerged in the interviews fell into 4 major themes: (1) organization and meshing of professional cultures, (2) regulation, (3) communication, and (4) accommodations.ConclusionsDespite these barriers, data collected after the merger showed high retention rates and low rates of positive urine toxicology results. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:531–537)
A Systematic Review Investigating the Impact of Modified Varenicline Regimens on Smoking Cessation
Authors: Drovandi Aaron D. , Teague Peta-Ann , Glass Beverley D. , Malau-Aduli Bunmi 
Published: March 2017

Introduction: The efficacy of varenicline as a smoking cessation aid is affected by commonly-occurring issues, such as intolerable adverse events, cravings and withdrawal symptoms, and poor medication adherence. Improvement in quit rates may be achieved through tailoring doses relative to individual smokers’ behaviours, and previous experiences with smoking cessation medications.Aims: The aim of this review is to evaluate smoking cessation outcomes from published randomised controlled trials that have attempted to improve the efficacy and tolerability of varenicline through modifying its dosage regimen compared to placebo.Methods: A systematic search of the literature up to June 2016 was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials, where varenicline was administered in a regimen not consistent with the current clinical guidelines. Outcome measures evaluated included continuous abstinence rates, changes in cravings, withdrawal symptoms, smoking behaviours, adverse event rates, and premature therapy discontinuations.Results: Ten randomised controlled trials, encompassing four different modifications to standard varenicline therapy, matched the eligibility criteria. Modifications such as the extended duration of therapy and the use of a flexible quit date were effective compared to placebo and have been implemented into some clinical guidelines, whereas other modifications do not appear to produce any benefit for smokers, or require further research to ascertain their suitability for clinical practice.Conclusions: Some varenicline therapy modifications may lead to improvements in efficacy and tolerability. Further research on the effect of modifications such as daily doses higher than 2mg, tapering doses, and the use of extended pre-quit varenicline may advance varenicline therapy outcomes.
Relating Ediacaran Fronds
Authors: Dececchi T. Alexander , Narbonne Guy M. , Greentree Carolyn , Laflamme Marc 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEdiacaran fronds are key components of terminal-Proterozoic ecosystems. They represent one of the most widespread and common body forms ranging across all major Ediacaran fossil localities and time slices postdating the Gaskiers glaciation, but uncertainty over their phylogenetic affinities has led to uncertainty over issues of homology and functional morphology between and within organisms displaying this ecomorphology. Here we present the first large-scale, multigroup cladistic analysis of Ediacaran organisms, sampling 20 ingroup taxa with previously asserted affinities to the Arboreomorpha, Erniettomorpha, and Rangeomorpha. Using a newly derived morphological character matrix that incorporates multiple axes of potential phylogenetically informative data, including architectural, developmental, and structural qualities, we seek to illuminate the evolutionary history of these organisms. We find strong support for existing classification schema and devise apomorphy-based definitions for each of the three frondose clades examined here. Through a rigorous cladistic framework it is possible to discern the pattern of evolution within and between these clades, including the identification of homoplasies and functional constraints. This work both validates earlier studies of Ediacaran groups and accentuates instances in which previous assumptions of their natural history are uninformative.
Functional sensorial complementation during host orientation in an Asilidae parasitoid larva
Authors: Pueyrredon J.M. , Crespo J.E. , Castelo M.K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractChanges in environmental conditions influence the performance of organisms in every aspect of their life. Being capable of accurately sensing these changes allow organisms to better adapt. The detection of environmental conditions involves different sensory modalities. There are many studies on the morphology of different sensory structures but not so many studies showing their function. Here we studied the morphology of different sensory structures in the larva of a dipteran parasitoid. We occluded the putative sensory structures coupling the morphology with their function. First, we could develop a non-invasive method in which we occluded the putative sensorial structures annulling their function temporarily. Regarding their functionality, we found that larvae ofMallophora ruficaudarequire simultaneously of the sensilla found both in the antennae and those of the maxillary palps in order to orient to its host. When either both antennae or both maxillary palps were occluded, no orientation to the host was observed. We also found that these structures are not involved in the acceptance of the host because high and similar proportion of parasitized hosts was found in host acceptance experiments. We propose that other sensilla could be involved in host acceptance and discuss how the different sensilla in the antennae and maxillary palps complement each other to provide larvae with the information for locating its host.
Oocyte morphology and embryo morphokinetics in an intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection programme. Is there a relationship?
Authors: Faramarzi Azita , Khalili Mohammad Ali , Ashourzadeh Sareh 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe aim was to investigate the relationship between the morphological parameters of metaphase II (MII) oocytes with morphokinetic variables of embryos following an intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. Morphokinetic behaviour and abnormal cleavage patterns of 334 zygotes were analyzed using time-lapse monitoring (TLM). In addition, oocyte morphology was assessed in relation to embryo morphokinetic (absolute time point, including time to second polar body (PB) extrusion (ESPB), pronuclei (PN) appearance (PNA), PN fading (PNF), time to 2-cells (t2), 3c (t3), 4c (t4), 5c (t5), 6c (t6), 7c (t7), 8c (t8) and relative timing parameters (S1, S2, CC2 and CC3). Also, cleavage patterns (uneven blastomeres, reverse, direct and arbitrary) were assessed. The data showed that 79% of the normal fertilized oocytes had at least one abnormal morphological characteristic. Intra-cytoplasmic abnormalities were observed in 12% of the oocytes. Also, extra-cytoplasmic abnormalities were noticed in 29%, while combined intra- and extra-cytoplasmic abnormalities were responsible for the remaining 38% of the oocytes. Nearly all cleavage and interval times, except extrusion of the ESPB time (P = 0.003), were similar between normal and abnormal morphologic oocytes (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was significant relationship for oocyte morphology abnormalities and cleavage patterns, including uneven blastomere (P = 0.037), reverse cleavage (RC) (P = 0.0), direct (P = 0.001) and arbitrary cleavages (P = 0.001). Using TLM, the cleavage patterns of embryos were affected by the quality of MII oocytes in the ICSI cycles. So, evaluation of oocyte morphology with subsequent embryo morphokinetics is recommended in assisted reproductive programmes.
Context-based Sound and the Ecological Theory of Perception
Authors: Chapman David 
Published: March 2017

This article aims to investigate the ways in which context-based sonic art is capable of furthering a knowledge and understanding of place based on the initial perceptual encounter. How might this perceptual encounter operate in terms of a sound work’s affective dimension? To explore these issues I draw upon James J. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception and Gernot Böhme’s concept of an ‘aesthetic of atmospheres’.Within the ecological model of perception, an individual can be regarded as a ‘perceptual system’: a mobile organism that seeks information from a coherent environment. I relate this concept to notions of the spatial address of environmental sound work in order to explore (a) how the human perceptual apparatus relates to the sonic environment in its mediated form and (b) how this impacts on individuals’ ability to experience such work as complex sonic ‘environments’. Can the ecological theory of perception aid the understanding of how the listener engages with context-based work? In proposing answers to this question, this article advances a coherent analytical framework that may lead us to a more systematic grasp of the ways in which individuals engage aesthetically with sonic space and environment. I illustrate this methodology through an examination of some of the recorded work of sound artist Chris Watson.
Evaluation of a reproducible breath hold technique for the SABR treatment of lower lobe lung tumours
Authors: Barrett S. , Taylor A. , Rock L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimDeep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) is a method of motion management used in stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) for lung tumours. An external gating block marker can be used as a tumour motion surrogate, however, inter-fraction gross target volume (GTV) displacement within DIBH occurs. This study measured this displacement during a reproducible breath hold regime. In addition, factors such as position of the gating block marker were analysed.Methods and materialsA total of 121 cone beam computed tomography scans (CBCTs) from 22 patients who received DIBH SABR were retrospectively evaluated and the magnitude of inter-fraction GTV displacement was calculated for each fraction. This data was analysed to assess if any correlation existed between tumour displacement and variation in the gating block marker position on the patient, the amplitude of breath hold (BH) at computed tomography (CT), the amplitude of BH at treatment and the tumour location.The measured tumour displacement was applied to the original planning CT to evaluate the dosimetric effect on surrounding organs at risk (OARs) using cumulative dose volume histograms (DVHs).ResultsBH amplitude was reproducible within 0·13±0·1 cm (mean±standard deviation). The magnitude of tumour displacement within BH ranged from 0 to 1·52 cm (0·41±0·28 cm). Displacement in the superior-inferior, anterior-posterior and left-right planes were 0·31±0·26 cm, 0·16±0·18 cm and 0·07±0·12 cm, respectively. No statistically significant correlation was detected between tumour displacement within DIBH and the factors investigated. The range of variation in OAR dose was −7·0 to +3·6 Gy with one statistically significant increase in OAR dose observed (oesophagus mean dose increasing by 0·16 Gy).FindingsReproducible BH was achievable across a range of patients. Inter-fraction GTV displacement measured 0·41±0·28 cm. Due to this low level of motion, the correction of soft tissue moves did not adversely affect OAR dose.
Rapid emergence of climate change in environmental drivers of marine ecosystems
Authors: Henson Stephanie A. , Beaulieu Claudie , Ilyina Tatiana , John Jasmin G. , Long Matthew , Séférian Roland , Tjiputra Jerry , Sarmiento Jorge L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractClimate change is expected to modify ecological responses in the ocean, with the potential for important effects on the ecosystem services provided to humankind. Here we address the question of how rapidly multiple drivers of marine ecosystem change develop in the future ocean. By analysing an ensemble of models we find that, within the next 15 years, the climate change-driven trends in multiple ecosystem drivers emerge from the background of natural variability in 55% of the ocean and propagate rapidly to encompass 86% of the ocean by 2050 under a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario. However, we also demonstrate that the exposure of marine ecosystems to climate change-induced stress can be drastically reduced via climate mitigation measures; with mitigation, the proportion of ocean susceptible to multiple drivers within the next 15 years is reduced to 34%. Mitigation slows the pace at which multiple drivers emerge, allowing an additional 20 years for adaptation in marine ecological and socio-economic systems alike.
Hidden phase in a two-dimensional Sn layer stabilized by modulation hole doping
Authors: Ming Fangfei , Mulugeta Daniel , Tu Weisong , Smith Tyler S. , Vilmercati Paolo , Lee Geunseop , Huang Ying-Tzu , Diehl Renee D. , Snijders Paul C. , Weitering Hanno H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSemiconductor surfaces and ultrathin interfaces exhibit an interesting variety of two-dimensional quantum matter phases, such as charge density waves, spin density waves and superconducting condensates. Yet, the electronic properties of these broken symmetry phases are extremely difficult to control due to the inherent difficulty of doping a strictly two-dimensional material without introducing chemical disorder. Here we successfully exploit a modulation doping scheme to uncover, in conjunction with a scanning tunnelling microscope tip-assist, a hidden equilibrium phase in a hole-doped bilayer of Sn on Si(111). This new phase is intrinsically phase separated into insulating domains with polar and nonpolar symmetries. Its formation involves a spontaneous symmetry breaking process that appears to be electronically driven, notwithstanding the lack of metallicity in this system. This modulation doping approach allows access to novel phases of matter, promising new avenues for exploring competing quantum matter phases on a silicon platform.
Experimental extractable work-based multipartite separability criteria
Authors: Ciampini Mario A. , Mancino Luca , Orieux Adeline , Vigliar Caterina , Mataloni Paolo , Paternostro Mauro , Barbieri Marco 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA thermodynamic theory of quantum entanglement as well as the establishment of rigorous formal connections between the laws of thermodynamics and the phenomenology of entanglement are currently open areas of investigation. In this quest, a core problem is embodied by the understanding of the role that entanglement plays in processes of work extraction. Here, by considering information thermodynamics-based protocols, we answer the question “Is it possible to infer, quantitatively, quantum correlations by considering work-extraction schemes?”. Our experimental settings consist of suitably designed multi-photon optical interferometers able to address the case of both bipartite and multipartite entangled states. We compare the performance of such criteria to that of witnesses of entanglement based on the violation of Bell-like tests, showing their inherently different nature. Our work contributes strongly to the ongoing efforts in establishing photonic systems as a platform for experiments in information thermodynamics.