bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysts' Strategic Distortion during IPO Waves
Authors: Yu Yan , Chen Jing , Tang Ya , Xu Jianguo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe study analysts' strategic distortion during different stages of initial public offering (IPO) waves. We find analysts affiliated with leading underwriters time the market and “speak in two tongues” in recommendations and forecasts when they balance between conflicting interests of corporate finance clients and brokerage clients. They are more optimistic than nonaffiliated analysts in recommendations, but not in earnings forecasts in the early stages of IPO waves. More positive recommendations help them win a larger share of the booming IPO business. This distortion is absent in the late stages of IPO waves. We also find that the market discounts strong‐buy recommendations from affiliated analysts in the early stages of IPO waves.
Survey of Rainwater Catchment Use and Practices on Hawaii Island
Authors: Donohue Mary J. , Macomber Patricia S.H. , Okimoto Darren , Lerner Darren T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe harvesting of rainwater for domestic use on Hawaii Island is widespread, particularly in areas not served by municipal water. Rainwater catchment is currently unregulated in Hawaii with the responsibility of installing and maintaining appropriate systems on owners and users. Well‐designed and maintained rainwater catchment systems are more likely to provide water free of pathogens than poorly designed or maintained systems. We conducted outreach to rural Hawaii Island communities on rainwater catchment best practices and explored household uses and practices associated with these systems via survey of 110 individuals. Nearly 90% (N=96) of all survey respondents used harvested rainwater as a potable water source or for bathing, and we estimate only 66% of those systems may reasonably be expected to produce safe drinking water. Reported testing frequency of captured rainwater falls below recommended levels and varies significantly with rainwater use and system adequacy. Outreach was effective in changing perceptions on rainwater catchment as evidenced by individuals’ reported beliefs before and after engagement. The majority (N=75) of all survey respondents reported they will change how they maintain their catchment systems, and over 50% (N=61) reported they will change their catchment system elements, as a result of outreach. We conclude there is a demonstrated need for ongoing, professional, evidence‐based outreach programs to serve rainwater catchment system users in Hawaii.
Model Water Transfer Mechanisms as a Drought Preparation System
Authors: Pease Mike , Snyder Tricia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article evaluates the suitability of two supply‐side drought management tools, Emergency Water Banks and Strategic Water Reserves for multi‐year severe drought periods. The limited sample‐size related to the implementation of either makes direct comparison impossible, but through case studies some cursory evaluation as to their efficacy and their limitations is possible. These short‐term tools take different approaches to increase the amount of water available for reallocation during drought. While neither are stand‐alone solutions, and may not be suitable for continual use, both hold potential to provide short‐term relief during periods of severe shortage. Both however, carry drawbacks that can undermine their efficacy, or preclude adequate support for their implementation.
The Extent and Nature of Potential Flood Damage to Commercial Property Structures in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Shultz Steven 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPrior research on the extent of potential flood damage in the U.S. has focused on single‐family residential structures, whereas this study evaluates the extent and nature of potential flood damage to commercial structures in two locations. Commercial buildings represent 13% of all structures in the 100‐year floodplain in Sarpy County (Omaha, NE) and 16% in Fargo/Moorhead (ND and MN), yet account for half of total potential flood damage exposure as represented by depreciated structural replacement values (DSRVs). The most frequent commercial structures are special use, warehouse, and industrial properties, which are all well suited to DSRVs estimation. Commercial building characteristics are highly heterogeneous, making the extrapolation of their potential flood damage based on sample observations problematic. Commercial floodplain structures are older and/or less maintained and less valuable than non‐floodplain structures, which, combined with the fact that higher valued multiple family, retail, and office structures were relatively rare in the 100‐year floodplain, indicates that commercial property owners in general exhibit rational flood risk avoidance.
The determination of the axial Young's modulus of honeycomb specimens under bending
Authors: Drach Andrew , Kovar Desiderio , Mikulak James K. , Rodin Gregory J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFor solid specimens, Young's modulus is commonly determined from straightforward uniaxial tension experiments. However, honeycomb specimens are far more challenging to test in tension, and it is therefore desirable to conduct bending experiments to determine Young's modulus. The premise of this work is that the bending response of honeycomb specimens may be significantly different from that of solid specimens, and therefore it is necessary to establish a sound protocol for the determination of the axial Young's modulus of honeycomb specimens under bending. Toward this goal, we present results of a study that combines experimental, finite element simulation, and classical beam theory approaches. These results confirm that accurate measurements of Young's modulus of honeycombs require careful consideration of the specimen geometry and analysis of the data. We demonstrate that the use of conventional Bernoulli‐Euler's beam theory to interpret the data requires very slender specimens. We also show that less slender specimens can be used if the experimental data is interpreted on the basis of three‐dimensional elasticity theory and numerical simulations. A third option is to use a combination of moderately slender specimens and Timoshenko's beam theory.
Thermal stability and electric‐field‐induced strain behaviors for PIN‐PSN‐PT piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Lin Dabin , Zhou Shun , Liu Weiguo , Li Fei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPb (In1/2Nb1/2) O3‐Pb (Sc1/2Nb1/2) O3‐PbTiO3 (PIN‐PSN‐PT) ternary ceramics with compositions near morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were fabricated by solid‐state‐sintering process. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of xPIN‐yPSN‐zPT (x = 0.19, 0.23 and z = 0.365, 0.385) ceramics were investigated as a function of temperature, showing high Tr‐t and Tc on the order of 160 ~ 200°C and 280 ~ 290°C, respectively. The xPIN‐yPSN‐0.365PT (x = 0.19 and 0.23) ceramics do not depolarize at the temperature up to 200°C, showing a better thermal stability when compared to the state‐of‐the‐art relaxor‐PbTiO3 systems. A slight variation (<9%) of kp, kt, and k33 was observed in the temperature range of 25°C‐160°C for xPIN‐yPSN‐0.385PT (x = 0.19 and 0.23) ceramics. Rayleigh analysis was employed to quantify the contribution of domain wall motion to piezoelectric response, where the domain wall contribution was found to increase with composition approaching MPB for PIN‐PSN‐PT system.
Structure and physical properties of Ge15Sb20Se65‐xSx glasses
Authors: Wang Rongping , Xu Qin , Liu Haitao , Sheng Yan , Yang Xinyu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe explored the structure and physical properties of Ge15Sb20Se65‐xSx (with x = 0, 16.25, 32.5, 48.75, and 65) glasses in order to screen the best compositions for the applications in photonics, since the laser damage thresholds in Se‐based glasses are too low although their optical nonlinearities are high. We found that, linear and nonlinear refractive index of the glasses decreased, but glass transition temperature Tg, optical bandgap Eg and the laser damage threshold increased with increasing S content. We further employed Raman scattering and high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectra to probe the structure of the glasses. Through the analysis of the evolution of the different structural units in the glasses, it was concluded that, the heteropolar bonds (Ge–Se/S, Sb–Se/S) were dominated in these glasses. With the increase in chalcogen Se/S ratio, the number of the Se‐related chemical bonds (Ge–Se, Sb–Se and Se–Se) increased and that of S‐related chemical bond (Ge–S, Sb–S and S–S) decreased gradually, and Ge was prior to bond with S rather than Se. The elemental substitution thus had negligible effect on the glass structure. The change of the physical properties was mainly due to the difference of the strength of the chemical bonds between S–Ge(Sb) and Se–Ge(Sb).
Insights into the evolution of carbonate‐bearing kaolin during sintering revealed by in situ hyperspectral Raman imaging
Authors: Stange Kerstin , Lenting Christoph , Geisler Thorsten 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSintering reactions of clay bodies have previously been studied by numerous experiments that involve quenching of the sintered ceramic bodies to room temperature and analyzing the reaction product by different analytical techniques. In this study, green bodies containing quartz, alkali feldspar, kaolinite, and calcite, were progressively fired in air at various temperatures from room temperature to about 1060°C. For the first time, mineral reactions and textural relationships were studied in situ as a function of temperature and time with a spatial resolution of a few micrometers by confocal hyperspectral Raman imaging. Gehlenite, wollastonite, and pseudowollastonite could unambiguously be identified as newly formed phases during sintering, and their textural evolution could be followed with temperature and time. From 800°C onwards wollastonite formed at the direct contact to gehlenite, whereby at temperatures higher than 990°C wollastonite seems to be gradually replacing gehlenite. The crystallization of pseudowollastonite was observed already ~290°C below the accepted critical temperature (~1125°C) for the wollastonite‐to‐pseudowollastonite transformation, suggesting that pseudowollastonite can form metastably. The results of this study demonstrate that hyperspectral Raman imaging is a powerful method to study in situ phase transitions and recrystallization processes at grain boundaries during high‐temperature sintering of ceramic materials.
Compositional effects on the crosslink density of Ca–(Mg)–(Y)–Si–Al–oxyfluoronitride glasses
Authors: Clausell Carolina , Barba Antonio , Jarque Juan Carlos , García‐Bellés Ángel R. , Pomeroy Michael J. , Hampshire Stuart 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe effects of fluorine and nitrogen substitution for oxygen in aluminosilicate glasses, effectively oxyfluoronitride (OFN) glasses, modified by calcium, calcium–yttrium or calcium–magnesium on thermal and physical/mechanical properties have been compared. Thus, 42 glasses in the Ca–(Mg)–(Y)–Si–Al–O–(N)–(F) system have been prepared and characterized with respect to density (ρ), molar volume (MV), compactness (C), free volume (FV), glass transition temperatures measured by DTA (Tg,DTA) and dilatometry (Tg,dil), dilatometric softening point (TDS), microhardness (μHv) and Young's modulus (E). Gradients of property variation with nitrogen or fluorine substitutions for oxygen are similar for all three different oxyfluoronitride glass systems and are comparable with those reported for other OFN glasses, again indicating independent and additive effects of nitrogen and fluorine. In attempting to further understand how fluorine affects the cross‐link density (CLD) in OFN glasses, it becomes apparent that it is necessary to allow for a greater contribution by aluminum in a modifier role as fluorine content is increased. This modified calculation of CLD values results in good linear fits between Tg and CLD values. This analysis clearly demonstrates and endorses the concepts that thermal properties are related to CLD while physical/mechanical properties are dependent on glass compactness.
Compositional dependence of crystallization in Ge–Sb–Se glasses relevant to optical fiber making
Authors: Parnell Harriet , Furniss David , Tang Zhuoqi , Neate Nigel C. , Benson Trevor M. , Seddon Angela B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFor fiber‐optic mid‐infrared bio‐ and chemical‐sensing, Ge–Sb–Se glass optical fibers are more attractive than Ge–As–Se because of: (i) lowered toxicity and (ii) lower phonon energy and hence transmission to longer wavelengths, with potential to reach the spectral “fingerprint region” for molecular sensing. There is little previous work on Ge–Sb–Se fibers. Here, fibers are fabricated from two glass compositions in the GexSb10Se90−x atomic (at.) % series. Both glass compositions are of similar mean‐coordination‐number, lying in the overconstrained region, yet of different chemical composition: stoichiometric Ge25Sb10Se65 at. % and non‐stoichiometric Ge20Sb10Se70 at. %. Thermal analysis on bulk glasses has previously shown that the former exhibited the maximum glass stability of the series. However, during fiber‐drawing of Ge25Sb10Se65 at. %, the preform tip is found to undergo surface‐devitrification to monoclinic GeSe2 alone, the primary phase, no matter if the preform is an annealed, as‐melted rod or annealed, extruded rod. The heating rate of the preform‐tip to the fiber‐drawing temperature is estimated to be up to ~100°C/min to ~490°C. Lower heating rates of 10°C/min using thermal analysis, in contrast, encourage crystallization of both Sb2Se3 and GeSe2. The non‐stoichiometric: Ge20Sb10Se70 at. % composition drew successfully to low optical loss fiber, no matter whether the preform was an annealed, as‐melted rod or annealed, extruded rod.
Impact of spark plasma sintering (SPS) on mullite formation in porcelains
Authors: Lerdprom Wirat , Bhowmik Ayan , Grasso Salvatore , Zapata‐Solvas Eugenio , Jayaseelan Doni D. , Reece Michael J. , Lee William E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe effect of the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process on mullite formation in porcelains was studied using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. SPS affected the kinetics and morphology of formed mullite. After sintering at 1100°C, unlike conventional sintering, SPS promoted the formation of mullite due to the combination of vacuum and applied pressure. Mullite crystal growth was altered by the atmosphere (vacuum), dwell time (0‐15 minutes), and temperature (1000‐1200°C). The applied pressure caused the mullite needles to orient perpendicular to the direction of the applied load. Depending on SPS dwell time, the mullite formed after sintering at 1100°C also had different crystal structure (tetragonal for short dwell time of 0‐5 minutes and orthorhombic for a long dwell time of 10‐15 minutes). Dissolution of mullite was observed at 1100°C by extending the dwell time by up to 15 minutes and the dissolved mullite reprecipitated on the small needles (~40 nm) and coarsened via Oswald ripening resulting in larger mullite needles (~60 nm).
High niobium oxide content in germanate glasses: Thermal, structural, and optical properties
Authors: Marcondes Lia Mara , Maestri Sérgio , Sousa Bianca , Gonçalves Rogeria Rocha , Cassanjes Fabia Castro , Poirier Gael Yves 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNiobium alkali germanate glasses were synthesized by the melt‐quenching technique. The ternary system (90‐x)GeO2–xNb2O5–10K2O forms homogeneous glasses with x ranging from 0 to 20 mol%. Samples were investigated by DSC and XRD analysis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and optical absorption. Structural and physical features are discussed in terms of Nb2O5 content. The niobium content increase in the glass network strongly modifies the thermal, structural and optical properties of alkali germanate glasses. DSC, Raman and FTIR analysis suggest niobium addition promotes NbO6 groups insertion close to GeO4 units of the glass network. XRD analysis also pointed out that samples containing high niobium oxide contents exhibit preferential niobium oxide‐rich phase after crystallization after heat treatment, which is similar to orthorhombic Nb2O5. Absorption spectra revealed high transmission range between 400 nm to 6.2 μm, added to a considerably decreased hydroxyl group content as the addition of niobium in the alkali germanate network. The niobium oxide‐rich phase crystallization process was studied and activation energy was determined, as well as nucleation and crystal growth temperatures and time for obtaining transparent glass‐ceramics.
Effects of Re addition on phase stability and mechanical properties of hexagonal OsB2
Authors: Long Ying , Zou Canhui , Zheng Xin , Lin Hua‐Tay , Zhang Fenglin , Wang Chengyong , An Linan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractReB2‐type hexagonal Osmium diboride (OsB2) has been predicted to exhibit higher hardness than its orthorhombic phase, but hexagonal‐orthorhombic phase transformation occurs at temperature higher than 600°C, resulting in the decrease in its hardness. Therefore, ReB2‐type hexagonal OsB2 samples with Re addition were produced by a combination of mechanochemical method and pressureless sintering technique, and the effects of Rhenium (Re) addition on phase composition, thermal stability and mechanical properties of OsB2 were investigated in this study. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the as‐synthesized powders by high‐energy ball milling indicates the formation of hexagonal Os1‐xRexB2 solid solution with Re concentration of 5 and 10 at.% without forming a second phase. After being sintered at 1700°C, part of the hexagonal phase in OsB2 transformed to orthorhombic structure, while Os0.95Re0.05B2 and Os0.9Re0.1B2 maintained their hexagonal structure. This suggests that the thermal stability of the hexagonal OsB2 was significantly improved with the addition of Re. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs show that all of the as‐sintered samples exhibit a homogeneous microstructure with some pores and cracks formed throughout the samples with the relative density >90%. The measurements of micro‐hardness, nano‐hardness, and Young's modulus of the OsB2 increased with Re addition, and these properties of the sample with 5 at.% addition of Re is higher than that with 10 at.% Re.
Associations Between Falls and Driving Outcomes in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Scott Kenneth A. , Rogers Eli , Betz Marian E. , Hoffecker Lilian , Li Guohua , DiGuiseppi Carolyn 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesTo examine associations between falls and subsequent motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), crash‐related injuries, driving performance, and driving behavior.DesignSystematic review and metaanalysis.ParticipantsObservational studies including drivers aged 55 and older or with a mean age of 65 and older.MeasurementsTwo authors independently extracted study and participant characteristics, exposures, and outcomes and assessed risk of bias. Pooled risk estimates for MVCs and MVC‐related injuries were calculated using random‐effects models. Other results were synthesized narratively.ResultsFrom 3,286 potentially eligible records, 15 studies (N = 27–17,349 subjects) met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was low to moderate, except for cross‐sectional studies (n = 3), which all had a high potential for bias. A fall history was associated with a significantly greater risk of subsequent MVC (summary risk estimate = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20–1.63; I2 = 28%, N = 5 studies). One study found a significantly greater risk of MVC‐related hospitalizations and deaths after a fall (hazard ratio = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.71–5.69). Evidence was inconclusive regarding an association between falls and driving cessation and showed no association between falls and driving performance or behavior.ConclusionFalls in older adults appear to be a risk marker for subsequent MVCs and MVC‐related injury. Given the nature of the evidence, which is limited to observational studies, the identified associations may also result at least partly from confounding or bias. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms linking falls to crash risk and to develop effective interventions to ensure driving safety in older adults with a history of falls.
Impact of Intentional Overload on Joint Stability of Internal Implant‐Abutment Connection System with Different Diameter
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hye , Lee Won , Huh Yoon‐Hyuk , Park Chan‐Jin , Cho Lee‐Ra 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the axial displacement of the implant‐abutment assembly of different implant diameter after static and cyclic loading of overload condition.Materials and MethodsAn internal conical connection system with three diameters (Ø 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0) applying identical abutment dimension and the same abutment screw was evaluated. Axial displacement of abutment and reverse torque loss of abutment screw were evaluated under static and cyclic loading conditions. Static loading test groups were subjected to vertical static loading of 250, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 N consecutively. Cyclic loading test groups were subjected to 500 N cyclic loading to evaluate the effect of excessive masticatory loading. After abutment screw tightening for 30 Ncm, axial displacement was measured upon 1, 3, 10, and 1,000,000 cyclic loadings of 500 N. Repeated‐measure ANOVA and 2‐way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05).ResultsThe increasing magnitude of vertical load and thinner wall thickness of implant increased axial displacement of abutment and reverse torque loss of abutment screw (p< 0.05). Implants in the Ø 5.0 diameter group demonstrated significantly low axial displacement, and reverse torque loss after static loading than Ø 4.0 and Ø 4.5 diameter groups (p< 0.05). In the cyclic loading test, all diameter groups of implant showed significant axial displacement after 1 cycle of loading of 500 N (p< 0.05). There was no significant axial displacement after 3, 10, or 1,000,000 cycles of loading (p= 0.603).ConclusionsImplants with Ø 5.0 diameter demonstrated significantly low axial displacement and reverse torque loss after the cyclic and static loading of overload condition.