bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of FospropofolFD Compared to Propofol When Given During the Induction of General Anaesthesia: A Phase II, Multi‐centre, Randomized, Parallel‐Group, Active‐Controlled, Double‐Blind, Double‐Dummy Study
Authors: Liu Rong , Luo Chaozhi , Liu Jin , Zhang Wensheng , Li Yan , Xu Jing 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe present phase II study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of fospropofol disodium for injection (FospropofolFD) and propofol when given during the induction of general anaesthesia in patients scheduled for elective surgery. FospropofolFD is a water‐soluble prodrug of propofol. Approved by the Ethical Committee, 240 participants aged 18–65 years were equally randomly allocated to receive an intravenous bolus of FospropofolFD 20 mg/kg or propofol 2 mg/kg without any anaesthetic pre‐treatment. The primary efficacy end‐point was the sedation success rate within 5 min. after administering investigational drugs (the sedation success is defined as obtaining Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale score of 1). All the participants completed the induction and intubation within 25 min. after administration. The sedation success rates within 5 min. after administration of FospropofolFD 20 mg/kg and propofol 2 mg/kg were 94.50% versus 100% in the intention‐to‐treat population and 95.10% versus 100% in the per‐protocol population, respectively. The non‐inferiority test obtained a p‐value less than 0.025, and the lower limits of the one‐sided 97.5% confidence interval were more than −0.09. This meant that FospropofolFD 20 mg/kg was considered non‐inferior to propofol 2 mg/kg for the primary efficacy end‐point. Compared with propofol 2 mg/kg, FospropofolFD 20 mg/kg had a slower sedation efficacy. No serious adverse events were observed in the two groups. The sedation success rate within 5 min. after administration of FospropofolFD 20 mg/kg was non‐inferior to propofol 2 mg/kg, and FospropofolFD 20 mg/kg can be used for the induction of general anaesthesia safely.
Reduced Mechanical Stretch Induces Enhanced Endothelin B Receptor‐Mediated Contractility via Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Extracellular Regulated Kinase 1/2 in Cerebral Arteries from Rat
Authors: Spray Stine , Rasmussen Marianne N. P. , Skovsted Gry F. , Warfvinge Karin , Sheykhzade Majid , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCerebral ischaemia results in enhanced endothelin B (ETB) receptor‐mediated contraction and receptor protein expression in the affected cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Organ culture of cerebral arteries is a method to induce similar alterations in ETB receptor expression. We suggest that rapid and sustained reduction in wall tension/stretch is a possible trigger mechanism for this vascular remodelling. Isolated rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments were incubated in a wire myograph with or without mechanical stretch, prior to assessment of their contractile response to the selective ETB receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6c. The involvement of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was studied by their specific inhibitors U0126 and PF‐228, respectively. Compared with their stretched counterparts, unstretched MCA segments showed a significantly increased ETB receptor‐mediated contractile response after 12 hr of incubation, which was attenuated by either U0126 or PF‐228. The functionally increased ETB‐mediated contractility could be attributed to two different mechanisms: (i) a difference in ETB receptor localization from primarily endothelial expression to SMC expression and (ii) an increased calcium sensitivity of the SMCs due to an increased expression of the calcium channel transient receptor potential canonical 1. Collectively, our results present a possible mechanism linking lack of vessel wall stretch/tension to changes in ETB receptor‐mediated contractility via triggering of an early mechanosensitive signalling pathway involving ERK1/2 and FAK signalling. A mechanism likely to be an initiating factor for the increased ETB receptor‐mediated contractility found after cerebral ischaemia.
Choosing to engage and choosing to persist: The role of non‐specific factors in health‐promoting activities
Authors: Gaitan‐Sierra Carolina , Dempster Martin 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveNon‐specific factors play an important role in determining benefits from health‐promoting activities. Previous studies have focussed on beneficial outcomes of motivation during engagement. There are two aims of this project. First, we investigated whether expectancy and intrinsic motivation influence people's decisions to engage with health‐promoting activities in the first instance and then subsequently adhere to them. Second, we examined the effects of providing information on health‐promoting activities as a method of influencing expectancy and intrinsic motivation.MethodIn two studies, participants were informed about a health‐promoting activity (Study 1: A breathing exercise for well‐being; Study 2: A gratitude exercise for smoking cessation) and told that it has either a ‘known’ or ‘unknown’ effectiveness. Participants were then given the opportunity to engage with the activity over the following days. Expectancy and intrinsic motivation were measured after reading the information and prior to engagement with the activity. Adherence to the activity was measured at follow‐up.ResultsIn both studies, intrinsic motivation positively predicted willingness to engage with the activities as well as subsequent adherence. Expectancy predicted adherence in Study 1 and choices to engage in Study 2, but not after controlling for intrinsic motivation. Describing the gratitude exercise as having a known effectiveness in Study 2 enhanced motivation and adherence to the activity.ConclusionsThe non‐specific benefit brought by intrinsic motivation plays an important role in choosing to engage with health‐promoting activities as well as subsequent adherence. Our results also show that simple statements about the potential benefits of a health‐promoting activity can motivate engagement and adherence.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Previous studies have established that non‐specific factors, namely expectancies and intrinsic motivation, play an important role in determining benefit when engaging in health‐promoting activities.

These studies have neglected how non‐specific factors relate to initial choices to engage in health‐promoting activities in the first instance.

Intrinsic motivation has been found to be more strongly related to benefit than expectancies in real‐world health‐promoting activities.

What does this study add?

Intrinsic motivation predicts choices to engage with a health‐promoting activity.

Simple statements about benefits of a health‐promoting activity motivate engagement.
Socio‐economic status and overweight or obesity among school‐age children in sub‐Saharan Africa – a systematic review
Authors: Fruhstorfer B. H. , Mousoulis C. , Uthman O. A. , Robertson W. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryChildhood overweight and obesity have emerged as a public health concern in sub‐Saharan Africa. We conducted a systematic review with the aim to examine the association between socio‐economic status (SES) and overweight or obesity among school‐age children in sub‐Saharan Africa. In March 2014 we searched five electronic databases for reports which presented cross‐sectional data on prevalence levels of overweight or obesity stratified by SES groups among school‐age children in sub‐Saharan Africa. We used a random‐effect model to pool the relative indexes of inequality of the association from the individual studies. In total, 20 reports satisfied the inclusion criteria providing results of 21 datasets. The risk of overweight or obesity in children from highest SES households was 5.28 times as high as that of children from lowest SES households (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.62 to 10.66). On subgroup analysis, this association was statistically significant for household income and composite SES measures but not for parental educational attainment and occupation type. Similarly, the risk of overweight or obesity in children attending affluent (private) schools was 15.94 times as high as that of children going to either urban or rural public schools (95% CI 5.82 to 43.68). The magnitude of the association tended to be stronger for area or school‐type compared with composite measures. In summary, children from higher SES households and those attending private schools tended to be overweight and obese.
Fragrance allergy could be missed without patch testing with 26 individual fragrance allergens
Authors: Vejanurug Patnapa , Tresukosol Poohglin , Sajjachareonpong Praneet , Puangpet Pailin 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundIn 2003, the EU Cosmetics Directive stated that 26 fragrance substances must be listed on the cosmetic product ingredient labels. Not all of these 26 fragrance substances are detected by the usual screening markers comprising fragrance mix I, fragrance mix II, and Myroxylon pereirae.ObjectivesTo evaluate the usefulness of testing with the 26 individual fragrance substances in addition to the standard fragrance screening markers.Materials and MethodsThree hundred and twelve consecutive patients were patch tested with our baseline series and the 26 specific fragrance substances required to be declared on cosmetic product ingredient labels in accordance with the EU Cosmetics Directive.ResultsPositive reactions to at least either one of the 26 individual fragrance substances or the usual fragrance screening markers were seen in 84 of 312 patients (26.9%). Fifteen of these 84 patients (17.8%) reacted negatively to the fragrance screening markers. The most common individual fragrance allergens were cinnamyl alcohol (11.2%), cinnamal (9%), and hydroxycitronellal (3.8%). Sixty‐two of 312 patients (19.8%) had at least one positive reaction to the fragrance screening markers.ConclusionAdditional patch testing with the 26 individual fragrance allergens, or with the commonest fragrance allergens identified within these 26, should be performed to optimize the detection of fragrance allergy. Cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal are important fragrance allergens in Thailand.
In situ chemical behaviour of methylisothiazolinone (MI) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in reconstructed human epidermis: a new approach to the cross‐reactivity issue
Authors: Debeuckelaere Camille , Moussallieh François‐Marie , Elbayed Karim , Namer Izzie‐Jacques , Berl Valérie , Giménez‐Arnau Elena , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundMethylisothiazolinone (MI) [with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in a ratio of 1:3, a well‐recognized allergenic preservative] was released as an individual preservative in the 2000s for industrial products and in 2005 for cosmetics. The high level of exposure to MI since then has provoked an epidemic of contact allergy to MI, and an increase in MI/MCI allergy. There are questions concerning the MI/MCI cross‐reaction pattern.ObjectivesTo bring a new perspective on the MI/MCI cross‐reactivity issue by studying their in situ chemical behaviour in 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE).MethodsMI and MCI were synthesized with 13C substitution at positions C‐4/C‐5 and C‐5, respectively. Their in situ chemical behaviours in an RHE model were followed by use of the high‐resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance technique.ResultsMI was found to react exclusively with cysteine thiol residues, whereas MCI reacted with histidines and lysines. The reaction mechanisms were found to be different for MI and MCI, and the adducts formed had different molecular structures.ConclusionIn RHE, different MI/MCI reactions towards different nucleophilic amino acids were observed, making it difficult to explain cross‐reactivity between MI and MCI.
Allergy risks with laptop computers – nickel and cobalt release
Authors: Midander Klara , Hurtig Anna , Borg Tornberg Anette , Julander Anneli 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBackgroundLaptop computers may release nickel and cobalt when they come into contact with skin. Few computer brands have been studied.ObjectivesTo evaluate nickel and cobalt release from laptop computers belonging to several brands by using spot tests, and to quantify the release from one new computer by using artificial sweat solution.MethodsNickel and cobalt spot tests were used on the lid and wrist supports of 31 laptop computers representing five brands. The same surfaces were tested on all computers. In addition, one new computer was bought and dismantled for release tests in artificial sweat according to the standard method described in EN1811.ResultsThirty‐nine per cent of the laptop computers were nickel spot test‐positive, and 6% were positive for cobalt. The nickel on the surface could be worn off by consecutive spot testing of the same surface. The release test in artificial sweat of one computer showed that nickel and cobalt were released, although in low concentrations.ConclusionsAs they constitute a potential source of skin exposure to metals, laptop computers should qualify as objects to be included within the restriction of nickel in REACH, following the definition of ‘prolonged skin contact’. Skin contact resulting from laptop use may contribute to an accumulated skin dose of nickel that can be problematic for sensitized individuals.
Colonoscopic features and malignant potential of sessile serrated adenomas: comparison with other serrated lesions and conventional adenomas
Authors: Kawasaki K. , Kurahara K. , Yanai S. , Oshiro Y. , Yao T. , Kobayashi H. , Nakamura S. , Fuchigami T. , Sugai T. , Matsumoto T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimSessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) have been proposed as precursors of colorectal cancer. The aims of this investigation were to compare the endoscopic findings of SSA/Ps with those of other serrated lesions and to compare the histological findings of SSA/Ps with those of conventional adenomas.MethodWe retrospectively reviewed colonoscopy records at our institution from 1984 to 2013 and identified cases of endoscopically or surgically resected conventional adenomas and serrated lesions, including SSA/Ps, hyperplastic polyps (HPs) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs). The colonoscopic findings of SSA/Ps were compared with those of the other two serrated lesions and histological findings were compared among all groups of lesions.ResultsThere were 79 HPs in 68 patients, 77 SSA/Ps in 63 patients, 167 TSAs in 145 patients and 6324 conventional adenomas in 4129 patients. The inverted type and flat‐elevated type were more frequent among SSA/Ps than among the other two types of serrated lesions. Magnifying colonoscopy revealed that a round and open pit pattern, expanded crypt openings and varicose microvascular vessels were more frequently observed among SSA/Ps than among the other types. The incidence of high‐grade dysplasia or carcinoma among SSA/Ps (13.0%) was significantly higher than that among HPs (0%, P < 0.001) and equivalent to that among conventional adenomas (12.3%).ConclusionSSA/Ps have colonoscopic features distinct from those of HPs and TSAs. The malignant potential of SSA/Ps seems to be equal to that of conventional adenomas.
Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor of mortality after lung transplantation
Authors: Andersen Kasper H. , Schultz Hans Henrik L. , Nyholm Benjamin , Iversen Martin P. , Gustafsson Finn , Carlsen Jørn 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPurposePulmonary hypertension (PH) is recognized as a risk factor in lung transplantation as reflected in the lung allocation score (LAS). We examined the impact of PH on outcome after lung transplantation, with special emphasis on pre‐ and post‐capillary PH.MethodsConsecutive lung transplant recipients were evaluated according to ISHLT criteria including right heart catheterization in the period from 1992 to October 2014. Post‐transplant survival was assessed according to hemodynamic characteristics: post‐capillary PH (mean pulmonary arterial pressure [mPAP] ≥ 25 mmHg and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure [PAWP] > 15 mmHg), pre‐capillary PH (mPAP ≥ 25 mmHg, PAWP ≤ 15 mmHg) and non‐PH (mPAP < 25 mmHg).ResultsOf 518 transplant recipients, 58 (11%) had post‐capillary PH. Pre‐capillary PH was present in 211 (41%) and 249 (48%) non‐PH. Post‐capillary PH and pre‐capillary PH were associated with worse 90‐d outcomes after transplantation compared to non‐PH (p = 0.043 and 0.003, respectively). The negative effect persisted 1 yr post‐transplantation in pre‐capillary PH (p = 0.037), but not in post‐capillary PH (p = 0.447). Long‐term survival was unaffected by hemodynamic classification.ConclusionPost‐capillary PH was present in 11% and pre‐capillary PH in 41% of the transplant cohort. Post‐capillary PH and pre‐capillary PH were associated with inferior 90‐d survival, but long‐term survival was unaffected.
Post kidney transplantation Kaposi's sarcoma: the experience of a Mediterranean North African center
Authors: Gorsane Imen , Bacha Mohamed Mongi , Abderrahim Ezzedine , Amri Nadia , Hajri Malika , Ounissi Mondher , Harzallah Amel , El Younsi Fathi , Hedri Hafedh , Ben Abdallah Taieb 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the overall and specific incidences of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in a cohort of 568 kidney transplant recipients (KTR) in a single North African Mediterranean center.Patients and MethodsThe records of 568 patients, who underwent kidney transplantation (KT) between June 1986 and December 2013, were retrospectively reviewed. Incidence was calculated by dividing the number of the different events by the total duration of follow‐up. Survival rates and cumulated frequencies of KS were calculated according to the actuarial method.ResultsTwelve patients developed KS corresponding to an overall prevalence of 2.1% and an annual incidence of 0.27% patient‐years. Median time to diagnosis of KS was 23.3 months. Eleven patients presented with skin lesions; three had oral localizations and one had conjunctival involvement. Asymptomatic gastric localization was observed in one patient. Therapeutic management, consisting in reduction of immunosuppression in all cases and their conversion to sirolimus in four patients, resulted in complete regression of KS in seven patients. Graft loss was observed in three cases and four patients died of unrelated‐ KS causes.ConclusionKS is the most post KT malignancy observed in our country and is characterized by a predominance of limited superficial forms.
Dual kidney transplants from adult marginal donors successfully expand the limited deceased donor organ pool
Authors: Stratta Robert J. , Farney Alan C. , Orlando Giuseppe , Farooq Umar , Al‐Shraideh Yousef , Palanisamy Amudha , Reeves‐Daniel Amber , Doares William , Kaczmorski Scott , Gautreaux Michael D. , Iskandar Samy S. , Hairston Gloria , Brim Elizabeth , Mangus Margaret , El‐Hennawy Hany , Khan Muhammad , Rogers Jeffrey 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe need to expand the organ donor pool remains a formidable challenge in kidney transplantation (KT). The use of expanded criteria donors (ECDs) represents one approach, but kidney discard rates are high because of concerns regarding overall quality. Dual KT (DKT) may reduce organ discard and optimize the use of kidneys from marginal donors.Study designWe conducted a single‐center retrospective review of outcomes in adult recipients of DKTs from adult marginal deceased donors (DD) defined by limited renal functional capacity. If the calculated creatinine clearance in an adult DD was <65 mL/min, then the kidneys were transplanted as a DKT.ResultsOver 11.5 yr, 72 DKTS were performed including 45 from ECDs, 17 from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors, and 10 from standard criteria donors (SCD). Mean adult DD and recipient ages were both 60 yr, including 29 DDs and 26 recipients ≥65 yr of age. Mean pre‐DKT waiting and dialysis vintage times were 12 months and 25 months, respectively. Actual patient and graft survival rates were 84.7% and 70.8%, respectively, with a mean follow‐up of 58 months. One yr and death‐censored graft survival rates were 90% and 80%, respectively. Outcomes did not differ by DD category, recipient age, or presence of delayed graft function (DGF). Eleven patients died at a mean of 32 months post‐DKT (eight with functioning grafts) and 13 other patients experienced graft losses at a mean of 33 months. The incidence of DGF was 25%; there were two cases (2.8%) of primary non‐function. Mean length of initial hospital stay was 7.2 d. Mean serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate levels at 12 and 24 months were 1.5 and 53 and 1.5 mg/dL and 51 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. DKT graft survival and function were superior to concurrent single ECD and similar to concurrent SCD KTs. Two patients underwent successful kidney retransplantation, so the dialysis‐free rate in surviving patients was 87%. The proportion of total renal function transplanted from adult DD to DKT recipients was 77% compared to 56% for patients receiving single KTs.ConclusionsDual kidney transplantation using kidneys from adult marginal DDs that otherwise might be discarded offer a viable option to counteract the growing shortage of acceptable single kidneys. Excellent medium‐term outcomes can be achieved and waiting times can be reduced in a predominantly older recipient population.
An international survey of cerebral palsy registers and surveillance systems
Authors: Goldsmith Shona , McIntyre Sarah , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley , Blair Eve , Cans Christine , Watson Linda , Yeargin‐Allsopp Marshalyn ,   the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group
Published: January 2016

AimTo describe cerebral palsy (CP) surveillance programmes and identify similarities and differences in governance and funding, aims and scope, definition, inclusion/exclusion criteria, ascertainment and data collection, to enhance the potential for research collaboration.MethodRepresentatives from 38 CP surveillance programmes were invited to participate in an online survey and submit their data collection forms. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize information submitted.ResultsTwenty‐seven surveillance programmes participated (25 functioning registers, two closed owing to lack of funding). Their aims spanned five domains: resource for CP research, surveillance, aetiology/prevention, service planning, and information provision (in descending order of frequency). Published definitions guided decision making for the definition of CP and case eligibility for most programmes. Consent, case identification, and data collection methods varied widely. Ten key data items were collected by all programmes and a further seven by at least 80% of programmes. All programmes reported an interest in research collaboration.InterpretationDespite variability in methodologies, similarities exist across programmes in terms of their aims, definitions, and data collected. These findings will facilitate harmonization of data and collaborative research efforts, which are so necessary on account of the heterogeneity and relatively low prevalence of CP.