bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the use of “medical marijuana” in psychiatric and neurologic disorders
Authors: Noel Christopher 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis is listed as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, meaning the US federal government defines it as an illegal drug that has high potential for abuse and no established medical use; however, half of the states in the nation have enacted “medical marijuana” (MM) laws. Clinicians must be aware of the evidence for and against the use of MM in their patients who may consider using this substance.
Methods: A PubMed database search was performed using the text string: “Cannabis”[Mesh] OR “Marijuana Abuse”[Mesh] OR “Medical Marijuana”[Mesh] OR “Marijuana Smoking”[Mesh] OR “cannabi*” OR “tetrahydrocannabinol.” The search was further limited to randomized clinical trial publications in English on human subjects to identify articles regarding the therapeutic use of phytocannabinoids for psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Commercially available products (ie, dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols) and synthetic cannabinoids were excluded from the review.
Results: Publications were identified that included patients with dementia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, schizophrenia, social anxiety disorder, depression, tobacco use disorder, and neuropathic pain.
Discussion: There is great variety concerning which medical conditions are approved for treatment with MM for either palliative or therapeutic benefit, depending on the state law. It is important to keep an evidence-based approach in mind, even with substances considered to be illegal under US federal law. Clinicians must weigh risks and benefits of the use of MM in their patients and should ensure that patients have tried other treatment modalities with higher levels of evidence for use when available and appropriate.
Stochastic estimation of hydraulic transmissivity fields using flow connectivity indicator data
Authors: Freixas G. , Fernàndez‐Garcia D. , Sanchez‐Vila X. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMost methods for hydraulic test interpretation rely on a number of simplified assumptions regarding the homogeneity and isotropy of the underlying porous media. This way, the actual heterogeneity of any natural parameter, such as transmissivity (
), is transferred to the corresponding estimates in a way heavily dependent on the interpretation method used. An example is a long‐term pumping test interpreted by means of the Cooper‐Jacob method, which implicitly assumes a homogeneous isotropic confined aquifer. The estimates obtained from this method are not local values, but still have a clear physical meaning; the estimated
represents a regional‐scale effective value, while the log‐ratio of the normalized estimated storage coefficient, indicated by
, is an indicator of flow connectivity, representative of the scale given by the distance between the pumping and the observation wells. In this work we propose a methodology to use
, together with sampled local measurements of transmissivity at selected points, to map the expected value of local
values using a technique based on cokriging. Since the interpolation involves two variables measured at different support scales, a critical point is the estimation of the covariance and crosscovariance matrices. The method is applied to a synthetic field displaying statistical anisotropy, showing that the inclusion of connectivity indicators in the estimation method provide maps that effectively display preferential flow pathways, with direct consequences in solute transport.
Particle flux in the oceans: Challenging the steady state assumption
Authors: Giering Sarah L. C. , Sanders Richard , Martin Adrian P. , Henson Stephanie A. , Riley Jennifer S. , Marsay Chris M. , Johns David G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide levels are strongly controlled by the depth at which the organic matter that sinks out of the surface ocean is remineralized. This depth is generally estimated from particle flux profiles measured using sediment traps. Inherent in this analysis is a steady state assumption that export from the surface does not significantly change in the time it takes material to reach the deepest trap. However, recent observations suggest that a significant fraction of material in the mesopelagic zone sinks slowly enough to bring this into doubt. We use data from a study in the North Atlantic during July/August 2009 to challenge the steady state assumption. An increase in biogenic silica flux with depth was observed which we interpret, based on vertical profiles of diatom taxonomy, as representing the remnants of the spring diatom bloom sinking slowly (<40 m d−1). We were able to reproduce this behavior using a simple model using satellite‐derived export rates and literature‐derived remineralization rates. We further provide a simple equation to estimate “additional” (or “excess”) particulate organic carbon supply to the dark ocean during nonsteady state conditions, which is not captured by traditional sediment trap deployments. In seasonal systems, mesopelagic net organic carbon supply could be wrong by as much as 25% when assuming steady state. We conclude that the steady state assumption leads to misinterpretation of particle flux profiles when input fluxes from the upper ocean vary on the order of weeks, such as in temperate and polar regions with strong seasonal cycles in export.
MeltMigrator: A MATLAB‐based software for modeling three‐dimensional melt migration and crustal thickness variations at mid‐ocean ridges following a rules‐based approach
Authors: Bai Hailong , Montési Laurent G. J. , Behn Mark D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMeltMigrator is a MATLAB®‐based melt migration software developed to process three‐dimensional mantle temperature and velocity data from user‐supplied numerical models of mid‐ocean ridges, calculate melt production and melt migration trajectories in the mantle, estimate melt flux along plate boundaries, and predict crustal thickness distribution on the seafloor. MeltMigrator is also capable of calculating compositional evolution depending on the choice of petrologic melting model. Programmed in modules, MeltMigrator is highly customizable and can be expanded to a wide range of applications. We have applied it to complex mid‐ocean ridge model settings, including transform faults, oblique segments, ridge migration, asymmetrical spreading, background mantle flow, and ridge‐plume interaction. In this technical report, we include an example application to a segmented mid‐ocean ridge. MeltMigrator is available as a supplement to this paper, and it is also available from GitHub and the University of Maryland Geodynamics Group website.
Acid weathering of basalt and basaltic glass: 2. Effects of microscopic alteration textures on spectral properties
Authors: Smith Rebecca J. , Horgan Briony H. N. , Mann Paul , Cloutis Edward A. , Christensen Philip R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAcid alteration has long been proposed for the Martian surface, and so it is important to understand how the resulting alteration textures affect surface spectra. Two basaltic materials of varying crystallinity were altered in two different H2SO4 solutions (pH 1 and pH 3) for 220 days. The unaltered and altered samples were studied in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and thermal infrared (TIR), and select samples were chosen for scanning electron microscopy analysis. Materials altered in pH 3 solutions showed little to no physical alteration, and their spectral signatures changed very little. In contrast, all materials altered in pH 1 acid displayed silica‐rich alteration textures, and the morphology differed based on starting material crystallinity. The more crystalline material displayed extensive alteration reaching into the sample interiors and had weaker silica spectral features. The glass sample developed alteration layers tens of microns thick, exhibiting amorphous silica‐rich spectral features that completely obscured the substrate. Thus, the strong absorption coefficient of silica effectively decreases the penetration depth of TIR spectral measurements, causing silica abundances to be grossly overestimated in remote sensing data. Additionally, glass samples with silica layers exhibited distinct concave up blue spectral slopes in the VNIR. Spectra from the northern lowland plains of Mars are modeled with high abundances of amorphous silica and exhibit concave up blue spectral slopes and are thus consistent with acid altered basaltic glass. Therefore, we conclude that large regions of the Martian surface may have formed through the interaction of basaltic glass with strongly acidic fluids.
Poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO)‐grafted carbon nanotubes for preparing PTMO‐based polyurethane films with enhanced storage moduli
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Yazdi Mojtaba 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this article, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT's) were coated by poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) soft layer. PTMO was used for preparing segmented polyurethane (PU) films as well. PTMO‐grafted CNT was utilized for loading into the PTMO‐based segmented PU films in three different contents, i.e., 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 wt.%. All PU‐CNT nanocomposites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The resulting nanocomposites were also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). DTMA results showed a significant increase in the storage moduli, especially at temperatures <Tg values. At the beginning temperature of E′–T analysis this increase was 1.05 GPa for the sample possessing 0.2 wt.% of the filler.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkylation–Peroxidation of Alkenes with 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and T‐Hydro
Authors: Lu Shenglin , Qi Longying , Li Zhiping 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA method for the cobalt‐catalyzed alkylation–peroxidation of alkenes with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and T‐hydro (tert‐butyl hydroperoxide solution) was developed. This approach provides practical and selective access to γ‐carbonyl peroxides in a single step by starting from readily available starting materials. In addition, gram‐scale syntheses demonstrated that the protocol is practical and useful for organic synthesis.
Quantitative imaging biomarkers for dural sinus patterns in idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Zur Dinah , Anconina Reut , Kesler Anat , Lublinsky Svetlana , Toledano Ronen , Shelef Ilan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo quantitatively characterize transverse dural sinuses (TS) on magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), compared to healthy controls, using a computer assisted detection (CAD) method.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed MRV studies of 38 IIH patients and 30 controls, matched by age and gender. Data analysis was performed using a specially developed Matlab algorithm for vessel cross‐sectional analysis. The cross‐sectional area and shape measurements were evaluated in patients and controls.ResultsMean, minimal, and maximal cross‐sectional areas as well as volumetric parameters of the right and left transverse sinuses were significantly smaller in IIH patients than in controls (p < .005 for all). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients showed a narrowed segment in both TS, clustering near the junction with the sigmoid sinus. In 36% (right TS) and 43% (left TS), the stenosis extended to >50% of the entire length of the TS, i.e. the TS was hypoplastic. Narrower vessels tended to have a more triangular shape than did wider vessels.ConclusionUsing CAD we precisely quantified TS stenosis and its severity in IIH patients by cross‐sectional and volumetric analysis. This method can be used as an exact tool for investigating mechanisms of IIH development and response to treatment.
Palladium‐Catalysed Cross‐Coupling Reactions Controlled by Noncovalent Zn⋅⋅⋅N Interactions
Authors: Kadri Mohamed , Hou Jingran , Dorcet Vincent , Roisnel Thierry , Bechki Lazhar , Miloudi Abdellah , Bruneau Christian , Gramage‐Doria Rafael 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNon‐covalent interactions between halopyridine substrates and catalytically inert building blocks, namely zinc(II)–porphyrins and zinc(II)–salphens, influence the catalytic outcome of Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions. The weak Zn⋅⋅⋅N interactions between halopyridine substrates and zinc(II)‐containing porphyrins and salphens, respectively, were studied by a combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis studies, Job‐Plot analysis and, in some cases, X‐ray diffraction studies. Additionally, the former studies revealed unique supramolecular polymeric and dimeric rearrangements in the solid state featuring weak Br⋅⋅⋅N (halogen bonding), C−H⋅⋅⋅π, Br⋅⋅⋅π and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The reactivity of halopyridine substrates in homogeneous palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions was found to correlate with the binding strength between the zinc(II)‐containing scaffolds and the corresponding halopyridine. Such observation is explained by the unfavourable formation of inactive over‐coordinated halopyridine⋅⋅⋅palladium species. The presented approach is particularly appealing for those cases in which substrates and/or products deactivate (or partially poison) a transition‐metal catalyst.
What a Difference a Methyl Group Makes: The Selectivity of Monoamine Oxidase B Towards Histamine and N‐Methylhistamine
Authors: Maršavelski Aleksandra , Vianello Robert 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes catalyze the degradation of a very broad range of biogenic and dietary amines including many neurotransmitters in the brain, whose imbalance is extensively linked with the biochemical pathology of various neurological disorders. Although sharing around 70 % sequence identity, both MAO A and B isoforms differ in substrate affinities and inhibitor sensitivities. Inhibitors that act on MAO A are used to treat depression, due to their ability to raise serotonin concentrations, whereas MAO B inhibitors decrease dopamine degradation and improve motor control in patients with Parkinson disease. Despite this functional importance, the factors affecting MAO selectivity are poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, molecular mechanics with Poisson–Boltzmann and surface area solvation (MM‐PBSA) binding free energy evaluations, and quantum mechanical (QM) cluster calculations to address the unexpected, yet challenging MAO B selectivity for N‐methylhistamine (NMH) over histamine (HIS), differing only in a single methyl group distant from the reactive ethylamino center. This study shows that a dominant selectivity contribution is offered by a lower activation free energy for NMH by 2.6 kcal mol−1, in excellent agreement with the experimental ΔΔG≠EXP=1.4 kcal mol−1, together with a more favorable reaction exergonicity and active‐site binding. This study also confirms the hydrophobic nature of the MAO B active site and underlines the important role of Ile199, Leu171, and Leu328 in properly orienting substrates for the reaction.
Absolute Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Comparability of Sirukumab Following Subcutaneous Administration by a Prefilled Syringe or an Autoinjector
Authors: Zhuang Y. , de Vries D. E. , Marciniak S. J. , Liu H. , Zhou H. , Davis H. M. , Leon F. , Raible D. , Xu Z. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis phase 1, randomized, open‐label study assessed the absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparability of sirukumab, a human anti–interleukin‐6 monoclonal antibody, following subcutaneous (SC) administration via Prefilled Syringe‐UltraSafe Passive® Delivery System (PFS‐U) or Prefilled Syringe‐SmartJect® Autoinjector (PFS‐AI; Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania). A total of 144 healthy male subjects were randomized to 5 single‐dose treatment groups: sirukumab 50 mg and 100 mg (each by PFS‐U and PFS‐AI) and sirukumab 100 mg intravenous (IV) infusion. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Following SC administration, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration‐vs‐time curve (AUC) increased in an approximately dose‐proportional manner. Median time to reach Cmax was 5 days, and mean half‐life ranged from 16 to 19 days. Mean absolute bioavailability of sirukumab by PFS‐AI and PFS‐U, respectively, was estimated at 92.4% and 81.4% with 100 mg and 88.4% and 94.7% with 50 mg. Ratios of geometric means (90% confidence intervals) of Cmax and AUC0‐77d for PFS‐AI:PFS‐U were 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) and 1.14 (1.05, 1.24), respectively, indicating comparable systemic exposures of sirukumab following a single 100‐mg SC dose by PFS‐U or PFS‐AI. The incidence of antibodies to sirukumab was low (1.4%). No new safety concerns associated with sirukumab were identified at either dose.
Syringaresinol: A Renewable and Safer Alternative to Bisphenol A for Epoxy‐Amine Resins
Authors: Janvier Marine , Hollande Louis , Jaufurally Abdus Samad , Pernes Miguel , Ménard Raphaël , Grimaldi Marina , Beaugrand Johnny , Balaguer Patrick , Ducrot Paul‐Henri , Allais Florent 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA renewable bisepoxide, SYR‐EPO, was prepared from syringaresinol, a naturally occurring bisphenol deriving from sinapic acid, by using a chemo‐enzymatic synthetic pathway. Estrogenic activity tests revealed no endocrine disruption for syringaresinol. Its glycidylation afforded SYR‐EPO with excellent yield and purity. This biobased, safe epoxy precursor was then cured with conventional and renewable diamines for the preparation of epoxy‐amine resins. The resulting thermosets were thermally and mechanically characterized. Thermal analyses of these new resins showed excellent thermal stabilities (Td5 %=279–309 °C) and Tg ranging from 73 to 126 °C, almost reaching the properties of those obtained with the diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), extensively used in the polymer industry (Td5 %=319 °C and Tg=150 °C for DGEBA/isophorone diamine resins). Degradation studies in NaOH and HCl aqueous solutions also highlighted the robustness of the syringaresinol‐based resins, similar to bisphenol A (BPA). All these results undoubtedly confirmed the potential of syringaresinol as a greener and safer substitute for BPA.
Synthesis of Renewable Triketones, Diketones, and Jet‐Fuel Range Cycloalkanes with 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural and Ketones
Authors: Li Shanshan , Chen Fang , Li Ning , Wang Wentao , Sheng Xueru , Wang Aiqin , Cong Yu , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA series of renewable C9–C12 triketones with repeating [COCH2CH2] units were synthesized in high carbon yields (ca. 90 %) by the aqueous‐phase hydrogenation of the aldol‐condensation products of 5‐hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) and ketones over an Au/TiO2 catalyst. Compared with the reported routes, this new route has many advantages such as being environmentally friendly, having fewer steps, using a cheaper and reusable catalyst, etc. The triketones as obtained can be used as feedstocks in the production of conducting or semi‐conducting polymers. Through a solvent‐free intramolecular aldol condensation over solid‐base catalysts, the triketones were selectively converted to diketones, which can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of useful chemicals or polymers. As another application, the tri‐ and diketones can also be utilized as precursors for the synthesis of jet‐fuel range branched cycloalkanes with low freezing points (224–248 K) and high densities (ca. 0.81 g mL−1).
A novel ensembled technique for anomaly detection
Authors: Garg Sahil , Batra Shalini 
Published: January 2017

SummaryAnomaly detection is a technique that works to detect those instances of data that do not comply with the data model. In this paper the problem of anomaly detection in networked traffic data is considered, and a novel ensembled technique for anomaly detection is proposed. The proposed technique uses a combination of fuzzy K‐means clustering algorithm, extended Kalman filter, and support vector machines to detect the anomalies. In the proposed technique, fuzzy membership functions are used instead of crisp clusters to compute the best set of features by fuzzy k‐means algorithm. These features are then optimized with a nonlinear Bayesian approach known as extended Kalman filter. The resultant optimized set of features is then provided as an input to the support vector machine classifier that detects the network anomalies. The proposed technique is validated by using 2 benchmark datasets, ie, DARPA 1998 and KDD CUP 1999. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique performs quite well as compared to its traditional counterparts in accuracy, detection rate, false positive rate, and F‐score.
Longitudinal diffusion changes in prodromal and early HD: Evidence of white‐matter tract deterioration
Authors: Shaffer Joseph J. , Ghayoor Ali , Long Jeffrey D. , Kim Regina Eun‐Young , Lourens Spencer , O'Donnell Lauren J. , Westin Carl‐Fredrik , Rathi Yogesh , Magnotta Vincent , Paulsen Jane S. , Johnson Hans J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionHuntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects striatal neurons. Striatal volume loss is present years before clinical diagnosis; however, white matter degradation may also occur prior to diagnosis. Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) can measure microstructural changes associated with degeneration that precede macrostructural changes. DWI derived measures enhance understanding of degeneration in prodromal HD (pre‐HD).MethodsAs part of the PREDICT‐HD study, N = 191 pre‐HD individuals and 70 healthy controls underwent two or more (baseline and 1–5 year follow‐up) DWI, with n = 649 total sessions. Images were processed using cutting‐edge DWI analysis methods for large multicenter studies. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics were computed in selected tracts connecting the primary motor, primary somato‐sensory, and premotor areas of the cortex with the subcortical caudate and putamen. Pre‐HD participants were divided into three CAG‐Age Product (CAP) score groups reflecting clinical diagnosis probability (low, medium, or high probabilities). Baseline and longitudinal group differences were examined using linear mixed models.ResultsCross‐sectional and longitudinal differences in DTI measures were present in all three CAP groups compared with controls. The high CAP group was most affected.ConclusionsThis is the largest longitudinal DWI study of pre‐HD to date. Findings showed DTI differences, consistent with white matter degeneration, were present up to a decade before predicted HD diagnosis. Our findings indicate a unique role for disrupted connectivity between the premotor area and the putamen, which may be closely tied to the onset of motor symptoms in HD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1460–1477, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
School–University–Community Collaboration: Building Bridges at the Water's Edge
Authors: McMillon Gwendolyn Thompson 
Published: January 2017

AbstractStudents learn best when their out‐of‐school literacy experiences are incorporated into daily classroom instruction. Teachers who participate in community‐based initiatives, develop relationships and acquire knowledge and skills needed for this type of instructional practice. They get to know students, families, and community cultural brokers who can share experiential knowledge that influences literacy teaching and learning. When teachers become a part of the community, they are also able to prepare students to successfully negotiate cultural borders, improve academically, and serve their own communities. This commentary is a call to action for teachers to understand the benefits of community‐based initiatives and become active participants.