bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four‐trophic level food webs reveal the cascading impacts of an invasive plant targeted for biocontrol
Authors: López‐Núñez Francisco A. , Heleno Ruben H. , Ribeiro Sérgio , Marchante Hélia , Marchante Elizabete 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBiological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and as such understanding their impacts is a research priority. Ecological networks provide a valuable tool to explore such impacts at the community level, and can be particularly insightful for planning and monitoring biocontrol programmes, including the potential for their seldom evaluated indirect non‐target effects. Acacia longifolia is among the worst invasive species in Portugal, and has been recently targeted for biocontrol by a highly specific gall‐wasp. Here we use an ambitious replicated network approach to: (1) identify the mechanisms by which direct and indirect impacts of A. longifolia can cascade from plants to higher trophic levels, including gallers, their parasitoids and inquilines; (2) reveal the structure of the interaction networks between plants, gallers, parasitoids and inquilines before the biocontrol; and (3) explore the potential for indirect interactions among gallers, including those established with the biocontrol agent, via apparent competition. Over a 15‐month period, we collected 31,737 galls from native plants and identified all emerging insects, quantifying the interactions between 219 plant‐, 49 galler‐, 65 parasitoid‐ and 87 inquiline‐species—one of the largest ecological networks to date. No galls were found on any of the 16 alien plant species. Invasion by A. longifolia caused an alarming simplification of plant communities, with cascading effects to higher trophic levels, namely: a decline of overall gall biomass, and on the richness, abundance and biomass of galler insects, their parasitoids, and inquilines. Correspondingly, we detected a significant decline in the richness of interactions between plants and galls. The invasion tended to increase overall interaction evenness by promoting the local extinction of the native plants that sustained more gall species. However, highly idiosyncratic responses hindered the detection of further consistent changes in network topology. Predictions of indirect effects of the biocontrol on native gallers via apparent competition ranged from negligible to highly significant. Such scenarios are incredibly hard to predict, but even if there are risks of indirect effects it is critical to weigh them carefully against the consequences of inaction and invasive species spread.
Manufacturing and Control of a Variable Magnetic Flux Motor Prototype with a Mechanical Adjustment Method
Authors: ISHII TAKAAKI , NONAKA TSUYOSHI , OGA SOHEI , OHTO MOTOMICHI 
Published: December 2016

SUMMARYA new structure and control method for a variable magnetic flux motor (VMFM) is proposed to achieve a high‐efficiency electric vehicle (EV) motor drive under a wide range of conditions. A VFMF prototype that was designed by considering the loss was manufactured and evaluated in an experiment. The prototype demonstrated low iron loss and sufficient max torque. Thus, the prototype can provide a high‐efficiency drive with low output, which is frequently the case for EVs. Map control enables a wide phase angle for the vector‐control drive of the VMFM under a changing magnetic flux. Thus, the VMFM provides a high‐efficiency drive under a wide range of conditions.
Macro and micro functional components of a spreadable olive by‐product (pâté) generated by new concept of two‐phase decanter
Authors: Lozano‐Sánchez Jesús , Bendini Alessandra , Di Lecce Giuseppe , Valli Enrico , Gallina Toschi Tullia , Segura‐Carretero Antonio 
Published: December 2016

In this research, the potential use of a spreadable olive by‐product, so called “pâté,” generated during a modern two‐phase centrifugal processing technique as a natural source of bioactive compounds has been evaluated using advanced separation techniques. For this purpose, the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions were performed to establish the fatty acid composition and phenolic profile of the new spreadable olive by‐product. A typical olive oil fatty acid profile and very high oxidative stability was found for lipid fraction, whereas hydrophilic fraction was characterized by the presence of hydroxytyrosol, ß‐hydroxyverbascoside, oleoside derivative, luteolin, among other. This kind of compounds are well‐known for their beneficial effects in the human health. These results suggest that the spreadable olive by‐product could be used as functional ingredients, in the production of nutraceuticals or for feed industry.Practical applications: Application of analytical chemistry aimed at utilizing a new olive‐oil by‐product, either through conversion into an affordable source of bioactive compounds and in promoting their overall sustainable management. The obtained results indicate that this by‐product is a potential source of bioactive compounds with applications in the pre‐formulation of functional ingredient for human and animal feeding.The modern two‐phase centrifuge generates a new spreadable olive by‐product which consists of lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions. The analysis of lipophilic compounds showed a typical olive oil fatty acid profile and very high oxidative stability. Hydrophilic fraction was characterized by the presence of hydroxytyrosol, ß‐hydroxyverbascoside, oleoside derivative, luteolin, among other. This kind of compounds are well‐known for their beneficial effects in the human health. These results suggest that the spreadable olive by‐product could be used as functional ingredients, in the production of nutraceuticals or for feed industry.
Role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 receptors in rodent models of meningeal nociception – Experiments in vitro
Authors: Denner A.C. , Vogler B. , Messlinger K. , De Col R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe TRP channel ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective cation channel known to be activated by environmental irritants, cold and endogenous mediators of inflammation. Activation of TRPA1 in trigeminal afferents innervating meningeal structures has recently been suggested to be involved in the generation of headaches.MethodsTwo in vitro models of meningeal nociception were employed using the hemisected rodent head preparation, (1) recording of single meningeal afferents and (2) release of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) from the cranial dura mater. The role of TRPA1 was examined using the TRPA1 agonists acrolein and mustard oil (MO). BCTC, an inhibitor of TRP vanilloid type 1 receptor channels (TRPV1), and the TRPA1 inhibitor HC030031 as well as mice with genetically deleted TRPA1 and TRPV1 proteins, were used to differentiate between effects.ResultsAcrolein did not cause discharge activity in meningeal Aδ‐ or C‐fibres but increased the electrical activation threshold. Acrolein was also effective in releasing CGRP from the dura of TRPV1−/− but not of TRPA1−/− mice. MO increased the discharge activity of afferent fibres from rat as well as C57 wild‐type and TRPA1−/− but not TRPV1−/− mice. The effect was higher in C57 compared to TRPA1−/− mice.ConclusionSole TRPA1 receptor channel activation releases CGRP and increases the activation threshold of meningeal afferents but does not generate propagated activity, and so would be capable of causing local effects like vasodilatation but not pain generation. In contrast, combined TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation may be rather pronociceptive supporting headache generation.SignificanceSole activation of TRPA1 receptor channels increases the activation threshold but does not cause propagated action potentials in meningeal afferents. TRPA1 agonists cause CGRP release from rodent dura mater. Peripheral TRPA1 receptors may have a pronociceptive function in trigeminal nociception only in combination with TRPV1.
A methodology for defining seismic scenario‐structure‐based limit state criteria for rc high‐rise wall buildings using net drift
Authors: Alwaeli Wael , Mwafy Aman , Pilakoutas Kypros , Guadagnini Maurizio 
Published: December 2016

SummaryAs a result of population growth and consequent urbanization, the number of high‐rise buildings is rapidly growing worldwide resulting in increased exposure to multiple‐scenario earthquakes and associated risk. The wide range in frequency contents of possible strong ground motions can have an impact on the seismic response, vulnerability and limit states definitions of RC high‐rise wall structures. Motivated by the pressing need to derive more accurate fragility relations to be used in seismic risk assessment and mitigation of such structures, a methodology is proposed to obtain reliable, Seismic Scenario‐Structure‐Based (SSSB) definitions of limit state criteria. A 30‐story wall building, located in a multi‐seismic scenario study region, is utilized to illustrate the methodology. The building is designed following modern codes and then modeled using nonlinear fiber‐based approach. Uncertainty in ground motions is accounted for by the selection of forty real earthquake records representing two seismic scenarios. Seismic scenario‐based building local response at increasing earthquake intensities is mapped using Multi‐Record Incremental Dynamic Analyses (MRIDAs) with a new scalar intensity measure. Net Inter‐Story Drift (NISD) is selected as a global damage measure based on a parametric study involving seven buildings ranging from 20 to 50 stories. This damage measure is used to link local damage events, including shear, to global response under different seismic scenarios. While the study concludes by proposing SSSB limit state criteria for the sample building, the proposed methodology arrives at a reliable definition of limit state criteria for an inventory of RC high‐rise wall buildings under multiple earthquake scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The bubble bursts for cavitation in natural rivers: laboratory experiments reveal minor role in bedrock erosion
Authors: Carling Paul A. , Perillo Mauricio , Best Jim , Garcia Marcelo H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe erosion of rock‐bedded channels generally is considered a slow process caused mainly by abrasion due to bedload or suspended sediments, but the mechanisms of rapid erosion remain unclear. Cavitation is a clear‐fluid erosive process, well known for its effect on engineering structures, when water vapour bubbles collapse and the resultant pressure shocks erode the boundary. However, although the occurrence of cavitation erosion in natural watercourses has long been a matter of debate, as yet there are no incontrovertible examples of cavitation damage to natural river beds. Using flume experiments, we show for the first time that only weakly‐cavitating clear‐water flows can occur for the range of flow velocities observed in rivers, and these do not erode medium‐hardness rocks after 68 hours. During this time period, only a very soft rock featured erosional marks due to dissolution. Thus, our results cast significant doubt on the likelihood of identifying cavitation damage in most rivers, and provide pointers to those river systems that might be investigated further to identify cavitation erosion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of temperature on chronic toxicity of copper, zinc, and nickel to Daphnia magna
Authors: Pereira Cecília M.S. , Deruytter David , Blust Ronny , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Few studies have considered the effect of temperature on the chronic sensitivity of Daphnia magna to other stressors. The present study investigated the effect of temperature on chronic metal toxicity and whether this effect differed among 4 different D. magna clones. Life table experiments were performed with copper, zinc, and nickel at 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C. General linear modeling indicated that chronic Cu, Zn, and Ni toxicity to D. magna were all significantly affected by temperature. When averaged across clones, our results suggest that chronic metal toxicity to D. magna was higher at 15 °C than at 20 °C, which is the temperature used in standard toxicity tests. At 15 °C, the 21-d median effect concentrations (EC50s) of Cu, Zn, and Ni were 1.4 times, 1.1 times, and 1.3 times lower than at 20 °C, respectively. At 25 °C, chronic Cu and Zn toxicity did not change in comparison with 20 °C, but chronic Ni toxicity was lower (21-d EC50 of nickel at 25 °C was 1.6 times higher than at 20 °C). The same trends were observed for Cu and Ni when the 21-d 10% and 20% effect concentrations were considered as the effect estimator, but not for Zn, which warns against extrapolating temperature effects on chemical toxicity across effect sizes. Overall, however, chronic metal toxicity was generally highest at the lowest temperature investigated (15 °C), which is in contrast with the usually observed higher acute metal toxicity at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on chronic Ni toxicity depended significantly on the clone. This warns against extrapolating results about effect of temperature on chemical toxicity from single clone studies to the population level. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1909–1916. © 2016 SETAC
Legitimacy Spillovers and Political Risk: The Case of FDI in the East African Community
Authors: Stevens Charles E. , Newenham‐Kahindi Aloysius 
Published: December 2016

Research SummaryIn order to successfully invest abroad, firms must consider how their actions will affect their acceptance by host country stakeholders such as the government and host society. When perceived as more legitimate, firms will likely experience less political risk; greater illegitimacy will likely result in more political risk. Importantly, such stakeholders often form similar opinions about firms from the same home country—resulting in legitimacy spillovers within a given host environment across similar firms. Moreover, stakeholders in one country form opinions of firms based on their actions in other countries, resulting in across‐country legitimacy spillovers. This article examines legitimacy and illegitimacy spillovers encountered by Chinese, American, Indian, and European firms in East Africa, which resulted in differences in their acceptance and their political risk.Managerial summaryAlthough the literature has begun to consider how firms’ legitimacy affects their political risk, the role of legitimacy spillovers has not been addressed. Using the legitimacy‐based view of political risk and the literature on cognition and social judgments, we develop theory about how within‐country and across‐country spillovers of legitimacy (or illegitimacy) based on firms’ home country origins can affect their political risk. We examine the case of FDI in six East African countries that have experienced a rapid increase in foreign investment despite the presence of political risk. This case shows evidence of legitimacy spillovers resulting in systematic variation in firms’ political risk. Moreover, we find an important role for moderating factors such as the media, historical ties, and distance between countries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiotherapy‐associated dental extractions and osteoradionecrosis
Authors: Beech Nicholas M. , Porceddu Sandro , Batstone Martin D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundPreradiotherapy dental extractions often form a part of the management plan for patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers in order to prevent complications, such as osteoradionecrosis. There is contention about whether these extractions should be performed and the timing of such extractions. The purpose of this study was to determine if pre‐RT extractions were associated with the development of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws.MethodsRetrospective data on patients treated with RT for oropharyngeal cancer were pooled with a cross‐sectional survey.ResultsPre‐radiotherapy dental extractions were associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of developing ORN.ConclusionPre‐radiotherapy dental extractions do not protect against the development of osteoradionecrosis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 128–132, 2017
Fluorescing fatty acids in rat fatty liver models
Authors: Croce Anna C. , Ferrigno Andrea , Di Pasqua Laura G. , Berardo Clarissa , Mannucci Barbara , Bottiroli Giovanni , Vairetti Mariapia 
Published: December 2016

The autofluorescence (AF) of NAD(P)H and flavins has been at the basis of many in‐situ studies of liver energy metabolism and functionality. Conversely, few data have been so far reported on fluorescing lipids. In this work we investigated the AF of liver lipid extracts from two fatty liver models, Wistar rats fed with MCD diet for 12 days (Wi‐MCD), and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Among the most abundant fatty acids in the lipid extracts, indicated by mass spectrometry, arachidonic acid (AA) exhibited higher quantum yield than the other fluorescing fatty acids (FLFA), and red shifted AF spectrum. This allowed to estimate the AA contribution to the overall emission of lipid extracts by curve fitting analysis. AA prevailed in obese Zucker livers, accounting for the different AF spectral profiles between the two models. AF and mass spectrometry indicated also a different balance between the fluorescing fraction and the overall amount of AA in the two models. The ability of AF to detect directly AA and FLFA was demonstrated, suggesting its supportive role as tool in wide‐ranging applications, from the control of animal origin food, to experimental investigations on liver fat accumulation, lipotoxicity and disease progression, with potential translation to the clinics.
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IRS1/β‐Catenin Axis Is Activated and Induces MYC Expression in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Fernandes Jaqueline Cristina , Rodrigues Alves Ana Paula Nunes , Machado‐Neto João Agostinho , Scopim‐Ribeiro Renata , Fenerich Bruna Alves , da Silva Fernanda Borges , Simões Belinda Pinto , Rego Eduardo Magalhães , Traina Fabiola 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTInsulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its receptor IGF1R regulate normal cell growth and contribute to cell transformation through activation of downstream signaling pathways. In fibroblast cells, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), through IGF1 signaling, was found to be the key protein for nuclear translocation of β‐catenin and MYC transcription activation. We herein investigated the IRS1/β‐catenin axis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Samples were obtained from 45 patients with ALL and 13 healthy donors. ALL cell lines were used. Gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR. Protein expression, associations, and cellular localization were evaluated by immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, and confocal microscopy. Cells were submitted to IGF1 stimulation and/or IGF1R pharmacological inhibition (OSI‐906). IRS1, β‐catenin, and MYC mRNA expression were significantly elevated in ALL patients, compared to normal controls. MYC mRNA expression positively correlated with β‐catenin and IRS1. Increased age and MYC expression negatively affected overall survival by univariate analysis. Total and phospho‐IGF1R and IRS1, MYC and β‐catenin protein expression were higher in ALL cells, compared to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IRS1 and β‐catenin were found to be colocalized in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of ALL cell lines, whereas both proteins were only slightly detected in the cytoplasm of normal PBMC. In Jurkat cells, a constitutive IRS1 and β‐catenin protein interaction were observed; OSI‐906 treatment decreased IGF1R tyrosine phosphorylation, IRS1 expression and phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of β‐catenin, IRS1 and β‐catenin association, and MYC protein expression. In conclusion, the IRS1/β‐catenin axis is activated in ALL cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1774–1781, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response of chironomid assemblages to East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability in northern China since the last deglaciation
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Brooks Stephen J. , Chen Jianhui , Hu Yu , Wang Zongli , Liu Jianbao , Xu Qinghai , Chen Fahu 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTWe investigate chironomid assemblages in a sediment core from Gonghai Lake, which is located on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) boundary in northern China, to quantify EASM variability during the past 13.5 ka BP. Six significantly different chironomid assemblage zones indicate that maximum precipitation and water depth occurred in the mid‐Holocene (8270–2700 cal a BP) and the minimum period was the past 1250 years. A modern dataset of 44 lakes near Gonghai Lake was sampled to calibrate the response of chironomid assemblages to precipitation. Our results demonstrate that mean annual precipitation is the most significant environmental variable influencing modern chironomid assemblages in this monsoonal region. Maximum EASM precipitation in the mid‐Holocene, indicated by chironomid assemblages in the monsoon fringe, contrasts with the early Holocene EASM maximum suggested by stalagmite δ18O data from southern China, but is consistent with other evidence. Our findings are compatible with the proposal that the stalagmite δ18O variations in southern China may not reliably reflect the evolution of EASM since the last deglaciation.
Effect of pretreatment on rehydration, colour and nanoindentation properties of potato cylinders dried using a mixed‐mode solar dryer
Authors: Dhalsamant Kshanaprava , Tripathy Punyadarshini P , Shrivastava Shanker L 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDDesirable quality estimation is an important consumer driver for wider acceptability of mixed‐mode solar drying of potatoes in food industries. The aim of this study is to characterise rehydration, colour, texture, nanoindentaion and microstructure of dried potato samples and to establish the influence of pre‐drying treatment on the above qualities.RESULTSThe water absorption capacity and rehydration ability of solar dried potato were significantly influenced by pretreatment followed by rehydration temperature and sample diameter. The redness index (a*) of pretreated dried samples was lower with simultaneous higher value of yellowness index (b*), chroma (C*) and hue angle (h*). Also, the average nanohardness (H) of pretreated samples increased significantly by 22.64% compared to that of untreated samples. The average reduced modulus (Er) and Young's modulus (Es) of dried potato samples were 1.865 GPa and 1.403 GPa, respectively. Moreover, creep displacement of 43.27 nm was traced in the untreated potato samples during a 20 s dwell time under a constant load of 200 µN in the nanoindentation test. Micrographs revealed more uniform pore spaces in pretreated samples.CONCLUSIONPretreated, thinner potato samples achieved better quality dried products in terms of rehydration, colour, texture and nanohardness indices with significantly improved microstructure and creep resistance properties. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry