bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection functions of strong lens finding neural networks
Authors: Herle A , O’Riordan C M , Vegetti S 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
We show that convolution neural networks (CNNs) trained to find strong gravitational lens systems are biased towards systems with larger Einstein radii and large concentrated sources. This selection function is key to fully realizing the potential of the large samples of strong gravitational lens systems that will be found in upcoming wide-field surveys. In this paper, we use a CNN and three training data sets to quantify the network selection function and its implication for the many scientific applications of strong gravitational lensing. We use CNNs with similar architecture as is commonly found in the literature. The networks preferentially select systems with larger Einstein radii and larger sources with more concentrated source-light distributions. Increasing the detection significance threshold to 12$\sigma$ from 8$\sigma$ results in 50 per cent of the selected strong lens systems having Einstein radii $\theta _\mathrm{E}$$\ge$ 1.04 arcsec from $\theta _\mathrm{E}$$\ge$ 0.879 arcsec, source radii $R_S$$\ge$ 0.194 arcsec from $R_S$$\ge$ 0.178 arcsec, and source Sérsic indices $n_{\mathrm{Sc}}^{\mathrm{S}}$$\ge$ 2.62 from $n_{\mathrm{Sc}}^{\mathrm{S}}$$\ge$ 2.55. The model trained to find lensed quasars shows a stronger preference for higher lens ellipticities than those trained to find lensed galaxies. The selection function is independent of the slope of the power law of the mass profiles, hence measurements of this quantity will be unaffected. The lens finder selection function reinforces that of the lensing cross-section, and thus we expect our findings to be a general result for all galaxy–galaxy and galaxy–quasar lens finding neural networks.
CO spectra of the ISM in the Host Galaxies of the most luminous WISE-selected AGNs
Authors: Martin Lee R , Blain Andrew W , Díaz-Santos Tanio , Assef Roberto J , Tsai Chao-Wei , Jun Hyunsung D , Eisenhardt Peter R M , Wu Jingwen , Vayner Andrey , Aranda Román Fernández 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
We present observations of mid-J (J = 4–3 or J = 5–4) carbon monoxide (CO) emission lines and continuum emission from a sample of ten of the most luminous (Lbol$\ge$ 10$^{14}$ L$\rm \odot$) Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies (Hot DOGs) discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with redshifts up to 4.6. We uncover broad spectral lines (FWHM $\ge$ 400 km s$^{-1}$) in these objects, suggesting a turbulent molecular interstellar medium (ISM) may be ubiquitous in Hot DOGs. A halo of molecular gas, extending out to a radius of 5 kpc is observed in W2305–0039, likely supplied by 940 km s$^{-1}$ molecular outflows. W0831+0140 is plausibly the host of a merger between at least two galaxies, consistent with observations made using ionized gas. These CO(4–3) observations contrast with previous CO(1–0) studies of the same sources: the CO(4–3) to CO(1–0) luminosity ratios exceed 300 in each source, suggesting that the lowest excited states of CO are underluminous. These findings show that the molecular gas in Hot DOGs is consistently turbulent, plausibly a consequence of AGN feedback, triggered by galactic mergers.
Metabolic modeling reveals distinct roles of sugars and carboxylic acids in stomatal opening as well as unexpected carbon fluxes
Authors: Sprent Noah , Cheung C Y Maurice , Shameer Sanu , Ratcliffe R George , Sweetlove Lee J , Töpfer Nadine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Guard cell metabolism is crucial for stomatal dynamics, but a full understanding of its role is hampered by experimental limitations and the flexible nature of the metabolic network. To tackle this challenge, we constructed a time-resolved stoichiometric model of guard cell metabolism that accounts for energy and osmolyte requirements and which is integrated with the mesophyll. The model resolved distinct roles for starch, sugars, and malate in guard cell metabolism and revealed several unexpected flux patterns in central metabolism. During blue light-mediated stomatal opening, starch breakdown was the most efficient way to generate osmolytes with downregulation of glycolysis allowing starch-derived glucose to accumulate as a cytosolic osmolyte. Maltose could also accumulate as a cytosolic osmoticum, although this made the metabolic system marginally less efficient. The metabolic energy for stomatal opening was predicted to be derived independently of starch, using nocturnally accumulated citrate which was metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to malate to provide mitochondrial reducing power for ATP synthesis. In white light-mediated stomatal opening, malate transferred reducing equivalents from guard cell photosynthesis to mitochondria for ATP production. Depending on the capacity for guard cell photosynthesis, glycolysis showed little flux during the day but was crucial for energy metabolism at night. In summary, our analyses have corroborated recent findings in Arabidopsis guard cell research, resolved conflicting observations by highlighting the flexibility of guard cell metabolism, and proposed new metabolic flux modes for further experimental testing.
Efficient gene editing of a model fern species through gametophyte-based transformation
Authors: Jiang Wei , Deng Fenglin , Babla Mohammad , Chen Chen , Yang Dongmei , Tong Tao , Qin Yuan , Chen Guang , Marchant Blaine , Soltis Pamela , Soltis Douglas Edward , Zeng Fanrong , Chen Zhong-Hua 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) system allows precise and easy editing of genes in many plant species. However, this system has not yet been applied to any fern species through gametophytes due to the complex characteristics of fern genomes, genetics, and physiology. Here, we established a protocol for gametophyte-based screening of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) with high efficiency for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout in a model fern species, Ceratopteris richardii. We utilized the C. richardii ACTIN promoter to drive sgRNA expression and the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter to drive the expression of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in this CRISPR-mediated editing system, which was employed to successfully edit a few genes, such as Nucleotidase/phosphatase 1 (CrSAL1) and Phytoene Desaturase (CrPDS), which resulted in an albino phenotype in C. richardii. Knockout of CrSAL1 resulted in significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration rate (E), guard cell length, and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in guard cells. Moreover, CrSAL1 overexpressing plants showed significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (A), gs, and E as well as most of the stomatal traits and ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Taken together, our optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system provides a useful tool for functional genomics in a model fern species, allowing the exploration of fern gene functions for evolutionary biology, herbal medicine discovery, and agricultural applications.
The transcription factors GmVOZ1A and GmWRI1a synergistically regulate oil biosynthesis in soybean
Authors: Yang Mingming , Du Changhuan , Li Meng , Wang Yuanzhuo , Bao Gege , Huang Jinxiu , Zhang Qingyan , Zhang Shuzhen , Xu Pengfei , Teng Weili , Li Qingqing , Liu Shanshan , Song Bo , Yang Qiang , Wang Zhikun 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is a major oil-producing crop worldwide. Although several related proteins regulating soybean oil accumulation have been reported, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we characterized vascular plant one-zinc-finger 1A (GmVOZ1A) that interacts with WRINKLED 1a (GmWRI1a) using yeast 2-hybrid library screening. The GmVOZ1A–GmWRI1a interaction was further verified by protein–protein interaction assays in vivo and in vitro. GmVOZ1A enhanced the seed fatty acid and oil contents by regulating genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. Conversely, a loss-of-function mutation in GmVOZ1A resulted in a reduction in triacylglycerol (TAG) content in soybean. Protein–DNA interaction assays revealed that GmVOZ1A and GmWRI1a cooperate to upregulate the expression level of acyl-coenzyme A-binding protein 6a (GmACBP6a) and promote the accumulation of TAG. In addition, GmACBP6a overexpression promoted seed fatty acid and oil contents, as well as increased seed size and 100-seed weight. Taken together, these findings indicate that the transcription factor GmVOZ1A regulates soybean oil synthesis and cooperates with GmWRI1a to upregulate GmACBP6a expression and oil biosynthesis in soybean. The results lay a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying soybean oil biosynthesis and will contribute to improving soybean oil production through molecular breeding approaches.
Zinc finger protein LjRSDL regulates arbuscule degeneration of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Xu Yunjian , Liu Fang , Wu Fulang , Zou Ruifan , Zhao Manli , Wu Jianping , Cheng Beijiu , Li Xiaoyu 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, appropriate regulation of the formation, maintenance, and degeneration of the arbuscule is essential for plants and fungi. In this study, we identified a Cysteine-2/Histidine-2 zinc finger protein (C2H2-ZFP)–encoding gene in Lotus japonicus named Regulator of Symbiosome Differentiation-Like (LjRSDL) that is required for arbuscule degeneration. Evolutionary analysis showed that homologs of LjRSDL exist in mycorrhizal flowering plants. We obtained ProLjRSDL::GUS transgenic hairy roots and showed that LjRSDL was strongly upregulated upon AM colonization, particularly at 18 days post-AM fungi inoculation and specifically expressed in arbuscule-containing cells. The mycorrhization rate increased in the ljrsdl mutant but decreased in LjRSDL-overexpressed L. japonicus. Interestingly, we observed higher proportions of large arbuscule in the ljrsdl mutant but lower proportions of larger arbuscule in LjRSDL-overexpressing plants. Transcriptome analyses indicated that genes involved in arbuscule degeneration were significantly changed upon the dysregulation of LjRSDL and that LjRSDL-dependent regulation in AM symbiosis is mainly via the hormone signal transduction pathway. LjRSDL, therefore, represents a C2H2-ZFP that negatively regulates AM symbiosis. Our study provides insight into understanding plant–AM fungal communication and AM symbiosis development.
Parental Perspectives From the Survey of Sleep Quality in the PICU Validation Study on Environmental Factors Causing Sleep Disruption in Critically Ill Children*
Authors: Hassinger Amanda B. , Mody Kalgi , Li Simon , Flagg Lauren K. , Faustino E. Vincent S. , Kudchadkar Sapna R. , Breuer Ryan K. 
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES:
Sleep promotion bundles being tested in PICUs use elements adapted from adult bundles. As children may react differently than adults in ICU environments, this study investigated what parents report disrupted the sleep of their child in a PICU.

DESIGN:
Secondary analysis of a multicenter validation study of the Survey of Sleep quality in the PICU.

SETTING:
Four Northeastern U.S. PICUs, one hospital-based pediatric sleep laboratory.

PATIENTS:
Parents sleeping at the bedside of a child in the PICU or hospital-based sleep laboratory.

INTERVENTIONS:
Anonymous one-time survey eliciting parts of hospital or ICU environments that have been described as disruptive to sleep in validated adult ICU and pediatric inpatient questionnaires.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Level of sleep disruption was scored by Likert scale, with higher scores indicating more disruption. Age, demographics, baseline sleep, and PICU exposures were used to describe causes of sleep disruption in a PICU. Of 152 PICU parents, 71% of their children’s sleep was disrupted significantly by at least one aspect of being in the PICU. The most prevalent were “being in pain or uncomfortable because they are sick” (38%), “not sleeping at home” (30%), “alarms on machines” (28%), and “not sleeping on their home schedule” (26%). Only 5% were disrupted by excessive nocturnal light exposure. Overall sleep disruption was not different across four PICUs or in those receiving sedation. The validation study control group, healthy children undergoing polysomnography, had less sleep disruption than those in a PICU despite sleeping in a hospital-based sleep laboratory.

CONCLUSIONS:
There are multiple aspects of critical care environments that affect the sleep of children, which are different from that of adults, such as disruption to home schedules. Future interventional sleep promotion bundles should include sedated children and could be applicable in multicenter settings.
Atrial hiPSC-CM as a Pharmacologic Model to Evaluate Anti-AF Drugs: Some Lessons From IKur
Authors: Schulz Carl , Eschenhagen Thomas , Christ Torsten 
Published: September 2024

Abstract:
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and atrial hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) have entered the arena of preclinical atrial fibrillation research. A central question is whether they reproduce the physiologic contribution of atrial selective potassium currents (such as the ultrarapid potassium current, IKur) to repolarization. Of note, 2 studies in single atrial hiPSC-CM reported prolongation of action potential duration by IKur block indicating that IKur might in fact represent a valuable target for the treatment of human atrial fibrillation. However, the results and interpretation are at odds with the literature on IKur block in human atria and the results of clinical studies. We believe that the discrepancies indicate that experiments in single atrial CM (both adult atrial CM and atrial hiPSC-CM) might be misleading. Under particular experimental conditions, atrial hiPSC-CMs may not closely resemble the electrophysiology of the human atrium. Therefore, we recapitulate here methodological issues evaluating potential value of the IKur as an antiarrhythmic target when investigated in animal models, in human atrial tissues, and finally in atrial hiPSC-CM.
The Use of Hard Palate Mucosal Graft Combined with Lateral Canthus Suspension for Ocular Prosthesis Stability
Authors: Scalise Alessandro , Pirro Ortensia , Vico Sara , Consorti Giuseppe , Di Benedetto Giovanni Maria 
Published: September 2024

Summary:
Different surgical approaches exist for lower eyelid reconstruction. The hard palate mucosa graft stands out due to its abundance, accessibility, good tolerance, and ability to yield long-term stable results in eyelid elevation. This case report details the successful full-thickness reconstruction of the lower eyelid in an anophthalmic patient using a palatal mucosal graft, complemented by orbicularis muscle suspension. The patient presented with severe lower eyelid retraction state and instability of the ocular prosthesis. After a thorough assessment, the decision was made to address the mucosal defect using a split-thickness palatal mucosal graft, supplemented by lateral canthus suspension. Postoperatively, there were no complications, and the cosmetic result was excellent. With our method, we were able to obtain a functional and cosmetically good result of lower eyelid reconstruction in an anophthalmic socket.
Pediatric onset myasthenia gravis with thymoma
Authors: Al Mohtasib Mohammad E. , Abu Asbeh Yousef , Abu Ihlayel Tuqa , Hafiz Shayma , Abu Alrub Yasmin , Shammas Isam , Bannoura Sami , Abugharbieh Yazan 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
The unusual combination of pediatric-onset myasthenia gravis (MG) with thymoma is exceedingly rare, with only around 11 reported cases from 1985 to 2020.

Case Presentation:
The authors present the case of a 6-year-old male patient diagnosed with MG and thymoma (histopathology: WHO type B2) who underwent complete surgical resection.

Conclusion:
Given its rarity and potential complications, it is essential to report this case to enhance the evidence base for pediatric MG patients. Imaging should be considered to rule out thymoma in such cases, and awareness of this uncommon condition should be raised among pediatricians, clinicians, and surgeons.
Ultrasound-guided mini-percutaneous nephrolithotipsy performed on patients placed in lateral position: a prospective study
Authors: Do Truong Thanh , Do Ngoc Son , Nguyen Huy Hoang , Le Hoc Dang , Nguyen Dao Uyen , Nguyen Van Linh 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Minimal invasive intervention is preferred to open surgery in the treatment of kidney stone. Our goal is to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-guided mini-percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in lateral position for patients with renal stone disease.

Methods:
Prospective study on patients who underwent mini-percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in our department of Viet Duc hospital from 01/2021 to 12/2022. Spinal anesthesia was applied, patients were placed in the lateral position, using guidance of ultrasound, uretero-nephroscope, and nephrolithotripsy. The main outcomes were the rate of stone clearance and intraoperative or postoperative complications.

Results:
One thousand four hundred sixty-five patients, 1056 males (72.08%), mean age of 45.13±24.31 year-old. Pelvic stones accounted for 11.87%, lower caliceal stones 9.76%, and staghorn stones 19.41%. The stones occurred mostly in the left kidney (61.22%). Preoperative hydronephrosis cases detected by multi-slice computer tomography showed 24.09% at level 2 and 11.74% at level 3. Renal stone size: mean length: 3.1±0.76 cm, width: 1.82±0.56 cm. Mean operative time was 67.23±27.18 min (35–120 min). Intraoperative complications included 35 cases (2.38%) of hemorrhage not requiring blood transfusion. Postoperative complications rate was 2.66%. The mean length of hospital stay was 4.57±2.64 (2–8) days. Nephrostomy tube was removed after 2.87±1.43 days. Early stone-free rate was 82.98%. At 1-month follow-up, JJ stent removal was performed, and the stone-free rate achieved 96.87%.

Conclusion:
This method showed some benefits compared to traditional nephrolithotripsy. It is a useful, safe method and therefore highly recommended in the treatment of kidney stones.
Clinical profile of cytology confirmed chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a cohort study
Authors: Rajendra Sittampalam , Nalini Rajendra , Theepan Jathavani M. M. , Shangarie Ratnajothy , Renushanth Tharmarasa , Shathana Paramanathan 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is one of the thyroid diseases commonly encountered in surgical practice. The incidence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is reported as 6.51 and 6.6% in Sri Lanka and worldwide, respectively. Depending on the disease presentation, investigation findings and extent of gland involvement, treatment options range from medical therapy alone to surgical resection of the gland.

Methods:
This descriptive study was carried out in patients in surgical clinic of a tertiary care centre in Sri Lanka over the span from 2009 to 2022. The objective of this study was to analyze the socio-demographical and clinic-pathological factors in the study group.

Results:
A total of 93 patients were included in this study. The mean age was 39.63±13.63 years (13–69 years). Majority of them were female (92.5%). Painless neck lump was the commonest presentation (87.1%) while 9.6% of patients presented with painful neck lump. Few of them presented with neck lump associated with voice changes (1.1%) and neck lump associated with musculoskeletal pain (2.2%). Thyroid morphology and thyroid functional status of these patients at initial presentation varied widely. This study revealed that 54.8% had diffuse goiter and 83.87% had hypothyroidism. Of the 22 patients (23.6%) managed with thyroidectomy, 3 of them (3.2%) had thyroid malignancy.

Conclusion:
Understanding the disparate clinic-pathological presentation of patients with this disease entity is important for diagnosis and management. Clinical and ultrasound scan evaluation and surgical management of suspicious goiters can avoid missing an associated thyroid malignancy.
Giant multinodular goiter with Grave’s disease associated with retrosternal extension: a case report of thyroid-related emergency
Authors: Saleem Athary , Albloushi Fatma , Jamal Abdullah , Alajmi Fahed , Aenezi Ali , Al Shdifat Odai , Hassan Maher , Al Kandari Bashayer 
Published: September 2024

Introduction and importance:
Although huge multinodular goiter is a common underlying etiology of hyperthyroidism, retrosternal extension occurs only in up to 7% of instances. Giant goiter is an unusual phenomenon that creates surgical challenges.

Case presentation:
A 48-year-old female, with a background history of Graves with toxic multinodular goiter, presented with a two-day history of tachycardia and a new onset of atrial fibrillation. On admission, the patient had an enlarged diffused neck mass associated with dyspnea and hoarseness of voice, with no evidence of other compressive symptoms. The patient has a 7-year history of thyrotoxicosis that was managed by medical treatment. The diagnosis of huge multinodular goiter and Graves’ disease was confirmed by laboratory investigations and both ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) of the neck. Then, the patient’s recent presentation necessitates the performance of a total thyroidectomy to manage the emergency situation. The resected specimen was sent for histopathology studies, and the postoperative period was uneventful.

Clinical discussion:
Giant goiter with retrosternal extension is rarely reported by physicians. The clinical manifestations of huge goiter include compressive symptoms and/or thyroid dysfunction. Diagnosis of goiter relies on imaging modalities. Neck CT was used to diagnose the majority of cases. Total thyroidectomy provides the definitive treatment of massive multinodular goiter.

Conclusion:
Because long-term huge goiter is a life-threatening condition, the authors highlight a case of a 48-year-old female patient who presented with a massive thyroid goiter and Graves’ disease that was found to require total thyroidectomy to manage the clinical features.