bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty and Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use at Nursing Home Transition
Authors: Maclagan Laura C. , Maxwell Colleen J. , Gandhi Sima , Guan Jun , Bell Chaim M. , Hogan David B. , Daneman Nick , Gill Sudeep S. , Morris Andrew M. , Jeffs Lianne , Campitelli Michael A. , Seitz Dallas P. , Bronskill Susan E. 
Published: July 2017

Background/ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use among older adults with cognitive impairment or dementia prior to and following admission to nursing homes and in relation to frailty.DesignRetrospective cohort study using health administrative databases.SettingOntario, Canada.Participants41,351 individuals with cognitive impairment or dementia, aged 66+ years newly admitted to nursing home between 2011 and 2014.MeasurementsPIMs were defined with 2015 Beers Criteria and included antipsychotics, H2‐receptor antagonists, benzodiazepines, and drugs with strong anticholinergic properties. Medication information was obtained at nursing home admission and in the subsequent 180 days. Multivariable Cox proportional‐hazards models were used to assess the impact of frailty status (determined by a 72‐item frailty index) on the hazard of starting and discontinuing PIMs.ResultsAt admission, 44% of residents with cognitive impairment or dementia were on a PIM and prevalence varied by frailty (38.7% non‐frail, 42.8% pre‐frail, and 48.1% frail, P < .001). Following admission, many residents discontinued PIMs (23.5% for antipsychotics, 49.3% benzodiazepines, 32.2% anticholinergics, and 30.9% H2‐receptor antagonists). However, PIMs were also introduced with 10.9% newly started on antipsychotics, benzodiazepines (10.1%), anticholinergics (6.6%), and H2‐receptor antagonists (1.2%). After adjustment for other characteristics, frail residents had a similar risk of PIM discontinuation as non‐frail residents except for anticholinergics (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.06–1.39) but were more likely to be newly prescribed benzodiazepines (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.20–1.44), antipsychotics (HR = 1.36, 1.23–1.49), and anticholinergics (HR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.20–1.50).ConclusionMany residents with cognitive impairment or dementia enter nursing homes on PIMs. PIMs are more likely to be started in frail individuals following admission. Interventions to support deprescribing of PIMs should be implemented targeting frail individuals during the transition to nursing home.
Figures of history, foundations of law: Acéphale, Angelus Novus, and the Katechon
Authors: Nichols Joshua 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this paper, I offer the reader a survey of three figures of history, namely, Bataille's Acéphale, Benjamin's Angelus Novus, and Schmitt's Katechon. My approach will not be to provide an exhaustive exegetical account. Instead I focus on the primary texts and provide the reader with comparative sketches. This is important because each of these figures respond to the crisis of authority in the 1930s. Each of them uses the concept of the moment or now as a way of questioning law, and legitimate authority. My aim is to explore the similarities and differences that relate them.
Bat boxes are not a silver bullet conservation tool
Authors: Griffiths Stephen R. , Bender Robert , Godinho Lisa N. , Lentini Pia E. , Lumsden Linda F. , Robert Kylie A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNest boxes are often promoted as substitute structures for hollow‐dependent fauna, but are they generally effective? In a long‐term bat‐box monitoring project in south‐eastern Australia, box occupancy was dominated by one common and widespread urban‐adapted species, Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii. In contrast, the 13 other bat species in the area made little or no use of the boxes. Policymakers, land managers and conservation professionals working in the field of biodiversity offsets should be aware that bat boxes are unlikely to compensate adequately for the broad‐scale loss of tree hollows caused by various forms of human disturbance.
Genomic divergence across ecological gradients in the Central African rainforest songbird (Andropadus virens)
Authors: Zhen Ying , Harrigan Ryan J. , Ruegg Kristen C. , Anderson Eric C. , Ng Thomas C. , Lao Sirena , Lohmueller Kirk E. , Smith Thomas B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe little greenbul, a common rainforest passerine from sub‐Saharan Africa, has been the subject of long‐term evolutionary studies to understand the mechanisms leading to rainforest speciation. Previous research found morphological and behavioural divergence across rainforest–savannah transition zones (ecotones), and a pattern of divergence with gene flow suggesting divergent natural selection has contributed to adaptive divergence and ecotones could be important areas for rainforests speciation. Recent advances in genomics and environmental modelling make it possible to examine patterns of genetic divergence in a more comprehensive fashion. To assess the extent to which natural selection may drive patterns of differentiation, here we investigate patterns of genomic differentiation among populations across environmental gradients and regions. We find compelling evidence that individuals form discrete genetic clusters corresponding to distinctive environmental characteristics and habitat types. Pairwise FST between populations in different habitats is significantly higher than within habitats, and this differentiation is greater than what is expected from geographic distance alone. Moreover, we identified 140 SNPs that showed extreme differentiation among populations through a genomewide selection scan. These outliers were significantly enriched in exonic and coding regions, suggesting their functional importance. Environmental association analysis of SNP variation indicates that several environmental variables, including temperature and elevation, play important roles in driving the pattern of genomic diversification. Results lend important new genomic evidence for environmental gradients being important in population differentiation.
On the independent gene trees assumption in phylogenomic studies
Authors: Jennings W. Bryan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMultilocus coalescent methods for inferring species trees or historical demographic parameters typically require the assumption that gene trees for sampled SNPs or DNA sequence loci are conditionally independent given their species tree. In practice, researchers have used different criteria to delimit “independent loci.” One criterion identifies sampled loci as being independent of each other if they undergo Mendelian independent assortment (IA criterion). O'Neill et al. (2013, Molecular Ecology, 22, 111–129) used this approach in their phylogeographic study of North American tiger salamander species complex. In two other studies, researchers developed a pair of related methods that employ an independent genealogies criterion (IG criterion), which considers the effects of population‐level recombination on correlations between the gene trees of intrachromosomal loci. Here, I explain these three methods, illustrate their use with example data, and evaluate their efficacies. I show that the IA approach is more conservative, is simpler to use and requires fewer assumptions than the IG approaches. However, IG approaches can identify much larger numbers of independent loci than the IA method, which, in turn, allows researchers to obtain more precise and accurate estimates of species trees and historical demographic parameters. A disadvantage of the IG methods is that they require an estimate of the population recombination rate. Despite their drawbacks, IA and IG approaches provide molecular ecologists with promising a priori methods for selecting SNPs or DNA sequence loci that likely meet the independence assumption in coalescent‐based phylogenomic studies.
Diffusion of a new intermediate product in a simple ‘classical‐Schumpeterian’ model
Authors: Haas David 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of new intermediate products within a simple model, where production is circular and goods enter into the production of other goods. It studies the process by which the new good is absorbed into the economy and the structural transformation that goes with it. By means of a long‐period method the forces of structural transformation are examined, in particular the shift of existing means of production towards the innovation and the mechanism of differential growth in terms of alternative techniques and their associated systems of production. We treat two important Schumpeterian topics: the question of technological unemployment and the problem of ‘forced saving’ and the related problem of an involuntary reduction of real consumption per capita. It is shown that both phenomena are potential by‐products of the transformation process.
The first phlebo‐like virus infecting plants: a case study on the adaptation of negative‐stranded RNA viruses to new hosts
Authors: Navarro Beatriz , Minutolo Maria , De Stradis Angelo , Palmisano Francesco , Alioto Daniela , Di Serio Francesco 
Published: July 2017

SummaryA novel negative‐stranded (ns) RNA virus associated with a severe citrus disease reported more than 80 years ago has been identified. Transmission electron microscopy showed that this novel virus, tentatively named citrus concave gum‐associated virus, is flexuous and non‐enveloped. Notwithstanding, its two genomic RNAs share structural features with members of the genus Phlebovirus, which are enveloped arthropod‐transmitted viruses infecting mammals, and with a group of still unclassified phlebo‐like viruses mainly infecting arthropods. CCGaV genomic RNAs code for an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, a nucleocapsid protein and a putative movement protein showing structural and phylogenetic relationships with phlebo‐like viruses, phleboviruses and the unrelated ophioviruses, respectively, thus providing intriguing evidence of a modular genome evolution. Phylogenetic reconstructions identified an invertebrate‐restricted virus as the most likely ancestor of this virus, revealing that its adaptation to plants was independent from and possibly predated that of the other nsRNA plant viruses. These data are consistent with an evolutionary scenario in which trans‐kingdom adaptation occurred several times during the history of nsRNA viruses and followed different evolutionary pathways, in which genomic RNA segments were gained or lost. The need to create a new genus for this bipartite nsRNA virus and the impact of the rapid and specific detection methods developed here on citrus sanitation and certification are also discussed.
Blood–spinal cord barrier breakdown and pericyte deficiency in peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Sauer Reine‐Solange , Kirchner Juliane , Yang Shaobing , Hu Liu , Leinders Mathias , Sommer Claudia , Brack Alexander , Rittner Heike L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) prevents leakage of molecules, such as pronociceptive mediators, into the spinal cord, but its role in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is not completely understood. Rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) develop mechanical allodynia, thermal hypersensitivity, and reduced motor performance (Rota‐Rod test) compared with sham‐injured mice—similar to mice with spared nerve injury (SNI). The BSCB becomes permeable for small and large tracers 1 day after nerve ligation. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs) occludin, claudin‐1, claudin‐5, claudin‐19, tricellulin, and ZO‐1 significantly declines 7–14 days after CCI or SNI. ZO‐1 and occludin are reduced in the cell membrane. In capillaries isolated from the spinal cord, immunoreactivity of claudin‐5 and ZO‐1 is fainter. In parallel, the number of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (PDGF‐β)+ and CD13+ pericytes in the spinal cord drops. Reduced levels of cytosolic transcription factors like β‐catenin, but not SMAD4 and SLUG, could account for reduced TJP mRNA. In summary, neuropathy‐induced allodynia/hypersensitivity is accompanied by a loss of pericytes in the spinal cord and a leaky BSCB. A better understanding of these pathways and mechanisms in neuropathic pain might foster the design of novel treatments to maintain spinal cord homeostasis.
Meditations on the Origin of Philosophy
Authors: Mosedale Frederick E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWittgenstein in his later writing often remarked on the negative influence of language on philosophy. Here, I call attention to a previously unnoticed but significant way that language has influenced philosophy: we use the very same vocabulary in two different ways, in philosophical talk and in our everyday interactive speaking‐situations. Our propensity for using this double talk has prevented us from resolving most philosophical problems. Is our attraction to philosophical talk the result of our learning to use a phonetic alphabet, so that words can be used outside of interactive situations?
Cyst‐motile stage relationship and molecular phylogeny of a new freshwater dinoflagellate Gymnodinium plasticum from Plastic Lake, Canada
Authors: Wang Na , Luo Zhaohe , Mertens Kenneth N. , McCarthy Francine M.G. , Gu Li , Gu Haifeng 
Published: July 2017

SUMMARYThe dinophyceaen genus Gymnodinium was established with the freshwater species G. fuscum as type. According to Thessen et al. (2012), there are 268 species, with the majority marine species. In recently published molecular phylogenies based on ribosomal DNA sequences, Gymnodinium is polyphyletic. Here, a new freshwater Gymnodinium species, G. plasticum, is described from Plastic Lake, Ontario, Canada. Two strains were established by incubating single cysts, and their morphology was examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cyst had a rounded epicyst and hypocyst with a wide cingulum and smooth surface. Vegetative cells were characterized by an elongated nucleus running vertically and a deep sulcal intrusion. The apical structure complex was horseshoe‐shaped and consisted of two pronounced ridges with a deep internal groove, encircling 80% of the apex. Small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA), large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained from cultured strains. Molecular phylogeny based on concatenated SSU, LSU and ITS sequences supports the monophyly of the Gymnodiniales sensu stricto clade but our results suggest that many Gymnodinium species might need reclassification. Gymnodinium plasticum is closest to Dissodinium pseudolunula in our phylogeny but distant from the type species G. fuscum, as are the other gymnodiniacean taxa.
Early Trouble, Long‐Term Consequences: Does Family Instability Keep People from Doctors?*
Authors: Evans Ethan J. , McCarthy Bill , Benoit Cecilia , Jansson Mikael 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesThis study assesses the impact of family instability during childhood on adult intentions to seek healthcare when depressed or in pain, adding to research on the long‐term consequences of family instability and on care seeking.MethodsLogistic regression is used with survey data collected from nearly 600 service workers in Sacramento, CA and Victoria, British Columbia.ResultsAdults who experienced high levels of familial disruption, defined as five or more changes, during childhood are less likely to say that they would seek healthcare when experiencing mental and physical distress. This pattern is independent of a number of demographic attributes, mediating mechanisms, mental and physical health status, and health‐care access.ConclusionsFamily instability in childhood has long‐term consequences for health‐care seeking intentions. This instability within a primary social institution, the family, may shake the very foundation upon which trust in other institutions is formed.
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 represses transcription through the TOPLESS co‐repressor to control photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis
Authors: Goralogia Greg S. , Liu Tong‐Kun , Zhao Lin , Panipinto Paul M. , Groover Evan D. , Bains Yashkarn S. , Imaizumi Takato 
Published: July 2017

SummaryCYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 (CDF1) and its homologs play an important role in the floral transition by repressing the expression of floral activator genes such as CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis. The day‐length‐specific removal of CDF1‐dependent repression is a critical mechanism in photoperiodic flowering. However, the mechanism by which CDF1 represses CO and FT transcription remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that Arabidopsis CDF proteins contain non‐EAR motif‐like conserved domains required for interaction with the TOPLESS (TPL) co‐repressor protein. This TPL interaction confers a repressive function on CDF1, as mutations of the N‐terminal TPL binding domain largely impair the ability of CDF1 protein to repress its targets. TPL proteins are present on specific regions of the CO and FT promoters where CDF1 binds during the morning. In addition, TPL binding increases when CDF1 expression is elevated, suggesting that TPL is recruited to these promoters in a time‐dependent fashion by CDFs. Moreover, reduction of TPL activity induced by expressing a dominant negative version of TPL (tpl‐1) in phloem companion cells results in early flowering and a decreased sensitivity to photoperiod in a manner similar to a cdf loss‐of‐function mutant. Our results indicate that the mechanism of CDF1 repression is through the formation of a CDF–TPL transcriptional complex, which reduces the expression levels of CO and FT during the morning for seasonal flowering.
Associating Turkey with the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: A costly (re‐) engagement?
Authors: Altay Serdar 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPolicy debate on the implications of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) for Turkey has focused almost exclusively on “how” Turkey can/will take part in a forthcoming transatlantic deal. Turkey's association with a TTIP has largely been conceived as an inevitable and beneficial policy choice to re‐engage Ankara with the Atlantic alliance and emerging transatlantic trade framework. The arguments for extending TTIP to Turkey have mostly been built upon a conventional understanding of preferential trade agreements. The debate has not provided a comprehensive assessment of costs and benefits for Turkey's exclusion from or joining TTIP as it dismissed multiple dimensions of the “deep integration” agenda which underpined the transatlantic talks. This paper intends to contribute to the “why” debate with a thorough analysis of critical issues on the transatlantic agenda by evaluating economic and policy implications of TTIP both for exclusion and association scenarios together with associated compliance and adjustment costs.
Retrospective evaluation of and risk factor analysis for presumed fluid overload in cats with urethral obstruction: 11 cases (2002–2012)
Authors: Ostroski Cassandra J. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Reineke Erica L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe patient characteristics, treatment, and outcome in male cats with urethral obstruction (UO) and fluid overload (FO), and to determine risk factors for the development of FO.DesignRetrospective case‐control study from 2002–2012.AnimalsEleven client‐owned cats with UO that developed respiratory distress secondary to suspected FO and 51 control cats with UO without FO.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records of cats with UO and FO were identified. FO was defined as the development of respiratory distress secondary to pleural effusion or pulmonary edema while receiving IV fluids. To identify risk factors for FO, variables for cats that developed FO were compared with variables from a randomly selected control group of unaffected UO cats during the same time period. Variables analyzed included patient signalment, previous medical history, serum biochemical data, respiratory rate, cardiac auscultation abnormalities, admission systolic blood pressure, intravenous fluid administration, thoracic imaging, treatment, duration and cost of hospitalization, and outcome. Echocardiogram identified heart disease in 5/6 cats with FO. Cost (2.9 times as much) and median duration of hospitalization (4.1 vs 1.8 days) were significantly greater in cats with FO. Cats with FO were more likely to have received a fluid bolus (odds ratio [OR]: 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3, 20, P = 0.014), developed a heart murmur (OR: 4.5; 95% CI, 1.1–18, P = 0.028) or a gallop sound (OR: 75; 95% CI, 8.1–694, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsFO is a possible complication of the treatment of UO. The administration of a fluid bolus on presentation, and the development of a heart murmur or gallop sound during treatment were the most clinically useful risk factors identified. The development of FO is associated with significant increases in both the cost and length of hospitalization, but was not associated with increased mortality.
Increased Ca buffering underpins remodelling of Ca2+ handling in old sheep atrial myocytes
Authors: Clarke Jessica D. , Caldwell Jessica L. , Pearman Charles M. , Eisner David A. , Trafford Andrew W. , Dibb Katharine M. 
Published: July 2017

Key points
Ageing is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and arrhythmias, with the most common arrhythmia being found in the atria of the heart.
Little is known about how the normal atria of the heart remodel with age and thus why dysfunction might occur.
We report alterations to the atrial systolic Ca2+ transient that have implications for the function of the atrial in the elderly.
We describe a novel mechanism by which increased Ca buffering can account for changes to systolic Ca2+ in the old atria.
The present study helps us to understand how the processes regulating atrial contraction are remodelled during ageing and provides a basis for future work aiming to understand why dysfunction develops.
AbstractMany cardiovascular diseases, including those affecting the atria, are associated with advancing age. Arrhythmias, including those in the atria, can arise as a result of electrical remodelling or alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis. In the atria, age‐associated changes in the action potential have been documented. However, little is known about remodelling of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in the healthy aged atria. Using single atrial myocytes from young and old Welsh Mountain sheep, we show the free Ca2+ transient amplitude and rate of decay of systolic Ca2+ decrease with age, whereas sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca content increases. An increase in intracellular Ca buffering explains both the decrease in Ca2+ transient amplitude and decay kinetics in the absence of any change in sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase function. Ageing maintained the integrated Ca2+ influx via ICa‐L but decreased peak ICa‐L. Decreased peak ICa‐L was found to be responsible for the age‐associated increase in SR Ca content but not the decrease in Ca2+ transient amplitude. Instead, decreased peak ICa‐L offsets increased SR load such that Ca2+ release from the SR was maintained during ageing. The results of the present study highlight a novel mechanism by which increased Ca buffering decreases systolic Ca2+ in old atria. Furthermore, for the first time, we have shown that SR Ca content is increased in old atrial myocytes.