bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of synonym generation and oral output on incidental and intentional vocabulary learning
Authors: Rassaei Ehsan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Recent research has shown that semantically oriented tasks may have unfavorable effects on the acquisition of L2 vocabulary. It is argued that paying attention to semantic properties of target words exhaust memory capacity to process both form and meaning. Hoping to throw further light on this issue, the current study, investigated and compared the effects of semantic elaboration via synonym generation and meaningful output production via elicited oral imitation task on the learning of L2 words in both incidental and intentional contexts by Persian EFL learners. One hundred and twenty two L2 learners of English who were homogenous in terms of the target words were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: (a) semantically elaborated intentional learning, (b) semantically elaborated incidental learning, (c) output intentional learning, and (d) output incidental learning. The results of analyses of variance revealed that 1.Subject benfited more fromoral output than from semantic elaboration in the acqusition of target words, 2. Semantically oriented tasks have some negative effects on the acquisition of target words, and 3. Intentional settings are more effective than incidental settings for L2 word learning.
Donde fueres haz lo que vieres. aportaciones de la neurociencia al desarrollo de la competencia pragmÁtica. un nuevo horizonte en la enseñanza del ele
Authors: Fernández Paula Lorente , Arrese Ana Bengoetxea , Kris Buyse , Carmona Mercedes Pizarro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The current trend in teaching foreign languages is to conceive the development of pragmatic competence as an essential and inseparable part of communicative competence. Today, progress of Cognitive Neuroscience enables one to consider social behavior in neuroanatomical terms: knowing how the brain integrates complex concepts of pragmatic competence proves highly effective in developing methodologies used in the language classroom to address these issues. The use of games and learning by doing in virtual worlds may be regarded as a very interesting option in order to acquire this competence. In this contribution, we have aimed at combining theoretical principles of Neuroscience and didactics to offer, in the specific case of Teaching Spanish as a Foreign Language (TSFL), a relatively new type of teaching material: the Serious Game, as well as to present the results of a first qualitative study of the use of this type of material in the field of language acquisition.
Elementary 𝑝-adic Lie groups have finite construction rank
Authors: Glöckner Helge 
Published: January 2017

The class of elementary totally disconnected groups is the smallest class of totally disconnected, locally compact, second countable groups which contains all discrete countable groups, all metrizable pro-finite groups, and is closed under extensions and countable ascending unions. To each elementary group

G
G

, a (possibly infinite) ordinal number

rk
⁡
(
G
)

\operatorname {rk}(G)

can be associated, its construction rank. By a structure theorem of Phillip Wesolek, elementary

p
p

-adic Lie groups are among the basic building blocks for general

σ
\sigma

-compact

p
p

-adic Lie groups. We characterize elementary

p
p

-adic Lie groups in terms of the subquotients needed to describe them. The characterization implies that every elementary

p
p

-adic Lie group has finite construction rank. Structure theorems concerning general

p
p

-adic Lie groups are also obtained.
Measured glomerular filtration rate does not improve prediction of mortality
by cystatin C and creatinine
Authors: Sundin Per-Ola , Sjöström Per , Jones Ian , Olsson Lovisa A. , Udumyan Ruzan , Grubb Anders , Lindström Veronica , Montgomery Scott 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Background: Cystatin C may add explanatory power for associations with mortality in combination with other filtration markers, possibly indicating pathways other than glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, this has not been firmly established since interpretation of associations independent of measured GFR (mGFR) is limited by potential multicollinearity between markers of GFR. The primary aim of this study was to assess associations between cystatin C and mortality, independent of mGFR. A secondary aim was to evaluate the utility of combining cystatin C and creatinine to predict mortality risk.
Methods: Cox regression was used to assess the associations of cystatin C and creatinine with mortality in 1157 individuals referred for assessment of plasma clearance of iohexol.
Results: Since cystatin C and creatinine are inversely related to mGFR, cystatin C−1 and creatinine−1 were used. After adjustment for mGFR, lower cystatin C−1 (higher cystatin C concentration) and higher creatinine−1 (lower creatinine concentration) were independently associated with increased mortality. When nested models were compared, avoiding the potential influence of multicollinearity, the independence of the associations was supported. Among models combining the markers of GFR, adjusted for demographic factors and comorbidity, cystatin C−1 and creatinine−1 combined explained the largest proportion of variance in associations with mortality risk (R2 = 0.61). Addition of mGFR did not improve the model.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that both creatinine and cystatin C have independent associations with mortality not explained entirely by mGFR and that mGFR does not offer a more precise mortality risk assessment than these endogenous filtration markers combined.
Cricoid Pressure Controversies
Authors: Salem M. Ramez , Khorasani Arjang , Zeidan Ahed , Crystal George J. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Since cricoid pressure was introduced into clinical practice, controversial issues have arisen, including necessity, effectiveness in preventing aspiration, quantifying the cricoid force, and its reliability in certain clinical entities and in the presence of gastric tubes. Cricoid pressure–associated complications have also been alleged, such as airway obstruction leading to interference with manual ventilation, laryngeal visualization, tracheal intubation, placement of supraglottic devices, and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This review synthesizes available information to identify, address, and attempt to resolve the controversies related to cricoid pressure. The effective use of cricoid pressure requires that the applied force is sufficient to occlude the esophageal entrance while avoiding airway-related complications. Most of these complications are caused by excessive or inadequate force or by misapplication of cricoid pressure. Because a simple-to-use and reliable cricoid pressure device is not commercially available, regular training of personnel, using technology-enhanced cricoid pressure simulation, is required. The current status of cricoid pressure and objectives for future cricoid pressure–related research are also discussed.
Parental Perception of Risk Associated With Their Premature Infant
Authors: Fletcher Laura , Pham Tammy , Papaioannou Helen , Spinazzola Regina , Milanaik Ruth , Thibeau Shelley 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Preterm birth has been linked to increased parental stress, depression, and anxiety. Although the rate of neonatal morbidity and mortality decreases with increasing gestational age, recent research has revealed that there is no threshold age for risk or parental concern.

Purpose:
This study examines parental concern about medical and developmental outcomes of their premature infant.

Methods:
Parents of 60 premature infants were surveyed in a follow-up clinic regarding their level of concern about 11 morbidities and their child's gestation-adjusted age; these were compared with the infant's inpatient chart. “Concern scores” were tallied and compared across gestational age groups and knowledge of gestation-adjusted age using Chi-square tests of independence.

Findings:
Many parents reported concerns about morbidities that were unsupported by their child's diagnoses. Across parents of extremely, very, and moderate-late preterm children, the mean concern scores were 13.9, 15.7, and 19.7, respectively. Overall, 62% of parents incorrectly reported the gestation-adjusted age of their child. Parents who were correct were significantly more likely to correctly anticipate abnormal developmental patterns (70%) and growth patterns (65%) than those who were incorrect (33% and 31%, respectively).

Implications for Research:
Future research should focus on whether NICU graduate parental stress levels are directly linked to the severity of their child's condition, and how physicians can help decrease NICU graduate parental stress.

Implications for Practice:
Parental anxiety regarding all gestational age neonatal intensive care unit infant outcomes can be decreased by a thorough explanation of gestation-adjusted age and a discussion of expected prematurity-related issues.
Effects of Stimulus Polarity and Artifact Reduction Method on the Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential
Authors: Hughes Michelle L. , Goehring Jenny L. , Baudhuin Jacquelyn L. 
Published: December 2016

Objective:
Previous research from our laboratory comparing electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) artifact reduction methods has shown larger amplitudes and lower thresholds with cathodic-leading forward masking (CathFM) than with alternating polarity (AltPol). One interpretation of this result is that the anodic-leading phase used with AltPol elicits a less excitatory response (in contrast to results from recent studies with humans), which when averaged with responses to cathodic-leading stimuli, results in smaller amplitudes. Another interpretation is that the latencies of the responses to anodic- and cathodic-leading pulses differ, which when averaged together, result in smaller amplitudes than for either polarity alone due to temporal smearing. The purpose of this study was to separate the effects of stimulus polarity and artifact reduction method to determine the relative effects of each.

Design:
This study used a within-subjects design. ECAP growth functions were obtained using CathFM, anodic-leading forward masking (AnodFM), and AltPol for 23 CI recipients (N = 13 Cochlear and N = 10 Advanced Bionics). N1 latency, amplitude, slope of the amplitude growth function, and threshold were compared across methods. Data were analyzed separately for each manufacturer due to inherent differences between devices.

Results:
N1 latencies were significantly shorter for AnodFM than for CathFM and AltPol for both Cochlear and Advanced Bionics participants. Amplitudes were larger for AnodFM than for either CathFM or AltPol for Cochlear recipients; amplitude was not significantly different across methods for Advanced Bionics recipients. Slopes were shallowest for CathFM for Cochlear subjects, but were not significantly different among methods for Advanced Bionics subjects. Thresholds with AltPol were significantly higher than both FM methods for Cochlear recipients; there was no difference in threshold across methods for the Advanced Bionics recipients.

Conclusions:
For Cochlear devices, the smaller amplitudes and higher thresholds observed for AltPol seem to be the result of latency differences between polarities. These results suggest that AltPol is not ideal for managing stimulus artifact for ECAP recordings. For the Advanced Bionics group, there were no significant differences among methods for amplitude, slope, or threshold, which suggests that polarity and artifact reduction method have little influence in these devices. We postulate that polarity effects are minimized for symmetrical biphasic pulses that lack an interphase gap, such as those used with Advanced Bionics devices; however, this requires further investigation.
Effect of Context and Hearing Loss on Time-Gated Word Recognition in Children
Authors: Lewis Dawna , Kopun Judy , McCreery Ryan , Brennan Marc , Nishi Kanae , Cordrey Evan , Stelmachowicz Pat , Moeller Mary Pat 
Published: December 2016

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to examine word recognition in children who are hard of hearing (CHH) and children with normal hearing (CNH) in response to time-gated words presented in high- versus low-predictability sentences (HP, LP), where semantic cues were manipulated. Findings inform our understanding of how CHH combine cognitive-linguistic and acoustic-phonetic cues to support spoken word recognition. It was hypothesized that both groups of children would be able to make use of linguistic cues provided by HP sentences to support word recognition. CHH were expected to require greater acoustic information (more gates) than CNH to correctly identify words in the LP condition. In addition, it was hypothesized that error patterns would differ across groups.

Design:
Sixteen CHH with mild to moderate hearing loss and 16 age-matched CNH participated (5 to 12 years). Test stimuli included 15 LP and 15 HP age-appropriate sentences. The final word of each sentence was divided into segments and recombined with the sentence frame to create series of sentences in which the final word was progressively longer by the gated increments. Stimuli were presented monaurally through headphones and children were asked to identify the target word at each successive gate. They also were asked to rate their confidence in their word choice using a five- or three-point scale. For CHH, the signals were processed through a hearing aid simulator. Standardized language measures were used to assess the contribution of linguistic skills.

Results:
Analysis of language measures revealed that the CNH and CHH performed within the average range on language abilities. Both groups correctly recognized a significantly higher percentage of words in the HP condition than in the LP condition. Although CHH performed comparably with CNH in terms of successfully recognizing the majority of words, differences were observed in the amount of acoustic-phonetic information needed to achieve accurate word recognition. CHH needed more gates than CNH to identify words in the LP condition. CNH were significantly lower in rating their confidence in the LP condition than in the HP condition. CHH, however, were not significantly different in confidence between the conditions. Error patterns for incorrect word responses across gates and predictability varied depending on hearing status.

Conclusions:
The results of this study suggest that CHH with age-appropriate language abilities took advantage of context cues in the HP sentences to guide word recognition in a manner similar to CNH. However, in the LP condition, they required more acoustic information (more gates) than CNH for word recognition. Differences in the structure of incorrect word responses and their nomination patterns across gates for CHH compared with their peers with NH suggest variations in how these groups use limited acoustic information to select word candidates.
Prevalence, Incidence Proportion, and Heritability for Tinnitus: A Longitudinal Twin Study
Authors: Bogo Renata , Farah Ahmed , Karlsson Kjell K. , Pedersen Nancy L. , Svartengren Magnus , Skjönsberg Åsa 
Published: December 2016

Objectives:The purpose of this longitudinal twin study was to explore the effect of tinnitus on hearing thresholds and threshold shifts over two decades and to investigate the genetic contribution to tinnitus in a male twin cohort (n = 1114 at baseline and 583 at follow-up). The hypothesis was that participants with faster hearing deterioration had a higher risk for developing tinnitus and there is an underlying role of genetic influences on tinnitus.Design:Male mono- and dizygotic twin pairs, born between 1914 and 1958 were included. Mixed models were used for comparison of hearing threshold shifts, adjusted for age. A co-twin comparison was made within pairs discordant for tinnitus. The relative influence of genetic and environmental factors was estimated by genetic modeling.Results:The overall prevalence of tinnitus was 13.5% at baseline ( JOURNAL/earher/04.03/00003446-201705000-00003/inline-graphic1/v/2024-02-09T190736Z/r/image-tiff age 50) and 34.4% at follow-up ( JOURNAL/earher/04.03/00003446-201705000-00003/inline-graphic2/v/2024-02-09T190736Z/r/image-tiff age 67). The overall incidence proportion was 27.8%. Participants who reported tinnitus at baseline or at both time points were older. At baseline, the hearing thresholds differed between tinnitus cases and controls at all frequencies. New tinnitus cases at follow-up had the greatest hearing threshold shift at the high-frequency area compared with the control group. Within pairs, the tinnitus twin had poorer hearing than his unaffected co-twin, more so for dizygotic than monozygotic twin pairs. The relative proportion of additive genetic factors was approximately 0.40 at both time points, and the influence of individual-specific environment was 0.56 to 0.61. The influence of genetic factors on tinnitus was largely independent of genetic factors for hearing thresholds.Conclusions:Our hypotheses were confirmed: The fastest hearing deterioration occurred for new tinnitus cases. A moderate genetic influence for tinnitus was confirmed.
Associations Between Low Back Pain and Muscle-strengthening Activity in U.S. Adults
Authors: Alnojeidi Albatool H. , Johnson Tammie M. , Richardson Michael R. , Churilla James R. 
Published: December 2016

Study Design.
This was a cross-sectional study.

Objective.
The primary aim of the study was to examine the association between low back pain (LBP) and muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) among U.S. adults using gender-stratified analyses.

Summary of Background Data.
LBP is a common medical condition that impacts quality of life and professional productivity and increases the financial burden on the health care system by augmenting medical treatment costs. Previous studies analyzing gender-dependent relationships between MSA and LBP have produced mixed results.

Methods.
Our sample included 12,721 participants from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants were categorized into one of three levels of self-reported MSA: no MSA, insufficient MSA (1 day/wk), or meeting the 2008 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) recommendation for MSA (≥2 days/wk).

Results.
Gender-stratified analyses revealed significantly lower odds of reporting LBP among women [odds ratio (OR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–0.96, P = 0.03] and men (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.70–0.96, P = 0.01) who reported amounts of MSA that met the DHHS recommendation compared with those reporting no MSA. Following adjustment for smoking status, the odds remained significant among women (P = 0.03) but not among men (P = 0.21).

Conclusion.
These findings indicate that engaging in MSA at least 2 days/wk is associated with lower odds of LBP and that smoking may be an important mediating factor that should be considered in future LBP research.

Level of Evidence: 4
Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma: Report of 13 Cases With New Immunohistochemical Findings
Authors: Cullen Daniella , Díaz Recuero José Luis , Cullen Roberto , Rodríguez Peralto José Luis , Kutzner Heinz , Requena Luis 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Superficial acral fibromyxoma (SAF) is a benign, soft tissue neoplasm preferably located on the digits.

Methods:
We collected 13 cases of SAF and evaluated their clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features.

Results:
This study included 9 males and 4 females, median age 54 years. The patients presented with a solitary asymptomatic or tender mass, most of them arising on fingers or toes. Histopathologically all lesions consisted of nonencapsulated dermal nodules, composed of spindled cells with variable myxoid and/or fibrotic stroma. Some lesions were well circumscribed (6/12, 50%), whereas other ones appeared poorly demarcated (6/12, 50%). The stroma was predominantly myxoid (53%), myxoid-collagenous (31%) or mostly collagenous (15%). Neoplastic cells expressed immunoreactivity for CD34 (8/11), CD99 (9/12), and nestin (7/7); whereas MUC4 (0/11) and Bcl-2 (0/7) resulted negative.

Conclusions:
Nestin is the best immunohistochemical marker for SAF with higher sensitivity than CD34, although nestin is also positive in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and therefore is not helpful in differential diagnosis between SAF and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cellular digital fibromas and acquired reactive digital fibroma probably are neoplasms closely related to SAF. The homogeneous reactivity for CD99, the negativity for Bcl-2 and lack of the honeycomb infiltration of the subcutis help to rule out myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, whereas the negativity for MUC4 and Bcl-2 are helpful tools to rule out low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and spindled-cell lipoma, respectively.
Nevus Spilus (Speckled Lentiginous Nevus) in the Oral Cavity: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Torres Karen G. , Carle Laura , Royer Michael 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:
The congenital melanocytic nevus is a pigmented melanocytic lesion that presents at birth or shortly thereafter. It is commonly described on the skin, usually on the trunk and extremities. Only five intraoral cases of congenital melanocytic nevi have been described in the English literature. A nevus spilus (speckled lentiginous nevus) is a clinical variant of congenital melanocytic nevus. The authors present the case of a 19-year-old male with an intraoral nevus spilus. The anterior mandibular gingiva exhibited multiple speckled, pigmented papules and macules on a thickened, hyperplastic macular background. Microscopic examination revealed characteristic morphologic features of intramucosal nevi extending into the deep portions of the submucosa. Although other authors have reported similar clinical presentation in the oral mucosa, no other case reports were found in the English literature classifying an intraoral congenital nevus as an intraoral nevus spilus. The sixth case of an intraoral congenital melanocytic nevus and the first case subclassified as an intraoral nevus spilus (speckled lentiginous nevus) is reported, with a review of the literature.
Anti-NXP2–Positive Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis With Histopathologic Changes Confined to the Acrosyringia
Authors: Ramírez-Bellver Jose Luis , Macías Elena , Bernárdez Claudia , López-Robles Joaquín , Vegas-Sánchez Maria del Carmen , Díaz-Recuero Jose Luis , Quiceno Hernán , Requena Luis 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Paraneoplastic syndromes consist of a group of disorders that are not related to the extension of the primary tumor or its metastases and that might be the first manifestation of a hidden neoplasm. It is a well-known association between dermatomyositis (DM) and cancer, especially gynecological tumors in women and lung cancer in men.

Methods:
We describe the case of a 67-year-old male who developed muscular weakness and pruritic skin lesions. Skin biopsies were performed and histologic findings were consistent with DM.

Results:
Skin biopsy showed interface dermatitis with vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer, dermal mucin deposits, and necrotic keratinocytes in the acrosyringia, a finding that has been previously reported in lupus erythematous but not in DM. Autoimmunity tests showed positivity for antinuclear antibodies and anti-NXP2, a recently described antibody associated with juvenile DM and, more rarely, with paraneoplastic DM.

Conclusion:
We present the first case in the literature with histopathologic changes of DM affecting the acrosyringia. Besides, our patient autoimmunity results support the utility of the new myositis-specific autoantibodies and its relation with a clinical phenotype.