bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of glass slides and various digital‐slide modalities for cytopathology screening and interpretation
Authors: Hanna Matthew G. , Monaco Sara E. , Cuda Jacqueline , Xing Juan , Ahmed Ishtiaque , Pantanowitz Liron 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUNDWhole‐slide imaging in cytology is limited when glass slides are digitized without z‐stacks for focusing. Different vendors have started to provide z‐stacking solutions to overcome this limitation. The Panoptiq imaging system allows users to create digital files combining low‐magnification panoramic images with regions of interest (ROIs) that are imaged with high‐magnification z‐stacks. The aim of this study was to compare such panoramic images with conventional whole‐slide images and glass slides for the tasks of screening and interpretation in cytopathology.METHODSThirty glass slides, including 10 ThinPrep Papanicolaou tests and 20 nongynecologic cytology cases, were digitized with an Olympus BX45 integrated microscope with an attached Prosilica GT camera. ViewsIQ software was used for image acquisition and viewing. These glass slides were also scanned on an Aperio ScanScope XT at ×40 (0.25 μm/pixel) with 1 z‐plane and were viewed with ImageScope software. Digital and glass sides were screened and dotted/annotated by a cytotechnologist and were subsequently reviewed by 3 cytopathologists. For panoramic images, the cytotechnologist manually created digital maps and selected representative ROIs to generate z‐stacks at a higher magnification. After 3‐week washout periods, panoramic images were compared with Aperio digital slides and glass slides.RESULTSThe Panoptiq system permitted fine focusing of thick smears and cell clusters. In comparison with glass slides, the average screening times were 5.5 and 1.8 times longer with Panoptiq and Aperio images, respectively, but this improved with user experience. There was no statistical difference in diagnostic concordance between all 3 modalities. Users' diagnostic confidence was also similar for all modalities.CONCLUSIONSThe Aperio whole‐slide scanner with 1 z‐plane scanning and the Panoptiq imaging system with z‐stacking are both suitable for cytopathology screening and interpretation. However, ROI z‐stacks do offer a superior mechanism for overcoming focusing problems commonly encountered with digital cytology slides. Unlike whole‐slide imaging, the acquisition of representative z‐stack images with the Panoptiq system requires a trained cytologist to create digital files. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:701‐9. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Ecohydrological role of biological soil crusts across a gradient in levels of development
Authors: Whitney Kristen M. , Vivoni Enrique R. , Duniway Michael C. , Bradford John B. , Reed Sasha C. , Belnap Jayne 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThough biological soil crusts (biocrusts) form abundant covers in arid and semiarid regions, their competing effects on soil hydrologic conditions are rarely accounted for in models. This study presents the modification of a soil water balance model to account for the presence of biocrusts at different levels of development (LODs) and their impact on one‐dimensional hydrologic processes during warm and cold seasons. The model is developed, tested, and applied to study the hydrologic controls of biocrusts in the context of a long‐term manipulative experiment equipped with meteorological and soil moisture measurements in a Colorado Plateau ecosystem near Moab, Utah. The climate manipulation treatments resulted in distinct biocrust communities, and model performance with respect to soil moisture was assessed in experimental plots with varying LOD as quantified through a field‐based roughness index (RI). Model calibration and testing yielded excellent comparisons to observations and smooth variations of biocrust parameters with RI approximated through simple regressions. The model was then used to quantify how LOD affects soil infiltration, evapotranspiration, and run‐off under calibrated conditions and in simulation experiments with gradual modifications in biocrust porosity and hydraulic conductivity. Simulation results show that highly developed biocrusts modulate soil moisture nonlinearly with LOD by altering soil infiltration and buffering against evapotranspiration losses, with small impacts on run‐off. The nonlinear and threshold variations of the soil water balance in the presence of biocrusts of varying LOD helps explain conflicting outcomes of various field studies and sheds light on the ecohydrological role of biocrusts in arid and semiarid ecosystems.
A foundation of ecology rediscovered: 100 years of succession on the William S. Cooper plots in Glacier Bay, Alaska
Authors: Buma Brian , Bisbing Sarah , Krapek John , Wright Glenn 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnderstanding plant community succession is one of the original pursuits of ecology, forming some of the earliest theoretical frameworks in the field. Much of this was built on the long‐term research of William S. Cooper, who established a permanent plot network in Glacier Bay, Alaska, in 1916. This study now represents the longest‐running primary succession plot network in the world. Permanent plots are useful for their ability to follow mechanistic change through time without assumptions inherent in space‐for‐time (chronosequence) designs. After 100‐yr, these plots show surprising variety in species composition, soil characteristics (carbon, nitrogen, depth), and percent cover, attributable to variation in initial vegetation establishment first noted by Cooper in the 1916–1923 time period, partially driven by dispersal limitations. There has been almost a complete community composition replacement over the century and general species richness increase, but the effective number of species has declined significantly due to dominance of Salix species which established 100‐yr prior (the only remaining species from the original cohort). Where Salix dominates, there is no establishment of “later” successional species like Picea. Plots nearer the entrance to Glacier Bay, and thus closer to potential seed sources after the most recent glaciation, have had consistently higher species richness for 100 yr. Age of plots is the best predictor of soil N content and C:N ratio, though plots still dominated by Salix had lower overall N; soil accumulation was more associated with dominant species. This highlights the importance of contingency and dispersal in community development. The 100‐yr record of these plots, including species composition, spatial relationships, cover, and observed interactions between species provides a powerful view of long‐term primary succession.
Municipal Responses to Ecological Fiscal Transfers in Brazil: A microeconometric panel data approach
Authors: Droste Nils , Lima Guilherme Rodrigues , May Peter Herman , Ring Irene 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEcological fiscal transfers in Brazil, the so‐called ICMS‐Ecológico or ICMS‐E, redistribute part of the state‐level value‐added tax revenues on the basis of ecological indicators to local governments. We analyze whether the introduction of this economic instrument in a state offers incentives to municipal responses in terms of further protected area (PA) designation. We provide a microeconomic model for the functioning of ICMS‐E and test the derived hypothesis empirically. Employing an econometric analysis on panel data for two decades we estimate the correlation of the introduction of ICMS‐E in Brazilian states with PA coverage. We find that the introduction of ICMS‐E correlates with a higher average PA share. While the introduction of ICMS‐E schemes may be a compensation for a high share of federal and state PA, we also find an incentive effect for municipalities to designate additional PA. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Constrained moving least‐squares immersed boundary method for fluid‐structure interaction analysis
Authors: Qu Yegao , Batra Romesh C. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryA numerical method is presented for the analysis of interactions of inviscid and compressible flows with arbitrarily shaped stationary or moving rigid solids. The fluid equations are solved on a fixed rectangular Cartesian grid by using a higher‐order finite difference method based on the fifth‐order WENO scheme. A constrained moving least‐squares sharp interface method is proposed to enforce the Neumann‐type boundary conditions on the fluid‐solid interface by using a penalty term, while the Dirichlet boundary conditions are directly enforced. The solution of the fluid flow and the solid motion equations is advanced in time by staggerly using, respectively, the third‐order Runge‐Kutta and the implicit Newmark integration schemes. The stability and the robustness of the proposed method have been demonstrated by analyzing 5 challenging problems. For these problems, the numerical results have been found to agree well with their analytical and numerical solutions available in the literature. Effects of the support domain size and values assigned to the penalty parameter on the stability and the accuracy of the present method are also discussed.
Toward Public Bioethics?
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis issue of the Hastings Center Report (May‐June 2017) features a couple of interesting takes on the governance challenges of emerging technologies. In an essay on the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine report published this February on human germ‐line gene editing, Eric Juengst, a philosopher at the University of North Carolina, argues that the NASEM committee did not manage to rethink the rules. Juengst reaches what he calls an “eccentric conclusion”: “The committee's 2017 consensus report has been widely interpreted as ‘opening the door’ to inheritable human genetic modification and holding a line against enhancement interventions. But on a close reading it does neither.” In the column Policy and Politics, Sarah Chan, a chancellor's fellow at the University of Edinburgh, discusses the emerging science of “organoids,” “embryoids,” and “synthetic human entities with embryo‐like features” and calls for a sustained effort to rethink the rules for embryo research.
Regulating Research with Biospecimens under the Revised Common Rule
Authors: Lynch Holly Fernandez , Meyer Michelle N. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSince 2011, the research community had waited with bated breath as regulators contemplated for the first time bringing secondary research with nonidentifiable biospecimens under the Common Rule and dramatically tightening the criteria for waiving consent to biospecimen research. After considerable pushback from both researchers and patients and amid rumors of intractable disagreement among Common Rule agencies, the Final Rule published on the last day of President Obama's administration left out these troubling changes, and there was a collective sigh of relief. Relief is appropriate, but celebration premature: researchers have little reason to avail themselves of the new broad consent option offered in the Final Rule, and the question of whether biospecimens ought to be treated as inherently identifiable has merely been postponed.
Foreign Relations
Authors: De La Hoz Alejandro , Díaz Eduardo , Feinstein Max Moses 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn a large Colombian teaching hospital, a fifty‐five‐year‐old woman complaining of stomach pain is examined by a foreign‐exchange medical student from the United States. Speaking in Spanish, the student elicits a medical history that suggests a possible recurrence of gallstones, but nothing further. Upon discussing the patient's case in private with the attending physician, the student is shocked to learn that the patient is suffering from terminal, metastatic gastric cancer but is unaware of her diagnosis. The attending physician explains that the patient's husband instructed the health care providers not to tell the patient what her diagnosis is. The medical student feels uncomfortable withholding the diagnosis from the patient. The thought of disclosure feels equally uncomfortable, however, as it would mean contradicting the instructions of the attending physician at the host hospital as well as violating what the student suspects, but is not sure, may be acceptable medical practice in Colombia. How should the medical student proceed?
Closed Financial Loops: When They Happen in Government, They're Called Corruption; in Medicine, They're Just a Footnote
Authors: De Jesus‐Morales Kevin , Prasad Vinay 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMany physicians are involved in relationships that create tension between a physician's duty to work in her patients’ best interest at all times and her financial arrangement with a third party, most often a pharmaceutical manufacturer, whose primary goal is maximizing sales or profit. Despite the prevalence of this threat, in the United States and globally, the most common reaction to conflicts of interest in medicine is timid acceptance. There are few calls for conflicts of interest to be banned, and, to our knowledge, no one calls for conflicted practitioners to be reprimanded. Contrast our attitudes in medicine with public attitudes toward financial conflicts among government employees. When enforcement of rules against conflict of interest slackens in the public sector, news organizations investigate and publish their criticism. Yet even when doctors are quoted in the media promoting specific drugs, their personal financial ties to the drug maker are rarely mentioned. Policies for governmental employees are strict, condemnation is strong, and criminal statutes exist (allowing for corruption charges). Yet the evidence that conflict is problematic is, if anything, stronger in medicine than in the public sector. Policies against conflicts of interest in medicine should be at least as strong as those already existing in the public sector.
Miniaturized quadrature coupler using low‐cost instant inkjet printing technology
Authors: Babale S. A. , Rahim S. K. A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article presents the design and implementation of a Miniaturized 3 dB hybrid coupler with low‐cost instant inkjet printing technology. The coupler has a promising potential advantage in applications in antenna beam forming network and feeding networks for phased antenna array. Explicit design equations were derived and used in the design of the coupler. To validate the design procedure, a prototype of the 3‐dB coupler was implemented using the low‐cost instant inkjet silver‐nano printing technology. The responses of the hybrid show that the return loss and isolation are both below −20 dB at the designed frequency. The size reduction of this coupler is 73.7%. However, there is little drop in the bandwidth from that of the conventional coupler. This bandwidth reduction is a payback for the significant size reduction.
Compact printed dual‐frequency quasi‐Yagi antenna with a monopole driver
Authors: Atuchin V. V. , Gorbachev F. P. , Tarasenko N. V. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe dual‐frequency printed quasi‐Yagi antenna with a monopole driver was designed. The S11 parameter at 1.67 and 2.12 GHz is as low as −28 and −23 dB, respectively. The antenna directivity is 3.9 and 6.1 dB at 1.67 and 2.12 GHz, respectively. The total antenna length is 40 mm.
Advanced RF CMOS power amplifier with a monolithic high‐Q transformer on a thick laminated organic layer
Authors: Kim Seong‐Ryul , Park Changkun , Yook Jong‐Min 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe propose a new transformer structure for output matching networks to improve the power‐added efficiency (PAE) of CMOS power amplifiers (PAs). To minimize the effects of a lossy silicon substrate, the transformer is realized on a very thick organic layer which is formed by lamination process. The maximum available gain of the transformer is improved from −1.23 to −0.68 dB as the insulator thickness is changed from 3 to 60 μm. As a result, the PAE of the proposed CMOS PA with the proposed monolithic high‐Q transformer shows a maximum output power of 24.98 dBm with a 30.49% PAE at 2.4 GHz.
A compact ultra‐thin ultra‐wideband microwave metamaterial absorber
Authors: Ramya S. , Srinivasa Rao I. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study presents a new, ultra‐thin compact microwave metamaterial absorber for wideband applications. The proposed metamaterial absorber comprises an outer ring and inner split ring patches on the upper surface and metallic ground in the bottom surface. A dielectric FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm was placed between the top patch and the bottom ground. The designed structure was ultra‐thin of λ0/13.9 thickness with respect to the centre frequency of the bandwidth. The simulation results showed ultra‐wideband absorption of 6.31 GHz from 10.36 to 16.67 GHz above 85% absorptivity, and peaks at 11.1, 13.2, 14.4 ,and 16.2 GHz and full width half maximum of 9.6 GHz. The mechanism of absorption for the proposed ultra‐wideband metamaterial absorber was studied. Also, the polarization behavior was tested under oblique and normal angles of incidence for transverse electric polarization. Due to its asymmetrical design, the proposed structure is polarization sensitive. The designed structure was fabricated and measured, and the practical results were in good agreement with the simulation results.
Modeling and simulation of RSOA with a dual‐electrode configuration
Authors: Liu Zhansheng , Wu Qingdian , Wang Hongji , Violas Manuel Alberto , de Valicourt Guilhem 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBased on the physical model of a bulk reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) used as a modulator in radio over fiber (RoF) links, the distributions of carrier density, signal photon density, and amplified spontaneous emission photon density are demonstrated. One of limits in the use of RSOA is the lower link gain when compared with a distributed feedback laser modulator. To improve the link gain of RSOA modulator in RoF links, we investigate the characteristics of the RSOA modulator with a dual‐electrode configuration. Therefore, there are two kinds of configuration: Case I, the modulating signal is injected at the input&output facet of the ROSA modulator; Case II, the modulating signal is injected at the mirror facet. The link gain of the RSOA modulator can be improved with the dual‐electrode configuration under proper biases. The link gain improvement of about 6 dB is obtained with the Case II configuration under proper bias currents.
Delay compensation for 4G/5G transmitter system characterization
Authors: Tripathi Girish Chandra , Rawat Meenakshi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe 4G and 5G communication system propose and anticipate signals, algorithms, or schemes such as carrier aggregation to provide better data rate and bandwidth requirements. To fulfil such requirements, there is a need to represent the transmitter accurately in simulation scenario to observe the impact of new algorithms on system level. The transmitter system characterization requires modeling of relation between input and output signals. However, there is a delay between transmitted and received signal which needs to be compensated. This letter proposes a modified frequency domain time delay compensation technique, which is more effective in estimating the time delay in case of carrier aggregated signals composed of multiple widely spaced component carriers. It has been tested on a software defined radio platform which can also be used for transmitter modeling. Significant improvement of 4 dB approximately in the term of normalized mean square error between transmitted and received signal has been reported.
Tunable microstrip‐line coupler for adjusting the antenna beam width
Authors: Ahn Chi‐Hyung , Hee Kim Jae , Oh Soon‐Soo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this article, the tunable microstrip‐line coupler is proposed to adjust the antenna beam width. For an array antenna, the beam width is determined by how many elements of the antenna operate. The proposed coupler simply comprises the existing branch line coupler and diodes. Input power can be output through two ports or one port depending on diode's operations. For the manufactured coupler, when the diode was off, the power was evenly distributed to port 2 and port 33.6 dB and −3.5 dB, respectively, with the phase difference of 90°. When the diode was on, the power of −1.05 dB was distributed to the port 2 and −16.6 dB to the port 3, so, most of signals were sent to the port 2. The proposed CPW based coupler was designed at the center frequency of 900 MHz and its performance was verified through simulation and measurement.
A new metasurface based on meta‐atom cluster for terahertz applications
Authors: Islam M. M. , Faruque M. R. I. , Islam M. T. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn the manuscript, a new metasurface is presented for terahertz applications based on meta‐atom cluster. The metasurface having magnetic and electric resonances shows left‐handed metamaterial characteristics in the terahertz frequency. The meta‐atom cluster consists of split‐ring resonators based on conducting wire strip (a single loop) printed on RT5880LZ substrate material. The permeability and the permittivity are picked out from the complex scattering parameters. The calculation of the unloaded Q‐factor is executed for the meta‐atom cluster based metasurface in the terahertz frequency. The test of the metasurface has been performed using different dielectric samples loaded. Effective change has been realized in the transmission. This metasurface is novel in case of terahertz band due to left‐handed characteristics. This metasurface is appropriate for high‐performance filters and sensors due to high Q‐factors.
Near‐field UHF L‐shaped dipole antenna array with LC‐balun integration for item‐level tagging systems
Authors: Jeong M.‐G. , Kim J.‐H. , Bae S.‐H. , Lee W.‐S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA near‐field UHF L‐shaped dipole antenna array with LC‐balun integration for item‐level tagging systems is proposed and investigated in this letter. The antenna consists of four dipole antennas and an impedance matching network with four LC‐baluns. Each dipole is fed by parallel stripline which connects to LC‐baluns for miniaturization. The proposed near‐field UHF dipole array can achieve not only the compact size (∼1/3λ0 at 920 MHz) but also the seamless sensing of 100% read accuracy within the operating distance (up to 10.5 cm).
A high precision scheme for micro‐channel processing in quartz glass using femtosecond laser
Authors: Zhang Pan , Chen Lei , Wang Fubing , Tu Paul 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUltra‐short pulse laser with unique advantages in micromachining, especially on the hard brittle material becomes the focus of study on micro‐structure processing. Theoretical and experimental researches are taken from the ablation properties of micro‐channel in the quartz glass by femtosecond laser. As the ablation depth of quartz glass has not relationship obviously with defocusing distance within LAV effective range, a new way to control precisely the ablation depth of quartz glass is present in the study. With fixed laser power, the ablation depth could be known easily by the length of the ablation streak while moving the femtosecond laser focus along the straight line with a 45‐degree angle from the quartz glass surface within the LAV range. Research is carried out to study laser pulse power, scanning velocity and step distance to do something with micro‐channel ablation quality. According to the parameters of test, the micro‐channel with rectangle cross section of the quartz glass is processed, and then we analyze the ablation morphology and processing efficiency. The results provided a important suggestion to process micro‐structure precisely for quartz glass by femtosecond laser.