bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-2 Productive performance of Raramuri Criollo, Angus x Raramuri Criollo and Hereford x Angus cows in a low-input cow-calf system in northern Mexico
Authors: Floriano-López Adriana , Rodríguez-Almeida Felipe A , Martinez-Quintana Jose A A , Sandoval-Villalobos Jesus , Roacho-Estrada Octavio , Villareal-Balderrama José , Antillón-Ruiz Javier 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Raramuri Criollo cattle (RC), a local heritage breed in the Chihuahua state of Mexico, are highly rustic and well-adapted animals that can contribute to cow productivity in a low-input cow-calf production system. The aim was to evaluate traits related to productive performance of purebred RC, Angus x RC (AC) and Hereford x Angus (HA) cows. Each cow breed group was randomly assigned to one of three pastures within each of two mountains dominant exposures and evaluated during 2022 and 2023 at Rancho Teseachi (28◦48′ N, 107◦25′ W) belonging to Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua. The six grazing pastures ranged from 263 to 400 ha, with similar slope, altitude and water sources characteristics. The stocking rate was moderate (forage utilization &lt;50%). Forage biomass availability for the period of use was sampled in October, and stocking rate adjusted accordingly in March. RC cows were bred with RC bulls, and AC and HA with Angus bulls. The breeding season was from September to November, and pregnancy diagnosis at mid-January. Non-pregnant cows were replaced by pregnant cows from other pastures of the same farm. Feed supplementation was limited in 2022 and according to nutritional requirements in 2023. Evaluated variables included calf birth (BW) and weaning weight adjusted (WW) to the average age at weaning (190 d in 2022 and 165 d in 2023); body condition score (BCS 1 to 9), cow body weight (CBW) at the beginning of the breeding season, as well as body weight of calf weaned by unit of cow weight (WW/CBW), and pregnancy rate (PR). A general linear model with fixed effects of breed group, sex, dominant exposure of mountains, their interaction, cow age subclass (Young, 4 yr; Middle, 5 to 8 yr; Adult, &gt; 9 yr) and Julian date at calving as a covariate was adjusted using PROC GLM of SAS for continuous, normally distributed variables, and PROC CATMOD for pregnancy rate, leaving out sex and interaction effects. Means of BW and WW on calves from AC and HA cows were greater (P &lt; 0.5) than those from RC cows in both years (Table 1). In 2022, the mean CBW of HA was greater (P &lt; 0.5) than for AC, and this greater (P &lt; 0.5) than for RC cows; BCS was greater for AC than for HA and RC, and PR lower (P &lt; 0.5) for HA than for AC and RC. In 2023, there was no difference in CBW between AC and HA; BCS was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among the three groups; and PR was the lowest (P &lt; 0.5) for HA. The AC cows had the greatest WW/CBW mean (P &lt; 0.5) in both years. Overall, using AC cows resulted on a combination of traits that outperformed on general productivity in the evaluated production system.
PSIII-26 Blood biochemistry, metabolomics profiling, and histology of contaminated with mycotoxin: Acute dose exposure 30 days-repeated toxicity study in piglets
Authors: Jeong Jin Young , Kim Minji , Kang Hwan Ku , Park Seol Hwa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Toxicity caused by deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin (FB) produced by Fusarium species, naturally occur in food and feed, can lead to repress appetite and growth inhibition in pigs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the mycotoxin exposure with different concentrations in liver, ileum, and rectum tissues of piglets. Animals fed binary mixtures of mycotoxins followed by 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg feed for 30 d. The castrated pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire) were housed one per separated pen. The tissue samples were collected for nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Additionally, biochemistry and histology were determined. Final body weight (BW) showed significant differences between the control and nine differently treated groups. In the blood biochemical analysis, the absorption of mycotoxins was significantly increased blood urea nitrogen levels. However, decreasing lipase concentrations showed in binary mixture groups. Metabolomic profiles of liver tissue were more clearly separated based on orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis than ileum and rectum tissues. The liver (Met, Pro, Lys, and Cys), ileum (Thr, Gly, Pro and Asp), and rectum (Met, Thr, and Pro) metabolic profile revealed the potential metabolites for mycotoxin exposure, respectively. Particularly, decreasing proline concentrations at high dose (3 mg/kg) showed in liver. Whereas, two organs observed an inverse trend. In the histological analysis, Group 9 (DON 3 plus FB1 3 mg/kg) might aggravate the fibrosis in liver tissue using Masson’s trichrome stains. Contaminated with acute doses showed no dramatical changes ileum and rectum tissue. Taken together, our results indicated that low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of mycotoxin did not result in significant differences. However, high dose (3 mg/kg) of mycotoxin induced significantly toxicity causing physiological changes. In conclusion, these results suggest that the toxicity of acute exposure to binary mixture cannot be ignored in piglets, because of their effects on the liver, ileum, and rectum.
PSIII-27 Blood biochemistry, histology, and metabolomic profiling of contaminated with mycotoxin: A repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats
Authors: Jeong Jin Young , Park Seol Hwa , Kang Hwan Ku , Kim Minji 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Mycotoxins causes diseases and physiological responses in humans and livestock. This study was performed to estimate the effects of binary mixtures mycotoxin {e.g., deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin (FB)] on blood biochemistry, histology, and metabolic profiles in rats fed with different toxin concentrations. Experimental animals were administered by oral gavage with 0.9% saline, DON (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg BW), FB (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) at 8 wk of age. Histological changes, metabolomic profiling, and blood biochemical analysis were performed Masson’s trichrome stain kit, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and VetTest chemistry analyzer, respectively. The final BW of the rats contaminated with mixtures mycotoxin significantly decreased compared with the control group. Biochemistry results and fibrosis were also significantly differentially regulated according to mycotoxin concentrations. Additionally, we observed collagen fibers in the liver and kidney showed blue staining after toxin contamination. For metabolomic profiling, data were analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0. Results were analyzed by multivariate analysis to elucidate the potential compounds. The toxin-treated groups observed discriminating metabolites in the liver and kidney tissue but no differences in ileum. The profiling revealed potential metabolites such as glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Phosphatidylethanolamine and tryptophan were identified with high sensitivity as candidate biomarkers via variable importance in the projection plot in piglets fed with mycotoxin (FDR &lt; 0.05; P &lt; 0.05). The differently treated groups showed discriminating metabolites in different concentrations. In conclusion, these findings suggest that mycotoxin exposure disturbs histological changes and metabolites. Dietary toxins in rats may better understand the physiological effects consistent with metabolism, which are commonly reported in animals.
PSIV-22 Use of a mixture of olive pomace extract, a palatability enhancer and tributyrin as feed additive on the recovery of unweaned dairy beef calves with pneumonia at farm arrival
Authors: Marti Sonia , Devant Maria , Blanch Marta 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pneumonia is the main health issue that farmers have to fight when calves arrive at the rearing farm after marketing and transportation. Calves with pneumonia have a low intake impairing the recovery at arrival. The use of additives to enhance intake and immunity at arrival could be a strategy to minimize those negative effects. A total of 36 calves [body weight (BW) = 71.3 ± 2.83 kg] with pneumonia (ultrasound lung score ≥ 3) arriving at a commercial farm after marketing and transportation were used to evaluate the effect of a mixture of feed additives (FA) comprising a palatability enhancer, standardized olive pomace extract and tributyrin on performance in calves fed 2 L of MR twice daily at 12.5% and ad libitum concentrate feed. Calves were allocated in 4 pens and distributed in 2 treatments (2 pens/treatment); calves fed a concentrate feed without FA since the beginning of the study (arrival to the rearing farm after transport) until weaning (CT; n = 18); calves fed a concentrate feed containing the mixture of FA (CM; n = 18) from arrival until weaning. Calf BW and pen intake were recorded weekly. On d 21 of the study, calves were partially weaned and only milk replacer was offered in the morning, and on d 28 all calves were completely weaned. The study lasted 35 d. Data were analyzed with a mixed-effects model. Final BW of CM calves (95.9 ± 1.29 kg) tended to be greater (P = 0.08) compared with BW of CT calves (92.7 ± 1.29 kg). The CM calves tended (P = 0.06) to have greater ADG than CT calves (0.70 ± 0.037 kg/d and 0.61 ± 0.037 kg/d, respectively). However, a greater sample size may be necessary to observe differences in average concentrate intake measured by pen between treatments (0.82 ± 0.033 kg/d and 0.87 ± 0.033 kg/d for CT and CM, respectively). These results highlight the potential of using a mixture of feed additives with olive pomace extract, palatability enhancers, and tributyrin on the performance recovery of calves with pneumonia on arrival at the rearing farm.
PSIV-15 Effect of transient fetal bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on postnatal growth, estimated dry matter digestibility, glucose concentrations, and carcass characteristics
Authors: Miller Alexandra C , Loh Huey Yi , Chek Erlene , Guimaraes Octavio , Thomas Tyler A , Thorndyke Meghan P , Van Campen Hana , Kincade Jess N , Hansen Thomas R , Engle Terry E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Fetal infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) before d 125 to 150 of gestation results in the birth of immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) calves. Infection of BVDV during late gestation results in transient fetal infections (TI). Unvaccinated, yearling Hereford heifers (n = 25), seronegative for antibodies to BVDV1 and BVDV2, were bred by artificial insemination with X chromosome-bearing sperm from an Angus sire to examine the impact of TI on postnatal growth, estimated dry matter digestibility, blood glucose concentrations, and carcass characteristics. On d 175 of pregnancy, heifers were intranasally inoculated with either DMEM + 2% horse serum (sham control) to generate control calves or 4.0 log TCID50 noncytopathic type2 BVDV to generate TI calves. All sham-inoculated control dams remained seronegative, and all BVDV-inoculated dams seroconverted by d 14 post-inoculation. Sham-inoculated control dams (n = 12) and BVDV-inoculated dams (n = 12) gave birth to live calves. All control offspring were seronegative, and all TI offspring were seropositive for antibodies to type 2 BVDV at birth. All offspring were raised on pasture until weaning. At weaning, all calves were transported to our feedlot research facility, housed in one group feedlot pen, and transitioned to a high-energy concentrate-based diet until reaching an approximate BW of 600 kg. Upon arrival at the feedlot, all animals received a standard heifer growth implant, a modified live viral vaccine containing IBR-BRSV-PI3 and were dewormed. Heifer BW and jugular blood samples were collected every 28 d. On d 84 of the feeding period, titanium dioxide was added to the diet of 12, age-paired, individually fed, heifers (3 control and 3 TI heifers; approximately 1 yr of age) for 28 d and used to estimate dry matter digestibility. After approximately 280 d on feed heifers were transported to a USDA-inspected abattoir and harvested. The TI heifers had lighter birth weights (P &lt; 0.03) and final BW (P &lt; 0.04) when compared with control heifers. Average daily gain was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in control compared with TI heifers. Blood glucose concentrations were similar between control and TI heifers at all sampling time points. Dry matter intake of individually fed heifers was similar across treatments. TI heifers had a 2.2% lesser (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter digestibility and lighter (P &lt; 0.01) hot carcass weights compared with controls. These data suggest that TI fetal BVDV infection negatively impacts growth throughout the feeding period, possibly by impacting gastrointestinal tract function. This research was supported by USDA-NIFA Grant # 2019-67015-29866.
PSIV-17 Studies on diarrhea and growth performance of early weaned piglets after supplementation with quebracho tannin product, MGM-P
Authors: LI Junyou , MA Min , ENOMOTO Yuriko , TAKAHASHI Tomotsugu , UCHIDA Kazuyuki , CHAMBERS James K , Kuwahara Masayoshi , TAKAHASHI Shin-Ichiro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to explore the feasibility of supplementing diets of early weaned piglets with 0.5% and 1.0% MGM-P (quebracho tannin product) as an alternative to antibiotics. Weaned (n = 36) piglets were allotted to one of four groups and given the basal diet (NC), as well as the basal diet containing 0.5% (LT), 1.0% (HT) MGM-P, and antibiotics (PC), respectively. Diarrhea, growth performance, hematology, blood biochemistry and blood amino acid concentrations were monitored during feeding. 3 piglets per group were slaughtered after the experiment to assess organ index.
PSIV-19 The use of microencapsulated zinc oxide improves the growth performance and intestinal health of newly weaned piglets
Authors: Babatunde Olufemi O , Tactacan Glenmer B , Vieira Marcia S , Lahaye Ludovic , de Moraes Mariana L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The application of microencapsulation technology to protect zinc may support inclusion of reduced levels with similar benefits to elevated doses of free zinc oxide. This study aimed to compare the effects of different doses of a microencapsulated ZnO (Zinco-Plus S) and free ZnO in nursery diets on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs. A total of 480 newly weaned piglets [26 d of age, initial body weight (BW) = 7.39 kg] were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments for 35d. Treatments were as follow: free ZnO (3,000, 1,500, and 0 ppm at phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively) or one of three doses of the microencapsulated ZnO (400, 600, and 800 ppm) maintained consistently across all 3 nursery phases (total amount of zinc in diets were within limits allowed by Canadian regulation). Each dietary treatment had 10 replicates, with 12 pigs/pen, gender balanced. All treatments had protease (Jefo Protease; 125 g/t), xylanase (Belfeed Xylanase; 100 g/t) and protected organic acids and essential oils (Porcinat+; 2 kg/t in phase 1 and 2, 1 kg/t in phase 3). Body weight, BW gain and feed intake were measured to determine feed conversion. At the end of phase 1, fecal sample was collected (pooled of 4 samples/pen) to determine zinc excretion. At the end of phase 2, blood serum was collected (1 pig/pen) to measure calprotectin and diamine oxidase concentrations and, ileal tissue was collected (1 pig/pen) to measure expression of zonular occludens (ZO) -1. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Fisher test with significance set at P &lt; 0.05. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in final BW of pigs across all treatments. Nonetheless, piglets receiving 800 ppm of the microencapsulated ZnO had improved (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio compared with pigs fed diet containing free ZnO. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in serum concentrations of calprotectin and diamine oxidase across all treatments, indicating improved intestinal health regardless of the form of ZnO. Piglets supplemented with microencapsulated ZnO at 800 ppm had an increased (P &lt; 0.05) intestinal expression of ZO-1 in comparison with piglets receiving free ZnO, indicating better intestinal integrity. Fecal zinc concentrations were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) by 75 % with the inclusion of microencapsulated ZnO compared with free ZnO. Piglets supplemented with microencapsulated ZnO at 800 ppm improved (P &lt; 0.05) feed cost per kg BW gain by 10.7 % when compared with free ZnO. These findings show that supplementing lower levels of zinc in nursery diets via microencapsulation technology improves growth performance and supports intestinal health at levels comparable with increased free ZnO supplementation. Moreover, the utilization of microencapsulated zinc oxide has the additional advantage of minimizing environmental impact through the reduction of zinc wastage.
PSI-23 Growth implants can decrease enteric methane emissions intensity from finishing beef cattle
Authors: Swenson Maya , Place Sara E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Growth promotants are a useful tool in cattle production to improve their environmental impact by decreasing emissions per unit of gain and increasing overall feed efficiency. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between enteric methane emissions, feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency of implanted and nonimplanted finishing steers. Cattle (n = 62) were housed at the Climate Smart Research pens at Colorado State University and blocked by body weight (BW) into two pens and randomly assigned to treatment. Each pen was equipped with GreenFeed automated head chambers and SmartFeed feed intake measurement (C-Lock, Rapids City, SD). The study was a completely randomized block design. Animals within each block were then randomly assigned a treatment: implanted with Component TE200 (IMP; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) or not implanted (CON). Enteric emissions, dry matter feed intake, BW, and BW gain (ADG) were collected from each individual animal from the light and heavy blocks for 80 and 52 d, respectively. Data were analyzed in JMP Pro with the linear model function and significance was declared a P ≤ 0.05. IMP cattle had a greater average ADG (2.40 kg/d vs 1.77 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001) compared with CON cattle. A difference was observed in total methane (CH4) emissions between treatments (200.83 g CH4/d IMP and 187.45 g CH4/d CON, P = 0.02). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different between treatments (P = 0.17). Methane emissions intensity for each treatment was 84.89 (IMP) and 106.90 g/kg of ADG (CON) was different (P = 0.0002), while CH4 yield (CH4 per kg of DMI) was not different (P = 0.12). Overall feed efficiency between treatments resulted in IMP animals having a greater feed efficiency (4.74 kg DM/kg ADG) compared with CON animals (6.32 kg DM/kg ADG, P &lt; 0.0001). In summary, growth promotants decrease CH4 emissions intensity in finishing steers and increase animal feed efficiency without affecting daily DMI.
PSI-10 Evaluation of factors influencing conception rate within a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol using sex-sorted semen
Authors: Efird Emily E , Powell Jeremy G , Looney Charles R , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Sexed semen artificial insemination is a reproductive technology that allows producers to enhance genetics through use of superior sires, control gender of offspring, and increase profitability. However, sexed semen practices have yet to be widely used within the beef cattle industry due to reduced conception rates, decreased sperm cell numbers in comparison with conventional semen, and increased costs. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of time of estrus, time of insemination, sire, weight, and age on pregnancy rates within a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol using two fixed-time inseminations and female sex-sorted semen from three sires (SexedULTRA 4M, STGenetics, Navasota, TX). Multiparous commercial beef cows (n = 130) were randomized into synchronization protocol and sire treatments by age, body condition score (BCS), and days post-partum at the University of Arkansas Savoy Research Complex in Fayetteville, AR. Synchronization treatments included the 8&6 Synch protocol using two FTAI times: 66 h or 72 h post-CIDR removal. Each synchronization treatment used a controlled internal drug releasing device (Eazi-breed CIDR; 1.38g progesterone, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI) inserted intravaginally -14 d of the protocol simultaneous to administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 25mg dinoprost tromethamine; Lutalyse HighCon, Zoetis). In both treatments (66 h) and (72 h), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100µg gonadorelin; Factrel, Zoetis) was administered on d -6. Each treatment was then administered PGF simultaneous to CIDR removal on 0 d, 66 ± 2 h prior to FTAI within the 66 h treatment, and 72 ± 2 h prior to FTAI within the 72 h treatment and final administration of GnRH. Standing heat (estrus) was visually detected every 3 h for 30 min intervals between the time of CIDR removal and FTAI. Estrotect patches (Rockway Inc., Spring Valley, WI) were used in conjunction with visual detection. Time of estrus was signified as time of solid footing while standing to be mounted in combination with presenting a patch score of 4 (&gt;75% color rubbed off). Pregnancy rates (PR) were determined via ultrasound 42 ± 1 d after FTAI. PR were analyzed by time of estrus (TE), fixed-time insemination protocol (TRT), age, and body weight using the GLIMMIX procedure on SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). There were no significant effects on PR by age or body weight. TE (P = 0.30) and TRT (P = 0.28) were also found to be non-significant. TE was divided into 4 time groups at &lt; 11 h, 11.01-22 h, &gt;22.01 h (hours prior to FTAI), or non-estrual; resulting in PR of 53 %, 74 %, 50 %, and 64 % respectively. In conclusion, data collected suggests acceptable pregnancy rates may be achieved within a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol using sexed semen regardless of age, weight, synchronization treatment, or time of estrus.
PSI-3 Effects of a Retinoid X Receptor agonist on primary ovine satellite cells
Authors: Blad Taya J , Wanguba Amy S , Rojas-Reyes Jesus A , Cariaga Amaia , Rivera Courtney , Odani Jenee S , Reichhardt Caleb C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Sheep producers are typically paid based on body weight, so understanding the mechanisms of postnatal skeletal muscle growth is vital. Satellite cells are responsible for the capacity for postnatal skeletal muscle growth. Satellite cells proliferate and then differentiate into myoblasts before fusing with existing myotubes. The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a transcription factor that enhances myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) expression, which increases differentiation and fusion of myoblasts in sheep. LG 100268 is an RXR agonist, which activates the RXR. The objective of this project is to measure the effect of LG 100268 on primary ovine satellite cell (OSC) proliferation and protein synthesis rates. Primary OSC were isolated from the hind legs of 9-mo old commercial hair sheep wethers (n = 3). For proliferation, cultures were grown to approximately 70% confluency, followed by treatment with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 300 nM of LG 100268 in 5% FBS. For protein synthesis, cultures were grown to approximately 80% confluency, at which point cultures were induced to differentiate and treated 48-h later with serum free media (SFM) or 300 nM LG 100268 in SFM. Proliferation rates were measured at 24-h post-treatment, and protein synthesis rates were measured at 6-h post-treatment. Treatment with 300 nM LG 100268 increased (P = 0.004) OSC proliferation rates compared with control cultures. Preliminary protein synthesis results suggest that LG 100268 does not alter (P = 0.22) protein synthesis rates of fused OSC. However, more research is warranted to clarify the role of the RXR in sheep skeletal muscle growth.