bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverse mechanisms of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in a thousand natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Velásquez André C. , Oney Matthew , Huot Bethany , Xu Shu , He Sheng Yang 
Published: March 2017

Summary

Plants are continuously threatened by pathogen attack and, as such, they have evolved mechanisms to evade, escape and defend themselves against pathogens. However, it is not known what types of defense mechanisms a plant would already possess to defend against a potential pathogen that has not co‐evolved with the plant. We addressed this important question in a comprehensive manner by studying the responses of 1041 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000.

We characterized the interaction using a variety of established methods, including different inoculation techniques, bacterial mutant strains, and assays for the hypersensitive response, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and reactive oxygen species production .

Fourteen accessions showed resistance to infection by Pst DC3000. Of these, two accessions had a surface‐based mechanism of resistance, six showed a hypersensitive‐like response while three had elevated SA levels. Interestingly, A. thaliana was discovered to have a recognition system for the effector AvrPto, and HopAM1 was found to modulate Pst DC3000 resistance in two accessions.

Our comprehensive study has significant implications for the understanding of natural disease resistance mechanisms at the species level and for the ecology and evolution of plant–pathogen interactions.
Population structure and genetic basis of the agronomic traits of upland cotton in China revealed by a genome‐wide association study using high‐density SNPs
Authors: Huang Cong , Nie Xinhui , Shen Chao , You Chunyuan , Li Wu , Zhao Wenxia , Zhang Xianlong , Lin Zhongxu 
Published: March 2017

SummaryGossypium hirsutum L. represents the largest source of textile fibre, and China is one of the largest cotton‐producing and cotton‐consuming countries in the world. To investigate the genetic architecture of the agronomic traits of upland cotton in China, a diverse and nationwide population containing 503 G. hirsutum accessions was collected for a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) on 16 agronomic traits. The accessions were planted in four places from 2012 to 2013 for phenotyping. The CottonSNP63K array and a published high‐density map based on this array were used for genotyping. The 503 G. hirsutum accessions were divided into three subpopulations based on 11 975 quantified polymorphic single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By comparing the genetic structure and phenotypic variation among three genetic subpopulations, seven geographic distributions and four breeding periods, we found that geographic distribution and breeding period were not the determinants of genetic structure. In addition, no obvious phenotypic differentiations were found among the three subpopulations, even though they had different genetic backgrounds. A total of 324 SNPs and 160 candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions were identified as significantly associated with the 16 agronomic traits. A network was established for multieffects in QTLs and interassociations among traits. Thirty‐eight associated regions had pleiotropic effects controlling more than one trait. One candidate gene, Gh_D08G2376, was speculated to control the lint percentage (LP). This GWAS is the first report using high‐resolution SNPs in upland cotton in China to comprehensively investigate agronomic traits, and it provides a fundamental resource for cotton genetic research and breeding.
Long‐term outcomes of living‐related small intestinal transplantation in children: A single‐center experience
Authors: Garcia Aroz Sandra , Tzvetanov Ivo , Hetterman Elizabeth Anne , Jeon Hoonbae , Oberholzer Jose , Testa Giuliano , John Eunice , Benedetti Enrico 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPediatric patients with irreversible intestinal failure present a significant challenge to meet the nutritional needs that promote growth. From 2002 to 2013, 13 living‐related small intestinal transplantations were performed in 10 children, with a median age of 18 months. Grafts included isolated living‐related intestinal transplantation (n=7), and living‐related liver and small intestine (n=6). The immunosuppression protocol consisted of induction with thymoglobulin and maintenance therapy with tacrolimus and steroids. Seven of 10 children are currently alive with a functioning graft and good quality of life. Six of the seven children who are alive have a follow‐up longer than 10 years. The average time to initiation of oral diet was 32 days (range, 13‐202 days). The median day for ileostomy takedown was 77 (range, 18‐224 days). Seven children are on an oral diet, and one of them is on supplements at night through a g‐tube. We observed an improvement in growth during the first 3 years post‐transplant and progressive weight gain throughout the first year post‐transplantation. Growth catch‐up and weight gain plateaued after these time periods. We concluded that living donor intestinal transplantation potentially offers a feasible, alternative strategy for long‐term treatment of irreversible intestinal failure in children.
Coalitions and Conservation: Conditional Impacts of Coalitions on Ballot Measures for Open Space
Authors: Lowry William R. , Scott Krummenacher W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSocial scientists have long debated the impact of interest group coalitions on public policies. While views on coalition impacts range from dominance to impotence, an emerging perspective suggests that coalitions have impacts under certain conditions. In this paper, we join and expand that perspective by arguing that coalitions have a conditional impact on public policies through ballot measures. Specifically, we argue that coalitions will have greater impact on ballot measure outcomes in non‐presidential election years, when the stakes involved are high, and when the goals of the measure are diverse. We test these hypotheses with analyses of a dataset of over 2,400 ballot measures on spending for open space at the state and local level between 1988 and 2014. We find strong support for our hypotheses. The findings have implications for scholarly debates on interest groups and coalitions, for the role of ballot measures in American public policy, and for assessments of open space and conservation in American society.
Spatial Trends of Towns in Europe: The Performance of Regions with Low Degree of Urbanisation
Authors: Servillo Loris , Paolo Russo Antonio 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe paper contributes to the understanding of socio‐spatial trends and urban systems in Europe, with a specific focus on smaller settlements. First, a morphological delimitation of urban settlements as geographical base is used to identify the different settlement structures that characterise regions across Europe. Secondly, an analysis of population and GDP performances of NUTS 3 regions for the 29 countries of the European space (growth rates in 2001–2011) provides evidence of the variety of territorial phenomena that characterise smaller‐settlement regions across Europe. Finally, the paper highlights the diversity and complexity of urbanisation structures in Europe and how general trends observed at larger scale are articulated locally according to prevailing structures of urbanisation. It shows the character of ‘embeddedness’ of smaller settlements within urban systems and territorial structures and how the socio‐economic performances of smaller‐settlement regions are defined by a combination of macro trends, national contextualisation, local dynamics and regional path dependency.
Acute hepatitis E virus infection causing acute liver failure requiring living‐donor liver transplantation in a non‐pregnant immunocompetent woman
Authors: Li Iris Wai Sum , Chok Kenneth Siu Ho 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe report a rare case of acute liver failure from acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) in a non‐pregnant woman without comorbidities who survived after liver transplantation. The source was likely consumption of partially cooked pig liver. HEV genotype 3 is the second most common genotype causing acute hepatitis E in developed countries. Fulminant hepatitis E rarely occurs without a risk factor, as in our patient. Vigilant monitoring for chronic hepatitis E in post‐transplant immunocompromised patients is needed.
Formation of interdependent regional trade agreements and production networks
Authors: Park Innwon , Park Soonchan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractProduction networks (PNs) can be defined as a determinant of trade partnership. Deepening PNs may generate positive welfare effects and lead to a proliferation in the formation of interdependent regional trade agreements (RTAs). This paper theoretically develops the link between PNs and the formation ofRTAs and empirically investigates the link by applying a qualitative choice model estimation methodology (probit) with panel data that covers bilateral country‐pairs among 147 countries between 2000 and 2010. We find that theRTAformation has been strongly driven by deepening PNs between members as well as with third countries. We also find that production network‐drivenRTAinterdependence is member specific.
POOR BEHAVIOR OF BEGGARS IN CIREBON CITY
Authors: Purnomo Halim 
Published: March 2017

This study wants to prove that the higher the spiritualists among beggars, can control the behavior of poor. Conversely, the lower the spiritualist, the higher the poor behavior. Research shows that most of the beggars claim that they are doing maghdhah obligation was limited to abort an obligation. Scores of worship are not applied at all in life is evidenced with no effort and creativity to break out of the circle begging. Rather, they use it to meet all the needs of his family. Begging activities they run has been planned from the start to dress in such a way that completely seedy carrying children there is even a temple temples disabilities. Some beggars who have experienced demolition of the Civil Service Police Unit and the fostering of Social Services and Man Power Cirebon was not influenced by the existence of them run the routine on the streets. Conclusion and this research is begging activity has been used as a new profession. This has been recognized by their income that they get from the requesting this allows them to get out of any economic slump family and reluctant to get out of this habit. Keywords: poor behavior, beggars, Cirebon City.
Characterization of benign thyroid nodules with HyperSPACE (Hyper Spectral Analysis for Characterization in Echography) before and after percutaneous laser ablation: a pilot study
Authors: Granchi Simona , Vannacci Enrico , Biagi Elena 
Published: March 2017

Aims: To evaluate the capability of the HyperSPACE (Hyper SPectral Analysis for Characterization in Echography) method in tissue characterization, in order to provide information for the laser treatment of benign thyroid nodules in respect of conventional B-mode images and elastography.Material and methods: The method, based on the spectral analysis of the raw radiofrequency ultrasonic signal, was applied to characterize the nodule before and after laser treatment. Thirty patients (25 females and 5 males, age between 37 and 81 years) with thyroid benign nodule at cytology (Thyr 2) were evaluated by conventional ultrasonography, elastography, and HyperSPACE, before and after laser ablation.Results: The images processed by HyperSPACE exhibit different color distributions that are referred to different tissue features. By calculating the percentages of the color coverages, the analysed nodules were subdivided into 3 groups. Each nodule belonging to the same group experienced, on average, similar necrosis extension. The nodules exhibit different Configurations (colors) distributions that could be indicative of the response of nodular tissue to the laser treatmentConclusions: HyperSPACEcan characterize benign nodules by providing additional information in respect of conventional ultrasound and elastography which is useful for support in the laser treatment of nodules in order to increase the probability of success.
Imaging of intrahepatic progression of hepatocellular carcinoma post transarterial chemoembolization. A long-term, prospective evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS)
Authors: Moschouris Hippocrates , Kalokairinou-Motogna Mariana , Vrakas Spyros , Papadatou Aggeliki , Karagiannis Eyaggelos , Kiltenis Michail , Kladis-Kalentzis Konstantinos , Marmaridou Kyriaki , Papadogeorgopoulos Nikolaos , Malagari Katerina 
Published: March 2017

Aims: To assess the diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the context of intrahepatic progression (IHP) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).Material and methods:Sixty HCC patients were prospectively included in the study. They were treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)with doxorubicin-eluting microspheres (231 sessions). Imaging follow-up was performed 1 month after each session and at 3-6 month intervals after the last session of TACE and included CEUS and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (reference modality). The diagnosis of IHP was based on mRECIST criteria and the respective findings of MR and CEUS were recorded, categorized and correlated.Results: A total of 441 CEUS studies were compared with the corresponding MR studies. During a follow-up period of 5-82 months (mean: 22 months), MR diagnosed 51 cases of IHP in 34/60 (56.6%) patients. CEUS correctly diagnosed 12/14 (85.7%) cases of IHP of target tumors, 2/5 (40%) cases of IHP of non-target tumors, 13/18 (72.2%) cases of distal and 6/9 (66.6%) cases of proximal new lesions, and 5/5 (100%) cases of major vessel involvement. On a per-lesion basis, CEUS was significantly inferior to MR in the detection of new lesions (p=0.002). No false positive CEUS diagnoses of IHP were observed. 54% of the diagnostic failures of CEUS were considered clinically significant.Conclusion: In the long term evaluation of HCC post TACE, CEUS appears to have limitations in the detection of IHP, which are more prominent in the case of new lesions and of progressive non-target tumors.
Comparison of Heart-Rate-Variability Recording With Smartphone Photoplethysmography, Polar H7 Chest Strap, and Electrocardiography
Authors: Plews Daniel J. , Scott Ben , Altini Marco , Wood Matt , Kilding Andrew E. , Laursen Paul B. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose: To establish the validity of smartphone photoplethysmography (PPG) and heart-rate sensor in the measurement of heart-rate variability (HRV). Methods: 29 healthy subjects were measured at rest during 5 min of guided breathing and normal breathing using smartphone PPG, a heart-rate chest strap, and electrocardiography (ECG). The root mean sum of the squared differences between R–R intervals (rMSSD) was determined from each device. Results: Compared to ECG, the technical error of estimate (TEE) was acceptable for all conditions (average TEE CV% [90% CI] = 6.35 [5.13; 8.5]). When assessed as a standardized difference, all differences were deemed “trivial” (average standard difference [90% CI] = 0.10 [0.08; 0.13]). Both PPG- and heart-rate-sensor-derived measures had almost perfect correlations with ECG (R = 1.00 [0.99; 1.00]). Conclusion: Both PPG and heart-rate sensors provide an acceptable agreement for the measurement of rMSSD when compared with ECG. Smartphone PPG technology may be a preferred method of HRV data collection for athletes due to its practicality and ease of use in the field.
Effects of School-Based Physical Activity Program on Students’ Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Perceptions of Physical Competence
Authors: Gråstén Arto , Watt Anthony , Liukkonen Jarmo , Jaakkola Timo 
Published: March 2017

Background:The study examined the effects of school-based program on students’ self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity and physical competence, and associated links to gender, grade, body mass index, and physical education assessments.Methods:Participants were 240 middle school students (143 intervention, 97 control) from 3 small cities in North-East Finland. The intervention group received task-involving climate support in physical education classes and additional physical activities during school days across 1 year.Results:The intervention group’s physical competence increased, whereas the control group’s competence remained stable across the period. However, physical activity levels were stable in both groups. The findings also showed that body mass index was negatively associated with physical competence and activity in the intervention group at the follow-up measure. Physical education assessments were positively related with only the baseline scores of physical competence in the intervention group. In contrast, the assessments had positive relationships with physical competence and activity of control group students.Conclusions:The present program was an effective protocol to increase student’s perceptions of physical competence. Since the quantity of school physical education including recess activities cannot be dramatically increased, positive learning experiences should be provided, and thus, support perceptions of physical competence.
What is the State of the Science on Physical Activity Interventions for Family Caregivers? A Systematic Review and RE-AIM Evaluation
Authors: Cuthbert Colleen A. , King-Shier Kathryn , Ruether Dean , Tapp Dianne M. , Culos-Reed S. Nicole 
Published: March 2017

Background:Family caregivers are an important health care resource and represent a significant proportion of Canadian and US populations. Family caregivers suffer physical and psychological health problems because of being in the caregiver role. Interventions to support caregiver health, including physical activity (PA), are slow to be investigated and translated into practice.Purpose:To examine the evidence for PA interventions in caregivers and determine factors hampering the uptake of this evidence into practice.Methods:A systematic review and evaluation of internal and external validity using the RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework was conducted. Randomized controlled trials or pretest/posttest studies of PA interventions were included.Results:Fourteen studies were published between 1997 and 2015. Methodological quality of studies and risk of bias was variable. External validity criteria were often not reported. Mean reporting levels were 1) reach, 53%; 2) efficacy/effectiveness, 73%; 3) adoption, 18%; 4) implementation, 48%; and 5) maintenance, 2%.Conclusions:The lack of reporting of components of internal and external validity hinders the integration of caregiver PA interventions into clinical or community settings. Researchers should focus on standardized outcomes, accepted reporting criteria, and balancing factors of internal and external validity, to advance the state of the science.
Influence of School Schedules on Physical Activity Patterns in Primary School Children: A Case Study in Italy
Authors: Pau Massimiliano , Corona Federica , Leban Bruno , Piredda Simona , Vacca Maria Marcella , Mura Gioia 
Published: March 2017

Background:Considering the relevant amount of time spent by children at school, it is essential to ensure that suitable levels of physical activity (PA) are guaranteed. This study aimed to assess possible changes induced in the amount and type of PA performed following the 2 schedules in Italian primary schools, namely regular and full time (30–40 h/week respectively).Methods:A sample of 169 children wore a triaxial accelerometer 24h/day for 7 consecutive days. Raw data were processed to calculate the number of steps, amount and intensity of the PA performed in morning, afternoon and evening time slots.Results:During weekday afternoon times (1:30 to 4:30 PM), children attending the full-time schedule spent significantly less time in sedentary behavior with respect to those who attend the regular time (54.7% vs. 60.0%, P < .001) and more time in moderate-to-vigorous activity (18.0% vs. 15.0%, P = .004). No differences between morning and evening times were found.Conclusions:The structure of the full time schedule, which includes a second recess, promotes higher and more intense levels of PA during the afternoon. Such information represent a useful input in planning differential PA activities for children attending the regular time to achieve similar PA levels for the whole school population.
Sedentary Behavior in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Vancampfort Davy , Mugisha James , De Hert Marc , Probst Michel , Stubbs Brendon 
Published: March 2017

Background:Sedentary behavior is independently associated with an increased risk of poor mental health, developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature mortality. Despite the knowledge that CVD is one of the leading causes of non-AIDS related premature mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH), relatively little attention has been attributed to sedentary behavior in this population. The aims of this meta-analysis were to (a) establish the pooled mean time spent sedentary, (b) investigate predictors of sedentary levels, and (c) explore differences with age- and gender-matched healthy controls.Methods:Two independent authors searched major databases until August 2016. A random effects meta-analysis was performed.Results:Across 6 unique cross-sectional studies, including 9 sedentary levels, there were 523 (292 men) PLWH (age range = 37 to 58 years). PLWH spent 533 min/day (95% CI = 466 to 599) engaging in sedentary behavior. There was a trend (P = .07) for higher levels of sedentary behavior in self-report measures (551 min, 95% CI = 543 to 560, N = 4) than in objective sedentary behavior time (505 min, 95% CI = 498 to 512, N = 3). The time PLWH spend engaging in sedentary behavior is among the highest levels reported in the literature.Conclusions:Given that sedentary behavior is an independent predictor of CVD, future lifestyle interventions specifically targeting the prevention of sedentary behavior in PLWH are warranted.