bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a prevalent and under‐recognized condition in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic
Authors: Sagar R. C. , Sood R. , Gracie D. J. , Gold M. J. , To N. , Law G. R. , Ford A. C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundCyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) characterized by intermittent episodes of nausea and vomiting. Our aim was to report its prevalence and associated features.MethodsData concerning demographics, symptoms, and psychiatric comorbidity were collected. Symptoms compatible with CVS were classified as per Rome III criteria. We recorded whether a diagnosis of CVS was considered in patients after negative investigation. We compared demographics and association with other FGIDs in patients with and without CVS.Key Results920 of 1002 patients provided data. Of the 920 patients, 112 (12.2%) had symptoms compatible with CVS. Thirteen (11.6%) of these had an organic cause for their symptoms, but 99 patients (88.4%) were deemed to have CVS (prevalence=10.8%). Organic causes for symptoms compatible with CVS included gastroparesis, large hiatus hernia, achalasia, and small bowel obstruction. Only 39.4% of patients with CVS were asked about vomiting symptoms at their initial consultation, and a diagnosis of CVS was considered in only four (4.0%) of the 99 patients. CVS was associated with younger age, tobacco smoking, never having married, psychiatric comorbidity, and presence of symptoms compatible with other FGIDs (P≤.01).Conclusions and InferencesPrevalence of CVS in this outpatient gastroenterology adult population was 10.8%. Identified associations included younger age, tobacco smoking, psychiatric comorbidity, and symptoms compatible with other FGIDs. The condition was considered as a possible diagnosis in <5% of patients who met the diagnostic criteria.
Expression of BrpA in Streptococcus mutans is regulated by FNR‐box mediated repression
Authors: Liao S. , De A. , Thompson T. , Chapman L. , Bitoun J.P. , Yao X. , Yu Q. , Ma F. , Wen Z.T. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryOur previous studies showed that brpA in Streptococcus mutans, which encodes a member of the LytR‐CpsA‐Psr family of proteins, can be co‐transcribed with brpB upstream as a bicistronic operon, and the intergenic region also has strong promoter activity. To elucidate how brpA expression is regulated, the promoter regions were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction‐based deletions and site‐directed mutagenesis and a promoterless luciferase gene as a reporter. Allelic exchange mutagenesis was also used to examine genes encoding putative trans‐acting factors, and the impact of such mutations on brpA expression was analyzed by reporter assays. Multiple elements in the short brpA promoter (nucleotide −1 to −344 relative to start cordon ATG) were shown to have a major impact on brpA expression, including an FNR‐box, for a putative binding site of an FNR‐type of transcriptional regulator. When compared with the intact brpA promoter, mutations of the highly conserved nucleotides in FNR‐box from TTGATgtttAcCtt to TTACAgaaaGtTac resulted in 1362‐fold increases of luciferase activity (P < .001), indicative of the FNR‐box‐mediated repression as a major mechanism in regulation of brpA expression. When luciferase reporter was fused to the upstream brpBA promoter (nucleotides −784 to −1144), luciferase activity was decreased by 4.5‐fold (P < .001) in the brpA mutant, TW14D, and by 67.7‐fold (P < .001) in the brpB mutant, JB409, compared with the wild‐type, UA159. However, no such effects were observed when the reporter gene was fused to the short brpA promoter and its derivatives. These results also suggest that brpA expression in S. mutans is auto‐regulated through the upstream brpBA promoter.
Solitary fibrous tumour of the tongue: a case report
Authors: Kaneko T. , Kawano R. , Horie N. , Shimoyama T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSolitary fibrous tumours (SFTs) are uncommon benign mesenchymal neoplasms that occur relatively rarely in the oral cavity. An SFT in the tongue of a 67‐year‐old woman is presented. A firm, asymptomatic, dome‐shaped mass was found on the left ventral surface of the tongue. Complete surgical resection of the mass was performed. Microscopically, the tumour was well‐circumscribed and composed of variably cellular and patternless distributions of bland spindle and ovoid cells within variably collagenous stroma, with interspersed large branching or “staghorn”‐shaped vessels. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells were positive for CD34 and STAT6, but negative for CD68, S‐100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen and α‐smooth muscle actin.
Differential expression of insulin‐like growth factor family members in immature cumulus–oocyte complexes from dairy cows with different genotypes
Authors: Lopes AC , Palhão MP , Fernandes CAC , Sudano MJ , Castilho ACS , Caixeta ES 
Published: July 2017

ContentsIt has been evident the improvement of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in dairy cows. Nevertheless, it is known that differences in the number and quality of oocytes between taurine and zebu females impact the efficiency and economic viability of IVEP. As the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system is related to follicular and oocyte development, we aimed to quantify mRNA abundance of IGF system members and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPPA) in the cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) of Gir, 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Gir and Holstein cows. Four pools of 30 immature COCs from Gir, 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Gir and Holstein cows were obtained by ovum pickup (OPU), and the oocytes and cumulus cells (CC) were mechanically separated and stored at −80°C. Total RNA was extracted from pools of 30 oocytes and their respective CC. Expression of target genes was assessed by real‐time RT‐PCR. In oocytes, the abundance of IGFR1 mRNA was higher (p < .05) in Gir cows compared with the other breeds. In contrast, in CC, mRNA encoding IGF2 (p < .05), IGFR2 (p < .05) and IGFBP4 (p < .01) was higher in Holstein donors compared with Gir and 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Gir cows. Additionally, the abundance of PAPPA mRNA was higher in oocytes (p < .001) and CC (p < .01) in Gir and 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Gir cows compared with the Holstein donors. In conclusion, the higher abundance of PAPPA mRNA in the oocytes and CC from Gir and cross‐breed donors combined with the low expression of IGFBP4 in the CC suggests an enhancement of the bioavailability of IGF‐free when compared with Holstein COCs.
Passing the buck? Analyzing the delegation of discretion after transposition of European Union law
Authors: Dörrenbächer Nora , Mastenbroek Ellen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article seeks to map and explain the extent to which national legislators constrain discretion contained in European Union directives during transposition. To this end, we use standard hypotheses from the domestic delegation literature regarding the necessity of policy conflict and transaction costs. Our empirical approach is based on a focused comparison of the transposition of several provisions of the Asylum Reception Conditions Directive in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. In order to capture content‐specific aspects of discretion we employ an innovative measurement tool, the so‐called Institutional Grammar Tool. The study shows that while all three states formally comply with the directive, the level of European Union discretion delegated to practical implementers varies considerably across the cases. Standard delegation theory cannot fully explain the patterns. Instead, existing delegation theories have to be adjusted to the transposition context, by accounting for domestic preferences regarding the status quo.
A worldwide consensus on nudging? Not quite, but almost
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. , Reisch Lucia A. , Rauber Julius 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNudges are choice‐preserving interventions that steer people's behavior in specific directions while still allowing them to go their own way. Some nudges have been controversial, because they are seen as objectionably paternalistic. This study reports on nationally representative surveys in eight diverse countries, investigating what people actually think about nudges and nudging. The study covers Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, Russia, South Africa, and South Korea. Generally, we find strong majority support for nudges in all countries, with the important exception of Japan, and with spectacularly high approval rates in China and South Korea. We connect the findings here to earlier studies involving Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Our primary conclusion is that while citizens generally approve of health and safety nudges, the nations of the world appear to fall into three distinct categories: (i) a group of nations, mostly liberal democracies, where strong majorities approve of nudges whenever they (a) are seen to fit with the interests and values of most citizens and (b) do not have illicit purposes; (ii) a group of nations where overwhelming majorities approve of nearly all nudges; and (iii) a group of nations that usually show majority approval, but markedly reduced approval rates. We offer some speculations about the relationship between approval rates and trust.
“Not Allowed to Inherit My Kingdom”: Amenity Development and Social Inequality in the Rural West
Authors: Sherman Jennifer 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article, based on 84 in‐depth interviews and 10 months of ethnography, focuses on the rural Washington community of “Paradise Valley,” whose economic bases in mining, ranching, and logging declined by the end of the twentieth century. Recently, economic development has focused on amenity‐based tourism and second‐home ownership, as well as attracting wealthy in‐migrants. Job growth has been concentrated in construction and service sectors, particularly low‐paid, part‐time, and seasonal jobs in hospitality, retail, and food services. The community has changed from a relatively homogenous population of working‐class residents to a more diverse and divided community. The article explores outcomes of these changes, including gentrification and housing shortages, unemployment and underemployment, and a social divide in which the community's longtime and working‐class residents are marginalized. I explore these social consequences of amenity‐based development, illustrating the ways in which the social divide is reproduced and the gradual disenfranchisement of those with roots in earlier social and economic systems in the valley, focusing on the changing meanings and uses of different types of symbolic capital.
“Now that we can ask and tell: The social movement legacy of the DADT repeal”
Authors: Connell Catherine 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe 2010 Don't Ask Don't Tell Repeal Act, along with the 2016 DOD announcement regarding the impending inclusion of transgender soldiers, created the possibility of open and unsanctioned military service for LGBTQs for the first time in US history. This article provides an overview of how these policy changes came about, from the emergence of DADT to the legal and activist challenges to its legitimacy, including its ultimate repeal and the subsequent move to extend open service to transgender people. After summarizing what we know so far about how the repeal has (and has not) changed the experience of service for LGBTQs, I consider how these policy changes have been received and interpreted by LGBTQ activists and scholars. Open military service is either viewed as one of the most exciting or the most damning developments of LGBTQ organizing in the 21st century, according to the two most prominent activist perspectives. This review outlines the key arguments of each perspective and concludes by considering the value of reconciling these disparate vantage points when analyzing the future of LGBTQ social movement strategy.
Syncretisms with the Nominal Complementizer
Authors: Baunaz Lena , Lander Eric 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNominal complementizers (e.g. Eng.that, Fr.que) often have the same morphophonological form as other grammatical items, such as demonstrative, relative, and wh‐pronouns. In this paper we treat such overlaps as instantiations of syncretism, and we discuss the different patterns of syncretism with the nominal complementizer in various languages. We treat the syncretism facts within a nanosyntactic framework (Starke, Caha), meaning that complementizers are not simplex heads ofCP(or ForceP/FinP in Rizzi'ssense) but actually composed of multiple features, each feature corresponding to a head in a single functional sequence which is responsible for building demonstratives, complementizers, relativizers, and wh‐pronouns (for alternative decompositions of complementizers in Romance, Balkan, and Germanic, see also Baunaz,, to appear Sanfelice & Poletto; and Leu, respectively). Interestingly, moreover, many of the languages under discussion show a bound morpheme appearing as an integral part of the internal morphological makeup of quantifiers. This bound morpheme may also be syncretic with the complementizer (Romance ‐que/‐che, Serbo‐Croatian ‐što, Modern Greek ‐ti, Finnish ‐kin, and Hungarianho‐) or not (Germanic ‐thing/‐ting, for which see also Leu). We call this the ‘nominal core’ (n), and its behavior with regard to syncretism is crucial for determining the hierarchical ordering of the functional sequence.
West Nile Virus lineage‐2 inCulexspecimens from Iran
Authors: Shahhosseini Nariman , Chinikar Sadegh , Moosa‐Kazemi Seyed Hassan , Sedaghat Mohammad Mehdi , Kayedi Mohammad Hassan , Lühken Renke , Schmidt‐Chanasit Jonas 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveScreening of mosquitoes for viruses is an important forecasting tool for emerging and re‐emerging arboviruses. Iran has been known to harbour medically important arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) based on seroepidemiological data. However, there are no data about the potential mosquito vectors for arboviruses in Iran. This study was performed to provide mosquito and arbovirus data from Iran.Materials and MethodsA total of 32 317 mosquitos were collected at 16 sites in five provinces of Iran in 2015 and 2016.RT‐PCRfor detection of flaviviruses was performed. ThePCRamplicons were sequenced, and 109WNVsequences, including one obtained in this study, were used for phylogenetic analyses.ResultsThe 32 317 mosquito specimens belonging to 25 species were morphologically distinguished and distributed into 1222 pools.Culex pipienss.l. comprised 56.429%. One mosquito pool (0.08%), containing 46 unfedCx. pipiens pipiensformpipiens(Cpp) captured in August 2015,was positive for flavivirusRNA. Subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the detected IranianWNVstrain belongs to lineage 2 and clusters with a strain recently detected in humans. No flaviviruses other thanWNVwere detected in the mosquito pools.ConclusionCpp could be a vector forWNVin Iran. Our findings indicate recent circulation ofWNVlineage‐2 strain in Iran and provide a solid base for more targeted arbovirus surveillance programs.
The Political Biographies of Social Workers in a Neoliberal Era
Authors: Gwilym Hefin 
Published: July 2017

It is argued in this article that since the 1980s there has been a paradigm shift away from social work as a social justice and social transformative profession to a depoliticised, neutral and technocratic activity. This shift has occured during the era of neoliberalism which some commentators regard as an example of ‘hegemony’ at work in the social work profession. The article contextualises the political nature of social work and the ascendancy of neoliberalism and its ally managerialism in the profession. It explores these phenomena through an empirical study of the political biographies of fourteen social workers who have developed into political careers, such as parliamentarians. Fourteen biographical interviews were conducted and analysed using a constructivist grounded theory analysis process. The findings demonstrate how participants sustained their social work identity in the face of the neoliberal ascendancy within the social work profession and maintained a stable social reformist political identity throughout their life course to date. It also demonstrates how strongly attached the participants are to their social work identity during their political careers. The research has importance for the social work profession not least because this group can advocate on behalf of the profession at a critical time.
Internal carotid, external carotid and vertebral artery blood flow responses to 3 days of head‐out dry immersion
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Hirasawa Ai , de Abreu Steven , Denise Pierre , Normand Hervé 
Published: July 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The extent to which weightlessness associated with a fluid shift from the peripheral to the central circulation influences the blood flow in each cerebral artery remains unknown. The present study was designed to explore the effect of short‐term weightlessness conditions on both anterior and posterior cerebral blood flow.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Short‐term weightlessness affects both anterior and posterior cerebral vasculature. However, a heterogeneous cerebral blood flow response in each cerebral artery did not occur during 3 days of dry immersion.

We have recently demonstrated that a heterogeneous cerebral blood flow (CBF) response in each cerebral artery might contribute to the maintenance of circulatory homeostasis in the brain. However, the extent to which weightlessness associated with a fluid shift from the peripheral to the central circulation influences the distribution of CBF in each cerebral artery remains unknown. We hypothesized that a dry immersion‐induced fluid shift (weightlessness conditions) would cause a heterogeneous CBF response in each cerebral artery. During and after 3 days of dry immersion, the blood flows in the internal carotid (ICA), external carotid (ECA) and vertebral arteries (VA) were measured by Doppler ultrasonography using an 8 MHz linear transducer. Although the 3 days of dry immersion and the 2 days recovery period did not change the blood flow in each cerebral artery, the conductance in both ICA and VA decreased during dry immersion on days 2 and 3 (ICA, 2.95 and 3.23 ml min−1 mmHg−1; VA, 1.10 and 1.05 ml min−1 mmHg−1, respectively) from the baseline (ICA, 3.47 ml min−1 mmHg−1, P = 0.027; VA, 1.23 ml min−1 mmHg−1, P = 0.004). In addition, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the 3 days of dry immersion induced a decrease in cardiac output (P = 0.004) that was associated with changes in ICA (P = 0.046) and VA blood flow (P = 0.021), but not ECA blood flow (P = 0.466). These findings suggest that short exposures to weightlessness, acting via a cephalad redistribution of fluid volume and blood flow in the human body, influenced the cerebral vasculature in each cerebral artery but did not cause a heterogeneous CBF response in each cerebral artery.
Prevention of Ophthalmia Neonatorum Caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Using a Fatty Acid-Based Formulation
Authors: Churchward Colin P. , Alany Raid G. , Kirk Ruth S. , Walker Anthony J. , Snyder Lori A. S. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Ophthalmia neonatorum, also called neonatal conjunctivitis, acquired during delivery can occur in the first 28 days of life. Commonly caused by the bacterial pathogen
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
, infection can lead to corneal scarring, perforation of the eye, and blindness. One approach that can be taken to prevent the disease is the use of an ophthalmic prophylaxis, which kills the bacteria on the surface of the eye shortly after birth. Current prophylaxes are based on antibiotic ointments. However,
N. gonorrhoeae
is resistant to many antibiotics and alternative treatments must be developed before the condition becomes untreatable. This study focused on developing a fatty acid-based prophylaxis. For this, 37 fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives were screened
in vitro
for fast antigonococcal activity. Seven candidates were identified as bactericidal at 1 mM. These seven were subjected to irritation testing using three separate methods: the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) test; the hen’s egg test—chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM); and the red blood cell (RBC) lysis assay. The candidates were also tested in artificial tear fluid to determine whether they were effective in this environment. Four of the candidates remained effective. Among these, two lead candidates, monocaprin and myristoleic acid, displayed the best potential as active compounds in the development of a fatty acid-based prophylaxis for prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum.
Structural and
In Vivo
Studies on Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase from Pathogenic Fungi Provide Insights into Its Catalytic Mechanism, Biological Necessity, and Potential for Novel Antifungal Drug Design
Authors: Miao Yi , Tenor Jennifer L. , Toffaletti Dena L. , Maskarinec Stacey A. , Liu Jiuyu , Lee Richard E. , Perfect John R. , Brennan Richard G. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

The disaccharide trehalose is critical to the survival of pathogenic fungi in their human host. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) catalyzes the first step of trehalose biosynthesis in fungi. Here, we report the first structures of eukaryotic Tps1s in complex with substrates or substrate analogues. The overall structures of Tps1 from
Candida albicans
and
Aspergillus fumigatus
are essentially identical and reveal N- and C-terminal Rossmann fold domains that form the glucose-6-phosphate and UDP-glucose substrate binding sites, respectively. These Tps1 structures with substrates or substrate analogues reveal key residues involved in recognition and catalysis. Disruption of these key residues severely impaired Tps1 enzymatic activity. Subsequent cellular analyses also highlight the enzymatic function of Tps1 in thermotolerance, yeast-hypha transition, and biofilm development. These results suggest that Tps1 enzymatic functionality is essential for the fungal stress response and virulence. Furthermore, structures of Tps1 in complex with the nonhydrolyzable inhibitor, validoxylamine A, visualize the transition state and support an internal return-like catalytic mechanism that is generalizable to other GT-B-fold retaining glycosyltransferases. Collectively, our results depict key Tps1-substrate interactions, unveil the enzymatic mechanism of these fungal proteins, and pave the way for high-throughput inhibitor screening buttressed and guided by the current structures and those of high-affinity ligand-Tps1 complexes.

IMPORTANCE
Invasive fungal diseases have emerged as major threats, resulting in more than 1.5 million deaths annually worldwide. This epidemic has been further complicated by increasing resistance to all major classes of antifungal drugs in the clinic. Trehalose biosynthesis is essential for the fungal stress response and virulence. Critically, this biosynthetic pathway is absent in mammals, and thus, the two enzymes that carry out trehalose biosynthesis, namely, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Tps2), are prominent targets for antifungal intervention. Here, we report the first eukaryotic Tps1 structures from the pathogenic fungi
Candida albicans
and
Aspergillus fumigatus
in complex with substrates, substrate analogues, and inhibitors. These structures reveal key protein-substrate interactions, providing atomic-level scaffolds for structure-guided drug design of novel antifungals that target Tps1.