bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protestantism in Prisons
Authors: Kerley Kent R. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Religion has been a tool for correctional treatment in nations around the world since the inception of the penal system. In Great Britain and the United States, many of the first penitentiaries were developed by adherents of the Religious Society of Friends (i.e., Quakers). Key figures from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries advocated for prison reforms that included more humane treatment for inmates, as well as opportunities to study religious scriptures as part of the rehabilitation process. This entry is designed to introduce readers to the extensive research literature on Protestant religion in the prison environment.
Risk Assessment
Authors: Arnull Elaine 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRisk assessment is concerned with two areas of debate – risk and assessment. Risk is a potential outcome which would be perceived as negative, and risk assessment a measurement of the likelihood of that potential outcome. Within social sciences, risk is conceptual, theoretical, and contested, whilst assessment is applied, directly linked to practice, and also hotly debated. Theorizing about risk is interdisciplinary and linked to concepts of post‐modernism and a decline in absolutist explanations. The concept and practice of risk assessment are linked to technological advances that mean large amounts of data can be stored, processed, and analyzed, an interest in particular forms of actuarial evidence, and critiques of managerialism. Risk assessments within criminal justice go to the heart of key moral and theoretical criminological debates about whether the systems should be concerned with welfare or justice and where attribution for behavior, structural factors and effects, and, therefore, responsibility might lie.
Pre‐Sentence Investigation Report
Authors: Morgan Kathryn D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The pre‐sentence investigation (PSI) report is a document prepared by probation officers and used by judges for sentencing purposes in felony criminal cases. It uncovers circumstances that might increase or decrease the harshness of the sentence. Prepared by the probation department for the courts within 30–60 days following conviction, the major goal of the PSI report is to provide objective, factually accurate information to the court for sentencing and other matters related to the disposition of the case. Whether conviction is obtained through plea‐bargaining or trial, the pre‐sentence investigation is often conducted on instructions from the court. It provides a detailed view of the defendant, including his or her background and history. The PSI has several important functions. First, it helps the judge to make an informed decision regarding the sentence. Second, it assists probation officers with monitoring the offender's behavior if he or she is placed on probation. Third, it assists prison officials in prison programming and the parole board with parole release and in supervision decisions.
S
ykes:

T
he
S
ociety of
C
aptives
Authors: Shammas Victor L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Gresham M. Sykes's
The Society of Captives
(1958) had a formative influence on the microsociology of prison life. In this classic of structural functionalism, Sykes develops an internalist account of prison culture in a New Jersey maximum‐security prison. Inmates cluster together to counter the deleterious effects of the
pains of imprisonment
. Prison guards and administrators are only imperfectly able to control the prisoner population because of the
defects of total power
, and checks on custodial authority are the result of inmate resistance and the scrutiny of external society. Inmates fall into
argot roles
, prison‐specific patterns of behavior that run counter to conventional norms. The book has been interpreted by many as supportive of the
deprivation model
of prison culture. Despite the shortcomings of its structural functionalism, the work remains influential on contemporary prison studies.
Women's Prison Association
Authors: Michalsen Venezia 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Women's Prison Association (WPA) was founded in 1845 with the goal of improving the conditions of incarceration for women. Hopper Home, the WPA's main building, served as a halfway house, a federal work release facility, an alternative to incarceration program, and finally as a homeless shelter. WPA's services have expanded over the years to address the needs of women under the purview of the criminal justice system living in prison, jail, and in the community. The organization works from the understanding that the needs of women with criminal justice involvement are multifaceted, and are distinct from those of their male counterparts.
Prison Construction
Authors: Costanza Stephen E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPrison construction is a relatively new endeavor in Western history beginning in the early nineteenth century when the first penitentiaries were commissioned, designed, and constructed in both Britain and the United States. Construction of a prison represents a challenging task because a prison is a facility that must deliver both constitutionally guaranteed rehabilitation opportunities as well as state sanctioned punishment to the same general population. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) monitors constructions of federal prisons in the United States, while individual states have their own systems for monitoring the construction of state or local penitentiaries. The goals of punishment and rehabilitation are often at odds with one another. As a result, new prison construction is often a source of many controversies, becoming a key issue in public policy during periods when public resources are in short supply.
S
arah
P
owell
H
untington
H
ouse
Authors: Michalsen Venezia 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Sarah Powell Huntington House is a shelter run by the Women's Prison Association in New York City. The shelter uniquely met the needs of mothers reentering the community after incarceration by providing shelter for homeless individuals until they were ready to reunite with their children, at which point it provided shelter appropriate for families. The shelter became exclusively for formerly incarcerated mothers living with their children starting in 2014.
P
rison
R
ape
E
limination
A
ct (2003)
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Navarro John C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) was a federal mandate in the United States designed to prevent sexual violence in correctional institutions. Following a unanimous decision by Congress, along with the signature of President George H. W. Bush, this multi‐purposed act made prison rape a nationally recognized issue. PREA established new rules for multiple criminal justice agencies, mandated data collection of sexual assaults in correctional institutions, outlined management of its success, and created federal grant programs oriented towards prisoners and communities. Although PREA appears to date to have accomplished many of its intended purposes, there is limited scholarly research on its effectiveness.
Prohibition
Authors: Grayer Julien 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
While alcohol has had a long history in the United States as a social lubricant, and an important funding source for tax, various controls have been implemented to curb the sale of alcohol. Several distinct waves of the temperance movement in the eighteenth century focused on alcohol as a public health issue. Their efforts culminated in the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, which restricted sale and manufacturing of alcohol and enforcement of such restrictions. Prohibition had been opposed early on, citing infringement on private right to drink. Temperance policies also played a part in the ballooning of prison populations throughout the decade. Prohibition was repealed in 1933 but lived on through various regulatory pieces and arguably also carried implications for drug policy.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Authors: Woodward Vanessa 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Stanford Prison Experiment is considered one of the most infamous social experiments in history for its influence on both social psychology and research ethics. Philip Zimbardo, together with his graduate students, designed a mock prison where participants acted as both prisoners and guards. The goal of the study was to observe the effects of a person's environment on behavior and conformity. The study, which was to last two weeks, was terminated after only six days because of the high risks of psychological and physical harm of the participants.
Shaming, Disintegrative and Reintegrative
Authors: Edelman Meredith 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Shame is a powerful societal tool. Whether shaming is disintegrative or reintegrative, according to the theory of reintegrative shaming, can predict how a person receiving it will react. When it is communicated that an act committed was wrong and one of which respected persons disapprove, yet the offender is a worthwhile human being, this shaming is called reintegrative, and tends to result in less offending and a perception by both offender and victim that the process is fair. When shaming is humiliating and disrespectful of the offender, this is called disintegrative shaming, and tends to be more likely to result in unresolved feelings of shame, which often lead to further breaches of social norms.
Suicide in Prison
Authors: Webb Megan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death among inmates housed in state prisons across the United States. Research has shown that the inmates most prone to suicide typically are white, male, between the ages of 25 and 34, have been convicted of a property crime, and are serving prison sentences of less than 10 years. Inmates who commit suicide typically suffer from depression or other psychosocial disorders, and have had prior suicidal thoughts or attempts. Prisoner suicide is typically preceded by life events such as new criminal charges, marital or relationship issues, or a conflict with other inmates. The suicide act most commonly involves hanging or overdosing on medications or other drugs. Research regarding the prevention of suicide in prison has advocated for coordination between mental health counselors and correctional staff, use of suicide risk assessment measures, avoiding segregated housing of suicidal inmates, designing cells that make hanging more difficult, and improving communication with correctional staff about suicidal inmates.
Sykes, Gresham
Authors: Klenowski Paul M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Gresham M'Cready Sykes (1922–2010) was a highly regarded academician who helped to legitimatize the disciplines of sociology and criminology, especially as they pertain to crime, delinquency, and punishment. Over the course of his career, he contributed many academic works that would ultimately shape the world's understanding of crime and punishment, especially the inner workings of the prison environment. Most notably, he published two pieces that catapulted him into the ranks as one of the twentieth century's most influential criminologists. These works include a book about that correctional culture within inside prison, entitled
The Society of Captives: A Study of Maximum Security Prisons
, and a coauthored work about juvenile delinquency, entitled
Techniques of Neutralization.
Prison Argot
Authors: Tepperman Alex 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe study of prison argot can be traced back nearly a century. Early studies, in which academics looked to inmatepatoisfor a window into the culture of the penitentiary, tended only to list prison words and terms in catch‐all compendia, providing little in the way of geographical, temporal, or cultural context. As social scientists engaged more in ethnographic questions and methods, however, the field came to view prison argot as encompassing not only prison language, but also broadly conceived models of behavior and individual expressions of self, based on the cultural ideals conveyed by that language. The present state of academic study into prison argot is less vibrant than in generations past, there being substantially less interest in trying to capture a universal convict mentality. The study of argot roles, however, maintains strong significance in some areas, as scholars continue to develop new perspectives on institutional coping. This entry covers both the meanings and forms of prison argot, as well as the broad changes in the study of argot over the twentieth century. It will provide particular attention to the slow intellectual movement from positivistic, social ecological understandings of argot roles to the highly individualized, symbolic interactionist understandings of present‐day convict life.
Pretrial Detention
Authors: Amber Parker Robin , Viglione Jill 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Pretrial detention involves the incarceration of an accused individual after arrest has been made, but prior to trial and determination of guilt. Currently in the United States, there are approximately 480,000 individuals in pretrial detention. The court may detain a defendant prior to trial when they are unable to post bail, do not qualify for release on recognizance, or when they impose a potential risk to society. With increasing attention on large jail populations and the associated costs and with research reporting potentially negative impacts of detainment before trial, there is a need to revisit policies surrounding the use of pretrial detention. Current research suggests a number of strategies to improve pretrial decision‐making, including the use of pretrial risk assessments and the reduction of pretrial detention of defendants who are low risk.
SanQuentinStatePrison
Authors: Runell Lindsey Livingston 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe punitive nature of the criminal justice system in the United States has impacted California prisons in ways that warrant special attention. Historically, California has had one of the largest inmate populations, fueled in part by the exorbitant number of individuals incarcerated at San Quentin State Prison, which maintains the largest death row for male inmates in the country. This entry provides an overview of San Quentin Prison and explores in detail the conditions of incarceration shaped by prison overcrowding, particularly the imprisonment pains experienced by inmates awaiting execution. A crucial part of this discussion includes the ways in which these carceral circumstances have influenced public policies on the death penalty, prison‐based educational programs and prison realignment. It also contributes to literature that frames San Quentin State Prison as a model for inmate rehabilitation and reform.
Terrorism in Prison
Authors: Johnson Ronn , Jacobs Eric , Edgar Max M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
For many decades, the majority of the world has had to deal with acts of terrorism. Whether a terrorist act is perpetrated on domestic or foreign soil, incarceration of suspected and convicted terrorists is an important issue. At times, the incarceration is temporary while awaiting trial, and at other times, incarceration is the sentence. Special considerations must be attended to with this population, such as where to incarcerate them, the risk of radicalization of other inmates, and rehabilitation. This entry explores these and other aspects of incarcerating terrorists.
Z
ambia, Corrections in
Authors: Lancaster‐Ellis Karen 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The historical, social, and political antecedents of Zambia set the stage for the criminal justice system inefficiencies Zambia has continued to experience, particularly with corrections. Those inefficiencies have given rise to abuse, torture, court delays, lack of physical and human resources, overcrowded prisons, increasing crime and criminal offenders, corrupt officials, and high incidences of HIV and tuberculosis. These are only some of the critical issues faced, amid efforts to rehabilitate inmates, reform the criminal justice system, improve prison conditions, and reintegrate offenders into their communities. Despite the intervention of social movements and other NGOs, amended legislation, revised policies, and the ratification of some conventions to observe human rights and dignities, Zambia has not been able to harmonize national laws with the provisions outlined in international instruments and consequently has seen slow progress. This entry highlights these issues against a historical background, which will provide an understanding of the circumstances that give rise to the current situation.
Q
atar, Corrections in
Authors: Amin Dhara 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The State of Qatar has several prisons and detention centers. Qatar is a Muslim country, which abides by Shari'a law, and has many immigrant prisoners. Although the population of incarcerated individuals is not very high, many rehabilitative and job training programs are provided. There is not a lot of specific information about the correctional system in Qatar that is disclosed.
Secret Detention Practices
Authors: Martin Simone 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTorture is a habitual practice that occurs within secret detention facilities. This practice, which has existed for centuries, has been used as a form of interrogation and punishment. In the United States, for example, the establishment of secret detention centers in other nations allows federal agents to interrogate terrorist suspects outside the scope of federal domestic courts. Such suspects are no longer entitled to inalienable rights afforded to US citizens. This entry provides an in‐depth analysis of the history of torture, international laws, and human rights treaties related to torture and other secret detention practices. There is a specific focus on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), the United States' official position on torture and the CAT, the review of Executive Orders established by presidential administrations related to secret detention practices, and evidence‐based research on these practices.
Sex Offender Programs
Authors: Runell Lindsey Livingston 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The success of current programs designed to manage convicted sex offenders in the United States is largely influenced by laws and policies that shape opportunities for treatment both during and after incarceration. While the primary objective of psychological and behavioral services administered to sex offenders is to help facilitate progress toward rehabilitation, there is some risk that attainment of this goal might be hindered by the stigmatizing effects of incarceration. This entry highlights some of the underlying factors that contribute to this dilemma and also offers recommended ways to improve the effectiveness of sex offender programs. The significance of this inquiry is evident by the fact that collateral consequences of incarceration are exacerbated for individuals who have a criminal record due to past involvement in a sex crime as they are subject to public notification laws which result in housing and employment restrictions.
Schottky Diode Based on a Single Carbon–Nanotube–ZnO Hybrid Tetrapod for Selective Sensing Applications
Authors: Postica Vasile , Schütt Fabian , Adelung Rainer , Lupan Oleg 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this work, a general strategy to change the selectivity of individual ZnO tetrapod (ZnO‐T)‐Schottky diode‐based devices by hybridization with carbon nanotubes (CNT) is presented. A microscale Schottky diode based on Pt‐nanocontacts to a single ZnO‐T covered/hybridized with CNT, designated as ZnO‐T−CNT, is fabricated and the temperature‐dependent UV and gas sensing properties are investigated. The gas sensing investigations indicate that due to the presence of CNTs on the surface of the ZnO‐T a higher NH3 response (factor of ≈90) at room temperature is observed, compared to H2 gas response (≈14). This effect is attributed to the excellent charge transfer between the CNTs and ZnO‐T as well as NH3 molecule adsorption on the surface of the CNTs, which can efficiently reduce the Schottky barrier height. By increasing the operating temperature up to 150 °C (starting from 50 °C) the NH3 response is considerably reduced, leading to an excellent H2 gas selectivity. In the case of H2 gas, an increase in temperature up to 150 °C shows a considerably increase in gas response of about 140 (≈10 times). Thus, this device offers the possibility to be used for selective detection of NH3 and H2 by only changing the operating temperature. Furthermore, by using the developed strategy/approach other materials can be used for the fabrication of gas sensors with selectivity to other gases.
Synthesis of a Class of Fused δ‐Sultone Heterocycles via DBU‐Catalyzed Direct Annulative SuFEx Click of Ethenesulfonyl Fluorides and Pyrazolones or 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Chen Xing , Zha Gao‐Feng , Bare Grant A. L. , Leng Jing , Wang Shi‐Meng , Qin Hua‐Li 
Published: July 2017

Abstract(E)‐2‐(hetero)arylethenesulfonyl fluorides and (E,E)‐1,3‐dienylsulfonyl fluorides are bis‐electrophiles and rare members of the sulfonyl fluoride family with limited information being known of their reactivity and synthetic utility. The direct annulation reaction of these 2‐substituted ethenesulfonyl fluorides with medicinally important enolizable pyrazolones and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds utilizing catalytic DBU in DCM under mild conditions leads to over 50 structurally diverse δ‐sultone fused heterocycles with a pyrazolone ring or a cyclic enone, respectively, in good to excellent yield. The double bond at the 1‐position adjacent to the sulfonyl fluoride group in 1,3‐dienylsulfonyl fluoride is the chemoselective site of reactivity but is less reactive than the double bond of arylethenesulfonyl fluoride. High turnover and robustness of construction for these fused heterocycles, including the novel fused pyrazolone δ‐sultone heterocycle series, may make compounds like these attractive to drug discovery, development and material science.magnified image
The Effect of the Multi‐Environment for Quantum Correlation: Geometry Discord vs Quantum Discord
Authors: Ding Chang‐Chun , Zhu Qin‐Sheng , Wu Shao‐Yi , Lai Wei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA two qubits system interacting with two independent spin‐environments connecting with the third environment is constructed in order to demonstrate the effect of the multi‐environment for quantum correlation. In this process, the freezing phenomenon appears for SCI and X states under Quantum Discord and Geometric Discord measures, respectively, but not for the same initial state measured by different measures. Meanwhile, the properties of the freezing platform, characterized by the collapse, revival and persistent time, are researched by the different parameters. The result of this paper may pave a way to control quantum correlation and design nanospintronic devices.