bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jealousy in Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Bevan Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractJealousy is an interactive experience involving attempts to protect a valued interpersonal relationship from the real or perceived threat of a rival. The three interrelated components of the jealousy experience are cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. The expression of jealousy falls under the behavioral jealousy component and includes 11 communicative responses to jealousy. Jealousy expression has been studied in romantic and family relationships, same‐ and cross‐sex friendships, and in face‐to‐face and mediated settings. Psychology and interpersonal communication theories have been applied to understanding how jealousy is expressed, and interpersonal communication researchers are developing and testing jealousy expression‐specific models and theories.
Speechlessness
Authors: Berger Charles R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Speechlessness occurs when individuals find themselves at a loss for words. Speechlessness can arise at different levels of the language and speech production process and can be associated with both negative (social anxiety) and positive (happiness) emotional states. Speechlessness has been found to occur frequently in situations involving interactions with familiar people in informal situations. Unexpected actions and discourse produced by familiar others appears to be a primary cause of speechlessness, although several other causes have been identified, including extreme emotional states, lack of knowledge, running out of things to say, being awestruck, and remaining silent in order to mollify conversational partners’ negative emotional states. Although speechlessness is most frequently nonvolitional, it can be consciously deployed for strategic purposes.
Relational Communication Theory
Authors: Courtright John A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry briefly describes the Pragmatic Perspective on human communication and indicates how it guides the study of relational communication. Tenets of that perspective are presented, and implications that come about by combining those tenets are derived. Following this foundation, the concept of relational control is outlined, and the methods used to obtain the relational codes are described. The entry concludes by presenting some of the primary findings and conclusions drawn from past research on relational communication.
Communication and the Grandparent–Grandchild Relationship
Authors: Soliz Jordan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

The grandparent–grandchild (
GP–GC
) relationship is instrumental for grandchildren as it is central to perceptions of family connectedness, socialization of values and identity, and general well‐being. In fact, this relationship is often characterized as second only to parents in terms of importance and influence in the lives of grandchildren. Likewise, the role of grandparent is often a fulfilling role for older adults with clear connections to self‐concept and generativity. Despite being an important relationship for both younger and older family members, the
GP–GC
relationship has been vastly understudied compared to many other family relationships. Research on communication in
GP–GC
relationships has accelerated since the 1990s, along with the corpus of grandparent–grandchild research and can be synthesized into four general research trajectories.
Apologies and Apologizing
Authors: Chiles Benjamin W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry provides a summary of the research on interpersonal apologies and how individuals respond to them. Apologies are multifaceted communication behaviors that occur following relational transgressions. Offenders may use apologies to alleviate their own guilt, fulfill social obligations, repair relationships, and/or express genuine contrition for wrongdoing. Offended parties may choose to accept or reject apologies, although there are social expectations for acceptance. Accepted apologies offer a chance for re‐normalization, while rejected apologies may signal the end of a relationship. The culture, language, gender, and age of the participants in an apology–response interaction can have significant influence on the expectations and behaviors that take place.
Equivocation
Authors: Bello Richard S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis entry reviews some of the most significant and relevant research dealing with interpersonal equivocation, which involves the intentional use of reduced clarity. Its most prominent cause is situational avoidance–avoidance conflict, which makes it one of a number of strategies that interpersonal communicators can use to deceive others. Equivocation is sometimes related to other factors, and in these cases is considered nondeceptive. Also discussed are some of the message features correlated with interpersonal equivocation, as well as some of the ways in which equivocation is interpreted by receivers.
Relational Communication about Substance Use
Authors: Middleton Ashley V. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relational communication about substance use occurs when one or more partners communicate about the use of alcohol, cigarettes, or addictive/illicit substances. Although the research on communication about substance use is vast and spans various disciplines, evidence suggests that the nature of substance use, the surrounding relational context, and the purpose of communication collectively shape our understanding of communication about substance use. Individual factors, such as age and gender, also play an important role in relational communication about substance use.
Measuring Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Caughlin John P. , Basinger Erin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMeasurement is a core activity and challenge in all social sciences, and the complex nature of interpersonal communication makes this fundamental activity particularly challenging. This entry provides a discussion of basic concepts in measurement and an introduction to the myriad considerations to be made in measuring constructs in interpersonal communication. It includes a review of the advantages and disadvantages of the most common techniques for measuring interpersonal communication, including observational assessments, self‐reports, diaries and logs, and physiological assessments. In addition to the perennial challenges of measurement in interpersonal communication scholarship, this entry notes some of the promises and difficulties implicit in the rise of new communication technologies in interpersonal interaction.
Communication, Spirituality, and Health
Authors: Egbert Nichole 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The number of studies linking spirituality and health has grown exponentially in recent years, and communication research in this area is beginning to gain momentum as well. Spirituality and religion, although difficult to conceptualize, have been related to both positive and negative health outcomes. Perhaps more important are the ways in which interpersonal communication processes can affect health through religion and spirituality. Communication with healthcare providers, as well as with religious professionals, often touches on spiritual issues during periods of health crisis. Communication delivered through social support networks can help or impair an individual's health status. Many studies focusing on African American populations have acknowledged the importance of religious and spiritual beliefs in health behaviors, but more research is needed.
Difficult Conversations
Authors: Donovan Erin E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Conversations may be difficult to initiate or continue because of the nature of certain topics and particular speech acts, the expectations of individual speakers, or the nature of the relationship between the people having the discussion. It can be difficult for people to disclose personal information when they fear rejection. Breaking bad news is a challenging task, especially in healthcare settings. Some conversations entail dilemmas such that it is problematic to say something but also not to speak up. Dealing with ambiguous information adds to the difficulty of conversations. The more goals that speakers need to manage during a conversation, the more difficult it is likely to be.
Communication and Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Wong Elaine M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Following negative or unexpected outcomes, people frequently generate counterfactual thoughts, or thoughts of how things could have been different. This process is often automatic and viewed as a ubiquitous feature of human cognition. Therefore, it is not surprising that scholars from communication, management, political science, and psychology have sought to understand the antecedents, mechanisms, and consequences of counterfactual thinking. This entry reviews psychological approaches to counterfactual thinking and its subsequent consequences for emotion, behavior, and judgment and decision‐making.
Communication Failure/Miscommunication
Authors: Berger Charles R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Communication failure, communication breakdown, miscommunication, and related terms have attracted considerable attention within a number of disciplines and across a broad spectrum of applied contexts. Although there is no consensus on conceptual distinctions among these constructs, there are vibrant programs of applied research in such areas as aviation and medical safety, as well as others, that seek to understand the role that communication failures play in prompting a variety of errors that, in turn, result in accidents and other negative consequences. This entry explicates a variety of communication failures and how they may be repaired. In addition, it provides examples from the aviation and medical safety domains that illustrate the way in which communication failures are implicated in errors that produce catastrophic consequences.
Pastor–Parishioner Communication
Authors: Anderson Isolde K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The proliferation of religious organizations in the United States and the high levels of participation in them present a rich context for studying interpersonal communication, particularly between clergy and congregational members. Research and theories from organizational and interpersonal communication have been used to analyze religious organizations since the 1970s. However, the literature is dispersed across the fields of sociology, religion, pastoral and social psychology, healthcare, and communication, and ranges in scope from the intrapersonal (clergy traits and skills) to the organizational (church conflict, organizational fit). This entry surveys three dyadic processes that affect relationship quality and outcomes between clergy and congregational members: pastoral role expectations, social interactions, and organizational conflict.
Communication and Bereavement
Authors: Toller Paige W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry examines the role that communication plays in the grieving process following the death of a loved one. Regardless of the type of death, most bereaved individuals use communication as a way to make sense of their loss, reach out to others for support, and cope with the myriad of emotions that are inherent to the grieving process. Through talk and other forms of communication, mourners try to impose order and coherence at a time when life is chaotic and unpredictable. This entry examines the scholarly history of grief and bereavement, overviews the existing research regarding communication and grief, and ends with a discussion on future areas of research regarding communication and grief.
Online Gaming
Authors: Peña Jorge 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Numerous interpersonal processes occur in online game as players form relationships with strangers, create online groups or “guilds,” and participate in a larger virtual conflict with factions. In addition, people maintain relationships with friends and family by playing the same online game. Increased online playtime can lead to both positive (e.g., relationship formation, more socioemotional messages) and negative interpersonal outcomes (e.g., social displacement effects). Player guilds have a casual or militaristic tone, and their social life is affected by player goals, group size, formal practices, member turnover rates, and leadership dynamics. The effects of belonging to large game factions are discussed in the entry but there are few studies on the subject. Relational maintenance behaviors through online games were more effective when there was less frequent face‐to‐face contact and when people had more positive attitudes to using online games for relational purposes. The entry makes several suggestions to enhance the precision of the study of interpersonal processes in online games.
Interpersonal Communication and Political Campaigns
Authors: Gilkerson Nathan D. , Southwell Brian G. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Interpersonal communication has always played an essential role within politics and political campaigns. Conversations occurring between individuals, whether in person or through technology, often serve to moderate or mediate political messages from both campaigns and news sources, with opinion leaders playing a particularly important role in influencing the attitudes and behaviors of others within the social network. Much of the research on interpersonal communication dynamics within politics has been led by scholars from political science and mass communication, often through a media effects theoretical perspective. Recent research has begun to more fully explore the complexities of interpersonal communication, including personal motivations and social factors that drive individuals to engage in conversations about politics. Future research will need to examine how past theories of interpersonal communication apply to modern political campaign environments in which many conversations occur exclusively online via social networking platforms.
Communication Skills Training for Healthcare Providers
Authors: Bylund Carma L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Communication training in medicine and other healthcare professions was formerly practiced as an apprenticeship model. Healthcare providers rarely received formal training in communication but instead were expected to learn on the job. Since the 1990s, training healthcare providers to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and families has received increased attention. This focus on training has come as a consequence of the widespread acceptance that good provider–patient communication is important to quality of care and patient outcomes. This entry will first describe who receives training and when they receive it; what is taught in training; the methods of training; how individuals are assessed; and, finally, the effectiveness of training.
Communication in Foster Families
Authors: Patrick Dennis 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

While there are hundreds of thousands of children in foster care in the United States, communication scholars have typically neglected or ignored foster families in their theories and research. The purpose of this entry is to provide a scholarly agenda for the study of communication in foster families. It begins with an overview of the
US
foster care system. This is followed by an analysis of the lack of communication research in this area. The entry ends with an exploration of research topics, questions, and theories relevant to communication in foster families.
Civility in Political Discourse
Authors: Dailey William O. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNegative campaigning and political speech are nothing new to the American political landscape, but in recent times, things seem to be growing more strident. Even though there is some disagreement as to what actually counts as “uncivil speech” in political discourse, since the 1980s scholars have documented a noticeable increase in attack ads, metaphorical mudslinging, and speech meant to deride and vilify political opponents. These same scholars, however, do not necessarily see the trend as harmful to the political process. Many have argued that such speech damages productive legislative discourse and drives voters away from the political process. Others have not found these effects, and some might even argue that such speech increases voter's emotional involvement and knowledge of the issues.
Social Network Sites
Authors: Heide Brandon Van Der 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Social network sites have rapidly become a part of the way many people engage in interpersonal communication. This entry explores the ways social network sites have affected our interpersonal relationships in terms of impression formation, relational initiation, relational maintenance, relational dissolution, and social influence. This entry briefly reviews research findings in each of these areas, discusses what some of the most common research directions and questions have been for interpersonal communication researchers who study social network Web sites, and foreshadows where research will go in the future.
Friendships and the Internet
Authors: Antheunis Marjolijn L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Internet has effects on how people meet, communicate, and maintain friendships. Internet applications such as social network sites change the way, the frequency with which, and the people with whom individuals keep contact. The current entry describes the sort of friendships that can be distinguished since the arrival of the Internet, and how online social networks differ from offline social networks. Moreover, the entry considers whether the term “online friendships” is appropriate, or whether it should be “friendships online.” The entry then provides an overview of the theoretical perspectives on online communication and social interactions. Furthermore the effects of online communication on friendship and the features that are linked to these effects will be presented. The effects of the Internet on the quality of our friendships and social capital are also considered. The entry closes with some issues for future research.
Mentor‐Protégé Interaction
Authors: Kalbfleisch Pamela J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Mentor–protégé interaction is a distinctively interpersonal concept because mentoring relationships develop through interpersonal communication. Mentoring enactment theory predicts mentor–protégé interaction through relational initiation, development, maintenance, and repair. This interpersonal communication theory empowers the potential protégé to develop a mentoring relationship through interaction with the mentor. Mentor–protégé interaction includes relational communication which entails relationship maintenance and repair strategies, responses to conflict, apology, and forgiveness. Other mentor–protégé interaction includes messages with the conversational goals of persuasion, engagement, criticism, and provocation that are met with protégé responses such as compliance, commitment, and resistance. Self‐disclosure occurs in mentor–protégé interaction. Messages from mentors can be memorable to first‐generation college students. Mentor–protégé interaction occurs in both informal and formal mentoring programs. The language and social interaction of mentors and protégés can be that of empowerment, positive regard, and relational development as well as providing psychosocial and career support.
Silent Treatment
Authors: Wright Courtney N. , Roloff Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Silence is an inherent part of interactions often serving the functions of allowing time for focused thought, turn‐taking, and showing deference. However, silence can also be used as a strategy to hurt someone. A literature has developed that focuses on the silent treatment. This entry will examine the nature of the silent treatment, factors that prompt sources to use it and the consequences of receiving it.
Work–Life Balance within Close Relationships
Authors: Kirby Erika L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
To explore work–life balance within close relationships, work–life balance is linked to the reduction of work–life conflicts (time, energy, strain, and behavior‐based). Macrosocietal discourses, organizational contexts, and individual differences are offered as influences on individuals’ potential to relationally balance work and personal life. Close relationships are conceptualized as occurring at work and in personal life, and as providing emotional and instrumental social support. At work, supervisor and peer/coworker support, both formal and informal, decreases work–life conflict. Conversely, unsupportive supervisors and coworkers can discourage work–life policy use, increasing work–life conflict and decreasing work–life balance. In the family/life domain, family support and partner support decrease work–life conflicts; partner support also impacts marital quality, relationship satisfaction, and family satisfaction. Dependent relationships impact caregiver strain, and the resulting work–life balance of caregivers. Findings indicate the ways social support, an inherently relational phenomenon, impacts how well individuals are able to achieve work–life balance.
A mixed model for the relationship between climate and human cranial form
Authors: Katz David C. , Grote Mark N. , Weaver Timothy D. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesWe expand upon a multivariate mixed model from quantitative genetics in order to estimate the magnitude of climate effects in a global sample of recent human crania. In humans, genetic distances are correlated with distances based on cranial form, suggesting that population structure influences both genetic and quantitative trait variation. Studies controlling for this structure have demonstrated significant underlying associations of cranial distances with ecological distances derived from climate variables. However, to assess the biological importance of an ecological predictor, estimates of effect size and uncertainty in the original units of measurement are clearly preferable to significance claims based on units of distance. Unfortunately, the magnitudes of ecological effects are difficult to obtain with distance‐based methods, while models that produce estimates of effect size generally do not scale to high‐dimensional data like cranial shape and form.MethodsUsing recent innovations that extend quantitative genetics mixed models to highly multivariate observations, we estimate morphological effects associated with a climate predictor for a subset of the Howells craniometric dataset.ResultsSeveral measurements, particularly those associated with cranial vault breadth, show a substantial linear association with climate, and the multivariate model incorporating a climate predictor is preferred in model comparison.ConclusionsPrevious studies demonstrated the existence of a relationship between climate and cranial form. The mixed model quantifies this relationship concretely. Evolutionary questions that require population structure and phylogeny to be disentangled from potential drivers of selection may be particularly well addressed by mixed models. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:593–603, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.