bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomically shaped tissue-engineered cartilage with tunable and inducible anticytokine delivery for biological joint resurfacing
Authors: Moutos Franklin T. , Glass Katherine A. , Compton Sarah A. , Ross Alison K. , Gersbach Charles A. , Guilak Farshid , Estes Bradley T. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Whereas some success has been realized treating isolated, focal defects or lesions of articular cartilage, the complete resurfacing of synovial joints remains an important challenge for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Here, we develop an anatomically shaped, functional cartilage construct based on a 3D woven scaffold that can provide for total joint resurfacing, with capabilities for tunable and inducible production of anticytokine therapy to protect diseased or injured joints from pathologic inflammation. An important advance of this work is the incorporation of a technique for scaffold-mediated viral gene delivery for overexpression of antiinflammatory molecules within the joint. This approach provides a foundation for total biological cartilage resurfacing to treat end-stage osteoarthritis for young patients, who currently have few therapeutic options.
Boosting medical diagnostics by pooling independent judgments
Authors: Kurvers Ralf H. J. M. , Herzog Stefan M. , Hertwig Ralph , Krause Jens , Carney Patricia A. , Bogart Andy , Argenziano Giuseppe , Zalaudek Iris , Wolf Max 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Collective intelligence is considered to be one of the most promising approaches to improve decision making. However, up to now, little is known about the conditions underlying the emergence of collective intelligence in real-world contexts. Focusing on two key areas of medical diagnostics (breast and skin cancer detection), we here show that similarity in doctors’ accuracy is a key factor underlying the emergence of collective intelligence in these contexts. This result paves the way for innovative and more effective approaches to decision making in medical diagnostics and beyond, and to the scientific analyses of those approaches.
Visual guidance of forward flight in hummingbirds reveals control based on image features instead of pattern velocity
Authors: Dakin Roslyn , Fellows Tyee K. , Altshuler Douglas L. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Birds can steer a precise course at high speed, but little is known about how they avoid collisions with surrounding objects and the ground. We manipulated the visual environment of hummingbirds as they flew across a long chamber to evaluate how they use visual information for course control. We found that lateral course control is based on the vertical size of features, rather than the strategy observed in insects of regulating fore–aft image velocity. However, like insects, birds use image velocity in the vertical axis for altitude control. Our results suggest that in natural settings, birds may avoid collisions by monitoring the vertical size, expansion, and relative position of obstacles.
Physical cryptographic verification of nuclear warheads
Authors: Kemp R. Scott , Danagoulian Areg , Macdonald Ruaridh R. , Vavrek Jayson R. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
We provide a method for potentially solving one of the central problems in arms control: proving the authenticity of a nuclear warhead without revealing information about its construction. The proposal is the first, to our knowledge, to be proof-theoretically sound (i.e., unspoofable) and information-theoretically secure. The method uses a tomography technique which can resolve the spatial distribution of mass with isotopic specificity. The soundness and security emerge from an integral-geometric transform that is able to uniquely map 3D geometries from zero-dimensional point measurements.
Viral binding-induced signaling drives a unique and extended intracellular trafficking pattern during infection of primary monocytes
Authors: Kim Jung Heon , Collins-McMillen Donna , Caposio Patrizia , Yurochko Andrew D. 
Published: July 2016

SignificanceHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected monocytes play a critical role in the hematogenous dissemination of the virus, establishment of persistence, and progression of HCMV-mediated diseases. Here we identify a unique HCMV nuclear translocation pathway in monocytes. HCMV moves from early endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, then to recycling endosomes before its nuclear translocation. Signaling (via c-Src) induced by viral binding of the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex to integrins triggers this unique pathway. Because HCMV is degraded without this signal, we suggest that this distinct signal-induced nuclear translocation functions as a viral evasion pathway in infected monocytes.
Sensing and signaling of oxidative stress in chloroplasts by inactivation of the SAL1 phosphoadenosine phosphatase
Authors: Chan Kai Xun , Mabbitt Peter D. , Phua Su Yin , Mueller Jonathan W. , Nisar Nazia , Gigolashvili Tamara , Stroeher Elke , Grassl Julia , Arlt Wiebke , Estavillo Gonzalo M. , Jackson Colin J. , Pogson Barry J. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Management of oxidative stress in plant chloroplasts involves signaling pathways to the nucleus that trigger stress response mechanisms. Yet, how oxidative stress is initially sensed in the chloroplast to activate accumulation of a stress signal remains enigmatic. We show that inactivation of a phosphatase, SAL1, by oxidative stress in chloroplasts controls accumulation of its substrate, as a plant stress signal. This regulatory mechanism is highly conserved across the plant kingdom and confers a second function to this metabolic enzyme as an oxidative stress sensor.
Superpriming of synaptic vesicles as a common basis for intersynapse variability and modulation of synaptic strength
Authors: Taschenberger Holger , Woehler Andrew , Neher Erwin 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Short-term plasticity (STP) of synaptic connections underlies many basic signal processing capabilities of the brain, such as gain control, temporal filtering, and adaptation. Glutamatergic synapses, the predominant excitatory synapses in the brain, display large variability both in basal synaptic strength and in STP. We show that a small fraction of release-ready vesicles are released with much higher probability than other vesicles. The number of these “superprimed” vesicles is variable among synapses, but increases strongly after application of phorbol ester, an analogue of the second messenger diacylglycerol, and after inducing posttetanic potentiation. Thus, modulatory transmitter systems, acting through the phospholipase-C–diacylglycerol pathway, will be able to upregulate superprimed vesicles and thereby boost synaptic strength at the onset of burst-like activity.
Length‐ and Age‐Selective Fishing on Chinook Salmon of the Columbia River Basin, 2002–2012
Authors: Kendall Neala W. , Kostow Kathryn E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFisheries can influence the size and age of exploited stocks if they selectively remove fish. In this study, we quantified length and age selectivity of the commercial and recreational fisheries on upriver spawning stocks of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the lower Columbia River from 2002 to 2012. Length and age data were sampled from fish (hatchery and wild individuals together) that were caught by the fisheries and from fish that escaped and then entered a trap in a dam immediately upstream of the fisheries. We found that age‐ and length‐based standardized selection differentials (SSDs) were generally small compared with other fisheries and varied over time. Across all years, fish that were caught were, on average, 0.006 years older and 0.19 cm longer than fish in the total return. These results were consistent with the low harvest rates over the 11 years (recreational fishery harvest rate = 4.9%, commercial fishery harvest rate = 3.7%). However, in some years the SSDs during certain fishing periods or overall were larger than in other years and harvested fish were significantly older and longer than the average fish in the total return. For most years and periods, these larger SSDs appeared to be driven by higher harvest rates by recreational fishing gear (hook and line). The SSDs were influenced by how many Chinook Salmon were available to be caught when and where fisheries were occurring, the size and age distribution of those fish, and the selectivity of the gear. We conclude that the SSDs for contemporary lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon fisheries have generally been small in magnitude and variable over time, though in some years and periods the fisheries caught larger‐ and older‐than‐average fish. Thus, the 2002–2012 lower Columbia River fisheries likely had a low influence on the fitness or potential changes in length and age at maturation of upriver Chinook Salmon.Received December 16, 2015; accepted March 30, 2016 Published online July 19, 2016
Analysis of a minimal Rho-GTPase circuit regulating cell shape
Authors: Holmes William R , Edelstein-Keshet Leah 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Networks of Rho-family GTPases regulate eukaryotic cell polarization and motility by controlling assembly and contraction of the cytoskeleton. The mutually inhibitory Rac–Rho circuit is emerging as a central, regulatory hub that can affect the shape and motility phenotype of eukaryotic cells. Recent experimental manipulation of the amounts of Rac and Rho or their regulators (guanine nucleotide-exchange factors, GTPase-activating proteins, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors) have been shown to bias the prevalence of these different states and promote transitions between them. Here we show that part of this data can be understood in terms of inherent Rac–Rho mutually inhibitory dynamics. We analyze a spatio-temporal mathematical model of Rac–Rho dynamics to produce a detailed set of predictions of how parameters such as GTPase rates of activation and total amounts affect cell decisions (such as Rho-dominated contraction, Rac-dominated spreading, and spatially segregated Rac–Rho polarization). We find that in some parameter regimes, a cell can take on any of these three fates depending on its environment or stimuli. We also predict how experimental manipulations (corresponding to parameter variations) can affect cell shapes observed. Our methods are based on local perturbation analysis (a kind of nonlinear stability analysis), and an approximation of nonlinear feedback by sharp switches. We compare the Rac–Rho model to an even simpler single-GTPase (‘wave-pinning’) model and demonstrate that the overall behavior is inherent to GTPase properties, rather than stemming solely from network topology.
Seascapes as a new vernacular for pelagic ocean monitoring, management and conservation
Authors: Kavanaugh Maria T. , Oliver Matthew J. , Chavez Francisco P. , Letelier Ricardo M. , Muller-Karger Frank E. , Doney Scott C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFor terrestrial and marine benthic ecologists, landscape ecology provides a framework to address issues of complexity, patchiness, and scale—providing theory and context for ecosystem based management in a changing climate. Marine pelagic ecosystems are likewise changing in response to warming, changing chemistry, and resource exploitation. However, unlike spatial landscapes that migrate slowly with time, pelagic seascapes are embedded in a turbulent, advective ocean. Adaptations from landscape ecology to marine pelagic ecosystem management must consider the nature and scale of biophysical interactions associated with organisms ranging from microbes to whales, a hierarchical organization shaped by physical processes, and our limited capacity to observe and monitor these phenomena across global oceans. High frequency, multiscale, and synoptic characterization of the 4-D variability of seascapes are now available through improved classification methods, a maturing array of satellite remote sensing products, advances in autonomous sampling of multiple levels of biological complexity, and emergence of observational networks. Merging of oceanographic and ecological paradigms will be necessary to observe, manage, and conserve species embedded in a dynamic seascape mosaic, where the boundaries, extent, and location of features change with time.
Antibody-secreting cells in respiratory tract tissues in the absence of eosinophils as supportive partners
Authors: Sealy Robert E. , Surman Sherri L. , Vogel Peter , Hurwitz Julia L. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in respiratory tract tissues provide a first line of defense against invading pathogens. These cells often secrete IgA that is efficiently transcytosed across epithelial barriers into the airway lumen where pathogens can be blocked at their point of entry. Previous literature has reported that in the bone marrow, eosinophils are required for the maintenance of ASCs, and that eosinophils co-localize with ASCs as nearest neighbors. To determine if these rules similarly apply to the maintenance of ASCs in respiratory tract tissues, we evaluated virus-specific responses 1 month and 4 months following an intranasal virus infection of eosinophil-null (∆dblGATA-1) mice. Results showed that ASCs were fractionally reduced, but were nonetheless observed in respiratory tract tissues in the absence of eosinophils. Virus-specific antibodies were similarly observed in the airways of eosinophil-deficient mice. Respiratory tract ASCs were also present in mice lacking neutrophils (Mcl1 ∆M ). The staining of tissue sections from the upper respiratory tract of wild-type mice following viral infections demonstrated that virus-specific ASCs were most frequently situated adjacent to epithelial cells rather than eosinophils or neutrophils. Taken together, these data emphasize that rules for cell maintenance are not absolute and that ASCs can survive in the respiratory tract without eosinophils or neutrophils as their nearest neighbors.
Lessons From Rocket Science: Reframing the Concept of the Physician Health Advocate
Authors: Hubinette Maria M. , Regehr Glenn , Cristancho Sayra 
Published: July 2016

Health advocacy is a prominent component of health professionals’ training internationally and is frequently discussed in the medical education literature. Despite this, it continues to be a problematic and challenging topic for medical educators, health professionals, and trainees alike. Borrowing from the field of systems engineering, the authors suggest a need to reconceptualize health advocacy using a systems mind-set rather than a physician-centric perspective. Conceptualizing health advocacy as a systemic, collective effort requires educators, practitioners, and trainees to challenge the assumption that the role of a competent physician health advocate can be fully defined without regard to the larger system or collective within which physicians function. Further, this implies a substantially more dynamic understanding of physicians’ and other participants’ parts in the collective activity.
Of course, this new way of conceptualizing physicians’ practices is not limited to health advocacy. The current education paradigm trains physicians for individual competency but expects them to practice collectively. Defining physician competen cies, or the competencies of any health care provider, in isolation from the particular system of which that individual is an integral part implicitly places that health care provider as the central focus of that system. Thus, academic medicine needs to move its educational and research efforts forward in a manner that recognizes that a systems engineering approach to health improvement will allow the various players to maximize their individual efforts to more effectively support the collective activity.
Perioperative Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation for Postoperative Pain Relief Following Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Sun Kai , Xing Tian , Zhang Fengjiang , Liu Yunqing , Li Wei , Zhou Zhenfeng , Fang Liangyu , Yu Lina , Yan Min 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
This trial was conducted to assess the influence of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on postoperative pain intensity and the optimal time of TEAS application during perioperative period in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Methods:
From July 2012 to October 2013, 380 patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive sham TEAS (group SSS), preoperative TEAS (group TSS), preoperative TEAS combined with intraoperative TEAS (group TTS) or preoperative TEAS combined with postoperative TEAS (group TST) (n=95 each group). Primary outcomes included resting and activity pain intensity evaluated by visual analog scale at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery.

Results:
At postoperative 6 hours, the activity pain intensity was significantly lower in groups TTS and TST compared with groups SSS and TSS (P<0.001). At postoperative 24 and 48 hours, activity pain intensity decreased in group TST compared with both groups SSS and TSS (P<0.001). The supplemental analgesic requirement was less in group TST compared with group SSS. There was no significant difference in intraoperative anesthetic consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting and time of the first postoperative flatus or defecation among the 4 groups. The patient satisfactory rate was higher in groups TSS, TTS, and TST compared with group SSS. No side effect related to TEAS was observed during the postoperative 48 hours.

Discussion:
Combination of preoperative TEAS with intraoperative or postoperative TEAS, rather than preoperative TEAS alone, is an effective and safe adjunctive for management of postoperative pain following laparoscopic surgery.
Pediatric Hearing Aid Management: Parent-Reported Needs for Learning Support
Authors: Muñoz Karen , Rusk Stephanie E. P. , Nelson Lauri , Preston Elizabeth , White Karl R. , Barrett Tyson S. , Twohig Michael P. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate parent learning and support needs related to hearing aid management for young children, and factors that influence parent-reported hours of hearing aid use.

Design:
A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect survey data in seven states. The child’s primary caregiver completed a demographic form, a questionnaire to explore parent learning and support needs as well as their challenges with hearing aid use, and the patient health questionnaire to identify symptoms of depression. Three hundred and eighteen parents completed the questionnaires.

Results:
Responses were analyzed for 318 parents of children (M = 23.15 months; SD = 10.43; range: 3 to 51) who had been wearing hearing aids (M = 15.52; SD = 10.11; range: <1 to 50 months). Even though the majority of parents reported receiving the educational support queried, approximately one-third wanted more information on a variety of topics such as loaner hearing aids, what their child can/cannot hear, financial assistance, how to meet other parents, how to do basic hearing aid maintenance, and how to keep the hearing aids on their child. The most frequently reported challenges that interfered with hearing aid use (rated often or always) were child activities, child not wanting to wear the hearing aids, and fear of losing or damaging the hearing aids. Forty-two percent of parents reported that, on good days, their child used hearing aids all waking hours. Multiple regression was used to compare the effect on parent-reported typical hours of hearing aid use based on good days for the variables of (1) presence of depressive symptoms for the parent, (2) child age, (3) family income, (4) primary caregiver education level, (5) presence of additional disabilities for the child, (6) degree of hearing loss, and (7) length of time since the child was fitted with hearing aids. There were statistically significantly fewer hours of reported hearing aid use when parents reported mild to severe symptoms of depression, lower income, less education level, and when children had mild hearing loss or additional disabilities.

Conclusion:
Although parents reported overall that their needs for hearing aid education and support had generally been met, there were important suggestions for how audiologists and other service providers could better meet parent needs. Hearing aid use for young children was variable and influenced by a variety of factors. Understanding parent experiences and challenges can help audiologists more effectively focus support. Audiologists are more likely to meet the needs of families if they take care to provide access to thorough and comprehensive education and ongoing support that is tailored to address the unique needs of individual families.
Are Collapsed Cervical Discs Amenable to Total Disc Arthroplasty?
Authors: Patwardhan Avinash G. , Carandang Gerard , Voronov Leonard I. , Havey Robert M. , Paul Gary A. , Lauryssen Carl , Coric Domagoj , Dimmig Thomas , Musante David 
Published: July 2016

Study Design.
Analysis of prospectively collected radiographic data.

Objective.
To investigate the influence of preoperative index-level range of motion (ROM) and disc height on postoperative ROM after cervical total disc arthroplasty (TDA) using compressible disc prostheses.

Summary of Background Data.
Clinical studies demonstrate benefits of motion preservation over fusion; however, questions remain unanswered as to which preoperative factors have the ability to identify patients who are most likely to have good postoperative motion, which is the primary rationale for TDA.

Methods.
We analyzed prospectively collected data from a single-arm, multicenter study with 2-year follow up of 30 patients with 48 implanted levels. All received compressible cervical disc prostheses of 6 mm-height (M6C, Spinal Kinetics, Sunnyvale, CA). The influence of index-level preoperative disc height and ROM (each with two levels: below-median and above-median) on postoperative ROM was analyzed using 2 x 2 ANOVA. We further analyzed the radiographic outcomes of a subset of discs with preoperative height less than 3 mm, the so-called “collapsed” discs.

Results.
Shorter (3.0 ± 0.4 mm) discs were significantly less mobile preoperatively than taller (4.4 ± 0.5 mm) discs (6.7° vs. 10.5°, P = 0.01). The postoperative ROM did not differ between the shorter and taller discs (5.6° vs. 5.0°, P = 0.63). Tall discs that were less mobile preoperatively had significantly smaller postoperative ROM than short discs with above-median preoperative mobility (P < 0.05). The “collapsed discs” (n = 8) were less mobile preoperatively compared with all discs combined (5.1° vs. 8.6°, P < 0.01). These discs were distracted to more than two times the preoperative height, from 2.6 to 5.7 mm, and had significantly greater postoperative ROM than all discs combined (7.6° vs. 5.3°, P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
We observed a significant interaction between preoperative index-level disc height and ROM in influencing postoperative ROM. Although limited by small sample size, the results suggest discs with preoperative height less than 3 mm may be amenable to disc arthroplasty using compressible disc prostheses.

Level of Evidence: 2