bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP
Authors: Li Meng , Zhang Qiang , Kurokawa Jun-ichi , Woo Jung-Hun , He Kebin , Lu Zifeng , Ohara Toshimasa , Song Yu , Streets David G. , Carmichael Gregory R. , Cheng Yafang , Hong Chaopeng , Huo Hong , Jiang Xujia , Kang Sicong , Liu Fei , Su Hang , Zheng Bo 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The MIX inventory is developed for the years 2008 and 2010 to support the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) and the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) by a mosaic of up-to-date regional emission inventories. Emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources in 29 countries and regions in Asia. We conducted detailed comparisons of different regional emission inventories and incorporated the best available ones for each region into the mosaic inventory at a uniform spatial and temporal resolution. Emissions are aggregated to five anthropogenic sectors: power, industry, residential, transportation, and agriculture. We estimate the total Asian emissions of 10 species in 2010 as follows: 51.3 Tg SO2, 52.1 Tg NOx, 336.6 Tg CO, 67.0 Tg NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds), 28.8 Tg NH3, 31.7 Tg PM10, 22.7 Tg PM2.5, 3.5 Tg BC, 8.3 Tg OC, and 17.3 Pg CO2. Emissions from China and India dominate the emissions of Asia for most of the species. We also estimated Asian emissions in 2006 using the same methodology of MIX. The relative change rates of Asian emissions for the period of 2006–2010 are estimated as follows: −8.1 % for SO2, +19.2 % for NOx, +3.9 % for CO, +15.5 % for NMVOC, +1.7 % for NH3, −3.4 % for PM10, −1.6 % for PM2.5, +5.5 % for BC, +1.8 % for OC, and +19.9 % for CO2. Model-ready speciated NMVOC emissions for SAPRC-99 and CB05 mechanisms were developed following a profile-assignment approach. Monthly gridded emissions at a spatial resolution of 0.25°  ×  0.25° are developed and can be accessed from http://www.meicmodel.org/dataset-mix.
Optimising Renal Cancer Patients for Nephron-Sparing Surgery: A Review of Pre-Operative Considerations and Peri-Operative Techniques for Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Ertemi Hani , Khetrapal Pramit , Pavithran Nevil M. , Mumtaz Faiz 
Published: January 2017

Partial nephrectomy is the gold standard treatment for T1a renal tumours, with some evidence suggesting that T1b could also be amenable to this approach. However, multiple factors affect the perioperative outcome, including modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Renal function after partial nephrectomy depends on multiple factors, namely pre-operative [baseline kidney function, diabetes, hypertension, high body mass index (BMI), older age and smoking] and intraoperative factors (amount of kidney preserved, ischaemia time). Warm ischemia time should not exceed 25 min, but some evidence suggests that this can be safely extended using cold ischemia. We discuss various pharmaceutical and pre-operative precautions described in the literature to optimise postoperative kidney function, and surgical approaches using open, laparoscopic and robotic techniques. Novel techniques such as selective clamping and zero ischaemia time are promising options with a potential benefit in this area. However, further studies are needed to establish their role in partial nephrectomy. Transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches have been used, with the transperitoneal approach being used more commonly. A retroperitoneal approach may have a role in nephron-sparing surgery depending on the location of the tumour. Conclusions Nonmodifiable factors including pre-operative renal function and amount of healthy renal tissue preserved are the most important predictive factors that determine renal function after partial nephrectomy. Ischaemia time is an important modifiable risk factor and cold ischaemia time should be used if longer ischaemia time is anticipated. New techniques may have a role in maximising postoperative kidney function, but more robust studies are required to understand their potential benefits and risks.
Author, Text, and Paratext in Early Modern Editions of the Legend of Good Women
Authors: Cook Megan L. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The Legend of Good Women's transmission history in the fifteenth century shows that early readers attended to it as a whole and as part of an ongoing dialogue about love and literature, although confusion about the number of legends the poem contains suggests that many readers knew it by reputation rather than firsthand. As sixteenth-century printed editions made the Legend more widely available, they created new contexts for reading the poem. The paratexts in these editions emphasize the role of the Prologue, treating it primarily as a response to Troilus and Criseyde and secondarily as an allegory for Chaucer's interactions with his patrons. This emphasis on the Prologue and its relevance to Chaucer's biography has set the pattern for modern critics' responses to the poem.
Promoting the Book of Nature: Philadelphia's Role in Popularizing Science for Christian Citizens in the Early Republic
Authors: Santoro Lily 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
In the early republic, Americans witnessed the popularization of the natural sciences in the midst of the religious growth of the Second Great Awakening. Inspired by republican rhetoric and natural theology the natural sciences found a broad audience in Philadelphia and throughout the young nation. At museums and public lectures, Americans were invited to inspect the “book of nature”—God's created universe—up close in an effort to understand the nature of the creator himself. Beyond the elite world of religious scholars and naturalists, this view of science was popularized among Americans as a benefit to the republican moral order as well. This article looks at the ways in which that understanding of the relationship between science and religion was packaged and marketed to the citizens of Philadelphia and the broader United States as the key to preserving the moral and civic order required for a strong republic.
Model of acceptance of a new type of beverage: application to natural sparkling red wine
Authors: Olarte Cristina , Pelegrín Jorge , Reinares Eva 
Published: January 2017

Wine is a traditional beverage with a saturated market, in which consumers are open to innovation. In this context, an innovative experience was launched to create a new natural sparkling red wine with a view to diversifying production and studying its acceptance. This paper uses an original acceptance model for new foods called the Cognitive-Affective-Normative (CAN) model. The model was tested on a sample of 500 Spanish consumers in a real-world test context and explains 64.1% of the intention to consume the new wine. The results showed the importance of the cognitive factor in consumer intention. In particular, sensory and price benefits were found to be the key criteria explaining the intention to consume (41.34%). The results also confirmed the usefulness of expanding the factors that determine new food acceptance to include the emotional and normative dimensions of consumer behaviour. The social norm (18.54%) and affective factors (4.2%) contributed to the explanation of the underlying reasons influencing consumers’ assessments of the product. It is proposed that efforts focus on new visual, olfactory and taste-related sensations with a view to producing an appetising product that offers good value for money. Research and development institutes should innovate towards products that highlight these sensations. Therefore, attention should be drawn to the importance of acting on potential consumers’ reference groups and membership groups, with a view to involving them in recommending the product. Managers should focus on measuring and influencing social opinion, working on marketing communication to achieve acceptance.
Determination of Tryptamines and β-Carbolines in Ayahuasca Beverage Consumed During Brazilian Religious Ceremonies
Authors: Santos Mônica Cardoso , Navickiene Sandro , Gaujac Alain 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Ayahuasca is a potent hallucinogenic beverage prepared from Banisteriopsis caapi in combination with other psychoactive plants. N,N-dimethyltryptamine, tryptamine, harmine, harmaline, harmalol, and tetrahydroharmine were quantified in ayahuasca samples using a simple and low-cost method based on SPE and LC with UV diode-array detection. The experimental variables that affect the SPE method, such as type of solid phase and nature of solvent, were optimized. The method showed good linearity (r &gt; 0.9902) and repeatability (RSD &lt; 0.8%) for alkaloid compounds, with an LOD of 0.12 mg/L. The proposed method was used to analyze 20 samples from an ayahuasca cooking process from a religious group located in the municipality of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. The results showed that concentrations of the target compounds ranged from 0.3 to 36.7 g/L for these samples.
Eutrophication‐induced acidification of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Insights into origin and processes from a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model
Authors: Laurent Arnaud , Fennel Katja , Cai Wei‐Jun , Huang Wei‐Jen , Barbero Leticia , Wanninkhof Rik 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNutrient inputs from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River system into the northern Gulf of Mexico promote high phytoplankton production and lead to high respiration rates. Respiration coupled with water column stratification results in seasonal summer hypoxia in bottom waters on the shelf. In addition to consuming oxygen, respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2), thus lowering the pH and acidifying bottom waters. Here we present a high‐resolution biogeochemical model simulating this eutrophication‐driven acidification and investigate the dominant underlying processes. The model shows the recurring development of an extended area of acidified bottom waters in summer on the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf that coincides with hypoxic waters. Not reported before, acidified waters are confined to a thin bottom boundary layer where the production of CO2 by benthic metabolic processes is dominant. Despite a reduced saturation state, acidified waters remain supersaturated with respect to aragonite.
Water vaporization promotes coseismic fluid pressurization and buffers temperature rise
Authors: Chen Jianye , Niemeijer André , Yao Lu , Ma Shengli 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe investigated the frictional properties of carbonate‐rich gouge layers at a slip rate of 1.3 m/s, under dry and water‐saturated conditions, while monitoring temperature at different locations on one of the gouge‐host rock interfaces. All experiments showed a peak frictional strength of 0.4–0.7, followed by strong slip weakening to steady state values of 0.1–0.3. Experiments which used a pore fluid with a constant drainage path to the atmosphere showed the development of a temperature plateau beyond 100°C, contemporaneous with the dynamic slip weakening and consistent with thermodynamic considerations of ongoing vaporization of pore water. Upon pore fluid vaporization, the pore pressure increases, while the temperature is buffered endothermically, such that the pore water moves along the liquid‐vapor transition curve in a pressure‐temperature phase diagram. Pore fluid phase transitions of this kind are expected to occur in natural earthquakes at relatively shallow crustal levels, enhancing fluid pressurization while impeding the achievement of high temperatures. Therefore, the operation of vaporization may help explain the low downhole temperature anomalies obtained shortly after large earthquakes.
Abiotic processes are insufficient for fertile island development: A 10‐year artificial shrub experiment in a desert grassland
Authors: Li Junran , Gilhooly William P. , Okin Gregory S. , Blackwell John 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe relative importance of biotic and abiotic processes in the development of “fertile islands” in dryland systems has rarely been investigated. Here we approached this question by using artificial shrubs, which exclude plant litter production and soil nutrient uptake, but retain the functions of trapping windblown material, funneling of stemflow, and differential rain splash. We conducted a vegetation manipulation study more than a decade ago in the desert grassland of southern New Mexico and subsequently revisited the site in 2012 and 2015. The results show that no notable soil mounds were observed under the artificial shrubs; however, soil texture under the artificial shrubs has gradually changed to resemble the patterns of soil particle‐size distribution under natural shrubs. Our results highlight that with the exclusion of direct biotic additions, soils captured by shrub canopies are not necessarily fertile and thus do not themselves contribute to the development of fertile islands.
Thermal ion imagers and Langmuir probes in the Swarm electric field instruments
Authors: Knudsen D. J. , Burchill J. K. , Buchert S. C. , Eriksson A. I. , Gill R. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Åhlen L. , Smith M. , Moffat B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe European Space Agency's three Swarm satellites were launched on 22 November 2013 into nearly polar, circular orbits, eventually reaching altitudes of 460 km (Swarm A and C) and 510 km (Swarm B). Swarm's multiyear mission is to make precision, multipoint measurements of low‐frequency magnetic and electric fields in Earth's ionosphere for the purpose of characterizing magnetic fields generated both inside and external to the Earth, along with the electric fields and other plasma parameters associated with electric current systems in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field
are determined through ion drift velocity
and magnetic field measurements via the relation
. Ion drift is derived from two‐dimensional images of low‐energy ion distribution functions provided by two Thermal Ion Imager (TII) sensors viewing in the horizontal and vertical planes;
is corrected for spacecraft potential as determined by two Langmuir probes (LPs) which also measure plasma density ne and electron temperature Te. The TII sensors use a microchannel‐plate‐intensified phosphor screen imaged by a charge‐coupled device to generate high‐resolution distribution images (66 × 40 pixels) at a rate of 16 s−1. Images are partially processed on board and further on the ground to generate calibrated data products at a rate of 2 s−1; these include
,
, and ion temperature Ti in addition to electron temperature Te and plasma density ne from the LPs.
Electrostatic analyzer design for solar wind proton measurements with high temporal, energy, and angular resolutions
Authors: Cara Antoine , Lavraud Benoit , Fedorov Andrei , De Keyser Johan , DeMarco Rossana , Marcucci M. Federica , Valentini Francesco , Servidio Sergio , Bruno Roberto 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe present the design study of an electrostatic analyzer that permits combined high temporal, energy, and angular resolution measurements of solar wind ions. The requirements for high temporal, energy, and angular resolutions, combined with the need for sufficient counting statistics, lead to an electrostatic analyzer with large radius (140 mm) and large geometric factor. The resulting high count rates require the use of channel electron multipliers (CEMs), instead of microchannel plates, to avoid saturation. The large radius further permits the placement of 32 CEM detectors at the analyzer focal plane, thereby providing very high angular resolution in azimuth (1.5°). Electrostatic simulations were performed to define the analyzer geometric factor, energy resolution, analyzer constant (K), elevation response, etc. Simulations were also performed to define the geometry of the deflectors and collimator that are used to provide the proper energy resolution, field of view, and angular resolution (1.5°) in elevation as well (the total field of view of the design is ±24° × ±24°). We show how this design permits unprecedented measurements of the fine structure of the solar wind proton beam and other important features such as temperature anisotropy. This design is used for the Cold Solar Wind instrument of the medium‐class Turbulent Heating ObserveR mission, currently in phase A at the European Space Agency. These unprecedented measurement capabilities are in accordance with and even beyond the requirements of the mission.
Topography of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities beneath the Japan Sea and adjacent regions by analysis of multiple‐ScS waves
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Juan , Chen Qi‐Fu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe northwest Pacific subduction region is an ideal location to study the interaction between the subducting slab and upper mantle discontinuities. Due to the sparse distribution of seismic stations in the sea, previous studies mostly focus on mantle transition zone (MTZ) structures beneath continents or island arcs, leaving the vast area of the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea untouched. In this study, we analyzed multiple‐ScS reverberation waves, and a common‐reflection‐point stacking technique was applied to enhance consistent signals beneath reflection points. A topographic image of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities is obtained beneath the Japan Sea and adjacent regions. One‐dimensional and 3‐D velocity models are adapted to obtain the “apparent” and “true” depth. We observe a systematic pattern of depression (~10–20 km) and elevation (~5–10 km) of the 660, with the topography being roughly consistent with the shift of the olivine‐phase transition boundary caused by the subducting Pacific plate. The behavior of the 410 is more complex. It is generally ~5–15 km shallower at the location where the slab penetrates and deepened by ~5–10 km oceanward of the slab where a low‐velocity anomaly is observed in tomography images. Moreover, we observe a wide distribution of depressed 410 beneath the southern Okhotsk Sea and western Japan Sea. The hydrous wadsleyite boundary caused by the high water content at the top of the MTZ could explain the depression. The long‐history trench rollback motion of Pacific slab might be responsible for the widely distributed depression of the 410 ranging upward and landward from the slab.
Impact of mountain permafrost on flow path and runoff response in a high alpine catchment
Authors: Rogger M. , Chirico G. B. , Hausmann H. , Krainer K. , Brückl E. , Stadler P. , Blöschl G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPermafrost in high alpine catchments is expected to disappear in future warmer climates, but the hydrological impact of such changes is poorly understood. This paper investigates the flow paths and the hydrological response in a 5 km2 high alpine catchment in the Ötztal Alps, Austria, and their changes resulting from a loss of permafrost. Spatial permafrost distribution, depth to the permafrost table, and depth to the bedrock were mapped by geophysical methods. Catchment runoff and meteorological variables were monitored from June 2008 to December 2011. These data were used along with field experience to infer conceptual schemes of the dominant flow paths in four types of hillslopes that differ in terms of their unconsolidated sediment characteristics and the presence of permafrost. The four types are: talus fans, rock glaciers, Little Ice Age (LIA) till, and pre‐LIA till. Permafrost tends to occur in the first three types, but is absent from pre‐LIA till. Based on these flow path concepts, runoff was simulated for present conditions and for future conditions when permafrost has completely disappeared. The simulations indicate that complete disappearance of permafrost will reduce flood peaks by up to 17% and increase runoff during recession by up to 19%. It is argued that change modeling needs to account for flow path types and their changes based on geophysical surveys and field investigations.
Optimizing image registration and infarct definition in stroke research
Authors: Harston George W. J. , Minks David , Sheerin Fintan , Payne Stephen J. , Chappell Michael , Jezzard Peter , Jenkinson Mark , Kennedy James 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveAccurate representation of final infarct volume is essential for assessing the efficacy of stroke interventions in imaging‐based studies. This study defines the impact of image registration methods used at different timepoints following stroke, and the implications for infarct definition in stroke research.MethodsPatients presenting with acute ischemic stroke were imaged serially using magnetic resonance imaging. Infarct volume was defined manually using four metrics: 24‐h b1000 imaging; 1‐week and 1‐month T2‐weighted FLAIR; and automatically using predefined thresholds of ADC at 24 h. Infarct overlap statistics and volumes were compared across timepoints following both rigid body and nonlinear image registration to the presenting MRI. The effect of nonlinear registration on a hypothetical trial sample size was calculated.ResultsThirty‐seven patients were included. Nonlinear registration improved infarct overlap statistics and consistency of total infarct volumes across timepoints, and reduced infarct volumes by 4.0 mL (13.1%) and 7.1 mL (18.2%) at 24 h and 1 week, respectively, compared to rigid body registration. Infarct volume at 24 h, defined using a predetermined ADC threshold, was less sensitive to infarction than b1000 imaging. 1‐week T2‐weighted FLAIR imaging was the most accurate representation of final infarct volume. Nonlinear registration reduced hypothetical trial sample size, independent of infarct volume, by an average of 13%.InterpretationNonlinear image registration may offer the opportunity of improving the accuracy of infarct definition in serial imaging studies compared to rigid body registration, helping to overcome the challenges of anatomical distortions at subacute timepoints, and reducing sample size for imaging‐based clinical trials.
Charting the neglected West: The social system of Guinea baboons
Authors: Fischer Julia , Kopp Gisela H. , Dal Pesco Federica , Goffe Adeelia , Hammerschmidt Kurt , Kalbitzer Urs , Klapproth Matthias , Maciej Peter , Ndao Ibrahima , Patzelt Annika , Zinner Dietmar 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesPrimate social systems are remarkably diverse, and thus play a central role in understanding social evolution, including the biological origin of human societies. Although baboons have been prominently featured in this context, historically little was known about the westernmost member of the genus, the Guinea baboon (Papio papio).Material and MethodsHere, we summarize the findings from the first years of observations at the field site CRP Simenti in the Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal.ResultsGuinea baboons reveal a nested multi‐level social organization, with reproductive units comprising one “primary” male, one to several females, young, and occasionally “secondary” males at the base of the society. Three to five units form “parties,” which team up with other parties to form a “gang.” Different gangs have largely overlapping home ranges and agonistic interactions between different parties or gangs are rare. Some but not all strongly socially bonded males are highly related, and population genetic and behavioral evidence indicate female‐biased dispersal. Females play an important role in intersexual bond formation and maintenance, and female tenure length varies between a few weeks to several years.DiscussionWhile the social organization resembles that of hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas), the social structure differs considerably, specifically in terms of low male aggressiveness and female freedom. Despite substantial differences in social organization and social structure, the acoustic structure of Guinea baboon vocalizations does not differ substantially from that of other baboon taxa. With its multi‐level organization, stable bonds between males and females, as well as a high‐degree of male‐male cooperation and tolerance, Guinea baboons constitute an intriguing model for reconstructing human social evolution.