bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
miR-93 functions as an oncomiR for the downregulation of PDCD4 in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Liang Hongwei , Wang Feng , Chu Danping , Zhang Weijie , Liao Zhicong , Fu Zheng , Yan Xin , Zhu Hao , Guo Wen , Zhang Yujing , Guan Wenxian , Chen Xi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractProgrammed cell death 4 (PDCD4), as a tumor suppressor gene, is frequently reduced in a variety of tumors, including gastric cancer. Previous findings have indicated that PDCD4 participates in tumorigenesis through the regulation of apoptosis, but the molecular basis of this process has not been fully elucidated and no studies have shown the upstream regulation of this gene in gastric cancer. In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis to search for miRNAs that could potentially target PDCD4 and identified miR-93 as a candidate. Moreover, we observed the inverse correlation between miR-93 and PDCD4 protein levels, but not mRNA levels, in human gastric cancer tissues. We further experimentally validated PDCD4 as the direct target of miR-93 by evaluating PDCD4 expression in gastric cancer cells after the overexpression or knockdown of miR-93. Additionally, the biological consequences of targeting PDCD4 through miR-93 were examined using cell apoptosis assays in vitro. We demonstrated that the repression of PDCD4 through miR-93 suppressed the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Finally, we revealed that miR-93 promoted the development of gastric tumor growth in xenograft mice by negatively regulating PDCD4. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicated the oncogenic role of miR-93 in gastric cancer tumorigenesis through targeting PDCD4, particularly in apoptosis.
Whole-exome sequencing in obsessive-compulsive disorder identifies rare mutations in immunological and neurodevelopmental pathways
Authors: Cappi C , Brentani H , Lima L , Sanders S J , Zai G , Diniz B J , Reis V N S , Hounie A G , Conceição do Rosário M , Mariani D , Requena G L , Puga R , Souza-Duran F L , Shavitt R G , Pauls D L , Miguel E C , Fernandez T V 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStudies of rare genetic variation have identified molecular pathways conferring risk for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. To date, no published whole-exome sequencing studies have been reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We sequenced all the genome coding regions in 20 sporadic OCD cases and their unaffected parents to identify rare de novo (DN) single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). The primary aim of this pilot study was to determine whether DN variation contributes to OCD risk. To this aim, we evaluated whether there is an elevated rate of DN mutations in OCD, which would justify this approach toward gene discovery in larger studies of the disorder. Furthermore, to explore functional molecular correlations among genes with nonsynonymous DN SNVs in OCD probands, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was generated based on databases of direct molecular interactions. We applied Degree-Aware Disease Gene Prioritization (DADA) to rank the PPI network genes based on their relatedness to a set of OCD candidate genes from two OCD genome-wide association studies (Stewart et al., 2013; Mattheisen et al., 2014). In addition, we performed a pathway analysis with genes from the PPI network. The rate of DN SNVs in OCD was 2.51 × 10−8 per base per generation, significantly higher than a previous estimated rate in unaffected subjects using the same sequencing platform and analytic pipeline. Several genes harboring DN SNVs in OCD were highly interconnected in the PPI network and ranked high in the DADA analysis. Nearly all the DN SNVs in this study are in genes expressed in the human brain, and a pathway analysis revealed enrichment in immunological and central nervous system functioning and development. The results of this pilot study indicate that further investigation of DN variation in larger OCD cohorts is warranted to identify specific risk genes and to confirm our preliminary finding with regard to PPI network enrichment for particular biological pathways and functions.
Compensation scheme for secondary arc current on four‐circuit parallel transmission lines
Authors: Zhang Xu , Xu Zhenyu , Gao Bo , Xie Xiaorong , Wang K. 
Published: March 2016

This study presents a novel capacitive coupling compensation scheme for 500 kV four‐circuit transposed parallel transmission lines. Using this scheme, the capacitive coupling between energised phase and faulted phases in four‐circuit can be fully compensated. Moreover, the secondary arc current can be limited to <10 A. On the basis of the new scheme, an optimal compensation scheme for every kind of maintenance state is also depicted. Performances of the proposed schemes are validated by real‐time digital simulator.
Zuckerfreies Kaugummi: Einfluss auf Mundgesundheit und Patientenzuzahlungen
Authors: Spyra Anna , Kreimendahl F. , Zimmer S. 
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Der Nutzen von zuckerfreiem Kaugummi (ZFK) in der Kariesprophylaxe ist durch zahlreiche Studien belegt. Die vorliegende Arbeit evaluiert die Kosteneffektivität von ZFK aus Sicht des Patienten über den gesamten Lebenszyklus.
Methoden Die Entwicklung der derzeitigen zahnmedizinischen Situation wurde über einen Zeitraum von 62 Jahren projiziert (Szenario „Derzeitiger Konsum“). Vergleichend hierzu wurde die Entwicklung der Zahngesundheit untersucht, wenn der Konsum von ZFK auf finnisches Niveau angehoben wird (Szenario „Erhöhter Konsum“). Jeder Zahn kann die Zustände „Keine Karies“, „1- bis 4-flächige Füllung“, „Teil- bzw. Vollkrone“ und „Zahnersatz“ erreichen. Die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten wurden auf der Basis der DMFT-Werte der Vierten Deutschen Mundgesundheitsstudie (DMS IV) ermittelt. Die Kosten für die Patientenzuzahlungen wurden anhand einer retrospektiven Datenerhebung ermittelt.
Ergebnisse Eine Erhöhung des Konsums von ZFK auf das finnische Niveau führt zu Lebenszeitkosten der Karies und ihrer Folgen in Höhe von 16.882,73 € je Patient. Sofern keine Steigerung des Konsums stattfindet, belaufen sich die Kosten auf 23.801,11 € je Patient. Demnach führt eine Erhöhung des Konsums von ZFK zu Kosteneinsparungen in Höhe ca. 7.000 € je Patient innerhalb von 62 Jahren bzw. jährlichen Einsparungen in Höhe von ca. 111 € je Patient. Werden die zusätzlichen Ausgaben für ZFK abgezogen, ergibt sich ein Einsparpotenzial von 102 € pro Patient und Jahr.
Schlussfolgerung Die Erhöhung des Konsums von ZFK führt gemäß dieser Modellrechnung neben der Verbesserung der Mundgesundheit auch zu erheblichen Kosteneinsparungen für den Patienten.
2.2 C—C Bond Formation by Alkyl C—H Activation
Authors: Baudoin O. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn comparison to the wealth of methods recently developed for the catalytic functionalization of the C(sp2)—H bonds of arenes and hetarenes, relatively little work has focused on the functionalization of the unactivated C(sp3)—H bonds of alkyl fragments. This chapter highlights selected examples of the fast-growing literature on the catalytic functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)—H bonds through organometallic C—H activation, with an emphasis on the most synthetically useful methods. It covers heteroatom-directed C(sp3)—H activation with regard to cross coupling with alkenes, alkynes, and carbon monoxide, organoboron reagents, diaryliodonium salts, and organic halides. Also included is C(sp3)—H activation/intramolecular C—C coupling induced by oxidative addition and nondirected intermolecular C(sp3)—H arylation.
2.3 C—C Bond Formation Using Carbenes
Authors: Cui X. , Zhang X. P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed carbene C—H insertion has been developed as one of the most direct and effective methods for the construction of C—C bonds from C—H bonds. During the past two decades, a number of transition-metal-based catalytic systems have been established for asymmetric C—H functionalization via carbene insertion. Synthetically useful systems have been developed to functionalize C—H bonds in both intermolecular and intramolecular fashions. In this chapter, highly selective and practical catalytic systems for stereoselective C—H functionalization via catalytic carbene transfer are summarized. Literature reports are classified and discussed according to the type of C—H bond. This review focuses mainly on the issue of stereoselectivity, particularly on enantioselectivity.
2.7 C—Hal Bond Formation by Arene C—H Activation
Authors: Sanford M. S. , Cook A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCaryl—H bonds are transformed into Caryl—halogen bonds via transition-metal-catalyzed C—H activation. Fluorination, chlorination, bromination, and iodination are discussed and a wide variety of arenes bearing various directing groups are competent substrates.
2.8 C—N Bond Formation by Arene C—H Activation Using a Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Dauban P. , Darses B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe search for methodologies allowing C(sp2)—N bond formation is of utmost interest as the arylamine motif is ubiquitous in nature and life and material sciences. This chapter focuses on palladium-catalyzed arene C—H activation for the direct amination of C(sp2)—H bonds, generally under oxidizing conditions. These processes mainly allow the efficient introduction of carboxamides and sulfonamides, but the insertion of an amino group is also possible. Intramolecular transformations lead to the formation of either five-membered rings, such as carbazoles, indole derivatives, and benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles, or six-membered rings, such as quinolinones and phenanthridinones. On the other hand, intermolecular reactions occur with complete regioselectivity, generally ortho to an appropriate directing group, which can be an oxime, a ketone, a carboxylic acid, or an amide.
2.10 C—O Bond Formation by Arene C—H Activation via Biomimetic and Organocatalytic Oxidation
Authors: Hitomi Y. , Arakawa K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter is a summary of selected reactions for C—O bond formation via arene C—H bond activation by biomimetic and organocatalytic oxidation catalysts, which include manganese, iron, copper, and vanadium complexes as well as photocatalysts.
2.11 C—O Bond Formation by Arene C—H Activation via Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation
Authors: Li D.-D. , Wang G.-W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter highlights significant achievements in metal-catalyzed selective oxidation processes of arene C—H bonds to construct C—O bonds. A directing group is usually required to achieve high ortho-regioselectivity. Various functional groups have been fruitfully exploited as the directing groups for the acyloxylation, alkoxylation, hydroxylation, and intramolecular C—O cyclization of arenes by the palladium-, copper-, and ruthenium-catalyzed C—H activation. These transition-metal-catalyzed C—H/C—O processes can be efficiently achieved by utilizing either a monodentate or bidentate directing group.
Major spliceosome defects cause male infertility and are associated with nonobstructive azoospermia in humans
Authors: Wu Hao , Sun Liwei , Wen Yang , Liu Yujuan , Yu Jun , Mao Feiyu , Wang Ya , Tong Chao , Guo Xuejiang , Hu Zhibin , Sha Jiahao , Liu Mingxi , Xia Laixin 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The major spliceosome is required for mRNA processing and is believed to be essential for cell survival. Here we report that mutations affecting the major spliceosome are associated with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), a common but poorly understood cause of male infertility in humans. Specifically, we report that spliceosome dysregulation impairs the differentiation of spermatogonia, abolishing the maturation of germ cells into sperm. The requirement for the major spliceosome during spermatogonial differentiation is highly conserved among species. Our study has uncovered genetic causes and molecular mechanisms underlying NOA; these results will likely provide direction for the genetic testing and treatment of patients with NOA.
Intrathecal gene therapy rescues a model of demyelinating peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Kagiava Alexia , Sargiannidou Irene , Theophilidis George , Karaiskos Christos , Richter Jan , Bashiardes Stavros , Schiza Natasa , Nearchou Marianna , Christodoulou Christina , Scherer Steven S. , Kleopa Kleopas A. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Inherited demyelinating peripheral neuropathies are progressive incurable diseases caused by mutations in a variety of genes expressed by myelinating Schwann cells. A major challenge in developing effective gene therapy is to gain access to multiple nerves for cell-specific expression. Our study demonstrates for the first time, to our knowledge, that intrathecal injection of a lentiviral vector with a myelin-specific promoter can achieve targeted expression in adult myelinating Schwann cells in a widespread distribution throughout the peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, this translatable approach restored the expression of a neuropathy-associated gene and led to a phenotypic, functional, and pathological rescue of a neuropathy model. These results have important implications for further preclinical and clinical testing in this and other types of inherited demyelinating neuropathies.
Magnetic field evolution in magnetar crusts through three-dimensional simulations
Authors: Gourgouliatos Konstantinos N. , Wood Toby S. , Hollerbach Rainer 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The observed diversity of magnetars indicates that their magnetic topology is more complicated than a simple dipole. Current models of their radiative emission, based on axially symmetric simulations, require the presence of a concealed toroidal magnetic field having up to 100 times more energy than the observed dipole component, but the physical origin of such a field is unclear. Our fully 3D simulations of the crustal magnetic field demonstrate that magnetic instabilities operate under a range of plausible conditions and generate small-scale field structures that are an order of magnitude stronger than the large-scale field. The Maxwell stress and Ohmic heating from these structures can explain magnetar bursts and surface hotspots, using comparable poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields.
Host–parasite oscillation dynamics and evolution in a compartmentalized RNA replication system
Authors: Bansho Yohsuke , Furubayashi Taro , Ichihashi Norikazu , Yomo Tetsuya 
Published: March 2016

Significance
We reconstituted a simple in vitro molecular ecosystem using two self-replicating RNA molecules. The host RNA species produces an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for their replication, and the parasitic RNA relies on the same enzyme for its replication as well. We found that only when compartmentalized into microscale droplets did the ecosystem show a typical host–parasite oscillatory dynamics. Furthermore, after a long cultivation, the ecosystem evolved to allow the coexistence of the two species. These results demonstrate that cell-size compartmentalization is essential for the ecological dynamics and evolution of host and parasite species.
Stokes trap for multiplexed particle manipulation and assembly using fluidics
Authors: Shenoy Anish , Rao Christopher V. , Schroeder Charles M. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
In recent years, techniques for trapping and manipulating small particles and single molecules have catalyzed major advances in several fields of science. Here, we describe a new method for confining, manipulating, and assembling multiple particles in free solution using the sole action of fluid flow. The Stokes trap provides a fundamentally new method for particle manipulation and assembly using a simple microfluidic device and nonlinear feedback control in the absence of optical, electric, or magnetic fields. This method holds strong potential to enable fundamental studies in soft materials, colloidal science, and biophysics.
Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments
Authors: Peng Jianfei , Hu Min , Guo Song , Du Zhuofei , Zheng Jing , Shang Dongjie , Levy Zamora Misti , Zeng Limin , Shao Min , Wu Yu-Sheng , Zheng Jun , Wang Yuan , Glen Crystal R. , Collins Donald R. , Molina Mario J. , Zhang Renyi 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Although black carbon (BC) represents a key short-lived climate forcer, its direct radiative forcing remains highly uncertain. The available results from available studies of absorption enhancement of BC particles during atmospheric aging are conflicting. Using a novel environmental chamber method, we have, for the first time to our knowledge, quantified the aging and variation in the optical properties of BC particles under ambient urban conditions representative of developed and developing countries. Our results indicate that BC under polluted urban environments could contribute significantly to both pollution development and large positive radiative forcing, implying that reduction of BC emissions under polluted environments achieves a cobenefit in simultaneously controlling air pollution and protecting climate, especially for developing countries.
Surface force measurements and simulations of mussel-derived peptide adhesives on wet organic surfaces
Authors: Levine Zachary A. , Rapp Michael V. , Wei Wei , Mullen Ryan Gotchy , Wu Chun , Zerze Gül H. , Mittal Jeetain , Waite J. Herbert , Israelachvili Jacob N. , Shea Joan-Emma 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The need for bio-inspired wet adhesives has significantly increased in the past few decades (e.g., for dental and medical transplants, coronary artery coatings, cell encapsulants, etc.). However, the molecular basis behind catechol-facilitated adhesion to organic surfaces remains unclear, thus hindering synthesis and optimization of novel underwater adhesives. The present combined experimental and theoretical study reconciles bioadhesion measurements of novel catechol-containing peptides to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, yielding a comprehensive framework that explicitly identifies the basis for underwater adhesion. Simulations and surface forces apparatus measurements agree with one another, and both approaches show strong peptide adhesion to hydrophobic SAMs, and weak peptide adhesion to hydrophilic SAMs, providing a starting point for the development of next-generation underwater glues.
Branding the nation
Authors: Del Percio Alfonso 
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses how Switzerland is branded by the Swiss state under late capitalism. Drawing on discursive data collected in the framework of a research project investigating the international promotion of Switzerland, I particularly focus on how multilingualism and cultural diversity are constructed by the Swiss government as a capital belonging to Switzerland and its history and on how and why this imagined historical capital is reframed in promotional terms. In doing so, I question the function of the historicity of Swiss multilingualism and cultural diversity in nation branding practices and analyze the logics causing specific tokens of multilingualism and cultural diversity to emerge as desirable promotional features. Finally, I research how the promotional investment in Swiss multilingualism and cultural diversity affects the status and value of its historical capital and how this has consequences for what can be said (or not) about Switzerland and its history.
PI3K regulates BMAL1/CLOCK-mediated circadian transcription from the Dbp promoter
Authors: Morishita Yoshikazu , Miura Daiki , Kida Satoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The circadian rhythm generated by circadian clock underlies a molecular mechanism of rhythmic transcriptional regulation by transcription factor BMAL1/CLOCK. Importantly, the circadian clock is coordinated by exogenous cues to accommodate to changes in the external environment. However, the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular-signaling pathways mediate the adjustments of the circadian transcriptional rhythms remain unclear. In this study, we found that pharmacological inhibition or shRNA-mediated knockdown of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) blocked upregulation of Dbp mRNA induced by serum shock in NIH 3T3 cells. Moreover, the inhibition of PI3K significantly reduced the promoter activity of the Dbp gene, as well as decreased the recruitment of BMAL1/CLOCK to the E-box in the Dbp promoter. Interestingly, the inhibition of PI3K blocked heterodimerization of BMAL1 and CLOCK. Our findings suggest that PI3K signaling plays a modulatory role in the regulation of the transcriptional rhythm of the Dbp gene by targeting BMAL1 and CLOCK.
Screening of biologically active monosaccharides: growth inhibitory effects of d-allose, d-talose, and l-idose against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sakoguchi Hirofumi , Yoshihara Akihide , Izumori Ken , Sato Masashi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We compared the growth inhibitory effects of all aldohexose stereoisomers against the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans. Among the tested compounds, the rare sugars d-allose (d-All), d-talose (d-Tal), and l-idose (l-Ido) showed considerable growth inhibition under both monoxenic and axenic culture conditions. 6-Deoxy-d-All had no effect on growth, which suggests that C6-phosphorylation by hexokinase is essential for inhibition by d-All.
A recent strong X-ray flaring activity of 1ES 1959+650 with possibly less efficient stochastic acceleration
Authors: Kapanadze B. , Dorner D. , Vercellone S. , Romano P. , Kapanadze S. , Mdzinarishvili T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We present an X-ray flaring activity of 1ES 1959+650 in 2015 August–2016 January, which was the most powerful and prolonged during the 10.75 yr period since the start of its monitoring with X-ray Telescope onboard Swift. A new highest historical 0.3–10 keV count rate was recorded three times that makes this object the third BL Lacertae source exceeding the level of 20 counts s−1. Along with the overall variability by a factor of 5.7, this epoch was characterized by fast X-ray flares by a factor of 2.0–3.1, accompanied with an extreme spectral variability. The source also shows a simultaneous flaring activity in the optical – UV and 0.3–100 GeV bands, although a fast γ-ray flare without significant optical – X-ray counterparts is also found. In contrast to the X-ray flares in the previous years, the stochastic acceleration seems be less important for the electrons responsible for producing X-ray emission during this flare that challenges the earlier suggestion that the electrons in the jets of TeV-detected BL Lacertae objects should undergo an efficient stochastic acceleration resulting in a lower X-ray spectral curvature.