bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sublingual administration of atropine eyedrops in children with excessive drooling – a pilot study
Authors: Norderyd Johanna , Graf Jonas , Marcusson Agneta , Nilsson Karolina , Sjöstrand Eva , Steinwall Gunilla , Ärleskog Elinor , Bågesund Mats 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundDrooling can be a severe disability and have high impact on daily life. Reversible treatment is preferable.AimTo analyse whether sublingual administration of atropine eyedrops is a useful reversible treatment option for severe drooling in children with disabilities.DesignThe study had a prospective, single‐system research design. The participants served as their own controls. The study period was 3 weeks without treatment, 4 weeks with atropine eyedrop solution 10 mg/mL one drop a day followed by 4 weeks of one drop twice a day. Parents’ rating of their child's drooling was assessed on a 100‐mm VAS, and unstimulated salivary secretion rate measurement was performed together with notations about side effects and practicality.ResultsParents’ VAS assessment of drooling decreased from a median (range) of 74 (40–98) at baseline to 48 (18–88) (P = 0.05) and 32 (12–85) (P = 0.004) after 4 weeks of atropine once a day and another 4 weeks of atropine twice a day, respectively (n = 11). Unstimulated salivary secretion rates decreased from baseline to end of study (P = 0.032). Several parents complained about difficult administration. No irreversible side effects were noted.ConclusionsSublingual atropine eyedrops may be an alternative for treatment of severe drooling in children with disabilities.
The accumulation of reproductive isolation in early stages of divergence supports a role for sexual selection
Authors: Martin M. D. , Mendelson T. C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractModels of speciation by sexual selection propose that male–female coevolution leads to the rapid evolution of behavioural reproductive isolation. Here, we compare the strength of behavioural isolation to ecological isolation, gametic incompatibility and hybrid inviability in a group of dichromatic stream fishes. In addition, we examine whether any of these individual barriers, or a combined measure of total isolation, is predicted by body shape differences, male colour differences, environmental differences or genetic distance. Behavioural isolation reaches the highest values of any barrier and is significantly greater than ecological isolation. No individual reproductive barrier is associated with any of the predictor variables. However, marginally significant relationships between male colour and body shape differences with ecological and behavioural isolation are discussed. Differences in male colour and body shape predict total reproductive isolation between species; hierarchical partitioning of these two variables' effects suggests a stronger role for male colour differences. Together, these results suggest an important role for divergent sexual selection in darter speciation but raise new questions about the mechanisms of sexual selection at play and the role of male nuptial ornaments.
Spectral electroencephalogram in liver cirrhosis with minimal hepatic encephalopathy before and after lactulose therapy
Authors: Singh Jatinderpal , Sharma Barjesh Chander , Maharshi Sudhir , Puri Vinod , Srivastava Siddharth 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and Aim:Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) represents the mildest form of hepatic encephalopathy. Spectral electroencephalogram (sEEG) analysis improves the recognition of MHE by decreasing inter‐operator variability and providing quantitative parameters of brain dysfunction. We compared sEEG in patients with cirrhosis with and without MHE and the effects of lactulose on sEEG in patients with MHE.Methods:One hundred patients with cirrhosis (50 with and 50 without MHE) were enrolled. Diagnosis of MHE was based on psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) of ≤ −5. Critical flicker frequency, model of end‐stage liver disease score, and sEEG were performed at baseline in all patients. The spectral variables considered were the mean dominant frequency (MDF) and relative power in beta, alpha, theta, and delta bands. Patients with MHE were given 3 months of lactulose, and all parameters were repeated.Results:Spectral electroencephalogram analysis showed lower MDF (7.8 ± 1.7 vs 8.7 ± 1.3 Hz, P < 0.05) and higher theta relative power (34.29 ± 4.8 vs 24 ± 6.7%, P = 001) while lower alpha relative power (28.6 ± 4.0 vs 33.5 ± 5.3%, P = .001) in patients with MHE than in patients without MHE. With theta relative power, sensitivity 96%, specificity 84%, and accuracy of 90% were obtained for diagnosis of MHE. After lactulose treatment, MHE improved in 21 patients, and significant changes were seen in MDF (7.8 ± 0.5 vs 8.5 ± 0.6), theta (34.2 ± 4.8 vs 23.3 ± 4.1%), alpha (28.6 ± 4.0 vs 35.5 ± 4.5%), and delta relative power (13.7 ± 3.5 vs 17.0 ± 3.3%) after treatment (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions:Spectral EEG is a useful objective and quantitative tool for diagnosis and to assess the response to treatment in patients with cirrhosis with MHE.
Great Expectations? Working‐ and Middle‐Class Cohabitors' Expected and Actual Divisions of Housework
Authors: Miller Amanda J. , Carlson Daniel L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractYoung adults often express preferences for egalitarianism but often find themselves in conventional household arrangements. Using interview data from 122 working‐class and middle‐class cohabitors, the authors applied Komter's (1989) concepts of manifest, latent, and hidden power to examine the ways that contemporary young adults reinforce and modify gender norms surrounding the division of housework. Cohabiting women more often expect equal housework arrangements than men, regardless of class, yet middle‐class women achieve equal divisions more often because they are better able to exercise manifest power than their working‐class counterparts and because middle‐class men appear more willing to cede to their partners' demands. In contrast, working‐class women's desires to achieve equality are frequently rebuffed as they face greater resistance or defer to their partners' competing wishes. Although the exercise of manifest power is central to arranging housework, the hidden power of gender conventions pervades across class, leading many couples toward traditional arrangements.
Small vertical changes in jaw relation affect motor unit recruitment in the masseter
Authors: Terebesi S. , Giannakopoulos N. N. , Brüstle F. , Hellmann D. , Türp J. C. , Schindler H. J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryStrategies for recruitment of masseter muscle motor units (MUs), provoked by constant bite force, for different vertical jaw relations have not previously been investigated. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of small changes in vertical jaw relation on MU recruitment behaviour in different regions of the masseter during feedback‐controlled submaximum biting tasks. Twenty healthy subjects (mean age: 24·6 ± 2·4 years) were involved in the investigation. Intra‐muscular electromyographic (EMG) activity of the right masseter was recorded in different regions of the muscle. MUs were identified by the use of decomposition software, and root‐mean‐square (RMS) values were calculated for each experimental condition. Six hundred and eleven decomposed MUs with significantly (P < 0·001) different jaw relation‐specific recruitment behaviour were organised into localised MU task groups. MUs with different task specificity in seven examined tasks were observed. The RMS EMG values obtained from the different recording sites were also significantly (P < 0·01) different between tasks. Overall MU recruitment was significantly (P < 0·05) greater in the deep masseter than in the superficial muscle. The number of recruited MUs and the RMS EMG values decreased significantly (P < 0·01) with increasing jaw separation. This investigation revealed differential MU recruitment behaviour in discrete subvolumes of the masseter in response to small changes in vertical jaw relations. These fine‐motor skills might be responsible for its excellent functional adaptability and might also explain the successful management of temporomandibular disorder patients by somatic intervention, in particular by the use of oral splints.
Oral appliance treatment in moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea patients non‐adherent to CPAP
Authors: Gjerde K. , Lehmann S. , Berge M. E. , Johansson A.‐K. , Johansson A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effect of individually adjusted custom‐made mandibular advancement device/oral appliance (OA) in treatment of patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), who were non‐adherent to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. During 2007‐2013, 116 patients with moderate (n = 82) and severe (n = 34) OSA non‐adherent to CPAP treatment were referred for dental management with an individually adjusted OA at a specialist sleep clinic. Ten of the participants (8·6%) were lost to follow‐up, leaving the data set to consist of 106 patients (71 men/35 women, mean age 57 year, range 28‐90). Nocturnal respiratory polygraphic recordings were performed at baseline and follow‐up. Average time between baseline polygraphy and follow‐up was 12 months. A successful OA treatment outcome was based on polygraphy at the follow‐up and divided into three groups: 1 = AHI <5; 2 = 5 ≤ AHI <10 and >50% reduction in baseline AHI; and 3. >50% reduction in baseline AHI. If there was a ≤ 50% reduction in baseline AHI at the follow‐up, the treatment was considered as a failure. The overall treatment success rate was 75%. There was no significant difference in success rates between patients in the moderate and severe categories (69% and 77%, respectively). Low oxygen saturation (SpO2 nadir) had a high predictive value for OA treatment failure. OA treatment of patients non‐adherent to CPAP is efficient and especially promising for the severe OSA group who are at greatest risks for developing serious comorbidities, if left untreated.
Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses during Administration of Inhaled Anesthesia
Authors: Williams D.C. , Brosnan R.J. , Fletcher D.J. , Aleman M. , Holliday T.A. , Tharp B. , Kass P.H. , LeCouteur R.A. , Steffey E.P. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe effects of anesthesia on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) after administration of various drugs for sedation, induction, and maintenance are known, but not that the effect of inhaled anesthetics alone forEEGrecording.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of isoflurane and halothane, administered as single agents at multiple levels, on theEEGand quantitativeEEG(qEEG) of normal horses.AnimalsSix healthy horses.MethodsProspective study. DigitalEEGwith video and quantitativeEEG(qEEG) were recorded after the administration of one of the 2 anesthetics, isoflurane or halothane, at 3 alveolar doses (1.2, 1.4 and 1.6MAC). Segments ofEEGduring controlled ventilation (CV), spontaneous ventilation (SV), and with peroneal nerve stimulation (ST) at eachMACmultiple for each anesthetic were selected, analyzed, and compared. Multiple non‐EEGmeasurements were also recorded.ResultsSpecific rawEEGfindings were indicative of changes in the depth of anesthesia. However, there was considerable variability inEEGbetween horses at identicalMACmultiples/conditions and within individual horses over segments of a given epoch. Statistical significance forqEEGvariables differed between anesthetics with bispectral index (BIS)CV MACand 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95)SV MACdifferences in isoflurane only and median frequency (MED) differences inSV MACwith halothane only.Conclusions and Clinical importanceUnprocessedEEGfeatures (background and transients) appear to be beneficial for monitoring the depth of a particular anesthetic, but offer little advantage over the use of changes in mean arterial pressure for this purpose.
Behavior and activity budgets of wild breeding polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Authors: Stirling Ian , Spencer Cheryl , Andriashek Dennis 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe quantify the first complete description of breeding behavior and activity budgets of an undisturbed pair of adult polar bears, observed 24 h/d for 13 d from 2 to 15 May 1997, at Radstock Bay, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada. The male herded the female to an area of 1–2 km2, where we observed them throughout the observation period. All behaviors were documented from when the adult female and her 2.5‐yr‐old cub were first observed being followed by an adult male, through separation of the cub from its mother, a week of intense interactions preceding several days with copulation, after which they parted. They mated for 51, 86, 66, and 150 min on 9–10, 12, 13, and 14 May, respectively, and parted on 14–15 May. The male deterred three challengers. The peak breeding season for polar bears runs from early April through mid‐May, although additional mating behavior has been documented in June. Timing of mating and duration of copulations in the wild were similar to reports from zoos. Induced ovulation, male intrasexual competition, female fitness, the mating system, and potential consequences of climate warming are discussed with insights made possible by documentation of the reproductive behavior of wild polar bears.
The wheat calcium‐dependent protein kinase TaCPK7‐D positively regulates host resistance to sharp eyespot disease
Authors: Wei Xuening , Shen Fangdi , Hong Yantao , Rong Wei , Du Lipu , Liu Xin , Xu Huijun , Ma Lingjian , Zhang Zengyan 
Published: December 2015

SummarySharp eyespot, caused mainly by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, limits wheat production worldwide. Here, TaCPK7‐D, encoding a subgroup III member of the calcium‐dependent protein kinase (CPK) family, was identified from the sharp eyespot‐resistant wheat line CI12633 through comparative transcriptomic analysis. Subsequently, the defence role of TaCPK7‐D against R. cerealis infection was studied by the generation and characterization of TaCPK7‐D‐silenced and TaCPK7‐D‐overexpressing wheat plants. Rhizoctonia cerealis inoculation induced a higher transcriptional level of TaCPK7‐D in the resistant wheat line CI12633 than in the susceptible cultivar Wenmai 6. The expression of TaCPK7‐D was significantly induced after exogenous application of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (an ethylene biosynthesis precursor). The green fluorescent protein signal distribution assays indicated that TaCPK7‐D localizes to the plasma membrane in both onion epidermal cells and wheat protoplasts. Following R. cerealis inoculation, TaCPK7‐D‐silenced wheat CI12633 plants displayed more severe sharp eyespot symptoms than control CI12633 plants. Four defence‐associated genes (β‐1,3‐glucanase, chitinase 1, defensin and TaPIE1) and an ethylene biosynthesis key gene, ACO2, were significantly suppressed in the TaCPK7‐D‐silenced wheat plants compared with control plants. Conversely, TaCPK7‐D‐overexpressing wheat lines showed increased resistance to sharp eyespot compared with untransformed recipient wheat Yangmai 16. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of these four defence‐related genes and ACO2 gene were significantly elevated in TaCPK7‐D‐overexpressing plants compared with untransformed recipient wheat plants. These results suggest that TaCPK7‐D positively regulates the wheat resistance response to R. cerealis infection through the modulation of the expression of these defence‐associated genes, and that TaCPK7‐D is a candidate to improve sharp eyespot resistance in wheat.
How adaptable is the hydraulic system of European beech in the face of climate change‐related precipitation reduction?
Authors: Schuldt Bernhard , Knutzen Florian , Delzon Sylvain , Jansen Steven , Müller‐Haubold Hilmar , Burlett Régis , Clough Yann , Leuschner Christoph 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Climate warming will increase the drought exposure of many forests world‐wide. It is not well understood how trees adapt their hydraulic architecture to a long‐term decrease in water availability.

We examined 23 traits characterizing the hydraulic architecture and growth rate of branches and the dependent foliage of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees along a precipitation gradient (855–594 mm yr−1) on uniform soil. A main goal was to identify traits that are associated with xylem efficiency, safety and growth.

Our data demonstrate for the first time a linear increase in embolism resistance with climatic aridity (by 10%) across populations within a species. Simultaneously, vessel diameter declined by 7% and pit membrane thickness (Tm) increased by 15%. Although specific conductivity did not change, leaf‐specific conductivity declined by 40% with decreasing precipitation. Of eight plant traits commonly associated with embolism resistance, only vessel density in combination with pathway redundancy and Tm were related.

We did not confirm the widely assumed trade‐off between xylem safety and efficiency but obtained evidence in support of a positive relationship between hydraulic efficiency and growth. We conclude that the branch hydraulic system of beech has a distinct adaptive potential to respond to a precipitation reduction as a result of the environmental control of embolism resistance.
Fat, sugar and water intakes among families from the IDEFICS intervention and control groups: first observations from I.Family
Authors: Arvidsson L. , Bogl L.‐H. , Eiben G. , Hebestreit A. , Nagy P. , Tornaritis M. , Moreno L. A. , Siani A. , Veidebaum T. , De Henauw S. , Lissner L. ,   on behalf of the IDEFICS and I.Family consortia
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe objective of this paper is to investigate differences in diets of families in intervention versus control communities 5 years after the Identification and Prevention of Dietary‐ and Lifestyle‐Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants intervention ended.MethodsAltogether, 4,691 families from the I.Family study with at least one participating parent and one child are included in this analysis. Diet quality indicators, defined as propensities to consume fat, sugar, water and fruit and vegetables, are calculated from a 59‐item food frequency questionnaire. Multilevel linear models with random intercepts for study centre are used to determine whether mean diet indicators, calculated at the family level, differed as a function of previous exposure to the intervention.ResultsFamilies in the intervention communities reported a significantly lower sugar propensity (19.8% vs. 20.7% of total food items, p < 0.01) and a higher water propensity (47.3% vs. 46.0% of total beverages, p < 0.05) compared with families in the control communities, while fat and fruit and vegetables propensities were similar. No significant diet differences between intervention and control children were present at the Identification and Prevention of Dietary‐ and Lifestyle‐Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants baseline.DiscussionThis result indicates better diet quality in intervention families, which was not present in children when their diets were assessed before the intervention, and gives some cause for optimism regarding the sustainability of some aspects of the diet intervention.
Differential outcome of the IDEFICS intervention in overweight versus non‐overweight children: did we achieve ‘primary’ or ‘secondary’ prevention?
Authors: Lissner L. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Konstabel K. , Mårild S. , Mehlig K. , Molnár D. , Moreno L. A. , Pigeot I. , Siani A. , Tornaritis M. , Williams G. ,   on behalf of the IDEFICS consortium
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore whether the IDEFICS intervention had a differential effect on 11,041 children's weight trajectories depending on their baseline body mass index status.MethodsTwo subgroups of children are considered in the present analysis: those who were overweight or obese prior to the intervention and those who were neither overweight nor obese.ResultsAmong children in all eight countries who did not have prevalent overweight or obesity (OWOB) at baseline, 2 years later, there was no significant difference between intervention and control groups in risk of having developed OWOB. However, we observed a strong regional heterogeneity, which could be attributed to the presence of one distinctly outlying country, Belgium, where the intervention group had increased risk for becoming overweight. In contrast, among the sample of children with prevalent OWOB at baseline, we observed a significantly greater probability of normalized weight status after 2 years. In other words, a protective effect against persistent OWOB was observed in children in intervention regions compared with controls, which corresponded to an adjusted odds ratio of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.58, 0.98).DiscussionThis analysis thus provided evidence of a differential effect of the IDEFICS intervention, in which children with overweight may have benefited without having been specifically targeted. However, no overall primary preventive effect could be observed in children without initial overweight or obesity.
Effect of the IDEFICS multilevel obesity prevention on children's sleep duration
Authors: Michels N. , De Henauw S. , Eiben G. , Hadjigeorgiou C. , Hense S. , Hunsberger M. , Konstabel K. , Molnár D. , Moreno L. A. , Siani A. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Pigeot I. ,   on behalf of the IDEFICS consortium
Published: December 2015

SummaryBackgroundAccording to recent findings, short sleep duration is associated with overweight in children. However, primary prevention efforts aimed at achieving adequate sleep among children are scarce. Therefore, the ‘Identification and prevention of Dietary‐induced and lifestyle‐induced health EFfects In Children and infantS’ (IDEFICS) study implemented a multilevel intervention that included sleep duration as a key behavioural target. The aim of this study is to evaluate sleep duration among children participating in the IDEFICS study.MethodsThe IDEFICS nocturnal sleep intervention was included as part of stress reduction educational messages aimed at parents and children. Sleep was assessed by a parental 24‐h recall (only weekdays; n = 8,543) and by a diary (weekdays and weekends separately; n = 4,150). Mixed linear models tested the intervention effect on sleep duration change between baseline when children were 2–9.9 years of age (2007/2008) and follow‐up (2009/2010). Logistic mix models were used to study the intervention effect on the presence of TV in the children's bedroom (one of the intervention messages; n = 8,668). Additionally, parents provided qualitative data regarding exposure to the intervention.ResultsAbout 51.1% of the parents in the intervention regions reported awareness of the sleep intervention. A small intervention effect was seen on weeknight sleep duration in that the decrease in sleep duration over 2 years was smaller in the intervention (15 min) as compared with control regions (19 min) (p = 0.044). There was no overall intervention effect on weekend sleep duration or on the presence of a TV in the bedroom. A small significant time effect between baseline and follow‐up was found on bedroom TV presence depending on self‐reported intervention exposure (3% increase in TV presence in exposed versus 6.6% increase in non‐exposed). Children without a TV in the bedroom had longer nocturnal sleep duration.DiscussionThe sleep component of the intervention did not lead to clinically relevant changes in sleep duration. Future interventions aimed at young children's sleep duration could benefit from more specific and intense messaging than that found in the IDEFICS intervention. Future research should use objective measures of sleep duration as well as intermediate outcomes (sleep knowledge, sleep environment and sleep practices).