bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice Patterns and In-Hospital Outcomes Associated With Bivalirudin Use Among Patients With Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the United States
Authors: Secemsky Eric A. , Kirtane Ajay , Bangalore Sripal , Jovin Ion S. , Patel Dhavalkumar , Ferro Enrico G. , Wimmer Neil J. , Roe Matthew , Dai David , Mauri Laura , Yeh Robert W. 
Published: August 2017

Background—
Practice patterns in anticoagulant strategies used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the United States for patients with non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction and the comparative outcomes between bivalirudin and unfractionated heparin (UFH) have not been well described.

Methods and Results—
Trends in anticoagulant use were examined among 553 562 PCIs performed by 9254 operators at 1538 hospitals for non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction from 2009 to 2014 within the CathPCI Registry. To compare bivalirudin with UFH, propensity score matching and instrumental variable (IV) methods with operator preference for bivalirudin as the instrument were used. To determine whether differences in outcomes were because of differences in glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) use, a test of mediation was performed using the IV. Outcomes were in-hospital bleeding and mortality. Bivalirudin use increased from 2009 to 2013 but declined during 2014. GPI use was 50.5% during UFH PCIs and 12.0% during bivalirudin PCIs. Before GPI adjustment, bleeding reductions with bivalirudin ranged from 2.04% (IV: 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81%, 2.27%) to 2.29% (propensity score: 95% CI: 2.14%, 2.44%) and mortality reductions ranged from 0.16% (IV: 95% CI: 0.03%, 0.28%) to 0.25% (propensity score: 95% CI: 0.17%, 0.33%). After GPI adjustment in the IV, more than half the bleeding reduction with bivalirudin was because of the lower use of GPIs (risk difference, −0.84%; 95% CI: −1.11%, −0.57%), and no survival benefit was apparent (risk difference, −0.10%; 95% CI: −0.24%, 0.05%). Bleeding reductions with bivalirudin were largest for transfemoral PCI (GPI-adjusted risk difference, −1.11%; 95% CI: −1.43%, −0.80%) and negligible for transradial PCI (GPI-adjusted risk difference, 0.09%; 95% CI: −0.32%, 0.50%).

Conclusions—
In the largest comparative analysis of bivalirudin versus UFH for non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction to date, bivalirudin was associated with lower in-hospital bleeding and mortality given current practices with respect to GPI use and access site. Bleeding differences were, in part, explained by the greater use of GPIs with UFH. Reductions in bleeding were largest among those undergoing transfemoral PCI, whereas no bleeding benefit was observed for those treated with transradial PCI.
Role of Total, Red, Processed, and White Meat Consumption in Stroke Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Kim Kyuwoong , Hyeon Junghyeon , Lee Sang Ah , Kwon Sung Ok , Lee Hyejin , Keum NaNa , Lee Jong‐Koo , Park Sang Min 
Published: August 2017

Background
Previous meta‐analyses on meat intake and risk of stroke did not report the effect of white meat (poultry meat, excluding fish) and did not examine stroke incidence and mortality separately. We aimed to investigate the relationship of total (red and processed meat), red (unprocessed or fresh red meat), and processed (processed red meat) consumption along with white meat on risk of stroke incidence and mortality.

Methods and Results
Articles were identified from databases and reference lists of relevant studies up to October 28, 2016. We selected prospective cohort studies on meat consumption specified by types of meat and stroke incidence and mortality reporting relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. The pooled relative risk was estimated using the random‐effects model. Based on the inclusion criteria, 10 articles containing 15 studies (5 articles with 7 studies including 9522 cases of stroke incidence and 254 742 participants and 5 articles with 8 studies containing 12 999 cases of stroke mortality and 487 150 participants) were selected for quantitative synthesis. The pooled relative risks (95% confidence intervals) for total, red, processed and white meat consumption and total stroke incidence were 1.18 (1.09–1.28), 1.11 (1.03–1.20), 1.17 (1.08–1.25), and 0.87 (0.78–0.97), respectively. Total meat consumption (0.97 [0.85–1.11]) and red meat consumption 0.87 (0.64–1.18) were not significantly associated with stroke‐related death.

Conclusions
The relationship between meat intake and risk of stroke may differ by type of meat. Recommendations for replacing proportions of red and processed meats to white meat for the prevention of stroke may be considered in clinical practice.
Lower Mitochondrial Energy Production of the Thigh Muscles in Patients With Low‐Normal Ankle‐Brachial Index
Authors: AlGhatrif Majd , Zane Ariel , Oberdier Matt , Canepa Marco , Studenski Stephanie , Simonsick Eleanor , Spencer Richard G. , Fishbein Kenneth , Reiter David , Lakatta Edward G. , McDermott Mary M. , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: August 2017

Background

Lower muscle mitochondrial energy production may contribute to impaired walking endurance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A borderline ankle‐brachial index (ABI) of 0.91 to 1.10 is associated with poorer walking endurance compared with higher
ABI
. We hypothesized that in the absence of peripheral arterial disease, lower
ABI
is associated with lower mitochondrial energy production.

Methods and Results

We examined 363 men and women participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with an
ABI
between 0.90 and 1.40. Muscle mitochondrial energy production was assessed by post‐exercise phosphocreatine recovery rate constant (

k
PC

r) measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the left thigh. A lower post‐exercise phosphocreatine recovery rate constant reflects decreased mitochondria energy production.The mean age of the participants was 71±12 years. A total of 18.4% had diabetes mellitus and 4% were current and 40% were former smokers. Compared with participants with an
ABI
of 1.11 to 1.40, those with an
ABI
of 0.90 to 1.10 had significantly lower post‐exercise phosphocreatine recovery rate constant (19.3 versus 20.8 ms
−1
,
P
=0.015). This difference remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and cholesterol levels (
P
=0.028). Similarly, post‐exercise phosphocreatine recovery rate constant was linearly associated with
ABI
as a continuous variable, both in the
ABI
ranges of 0.90 to 1.40 (standardized coefficient=0.15,
P
=0.003) and 1.1 to 1.4 (standardized coefficient=0.12,
P
=0.0405).

Conclusions

An
ABI
of 0.90 to 1.10 is associated with lower mitochondrial energy production compared with an
ABI
of 1.11 to 1.40. These data demonstrate adverse associations of lower
ABI
values with impaired mitochondrial activity even within the range of a clinically accepted definition of a normal
ABI
. Further study is needed to determine whether interventions in persons with
ABIs
of 0.90 to 1.10 can prevent subsequent functional decline.
Neuropathology of White Matter Lesions, Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Dementia
Authors: Hainsworth Atticus H. , Minett Thais , Andoh Joycelyn , Forster Gillian , Bhide Ishaan , Barrick Thomas R. , Elderfield Kay , Jeevahan Jamuna , Markus Hugh S. , Bridges Leslie R. 
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose—
We tested whether blood–brain barrier dysfunction in subcortical white matter is associated with white matter abnormalities or risk of clinical dementia in older people (n=126; mean age 86.4, SD: 7.7 years) in the MRC CFAS (Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study).

Methods—

Using digital pathology, we quantified blood–brain barrier dysfunction (defined by immunohistochemical labeling for the plasma marker fibrinogen). This was assessed within subcortical white matter tissue samples harvested from postmortem T
2
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–detected white matter hyperintensities, from normal-appearing white matter (distant from coexistent MRI-defined hyperintensities), and from equivalent areas in MRI normal brains. Histopathologic lesions were defined using a marker for phagocytic microglia (CD68, clone PGM1).

Results—

Extent of fibrinogen labeling was not significantly associated with white matter abnormalities defined either by MRI (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.79–1.03;
P
=0.130) or by histopathology (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.12;
P
=0.452). Among participants with normal MRI (no detectable white matter hyperintensities), increased fibrinogen was significantly related to decreased risk of clinical dementia (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–0.94;
P
=0.013). Among participants with histological lesions, increased fibrinogen was related to increased risk of dementia (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–4.08;
P
=0.007).

Conclusions—
Our data suggest that some degree of blood–brain barrier dysfunction is common in older people and that this may be related to clinical dementia risk, additional to standard MRI biomarkers.
To Rule by Manufacture: Measurement Regulation and Metal Weight Production in the Qin Empire
Authors: Li Kin Sum (Sammy) 
Published: August 2017

After annexing his opponent states, the Qin First Emperor in 221 bce issued an edict to regulate the measurement system of lengths, volumes, and weights throughout the empire. This edict was inscribed on a great number of metal objects to be used as prototypes or standards for the measurement system. How the molds for the weights and crucibles of metal were prepared are essential questions regarding the production of these standards. By examining the weights and tracing the history of their industrial production, this article focuses on studying their material features, which enable us to understand the operation of the Qin foundries that produced them and their relationships with the government. It is hypothesized that the weights were produced at multiple local workshops rather than in a centrally administered factory, but that the foundries’ production methods were determined by the government’s political agenda to communicate its regulation policy to its subordinates. In addition, the study explores the Qin industrial organization and how the maintenance and large-scale distribution of the standardized weights reflected the policy implementation of the Qin empire. Après avoir annexé les Etats qui s’opposaient encore à lui, le premier empereur des Qin promulgua en 221 avant notre ère un édit qui fixait les systèmes de mesure pour les longueurs, volumes et poids dans tout l’empire. Cet édit fut gravé sur un grand nombre d’objets métalliques devant servir de prototypes ou d’étalon. L’une des questions essentielles que pose la production de ces poids-étalons est la façon dont étaient préparés les moules pour façonner les poids et les creusets où était fondu le métal. En examinant les poids-étalons qui ont subsisté et en retraçant l’histoire de leur production industrielle, cet article concentre l’attention sur leur matérialité, ce qui nous permet de comprendre le fonctionnement des fonderies des Qin qui les ont produites, et leurs rapports avec le gouvernement. Il avance l’hypothèse que les poids furent produits dans de nombreux ateliers locaux plutôt que dans une fonderie centrale administrée par l’Etat, mais que les méthodes de production mises en œuvre par ces ateliers étaient déterminées par le gouvernement, qui avait pour objectif de faire systématiquement connaître et appliquer ses règlementations à ses subordonnés. De plus, cet article explore l’organisation industrielle des Qin et la façon dont l’entretien et la distribution à grande échelle des poids standardisés reflètent plus largement les méthodes de mise en œuvre des politiques décidées par l’Etat impérial des Qin.
Correcting Surface Wave Bias in Structure Function Estimates of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate
Authors: Scannell Brian D. , Rippeth Tom P. , Simpson John H. , Polton Jeff A. , Hopkins Joanne E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe combination of acoustic Doppler current profilers and the structure function methodology provides an attractive approach to making extended time series measurements of oceanic turbulence (the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation ε) from moorings. However, this study shows that for deployments in the upper part of the water column, estimates of ε will be biased by the vertical gradient in wave orbital velocities. To remove this bias, a modified structure function methodology is developed that exploits the differing length scale dependencies of the contributions to the structure function resulting from turbulent and wave orbital motions. The success of the modified method is demonstrated through a comparison of ε estimates based on data from instruments at three depths over a 3-month period under a wide range of conditions, with appropriate scalings for wind stress and convective forcing.
Inflammatory Factor Profiles One Hour following Vocal Fold Injury
Authors: Welham Nathan V. , Lim Xinhong , Tateya Ichiro , Bless Diane M. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives Inflammatory factors are key mediators of wound healing processes following injury, and their modulation may improve healing outcomes. The objective of this study was to characterize in vivo inflammatory factor and extracellular matrix (ECM) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels 1 hour after vocal fold injury. Methods Five Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral vocal fold injury, 5 rats were reserved as uninjured controls, and 1 rat was subjected to unilateral vocal fold injury and reserved for histology. Tissue was harvested 1 hour after injury. Real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was performed to examine the mRNA expression profiles of inflammatory factors nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κ β), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor beta isoform 1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), as well as ECM genes hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) 1, HAS-2, procollagen 1, procollagen 3, and elastin, in the injured samples compared with the uninjured controls. Results Injury resulted in subepithelial bleeding throughout the vocal fold. The COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and HAS-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly up-regulated 1 hour after injury compared with the uninjured controls. Conclusions Inflammatory factor and ECM gene expression changes occur in vocal fold wound sites as early as 1 hour after injury. These results should inform future efforts to attenuate vocal fold scarring via the modulation of inflammatory factors.
A short dance-exercise intervention as a strategy for improving quality of life in inactive workers
Authors: Barranco-Ruiz Yaira , Mandic Sandra , Paz-Viteri Susana , Guerendiain Marcela , Sandoval FaustoVinicio , Villa-González Emilio 
Published: August 2017

Objective: To investigate the effects of a short exercise intervention based on the use of a Zumba Fitness® programme on the quality of life (QoL) in inactive adult workers. Design: Non-experimental pre-test/post-test study involving one experimental group of inactive university workers. Setting: Riobamba in the Andean region of central Ecuador. Methods: A total of 60 inactive adults working at a university (age: 39 ± 1.0 years; 80% women, who used to perform < 150 min of moderate-vigorous physical activity per week) completed a 5-week Zumba Fitness® exercise intervention (three classes per week, 60 minutes per class; outside of work hours). QoL was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) administered at baseline, post-intervention and 2 months after the intervention. Data were analysed using a per-protocol analysis. Results: The 5-week intervention improved six out of eight subscales of QoL, including general health (baseline: 63.6±2.51; post-intervention: 68.0±2.5; p = .007), physical role (baseline: 82.1±3.8; post-intervention: 90.6±3.3; p = .029), emotional role (baseline: 71.3±5.0; post-intervention: 88.3±3.9; p = .001), social functioning (baseline: 76.9±2.6; post-intervention: 83.9 ± 2.6; p = .010), vitality (baseline: 60.4±2.8; post-intervention: 69.8±2.4; p < .001), mental health (baseline: 72.4±2.5; post-intervention: 80.4±2.3; p < .001) and the health transition perception item (baseline: 53.9±3.5; post-intervention: 63.6±3.1; p = .001). No statistical differences were found between post-intervention and 2-month follow-up; however, the majority of subscales which improved post-intervention (general health, emotional role, social functioning, vitality and mental health) were maintained at 2-month follow-up showing differences ( p < .05) compared to baseline. Conclusion: A 5-week exercise intervention based on Zumba Fitness® programme could improve QoL in inactive adult workers and most improvements could be maintained at 2 months post-intervention.
Development of SCs and STs: The success so far
Authors: Chakrabarty Gurupada 
Published: August 2017

This paper looks into the past trend and current status of rural literacy and basic education in the major States and of population groups within the States, to assess relative performance of the States and groups. Observed differentials in performance is then related to some aspects of State policies, social movements and popular action/apathy in progressive and backward States. Some policy implications flowing out of these have been indicated. Household income has been analysed to draw a comparative picture of SCs, STs and others in terms of level and distribution of income, incidence and intensity of poverty. The results show that our efforts to improve the socio-economic condition of SCs and STs seem to have failed to make any significant impact on their lives even after decades of planning.
Panchayati Raj and environmental management
Authors: Mathew George 
Published: August 2017

The 73rd Constitution Amendment Act, making Panchayats at three levels ‘Institutions of Self-government’ has also provided a list of subjects to be brought under the Panchayats. Among the 29 subjects mentioned in the Eleventh Schedule, land improvement, land consolidation, soil conservation, water management, social forestry, minor forest produce, non-conventional energy sources, sanitation, and maintenance of assets, are subjects related to environmental management. In the fifty years after Independence there was a statutary vacuum at the local level for planning and implementing programmes which protect the life and property of the people and improve their quality of life. The idea was that whatever the people's needs were, they could be dealt with from the top, the relics of an imperial structure, through the departments and their officials. Now we know that this approach has never been sensitive to local necessities. If we accept Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) as the defacto third tier of governance, all administrative, planning and implementation activities should converge at the district level from the Gram Sabhas, Village Panchayats and Block Samitis. The Constitution has made provisions for this in Article 243. People's representatives taking decisions in tandem with the experts, is the ideal situation to protect the environment and ecological balance.
Bespoke versus off-the-shelf ankle-foot orthosis for people with stroke: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tyson Sarah F , Vail Andy , Thomas Nessa , Woodward-Nutt Kate , Plant Sarah , Tyrrell Pippa J 
Published: August 2017

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two designs of ankle-foot orthosis on people with stroke. Design: The study design was an assessor-blind, multicentre randomized controlled trial. Setting: The setting was community stroke services. Participants: A total of 139 community-dwelling stroke survivors with limited mobility were recruited. Interventions: The two most commonly used types of ankle-foot orthosis (bespoke and off-the-shelf) were chosen. Main measures: The main measures of the study were as follows: short- (6 weeks) and long-term (12 weeks) effects on stroke survivors’ satisfaction; adverse events; mobility (Walking Handicap Scale); fear of falling (Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I)) and walking impairments (gait speed and step length using the 5-m walk test). Results: Long-term satisfaction was non-significantly higher in the off-the-shelf group: 72% versus 64%; OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.31 to 1.3); P = 0.21. No statistically significant differences were found between the orthoses except that the off-the-shelf group had less fear of falling at short-term follow-up than the bespoke group: mean difference (95% CI) = −4.6 (−7.6 to −1.6) points on the FES-I; P = 0.003. Conclusion: No differences between off-the-shelf and bespoke ankle-foot orthoses were found except that participants in the off-the-shelf orthosis group had less fear of falling at short-term follow-up.
Cerebral hemodynamics in the different phases of migraine and cluster headache
Authors: Hansen Jakob M , Schankin Christoph J 
Published: August 2017

Headache is one of the most common ailments; migraine is one of the most prevalent and disabling neurological disorders and cluster headache presents as one of the most excruciating pain disorders. Both are complex disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache. A key feature is that various triggers can set off an attack providing the opportunity to explore disease mechanisms by experimentally inducing attacks. This review summarizes neuroimaging and hemodynamic studies in human in provoked and spontaneous attacks of migraine and cluster headache. Cerebral hemodynamics during different phases of the migraine attack demonstrate alterations in cerebral blood flow and perfusion, vessel caliber, cortical and sub-cortical function, underscoring that migraine pathophysiology is highly complex. Migraine attacks might begin in diencephalic and brainstem areas, whereas migraine aura is a cortical phenomenon. In cluster headache pathophysiology, the hypothalamus might also play a pivotal role, whereas the pattern of cerebral blood flood differs from migraine. For both disorders, alterations of arterial blood vessel diameter might be more an epiphenomenon of the attack than a causative trigger. Studying cerebral hemodynamics in provocation models are important in the search for specific biomarkers in the hope to discover future targets for more specific and effective mechanism-based anti-headache treatment.