bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary fish-meal supplementation on parasite burdens of periparturient sheep
Authors: Donaldson J. , Houtert M.F.J. van , Sykes A.R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPregnant ewes were offered 0·80, 1·0 or 1·25 of estimated protein requirement, groups P80, P100 and P125, respectively and trickle infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta (average of 10000 larvae per day) and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (average of 7000 larvae per day) for 42 days prior to parturition. Eleven days after lambing half (group TC) received a single challenge infection of 25000 T. circumcincta and 17500 T. colubriformis larvae and the remainder (TO) no further larval challenge. Worm burdens were determined 21 days post partum.Worm burdens were inversely related to dietary protein concentration. Mature worms (L5) of T. circumcincta recovered were (log10 (count + 1)) 4·002, 3·806 and 3·444 in TO sheep and 3·812, 3·633 and 3·113 in TC sheep from P80, P100 and P125 groups, respectively. The corresponding burdens of T. colubriformis were 2·665, 2·893 and 2·029 for TO and 3·985, 2·363 and 1·188 for TC sheep. The numbers of L4 larvae recovered from TC sheep were (log10 (count + 1)) 3·532, 3·288 and 3·127 for T. circumcincta and 3·080, 2·180 and 0·949 for T. colubriformis on P80, P100 and P125 diets, respectively. There was no evidence of inhibition of larval development or egg laying with either worm species suggesting that the major effect of protein supply in enhancing resistance was operating at the larval establishment stage. There was evidence that the post-partum challenge infection affected the fecundity and survival of the established adult worm population of T. circumcincta but not of T. colubriformis.
The effect of the quality of dietary lignocellulose on digestion, zootechnical performance and health of the growing rabbit
Authors: Gidenne T. , Arveux P. , Madec O. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and digestive response of the growing rabbit according to a change in the nature of the lignocellulose (ADF), without a change in the ADF level. Three diets with a linearly decreasing lignin/cellulose ratio (ADL/cellulose = 0·8; 0·4; 0·2; respectively LC8, LC4, LC2) were given to a total of 162 rabbits per diet, from weaning till slaughter weight. A reduction of the ADL/cellulose ratio led to a lower food intake (LC8 v LC2: -11%), associated with a lower daily weight gain (-6% for LC2). Mortality and morbidity rate was significantly greater (+50%) for LC2 and LC4 diets compared with the LC8. Thus, the health risk index (morbidity + mortality) increased by 20 units for LC4 and LC2 compared with LC8 diet. In parallel, rate of passage was slower (mean retention time 4·5 h greater,P= 0045) with LC4 and LC2 diets. Dry-matter digestibility was slightly affected, whereas protein digestion was favoured with low ADL/cellulose ratio. It is recommended that a minimum lignin supply (about 6 g/day) is adopted as well as a minimum dietary lignocellulose to ensure growth performance and health of the growing rabbit.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion, circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration and cellular density of somatotrophs differ between Wagyu and Holstein steers
Authors: Matsuzaki M. , Sato T. , Morita S. , Shiba N. , Tsuneishi E. , Hara S. , Ozutsumi K. , Yamaguchi T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractJapanese Black cattle (Wagyu), deposit much higher amounts of intramuscular fat, known as marbling, than other breeds of cattle. To determine whether this unique fat deposition is attributable to the somatotropic axis, we compared pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion, plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cellular density of somatotrophs (GH-expressing cells) in the anterior pituitary glands of Japanese Black and Holstein steers. Blood samples were withdrawn every 15 min for 6 h from 14 Japanese Black and 12 Holstein steers at about 17 months of age, and GH and IGF-1 concentrations were determined. The distribution and proportion of GH-expressing cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry combined with point-count morphometry in pituitaries from six steers from each breed aged about 18 to 21 months. Overall mean and baseline plasma GH concentrations were lower (P < 0·001) in Japanese Black than Holstein steers. In addition, Japanese Black had smaller (P < 0·05) amplitudes of GH secretory pulses than Holstein steers, whereas the GH pulse frequency did not differ between the breeds. Japanese Black steers also had lower (P < 0·001) plasma levels of IGF-1 than Holstein steers. The marbling score of Japanese Black steers was higher (P < 0·001) than that of Holsteins at the same carcass weight. The proportion of GH-expressing cells was smaller (P < 0·05) in Japanese Black than Holstein steers at the hind dorsal and hind ventral regions of the adenohypophysis. Thus, in Japanese Black and Holstein steers, the breed difference in the relative density of GH-expressing cells corresponded to that in profiles of pulsatile GH secretion. These results suggest that the features of the somatotropic axis intrinsically differ between Japanese Black and Holstein cattle and that these features may be partly responsible for the genetic ability of the former to deposit greater amounts of marbling fat and for the smaller frame of Wagyu cattle.
The effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with straw-based mixtures of differing composition
Authors: Hameleers A. , Immenga D. J. , Roberts D. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo groups of grazing lactating dairy cows (no. = 10) were offered straw/sugar-beet pulp mixtures of different straw and sugar-beet pulp content. The low straw mixture (LS) contained 310, 592, 65, 9 and 24 g/kg dry matter (DM) of barley straw, sugar-beet pulp, cane molasses, urea and minerals respectively. The high straw mixture (HS) contained 540, 359, 65, 12 and 24 g/kg DM of these ingredients. This resulted in metabolizable energy and DM degradability values of 10·4 and 8·4 MJ/kg DM and 0·48 and 0·42 for mixture LS and HS, respectively. In experiment 1, the mixtures were offered for 1 h after each milking while in experiment 2 the amount of LS available was restricted to the intake of the HS mixture. The animals continuously grazed a perennial ryegrass sward with sward height maintained at 7·5 and 6·9 cm respectively for experiment 1 and 2. Forage intakes in both experiments were measured using the n-alkane technique. In experiment 1, intakes of the forage supplement were 5·3 and 2·3 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 0·51, P < 0·001), while herbage intake was 11·5 and 14·5 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 0·77, P = 0·004), resulting in total forage intakes of 16·9 and 16·7 kg DM per day for treatments LS and HS respectively. No significant differences in terms of time spent grazing, ruminating and eating forage supplement were observed. No significant differences in terms of animal performance were observed. In experiment 2 intakes of the forage supplements were 2·8 kg DM per day for both treatments while herbage intake was 13·0 and 13·2 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 110) resulting in total daily intakes of 15·8 and 16·0 kg DM (s.e.d. = 1·24) for treatment LS and HS, respectively. No significant differences in terms of grazing time, rumination time or animal performance were detected. It was concluded that under conditions when herbage was readily available, higher amounts of high energy/high degradability forage supplement were consumed than of low energy low degradability forage supplements. However, total dry matter intakes were equal. Intake from forage supplements seem to be affected by short-term fill effects in this situation.
Some Considerations in the Theories of Combinations, Probabilities and Life Contingencies (Concluded from No. VI)
Authors: Hardy Peter 
Published: August 2016

Before I proceed to the more immediate object of this paper, viz., to the Consideration of some leading Problems in the Theory of Probabilities, I would premise a few observations with reference to the doctrine of Life Contingencies.In my work on Notation, p. 13, I have asserted a fact which is of such essential importance in the elucidation of the doctrine, that it can scarcely be too often repeated, or too strongly impressed upon the mind of a student, viz,, that curtate expectations of life are the values of annuities which do not bear interest; and this is universally true, whether they be the expectations of single lives, of joint lives, of the longest of two or more lives, or of a life or lives after another or others,—in short, however remote or complicated the contingencies may be in which they are involved; and the values of annuities, or those series in which interest is involved, are invariably in the same form of expression as their corresponding curtate expectations, as thus employing the notation explained in the work already alluded to.
On the Doctrine of Successive Lives
Authors: Gray Peter 
Published: August 2016

The chief, perhaps the sole, applications of the Theory delivered in Part I., are to Church Livings and Copyhold Estates. Of these applications we shall treat in order.The principle on which the valuation of the rights of presentation to Church livings is subjected to treatment by this theory is, that the worth of the living is greater than that of the services to be performed by the holder of it. It is conceived, therefore, that the patron, in presenting a clerk to a benefice, is entitled to consider that, in addition to affording the clerk an opportunity for the exercise of his vocation, he is conferring upon him also an annuity due for his life, whose amount is the excess of the value of the benefice over that of the clerk's services. The law sanctions the arrangements that arise from this mode of viewing the subject, and permits the open purchase and sale of the right of presentation, whether for ever or for any number of times; save and except during the "mortal sickness" of an incumbent, or during the period between his death and the appointment of his successor; the purchase of a right of presentation in these circumstances being held to be simony, and the guilty party consequently being amenable to law.
On the Purchase of Life Assurance Policies as an Investment
Authors: Day Archibald 
Published: August 2016

An allusion made by Mr. Jellicoe to this subject, in a paper read before the Institute of Actuaries on the 28th November, has induced me to place on record the conclusions at which I had arrived after a somewhat recent consideration of the question.It appears to me that the buyer of a policy by way of investment, in considering the price at which he should purchase, should come to his decision entirely independent of what might be the Office value. The two values have no connexion whatever one with another. In the one case the purchaser is about to make an investment; in the other, the Office proposes to redeem a liability.
New Method for Calculating the Value of an Assurance to the Survivor Nominated, &c
Authors: Réboul M. 
Published: August 2016

The following letter from M. Réboul will serve to introduce the several subjects upon which he has addressed the Institute:—“Gentlemen,—The Institute of Actuaries being the most competent tribunal in matters of assurance, it is to you, as to my natural judges, that I have conceived it proper to submit my first essays in that science.“ The manuscript, which I have the honour to present to you, contains:—“ 1st. Five new tables of life annuities.“ 2nd. The introduction and plan of a work upon assurance.“ 3rd. Note upon a new formula for calculating the assurance of a capital sum to the survivor nominated.The annuity tables accompanying M. Réboul's communication are sufficiently described by that gentleman himself. The rate of mortality, and the rates of interest upon which they are based, will, no doubt, be considered by our readers as circumstances affording sufficient reason for not reproducing them here.
Newton's Table of Leases
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

By this I do not mean what is usually called Newton's Table, but something which has a better right. First, however, I will speak of the table which, having Newton's certificate of accuracy, is (or was) usually called by his name.Mr. Edleston, Fellow of Trinity College, in making researches for his biography of Newton, found out the author of the old table. His name was Mabbot, and he was manciple (mancipium) or caterer of King's College. Mabbot published his table in 1686, with the well-known attestation of Newton opposite to the titlepage. There seems to have been a special reason for procuring this certificate. The church lessors were beginning to open their eyes to the leniency of their terms, and Mabbot's tables were certainly intended both to urge them to raise their fines, &c., and to point out the proper way of doing it. Subsequent editions of these tables had attached to them the well-known letter which pointed out the advantage under which the tenant was living. As it was natural that the lessees should oppose the new scheme, and they would probably question its accuracy, it seems that Newton was applied to for the testimonial which, as is well known, he gave.
On the Construction of Life Tables, illustrated by a new Life Table of the Healthy Districts of England (Concluded from page 141)
Authors: Farr W. 
Published: August 2016

The series lx has been constructed, and from that series others are deduced to complete the Life Table, consisting now of six columns.(1.) dx=lx−lx+1=number of deaths in the year of age following, out of lx alive at the age x. By taking x successively at 0, 1, 2, 3…to the last age in the Table, the numbers dying in every year of age are obtained.
On Triadic Combinations of Fifteen Symbols
Authors: Woolhouse W. S. B. 
Published: August 2016

In the Diary for 1850 the following; mathematical query was proposed by the Rev. T. P. Kirkman, of Croft, near Warrington:—“Fifteen young ladies in a school walk out three abreast for seven days in succession: it is required to arrange them daily, so that no two shall walk twice abreast.”Two answers were printed in the Diary for 1851; one by the proposer and another by Messrs. Samuel Bills, of Hawton; Thomas Jones, of Chester; Thomas Wainman, of Burley; and W. H. Levy, of Shalborne.
On the Calculation of Tables of Mortality
Authors: Quetelet M. A. 
Published: August 2016

In order perfectly to obtain its object, a table of mortality must exhibit the actual mortality at the different ages; and to be of any practical use, we should be able from the results of the past to predict events for the future.The actual mortality can only be directly determined by knowing the population, as well as the number of deaths, which occur at each age. There are, however, very few countries in Europe in which these two elements are sufficiently ascertained. Even in Belgium, the division of the population by ages was but imperfectly known till the census of 1846, the results of which were only published about the end of 1848. It was therefore necessary, in order to form the tables of mortality, to pass over the important element of the existing population, and frame them from the registers of deaths. In this manner, the tables of mortality which I have given successively since 1827 have been constructed on the hypothesis of a stationary population.
Suggestions in regard to the Regulation of the Rate of Interest on Landed Securities
Authors: Thomson Wm. Thos. 
Published: August 2016

The above is the title to a pamphlet just published by Mr. Thomson. The subject is one of such importance, that we should have been glad had our space permitted to give it in extenso; as it is, we place before our readers the more prominent parts of it. Mr. Thomson says—“It has been the practice in Scotland for a considerable period to fix the rate of interest on landed securities periodically, with reference to the views expressed on the subject by, or more correctly the decision of, a meeting held in Edinburgh three months before each money-term of Whitsunday and Martinmas.
On the Rate of Interest in Loans repayable by Instalments
Authors: Gray Peter 
Published: August 2016

My second example is the Austrian Loan of 1865. The conditions are as follows:—734,694 Bonds, each of £19. 17s. 0d., issued at £13. 14s. 4d., that is, at a discount of £6. 2s. 8d. each.Subscribers will be at liberty to pay their Scrip in full on any one of the above dates, under discount at 6 per cent per annum.
On the Use of M. Thomas de Colmar's Arithmometer in Actuarial and other Computations
Authors: Hannyngton  
Published: August 2016

The accompanying illustration gives a top view of the instrument. The following description is taken from the Engineer, 20th May, 1870.It is constructed chiefly of a brass plate A A furnished with eight slots as shown; directly under these slots are mounted eight drums, each having nine elongated cog-teeth of successively decreasing length; over each drum, and between it and the slot, is mounted a square shaft on which slides a pinion wheel, so as to catch any number of teeth on the drum. Each of these pinion wheels is moved by a button a, of which there is one in each slot, the figures at the sides of the slots showing the proper position of each button a for any work to be performed by the instrument, so that not the least trouble is encountered in arriving at the result. The cogged drums gear by bevel wheels with a long horizontal shaft which is also in gear with the vertical shaft moved by the handle b, by which the instrument is worked. B B is a moveable brass plate, which can turn and slide on a round bar hinge at the back; in this plate there are sixteen holes, c, under each of which is a moveable disk numbered from 0 to 9, and arranged so that any one figure of each disk may be brought under its corresponding hole c.
Explanation and Example of a Method of Constructing Mortality Tables with imperfect data; and of the Extension of Gompertz's Theory to the entire period of Life
Authors: Makeham W. M. 
Published: August 2016

I have recently tad occasion for a special purpose to apply the formula to a case which, I think, presents points of sufficient interest to justify me in laying it before the readers of the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries.The chief difficulties encountered in the construction of the following Table have arisen, first, from the extreme paucity of the data for adult ages,—the whole number of deaths observed above the age of 14 being 27 only,—and secondly, from the want (hitherto) of a simple and satisfactory method of adapting the law of mortality prevailing in adult life to the observations for infancy and childhood. I proceed to explain the mode in which these difficulties have (as I venture to think) been overcome.
The inhibition of EZH2 ameliorates osteoarthritis development through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Authors: Chen Linwei , Wu Yaosen , Wu Yan , Wang Ye , Sun Liaojun , Li Fangcai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to elucidate the role of the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) and to develop a strategy to modulate EZH2 activity for OA treatment. The expression of EZH2 in normal and OA human cartilage was compared by western blotting. The effect of EZH2 overexpression and inhibition on chondrocyte hypertrophy related gene expression was examined by real-time PCR and histone methylation on the promoter of the Wnt inhibitor SFRP1 was analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) PCR. Histological assessment of OA mice joint was carried out to assess the in vivo effects of EZH2 inhibitor EPZ005687. We found EZH2 level was significantly increased in the chondrocytes of OA patients compared to normal humans. Overexpression of EZH2 promoted Indian Hedgehog, MMP-13, ADAMTS-5 and COLX expression, while inhibition of EZH2 reversed this trend. Furthermore, the induction of EZH2 led to β-catenin signaling activation by increasing H3K27me3 on the promoter of SFRP1, while the inhibition of EZH2 silenced β-catenin signaling. Finally, intraarticular injection of EPZ005687 delayed OA development in mice. These results implicated EZH2 activity in OA development. Pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 may be an effective therapeutic approach for osteoarthritis.
Large Hysteresis effect in Synchronization of Nanocontact Vortex Oscillators by Microwave Fields
Authors: Perna S. , Lopez-Diaz L. , d’Aquino M. , Serpico C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCurrent-induced vortex oscillations in an extended thin-film with point-contact geometry are considered. The synchronization of these oscillations with a microwave external magnetic field is investigated by a reduced order model that takes into account the dynamical effects associated with the significant deformation of the vortex structure produced by the current, which cannot be taken care of by using the standard rigid vortex theory. The complete phase diagram of the vortex oscillation dynamics is derived and it is shown that strong hysteretic behavior occurs in the synchronization with the external field. The complex nonlinear nature of the synchronization manifests itself also through the appearance of asymmetry in the locking frequency bands for moderate microwave field amplitudes. Predictions from the reduced order model are confirmed by full micromagnetic simulations.
Silicon Nitride: A Synthetic Mineral for Vertebrate Biology
Authors: Pezzotti Giuseppe , McEntire Bryan J. , Bock Ryan , Boffelli Marco , Zhu Wenliang , Vitale Eleonora , Puppulin Leonardo , Adachi Tetsuya , Yamamoto Toshiro , Kanamura Narisato , Bal B. Sonny 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe remarkable stoichiometric flexibility of hydroxyapatite (HAp) enables the formation of a variety of charged structural sites at the material’s surface which facilitates bone remodeling due to binding of biomolecule moieties in zwitterionic fashion. In this paper, we report for the first time that an optimized biomedical grade silicon nitride (Si3N4) demonstrated cell adhesion and improved osteoconductivity comparable to highly defective, non-stoichiometric natural hydroxyapatite. Si3N4’s zwitterionic-like behavior is a function of the dualism between positive and negative charged off-stoichiometric sites (i.e., N-vacancies versus silanols groups, respectively). Lattice defects at the biomaterial’s surface greatly promote interaction with positively- and negatively-charged functional groups in biomolecules and result in the biologically effective characteristics of silicon nitride. These findings are anticipated to be a starting point for further discoveries of therapeutic bone-graft substitute materials.