bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of expedited partner therapy (EPT) implementation on chlamydia incidence in the USA
Authors: Mmeje Okeoma , Wallett Sarah , Kolenic Giselle , Bell Jason 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesThe diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection is important in preventing persistent or recurrent infection. Expedited partner therapy (EPT) is the favoured and supported method for STI treatment of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention when the provider cannot be assured that all recent sexual partner(s) will seek therapy. EPT is legally permissible in 38 states and is endorsed by healthcare organisations to decrease the rates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection. Our study investigated the impact of EPT legal status (permissible, potentially allowable or prohibited) on C. trachomatis infection rates for each state.MethodsOur ecological study modelled the number of reported chlamydia cases from 2000 to 2013 as a function of year, legal status and the interaction between year and legality. We used a negative binomial regression model that included state fixed effects (including the District of Columbia) to account for both the repeated measures per state and state-specific characteristics that could not be measured for inclusion in this study. The lagged number of C. trachomatis cases was included as a covariate and each state's total population for a given year was included in the model as an exposure parameter. States were designated Y (EPT permissible), N (EPT prohibited) and M (EPT potentially allowable), and the legal status of each state could vary over time.ResultsEach legal category saw an increase in the incidence rate of C. trachomatis infection, but on average, the incidence rate for states with prohibitive EPT legislation grew significantly faster over time compared with the rate for the states where EPT was permissible. The average increase in predicted incidence rates per year for states with Y, N and M legal status were 14.1 (95% CI (12.0 to 16.2)), 17.5 (95% CI (15.9 to 19.2)) and 16.8 (95% CI (15.0 to 18.6)) cases per 100 000 persons per year, respectively, when controlling for state-specific effects.ConclusionsOur model suggests that a lack of EPT legislation is associated with an increase in STI rates. States with potentially allowable EPT legislation as of 2013 (n=8) should consider permitting EPT as a component of a multipronged strategy for treatment of sexual partners to prevent C. trachomatis infection.
Production efficiency and radioisotopic purity of 99mTc formed using the (p,2n) reaction on a highly enriched 100Mo target
Authors: Szkliniarz Katarzyna , Sitarz Mateusz , Jastrzębski Jerzy , Choiński Jarosław , Jakubowski Andrzej , Kapinos Kamil , Kisieliński Maciej , Stolarz Anna , Trzcińska Agnieszka , Wojtkowska Jolanta , Zipper Wiktor 
Published: May 2017

The [Formula: see text]Tc isomer was produced using the [Formula: see text] reaction on highly enriched [Formula: see text]Mo samples. The Thick Target Yields were determined in the energy range from 16 MeV to 26 MeV and compared with the values calculated using the most recent cross-section recommendations from the literature. The generated impurities were also determined. It was shown that for 99.815 ± 0.010% enriched samples, only reactions induced on [Formula: see text]Mo are of importance. The ratio of the number of atoms of [Formula: see text]Tc to all produced Tc nuclei was studied as a function of irradiation time and bombarding energy.
Increased left ventricular extracellular volume and enhanced twist function in type 1 diabetic individuals
Authors: Vasanji Zainisha , Sigal Ronald J. , Eves Neil D. , Isaac Debra L. , Friedrich Matthias G. , Chow Kelvin , Thompson Richard B. 
Published: May 2017

Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) characteristically have high glycemic levels that over time can result in reactive fibrosis and abnormalities in myocardial function. T1 mapping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can estimate the extent of reactive fibrosis by measurement of the extracellular volume fraction (ECV). The extent of alterations in the ECV and associated changes in left ventricular (LV) function and morphology in individuals with T1D is unknown. Fourteen individuals with long-term T1D and 14 sex-, age-, and body mass index-matched controls without diabetes underwent MRI measurement of myocardial T1 and ECV values as well as LV function and morphology. Ventricular mass, volumes, and global function (LVEF and circumferential/longitudinal/radial strain) were similar in those with T1D and controls. However, those with T1D had larger myocardial ECV (22.1 ± 1.8 vs. 20.1 ± 2.1, P = 0.008) and increased native (noncontrast) myocardial T1 values (1,211 ± 44 vs. 1,172 ± 43 ms, P < 0.001) as compared with controls. Both the ECV and native T1 values significantly correlated with several components of torsion and circumferential-longitudinal shear strain ( Ecl, the shear strain component associated with twist). Individuals with T1D had increased systolic torsion ( P = 0.035), systolic torsion rate ( P = 0.032), peak Ecl ( P = 0.001), and rates of change of systolic ( P = 0.007) and diastolic ( P = 0.007) Ecl. Individuals with T1D, with normal structure, LVEF, and strain, have increased extracellular volume and increased native T1 values with associated augmented torsion and Ecl. These measures may be useful in detecting the early stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy and warrant larger prospective studies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Individuals with type 1 diabetes, with normal left ventricular structure and function (ejection fraction and strain), have signs of interstitial fibrosis, measured with MRI as increased extracellular volume fraction and increased native myocardial T1, which significantly correlated with a number of measures of augmented left ventricular twist function. These measures may be useful in detecting the early stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Obesity-induced discrepancy between contractile and metabolic phenotypes in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of female obese Zucker rats
Authors: Acevedo Luz M. , Raya Ana I. , Ríos Rafael , Aguilera-Tejero Escolástico , Rivero José-Luis L. 
Published: May 2017

A clear picture of skeletal muscle adaptations to obesity and related comorbidities remains elusive. This study describes fiber-type characteristics (size, proportions, and oxidative enzyme activity) in two typical hindlimb muscles with opposite structure and function in an animal model of genetic obesity. Lesser fiber diameter, fiber-type composition, and histochemical succinic dehydrogenase activity (an oxidative marker) of muscle fiber types were assessed in slow (soleus)- and fast (tibialis cranialis)-twitch muscles of obese Zucker rats and compared with age (16 wk)- and sex (females)-matched lean Zucker rats ( n = 16/group). Muscle mass and lesser fiber diameter were lower in both muscle types of obese compared with lean animals even though body weights were increased in the obese cohort. A faster fiber-type phenotype also occurred in slow- and fast-twitch muscles of obese rats compared with lean rats. These adaptations were accompanied by a significant increment in histochemical succinic dehydrogenase activity of slow-twitch fibers in the soleus muscle and fast-twitch fiber types in the tibialis cranialis muscle. Obesity significantly increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines but did not significantly affect protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARγ or PGC1α in either muscle. These data demonstrate that, in female Zucker rats, obesity induces a reduction of muscle mass in which skeletal muscles show a diminished fiber size and a faster and more oxidative phenotype. It was noteworthy that this discrepancy in muscle's contractile and metabolic features was of comparable nature and extent in muscles with different fiber-type composition and antagonist functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates a discrepancy between morphological (reduced muscle mass), contractile (shift toward a faster phenotype), and metabolic (increased mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity) characteristics in skeletal muscles of female Zucker fatty rats. It is noteworthy that this inconsistency was comparable (in nature and extent) in muscles with different structure and function.
Individual hemoglobin mass response to normobaric and hypobaric “live high–train low”: A one-year crossover study
Authors: Hauser Anna , Troesch Severin , Saugy Jonas J. , Schmitt Laurent , Cejuela-Anta Roberto , Faiss Raphael , Steiner Thomas , Robinson Neil , Millet Grégoire P. , Wehrlin Jon P. 
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this research was to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) changes following a live high-train low (LHTL) altitude training camp under either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) conditions in endurance athletes. In a crossover design with a one-year washout, 15 male triathletes randomly performed two 18-day LHTL training camps in either HH or NH. All athletes slept at 2,250 meters and trained at altitudes <1,200 meters. Hbmass was measured in duplicate with the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method before (pre) and immediately after (post) each 18-day training camp. Hbmass increased similarly in HH (916–957 g, 4.5 ± 2.2%, P < 0.001) and in NH (918–953 g, 3.8 ± 2.6%, P < 0.001). Hbmass changes did not differ between HH and NH ( P = 0.42). There was substantial interindividual variability among subjects to both interventions (i.e., individual responsiveness or the individual variation in the response to an intervention free of technical noise): 0.9% in HH and 1.7% in NH. However, a correlation between intraindividual ΔHbmass changes (%) in HH and in NH ( r = 0.52, P = 0.048) was observed. HH and NH evoked similar mean Hbmass increases following LHTL. Among the mean Hbmass changes, there was a notable variation in individual Hbmass response that tended to be reproducible. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to compare individual hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) response to normobaric and hypobaric live high-train low using a same-subject crossover design. The main findings indicate that hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia evoked a similar mean increase in Hbmass following 18 days of live high-train low. Notable variability and reproducibility in individual Hbmass responses between athletes was observed, indicating the importance of evaluating individual Hbmass response to altitude training.
Pyruvate Kinase Inhibits Proliferation during Postnatal Cerebellar Neurogenesis and Suppresses Medulloblastoma Formation
Authors: Tech Katherine , Tikunov Andrey P. , Farooq Hamza , Morrissy A. Sorana , Meidinger Jessica , Fish Taylor , Green Sarah C. , Liu Hedi , Li Yisu , Mungall Andrew J. , Moore Richard A. , Ma Yussanne , Jones Steven J.M. , Marra Marco A. , Vander Heiden Matthew G. , Taylor Michael D. , Macdonald Jeffrey M. , Gershon Timothy R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis supports proliferation through unresolved mechanisms. We have previously shown that aerobic glycolysis is required for the regulated proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNP) and for the growth of CGNP-derived medulloblastoma. Blocking the initiation of glycolysis via deletion of hexokinase-2 (Hk2) disrupts CGNP proliferation and restricts medulloblastoma growth. Here, we assessed whether disrupting pyruvate kinase-M (Pkm), an enzyme that acts in the terminal steps of glycolysis, would alter CGNP metabolism, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. We observed a dichotomous pattern of PKM expression, in which postmitotic neurons throughout the brain expressed the constitutively active PKM1 isoform, while neural progenitors and medulloblastomas exclusively expressed the less active PKM2. Isoform-specific Pkm2 deletion in CGNPs blocked all Pkm expression. Pkm2-deleted CGNPs showed reduced lactate production and increased SHH-driven proliferation. 13C-flux analysis showed that Pkm2 deletion reduced the flow of glucose carbons into lactate and glutamate without markedly increasing glucose-to-ribose flux. Pkm2 deletion accelerated tumor formation in medulloblastoma-prone ND2:SmoA1 mice, indicating the disrupting PKM releases CGNPs from a tumor-suppressive effect. These findings show that distal and proximal disruptions of glycolysis have opposite effects on proliferation, and that efforts to block the oncogenic effect of aerobic glycolysis must target reactions upstream of PKM. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3217–30. ©2017 AACR.
A Comparison of the Natural History of HPV Infection and Cervical Abnormalities among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women in Senegal, Africa
Authors: Whitham Hilary K. , Hawes Stephen E. , Chu Haitao , Oakes J. Michael , Lifson Alan R. , Kiviat Nancy B. , Sow Papa Salif , Gottlieb Geoffrey S. , Ba Selly , Sy Marie P. , Kulasingam Shalini L. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Background: There is evidence of an interaction between HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) resulting in increased HPV-associated morbidity and cancer mortality among HIV-positive women. This study aims to determine how the natural history of cervical HPV infection differs by HIV status.
Methods: A total of 1,320 women (47% were positive for HIV-1 and/or HIV-2) were followed for an average of two years in Senegal, West Africa between 1994 and 2010. Cytology (with a sub-sample of histology) and HPV DNA testing were performed at approximately 4-month intervals yielding data from over 7,900 clinic visits. Competing risk modeling was used to estimate rates for transitioning between three clinically relevant natural history stages: Normal, HPV, and HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions). Among HIV-positive women, exploratory univariate analyses were conducted examining the impact of HPV type, infection with multiple HPV types, HIV type, CD4+ count, and age.
Results: HIV-positive women had higher rates of progression and lower rates of regression compared with HIV-negative women (i.e., adverse transitions). HIV-positive women had a 2.55 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.69–3.86; P &lt; 0.0001] times higher rate of progression from HPV to HSIL than HIV-negative women (with 24-month absolute risks of 0.18 and 0.07, respectively). Among HIV-positive women, HPV-16/18 infection and CD4+ count &lt;200/mm3 were associated with adverse transitions.
Conclusions: Adverse HIV effects persist throughout HPV natural history stages.
Impact: In the limited-resource setting of sub-Saharan Africa where cervical cancer screening is not widely available, the high-risk population of HIV-positive women may be ideal for targeted screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 886–94. ©2017 AACR.
Do Men and Women Need to Be Screened Differently with Fecal Immunochemical Testing? A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Meulen Miriam P. van der , Kapidzic Atija , Leerdam Monique E. van , van der Steen Alex , Kuipers Ernst J. , Spaander Manon C.W. , de Koning Harry J. , Hol Lieke , Lansdorp-Vogelaar Iris 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Background: Several studies suggest that test characteristics for the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) differ by gender, triggering a debate on whether men and women should be screened differently. We used the microsimulation model MISCAN-Colon to evaluate whether screening stratified by gender is cost-effective.
Methods: We estimated gender-specific FIT characteristics based on first-round positivity and detection rates observed in a FIT screening pilot (CORERO-1). Subsequently, we used the model to estimate harms, benefits, and costs of 480 gender-specific FIT screening strategies and compared them with uniform screening.
Results: Biennial FIT screening from ages 50 to 75 was less effective in women than men [35.7 vs. 49.0 quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained, respectively] at higher costs (€42,161 vs. −€5,471, respectively). However, the incremental QALYs gained and costs of annual screening compared with biennial screening were more similar for both genders (8.7 QALYs gained and €26,394 for women vs. 6.7 QALYs gained and €20,863 for men). Considering all evaluated screening strategies, optimal gender-based screening yielded at most 7% more QALYs gained than optimal uniform screening and even resulted in equal costs and QALYs gained from a willingness-to-pay threshold of €1,300.
Conclusions: FIT screening is less effective in women, but the incremental cost-effectiveness is similar in men and women. Consequently, screening stratified by gender is not more cost-effective than uniform FIT screening.
Impact: Our conclusions support the current policy of uniform FIT screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1328–36. ©2017 AACR.
Exome Sequencing of African-American Prostate Cancer Reveals Loss-of-Function ERF Mutations
Authors: Huang Franklin W. , Mosquera Juan Miguel , Garofalo Andrea , Oh Coyin , Baco Maria , Amin-Mansour Ali , Rabasha Bokang , Bahl Samira , Mullane Stephanie A. , Robinson Brian D. , Aldubayan Saud , Khani Francesca , Karir Beerinder , Kim Eejung , Chimene-Weiss Jeremy , Hofree Matan , Romanel Alessandro , Osborne Joseph R. , Kim Jong Wook , Azabdaftari Gissou , Woloszynska-Read Anna , Sfanos Karen , De Marzo Angelo M. , Demichelis Francesca , Gabriel Stacey , Van Allen Eliezer M. , Mesirov Jill , Tamayo Pablo , Rubin Mark A. , Powell Isaac J. , Garraway Levi A. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
African-American men have the highest incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer. Whether a biological basis exists for this disparity remains unclear. Exome sequencing (n = 102) and targeted validation (n = 90) of localized primary hormone-naïve prostate cancer in African-American men identified several gene mutations not previously observed in this context, including recurrent loss-of-function mutations in ERF, an ETS transcriptional repressor, in 5% of cases. Analysis of existing prostate cancer cohorts revealed ERF deletions in 3% of primary prostate cancers and mutations or deletions in ERF in 3% to 5% of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancers. Knockdown of ERF confers increased anchorage-independent growth and generates a gene expression signature associated with oncogenic ETS activation and androgen signaling. Together, these results suggest that ERF is a prostate cancer tumor-suppressor gene. More generally, our findings support the application of systematic cancer genomic characterization in settings of broader ancestral diversity to enhance discovery and, eventually, therapeutic applications.
Significance: Systematic genomic sequencing of prostate cancer in African-American men revealed new insights into prostate cancer, including the identification of ERF as a prostate cancer gene; somatic copy-number alteration differences; and uncommon PIK3CA and PTEN alterations. This study highlights the importance of inclusion of underrepresented minorities in cancer sequencing studies. Cancer Discov; 7(9); 973–83. ©2017 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 920
Effect of Digoxin Use Among Medicaid Enrollees With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Adedinsewo Demilade , Xu Junjun , Agasthi Pradyumna , Oderinde Adesoji , Adekeye Oluwatoyosi , Sachdeva Rajesh , Rust George , Onwuanyi Anekwe 
Published: May 2017

Background—
Recently published analysis of contemporary atrial fibrillation (AF) cohorts showed an association between digoxin and increased mortality and hospitalizations; however, other studies have demonstrated conflicting results. Many AF cohort studies did not or were unable to examine racial differences. Our goal was to examine risk factors for hospitalizations and mortality with digoxin use in a diverse real-world AF patient population and evaluate racial differences.

Methods and Results—

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of claims data for Medicaid beneficiaries, aged 18 to 64 years, with incident diagnosis of AF in 2008 with follow-up until December 31, 2009. We created Kaplan–Meier curves and constructed multivariable Cox proportional hazard models for mortality and hospitalization. We identified 11 297 patients with an incident diagnosis of AF in 2008, of those, 1401 (12.4%) were on digoxin. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated an increased risk of hospitalization with digoxin use overall and within race and heart failure groups. In adjusted models, digoxin was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–1.70) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.13). Overall, blacks had a higher risk of hospitalization but similar mortality when compared with whites regardless of digoxin use. We found no significant interaction between race and digoxin use for mortality (
P
=0.4437) and hospitalization (
P
=0.7122).

Conclusions—
Our study demonstrates an overall increased risk of hospitalizations and mortality with digoxin use but no racial/ethnic differences in outcomes were observed. Further studies including minority populations are needed to critically evaluate these associations.
Acute and Long-Term Effects of Full-Power Electroporation Ablation Directly on the Porcine Esophagus
Authors: Neven Kars , van Es René , van Driel Vincent , van Wessel Harry , Fidder Herma , Vink Aryan , Doevendans Pieter , Wittkampf Fred 
Published: May 2017

Background—
Esophageal ulceration and fistula are complications of pulmonary vein isolation using thermal energy sources. Irreversible electroporation is a novel, nonthermal ablation modality for pulmonary vein isolation. A single 200 J application can create deep myocardial lesions. Acute and chronic effects of this new energy source on the esophagus are unknown.

Methods and Results—
In 8 pigs (±70 kg), the suprasternal esophagus was surgically exposed. A linear suction device with a single 35-mm long and 6-mm wide protruding linear electrode inside a plastic suction cup was used for ablation. Single, nonarcing, nonbarotraumatic, cathodal 100 and 200 J applications were delivered at 2 different sites on the anterior esophageal adventitia. No proton-pump inhibitors were administered during follow-up. Esophagoscopy was performed at days 2 and 7. After euthanasia at day 60, the esophagus was evaluated visually and histologically. All ablations were uneventful. Esophagoscopy at day 2 showed small white densities in the ablated areas, which appeared to be small intraepithelial vesicles. No epithelial erythema, erosions, or ulcerations were seen. At day 7, all densities had disappeared, and all esophaguses appeared completely normalized. After euthanasia, there were no macroscopically visible lesions on the adventitia or epithelium. Histologically, a small scar was observed at the outer part of the muscular layer, whereas the mucosa and submucosa were normal.

Conclusions—
Esophageal architecture remains unaffected 2 months after irreversible electroporation, purposely targeting the adventitia. Irreversible electroporation seems to be a safe modality for catheter ablation near the esophagus.