bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric temperature changes during the satellite era
Authors: Seidel Dian J. , Li Jian , Mears Carl , Moradi Isaac , Nash John , Randel William J. , Saunders Roger , Thompson David W. J. , Zou Cheng‐Zhi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSatellite‐based layer average stratospheric temperature (T) climate data records (CDRs) now span more than three decades and so can elucidate climate variability associated with processes on multiple time scales. We intercompare and analyze available published T CDRs covering at least two decades, with a focus on Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) CDRs. Recent research has reduced but not eliminated discrepancies between SSU CDRs developed by NOAA and the UK Meteorological Office. The MSU CDRs from NOAA and Remote Sensing Systems are in closer agreement than the CDR from the University of Alabama in Huntsville. The latter has a previously unreported inhomogeneity in 2005, revealed by an abrupt increase in the magnitude and spatial variability of T anomaly differences between CDRs. Although time‐varying biases remain in both SSU and MSU CDRs, multiple linear regression analyses reveal consistent solar, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), quasi‐biennial oscillation, aerosol, and piecewise‐linear trend signals. Together, these predictors explain 80 to 90% of the variance in the near‐global‐average T CDRs. The most important predictor variables (in terms of percent explained variance in near‐global‐average T) for lower stratospheric T measured by MSU are aerosols, solar variability, and ENSO. Trends explain the largest percentage of variance in observations from all three SSU channels. In MSU and SSU CDRs, piecewise‐linear trends, with a 1995 break point, indicate cooling during 1979–1994 but no trend during 1995–2013 for MSU and during 1995–2005 for SSU. These observational findings provide a basis for evaluating climate model simulations of stratospheric temperature during the past 35 years.
Central Pattern Generators
Authors: Bucher Dirk , Haspel Gal , Golowasch Jorge , Nadim Farzan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Essential behaviours such as walking or breathing are rhythmic, that is, characterised by repetitive activation of muscles in a specific temporal sequence. A basic version of the underlying neural activity is generated in the central nervous system by networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs can produce these patterns even in the absence of inputs that carry specific timing information. The core rhythmic activity can be based on intrinsic oscillatory properties of pacemaker neurons or emerge from the synaptic connectivity of nonoscillatory neurons. In both cases, other neurons are recruited into this rhythmic activity to generate a whole pattern. Neuronal and synaptic properties underlying the precise temporal patterning of sequential bursting activity are shaped by neuromodulators to generate different versions of motor patterns. The circuitry controlling rhythmic behaviours of a whole animal is organised in modules that control different body parts and can be coordinated in different ways to generate different behaviours.

Key Concepts

Essentially all rhythmic motor behaviours are based on CPGs.

CPGs can produce patterned activity in the absence of patterned input.

Rhythm generation can be based on intrinsically rhythmic neurons or network interactions.

The speed, strength and specific temporal sequence in which CPG neurons fire arise from complex interactions of synaptic and intrinsic neuronal properties governed by diverse types of ion channels.

CPG activity is modified by sensory feedback to adapt the motor pattern to changing environmental parameters.

CPGs can be activated and reshaped by neuromodulators that adjust neuronal excitability by modifying or suppressing existing ionic currents or adding new currents and changing the properties of synapses.

Neuromodulation provides flexibility of motor pattern generation to adjust output to changing behavioural demands.

The central networks controlling rhythmic behaviours are inherently modular and allow different coordination of body parts for different behaviours or different versions of the same behaviour.
Fructose Metabolism Disorders
Authors: Cox Timothy M 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFructose occurs in fruit, nuts, honey and some vegetables as well as a component of the disaccharide, sucrose; it is not present in human or cows' milk. Since the emergence of trade in cane‐ and beet‐sugar, fructose is now a near‐ubiquitous component of the modern diet; and consumption has continued to increase across the developed world. Industrial generation of high‐fructose products from starch in maize (corn) and other agricultural crops now enhances the availability of the fructose in commercial foods and comestibles – especially the so‐called ‘health’ or ‘energy’ drinks. High consumption of fructose and related sugars is implicated in the so‐called ‘Metabolic Syndrome’ associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and premature cardiovascular disease. After incorporation into the body from the diet, entry of fructose into cells occurs rapidly but also independently of regulatory influences of insulin: as fructose esters participate critically in intermediary metabolism, inherited defects of enzymes involved in handling of exogenous fructose may have profound pathological effects. Examples are essential fructosuria, hereditary fructose intolerance and fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase deficiency.Key ConceptsFructose occurs as a free monosaccharide or as a component of sucrose; it is also derived from the sugar alcohol, sorbitol. Uptake of free fructose into cells via the GLUT 5 transporter occurs rapidly and is independent of insulin.Rare inborn errors of fructose metabolism affect this specialised pathway for metabolic incorporation in the liver, kidney and small intestine.With the appropriate level of diagnostic suspicion, facile detection of the most life threatening of these diseases is now possible by molecular analysis of genomic DNA, thus avoiding invasive biochemical investigations.Global manufacture of sugar as a commodity started with the European and Arabic exploration of Africa and use of slave labour in colonial sugar plantations.Changing dietary habits and global trends in food manufacture with intensified industrialisation of sugar production have exposed the toxic effects of fructose.Excessive ingestion of fructose and its congeners is injurious: the sugar influences the energy status of cells and stimulates hepatic lipogenesis; these effects are exaggerated in patients with defective intermediary metabolism of fructose.
Molecular Genetics of Peripheral
T‐c
ell Lymphomas
Authors: Piccaluga Pier Paolo , Navari Mohsen , Etebari Maryam , Pileri Stefano A 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are rare neoplasms constituting a heterogeneous group of diseases. Recent studies based on high‐throughput technologies (including DNA microarray and deep sequencing) offered several evidences that discrete subgroups can be identified with peculiar molecular and clinical features. In this regard, gene expression profiling (GEP) analyses demonstrated that the commonest nodal PTCL subtypes (not otherwise specified, NOS; angioimmunoblastic, AITL; anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALCL) can be efficiently diagnosed based on the expression of a few genes. Noteworthy, the molecular diagnosis of nodal PTCLs turned out to be more efficient than histopathology in providing an accurate prognostic stratification. In addition, GEP indicated commonly deregulated genes and pathways, including tyrosine kinase signalling, NFkB pathway, angiogenesis and chromatin remodelling, which may represent suitable therapeutics targets. Finally, sequencing studies recently identified new lesions associated with specific PTCL subtypes, such as IDH2, TET2 and RHOA mutations in follicular helper derived cases and t(6;9) in ALK‐ ALCL.
In this article, we review the available literature on genetics of PTCLs and, also based on our own experience, discuss prospective scenarios on this intriguing topic.

Key Concepts

The molecular genetics of peripheral T‐cell lymphomas is, with a few exceptions, poorly known.

Gene expression profiling studies provided evidences of molecular differences among subtypes and recognised commonly deregulated genes and pathways that may represent suitable therapeutic targets.

High‐throughput sequencing studies are ongoing and will further clarify the genetic basis of these complex diseases.
Paraphilias: Exhibitionism
Authors: Aggrawal Anil 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExhibitionism is an obsessive compulsive paraphilic disorder, which typically involves men exposing themselves to women, although women are known to engage in similar activity. Its etiology is not well understood. One of the best etiological explanations is the so‐calledcourtship disorder theory, which borrows concepts from ethology. Among the biological theories, the monoamine theory plays a dominant part, which suggests that monoamines, especially dopamine, play a part in exhibitionism. Classification of exhibitionism is not well‐settled. The author has proposed a 4‐ tier classification ranging from the most innocuous class I exhibitionists (fantasizing exhibitionists) to the most criminal class IV exhibitionists (Exclusive exhibitionists). Although this classification accommodates all types of exhibitionists encountered so far, this may have to be modified as more hitherto unknown types of exhibitionists get discovered. Exhibitionism is illegal and punishable in most jurisdictions, and this article attempts to put in perspective punishments prescribed for exhibitionism in different countries through a comprehensive table. Finally the article deals with the most famous case of exhibitionism encountered so far ‐Kansas v. Crane, which was decided in 2002.
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis and Contextual Bias
Authors: Osborne Nikola K.P. , Zajac Rachel , Taylor Michael C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) can be used in criminal investigations to determine the events associated with depositions of blood. Like all forensic science disciplines, it has the potential to be vulnerable to contextual bias. Unlike many other forensic disciplines, however, much of the context encountered in BPA is unavoidable. Therefore, when considering how to address the issue of contextual bias in BPA, the focus needs to be on context management rather than context elimination. Potential sources of bias, and ways to manage these, are discussed.
Eyewitness Lineups: Identification from
Authors: Smalarz Laura , Wells Gary L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe police lineup is a common tool for eyewitness identifications of suspects in criminal cases. Forensic DNA testing of people convicted by eyewitness identification evidence and field studies of police lineups, however, have revealed that mistaken identification from lineups is not uncommon. Controlled laboratory experiments have isolated numerous variables that contribute to mistaken identifications from lineups, some of which are controllable by the criminal justice system (e.g., various biases in the lineup or its procedure) and some of which are not controllable by the criminal justice system (e.g., witnessing conditions, stress).
Crime Victims' Decision to Report Crime
Authors: Greenberg Martin S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article examines the empirical literature on crime victims' decision to notify the police. A three‐stage model of victim decision making is proposed in which victims must (i) label the event a crime, (ii) decide that it is sufficiently serious to involve the police, and (iii) decide that notifying the police is more beneficial than other available options. Evidence is presented showing that emotional (e.g., anger and fear) and social influence factors strongly impact each stage of the decision process causing such decisions to depart from a purely rational decision process.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Walker James S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Neuropsychological assessment refers to the use of psychological testing techniques to assess individuals with suspected neurocognitive impairment. In the legal realm, neuropsychologists are often called upon to establish and document the presence of brain dysfunction by way of accepted evaluation techniques. This article details the legal issues surrounding the practice of forensic neuropsychology, describes the assessment techniques used, and surveys critical questions about the validity and utility of neuropsychological assessment techniques.
Occurrence and Production of Beryllium
Authors: Freeman Stephen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA relatively abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust, beryllium, has not been widely used due to the high cost of production and its limited consumption. Beryllium is mainly extracted in the United States, with smaller quantities coming from China, Africa, and South America. The extraction process uses leaching of the ore in sulfuric acid to produce a sulfate, which undergoes solvent extraction to remove impurity elements. The beryllium‐rich fraction from solvent extraction is treated with ammonium carbonate to produce a complex carbonate that can be thermally separated into a pure form of beryllium hydroxide, the basic material used for producing all useful forms of beryllium. The metallic form of beryllium is produced from the hydroxide using a magnesium reduction process to convert beryllium fluoride to beryllium pebbles and magnesium fluoride. The pebbles are further refined to >99.5% purity by vacuum melting and powdered for conversion into useful shapes by a conventional powder metallurgy pressing and consolidation process.Many practical applications make use of beryllium's properties, particularly the high specific strength and stiffness of the pure metal, and the combination of high strength, conductivity, and resistance to stress relaxation that additions of 0.2–2.0% beryllium provide to alloys of copper, aluminum, and nickel. Typical applications of beryllium metal include components of aircraft, satellites, and space‐mounted astronomical telescopes, usually manufactured using powder metallurgy techniques. The nuclear properties of beryllium, particularly its interaction with neutrons as a multiplier and a reflector, are exploited in many fusion and fission reactions. The major use of the element, however, is in alloys that take advantage of its high strength and conductivity. These are fashioned into high reliability terminals used in automotive, aerospace, and electronic connectors. The thermal conductivity and low friction properties of the alloys are employed in plastic and metal forming molds, heavy equipment and aircraft bearings, and oil and gas drilling equipment.
Solid‐StateNMRof the Light Main Group Metals
Authors: Schurko Robert W. , Jaroszewicz Michael J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis review article discusses solid‐state nuclear magenetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy of NMR‐active isotopes of the light main group metals, including lithium (6Li and7Li), sodium (23Na), aluminum (27Al), potassium (39K), magnesium (25Mg), calcium (43Ca), and beryllium (9Be). All of these nuclides are quadrupolar, meaning that they have nuclear spins greater than 1/2. As a result, specialized techniques are needed to effectively acquire their spectra, which can then be analyzed to provide information on molecular‐level structure and dynamics. Work on SSNMR of7Li,23Na, and27Al, which are all receptive nuclides, has been essential in the development of a wide range of pulse sequences and techniques for acquiring good quality, high‐resolution SSNMR spectra. Applications of7Li,23Na, and27Al SSNMR are widespread, owing to the ubiquity of these elements in both natural and manmade materials.25Mg,39K,43Ca, and9Be are relatively unreceptive nuclides by comparison (the former three are low‐γ nuclides); however, much work has gone into both development of spectral acquisition methods and application of these methods to study a wide range of systems. This review article, which is directed at non‐NMR experts and/or students, provides a basic background to SSNMR of quadrupolar nuclides, and then discusses key reviews and papers which are essential for understanding the scope and potential of SSNMR of metal nuclides.
Ion Channels and Ionophores
Authors: Cragg Peter J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The lightest metals have health implications for all organisms. Sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium are of particular importance as their cations perform numerous biochemical functions from muscle control to bone formation. Understanding how these ions are transported across cell membranes with high selectivity is a fascinating topic that is slowly being unraveled through combinations of kinetic, solid state, and computational data. In addition to biological cation transport, model systems are also shedding light on the details of selectivity and transport. An overview of cation transport mechanisms is followed by a survey of natural and artificial ionophores for the lightest metals. Natural transmembrane channel‐forming proteins are described, with an emphasis on those for which crystallographic evidence has aided in elucidating the details of the transport mechanisms, followed by examples of artificial transmembrane channel‐forming compounds.
Magnesium and Calcium Complexes in Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article provides an overview of recent progress in homogeneous catalysis using organometallic complexes of the earth‐abundant and biocompatible elements, magnesium and calcium. It is divided into polymerization of activated monomers, heterofunctionalization of polar unsaturated substrates, and dehydrocoupling catalyses. As the subject of lighter alkaline earth‐catalyzed polymerization reactions is too broad to fully cover herein, the focus remains on anionic styrene polymerization and the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide. Dimerization reactions of aldehydes and terminal acetylenes are also briefly described. Heterofunctionalization reactions include catalyses with protic substrates (hydroamination, hydrophosphination, hydroacetylenation, and hydroalkoxylation) and hydridic substrates (hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, and hydroboration). The final section covers the Group 2‐catalyzed dehydrocoupling of amines and silanes, as well as amine‐boranes. For each reaction, the emphasis is on major achievements and mechanistic insights, highlighting the breadth of reactivity and complexity of these processes. To conclude this review, a brief mention of the first example of magnesium‐promoted single‐electron transfer catalysis opens up new horizons for the future potential of this up‐and‐coming class of catalysts.
Processing and Applications of Transparent Ceramics
Authors: Kong Ling Bing , Huang Yizhong , Zhang Tianshu , Que Wenxiu , Zhang Jian , Dong Zhili , Tang Dingyuan , Li Sean 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Transparent ceramics can be used as laser hosts, infrared (IR) windows/domes, lamp envelopes, and transparent armors. The two key requirements for transparent ceramics are high purity and high density. To ensure high purity, it is necessary to use high‐purity precursor powders, while to achieve high‐density, special technologies have to be used, such as high‐pressure (HP) sintering, high isostatic pressure (HIP) sintering, vacuum sintering, and spark plasma sintering (SPS). In this article, the latest progress in processing, materials, and applications of transparent ceramics is summarized.
Light‐Element Superconductors
Authors: Hermann Andreas 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Superconductors are one of the most surprising and fascinating specimens of condensed matter: they are perfect conductors, with current flowing without resistance, and perfect diamagnets, which expel completely any magnetic fields. Superconductivity was first discovered over 100 years ago, yet a complete understanding of its mechanisms is still lacking. Meanwhile, about every second element in the periodic table and hundreds of compounds have been found to superconduct, at ambient or elevated pressures. Many of these compounds involve the light elements—sometimes merely as electron donors, providing charge carriers to semiconducting or semimetallic materials, and sometimes as integral part of shaping unique materials with respectable superconducting transition temperatures. In this article, we will discuss the superconducting properties of the light elements and the huge effects of external pressure in some of them, and the most prominent examples of light element‐containing compounds, such as magnesium diboride, intercalated carbon compounds, and predicted high‐pressure compounds involving a lot of the lightest element, hydrogen.
Zn2+/Proton AntiporterZneAand Periplasmic AdaptorZneBfromCupriavidus MetalliduransCH34
Authors: Vandenbussche Guy , Stroud Robert M 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn bacteria, metal ion resistance requires the contribution of multiple layers of mechanisms such as transport, sequestration, precipitation, or enzymatic transformation. The Gram‐negative bacteriumCupriavidus metalliduransCH34 displays an extraordinary metal ion resistance phenotype and can thrive in the presence of millimolar concentrations of toxic metal ions. Resistance of this bacterium to metal ions predominantly relies on the efflux of these noxious compounds out of the cell regulated by membrane transporters. Notably, the genes encoding 12 proteins belonging to the resistance‐nodulation‐cell division (RND) superfamily, and predicted to be involved in metal ion resistance, were detected in the genome of strain CH34. These antiporters form transenvelope protein complexes in combination with proteins belonging to the outer membrane factor (OMF) and the membrane fusion protein (MFP) families. In interplay with other transporters from the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) and the P‐type ATPase families that detoxify the cytoplasm, the tripartite RND‐driven systems most probably export the toxic metal cations from the periplasm to the outside of the cell. The functional and structural data of proteins constituting one of these 12 predicted tripartite efflux systems, ZneBAC, are reviewed.