bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic dental injury in permanent teeth: knowledge and management in a group of Brazilian school teachers
Authors: Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves , Rodrigues Amanda Silva , Martins Angela Maria do Couto , Cardoso Eduardo Seixas , Homsi Nicolas , Antunes Leonardo Santos 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground/AimSchool is a place with a high frequency of dental trauma, and several studies have shown that teachers' knowledge in how to act during acute dental emergencies is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and actions of a group of Brazilian school teachers relative to dental trauma in permanent teeth.Materials and methodsA cross‐sectional, observational study, from 27, schools randomized by lot was performed. All 205 teachers in the 27 schools answered a structured and self‐administered questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions about the participants' education level, work experience and first‐aid training, as well as knowledge about and attitudes towards dental trauma in permanent teeth as well as their experience in dental emergency situations.ResultsOf the 205 teachers, 91.2% reported having no knowledge about dental trauma and 16.6% of teachers had seen cases of acute dental trauma. Among the 205 teachers, 23.9% had received first‐aid training and 4.1% had been educated in dental trauma. Regarding actions of acute injuries to permanent teeth, the teachers showed a significant error rate. No association was found between the level of education and first‐aid training or experience with dental trauma. In relation to the experience of the teacher, association was found when managing trauma to soft tissue.ConclusionThe knowledge and actions of Brazilian schoolteachers in relation to care of acute injuries in permanent teeth were inconsistent and based on unfounded concepts, beliefs and intuition, and lack of training. Continuing education of teachers in oral care due to a dental trauma should be a good plan of action.
High resolution melt analysis to confirm the establishment of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium from silage inoculants during ensiling of wheat
Authors: Ogiy Svetlana , Chen Yaira , Pasvolsky Ronit , Weinberg Zwi G. , Shemesh Moshe 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHigh resolution melt (HRM) analysis is a sensitive post‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that enables to distinguish between similar DNA sequences, because of its high resolution capability. Thus, we aimed to use the HRM analysis in order to identify species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used as inoculants for silage and to confirm their establishment during the ensiling of wheat. Four silage inoculants including Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus buchneri were used as reference strains for HRM. The 16S rDNA gene of the four strains was amplified by real‐time PCR and the amplicons were used for subsequent HRM analysis. The different LAB species tested generated distinctive HRM profiles, allowing the discrimination and differentiation of each species. Two ensiling experiments were performed using wheat silages prepared in anaerobic jars. Treatments included control (no additives), L. plantarum and E. faecium each added at 106 colony forming unit per 1 g of fresh wheat. Three jars per treatment were sampled for analysis on different days of the experiment. Melting curves were obtained from DNA extracted from LAB colonies generated on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar media. In Experiment 1, DNA was obtained from random colonies, whereas, in Experiment 2, in addition to random colonies, the rest of the colonies from a given plate were analyzed. In all experimental setups, when random colonies were used, the results indicated that different LAB species are present in the silage, which changes along with the decrease in pH during the ensiling of wheat. In Experiment 2, when all colonies were sampled from given plates, the dominance of the L. plantarum showed up during ensiling of wheat, especially in wheat treated with L. plantarum. In summary, a simple molecular approach based on HRM analysis used in the present study, enables us to confirm establishment of L. plantarum throughout ensiling of wheat.
How do patients and professionals differentiate between intra‐articular joint bleeds and acute flare‐ups of arthropathy in patients with haemophilia?
Authors: Timmer M. A. , Pisters M. F. , de Kleijn P. , Veenhof C. , Laros‐van Gorkom B. A. P. , Kruip M. J. H. A. , de Bie R. A. , Schutgens R. E. G. 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThe overlap in symptoms between joint bleeds and flare‐ups of haemophilia arthropathy (HA) creates difficulties in differentiating between the two conditions. Diagnosis of haemarthrosis is currently empirically made based upon clinical presentations. However, no standard diagnostic criteria are available. To offer appropriate treatment, rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential. Additionally, adequate differentiation can decrease health costs significantly.AimThe aim of this study was to identify signs and symptoms to differentiate between an intra‐articular joint bleed and an acute flare‐up of HA in patients with haemophilia and make an initial proposal of items to include in a diagnostic criteria set.MethodsSix focus group interviews with a total of 13 patients and 15 professionals were carried out. The focus groups were structured following the Nominal Group Technique (NGT).ResultsThe most important signs and symptoms used to differentiate between joint bleeds and HA were (i) course of the symptoms, (ii) cause of the complaints, (iii) joint history, (iv) type of pain and (v) degree of impairments in range of motion.ConclusionThis qualitative study provides insight into signs and symptoms that are currently used to differentiate between joint bleeds and flare‐ups of HA. Results of this study can be used to develop a valid and standardized clinical diagnostic criteria set to differentiate between these two conditions. Further research is necessary to validate the signs and symptoms found in this study.
Recombinant human prothrombin (MEDI8111) prevents bleeding in haemophilia A and B mice
Authors: Hansson K. M. , Lindblom A. , Elg M. , Lövgren A. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundHaemophilia A and B are treated with FVIII and FIX replacement therapy. Treatment may be complicated by inhibitory antibodies that require bypass therapy such as FEIBA® in which prothrombin (FII) is suggested to be the main active component.MethodsTo evaluate the effect of FII on haemophilia recombinant human (rh) FII (MEDI8111) or plasma‐derived human FII (pdhFII) was given as single doses to anaesthetized haemophilia A and B mice 3 min before tail transection and rhFVIII or rhFIX was used for comparison. After tail transection, automatic bleeding registration was used to continuously measure blood loss (BL) and bleeding time (BT). Thrombin generation and plasma concentrations of human FVIII, FIX, FII and thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) were measured.ResultsBlood loss and BT were dose‐dependently decreased by rhFVIII or rhFIX. The concentrations that decreased BL and BT for rhFVIII by 50% (EC50) were 0.06 and 0.01 IU mL−1 and for rhFIX 0.07 and 0.07 IU mL−1, respectively. Administration of rhFVIII and rhFIX dose‐dependently increased thrombin generation potential but did not affect TAT. MEDI8111 and pdhFII dose‐dependently decreased BL and BT in haemophilia A mice, EC50 37 and 87 and 100 and 155 mg L−1 respectively. In haemophilia B mice given MEDI8111 EC50 was for BL 56 mg L−1 and for BT 67 mg L−1. TAT and thrombin generation increased dose‐dependently for MEDI8111 and pdhFII.ConclusionMEDI8111 dose‐dependently decreased bleeding and increased procoagulant activity in haemophilia A and B mice and suggest that MEDI8111 may be useful for preventing bleeding in patients with haemophilia A and B.
Disc‐, Plate‐, and Bowl ‐ Shaped Australites
Authors: BAKER GEORGE 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe disc‐, plate‐, and bowl‐shaped australites are unique among the tektites and rare in the well‐preserved, well‐developed state. Those from the Port Campbell district of the south coast of western Victoria are the best‐preserved and more numerous of the less than 50 known from the Australian tektite‐strewn field. They are very thin, complete forms in which the central core portion is much reduced in volume relative to the secondarily developed circumferential flange, and in which there are some with virtually no central core, so that the form is essentially a “flying flange.” These forms are no doubt the thin remnants resulting from ablation by aerodynamical frictional heating of the smaller primary australite forms that traversed the earth's atmosphere with stable aerodynamic orientation at ultrasupersonic velocities.
Kirkland ‐ A Questioned Fall*
Authors: READ WILLIAM F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTwo small iron meteorites are reported to have fallen through the dome of an amateur astronomer's observatory near Kirkland, Washington, on January 17, 1955. One is a medium octahedrite. The other lacks Widmanstaetten structure. Both contain abundant schreibersite. In the octrahedral specimen, this occurs as an axial replacement of kamacite bands. The validity of the fall has been challenged: a fire was started and the angle of impact was less than 30° from the horizontal. The writer supports the view that the fall actually occurred as reported.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN CHONDRITIC AND ACHONDRITIC METEORITES
Authors: Shaw Dennis M. , Harmon Russell S. 
Published: December 2015

Another explorative study of the use of factor analysis in meteorite geochemistry has been made. Forty‐two major and trace elements were sought from analyses of 80 stony meteorites in recent articles. Incomplete data reduced the matrix to 30 elements in 55 stones. Missing data were substituted by mean values in the groups CC, (E+H+L+LL) and ACH (13, 28, 14 individuals, respectively): the effect of these substitutions was tested empirically. R‐mode analysis with varimax rotation was carried out on these three sub‐sets and on the whole set: interpretation focused on factor loadings and scores.Results on the three sub‐sets gave little information of geochemical value, although the largest achondrite factor (lithophile elements) permits discrimination of eucrites, aubrites, diogenites and howardites.Analysis of all 55 meteorites showed the variance to be dominated by 1, a refractory‐lithophile(Al, Mg, Ca, Zr, Sc, U, Th, La, Eu, Yb) factor, and 2, a volatile‐chalcophile (Zn, Te, Cd, Bi, Tl) factor. Factor (1) scores will discriminate chondrites from achondrites: factor (2) scores delineate the compositional trend CC1, CC2, CC3, (E+H+L+LL) except for enstatite chondrites Indarch, Abee which fall with CC1.Further progress would need metal, sulphide and other mineral percentages for each meteorite.
Metallic copper in ordinary chondrites
Authors: Rubin Alan E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract— Metallic Cu of moderately high purity (∼985 mg/g Cu, ∼15 mg/g Ni) occurs in at least 66% of ordinary chondrites (OC) as heterogeneously distributed, small (typically ≤20 μm) rounded to irregular grains. The mean modal abundance of metallic Cu in H, L and LL chondrites is low: 1.0 to 1.4 × 10−4 vol%, corresponding to only 4–5% of the total Cu in OC whole rocks. In more than 75% of the metallic‐Cu‐bearing OC, at least some metallic Cu occurs at metallic‐Fe‐Ni‐troilite grain boundaries. In some cases it also occurs within troilite, within metallic Fe‐Ni, or at the boundaries these phases form with silicates or chromite.Ordinary chondrites that contain a relatively large number of occurrences of metallic Cu/mm2 have a tendency to have experienced moderately high degrees of shock. Shock processes can cause local melting and transportation of metallic Fe‐Ni and troilite; because metallic Cu is mainly associated with these phases, it also gets redistributed during shock events. In the most common petrographic assemblage containing metallic Cu, the Cu is adjacent to small irregular troilite grains surrounded by taenite plus tetrataenite; this assemblage resembles fizzed troilite and may have formed by localized shock melting or remelting of a metal‐troilite assemblage.
Safety and efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liang Bo , Dai Min , Zou Zhenhong 
Published: December 2015

Background and Aim:Owing to persistent controversy regarding the use of routine antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the availability of several new randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we conducted an up‐to‐date meta‐analysis to provide the best current evidence. The aim of the article is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of routine antibiotic prophylaxis in low‐risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods:We conducted a comprehensive literature review of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for RCTs that compared antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo or no antibiotics in low‐risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Results:The meta‐analysis included 21 RCTs (5207 patients). Antibiotic prophylaxis reduced the incidence of surgical site infections (risk ratio [RR] 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 to 0.82, P = 0.001) and global infections (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.79, P = 0.001) during hospitalization or after discharge, and postoperative length of hospital stay (weighted mean difference −0.16, 95% CI −0.28 to −0.04, P = 0.008). No adverse events were reported. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that two doses of antibiotic and 3–10 doses of antibiotic significantly reduced the incidence of surgical site infections compared with placebo or no antibiotics (two doses: RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06–0.47; 3–10 doses: RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27–0.80), while a single dose of antibiotic administration did not.Conclusion:Antibiotic prophylaxis is safe and effective in reducing surgical site infections and global infections during hospitalization or after discharge, and postoperative length of hospital stay in low‐risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Exposure to second hand tobacco smoke at home and child smoking at age 11 among British children with and without intellectual disability
Authors: Emerson E. , Hatton C. , Robertson J. , Baines S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe exposure of children to second hand tobacco smoke (SHS) is a well‐established risk factor for a range of adverse health conditions in childhood and later life. Little is known about the extent to which children with intellectual disability (ID) may be exposed to SHS. Our aim in this study was to estimate the risk of childhood exposure to SHS and early experience of smoking among children with and without ID in a nationally representative cohort of British children.MethodSecondary analysis of data extracted from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample of over 18 000 UK children born 2000–2002.ResultsChildren with ID are significantly more likely than their peers to be exposed to SHS and to have themselves experimented with smoking by age 11. Controlling for between‐group differences in socio‐economic position eliminated the increased risk of exposure to SHS and significantly attenuated, but did not eliminate, increased risk of experimenting with smoking by age 11.ConclusionsLevels of exposure to SHS among children with ID are typical of those of families of children without ID living in similar socio‐economic circumstances. The results lend no support to the hypothesis that increased rates of parental smoking may be associated with any additional ‘burden of care’ experienced by parents of children with ID. Nevertheless, it will be important to ensure that evidence‐based interventions to reduce exposure to SHS are tailored to the specific needs of families supporting children with ID (e.g. through the provision of disability‐friendly child care arrangements).
Column Generation‐Based Approach for Solving Large‐Scale Ready Mixed Concrete Delivery Dispatching Problems
Authors: Maghrebi Mojtaba , Periaraj Vivek , Waller S. Travis , Sammut Claude 
Published: December 2015

AbstractReady mix concrete (RMC) dispatching forms a critical component of the construction supply chain. However, optimization approaches within the RMC dispatching continue to evolve due to the specific size, constraints, and objectives required of the application domain. In this article, we develop a column generation algorithm for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) with time window constraints as applied to RMC dispatching problems and examine the performance of the approach for this specific application domain. The objective of the problem is to find the minimum cost routes for a fleet of capacitated vehicles serving concrete to customers with known demand from depots within the allowable time window. The VRP is specified to cover the concrete delivery problem by adding additional constraints that reflect real situations. The introduced model is amenable to the Dantzig–Wolfe reformulation for solving pricing problems using a two‐staged methodology as proposed in this article. Further, under the mild assumption of homogeneity of the vehicles, the pricing sub‐problem can be viewed as a minimum‐cost multi‐commodity flow problem and solved in polynomial time using efficient network simplex method implementations. A large‐scale field collect data set is used for evaluating the model and the proposed solution method, with and without time window constraints. In addition, the method is compared with the exact solution found via enumeration. The results show that on average the proposed methodology attains near optimal solutions for many of the large sized models but is 10 times faster than branch‐and‐cut.
Observations of two marine members of the genus Cymbellonitzschia (Bacillariophyta) from Tokyo Bay, Japan, with the description of the new species Cymbellonitzschia banzuensis
Authors: Stepanek Joshua G. , Hamsher Sarah E. , Mayama Shigeki , Jewson David H. , Kociolek J. Patrick 
Published: December 2015

SummaryCymbellonitzschia is a small genus of canal raphid diatoms within the Bacillariales reported from both freshwater and coastal marine environments. The genus is characterized by its distinct dorsiventral or ‘cymbelloid’ valve outline with the canal raphe either on the dorsal or, more commonly, along the ventral margin. Of the six currently described species only two freshwater representatives, the type of the name of the genus C. minima and the widely reported C. diluviana, have received detailed morphological treatments. This lack of understanding of the morphological diversity within the group hampers any efforts at understanding the relationships between species in this small but ecologically diverse genus. Presented here are observations and descriptions of two marine representatives from the genus Cymbellonitzschia, C. szulczewskii and the new species C. banzuensis sp. nov., based on light and scanning electron microscopy and a preliminary investigation of the phylogenetic position of marine Cymbellonitzschia within the Bacillariales. These species were collected co‐occurring in low tide sand samples from the Banzu Flats, Tokyo Bay, Japan. The morphology of these marine species will be compared to the documented freshwater species to better understand the morphological diversity and relationships within the genus.
Accounting for microsaccadic artifacts in the EEG using independent component analysis and beamforming
Authors: Craddock Matt , Martinovic Jasna , Müller Matthias M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNeuronal activity in the gamma‐band range was long considered a marker of object representation. However, scalp‐recorded EEG activity in this range is contaminated by a miniature saccade‐related muscle artifact. Independent component analysis (ICA) has been proposed as a method of removal of such artifacts. Alternatively, beamforming, a source analysis method in which potential sources of activity across the whole brain are scanned independently through the use of adaptive spatial filters, offers a promising method of accounting for the artifact without relying on its explicit removal. We present here the application of ICA‐based correction to a previously published dataset. Then, using beamforming, we examine the effect of ICA correction on the scalp‐recorded EEG signal and the extent to which genuine activity is recoverable before and after ICA correction. We find that beamforming attributes much of the scalp‐recorded gamma‐band signal before correction to deep frontal sources, likely the eye muscles, which generate the artifact related to each miniature saccade. Beamforming confirms that what is removed by ICA is predominantly this artifactual signal, and that what remains after correction plausibly originates in the visual cortex. Thus, beamforming allows researchers to confirm whether their removal procedures successfully removed the artifact. Our results demonstrate that ICA‐based correction brings about general improvements in signal‐to‐noise ratio suggesting it should be used along with, rather than be replaced by, beamforming.
Modulatory and plastic effects of kinins on spinal cord networks
Authors: Mandadi S. , Leduc‐Pessah H. , Hong P. , Ejdrygiewicz J. , Sharples S. A. , Trang T. , Whelan P. J. 
Published: December 2015

Key points
Inflammatory kinins are released following spinal cord injury or neurotrauma.
The effects of these kinins on ongoing locomotor activity of central pattern generator networks are unknown.
In the present study, kinins were shown to have short‐ and long‐term effects on motor networks.
The short‐term effects included direct depolarization of interneurons and motoneurons in the ventral horn accompanied by modulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1‐sensitive nociceptors in the dorsal horn.
Over the long‐term, we observed a bradykinin‐mediated effect on promoting plasticity in the spinal cord.
In a model of spinal cord injury, we observed an increase in microglia numbers in both the dorsal and ventral horn and, in a microglia cell culture model, we observed bradykinin‐induced expression of glial‐derived neurotrophic factor.
AbstractThe expression and function of inflammatory mediators in the developing spinal cord remain poorly characterized. We discovered novel, short and long‐term roles for the inflammatory nonapeptide bradykinin (BK) and its receptor bradykinin receptor B2 (B2R) in the neuromodulation of developing sensorimotor networks following a spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting that BK participates in an excitotoxic cascade. Functional expression of B2R was confirmed by a transient disruptive action of BK on fictive locomotion generated by a combination of NMDA, 5‐HT and dopamine. The role of BK in the dorsal horn nociceptive afferents was tested using spinal cord attached to one‐hind‐limb (HL) preparations. In the HL preparations, BK at a subthreshold concentration induced transient disruption of fictive locomotion only in the presence of: (1) noxious heat applied to the hind paw and (2) the heat sensing ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), known to be restricted to nociceptors in the superficial dorsal horn. BK directly depolarized motoneurons and ascending interneurons in the ventrolateral funiculus. We found a key mechanism for BK in promoting long‐term plasticity within the spinal cord. Using a model of neonatal SCI and a microglial cell culture model, we examined the role of BK in inducing activation of microglia and expression of glial‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In the neonatal SCI model, we observed an increase in microglia numbers and increased GDNF expression restricted to microglia. In the microglia cell culture model, we observed a BK‐induced increased expression of GDNF via B2R, suggesting a novel mechanism for BK spinal‐mediated plasticity.