bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed Treatments for Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1993
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established at the University of Idaho Plant Science Farms at Moscow and Genesee. ID. Treated and untreated seed was planted at about 7 lb/acre using a 6-row (7 inch spacing), small-plot cone seeder on 11 May at Moscow and 13 May at Genesee. Plots were 3.5 × 25 ft arranged in a RCBD with each treatment replicated 4 times. The plots were cultivated and harrowed twice and fertilized (200 lb 30-0-0-6/acre) prior to planting. Seed treated with 5 rates of Gaucho (imidacloprid), a Vitavax/ Thiram (fungicide only) treatment, a Vitavax RS (Vitavax/Thiram/Lindane) standard and untreated seed were supplied by Gustafson Inc. In the case of the granular treatment of Furadan CR-10, the granules were mixed with the seed prior to planting. The foliar treatment of Sevin XLR was applied when FB damage to cotyledons was first noted (20 and 26 May for Moscow and Genesee, respectively) using a COypressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 10 gal/acre at 20 psi. The Moscow plots were sprayed 25 Jun and 1 Jul with endosulfan (1 lb [AI]/ acre) to control diamondback moth and cabbage aphids. The Genesee plots were sprayed 1 Jul with endosulfan (1 lb [AI]/acre) and on 29 Jul an aerial application of methyl parathion (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to also control diamondback moth and aphids. FB damage ratings and counts of all plants in 6.6 ft of rows 2 and 5 were made 3 and 8 d following the foliar application of Sevin XLR. FB damage to cotyledons was scored using a 0-6 rating system. Final stand counts were made following harvest on 24 and 23 Sep for Moscow and Genesee, respectively.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola Using Coated Seed, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David , Nordick Dean 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This was a cooperative study with Agrigenetics and was located at Breckenridge, MN. Coated seed was made available from Grow Tec, Ltd in Nisker, Alberta, Canada. The trial was located on clay type soils. Individual plots were 5 ft × 20 ft and treatments were arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Granular treatments were planted with the seed on 5 May. The liquid broadcast treatments (Furadan 4F) were applied immediately post plant to the soil surface and were lightly raked in.
Evaluation of Furadan 4F as a Cultivation Treatment for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1991 and 1992
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The performance of Furadan 4F as a cultivation-time rescue treatment tank-mixed with Marksman herbicide was evaluated in comparison with Furadan 15G and 2 placement methods (banded and in-furrow) of Counter 15G applied at planting time. Experimental design was a randomized complete block containing 4 replicates, and was carried out at 3 SD sites each year (Armour, Brookings, and Nunda in 1991; Aurora #1, Aurora #2, and Nunda in 1992). Individual plots consisted of single 15.25 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Insecticide granules were applied with modified, ground-driven Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were calibrated on the planter prior to applications. Banded granular treatments were applied in an 18 cm swath in front of the furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by drag chains. Infurrow applications consisted of insecticide granules directed immediately between double disk furrow openers. Banded liquid applications were carried out using a CO2 backpack sprayer unit and a hand-held spray boom with a single TeeJet 8002 nozzle, that delivered 20 gal/acre at 35 psi. The 38 cm band was created by applying a 7.5 inch band on either side of, and including the treatment row. Broadcast treatments were applied using the aforementioned sprayer system, however the boom had 4 Teejet 8002 nozzles spaced 18 inches apart which were also calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre. Corn was seeded at 23,000 kernels per acre at all locations. Five roots per replicate were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Percent root protection (1 - [treatment root rating/untreated root rating] × 100) was calculated for a more visible comparison of treatment performances.
Corn Rootworm Control in Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Rebarchak P. B. , Spangler S. M. , Roth G. W. , Hoffman L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twenty-six corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rock Springs, PA, during 1991. A RCBD with 5 replications of each treatment was used, including 2 controls. Plots were 39 ft long by 5 ft wide or 2 rows. Insecticides were applied in-furrow or as a T-band application using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter on 10 May for a target population of 28,000 plants/acre. T-band applications were applied in 7 inch bands over the row and into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into the furrow in front of the press wheel. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 70°F. Drought conditions existed during the growing season, contributing to the low plant vigor and low yields.
Granular and Liquid Insecticide Performance Against Corn Rootworm, 1993
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 2 rows (30-inch row spacing) by 50 ft were planted on 12 May in a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Research Station, Rosemount. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Granular insecticides were applied with a modified Noble applicator at planting, either banded ahead of the press wheel or in furrow. Postemergence (25 Jun) sidedress applications of liquid insecticides were made with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa. Percent lodging was determined on 16 Aug. On 25 Aug, 5 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (with half-point increments for higher sensitivity).
Apple, Evaluation on Ntn-33893 as a Trunk Application, 1993
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 10 replicates. Test trees were 2 years old and spaced 3.7 × 5.5 m apart on M.26 EMLA rootstock. The average trunk diameter of trees 46 cm above the ground was 3 cm. Treatments for all plots were applied with a paint brush to the trunk in a 20-40 cm band beginning below the main scaffold limbs on 14 Apr. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of captan 50WP and Nova 40WP, The effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree for the first generation and nymphs/50 randomly selected leaves for the second generation. Effectiveness on SA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/5 growing shoots, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM, AF and ZM was evaluated by counting these mites during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/ tree, 250 leaves/treatment. STLM were counted at the end of both 1st and 2nd generation by examining 4 one year old shoots and determining the number of tissue feeding mines per leaf.
Spoke-Injection of Liquid Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Larval Control in Iowa, 1993
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Warshaw R. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Spoke-injection of liquid insecticides (100% incorporation), was compared with conventional planting- and cultivation-time applications. Plots were established at Rhodes (silty clay loam) and Nashua (loam). A RCB design, with 4 replications, was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Plantingtime liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 10 gpa at 23 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, one on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver either a 7, or 15-inch band width around the base of the plants; 10 gpa at 10 psi. Broadcast applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002 nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 17 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of each "broadcasted" row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. “Spoke-injection” treatments were applied within several days of planting. The spoked applicator cylinder, mounted behind a small tractor, consisted of a 7-inch high-density polyethylene rod, with a 1.5-inch brass axle. Injection points (0.19-inch diam × 1.3-inch in length) were aligned in 10 rows on the cylinder, for a total of 220 points. A tension spring forced the points into the soil. Flat steel scrapers, positioned between rows of points, kept debris from interfering with the function of the spoke injector. Liquid insecticide was injected to a depth of ca. 1 inch using CO2; 20 gpa at 50 psi. Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Cotton, 1992
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in a RCBD with 4 replicates at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, CA. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 34 ft long. Rows were 40 inches apart. There were 3 unplanted buffer rows between plots and 20 ft alleys that separated blocks. Cotton was grown using standard cultural practices. The cotton was planted and irrigated for germination on 20 Mar. A total of 17 chemicals or mixtures of chemicals was evaluated. Foliar applications of the chemicals were initiated on 16 Apr, 3 days after plant emergence reached about 95%. Additional applications were made every 2 wk for a total of 9 times. The last foliar applications were made on 5 Aug when over 50% of leaves were defoliated by sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF). Chemicals were applied with a John Deere 700 High Cycle Sprayer in 20 gal of water/acre at 90 psi with 3 nozzles/row until plants were about 1 ft high. One nozzle was positioned above the top of plants and 1 on each side of the plants. From 24 Jun, chemicals were applied in 27 gal of water/acre at 90 psi with 5 nozzles each row. One nozzle was positioned above tops of plants, one on each side of plants to provide bottom leaf coverage and one on each side of plants to provide coverage of leaves on the middle and top portions of plants. SPWF immatures were counted from underside of leaves on ten 12 cm2 leaf disks from the 5th leaf from the top of the main stems sampled from each plot, 1 day before and 2 days after each chemical application. Overall means of SPWF immatures were derived from 11 sampling days from 9 Jun to 21 Aug. Seed cotton was sampled on 17 Aug from two 1/1000 acre areas of each plot and ginned for lint yields.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm During Late Season, 1993
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted in a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam on 1 Jul. Plots consisted of 3 rows on 1.02 m centers × 12.2 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Field preparation and plot maintenance followed conventional cultural practices. Plots were irrigated to maintain satisfactory soil moisture. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.3 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 7 and 10 Sep and evaluated on 16 Sep (6 DAT) by visually examining 50 squares on each of 2 rows/plot for bollworm-tobacco budworm damage and live larvae. All plots were heavily infested with eggs and larvae (primarily tobacco budworm) on 7 Sep. No other insecticides were applied to the test area. The plots received 1.7 cm rainfall on 13 Sep (3 DAT).
Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiens1S Products Against Budworm and Bollworm in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Moar W. J. , McCollum R. , Smith R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 23 May at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation in Headland, AL in 8 row plots (36 inch centers) × 75 ft long with 25 ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer to deliver 8 gal/acre using Teejet TX10 hollow cone tip nozzles on 18-inch spacing at 55 psi at 5 mph. Water pH was 7.2—7.4 and Prime Oil was used as a spreader/sticker at recommended rates. Foliar treatments were applied 7 times (3, 9, 22, 30 Jul and 6, 9, 16 Aug) followed by 1 blanket overspray of Karate on 22 Aug in order to preserve the results of the microbial treatments. Treatments were evaluated 6 times (8, 12, 25 Jul and 1, 8, 12 Aug) at 3-5 DAT for the presence of eggs, larvae, and square/boll damage by sampling 25 terminals in the middle 4 rows/plot. Yields were taken by mechanically harvesting the middle 2 rows/plot on 6 Nov.
Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products Against Budworm and Bollworm in Cotton, 1992
Authors: Moar W. J. , McCollum R. , Smith R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 10 Apr at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation in Headland, AL, in 8-row plots (36 inch centers) × 75 ft long with 25 ft alleys. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre using Teejet TX10 hollow cone tip nozzles on 18-inch spacing at 55 psi and 5 mph. Water pH was 7.2-7.4 and Prime Oil was used as a spreader/sticker at recommended rates. Foliar treatments were applied 7 times (7, 10, 20, 24, 31 Jul and 5, 12 Aug) followed by 1 blanket overspray of Karate on 20 Aug in order to preserve the results of the microbial treatments. Treatments were evaluated 7 times (10, 14, 23-24, 28-29 Jul and 4-5, 10-11, 17-18 Aug) at 3-5 DAT for the presence of eggs, larvae, and terminal damage by sampling 25 terminals in the middle 4 rows/plot. Yields were taken by mechanically harvesting the middle 2 rows/plot on 27 Oct.
Cage Evaluation of Spray Applications on Cotton for Plantbug Control, 1993
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S. , Porter R. Patrick 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Eight insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy against TPB at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS. A RCBD with 4 replications was used. Plots were 35 ft long × 2 rows wide (38 inch spacing) separated by 12 untreated buffer rows. Foliar applications were applied 7 Jul at 9:45 a.m. with a high clearance spray tractor at 4 mph and 33 psi and 5 gpa. Temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were 91°F, 63% and 0.2 to 4.0 mph, respectively. Insects were collected the day prior to infestation by sweeping wild flowers (clover) with a sweep net, placing them in a glass enclosure, and collecting the adults with an aspirator. Adults were kept overnight in a glass container with a water wick and snap beans. Plants were infested on 7 Jul and 9 Jul by placing a cloth sleeve over the upper third of the plants, fastening them around the stem at the bottom with a rubber band containing two beads (Ponytail holder) placing 10 live insects on the plant and then closing the sleeve above the terminal with a second ‘ponytail holder’. Plants with cages were cut at 24h and returned to the laboratory where the cages were opened in a glass enclosure and the insects were evaluated for mortality. Those that could not move normally when prodded were considered dead. There were only enough insects for 3 replications for the 9 Jul infestation.
Foliar Sprays Applied at Egg and Larval Thresholds to Control Boll Worms in Cotton, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 24 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Row spacing was 36 inches, and Temik I5G (5 lb product/acre) was applied at planting for early-season Thrips control. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Sprays were applied using a single nozzle (TX-VS 4) boom delivering 10 gal water/acre at 60 psi. Egg threshold sprays were applied on 13 Aug when 10 or more BW eggs were found on 100 terminals. Larval threshold sprays were applied on 26 Aug when BW numbers reached or exceeded 3 live worms/100 bolls or squares. BW pressure was low to moderate. On 6 Sep, 25 random bolls were picked from each replicate of each treatment and examined for BW feeding damage.
Evaluation of Selected BT Compounds for Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1993
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Barfield M. E. , Martin S. H. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides was evaluated against BW and TBW at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a RCBD with 3 replications. Plots were planted 8 Jun and consisted of 3 rows (1.01 m centers) × 15.2 m. Treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system calibrated to deliver 107.5 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied 23 Aug and treatments were evaluated on 27 Aug (4 days after treatment). Treatments were evaluated by visually examining 100 squares from each plot and recording damaged squares, etched squares, total feeding injury and live larvae. Etching describes those squares that have visible signs of feeding without puncturing the square. Total feeding injury includes all squares that were damaged and etched. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Selected Seed and In-Furrow Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy of seed treatments was evaluated against TT injury and for affect on plant stand in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 7 May with 36- inch row spacing. Vitavax PC was applied to all treatments, but at different rates. Gaucho and certain Orthene treatments (designated by *) were applied commercially by Gustafson, Inc., Piano, TX. Other treatments (designated by **) were applied commercially by Severn Peanut Co., Severn, NC. With ‘preblend’ treatments, Vitavax and insecticides were preblended at designated rates before application to seed. With ‘overtreat’ treatments, Vitavax was applied to seed at the designated rate, then the insecticide was applied. A ‘hopper box’ treatment was included with product and seed layered and gently mixed in the planter box just before planting. Aldicarb (Temik 15G) was applied to 1 treatment into the seed furrow (IF) at planting as a standard for comparison. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale, where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Plant stand counts were made 17 and 27 d after planting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Selected pesticides were evaluated for control of TSSM in cv. ‘NC-10’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul and again on 10 Aug using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 20 ft. Treatments were evaluated on 28, 30 Jul and on 3, 5, 10, 13, 20, and 29 Aug by comparing the number of live mites in a 1.5 cm diam area on 4 randomly-selected leaflets per plot. Mite counts were made in the field using 10X magnification lenses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures. A cumulative index (CI) was calculated for each treatment using ∑(Xi+1 - Xi)[(Yi + Yi+1)/2], where Xi, and Xi+1, are adjacent sample dates and Yi and Yi+1, are corresponding points of total mite number.
Evaluation of Control for Lesser Cornstalk Border on Peanuts, 1993
Authors: Wolf S. P. , DeLamar Z. D. , Mack T. P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This test consisted of 2 parts, a field application of the granular insecticides and a laboratory bioassay. Insecticides were applied to conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation at Headland, AL. Eight treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. All insecticides were applied with a small plot granular applicator in a 7 inch band over the row. Dyfonate II 15G was applied at planting on 11 May and again with the other insecticides at flowering on 8 Jul. A second application of Lorsban 15G was made 27 d after flowering, on 3 Aug. Soil samples were taken from each plot once a wk by collecting a subsample (12 inches wide × 4 inches long × 1 inch deep) from 3 randomly-selected rows within each plot. Each subsample was taken by centering the longitudinal axis of the sample over the row. Samples were taken to the laboratory and refrigerated at 0°C until assaying. Soil was air dried to less than 1% moisture, and poured to a depth of 0.5 inches in a 1.0 oz plastic diet cup. Three cups were used for each plot, for a total of 12 cups per treatment. Three 1st instar larvae were put into each cup and were given a plug of artificial diet. Effectiveness of each insecticide was evaluated by exposing 36 larvae (4 replicates times 3 cups per plot times 3 larvae per cup) to each treatment. Larvae were incubated in a controlled environment chamber at 30°C. The number of living and dead larvae was recorded at 72 h.
Evaluation of Beauveria Bassiana and Sevin 4-Oil for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1993
Authors: Brinkman M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Foster R. N. , Reuter K. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The performance of B. bassiana as a bioinsecticide of rangeland grasshoppers was compared to Sevin 4-Oil. Experimental plots were 40 acres located in Slope County, ND. Each treatment was replicated 4 times arranged in a CRD. B. bassiana and Sevin were aerially applied on 10 and 11 Jul 1993, respectively. Grasshopper densities were estimated with the use of 0.1 m2 aluminum rings. Near the center of each plot, 40 rings were placed 5 m apart in a 64 m diam circle.