bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise Mode Moderates the Relationship Between Mobility and Basal Ganglia Volume in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Nagamatsu Lindsay S. , Weinstein Andrea M. , Erickson Kirk I. , Fanning Jason , Awick Elizabeth A. , Kramer Arthur F. , McAuley Edward 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesTo examine whether 12 months of aerobic training (AT) moderated the relationship between change in mobility and change in basal ganglia volume than balance and toning (BAT) exercises in older adults.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.SettingChampaign‐Urbana, Illinois.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling older adults (N = 101; mean age 66.4).InterventionTwelve‐month exercise trial with two groups: AT and BAT.MeasurementsMobility was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. Basal ganglia (putamen, caudate nucleus, pallidum) was segmented from T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images using the Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Software Library Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool. Measurements were obtained at baseline and trial completion. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to examine whether exercise mode moderates the relationship between change in mobility and change in basal ganglia volume over 12 months. Age, sex, and education were included as covariates.ResultsExercise significantly moderated the relationship between change in mobility and change in left putamen volume. Specifically, for the AT group, volume of the left putamen did not change, regardless of change in mobility. Similarly, in the BAT group, those who improved their mobility most over 12 months had no change in left putamen volume, although left putamen volume of those who declined in mobility levels decreased significantly.ConclusionThe primary finding that older adults who engaged in 12 months of BAT training and improved mobility exhibited maintenance of brain volume in an important region responsible for motor control provides compelling evidence that such exercises can contribute to the promotion of functional independence and healthy aging.
The challenges of vitamin and mineral supplementation in children with inherited metabolic disorders: a prospective trial
Authors: Daly A. , Evans S. , Chahal S. , Surplice I. , Vijay S. , Santra S. , MacDonald A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn order to achieve metabolic stability, dietary treatment of inborn errors of metabolism may require restriction of protein, fat or carbohydrate. Manipulation of dietary intake potentially reduces micronutrient status, and provision of a comprehensive vitamin and mineral supplement becomes an essential adjunct to dietary treatment.AimTo review the efficacy of a new complete vitamin and mineral supplement [Fruitivits, Vitaflo Ltd] in 14 subjects in an open prospective 26‐week study.MethodAll subjects had dietary restrictions: low protein diets (57%, n = 8), regular daytime cornstarch and overnight glucose polymer tube feeds (29%, n = 4), low fat diet (7%, n = 1) and modified Atkins diet (7%, n = 1). Plasma nutritional biochemistry, anthropometry and food frequency questionnaires were collected at week 0, 12 and 26 weeks respectively.ResultsFive nutritional parameters showed a significant improvement from baseline (week 0) to study end (week 26): folate (P = 0.01), vitamin E (P = 0.04), plasma selenium (P = 0.002), whole blood selenium (P = 0.04) and total vitamin D (P = 0.008). All the other nutritional markers did not significantly change. Even with regular monitoring, 37% of the product remained unused.ConclusionsDespite improvements in some nutritional markers, overall use of the vitamin and mineral supplement was less than prescribed. New methods are needed to guarantee delivery of micronutrients in children at risk of deficiencies as a result of an essential manipulation of diet in inborn disorders of metabolism.
Nurse‐led cognitive–behavioral group therapy for recovery of self‐esteem in patients with mental disorders: A pilot study
Authors: Kunikata Hiroko , Yoshinaga Naoki , Shiraishi Yuko , Okada Yoshie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo design a program targeting recovery of self‐esteem in patients with mental disorders, and to clarify the changes after the program to determine its effectiveness.MethodsThis study employed a one group pre‐ and post design, which comprised baseline, post‐intervention, and 3 month follow‐up phases, and recruited 41 Japanese patients with mental disorders living in the community. The authors administered the nurse‐led group cognitive–behavioral therapy program for the recovery of self‐esteem, which comprised 12 sessions, to the participants. The follow‐up investigations were conducted immediately and 3 months after the program. The present authors used the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSES), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Subjective Well‐Being Inventory (SUBI), and Test to Determine the Characteristics of Ideas as subjective measures and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as an objective measure.ResultsAfter controlling for the factors of medication and use of social services, improvement was observed in all measures of evaluation. The authors identified improvement at post‐intervention and follow up. The scores for the RSES, BPRS, confidence in coping, and inadequate mental mastery at post‐intervention and follow up were significantly higher than those at baseline, and these beneficial effects were maintained 3 months after the program.ConclusionThe program may aid in recovering and maintaining self‐esteem of patients suffering from mental disorders. However, it is necessary to conduct a randomized controlled clinical trial to confirm these findings.
Post‐partum hypoglycemia and hypothermia as first manifestations of lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: A case report
Authors: Koyama Shinsuke , Okuno Koichiro , Naoi Hirokazu , Watanabe Masahiro , Ozaki Kimiaki , Shiki Yasuhiko 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLymphocytic adenohypophysitis is a very rare autoimmune disease characterized by an anterior pituitary infiltration of lymphocytes that cause various symptoms, such as headache, visual disturbance, and hypopituitarism. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis is more common in women and has a remarkable association with the perinatal period. Recently, we experienced a case of lymphocytic adenohypophysitis shortly after delivery. A 37‐year‐old primiparous woman delivered her baby at 38 weeks’ gestation. The next morning, she presented symptoms of hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Blood testing revealed hypoadrenalism and hypothyroidism. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed characteristic findings consistent with lymphocytic adenohypophysitis. We immediately initiated medication with steroids and levothyroxine. Currently, her pituitary size has normalized and its function has fully recovered. Physical stress resulting from labor and delivery may unmask subclinical lymphocytic adenohypophysitis. Practitioners should keep in mind the possibility of lymphocytic adenohypophysitis in any pregnant women with symptoms of hypoglycemia and hypothermia after delivery.
In Vitro Study of the Sealing Ability of Cements for Zirconia Restorations
Authors: Cetik Sibel , Solor‐Bouvier Thomas , Schittly Estelle , Atash Ramin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPurposeThe micropercolation testing of dental materials is currently used to evaluate the sealing ability. The aim of the present study is to compare the sealing ability of distinct assembling materials for zirconium oxide peripheric crowns.Materials and MethodsOne hundred teeth were prepared to be thermocycled after being distributed at random in 10 groups each containing 10 specimens (group 1: Fuji One; group 2: Fuji Plus; group 3: Variolink II; group 4: RelyX Ultimate; group 5: Multilink; group 6: Panavia F2.0; group 7: Bifix QM; group 8: RelyX Unicem 2; group 9: Maxcem Elite; group 10: Bifix SE).ResultsRelyX Unicem 2 and RelyX Ultimate yielded high imperviousness percentages. The sealing ability in the vestibular area and lingual area is indeed best in the presence of these two materials. Our results show no difference whether the chamfer is situated in the enamel or in the dentin.ConclusionA zirconium crown should be preferably cemented with a glass‐ionomer cement modified by addition of resin material.
It's all about Baxter: task orientation in the effective teaching of writing
Authors: Gadd Murray , Parr Judy M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis New Zealand‐based study of the classroom practice of nine exemplary teachers of writing to upper primary‐age students explored the significance of task orientation as a component of effective teacher instruction and the instructional strategies or actions that effective teachers utilise to promote such. Effectiveness pertains to teachers being able to generate a positive impact on learners' engagement and academic outcomes. Particular attention was given to the content and organisation of the tasks and activities that teachers required of their students. Analysis of observed teacher practice in relation to learner gains showed actions associated with task orientation to be strongly associated with student progress in writing. Two indicators linked particularly with learner gains in writing. They relate to teachers being able to select and promote learning tasks that are purposeful and challenging for students and to students being involved in the selection or construction of learning tasks. There were relatively high levels of proficiency with regard to teachers being able to select and promote purposeful and challenging tasks but significant operational variability with regard to teachers involving their students in task selection or construction. Classroom illustrations are provided on how effective teachers promote learner involvement in task selection or construction.
Roots under attack: contrasting plant responses to below‐ and aboveground insect herbivory
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Erb Matthias , Hartley Susan E. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe distinctive ecology of root herbivores, the complexity and diversity of root–microbe interactions, and the physical nature of the soil matrix mean that plant responses to root herbivory extrapolate poorly from our understanding of responses to aboveground herbivores. For example, root attack induces different changes in phytohormones to those in damaged leaves, including a lower but more potent burst of jasmonates in several plant species. Root secondary metabolite responses also differ markedly, although patterns between roots and shoots are harder to discern. Root defences must therefore be investigated in their own ecophysiological and evolutionary context, specifically one which incorporates root microbial symbionts and antagonists, if we are to better understand the battle between plants and their hidden herbivores.

Contents

Summary
413

I.
Introduction
413

II.
What makes root herbivores different from shoot herbivores?
414

III.
Plant perception of attack and induced signalling
414

IV.
Growth, photosynthetic and primary metabolite responses
415

V.
Secondary metabolite responses
416

VI.
Plant defence theories – their applicability belowground
417

VII.
Where next?
417

Acknowledgements
417

References
417
Flowering mechanisms, pollination strategies and floral scent analyses of syntopically co‐flowering Homalomena spp. (Araceae) on Borneo
Authors: Hoe Y. C. , Gibernau M. , Maia A. C. D. , Wong S. Y. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this study, the flowering mechanisms and pollination strategies of seven species of the highly diverse genus Homalomena (Araceae) were investigated in native populations of West Sarawak, Borneo. The floral scent compositions were also recorded for six of these species. The selected taxa belong to three out of four complexes of the section Cyrtocladon (Hanneae, Giamensis and Borneensis). The species belonging to the Hanneae complex exhibited longer anthesis (53–62 h) than those of the Giamensis and Borneensis complexes (ca. 30 h). Species belonging to the Hanneae complex underwent two floral scent emission events in consecutive days, during the pistillate and staminate phases of anthesis. In species belonging to the Giamensis and Borneensis complexes, floral scent emission was only evident to the human nose during the pistillate phase. A total of 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in floral scent analyses of species belonging to the Hanneae complex, whereas 26 VOCs were found in samples of those belonging to the Giamensis complex. The floral scent blends contained uncommon compounds in high concentration, which could ensure pollinator discrimination. Our observations indicate that scarab beetles (Parastasia gestroi and P. nigripennis; Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae) are the pollinators of the investigated species of Homalomena, with Chaloenus schawalleri (Chrysomelidae, Galeuricinae) acting as a secondary pollinator. The pollinators utilise the inflorescence for food, mating opportunities and safe mating arena as rewards. Flower‐breeding flies (Colocasiomyia nigricauda and C. aff. heterodonta; Diptera, Drosophilidae) and terrestrial hydrophilid beetles (Cycreon sp.; Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) were also frequently recovered from inflorescences belonging to all studied species (except H. velutipedunculata), but they probably do not act as efficient pollinators. Future studies should investigate the post‐mating isolating barriers among syntopically co‐flowering Homalomena sharing the same visiting insects.
Housing design and people with severe mental illness: An observational approach to the investigation of supported housing facilities
Authors: Marcheschi Elizabeth , Johansson Maria , Laike Thorbjörn , Brunt David 
Published: January 2016

An observational approach was employed to investigate the role played by architectural characteristics of supported housing facilities (SHF) in sustaining interactional behavior among people with severe mental illness (SMI) (N = 29) and staff (N = 27). The observations were carried out in dining areas, corridors and outdoor environments of SHF (N = 4). In order to test differences in the observed behaviors two SHFs with high physical‐environment quality (HQ) and two with low physical‐environment quality (LQ) according to the perception of people with SMI were chosen. Results showed that the dining areas of HQ better support social interactions between SHF users. No differences between the housing facilities were found concerning corridors areas, while housing facilities that provided proximity and accessibility to outdoor environments, such as those with HQ, were significantly more supportive for social interactional behavior than LQ housing. These results corroborate previous findings from this project and suggest that the characteristics of the housing design have a significant impact on the use of the environment and on the behavior patterns in the setting.
Concurrent cytomegalovirus glomerulitis and BK polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy in a kidney allograft biopsy
Authors: Chikeka I.O. , Paulk A. , Haririan A. , Papadimitriou J.C. , Drachenberg C.B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA 58‐year‐old renal transplant recipient underwent biopsy 11 weeks post transplantation for increasing creatinine. The biopsy showed cytomegalovirus (CMV) glomerulitis together with BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)‐associated nephropathy (PVAN). Treatment with intravenous ganciclovir and overall reduction in maintenance immunosuppression resulted in prompt resolution of the CMV glomerulitis, but with persistence of PVAN in a follow‐up biopsy 4 weeks later. Stable creatinine and BKPyV viral clearance were observed at the last clinical visit 15 months post transplantation. This case exemplifies infectious glomerulitis, which requires differentiation from the more common glomerulitis caused by antibody‐mediated allograft rejection. The morphological similarities and differences between BKPyV and CMV infections are discussed.
Comparison of Multibody Dynamics Solver Performance: Synthetic Versus Realistic Data
Authors: Lu Ying , Trinkle Jeff 
Published: January 2016

In the area of robotics simulation, multibody dynamics plays an important role in designing and controlling robots, especially when the robot contacts the environment. Contacts give rise to non-penetration and friction constraints, which are nonsmooth and nonlinear. One way to simulate such systems is through the use of a discrete-time multibody dynamics model in the form of a nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP), for which, finding a solution is known to be NP-hard [1]. In situations where analytical solutions don’t exist, a suite of numerical solutions accessible through a benchmarking framework is useful to fairly evaluate performance of different computer algorithms. However, many algorithm designers don’t have easy access to test data from physical simulators. Under such circumstances, randomized data are used to test the performance of solution algorithms.
In this paper, we present our Benchmark Problems of Multibody Dynamics (BPMD) framework and database, with the data sets from different physics engines, as a benchmarking platform. Then we compare the performance of several solvers on synthetic data and simulation data, to show the superiority of testing solution algorithms with simulation data over testing with synthetic data. We will show that algorithm tested only on synthetic data often fail to solve problem obtained from physics simulations, to demonstrate the benefit of BPMD database.
Predicting the Benefits of Topology Optimization
Authors: Deng Shiguang , Suresh Krishnan 
Published: January 2016

Topology optimization is a systematic method of generating designs that maximize specific objectives. While it offers significant benefits over traditional shape optimization, topology optimization can be computationally demanding and laborious. Even a simple 3D compliance optimization can take several hours. Further, the optimized topology must typically be manually interpreted and translated into a CAD-friendly and manufacturing friendly design.
This poses a predicament: given an initial design, should one optimize its topology? In this paper, we propose a simple metric for predicting the benefits of topology optimization. The metric is derived by exploiting the concept of topological sensitivity, and is computed via a finite element swapping method. The efficacy of the metric is illustrated through numerical examples.
The Effects of Soldier Gear Encumbrance on Restraints in a Frontal Crash Environment
Authors: Karwaczynski Sebastian K. , Hoover Ryan W. , Jessup Chris P. , Paulson Kyle M. 
Published: January 2016

Crash testing and validation of Military vehicles has not to date, accounted for the Soldier gear burden. Actual loads imparted onto the occupant in a representative Military vehicle crash test environment have been limited and do not reflect what an occupant would actually see in this type of an event. The US Army Soldier encumbered with his gear poses a challenge in restraint system design that is not typical in the automotive world. The weight of the gear encumbrance may have a significant effect on how the restraint system performs and protects the occupant during a frontal event. Other system level complications to Military vehicle interiors are secondary impact surfaces, such as instrument panels, ammunition cans and weaponry which provide a path for off-loading the energy generated by the occupant and gear combination. The energy absorption of these surfaces however, is not ideal in current Military vehicle designs and may result in injury or death.
The goal of this study was to investigate gear and accelerative pulses as they relate to the restraints and occupant interaction. Data from this study will be used for further restraint development. To limit experimental variation a fixed steel seat structure was utilized throughout the entire testing series. It is hypothesized that determining these effects will lead to a restraint system design that can be optimized to provide restraint for the whole range of occupant sizes and gear variations. Further reductions in occupant injury are achieved by properly tuning the surrounding trim, air bags and cargo contact surfaces.
Results of this study indicate the inclusion of the soldier gear may increase the likelihood of occupant excursion and injury. Variation in accelerative pulses resulted in lower injury values and occupant displacements.
Influence of Grease Characteristics on Gear Friction Loss
Authors: Matsumoto Yoichi , Houjoh Haruo 
Published: January 2016

In a previous study, we analyzed the mechanical loss factors of a small-sized geared motor comprising an induction motor and a parallel gear reducer. The load dependent loss is mainly caused by gear mesh friction, which is related to grease characteristics.
This study investigates how the grease characteristics influence the friction loss of the gear mesh. The important grease characteristics are the cone penetration, kinematic viscosity, type of base oil, and type of thickener.
The loss of gear mesh friction was evaluated in terms of the average friction coefficient between the gear teeth and was found to be unrelated to the cone penetration and kinematic viscosity of the base oil. The average friction coefficient of grease combined with lithium soap/poly urea and mineral base oil was 0.09–0.11; when combined with aluminum complex soap and synthetic base oil, the friction coefficient reduced to 0.07–0.08.
On-Road Evaluation of Energy Cost on Cycling: A Case Study for Analyzing Tire Pressure Influence
Authors: Roa Sergio Daniel , Muñoz Luis Ernesto 
Published: January 2016

This work presents a methodology for the evaluation of energy cost on cycling through on-road tests. The proposed methodology consists on the measurement of the power delivered by the cyclist on the pedals when riding on a real circuit. The aim of the methodology is to generate indexes for the direct evaluation of the effect on energy cost generated by an arbitrary modification implemented on a bike. The modification can include the variation of multiple parameters. The proposed indexes for the evaluation of the energy cost are the mean input power and the mechanical work per distance during the test. The proposed methodology intends to evaluate the energy cost for a given bike-rider set on a given circuit.
A case study is presented for the evaluation of tire pressure influence on energy cost. For the application of the methodology, one cyclist rode on the circuit of interest with a set of different tire pressures. The power delivered by the cyclist was measured on the pedals. Several tests were conducted for each pressure in order to achieve a good level of significance. The results obtained for the case study with the proposed methodology are compared with the results of a method based on rolling resistance coefficients reported in literature.
Design of Scotch Yoke Mechanisms With Balanced Input Torque
Authors: Arakelian Vigen , Mkrtchyan Manuk 
Published: January 2016

Input torque balancing through addition of an auxiliary mechanism is a well-known way to improve the dynamic behavior of mechanisms. One of the more efficient methods used to solve this problem is creating a cam-spring mechanism. However, the use of a cam mechanism is not always possible or desirable because of the wear effect due to the contact stresses and high friction between the roller and the cam.
This paper proposes to balance the input torque of Scotch yoke mechanisms without any auxiliary linkage just by adding linear springs to the output slider. It is shown that after cancellation of inertial effects the input torque due to friction in joints becomes constant, which facilitates the control of the mechanism. The efficiency of the suggested technique is illustrated via simulations carried out by using ADAMS software.