bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and natural selection footprints of the glycine amidinotransferase gene in various human populations
Authors: Khan Asifullah , Tian Lei , Zhang Chao , Yuan Kai , Xu Shuhua 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe glycine amidinotransferase gene (GATM) plays a vital role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues and is associated with multiple clinically important phenotypes. However, the genetic diversity of the GATM gene remains poorly understood within and between human populations. Here we analyzed the 1,000 Genomes Project data through population genetics approaches and observed significant genetic diversity across the GATM gene among various continental human populations. We observed considerable variations in GATM allele frequencies and haplotype composition among different populations. Substantial genetic differences were observed between East Asian and European populations (FST = 0.56). In addition, the frequency of a distinct major GATM haplotype in these groups was congruent with population-wide diversity at this locus. Furthermore, we identified GATM as the top differentiated gene compared to the other statin drug response-associated genes. Composite multiple analyses identified signatures of positive selection at the GATM locus, which was estimated to have occurred around 850 generations ago in European populations. As GATM catalyzes the key step of creatine biosynthesis involved in energy metabolism, we speculate that the European prehistorical demographic transition from hunter-gatherer to farming cultures was the driving force of selection that fulfilled creatine-based metabolic requirement of the populations.
Anomalous temperature-dependent spin-valley polarization in monolayer WS2
Authors: Hanbicki A.T. , Kioseoglou G. , Currie M. , Hellberg C. Stephen , McCreary K.M. , Friedman A.L. , Jonker B.T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSingle layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are direct gap semiconductors with nondegenerate valley indices. An intriguing possibility for these materials is the use of their valley index as an alternate state variable. Several limitations to such a utility include strong intervalley scattering, as well as multiparticle interactions leading to multiple emission channels. We prepare single-layer WS2 films such that the photoluminescence is from either the neutral or charged exciton (trion). After excitation with circularly polarized light, the neutral exciton emission has zero polarization. However, the trion emission has a large polarization (28%) at room temperature. The trion emission also has a unique, non-monotonic temperature dependence that is a consequence of the multiparticle nature of the trion. This temperature dependence enables us to determine that intervalley scattering, electron-hole radiative recombination and Auger processes are the dominant mechanisms at work in this system. Because this dependence involves trion systems, one can use gate voltages to modulate the polarization (or intensity) emitted from TMD structures.
Three Dimensional Sculpturing of Vertical Nanowire Arrays by Conventional Photolithography
Authors: Shi Run , Huang Chengzi , Zhang Linfei , Amini Abbas , Liu Kai , Shi Yuan , Bao Shuhan , Wang Ning , Cheng Chun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOrdered nanoarchitectures have attracted an intense research interest recently because of their promising device applications. They are always fabricated by self-assembling building blocks such as nanowires, nanodots. This kind of bottom up approaches is limited in poor control over height, lateral resolution, aspect ratio and patterning. Here, we break these limits and realize 3D sculpturing of vertical ZnO nanowire arrays (NAs) based on the conventional photolithography approach. These are achieved by immersing nanowire NAs in thick photoresist (PR) layers, which enable the cutting and patterning of ZnO NAs as well as the tailoring of NAs. Our strategy of 3D sculpturing of NAs promisingly paves the way for designing novel NAs-based nanoarchitectures.
Apoptosis-related microRNA changes in the right atrium induced by remote ischemic perconditioning during valve replacement surgery
Authors: Hu Qinghua , Luo Wanjun , Huang Lingjin , Huang Rimao , Chen Ri 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe previously found that remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerc) was effective in attenuating myocardial injury during cardiac surgery. Given that microRNAs (miRs) act as an important player in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury and apoptosis, this study aimed to investigate whether RIPerc reduces apoptosis in atrial myocardium and which apoptosis-related miRs are involved during valve replacement surgery. Here, we demonstrated that RIPerc inhibited apoptosis in atrial myocardium during cardiac ischemia and that 17 miRs showed at least a 1.5-fold change in expression after ischemia. Of the 17 miRs, 9 miRs, including miR-1, miR-21, miR-24 and miR-195, which are related to apoptosis, exhibited different expression patterns in the RIPerc group compared with the control. Using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, we demonstrated that miR-1 and miR-195 were downregulated and that their common putative target gene Bcl-2 was upregulated in the RIPerc group. However, the differences in miR-21 and miR-24 expression, together with programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which is the target gene of miR-21, were not significant. These findings provide some insight into the role of miRs in the cardioprotective effects induced by RIPerc.
Telomere length as a predictor of response to Pioglitazone in patients with unremitted depression: a preliminary study
Authors: Rasgon N , Lin K W , Lin J , Epel E , Blackburn E 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe studied peripheral leukocyte telomere length (LTL) as a predictor of antidepressant response to PPAR-γ agonist in patients with unremitted depression. In addition we examined correlation between LTL and the insulin resistance (IR) status in these subjects. Forty-two medically stable men and women ages 23–71 with non-remitted depression participated in double-blind placebo-controlled add-on of Pioglitazone to treatment-as-usual. Oral glucose tolerance tests were administered at baseline and at 12 weeks. Diagnostic evaluation of psychiatric disorders was performed at baseline and mood severity was followed weekly throughout the duration of the trial. At baseline, no differences in LTL were detected by depression severity, duration or chronicity. LTL was also not significantly different between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive subjects at baseline. Subjects with longer telomeres exhibited greater declines in depression severity in the active arm, but not in a placebo arm, P=0.005, r=−0.63, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=(−0.84,−0.21). In addition, LTL predicted improvement in insulin sensitivity in the group overall and did not differ between intervention arms, P=0.036, r=−0.44, 95% CI=(−0.74,0.02) for the active arm, and P=0.026, r=−0.50, 95% CI=(−0.78,−0.03) for the placebo arm. LTL may emerge as a viable predictor of antidepressant response. An association between insulin sensitization and LTL regardless of the baseline IR status points to potential role of LTL as a non-specific moderator of metabolic improvement in these patients.
Design and fabrication of compact fluorescent lamp igniter using TRIAC‐assisted high‐voltage DC source
Authors: Rana M. , Kabir A. , Rafi Md. , MRazib M. , Jarin S. , Khan A.G. 
Published: January 2016

A potential approach for designing and fabricating igniter for compact fluorescent lamp is introduced using high‐voltage DC (HVDC) source which is controlled by gate pulse obtained from TRIAC‐based firing circuit. The Cockroft–Walton voltage multiplier circuit is used to design HVDC (2 kV) source where initially optimal rating of capacitance for each stage was considered based on experimental analysis. This design was further simulated by Multisim 11 and characterised experimentally. The response obtained by this method reveals that the HVDC source is able to ignite the fluorescence lamp potentially than the conventional available ignition processes. The major advantages of using HVDC are lower power to ignite fluorescence lamp, longer life and cost effective.
Separable roles forMycobacterium tuberculosisESX-3 effectors in iron acquisition and virulence
Authors: Tufariello JoAnn M. , Chapman Jessica R. , Kerantzas Christopher A. , Wong Ka-Wing , Vilchèze Catherine , Jones Christopher M. , Cole Laura E. , Tinaztepe Emir , Thompson Victor , Fenyö David , Niederweis Michael , Ueberheide Beatrix , Philips Jennifer A. , Jacobs William R. 
Published: January 2016

SignificanceMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) uses type VII secretion systems to secrete cognate protein pairs that alter host interactions. Here, we address the contributions of the ESX-3 secretion system to Mtb growth and pathogenesis through a combination of genetics, proteomics, and growth studies both in vitro and in vivo. ESX-3 is demonstrated to play a critical role in iron acquisition through secretion of a pair pf proteins belonging to the PE–PPE family (PE5–PPE4). In vivo, the importance of PE5–PPE4 secretion was found to depend upon host genotype, likely reflecting a host capacity to restrict iron availability. However, secreted effectors EsxG–EsxH play an iron-independent role in Mtb virulence. Therefore, ESX-3 secretes multiple effectors that target distinct host pathways to influence pathogenesis.
Epistemic perceptualism and neo-sentimentalist objections
Authors: Cowan Robert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEpistemic Perceptualists claim that emotions are sources of immediate defeasible justification for evaluative propositions that can (and do) sometimes ground undefeated immediately justified evaluative beliefs. For example, fear can constitute the justificatory ground for a belief that some object or event is dangerous. Despite its attractiveness, the view is apparently vulnerable to several objections. In this paper, I provide a limited defence of Epistemic Perceptualism by responding to a family of objections which all take as a premise a popular and attractive view in value theory – Neo-Sentimentalism – according to which values are analysed in terms of fitting emotions.
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox Reexamined
Authors: Nagasaka Gen-Ichiro 
Published: January 2016

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox is an old problem which started back in 1935 with an article in Physical Review titled ‘Does Quantum Mechanics Describe Physical Reality Completely?’ These authors assert that quantum mechanics, being inconsistent, cannot describe physical reality completely. In the present paper the nature of the inconsistency will be analyzed and it will be shown that the E.P.R. paradox is essentially of formal nature and that the apparent formal inconsistency may be regarded as a consequence of unjustifiable presupposition.According to quantum mechanical theory the states of a microscopic system may be represented by state vectors and in the absence of any disturbance from outside the state vectors will change continuously with time according to Schrodinger's equation.
The Ambiguous Role of Experience in Cartesian Science
Authors: Clarke Desmond M. 
Published: January 2016

There is something methodologically amiss in Cartesian science. Apart from some recent commentators ([1], [12], [13]), the source of Descartes’ problems is usually located in a Rationalist preference for the evidentiary force of “reason” rather than “experience” in the construction and testing of scientific hypotheses. In other words, Descartes’ metaphysics and theory of knowledge are said to imply a scientific methodology which precludes, or greatly diminishes, the decisive role of empirical evidence in the development of a viable science of nature ([2]; [14], p. 384-5; [15]. P. 15; [16]).I wish to agree in general with the recognition of some kind of miscarriage in Descartes’ methodology, but I locate the source of his scientific weakness elsewhere. I argue that there is no unusual or especially significant opposition between reason and experience in Cartesian methodology - nor do Descartes’ problems derive primarily from his. metaphysics.
Structure of Complex Systems
Authors: Nelson R. J. 
Published: January 2016

The area of fuzzy complex systems is a good one for analytic philosophers to keep out of. If analysis is a way of getting straight on ideas or terms which enjoy wide philosophic and scientific currency and which have fairly well-fixed meanings awaiting illumination, then complex systems is no field for analysis. I have tried it; others have tried it; and it seems to me that the attempts amount to very little. Perhaps Professor Forrester and his MIT colleagues would say that positive feedback is at work. Just as expanded, low cost housing aggravates the housing situation in large cities, so attempts to shed philosophy's light on very large scale systems, fuzzy or not, brings darkness ([3], pp. 65ff.).There appear to be two types of systems concept that are bothersome, one benign and the other not.
The Non-Kuhnian Nature of the Recent Revolution in the Earth Sciences
Authors: Frankel Henry 
Published: January 2016

It is without doubt that the earth sciences were rocked to the core by a revolution in the late sixties with the initial acceptance of Harry Hess’s hypothesis of seafloor spreading and subsequent development and acceptance of plate tectonics. The major aim of this essay is to show precisely why this revolution is not Kuhnian. However, my reasons for claiming that Kuhn’s model fails to apply are at variance with Ruse [27] but in much agreement with R. Laudan [18]. I shall highlight our differences as space permits.There are two general accounts of the rise of continental drift and plate tectonics which satisfy Kuhn’s model of scientific growth and change. (1) The geosciences prior to the acceptance of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics were in a pre-paradigm state. Earth scientists solved no problems within geological domains, but only argued among themselves about which of the various schools of thought provided the best framework for attacking geological problems.
Philosophy of Science and Theory of Literary Criticism: Some Common Problems
Authors: Creed Walter 
Published: January 2016

Almost since the theories of Einstein and the quantum physicists came into being, a small but significant number of novelists, poets, and playwrights have turned to them for everything from casual metaphors to justification for the philosophies underlying their works. Until fairly recently, however, literary critics have tended to avoid the new physics, finding it uncongenial if not irrelevant. But over the last twenty-five years an increasing number of them, especially critical theorists, have turned to physics and even philosophy of science in the belief that these disciplines offer epistemological and methodological models applicable, to the problems of literary criticism.The primary reason for this increased interest in philosophy of science is the rise of critical formalisms, particularly structuralism and its variants. Structuralism usually regards Russian formalism as its most significant precursor, but Northrop Frye's Anatomy of Criticism (1957) must also be seen as an important forerunner, since it provided formal criticism with a rationale.
Progress in Literary Study
Authors: Davenport Edward 
Published: January 2016

Literary study, along with other social sciences, has been thought by many to be incapable of progress because it, like the other social sciences, is culturally defined. The aims and standards of literary study always depend on the value assumptions and preconceptions of the culture which fosters literary study—for literary study is a social institution. Because literary study and other social sciences are social institutions, obvious difficulties arise with transplanting the aims and standards of social science in one society into another society. The idea of progress, however, appears to demand that we have aims and standards which apply independently of particular social contexts, and independently of the boundaries of a culture or an age. Thus the cultural definition of literary study has sometimes been thought to prevent progress in this field.Max Weber proposed a strategy for working toward objective knowledge and progress in the social sciences generally, which can be applied to literary study.
The Projection Postulate and Bohr's Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Teller Paul 
Published: January 2016

Why does Bohr nowhere discuss the projection postulate? He has the courtesy to cast at least a few disparaging words at some other notions for which he has no use, such as quantum logic. But he will not even admit the projection postulate as a subject for discussion. Another way to raise the puzzle is to point out that, although Bohr has a lot to say about measurement, he won't even recognize the existence of what has come to be called the “problem of measurement”.I have exaggerated slightly. We have one relevant comment, in the report of the discussion after Bohr's talk at the 1938 Warsaw conference:Professor Bohr wished to say, relative to the question propounded by the president, that the duality he noticed in the interpretation of the formalism of quantum mechanics was, in his opinion, a question of choosing the most adequate description of the experiment.
Social Life and Social Science: The Significance of the Naturalist/Intentionalist Dispute
Authors: Hartsock Nancy C. M. 
Published: January 2016

In recent years, historicist understandings of science have come to prominence in philosophy of science and philosophy of social science. These approaches have been credited with putting forward a persuasive case that social scientific theories, like societies, are themselves historical entities. (Laudan 1979, p. 43; McMullin 1979, p. 57). Historicist studies have forced a re-evaluation of a number of important issues, among them the question of how methodologies are to be evaluated, and questions about how the relation of theory to observation is to be understood. (Laudan 1979, pp. 47-48).Despite their successes, however, historicist approaches fail in two important ways: 1) they are unable to solve the problems posed by methodological relativism, and 2) they fail to go beyond treating theories as personages to the important questions of how these theories arise from particular social structures.
Quantum Mathematics
Authors: Dunn J. Michael 
Published: January 2016

It has been argued, most notably by Putnam (1969, 1974) that socalled quantum logic (which we shall often refer to as. orthomodular logic (OML)) is the one true logic,-as has been shown by quantum mechanical experiments. Putnam also has strong universalist tendencies, which would require him to use the same logic in all domains of reasoning, including mathematics, and it has been urged, recently (as one horn of a dilemma) by Hellman (1981), that there might be some problems in working out the classical mathematics of the Hilbertspace foundations of.quantum mechanics in a quantum logic framework.In this paper we show (given one natural framework)(§3) first that if the first-order Peano arithmetic is formulated with quantum logic that it has the same theorems as the classical first-order Peano arithmetic. Distribution (for first-order arithmetical formulas) is a theorem not of quantum logic but rather of arithmetic.
Taxonomy and Theory
Authors: Snyder A. Aaron 
Published: January 2016

Taxonomy is not destiny. In the context of scientific theories, it is explanation rather than taxonomy which should play the leading role. (The domain of any theory consists not of mere items—as in philately or genealogy—but of phenomena.) Unless biological taxonomy is guided by underlying theory—presumably, evolutionary theory, genetics, and molecular biology—systematics risks degenerating into mere genealogy.David Hull believes that certain taxa employed in history of science should be conceived on the model of biological species. He first discusses the nature of species, indicating (in 1.) what they are not— they are not “natural kinds“—and then (in 2.) what they are—i.e., they are “historical entities”, “chunks of the genealogical nexus” which are individuated in relation to some arbitrarily selected and quite often atypical “type specimen”. The connection between the two points, the negative and the positive, is that conspecificity is determined by actual spatiotemporal contacts of the sort required by descent, rather than by any putative similarities among conspecific organisms.
Darwinism Today—and Tomorrow, But not Yesterday
Authors: Rosenberg Alexande 
Published: January 2016

A symposium is an occasion for broad brush strokes, and bold theses. We can qualify, indeed repent of these theses at leisure. But i t is only by bringing them into full view in their strongest form, that we may see where the issues lie , and be. instructed about our mistakes by our betters. I certainly count this distinguished company as my betters on the present subject, so I am unwilling to miss this opportunity to be instructed. I shall make claims with which all my fellow-symposiasts should disagree. (Indeed, in a cool hour, I may come to repudiate them too.)One subject on which I shall have nothing to say is Darwinism-Yesterday, the historical and scholarly questions about what exactly Darwin said or thought. I am also not concerned with the social, psychological, or ideological causes of his and his successors’ beliefs.
Causal Propensity: A Review
Authors: Good I . J 
Published: January 2016

“We can judge of the perfection to which a science has come by the facility, more or less great, with which it may be approached by calculation.”Quetelet (1828), as quoted by Landau & Lazarsfeld in the International Encyclopedia of Statistics (p. 828).Suppose that some event F occurs and later an event E either occurs or does not. I am going to talk about the extent to which F tends to cause E, or the causal propensity of E provided by F, or the propensity or tendency of F to cause E, denoted by Q(E:F). For example, F might be the event that the captain of a firing squad shouts “Fire” and E might be that the shootee's life is_ Ended (F for Fire, E for Ended). The negation of E is denoted by E, which in this example means that the shootee does not drop dead.
Cognitive Models in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Giere Ronald N. 
Published: January 2016

When attempting to introduce new ideas it is usually best to provide an exemplar which demonstrates, in a particular case, the usefulness of those ideas. It is also occasionally helpful to talk about why the new ideas might be useful. Given limited space, one cannot do both. I have chosen here to talk about the use of cognitive models in the philosophy of science, leaving the exhibition of their usefulness for other occasions.Now if one is just going to talk about something rather than exhibit its potential, it is best not to be too general or abstract. After all, the objective is to convince one's audience that one has something to offer. Few people, including even philosophers, are easily convinced by generalities or abstractions. So I will begin by sketching an account of how I personally came to the conclusion that the cognitive sciences provide models that are useful to the philosopher of science.