bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the exploitation of South Atlantic shark populations
Authors: Barreto Rodrigo , Ferretti Francesco , Flemming Joanna M. , Amorim Alberto , Andrade Humber , Worm Boris , Lessa Rosangela 
Published: December 2015

AbstractApproximately 25% of globally reported shark catches occur in Atlantic pelagic longline fisheries. Strong declines in shark populations have been detected in the North Atlantic, whereas in the South Atlantic the situation is less clear, although fishing effort has been increasing in this region since the late 1970s. We synthesized information on shark catch rates (based on 871,177 sharks caught on 86,492 longline sets) for the major species caught by multiple fleets in the South Atlantic between 1979 and 2011. We complied records from fishing logbooks of fishing companies, fishers, and onboard observers that were supplied to Brazilian institutions. By using exploratory data analysis and literature sources, we identified 3 phases of exploitation in these data (Supporting Information). From 1979 to 1997 (phase A), 5 fleets (40 vessels) fished mainly for tunas. From 1998 to 2008 (phase B), 20 fleets (100 vessels) fished for tunas, swordfishes, and sharks. From 2008 to 2011 (phase C), 3 fleets (30 vessels) fished for multiple species, but restrictive measures were implemented. We used generalized linear models to standardize catch rates and identify trends in each of these phases. Shark catch rates increased from 1979 to 1997, when fishing effort was low, decreased from 1998 to 2008, when fishing effort increased substantially, and remained stable or increased from 2008 to 2011, when fishing effort was again low. Our results indicate that most shark populations affected by longlines in the South Atlantic are currently depleted, but these populations may recover if fishing effort is reduced accordingly. In this context, it is problematic that comprehensive data collection, monitoring, and management of these fisheries ceased after 2012. Concurrently with the fact that Brazil is newly identified by FAO among the largest (and in fastest expansion) shark sub‐products consumer market worldwide.
Looking Inside the Black Box: The Effect of Corporate Governance on Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Jain Tanusree , Jamali Dima 
Published: December 2015

AbstractManuscript TypeReviewResearch Question/IssueThis study provides a systematic multi‐level review of recent literature to evaluate the impact of corporate governance mechanisms (CG) at the institutional, firm, group, and individual levels on firm level corporate social responsibility (CSR) outcomes. We offer critical reflections on the current state of this literature and provide concrete suggestions to guide future research.Research Findings/InsightsFocusing on peer‐reviewed articles from 2000 to 2015, the review compiles the evidence on offer pertaining to the most relevant CG mechanisms and their influence on CSR outcomes. At the institutional level, we focus on formal and informal institutional mechanisms, and at the firm level, we analyze the different types of firm owners. At the group level, we segregate our analysis into board structures, director social capital and resource networks, and directors' demographic diversity. At the individual level, our review covers CEOs' demography and socio‐psychological characteristics. We map the effect of these mechanisms on firms' CSR outcomes.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe recommend that greater scholarly attention needs to be accorded to disaggregating variables and yet comprehending how multiple configurations of CG mechanisms interact and combine to impact firms' CSR behavior. We suggest that CG‐CSR research should employ a multi‐theoretical lens and apply sophisticated qualitative and quantitative methods to enable a deeper and finer‐grained analysis of the CG systems and their influence on CSR. Finally, we call for cross‐cultural research to capture the context sensitivities typical of both CG and CSR constructs.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur review suggests that for structural changes and reforms within firms to be successful, they need to be complemented by changes to the institutional makeup of the context in which firms function to encourage/induce substantive changes in corporate responsible behaviors.
Building Interdisciplinary Research Models Through Interactive Education
Authors: Hessels Amanda J. , Robinson Brian , O'Rourke Michael , Begg Melissa D. , Larson Elaine L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundCritical interdisciplinary research skills include effective communication with diverse disciplines and cultivating collaborative relationships. Acquiring these skills during graduate education may foster future interdisciplinary research quality and productivity.ObjectiveThe project aim was to develop and evaluate an interactive Toolbox workshop approach within an interprofessional graduate level course to enhance student learning and skill in interdisciplinary research. We sought to examine the student experience of integrating the Toolbox workshop in modular format over the duration of a 14‐week course.MethodsThe Toolbox Health Sciences Instrument includes six modules that were introduced in a 110‐minute dialogue session during the first class and then integrated into the course in a series of six individual workshops in three phases over the course of the semester.ResultsSeventeen students participated; the majority were nursing students. Three measures were used to assess project outcomes: pre–post intervention Toolbox survey, competency self‐assessment, and a postcourse survey. All measures indicated the objectives were met by a change in survey responses, improved competencies, and favorable experience of the Toolbox modular intervention.ConclusionOur experience indicates that incorporating this Toolbox modular approach into research curricula can enhance individual level scientific capacity, future interdisciplinary research project success, and ultimately impact on practice and policy.
Does endoscopic sphincterotomy reduce the risk of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis after biliary stenting? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sofi Aijaz Ahmed , Nawras Ali , Alaradi Osama Habib , Alastal Yaseen , Khan Muhammed Ali , Lee Wade M. 
Published: December 2015

Background and AimEndoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (ES) is often carried out prior to placement of a biliary stent apparently to reduce the risk of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). However, the protective effect of ES prior to biliary stenting is controversial. The objective of this meta‐analysis is to compare the risk of PEP and other complications after the placement of biliary stent with or without ES in patients with biliary obstruction and bile leak.MethodsWe carried out a systematic search in several electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies (OS) comparing the risk of PEP after biliary stenting with or without ES. The Mantel–Haenszel method was used to pool data of adverse outcomes into fixed or random effect model meta‐analyses.ResultsSeventeen studies (five RCT and 12 OS) with a total of 2710 patients met the inclusion criteria. No significant difference was observed in the risk of PEP with biliary stenting with and without ES (RD −0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] –0.03, 0.01). In a subgroup analysis of stenting for biliary obstruction, no difference in the risk of PEP was observed with or without ES. However, ES was associated with lower risk of PEP in patients undergoing biliary stenting for bile leak (RD −0.05; CI −0.10, −0.01).ConclusionsES shows risk reduction in prevention of PEP in patients undergoing endoscopic stenting for bile leak. However, placement of biliary stent without ES is not associated with an increased risk of PEP in patients with distal bile duct obstruction with involvement of pancreatic duct.
Generalized approach to estimation of strains and stresses at blunt V‐notches under non‐localized creep
Authors: Gallo P. , Berto F. , Glinka G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGeometrical discontinuities such as notches need to be carefully analysed by engineers because of the stress concentration generated by them. Notches become even more important when the component is subjected, in service, to very severe conditions, such as high‐temperature fatigue and imposed viscoplastic behaviour such as creep. The knowledge of strains and stresses in such stress concentration zones is essential for an efficient and safe design process. The aim of the paper is to present an improvement and extension of the existing notch‐tip creep stress–strain analysis method developed by Nuñez and Glinka, validated for U‐notches only, to a wide variety of blunt V‐notches. The key in obtaining the extension to blunt V‐notches is the substitution of the Creager–Paris equations with the more generalized Lazzarin–Tovo solution, allowing a unified approach to the evaluation of linear elastic stress fields in the neighbourhood of both cracks and notches. Numerous examples have been analysed to date, and the stress fields obtained according to the proposed method were compared with appropriate finite element data, resulting in a very good agreement. In view of the promising results discussed in the paper, authors are considering possible further extension to sharp V‐notches and cracks introducing the concept of the strain energy density.
Determination of stress intensity factors of 2D fracture mechanics problems through a new semi‐analytical method
Authors: Khaji N. , Yazdani M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study presents a novel development of a new semi‐analytical method with diagonal coefficient matrices to model crack issues. Accurate stress intensity factors based on linear elastic fracture mechanics are extracted directly from the semi‐analytical method. In this method, only the boundaries of problems are discretized using specific subparametric elements and higher‐order Chebyshev mapping functions. Implementing the weighted residual method and using Clenshaw–Curtis numerical integration result in diagonal Euler's differential equations. Consequently, when the local coordinates origin is located at the crack tip, the stress intensity factors can be determined directly without further processing. In order to present infinite stress at the crack tip, a new form of nodal force function is proposed. Validity and accuracy of the proposed method is fully demonstrated through four benchmark problems, which are successfully modeled using a few numbers of degrees of freedom. The numerical results agree very well with the analytical solution, experimental outcomes and the results from existing numerical methods available in the literature.
Relationships between the duration of illness and the current status of diabetes in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ito Hiroyuki , Omoto Takashi , Abe Mariko , Matsumoto Suzuko , Shinozaki Masahiro , Nishio Shinya , Antoku Shinichi , Mifune Mizuo , Togane Michiko 
Published: December 2015

AimsThe aim of the present study was to clarify the relationships between the duration of diabetes and the current statuses of diabetes in elderly (aged ≥65 years) patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsClinical characteristics were cross‐sectionally examined in 1436 patients (684 elderly and 752 non‐elderly) with type 2 diabetes.ResultsAs the duration of diabetes increased, the patients' age, frequency of receiving insulin therapy and glycated hemoglobin value increased in both the elderly and non‐elderly groups, whereas the urinary C‐peptide immunoreactivity and glomerular filtration rate decreased. The duration of diabetes (years) was significantly associated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07, P < 0.01), nephropathy (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, P < 0.01) and neuropathy (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05–1.12, P < 0.01), but not with cerebrovascular disease (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99–1.03, P = 0.38), coronary heart disease (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.04, P = 0.09) or peripheral artery disease (OR 1.02, 95%CI 0.99–1.05, P = 0.12) in the elderly patients after adjusting for the traditional risk factors of diabetic angiopathies. In contrast, the duration of diabetes showed a significant association with the prevalence of both diabetic micro‐ and macroangiopathies in the non‐elderly patients.ConclusionsIt should be noted that atherosclerotic diseases are present in the clinical setting for the management of elderly diabetic patients independent of the duration of diabetes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 24–30.
Treatment of subchondral cysts in patients with haemophilia
Authors: Caviglia H. , Galatro G. , Cambiaggi G. , Landro M. E. , Candela M. , Neme D. 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThe haemophilic arthropathy is a disabling disease that causes chronic pain and functional limitation, due to recurrent intra‐articular bleeding, with impaired quality of life.ObjectiveThe aim of this work is to present our 24‐year experience in the treatment of subchondral cysts filled with hydroxyapatite coralline in patients with haemophilia.Patients and methodThirty‐seven male patients with forty‐nine cystic lesions were treated and evaluated between 1990 and 2014. Thirty four patients were haemophilia type A, three were haemophilia type B, two patients had inhibitors to factor VIII. The average age was 23.6 years. The average follow‐up was 10 years. The lesions were located: twenty‐four in the tibia (49%), six in the talus (12.2%), seven in the ulna (14.4%), five in the humerus (10.2%), five in the femur (10.2%) and two in the distal radius (4%). In all patients' radiographs, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging were performed before surgery. The lesions were treated when the injury was greater than 15% of the joint area, and when the joint area was greater than 1 cm of diameter. Surgical technique consisted of aspirating the cyst contents and refilling it with hydroxyapatite coralline.ResultsIn forty‐eight cysts, restitution of bone structure was achieved by impaction of hydroxyapatite coralline. The average time of bone restoration was 10 months. Only one patient required a second intervention.ConclusionThe treatment of subchondral cyst in PWH by aspiration and filling with hydroxyapatite coralline allows bone restoration and delays deterioration of the joint treated.
Childhood physical activity body contact risk: feasibility of a novel technique for objective measurements of impact speed, frequency, and intentionality
Authors: Longmuir P. E. , Yap L.‐A. , Bravo C. , Lee S. L. , Brandão L. R. 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionChildren at risk for bleeding injuries are restricted from body contact during physical activity but current recommendations are based on expert opinion.AimEvaluate high‐speed digital video recording as an objective measure of body contact risk during physical activity.MethodsObservational study of physical activities among healthy children, grouped according to participation in teams (vs. individual) and on their perceived risk of injury (high/low). High speed digital video recordings documented the collision target (floor/ground/ice, people, wall, equipment), estimated speed, and impact rates for team and individual activities, with and without expected body contact.ResultsAmong 348 participating children (3–16 years, 51% female), 32% to 78% experienced at least one contact. Impact type varied significantly (chi‐square, p < 0.001) by activity category. Unstructured and Team high risk activity impacts were primarily with the floor/ground, whereas Individual low risk activities were characterized by equipment impacts. Impact speeds were typically 1.0 to 2.1 m s−1. Higher impact speeds occurred during instructional classes (2.1 m s−1), unstructured free swim (1.9 m s−1) and ball hockey (1.7 m s−1). Impact rates were higher during Team high risk and Team low risk sports (3.0 and 1.8 impacts per minute, respectively) compared to Individual (high or low risk) or Unstructured activities (0.2–0.3 impacts per minute).ConclusionsHigh speed video recordings of childhood physical activity are a feasible method for characterizing the frequency, type, direction and speed of impacts. Quantifying the impacts that occur during childhood physical activity could inform the guidelines for physical activity participation among children with identified bleeding risks.
Gynaecological and obstetrical bleeding in women with factor XI deficiency – a systematic review
Authors: Wiewel‐Verschueren S. , Arendz I. J. , M. Knol H. , Meijer K. 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionMenstrual bleeding, pregnancy and delivery present an intrinsic haemostatic challenge to women with bleeding disorders such as factor XI (FXI) deficiency.AimTo provide a systematic overview of studies on gynaecological and obstetrical bleeding problems in women with FXI deficiency.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library for studies that present original data on the incidence of and treatment options for gynaecological and obstetrical bleeding in FXI‐deficient women.ResultsWe identified 27 studies, including a total of 372 women with FXI deficiency. All studies were observational, no interventional treatment studies were found. Most patients had a mild deficiency (FXI ≥ 20 IU dL−1). Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) was reported in 7–67%. In 7/19 (37%) women who underwent gynaecological procedures, a bleeding complication occurred, including in 2/7 hysterectomies (29%). About 3–20% of reported pregnancies ended in a miscarriage; of these miscarriages 0–25% (4/23 miscarriages) were complicated by bleeding. Terminations of pregnancies (TOP) were complicated by bleeding in 4 out of 11 cases (36%). In 90 out of 498 (18%) deliveries a postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) was reported, ranging from 0 to 50% in individual studies. In 21% (66/321) of deliveries, prophylaxis was given. This was associated with 9% (6/66) PPH, compared to 19% in deliveries without prophylaxis (84/432). Epidural analgesia was performed without complications in 44 patients.ConclusionWomen with FXI deficiency have a clearly increased risk of HMB, and of bleeding complications after miscarriage, TOP and delivery. No high quality data are available regarding prophylactic treatment.
Mesenchymal stem cell‐conditioned medium accelerates wound healing with fewer scars
Authors: Li Meirong , Luan Fuxin , Zhao Yali , Hao Haojie , Liu Jiejie , Dong Liang , Fu Xiaobing , Han Weidong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from umbilical cords (UC‐MSCs) have been shown to enhance cutaneous wound healing by means of the paracrine activity. Fibroblasts are the primary cells involved in wound repair. The paracrine effects of UC‐MSCs on dermal fibroblasts have not been fully explored in vitro or in vivo. Dermal fibroblasts were treated with conditioned media from UC‐MSCs (UC‐MSC‐CM). In this model, UC‐MSC‐CM increased the proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, adult dermal fibroblasts transitioned into a phenotype with a low myofibroblast formation capacity, a decreased ratio of transforming growth factor‐β1,3 (TGF‐β1/3) and an increased ratio of matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (MMP/TIMP). Additionally, UC‐MSC‐CM‐treated wounds showed accelerated healing with fewer scars compared with control groups. These observations suggest that UC‐MSC‐CM may be a feasible strategy to promote cutaneous repair and a potential means to realise scarless healing.
THE YIELD STRENGTH OF METEORITIC IRON
Authors: Knox Reed 
Published: December 2015

The compressive yield strength was determined on three meteorites using specimens 4 mm and 8 mm in length and strain magnifications of 10,000 and 2000 respectively, with an apparatus developed for testing small specimens of biological hard tissue.The flow stresses required to produce 0.2% plastic strain in a recrystallized Cañon Diablo specimen, in the Odessa octahedrite, and in the metal phase of a Brenham were 62.9 K psi, 46.6 K psi, and 62.7 K psi respectively. The flow stress of Cañon Diablo after heating in a vacuum for one hour at 871 °C and furnace cooling was 60.0 K psi. The microstructure and grain size of the heat treated specimen was virtually that of the untreated meteorite.Plastic deformation of the Odessa specimen produced wavy slip lines in kamacite on a previously polished and etched surface. Slip lines also developed in taenite and cracks occurred in the phosphide phase.
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN STONE METEORITES
Authors: Schmitt R. A. , Goles G. G. , Smith R. H. , Osborn T. W. 
Published: December 2015

Abundances of Na, Al, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Cu have been measured by instrumental neutron activation analyses of 103 chondrites and 17 achondrites. In many cases, analyses were made of replicate samples from the same meteorite. Various sources of error in the method, including sampling errors, are discussed in detail. Examination of the patterns of coherence of the elements we have determined suggests that we can perceive effects of fractionation during condensation from the solar nebula of matter parental to chondrites. Such effects seem to be exhibited both in the abundances of lithophilic elements, perhaps being related to varied temperatures of accretion and in the abundances of those elements which would be affected by metal‐silicate fractionation in the solar nebula.Atomic abundances relative to Si vary little in carbonaceous chondrites, suggesting that efficient mixing processes operated on these meteorites prior to or during their formation. We suggest that at present, no single class of carbonaceous chondrites is clearly more primitive than another. Carbonaceous and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites may represent aggregates of material accreted from the solar nebula at relatively low temperatures, as many recent discussions of these meteorites would suggest. Our data support a model of equilibration and minor mobilization of non‐volatile elements within small domains of chondrites after accretion. Such a model would be consistent with the petrologic types of Van Schmus and Wood (1967).Achondrites do not exhibit simple regularities in lithophilic elemental abundances as do chondrites. Models for the origins of achondrites surely must include effects of magmatic fractionation, but we do not at present have enough information to assess the plausibility of such models.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE RATES OF METEORITE FALLS ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE
Authors: Halliday Ian , Griffin Arthur A. 
Published: December 2015

Meteorite camera networks have provided reliable data on typical orbits for meteorites. Using an adopted distribution of 20 orbits we determine the relative rates of meteorite falls over the surface of the earth taking account of the important effects due to the earth's gravity. The data are then used to study the expected variation in rates as a function of daylight, twilight or night conditions; time of day; season of the year; and geographic latitude.The rates of meteorite falls have a deep minimum near the area of the earth facing the earth's apex but a surprisingly broad maximum on the opposite side, facing the antapex. Twilight rates are lower than average and nighttime rates 3% higher than daytime rates. Minimum rates occur near 6h local time and there is a broad maximum from noon to midnight. Rates are highest near the beginning of spring for either hemisphere and lowest near the beginning of autumn. The decline in rates with increasing latitude is quite moderate. The existing camera networks observe average fall rates at night which are very close to the average rate over the whole earth for the whole year.