bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article
Authors: Gauthier Yvon , Richer Simon , Chartier Pauline , Devisscher Elaine , Fouchard Denise , Lamy Françoise 
Published: April 2017

1) In the context of research on disadvantaged children, the authors have concentrated their efforts on the study of the fantasy life of both advantaged and disadvantaged children, at age 4, 5 and 6. Using a scale of development inspired by Anna Freud's concept of developmental lines, they have found statistically significant major differences in the evolution of the two groups, in studying both their libidinal and ego organizations. Such differences are consistently evident, although in varying degrees through the three years of observation. A minority of the disadvantaged children show good emotional resources in their first nursery years (age 4), and their development remains adequate through first grade. Most of them however present an inadequate development all along and continue in first grade to function at the level of a preœdipal phantasy life which they should have repressed or transformed. 2) A study of plastic productions in first grade (drawings) and of the learning indices which they reflect also reveals important disparities between the two groups. Advantaged children reach a state of serenity which allows them to enter easily into the world of formal learning and latency. Disadvantaged children are still too often under the domination of a dangerous phantasy world which delays their entry into formal learning and makes it problematic. 3) The review of recent literature suggests a pessimistic view about early intervention with disadvantaged children; the authors, however, believe in the necessity of tenaciously pursuing observations of such early interventions and long-term evaluations of results.
Disaster during Psychiatric Treatment: An Intrapsychic Problem for the Physician
Authors: Woods L.W. 
Published: April 2017

Medical personnel may be ill-equipped to handle emotional reactions to disasters occurring in practice. Medical training leads to an unrealistic image of the good, infallible and successful physician, while placing too little emphasis on the inevitability of apparent failure. Reactions to such situations can be considered as gross stress reactions which may result in defensive therapeutic behaviour, or to career-line changes of reduced clinical responsibility. It is suggested that a more rational position is available which would relieve guilt and promote a healthier response.
Family Background and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Marriott J. A. S. 
Published: April 2017

The admissions to the Psychiatric Unit of the University Hospital of the West Indies during a 15-month period from September 1966 to January 1968 have been reviewed with special reference to family background.Despite cultural differences the pattern of admissions was very similar to that of psychiatric units in more highly developed countries. The various racial groups in the island were represented and included a high proportion of white alcoholics.Parental absence in childhood was largely related to social class but there was a definite association between parental absence in childhood and psychologically precipitated depression.
Apprentissage de la Psychotherapie en Premiere Annee de Residence: Rôle de la Supervision
Authors: Bury J.A. , Labrie J. , Pomerleau G. 
Published: April 2017

This paper is based on the supervision of twenty first-year residents, over a period of three years, within a teaching unit of a traditional psychiatric hospital. At this stage of training the basic difficulty lies in the transition from previous medical training; not only is the formal content quite different, but the learning of a new interpersonal relationship involving doctor and patient and doctor and other members of the team creates a major problem, especially in the context of psychotherapy. The functions of tutor and supervisor should remain separate, the former dealing with the management of patients, and the latter focusing on the resident-patient relationship. Common reactions among residents have been observed. They are confronted with two main tasks — working within a team, (which requires a redefinition of professional identity) and being confronted with psychosis, (with the anxiety this unknown provokes and the disruption of the security which was provided by medical school). In general, the first reaction is an attempt at adjustment adaptation by turning to the medical model. With the help of the supervisor the defensive character of this attitude can be worked through; then follows a pervasive feeling of helplessness, de-developing into a depressive experience, which is considered to be a prerequisite to a dynamic approach with patients. However, individual residents may present different types of behaviour — passivity, opposition, intellectualization or clinging to the medical model. This crucial phase in the process of supervision cannot easily be distinguished from personal therapy. Successful outcome depends mainly on a supervisory alliance between supervisor and ‘supervisee’, both feeling and assuming a mutual involvement in the task of helping the resident's work with the patient. A new professional identity as therapist is formed by the resident through identification with the supervisor.
Religion and Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Runions Rev. J. E. 
Published: April 2017

This paper reviews a series of 70 patients who were referred because of the author's known religious commitment. Although few specific conclusions can be drawn, the material presented suggests that the evangelical patient who requests referral to a psychiatrist of a similar religious orientation is most likely to be a depressed woman in her third decade and more likely to be referred by her physician than by her minister. A history is presented of an eighteen-year-old girl admitted from a protestant Bible school in a hypomanic state. It is suggested that religion plays a normal integrative function in human life when personal qualities of commitment, capacity for relationship and self-giving are common. The neurotic-defensive uses of religion are many: in this paper the subservience of religion to the mechanisms of denial and regression is noted. The history also illustrates the qualities of religious expression in manic patients — their religious experience is grandiose, self-centered and superficial, representing a form of regressive identification for the patient.
Observation De L'Enfant Dans Un Groupe De Pairs Au Cours De L'Evaluation Clinique
Authors: Villeneuve C. , Maugile D. , Derome T. 
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the observation of the child in a peer group as part of his evaluation in a clinical setting. The observation is divided into three parts and done in a play atmosphere. First, the children meet and do craft activities. Afterwards they are left alone in this room and observed from another room; then they are free to do whatever they like, using material selected in advance. Finally the activities are structured by two participant observers. The observation is particularly useful for evaluating the social functioning of the child and, more especially, his relationships with his peers, which are interpreted only by the traditional method of evaluation. The observation usually corroborates the findings of other sources and also often brings new insights. A better understanding of various aspects of the psychosocial development and of some components of the ego is often revealed. The findings in this paper are illustrated with extracts from case histories.
Activity Patterns and the Use of Space by Patients and Staff on the Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Willer Barry , Stasiak Eugene , Pinfold Peter , Rogers Marjorie 
Published: April 2017

The differences between patients and staff in the use of time and space on the ward were much greater than between different patient groups and different staff groups. Patients spent considerably more time involved in isolated behaviours, active and passive, and in mixed active behaviours, while staff spent more time in social activities and looking after ward routine. Also, patients spent a large percentage of their time in the bedrooms and very little in staff offices, while the staff spent a large percentage of time in the offices and very little in the bedrooms. However, differences between patient groups do exist — chronic patients were more likely to be involved in isolated passive behaviours and spend a larger percentage of time in the bedrooms. Female active patients were more likely to be involved in isolated passive behaviours than male active patients, and were also more likely to be found in their bedrooms. Finally, male patients were liable to be involved in mixed activities, especially industrial therapy. Differences between the staff of different wards in the use of time and space were small — the staff of the female wards spent more time in the dining rooms while those of the chronic ward were usually involved in isolated passive behaviours. Differences between male and female staff were similar to differences between male and female patients. Female staff spent more time in their own ‘territory’ (the staff offices) and they were more often observed in isolated passive behaviour. Male staff were more likely to be involved in mixed activities with patients, especially industrial therapy. The activity patterns of the various locations were very similar across the wards although marked differences existed between staff and patients. Patients used bedrooms for isolated passive behaviours and staff used bedrooms for talking and routine. Staff were much more likely to use sitting rooms for social behaviour than were patients. Washrooms were used by both staff and patients for isolated active behaviours, such as reading.
The Use of Non-Professional Change Agents in an Institution
Authors: Robinson G. Erlick , Alboim Naomi 
Published: April 2017

The Toronto General Hospital is a 1,200 bed hospital in the core of downtown Toronto. Its Youth Worker Project, begun in 1971, consists of a five-member team of nonprofessionals with varying backgrounds. Their work encompasses four main areas — service, education, research and evaluation, and community involvement. The project was originally designed as a response to the crisis regarding drug-hurt youth but the goals have gradually broadened until the workers now act as ombudsmen to patients of all ages. Its function is to attempt to ensure that everyone is aware of the availability of treatment necessary to attain the optimum level of total personal health. The workers are involved in direct patient contact in the emergency department, on the hospital wards and in the outpatient department. They do their own case findings as well as act on referrals. The youth workers have also been involved in educational programs for both hospital staff and workers in the community. They have become active members of the Community Psychiatry program. This paper describes the development and evolution of the project to its present stage. Initial problems and ongoing areas of concern relating to the existence of such an unconventional project in the midst of a large institution are discussed. More and more the term ‘youth worker’ has become a misnomer and should be replaced by ‘people worker’. This development reflects the essential component of the project — the awareness of ever changing needs and the flexibility to respond to them.
L'Intention Paradoxale Et Techniques Comportementales Similaires En Psychotherapie a Court Terme
Authors: Hand I. , Lamontagne Y. 
Published: April 2017

The logotherapeutic technique of paradoxical intention and several behaviour therapy techniques use almost identical ways in treating patients with phobias, obsessions and other anxiety states. These consist of confronting the patient with his anxiety and/or avoidance (ritual), eliciting situations, discouraging overreaction to symptoms and encouraging alternative activities. Patients learn different ways of coping during the confrontation (exposure) trials, and therapists also use a variety of ways to motivate the patients Frankl has claimed for many years that humour is a particularly helpful device to motivate patients for such a treatment and to get them to do the exercises properly. It was found in a group experiment with behaviour therapy for agoraphobics that patients in groups used humour spontaneously as one of their main coping mechanisms. The use of humour as an auxiliary in paradoxical intention and behaviour therapy techniques is therefore reconsidered, with particular emphasis on Frankl's theoretical framework.
Lynching: A Psychiatrist's View
Authors: Raschka L.B. 
Published: April 2017

Summary Lynching is seen as a transient collective psychosis which develops in a pathogenic environment. It is the culmination of a process which can be interrupted by preventive action on several levels. Predisposing factors can be recognized on three levels: those pertaining to the life situation; those pertaining to group dynamics; and those pertaining to individual characteristics of group members. Predisposing factors pertaining to the life situation include: forced inactivity; confinement to close quarters; emotional dependence on the group; perceived hostility on the part of the authorities; sudden and unexplained changes in the behaviour of powerful controlling persons; and lack of reliable information regarding the future in the outside world. Predisposing group dynamic factors include: the emotional contagion of ill-defined fear; aimless anger; helplessness; strong group indentification and heightened suggestibility. Predisposing factors pertaining to group members include: individual character traits, mental symptoms, youth, previous traumatic experiences and morally deviant or inconsistent leadership.
A Developmental Hierarchy of Dyadic Relationships
Authors: Nichol Hamish 
Published: April 2017

With the work of Mahler, Bowlby and others it has been increasingly recognized in recent years that there is a sequential progression in the nature of the first dyadic relationship which forms the basis for the type and quality of subsequent interpersonal transactions. Four levels of development of the dyadic relationship may be recognized. To begin with the infant is in a state of not recognizing the existence of the other individual — the autistic phase. At the toddler stage there is awareness of a separateness of physical attributes between the child and the significant other, but the persistence of the symbiotic belief that there is substantial co-extension of mental processes between the two. With further separation and individuation in the preschool and early school-aged child, a period of magical thinking prevails for varying durations in the child, in which there is an attempt made to retain an omnipotent control of the thinking of the significant other by the mechanism of projection of thought. In the mid-elementary school-aged child the decentering process emphasized by Piaget, together with the emerging capacity for making allowance for the context within which events occur, leads to the dyadic relationship being seen by the child as being mediated through the transactions of two autonomous mental apparatuses. Dependent upon the quality of the first dyadic relationships, the nature of the communication which occurs in them, of traumatic psychological events and of the integrity of the integrated forces of personality formation, residues of earlier modes of perceiving the dyadic relationship may be encountered. Examples of these in adolescent and adult patients are given. The recognition of the possibility of shifts in the perception of the levels of the dyadic relationship is of importance in the conduct of individual psychotherapy, as the therapist can then deal more realistically with such topics as the establishment of goals, the management of the modes and quality of communication, as well as of transference and counter-transference relationships. This is particularly true of the treatment of patients with poorly integrated personalities. The fluctuations referred to are seen most dramatically with some schizophrenic patients.
Psychotherapy in Eating Disorders
Authors: Bruch H. 
Published: April 2017

This paper emphasizes that neither obesity nor severe malnutrition represents a uniform clinical psychiatric picture. The therapist must always pay attention to and integrate the various factors involved in eating disorders such as the underlying personality problems, resolution of the interactional conflicts within the family and correction of the abnormal nutritional states. The similarities and differences of both obesity and anorexic states are described. Primary or typical anorexia nervosa is differentiated from the atypical kinds. The importance of early developmental factors of how the child differentiates inner and outer stimuli, the appropriate or inappropriate responses to these and the manner in which these early experiences later affect somatic, social and psychological self concepts are discussed. Various parameters and modalities of treatment are described based on the author's long-term experiences with a large number of patients.
Alcoholism and Gun Control
Authors: El-Guebaly N. , Lee M. 
Published: April 2017

The recurring dilemma of having to deal with an intoxicated person in possession of a gun uttering homicidal or suicidal threats along with the current debate on gun control prompted this controlled survey of the characteristics of individuals with problems arising from the joint abuse of alcohol and possession of a gun. A comparison of the data point to violence as being the most significant differentiating variable involved. This violent potential was reflected by the presence among the alcoholics involved of more past and present antisocial traits, a higher rating on the Nicol's scale of violence, more offences committed against the person and homicidal behaviour. The availability of a gun was a significant factor. No correlation was found between the severity of the drinking problem and the risk of dangerous handling of a gun. The need for more stringent gun controls is supported but their implications to the physician and especially the psychiatrist as a potential guarantor for a licence application ought to be further explored by the professional bodies involved.
Alpha and EMG Feedback Training in the Prevention of Drug Abuse: A Controlled Study
Authors: Lamontagne Yves , Beauséjour René , Annable Lawrence , Tétreault Léon 
Published: April 2017

Seventy-five college students who were regular drug users were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: alpha feedback, EMG feedback, joked feedback, no-feedback and no-treatment. All treated subjects participated in twelve 30-minute training sessions, four in the laboratory and eight at the college, over a period of four weeks. At the end of the final session, the alpha group had a significantly higher adjusted mean alpha level than the EMG and no-feedback groups but this disappeared during follow-up. The EMG group had a significantly lower adjusted mean EMG value than the alpha, no-feedback and no-treatment groups, which was maintained during follow-up while feedback was present and, to a less substantial degree, when feedback was not present. There were no significant differences between treatment groups as regards the adjusted mean alcohol or cigarette consumption and sleep parameters. Concerning drug use, among medium users (6–13 times monthly), the EMG feedback group had a consistently significantly lower adjusted mean drug use after treatment and at the one- and three-month follow-ups than the no-treatment group. Among high users, subjects who received feedback (alpha, EMG or joked) tended to reduce their drug use compared to pre-treatment levels, whereas those in the no-feedback or no-treatment groups experienced an increase. Since drug use was the only variable appreciably influenced by feedback training, the results tend to suggest that EMG feedback could serve as a means for the prevention of drug abuse, particularly for patients where anxiety is a predisposing factor.
Utilization of an Evening/Night Hospital: First Two Years of Operation
Authors: Ratcliffe William D. , Nixon G. William , Dyck Ronald J. , Azim Hassan F. A. 
Published: April 2017

This study examined the utilization of an integrated evening/night hospital by 234 psychiatric patients referred to the hospital during its first two years of operation. Neither age, sex, marital status, referral source or diagnosis were related to utilization. However, patients whose previous treatment involved traditional psychiatric care, either inpatient or outpatient, were less frequently admitted and less likely to complete the program once admitted, than were those patients reporting either day hospitalization or no treatment prior to their admission. There were steady increases in the number of referrals, number of different referring agents, average length of stay and average daily census as the program matured during the first two years of operation. While these data indicated an increase in the utilization of the evening portion of the program, there was a commensurate decrease in the utilization of the night portion of the program. As a result, the provision of overnight accommodation has been discontinued altogether.
Life without Eating or Drinking
Authors: Macritchie K.J. 
Published: April 2017

Total Parenteral Nutrition is no longer a short-term life-saving therapy, but can now provide an alternative permanent nutritional route following loss of small bowel function. Patients placed on the regimen go through several stages during adaptation. Those who have suffered from a chronic debilitating small bowel disease and have previously undergone multiple resections with poor residual nutritional intake, adapt more readily to the regimen than those who have suffered from the combined physical and psychological trauma of sudden massive loss of bowel. The technique has been successful in maintaining one individual in the group studied in good nutritional balance outside hospital for a period of eight years (13). This has been due to combined advances in medical surgical and pharmaceutical techniques (8). Further refinement of the nutritional support system utilized is needed to reduce the duration of the feeding process with the aim of minimizing sleep interruption and resultant fatigue. In elective consideration for TPN, assessment of both personality structure and domestic environmental support is advisable, since the patient generally does not do well in an unsupportive environment with resultant complications and frequent re-hospitalization. Conjoint training of a spouse or family member is essential; and introduction to another patient who has previously adapted well is beneficial. Later, a close liaison should be established with a Home Alimentation Nurse (8-10). The psychiatrist has a potential role in advising the gastroenterologist regarding the suitability of the individual being considered for elective total parenteral nutrition. He has a more definite role in the management of the psychological disturbance, frequently observed as depression, following surgery or later, when it appears secondary to the problems imposed by an altered modus vivendi. The group poses a further special challenge to the psychiatrist due to the unavailability of the normal route of administration of psychotropic drugs when they are indicated. In addition to the attainment of a relatively normal survival of individuals who have sustained complete loss of small bowel function, TPN offers vistas for research into body nutrition requirements (11) and demands further extensive detailed psychosocial studies of this unique group of individuals.