bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of subsecond variations in auroral region total electron content using 100 Hz sampling of GPS observables
Authors: McCaffrey A. M. , Jayachandran P. T. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFirst ever auroral region total electron content (TEC) measurements at 100 Hz using a Septentrio PolaRxS Pro receiver are analyzed to discover ionospheric signatures which would otherwise be unobtainable with the frequently used lower sampling rates. Two types of variations are observed: small‐magnitude (amplitude) variations, which are present consistently throughout the data set, and larger‐magnitude (amplitude) variations, which are less frequent. Small‐amplitude TEC fluctuations are accounted for by the receiver phase jitter. However, estimated secondary ionospheric effects in the calculation of TEC and the receiver phase jitter were unable to account for the larger‐amplitude TEC fluctuations. These variations are also accompanied by fluctuations in the magnetic field, which seems to indicate that these fluctuations are real and of geophysical significance. This paper presents a technique and the capability of high‐rate TEC measurements in the study of auroral dynamics. Further detailed study is needed to identify the cause of these subsecond TEC fluctuations and associated magnetic field fluctuations.
Global‐scale external magnetic fields at Mars measured at satellite altitude
Authors: Mittelholz A. , Johnson C. L. , Lillis R. J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Martian magnetic field is unique among those of the terrestrial planets. It is the net result of the interaction of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with crustal remnant magnetization and a planetary ionosphere. Internal fields of crustal origin have been the subject of extensive studies; the focus of our work is identification and characterization of contributions from external magnetic fields using the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) vector magnetic field data. We investigate the magnitude, average spatial structure, and temporal variability of the external magnetic field at MGS mapping altitude of 400 km by first subtracting the expected contributions from crustal fields using existing global crustal field models. We identify periodicities and spatial structure in the field related to the day‐night cycle and Carrington rotations, as well as variations corresponding to an annual cycle and short aperiodic signals. We suggest that ionospheric currents driven by upper atmosphere winds contribute to the observed zonal structure in the daily variation in the external magnetic field. Finally, we discuss the potential for magnetic sounding studies using time‐varying external fields and surface magnetometry measurements from the InSight mission to be launched in 2018.
Dynamic linear models to explore time‐varying suspended sediment‐discharge rating curves
Authors: Ahn Kuk‐Hyun , Yellen Brian , Steinschneider Scott 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study presents a new method to examine long‐term dynamics in sediment yield using time‐varying sediment‐discharge rating curves. Dynamic linear models (DLMs) are introduced as a time series filter that can assess how the relationship between streamflow and sediment concentration or load changes over time in response to a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic watershed disturbances or long‐term changes. The filter operates by updating parameter values using a recursive Bayesian design that responds to 1 day‐ahead forecast errors while also accounting for observational noise. The estimated time series of rating curve parameters can then be used to diagnose multiscale (daily‐decadal) variability in sediment yield after accounting for fluctuations in streamflow. The technique is applied in a case study examining changes in turbidity load, a proxy for sediment load, in the Esopus Creek watershed, part of the New York City drinking water supply system. The results show that turbidity load exhibits a complex array of variability across time scales. The DLM highlights flood event‐driven positive hysteresis, where turbidity load remained elevated for months after large flood events, as a major component of dynamic behavior in the rating curve relationship. The DLM also produces more accurate 1 day‐ahead loading forecasts compared to other static and time‐varying rating curve methods. The results suggest that DLMs provide a useful tool for diagnosing changes in sediment‐discharge relationships over time and may help identify variability in sediment concentrations and loads that can be used to inform dynamic water quality management.
Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil and Oral Cyclophosphamide on Skin Thickness: Post Hoc Analyses From Two Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trials
Authors: Namas Rajaie , Tashkin Donald P. , Furst Daniel E. , Wilhalme Holly , Tseng Chi‐Hong , Roth Michael D. , Kafaja Suzanne , Volkmann Elizabeth , Clements Philip J. , Khanna Dinesh ,   Participants in the Scleroderma Lung Study I and members of the Scleroderma Lung Study II Research Group
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) on modified Rodnan skin score (MRSS) in participants enrolled in the Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS) I and II.MethodsSLS I participants received daily oral CYC or matching placebo for 1 year, whereas SLS II participants received daily MMF for 2 years or daily oral CYC for 1 year followed by placebo for second year. We assessed the impact of MMF and CYC on the MRSS in SLS II over a 24‐month period. We also compared the change in MRSS in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) assigned to CYC and MMF in SLS II and SLS I versus placebo in SLS I over a 24‐month period using a linear mixed model.ResultsIn SLS II, the baseline mean ± SD MRSS was 14.0 ± 10.6 units for CYC and 15.3 ± 10.4 units for MMF; 58.5% were classified as dcSSc. CYC and MMF were associated with statistically significant improvements in MRSS from baseline over the period of 24 months in dcSSc (P < 0.05 at each time point), but there were no differences between the 2 groups. In the dcSSc subgroup, the change in MRSS from baseline to all 6‐month visits was similar in SLS II groups (MMF, CYC, pooled cohort [MMF + CYC]) and in the SLS I CYC group and showed statistically significant improvements compared to SLS I placebo at 12, 18, and 24 months (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn SLS II, MMF and CYC treatment resulted in improvements in MRSS in patients with dcSSc over 24 months. In addition, MMF and CYC treatment resulted in statistically significant improvements in MRSS in patients with dcSSc when compared with the SLS I placebo group.
Suppressing Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Does Patient Global Assessment Blur the Target? A Practice‐Based Call for a Paradigm Change
Authors: Ferreira Ricardo J. O. , Duarte Cátia , Ndosi Mwidimi , de Wit Maarten , Gossec Laure , da Silva J. A. P. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveIn current management paradigms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patient global assessment (PGA) is crucial to decide whether a patient has attained remission (target) or needs reinforced therapy. We investigated whether the clinical and psychological determinants of PGA are appropriate to support this important role.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional, single‐center study including consecutive ambulatory RA patients. Data collection comprised swollen 28‐joint count (SJC28), tender 28‐joint count (TJC28), C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, PGA, pain, fatigue, function, anxiety, depression, happiness, personality traits, and comorbidities. Remission was categorized using American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Boolean‐based criteria: remission, near‐remission (only PGA >1), and nonremission. A binary definition without PGA (3v‐remission) was also studied. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify explanatory variables of PGA in each remission state.ResultsA total of 309 patients were included (remission 9.4%, near‐remission 37.2%, and nonremission 53.4%). Patients in near‐remission were indistinguishable from remission regarding disease activity, but described a disease impact similar to those in nonremission. In multivariable analyses, PGA in near‐remission was explained (R2adjusted = 0.50) by fatigue, pain, anxiety, and function. Fatigue and pain had no relationship with disease activity measures.ConclusionIn RA, a consensually acceptable level of disease activity (SJC28, TJC28, and CRP level ≤1) does not equate to low disease impact: a large proportion of these patients are considered in nonremission solely due to PGA. PGA mainly reflects fatigue, pain, function, and psychological domains, which are inadequate to define the target for immunosuppressive therapy. This consideration suggests that clinical practice should be guided by 2 separate remission targets: inflammation (3v‐remission) and disease impact.
Depression Risk in Young Adults With Juvenile‐ and Adult‐Onset Lupus: Twelve Years of Followup
Authors: Knight Andrea M. , Trupin Laura , Katz Patricia , Yelin Edward , Lawson Erica F. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo compare major depression risk among young adults with juvenile‐onset and adult‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to determine demographic and health‐related predictors of depression.MethodsYoung adults with SLE ages 18–45 years (n = 546) in the Lupus Outcomes Study completed annual telephone surveys from 2002–2015, including assessment of depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), and self‐report measures of sociodemographics and health characteristics. Juvenile‐onset SLE was defined as age <18 years at diagnosis (n = 115). Repeated‐measures analysis was performed to assess the risk for major depression (CES‐D ≥24) at any point in study, and logistic regression was used to assess for recurrent (present on ≥2 assessments) major depression.ResultsMajor depression was experienced by 47% of the cohort at least once during the 12‐year study period. In adjusted analyses, juvenile‐onset SLE patients had an increased risk of having a major depressive episode (odds ratio [OR] 1.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0–2.7]) and recurrent episodes (OR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2–4.3]), compared to participants with adult‐onset SLE. Older age, lower educational attainment, and physical function, higher disease activity, and a history of smoking were associated with an increased depression risk. Juvenile‐onset SLE patients had a higher risk of major depression across all educational groups.ConclusionYoung adults with SLE, particularly those with juvenile‐onset disease, are at high risk for major depression, which is associated with increased disease activity, poorer physical functioning, and lower educational attainment. Early depression intervention in young adults with SLE has the potential to improve both medical and psychosocial outcomes.
Association of Fibrosing Myopathy in Systemic Sclerosis and Higher Mortality
Authors: Paik Julie J. , Wigley Fredrick M. , Shah Ami A. , Corse Andrea M. , Casciola‐Rosen Livia , Hummers Laura K. , Mammen Andrew L. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo determine if a unique subtype of scleroderma muscle disease exists by comparing the clinical features of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patients with predominant fibrosis on muscle biopsy to those with inflammatory muscle histopathology.MethodsThis retrospective, cross‐sectional study included SSc patients with muscle weakness and an available muscle biopsy. Biopsies with fibrosis but without inflammation/necrosis were designated as “fibrosing myopathy,” and those with inflammation and/or necrosis were assigned a category of “inflammatory myopathy.” Clinical data, including features of SSc, serum creatine kinase (CK) levels, electromyography, autoantibody profile, and survival, were compared between the 2 groups.ResultsThe study population consisted of 37 weak SSc patients, 8 with fibrosing myopathy and 29 with inflammatory myopathy. Compared to those with inflammatory myopathy, patients with fibrosing myopathy were more likely to have diffuse SSc skin subtype (87% versus 62%; P = 0.18), African American race (62.5% versus 37.9%; P = 0.20), and a lower mean ± SD forced vital capacity (55.5 ± 31.9 versus 66.4 ± 17.6; P = 0.23). They also had lower mean ± SD CK values (516 ± 391 versus 2,477 ± 3,511 IU/liter; P = 0.007) and lower aldolase values (13.8 ± 4.7 versus 27.3 ± 4.7; P = 0.01). Patients with fibrosing myopathy had a significantly higher mortality (5 of 8 [62.5%] versus 4 of 29 [14.3%]; P = 0.005).ConclusionFibrosing myopathy is a unique histologic subtype of muscle disease among weak patients with SSc and is associated with significantly worse mortality compared to those with inflammation and/or necrosis on muscle biopsy.
Carbon Coated Bimetallic Sulfide Hollow Nanocubes as Advanced Sodium Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Chen Jingwei , Li Shaohui , Kumar Vipin , Lee Pooi See 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSodium ion battery (SIB) as a next‐generation battery has been drawing much attention due to the abundance and even distribution of sodium source. Metal sulfides with high theoretical capacity and good electrical conductivity are promising anode candidates for SIB, however, the structural collapse caused by severe volume change during the de/sodiation process typically results in a fast capacity decay, limited rate capability, and cycling stability. In this work, by careful composition and structure design, polydopamine coated Prussian blue analogs derived carbon coated bimetallic sulfide hollow nanocubes (PBCS) are prepared with distinguished morphology, higher surface area, smaller charge transfer resistance, and higher sodium diffusion coefficient than the uncoated bimetallic sulfides. An optimum carbon coated bimetallic sulfide hollow nanocube anode delivers a specific capacity of ≈500 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 with ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (1:1, vol%) electrolyte in the presence of fluoroethylene carbonate additives. A capacity of 122.3 mA h g−1 can be realized at 5000 mA g−1, showing good rate performance. In addition the carbon coated bimetallic sulfide hollow nanocubes can maintain capacity of 87 mA h g−1 after being cycled at 500 mA g−1 for 150 times, indicating its good cycling stability. The structure integrity, high specific capacity, good rate performance, and cycling stability of PBCS render it a promising anode material for advanced SIB.
Monolithic Photoassisted Water Splitting Device Using Anodized Ni‐Fe Oxygen Evolution Catalytic Substrate
Authors: Dong Wan Jae , Song Young Jin , Yoon Hansub , Jung Gwan Ho , Kim Kisoo , Kim Sungjoo , Lee Jong‐Lam 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLarge‐scale industrial application of solar‐driven water splitting has called for the development of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts that deliver high catalytic activity and stability. Here it is shown that an efficient OER catalytic substrate can be developed by roll‐to‐roll fabrication of electrodeposited Ni‐Fe foils, followed by anodization. An amorphous oxyhydroxide layer directly formed on Ni‐Fe foils exhibits high catalytic activity toward water oxidation in 1 m KOH solution, which requires an overpotential of 0.251 V to reach current density of 10 mA cm–2. The developed catalytic electrode shows the best OER activity among catalysts with film structure. The catalyst also shows prolonged stability at vigorous gas evolution condition for 36 h. To demonstrate the monolithic photoassisted water splitting device, an amorphous silicon solar cell is fabricated on Ni‐Fe catalytic substrate, resulting in lowering OER overpotential under light illumination. This monolithic device is the first demonstration that the OER catalytic substrates and the solar cells are integrated and can be easily applied for industrial scale solar‐driven water electrolysis.
Denatonium‐induced sinonasal bacterial killing may play a role in chronic rhinosinusitis outcomes
Authors: Carey Ryan M. , Workman Alan D. , Hatten Kyle M. , Siebert Adam P. , Brooks Steven G. , Chen Bei , Adappa Nithin D. , Palmer James N. , Kennedy David W. , Lee Robert J. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundSinonasal bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) contribute to upper airway innate immunity and correlate with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) clinical outcomes. A subset of T2Rs expressed on sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) are activated by denatonium, resulting in a calcium‐mediated secretion of bactericidal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in neighboring ciliated epithelial cells. We hypothesized that there is patient variability in the amount of bacterial killing induced by different concentrations of denatonium and that the differences correlate with CRS clinical outcomes.MethodsBacterial growth inhibition was quantified after mixing bacteria with airway surface liquid (ASL) collected from denatonium‐stimulated sinonasal air‐liquid interface (ALI) cultures. Patient ASL bacterial killing at 0.1 mM denatonium and baseline characteristics and sinus surgery outcomes were compared between these populations.ResultsThere is variability in the degree of denatonium‐induced bacterial killing between patients. In CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), patients with increased bacterial killing after stimulation with low levels of denatonium undergo significantly more functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESSs) (p = 0.037) and have worse 6‐month post‐FESS 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores (p = 0.012).ConclusionBacterial killing after stimulation with low levels of denatonium correlates with number of prior FESS and postoperative SNOT‐22 scores in CRSwNP. Some symptoms of CRS in patients with hyperresponsiveness to low levels of denatonium may be due to increased airway immune activity or inherent disease severity.
Prognostic models and nomograms for predicting survival of patients with maxillary sinus carcinomas
Authors: Shen Weidong , Sakamoto Naoko , Yang Limin 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundMaxillary sinus carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy. Most reports on prognosis of this disease are from single institutions and include few patients. We used data from the United States National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program to construct models and nomograms for predicting outcomes of patients with maxillary sinus carcinomas.MethodsWe used records from 668 patients with primary maxillary sinus carcinomas reported to the SEER program from 2004 to 2013 to build nomograms based on stratified multivariable Cox proportional hazard models for predicting 5‐year overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS). Model building was internally validated with the bootstrap approach.ResultsFive‐year survival was 39.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.5% to 44.5%) and 46.8% (42.3% to 51.8%) for OS and CSS, respectively. The final Cox model included the variables of age at diagnosis, tumor size, histologic type, TNM stage, and surgery. Radiotherapy was a stratification factor in the models. The models demonstrated good accuracy for predicting survival with a bootstrap‐corrected Somers Dxy of 0.44 for both OS and CSS models. Calibration curves indicated acceptable model calibration.ConclusionWe developed tools for predicting prognosis that incorporate TNM stage and other readily available variables for patients with maxillary sinus carcinomas. The model performance was validated as good. These models can help clinicians to offer improved patient counseling in terms of clinical outcomes and make optimal treatment plans.
Common Fibril Structures Imply Systemically Conserved Protein Misfolding Pathways In Vivo
Authors: Annamalai Karthikeyan , Liberta Falk , Vielberg Marie‐Theres , Close William , Lilie Hauke , Gührs Karl‐Heinz , Schierhorn Angelika , Koehler Rolf , Schmidt Andreas , Haupt Christian , Hegenbart Ute , Schönland Stefan , Schmidt Matthias , Groll Michael , Fändrich Marcus 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSystemic amyloidosis is caused by the misfolding of a circulating amyloid precursor protein and the deposition of amyloid fibrils in multiple organs. Chemical and biophysical analysis of amyloid fibrils from human AL and murine AA amyloidosis reveal the same fibril morphologies in different tissues or organs of one patient or diseased animal. The observed structural similarities concerned the fibril morphology, the fibril protein primary and secondary structures, the presence of post‐translational modifications and, in case of the AL fibrils, the partially folded characteristics of the polypeptide chain within the fibril. Our data imply for both analyzed forms of amyloidosis that the pathways of protein misfolding are systemically conserved; that is, they follow the same rules irrespective of where inside one body fibrils are formed or accumulated.
Surface Modification of Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Layers Creates Biomimetic Catalytic Microenvironments for Selective Oxidation
Authors: Shi Wenjie , Cao Lingyun , Zhang Hua , Zhou Xin , An Bing , Lin Zekai , Dai Ruihan , Li Jianfeng , Wang Cheng , Lin Wenbin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMicroenvironments in enzymes play crucial roles in controlling the activities and selectivities of reaction centers. Herein we report the tuning of the catalytic microenvironments of metal–organic layers (MOLs), a two‐dimensional version of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with thickness down to a monolayer, to control product selectivities. By modifying the secondary building units (SBUs) of MOLs with monocarboxylic acids, such as gluconic acid, we changed the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity around the active sites and fine‐tuned the selectivity in photocatalytic oxidation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) to exclusively afford butyrolactone (BTL), likely a result of prolonging the residence time of reaction intermediates in the hydrophilic microenvironment of catalytic centers. Our work highlights new opportunities in using functional MOLs as highly tunable and selective two‐dimensional catalytic materials.
A Tunable Ionic Diode Based on a Biomimetic Structure‐Tailorable Nanochannel
Authors: Xiao Kai , Chen Lu , Zhang Zhen , Xie Ganhua , Li Pei , Kong Xiang‐Yu , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA tunable ionic diode is presented that is based on biomimetic structure‐tailorable nanochannels, with precise ion‐transport characteristics from ohmic behavior to bidirectional rectification as well as gating properties. The forward/reverse directions of the ionic diode and the degree of rectification can be well‐regulated by combining the patterned surface charge and the sophisticated structure. This system creates an ideal platform for precise transportation of ions and molecules, and potential applications in analytical sciences are anticipated.
Unexpected Direct Synthesis of N‐Vinyl Amides through Vinyl Azide–Enolate [3+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Choi Hans , Shirley Harry J. , Hume Paul A. , Brimble Margaret A. , Furkert Daniel P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe unexpected synthesis of industrially important N‐vinyl amides directly from aldehydes and α,β‐unsaturated N‐vinyl amides from esters is reported. This reaction probably proceeds through an initial [3+2] azide–enolate cycloaddition involving a vinyl azide generated in situ. A survey of the reaction scope and preliminary mechanistic findings supported by quantum computational analysis are reported, with implications for the future development of atom‐efficient amide synthesis. Intriguingly, this study suggests that (cautious) reevaluation of azidoethene as a synthetic reagent may be warranted.
Catalytic Electrophilic Alkylation of p‐Quinones through a Redox Chain Reaction
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Long , Li Zhi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAllylation and benzylation of p‐quinones was achieved through an unusual redox chain reaction. Mechanistic studies suggest that the existence of trace hydroquinone initiates a redox chain reaction that consists of a Lewis acid catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation and a subsequent redox equilibrium that regenerates hydroquinone. The electrophiles could be various allylic and benzylic esters. The addition of Hantzsch ester as an initiator improves the efficiency of the reaction.