bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Reward Magnitude on Different Types of Exploration in Human Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Shimomura Kanji , Morita Kenji 
Published: October 2024

AbstractHow humans resolve the explore–exploit dilemma in complex environments is an important open question. Previous studies suggested that environmental richness may affect the degree of exploration in a type-specific manner and reduce random exploration while increasing uncertainty-based exploration. Our study examined this possibility by extending a recently developed two-armed bandit task that can dissociate the uncertainty and novelty of stimuli. To extract the pure effect of environmental richness, we manipulated the reward by its magnitude, not its probability, across blocks because reward probability affects outcome controllability. Participants (N = 198) demonstrated increased optimal choices when the relative reward magnitude was higher. A behavioral analysis with computational modeling revealed that a higher reward magnitude reduced the degree of random exploration but had little effect on the degree of uncertainty- and novelty-based exploration. These results suggest that humans modulate their degree of random exploration depending on the relative level of environmental richness. Combined with findings from previous studies, our findings indicate the possibility that outcome controllability also influences the exploration–exploitation balance in human reinforcement learning.
Impacts of risk-stratified inpatient penicillin allergy label delabeling on subsequent antimicrobial spectrum index and costs
Authors: Staub Milner , Nelson George E. , Byrge Kelly , Koo Grace , Nesbitt Whitney J. , Stollings Joanna L. , Zhang Minhua , Stone Cosby A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Penicillin allergy delabeling may benefit antimicrobial stewardship (AS). Cost of initial penicillin treatments following risk-stratified inpatient delabeling were compared to two hypothetical treatment regimens if delabeling had not occurred: (1) AS-guided and (2) Common Treatment. Penicillin allergy delabeling improved antimicrobial spectrum index, was cost-neutral, and averted unnecessary penicillin desensitizations.
Striving for a Rapid Transition: How Companies are Approaching Integrating Respect for Human Rights in Their Climate Action
Authors: Areias Sophia Aspesi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGlobally, companies are developing and implementing their strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, in line with the Paris Agreement. However, there is also growing recognition and awareness of the potential negative impacts of these activities on human rights. Recent pressure from international normative standards and ESG expectations, emerging legislative developments, and legal precedents are driving companies to consider human rights impacts across their climate action. This piece explores some of the human rights risks associated with the transition to renewable energy; the transformation to regenerative agriculture; the scaling up of the circular economy; and the implementation of nature-based solutions. It then explores the challenges of conducting effective human rights due diligence given the scale and scope of the transitions needed and provides examples of how companies are seeking to respect human rights in their climate action.
Projected loss of rock glacier habitat in the contiguous western United States with warming
Authors: Lute Abigail C. , Abatzoglou John T. , Fountain Andrew G. , Bartholomaus Timothy C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Rock glaciers support alpine biodiversity and may respond more slowly to warming than snow or glaciers. While responses of snow and glaciers to climate change are relatively well understood, a robust assessment of rock glacier environmental niche, future distributions of rock glaciers and potential for development of rock glaciers from current glaciers is lacking. Using process-relevant, high-resolution environmental descriptors, we develop a species distribution model of the topographic, geologic and hydroclimatic niche of rock glaciers that provides novel estimates of potential rock glacier distributions for different climates. We identify mean annual air temperature and headwall area as the dominant controls on rock glacier spatial distributions, with rock glaciers more likely to be found in areas with mean annual temperatures close to −5°C, little rain, northern aspects and broad headwalls. While rock glacier climate equilibration may take hundreds of years, we find that equilibration to present climate will result in a 50% reduction in rock glacier habitat and equilibration to late 21st-century climate under a high-end warming scenario will result in a 99% reduction in rock glacier habitat across the western USA. Under future conditions, we find limited potential for glacier to rock glacier transformation (3% of glacierized area), concentrated in cold, high elevation, moderate precipitation areas.
On the rate of convergence for an α-stable central limit theorem under sublinear expectation
Authors: Hu Mingshang , Jiang Lianzi , Liang Gechun 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe propose a monotone approximation scheme for a class of fully nonlinear degenerate partial integro-differential equations which characterize nonlinear
$\alpha$
-stable Lévy processes under a sublinear expectation space with
$\alpha\in(1,2)$
. We further establish the error bounds for the monotone approximation scheme. This in turn yields an explicit Berry–Esseen bound and convergence rate for the
$\alpha$
-stable central limit theorem under sublinear expectation.
‘Fat-cats’ versus ‘church mice’: unveiling legal aid practice from behind the shadows of private legal practice in England and Wales
Authors: Cooke Emma 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis paper calls for the lawyering profession – which is often viewed as unabridged – to be reframed into two distinct occupations: legal aid practice and private practice, to better incorporate the divisions in labour. In order to better understand contemporary legal aid work and its workers, the hidden realities must be unveiled from behind their private counterparts, which opposingly signify wealth, professionalism, autonomy and privilege. Set within a context of crumbling professional identities, a shrinking industry and financial constraints, the paper draws on ethnographic and interview data. It finds that those working in legal aid undoubtedly face a more stagnated, under-resourced and precarious working environment, which means that their professional experience is vastly different from their private counterparts. Likewise, those in the field face toxic narratives from the government, the media, the public, and their private counterparts alike, resulting in persistent discourse of vilification. Ultimately, it calls for a refocus of legal aid work as a separate vocation due to its altruistic underpinnings, unique ‘professional’ identity, and values.
The missing consensus: An analysis of problem definitions and key motivations in the first zero draft for a global plastics treaty
Authors: Knoblauch Doris , Mederake Linda 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
With the ongoing negotiations for an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment, and the frustration at the end of Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-3), analyzing the zero draft text, which formed the basis for this negotiation round, is crucial. This analysis examines to what extent the zero draft conveys a clear problem definition as the foundation for an internationally legally binding instrument on plastic pollution. We find that the draft lacks a clear problem definition. Additionally, we investigate how the zero draft balances the focus between marine environments and other affected areas and discusses the implications for governance strategies. We find that the draft focuses particularly on fishing gear and hence has a downstream perspective, while upstream measures are equally important. Furthermore, this study delves into the key motivations driving the treaty negotiations, revealing that health and environmental concerns predominate. In comparing our results with previous research, we align with recent publications analyzing INC submissions and onsite statements. In addition, we identify significant differences in key motivations to tackle the plastic pollution issues between the EU and the international level. These disparities, evident in how health and economic arguments are prioritized, reflect varied approaches to combating plastic pollution across political spheres.
Blowup of cylindrically symmetric solutions for biharmonic NLS
Authors: Gou Tianxiang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we consider blowup of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the following biharmonic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS),
\begin{equation*}
\text{i } \partial_t u=\Delta^2 u-\mu \Delta u-|u|^{2 \sigma} u \quad \text{in} \,\, \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^d,
\end{equation*}where $d \geq 1$, $\mu \in \mathbb{R}$ and $0 \lt \sigma \lt \infty$ if $1 \leq d \leq 4$ and $0 \lt \sigma \lt 4/(d-4)$ if $d \geq 5$. In the mass critical and supercritical cases, we establish the existence of blowup solutions to the problem for cylindrically symmetric data. The result extends the known ones with respect to blowup of solutions to the problem for radially symmetric data.
The Nation on the Corners: The Politics of Street-Naming in Lima during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ramón Gabriel 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRecent studies on the figuration of the nation in nineteenth-century Hispanic America have used sophisticated analyses of different media to suggest that Indigenous references were progressively excluded from urban public space as national symbols. In these spaces, the creole authorities placed themselves and their ancestors centre stage. However, these studies have neglected a highly representative medium: street names. This article demonstrates that street nomenclature was key in figuring the nation in a capital city and shows a different trend from that established using other media. Specifically, after the 1861 municipal reform of street names in Lima, Peru, the majority of official names were Indigenous and did not celebrate creole or military elites. This article examines this reform and the conflicts it provoked.
A semantic visual SLAM based on improved mask R-CNN in dynamic environment
Authors: Zhang Kang , Dong Chaoyi , Guo Hongfei , Ye Qifan , Gao Liangliang , Xiang Shuai , Chen Xiaoyan , Wu Yi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo address the issues of low positioning accuracy and weak robustness of prior visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) systems in dynamic environments, a semantic VSLAM (Sem-VSLAM) approach based on deep learning is proposed in this article. The proposed Sem-VSLAM algorithm adds semantic segmentation threads in parallel based on the open-source ORB-SLAM2’s visual odometry. First, while extracting the ORB features from an RGB-D image, the frame image is semantically segmented, and the segmented results are detected and repaired. Then, the feature points of dynamic objects are eliminated by using semantic information and motion consistency detection, and the poses are estimated by using the remaining feature points after the dynamic feature elimination. Finally, a 3D point cloud map is constructed by using tracking information and semantic information. The experiment uses Technical University of Munich public data to show the usefulness of the Sem-VSLAM algorithm. The experimental results show that the Sem-VSLAM algorithm can reduce the absolute trajectory error and relative attitude error of attitude estimation by about 95% compared to the ORB-SLAM2 algorithm and by about 14% compared to the VO-YOLOv5s in a highly dynamic environment and the average time consumption of tracking each frame image reaches 61 ms. It is verified that the Sem-VSLAM algorithm effectively improves the robustness and positioning accuracy in high dynamic environment and owning a satisfying real-time performance. Therefore, the Sem-VSLAM has a better mapping effect in a highly dynamic environment.
Economic risks of environmental setbacks in Brazil’s Iguaçu National Park
Authors: Prasniewski Victor Mateus , Szinwelski Neucir , Brocardo Carlos Rodrigo , Fearnside Philip Martin , Sobral-Souza Thadeu 
Published: October 2024

SummaryIguaçu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, faces threats from proposed legislation aimed at downgrading its protection to allow reopening of the Caminho-do-Colono road, which would fragment the National Park. This study assesses the National Park’s importance in preserving native vegetation and its economic significance via payments for environmental services. We evaluated different scenarios, demonstrating how these resources are vital for certain municipalities. By comparing economic performance before and after the road’s closure, our findings reveal that, contrary to local beliefs, the closure did not negatively impact the local economy. Additionally, these legislative bills are legally infeasible and fail to offer environmental or economic benefits, favouring small interest groups over the collective good. This research highlights that the Caminho-do-Colono road is not a viable approach to municipal development. Instead, maintaining the National Park’s integrity is crucial for both ecological preservation and economic stability in the region. Our analysis underscores the broader implications of environmental conservation efforts and the necessity of rejecting projects that compromise protected areas. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the National Park’s role, emphasizing the need for sustainable development that aligns with environmental and community well-being.
Bioethics and the Value of Human Life
Authors: Häyry Matti 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bioethics as a philosophical discipline deals with matters of life and death. How it deals with them, however, depends on the kind of life particular bioethicists focus on and the kind of value they assign to it. Natural-law ethicists and conservative Kantians emphasize biological human life regardless of its developmental stage. Integrative bioethicists also embrace nonhuman life if it can be protected without harming humans. Liberal and utilitarian moralists concentrate on life that is sentient and aware of itself, to the exclusion of biological existence devoid of these. Extinctionist and antinatalist philosophers believe that life’s value is negative and that its misery should be alleviated and terminated by not bringing new individuals into existence. As the last-mentioned approach reverses the idea of life’s positive value, it could be called oibethics.
An 8-year single-centre experience of patients with subclinical rheumatic carditis
Authors: İrdem Ahmet , Ergin Selma Oktay , Kaçar Alper , Dağdeviren Fatma Ece 
Published: October 2024

AbstractObjective:Transthoracic echocardiography is the gold standard method for screening and confirmation of acute rheumatic fever and subclinical rheumatic heart disease. Secondary antibiotic prophylaxis that is regularly employed in subclinical rheumatic heart disease may help to reverse mild rheumatic carditis lesions, delay the progression of the disease, reduce morbidity and mortality, and improve patients’ quality of life.Materials and Methods:We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 180 patients with subclinical rheumatic heart disease who were followed up for a mean of 4.92 ± 2.0 (3.5–6.5) years.Results:Between 1 March 2015 and 31 December 2023, 180 patients diagnosed with subclinical rheumatic heart disease with a mean follow-up of 4.92 ± 2.0 (3.5–6.5) years were included in the study. Of the patients, 50.6% were male, 49.4% were female, mean age at diagnosis was 11.74 ± 3.18 (9.68–13.65) years, and mean follow-up period was 4.92 ± 2.0 (3.5–6.5) years. Further, 87.2 % of the patients had mitral valve regurgitation, 38.3% had aortic valve regurgitation, and 27.2% had both valve (aortic and mitral valve) regurgitation. Moreover, Sydenham chorea was also diagnosed in 7.8% the patients. Of the patients, 90% had mild rheumatic heart disease, 7.8% had moderate rheumatic heart disease, and 2.2% had severe rheumatic heart disease. After the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease, 76.7% patients received regular and 23.3% irregular secondary benzathine penicillin G prophylaxis.Conclusion:We believe that echocardiography demonstrates its efficacy and safety profile in reducing the risk of rheumatic heart disease in patients diagnosed with subclinical rheumatic carditis and complying with regular secondary antibiotic prophylaxis.
Effects of the French grammatical gender system on bilingual adults' perception of objects
Authors: Chen Zhuohan , Faitaki Faidra 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study extends the line of linguistic relativity research by assessing the effect of the French grammatical gender system on French speakers' and learners' perception of objects. Four groups of 140 adults (English monolinguals, French monolinguals, English–French bilinguals and French–English bilinguals; N = 35 each) rated 32 selected objects' gender by assigning them a masculine/feminine voice on a slider. We also assessed the participants' second-language (L2) proficiency. Multilevel modelling results revealed that French monolinguals and English–French bilinguals rated objects' gender in line with the French grammatical gender system. The effect of French on perception was not reduced by acquiring English, as French–English bilinguals performed on par with French monolinguals. Moreover, the effect was independent of L2 proficiency. These findings suggest that learning a gendered L2 affects the perception of objects – thus supporting the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
Academic freedom in Europe: Limitations and judicial remedies
Authors: Kovács Kriszta 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Europe has recently struggled with democratic backsliding and autocratization. This autocratization has accompanied a decline in academic freedom in many backsliding countries, as reported by the Academic Freedom Index. Can the standards set by the European supranational courts effectively safeguard academic freedom? This article provides answers to this question. It argues that despite differences in their approaches, the theoretical conceptions of scholarship held by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) share an essential feature: both have moved towards embracing the ‘liberal science script’ by protecting academic freedom. The main difference between the two courts’ approaches is the subject of protection. The ECtHR focuses on the individual rights of academics: It protects free speech in the academic context by establishing a high standard for holding academics liable for publicly expressing their views inside and outside of academia. The ECJ has applied the concept of institutional autonomy, thereby setting a high standard for safeguarding the freedom of academic institutions. This standard can be applied with regard to the demands placed by policy-makers on academia regarding its role in democracy, including gender equality requirements for EU research funding.
Exploring the Link Between Parental Sociodemographic Characteristics and Multiple Births: Insights from National Birth Data in Japan, 1995–2020
Authors: Okui Tasuku , Nakashima Naoki 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis present study investigated the parental characteristics of multiple births using national birth data in Japan. This study included birth data from Vital Statistics: Occupational and Industrial Aspects every five fiscal years from 1995 to 2020. The multiple birth rates were defined as the number of live-birth deliveries with multiple fetuses (e.g., twins, triplets) per total live-birth deliveries. Parental ages, nationalities, occupations and household occupation (occupation of the top earner of the household) were considered as parental characteristics. The multiple birth rates were calculated based on parental characteristics for each year, and a log-binomial regression model was used to assess the association between parental characteristics and multiple births. The multiple birth rate for Japanese mothers consistently exceeded that for non-Japanese mothers over the years, and the rate increased progressively from manual workers to lower non-manual workers and then to upper non-manual workers for both maternal and paternal occupations. The regression results indicated that the risk ratio (RR) for multiple births among non-Japanese mothers was significantly lower than that among Japanese mothers. Moreover, concerning household occupation, the RRs of self-employed individuals, full-time employees at smaller companies, others, and the unemployed were significantly lower than those of full-time employees at larger companies. Furthermore, the RRs of lower non-manual and manual workers were significantly lower than those of upper non-manual workers in maternal and paternal occupations. The results suggested an association between multiple births and parental socioeconomic status in Japan.
Versorgungssituation von Patient_innen mit äthyltoxischer Zirrhose in Vorbereitung auf eine Lebertransplantation
Authors: Binder Annette , Fenchel Julia , Lang Immanuel , Batra Anil 
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung: Einführung: Patient_innen mit äthyltoxischer Leberzirrhose müssen 6 Monate Abstinenz nachweisen, ehe eine Listung für eine Lebertransplantation (LTX) erfolgen kann. Während die reguläre Versorgung von Patient_innen mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen heimatnah erfolgt, findet die regelmäßige Abstinenzkontrolle vor einer LTX, teilweise auch die suchtmedizinische Behandlung aktuell an 21 deutschen LTX-Zentren statt (Stand Februar 2024). Daraus können sich zusätzliche Herausforderungen an der Schnittstelle zwischen den LTX-Zentren und dem ambulanten Versorgungssystem ergeben. Diese Erhebung soll Barrieren in der Versorgung am Zentrum und in der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Suchthilfesystem erfassen. Methodik: Die Studie nutzte 11 semi-strukturierte Interviews mit Behandler_innen verschiedener LTX-Zentren als Datenquelle. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse. Ergebnisse: In den LTX-Zentren wurde die Vermittlung in ambulante Behandlung als Herausforderung identifiziert. Bezüglich des Suchthilfesystems wurden spezifische Barrieren wie fehlendes Verständnis für die somatische Komponente der Erkrankung bei Beratungsstellen und der Mangel an ambulanten Therapieplätzen und Versorgungsstrukturen für Patient_innen mit alkoholbezogenen Störungen und somatischen Erkrankungen benannt. Schlussfolgerung: Eine Vielzahl von Barrieren behindert die angemessene Weitervermittlung in passende suchtmedizinische Versorgungsangebote von Patient_innen mit einer äthyltoxischen Leberzirrhose in der Phase vor einer LTX. Diese sollten zur Verbesserung der Versorgung der genannten Zielgruppe adressiert werden.