bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Deposition of Macronutrients (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorous) onto the Black Sea and Implications on Marine Productivity*
Authors: Koçak M. , Mihalopoulos N. , Tutsak E. , Violaki K. , Theodosi C. , Zarmpas P. , Kalegeri P. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Two-sized aerosol samples were obtained from a rural site located close to Sinop on the south coastline of the Black Sea. In addition, bulk deposition samples were collected at Varna, located on the west coastline of the Black Sea. Both aerosol and deposition samples were analyzed for the main macronutrients, NO3−, NH4+, and PO43−. The mean aerosol nitrate and ammonium concentrations were 7.1 ± 5.5 and 22.8 ± 17.8 nmol m−3, respectively. The mean aerosol phosphate concentration was 0.69 ± 0.31 nmol m−3, ranging from 0.21 to 2.36 nmol m−3. Interestingly, phosphate concentration over Sinop was substantially higher than those of most Mediterranean sites. Comparison of the atmospheric and riverine inputs for the Black Sea revealed that atmospheric dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) only ranged between 4% and 13%, while the atmospheric dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) fluxes had significantly higher contributions with values ranging from 12% to 37%. The molar N:P ratios in atmospheric deposition for Sinop and Varna were 13 and 14, respectively, both of which were lower than the Redfield ratio (16). The atmospheric molar N:P ratios over the Black Sea were considerably lower than those reported for riverine fluxes (41) and the Mediterranean region (more than 200). The atmospheric P flux can sustain 0.5%–5.2% of the primary production, whereas the N flux can sustain 0.4%–4.8% of the primary production. The contribution of the atmospheric flux may enhance by 2.6 when the new production is considered.
Impacts of the Pacific–Japan and Circumglobal Teleconnection Patterns on the Interdecadal Variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Wu Bo , Zhou Tianjun , Li Tim 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Based on the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) dataset, the dominant modes of interdecadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) are investigated through a multivariate empirical orthogonal function analysis (MV-EOF). The first mode (EA1) is characterized by an anomalous cyclone centered over Taiwan and an anomalous anticyclone centered over the Bohai Sea. These phenomena are part of the meridional wave–like teleconnection pattern propagating poleward from the southern tropical western North Pacific (WNP), referred to as the interdecadal Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern. The interdecadal PJ pattern is driven by negative anomalous convective heating over the southern tropical WNP, which is associated with the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) and the interdecadal Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM). The amplitude of the EA1 and its contribution to the total variance of the EASM decrease remarkably after the 1960s. The second MV-EOF mode (EA2) is characterized by cyclone anomalies extending from northeastern China to Japan, which are part of a circumglobal wave train. Given the spatial scale of the wave train in the zonal direction (wavenumber 5), as well as the fact that it possesses barotropic structures and propagates along the Northern Hemispheric jet stream, it is referred to herein as the interdecadal circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) pattern. The interdecadal CGT pattern is associated with the forcing from the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). Though the interdecadal PJ and CGT patterns are derived from the 20CR dataset, they are carefully verified through comparisons with various observational and reanalysis datasets from different perspectives.
Characterizing Predictability of Precipitation Means and Extremes over the Conterminous United States, 1949–2010*
Authors: Jiang Mingkai , Felzer Benjamin S. , Sahagian Dork 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The proper understanding of precipitation variability, seasonality, and predictability are important for effective environmental management. Precipitation and its associated extremes vary in magnitude and duration both spatially and temporally, making it one of the most challenging climate parameters to predict on the basis of global and regional climate models. Using information theory, an improved understanding of precipitation predictability in the conterminous United States over the period of 1949–2010 is sought based on a gridded monthly precipitation dataset. Predictability is defined as the recurrent likelihood of patterns described by the metrics of magnitude variability and seasonality. It is shown that monthly mean precipitation and duration-based dry and wet extremes are generally highly variable in the east compared to those in the west, while the reversed spatial pattern is observed for intensity-based wetness indices except along the Pacific Northwest coast. It is thus inferred that, over much of the U.S. landscape, variations of monthly mean precipitation are driven by the variations in precipitation occurrences rather than the intensity of infrequent heavy rainfall. It is further demonstrated that precipitation seasonality for means and extremes is homogeneously invariant within the United States, with the exceptions of the West Coast, Florida, and parts of the Midwest, where stronger seasonality is identified. A proportionally higher role of variability in regulating precipitation predictability is demonstrated. Seasonality surpasses variability only in parts of the West Coast. The quantified patterns of predictability for precipitation means and extremes have direct applications to those phenomena influenced by climate periodicity, such as biodiversity and ecosystem management.
Error and Energy Budget Analysis of a Nonhydrostatic Stretched-Grid Global Atmospheric Model
Authors: Uchida Junya , Mori Masato , Nakamura Hisashi , Satoh Masaki , Suzuki Kentaroh , Nakajima Teruyuki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA nonhydrostatic stretched-grid (SG) model is used to analyze the large-scale errors generated by stretching horizontal grids and their influence on a region of interest. Simulations by a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic global atmospheric model, the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM), and its SG regional model, stretched-NICAM, were performed for the months of March, April, and May of 2011 using various resolutions and stretching factors. A comparison of week-long accumulative precipitation amounts between the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data and the quasi-uniform and SG simulations showed that a stretched run better represents storms and associated precipitation because the errors generated in the outer regions with coarser grid spacing do not significantly affect the inner domain centered at the focal point. For season-long simulations, in one particular set of stretched runs with the focal point located in the eastern United States, the artificial suppression of baroclinic development of midlatitude eddies in the Southern Hemisphere weakened the eddy-driven polar-front jet (PFJ), which yielded a cold bias at mid- to high latitudes. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, in contrast, the aforementioned changes are less apparent. Therefore, for the SG runs, the mean temperature was maintained at the region of interest, and an increased amount of moderate to heavy precipitation, which is also frequently found in the TRMM data, was observed; thus, the benefits of increased resolution were realized. However, careful attention must be given when applying the SG model because a regional climate response to the change in the large-scale circulations may not be fully accounted for.
On What Scale Can We Predict the Agronomic Onset of the West African Monsoon?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Rory G. J. , Bain Caroline L. , Knippertz Peter , Marsham John H. , Parker Douglas J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAccurate prediction of the commencement of local rainfall over West Africa can provide vital information for local stakeholders and regional planners. However, in comparison with analysis of the regional onset of the West African monsoon, the spatial variability of the local monsoon onset has not been extensively explored. One of the main reasons behind the lack of local onset forecast analysis is the spatial noisiness of local rainfall. A new method that evaluates the spatial scale at which local onsets are coherent across West Africa is presented. This new method can be thought of as analogous to a regional signal against local noise analysis of onset. This method highlights regions where local onsets exhibit a quantifiable degree of spatial consistency (denoted local onset regions or LORs). It is found that local onsets exhibit a useful amount of spatial agreement, with LORs apparent across the entire studied domain; this is in contrast to previously found results. Identifying local onset regions and understanding their variability can provide important insight into the spatial limit of monsoon predictability. While local onset regions can be found over West Africa, their size is much smaller than the scale found for seasonal rainfall homogeneity. A potential use of local onset regions is presented that shows the link between the annual intertropical front progression and local agronomic onset.
Depletion of brain functional connectivity enhancement leads to disability progression in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Faivre Anthony , Robinet Emmanuelle , Guye Maxime , Rousseau Celia , Maarouf Adil , Le Troter Arnaud , Zaaraoui Wafaa , Rico Audrey , Crespy Lydie , Soulier Elisabeth , Confort-Gouny Sylviane , Pelletier Jean , Achard Sophie , Ranjeva Jean-Philippe , Audoin Bertrand 
Published: February 2016

Background: The compensatory effect of brain functional connectivity enhancement in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) remains controversial. Objective: To characterize the relationships between brain functional connectivity changes and disability progression in RRMS. Methods: Long-range connectivity, short-range connectivity, and density of connections were assessed using graph theoretical analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired in 38 RRMS patients (disease duration: 120 ± 32 months) and 24 controls. All subjects were explored at baseline and all patients and six controls 2 years later. Results: At baseline, levels of long-range and short-range brain functional connectivity were higher in patients compared to controls. During the follow-up, decrease in connections’ density was inversely correlated with disability progression. Post-hoc analysis evidenced differential evolution of brain functional connectivity metrics in patients according to their level of disability at baseline: while patients with lowest disability at baseline experienced an increase in all connectivity metrics during the follow-up, patients with higher disability at baseline showed a decrease in the connectivity metrics. In these patients, decrease in the connectivity metrics was associated with disability progression. Conclusion: The study provides two main findings: (1) brain functional connectivity enhancement decreases during the disease course after reaching a maximal level, and (2) decrease in brain functional connectivity enhancement participates in disability progression.
Reporting systems in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Requirements and standards facilitating quality improvement: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy position statement
Authors: Bretthauer Michael , Aabakken Lars , Dekker Evelien , Kaminski Michal F , Rösch Thomas , Hultcrantz Rolf , Suchanek Stepan , Jover Rodrigo , Kuipers Ernst J , Bisschops Raf , Spada Cristiano , Valori Roland , Domagk Dirk , Rees Colin , Rutter Matthew D ,   ESGE Quality Improvement Committee
Published: February 2016

To develop standards for high quality of gastrointestinal endoscopy, the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) has established the ESGE Quality Improvement Committee. A prerequisite for quality assurance and improvement for all gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures is state‐of‐the‐art integrated digital reporting systems for standardized documentation of the procedures. The current paper describes the ESGE’s viewpoints on requirements for high‐quality endoscopy reporting systems. The following recommendations are issued:

Endoscopy reporting systems must be electronic.
Endoscopy reporting systems should be integrated into hospital patient record systems.
Endoscopy reporting systems should include patient identifiers to facilitate data linkage to other data sources.
Endoscopy reporting systems shall restrict the use of free text entry to a minimum, and be based mainly on structured data entry.
Separate entry of data for quality or research purposes is discouraged. Automatic data transfer for quality and research purposes must be facilitated.
Double entry of data by the endoscopist or associate personnel is discouraged. Available data from outside sources (administrative or medical) must be made available automatically.
Endoscopy reporting systems shall enable the inclusion of information on histopathology of detected lesions; patient’s satisfaction; adverse events; surveillance recommendations.
Endoscopy reporting systems must facilitate easy data retrieval at any time in a universally compatible format.
Endoscopy reporting systems must include data fields for key performance indicators as defined by quality improvement committees.
Endoscopy reporting systems must facilitate changes in indicators and data entry fields as required by professional organizations.
Caveolin-1 regulates TCR signal strength and regulatory T-cell differentiation into alloreactive T cells
Authors: Schönle Anne , Hartl Frederike A. , Mentzel Jan , Nöltner Theresa , Rauch Katharina S. , Prestipino Alessandro , Wohlfeil Sebastian A. , Apostolova Petya , Hechinger Anne-Kathrin , Melchinger Wolfgang , Fehrenbach Kerstin , Guadamillas Marta C. , Follo Marie , Prinz Gabriele , Ruess Ann-Katrin , Pfeifer Dietmar , Angel del Pozo Miguel , Schmitt-Graeff Annette , Duyster Justus , Hippen Keli I. , Blazar Bruce R. , Schachtrup Kristina , Minguet Susana , Zeiser Robert 
Published: February 2016

Key PointsCav-1–deficient T cells preferentially differentiate into Tregs, which translates into lower GVHD severity in mice. Reduced TCR:Lck clustering in Cav-1–deficient T cells is responsible for reduced TCR downstream signaling events promoting Treg differentiation.
The exceptional genomic word symmetry along DNA sequences
Authors: Afreixo Vera , Rodrigues João M. O. S. , Bastos Carlos A. C. , Silva Raquel M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
The second Chargaff’s parity rule and its extensions are recognized as universal phenomena in DNA sequences. However, parity of the frequencies of reverse complementary oligonucleotides could be a mere consequence of the single nucleotide parity rule, if nucleotide independence is assumed. Exceptional symmetry (symmetry beyond that expected under an independent nucleotide assumption) was proposed previously as a meaningful measure of the extension of the second parity rule to oligonucleotides. The global exceptional symmetry was detected in long and short genomes.

Results
To explore the exceptional genomic word symmetry along the genome sequences, we propose a sliding window method to extract the values of exceptional symmetry (for all words or by word groups). We compare the exceptional symmetry effect size distribution in all human chromosomes against control scenarios (positive and negative controls), testing the differences and performing a residual analysis. We explore local exceptional symmetry in equivalent composition word groups, and find that the behaviour of the local exceptional symmetry depends on the word group.

Conclusions
We conclude that the exceptional symmetry is a local phenomenon in genome sequences, with distinct characteristics along the sequence of each chromosome. The local exceptional symmetry along the genomic sequences shows outlying segments, and those segments have high biological annotation density.
Relationship of the Optic Nerve to the Medial Rectus Muscle During Endonasal Dissection of the Medial Intraconal Orbital Apex
Authors: Petrov Dmitriy , Craig John , Thawani Jayesh , Abdullah Kalil , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , Lee John Y.K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Few studies have established surgical landmarks for endoscopic endonasal dissection of the intraconal orbital apex (OA).

OBJECTIVE: We describe the optic nerve (ON) anatomy and its relationships, as seen during a fully endoscopic, endonasal approach to the medial intraconal OA.

METHODS: The study question was approached through a cadaver dissection and a radiographic study. Four formalin-fixed, latex-injected cadaver heads were dissected using transnasal endoscopic techniques. Dissection was performed using 0 degree and 30 degree nasal endoscopes and standard endoscopic sinus surgical instrumentation. A bi-nostril 4-handed technique was used. The anatomy of 8 medial OAs was evaluated and recorded. As the radiographic portion, 100 consecutively enrolled patient magnetic resonance images were evaluated, with particular attention given to the relationship of the ON to the medial rectus muscle (MRM) in 200 orbits.

RESULTS: Intraconally, the ON consistently coursed along the superior half of the MRM. Interestingly, the nerve was more easily identified from a superior approach after retracting the MRM inferiorly. With the identification of the nerve at the OA, carrying the dissection of the medial OA was easily accomplished with the ON as the guiding landmark. The radiographic portion of this study revealed a consistent relationship between the superior edge of the ON and the MRM. This relationship was maintained in the orbital apex in 98.4%-100% of the orbits examined.

CONCLUSION: The superior edge of the optic nerve is consistently found coursing along the superior half of the MRM, facilitating facile identification and further dissection navigation.
Hidden Power and Built Form: The Politics Behind the Architecture
Authors: Chomsky Noam 
Published: February 2016

Emeritus Professor in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, Avram Noam Chomsky is amongst the world’s most cited living scholars. Lauded as the ‘father’ of modern linguistics and instigator of the ‘cognitive revolution’ he was voted the “world’s top public intellectual” in 2005. He is, however, best known, and at his most controversial, in the fields of political criticism and activism. Perhaps the most prolific author alive today he has engaged with issues ranging from the Vietnam War, US policy in South and Central America, what he calls the ‘US-Palestinian-Israeli problem’, the Spanish Civil War and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor, to name but a few. The scope of his thinking is nothing short of immense.
Despite this range of subjects, however, one area that Chomsky has not discussed is the built environment. Here, for the first time he is asked to consider the contemporary infrastructure of the United States in the context of his writings, criticism, and thought. In doing so, he discusses the military infrastructure crossing large swathes of the southern United States in the form of the US-Mexican border. He also discusses urban sprawl as a product of what he calls “social engineering”—a project conceived and orchestrated by a sophisticated web of affiliations across the government and the private sector. Caught up in this, he also pinpoints the subprime crisis and the current economic recession as the result of a matrix of forces within which architecture inevitably played a role. In short, he offers his particular perspective on what lies behind some of America’s most conspicuous architectural and infrastructural projects.
Fourier Coefficients of a Class of Eta Quotients of Weight 4
Authors: Kendirli Barış 
Published: February 2016

<p>Recently, there have been several works on the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients by Williams, Yao, Xia and Jin, Kendirli, and Alaca. Some important explicit formulas have been discovered. Williams expressed all coefficients of one hundred and twenty-six eta quotients in terms of and and Yao, Xia and Jin, following the method of proof of Williams, expressed only even coefficients of one hundred and four eta quotients in terms of and The author has expressed the even and odd coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients in terms of and for Meanwhile, Alaca has obtained the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients in in terms of and Here, we will express the coefficients of the Fourier series expansions of a class of eta quotients in in terms of and Fourier coefficients of the four eta quotients.</p>
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in a 22-Year-Old Single-Ventricle Patient
Authors: Derk Gwendolyn Rose , Aboulhosn Jamil , Reardon Leigh C. 
Published: February 2016

We report a highly unusual case of a 22-year-old woman with single-ventricle anatomy and a history of Fontan palliation who developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy. To our knowledge, takotsubo cardiomyopathy has not previously been described in a patient with single-ventricle anatomy, or more generally in any patient with congenital heart disease. The patient presented at our clinic for urgent examination after a 2-day history of chest pain that had begun upon the death of her dog. Invasive evaluation was refused by the patient; instead, she underwent electrocardiogram-gated coronary computed tomographic angiography, to rule out obstructive coronary disease.
A physician who suspects takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a patient should look for new-onset chest pain and dyspnea coupled with these features: immediate onset of segmental akinesia in the midventricular or apical aspects of the heart, elevation of brain natriuretic peptide level 12 to 24 hours after onset of akinesia, elevation of troponin level 24 to 48 hours after onset, and disappearance of the segmental akinesia a few days after onset.
Social Networks Security in Universities: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Popescul Daniela , Georgescu Mircea 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Nowadays, information flows are powerfully augmented by Social Media. This situation brings along the adjustment of the traditional information security threats to this new environment, as well as the emergence of new characteristic dangers. The purpose of this study is to learn about Generation Y students’ attitude to risks and security measures when using Social Networks (SN). The correct identification of their behavior is, in our opinion, essential for the academic community. Firstly, we need to understand what their real knowledge in the field is. Then, a serious and consistent adaptation of our courses in Information Security and other subjects and a redefinition of universities’ security policies and procedures is necessary. On this basis, in an empirical study, we try to determine how much our students know about security threats and subsequent protection measures in SN.