bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chiral Molecular Science: How were the absolute configurations of chiral molecules determined? “Experimental results and theories”
Authors: Harada Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMolecular chirality is a key concept in chemistry, bioscience, and molecular technology, like the invention of a light‐powered chiral molecular motor explained in this review. Thus, the primary research subject is how to determine the absolute configuration (AC) of chiral compounds. This review article focuses on the principle, theory, and practice of the nonempirical methods for determining ACs of chiral compounds, i.e., the Bijvoet method in X‐ray crystallography and the circular dichroism (CD) exciton chirality method, together with the historical aspects of AC determination. The theoretical equations of X‐ray crystallography and exciton CD spectroscopy are explained in detail, and these equations are useful for readers to understand the principle and mechanism of these methods. This review also focuses on the relative methods, where the internal reference with known AC is used and the relative configuration is determined by X‐ray crystallography and/or 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diamagnetic anisotropy method. In these cases, CSDP acid and MαNP acid are useful for the chiral resolution of racemic alcohols, where their diastereomeric esters are easily separable by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica gel. Thus, these methods are useful for the preparation of enantiopure compounds and simultaneous determination of their ACs. In this review article, the above methods are explained mainly based on the author's own research results.
Three‐dimensional visualization of ocellar interneurons of the orchid bee Euglossa imperialis using micro X‐ray computed tomography
Authors: Ribi Willi , Zeil Jochen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe used contrast‐optimized micro X‐ray computed tomography (mCT) to trace the profiles of the full complement of large ocellar L‐neurons in the male orchid bee Euglossa imperialis. We find that most L‐neurons collect information from either the dorsal or the ventral retinae in both median and lateral ocelli, with only three neurons associated with the median ocellus having dendritic branches in both dorsal and ventral retina. In the median ocellus, we find also L‐neurons that either collect information from the left or the right half of the ocellar plexus and two neurons that have a split dendritic tree in both halves. Fourteen large L‐neurons collect information from the median ocellus and six to seven L‐neurons from each of the lateral ocelli. The only L‐neurons that project to the contralateral protocerebrum are those that have their dendritic branches in the ventral plexi of both median and lateral ocelli. The target areas of dorsal L‐neurons from the lateral ocelli include a tract of mechanosensory fibers originating in the antennae. We compare our findings with what is known from the ocellar systems of other insects, make a number of functional inferences and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mCT scans for the purpose of tracing large neuron profiles.
Low overhead communication‐induced checkpointing protocols ensuring rollback‐dependency trackability property
Authors: Abdelhafidi Z. , Lagraa N. , Yagoubi M. B. , Djoudi M. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryCommunication‐induced checkpointing (CIC) protocols aim at finding consistent global checkpoint from which a system can safely restart without the risk of domino effect. CIC class gives processes the maximum autonomy for taking their local checkpoints while directs them to take forced checkpoints when harm patterns are detected. Such patterns can constitute of non‐causally doubled Z‐paths that violate the causal relation and can cause checkpoints uselessness, which results in hidden dependencies between checkpoints. Ensuring the absence of hidden dependencies hence means the ensure of the Rollback‐Dependency Trackability (RDT) property.Reducing the control information overhead is the main aim of our proposals. Our first proposal is called CSFDAS (Constant Size Fixed Dependency After Send), and the second is called CSRDTParner (Constant Size RDTPartner). Unlike to the previous works, the new proposed protocols use direct dependency clocks instead of transitive dependency vectors while keeping only a constant size of control information on messages. Conducted simulations show that the new protocols achieve a good performance compared to the RDT protocols proposed so far in the literature.
GbA: A graph‐based thread partition approach in speculative multithreading
Authors: Li Yuxiang , Zhao Yinliang , Wu Qiangsheng 
Published: October 2017

SummarySpeculative multithreading is an effective technique to automatically parallelize sequential programs. Conventional thread partition approaches primarily include heuristic rule–based (HR‐based) and machine learning–based. Heuristic rule–based approaches are effective to parallelize one type of programs and can seldom obtain the respective optimal partitions for different programs, and existing machine learning–based approaches usually use vector‐based characterization to represent a program, but easily ignore control information among basic blocks and partitions along other paths except the critical path. This paper proposes a novel graph‐based thread partition approach to overcome these 2 bottlenecks. Our approach characterizes programs with graphs, integrating feature and control informations, extracting good partition scheme successfully, and also applies a machine‐learning algorithm to predict partition for unseen programs. Prophet, which consists of an automatic parallelization compiler and a multicore simulator, evaluates the performance of multithreaded programs. Experiment results reveal that our approach delivers a maximum performance improvement of about 55.49% on an 8 core than HR‐based approach and a maximum 97.67% performance improvement over HR‐based partition for SPEC2000 benchmarks. This result suggests that graph‐based thread partition approach is effective for thread partition in speculative multithreading.
Production of Purified CasRNPs for Efficacious Genome Editing
Authors: Lingeman Emily , Jeans Chris , Corn Jacob E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCRISPR‐Cas systems have been harnessed as modular genome editing reagents for functional genomics and show promise to cure genetic diseases. Directed by a guide RNA, a Cas effector introduces a double stranded break in DNA and host cell DNA repair leads to the introduction of errors (e.g., to knockout a gene) or a programmed change. Introduction of a Cas effector and guide RNA as a purified Cas ribonucleoprotein complex (CasRNP) has recently emerged as a powerful approach to alter cell types and organisms. Not only does CasRNP editing exhibit increased efficacy and specificity, it avoids optimization and iteration of species‐specific factors such as codon usage, promoters, and terminators. CasRNP editing has been rapidly adopted for research use in many contexts and is quickly becoming a popular method to edit primary cells for therapeutic application. This article describes how to make a Cas9 RNP and outlines its use for gene editing in human cells. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CASAAV: A CRISPR‐Based Platform for Rapid Dissection of Gene Function In Vivo
Authors: VanDusen Nathan J. , Guo Yuxuan , Gu Weiliang , Pu William T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn vivo loss‐of‐function studies are currently limited by the need for appropriate conditional knockout alleles. CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful tool commonly used to induce loss‐of‐function mutations in vitro. However, CRISPR components have been difficult to deploy in vivo. To address this problem, we developed the CASAAV (CRISPR/Cas9/AAV‐based somatic mutagenesis) platform, in which recombinant adeno‐associated virus (AAV) is used to deliver tandem guide RNAs and Cre recombinase to Cre‐dependent Cas9‐P2A‐GFP mice. Because Cre is under the control of a tissue‐specific promoter, this system allows temporally controlled, cell type‐selective knockout of virtually any gene to be obtained within a month using only one mouse line. Here, we focus on gene disruption in cardiomyocytes, but the system could easily be adapted to inactivate genes in other cell types transduced by AAV. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solid Aluminum Borohydrides for Prospective Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Dovgaliuk Iurii , Safin Damir A. , Tumanov Nikolay A. , Morelle Fabrice , Moulai Adel , Černý Radovan , Łodziana Zbigniew , Devillers Michel , Filinchuk Yaroslav 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMetal borohydrides are intensively researched as high‐capacity hydrogen storage materials. Aluminum is a cheap, light, and abundant element and Al3+ can serve as a template for reversible dehydrogenation. However, Al(BH4)3, containing 16.9 wt % of hydrogen, has a low boiling point, is explosive on air and has poor storage stability. A new family of mixed‐cation borohydrides M[Al(BH4)4], which are all solid under ambient conditions, show diverse thermal decomposition behaviors: Al(BH4)3 is released for M=Li+ or Na+, whereas heavier derivatives evolve hydrogen and diborane. NH4[Al(BH4)4], containing both protic and hydridic hydrogen, has the lowest decomposition temperature of 35 °C and yields Al(BH4)3⋅NHBH and hydrogen. The decomposition temperatures, correlated with the cations’ ionic potential, show that M[Al(BH4)4] species are in the most practical stability window. This family of solids, with convenient and versatile properties, puts aluminum borohydride chemistry in the mainstream of hydrogen storage research, for example, for the development of reactive hydride composites with increased hydrogen content.
Floral orientation in Eulychnia acida, an arborescent cactus of the Atacama Desert, and implications for cacti globally
Authors: Warren Steven D. , Aguilera Lorgio E. , Baggett L. Scott , Zuñiga Mauricio 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe hyperarid Atacama Desert of northern Chile may be the driest place on Earth. Plants surviving there have adapted a number of unique strategies to cope with the harsh conditions. Many cacti in arid areas tend to produce reproductive organs in positions that maximize incidence of solar radiation. We sought to determine whether Eulychnia acida, an endemic cactus with an arborescent growth form, follows the same pattern. We conducted a study in two populations of the cactus. One population occurs where average annual precipitation (AAP) is 113 mm; AAP at the other site is 50 mm. We randomly sampled 10 plants at each location, and 300 reproductive structures on those plants. On each plant, we recorded the position of all reproductive organs relative to the center of the plant, and relative to the center of the stems on which they were located. The results of the two populations did not differ significantly, so results of the two populations were combined. Both populations lie south of the Tropic of Capricorn, beyond the point where the sun reaches its southernmost zenith. Hence, the sun is located at to the north all year long. We discovered that the reproductive tissue emerges predominantly on stems found the equatorial (north) side of the plant and on the equatorial (north) side of those stems. As reproduction is energetically expensive, the generation of reproductive organs from vegetative tissue that receives high levels of direct solar radiation minimizes the cost of translocating photosynthates from photosynthetic tissue to non‐photosynthetic reproductive tissue, thus begetting energetic efficiency. The strategy appears to be common among many cacti and in some other plants of arid regions worldwide and is especially prevalent at extra‐tropical latitudes. In addition to nectar rewards, the strategy may also benefit pollinators by offering a thermal reward, especially on overcast or otherwise cool days, thus improving the odds of successful pollination.
Pumped storage technology combined with thermal energy storage – Power station and pressure tunnel concept
Authors: Pikl Franz Georg , Richter Wolfgang , Zenz Gerald 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWater power is the oldest and most‐used energy source for provision of mechanical work and electricity generation. Furthermore pumped storage hydropower is ranked as the most reliable and efficient storage technology for electricity. The energy carrier water is also the most commonly‐used thermal storage medium due to its high specific heat capacity. In a study, the combination of electrical and thermal energy storage in a pumped storage power station is investigated in order to cover two energy‐intensive sectors with the economical double use of water as an energy medium. With this double application the energy output compared to separate storage usage can be considerably increased.Underground power stations are independent of topography, so this storage concept can be used for district heating supply. One possible vision is to stor solar energy into the water reservoir of a pumped storage power station in the summer months and transfer it in the high‐demand winter months. In order that pumped storage power stations can keep functioning at high and seasonally fluctuating water temperatures and simultaneously store thermal energy efficiently, some adaptations of the structures and the pressure tunnel layout are necessary.
Strain measurements at the transition from a rock supported to an unsupported steel lined pressure tunnel at the Kaunertal hydropower station
Authors: Bonapace Paul , Hammer Andreas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA new steel‐lined pressure shaft was constructed for the existing Kaunertal high‐head hydropower plant in the years 2012 to 2015. Before starting operation, initial filling tests were carried out in particular to investigate the behaviour of a steel penstock at the transition from a steel lined pressure tunnel to an open pipe section. Cases with and without steel ring bearings (thrust rings) to transfer the end loads to the rock mass were numerically analysed and compared to measurements. A conclusion is drawn from the measurement results how to arrange and analyse such a steel pipe transition into the rock mass, which may for example occur at valve chambers.
Refurbishment of masonry tunnels through the example of the Kirchberg Tunnel for the DB Netz AG
Authors: Meyer Patrick , Wiesmeier Ludwig , Jäntschke Martin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe finance available for the refurbishment of tunnels was around EUR 125 m. in 2014, which will increase to EUR 213 m. by 2018. DB Netz AG has a total of more than EUR 1 billion available in the medium term for the refurbishment of existing tunnels. This paper deals with the refurbishment of masonry tunnels of the DB Netz AG, Region South. The basis is the typical damage patterns of masonry tunnels, their causes and the possible refurbishment opportunities. On the Kirchberg Tunnel project, a feasibility study was carried out into possible repair measures. Based on the results of the study plans are now running. The article is supplemented by the latest state of the art rules for maintenance work in the area of tunnel construction at DB AG. The necessity of programmes for tunnelling, the necessary economic and operational constraints as well as experience with completed repairs to masonry tunnels conclude the article from the viewpoint of the owner and operator.
Semmering Base Tunnel – Excavation of the emergency station in complex ground conditions
Authors: Poisel Alexander , Weigl Johannes , Schachinger Tobias , Vanek Robert , Nipitsch Gernot 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAt the construction lot SBT 2.1 ”Tunnel Fröschnitzgraben“ of the Semmering Base Tunnel (SBT) in Austria caverns with a cross section up to 300 m2 are excavated in a depth of approximately 400 m, which are the central part of the emergency station. The site arrangement results in a complex situation of large cross sections within a small area. Additionally, complex ground conditions exist, because the degree of fracturing of the rock mass differs frequently and the rock mass strength is occasionally very low. Especially at the intersection of the caverns displacements increase over a long period of time. The observed system behavior is described and analyzed based on the geotechnical design taking the encountered ground conditions into account. Sequences of rock mass sections with different stiffness and strength are of high geomechanical significance due to stress concentrations in the competent areas. This had particular impact on the observed system behavior. With regard to the stability of the overall system influences of various drives and the excavation of large cross sections in several steps must be considered. Moreover, an influence of the excavation size on the extension of the area with displacement increases or stress redistributions must be taken into account.
The ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“ of Rhaetian Railways
Authors: Grossauer Karl , Modetta Flavio , Tanner Urs 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Rhaetian Railways AG (RhB) operates an approximately 384 km long rail network, predominantly in the Canton of Graubünden (CH). With much of this rail network being situated in Alpine terrain, extensive engineering infrastructure is used; approx. 20 % of the entire rail system consists of such structures. The majority of these engineering structures are the 115 tunnels with a combined length of 58.7 km, constructed between 1901 and 1914. Due to the age of the tunnels, more than half of the 115 tunnels require renovation. The RhB has estimated that approximately 75 of these tunnel structures (with a combined length of approx. 26 km) will require extensive repair within the next 50 years. Thus a new standardized rehabilitation strategy was developed under the name ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“ to ensure that the existing rail tunnels satisfy current tunnel design standards [1]. The primary goal of the ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“ is to ensure that renovation costs are consistently lower compared to previous renovations by following a standardized workflow process. The primary challenges associated with such renovations are concerned with determining the extent of repair required for the tunnel as well as creating a feasible concept, which allows for the tunnel to be repaired while still remaining operational. Using the ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“, it is possible to optimize the tunnel rehabilitation strategy while maximizing quality and minimizing monetary costs.
Koralm Tunnel contract KAT3 – System behaviour in a geotechnically challenging environment
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Pilgerstorfer Thomas , Pointner Peter 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe present paper describes interesting geomechanical aspects from the conventional excavation on the Koralm Tunnel construction contract KAT3 under various conditions. The system behaviour and support concept are discussed and highlighted, both for the shallow tunnels in the vicinity of the western portal, situated in Neogene sediments with faults and those for sections in crystalline hard rock with the highest overburden of 1,200 m.
Learning and optimization from the exploratory tunnel – Brenner Base Tunnel
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad , Reinhold Chris 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Brenner Base Tunnel, which is 64 km long from the portal in Tulfes to the portal in Fortezza, consists of two main tunnels and a continuous exploratory tunnel. The exploratory tunnel, located between the two main tunnels, is used during the construction phase for the investigation of the rock mass, thereby reducing the risks of the construction of tunnels. During operation, the exploratory tunnel will serve as a drainage tunnel and will be fundamental for the maintenance of the entire system. At the moment, almost 50 % of the total distance of the exploratory tunnel length has already been completed. This paper first includes a report on the status of the works at the exploratory tunnel, with details of the stretches that have already been driven and the main results of exploration work. The paper also concerns ”Learning from the work on the exploratory tunnel“, with a description of the objectives and methods of exploration activities. ”Optimization“ is a further topic. Several examples are given here how the data gleaned from the exploratory tunnel are used in building the main tunnels.
Impact of Federal Regulatory Changes on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Development: the Common Rule and the 21st Century Cures Act
Authors: Burris James F. , Puglisi J. Thomas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, generally referred to as the “Common Rule,” is the basis for the human research protection policies of 16 signatory federal agencies and governs virtually all federally funded research involving humans. The Common Rule was originally published in 1991. It has been recognized that changes to the Common Rule are needed to accommodate changes in the research environment and advances in information technology. The Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register in 2011 and a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in 2015. The final rule was published on January 19, 2017, just prior to the change in presidential administrations. The long gestation of the new Common Rule reflects the difficulty of obtaining consensus on a number of controversial issues. HHS received more than 2100 public comments on the proposed rule. The revised rule introduces important changes that may be particularly relevant to clinical pharmacology research and drug development. These include: (1) revised informed consent requirements, (2) procedures for “broad consent” to facilitate secondary research use of identifiable private information and/or biological specimens, (3) a mandate to promote review by a single institutional review board (IRB) for oversight of federally funded domestic cooperative research involving multiple institutions, (4) expansion of the categories of exempt research, and (5) removal of the requirement for annual continuing IRB review of research in which the remaining activities are limited to data analysis or accessing clinical follow‐up data. Also noteworthy are proposed revisions not included in the final rule, including one to extend the Common Rule to multicenter studies that are not federally funded and one to require informed consent for research use of de‐identified biological specimens. Major changes could also be coming for approval of new drugs by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), although it is not a signatory to the Common Rule. The 21st Century Cures Act, which became law in December 2016, enables faster drug approvals by expanding the kinds of evidence, beyond traditional clinical trials, that the FDA can consider when reviewing new drug applications. For example, the law allows greater use of surrogate markers and data from “real‐world experience” to evaluate a drug's efficacy. The Cures Act requires HHS and the FDA to harmonize differences between the Common Rule and FDA regulations for protection of human subjects in research.
Cover Image, Volume 92, Issue 11
Authors: Chen Weirui , Li Xukai , Liu Meiqi , Li Laisheng 
Published: October 2017

The cover image, by Weirui Chen et al., is based on the Research Article Effective catalytic ozonation for oxalic acid degradation with bimetallic Fe‐Cu‐MCM‐41: operation parameters and mechanism, DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5304.
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