bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5. Yinxu Tomb Number Five and the Question of the Pan Geng-Xiao Xin-Xiao Yi Period in Yinxu Archaeology
Authors: Chang Kwang-Chih 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAt the time of the Shang's arrival at Yinxu their material culture was characterized by: (1) oracle-bone inscriptions; (2) bronze decor in Loehr Styles IV and V; (3) bronzes inscribed with societal emblems and ancestral “dedications”; (4) particular ceramic forms; (5) rammed-earth house foundations; and (6) pit graves lined with wooden chambers. These features appear for the first time in association with Tomb 5, that of Fu Hao, the consort of Wu Ding. Shang cultural data at Yinxu earlier than the Tomb 5 period are scarce and scattered. They involve: (1) the architectural remains at Xiaotun before the rammed earth house foundations; (2) earlier Shang tombs (M188, 232, 333, 388); and (3) an earlier Shang tomb at Wuguancun Locus North. Conspicuous cultural changes took place from Pottery Period I (prior to the Tomb 5 period) to Pottery Period II (Tomb 5 period), including: (1) expansion of the area of occupation; (2) oracle-bone inscriptions, rammed-earth house foundations, and large tombs, all evidently associated with the royal house; (3) Period II pottery becomes predominant and Loehr's bronze Styles IV and V come to replace I-III, with inscriptions becoming numerous. It is suggested that the series of changes that occurred with the onset of the Tomb 5 period resulted from Pangeng's move of his capital to this site. If this is so, then the period of the three kings from Pangeng to Xiaoyi must be found within the period of Tomb 5 rather than within the Pottery Period I.
11. A Brief Discussion on Fu Hao
Authors: Zhenglang Zhang 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT(N.B. A version of this paper has now been published in Kaogu 1983.6:537-41.)Fu Hao (or Fu Zi ) appears in the oracle-bone inscriptions from Anyang. The name is often seen in Period I inscriptions (from the time of Wu Ding) and occasionally in Period IV inscriptions (from the time of Wu Yi and Wen Ding). The two are separated by four kings (Zu Geng, Zu Jia, Lin Xin, and Kang Ding), perhaps by as much as one hundred years. Does the Fu Hao in both periods refer to the same person? How can we explain this phenomenon?In the oracle-bone records of people and their activities there are cases where one figure is active in different periods. These names are often also place names, and these figures possess a populace and products. These names are probably what is termed “Clan-Territory titles” (a term found in the Gu shi kao, as quoted in the “Zheng yi” commentary to the Zuo zhuan). Based on their clan name they served hereditarily as officials. These clan names occur in historical literature, as in “In the past, our former kings were for generations Lords of Millet (Hou Ji ), serving under the Yü and Xia “(Guo yü “Zhou Yü” ); or “The Zhong and Li clans generation after generation ordered heaven and earth, … the Sima clan for generation after generation was in charge of the history of Zhou” (Shi ji, “Taishigong zixu” ).
15. Statistical Analysis of Shang Meteorology
Authors: Hung-Hsiang Chou , Jianhua Shen , Heyes Lisa 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe authors see their paper as an attempt to analyze Shang meteorology through statistics, but explicitly not to reconstruct Shang weather. It is essentially an amplified study of the oracle-bone record along the lines pioneered by Wittfogel in his “Meteorological Records from the Divination Inscriptions of Shang” (1940), which has been followed up by contributions from Chinese scholars, notably Hu Houxuan. Compiling the data into a graph, the authors, whose research is still preliminary, conclude that during Shang times, there was more rainfall, that it took place during every month of the year, and that the weather was warmer.
The Contents and Terminology of the Mawangdui Texts on the Arts of the Bedchamber
Authors: Ling Li , McMahon Keith 
Published: August 2016

In the Han, the art of the bedchamber belonged to the disciplines called “prescriptions and techniques,” which also included various medical arts such as nutrition, internal conduction, and associated incantations and spells. This essay investigates the Mawangdui art of the bedchamber texts with special emphasis on their terminology, and briefly addresses the importance of these texts in studying ancient Chinese culture.Seven texts are examined: “Prescriptions for nourishing life,” “Prescriptions for miscellaneous cures,” “Book of childbirth,” “Ten questions,” ’Joining yin and yang” “Prescriptions for miscellaneous spells,” and “Talks on the loftiest ways under heaven.” The terminology found in these works is organized into the following categories: male and female genitals, the steps of foreplay, positions and methods of intercourse, the benefits and harms of intercourse, techniques of ejaculation control, and male and female sexual reactions. The terminology and topical categories of later bedchamber texts are highly consistent with the Mawangdui texts, especially regarding the following three most influential concepts: “the method of nine shallow and one deep,” “ride many young women, but ejaculate rarely,” and “returning jing to supplement the brain.”
Disputation in Ancient Chinese Culture
Authors: Kroll J. L. 
Published: August 2016

During the Warring States, Ch'in, and Han periods the influence of the arts of disputation and rhetoric increased. Disputation affected the form and content of philosophical arguments and, mainly during the Han dynasty, contributed to the process of ideological synthesis. Furthermore, debate and argumentation came to play a central role in resolving social difficulties and determining government policy. Along with rhetoric, as represented by theChan-kuo-ts'e, disputation also helped define the style and nature of a wide variety of literary genres, espeically theFuand historiographical works of the Han period.In this paper, the “program” for disputation attributed to Tsou Yen in theShih chiis presented and its influence on other philosophical schools traced. Then the tradition of debate, both court debates from their Warring States origins on into the Han, and the rise of legal disputes within society as a whole are examined. Finally, the role of theTsung Hengschool in creating, preserving, and transmitting a tradition of rhetoric Is described. Analysis of the rhetorical devices of this school suggests the close connection of debaters, persuaders, logicians, and authors ofFu.In conclusion, the author seeks to identify some of the social and economic causes for the increasing influence of disputation, such as the emergence of private property and the concept of “individualism,” the development of a scholar class and patrons, and the increase of cultural and intellectual pluralism and diversity.
Divertissement in Western Han
Authors: Boltz Judith Magee 
Published: August 2016

Among the more unusual pottery items discovered in April of 1969 within Tomb No. 11 in Wu-ying Mountain north of Chi-nan (in Shantung just south of the Yellow River) was a set of twenty-one figures in a rendition of early Han musical entertainment. Since then, the discovery has been widely publicized in both archaeological journals and more popular sources such as the ubiquitous pamphlet, New Archaeological Finds in China (Peking, 1973) and Foreign Language Press postcards (Cultural relics unearthed in China, series I, 1972 and 1975). Four articles which focus on various aspects of this discovery appeared in rapid succession in 1972:1) Anon. “Wu-ch'an chieh-chi wen-hua ta ko-ming ch'i-ch'ien ch'u-t'u wen-wu chan-lan chien-chieh” (A brief introduction to an exhibition of cultural relics unearthed during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution). Wen-wu 1972.1:70-86. A discussion of the Chi-nan tomb find appears on pp. 81-82. Note also a full-page color reproduction in pl. 11 preceeding the articles.
The Classroom Communication of Experienced and Inexperienced Teachers of the Deaf
Authors: Savage R.D. , Savage J.F. , Potter J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study is to investigate classroom communication by teachers of the deaf. A comparison will be made of the linguistic content of the communication of experienced and inexperienced teachers using total communication methods in a classroom teaching situation. The implications of the teachers' classroom communication methods for children's language development will be discussed.
The Neuroscience of the Tourette Syndrome Spectrum
Authors: Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

This is the second installment of a double issue on Tourette syndrome (TS) for CNS Spectrums. This issue highlights recent research findings in the field and provides a state-of-the art update on the relationship between TS and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as on the genetics, functional imaging and neurocircuitry, and neuropathology of TS.I would again like to express my appreciation to the guest editor of this superb issue—Neal Swerdlow, MD, PhD, associate professor of psychiatry at University of California, San Diego, and scientific director of the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA)—as well as Sue Levi-Pearl of the TSA.The issue begins with a first-person account of TS by Major League baseball player Jim Eisenreich. His .300 lifetime batting average in professional baseball is a reflection of the superior focus he achieves in sports. In his work as a spokesman on behalf of TS, he serves as a role model, and his work will certainly help to raise awareness about TS so that others may avoid his experience of a 17-year gap between onset of symptoms and correct diagnosis.
Cardiovascular Side Effects of Novel Antipsychotics
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Masand Prakash S. , Kothari Ashok J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSince the introduction of clozapine, several novel antipsychotic agents have been introduced and more are in Phase II/III studies. Because these agents are used clinically as first-line treatment, we need to be more familiar with their side-effect profiles. This manuscript reviews the cardiovascular side effects of currently available novel antipsychotics. The medications reviewed include clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone. Guidelines are suggested for the use of these medications in clinical practice.
Nonepileptic Seizures: An Overview
Authors: Barry John J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSince before the time of Charcot, nonepileptic seizures (NES) have intrigued and perplexed physicians. With the advent of the electroencephalogram, particularly with the addition of continuous video monitoring, the diagnosis of NES has received increasing evaluation. Characteristic historical features and clinical signs of NES, coupled with new diagnostic techniques, have progressively refined our understanding of the disorder. The treatment of patients who have NES has received much less attention and the prognosis of these patients illustrates the need for a more comprehensive, systematic, and validated intervention. These issues are discussed with an emphasis on the need for future research.
Adolescent Outcome of ADHD: Impact of Childhood Conduct and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Miller Scott R. , Ivanova Iliyan , Schulz Kurt P. , Kalmar Jessica , Marks David J. , Halperin Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjective: This study examines the impact of comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with disruptive and anxiety disorders in childhood on clinical course and outcome. We consider the relative contribution of each comorbid symptom constellation, and also their interaction, to assess the following questions: (1) Does early comorbidity with conduct disorder (CD) and anxiety disorders define specific developmental trajectories?; (2) Is comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood continuous with anxiety disorders in adolescence?; (3) Does comorbid anxiety disorders mitigate the negative behavioral outcome of youth with ADHD?; and (4) Is there an interaction between comorbid CD and anxiety disorders, when they occur simultaneously, that predicts a different outcome than either comorbid condition alone?Method: Thirty-two 15- to 18-year-old adolescent males, diagnosed with ADHD between 7 and 11 years of age, were re-evaluated for assessment of adolescent outcome 4.3–9.2 years later. Hierarchical regression analyses were run with each of the eight Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report problem scales, and the four anxiety symptom subscales of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children serving as outcome variables.Results: Findings indicate that comorbid CD at baseline predicteds parent reports of behavior problems in adolescence, while comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood predicted youth reports of anxiety and social problems. Anxiety disorders without CD did not predict poor behavioral outcome. Children with both comorbid CD and anxiety disorder had the highest levels of parent-rated symptoms on follow up. In particular, adolescent social problems were best predicted by the combination of comorbid CD and anxiety disorder in childhood.Conclusion: These data provide evidence that children with ADHD plus anxiety disorder do in fact have anxiety disorders, and that the combination of anxiety disorder and CD predicts a more rather than less severe course.
Glutamate—Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Interactions: Implications for Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Mathew Sanjay J. , Coplan Jeremy D. , Smith Eric L.P. , Schoepp Darryle D. , Rosenblum Leonard A. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a pathologic feature of certain mood and anxiety disorders that results in the increased production and secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor. There is increasing preclinical evidence that glutamate, an excitatory amino acid, plays an important role in the regulation of the HPA axis. Activation of glutamatergic projections to limbic structures such as the amygdala and brainstem structures such as the nucleus tractus solitarius is implicated in the stress response. There are laboratory and clinical suggestions that glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists function as antidepressants, and that chronic antidepressant treatments have a significant impact on NMDA receptor function. Clinical investigations of glutamate antagonists in patients with mood and anxiety disorders are in their infancy, with a few reports suggesting the presence of mood-elevating properties. Ultimately, HPA axis modulators, serotonin-enhancing agents, and glutamate antagonists might serve to increase neurotropic factors in key brain regions for affective and anxiety regulation, providing a putative final common pathway.
Evaluating the New Antiepileptic Drugs: Balancing Benefits and Adverse Effects
Authors: Privitera Michael D. , Bergey Gregory K. , Smith Michael C. , Ginsberg David L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEight new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been introduced since 1993 and clinicians are now faced with a complex array of treatment choices. In evaluating the newly available drugs, it is important to analyze the different aspects of these agents. Some of the more important characteristics to be aware of are efficacy, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of action.One of the factors complicating treatment choice is the absence of comparative head-to-head clinical trials between the new AEDs. While in some cases it is possible to draw conclusions from the results of randomized, controlled trials that have tested medications against placebo or older drugs, often physicians have to rely on open-label data or personal experiences in selecting the right medications for specific cases.Trends suggest that the new AEDs are more efficacious compared to the older AEDs, but the major potential benefits of the new drugs are their better safety, tolerability, and cognitive profiles and more desirable pharmacokinetics.It is obvious that there is a need to redefine the concept of “successful” treatment of epilepsy. Patients need to be individually evaluated and, in addition to controlling seizures, tolerability should be taken into consideration in finding the most appropriate treatment regimen.
Therapeutic Alternatives for Difficult-to-Treat Depression: A Narrative Review of the State of the Evidence
Authors: Thase Michael E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTDespite the large number of depressed patients who do not respond to first-line antidepressants, the evidence base of alternate strategies is quite thin. In this article, a simple 5-stage system for categorizing treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is described and the evidence pertaining to the major strategies currently utilized is summarized using four grades, ranging from D (case reports only) to A (multiple positive placebo-controlled trials). It is concluded that the level of evidence supporting many of the contemporary strategies used for TRD (eg, combinations of antidepressants and augmentation with medications such as pindolol, buspirone, or modafinil) is scanty at best. Even the fundamental question concerning “to augment or to switch” is not answerable with available data. It is noted that the best-documented treatments (ie, lithium augmentation, switching to a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and electroconvulsive therapy) are among the least utilized. This state of affairs will improve with completion of the studies of Systematic Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression, a large multicenter study of difficult-to-treat depression funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. There is a need for greater collaboration among academicians and organizations, such as the American Psychiatric Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the pharmaceutical industry, to ensure that sufficient research is conducted so that clinician's choices for patients with TRD can be guided by empirical evidence.
Clinical Experience with Aripiprazole Treatment in Ten Elderly Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: Retrospective Case Studies
Authors: Madhusoodanan Subramoniam , Brenner Ronald , Gupta Sanjay , Reddy Harsha , Bogunovic Olivera 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBackground: Clinical trials of aripiprazole, a recentl Food and Drug Administration-approved atypical antipsychotic, included elderly patients, but more data are needed on the effects of aripiprazole in this population, especially those with comorbid medical illnesses.Objective: To assess the response and safety of aripiprazole treatment in elderly patients with phrenia or schizoaffective disorder.Method: Data was obtained by retrospective review of medical records. Aripiprazole was used to treat 10 elderly hospitalized patients between 62 and 85 years of age who manifested signs of psychosis related to schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. All patients had been treated previously with atypical and classic antipsychotics. Response was assessed by clinical observation of patients' behavior and Clinical Global Impression Scale assigned retrospectively.Results: Seven patients responded to treatment, two did not respond, and one had a partial response. The mean Clinical Global Impression Scale scores improved from 6 (severely ill) at baseline to 2.3 (much improved) at discharge. Treatment was discontinued in the two patients who did not respond. Of the seven patients who responded, four presented with positive symptoms and showed significant improvement while three presented with positive and negative symptoms and both symptoms improved significantly. Four patients had preexisting extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and these symptoms decreased in three patients. In addition, two patients were able to discontinue antiparkinson medications. One patient who had severe tardive dyskinesia showed significant improvement in the dyskinetic symptoms. Four patients showed postural hypotension (without clinical symptoms) which resolved over time without treatment. Six patients showed a mean weight loss of 5.2 lbs. No adverse consequences occurred when divalproex sodium, carbamazepine, clonazepam or citalopram were given concurrently.Conclusion: The reduction of both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the lack of significant EPS, tardive dyskinesia, sedation, weight gain, anticholinergic effects, and QTc prolongation gives preliminary indication that aripiprazole may be a safe and effective medication for elderly patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
An Interim Analysis of the Quality of Life, Effectiveness, Safety, and Tolerability (QU.E.S.T.) Evaluation of Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended Release in Adults With ADHD
Authors: Goodman David W. , Ginsberg Lawrence , Weisler Richard H. , Cutler Andrew J. , Hodgkins Paul 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective: Evaluate safety and efficacy of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (MAS XR) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods: 10-week interim analysis of the Quality of life, Effectiveness, Safety, and Tolerability (QU.E.S.T.) trial, an ongoing, 30-week, open-label, multicenter investigation of once-daily MAS XR (10–60 mg/day) in adults (≥18 years of age) with ADHD in community practice settings.Findings: With up to 10 weeks of open-label MAS XR 10 to 60 mg/day (final visit mean dose: 37.2 mg/day), 725 adults exhibited rapid, sustained improvement in ADHD symptoms. At end point, significant decreases from baseline were seen in ADHD Rating Scale IV total scores (-19.8±11.6; P<.0001), hyperactivity/impulsivity subscak (-8.1±6.1; P<.0001), and inattentive subscale (-11.6±6.7; P<.0001). Most subjects (74.4%) were rated as very much/much improved. Based on the 36- item Short Form Health Survey (version 2), significant improvements in quality of life were seen in the domains of general health, physical and mental health, vitality, and social, emotional and physical role functioning (P<.0001). Few subjects (6.9%) withdrew due to adverse events; the most common MAS XR-related adverse events were decreased appetite and dry mouth (19.2% each), insomnia (17.8%), and headache (16.8%).Conclusion: In adults with ADHD, MAS XR treatment is generally safe and demonstrates significant improvement in ADHD symptoms and related quality of life.
Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:Serotonin and Beyond
Authors: Westenberg Herman G.M. , Fineberg Naomi A. , Denys Damiaan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is circumstantial at best, despite being the focus for most pathophysiological research over the last 2 decades. This hypothesis was initially motivated by the observed differential efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in alleviating OCD symptoms. Direct evidence that serotonergic perturbations are implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD is still sparse. There is growing evidence, from both preclinical and clinical studies, that the dopamine system may also be involved in the pathogenesis of OCD, and that dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways play a role in the genesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The complex interactions between both systems, the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder, and the limitations of the available tests to probe both systems, make it as yet impossible to draw firm conclusions as to how these systems are implicated. Further studies with more selective pharmacologic agents and neurocognitive probes in humans, studies using deep brain stimulation in combination with neuroimaging, and the development of better animal models for OCD may further our understanding of this disabling condition.