bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron diffusion region during magnetopause reconnection with an intermediate guide field: Magnetospheric multiscale observations
Authors: Chen L.‐J. , Hesse M. , Wang S. , Gershman D. , Ergun R. E. , Burch J. , Bessho N. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. , Webster J. , Pollock C. , Dorelli J. , Moore T. , Paterson W. , Lavraud B. , Strangeway R. , Russell C. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Avanov L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAn electron diffusion region (EDR) in magnetic reconnection with a guide magnetic field approximately 0.2 times the reconnecting component is encountered by the four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft at the Earth's magnetopause. The distinct substructures in the EDR on both sides of the reconnecting current sheet are visualized with electron distribution functions that are 2 orders of magnitude higher cadence than ever achieved to enable the following new findings: (1) Motion of the demagnetized electrons plays an important role to sustain the reconnection current and contributes to the dissipation due to the nonideal electric field, (2) the finite guide field dominates over the Hall magnetic field in an electron‐scale region in the exhaust and modifies the electron flow dynamics in the EDR, (3) the reconnection current is in part carried by inflowing field‐aligned electrons in the magnetosphere part of the EDR, and (4) the reconnection electric field measured by multiple spacecraft is uniform over at least eight electron skin depths and corresponds to a reconnection rate of approximately 0.1. The observations establish the first look at the structure of the EDR under a weak but not negligible guide field.
Metal‐Free Difluoromethylthiolation, Trifluoromethylthiolation, and Perfluoroalkylthiolation with Sodium Difluoromethane‐ sulfinate, Sodium Trifluoromethanesulfinate or Sodium Perfluoro‐ alkanesulfinate
Authors: Yan Qiang , Jiang Lvqi , Yi Wenbin , Liu Qiran , Zhang Wei 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA method for direct difluoromethylthiolation of Ar−H bonds is introduced. The stable and easy‐to‐handle HCF2SO2Na is reduced with (EtO)2P(O)H in the presence of TMSCl to generate HCF2S+ for the regioselective difluoromethylthiolation of aromatic compounds including indoles, pyrroles, and activated benzenes. This method is also applicable for the trifluoromethylthiolation with CF3SO2Na and the perfluoroalkylthiolation with RfSO2Na of arenes and heteroarenes. Reaction mechanisms associated with the metal‐free electrophilic fluoroalkylthiolation reactions are also discussed.magnified image
The Need for an Alternative to Radicals as the Cause of Fragmentation of a Thiamin‐Derived Breslow Intermediate
Authors: Bielecki Michael , Kluger Ronald 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMandelylthiamin (1) is a conjugate of benzoylformate and thiamin that loses CO2 to form the classic Breslow intermediate (2), whose expected fate is formation of the thiamin conjugate of benzaldehyde (3). Surprisingly, it was observed that 2 decomposes to 4 and 5 and rearranges to 6 in competition with the expected protonation to give 3. Recent reports propose that the alternatives to protonation arise from homolysis followed by radical‐centered processes. It is now found, instead, that the spectroscopic observations cited in support of the proposed radical pathways are likely to be the result of other events. An alternative explanation is that ionization of the enolic hydroxy group of 2 and resultant electronic reorganization leads to C−C bond cleavage and non‐radical intermediates that readily form 4, 5, and 6.
Direct Experimental Evidence for Halogen–Aryl π Interactions in Solution from Molecular Torsion Balances
Authors: Sun Han , Horatscheck André , Martos Vera , Bartetzko Max , Uhrig Ulrike , Lentz Dieter , Schmieder Peter , Nazaré Marc 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe dissected halogen–aryl π interactions experimentally using a bicyclic N‐arylimide based molecular torsion balances system, which is based on the influence of the non‐bonded interaction on the equilibria between folded and unfolded states. Through comparison of balances modulated by higher halogens with fluorine balances, we determined the magnitude of the halogen–aryl π interactions in our unimolecular systems to be larger than −5.0 kJ mol−1, which is comparable with the magnitude estimated in the biomolecular systems. Our study provides direct experimental evidence of halogen–aryl π interactions in solution, which until now have only been revealed in the solid state and evaluated theoretically by quantum‐mechanical calculations.
EPDM–chlorobutyl rubber blends in γ‐radiation and hydrocarbon environment: Mechanical, transport, and ageing behavior
Authors: Ashok Neelesh , Balachandran Meera , Lawrence Falix , Sebastian Neethu 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTIn nuclear applications, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber is the material of choice as gaskets and O‐rings due to its radiations resistance. In nuclear fuel reprocessing, in addition to radiation, the elastomeric components have to withstand paraffinic hydrocarbons as well. But, EPDM has poor resistance to hydrocarbons. To enhance the durability of EPDM in such environments, EPDM–chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) blends of varying compositions were developed and characterized for mechanical, thermal, dielectric, and solvent sorption behavior. Spectroscopic and morphological analysis was used to evaluate the compatibility of blends. Due to synergistic effect, the optimal composition of blends with superior mechanical properties and solvent resistance were found to be 60% to 80% EPDM and 20% to 40% CIIR. The optimized blends were irradiated with gamma rays at cumulative doses up to 2 MGy. Based on spectroscopic, morphological, mechanical, thermogravimetric, and sorption properties, blend containing 80% EPDM was found to have superior retention of properties after irradiation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45195.
Food availability as a major driver in the evolution of life‐history strategies of sibling species
Authors: Arlettaz Raphaël , Christe Philippe , Schaub Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLife‐history theory predicts trade‐offs between reproductive and survival traits such that different strategies or environmental constraints may yield comparable lifetime reproductive success among conspecifics. Food availability is one of the most important environmental factors shaping developmental processes. It notably affects key life‐history components such as reproduction and survival prospect. We investigated whether food resource availability could also operate as an ultimate driver of life‐history strategy variation between species. During 13 years, we marked and recaptured young and adult sibling mouse‐eared bats (Myotis myotisandMyotis blythii) at sympatric colonial sites. We tested whether distinct, species‐specific trophic niches and food availability patterns may drive interspecific differences in key life‐history components such as age at first reproduction and survival. We took advantage of a quasi‐experimental setting in which prey availability for the two species varies between years (pulse vs. nonpulse resource years), modeling mark‐recapture data for demographic comparisons. Prey availability dictated both adult survival and age at first reproduction. The bat species facing a more abundant and predictable food supply early in the season started its reproductive life earlier and showed a lower adult survival probability than the species subjected to more limited and less predictable food supply, while lifetime reproductive success was comparable in both species. The observed life‐history trade‐off indicates that temporal patterns in food availability can drive evolutionary divergence in life‐history strategies among sympatric sibling species.
Dual‐tracer‐based isotope turnover rates in a highly invasive mysid Limnomysis benedeni from Lake Constance
Authors: Yohannes Elizabeth , Rothhaupt Karl‐Otto 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the ecological patterns of invasive species and their habitats require an understanding of the species’ foraging ecology. Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values provide useful information into the study of animal ecology and evolution, since the isotope ratios of consumers reflect consumer's dietary patterns. Nevertheless, the lack of species‐ and element‐specific laboratory‐derived turnover rates could limit their application. Using a laboratory‐based dual stable isotope tracer approach (Na15NO3 and NaH13CO3), we evaluated the δ15N and δ13C isotope turnover rates in full‐grown adult invasive Limnomysis benedeni from Lake Constance. We provide δ15N and δ13C turnover rates based on nonlinear least‐squares regression and posterior linear regression models. Model precisions and fit were evaluated using Akaike's information criterion. Within a couple of days, the δ15N and δ13C of mysids began to change. Nevertheless, after about 14 days, L. benedeni did not reach equilibrium with their new isotope values. Since the experiment was conducted on adult subjects, it is evident that turnover was mainly influenced by metabolism (in contrast to growth). Unlike traditional dietary shifts, our laboratory‐based dual stable isotope tracer approach does not shift the experimental organisms into a new diet and avoids dietary effects on isotope values. Results confirm the application of isotopic tracers to label mysid subpopulations and could be used to reflect assimilation and turnover from the labeled dietary sources. Field‐based stable isotope studies often use isotopic mixing models commonly assuming diet‐tissue steady state. Unfortunately, in cases where the isotopic composition of the animal is not in equilibrium with its diet, this can lead to highly misleading conclusions. Thus, our laboratory‐based isotopic incorporation rates assist interpretation of the isotopic values from the field and provide a foundation for future research into using isotopic tracers to investigate invasion ecology.
Neuregulin‐1 positively modulates glial response and improves neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury
Authors: Alizadeh Arsalan , Dyck Scott M. , Kataria Hardeep , Shahriary Ghazaleh M. , Nguyen Dung H. , Santhosh Kallivalappil T. , Karimi‐Abdolrezaee Soheila 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) results in glial activation and neuroinflammation, which play pivotal roles in the secondary injury mechanisms with both pro‐ and antiregeneration effects. Presently, little is known about the endogenous molecular mechanisms that regulate glial functions in the injured spinal cord. We previously reported that the expression of neuregulin‐1 (Nrg‐1) is acutely and chronically declined following traumatic SCI. Here, we investigated the potential ramifications of Nrg‐1 dysregulation on glial and immune cell reactivity following SCI. Using complementary in vitro approaches and a clinically‐relevant model of severe compressive SCI in rats, we demonstrate that immediate delivery of Nrg‐1 (500 ng/day) after injury enhances a neuroprotective phenotype in inflammatory cells associated with increased interleukin‐10 and arginase‐1 expression. We also found a decrease in proinflammatory factors including IL‐1β, TNF‐α, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐2 and 9) and nitric oxide after injury. In addition, Nrg‐1 modulates astrogliosis and scar formation by reducing inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans after SCI. Mechanistically, Nrg‐1 effects on activated glia are mediated through ErbB2 tyrosine phosphorylation in an ErbB2/3 heterodimer complex. Furthermore, Nrg‐1 exerts its effects through downregulation of MyD88, a downstream adaptor of Toll‐like receptors, and increased phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and STAT3. Nrg‐1 treatment with the therapeutic dosage of 1.5 μg/day significantly improves tissue preservation and functional recovery following SCI. Our findings for the first time provide novel insights into the role and mechanisms of Nrg‐1 in acute SCI and suggest a positive immunomodulatory role for Nrg‐1 that can harness the beneficial properties of activated glia and inflammatory cells in recovery following SCI.
Access to safe abortion in Uganda: Leveraging opportunities through the harm reduction model
Authors: Mulumba Moses , Kiggundu Charles , Nassimbwa Jacqueline , Nakibuuka Noor Musisi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAccess to safe and legal abortion services is a far reach for women and girls in Uganda. Although unsafe abortion rates have fallen from 54 to 39 per 1000 women aged 15–45 years over a decade, absolute figures show a rise from 294 000 in 2003 to 314 000 women having unsafe abortions in 2013. Unfortunately, only 50% of the women who develop abortion complications are able to reach facilities for postabortion care. Despite the clinical evidence and the stories from undocumented cases, debate on access to safer and legal abortion is constricted, moralized, and stigmatized. The harm reduction model has shown evidence of benefit in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity due to unsafe abortion while addressing related stigma and discrimination and advancing women's reproductive health rights. This article presents a case for promoting the model in Uganda.
Control of weft yarn or density improves biocompatibility of PET small diameter artificial blood vessels
Authors: Hu Xingyou , Hu Tao , Guan Guoping , Yu Shaoting , Wu Yufen , Wang Lu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPolyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) fabrics with woven structures have proved to be quite effective for use on large diameter artificial blood vessels. However, their use within small‐diameter artificial blood vessels has been associated with poor long‐term patency, a problem resulting from slow endothelialization on PET and an over hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells. Previous research from our laboratory has revealed that ICAM‐1 can be used as a marker to investigate cell adhesion, an effect which was closely associated with cell behavior on the surface of polycaprolactone (PCL) films. Moreover, we found that the coarseness or pore size of the surface exerts considerable influence on cell adhesion and proliferation on PCL films. In this study, we successfully fabricated six types of PET woven fabrics with varying gradients of tightness and porosities. Levels of ICAM‐1 expression (membrane ICAM‐1 & soluble ICAM‐1) were then determined in these woven fabrics. Our results show that increased levels of mICAM‐1 and decreased levels of sICAM‐1 expression were obtained in HUVECs seeded on these six samples. These findings indicate that cell adhesion and proliferation on fabric surfaces were strongly influenced by their structural parameters, in particular the initial adhesion between the cell and fabric surface. In addition, we also found that extracellular matrix adhesion tends to prefer flat and tight surfaces, which promotes cell‐cell and cell‐matrix interactions, as well as the endothelialization on the surface of PET fabrics. These findings provide some novel insights with regard to the design and application of small‐diameter artificial blood vessels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 954–964, 2018.
Effects of heavy metal pollution on pigmented macrophages in kidney of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensisKaraman)
Authors: Jordanova Maja , Rebok Katerina , Dragun Zrinka , Ramani Sheriban , Ivanova Lozenka , Kostov Vasil , Valić Damir , Krasnići Nesrete , Marijić Vlatka Filipović , Kapetanović Damir 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPollution with heavy metals may influence the immune system of fish, leading to impairment of their health or even increase their mortality. The fish kidney is one of the first fish organs to be affected by water contamination. Amounts of kidney macrophages (MACs), which are involved in fish immune response, as well as the qualitative and quantitative changes in the pigmented MACs in fish kidney, are used as biomarkers of pollution. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated relative and total volumes of trunk kidney pigmented MACs, and analyzed the pigments accumulated within them. Fish were sampled from two mining impacted rivers, Kriva and Zletovska, highly contaminated with heavy metals, and from one reference river, Bregalnica, in spring and autumn of 2012. We have observed that main pigments found in kidney MACs of Vardar chub were melanin and lipofuscin/ceroid, as well as that relative volumes of MACs ranged from 0.56 to 1.68%. Moreover, the results showed that relative volumes of pigmented MACs were higher in metal contaminated rivers, especially in autumn season in the Zletovska River, concurrently with extremely high metal exposure. In addition, condition factors and kidney somatic indices were found significantly lower in the Zletovska River in both seasons, autumn and spring, possibly also as a consequence of high water pollution. Our data confirm that increase in relative volumes of pigmented MACs may serve as warning sign of potential heavy metal pollution in aquatic environment.
Valve interstitial cell culture: Production of mature type I collagen and precise detection
Authors: Liskova Jana , Hadraba Daniel , Filova Elena , Konarik Miroslav , Pirk Jan , Jelen Karel , Bacakova Lucie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCollagen often acts as an extracellular and intracellular marker for in vitro experiments, and its quality defines tissue constructs. To validate collagen detection techniques, cardiac valve interstitial cells were isolated from pigs and cultured under two different conditions; with and without ascorbic acid. The culture with ascorbic acid reached higher cell growth and collagen deposition, although the expression levels of collagen gene stayed similar to the culture without ascorbic acid. The fluorescent microscopy was positive for collagen fibers in both the cultures. Visualization of only extracellular collagen returned a higher correlation coefficient when comparing the immunolabeling and second harmonic generation microscopy images in the culture with ascorbic acid. Lastly, it was proved that the hydroxyproline strongly contributes to the second‐order susceptibility tensor of collagen molecules, and therefore the second harmonic generation signal is impaired in the culture without ascorbic acid.
Homogenization‐based topology optimization for high‐resolution manufacturable microstructures
Authors: Groen Jeroen P. , Sigmund Ole 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a projection method to obtain high‐resolution, manufacturable structures from efficient and coarse‐scale homogenization‐based topology optimization results. The presented approach bridges coarse and fine scale, such that the complex periodic microstructures can be represented by a smooth and continuous lattice on the fine mesh. A heuristic methodology allows control of the projected topology, such that a minimum length scale on both solid and void features is ensured in the final result. Numerical examples show excellent behavior of the method, where performances of the projected designs are almost equal to the homogenization‐based solutions. A significant reduction in computational cost is observed compared to conventional topology optimization approaches.
The Effect of Terrain on Entheseal Changes in the Lower Limbs
Authors: Acosta M. A. , Henderson C. Y. , Cunha E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOne of the main factors involved in entheseal changes (EC) aetiology may be related to the physiological limits of biomechanical loading fixed during bone development, such that higher load during childhood and the adolescent growth spurt leads to a lower frequency of EC during adulthood. In this sense, it is possible that ECs may be related to overloading beyond an individual's normal physiological limits as established during childhood and adolescence.This meta‐analysis tested this aetiological possibility by studying the influence of terrain on the entheses of the lower extremities. The hypothesis is that individuals who inhabited rugged terrain have lower EC than those living in flat terrain. This is because biomechanical loads associated with rugged terrain will lead to a higher normal capacity (defined during skeletal development) mitigating the probability of overloading compared to those living in flat terrain who will therefore have a higher frequency of ECs. To test this, papers reporting EC frequencies in the lower limbs were analysed alongside the local terrain. Terrain was defined into two categories: flat or rugged based on altimetry profile, i.e. the average elevation gains and losses along four specific paths (North‐South, East‐West, Northwest‐Southeast, Southwest‐Northeast). Odds ratios were calculated to compare rugged and flat terrain.The overall results are consistent with the hypothesis that overloading is a factor in EC aetiology. However, when the analysis is conducted by sex and side, this general trend does not always occur. Limitations such as the lack of standardized age ranges could be affecting the outcome, i.e. older individuals have a higher frequency of ECs. The findings of this analysis suggest that the theoretical assumptions associated with the cause of ECs require further testing and evaluation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guideline for the prevention of acute chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric cancer patients: A focused update
Authors: Patel Priya , Robinson Paula D. , Thackray Jennifer , Flank Jacqueline , Holdsworth Mark T. , Gibson Paul , Orsey Andrea , Portwine Carol , Freedman Jason , Madden Jennifer R. , Phillips Robert , Sung Lillian , Dupuis L. Lee 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis update of the 2013 clinical practice guideline provides clinicians with guidance regarding the use of aprepitant and palonosetron for the prevention of acute chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in children. The recommendations were based on three systematic reviews. Substantive changes were made to the guideline recommendations including the inclusion of palonosetron to the 5‐HT3 antagonists recommended for children receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) and the recommendation of aprepitant for children 6 months of age or older receiving HEC. To optimize CINV control in children, future work must focus on closing critical research gaps.