bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The male beard hair and facial skin – challenges for shaving
Authors: Maurer M. , Rietzler M. , Burghardt R. , Siebenhaar F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe challenge of shaving is to cut the beard hair as closely as possible to the skin without unwanted effects on the skin. To achieve this requires the understanding of beard hair and male facial skin biology as both, the beard hair and the male facial skin, contribute to the difficulties in obtaining an effective shave without shaving‐induced skin irritation. Little information is available on the biology of beard hairs and beard hair follicles. We know that, in beard hairs, the density, thickness, stiffness, as well as the rates of elliptical shape and low emerging angle, are high and highly heterogeneous. All of this makes it challenging to cut it, and shaving techniques commonly employed to overcome these challenges include shaving with increased pressure and multiple stroke shaving, which increase the probability and extent of shaving‐induced skin irritation. Several features of male facial skin pose problems to a perfect shave. The male facial skin is heterogeneous in morphology and roughness, and male skin has a tendency to heal slower and to develop hyperinflammatory pigmentation. In addition, many males exhibit sensitive skin, with the face most often affected. Finally, the hair follicle is a sensory organ, and the perifollicular skin is highly responsive to external signals including mechanical and thermal stimulation. Perifollicular skin is rich in vasculature, innervation and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. This makes perifollicular skin a highly responsive and inflammatory system, especially in individuals with sensitive skin. Activation of this system, by shaving, can result in shaving‐induced skin irritation. Techniques commonly employed to avoid shaving‐induced skin irritation include shaving with less pressure, pre‐ and post‐shave skin treatment and to stop shaving altogether. Recent advances in shaving technology have addressed some but not all of these issues. A better understanding of beard hairs, beard hair follicles and male facial skin is needed to develop novel and better approaches to overcome the challenge of shaving. This article covers what is known about the physical properties of beard hairs and skin and why those present a challenge for blade and electric shaving, respectively.
Do smear‐layer removal agents affect the push‐out bond strength of calcium silicate‐based endodontic sealers?
Authors: Carvalho N. K. , Prado M. C. , Senna P. M. , Neves A. A. , Souza E. M. , Fidel S. R. , Sassone L. M. , Silva E. J. N. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2.25% peracetic acid (PA) or 10% citric acid (CA) on the push‐out bond strength of calcium silicate‐based endodontic sealers [MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and Total Fill BC Sealer (FKG, La Chaux‐de‐Fonds, Switzerland)] to root dentine after different periods of immersion in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstaz, Germany) was used as a reference material for comparison.MethodologyThirty human maxillary incisors were selected and three 1‐mm discs were obtained from the middle third of each root. On the axial surface of each disc, three 0.8‐mm‐diameter holes were drilled through the dentine. After standardized irrigation, each dentine disc from the same root was treated for smear‐layer removal with one of the three tested chelating solutions: EDTA, PA or CA. After that, the holes were dried with paper points and filled with one of the three test root canal sealers. The filled dental slices were further immersed in PBS solution (pH 7.2) for 7 days (T1) or 30 days (T2) at 37 °C, before the push‐out assay. Friedman, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used respectively to estimate the impact of the independent variables (solutions, sealers and period of PBS immersion) on the push‐out bond strength. The level for significance was set at α = 5% and data were further subjected to a Bonferroni correction.ResultsSolutions and periods of immersion did not significantly influence the displacement resistance (P = 0.285, and P = 0.104, respectively) of sealers to root dentine. On the other hand, the type of sealer significantly affected the push‐out bond strength (P = 0.000). AH Plus was associated with greater resistance to dislodgment compared with Total Fill BC Sealer and MTA Fillapex (P = 0.000). MTA Fillapex resulted in the lowest push‐out bond strength (P = 0.000).ConclusionThe use of different chelating agents did not influence the push‐out bond strength of endodontic sealers. Calcium silicate‐based sealers had lower push‐out bond strength values compared with a conventional epoxy resin‐based sealer (AH Plus).
Drying kinetics and quality of uvaia (Hexachlamys edulis (O. Berg)) powder obtained by foam‐mat drying
Authors: Branco Ivanise Guilherme , Kikuchi Thatyana Tammy , Argandoña Eliana Janet Sanjinez , Moraes Izabel Cristina Freitas , Haminiuk Charles Windson Isidoro 
Published: May 2016

SummaryInvestigations were carried out to study the influence of the formulation on the drying characteristics and the final quality of foam‐mat‐dried uvaia pulp powder, such as total phenolic content, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Two formulations were developed (one with 3.5% albumin (Alb.), 0.25% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and 0.25% xanthan gum (XG), and the other containing only 7% albumin) and dried at 60 and 70 °C. Drying kinetics showed only a falling rate at both temperatures and formulations. Mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data to describe the drying kinetics. The Page model provided the best description of the foams. The higher temperatures reduced the drying time and increased the effective diffusivity. Compared with the fresh pulp, the uvaia powder at 70 °C exhibited decreased antioxidant activity, total phenolics and carotenoids contents.
Available data point to a 4‐km‐high Tibetan Plateau by 40 Ma, but 100 molecular‐clock papers have linked supposed recent uplift to young node ages
Authors: Renner Susanne S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aims of this study were to synthesize data on the orogeny of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), with a focus on its elevation since the collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates, and to review the arguments in 100 phylogeny‐cum‐biogeography papers that have linked young inferred divergence times to recent TP uplift phases. I surveyed the literature on the geological history of the TP, focusing on different types of data used to infer its past height. I also tabulated the supposed TP history (and supporting references) in papers since 1998. Since the early 1990s, evidence from tectonics, isotopes, fossils and climate simulations increasingly indicates that the TP has been 4–5 km high since the mid‐Eocene. The data also indicate that the Indian summer monsoon, South‐east Asian summer monsoon, and Central Asian winter monsoon arose at different times and are unrelated to Tibetan uplift. A growing number of studies by biologists, however, are linking node ages between 0.5 and 15 Ma to specific (author‐dependent) uplift phases of the TP citing geological papers that are outdated or miscited. Biogeography of the TP thus currently appears to be in a self‐created bubble that encloses hundreds of authors and referees. Our understanding of the biogeography of Tibet requires up‐to‐date interpretation of its geological history and more fieldwork on local ecological habitat diversity, the plateau's history during the Pleistocene and the distribution of possible refugia.
Arterial blood pressure in anesthetized neonates and infants: a retrospective analysis of 1091 cases
Authors: Weber Frank , Honing Gijsbert H. M. , Scoones Gail P. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundHypotension during general anesthesia in neonates and infants is considered to contribute to poor neurological outcome.AimThe aim of this retrospective analysis was to determine the incidence of hypotension after induction of anesthesia and sustained hypotension (>10 min) during the anesthesia, and to determine factors contributing to the development of (sustained) hypotension.MethodWe performed a retrospective analysis of 1091 electronic anesthesia records from children <1 year. Patients were stratified for age (group 1: <1 month, group 2: 1–3 months, group 3: 4–6 months, group 4: >6 months). Hypotension was defined as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) <35 mmHg in patients ≤6 months and <43 mmHg in patients >6 months.ResultsThe incidence of hypotension after induction was highest in group 1 (25.5%) [P = 0.009 vs group 2 (13.3%), P < 0.0001 vs groups 3 (3.4%) and 4 (1.0%)], in group 2, it was higher than in groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.0001), and in group 3, it was higher than in group 4 (P = 0.033). The incidence of sustained hypotension was highest in group 1 (43.6%) (P < 0.0001 vs groups 2–4), followed by group 2 (15.7%) [P < 0.0001 vs group 3 (3.4%) and P = 0.006 vs group 4 (8.8%)] and group 4 (P = 0.004 vs group 3). Hypotension after induction occurred more often in emergency procedures than in elective procedures in groups 1 (P = 0.002), 2 (P = 0.029), and 3 (P = 0.037).ConclusionHypotension, both postinduction and sustained during surgery, is a common phenomenon in anesthetized children under 1 year, peaking in neonates. Generally accepted lower limits of MAP in anesthetized infants urgently need to be defined, enabling us to develop anesthesia strategies avoiding cerebral hypoperfusion.
Ontogenesis secretion and senescence of Tocoyena bullata (Vell.) Mart. (Rubiacaeae) colleters
Authors: Miguel E. C. , Da Cunha M. , Miguel T. B. A. R. , Barros C. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractColleters are secretory structure present on many families including Rubiaceae. Particular characteristics have been described about colleters secretory cells, however senescence process are still under debate. Tocoyena bullata (Vell.) Mart. (Rubiaceae) shoot apex were collected at Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, RJ/Brazil. Stipules were separated and fragments were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 4.0% formaldehyde in 0.05 m sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, post fixed in 1.0% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer, dehydrated in acetone, critical‐point‐drying, sputtered coated and observed. For light microscopy fragments were fixed and dehydrated, infiltrated with historesin and stained with 1% toluidine blue. For transmission electron microscopy, the samples were infiltrated with Epoxi resin. Colleters are present on stipule adaxial surface. On the beginning of development, these structures are recognized as small projections. Later on, colleters differentiated and secrete by cuticle rupture. The colleters senescence occurs in a concomitant and indissoluble way of programmed cell death. Ultrastructural analyses during the process strongly suggest the senescence is based on a non‐autolitic programmed cell death. T. bullata colleters, present at stipule abaxial surface are cylindrical secretory structures. Colleters secretory cells originated as stipule projections; differentiate; secrete and senesce by programmed cell death. The secretion and the cell dead occurs in a concomitantly and indissoluble way.
The Ultimate Force of the Law: On the Essence and Precariousness of the Monopoly on Legitimate Force
Authors: Poscher Ralf 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn his new book, Fred Schauer adopts a prototypical approach to the law in order to reestablish the importance of “The Force of Law”, and I strongly support his claim that there are interesting things to be said about the relationship between law and force. One aspect concerns the special kind of force to which the law is related. In the tradition of political philosophy, this kind of force has often been characterized with the state's monopoly on legitimate force. Whereas the essay will support the idea that the law has a monopoly of force, it will challenge the idea that it is its legitimacy that makes it characteristic. It is a monopoly not so much on legitimate, but on ultimate force. The robustness of the force the law is—prototypically—related to, however, should not obscure the fact that the relation between law and force is quite delicate and precarious. Three strategies of the law to manage this fundamental precariousness are pointed out.
A Reply to Five Friends
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFor an academic, there is no greater reward than having one's scholarship taken seriously. The five distinguished scholars who have contributed to this symposium on The Force of Law (Schauer ) have done just that, with varying degrees of agreement and disagreement, praise and criticism. But even critical commentary, and perhaps especially critical commentary, is evidence of serious engagement. More importantly, the commentaries contained here have advanced our understanding of law in valuable ways. I respond to each in this reply, but with full acknowledgment that my responses cannot do justice to the full breadth of their contributions and challenges. My hope is not that I will persuade readers that I am correct and my critics mistaken, but rather that the reader who absorbs both the challenges and my response will come away with a greater understanding of the issues that The Force of Law seeks to place on the agenda of contemporary jurisprudence.
An Automatic Test for the Umbrella Alternatives
Authors: Wyłupek Grzegorz 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe paper proposes a new test for detecting the umbrella pattern under a general non‐parametric scheme. The alternative asserts that the umbrella ordering holds while the hypothesis is its complement. The main focus is put on controlling the power function of the test outside the alternative. As a result, the asymptotic error of the first kind of the constructed solution is smaller than or equal to the fixed significance level α on the whole set where the umbrella ordering does not hold. Also, under finite sample sizes, this error is controlled to a satisfactory extent. A simulation study shows, among other things, that the new test improves upon the solution widely recommended in the literature of the subject. A routine, written in R, is attached as the Supporting Information file.
Mineralization of organic nitrogen from farm manure applications
Authors: Bhogal A. , Williams J. R. , Nicholson F. A. , Chadwick D. R. , Chambers K. H. , Chambers B. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to quantify the amount of nitrogen (N) mineralized from the organic fraction of farm manures under field conditions. Nine different farm manures were stripped of their ammonium‐N content prior to soil incorporation and establishment of ryegrass at two sites in England. Grass N uptake and nitrate‐N leaching were measured for five consecutive seasons and compared with an untreated control, with the sum of N uptake + leaching (net of the control) used as an estimate of the amount of organic N mineralized from the applied manures. The amount mineralized was related to thermal time (cumulative day degrees above 5 °C – CDD), with two distinct phases – an initial phase up to 2300 CDD (c.18 months under UK climatic conditions) where mineralization proceeded at rates ranging between 0.005 and 0.027%mineralized/CDD and a slower phase at >2300 CDD, where rates were negligible at <0.001%mineralized/CDD. There was no difference between soil types, both being light‐textured (<20% clay), but there were differences between manure types depending on the manure C: organic N ratios. For pig slurry and layer manure (C:organic N = 9–12:1), up to 70% of the organic N was mineralized, compared to 10–30% mineralization from the cattle slurry and straw‐based farmyard manures‐FYMs (C:organic N = 10–21:1).The relationships derived provide a useful tool for predicting both the amount and timing of manure N release, with important implications for both crop N uptake and leaching risk.
Retention in care of HIV‐infected pregnant and lactating women starting ART under Option B+ in rural Mozambique
Authors: Llenas‐García Jara , Wikman‐Jorgensen Philip , Hobbins Michael , Mussa Manuel Aly , Ehmer Jochen , Keiser Olivia , Mbofana Francisco , Wandeler Gilles ,   SolidarMed and IeDEA‐Southern Africa
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveIn 2013, Mozambique adopted Option B+, universal lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all pregnant and lactating women, as national strategy for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV. We analysed retention in care of pregnant and lactating women starting Option B+ in rural northern Mozambique.MethodsWe compared ART outcomes in pregnant (‘B+ pregnant’), lactating (‘B+ lactating’) and non‐pregnant non‐lactating women of childbearing age starting ART according to clinical and/or immunological criteria (‘own health’) between July 2013 and June 2014. Lost to follow‐up was defined as no contact >180 days after the last visit. Multivariable competing risk models were adjusted for type of facility (type 1 vs. peripheral type 2 health centre), age, WHO stage and time from HIV diagnosis to ART.ResultsOver 333 person‐years of follow‐up (243 ‘B+ pregnant’, 65'B+ lactating’ and 317 ‘own health’ women), 3.7% of women died and 48.5% were lost to follow‐up. ‘B+ pregnant’ and ‘B+ lactating’ women were more likely to be lost in the first year (57% vs. 56.9% vs. 31.6%; P < 0.001) and to have no follow‐up after the first visit (42.4% vs. 29.2% vs. 16.4%; P < 0.001) than ‘own health’ women. In adjusted analyses, risk of being lost to follow‐up was higher in ‘B+ pregnant’ (adjusted subhazard ratio [asHR]: 2.77; 95% CI: 2.18–3.50; P < 0.001) and ‘B+ lactating’ (asHR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.37–2.74; P < 0.001). Type 2 health centre was the only additional significant risk factor for loss to follow‐up.ConclusionsRetention among PLW starting option B+ ART was poor and mainly driven by early losses. The success of Option B+ for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV in rural settings with weak health systems will depend on specific improvements in counselling and retention measures, especially at the beginning of treatment.
In Vitro
Susceptibility of Global Surveillance Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Ceftazidime-Avibactam (INFORM 2012 to 2014)
Authors: Nichols Wright W. , de Jonge Boudewijn L. M. , Kazmierczak Krystyna M. , Karlowsky James A. , Sahm Daniel F. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for ceftazidime-avibactam and comparator agents against 7,062 clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
collected from 2012 to 2014 in four geographic regions (Europe, Asia/South Pacific, Latin America, Middle East/Africa) as part of the International Network for Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) global surveillance program. The majority of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam, with the proportions susceptible differing marginally across the four regions (MIC
90
, 8 to 16 μg/ml; 88.7 to 93.2% susceptible), in contrast to lower susceptibilities to the following comparator β-lactam agents: ceftazidime (MIC
90
, 32 to 64 μg/ml; 71.5 to 80.8% susceptible), meropenem (MIC
90
, >8 μg/ml; 64.9 to 77.4% susceptible), and piperacillin-tazobactam (MIC
90
, >128 μg/ml; 62.3 to 71.3% susceptible). Compared to the overall population, susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam of isolates that were nonsusceptible to ceftazidime (
n
= 1,627) was reduced to between 56.8% (Middle East/Africa; MIC
90
, 64 μg/ml) and 68.9% (Asia/South Pacific; MIC
90
, 128 μg/ml), but these percentages were higher than susceptibilities to other β-lactam agents (0 to 44% susceptible, depending on region and agent; meropenem MIC
90
, >8 μg/ml; 26.5 to 43.9% susceptible). For this subset of isolates, susceptibilities to amikacin (MIC
90
, >32 μg/ml; 53.2 to 80.0% susceptible) and colistin (MIC
90
, 1 μg/ml; 98.5 to 99.5% susceptible) were comparable to or higher than that of ceftazidime-avibactam. A similar observation was made with isolates that were nonsusceptible to meropenem (
n
= 1,926), with susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam between 67.8% (Middle East/Africa; MIC
90
, 64 μg/ml) and 74.2% (Europe; MIC
90
, 32 μg/ml) but again with reduced susceptibility to comparators except for amikacin (MIC
90
, >32 μg/ml; 56.8 to 78.7% susceptible) and colistin (MIC
90
, 1 μg/ml; 98.9 to 99.3% susceptible). Of the 8% of isolates not susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam, the nonsusceptibility of half could be explained by their possession of genes encoding metallo-β-lactamases. The data reported here are consistent with results from other country-specific and regional surveillance studies and show that ceftazidime-avibactam demonstrates
in vitro
activity against globally collected clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
, including isolates that are resistant to ceftazidime and meropenem.
An Immunocompromised Child with Bloodstream Infection Caused by Two Escherichia coli Strains, One Harboring NDM-5 and the Other Harboring OXA-48-Like Carbapenemase
Authors: Hasassri M. Earth , Boyce Thomas G. , Norgan Andrew , Cunningham Scott A. , Jeraldo Patricio R. , Weissman Scott , Patel Robin , Banerjee Ritu , Pogue Jason M. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

We describe a 16-year-old neutropenic patient from the Middle East with bloodstream infection caused by two carbapenemase-producing
Escherichia coli
isolates that we characterized by whole-genome sequencing. While one displayed meropenem resistance and was
bla
NDM
positive, the other demonstrated meropenem susceptibility yet harbored
bla
OXA181
(which encodes a
bla
OXA48
-like enzyme). This report highlights the challenge of laboratory detection of
bla
OXA48
-like enzymes and the clinical implications of genotypic resistance detection in carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Purification of Plasmodium Sporozoites Enhances Parasite-Specific CD8
+
T Cell Responses
Authors: Billman Zachary P. , Seilie Annette M. , Murphy Sean C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Malaria infection caused by
Plasmodium
parasites continues to cause enormous morbidity and mortality in areas where it is endemic, and there is no licensed vaccine capable of inducing sterile protection. Hyperimmunization with attenuated whole sporozoites can induce sterile protective immune responses targeting preerythrocytic antigens. Most animal models of hyperimmunization rely on sporozoites dissected from mosquito salivary glands and injected without further purification. In BALB/c mice, repeated small doses of
P. yoelii
sporozoites progressively expand the population of sporozoite-specific CD8
+
T cells. In this study, large secondary doses of unpurified sporozoites unexpectedly led to contraction of sporozoite-specific CD8
+
T cell responses in sporozoite-primed mice. While sporozoite-primed CD8
+
T cells alternatively can be expanded by secondary exposure to
Listeria monocytogenes
expressing recombinant
Plasmodium
antigens, such expansion was potently inhibited by coinjection of large doses of unpurified sporozoites and by uninfected salivary glands alone. Purification of sporozoites away from mosquito salivary gland debris by density gradient centrifugation eliminated salivary gland-associated inhibition. Thus, the inhibitory effect appears to be due to exposure to uninfected mosquito salivary glands rather than sporozoites. To further assess the effect of salivary gland exposure on later sporozoite vaccinations, mice were immunized with uninfected salivary glands from a single mosquito. Compared to naive mice, salivary gland presensitization reduced subsequent liver burdens by 71%. These data show that a component(s) in mosquito salivary glands reduces liver infection, thereby limiting antigen dose and contributing to lower-magnitude T cell responses. These findings suggest that sporozoite immunogenicity studies be performed using purified sporozoites whenever feasible.