bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration of an ingested fish bone into the paraglottic space
Authors: Megwalu U C 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Ingested foreign bodies are common emergencies encountered in otolaryngology practice. The vast majority can be managed with endoscopic removal. Migration of foreign bodies into the paraglottic space is a rare event that often necessitates using a more invasive procedure for removal.Case report:A 68-year-old man presented with sore throat and odynophagia 4 days after ingesting a fish bone.Results:A computed tomography scan revealed a 2.5 cm linear foreign body embedded in the larynx within the right paraglottic space. The patient underwent endoscopic examination and transcervical exploration of the paraglottic space via a posterolateral approach, with successful removal of the foreign body on the second attempt.Conclusion:This is the first case report of an ingested paraglottic space foreign body managed by transcervical exploration using a posterolateral approach to the paraglottic space.
Tales from the Mathematical Classroom
Authors: Sanders Sue 
Published: August 2016

All the world's a stage,And all the men and women merely players.As You Like ItDuring this lecture I am working from the premise that all the world is a mathematical classroom. By the time children begin formal education they have spent up to five years in this classroom [1] and during their years of schooling the fraction of time spent in a formal classroom is minimal compared to the time spent out of it. I wish to argue that this broader definition of a classroom impacts in many strong ways on our conceptions of mathematics and helps to construct the misconceptions about the nature of the subject that impinge on the learning of mathematics and the value which we place on it. It is within the formal classroom that many of the misconceptions about mathematical knowledge and skills develop. Although a great deal of writing exists about these, and while teachers use this knowledge to inform their teaching I wish to place more emphasis on the less familiar conceptions and misconceptions of mathematics. I will be challenging you to examine your own conceptions by showing you examples from television, radio, advertising, newspapers, film and literature. I will ask you to reflect on how a consideration of these aspects of pupils' experiences of mathematics might affect our teaching. I am also going to ask you to think about whether influencing young people's conceptions of mathematics might affect their decisions as to stop or continue studying the subject.
Viète, Descartes and the cubic equation
Authors: Nickalls R. W. D. 
Published: August 2016

An appreciation of the geometry underlying algebraic techniques invariably enhances understanding, and this is particularly true with regard to polynomials.With visualisation as our theme, this article considers the cubic equation and describes how the French mathematicians François Viète (1540–1603) and René Descartes (1596–1650) related the ‘three-real-roots’ case (casus irreducibilis) to circle geometry. In particular, attention is focused on a previously undescribed aspect, namely, how the lengths of the chords constructed by Viète and Descartes in this setting relate geometrically to the curve of the cubic itself.
How the odd terms in the Fibonacci sequence stack up
Authors: Rinaldi S. , Rogers D. G. 
Published: August 2016

Dedicated to H. N. V. Temperley on the occasion of his ninetieth birthday 4 March 2005The authors of the recent Note [1] exhibit an odd preference. They derive recurrence relations for the odd terms, un = F2n+1, n ≥ 0, in the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, Fn, defined by
Differential equations - practical methods of numerical solution
Authors: Murphy R. V. W. 
Published: August 2016

The most basic problem with differential equations is that of being given an equation that can be put into the formand one pair of solution values x = x0, y = y0, from which to find either an algebraic form of its solution or the numerical value of y corresponding to a particular value of x. This can most conveniently be interpreted as finding, out of the infinity of solution curves to (1.1), an equation for the unique curve that passes through the point (x0, y0) or calculating the coordinates of one particular point on that curve.
Man versus Computer
Authors: Dolan Stan 
Published: August 2016

A few years ago, Shail [1] described earlier computer-assisted work on the Lester circle. Shail then showed how a Cartesian proof was ‘just feasible by hand’ but that it was more convenient to use computer algebra systems.However, not relying on computer assistance does have the advantage that it forces us to search for improvements in our methods. In this instance, using vectors referenced to a special set of three coplanar axes enables us to avoid involved computations.
Nice polynomials with three roots
Authors: Groves Jonathan 
Published: August 2016

Nice polynomials are polynomials whose coefficients, roots, and critical points are integers. The earliest papers on nice polynomials [1, 2, 3] give an explicit formula for all nice cubics. All the derivations of this formula use Pythagorean triples.In 1999 the problem of finding, constructing, and classifying nice polynomials was added to the list of unsolved problems [4] in The American Mathematical Monthly. Other papers soon followed, including [5] and [6], with extending the results of nice polynomials to polynomials with coefficients, roots, and critical points in integral domains D. Such polynomials are called D-nice.
The power of a point for some real algebraic curves
Authors: Suceavă Bogdan D. , Vajiac Adrian , Vajiac Mihaela B. 
Published: August 2016

According to various sources (e.g. [1, p. 102]), the terminology of the power of a point with respect to a circle is due to Steiner. His definition appears in most classical and contemporary geometry textbooks (to mention just a few references, see [2, 3, 4, 5]). The concept of the power of a point has been revisited not only in advanced Euclidean geometry, but also in computational geometry and other areas of mathematics.In the current literature there are two different definitions of the power of a point with respect to a circle, which we study in detail in section 2. In the first half of the twentieth century there have been published several attempts to generalise the concept of power of the point to real algebraic curves.
The cooperative breeding perspective helps in pinning down when uniquely human evolutionary processes are necessary
Authors: Burkart Judith Maria , van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe cultural group selection (CGS) approach provides a compelling explanation for recent changes in human societies, but has trouble explaining why our ancestors, rather than any other great ape, evolved into a hyper-cooperative niche. The cooperative breeding hypothesis can plug this gap and thus complement CGS, because recent comparative evidence suggests that it promoted proactive prosociality, social transmission, and communication in Pleistocene hominins.
Frozen cultural plasticity
Authors: Houdek Petr , Novakova Julie 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe discuss cultural group selection under the view of the frozen plasticity theory and the different explanatory power and predictions of this framework. We present evidence that cultural adaptations and their influence on the degree of cooperation may be more complex than presented by Richerson et al., and conclude with the gene-environment-culture relationship and its impacts on cultural group selection.
The role of cultural group selection in explaining human cooperation is a hard case to prove
Authors: Mace Ruth , Silva Antonio S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe believe cultural group selection is an elegant theoretical framework to study the evolution of complex human behaviours, including large-scale cooperation. However, the empirical evidence on key theoretical issues – such as levels of within- and between-group variation and effects of intergroup competition – is so far patchy, with no clear case where all the relevant assumptions and predictions of cultural group selection are met, to the exclusion of other explanations.
Cultural differentiation does not entail group-level structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
Authors: Ross Robert Malcolm , Atkinson Quentin Douglas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRicherson et al. argue that relatively large culturalFSTvalues provide evidence for group structure and therefore scope for group selection. However, recent research on spatial patterns of cultural variation demonstrates that, as in the genetic case, apparent group structure can be a consequence of geographic clines, not group barriers. Such a pattern limits the scope for cultural group selection.
Self-interested agents create, maintain, and modify group-functional culture
Authors: Singh Manvir , Glowacki Luke , Wrangham Richard W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe agree that institutions and rules are crucial for explaining human sociality, but we question the claim of there not being “alternatives to CGS [that] can easily account for the institutionalized cooperation that characterizes human societies” (target article, sect. 7). Hypothesizing that self-interested individuals coercively and collaboratively create rules, we propose that agent-based hypotheses offer viable alternatives to cultural group selection (CGS).
The selective social learner as an agent of cultural group selection
Authors: Suárez Sarah , Koenig Melissa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDevelopmental research characterizes even the youngest learners as critical and selective, capable of preserving or culling cultural information on the bases of informant accuracy, reasoning, or coherence. We suggest that Richerson et al. adjust their account of social learning in cultural group selection (CGS) by taking into consideration the role of the selective learner in the cultural inheritance system.
Clarifying the time frame and units of selection in the cultural group selection hypothesis
Authors: Whiten Andrew , Erdal David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe raise and discuss two issues for clarification. First, over what timescale is cultural group selection proposed to have been active? Unprecedented cooperation is inferred to have arisen in hunter-gather life well before the recent period on which Richerson et al. focus. Second, what is the unit of selection? Groups (of human individuals)? Or cultural entities along the lines of “meme-complexes”?
Social selection is a powerful explanation for prosociality
Authors: Nesse Randolph M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCultural group selection helps explain human cooperation, but social selection offers a complementary, more powerful explanation. Just as sexual selection shapes extreme traits that increase matings, social selection shapes extreme traits that make individuals preferred social partners. Self-interested partner choices create strong and possibly runaway selection for prosocial traits, without requiring group selection, kin selection, or reciprocity.
Cultural group selection follows Darwin's classic syllogism for the operation of selection
Authors: Richerson Peter , Baldini Ryan , Bell Adrian V. , Demps Kathryn , Frost Karl , Hillis Vicken , Mathew Sarah , Newton Emily K. , Naar Nicole , Newson Lesley , Ross Cody , Smaldino Paul E. , Waring Timothy M. , Zefferman Matthew 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe main objective of our target article was to sketch the empirical case for the importance of selection at the level of groups on cultural variation. Such variation is massive in humans, but modest or absent in other species. Group selection processes acting on this variation is a framework for developing explanations of the unusual level of cooperation between non-relatives found in our species. Our case for cultural group selection (CGS) followed Darwin's classic syllogism regarding natural selection: If variation exists at the level of groups, if this variation is heritable, and if it plays a role in the success or failure of competing groups, then selection will operate at the level of groups. We outlined the relevant domains where such evidence can be sought and characterized the main conclusions of work in those domains. Most commentators agree that CGS plays some role in human evolution, although some were considerably more skeptical. Some contributed additional empirical cases. Some raised issues of the scope of CGS explanations versus competing ones.
The similarity and difference between ant and human ultrasocieties: From the viewpoint of scaling laws
Authors: Hou Chen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractComplementary to Gowdy & Krall's comparison between ants and humans, I use economy scaling laws to discuss the similarity and difference between them quantitatively. I hypothesize that individual variations in society result in higher energetic efficiency in larger groups, and that the difference in the sustainability between these species originates from the driving forces of growth with different scaling powers.
Ultrasociality without group selection: Possible, reasonable, and likely
Authors: Krasnow Max M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt is uncontroversial that humans are extremely social, and that cultures have changed over time. But, the evidence shows that much of the social psychology underlying these phenomena (1) predates the agricultural transition, and (2) is not the result of group selection. Instead, this psychology appears intricately designed to capture social gains when possible in our complex ancestral social ecology.
Biological markets explain human ultrasociality
Authors: Sheskin Mark , Lambert Stéphane , Baumard Nicolas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe evidence Gowdy & Krall (G&K) provide is more consistent with a biological markets explanation of human ultrasociality than a group selection explanation. Specifically, large-scale societies provide a better biological market for cooperation than do small-scale societies, allowing individuals to increase their fitness. Importantly, many of the quality-of-life costs G&K discuss (e.g., patriarchy) are not fitness costs.
Disengaging from the ultrasocial economy: The challenge of directing evolutionary change
Authors: Gowdy John , Krall Lisi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe appreciate the depth and breadth of comments we received. They reflect the interdisciplinary challenge of our inquiry and reassured us of its broad interest. We believe that our target article and the criticisms, elaborations, and extensions of the commentators can be an important contribution to establishing human ultrasociality as a new field of social science inquiry. A few of the commentators questioned our definition of ultrasociality, and we begin our response with an elaboration of that definition and a defense of our argument that human ultrasociality began with agriculture. We then respond to the second major area of controversy, namely, our use of group selection to explain the economic drivers behind the agricultural transition. We then focus on the issue of human intentionality raised by the phenomenon of collective intelligence. The intriguing question is to what extent can an entire culture change its own destiny? We then address the issue of the division of labor raised by a number of commentators. The complex division of labor was both a driver and a defining characteristic of ultrasociality, even though it was present in simpler forms in earlier societies. The remaining issues addressed include energy and complexity, expansion and sustainability, and the accelerating evolution of human ultrasociality. These were raised by only a few commentators, but their importance warrants further elaboration.
Why a developmental perspective is critical for understanding human cognition
Authors: D'Souza Dean , Karmiloff-Smith Annette 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe evidence that Anderson (2014) marshals in support of his theory of neural reuse is persuasive. However, his theoretical framework currently lacks a developmental dimension. We argue that an account of the fundamental aspects of developmental change, as well as the temporal context within which change occurs, would greatly enhance Anderson's theory.
The reification objection to bottom-up cognitive ontology revision
Authors: McCaffrey Joseph B. , Machery Edouard 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnderson (2014) proposes a bottom-up approach to cognitive ontology revision: Neuroscientists should revise their taxonomies of cognitive constructs on the basis of brain activation patterns across many tasks. We argue that such bottom-up proposal is bound to commit a mistake of reification: It treats the abstract mathematical entities uncovered by dimension reduction techniques as if they were real psychological entities.
Scientific intuitions about the mind are wrong, misled by consciousness
Authors: Perlovsky Leonid 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLogic is a fundamental reason why computational accounts of the mind have failed. Combinatorial complexity preventing computational accounts is equivalent to the Gödelian incompleteness of logic. The mind is not logical, but only logical states and processes in the mind are accessible to subjective consciousness. For this reason, intuitions of psychologists, cognitive scientists, and mathematicians modeling the mind are biased toward logic. This is also true about the changes proposed inAfter Phrenology(Anderson 2014).
Beyond disjoint brain networks: Overlapping networks for cognition and emotion
Authors: Pessoa Luiz 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt is taken for granted that the brain is composed of a set of networks. But what is a brain network? How should we characterize them? Adding to Anderson's (2014) persuasive anti-modular framework, I propose that (1) networks do not have a single, unique function; (2) networks are highly overlapping and not disjoint; and (3) tasks reconfigure networks found at rest.
Modularity in network neuroscience and neural reuse
Authors: Stanley Matthew L. , Brigard Felipe De 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNeural reuse allegedly stands in stark contrast against a modular view of the brain. However, the development of unique modularity algorithms in network science has provided the means to identify functionally cooperating, specialized subsystems in a way that remains consistent with the neural reuse view and offers a set of rigorous tools to fully engage in Anderson's (2014) research program.
An automatic switching approach to teleoperation of mobile-manipulator systems using virtual fixtures
Authors: Wrock M. R. , Nokleby S. B. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYThis work presents a novel command strategy developed to improve operator performance and minimize difficulties in teleoperation tasks for mobile-manipulator systems with a holonomic base. Aimed specifically at novice operators, virtual fixtures are introduced as a means to minimize collisions and assist in navigation. Using the 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) Omnibot mobile-manipulator system (MMS), a command strategy is implemented such that the operator need only control a 3-DOF haptic joystick to achieve full control of the Omnibot MMS. The command strategy is used to coordinate control between the arm and the base of the system, prevent collisions with known obstacles, and alert the operator of proximity to those obstacles with haptic forces. Through experimental testing it is shown that operator performance improved with the use of virtual fixtures.
Clustering of adherence to personalised dietary recommendations and changes in healthy eating index within the Food4Me study
Authors: Livingstone Katherine M , Celis-Morales Carlos , Lara Jose , Woolhead Clara , O’Donovan Clare B , Forster Hannah , Marsaux Cyril FM , Macready Anna L , Fallaize Rosalind , Navas-Carretero Santiago , San-Cristobal Rodrigo , Kolossa Silvia , Tsirigoti Lydia , Lambrinou Christina P , Moschonis George , Surwiłło Agnieszka , Drevon Christian A , Manios Yannis , Traczyk Iwona , Gibney Eileen R , Brennan Lorraine , Walsh Marianne C , Lovegrove Julie A , Martinez J Alfredo , Saris Wim HM , Daniel Hannelore , Gibney Mike , Mathers John C 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise clusters of individuals based on adherence to dietary recommendations and to determine whether changes in Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores in response to a personalised nutrition (PN) intervention varied between clusters.DesignFood4Me study participants were clustered according to whether their baseline dietary intakes met European dietary recommendations. Changes in HEI scores between baseline and month 6 were compared between clusters and stratified by whether individuals received generalised or PN advice.SettingPan-European, Internet-based, 6-month randomised controlled trial.SubjectsAdults aged 18–79 years (n 1480).ResultsIndividuals in cluster 1 (C1) met all recommended intakes except for red meat, those in cluster 2 (C2) met two recommendations, and those in cluster 3 (C3) and cluster 4 (C4) met one recommendation each. C1 had higher intakes of white fish, beans and lentils and low-fat dairy products and lower percentage energy intake from SFA (P<0·05). C2 consumed less chips and pizza and fried foods than C3 and C4 (P<0·05). C1 were lighter, had lower BMI and waist circumference than C3 and were more physically active than C4 (P<0·05). More individuals in C4 were smokers and wanted to lose weight than in C1 (P<0·05). Individuals who received PN advice in C4 reported greater improvements in HEI compared with C3 and C1 (P<0·05).ConclusionsThe cluster where the fewest recommendations were met (C4) reported greater improvements in HEI following a 6-month trial of PN whereas there was no difference between clusters for those randomised to the Control, non-personalised dietary intervention.
Genetic base-broadening of cacao for precocity and cropping efficiency
Authors: Padi Francis Kwame , Ofori Atta , Akpertey Abraham 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction of clones from genetic groups that are underrepresented in the pedigree of commercial cacao varieties in West Africa represents an important aspect of cacao improvement strategy of broadening the genetic base to overcome current yield stagnation of the crop. The objective of the present study was to determine the combining abilities of more recently introduced cacao clones for yield and cropping efficiency in the early bearing years. Seven recently introduced clones were crossed as males to five clones commonly used in the seed gardens in Ghana using a North Carolina II design. The 35 F1varieties and one commercial variety were evaluated in the field from June 2010 to March 2015 for four traits: increase in trunk cross-sectional area in the juvenile, and in the pod-bearing phases, bean yield and cropping efficiency. Though both GCA and SCA variances were significant for all traits, the ratios of GCA:SCA were much smaller than unity, indicating the importance of non-additive effects in the control of the traits. Among the set of clones therefore, prediction of F1variety performance cannot be based on the GCA orper se(average) performance of the clones. Six varieties were more precocious, and eight had higher cropping efficiencies than the standard variety. Bean yields ranged from 0.74 to 1.05 t/ha/year in the fourth and fifth years after planting among the top six varieties. The study provides evidence of the large potential for productivity increase through the use of cacao clones beyond Pound's early introductions into West Africa.