bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of high-mobility group box protein 1 in collagen antibody-induced arthritis is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: Biscetti F , Flex A , Pecorini G , Angelini F , Arena V , Stigliano E , Gremese E , Tolusso B , Ferraccioli G 
Published: December 2015

Summary
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been implicated in angiogenesis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to define more clearly the role of HMGB1 in the synovial angiogenesis and pathogenesis of an immune model of arthritis. BALB/c mice were injected with monoclonal anti-collagen antibody cocktail followed by lipopolysaccharide to induce arthritis. HMGB1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were over-expressed in the areas of the synovium where more inflammation and neoangiogenesis were present. The selective blockade of HMGB1 or VEGF resulted alternatively in a lower severity of arthritis evaluated by the arthritis index. Furthermore, exogenous HMGB1 administration caused a worsening of arthritis, associated with VEGF up-regulation and increased synovial angiogenesis. The selective inhibition of VEGF also resulted in no induction of arthritis in mice receiving exogenous HMGB1. Cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses performed on peripheral blood and synovial fluid demonstrated a significant reduction of interleukin (IL)−1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in mice where HMGB1 and VEGF pathways were blocked. Interestingly, the selective blockade of HMGB1 and VEGF resulted in an increase of the peripheral IL-17A concentration. The development of arthritis mediated by HMGB1 and the synovial angiogenesis can be blocked by inhibiting the VEGF activity. The proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokine IL-17A was increased when HMGB1 is inhibited, but the synovial angiogenesis was nevertheless reduced in this model of arthritis. Taken together, these findings shed new light on the role of this nuclear protein in the pathogenesis of arthritis in an RA-like model.
Relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion rate: not necessarily hyperbolic
Authors: Kim S. H. , Silvers A. , Viren J. , Reaven G. M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimsThere is general acceptance that the physiological relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion is hyperbolic. This conclusion has evolved from studies in which one test assessed both variables, and changes in plasma insulin concentration were used as a surrogate measure for insulin secretion rate. The aim of this study was to see if a hyperbolic relationship would also emerge when separate and direct measures were used to quantify both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion rate.MethodsSteady‐state plasma glucose (SSPG) was determined in 146 individuals without diabetes using the insulin suppression test, with 1/SSPG used to quantify insulin sensitivity. The graded‐glucose infusion test was used to quantify insulin secretion rate. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations obtained during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were used to calculate surrogate estimates of insulin action and insulin secretion rate. A hyperbolic relationship was assumed if the β coefficient was near −1 using the following model: log (insulin secretion measure) = constant + β × log (insulin sensitivity measure).ResultsOGTT calculations of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda) and plasma insulin response [ratio of insulin/glucose area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) or insulin total AUC] provided the expected hyperbolic relationship [β = −0.95, 95% CI (−1.09, −0.82); −1.06 (−1.14, −0.98)]. Direct measurements of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion rate did not yield the same curvilinear relationship [β = −1.97 (−3.19, −1.36)].ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that the physiological relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion rate is not necessarily hyperbolic, but will vary with the method(s) by which it is determined.
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with McConnell's Sign
Authors: Mediratta Anuj , Addetia Karima , Medvedofsky Diego , Gomberg‐Maitland Mardi , Mor‐Avi Victor , Lang Roberto M. 
Published: December 2015

Background“McConnell's sign” (McCS), described as hypo‐ or akinesis of the right ventricular (RV) free wall with preservation of the apex, is associated with acute pulmonary embolism (aPE). However, the sensitivity of McCS for the detection of aPE is limited. We sought to evaluate in patients with McCS, whether echocardiographic parameters of global and regional RV function could differentiate between patients with and without aPE.MethodsWe reviewed echocardiograms of 81 patients with McCS, who underwent CT or V/Q studies for suspected PE, and 40 normal controls (NL). Echocardiograms were analyzed to measure pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), tricuspid regurgitation (TR) by vena contracta width, conventional indices of RV function, and speckle tracking–derived longitudinal free wall strain. ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these parameters for diagnosis of aPE.ResultsFifty‐five of eighty‐one (68%) had PE (McCS + PE), while 26 of 81 (32%) did not (McCS − PE). Compared to NL, global and segmental RV strain were lower in patients with McCS, contrary to the notion of normal apical function. In McCS + PE, compared to McCS − PE: (1) PASP, fractional area change and TR were significantly lower; (2) strain magnitude was significantly lower globally and in basal and apical segments. Individual parameters had similar diagnostic accuracy by ROC analysis, which further improved by combining parameters. In McCS − PE, 69% of patients had pulmonary hypertension (PH).ConclusionsMcCS and aPE are not synonymous. RV free wall strain may aid in differential diagnosis of patients with McCS evaluated for aPE. Specifically, McCS should prompt an inquiry for evidence of PH, which would indicate that aPE is less likely.
Altered blood flow in cerebral perforating arteries of rat models of diabetes: A synchrotron radiation microangiographic study toward clinical evaluation of white matter hyperintensities
Authors: Fukuyama Naoto , Tsukamoto Yuko , Takizawa Shunya , Ikeya Yoshimori , Fujii Toshiharu , Shinozaki Yoshiro , Takahari Yoko , Kawabe Noboru , Wakana Noriaki , Umetani Keiji , Todoroki Kikue , Fukui Sayato , Tanaka Chiharu , Tanaka Etsuro , Mori Hidezo 
Published: December 2015

AimAs altered blood flow in the cerebral perforating arteries (PA) might be related to development of cerebral white matter hyperintensities, we examined whether the hemodynamic relationship of the PA and middle cerebral artery (MCA) is altered in rat models of diabetes, compared with normal rats and a rat model of sinoatrial denervation (blood pressure fluctuation model).MethodsWe used microangiography with monochromatic synchrotron radiation to measure the diameters of the PA and MCA at 4.5 μm resolution in five groups of rats: (i) Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO); (ii) Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (a model of type 2 diabetes with obesity); (iii) LETO with sinoaortic denervation (LETO + SAD); (iv) F344; and (v) F344 + streptozotocin (a model of type 1 diabetes).ResultsCompared with LETO, Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty rats showed a significant reduction in the diameter of both PA and MCA, though the PA/MCA diameter ratio was unchanged. In contrast, compared with LETO, LETO + SAD rats showed an increased MCA diameter, and the PA/MCA diameter ratio was decreased. Compared with F344 rats, the MCA diameter was increased in F344 + streptozotocin rats, and the PA/MCA diameter ratio was decreased. Scatter diagrams showed that the diameters of the PA and MCA were essentially independent of each other in the two types of diabetic models.ConclusionPA were consistently visualized at high resolution by means of microangiography using synchrotron radiation. The present results show that rat diabetic models exhibit changes in PA diameter and PA/MCA diameter ratio, which might be related to the development of diabetes‐associated cerebral white matter hyperintensities. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15 (Suppl. 1): 74–80.
THE FORMATION, GROWTH, AND CONJUGATION OF THE PRONUCLEI IN THE RAT EGG
Authors: Austin C. R. 
Published: December 2015

SYNOPSIS.A method is described whereby living rat eggs can often be observed under the phase‐contrast microscope for as long as 12–16 hours. In this way it is possible to study in vitro the changes which occur during fertilization.The observations which have been made are described and illustrated, and time‐relations are given for the changes in vitro.Information is presented on the manner in which: (a) the sperm nucleus changes to form the male pronucleus; (b) the second maturation spindle, initially in metaphase, progresses to form the female pronucleus, and is associated with the abstriction of the polar body; (c) pro‐nuclear growth appears to pass through three stages characterized by the enlargement and coalescence of primary nucleoli, the enlargement of the pronucleus, and the appearance and growth of secondary nucleoli; (d) the pronuclei, when fully developed, come into contact and then diminish and disappear, giving place to the prophase chromosomes; (e) the chromosomes are arranged on the first segmentation spindle, which then undergoes division and is succeeded by the appearance of objects resembling early zygote nuclei.Some aspects of these observations are discussed in relation to previous descriptions of fertilization based on fixed and stained material, and also in relation to Caspersson's theory of protein synthesis.
An Examination of the Function of Urine Washing in Galago senegalensis
Authors: Harcourt Caroline 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA wild, female Galago senegalensis molohi (lesser bushbaby) was radio collared and followed for 139 h. The occurrence of ‘urine washing’, wetting the hands and feet with urine, was recorded and analysed in terms of when and where it took place and with what other behaviours it was associated. Data from the present study and others indicated that urine washing did not function as an olfactory sign marking territorial boundaries. It was suggested that in this species it facilitated grip.
Influence of Experience on Prey Selection by Anax imperator Larvae (Aeschnidae‐Odonata)
Authors: Blois Catherine , Cloarec Ann 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryReactions of ultimate (F0) and penultimate (F‐1) instar Anax imperator larvae to six different experimental prey species showed that they selected preferentially chironomid larvae. They then diose, in decreasing order Corixa spec, zygopteran, ephemeropteran and trichopteran larvae and Gastropoda. The last two prey species were usually avoided. This preference order can be related to behavioural characteristics of predatory sequences and to biological characteristics of prey species. Spontaneous prey selection can be modified experimentally by exposure of predators to a given prey species: Anax imperator larvae confined to a diet of chironomid larvae subsequently ate less Corixa spec, than larvae fed only Corixa spec. Anax imperator larvae showed an increase in preference for the more familiar diet after return to a mixed diet of chironomid larvae and Corixa spec. No significant differences were found between the numbers of two prey species eaten by larvae of the two instars tested for the different groups.ZusammenfassungDie Reaktioncn von Anax imperator‐Larven des letzten (FO) und vorletzten (F‐1) Stadiums gegenüber sechs Versuchsbeutearten zeigen, daß sie hauptsächlich Cbironomus‐Larven wahlen. Weiter wählen sie der Reihe nach: Corixa spec, dann Zygopteren‐Larven, Ephemeriden‐Larven und zuletzt Gastropoden. Im allgemeinen meiden sie die zwei letztgenannten Beutearten. Diese Reihenfolge ist auf die Merkmale des Jagdverhaltens und die der Beutearten zurückzuführen. Die spontane Wahl kann experimentell verändert werden, wenn man die Raubinsekten einer bestimmten Beuteart aussetzt. Anax imperator‐Larven, die ausschließlich mit Chironomus‐Lnrven ernährt wurden, fingen später weniger Corixa als solche, die nur mit Corixa ernährt worden waren. Anax imperator‐Larven bevorzugen im Wahlversuch die ihnen geläufigste Beuteart.Es wurde kein klarer Unterschied zwischen den Anteilen zweier Beutearten gefunden, die von den Versuchslarven der zwei Entwicklungsstadien gefressen wurden.
Olfaction‐related Behavior in Collared Peccaries
Authors: Byers John A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract and SummaryIn free‐ranging collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) 20% of all social or socially‐related acts recorded were olfaction‐related. Mutual rubbing, in which two individuals rubbed their faces over each other's dorsal glands, occurred at elevated rates when herds were initiating movement, moving rapidly, or alarmed. Olfactory investigation of conspecifics, mostly nosing of the head, perineum, or dorsal gland, occurred in all contexts at a fairly constant rate, but at elevated rates when herds entered bedgrounds or played. When herds were near home range boundaries, scent marking occurred at much higher rates than when herds were further within home ranges. Scent marking and social olfactory investigation also were temporally associated with herd play bouts.ZusammenfassungFreilebende Herden von Halsbandpekkaris wurden in Arizona beobachtet. 20% aller sozialen Interaktionen enthielten geruchliche Signale. Gegeneinanderreiben von Individuen war das vorherrschende Verhalten in diesem Bereich und trat am häufigsten auf, wenn die Herden aufbrachen, sich rasch davonbewegten oder erschreckt wurden. Gegenseitiges Beschnüffeln richtete sich vorwiegend gegen Kopf, Perineum und Rückendrüse und trat in ziemlich konstanter Häufigkeit auf, gesteigert nur im Spiel und am Schlafplatz. Duftmarkieren trat gehäuft an den Grenzen des Herden‐Streifgebietes auf und häufiger als nach Zufallserwartung im Spiel.Gegenseitiges Körperreiben erzeugt wahrscheinlich eine Duftwolke über der Gruppe, die ihren Ort anzeigt; das würde erklären, warum es gehäuft in Situationen auftritt, in denen Zusammenbleiben wichtig. ist. Dieses Reiben führt wohl auch zu einem kombinierten Herdengeruch auf jedem Kopf. Das regelmäßige Beriechen deutet darauf hin, daß ständig die Herden‐Mitglied‐schaft überprüft wird. Die herdeneigenen duftmarkierten Spielplätze zeigen an, daß Gruppenspiele olfaktorisch beeinflußt werden.
Production of Blocking Antibodies by Vaccination With Husband's Lymphocytes in Unexplained Recurrent Aborters: The Role in Successful Pregnancy
Authors: TAKAKUWA KOICHI , KANAZAWA KOJI , TAKEUCHI SHOSHICHI 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: To elucidate an immunological mechanism in terms of the effectiveness of vaccination of the unexplained habitual aborters with their husband's lymphocytes, 20 patients were selected as the experimental group, and 10 fertile couples were selected as the control group.Subjects were studied by mixed lymphocyte reaction‐blocking assay so as to determine whether they had blocking antibodies (BAbs) in their sera. In the experimental group, BAb levels were found to be significantly lower as compared to the ten control multiparous wives; 17 cases (85%) of them were proved not to have sufficient BAbs. Significant sharing of HLA‐D/DR antigens was observed in experimental couples.Then, 10 out of 17 patients with evidence of no produced BAbs were vaccinated with their husband's lymphocytes, and all of them were observed to produce BAbs within three vaccinations. After vaccination, seven out of ten patients have so far become pregnant, five of these pregnancies have been successful, with evidence of continuing production of BAbs.In conclusion, vaccination of the patients with husband's lymphocytes was found to stimulate a production of BAbs, and it was thus strongly suggested that this may lead to their production in a subsequent pregnancy, which would allow its success.
On Abolishing “Death”: An Etymological Note
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe distinction is made between two uses of the word “death,” specifically, your death (the death of the other) and my death (the death of the self). It makes (logical, epistemological and phenomenological) sense for me to speak of your death, but not for me to speak of my death—inasmuch as, by reasonable definition, I cannot possibly ever experience my death. Dying is experienceable—although one can never be certain. The word death is a perfectly good word for the demise of the other; the word omega is suggested to allude to that non‐event (the cessation of the self) now routinely spoken of as “my death,”
Family Survivors of Suicide and Accidental Death: Consequences for Widows
Authors: McNiel Dale E. , Hatcher Chris , Reubin Richard 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe impact of completed suicide on the surviving family was studied. Thirteen widows whose husbands had died through suicide were compared with 13 widows whose husbands had died in accidents. The widows' views of their families' functioning, and the extent of life stress and psychiatric symptoms experienced by the widows, were assessed. Interview data suggested more guilt and blaming in suicide survivor families. However, on standardized questionnaires, suicide survivors showed no more family dysfunction, life stress, or psychiatric symptomatology than accident survivors. Both groups acknowledged clinically significant levels of symptoms. The findings raise questions about the validity of generalizations based on the clinical literature regarding the uniquely pathogenic impact of suicide on family functioning.
Changing Age Patterns of U.S. Male and Female Suicide Rates, 1934–1983
Authors: Stafford Mark C. , Weisheit Ralph A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTChanges in the age patterns of U.S. male and female suicide rates from 1934 to 1983 are examined, using official suicide data. Among whites, the age patterns of male and female suicide rates have become less concordant since about 1960. In contrast, the age patterns of nonwhite male and female suicide rates have become more concordant since the mid‐1950s. A review of sociological theories of suicide identifies problems in accounting for such changes—problems stemming in part from what has been a theoretical emphasis on cross‐sectional relations.
A Prospective Investigation of Suicidal Ideation in College Students: A Test of a Model
Authors: Bonner Ronald L. , Rich Alexander R. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIn order to test the predictive validity of a stress‐vulnerability model of suicide ideation and behavior, a longitudinal study was conducted with college undergraduates. Based on previous research (Bonner & Rich, 1987; Rich & Bonner, 1987a), measures of social/emotional alienation, adaptive resources for living, and cognitive rigidity were taken at the beginning of the semester and combined to develop a vulnerability score. Then, at midterm, measures of midterm stress and cumulative negative life stress were obtained from the same subjects. It was hypothesized that the vulnerability factor would interact with midterm and negative life stress to predict suicide ideation. Instead of an interactive model, a linear, compensatory model of suicide ideation was found. The combination of alienation, deficient adaptive resources, and life stress best predicted ideation scores. Implications for research and theory are noted.
Depression and Suicide in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Salama Aziz A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis study supports the idea that schizophrenic patients represent a distinctive subgroup of patients who can suffer from a major depressive illness and also can commit suicide. The study showed that 22.4% of the schizophrenic population in a medium‐sized psychiatric facility showed severe depressive symptoms that met the criteria for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to the DSM‐III classification. Seven patients committed suicide during the acute phase of the illness—five during hospitalization, and two within a year of discharge. Nine patients attempted suicide during the hospitalization period, and 10 attempted suicide within a year of discharge. Nearly one‐third (215) of the patients were readmitted during that year because of a recurrence of acute schizophrenic symptoms; of these, 84 were having severe depressive symptoms. The study also provides indications of the causes of suicide in these patients.
Host–plant relationships and natural enemies of the invasive mealybug, Rastrococcus iceryoides Green in Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Tanga C. M. , Ekesi S. , Govender P. , Mohamed S. A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe invasive mango mealybug, Rastrococcus iceryoides Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), believed to be native to southern Asia has rapidly invaded Kenya and Tanzania. A survey was carried out from February 2008 to July 2009 to study its geographical distribution, host–plant relationships and associated parasitoids in both countries. Our results infer that R. iceryoides is widely distributed across the coastal belts of both countries. Rastrococcus iceryoides was recorded from 29 cultivated and wild host plants from 16 families. Twenty‐one of these host plants are new records. Among the cultivated host plants, M. indica (407.68 ± 9.26/twig and 75.68 ± 7.13/leaf in Kibaha, and 595.86 ± 17.2/fruit in Kinondoni) and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh (18.15 ± 4.22/leaf and 233.62 ± 18.9/twig in Morogoro) recorded the highest levels of infestation. Parkinsonia aculeata (394.62 ± 11.7/twig, 0.15 ± 0.03/leaf and 8.44 ± 0.94/fruit in Kinango), Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb. (3.33 ± 0.76/leaf and 155.81 ± 9.16/twig in Kinondoni) and Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. (2.70 ± 0.66/leaf and 112.65 ± 5.3/twig in Kibaha) were found to be the most heavily infested wild host plants. Six parasitoid species were recovered and are reported here for the first time to parasitize R. iceryoides. Anagyrus pseudococci Girault was the most dominant species accounting for 21% parasitism on M. indica and 20% parasitism on P. aculeata in Tanzania and Kenya, respectively. Despite this, the ability of the parasitoid to regulate the population of R. iceryoides was inadequate. Therefore, there is a need for foreign exploration and introduction of efficient coevolved natural enemies from its aboriginal home of southern Asia to minimize its impact on horticulture in Africa.