bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of agronomic and fruit quality traits of fig tree varieties (Ficus carica L.) grown in Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Pereira Cristina , Serradilla Manuel J. , Pérez-Gragera Fernando , Martín Alberto , Villalobos María C. , López-Corrales Margarita 
Published: July 2017

In this work, the agronomic behaviour and fruit quality of ten varieties of common fig were evaluated for the establishment of new commercial orchards destined for fresh consumption. The following traits were measured: annual yield, cumulative yield, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and yield efficiency of each variety, as well as weight, width, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and maturation index (MI) of brebas and figs. The results show that ‘Banane’ and ‘Brown Turkey’ were the earliest to enter into production, and ‘Banane’ showed the highest annual yield in the 7th green (2014), with 76 kg/tree, followed by ‘Brown Turkey’ (57.6 kg/tree), ‘Cuello Dama Blanco’ (52 kg/tree) and ‘Colar Elche’ (39 kg/tree). On the other hand, 'Cuello Dama Blanco' and 'De Rey' exhibited the better organoleptic traits, with TSS and MI values ranged from 18.7 ºBrix and 203.3 MI (‘Cuello Dama Blanco’) to 20.4 ºBrix and 187.1 MI (‘De Rey’) for brebas and from 21.4 ºBrix and 278.7 (‘Cuello Dama Blanco’) to 23.3 ºBrix and 255.6 (‘De Rey’) for figs. This study will allow the fruit grower to select the most interesting and appropriate range of varieties based on market needs taking into account the ripening season (early, middle or late) and fruit colour (green, purple or black).
The First Hochschild Cohomology of Square Algebras With it's Stability
Authors: Hassani Feysal , Oroozaki Negin Salehi 
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we study on a special case of generalized matrix algebra that we call it square algebra. According to that Hochschild cohomology play a significant role in Geometry for example in orbifolds, we study the first Hochschild cohomology of the square algebra the vanishing of its.
Length of grow season for native tree species in different green spaces
Authors: Vaidelys Tadas , Straigytė Lina 
Published: July 2017

The grow season length of native species is a good indicator of the changing environment, especially in urban green spaces. The aim was to determine the length of the grow season for native tree species in different types of green spaces. Tree vegetation was observed in Kaunas city green spaces and peri-urban forests in 2013–2015. It was found that types of green spaces less affected the grow season length of pedanculate oak (Quercus robur L.). The differences of the oak vegetation duration between the types of green spaces were not significant for all three research years. The types of green spaces more affected the grow season length of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). The growth duration (for maple 6–12 days, for lime 10–15 days and for birch 5–9 days) was longer in broad street greeneries than in peri-urban forests. All differences of the growth duration between peri-urban forests and broad street greeneries were statistically significant. Pedanculate oak from peri-urban forests had the longest vegetation in 2013, while the vegetation of small-leaved lime from street greeneries was shortest in 2015. Pedanculate oak is the most suitable tree species to grow in urban parks and street greeneries because it has the longest grow season. Small-leaved lime is the least suitable tree species to grow in urban parks and street greeneries because it has the shortest grow season, especially in street greeneries.
Plantar pressure distribution of ostrich during locomotion on loose sand and solid ground
Authors: Zhang Rui , Han Dianlei , Ma Songsong , Luo Gang , Ji Qiaoli , Xue Shuliang , Yang Mingming , Li Jianqiao 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThe ostrich is a cursorial bird with extraordinary speed and endurance, especially in the desert, and thus is an ideal large-scale animal model for mechanic study of locomotion on granular substrate.MethodsThe plantar pressure distributions of ostriches walking/running on loose sand/solid ground were recorded using a dynamic pressure plate.ResultsThe center of pressure (COP) on loose sand mostly originated from the middle of the 3rd toe, which differed from the J-shaped COP trajectory on solid ground. At mid-stance, a high-pressure region was observed in the middle of the 3rd toe on loose sand, but three high-pressure regions were found on solid ground. The gait mode significantly affected the peak pressures of the 3rd and 4th toes (p = 1.5 × 10−6and 2.39 × 10−8, respectively), but not that of the claw (p = 0.041). The effects of substrate were similar to those of the gait mode.DiscussionGround reaction force trials of each functional part showed the 3rd toe bore more body loads and the 4th toe undertook less loads. The pressure distributions suggest balance maintenance on loose sand was provided by the 3rd and 4th toes and the angle between their length axes. On loose sand, the middle of the 3rd toe was the first to touch the sand with a smaller attack angle to maximize the ground reaction force, but on solid ground, the lateral part was the first to touch the ground to minimize the transient loading. At push-off, the ostrich used solidification properties of granular sand under the compression of the 3rd toe to generate sufficient traction.
Effect of potential vorticity flux on the circulation in the South China Sea
Authors: Zhu Yaohua , Sun Junchuan , Wang Yonggang , Wei Zexun , Yang Dezhou , Qu Tangdong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study analyzes temperature and salinity products from the U.S. Navy Generalized Digital Environment Model. To avoid the fictitious assumption of no‐motion reference level, a P‐vector inverse method is employed to derive geostrophic velocity. Line integral of geostrophic velocity shows evidence for the existence of a sandwiched circulation in the South China Sea (SCS), i.e., cyclonic circulation in the subsurface and deep layers and anticyclonic in the intermediate layer. To reveal the factors responsible for the sandwiched circulation, we derive the potential vorticity equation based on a four‐and‐a‐half‐layer quasi‐geostrophic model and apply theoretical potential vorticity constraint to density layers. The result shows that the sandwiched circulation is largely induced by planetary potential vorticity flux through lateral boundaries, mainly the Luzon Strait. This dynamical mechanism lies in the fact that the net potential vorticity inflow in the subsurface and deep layers leads to a positive layer‐average vorticity in the SCS basin, yielding vortex stretching and a cyclonic basin‐wide circulation. On the contrary, the net potential vorticity outflow in the intermediate layer induces a negative layer‐average vorticity, generating an anticyclonic basin‐wide circulation in the SCS. Furthermore, by illustrating different consequence from depth/density layers, we clarify that density layers are essential for applying theoretical potential vorticity constraint to the isolated deep SCS basin.
Deposition of mercury in forests across a montane elevation gradient: Elevational and seasonal patterns in methylmercury inputs and production
Authors: Gerson Jacqueline R. , Driscoll Charles T. , Demers Jason D. , Sauer Amy K. , Blackwell Bradley D. , Montesdeoca Mario R. , Shanley James B. , Ross Donald S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGlobal mercury contamination largely results from direct primary atmospheric and secondary legacy emissions, which can be deposited to ecosystems, converted to methylmercury, and bioaccumulated along food chains. We examined organic horizon soil samples collected across an elevational gradient on Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondack region of New York State, USA to determine spatial patterns in methylmercury concentrations across a forested montane landscape. We found that soil methylmercury concentrations were highest in the midelevation coniferous zone (0.39 ± 0.07 ng/g) compared to the higher elevation alpine zone (0.28 ± 0.04 ng/g) and particularly the lower elevation deciduous zone (0.17 ± 0.02 ng/g), while the percent of total mercury as methylmercury in soils decreased with elevation. We also found a seasonal pattern in soil methylmercury concentrations, with peak methylmercury values occurring in July. Given elevational patterns in temperature and bioavailable total mercury (derived from mineralization of soil organic matter), soil methylmercury concentrations appear to be driven by soil processing of ionic Hg, as opposed to atmospheric deposition of methylmercury. These methylmercury results are consistent with spatial patterns of mercury concentrations in songbird species observed from other studies, suggesting that future declines in mercury emissions could be important for reducing exposure of mercury to montane avian species.
Fluid migration in the mantle wedge: Influence of mineral grain size and mantle compaction
Authors: Cerpa Nestor G. , Wada Ikuko , Wilson Cian R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMineral grain size in the mantle affects fluid migration by controlling mantle permeability; the smaller the grain size, the less permeable the mantle is. Mantle shear viscosity also affects fluid migration by controlling compaction pressure; high mantle shear viscosity can act as a barrier to fluid flow. Here we investigate for the first time their combined effects on fluid migration in the mantle wedge of subduction zones over ranges of subduction parameters and patterns of fluid influx using a 2‐D numerical fluid migration model. Our results show that fluids introduced into the mantle wedge beneath the forearc are first dragged downdip by the mantle flow due to small grain size (<1 mm) and high mantle shear viscosity that develop along the base of the mantle wedge. Increasing grain size with depth allows upward fluid migration out of the high shear viscosity layer at subarc depths. Fluids introduced into the mantle wedge at postarc depths migrate upward due to relatively large grain size in the deep mantle wedge, forming secondary fluid pathways behind the arc. Fluids that reach the shallow part of the mantle wedge spread trench‐ward due to the combined effect of high mantle shear viscosity and advection by the inflowing mantle and eventually pond at 55–65 km depths. These results show that grain size and mantle shear viscosity together play an important role in focusing fluids beneath the arc.
The role of wind gusts in upper ocean diurnal variability
Authors: Giglio Donata , Gille Sarah T. , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Nguyen San 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUpper ocean processes play a key role in air‐sea coupling, with variability on both short and long time scales. The diurnal cycle associated with diurnal solar insolation and nighttime cooling, may act, along with stochastic wind variability, on upper ocean temperatures and stratification resulting in a diurnal warm layer and a nonlinear rectified effect on longer time scales. This study describes diurnal changes in upper ocean temperature for a location in the equatorial Indian Ocean, using observations from the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation field campaign, a high vertical resolution 1‐D process model, and a diurnal cycling scheme. Solar forcing is the main driver of diurnal variability in upper ocean temperature and stratification. Yet except during nighttime convection, winds with variability on the order of hours (here referred to as “wind gusts”) regulate how fast surface water is mixed to greater depths when daily mean winds are weak. Wind gusts are much stronger than diurnal winds. Even using stochastic wind gusts but no diurnal winds as input in a 1‐D process model yields an estimate of diurnal temperature that compares well with observations. A new version of the Large and Caron (2015) scheme (LC2015) provides an estimate of upper ocean diurnal temperature that is consistent with observations. LC2015 has the advantage of being suitable for implementation in a climate model, with the goal to improve SST estimates, hence the simulated heat flux at the air‐sea interface. Yet LC2015 is not very sensitive to the inclusion or omission of the high‐frequency component of the wind.
Subglacial discharge‐driven renewal of tidewater glacier fjords
Authors: Carroll Dustin , Sutherland David A. , Shroyer Emily L. , Nash Jonathan D. , Catania Ginny A. , Stearns Leigh A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe classic model of fjord renewal is complicated by tidewater glacier fjords, where submarine melt and subglacial discharge provide substantial buoyancy forcing at depth. Here we use a suite of idealized, high‐resolution numerical ocean simulations to investigate how fjord circulation driven by subglacial plumes, tides, and wind stress depends on fjord width, grounding line depth, and sill height. We find that the depth of the grounding line compared to the sill is a primary control on plume‐driven renewal of basin waters. In wide fjords the plume exhibits strong lateral recirculation, increasing the dilution and residence time of glacially‐modified waters. Rapid drawdown of basin waters by the subglacial plume in narrow fjords allows for shelf waters to cascade deep into the basin; wide fjords result in a thin, boundary current of shelf waters that flow toward the terminus slightly below sill depth. Wind forcing amplifies the plume‐driven exchange flow; however, wind‐induced vertical mixing is limited to near‐surface waters. Tidal mixing over the sill increases in‐fjord transport of deep shelf waters and erodes basin stratification above the sill depth. These results underscore the first‐order importances of fjord‐glacier geometry in controlling circulation in tidewater glacier fjords and, thus, ocean heat transport to the ice.
Multiobjective constraints for climate model parameter choices: PragmaticPareto fronts in CESM1
Authors: Langenbrunner B. , Neelin J. D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGlobal climate models (GCMs) are examples of high‐dimensional input‐output systems, where model output is a function of many variables, and an update in model physics commonly improves performance in one objective function (i.e., measure of model performance) at the expense of degrading another. Here concepts from multiobjective optimization in the engineering literature are used to investigate parameter sensitivity and optimization in the face of such trade‐offs. A metamodeling technique called cut high‐dimensional model representation (cut‐HDMR) is leveraged in the context of multiobjective optimization to improve GCM simulation of the tropical Pacific climate, focusing on seasonal precipitation, column water vapor, and skin temperature. An evolutionary algorithm is used to solve for Pareto fronts, which are surfaces in objective function space along which trade‐offs in GCM performance occur. This approach allows the modeler to visualize trade‐offs quickly and identify the physics at play. In some cases, Pareto fronts are small, implying that trade‐offs are minimal, optimal parameter value choices are more straightforward, and the GCM is well‐functioning. In all cases considered here, the control run was found not to be Pareto‐optimal (i.e., not on the front), highlighting an opportunity for model improvement through objectively informed parameter selection. Taylor diagrams illustrate that these improvements occur primarily in field magnitude, not spatial correlation, and they show that specific parameter updates can improve fields fundamental to tropical moist processes—namely precipitation and skin temperature—without significantly impacting others. These results provide an example of how basic elements of multiobjective optimization can facilitate pragmatic GCM tuning processes.
Elevation angle determination for SuperDARN HF radar layouts
Authors: Shepherd S. G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe international scientific radars known as the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) are designed to primarily measure plasma convection at ionospheric altitudes over a large region of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. SuperDARN radars are equipped with a secondary interferometry array that is used to measure the elevation angle (α) of signals. These values of α have been used in relatively few studies; however, they are important for estimating ionospheric quantities and for accurate geolocation of the ionospheric source region of backscattered signals. The majority of SuperDARN radars are constructed with interferometers that are separated from their main array in one or two dimensions, and a relatively straightforward algorithm gives reasonably accurate results. A solution to the more general case, where offsets in all three dimensions are present, is desirable for future designs and necessary for at least one operational radar. Details of such an algorithm are described here and applied to phase measurements from several radars. For radars with interferometers offset only along the radar boresight and vertical directions, small differences of up to ∼1.5° in α are observed and negative values of α, which are deemed unphysical, are no longer produced. For the radar interferometer that is offset in all three dimensions the resulting values of α are consistent with expected behavior. The algorithm presented here provides a technique for accurately determining α from SuperDARN radars with offsets in all three dimensions and significantly reduces constraints placed on the positioning of interferometers for future SuperDARN radars.
Multiple Liquid Manipulations on Patterned Surfaces with Tunable Adhesive Property
Authors: Zhong Qi‐Zhi , Yi Ming‐Han , Du Yong , He Ai , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Wan Ling‐Shu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMicro/nanostructured surfaces with designable wettability show great promise in many fields. This paper reports a new strategy for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces with tunable water adhesion force by combining multiscale surface structures and mussel‐inspired surface chemistry, which can be used for multiple liquid manipulations. Highly ordered porous films prepared by the breath figure method enable convenient construction of surfaces with honeycomb‐patterned or nanosized pincushion‐like structures. Multiple liquid manipulations including no‐loss transportation of water droplets, water collection, programmable movement of water droplets, and chemical reaction monitoring are demonstrated on the micro/nanostructured surfaces. The proposed method is facile, energy‐efficient, and can be conducted for the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces with high contrast adhesion patterns.
Modulating the Spatial Electrostatic Potential for 1D Colloidal Nanoparticles Assembly
Authors: Chen Jianmei , Huang Jing , Toma Andrea , Zhong Liubiao , Cui Zequn , Shao Weijing , Li Ziyang , Liang Wenkai , De Angelis Francesco , Jiang Lin , Chi Lifeng 
Published: July 2017

Abstract1D nanoparticle arrangements have gained widespread attention because of their unique collective physical properties and potential applications in functional devices. To push the device integration toward its intrinsic limits, the precise positioning of colloidal nanoparticles into 1D layout is still a challenging task, especially for nanoparticles in the sub‐20 nm range. In this work, a novel strategy based on the synergistic modulation of lateral and bottom electrostatic potential of grooves is applied, thus demonstrating a high‐resolution confinement of 1D colloidal nanoparticle arrays. The mechanism of spatial potential modulation is elucidated in details, through the combination of quantitative theoretical modeling and consistent experimental results. A crystal‐clear guide for the development of novel applications with both fundamental and technological perspectives is therefore provided.
Computational fluid dynamics of a horizontal hydrocyclone for freezing desalination
Authors: Junkratuek A. , Srudhiprom J. , Srinophakun T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFreezing desalination is based on the principle that ice can be nucleated and grown, while excluding impurities. The water is frozen out of aqueous solution and becomes an ice crystal. Horizontal hydrocyclones are compact and simple centrifugal separation devices that have a low pressure drop. They have great potential for separating ice slurry from brine slurry. This work presents an in‐depth study of ice‐brine separation using a horizontal hydrocyclone and computational fluid dynamics. Computational fluid dynamics fluent has been performed with the Reynolds stress model and the Eulerian‐granular approach. The effects of inlet velocity, ice inlet fraction, overflow diameter, and underflow diameter were investigated. The results show that the horizontal hydrocyclone can successfully separate ice from a brine slurry, with a lower solid volume fraction and a high inlet velocity. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete‐Time Consensus Filters for Average Tracking of Time‐Varying Inputs on Directed Switching Graphs
Authors: Li Shuai , Guo Yi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we consider discrete‐time distributed estimation on a directed graph with switching topologies. Motivated by a recent PI consensus filter, we modify the protocol and remove the limitation of undirected graph and gain conditions with requirement for global topological information. The protocol is then extended to switching topologies. Convergence analysis is conducted for constant inputs under both balanced directed and general directed graphs with topological switching. Then, the result is extended to all cases for time‐varying inputs with an analytical derivation of the error bound. Satisfactory simulation results are shown to validate theoretical claims.
Singular Perturbation Method for Smart Building Temperature Control Using Occupant Feedback
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Kar Koushik , Mishra Sandipan , Wen John T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this work we propose a framework for incorporating occupant feedback towards temperature control of multi‐occupant spaces, and analyze it using singular perturbation theory. Such a system would typically have to accommodate occupants with different temperature preferences, and incorporate that with thermal correlation among multiple zones to obtain optimal control for minimization of occupant discomfort and energy cost. In current practice, an acceptable temperature set point for the occupancy level of the zone is estimated, and the control law is designed to maintain temperature at the corresponding set point irrespective of the changes in occupancy and the preferences of multiple occupants. Proposed algorithm incorporates active occupant feedback to minimize aggregate user discomfort and total energy cost. Occupant binary feedback in the form of hot/cold or thermal comfort preference input is used by the control algorithm. The control algorithm also takes the energy cost into account, trading it off optimally with the aggregate occupant discomfort. For convergence to the optimal, sufficient separation between the occupant feedback frequency and the temperature dynamics of system is necessary; in absence of which, the occupant feedback provided do not correctly reflect the effect of current control input value on occupant discomfort. Under sufficient time scale separation, using singular perturbation theory, we establish the stability condition of the system and show convergence of the proposed solution to the desired temperature that minimizes energy cost plus occupant discomfort. The occupants are only assumed to be rational in that they choose their own comfort range to minimize individual thermal discomfort. Optimization for a multi‐zone building also takes into account the thermal correlation among different zones. Simulation study with parameters based on our test facility, and experimental study conducted in the same building demonstrates performance of the algorithm under different occupancy and ambient conditions.