Abstract 4701: A phenotypic cell-based screen to identify novel potential epigenetic anti-cancer drugs from natural compounds
Authors: Zhang Hanghang , Raynal Noël J.-M , Sato Takahiro , Okamoto Yasuyuki , Garriga Judit , Morton George , Childers Wayne , Jacobson Marlene A. , Baylin Stephen B. , Graña Xavier , Abou-Gharbia Magid , Issa Jean-Pierre J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Epigenetic aberrations such as DNA hypermethylation and repressive chromatin are validated targets for cancer chemotherapy. Since epigenetic modifications are reversible, the goal of epigenetic therapy is to reverse the abnormal alternations in cancer cells and induce tumor suppressor genes reactivation, leading to cancer cell differentiation and cell death. Thus, epigenetic enzymes are attractive drug targets in the field of drug discovery. Many known anti-cancer drugs are derived from natural compounds and there have been reports of natural compounds modulating epigenetic activity. Therefore, it would be of interest to screen natural compounds as potential epigenetic drugs. In an effort to identify novel targets that can reactivate hypermethylated silenced genes, our lab developed a phenotypic-based system, YB5. YB5 is a colon cancer cell line generated by stably transfecting SW48 cells with a vector containing GFP driven by a methylated and silenced CMV promoter. GFP re-expression can be achieved by known epigenetic drugs that lead to demethylation or induce active chromatin marks in the CMV promoter. By screening an NDL-3040 library and grouping the molecules based on chemical structures, we were able to identify three main drug classes. The Moulder Center then synthesized 60 new analogs based on class #1's lead's structure and 15 are positive in the YB5 system. The most potent analog can induce 10% GFP+ cells upon 500nM treatment. All the positive hits can also be validated in two other cancer cells (MCF7 and HCT116). Consistent with GFP reactivation, endogenous hypermethylated genes can be reactivated upon drug treatment. Also, GFP positive cells show higher endogenous gene reactivation than unsorted and GFP negative cells. By performing RNA-seq analysis upon class #1 top lead treatment followed by connectivity mapping, we identified X as the class #1 drug target. The on-target effect can be validated by using other selective X inhibitors as well as a dominant negative X construct. Consistent with drug inhibition, dominant-negative X can also reactivate drug targeted hypermethylated genes. Proliferation assays showed differential sensitivities of a panel of colon cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. These drugs can also lead to G2/M arrest and GFP positive cells are more likely to be arrested than GFP negative cells. Besides class #1 drugs, a novel class of LSD1 inhibitors was identified and the most active drug can induce 15% GFP at 5uM. Consistent with LSD1 inhibition, many known LSD1 target genes can also be upregulated. Like known LSD1 inhibitors, these compounds significantly inhibited proliferation of AML cells. We also identified some known natural compounds that have epigenetic activities, including arsenic trioxide, cardiac glycosides, and toyocamycin. Thus, many novel epigenetic drug classes derived from natural compounds were identified and can be developed by targeting silenced gene expression.
Citation Format: Hanghang Zhang, Noël J.-M Raynal, Takahiro Sato, Yasuyuki Okamoto, Judit Garriga, George Morton, Wayne Childers, Marlene A. Jacobson, Stephen B. Baylin, Xavier Graña, Magid Abou-Gharbia, Jean-Pierre J. Issa. A phenotypic cell-based screen to identify novel potential epigenetic anti-cancer drugs from natural compounds. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4701.