bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Global Value Chain Analysis of the ‘Regional Strategy’ Perspective
Authors: Mudambi Ram , Puck Jonas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this counterpoint paper we argue that the findings presented by the ‘regional strategy’ literature do not capture the full array of global activities of the multinational enterprise (MNE). While this literature makes an important contribution to the field by showing that sales and production activities in the MNE are regionally structured, we argue that this assessment is biased for two reasons. First, this approach overly focuses on geographical location of downstream activities, while disregarding that of knowledge creation and other relevant upstream activities in the MNE. Second, the approach associates the firm's value creation only with its internalized activities and does not capture the value created through any activities that are externalized. Many MNEs rely to a significant extent on value creation outside the firm's legal boundaries. We argue that such omissions are likely to lead to biased interpretations using different theoretical lenses, such as the knowledge‐/resource‐based view, internalization theory and more general transaction cost economics. Based on our reasoning, we provide recommendations for future research both within and beyond the ‘regional strategy’ literature.
Circulating dentinal antigen‐antibody immune complexes during orthodontic tooth movement in rats
Authors: Costa Tânia Maris Pedrini Soares da , Hidalgo Mirian Marubayashi , Consolaro Alberto , Lima Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira , Tanaka Evelise Ono , Trombeta Felipe Braga , Itano Eiko Nakagawa 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe immunogenic potential of dentin has been reported through dentin‐reactive autoantibodies detection in human and animal model. This study aimed to investigate the formation and diagnostic value of immune complexes formation after autoantibodies production, and soluble dentin antigens levels associated to root resorption, in the course of orthodontic tooth movement, in rat experimental model.MethodsForty Wistar rats (n = 8 for each group) were submitted to orthodontic tooth movement, in which the maxillary right first molar was mesially moved by applying of 55 g of force for 3, 7, 14, or 21 days. Untreated group was used as control. Circulating autoantibodies to rat dentinal extract, immune complexes, and soluble dentinal antigen levels were determined by immunoenzyme assays. Additionally, dentinal antigens were analyzed by immunoblot.ResultsHigher serum dentin‐reactive IgG and immune complex levels were detected in the 14‐ and 21‐day groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 respectively) but not in circulating dentinal antigen levels (p > 0.05), as compared to the control group. Reactivity was found to dentinal components with molecular mass (MM) ~120 and ~150 kDa, by immunoblot.ConclusionThis work represents the first evidence of immune complexes formation and circulating soluble dentin antigens associated to root resorption in orthodontic tooth movement. Immune complexes formation could be used to early diagnosis of external root resorption.
The Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Chaisuparat Risa , Limpiwatana Seehachart , Kongpanitkul Sanida , Yodsanga Somchai , Jham Bruno C. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in many malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the role of the Akt/mTOR pathway in oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC), a low‐grade variant of OSCC, remains unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the activation level of important markers of the Akt/mTOR pathway in OVC and to compare the results with OSCC samples.MethodsThe expression of p‐Akt (Thr308), p‐Akt (Ser473), and p‐RPS6 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 30 OSCC cases, 18 OVC cases, and 30 control cases (normal epithelium overlying fibromas). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the differences in protein expression between samples.ResultsAll OVC cases were positive for p‐Akt (Thr308), p‐Akt (Ser473), and p‐RPS6. There were significant differences in expression level of all studied proteins between OVC and control, as well as between OVC and OSCC. However, OVC showed significant lower staining scores than OSCC.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that the Akt/mTOR pathway is upregulated in OVC, indicating a role for this pathway in the development and progression of this malignancy.
Time‐dependent impact of age and comorbidities on long‐term overall survival after liver resection
Authors: Schiergens Tobias S. , Lindenthaler Andrea , Thomas Michael N. , Rentsch Markus , Mittermeier Laura , Brand Katharina , Küchenhoff Helmut , Lee Serene , Guba Markus , Werner Jens , Thasler Wolfgang E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsAdvanced age and comorbidities are known to be associated with increased perioperative risks after liver resection. However, the precise impact of these variables on long‐term overall survival (OS) remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the confounder‐adjusted, time‐dependent effect of age and comorbidities on OS following hepatectomy for primary and secondary malignancies.MethodsFrom a prospective database of 1.143 liver resections, 763 patients treated for primary and secondary malignancies were included. For time‐varying OS calculations, a Cox–Aalen model was fitted. The confounder‐adjusted hazard was compared with mortality tables of the German population.ResultsOverall, age (P = 0.003) and comorbidities (P = 0.001) were associated with shortened OS. However, time‐dependent analysis indicated that age and comorbidities had no impact on OS within 39 and 55 months after resection respectively. From this time on, a significant decline in OS was shown. Subgroup analysis indicated an earlier increase of the effect of age in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (17 months) than in those with colorectal metastases (70 months). The confounder‐adjusted hazard of 70‐year‐old patients was increased post‐operatively but dropped 66 months after surgery, and the risk of death was comparable to the general population 78 months after resection. At this time, one‐third of patients aged 70 years and older were still alive.ConclusionsWith regard to long‐term outcome, liver resection for both primary and secondary malignancies should not be categorically denied due to age and comorbidities. This information should be considered for the patient selection process and informed consent.
Effect of ready‐to‐use foods for preventing child undernutrition in Niger: analysis of a prospective intervention study over 15 months of follow‐up
Authors: Prudhon Claudine , Langendorf Céline , Roederer Thomas , Doyon Stéphane , Mamaty Abdoul‐Aziz , Woi‐Messe Lynda , Manzo Mahamane L. , de Pee Saskia , Grais Rebecca F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStrategies for preventing undernutrition comprise a range of interventions, including education, provision of complementary food and cash transfer. Here, we compared monthly distributions of two different lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS), large‐quantity LNS (LNS‐LQ) and medium‐quantity LNS (LNS‐MQ) for 15 months on prevention of undernutrition among children 6 to 23 months. Both groups also received cash transfer for the first 5 months of the intervention. We conducted a prospective intervention study in Maradi, Niger, between August 2011 and October 2012. Six and 11 villages were randomly allocated to LNS‐LQ/Cash and LNS‐MQ/Cash, respectively. Children measuring 60–80 cm were enrolled in the respective groups and followed up monthly. Poisson regression was used to assess differences between interventions and adjust for baseline characteristics, intervention periods and child‐feeding practices. The analysis included 2586 children (1081 in the LNS‐LQ/Cash group and 1505 in the LNS‐MQ/Cash group). This study suggests that provision of LNS‐LQ (reference) or LNS‐MQ had, overall, similar effect on incidence of severe acute malnutrition (RR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.67–1.40; P = 0.88), moderate acute malnutrition (RR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.97–1.48; P = 0.08), severe stunting (RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.70–1.26; P = 0.69), moderate stunting (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.76–1.19; P = 0.67) and mortality (RR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.41–1.65; P = 0.59). Compared with LNS‐LQ, LNS‐MQ showed a greater protective effect on moderate acute malnutrition among children with good dietary adequacy: RR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.56–0.94; P = 0.01. These results highlight the need to design context‐specific programmes. Provision of LNS‐LQ might be more appropriate when food insecurity is high, while when food security is better, distribution of LNS‐MQ might be more appropriate.
Using implementation research for evidence‐based programme development: a case study from Kenya
Authors: Tumilowicz Alison , McClafferty Bonnie , Neufeld Lynnette M. , Hotz Christine , Pelto Gretel H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe few available studies of programme effectiveness in nutrition find that programmes are less effective than would be predicted from the efficacy trials that are the basis for evidence‐based programming. Some of these are due to gaps in utilisation within households. To a greater extent, these gaps can be attributed to problems in programme design and implementation. ‘Implementation research in nutrition’ is an emerging area of study aimed at addressing this problem, by building an evidence base and a sound theory to design and implement programmes that will effectively deliver nutrition interventions. The purpose of this supplement to Maternal & Child Nutrition is to contribute to this growing area of implementation research. The series of papers presented and the reflections for policymaking and programmes, combined with the reflections on the application of ethnography to this area of inquiry, illustrate the value of systematic research undertaken for the purpose of supporting the design of nutrition interventions that are appropriate for the specific populations in which they are undertaken. © 2015 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Constraints and opportunities for implementing nutrition‐specific, agricultural and market‐based approaches to improve nutrient intake adequacy among infants and young children in two regions of rural Kenya
Authors: Hotz Christine , Pelto Gretel , Armar‐Klemesu Margaret , Ferguson Elaine F. , Chege Peter , Musinguzi Enock 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeveral types of interventions can be used to improve nutrient intake adequacy in infant and young child (IYC) diets, including fortified foods, home fortification, nutrition education and behaviour change communication (BCC) in addition to agricultural and market‐based strategies. However, the appropriate selection of interventions depends on the social, cultural, physical and economic context of the population. Derived from two rural Kenyan populations, this analysis combined information from: (1) a quantitative analysis to derive a set of food‐based recommendations (FBRs) to fill nutrient intake gaps in IYC diets and identify ‘problem nutrients’ for which intake gaps require solutions beyond currently available foods and dietary patterns, and (2) an ethnographic qualitative analysis to identify contextual factors posing opportunities or constraints to implementing the FBRs, including perceptions of cost, convenience, accessibility and appropriateness of the recommended foods for IYC diets and other social or physical factors that determine accessibility of those foods. Opportunities identified included BCC to increase the acceptability and utilisation of green leafy vegetables (GLV) and small fish and agronomic interventions to increase the productivity of GLV and millet. Value chains for millet, beans, GLV, milk and small fish should be studied for opportunities to increase their accessibility in local markets. Processor‐level interventions, such as partially cooked fortified dry porridge mixes or unfortified cereal mixes incorporating millet and beans, may increase the accessibility of foods that provide increased amounts of the problem nutrients. Multi‐sectoral actors and community stakeholders should be engaged to assess the feasibility of implementing these locally appropriate strategies.
Suitability of hair type for dermatophytes perforation and differential diagnosis of T. mentagrophytes from T. verrucosum
Authors: AL‐Janabi Ali Abdul Hussein S. , AI‐Tememi Nabaa N. , AI‐Shammari Rabab A. , AI‐Assadi Abdul Hadi A. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryMost of the dermatophyte species have the ability to perforate hair structure and consume its contents of keratin through secretion of keratinase enzyme. Two clinical isolated species of dermatophytes were diagnosed as Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum and Trichophyton verrucosum. To determine the perforation ability, the isolated fungi were incubated with the hair of four different animals (rabbit, rat, cow and cat) and human hairs with three different colours (black, albino and bleached yellow) for different periods. Variable perforating ability of T. mentagrophytes was shown in rat hair and all types of human hair after 15 days, while other mammalian hairs exhibited resistance to this fungal activity. On the other hand, T. verrucosum was revealed a slow perforating ability, which needed a long time (60 days) for most of tested hairs. Perforation of human black hair could be considered a diagnostic test for differentiation between T. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum. In conclusion, the treated or untreated human hair was considered more suitable to use as a source of keratin for the growth of dermatophytes than animal hairs. The human black hair was a best type of hair to use in the perforating test for differentiation between T. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum.
Reduced kidney function is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Laukkanen Jari A , Zaccardi Francesco , Karppi Jouni , Ronkainen Kimmo , Kurl Sudhir 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThere is limited knowledge on the relationship between kidney function and incidence of atrial fibrillation. Thus, this prospective study was designed to evaluate whether various biomarkers of kidney function are associated to the risk of atrial fibrillation. The study population consisted of 1840 subjects (615 women and 1225 men) aged 61–82 years. Cystatin C‐ and creatinine‐based estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys and eGRFcreat, respectively) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) were assessed to investigate their relationship with the risk of atrial fibrillation. During a median follow‐up of 3.7 years, a total of 159 incident atrial fibrillation cases occurred. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk of atrial fibrillation was increased (hazard ratio 2.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–4.81, P < 0.001) in subjects with reduced kidney function (eGFRcys, 15–59 mL/min per 1.73 m2) compared to subjects with normal kidney function (≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Similar results were also found when comparing the respective groups of subjects defined by their eGRFcreat levels (hazard ratio 2.41, CI 1.09–5.30, P = 0.029). Consistently, subjects with ACR ≥300 mg/g had an increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio 2.16, CI 1.35–2.82, P < 0.001) compared to those with ACR <30 mg/g. Reduced eGFR and albuminuria were associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation.
Developing a culturally tailored stroke prevention walking programme for Korean immigrant seniors: a focus group study
Authors: Choi Sarah E. , Kwon Ivy , Chang Emiley , Araiza Daniel , Thorpe Carol Lee , Sarkisian Catherine A. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesTo gain better understanding of (i) beliefs and knowledge about stroke; (ii) attitudes about walking for stroke prevention; and (iii) barriers and facilitators to walking among Korean seniors for the cultural tailoring of a stroke prevention walking programme.BackgroundPhysical inactivity is a major risk factor for stroke. Korean immigrant seniors are one of the most sedentary ethnic groups in the United States.DesignAn explorative study using focus group data. Twenty‐nine Korean immigrant seniors (64–90 years of age) who had been told by a doctor at least once that their blood pressure was elevated participated in 3 focus groups. Each focus group consisted of 8–11 participants.MethodsFocus group audiotapes were transcribed and analysed using standard content analysis methods.ResultsParticipants identified physical and psychological imbalances (e.g. too much work and stress) as the primary causes of stroke. Restoring ‘balance’ was identified as a powerful means of stroke prevention. A subset of participants expressed that prevention may be beyond human control. Overall, participants acknowledged the importance of walking for stroke prevention, but described barriers such as lack of personal motivation and unsafe environment. Many participants believed that providing opportunities for socialisation while walking and combining walking with health information sessions would facilitate participation in and maintenance of a walking programme.ConclusionsKorean immigrant seniors believe strongly that imbalance is a primary cause of stroke. Restoring balance as a way to prevent stroke is culturally special among Koreans and provides a conceptual base in culturally tailoring our stroke prevention walking intervention for Korean immigrant seniors.Implications for practiceA stroke prevention walking programme for Korean immigrant seniors may have greater impact by addressing beliefs about stroke causes and prevention such as physical and psychological imbalances and the importance of maintaining emotional well‐being.
Perils and Potentials of Self-Selected Entry to Epidemiological Studies and Surveys
Authors: Keiding Niels , Louis Thomas A. 
Published: January 2016

Summary
Low front-end cost and rapid accrual make Web-based surveys and enrolment in studies attractive, but participants are often self-selected with little reference to a well-defined study base. Of course, high quality studies must be internally valid (validity of inferences for the sample at hand), but Web-based enrolment reactivates discussion of external validity (generalization of within-study inferences to a target population or context) in epidemiology and clinical trials. Survey research relies on a representative sample produced by a sampling frame, prespecified sampling process and weighting that maps results to an intended population. In contrast, recent analytical epidemiology has shifted the focus away from survey-type representativity to internal validity in the sample. Against this background, it is a good time for statisticians to take stock of our role and position regarding surveys, observational research in epidemiology and clinical studies. The central issue is whether conditional effects in the sample (the study population) may be transported to desired target populations. Success depends on compatibility of causal structures in study and target populations, and will require subject matter considerations in each concrete case. Statisticians, epidemiologists and survey researchers should work together to increase understanding of these challenges and to develop improved tools to handle them.
Protothecal bursitis after simultaneous kidney/liver transplantation: a case report and review
Authors: Ramírez I. , Nieto‐Ríos J.F. , Ocampo‐Kohn C. , Aristizábal‐Alzate A. , Zuluaga‐Valencia G. , Muñoz Maya O. , Pérez J.C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSolid organ transplantation is an accepted therapy for end‐stage diseases of the kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs. Unfortunately, transplantation is associated with infectious complications. Here, we present a case report of Prototheca wickerhamii olecranon bursitis and review all of the cases in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients published in the literature to date. In our patient, the infection resolved with surgical therapy and limited antifungal therapy, and no symptoms have recurred over 24 months of follow‐up. A review of the literature suggests that 50% of SOT recipients with Prototheca infection present with disseminated infection, and the overall mortality is 75%. More studies are required to determine the optimal management of protothecosis in this population.
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is essential for BAK1‐ and BKK1‐mediated cell‐death control
Authors: Du Junbo , Gao Yang , Zhan Yanyan , Zhang Shasha , Wu Yujun , Xiao Yao , Zou Bo , He Kai , Gou Xiaoping , Li Guojing , Lin Honghui , Li Jia 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBRI1‐ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) was initially identified as a co‐receptor of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRI1. Genetic analyses also revealed that BAK1 and its closest homolog BAK1‐LIKE 1 (BKK1) regulate a BR‐independent cell‐death control pathway. The double null mutant bak1 bkk1 displays a salicylic acid‐ and light‐dependent cell‐death phenotype even without pathogen invasion. Molecular mechanisms of the spontaneous cell death mediated by BAK1 and BKK1 remain unknown. Here we report our identification of a suppressor of bak1 bkk1 (sbb1–1). Genetic analyses indicated that cell‐death symptoms in a weak double mutant, bak1–3 bkk1–1, were completely suppressed by the loss‐of‐function mutation in SBB1, which encodes a nucleoporin (NUP) 85‐like protein. Genetic analyses also demonstrated that individually knocking out three other nucleoporin genes from the SBB1‐located sub‐complex was also able to rescue the cell‐death phenotype of bak1–3 bkk1–1. In addition, a DEAD‐box RNA helicase, DRH1, was identified in the same protein complex as SBB1 via a proteomic approach. The drh1 mutation also rescues the cell‐death symptoms of bak1–3 bkk1–1. Further analyses indicated that export of poly(A)+ RNA was greatly blocked in the nup and drh1 mutants, resulting in accumulation of significant levels of mRNAs in the nuclei. Over‐expression of a bacterial NahG gene to inactivate salicylic acid also rescues the cell‐death phenotype of bak1–3 bkk1–1. Mutants suppressing cell‐death symptoms always showed greatly reduced salicylic acid contents. These results suggest that nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, especially of molecules directly or indirectly involved in endogenous salicylic acid accumulation, is critical in BAK1‐ and BKK1‐mediated cell‐death control.