bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Multidimensional Poverty in Zambia
Authors: Mahrt Kristi , Masumbu Gibson 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This chapter applies the first-order dominance (FOD) approach to assess spatial and temporal multidimensional welfare in Zambia from 1996–2010. Additionally, it extends the methodology to evaluate welfare by rural agricultural strata and urban housing cost areas. This modification is particularly insightful in rural areas, where monetary poverty has made only modest gains over the study period. Finally, it considers the sensitivity of FOD results to indicator definitions in the context of data limitations. FOD analyses indicate broad-based gains in multidimensional rural welfare driven by small-scale farm and non-agricultural rural households. Despite these welfare gains, rural households, particularly small-scale farm households, continue to lag significantly behind their urban counterparts.
Introduction
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the recent advances in random tensor models and their connections with quantum gravity, conformal field theory and statistical physics. Inspired by matrix models in two dimensions, tensor models have been introduced in the 1990s with the aim of providing a theory of random higher dimensional spaces. However, for twenty years tensor models failed to match the success of matrix models because, for a long time, a 1/N expansion for tensor models could not be found. This difficulty has recently been overcome and the appropriate 1/N expansion has been discovered. This result is at the foundation of the recent advances in the field.
Preliminaries
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe basic building blocks of random tensor models are generic tensors, that is tensors having no symmetry properties under permutations of their indices. This chapter first recalls some basic definitions and properties of generic tensors. It then presents the invariants one can build out of a tensor and its complex conjugate (its dual) and introduces a complete set of invariants, called trace invariants, which are canonically represented as edge colored graphs. Finally, it briefly introduces the invariant probability measures encoding random tensors.
Generalities on edge colored graphs
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter discusses the edge colored graphs in detail. It first presents the cellular structure of such graphs and shows that they are dual to vertex colored triangulations in any dimension. It subsequently introduces the notions of open edge colored graphs and boundary graphs, and relates them to triangulations with boundary. Finally, it defines for any edge colored graph a positive integer number, the degree, which will play a distinguished role in tensor models.
The classification of edge colored graphs
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents the classification of the edge colored graphs by the degree. It is well known that the family of combinatorial maps of fixed genus is infinite and exponentially bounded. It turns out that the same holds for edge colored graphs, where the degree plays the role of the genus: the family of graphs of fixed degree is infinite and exponentially bounded. The graphs at fixed degree are enumerated explicitly, and the generating function of the family of graphs of fixed degree is computed.
Melonic graphs
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe planar graphs of genus zero yield the leading order of the 1/N expansion of matrix models. They are replaced in the case of tensor models by the melonic graphs, of degree zero. This chapter discusses in detail the melonic graphs and the random geometry they represent. It is shown that, endowing the triangulation dual to a graph with an equilateral metric, the family of melonic triangulations converges in the Gromov–Hausdorff topology to the continuous random tree (branched polymer random geometry in the physics literature).
The Battle for the Border
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The multiple challenges faced by the early Border Patrol and its efforts to overcome them are the themes of Chapter 2. It first focuses on how local residents and immigration inspectors pursued open border policies so as to sustain Prohibition era economic growth. Their vision of the border as an economic zone fueled local opposition to the emergence of the Border Patrol. The second part of the chapter describes how federal ambivalence regarding the Border Patrol left it without the resources necessary to carry out its mandate. In an effort to compensate for all of these weaknesses, the unit, as described in the third part of the chapter, resorted to the law, devising a broad vision of border enforcement. Yet, as the final part of the chapter explains, the Patrol’s efforts only generated more debates about the nature of immigration law enforcement and the very meaning of the border.
Repatriation and Reform
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the immigration agency’s internal reform efforts during the Great Depression. In the early years of the economic crisis, the revival of nativism led states, localities, and the federal government to undertake repatriation and deportation drives. Through its participation in these deportation drives, the INS developed a highly aggressive approach to border enforcement. The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his appointment of progressive-minded leaders to the Department of Labor and the INS led the agency to conduct an internal review of its deportation procedures and institute a series of reforms. In this endeavor, southwestern INS officials were active, albeit reluctant, participants. Yet in spite of their ambivalence, their contributions to the reform movement illustrate how local INS officials made and remade the nation’s immigration laws.
An Agency in Crisis
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Chapter 4 supplies a history of the Bracero Program and its implementation by the INS. Upon its inception in 1942, the United States and Mexico described the program in highly aspirational terms as an expression of the Good Neighbor policy. Yet it presented federal agencies such as the INS with the complex realities of implementing a binational agricultural employment program that led to the hiring of 4.5 million guest workers over the course of twenty-two years. Faced with an enduring shortage of money, manpower, and materiel to implement the Bracero Program, the INS in the 1940s was in a state of disarray. Local agency officials found themselves buffeted by competing pressures to carry out the agricultural employment, as well as immigration, duties surrounding the Bracero Program, and to simultaneously open the line to bracero workers and close it to undocumented immigrants.
The Federal Regulation of the US–Mexico Border
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Chapter 6 is a history of Operation Wetback, a massive deportation drive conducted by the federal government in 1954. While it is remembered as an apex in the history of the INS, a sign of the agency’s strength, and a moment in which it had achieved control over the US–Mexico border, this chapter argues that the campaign bore the hallmarks of a decades-long struggle by the INS to define a strong immigration law enforcement policy. Facing an ongoing shortage of money, manpower, and material, the new INS Commissioner, General Joseph Swing, devised a border enforcement strategy that drew upon old legal innovations devised by local agency officials in the Southwest. Moreover, Swing’s plan ultimately regulated, rather than closed, the line. It specifically opened the border to guest workers through a revamped Bracero Program, and closed it to undocumented immigrants by means of removal operations such as Operation Wetback.
Conclusion
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The conclusion provides an overview of developments in contemporary American immigration policy from 1954 to the present. Faced with the same dilemmas—how to open the borders to the free flow of trade, travelers, and commerce while closing it to the entry of undocumented immigrants and security threats—immigration policymakers have relied on old solutions. Border Patrol raids, legalization programs, guest worker agreements, and border crossing cards have been and continue to be central features of American immigration policy today. Yet by adopting the once ad hoc practices created by local immigration inspectors and Border Patrol officers, national policymakers also inherited their costs and consequences, the most serious of which included the arbitrariness, corruption, and even violence surrounding Border Patrol operations.
Open Surgical Release of Posttraumatic Elbow Contracture in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Piper Samantha L. , Lattanza Lisa L. , Shen Tony S. , Wall Lindley B. , Goldfarb Charles A. 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Posttraumatic elbow contractures in children and adolescents are challenging to manage, and studies investigating surgical treatment are limited by the rarity of this condition. Small case series have shown variable gains in immediate and long-term elbow arc of motion after open surgical release. We reviewed our experience with open surgical release of posttraumatic elbow contracture in patients <21 years old at 2 institutions.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review identified patients who underwent posttraumatic open elbow contracture release by 2 surgeons at 2 institutions between 2006 and 2013. Nontraumatic contractures and arthroscopic releases were excluded. Twenty-six patients were included in this study. Mean age at the time of injury was 12 years (5 to 19 y) and at the time of surgery was 14 years (7 to 20 y). Capsulotomy, osteoplasty, removal of hardware, ulnar nerve release or transposition, and ligament reconstruction were performed through medial and lateral approaches as indicated by the pathology. Ten patients had ligament repair or stabilization, and 16 patients used a continuous passive motion (CPM) postoperatively. Outcomes included active range of motion and complications.

Results:
Mean time from injury to surgical release was 29 months. Mean postoperative follow-up was 42 months. Elbow active flexion-extension and forearm rotation arcs both increased significantly by a mean of 49 and 70 degrees, respectively, at final follow-up. A mean 85% of intraoperative flexion-extension arc was maintained at final follow-up. Ligament repair or reconstruction and the use of a postoperative CPM did not significantly change these outcomes. Outcomes were not significantly different if our contracture release was performed within a year from injury. Patients who had surgery before our contracture release had decreased restoration of forearm rotation after release. Complications included 2 recurrent contractures (1 used a CPM and 1 did not), and 2 postoperative ulnar neuropathies (1 used a CPM and 1 did not).

Conclusions:
Open contracture release for posttraumatic elbow contracture in an adolescent population can significantly improve active range of motion.

Level of Evidence:
Level 3—therapeutic.
Outcomes of Pediatric Fractures Managed With Closed Reduction by Orthopaedic Residents in the Emergency Department
Authors: Natarajan Vivek , Abebe Ermias , Dunlap James , Bosch Patrick , Dede Ozgur , Ward W. Timothy , Roach James 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Closed reduction of pediatric fractures is commonly performed by orthopaedic residents using conscious sedation in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of satisfactory reductions as performed by residents, and to determine the outcomes of these procedures.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed of all fractures that underwent closed reduction under conscious sedation in the ED of a level 1 pediatric trauma center between January 1, 2010 and November 30, 2014. Initial and subsequent radiographs were reviewed and a determination was made as to whether the initial reduction was satisfactory, based on predetermined criteria for angulation and displacement. If a second reduction attempt in the operating room was necessary, this was noted. Chart notes were reviewed until a documented endpoint was reached, such as uneventful healing, malunion, nonunion, or growth arrest.

Results:
A total of 838 subjects were identified. The upper extremity was involved in 85% of the fractures. Of the initial 838 fracture reductions performed, 39 (4.7%) were unsatisfactory. Residents on their first pediatric orthopaedic rotation had a higher unsatisfactory reduction rate compared with more experienced residents (7.0% vs. 3.4%, P=0.01). A second reduction was performed for 94 of 749 (12.6%) fractures. Of these, 35 (37.2%) required an open procedure to accomplish a satisfactory reduction. Fractures with initially satisfactory reductions were significantly less likely to require a second reduction attempt than those with initially unsatisfactory reductions (9.2% vs. 80.0%, P<0.01). The likelihood of a satisfactory reduction was significantly higher in the upper extremity than in the lower extremity. Overall, the vast majority (99.2%) of fractures had a satisfactory final outcome.

Conclusions:
Most attempts at closed reduction of pediatric fractures in the ED by orthopaedic residents are successful, and the likelihood of a satisfactory reduction was associated with increased levels of resident experience. Fractures with an initially successful reduction were far less likely to require remanipulation.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—this is a therapeutic case series.
Intraoperative Electrocochleography: A Window Into Endolymphatic Hydrops in a Patient With an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
Authors: Riggs William J. , Catalano Dominic J. , Harris Michael S. , Adunka Oliver F. , Moberly Aaron C. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives:
Intraoperative electrocochleography (ECochG) provides valuable information regarding inner ear function during surgical procedures. Here, we report findings from ECochG collected at three time intervals during the management of a patient with symptoms of inner ear hydrops.

Patients:
A 38-year-old man with an endolymphatic sac tumor who demonstrated classic Ménière's symptoms.

Interventions:
Endolymphatic shunt, tumor biopsy, and definitive resection of an endolymphatic sac tumor.

Main Outcome Measures:
Intraoperative ECochG measurements at three time intervals, using frequency-specific tone bursts and clicks.

Results:
Across time intervals, the amplitude of ECochG summation potential (SP) responses decreased for tone bursts of all frequencies. On the other hand, the SP response to the click stimulus, and the ratio of the SP to action potential (AP), basically remained unchanged across time points.

Conclusions:
Results suggest that the absolute amplitude of the SP response to frequency-specific tone bursts may be more sensitive to inner ear hydrops than the traditionally used SP/AP ratio as a response to click stimuli.
Swallowing after transoral surgery for oropharyngeal cancer: comparison with primary chemoradiotherapy outcomes
Authors: Dawe Nicholas , O’Hara James 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of reviewSurvival equipoise is recognized between the contemporary surgical and oncological approaches to oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treatment. Primary transoral surgery (TOS) options have emerged that utilize either laser or robotic techniques. Our review presents an overview of the evidence available for swallowing outcomes following TOS approaches and compares these with outcomes following primary oncological management.Recent findingsMeta-analysis of swallow outcomes following TOS or (chemo)radiotherapy is not possible given the heterogeneity of the available data. There are suggestions of less swallowing impairment following primary TOS, but the favourable selection of patients to these case series must be considered.SummaryMinimizing swallowing impairment following oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treatment, while ensuring oncological efficacy, should be a priority for head and neck healthcare providers. Primary TOS may offer an advantage to patients, but only through a team approach that considers how adjuvant oncological therapy could be tailored to individuals. High-quality clinical trials are in progress that will inform future practice.
Transoral surgery vs intensity-modulated radiotherapy for early supraglottic cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Swanson Mark S. , Low Garren , Sinha Uttam K. , Kokot Niels 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
To provide clinicians with a critical review of outcomes for endolaryngeal surgery and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for early-stage supraglottic cancer.

Recent findings
A total of 971 potential articles were reviewed, with inclusion of 14 studies comparing IMRT with transoral surgery. One study analyzed IMRT, one transoral robotic surgery, and the remaining were transoral laser microsurgery studies. A weighted average and 95% confidence interval of all surgery patients showed a local control of 90.36 ± 1.14% (n = 118) for T1 lesions, 83.09 ± 1.36% (n = 232) for T2 lesions, and 86.38 ± 0.82% (n = 429) overall. The one study examining IMRT outcomes reported a local control of 70 ± 10.07% and overall survival of 63% over 5 years for T2 lesions (n = 78), with no reported T1 data or secondary outcomes.

Summary
Endolaryngeal surgery as definitive therapy for T1 and T2 supraglottic cancer has excellent local control. Although endolaryngeal surgery performed better than IMRT, the data are limited, and a definitive comparison with surgery cannot be made. Additional studies are required.
Novel Abundant Oceanic Viruses of Uncultured Marine Group II Euryarchaeota Identified by Genome-Centric Metagenomics
Authors: Philosof Alon , Yutin Natalya , Flores-Uribe José , Sharon Itai , Koonin Eugene V. , Béjà Oded 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMarine Group II Euryarchaeota (MGII) are among the most abundant microbes in the oceanic surface waters. So far, however, representatives of MGII have not been cultivated, and no viruses infecting these organisms have been described. Here we present complete genomes for 3 distinct groups of viruses assembled from metagenomic sequence datasets highly enriched for MGII. These novel viruses, which we denote Magroviruses, possess double-stranded DNA genomes of 65 to 100 kilobase in size that encode a structural module characteristic of head-tailed viruses and, unusually for archaeal and bacterial viruses, a nearly complete replication apparatus of apparent archaeal origin. The newly identified Magroviruses are widespread and abundant, and therefore are likely to be major ecological agents.
New insight into plant intramembrane proteases
Authors: Adamiec Małgorzata , Misztal Lucyna , Luciński Robert 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThe process of proteolysis is a factor involved in control of the proper development of the plant and its responses to a changeable environment. Recent research has shown that proteases are not only engaged in quality control and protein turnover processes but also participate in the process which is known as regulated membrane proteolysis (RIP). Four families of integral membrane proteases, belonging to three different classes, have been identified: serine intramembrane proteases known as rhomboid proteases, site-2 proteases belonging to zinc metalloproteases, and two families of aspartic proteases: presenilins and signal peptide peptidases. The studies concerning intramembrane proteases in higher plants are, however, focused onArabidopsis thaliana. The aim of the study was to identify and retrieve protein sequences of intramembrane protease homologs from other higher plant species and perform a detailed analysis of their primary sequences as well as their phylogenetic relations. This approach allows us to indicate several previously undescribed issues which may provide important directions for further research.
Behavioral responses of household ants (Hymenoptera) to odor of different coffee species and formulations: Sustainability approach for green pest management strategies
Authors: Ab Majid Abdul Hafiz , Dieng Hamady , Ellias Siti Salbiah , Satho Tomomitsu 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYOdor sensation is a sensory modality of considerable significance in the foraging behavior and interactional organization of ants. In the food bait technology, smell is the basis of attraction, which in turn, is the initial line of bait use and a key parameter for judging efficacy. Yet, baits that are currently available possess low attractiveness to many ant pests. Hence, strategies to produce ant bait with increased attractiveness are needed. Despite evidence that coffee has a diverse aroma complex that affects the behavior of honey bees, which share many social and genetic traits with ants, its attraction to formicine foragers have yet to be investigated. In a series of Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, we examined the behavioral responses ofTapinoma indicum(TI),Monomorium pharaonis(MP) andSolenopsis geminata(SG) to various coffee-induced odor stimuli, comprised of extracts from Arabica, Robusta and Liberica. All coffee species showed an influence on the behavior of TI, MP and SG workers, but the clearest effect was seen with Arabica. The workers of TI, MP and SG were more attracted to the odor of 0.01% Arabica extract (ONE), in comparison with 0.05% Arabica extract (TWO) or 0.05% Arabica extract (THREE). Arabica extract mixed with sugar (S) elicited significant attraction from workers of all three species when in balanced competition with either unsweetened Arabica extract or water. These results indicate that coffee, particularly Arabica is attractive to the foragers of TI, MP and SG, and can encourage the use of coffee in bait development. As coffee is already accepted in most human societies, the development of coffee-based bait may be an attractive option.
Functional regulatory evolution outside of the minimaleven-skippedstripe 2 enhancer
Authors: Crocker Justin , Stern David L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTranscriptional enhancers are regions of DNA that drive gene expression at precise times, levels, and locations. While many studies have elucidated how individual enhancers can evolve, most of this work has focused on what are called “minimal” enhancers, the smallest DNA regions that drive expression that approximates an aspect of native gene expression. Here we explore how theDrosophila erecta even-skipped(eve) locus has evolved by testing its activity in the divergentD. melanogastergenome. We found, as has been reported previously, that the minimalD. erecta evestripe 2 enhancer (eveS2) fails to drive appreciable expression inD. melanogaster[1]. However, we found that a large transgene carrying the entireD. erecta evelocus drives normaleveexpression, including in stripe 2. We performed a functional dissection of the region upstream of theD. erecta eveS2region and found that regulatory information outside of the minimalD. erecta eveS2contains multiple Zelda motifs that are required for normal expression. Our results illustrate how sequences outside of minimal enhancer regions can evolve functionally through mechanisms other than changes in transcription factor binding sites that drive patterning.