bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling
Authors: Hsieh Ying-Hen 
Published: December 2015

Background. Since the emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, more than 1,300 laboratory confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infections have been reported in Asia, North Africa, and Europe by July 2015. The recent MERS-CoV nosocomial outbreak in South Korea quickly became the second largest such outbreak with 186 total cases and 36 deaths in a little more than one month, second only to Saudi Arabia in country-specific number of reported cases.Methods. We use a simple mathematical model, the Richards model, to trace the temporal course of the South Korea MERS-CoV outbreak. We pinpoint its outbreak turning point and its transmissibility via basic reproduction numberR0in order to ascertain the occurrence of this nosocomial outbreak and how it was quickly brought under control.Results. The estimated outbreak turning point ofti= 23.3 days (95% CI [22.6–24.0]), or 23–24 days after the onset date of the index case on May 11, pinpoints June 3–4 as the time of the turning point or the peak incidence for this outbreak by onset date.R0is estimated to range between 7.0 and 19.3.Discussion and Conclusion. The turning point of the South Korea MERS-CoV outbreak occurred around May 27–29, when control measures were quickly implemented after laboratory confirmation of the first cluster of nosocomial infections by the index patient. Furthermore, transmissibility of MERS-CoV in the South Korea outbreak was significantly higher than those reported from past MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East, which is attributable to the nosocomial nature of this outbreak. Our estimate ofR0for the South Korea MERS-CoV nosocomial outbreak further highlights the importance and the risk involved in cluster infections and superspreading events in crowded settings such as hospitals. Similar to the 2003 SARS epidemic, outbreaks of infectious diseases with low community transmissibility like MERS-CoV could still occur initially with large clusters of nosocomial infections, but can be quickly and effectively controlled with timely intervention measures.
An Introduction to Genome Annotation
Authors: Campbell Michael S. , Yandell Mark 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGenome projects have evolved from large international undertakings to tractable endeavors for a single lab. Accurate genome annotation is critical for successful genomic, genetic, and molecular biology experiments. These annotations can be generated using a number of approaches and available software tools. This unit describes methods for genome annotation and a number of software tools commonly used in gene annotation. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Initial tsunami source estimation by inversion with an intelligent selection of model parameters and time delays
Authors: Mulia Iyan E. , Asano Toshiyuki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe propose a method for accurately estimating the initial tsunami source. Our technique is independent of the earthquake parameters, because we only use recorded tsunami waveforms and an auxiliary basis function, instead of a fault model. We first use the measured waveforms to roughly identify the source area using backward propagated travel times, and then infer the initial sea surface deformation through inversion analysis. A computational intelligence approach based on a genetic algorithm combined with a pattern search was used to select appropriate least squares model parameters and time delays. The proposed method significantly reduced the number of parameters and suppressed the negative effect of regularization schemes that decreased the plausibility of the model. Furthermore, the stochastic approach for deriving the time delays is a more flexible strategy for simulating actual phenomena that occur in nature. The selected parameters and time delays increased the accuracy, and the model's ability to reveal the underlying physics associated with the tsunami‐generating processes. In this paper, we applied the method to the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki tsunami event and examined its effectiveness by comparing the results to those using the conventional method.
Forcing and variability of nonstationary rip currents
Authors: Long J. W. , Özkan‐Haller H.T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSurface wave transformation and the resulting nearshore circulation along a section of coast with strong alongshore bathymetric gradients outside the surf zone are modeled for a consecutive 4 week time period. The modeled hydrodynamics are compared to in situ measurements of waves and currents collected during the Nearshore Canyon Experiment and indicate that for the entire range of observed conditions, the model performance is similar to other studies along this stretch of coast. Strong alongshore wave height gradients generate rip currents that are observed by remote sensing data and predicted qualitatively well by the numerical model. Previous studies at this site have used idealized scenarios to link the rip current locations to undulations in the offshore bathymetry but do not explain the dichotomy between permanent offshore bathymetric features and intermittent rip current development. Model results from the month‐long simulation are used to track the formation and location of rip currents using hourly statistics, and results show that the direction of the incoming wave energy strongly controls whether rip currents form. In particular, most of the offshore wave spectra were bimodal and we find that the ratio of energy contained in each mode dictates rip current development, and the alongshore rip current position is controlled by the incident wave period. Additionally, model simulations performed with and without updating the nearshore morphology yield no significant change in the accuracy of the predicted surf zone hydrodyanmics indicating that the large‐scale offshore features (e.g., submarine canyon) predominately control the nearshore wave‐circulation system.
Ocean processes underlying surface clustering
Authors: Jacobs Gregg A. , Huntley Helga S. , Kirwan A. D. , Lipphardt Bruce L. , Campbell Timothy , Smith Travis , Edwards Kacey , Bartels Brent 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAgeostrophic ocean processes such as frontogenesis, submesoscale mixed‐layer instabilities, shelf break fronts, and topographic interactions on the continental shelf produce surface‐divergent flows that affect buoyant material over time. This study examines the ocean processes leading to clustering, i.e., the increase of material density over time, on the ocean surface. The time series of divergence along a material trajectory, the Lagrangian divergence (LD), is the flow property driving clustering. To understand the impacts of various ocean processes on LD, numerical ocean model simulations at different resolutions are analyzed. Although the relevant processes differ, patterns in clustering evolution from the deep ocean and the continental shelf bear similarities. Smaller‐scale ocean features are associated with stronger surface divergence, and the surface material clustering is initially dominated by these features. Over time, the effect of these small‐scale features becomes bounded, as material traverses small‐scale regions of both positive and negative divergence. Lower‐frequency flow phenomena, however, continue the clustering. As a result, clustering evolves from initial small‐scale to larger‐scale patterns.
Antarctic icebergs distributions 1992–2014
Authors: Tournadre J. , Bouhier N. , Girard‐Ardhuin F. , Rémy F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBasal melting of floating ice shelves and iceberg calving constitute the two almost equal paths of freshwater flux between the Antarctic ice cap and the Southern Ocean. The largest icebergs (>100 km2) transport most of the ice volume but their basal melting is small compared to their breaking into smaller icebergs that constitute thus the major vector of freshwater. The archives of nine altimeters have been processed to create a database of small icebergs (<8 km2) within open water containing the positions, sizes, and volumes spanning the 1992–2014 period. The intercalibrated monthly ice volumes from the different altimeters have been merged in a homogeneous 23 year climatology. The iceberg size distribution, covering the 0.1–10,000 km2 range, estimated by combining small and large icebergs size measurements follows well a power law of slope −1.52 ± 0.32 close to the −3/2 laws observed and modeled for brittle fragmentation. The global volume of ice and its distribution between the ocean basins present a very strong interannual variability only partially explained by the number of large icebergs. Indeed, vast zones of the Southern Ocean free of large icebergs are largely populated by small iceberg drifting over thousands of kilometers. The correlation between the global small and large icebergs volumes shows that small icebergs are mainly generated by large ones breaking. Drifting and trapping by sea ice can transport small icebergs for long period and distances. Small icebergs act as an ice diffuse process along large icebergs trajectories while sea ice trapping acts as a buffer delaying melting.
On the specification of background errors for wave data assimilation systems
Authors: Portilla‐Yandún Jesús , Cavaleri Luigi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a new methodology is proposed for the computation of Background Errors in wave data assimilation systems. Background errors define the spatial influence of an observation in the model domain. Since at present the directional wave spectrum is the fundamental variable of both state‐of‐the‐art numerical models and most modern instrumentation, this is at the core of the proposed methodology. The advantage of the spectral approach is that the wave spectrum contains detailed information of the different wave systems and physical processes at work (e.g., wind‐sea or swells). These systems have different origins and may be driven by different mechanisms, having therefore different spatial structures, length scales, and sensitivity to local wind conditions. The presented method enables making consistent and specific corrections to each component of the spectrum, in time and space. The innovations presented here require an integral look at the data assimilation algorithm for which a suitable scheme is also proposed. Examples of computed background errors are presented for shelf and oceanic basins showing the spatial structures of the different wave systems active in these areas.
Extraction of cross sections from digital elevation model for one‐dimensional dam‐break wave propagation in mountain valleys
Authors: Pilotti Marco 
Published: December 2015

AbstractShallow Water Equations (SWE) provide a fundamental component for the quantification and mapping of hydraulic hazard. In steep mountain valleys, the use of one‐dimensional SWE (also known as St. Venant Equations, SVE) is often legitimate and computationally competitive against two‐dimensional solvers. However, in the same environment, the solution of SVE is hindered by the need of an accurate bathymetric reconstruction, which implies a number of cross sections which cannot be readily acquired by conventional field surveys. On the other hand, Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with resolution adequate for studies of flood propagation are available in many areas of the world. In this paper, I propose to compute cross sections automatically by operating along the channel network derived from a valley's raster DEM, on the basis of algorithms that hitherto have been used for geomorphological and hydrological purposes. The extraction process can be refined by varying cross section inter‐distance and width, in order to prevent superimpositions that might occur due to the sinuosity of the thalweg and to better capture the valley's local topography. At the end of this process, the geometric functions needed by SVE solvers can be computed for each cross section. A software tool that implements the described algorithm is provided to the scientific community.
Iron(III)/Iodine‐Catalyzed C(sp2)H Activation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes/Ketones with Amidines: Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles
Authors: Wu Ping , Qu Jinpeng , Li Yaxuan , Guo Xin , Tang Dong , Meng Xu , Yan Rulong , Chen Baohua 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient methodology to access a library of 1,2,4,5‐tetrasubstituted imidazoles from a broad range of amidines and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes/ketones via a C(sp2)H amination has been developed. This method represents a new and simple way to prepare highly substituted imidazoles from easily available starting materials, inexpensive catalysts, and with good functional group tolerance in good to excellent yields.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations of 1,2‐Azolo[1,5‐a]pyridines using Copper(I) Chloride as a Lewis Acid Activator and the Synthesis of 2,6‐Disubstituted Pyridines
Authors: Oh Kyung Hwan , Kim Seong Min , Lee Mi Jung , Park Jin Kyoon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA direct method for the arylation of 1,2‐azolo[1,5‐a]pyridines has been developed. In the process, the fused pyridines react with aryl halides in the presence of the palladium complex Pd(OAc)2(Phen) as a catalyst and copper(I) chloride (CuCl) as a Lewis acid to form arylated derivatives. While pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines and [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines are arylated at ortho‐positions of their pyridine rings using this method, in situ ring‐opening of the formed C‐7 arylated [1,5‐a]pyridine takes place to generate the 2,6‐disubstituted pyridine. Also, upon treatment with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), C‐7 arylated pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylates react to produce diversely substituted 2,6‐disubstituted pyridines. Finally, a sequential C‐3 arylation was accomplished through a two‐step sequence involving hydrolysis of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylates followed by the bimetallic Pd/Cu‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction with aryl bromide.magnified image
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Biocatalytic Monoamination of a Triketone Enables Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Xenovenine Employing Transaminases
Authors: Payer Stefan E. , Schrittwieser Joerg H. , Grischek Barbara , Simon Robert C. , Kroutil Wolfgang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe (+)‐ as well as the (−)‐enantiomer of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid xenovenine were prepared within five steps with 17 and 30% overall yields, respectively, in optically pure form, >99% ee as well as >99% de. In the asymmetric key step a transaminase performed a regio‐ and stereoselective monoamination of a triketone. By employing two enantiocomplementary transaminases from Arthrobacter sp. both enantiomers were accessible. The triketone was readily prepared via two steps starting from commercially available, achiral 2‐(n‐heptyl)furan. In the final catalytic hydrogenation step, the newly introduced chiral centre directed hydrogen addition to form preferentially the desired (5Z,8E)‐diastereomer. The regio‐ and stereoselective amination of a single ketone moiety out of three allowed the performance of the shortest and highest yielding total synthesis of the bicyclic showcase pyrrolizidine alkaloid without the need for protecting strategies.magnified image
Asymmetric Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes using a Cinchona–Diaminomethylenemalononitrile Organocatalyst
Authors: Hirashima Shin‐ichi , Arai Ryoga , Nakashima Kosuke , Kawai Nobuaki , Kondo Junko , Koseki Yuji , Miura Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFor the asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes, an efficient organocatalytic approach with a diaminomethylenemalononitrile‐based hydrogen‐bonding donor catalyst is presented. The catalyst induces high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% yield, 96% ee).magnified image
Sequential Functionalization of the OH and C(sp2)O Bonds of Tropolones by Alkynes and N‐Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Seo Boram , Jeon Woo Hyung , Kim Chul‐Eui , Kim Sanghyuck , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSequential copper‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition, rhodium‐catalyzed OH insertion, intramolecular 1,8‐addition, and rearrangement starting from 1‐alkynes, N‐sulfonyl azides, and tropolones is demonstrated for the synthesis of the 2‐functionalized aminotropones in one pot. These results indicate that sequential functionalization of OH and C(sp2)O bonds smoothly occurs in the C(sp2)OH bonds of tropolonemagnified image
β‐Cyclodextrin Improves Solubility and Enzymatic C‐Glucosylation of the Flavonoid Phloretin
Authors: Bungaruang Linda , Gutmann Alexander , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNothofagin is a prominent bioactive ingredient of rooibos tea. We recently reported its synthesis through a glucosyltransferase cascade reaction involving 3′‐C‐β‐D‐glucosylation of the dihydrochalcone phloretin from uridine 5′‐diphosphate (UDP)‐glucose and in situ formation of UDP‐glucose from sucrose and catalytic amounts of UDP. Here we show that the limitation in process efficiency caused by the vanishingly low water solubility of phloretin – a major problem for biocatalytic modifications of hydrophobic natural products in general – was overcome effectively using phloretin inclusion complexation with β‐cyclodextrin. Unlike operating in a two‐phase system containing uncomplexed insoluble phloretin or using organic cosolvents, the addition of β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was well tolerated regarding enzyme activity and stability. Besides enhancing the effective phloretin concentration in water (∼0.2 mM) to about 50 mM, inclusion complexation offered the additional advantage of overcoming the complex inhibition/inactivation effect of the free/microaggregated dihydrochalcone acceptor. Thus oversaturated phloretin solution was transformed in a single batch reaction in excellent conversion (99% in solution; 88% overall) and isolated yield (78%; 17.0 g L−1). The UDP‐glucose was regenerated up to ∼90 times and the nothofagin space‐time yield of 2.4 mM h−1 presented an eight‐fold improvement compared to a reference reaction using 20% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and requiring controlled phloretin feed. We thus demonstrate the high potential of inclusion complexation by cyclodextrins for boosting the glycosylation of hydrophobic flavonoid‐like natural products.magnified image
Copper/Nafion‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation Process Involving Ketenimine Intermediates: A Novel and Synthetic Approach to 4‐Sulfonamidoquinoline‐2‐ones and Derivatives Thereof
Authors: Reichart Benedikt , Guedes de la Cruz Gema , Zangger Klaus , Kappe C. Oliver , Glasnov Toma 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA copper(II)/NafionNR50‐catalyzed cascade is demonstrated, wherein in situ keteneimine formation and hydroarylation processes are involved. Various substituted 4‐sulfonamidoquinolin‐2‐ones and various derivatives thereof were obtained. The robust toluenesulfonamide protecting group can be removed on demand in a mild light‐promoted process to provide access to otherwise difficult to obtain 4‐aminoquinolin‐2‐ones.magnified image
Social Networks and Restaurant Ratings
Authors: Tiwari Ashutosh , Richards Timothy J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTWhen choosing among restaurants, consumers either look to their peers or to anonymous reviews on the Internet. In this study, we examine the impact of peer versus anonymous social networks on restaurant ratings and revisitation intent. We find that peer networks are substantially more effective in driving consumers' preferences for restaurants, even after controlling for the endogeneity of peer ratings, and that negative reviews have a greater impact on preferences than do positive reviews. Our results suggest a more general finding, namely, that peer networks may be more effective than anonymous networks for many important, complex choices. [EconLit citations: D12, L11, M31, Q13].
Prevalence of confirmed asthma varies in chronic rhinosinusitis subtypes
Authors: Promsopa Chakapan , Kansara Sagar , Citardi Martin J. , Fakhri Samer , Porter Paul , Luong Amber 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma describe inflammation of the upper and lower airway, respectively. Not surprisingly, the prevalence of CRS and asthma has been linked, with up to 50% asthma prevalence in CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) patients. However, these prevalence rates do not address subtypes of CRSwNP including allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). This study sets out to objectively determine asthma prevalence in CRS subtypes prospectively.MethodsA prospective prevalence study of adult CRS patients was conducted over a 1‐year period at a tertiary care center. Patients were grouped into CRSwNP, CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP), or AFRS. Patients were administered the Asthma Screening Questionnaire (ASQ) and asthma was confirmed by pulmonary function testing (PFT) if positive on the ASQ. Chi square analysis was performed to compare the asthma prevalence among the CRS subtypes.ResultsA total of 410 patients (age 48.1 ± 16.4; 53.5% male) were included. Of these, 178 (43.4%) had CRSwNP, 166 (40.5%) had CRSsNP, and 66 (16.1%) met criteria for AFRS. Analysis revealed that 48.3% of CRSwNP patients, 16.5% of CRSsNP patients, and 23.6% of AFRS patients had asthma confirmed by PFTs. Chi square analysis showed a significant difference in asthma prevalence between CRSwNP and AFRS (p = 0.0016) and CRSwNP and CRSsNP (p = 0.0000), but no significant difference between CRSsNP and AFRS (p = 0.2380).ConclusionThere is a significant difference in the prevalence of asthma between CRSwNP and AFRS, suggesting a fundamental distinction in their etiologies despite similar immunologic profiles. Further efforts to delineate these biological disparities are underway.
A Versatile Iron–Tannin‐Framework Ink Coating Strategy to Fabricate Biomass‐Derived Iron Carbide/Fe‐N‐Carbon Catalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Wei Jing , Liang Yan , Hu Yaoxin , Kong Biao , Simon George P. , Zhang Jin , Jiang San Ping , Wang Huanting 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe conversion of biomass into valuable carbon composites as efficient non‐precious metal oxygen‐reduction electrocatalysts is attractive for the development of commercially viable polymer electrolyte membrane fuel‐cell technology. Herein, a versatile iron–tannin‐framework ink coating strategy is developed to fabricate cellulose‐derived Fe3C/Fe‐N‐C catalysts using commercial filter paper, tissue, or cotton as a carbon source, an iron–tannin framework as an iron source, and dicyandiamide as a nitrogen source. The oxygen reduction performance of the resultant Fe3C/Fe‐N‐C catalysts shows a high onset potential (i.e. 0.98 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), and large kinetic current density normalized to both geometric electrode area and mass of catalysts (6.4 mA cm−2 and 32 mA mg−1 at 0.80 V vs RHE) in alkaline condition. This method can even be used to prepare efficient catalysts using waste carbon sources, such as used polyurethane foam.
Expedient Iron‐Catalyzed C−H Allylation/Alkylation by Triazole Assistance with Ample Scope
Authors: Cera Gianpiero , Haven Tobias , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTriazole assistance set the stage for a unified strategy for the iron‐catalyzed C−H allylation of arenes, heteroarenes, and alkenes with ample scope. The versatile catalyst also proved competent for site‐selective methylation, benzylation, and alkylation with challenging primary and secondary halides. Triazole‐assisted C−H activation proceeded chemo‐, site‐, and diastereo‐selectively, and the modular TAM directing group was readily removed in a traceless fashion under exceedingly mild reaction conditions.