bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a Conversational Virtual Standardized Patient to Enable Students to Practice History-Taking Skills
Authors: Maicher Kellen , Danforth Douglas , Price Alan , Zimmerman Laura , Wilcox Bruce , Liston Beth , Cronau Holly , Belknap Laurie , Ledford Cynthia , Way David , Post Doug , Macerollo Allison , Rizer Milisa 
Published: December 2016

Introduction
Although traditional virtual patient simulations are designed to teach and assess clinical reasoning skills, few employ conversational dialogue with the patients. The virtual standardized patients (VSPs) described herein represent standardized patients that students interview using natural language. Students take histories and develop differential diagnoses of the VSPs as much as they would with standardized or actual patients. The student-VSP interactions are recorded, creating a comprehensive record of questions and the order in which they were asked, which can be analyzed to assess information-gathering skills. Students document the encounter in an electronic medical record created for the VSPs.

Methods
The VSP was developed by integrating a dialogue management system (ChatScript) with emotionally responsive 3D characters created in a high-fidelity game engine (Unity). The system was tested with medical students at the Ohio State University College of Medicine. Students are able to take a history of a VSP, develop a differential diagnosis, and document the encounter in the electronic medical record.

Results
Accuracy of the VSP responses ranged from 79% to 86%, depending on the complexity of the case, type of history obtained, and skill of the student. Students were able to accurately develop an appropriate differential diagnosis on the basis of the information provided by the patient during the encounter.

Conclusions
The VSP enables students to practice their history-taking skills before encounters with standardized or actual patients. Future developments will focus on creating an assessment module that will automatically analyze VSP sessions and provide immediate student feedback.
Evaluation of a Simpler Tool to Assess Nontechnical Skills During Simulated Critical Events
Authors: Watkins Scott C. , Roberts David A. , Boulet John R. , McEvoy Matthew D. , Weinger Matthew B. 
Published: December 2016

Introduction
Management of critical events requires teams to employ nontechnical skills (NTS), such as teamwork, communication, decision making, and vigilance. We sought to estimate the reliability and provide evidence for the validity of the ratings gathered using a new tool for assessing the NTS of anesthesia providers, the behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS), and compare its scores with those of an established NTS tool, the Anaesthetists' Nontechnical Skills (ANTS) scale.

Methods
Six previously trained raters (4 novices and 2 experts) reviewed and scored 18 recorded simulated pediatric crisis management scenarios using a modified ANTS and a BARS tool. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated separately for the novice and expert raters, by scenario, and overall.

Results
The intrarater reliability of the ANTS total score was 0.73 (expert, 0.57; novice, 0.84); for the BARS tool, it was 0.80 (expert, 0.79; novice, 0.81). The average interrater reliability of BARS scores (0.58) was better than ANTS scores (0.37), and the interrater reliabilities of scores from novices (0.69 BARS and 0.52 ANTS) were better than those obtained from experts (0.47 BARS and 0.21 ANTS) for both scoring instruments. The Pearson correlation between the ANTS and BARS total scores was 0.74.

Conclusions
Overall, reliability estimates were better for the BARS scores than the ANTS scores. For both measures, the intrarater and interrater reliability was better for novices compared with domain experts, suggesting that properly trained novices can reliably assess the NTS of anesthesia providers managing a simulated critical event. There was substantial correlation between the 2 scoring instruments, suggesting that the tools measured similar constructs. The BARS tool can be an alternative to the ANTS scale for the formative assessment of NTS of anesthesia providers.
The emergence, evolution, and diversification of the miR390-TAS3-ARFpathway in land plants
Authors: Xia Rui , Xu Jing , Meyers Blake C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn plants, miR390 directs the production of tasiRNAs fromTRANS-ACTING SIRNA 3(TAS3) transcripts to regulateAUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR(ARF) genes, transcription factors critical for auxin signaling; these tasiRNAs are known as tasiARFs. This pathway is highly conserved, with theTAS3as the only one noncoding gene present almost ubiquitously in land plants. To understand the evolution of this miR390-TAS3-ARFpathway, we characterized homologs of these three genes from thousands of plant species, from bryophytes to angiosperms. Both miR390 andTAS3are present and functional in liverworts, confirming their ancestral role to regulateARFsin land plants. We found the lower-stem region ofMIR390genes, critical for accurate DCL1 (DICER-LIKE 1) processing, is conserved in sequence in seed plants. We propose a model for the transition of functional tasiRNA sequences inTAS3genes occurred at the emergence of vascular plants, in which the two miR390 target sites ofTAS3genes showed distinct pairing patterns in different plant lineages. Based on the cleavability of miR390 target sites and the distance between target site and tasiARF we inferred a potential bidirectional processing mechanism exists for someTAS3genes. We also demonstrated a tight mutual selection between tasiARF and its target genes, and characterized unusual aspects and diversity of regulatory components of this pathway. Taken together, these data illuminate the evolutionary path of themiR390-TAS3-ARFpathway in land plants, and demonstrate the significant variation that occurs in the production of phasiRNAs in plants, even in the functionally important and archetypal miR390-TAS3-ARFregulatory circuit.
Community-level facilitation by macroalgal foundation species peaks at an intermediate level of environmental stress
Authors: Scrosati Ricardo A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper examines how community-level facilitation by macroalgal foundation species changes with environmental stress. In rocky intertidal habitats, abiotic stress (mainly due to desiccation and thermal extremes during low tides) increases sharply with elevation because of tide dynamics. A previous study done on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia (Canada) showed that, at low elevations, where conditions are benign because low tides are brief, fucoid algal canopies (Ascophyllum nodosumandFucusspp.) do not affect the structure of benthic communities. However, at middle and high elevations, where low tides last longer, fucoid canopies limit abiotic extremes near the substrate and, in that way, increase the richness of benthic communities. Richness was measured as the number of benthic algal (except fucoids) and invertebrate species found in replicate quadrats. Using the published data from that study, the present study compares the intensity of facilitation and its importance (relative to all other sources of variation in richness) between middle and high elevations, which represent intermediate and high stress, respectively. Facilitation intensity was calculated as the percent increase in benthic richness between quadrats with low canopy cover and quadrats with high canopy cover, while the importance of facilitation was calculated as the percentage of observed variation in richness that was explained by canopy cover. Data for a total of 688 quadrats surveyed along 350 km of coastline were used. The analyses revealed that both the intensity and importance of facilitation were greater at middle elevations than at high elevations. As canopies were previously found not to affect benthic communities at low elevations, this study indicates that the facilitation–stress relationship viewed at the community level is unimodal for this marine system. Such a trend was already found for some terrestrial systems involving canopy-forming plants as foundation species. Thus, this unimodal pattern may be ubiquitous in nature and, as further studies refine it, might help to predict community-level facilitation depending on environmental stress.
Experimental evolution reveals favored adaptive routes to cell aggregation in yeast
Authors: Hope Elyse A. , Amorosi Clara J. , Miller Aaron W. , Dang Kolena , Heil Caiti Smukowski , Dunham Maitreya J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractYeast flocculation is a community-building cell aggregation trait that is an important mechanism of stress resistance and a useful phenotype for brewers; however, it is also a nuisance in many industrial processes, in clinical settings, and in the laboratory. Chemostat-based evolution experiments are impaired by inadvertent selection for aggregation, which we observe in 35% of populations. These populations provide a testing ground for understanding the breadth of genetic mechanismsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeuses to flocculate, and which of those mechanisms provide the biggest adaptive advantages. In this study, we employed experimental evolution as a tool to ask whether one or many routes to flocculation are favored, and to engineer a strain with reduced flocculation potential. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing and bulk segregant analysis, we identified causal mutations in 23 independent clones that had evolved cell aggregation during hundreds of generations of chemostat growth. In 12 of those clones we identified a transposable element insertion in the promoter region of known flocculation geneFLO1, and in an additional five clones we recovered loss-of-function mutations in transcriptional repressorTUP1, which regulatesFLO1and other related genes. Other causal mutations were found in genes that have not been previously connected to flocculation. Evolving aflo1 deletion strain revealed that this single deletion reduces flocculation occurrences to 3%, and demonstrated the efficacy of using experimental evolution as a tool to identify and eliminate the primary adaptive routes for undesirable traits.
Expanding the language network: Domain-specific hippocampal recruitment during high-level linguistic processing
Authors: Blank Idan A. , Duff Melissa C. , Brown-Schmidt Sarah , Fedorenko Evelina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLanguage processing requires us to encode linear relations between acoustic forms and map them onto hierarchical relations between meaning units. Such relational binding of linguistic elements might recruit the hippocampus given its engagement by similar operations in other cognitive domains. Historically, hippocampal engagement in online language use has received little attention because patients with hippocampal damage are not aphasic. However, recent studies have found that these patients exhibit language impairments when the demands on flexible relational binding are high, suggesting that the hippocampus does, in fact, contribute to linguistic processing. A fundamental question is thus whether language processing engages domain-general hippocampal mechanisms that are also recruited across other cognitive processes or whether, instead, it relies on certain language-selective areas within the hippocampus. To address this question, we conducted the first systematic analysis of hippocampal engagement during comprehension in healthy adults (n=150 across three experiments) using fMRI. Specifically, we functionally localized putative “language-regions” within the hippocampus using a language comprehension task, and found that these regions (i) were selectively engaged by language but not by six non-linguistic tasks; and (ii) were coupled in their activity with the cortical language network during both “rest” and especially story comprehension, but not with the domain-general “multiple-demand (MD)” network. This functional profile did not generalize to other hippocampal regions that were localized using a non-linguistic, working memory task. These findings suggest that some hippocampal mechanisms that maintain and integrate information during language comprehension are not domain-general but rather belong to the language-specific brain network.Significance statementAccording to popular views, language processing is exclusively supported by neocortical mechanisms. However, recent patient studies suggest that language processing may also require the hippocampus, especially when relations among linguistic elements have to be flexibly integrated and maintained. Here, we address a core question about the place of the hippocampus in the cognitive architecture of language: are certain hippocampal operations language-specific rather than domain-general? By extensively characterizing hippocampal recruitment during language comprehension in healthy adults using fMRI, we show that certain hippocampal subregions exhibit signatures of language specificity in both their response profiles and their patterns of activity synchronization with known functional regions in the neocortex. We thus suggest that the hippocampus is a satellite constituent of the language network.
The adaptive significance of phasic colony cycles in army ants
Authors: Garnier Simon , Kronauer Daniel J. C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractArmy ants are top arthropod predators in tropical forests around the world. The colonies of many army ant species undergo stereotypical behavioral and reproductive cycles, alternating between brood care and reproductive phases. In the brood care phase, colonies contain a cohort of larvae that are synchronized in their development and have to be fed. In the reproductive phase larvae are absent and oviposition takes place. Despite these colony cycles being a striking feature of army ant biology, their adaptive significance is unclear. Here we use a modelling approach to show that cyclic reproduction is favored under conditions where per capita foraging costs decrease with the number of larvae in a colony ("High Cost of Entry" scenario), while continuous reproduction is favored under conditions where per capita foraging costs increase with the number of larvae ("Resource Exhaustion" scenario). We argue that the former scenario specifically applies to army ants, because large raiding parties are required to overpower prey colonies. However, once raiding is successful it provides abundant food for a large cohort of larvae. The latter scenario, on the other hand, will apply to non-army ants, because in those species local resource depletion will force workers to forage over larger distances to feed large larval cohorts. Our model provides the first quantitative framework for understanding the adaptive value of phasic colony cycles in ants.
A contingency model of marketing dashboards and their influence on marketing strategy implementation speed and market information management capability
Authors: Krush Michael T. , Agnihotri Raj , Trainor Kevin J. 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to focus on the value of marketing dashboards, a key area of interest for scholars and practitioners. This study examines two critical outcomes of marketing dashboards: marketing strategy implementation speed and market information management capability. Additionally, the research analyzes the impact of the firm’s internal structure on the relationship between marketing dashboards and the outcomes.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model grounded in the knowledge-based view of the firm is tested. The research uses survey data collected from marketing professionals employed within business-to-business firms. Data from the key informants are analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results demonstrate that marketing dashboards are significantly related to marketing strategy implementation speed and market information management capability. Centralization exhibits a negative moderating effect, and formalization exhibits a positive moderating effect on the relationship between marketing dashboards and marketing strategy implementation speed. Marketing strategy implementation speed and market information management capability are related to market performance.Originality/valueThrough the examination of main and moderating relationships, this paper demonstrates that marketing strategy implementation speed and market information management capability are key integration mechanisms that leverage the marketing dashboard resources.
Troubled waters: the transformation of marketing in a digital world
Authors: Quinn Lee , Dibb Sally , Simkin Lyndon , Canhoto Ana , Analogbei Mathew 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to establish how strategic target-market selection decisions are shaped, challenged and driven in response to the rapidly evolving technological landscape. The authors critically evaluate the implications of these changes for the role of marketers and the organizational function of marketing.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses qualitative methods. Key-informant interviews are conducted among senior organizational practitioners within client-side organizations, digital agencies and strategic marketing consultancies, seeking to contrast their views.FindingsThe findings reveal an erosion of responsibility for the integrated strategic role of marketing decision-making. In particular, the authors reveal that the evolving digital landscape has precipitated a sense of crisis for marketers and the role of marketing within the firm. This extends beyond simply remedying a skills-gap and is triggering a transformation that has repercussions for the future of marketing and its practice, thus diminishing functional accountability.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings have long-term implications for marketing as a strategic organizational function of the firm and for marketing as a practice.Originality/valueThe study considers an increasingly digitalized marketplace and the associated impact of big data for the function of marketing. It reveals the changing scope of strategic marketing practice and functional accountability.
Commitment to marketing spending through recessions
Authors: Currim Imran S. , Lim Jooseop , Zhang Yu 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to address two unique and important questions. First, how do recessions directly affect firms’ marketing spending decisions? Second, and more importantly, do firms which are more committed to marketing spending through past recessions achieve better stock market returns?Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on a combination of National Bureau of Economic Research, COMPUSTAT and Center for Research in Security Prices data on 6,000 firms between 1982 and 2009 which are analyzed using panel data-based regression models.FindingsThe authors find that firms cut marketing spending during recessions. However, firms committed to marketing spending during past recessions achieve better stock market returns. The findings are found to be robust across B2B and B2C industries, different periods and US firms which vary on the proportion of their global revenue from non-US sales.Research limitations/implicationsTop executives cut marketing budgets during recessions; however, if they can resist the pressures, and strategically continue to make marketing investments during recessions, they will achieve higher stock market returns.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to establish the longer-term (not short-term) positive stock market performance of continuous (not episodic) marketing spending through past recessions, i.e. the view that marketing spending is necessary (not discretionary) for stock returns.
Development and impact of strategic marketing – a longitudinal study in a Nordic country from 2008 to 2014
Authors: Frösén Johanna , Tikkanen Henrikki 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The study investigates the development of three key strategic marketing constructs – market orientation, marketing-related business process capabilities and marketing performance measurement – as well as their performance implications over a period of six years in a Nordic setting. The aim of the study is to shed light on recent developments in contemporary strategic marketing, and thereby to identify managerially relevant points of focus for the future.

Design/methodology/approach
The study builds on a national-level survey study conducted among Finnish companies of various sizes representing different industries and market positions in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. The data capture the development of strategic marketing over the most recent business cycle, from the upturn to the financial crisis of late 2008, the following downturn and the recent tentative recovery.

Findings
The findings shed light on the changing role of the three key strategic marketing constructs over the years. Particularly, the study supports the recent notion that market orientation is no longer a differentiator, but a standard. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the varying role of marketing-related business process capabilities over the changing business cycle. Finally, the study shows that marketing performance measurement maintains its beneficial impact on firm performance across years and across the business cycle.

Practical implications
By investigating recent developments in the field of strategic marketing, taking into account the changing business cycle and the broader trends and developments in the field, this study provides insights for managers of both product and service businesses on how to better adjust their marketing efforts to the contemporary business environment and its economic development.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on a national level that longitudinally investigates the role and impact of the three key strategic marketing constructs, with a particular focus on their relative performance impact over time.
Mobile user signature extraction based on user behavioural pattern (MUSEP)
Authors: Sbeyti Hassan , El Hage Beatrice , Fadlallah Ahmad 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to extract the user behaviour and transform it into a unique signature that can be used as implicit authentication technique. Smart devices are equipped with multiple authentication techniques and still remain prone to attacks because all of these techniques require explicit intervention of the user. Entering a pin code, a password or even having a biometric print can be easily hacked by an adversary.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the authors introduce a novel authentication model to be used as complementary to the existing authentication models. Particularly, the duration of usage of each application and the occurrence time were examined and modelled into a user signature. During the learning phase, a cubic spline function is used to extract the user signature based on his/her behavioural pattern.

Findings
Preliminary field experiments show a 70 per cent accuracy rate in determining the rightful owner of the device.

Originality/value
The main contribution of this paper is a framework that extracts the user behaviour and transforms it into a unique signature that can be used to implicitly authenticate the user.