bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re‐Evaluating Water Column Reoxygenation During the End Permian Mass Extinction
Authors: Yang F. , Li S. , An K. Y. , Bond D. P. G. , Ao R. , Wu X. B. , Ma L. L. , Sun Y. D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractOcean anoxia is considered a key driver of the end‐Permian mass extinction (EPME). However, it is much debated whether there was an ocean reoxygenation phase during, and in the aftermath, of the EPME. Evidence for ocean reoxygenation is often inferred from the absence of framboidal pyrite in some boundary marine sediments (termed the “framboid gap”). To reconstruct ocean redox evolution across the EPME, we investigated the carbon isotopic, sedimentological, and redox records of the Ruichang and Ehtan sections in South China. These documents two negative δ13Ccarb excursions and the development of anoxia associated with deepening leading up to the Permian‐Triassic boundary. Above the level at which most siliceous organisms became extinct, pyrite framboid and iron proxies indicate that water column redox conditions were predominantly oxygenated but sporadically anoxic/ferruginous [non‐sulfidic, free Fe(II) in the water] at Ruichang, while ferruginous conditions were more widely developed at Ehtan. These contrasting redox states are characteristic of a dynamic ocean redox landscape in the extinction interval. The “framboid gap” is seen in strata deposited under both oxic and ferruginous conditions, suggesting that the availability of decomposable organic matter for sulfate reduction additionally controlled framboid genesis. Our data confirm that oxygenated conditions were developed in some deep water basins during the EPME.
Multi‐Decadal Dynamics of Global Rainfall Interception and Their Drivers
Authors: Zhong Feng , Jiang Shanhu , Koppa Akash , Ren Liliang , Liu Yi , Wang Menghao , Miralles Diego G. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRainfall interception loss (Ei) is a difficult to study and poorly understood flux compared to transpiration and soil evaporation. The influence of climate and vegetation on Ei is not well known at continental‐to‐global and annual‐to‐decadal scales. Here, we use a long‐term multi‐product approach to examine the global trends in Ei, and further utilize a recently developed and validated dataset to isolate the relative contributions of precipitation, vegetation and evaporative demand. At decadal timescales, increasing Ei is largely driven by global vegetation greening through an increase in the intercepting surface and storage capacity, while its inter‐annual variations are mainly controlled by changes in precipitation, largely related to El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Increasing evaporative demand, driven by atmospheric warming, also positively contributes to the global rise in Ei. This study provides new perspectives for further understanding the impacts of climate change on the terrestrial hydrological cycle.
Creep on the Argentine Precordillera Décollement Following the 2015 Illapel, Chile, Earthquake: Implications for Andean Seismotectonics
Authors: Figueroa M. A. , Sobrero F. S. , Gómez D. D. , Smalley R. , Bevis M. G. , Griffith W. A. , Caccamise D. J. , Kendrick E. C. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Central and South‐Central Andes form a “two‐sided” mountain belt bounded by distinct zones of convergence in the forearc and backarc flanks. Previous geodetic interseismic deformation studies found that the forearc to backarc velocity field is better explained when elastic models allow reverse aseismic slip on the Andes eastern‐flank décollement faults. Here, we extend the earlier interpretation of interseismic motion and argue that normal aseismic creep of the Precordillera décollement is required to explain backarc Global Navigation Satellite System displacements during the co‐ and early postseismic phases of the 2015 Illapel, Chile, earthquake. This model significantly reduces the previously reported overlap between coseismic slip and afterslip on the megathrust of this earthquake, consistent with the expectation that these slip modes are spatially partitioned. These findings have direct implications for estimating recurrence interval and slip rate, and for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis on both sides of the orogen.
Modeling of the Variability of D‐Region Ionospheric Electron Density During Solar Cycle‐24
Authors: Chakraborty Sayak , Palit Sourav , Deb Semontee , Basak Tamal 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSolar cycle variation of earth's atmosphere, particularly the ionosphere is of particular interest in the field of space science and space weather studies. In this article, we present the outcome of our detailed quantitative study on solar cycle variation of lower ionospheric properties using numerical investigation. First, we seek to model and compare the collective D‐region ionization rates (’s) due to the individual contributions from the ionizing sources, namely, (a) solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation including the Lyman‐ irradiation and (b) solar X‐ray irradiation throughout the solar cycle (C24). Then, we compute the electron density profiles using the ionization rates. We report significant solar cycle variation in ionization rate and electron density profiles for the entire span of C24. We use the sunspot number (SPN) profile to substantiate the finer details of profile during C24. For the segments of the D‐region above two different geographic coordinates, we report that profiles show a consistent “dual peak” nature. It is very similar to the SPN profile during C24. As a next‐order validation, we compare our modeled profiles with their IRI‐2020 counterpart (s). Their overall trends are found to be in agreement. Finally, we discuss the response of the D‐region in terms of due to C24. The work lays the foundation for our upcoming studies on D‐region response to solar cycle variation with Very Low Frequency (VLF) observation.
Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Meteor Speed and Arrival Angle Observed by Mengcheng Meteor Radar
Authors: Wu Koutian , Yi Wen , Xue Xianghui , Reid Iain Murray , Lu Maolin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMeteor speed is crucial in identifying key astronomical aspects of the meteoroid environment, including the influx of meteoric material and the distribution of meteoric radiants. This study investigates diurnal and seasonal variations of meteor speed from April 2014 to December 2023 observed by the Mengcheng meteor radar (MCMR; 33.4°N, 116.3°E). In addition to the expected diurnal variation of meteor speed, azimuth peak, zenith peak, and the azimuthal direction of maximum meteor speed due to the Earth's rotation, where the meteor speed peaks northward in the local morning and shifts clockwise, we find that the meteor speed distribution resembles a superposition of two Gaussian distributions, with the lower (higher) distribution mainly ranging from 20 to 40 (45–65) km/s. The two speed peaks are estimated using a double‐Gaussian fitting approach. In terms of seasonal variation, we find that (a) the low‐speed peak indicates a semi‐annual variation cycle, with maxima in June–July and December–January, and minima in February and August; (b) the high‐speed peak indicates an annual variation cycle, with maxima in September–December and minima in March. There is also a correlation between the seasonal variations in the meteor speed peaks and the occurrence of meteor showers. Statistical analysis provides a map of seasonal variations in the intensity, duration, and timing of meteor shower activities, which is supplemental to previous shorter‐duration studies using backscatter meteor radar observations. We also find notable shower events where the meteor counts exceed 45%–97% of the background count on corresponding event dates and speeds.
Attribution of Excess Methane Emissions Over Marine Environments of the Mediterranean and Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Bourtsoukidis E. , Germain‐Piaulenne E. , Gros V. , Quéhé P.‐Y. , Pikridas M. , Byron J. , Williams J. , Gliddon D. , Mohamed R. , Ekaabi R. , Lelieveld J. , Sciare J. , Teixidó O. , Paris J.‐D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo accurately assess the current atmospheric methane budget and its future trends, it is essential to apportion and quantify the anthropogenic methane emissions to specific sources. This poses a significant challenge in the under‐sampled Middle East, where estimates predominantly depend on remote sensing observations and bottom‐up reporting of national emissions. Here, we present in situ shipborne observations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) collected along a >10,000‐km route from Vigo, Spain, to Abu Dhabi, UAE. By comparing our observations with Lagrangian dispersion model simulations, coupled with two methane emission inventories, we identify periods of considerable mismatch and apportion the responsible sources. Employing interspecies relationships with NMHCs has enabled the characterization of methane emissions from oil and gas (O&G) operations, urban centers, Red Sea deep water, enteric fermentation, and agriculture across diverse atmospheric environments. Our analysis reveals that the Suez area is a regional emission hotspot, where simulations consistently underestimate the methane emission sources. Importantly, the Middle Eastern O&G sector has been identified as an additional source of considerable uncertainty. Here, methane emissions were alternately underestimated and overestimated by the two inventories, exposing significant gaps in our understanding of fuel exploitation‐related emissions in the Middle East. This underscores the need for further targeted field campaigns and long‐term observations to improve the accuracy of emission data in the inventories.
Managing Induced Seismicity Risks From Enhanced Geothermal Systems: A Good Practice Guideline
Authors: Zhou Wen , Lanza Federica , Grigoratos Iason , Schultz Ryan , Cousse Julia , Trutnevyte Evelina , Muntendam‐Bos Annemarie , Wiemer Stefan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGeothermal energy is a green source of power that could play an important role in climate‐conscious energy portfolios; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have the potential to scale up exploitation of thermal resources. During hydraulic fracturing, fluids injected under high‐pressure cause the rock mass to fail, stimulating fractures that improve fluid connectivity. However, this increase of pore fluid pressure can also reactivate pre‐existing fault systems, potentially inducing earthquakes of significant size. Induced earthquakes are a significant concern for EGS operations. In some cases, ground shaking nuisance, building damages, or injuries have spurred the early termination of projects (e.g., Basel, Pohang). On the other hand, EGS operations at Soultz‐sous‐Forêts (France), Helsinki (Finland), Blue Mountain (Nevada, USA), and Utah FORGE (USA) have adequately managed induced earthquake risks. The success of an EGS operation depends on economical reservoir enhancements, while maintaining acceptable seismic risk levels. This requires state‐of‐the‐art seismic risk management. This article reviews domains of seismology, earthquake engineering, risk management, and communication. We then synthesize “good practice” recommendations for evaluating, mitigating, and communicating the risk of induced seismicity. We advocate for a modular approach. Recommendations are provided for key technical aspects including (a) a seismic risk management framework, (b) seismic risk pre‐screening, (c) comprehensive seismic hazard and risk evaluation, (d) traffic light protocol designs, (e) seismic monitoring implementation, and (f) step‐by‐step communication plans. Our recommendations adhere to regulatory best practices, to ensure their general applicability. Our guidelines provide a template for effective earthquake risk management and future research directions.
Silencing of SIRPα enhances the antitumor efficacy of CAR-M in solid tumors
Authors: Zhang Han , Huo Yi , Zheng Wenjing , Li Peng , Li Hui , Zhang Lingling , Sa Longqi , He Yang , Zhao Zihao , Shi Changhong , Shan Lequn , Yang Angang , Wang Tao 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe potential of macrophage-mediated phagocytosis as a cancer treatment is promising. Blocking the CD47–SIRPα interaction with a CD47-specific antibody significantly enhances macrophage phagocytosis. However, concerns regarding their toxicity to nontumor cells remain substantial. Here, we engineered chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) by fusing a humanized single-chain variable fragment with FcγRIIa and integrating short hairpin RNA to silence SIRPα, thereby disrupting the CD47–SIRPα signaling pathway. These modified CAR-shSIRPα-M cells exhibited an M1-like phenotype, superior phagocytic function, substantial cytotoxic effects on HER2-positive tumor cells, and the ability to eliminate patient-derived organoids. In vivo, CAR-M cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in tumor-bearing mice. Notably, CAR-shSIRPα-M cells enhanced cytotoxic T-cell infiltration into tumors, thereby enhancing the antitumor response in both the humanized immune system mouse model and immunocompetent mice. Mechanistically, SIRPα inhibition activated inflammatory pathways and the cGAS-STING signaling cascade in CAR-M cells, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, thereby enhancing their antitumor effects. These findings underscore the potential of SIRPα inhibition as a novel strategy to increase the antitumor efficacy of CAR-M cells in cancer immunotherapy, particularly against solid tumors.
Structure of a Rhs effector clade domain provides mechanistic insights into type VI secretion system toxin delivery
Authors: Hayes Brooke K. , Harper Marina , Venugopal Hariprasad , Lewis Jessica M. , Wright Amy , Lee Han-Chung , Steele Joel R. , Steer David L. , Schittenhelm Ralf B. , Boyce John D. , McGowan Sheena 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a molecular machine utilised by many Gram-negative bacteria to deliver antibacterial toxins into adjacent cells. Here we present the structure of Tse15, a T6SS Rhs effector from the nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Tse15 forms a triple layered β-cocoon Rhs domain with an N-terminal α-helical clade domain and an unfolded C-terminal toxin domain inside the Rhs cage. Tse15 is cleaved into three domains, through independent auto-cleavage events involving aspartyl protease activity for toxin self-cleavage and a nucleophilic glutamic acid for N-terminal clade cleavage. Proteomic analyses identified that significantly more peptides from the N-terminal clade and toxin domains were secreted than from the Rhs cage, suggesting toxin delivery often occurs without the cage. We propose the clade domain acts as an internal chaperone to mediate toxin tethering to the T6SS machinery. Conservation of the clade domain in other Gram-negative bacteria suggests this may be a common mechanism for delivery.
Lowering of the singlet-triplet energy gap via intramolecular exciton-exciton coupling
Authors: Schäfer Clara , Ringström Rasmus , Hanrieder Jörg , Rahm Martin , Albinsson Bo , Börjesson Karl 
Published: October 2024

AbstractOrganic dyes typically have electronically excited states of both singlet and triplet multiplicity. Controlling the energy difference between these states is a key factor for making efficient organic light emitting diodes and triplet sensitizers, which fulfill essential functions in chemistry, physics, and medicine. Here, we propose a strategy to shift the singlet excited state of a known sensitizer to lower energies without shifting the energy of the triplet state, thus without compromising the ability of the sensitizer to do work. We covalently connect two to four sensitizers in such a way that their transition dipole moments are aligned in a head-to-tail fashion, but, through steric encumbrance, the delocalization is minimized between each moiety. Exciton coupling between the singlet excited states considerably lowers the first excited singlet state energy. However, the energy of the lowest triplet excited state is unperturbed because the exciton coupling strength depends on the magnitude of the transition dipole moments, which for triplets are very small. We expect that the presented strategy of designed intramolecular exciton coupling will be a useful concept in the design of both photosensitizers and emitters for organic light emitting diodes as both benefits from a small singlet-triplet energy gap.
Discerning the impact of ctDNA detection on patient decision-making in early-stage breast cancer
Authors: Ballinger Tarah J. , Smith Mary Lou , Railey Elda , Zimet Greg , Schneider Bryan P. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe impact of knowledge of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) status on patient decisions in high-risk triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) weighing benefit and toxicity is unknown. Here, 286 women with a history of non-metastatic breast cancer who had received chemotherapy completed a survey mimicking scenarios of residual TNBC after chemotherapy and unknown, negative, or positive ctDNA status to determine the shift in the decision to receive adjuvant therapy. Participants were then presented scenarios mimicking possible post-neoadjuvant therapies and rated acceptability. A general linear model with repeated measures determined contributions of risk reduction and toxicity. When the hypothetical risk of recurrence mimicked ctDNA negativity, significantly less participants were accepting of adjuvant capecitabine versus no therapy. When presented with ctDNA positivity and increased recurrence risk, the degree of benefit impacted acceptability more than the toxicity profile. As genomic technology advances and ctDNA assays become commercially available, it is imperative to understand the impact on patient decision-making.
Sustained effect of prasinezumab on Parkinson’s disease motor progression in the open-label extension of the PASADENA trial
Authors: Pagano Gennaro , Monnet Annabelle , Reyes Adriana , Ribba Benjamin , Svoboda Hanno , Kustermann Thomas , Simuni Tanya , Postuma Ronald B. , Pavese Nicola , Stocchi Fabrizio , Brockmann Kathrin , Smigorski Krzysztof , Gerbaldo Valentina , Fontoura Paulo , Doody Rachelle , Kerchner Geoffrey A. , Brundin Patrik , Marek Kenneth , Bonni Azad , Nikolcheva Tania ,   PASADENA Investigators,   Prasinezumab Study Group
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Phase II trial of Anti-alpha-Synuclein Antibody in Early Parkinson’s Disease (PASADENA) is an ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of prasinezumab in early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD). During the double-blind period, prasinezumab-treated individuals showed less progression of motor signs (Movement Disorders Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS–UPDRS) Part III) than placebo-treated individuals. We evaluated whether the effect of prasinezumab on motor progression, assessed as a change in MDS–UPDRS Part III score in the OFF and ON states, and MDS–UPDRS Part II score, was sustained for 4 years from the start of the trial. We compared participants enrolled in the PASADENA open-label extension study with those enrolled in an external comparator arm derived from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative observational study. The PASADENA delayed-start (n = 94) and early-start (n = 177) groups showed a slower decline (a smaller increase in score) in MDS–UPDRS Part III scores in the OFF state (delayed start, −51%; early start, −65%), ON state (delayed start, −94%; early start, −118%) and MDS–UPDRS Part II (delayed start, −48%; early start, −40%) than did the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative external comparator (n = 303). This exploratory analysis, which requires confirmation in future studies, suggested that the effect of prasinezumab in slowing motor progression in PD may be sustained long term. PASADENA ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT03100149.
Named entity recognition of pharmacokinetic parameters in the scientific literature
Authors: Gonzalez Hernandez Ferran , Nguyen Quang , Smith Victoria C. , Cordero José Antonio , Ballester Maria Rosa , Duran Màrius , Solé Albert , Chotsiri Palang , Wattanakul Thanaporn , Mundin Gill , Lilaonitkul Watjana , Standing Joseph F. , Kloprogge Frank 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe development of accurate predictions for a new drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles in the early stages of drug development is crucial due to high candidate failure rates. The absence of comprehensive, standardised, and updated pharmacokinetic (PK) repositories limits pre-clinical predictions and often requires searching through the scientific literature for PK parameter estimates from similar compounds. While text mining offers promising advancements in automatic PK parameter extraction, accurate Named Entity Recognition (NER) of PK terms remains a bottleneck due to limited resources. This work addresses this gap by introducing novel corpora and language models specifically designed for effective NER of PK parameters. Leveraging active learning approaches, we developed an annotated corpus containing over 4000 entity mentions found across the PK literature on PubMed. To identify the most effective model for PK NER, we fine-tuned and evaluated different NER architectures on our corpus. Fine-tuning BioBERT exhibited the best results, achieving a strict $$F_{1}$$

F
1

score of 90.37% in recognising PK parameter mentions, significantly outperforming heuristic approaches and models trained on existing corpora. To accelerate the development of end-to-end PK information extraction pipelines and improve pre-clinical PK predictions, the PK NER models and the labelled corpus were released open source at https://github.com/PKPDAI/PKNER.
Experimental study under thermal shock environment to investigate effect of welding width on properties of ultrasonically welded joints of multiple copper cables
Authors: Zhang Yongqi , Abbas Zeshan , Zhao Lun , Shen Zhonghua , Li Liya , Su Jianxiong , Khan Saad Saleem , Larkin Stephen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBased on the ultrasonic welding technology, this study uses three different welding widths to weld copper cables with different specifications. The influence of welding width on the mechanical properties and microstructure of each group of welded joints was systematically studied for the first time. The thermal shock test was carried out for each group of welded joints under optimum welding width to simulate the influence of severe temperature change environment on joint performance. It is found that the cross-sectional area of joint is 20 mm2 and optimal welding width of joint composed of two and three cables is 7 mm. The optimal welding temperature of the joint composed of four cables is 5 mm. Under the optimal welding width, the average shear strength of two-cable joint reaches 309.4 N. The four-cable joint is only 232.2 N. Moreover, the welding strength weakens significantly as the number of cables and the peak temperature decreases. The high temperature of bonding interface is the key factor to form a good weld. The peak temperature during welding is negatively correlated with the porosity of joint and positively correlated with peeling strength of joint. In addition, the morphology of ultrasonically welded joints has changed obviously after thermal shock test. With the participation of oxygen, the surface of welded joint is gray and bright brass, while the interior of joint is purple due to lack of oxygen. Moreover, the phenomenon of atomic diffusion and thermal expansion generates joints which were initially in a mechanically interlocked form and welding interface of the metallurgical bond under the action of high temperature. So the maximum joint peel strength is slightly improved.