bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Control of Raw Material Blending for the Cement Industry
Authors: Young S. C. K. 
Published: November 2015

The principles of blending control are explained with particular reference to a control scheme currently being implemented by G.E.C. Computers & Automation Ltd. for Skanska Cement AB at their Limhamn cement works. The control principles can, however, be applied to other blending plants. The Limhamn blending process is briefly described in order to give an appreciation of the control problems involved. The computer, instrumentation and X-ray analysing systems are outlined. The iterative optimiser is explained. This calculates set points for the material flows which, when implemented, result in manufacture of slurry with correct chemical composition at minimum cost. On-line regulating techniques which control the blending machinery are described. The regulating programmes maintain material flows at their calculated set point values. They also control water addition in order to keep slurry water content constant. Distinct advantages are to be obtained by the separate implementation of the optimising calculations or the regulating control, but the two are complementary, and to obtain maximum benefits, a computer control scheme should include both.
Pressure Transients in a Hydraulic Servo Having Unequal Oil Volumes
Authors: Martin K F 
Published: November 2015

This paper reports a theoretical and experimental evaluation of the pressure transients in a hydraulic servo used to position a mass when the oil volumes on the two sides of the jack are substantially different. Application of small perturbation theory to the closed loop shows that the pressure transients are smallest when the oil volumes are equal. The worst condition is shown to be at the stroke ends, the peak pressure increasing as the volume ratio increases. Predicted values obtained by analogue computer are in good accord with measurements made on an experimental rig. An approximate guide is suggested for the relationship of peak pressures in the unequal and equal volume conditions.
Time Duration Multiplier for Quasi-Digital Instrumentation
Authors: Pirouzan A. 
Published: November 2015

Various time-duration multiplier systems have been developed and discussed. They have attractive features for on-line computing systems, where the input data are in terms of time durations. These systems which rely on repetition of a time duration can be used as advanced, sensitive sensors with discrete signal output. This application is just one example of the general case in which the time duration to be multiplied is a function of a variable to be measured.
Slurry Flow Velocity, Concentration and Particle Size Measurement Using Flow Noise and Correlation Techniques
Authors: Ong K. H. , Beck M. S. 
Published: November 2015

Three areas of slurry pipe flow measurement using flow noise and correlation techniques are described. Signals generated by the natural turbulence inherent in the flow of two-component fluids can be used to enable the total volume flow rate, concentration and particle size of the discontinuous component to be measured. Total volume flow is measured by a cross correlation method which involves obtaining the time of flight of a tagging signal due to the turbulence between two transducers spaced axially along the direction of flow. Both ultrasonic and conductivity transducers are used to detect the flow turbulence. Results show that a measurement accuracy within ±2% can be achieved in all systems tested. The intensity of the flow noise detected by a simple transducer is related to the quantity of the discontinuous component present in the flow. This flow noise is measured by an AC method and gives direct indication of the concentration of the discontinuous component. Turbulent flow consists of eddies which have characteristic size ranges. The motion of particles in a turbulent flow field is a function of the particle size and shape, and the density of the particles and of the fluid. A measure of the eddy size based on the spectral analysis of the flow noise can be used to give an indication of the mean particle size.
Model Reference Adaptive Control Systems: Background and Development
Authors: Tatnall M. L. 
Published: November 2015

Of the many classes of adaptive control systems described in the literature this article is primarily concerned with the background and development of the model reference type. Of this large group the main emphasis is upon systems synthesised by the use of stability criteria. The relatively recent origins of adaptive control are examined and some of the control policies developed during the 1950's are described. Consideration is given to the development of this technology in the flight-systems field which led to the MIT system and others using a model reference technique. Applications of these systems are discussed wherever possible. Some of the stability problems inherent in systems designed using these techniques are discussed and reference is made to the continued development of the steepest descent methods which appeared in the early 1960's. The problem of determining the stability boundaries essential in the application of the earlier methods of adaptive control was removed by the introduction of stability-based systems of Grayson, Rang, Butchart and Shackcloth, and Parks. These methods of synthesising the adaptive control laws by the use of Lyapunov's direct method and their shortcomings with regard to state measurement are considered. An adaptive hydraulic control system is described and the results of this experiment are given as examples of what can be achieved using relatively simple parametric controllers. Consideration is given to the synthesis of multi-variable adaptive control systems and the recent, more general, approach to these systems is examined. Some examples are included of the adaptation of time-varying process parameters and methods of improving the performance of stability-based systems are discussed.
TEC — A National System for the Education of Technicians
Authors: Jackson E. 
Published: November 2015

It so happened that I was present at the FE Staff College, Coombe Lodge, for the official announcement of the TEC Policy Statement in June 1974 and the discussion that followed highlighted the salient features; as a result I have observed the working of the scheme with some interest since then. Many criticisms have been expressed and I have been amongst those who have expressed some disagreement with certain aspects. However, the following article is intended to be entirely factual. The interpretation is mine and does not purport in any way to represent that of SELTEC, my previous college where I was in charge of Instrumentation and Process Control Courses nor that of the Polytechnic of Central London where at the moment I am a visiting lecturer. Direct quotes from TEC Documents are indicated in the usual way.
The FORTH Programming Language for Control Systems: Potential Advantages
Authors: McCurdy C 
Published: November 2015

When working with the control system1, it was found that the FORTH language offered advantages over: BASIC — in terms of speed of control action machine code — in terms of program development/testing time. Furthermore, in common circumstances where program/alterations have to be made to cope with plant, process or design changes, FORTH is less prone to errors that may occur when adapting machine code.
Standards, Codes of Practice and Expert Systems
Authors: McCluskey E G , Thompson S , McSherry D M G 
Published: November 2015

Many engineering design problems require reference to standards or codes of practice to ensure that acceptable safety and performance criteria are met. Extracting relevant data from such documents can, however, be a problem for the unfamiliar user. The use of expert systems to guide the retrieval of information from standards and codes of practice is proposed as a means of alleviating this problem. Following a brief introduction to expert system techniques, a tool developed by the authors for building expert system guides to standards and codes of practice is described. The steps involved in encoding the knowledge contained in an arbitrarily chosen standard are illustrated. Finally, a typical consultation illustrates the use of the expert system guide to the standard.
Intrinsic Safety Rules OK for Process Instrumentation — Part 2
Authors: Hutcheon I C 
Published: November 2015

The technique of intrinsic safety was originated in England for mine signalling, following a serious mine disaster in 1913. The first surface certificate was issued in 1936 and the first formal standard in 1945, but it was not until the 1960s that the technique came into its own for process measurement and control, with the development of the shunt-diode safety barrier based on the Zener diode. This paper outlines the development of the technique and describes some typical applications of the shunt-diode barrier and its more recent companion, the isolating interface device. It also looks briefly at the new IS instruments being made possible by advances in low-power semiconductor technology.
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Education in Italy
Authors: Monaco V A 
Published: November 2015

The organization of engineering education in Italy is discussed, considering also the changes which are being introduced as a result of recent law; in this country, in fact, all university curricula are subject to state laws. The new law gives greater autonomy to the universities and enables them to provide more specialized curricula by means of the institution of two new degree courses: in information engineering (i.e. computer engineering), and telecommunications engineering. Throughout the paper special attention has been given to control engineering education. In order to provide a more complete picture of the situation, in the first section the organization of the Italian educational system is briefly described.
Public policy and operational alignment in light of public service retrenchment – lessons learned from Canada
Authors: Levasseur Karine , Rounce Andrea 
Published: November 2015

This article examines the Strategic and Operating Review (SOR) process used by the Government of Canada through a strategic management perspective. Initiated by the Harper government in the 2011 Budget as a one-year process, SOR is expected to secure savings of CDN$4 billion by 2014–15 from the CDN$80 billion operating budget of departments. Our article assesses to what degree the strategic operational cuts support the public policy priorities of the Harper government. Points for practitioners Using Canada as a case study to understand how budgetary cuts are handled, this article provides an opportunity to consider how policy makers align operational cuts with public policy priorities. While the budget cuts in this case study are operational in nature, they require direction from central government to support – not undermine – public policy priorities.
The Antimicrobial Action of Fluoride and its Role in Caries Inhibition
Authors: Van Loveren C. 
Published: November 2015

Despite a considerable amount of literature on the effects of fluoride in dental plaque, several urgent questions remain unanswered, such as: Does the inhibiting effect of fluoride on dental plaque metabolism contribute to caries prevention? Does adaptation of plaque to fluoride affect its cariogenicity? Single applications of fluoride directly to dental plaque reduced acid production. Also, fluoride dissolving from topically treated enamel reduced the acid production in covering layers of oral bacteria in vitro. The effects of both treatments were only of short duration and may not be relevant to caries prevention in vivo. In contrast, daily applications of fluoride resulted in a reduction of the acidogenicity of dental plaque even 8–12 h after the treatment. Such a reduction is likely to contribute to caries prevention. But it has to be realized that when plaque reaches saturation with respect to fluoridated calcium (phosphate) precipitates, enamel becomes insoluble and any antimicrobial effect becomes irrelevant. Still lacking are data on the antimicrobial effects of fluoride regimens normally used in home care, in weekly rinsing programs in schools, or treatments applied professionally every six months. Adaptation of Streptococcus mutans to fluoride has been suggested to reduce the cariogenic potential of the cells. In vitio-induced fluoride-resistant strains were less cariogenic in rats, and the velocity of acid production in vitro was reduced at constant pH > 5.5. Despite the ability of oral bacteria to adapt to fluoride, evidence of adaptation in dental plaque of normal subjects resulting in a reduced cariogenic potential has not yet been demonstrated.
Lifetime Criminality of Heroin Addicts in the United States
Authors: Ball John C. , Rosen Lawrence , Flueck John A. , Nurco David N. 
Published: November 2015

A probability-based sample of 243 addicts was selected for study from a Baltimore population of 4,069 male opiate addicts. The sample was interviewed and their criminal history was traced in detail over an 11 year risk period during which they were “on the street”. It was found that these 243 heroin addicts had committed more than 473,000 crimes. As measured by crime-days, the average addict committed over 178 offenses per year and almost 2,000 offenses during his post-onset lifetime. Although the predominant offense committed was theft (as with most populations of criminals), these addicts were also involved in a wide range of other crimes: drug sales, robbery, forgery, pimping, assault, and murder. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the impact of arrest and incarceration upon the lifetime criminality of these addicts. These research results provide a means for estimating the extent of criminality among heroin addicts throughout the United States. Our calculations indicate that the 450,000 heroin addicts in the United States commit more than 50,000,000 crimes per year and that their lifetime criminality exceeds 819,000,000 offenses.
Evaluating the Alternative: A follow-up Study of Two Different Farming Communes
Authors: Waal Helge 
Published: November 2015

The paper describes the methodology used to evaluate two farming communes for young drug addicts. The communes were founded in 1970 by ex-patients and young idealists who believed in alternative ways of solving human problems. The period evaluated was from. 1970–1975. Employees and former members were interviewed in 1977 and 1978. The clients had a follow-up period of 8 to 105 months with a mean period of 55 months. The two seemingly identical communes differed widely in content. Situational factors and pre-project circumstances were decisive factors. Client members in both communes provided convincing evidence of having experienced real alternatives to institutional life. Process evaluation leads to several conclusions concerning the conditions necessary for such alternatives to be effective. At follow-up the communes differed in their resultant profiles. One commune was more successful with youngsters who were mainly abusing cannabis and hallucinogens. The other was more successful with “mainliners.” Both communes were found to compete favorably with ordinary treatment facilities. Some tentative conclusions are offered.
Fighting for Fees-Drug Trafficking and the Forfeiture of Attorney's Fees
Authors: Dombrink John , Meeker James W. , Paik Julie 
Published: November 2015

In the past two years since the passage of 1984 amendments as part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act, government prosecutors have included defense counsel fees as forfeitable assets stemming from drug trafficking and organized crime prosecutions. This development has been described by affected defense counsel as having an “arctic” effect upon their relationships with clients, as an abridgement of Sixth Amendment right to counsel, and as a deterrent to effective lawyering in this field. Prosecutors, on the contrary, have argued that a person can neither purchase a Rolls Royce nor a “Rolls Royce class of attorney” with proceeds of criminality. This paper delineates the issues in this debate, and their genesis, as articulated injudicial opinions; interviews with prosecutors and leading defense attorneys in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York City; published articles; and transcripts of hearings held by bar associations. In addition to the fees issue, similar controversial issues, such as grand jury subpoenas of attorneys and cash reporting requirements placed on attorneys, are addressed. Particular attention is paid to the increased adversariness in this stratum of the criminal justice system, and to the impact these developments have and will have on the quality of justice in major drug trafficking and organized crime cases.
Marketing Activities: The Keystone of Capitalism — Increasing the Availability of Prescription Drugs through Pharmaceutical Promotion
Authors: Bleidt Barry 
Published: November 2015

This article extolls the advantages of promotional efforts by the pharmaceutical industry, especially in providing information on technological advances, recently approved indications and new products. However, one aspect of marketing, price, is creating quite a controversy, especially since manufacturers are raising prices at rates several times that for general consumer goods. Additionally, the complex, multi-tier distribution network is causing problems by leaving some practitioners feeling that they are being unfairly disadvantaged in the marketplace, thereby, creating significant ill will. In order for the industry to elicit pharmacy's help in future promotional activities, especially those aimed at the general public (such as wellness campaigns), it is going to have to get more pharmacists involved in the planning and implementation of such projects and pay more attention to how industry policies and actions impact on the profession (e.g., multi-tier pricing).
Pharmaceutical Promotion in the Third World
Authors: Lexchin Joel 
Published: November 2015

The pharmaceutical industry is motivated by profit and it is the quest for ever larger sales and profits that determines how the industry promotes its products. The author analyzes the methods that drug companies use in marketing their drugs to doctors and consumers, and the consequences in terms of costs and health. Some of the drugs advertised are valuable; others are irrational mixtures, useless or dangerous and should not be on the market. Even for products of proven worth, the companies have a double standard when it comes to promoting them in the Third World. The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations does have a Code of Marketing Practice, but major weaknesses in the code render it almost impotent in regulating promotion. When consumers and health care professionals question the tactics of the industry, the response is usually to attack the credibility of the critics rather than to deal with the issues that they raise. Physicians and consumers are strongly influenced by pharmaceutical promotion, with all too predictable results: Doctors prescribe irrationally and consumers develop grossly distorted ideas about the value of modern medications. Reforms to promotional practices are possible, but may be beyond the resources of Third World countries. Achieving these reforms will require the efforts of Third World countries, progressive elements in the pharmaceutical industry, consumer and professional groups and some form of organized international support.
The Irish Dimension to Drug Use and HIV in Britain
Authors: O'Brien Oonagh , Tierney Luke 
Published: November 2015

This paper focuses on the issues facing Irish drug users who have migrated to Britain. The main finding is that a number of changes in relation to drug use occur as a result of migration itself. These are both harm increasing and harm reducing, but a majority of respondents self-reported harm-increasing changes in drug use particularly in relation to HIV infection. Irish drug users have close networks of friends and relatives that they can access when they come to Britain. However, there is evidence that they are reluctant to approach services. When they did so Irish drug users traveled long distances in London to go to services that were known to work with their community. Together with the multiplicity of problems associated with migration that are described in this paper, the findings show that Irish drug users are a highly vulnerable group within the British drug-using population.
Internal Volume in Fibers
Authors: Quynn Richard G. 
Published: November 2015

The amount and size distribution of internal volume, or pore space, is related to many important fiber properties such as diffusion, swelling, accessibility to reagents, and mechanical properties. A high-pressure mercury porosimeter has been applied to fibers to yield direct information about total pore volume and pore size distribution, and indirect information about the geometry of the pore structure. Results for a variety of natural and synthetic fibers are given. Examples are shown of pore structures arising from wet spinning, freeze-drying, and hot drawing in several experimental fibers.
The Bonding of Phenols to Cotton with Zirconium Acetate
Authors: Gonzales Elwood J. , Welch Clark M. , Guthrie John D. 
Published: November 2015

Zirconium acetate binds certain phenols to cotton to impart a high degree of rot resistance. Pentachlorophenol, pentabromophenol, methylenebis( p-chlorophenol), and p-hydroxyphenylmercuric chloride have been applied in this way, either as the free phenols or as their sodium salts. This type of treatment has advantages over the simple deposition of phenols on cotton in that the bound phenols are resistant to extraction with water and organic solvents and to removal by abrasion. Besides being rot resistant, the treated fabrics exhibited a good hand, noticeable water repellency, and increased breaking strength, although their tearing strength was usually decreased. Fabrics having appreciable flame resistance resulted when sodium pentabromophenate was applied. Increased weight, softness, and water repellency were obtained on boiling the treated fabrics in soap solutions. This is evidence of an exchange of stearate anions for acetate anions in the polymeric zirconium oxyacetate matrix on the fabrics.