bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classifying construction site photos for roof detection
Authors: Siddula Madhuri , Dai Fei , Ye Yanfang , Fan Jianping 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Roofing is one of the most dangerous jobs in the construction industry. Due to factors such as lack of planning, training and use of precaution, roofing contractors and workers continuously violate the fall protection standards enforced by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. A preferable way to alleviate this situation is automating the process of non-compliance checking of safety standards through measurements conducted in site daily accumulated videos and photos. As a key component, the purpose of this paper is to devise a method to detect roofs in site images that is indispensable for such automation process.

Design/methodology/approach
This method represents roof objects through image segmentation and visual feature extraction. The visual features include colour, texture, compactness, contrast and the presence of roof corner. A classification algorithm is selected to use the derived representation for statistical learning and detection.

Findings
The experiments led to detection accuracy of 97.50 per cent, with over 15 per cent improvement in comparison to conventional classifiers, signifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Research limitations/implications
This study did not test on images of roofs in the following conditions: roofs initially built without apparent appearance (e.g. structural roof framing completed and undergoing the sheathing process) and flat, barrel and dome roofs. From a standpoint of construction safety, while the present work is vital, coupling with semantic representation and analysis is still needed to allow for risk analysis of fall violations on roof sites.

Originality/value
This study is the first to address roof detection in site images. Its findings provide a basis to enable semantic representation of roof site objects of interests (e.g. co-existence and correlation among roof site, roofer, guardrail and personal fall arrest system) that is needed to automate the non-compliance checking of safety standards on roof sites.
Rediscovering EarthCube: Collaborate. Or collaborate not. There is no I
Authors: Smith II Plato , Malik Tanu , Berg-Cross Gary 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The EarthCube Technology and Architecture Committee working groups needed current information on the development of existing EarthCube-funded projects (e.g. building blocks, conceptual designs, and research coordination networks) to fulfill the goals of the working groups (e.g. gap analysis, use cases, standards bodies and testbed). The aims of this study include a compilation of planned outcomes, an assessment of current work and an investigation of interests in research collaboration among select EarthCube-funded projects.

Design/methodology/approach
Twenty-four principal investigators of 24 different EarthCube projects completed the Funded Projects Questionnaire composed of 35 questions in March and April 2015.

Findings
The survey response rate was 100 per cent and included a diversity of results ranging from planning stages to early development to final development. The funded projects in this study received awards in 2013 and 2014.

Research limitations/implications
The results are EarthCube-specific and are not generalizable. Suggestions for future research include integration of crosscutting disciplines and perspectives, best practices, guidelines and standards for broader impact.

Practical implications
This study identified potential collaboration opportunities, use cases and gaps (e.g. unmet architectural, functional, operational, organizational and/or technical needs).

Social implications
The impact on society include an improved understanding of the various EarthCube-funded projects and potential for collaboration within and across multiple disciplines.

Originality/value
This study contributed to the development of select outputs for EarthCube-funded projects’ presentations, Tech Hands Meeting, 2015 All Hands Meeting, select working groups’ outcomes and EarthCube Strategic Technology Plan and is of value to stakeholders, scientists and users.
The joint-liability mechanism: controlling opportunism through peer monitoring among Chinese supplier groups
Authors: Hu Qinfang , Chan S. Fiona , Zhang Guangling , Yang Zhilin 
Published: July 2016

PurposeGrounded in agency and clan theories, this study aims to examine how, when and why joint liability works as a control mechanism to reduce opportunism among tea supplier groups in China.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data from 82 supplier groups (three respondents per group) were collected.FindingsJoint liability is related positively to peer monitoring (as mediator) and negatively to opportunism, whereas the mediated relationship is moderated positively by group leaders’ perceived legitimate authority and negatively by reciprocity and shared norms.Social implicationsOpportunism is operationalized as the use of illegal pesticides, the violation of manufacturer–supplier contractual agreements and joint liability, as suppliers’ liability of having the whole group’s seasonal production is rejected by the manufacturer if a single act of opportunism is detected in the group.Originality/valueOur study demonstrates how and under what conditions the joint-liability mechanism is linked with the reduction of multi-suppliers’ opportunism. We pave the way for future applications of the control mechanism to fields related to inter-organizational governance. Most importantly, we apply Ouchi’s clan theory (1979, 1980) to conceptualize manufacturer–supplier and supplier–supplier relationships in China and provide first-hand evidence to validate its applicability and generalizability to the context. The study also offers insights on network influences in inter-organizational relationships (Guet al., 2010; Wathne and Heide, 2004) and confirms the important roles of network factors in inter-organizational relationships. In particular, peer monitoring operates as a mediator and normative factors operate as facilitators (moderators) for the joint liability to work as a mechanism to control opportunism in this relationship context.
Green Maintenance for historic masonry buildings: an option appraisal approach
Authors: Kayan Brit Anak , Forster Alan M. , Banfill Phillip F.G. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– Sustainability is well understood to encapsulate economic, environmental and societal parameters. The efficiency of maintenance interventions for historic buildings is no exception and also conforms to these broad factors. Recently, environmental considerations for masonry repair have become increasingly important and this work supports this growing area. The purpose of this paper is to give insight on how an option appraisal approach of “Green Maintenance” modelling for historic masonry buildings repair practically determine and ultimately substantiate the decision-making process using a calculation procedures of life cycle assessment, within delineated boundaries.

Design/methodology/approach
– Calculation procedures of the model enables an assessment of embodied carbon that is expended from different stone masonry wall repair techniques and scenarios for historic masonry buildings during the maintenance phase.

Findings
– It recognises the importance roles Green Maintenance model can play in reducing carbon emissions and underpins rational decision making for repair selection.

Practical implications
– It must be emphasised that the calculation procedures presented here, is not confined to historic masonry buildings and can be applied to any repair types and building form. The decisions made as a result of the utilisation of this model practically support environmentally focused conservation decisions.

Social implications
– The implementation of the model highlights the efficacy of repairs that may be adopted.

Originality/value
– The paper is a rigorous application and testing of the Green Maintenance model. The model relays the “true” carbon cost of repairs contextualised within the longevity of the materials and its embodied carbon that consequently allows rational appraisal of repair and maintenance options.
Energy and architectural consequences of Swedish building code
Authors: Lundgren Marja Sofie 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose building code changes that would benefit both architectural design and the potential of achieving nearly zero energy goals by analyzing the architectural implications of the energy system boundaries within the Swedish code.

Design/methodology/approach
– The analysis is driven by three questions that relate the national implementation of EU directive on nearly zero energy 2020 to the premises set out in the guidelines for revising the Swedish building code aiming at a performance-based regulation. A crucial part of the research is a comparative analysis of the design implications of the code to research findings in scientific articles on near-zero energy or low-energy design.

Findings
– The energy system boundaries in the Swedish code are steering the architectural design and energy consequences of offices towards using less heat but more electricity. The energy section is also limiting the architectural design choices by ignoring the positive energy aspects of daylight. A proposal of a new comprehensive energy section taking all architectural design related energy aspects into account is presented, in order to support design of nearly zero energy buildings.

Practical implications
– A building code that relates the energy system boundaries to form will help integrated design choices that are more likely to support the strive towards nearly zero energy buildings.

Originality/value
– The paper reveals the design implication of the Swedish energy section to be counterproductive regarding energy efficiency as well as limiting architectural design choices.
Sea otters, social justice, and ecosystem‐service perceptions in Clayoquot Sound, Canada
Authors: Levine Jordan , Muthukrishna Michael , Chan Kai M.A. , Satterfield Terre 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe sought to take a first step toward better integration of social concerns into empirical ecosystem service (ES) work. We did this by adapting cognitive anthropological techniques to study the Clayoquot Sound social‐ecological system on the Pacific coast of Canada's Vancouver Island. We used freelisting and ranking exercises to elicit how locals perceive ESs and to determine locals’ preferred food species. We analyzed these data with the freelist‐analysis software package ANTHROPAC. We considered the results in light of an ongoing trophic cascade caused by the government reintroduction of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and their spread along the island's Pacific coast. We interviewed 67 local residents (n = 29 females, n = 38 males; n = 26 self‐identified First Nation individuals, and n = 41 non‐First Nation individuals) and 4 government managers responsible for conservation policy in the region. We found that the mental categories participants—including trained ecologists—used to think about ESs, did not match the standard academic ES typology. With reference to the latest ecological model projections for the region, we found that First Nations individuals and women were most likely to perceive the most immediate ES losses from the trophic cascade, with the most certainty. The inverse was found for men and non‐First Nations individuals, generally. This suggests that 2 historically disadvantaged groups (i.e., First Nations and women) are poised to experience the immediate impacts of the government‐initiated trophic cascade as yet another social injustice in a long line of perceived inequities. Left unaddressed, this could complicate efforts at multistakeholder ecosystem management in the region.
Evolution of organogenesis and the origin of altriciality in mammals
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar , Laurin Michel , Koyabu Daisuke , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYMammals feature not only great phenotypic disparity, but also diverse growth and life history patterns, especially in maturity level at birth, ranging from altriciality to precocity. Gestation length, morphology at birth, and other markers of life history are fundamental to our understanding of mammalian evolution. Based on the first synthesis of embryological data and the study of new ontogenetic series, we reconstructed estimates of the ancestral chronology of organogenesis and life‐history modes in placental mammals. We found that the ancestor of marsupial and placental mammals was placental‐like at birth but had a long, marsupial‐like infancy. We hypothesize that mammalian viviparity might have evolved in association with the extension of growth after birth, enabled through lactation, and that mammalian altriciality is inherited from the earliest amniotes. The precocial lifestyle of extant sauropsids and that of many placental mammals were acquired secondarily. We base our conclusions on the best estimates and provide a comprehensive discussion on the methods used and the limitations of our dataset. We provide the most comprehensive embryological dataset ever published, “rescue” old literature sources, and apply available methods and illustrate thus an approach on how to investigate comparatively organogenesis in macroevolution.
The diversity of nanos expression in echinoderm embryos supports different mechanisms in germ cell specification
Authors: Fresques Tara , Swartz Steven Zachary , Juliano Celina , Morino Yoshiaki , Kikuchi Mani , Akasaka Koji , Wada Hiroshi , Yajima Mamiko , Wessel Gary M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYSpecification of the germ cell lineage is required for sexual reproduction in all animals. However, the timing and mechanisms of germ cell specification is remarkably diverse in animal development. Echinoderms, such as sea urchins and sea stars, are excellent model systems to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to germ cell specification. In several echinoderm embryos tested, the germ cell factor Vasa accumulates broadly during early development and is restricted after gastrulation to cells that contribute to the germ cell lineage. In the sea urchin, however, the germ cell factor Vasa is restricted to a specific lineage by the 32‐cell stage. We therefore hypothesized that the germ cell specification program in the sea urchin/Euechinoid lineage has evolved to an earlier developmental time point. To test this hypothesis we determined the expression pattern of a second germ cell factor, Nanos, in four out of five extant echinoderm clades. Here we find that Nanos mRNA does not accumulate until the blastula stage or later during the development of all other echinoderm embryos except those that belong to the Echinoid lineage. Instead, Nanos is expressed in a restricted domain at the 32–128 cell stage in Echinoid embryos. Our results support the model that the germ cell specification program underwent a heterochronic shift in the Echinoid lineage. A comparison of Echinoid and non‐Echinoid germ cell specification mechanisms will contribute to our understanding of how these mechanisms have changed during animal evolution.
Origins of recently re‐established and newly discovered populations of the endangered butterfly Shijimiaeoides divinus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Oita Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Abe Yoshihisa , Miura Kazuki , Ito Hayato , Yago Masaya , Koh Sang‐Kyun , Murata Kouhei , Yamashita Hideji 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe endangered butterfly Shijimiaeoides divinus was believed to have been extirpated from Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, but was rediscovered in Taketa in recent years. This population is considered to have re‐established as a result of natural dispersal from Kumamoto, a neighboring prefecture located to the west of Oita. Furthermore, another population was recently found in Yufu, Oita Prefecture, which is an area where the species had never been recorded. To elucidate the origins of these two populations newly found from Oita Prefecture, their DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were compared with those of other S. divinus populations from Kumamoto Prefecture, Honshu and Korea. The results supported the hypothesis that the Taketa population originated from Kumamoto Prefecture. However, it was not clear whether this population originated from the natural dispersal or deliberate release of individuals. It was also found that the Yufu population was not established by the deliberate release of individuals from Honshu or Korea; however, it remained unclear whether the population of S. divinus was native to Yufu, or originated from other localities in Kyushu.
Comparative genomics of the human, macaque and mouse major histocompatibility complex
Authors: Shiina Takashi , Blancher Antoine , Inoko Hidetoshi , Kulski Jerzy K. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe MHC is a highly polymorphic genomic region that encodes the transplantation and immune regulatory molecules. It receives special attention for genetic investigation because of its important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and its strong association with numerous infectious and/or autoimmune diseases. The MHC locus was first discovered in the mouse and for the past 50 years it has been studied most intensively in both mice and humans. However, in recent years the macaque species have emerged as some of the more important and advanced experimental animal models for biomedical research into MHC with important human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus and transplantation studies undertaken in association with precise MHC genotyping and haplotyping methods using Sanger sequencing and next‐generation sequencing. Here, in this special issue on ‘Macaque Immunology’ we provide a short review of the genomic similarities and differences among the human, macaque and mouse MHC class I and class II regions, with an emphasis on the association of the macaque class I region with MHC polymorphism, haplotype structure and function.
Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR‐FAP) in Mallorca: a comparison between late‐ and early‐onset disease
Authors: Buades‐Reinés Juan , Raya‐Cruz Manuel , Gallego‐Lezaún Cristina , Ripoll‐Vera Tomás , Usón‐Martín Mercedes , Andreu‐Serra Hernán , Cisneros‐Barroso Eugenia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe age of onset (AO) of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis (hATTR) is known to vary between populations, with differing characteristics reported according to AO in endemic/non‐endemic foci. This was a retrospective study of patients with early AO (<50 years) and late AO (≥50 years) hATTR at our center in Mallorca. Data were collected on patient demographics, clinical disease manifestation, and physical symptoms. A total of 95 patients were analyzed, with mean follow‐up of 9 years from diagnosis. The early AO group included 53 patients (33 male) and the late AO group included 42 patients (21 male). Neurologic involvement was the most common initial symptom, although it was significantly more frequent in the late AO vs. early AO group (p = 0.015). Autonomic involvement was observed in 26% of patients in the early AO group, but was rarely observed in the late AO group (5%). During follow up, cardiologic symptoms, renal involvement, and ophthalmologic symptoms were significantly more common in the late AO group (p < 0.05). This retrospective study demonstrates the variation in disease presentation and progression according to AO of hATTR at our Mallorcan center.
A review of software tools for spell‐checking taxon names in vegetation databases
Authors: Wagner Viktoria 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCorrect spelling of taxon names in vegetation databases is a fundamental prerequisite for many data processing steps. However, manual detection and correction of spelling mistakes is inefficient, prone to errors and non‐reproducible, especially when scanning large databases. Here, I review six software tools that spell‐check taxon names in vegetation databases: (1) the Global Names Resolver, (2) the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera, (3) the Taxonomic Name Resolution Service and R packages (4) Plantminer, (5) Taxonstand and (6) tpl. In particular, I test their capacity to spell‐check names across the taxonomic ranks and organism groups frequently encountered in vegetation data and challenge their ability to screen names from different geographic regions. Performance by software tools differed widely in these tests. Backed up by multiple reference lists, the Global Names Resolver emerged as the most versatile software tool. All software solutions currently suffer from some minor limitations, including an inability to spell‐check names of hybrid taxa. Furthermore, some spelling mistakes, by their nature, cannot be resolved unambiguously. Given these limitations, taxon names should be spell‐checked with software tools in a semi‐automatic rather than an automatic way.
Learning to Cooperate: Applying Deming's New Economics and Denzau and North's New Institutional Economics to Improve Interorganizational Systems Thinking
Authors: Denzau Arthur T. , Minassians Henrik P. , Roy Ravi K. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPublic administrators often go about their business blind to how their actions both affect, and are affected by, the activities and processes of agents operating outside their own organizations. In truth, no single agency or department operates in a vacuum or in isolation of other organizational entities. According to world‐renowned leadership and management expert, W. Edwards Deming, a given agency's ability to perform its duties effectively is the result of a myriad of interdependent processes and operations with other organizations. Consequently, effective leaders must develop an understanding of how the departments they oversee both influence, and are at the same time influenced by the outside agencies and organizations upon whom they mutually depend.1) We draw jointly on W. Edwards Deming's System of Profound Knowledge (SoPK) framework and Arthur T. Denzau and Douglass C. North's (1994) New Institutional Economics (NIE)‐based work on Shared Mental Models (SMM) to explore why inter‐agency cooperation tends to be limited in ‘traditional’ organizational environments. 2) Drawing on Denzau and North's SMM, we then suggest how inter‐organizational communication and cooperation can be facilitated via two means of learning—training and experiential. 3) We then apply concepts from Denzau and North's SMM to suggest a modified model of the Nash equilibrium used in game theory. This model is then used to operationalize the learning path to Deming's approach to ‘systems thinking’ (SoPK.) 4) Finally, we provide a real‐world example to illustrate the modified model.