bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite‐offset common reflection surface stack using global optimisation for parameter estimation: a land data example
Authors: Garabito German , Cruz João Carlos Ribeiro , Söllner Walter 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn recent years, several research works dealing with velocity model independent seismic imaging have been published. These methods are capable of simulating arbitrary offset seismic sections by stacking a set of measured prestack seismic data along paraxial travel‐time surfaces. Hyperbolic common‐reflection‐surface travel‐time approximation is one of the most robust descriptions, which simulates not only zero‐offset but also finite‐offset sections with high accuracy from noisy multi‐coverage seismic data. In order to reconstruct seismic reflection events in common‐offset sections, the common‐reflection‐surface travel‐time approximation depends on five kinematic attributes (or parameters) for each selected point of the common‐offset seismic section. The main challenge of this method is to provide a computationally efficient data‐driven strategy for accurately determining the best set of parameters. Here, we introduce an approach for simultaneously estimating the five parameters from prestack seismic data by a very fast simulated annealing optimisation algorithm. For each sample point of the common‐offset section to be simulated, we determine only one set of common reflection surface attributes corresponding to the global maximum or the event with highest coherency. We applied our method of simultaneous global optimisation on synthetic and real data examples and showed the potential of the proposed strategy to enhance the reflection events in noisy data, even with very low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Finally, we demonstrate the regularisation capability of our method in a land seismic data example with missing traces for near, middle, and far offsets. In order to better appreciate the field data results, we present the time‐migrated sections with and without application of the proposed regularisation strategy.
Increasing species richness but decreasing phylogenetic richness and divergence over a 320‐year period of urbanization
Authors: Knapp Sonja , Winter Marten , Klotz Stefan 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Urbanization is increasing faster than ever, contributing to a global extinction crisis. Recently, scientists have debated whether species richness on local and regional scales is mostly declining, but long‐term changes in phylogenetic richness and divergence were largely disregarded. Space‐for‐time approaches revealed that plant phylogenetic divergence is lower in urban than in non‐urban areas. However, such approaches cannot fully disentangle the relative importance of the biotic processes that drive temporal changes in diversity.

Using a unique European urban flora covering 320 years in seven time steps, combined with a comprehensive plant phylogeny, we examined (i) how species richness changed with urbanization over time; (ii) whether trends in phylogenetic richness and divergence parallel trends in species richness; and (iii) whether species extirpation or immigration is driving these changes.

We found that over time urban species richness increased, but phylogenetic richness and divergence decreased. Extirpations of phylogenetically distinct native species and immigrations of phylogenetically common native and non‐native species caused a non‐random loss of phylogenetic diversity. Our analyses suggest that if future extirpations and immigrations continue to follow the patterns observed over history, this loss will continue.

Synthesis and applications. Measures to protect phylogenetic diversity should combine the protection of threatened habitats and their species with the maintenance of habitats that mitigate heat and safeguard evolutionary history. Urban planners should consider a phylogenetically diverse set of species when designing green spaces.
Genotypic diversity mitigates negative effects of density on plant performance: a field experiment and life cycle analysis of common evening primrose Oenothera biennis
Authors: Cook‐Patton Susan C. , Hastings Amy P. , Agrawal Anurag A. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Genotypic diversity in plant populations is known to enhance plant performance and ecosystem function. Nonetheless, the effect of genotypic diversity has rarely been examined across a population's lifecycle despite the expectation that changing conditions, such as population density, will alter the benefits of diversity.

We simultaneously manipulated a component of genotypic diversity (richness, the number of genotypes) and density of common evening primrose Oenothera biennis to address the consequences for herbivory and lifetime fitness in a 2‐year field experiment that spanned seed germination to lifetime fruit production. We genotyped >1100 seedlings with microsatellite DNA markers to determine realized diversity and density in plots sown with O. biennis seeds. Our design achieved quantitative variation in plant density and diversity, with one to 44 individuals established in field plots and two to eight genotypes per polyculture plot (based on microsatellite analysis of reproductive plants).

We found a strong interaction between seed density and genetic diversity, with germination and establishment being 24% higher in genetic polycultures than monocultures, but only at low seed density. At high seed density, the opposite pattern emerged, with polycultures having 12% fewer individuals established than monocultures. Initial effects of emergence on plot density persisted through to the fruiting stage.

Higher plant densities resulted in increased mortality, decreased probability of reproduction, decreased plant height and lower levels of lifetime fruit production per plant. Increasing genotypic diversity increased the probability of reproduction overall and showed a significant interaction with plant density mitigating the negative effects of high density on individual height and lifetime fruit production.

Synthesis. Plant density and genotypic diversity interacted from the very early stages of seed germination and establishment of Oenothera biennis. This effect persisted over the 2‐year life cycle of plants, and genotypic diversity buffered against the negative fitness consequences of high plant density. These results imply a dynamic interplay between the long‐held paradigm of density effects in plant ecology and the genetic structure of populations.
Barossa Night: cohesion in the British Army officer corps
Authors: Bury Patrick 
Published: November 2016

AbstractContrasting the classical explanation of military group cohesion as sustained by interpersonal bonds, recent scholars have highlighted the importance of ritualized communication, training and drills in explaining effective military performance in professional armies. While this has offered a welcome addition to the cohesion literature and a novel micro‐sociological method of examining cohesion, its primary evidential base has been combat groups. Indeed, despite their prominent role in directing operations over the past decade, the British Army's officer corps has received relatively little attention from sociologists during this period. No attempt has been made to explain cohesion in the officer corps. Using a similar method to recent cohesion scholars, this paper seeks to address this imbalance by undertaking a micro‐sociology of one ritual in particular: ‘Barossa Night’ in the Royal Irish Regiment. Firstly, it draws on the work of Durkheim to examine how cohesion amongst the officer corps is created and sustained through a dense array of practises during formal social rituals. It provides evidence that the use of rituals highlights that social solidarity is central to understanding officer cohesion. Secondly, following Hockey's work on how private soldiers negotiate order, the paper shows how this solidarity in the officer corps is based on a degree of negotiated order and the need to release organizational tensions inherent in a strictly hierarchical rank structure. It highlights how the awarding of gallantry medals can threaten this negotiated order and fuel deviancy. In examining this behaviour, the paper shows that even amongst an officer class traditionally viewed as the elite upholders of organizational discipline, the negotiation of rank and hierarchy can be fluid. How deviant behaviour is later accepted and normalized by senior officers indicates that negotiated order is as important to understanding cohesion in the British Army's officer corps as it is amongst private soldiers.
Single dose versus multiple dose of antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pinto‐Lopes R , Sousa‐Pinto B , Azevedo LF 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundProphylactic antibiotics are traditionally given as a single dose for caesarean section. However, inconsistent application of recommendations and recent evidence prompted a literature review.ObjectivesTo assess the optimal regimen for antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section by comparing single versus multiple doses of the same intervention.Search strategyMEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, CENTRAL and ongoing trials databases were searched. Reference lists were reviewed and international groups contacted.Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing single with multiple dose regimens of the same antibiotic prophylaxis. Quasi‐RCT and abstracts were suitable for inclusion.Data collection and analysisReviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality of evidence. A random‐effects model was used and results presented as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Main resultsSixteen studies were included, involving 2695 women. Nonsignificant differences were observed between single dose and multiple dose antibiotic prophylaxis in the incidence of postpartum infectious morbidity (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75–1.20, I2 = 25%), endometritis (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.74–1.42, I2 = 0%) and wound infection (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.72–2.08, I2 = 0%). A trend towards lower risk of urinary tract infection was seen with multiple dose (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34–1.24, I2 = 0%).ConclusionsThere was insufficient evidence to determine whether there is a difference between single and multiple dose regimens in reducing the incidence of infectious morbidity after caesarean section. The quality of evidence was very low and well‐designed RCTs are needed.Tweetable abstractInsufficient evidence of difference between dosage regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section.
Rural livelihoods and food security: long‐term insights from Sierra Leone's Eastern Province
Authors: Binns Tony , Bateman Jerram 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSierra Leone is one of the world's poorest countries, which in the last two decades has suffered from a devastating civil war and, more recently, an epidemic of the deadly Ebola disease. Both economy and livelihoods have suffered considerably, and the government and local communities are now working hard to rebuild these. Food insecurity has been a longstanding issue among Sierra Leone's rural households. This article considers some of the main parameters in the food security debate and then examines food security in the context of the country's rural development policies. Using data collected from field‐based research undertaken in two Eastern Province communities in the 1970s, and more recently in 2014, a valuable long‐term perspective is provided in relation to seasonal and intra‐household food insecurity and the impact of certain shocks in exacerbating the situation. The article concludes that further rural extension support, increasing cash crop production, and community education programmes could help to raise awareness of food insecurity issues and possibly lead to an improvement in nutritional levels in communities and within individual households.
Waffle Production: Influence of Baking Plate Material on Sticking of Waffles
Authors: Huber Regina , Kalss Georg , Schoenlechner Regine 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground of this study was to understand the factors that contribute to sticking of fresh egg waffles on baking plates. The aim of this study was to investigate the sticking (adhesion) behavior of waffles on 4 different baking plate materials (ductile iron, grey iron, low alloyed steel, and steel with titanium nitrite coating) at different baking parameters (temperature and time) and application of 3 different release agents (different fat compositions). Baking plates from ductile and grey iron showed lower release properties of waffles than the 2 steel baking plates. Baking parameters had to be high enough to allow rapid product crust formation but prevent burning, which again increases sticking behavior. Release agents based on short‐chain fatty acids with higher degree of saturation provided better release behavior of waffles than those based on long‐chain fatty acids or on emulsifier‐acid combinations. Baking plates with increased hardness, good heat storage capacity, and smooth surface seemed to be best suitable. Further research on appropriate coating material might be promising for future.
Extended dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome in Spain: Results from the EPICOR study
Authors: Bardají Alfredo , Leal Manuel , Arrarte Vicente , Garcia‐Moll Xavier , Pérez de Isla Leopoldo , Bueno Héctor 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIntroductionReal‐world, country‐specific studies of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration among survivors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are important for improving long‐term prognosis.AimsTo investigate DAPT duration after hospital discharge for ACS in Spain.ResultsData from patients enrolled in the Spanish cohort of the EPICOR (long‐tErm follow‐up of antithrombotic management Patterns In acute CORonary syndrome patients) study (NCT01171404) were analyzed for changes to antithrombotic medication up to 2 years postdischarge according to index event diagnosis and patient characteristics. Deaths, coronary events, and bleeding events were analyzed over the same period. Overall, a high proportion of patients remained on DAPT at 2 years (53.1%). Among patients who experienced any on‐treatment bleeding event, almost two‐thirds remained on DAPT at the end of follow‐up. Patients >65 years, diabetic, or those that were medically managed were more likely to continue with DAPT until 2 years following discharge. At 2 years, the incidence of bleeding events requiring hospitalization was low compared with the incidence of coronary events (1.4% vs 6.6%). There was a numerical reduction in coronary events, but no increase in bleeding events, with DAPT continuation compared with single antiplatelet therapy.ConclusionsMore than half of patients in this unselected cohort study remained on DAPT at 2 years following discharge for ACS. Continuation with DAPT was greater among patients with additional cardiovascular risk factors, which suggests that treating physicians in Spain prioritizes ischemic risk reduction over bleeding risk in patients with ACS, according to patient's risk profile.
Neural mechanisms underlying visual attention to health warnings on branded and plain cigarette packs
Authors: Maynard Olivia M. , Brooks Jonathan C. W. , Munafò Marcus R. , Leonards Ute 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimsTo (1) test if activation in brain regions related to reward (nucleus accumbens) and emotion (amygdala) differ when branded and plain packs of cigarettes are viewed, (2) test whether these activation patterns differ by smoking status and (3) examine whether activation patterns differ as a function of visual attention to health warning labels on cigarette packs.DesignCross‐sectional observational study combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with eye‐tracking. Non‐smokers, weekly smokers and daily smokers performed a memory task on branded and plain cigarette packs with pictorial health warnings presented in an event‐related design.SettingClinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, UK.ParticipantsNon‐smokers, weekly smokers and daily smokers (n = 72) were tested. After exclusions, data from 19 non‐smokers, 19 weekly smokers and 20 daily smokers were analysed.MeasurementsBrain activity was assessed in whole brain analyses and in pre‐specified masked analyses in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. On‐line eye‐tracking during scanning recorded visual attention to health warnings.FindingsThere was no evidence for a main effect of pack type or smoking status in either the nucleus accumbens or amygdala, and this was unchanged when taking account of visual attention to health warnings. However, there was evidence for an interaction, such that we observed increased activation in the right amygdala when viewing branded as compared with plain packs among weekly smokers (P = 0.003). When taking into account visual attention to health warnings, we observed higher levels of activation in the visual cortex in response to plain packaging compared with branded packaging of cigarettes (P = 0.020).ConclusionsBased on functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye‐tracking data, health warnings appear to be more salient on ‘plain’ cigarette packs than branded packs.
Identifying in‐patient costs attributable to the clinical sequelae and comorbidities of alcoholic liver disease in a national hospital database
Authors: Heslin Kevin C. , Elixhauser Anne , Steiner Claudia A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsThe clinical sequelae and comorbidities of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) often require hospitalization. The aims of this study were to (1) compare the average costs of hospitalizations with ALD and the costs of hospitalizations with other alcohol‐related diagnoses that do not involve the liver; and (2) estimate the percentage of the difference in costs between the ALD and non‐ALD hospitalizations that may be attributed to ascites, protein–calorie malnutrition and other conditions.DesignThe 2012 National Inpatient Sample is a population‐based cross‐sectional database representing more than 94% of all discharges from community hospitals in the United States.SettingCommunity hospitals in the United States.ParticipantsThe sample included 72 531 hospitalizations with ALD and 287 047 hospitalizations with other alcohol‐related diagnoses.MeasurementsThe dependent variable was total in‐patient costs. We estimated the contribution of ascites, protein–calorie malnutrition and other conditions to the difference in costs between patients with ALD and patients with other diagnoses.FindingsAverage costs for ALD patients were $3188.4 higher than those for patients with other diagnoses ($13 543 versus $10 355; P < 0.001). Among all conditions in the analysis, protein–calorie malnutrition had the largest impact on costs [$6501; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5956, 7045; P < 0.001] accounting for 12% of the higher costs of ALD stays.ConclusionsCosts of hospital care for patients with alcoholic liver disease are higher than those for patients with other alcohol‐related diagnoses. These increased costs are associated with specific clinical sequelae and comorbidities, with protein–calorie malnutrition—a largely preventable condition—making a substantial contribution.
Coping strategies, alexithymia and anxiety in young patients with food allergy
Authors: Polloni L. , DunnGalvin A. , Ferruzza E. , Bonaguro R. , Lazzarotto F. , Toniolo A. , Celegato N. , Muraro A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundFood allergy is major public health concern affecting nearly 15 million Americans and 80 million Europeans. Risk of anaphylaxis and implications for social activities affect patients' quality of life and psychological well‐being. We previously found that young patients reported higher levels of alexithymia (difficulty in recognizing and expressing emotions) compared with healthy peers and may influence affect, management style and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to explore links between coping strategies, alexithymia and anxiety among food‐allergic adolescents and young adults.MethodsNinety‐two patients with IgE‐mediated food allergy (mean age 18.6 years) completed Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Trait Anxiety subscale of State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Multivariate analyses of variance assessed differences and associations between subgroups on the scales.ResultsSignificant differences found between alexithymia levels in coping style were explained by Avoidance strategies. ‘Avoidance’ had the highest contribution in explaining alexithymia, followed by trait anxiety, age, anaphylaxis and social support. Respondents with higher alexithymia use avoidance as coping strategy over and above other coping strategies such as problem‐solving and positive thinking, are younger, will have experienced anaphylaxis and will have lower social support.ConclusionsRecognizing the specific role of affect regulation in health behaviours may constitute an important step in supporting patients to explore more adaptive strategies.
Estimate of the total costs of allergic rhinitis in specialized care based on real‐world data: the FERIN Study
Authors: Colás C. , Brosa M. , Antón E. , Montoro J. , Navarro A. , Dordal M. T. , Dávila I. , Fernández‐Parra B. , Ibáñez M. D. P. , Lluch‐Bernal M. , Matheu V. , Rondón C. , Sánchez M. C. , Valero A. ,   Rhinoconjunctivitis Committee of the Spanish Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundDespite the socioeconomic importance of allergic rhinitis (AR), very few prospective studies have been performed under conditions of clinical practice and with a sufficiently long observation period outside the clinical trial scenario. We prospectively estimated the direct and indirect costs of AR in patients attending specialized clinics in Spain.MethodsPatients were recruited at random from allergy outpatient clinics in 101 health centers throughout Spain over 12 months. We performed a multicenter, observational, prospective study under conditions of clinical practice. We analyzed direct costs from a funder perspective (healthcare costs) and from a societal perspective (healthcare and non–healthcare costs). Indirect costs (absenteeism and presenteeism [productivity lost in the workplace]) were also calculated. The cost of treating conjunctivitis was evaluated alongside that of AR.ResultsThe total mean cost of AR per patient‐year (n = 498) was €2326.70 (direct, €553.80; indirect, €1772.90). Direct costs were significantly higher in women (€600.34 vs €484.46, P = 0.02). Total costs for intermittent AR were significantly lower than for persistent AR (€1484.98 vs €2655.86, P < 0.001). Total indirect costs reached €1772.90 (presenteeism, €1682.71; absenteeism, €90.19). The direct costs of AR in patients with intermittent asthma (€507.35) were lower than in patients with mild‐persistent asthma (€719.07) and moderate‐persistent asthma (€798.71) (P = 0.006).ConclusionsThe total cost of AR for society is considerable. Greater frequency of symptoms and more severe AR are associated with higher costs. Indirect costs are almost threefold direct costs, especially in presenteeism. A reduction in presenteeism would generate considerable savings for society.