bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malting Barley Diseases, Yield and Quality – Responses to Using Various Agro-Technology Regimes
Authors: Kangor Tiia , Sooväli Pille , Tamm Ylle , Tamm Ilmar , Koppel Mati 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Pyrenophora teres (net blotch) and Cochliobolus sativus (spot blotch), the most widely spread diseases in the Northern Baltic region, have high impact on cereal production. The effect of three levels of fertilisation and two fungicide treatments on the severity of barley diseases, grain yield and quality traits (protein content, test weight, thousand kernel weight (TKW), grading) was tested during a period of three years. Weather conditions during the growing season highly determined disease severity, yield and quality. In addition, the infection level of P. teres was more dependent on fungicide treatment (p ≤ 0.001) and barley variety (p ≤ 0.001) while C. sativus infection was influenced more by fertilisation (p ≤ 0.001) and year x fertilisation interaction (p ≤ 0.001). Fungicide treatment had no influence on grain yield and protein content, but slightly improved TKW (p ≤ 0.05), test weight (p ≤ 0.001) and grading (p ≤ 0.001). However, these quality traits were mostly influenced by barley variety (p ≤ 0.001). TKW and test weight were highest at fertilisation level N80P12K43. The effect of year and fertilisation contributed significantly to the grain protein content. Grain yield and protein content were highest at the maximum fertiliser application (N100P15K54).
On Stability of Pin-Jointed Beam Affected by Random Pulsating Load
Authors: Carkovs Jevgeòijs , Matvejevs Andrejs 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This paper deals with stability analysis of pin-jointed beams that are affected to random pulsating load. The stability conditions of a pin-jointed beam are analysed using a mathematical model of the beam characterised by longitudinal force with Poisson characteristics and applying the stochastic modification of the second Lyapunov method.
Robust Synchronisation of Uncertain Fractional-Order Chaotic Unified Systems
Authors: Noghredani Naeimadeen , Balochian Saeed 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Fractional-order chaotic unified systems include a variety of fractional-order chaotic systems such as Chen, Lorenz, Lu, Liu, and financial systems. This paper describes a sliding mode controller for synchronisation of fractional-order chaotic unified systems in the presence of uncertainties and external disturbances, and affirms the stability of the controller (which is composed of error dynamics). Moreover, the synchronisation of two separate fractional-order chaotic systems is studied. For this aim, fractional integral sliding surface is defined. Then the sliding mode control rule for stability of error dynamic is presented based on the Lyapunov stability theorem. Simulation results, obtained by using MATLAB, show that the proposed sliding mode has employed an appropriate approach against uncertainties and to reduce the chattering phenomenon that often occurs with sliding mode controllers.
The Ethics of Keeping fur Animals, the Estonian Context
Authors: Arney David , Piirsalu Peep 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe discussion of the ethics of fur farming is currently important in Estonia, where the Estonian Parliament is due to make a judgement on the legality of farming animals for fur in the state. Although there is significant opposition among the local general population, and discussion in the popular and social media, there is little evidence of a coherent ethical reason why fur animals should not be farmed while we continue to permit the farming of other livestock animals. Ethical viewpoints of the rights and welfare of animals are presented here and these are contextualised with regard to fur farming and fur farming in Estonia in particular.
Fragmented Agrarian Space: Building Blocks and Modernisation Trajectories. The Case of Slovenia
Authors: Slavič Irma Potočnik 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Production, processing and consumption within Slovenian agrarian space are fragmented due to physical constraints (72.4% of the territory categorised as ANC) and socio-geographic factors. Based on available data, five essential building blocks of contemporary Slovenian agrarian space (available land, change management, integrated circular economy, adjustable policies, and flexibility of institutions) are discussed. Interrelations among the building blocks shape the modernisation trajectories of approx. 70,000 agricultural holdings in Slovenia. The coexistence of three modernisation trajectories, i.e. practised autarky, various forms of pluri-activity, and small-scale intensive and innovative modernisation, creates a complex mosaic. The governance of multifunctional and multi-structured agrarian space is becoming more demanding.
Investigating Dairy Farmers′ Resilience under a Transforming Policy and a Market Regime: The Case of North Karelia, Finland
Authors: Rizzo Fulvio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The European dairy sector is currently facing unprecedented challenges under a transforming policy and a market regime. The expected changes will have relevant consequences for land use, the landscape, and the environment in rural areas dominated by dairy farming. Within this context, the aim of this paper is twofold. First, key characteristics of milk production in the region of North Karelia will be illustrated. Secondly, some light will be shed on dairy farmers′ challenges and adaptations to the dairy sector’s structural changes, and to what extent they contribute to the resilience of agricultural systems. In the light of an evident milk crisis, the findings suggest that farmers′ key challenge is the profitability of running a dairy enterprise. One of the consequences of the poor economic situation is the pressure to make investments in the conditions of a constantly changing policy. Flexibility and the ability to understand future trends are fundamental in adapting to socio-economic changes and unpredictability. Adaptation to unpredictability would not be possible without a key characteristic of farming activity: agriculture is not only a source of an income, but also a way of life, a sense of belonging to the land that significantly affects farmers′ decision-making.
Agricultural Land On Built-Up Housing Lots and the Incomes of Communes: An Example of Rokietnica Commune in the Poznań Agglomeration
Authors: Maćkiewicz Barbara , Karalus-Wiatr Cecylia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The strong connection between urbanisation processes and the transformation of farmland into built-up areas - mostly residential - has already been tackled in the literature. Still, in Poland this process of farmland loss, generally thought to be irreversible, occurs in a specific, often irrational and not fully registered way. What is more, this development is favoured by legislation, especially rules controlling the exclusion of land from agricultural production and real-estate taxation. Among the many detrimental consequences of those regulations are incomes of communes lower than they should be. The problem tackled in the article is that of the exclusion from agricultural use of only fragments of geodetic lots on which building investments are going on. The cost of the exclusion and the difference in the rates of the agricultural tax and the real-estate tax very often result in the exclusion of only a part of a lot, while the rest of it is formally still in agricultural use, even though its owner does not conduct any agricultural activity there. In this case two taxes have to be paid from one lot: the real-estate tax, on the land taken out of agricultural use and the building erected on it, and another, the agricultural tax, on land that is still a piece of farmland. This situation, especially in areas undergoing rapid urban sprawl, is common in Poland and has unfavourable consequences for the incomes of communes. It also leads to a discrepancy between data from the real-estate cadastre and the actual area of land in agricultural use, which greatly hampers an exact measurement and control of the real losses of land performing the agricultural function, including that with high-quality soils. The conducted research demonstrated that in 2014 nearly 7% (927) of all geodetic lots in Rokietnica commune, situated in the immediate neighbourhood of Poznań, were builtup housing lots, mostly carrying detached single-family houses, with fragments of farmland. Almost a half (49.4%) of the total area of those lots, 42 ha, was still agricultural land in the real-estate cadastre and subject to taxation not by the real-estate tax, but the much lower agricultural tax. Because of this difference in the two taxes, the annual receipts of the commune budget are 186,601 zlotys (43,395 euro) lower. It also turned out that more than 50% of farmland on those lots (21.8 ha) was arable land of the good land-capability class III, which is high for the conditions in the Poznań agglomeration. This not only corroborates the findings of earlier studies highlighting significant losses of good-quality arable land taking place as a result of urban sprawl, but it also means that in the Polish conditions actual losses are much higher than would follow from records in the real-estate cadastre. It can also be stated that the Polish legal rules not only fail to adequately protect farmland situated within metropolitan areas, but even favour its excessive loss.
Geochemistry of Fluvial Sediments from Geregu, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adiotomre Emmanuel E. , Ejeh Innocent O. , Adaikpoh Edwin O. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Geochemical analysis of fluvial sediments on the banks of River Ero using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry illustrates their maturity, provenance and tectonic setting. The analysed sediment samples show low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 2.92-2.99 (units FL_A, FL_B and FL_E) and high SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 4.064-4.852 (units FL_C, FL_D, FL_F and FL_G). Sediments were geochemically classified as shales (units FL_A, FL_B and FL_E) and greywackes (units FL_C, FL_D, FL_F and FL_G). Variability in sediment maturity (FL_F > FL_G >FL_C >FL_D >FL_A > FL_B > FL_E) parallels a decreasing order in the ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 and K2O/Al2O3, as well as the proportion of quartz grains and matrix components. Evidence from Al2O3/TiO2, K2O, Rb, La/Co, Th/Co, Cr/ Th, Th/Cr, La/Th-Hf, Th-Hf-Co and rare earth element contents of sediment samples suggest felsic protoliths of upper continental crust in a passive margin tectonic setting. An insignificant contribution of mafic components from the source is, however, inferred based on the Ni and Cr contents of the sediment samples. Combined Eu anomalies <0.85 and (Gd/Yb)n ratios <2.0 (1.53- 1.82, average 1.65) suggest post-Archean protoliths.
Habitat fragmentation decreased the genetic variability of Trichilia elegans A. Juss. (Meliaceae) in southern Brazil
Authors: Slaviero L. B. , Valério-Júnior C. , Cardoso R. I. , Mielniczki-Pereira A. , Cansian R. L. , Budke J. C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHabitat fragmentation and the creation of so-called edge effects may have different implications on flora and fauna, including complex genetic responses. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity in a local population of the shade tolerant tree Trichilia elegans A. Juss (Meliaceae), with emphasis to the evaluation of genetic variation towards an edge-interior gradient. The results of isoenzymes assays showed that the edge subpopulation experienced the highest allele loss, while fixed alleles increased towards the interior. The total polymorphic loci percentage was 76.67%, being higher in the Middle subpopulation, whilethe average sample size for a locus (N) and the mean number of alleles for a locus (Na) were significantly lower in the Edge subpopulation. The indices Ho, Heand f showed good heterozygosity in the total population, indicating high genetic variability. The genetic distance Fstand Nm followed the same pattern, with Middle and Interior subpopulations showing higher similarity and the Edge as the farthest one, also showing less gene flow in relation to the others. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) allowed us to separate the three subpopulations with the first two axes explaining 65% of total variation, confirming that forest fragmentation affects the genetics of Trichilia elegans within the analyzed fragment.
Three microsatellite multiplex PCR assays allowing high resolution genotyping of white spruce, Picea glauca
Authors: Eusemann Pascal , Herzig P. , Kieß M. , Ahlgrimm S. , Herrmann P. , Wilmking M. , Schnittler M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Fifteen previously published microsatellite primer pairs developed for and tested on Canadian white spruce were screened for amplification and polymorphy in Alaskan populations and tested for their suitability in PCR multiplexing. Eleven loci expressing polymorphisms ranging from 7 to 58 alleles were selected for development and optimization of three multiplex assays. Four natural stands containing a total of 1470 trees were used to characterize the selected loci and demonstrate their applicability for genotyping studies and parentage analysis. These assays can be used for studies focusing on population genetics, parentage analysis, provenance research, or individual genetic fingerprinting. The use of multiplex PCR facilitates large-scale studies by simultaneously enabling high resolution and reducing processing time and per sample cost.
Phylogeography and genetic variability of the Arnica montana chemotypes in NW Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Vera Manuel , Romero R. , Rodríguez-Guitián M. A. , Barros R. M. , Real C. , Bouza C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe threatened European species Arnica montana L. is a plant much appreciated in the pharmaceutical industry, Galicia (North-Western Spain) being one of the main supply regions. Two chemotypes based on the content of sesquiterpene lactones have been found in this area: a chemotype dominated by helenalins, common in Central Europe, and another dominated by dihydrohelenalins, only found currently in Galicia. The aim of this work was to analyse the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of Arnica montana in Galicia and their concordance with previous biochemical and environmental information. Two polymorphic chloroplast markers were sequenced in individuals from populations showing significant biochemical differences and situated in different environments (heathland, hay-meadow and peatland). Three haplotypes, different from those previously described in Europe, were found in Galicia and our results suggest that one of them could be ancestral inside the species. Significant population differentiation was detected in the studied area but genetic diversity within populations was low, only showing variability in heathland populations. This study is the first one describing the genetic diversity of Arnica montana in the extreme SW of Europe. The results suggested the presence of two different genetic groups (one of them ancestral) and were congruent with the two chemotypes described. Plants from heathlands displayed the highest variability because the two chemotypes were present in them. Future design of conservation and economical management plans for this threatened species should take into account this genetic variability and prioritize further genetic and chemical characterizations across the distribution range of the species.
Genetic variation and origin of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) native and introduced provenances
Authors: Huang G. H. , Liang K. N. , Zhou Z. Z. , Xu J. M. , Ma H. M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA total of 420 individuals belonged to 18 native teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) provenances from all four distributed countries and 10 introduced provenances were analyzed to for genetic variation, structure and genetic origin using SSR markers. The unbiased gene diversity for each provenance ranged from 0.4692 to 0.8523 with a mean value 0.6612, showing high variation within teak provenances and variation in India provenances was highest than in other countries’ provenances.AMOVA analysis showed that the majority of variation existed within provenances (84.760%) and also substantial variation among countries (10.586%). As more as possible plus trees from large population should be selected or conserved in order to keep genetic variability for future improvement. Different countries populations should be preserved in the natural habitat or collected for ex site conservation with cooperation and region-wise strategies.A Mantel test revealed significant correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances of teak provenances (R=0.7355, P<0.001). The cluster analyses by UPGMA, PCA and STRUCTURE methods gave very similar results, showing India provenances were firstly differentiated, and Laos provenances clustered with Thailand provenances, then introduced provenances and Myanmar provenances successively joined in the clusters. The introduced provenances no. 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 appeared to be very closely linked to Laos provenances (especially no. 17) and Thailand provenances (especially no. 5 and 6), while provenances no. 21, 24, 26 may be originated from Myanmar provenance (especially no. 16).
Tracing the origin and species identity of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea in Europe: a review
Authors: Blanc-Jolivet Céline , Liesebach M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTraceability of forest material has received recently increasing interest and European regulations already apply on forest reproductive material and timber. DNA fingerprinting methods allow identification of species and control of geographic origin, providing that genetic reference data is available. In this review, we focus on the two economically important European oak species, Quercus robur and Q. petraea. We describe the available molecular markers and data, and discuss their applicability for traceability systems of forest reproductive material at a European scale. We also provide insights on the use of DNA fingerprinting on timber material.
Development of PCR based markers in Terpene synthase genes for marker assisted selection of high resin yielders in Pinus roxburghii Sarg
Authors: Allen S. , Ginwal H. S. , Barthwal S. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Pine oleoresin is a complex mixture of volatile and nonvolatile terpenes and is exploited for commercial production in India. Pines have long reproductive cycle vegetative phase extending upto many years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify high resin pine yielders at an early stage. Due to the strong influence of genetic factors on resin yield in pine species, marker assisted selection may serve as a potential tool for early identification of the genotype of interest. This study was planned to identify high resin pine yielders at early stage to avoid exploitation of natural germplasm of chir pine. Protein sequences of different terpene synthases were downloaded from the NCBI database and were multiply aligned to identify conserved and variable regions across the sequences. Primers were designed based on the related coding sequences to target these regions using Primer 3 software to amplify and isolate related genomic loci in chir pine genotypes. These primers were characterized for specificity using Primer Blast and the presence of hairpin loop formation using OligoCalc software. DNA was extracted from different resin yielding pine genotypes and primers were run on them for molecular studies. With the help of bioinformatics tools, we were able to associate some markers with resin yield. This study holds a key promise for the conservation of pine germplasm in natural habitat.
A Resisted Sprint Improves Rate of Force Development During a 20-m Sprint in Athletes
Authors: Mangine Gerald T. , Huet Kevin , Williamson Cassie , Bechke Emily , Serafini Paul , Bender David , Hudy John , Townsend Jeremy 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Mangine, GT, Huet, K, Williamson, C, Bechke, E, Serafini, P, Bender, D, Hudy, J, and Townsend, J. A resisted sprint improves rate of force development during a 20-m sprint in athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1531–1537, 2018—This study examined the effect of a resisted sprint on 20-m sprinting kinetics. After a standardized warm-up, 23 (male = 10, female = 13) Division I basketball players completed 3 maximal 20-m sprint trials while tethered to a robotic resistance device. The first sprint (S1) used the minimal, necessary resistance (1 kg) to detect peak (PK) and average (AVG) sprinting power (P), velocity (V), and force (F); peak rate of force production (RFD) was also calculated. The second sprint (S2) was completed against a load equal to approximately 5% of the athlete's body mass. Minimal resistance (1 kg) was again used for the final sprint (S3). Approximately 4–9 minutes of rest was allotted between each sprint. Separate analyses of variance with repeated measures revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects for all sprinting kinetic measures except VPK (p = 0.067). Compared with S1, increased (p < 0.006) 20-m sprint time (3.4 ± 4.9%), PAVG (115.9 ± 33.2%), PPK (65.7 ± 23.7%), FAVG (134.1 ± 34.5%), FPK (65.3 ± 16.2%), and RFD (71.8 ± 22.2%) along with decreased (p < 0.001) stride length (−21 ± 15.3%) and VAVG (−6.6 ± 4.6%) were observed during S2. During S3, only RFD was improved (5.2 ± 7.1%, p < 0.001) compared with S1. In conclusion, completing a short, resisted sprint with a load equating to 5% of body mass before a short sprint (∼20-meters) does not seem to affect sprinting time or kinetics. However, it does appear to enhance RFD.
A Physicist’s Quest in Biology: Max Delbrück and “Complementarity”
Authors: Strauss Bernard S 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMax Delbruck was trained as a physicist but made his major contribution in biology and ultimately shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine. He was.Max Delbrück was trained as a physicist but made his major contribution in biology and ultimately shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was the acknowledged leader of the founders of molecular biology, yet he failed to achieve his key scientific goals. His ultimate scientific aim was to find evidence for physical laws unique to biology: so-called “complementarity.” He never did. The specific problem he initially wanted to solve was the nature of biological replication but the discovery of the mechanism of replication was made by others, in large part because of his disdain for the details of biochemistry. His later career was spent investigating the effect of light on the fungus Phycomyces, a topic that turned out to be of limited general interest. He was known both for his informality but also for his legendary displays of devastating criticism. His life and that of some of his closest colleagues was acted out against a background of a world in conflict. This essay describes the man and his career and searches for an explanation of his profound influence.