bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
31. Kingship and Kinship: The Royal Lineages of Late Shang
Authors: Keightley David N. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTOn the basis of inscriptional evidence, it is proposed that the following principles governed the system of succession and inheritance among the lineages forming the Shang dynasty:(1) The great Royal Lineage consisted of certain kings (Great Ancestors) and their consorts, selected from a federation of ten patrilineages, named by the ten kan stems; these patrilineages were linked by ties of marriage and consanguinity.(2) Kan names were inherited through the male line; sons and daughters both inherited the kan name of their biological father.(3) Marriage was exogamous; a male could not marry a female bearing the same kan name as his own; nor could he, in general, marry a female who bore the same kan name as his mother.(4) When kingship remained in the same generation it passed from one classificatory “brother” to another. When kingship descended a generation, it passed not from the king to his son, but from the king to his consort's sister's son. Only a king who was the son of a king's consort's sister and whose consort's sister was the mother of a king was eligible for Great Ancestor status.(5) Kings of the same generation had to be of different kan; when a kan lineage had occupied the kingship in one generation, it could not do so again in the generation immediately succeeding.
A Textual Approach to “Zhanguo Zonghengjia Shu”: Methods of Determining the Proximate Original Word Among Variants
Authors: Blanford Yumiko F. 
Published: August 2016

When several versions of a text display variations, it is necessary, for a correct understanding of the text, to determine which variant best reflects the original. These variations can be categorized into graphic, lexical, vacant, and transpositional variations.The graphic variants display different graphs but represent a single word which is the proximate or most likely original. The variation is not significant since the word is known.To handle the other types of variation, one powerful method is to discover the transmission lineage for three or more versions of the text and detect alterations that were made in later versions. When the lineage method does not determine the proximate original, each variation must be approached independently. For lexical variation, the lectio difficilior is more often the proximate original than the lectio faciliior. A taboo character that was later avoided may also represent the proximate original, or the proximate original may be disguised as a dialectal word. For vacant variations, trends toward adding, deleting or altering certain words in a version of the text help to determine the proximate original. When transpositional variation creates differences in the meaning of the text and the lineage method is not of help, judgment must be applied through a careful examination of the context.These methods provide systematic solutions to textual problems that would otherwise require independent analysis.
Are They Shang Inscriptions or Zhou Inscriptions?
Authors: Xueqin Li 
Published: August 2016

I believe that Professor Edward L. Shaughnessy's review of Professor Wang Yuxin's book XiZhou jiagu tanlun is an important essay, pointing out several problems in the study of the Zhouyuan oracle bones worthy of attention. I intend here to discuss only one of these, the question of whether there are any Shang inscriptions among the Zhouyuan oracle bones.I should first explain that, based on my understanding, this question pertains to only a very small portion of the Zhouyuan oracle bones, actually only four pieces, all of which come from pit H11 at Fengchu in Qishan County. In a conference paper entitled “Once Again on the Western Zhou Oracle Bones” presented to the “International Chinese Paleography Conference” in Hong Kong in 1983, I already pointed out that these four pieces are H11:112, H11:82, H11:84, and H11:1, and also attempted an interpretation of them (see Li 1985).
Towards Canons of Philological Method for Analyzing Classical Chinese Texts
Authors: Cikoski John S. 
Published: August 2016

By Classical Chinese (CC) I mean the language of the texts such as the Tzuoo Juann, the Mencius, the Shyuntzyy and others that we believe to have been written in Northern and Central China during the period 500 - 200 B.C.In this article I am going to take up the banner of the late George Kennedy and, at the risk of appearing somewhat peevish, try to make the case that CC textual analysis needs to be done with much greater rigor than it generally is. Kennedy said in 1953,“Sinologists need to recognize that languages are not private cathedrals of mystery adapted for special revelations and pontifical decrees. The materials of language are as wide open as the rocks and the trees, and people have been looking at them for a long time with varying reactions. From the animistic recognition of each tree or rock as the special abode of a particular spirit we have moved to a classification of the features common to all trees, and to a scientific statement of the features that make a tree different from a rock. There has been a progressive increase in our perceptiveness towards these things, and constant improvement in our methods of analysis and description.” (George A. Kennedy, “Another note on yen,” HJAS 16, 1-2[1953], p. 236)
The Quest for a Classic: Wang Yi and the Exegetical Prehistory of his Commentary to the Songs of Chu
Authors: Schimmelpfennig Michael 
Published: August 2016

With the publication of Madman of Chu: A Myth of Loyalty and Dissent in 1980, Laurence Schneider established the view that the controversy over Qu Yuan between various erudites during the Han dynasty was a dispute between adherents and opponents about the question of what the Chu minister and poet stood for. The present study challenges this view by demonstrating that, aside from the so-called biographies by Sima Qian and Liu Xiang, all other contributions to the debate represent readings of the Li sao. Once this is understood, each contribution to the debate can not only be seen in its own light but it can also be examined in its relation to the section and sentence commentary by Wang Yi written in the second century C.E. The understanding of the controversy as a discourse of rather varied interpretations of the Li sao enables us to regard the Chuci zhangju by Wang Yi as a commentary that stood at the end of this controversy that lasted more than three centuries. It also enables us to see that the controversy rested on a particular set of premises, especially the question of the literary status of the Li sao and its author. The final thesis resulting from the present study is that the main reason for the lasting influence of Wang Yi's commentary together with the fact that it remained unchallenged until the twelfth century is that it was built on a sound and varied exegetical foundation, namely the controversy on the Li sao during the Han.The first part of this article examines the contributions to the controversy by Jia Yi (201–165), Liu An (?178–122), Sima Qian (145–?86), Liu Xiang (79–8), Yang Xiong (53 B.C.E-18 C.E.), Liang Song (?–83 C.E.) and Ban Gu (32–92) in chronological order. The second part juxtaposes their works with the commentary of Wang Yi in order to understand how the Eastern Han commentator employed the contributions of his predecessors and how he reacted to them.
Wrought Metal-Working Prior to Middle Shang (?)—A Problem in Archaeological and Art-Historical Research Approaches
Authors: Barnard Noel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe existence of certain types of Lung-shan pottery vessels and early Shang bronzes based upon supposed wrought metal prototypes continues to lead some scholars to the conclusion that these cultures had knowledge of sheet metal, smithy techniques. An analysis of such features as the tubular spout, projecting ledges, imitation “rivets,” and imitation folded rims leads to the conclusion that their presence is accounted for either by the versatility of the Neolithic potters, by the requirements of metal casting techniques, or by decorative considerations; it need not, and frequently cannot, be explained in terms of sheet metal prototypes. The article also considers the nature and significance of various cold metal working techniques, such as annealing. In the view of the wrought-metal advocates, these techniques would have had to have been discarded and forgotten by the early Chinese metal workers in favor of direct casting in piece-mold assemblies. This is highly unlikely.
Gender Differences in the Granting of Behavioural Autonomy to Adolescents
Authors: Farnill Douglas 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA recent article in this Journal, Hudson et al. (1986) published age norms for adolescent autonomy. The reported norms were the same for boys and girls. In our research, reported in the present article, we found that the gender of the child is a significant variable in opinions about when adolescents ought be permitted autonomy. We suggest that null findings about gender effects may be due to the inadvertent evocation of an ideology of sex equality, masking the effects of gender. Except for the gender differences, our results strongly support the previously published norms and add to the fund of information available.
Irlen Lenses: An Appraisal
Authors: Winter Sam 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to indentify and analyse any positive effects of lrlen lenses upon visual perceptual performance of children previously diagnosed as Scotopic Sensitive. Pupils performed a letter identification visual search task under lrlen lens, Untinted lens, Plain Grey lens and No lens conditions. No condition was associated with superior performance on the task. Nevertheless, several children reported that untinted or plain grey lenses helped them perform the task. The study provides no evidence to suggest that lrlen lenses improve visual performance.
Laissez-Faire Liturgy?
Authors: Lloyd Trevor 
Published: August 2016

‘Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.’‘The rigidity imposed on the BCP through being enforced by Act of Parliament is against the nature of worship and the practice of Church law. This rigidity contributed a good deal to the separation of Independents from the Church of England in the seventeenth century and of the Methodists in the eighteenth. Again, towards the end of the nineteenth century, when enforcement to a great extent broke down, a situation arose in which many of the directions of the Prayer Book were disregarded without permission or protest from authority.”
Aripiprazole for Patients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: An Open-Label, Randomized, Study Versus Haloperidol
Authors: de Oliveira Irismar Reis , Elkis Hélio , Gattaz Wagner Farid , Chaves Ana Cristina , de Sena Eduardo Pondé , e Souza Fabio Gomes de Matos , Campos João Alberto , Bueno João Romildo , e Silva Jorge Alberto Costa , Louzã Mário Rodrigues , de Abreu Paulo Belmonte 
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Aripiprazole, a dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist, has also partial agonist activity at serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors and antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors.Methods: In this 8-week, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, open-label, flexible-dose study, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomized to aripiprazole 15–30 mg/day or haloperidol 10–15 mg/day.Results: Patients treated with both aripiprazole and haloperidol improved from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total, positive, and negative scores as well as in Clinical Global Impressions scores (all P<.001). At the end of the study, the percentage of patients classified as responders—according to ≥40% reduction in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative subscale score—was significantly higher in the aripiprazole group (20%) than in the haloperidol group (0%) (P<.05). Additionally, a higher number of patients receiving haloperidol required more anticholinergic medications (P<.001) than aripiprazole-treated patients, whereas more aripiprazole (45.5%) than haloperidol-treated patients (12.9%) required benzodiazepines (P=.002). At endpoint, rates of preference of medication were higher in the aripiprazole group (63.2%) than in the haloperidol group (21.7%), as expressed by patients and caregivers (P=.001).Conclusion: Aripiprazole and haloperidol had similar efficacy in terms of reduction of overall psychopathology. Although aripiprazole has been demonstrated to be superior concerning negative symptoms and in terms of tolerability (extrapyramidal symptoms) and preferred by patients and caregivers than haloperidol, significantly more aripiprazole-treated patients required benzodiazepines.
Neuroimaging Studies in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Wright Christopher I. , Peterson Bradley S. , Rauch Scott L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTourette syndrome (TS) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder principally characterized by motor and vocal tics. However, features of obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders are often present. The basal ganglia and associated brain structures have been implicated in the pathophysiology of TS, as well as in these related conditions. Specifically, it is believed that the neuroanatomically and functionally defined basal ganglia thalamocortical loops are involved in TS. These loops are composed of a sequence of connections originating in the cortex and passing in series through the striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, and thalamus before returning to the cortical areas of origin. This review concentrates on the neuroimaging findings in Ts, particularly as they relate to alterations in components of the basal ganglia thalamocortical circuits. These neuroimaging data suggest that the major abnormalities in TS involve striatal or cortical dysfunction, as well as dysfunction of dopaminergic systems that regulate basas ganglia neurotransmission.
Neuropathology in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Swerdlow Neal R. , Young Anne B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe unique clinical presentation of Tourette syndrome (TS) and its symptomatic response to dopamine antagonists are widely cited as evidence for the central role of the limbic-motor interface in the pathophysiology of TS. Nonetheless, the true neuropathology of TS remains elusive, even though significant advances have been made in understanding complex interconnected circuitries within the limbic system and basal ganglia. Neuropathologic and neuroimaging studies—plagued by small samples, clinical heterogeneity, and a number of interpretative problems—are generally supportive of pathology within the orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, and their efferent projections in TS. The specific patterns of abnormalities vary widely across these studies, clouding attempts to define a unifying neuropathology for this disorder. Converging yet circumstantial evidence for frontal cortical, and basal ganglia pathology in TS comes also from studies infields ranging from neuroimmunology to neuropsychology, and from the clinical overlap between TS and disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and Sydenhams chorea. As a “model” neuropsychiatric disorder, TS has stimulated advances in several areas of neurobiology research, yet we still await a real understanding of its pathophysiology in order to move from empirically driven therapeutics to the development of targeted effective treatments.
Anxieties Over the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Authors: Trimble Michael 
Published: August 2016

Rumor has it that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) is on the way. Apart from giving the American Psychiatric Association an enormous financial boost, this should be an opportunity to improve on some of the terrible intellectual lapses of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Revised (DSM-IV-R), to bring DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) schemes closer together, and to expand on biological and other markers as diagnostic components in the classificatory process. It is hoped that more than the first of these possibilities will be realized.Since the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, (DSM-III), the DSM manuals have brought a measure of good sense to clinical practice and have improved communication among researchers, so that at least in theory schizophrenia is similar on both sides of the Atlantic, and most probably is similar on both coasts of the United States. The slavish adherence to listed criteria has developed a sense of renewed interest in phenomenology of a practical kind, and exclusion criteria mean that not all individuals who visit a psychiatrist's office can be guaranteed a diagnosis. The distinction between Axis 1 and Axis 2 categories and the removal of any psychoanalytic taints was a stunning acceptance of Jaspers pace Freud.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Review of the Literature and Data From the VNS Patient Registry
Authors: Karceski Steven 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTLennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of childhood epilepsy that is usually refractory to medical management. When medications fail, alternative therapies are considered. Among these are two surgical options: corpus callosotomy and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Safety and efficacy are two important factors to consider when selecting an appropriate treatment. VNS is safer than callosotomy, but its efficacy is more difficult to assess. Available studies evaluate its effectiveness using a mixed population of patients (some with prior epilepsy surgery), a multitude of VNS settings, and variable endpoints. To estimate the efficacy of VNS in patients with LGS, a review of the medical literature and the VNS Patient Registry was performed. Within the limits of this type of study, the results showed that VNS appears equally as effective as callosotomy. Because VNS has a lower potential for adverse events, these results suggest that VNS should be considered first in appropriately selected patient.
The Use of Valerian in Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Krystal Andrew D. , Ressler Ilana 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTValerian is a medicinal agent deriving from the plant Valeriana officinalis L. We reviewed the available literature on the use of valerian preparations in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Preclinical studies suggest that valerian has sedative and muscle-relaxant effects. Few clinical trials with valerian have been carried out in conditions other than insomnia. The insomnia studies have methodologic shortcomings but suggest that some preparations lead to significant subjective improvement in sleep complaints with remarkably few side effects. Furthermore, some evidence indicates that valerian preparations may have a mechanism of action and clinical characteristics that differ from the benzodiazepine-related sedative/hypnotics, making them more suitable for long-term use. If this safety profile and the plant's sedative/hypnotic efficacy are confirmed in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with carefully and consistently prepared valerian compounds, then those compounds would fill an important and presently unfilled niche in the treatment of insomnia.
Trauma and PTSD in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Cloitre Marylene 
Published: August 2016

The diagnosis for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires that onset be initiated by a negative life event. The event is considered capable of producing PTSD if it creates a threat to the person's physical integrity and produces a reaction of shock and horror. The traumatic events most frequently described in the research literature are combat and rape. These events are well known to produce the three symptom clusters that comprise PTSD and include: (A) re-experiencing symptoms, such as nightmares, sudden unbidden intrusive images and thoughts of the event, and flashbacks; (B) symptoms classified as avoidance, including efforts to avoid thoughts and feelings related to the event, sense of foreshortened future, and emotional numbing; and (C) symptoms of hyperarousal, such as hypervigilance and exaggerated startle response.The nature of PTSD, particularly that it emerges from significantly disturbing life experiences, may contribute to the limited inquiry about the presence of the disorder among youths. It is difficult to consider that children and teenagers are exposed to terrible events such as physical assault, rape, and mass violence, which frequently lead to sustained psychiatric problems. However, the reality is that children and adolescents experience more violence than adults and that PTSD appears among youth at a rate equivalent to that of adults.
Anxiety During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Authors: Altemus Margaret 
Published: August 2016

Perinatal depression is widely considered to be a major public health problem. Anxiety disorders are also common among women of childbearing years, but the course and consequences of anxiety during pregnancy have not yet been established.Almost all studies of the prevalence and consequences of perinatal anxiety have used questionnaire measures of anxiety. Unlike the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, questionnaire measures of anxiety symptoms have not been validated for pregnant or postpartum patients, thus it is unclear to what degree these measures are detecting anxiety versus typical physical symptoms associated with pregnancy and infant care. For example, many items on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, including difficulty breathing, facial flushing, unsteadiness, light headedness, sweating, and indigestion, commonly occur during pregnancy. In a study of >8,000 women, more women scored above a cut-off score on the anxiety subscale of the Crown-Crisp Index during weeks 18 and 32 of pregnancy compared to 8 weeks and 8 months postpartum. Three studies have administered selected modules from the Structured Clinical Interview to postpartum women. All three studies found that >50% of women with postpartum anxiety disorders were not depressed and that anxiety disorders were at least as common postpartum as major depression. Antenatal anxiety was associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression, even after controlling for antenatal depression.
Stress, Peer Affiliation, and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Differentially Reared Primates
Authors: Smith Eric L.P. , Batuman Olcay A. , Coplan Jeremy D. , Rosenblum Leonard A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA bidirectional regulatory interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system is largely provided by cytokines and their specific receptors, which are expressed by cells of both systems. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), produced by glial cells and lymphocytes and regulated by steroid hormones, is one such cytokine. In the current study, we examined the relationship between TGF-β1 and peer affiliation in bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) either reared normally or exposed as infants to conditions in which their mothers faced fluctuating requirements for food procurement (variable foraging demand [VFD]). Rearing under VFD conditions has been previously shown to produce dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in these animals. Serum levels of TGF-β1 after exposure to a moderate stressor had no correlation with peer affiliation under baseline conditions (r=.07), but were highly correlated with affiliation after subsequent challenge with a fear stimulus (r=.62). Affiliation after the fear stimulus also was inversely correlated with baseline levels of affiliation (r=−.71). These data suggest that changes in peripheral TGF-β1 may be reflective of latent behavioral and biochemical propensities possibly related to affect. Further examination of the effects of early adversity will improve our understanding of the relationship between the HPA axis and immune function.