bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monocyte-Dependent Suppression of T-Cell Function in Postoperative Patients and Abdominal Sepsis
Authors: Albertsmeier Markus , Prix Niclas J. , Winter Hauke , Bazhin Alexandr , Werner Jens , Angele Martin K. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Surgical trauma causes inflammation and postoperative immunosuppression. Previous studies have shown a T-cell-dependent suppression of MHC II expression and other functions of antigen-presenting cells. The aim of this study was to determine which immune cell initiates postoperative immunosuppression and consecutive sepsis.

Methods:
We separated T-cells and monocytes in human abdominal surgery (n = 11) patients preoperatively as well as 24 h postoperatively and in patients who developed postoperative sepsis (n = 6). We analyzed their surface markers and then coincubated these cells with naïve preoperative cells of the other cell type, respectively. Cytokine secretion from naïve cells was measured by a multiplex immunoassay, serving as a bioassay for the function of the stimulating postoperative cell.

Results:
Surface marker analysis showed a postoperative suppression of CD3+ cells and the activation marker CD28 (P = 0.02), which was further reduced in septic patients. FACS analysis revealed a significant increase in CD14+ monocytes (P = 0.02) and CD14+CD86+, CD14+HLA-DR+ subpopulations 2 h postoperatively. In sepsis patients, HLA-DR expression was reduced compared with postoperative levels (P < 0.01). After coincubation with postoperative T-cells, secretion of IL-6 (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P < 0.01) from naïve monocytes was increased, whereas T-cells from sepsis patients resulted in suppressed cytokine secretion. After coincubation with postoperative monocytes, secretion of IFN-gamma (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P < 0.01) from naïve T-cells was significantly diminished, whereas monocytes from septic patients triggered only insignificant IL-10 secretion from naïve and septic T-cells.

Conclusions:
Our results show that in the early postoperative period, T-cells are suppressed but able to trigger the release of cytokines from monocytes, whereas activated monocytes seem to induce T-cell suppression. In sepsis patients, a global suppression of both cell types in terms of absolute numbers and function seems to occur.
A Simplified Mortality Score Using Delta Neutrophil Index and the Thrombotic Microangiopathy Score for Prognostication in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Goag Eun K. , Lee Jong W. , Roh Yun H. , Leem Ah Y. , Kim Song Y. , Song Joo H. , Kim Eun Y. , Jung Ji Y. , Park Moo S. , Kim Young S. , Kim Se K. , Chang Joon , Chung Kyung S. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
This study was conducted to assess the prognostic value of a simplified mortality score (SMS) using the delta neutrophil index (DNI) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) score, both easily obtained from the complete blood count, to identify critically ill patients at high risk of death.

Methods:
This was a retrospective study performed in the medical ICU at Yonsei University College of Medicine from June 2015 to February 2016. The primary end point was 28-day all-cause mortality. Participants were divided into two groups: a training (n = 232) and a test (n = 57) set. We used Cox proportional-hazards analysis, Harrell's C index, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to derive the SMS and test its internal validity.

Results:
We enrolled 289 patients. The 28-day mortality rate was 31.1% (n = 90). Nonsurvivors had higher APACHE II, SOFA, and TMA scores, and DNI. The SMS, derived by Cox proportional-hazards analysis, consisted of age, sex, DNI, and TMA score. We assigned a weighted point to each variable in the SMS, as follows: age + 11 if male + (2 × DNI) + (61 [TMA = 1], 76 [TMA = 2], 74 [TMA = 3], 26 [TMA = 4], 99 [TMA = 5]). Nonsurvivors had a higher median SMS than survivors, and the Harrell's C index was 0.660. Analysis of survival by risk group according to SMS (low, intermediate, high risk) showed a significant difference among these three groups (P < 0.001). We then investigated this SMS in the test set to determine internal validity; the results were similar to those of the training set.

Conclusions:
The SMS is a more rapid, simple prognostic score for predicting 28-day mortality and stratifying risk than the APACHE II or SOFA scores. However, external validation using a larger sample is needed.
Cerebral Alterations Following Experimental Multiple Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Vogt Nina , Herden Christiane , Roeb Elke , Roderfeld Martin , Eschbach Daphne , Steinfeldt Thorsten , Wulf Hinnerk , Ruchholtz Steffen , Uhl Eberhard , Schöller Karsten 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Multiple trauma (MT) associated with hemorrhagic shock (HS) might lead to cerebral hypoperfusion and brain damage. We investigated cerebral alterations using a new porcine MT/HS model without traumatic brain injury (TBI) and assessed the neuroprotective properties of mild therapeutic hypothermia. Male pigs underwent standardized MT with HS (45% or 50% loss of blood volume) and resuscitation after 90/120 min (T90/T120). In additional groups (TH90/TH120) mild hypothermia (33°C) was induced following resuscitation. Normothermic or hypothermic sham animals served as controls. Intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral oxygenation (PtiO2) were recorded up to 48.5 h. Serum protein S-100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were measured by ELISA. Cerebral inflammation was quantified on hematoxylin and eosin -stained brain slices; Iba1, S100, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Directly after MT/HS, CPP and PtiO2 were significantly lower in T90/T120 groups compared with sham. After resuscitation both parameters showed a gradual recovery. Serum protein S-100B and NSE increased temporarily as a result of MT/HS in T90 and T90/T120 groups, respectively. Cerebral inflammation was found in all groups. Iba1-staining showed significant microgliosis in T90 and T120 animals. iNOS-staining indicated a M1 polarization. Mild hypothermia reduced cerebral inflammation in the TH90 group, but resulted in increased iNOS activation. In this porcine long-term model, we did not find evidence of gross cerebral damage when resuscitation was initiated within 120 min after MT/HS without TBI. However, trauma-related microglia activation and M1 microglia polarization might be a consequence of temporary hypoxia/ischemia and further research is warranted to detail underlying mechanisms. Interestingly, mild hypothermia did not exhibit neuroprotective properties when initiated in a delayed fashion.
New developments in Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy and related diseases
Authors: Pareyson Davide , Saveri Paola , Pisciotta Chiara 
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) and related neuropathies represent a heterogeneous group of hereditary disorders. The present review will discuss the most recent advances in the field.

Recent findings
Knowledge of CMT epidemiology and frequency of the main associated genes is increasing, with an overall prevalence estimated at 10–28/100 000. In the last years, the huge number of newly uncovered genes, thanks to next-generation sequencing techniques, is challenging the current classification of CMT. During the last 18 months other genes have been associated with CMT, such as PMP2, MORC2, NEFH, MME, and DGAT2. For the most common forms of CMT, numerous promising compounds are under study in cellular and animal models, mainly targeting either the protein degradation pathway or the protein overexpression. Consequently, efforts are devoted to develop responsive outcome measures and biomarkers for this overall slowly progressive disorder, with quantitative muscle MRI resulting the most sensitive-to-change measure.

Summary
This is a rapidly evolving field where better understanding of pathophysiology is paving the way to develop potentially effective treatments, part of which will soon be tested in patients. Intense research is currently devoted to prepare clinical trials and develop responsive outcome measures.
Familial amyloid polyneuropathy
Authors: Adams David , Cauquil Cécile , Labeyrie Céline 
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review
Transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy is the most disabling hereditary polyneuropathy of adult onset because of a point mutation of transthyretin gene. This review updates our knowledge about natural history of the disease, phenotypes, diagnosis tools for small and large fibers involvement, expert's consensus for both symptomatic and asymptomatic follow-up, and treatment's research.

Recent findings
Access to TTR gene sequencing permit diagnosis and first reports of the disease in nonendemic countries (EU countries, United States, China, India). Most studies showed a more severe natural history of the neuropathy in nonendemic countries. First European consensus for management has been established. New long-term results allow selection of best candidates for liver transplantation based on phenotype and cardiac involvement. Multimodal evaluation of small fiber neuropathy and resonance magnetic neurography are under development. New results are available for long-term effect of tafamidis in late-onset patients. TTR gene silencing drugs are subject to phase 3 clinical trials.

Summary
New methods for the evaluation of the disease are being developed. The TTR gene silencing strategy will be available by the end of 2017.
Physiological mechanisms underlying animal social behaviour
Authors: Seebacher Frank , Krause Jens 
Published: July 2017

Many species of animal live in groups, and the group represents the organizational level within which ecological and evolutionary processes occur. Understanding these processes, therefore, relies on knowledge of the mechanisms that permit or constrain group formation. We suggest that physiological capacities and differences in physiology between individuals modify fission–fusion dynamics. Differences between individuals in locomotor capacity and metabolism may lead to fission of groups and sorting of individuals into groups with similar physiological phenotypes. Environmental impacts such as hypoxia can influence maximum group sizes and structure in fish schools by altering access to oxygenated water. The nutritional environment determines group cohesion, and the increase in information collected by the group means that individuals should rely more on social information and form more cohesive groups in uncertain environments. Changing environmental contexts require rapid responses by individuals to maintain group coordination, which are mediated by neuroendocrine signalling systems such as nonapeptides and steroid hormones. Brain processing capacity may constrain social complexity by limiting information processing. Failure to evaluate socially relevant information correctly limits social interactions, which is seen, for example, in autism. Hence, functioning of a group relies to a large extent on the perception and appropriate processing of signals from conspecifics. Many if not all physiological systems are mechanistically linked, and therefore have synergistic effects on social behaviour. A challenge for the future lies in understanding these interactive effects, which will improve understanding of group dynamics, particularly in changing environments.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Injury-mediated decrease in locomotor performance increases predation risk in schooling fish
Authors: Krause J. , Herbert-Read J. E. , Seebacher F. , Domenici P. , Wilson A. D. M. , Marras S. , Svendsen M. B. S. , Strömbom D. , Steffensen J. F. , Krause S. , Viblanc P. E. , Couillaud P. , Bach P. , Sabarros P. S. , Zaslansky P. , Kurvers R. H. J. M. 
Published: July 2017

The costs and benefits of group living often depend on the spatial position of individuals within groups and the ability of individuals to occupy preferred positions. For example, models of predation events for moving prey groups predict higher mortality risk for individuals at the periphery and front of groups. We investigated these predictions in sardine (Sardinella aurita) schools under attack from group hunting sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in the open ocean. Sailfish approached sardine schools about equally often from the front and rear, but prior to attack there was a chasing period in which sardines attempted to swim away from the predator. Consequently, all sailfish attacks were directed at the rear and peripheral positions of the school, resulting in higher predation risk for individuals at these positions. During attacks, sailfish slash at sardines with their bill causing prey injury including scale removal and tissue damage. Sardines injured in previous attacks were more often found in the rear half of the school than in the front half. Moreover, injured fish had lower tail-beat frequencies and lagged behind uninjured fish. Injuries inflicted by sailfish bills may, therefore, hinder prey swimming speed and drive spatial sorting in prey schools through passive self-assortment. We found only partial support for the theoretical predictions from current predator–prey models, highlighting the importance of incorporating more realistic predator–prey dynamics into these models.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Marras Stefano , Nadler Lauren , Domenici Paolo 
Published: July 2017

Individuals of gregarious species often group with conspecifics to which they are phenotypically similar. This among-group assortment has been studied for body size, sex and relatedness. However, the role of physiological traits has been largely overlooked. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which physiological traits—particularly those related to metabolism and locomotor performance—may result in phenotypic assortment not only among but also within animal groups. At the among-group level, varying combinations of passive assortment, active assortment, phenotypic plasticity and selective mortality may generate phenotypic differences among groups. Even within groups, however, individual variation in energy requirements, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, neurological lateralization and tolerance to environmental stressors are likely to produce differences in the spatial location of individuals or associations between group-mates with specific physiological phenotypes. Owing to the greater availability of empirical research, we focus on groups of fishes (i.e. shoals and schools). Increased knowledge of physiological mechanisms influencing among- and within-group assortment will enhance our understanding of fundamental concepts regarding optimal group size, predator avoidance, group cohesion, information transfer, life-history strategies and the evolutionary effects of group membership. In a broader perspective, predicting animal responses to environmental change will be impossible without a comprehensive understanding of the physiological basis of the formation and functioning of animal social groups.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Boldness traits, not dominance, predict exploratory flight range and homing behaviour in homing pigeons
Authors: Portugal Steven J. , Ricketts Rhianna L. , Chappell Jackie , White Craig R. , Shepard Emily L. , Biro Dora 
Published: July 2017

Group living has been proposed to yield benefits that enhance fitness above the level that would be achieved through living as solitary individuals. Dominance hierarchies occur commonly in these social assemblages, and result, by definition, in resources not being evenly distributed between group members. Determinants of rank within a dominance hierarchy can be associated with morphological characteristics, previous experience of the individual, or personality traits such as exploration tendencies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether greater exploration and positive responses to novel objects in homing pigeons (Columba livia) measured under laboratory conditions were associated with (i) greater initial exploration of the local area around the home loft during spontaneous exploration flights (SEF), (ii) faster and more efficient homing flights when released from further afield, and (iii) whether the traits of greater exploration and more positive responses to novel objects were more likely to be exhibited by the more dominant individuals within the group. There was no relationship between laboratory-based novel object exploration and position within the dominance hierarchy. Pigeons that were neophobic under laboratory conditions did not explore the local area during SEF opportunities. When released from sites further from home, neophobic pigeons took longer routes to home compared to those birds that had not exhibited neophobic traits under laboratory conditions, and had spontaneously explored to a greater extent. The lack of exploration in the neophobic birds is likely to have resulted in the increased costs of homing following release: unfamiliarity with the landscape likely led to the greater distances travelled and less efficient routes taken. Birds that demonstrated a lack of neophobia were not the dominant individuals inside the loft, and thus would have less access to resources such as food and potentially mates. However, a lack of neophobia makes the subordinate position possible, because subordinate birds that incur high travel costs would become calorie restricted and lose condition. Our results address emerging questions linking individual variation in behaviour with energetics and fitness consequences.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Collective foraging in spatially complex nutritional environments
Authors: Lihoreau Mathieu , Charleston Michael A. , Senior Alistair M. , Clissold Fiona J. , Raubenheimer David , Simpson Stephen J. , Buhl Camille 
Published: July 2017

Nutrition impinges on virtually all aspects of an animal's life, including social interactions. Recent advances in nutritional ecology show how social animals often trade-off individual nutrition and group cohesion when foraging in simplified experimental environments. Here, we explore how the spatial structure of the nutritional landscape influences these complex collective foraging dynamics in ecologically realistic environments. We introduce an individual-based model integrating key concepts of nutritional geometry, collective animal behaviour and spatial ecology to study the nutritional behaviour of animal groups in large heterogeneous environments containing foods with different abundance, patchiness and nutritional composition. Simulations show that the spatial distribution of foods constrains the ability of individuals to balance their nutrient intake, the lowest performance being attained in environments with small isolated patches of nutritionally complementary foods. Social interactions improve individual regulatory performances when food is scarce and clumpy, but not when it is abundant and scattered, suggesting that collective foraging is favoured in some environments only. These social effects are further amplified if foragers adopt flexible search strategies based on their individual nutritional state. Our model provides a conceptual and predictive framework for developing new empirically testable hypotheses in the emerging field of social nutrition.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Costs and benefits of group living in primates: an energetic perspective
Authors: Markham A. Catherine , Gesquiere Laurence R. 
Published: July 2017

Group size is a fundamental component of sociality, and has important consequences for an individual's fitness as well as the collective and cooperative behaviours of the group as a whole. This review focuses on how the costs and benefits of group living vary in female primates as a function of group size, with a particular emphasis on how competition within and between groups affects an individual's energetic balance. Because the repercussions of chronic energetic stress can lower an animal's fitness, identifying the predictors of energetic stress has important implications for understanding variation in survivorship and reproductive success within and between populations. Notably, we extend previous literature on this topic by discussing three physiological measures of energetic balance—glucocorticoids, c-peptides and thyroid hormones. Because these hormones can provide clear signals of metabolic states and processes, they present an important complement to field studies of spatial and temporal changes in food availability. We anticipate that their further application will play a crucial role in elucidating the adaptive significance of group size in different social and ecological contexts.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
Developmental stress and social phenotypes: integrating neuroendocrine, behavioural and evolutionary perspectives
Authors: Spencer Karen A. 
Published: July 2017

The social world is filled with different types of interactions, and social experience interacts with stress on several different levels. Activation of the neuroendocrine axis that regulates the response to stress can have consequences for innumerable behavioural responses, including social decision-making and aspects of sociality, such as gregariousness and aggression. This is especially true for stress experienced during early life, when physiological systems are developing and highly sensitive to perturbation. Stress at this time can have persistent effects on social behaviours into adulthood. One important question remaining is to what extent these effects are adaptive. This paper initially reviews the current literature investigating the complex relationships between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neuroendocrine systems and several aspects of social behaviour in vertebrates. In addition, the review explores the evidence surrounding the potential for ‘social programming’ via differential development and activation of the HPA axis, providing an insight into the potential for positive effects on fitness following early life stress. Finally, the paper provides a framework from which novel investigations could work to fully understand the adaptive significance of early life effects on social behaviours.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.