bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of SIMS in Structural Integrity Review and Life Extension Requirement for Existing Fixed Offshore Structure
Authors: Kajuputra Alex E. , Shiiun Wong Bak , Shamsuddin M. Akmal 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The demand to perform structural integrity review and life extension for existing fixed offshore structures is increasing in order to support the changes arising from new technologies for production enhancement, in-service deteriorating conditions and regulatory requirements on ageing structures. An understanding of fitness-for-purpose criteria is required in performing assessments on existing structures. The criteria as described in performance standards will define the status of structures as one of the Safety Critical Elements (SCE) in offshore fixed platforms.
This paper presents an effective and rational approach in assessing the structural integrity and life extension requirements of ageing offshore structures. The pre-defined performance standards are set from the perspective of SIM (Structural Integrity Management) implementation, which are defined in terms of F.A.R.S.I according to UKOOA: Guidelines for the Management of Safety Critical Elements Standard. It stands for Functionality; Availability; Reliability; Survivability; Interactions.
The acceptance criteria is set to meet the SCE goal for operational and accidental or abnormal events. The structure shall be able to support the platform facilities under all identified loading conditions within the allowable stress set for load bearing members. The overall structures shall have a minimum integrity without collapse for the specified minimum survival time related to facility emergency response for design accident events. The structure shall also be able to accommodate the future changes in facility and estimated degradation for life extension requirement.
The SIM as referred to API RP 2SIM is the basis for developing the assessment criteria, which is defined in terms of F.A.R.S.I. It covers the four phases required in SIM, which are Data, Evaluation, Strategy and Program. The quality of SIM implementation by the asset owner on the offshore structures will determine the assessment results and are accordingly verified against the pre-defined acceptance criteria. This process will determine the gaps in SIM implementation and provide recommendations on corrective actions for gap closure.
The requirements of management of change (MOC) in relation to SCEs, role and responsibilities, execution plan, result management and documentation are also covered here. These are normally covered in structural integrity manuals that outline the processes for the conduct of structural integrity programs.
Development of Sand Erosion and Transport Software for Efficient Sand Management
Authors: Baghdadi F. , Gupta A. , Kamat D. , Singh R. , Borhan A. B. , Jadid M. B. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Assessment of Sand Transport and Erosion is a crucial part of sand management. Though there are various correlations in the industry to model this, it still comes down to analysis and systematic usage of the correlations and related calculations in order to deliver a successful Sand Management plan. As part of the initiative to implement the Holistic Sand Management Approach in PETRONAS, it is crucial to establish sand erosion and deposition models. For this a user friendly software need to be developed. This software is able to model the sand erosion and deposition in the critical elements of the production system. The flexibility of programming enhanced the utility by including publicly published as well as in-house correlations establishing an efficient sand management process.
The software can run calculations as a standalone (offline) or linked to a three phase simulator software or any integrated operation platform to assess erosion and sand deposition risk online. The use of an interactive dashboard eases the complexity of user by keeping all the correlations in background while able to run sensitivities to plan a better sand risk management.
The sand transport and erosion management software not only calculates erosion rates and critical velocities for sand depositions for all lenses in production system; tubing, pipelines, bends, chokes and headers, etc. but can also be linked to a production database to calculate the cumulative metal loss and predict the remaining pipe thickness or any pipe element life.
This software helps in decision-making using (1) novel concept to obtain optimum gas-lift injection rate based on erosion risk and flowing pressure (2) generating a safe sand erosion envelop (3) back calculation of critical rate for sand deposition instead of critical velocity. Moreover the software raises flags or alarms wherever erosion or deposition risk occurs in the system. It can also run sensitivities for all the parameters that affect deposition or erosion.
The paper details the procedure involved to further validate and calibrate the in-house erosion and deposition models for effective and accurate calculations.
The software helps in the whole approach of sand management by giving insight into the erosion and sand deposition risk in production system enabling safe operation condition. This can be beneficial for design considerations during FDP formulation stage for a sand-prone field or even at later stage of production when the safe operating limit for sand production can be increased resulting in higher production. All this provides significant economic gain by replacing the hardware part (sensors) or in case of sensors available in place it will help in testing the accuracy of the correlations as well as to calibrate them to fit into real conditions.
The Role of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wind Tunnel Testing in Validating Floating LNG Project Technology Design
Authors: Green Johnathan , Sivandran Subajan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to discuss and demonstrate how numerical modelling, such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), can be used with detailed physical testing, such as Wind Tunnel Testing, to validate the design of Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) units and Floating Production Systems (FPS). The paper will discuss the importance of numerical modelling and / or wind tunnel testing during the design phase. It will be highlighted that numerical modelling does not replace pure theoretical or pure experimental results but acts as a complement in gaining a greater overall picture. Using case studies, findings will be presented in such a way to discuss the advantages of both approaches and highlight findings where one technique may be more suitable than the other. Numerical modelling can be used to analyse a number of different issues such as the risks associated with the loss of containment of hydrocarbons and their subsequent ignition or the impact of turbine exhaust dispersion and turbulence on helicopter operations. Wind Tunnel Testing, on the other hand, can be used to determine wind and current loads acting on the FLNG topsides and hull and can avoid conservatism in design reducing size and weight (e.g. mooring loads) and therefore reduce costs.
Using both wind tunnel testing and numerical modelling will highlight key design recommendations that can be made early in the design process, considerably optimising design and ensuring the FLNG unit or FPS can last throughout its operational design life.
New On-Command Integrated Expandable Under Reamer Technology Reduces Operational Uncertainties and Saves Operational Cost
Authors: Fang Lei , Schwartze Sascha , Grindhaug Gaute , Kanzler Christian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new integrated expandable reamer technology was jointly developed by a major Norwegian operator and a service company, and was field tested at offshore Norway and the Gulf of Mexico deepwater environment. The reamer is fully integrated with the company's rotary steerable systems, enabling flexible and optimal placement of reamers in the bottom hole assembly (BHA), unlimited on-demand activation cycles, and real-time feedback via mud pulse telemetry. The flexibility of placement in the BHA allows the reamer to be used as a near bit reamer, a main reamer, or a combination of both. When used for near bit reaming service, the reamer can reduce the rat hole length to a minimum of 4 meters, compared to a standard 50 to 70 meters, in the same run. Substantial time savings can be achieved by removing the need for a dedicated rat hole elimination run. The unlimited activation/deactivation cycles are achieved through mud-pulse telemetry, and each cycle takes less than five minutes. The real-time feedback from the reamer includes confirmation of blade activation status as fully extended, reducing operational uncertainty during reaming and saving time for a shoulder test that is otherwise required.Since being introduced offshore Norway, the technology has been successfully applied as both main and near bit reamers. It has proven its capability as a reliable main reamer as well as an integrated near bit reamer reducing rat hole to a minimum while maintaining full directional drilling control and enabling full Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Logging While Drilling (LWD) measurements. Real-time feedback from the reamer reduced operational uncertainty and enabled efficient drilling.This paper presents the main features and functionalities of the new expandable reamer technology and discusses results from two field testing runs at the Grane field in offshore Norway.
Adaptive Passive Heave Compensation Systems - The Next Generation
Authors: Cannell D. , Miller C. , Riddell S. , Gonsholt S. V. , Sannes S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Passive Heave Compensation (PHC) systems used during offshore lifting operations are designed to absorb motions where it is needed, namely at the hook of the crane. This reduces motion and thus the overall forces on the deployed units. Fundamentally they are very simple and robust systems, relying on a hydraulic cylinder and pre-pressurised accumulator. Unlike Active Heave Compensation (AHC) systems, the risks of failure during critical stages are reduced, bringing greater assurance to operations. They are also less power hungry and less fatigue damaging to both ropes and sheaves within the crane. PHCs already have a long track record of successfully improving weather sensitive operations and thus productivity.
This paper considers the joint development between Technip and Cranemaster® of a new family of PHCs; the adaptive PHC system. This system brings greater flexibility, automatic weight adjustment, pressure compensation and data logging, whilst retaining the robust requirement in design.
Development of the adaptive PHC unit has included a thorough mathematical analysis to demonstrate the achievable benefits in improved performance and thus identify the increased weather window potential that this intelligent system can bring. Simulation of the instrumentation and valve system was completed to help design the automated algorithms to achieve these goals. The first adaptive PHC unit has successfully completed extensive onshore testing. This paper considers the details of the analysis, simulation and testing approach, highlighting what operational savings could be achieved through the adoption of this adaptive PHC system.
Offshore testing of the first unit will be used to validate all system functionality in a dynamic environment and allow a technology certificate to be obtained from DNV-GL.
The Impact of Measurement Uncertainty on Hydrocarbon Allocation
Authors: MacGillivray Alick 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Uncertainty in the measured flow of oil and gas can create a degree of doubt that will contribute to significant financial exposure by the operator. It can also lead to significant errors in calculated flows in allocation systems. This paper demonstrates, using an industry case study, the need for good management of measurement systems to minimise errors and therefore reduce financial exposure in allocation systems.
In-Service Hull Inspections For Avoiding Dry-docking Safely
Authors: Constantinis D. , Davies P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Hull integrity is a critical part of being able to stay on station for extended periods.
Good hull integrity requires meaningful and accurate data on hull condition and this comes from high quality inspection. Regulators require operators to assure hull integrity and this requires inspection of the hull internal structure as well as isolation valves, elements of marine piping, external appendages and mooring systems.
Current methods for external inspection of floating assets on-station use divers or ROVs but these methods incur high safety, POB and cost penalties. The data produced by current methods is restricted by marine growth and limited access to isolation valves.
The HITS (Hull Inspection Techniques and Strategy) JIP called for new methods to be developed that minimise or eliminate diving. This has now been achieved by carrying out many of the inspections from inside the hull and using advanced methods to inspect critical isolation valves and marine piping and inspection of the hull appendages by mini-ROV fly-past.
Avoiding additional tank entries for the inspections from within the hull is achieved by agreeing continuous survey ‘Long Term Inspection Plans’ that align the ‘underwater’ scope with tank entry for Continuous Hull Survey Programmes and spread the inspections over a 5 year cycle which is updated and repeated for the required life cycle of the asset.
Benefits of this alternative method include over 20% cost reductions and 70% reductions in POB (Persons On Board) coupled with minimal weather / sea state downtime and much improved inspection data.
Further advances in hull inspection are currently being developed to eliminate man-entry of confined spaces, such as tanks, and the inspection of cargo tanks with minimal cleaning effort.
This paper describes how these rapid advances have been made on inspection challenges identified by the HITS JIP and close cooperation between Operators (SBM), Classification Societies (ABS) and Service Providers (EM&I).
Role of Flow Assurance in Integrated Asset Modelling-A Comparitive Case Study
Authors: Sankararaj Rubakumar , Memon Shoaib , Jagadip Priyanka , Wadsley Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Integrated Asset Management (IAM) solutions provides an excellent platform for combining data from multiple sources (subsurface to markets). The level of detail incorporated in such models determines the usefulness of such tools in reservoir management. The integrated modelling tools can be as simple as combining decline profiles to very detailed 3D numerical simulation models coupled to thermodynamic pipelines and facility network with risk management logic represented externally. This study makes an effort to address the issue of differentiating flow assurance models from forecasting tools. The advantages of using IAM tools with optimal detail for questions faced by an engineer are discussed through a real field application.
IAM solutions are becoming the norm in the industry to assist engineers and planners formulate sound investment decisions. Modern IAM tools have been documented to increase annual revenues in excess of 100 million USD. In this paper, we discuss the inputs required to build such IAM tools and the types of analysis typically conducted in such tools.
The role of flow assurance is inevitable in field development but increasingly we see the misuse of the technology under different circumstances. Here a case study is conducted on a real field Integrated Asset Model comprising of more than 20 gas/gas condensate reservoirs in Oceania. A typical network modelling tool is utilized to construct the entire field model with fields represented through pressure based type curves/ material balance tanks connecting platforms to facilities through pipelines.
The IAM model is used to conduct flow assurance study, field development optimization, short-term and long term forecasting. In each case, the effect of pipeline flow formulations, temperature tracking, velocity constraints etc., are discussed and its implications on model runtime and accuracy is presented. The understanding is important to make IAM more efficient and effective to carry out the different scenario analysis.
The results show the flow assurance model comprised of detailed representation of flow behavior is useful in field development planning but they tend to be very slow due to large amount of details required. The forecasting model with necessary inputs tends to produce similar results and proves to be effective in conducting large number of scenario analysis.
Recommendations are made to an engineer when looking to employ a detailed IAM model aimed at flow assurance as compared to forecasting studies. Guidelines are presented to planners/engineers on awareness of computational overhead when considering an IAM study.
Berth Mooring Influenced by Passing Effect of Ships in a River Channel
Authors: Barclay C. , Cove R. , Chan A. , Simmons Charles 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper, a berth mooring for a vessel at a terminal is evaluated by analytical studies. The passing induced loads and motions are calculated for representative vessels moored for offloading in a river channel.
The channel is modelled as a prismatic geometry. Passing induced loads are calculated using the ROPES software and are interfaced with ANSYS AQWA with which a series of dynamic mooring simulations are conducted for the moored vessel. The passing induced mooring line tensions, fender reactions, and vessel motions, velocities and accelerations at the moored ship's manifold are evaluated for a series of load conditions and mooring designs. The effects of changing some of the passing parameters on the mooring loads and motions are also evaluated and discussed briefly. Finally, the risks associated with damage of a single line are reviewed and the means to mitigate this risk are commented upon.
Pipeline Cathodic Protection Design Using a System-Wide Finite Element Approach
Authors: Christensen L. , Ramesh P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The production fluids from the reservoirs of the Ichthys Gas Field, located 220 kilometers offshore from the North West coast of Western Australia in average water depths of 250 m, will be gathered using a number of 18" production flowlines, with a design temperature of 135°C. The flowlines are between 10 and 16 km long and are insulated with high integrity multi-layer polypropylene (MLPP) coating and injection moulded polypropylene (IMPP) field joints. Standard subsea pipeline corrosion protection utilizing bracelet anodes poses risk of water ingress at the anode connection points which could compromise the integrity of the coating. To mitigate this risk, secondary corrosion protection was designed to utilize anodes only on the inline structures in the system and on anode skids at discrete locations along the flowlines. This paper presents a system approach for manual calculation of the attenuation along the flowline sections assuming uniform and localised coating damage scenarios. The solution is compared with boundary element analysis results and used to demonstrate that all the flowlines have sufficient protection potentials for a 40-year design life.
Operational Excellence OE - The Catalyst for Top Quartile Drilling Performance
Authors: Tajuddin Muhammad Taufiq , Tajuddin Ahmad Wazini Ahmad , Yusmar Mat Yusof Wan Zul Atfi , Rusli Adi Rusnoor , Tuah Joroji , Hassan Mohamad Salman , Nazaruddin M. Saufee , Norazman Norashraf , Rashid Mohd Fakhrin A. , Zain Siti Nur Mahirah M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses on the introduction of Operational Excellence (OE) implementation during drilling operation. It highlights the culture of continuous learning and communication between all parties prior and during executing a specific operation. This resulted in noticeable improvement throughout the drilling campaign.
Operational Excellence (OE) is an initiative that has been introduced to enhance the drilling performance in meeting the goal of drilling to technical limit. It comprises of continuous communication and teamwork between operator and service providers. This process is a continuous circle which begins with preparing the Standing Instruction for Driller (SID) which will then be reviewed during the Drilling Well on Paper (DWOP) session and prior to executing the job. Upon completion of the job, After Action Review (AAR) will be conducted where best practices and improvement would be identified to be captured in the database for the lesson learned which will be incorporated in the next operation.
The success of this initiative can be highly reflected by the improvement of the drilling performance throughout the drilling campaign. The first 2 wells (new slot & side-track well) was used as the baseline drilling performance. In these first 2 wells, Invisible Lost Time (ILT), offline activities opportunity, and many performance gaps were identified during the AAR and Lesson Learn (LL) session. These are then incorporated in the SID during the planning and execution of the following wells. The improvements on the performance of the following wells can be perceived by the drilling Key Performance Index (KPI). The Well Costs Per Foot (WCPF) and Drilling Costs Per Foot (DCPF) improved from 10% below budget to 50% below budget on the last well of the campaign. The Drilling Days Per Thousand Feet (DDPTF) has improved from 40% above the allocated days to 20% below the allocated days. These continuous drilling improvement also improved the Non-Productive Time (NPT) from above 10% to below 1% in the last well of the campaign.
The successful of the Operational Excellence (OE) implementation during completing this drilling campaign will become the new culture for planning, designing and executing future drilling operation.
Foundation Design and Installation for the Ichthys Riser Support Structure
Authors: Lee K. K. , Erbrich C. T. , Aravind M. , Rayappa J. W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Ichthys Riser Support Structure (RSS) is a large subsea structure in 250 m water depth, which comprises a 110 m tall tower with a 130 m wide arch for supporting up to 25 flexible risers and umbilical's as they transition from the seabed to the semi-submersible Central Processing Facility (CPF). The foundation for the RSS comprises a skirted raft approximately 69 m x 38 m in plan with a central cut-out and 6.8 m deep skirts installed in uncemented carbonate sediments through a combination of self penetration and suction assistance. A 40 year design life combined with the requirement for no loss of containment during a 1 in 10,000 year metocean or seismic event made the geotechnical and foundation engineering design a challenge.
This paper will describe the innovations adopted in assessing the RSS foundation capacity against the design in-place loads and the key results and observations with respect to the installation of the foundation.