bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced electrostatic turbulence in the quasi-isodynamic stellarator configuration CIEMAT-QI4
Authors: García-Regaña J.M. , Calvo I. , Sánchez E. , Thienpondt H. , Velasco J.L. , Capitán J.A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
CIEMAT-QI4 is a quasi-isodynamic stellarator configuration that simultaneously features very good fast-ion confinement in a broad range of β values, low neoclassical transport and bootstrap current, and ideal magnetohydrodynamic stability up to

β
=
5
%

. In this paper it is shown that CIEMAT-QI4 also exhibits reduced turbulent transport. This is demonstrated through nonlinear electrostatic simulations with the gyrokinetic code stella, including kinetic ions and electrons. The relation between reduced turbulent transport and the fact that CIEMAT-QI4 very approximately satisfies the so-called maximum-J property is discussed.
Global warming impacts of carbon dioxide, methane, and albedo in an island forest nature reserve
Authors: Wu Liangxu , Zhu Qingsong , Li Xianglan , Xu Minghai , Chen Wei , Cai Houcai , Yang Sheng , Chen Qiuxia , Zhao Zhixia , Liu Xing , Chen Jiquan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Forest ecosystems influence climate by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere and by altering the surface energy balance. However, the combined global warming impacts (GWIs), contribution from carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, methane (CH4) fluxes, and albedo changes (Δα) remain poorly understood. Here, we reported the combined GWIs of CO2, CH4, and albedo with eddy covariance (EC) measurements during 2020–2022 in a subtropical island forest located in the Nanji Islands National Marine Protected Area in Southern China. We suggested that the island forest acted as a significant carbon sink, with annual CO2 and CH4 fluxes of −548.6 ± 11.1 and −5.67 ± 1.1 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, while the daily albedo varied within the range of 0.03–0.15. By converting the radiative forcing induced by CH4 and albedo change in the forest to CO2 equivalents, we analyzed the three contributors to the combined GWI. The annual averages GWI of CO2 uptake, CH4 uptake, and Δα were −2 011.6 ± 40.6, −211.3 ± 1.1, and 0.03 ± 4.5 g CO2-eq m−2 yr−1, respectively, with a mean combined GWI of −2 223 ± 40.8 g CO2-eq m−2 yr−1. During 2020–2022, the contributions of CO2 uptake, CH4 uptake, and Δα to the combined GWI were 89.7% to 91.4%, 9.4% to 9.6% and −1.0%–0.9%, respectively. Nanji Island forest had a strong positive effect on climate change mitigation, with CO2 and CH4 uptake greatly enhancing its cooling benefits. Using Pearson correlation and path analysis, we found photosynthetically active radiation, precipitation, soil water content were the primary factors controlling the GWI dynamics, mainly driving the changes in CO2 fluxes. This study provided novel insights into the establishment of the overall evaluation framework for ecosystem-scale GWIs of CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and albedo based on long-term EC measurements in an island forest.
Structural, electronic and optical properties of Halogen (F and Cl) atoms doped Graphdiyne
Authors: Saghir Neelam , Khenfouch Mohammed , Rampho G J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper reports the results of a density functional theory investigation of structural, electronic, and optical properties of halogen (fluorine and chlorine) atoms doped graphdiyne. Graphdiyne is doped with fluorine and chlorine with three different doping configurations each where one, two and three atoms of fluorine and chlorine were doped into Graphdiyne at benzene ring and acetylene linkages. The most stable doped structure was determined using the results of formation energy. Monolayers for fluorine and chlorine doped graphdiyne uniformly display metallic characteristics except where two atoms were incorporated shows semiconductor characteristics. PDOS shows that the energy band near the Fermi level is mainly contributed by the C 2p orbitals. Doped configurations shows higher peak intensities and good absorption in the UV, visible light region and IR region. These findings offer a fundamental basis for the understanding and manipulation of electrical and optical properties for doped graphdiyne with halogen atoms atoms and it is suitable for promoting the potential application of graphdiyne based electronic and opto-electronic device applications operating mainly in infrared and ultraviolet range.
A physically based constitutive model for 41CrS4 steel based on particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Wei Xiaoxiao , Tan Fan , Yang Peipei , Pan Hongchen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Utilizing the Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation apparatus, a thermal compression assay was performed on 41CrS4 steel within the temperature range of 900 °C to 1200 °C, featuring a strain rate of 0.01 to 5 s−1, to derive its flow stress curve. The evaluation of the Arrhenius equation parameters was adeptly carried out by deploying a sophisticated particle swarm optimization algorithm. Through rigorous analysis, the correlation coefficient and the mean absolute deviation were calculated to quantify the alignment between the predictive accuracy of the developed model and the empirical data. The findings demonstrate the ability of the particle swarm optimization algorithm to significantly enhance the precision of the constitutive model. This augmented level of accuracy substantively increases the model’s utility and reliability for simulations of high-temperature material forming processes.
Research on the connection performance and micro-hydration mechanism of super-performance grouting material for prefabricated component connections
Authors: Jiang Haotian , Zhang Ruohao , Cao Jingjing , Lu Wei 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The performance of grouting material determines the connection reliability of prefabricated components and the overall safety of the structure. In order to realize the rapid connection of prefabricated components, improve the construction efficiency and improve the quality of component connection. The research group has developed a grouting material with fast early strength improvement and high late strength. The formation mechanism was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (abbreviation-SEM). The reliability of grouting material was verified by uniaxial tensile test of sleeve grouting connector. The results show that : Ca(OH)2 (abbreviation-CH), ettringite (abbreviation-Aft) and calcium silicate hydrate (abbreviation-C-S-H) are formed inside the grouting material, and the cementing system is dense inside. The skeleton formed by AFt inhibits the shrinkage of the system, which can provide support for the later compressive and flexural strength. Uniaxial tensile test results and theoretical analysis. The external reinforcement of the sleeve is broken, and the bonding performance between the grouting material and the reinforcement inside the sleeve is reliable. The internal bond stress is far less than the failure stress of the connector, which is about 50% of the failure stress.
Quasi-visualizable detection of deep sub-wavelength defects in patterned wafers by breaking the optical form birefringence
Authors: Liu Jiamin , Zhu Jinlong , Yu Zhe , Feng Xianrui , Li Zedi , Zhong Lei , Zhang Jinsong , Gu Honggang , Chen Xiuguo , Jiang Hao , Liu Shiyuan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing, fast, nondestructive, and precise detection of defects in patterned wafers, realized by bright-field microscopy, is one of the critical factors for ensuring the final performance and yields of chips. With the critical dimensions of IC nanostructures continuing to shrink, directly imaging or classifying deep-subwavelength defects by bright-field microscopy is challenging due to the well-known diffraction barrier, the weak scattering effect, and the faint correlation between the scattering cross-section and the defect morphology. Herein, we propose an optical far-field inspection method based on the form-birefringence scattering imaging of the defective nanostructure, which can identify and classify various defects without requiring optical super-resolution. The technique is built upon the principle of breaking the optical form birefringence of the original periodic nanostructures by the defect perturbation under the anisotropic illumination modes, such as the orthogonally polarized plane waves, then combined with the high-order difference of far-field images. We validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting deep subwavelength defects through rigid vector imaging modeling and optical detection experiments of various defective nanostructures based on polarization microscopy. On this basis, an intelligent classification algorithm for typical patterned defects based on a dual-channel AlexNet neural network has been proposed, stabilizing the classification accuracy of λ/16-sized defects with highly similar features at more than 90%. The strong classification capability of the two-channel network on typical patterned defects can be attributed to the high-order difference image and its transverse gradient being used as the network’s input, which highlights the polarization modulation difference between different patterned defects more significantly than conventional bright-field microscopy results. This work will provide a new but easy-to-operate method for detecting and classifying deep-subwavelength defects in patterned wafers or photomasks, which thus endows current online inspection equipment with more missions in advanced IC manufacturing.
Towards atomic-scale smooth surface manufacturing of β-Ga2O3 via highly efficient atmospheric plasma etching
Authors: Zhang Yongjie , Xiao Yuxi , Liang Jianwen , Zhang Chun , Deng Hui 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth β-Ga2O3 surface is fairly challenging because β-Ga2O3 is a typical difficult-to-machine material. In this study, a novel plasma dry etching method named plasma-based atom-selective etching (PASE) is proposed to achieve the highly efficient, atomic-scale, and damage-free polishing of β-Ga2O3. The plasma is excited through the inductive coupling principle and carbon tetrafluoride is utilized as the main reaction gas to etch β-Ga2O3. The core of PASE polishing of β-Ga2O3 is the remarkable lateral etching effect, which is ensured by both the intrinsic property of the surface and the extrinsic temperature condition. As revealed by density functional theory-based calculations, the intrinsic difference in the etching energy barrier of atoms at the step edge (2.36 eV) and in the terrace plane (4.37 eV) determines their difference in the etching rate, and their etching rate difference can be greatly enlarged by increasing the extrinsic temperature. The polishing of β-Ga2O3 based on the lateral etching effect is further verified in the etching experiments. The Sa roughness of β-Ga2O3 (001) substrate is reduced from 14.8 nm to 0.057 nm within 120 s, and the corresponding material removal rate reaches up to 20.96 μm·min−1. The polished β-Ga2O3 displays significantly improved crystalline quality and photoluminescence intensity, and the polishing effect of PASE is independent of the crystal face of β-Ga2O3. In addition, the competition between chemical etching and physical reconstruction, which is determined by temperature and greatly affects the surface state of β-Ga2O3, is deeply studied for the first time. These findings not only demonstrate the high-efficiency and high-quality polishing of β-Ga2O3 via atmospheric plasma etching but also hold significant implications for guiding future plasma-based surface manufacturing of β-Ga2O3.
Self-powered flexible sensors: from fundamental mechanisms toward diverse applications
Authors: Chen Jingjing , Zhang Jiangshan , Xu Nuo , Chen Mengmeng , Lee Ju-Hyuck , Wang Yu , Sun Qijun , Liu Baolin , Gao Zhixian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Today, energy is essential for every aspect of human life, including clothing, food, housing and transportation. However, traditional energy resources are insufficient to meet our modern needs. Self-powered sensing devices emerge as promising alternatives, offering sustained operation without relying on external power sources. Leveraging advancements in materials and manufacturing research, these devices can autonomously harvest energy from various sources. In this review, we focus on the current landscape of self-powered wearable sensors, providing a concise overview of energy harvesting technologies, conversion mechanisms, structural or material innovations, and energy storage platforms. Then, we present experimental advances in different energy sources, showing their underlying mechanisms, and the potential for energy acquisition. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of self-powered flexible sensors in diverse fields such as medicine, sports, and food. Despite significant progress in this field, widespread commercialization will necessitate enhanced sensor detection abilities, improved design factors for adaptable devices, and a balance between sensitivity and standardization.
Bioengineered skin-substitutes incorporating rete-ridges using a bioprinting process
Authors: Chae SooJung , Jo SeoYul , Yoon Dogeon , Lee Ji-Seon , Kim WonJin , Lee JaeYoon , Park Ji-Hye , Kim You-rin , Chun Wook , Kim GeunHyung 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Bioprinting is a widely used technique for creating three-dimensional, complex, and heterogeneous artificial tissue constructs that are biologically and biophysically similar to natural tissues. The skin is composed of several layers including the epidermis, basement membrane (BM), and dermis. However, the unique undulating structure of basement membranes (i.e. rete ridges) and the function of BM have not been extensively studied in the fabrication of engineered skin substitutes. In this study, a novel engineered skin substitute incorporating an artificially designed rete ridge (i.e. mogul-shape) was developed using bioprinting and bioinks prepared using collagen and fibrinogen. To mimic the structure of the rete ridges of skin tissue, we developed a modified bioprinting technique, controlling rheological property of bioink to create a mogul-shaped layer. In vitro cellular activities, including the expression of specific genes (those encoding vimentin, laminin-5, collagen IV, and cytokeratins), demonstrated that the engineered skin substitute exhibited more potent cellular responses than the normally bioprinted control owing to the favorable biophysical BM structure and the bioink microenvironment. Additionally, the feasibility of utilizing the bioprinted skin-structure was evaluated in a mouse model, and in vivo results demonstrated that the bioprinted skin substitutes effectively promoted wound healing capabilities. Based on these results, we suggest that bioprinted skin tissues and the bioprinting technique for mimicking rete ridges can be used not only as potential lab-chip models for testing cosmetic materials and drugs, but also as complex physiological models for understanding human skin.
Improved identification of network anomalies through optimal CURE clustering
Authors: Wu Xiaoqian , Chen Cheng , Quan Lili 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an advanced network anomaly behavior identification framework to overcome the constraints inherent in conventional rule- or signature-based approaches, which often struggle with emerging and previously unknown threats. Central to our framework is an Enhanced CURE (Cluster Updating and REfining) clustering algorithm, meticulously tailored and refined to incorporate a density-based methodology. This enhancement enables the algorithm to discern subtle shifts in network anomaly patterns with heightened precision. The implementation workflow commences with the application of the optimized CURE algorithm to analyze network data, followed by the deployment of a sophisticated anomaly degree ranking mechanism. This mechanism, through meticulous calculation of individual data points’ anomaly degrees and subsequent ranking, effectively isolates those deviating significantly from standard behavioral norms, incorporating a strategic threshold to filter out false positives. To validate our methodology’s efficacy and its superiority over existing techniques, experiments were conducted utilizing a substantial real-world network dataset. These tests affirm not only a marked increase in the accuracy of abnormal behavior recognition and a reduction in computational intricacy but also demonstrate the adaptability across diverse network ecosystems. Our approach has proven successful in pinpointing a wide array of network anomalies, encompassing malicious cyberattacks, fraudulent activities, unauthorized intrusions, and breaches of security protocols, thereby highlighting its comprehensive capability in bolstering network defense strategies. Despite the notable advancements and successful identification of various network anomalies, our framework currently lacks integration with real-time learning capabilities, limiting its immediate responsiveness to rapidly evolving attack patterns and necessitating ongoing research for dynamic updates and adaptive learning mechanisms.
Marbles and meta-schists from Bidzar (North Region of Cameroon): characteristics and the use of meta-schists as additives in experimenting blended cements production
Authors: Djifack Joilita Etekam , Kanouo Nguo Sylvestre , Sabiha Anas Boussaa , Hamadou Toumba , Basua Emmanuel Archelaus Afanga 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This work presents the petrography and major element composition of marbles and meta-schists found in the Bidzar CIMENCAM marble quarry (North Region, Cameroon). Some of the studied rocks were selected and combined with other characterized raw materials to process schist-blended cements. Marbles are pure (white) or impure (pink, light to dark-grey, or dull yellow…) calcitic, dolomitic, or transitional type, and composed of CaO (32–57 wt%), MgO (0.49–24 wt%), and SiO2 (0.09–8.4 wt%). Meta-schists are bluish-green chlorite meta-schist, chlorite-bearing dark-grey meta-schist, and yellowish-green sericite meta-schist with SiO2 (26–47.3 wt%), Al2O3 (11–16 wt%), Fe2O3 (8–15 wt%), CaO (3–26 wt%), and MgO (4–15 wt%). The used cement raw materials include: clinker, gypsum, marble additive, low CaO bluish-green chlorite meta-schist and low CaO chlorite-bearing dark-grey meta-schist. The two groups of manufactured blended cements mainly composed of CaO (64.2–64.6 wt%), SiO2 (18.0–18.5 wt%), are within the range in ASTM standard, and of some reference cements. The LSF (1.11–1.15), HM (2.6–2.8), SAR (4.6–5.1), SR (2.8–3.1), and AR (1.5–1.7), are within the range of some reference OPC. The proportion of free lime (0.92%–1.25%) is within the range 0.8%–2.25% for reference cement Multi X (CEMIX32.5 R). The proportion of SO3 (1.6%–2.3%,), LOI (8.9%–13.8%), and IR (1.3%–10.6%), are partly close to those of reference cement and other OPC. The BSSA (4794 to 5794 cm2/g) and proportion of retained sieved fractions (4.13 to 11.1%) place the processed cements are within high fineness type. The setting time (130–245 min) seem to satify cement standards. The compressive strength tests show a decrease in strength with the increase in proportion of meta-schist; which could be due to the mineralogical composition of the used cements and their high IR.
The Avoided Loss Rule
Authors: Summers Andy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter critiques the orthodox account of the rule of mitigation known as the ‘avoided loss rule’. First, it considers the application of the rule. It argues that the leading texts on damages correctly focus on the ‘directness’ of the claimant’s conduct in relation to the breach; however, they fail to specify how this directness test is applied by the courts. Second, the chapter considers the effect on damages where the avoided loss rule applies. It argues that the rule can result in an award of damages greater than the claimant’s factual loss, yet this effect is in tension with the conventional ‘loss-based’ understanding of damages. The orthodox account of the avoided loss rule also incorrectly treats the claimant’s actual conduct as simply ‘ignored’ in the assessment of damages, when really it involves substituting steps that the claimant did not in fact take, resulting in a counterfactual assessment of the claimant’s breach position.
Developing the Causal Explanation
Authors: Summers Andy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the foundations of the book’s main argument, that mitigation is explained as an aspect of causation. First, it demonstrates the extent of judicial support for this explanation. Second, it shows how legal scholars have tended to resist the proposition that mitigation is explained by causal principles, on the basis that judicial references to causation are too vague and indeterminate. Third, it develops the causal explanation by drawing on two ‘commonsense’ principles of causation identified by Hart and Honoré in Causation in the Law, and later refined empirically by experimental psychologists. These are the principles of choice and abnormality. It is argued that these principles open the way to a more precise causal theory that can be used to explain judicial reasoning and decisions on mitigation.
The Market Rule
Authors: Summers Andy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the so-called ‘market rule’ of damages is best explained as an aspect of mitigation, and more specifically, as an application of the replication rule. The market rule is conventionally expressed as the rule that where there is an available market for substitute performance, the claimant’s damages will be assessed by reference to that market value, rather than what actually happened. First, the chapter debunks arguments that this rule is incompatible with mitigation: this is so only on the orthodox understanding of mitigation, not the new account put forward in this book. The chapter then sets out the circumstances under which the market rule will apply, emphasizing the importance of the claimant’s choice not to resort to the market. Finally, it explains the effect of the market rule as a counterfactual assessment of the claimant’s breach position, as if the claimant had resorted to the market.
Relationship to Other Doctrines
Authors: Summers Andy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between mitigation and various other doctrines in the law of damages that may be related to or overlapping with it. It argues that the doctrines of intervening acts by the claimant and betterment are both part of the law of mitigation, properly understood, since they entail applications of the replication and exceptionality rules. By contrast, remoteness is distinct from mitigation since it has major differences in scope and application, and—unlike mitigation—is a true limitation on damages. Contributory negligence and mitigation can overlap. Their effects are incompatible, and the better view is that mitigation will have primacy. Finally, the chapter argues that the so-called White & Carter limitation is also distinct from mitigation, since it serves to restrict the availability of the action for the agreed sum rather than as a tool for assessing damages.