bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the Diagnosis of Vitamin D Deficiency
Authors: Basatemur Emre , Horsfall Laura , Marston Louise , Rait Greta , Sutcliffe Alastair 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND:
Vitamin D has attracted considerable interest in recent years, and health care providers have reported large increases in vitamin D test requests. However, rates of diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in clinical practice have not been investigated. We examined trends in diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in children in England over time, and by sociodemographic characteristics.

METHODS:
Cohort study using primary care records of 711 788 children aged 0 to 17 years, from the Health Improvement Network database. Incidence rates for diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency were calculated per year between 2000 and 2014. Rate ratios exploring differences by age, sex, ethnicity, and social deprivation were estimated using multivariable Poisson regression.

RESULTS:
The crude rate of vitamin D deficiency diagnosis increased from 3.14 per 100 000 person-years in 2000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31–7.54) to 261 per 100 000 person-years in 2014 (95% CI, 241–281). After accounting for changes in demographic characteristics, a 15-fold (95% CI, 10–21) increase in diagnosis was seen between 2008 and 2014. Older age (≥10 years), nonwhite ethnicity, and social deprivation were independently associated with higher rates of diagnosis. In children aged &lt;5 years, diagnosis rates were higher in boys than girls, whereas in children aged ≥10 they were higher in girls.

CONCLUSIONS:
There has been a marked increase in diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency in children over the past decade. Future research should explore the drivers for this change in diagnostic behavior and the reasons prompting investigation of vitamin D status in clinical practice.
Polysilane-Based Thin Films with High Photosensitivity
Authors: Simmons-Potter K. , Jamison G. M. , Potter B. G. , Thomes W. J. , Phifer C. C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe present work investigates the intrinsic photosensitivity of a family of poly(alkyl)(aryl)silanes and poly(hydridophenyl)silane for use in the development of photoimprinted waveguide devices. Limited testing of passive optical behavior (e.g. absorption, refractive index) and photosensitive response was performed for these materials in thin film form. It was determined that the materials exhibited dramatic photobleaching under 248 nm (KrF excimer laser) exposure. Based on a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the absorption changes, refractive index changes on the order of - 0.1 are estimated. Confirmation of this calculation has been provided via ellipsometry which estimates refractive index changes at 632 nm of -0.14 ± 0.01. In addition, embedded strips have been photoimprinted into the material to confirm waveguiding capacity of the films. Possible sources of photosensitivity in this material and its potential for application in various device configurations will be discussed.
A Statistical Approach to the Effect of Sol-Gel Process Variables on the Physical Properties of Polymer [PLLA]-Silica Hybrid Materials for Use as Biomaterials
Authors: Perry Carole C. , Eglin David , Ali Saad A.M. , Downes Sandra 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHybrid poly(L-lactic acid)-silica materials for potential use in orthopaedic applications have been prepared by a sol-gel method using an experimental design approach to investigate the effect of synthesis variables separately and together on the physical form of the organic polymer. The five factors investigated were the molar ratios of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)/Poly(Llactic acid) (PLLA), Toluene/PLLA, EtOH/TEOS, Water/TEOS and HCl (catalyst)/TEOS. All other synthesis conditions were kept constant. X-Ray powder diffraction (Statton's graphical method) and differential scanning calorimetry were used to assess the extent of polymer crystallinity in the hybrid materials. In accordance with other studies, increasing the molar ratio of TEOS/PLLA lead to increasing incorporation of the organic polymer into the silica network. Increase of the toluene/PLLA molar ratio lead to an increase in the crystallinity of the polymer phase. As our studies investigated the effect of synthesis variables simultaneously it was possible to identify, for the first time, that interactions between specific reactants are important in the development of the two structural components of this hybrid system. The most important of these was the TEOS/PLLA*H2O/TEOS interaction that may indicate that silica species from hydrolysed TEOS interact with the PLLA phase possibly via hydrogen bonding and leads to the lowering of the crystalline order of the polymer The results from this study give useful information on the ability of the organic polymer and the silica phase to form interpenetrating networks, an important requirement for the generation of a potential hybrid polyester-silica biomaterial for orthopaedic applications.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Organo Phyllosilicates Containing Both Si, Al, and Mg
Authors: Jaber Maguy , Miehe-Brendle Jocelyne , Dred Ronan Le 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHybrid materials like organo-phyllosilicates exhibit new properties which make them potential candidates for many industrials applications as rubber reinforcement, environmental barriers…. With this aim, a series of new layered inorganic-organic solids, with organic functionalities directly bonded to the inorganic sheets via the Si-C bond, were prepared by a template sol-gel synthesis under soft conditions (room temperature) using octyltriethoxysilane as the silica source, aluminum acetylacetonate as the alumina source, magnesium nitrate and sodium hydroxide. These hybrid materials belong to the 2:1 trioctahedral phyllosilicates family with inorganic compositions close to saponite. The ratio of Al (x) could be varied between 0 and 0.33. The x-ray diffraction patterns agree with a layers structure (presence of the (00l) peak series and the (060) peak). The high d001 spacing values (2.4-2.6 nm) can be related to the octyl chains present in the interlayer space. DRIFT and 13C NMR spectra indicate that the Si-C bonds are intact and siloxanes are fully hydrolyzed giving SiOAl and SiOMg bonds. 27Al and 29Si NMR were carried out in order to determine the repartition of the different elements in the layer: Al substitutes for Si in the tetrahedral layer and for Mg in the octahedral one. These results were determined by elemental analysis. The DTA-TG results show that the organic matter start to decompose in air above 250°C but its complete removal needs temperatures higher then 800°C. The aspect of the materials depends on the value of x; it varies from greasy, waxy, waxy powdery and finally powdery. The hydrophilicity of the solids depends strongly on the aluminum content.
Metallic Nanoparticles from Single Polyelectrolyte Molecules
Authors: Gorodyska Ganna , Kiriy Anton , Minko Sergiy , Stamm Manfred 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHere we report on the metallization of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) by coordination with palladium acetate (PA) followed by reduction with dimethylamine borane (DAB) to metallic palladium. The morphology of the resulting products deposited on a flat surface was analyzed with AFM. If P2VP, PA and DAB are mixed together, the Pd clusters up to 30 nm in diameter are obtained. A two step synthetic procedure was examined. The initially prepared complex P2VPH-1/2(PdCl4) was deposited on Si-wafer and then reduced, leading to the Pd clusters with a narrow size distribution (3 nm height by 100 nm length). Alternately, a step-by-step procedure was used wherein P2VP single molecules were deposited on Si wafers from very dilute acidic aqueous solutions then placed in PA solution and finally reduced with DAB, resulting in the 1.5-5 nm in the diameter wire-shaped Pd nanoparticles with the length of about 350 nm.
Microstructural Evolution and Order-Disorder Transitions in Mesoporous Silica Films Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Innocenzi Plinio , Falcaro Paolo , Grosso David , Babonneau Florence 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSilica mesoporous thin films have been synthesised with a self-assembling process employing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the organic template and tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source. Mesoporous films with Pm3n cubic phase phases have been obtained and the films have been thermally treated in air with a progressive heating schedule from asdeposited up to 1000°C. The evolution of the microstructure has been studied with transmission Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.FTIR spectra of the as-deposited films have shown the presence of cyclic species, which at temperatures larger than 350°C have been no more observed. In the 1000-1300 cm-1 region several overlapped absorption bands have been detected. In particular, the pair LO3-TO3, the cyclic species absorption bands and the pair LO4-TO4 have been resolved. These last bands, in particular, are associated with disorder-order transitions in the silica microstructure. These disorder-induced optical modes are due to the large interface area and related to bond strains.The evolution of the bands in the 1000-1300 cm-1 region has been followed with the Berreman configuration, performing the transmission FTIR analysis at 45° with respect to the normal incidence angle. The LO3 band, which in silica sol-gel films is indicative of the network condensation and is activated by scattering of the light in the pores, was resolved as a single sharp band from 250°C.
Fundamental Property of the Solid Equation of State Infered from Shock Waves Physics
Authors: Chaissé Francis , Heuzé Olivier 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this study, the linear shock velocity (U) versus particle velocity (u), which is well suited for describing the Hugoniot curve of metals, is revisited from a thermodynamical point of view. In this way, it is possible to set-up a theoretical relation between the Grüneisen coefficient and the isentrope derivatives to third order at the initial state before jump, ensuring the linear U(u) relationship. When applied to the classical Morse potential describing the Equation of State (EoS) in the Mie-Grüneisen form, the theoretical result is in a good acceptance with the shock experimental results carried out on copper.
Numerical Simulations of Microstructural Evolution of Lamellar Alloys: Applications to Pb-Sn Solder
Authors: El-Khozondar Rifa J. , Solomatov Vitcheslav S. , Tikare Veena 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the morphological changes of Pb-Sn solder alloys helps to improve their performance in electronic applications. The focus of our study is degeneration of lamellar structures at high temperatures. Microstructural evolution of the Pb-Sn eutectic lamellar structure is modeled numerically using Monte Carlo Potts approach. The initial structure consists of alternating layers of Pb-rich and Sn-rich phases, simulating the lamellar array in a near eutectic system. Faults are introduced to destabilize the system. After a short incubation period the shape of lamellae become irregular. The perturbations grow with time and eventually break the lamellae into nearly equiaxed grains. The grain size of the degenerated structure is 2-3 times the original lamellar spacing weakly depending on the spacing between the faults. This is consistent with the experimental observation of degeneration of Pb-62 wt% Sn solder. The duration of degeneration processes is comparable with the time it would take Ostwald ripening to produce grains of the same size. Eventually grain growth reaches the asymptotic regime of coarsening described by a power-law function of time.
Modeling And Photoabsorption Study of YPd2-xRhxB2C Superconductors
Authors: Hsu L.-S. , Wang Y. K. , Guo G. Y. , Huang Y.-J. , Lan M.-D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe electronic structures of six polycrystalline borocarbide superconductors YPd5-xRhxB3C0.4 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25) were studied by photoemission and photoabsorption spectroscopies and theoretical calculations. The valence-band (VB) photoemission spectrum is compared with the theoretical total and partial density-of-states (DOS) curves. The Pd L3-edge x-ray absorption near edge spectra (XANES) are compared with the calculated XANES spectra for these intermetallic compounds. The decrease of the superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) with addition of Rh dopant in these compounds is due to a decrease of the total DOS at the Fermi level (EF).
Analysis of the Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Immunization Schedule
Authors: Namazova-Baranova L. S. , Valieva S. I. , Fedoseenko M. V. , Novikova D. A. , Tkachenko N. E. , Gaivoronskaya A. G. , Broeva M. I. , Kaljuzhnaya T. A. , Shakhtakhtinskaya F. Ch. , Alekseeva E. I. , Isaeva K. B. 
Published: January 2017

Background:The connection between vaccination and autoimmune diseases (and rheumatic pathology in particular) is still a subject of discussions. When discussing the possibility of vaccinating rheumatic patients we should take into account the ultra high dangers that infectious diseases pose for such patients, including those that can be prevented by vaccination. We should also take into account the experience of using various vaccine types in rheumatic patients, which illustrates of their high safety profile.Objective:Our aim was to study the immunization schedule in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.Methods:The evaluation of vaccine history and other anamnestic data in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients was based on individual medical records (individual child’s card/preventive vaccination certificate), as well as questionnaires filled by mothers.Results:It has been determined that a significant proportion of children with vaccination schedule deviations are juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients. Almost one in four children with a confirmed rheumatic diagnosis has not been immunized against the major vaccine-preventable diseases. In one non-vaccinated group, there was a case of juvenile arthritis onset after recovering from measles. A small number of patient mothers connects the manifestation of rheumatic diseases with vaccination.Conclusion:Violations of vaccination status in JIA patients require corrections according to the results of clinical studies and the recommendations of international experts.
Î³-Radiation â€œAgingâ€ of Thin Film TiO2
Authors: Slezak Kevin Clark 
Published: January 2017

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a wide-bandgap semiconductor, has in recent decades been the subject of intense scientific study due to its photoactive properties.Â Although TiO2 has been thoroughly researched in projects regarding applications of those properties, few, if any, have focused on how the electrical and structural properties change over long term exposure to damaging high energy radiation.Â This type of radiation can alter the atomic structure of the material which leads to changes in characteristic properties.Â Our present study seeks to understand the long and short term effects that exposure to high energy radiation has on TiO2. Â Â We exposed thin films of TiO2 to a 137Cs (661.8 keV) Î³-radiation source for varying amounts of time.Â After irradiation, the structural, optical, and electrical properties were fully characterized to examine the impact of radiation exposure on this technologically important material.Â Â
Microwave Power Beaming using Ka-band Radar Tethered Aerostat Program
Authors: Haugstad Travis D , Rudy Landon , Watson Nicholas , LePlante Brian 
Published: January 2017

With electronic devices becoming smaller and more portable, they are being utilized more in science and everyday life.Â There must be a way to power these devices without long cables, large batteries, or other power supplies. Mobile phones and CubeSats are examples of technologies that could take advantage of wireless low-energy transfer for powering or charging devices. Our platform, containing our receiving circuitry was suspended from a tethered aerostat. The platform was designed to receive the wireless signal emitted from a microwave transmitter, analyze the strength of the signal via a programmable microcontroller, and transmit the data back to our logging station on ground level. In order to receive the transmitted power in a usable state, a rectifier and multiple antennas had to be designed and built to test for reception and efficiency. The antennas designed included the Yagi-Uda and fractal-patch antennas
Examining Habitability of Kepler Exoplanets
Authors: Kalambokidis Maria 
Published: January 2017

Since its launch in 2009, the Kepler spacecraft has confirmed the existence of 3,387 exoplanets with the goal of finding habitable environments beyond our own.Â The mechanism capable of stabilizing a planetâ€™s climate is the long-term carbon cycle driven by plate tectonics. We determined the likelihood of plate tectonics for Kepler exoplanets by comparing their interior structures to planets within our solar system.Â We used the mineral physics toolkit BurnMan to create three models with the same composition as Earth, Mars, and Mercury.Â We ran 19 exoplanets through the models and calculated their Mantle Radius Fraction (MRF).Â We found that four exoplanets may be Chthonian, four have Mercury-like MRF values, and two are Earth-like in their MRF values but did not lie within their habitable zone.Â In the future, as more exoplanet masses are obtained, it is likely that a greater number will appear dynamically similar to the Earth.
An Aerospace Experience at ORBITEC - 2016 WSCG Industry Internship Award
Authors: Andryk Brian Alan 
Published: January 2017

The objective of the 2016 Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium (WSCG) Industry Internship Award is to allow students to gain valuable aerospace involvement through an internship with an industry partner. During my industry partnership with ORBITEC, I experienced the aerospace industry through a variety of projects. Some of these projects include but are not limited to the VEGGIE System, Zero Gravity Mass Measurement Device (ZGMMD), and Plastic Melt Waste Compactor (PMWC). Â My internship opportunity not only gave me important insights into engineering, but it also led to a full time engineering position with the company.
Direito à arte é direito de conhecer arte, produzindo arte
Authors: Coutinho Andréa Senra , Oliveira Bruna Tostes 
Published: February 2017

Esse texto traz uma discussão, algumas vezes silenciada ou esquecida, sobre a relevância da formação artística e cultural para todo e qualquer brasileiro/a, e desta como direito proclamado obrigatório nas principais leis de educação desse país. São percebidos ainda alguma negligência e certo desinteresse em dar um acesso ampliado do conhecimento artístico às crianças e jovens nos ambientes escolares, cabendo à sociedade civil a cobrança do cumprimento das leis. Sobretudo pela compreensão da importante contribuição que as artes (visuais, sonoras e cênicas) podem dar na constituição do sujeito crítico na atualidade. Portanto, enquanto direito, o que falta para o ensino de arte estar assegurado? Além de trazer essa provocação, são apresentadas argumentações acerca do que se espera do ensino de arte contemporâneo, endossado por um relato de experiência exitosa em uma escola pública. São também apontadas a indispensável formação inicial e continuada de professores/as, bem como indicações de organização, planejamento e fontes de pesquisa que auxiliem num melhor entendimento das especificidades desse campo de conhecimento na educação básica, com base em autores como Ana Mae Barbosa, Luciana Loponte e outros.
Avaliação química de queijos Minas artesanais frescos e curados em Uberaba, MG
Authors: Da Silva Nayara Cristina , Tunes Risia May Matos , Cunha Márcio Ferraz 
Published: January 2017

The artisan Minas cheese is made by the use of raw milk, milk culture, natural rennet and salt, and its production, traditional, is a major source of income for small producers in the Minas State. With the need for information to enrich and deepen the knowledge of artisan Minas cheese, in particular chemical characteristics, was collected 24 samples of Minas cheese (12 fresh and 12 ripened cheese) in the city of Uberaba-MG for subsequent assessment of acidity, lactose, protein, sodium chloride, moisture and salt in moisture, nitrogen compounds of proteolysis of products and extension and depth of maturation. On average the results of acidity, lactose, protein, total nitrogen (NT), nitrogen soluble at pH 4.6 (SN pH 4.6) and soluble nitrogen in TCA 12% (SNTCA), sodium chloride, moisture, salt in moisture (S/M) for the artisanal cheese fresh and cured were respectively: 1.03/1.10%; 5,2g/100grams/ 4, 6g/100grams; 21.68/26.07%; 3.52/3.73%; 0.30/0.47%; 0.27/0.42%; 1.43%/1.98%, 47.4/32.81%, 2.86/6.37%. The extension (EM) and depth of maturation (DM) presented values equal to 8.51% and 7.61% for fresh cheeses and for cheeses ripened the values were 13.41% and 11.49, respectively. There was no significant difference between the values of acidity, lactose, protein and NT, however, significant difference for the moisture parameters, sodium chloride, S/U, NS pH4 .6, NSTCA, and DM between fresh cheese and ripened. The average values of nitrogen compounds, sodium chloride, S/U, EM and DM indexes were greater value in ripened cheeses. The moisture content of ripened cheeses were lower than the fresh cheese.
ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET IN ISLAMIC VIEW : CASE OF ACEH GOVERNMENT BUDGET
Authors: Syathi Putri Bintusy , Ismail Abdul Ghafar 
Published: February 2017

Aceh province has a special right to implement Sharia principles throughout the area (Law Number 11/2006) though Indonesia is not an Islam country. Among the Sharia laws implementation, government budget was one of the first to be carried out in the province. It was showed up as Zakat post in the APBD (local government budget). The issue is whether putting in the Zakat post was enough to demonstrate an Islamic based budget as well as the transparence of zakat disbursement. Therefore, this paper trying to analyze the existing budget based on Sharia principles (Islamic Law) as explained by Chaudhry (1999) and Kahf (1997) The provincial budget needs improvement to be more sharia compliance. Fulfilling the Sharia criterion consequently will improve the accountability, transparency and the fairness of the budget toward people needs and development enhancing.
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Aceh adalah provinsi yang memiliki hak khusus dalam mengimplementasikan prinsip- prinsip syariah dalam wilayahnya (Undang- Undang no.11 tahun 2006) walaupun Indonesia bukanlah suatu negara Islam. Diantara implementasi hukum syariah, anggaran pemerintah adalah satu hal yang pertama yang dikelola dalam provinsi ini. Hal ini muncul pada pos zakat pada APBD (Anggaranan Pengeluaran dan Belanja Daerah). Masalahnya adalah apakah penempatan dana Zakat sudah cukup untuk menunjukkan sebagai anggaran yang berbasis Islam serta transparansi dalam penyaluran zakat. Untuk itu paper ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis anggara yang ada berdasarkan prinsip- prinsip syariah (Hukum Islam) seperti yang telah dijelaskan oleh Chaudury (1999) dan Kahf (1997). Anggaran provinsi perlu perbaikan agar lebih patuh syariah. Dengan terpenuhinya kriteria syariah maka akan meningkatkan akuntabilitas, transparansi, dan keadilan dalam anggaran terhadap kebutuhan masyarakat dan meningkatkan pembangunan.