bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reserves in Sanatorium Insurance
Authors: Welten C. P. 
Published: July 2016

The object of the Netherlands Foundation for Sanatorium Insurance (“N.S.V.”) is to insure the risk of treatment in a sanatorium because of tuberculosis. For insured persons admitted to a sanatorium because of tuberculosis, the N.S.V. pays the insured sum for every day of treatment. At the moment nearly 80% of the population of the Netherlands is insured directly or indirectly in the N.S.V.There are three groups of insurances: obligatory insurance, voluntary collective insurances and voluntary individual insurances. The insurances in the first and second group are, strictly speaking, reinsurances of the risk of tuberculosis of a great number of institutions concerned with cost of sickness insurance. The risk of the insurance in these two groups is only administered and pooled by the N.S.V.This paper concerns the group of the individual insurances only, which group contains about 1.250.000 insured persons. The risk of this group is run by the N.S.V. itself. As the N.S.V. is a non-profit organisation, the premium level is held as low as possible.From statistical data, derived from the administration of the N.S.V., the “admission frequency” is calculated every year, being the quotient of the number of insured persons, admitted to a sanatorium in that year, and the total number of insured persons. This admission frequency a, which is now about is used as a basis for the calculation of the premium which will be in force during the next year.
On the Calculation of the Generalised Poisson Function
Authors: Pesonen Erkki 
Published: July 2016

Drs. H. Bohman and F. Esscher have reported in a recent paper) an extensive research performed in Sweden on the different methods of calculation of the distribution function of the total amount of claims. In the present paper certain methods are discussed in so far as they are different from those presented in the above quoted paper. The consideration is restricted to the generalised Poisson function even though some results can be easily extended. The author has already commented on some of the results represented in the sequel at a special meeting of the 17th International Congress of Actuaries in Edinburgh.I. Lemma. Let be the generalised Poisson function under investigation. If aiSi(x), where Σ ai = 1 (the functions Si need not be distribution functions, neither must the constants ai be real numbers of interval [0,1]), thenF(x; n, S) = F(.; a1n, S1) * …*F(.; arn, Sr) (x),as is easily verified by the use of characteristic functions. This component representation is repeatedly used in the sequel.2. A Modified Esscher Method. The Esscher method is based on an observation that the well-known Edgeworth expansion is more advantageously applicable to a conveniently modified distribution function instead of the original generalised Poisson function. Let us assume that the value of F(x) is required at a point
Astin Colloquium at Randers: Subject A Report
Authors: Segerdahl Carl-Otto 
Published: July 2016

Our discussions today will concern Subject A: Risk Theory, in particular the overall risk involved in operating an insurance concern. 7 papers have been handed in to the Colloquium on this subject.To be quite candid, the referee would like to say that only one of these papers really treats the whole of the topic foreseen, and this is the paper by Mr. Colin M. Stewart (U.K.): The Assessment of Solvency. The other papers treat different special practical sides of the problem as well as general risk theoretical questions. One of the papers, that of Mr. Brichler, could have been attributed to Subject B as well as to Subject A, but it has been decided to take it up for treatment today.Mr. Stewart delivers a lot of interesting points, which, I may say, take into account the solvency aspect as it looks to the supervisory authorities much more than has been done within the ASTIN discussions earlier. This, of course, is very related to the fact that regional as well as Common Market discussions have resulted in or will result in legislative rules for judging the solvency of insurance concerns, which rules will have great practical importance in the future. Mr. Stewart stresses the point that in case of non-life concerns it is the business on the books and its future contracted periods, short time business to be signed before judgment can be practically undertaken, claims reported, claims occurred but not yet reported, as compared with free reserves available that really decide the matter of sovency.
Étude sur la survenance des sinistres en Assurance Automobile
Authors: Brichler M. 
Published: July 2016

On sait que la loi de Poisson simple représente mal la distribution des sinistres d'un groupe observé d'automobilistes du fait que tout groupe que l'on peut étudier en pratique, même s'il est composé d'assurés présentant des caractéristiques communes (même zone de circulation, même type de véhicule, même utilisation de ce véhicule, …) est hétérogéne quant aux autres caractéristiques et surtout quant au comportement personnel des assurés, élément dont l'influence sur les résultats du risque est prépondérante.M. Delaporte a obtenu une représentation intéressante du phénomène en supposant que les sinistres d'un véhicule se répartis-sent suivant une loi de Poisson de moyenne donnée, et que les moyennes de chaque véhicule du groupe étudié se distribuent selon une loi de Pearson type III d'equation:où Γ(b) est la fonction eulérienne de 21ème espèce:a, b, et S0 étant des paramètres dont la valeur est calculée en égalant les expressions des 3 premiers moments théoriques aux moments correspondants observés.Cette formule conduit à des calculs assez longs.M. Depoid a proposé une formule plus simple.
Les Mathématiques de L'Assurance Automobile
Authors: Delaporte P. J. 
Published: July 2016

Plusieurs communications sont présentées au Colloque sur les Mathématiques de l'Assurance Automobile. Afin de pouvoir mieux situer chacune d'elles dans ce vaste sujet, il peut être bon de schématiser l'ensemble de la question. Il comprend:1. la survenance des accidents2. le tarif et la mesure de son efficacité par rapport à l'estimation optimale.Groupons dans une classe les propriétaires de véhicules ayant un même ensemble de caractéristiques extérieures de risques: même modèle de voiture, même zone de garage habituel, même usage ou profession du propriétaire, etc. Les risques s de survenance d'accident ne sont pas identiques pour tous les propriétaires de la classe, mais sont distribués selon une fonction de répartition F(s).Désignons par P(s′ ∣ s) la probabilité de survenance de s′ sinistres pour un assuré dont le risque individuel est s (des études antérieures ont montré que P(s′ ∣ s) est représentable par une loi de probabilité de Poisson). La probabilité qu'un assuré, pris au hasard dans la classe, ait s′ sinistres est:s0 étant le risque minimum de la classe.Désignons par g(X) la densité de probabilité de la distribution des couts X des sinistres. On peut admettre qu'à l'intérieur de la classe, au moins en première approximation, g(X) est indépendant de s, d'où la probabilité de survenance d'un sinistre de coût X est:
The Influence of the franchise on the number of claims in Motor Insurance
Authors: Muff Mogens 
Published: July 2016

1. If you introduce a franchise or raise its amount, the number of claims will decrease. One reason why you will operate a franchise in car damage insurance is to avoid the troublesome and expensive handling of the large number of very small claims.Therefore, the management could use a mathematical model describing the number of claims as related to the size of the franchise. By varying this figure one may find the franchise that provides for the optimal business conditions.2. The mathematical model to be described in this paper was found by studying the distribution of the claims in two portfolios. The general conditions of the two groups were as equal as possible, there was no-claim bonus in neither group, but group B had a franchise of 250 DKr. (about US $ 35) while group A covered the smaller claims also. Each policy had been unaltered for at least one year. The number of claims during 12 successive months was registered as follows:The distribution could be described by a negative binomial distributionwhere the parameters α and γ were estimated byThese estimates are not maximum likelihood estimates but it was not regarded necessary to improve the estimation as the χ2 values of the incomplete χ2-test were found asThe parameters were estimated as follows:3. Special interest is attached to the variations of the γ-parameter. It is well known, that if γ → ∞ and α → ∞ under the condition then the negative binomial distribution will converge towards a Poisson distribution with the parameter λ.
Multistage Curve Fitting
Authors: von Lanzenauer Christoph Haehling , Wright Don 
Published: July 2016

One of the most important properties of a distribution function is that it fits the data well enough for the decision-makers' or analysts' purposes. The statisticians' problem is to select a specific form for the distribution function and to determine its parameters from the available data. Various methods (graphical method, method of moments, maximum likelihood method) are available for that purpose.In many real world situations a single distribution function, however, may not be appropriate over the entire range of the available data. This suggests that the underlying process changes over the range of the respective variable. This fact should be considered in curve fitting. A typical example of such a situation is given in Figure 1 representing third party liability losses for trucks.It is interesting to speculate about the different raisons d'être (Seal [5]) for the observed discontinuity. It may be the result of out-of-court or in-court settlements or could stem from differences between bodily injury and property damages.
On the Calculation of Variances and Credibilities by Experience Rating
Authors: Loimaranta K. 
Published: July 2016

By experience rating the main problem is to estimate the credibilities. We have for the credibility αk the famous formula)but it is often troublesome to find suitable estimates for the variances and . In the present paper a general method to estimate them from the actual statistics is given.A disadvantage of the method is that good estimates require relatively extensive statistical material. If one of the variances is known, the method can be easily modified to give the other variance from statistics of moderate size.The method is based on the Maximum Likelihood principle and leads to a system of non-linear equations. The equations can be solved by an iterative process, easily programmable for computers.The mathematical model underlying the experience rating problem differs in our case lightly from the usual one.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Probability of Ruin
Authors: Frees Edward W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe finite and infinite horizon time probability of ruin are important parameters in the study of actuarial risk theory. This paper introduces procedures for directly estimating these key parameters from a random sample of observations without assumptions as to the parametric form of the distribution from which the observations arise. The estimators introduced apply to most of the classical models in which ruin probabilities are used and also apply to a much broader class of models. The procedures are based on the concept of sample reuse, an old idea in statistics which is becoming more popular due to the widespread availability of high speed computers. In this paper, the almost sure consistency of the estimators is established. Further, finite sample properties of the estimators are investigated in a simulation study.
Dynamics of dental evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs
Authors: Strickson Edward , Prieto-Márquez Albert , Benton Michael J. , Stubbs Thomas L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOrnithopods were key herbivorous dinosaurs in Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, with a variety of tooth morphologies. Several clades, especially the ‘duck-billed’ hadrosaurids, became hugely diverse and abundant almost worldwide. Yet their evolutionary dynamics have been disputed, particularly whether they diversified in response to events in plant evolution. Here we focus on their remarkable dietary adaptations, using tooth and jaw characters to examine changes in dental disparity and evolutionary rate. Ornithopods explored different areas of dental morphospace throughout their evolution, showing a long-term expansion. There were four major evolutionary rate increases, the first among basal iguanodontians in the Middle-Late Jurassic and the three others among the Hadrosauridae, above and below the split of their two major clades, in the middle of the Late Cretaceous. These evolutionary bursts do not correspond to times of plant diversification, including the radiation of the flowering plants and suggest that dental innovation rather than coevolution with major plant clades was a major driver in ornithopod evolution.
Dynamic studies of H-Ras•GTPγS interactions with nucleotide exchange factor Sos reveal a transient ternary complex formation in solution
Authors: Vo Uybach , Vajpai Navratna , Embrey Kevin J. , Golovanov Alexander P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cycling between GDP- and GTP- bound forms of the Ras protein is partly regulated by the binding of Sos. The structural/dynamic behavior of the complex formed between activated Sos and Ras at the point of the functional cycle where the nucleotide exchange is completed has not been described to date. Here we show that solution NMR spectra of H-Ras∙GTPγS mixed with a functional fragment of Sos (SosCat) at a 2:1 ratio are consistent with the formation of a rather dynamic assembly. H-Ras∙GTPγS binding was in fast exchange on the NMR timescale and retained a significant degree of molecular tumbling independent of SosCat, while SosCat also tumbled largely independently of H-Ras. Estimates of apparent molecular weight from both NMR data and SEC-MALS revealed that, at most, only one H-Ras∙GTPγS molecule appears stably bound to Sos. The weak transient interaction between Sos and the second H-Ras∙GTPγS may provide a necessary mechanism for complex dissociation upon the completion of the native GDP → GTP exchange reaction, but also explains measurable GTP → GTP exchange activity of Sos routinely observed in in vitro assays that use fluorescently-labelled analogs of GTP. Overall, the data presents the first dynamic snapshot of Ras functional cycle as controlled by Sos.
CD47 Promotes Tumor Invasion and Metastasis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhao Hui , Wang Jianxin , Kong Xiaodan , Li Encheng , Liu Yuanbin , Du Xiaohui , Kang Zhijie , Tang Ying , Kuang Yanbin , Yang Zhihui , Zhou Youwen , Wang Qi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCD47 is overexpressed in many human cancers, its level positively correlates with tumor invasion and metastasis. However, it is largely unknown whether CD47 overexpression drives metastasis and how CD47 lead to tumor metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we analyzed NSCLC specimens and cell lines and revealed that CD47 is expressed at a higher level than in tumor-free control samples. Furthermore, increased CD47 expression correlated with clinical staging, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying CD47 functions, we applied both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in cell lines. The siRNA-mediated downregulation of CD47 inhibited cell invasion and metastasis in vitro, while the overexpression of CD47 by plasmid transfection generated opposite effects. In vivo, CD47-specific shRNA significantly reduced tumor growth and metastasis. On the molecular level, the expression of CD47 correlated with that of Cdc42, both in cell lines and NSCLC specimens. The inhibition of Cdc42 attenuates the invasion and metastasis of CD47-overexpressing cells. These results indicate that Cdc42 is a downstream mediator of CD47-promoted metastasis. Our findings provide first evidence that CD47 is an adverse prognostic factor for disease progression and metastasis and a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Quantum steering of Gaussian states via non-Gaussian measurements
Authors: Ji Se-Wan , Lee Jaehak , Park Jiyong , Nha Hyunchul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractQuantum steering—a strong correlation to be verified even when one party or its measuring device is fully untrusted—not only provides a profound insight into quantum physics but also offers a crucial basis for practical applications. For continuous-variable (CV) systems, Gaussian states among others have been extensively studied, however, mostly confined to Gaussian measurements. While the fulfilment of Gaussian criterion is sufficient to detect CV steering, whether it is also necessary for Gaussian states is a question of fundamental importance in many contexts. This critically questions the validity of characterizations established only under Gaussian measurements like the quantification of steering and the monogamy relations. Here, we introduce a formalism based on local uncertainty relations of non-Gaussian measurements, which is shown to manifest quantum steering of some Gaussian states that Gaussian criterion fails to detect. To this aim, we look into Gaussian states of practical relevance, i.e. two-mode squeezed states under a lossy and an amplifying Gaussian channel. Our finding significantly modifies the characteristics of Gaussian-state steering so far established such as monogamy relations and one-way steering under Gaussian measurements, thus opening a new direction for critical studies beyond Gaussian regime.
Pre-hospital delay and its associated factors in first-ever stroke registered in communities from three cities in China
Authors: Jiang Bin , Ru Xiaojuan , Sun Haixin , Liu Hongmei , Sun Dongling , Liu Yunhai , Huang Jiuyi , He Li , Wang Wenzhi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to explore pre-hospital delay and its associated factors in first-ever stroke registered in communities from three cities in China. The rates of delay greater than or equal to 2 hours were calculated and factors associated with delays were determined by non-conditional binary logistic regression, after adjusting for different explanatory factors. Among the 403 cases of stroke with an accurate documented time of prehospital delay, the median time (interquartile range) was 4.00 (1.50–14.00) hours. Among the 544 cases of stroke with an estimated time range of prehospital delay, 24.8% of patients were transferred to the emergency department or hospital within 2 hours, only 16.9% of patients with stroke were aware that the initial symptom represented a stroke, only 18.8% used the emergency medical service and one-third of the stroke cases were not identified by ambulance doctors. In the multivariate analyses, 8 variables or sub-variables were identified. In conclusion, prehospital delay of stroke was common in communities. Thus, intervention measures in communities should focus on education about the early identification of stroke and appropriate emergency medical service (EMS) use, as well as the development of organized stroke care.
Shewanella-Related Bacteremia and Fournier's Gangrene: A Case Report
Authors: Tang Tommy Hing-cheung , Cheng Naomi Hua-yin , Ho Roy Tsz-chung , Chan Helen Shuk-ying , Lam Kwok-wai , Xavier Jimenez , Wu Tak-chiu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractShewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens have been implicated for causing serious infections in humans, including disseminated infection. We report the possible first case of Shewanella-related Fournier's gangrene and bacteremia caused in a 65-year-old Chinese male with nephrotic syndrome. He was successfully managed by surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy.
The New Soviet Man and Woman
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The heady post-revolutionary years saw the formation of canons of ‘Soviet behaviour’ that remained recognizable in later generations, even when some thought them controversial or absurd. The new ideals were not simply imposed ‘from above’; they were created with the enthusiastic participation of individual Soviet citizens and of key ‘collectives’, including schools, workplaces and the Komsomol. Since coherence was meant to be achieved as much through exclusion as through inclusion, the strong sense of what was ‘Soviet’ (asceticism—the exercise of an ‘iron will’—self-sacrifice) was meant to be offset by an equally strong sense of what was not (self-indulgence—weakness—self-serving behaviour). Having explored both the reception and transformation of these ideals, the chapter ends by considering attitudes towards them in post-Soviet Russia, when old solidarities had gone and many either sought to escape the past or viewed it with selective nostalgia.
Understanding Social Justice from the Perspective of Music Education History
Authors: McCarthy Marie 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Music education history provides a particularly rich site for examining issues of social justice. This chapter examines historical narratives of music education from the perspective of social justice in its changing meanings and manifestations since music entered public education in the United States in the 1830s. The historical analysis sheds light on the way music was advocated in the name of justice—from its power to provide a sociocultural good, maintain social control, contribute to sociopolitical ordering, build international harmony among nations, and represent the interests of marginalized groups, to enriching the lives of youth from lower socioeconomic or underserved populations. By examining social justice within the canon of music education history, it becomes clear that there is an acute need to engage with alternative and radical approaches to reconstructing the past. Implications for researching and teaching music and music education history from a social justice perspective are identified.
Headache in Sports
Authors: Seifert Tad 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The prevalence of primary headache disorders in the general population provides a unique challenge in the evaluation of headache occurring in the context of sport. Sport-related and exercise-related headaches are not uncommon, but there is limited epidemiological data on these types of headaches in athletes. Any primary headache type can occur in the setting of sports. These scenarios are challenging in the return to play context, as it is often unclear whether an athlete has an exacerbation of a primary headache disorder, new onset headache unrelated to trauma, or has suffered a genuine concussive injury. Through careful evaluation, the practitioner can distinguish primary headache disorders from posttraumatic headaches following concussion. This chapter reviews primary headache disorders, posttraumatic headaches, and other secondary headache disorders.
Moral Injury in Military Members and Veterans
Authors: Callaway Karis L. , Spates C. Richard 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Discussions of morality and mobral transgressions in the context of warfare have resurfaced as professionals and service members alike attempt to understand its complexities. Recently, the behavioral health field has seen an increase in the availability of academic literature on moral injury, a concept related yet separate from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. However, extensive gaps in the knowledge remain. This article identifies what is currently understood about this construct, and aims to promote professional discussion, investigation, and field progression. Ultimately, advancements in the conceptualization of moral injury are expected to affect the services offered to the veteran and military member populations.