bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleopathology of Human Infections: Old Bones, Antique Books, Ancient and Modern Molecules
Authors: Dutour Olivier 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTPaleopathology studies the traces of disease on human and animal remains from ancient times. Infectious diseases have been, for over a century, one of its main fields of interest. The applications of paleogenetics methods to microbial aDNA, that started in the 90s combined to the recent development of new sequencing techniques allowing ‘paleogenomics’ approaches, have completely renewed the issue of the infections in the past. These advances open up new challenges in the understanding of the evolution of human-pathogen relationships, integrated in “One Health” concept.In this perspective, an integrative multidisciplinary approach combining data from ancient texts and old bones to those of old molecules is of great interest for reconstructing the past of human infections. Despite some too optimistic prediction of their eradication in the late 20th century, some of these ancient human diseases, such as plague, leprosy or tuberculosis, are still present and continue their evolution at the beginning of this 21rst century. Better know the past to predict a part of the future of human diseases remains, more than ever, the motto of the paleopathological science.
Anthropometric measures and prevalence trends in adolescents with coeliac disease: a population based study
Authors: Assa Amit , Frenkel-Nir Yael , Leibovici-Weissman Ya'ara , Tzur Dorit , Afek Arnon , Katz Lior H , Levi Zohar , Shamir Raanan 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of coeliac disease (CD) diagnosis on anthropometric measures at late adolescence and to assess trends in the prevalence of diagnosed CD over time.DesignA population based study.PatientsPrior to enlistment, at the age of 17 years, most of the Israeli Jewish population undergoes a general health examination. Subjects' medical diagnoses are entered into a structured database.InterventionsThe enlistment database was thoroughly searched for CD cases between the years 1988 and 2015. Medical records of 2 001 353 subjects were reviewed.Main outcome measuresAnthropometric measures at the age of 17 years.ResultsOverall, 10 566 CD cases (0.53%) were identified and analysed. Median age at data ascertainment was 17.1 years (IQR, 16.9–17.4). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that boys with CD were leaner (Body Mass Index 21.2±3.7 vs 21.7±3.8, p=0.02) while girls with CD were shorter (161.5±6 cm vs 162.1±6 cm, p=0.017) than the general population. The prevalence of diagnosed CD increased from 0.5% to 1.1% in the last 20 years with a female predominance (0.64% vs 0.46%). CD prevalence was significantly lower in subjects of lower socioeconomic status and those of African, Asian and former Soviet Union origin.ConclusionsAdolescent boys with CD were leaner and girls with CD were shorter compared with the general population. However, the clinical relevance of the small differences suggests that when CD is diagnosed during childhood, final weight and height are not severely impaired. Our cohort reinforces the observed increase in diagnosed CD.
Maternal-related deaths and impoverishment among adolescent girls in India and Niger: findings from a modelling study
Authors: Verguet Stéphane , Nandi Arindam , Filippi Véronique , Bundy Donald A P 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundHigh levels of maternal mortality and large associated inequalities exist in low-income and middle-income countries. Adolescent pregnancies remain common, and pregnant adolescent women face elevated risks of maternal mortality and poverty. We examined the distribution across socioeconomic groups of maternal deaths and impoverishment among adolescent girls (15–19 years old) in Niger, which has the highest total fertility rate globally, and India, which has the largest number of maternal deaths.MethodsIn Niger and India, among adolescent girls, we estimated the distribution per income quintile of: the number of maternal deaths; and the impoverishment, measured by calculating the number of cases of catastrophic health expenditure incurred, caused by complicated pregnancies. We also examined the potential impact on maternal deaths and poverty of increasing adolescent girls' level of education by 1 year. We used epidemiological and cost inputs sourced from surveys and the literature.ResultsThe number of maternal deaths would be larger among the poorer adolescents than among the richer adolescents in Niger and India. Impoverishment would largely incur among the richer adolescents in Niger and among the poorer adolescents in India. Increasing educational attainment of adolescent girls might avert both a large number of maternal deaths and a significant number of cases of catastrophic health expenditure in the 2 countries.ConclusionsAdolescent pregnancies can lead to large equity gaps and substantial impoverishment in low-income and middle-income countries. Increasing female education can reduce such inequalities and provide financial risk protection and poverty alleviation to adolescent girls.
Influence of Late Vascular Inflammation on Long‐Term Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Implantation of Drug Eluting Stents: Role of C‐Reactive Protein
Authors: Shiba Masanori , Itaya Hideki , Iijima Raisuke , Nakamura Masato 
Published: September 2016

Background

Elevation of C‐reactive protein (
CRP
) as a marker of vascular inflammation at a late phase of drug‐eluting stent (
DES
) implantation may predict subsequent major adverse cardiac events (
MACE
).

Methods and Results

In 1234 consecutive patients undergoing
DES
implantation,
CRP
was measured both before (baseline) and 8 to 12 months after (late phase) stenting, and the relationship between elevation of
CRP
(>2.0 mg/L) and subsequent
MACE
(all cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and other additional revascularization) was assessed. As results,
CRP
was elevated in 38.0% of patients at baseline and in 23.6% during late phase (
P
<0.0001), and hazard ratio (
HR
) for
MACE
was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [95%
CI
] 1.21–1.93,
P
=0.0004) at baseline versus 4.00 (95%
CI
3.16–5.05,
P
<0.0001) in late phase. By multivariable analysis, late‐phase
CRP
elevation (
HR
3.60, 95%
CI
: 2.78–4.68,
P
<0.0001), chronic kidney disease (
CKD
) (
HR
1.41, 95%
CI
: 1.10–1.84,
P
=0.01), and number of diseased segments (
HR
1.19, 95%
CI
: 1.08–1.30,
P
=0.0002) were positive predictors of
MACE
, whereas statin use (
HR
0.66, 95%
CI
0.50–0.87,
P
=0.003) was a negative predictor. Propensity score–matched analysis also confirmed the effect of late‐phase
CRP
on
MACE
(
HR
3.39, 95%
CI
2.52–4.56,
P
<0.0001). In prediction of the late‐phase
CRP
elevation,
CKD
(odds ratio [
OR
] 1.71, 95%
CI
1.24–2.36,
P
=0.001) and baseline
CRP
elevation (
OR
3.48, 95%
CI
2.55–4.74,
P
<0.0001) were positive predictors, whereas newer generation
DES
(
OR
0.59, 95%
CI
0.41–0.84,
P
=0.003) and statin therapy (
OR
0.68, 95%
CI
0.47–0.97,
P
=0.03) were negative predictors.

Conclusions

Monitoring the late‐phase
CRP
may be helpful to identify a high‐risk subset for
MACE
among patients undergoing
DES
implantation.
Metabolic Signature of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Involving a Cocktail of Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines
Authors: Chao de la Barca Juan Manuel , Bakhta Oussama , Kalakech Hussein , Simard Gilles , Tamareille Sophie , Catros Véronique , Callebert Jacques , Gadras Cédric , Tessier Lydie , Reynier Pascal , Prunier Fabrice , Mirebeau‐Prunier Delphine 
Published: September 2016

Background
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an attractive therapeutic procedure for protecting the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Despite evidence of humoral mediators transported through the circulation playing a critical role, their actual identities so far remain unknown. We sought to identify plasmatic RIPC‐induced metabolites that may play a role.

Methods and Results
Rat plasma samples from RIPC and control groups were analyzed using a targeted metabolomic approach aimed at measuring 188 metabolites. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least‐squares discriminant analysis were used to identify the metabolites that discriminated between groups. Plasma samples from 50 patients subjected to RIPC were secondarily explored to confirm the results obtained in rats. Finally, a combination of the metabolites that were significantly increased in both rat and human plasma was injected prior to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats. In the rat samples, 124 molecules were accurately quantified. Six metabolites (ornithine, glycine, kynurenine, spermine, carnosine, and serotonin) were the most significant variables for marked differentiation between the RIPC and control groups. In human plasma, analysis confirmed ornithine decrease and kynurenine and glycine increase following RIPC. Injection of the glycine and kynurenine alone or in combination replicated the protective effects of RIPC seen in rats.

Conclusions
We have hereby reported significant variations in a cocktail of amino acids and biogenic amines after remote ischemic preconditioning in both rat and human plasma.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01390129.
Detection of Atrial Fibrillation Among Patients With Stroke Due to Large or Small Vessel Disease: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Demeestere Jelle , Fieuws Steffen , Lansberg Maarten G. , Lemmens Robin 
Published: September 2016

Background

Recent trials have demonstrated that extended cardiac monitoring increases the yield of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (
AF
) detection in patients with cryptogenic stroke. The utility of extended cardiac monitoring is uncertain among patients with stroke caused by small and large vessel disease. We conducted a meta‐analysis to estimate the yield of
AF
detection in this population.

Methods and Results

We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and
SCOPUS
databases for studies on
AF
detection in stroke patients and excluded studies restricted to patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. We abstracted
AF
detection rates for 3 populations grouped by stroke etiology: large vessel stroke, small vessel stroke, and stroke of undefined etiology (a mixture of cryptogenic, small vessel, large vessel, and other stroke etiologies). Our search yielded 30 studies (n=5687).
AF
detection rates were similar in patients with large vessel (2.2%, 95%
CI
0.3–5.5; n=830) and small vessel stroke (2.4%, 95%
CI
0.4–6.1; n=520). No studies had a monitoring duration longer than 7 days. The yield of
AF
detection in the undefined stroke population was higher (9.2%; 95%
CI
7.1–11.5) compared to small vessel stroke (
P
=0.02) and large vessel stroke (
P
=0.02) populations.

Conclusions

AF
detection rate is similar in patients with small and large vessel strokes (2.2–2.4%). Because no studies reported on extended monitoring (>7 days) in these stroke populations, we could not estimate the yield of
AF
detection with long‐term cardiac monitoring. Randomized controlled trials are needed to examine the utility of
AF
detection with long‐term cardiac monitoring (>7 days) in this patient population.
Generalized Patched Potential Density and Thermodynamic Neutral Density: Two New Physically Based Quasi-Neutral Density Variables for Ocean Water Masses Analyses and Circulation Studies
Authors: Tailleux Rémi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, two new quasi-neutral density variables—generalized patched potential density (GPPD) and thermodynamic neutral density γT—are introduced, which are showed to approximate Jackett and McDougall empirical neutral density γn significantly better than the quasi-material rational polynomial approximation γa previously introduced by McDougall and Jackett. In contrast to γn, γT is easily and efficiently computed for arbitrary climatologies of temperature and salinity (both realistic and idealized), has a clear physical basis rooted in the theory of available potential energy, and does not suffer from nonmaterial effects that make γn so difficult to use in water masses analysis. In addition, γT is also significantly more neutral than all known quasi-material density variables, such as σ2, while remaining less neutral than γn. Because unlike γn, γT is mathematically explicit, it can be used for theoretical as well as observational studies, as well as a generalized vertical coordinate in isopycnal models of the ocean circulation. On the downside, γT exhibits inversions and degraded neutrality in the polar regions, where the Lorenz reference state is the furthest away from the actual state. Therefore, while γT represents progress over previous approaches, further work is still needed to determine whether its polar deficiencies can be corrected, an essential requirement for γT to be useful in Southern Ocean studies, for instance.
What cost components are relevant for economic evaluations of palliative care, and what approaches are used to measure these costs? A systematic review
Authors: Gardiner Clare , Ingleton Christine , Ryan Tony , Ward Sue , Gott Merryn 
Published: September 2016

Background: It is important to understand the costs of palliative and end-of-life care in order to inform decisions regarding cost allocation. However, economic research in palliative care is very limited and little is known about the range and extent of the costs that are involved in palliative care provision. Aim: To undertake a systematic review of the health and social care literature to determine the range of financial costs related to a palliative care approach and explore approaches used to measure these costs. Design: A systematic review of empirical literature with thematic synthesis. Study quality was evaluated using the Weight of Evidence Framework. Data sources: The databases CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO and Medline were searched from 1995 to November 2015 for empirical studies which presented data on the financial costs associated with palliative care. Results: A total of 38 papers met our inclusion criteria. Components of palliative care costs were incurred within four broad domains: hospital care, community or home-based care, hospice care and informal care. These costs could be considered from the economic viewpoint of three providers: state or government, insurers/third-party/not-for-profit organisations and patient and family and/or society. A wide variety of costing approaches were used to derive costs. Conclusion: The evidence base regarding the economics of palliative care is sparse, particularly relating to the full economic costs of palliative care. Our review provides a framework for considering these costs from a variety of economic viewpoints; however, further research is required to develop and refine methodologies.
Comparing radial styloid size between osteoarthritic and healthy wrists: a pathoanatomical three-dimensional study
Authors: ten Berg P. W. L. , Dobbe J. G. G. , Brinkhorst M. E. , Strackee S. D. , Streekstra G. J. 
Published: September 2016

Radial styloid pointing due to spur formation is considered an early sign of osteoarthritis, but is sometimes difficult to distinguish from normal anatomic variation. In this pathoanatomical study we used three-dimensional imaging techniques to evaluate quantitatively whether the styloid size is larger in wrists with scaphoid non-union than in healthy wrists. We compared these findings with duration of the non-union and with the scaphoid non-union advanced collapse classification, which was based on radiographic assessment of the general level of wrist osteoarthritis. In 31 patients, the injured styloid was consistently larger than the contralateral healthy styloid. In 74% of the patients this pathoanatomical difference (maximum 5 mm) exceeded anatomical left-to-right variation in styloid size (maximum 2 mm), indicating significant pointing. Increased styloid pointing was associated with older non-unions, and with more severe osteoarthritis. Three-dimensional styloid pointing analysis is an objective method to assess osteoarthritic progression. Combining traditional qualitative evaluation and quantitative measurements may improve the classification of wrist osteoarthritis. Level of evidence: IV
Peptide-Grafted Polymers as Artificial Converter of Cellular Signals
Authors: Katayama Yoshiki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Intracellular signal transduction systems consisting of sophisticated molecular networks are essential to provide almost all cellular functions. Any abnormal activation of enzymes included in this network can be directly linked to various disease states. Therefore, cellular function can be altered if we can modulate this signal transduction process. In this context, artificial signal converters, which respond to particular abnormal signaling to activate transgene transcription, are introduced. Such molecular systems use polymer materials grafted with cationic peptides, which are a specific substrate of target protein kinase or protease. This concept which is called D-RECS, DDS in response to cellular signals, could have potential for design of disease cell specific therapeutic or diagnostic (imaging) systems using pathological signaling as a target. Molecular design and structural factors affecting signal response in such systems are discussed.
RNA-seq assembler artifacts can bias expression counts and differential expression analysis - application of YeATS on the chickpea transcriptome
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep 
Published: September 2016

Background: The unprecedented volume of genomic and transcriptomic data analyzed by software pipelines makes verification of inferences based on such data, albeit theoretically possible, a challenging proposition. The availability of intermediate data can immensely aid re-validation efforts. One such example is the transcriptome, assembled from raw RNA-seq reads, which is frequently used for annotation and quantification of genes transcribed. The quality of the assembled transcripts influences the accuracy of inferences based on them. Method: Here the publicly available transcriptome from Cicer arietinum (ICC4958; Desi chickpea, http://www.nipgr.res.in/ctdb.html) was analyzed using YeATS. Results and Conclusion: The analysis revealed that a majority of the highly expressed transcripts (HET) encoded multiple genes, strongly indicating that the counts may have been biased by the merging of different transcripts. TC00004 is ranked in the top five HET for all five tissues analyzed here, and encodes both a retinoblastoma-binding-like protein (E-value=0) and a senescence-associated protein (E-value= 5e-108). Fragmented transcripts are another source of error. The ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain (RBCSC) protein is split into two transcripts with an overlapping amino acid sequence ”ASNGGRVHC”, TC13991 and TC23009, with length 201 and 332 nucleotides and expression counts 17.90 and 1403.8, respectively. The huge difference in counts indicates an erroneous normalization algorithm in determining counts. It is well known that RBCSC is highly expressed and expectedly TC23009 ranks fifth among HETs in the shoot. Furthermore, some transcripts are split into open reading frames that map to the same protein, although this should not have any significant bearing on the counts. It is proposed that studies analyzing differential expression based on the transcriptome should consider these artifacts, and providing intermediate assembled transcriptomes should be mandatory, possibly with a link to the raw sequence data (Bioproject).
Didactic Use of Visual Aids in School and University: Table infographics on the Punctuation Theory and Punctuation Teaching Methods
Authors: Кудряшова  , Kudryashova N. 
Published: September 2016

The article presents the concept of interconnected learning
of the Russian language (punctuation) and the Russian language
teaching methods through the unified lingua-didactic information
graphics (infographics). The use of table infographics in the process
of teaching of Russian punctuation and Russian punctuation teaching
methods to students has been updated. In accordance with
scientific-methodical typological description of the tables the author
illustrates various forms of standard table educational-didactic
infographics. Punctuation tables are linguistic: language ones, speech
ones or mixed ones. Punctuation teaching methods tables are didactic-
methodical and lingua-methodical. They are represented by
tables-schemes in ascending or descending order and blank tables
that can be filled in with necessary information by the students. It
has been shown that the table infographics is one of the most powerful
means in the system of visual instruction aids.
Institutional Climate and Barriers for Intensive Innovation
Authors: Никонова  , Nikonova A. 
Published: September 2016

The issues, concerning institutional climate conducive to the creation and diffusion of innovation, are
discussed in the article. Comparative analysis of institution identifies significant gaps in institutional climate
in different countries. Two groups of requirements have been identified in order to improve the quality of
institutional environment for Russian innovators. The basic requirements are due to the patterns of scientific
and technical development of the global economy; as a rule, they are common for all countries. The special
requirements are determined by the spatial, sectoral and other internal factors. We distinguish requirements
for institution in countries with developed industry and less developed one. We show that it is important to
focus on the development and diversity of channels for transfer of knowledge and technology in such country
as Russia. The shift in innovation paradigm focuses on the efforts to improve communicative character of
institutional climate and to create innovation ecosystems.
Continuing Professional Development: Assessment of the acutely or seriously ill child or young person in the prehospital setting
Authors: Cook Kerry 
Published: September 2016

OverviewChildren and young people (CYP) have distinctive needs within emergency and urgent care. Clinical presentations can often be confusing with non-specific symptoms and numerous potential diagnoses which may require a variety of assessment, management and treatment strategies. For the inexperienced practitioner, assessing CYP can be daunting. Applying clinical reasoning to these situations requires the practitioner to have an understanding of child-specific anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and psychology; as well as the ability to consider other contributing factors such as the child's ability to communicate. Furthermore, it has been recommended that every professional who is involved in the care of a child and/or young person, should, as a minimum, be competent in: recognition of the sick child; basic lifesupport skills; initiation of treatment using protocols for the management of common conditions; recognition of rare but treatable conditions; effective communication; recognition of and response to any concerns about safeguarding and understanding the need for play and recreation activities. In this article, a case presentation will be used to demonstrate how initial observations require critical thinking in order to identify alternatives to the most obvious rationale for the presenting signs and symptoms.Learning OutcomesAfter completing this module you will be able to: • Have an understanding of the factors involved in critical thinking and clinical reasoning and begin to further develop these. • Recognition of different models of assessment that can be incorporated into your practice. Have an understanding of the importance of using a structured approach to assessment of children and young people. • Further develop your knowledge and understanding of key anatomical and physiological differences in children and young people and how these impact on their clinical presentation. • Use a case presentation to explore the numerous potential diagnoses for paediatric presentations. • Have an appreciation of the current NICE guidelines and how these should impact upon your practice.