bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Use of Random Selection in Politics
Authors: Guerrero Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief historical and contemporary overview of the use of random selection in politics, and introduces and discusses several recent proposals to introduce random selection into modern political structures. The aim of the chapter is to illustrate that the use of sortition is not a mere thought experiment and to present and evaluate some of the institutions and proposals that employ random selection elements. These examples and proposals all involve using random selection alongside electoral institutions and/or mass-scale direct democratic mechanisms. The precise role varies. In most contemporary examples, randomly chosen citizens serve on one-off Citizens’ Assemblies or Citizens’ Juries that work as an informational supplement or consultative body to standing electoral institutions. On most proposals, randomly chosen citizens would be brought into the political process by serving on a sortition-selected chamber alongside an electoral chamber as part of a generalist bicameral legislature, or (less commonly) by serving in a “people’s branch” of government, alongside other familiar branches of government. The chapter discusses concerns about systems that retain a substantial role for elections and argues that “hybrid” systems might actually result in the worst of both systems, rather than the best of both. The chapter engages with ideas from James Fishkin, Erik Olin Wright, John Gastil, Arash Abizadeh, and Hélène Landemore, among others. The chapter concludes by suggesting the need to consider fully non-electoral alternatives.
The Lottocratic Alternative
Authors: Guerrero Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a political system that puts lottery-selected citizens at the heart of the political system, replacing the use of elections. That system, lottocracy, has several key elements: a network of single-issue legislative bodies (“SILLs”); random selection as the mechanism by which political representatives are chosen; the use of learning phases and agenda setting phases in which structured presentations and discussions of experts, advocates, and stakeholders take place; the use of various mechanisms of community consultation; direct enactment power for each of the single-issue legislative bodies; and a complex system of structural assemblies and executive assemblies alongside the basic legislative structure. This chapter explains the details of many of those elements in order to provide a basic overview of the lottocratic system.
Experts
Authors: Guerrero Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the use of expertise and experts in the lottocratic system. This is an important issue for lottocratic institutions, as they rely in a central way on expertise in learning phases to get citizens up to speed on complex topics that they might not know very much about in advance of being selected to serve on a single-issue legislative body. The chapter focuses on two main issues. First, the chapter discusses the relevant notion of expertise and who might count as an expert for purposes of speaking to the single-issue legislative bodies. What qualifications are required? Is there anything that would automatically disqualify someone as a potential expert who might speak to a SILL? How should we distinguish and frame experts and expert testimony as distinct from the testimony of advocates and stakeholders? Second, the chapter discusses how experts will be identified and selected to speak to the single-issue legislative bodies. This question becomes more urgent given the role experts play in the lottocratic system. In particular, worries about capture and distortion in the use and selection of experts looms large. The chapter discusses the questions of the definition and selection of experts, focused on the issue of how they might be brought into the political process in an appropriate and epistemically attractive way. The chapter also argues for the creation and use of a database of experts, which could be used to reduce cherry-picking and other biased methods of selecting experts.
Lottocracy and Political Minorities
Authors: Guerrero Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the worry that even if a system does well by the four democratic elements identified in the previous chapter—equal fundamental respect, participation, individual pre-political rights, and responsiveness—there might still be substantial concerns about political legitimacy, made most salient by the situation of political minorities. These concerns connect to the demand for individualized moral justification that is a component of political legitimacy. The chapter engages with and clarifies the nature of this requirement and contrasts it with superficially similar contractualist and contractarian views of political morality. The chapter then argues that lottocratic systems do comparatively well at meeting this moral requirement, and that they in general do comparatively well by political minorities.
IUPAP and the Interwar World of Science
Authors: Fauque Danielle , Fox Robert 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Like the other disciplinary unions that were established after the Great War, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) bore the stamp of the punitive attitudes of the Allied nations towards the defeated Central Powers. From the start, the incongruity of claims to international status for an organization that had no place for Germany and Austria was a focus for contention in the physics community, and it remained so throughout the interwar years. Yet, even as challenges to the boycott gathered strength, moves to bring the Central Powers into the IUPAP fold in the 1930s encountered new problems, including the consequences of the crash and the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany. By 1939, the hopes of the advocates of German reintegration, IUPAP’s long-serving Secretary General Henri Abraham and Robert Millikan in particular, had been only partially realized, and the war left IUPAP facing nothing less than a relaunch of its mission.
Under the ICSU Umbrella
Authors: Fauque Danielle , Tiggelen Brigitte Van 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
“Joint Commissions” appeared in the post-World War II reorganization of international scientific cooperation under the supervision of the International Council of the Scientific Unions (ICSU) to enable unions to collaborate on topics of common interest. The Joint Commission on Radioactivity (JCR) was among the first created under that scheme in 1947 combining elements from the International Unions of Chemistry (IUPAC) and Physics (IUPAP) with the formerly autonomous Radium Standard Committee. In 1955 JCR was suddenly discontinued, and a Joint Commission for Applied Radioactivity (JCAR) was set up with a completely different structure, purpose, and membership. The fate of the JCR underlines how empirical the ICSU’s management of Joint Commissions was in the beginnings. Other aspects specific to the JCR also explain its obsolescence: the inability to meet the challenges of modern developments and usages of radioactivity requiring new standards for lower doses, the question of the ownership of the Radium Standard, the safeguarding of the Laboratorie Curie’s supremacy through the Joliot-Curie spouses, and Frédéric Joliot-Curie’s support of communism and pacifism in the Cold War context.
Repairing a Scientific Network
Authors: Ito Kenji 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the efforts of Japanese physicists in organizing the 1953 International Conference of Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Tokyo and Kyoto, highlighting the significant role of organizational care and labor in building and sustaining global knowledge infrastructures. Drawing from recent literature on infrastructure maintenance and the role of care in science, the study underscores the value of organizing major academic events as they foster essential human and non-human connections central to knowledge infrastructures. Post-World War II Japan, grappling with the loss of Nishina Yoshio and war-related setbacks, faced challenges in conducting transnational negotiations and pooling resources. The ICTP served as a platform for Japanese physicists to mend international ties and hone skills essential for global scientific practices.
Socialist Internationalism and Science Diplomacy Across the Iron Curtain
Authors: da Silva Neto Climério Paulo , Kojevnikov Alexei 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Important openings towards international scientific contacts and cooperation came from the Soviet Union during de-Stalinization. At the 1955 Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Soviet nuclear researchers unveiled their previously secret results. The USSR organized an international center for high-energy physics, the socialist-world analog of CERN, in Dubna in 1956 and was actively involved in the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and in international organizations, including the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). These initiatives will be discussed by analyzing the trajectory of a key Soviet participant in science diplomacy, physicist Dimitry Blokhintsev, Director of the Dubna institute and Soviet representative, eventually President, of IUPAP. Archival documents allow an insight into the changing relationship between the USSR and international scientific unions after World War II. Blokhintsev’s example reveals how peace activism provided the primary motivation for promotion of East-West scientific cooperation, the rise, accomplishments and limitations of the socialist approach to scientific internationalism during the central period of the Cold War.
Particles, Purity, Politics
Authors: Hof Barbara 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the history of high-energy physics during the Cold War, the ways in which the East and West cooperated is often either overlooked or glorified as a purely scientific exchange. By focusing on the creation of the “Commission on High Energy Physics” in 1957 (later renamed “Commission on Particles and Fields”) and describing the organizational process behind its conferences, which were sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and held in the United States, Europe and the Soviet Union, this chapter demonstrates that physicists were unable to truly escape the hold of politics. By revealing how they served the interests of their administrations and intelligence agencies, it demystifies the social construct of purity, thereby offering insights into some of the mechanisms of science diplomacy, while also revealing that East-West cooperation was prioritized over the inclusion of other world regions.
China’s Tortuous Path to IUPAP
Authors: Hu Danian , Liu Jinyan , Yin Xiaodong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) long and arduous journey towards IUPAP membership spanning from the 1950s to the 1980s, revealing the significant Cold War impact on China’s science diplomacy. The apparent fluctuation in China’s stance actually underscores a consistent element in the PRC’s foreign policy: the One-China Principle, which was the core in the dispute between the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the PRC. It was the dedicated efforts of a group of perceptive scientists, both in China and overseas, as well as IUPAP officials that ultimately resolved this thorny membership issue in 1984, after the global acceptance of the One-China Principle and the improvement of Sino-US relations. Nevertheless, decades of the PRC’s exclusion from IUPAP inevitably took a toll on scientific advancements both within mainland China and the broader international physics community, serving as a Cold War lesson to be learned.
National Individuals and International Unions
Authors: da Silva Luciana Vieira Souza 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the interplay between national individuals and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)’s international ambitions after World War II. From the case study of the Russian-Italian physicist Gleb Wataghin’s (1899–1986) journey within the IUPAP, it examines how personal trajectories interfered with international agreements and broader diplomatic policies. Wataghin was born in the Russian Empire and left Kiev in 1919, becoming an Italian citizen in the late 1920s. During his life, he developed different tactics to be closer to the Soviet Union, and this was only possible when he entered the IUPAP Italian Committee in the 1950s. At those times, the IUPAP was also interested in approaching Soviet physics, which brought Wataghin’s personal and professional ambitions to reality. When analyzing the IUPAP history from a bottom-top perspective, Wataghin’s case highlights how national borders, citizenship, international institutions, and transnational movements are also fundamental for the constitution of scientific practices.
Twistor Theory: Spinors Describe Spacetime
Authors: Satija Indubala I. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Sir Roger Penrose’s twistor theory where spinors are used to describe spacetime with a hope to seek harmony between gravity and quantum physics. The theory of quantum gravity is believed to be quintessential in understanding black holes. Twistor theory leads to non-local theory—a feature that is intrinsic to quantum theory. A jaunt guided by the power and the magic of mathematics of complex numbers, this chapter is a short stroll in theoretical landscape on the Riemann sphere. Quantum twistors are found to mimic some features of the Penrose triangle-the impossible structure of the kind found in the Escher’s painting
Introduction
Authors: Browne Jude , McKeown Maeve 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Structural injustice is a central feature of twenty-first-century politics, and yet, despite its prevalence in academic arguments as well as in common parlance, its meaning is subject to many different theoretical and empirical interpretations and a great deal of confusion. What is structural injustice? What causes structural injustice? How does structural injustice relate to other forms of injustice such as epistemic injustice or discrimination? Is structural injustice the same as structural harm? What role do power relations play in structural injustices? Is there one kind of structural injustice or multiple kinds? Who is responsible for structural injustice and how could structural injustice be overcome? Drawing together new work with key texts, the authors of this book, from the broad fields of politics, philosophy, and law, set out to answer these questions. In so doing, they break new ground on the theorization of structural injustice, as well as offering up practical tools with which it can be considered and addressed. Common themes emerge throughout, including the relationship between structure and agency, the responsibility for structural change, the function of epistemology, and the role of the state. The authors’ different approaches to conceptualizing structural injustice push them to alternative conclusions on what structural injustice is and how to approach it. This Introduction is written to act as a brief summary guide to each chapter, using plain language and highlighting the many synergies and differences between the various perspectives on structural injustice explored across the volume.
The Untraceability of Structural Injustice
Authors: Browne Jude 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 5, ‘The Untraceability of Structural Injustice’, Jude Browne focuses on a particular element of Iris Marion Young’s seminal account of structural injustice—the untraceability of structural injustice. Browne suggests that untraceability is not only a constant theme in Young’s account of structural injustice; it could in fact be seen as a defining feature. Browne follows the logic of the claim that structural injustice is untraceable, to see where it leads in engaging with Young’s critics. Many intellectual disputes with Young’s work are built on the seemingly logical point that, if responsibility for structural injustice cannot be traced, then how can any particular individual, group, or institution be politically responsible for addressing it? Browne recognizes this question as a key element in understanding structural injustice, and while defending Young’s account in part, she suggests an alternative way of understanding the dynamic relationship between structural and traceable fault-based injustices. Rather than dividing structural injustice into different categories, Browne’s approach is to think about the potential for transition between structural injustice and fault-based injustices (such as direct and indirect discriminatory practices and policies). This is productive, she argues, for moving beyond the limits of liability as a way of approaching structural injustice.
Covid-19 and Global Structural Health Inequality
Authors: Chung Ryoa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 8, ‘Covid-19 and Global Structural Health Inequality’, Ryoa Chung focuses on the theme of vulnerability but in the context of health and using the global Covid-19 pandemic by way of example. In addition to the well-established literature on the social determinants of health—the higher propensity of certain groups to incur health risks—Chung argues that understanding structural health vulnerability requires ‘denaturalizing natural disasters’ and ‘historicizing health inequalities’. Moreover, Chung highlights the ways in which the combination of structural injustice and epistemic injustice increases health vulnerability. To demonstrate this, Chung presents the case of Covid-19 vaccine inequity. She describes how, in December 2020, the governments of India and South Africa submitted a proposal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) to waive patents for essential medicines in health emergencies, including the Covid-19 vaccine. However, the world’s richest countries refused. Chung demonstrates how the failure of international cooperation in the context of vaccine distribution constitutes a structural injustice. Chung argues that the international state system reifies global structural health injustice through the narratives of the securitization of health and of health nationalism. Furthermore, low- and middle-income countries faced epistemic injustice in their quest to access essential medicines. Chung concludes that the failure to ensure vaccine equity in the face of a global pandemic is a moral failure of richer states to share resources and recognize the epistemic status of poorer states.
Moral Justification and Structural Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Jaggar Alison M. , Tobin Theresa W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 9, ‘Moral Justification and Structural Epistemic Injustice’, Alison Jaggar and Theresa W. Tobin combine recent trends in the political theory of structural injustice together with those of epistemic injustice. They draw a distinction between epistemic injustice as ‘transactional’ when it concerns relations between individual enquirers, and epistemic injustice as ‘structural’ when the background conditions of these encounters are arranged in ways that produce systematically unfair epistemic advantages and disadvantages for different groups. These arrangements tend to insulate more powerful actors from recognizing this sort of structural injustice. Jaggar and Tobin suggest society’s major knowledge-producing and sharing institutions put some groups under systematic threat of epistemic domination. They give the example of colonialism as a structural epistemic injustice, because it suppressed non-Western modes of thought and languages, created prestigious centres of knowledge production in the metropole together with an epistemic periphery consisting of educational institutions in the colonies, and it sought to impose a singular Euro-American ‘system of thought’ in place of the multiple knowledge systems of colonized peoples. Jaggar and Tobin argue that this sort of suppression persists in epistemic neocolonialism, both materially, whereby the old colonial system persists with the prestige afforded to the universities in the West, and ideologically, whereby these privileged institutions tend to determine the neocolonial ‘intellectual agenda’ that is reproduced in the academic training of the next generation. Jaggar and Tobin conclude by considering the responsibilities of the academe to undermine current structural epistemic injustice.
Murmurations of Injustice
Authors: Ackerly Brooke 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 11, ‘Murmurations of Injustice: Dynamics of Structural Injustice and Epistemic Oppression’, Brooke Ackerly uses the metaphor of murmurations of starlings to describe structural injustice. This breathtaking natural phenomenon looks effortless but conceals complex relational responses within and between smaller groups of birds within the formation. Ackerly argues that, like a murmuration, structural injustice can be recognized without understanding its full complexity. That is, we have no outside vantage point from which to observe the structural injustices in which we live our lives. Ackerly argues that, if we want to address ‘injustice itself’ and not merely its consequences, then we need to try to change our internal relations. The first step in achieving this is to recognize that some epistemological accounts of injustice could in fact be oppressive. Instead of fixating on whether one account of injustice is right or wrong, Ackerly advocates focusing on the relational dynamics between them. Each approach provides insight into how structures of injustice might be changed. Ackerly argues that one strategy for addressing structural injustice is to resist the murmuration in its entirety, the other is to ‘influence, infiltrate, and transform’ it from within, and both approaches work in relation to each other. Ackerly concludes that we cannot settle on one understanding of structural injustice but rather accept the epistemological premis that our perception of structural injustice is dynamic, shifting in response to new information and interpretations, much like a murmuration.
Structures of Injustice, the Law, and Exploitative Work
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 13, ‘Structures of Injustice, the Law, and Exploitative Work’, Virginia Mantouvalou considers state responsibility for structural injustice. She examines structures of injustice at work and assesses the role of the state in creating vulnerability to exploitation through concrete legal rules. Mantouvalou critically engages with Iris Marion Young’s famous story of Sandy, a single mother trapped in a low-income job set against unaffordable costs of living. Through this story, Young demonstrates the nature of structural injustice as a moral wrong with no identifiable wrongdoer: Young finds no fault with the state or its policies. In this chapter Mantouvalou contests this perspective and scrutinizes the role of the state in perpetrating structural injustice by presenting the (real) story of Marcell, who, despite his best efforts to work hard, to become independent of welfare provisions, and to gain a university education, is defeated by state bureaucracy, which serves to keep him in poverty. Mantouvalou identifies ‘state-mediated structures of injustice’: concrete and clearly identifiable legal rules that are prima facie legitimate but that increase workers’ vulnerability in ways that are systematically exploited by private actors. Mantouvalou argues that the state is responsible for these laws that create vulnerability and serve as the background conditions to structures of exploitation. Mantouvalou concludes with an analysis of the circumstances in which the state would have legal responsibility to address unjust structures through human rights law.