bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Methylamine Gas in Fabricating Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Raga Sonia R. , Jiang Yan , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSince a hybrid perovskite‐based solar cell was reported for the first time, its efficiency and stability were boosted to remarkably high levels. With record efficiencies beyond 22 % and record stability up to 10 000 h under working conditions, perovskite solar cells are a promising candidate for further commercial applications. Among the myriads of fabrication methods to deposit perovskite films, we have chosen a unique technique that only needs methylamine gas (CH3NH2) to convert the inorganic film. In contrast to all other fabrication methods, this is based on room temperature and exposure to an organic gas exposure at ambient pressure, which can be easily employed for large‐area and fast coatings. In this Review, the advantages and characteristics of methylamine gas applications will be discussed. First, we will evaluate the different techniques to convert an inorganic film into a perovskite with an emphasis on the chemical interactions. Then, we will summarize the applications of methylamine gas to “heal” and improve the perovskite films prepared by other methods.
A probabilistic framework for estimating the residual drift of idealized SDOF systems of non‐degrading conventional and damped structures
Authors: Guo Jack Wen Wei , Christopoulos Constantin 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a general framework for predicting the residual drift of idealized SDOF systems that can be used to represent non‐degrading structures, including those with supplemental dampers. The framework first uses post‐peak oscillation analysis to predict the maximum ratio of residual displacement to the peak transient displacement in a random sample. Then, residual displacement ratios obtained from nonlinear time‐history analyses using both farfield and near‐fault‐pulse records were examined to identify trends, which were explained using the oscillation mechanics of SDOF systems. It is shown that large errors can result in existing probability models that do not capture the influence of key parameters on the residual displacement. Building on the observations that were made, a general probability distribution for the ratio of residual displacement to the peak transient displacement that more accurately reflects the physical bounds obtained from post‐peak oscillation analysis is proposed for capturing the probabilistic residual displacement response of these systems. The proposed distribution is shown to be more accurate when compared with previously proposed distributions in the literature due to its explicit account of dynamic and damping properties, which have a significant impact on the residual displacement. This study provides a rational basis for further development of a residual drift prediction tool for the performance‐based design and analysis of more complex multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems.
Fire performance of brominated and halogen‐free flame retardants in glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Suzanne M. , Ramani A. , Ukleja S. , McKee M. , Zhang J. , Delichatsios M.A. , Patel P. , Clarke P. , Cusack P. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis paper investigates the effects of brominated and halogen‐free fire retardants on the fire performance of glass‐fiber (GF) reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Brominated polystyrene was used as the brominated fire retardant, whereas aluminum diethylphosphinate with/without nanoclay as halogen‐free fire retardants (HFFRs). Tests were conducted by using thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL94, and the cone calorimeter. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that decomposition of GF plus PBT (PBT + GF) starts earlier in the presence of all fire retardants (FRs). In the cone calorimeter, all FRs reduce significantly the heat release rate (HRR) compared with PBT + GF, with brominated polystyrene achieving lowest HRR primarily because bromine released in the pyrolysis gases inhibits combustion. Brominate polystyrene does not, however, affect the mass loss rate. Aluminum diethylphosphinate alone has significant effects on reduction of both HRR and mass loss rate, which become considerably more when combined with nanoclay. It was also found that the combustion efficiency of the brominated polystyrene compound is much lower than that of HFFRs, indicating that brominated polystyrene has higher gas phase flame retardant efficiency compared with HFFRs because the bromine radicals released during degradation of brominated polystyrene effectively quench the chemical reactions of the pyrolysis gases due to degradation of PBT.
Implementation challenges and outcomes of a randomized controlled pilot study of a group prenatal care model in Malawi and Tanzania
Authors: Patil Crystal L. , Klima Carrie S. , Steffen Alana D. , Leshabari Sebalda C. , Pauls Heather , Norr Kathleen F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo identify implementation challenges associated with conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of group prenatal care (PNC) and report outcomes of the pilot.MethodsA multi‐site randomized pilot was conducted in Malawi and Tanzania between July 31, 2014, and June 30, 2015. Women aged at least 16 years with a pregnancy of 20–24 weeks were randomly assigned using sealed envelopes (1:1) to individual or group PNC. Structured interviews were conducted at baseline, in the third trimester and 6–8 weeks after delivery. The primary outcomes were attendance at four PNC visits and attendance at the 6‐week postnatal visit.ResultsThe pilot showed that an RCT with individual randomization can be conducted in these two low‐resource settings. Significantly more women in group PNC than in individual PNC completed at least four PNC visits (96/102 [94.1%] vs 53/91 [58.2%]) and attended the postnatal visit (76/102 [74.5%] vs 45/90 [50.0%]; both P<0.001).ConclusionGroup PNC was feasible and associated with an increase in healthcare utilization and improved outcomes in Malawi and Tanzania. Lessons learned should be considered when designing large RCTs to determine efficacy.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02999334
Simultaneous acquisition sequence for improved hepatic pharmacokinetics quantification accuracy (SAHA) for dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI of liver
Authors: Ning Jia , Sun Yongliang , Xie Sheng , Zhang Bida , Huang Feng , Koken Peter , Smink Jouke , Yuan Chun , Chen Huijun 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo propose a simultaneous acquisition sequence for improved hepatic pharmacokinetics quantification accuracy (SAHA) method for liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI.MethodsThe proposed SAHA simultaneously acquired high temporal‐resolution 2D images for vascular input function extraction using Cartesian sampling and 3D large‐coverage high spatial‐resolution liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced images using golden angle stack‐of‐stars acquisition in an interleaved way. Simulations were conducted to investigate the accuracy of SAHA in pharmacokinetic analysis. A healthy volunteer and three patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma were included in the study to investigate the feasibility of SAHA in vivo.ResultsSimulation studies showed that SAHA can provide closer results to the true values and lower root mean square error of estimated pharmacokinetic parameters in all of the tested scenarios. The in vivo scans of subjects provided fair image quality of both 2D images for arterial input function and portal venous input function and 3D whole liver images. The in vivo fitting results showed that the perfusion parameters of healthy liver were significantly different from those of cirrhotic liver and HCC.ConclusionsThe proposed SAHA can provide improved accuracy in pharmacokinetic modeling and is feasible in human liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI, suggesting that SAHA is a potential tool for liver dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 79:2629–2641, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Coupled adjoint‐based sensitivities in large‐displacement fluid‐structure interaction using algorithmic differentiation
Authors: Sanchez R. , Albring T. , Palacios R. , Gauger N. R. , Economon T. D. , Alonso J. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA methodology for the calculation of gradients with respect to design parameters in general fluid‐structure interaction problems is presented. It is based on fixed‐point iterations on the adjoint variables of the coupled system using algorithmic differentiation. This removes the need for the construction of the analytic Jacobian for the coupled physical problem, which is the usual limitation for the computation of adjoints in most realistic applications. The formulation is shown to be amenable to partitioned solution methods for the adjoint equations. It also poses no restrictions to the nonlinear physics in either the fluid or structural field, other than the existence of a converged solution to the primal problem from which to compute the adjoints. We demonstrate the applicability of this procedure and the accuracy of the computed gradients on coupled problems involving viscous flows with geometrical and material nonlinearities in the structural domain.
Spectral binning for energy production calculations and multijunction solar cell design
Authors: Garcia Iván , McMahon William E. , Habte Aron , Geisz John F. , Steiner Myles A. , Sengupta Manajit , Friedman Daniel J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCurrently, most solar cells are designed for and evaluated under standard spectra intended to represent typical spectral conditions. However, no single spectrum can capture the spectral variability needed for annual energy production (AEP) calculations, and this shortcoming becomes more significant for series‐connected multijunction cells as the number of junctions increases. For this reason, AEP calculations are often performed on very detailed yearlong sets of data, but these pose 2 inherent challenges: (1) These data sets comprise thousands of data points, which appear as a scattered cloud of data when plotted against typical parameters and are hence cumbersome to classify and compare, and (2) large sets of spectra bring with them a corresponding increase in computation or measurement time. Here, we show how a large spectral set can be reduced to just a few “proxy” spectra, which still retain the spectral variability information needed for AEP design and evaluation. The basic “spectral binning” methods should be extensible to a variety of multijunction device architectures. In this study, as a demonstration, the AEP of a 4‐junction device is computed for both a full set of spectra and a reduced proxy set, and the results show excellent agreement for as few as 3 proxy spectra. This enables much faster (and thereby more detailed) calculations and indoor measurements and provides a manageable way to parameterize a spectral set, essentially creating a “spectral fingerprint,” which should facilitate the understanding and comparison of different sites.
Impact of five‐tiered Gleason grade groups on prognostic prediction in clinical stage T3 prostate cancer undergoing high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy
Authors: Tsumura Hideyasu , Ishiyama Hiromichi , Tabata Ken‐ichi , Katsumata Hiroki , Kobayashi Momoko , Ikeda Masaomi , Kurosaka Shinji , Fujita Tetsuo , Kitano Masashi , Satoh Takefumi , Yanagisawa Nobuyuki , Hayakawa Kazushige , Iwamura Masatsugu 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundWe evaluated a five‐tiered Gleason grade groups arising from the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference on prognostic prediction in clinical stage T3a (extracapsular invasion) and T3b (seminal vesicle involvement) prostate cancer undergoing high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (HDR‐BT).MethodsFrom November 2003 to December 2012, 283 patients with stage T3 prostate cancer received HDR‐BT and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with long‐term androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Of these, 203 (72%) and 80 (28%) patients had stage T3a and T3b disease, respectively. The mean dose to 90% of the planning target volume was 7.5 Gy/fraction of HDR‐BT. After five fractions, EBRT with 10 fractions of 3 Gy was administered. All patients first underwent ≥6 months of neoadjuvant ADT, and adjuvant ADT continued for 36 months. Median follow‐up was 74 months from the start of radiotherapy.ResultsThe 10‐year biochemical recurrence (BCR) −free rate for stage T3a and T3b disease was 79% and 64%, respectively (P = 0.0083). The 10‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS) rate for stage T3a and T3b was 96% and 91%, respectively (P = 0.0305). Although grade groups ≥4 were independent predictors for BCR in cT3a patients (P = 0.0270), they failed to significantly predict prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) among cT3a patients. Among cT3b patients, grade group 5 was a significant predictor of both BCR (P = 0.0017) and PCSM (P = 0.0233). Among stage T3a patients, no significant difference existed in 10‐year CSS between grade groups 5 and 4 (94% vs 97%, P = 0.3960). In contrast, grade group 5 had a significantly worse outcome in 10‐year CSS than grade group 4 among stage T3b patients (74% vs 100%, P = 0.0350).ConclusionsStage T3a patients with grade groups 4/5 and stage T3b with grade group 4 had fairly low PCSM risk. Approximately one of four patients among stage T3b patients with grade group 5 showed PCSM after combined HDR‐BT and EBRT with long‐term ADT. Stage T3b patients with grade group 5 may have a greater risk for PCSM.
Bringing cognition into strategic interactions: Strategic mental models and open questions
Authors: Menon Anoop 
Published: September 2017

Research SummaryThis article explicitly introduces cognitive considerations into the treatment of strategic interactions, using the value‐based framework as an extended example. Through real‐world examples and prior empirical findings, it shows that many of the implicit assumptions of the framework are regularly violated in practice when actors simplify their complex realities into incomplete, inaccurate mental models. These violations lead to outcomes that are often contrary to the predictions of the classical framework. As initial steps toward developing a cognitively grounded theory of strategic interactions, the article characterizes the core components of strategic mental models that might form the foundation of such a theory and then lays out some open questions that this theory would need to address. These questions, when answered, can point to novel cognitive capabilities.Managerial SummaryThis article argues that a realistic analysis of interactions between strategic agents requires us to include the mental models, that is, belief systems, of those agents into the analysis. Real‐world examples and prior empirical findings are used to show that if such mental models are not accounted for, the outcomes predicted by the analysis could be quite different from those obtained in reality. The article identifies a few key aspects of these strategic mental models that deserve attention. It also identifies a few central questions that, when answered, could allow firms to develop novel cognitive capabilities that confer competitive advantage.
Are food‐deceptive orchid species really functionally specialized for pollinators?
Authors: Fantinato Edy , Del Vecchio Silvia , Baltieri Mattia , Fabris Beatrice , Buffa Gabriella 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFood‐deceptive orchid species have traditionally been considered pollination specialized to bees or butterflies. However, it is unclear to which concept of specialization this assumption is related; if to that of phenotypic specialization or of functional specialization. The main aim of this work was to verify if pollinators of five widespread food‐deceptive orchid species (Anacamptis morio (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich., Himantoglossum adriaticum H. Baumann, Orchis purpurea Huds. and Orchis simia Lam.) predicted from the phenotypic point of view matched with the observed ones. We addressed the question by defining target orchids phenotypic specialization on the basis of their floral traits, and we compared the expected guilds of pollinators with the observed ones. Target orchid pollinators were collected by conducting a meta‐analysis of the available literature and adding unpublished field observations, carried out in temperate dry grasslands in NE Italy. Pollinator species were subsequently grouped into guilds and differences in the guild spectra among orchid species grouped according to their phenotype were tested. In contradiction to expectations derived from the phenotypic point of view, food‐deceptive orchid species were found to be highly functionally generalized for pollinators, and no differences in the pollinator guild spectra could be revealed among orchid groups. Our results may lead to reconsider food‐deceptive orchid pollination ecology by revaluating the traditional equation orchid‐pollination specialization.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a High School Football Player With Familial Hemiplegic Migraine: A Case Report
Authors: Chand Manisha R. , Kanwar Sumit , Peck Evan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMild traumatic brain injury is a major concern in young athletes, with an estimated 1.6‐3.8 million reported concussions in the United States annually. Familial hemiplegic migraine is a rare autosomal‐dominant condition characterized by sporadic episodes of transient unilateral motor weakness that may begin at any age. We present a case of a 17‐year‐old boy with a history of familial hemiplegic migraine who suffered prolonged symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury during sports participation.Level of EvidenceV
The scaling of straining motions in homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Elsinga G. E. , Ishihara T. , Goudar M. V. , da Silva C. B. , Hunt J. C. R. 
Published: September 2017

The scaling of turbulent motions is investigated by considering the flow in the eigenframe of the local strain-rate tensor. The flow patterns in this frame of reference are evaluated using existing direct numerical simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence over a Reynolds number range from $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=34.6$ up to 1131, and also with reference to data for inhomogeneous, anisotropic wall turbulence. The average flow in the eigenframe reveals a shear layer structure containing tube-like vortices and a dissipation sheet, whose dimensions scale with the Kolmogorov length scale, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. The vorticity stretching motions scale with the Taylor length scale, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$, while the flow outside the shear layer scales with the integral length scale, $L$. Furthermore, the spatial organization of the vortices and the dissipation sheet defines a characteristic small-scale structure. The overall size of this characteristic small-scale structure is $120\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ in all directions based on the coherence length of the vorticity. This is considerably larger than the typical size of individual vortices, and reflects the importance of spatial organization at the small scales. Comparing the overall size of the characteristic small-scale structure with the largest flow scales and the vorticity stretching motions on the scale of $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$ shows that transitions in flow structure occur where $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}\approx 45$ and 250. Below these respective transitional Reynolds numbers, the small-scale motions and the vorticity stretching motions are progressively less well developed. Scale interactions are examined by decomposing the average shear layer into a local flow, which is induced by the shear layer vorticity, and a non-local flow, which represents the environment of the characteristic small-scale structure. The non-local strain is $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$ in width and height, which is consistent with observations in high Reynolds number flow of a $4\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{T}$ wide instantaneous shear layer with many $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$-scale vortical structures inside (Ishihara et al., Flow Turbul. Combust., vol. 91, 2013, pp. 895–929). In the average shear layer, vorticity aligns with the intermediate principal strain at small scales, while it aligns with the most stretching principal strain at larger scales, consistent with instantaneous turbulence. The length scale at which the alignment changes depends on the Reynolds number. When conditioning the flow in the eigenframe on extreme dissipation, the velocity is strongly affected over large distances. Moreover, the associated peak velocity remains Reynolds number dependent when normalized by the Kolmogorov velocity scale. It signifies that extreme dissipation is not simply a small-scale property, but is associated with large scales at the same time.
Coupled Mechanism on Interfacial Slip and Shear Lag for Twin-Cell Composite Box Beam Under Even Load
Authors: Yu J. , Hu S. W. , Xu Y. C. , Fan B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA model of Twin-cell Composite Box Beam (TCCBB), which is composed of concrete plate and thin-walled steel box beam with twin-cell, is proposed in this paper. Combined with structural features, longitudinal interfacial slip mode (LISM) and related shear hysteresis functions (SHFS) of this TCCBB model are defined respectively; analytical formulation describing combination effect between interfacial slip and shear lag is launched for this TCCBB model under even load. Based on established governing differential equations and its relative boundary conditions (calculated with compatible mechanism of interfacial slip and shear lag effect), closed form solutions of normal stress and shear stress are derived for this TCCBB model, as well as effective shear-lag coefficient and effective coupled behavior coefficient. To obtain more accurate computational results of specific coupled mechanism of this TCCBB model, numerical example is carried out to analyze and predict coupled mechanism of interfacial slip and shear lag effect for this type of composite structures.
Effects of oralLactobacillusadministration on antioxidant activities and CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ T cells in NZB/W F1 mice
Authors: Tzang Bor-Show , Liu Chung-Hsien , Hsu Kuo-Ching , Chen Yi-Hsing , Huang Chih-Yang , Hsu Tsai-Ching 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterised by a dysregulation of the immune system, which causes inflammation responses, excessive oxidative stress and a reduction in the number of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ T cells. Supplementation with certainLactobacillusstrains has been suggested to be beneficial in the comprehensive treatment of SLE. However, little is known about the effect and mechanism of certainLactobacillusstrains on SLE. To investigate the effects ofLactobacilluson SLE, NZB/W F1 mice were orally gavaged withLactobacillus paracaseiGMNL-32 (GMNL-32),Lactobacillus reuteriGMNL-89 (GMNL-89) andL. reuteriGMNL-263 (GMNL-263). Supplementation with GMNL-32, GMNL-89 and GMNL-263 significantly increased antioxidant activity, reduced IL-6 and TNF-αlevels and significantly decreased the toll-like receptors/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 signalling in NZB/W F1 mice. Notably, supplementation with GMNL-263, but not GMNL-32 and GMNL-89, in NZB/W F1 mice significantly increased the differentiation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. These findings reveal beneficial effects of GMNL-32, GMNL-89 and GMNL-263 on NZB/W F1 mice and suggest that these specificLactobacillusstrains can be used as part of a comprehensive treatment of SLE patients.