bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic strengthening effect of nanocrystalline copper reinforced with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Wang Hu , Zhang Zhao-Hui , Hu Zheng-Yang , Wang Fu-Chi , Li Sheng-Lin , Korznikov Elena , Zhao Xiu-Chen , Liu Ying , Liu Zhen-Feng , Kang Zhe 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this study, a novel multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced nanocrystalline copper matrix composite with super high strength and moderate plasticity was synthesized. We successfully overcome the agglomeration problem of the carbon nanotubes and the grain growth problem of the nanocrystalline copper matrix by combined use of the electroless deposition and spark plasma sintering methods. The yield strength of the composite reach up to 692 MPa, which is increased by 2 and 5 times comparing with those of the nanocrystalline and coarse copper, respectively. Simultaneously, the plasticity of the composite was also significantly increased in contrast with that of the nanocrystalline copper. The increase of the density of the carbon nanotubes after coating, the isolation effect caused by the copper coating, and the improvement of the compatibility between the reinforcements and matrix as well as the effective control of the grain growth of the copper matrix all contribute to improving the mechanical properties of the composite. In addition, a new strengthening mechanism, i.e., the series-connection effect of the nanocrystalline copper grains introduced by carbon nanotubes, is proposed to further explain the mechanical behavior of the nanocomposite.
TLR4 signaling in VTA dopaminergic neurons regulates impulsivity through tyrosine hydroxylase modulation
Authors: Aurelian L , Warnock K T , Balan I , Puche A , June H 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlcohol dependence is a complex disorder that initiates with episodes of excessive alcohol drinking known as binge drinking, and has a 50–60% risk contribution from inherited susceptibility genes. Cognitive impulsivity is a heritable trait that may set the stage for transition to alcohol dependence but its role in the ethanol-seeking behavior and the involved genes are still poorly understood. We have previously shown that alcohol-preferring P rats have innately elevated levels of a neuronal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that controls the initiation of excessive alcohol drinking. Here we report that TLR4 is localized in dopaminergic (TH+) neurons and it upregulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)/cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signal. P rats have higher impulsivity than wild-type (WT) rats and VTA infusion of a non-replicating Herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector for TLR4-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA; pHSVsiTLR4) inhibits both impulsivity and TLR4/TH expression. A scrambled siRNA vector does not affect gene expression or impulsivity. The data suggest that TLR4 signaling in VTA dopaminergic neurons controls impulsivity related to the regulation of TH expression, likely contributing to the initiation of alcohol drinking and its transition to alcohol dependence.
Empirical redefinition of comprehensive health and well-being in the older adults of the United States
Authors: McClintock Martha K. , Dale William , Laumann Edward O. , Waite Linda 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceHealth has long been conceived as not just the absence of disease but also the presence of physical, psychological, and social well-being. Nonetheless, the traditional medical model focuses on specific organ system diseases. This representative study of US older adults living in their homes amassed not only comprehensive medical information but also psychological and social data and measured sensory function and mobility, all key factors for independent living and a gratifying life. This comprehensive model revealed six unique health classes, predicting mortality/incapacity. The healthiest people were obese and robust; two new classes, with twice the mortality/incapacity, were people with healed broken bones or poor mental health. This approach provides an empirical method for broadly reconceptualizing health, which may inform health policy.
Range expansions transition from pulled to pushed waves as growth becomes more cooperative in an experimental microbial population
Authors: Gandhi Saurabh R. , Yurtsev Eugene Anatoly , Korolev Kirill S. , Gore Jeff 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceSpecies undergo range shifts in response to changing climate or following an introduction to a new environment. Invasions often incur significant economic cost and threaten biodiversity. Ecological theory predicts two distinct types of expansion waves, pulled and pushed, depending on the degree of cooperativity in the population. Although pulled and pushed invasions differ dramatically in how population-level properties such as the expansion rate depend on the organism-level properties such as rates of growth and dispersal, these theoretical predictions have not been tested empirically. Here, we use a microbial model system to perform these tests and demonstrate that pulled and pushed waves can be distinguished based on their dynamics.
The need to respect nature and its limits challenges society and conservation science
Authors: Martin Jean-Louis , Maris Virginie , Simberloff Daniel S. 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceThe recent Paris accord on global climate change is a key step in acknowledging biophysical limits to human actions, but the challenge of respecting the biosphere’s ecological limits remains underrated. We analyze how respecting these limits squarely conflicts with an economy centered on growth and technology to mitigate environmental stress. The need to mitigate human impacts on species and natural systems has made conservation science a major multidisciplinary discipline. Society and conservation science have tried unsuccessfully to resolve this need within the growth paradigm. We show that its resolution increasingly demands profound shifts in societal values. Our aim is to identify the nature of these necessary shifts and to explore how they define future paths for conservation science.
Mammalian African trypanosome VSG coat enhances tsetse’s vector competence
Authors: Aksoy Emre , Vigneron Aurélien , Bing XiaoLi , Zhao Xin , O’Neill Michelle , Wu Yi-neng , Bangs James D. , Weiss Brian L. , Aksoy Serap 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceInsects are responsible for transmitting protozoan parasites that cause fatal diseases in humans. While the underlying mechanisms by which parasites evade mammalian immune responses have been extensively studied, less is known about how parasites promote their survival in the insect vectors. An in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie vector–parasite associations can lead to the generation of novel transmission-blocking tools. Here, we show an adaptive coevolutionary process that enables the African trypanosomes to overcome the tsetse peritrophic matrix, a major barrier to infection outcome in the gut. Disrupting this manipulative process could prevent establishment of infections in the vector and reduce transmission.
Instability of Helios-deficient Tregs is associated with conversion to a T-effector phenotype and enhanced antitumor immunity
Authors: Nakagawa Hidetoshi , Sido Jessica M. , Reyes Edwin E. , Kiers Valerie , Cantor Harvey , Kim Hye-Jung 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Depletion or inhibition of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been associated with increased effector T-cell activation that may enhance antitumor responses. A potentially more effective strategy depends on induction of lineage instability that allows conversion of intratumoral but not systemic Tregs into effector T cells (Teffs). We show that targeted deletion of the Helios transcription factor within CD4 Tregs promotes instability and effector cell conversion of Tregs in tumors and increased antitumor immunity. Ab-dependent ligation of Treg surface receptors that diminishes Helios expression can also induce intratumoral Treg conversion. These findings indicate that targeting of signaling pathways that reduce Helios expression by intratumoral Tregs may represent a potentially robust approach to cancer immunotherapy.
Leukotriene E4elicits respiratory epithelial cell mucin release through the G-protein–coupled receptor, GPR99
Authors: Bankova Lora G. , Lai Juying , Yoshimoto Eri , Boyce Joshua A. , Austen K. Frank , Kanaoka Yoshihide , Barrett Nora A. 
Published: May 2016

SignificanceLeukotriene E4(LTE4), a lipid mediator detected in asthma exacerbations triggered by allergen, viruses, and aspirin, elicits airflow obstruction and lung inflammation in asthmatics. GPR99 is the recently identified high-affinity receptor for LTE4and is resistant to blockade by commercially available cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) receptor antagonists. Here we find that GPR99 is expressed in respiratory epithelial cells and mediates mucin release and submucosal swelling in response to LTE4or to cysLTs elicited byAlternaria, a common airborne fungus. Furthermore, among cysLT receptors, only GPR99 regulates baseline numbers of mucin-containing goblet cells. These studies demonstrate a unique role for GPR99 in epithelial cell homeostasis and activation and indicate that epithelial cells may be a dominant site of LTE4action in the lung.
An Evaluation of Attractants to Increase Catch Rates and Deplete Age-0 Common Carp in Shallow South Dakota Lakes
Authors: Carl Dray D. , Weber Michael J. , Brown Michael L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is a highly invasive species that can alter shallow aquatic ecosystems from clear to turbid water. Although mechanical removals are commonly used to control abundance of adult Common Carp, harvest models suggest that removing age-0 Common Carp also reduces recruitment. Attractants often improve fisheries sampling and commercial harvest and may provide a tool to increase catch rates of age-0 Common Carp. However, techniques and attractants that target age-0 Common Carp have not been evaluated. Our objective was to compare catch rates and size distribution of age-0 Common Carp captured in cloverleaf traps with and without bait (fish meal or bloodworms) or light attractants. To assess whether trapping decreased the abundance of age-0 Common Carp, we also evaluated (1) the total number and proportion of age-0 Common Carp removed from the populations and (2) whether catch rates declined temporally as a result. Traps were fished in emergent vegetation for 5–6 nights in two shallow lakes in South Dakota during August 2010. Catch rates of age-0 Common Carp did not differ among attractants and the control. However, catch rates declined through time, and 3,102 age-0 Common Carp were removed from the two lakes. Depletion population estimates indicated at least 83% of age-0 Common Carp from Brant Lake and 21% (lower limits, 95% confidence intervals) of age-0 Common Carp from Whitewood Lake were removed, suggesting trapping may be successful at depleting abundance. Lighted traps caught larger age-0 Common Carp than did control traps or traps baited with bloodworms or fish meal. These results suggest that the attractants evaluated here do not increase catch rates of age-0 Common Carp. Nonetheless, cloverleaf traps may reduce abundance of age-0 Common Carp and have value in integrated management plans for this species.
Received August 6, 2015; accepted January 6, 2016 Published online May 16, 2016
Indicators to Evaluate the Social Dimensions of the Recreational Fishery in the Great Lakes
Authors: Heck Nadine , Stedman Richard C. , Gaden Marc 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Natural resource management agencies increasingly engage in monitoring and evaluation activities to become more explicit and transparent about their activities and to demonstrate management achievements. As fishery management focuses on fish resources and the people using these resources, evaluating management performance requires assessing both environmental and human-centered outcomes of a fishery. Our paper addresses the current lack of indicators to evaluate the social dimensions of the recreational fishery in the Great Lakes. We identified management outcomes and evaluation indicators for the social dimensions of the fishery through semistructured interviews with fishery managers. Our study finds that fishery managers identified desired management outcomes and indicators at three distinct levels: individual anglers, local communities, and Great Lakes states and provinces. Managers’ input on outcomes and indicators was key to clarifying generic management goals such as “happy anglers.” Desired outcomes also revealed that managers’ understanding of management effectiveness goes beyond current management goals. Regular adaptation of management goals for the fishery might be critical to make sure that goals reflect what managers would like to achieve. We also suggest extending evaluation efforts beyond the assessment of management goals. Including ecological, social, and economic trends in the basin that influence the performance of the fishery could help managers understand and predict the effect of contextual changes in the basin on the fishery over time.
Received September 3, 2015; accepted January 6, 2016 Published online May 16, 2016
Length Selectivity and Size-Bias Correction for the North American Standard Gill Net
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Ryswyk Ryan G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Gill nets are inherently size selective, but selectivity curves can correct this bias. We sampled eight reservoirs with the North American standard gill net to develop a large length-specific data set for six species: Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis), saugeye (Sauger Sander canadensis × Walleye S. vitreus), Walleye, White Bass, and White Crappie Pomoxis annularis. We then used the SELECT (share each lengthclass's catch total) method to find the best-fit selectivity model to adjust the gill-net catch for contact selectivity. To determine the magnitude of these selectivity corrections, we compared adjusted and unadjusted length frequencies and size indices for each species at each reservoir. The bimodal model was the best fit selectivity model for all species. When selectivity-adjusted length-frequency data were compared with the original data, one-third of hybrid Striped Bass length frequencies and two-thirds of White Bass length frequencies were significantly different (unadjusted distributions underestimated smaller length classes). Roughly one-third of the proportional size distributions (PSDs) from all species analyzed showed meaningful changes (≥5 PSD units) after selectivity adjustments were made (unadjusted PSDs were too large). By correcting for contact selectivity the data are improved, and at times the adjustments can be large enough to alter management decisions. Therefore, we recommend that selectivity adjustments should become a part of routine data analysis for the design of the North American standardized gill net as this will improve data for fisheries management.
Received September 1, 2015; accepted December 21, 2015 Published online May 16, 2016
Variability in Age Estimation Results in Ambiguity and False Understanding of Population Persistence
Authors: Hamel M. J. , Spurgeon J. J. , Chizinski C. J. , Steffensen K. D. , Pegg M. A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Mortality, growth, and recruitment are the primary dynamic rate functions that regulate fish populations. Age data obtained from calcified structures can provide direct and indirect information needed for calculations of these metrics; therefore, knowledge of the fish population age structure is often coveted information. Unfortunately, potential sources of error exist in the form of subjectivity in interpretation of growth increments, inconsistent deposition of growth increments, and lack of validation in age-estimation processes. However, many sources of error are either not known or simply ignored, particularly for long-lived fishes. Therefore, we included a level of uncertainty in our age estimates of a periodic life history strategist, the Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, by incorporating variability in reader assignment of age. We used a bootstrapping procedure to generate a matrix of new age distributions and demonstrated how calculations of mortality varied as a result of reader assignment variability. Varying mortality rates of adult Shovelnose Sturgeon in a three-stage, female-only population projection model resulted in a wide range of potential responses. Hypothetical population projections after simulating for 30 years ranged from 2,249 to 10,673 individuals, despite mortality estimates varying by only 15% (28–43%). Age-determination errors are an impediment to understanding fish population dynamics using conventional age-based assessments; therefore, consequences of aging error should be considered when attempting to model population dynamic processes and long-term viability.
Received August 8, 2015; accepted February 12, 2016 Published online May 16, 2016
Asymmetric microstructure and fracture behaviour of friction stir welded joints of 2024 aluminium alloy under cyclical load
Authors: Li X. , Li J. L. , Liao Z. X. , Jin F. , Zhang F. S. , Xiong J. T. 
Published: May 2016

In this study, the effect of asymmetric microstructure on fracture behaviour of friction stir welded joints of 2024-O aluminium alloy under cyclical load was investigated via optical microscopes, electron backscattering diffraction, microhardness and infrared thermography, and digital imaging correlation (DIC). The results demonstrate that the thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) at retreating side possesses a relatively higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries and coincidence site lattice boundaries in comparison to that at the advancing side (AS), which results in the strain localisation and fracture path along the region between nugget zone and TMAZ at the AS under cyclical load. The profile of microhardness presents the asymmetric characteristic as well. The temperature evolution of the joint obtained by infrared camera is in good agreement with strain distribution measured by DIC. The thermography proves to be generally sufficient to predict the fracture path before failure under cyclical load. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Meta-stable low-level accretion rate states or neutron star crust cooling in the Be/X-ray transients V0332+53 and 4U 0115+63
Authors: Wijnands R. , Degenaar N. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Be/X-ray transients V0332+53 and 4U 0115+63 exhibited giant, type-II outbursts in 2015. Here we present Swift/XRT follow-up observations at the end of those outbursts. Surprisingly, the sources did not decay back to their known quiescent levels but stalled at a (slowly decaying) meta-stable state with luminosities a factor ∼10 above that observed in quiescence. The spectra in these states are considerably softer than the outburst spectra and appear to soften in time when the luminosity decreases. The physical mechanism behind these meta-stable states is unclear and they could be due to low-level accretion (either directly on to the neutron stars or on to their magnetospheres) or due to cooling of the accretion-heated neutron star crusts. Based on the spectra, the slowly decreasing luminosities, and the spectral softening, we favour the crust cooling hypothesis but we cannot exclude the accretion scenarios. On top of this meta-stable state, weak accretion events were observed that occurred at periastron passage and may thus be related to regular type-I outbursts.
Neuraxial Anesthesia in Parturients With Thrombocytopenia: A Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Goodier C.G. , Lu J.T. , Hebbar L. , Segal B.S. , Goetzl L. 
Published: May 2016

(Anesth Analg. 2015;121:988–991)
Thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count <100,000/mm3 in this study, is a relative contraindication to neuraxial analgesia because of the unknown risk of hematoma. Although the risk of hematoma might outweigh the benefits of neuraxial anesthesia, withholding neuraxial anesthesia may result in suboptimal pain management and increased risk of general anesthesia-associated maternal morbidity. Consequently, the authors of the present study evaluated risk estimates of spinal-epidural hematoma after neuraxial anesthesia and of general anesthesia-associated complications in thrombocytopenic parturients. The primary goal was to determine a precise platelet threshold for withholding neuraxial anesthesia in thrombocytopenic parturients.
Is Cell Salvaged Vaginal Blood Loss Suitable for Reinfusion?
Authors: Teare K.M. , Sullivan I.J. , Ralph C.J. 
Published: May 2016

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(2):103–110)
Hemorrhage is one of the foremost direct causes of maternal death and critical care admission, often requiring allogeneic blood products. Because allogeneic blood is an increasingly scarce and expensive resource, and given the risks associated with donor blood transfusion, it is important to explore blood conservation strategies in order to reduce consumption of allogeneic blood.
Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage With Uterine Balloon Tamponade: The Way Forward
Authors: Marasinghe J.P. , Du Plessis J. , Epitawela D. , Umstad M.P. 
Published: May 2016

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;55(4):315–317)
Uterine atony is the leading cause of postpartum hemorrhage, which is the sixth most common cause of maternal death in the United Kingdom. There are many methods for managing postpartum hemorrhage, but if conservative treatment does not work, surgical intervention should be used before the situation becomes severe. Uterine balloon tamponade (UBT), introduced in 1991, is one of the most popular early surgical interventions, due to its relative simplicity and ease of use.
A NICE Delivery—The Cross-Atlantic Divide Over Treatment Intensity in Childbirth
Authors: Shah N. 
Published: May 2016

(N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2181–2183)
This editorial examines the transatlantic debate over best labor and delivery practices for healthy women that arose following the results of an evidence-based review that prompted the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) to conclude that it is safer for healthy women with straightforward pregnancies to give birth at home or in a midwife-led unit than in a hospital under the supervision of an obstetrician.
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Adding Neostigmine to Local Anesthetics for Neuraxial Administration in Obstetric Anesthesia and Analgesia
Authors: Cossu A.P. , De Giudici L.M. , Piras D. , Mura P. , Scanu M. , Cossu M. , Saba M. , Finco G. , Brazzi L. 
Published: May 2016

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24:237–246)
Neostigmine, an acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitor, has been used for both epidural and intrathecal anesthesia in obstetric patients. In order to quantify its benefits and/or adverse effects as an adjuvant in neuraxial anesthesia, the authors of this meta-analysis reviewed randomized, placebo-controlled studies in which neostigmine was administered in combination with local anesthetics or other adjuvants.