bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., N.C., 1994
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Wade Holloway C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Atlantic’ potatoes were planted in mid-Mar near Elizabeth City, N.C. Plots in both Test 1 and Test 2 were 20 ft. long, with single row plots on 42 inch centers with no guard rows, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 10 ft were used between replicates within rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operated at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. On 24 Mar in Test 1 Admire 2FS at the rate of 0.9 fluid oz. per 1000 linear ft was applied in the furrow over the top of the potato pieces just before they were covered. When potatoes sprouted and emerged to the height of approximately 4 inches, there were 20-30 adult CPB’s dead around each hill that had been treated with Admire. The CPB population was so heavy early in the season that the potato pieces in the rest of Test 1 and Test 2 and including the entire field could not sprout and emerge without being eaten off by 8-12 adult CPB’s per plant. On 18 Apr the grower applied Kryocide at the rate of 5 lbs/acre in a spray band over the top of the row as a measure to slow down the CPB population. Asana XL and PBO were applied on 22 Apr as a spray both at the rate of 8 oz/acre. The potatoes emerged and the crop was established. In Test 1 all treatments were applied on 17 May with the exception of 0.9 fluid oz/1000 linear ft of Admire 2FS which had been applied earlier, on 24 Mar. On 17 May all treatments in Test 2 were applied except for the two (midegg hatch) treatments of Monitor 4F, which were applied on 24 May. All treatments were applied on 24 and 31 May in Test 1 except Admire 2FS at 3 oz plus Silwet L77 at 4 oz, which was treated at (early egg hatch only) and the Admire 2FS treatment that was applied at planting. Test 1 and Test 2 counts of CPB on 3 hills/plot were made 24, 31 May and 7 Jun. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instar, and large larvae, third and fourth instar. Visual CPB damage ratings were made 24, 31 May and 7 Jun. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 7 Jun.
Azadirachtin (Align) to Control CPB on Potatoes, 1994
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 11 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft rows on 3 ft row spacing, replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. An untreated guard row separated each plot. Admire 2F was applied in furrow preplanting using a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer. Foliar sprays were applied on the dates indicated in the table using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. On 21 and 23 Jun, the entire test was sprayed out with Vydate L at 0.50 lb(AI)/acre and Furadan 4F at 1.00 lb (AI)/acre to control first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria and spray decisions were based on weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 random stems/plot. Sprays were applied if the following thresholds were exceeded: 4 small larvae, 1.5 large larvae, or 0.5 adults/stem. Percent defoliation for each plot was rated on 16 Jun and both rows of each plot were harvested and graded on 20 Jul to determine yields.
Comparison of Cyromazine (Trigard) and Bacillus Thuringiensis (Novodor) Foliar Sprays for CPB Control on Potatoes, Painter, VA
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 8 April at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of six 30 ft long rows on 3 ft row spacing, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied using either a tractor-mounted sprayer or a 3-hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer if the ground was too wet for the tractor. Sprays were applied in 40 gal/acre water. Spray dates are indicated in the tables. The entire test was sprayed out on 20 Jun with Vydate L at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and Furadan 4F at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre to control first generation CPB adults. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot, and the first sprays were applied at peak CPB egg hatch. Percent defoliation for each plot was rated on 20 Jun, and the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded on 1 Jul to determine yields.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Plus Wetting Agents in Spring, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different wetting agents were evaluated for their ability to aid Dipel in controlling PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. Three trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’. Treatments were applied 14 Apr to two-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Plant development was full bloom. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 9 May. One tree from each plot was examined, and the total number of live leafrollers found at a height between 4 and 8 ft in the canopy was recorded.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each Vs acre, of 16-yr-old trees on MM 111 rootstock. Trees measured 14.5 ft in height and 13 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of six single-tree replicates per treatment, with two replications per mini-block using a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by one unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Insecticide rates were based on tree row volume, resulting in the application of 72% of rates that would be used on standard size trees. Dates of application were 15 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 19 Apr (prepink [PP]), 6 May (petal fall [PF]), 24 May (first cover [1C1), 9 Jun (second cover [2C]), 23 Jun (third cover [3C]), 7 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 21 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 4 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 18 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 1 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments during this experiment were Captan, Kocide, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects observed on the periphery of test trees periodically during the season. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies per tree. SA control was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of five terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Treatment effect against STLM was evaluated by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 min period.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Admire (Imidacloprid), 1994
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots were established on the Ul Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 21 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Four placement methods, and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. All four placement application methods of the emulsifiable concentrate (2EC) were tested at a single rate of 0.25 lb AI per acre. The first placement was applied at the time of row marking, one wk prior to planting, on 14 Apr using a shank application (Shank AP) approximately three inches deep on either side of the anticipated seed piece location. The second method was an in-furrow spray application over the seed piece at planting (Over seed AP). The third method was a six-inch banded spray over the row at planting and prior to bedding (Over row AP). The fourth application method was a shank application approximately three inches on either side of and two to three inches below the seed piece (Shank PP). The second and third application methods were made at planting on 21 Apr. Due to weather constraints, application method four was made on 3 May. On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3-4 instar) and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Counts of green peach aphids were made on 20, 26 Jul and 3 Aug by examining 10 leaves from each plot. Plots were harvested (25 row ft) on 11 Oct for yield and grade. Wireworm feeding was also evaluated at this time by examining 50 randomly selected tubers for damage. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple means comparison. Natural Colorado potato beetle populations were virtually nonexistent except for patchy collections of a few adults and egg masses. Twenty adults were transferred to each plot on 14 and 15 Jun and again on 20 and 21 Jun. Counts made of all stages of CPBs at this time indicated that populations remained low and patchy. Volunteer potatoes containing CPB larvae were then collected on 27 and 28 Jun and again on 1 Jul from an adjacent field at the UI Research and Extension Center and transferred to each test plot. Counts made of all stages of CPB on 7 Jul indicated a more even distribution of all life stages within the untreated check plots.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1994
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The experiments were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA on the second and third alfalfa (‘Pioneer 5373’) crops. Plots of 40 × 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated on 22 Jun (Experiment I) from 20 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam insect beating net taken randomly across each plot. All insecticide treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 23 Jun. Alfalfa height at spraying was 4-6 inches. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 28, 30 Jun and 7 an 18, Jul (i.e. 5, 7, 14, and 25 DAT). Densities reported represent combined adult and nymphs collected per 20 sweeps. Insecticides were applied in 25 gal of water per acre at 25 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom containing 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined on 22 Jul from a 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot using a Carter Forage Harvester (Carter Mfg. Co. Inc., Brookston, IN). Insecticide treatments in Experiment II were similarly applied on 8 Aug. Potato leafhopper density was determined from sweep samples on 1 Aug before the foliar sprays were applied and thereafter on 12, 15, 23, Aug and 2 Sep (i.e. 4, 7, 15, and 25 DAT). Alfalfa yield was determined as in Experiment I on 6 Sep.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1994
Authors: Kuhar T. P. , Youngman R. R. , Laub C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated for PLH control in a first yr stand of ‘Arrow’ alfalfa located in Montgomery Co., VA in 1994. Plots of 24 × 40 ft were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. A pre-treatment estimate of PLH density was made on 1 Jul. Counts of PLH were made from 4 sets of 10 pendulum sweeps of a 15 inch diam sweep net taken arbitrarily across the field. On 1 Jul, after completing the pre-treatment estimate, foliar insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer, delivering 20 gal per acre at 40 psi. Post-treatment estimates of combined PLH nymphs and adults per 10 sweeps were made in all plots on 5, 8, 12, 16, and 22 Jul. Alfalfa stem heights also were determined in all plots on 16 and 22 Jul. Treatment yields were determined at 12% bloom on 28 Jul from 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot using a sickle-bar mower. Freshly mowed alfalfa was raked into a pile and weighed using a milk scale to determine the wet wt. A 2.2-lb subsample of alfalfa was removed from each plot and dried at 130 to 140°F for 48 h to determine percent dry matter. A two-way ANOVA with Fisher’s protected LSD was used to analyze differences among treatments in PLH sweep net counts (after [x + 0.5]1/2 transformation), stem ht, and dry matter yield for each sample date.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa in Ohio, 1994
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Western Branch Field Station to evaluate the efficacy of 3 insecticide treatments for control of PLH on a 2nd cutting of 5 yr old alfalfa. Plots were 30 × 50 ft with 4 replications per treatment in a RCBD. Treatments were applied on 10 Jun with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 32.8 gal/acre at 30 psi at a tractor speed of 3.5 mph. Treatments were applied when average alfalfa stem length was 13.6 inches. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot prior to treatment and 5, 10 and 19 DAT. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and at 10 and 19 DAT Yields were determined at harvest on 30 Jun.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Murray Todd A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were planted 9 May on the Washington State University campus, Pullman, WA, with a small plot drill at a seeding rate of 6 lb/acre in 7 rows 6 inches apart. Plots were 4 × 20 ft, replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Three rates of Gaucho were applied as a seed treatment. Eight insecticides were applied on 25 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4.5 ft boom equipped with 4 XR Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles on 19 inch spacing and calibrated to deliver 21.3 gpa at 30 psi. Plants were in the mature cotyledon stage with meristem visible; temperatures and wind speed during treatment were 75-81°F and 1 mph. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of flea beetles present on 20 randomly selected plants in the middle 3 rows. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by Fisher’s LSD.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Screening, 1994
Authors: Jarvi Keith , Echtenkamp Jerry , Witkowski John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Test plots were planted on 4 May. Banded (7 inch) and in-furrow planting time treatments were applied with a cone-belt distributer mounted on a John Deere Maxemerge equipped with incorporation tines. Cultivation treatments were applied over the row on 3 Jun with the cone-belt distributer mounted on a hand-powered bicycle wheel applicator. Cultivation application was followed immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator after all treatments were applied. The seeding rate was 18,000 seeds/acre on 30 inch rows. Soil type was silty clay loam (OM &gt; 3%, pH 6.5). Previous crop was late planted corn planted as a trap crop. The field was double disked prior to planting. Preplant anhydrous ammonia was applied at the rate of 90 lb per acre prior to planting. Approximately 20% corn stalk residue was remaining after field preparation. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications, each treatment a single row 50 ft long. Five randomly selected roots from each plot (20/treatment) were rated on the Iowa State 1—6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes pruned to within IVi inch of the stalk). Twenty roots were rated for each treatment. The roots were dug and rated on 11 Jul. Soil moisture was adequate at planting time and rainfall prior to rating was near normal.
Smartbox Insecticide Applicator and Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Pruisner R. D. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The objective of this study was to obtain corn rootworm efficacy data for Force 3G and Fortress 5G insecticides applied through SmartBox and Noble granular applicator systems. The test plot was planted 3 May at the Iowa State University NW Research Center, located near Sutherland, IA. The research site, a silty clay soil, had been planted to a trap-crop the previous year. The experimental design was a RCB, with insecticide treatments applied to paired rows, 75 ft in length, replicated 8 times. A John Deere 7100, 2-row corn planter had been set up with the SmartBox delivery system and calibrated for application using the radar speed input device. The planter could also be set up to deliver insecticide with modified Noble metering units; SmartBox mounting cradles were removed and replaced with Noble mounting brackets. All treatments were applied at 4 mph and planter drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Prior to planting, previous SmartBox calibration settings were checked for accuracy. Controller (computer) settings for all Force and Fortress treatments delivered more than the + 5% allowable range. All treatments were recalibrated according the SmartBox Instruction Guide. Prior to planting, the research area was pre-flagged for treatment placements. All treatments utilizing the SmartBox system were applied and then the planter was converted for the Noble delivery system. When planting, both rows were constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being applied correctly. When using the SmartBox delivery system, it was observed that insecticide did not start flowing at the full rate until 5-7 paces (12-17 ft) into the plot. Seemingly, it took this long for the tractor/planter to reach 4 mph and the radar gun to give an accurate reading to the SmartBox controller. To ensure that plot measurements were taken from areas where insecticide was being dispensed at the proper rate, only the center portion of each replication was used. Following the majority of rootworm feeding (18 Jul), 5 consecutive roots were dug from each of the paired treatment rows (10 roots/treatment × 8 replications = 80 roots/treatment). Prior to transport back to Ames, roots were tagged for identification and excess soil was removed. In Ames, a pressurized water spray was used to remove remaining soil. Roots were then rated for rootworm feeding damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken on 31 Aug. Corn was machine harvested from 30 row-ft per treatment on 14 Oct. Weights were converted to No. 2 shelled corn at 15.5% moisture and analyzed for treatment effects. On 9 Nov, stand counts were taken in the harvested area.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Selected At-Planting Insecticide Treatments Against Cutworms, 1994
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth and corn seed yields of selected treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), and T-banded granules (T-BAND) were compared to that of an untreated control. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa, was used as a winter cover crop across the test area. An application of Gramoxone X-tra (1.5 pt/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant and at planting to terminate all vegetation. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 45 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.1% organic matter) on 14 Apr with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 40 psi. Armyworm damage to plants and cutworm damage to plants was determined by recording all damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot weekly for 3 wk after plant emergence to obtain cumulative summaries. Plant stand density was measured on 16 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows of each plot. Plant height was measured on 23 May by taking an average of 20 plants/plot. Yields were determined by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 24 Aug. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1994
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection and rootworm control in 2 tests conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each test included 14 treatments compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 140 ft in length and 2 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. A RCBD was applied to both tests with 8 replicates in Test 1 and 4 replicates in Test 2. Plots represented in 4 replications of Test 1 and all replications of Test 2 were preceded by a trap crop of late planted corn. The remaining 4 replications of Test 1 were preceded by 1st year corn that was adjacent to continuous corn. Planting time granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow using a 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with either Noble granular applicators or computer controlled Smartbox granular applicators. Planting time or post emergence applications of liquid formulations were applied as banded or broadcasted treatments with a boom sprayer equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. All treatments of Test 1 were applied 28 Apr at planting. In Test 2, granular treatments were applied 11 May at planting and post-emergence liquid treatments were applied 3 Jun. Planting and application of the liquid Fipronyl WG treatment was delayed to 18 May due to weather conditions. Treatments were evaluated 7 Jun for stand loss with stand counts of total and injured plants (predominantly cutworm injury) per 100 row feet when corn was predominantly at 5th or 6th leaf stage. Root ratings were conducted 6 Jul on 5 plants per replicate. Lodging was evaluated 19 and 21 Jul by examining 100 plants per replicate. Grain yields were determined by machine harvest of total plots during mid Oct.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer, 1994
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 9 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn Hi-Boy with 10 inch row banders. Twenty-four hr prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was CBD with 4 replications. On 14 Sep, 10 marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded.