bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An open-sourced statistical application for identifying complex toxicological interactions of environmental pollutants
Authors: Perkins Jordan T. , Petriello Michael C. , Xu Li , Stromberg Arnold , Hennig Bernhard 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The rising number of chemicals that humans are exposed to on a daily basis, as well as advances in biomonitoring and detection technologies have highlighted the diversity of individual exposure profiles (complex body burdens). To address this, the toxicological sciences have begun to shift away from examining toxic agents or stressors individually to focusing on more complex models with multiple agents or stressors present. Literature on interactions between chemicals is fairly limited in comparison with dose-response studies on individual toxicants, which is largely due to experimental and statistical challenges. Experimental designs capable of identifying these complex interactions are often avoided or not evaluated to their fullest potential because of the difficulty associated with appropriate analysis as well as logistical factors. To assist with statistical analysis of these types of experiments, an online, open-sourced statistical application was created for investigators to use to analyze and interpret potential toxicant interactions in laboratory experimental data using a full-factorial three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). This model utilizes backward selection on interaction terms to model main effects and interactions.
An Economic Viewpoint on Capitalism Bashing
Authors: Burnete Sorin 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In this paper I discuss two long disputed notions: that capitalism without crises is a fallacy respectively that capitalism bashing, however severe, will not endanger the system itself. Yet proving both is not an easy task since the capitalism issue has always been a cupellation of theory, ideology and political precepts, which are controversial and hard to disentangle. That capitalism detractors are numberless is a truism. Yet criticism against capitalism, however fierce, has always been clearly delineated. Not any more: globalization has rendered the picture dangerously fuzzy. It is now hard to ascertain whether someone who will harangue about the ostensible evils of globalization is also a declared anti-capitalist. The blend of capitalism and globalization seems to be pure dynamite.
Particularities of the European Consumer’s Behavior in Online Environments
Authors: Duralia Oana 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Although it is no longer a novelty that the Internet has now become “fashionable”, being a means of informing, socializing and trading, which is being increasingly used by the general public, it is now imperative to study the implications of its use both on the consumer, including all the roles that it can take (initiating, financing, influencing, decision making, actual consumption of goods and services) and on the marketer, who is forced to consider the Internet as a marketing tool that can be used as a lever to generate positive reactions from the consumers. Against this background, the orientation of the individuals towards the online environment, defined by specialized literature as “the second life”, comes to justify, on the one hand, the consumers’ need for social interaction, and, on the other hand, the need for comfort and speed in identifying optimal alternatives. This paper aims to address only a facet of the behavior of the digital consumer, proposing a theoretical and instrumental analysis of the purchasing behavior of online goods and services.
Effect of Dimensions of Service Quality on the Brand Equity in the Fast Food Industry
Authors: Esmaeilpour Majid , Mohamadi Zahra , Rajabi Azade 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Due to the increasing competition in the industry and service sectors, creating the powerful brands has great importance in these industries. One of the main factors that help to create a powerful brand is investment and improving the quality of services. Nowadays, the competition for improving the quality of services is raised as a key strategic issue for organizations that operate in the services sector. The aim of this research is to investigate how the dimensions of service quality affect the brand equity in the fast food industry. The customers of fast food industry (Restaurant Raphael) in Boushehr constitute the statistical population of this research. Given that the statistical population is unlimited, through sampling 390 questionnaires were distributed, collected and analyzed. For analyzing the data, the structural equations modelling was used by help of the software smart PLS. The results show that the entire dimensions of service quality of model SERVQUAL (tangible factors of services, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy) have a positive and significant impact on the brand equity. It also became clear that among the five dimensions of quality of services, the tangible factors of services have the most impact on the brand equity in the fast food industry. So implementing the programs to enhance the quality of services will have to a very large extent a positive effect on increasing the brand equity in the fast food industry.
Breaking Bad in Mississippi: Do County-Level Alcohol Sale Bans Encourage Crystal Methamphetamine Production and Consumption?
Authors: Granger Maury , Price Gregory 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIf alcohol has substitutes, changes in its relative price can encourage the production and consumption of other illicit and harmful drugs. This paper considers if county-level bans on the sale of alcohol in the state of Mississippi encourage the production and consumption of crystal methamphetamine. We estimate the parameters of a drug production function in which the inputs are the density of people and firms, underscoring the importance of learning and knowledge spillovers to production and consumption. Poisson and Negative Binomial parameter estimates reveal that county-level bans on hard liquor sales; but not on beer and wine, increase the number of crystal methamphetamine labs. In the absence of such laws, there would be approximately 308 fewer crystal methamphetamine labs in the state of Mississippi. Our findings suggest that in Mississippi, which is the least healthiest state in the nation, county-level bans on hard liquor sales are not welfare improving as they encourage substitution for a drug that is potentially more harmful to individual health than alcohol.
Innovation Management: The Past, Present and Future of the Market
Authors: Alecusan Ana Maria , Dimitrescu Andrei 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The paper presents aspects of innovation management, important issues based on literature and studies by Boston Consulting Group (USA). The case study lays on the survey made by BCG on 1500 subjects all over the world from all the industry sectors. The paper studies the importance of innovation management and makes predictions for research and development expenditure for Top4, Apple, Google, Tesla Motors and Microsoft, without taking into account rank number 5, Samsung, because the official income statement was in Korean Won.
Empirical Research Concerning the Impact of the Public Internal Audit on the Accounting System and its Reliability in Romanian Universities
Authors: Drăguşin Cristina-Petrina , Domnişoru Sorin , Mihai Magdalena 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The present paper is materialized in an empirical study concerning the impact of the internal audit on the accounting system and its reliability, in case of public universities in Romania. In order to achieve the study, it was necessary to know the different points of view of the representatives of the accounting departments of public institutions of academic education, using a statistical survey based on questionnaire. The research objectives were focused on obtaining conclusions regarding: the importance of internal auditing of the accounting system and its reliability; the extent to which the internal audit manages to provide reasonable assurances regarding the accounting and financial activity; the importance in auditing of the items related to the accounting activity; the assurance and the adequacy of the human resources allocated to the internal audit departments; the frequency with which the internal audit reports projects are modified in order to follow the audited structure recommendations; the extent to which the audit reports reflect the reality; the internal audit activity contribution in improving the accounting systems and their reliability in the Romanian universities.
What we talk about when we talk about texts: Identity compressions and the ontology of the “work”
Authors: Tobin Vera , Oakley Todd 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe ideal of an “authoritative text” is no longer a taken-for-granted assumption among editorial and critical theorists of the literary text. Rather, texts are, and should be thought of as, composites of distributed activities of multiple social agents. This view has many virtues, but it quickly runs up against the deeply entrenched gestaltism of the “underlying work” stance, a perspective that invades some of the most commonplace ways of talking about Anglo-American literary texts. We explain the fundamental tensions that arise from this stance and offer a general ontology of literary artifacts that can account for the ways we habitually conceptualize texts and their effects. We provide a basic cognitive framework for understanding the ontology of the document, in its most generalized form, which can embrace a wide range of practices, literary and otherwise, that have significant implications for understanding editorial, authorial, and readerly behavior.
Change in Knowledge of Kindergarten Employees Participating in the Course “Diet full of life” in the Field of Children’s Nutrition, as Assessed by Generalized Estimating Equations
Authors: Zalewska Magdalena , Jamiołkowski Jacek , Genowska Agnieszka , Białokoz-Kalinowska Irena , Daszuta-Zalewska Anna , Maciorkowska Elżbieta 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the physical development and health of children. Education in this area and the development of proper eating habits are priorities. A prerequisite for the proper nutrition of preschool children is knowledge of proper nutrition of people working there. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the knowledge of kindergarten employees participating in the course “Diet full of life – courses in the field of children’s nutrition”. The study included 90 employees of nurseries and kindergartens, participants of the course in the field of children’s nutrition. The research tool was an original questionnaire. Study I (pre-test) was performed before the beginning of the course, while study II (post-test) was performed after its completion. Generalized Linear Models with a Generalized Estimating Equations extension was used to estimate the impact of the number of covariates on knowledge of course participants, taking into consideration the correlation between before- and after-course results. An increase in the knowledge of the participants of the investigated course on children’s nutritional standards was significant and reached 2.053 points on average. No relationship between age, job position, and knowledge level was determined. In the area of principles of proper nutrition for children, older participants had a lower level of knowledge compared to younger ones, and participants with higher education showed a significantly higher knowledge increase as compared to those with vocational education. A significant knowledge increase in the field of dietary behaviors of children was obtained during the course by all examined women, 1.6 points on average (p < 0.001). Younger participants obtained significantly more knowledge from the course than older ones (p < 0.001). Thus, it can be concluded that realization of the course entitled “Diet full of life” specifically relating to young children’s nutrition affected a significant increase in participant knowledge, particularly among the younger age groups and people with higher education. Kindergarten employees need constant supplemental education in the form of training courses, during which they acquire actual knowledge given in an accessible manner for use in practice. The proper assessment of the supplemental education course presented herein, as well as of the course participants, was performed using General Estimating Equations.
Bewertung der Formveränderung transienter Signale in GTEM-Zellen
Authors: Briest Niklas , Garbe Heyno , Potthast Stefan 
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung
Die Verifikation von transversal elektromagnetischen (TEM) Wellenleitern, speziell GTEM-Zellen, beruht auf der Norm IEC 61000-4-20 im Frequenz- und Zeitbereich. Die Verifikation im Zeitbereich basiert auf einem Nuklear elektromagnetischen Puls (NEMP) mit einer doppeltexponentiellen Form, der über die Parameter der Anstiegszeit und Pulsbreite in festgelegten Parametergrenzen definiert ist. Eine Verifikation der GTEM-Zelle für andere transiente Signalformen ist anhand dieser Parameter nicht zu realisieren. Des Weiteren lassen sich mit diesem Ultra-Breitbandpuls (UWB) keine eventuell kritischen Frequenzen des betrachteten Wellenleiters identifizieren. Im Hinblick auf neue Signalformen in der Nachrichtentechnik und transiente Signale die Anwendung in der elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit (EMV) finden, ist eine Verifikation von TEM-Wellenleiter für diese Signalformen zwingend notwendig. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Methode ermöglicht die Qualifizierung eines TEM-Wellenleiters für jedes beliebige transiente Signal. Unter Anwendung der Korrelation wird ein Signalvergleich durchgeführt, der ein Maß für die Übertragungsqualität der betrachteten Wellenleiters für die jeweilige Signalform darstellt.
Orbitofrontal Cortex Signals Expected Outcomes with Predictive Codes When Stable Contingencies Promote the Integration of Reward History
Authors: Riceberg Justin S. , Shapiro Matthew L. 
Published: January 2017

Memory can inform goal-directed behavior by linking current opportunities to past outcomes. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) may guide value-based responses by integrating the history of stimulus–reward associations into expected outcomes, representations of predicted hedonic value and quality. Alternatively, the OFC may rapidly compute flexible “online” reward predictions by associating stimuli with the latest outcome. OFC neurons develop predictive codes when rats learn to associate arbitrary stimuli with outcomes, but the extent to which predictive coding depends on most recent events and the integrated history of rewards is unclear. To investigate how reward history modulates OFC activity, we recorded OFC ensembles as rats performed spatial discriminations that differed only in the number of rewarded trials between goal reversals. The firing rate of single OFC neurons distinguished identical behaviors guided by different goals. When >20 rewarded trials separated goal switches, OFC ensembles developed stable and anticorrelated population vectors that predicted overall choice accuracy and the goal selected in single trials. When <10 rewarded trials separated goal switches, OFC population vectors decorrelated rapidly after each switch, but did not develop anticorrelated firing patterns or predict choice accuracy. The results show that, whereas OFC signals respond rapidly to contingency changes, they predict choices only when reward history is relatively stable, suggesting that consecutive rewarded episodes are needed for OFC computations that integrate reward history into expected outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAdapting to changing contingencies and making decisions engages the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Previous work shows that OFC function can either improve or impair learning depending on reward stability, suggesting that OFC guides behavior optimally when contingencies apply consistently. The mechanisms that link reward history to OFC computations remain obscure. Here, we examined OFC unit activity as rodents performed tasks controlled by contingencies that varied reward history. When contingencies were stable, OFC neurons signaled past, present, and pending events; when contingencies were unstable, past and present coding persisted, but predictive coding diminished. The results suggest that OFC mechanisms require stable contingencies across consecutive episodes to integrate reward history, represent predicted outcomes, and inform goal-directed choices.
Neural Differentiation of Incorrectly Predicted Memories
Authors: Kim Ghootae , Norman Kenneth A. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: January 2017

When an item is predicted in a particular context but the prediction is violated, memory for that item is weakened (Kim et al., 2014). Here, we explore what happens when such previously mispredicted items are later reencountered. According to prior neural network simulations, this sequence of events—misprediction and subsequent restudy—should lead to differentiation of the item's neural representation from the previous context (on which the misprediction was based). Specifically, misprediction weakens connections in the representation to features shared with the previous context and restudy allows new features to be incorporated into the representation that are not shared with the previous context. This cycle of misprediction and restudy should have the net effect of moving the item's neural representation away from the neural representation of the previous context. We tested this hypothesis using human fMRI by tracking changes in item-specific BOLD activity patterns in the hippocampus, a key structure for representing memories and generating predictions. In left CA2/3/DG, we found greater neural differentiation for items that were repeatedly mispredicted and restudied compared with items from a control condition that was identical except without misprediction. We also measured prediction strength in a trial-by-trial fashion and found that greater misprediction for an item led to more differentiation, further supporting our hypothesis. Therefore, the consequences of prediction error go beyond memory weakening. If the mispredicted item is restudied, the brain adaptively differentiates its memory representation to improve the accuracy of subsequent predictions and to shield it from further weakening.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCompetition between overlapping memories leads to weakening of nontarget memories over time, making it easier to access target memories. However, a nontarget memory in one context might become a target memory in another context. How do such memories get restrengthened without increasing competition again? Computational models suggest that the brain handles this by reducing neural connections to the previous context and adding connections to new features that were not part of the previous context. The result is neural differentiation away from the previous context. Here, we provide support for this theory, using fMRI to track neural representations of individual memories in the hippocampus and how they change based on learning.
Securities Market Design and Stock Market Segments for Small Company Shares: Empirical Evidence from Initial Public Offerings in Germany
Authors: Bessler Wolfgang , Schneck Colin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn 1997 the “Neuer Markt” was opened as a stock market segment for small companies in Germany and initially performed well by attracting 329 initial public offerings (IPOs). It was closed in 2003 and listed companies were forced to transfer to either the higher ranked “Prime Standard” or to the lower ranked “General Standard”. We analyze the valuation effects of these “new economy” IPOs and whether the segment transfer decision could have been predicted with information that was available at the time of the IPO. Companies are more likely to change to the higher ranked Prime Standard if they are larger, more profitable, and have more growth opportunities. Firms that switch to the lower ranked General Standard improved the subsequent performance, suggesting that they are now traded on a market segment that better matches the firm characteristics with the listing requirements. Hence, designing different market segments that fit best with the heterogeneous characteristics of small companies are one avenue for convincing more companies to go public. Insight from this study may help with regard to establishing efficient and successful securities market segments for small company shares, which currently is intensively debated in many countries. Interestingly, Deutsche Börse announced another re-segmentation on November 21, 2016. This includes the closing of the Entry Standard and the opening of a new market segment for SMEs and growth companies on March 1, 2017.
Verwaltungsgerichtlicher Rechtsschutz für Aktionäre beim freiwilligen Rückzug des Emittenten von der Börse? Ordnungspolitische Überlegungen
Authors: Hammen Horst 
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob der freiwillige Rückzug eines Emittenten von der Börse gesellschaftsrechtlich oder öffentlichrechtlich reguliert sein sollte. Untersucht wird, ob es ordnungspolitisch gerechtfertigt ist, dass Aktionäre beim Widerruf einer Zulassung zum Börsenhandel durch die Börsengeschäftsführung verwaltungsgerichtlichen Rechtsschutz genießen.
Family Strategies to Support Siblings of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients
Authors: White Taylor E. , Hendershot Kristopher A. , Dixon Margie D. , Pelletier Wendy , Haight Ann , Stegenga Kristin , Alderfer Melissa A. , Cox Lydia , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Hinds Pamela , Pentz Rebecca D. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE:To describe the strategies families report using to address the needs and concerns of siblings of children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).METHODS:A secondary semantic analysis was conducted of 86 qualitative interviews with family members of children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing HSCT at 4 HSCT centers and supplemented with a primary analysis of 38 additional targeted qualitative interviews (23 family members, 15 health care professionals) conducted at the primary center. Analyses focused on sibling issues and the strategies families use to address these issues.RESULTS:The sibling issues identified included: (1) feeling negative effects of separation from the patient and caregiver(s); (2) experiencing difficult emotions; (3) being faced with additional responsibilities or burdens; (4) lacking information; and (5) feeling excluded. Families and health care providers reported the following strategies to support siblings: (1) sharing information; (2) using social support and help offered by family or friends; (3) taking siblings to the hospital; (4) communicating virtually; (5) providing special events or gifts or quality time for siblings; (6) offering siblings a defined role to help the family during the transplant process; (7) switching between parents at the hospital; (8) keeping the sibling’s life constant; and, (9) arranging sibling meetings with a certified child life specialist or school counselor.CONCLUSIONS:Understanding the above strategies and sharing them with other families in similar situations can begin to address sibling issues during HSCT and can improve hospital-based, family-centered care efforts.