bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular Stains: Proposal for a Clinical Classification to Improve Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Rozas‐Muñoz Eduardo , Frieden Ilona J. , Roé Esther , Puig Luis , Baselga Eulalia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVascular stains are a common reason for consultation in pediatric dermatology clinics. Although vascular stains include all vascular malformations, the term is most often used to refer to capillary malformations, but capillary malformations include a wide range of vascular stains with different clinical features, prognoses, and associated findings. The discovery of several mutations in various capillary malformations and associated syndromes has reinforced these differences, but clinical recognition of these different types of capillary vascular stains is sometimes difficult, and the multitude of classifications and confusing nomenclature often hamper the correct diagnosis and management. From our own experience and a review of the most relevant literature on this topic, we propose categorizing patients with capillary vascular stains into seven major clinical patterns: nevus simplex, port‐wine stain, reticulated capillary malformation, geographic capillary malformation, capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM), cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, and telangiectasia. We also discuss the differential diagnosis of vascular stains as well as other conditions that can closely resemble capillary malformations and thus may potentially be misdiagnosed.
Donor selection in pediatric kidney transplantation using DR and DQ eplet mismatching: A new histocompatibility paradigm
Authors: Bryan Christopher F. , Chadha Vimal , Warady Bradley A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt is now appreciated that more HLA‐DR mismatching at the time of the first renal transplant is associated with higher degrees of sensitization, lower rates and longer times to retransplantation, and worse graft outcomes in children who are subsequently retransplanted. As such, our pediatric renal transplant program preferentially uses 0 or 1 HLA‐DR–mismatched kidneys and reserves 2 DR‐mismatched kidneys for recipients with an eminent need for a kidney. Based on a new HLA class II epitope matching strategy that is designed to minimize dnDSA production to DR and DQ antigens, we evaluated the prevalence of DR and DQ eplet mismatching for dd offers made to our pediatric wait‐listed candidates. Each candidate/dd pair were HLA‐DR (β1 and β3 and/or β5) and DQ (α1 and β1) allele typed by rSSO and were then evaluated for eplet mismatches by the HLAMatchmaker program. We evaluated 78 offers made to 16 children on our UNOS waiting list from 27 consecutive dd from 4/14/14 to 3/23/15. The data show that 40% (8/20) of the 1 DR‐mismatched dd offers and 64% (37/58) of the 2 DR‐mismatched offers were in the high‐risk category for both DR and DQ dnDSA development. Whereas only 15% (3/20) of the 1 DR‐mismatched offers and 5% (3/58) of the 2 DR‐mismatched offers were in the low‐risk category for both DR and DQ dnDSA development, 55% and 33% of the 1 DR‐ and 2 DR‐mismatched offers, respectively, had a favorable DQ eplet mismatch threshold. In summary, HLA class II eplet mismatching is common in potential pediatric transplant recipient/donor pairs. Additional study will be necessary to validate the DR and DQ eplet threshold levels in children and to determine whether eplet mismatching strategies in donor selection result in improved transplant outcome and decreased dnDSA production.
Cardiac cycle time effects on selection efficiency in vision
Authors: Pramme Lisa , Larra Mauro F. , Schächinger Hartmut , Frings Christian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effect of cardiac cycle time on attentional selection was investigated in an experiment in which participants classified target letters in a visual selection task. Stimulus onsets were aligned to the R wave of the electrocardiogram and stimuli presented either during the ventricular systole or diastole. Selection efficiency was operationalized as difference in target selection performance under conditions of homogeneous and heterogeneous distractors. Differences in performance (i.e., the impact selection difficulty had on the ability to select the target) were attenuated for stimuli presented during the ventricular systole compared to the diastole. Increased baroafferent signal transmission during the systole appears to reduce interference of highly distracting stimuli on visual selection efficiency.
Solid organ transplantation in pregnancy
Authors: Wiles Kate S , Tillett Alexandra L , Harding Kate R 
Published: July 2016

Key content

In the UK, there are approximately 50–60 pregnancies in women with solid organ transplants each year. Kidney transplants are the most common.

Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including rates of pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and preterm delivery, are higher in women with solid organ transplants than in the general obstetric population.

Management of the solid organ transplant recipient in pregnancy includes pre‐eclampsia prophylaxis and monitoring, screening for gestational diabetes and fetal growth restriction, graft surveillance and management of immunosuppressive therapy.

Multidisciplinary working is essential in the care of pregnant women with solid organ transplants.

Vaginal birth is not contraindicated in women with solid organ transplants.

Learning objectives

To gain an overview of prepregnancy, antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care required in women with kidney transplants.

To understand how the management of pregnant women with pancreas, liver and cardiothoracic transplants compares with that of renal transplant recipients.

To learn about medications used in women with solid organ transplants and their safety in pregnancy and lactation.

Ethical issues

The absence/paucity of safety data in pregnancy for some drugs used in solid organ transplant recipients.

The lack of robust data comparing solid organ transplant recipients who have undergone a pregnancy with matched nulliparous controls in determining the impact of pregnancy on long‐term graft outcome.
Robotic surgery in gynaecology
Authors: Nair Roopa , Killicoat Kathryn , Ind Thomas EJ 
Published: July 2016

Key content

Robotic surgery has gained popularity in the last decade and the da Vinci® Surgical System has been increasingly used for complex gynaecological surgery.

The advantages of robotic surgery over conventional laparoscopic surgery are: greater degree of movement, precise dissection, 3D vision, tremor filtration and a shorter learning curve. The disadvantages are mainly the high cost and lack of haptic feedback.

The current role of robotics in gynaecological surgery.

Learning objectives

To provide an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of robotic surgery over conventional open and laparoscopic surgery.

To review the latest evidence and evaluate the role of robotics in general gynaecology and the subspecialties, including oncology and urogynaecology.

To discuss training issues for individuals and for theatre teams.

Ethical issues

Is it ethical to deny patients who would benefit from robotic surgery this option because of the cost?
Dengue and chikungunya viruses in plasma are effectively inactivated after treatment with methylene blue and visible light
Authors: Fryk Jesse J. , Marks Denese C. , Hobson‐Peters Jody , Prow Natalie A. , Watterson Daniel , Hall Roy A. , Young Paul R. , Reichenberg Stefan , Sumian Chryslain , Faddy Helen M. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDArboviruses, such as dengue viruses (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), pose a risk to the safe transfusion of blood components, including plasma. Pathogen inactivation is an approach to manage this transfusion transmission risk, with a number of techniques being used worldwide for the treatment of plasma. In this study, the efficacy of the THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma system to inactivate all DENV serotypes (DENV‐1, DENV‐2, DENV‐3, DENV‐4) or CHIKV in plasma, using methylene blue and light illumination at 630 nm, was investigated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPooled plasma units were spiked with DENV‐1, DENV‐2, DENV‐3 DENV‐4, or CHIKV and treated with the THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma system at four light illumination doses: 20, 40, 60, and 120 (standard dose) J/cm2. Pre‐ and posttreatment samples were collected and viral infectivity was determined. The reduction in viral infectivity was calculated for each dose.RESULTSTreatment of plasma with the THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma system resulted in at least a 4.46‐log reduction in all DENV serotypes and CHIKV infectious virus. The residual infectivity for each was at the detection limit of the assay used at 60 J/cm2, with dose dependency also observed.CONCLUSIONSOur study demonstrated the THERAFLEX MB‐Plasma system can reduce the infectivity of all DENV serotypes and CHIKV spiked into plasma to the detection limit of the assay used at half of the standard illumination dose. This suggests this system has the capacity to be an effective option for managing the risk of DENV or CHIKV transfusion transmission in plasma.
Yersinia ruckeri Isolates Recovered from Diseased Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Scotland Are More Diverse than Those from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Represent Distinct Subpopulations
Authors: Ormsby Michael J. , Caws Thomas , Burchmore Richard , Wallis Tim , Verner-Jeffreys David W. , Davies Robert L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Yersinia ruckeri
is the etiological agent of enteric redmouth (ERM) disease of farmed salmonids. Enteric redmouth disease is traditionally associated with rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
, Walbaum), but its incidence in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
) is increasing.
Yersinia ruckeri
isolates recovered from diseased Atlantic salmon have been poorly characterized, and very little is known about the relationship of the isolates associated with these two species. Phenotypic approaches were used to characterize 109
Y. ruckeri
isolates recovered over a 14-year period from infected Atlantic salmon in Scotland; 26 isolates from infected rainbow trout were also characterized. Biotyping, serotyping, and comparison of outer membrane protein profiles identified 19
Y. ruckeri
clones associated with Atlantic salmon but only five associated with rainbow trout; none of the Atlantic salmon clones occurred in rainbow trout and
vice versa
. These findings suggest that distinct subpopulations of
Y. ruckeri
are associated with each species. A new O serotype (designated O8) was identified in 56 biotype 1 Atlantic salmon isolates and was the most common serotype identified from 2006 to 2011 and in 2014, suggesting an increased prevalence during the time period sampled. Rainbow trout isolates were represented almost exclusively by the same biotype 2, serotype O1 clone that has been responsible for the majority of ERM outbreaks in this species within the United Kingdom since the 1980s. However, the identification of two biotype 2, serotype O8 isolates in rainbow trout suggests that vaccines containing serotypes O1 and O8 should be evaluated in both rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon for application in Scotland.

IMPORTANCE
Vaccination plays an important role in protecting Atlantic salmon against the bacterial pathogen
Yersinia ruckeri
, but, in recent years, there has been an increasing incidence of vaccine breakdown in salmon. This is largely because current vaccines are aimed at rainbow trout and are based on serotypes specific for this species. A wider range of serotypes is responsible for infection in Atlantic salmon, but very little is known about the diversity of these strains and their relationships to those recovered from rainbow trout. In the present study, we demonstrate that
Y. ruckeri
isolates recovered from diseased Atlantic salmon in Scotland are more diverse than those from rainbow trout; furthermore, isolates from the two species represent distinct subpopulations. In addition, a new O serotype was identified that is responsible for a significant proportion of the disease in Atlantic salmon. Our findings are likely to have important implications for the development of improved vaccines against
Y. ruckeri
.
Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp
Authors: Wollenberg Amanda C. , Jagdish Tanush , Slough Greg , Hoinville Megan E. , Wollenberg Michael S. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (
Galleria mellonella
) larvae cadavers killed by
Heterorhabditis
nematodes and their
Photorhabdus
symbionts. We found that, although
Photorhabdus
strains did initially displace an
Enterococcus-
dominated community present in uninfected
G. mellonella
insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection,
Photorhabdus
shared the cadaver with
Stenotrophomonas
species. Consistent with this result,
Stenotrophomonas
strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to
Photorhabdus-
mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a
Photorhabdus-
produced antibiotic from
G. mellonella
cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased
G. mellonella-
associated
Enterococcus
growth, but not
Stenotrophomonas
growth,
in vitro
. Finally, we showed that the
Stenotrophomonas
strains described here negatively affected
Photorhabdus
growth
in vitro
. Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of
Heterorhabditis
-
Photorhabdus
biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a
Heterorhabditis
-
Photorhabdus
-parasitized insect cadaver.

IMPORTANCE
Understanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic
in vitro
microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.
Elucidating and Regulating the Acetoin Production Role of Microbial Functional Groups in Multispecies Acetic Acid Fermentation
Authors: Lu Zhen-Ming , Liu Na , Wang Li-Juan , Wu Lin-Huan , Gong Jin-Song , Yu Yong-Jian , Li Guo-Quan , Shi Jin-Song , Xu Zheng-Hong 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) formation in vinegar microbiota is crucial for the flavor quality of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, a traditional vinegar produced from cereals. However, the specific microorganisms responsible for acetoin formation in this centuries-long repeated batch fermentation have not yet been clearly identified. Here, the microbial distribution discrepancy in the diacetyl/acetoin metabolic pathway of vinegar microbiota was revealed at the species level by a combination of metagenomic sequencing and clone library analysis. The results showed that
Acetobacter pasteurianus
and 4
Lactobacillus
species (
Lactobacillus buchneri
,
Lactobacillus reuteri
,
Lactobacillus fermentum
, and
Lactobacillus brevis
) might be functional producers of acetoin from 2-acetolactate in vinegar microbiota. Furthermore,
A. pasteurianus
G3-2,
L. brevis
4-22,
L. fermentum
M10-3, and
L. buchneri
F2-5 were isolated from vinegar microbiota by a culture-dependent method. The acetoin concentrations in two cocultures (
L. brevis
4-22 plus
A. pasteurianus
G3-2 and
L. fermentum
M10-3 plus
A. pasteurianus
G3-2) were obviously higher than those in monocultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), while
L. buchneri
F2-5 did not produce more acetoin when coinoculated with
A. pasteurianus
G3-2. Last, the acetoin-producing function of vinegar microbiota was regulated
in situ
via augmentation with functional species in vinegar
Pei
. After 72 h of fermentation, augmentation with
A. pasteurianus
G3-2 plus
L. brevis
4-22,
L. fermentum
M10-3, or
L. buchneri
F2-5 significantly increased the acetoin content in vinegar
Pei
compared with the control group. This study provides a perspective on elucidating and manipulating different metabolic roles of microbes during flavor formation in vinegar microbiota.

IMPORTANCE
Acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) formation in vinegar microbiota is crucial for the flavor quality of Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar, a traditional vinegar produced from cereals. Thus, it is of interest to understand which microbes are driving the formation of acetoin to elucidate the microbial distribution discrepancy in the acetoin metabolic pathway and to regulate the metabolic function of functional microbial groups in vinegar microbiota. Our study provides a perspective on elucidating and manipulating different metabolic roles of microbes during flavor formation in vinegar microbiota.
Functional Genome Mining for Metabolites Encoded by Large Gene Clusters through Heterologous Expression of a Whole-Genome Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Library in Streptomyces spp
Authors: Xu Min , Wang Yemin , Zhao Zhilong , Gao Guixi , Huang Sheng-Xiong , Kang Qianjin , He Xinyi , Lin Shuangjun , Pang Xiuhua , Deng Zixin , Tao Meifeng 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Genome sequencing projects in the last decade revealed numerous cryptic biosynthetic pathways for unknown secondary metabolites in microbes, revitalizing drug discovery from microbial metabolites by approaches called genome mining. In this work, we developed a heterologous expression and functional screening approach for genome mining from genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries in
Streptomyces
spp. We demonstrate mining from a strain of
Streptomyces rochei
, which is known to produce streptothricins and borrelidin, by expressing its BAC library in the surrogate host
Streptomyces lividans
SBT5, and screening for antimicrobial activity. In addition to the successful capture of the streptothricin and borrelidin biosynthetic gene clusters, we discovered two novel linear lipopeptides and their corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster, as well as a novel cryptic gene cluster for an unknown antibiotic from
S. rochei
. This high-throughput functional genome mining approach can be easily applied to other streptomycetes, and it is very suitable for the large-scale screening of genomic BAC libraries for bioactive natural products and the corresponding biosynthetic pathways.

IMPORTANCE
Microbial genomes encode numerous cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters for unknown small metabolites with potential biological activities. Several genome mining approaches have been developed to activate and bring these cryptic metabolites to biological tests for future drug discovery. Previous sequence-guided procedures relied on bioinformatic analysis to predict potentially interesting biosynthetic gene clusters. In this study, we describe an efficient approach based on heterologous expression and functional screening of a whole-genome library for the mining of bioactive metabolites from
Streptomyces
. The usefulness of this function-driven approach was demonstrated by the capture of four large biosynthetic gene clusters for metabolites of various chemical types, including streptothricins, borrelidin, two novel lipopeptides, and one unknown antibiotic from
Streptomyces rochei
Sal35. The transfer, expression, and screening of the library were all performed in a high-throughput way, so that this approach is scalable and adaptable to industrial automation for next-generation antibiotic discovery.
Secondary Mineralization of Ferrihydrite Affects Microbial Methanogenesis in Geobacter-Methanosarcina Cocultures
Authors: Tang Jia , Zhuang Li , Ma Jinlian , Tang Ziyang , Yu Zhen , Zhou Shungui 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

The transformation of ferrihydrite to stable iron oxides over time has important consequences for biogeochemical cycling of many metals and nutrients. The response of methanogenic activity to the presence of iron oxides depends on the type of iron mineral, but the effects of changes in iron mineralogy on methanogenesis have not been characterized. To address these issues, we constructed methanogenic cocultures of
Geobacter
and
Methanosarcina
strains with different ferrihydrite mineralization pathways. In this system, secondary mineralization products from ferrihydrite are regulated by the presence or absence of phosphate. In cultures producing magnetite as the secondary mineralization product, the rates of methanogenesis from acetate and ethanol increased by 30.2% and 135.3%, respectively, compared with a control lacking ferrihydrite. Biogenic magnetite was proposed to promote direct interspecies electron transfer between
Geobacter
and
Methanosarcina
in a manner similar to that of
c
-type cytochrome and thus facilitate methanogenesis. Vivianite biomineralization from ferrihydrite in the presence of phosphate did not significantly influence the methanogenesis processes. The correlation between magnetite occurrence and facilitated methanogenesis was supported by increased rates of methane production from acetate and ethanol with magnetite supplementation in the defined cocultures. Our data provide a new perspective on the important role of iron biomineralization in biogeochemical cycling of carbon in diverse anaerobic environments.

IMPORTANCE
It has been found that microbial methanogenesis is affected by the presence of iron minerals, and their influences on methanogenesis are associated with the mineralogical properties of the iron minerals. However, how changes in iron mineralogy affect microbial methanogenesis has not been characterized. To address this issue, we constructed methanogenic cocultures of
Geobacter
and
Methanosarcina
strains with different ferrihydrite mineralization pathways. The experimental results led to two contributions, i.e., (i) the transformation of iron minerals might exert an important influence on methanogenesis under anaerobic conditions and (ii) both biogenic and chemical magnetite can accelerate syntrophic ethanol oxidization between
Geobacter metallireducens
and
Methanosarcina barkeri
. This study sheds new light on the important role of iron biomineralization in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in diverse anaerobic environments, particularly in iron-rich natural and agricultural wetland soils.