bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment nous avons détruit les normes standard en vingt ans (vingt exemples)
Authors: Murdarov Vladko 
Published: August 2016

Как разрушихме книжовните норми за 20 години (20 примера).
След 1989 година до голяма степен бях разрушени нормите на книжовния език и техните правила. Това важи за правописната и правоговорната система, за граматиката и речника. В момента езиковедите се стремят да кодифицират онова, което е най-подходящо за съвременността, за да може книжовният език да продължава да бъде представителната форма на националния език и чрез нея да се осъществява най-пълноценна комуникация.
Les turcismes dans la langue bulgare « libérée » : une source de néologie
Authors: Gadjeva Snejana 
Published: August 2016

Turkisms in the 'Liberated Bulgarian Language : A Source of Neology.
This study examines the neological ability of the Turkisms, which represent one part of the Bulgarian lexicon, in the context of the 'liberation' of the language. It provides an analysis of the productivity of Turkisms over the past twenty years, from the point of view of the formation of new lexical items and the adoption of new meanings. It also discusses the emergence of new usages in which these lexical items specialize.
Les défis linguistiques du discours des médias bulgares après les changements de 1989
Authors: Stojanov Krasimir 
Published: August 2016

Езиковите предизвикателства на българския маем едиен дискурс след Промените от 1989 г.
Краят на 1989 година постави началото на едно изключително напрежение в българската публичност. В началото на Промените - в ранните години на 90-те, българският гражданин живее със съзнанието за огромния авторитет на публицистиката. В тоталитарната държава беше по-важно какво пише във вестниците, какво се показва и говори по радиото и телевизията, отколкото онова, което действително ставаше всеки ден в България. Този начин на възприемане на социалността се оказа решаващ в много отношения за по-нататъшната постановка на събитията, определяни като Промените в България. Настоящата статия проследява новия публицистичен и публичен език, който стана знаково измерение на реалността на случващите се - изговаряни / прокламирани / назовавани "промени" ден след ден. Надигна се изблик на мощни общонародни движения на изобличителна, остра, ненавистна публичност на назова- ване заявена декларативно по митингите на площадите - и във вид на лозунги, и във вид художествено обмислени стилистични фигури във вестникарския език, който акомпанира площадността.
CLUSTER DYNAMICS LARGELY SHAPES PROTOPLANETARY DISK SIZES
Authors: Vincke Kirsten , Pfalzner Susanne 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
To what degree the cluster environment influences the sizes of protoplanetary disks surrounding young stars is still an open question. This is particularly true for the short-lived clusters typical for the solar neighborhood, in which the stellar density and therefore the influence of the cluster environment change considerably over the first 10 Myr. In previous studies, the effect of the gas on the cluster dynamics has often been neglected; this is remedied here. Using the code NBody6++, we study the stellar dynamics in different developmental phases—embedded, expulsion, and expansion—including the gas, and quantify the effect of fly-bys on the disk size. We concentrate on massive clusters (M
cl ≥ 103–6 ∗ 104
M
Sun), which are representative for clusters like the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) or NGC 6611. We find that not only the stellar density but also the duration of the embedded phase matters. The densest clusters react fastest to the gas expulsion and drop quickly in density, here 98% of relevant encounters happen before gas expulsion. By contrast, disks in sparser clusters are initially less affected, but because these clusters expand more slowly, 13% of disks are truncated after gas expulsion. For ONC-like clusters, we find that disks larger than 500 au are usually affected by the environment, which corresponds to the observation that 200 au-sized disks are common. For NGC 6611-like clusters, disk sizes are cut-down on average to roughly 100 au. A testable hypothesis would be that the disks in the center of NGC 6611 should be on average ≈20 au and therefore considerably smaller than those in the ONC.
EVOLUTION OF MASS OUTFLOW IN PROTOSTARS
Authors: Watson Dan M. , Calvet Nuria P. , Fischer William J. , Forrest W. J. , Manoj P. , Megeath S. Thomas , Melnick Gary J. , Najita Joan , Neufeld David A. , Sheehan Patrick D. , Stutz Amelia M. , Tobin John J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We have surveyed 84 Class 0, Class I, and flat-spectrum protostars in mid-infrared [Si ii], [Fe ii], and [S i] line emission, and 11 of these in far-infrared [O i] emission. We use the results to derive their mass outflow rates,

. Thereby we observe a strong correlation of

with bolometric luminosity, and with the inferred mass accretion rates of the central objects,

, which continues through the Class 0 range the trend observed in Class II young stellar objects. Along this trend from large to small mass flow rates, the different classes of young stellar objects lie in the sequence Class 0–Class I/flat-spectrum–Class II, indicating that the trend is an evolutionary sequence in which

and

decrease together with increasing age, while maintaining rough proportionality. The survey results include two that are key tests of magnetocentrifugal outflow-acceleration mechanisms: the distribution of the outflow/accretion branching ratio

, and limits on the distribution of outflow speeds. Neither rules out any of the three leading outflow-acceleration, angular-momentum-ejection mechanisms, but they provide some evidence that disk winds and accretion-powered stellar winds (APSWs) operate in many protostars. An upper edge observed in the branching-ratio distribution is consistent with the upper bound of b = 0.6 found in models of APSWs, and a large fraction (31%) of the sample have a branching ratio sufficiently small that only disk winds, launched on scales as large as several au, have been demonstrated to account for them.
PICS: SIMULATIONS OF STRONG GRAVITATIONAL LENSING IN GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Li Nan , Gladders Michael D. , Rangel Esteban M. , Florian Michael K. , Bleem Lindsey E. , Heitmann Katrin , Habib Salman , Fasel Patricia 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Gravitational lensing has become one of the most powerful tools available for investigating the “dark side” of the universe. Cosmological strong gravitational lensing, in particular, probes the properties of the dense cores of dark matter halos over decades in mass and offers the opportunity to study the distant universe at flux levels and spatial resolutions otherwise unavailable. Studies of strongly lensed variable sources offer even further scientific opportunities. One of the challenges in realizing the potential of strong lensing is to understand the statistical context of both the individual systems that receive extensive follow-up study, as well as that of the larger samples of strong lenses that are now emerging from survey efforts. Motivated by these challenges, we have developed an image simulation pipeline, Pipeline for Images of Cosmological Strong lensing (PICS), to generate realistic strong gravitational lensing signals from group- and cluster-scale lenses. PICS uses a low-noise and unbiased density estimator based on (resampled) Delaunay Tessellations to calculate the density field; lensed images are produced by ray-tracing images of actual galaxies from deep Hubble Space Telescope observations. Other galaxies, similarly sampled, are added to fill in the light cone. The pipeline further adds cluster member galaxies and foreground stars into the lensed images. The entire image ensemble is then observed using a realistic point-spread function that includes appropriate detector artifacts for bright stars. Noise is further added, including such non-Gaussian elements as noise window-paning from mosaiced observations, residual bad pixels, and cosmic rays. The aim is to produce simulated images that appear identical—to the eye (expert or otherwise)—to real observations in various imaging surveys.
THE TIME EVOLUTION OF GAPS IN TIDAL STREAMS
Authors: Helmi Amina , Koppelman Helmer H. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We model the time evolution of gaps in tidal streams that are caused by the impact of a dark matter subhalo, while these orbit a spherical gravitational potential. To this end, we make use of the simple behavior of orbits in action-angle space. A gap effectively results from the divergence of two nearby orbits whose initial phase-space separation is, for very cold thin streams, largely given by the impulse induced by the subhalo. We find that in a spherical potential, the size of a gap increases linearly with time for sufficiently long timescales. We have derived an analytic expression that shows how the growth rate depends on the mass of the perturbing subhalo, its scale, and its relative velocity with respect to the stream. We have verified these scalings using N-body simulations and find excellent agreement. For example, a subhalo of mass

10

8

M

⊙

directly impacting a very cold thin stream on an inclined orbit can induce a gap that may reach a size of several tens of kiloparsecs after a few gigayears. The gap size fluctuates importantly with phase on the orbit, and it is largest close to pericenter. This indicates that it may not be fully straightforward to invert the spectrum of gaps present in a stream to recover the mass spectrum of the subhalos.
THE RELATION BETWEEN
[
O
III
]
/
H
β
AND SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATE IN GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2
Authors: Dickey Claire Mackay , van Dokkum Pieter G. , Oesch Pascal A. , Whitaker Katherine E. , Momcheva Ivelina G. , Nelson Erica J. , Leja Joel , Brammer Gabriel B. , Franx Marijn , Skelton Rosalind E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Recent surveys have identified a seemingly ubiquitous population of galaxies with elevated [O iii]/Hβ emission line ratios at z > 1, although the nature of this phenomenon continues to be debated. The [O iii]/Hβ line ratio is of interest because it is a main component of the standard diagnostic tools used to differentiate between active galactic nuclei and star-forming galaxies as well as the gas-phase metallicity indicators O
23 and R
23. Here, we investigate the primary driver of increased [O iii]/Hβ ratios by median-stacking rest-frame optical spectra for a sample of star-forming galaxies in the 3D-HST survey in the redshift range z ∼ 1.4–2.2. Using N = 4220 star-forming galaxies, we stack the data in bins of mass and specific star formation rates (sSFRs), respectively. After accounting for stellar Balmer absorption, we measure [O iii]λ5007 Å/Hβ down to M ∼ 109.2
M
⊙ and sSFR ∼ 10−9.6 yr−1, greater than an order of magnitude lower than previous work at similar redshifts. We find an offset of 0.59 ± 0.05 dex between the median ratios at z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 0 at fixed stellar mass, in agreement with existing studies. However, with respect to sSFR, the z ∼ 2 stacks all lie within 1σ of the median SDSS ratios, with an average offset of only −0.06 ± 0.05. We find that the excitation properties of galaxies are tightly correlated with their sSFR at both z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 0, with a relation that appears to be roughly constant over the last 10 Gyr of cosmic time.
A DISTANT ECHO OF MILKY WAY CENTRAL ACTIVITY CLOSES THE GALAXY’s BARYON CENSUS
Authors: Nicastro F. , Senatore F. , Krongold Y. , Mathur S. , Elvis M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on the presence of large amounts of million-degree gas in the Milky Way’s interstellar and circum-galactic medium. This gas (1) permeates both the Galactic plane and the halo, (2) extends to distances larger than 60–200 kpc from the center, and (3) its mass is sufficient to close the Galaxy’s baryon census. Moreover, we show that a vast, ∼6 kpc radius, spherically symmetric central region of the Milky Way above and below the 0.16 kpc thick plane has either been emptied of hot gas or the density of this gas within the cavity has a peculiar profile, increasing from the center up to a radius of ∼6 kpc, and then decreasing with a typical halo density profile. This, and several other converging pieces of evidence, suggest that the current surface of the cavity, at 6 kpc from the Galaxy’s center, traces the distant echo of a period of strong nuclear activity of our supermassive black hole, occurring about 6 Myr ago.
Frasi all'imperativo in italiano : aspetti glottodidattici di forma, intonazione, cortesia ed interculturalità
Authors: Mertelj Darja 
Published: August 2016

Nell’insegnamento dell’italiano come lingua seconda o straniera (L2/LS) l’imperativo viene considerato un capitolo relativamente difficile, nella sua integrità appare al livello B1/B2 (secondo il Quadro Comune europeo di riferimento per le lingue) che dagli apprendenti spesso viene percepito come una zona di passaggio dall’italiano ‘facile’ alla ‘complessità’ di questa lingua (ad es. ai casi dell’imperativo informale vi vengono legate le forme del congiuntivo presente). Nell’insegnamento moderno, con l’avvento dell’insegnamento comunicativo anche per quanto concerne l’italiano L2/LS negli ultimi decenni, le forme grammaticali appaiono anche prima che gli apprendenti siano ‘grammaticalmente maturi’ (considerando ovviamente l’ambiente scolastico e linguistico in senso largo). Sembra appropriata la decisione che l’insegnante si soffermi e presti attenzione all’uso dell’imperativo e delle frasi iussive nella lingua italiana anche prima che i ‘suoi’ apprendenti siano al livello B.
La Celestina, "novela dialogada" y "novela dialógica"
Authors: Šabec Maja 
Published: August 2016

Uno de los numerosos desafíos para los críticos a la hora de interpretar la complejidad de La Celestina ha sido y sigue siendo el problema de su clasificación genérica. el título original –primero Comedia y en la segunda redacción Tragicomedia de Calisto y melibea–, se refiere según la teoría actual de los géneros a una obra dramática. Sin embargo, como apunta ĺñigo Ruiz arzálluz (La Celestina 2000: xCii–xCiii), a finales de la edad Media en Castilla los términos ‘comedia’ y ‘tragedia’ se alejaron del concepto clásico y «no implicaban necesariamente una estructura dramática», sino que se referían al aspecto temático y significaban «toda obra literaria […] que empezara mal y terminara bien», en el caso de comedia, o aquella «en la que el principio era alegre y el final triste», para la tragedia. De hecho, aunque la obra de Rojas está escrita en forma de diálogos y sería de esperar que todo en ella fuera activo, es obvio que en los diálogos y aún más en los monólogos la función dramática es a menudo superada por la función narrativa. es significativa en este sentido la hesitación inicial de Menéndez Pelayo, quien, a pesar del carácter supuestamente dramático de la La Celestina afirma que no se puede prescindir de ella en una historia de la novela y la incluye como «novela dialogada» en su obra Orígenes de la novela en España (Menéndez Pelayo 1961: cap. x). Dejando de lado las argumentaciones que tratan de encasillar La Celestina sea en el drama sea en la novela, parece mucho más justificado centrar la atención no en la definición genérica en el sentido de formas o estructuras (tema tratado prácticamente por todos los que abordaron el estudio de esta obra, desde Menéndez Pelayo (1943), Gilman (1956), Lida de Malkiel (1962), Whinnom (1993), Deyermond (1980), Severin (1989), etc.), sino en las funciones narrativas y/o dramáticas y sus respectivos procedimientos que intervienen en la construcción del texto. Javier Huerta Calvo (2000), por ejemplo, realza precisametne su carácter independiente en cuanto a cualquier técnica o preceptiva –otra originalidad más de esta obra– vinculándola a las formas más avanzadas de la dramaturgia contemporánea (p. ej. de valle-inclán) en las que «los condicionamientos de género se han mitigado o han desaparecido y la estructura dramática ha ganado en flexibilidad, dejándose contaminar incluso por el ritmo de la narración».
Japanese suppositional adverbs : probability and structure in speaker-hearer interaction
Authors: Bekeš Andrej 
Published: August 2016

From the point of view of discourse, modal meanings are interesting because, although their expression is structurally bound to sentences, their scope tends to converge with discourse units in conversation. in spoken Japanese, up to about 10% of suppositional modality meanings seem to be expressed by the seemingly redundant combination of the suppositional adverb (suiryooteki hukusi) and some corresponding utterance final modality form as in (1) below.
Nuove osservazioni su una glossa botanica mediolatina : citamus 'colchico'
Authors: Zamboni Alberto 
Published: August 2016

Il grigion. schiombla, tschiombla ‘colchico’, lombardo alpino or. ciĝám(b)ula, si-, trent.occ. (Giudicarie) čiĝámbọla, segámbola ecc., insieme forse con lo sporadico friul. subalpino siàngala, ven- gono attribuiti nel noto ribelle di V. Bertoldi (1923: §§ 71–3) ad una glossa mediolatina citamus, cito- mus, riportata nel Diefenbach ma piuttosto isolata e possibile cattiva lettura di cart(h)amus (1288, 1304). L’ipotesi passa attraverso un suffissato (e non documentato) *citamŭla, che renderebbe le numerose varianti dialettali attraverso una normale lenizione di -t- > -d- > -ø- (con eventuale refezio- ne tramite -g-) – tratto fonetico estraneo tuttavia al friulano – e si oppone a quella sostenuta in prima istanza da Michael (1905), che pensava ad un *cicamŭla dissimilato da *ciclamŭla, derivato da cyclāmen ‘ciclamino’, i cui fiori hanno somiglianza con quelli del colchico e del croco. Va tuttavia riconosciuta ad Alessio la valorizzazione del meridionale šamo ‘giusquiamo’, solanacea velenosa di lontana tradizione per le sue proprietà farmacologiche (così come per il colchico, una liliacea): una forma, almeno semipopolare, che a mio avviso può esser stata diffusa anche in aree settentrionali, sempre in una variante suffissata *šámula, *siá- che rende facile conto del patrimonio grigionese schiombla (/š/!), lombardo segám(b)ola, meno invece del friulano siángala. Una nuova soluzione che offre il vantaggio di recuperare un filone autonomo ed elaborato di hyoscyamus in un areale alpino sostanzialmente omogeneo.
Sul posto della variazione nella teoria linguistica
Authors: Berruto Gaetano 
Published: August 2016

Una parte cospicua dell’opera scientifica di Mitja Skubic si può ritenere collocata più o meno direttamente in campi di studio aventi a che fare con la variazione. Una buona cinquantina dei più di 220 titoli di Skubic riportati nella bibliografia curata da Marjeta Prelesnik-Drozg in linguistica XLVIII (2008), 11–31, verte infatti sullo studio di fenomeni in specifiche varietà di lingua (il toscano parlato, la lingua di Goldoni, varie parlate venete, friulano e sloveno di Gorizia, e via discorrendo) o su casi di interferenza e contatto nell’area italo-slovena, dove è per lo più evidente una dimensione variazionista. Vorrei quindi offrire al festeggiato in questa sede alcune riflessioni generali sulla questione della variazione linguistica che spero gli giungano gradite. Un tratto evidente nella linguistica anche teorica (o nelle diverse anime della linguistica)1 degli ultimi decenni è infatti il progressivo aumento di interesse verso la variazione. Un problema sempre ritornante in tale contesto è quello del posto e del ruolo eventuale che la variazione possa o debba avere nella teoria lingui- stica. Riprendo quindi in queste pagine, con qualche sintetica argomentazione, una questione che, molto dibattuta negli anni Settanta in concomitanza con la fondazio- ne e lo sviluppo della linguistica variazionista di William Labov,2 è emersa solo spo- radicamente negli anni Ottanta e Novanta, ed è divenuta, su altre basi, di nuovo molto attuale all’inizio del Terzo Millennio.
Stability-Indicating TLC-Densitometric and HPLC Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Piracetam and Vincamine in the Presence of Their Degradation Products
Authors: Ahmed Amal B , Abdelrahman Maha M , Abdelwahab Nada S , Salama Fathy M 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Newly established TLC-densitometric and RP-HPLC methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Piracetam (PIR) and Vincamine (VINC) in their pharmaceutical formulation and in the presence of PIR and VINC degradation products, PD and VD, respectively. The proposed TLC-densitometric method is based on the separation and quantitation of the studied components using a developing system that consists of chloroform–methanol–glacial acetic acid–triethylamine (8 + 2 + 0.1 + 0.1, v/v/v/v) on TLC silica gel 60 F254 plates, followed by densitometric scanning at 230 nm. On the other hand, the developed RP-HPLC method is based on the separation of the studied components using an isocratic elution of 0.05 M KH2PO4 (containing 0.1% triethylamine adjusted to pH 3 with orthophosphoric acid)–methanol (95 + 5, v/v) on a C8 column at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with diode-array detection at 230 nm. The developed methods were validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and demonstrated good accuracy and precision. Moreover, the developed TLC-densitometric and RP-HPLC methods are suitable as stability-indicating assay methods for the simultaneous determination of PD and VD either in bulk powder or pharmaceutical formulation. The results were statistically compared with those obtained by the reported RP-HPLC method using t- and F-tests.
The Potential of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Narrative Review
Authors: Noll Donald R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The contemporary management of infectious diseases is built around antimicrobial therapy. However, the development of antimicrobial resistance threatens to create a post–antibiotic era. Antimicrobial stewardship attempts to reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance by improving their appropriate use. Osteopathic manipulative treatment as an adjunctive treatment has the potential for enhancing antimicrobial stewardship by enhancing the human immune system, shortening the duration of antimicrobial therapy, reducing complications, and improving treatment outcomes. The present article reviews the evidence published in the literature since this unique treatment approach was first developed more than 100 years ago. The evidence suggests that adjunctive osteopathic manipulative treatment has great potential for enhancing antimicrobial stewardship and should be further investigated.