bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Surface versus Injected Manure in Perennial Hay Crops
Authors: Sadeghpour Amir , Ketterings Quirine M. , Vermeylen Francoise , Godwin Gregory S. , Czymmek Karl J. 
Published: January 2018

Core Ideas
Low‐producing alfalfa and tall fescue stands can benefit from the addition of manure.
Injection of manure (slicing of soil) did not reduce yields of alfalfa or tall fescue.
Impact of manure injection on N2O emissions is weather and species dependent.
When injection of manure does not increase yield, surface application is more economical.
Injecting manure can preserve N, but may mechanically damage the root systems of hay crops such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Such damage could result in reduced yield. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of disk‐injected versus surface applied liquid dairy manure on (i) alfalfa and tall fescue dry matter (DM) yield and (ii) nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Two manure application methods (injection versus surface application) and two no‐manure controls (injection versus no soil disturbance) were replicated six times in 2014 and 2015 on established hay stands. Manure application increased alfalfa yield from 2.9 to 3.7 and from 4.2 to 5.1 Mg DM ha‐1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively, regardless of application method, suggesting no yield penalty or benefit from injection. Nitrous oxide emissions increased two‐ and six‐fold with manure addition, consistent with higher yields under manure application. Compared with the control treatments, manure addition to tall fescue increased yield by 0.8 and 3.3 Mg ha‐1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively, also with no yield benefit or penalty from injection. Injection of manure did not influence N2O emissions in 2014, but increased emissions by 35% compared with surface application in 2015, and this is consistent with differences in soil moisture that year. Our results indicate injection of liquid manure can be implemented without negatively influencing yield in hay crops, while the impact on N2O emissions can be crop and weather dependent. When injection does not increase yield, the surface application of manure to hay crops is more economical.
Immunities of Agents of Government from Liability for Infringement of Copyright
Authors: Campbell Enid , Monotti Ann 
Published: January 2018

Australia's Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (‘the Act’) makes several exceptions to the exclusive rights of copyright owners. The effect of these exceptions is to confer an immunity from legal liability for acts which would otherwise constitute an infringement of copyright. Some of the statutory exceptions relate specifically to the use of copyright material by agents of government. Other exceptions are of more general application, though they may be relied upon by agents of government in circumstances not covered by the more specific exceptions.This article examines not merely the statutory exceptions which relate to and bear upon the acts of agents and organs of government. It examines also the protections against liability for infringement of copyright which are afforded by the laws of parliamentary privilege, legislation concerning printing and publication of parliamentary papers, and freedom of information legislation. Some constitutional issues are also considered.
The Readability of Australia's Goods and Services Tax Legislation: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Richardson Grant , Smith David 
Published: January 2018

The issue of simplification of taxation law has been an important part of the fiscal agenda in Australia since the establishment of the Tax Law Improvement Project (TLIP) back in December 1993. The TLIP, which aimed to simplify income tax legislation embodied in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) through the use of shorter and clearer sentences and the use of plain English, was conceived in response to widespread criticism that the income tax legislation was difficult to read and understand.It has been contended that this inherent difficulty in understanding income tax legislation due to the length and complexity of the legislation led to increased costs, both for the taxpayer in the form of increased tax compliance costs, and for the Federal Government in the form of increased tax administration costs. The TLIP's role was to rewrite the primary income tax legislation which culminated in the development of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth).
Will the High Court ‘WAKIM’ Chapter II of the Constitution?
Authors: Hill Graeme 
Published: January 2018

As is well known, the High Court held in Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally that federal courts can only exercise the judicial power of the Commonwealth, and cannot exercise State judicial power. In this article I ask whether the Court would ever take a similar approach to Chapter II of the Constitution, and hold that the Commonwealth executive can only exercise the executive power of the Commonwealth, and not State executive power. If it did, it would probably follow that the executive power of the Commonwealth could only be exercised by the Commonwealth executive, and not by a State executive. Obviously, these twin conclusions would have major implications for existing Commonwealth–State cooperative legislative schemes.I should stress immediately that I do not think that this is the preferable view. However, for reasons that I explain in Part 2 below, there is an undercurrent in recent decisions that could be taken to suggest that the Commonwealth executive government is limited to performing functions within the scope of Commonwealth legislative power, and cannot be given additional functions.
All at Sea – Constitutional Assumptions and ‘the Executive Power of the Commonwealth’
Authors: Selway Bradley 
Published: January 2018

There has been a vigorous debate both judicially and academically about the correct approach to constitutional interpretation. An aspect of that debate has involved the role of assumptions in informing our interpretation of the Constitution. I have argued elsewhere that ‘some assumptions form part of the fabric upon which the written words of the Constitution are superimposed … where the assumption is integral to a proper understanding of the structure and text of the Constitution, it can be both used and applied in constitutional interpretation.’The ‘executive power of the Commonwealth’ is conferred by s 61 of the Commonwealth Constitution. Section 61 provides that ‘the executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor-General’. Neither that section nor any other informs us as to what ‘the executive power’ is. Nor does the structure of the Commonwealth Constitution provide much of a hint of it.
Federal Limitations on the Legislative Power of the States and the Commonwealth to Bind One Another
Authors: Twomey Anne 
Published: January 2018

The principle that the legislature can enact laws which bind the executive is a familiar one. The prerogative can be abrogated or abolished by legislation and the decisions of the executive made subject to administrative review.More interesting, however, is the relationship within the federation between the legislature of one polity and the executive of another. To what extent can the laws of one polity bind the executive of another, or abrogate or abolish its prerogatives?The High Court, over the last century, has had a very difficult time in answering these questions. Fundamental though they be to our governmental system, there has never been a clear and consistent principle established to provide ready answers to them. After the centenary of federation, one would think we would understand how the polities within that federation are intended to interact, but we do not.
A Hard Case Making Bad Law: Purvis V New South Wales and the Role of the Comparator under the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (CTH)
Authors: Campbell Colin D 
Published: January 2018

Pursuant to s 5(1) of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) (“the Act“), an alleged discriminator will have discriminated against a person with a disability if they treat the disabled person less favourably, because of their disability, than they treat or would have treated someone without the disability, ‘in circumstances that are the same or are not materially different'.A matter crucial to the assessment of whether there has been illegal discrimination for the purposes of the Act, therefore, is what constitutes the circumstances of the aggrieved person's case. In order for there to be a contravention of the Act not only must the alleged discriminator have treated the disabled person less favourably than they would have treated someone without a disability, but the alleged discriminator must have treated the disabled person less favourably than they would have treated someone without a disability who was in the same circumstances as the person with the disability.
Works of Artistic Craftsmanship in the High Court of Australia: The Exception as Paradigm Copyright Work
Authors: Pila Justine 
Published: January 2018

In Burge v Swarbrick, the High Court of Australia delivered an important decision on the most elusive of works protected by copyright: the work of artistic craftsmanship ('WAC’). Drawing on the history and reasons for that protection, and adopting the analysis of Lord Simon in George Hensher Ltd v Restawile Upholstery (Lancs) Ltd, the Court affirmed the orthodox view that such works have ‘special status’ in law on account of their ‘real artistic quality'. In its judgment, whether a work has that quality depends on whether it is a work of craftsmanship the artistic form of expression of which is sufficiently ‘unconstrained by functional considerations'.In the discussion below I consider that view, and other aspects of the Court's decision. I suggest the requirement for artistic quality is simply a requirement for a WAC ‘not imaginary, unreal or apparent only'. Further, the properties of this type of work are better conceived in historical terms than the formal aesthetic terms of the Court. On this view, whether an object is a WAC depends on both its properties of form and the history of its individual production, meaning the (subjective) intent of its individual author and view of society with respect to its nature.
DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND LEARNER SUCCESS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Chakacha Rumbi Ethel , Iwu Chux Gervase , Dakora Edward Naa 
Published: January 2018

Â This study was designed to examine the extent to which the availability of adequate infrastructure or lack of it affects the future success of learners. This was against the backdrop of the persistent calls by researchers and agencies for the engagement with issues around basic, youth and adult education in Southern Africa so as to find ways of dealing with the regionâ€™s escalating primary school drop-out rates and limited access to both technical and vocational education. The study adopted a purely qualitative approach to uncover the meanings that participants attach to their behaviour, how they interpret situations, and what their perspectives are on particular issues. This study was conducted in two primary schools in Zimbabwe among 52 participants, which included 20 learners and 32 educators. The study indicates that the level of infrastructure available in the schools varies and, in some cases, is inadequate. But moreÂ importantly, the study found that a well-equipped school is more functional and presents better learning opportunities for learners. The study recommended, among other things, that school planners, funders and policy makers should take note of the positive impact that a functional, clean and attractive school building can make on education. The size of the population is small; therefore generalisation should be done cautiously. This paper adds to the literature on the significance of quality infrastructure in facilitating learner education, especially in a burgeoning economy such as Zimbabwe.
â€œSisonke - Together We Canâ€: Conceptualisations of Critically Reflective Communities of Practice Nurses Caring for Women Living with HIV
Authors: Naidoo Joanne Rachel , Mtshali Ntombifikile 
Published: January 2018

The dynamic nature of HIV care in the context of South Africa challenges nurses to continually keep abreast of changes in treatment and care policies.Â Communities of practice (CoPs) are considered an effective method of promoting lifelong learning, enhancing professional development and clinical reasoning through reflective practice. This paper reports on the conceptualisations and meanings that emerged from a critically reflective CoP established among nurses caring for women living with HIV. Based on social constructivismand underpinned on grounded theory, four themes emerged which conceptualised the meaning of a critically reflective CoP, namely: (i) a practice and learning community, (ii) a support network, (iii) collaborative, purposive-driven working to make a difference and (iv) a space that fosters self-determination. The findings of this paper enhance the understanding of organisational learning strategies that can support nurses working in various settings through ongoing learning embedded in evidence-based practice through critical reflection and CoPs.
Facilitators for and Barriers to the Implementation of National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines
Authors: Dlwati Lucretia V , Mavundla Thandisizwe R , Mbengo Fungai 
Published: January 2018

The South African government developed the National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines (NTBMGs) to provide guidance to professional healthcare workers on the management of people with TB and also those co-infected with HIV. However, little is known about primary healthcare (PHC) nursesâ€™ perceptions of the implementation of the NTBMGs, despite their critical role in TB management. The purpose of this study was to explore PHC nursesâ€™ perception of the implementation of the NTBMGs in order to identify factors influencing the implementation of the NTBMGs and to make recommendations to improve the implementation of the NTBMGs. The study was conducted in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The Normalization Process Model (NPM) was used as a theoretical framework to understand the factors influencing the implementation of the NTBMGs. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was utilised. Data were collected using individual semi-structured interviews on a purposive sample of 10Â PHC nurses working in rural clinics. Data were analysed following a descriptive method of Tesch. The study revealed several facilitators for and barriers to the implementation of the NTBMGs based on the NPM. The facilitators included the PHC nursesâ€™ satisfaction with the Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) strategy in rendering health services to TB patients, the PHC nursesâ€™ perception of TB meetings as an appropriate platform for problem-solving, of the NTBMGs to be consistent with TB management, and of job satisfaction in relation to patient improvement. The barriers included poverty, inadequate training, shortage of staff, and a lack of material resources, a proper infection control policy, and space. There is a need for the provision of adequate human, material and infrastructural resources in order to eliminate the barriers to the implementation of the NTBMGs.
FERMENTASI GLUKOSA HASIL HIDROLISIS BUAH KUMBI UNTUK BAHAN BAKU BIOETANOL
Authors: Handayani Sri Seno , Hadi Surya , Patmala Haryanti 
Published: January 2018

Abstrak. Kumbi atau Voacanga foetida (blume) rolfe merupakan tumbuhan dari family Apocynaceae. Pulau Lombok merupakan daerah utama tempat tumbuhnya Ã¢â¬ËKumbiÃ¢â¬â¢ ini. Kumbi memiliki kandungan selulosa yang cukup tinggi. Selulosa merupakan salah satu bahan baku dalam pembuatan bioetanol. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pembuatan bioetanol dari buah Kumbi (Voacanga foetida (blume) rolfe) ini dengan kadar 14% dan % rendemen sebesar 14,793%. Hasil yang didapatkan ini sudah cukup tinggi namun belum memenuhi syarat untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku campuran pada bahan bakar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu fermentasi terhadap rendemen bioetanol dari buah kumbi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhyzopus oryzae. Metode yang digunakan adalah hidrolisis dengan HCl dan fermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhyzopus oryzae. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, bioetanol dari buah kumbi dapat diproduksi melalui proses hidrolisis dan fermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhyzopus oryzae dengan variasi suhu fermentasi 28ÃÂ°C, 30ÃÂ°C, 32ÃÂ°C, 34ÃÂ°C, 36ÃÂ°C, 38ÃÂ°C dan 40ÃÂ°C, dan destilasi pada suhu 78 oC, menghasilkan rendemen bioetanol kasar pada suhu optimum 36 ÃÂ°C sebesar 66,02% (w/w) menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae sedangkan dengan rasio yang sama menggunakan Rhyzopus oryzae suhu optimum dicapai pada 32ÃÂ°C, menghasilkan rendemen bioetanol kasar sebesar 88,14% (w/w).ÃÂ Kata kunci: Bioetanol, Buah Kumbi, Hidrolisis, FermentasiÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ Abstract. ÃÂ ÃÂ Kumbi or Voacanga foetida (blume) Rolfe is a plant of the family Apocynaceae. ÃÂ Lombok Island is the main area where the growth of Kumbi. Kumbi has a high cellulose content. Cellulose is a raw material in the manufacture of bioethanol. Research for bioethanol production from fruit Kumbi (Voacanga foetida (blume) Rolfe) generates yield of 14.793%. These results are not yet eligible to be used as raw material in the fuel mixture. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield of bioethanol fermentation of fruit Kumbi using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oryzae. The method used is by HCl hydrolysis and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oryzae. The results showed that ethanol from Kumbi fruit can be produced by the hydrolysis and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oryzae. Fermentation temperature variation used was 28 ÃÂ°C, 30 ÃÂ°C, 32 ÃÂ°C, 34 ÃÂ°C, 36 ÃÂ°C, 38 ÃÂ°C, 40 ÃÂ°C and distilled at a temperature of 78 C. The yield of bioethanol 66.02% (w/w ) obtained using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a temperature of 36 ÃÂ°C while the same ratio used Rhyzopus oryzae produce bioethanol yield of 88.14% (w / w) at a temperature of 32 oC.Keywords: Bioethanol, Fruit Kumbi, hydrolysis, fermentation
LEMBAR KERJA SISWA BERBASIS SAINTIFIK PADA KONSEP HUKUM OHM UNTUK PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS
Authors: Hikmawati Hikmawati 
Published: January 2018

Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan lembar kerja siswa berbasis saintifik pada konsep Hukum Ohm untuk pembelajaran fisika di Sekolah Menengah Atas. Lembar kerja siswa merupakan panduan siswa yang digunakan untuk melakukan kegiatan penyelidikan atau pemecahan masalah sehingga mempermudah siswa dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan pembelajaran. Lembar kerja siswa berbasis saintifik dapat membantu siswa memperoleh lima pengalaman belajar pokok dalamÃÂ proses pembelajaran yakni mengamati, menanya, mengumpulkan informasi, mengasosiasi, dan mengkomunikasikan. Komponen-komponen lembar kerja siswa berbasis saintifik pada konsep Hukum Ohm terdiri atas: judul eksperimen, tujuan eksperimen, alat dan bahan, rumusan masalah, hipotesis, variabel, definisi operasional variabel, langkah-langkah eksperimen, data pengamatan, analisis data, dan kesimpulan. Lembar kerja siswa berbasis saintifik diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif media untuk mempermudah siswa belajar konsep fisika sehingga tujuan pembelajaran dapat tercapai sesuai yang diinginkan.ÃÂ Kata kunci : lembar kerja siswa, saintifik.Abstract: This paper aims to describe scientific-based student worksheets on the concept of Ohm's Law for learning physics in senior high school. A student worksheet is used to guide student conduct investigation or problem-solving activities that facilitate students in the implementation of learning activities. Scientific-based student worksheets can help students gain five basic learning experiences in the learning process to observe, ask, gather information, associates, and communicate. The components of scientific-based student worksheets on the concept of Ohm's Law consists of the title of the experiment, the experimental goals, tools and materials, formulation of the problem, hypothesis, variables, operational definitions of variables, steps experimentation, observation data, data analysis, and conclusions. Scientific-based student worksheets expected to be one of the alternative media to facilitate students learn the concepts of physics so that the learning objectives can be achieved as targeted.ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ ÃÂ Keywords: student worksheets, scientific
KECENDERUNGAN POLA OKSIDASI FLAVONOID PADA KULIT BATANG DAN KAYU BATANG Artocarpus scortechinii KING. (Moraceae)
Authors: Hakim Aliefman 
Published: January 2018

Abstrak. Flavonoid yang terdapat dalam genus Artocarpus terdiri dari calkon, flavanon, flavon dan flavan-3-ol. Gugus prenil pada flavonoid tersebut ada pada posisi C-3 dan cincin B teroksigenasi pada posisi C-4Ã¢â¬â¢ atau C-2Ã¢â¬â¢, C-4Ã¢â¬â¢ atauÃÂ C-2Ã¢â¬â¢, C-4Ã¢â¬â¢, C-5Ã¢â¬â¢. Selain itu prenilasi juga dapat terjadi pada posisi C-6, C-8, dan C-3Ã¢â¬â¢. Pola yang demikian sangat jarang ditemukan pada famili tumbuhan selain Moraceae. Kajian lebih lanjut terhadap pola oksigenasi cincin B pada bagian kulit batang dan kayu batang menjadi sangat menarik karena ditemukan kecenderungan yang dapat mewakili kedua bagian tersebut. Dari data metabolit sekunder kulit batang A. scortechinii King memperlihatkan kecenderungan pola oksigenasi pada cincin B dari kerangka flavon pada posisi 2Ã¢â¬â¢, 4Ã¢â¬â¢ dan 5Ã¢â¬â¢. Perkecualian hanya terjadi pada flavon sederhana, dimana oksigenasi terdapat pada posisi 2Ã¢â¬â¢ dan 4Ã¢â¬â¢ sedangkan metabolit sekunder dariÃÂ kayu batang A. scortechinii King memperlihatkan kecenderungan pola oksigenasi cincin B pada posisi 2Ã¢â¬â¢, 4Ã¢â¬â¢.Kata Kunci : Artocarpus scortechinii King, prenilasi, dan flavonoid.ÃÂ Abstract. Flavonoid which is in gender Artocarpus consisted of the chalcon, flavanon, flavon and flavan-3-ol. Prenylated of the flavonoid on position C-3 and B ring oxigenation on C-4' or C-2', C-4' or C-2', C-4', C-5'. Others prenylated also can be on position C-6, C-8, and C-3'. Such pattern is very rare found at set of relatives of plant besides Moraceae. Furthermore study to pattern of oxigenation on B ring at bark and heartwood become very attractive because found a tendency which can deputize second of the shares. From data metabolite secunder of the bark A. scortechinii King show the preference of pattern oxigenation of B ring from framework flavon on course 2', 4' and 5'. Exception is only became of the simple flavon, where oxigenation of there are on course 2' and 4' while metabolite secunder from heartwood A. scortechinii King show the tendency of pattern of oxigenation of B ring on course 2', 4'.ÃÂ Keyword : Artocarpus scortechinii King, prenylated, and flavonoid.