bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new paradigm for producing astaxanthin from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Baobei , Hu Qiang , Sommerfeld Milton , Li Yuanguang , Han Danxiang 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis has been exploited as a cell factory to produce the high‐value antioxidant astaxanthin for over two decades, due to its superior ability to synthesize astaxanthin under adverse culture conditions. However, slow vegetative growth under favorable culture conditions and cell deterioration or death under stress conditions (e.g., high light, nitrogen starvation) has limited the astaxanthin production. In this study, a new paradigm that integrated heterotrophic cultivation, acclimation of heterotrophically grown cells to specific light/nutrient regimes, followed by induction of astaxanthin accumulation under photoautotrophic conditions was developed. First, the environmental conditions such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen regime, and light intensity, were optimized to induce astaxanthin accumulation in the dark‐grown cells. Although moderate astaxanthin content (e.g., 1% of dry weight) and astaxanthin productivity (2.5 mg L−1 day−1) were obtained under the optimized conditions, a considerable number of cells died off when subjected to stress for astaxanthin induction. To minimize the susceptibility of dark‐grown cells to light stress, the algal cells were acclimated, prior to light induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis, under moderate illumination in the presence of nitrogen. Introduction of this strategy significantly reduced the cell mortality rate under high‐light and resulted in increased cellular astaxanthin content and astaxanthin productivity. The productivity of astaxanthin was further improved to 10.5 mg L−1 day−1 by implementation of such a strategy in a bubbling column photobioreactor. Biochemical and physiological analyses suggested that rebuilding of photosynthetic apparatus including D1 protein and PsbO, and recovery of PSII activities, are essential for acclimation of dark‐grown cells under photo‐induction conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2088–2099. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Herbicidal and Cytotoxic Constituents from Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem.
Authors: Miao Hui , Sun Yongyan , Yuan Yunfei , Zhao Huanhuan , Wu Jiao , Zhang Weiyun , Zhou Lijuan 
Published: March 2016

Two new triterpenoids, 3β‐hydroxyoleana‐11,13(18)‐diene‐28,30‐dioic acid (1) and 3‐oxooleana‐11,13(18)‐diene‐28,30‐dioic acid (2), one novel triterpenoid glycoside, 3β‐O‐(6′‐O‐methyl‐β‐d‐glucuronopyranosyl)oleana‐11,13(18)‐dien‐28‐oic acid (3) along with six known compounds (4 – 9) were isolated from the stem bark of Aralia armata (Wall.) Seem. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic methods. The herbicidal activities of these compounds against Bidens pilosa L., an invasive weed in P. R. China, were evaluated. Compounds 3, 5, and 6 exhibited more significant herbicidal activities on B. pilosa than the positive‐control pendimethalin. Their possible use as herbicidal chemicals or model compounds deserved more attention. The effects of compounds 1 – 9 on Spodoptera litura cultured cell line Sl‐1 cell proliferation and its morphology were also evaluated. The results indicated that compounds 1 – 5 affected Sl‐1 cell proliferation. Compound 3 showed more obvious proliferation inhibition activities on Sl‐1 cell than the positive‐control rotenone. With regard to the effect on morphology, compound 2 significantly changed Sl‐1 cell, resulting in cell blebbing and vacuole forming. Triterpenoids aremedicinally and agriculturally important, and cytotoxicity of the three new compounds 1 – 3 deserved further studies.
Nanocellulose 3, 5‐Dimethylphenylcarbamate Derivative Coated Chiral Stationary Phase: Preparation and Enantioseparation Performance
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Wang Litao , Dong Shuqing , Zhang Xia , Wu Qi , Zhao Liang , Shi Yanping 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) with high surface area and high ordered crystalline structure was prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) under the hydrolysis of sodium hypochlorite. NCC was further reacted with 3,5‐dimethylphenyl isocyanate to obtain the nanocellulose derivative, and then coated successfully on the surface of silica gel to a prepared NCC‐coated chiral stationary phase (CSP) as a new kind of chiral separation material. Similarly, MCC derivative‐coated CSP was also prepared as contrast. The chiral separation performance of NCC‐based CSP was evaluated and compared with MCC‐based CSP by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Moreover, the effects of the alcohol modifiers, mobile phase additives, and flow rates on chiral separations were investigated in detail. The results showed that 10 chiral compounds were separated on NCC‐based CSP with better peak shape and higher column efficiency than MCC‐based CSP, which confirmed that NCC‐based CSP was a promising packing material for the resolution of chiral compounds.Chirality 28:376–381, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Einfluss des Nährmediums auf die Bewegungscharakteristik von Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Authors: Ziegler Andreas , Schock‐Kusch Daniel , Kapoustina Viktoria , Braun Frank , Dounia Sandra , Stahl Ulf , Rädle Matthias 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Bewegungsmuster von Bakterien wurden mit einem neuartigen bildanalytischen Messsystem untersucht. Durch die flexibel und getaktet einstellbare Schichtdicke der Durchflussküvette ist es möglich, alle Mikroorganismen im Messfenster im Tiefenschärfebereich von 3 µm darzustellen. Die Probenahme, Datenerfassung und Auswertung erfolgt vollautomatisch. Eine automatische Analyse von Bewegungsmustern von Mikroorganismen ist damit erstmals in dieser Weise möglich. Die erhaltenen Daten erlauben Rückschlüsse auf die Vitalität der Bakterien und können für die Fermentationsoptimierung genutzt werden.
A Near Infrared Cyanine‐Based Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selectively Detecting Glutathione in Living Cells
Authors: Sheng Xiaole , Chen Dan , Cao Meijiao , Zhang Yufeng , Han Xie , Chen Xiaoqiang , Liu Shenghua , Chen Haiyan , Yin Jun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAmino acids containing the thiol group play significant roles in keeping biological oxidation reduction balance. Due to the important cellular function of biothiols, it is imperative to develop efficient methods to detect biothiols in complicate biological systems. In this work, we developed a cyanine‐based fluorescent probe utilizing thioether as a detecting group, which showed the fluorescent "turn‐on" response towards GSH and it can be used as a biomarker to determine the cellular GSH.
Activation of Trifluoromethylthio Moiety by Appending Iodonium Ylide under Copper Catalysis for Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation Reaction
Authors: Saidalimu Ibrayim , Suzuki Shugo , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA novel iodonium‐ylide compound 2 that appends atrifluoromethylthio (SCF3) group is disclosed as a new, shelf‐stable electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagent. Unlike known shelf‐stable electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagents, 2 has a stable SCF3 group which is activated by appending iodonium ylide under copper catalysis via sulfonium ylide to generate a cationic trifluoromethyl (CF3) species. Reagent 2 was found to be an efficient electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagent for a wide range of silyl enol ethers 3 under copper catalysis. Cyclic and acyclic α‐trifluoromethyl ketones 4 were obtained by reagent 2 in moderate to good yields. On the other hand, a difluoromethylthio analogue 5 did not affect intermolecular transfer difluoromethylation to substrates. Instead, intramolecular 1,4‐migration proceeded similar to the Stevens rearrangement to provide 6 in 21% yield, independent of the presence of nucleophiles 3.
Electrochemical Determination of Sulphur‐containing Pharmaceuticals Using Boron‐doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Abt Bärbel , Hartmann Andreas , Pasquarelli Alberto , Strehle Steffen , Mizaikoff Boris , Kranz Christine 
Published: March 2016

AbstractN‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and gentamicin sulfate (GS) are biologically and pharmaceutically relevant thiol‐containing compounds. NAC is well known for its antioxidant properties, whereas GS is an aminoglycoside that is used as a broadband antibiotic. Both pharmaceuticals play a significant role in the treatment of bacterial infections by suppressing the formation of biofilms. According to the European Pharmacopeia protocol, GS is analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using gold electrodes for electrochemical detection. Here, we report the electrochemical detection of these compounds at NH2‐terminated boron‐doped diamond electrodes, which show significantly reduced electrode passivation, an issue commonly known for gold electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry experiments performed for a period of 70 minutes showed that the peak current decreased only by 1.6 %/7.4 % for the two peak currents recorded for GS, and 6.6 % for the oxidation peak of NAC, whereas at gold electrodes a decrease in peak current of 14.2 % was observed for GS, and of 64 %/30 % for the two peak currents of NAC. For their quantitative determination, differential pulse voltammetry was performed in a concentration range of 2–49 µg/mL of NAC with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.527 µg/mL, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 3.624 µg/mL, respectively. The quantification of GS in a concentration range of 0.2–50 µg/mL resulted in a LOD of 1.714 µg/mL, and a LOQ of 6.420 µg/mL, respectively.
PEDOT/WO3 Hybrid Nanofiber Architectures for High Performance Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Dulgerbaki Cigdem , Nohut Maslakci Neslihan , Komur Ali Ihsan , Uygun Oksuz Aysegul 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study focuses on the electrochromic device (ECD) applications of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/tungsten oxide (PEDOT/WO3) hybrid nanofibers prepared via electrospinning method. Nanoporous WO3 films were initially electrosynthesized on Pt sheet. The PEDOT layer was electropolymerized onto the entire surface of the WO3 nanoporous host framework in the presence of different ionic liquids: 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), 1‐butyl‐ 3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMIMTFSI), and 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMPTFSI). The morphological features and elemental surface characterization of hybride nanofibers were monitored by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. ECDs changed color reversibly from transparent to light brown by switching from +3 V to −3 V. It was found that the highest optical modulation of 47.89 % and maximum coloration efficiency of 363.72 cm2/C is achieved for PEDOT/WO3/BMIMPF6 based electrochromic device. Hybrid nanofibers exhibited excellent long term stability even after 1000 chronoamperometric cycles. This work could not only push forward the facile preparation of PEDOT/WO3 nanofibers but also represent, for the first time, the possibility that the hybrid nanofibers could be a promising material for the highly efficient ECDs.
High‐Temperature Dielectric Relaxation Behaviors of Relaxer‐Like PbZrO3–SrTiO3 Ceramics for Energy‐Storage Applications
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Fu , Tang Xin‐Gui , Huang Xian‐Xiong , Liu Qiu‐Xiang , Jiang Yan‐Ping , Zhou Qi‐Fa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract(1−x)PbZrO3–xSrTiO3 (x: 10, 20, and 30 mol %) ceramics were prepared by a conventional mixed‐oxide solid‐state reaction method. The relaxer behaviors of the PbZrO3–SrTiO3 ceramics were examined in the temperature range of 120–523 K. A broad dielectric maximum that shifted to higher temperature with increasing frequency signified the relaxer‐type behaviors of these ceramics. The value of the relaxation parameter of γ=1.73, estimated from the linear fit of the modified Curie–Weiss law, indicated the relaxer nature. High‐temperature dielectric relaxation phenomena were found in the temperature region of 600‐850 K. The activation energy, calculated from impedance measurements of samples, suggested that the dielectric relaxation was a result of oxygen vacancies generated during the sintering process. The energy‐storage density calculated from hysteresis loops reached about 0.46 J cm−3 for the PSZT30 ceramic at room temperature.
Evaluation of Rifampin's Transporter Inhibitory and CYP3A Inductive Effects on the Pharmacokinetics of Venetoclax, a BCL‐2 Inhibitor: Results of a Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Study
Authors: Agarwal Suresh K. , Hu Beibei , Chien David , Wong Shekman L. , Salem Ahmed Hamed 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVenetoclax is a selective, potent, first‐in‐class B‐cell lymphoma‐2 inhibitor that has demonstrated clinical efficacy in a variety of hematological malignancies. A single‐dose and multiple‐dose rifampin study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CYP3A induction and transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of venetoclax. Subjects received a single dose of venetoclax 200 mg on day 1 of period 1 and days 1 and 14 of period 2, a single dose of rifampin 600 mg on day 1 of period 2, and rifampin 600 mg once daily on days 5 through 17 of period 2. Blood samples were collected up to 96 hours after each venetoclax dose on day 1 of period 1 and days 1 and 14 of period 2. Compared with venetoclax alone, coadministration with a single dose of rifampin increased venetoclax Cmax and AUC∞ by 106% (90%CI, 73%–145%) and 78% (90%CI, 50%–111%), respectively, whereas coadministration with multiple doses of rifampin decreased venetoclax Cmax and AUC∞ by 42% (90%CI, 31%–52%) and 71% (90%CI, 66%–76%), respectively. It was possible to isolate the net effect of chronic CYP3A induction from acute P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibition by comparing venetoclax exposures following coadministration with multiple doses of rifampin versus a single dose of rifampin, which showed that CYP3A induction decreased venetoclax Cmax and AUC by 72% and 84%, respectively. These results are consistent with venetoclax being a P‐gp substrate and indicate that CYP3A plays a major role in venetoclax metabolism. Prescribers should consider agents with little or no CYP3A induction during treatment with venetoclax.
On the morphology of antennular sensory and attachment organs in cypris larvae of the deep‐sea vent/seep barnacles, Ashinkailepas and Neoverruca
Authors: Yorisue Takefumi , Chan Benny K. K. , Kado Ryusuke , Watanabe Hiromi , Inoue Koji , Kojima Shigeaki , Høeg Jens T. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBarnacle cypris larvae show high morphological variation in the organs used in search of and attaching to a substratum. This variation may represent adaptation to the habitat of the species. Here, we studied SEM level morphologies of cypris antennular sensory and attachment organs in a deep‐sea vent endemic species (Neoverruca sp.) and a vent/seep inhabiting species (Ashinkailepas seepiophila). We compare them with three species from other environments. The antennular morphologies of Neoverruca sp. and A. seepiophila were similar, which is consistent with recent molecular studies showing a close relationship of the two species. The setation pattern of the antennules was very conservative among species from various environments. In contrast, striking differences were observed in the structure of the attachment organ (the third antennular segment). Neoverruca sp. and A. seepiophila had no velum or a skirt surrounding the attachment disc on the third segment, while other cirripede cyprids almost always have either of these structures. In addition, both cyprids of A. seepiophila and Neoverruca sp. had the attachment disc angled toward the substratum, whereas it faces distally in cyprids from hard bottom inhabiting barnacles. We suggest that both velum/skirt and the angle of the attachment disc play an important role, when the antennules are contacting the substratum during surface exploration. Differences in attachment organ structures may be highly adaptive, enabling cirripede species to enter new habitats during evolution. J. Morphol. 277:594–602, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gentamicin Usage and Monitoring in a Sydney Teaching Hospital
Authors: Edwards Christina T , Briggs Donna , Howes Laurence G 
Published: March 2016

Objective: To determine gentamicin usage and monitoring patterns at St George Hospital.Method: A random audit was performed on the medical records of 200 patients who received gentamicin whilst in hospital between July 1994 and July 1995.Results: The amount of gentamicin patients received per course of therapy ranged from 60 to 6080 mg (median 670 mg). A course of gentamicin therapy ranged from 1 to 27 days (median 4 days) and the total daily gentamicin dose ranged from 60 to 360 mg (median 160 mg). Once‐daily administration of gentamicin increased from 4.9% of gentamicin courses to 25.8% following the introduction of hospital guidelines outlining the benefits of once‐daily gentamicin usage. Serum gentamicin concentrations were monitored in 134 (67%) patients with assays being performed within the first two days of therapy in 65 (48.5%) of these patients. Elevated serum trough concentrations (≥2.0 mg/L) occurred in 40 patients; of these, 47.5% had levels between 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L (median 3.1 mg/L, range 2 to 11 mg/L). No clinically recognisable cases of gentamicin toxicity occurred. Significant independent predictors of elevated gentamicin concentrations were baseline serum creatinine levels(β = 0.353, p = 0.0001), duration of gentamicin therapy (β = 0.572, p = 0.008) and the total daily dose of gentamicin (β = 0.186, p = 0.02).Conclusion: Once‐daily gentamicin use at this hospital is still below that recommended in the antibiotic policy/guidelines set by the hospital. The routine monitoring of gentamicin concentrations to reduce the risk of toxicity is of questionable value when gentamicin therapy is given once daily and the duration of therapy is restricted to less than seven days. Considerable savings could be made (approximately $63 000 per annum at St George Hospital) if suitable patients received once‐daily gentamicin dosing, and monitoring of gentamicin was deferred until the third day of therapy in patients with normal renal function.Aust J Hosp Pharm. 1997; 27: 133–7.
Vancomycin Usage Review in the Era of Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Authors: Radford James M , Whitby R Michael , Looke David FM , Coombes Judith A 
Published: March 2016

Aim: To review vancomycin usage as an initial strategy for the control of VRE at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, a 900‐bed tertiary referral hospital.Method: All vancomycin orders for inpatients were identified prospectively by clinical pharmacists for a five‐week period during March and April 1996. Clinical data and laboratory findings were collected from patient records, and if necessary the prescribing doctors were interviewed.Criteria for appropriate prescribing were adapted from guidelines proposed by the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.For the purposes of the review, patients were categorised into indications for vancomycin usage: empiric (prior to microbial confirmation), prophylactic and directed therapy (culture and sensitivity results available).Results: One hundred and eight patients were prescribed vancomycin during the study period. Sixty‐three patients (58%) were given vancomycin for indications consistent with acceptable criteria. Of the 45 (42%) remaining patients treated inappropriately, 29 were empiric (10 incorrect indication, 15 extended duration, 3 non‐severe β‐lactam allergies, one incorrect dosage), 15 were for prophylaxis (13 extended duration, six incorrect indications, two non‐severe penicillin allergies), and one patient was treated for Clostridium difficile after positive toxin results.Conclusions: This study has identified problems related to the prescribing of vancomycin in this hospital. The next step in the strategy to reduce the level of inappropriate use of vancomycin is the production of guidelines, education and the implementation of these guidelines for appropriate vancomycin usage. Although the level of inappropriate prescribing of vancomycin is lower than previously reported studies, the prudent use of vancomycin may reduce the incidence of resistant enterococci and in combination with efficient infection control practices may control the emergence of this problem.Aust J Hosp Pharm 1997; 27: 140–3.
Stability of Two Concentrations of Morphine Tartrate in 10 mL Polypropylene Syringes
Authors: Targett Paul L , Keefe Patrick A , Merridew Colin G 
Published: March 2016

Objective: Analgesics are often given by subcutaneous infusions in palliative care. We studied the physical and chemical stability of two concentrations of morphine tartrate stored in 10 mL polypropylene syringes. Solutions containing 800 mg and 40 mg of morphine tartrate in 10 mL were prepared from commercially available ampoules and, where necessary, diluted to volume with 0.9% sodium chloride for injection.Method: The solutions were stored in the dark, at 21– 230C or 4–8°C for three weeks. At intervals of two to three days the concentration of morphine was measured in duplicate samples from each of three syringes using a stability‐indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay. Physical compatibility was assessed visually.Results: At both storage temperatures, the test solutions retained greater than 90% of their initial concentrations of morphine tartrate throughout the study period. A slight straw colour developed in the 800 mg in 10 mL solution stored at 18–23°C. At neither storage temperatures did the pH of either solution vary by more than 0.2 from initial values.Conclusion: Morphine tartrate, in the formulations tested, is stable when stored at 21–23°C and 4–8°C in polypropylene syringes for three weeks.
Evaluation of a Pharmacy Technician Training Program ‐ Early Trends
Authors: McFarlane Anne E , Kelly Maria , Maunsell Terry A , Tierney Johneen M , Young Carolyn E 
Published: March 2016

Aim: To ascertain the views of students enrolled in a pharmacy technician training program.Method: Questionnaires were sent to all students immediately after enrolling and also after completing the course. Students who failed to complete the course (or their mentor‐pharmacist) were contacted informally.Results: Eighty entry questionnaires were distributed and 46 (58%) returned. The most common reason for enrolling was ‘to perform the job better’. Most students were unsure as to whether they would undertake further study after the current course. Sixteen forms were distributed to students who completed the entire course and 14 (88%) returned. On a scale of I to 5, rankings for difficulty, interest and relevance were 2.86, 4.39 and 4.61 respectively. Specific comments regarding content, advice for new students and departmental support were provided. Some students who failed to complete the course thought that the original decision to enrol was incorrect.Conclusion: These preliminary results have provided valuable information which is being used to maximise the success of subsequent enrollees.