bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oriented Acicular Rutile Inclusions in Eclogites: Exsolutions From Majoritic Garnet or Shock Needles?
Authors: Yang Jian‐Jun , Xu Hai‐Jun , Hirajima Takao 
Published: October 2024

AbstractOriented rutile needles (ORNs) forming a triangular network on the cross sections of garnet crystals have been widely used together with omphacite inclusions as evidence for exsolution from a majoritic garnet and exhumation of the host rocks from great depths (>200 km) in the Earth. A coronitic eclogite at Yangkou in the Chinese Su‐Lu high‐pressure metamorphic belt contains ORNs that are only found in the reddish cores of garnet porphyroblasts. The texture formed by the ORNs is not restricted to garnet but extends into the coexisting other minerals, which together form pseudomorphs after augite. Therefore, the ORNs are not specifically related to the host garnet and cannot be exsolutions therefrom. The outer zones of the garnet porphyroblasts in contact with plagioclase pseudomorphs are pale and rutile‐free but contain minute inclusions of omphacite, quartz, kyanite, phengite, and K‐feldspar, typical of coronitic garnet between augite and plagioclase. Electron backscatter diffraction reveals no optimum matching of the low index crystallographic directions of rutile and garnet as required by an exsolution mechanism. On the other hand, the ORNs resemble the amorphous lamellae in quartz and zircon in meteorite and seismic shocked rocks, and are inferred to have crystallized earlier in seismic shocked augite and were then overgrown by the host minerals. By contrast, the rutile particles in garnet cataclasites in a nearby eclogite breccia display deformed and explosive patterns and random crystallographic orientations. All these observations are best explained by the seismic shock compression and rarefaction scenario proposed earlier.
Spread or Splash: The Ubiquitous Role of Droplets in Mafic Explosive Eruptions
Authors: Comida Pier Paolo , Jones Thomas J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMagma fragmentation is an essential process driving explosive volcanic eruptions, generating a distribution of pyroclasts with characteristic shape and grain size. These characteristics are often used to inform on the energetics of magma fragmentation and the associated eruption style and intensity. However, a portion of these pyroclasts, droplets when still in the molten state, are likely to be generated through impact mechanisms (i.e., collisions), and subsequent secondary fragmentation (i.e., splashing). Here, we successfully apply and dynamically scale concepts and findings of liquid droplet impacts in engineering to magma fragmentation processes in volcanology. We compile and model physical data for two mafic melt compositions (kimberlite and basalt) and use specific eruption examples from Igwisi Hills, Kīlauea and Stromboli volcanoes to define composition‐specific impact dynamics. Pyroclast impact dynamics have a direct control on in‐conduit processes, eruption dynamics, and ash dispersal. For low viscosity mafic melts such as kimberlite and basalt, pyroclast impacts can lead to both splash and deposition on the conduit wall, resulting either in conduit clearing or conduit narrowing, respectively. In both cases, shifting the impact regime toward surface deposition will lead to an inexorable decay in explosiveness, potentially switching the eruption style to effusive behavior. This has direct consequences for the transport of volcanic ash at the surface and inferring magma fragmentation processes (e.g., energies) from the depositional record.
The Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Asthma Control in California: A Microsimulation Approach
Authors: Maya Sigal , Thakur Neeta , Benmarhnia Tarik , Weiser Sheri D. , Kahn James G. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWildfire smoke exposure leads to poorer health among those with pre‐existing conditions such as asthma. Particulate matter in wildfire smoke can worsen asthma control, cause acute exacerbations, and increase health resource utilization (HRU) and costs. Research to date has been retrospective with few opportunities to project changes in underlying asthma control and HRU given exposure to wildfire smoke. Using a microsimulation of 5,000 Californians with asthma, we calculated changes in asthma control distribution, risk of exacerbation, and HRU and cost outcomes in the 16 weeks during and after a wildfire. The model was calibrated against empirical values on asthma control distribution and increased HRU after exposure to wildfire smoke. Without smoke exposure, 48% of the cohort exhibited complete or well control of asthma, and 8% required acute healthcare per cycle. Following two consecutive weeks of wildfire smoke, complete or well control of asthma fell to 27%, with an additional 4% HRU. This corresponds to total additional $601,250 in all‐cause medical costs and eight fewer quality‐adjusted life years over 16 weeks of model time. Our model found increased asthma health and cost burden due to wildfire smoke that were aligned with empirical evidence from a historic wildfire event. This study establishes a framework for a more nuanced understanding of asthma impacts from wildfire smoke that can help inform the development of public health policies to mitigate harm and promote resilience among asthma patients in the face of climate change.
Reimei Satellite Observations of Alfvénic Interaction Modulating Inverted‐V Electrons and Filamentary Auroral Forms at the Poleward Edge of a Discrete Arc
Authors: Hirahara Masafumi , Ebihara Yusuke , Kitamura Naritoshi , Sakanoi Takeshi , Asamura Kazushi , Takada Taku , Saito Hirobumi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe present an event based on Reimei satellite observations in the low‐altitude midnight auroral region, showing that intense and clear energy‐dispersed electron precipitations, repetitively generated by field‐aligned accelerations due to dispersive Alfvén waves, were modulating inverted‐V electrons. These Alfvénic electrons had peak energies equal to or slightly larger than those of the inverted‐Vs and were associated with the filamentary auroral forms rapidly streaming at the poleward edge of a broad discrete arc. This arc was caused by the inverted‐V accompanied by ion depletions produced by quasi‐electrostatic parallel potential drop. Assuming instantaneous electron accelerations over a wide energy range in a single location and a simple time‐of‐flight effect for the energy‐time dispersions, the Alfvénic source distances were estimated 1,500 ± 500 km above the satellite altitude of ∼676 km, a lower bound since the interaction locations are realistically distributed in altitudinally extended regions. The electron characteristics in detailed energy‐pitch angle distributions obtained at high time resolution can be categorized into: (a) original inverted‐V fluxes energized by quasi‐electrostatic upward electric field, (b) accelerated and decelerated/reduced inverted‐V fluxes, (c) field‐aligned energy‐dispersed precipitations accelerated by dispersive Alfvén waves, and (d) upwelling secondary components effectively produced by the field‐aligned precipitations particularly at energies of a few tens of eV. This event is useful to reveal the interactions between the inverted‐V and Alfvénic electrons and their related ionospheric effects in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling processes. The detailed energy‐pitch angle distributions presented here provide constraints for models of these interactions and processes.
A Statistical Examination of Interactions Between 1‐Hz Whistler Waves and Ions in the Earth's Foreshock
Authors: Wang Shan , Li Jing‐Huan , Li Li , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Omura Yoshiharu , Zhao Jiu‐Tong , Liu Zhi‐Yang , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Zhang Hui , Yue Chao 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe 1 Hz whistler wave precursors attached to shock‐like structures are often observed in the foreshock. Using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we investigate the interactions between 1 Hz waves and ions. Incoming solar wind ions do not cyclotron‐resonate with the wave, since typically the wave is right‐handed in their frame. We demonstrate that solar wind ions commonly exhibit 180° gyro‐phase bunching from the wave magnetic field, understanding it with a reconciled linear theory and non‐linear trapping theory for non‐cyclotron‐resonant modulations. Along the longitudinal direction, solar wind ions experience Landau resonance, exhibiting either modulations at small wave potentials or trapping in phase‐space holes at large potentials. The results also improve our understanding of foreshock structure evolution and 1 Hz wave excitation. Shock‐like structures start with having incoming solar wind and remotely reflected ions from further downstream. The ion‐scale 1 Hz waves can already appear during this stage. The excitation may be due to shock‐like dispersive radiation or kinetic instabilities resonant with these remotely reflected ions. Ions reflected by local shock‐like structures occur later, so they are not always necessary for generating 1 Hz waves. The wave leads to ion reflection further upstream, which may cause reformation of shock‐like structures. In one event, locally reflected ions exhibit non‐cyclotron‐resonant modulation in the early stage, and later approach the anomalous cyclotron resonant condition with gyro‐phases ∼270°. The latter is possibly due to nonlinear trapping in regions with an upstream‐pointing magnetic field gradient, linked to reformation. Some additional special features, such as frequency dispersions, are observed, encouraging further investigations.
Characteristics of Submesoscale Compensated/Reinforced Fronts in the Northern Bay of Bengal
Authors: Duan Wei , Cheng Xuhua , Zhou Yifei , Gula Jonathan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFronts in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are active and can potentially impact the regional dynamics such as temperature variability, salinity distribution and oceanic circulation. Based on the high resolution model output (LLC4320), this study investigates the characteristics of submesoscale fronts in the northern BoB and associated compensation/reinforcement effects. At sea surface, horizontal gradients of salinity and density are remarkable in the northern BoB, and they are nearly 3 times larger than temperature gradients. As the depth deepens, temperature gradients increase and become comparable to salinity gradients, while density gradients decrease a lot due to the increasing effects of compensation at subsurface. Statistical results show the dominance of salinity‐controlled fronts over temperature‐controlled fronts, and compensated fronts over reinforced fronts. The surface cooling/heating results in significant temporal variation of compensation at surface, but this variation is limited at subsurface by the blocking of the mixed layer base. The submesoscale‐selective feature of compensation is much more pronounced at subsurface layer than surface layer. From statistical analysis and idealized numerical model, we found the slump of salinity‐controlled compensated fronts are important in generating temperature inversion and maintaining barrier layer. This study validates the compensation theories originating from observations, and further illustrates the importance of subsurface compensated fronts using spatially continuous, regionally extended and longer‐term model output. The subsurface‐intensified submesoscale‐selective compensation is proved for the first time in this study.
Gross Primary Production of Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice: A Model‐Based Estimate
Authors: Wongpan P. , Meiners K. M. , Vancoppenolle M. , Fraser A. D. , Moreau S. , Saenz B. T. , Swadling K. M. , Lannuzel D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMuch of the Antarctic coast is covered by seasonal landfast sea ice (fast ice), which serves as an important habitat for ice algae. Fast‐ice algae provide a key early season food source for pelagic and benthic food webs, and contribute to biogeochemical cycling in Antarctic coastal ecosystems. Summertime fast ice is undergoing a decline, leading to more seasonal fast ice with unknown impacts on interconnected Earth system processes. Our understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of Antarctic fast ice, and its impact on polar ecosystems is currently limited. Evaluating the overall productivity of fast‐ice algae has historically been hampered by limitations in observations and models. By linking new fast‐ice extent maps with a one‐dimensional sea‐ice biogeochemical model, we provide the first estimate of the spatio‐seasonal variability of Antarctic fast‐ice algal gross primary production (GPP) and its annual primary production on a circum‐Antarctic scale. Experiments conducted for the 2005–2006 season provide a mean fast ice‐algal production estimate of 2.8 Tg C/y. This estimate represents about 12% of overall Southern Ocean sea‐ice algae production (estimated in a previous study), with the mean fast‐ice algal production per area being 3.3 times higher than that of pack ice. Our Antarctic fast‐ice GPP estimates are probably underestimated in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea sectors because the sub‐ice platelet layer habitats and their high biomass are not considered.
Outbursts Upon Cooling of Low‐Temperature Binary Mixtures: Experiments and Their Planetary Implications
Authors: Raposa S. M. , Engle A. E. , Tan S. P. , Grundy W. M. , Hanley J. , Lindberg G. E. , Umurhan O. M. , Steckloff J. K. , Thieberger C. L. , Tegler S. C. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFor many binary mixtures, the three‐phase solid‐liquid‐vapor equilibrium curve has intermediate pressures that are higher than the pressure at the two pure triple points. This curve shape results in a negative slope in the high‐temperature region near the triple point of the less volatile component. When freezing mixtures in the negative slope regime, fluid trapped below confined ice has latent heat released with more vapor upon cooling, and thus increases in pressure. If the rising pressure of the confined fluid overcomes the strength of the confining solid, which may be its own ice, it can produce an abrupt outburst of material and an increase in the system's overall pressure. Here, we report experimental results of freezing‐induced outbursts occurring in the N2/CH4, CO/CH4, and N2/C2H6 systems, and provide insight into the phenomenon through a thermodynamics perspective. We also propose other binary systems that may experience outbursts and explore the geological implications for icy worlds such as Titan, Triton, Pluto and Eris as well as rocky bodies, specifically Earth and Mars.
Capturing the Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in Tidal Saltmarsh Estuaries Using Remote‐Sensing‐Informed Models
Authors: Tuzcu Kokal Aylin , Harringmeyer Joshua P. , Cronin‐Golomb Olivia , Weiser Matthew W. , Hong Jiyeong , Ghosh Nilotpal , Swanson Jaydi , Zhu Xiaohui , Musaoglu Nebiye , Fichot Cédric G. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through tidal marsh‐influenced estuaries remain poorly quantified and have been identified as a missing component in carbon‐cycle models. The extreme variability inherent to these ecosystems of the land‐ocean interface challenge our ability to capture DOC‐concentration dynamics and to calculate accurate DOC fluxes. In situ discrete and continuous measurements provide high‐quality estimates of DOC concentration, but these strategies are constrained spatially and temporally and can be costly to operate. Here, field measurements and high‐spatial‐resolution remote sensing were used to train and validate a predictive model of DOC‐concentration distributions in the Plum Island Estuary (PIE), a mesotidal saltmarsh‐influenced estuary in Massachusetts. A large set of field measurements collected between 2017 and 2023 was used to develop and validate an empirical algorithm to retrieve DOC concentration with a ±15% uncertainty from Sentinel‐2 imagery. Implementation on 141 useable images produced a 6‐year time series (2017–2023) of DOC distributions along the thalweg. Analysis of the time series helped identify river discharge, tidal water level (WL), and a marsh enhanced vegetation index 2 as predictors of DOC distribution in the estuary, and facilitated the training and validation of a simple model estimating the distribution. This simple model was able to predict DOC along the PIE thalweg within ±16% of the in situ measurements. Implementation for three years (2020–2022) illustrated how this type of remote‐sensing‐informed models can be coupled with the outputs hydrodynamic models to calculate DOC fluxes in tidal marsh‐influenced estuaries and estimate DOC export to the coastal ocean.
Development of a Multi‐Scale Meteorological Large‐Eddy Simulation Model for Urban Thermal Environmental Studies: The “City‐LES” Model Version 2.0
Authors: Kusaka Hiroyuki , Ikeda Ryosaku , Sato Takuto , Iizuka Satoru , Boku Taisuke 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo bridge the gaps between meteorological large‐eddy simulation (LES) models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for microscale urban climate simulations, the present study has developed a meteorological LES model for urban areas. This model simulates urban climates across both mesoscale (city scale) and microscale (city‐block scale). The paper offers an overview of this LES model, which distinguishes itself from standard numerical weather prediction models by resolving buildings and trees at the microscale simulations. It also differs from standard CFD models by accounting for atmospheric stratification and physical processes. Noteworthy features of this model include: (a) the calculation of long‐ and short‐wave radiations in three dimensions, incorporating multiple reflections within urban canopy layers using the radiosity method, and accounting for building and tree shadows in the simulations; (b) the provision of various heat stress indices (Universal Thermal Climate Index, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, MRT, THI); (c) the assessment of the efficacy of heat stress mitigation measures such as dry‐mist spraying, roadside trees, cool pavements, and green/cool roofs strategies; (d) the capability to run on supercomputers, with the code parallelized in a three‐dimensional manner, and the model can also run on a graphics processing unit cluster. Following the introduction of this model, the study confirms its basic performance through various numerical experiments, including simulations of thermals in the convective boundary layer, coherent structure of turbulence over urban canopy, and thermal environment and heat stress indices in urban districts. The model developed in this study is intended to serve as a community tool for addressing both fundamental and applied studies in urban climatology.
Evapotranspiration and Rainfall Effects on Post‐Storm Salinization of Coastal Forests: Soil Characteristics as Important Factor for Salt‐Intolerant Tree Survival
Authors: Nordio Giovanna , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFlooding and salinization triggered by storm surges threaten the survival of coastal forests. After a storm surge event, soil salinity can increase by evapotranspiration or decrease by rainfall dilution. Here we used a 1D hydrological model to study the combined effect of evapotranspiration and rainfall on coastal vegetated areas. Our results shed light on tree root uptake and salinity infiltration feedback as a function of soil characteristics. As evaporation increases from 0 to 2.5 mm/day, soil salinity reaches 80 ppt in both sandy and clay loam soils in the first 5 cm of soil depth. Transpiration instead involves the root zone located in the first 40 cm of depth, affecting salinization in a complex way. In sandy loam soils, storm surge events homogeneously salinize the root zone, while in clay loam soils salinization is stratified, partially affecting tree roots. Soil salinity stratification combined with low permeability maintain root uptakes in clay loam soils 4/5‐time higher with respect to sandy loam ones. When cumulative rainfall is larger than potential evapotranspiration ETp (ETp/Rainfall ratios lower than 1), dilution promotes fast recovery to pre‐storm soil salinity conditions, especially in sandy loam soils. Field data collected after two storm surge events support the results obtained. Electrical conductivity (a proxy for salinity) increases when the ratio ETp/Rainfall is around 1.76, while recovery occurs when the ratio is around 0.92. In future climate change scenarios with higher temperatures and storm‐surge frequency, coastal vegetation will be compromised, because of soil salinity values much higher than tolerable thresholds.
Success and opportunities of the American Academy of Pediatrics Marshall Klaus research grant program in neonatal-perinatal medicine
Authors: Lee Albertina , Weitkamp Joern-Hendrik , Tune Angie , Couto Jim , Lingappan Krithika 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Physician-scientists are a crucial link between clinical practice and research. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) initiated the Marshall Klaus Perinatal Research Award to enhance the development of research skills among physicians training in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine.

Methods
In this study, we sought to identify trends in funding along with geographical and demographic variables of the applicants and mentees and assess the applicants’ scholarly productivity and funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). We reviewed the data of applicants and awardees from 2015–2024.

Results
We found that basic science applications had a higher funding likelihood than clinical/translational applications. The geographical distribution of awardees is skewed. There was a significant association between awardee status and K08 or K23 funding attainment.

Conclusions
Future efforts should support more equitable award distribution and a diverse research landscape in neonatal-perinatal medicine.
Stromal androgen signaling governs essential niches in supporting prostate development and tumorigenesis
Authors: Rhee June‑Wha , Adzavon Yao Mawulikplimi , Sun Zijie 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAndrogens and androgen receptor (AR) mediated signaling pathways are essential for prostate development, morphogenesis, growth, and regeneration. Early tissue recombination experiments showed that AR-deficient urogenital sinus mesenchyme combined with intact urogenital sinus epithelium failed to develop into a prostate, demonstrating a stem cell niche for mesenchymal AR in prostatic development. Androgen signaling remains critical for prostate maturation and growth during postnatal stages. Importantly, most primary prostate cancer (PCa) cells express the AR, and aberrant activation of AR directly promotes PCa development, growth, and progression. Therefore, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) targeting the AR in PCa cells is the main treatment for advanced PCa. However, it eventually fails, leading to the development of castration-resistant PCa, an incurable disease. Given these clinical challenges, the oncogenic AR action needs to be reevaluated for developing new and effective therapies. Recently, an essential niche role of stromal AR was identified in regulating prostate development and tumorigenesis. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries of stromal AR niches and their interactions with prostatic epithelia. In combination with emerging clinical and experimental evidence, we specifically discuss several important and long-term unanswered questions regarding tumor niche roles of stromal AR and highlight future therapeutic strategies by co-targeting epithelial and stromal AR for treating advanced PCa.