bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Motivation and Reward‐Related Decision Making in the Rodent Operant Touchscreen System
Authors: Heath Christopher J. , Phillips Benjamin U. , Bussey Timothy J. , Saksida Lisa M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis unit is designed to facilitate implementation of the fixed and progressive ratio paradigms and the effort‐related choice task in the rodent touchscreen apparatus to permit direct measurement of motivation and reward‐related decision making in this equipment. These protocols have been optimized for use in the mouse and reliably yield stable performance levels that can be enhanced or suppressed by systemic pharmacological manipulation. Instructions are also provided for the adjustment of task parameters to permit use in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease. These tasks expand the utility of the rodent touchscreen apparatus beyond the currently available battery of cognitive assessment paradigms. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Post Cohen‐Boyer Methods for Single Segment Cloning and for Multisegment DNA Assembly
Authors: Sands Bryan , Brent Roger 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn 1973, Cohen and coworkers published a foundational paper describing the cloning of DNA fragments into plasmid vectors. In it, they used DNA segments made by digestion with restriction enzymes and joined these in vitro with DNA ligase. These methods established working recombinant DNA technology and enabled the immediate start of the biotechnology industry. Since then, “classical” recombinant DNA technology using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase has matured. At the same time, researchers have developed numerous ways to generate large, complex, multisegment DNA constructions that offer advantages over classical techniques. Here, we provide an overview of “post‐Cohen‐Boyer” techniques used for cloning single segments into vectors (T/A, Topo cloning, Gateway and Recombineering) and for multisegment DNA assembly (BioBricks, Golden Gate, Gibson, yeast homologous recombination in vivo, and ligase cycling reaction). We compare and contrast these methods and also discuss issues that researchers should consider before choosing a particular multisegment DNA assembly method. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Next‐Generation Sequencing Library Preparation from FFPE Tissue Samples
Authors: Wolf Kathrin , O'Neil Dominic , Schroeer Stefanie , Fang Nan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFormalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples represent an invaluable biobank for retrospective cancer research with molecular methods such as real‐time PCR and next‐generation sequencing (NGS). However, the usage of FFPE material in NGS approaches involves several challenges associated with the limited quantity and quality of DNA. This protocol describes how to purify DNA from FFPE material and how to prepare it for downstream NGS workflows including fragmentation, size selection, and library preparation for Illumina MiSeq/HiSeq sequencing. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Local tsunami warnings: Perspectives from recent large events
Authors: Melgar Diego , Allen Richard M. , Riquelme Sebastian , Geng Jianghui , Bravo Francisco , Baez Juan Carlos , Parra Hector , Barrientos Sergio , Fang Peng , Bock Yehuda , Bevis Michael , Caccamise Dana J. , Vigny Christophe , Moreno Marcos , Smalley Robert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate a flexible strategy for local tsunami warning that relies on regional geodetic and seismic stations. Through retrospective analysis of four recent tsunamigenic events in Japan and Chile, we show that rapid earthquake source information, provided by methodologies developed for earthquake early warning, can be used to generate timely estimates of maximum expected tsunami amplitude with enough accuracy for tsunami warning. We validate the technique by comparing to detailed models of earthquake source and tsunami propagation as well as field surveys of tsunami inundation. Our approach does not require deployment of new geodetic and seismic instrumentation in many subduction zones and could be implemented rapidly by national monitoring and warning agencies. We illustrate the potential impact of our method with a detailed comparison to the actual timeline of events during the recent 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile, earthquake and tsunami that prompted the evacuation of 1 million people.
Role of surface heat fluxes underneath cold pools
Authors: Gentine Pierre , Garelli Alix , Park Seung‐Bu , Nie Ji , Torri Giuseppe , Kuang Zhiming 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe role of surface heat fluxes underneath cold pools is investigated using cloud‐resolving simulations with either interactive or horizontally homogenous surface heat fluxes over an ocean and a simplified land surface. Over the ocean, there are limited changes in the distribution of the cold pool temperature, humidity, and gust front velocity, yet interactive heat fluxes induce more cold pools, which are smaller, and convection is then less organized. Correspondingly, the updraft mass flux and lateral entrainment are modified. Over the land surface, the heat fluxes underneath cold pools drastically impact the cold pool characteristics with more numerous and smaller pools, which are warmer and more humid and accompanied by smaller gust front velocities. The interactive fluxes also modify the updraft mass flux and reduce convective organization. These results emphasize the importance of interactive surface fluxes instead of prescribed flux boundary conditions, as well as the formulation of surface heat fluxes, when studying convection.
Analytical estimate for low‐altitude ENA emissivity
Authors: Goldstein J. , Bisikalo D. V. , Shematovich V. I. , Gérard J.‐C. , Søraas F. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. W. , LLera K. , Redfern J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe formulate the first analytical model for energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissivity that partially corrects for the global viewing geometry dependence of low‐altitude emissions (LAEs) observed by Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS). The emissivity correction requires the pitch angle distribution (PAD) and geophysical location of low‐altitude ENAs. To estimate PAD, we create an energy‐dependent analytical model, based on a Monte Carlo simulation. We account for energy binning by integrating model PAD over each energy bin. We account for finite angular pixels by computing emissivity as an integral over the pitch angle range sampled by the pixel. We investigate location uncertainty in TWINS pixels by performing nine variations of the emissivity calculation. Using TWINS 2 ENA imaging data from 1131 to 1145 UT on 6 April 2010, we derive emissivity‐corrected ion fluxes for two angular pixel sizes: 4° and 1°. To evaluate the method, we compare TWINS‐derived ion fluxes to simultaneous in situ data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 17 satellite. The TWINS‐NOAA agreement for emissivity‐corrected flux is improved by up to a factor of 7, compared to uncorrected flux. The highest 1° pixel fluxes are a factor of 2 higher than for 4° pixels, consistent with pixel‐derived fluxes that are artificially low because subpixel structures are smoothed out, and indicating a possible slight advantage to oversampling the instrument‐measured LAE signal. Both TWINS and NOAA ion fluxes decrease westward of 2000 magnetic local time. The TWINS‐NOAA comparison indicates that the global ion precipitation oval comprises multiple smaller‐scale (3–5° of latitude) structures.
A reconciliation of empirical and mechanistic models of the air‐sea gas transfer velocity
Authors: Goddijn‐Murphy Lonneke , Woolf David K. , Callaghan Adrian H. , Nightingale Philip D. , Shutler Jamie D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractModels of the air‐sea transfer velocity of gases may be either empirical or mechanistic. Extrapolations of empirical models to an unmeasured gas or to another water temperature can be erroneous if the basis of that extrapolation is flawed. This issue is readily demonstrated for the most well‐known empirical gas transfer velocity models where the influence of bubble‐mediated transfer, which can vary between gases, is not explicitly accounted for. Mechanistic models are hindered by an incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms of air‐sea gas transfer. We describe a hybrid model that incorporates a simple mechanistic view—strictly enforcing a distinction between direct and bubble‐mediated transfer—but also uses parameterizations based on data from eddy flux measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) to calibrate the model together with dual tracer results to evaluate the model. This model underpins simple algorithms that can be easily applied within schemes to calculate local, regional, or global air‐sea fluxes of gases.
Shipborne observations of atmospheric black carbon aerosol particles over the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and North Pacific Ocean during September 2014
Authors: Taketani Fumikazu , Miyakawa Takuma , Takashima Hisahiro , Komazaki Yuichi , Pan Xiaole , Kanaya Yugo , Inoue Jun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMeasurements of refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosol particles using a highly sensitive online single particle soot photometer were performed on board the R/V Mirai during a cruise across the Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, and North Pacific Ocean (31 August to 9 October 2014). The measured rBC mass concentrations over the Arctic Ocean in the latitudinal region > 70°N were in the range 0–66 ng/m3 for 1 min averages, with an overall mean value of 1.0 ± 1.2 ng/m3. Single‐particle‐based observations enabled the measurement of such low rBC mass concentrations. The effects of long‐range transport from continents to the Arctic Ocean were limited during the observed period, which suggests that the low rBC concentration levels would prevail over the Arctic Ocean. An analysis of rBC mixing states showed that particles with a nonshell/noncore structure made a significant contribution to the rBC particles detected over the Arctic Ocean.
Black carbon simulations using a size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model: 1. Radiative effects and their uncertainties
Authors: Matsui H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study quantifies how uncertainties in the size distribution and mixing state parameters of black carbon (BC) emissions translate into the uncertainties in BC radiative effects by using a particle‐size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF‐chem) with the Aerosol Two‐dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS) and the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). The WRF‐chem/ATRAS‐MOSAIC model can explicitly calculate BC processes in the atmosphere, such as BC aging due to condensation and coagulation and the resulting enhancement of absorption and cloud condensation nuclei activity, with 12 size and 10 BC mixing state bins (128 bins in total). Fifteen model simulations perturbing the emission parameters within their uncertainties are conducted over East Asia (spring 2009) to understand which parameters and processes are important and which are associated with the uncertainty in evaluating BC radiative effects. The simulations reveal a large variability (uncertainty) of BC optical and radiative variables over the East Asian region (the variability is 58–99%), which corresponds to ranges of BC radiative effect of 1.6–2.8 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere and from −5.2 to −2.1 W m−2 at the surface over East Asia. BC optical and radiative variables are 3 to 5 times sensitive to the size and the mixing state in emissions than BC mass concentrations (the variability is 20%). The two main causes of the difference in sensitivity are the reduction of the variability of BC mass concentrations by coagulation and the enhancement of the variability of BC absorption by resolving BC mixing state. These complicated responses of aerosol processes can be calculated for the first time using a detailed aerosol model such as ATRAS. The results suggest that the following two points are important in the estimation of BC radiative effects: (1) reduction of the uncertainties in the aerosol size distribution and mixing state in emissions and (2) improvement of the representation of BC mixing state and absorption enhancement in aerosol models because most models do not treat them sufficiently.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Reaction of Cyclopent‐2‐enone‐Derived Morita–Baylis–Hillman Alcohols with 4‐Hydroxycoumarins
Authors: Ren Chuanli , Wei Feng , Xuan Qingqing , Wang Dong , Liu Li 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA direct enantioselective reaction of cyclopent‐2‐enone‐derived Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols with 4‐hydroxycoumarins has been developed under the catalysis of a chiral primary amine derived from cinchonine in combination with a Brønsted acid. The reaction provides pyranocoumarin products with three vicinal chiral carbon centers in highly regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities through a tandem allylic alkylation/intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition.magnified image
Copper‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition between Secondary Phosphine Oxides and Alkynes: Synthesis of Benzophosphole Oxides
Authors: Zhang Pengbo , Gao Yuzhen , Zhang Liangliang , Li Zhiqiang , Liu Yan , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBenzophosphole derivatives have attracted significant attention as promising organic optoelectronic materials. We have successfully developed a copper (2 mol%)/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (2 equiv.) catalyst system for reaction of readily available secondary phosphine oxides and alkynes in acetonitrile at 60 °C under air, which provides a rapid access to a structurally diverse array of benzophosphole oxides in moderate to good yields within 30 min. The method can be easily used for a large‐scale preparation. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the addition of a phosphoryl radical onto a triple bond followed by cyclization on the phenyl moiety of the secondary phosphine oxide might occur to form the benzophosphole oxide.magnified image
Fatal traumatic brain injuries in the construction industry, 2003−2010
Authors: Konda Srinivas , Tiesman Hope M. , Reichard Audrey A. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundResearch on fatal work‐related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) is limited. This study describes fatal TBIs in the US construction industry.MethodsFatal TBIs were extracted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries.ResultsFrom 2003 to 2010, 2,210 fatal TBIs occurred in construction at a rate of 2.6 per 100,000 full‐time equivalent (FTE) workers. Workers aged 65 years and older had the highest fatal TBI rates among all workers (7.9 per 100,000 FTE workers). Falls were the most frequent injury event (n = 1,269, 57%). Structural iron and steel workers and roofers had the highest fatal TBI rate per 100,000 FTE workers (13.7 and 11.2, respectively). Fall‐related TBIs were the leading cause of death in these occupations.ConclusionsA large percentage of TBIs in the construction industry were due to falls. Emphasis on safety interventions is needed to reduce these fall‐related TBIs, especially among vulnerable workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:212–220, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Mortality among World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers, 2002–2011
Authors: Stein Cheryl R. , Wallenstein Sylvan , Shapiro Moshe , Hashim Dana , Moline Jacqueline M. , Udasin Iris , Crane Michael A. , Luft Benjamin J. , Lucchini Roberto G. , Holden William L. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundRescue and recovery workers responding to the 2001 collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) sustained exposures to toxic chemicals and have elevated rates of multiple morbidities.MethodsUsing data from the World Trade Center Health Program and the National Death Index for 2002–2011, we examined standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and proportional cancer mortality ratios (PCMR) with indirect standardization for age, sex, race, and calendar year to the U.S. general population, as well as associations between WTC‐related environmental exposures and all‐cause mortality.ResultsWe identified 330 deaths among 28,918 responders (SMR 0.43, 95%CI 0.39–0.48). No cause‐specific SMRs were meaningfully elevated. PCMRs were elevated for neoplasms of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue (PCMR 1.76, 95%CI 1.06–2.75). Mortality hazard ratios showed no linear trend with exposure.ConclusionsConsistent with a healthy worker effect, all‐cause mortality among responders was not elevated. There was no clear association between intensity and duration of exposure and mortality. Surveillance is needed to monitor the proportionally higher cancer mortality attributed to lymphatic/hematopoietic neoplasms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:87–95, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chitosan microspheres modified with poly(ethylenimine) enhance the adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solutions
Authors: Jing Yingjun , Gao Hui , Yang Chun‐Yan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChitosan (CS) microspheres were prepared by emulsion crosslinking, and the surfaces of the spheres were modified with poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) for preparing efficient adsorbents. Consequently, a series of PEI‐modified CS (CS–PEI) microspheres with different ion exchange capacities (IECs) was prepared and used for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO). The adsorption performance of CS–PEI increased significantly with the increase of the sphere IECs, and the maximum adsorption capacity of 400.00 mg/g was achieved at 303 K with CS–PEI–1275, which had the highest IEC in the experiments. The adsorption process of MO well fitted the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, and the process was favorable at low temperature. Thermodynamic analyses showed that the adsorption of MO by CS–PEI was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Furthermore, CS–PEI exhibited good reusability within seven cycles of adsorption–desorption.
Einheitliches Bemessungsmodell gegen Durchstanzen in Flachdecken und Fundamenten
Authors: Kueres Dominik , Siburg Carsten , Herbrand Martin , Claßen Martin , Hegger Josef 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMit der Einführung des Eurocode 2 in Deutschland (EC2+NA(D)) wurde die Durchstanzbemessung von Flachdecken und Fundamenten bzw. Bodenplatten neu geregelt. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Normengenerationen wurden dabei unterschiedliche Bemessungsgleichungen für Flachdecken und Fundamente bzw. Bodenplatten mit unterschiedlichen Bemessungsrundschnitten eingeführt. Während für Flachdecken ein konstanter Abstand des Bemessungsrundschnitts in einem Abstand 2,0d vom Stützenanschnitt definiert wurde, ist für Fundamente und Bodenplatten der Bemessungsrundschnitt maßgebend, der in Kombination mit dem Abzugswert der Bodenpressungen den geringsten Durchstanzwiderstand ergibt. Insbesondere die Unterscheidung zwischen Flachdecken und Fundamenten sowie die iterative Ermittlung des Abstands des Bemessungsrundschnitts bei Einzelfundamenten führen in der Praxis zu einer aufwendigeren Durchstanzbemessung.Aufbauend auf dem Durchstanzbemessungsmodell nach EC2+NA(D) wird in diesem Beitrag ein neues, einheitliches Bemessungsmodell gegen Durchstanzen in Flachdecken, Fundamenten und Bodenplatten vorgestellt. Durch Vergleiche mit Durchstanzversuchen an Flachdeckenausschnitten und Einzelfundamenten ohne und mit Durchstanzbewehrung wird ein ausgewogenes Sicherheitsniveau des Bemessungsmodells nachgewiesen.Uniform design method for punching shear in flat slabs and footingsThe punching shear design of flat slabs and footings was revised with the introduction of Eurocode 2 in Germany (EC2+NA(D)). While in many former codes the punching shear resistance was determined regardless of the type of member, in EC2+NA(D) two different design equations for flat slabs and footings were introduced. Additionally, different control sections for flat slabs and footings were defined. For flat slabs the control section is given in a distance 2,0d from the vicinity of the column and for footings this distance has to be determined by iteration minimizing the punching shear resistance. The differentiation between flat slabs and footings and especially the iterative design procedure for determining the punching shear resistance of footings require more effort in daily engineering practice.Based on the design provisions of EC2+NA(D), this paper presents a new uniform design method for punching shear in flat slabs and footings. By means of a statistical evaluation, the level of safety of the new design method is quantified by comparing the calculated failure loads with a databank including punching tests on flat slabs and footings without and with punching shear reinforcement.
Water Compatible Conjugated Microporous Polyazulene Networks as Visible‐Light Photocatalysts in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Ghasimi Saman , Landfester Katharina , Zhang Kai A. I. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA synthetic and modification method to obtain water‐compatible, visible‐light‐active, conjugated, microporous polyazulene networks as pure organic, highly stable, reusable, and heterogeneous photocatalysts in aqueous medium by a simple protonation method was investigated. The water compatibility and photocatalytic activity of the hydrophilic polyazulenes were demonstrated in the photoreduction reaction of CrVI to CrIII for heavy‐metal‐contaminated waste‐water treatment. Furthermore, a light‐induced cascade reaction mechanism with the use of additional abundant metal cations such as FeIII or CuII as co‐catalysts was also described. This design strategy could offer a clean and cost‐effective solution to obtain water‐compatible, pure organic, photoactive polymers with a broader potential for other applications in aqueous media under sustainable and environmentally friendly conditions.
Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian Flows in Microchannels: Inline Rheological Characterization
Authors: Fu Taotao , Carrier Odile , Funfschilling Denis , Ma Youguang , Li Huai Z. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMicro‐particle image velocimetry (micro‐PIV) is a quantitative full‐field technique for the velocity measurement for flows in microfluidics. The flow fields of both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids in microchannels were investigated by micro‐PIV. The velocity profiles in various polymethyl methacrylate square microchannels were measured. Polyacrylamide aqueous solutions with different concentrations served as non‐Newtonian fluids. Two viscous Newtonian fluids were also employed to serve as reference, in particular to validate a lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation. Satisfactory flow measurements could be realized by the micro‐PIV technique. The experimental velocity profile compares well with the LB simulation and an approximate solution. The experimentally measured velocity profile can lead to the quantification of the flow index of non‐Newtonian fluids as an inline rheological characterization.
Experimental versus Calculated Proton Affinities for Aromatic Carboxylic Acid Anions and Related Phenide Ions
Authors: Błaziak Kacper , Sendys Przemysław , Danikiewicz Witold 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHerein, we present the comparison of a large set of experimentally measured proton affinity (PA) values for 65 aromatic carboxylate anions with the values calculated by using selected popular DFT (B3LYP, PBE0, and M05‐2X) and composite [G3(MP2), G4(MP2)] quantum chemistry methods. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) values for the chosen methods are RMSEPBE0=1.7, RMSEB3LYP=4.6, RMSEM05‐2X=6.6, RMSEG3MP2=6.3, RMSEG4MP2=4.5 kJ mol−1. In the second part of the study, 82 PA values for substituted phenide ions and a few heteroaromatic anions were calculated. Again, very good agreement between the calculated and experimental values has been observed: RMSEPBE0=1.9, RMSEB3LYP=4.5, RMSEM05‐2X=6.3, RMSEG3MP2=4.9, RMSEG4MP2=5.5 kJ mol−1. Our results show that, for medium‐sized carboxylate anions, all tested methods give reliable results and, surprisingly, much more computationally demanding composite methods do not perform significantly better than the time‐efficient DFT methods.