bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slow evolution of sex‐biased genes in the reproductive tissue of the dioecious plant Salix viminalis
Authors: Darolti Iulia , Wright Alison E. , Pucholt Pascal , Berlin Sofia , Mank Judith E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe relative rate of evolution for sex‐biased genes has often been used as a measure of the strength of sex‐specific selection. In contrast to studies in a wide variety of animals, far less is known about the molecular evolution of sex‐biased genes in plants, particularly in dioecious angiosperms. Here, we investigate the gene expression patterns and evolution of sex‐biased genes in the dioecious plant Salix viminalis. We observe lower rates of sequence evolution for male‐biased genes expressed in the reproductive tissue compared to unbiased and female‐biased genes. These results could be partially explained by the lower codon usage bias for male‐biased genes leading to elevated rates of synonymous substitutions compared to unbiased genes. However, the stronger haploid selection in the reproductive tissue of plants, together with pollen competition, would also lead to higher levels of purifying selection acting to remove deleterious variation. Future work should focus on the differential evolution of haploid‐ and diploid‐specific genes to understand the selective dynamics acting on these loci.
Environmental effects on fine‐scale spatial genetic structure in four Alpine keystone forest tree species
Authors: Mosca Elena , Di Pierro Erica A. , Budde Katharina B. , Neale David B. , González‐Martínez Santiago C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGenetic responses to environmental changes take place at different spatial scales. While the effect of environment on the distribution of species' genetic diversity at large geographical scales has been the focus of several recent studies, its potential effects on genetic structure at local scales are understudied. Environmental effects on fine‐scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) were investigated in four Alpine conifer species (five to eight populations per species) from the eastern Italian Alps. Significant FSGS was found for 11 of 25 populations. Interestingly, we found no significant differences in FSGS across species but great variation among populations within species, highlighting the importance of local environmental factors. Interannual variability in spring temperature had a small but significant effect on FSGS of Larix decidua, probably related to species‐specific life history traits. For Abies alba, Picea abies and Pinus cembra, linear models identified spring precipitation as a potentially relevant climate factor associated with differences in FSGS across populations; however, models had low explanatory power and were strongly influenced by a P. cembra outlier population from a very dry site. Overall, the direction of the identified effects is according to expectations, with drier and more variable environments increasing FSGS. Underlying mechanisms may include climate‐related changes in the variance of reproductive success and/or environmental selection of specific families. This study provides new insights on potential changes in local genetic structure of four Alpine conifers in the face of environmental changes, suggesting that new climates, through altering FSGS, may also have relevant impacts on plant microevolution.
The challenge of urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Hollyer Ian , Ison Michael G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUrinary tract infections (UTI) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in renal transplant patients. These infections are quite common, and the goal of care is to identify and reduce risk factors while providing effective prophylaxis and treatment. Better understanding of long‐term outcomes from these infections has led to the distinctions among UTI, recurrent UTI, and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), and that each requires a different therapeutic approach. Specifically, new research has supported the perspective that asymptomatic bacteriuria should not be treated. Symptomatic UTI, on the other hand, requires intervention and remains an ongoing challenge for infectious disease clinicians. Many bacteria species are responsible for UTI in renal transplant patients, and in recent years there has been a global rise in infection caused by bacteria with newly acquired antibacterial resistance genes. Many renal transplant patients who experience UTI will also have multiple recurring episodes, which likely has a distinct pathophysiological mechanism leading to chronic colonization of the urinary tract. In these cases, long‐term management includes bacterial suppression, which aims to reduce rather than eliminate bacteria to levels below the threshold for symptomatic infection. This review will address the current understanding of UTI epidemiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors in the renal transplant community, and also focus on current prevention and treatment strategies for patients who face an environment of increasingly antibiotic‐resistant bacteria.
Optogenetic dissection of roles of specific cortical interneuron subtypes in GABAergic network synchronization
Authors: Bohannon Andrew S. , Hablitz John J. 
Published: December 2017

Key points
An increase in the excitability of GABAergic cells has typically been assumed to decrease network activity, potentially producing overall anti‐epileptic effects. Recent data suggest that inhibitory networks may actually play a role in initiating epileptiform activity.
We show that activation of GABAergic interneurons can elicit synchronous long‐lasting network activity.
Specific interneuron subpopulations differentially contributed to GABA network synchrony, indicating cell type‐specific contributions of interneurons to cortical network activity.
Interneurons may critically contribute to the generation of aberrant network activity characteristic of epilepsy, warranting further investigation into the contribution of distinct cortical interneuron subpopulations to the propagation and rhythmicity of epileptiform activity.
AbstractIn the presence of the A‐type K+ channel blocker 4‐aminopyrdine, spontaneous synchronous network activity develops in the neocortex of mice of either sex. This aberrant synchrony persists in the presence of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists (EAA blockers) and is considered to arise from synchronous firing of cortical interneurons (INs). Although much attention has been given to the mechanisms underlying this GABAergic synchrony, the contribution of specific IN subtypes to the generation of these long‐lasting discharges (LLDs) is incompletely understood. We employed genetically‐encoded channelrhodopsin and archaerhodopsin opsins to investigate the sufficiency and necessity, respectively, of activation of parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST) and vasointestinal peptide (VIP)‐expressing INs for the generation of synchronous neocortical GABAergic discharges. We found light‐induced activation of PV or SST INs to be equally sufficient for the generation of LLDs, whereas activation of VIP INs was not. By contrast, light‐induced inhibition of PV INs strongly reduced LLD initiation, whereas suppression of SST or VIP IN activity only partially attenuated LLD magnitude. These results suggest neocortical INs perform cell type‐specific roles in the generation of aberrant GABAergic cortical network activity.
Toward consistent definitions for preload and afterload—revisited
Authors: ROTHE CARL 
Published: December 2017

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: Norton JM. Toward consistent definitions for preload and afterload. Advan Physiol Educ 25: 53–61, 2001. Significant differences exist among textbook definitions for the terms preload and afterload, leading to confusion and frustration among students and faculty alike. Many faculty also chose to use in their teaching simple terms such as “end-diastolic volume” or “aortic pressure” as common-usage approximations of preload and afterload, respectively, but these are only partial representations of these important concepts. Straightforward definitions both of preload and afterload that are concise yet still comprehensive can be developed using the Law of LaPlace to describe the relationships among chamber pressure, chamber radius, and wall thickness. Within this context, the term “preload” can be defined as all of the factors that contribute to passive ventricular wall stress (or tension) at the end of diastole, and the term “afterload” can be defined as all of the factors that contribute to total myocardial wall stress (or tension) during systolic ejection. The inclusion of “wall stress” in both definitions helps the student appreciate both the complexities of cardiac pathophysiology and the rationale for therapeutic intervention.
Contractile, biochemical, and histochemical properties of thyrotoxic rat soleus muscle
Authors: Fitts R. H. , Winder W. W. , Brooke M. H. , Kaiser K. K. , Holloszy J. O. 
Published: December 2017

The effects of thyrotoxicosis on the contractile properties of soleus muscle were examined in rats given 3 mg of T4 and 1 mg of T3 per kg of diet for 6–8 wk. Thyrotoxicosis induced significant decreases in isometric twitch contraction time (CT), one-half relaxation time, and peak twitch tension. The Ca2+ uptake activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was increased in the thyrotoxic muscles; this adaptation in the SR provides a possible mechanism for the alterations in isometric contractile properties. Thyrotoxicosis induced a large increase in fibers classified as type 2, on the basis of an alkali-stable histochemical reaction for ATPase, in the soleus. Although this reaction is commonly interpreted as indicating that a muscle is fast, maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) and Mg2+ activated actomyosin ATPase activity were unaffected in the thyrotoxic soleus. Our findings provide evidence that CT and Vmax can vary independently and that the histochemical ATPase reaction may not always reflect the biochemical properties that make myosin fast or slow. actomyosin ATPase; histochemical ATPase reaction; isometric contraction time; maximum shortening velocity; one-half relaxation time; sarcoplasmic reticulum; skeletal muscle Submitted on April 13, 1979 Accepted on August 7, 1979
Molecular cloning and quantification of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase isoforms in rat muscles
Authors: Wu K. -D. , Lytton J. 
Published: December 2017

Pages C334, C337, and C339: K.-D. Wu and J. Lytton. “Molecular cloning and quantification of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase isoforms in rat muscles.” A consistent error (the use of the wrong molecular weight for an RNA nucleotide, 630 g/mol instead of 330 g/mol), as well as a single error in the RNA recovery for the atrium sample (0.65 instead of 0.74 mg/g tissue), resulted in miscalculation of the RNA quantities reported in this paper. The conversion between nanograms of SERCA message per 10 μg total RNA and femtomoles per 100 mg tissue is thus misstated on page C334 (right-hand column, line 5) and should read “(6 fmol/100 mg tissue is roughly equivalent to 1 ng/lO μg total RNA).” The data reported in Fig. 5 and Table 1 are therefore in error, and revised versions are reproduced here. References to these data within the text of the manuscript also need to be updated. It is important to emphasize that these mathematical errors do not change any of the inferences or conclusions of the paper, since all values change in parallel. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused by these errors. (See PDF)
Ca2+-insensitive sustained contraction of skinned smooth muscle after acidic ADP treatment
Authors: Morimoto S. , Ogawa Y. 
Published: December 2017

Page C27: S. Morimoto and Y. Ogawa. “Ca2+-insensitive sustained contraction of skinned smooth muscle after acidic ADP treatment.” Between lines 14 and 15, the following equation was inadvertently omitted by the printer: P = Po exp(-kt)
Ca2+-insensitive sustained contraction of skinned smooth muscle after acidic ADP treatment
Authors: Morimoto S. , Ogawa Y. 
Published: December 2017

Page C27: S. Morimoto and Y. Ogawa. “Ca2+-insensitive sustained contraction of skinned smooth muscle after acidic ADP treatment.” Between lines 14 and 15, the following equation was inadvertently omitted by the printer: (See PDF)
Effect of continuous cold exposure on nocturnal body temperatures of man
Authors: Kreider M. B. , Iampietro P. F. , Buskirk E. R. , Bass David E. 
Published: December 2017

Effects of continuous cold stress on 24-hour patterns of body temperature were studied in five men. Cold stress consisted in living at 15.6℃ (60℉) for 14 days wearing only shorts. The cold period was preceded and followed by 2 weeks at 26.7℃ (80℉). Activity (minimal) and diet were the same for all periods. One blanket was used at night. Rectal temperature (Tr) and skin temperature (Ts) were measured. Tr during sleep fell more rapidly and to lower values during cold exposure (35.6℃) than during the control period (36.1℃). Ts during sleep was slightly lower in the cold than in the control period; also, Ts did not exhibit the gradual drop characteristic of sleep in the control period. Comparison of Tr and Ts between early and later cold days revealed the following differences: a) nocturnal Tr fell to lower levels on the later cold days; b) nocturnal toe temperatures were 15℃ (27℉) higher on the later cold days. The arch temperatures followed the same pattern as the toes. No significant differences were found in daytime temperatures between early and later cold days. The data suggest that evidence for acclimatization to cold in terms of altered body temperature responses may be fruitfully sought in responses during rewarming and/or sleep. Submitted on September 19, 1958
Static volume-pressure interrelations of the lungs and pulmonary blood vessels in excised cats' lungs
Authors: Frank N. Robert , Radford Edward P. , Whittenberger James L. 
Published: December 2017

Measurements were made of the effect of pulmonary vascular distention on static volume-pressure relations of excised cats' lungs filled either with saline to minimize surface forces, or inflated with gas. Only slight changes of questionable significance occurred in elastic behavior of the lungs during deflation when pulmonary vascular pressure was increased from 0 to 16 cm H2O. Measurements were also made of quasi-static pulmonary vascular volume-pressure relations at different lung volumes. The overall slope of the vascular volume-pressure curve in saline-filled lungs was greatest at a moderate lung volume and was slightly less when the lungs were either collapsed or highly distended. The vascular volume-pressure curve was considerably flattened in gas-inflated lungs at airway pressures above 10 cm H2O. During filling and emptying of the vascular system there were slight but definite changes in equilibrium volume of the lung. Hysteresis of the vascular system was an invariable finding. Regardless of the complex mechanism underlying hysteresis, it can be explained if all units of the system are assumed to have sigmoid volume-pressure curves. The findings of these experiments illustrate the highly complex interrelations of the pulmonary blood vessels and lungs, particularly when surface forces are taken into account. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Martha McLaughlin) Submitted on May 29, 1958
Pulmonary mechanics during induced pulmonary edema in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Cook C. D. , Mead J. , Schreiner G. L. , Frank N. R. , Craig J. M. 
Published: December 2017

In order to study the mechanisms underlying the changes in the mechanical properties of the lungs during pulmonary edema, pulmonary vascular congestion was produced in spontaneously breathing, anesthetized dogs by partial aortic obstruction and intravenous infusion. Brief periods of congestion were associated with small changes in the lung compliance compared with the progressive and striking compliance reduction (-78%) noted with more prolonged congestion. Lung volume at end-expiration showed little change if edema fluid and trapped gas as well as the ventilated gas volume were taken into account. When edematous lungs were forcibly inflated beyond the tidal range, it was found that the overall compliance at a distending pressure of 30 cm H2O was not much less (-6%) than that of normal lungs. Furthermore, edematous lungs manifested marked ‘static’ hysteresis during such maneuvers. These findings suggested that surface phenomena were responsible for the mechanical behavior of edematous lungs rather than vascular congestion, per se, or intrinsic tissue changes. This was borne out by experiments on excised lungs which showed that the elastic properties of edematous lungs were not significantly different from normal lungs when surface forces were minimized. Submitted on August 25, 1958
Some factors which are correlated with swimming capacity in guinea pigs
Authors: Wilber Charles G. 
Published: December 2017

Guinea pigs were forced to swim to exhaustion under various experimental conditions. Electrocardiograms taken on some animals showed T waves with high amplitude and take-off. Ventricular fibrillation was never observed. The length of swim in guinea pigs varied inversely with the logarithm of the rate of change of rectal temperature. Liver glycogen was found to decrease markedly after forced swimming. Blood glucose values showed no clear pattern of change. Blood lactic acid values at termination were elevated by at least 50 mg/100 ml. Swimming time was found to vary inversely with the logarithm of the rate of change of blood lactic acid. Swimming time was decreased significantly if the animals were forced to bear a load. At 20° and 30℃ bath temperature, the ST50 (reduction of swimming time to 50% of control) was obtained with a load equal to about 2.5% of the body weight. If guinea pigs were forced to swim in groups rather than alone, about 70% showed a decrease of at least 50% in expected swimming time. It is suggested that small mammals should be forced to swim singly rather than in groups to obtain precise results. Submitted on July 30, 1958
Renal circulatory occlusion and local cooling
Authors: Birkeland S. , Vogt A. , Krog J. , Semb C. 
Published: December 2017

A method was developed for local kidney cooling in vivo, evaluated in dogs and applied clinically. In dogs a reversible lesion was not obtained if renal ischemia lasted beyond 1 hour at 37℃. Application of local cooling (10±5℃) extended the tolerance time to 7 hours, with clamping of the entire renal pedicle, and to 12 hours with occlusion of the renal artery alone. Exposure of the same kidney to a second occlusion period (up to 9 hr.) resulted in a reversible lesion. Renal function studies (CU, CIn, CPAH and TmPAH) showed the same pattern (initial depression and course of recovery) as after renal ischemia at body temperature. Initial depression was roughly paralleling the duration of clamping. Preischemic function values were, in most instances, reached 3 months following the experimental procedure. Physiological aspects of ‘local cooling’ are discussed and the advantages over general hypothermia are pointed out. The technique used for clinical application is described. Submitted on April 25, 1958
Comparison between alveolo arterial gradient predicted from mixing studies and the observed gradient
Authors: Briscoe William A. 
Published: December 2017

The component of the A-a gradient due to uneven V/Q ratios would average 9 mm in 18 studies on six normal subjects if the observed uneven ventilation coexisted with even perfusion of the lung. This component constitutes the largest part of the A-a oxygen gradient of the resting man breathing air. In cases where the A-a gradient, predicted on the basis of helium mixing studies and the assumption of even perfusion, exceeds the observed total gradient, there must be either an error in the measurements or else the less ventilated alveoli must be underperfused with blood. In a group of eight subjects with cardiopulmonary dysfunction, the A-a gradient predicted from the helium mixing studies averaged 23 mm, with a range of 5–65 mm. The measured total gradient averaged 25 mm, a nonsignificant difference. Comparison with total measured A-a oxygen gradient is difficult because, this gradient is underestimated to a variable degree when computed on the assumption that arterial and alveolar CO2 tensions are the same. It is clear, however, that the predicted component due to uneven Va/Qc ratios accounts for the largest part of the total observed A-a gradient. Submitted on October 3, 1958
Influence of vagal blockade on respiratory work in the hypoxic and hypercapneic anesthetized dog
Authors: Salzano John , Hall F. G. 
Published: December 2017

The mechanical work of breathing was determined in anesthetized dogs by measurements of intrathoracic pressures and tidal volumes, during inhalation of various gas mixtures while vagi reflexes were functional (warm) and blocked (cool). Pressure-volume loops obtained when vagi reflexes were blocked showed that both elastic and viscous work per breath increased during inhalation of 3.8% and 5.2% CO2. However, the total work per minute increased during inhalation of 3.8% CO2, but remained constant during inhalation of 5.2% CO2. During inhalation of 10.1% O2 in nitrogen, viscous and elastic work per breath increased when vagi were blocked, with no significant changes in total work per minute. When 6.39% O2 in nitrogen was inhaled, elastic and viscous work per breath increased with blocked vagi, but a significant decrease in total work per minute occurred. Vagal reflexes do not have as prominent a role in influencing the work of breathing during severe hypoxia and hypercapnia as they do during normal and obstructive breathing. Submitted on November 20, 1958
Tracking proficiency as a function of thermal balance
Authors: Payne Robert B. 
Published: December 2017

An experiment was conducted for the purpose of learning a) whether or not performance decrement in monitoring and controlling a complex visual display is related to body heat loss and b) whether or not such an impairment can be forestalled by glycine administration. Following extensive training on the experimental task, 72 subjects were independently and randomly assigned to the 9 combinations of 3 ambient temperature conditions (70°, 55° and 40℉) and 3 glycine treatments (0, 20 and 40 gm), then required to execute a performance sequence lasting 3 hours and 20 minutes. Statistical analyses established that the mathematical function relating performance to temperature was a parabola having a maximum near 55°. No significant glycine effects were observed. Submitted on September 25, 1958
Effect of rhythmically inflating a pneumatic cuff at the ankle on blood flow in the foot
Authors: Loane R. Andrew 
Published: December 2017

Rhythmic inflation to 110 mm Hg of a pneumatic cuff around the ankle of a seated subject reduces the venous pressure in the foot and is found by three methods, venous occlusion plethysmography, heat flow and calorimetry, to increase the rate of blood flow through the foot. The increases measured by the three methods are not, however, in quantitative agreement and it is not possible to decide how large the increase may be. It is considered, however, that the increase in flow is probably of the same order as the increase in perfusion pressure and not greatly in excess of this increase. Submitted on August 5, 1958