bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A family of functional dissimilarity measures for presence and absence data
Authors: Ricotta Carlo , Podani János , Pavoine Sandrine 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPlot‐to‐plot dissimilarity measures are considered a valuable tool for understanding the complex ecological mechanisms that drive community composition. Traditional presence/absence coefficients are usually based on different combinations of the matching/mismatching components of the 2 × 2 contingency table. However, more recently, dissimilarity measures that incorporate information about the degree of functional differences between the species in both plots have received increasing attention. This is because such “functional dissimilarity measures” capture information on the species' functional traits, which is ignored by traditional coefficients. Therefore, functional dissimilarity measures tend to correlate more strongly with ecosystem‐level processes, as species influence these processes via their traits. In this study, we introduce a new family of dissimilarity measures for presence and absence data, which consider functional dissimilarities among species in the calculation of the matching/mismatching components of the 2 × 2 contingency table. Within this family, the behavior of the Jaccard coefficient, together with its additive components, species replacement, and richness difference, is examined by graphical comparisons and ordinations based on simulated data.
A goodness‐of‐fit test for occupancy models with correlated within‐season revisits
Authors: Wright Wilson J. , Irvine Kathryn M. , Rodhouse Thomas J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOccupancy modeling is important for exploring species distribution patterns and for conservation monitoring. Within this framework, explicit attention is given to species detection probabilities estimated from replicate surveys to sample units. A central assumption is that replicate surveys are independent Bernoulli trials, but this assumption becomes untenable when ecologists serially deploy remote cameras and acoustic recording devices over days and weeks to survey rare and elusive animals. Proposed solutions involve modifying the detection‐level component of the model (e.g., first‐order Markov covariate). Evaluating whether a model sufficiently accounts for correlation is imperative, but clear guidance for practitioners is lacking. Currently, an omnibus goodness‐of‐fit test using a chi‐square discrepancy measure on unique detection histories is available for occupancy models (MacKenzie and Bailey, Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 9, 2004, 300; hereafter, MacKenzie–Bailey test). We propose a join count summary measure adapted from spatial statistics to directly assess correlation after fitting a model. We motivate our work with a dataset of multinight bat call recordings from a pilot study for the North American Bat Monitoring Program. We found in simulations that our join count test was more reliable than the MacKenzie–Bailey test for detecting inadequacy of a model that assumed independence, particularly when serial correlation was low to moderate. A model that included a Markov‐structured detection‐level covariate produced unbiased occupancy estimates except in the presence of strong serial correlation and a revisit design consisting only of temporal replicates. When applied to two common bat species, our approach illustrates that sophisticated models do not guarantee adequate fit to real data, underscoring the importance of model assessment. Our join count test provides a widely applicable goodness‐of‐fit test and specifically evaluates occupancy model lack of fit related to correlation among detections within a sample unit. Our diagnostic tool is available for practitioners that serially deploy survey equipment as a way to achieve cost savings.
A Hydrodynamic Study of a Fast‐Bed Dual Circulating Fluidized Bed for Chemical Looping Combustion
Authors: Haider Syed K. , Duan Lunbo , Patchigolla Kumar , Anthony Edward J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study explores the use of a dual interconnected circulating fluidized bed (CFB) for chemical looping combustion. This design can enhance gas–solid interactions, but it is difficult to control the solid transfer and circulation rates. With the use of a 1:1 scale cold‐flow model, an investigation determining the hydrodynamic behavior of the dual CFB system has been conducted. The cold‐flow system consists of two identical fast‐bed risers, each with an internal diameter of 100 mm and a height of 7 m. The simplified cold‐flow model is based on the chemical looping Pilot‐Scale Advanced CO2 Capture Technology (PACT) facility at Cranfield. Here, we have determined the minimum fluidization and transport velocities, and we have assessed the solid density profiles, transport capacity, and potential for the dilution by air/N2 leakage into the CO2 stream exiting the fuel reactor. The experimental procedure uses two different bed materials, molochite (ceramic clay) and FE100 (iron particles), and it satisfies the dynamic scaling laws to model the bed inventory within the system. The results indicate that the two fast‐bed risers share similar density and pressure profiles. Stable circulation can be achieved through pneumatic transport. The circulation rate of the system is flexible and can be adjusted by altering the fluidization velocity in the riser and by altering the bed inventory. The gas leakage from the loop seal to the cyclone was found to be sensitive to the bed height and fluidization velocity in the loop seal. However, by maintaining a loop‐seal bed height above 600 mm during operation, the outlet stream remains undiluted.
Intersex and liver alterations induced by long-term sublethal exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol in adult male Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae)
Authors: Young Brian Jonathan , López Gabriela Carina , Cristos Diego Sebastián , Crespo Diana Cristina , Somoza Gustavo Manuel , Carriquiriborde Pedro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the responses of the gonopodium morphology and the gonadal and liver histology of adult male Cnesterodon decemmaculatus to sublethal long-term exposure concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Two experiments were conducted exposing the fish to waterborne concentrations of EE2 ranging from 20 ng/L to 200 ng/L for 8 wk, 12 wk, and 16 wk. Intersex gonads were observed after 8 wk and 16 wk in fish exposed to 200 ng EE2/L and 100 ng EE2/L, respectively. Oocytes’ development from testis germ cells and replacement of the efferent duct periodic acid-Schiff–positive secretion surrounding spermatozeugmata by parenchymal tissue and duct structure alterations were the major observed changes in the gonads. In contrast, no response was observed in the gonopodium morphology. Liver histology was also altered, showing increasing steatosis, single-cell necrosis to generalized necrosis, and disruption of acinar organization from 100 ng EE2/L to 200 ng EE2/L. In summary, the present results showed that although EE2 was not able to alter the morphology of a developed gonopodium, it was capable of inducing development of testicular oocytes in adult male C. decemmaculatus at environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, externally normal but intersex C. decemmaculatus males would be expected in the wastewater-receiving streams that the species inhabits. According to the literature, the present study would be the first indicating estrogen-induced intersex in adult male poeciliid. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1738–1745. © 2016 SETAC
Learning to Trust Flu Shots: Quasi‐Experimental Evidence from the 2009 Swine Flu Pandemic
Authors: Maurer Jürgen , Harris Katherine M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper studies consumer learning in influenza vaccination decisions. We examine consumer learning in influenza vaccine demand within a reduced form instrumental variable framework that exploits differences in risk characteristics of different influenza viruses as a natural experiment to distinguish the effects of learning based on previous influenza vaccination experiences from unobserved heterogeneity. The emergence of a new virus strain (influenza A H1N1/09) during the 2009 ‘Swine flu’ pandemic resulted in two different vaccines being recommended for distinct population subgroups with some people, who were not usually targeted by seasonal vaccination programs, being specifically recommended for the new Swine flu vaccine. We use these differences in vaccination targeting to construct instrumental variables for estimating the effect of past influenza vaccination experiences on the demand for pandemic vaccine. We find large causal effects of previous seasonal vaccination on pandemic vaccination. Causal effects of past influenza vaccination experiences on perceived vaccination safety are likely to be an important pathway linking past vaccination experiences with future vaccine uptake. Our results suggest a significant role of learning in vaccination decisions. Current efforts to expand seasonal vaccination may thus have potentially important long‐term effects on future influenza vaccination levels and pandemic preparedness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractures of the tibial plateau involve similar energies as the tibial pilon but greater articular surface involvement
Authors: Dibbern Kevin , Kempton Laurence B. , Higgins Thomas F. , Morshed Saam , McKinley Todd O. , Marsh J. Lawrence , Anderson Donald D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPatients with tibial pilon fractures have a higher incidence of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis than those with fractures of the tibial plateau. This may indicate that pilon fractures present a greater mechanical insult to the joint than do plateau fractures. We tested the hypothesis that fracture energy and articular fracture edge length, two independent indicators of severity, are higher in pilon than plateau fractures. We also evaluated whether clinical fracture classification systems accurately reflect severity. Seventy‐five tibial plateau fractures and 52 tibial pilon fractures from a multi‐institutional study were selected to span the spectrum of severity. Fracture severity measures were calculated using objective CT‐based image analysis methods. The ranges of fracture energies measured for tibial plateau and pilon fractures were 3.2–33.2 Joules (J) and 3.6–32.2 J, respectively, and articular fracture edge lengths were 68.0–493.0 mm and 56.1–288.6 mm, respectively. There were no differences in the fracture energies between the two fracture types, but plateau fractures had greater articular fracture edge lengths (p < 0.001). The clinical fracture classifications generally reflected severity, but there was substantial overlap of fracture severity measures between different classes. Similar fracture energies with different degrees of articular surface involvement suggest a possible explanation for dissimilar rates of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis for fractures of the tibial plateau compared to the tibial pilon. The substantial overlap of severity measures between different fracture classes may well have confounded prior clinical studies relying on fracture classification as a surrogate for severity. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:618–624, 2017.
Simulation and design of MIM nanoresonators for color filter applications
Authors: Banerjee Saswatee 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe simulated metal–insulator–metal (MIM) nanoresonator structures that can be realized by sandwiching an insulator layer between two metal grating layers with subwavelength periods and heights. Simulation results indicate that it is possible to use relatively low refractive index polymeric materials as the insulator layer and such MIM structures can function as color filters with reasonably narrow bandwidths in transmission mode. Such color filters being superior in performance might find application in liquid crystal display devices replacing the conventional color filters. Simulations suggest that development of plasmonic modes at the metal–insulator interfaces might be responsible for the filter‐like transmission behavior of such structures. The transmission peaks can be tuned by changing the heights of the two grating layers and the refractive index of the insulator layer. Transmission peak is red‐shifted as insulator layer refractive index increases. Simulations were carried out using a home‐grown, monochromatic version of recursive convolution finite‐difference time‐domain method.
Early childhood obesity: Association with healthcare expenditure in Australia
Authors: Hayes Alison , Chevalier Anna , D'Souza Mario , Baur Louise , Wen Li Ming , Simpson Judy 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether overweight or obesity among children (aged 2 to ≤5 years) is associated with direct healthcare costs, after adjusting for child, household, and socioeconomic characteristics.MethodsA longitudinal cohort analysis was performed in 350 children aged 2 years assessed over 3 years of follow‐up. Child weight status was determined from mean BMI z‐scores at 2, 3.5, and 5 years, and healthcare utilization including medicines, nonhospital, hospital, and emergency care was determined by data linkage. Using adjusted multivariable regression analyses, the relationship between total 3‐year healthcare costs and weight status was examined. Observations took place in Sydney, Australia, between 2011 and 2014.ResultsAfter adjustment for significant maternal and sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare costs of children with obesity (BMI z‐score >2SD) were 1.62 (95% CI 1.12‐2.34, P = 0.01) times those of children with healthy weight. However, costs of overweight children were similar to those of healthy weight (P = 0.96). The additional 3‐year costs of healthcare for a child with obesity compared with healthy weight were $AUD 825 (95% CI $135‐$2,117) for general patients and $AUD 1332 (95% CI $174‐$4,280) for concession card holders.ConclusionsPrevention of obesity in early childhood may have concurrent benefits in reducing healthcare expenditure.
Comparative proteomics of umbilical vein blood plasma from normal and gestational diabetes mellitus patients reveals differentially expressed proteins associated with childhood obesity
Authors: Miao Zhijing , Wang Jianqing , Wang Fuqiang , Liu Lan , Ding Hongjuan , Shi Zhonghua 
Published: July 2016

PurposeOffspring obesity is one of long‐term complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study is to identify proteins differentially expressed in the umbilical vein blood plasma, which could become markers for early diagnosis of childhood obesity.Experimental designUmbilical vein plasma samples were collected from 30 control and 30 GDM patients in 2007–2008 whose offspring were suffering from obesity at 6–7 years old. Multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag labeling combined with LC–MS/MS was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Ingenuity pathway analysis was performed to identify canonical pathways, biological functions, and networks of interacting proteins. Western blotting was used to verify the expression of three selected proteins.ResultsA total of 318 proteins were identified, of which 12 proteins were upregulated in GDM group while 24 downregulated. Lipid metabolism was the top category identified by ingenuity pathway analysis. Three randomly chosen proteins were validated by Western blotting, which were consistent with LC–MS.ConclusionThere are significant differences of protein profile in the umbilical vein blood plasma between normal and GDM patients with obese offspring. The results indicate that a variety of proteins and biological mechanisms may contribute to childhood obesity.
Non‐target impurity profiling of marketplace Cetirizine using high‐resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Zhou Zhe 
Published: July 2016

RationaleAs always, drug impurity is the first concern of medication safety. The quality of pre‐ and post‐marketed drugs is estimated through systematic analysis of potential hazardous substances by impurity profiling. Impurity profile is the general name of all unwanted materials which may affect the purity of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The safety of original drugs is guaranteed by an enormous amount of animal experiments and clinical research while the safety of generic drugs should also be ensured by comparative analysis for consistency evaluation. The significantly differential impurities between them should be focused on and the toxicity should be further estimated if necessary. Herein, we take a marketplace drug named Cetirizine as an example to investigate if there was a method which could effectively discover the potential markers among Cetirizine tablets with different brands and describe specific impurity profiling which makes the unknown brand of Cetirizine tablets predictable.MethodsLiquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) was applied to capture the characteristic features of the impurity profile for three brands of marketplace Cetirizine tablets using full scan data‐dependent MS/MS scan mode (FS‐ddMS2).ResultsUnsupervised learning: principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised learning: consensus orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) were utilized to reveal the essential character of Cetirizine impurity profile; 16 differential impurities were finally found, their structures were speculated by HRMS2 data.ConclusionsThe cause of formation was further elucidated which gave a suggestion for production process optimization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon Electrophiles
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Holzer Wolfgang , De Kimpe Norbert 
Published: July 2016

Abstractα‐Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which – reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions – enable the installation via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed carbon–heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented – since seminal studies by Köbrich – the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier‐type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress decomposition through α‐elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low temperatures (−78 °C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly, the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the α‐halomethyllithium‐mediated homologations of a series of carbon electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and isocyanates.
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Beyond elite control: residential reservoirs at Caracol, Belize
Authors: Chase Adrian S. Z. 
Published: July 2016

The Classic Period Maya (300CEto 900CE) built many of their cities away from standing, flowing, or subterranean water resources. Because of this, scholars have suggested that one key manifestation of ancient Maya ritual and political authority was the control and management of water housed in large central‐site reservoirs, rectilinear excavated features that were lined with stone and coated with plaster or clay to catch and store rainfall runoff. This research assesses those arguments by using remote sensing data to map residential reservoirs—smaller versions of the monumental reservoirs in city centers—from the intensively investigated city of Caracol, Belize. The Caracol Maya were entirely dependent on rainfall and built monumental and residential reservoirs throughout their city. Using a 200‐square kilometer Digital Elevation Model created fromLiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) data, research uncovered the extent of ancient water capture at Caracol. Analysis of theLiDARdata reveals a conservative count of 1590 reservoirs at Caracol; this is more than 25 times the number of reservoirs identified by traditional ground survey methods. These data demonstrate how the people of Caracol were able to successfully harness the water available in their environment. In addition, the decentralized nature of Caracol's reservoirs suggests that elite power, at least in this ancient city, was not based on control of water resources due to the ubiquity of residential reservoirs throughout the site.WIREs Water2016, 3:885–897. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1171This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Planning WaterScience of Water > Water and Environmental ChangeHuman Water > Water Governance
Interaction of Age at Diagnosis with Transcriptional Profiling in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Hsu Yi‐Chiung , Liu Chien‐Liang , Yang Po‐Sheng , Tsai Chung‐Hsin , Lee Jie‐Jen , Cheng Shih‐Ping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundAge is an important prognostic factor for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, little is known about why advanced age is associated with poor prognosis. The study investigated the changes in transcriptional profiling related to age.MethodsRNA sequencing data of PTC samples were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas data portal. Spearman’s correlation was used to test the association between age and gene expression. Correlation in the same direction to disease severity was considered functionally relevant. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway annotations were performed.ResultsThere was no correlation between age and thyroid‐specific genes, except for a weak, negative association between age and TSHR expression. Among 272 genes with a positive association between gene expression and age, the most prominent alteration was metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis. Among 482 genes with a negative association between gene expression and age, the most enriched biological process was immune‐related functions, particularly natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity.ConclusionsOur analysis characterized the age‐associated molecular landscape in PTC. Metabolic alterations and immune dysregulation are probable mechanisms involving in worse prognosis in older patients with PTC.
The Chemical Properties and Volatile Compounds of Virgin Olive Oil from Oueslati Variety: Influence of Maturity Stages in Olives
Authors: Ouni Youssef , Flamini Guido , Zarrouk Mokhtar 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of fruit ripening on oil quality and volatile compounds in an attempt to establish an optimum harvesting time for Oueslati olives, the minor olive variety cultivated in Tunisia. Our results showed that many analytical parameters, i.e., peroxide value, UV absorbance at 232–270 nm, chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids and oleic acid contents decreased during ripening, whilst linolenic acid increased. Free acidity remained practically stable with a very slight rise at the highest maturity index. The volatile compounds emitted by the Oueslati olive oil were characterized and quantified by HS‐SPME‐GC‐EIMS. Twenty‐three volatile compounds were identified, mainly aldehydes, sesquiterpenes and esters. The results show variations in the volatile fractions and quality parameters of Oueslati extra virgin olive oil obtained at different olive‐ripening stages. Fifteen sesquiterpenes were identified for the first time in this cultivar, mainly hydrocarbon derivatives, but also oxygenated ones. On the basis of the quality parameters and volatile fractions studied, the best stage of Oueslati olive fruits for oil processing seems to be at ripeness index about 3.0. Indeed, these results suggested the possibility of using sesquiterpenes for olive authenticity and traceability and demonstrated that the volatile fractions can be used as indicators of the degree of ripening of the olives used to obtain the corresponding virgin olive oils.