bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection Model (Missing Data)
Authors: Little Roderick J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSelection models are a class of statistical models used to analyze data with missing values. Important tools for the analysis of missing values, including maximum likelihood, Bayesian methods, and parametric multiple imputation, are based on a likelihood function. With missing data, the likelihood function is in general based on a model for the joint distribution of the data and the missing data mechanism. In selection models, this joint distribution is factored into a distribution for the data if there were no missing values, and a model of the missing data indicators given the data. Rubin's sufficient conditions for ignoring the missing data mechanism are described, a selection model is presented for a simple but important case, and selection models are compared with pattern‐mixture models, an alternative class of models for data with missing values. Issues with identifying parameters, and associated sensitivity analyses, are also discussed.
Dynamic Predictions
Authors: Proust‐Lima Cécile , Blanche Paul 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Individualized risk prediction has become central in medicine, especially in the monitoring, screening, and management of chronic diseases. Dynamic predictions consist of predictions that are based on information repeatedly collected over time and that can be updated (dynamically) as soon as new information becomes available. The so‐called dynamic information typically includes biomarker measures and exposure records. The aim of this article is to give a short overview about how dynamic predictions can be defined and computed and how their predictive accuracy can be evaluated. References are provided to guide further reading about popular methods and examples.
Dynamic‐Interactive Graphics
Authors: Valero‐Mora Pedro M. , Ledesma Rubén D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDynamic‐interactive graphics are graphics that can move smoothly and change in response to a data analyst's actions, with the changes being computed and presented in real time. This article presents an example of these kind of graphics, an overview of their history  from mainframes computers, passing by desktop computers and the Internet  and a discussion of fields where they have been applied.
Earned Value Management and Earned Schedule Performance Indexes
Authors: Lipke Walt 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Earned Value Management (EVM) and Earned Schedule (ES) indexes are indicators of project execution efficiency. They are used by project managers in their efforts toward achieving project success; that is, completing within budget and delivering the product on time. This article introduces EVM and ES and discusses the statistical distribution of their respective indexes. Practical application of statistics is developed for forecasting cost and schedule.
Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers
Authors: Obuchowski Nancy A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOver the past two decades, remarkable advances in medical imaging have allowed physicians to obtain anatomic, functional, metabolic, and physiologic measurements from medical images, the so‐called quantitative imaging biomarkers (QIBs), to aid in the prognosis, diagnosis, and management of disease. There are four basic types of QIBs: prognostic, predictive, early response, and therapeutic response. Before using a QIB in clinical practice, its technical performance must be well documented. This article describes estimation of the technical performance of QIBs, particularly bias, repeatability, and linearity. The utility of QIBs in clinical care management and as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials is addressed.
Flame‐Retardant Mechanism of Benzoxazine Resin with Triazine Structure
Authors: Zhang Xiaorui , Liu Lizhu , Yu Yang , Weng Ling 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBenzoxazion resins have attracted a great deal of interests due to their excellent flame‐retardant property. In this paper, a benzoxazion resin with a triazine structure was synthesized successfully and the flame‐retardant mechanism of the resin was discussed. Its flammability property and the thermal decomposition were measured and analyzed with a cone calorimeter and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry–mass spectrometry. The chemical structure as well as the surface morphology of the cured resin after combustion was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. The results illustrated that little heat was released during the ignition process of the cured resin. The gas including NO2, CO2, H2O, and a few CO were produced during the thermal decomposing. With the surface of the cured resin after combustion covered with the layer of the triazine structure, the benzoxazine resin with the triazine structure exhibits a desirable property of a flame retardant.
Latex‐templated biomineralization of silica nanoparticles with porous shell and their application for drug delivery
Authors: Zhou Huizhi , Luo Jingchi , Gao Qing , Yang Tingting 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA latex‐templating method for synthesizing the core‐shell silica nanoparticles (NPs) with porous shell was developed via biomineralization in the presence of poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (pDMC)‐modified polystyrene latex. Calcination of the as‐obtained SiO2 NPs led to the removal of the latex core and consequently to hollow silica NPs with porous shell. In particularly, the microstructure and thickness of silica shell could be controlled by simply changing the reaction parameters of silicification. Furthermore, facile encapsulation of a drug molecules and its sustained release were demonstrated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44200.
Colour to Greyscale Pixels: Re‐seeing Greyscale Archived Aerial Photographs and Declassified Satellite CORONA Images Based on Image Fusion Techniques
Authors: Agapiou Athos , Alexakis Dimitrios D. , Sarris Apostolos , Hadjimitsis Diofantos G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo date, archived aerial photographs or recently declassified satellite CORONA images have been used to support archaeological research. However the use of such images is limited to the interpretation of greyscale images, which can be improved by image analysis processes including filters, edge detection techniques, etc. This article presents a methodology to improve the interpretation of these images by adding colour from recently acquired satellites or airborne sensors. The methodology followed in this article, is based on the use of pan‐sharpening algorithms which are applied to a set of an archived greyscale image and a recently colour image taken over the same area. These two images are geometrically corrected while their histograms are matched. Then, the two images are merged based on different pan‐sharpening techniques such as Brovey transformation, high pass filters, multiplicative transformation, principal component analysis and wavelet decomposition. The final result is a colour image which can be further studied for interpretation purposes. A coherence image is also calculated since differences due to time might be also observed in the images (e.g. land use changes). The results presented here from different cases studies of Cyprus indicate that the proposed methodology may be applied in any other greyscale archive dataset. From the results is was shown that Brovey and high pass filter transform seem to be able to support better the interpretation of such archive information. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing the Past for the Future: an Evaluation of the Effect of Geometric Scan Deformities on the Performance of Aerial Archival Media in Image‐based Modelling Environments
Authors: Sevara Christopher 
Published: August 2016

AbstractImage‐based modelling (IBM) applications can be used to successfully extract two‐ and three‐dimensional information from historic aerial and satellite imagery for use in archaeological and other landscape‐oriented research. The robust and highly automated nature of these applications can allow for image matching and dense scene reconstruction, even when input images lack information necessary for processing in traditional photogrammetric workflows. However, the overall quality of the content derived from IBM applications can be directly influenced by a number of variables, including the manner in which archival content is digitized. Significant geometric distortion can be induced in the scanning process when using non‐photogrammetric scanning devices, which can have a negative effect on the subsequent processing of scanned imagery and accuracy of derived content such as orthomosaics and digital elevation models (DEMs). While this is a well‐known issue for users of high end photogrammetry packages, the advent of IBM applications has brought the use of photogrammetric‐style techniques to a wider audience who may not be aware of the impact that geometric errors of this nature can have on the quality of derived data products. This issue is demonstrated here using a set of degraded historic World War II (WWII) Allied reconnaissance photographs that have been digitized on both photogrammetric and non‐photogrammetric platforms and subsequently processed in a well‐known IBM application using identical processing parameters. The results are compared to those from a recently collected set of vertical stereopairs and an airborne laser scan derived DEM. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of aromatics for synthetic biology using liquid chromatography
Authors: Lai Bin , Plan Manuel R. , Averesch Nils J.H. , Yu Shiqin , Kracke Frauke , Lekieffre Nicolas , Bydder Sarah , Hodson Mark P. , Winter Gal , Krömer Jens O. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe replacement of petrochemical aromatics with bio‐based molecules is a key area of current biotechnology research. To date, a small number of aromatics have been produced by recombinant bacteria in laboratory scale while industrial production still requires further strain development. While each study includes some distinct analytical methodology to quantify certain aromatics, a method that can reliably quantify a great number of aromatic products and relevant pathway intermediates is needed to accelerate strain development. In this study, we developed a robust reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method to quantify a wide range of aromatic metabolites present in host microorganisms using the shikimate pathway, which is the major metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of aromatics. Twenty‐three metabolites can be quantified precisely with the optimized method using standard HPLC equipment and UV detection, with the mobile phase used for chromatography also compatible with mass spectrometry (MS). The limit of quantification/detection is as low as 10−10 to 10−13 mol, respectively, which makes this method feasible for quantification of intracellular metabolites. This method covers most metabolic routes for aromatics biosynthesis, it is inexpensive, robust, simple, precise and sensitive, and has been demonstrated on cell extracts from S. cerevisiae genetically engineered to overproduce aromatics.
Gene cloning of an efficiency oleate hydratase from Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens for polyunsaturated fatty acids and its application in the conversion of plant oils to 10‐hydroxy fatty acids
Authors: Kang Woo‐Ri , Seo Min‐Ju , Shin Kyung‐Chul , Park Jin‐Byung , Oh Deok‐Kun 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTHydroxy fatty acids are used as precursors of lactones and dicarboxylic acids, as starting materials of polymers, and as additives in coatings and paintings. Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens efficiently converts cis‐9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to 10‐hydroxy fatty acids. However, gene encoding enzyme involved in this conversion has not been identified to date. We purified a putative fatty acid double‐bond hydratase from S. nitritireducens by ultrafiltration and HiPrep DEAE FF and Resource Q ion exchange chromatographies. Peptide sequences of the purified enzyme were obtained by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis. Sequence of the partial gene encoding this putative fatty acid double‐bond hydratase was determined by degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the peptide sequences. The remaining gene sequence was identified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends using cDNA of S. nitritireducens as a template, and the full‐length gene was cloned subsequently. The expressed enzyme was identified as an oleate hydratase by determining its kinetic parameters toward unsaturated fatty acids. S. nitritireducens oleate hydratase showed higher activity toward PUFAs compared with other available oleate hydratases. This suggested that the enzyme could be used effectively to convert plant oils to 10‐hydroxy fatty acids because these oils contained unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA) and PUFAs such as α‐linolenic acid and/or γ‐linolenic acid. The enzyme converted soybean oil and perilla seed oil hydrolyzates containing 10 mM total unsaturated fatty acids, including OA, LA, and ALA, to 8.87 and 8.70 mM total 10‐hydroxy fatty acids, respectively, in 240 min. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the biotechnological conversion of PUFA‐containing oils to hydroxy fatty acids. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 74–82. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resonance‐Assisted Hydrogen Bonding as a Driving Force in Synthesis and a Synthon in the Design of Materials
Authors: Mahmudov Kamran T. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractResonance‐assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB), a concept introduced by Gilli and co‐workers in 1989, concerns a kind of intramolecular H‐bonding strengthened by a conjugated π‐system, usually in 6‐, 8‐, or 10‐membered rings. This Review highlights the involvement of RAHB as a driving force in the synthesis of organic, coordination, and organometallic compounds, as a handy tool in the activation of covalent bonds, and in starting moieties for synthetic transformations. The unique roles of RAHB in molecular recognition and switches, E/Z isomeric resolution, racemization and epimerization of amino acids and chiral amino alcohols, solvatochromism, liquid‐crystalline compounds, and in synthons for crystal engineering and polymer materials are also discussed. The Review can provide practical guidance for synthetic chemists that are interested in exploring and further developing RAHB‐assisted synthesis and design of materials.
Silver Ions in Non‐canonical DNA Base Pairs: Metal‐Mediated Mismatch Stabilization of 2′‐Deoxyadenosine and 7‐Deazapurine Derivatives with 2′‐Deoxycytidine and 2′‐Deoxyguanosine
Authors: Yang Haozhe , Seela Frank 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNovel silver‐mediated dA−dC, dA*−dC, and dA*−dG base pairs were formed in a natural DNA double helix environment (dA* denotes 7‐deaza‐dA, 7‐deaza‐7‐iodo‐dA, and 7‐cyclopropyl‐7‐deaza‐dA). 7‐Deazapurine nucleosides enforce silver ion binding and direct metal‐mediated base pair formation to their Watson–Crick face. New phosphoramidites were prepared from 7‐deaza‐dA, 7‐deaza‐7‐iodo‐dA, and 7‐cyclopropyl‐7‐deaza‐dA, which contain labile isobutyryl protecting groups. Solid‐phase synthesis furnished oligonucleotides that contain mismatches in near central positions. Increased thermal stabilities (higher Tm values) were observed for oligonucleotide duplexes with non‐canonical dA*−dC and dA−dC pairs in the presence of silver ions. The stability of the silver‐mediated base pairs was pH dependent. Silver ion binding was not observed for the dA−dG mismatch but took place when mismatches were formed between 7‐deazaadenine and guanine. The specific binding of silver ions was confirmed by stoichiometric UV titration experiments, which proved that one silver ion is captured by one mismatch. The stability increase of canonical DNA mismatches might have an impact on cellular DNA repair.
Does the origin of a succession CEO matter in the market value of innovation? Disentangling the origin of internal CEOs
Authors: Wong Ying‐Jiuan , Chen Li‐Yu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study complements previous research regarding CEO origin and family businesses by incorporating upper echelons theory with the perspective of family effect as well as disentangling CEO origin to provide a better understanding of how external, unrelated internal, and family succession CEOs affect innovation performance. We further reveal how a family founder helps improve the value of innovations undertaken by family heirs. The results show that firms with unrelated internal succession CEOs experience higher (lower) stock market reactions to innovation announcements than those with family (external) succession CEOs. Founders serving on the board reduce the negative effect between family heirs and innovation performance. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable Pathways to Pyrroles through Iron‐Catalyzed N‐Heterocyclization from Unsaturated Diols and Primary Amines
Authors: Yan Tao , Barta Katalin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPyrroles are prominent scaffolds in pharmaceutically active compounds and play an important role in medicinal chemistry. Therefore, the development of new, atom‐economic, and sustainable catalytic strategies to obtain these moieties is highly desired. Direct catalytic pathways that utilize readily available alcohol substrates have been recently established; however, these approaches rely on the use of noble metals such as ruthenium or iridium. Here, we report on the direct synthesis of pyrroles using a catalyst based on the earth‐abundant and inexpensive iron. The method uses 2‐butyne‐1,4‐diol or 2‐butene‐1,4‐diol that can be directly coupled with anilines, benzyl amines, and aliphatic amines to obtain a variety of N‐substituted pyrroles in moderate‐to‐excellent isolated yields.
Dehydration of Glucose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Nb‐doped Tungstite
Authors: Yue Chaochao , Li Guanna , Pidko Evgeny A. , Wiesfeld Jan J. , Rigutto Marcello , Hensen Emiel J. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDehydration of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) remains a significant problem in the context of the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Hydrolysis of WCl6 and NbCl5 leads to precipitation of Nb‐containing tungstite (WO3⋅H2O) at low Nb content and mixtures of tungstite and niobic acid at higher Nb content. Tungstite is a promising catalyst for the dehydration of glucose to HMF. Compared with Nb2O5, fewer by‐products are formed because of the low Brønsted acidity of the (mixed) oxides. In water, an optimum yield of HMF was obtained for Nb–W oxides with low Nb content owing to balanced Lewis and Brønsted acidity. In THF/water, the strong Lewis acidity and weak Brønsted acidity caused the reaction to proceed through isomerization to fructose and dehydration of fructose to a partially dehydrated intermediate, which was identified by LC‐ESI‐MS. The addition of HCl to the reaction mixture resulted in rapid dehydration of this intermediate to HMF. The HMF yield obtained in this way was approximately 56 % for all tungstite catalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that the Lewis acid centers on the tungstite surface can isomerize glucose into fructose. Substitution of W by Nb lowers the overall activation barrier for glucose isomerization by stabilizing the deprotonated glucose adsorbate.
How Does Hybrid Governance Emerge? Role of the elite in building a Green Municipality in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Viana Cecilia , Coudel Emilie , Barlow Jos , Ferreira Joice , Gardner Toby , Parry Luke 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDecentralized governance can facilitate the participation of non‐government actors in natural resource management. Yet efforts to increase participation can also enhance the power of existing elites. Here, we analyse the role of landowning elites in developing and operating a hybrid governance arrangement in response to the decentralization of anti‐deforestation policy in the Brazilian Amazon. We employ a framework that permits examination of the role played by different actors, the rationale that promoted collaboration in the first place, and the distribution of power that shapes the still evolving governance arrangement. By engaging state and non‐state actors in a hybrid governance partnership, the local landowning elite in Paragominas, a municipality in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, successfully achieved the specific goals set by federal policies to be removed from a high deforestation ‘Red List’. Yet the local governors, together with the rural elite, transformed the crisis generated by inclusion in the Red List into an opportunity to shift the rural economy on a path towards more legalized large‐scale agriculture. By aligning production and conservation objectives, the project attracted medium and large landowners, but also failed to prevent − or potentially exacerbated − the further marginalization of smallholders. Rural elites can effectively mobilize hybrid government arrangements in pursuit of their own interests while also producing wider benefits such as a more stimulated urban economy and strengthened environmental compliance. However, inclusion of more marginalized populations in this process remains a severe and largely unaddressed challenge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Dose response characterization of the association of serum digoxin concentration with mortality outcomes in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial
Authors: Adams Kirkwood F. , Butler Javed , Patterson J. Herbert , Gattis Stough Wendy , Bauman Jerry L. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Schwartz Todd A. , Sabbah Hani , Mackowiak John I. , Ventura Hector O. , Ghali Jalal K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimsMany patients with heart failure and reduced EF remain at high risk for hospitalization despite evidence‐based therapy. Digoxin may decrease hospitalization; however, uncertainty persists concerning its proper administration and effect on mortality. This study investigated whether using dose response concepts to re‐evaluate the relationship between serum digoxin concentration and key mortality outcomes in patients with reduced EF in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial would help clarify efficacy and safety.Methods and resultsMultivariable Cox proportional hazards modelling and propensity score adjustment assessed the relationship between serum digoxin concentration (≥0.5 ng/mL) as a continuous variable and mortality outcomes. In patients treated with digoxin, a significant linear association was found between serum concentration and all‐cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.38, P < 0.001 per 0.5 ng/mL increase in serum concentration]. Based on this relationship, a bidirectional association was found between digoxin therapy and all‐cause mortality when compared with placebo. The lowest serum concentrations (0.5–0.7 ng/mL) were associated with the lowest risk of all‐cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67–0.89, P < 0.001) while high serum concentrations (1.6–2.0 ng/mL) were associated with increased mortality (adjusted HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.12–1.58, P = 0.001). Consistent with this finding, lower serum concentrations (0.5–0.7 ng/mL) were associated with reduced death from worsening heart failure and a neutral effect on cardiovascular death not due to worsening heart failure.ConclusionThese findings favour targeting serum concentrations from 0.5 to 0.7 ng/mL when dosing digoxin in patients with heart failure and reduced EF.