bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary study of tissue concentrations of penicillin after local administration into the guttural pouches in four healthy horses
Authors: Kendall A , Mayhew IG , Petrovski K 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundTreatment of subclinical carriers of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi with a gelatine‐penicillin formulation deposited in the guttural pouch has been empirically proposed, but data on local tissue penicillin concentrations after treatment are lacking.MethodsWe analysed tissue levels of penicillin after administration into the guttural pouches of four healthy horses. Two horses received local treatment with gelatine‐penicillin and two horses received local treatment with an intramammary formulation of penicillin. Tissues were harvested for analysis either 12 or 24 h later.ConclusionResults indicate that local treatment may be effective, but more research on optimal drug formulations in a larger sample size is warranted.
Sacral neuromodulation for faecal incontinence following obstetric sphincter injury – outcome of percutaneous nerve evaluation
Authors: Rydningen M. B. , Dehli T. , Wilsgaard T. , Lindsetmo R. O. , Kumle M. , Stedenfeldt M. , Norderval S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) in women with faecal incontinence (FI) following obstetric anal sphincter injury and to relate the outcomes to baseline factors, with special emphasis on the extent of the sphincter defect.MethodThis was a prospective study at a tertiary colorectal referral unit at the University Hospital of North Norway conducted from 2012 to 2014. Sixty‐three women underwent a 3‐week PNE using a tined lead and the Verify® external neurostimulator. The primary outcome was efficacy, defined as the percentage reduction in weekly FI episodes, and patients with a reduction of 50% or more were defined as responders. Baseline factors affecting the primary outcome were explored. Sphincter defects were classified with a validated three‐dimensional endoanal ultrasound defect score.ResultsFifty‐six (89%) of the 63 women were responders with a reduction in weekly FI episodes of 94.5%, from a median (interquartile range) of 4.8 (2.0–11.0) to 0.5 (0–2.0) (P < 0.001). Twenty‐nine (52%) reported no weekly FI episodes, and urgency episodes disappeared in 18 (32%). In the multivariable linear regression model, efficacy was related to concomitant urinary incontinence (P = 0.04), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03) and pain during PNE (P = 0.046) but not to the extent of the sphincter defect (P = 0.1). Responders had a higher St Mark's score than nonresponders (P = 0.046).ConclusionsThe vast majority of women had successful PNE tests. Responders had higher baseline St Mark's scores than nonresponders. Efficacy was related to concomitant urinary incontinence, BMI and pain, not to the extent of the sphincter defect.
Ezetimibe increases intestinal expression of the LDL receptor gene in dyslipidaemic men with insulin resistance
Authors: Drouin‐Chartier Jean‐Philippe , Tremblay André J. , Lemelin Valéry , Lépine Marie‐Claude , Lamarche Benoît , Couture Patrick 
Published: July 2016

AimTo gain further insight into intestinal cholesterol homeostasis in dyslipidaemic men with insulin resistance (IR) by examining the impact of treatment with ezetimibe on the expression of key genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and LDL receptor (R)‐mediated uptake of lipoproteins.MethodsA total of 25 men with dyslipidaemia and IR were recruited to participate in this double‐blind, randomized, crossover, placebo‐controlled trial. Participants received 10 mg/day ezetimibe or placebo for periods of 12 weeks each. Intestinal gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR in duodenal biopsy samples collected by gastroduodenoscopy at the end of each treatment.ResultsA total of 20 participants completed the protocol. Treatment with ezetimibe significantly increased intestinal LDLR (+16.2%; P = .01), 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMG‐CoAR; +14.0%; P = .04) and acetyl‐Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT‐2) mRNA expression (+12.5%; P = .03). Changes in sterol regulatory element‐binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP‐2) expression were significantly correlated with changes in HMG‐CoAR (r = 0.55; P < .05), ACAT‐2 (r = 0.69; P < .001) and proprotein convertase substilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression (r = 0.45; P < .05).ConclusionsThese results show that inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe increases expression of the LDLR gene, supporting the concept that increased LDL clearance with ezetimibe treatment occurs not only in the liver but also in the small intestine.
Left Ventricular Function in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Role of Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Strain
Authors: de Amorim Corrêa Ricardo , de Oliveira Fernanda Brito , Barbosa Marcia M. , Barbosa Jose Augusto A. , Carvalho Taís Soares , Barreto Michele Campos , Campos Frederico Thadeu A. F. , Nunes Maria Carmo Pereira 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure with abnormal right ventricular (RV) pressure overload that may alter left ventricular (LV) function. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of RV pressure overload on LV function in PAH patients using two‐dimensional (2D) speckle tracking strain.MethodsThe study enrolled 37 group 1 PAH patients and 38 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls. LV longitudinal and radial 2D strains were measured with and without including the ventricular septum. Six‐minute walk test (6MWT) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were also obtained in patients with PAH.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 46.4 ± 14.8 years, 76% women, and 16 patients (43%) had schistosomiasis. Sixteen patients (43%) were in WHO class III or IV under specific treatment for PAH. The overall 6MWT distance was 441 meters, and the BNP levels were 80 pg/mL. Patients with PAH more commonly presented with LV diastolic dysfunction and impairment of RV function when compared to controls. LV global longitudinal and radial strains were lower in patients than in controls (−17.9 ± 2.8 vs. −20.5 ± 1.9; P < 0.001 and 30.8 ± 10.5 vs. 49.8 ± 15.4; P < 0.001, respectively). After excluding septal values, LV longitudinal and radial strains remained lower in patients than in controls. The independent factors associated with global LV longitudinal strain were LV ejection fraction, RV fractional area change, and tricuspid annular systolic motion.ConclusionsThis study showed impaired LV contractility in patients with PAH assessed by speckle tracking strain, irrespective of ventricular septal involvement. Global LV longitudinal strain was associated independently with RV fractional area change and tricuspid annular systolic motion, after adjustment for LV ejection fraction.
Spatial patterns of immunogenetic and neutral variation underscore the conservation value of small, isolated American badger populations
Authors: Rico Yessica , Ethier Danielle M. , Davy Christina M. , Sayers Josh , Weir Richard D. , Swanson Bradley J. , Nocera Joseph J. , Kyle Christopher J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSmall and isolated populations often exhibit low genetic diversity due to drift and inbreeding, but may simultaneously harbour adaptive variation. We investigate spatial distributions of immunogenetic variation in American badger subspecies (Taxidea taxus), as a proxy for evaluating their evolutionary potential across the northern extent of the species’ range. We compared genetic structure of 20 microsatellites and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC DRB exon 2) to evaluate whether small, isolated populations show low adaptive polymorphism relative to large and well‐connected populations. Our results suggest that gene flow plays a prominent role in shaping MHC polymorphism across large spatial scales, while the interplay between gene flow and selection was stronger towards the northern peripheries. The similarity of MHC alleles within subspecies relative to their neutral genetic differentiation suggests that adaptive divergence among subspecies can be maintained despite ongoing gene flow along subspecies boundaries. Neutral genetic diversity was low in small relative to large populations, but MHC diversity within individuals was high in small populations. Despite reduced neutral genetic variation, small and isolated populations harbour functional variation that likely contribute to the species evolutionary potential at the northern range. Our findings suggest that conservation approaches should focus on managing adaptive variation across the species range rather than protecting subspecies per se.
Time‐related changes in post‐operative equine morbidity: A single‐centre study
Authors: Borland K. J. , Shaw D. J. , Clutton R. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryOur objective was to test the hypothesis that the prevalence and type of post‐operative equine morbidity at a single centre does not change over time with a retrospective and prospective observational study. The post‐operative case records of 92 (of 96) horses undergoing nonabdominal procedures, and surviving to discharge, were compared with previous data from the same centre. Predefined morbidities were recorded from horses undergoing surgery between August 2013 and July 2014. This was compared with data collected from the same institute from April 2004 to June 2005 and published in a previous study. The overall prevalence of morbidities increased from 13.4% to 25%. The prevalence of post‐anaesthetic colic, thrombophlebitis, pyrexia, lameness, neuropathy and myopathy increased while the proportion of incidence of diarrhoea, respiratory distress and wounds sustained in recovery decreased. There was a statistically significant association (P = 0.045) between the duration of surgery and the prevalence of post‐anaesthetic colic. Geldings were less likely (odds ratio 0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.84) to develop swelling at the catheter site and the likelihood of thrombophlebitis increased by 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.01–1.41) for every year of life. Tracking morbidities and changes in their prevalence may elucidate their possible causation and allow prophylactic measures to be taken.
Wound management for the 21st century: combining effectiveness and efficiency
Authors: Lindholm Christina , Searle Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTreatment of wounds of different aetiologies constitutes a major part of the total health care budget. It is estimated that 1·5–2 million people in Europe suffer from acute or chronic wounds. These wounds are managed both in hospitals and in community care. The patients suffering from these wounds report physical, mental and social consequences of their wounds and the care of them. It is often believed that the use of wound dressings per se is the major cost driver in wound management, whereas in fact, nursing time and hospital costs are together responsible for around 80–85% of the total cost. Healing time, frequency of dressing change and complications are three important cost drivers. However, with the use of modern, advanced technology for more rapid wound healing, all these cost drivers can be substantially reduced. A basic understanding of the terminology and principles of Health Economics in relation to wound management might therefore be of interest.
Regular consumption of Lactobacillus reuteri‐containing lozenges reduces pregnancy gingivitis: an RCT
Authors: Schlagenhauf Ulrich , Jakob Lena , Eigenthaler Martin , Segerer Sabine , Jockel‐Schneider Yvonne , Rehn Monika 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimThis randomized controlled trial assessed the impact of Lactobacillus reuteri on pregnancy gingivitis in healthy women.Materials and MethodsForty‐five healthy women (24 test/21 placebo) with pregnancy gingivitis in the third trimester of pregnancy were enrolled. At baseline Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PlI) were assessed at the Ramfjord teeth and venous blood taken for TNF‐α analysis. Subsequently participants were randomly provided with lozenges to be consumed 2 × daily until birth (approx. 7 weeks) containing ≥108 CFU L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289 and ≥108 CFU L. reuteri DSM 17938 (test) or being devoid of L. reuteri (placebo). Within 2 days after birth recording of GI, PlI and blood sampling were repeated.ResultsAt baseline, mean GI and mean PlI did not differ significantly between both groups. In the test group mean TNF‐α serum level was significantly (p < 0.02) lower than in the placebo group. At reevaluation, mean GI and mean PlI of the test group were both significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than in the placebo group. Mean TNF‐α serum level did no longer differ significantly between the groups.ConclusionsThe consumption of L. reuteri lozenges may be a useful adjunct in the control of pregnancy gingivitis.
Pelvic floor muscle exercise for fecal incontinence quality of life after coloanal anastomosis
Authors: Hung Shu‐Ling , Lin Yu‐Hua , Yang Hsing‐Yu , Kao Chia‐Chan , Tung Hong‐Yu , Wei Li‐Hsiang 
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectivesTo assess the efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercise for enhancing fecal incontinence quality of life after coloanal anastomosis in colorectal cancer patients.BackgroundMethods of improving incontinence have been evaluated in many countries, but never in a Taiwan population.DesignA longitudinal experimental study.MethodsFifty‐two colorectal cancer patients who had received colostomy closure and coloanal anastomosis surgery were recruited from a general hospital in southern Taiwan and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 26) or a control group (n = 26). Both groups received routine postoperative care. However, the experimental group received private consultations, educational DVDs and pamphlets to instruct them in performing pelvic flow muscle exercise. In all participants, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale was used to measure quality of life before discharge and at one, two, three, six and nine months after discharge. Generalised estimating equations were used to compare longitudinal effects between the two groups.ResultsThe generalised estimating equations revealed that all participants had significantly improved Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale scores at two, three, six and nine months after discharge. Compared to the controls, however, the experimental group had significantly higher scores at two, three, and six months after discharge.ConclusionsPatient education in pelvic floor muscle exercise positively affects Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale scores in patients who have received coloanal anastomosis.Relevance to clinical practiceEarly education in pelvic floor muscle exercise can improve management of fecal incontinence symptoms after coloanal anastomosis and can improve quality of life.
Structural stability of flagellin subunit affects the rate of flagellin export in the absence of FliS chaperone
Authors: Furukawa Yukio , Inoue Yumi , Sakaguchi Aya , Mori Yoko , Fukumura Takuma , Miyata Tomoko , Namba Keiichi , Minamino Tohru 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFliS chaperone binds to flagellin FliC in the cytoplasm and transfers FliC to a sorting platform of the flagellar type III export apparatus through the interaction between FliS and FlhA for rapid and efficient protein export during flagellar filament assembly. FliS also suppresses the secretion of an anti‐σ factor, FlgM. Loss of FliS results in a short filament phenotype although the expression levels of FliC are increased considerably due to an increase in the secretion level of FlgM. Here to clarify the rate limiting step of FliC export in the absence of FliS, we isolated bypass mutants from a Salmonella ΔfliS mutant. All the bypass mutations were identified in FliC. These bypass mutations increased the export rate of FliC by ca. twofold, allowing the bypass mutant cells to produce longer filaments than the parental ΔfliS cells. Both far‐UV CD measurements and limited proteolysis revealed that the bypass mutations significantly destabilize the folded structure of FliC monomer. These results suggest that an unfolding step of FliC limits the export rate of FliC in the ΔfliS mutant, thereby producing short filaments. We propose that FliS promotes FliC docking at the FlhA platform to facilitate subsequent unfolding of FliC.
Coexistence of congenital long QT syndrome and autonomic dysregulation in children
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiharu , Aiba Takeshi , Kamei Naoya , Tominaga Kenta , Fujita Hideki , Miyamoto Yoshihiro , Tanaka Toshikatsu , Kido Sachiko 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLoss of consciousness (LOC) in long QT syndrome (LQTS) patients can be caused by torsade de pointes (TdP) or vasovagal syncope (VVS). On genetic testing and head‐up tilt testing (HUTT), we diagnosed three young patients with both genotyped LQTS and autonomic dysregulation. According to grade of prolongation of QT interval and LOC status, syncope episodes in two patients were classified as due to VVS, while those of the other patient were due to TdP. We also diagnosed one patient with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Syncope in LQTS patients should not automatically be labeled TdP. If there is a possibility of VVS, HUTT should be performed, but careful observation is required because TdP cannot be completely ruled out.
Minutewomen, Victims, and Parasites: The Discursive and Performative Construction of Women by The Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
Authors: Haltinner Kristin 
Published: July 2016

This study uses data from 40 interviews and 80 hours of participant observation to examine the discursive and performative (embodied, enacted, and nonverbal) position of women in twenty‐first‐century militia–nativist organizations, using the case study of the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps (MCDC). The case of the MCDC demonstrates that the organization produces competing narratives for understanding the role of white and migrant women in U.S. society. White American women are constructed as victims of immigration, while white women within the organization are viewed as capable colleagues. Migrant women are produced as both parasites on American society and victims of Mexican male sexuality. As this article shows, women's demands for agency, their political drives, their ascribed race, and their intentions shape their discursive production.
Flow Boiling in Microgaps for Thermal Management of High Heat Flux Microsystems
Authors: Han Xuefei , Fedorov Andrei , Joshi Yogendra 
Published: July 2016

In the first part of this paper, a review of fundamental experimental studies on flow boiling in plain and surface enhanced microgaps is presented. In the second part, complimentary to the literature review, new results of subcooled flow boiling of water through a micropin-fin array heat sink with outlet pressure below atmospheric are presented. A 200 μm high microgap device design was tested, with a longitudinal pin pitch of 225 μm, a transverse pitch of 135 μm, and a diameter of 90 μm, respectively. Tested mass fluxes ranged from 1351 to 1784 kg/m2s, and effective heat flux ranged from 198 to 444 W/cm2 based on the footprint surface area. The inlet temperature varied from 6 to 12 °C, and outlet pressure ranged from 24 to 36 kPa. The two-phase heat transfer coefficient showed a decreasing trend with increasing heat flux. High-speed visualizations of flow patterns revealed a triangular wake after bubble nucleation. Flow oscillations were seen and discussed.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Stremmel Neil , Struck Christopher J. 
Published: July 2016

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To receive a copy of the latest Standards catalog, please contact Neil Stremmel.
Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.
This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National Catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
Rugby World Cup 2015: World Rugby injury surveillance study
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Taylor Aileen , Kemp Simon P T , Raftery Martin 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence, severity and nature of injuries sustained during the Rugby World Cup (RWC) 2015 together with the inciting events leading to the injuries.DesignA prospective, whole population study.Population639 international rugby players representing 20 countries.MethodThe study protocol followed the definitions and procedures recommended in the consensus statement for epidemiological studies in rugby union; output measures included players' age (years), stature (cm), body mass (kg) and playing position, and the group-level incidence (injuries/1000 player-hours), mean and median severity (days-absence), location (%), type (%) and inciting event (%) for match and training injuries.ResultsIncidence of injury was 90.1 match injuries/1000 player-match-hours (backs: 100.4; forwards: 81.1) and 1.0 training injuries/1000 player-training-hours (backs: 0.9; forwards: 1.2). The mean severity of injuries was 29.8 days-absence (backs: 30.4; forwards: 29.1) during matches and 14.4 days-absence (backs: 6.3; forwards: 19.8) during training. During matches, head/face (22.0%), knee (16.2%), muscle-strain (23.1%) and ligament-sprain (23.1%) and, during training, lower limb (80.0%) and muscle-strain (60.0%) injuries were the most common locations and types of injury. Being-tackled (24.7%) was the most common inciting event for injury during matches and rugby-skills-contact activities (70.0%) the most common during training.ConclusionsWhile the incidence, nature and inciting events associated with match injuries at RWC 2015 were similar to those reported previously for RWCs 2007 and 2011, there were increasing trends in the mean severity and total days-absence through injury.
Recovery of premorbid BMI trajectory without overshoot during the first year of treatment of children with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Grönberg Annika , Swenne Ingemar 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo study body mass index (BMI) changes and metabolic control in children and adolescents during the first year following the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.Research design and methods200 children and adolescents (<18 years) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, started on multiple injection treatment and followed up for 1 year were studied with respect to metabolic control and weight change. Growth curves preceding the onset of diabetes were procured from the school health services. BMI was recalculated into BMI SD scores (BMISDS).ResultsGlycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 1 year was 6.7±1.3% (50±10 mmol/mol). HbA1c was positively correlated with daily insulin dose (R2=0.13; p<0.001), negatively correlated with age (R2=0.03; p<0.05) but not related to gender, BMISDS at 1 year, HbA1c at presentation, or ketoacidosis at presentation. Prior to the onset of diabetes, BMISDS was 0.41±1.20 and decreased to −0.63±1.25 at presentation. BMISDS at 1 year was 0.54±0.97 and not different from the premorbid value (p>0.05). In a multiple regression analysis, BMISDS at 1 year was directly proportional to and highly predicted by BMISDS prior to onset of diabetes (R2=0.57; p<0.001). BMISDS at 1 year was also inversely correlated with age (R2=0.03; p<0.001) but could not be predicted by gender, daily insulin dose, HbA1c at 1 year, HbA1c at presentation, or by ketoacidosis at presentation.ConclusionsDuring the first year of treatment of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents, it is possible to achieve good metabolic control without excess weight gain.