bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct particle–fluid simulation of Kolmogorov-length-scale size particles in decaying isotropic turbulence
Authors: Schneiders Lennart , Meinke Matthias , Schröder Wolfgang 
Published: April 2017

The modulation of decaying isotropic turbulence by 45 000 spherical particles of Kolmogorov-length-scale size is studied using direct particle–fluid simulations, i.e. the flow field over each particle is fully resolved by direct numerical simulations of the conservation equations. A Cartesian cut-cell method is used by which the exchange of momentum and energy at the fluid–particle interfaces is strictly conserved. It is shown that the particles absorb energy from the large scales of the carrier flow while the small-scale turbulent motion is determined by the inertial particle dynamics. Whereas the viscous dissipation rate of the bulk flow is attenuated, the particles locally increase the level of dissipation due to the intense strain rate generated near the particle surfaces due to the crossing-trajectory effect. Analogously, the rotational motion of the particles decouples from the local fluid vorticity and strain-rate field at increasing particle inertia. The high level of dissipation is partially compensated by the transfer of momentum to the fluid via forces acting at the particle surfaces. The spectral analysis of the kinetic energy budget is supported by the average flow pattern about the particles showing a nearly universal strain-rate distribution. An analytical expression for the instantaneous rate of viscous dissipation induced by each particle is derived and subsequently verified numerically. Using this equation, the local balance of fluid kinetic energy around a particle of arbitrary shape can be precisely determined. It follows that two-way coupled point-particle models implicitly account for the particle-induced dissipation rate via the momentum-coupling terms; however, they disregard the actual length scales of the interaction. Finally, an analysis of the small-scale flow topology shows that the strength of vortex stretching in the bulk flow is mitigated due to the presence of the particles. This effect is associated with the energy conversion at small wavenumbers and the reduced level of dissipation at intermediate wavenumbers. Consequently, it damps the spectral flux of energy to the small scales.
Controlling factors for differential subsidence in the Sonoma Foreland Basin (Early Triassic, western USA)
Authors: CARAVACA GWÉNAËL , BRAYARD ARNAUD , VENNIN EMMANUELLE , GUIRAUD MICHEL , LE POURHIET LAETITIA , GROSJEAN ANNE-SABINE , THOMAZO CHRISTOPHE , OLIVIER NICOLAS , FARA EMMANUEL , ESCARGUEL GILLES , BYLUND KEVIN G. , JENKS JAMES F. , STEPHEN DANIEL A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSediments deposited from the Permian–Triassic boundary (~252 Ma) until the end-Smithian (Early Triassic;c.250.7 Ma) in the Sonoma Foreland Basin show marked thickness variations between its southern (up toc.250 m thick) and northern (up toc.550 m thick) parts. This basin formed as a flexural response to the emplacement of the Golconda Allochthon during the Sonoma orogeny. Using a high-resolution backstripping approach, a numerical model and sediment thickness to obtain a quantitative subsidence analysis, we discuss the controlling factor(s) responsible for spatial variations in thickness. We show that sedimentary overload is not sufficient to explain the significant discrepancy observed in the sedimentary record of the basin. We argue that the inherited rheological properties of the basement terranes and spatial heterogeneity of the allochthon are of paramount importance in controlling the subsidence and thickness spatial distribution across the Sonoma Foreland Basin.
Evaluation of a pilot service to facilitate discharge of patients with stable long-term mental health needs from secondary to primary care: the role of Primary Care Mental Health Specialists
Authors: Hamilton-West Kate , Hotham Sarah , Yang Wei , Hedayioglu Julie , Brigden Charlotte 
Published: April 2017

Aim
We aimed to evaluate a pilot service to facilitate discharge of patients with stable long-term mental health needs from secondary to primary care.

Background
Patients with stable long-term mental health conditions are often not discharged from secondary mental health services when no longer needed due to insufficient systems and processes to enable safe, effective, recovery-focussed treatment and support. The Primary Care Mental Health Specialist (PCMHS) Service was developed to address this gap; new PCMHS posts were introduced to act as a conduit for patients being discharged from secondary care and a single point of referral back into secondary care, should it be required. The two-year pilot, across six Clinical Commissioning Groups in South East England, began in March 2013.

Methods
Interviews were conducted with all PCMHS employed in the pilot service (n=13) and a sample of service users (n=12). The views of professionals working alongside the service, including GPs, Psychiatrists and Mental Health Nurses, were captured using a brief online questionnaire (n=50). Time and Activity Recording Sheets were used to capture data required for economic analysis.

Findings
Our findings indicate that the service is working well from the perspective of patients; staff employed within the service and professionals working alongside the service. Patients described the service as a ‘safety net’ they could fall back on in case of difficulties, whereas staff used the analogy of a ‘bridge’ to describe the way the service improved communication and collaboration between the various professionals and organisations involved in the patient’s care. Improvements in well-being were seen to result from increased support for those transitioning from secondary to primary care, a more pro-active approach to relapse prevention and increased engagement in daily activities. Each PCMHS covered 36 patients in a one-month period, with a unit cost of £73.01 per patient.
The Scales of Money: Monetary Sovereignty and the Spatial Dimensions of American Politics after the Civil War
Authors: Barreyre Nicolas 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
With its victory in the Civil War, the Union affirmed the primacy of the national sovereignty of the United States. After the conflict, the country was absorbed by the consequences of this momentous event. Yet, even in this context, the monetary policies of the government became contentious and led to the eventual redefinition of sovereignty. This article explores how the American institutional structure and political system allowed the money question to become a spatial issue, opposing the great sections of the country. In turn, this sectionalism triggered a confrontation between alternative understandings of what sovereignty entailed in terms of both political legitimacy and spatial scales. By the end of the century, the scope of sovereign power would be redefined, and currency abandoned as one of its instruments.
The So-Called Solonian Property Classes: Citizenship in Archaic Athens
Authors: Duplouy Alain 
Published: April 2017

Abstracts
It is commonly accepted that the definition of four property classes by Solon in early sixth century-BCE Athens marked a major step in the political construction of the Athenian state. However, as Claude Mossé argued thirty-five years ago, this reconstruction is mainly the result of a fourth-century-BCE historiography that positioned Solon as the founding father of Athenian democracy—casting doubt on the early existence of the so-called Solonian system. Although such an approach has often been considered as “postmodern” or “pessimistic,” I propose to follow Mossé’s path by considering the Solonian telē as occupational groups involved, along with many others, in the construction of the Athenian polis. This analysis results in the definition of an explicitly Archaic citizenship, conceived as a performance linked to specific behaviors and lifestyles.
For an “Ambitious History”: A Reply to Our Critics
Authors: Armitage David , Guldi Jo 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article responds to a variety of criticisms of our thesis that the longue durée is returning after a period of retreat, and that this return provides a necessary means to revive the discipline of history as a critical human science. We argue that the longue durée has different meanings in distinct historical traditions and that its importance for non-academic audiences will not be the same as for an academic readership. We also suggest that the longue durée should be combined with other historical time-scales (including those covered by microhistory), and that this combination can help us all to better understand the present in light of the past and then orient ourselves toward the future. In sum, we argue that the revenant longue durée can be one means, among others, to address the widespread “crisis of the humanities” that has been discerned by scholars around the world.
Pyrocystis noctiluca represents an excellent bioassay for shear forces induced in ground-based microgravity simulators (clinostat and random positioning machine)
Authors: Hauslage Jens , Cevik Volkan , Hemmersbach Ruth 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGround-based facilities, such as clinostats and random positioning machines aiming at simulating microgravity conditions, are tools to prepare space experiments and identify gravity-related signaling pathways. A prerequisite is that the facilities are operated in an appropriate manner and potentially induced non-gravitational effects, such as shearing forces, have to be taken into account. Dinoflagellates, here P. noctiluca, as fast and sensitive reporter system for shear stress and hydrodynamic gradients, were exposed on a clinostat (constant rotation around one axis, 60 rpm) or in a random positioning machine, that means rotating around two axes, whose velocity and direction were chosen at random. Deformation of the cell membrane of P. noctiluca due to shear stress results in a detectable bioluminescence emission. Our results show that the amount of mechanical stress is higher on an random positioning machine than during constant clinorotation, as revealed by the differences in photon counts. We conclude that one axis clinorotation induced negligible non-gravitational effects in the form of shear forces in contrast to random operation modes tested. For the first time, we clearly visualized the device-dependent occurrence of shear forces by means of a bioassay, which have to be considered during the definition of an appropriate simulation approach and to avoid misinterpretation of results.
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)-induced Sertoli cell injury through a disruption of F-actin and microtubule organization is mediated by Akt1/2
Authors: Gao Ying , Chen Haiqi , Xiao Xiang , Lui Wing-yee , Lee Will M. , Mruk Dolores D. , Cheng C. Yan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonate, or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) is an anthropogenic fluorosurfactant widely used in consumer products. While its use in Europe, Canada and the U.S. has been banned due to its human toxicity, it continues to be used in China and other developing countries as a global pollutant. Herein, using anin vitromodel of Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier (BTB), PFOS was found to induce Sertoli cell injury by perturbing actin cytoskeleton through changes in the spatial expression of actin regulatory proteins. Specifically, PFOS caused mis-localization of Arp3 (actin-related protein 3, a branched actin polymerization protein) and palladin (an actin bundling protein). These disruptive changes thus led to a dis-organization of F-actin across Sertoli cell cytosol, causing truncation of actin microfilament, thereby failing to support the Sertoli cell morphology and adhesion protein complexes (e.g., occludin-ZO-1, CAR-ZO-1, and N-cadherin-ß-catenin), through a down-regulation of p-Akt1-S473 and p-Akt2-S474. The use of SC79, an Akt1/2 activator, was found to block the PFOS-induced Sertoli cell injury by rescuing the PFOS-induced F-actin dis-organization. These findings thus illustrate PFOS exerts its disruptive effects on Sertoli cell function downstream through Akt1/2. As such, PFOS-induced male reproductive dysfunction can possibly be managed through an intervention on Akt1/2 expression.
Tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis scores of Oxford classification combinded with proteinuria level at biopsy provides earlier risk prediction in lgA nephropathy
Authors: Zhu Xuejing , Li Huiqiong , Liu Yexin , You Jing , Qu Zhong , Yuan Shuguang , Peng Youming , Liu Fuyou , Liu Hong 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe predictive effect of combining MEST with clinical data at biopsy on renal survival outcomes has not been investigated in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). MEST of The Oxford classification of IgAN and 24-hour urine proteinuia measured at enrollment. The primary outcome was a composite of either ESRD (eGFR to <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2), or a permanent reduction in eGFR to below 50% of the value at biopsy. 742 patients were enrolled and follow-up >3 years, and were divided into two groups according to eGFR levels at biopsy. Multivariable logistical regression revealed that proteinuria at biopsy (OR 5.307 (95% Cl 3.003 to 9.376) p = 0.000), tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis scores (T) in MEST (OR 3.915 (95%Cl 2.710 to 5.654) p = 0.000) were the two predictors of eGFR decline for IgAN patients. Kaplan–Meier survival curves show significant difference in renal survival outcome among each T scores groups at biopsy (T0, T1, T2) (P < 0.05) and proteinuria levels at biopsy (P < 0.05), individially. Patients with T2 combined proteinuria at biopsy have the worst renal survival outcome. In conclusion, T scores in MEST classification combined with proteinuria at biopsy could be one of the important early predictors for the renal survial outcomes in patients with IgAN.
Translation, but not transfection limits clinically relevant, exogenous mRNA based induction of alpha-4 integrin expression on human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Nowakowski Adam , Andrzejewska Anna , Boltze Johannes , Nitzsche Franziska , Cui Li-li , Jolkkonen Jukka , Walczak Piotr , Lukomska Barbara , Janowski Miroslaw 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent promising resource of cells for regenerative medicine in neurological disorders. However, efficient and minimally invasive methods of MSCs delivery to the brain still have to be developed. Intra-arterial route is very promising, but MSCs are missing machinery for diapedesis through blood-brain barrier. Thus, here we have tested a mRNA-based method to induce transient expression of ITGA4, an adhesion molecule actively involved in cell extravasation. We observed that transfection with an ITGA4-mRNA construct bearing a conventional cap analogue (7-methylguanosine) failed to produce ITGA4 protein, but exogenous ITGA4-mRNA was detected in transfected MSCs. This indicates that not transfection, but rather translation being the major roadblock. Stabilization of ITGA4-mRNA with SSB proteins resulted in ITGA4 protein synthesis in HEK293 cells only, whereas in MSCs, satisfactory results were obtained only after using an anti-reverse-cap-analogue (ARCA). The presence of ITGA4 protein in MSCs was transient and lasted for up to 24 h after transfection. Membranous location was confirmed by flow cytometry of viable non-permeabilized cells using anti-ITGA4 antibody. The mRNA-based expression ofitga4transgene is potentially sufficient for diapedesis after intra-arterial delivery. To conclude, mRNA-based engineering of stem cells is a rapidandintegration-free method and attractive from the perspective of potential future clinical application.
Mitochondrial C11orf83 is a potent Antiviral Protein Independent of interferon production
Authors: Yang Yun , Xiong Shaoquan , Cai Bei , Luo Hui , Dong E. , Li Qiqi , Ji Gaili , Zhao Chengjian , Wen Yanjun , Wei Yuquan , Yang Hanshuo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMitochondria have a central position in innate immune response via the adaptor protein MAVS in mitochondrial outer membrane to limit viral replication by inducing interferon production. Here, we reported that C11orf83, a component of complex III of electronic transfer chain in mitochondrial inner membrane, was a potent antiviral protein independent of interferon production. C11orf83 expression significantly increased in response to viral infection, and endows cells with stronger capability of inhibiting viral replication. Deletion of C11orf83 permits viral replication easier and cells were more vulnerable to viral killing. These effects mainly were mediated by triggering OAS3-RNase L system. C11orf83 overexpression induced higher transcription of OAS3, and knockdown either OAS3 or RNase L impaired the antiviral capability of C11orf83. Interestingly, the signaling from C11orf83 to OAS3-RNase L was independent of interferon production. Thus, our findings suggested a new antiviral mechanism by bridging cell metabolic machinery component with antiviral effectors.
Live imaging of H3K9 acetylation in plant cells
Authors: Kurita Kazuki , Sakamoto Takuya , Yagi Noriyoshi , Sakamoto Yuki , Ito Akihiro , Nishino Norikazu , Sako Kaori , Yoshida Minoru , Kimura Hiroshi , Seki Motoaki , Matsunaga Sachihiro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractProper regulation of histone acetylation is important in development and cellular responses to environmental stimuli. However, the dynamics of histone acetylation at the single-cell level remains poorly understood. Here we established a transgenic plant cell line to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) with a modification-specific intracellular antibody (mintbody). The H3K9ac-specific mintbody fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP) was introduced into tobacco BY-2 cells. We successfully demonstrated that H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP interacted with H3K9ac in vivo. The ratio of nuclear/cytoplasmic H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP detected in quantitative analysis reflected the endogenous H3K9ac levels. Under chemically induced hyperacetylation conditions with histone deacetylase inhibitors including trichostatin A, Ky-2 and Ky-14, significant enhancement of H3K9ac was detected by H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP dependent on the strength of inhibitors. Conversely, treatment with a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, C646 caused a reduction in the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio of H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP. Using this system, we assessed the environmental responses of H3K9ac and found that cold and salt stresses enhanced H3K9ac in tobacco BY-2 cells. In addition, a combination of H3K9ac-mintbody-GFP with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine labelling confirmed that H3K9ac level is constant during interphase.
Attractive force-driven superhardening of graphene membranes as a pin-point breaking of continuum mechanics
Authors: Ashino Makoto , Wiesendanger Roland 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBending at the nanometre scale can substantially modify the mechanical, chemical and electronic properties of graphene membranes. The subsequent response of chemical bonds leads to deviations from plate idealisation in continuum mechanics. However, those phenomena have thus far been investigated exclusively by measuring the electronic properties of graphene deformed by compressing and stretching with local-probe techniques. Here, we report that the interatomic-attractive forces applied on the convexly-curved graphene by the probe tip give rise to a pin-point breaking of the plate idealisation in the continuum mechanics, facilitating atomically-localised enhancements in its chemical reactivity and mechanical strength. Thorough characterisations were conducted by atomic force microscopy and force field spectroscopy on hollow nanotubes, rolled-up graphene, with different diameters. Their topmost parts supplied well-defined curvatures of the convex graphene. We found that a significant enhancement in the out-of-plane Young’s modulus from 13 to 163 GPa, “superhardening”, was realised with the nonlinear transition of bond configurations. Our findings provide a fundamental understanding of the relationships between the structure of atomistic membranes and the dynamic behaviour of approaching exterior atoms or molecules and their subsequent interplay with chemical and mechanical properties. Thus, these results encourage the application of such membranes in functionally-controllable materials or devices.
Distinct subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease based on patterns of brain atrophy: longitudinal trajectories and clinical applications
Authors: Ferreira Daniel , Verhagen Chloë , Hernández-Cabrera Juan Andrés , Cavallin Lena , Guo Chun-Jie , Ekman Urban , Muehlboeck J-Sebastian , Simmons Andrew , Barroso José , Wahlund Lars-Olof , Westman Eric 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAtrophy patterns on MRI can reliably predict three neuropathological subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD): typical, limbic-predominant, or hippocampal-sparing. A method to enable their investigation in the clinical routine is still lacking. We aimed to (1) validate the combined use of visual rating scales for identification of AD subtypes; (2) characterise these subtypes at baseline and over two years; and (3) investigate how atrophy patterns and non-memory cognitive domains contribute to memory impairment. AD patients were classified as either typical AD (n = 100), limbic-predominant (n = 33), or hippocampal-sparing (n = 35) by using the Scheltens’ scale for medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), the Koedam’s scale for posterior atrophy (PA), and the Pasquier’s global cortical atrophy scale for frontal atrophy (GCA-F). A fourth group with no atrophy was also identified (n = 30). 230 healthy controls were also included. There was great overlap among subtypes in demographic, clinical, and cognitive variables. Memory performance was more dependent on non-memory cognitive functions in hippocampal-sparing and the no atrophy group. Hippocampal-sparing and the no atrophy group showed less aggressive disease progression. Visual rating scales can be used to identify distinct AD subtypes. Recognizing AD heterogeneity is important and visual rating scales may facilitate investigation of AD heterogeneity in clinical routine.
Effects of calcination temperature for rate capability of triple-shelled ZnFe2O4 hollow microspheres for lithium ion battery anodes
Authors: Hwang Hojin , Shin Haeun , Lee Wan-Jin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTriple-shelled ZnFe2O4 hollow microspheres (ZFO) as anode materials for lithium ion battery are prepared through a one-pot hydrothermal reaction using the composite solution consisting of sucrose in water and metal ions in ethylene glycol (EG), followed by different calcination processes. The architectures of ZFO micro spheres are differently synthesized through a mutual cooperation of inward and outward ripening with three different calcination temperatures. Thin triple-shelled ZnFe2O4 hollow microspheres calcined at 450 °C (ZFO-450) delivers a high reversible capacity of 932 mA h g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 even at the 200th cycle without obvious decay. Furthermore, ZFO-450 delivers 1235, 1005, 865, 834, and 845 mA h g−1 at high current densities of 0.5, 2, 5, 10, and 20 A g−1 after 100 cycles. Thin triple-shelled hollow microsphere prepared at an optimum calcination temperature provides exceptional rate capability and outstanding rate retention due to (i) the formation of nanoparticles leading to thin shell with morphological integrity, (ii) the facile mass transfer by thin shell with mesoporous structure, and (iii) the void space with macroporous structure alleviating volume change occurring during cycling.