bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of modification process parameters on the properties of crumb rubber/EVA modified asphalt
Authors: Fang Changqing , Qiao Xiaoting , Yu Ruien , Yu Xin , Liu Jianjun , Yu Jiang , Xia Ronghou 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTCrumb rubber (CR) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were adopted as asphalt modifiers. Routine tests, softening point, penetration, and ductility were used to evaluate the basic properties of crumb rubber and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (CR/EVA) modified asphalt. The segregation experiment measured the storage stability. Modern test methods such as fluorescence microscopic photography technology was used to study stability of polymer modified asphalt. Infrared spectrum experiment was used to analyze the composition differences of the upper part and lower part of CR/EVA modified asphalt. Matlab software was employed to fit out the formulae of ductility, penetration, and softening point difference of modified asphalt and shearing temperature, shearing time and shearing rate separately. Compared with base asphalt, the properties of CR/EVA modified asphalt have been greatly improved. The formulae which were fitted out by Matlab software showed that the shearing time was the foremost factor affecting the properties of CR/EVA modified asphalt, followed by shearing temperature, and the last was shearing rate. The conclusions which were fitted by orthogonal experiment were basically consistent with the results of formulae which were fitted out by Matlab software. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43598.
Chemical evaluation of composites natural rubber/carbon black/leather tannery projected to antistatic flooring
Authors: Ruiz Marcos Roberto , Cabreira Pedro Luiz Sobreiro , Budemberg Eduardo Roque , Reis Elton Aparecido Prado dos , Bellucci Felipe Silva , Job Aldo Eloizo 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study the composites which are commonly called NR/CB/Leather were developed in order to apply them as antistatic flooring and coating. They were developed using vulcanized natural rubber, carbon black to add an electric conduction property and industrial leather waste. The leather industrial waste was micronized and added to the rubber matrix in proportions of 60 and 80 phr using an opened mixing cylinder according to ASTM D 3182 standard. The composites were exposed to the sanitizing agents, (i) bleach and (ii) disinfectant, aiming to simulate a real cleaning context, and to meet the health standards of the Brazilian Ministry of health. Physical‐chemical and microbiological evaluations were carried out to determine the structural and chemical stabilities of the composites. After this, low water absorption level (<1.5%), immobilization and low chromium oxide level (<1.5), pH within the neutrality rate and an excellent resistance to microbiological contamination were identified for the composites. Thus, from a physical‐chemical perspective, the composites NR/CB/Leather displayed suitable properties and potential for application as antistatic flooring and coatings. Besides using leather industrial waste in their production, their manufacture can boost this industrial sector economically and, consequently, promote a reduction in environmental impact. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43618.
α‐Thiophene end‐capped styrene copolymer containing fullerene pendant moieties: Synthesis, characterization, and gas sensing properties
Authors: Şennik Erdem , Şennik Büşra , Alev Onur , Kılınç Necmettin , Yilmaz Faruk , Ziya Öztürk Zafer 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWe report the synthesis, characterization, and gas sensing properties of a styrene copolymer bearing α‐thiophene end group and fullerene (C60) pendant moieties P(S‐co‐CMS‐C60). First, the copolymer of styrene (S) and chloromethylstyrene (CMS) monomers was prepared in bulk via a bimolecular nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP) technique using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator and nitroxy‐functional thiophene compound (Thi‐TEMPO) as the co‐radical and this gave α‐thiophene end‐capped copolymer P(S‐co‐CMS). The chloromethylstyrene units of P(S‐co‐CMS) allowed further side‐chain functionalization onto P(S‐co‐CMS). The obtained P(S‐co‐CMS) was then reacted with sodium azide (NaN3) and this led to the copolymer with pendant azide groups, P(S‐co‐CMS‐N3), and then grafted with electron‐acceptor C60 via the reaction between N3 and C60. The final product was characterized by using NMR, FTIR, and UV–vis methods. Electrical characterization of P(S‐co‐CMS‐C60) thin film was also investigated at between 30 and 100 °C as the ramps of 10 °C. Temperature dependent electrical characterization results showed that P(S‐co‐CMS‐C60) thin film behaves like a semiconductor. Furthermore, P(S‐co‐CMS‐C60) was employed as the sensing layer to investigate triethylamine (TEA), hydrogen (H2), acetone, and ethanol sensing properties at 100 °C. The results revealed that P(S‐co‐CMS‐C60) thin film has a sensing ability to H2. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43641.
Tara tannin as active ingredient in electrospun fibrous delivery system
Authors: Sunthornvarabhas Jackapon , Liengprayoon Siriluck , Aouf Chahinez , Rungjang Walaiporn , Sangseethong Kunruedee , Lecomte Jerome , Suwonsichon Thongchai , Boonreungrod Chutima , Dubreucq Eric , Fulcrand Helene 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the releasing performance of tara tannin, a cocktail of plant polyphenols, incorporated in submicron fiber, produced by the electrospinning process. Polylactic acid was used as a polymer matrix that carried two loading levels of tara tannin, 14.3 and 22.3% dry weight in the final product. The fiber diameter of composite fibers was in the range 500–700 nm. The release of tara tannin was controlled by material attachment as there was no evidence of chemical bonding between materials. This was further confirmed by FTIR and DSC. From the five combinations of acid that were presented in tara tannin, galloylquinic acid, with the smallest molecular weight composition, was released in the largest proportion (%molar) and exhibited antioxidant activity. This was confirmed by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay and HPLC‐MS analyses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43646.
Acrylic‐based epoxy resin damping systems: Synthesis, characterization, and properties
Authors: Yang Yuan , Zhao Yun‐Feng , Wang Jian‐Yue , Zhao Chuan , Tong Liu , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Zhan Mao‐Sheng 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTAcrylate‐based epoxy resin (AE)/low molecular weight polyamine (LPA) composites were developed. The chemical structure, curing behavior, fracture morphology, damping properties, and mechanical properties were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR),1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and electro mechanical machine. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and SEM pictures exhibited nanoscale micro‐phase separation between epoxy and acrylic segmers. DMTA results indicated that the loss factor of cured AE/LPA system could reach 1.84 and temperature range of tan δ > 0.5 was about 84 °C. Tensile strength and elongation at break of the cured AE samples can reach 6.5 MPa and 185%, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43654.
Effects of TiO2, ZnO, and Fe3O4 nanofillers on rheological behavior, microstructure, and reaction kinetics of rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Akkoyun Meral , Suvaci Ender 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTEffects of different types and shapes of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and magnetite nanofillers on the rheological behavior of polyol/nanofiller suspensions, on the rigid polyurethane foam formation reaction, and hence on the final microstructure were investigated. The rheological percolation threshold of polyol/nanofiller suspensions decreased as the aspect ratio of nonspherical nanoparticles (platelet or rod) increased, regardless of the nanofiller type. The results of reaction kinetics showed that above a critical surface area (≈30 m2), independently of nanofiller type, the reaction rate increased as the surface area increased. The introduction of oxide surfaces reduced the final cell size until a critical surface area (≈30 m2). However, above this critical value cell size distribution gets wider and the cell size can no longer be correlated with the surface area. In the latter case, an increase of the reaction rate and the polymerization reaction being exothermic may facilitate uncontrolled cell nucleation, growth, and hence coalescence which results in an uncontrolled foam structure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43658.
Poly(propylene carbonate) polyurethane self‐polishing coating for marine antifouling application
Authors: Chen Yongyue , Liu Zhixiong , Han Sheng , Han Jin , Jiang Daoyi 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, a series of environmentally friendly thermoplastic poly(propylene carbonate) polyurethane (PPCU) were prepared by two‐step condensation polymerization and used to fabricate antifouling coatings. The poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) segments served as degradable moieties. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) measurements revealed that the polyurethane could degrade in the presence of enzyme and the degradation rate increases with the decrease of the molecular weight of the polyurethane. Investigation on the hydrolytic degradation behavior and the release rate test of the antifoulants in artificial seawater also demonstrated that the hydrolysis rate and the release rate increased as the molecular weight decreased, which makes the coating controllable at the hydrolysis rate range of 0.012–0.051 g/(m2d). Marine field tests and algae settlement assay tests revealed that the polyurethane coating possessed antibiofouling ability due to its self‐renewal property and the release of antifoulants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43667.
Biodegradable composites with improved barrier properties and transparency from the impregnation of PLA to bacterial cellulose membranes
Authors: Urbina Leire , Algar Itxaso , García‐Astrain Clara , Gabilondo Nagore , González Alba , Corcuera MaAngeles , Eceiza Arantxa , Retegi Aloña 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) was impregnated in bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes. BC/PLA films were prepared by solvent casting and mechanical, optical and barrier properties, and biodegradation process were investigated. The transparency of processed films was higher than that of neat BC and increased with PLA content. Moreover, the incorporation of PLA to BC enhanced significantly the water vapor barrier properties of the BC membranes. The bionanocomposites contained a high percentage of cellulose due to the impregnation method that leads to the film with a BC content of 94%, which practically maintains the excellent mechanical properties of BC. However, when increasing the PLA content in the bionanocomposites the mechanical properties decreased slightly with respect to BC. Biodegradation under real soil conditions was determined indirectly through the study of the visual degradation and disintegration, demonstrating that the bionanocomposites were degraded faster than the neat PLA. The successful production of BC/PLA bionanocomposites suggested the possible application of them for active food packaging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43669.
Effect of molecular rigidity and hydrogen bond interaction on mechanical properties of polyimide fibers
Authors: Feng Yan , Luo Long Bo , Huang Jieyang , Li Ke , Li Baoying , Wang Huina , Liu Xiangyang 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTSix kinds of polyimide (PI) fibers with different molecular rigidity and hydrogen bond interactions were designed and prepared in order to investigate the relationship between structure and mechanical properties. The rigidity, aggregation structure, fracture morphology, hydrogen bond, and charge transfer (CT) interactions were investigated in detail. Conformational rigidity of six PI fibers were simulated and measured byD‐values of energy barrier and bottom in potential energy curves of PI units. Rigid rod‐like PI macromolecules tend to pack in order and show better mechanical properties. However, with the increase ofD‐values, fracture mechanisms change from ductile fracture to brittle fracture. Brittle fracture resulting from high conformational rigidity is adverse to improvement of mechanical properties of PI fibers. Besides, strength of hydrogen bond and CT interactions are characterized by infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet absorption spectra, respectively. The results indicate that higher interactions lead to higher tensile strength and initial modulus. Finally, PI fibers, which possess moderate conformational rigidity and strong hydrogen bond interactions, exhibit highest tensile strength (1.82 GPa) and initial modulus (85.7 GPa) in six kinds of PI fibers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43677.
Continuous aligned poly(meta‐phenylene isophthalamide) fibers via stable jet electrospinning
Authors: Chen Weiwang , Weng Wenguo 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTContinuous aligned poly(meta‐phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) fibers are first fabricated by Stable Jet Electrospinning (SJES) with a collection distance of 15 cm. The unfolded length of every single fiber is calculated to be several hundred to several thousand meters. Morphology analysis by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) shows that these fibers are well arranged and uniformly distributed and their average fiber diameters decrease gradually with increasing collection speed. The effects of ambient temperature and humidity on the duration of stable jet are also discussed. Moderate temperatures and humidity are preferred for fabricating PMIA fibers with ultra‐long size. Besides, the changes of the thermal and crystalline properties of PMIA fibers are also investigated. The significant decline in crystallinity should be responsible for its decreased thermal property. Further improvements to its thermal and crystalline performance must be given consideration in future applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43690.
Macro‐mechanism of polyvinyl chloride shrink sleeves embossed marking
Authors: Kondratov Alexander P. , Volinsky Alex A. , Chen Jia 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTMechanism description and the physical model of shrink sleeve relief labeling are presented. Embossed letters and symbols on goods packaging are intended for people with impaired vision, capable of recognizing tactile Braille marking. Internal stresses relaxation in shrink films made of rigid polyvinyl chloride at various stages of thermal printing is quantified. Dependencies between the relief parameters, the Braille font pixel diameter, and the gap between the container and the tubular film label are established. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43691.
Habitat use by two extremophile, highly endemic, and critically endangered fish species (Gambusia eurystoma and Poecilia sulphuraria; Poeciliidae)
Authors: Culumber Zachary W. , Hopper Garrett W. , Barts Nicholas , Passow Courtney N. , Morgan Samuel , Brown Anthony , Arias‐Rodriguez Lenin , Tobler Michael 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Effective conservation measures for endangered species require basic knowledge of habitat use and critical environmental variables influencing the species' occurrence. However, setting priorities may be difficult when multiple endangered species inhabit the same area and differ in habitat use.
This study characterized the physical and chemical environment at 30 sites along a 2.5 km stretch of stream associated with the Baños del Azufre hydrogen sulphide spring complex, home to the only population of the widemouth gambusia (Gambusia eurystoma) in existence. Also present in the spring is Poecilia sulphuraria, a narrowly endemic and endangered species known from only a few populations. This study provides the most detailed report to date for physical and chemical drivers of species density in this small, extreme environment.
Gambusia eurystoma were generally rare throughout the stream, and stream flow and substrate size were the best predictors of G. eurystoma densities. Conversely, P. sulphuraria were considerably more abundant, but no physical or chemical variables predicted their density among sites. Size distributions of adult P. sulphuraria were significantly influenced by stream flow and water chemistry, indicating a cost to living in greater proximity to toxic springs with high hydrogen sulphide concentrations.
Overall, the results provide the first extensive report of environmental variation and factors associated with G. eurystoma densities, and indicate that conservation measures prioritizing environmental conditions for G. eurystoma will also benefit P. sulphuraria. Fish in sulphide springs provide prime examples of narrowly endemic species in desperate need of conservation, and their habitats face conservation challenges similar to those found in other springs with sympatric, endemic species in the world's arid regions.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluating the timing of the Indonesian trepang industry in north‐west Arnhem Land: chronological investigations at Malara (Anuru Bay A)
Authors: WESLEY DARYL , O'CONNOR SUE , FENNER JACK N. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe Malara (Anuru Bay A) Macassan trepang‐processing site was investigated from 2008 to 2010, to test two chronological models of the timing of cultural contact between north‐west Arnhem Land and South‐East Asia. Currently, the models of contact between South‐East Asian people and Australian Indigenous people are a “long model” of pre‐Macassan and Macassan contact (>200 years) and a “short model” of only Macassan contact (<120 years). The aims of this study were to assess when the site was first occupied, when intensification of site use occurred and when the site was abandoned. This assessment was undertaken by radiocarbon dating of the major trepang‐processing features, the two burials at the site and several other occupation areas. Bayesian analysis of the 18 radiocarbon dates gives 80% probability that Indonesians first used the site around AD 1637. Trepang processing intensified during the middle to late eighteenth century, consistent with the known expansion of the Macassan trepang trade. There is a final occupation and processing phase in the late nineteenth century. We discuss issues regarding the “old” radiocarbon dates from trepang‐processing sites. We argue that our investigations support the “long model” of cultural contact between Asian visitors and local Indigenous groups.
Quantification and Impact of Secondary Osteoarthritis in Patients With Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibody–Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Figueiredo Camille P. , Simon David , Englbrecht Matthias , Haschka Judith , Kleyer Arnd , Bayat Sara , Hueber Axel , Pereira Rosa M. R. , Rech Juergen , Schett Georg 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo search for evidence of secondary osteoarthritis (OA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a cross‐sectional and longitudinal setting, and to relate osteophyte formation to functional outcome.MethodsAnti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)–positive RA patients underwent high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the hand. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal measurements were performed. The number and size (volume) of osteophytes as well as bone erosions were documented. The relationship of osteophytes to bone erosions and to demographic and disease‐specific data was evaluated by multiple logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 202 ACPA‐positive RA patients were enrolled in the cross‐sectional part of the study, and a total of 77 ACPA‐positive RA patients were enrolled in the longitudinal analysis (interval of 1.5 years between baseline and follow‐up assessment). The mean ± SD number of osteophytes per patient was 1.3 ± 2.3, and the mean ± SD osteophyte volume per patient was 2.6 ± 4.9 mm3. The total number of erosions was significantly correlated with the total number of osteophytes (P < 0.001), and the total volume of erosions was significantly correlated with the total volume of osteophytes (P < 0.001). Moreover, the number of osteophytes was related to age (P < 0.001) and disease duration (P = 0.001), while the volume of osteophytes was related to age (P = 0.001), disease duration (P < 0.001), and function as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (P = 0.013). Multivariate regression analyses showed an independent association between osteophytes and erosions. In the longitudinal analysis, the mean number (P = 0.033) and volume (P < 0.001) of osteophytes increased significantly in RA patients during their disease course.ConclusionAge, disease duration, and bone erosions are associated with osteophytes, indicating development of secondary OA in patients with RA.
Association Between Overweight and Obesity and Risk of Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Reyes Carlen , Leyland Kirsten M. , Peat George , Cooper Cyrus , Arden Nigel K. , Prieto‐Alhambra Daniel 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveStudies of previous cohorts have demonstrated an association between a status of overweight/obesity and the presence of knee and hand osteoarthritis (OA). However, no data on the effect of these factors on the OA burden are available. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of being overweight or obese on the incidence of routinely diagnosed knee, hip, and hand OA.MethodsThe study was conducted in a population‐based cohort using primary care records from the Sistema d'Informació per al Desenvolupament de l'Investigació en Atenció Primària database (>5.5 million subjects, covering >80% of the population of Catalonia, Spain). Participants were subjects ages ≥40 years who were without a diagnosis of OA on January 1, 2006 and had available body mass index (BMI) data. All subjects were followed up from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2010 or to the time of loss to follow‐up or death. Measures included the World Health Organization categories of BMI (exposure), and incident clinical diagnoses of knee, hip, or hand OA according to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes.ResultsIn total, 1,764,061 subjects were observed for a median follow‐up period of 4.45 years (interquartile range 4.19–4.98 years). Incidence rates (per 1,000 person‐years at risk) of knee, hip, and hand OA were 3.7 (99% confidence interval [99% CI] 3.6–3.8), 1.7 (99% CI 1.7–1.8), and 2.6 (99% CI 2.5–2.7), respectively, among subjects in the normal weight category, and 19.5 (99% CI 19.1–19.9), 3.8 (99% CI 3.7–4.0), and 4.0 (99% CI 3.9–4.2), respectively, in those with a classification of grade II obesity. Compared to subjects with normal weight, being overweight or obese increased the risk of OA at all 3 joint sites, especially at the knee. A status of overweight, grade I obesity, and grade II obesity increased the risk of knee OA by a factor of 2‐fold, 3.1‐fold, and 4.7‐fold, respectively.ConclusionBeing overweight or obese increases the risk of hand, hip, and knee OA, with the greatest risk in the knee, and this occurs on a dose‐response gradient of increasing BMI.