bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Interdisciplinarity in Computational Social Science
Authors: Giglietto Fabio , Rossi Luca 
Published: April 2016

During the last few years a growing amount of content produced by Internet users has become publicly available online. These data come from a variety of places, including popular social web services like Facebook and Twitter, consumer services like Amazon or weblogs. The research opportunities opened up by this socio-technological innovation are, as shown by the growing literature on the topic, huge. At the same time new challenges for social scientists arise. In this paper we will focus on two of the main challenges posed to the growth of the so-called computational social science: interdisciplinarity and ethics. While the searchability and persistence of this information make it ideal for sociological research, a quantitative approach is still challenging because of the size and complexity of the data. Collecting, storing and analyzing these data often require technical skills beyond the traditional curricula of social scientists. These projects require, in fact, collaboration with computer scientists. Nevertheless developing a common interdisciplinary project is often challenging because of the different backgrounds of the researchers. At the same time the availability of this content poses a challenge concerning privacy and research ethics. Due to the amount of data and the fact that the real identity of the author is often hidden behind a nickname, it is often impossible to ask the subject involved to consent to the use of their data. On the other hand, especially in the first wave of web 2.0, this information has been – intentionally or not – publicly shared by the users. While a technique of dis-embedding the identity of the user from the content analyzed is often the solution used to bypass this issue, an even more important privacy-related challenge for computational social science is emerging. Due to the wide adoption of social network sites such Facebook or Google+, where a user may decide to share his content with his/her group of friends only, the amount of public data will change and decrease in the future. We will discuss this issue by enumerating a number of possible future scenarios.
Investigating Alaskan methane and carbon dioxide fluxes using measurements from the CARVE tower
Authors: Karion Anna , Sweeney Colm , Miller John B. , Andrews Arlyn E. , Commane Roisin , Dinardo Steven , Henderson John M. , Lindaas Jacob , Lin John C. , Luus Kristina A. , Newberger Tim , Tans Pieter , Wofsy Steven C. , Wolter Sonja , Miller Charles E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Northern high-latitude carbon sources and sinks, including those resulting from degrading permafrost, are thought to be sensitive to the rapidly warming climate. Because the near-surface atmosphere integrates surface fluxes over large ( ∼  500–1000 km) scales, atmospheric monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) mole fractions in the daytime mixed layer is a promising method for detecting change in the carbon cycle throughout boreal Alaska. Here we use CO2 and CH4 measurements from a NOAA tower 17 km north of Fairbanks, AK, established as part of NASA's Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE), to investigate regional fluxes of CO2 and CH4 for 2012–2014. CARVE was designed to use aircraft and surface observations to better understand and quantify the sensitivity of Alaskan carbon fluxes to climate variability. We use high-resolution meteorological fields from the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model (hereafter, WRF-STILT), along with the Polar Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (PolarVPRM), to investigate fluxes of CO2 in boreal Alaska using the tower observations, which are sensitive to large areas of central Alaska. We show that simulated PolarVPRM–WRF-STILT CO2 mole fractions show remarkably good agreement with tower observations, suggesting that the WRF-STILT model represents the meteorology of the region quite well, and that the PolarVPRM flux magnitudes and spatial distribution are generally consistent with CO2 mole fractions observed at the CARVE tower. One exception to this good agreement is that during the fall of all 3 years, PolarVPRM cannot reproduce the observed CO2 respiration. Using the WRF-STILT model, we find that average CH4 fluxes in boreal Alaska are somewhat lower than flux estimates by Chang et al. (2014) over all of Alaska for May–September 2012; we also find that enhancements appear to persist during some wintertime periods, augmenting those observed during the summer and fall. The possibility of significant fall and winter CO2 and CH4 fluxes underscores the need for year-round in situ observations to quantify changes in boreal Alaskan annual carbon balance.
Size distribution and mixing state of black carbon particles during a heavy air pollution episode in Shanghai
Authors: Gong Xianda , Zhang Ci , Chen Hong , Nizkorodov Sergey A. , Chen Jianmin , Yang Xin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS), a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) and various meteorological instruments were employed to investigate the chemical and physical properties of black carbon (BC) aerosols during a regional air pollution episode in urban Shanghai over a 5-day period in December 2013. The refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations measured by SP2 averaged 3.2 µg m−3, with the peak value of 12.1 µg m−3 at 04:26 LT on 7 December. The number of BC-containing particles captured by SPAMS in the size range 200–1200 nm agreed very well with that detected by SP2 (R2 = 0.87). A cluster analysis of the single particle mass spectra allowed for the separation of BC-containing particles into five major classes: (1) Pure BC; (2) BC attributed to biomass burning (BBBC); (3) K-rich BC-containing (KBC); (4) BC internally mixed with OC and ammonium sulfate (BCOC-SOx); (5) BC internally mixed with OC and ammonium nitrate (BCOC-NOx). The size distribution of internally mixed BC particles was bimodal. Detected by SP2, the condensation mode peaked around  ∼  230 nm and droplet mode peaked around  ∼  380 nm, with a clear valley in the size distribution around  ∼  320 nm. The condensation mode mainly consisted of traffic emissions, with particles featuring a small rBC core (∼  60–80 nm) and a relatively thin absolute coating thickness (ACT,  ∼  50–130 nm). The droplet mode included highly aged traffic emission particles and biomass burning particles. The biomass burning particles had a larger rBC core (∼  80–130 nm) and a thick ACT (∼  110–300 nm). The highly aged traffic emissions had a smaller core (∼  60–80 nm) and a very thick ACT (∼  130–300 nm), which is larger than reported in any previous literature. A fast growth rate (∼  20 nm h−1) of rBC with small core sizes was observed during the experiment. High concentrations pollutants like NO2 likely accelerated the aging process and resulted in a continuous size growth of rBC-containing particles from traffic emission.
A Comparison between Awareness and Observance of Patients' Rights Charter from the Perspectives of the Personnel, Students, and Patients in the Operating Rooms of the University Hospitals of Jahrom
Authors: Parniyan Razieh , Pishgar Zahra , Rahmanian Saiedeh , Shadfard Zahra 
Published: April 2016

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVE:</strong> One of the most important issues in healthcare is an awareness of and adherence to patients’ rights. Patients’ physical, psychological, spiritual and social needs should be treated as if they are standards and regulations that medical teams should know about and observe. Considered as important worldwide, patients’ rights are stressed in Islam too. The objective of the study is to compare the perspectives of the personnel, students, and patients in the university hospitals of Jahrom on care-providers’ awareness of and observance of patients’ rights in the operating rooms.</p><p><strong>METHOD: </strong>The present study is a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional project that conducted in 2014. The sample consisted of 478 subjects; the patients were sampled based on the stratified sampling method, while the operating room personnel and students were selected based on the census method. A researcher-designed questionnaire that ensured the validity and determined the reliability of it was used to collect data.</p><p>The collected data were analyzed using SPSS v. 23.</p><p><strong>RESULT:</strong> The average awareness score of the personnel was found to be 19.54 with the standard devia3.25; their observance score was 17.75 with the standard deviation ±4.69.</p><p>The average patient’s-rights-awareness score of the patients was 15.99±5.82, while their score for patient’s rights observance was found to be 24.11±5.30.</p><p>The average patient’s-rights-awareness score of the students was 20.061±3.411, while their score for patient’s rights observance was found to be 18.892±6.271.</p><p>The results of the study showed that the awareness level of both the students and personnel was higher than that of the patients. Also, a comparison between the perspectives of the three groups on observance of patients’ rights revealed that the patients had higher expectations than both the students and personnel (P≤0.05).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>These findings stress the need for raising patients’ awareness about their rights and ways of demanding them in clinical environments. Raising students’ awareness about patients’ rights is equally important. Moreover, enhancing hospital personnel’s familiarity with patients’ rights can guarantee patients’ health and satisfaction.</p><p>Patients’ greater concern about adherence to patients’ rights points to their rightful expectations and the need for hospital authorities and personnel to try harder to satisfy patients.</p><p>Respect for patients’ basic rights and dignity is an important issue that is stressed by WHO too. As protectors of people’s health and lives, healthcare providers play a crucial role in every society. </p>
Big Multidimensional Datasets Visualization Using Neural Networks – Efficient Decision Support
Authors: Dzemyda Gintautas , Medvedev Viktor , Lupeikiene Audrone , Kurasova Olga , Caplinskas Albertas 
Published: April 2016

Nowadays business information systems are thought of as decision-oriented systems supported by different types of subsystems. Multidimensional data visualization is an essential part of such systems. As datasets tend to be increasingly large, more effective ways are required to display, analyze and interpret information they contain. Most of the classical visualization methods are unsuitable for large datasets. This paper focuses on the artificial neural networks-based methods for visualization of big multidimensional datasets; namely, on the approaches for the faster obtaining of visual results. The new strategy, which is identified by the decreased number of cycles of data reviews (passes of training data) up to the only one, when training neural networks, is proposed. To test this strategy, the results of experiments, using two unsupervised learning methods on benchmark data, are briefly presented.
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Authors: Olsen Richelle , Doyle Zoe , Levy Denis , Anton Tracy , Molkara Delaram , Tarsa Maryam , Sklansky Mark , Pretorius Dolores H. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo review all cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) or partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) identified prenatally or postnatally at a single institution and to identify factors that may lead to a correct or missed diagnosis in both high‐ and low‐risk fetuses on screening examinations.MethodsFetal images from 16 cases of prenatally or postnatally diagnosed T/PAPVR were retrospectively reviewed to analyze factors that influenced interpretations and diagnoses.ResultsSixteen diagnoses of T/PAPVR were made, with a final number of 10 confirmed cases, 1 of which was PAPVR. Ten fetuses with a presumptive diagnosis of T/PAPVR before delivery were at an average gestational age of 24.7 weeks, with 5 cases diagnosed postnatally. None of the diagnoses of isolated TAPVR were made during a screening examination. Twelve of the pregnancies were complicated by complex cardiac defects, including 6 with heterotaxy syndromes. Of the 5 abnormal cases identified in the postpartum period, 3 had isolated TAPVR. In the 3 patients with isolated defects, prenatal echocardiography was not performed; the anatomy scan interpretations were confounded by multiple factors. In retrospect, there was no obvious sonographic evidence of TAPVR in these patients; however, color flow Doppler imaging of the pulmonary veins was not performed on any of them.ConclusionsAlthough fetal echocardiography has improved the overall detection of TAPVR or PAPVR, this abnormality continues to elude prenatal diagnosis during screening in both low‐ and high‐risk patients. We hypothesize that the use of color flow Doppler imaging in the 4‐chamber view may assist in diagnosing TAPVR in screening low‐risk patients, especially in those with difficult scans.
Lithospheric shear velocity structure of South Island, New Zealand, from amphibious Rayleigh wave tomography
Authors: Ball Justin S. , Sheehan Anne F. , Stachnik Joshua C. , Lin Fan‐Chi , Yeck William L. , Collins John A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe present a crust and mantle 3‐D shear velocity model extending well offshore of New Zealand's South Island, imaging the lithosphere beneath the South Island as well as the Campbell and Challenger Plateaus. Our model is constructed via linearized inversion of both teleseismic (18–70 s period) and ambient noise‐based (8–25 s period) Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements. We augment an array of 4 land‐based and 29 ocean bottom instruments deployed off the South Island's east and west coasts in 2009–2010 by the Marine Observations of Anisotropy Near Aotearoa experiment with 28 land‐based seismometers from New Zealand's permanent GeoNet array. Major features of our shear wave velocity (Vs) model include a low‐velocity (Vs < 4.4 km/s) body extending from near surface to greater than 75 km depth beneath the Banks and Otago Peninsulas and high‐velocity (Vs~4.7 km/s) mantle anomalies underlying the Southern Alps and off the northwest coast of the South Island. Using the 4.5 km/s contour as a proxy for the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary, our model suggests that the lithospheric thickness of Challenger Plateau and central South Island is substantially greater than that of the inner Campbell Plateau. The high‐velocity anomaly we resolve at subcrustal depths (>50 km) beneath the central South Island exhibits strong spatial correlation with upper mantle earthquake hypocenters beneath the Alpine Fault. The ~400 km long low‐velocity zone we image beneath eastern South Island and the inner Bounty Trough underlies Cenozoic volcanics and the locations of mantle‐derived helium measurements, consistent with asthenospheric upwelling in the region.
Development of an enthalpy‐based frozen soil model and its validation in a cold region in China
Authors: Bao Huiyi , Koike Toshio , Yang Kun , Wang Lei , Shrestha Maheswor , Lawford Peter 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn enthalpy‐based frozen soil model was developed for the simulation of water and energy transfer in cold regions. To simulate the soil freezing/thawing processes stably and efficiently, a three‐step algorithm was applied to solve the nonlinear governing equations: (1) a thermal diffusion equation was implemented to simulate the heat conduction between soil layers; (2) a freezing/thawing scheme used a critical temperature criterion to judge the phase status and introduced enthalpy and total water mass into freezing depression equation to represent ice formation/melt and corresponding latent heat release/absorption; and (3) a water flow scheme was employed to describe the liquid movement within frozen soil. In addition, a parameterization set of hydraulic and thermal properties was updated by considering the frozen soil effect. The performance of the frozen soil model was validated at point scale in a typical mountainous permafrost basin of China. An ice profile initialization method is proposed for permafrost modeling. Results show that the model can achieve a convergent solution at a time step of hourly and a surface layer thickness of centimeters that are typically used in current land surface models. The simulated profiles of soil temperature, liquid water content, ice content and thawing front depth are in good agreement with the observations and the characteristics of permafrost. The model is capable of continuously reproducing the diurnal and seasonal freeze‐thaw cycle and simulating frozen soil hydrological processes.
Consideration of coastal carbonate chemistry in understanding biological calcification
Authors: Fassbender Andrea J. , Sabine Christopher L. , Feifel Kirsten M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCorrelations between aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) and calcification have been identified in many laboratory manipulation experiments aiming to assess biological responses to ocean acidification (OA). These relationships have been used with projections of ΩAr under continued OA to evaluate potential impacts on marine calcifiers. Recent work suggests, however, that calcification in some species may be controlled by the ratio of bicarbonate to hydrogen ion, or the substrate‐to‐inhibitor ratio (SIR), rather than ΩAr. SIR and ΩAr are not always positively correlated in the natural environment, which means that ΩAr can be a poor indicator of the calcifying environment when ΩAr‐>1. Highly variable carbonate chemistry in the coastal zone challenges our ability to monitor fluctuations in ΩAr, SIR, and the ΩAr‐SIR relationship making it difficult to assess biological OA exposures and vulnerability. Careful consideration of natural variability throughout ocean environments is required to accurately determine the influence of OA on biological calcification.
First in situ evidence of electron pitch angle scattering due to magnetic field line curvature in the Ion diffusion region
Authors: Zhang Y. C. , Shen C. , Marchaudon A. , Rong Z. J. , Lavraud B. , Fazakerley A. , Yao Z. , Mihaljcic B. , Ji Y. , Ma Y. H. , Liu Z. X. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTheory predicts that the first adiabatic invariant of a charged particle may be violated in a region of highly curved field lines, leading to significant pitch angle scattering for particles whose gyroradius are comparable to the radius of the magnetic field line curvature. This scattering generates more isotropic particle distribution functions, with important impacts on the presence or absence of plasma instabilities. Using magnetic curvature analysis based on multipoint Cluster spacecraft observations, we present the first investigation of magnetic curvature in the vicinity of an ion diffusion region where reconnected field lines are highly curved. Electrons at energies > 8 keV show a clear pitch angle ordering between bidirectional and trapped distribution in surrounding regions, while we show that in the more central part of the ion diffusion region electrons above such energies become isotropic. By contrast, colder electrons (~1 keV) retain their bidirectional character throughout the diffusion regions. The calculated adiabatic parameter K2 for these electrons is in agreement with theory. This study provides the first observational evidence for particle pitch angle scattering due to magnetic field lines with well characterized curvature in a space plasma.
Reconstruction of the electron diffusion region
Authors: Sonnerup B. U. Ö. , Hasegawa H. , Denton R. E. , Nakamura T. K. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe discuss mathematical tools for the reconstruction of two‐dimensional, time‐independent magnetic field and flow in the electron diffusion region, at a site of antiparallel magnetic reconnection. The basic assumptions are that the ions are stationary and have constant density. The width of the reconnection layer is of the order of the electron gyroradius or the electron inertial length. Our model includes the axial electron pressure term in Ohm's law developed by M. Hesse and coworkers. We demonstrate the feasibility of doing reconstruction of electron magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) structures for a simplified system with zero electron inertia. The code is benchmarked using an exact solution that has antiparallel unidirectional magnetic fields, plus out‐of‐plane quadrupolar Hall fields, as well as the expected slow electron inflow and rapid exit jets. The inertialess reconstruction is then applied to synthetic data from a 2‐D, particle‐in‐cell, simulation of antiparallel reconnection. We find that the inertialess reconstruction of its electron diffusion region works reasonably well only when the spacecraft path passes close to the center of the reconnection site where the magnetic field is zero and the electron flow has a stagnation point. When the path is located farther away, the effects of electron inertia, and probably also deviations from the Hesse formula, cause the quality of the reconstruction to deteriorate. Electron inertia is included in the theoretical development presented here but requires a more complicated numerical reconstruction code. The development and testing of such a code is underway and will be presented separately.
The Role of Weak Interactions in the Mechano‐induced Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Phase Transition of 8‐Hydroxyquinoline‐Based Co‐crystals
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Guangfeng , Liu Yang , Zheng Xiaoxin , Han Quanxiang , Ye Xin , Tao Xutang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMechano‐induced single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) phase transitions in crystalline materials that change their properties have received more and more attention. However, there are still too few examples to study molecular‐level mechanisms in the mechano‐induced SCSC phase transitions, making the systematic and in‐depth understanding very difficult. We report that bis‐(8‐hydroxyquinolinato) palladium(II)‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (PdQ2‐TCNQ) and bis‐(8‐hydroxyquinolinato) copper(II)‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuQ2‐TCNQ) show very different mechano‐response behaviors during the SCSC phase transition. Phase transition in CuQ2‐TCNQ can be triggered by pricking on the crystal surface, while in PdQ2‐TCNQ it can only be induced by applying pressure uniformly over the whole crystal face. The crystallography data and Hirshfeld surface analysis indicate that the weak intra‐layer C−H⋅⋅⋅O, C−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds and inter‐layer stacking interactions determine the feasibility of the SCSC phase transition by mechanical stimuli. Weaker intra‐layer interactions and looser inter‐layer stacking make the SCSC phase transition occur much more easily in the CuQ2‐TCNQ.
Site‐Selective Chlorination of Graphene through Laser‐Induced In Situ Decomposition of AgCl Nanoparticles
Authors: Miao Peng , Chu Jiayu , Chen Yuanfu , Xiong Jie , Hu PingAn , Du Yunchen , Wang Xianjie , Song Bo , Xu Ping 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCovalent functionalization of graphene offers a great chance to broaden its further applications. Here we demonstrate the site‐selective chlorination of graphene through a laser‐induced in situ decomposition of 3–5 nm AgCl nanoparticles fabricated on the graphene surface by pulsed laser deposition. The chlorination process, using the laser coupled on the Raman instrument, can be monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy. A structural disorder, which resulted from a change from sp2 to sp3 configuration due to the covalent chlorination, increases the electrical resistance of graphene by over two orders of magnitude. We believe this chlorination process from in situ decomposition of AgCl may open up a new avenue for graphene modification and bandgap modulation.