bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exchange rate implications of Border Tax Adjustment Neutrality
Authors: Buiter Willem H. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper investigates the implications for the nominal exchange rate of a Border Tax Adjustment (BTA) when there is BTA neutrality. A border tax adjustment is a change from an origin-based system of taxation, that taxes exports but exempts imports to a destination-based system that taxes imports but exempts exports. Both indirect taxes (e.g. a VAT) and direct taxes (e.g. a cash-flow corporate profit tax) can be subject to a BTA. In the US, a BTA for the corporate profit tax is under discussion. There is BTA neutrality when the real equilibrium, including measures of profitability and competitiveness, of an open economy is unchanged when it moves from an origin-based to a destinationbased tax. The conventional wisdom on the exchange rate implications of a neutral BTA is that the currency of the country implementing the BTA will strengthen (appreciate) by a percentage equal to the VAT or CPT tax rate. The main insight of this note is that this ‘appreciation presumption’ is not robust, even when all conditions for full BTA neutrality are satisfied. Indeed, plausible alternative assumptions about constancy (or stickiness) of nominal prices support a weakening (depreciation) of the currency by the same percentage as the tax rate. On the basis on the very patchy available empirical information, it is not possible to take a view with any degree of confidence on the implications of a BTA for the nominal exchange rate, even if full BTA neutrality prevailed. Whether BTA neutrality itself is a feature of the real world is also a disputed empirical issue. Therefore, buyer (or seller) beware.
OMI satellite observations of decadal changes in ground-level sulfur dioxide over North America
Authors: Kharol Shailesh K. , McLinden Chris A. , Sioris Christopher E. , Shephard Mark W. , Fioletov Vitali , van Donkelaar Aaron , Philip Sajeev , Martin Randall V. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) has a significant impact on the environment and human health. We estimated ground-level sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) using SO2 profiles from the Global Environmental Multi-scale – Modelling Air quality and CHemistry (GEM-MACH) model over North America for the period of 2005–2015. OMI-derived ground-level SO2 concentrations (r = 0. 61) and trends (r = 0. 74) correlated well with coincident in situ measurements from air quality networks over North America. We found a strong decreasing trend in coincidently sampled ground-level SO2 from OMI (−81 ± 19 %) and in situ measurements (−86 ± 13 %) over the eastern US for the period of 2005–2015, which reflects the implementation of stricter pollution control laws, including flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants. The spatially and temporally contiguous OMI-derived ground-level SO2 concentrations can be used to assess the impact of long-term exposure to SO2 on the health of humans and the environment.
Competition in Electricity Markets with Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Kakhbod Ali , Ozdaglar Asuman 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT This paper studies the effects of the diversification of energy portfolios on the merit order effect in an oligopolistic energy market. The merit order effect describes the negative impact of renewable energy, typically supplied at the low marginal cost, to the electricity market. We show when thermal generators have a diverse energy portfolio, meaning that they also control some or all of the renewable supplies, they offset the price declines due to the merit order effect because they strategically reduce their conventional energy supplies when renewable supply is high. In particular, when all renewable supply generates profits for only thermal power generators this offset is complete — meaning that the merit order effect is totally neutralized. As a consequence, diversified energy portfolios may be welfare reducing. These results are robust to the presence of forward contracts and incomplete information (with or without correlated types). We further use our full model with incomplete information to study the volatility of energy prices in the presence of intermittent and uncertain renewable supplies.
Spanning tussen het evenredigheidsbeginsel en het gelijkheids- en transparantiebeginsel bij het uitsluiten van ondernemingen in het aanbestedingsrecht
Authors: Bouwman G. 
Published: May 2017

Spanning tussen het evenredigheidsbeginsel en het gelijkheids- en transparantiebeginsel bij het uitsluiten van ondernemingen in het aanbestedingsrecht
In deze bijdrage staat het Connexxion Taxi Services-arrest centraal, waarin het Hof van Justitie in een afweging tussen beginselen voorrang geeft aan het gelijkheids- en transparantiebeginsel boven het evenredigheidsbeginsel bij het uitsluiten van een onderneming van een aanbestedingsprocedure. Het Hof van Justitie benadrukt daarmee het belang van het ‘level playing field’ in het aanbestedingsrecht. Tegelijkertijd gaat dit hier ten koste van het evenredigheidsbeginsel dat een belangrijke rol speelt in de afweging of een uitsluiting van een onderneming met het oog op de internemarktdoelstelling gerechtvaardigd is. Het is echter de vraag in hoeverre het Hof van Justitie tot dezelfde beslissing zou komen onder de nieuwe Aanbestedingsrichtlijn 2014/24/EU.HvJ 14 december 2016, zaak C-171/15, Connexxion Taxi Services, ECLI:EU:C:2016:948.
Predatory midges of the tribes Palpmyiini and Sphaeromiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Middle East, with keys and descriptions of new species
Authors: Alwin-Kownacka Alicja , Szadziewski Ryszard , Szwedo Jacek 
Published: May 2017

The Middle East biting midges of the tribes Palpomyiini (20 species in three genera) and Sphaeromiini s. lat. (six species in five genera) are reviewed. Three new species are described and illustrated: Bezzia libanensis Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov., B. sharjahi Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov. and Palpomyia freidbergi Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov. Bezzia aegyptia Kieffer, 1925 is recognized as a new junior synonym of B. albicornis (Meigen, 1818) (syn. nov.) and B. omanensis Boorman & van Harten, 2002, is recognized as a junior synonym of B. (Sivabezzia) pachypyga Remm, 1974 (syn. nov.). Keys to the genera and species of the tribes Palpomyiini and Sphaeromiini of the Middle East are also provided.
OCCURRENCE OF DEEP-SEA SHRIMP Heterocarpus inopinatus TAVARES, 1999 (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: CARIDEA) IN POTIGUAR BASIN, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Authors: ALVES-JÚNIOR Flávio De Almeida , ARAÚJO Marina De Sá Leitão Câmara de , SOUZA-FILHO Jesser Fidelis de 
Published: May 2017

Heterocarpus inopinatus is a member of the family Pandalidae. It is an endemic species from Brazilian’ waters which is recorded for states of Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. In this paper, we report the occurrence of this species from extreme northeast of Brazil in Potiguar Basin. The Potiguar Basin is situated in the extreme northeast of Brazil, between the states of Ceará (CE) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN) (03/05° S; 38/35° W). Samplings were conducted as part of the project: "Avaliação da Biota Bentônica e Planctônica da Bacia Potiguar e Ceará (Bpot)” sponsored by “Petróleo Brasileiro S/A (Petrobrás)”. In the campaign were analyzed 19 individuals, being 10 females, 8 males and 1 juvenile, between the depths of 150–982 m. Therefore, this study is increasing its geographic distribution and thus much extending its bathymetric distribution of the species to shallower depth for the Northeast region of Brazil, filling gaps in the South Atlantic distribution. Keywords: Geographic distribution, Pandalidae, continental slope, new record
MUDANÇAS POSICIONAIS DA LINHA DE COSTA NAS PRAIAS DO PINA E DE BOA VIAGEM, RECIFE, PE, BRASIL
Authors: GREGÓRIO Maria das Neves , ARAÚJO Tereza Cristina Medeiros de , MENDONÇA Francisco Jaime Bezerra , MIKOSZ GONÇALVES Rodrigo , MENDONÇA Rafael Lopes 
Published: May 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução espacial e temporal da linha de costa considerando um intervalo de 48 anos (1960-2008) para as praias urbanas do Pina e de Boa Viagem (Recife, PE, Brasil). O levantamento multitemporal da linha de costa foi baseado na análise de dados vetoriais fotogramétricos (1960, 1974, 1981, 1997 na escala 1: 6.000) e dados coletados por GNSS para o ano de 2008. A área de estudo foi dividida em quatro setores (A, B, C e D). Como resultados o setor A obteve taxas de retrogradação onde o valor para a maior taxa foi de -1,8 m/ano (1960-1974). Para o setor B destaca-se a progradação para o intervalo de 1960-1974 (2,5 m/ano). As maiores taxas de retrogradação se encontram no setor C (-0,87; -0,56; -0,44, durante os períodos de 1960-1981, 1960-1997 e 1960-2008 respectivamente). O setor D obteve como resultado a retrogradação para todos os intervalos analisados, sendo que a maior taxa encontrada foi para o de 1960-1974 (-1,6 m/ano). Por fim, observou-se que não há uma relação linear em relação às mudanças da linha de costa para os setores analisados demonstrando o complexo comportamento hidro-sedimentar destas praias urbanas.Palavras-Chave: monitoramento costeiro, análise multi-temporal, erosão marinha.
Discrete Event Dynamical Systems
Authors: Cao Xi‐Ren 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this article, we provide a brief review of the theories and applications of discrete event dynamic systems (DEDS). We focus on three widely used models (queueing systems, Petri nets, and the max‐plus algebra) and one sample path‐based analytical approach (perturbation analysis). Applications to online optimization are also discussed. Recent developments on fluid model, reinforcement learning, relative optimization, and stochastic control are also introduced.
Telecommunication Exchange Evolution
Authors: Larsson Tony 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
To telecommunicate basically means to communicate over distance. The information that is communicated can be of many different forms. Communication over distance has been performed in many different ways if we look back in history, for example, via drums, fire, telegraph, telephone, and more recently also via various computer terminals. This article focuses on the telecommunication exchange development and evolution that for long was driven by the voice communication via telephone sets but that now involves also many other kinds of information carrying medias and the related encoding of the media and thus information. To make the communications economically attractive, network topologies have been built to efficiently allow the sharing of physical resources along the paths between communicating parties with access to the network. These resources, for example, including cables, switches, routers, media translators, and radio stations needed to carry the communicated information. An exchange is an important node in the network where several such resources are aggregated in an integrated system node and that is used to connect and enable access to different parts of the whole network. The network and the exchanges are complex long‐term investments that have evolved and changed over the years in order to cope with new services and challenges in an economically efficient way.
Feature Extraction
Authors: Martinez‐Murcia Francisco J. , Górriz Juan M. , Ramírez Javier 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFeature extraction is a procedure aimed at selecting and transforming a data set in order to increase the performance of a pattern recognition or machine learning system. Nowadays, since the amount of data available and its dimension is growing exponentially, it is a fundamental procedure to avoid overfitting and the curse of dimensionality, while, in some cases, allowing a interpretative analysis of the data. The topic itself is a thriving discipline of study, and it is difficult to address every single feature extraction algorithm. Therefore, we provide an overview of the topic, introducing widely used techniques, while at the same time presenting some domain‐specific feature extraction algorithms. Finally, as a case study, we will illustrate the vastness of the field by analysing the usage and impact of feature extraction in neuroimaging.
Image Processing Contrast Enhancement
Authors: Grigoryan Artyom M. , Agaian Sos S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe effective methods in image enhancement and their application in processing gray scale as well as color images. Methods of image processing can be classified into two classes describing the image enhancement in the spatial domain (by gray‐scale transformations) and in the frequency domain. Examples of the first class are the well‐known methods of histogram equalization, single‐scale retinex, and multiscale retinex for grayscale and color images. The image enhancement in the frequency domain is mainly related to the application of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) with fast algorithms, although other transforms are also used. The methods of alpha‐rooting withDFTfor processing grayscale images and with quaternionDFTfor color images are described in this article, together with the method of retinex. The methods of image enhancement by the discrete signal‐induced heap transform are also presented. The quality of images is estimated by the known image enhancement measureEMEwith its generalizationEMECfor color images.
Liquid‐Filled Transformers: Design, Optimization, and Monitoring
Authors: Fuchs Ewald F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLiquid‐filled transformers have as cooling medium biodegradable, noncarcinogenic synthetic or natural esters. Three‐phase transformers of various configurations with and without grounding have several functions: increase/decrease of voltages and currents, filtering of harmonics, assist in protection of power systems, and permit a change of grounding reference. Oriented and amorphous electrical steels permit an efficient and economic design even for operating conditions above the knee of the nonlinear (B‐H) characteristic. Finite‐difference and finite‐element numerical methods can be successfully applied to model the influence of harmonics through phase‐factors to minimize skin effects. Real‐time monitoring of transformer losses is based on the calibration of voltage and current differences which limit the measuring errors to a few percent, for example, 6% at a measured power efficiency of larger than 98%, and permit the use of off‐the shelf transformers without any sensors installed within windings, iron cores, or coolant. Online measuring of total losses provides a mechanism for limiting the temperature increase. The performance of transformers underDCbias is important for renewable energy systems employing converters (e.g., rectifiers, inverters) and exposure to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). Transformers are suitable for 6‐, 12‐ or 18‐pulse rectifiers used in high‐voltageDC(HVDC) transmission lines. Superconducting MW‐range transformers are available but costly, while superconducting magnets are widely used in the health (magnetic resonance imaging) and research fields: Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland/France and fusion reactor such as Wendelstein 7‐Xin Germany.
Shielded Power Cable
Authors: Boggs Steven A. , Engelhardt John S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAC‐shielded power cables are used for power transmission and distribution of electric power from about 5 to 500 kV. This range is divided into two classes, “transmission” from about 69 kV and above, and “distribution” from about 5 to 69 kV.DC‐shielded power transmission cable has become increasingly important over the range from about 150 to 500 kV. Each of these classes of cables is based on one of several possible insulation systems and is used with accessories (splices, terminations, etc.) to create a cable system for transport of electric power. This article provides an overview of the important cable technologies, the relevant components and materials used in those technologies, accessories required to complete a cable system, and some aspects of cable system design.
Z‐Source Inverters
Authors: Peng Fang Z. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe impedance‐source (orZ‐source) technology covers the entire spectrum of electric power conversion fromDC–DCconverters toDC–ACinverters andAC–ACmatrix converters. The fundamental concept of theZ‐source power conversion is to employ a two‐port impedance network (orZ‐source network) to couple a switch network (or switch bridge) to its source. A typicalZ‐source network consists of a combination of inductors (L) and capacitors (C), a distributedLandCnetwork, or simply a transmission line. Switch networks can be a traditional chopper bridge, half bridge, full bridge, or three‐phase bridge depending on targeted applications. AZ‐source converter or inverter is a combination of aZ‐source network and a switch network. As a result, manyZ‐source inverter and converter topologies have been proposed and studied. The unique and common feature of allZ‐source converters is the buck (step‐down) and boost (step‐up) capability of voltage or current, whereas the traditional voltage‐source (or voltage‐fed) inverter is a buck conversion and traditional current‐source (or current‐fed) inverter a boost conversion.
Biomedical Applications of Thermal Infrared Imaging
Authors: Formenti Damiano , Cardone Daniela , Merla Arcangelo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThermal infrared imaging is considered an upcoming and promising methodology in the field of biomedicine. This article aims to provide an overview on the literature about the recent developments in the field of biomedical applications of the thermal infrared imaging for the study of the functional properties and modifications of the thermoregulatory system. The analysis of the skin temperature dynamic in response to a stimulus, combined with the modelling of the bioheat exchange processes, are the bases of the methodology, together with the recording of thermal infrared data using advanced technologies. Apart from the recent technical developments, particular emphasis is given to some innovative applications in biomedicine, such as its use in psychophysiological states assessment and sport and exercise sciences.
Swarm‐Based Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Parsopoulos Konstantinos E. , de Oca Marco A. Montes 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Swarm‐based optimization algorithms have prevailed in the field of metaheuristics for the past decades. With their application field spanning from combinatorial problems to continuous and mixed integer problems, swarm‐based algorithms are currently part of the state‐of‐the‐art in search and optimization. The main search mechanisms of swarm‐based algorithms are based on models of swarms found in the natural world. These models include swarms ranging from the macroscopic level (living organisms) to the microscopic level (elementary particles). It is surprising that similar dynamics and motion patterns are discovered in such diverse systems. These properties are responsible for the collective intelligent behavior exhibited by swarms, even when their constituent entities lack intelligent behavior properties. The present article aims at discussing the main properties that govern the swarming behavior and reviewing some of the most popular swarm‐based optimization algorithms.
Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: Oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point
Authors: Marshak Alexander , Várnai Tamás , Kostinski Alexander 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) spacecraft resides at the first Lagrangian point about one million miles from Earth. A polychromatic imaging camera onboard delivers nearly hourly observations of the entire sunlit face of the Earth. Many images contain unexpected bright flashes of light over both ocean and land. We construct a yearlong time series of flash latitudes, scattering angles, and oxygen absorption to demonstrate conclusively that the flashes over land are specular reflections off tiny ice platelets floating in the air nearly horizontally. Such deep space detection of tropospheric ice can be used to constrain the likelihood of oriented crystals and their contribution to Earth albedo. These glint observations also support proposals for detecting starlight glints off faint companions in our search for habitable exoplanets.
Commentary on “O3 variability in the troposphere as observed by IASI over 2008–2016: Contribution of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics” by Wespes et al.
Authors: Payne Vivienne H. , Neu Jessica L. , Worden Helen M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEvaluation and attribution of variability and trends in tropospheric ozone requires consideration not only of the spatial distribution of ozone precursor emissions and their changes in time but also of variations in transport at regional and global scales. Satellite measurements of tropospheric ozone are now beginning to provide the vertical resolution, length of record, and density of coverage needed for disentangling the factors that influence variability and trends. A recent study by Wespes et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025875), utilizing an 8 year data set from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI) satellite instrument to perform a global scale, spatially resolved analysis of influences of geophysical drivers on tropospheric ozone variability, represents a key step toward understanding long‐term changes in the distribution of tropospheric ozone and its corresponding impacts on air quality, chemistry, and climate.
Detection of a hydrogen corona at Callisto
Authors: Roth Lorenz , Alday Juan , Becker Tracy M. , Ivchenko Nickolay , Retherford Kurt D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn December 2001, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope obtained far‐ultraviolet spectral images of Jupiter's moon Callisto. The leading and trailing hemispheres were observed in the spectral range 1190 Å to 1720 Å when the moon was at eastern and western elongations, respectively. We analyzed the hydrogen Lyman α (1216 Å) signal in the two observations and found that faint atmospheric emissions extending up to several moon radii away are present in addition to the solar flux reflected off the surface. We show that the detected atmospheric Lyman α emissions are consistent with an escaping hydrogen corona with a vertical column density in the range of (6–12) ×1011 cm−2. The derived hydrogen abundance is about 2 times higher when the moon is at eastern elongation, possibly related to increased water sublimation when the visibly darker leading hemisphere is illuminated by the Sun. The detected hemispheric difference is larger than the measurement uncertainties providing first evidence for variations in Callisto's neutral atmosphere.
Investigation of the possible effects of comet Encke's meteoroid stream on the Ca exosphere of Mercury
Authors: Plainaki Christina , Mura Alessandro , Milillo Anna , Orsini Stefano , Livi Stefano , Mangano Valeria , Massetti Stefano , Rispoli Rosanna , De Angelis Elisabetta 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) observations of the seasonal variability of Mercury's Ca exosphere are consistent with the general idea that the Ca atoms originate from the bombardment of the surface by particles from comet 2P/Encke. The generating mechanism is believed to be a combination of different processes including the release of atomic and molecular surface particles and the photodissociation of exospheric molecules. Considering different generation and loss mechanisms, we perform simulations with a 3‐D Monte Carlo model based on the exosphere generation model by Mura et al. (2009). We present for the first time the 3‐D spatial distribution of the CaO and Ca exospheres generated through the process of micrometeoroid impact vaporization, and we show that the morphology of the latter is consistent with the available MESSENGER/Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer observations. The results presented in this paper can be useful in the exosphere observations planning for BepiColombo, the upcoming European Space Agency‐Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency mission to Mercury.