bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale Independence and Spatial Uniformity of Specific Sediment Yield in Loess Areas of the Wuding River Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Zheng Mingguo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMost of the sediment loads of the Chinese Yellow River originate from the 113,000 km2 Hekou–Longmen Section. This study investigated the spatial pattern of specific sediment yield in the Wuding River basin, a tributary of the section. Data collected in 36 instrumented watersheds were used. Stratifying the watersheds in terms of surface regolith reveals a scale uncorrelated and a roughly constant SSY (mean annual specific sediment yield) of 18,720 Mg km−2 yr−1 in the loess areas of the basin, with basin areas varying between 0.107 and 9,355 km2. A zero‐variable model (i.e. SSY = 18,720) thus performs well with a mean error of approximately 15%. The spatial uniformity even holds at the annual time scale; a spatially invariable SSYa (specific sediment yield for a single year) remains applicable with a mean error of the order of 40%. The spatial uniformity in SSY and SSYa allows a direct scale extrapolation. Moreover, the established zero‐variable models and the scale extrapolation are even applicable to the Hekou–Longmen Section. The spatially uniform SSY accords with the spatial invariability of many sediment‐yield related factors, such as basin slope and rainfall in the loess areas of the Wuding basin. Given the fact that sediment delivery ratio is close to 1 in the Loess Plateau, a spatially uniform SSY is equivalent to a uniform erosion rate among watersheds. This finding, contrasting with current consensus that erosion and sediment yield vary greatly in space, is greatly helpful in predicting erosion and sediment yield in the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using liquid chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry to measure the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon photochemically produced from dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Powers Leanne C. , Brandes Jay A. , Miller William L. , Stubbins Aron 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has long been recognized as the main identifiable product of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) photochemical remineralization. However, quantification of DIC photoproduction in natural waters has been hampered by low photoproduction rates (nM to μM h−1) relative to high DIC background concentrations (μM to mM). Here, we describe a novel method to determine the δ13C of photoproduced DIC in three southeastern US river water samples (Savannah, Altamaha, St. Marys) using liquid chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC‐IRMS). Initial (< 4 h) DIC photoproduction rates were similar to those quantified using published methods that rely on extensive sample manipulation, but were 3.3 times higher than measured via the previous methods for prolonged exposures (> 14 h). Keeling plots indicated that the average δ13C value for photoproduced DIC (−33.3 ± 1.4‰) was depleted in 13C relative to bulk riverine DOC, consistent with the preferential photomineralization of lignin. This average was used with a simple isotope mass balance approach to calculate the concentration of photoproduced DIC. The LC‐IRMS measures δ13C‐DIC shifts (typically ± 0.01 to 0.1‰) more precisely than DIC concentration changes in the early stages of irradiation. Therefore, the combination of LC‐IRMS analysis and our simple mass balance approach provides a new, higher precision method to quantify initial rates of DIC photoproduction and associated photochemical efficiency (i.e., apparent quantum yield) spectra in aquatic systems without any sample manipulation. A full description, sensitivity analysis and recommendations for the method are presented.
Sixty‐hertz stimulation improves bradykinesia and amplifies subthalamic low‐frequency oscillations
Authors: Blumenfeld Zack , Koop Mandy Miller , Prieto Thomas E. , Shreve Lauren A. , Velisar Anca , Quinn Emma J. , Trager Megan H. , Brontë‐Stewart Helen 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that attenuation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) alpha‐/beta‐band oscillations is causal to improvement in bradykinesia.MethodsSTN local field potentials from a sensing neurostimulator (Activa® PC+S; Medtronic, Inc.) and kinematics from wearable sensors were recorded simultaneously during 60‐ and 140‐Hz deep brain stimulation (DBS) in 9 freely moving PD subjects (15 STNs) performing repetitive wrist flexion‐extension. Kinematics were recorded during 20‐Hz DBS in a subgroup.ResultsBoth 60‐ and 140‐Hz DBS improved the angular velocity and frequency of movement (P = 0.002 and P = 0.029, respectively, for 60 Hz; P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively, for 140 Hz), but 60‐Hz DBS did not attenuate beta‐band power (13‐30 Hz). In fact, 60‐Hz DBS amplified alpha/low‐beta (11‐15 Hz, P = 0.007) and attenuated high‐beta power (19‐27 Hz, P < 0.001), whereas 140‐Hz DBS broadly attenuated beta power (15‐30 Hz, P < 0.001). Only 60‐Hz DBS improved the regularity of angular range (P = 0.046) and 20‐Hz DBS did not worsen bradykinesia. There was no correlation between beta‐power modulation and bradykinesia.ConclusionsThese novel results obtained from freely moving PD subjects demonstrated that both 140‐ and 60‐Hz DBS improved bradykinesia and attenuated high beta oscillations; however, 60‐Hz DBS amplified a subband of alpha/low‐beta oscillations, and DBS at a beta‐band frequency did not worsen bradykinesia. Based on recent literature, we suggest that both 140‐ and 60‐Hz DBS decouple the cortico‐STN hyperdirect pathway, whereas 60‐Hz DBS increases coupling within striato‐STN circuitry. These results inform future algorithms for closed‐loop DBS in PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Intracerebral synthesis of glutamine from hyperpolarized glutamate
Authors: Mazuel Leslie , Schulte Rolf F. , Cladière Aurélie , Spéziale Claudine , Lagrée Marie , Leremboure Martin , Jean Betty , Durif Franck , Chassain Carine 
Published: November 2016

PurposeChanges in glutamate (Glu) levels occur in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We proposed the use of 13C spectroscopy and the highly amplified signal generated by hyperpolarization to achieve spatial and temporal resolutions adequate for in vivo studies of Glu metabolism in the healthy rat brain. Thus, we investigated uptake of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Glu after a temporary blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption protocol and its conversion to glutamine (Gln) in the brain.Methods[1‐13C]Glu was hyperpolarized using the dynamic nuclear polarization process. A temporary BBB disruption using mannitol allowed hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Glu to reach the brain. Then, hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Glu brain metabolism was observed in vivo by MR spectroscopy experiments at 3T. Products synthesized from [1‐13C]Glu were assigned via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsHyperpolarized [1‐13C]Glu reached 20% ± 2.3% polarization after 90 min. After validation of the BBB disruption protocol, hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Glu (175.4 ppm) was detected inside the rat brain, and the formation of [1‐13C]Gln at 174.9 ppm was also observed.ConclusionThe Gln synthesis from hyperpolarized [1‐13C]Glu can be monitored in vivo in the healthy rat brain after opening the BBB. Magn Reson Med 78:1296–1305, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
SMS‐HSL: Simultaneous multislice aliasing separation exploiting hankel subspace learning
Authors: Park Suhyung , Park Jaeseok 
Published: November 2016

PurposeTo develop a novel, simultaneous multislice reconstruction method that exploits Hankel subspace learning (SMS‐HSL) for aliasing separation in the slice direction.MethodsAn SMS signal model with the Hankel‐structured matrix was proposed. To efficiently suppress interslice leakage artifacts from a signal subspace perspective, a null space was learned from the reference data combined over all slices other than a slice of interest using singular value decomposition. Given the fact that the Hankel‐structured matrix is rank‐deficient while the magnitude between the reference and its estimate is similar in k‐space, the SMS‐HSL was reformulated as a constrained optimization problem with both low‐rank and magnitude priors. SMS signals were projected onto a slice‐specific subspace while undesired signals were eliminated using the null space operator. The simulations and experiments were performed with increasing multiband factors up to 6 using the SMS‐HSL and the split slice‐GRAPPA.ResultsCompared with the split slice‐GRAPPA, the SMS‐HSL shows superior performance in suppressing aliasing artifacts and noises at high multiband factors even with: insufficient reference signals, a small number of coils, and a short distance between aliasing voxels.ConclusionWe successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of the SMS‐HSL over the split slice‐GRAPPA for aliasing separation in the slice direction. Magn Reson Med 78:1392–1404, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Activity limitations in myasthenia gravis and relation to clinical variables
Authors: De Meel Robert H.P. , Lipka Alexander F. , Van Der Lende Marije , Van Zwet Erik W. , Tannemaat Martijn R. , Verschuuren Jan J.G.M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionIt is unknown how fluctuations in muscle weakness affect activity limitations in myasthenia gravis patients and how the severity of these limitations compares with published data on other neuromuscular disorders (NMD).MethodsIn this study we analyzed ACTIVLIM (acronym of “ACTIVity LIMitations”) and quantitative myasthenia gravis (QMG) scores. We assessed the impact of QMG and other clinical variables on ACTIVLIM, using B coefficients.ResultsThe mean ACTIVLIM score in 118 MG patients was 3.3. There was a correlation between QMG and ACTIVLIM (B coefficient = −0.206, P < 0.001) and between changes in both scores (B coefficient = −0.175, P = 0.002). Men and patients without another autoimmune disease had a better ACTIVLIM score (B coefficient = 0.785, P = 0.015 and B coefficient = 0.998, P = 0.008, respectively).ConclusionsThe ACTIVLIM score in MG is higher than in other NMD. Fluctuations in QMG correlated significantly with changes in ACTIVLIM. Muscle Nerve 56: 64–70, 2017.
Dynamic 31P–MRSI using spiral spectroscopic imaging can map mitochondrial capacity in muscles of the human calf during plantar flexion exercise at 7 T
Authors: Valkovič Ladislav , Chmelík Marek , Meyerspeer Martin , Gagoski Borjan , Rodgers Christopher T. , Krššák Martin , Andronesi Ovidiu C. , Trattnig Siegfried , Bogner Wolfgang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPhosphorus MRSI (31P–MRSI) using a spiral‐trajectory readout at 7 T was developed for high temporal resolution mapping of the mitochondrial capacity of exercising human skeletal muscle.The sensitivity and localization accuracy of the method was investigated in phantoms. In vivo performance was assessed in 12 volunteers, who performed a plantar flexion exercise inside a whole‐body 7 T MR scanner using an MR‐compatible ergometer and a surface coil. In five volunteers the knee was flexed (~60°) to shift the major workload from the gastrocnemii to the soleus muscle.Spiral‐encoded MRSI provided 16–25 times faster mapping with a better point spread function than elliptical phase‐encoded MRSI with the same matrix size. The inevitable trade‐off for the increased temporal resolution was a reduced signal‐to‐noise ratio, but this was acceptable. The phosphocreatine (PCr) depletion caused by exercise at 0° knee angulation was significantly higher in both gastrocnemii than in the soleus (i.e. 64.8 ± 19.6% and 65.9 ± 23.6% in gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis versus 15.3 ± 8.4% in the soleus).Spiral‐encoded 31P–MRSI is a powerful tool for dynamic mapping of exercising muscle oxidative metabolism, including localized assessment of PCr concentrations, pH and maximal oxidative flux with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Robust fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control for non‐Gaussian uncertain stochastic distribution control systems
Authors: Sun Yuancheng , Yao Lina 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe purpose of fault diagnosis of stochastic distribution control systems is to use the measured input and the system output probability density function to obtain the fault estimation information. A fault diagnosis and sliding mode fault‐tolerant control algorithms are proposed for non‐Gaussian uncertain stochastic distribution control systems with probability density function approximation error. The unknown input caused by model uncertainty can be considered as an exogenous disturbance, and the augmented observation error dynamic system is constructed using the thought of unknown input observer. Stability analysis is performed for the observation error dynamic system, and the H∞ performance is guaranteed. Based on the information of fault estimation and the desired output probability density function, the sliding mode fault‐tolerant controller is designed to make the post‐fault output probability density function still track the desired distribution. This method avoids the difficulties of design of fault diagnosis observer caused by the uncertain input, and fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control are integrated. Two different illustrated examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved hash and transmission method for larger packets in the RADIUS protocol
Authors: Kim Youngse , Heo Ung , Kim Keecheon 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRemote Authentication Dial‐In User Service (RADIUS) is a popular protocol for authenticating users. If the size of the request packet sent by a client is larger than a specific size, the current RADIUS protocol silently discards the request. However, request packets that use an Extensible Markup Language scheme, which contain security‐related attributes, are also available. These packets are classified as larger packets, which we define as being larger than 4096 bytes. Accordingly, a packet may result in an authentication failure on account of the large packet size. In this paper, TCP is used as a transport layer protocol for the RADIUS protocol. We propose a hash and transmission method to reduce the problem of the authentication failure when the packet exceeds 4096 bytes. Through an experimental evaluation, we prove that attaching a nonce value to the user–password field with an SHA‐1, and sending this information to the server, guarantees more security than the conventional RADIUS protocol. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
False alarm reduction in signature‐based IDS: game theory approach
Authors: Subba Basant , Biswas Santosh , Karmakar Sushanta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSignature‐based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are employed to monitor computer networks for signs of network intrusions. However, they produce a large number of false positive alarms when operated with default settings without considering the underlying network environment. Inundation of false alarms is the Achilles heel of IDS technology, which could render the IDS ineffective in detecting network attacks. Several false alarm minimization approaches have been proposed in the literature. However, there are many drawbacks associated with these works, namely, modification of well‐established attack signatures; heavy dependence on the attack signatures' reference numbers, which might not always be available; and non‐consideration of the underlying network context information. In this paper, we propose an efficient game theory‐based false alarm minimization scheme for signature‐based IDS. The proposed scheme uses a game theory‐based correlation engine to correlate IDS alarms with network vulnerabilities to minimize the overall false positive alarm rate of the IDS. Experimental results and comparison analysis of the proposed false alarm minimization framework with other frameworks on the benchmark DARPA intrusion detection evaluation dataset and an in‐house IIT Guwahati Lab dataset show that the proposed scheme achieves the highest accuracy among all the frameworks under consideration without degrading the overall detection rate of the IDS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grounding, conceivability, and the mind-body problem
Authors: Elohim David 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper challenges the soundness of the two-dimensional conceivability argument against the derivation of phenomenal truths from physical truths (cf. Chalmers in The conscious mind, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996; The character of consciousness, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010) in light of a hyperintensional regimentation of the ontology of consciousness. The regimentation demonstrates how ontological dependencies between truths about consciousness and about physics cannot be witnessed by epistemic constraints, when the latter are recorded by the conceivability—i.e., the epistemic possibility—thereof. Generalizations and other aspects of the philosophical significance of the hyperintensional regimentation are further examined.
Effect of Fluid Bypassing on the Experimentally Obtained Darcy and Non-Darcy Permeability Parameters of Ceramic Foam Filters
Authors: Akbarnejad Shahin , Saffari Pour Mohsen , Jonsson Lage Tord Ingemar , Jönsson Pӓr Göran 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Ceramic foam filters (CFFs) are used to remove solid particles and inclusions from molten metal. In general, molten metal which is poured on the top of a CFF needs to reach a certain height to build the required pressure (metal head) to prime the filter. To estimate the required metal head, it is necessary to obtain permeability coefficients using permeametry experiments. It has been mentioned in the literature that to avoid fluid bypassing, during permeametry, samples need to be sealed. However, the effect of fluid bypassing on the experimentally obtained pressure gradients seems not to be explored. Therefore, in this research, the focus was on studying the effect of fluid bypassing on the experimentally obtained pressure gradients as well as the empirically obtained Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients. Specifically, the aim of the research was to investigate the effect of fluid bypassing on the liquid permeability of 30, 50, and 80 pores per inch (PPI) commercial alumina CFFs. In addition, the experimental data were compared to the numerically modeled findings. Both studies showed that no sealing results in extremely poor estimates of the pressure gradients and Darcy and non-Darcy permeability coefficients for all studied filters. The average deviations between the pressure gradients of the sealed and unsealed 30, 50, and 80 PPI samples were calculated to be 57.2, 56.8, and 61.3 pct. The deviations between the Darcy coefficients of the sealed and unsealed 30, 50, and 80 PPI samples found to be 9, 20, and 31 pct. The deviations between the non-Darcy coefficients of the sealed and unsealed 30, 50, and 80 PPI samples were calculated to be 59, 58, and 63 pct.
Interactions between β-adrenergic vasodilation and cervical sympathetic nerves are mediated by α2-adrenoceptors in the rat masseter muscle
Authors: Ishii Hisayoshi , Sato Toshiya 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Neural and humoral autonomic mechanisms may be important in the maintenance of blood flow in the masseter muscle (MBF). However, their interactions remain unclear. In this study, we examined interactions between neural and humoral regulation of MBF and investigated the mechanisms mediating these interactions in urethane-anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the adrenal nerve (AN) projecting to the adrenal medulla increased MBF, and this increase was mediated by β-adrenoceptors. Sectioning of the superior cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) significantly inhibited increases in MBF induced by AN stimulation during high activity in the CST, but not during low activity. AN stimulation with clonidine after CST sectioning induced a significant increased in MBF, however phenylephrine had no observable effect. Pretreatment with yohimbine or propranolol significantly inhibited the increase in the MBF. Our results suggest an interaction between β-adrenergic vasodilation evoked by circulating adrenaline and the cervical sympathetic nerves that is mediated by α2-adrenoceptors in the masseter muscle.
Leveraging social relationships and transparency in the insider game
Authors: Bolton Gary , Ockenfels Axel , Werner Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe exhibit a mechanism by which two parties leverage their social relationship to ratchet up the rents they collect from a third party residual claimant. Specifically, in a laboratory environment, we study a novel three-person insider game in which ‘insiders’ decide how to distribute profits among themselves and an ‘outsider’ who is the residual claimant. We find that the distribution of payments is largely determined by an informal quid pro quo among the two decision makers at the expense of the outsider. We then manipulate pay transparency and the competition to keep interaction partners, thereby improving the strategic position of one insider. Pay transparency increases the profit share that goes to rent seekers. In addition, rent extraction from the third party persists when competition for interaction partners is introduced. As a result, we find that payments both affect and reflect the influence of social relationships.
Using routine health data and intermittent community surveys to assess the impact of maternal and neonatal health interventions in low‐income countries: A systematic review
Authors: Dossa Nissou I. , Philibert Aline , Dumont Alexandre 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need to provide increased evidence on effective interventions to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).ObjectivesTo summarize the breadth of knowledge on using routine data (Routine Health Information Systems [RHIS] and Intermittent Community Surveys [ICS]) for well‐designed maternal and neonatal health evaluations in LMICs.Search strategyWe searched reports and articles published in Embase, Medline, and Google scholar.Selection criteriaStudies were considered for inclusion if they were carried out in LMICs, using RHIS or ICS data with experimental or quasi‐experimental design.Data collection and analysisA form was used to collect information on indicators used for interventions’ impact assessment. Descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analyses were then performed.Main resultsOf the 1201 publications identified, 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of these were using RHIS data (n = 40), mainly extracted from health facility registers (n = 34), and non‐controlled before and after design (n = 30). The indicators, which were mostly reported, were related to the use of healthcare services (n = 36) and maternal/neonatal health outcomes (n = 31). Few studies used ICS data (n = 6) or indicators of severity (n = 2).ConclusionRHIS and ICS data should be increasingly used for impact studies on maternal and neonatal health in LMICs.