bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery in Oil-Wet Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Bourbiaux Bernard , Fourno André , Nguyen Quang-Long , Norrant Françoise , Robin Michel , Rosenberg Elisabeth , Argillier Jean-François 
Published: November 2015

Summary
Among various ways to extend the lifetime of mature fields, chemical enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) processes have been subject of renewed interest in the recent years. Oil-wet fractured reservoirs represent a real challenge for chemical EOR because the matrix medium does not spontaneously imbibe the aqueous solvent of chemical additives. The present paper deals with chemical EOR by use of wettability modifiers (WMs).
The kinetics of spontaneous imbibition of chemical solutions in oil-wet limestone plugs and mini-plugs was quantified thanks to X-ray computed-tomography (CT) scanning and nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) measurements. Despite the small size of samples and the slowness of experiments, accurate recovery curves were inferred from in-situ fluid-saturation measurements. Scale effects were found quite consistent between mini-plugs and plugs. During a second experimental step, viscous drive conditions were imposed between the end faces of a plug, to account for the possibly significant contribution of fracture viscous drive to matrix oil recovery.
The recovery kinetics and behavior, especially the occurrence of countercurrent and cocurrent flow, are interpreted through the analysis of modified forces in the presence of a diffusing or convected WM that alters rock wettability and reduces water/oil interfacial tension (IFT) to a lesser extent. This work calls for an extensive modeling study to specify the conditions on chemical additives and recovery-process implementation that optimize the recovery kinetics.
Nonlinear Multigrid for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Christensen Max la , Eskildsen Klaus Langgren , Engsig-Karup Allan Peter , Wakefield Mark 
Published: November 2015

Summary
A feasibility study is presented on the effectiveness of applying nonlinear multigrid methods for efficient reservoir simulation of subsurface flow in porous media. A conventional strategy modeled after global linearization by means of Newton’s method is compared with an alternative strategy modeled after local linearization, leading to a nonlinear multigrid method in the form of the full-approximation scheme (FAS). It is demonstrated through numerical experiments that, without loss of robustness, the FAS method can outperform the conventional techniques in terms of algorithmic and numerical efficiency for a black-oil model. Furthermore, the use of the FAS method enables a significant reduction in memory usage compared with conventional techniques, which suggests new possibilities for improved large-scale reservoir simulation and numerical efficiency. Last, nonlinear multilevel preconditioning in the form of a hybrid-FAS/Newton strategy is demonstrated to increase robustness and efficiency.
Changes in salivary periodontal pathogens after orthodontic treatment: An in vivo prospective study
Authors: Kim Kyungsun , Jung Woo-Sun , Cho Soha , Ahn Sug-Joon 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To analyze the initial changes in salivary levels of periodontal pathogens after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods:
The subjects consisted of 54 adult patients. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, Plaque Index, and Gingival Index were measured as periodontal parameters. Both the plaque and gingival indexes were obtained from the central and lateral incisors and first molars of both arches. Whole saliva and periodontal parameters were obtained at the following four time points: immediately before debonding (T1), 1 week after debonding (T2), 5 weeks after debonding (T3), and 13 weeks after debonding (T4). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine salivary bacterial levels and periodontal parameters among the four time points after quantifying salivary levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), and total bacteria using the real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:
All periodontal parameters were significantly decreased immediately after debonding (T2). The salivary levels of total bacteria and Pg were decreased at T3, while Pi and Tf levels were decreased at T4. However, the amount of Aa and Fn remained at similar levels in saliva during the experimental period. Interestingly, Aa and Fn were present in saliva at higher levels than were Pg, Pi, and Tf.

Conclusion:
The higher salivary levels of Aa and Fn after debonding suggests that the risk of periodontal problems cannot be completely eliminated by the removal of fixed orthodontic appliances during the initial retention period, despite improved oral hygiene.
Conflit et représentations du conflit au Pays basque : la fin de l’ETA
Authors: Loyer Barbara 
Published: November 2015

Le 20 octobre 2011, ETA annonçait la suspension de la lutte armée après des années de tractations au sein du Mouvement de libération nationale basque (MLNV) où une forte rivalité opposait les tenants de l’usage du meurtre pour devenir indépendants et ceux qui voyaient dans le bulletin de vote une arme plus efficace. Aujourd’hui l’ETA poursuit sa communication médiatique sur la gestion d’une situation de transition qualifiée de « postconflit » par une « commission internationale de vérification » composée d’étrangers prestigieux, censée mettre en œuvre des interventions selon un phasage modélisé : négociations secrètes, conférence de paix, désarmement, comme si le Pays basque sortait d’une guerre. Pourquoi les terroristes basques ont-ils besoin de se conformer à ce modèle international de sortie de conflit, alors qu’il n’y a pas de régions dévastées, pas de réfugiés, pas de normalisation institutionnelle ni de state-building à mettre en œuvre ? De fait, deux représentations s’opposent sur l’interprétation des actions passées de l’ETA : d’un côté, les nationalistes basques essaient d’imposer un récit du conflit qui légitime le terrorisme au nom de la liberté du peuple basque contre un régime oppresseur, de l’autre, des groupes politiques ou civils luttent pour que l’ETA entre dans l’histoire comme une organisation totalitaire et terroriste défaite par une société démocratique.
Femmes du Sud-Kivu, victimes et actrices en situation de conflit et postconflit
Authors: Sheria Nfundiko Justin 
Published: November 2015

Les femmes ont été victimes mais aussi actrices directes et indirectes des conflits à travers leur recrutement par les groupes armés. Certaines sont aussi impliquées dans l’organisation de la sortie de crise, à travers des actions de lobbying et un engagement associatif leur permettant une entrée sur la scène politique. Partant d’une approche « par le bas », la posture et le rôle des femmes dans la reconstruction postconflit sont étudiés avec les conséquences des violences subies sur leur capacité à entrer dans un processus de résilience : impacts sur leur statut, destruction de leur capital social et économique, possibilités de mobiliser leurs ressources dans le « relèvement des communautés » engagé par les instances internationales. Cette analyse s’intéresse ensuite aux réactions des femmes encore victimes de sévices et viols dans un contexte demeurant troublé avec la question pour elles de la démobilisation, du désarmement et de la réintégration dans la vie civile. Ces deux approches sont traitées en lien avec l’analyse critique d’interventions d’organisations en faveur des femmes. L’activisme féminin s’est manifesté à plusieurs occasions, surtout lors du processus de paix où elles ont joué un rôle de lobbying et de sensibilisation auprès des parties prenantes aux négociations intercongolaises. La posture des femmes engagées dans une participation aux activités de reconstruction postconflit et leur capacité à s’organiser en collectifs ont transcendé leur statut de victime et d’actrice. Elles les ont positionnées davantage dans des rôles assumés d’intervention aussi bien dans le processus de normalisation politique que dans celui de la consolidation de la paix. Au-delà des conséquences négatives des conflits sur les femmes, ces derniers auront permis leur ascension politique avec le soutien des organisations citoyennes et internationales.
La responsabilité sociale d’entreprise dans les P.M.E. africaines : bilan, enjeux et perspectives
Authors: Djoutsa Wamba Léopold , Simo Boniface , Takoudjou Nimpa Alain 
Published: November 2015

L’objectif de cet article est d’une part de mesurer le degré d’engagement des PME aux pratiques socialement responsables et d’autre part de mettre en évidence les avantages ou les enjeux de telles pratiques pour les PME camerounaises. À travers une analyse qualitative des données recueillies par entretiens directs auprès de 10 dirigeants de PME camerounaises sur l’horizon 2006-2010, les résultats montrent d’une part qu’un nombre relativement important de PME , bien qu’à des degrés variables, sont déjà engagées dans les pratiques socialement responsables, même si leur orientation est davantage axée sur le respect des obligations légales et conventionnelles. D’autre part, que les bénéfices attendus de ces pratiques sont davantage intangibles : la volonté stratégique de maintenir une certaine image sociale, la fierté, le désir d’efficacité globale, le pur plaisir de donner, l’amélioration des relations avec la communauté locale et les autorités publiques.
The Relationship of a Combination of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Frozen Fat with the Survival Rate of Transplanted Fat
Authors: Ha Ki-Young , Park Hojin , Park Seung-Ha , Lee Byung-Il , Ji Yi-Hwa , Kim Tae-Yeon , Yoon Eul-Sik 
Published: November 2015

Background The survival rate of grafted fat is difficult to predict, and repeated procedures are frequently required. In this study, the effects of the freezing period of harvested adipose tissue and the addition of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) on the process of fat absorption were studied.Methods Adipose tissue was obtained from patients who underwent a lipoaspirated fat graft. The fat tissue was cryopreserved at -20℃ in a domestic refrigerator. A total of 40 nude mice were used. The mice in the experimental group received three different subcutaneous injections in the back: an injection of fresh fat and ASCs, an injection of fat that had been frozen for one month and ASCs, and an injection of fat that had been frozen for two months and ASCs. The control mice received fat grafts without ASCs. The mice were sacrificed at four or eight weeks after the procedure, and the grafted fat tissues were harvested. The extracted fat was evaluated using photographic analysis, volume measurements, and histological examination.Results In the control group, the fat resorption rates four weeks after transplantation in the grafts of fresh fat, fat that had been frozen for one month, and fat that had been frozen for two months were 21.14%, 22.46%, and 42.56%, respectively. In the experimental group, the corresponding resorption rates were 6.68%, 13.0%, and 33.9%, respectively.Conclusions ASCs can increase the fat graft survival rate. The use of ASCs in fat grafting can reduce the need for repeated fat grafts and provide good long term results.
The Vasodilator Effect of a Cream Containing 10% Menthol and 15% Methyl Salicylate on Random-Pattern Skin Flaps in Rats
Authors: Dölen Utku Can , Sungur Nezih , Koca Gökhan , Ertunç Onur , Bağcı Bosi Ayşe Tülay , Koçer Uğur , Korkmaz Meliha 
Published: November 2015

Background It is still difficult to prevent partial or full-thickness flap necrosis. In this study, the effects of a cream containing menthol and methyl salicylate on the viability of randompattern skin flaps were studied.
Methods Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups. Caudally based dorsal random-pattern skin flaps were elevated, including the panniculus carnosus. In the study group, 1.5 mL of a cream containing menthol and methyl salicylate was applied to the skin of the flap, and saline solution (0.9%) was used in the control group. Upon completion of the experiment, flap necrosis was analyzed with imaging software and radionuclide scintigraphy. Histopathological measurements were made of the percentage of viable flaps, the number of vessels, and the width of the panniculus carnosus muscle.
Results According to the photographic analysis, the mean viable flap surface area in the study group was larger than that in the control group (P=0.004). According to the scintigrams, no change in radioactivity uptake was seen in the study group (P>0.05). However, a significant decrease was observed in the control group (P=0.006). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of the percentage of viable flaps, the number of vessels, or the width of the panniculus carnosus muscle (P>0.05).
Conclusions Based on these results, it is certain that the cream did not reduce the viability of the flaps. Due to its vasodilatory effect, it can be used as a component of the dressing in reconstructive operations where skin perfusion is compromised.
Effects of an Isolated Complete Right Bundle Branch Block on Mechanical Ventricular Function
Authors: Zhang Qin , Xue Minghua , Li Zhan , Wang Haiyan , Zhu Lei , Liu Xinling , Meng Haiyan , Hou Yinglong 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an isolated complete right bundle branch block on mechanical ventricular function.MethodsTwo groups of participants were enrolled in this study: a block group, consisting of 98 patients with isolated complete right bundle branch blocks without structural heart disease, and a control group, consisting of 92 healthy adults. The diameter, end‐diastolic area, end‐systolic area, and right ventricular (RV) fractional area change were obtained to evaluate morphologic and systolic function by 2‐dimensional sonographic technology. Systolic and diastolic velocities and time interval parameters were measured to assess mechanical ventricular performance using pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging.ResultsAlthough there was no significant difference in the RV fractional area change between the patients with blocks and controls, the diameter, end‐diastolic area, and end‐systolic area of the RV were significantly larger in the patients with blocks (P < .05). In the patients with blocks, the peak velocities during systole and early diastole and the ratio of the peak velocities during early and late diastole decreased. The block group had a prolonged pre‐ejection period, electromechanical delay time, and isovolumic relaxation time, a decreased ejection time, and an increased pre‐ejection period/ejection time ratio, and the myocardial performance index (Tei index) at the basal RV lateral wall was significantly increased. There were no significant differences in any echocardiographic parameters at different sites of the left ventricle.ConclusionsIn patients with isolated complete right bundle branch blocks, systolic and diastolic functions are impaired in the RV, and follow‐up is needed.
Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules by a Scoring and Categorizing Method Based on Sonographic Features
Authors: Xu Shang-Yan , Zhan Wei-Wei , Wang Wen-Han 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo assess sonographic features of thyroid nodules associated with malignancy and to establish a scoring and categorizing method based on sonographic features.MethodsA total of 2445 patients with 2445 thyroid nodules were included and divided into 2 groups: benign (1493 cases) and malignant (952 cases). First, 10 sonographic features, including shape, border, margin, internal content, echogenicity, microcalcifications, posterior echo, halo, vascularization distribution, and vascularization degree, were defined, and all nodules were retrospectively evaluated. Second, the features associated with malignancy were selected by statistical analysis and were assigned weightings according to their odds ratios. Third, a total score for each nodule was obtained after the assigned weightings of the suspicious features were summed. Fourth, the malignancy rate of each total score was calculated. Then a modified version of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI‐RADS) was established with reference to the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System.ResultsSeven independent features associated with malignancy were a taller‐than‐wide shape, an obscure border, an irregular margin, solid internal content, marked hypoechogenicity and hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and an internal vascularization distribution. The TI‐RADS included 5 categories with different malignancy rates: category 3 (<2%), 4A (2%–5%), 4B (5%–50%), 4C (50%–90%), and 5 (≥90%).ConclusionsA modified version of TI‐RADS was established on the basis of the sonographic features with different weightings according to the relative risk of malignancy. This system could be of great use in predicting the nature of thyroid nodules in a quantified and standardized way and also helping clinicians decide on the clinical management.
Sonographic Diagnosis of Complicated Cholecystitis
Authors: Shapira-Rootman Mika , Mahamid Ahmad , Reindorp Nadir , Nachtigal Alicia , Zeina Abdel-Rauf 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesEarly detection of the complications of cholecystitis is important for clinical management, yet only a small percentage of patients have a correct diagnosis before surgery. The purpose of our study was to identify sonographic findings that are associated with complicated cholecystitis.MethodsSonographic, surgical, and pathologic reports were reviewed for 70 patients who underwent early cholecystectomies from January 2010 to August 2014. Sonograms were assessed for 16 independent variables. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate associations between various sonographic features and complicated cholecystitis.ResultsSonographic signs associated with complicated cholecystitis (P< .05) were a greater short‐axis gallbladder diameter (mean, 4.4 versus 4.0 cm), a greater mean wall thickness (5.6 versus 4.2 mm), and the likelihood of wall striations, gallbladder echogenic content, pericholecystic free fluid, and local inflammatory fat changes. Specific sonographic signs, such as sloughed intraluminal membranes, were detected in a small percentage of cases (10%). None of the sonographic features evaluated in this study was found to be sensitive and specific enough to indicate complicated cholecystitis. In most cases, sonograms reflected severe inflammation, with multiple sonographic signs.ConclusionsAlthough multiple sonographic signs are associated with complicated cholecystitis, none of them is sensitive and specific enough to definitively diagnose it. Sonograms usually reflect severe inflammation, with numerous sonographic signs. Thus, in the right clinical context, sonograms of severe cholecystitis should alert radiologists to the possibility of complications.
Sonographic Differentiation Between Schwannomas and Neurofibromas in the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Ryu Jeong Ah , Lee Sang Hoon , Cha Eun-Young , Kim Tae Yeob , Kim Sung Moon , Shin Myung Jin 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine key features and define a strategy for differentiation between schwannomas and neurofibromas using sonography.MethodsThis retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our hospital, and informed consent was waived. We reviewed sonograms of pathologically proven schwannomas and neurofibromas of the extremities and body wall. On grayscale images, tumors were evaluated on the basis of their size, maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio, shape, contour, margin, location, encapsulation, echogenicity, echo texture, cystic changes, presence of intratumoral calcifications, presence of a target sign, and presence of an entering or exiting nerve. If an entering or exiting nerve was identified, the nerve‐tumor position and nerve‐tumor transition were characterized. On color Doppler images, the presence and amount of vascularity were evaluated. Student t tests were used for analysis of continuous variables (size, maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio, and age); χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used for analysis of categorical variables.ResultsA total of 146 pathologically proven tumors, including 115 schwannomas and 31 neurofibromas of the extremities and body wall, were included. The maximum diameter, maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio, contour, cystic portion, nerve‐tumor position, nerve‐tumor transition, and vascularity were significantly different in schwannomas versus neurofibromas (P < .05), and a lobulated contour, fusiform shape, and hypovascularity of neurofibromas could be helpful for differentiation when a prediction model is considered. The nerve‐tumor position, nerve‐tumor transition, and maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio were also significantly different between groups (P < .05) and thus could be useful for differentiation of neurogenic tumors.ConclusionsSonographic findings are helpful in differentiating between schwannomas and neurofibromas.
Triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation in major depressive disorder
Authors: Morin Anna K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe use of thyroid hormones to enhance the effects of antidepressants is based on evidence supporting a link between thyroid function and Major Depressive Disorder. Thyroid abnormalities have been found in patients with Major Depressive Disorder and have been correlated with depression severity. Symptoms associated with clinical hypothyroidism include mood disturbances, primarily depression. In addition, an increase in antidepressant treatment resistance has been associated with thyroid abnormalities. This article reviews the existing data regarding triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation of antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder.MethodsMedline and EMBASE were searched from 1996 to November 2014 using the key terms triiodothyronine, T3, and treatment-resistant depression.ResultsT3 may increase serotonergic neurotransmission and has been studied as an add-on agent in patients with unipolar depression with and without thyroid dysfunction to accelerate, enhance, and augment the effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.DiscussionData support the use of T3 augmentation (25-50 μg/d) for the treatment of depressive symptoms in some patient populations without thyroid hormone abnormalities who do not respond to an adequate trial of a tricyclic antidepressant or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Monitoring for adverse effects and conditions that may be exacerbated by T3 augmentation is recommended.