bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PEROXIDE CROSS-LINKING OF EPDM USING MOVING DIE RHEOMETER MEASUREMENTS. II: EFFECTS OF THE PROCESS OILS
Authors: Wang He , Zhuang Tao , Shi Xinyan , Van Duin Martin , Zhao Shugao 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
A series of compounds based on peroxide-cured ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) was prepared with varying amounts of paraffinic process oil, such as Sunpar 2280, squalane, and dodecane. The cross-linked network composition of EPDM vulcanizates, which correlated directly with the structure and the concentration of process oils, was successfully carried out by either an exponential or a linear fitting procedure. It was found that an increase in process oil concentration caused a decrease in total cross-link density, which could be quantitatively divided into the effect of dilution and chemical effect of oil, represented as a linear and an exponential function of process oil concentration, respectively. Experimental results indicated that whether dilution effect or chemical effect, the addition of Sunpar 2280 affected the decrease of cross-link densities of EPDM vulcanizates most obviously, followed by squalane, and then dodecane, which was the weakest. On the other hand, at lower squalane loading, the chemical effect of squalane dominated the decrease of cross-link density of peroxide-cured EPDMs compared with the dilution effect of oils. Gel permeation chromatography spectra confirmed squalane could consume the free radicals derived from peroxide, forming dimers and trimers, and the variation of squalane content did not affect the activation energy of the cross-linking reaction calculated based on the Kissinger method. The cross-linking efficiency of peroxide and physical entanglement density both linearly decreased with the increase of squalane content.
DEPENDENCE OF THE ONSET OF STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER AND ITS SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE ON CROSSLINK AND ENTANGLEMENT BY USING SYNCHROTRON X-RAY
Authors: Sainumsai Watcharin , Toki Shigeyuki , Amnuaypornsri Sureerut , Nimpaiboon Adun , Sakdapipanich Jitladda , Rong Lixia , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Suchiva Krisda 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) and stress–strain relations of varied crosslink structures and varied crosslink densities of vulcanized natural rubber (NR), vulcanized synthetic polyisoprene rubber (IR), and un-vulcanized natural rubber are compared using a synchrotron X-ray. The onset strain of SIC does not depend on crosslink density and crosslink structures. Un-vulcanized NR shows a smaller onset strain of SIC than that of vulcanized NR. Therefore, entanglements in NR are pivot points to induce SIC, just as entanglements in semi-crystalline plastics induce flow-induced crystallization (FIC). During deformation, complicated phenomena occur simultaneously such as cavitation, crosslink breakdown, SIC with temperature upturn, and limited extensibility of chains between crosslinks, because rubber is a significantly inhomogeneous material. It is still difficult to evaluate the contribution of SIC to stress-upturn of the stress–strain relation of rubber.
De nominalistische theorie van de rechtssubjecten
Authors: Witpaard Robert Jan 
Published: September 2017

De nominalistische theorie van de rechtssubjecten
In dit artikel presenteer ik een nieuwe ‘nominalistische’ theorie van de rechtssubjecten en laat ik zien waarom geen van de tot nu gepresenteerde theorieën de toets der kritiek kan doorstaan. Het artikel valt uiteen in een constructief en een kritisch deel. In het constructieve deel presenteer ik eerst de nominalistische theorie van de rechtssubjecten. Deze theorie richt zich op de persoonlijke elementen van het rechtssysteem en begrijpt rechtspersonen en organen als namen die uitsluitend bestaan binnen het rechtssysteem. In het kritische deel presenteer ik vervolgens een overzicht van de tot nu toe verdedigde theorieën van de rechtspersoon. Het gaat daarbij respectievelijk om de sociaal-biologische of organische leer, de sociologische leer, de sociologisch-juridische leer, de fictieleer en de leer van het (gepersonifieerde) normencomplex. Aan de hand van enkele algemeen geaccepteerde kenmerken van de rechtspersoon laat ik ten slotte zien waarom geen van deze alternatieve theorieën de toets der kritiek kan doorstaan.
Pregnancy and Pelvic Girdle Pain
Authors: Kerbourc'h Floriane , Bertuit Jeanne , Feipel Véronique , Rooze Marcel 
Published: September 2017

Background:A woman's body undergoes many changes during pregnancy, and it adapts by developing compensatory strategies, which can be sources of pain. We sought to analyze the effects of pregnancy and pelvic girdle pain (PGP) on center of pressure (COP) parameters during gait at different speeds.Methods:Sixty-one healthy pregnant women, 66 women with PGP between 18 and 27 weeks of pregnancy, and 22 healthy nonpregnant women walked at different velocities (slow, preferential, and fast) on a walkway with built-in pressure sensors. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the effects of gait speed and group on COP parameters.Results:In healthy pregnant women and women with PGP, COP parameters were significantly modified compared with those in nonpregnant women (P &lt; .01). Support time was increased regardless of gait speed, and anteroposterior COP displacement was significantly decreased for women with PGP compared with healthy pregnant women. In addition, mediolateral COP displacement was significantly decreased in pregnant women compared with nongravid women.Conclusions:Gait speed influenced COP displacement and velocity parameters, and gait velocity potentiated the effect of pregnancy on the different parameters. Pelvic girdle pain had an influence on COP anteroposterior length only. With COP parameters being only slightly modified by PGP, the gait of pregnant women with PGP was similar to that of healthy pregnant women but differed from that of nonpregnant women.
Mechanical Stability Analysis via Neutral Mechanical Plane for High‐Performance Flexible Si Nanomembrane FDSOI Device
Authors: Kim Seung‐Yoon , Bong Jae Hoon , Kim Cheolgyu , Hwang Wan Sik , Kim Taek‐Soo , Cho Byung Jin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh‐performance mechanically flexible Si nanomembrane (NM) fully depleted silicon‐on‐insulator field‐effect transistors are realized via neutral mechanical plane (NMP) optimization. This NMP‐optimized Si NM flexible device, using both the analytical and numerical modeling, shows excellent mechanical and electrical stability even at a bending condition with a 1 mm radius. The strain at this point is less than 0.01% that is much smaller than the strain tolerance of 0.1%. This work reveals that mechanical reliability is heavily associated with the location of the NMP and the NMP optimization is essential to realize the Si NM flexible electronics.
Hijacking Adat Recognition Through the Establishment of New Customary Community Council in Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Dewi Rosita 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPapuan supporters of the Special Autonomy Law hoped that it would become an instrument to ensure their right to equality through the respect and recognition of their unique identity. This recognition facilitated the blossoming of an adat institution called the Papua Customary Council (Dewan Adat Papua). This institution is an important representative of Papuan. However, it was opposed to the Special Autonomy Law, and several of its members have closed relations with the Council of Papua Presidium (Presidium Dewan Papua), which supports the pro‐independence movement. Eight years after the implementation of this law, a new adat institution was formed called the Customary Community Council (Lembaga Masyarakat Adat (LMA)). The LMA is supported by the central government to vis a vis with the Dewan Adat Papua. This article analyses the reasons why the LMA was established as a form of government recognition in Papua. Interestingly, the LMA's strategy is similar to that employed under Suharto by the Customary Deliberative Council (LMA) prior to the Special Autonomy Period when adat institutions were formed and recognized, although with the new goal of achieving governmental policies of interest.
Rats bred for low and high running capacity display alterations in peripheral tissues and nerves relevant to neuropathy and pain
Authors: Cooper Michael A. , Jack Megan M. , Ryals Janelle M. , Hayley Page , Escher Taylor , Koch Lauren G. , Britton Steven L. , Raupp Shelby M. , Winter Michelle K. , McCarson Kenneth E. , Geiger Paige C. , Thyfault John P. , Wright Douglas E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroductionDiet and activity are recognized as modulators of nervous system disease, including pain. Studies of exercise consistently reveal a benefit on pain. This study focused on female rats to understand differences related to metabolic status and peripheral nerve function in females.MethodsHere, we investigated parameters of peripheral nerve function relevant to pain in rats selectively bred for high (high‐capacity runners; HCR) or low endurance exercise capacity (low‐capacity runners; LCR) resulting in divergent intrinsic aerobic capacities and susceptibility for metabolic conditions.ResultsLCR female rats have reduced mechanical sensitivity, higher intraepidermal nerve fiber density and TrkA‐positive epidermal axons, increased numbers of Langerhans and mast cells in cutaneous tissues, and a higher fat content despite similar overall body weights compared to female HCR rats. Sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities, thermal sensitivity, and mRNA expression of selected genes relevant to peripheral sensation were not different.ConclusionsThese results suggest that aerobic capacity and metabolic status influence sensory sensitivity and aspects of inflammation in peripheral tissues that could lead to poor responses to tissue damage and painful stimuli. The LCR and HCR rats should prove useful as models to assess how the metabolic status impacts pain.
Survival of cutaneous melanoma based on sex, age, and stage in the United States, 1992–2011
Authors: Enninga Elizabeth Ann L. , Moser Justin C. , Weaver Amy L. , Markovic Svetomir N. , Brewer Jerry D. , Leontovich Alexey A. , Hieken Tina J. , Shuster Lynne , Kottschade Lisa A. , Olariu Ariadna , Mansfield Aaron S. , Dronca Roxana S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWomen diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma have a survival advantage compared to men, which has been hypothesized to be due to difference in behavior and/or biology (sex hormones). It remains controversial whether this advantage is dependent on age or stage of disease. We sought to compare melanoma‐specific survival between females in pre, peri, and postmenopausal age groups to males in the same age group, adjusting for stage of disease. This is a retrospective population‐based cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients diagnosed from 1 January 1992 through 31 January 2011 with primary invasive cutaneous melanoma were included in our cohort. Melanoma‐specific survival was the main outcome studied. Of the 106,511 subjects that were included, 45% were female. Females in all age groups (18–45, 46–54, and ≥55) with localized and regional disease, were less likely to die from melanoma compared to males in the same age group. Among patients with localized and regional disease, the relative risk of death due to melanoma increased with advancing age at diagnosis; this increase was more pronounced among females than males. In contrast, we observed no female survival advantage among patients with distant disease and no effect of age on relative risk of death from melanoma. Females with localized and regional melanoma have a decreased risk of death compared to males within all age groups. Our data show no differences in survival between men and women with metastatic melanoma, indicating that the influence of sex on survival is limited to early stage disease but not confined to pre or perimenopausal age groups.
N‐Acetylcysteine as a chemical scavenger for sulfur mustard: New insights by mass spectrometry
Authors: Siegert Markus , Kranawetvogl Andreas , Thiermann Horst , John Harald 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe vesicant sulfur mustard (SM) is a banned chemical warfare agent. Although, SM has been used in combat since WWI, there is no causal therapy currently available. Accordingly, development and investigation of antidotes and scavengers targeting SM are of high clinical relevance. N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) was shown to mitigate symptoms of SM intoxications in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still unclear whether the beneficial effects of NAC are only due to physiological processes or also due to chemical scavenging of SM. Therefore, in this study, we examined the scavenging potential of NAC toward SM. Co‐incubations of SM and different NAC concentrations in human serum were performed to monitor diverse adducts (covalent reaction products) of human serum albumin (HSA), NAC, and SM. After proteolytic cleavage of HSA with proteinase K the alkylated tripeptide hydroxyethylthioethyl‐CysProPhe (HETE‐CPF) and the disulfide bridged tripeptide NAC‐CPF were detected. Samples were analyzed by microbore liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–high‐resolution tandem‐mass spectrometry (μLC‐ESI MS/HR MS). Furthermore, degradation kinetics of SM in phosphate buffered saline were measured in the presence and absence of NAC. Although NAC‐CPF was identified and characterized for the first time by mass spectrometry and reaction products of NAC and SM were detected and identified by MS/HR MS, analyses clearly documented minor reactivity not significantly contributing to reduction of SM concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that chemical scavenging of SM by NAC does not play the key role in NAC therapy of SM poisoning.
Building biodiversity: drivers of bird and butterfly diversity on tropical urban roof gardens
Authors: Wang James Wei , Poh Choon Hock , Tan Chloe Yi Ting , Lee Vivien Naomi , Jain Anuj , Webb Edward L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractConservation of faunal diversity in highly urbanized landscapes is facilitated through the integration of anthropogenic and natural elements in urban green spaces. Roof gardens have the potential to provide resources for urban wildlife populations, yet they typically offer marginal ecological conditions relative to ground‐level habitat so it is necessary to identify the factors associated with focal taxa diversity and abundance to better inform their planning, design, and management. We conducted 20 monthly surveys of diurnal bird and butterfly visitors to 30 urban roof gardens in the tropical city‐state of Singapore. Sixty‐five site variables were evaluated for their relative importance to four community diversity metrics (species richness, Simpson's diversity, abundance, and functional dispersion) using a conceptual framework relevant to key stakeholders involved in roof garden planning, design, and management. Surveys from a total of 80 observation hours per site recorded more than 23,000 independent bird and butterfly encounters, comprising 53 bird and 57 butterfly species, which represents 13% and 18% of the avifauna and butterfly fauna in Singapore, respectively. Twenty‐four species (12 birds, 12 butterflies) were considered uncommon or rare. Reproductive behaviors (courtship, mating, or nesting) were noted in 35 species (20 birds, 15 butterflies). Understory birds were under‐represented, whereas understory butterflies were over‐represented compared to the overall Singapore fauna. Early morning noise showed strong negative linear correlations with diversity of both taxa, but this variable was also negatively associated with planted area, perhaps indicating proxy effects. Faunal diversity decreased asymptotically with height. Both managed and spontaneous floral diversity had clear positive effects on bird and butterfly diversity. Our results provide clear indication that tropical urban roof gardens can support a diverse subset of the bird and butterfly species assemblages. Site height, site area, and plant selection are suggested to play dominant roles in determining the attractiveness of roof gardens for wildlife. To a first approximation, roof gardens should be built lower than 50 m in height and contain planted areas larger than 1100 m2, as well as shrubs for birds and both managed and spontaneous nectar plant species for butterflies.
Design principles for lymphatic drainage of fluid and solutes from collagen scaffolds
Authors: Thompson Rebecca L. , Margolis Emily A. , Ryan Tyler J. , Coisman Brent J. , Price Gavrielle M. , Wong Keith H. K. , Tien Joe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn vivo, tissues are drained of excess fluid and macromolecules by the lymphatic vascular system. How to engineer artificial lymphatics that can provide equivalent drainage in biomaterials remains an open question. This study elucidates design principles for engineered lymphatics, by comparing the rates of removal of fluid and solute through type I collagen gels that contain lymphatic vessels or unseeded channels, or through gels without channels. Surprisingly, no difference was found between the fluid drainage rates for gels that contained vessels or bare channels. Moreover, solute drainage rates were greater in collagen gels that contained lymphatic vessels than in those that had bare channels. The enhancement of solute drainage by lymphatic endothelium was more pronounced in longer scaffolds and with smaller solutes. Whole‐scaffold imaging revealed that endothelialization aided in solute drainage by impeding solute reflux into the gel without hindering solute entry into the vessel lumen. These results were reproduced by computational models of drainage with a flow‐dependent endothelial hydraulic conductivity. This study shows that endothelialization of bare channels does not impede the drainage of fluid from collagen gels and can increase the drainage of macromolecules by preventing solute transport back into the scaffold. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 106–114, 2018.
Dimming in Iran since the 2000s and the potential underlying causes
Authors: Jahani Babak , Dinpashoh Yagob , Wild Martin 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the spatio‐temporal variations of global solar radiation and its relationships with cloud cover (CC) during 1998–2015 in Iran, where no previous information about the variations of solar radiation based on direct measurements exists. The variations in the mentioned variables were detected using a modified Mann–Kendall trend test and the magnitudes of trends were estimated by using the Theil–Sen's slope estimator method. A widespread dimming with a magnitude of about −4.3 and −1.7% per decade is found under all‐ and clear‐sky conditions in Iran since the 2000s (median over nine observation sites). A significant increase in CC was observed at most of the stations studied, at 20.0% per decade (median over nine sites). The decrease in the amount of all‐sky global solar radiation seems to have occurred as a combined effect of aerosol and CC increase over Iran. However, in the south of Iran and at the station Tehran dimming appears to be mostly due to an increase in the amount of aerosol loadings.
Diagnostic Efficiency of Quantitative Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Indicators for Discriminating Benign From Malignant Solid Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Zhou Xiaohui , Zhou Ping , Hu Zheyu , Tian Shuang Ming , Zhao Yongfeng , Liu Wengang , Jin Qiuzi 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the most efficient quantitative parameters to establish a contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (US) assessment system for distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.MethodsA total of 167 patients with thyroid solitary nodules had the diagnosis confirmed by surgery or fine‐needle aspiration. Quantitative contrast‐enhanced US indicators (time to peak, time from peak to one‐half, ascend slope, descend slope, peak intensity, and area under the curve [AUC]) were gathered in nodule and perinodule areas. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated to identify the best cutoff value.ResultsThe univariate logistic regression model showed that the peak intensity, ascend slope, descend slope, and AUC were significant indicators for discriminating benign from malignant nodules under contrast‐enhanced US (P < .0001). For thyroid nodules, low peak intensity, ascend slope, and AUC and high descend slope values were significant indicators of malignancy. However, in perinodule areas, high peak intensity, ascend slope, and AUC and low descend slope values were significantly associated with malignancies. The cutoff values for the nodule peak intensity, ascend slope, descend slope, and AUC were 20.75, 0.91, −0.2, and 1818.23, respectively. The cutoff values for the ratios of the nodule versus perinodule peak intensity, ascend slope, descend slope, and AUC were 0.90, 0.95, 0.96, and 0.96. The nodule‐to‐perinodule peak intensity ratio showed the best diagnostic efficiency, with 80.41% sensitivity and 80.00% specificity.ConclusionsQuantitative contrast‐enhanced US indicators help discriminate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. The nodule‐to‐perinodule peak intensity ratio showed the best diagnostic efficiency.
Synthesis of 4H‐Benzo[e][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones by a Carbonylation–Cyclization Domino Reaction of ortho‐Halophenols and Cyanamide
Authors: Åkerbladh Linda , Chow Shiao Y. , Odell Luke R. , Larhed Mats 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover are researchers from the Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University (Sweden). The research interests in the group span areas such as enzyme inhibitors, new antibiotics, angiotensin II AT2R ligands, PET tracers, palladium catalysis, heterocycle synthesis, and the development of novel multicomponent reactions. In particular, sequential carbonylation and cyclization appeal to us as a convenient and straightforward synthetic route for the synthesis of heterocycles. The cover picture shows how carbon monoxide gas is diffused over a bridge, in the two‐chamber system set‐up used in this work, to take part in the catalytic cycle, and be incorporated into the heterocyclic core by a carbonylation/cyclization domino reaction to yield 4H‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones. For more details, see the full text of the Full Paper at 10.1002/open.201700130.