bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of Offshore Drilling Technologies
Authors: Zulqarnain Muhammad , Fike Rivers 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe world's ever increasing energy demand has lead oil and gas companies to explore hydrocarbons in complex and technologically challenging offshore environments. The rapid variations in regional geological settings and severe environmental conditions add complexities to these operations. The petroleum industry has successfully developed and implemented technologies to drill offshore wells, to gain access to these additional energy resources. Technological improvements have enabled drilling complex well patterns, such as directional and horizontal drilling and extended reach drilling, which allow development at a greater distance from the drilling rig with small environmental foot print.Similarities exist between the construction of offshore wells and the rotary drilling process used for drilling onshore wells. The main differences exist in the type of drilling rig and modified procedures adopted to drill in complex situations. As wells are drilled in progressively deeper waters, the cost to carry out drill‐in operations increases. High rig rates, transportation, and service cost contribute to daily operational expenditures, which sometimes exceeds $1 million per day. Therefore, the size of the hydrocarbon reservoir that can be developed should justify the economics of the project.
Regulations Governing Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Zulqarnain Muhammad 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The extraction and transport of hydrocarbons from offshore environments is a hazardous activity due to the operational complexities and hostile conditions. The industry and the regulatory authorities must ensure to keep a balance between risk and project economics. After the Deepwater Horizon accident in 2010, there has been growing focus in many countries, especially in the U.S. on safety and environmental aspects of offshore oil and gas operations. New regulations governing oil and gas offshore operations have been introduced. The recent US regulations have started using a hybrid approach of prescriptive as well as performance based by the introduction of Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS). This article provides a brief overview of few selected regulations relevant to offshore oil and gas operations during the entire life cycle of the project.
High Speed Craft
Authors: Keuning Lex , Ligtelijn Do 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe article describes the fundamentals of several types of high speed craft, followed by a review of aspects of the prediction of the resistance of high speed craft that are different from what is used for conventional displacement ships. This concerns model testing, statistical prediction methods, series data and more advanced computational methods. In a similar way, aspects concerning propulsion and cavitation testing are reviewed.
Shipboard Condition Monitoring
Authors: Lunt Stuart 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOil condition monitoring forms a vital part of integrated machinery health management programs. Good lubrication is essential for the well‐being of equipment, with safe and reliable operation dependent on the condition of the oil. Recently, a shift from time‐based maintenance to that of condition‐based maintenance (CBM) has strengthened the need for reliable data on chemical changes to the oil and information on the presence of contaminants and wear metals in the oil. Together with operational parameters, these data enable informed decisions to be made with regard to maintenance interventions or to respond to abnormal operating conditions. Periodic sampling and offline laboratory analysis has been the traditional approach to land‐based CBM. However, this is clearly inadequate for shipboard maintenance due to the delay incurred between sampling at sea to that of analysis on shore. This article reviews the various aspects of shipboard condition monitoring options ranging from simple test kits to permanent sensor installations. A practical example involving cylinder lubrication oil is given to illustrate the benefit of multiparameter testing for precise diagnostics.
Supply Chain Risk and Vulnerability in Maritime Ports and Terminals
Authors: Talas Risto , Menachof David , Harris Kelvin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe article is concerned with issues of risk and vulnerability in supply chains with focus on a port, beginning with an examination of definitions of risk and supply chain risk. The methodology employed to assess risk and vulnerability is drawn from the engineering literature: failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The FMEA process is defined, followed by a description of data sources required. The results of the data analysis not only show the types of risk pertinent to a port but also prioritize them for management to gain a better understanding of the threats to their port.
The Rise of Achaemenid Persia, 550–525BC
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUnder the leadership of Cyrus, the Persians of the Iranian plateau overthrew their Median overlords in the mid‐sixth centurybc. Cyrus rapidly extended his conquests into Asia Minor, where he subjugated the kingdom of Lydia under its ruler Croesus, before returning to Mesopotamia, where he captured Babylon. Cyrus died on campaign against northern tribes but his successor, Cambyses, continued Persian expansion by conquering Egypt in the 520 s.
The First Punic War and After, 264–237BC
Authors: Eckstein Arthur 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe First Punic War (264–241bc) was a series of land and sea campaigns fought between the Roman republic and Carthage, primarily for the control of Sicily. Rome, traditionally a land power, was forced to contend with Carthage for control of the sea; building and rebuilding several fleets, Rome won a series of naval victories that eventually established it as the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean. By 241, both sides were exhausted, and Carthage agreed to evacuate Sicily in return for peace; Rome was in no state itself to extract further concessions. In the aftermath of the conflict, the mercenary forces of Carthage rebelled; initially refusing to take advantage of the chaos, the Senate later intervened to seize Corsica and Sardinia. An impotent Carthage was forced to seek new opportunities in Spain, leading to new tensions and ultimately a new war with Rome.
Alaric and Italy, 401–410
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In 401 the desire of Alaric to secure territory for his Gothic followers led him to try his luck in Italy. There he was eventually repulsed by Roman forces under Stilicho, who also dealt with a substantial tribal invasion under Radagaisus in 406. Stilicho, however, was unpopular and his elimination through court intrigues in 408 facilitated a fresh attempt by Alaric. Negotiations with Emperor Honorius proved futile and, in frustration, Alaric eventually captured and sacked Rome itself in 410. Alaric died soon after and his followers, still searching for a safe home, moved to southern Gaul.
Theoderic and the Goths, 476–492
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
As the Hunnic federation disintegrated in the late 450 s, various tribal groups that had previously been largely invisible came to the fore. From the complicated rivalry between these tribes, a group led by the Amal family triumphed so that in the early 480 s Theoderic the Amal gathered most other groups under his control and posed a serious challenge to Emperor Zeno in Constantinople. Zeno resolved this by encouraging Theoderic to move to Italy, to confront Odoacer, who had deposed the last Roman emperor in 476 and had subsequently been controlling the peninsula from Ravenna. Theoderic's success established Ostrogothic control over Italy.
Neurogenesis and pattern separation: time for a divorce
Authors: Becker Suzanna 
Published: April 2017

The generation of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain has led to numerous theories as to their functional significance. One of the most widely held views is that adult neurogenesis promotes pattern separation, a process by which overlapping patterns of neural activation are mapped to less overlapping representations. While a large body of evidence supports a role for neurogenesis in high interference memory tasks, it does not support the proposed function of neurogenesis in mediating pattern separation. Instead, the adult‐generated neurons seem to generate highly overlapping and yet distinct distributed representations for similar events. One way in which these immature, highly plastic, hyperactive neurons may contribute to novel memory formation while avoiding interference is by virtue of their extremely sparse connectivity with incoming perforant path fibers. Another intriguing proposal, awaiting empirical confirmation, is that the young neurons’ recruitment into memory formation is gated by a novelty/mismatch mechanism mediated by CA3 or hilar back‐projections. Ongoing research into the intriguing link between neurogenesis, stress‐related mood disorders, and age‐related neurodegeneration may lead to promising neurogenesis‐based treatments for this wide range of clinical disorders. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1427. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1427This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Neuroscience > Cognition
Neuroscience > Computation
Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 3
Authors: Dahmen Nicolaus , Abeln Johannes , Eberhard Mark , Kolb Thomas , Leibold Hans , Sauer Jörg , Stapf Dieter , Zimmerlin Bernd 
Published: April 2017

The cover image, Nicolaus Dahmen et al., is based on the Focus Article The bioliq process for producing synthetic transportation fuels, DOI: 10.1002/wene.236.
image
The Later Middle Ages
Authors: Collette Carolyn P. , Garrett-Goodyear Harold 
Published: April 2017

This substantial anthology of documents offers students of later medieval English literature, society and history a range of interdisciplinary perspectives through which to understand the literary texts from the period 1350-1550. Informed by the latest scholarship and meticulous original research, it includes both classic texts and brings rare materials back into circulation. The documents illustrate and illuminate the languages of medieval England, its books and methods of manuscript production; as well as the diverse richness of the spirituality, chivalry and scientific knowledge that shaped the later medieval world.
Supported by a wide-range of pedagogically-designed tools to help students find their way into the history, literature and culture of the period, The Later Middle Ages: A Sourcebook includes:
- An authoritative introduction outlining key historical events, social and political movements, and literary and cultural ideas of the time
- Informative headnotes, footnotes and section introductions, supporting the material and providing insights into how individual documents aid the reading of major texts
- A timeline and a chronological list of the major literary events of the period
- A comprehensive guide to further reading and useful websites
The Later Middle Ages: A Sourcebook makes available documents that are both important in their own right, and crucial for an understanding of the literary output of the period, challenging boundaries between text and context, literature and history. The rich source material and essential context that this book provides make it an invaluable resource for all students of Medieval Studies.
Impact of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use on Overall Survival Among Patients Undergoing Resection for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Cerullo Marcelo , Gani Faiz , Chen Sophia Y. , Canner Joseph K. , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic cancer has higher concentrations of angiotensin II compared with other cancers. This study sought to assess the effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) on survival of patients undergoing resection using a large, nationally representative dataset.MethodsPatients undergoing pancreatic cancer resection were identified in the Truven Health MarketScan database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the effect of ARB use on overall survival.ResultsA total of 4299 patients were identified, among whom 479 (11.1%) filled a prescription for an ARB. Mean patient age was 54.5 years (SD = 8.6 years); 2187 (51.1%) were female. Exactly 49.4% (n = 2125) of patients had a Charlson comorbidity index >2 at the time of surgery (n = 2125, 49.4%) and 59.6% (n = 2563) underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival at 1, 2, and 4 years were 62.8% (95% CI: 61.3–64.2%), 38.2% (95% CI: 36.6–39.8%), and 19.0% (95% CI: 17.1–21.0%), respectively. On multivariable analysis, ARB use was associated with a 24% decreased risk of death over the 5‐year period in which patients were under observation (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67–0.87, p < 0.001).ConclusionsARB use was associated with improved survival in patients undergoing resection of pancreatic cancer. Further research is required into the differential effect of ARBs in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Clinical validity of biochemical and molecular analysis in diagnosing Leigh syndrome: a study of 106 Japanese patients
Authors: Ogawa Erika , Shimura Masaru , Fushimi Takuya , Tajika Makiko , Ichimoto Keiko , Matsunaga Ayako , Tsuruoka Tomoko , Ishige Mika , Fuchigami Tatsuo , Yamazaki Taro , Mori Masato , Kohda Masakazu , Kishita Yoshihito , Okazaki Yasushi , Takahashi Shori , Ohtake Akira , Murayama Kei 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLeigh syndrome (LS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of infancy and early childhood. It is clinically diagnosed by typical manifestations and characteristic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Unravelling mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) dysfunction behind LS is essential for deeper understanding of the disease, which may lead to the development of new therapies and cure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical validity of various diagnostic tools in confirming MRC disorder in LS and Leigh‐like syndrome (LL). The results of enzyme assays, molecular analysis, and cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements were examined. Of 106 patients, 41 were biochemically and genetically verified, and 34 had reduced MRC activity but no causative mutations. Seven patients with normal MRC complex activities had mutations in the MT‐ATP6 gene. Five further patients with normal activity in MRC were identified with causative mutations. Conversely, 12 out of 60 enzyme assays performed for genetically verified patients returned normal results. No biochemical or genetic background was confirmed for 19 patients. OCR was reduced in ten out of 19 patients with negative enzyme assay results. Inconsistent enzyme assay results between fibroblast and skeletal muscle biopsy samples were observed in 33% of 37 simultaneously analyzed cases. These data suggest that highest diagnostic rate is reached using a combined enzymatic and genetic approach, analyzing more than one type of biological materials where suitable. Microscale oxygraphy detected MRC impairment in 50% cases with no defect in MRC complex activities.
The 30th anniversary of Ecological Research: past, present, and future
Authors: Tsunoda Tomonori , Kusumoto Buntarou , Okada Kei‐ichi , Aoshima Yuko , Kume Atsushi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn 2016, Ecological Research (ER) celebrated its 30th anniversary. ER's goal is to be the leading ecological, evolutionary, and biodiversity journal in Asia. This article introduces the development of ER, improvements to its editorial system and their outcomes, and the strategies designed to achieve this goal. ER has already become a leading comprehensive and international publication as shown by statistical evidence and its strong editorial foundation. However, some members of the Ecological Society of Japan (ESJ) retain impressions of an old stereotype about ER. The discrepancy between the current status of the journal and its stereotype may explain why submissions from Japan remain static. A new article category for ER, Biodiversity in Asia, was created to encourage Asian studies. In addition, the Forum category is dedicated to promoting a broad understanding of the ESJ's various activities. To promote open science, the proportion of open access articles in the journal is increasing. The publication of Data papers has been accelerated to improve the public availability of excellent open data sets. ER symposia and seminars provide good opportunities for members to participate. ER financially supports the invitation of scientists internationally to facilitate research exchanges with other countries and consequently promotes the internationalization of the ESJ. The ESJ is open to the world's ecologists, and your participation in developing ER is welcome.
Tectonic evolution of the Arctic onshore and offshore regions of the West Siberian petroleum province
Authors: Kontorovich V.A. , Ayunova D.V. , Gubin I.A. , Kalinin A.Yu. , Kalinina L.M. , Kontorovich A.E. , Malyshev N.A. , Skvortsov M.B. , Solov’ev M.V. , Surikova E.S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The paper deals with the South Kara regional depression covering the southern part of the Kara Sea and presents a comparative analysis of the geologic structure of potential exploration targets in the offshore and onshore regions of the study area. Regional tectonic processes are considered, and the main stages of the formation of large tectonic elements are reconstructed. A comparison of the anticline traps in the onshore parts of the study area and offshore Kara Sea regions is made.
Geochemical methods for prediction and assessment of shale oil resources (case study of the Bazhenov Formation)
Authors: Skvortsov M.B. , Dakhnova M.V. , Mozhegova S.V. , Kirsanov A.M. , Komkov I.K. , Paizanskaya I.L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The paper presents approaches to characterization of shale source rocks using geochemical data for the case of the Bazhenov petroleum system in West Siberia. Regional patterns of oil distribution in the Bazhenov shale are shown to depend on their original total organic carbon (TOC) content and thermal maturity. The existing thermal maturity model for the Bazhenov Formation based on vitrinite reflectance (Rvto) of nearby beds has been updated using parameters measured by Rock-Eval pyrolysis (Tmax, HI, PC, and RC) for the shale itself. The results were used to quantify hydrocarbon resources in different maturity zones. The relationship between TOC and the presence of para-autochthonous oil found for logged zones in the Bazhenov section allows allocating and quantifying oil resources in unlogged beds.
SELECTION OF BREEDING STOCK BY U.S. MEAT GOAT PRODUCERS
Authors: NYAUPANE NARAYAN , GILLESPIE JEFFREY , MCMILLIN KENNETH , HARRISON ROBERT , SITIENEI ISAAC 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUsing nationwide survey data, we investigate U.S. meat goat producer preferences and willingness to pay for meat goat breeding stock attributes. Discrete choice experiments were employed, and mixed logit and latent class models were used for analysis. Results showed that producers preferred animals that were highly masculine/feminine, had good structure and soundness, and were of the Boer breed, whereas they preferred fewer animals that were older, of Kiko and Spanish breeds, and priced higher. Significant preference heterogeneity was found among the respondents. Larger-scale producers had greater preference for high masculinity/femininity, good structure and soundness, and Boer bucks.
Toxicological and biochemical basis of synergism between the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium and the insecticide matrine against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
Authors: Ali Shaukat , Zhang Can , Wang Zeqing , Wang Xing-Min , Wu Jian-Hui , Cuthbertson Andrew G S , Shao Zhenfang , Qiu Bao-Li 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was challenged with different combinations of matrine (insecticide) and Lecanicillium muscarium (entomopathogenic fungus). Our results revealed a synergistic relationship between matrine and L. muscarium on mortality and enzyme activities of B. tabaci. To illustrate the biochemical mechanisms involved in detoxification and immune responses of B. tabaci against both control agents, activities of different detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes were quantified. After combined application of matrine and L. muscarium, activities of carboxylestrease (CarE), glutathione-s-transferase (GSTs) and chitinase (CHI) decreased during the initial infection period. Acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activities increased during the entire experimental period, whereas those of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) decreased during the later infection period. The increased mortality and suppression of enzymatic response of B. tabaci following matrine and L. muscarium application suggests a strong synergistic effect between both agents. The strong synergistic effect is possibly related to the disturbance of acetylcholine balance and changes in AchE activities of the whitefly as both matrine and L. muscarium target insect acetylcholine (Ach) receptors which in turn effects AchE production. Therefore, our results have revealed the complex biochemical processes involved in the synergistic action of matrine and L. muscarium against B. tabaci.
Dystrophinopathies and Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
Authors: Sarkozy Anna , Scoto Mariacristina , Muntoni Francesco , Domingos Joana 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMuscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases. The natural history of these disorders along with their management have changed mainly due to a better understanding of their pathophysiology, the evolution of standards of care, and new treatment options. Dystrophinopathies include both Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies, but in reality they are a spectrum of muscle diseases caused by mutations in the gene that encodes the protein dystrophin. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is the most common form of inherited muscle disease of childhood. The current standards of care considerably prolong independent ambulation and survival. Several therapeutic options either aiming at substituting/correcting the primary protein defect or limiting the progression of the dystrophic process are currently being explored in clinical trials.Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are rare and heterogeneous conditions, characterized by weakness and wasting of the pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles. Originally classified into dominant and recessive, > 30 genetic forms of LGMDs are currently recognized. Further understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of LGMD will help identifying novel therapeutic approaches that can be tested in clinical trials.
Unifying mechanism for different fibrotic diseases
Authors: Wernig Gerlinde , Chen Shih-Yu , Cui Lu , Van Neste Camille , Tsai Jonathan M. , Kambham Neeraja , Vogel Hannes , Natkunam Yaso , Gilliland D. Gary , Nolan Garry , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Severe human fibrotic diseases are devastating and without effective treatments. We found that c-JUN expression is increased in many human fibrotic diseases and that systemic induction of c-Jun in mice resulted in development of fibrosis of multiple organs. These results suggest that many fibrotic diseases share a common pathomechanism that converges on c-Jun induction. Thus, common treatment strategies could potentially be developed for these seemingly different fibrotic disease entities. Moreover, the in vivo c-Jun induction represents a mouse model for these devastating diseases that could be used for preclinical evaluation of candidate antifibrotic treatments. Indeed, we show that blockade of the antiphagocytotic signal CD47 and the AKT and VEGF receptor pathways reverses tissue fibrosis in mice.