bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute cholangitis: current concepts
Authors: Lan Cheong Wah David , Christophi Christopher , Muralidharan Vijayaragavan 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundAcute cholangitis, also known as ascending cholangitis, is a life‐threatening systemic condition that results from a biliary tree infection and obstruction. Severe acute cholangitis was reported to have a mortality rate between 11 and 27% in the 1990s. This article is a literature review about acute cholangitis. Its aim is to review the latest literature about acute cholangitis and to discuss its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, risk factors and treatment.MethodsOvid Medline and PubMed database searches were performed for articles about acute cholangitis published in English from 1877 to 2016. The keyword search headings included ‘acute’, ‘ascending’ and ‘cholangitis’, and a combination of these were used. Only articles with full‐text descriptions were chosen for this literature review.ResultsCommon causes of biliary tree obstruction include choledocholithiasis, benign and malignant biliary strictures. According to the Tokyo Guidelines, clinical presentation, laboratory blood results and diagnostic imaging are important in the diagnosis of acute cholangitis. Treatments consist of intravenous fluids and antibiotics followed by biliary decompression and drainage. Available drainage options include endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, endoscopic ultrasound and open surgical drainage.ConclusionIt is important to diagnose acute cholangitis as early as possible to initiate appropriate treatments to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Extent of surgery did not affect recurrence during 7‐years follow‐up in papillary thyroid cancer sized 1‐4 cm: Preliminary results
Authors: Kim Min Joo , Lee Myung‐Chul , Lee Guk Haeng , Choi Hoon Sung , Cho Sun Wook , Kim Su‐jin , Lee Kyu Eun , Park Young Joo , Park Do Joon 
Published: March 2017

SummaryObjectiveThere is debate whether hemithyroidectomy is sufficient for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) sized 1‐4 cm. Therefore, we investigated whether hemithyroidectomy affects recurrence rate compared with thyroidectomy in patients with PTC sized 1‐4 cm.DesignRetrospective observational study.PatientsWe included 147 patients with 1‐4 cm PTC who underwent hemithyroidectomy between 2004 and 2008. They were matched with 298 patients who underwent thyroidectomy, comparing age, sex, tumour size, multiplicity, extrathyroidal extension status and lymph node (LN) metastasis status.MeasurementsRecurrence‐free survival (RFS) was compared between hemithyroidectomy and thyroidectomy groups.ResultsMedian follow‐up length was 7 years, during which there were nine (6.1%) and 17 (5.7%) recurrences in hemithyroidectomy and thyroidectomy groups, respectively. Recurrence‐free survival in the hemithyroidectomy group was not different from that in the thyroidectomy group regardless of variant, multifocality, LN metastasis and radioactive iodine treatment. However, in subgroup analysis, hemithyroidectomy significantly increased the risk of recurrence in patients with contralateral nodules on the preoperative imaging.ConclusionsRecurrence after hemithyroidectomy was not different from that after thyroidectomy during a median follow‐up of 7 years. However, because thyroidectomy might be favoured in patients with contralateral nodules at preoperative evaluation, a thorough evaluation of the contralateral thyroid lobe is necessary.
Glucose metabolism in mammalian photoreceptor inner and outer segments
Authors: Narayan Daniel S , Chidlow Glyn , Wood John PM , Casson Robert J 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPhotoreceptors are the first‐order neurons of the visual pathway, converting light into electrical signals. Rods and cones are the two main types of photoreceptors in the mammalian retina. Rods are specialized for sensitivity at the expense of resolution and are responsible for vision in dimly lit conditions. Cones are responsible for high acuity central vision and colour vision. Many human retinal diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of photoreceptors. Photoreceptors consist of four primary regions: outer segments, inner segments, cell bodies and synaptic terminals. Photoreceptors consume large amounts of energy, and therefore, energy metabolism may be a critical juncture that links photoreceptor function and survival. Cones require more energy than rods, and cone degeneration is the main cause of clinically significant vision loss in retinal diseases. Photoreceptor segments are capable of utilizing various energy substrates, including glucose, to meet their large energy demands. The pathways by which photoreceptor segments meet their energy demands remain incompletely understood. Improvements in the understanding of glucose metabolism in photoreceptor segments may provide insight into the reasons why photoreceptors degenerate due to energy failure. This may, in turn, assist in developing bio‐energetic therapies aimed at protecting photoreceptors.
“Build a friendship with them”: The discourse of “at‐risk” as a barrier to relationship building between young people who trade sex and social workers
Authors: Abel Gillian , Wahab Stéphanie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractYoung people in statutory care and protection interact with social workers, who hold potential to provide a supportive adult role in their lives. Many however, run away at an early age and end up on the street trading sex for money or other favours. There is potential to improve outcomes for young people in care if the relationship between young people and their social workers is better addressed. This paper uses data from a qualitative study of 14 young people who traded sex and who had experienced interactions with social workers. A thematic analysis identified three themes: the rigidity of social work practice; contesting the family situation; and resisting the at‐risk label. We argue that to have any impact on outcomes for young people in care, social workers need to prioritise relationship‐building above the need to conform to organizational protocols and guidelines. Such guidelines assist the social worker in assessing whether family situations pose high risk for a young person, but the “at‐risk” label is contested by young people, which results in a lack of trust and a barrier to relationship building.
Adolescent‐to‐parent violence and abuse: Parents' management of tension and ambiguity—an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Clarke Kerry , Holt Amanda , Norris Clare , Nel Pieter W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAdolescent violence and abuse towards parents is under researched, especially in the UK where reports of the phenomenon are increasing with little clear guidance as to how practitioners might respond. In this qualitative study, 6 parents were recruited through youth offending teams and were interviewed about their lived experiences of violence and/or abuse from their adolescent child. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, 3 superordinate themes emerged (a) the tensions and (b) the ambiguities produced by living with the violence and abuse and (c) the ways that parents manage the harms caused by these tensions and ambiguities. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, including consideration of how practitioners might support parents who are living with adolescent‐to‐parent violence and abuse to establish healthy and sustainable coping strategies while repairing family relationships.
Syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum: Clinicopathologic analysis of 10 cases
Authors: Zhang Yan , Kong Yun‐Yi , Cai Xu , Shen Xu‐Xia , Kong Jin‐Cheng 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundSyringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum (SCACP) is an exceedingly rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic features of SCACP, and to discuss the prognosis of this rare entity.MethodWe retrospectively collected clinical, pathological and follow‐up data of 10 cases with SCACP.ResultsThere were 8 males and 2 females, with ages ranging from 26 to 74 years. The chest was most frequently involved. Histologically, 1 case only showed SCACP in situ, 9 cases presented with variable invasive components of adenocarcinoma and/or squamous cell carcinoma in addition to areas of in situ. Apocrine differentiation with decapitation was evident in 4 cases and mucinous metaplasia was noted in 1 case. P63 was positive in invasive squamous cell carcinoma, while CK7 was variably positive in invasive adenocarcinoma. Regional lymph node metastasis was confirmed by pathological examination in 4 patients. Follow up was available for 9 patients, ranging from 3 to 112 months. Three patients died of the disease within 1 year after recurrences.ConclusionsBecause of high rates of regional lymph node metastasis and mortality in our patients, clinical behavior of SCACP seems to be more aggressive than that previously reported.
A systematic review of combined student‐ and parent‐based programs to prevent alcohol and other drug use among adolescents
Authors: Newton Nicola C. , Champion Katrina E. , Slade Tim , Chapman Cath , Stapinski Lexine , Koning Ina , Tonks Zoe , Teesson Maree 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIssues.Alcohol and other drug use among adolescents is a serious concern, and effective prevention is critical. Research indicates that expanding school‐based prevention programs to include parenting components could increase prevention outcomes. This paper aims to identify and describe existing combined student‐ and parent‐based programs for the prevention of alcohol and other drug use to evaluate the efficacy of existing programs.Approach.The PsycINFO, Medline, Central Register of Controlled trials and Cochrane databases were searched in April 2015 and additional articles were obtained from reference lists. Studies were included if they evaluated a combined universal intervention for students (aged 11–18 years old) and their parents designed to prevent alcohol and/or other drug use, and were delivered in a school‐based setting. Risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers. Because of the heterogeneity of the included studies, it was not possible to conduct a meta‐analysis and a qualitative description of the studies was provided.Key Findings.From a total of 1654 screened papers, 22 research papers met inclusion criteria, which included 13 trials of 10 programs. Of these, nine programs demonstrated significant intervention effects in terms of delaying or reducing adolescent alcohol and/or other drug use in at least one trial.Conclusion.This is the first review of combined student‐ and parent‐based interventions to prevent and reduce alcohol and other drug use. Whilst existing combined student‐ and parent‐based programs have shown promising results, key gaps in the literature have been identified and are discussed in the context of the development of future prevention programs. [Newton NC, Champion KE, Slade T, Chapman C, Stapinski L, Koning I, Tonks Z, Teesson M. A systematic review of combined student‐ and parent‐based programs to prevent alcohol and other drug use among adolescents.Drug Alcohol Rev2017;36:337‐351]
Latent classes of alcohol problems in Mauritian men: Results from the Joint Child Health Project
Authors: Luczak Susan E. , Prescott Carol A. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The purpose of this study was to identify latent classes of alcohol problems and their sociodemographic correlates in the east African nation of Mauritius. Design and Methods. Participants were from the Joint Child Health Project, a longitudinal study of a 1969–1970 birth cohort of 1795 individuals. In mid‐adulthood (M = 37 years), all available participants (n = 1206; 67% of the original cohort) were assessed for demographic characteristics, and lifetime drinkers were assessed for alcohol‐related problems. Given the low endorsement of problems by women, only male lifetime drinkers (n = 520) were included in the latent class analyses. Results. Analyses indicated the best‐fitting model contained four classes of drinkers: Non‐problematic (66%), Moderate (16%), Hazardous (11%) and Severe (6%). Lower education and occupation were associated with Moderate and Severe problem classes, whereas higher education and occupation were associated with the Hazardous class. Being Hindu, Tamil and Creole were differentially predictive of class membership, but being Muslim was not. Discussion and Conclusions. Our findings provide evidence of a distinct Hazardous drinking class that has unique demographic correlates and may represent a cluster of problems that is more bound by cultural factors. We also found problem classes on a severity continuum from none to moderate to severe problems. This study highlights the importance of examining societal, subgroup and person‐level factors to produce a more nuanced understanding of distinct classes of alcohol‐related problems. [Luczak SE, Prescott CA, Venables PH. Latent classes of alcohol problems in Mauritian men: Results from the Joint Child Health Project.
A bibliometric review of drug and alcohol research focused on Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States
Authors: Clifford Anton , Shakeshaft Anthony 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIssuesIndigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States experience a disproportionately high burden of harms from substance misuse. Research is therefore required to improve our understanding of substance use in Indigenous populations and provide evidence on strategies effective for reducing harmful use.ApproachA search of 13 electronic databases for peer‐reviewed articles published between 1993 and 2014 focusing on substance use and Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. Relevant abstracts were classified as data or non‐data based research. Data‐based studies were further classified as measurement, descriptive or intervention and their trends examined by country and drug type. Intervention studies were classified by type and their evaluation designs classified using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) data collection checklist.Key FindingsThere was a statistically significant increase from 1993 to 2014 in the percentage of total publications that were data‐based (P < 0.001). Overall, data‐based publications were mostly descriptive for all countries (84–93%) and drug types (74–95%). There were fewer measurement (0–4%) and intervention (0–14%) publications for all countries and the percentage of these did not change significantly over time. Forty‐two percent of intervention studies employed an EPOC evaluation design.ImplicationsStrategies to increase the frequency and quality of measurement and intervention research in the Indigenous drug and alcohol field are required.ConclusionThe dominance of descriptive research in the Indigenous drug and alcohol field is less than optimal for generating evidence to inform Indigenous drug and alcohol policy and programs. [Clifford A, Shakeshaft A. A bibliometric review of drug and alcohol research focused on Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:509‐522]
Profile of children diagnosed with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A retrospective chart review
Authors: Reid Natasha , Shelton Doug , Warner Judith , O'Callaghan Frances , Dawe Sharon 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a significant public health concern, and growing recognition in Australia led to the establishment of a specialist service for young children. The aim of the current study was to report on the diagnostic profile of a group of children who attended the service, to document the extent to which there were comorbid diagnoses and to provide information on the neurocognitive functioning of the children. Design and Methods. This study was a retrospective chart review conducted by the diagnostic service. A pre‐formulated tool to extract the diagnostic data from the client files was designed, a chart review was performed, and the required data was extracted. FASD diagnoses were made using the 4‐Digit Diagnostic Code. Results. Thirty‐one families participated, and the majority of children were diagnosed with static encephalopathy (alcohol exposed) or neurobehavioral disorder (alcohol exposed) (11 children each; 36%). Only one child was diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (alcohol exposed), and five children were diagnosed with partial fetal alcohol syndrome (alcohol exposed). Twenty‐six children (84%) had a comorbid diagnosis, with 19 (61%) having a comorbid diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. While the majority of children were not found to display growth deficiency or significant facial features, 18 children (58%) had significant central nervous system dysfunction. Discussion and Conclusions. The current study demonstrates that with the relevant training and expertise, assessment and diagnosis of FASD can be embedded within the existing health services available in Australia. [Reid N, Shelton D,Warner J, O'Callaghan F, Dawe S. Profile of children diagnosed with a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A retrospective chart review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000‐000]
Clinical reasoning skills in final‐year dental students: A qualitative cross‐curricula comparison
Authors: Nafea E. T. , Dennick R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimsThe aim of this research was to explore the perceptions of undergraduate dental students regarding clinical reasoning skills and also discover the influences of different curriculum designs on the acquisition of these skills by students.MethodsEighteen final‐year students from three different dental schools with varied curricula and cultures participated in the current research. The research used qualitative methodology. The study took place in 2013‐2014. Interviews captured the participants’ own understanding of clinical reasoning and its acquisition plus they “talked through” a clinical problem using a “think‐aloud” technique. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcripts of the recorded interviews. Results obtained were related to curriculum structure.ResultsUnfamiliarity with the term clinical reasoning was common in students. Students from different schools used different strategies to reason when discussing clinical vignettes. Clinical reasoning process was dominated by pattern recognition. Students’ behaviours seemed to be influenced by cultural factors.ConclusionsThis research contributes to a greater understanding of how students learn, understand and apply dental clinical reasoning which will improve educational practices in the future.
Are dental students ready for supercomplex dental practice?
Authors: Leadbeatter D. , Peck C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractContemporary dental practice requires practitioners who are able to draw upon varying interconnected knowledge and skills, in order to make judgments and take action when faced with multiple, often contradictory, ways of interpreting a situation. However, the curricula that prepare students for dental practice are traditionally based on the theoretical knowledge and technical skills to be gained by students. This is despite evidence in the dental literature of a collective desire for graduates to have more range and depth in their repertoire. Examination of contemporary dental practice through the lens of supercomplexity (Higher Education, 40, 409 and 2000) provides contextual understanding and a platform to explore the types of learning and curriculum approaches that can best prepare students for professional practice. From the insights offered by examples from other professional fields, we, as dental educators, can begin to conceptualise learning dentistry as much more than competency frameworks or descriptions of what students need to know and be able to do. Rather, to equip graduates for contemporary dental practice, the dental curriculum needs to become a vehicle for students to develop personally and professionally as well as teaching the theoretical and technical aspects of dentistry.
Multicenter validation of a simplified method for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria screening
Authors: Gatti Arianna , Del Vecchio Luigi , Geuna Massimo , Della Porta Matteo G. , Brando Bruno 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) diagnostic guidelines recommend single‐tube five‐ to six‐color or two‐tube four‐color assays. PNH clones are detectable in only a fraction of patients at risk, and screening for new PNH cases can be complex and expensive. In this multicenter study, we have validated a simplified, one‐tube two‐color FLAER‐based assay suitable for PNH screening.MethodsSix laboratories received samples containing spiked PNH leukocyte clones to be analyzed in parallel with a common six‐color cocktail (FLAER/CD24/CD45/CD64/CD15/CD14) and a simplified two‐color mixture (FLAER/CD15), a shared calibration procedure, and a common analysis protocol. Replicate precision and sensitivity tests were performed on PNH patients, from undiluted to 1:10 000. Specificity tests were performed on normal donors to identify the possible sources of artifacts.ResultsThe performance comparison between six‐color and two‐color assays showed an excellent agreement for granulocyte PNH clones. Dilution experiments showed an accurate detectability down to 0.01% sensitivity level for granulocyte PNH clones and to 1% for monocytes. Specificity experiments disclosed that basophils and platelets can contaminate the monocyte gate and generate false PNH events.ConclusionsA simplified two‐color (FLAER/CD15) PNH screening test has been validated in a highly standardized multicenter study and proved feasible and effective in ongoing regional programs. Precision, sensitivity, and specificity of the simplified test for granulocytes were comparable to the more complex and expensive six‐color assay and applicable for screening also in peripheral laboratories. The diagnostic confirmation of PNH should be always performed by a reference center using the established technique on all cell lineages.
Hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by compound heterozygous mutations outside the motor domain of the KIF1A gene
Authors: Krenn M. , Zulehner G. , Hotzy C. , Rath J. , Stogmann E. , Wagner M. , Haack T. B. , Strom T. M. , Zimprich A. , Zimprich F. 
Published: March 2017

Background and purposeHereditary spastic paraplegia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare, inherited disorders causing an upper motor neuron syndrome with (complex) or without (pure) additional neurological symptoms. Mutations in the KIF1A gene have already been associated with recessive and dominant forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG30) in a few cases.MethodsAll family members included in the study were examined neurologically. Whole‐exome sequencing was used in affected individuals to identify the responsible candidate gene. Conventional Sanger sequencing was conducted to validate familial segregation.ResultsA family of Macedonian origin with two affected siblings, one with slowly progressive and the other one with a more complex and rapidly progressing hereditary spastic paraplegia is reported. In both affected individuals, two novel pathogenic mutations outside the motor domain of the KIF1A gene were found (NM_001244008.1:c.2909G>A, p.Arg970His and c.1214dup, p.Asn405Lysfs*40) that segregate with the disease within the family establishing the diagnosis of autosomal recessive SPG30.ConclusionsThis report provides the first evidence that mutations outside the motor domain of the gene can cause (recessive) SPG30 and extends the genotype−phenotype association for KIF1A‐related diseases.