bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Fitness Benefits of the Half‐Pounder Life History in Klamath River Steelhead
Authors: Hodge Brian W. , Wilzbach Margaret A. , Duffy Walter G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSteelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from several of the world's rivers display the half‐pounder life history, a variant characterized by an amphidromous (and, less often, anadromous) return to freshwater in the year of initial ocean entry. We evaluated factors related to expression of the half‐pounder life history in wild steelhead from the lower Klamath River basin, California. We also evaluated fitness consequences of the half‐pounder phenotype using a simple life history model that was parameterized with our empirical data and outputs from a regional survival equation. The incidence of the half‐pounder life history differed among subbasins of origin and smolt ages. Precocious maturation occurred in approximately 8% of half‐pounders and was best predicted by individual length in freshwater preceding ocean entry. Adult steelhead of the half‐pounder phenotype were smaller and less fecund at age than adult steelhead of the alternative (ocean contingent) phenotype. However, our data suggest that fish of the half‐pounder phenotype are more likely to spawn repeatedly than are fish of the ocean contingent phenotype. Models predicted that if lifetime survivorship were equal between phenotypes, the fitness of the half‐pounder phenotype would be 17–28% lower than that of the ocean contingent phenotype. To meet the condition of equal fitness between phenotypes would require that first‐year ocean survival be 21–40% higher among half‐pounders in freshwater than among their cohorts at sea. We concluded that continued expression of the half‐pounder phenotype is favored by precocious maturation and increased survival relative to that of the ocean contingent phenotype.Received October 23, 2013; accepted February 4, 2014
Ectopic expression of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum sodium transporter McHKT2 provides salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nishijima Taiga , Furuhashi Megumi , Sakaoka Satomi , Morikami Atsushi , Tsukagoshi Hironaka 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Most plants do not tolerate highly saline environments; the development of salt stress tolerance is crucial for improving crop yield. An efficient way of finding genes involved in salt tolerance is to study and use data from halophytes. In this study, we used the Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (ice plant) expression data-set and selected for further study the gene McHKT2, which encodes for the Arabidopsis sodium transporter ortholog AtHKT1. In comparison with the HKT1 amino acid sequences from other plants, McHKT2 has several unique features. It seems to be localized to the plasma membrane, and its overexpression confers strong salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results indicate that McHKT2 is a suitable candidate protein that can induce salt tolerance in non-halophytes. Like McHKT2, using transcriptome data-sets from halophytes such as ice plant give us an efficiency way to obtain new gene resources that might involve in plant salt tolerance.
Cosmic magnetism in centimeter- and meter-wavelength radio astronomy
Authors: Akahori Takuya , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Sofue Yoshiaki , Fujita Yutaka , Ichiki Kiyotomo , Ideguchi Shinsuke , Kameya Osamu , Kudoh Takahiro , Kudoh Yuki , Machida Mami , Miyashita Yoshimitsu , Ohno Hiroshi , Ozawa Takeaki , Takahashi Keitaro , Takizawa Motokazu , Yamazaki Dai G 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The magnetic field is ubiquitous in the universe. Though it plays an essential role in various astrophysical phenomena, its real origin and evolution are poorly known. This article reviews the understanding of the latest research concerning magnetic fields in the interstellar medium, the Milky Way Galaxy, external galaxies, active galactic nuclei, clusters of galaxies, and the cosmic web. Particularly, the review is concentrated in the achievements that have been provided by centimeter- and meter-wavelength radio observations. The article also introduces various methods for analyzing linear polarization data, including synchrotron radiation, Faraday rotation, depolarization, and Faraday tomography.
The class dynamics of income shares: effects of the declining power of unions in the US airline industry, 1977–2005
Authors: Avent-Holt Dustin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlthough class relations are situated within workplaces, research on class income shares has neither examined firm-level mechanisms nor distinguished between managerial and non-managerial workers within the class of labor. This article analyzes the effects of union power on the distribution of shares of income between capital, top managers, and non-managerial workers at the firm-level during the neoliberal era. Using data on US airlines from 1977 to 2005 I find that strikes are central to shaping the firm-level distribution of income shares, but in an unexpected way. Strikes redistribute income away from non-managerial workers, without affecting either profit or top managerial income shares. These results suggest that analyses of income distribution across classes must incorporate a more detailed class schema as well as observe effects of deunionization at the firm level. Moreover, the findings provide further evidence that firm-level mechanisms are shaped by the institutional context in which firms operate.
An International, Multicenter, Observational Study of Cerebral Oxygenation during Infant and Neonatal Anesthesia
Authors: Olbrecht Vanessa A. , Skowno Justin , Marchesini Vanessa , Ding Lili , Jiang Yifei , Ward Christopher G. , Yu Gaofeng , Liu Huacheng , Schurink Bernadette , Vutskits Laszlo , de Graaff Jurgen C. , McGowan Francis X. , von Ungern-Sternberg Britta S. , Kurth Charles Dean , Davidson Andrew 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Background
General anesthesia during infancy is associated with neurocognitive abnormalities. Potential mechanisms include anesthetic neurotoxicity, surgical disease, and cerebral hypoxia–ischemia. This study aimed to determine the incidence of low cerebral oxygenation and associated factors during general anesthesia in infants.

Methods
This multicenter study enrolled 453 infants aged less than 6 months having general anesthesia for 30 min or more. Regional cerebral oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. We defined events (more than 3 min) for low cerebral oxygenation as mild (60 to 69% or 11 to 20% below baseline), moderate (50 to 59% or 21 to 30% below baseline), or severe (less than 50% or more than 30% below baseline); for low mean arterial pressure as mild (36 to 45 mmHg), moderate (26 to 35 mmHg), or severe (less than 25 mmHg); and low pulse oximetry saturation as mild (80 to 89%), moderate (70 to 79%), or severe (less than 70%).

Results
The incidences of mild, moderate, and severe low cerebral oxygenation were 43%, 11%, and 2%, respectively; mild, moderate, and severe low mean arterial pressure were 62%, 36%, and 13%, respectively; and mild, moderate, and severe low arterial saturation were 15%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. Severe low oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry was associated with mild and moderate cerebral desaturation; American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status III or IV versus I was associated with moderate cerebral desaturation. Severe low cerebral saturation events were too infrequent to analyze.

Conclusions
Mild and moderate low cerebral saturation occurred frequently, whereas severe low cerebral saturation was uncommon. Low mean arterial pressure was common and not well associated with low cerebral saturation. Unrecognized severe desaturation lasting 3 min or longer in infants seems unlikely to explain the subsequent development of neurocognitive abnormalities.
Lumbar Vertebral Endplate Defects on Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Feng Zhiyun , Liu Yuanhao , Yang Ge , Battié Michele C. , Wang Yue 
Published: October 2017

Study Design.
A cross-sectional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging study.

Objective.
To classify and characterize endplate defects using routine lumbar MR images and to determine associations of endplate defects with Modic changes (MCs) and disc degeneration.

Summary of Background Data.
Previously, a cadaveric study revealed that endplate lesions were common and associated with back pain history. New in vivo approaches appropriate for clinical studies are needed to further this potentially important line of research on the clinical significance of endplate lesions, including their relation with MCs, disc degeneration, and back pain.

Methods.
Using a MRI archive, 1564 endplates of 133 subjects (59 men and 74 women, mean age 58.9 ± 11.9 years) with the presence of MCs were retrospectively collected from April of 2014 to June of 2015. On the basis of morphological characteristics, a protocol was proposed to identify three distinct types of endplate defects, including focal, corner, and erosive defects. The location, size, and distribution patterns of various endplate lesions were characterized. MCs and disc degeneration were measured to examine their associations with endplate defects.

Results.
Endplate defects were observed in 27.8% of endplates studied. Greater age was associated with the presence of endplate defects. Focal defects were the most common (13.5%), followed by erosive defects (11.1%) and corner defects (3.2%). Defect types also differed in size and distribution patterns. Endplate defects and MCs had similar distribution patterns in the lumbar spine. The presence of endplate defects were associated with the presence of MCs (odds ratio = 4.29, P < 0.001), and associated with less disc signal intensity and disc height, and greater disc bulging (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
The three endplate defects identified on routine MR images appear to represent different pathologies and may play a key role in the pathogenesis of MCs. This classification system may facilitate clinical studies on endplate defects.

Level of Evidence: 4
DIFFERENCE IN TREATMENT OUTCOMES ACCORDING TO OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY–BASED STAGES IN TYPE 3 NEOVASCULARIZATION (RETINAL ANGIOMATOUS PROLIFERATION)
Authors: Kim Jae Hui , Chang Young Suk , Kim Jong Woo , Kim Chul Gu , Lee Dong Won , Cho Soo Yeon 
Published: October 2017

Purpose:
To compare 12-month treatment outcomes of Type 3 neovascularization among its different stages as classified using an optical coherence tomography–based method.

Methods:
This retrospective observational study included 40 patients (40 eyes) who were newly diagnosed with Type 3 neovascularization. The patients were initially administered 3 monthly anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections. Repeat treatment was performed when recurrence of fluid was noted. Disease staging was classified using the optical coherence tomography–based method. The best-corrected visual acuity at diagnosis and at 12 months and degree of change in best-corrected visual acuity were compared among the different stages of the disease. In addition, incidence of progression in the disease stages was estimated.

Results:
Among the 40 patients, 14 (35.0%) were classified as Stage 2 and 26 (65.0%) were classified as Stage 3. The best-corrected visual acuity values at diagnosis and at 12 months were 0.61 ± 0.31 (20/81 Snellen equivalents) and 0.46 ± 0.30 (20/57) in the Stage 2 group and 0.67 ± 0.42 (20/93) and 0.70 ± 0.49 (20/100) in the Stage 3 group, respectively. There was a significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity change between the two groups (P = 0.036). During the follow-up period, 3 retinal pigment epithelium tears and 2 submacular hemorrhages had developed in the Stage 3 group. Progression of the disease from Stage 2 to Stage 3 was noted in 2 patients (14.3%).

Conclusion:
The visual outcome was worse in Stage 3 than in Stage 2, and adverse events that may lead to abrupt visual deterioration developed only in Stage 3. Further studies are needed to reveal whether anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy can suppress the progression of the disease stages.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Slipping Rib Syndrome
Authors: Foley Cassidy M. , Sugimoto Dai , Mooney David P. , Meehan William P. , Stracciolini Andrea 
Published: October 2017

Objective:
(1) To investigate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of slipping rib syndrome in athletes; (2) to investigate the hooking maneuver for diagnosis of slipping rib syndrome.

Design:
Retrospective chart review of 362 athletes with rib pain.

Setting:
Pediatric-based sports medicine clinic between January 1, 1999, and March 1, 2014.

Patients:
Costochondritis, Tietze, fractures, rib tip syndrome, and unclear diagnoses were excluded. Athletes were included who had a palpable rib subluxation, mechanical rib symptom, positive hooking maneuver, or resolution of pain after the resection of a slipping rib segment.

Main Outcome Measures:
Slipping rib syndrome is associated with athletic performance.

Results:
Fifty-four athletes were diagnosed with slipping rib syndrome, of which 38 (70%) were females. Mean age at presentation was 19.1 years (range 4-40 years). Mean number of previous specialist consultations per athlete was 2.3 and mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 15.4 months. The hooking maneuver was attempted 21 times (38.9%). Unilateral symptoms presented in 49 athletes (90.7%). The most symptomatic rib was the 10th, affecting 24 athletes (44.4%), eighth and ninth were affected in 17 athletes (31.5%) each. Most, 39 (72.2%), reported insidious onset of symptoms. Running, rowing, lacrosse, and field hockey were frequently associated activities. Twelve athletes had psychiatric diagnoses (22.2%), 10 (19.2%) were hypermobile. Sixty-six total imaging studies were performed. The most successful treatment options included: osteopathic manipulative treatment (71.4%), surgical resection (70%), and diclofenac gel (60%).

Conclusions:
Most athletes with slipping rib syndrome were active females with insidious onset of unilateral pain, a high prevalence of hypermobility and prolonged pain. The hooking maneuver was underused.
Corrective Exercises Improve Movement Efficiency and Sensorimotor Function but Not Fatigue Sensitivity in Chronic Ankle Instability Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bagherian Sajad , Rahnama Nader , Wikstrom Erik A. 
Published: October 2017

Objective:
To investigate the effect of corrective exercises on functional movement patterns, sensorimotor function, self-reported function, and fatigue sensitivity in collegiate athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Design:
A randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
Laboratory of sports sciences.

Participants:
Forty male volunteers were randomly assigned to the experimental group (age 21.2 ± 1.7 years, height 174.5 ± 6.1 cm, and weight 69.6 ± 6.9 kg) or the control group (age 20.9 ± 1.8 years, height 178.2 ± 6.6 cm, and weight 68.8 ± 8.1 kg).

Intervention:
Participants in the experimental group performed supervised corrective exercises 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Fatigue was induced with a progressive treadmill protocol before and after the 8-week intervention.

Main Outcome Measures:
Outcomes included movement efficiency during 3 squat tasks, static and dynamic postural control, strength of the ankle musculature, joint position sense, and self-reported function with the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure subscales. These outcomes were assessed before and immediately after fatiguing treadmill running both before and after 8-weeks of corrective exercises.

Results:
Significant improvements in movement efficiency, sensorimotor function, and self-reported function were noted in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < 0.001), in a nonfatigued state. However, in a fatigued stated, the experimental intervention only improved static postural control (P = 0.016) relative to the control group.

Conclusions:
These findings demonstrate that 8-weeks of corrective exercises were effective at enhancing movement efficiency, sensorimotor function, and self-reported function in collegiate athletes with CAI. However, this intervention program has limited abilities at reducing the effects of fatigue.
Surgical Approach Impacts Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Outcomes After Proximal Hamstring Repair
Authors: Wilson Thomas J. , Spinner Robert J. , Krych Aaron J. 
Published: October 2017

Objective:
The goal of this study was to characterize the risk of intraoperative injury to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and to evaluate potential risk factors for injury during surgical repair of proximal hamstring injuries.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Single tertiary referral center.

Patients:
The cohort consisted of all patients presenting to a single institution with a proximal hamstring avulsion injury who were managed with surgical repair between January 1, 2000 and August 1, 2016. A total of 67 patients were included in the cohort.

Independent Variables:
Variables assessed for their association with postoperative numbness in the distribution of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve included age, sex, body mass index, mechanism of injury, time to surgical repair, and incision used.

Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome of interest was neurologic symptoms referable to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.

Results:
Postoperatively, 13 patients (19%) developed new numbness in the distribution of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. One patient reported neuropathic pain and paresthesias associated with the numbness. The use of a gluteal crease incision was the only predictive factor for postoperative numbness in the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve distribution (odds ratio 8.67; 95% confidence interval, 2.30-42.80; P = 0.001).

Conclusions:
The current study provides data that can be used in discussing the risks and benefits of surgical repair with patients and when weighing the pros and cons of using a gluteal crease versus longitudinal incision.
Comparison of gut-directed hypnotherapy and unspecific hypnotherapy as self-help format in children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized pilot study
Authors: Gulewitsch Marco D. , Schlarb Angelika A. 
Published: October 2017

Objective
Psychosocial treatments for chronic abdominal pain in childhood or adolescence are effective, but time consuming and hardly available. In the present study, gut-directed hypnotherapy (GDHT) and unspecific hypnotherapy (UHT) were compared to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a hypnotherapeutic self-help intervention.

Participants and methods
Children/adolescents between 6 and 17 years of age with chronic abdominal pain were randomized to GDHT or UHT. The treatment period was 12 weeks each. Measurements were performed before and after treatment. The primary outcome was a pain diary. Analysis was carried out as per protocol.

Results
Of 45 participants included, 13 were lost to follow-up. Thirty-two participants (14 GHDT, 18 UHT) were analyzed. Dropouts had higher pain severity. Completers in both conditions showed good adherence and a similar decrease in days with pain and pain duration. Pain intensity decreased only in the UHT condition. Eleven participants (two GDHT, nine UHT) achieved clinical remission (>80% improvement) and 13 participants (seven GDHT, six UHT) improved significantly (30–80%).

Conclusion
Results suggest a high efficacy of standardized home-based hypnotherapy for children/adolescents with abdominal pain. Children/adolescents with high pain severity are at risk of dropping out. The UHT condition showed slight evidence of superiority, but conditions were equivalent on most outcomes. Taken together, self-help approaches based on hypnotherapy could close a treatment gap and prevent chronification.
Bony/Cartilaginous Mismatch: A Radiologic Investigation into the Cause of Tension Nose Deformity
Authors: Weinstock Michael S. , Stupak Howard D. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Tension nose deformity is believed to be caused by an “oversized” septal quadrangular cartilage. Prior studies have shown that quadrangular cartilage size is relatively consistent in populations. The authors hypothesize that the tension nose deformity is actually caused by an external extrusion of a normal sized septal cartilage from an undersized bony septal encasement.

Methods:
A retrospective case-control study of sagittal computed tomographic scans was conducted, measuring the perimeter and surface area of the quadrangular cartilage and bony septal aperture in tension nose cases and controls. Statistical analysis was performed.

Results:
Of 23 patients enrolled in the study, 12 patients were sorted into the tension nose group, and 11 patients were considered controls. Both groups had similar perimeter and surface area of their quadrangular cartilage, without statistical difference between the two groups. However, the tension nose group had a statistically significant reduction in bony septal aperture perimeter compared with controls (p < 0.01) and a larger externally extruded septum compared with their internal septal size. They also had a substantially higher rate of septal deviation than controls.

Conclusions:
The results of this study suggest that a mismatch between a small bony septal aperture and a normal sized septal quadrangular cartilage may be responsible for caudal, upper lip, and dorsal fullness seen with the tension nose deformity caused by external extrusion of cartilage. Septal deviation may co-occur as a buckling phenomenon in a limited bony space. Surgical strategies to match the entire quadrangular cartilage size to the bony framework are suggested.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, III.
The Lateral Thigh Perforator Flap for Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective Analysis of 138 Flaps
Authors: Tuinder Stefania M. H. , Beugels Jop , Lataster Arno , de Haan Michiel W. , Piatkowski Andrzej , Saint-Cyr Michel , van der Hulst René R. W. J. , Allen Robert J. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
The septocutaneous tensor fasciae latae or lateral thigh perforator flap was previously introduced by the authors’ group as an alternative flap for autologous breast reconstruction when the abdomen is not suitable as a donor site. The authors analyzed their experience with the lateral thigh perforator flap and present the surgical refinements that were introduced.

Methods:
A prospective study was conducted of all lateral thigh perforator flap breast reconstructions performed since September of 2012. Patient demographics, operative details, complications, and flap reexplorations were recorded. Preoperative imaging with magnetic resonance angiography was performed in all patients. Surgical refinements introduced during this study included limitation of the flap width and the use of quilting sutures at the donor site.

Results:
A total of 138 lateral thigh perforator flap breast reconstructions were performed in 86 consecutive patients. Median operative times were 277 minutes (range, 196 to 561 minutes) for unilateral procedures and 451 minutes (range, 335 to 710 minutes) for bilateral. Median flap weight was 348 g (range, 175 to 814 g). Two total flap losses (1.4 percent) were recorded, and 11 flaps (8.0 percent) required reexploration, which resulted in viable flaps. The incidence of donor-site complications was reduced significantly after the surgical refinements were introduced. Wound problems decreased from 40.0 percent to 6.3 percent, seroma decreased from 25.0 percent to 9.5 percent, and infection decreased from 27.5 percent to 9.5 percent.

Conclusions:
The lateral thigh perforator flap is an excellent option for autologous breast reconstruction, with minimal recipient-site complications. The surgical refinements resulted in a significant reduction of donor-site complications. Therefore, the lateral thigh perforator flap is currently the authors’ second choice after the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.