bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic nanomedicine surmounts the limitations of pharmacotherapy
Authors: Odiba Arome , Ottah Victoria , Ottah Comfort , Anunobi Ogechukwu , Ukegbu Chimere , Edeke Affiong , Uroko Robert , Omeje Kingsley 
Published: September 2017

AbstractScience always strives to find an improved way of doing things and nanoscience is one such approach. Nanomaterials are suitable for pharmaceutical applications mostly because of their size which facilitates absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the nanoparticles. Whether labile or insoluble nanoparticles, their cytotoxic effect on malignant cells has moved the use of nanomedicine into focus. Since nanomedicine can be described as the science and technology of diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases towards ultimately improving human health, a lot of nanotechnology options have received approval by various regulatory agencies. Nanodrugs also have been discovered to be more precise in targeting the desired site, hence maximizing the therapeutic effects, while minimizing side-effects on the rest of the body. This unique property and more has made nanomedicine popular in therapeutic medicine employing nanotechnology in genetic therapy, drug encapsulation, enzyme manipulation and control, tissue engineering, target drug delivery, pharmacogenomics, stem cell and cloning, and even virus-based hybrids. This review highlights nanoproducts that are in development and have gained approval through one clinical trial stage or the other.
The Effect of Farmer-Pastoralist Violence on State-Level Internal Revenue Generation in Nigeria: A Modified Synthetic Control Analysis Approach
Authors: McDougal Topher , Hagerty Talia , Inks Lisa , Conroy Stone 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Nigeria’s ethnically and religiously diverse Middle Belt has experienced recurrent eruptions of violence over the past several decades. Disputes between pastoralists and farmers arise from disagreements over access to farmland, grazing areas, stock routes, and water points for both animals and households. Although relatively low in intensity, this form of violence is widespread, persistent, and arguably increasing in its incidence. This study seeks to answer the question: How has farmer-pastoralist conflict affected state internally-generated revenues (IGR)? The literature on the effect of violence on sub-national fiscal capacity is slim to none. We use a synthetic control approach to model how IGR for four conflict-affected states – Benue, Kaduna, Nasarawa, and Plateau – would have developed in the absence of violence. To account for the endogeneity criticism commonly leveled at such synthetic control analyses, we then use a fixed-effects IV model to estimate IGR losses predicted by the synthetic control analysis as a function of farmer-pastoralist fatalities. Our conservative estimates for percentage reduction to annual state IGR growth for the four states are 0%, 1.2%, 2.6%, and 12.1% respectively, implying that IGR is likely much more sensitive to conflict than GDP. In total, the four study states of Benue, Kaduna, Nasarawa, and Plateau are estimated to have lost between US$719,000 and US$2.3 million in 2010 US dollars, or 22–47% of their potential IGR collection during the period of intense.
Investigation on the Accuracy of Superposition Predictions of Film Cooling Effectiveness
Authors: Meng Tong , Zhu Hui-ren , Liu Cun-liang , Wei Jian-sheng 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Film cooling effectiveness on flat plates with double rows of holes has been studied experimentally and numerically in this paper. This configuration is widely used to simulate the multi-row film cooling on turbine vane. Film cooling effectiveness of double rows of holes and each single row was used to study the accuracy of superposition predictions. Method of stable infrared measurement technique was used to measure the surface temperature on the flat plate. This paper analyzed the factors that affect the film cooling effectiveness including hole shape, hole arrangement, row-to-row spacing and blowing ratio. Numerical simulations were performed to analyze the flow structure and film cooling mechanisms between each film cooling row. Results show that the blowing ratio within the range of 0.5 to 2 has a significant influence on the accuracy of superposition predictions. At low blowing ratios, results obtained by superposition method agree well with the experimental data. While at high blowing ratios, the accuracy of superposition prediction decreases. Another significant factor is hole arrangement. Results obtained by superposition prediction are nearly the same as experimental values of staggered arrangement structures. For in-line configurations, the superposition values of film cooling effectiveness are much higher than experimental data. For different hole shapes, the accuracy of superposition predictions on converging-expanding holes is better than cylinder holes and compound angle holes. For two different hole spacing structures in this paper, predictions show good agreement with the experiment results.
The essentials of a global index for cognitive function
Authors: Antony Joseph Mathew , Weaver Ian , Rueffer Matthew , Guthrie Najla , Evans Malkanthi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCognition is comprised of the faculties: perception, creativity, intuition, and ratiocination. Optimal levels of cognition are needed for independent functioning and balanced living. With an aging population that continues to grow, dietary supplements that tilt the balance towards maintenance of cognition are being marketed for vulnerable populations facing these challenges. Randomized clinical trials provide the causal inference necessary to define the efficacy of emerging nutraceuticals. Cognition testing, in particular, requires a battery of tests that encompass all brain regions involved in cognition so as to provide endpoints necessary for product validation. The lack of well controlled studies for comparison analyses, limited sample sizes, ambiguous dosages, and poor cognitive measures result in data that cannot be compared across studies to determine the efficacy of supplements claiming to enhance cognition. Clinical trials for the nutraceutical industry should consider the multifaceted nature of supplements, where clinical endpoints must be comprehensive while remaining feasible. Combining endpoints of cognition with physiological biomarkers of immunity and metabolism to arrive at a global index for cognitive health may be necessary for claim substantiation in order to fully justify and scientifically validate improvements in cognitive health. The issues and needs of a global index will be discussed here.
Influence of Steel Substrate on the Properties of PACVD Gradient Multilayer TiCN Coating
Authors: Kovačić S. , Cajner F. , Landek D. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Titanium-based hard coatings are known for increasing both hot work and cold work tool steel performance in terms of wear and corrosion resistance. In this paper, the influence of different steel substrates on the properties of plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) gradient multilayer titanium carbo-nitride (TiCN) coating was investigated. The same gradient multilayer TiCN coating was deposited by pulsed direct current (dc) PACVD on a hot work tool steel grade X37CrMoV5-1 and two Böhler cold work tool steels K390 PM and K110. Hardened samples of each steel were also included in the investigation. The coating-substrate systems have been characterized with respect to their chemical composition, thickness, adhesion, and resistance to electrochemical corrosion, abrasion, erosion, and dry sliding wear. The results show an increased wear and corrosion resistance of TiCN-coated specimens compared with noncoated and prehardened specimens. The application of gradient multilayer TiCN coating on different steel substrates shows the different behavior of TiCN coating. Therefore, besides the coating itself, the base material on which the coating is applied has a significant influence on the tool properties.
Dopamine D2 Receptors Modulate Pyramidal Neurons in Mouse Medial Prefrontal Cortex through a Stimulatory G-Protein Pathway
Authors: Robinson Sarah E. , Sohal Vikaas S. 
Published: September 2017

Dopaminergic modulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play key roles in many cognitive functions and to be disrupted in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia. We have previously described a phenomenon whereby dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activation elicits afterdepolarizations (ADPs) in subcortically projecting (SC) pyramidal neurons within L5 of the PFC. These D2R-induced ADPs only occur following synaptic input, which activates NMDARs, even when the delay between the synaptic input and ADPs is relatively long (e.g., several hundred milliseconds). Here, we use a combination of electrophysiological, optogenetic, pharmacological, transgenic, and chemogenetic approaches to elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in male and female mice. We find that knocking out D2Rs eliminates the ADP in a cell-autonomous fashion, confirming that this ADP depends on D2Rs. Hyperpolarizing current injection, but not AMPA receptor blockade, prevents synaptic stimulation from facilitating D2R-induced ADPs, suggesting that this phenomenon depends on the recruitment of voltage-dependent currents (e.g., NMDAR-mediated Ca2+influx) by synaptic input. Finally, the D2R-induced ADP is blocked by inhibitors of cAMP/PKA signaling, insensitive to pertussis toxin or β-arrestin knock-out, and mimicked by Gs-DREADD stimulation, suggesting that D2R activation elicits the ADP by stimulating cAMP/PKA signaling. These results show that this unusual physiological phenomenon, in which D2Rs enhance cellular excitability in a manner that depends on synaptic input, is mediated at the cellular level through the recruitment of signaling pathways associated with Gs, rather than the Gi/o-associated mechanisms that have classically been ascribed to D2Rs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are thought to play important roles in behaviors, including working memory and cognitive flexibility. Variation in D2Rs has also been implicated in schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome, and bipolar disorder. Recently, we described a new mechanism through which D2R activation can enhance the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the PFC. Here, we explore the underlying cellular mechanisms. Surprisingly, although D2Rs are classically assumed to signal through Gi/o-coupled G-proteins and/or scaffolding proteins, such as β-arrestin, we find that the effects of D2Rs on prefrontal pyramidal neurons are actually mediated by pathways associated with Gs-mediated signaling. Furthermore, we show how, via this D2R-dependent phenomenon, synaptic input can enhance the excitability of prefrontal neurons over timescales on the order of seconds. These results elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying a novel signaling pathway downstream of D2Rs that may contribute to prefrontal function under normal and pathological conditions.
Disruption of Bmal1 Impairs Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity via Pericyte Dysfunction
Authors: Nakazato Ryota , Kawabe Kenji , Yamada Daisuke , Ikeno Shinsuke , Mieda Michihiro , Shimba Shigeki , Hinoi Eiichi , Yoneda Yukio , Takarada Takeshi 
Published: September 2017

Circadian rhythm disturbances are well established in neurological diseases. However, how these disruptions cause homeostatic imbalances remains poorly understood. Brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (Bmal1) is a major circadian clock transcriptional activator, and Bmal1 deficiency in maleBmal1nestin−/−mice induced marked astroglial activation without affecting the number of astrocytes in the brain and spinal cord. Bmal1 deletion caused blood–brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability with an age-dependent loss of pericyte coverage of blood vessels in the brain. Using Nestin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, we determined that pericytes are Nestin-GFP+in the adult brain. Bmal1 deletion caused Nestin-GFP+pericyte dysfunction, including the downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), a protein necessary for maintaining BBB integrity. Knockdown of Bmal1 downregulated PDGFRβ transcription in the brain pericyte cell line. Thus, the circadian clock component Bmal1 maintains BBB integrity via regulating pericytes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCircadian rhythm disturbances may play a role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Our results revealed that one of the circadian clock components maintains the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) by regulating vascular-embedded pericytes. These cells were recently identified as a vital component for the control of BBB permeability and cerebral blood flow. Our present study demonstrates the involvement of circadian clock component Bmal1 in BBB homeostasis and highlights the role of Bmal1 dysfunction in multiple neurological diseases.
Social media addiction: What is the role of content in YouTube?
Authors: Balakrishnan Janarthanan , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: September 2017

Background

YouTube, the online video creation and sharing site, supports both video content viewing and content creation activities. For a minority of people, the time spent engaging with YouTube can be excessive and potentially problematic.

Method
This study analyzed the relationship between content viewing, content creation, and YouTube addiction in a survey of 410 Indian-student YouTube users. It also examined the influence of content, social, technology, and process gratifications on user inclination toward YouTube content viewing and content creation.

Results
The results demonstrated that content creation in YouTube had a closer relationship with YouTube addiction than content viewing. Furthermore, social gratification was found to have a significant influence on both types of YouTube activities, whereas technology gratification did not significantly influence them. Among all perceived gratifications, content gratification had the highest relationship coefficient value with YouTube content creation inclination. The model fit and variance extracted by the endogenous constructs were good, which further validated the results of the analysis.

Conclusion
The study facilitates new ways to explore user gratification in using YouTube and how the channel responds to it.
Penggunaan Anestesi Lokal dan Adjuvan pada Analgesi Epidural di Wilayah Jawa Barat Tahun 2015
Authors: Yadi Dedi Fitri , Ibnu Muhamad , Oktaliansah Ezra 
Published: September 2017

Analgesi epidural yang optimal akan menghasilkan penanganan nyeri yang baik dengan efek samping minimal dan meningkatkan kepuasan pasien. Sampai saat ini belum terdapat data di Indonesia khususnya di wilayah Jawa Barat mengenai penggunaan anestesi lokal dan adjuvan pada analgesi epidural. Tujuan penelitian ini mecari data mengenai penggunaan anestesi lokal dan adjuvan yang digunakan oleh dokter spesialis anestesi di wilayah Jawa Barat pada tahun 2015. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus hingga September 2016 di Departemen Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner dan pendekatan cross sectional. Kuesioner dikirimkan kepada 120 dokter spesialis anestesi di Jawa Barat melalui jasa pos dan 30 kuesioner diberikan langsung kepada dokter spesialis anestesi yang bekerja di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Angka respons yang didapatkan sebesar 47,3%. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan dokter spesialis anestesi di Jawa Barat yang masih melakukan analgesi epidural pada tahun 2015 sebesar 73,2%. Obat anestesi lokal yang paling banyak digunakan untuk analgesi epidural adalah bupivakain sebesar 94,23%. Konsentrasi terbanyak 0,125% sebesar 82%. Adjuvan yang paling banyak digunakan adalah fentanil sebesar 96,9%. Simpulan penelitian ini sebagian besar dokter spesialis anestesi masih menggunakan epidural sebagai analgesi sehingga bupivakasin dan fentanil menjadi obat terbanyak yang digunakan.Kata kunci: Analgesi epidural, anestesi lokal, adjuvan Local Anesthetic and Adjuvan Used for Epidural Analgesia in West Java in 2015Optimal analgesia epidural technique should promote effective pain relief with minor adverse event and major pastient satisfactory. Up till now, there was no data about local anesthetic and adjuvan agent used for epidural analgesia by anesthesiologist in Indonesia, especially in West Java. The purpose of this study to find data regarding local anesthetic and adjuvan agent used for epidural analgesia by anesthesiologist in Indonesia, especially in West Java in 2015. This research was conducted from August to September 2016 in the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung. This is a descriptive study with cross sectional approach using questionairre. Questionairre was sent to 120 anesthesiologist through mail and 30 questionairre was given to anesthesiologists worked at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Response was obtained 47.3%. This study shows that there were 73.2% anesthesiologist performed epidural analgesia in 2015. The most local anesthetic used in epidural blockade was bupivacaine, amounted 94.23% and the most concentration is 0.125%, amounted 82%. The most used adjuvant was fentanyl, 96.9%. In Conclusion, most of the anesthesiologist used epidural as an analgesia so bupivacaine and fentanyl used most frequentKey words: Epidural analgesia, local anesthetic, adjuvan
Distinct Effects of Body Mass Index and Waist/Hip Ratio on Risk of Breast Cancer by Joint Estrogen and Progestogen Receptor Status: Results from a Case-Control Study in Northern and Eastern China and Implications for Chemoprevention
Authors: Wang Fei , Liu Liyuan , Cui Shude , Tian Fuguo , Fan Zhimin , Geng Cuizhi , Cao Xuchen , Yang Zhenlin , Wang Xiang , Liang Hong , Wang Shu , Jiang Hongchuan , Duan Xuening , Wang Haibo , Li Guolou , Wang Qitang , Zhang Jianguo , Jin Feng , Tang Jinhai , Li Liang , Zhu Shiguang , Zuo Wenshu , Ma Zhongbing , Zhou Fei , Yu Lixiang , Xiang Yujuan , Li Liang , Shen Shuohao , Yu Zhigang 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
Obesity is a consideration in the pharmacologic intervention for estrogen receptor (ER) positive (ER+) breast cancer risk. Body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) have demonstrated different effects on breast cancer risk in relation to estrogen receptor (ER) status, but the results have been inconsistent. Furthermore, the situation in Chinese women remains unclear.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a case-control study including 1,439 breast cancer cases in Northern and Eastern China. Both ER and progesterone receptor (PR) statuses were available for 1,316 cases. Associations between body size-related factors and breast cancer risk defined by receptor status were assessed by multiple polytomous unconditional logistic regression analysis.

Results
Body mass index and WHR were positively associated with overall breast cancer risk. Body mass index was positively associated with both ER+/PR positive (PR+) and ER negative (ER−)/PR negative(PR−) subtype risks, although only significantly for ER+/PR+ subtype. Waist–hip ratio was only positively correlated with ER−/PR− subtype risk, although independent of BMI. Body mass index was positively associated with risk of ER+/PR+ and ER−/PR− subtypes in premenopausal women, whereas WHR was inversely correlated with ER+/PR− and positively with ER−/PR− subtype risks. Among postmenopausal women, WHR &gt;0.85 was associated with increased risk of ER−/PR− subtype.

Conclusion
Both general and central obesity contribute to breast cancer risk, with different effects on specific subtypes. General obesity, indicated by BMI, is more strongly associated with ER+/PR+ subtype, especially among premenopausal women, whereas central obesity, indicated by WHR, is more specific for ER−/PR− subtype, independent of menopausal status. These results suggest that different chemoprevention strategies may be appropriate in selected individuals.
Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and peri‐implant sulcus fluid levels of periostin: A preliminary report
Authors: Akman Abdullah C. , Buyukozdemir Askin Sezen , Guncu Guliz N. , Nohutcu Rahime M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundPeriostin is a protein present in alveolar bone and periodontal ligament whose function is related to response to external forces. The aims of this study are to detect levels of periostin in peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to evaluate the relationship between periostin, pyridinoline cross‐linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of Type I collagen (ICTP), and C‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide of Type I collagen (CTX) levels and clinical inflammatory symptoms and duration of functional loading.MethodsThe study population comprised nine women and four men with mean age 43.23 ± 12.48. Twenty “bone‐level designed” dental implants (DIs) placed in molar or premolar sites, without any signs of peri‐implant bone loss and with a restoration in function for at least 12 months, were included in the study with 20 contralateral natural teeth (NT) as controls. Clinical parameters and restoration dates of the implants were recorded. PISF, GCF, ICTP, CTX, and periostin levels were evaluated using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsICTP, CTX, and periostin levels were similar between DI and NT groups. There were no statistically significant differences between PISF and GCF values. When implants were grouped as healthy (gingival index [GI] = 0) and inflamed (GI ≥0), ICTP levels and PISF volume were lower in healthy implants compared with the inflamed group. Both periostin and CTX levels were negatively correlated with functioning time, suggesting less bone remodeling around DIs at later stages of functioning.ConclusionFindings of this study suggest collagen breakdown products may be used as markers to evaluate peri‐implant metabolism.
The Peculiarities of Family Doctors Retraining in Georgia
Authors: Murusidze Lela , Zarnadze Irine , Zarnadze Shalva , Bakradze Tamar , Cheishvili Jilda 
Published: September 2017

<p>Working out of the human resources development policy and long-term plan, funding of critical specialties and employment of sought-after experts in coastal and mountainous regions, coordination and standardization of continuing and medical education are necessary. Geographical and financial availability of the first healthcare services, create the adequate conditions of the first healthcare team which one consists: appropriate equipment and physical infrastructure, medical documents, to acknowledge the necessity of team working in healthcare system and define the proper contract obligations for doctors, for the reason of medical service improvement quality in providing the Disease Control national recommendations and standards availability for regional doctors, encourage the audit systemspread information about the reform of Georgian healthcare in populations and healthcare professionals, encourage patient’s education, check the teaching programs of doctors retraining on which foundation will be able to create better conditions for practical skills. </p><p>Our country must encourage to hold some priority scientific researches as in the field of state as in international grant program. Above-mentioned can be implemented by the active collaboration with USA and European disease control leading medical schools or universities, scientific funds and other international partner organizations.</p>