bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susciter le moment critique. De l’investissement de ressources axiologiques à leur mise à distance par des sujets lecteurs élèves
Authors: Sauvaire Marion , Falardeau Érick 
Published: October 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche en didactique du français sur l’enseignement de la lecture littéraire au lycée en France et au cégep au Québec. Nous analysons des interprétations produites par des lecteurs en contexte scolaire dans le cadre de l’étude de La plage des songes (1998), une nouvelle fantastique de Stanley Péan. L’analyse des discours oraux et écrits des élèves est menée selon une approche herméneutique qui valorise la mise à distance réflexive de leur parcours interprétatif par les sujets lecteurs. Nous étudions plus particulièrement les ressources axiologiques mobilisées par les lecteurs en fonction des significations attribuées aux différentes voix énonciatives (la narratrice, les personnages, l’auteur impliqué). Quatre questions sont traitées : de quelle manière les sujets lecteurs attribuent-ils des énoncés aux diverses instances énonciatives ? Cette attribution révèle-t-elle l’investissement de ressources axiologiques (jugements, valeurs, présupposés idéologiques, etc.) ? Attribuer des énoncés à diverses instances contribue-t-il à mettre à distance les ressources axiologiques mobilisées ? Dans quelle mesure les élèves sont-ils capables d’exercer leur réflexivité par rapport aux valeurs, aux opinions, aux présupposés idéologiques qui influencent leurs interprétations et celles de leurs pairs ?
Flexible transparent memory cell: bipolar resistive switching via indium–tin oxide nanowire networks on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate
Authors: Li Qiang , Tian Zhenhuan , Shang Geng , Wang Jiangteng , Li Yufeng , Yun Feng 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This report describes the fabrication and resistive switching (RS) characteristics of a novel flexible transparent (FT) resistive random access memory (ReRAM) device with a Ag/indium–tin oxide (ITO) nanowire network/ITO capacitor deposited on a PDMS substrate. The transmittance of the device is ∼70% in the visible region, and it exhibits a stable high-resistance state (HRS) to low-resistance state (LRS) ratio (HRS/LRS ratio) in different bending states. The RS characteristics are attributed to the congregate state of oxygen vacancies at different voltages, and the difference between positive and negative bending is mainly contributed by the effect of stress on the conductive layer. The FT-ReRAM can be used as nonvolatile memory element in future flexible transparent devices.
Convective cloud vertical velocity and mass‐flux characteristics from radar wind profiler observations during GoAmazon2014/5
Authors: Giangrande Scott E. , Toto Tami , Jensen Michael P. , Bartholomew Mary Jane , Feng Zhe , Protat Alain , Williams Christopher R. , Schumacher Courtney , Machado Luiz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA radar wind profiler data set collected during the 2 year Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) campaign is used to estimate convective cloud vertical velocity, area fraction, and mass flux profiles. Vertical velocity observations are presented using cumulative frequency histograms and weighted mean profiles to provide insights in a manner suitable for global climate model scale comparisons (spatial domains from 20 km to 60 km). Convective profile sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions and seasonal regime controls is also considered. Aggregate and ensemble average vertical velocity, convective area fraction, and mass flux profiles, as well as magnitudes and relative profile behaviors, are found consistent with previous studies. Updrafts and downdrafts increase in magnitude with height to midlevels (6 to 10 km), with updraft area also increasing with height. Updraft mass flux profiles similarly increase with height, showing a peak in magnitude near 8 km. Downdrafts are observed to be most frequent below the freezing level, with downdraft area monotonically decreasing with height. Updraft and downdraft profile behaviors are further stratified according to environmental controls. These results indicate stronger vertical velocity profile behaviors under higher convective available potential energy and lower low‐level moisture conditions. Sharp contrasts in convective area fraction and mass flux profiles are most pronounced when retrievals are segregated according to Amazonian wet and dry season conditions. During this deployment, wet season regimes favored higher domain mass flux profiles, attributed to more frequent convection that offsets weaker average convective cell vertical velocities.
Critical Theory
Authors: Fuchs Christian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry describes the specificity of critical theory as an attempt to study society's power structures and to help the political challenge of challenging power inequalities, domination, and exploitation on an intellectual level. It examines some of the key dimensions and contributions to this approach. It highlights the fact that critical theory stands in the tradition of Karl Marx's thought and that it has taken on different forms. This work presents the classical roots of critical theory in Marx's thoughts, the relevance of the Frankfurt School and critical political economy, as well as the importance of contemporary debates within critical theory.
Realism
Authors: Pavitt Charles 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRealism is an epistemological position that, when applied to science, implies that theoretical terms refer to actual entities, structures, and processes, whether directly observable or not. The general notion has been expanded into a larger approach to the philosophy of science, scientific realism, in which guise it can be contrasted with both empiricism and relativism. Scientific realistic ideas are central to explanations for psychological and sociological structures, and similar assumptions are prevalent in communication science.
H
induism
Authors: Adhikary Nirmala Mani 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Hinduism refers to philosophy as well as religion resulting from the fusion of different Vedic and post‐Vedic schools of thought, and custom, rituals, and traditions that have acted and reacted upon each other, giving rise to a sense of oneness. There is scope for different theories and models of communication from within Hinduism. This entry delineates a Hindu communication theory with special reference to the sadharanikaran model.
Modernism
Authors: McCourt Tom 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
“Modernism” is characterized by constant, rapid, and permanent change. Modernity began to emerge in 15th‐century Europe, stemming from economic development driven by the expansion of trade. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the religious worldview was increasingly undermined by scientific discoveries, and the 18th‐century Enlightenment advanced science and rationality as a means to examine society as well as nature. Human rights are perhaps the key tenet of modernity: the belief that the needs and interests of all humans are universally similar, and that all humans are deserving of guaranteed liberties. Yet the idea of “progress” central to modernism has increasingly come under attack politically, economically, culturally, and socially.
Publicness, Publicity
Authors: Splichal Slavko 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
“Publicness” has been considered one of the fundamental principles of democratic governance by normative theories of public opinion since the late 18th century. The idea of publicness arose in the context of the interaction of civil society and the state. As an ethical principle referring to discursive visibility, publicness was central to the critical concept of public opinion from its very first conceptualizations. In contemporary democracies, the idea of publicness primarily refers to the public sphere, where the right of “public use of reason” or “public deliberation” of free and equal citizens can—or ought to—take place, and where public opinion is formed and expressed.
Metatheory
Authors: Jensen Klaus Bruhn 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMetatheory is theory about theory, offering perspectives on what theory is, why theories may be needed, and how theories can be developed and applied in practice. In communication research, metatheory addresses both general issues within the theory of science and more specific issues concerning communication as a common practice with important normative and other social implications. Metatheory draws attention to the activity of theorizing, beyond delimited theories that aim to describe, interpret, and explain particular aspects and levels of reality. Both theory and metatheory can be understood as ongoing endeavors that are guided by different purposes and interests, what Jürgen Habermas termed “knowledge interests.” Each such interest invites metatheoretical reflection and assessment along ontological, epistemological, methodological, and normative dimensions.
Goffman,Erving
Authors: Ytreberg Espen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractErving Goffman was one of the leading sociologists of the 20th century. His work has had a major impact on the human and social sciences, and on media and communication studies. His dramaturgical perspective on social orders and interactions has been applied to a broad range of media and forms of communication. Goffman also wrote extensively on media and communication himself, particularly in the later stages of his working life. This entry concentrates particularly on Goffman's many conceptual innovations—for instance, “performance,” “front/back stage,” “ritual,” “frame”—and their uptake in media and communication studies.
Statistics and Probability
Authors: Ritchie L. David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Statistics, statistical significance, and probability are used as technical terms to assess the quality of quantitative data produced as evidence in theoretical arguments. These terms are also used metaphorically to express abstract epistemological concepts, both in formal argumentation and in ordinary conversation. This entry begins by defining these terms in relation to the use of quantitative data as evidence, then traces their metaphorical uses to medieval concepts of knowledge and opinion. During the early development of statistical theory, the epistemological concept of probability was used as a metaphor for observed statistical regularities; more recently, the statistical concept has come to be used as a metaphor for degrees of epistemological certainty. The entry concludes by discussing the importance of distinguishing between metaphorical and literal, epistemological, and statistical uses of these terms.
Functionalism
Authors: Fourie Pieter J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe entry introduces functionalism as a theory and as an analytical method for the analysis of mass communication media as a social system. Assumptions of functionalism as dealt with in sociology by Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton are briefly introduced. Pioneering functionalist studies in mass communication research are referred to and examples of “classic” typologies of media functions are included. The entry concludes with postmodern and postcolonial criticism of functionalism.
Narrative Rationality
Authors: Stroud Scott R. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Narratives, or stories with a plot and characters who interact over time, are important parts to every tradition of communication. The ubiquity of narrative use among human societies has led communication and rhetorical theorists to posit that human reason is narrative in form and function. One of the best known accounts of human narrative reasoning is offered by Walter Fisher. Fisher's theory of narrative attempts to explain how narrative functions not only as a way of constructing messages, but also as a way that humans innately evaluate narrative appeals. His theory is important in that it attributes argumentative force to narratives. They can move us to new actions or beliefs, or solidify our existing actions or beliefs. Thus, Fisher's account of narrative rationality is thoroughly
rhetorical
in that it focuses on narratives as bearers of good reasons for action and/or belief. Criticisms and defenses of narrative rationality are discussed.
Interpersonal Interaction
Authors: White Cindy H. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
“Interpersonal interaction” refers to the study of the ways communicators adjust or adapt to one another during interaction. The study of interpersonal interaction has focused primarily on face‐to‐face communication, examining both verbal and nonverbal behaviors in interaction. This work has been important in explaining how communicators assign meaning to the communication behavior of others, how the meaning they assign to others' behaviors shapes what occurs in interaction, and how patterns of interaction reflect the relationship and shape the relationship between communication partners. Research on expectancy violations and interaction adaptation theories are discussed as well as research on patterns of interaction within ongoing relationships and discourse‐oriented approaches to the study of patterns of interaction.
Programming (Computers)
Authors: Mogensen Torben Ægidius 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Programming is the process of constructing programs (software) to solve specific problems, and involves steps to understand the problem, designing a solution, implementing the solution as a program, and evaluating the result. Programming is done using programming languages—formal notations for describing procedures that can be executed on a computer. The need to be precise, unambiguous, and complete when writing programs makes this task highly complex when large systems are constructed, which has led to the so‐called
software crisis
, namely that the global demand for software is higher than the global ability to produce correct and timely software, which has resulted in a multitude of failed software projects. Programming is a form of communication since it not only is a means for humans to instruct a computer, but also can be used for communication between people, similarly to how mathematical notation is used for communicating mathematical concepts and procedures between people.
Persuasion and Social Influence
Authors: O'Keefe Daniel J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Because persuasion is a common function of communication, it has been a subject of longstanding research attention. A number of different theoretical approaches have helped illuminate persuasion, including social judgment theory, the elaboration likelihood model, reasoned action theory, and cognitive dissonance theory. And research has yielded insights about how various factors influence persuasive outcomes, including communicator characteristics (such as credibility, liking, and similarity), message properties (e.g., different kinds of arguments, narratives, fear appeals, and so on), and recipient characteristics (such as moods, defensive reactions, and personality traits). One recurring theme is the importance of adapting (tailoring) persuasive messages to their recipients.
Location‐Based Communication
Authors: Silva Adriana de Souza e , Ling Rich , Humphreys Lee 
Published: October 2016

AbstractScholars in the area of location‐based communication (LBC) examine the role of location in the communication process. While the popularization of the mobile phone has made this type of communication more prominent, the category covers a wide variety of communicative practices, including information gathering by individuals about their geographical surroundings, and tracing the flow of other individuals across social contexts. Location‐based services and location‐based social networks have become increasingly popular with the rising number of smartphones in different parts of the world. This entry focuses on research about the history and social implications of technology‐aided LBC. The entry additionally addresses the social implications of embedding LBC into daily life, and its consequences for the understanding of privacy, surveillance, sociability, control, and exclusion.
Metadata
Authors: Gunter Barrie 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Metadata are data that describe other data. They are classification criteria and content descriptors that are used to organize data sets and collections. They can also be used to facilitate future search and location of data. Metadata are applied to printed texts, photographic images, audio‐talk, music, and film and video recordings. Metadata have become increasingly important in the digital era because of the dramatic growth in the amount of content that is now available via the Internet. The importance of developing common standards for data storage and classification has been embraced by a number of international organizations that have set out to create metadata systems that can be used in a meaningful way by people worldwide.
Mobility
Authors: Ling Rich , Silva Adriana de Souza e 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry outlines the various dimensions of mobility and mobility research. It starts by outlining the defining factors of mobility and then traces the major dimensions of this area of study. There is a particular focus on how different concepts of mobility help us to understand the social situation of the individual. The article then examines several topics that are of particular interest to mobilities researchers. These include the issues of temporality, social networks, privacy, power, tourism, and migration/diasporas, and finally the coming role of intelligent transportation systems.
Discourse Theory
Authors: Cooren François , Martine Thomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAnalyzing discourse consists of studying naturally occurring excerpts of language, whether in written or in oral form. While the study ofdiscourse (with a small d) tends to focus on the eventful aspect of interactions, the study ofDiscourse (with a big D) centers on the iterable aspects of verbal productions, that is, the extent to which certain genres, repertoires, or registers can be identified in what people say and write. After showing the key contributions of speech act theory and conversation analysis, this entry shows how a theory of discourse has to acknowledge the level of polyphony that also defines what speech acts, interactions, and writings consist of.
User‐Generated Content
Authors: Bruns Axel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
User‐generated content (UGC) encompasses a wide range of media and creative content types that were created or at least substantially cocreated by “users”—that is, by contributors working outside of conventional professional environments. The term emerged to widespread recognition especially with the participative turn in Web design in the early years of the new millennium, which is often referred to as the emergence of “Web 2.0.”
Phenomenology
Authors: Anton Corey 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhenomenology refers to both a tradition of Continental philosophy and a methodology of research that employs many principles and insights from that tradition. This entry offers a broad sketch of phenomenology and shows its relevance to communication theory and research by outlining its basic methodological orientations, by reviewing some of its key concepts and main themes, and finally, by considering a few exemplars from the field of communication.
Mead,GeorgeHerbert
Authors: Hannan Jason 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGeorge Herbert Mead was one of the seminal figures of modern communication theory, best known for his concept of the social self. This entry provides a brief account of Mead's life and thought. It covers his social progressivism, his distinctions between the “I” and the “me,” the nature of the social self, and his legacy in the field of communication theory.
Markets
Authors: McAllister Matthew P. , Fassihi Azadeh Nazer 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry highlights markets as a key concept for a variety of communication phenomena and scholarship, especially in media studies and political economy. As a label for how groups of people may be constructed and conceptualized (i.e., the targeting of lucrative markets for the generation of capital), the term contrasts with other noneconomistic labels, such as “citizen,” “public,” or “audience.” When “market” is used in the domain of communication, it often refers to the imposition of capitalist, economistic, and profitability logics upon communication participants and activity. “Market” helps us to understand the economic dynamics and performance of our commercial media systems and advertising as a funding and cultural force. Trends in marketization, in which for‐profit market assumptions are built into a variety of social phenomena, also affect world media systems and elements of society such as communication in healthcare, academia, politics, digital culture, and even presentation of the self.
Expression
Authors: Taylor Bryan C. , Simonson Peter 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Expression is a basic concept in both scholarly theories and vernacular understandings of communication. It was terminologically derived from the Latin verb meaning to press out a physical substance, but over time came to signify representation practiced through art, language, or other symbols. Its deep conceptual roots in the West are found in ancient Greco‐Roman rhetoric; it traverses the canons of both delivery and style (whose Latin name,
elocutio
, is sometimes translated as “expression,” here connoting the aesthetic qualities of technical performance). That deeper history in turn indicates some of the persistent theoretical fault lines in understanding expression. This entry engages three of those fault lines, subsequently depicting expression as (1) embodied, stylized performance whose relation to “substance” is to be scrutinized; (2) utterance whose successful accomplishment is contingent upon initiation as well as reception; and (3) individual and collective practice both enabled and constrained by institutionalized structures of power and meaning.
Social Cognition
Authors: Kim Min‐Sun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSocial cognition is a multidisciplinary research field that focuses on the mental processes by which we make sense of our social worlds. The basic tenet of the social cognition perspective is that accounting for the complex dynamics of social behavior requires an understanding of the cognitive structures and processes that shape the individual's understanding of the social situation. This entry focuses on central aspects of the field of social cognition, including its history and historically important “foundational” research areas (attribution, impression formation, and prejudice/stereotyping). The entry also discusses recent theory and research relevant to how communication processes influence and shape social perception and memory, and how social perceptions impact our communication with others, including current work on social cognitive neuroscience. Complementing that work are insights from cross‐cultural psychology, examining variations in how humans try to make sense of each other in a variety of cultural settings.