bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental exposure modulates the effects of UV‐B on offspring in guppies
Authors: Ghanizadeh Kazerouni Ensiyeh , Franklin Craig E. , Seebacher Frank 
Published: December 2016

Summary

The environment experienced by parents can alter offspring phenotypes. Such developmental plasticity is beneficial when it optimises offspring responses to their prevailing environment. Plasticity may be detrimental, however, if there is a mismatch between parental and offspring environments, although reversible acclimation within individuals could counteract a developmental mismatch.

UV‐B radiation damages cells directly and by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. There are indications that the developmental environment can influence ROS defences, which could enhance performance and fitness. In addition, animals exposed to UV‐B can acclimate to increase their antioxidant defences and thereby reduce ROS‐induced damage. Our aim was to test experimentally whether there are transgenerational effects of UV‐B exposure. We tested the hypothesis that parental exposure to UV‐B modulates offspring ROS defence mechanisms to reduce the negative effects of UV‐B in offspring.

In a fully factorial experiment, we show that exposing guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to UV‐B increased the resilience of their offspring to the negative effects of UV‐B. When exposed to UV‐B, offspring from parents also exposed to UV‐B had significantly greater sustained swimming performance compared to controls. Higher swimming performance was paralleled by increased catalase activity and glutathione concentrations, and reduced ROS‐induced damage to membranes and proteins. There was no effect of parental exposure to UV‐B on offspring superoxide dismutase activity, resting and active metabolic rates or offspring size. However, parental exposure to UV‐B increased damage to proteins and infection rates by white spot fungus in control (no UV‐B) offspring.

Our results showed that UV‐B acts as a signal that can induce developmental modification of phenotypes. Transgenerational matching of offspring phenotypes is likely to have a fitness advantage in environments exposed to UV‐B. However, the trade‐off between the beneficial effects of parental UV‐B exposure on offspring performance when exposed to UV‐B, and the increased susceptibility to infection and protein damage when offspring are not exposed to UV‐B can be important in determining the resilience of populations in variable and modified environments.

A lay summary is available for this article.
28‐year temporal sequence of epidemic dynamics in a natural rust–host plant metapopulation
Authors: Ericson Lars , Müller Warren J. , Burdon Jeremy J. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryA long‐term study of disease dynamics caused by the rustUromyces valerianaein 31 discrete populations ofValeriana salinaprovides a rare opportunity to explore extended temporal patterns in the epidemiology of a natural host–pathogen metapopulation.Over a 28‐year period, pathogen population dynamics varied across the metapopulation with disease incidence (presence/absence), prevalence (% plants infected) and severity (% leaf area covered by lesions) all showing strong population and year effects, indicative of heterogeneity among years and host populations in the suitability of conditions for the pathogen.Disease incidence within individual host populations was significantly affected by host population size, disease prevalence the previous year and the proximity of neighbouring populations infected in the current year. After accounting for these variables there was still a marked temporal component with winter sea level having a significant effect; as did summer rainfall in the second part of the study period (1997–2011).Disease prevalence was also effected by host population size and disease prevalence in the previous year. However, it was less affected by spatial aspects of disease spread than was disease incidence. Winter sea level and June rainfall significantly affected disease prevalence.Assessment of disease impact on plant performance found strong variation in disease severity associated with the aspect and positioning of host populations. Plants growing in lower disease environments produced significantly more seeds than those growing in high disease sites.Significant variation in reaction to infection byU. valerianaewas detected among plants within four populations and between these different populations.Synthesis. The epidemiology ofUromyces valerianaewas highly influenced by host population size, previous disease and distance. After accounting for these factors, there was a clear temporal signal of change in disease incidence linked to winter sea level and summer rainfall. These patterns reinforce the importance of considering interactions in multiple populations over long periods of time in order to obtain a clear picture of the variability in disease‐induced selection pressures across time and space. The behaviour of the pathogen fitted that predicted for a metapopulation with considerable asynchrony in epidemiological patterns among demes.
ACC deaminase‐producing rhizosphere bacteria modulate plant responses to flooding
Authors: Ravanbakhsh Mohammadhossein , Sasidharan Rashmi , Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J. , Kowalchuk George A. , Jousset Alexandre 
Published: December 2016

Summary

Flooding events are predicted to increase over the coming decades, calling for a better understanding of plant responses to submergence. Specific root‐associated microbes alter plant hormonal balance, affecting plant growth and stress tolerance. We hypothesized that the presence of such microbes may modulate plant responses to submergence.

We tested whether root‐associated bacteria producing the enzyme ACC (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate) deaminase affect submergence responses in Rumex palustris, a flood‐tolerant riparian plant. Ethylene is a key plant hormone regulating flood‐associated acclimations, and ACC deaminase activity of bacteria may decrease ethylene levels in the plant. Rumex palustris plants were inoculated with Pseudomonas putida UW4 or an isogenic mutant lacking ACC deaminase, and subsequently exposed to complete submergence.

Submergence triggered ethylene‐mediated responses, including an increase in leaf elongation and shoot fresh weight. Flood responses, including post‐submergence ethylene production, were reduced in plants inoculated with ACC deaminase‐producing wild type bacteria, as compared to plants inoculated with the ACC deaminase‐negative mutant.

Synthesis. We demonstrate that root‐associated bacteria can alter plant response to environmental stress by altering plant hormonal balance. Plant–microbe interactions may thus be an overseen driver of plant life‐history strategies that should be taken into account when assessing plant ecological adaptations such as abiotic stress resistance.
Analysis of Gender Equality in Youth Employment in Africa
Authors: Anyanwu John C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper empirically studies the key drivers of gender equality in youth employment over the period, 1991 and 2011. Using the pooled OLS method with year, sub‐regional, and oil fixed‐effects, our results suggest that for Africa as a whole and Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), quadratic levels of real per capita GDP, gender equality in primary education, trade openness, FDI inflows, political globalization, economic growth, urbanization, female population, and being a net oil‐exporting country are significantly positively associated with gender equality in youth employment. The level of real GDP per capita, equality in secondary education, gross domestic investment, access to telephone, youth unemployment, and Muslim faith tend to lower it. Government consumption expenditure also lowers it in SSA. However, North Africa is different: the level of real GDP per capita, gender equality in secondary education, and government consumption expenditure tend to increase gender equality in youth employment, while being an oil‐exporting country and youth unemployment tend to lower it.
A Continuous‐time Markov Chain Approach for Modeling of Poverty Dynamics: Application to Mozambique
Authors: Rabta Boualem , van den Boom Bart , Molini Vasco 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the use of continuous‐time Markov chain theory to describe poverty dynamics. It is shown how poverty measures can be derived beyond the commonly reported headcounts and transition probabilities. The added measures include the stationary situation, the mean sojourn time in a given poverty state and an index for mobility. Probit regression is employed to identify the most influential factors on the transition probabilities. Moreover, sensitivity analysis shows that the results are robust against perturbations of the transition matrix. We illustrate the approach with pseudo‐panel data constructed from a repeated cross‐section survey in Mozambique, using a pairwise matching method to connect households in the 2003 sample to similar households in 2009. Results reflect high and persistent poverty levels with considerable movements into and out of poverty. An estimated 57 percent of the poor in the first wave remained poor in the second wave and 43 percent moved out. Likewise, 64 percent remained non‐poor and 36 percent moved in. The corresponding stationary poverty headcount is 45 percent with respective mean sojourn time of 6.9 years in poverty and 8.4 years out of poverty. Conditioning the Markov chain on covariates identified by probit regressions indicates that poverty dynamics are responsive to household characteristics and livelihoods.
Occult upper gastrointestinal mucosal abnormalities in critically ill patients
Authors: Ovenden C. , Plummer M. P. , Selvanderan S. , Donaldson T. A. , Nguyen N. Q. , Weinel L. M. , Finnis M. E. , Summers M. J. , Ali Abdelhamid Y. , Chapman M. J. , Rayner C. K. , Deane A. M. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe objectives of this study were to estimate the frequency of occult upper gastrointestinal abnormalities, presence of gastric acid as a contributing factor, and associations with clinical outcomes.MethodsData were extracted for study participants at a single centre who had an endoscopy performed purely for research purposes and in whom treating physicians were not suspecting gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic data were independently adjudicated by two gastroenterologists who rated the likelihood that observed pathological abnormalities were related to gastric acid secretion using a 3‐point ordinal scale (unlikely, possible or probable).ResultsEndoscopy reports were extracted for 74 patients [age 52 (37, 65) years] undergoing endoscopy on day 5 [3, 9] of ICU admission. Abnormalities were found in 25 (34%) subjects: gastritis/erosions in 10 (14%), nasogastric tube trauma in 8 (11%), oesophagitis in 4 (5%) and non‐bleeding duodenal ulceration in 3 (4%). The contribution of acid secretion to observed pathology was rated ‘probable’ in six subjects (rater #1) and five subjects (rater #2). Prior to endoscopy, 39 (53%) patients were receiving acid‐suppressive therapy. The use of acid‐suppressive therapy was not associated with the presence of an endoscopic abnormality (present 15/25 (60%) vs. absent 24/49 (49%); P = 0.46). Haemoglobin concentrations, packed red cells transfused and mortality were not associated with mucosal abnormalities (P = 0.83, P > 0.9 and P > 0.9 respectively).ConclusionsOccult mucosal abnormalities were observed in one‐third of subjects. The presence of mucosal abnormalities appeared to be independent of prior acid‐suppressive therapy and was not associated with reduced haemoglobin concentrations, increased transfusion requirements, or mortality.
Mechanisms and possible controls of the in utero Zika virus infection: Where is the Holy Grail?
Authors: Fuwa Kazumasa , Hayakawa Satoshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractZika virus infection (ZVI) is a great concern for human health because it frequently causes fetal anomalies. Little is known about pathophysiology of ZVI because it has been regarded as a mild, no life‐threatening infection. However, the latest endemic in South and Central America took attention of perinatologists, microbiologists, and pathologists. Both in vivo and in vitro studies suggest neurotropic nature of Zika virus but do not clarify viral kinetics during vertical transmissions. In this review, we focus on the clinical and microbiological natures ZVI for pregnant women especially how placental barriers are broken down.
Do evidence‐based guidelines change clinical practice patterns?
Authors: Kessel Line , Erngaard Ditte , Flesner Per , Andresen Jens , Hjortdal Jesper 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn 2013, the Danish Health and Medicines Authorities published a National Clinical Guideline on the treatment of age‐related cataracts. The guideline provided evidence‐based recommendations on the indication for cataract surgery, cataract surgery in patients with age‐related macular degeneration, on the use of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) to correct preoperative corneal astigmatism, the use of intracameral and topical antibiotics to prevent endophthalmitis, choice of anti‐inflammatory medication to control postoperative inflammation and prevent cystoid macular oedema, the use of immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery and on the postoperative check‐up of patients. A questionnaire was sent to all members of the Danish Ophthalmological Society before and after publication of the guideline. The responses showed that the guideline had changed practice patterns so that surgeons were more likely to prescribe non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory eye drops and to not prescribe topical antibiotic eye drops after the guideline was published. Other parameters, most notably the use of toric IOLs and use of postoperative examinations were more guided by reimbursement standards than by evidence‐based medicine. Thus, evidence‐based guidelines do change practice patterns unless they are counteracted by the reimbursement system.
The assessment of individual moral goodness
Authors: Chiu Raymond B. , Hackett Rick D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn a field dominated by research on moral prescription (business ethics) and moral prediction (behavioral ethics), there is poor understanding of the place of moral perceptions in organizations alongside philosophical ethics and causal models of ethical outcomes. As leadership failures continue to plague organizational health and firms recognize the wide‐ranging impact of subjective bias, scholars and practitioners need a renewed frame of reference from which to reconceptualize their current understanding of ethics as perceived in individuals. Based on an assessment and selection perspective from the field of human resource management, an alternative to conventional deductive‐prescriptive approaches is proposed based on a pluralistic concept referred to as moral goodness. An inductive‐descriptive theory‐building framework is constructed based on three interrelated streams of inquiry to yield insight concerning both formal and informal instances of assessment. Recommendations are proposed for the application of the framework to future research and practice.
Measuring the age distribution in Canadian social spending
Authors: Kershaw Paul , Anderson Lynell 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCanadian governments do not report how their spending breaks down by age. To help fill this void, we document a method to measure total annual social spending per capita for older and younger parts of the population. We estimate that governments combined in 2012 to spend between $33,321 and $40,152 per person age 65+, $13,635 and $14,800 per person age 45 to 64, and $10,406 and $11,614 per person under 45. Measuring the annual age distribution in social spending is necessary for evaluating Canadian commitments to intergenerational equity, and making policy adaptations to socioeconomic and demographic trends facing older and younger citizens.
A Semi‐Autonomous Mexican Peasant Community and Globalization: The Role of the Cacique (Broker) in Maintaining Traditional Agroecology
Authors: Gilruth‐Rivera Jean 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAfter the Mexican Revolution of 1910, a peasant community of indigenous heritage retained a certain autonomy central to perpetuating its traditional agroecosystems. In great measure, this autonomy resulted from the cacique's opposition to the implementation of modern transportation systems. Thus, the region's physical isolation is deceptive but endured until the 1980s. The local leader impeded incorporation into wider markets, thwarting globalization. The community was articulated with the larger society through mechanisms which conserved its semi‐autonomy, revitalized its pre‐Revolution ties to the traditional regional market and political/administrative center, and promoted life styles of peasants with fewer resources who complemented open fields of basic subsistence crops with diverse fruit orchards, two traditional agroecosystems widespread in central Mexico, and who used sustainable water management practices to irrigate the orchards.
Borders Out of Register: Edge Effects in the U.S.–Mexico Foodshed
Authors: Bellante Laurel , Nabhan Gary Paul 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses how food systems and transboundary food supply chains are mediated and shaped by (cross‐) cultural and geopolitical borders that function as selective filters. We focus on the ways in which the political boundary in a formerly cohesive foodshed generates “edge effects” that affect (1) food safety, and (2) food waste, particularly in desert communities adjacent to the U.S.–Mexico border. We hypothesize that as these various boundary lines get “out of register” with one another, their dissonance creates both unexpected impacts as well as opportunities for positive change. This initial analysis demonstrates how multiple (and often permeable) social, economic, and ecological edges intersect with food supply chain vulnerabilities and economic opportunities at the border. Drawing on examples from food safety and food waste surrounding the “Ambos Nogales” port of entry on the Arizona‐Sonora border, we document the ways in which the border produces ecological and social edge effects that are dissonant with the official legal boundary.
Diverse ontogenies of reciprocal and prosocial behavior: cooperative development in Fiji and the United States
Authors: House Bailey R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractContingent reciprocity is an important foundation of human cooperation, but we know little about how reciprocal behavior develops across diverse societies, nor about how the development of reciprocal behavior is related to the development of prosocial behavior more broadly. Three‐ to 16‐year‐old children were presented with the opportunity to control the allocation of real food rewards in a binary‐choice cooperative dilemma. Within dyads children alternated making choices across multiple trials, and reciprocal behavior emerged in three diverse populations (rural Fijian villages, and urban communities in both Fiji and the United States) by age 7–8. There was more societal variation in prosocial behavior than in reciprocal behavior, and there were more substantial differences between Fijians and Americans than between rural and urban populations. This suggests that the development of prosocial behavior is not driven entirely by the development of reciprocity, and differences in prosocial behavior across rural Fijians and urban Americans may not be due only to differences across rural and urban populations.
Apocalyptic Eschatology: Lutheran‐Pentecostal Reflections on the End
Authors: Chan Michael J. , Miller Joshua C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis paper initiates a Lutheran‐Pentecostal conversation around the topic of apocalyptic eschatology. Both groups have deep historical commitments to the apocalyptic theology of the Bible, even though they often have expressed these commitments in vastly different ways. We offer a historical and constructive outline of Lutheran apocalyptic eschatology, drawing attention to points of consonance and dissonance vis‐à‐vis Pentecostal forms of eschatology. We conclude with a series of generative questions that are meant to shape future Lutheran‐Pentecostal exchanges.
When a Theological Institution Becomes Ecumenical: A Focus on the Process and Experience
Authors: Hegertun Terje 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDet teologiske menighetsfakultet, or MF Norwegian School of Theology, has undergone an extensive development. From representing a strong Lutheran confessionalism, the new face of the faculty has changed to be more ecumenical in character. This article presents this story, gives insights into the historical process, and presents the current experiences of opening the school to non‐Lutheran students and teachers. On the basis of this “case study,” the article reflects on ecumenical perspectives that could be constructive for the twenty‐first century.
Continuous soil carbon storage of old permanent pastures in Amazonia
Authors: Stahl Clément , Fontaine Sébastien , Klumpp Katja , Picon‐Cochard Catherine , Grise Marcia Mascarenhas , Dezécache Camille , Ponchant Lise , Freycon Vincent , Blanc Lilian , Bonal Damien , Burban Benoit , Soussana Jean‐François , Blanfort Vincent 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAmazonian forests continuously accumulate carbon (C) in biomass and in soil, representing a carbon sink of 0.42–0.65 GtC yr−1. In recent decades, more than 15% of Amazonian forests have been converted into pastures, resulting in net C emissions (~200 tC ha−1) due to biomass burning and litter mineralization in the first years after deforestation. However, little is known about the capacity of tropical pastures to restore a C sink. Our study shows in French Amazonia that the C storage observed in native forest can be partly restored in old (≥24 year) tropical pastures managed with a low stocking rate (±1 LSU ha−1) and without the use of fire since their establishment. A unique combination of a large chronosequence study and eddy covariance measurements showed that pastures stored between −1.27 ± 0.37 and −5.31 ± 2.08 tC ha−1 yr−1while the nearby native forest stored −3.31 ± 0.44 tC ha−1 yr−1. This carbon is mainly sequestered in the humus of deep soil layers (20–100 cm), whereas no C storage was observed in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. C storage in C4 tropical pasture is associated with the installation and development of C3 species, which increase either the input of N to the ecosystem or the C:N ratio of soil organic matter. Efforts to curb deforestation remain an obvious priority to preserve forest C stocks and biodiversity. However, our results show that if sustainable management is applied in tropical pastures coming from deforestation (avoiding fires and overgrazing, using a grazing rotation plan and a mixture of C3 and C4 species), they can ensure a continuous C storage, thereby adding to the current C sink of Amazonian forests.