bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute fatigue negatively affects risk factors for injury in trained but not well‐trained habitually shod runners when running barefoot
Authors: Tam Nicholas , Coetzee Devon R. , Ahmed Safwaan , Lamberts Robert P. , Albertus‐Kajee Yumna , Tucker Ross 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Many factors may contribute to running‐related injury. These include fatigue and footwear, the combination of which has rarely been studied, in particular with reference to barefoot running, recently advocated as a method to reduce injury risk. Methods: Twenty‐two runners (12 well‐trained and 10 trained) participated in a 10 km fatiguing trial. Knee and ankle joint kinematics and kinetics and electromyography were assessed during overground running in the barefoot and shod condition. This was performed pre‐ and post‐fatigue using a motion capture system and force platforms. Results: Initial loading rate increased in the trained runners when barefoot but not shod. Shod knee stiffness increased in both groups after fatigue, whereas barefoot knee stiffness decreased only in the trained group. A reduction in barefoot bicep femoris pre‐activation was found in both groups. During stance, a reduction in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris and an increase in tibialis anterior activity were found over time in both groups and conditions. Trained runners decreased gluteus medius and increased lateral gastrocnemius median frequency for both conditions after fatigue. Conclusion: When fatigued, gait adjustments in habitually shod runners may increase injury risk when running barefoot. Training status may be a risk factor for injury, as less‐trained runners experience muscular fatigue changes that may compromise ground reaction force attenuation. Caution is recommended when transitioning to pure barefoot running.
Lawyer, Interrupted: Gender Bias in Oral Arguments at the US Supreme Court
Authors: Patton Dana , Smith Joseph L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe examine gender bias in political institutions through a novel lens: oral arguments at the US Supreme Court. We ask whether female lawyers are afforded less speaking time during oral arguments compared to male lawyers. We posit that justices, while highly educated and more aware than most of laws requiring equal treatment, may be influenced by gender schemas that result in unconscious biased treatment of male and female lawyers. Applying automated content analysis to the transcripts of 3,583 oral arguments, we find that female lawyers are interrupted earlier, allowed to speak for less time between interruptions, and subjected to more and longer speeches by the justices compared to their male counterparts. However, this pattern is reversed during oral arguments involving gender-related cases. Our most novel and significant theoretical finding is that gender negates the well-documented positive effect of being on the winning side of a case.
Why Do Courts Delay?
Authors: Beim Deborah , Clark Tom S. , Patty John W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAnswering one question often begets another. We present a decision-theoretic model that describes how this affects the sequencing of decisions over time. Because answering an easy question may raise a more difficult one, a rational judge may delay resolution even if he has perfect information about the correct decision. Furthermore, because otherwise unrelated questions may raise similar follow-ups, he may optimally clump decisions together. Our theory thus generates an endogenous economy of scale in dispute resolution and contributes to the literature on punctuated equilibrium theory. We illustrate the results of our model with a case study from legal history in the United States.
Cause Lawyering in Revolutionary Ukraine
Authors: Wilson Sophia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhile cause lawyering has attracted abundant scholarly attention, the factors contributing to such movements in nondemocratic environments remain understudied. This article evaluates existing explanations of strategic litigation and finds that emphases on legal opportunity structure and resource mobilization overlook cases where litigation is used to expose and challenge existing constraints. This inductive study of revolutionary Ukraine shows that litigation is pursued despite unfavorable legal opportunity structure and may be triggered by state repression, rather than constrained by it. I argue that a democratic revolutionary movement in the country offered the necessary social resources for cause lawyers to succeed.
The Multitrophic Effects of Climate Change and Glacier Retreat in Mountain Rivers
Authors: Fell Sarah C. , Carrivick Jonathan L. , Brown Lee E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Climate change is driving the thinning and retreat of many glaciers globally. Reductions of ice-melt inputs to mountain rivers are changing their physicochemical characteristics and, in turn, aquatic communities. Glacier-fed rivers can serve as model systems for investigations of climate-change effects on ecosystems because of their strong atmospheric–cryospheric links, high biodiversity of multiple taxonomic groups, and significant conservation interest concerning endemic species. From a synthesis of existing knowledge, we develop a new conceptual understanding of how reducing glacier cover affects organisms spanning multiple trophic groups. Although the response of macroinvertebrates to glacier retreat has been well described, we show that there remains a relative paucity of information for biofilm, microinvertebrate, and vertebrate taxa. Enhanced understanding of whole river food webs will improve the prediction of river-ecosystem responses to deglaciation while offering the potential to identify and protect a wider range of sensitive and threatened species.
Contact Location and Neuropsychological Outcomes in Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Floden Darlene P , Matias Caio M , Wathen Connor A , Ozinga Grace E , Hogue Olivia , Machado Andre G 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A host of influences contribute to cognitive and behavioral changes following deep brain stimulation. The location of the active cathode is likely an important variable but it has received little attention.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether active contact location relative to the subthalamic nucleus and other neighboring structures is related to nonmotor outcomes.

METHODS
We identified a retrospective, cross-sectional sample of 46 patients who underwent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. T-tests or nonparametric equivalents were used to detect baseline differences between unilateral left, unilateral right, and bilateral surgical groups. Correlation and partial correlational analyses identified relationships between contact location variables and alterations in cognitive, mood, quality of life, motor, and disease variables.

RESULTS
Medial contact locations within the left subthalamic nucleus were correlated with improvements in self-reported mood (r12 = −0.78, P = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.43 to −0.93) but worsening semantic fluency (r26 = −0.38, P = .048; 95% CI = −0.01 to −0.66). Phonemic fluency worsened with more posterior left placement (r34 = 0.35, P = .036; 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.61). Memory outcome was related to right hemisphere stimulation voltage (r29 = −0.40, P = .022; 95% CI = −0.05 to −0.66), which is likely a proxy for variable electrode location.

CONCLUSION
Location of the active contact is related to nonmotor outcomes, even in electrodes that are adequately placed. This is relevant to clinical care as there appears to be a trade-off between mood and fluency abilities that should be considered during surgical planning according to preoperative patient characteristics.
Prevalence and Risk of Inappropriate Sexual Behavior of Patients Toward Physical Therapist Clinicians and Students in the United States
Authors: Boissonnault Jill S. , Cambier Ziádee , Hetzel Scott J. , Plack Margaret M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
For health care providers in the United States, the risk for nonfatal violence in the workplace is 16 times greater than that for other workers. Inappropriate patient sexual behavior (IPSB) is directed at clinicians, staff, or other patients and may include leering, sexual remarks, deliberate touching, indecent exposure, and sexual assault. Inappropriate patient sexual behavior may adversely affect clinicians, the organization, or patients themselves. Few IPSB risk factors for physical therapists have been confirmed. The US prevalence was last assessed in the 1990s.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to determine career and 12-month exposure to IPSB among US physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, physical therapist students, and physical therapist assistant students and to identify IPSB risk factors.

Design
This was a retrospective and observational study.

Methods
An electronic survey was developed; content validity and test-retest reliability were established. Participants were recruited through physical therapist and physical therapist assistant academic programs and sections of the American Physical Therapy Association. Inappropriate patient sexual behavior risk models were constructed individually for any, mild, moderate, and severe IPSB events reported over the past 12 months. Open-ended comments were analyzed using qualitative methods.

Results
Eight hundred ninety-two physical therapist professionals and students completed the survey. The career prevalence among respondents was 84%, and the 12-month prevalence was 47%. Statistical risk modeling for any IPSB over the past 12 months indicated the following risks: having fewer years of direct patient care, routinely working with patients with cognitive impairments, being a female practitioner, and treating male patients. Qualitative analysis of 187 open-ended comments revealed patient-related characteristics, provider-related characteristics, and abusive actions.

Limitations
Self-report, clinician memory, and convenience sampling are limitations of this type of survey research.

Conclusions
The extremely high prevalence of IPSB among physical therapist professionals warrants practitioner and student education as well as clear workplace policy and support.
Increased Anterior Column Exposure Using the Anterior Intrapelvic Approach Combined With an Anterior Superior Iliac Spine Osteotomy: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Sheean Andrew J. , Hurley Richard K. , Collinge Cory A. , Beltran Michael J. 
Published: August 2017

Objective:
To determine whether the addition of an anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) osteotomy to the lateral window, when combined with the anterior intrapelvic (AIP) surgical approach, would improve visualization of the iliopectineal eminence and allow for predictable and safe clamp application.

Methods:
Ten lateral window approaches to the iliac fossa were developed in conjunction with the AIP approach on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric pelvi. A calibrated digital image was taken from the surgeon's optimal viewing angle to capture the visualized osseous surface of the false pelvis with emphasis on the iliopectineal eminence. An ASIS osteotomy was then performed and an additional calibrated image was obtained to identify any increased visualization of the iliopectineal eminence. Using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD), the additional surface area afforded to the surgeon was calculated. An AIP approach was then performed to confirm complete exposure of the anterior column and whether a Weber clamp could safely be placed across the iliopectineal eminence.

Results:
The lateral window, osteotomy, and AIP approach were successfully accomplished in all 10 specimens. Before performing an ASIS osteotomy, a mean of 20.3 cm2 (range: 14.5–25.6 cm2) of the false pelvis adjacent to the pelvic brim was visualized. After completion of the osteotomy, the mean visualized surface area increased significantly to 28.4 cm2 (range: 14.6–45.6 cm2) (P < 0.0168). Clamp placement through the lateral window was unsuccessful in all 10 specimens. After completion of the AIP approach, complete visualization of the iliopectineal eminence was confirmed and safe clamp application through the lateral window possible in all 10 specimens.

Conclusion:
ASIS osteotomy through the lateral window significantly improved visualization and access to the iliopectineal eminence in this cadaveric model, which suggests that it may be a suitable alternative to the traditional ilioinguinal approach for select fracture patterns when combined with an AIP approach.
Optimizing Bone Defect Reconstruction—Balanced Cable Transport With Circular External Fixation
Authors: Quinnan Stephen Matthew , Lawrie Charles 
Published: August 2017

Summary:
Distraction osteogenesis has proven effective in the management of tibial bone loss from severe trauma and infection. Unfortunately, pain and scarring from wires and half pins dragging through the skin and the required prolonged time in the external fixator make treatment difficult. Cable bone transport has been shown to improve cosmesis and decrease pain during transport. However, the published methods have limitations in that they have poor control of transport segment alignment, do not allow for lengthening of the limb, and do not permit weight bearing during the treatment process. We describe a novel method of cable bone transport that addresses each of these limitations with excellent control of alignment including the transport segment, easy conversion to allow limb lengthening, and full weight bearing throughout the treatment process. In addition, the method facilitates multifocal transport and safe conversion to intramedullary nail fixation, both of which can be used to substantially shorten the time of reconstruction.
Insulin Neuritis and Effect of Pregabalin
Authors: Aladdin Yasser , Jeerakathil Thomas , Siddiqi Zaeem A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Introduction:
Insulin neuritis (IN) is a rare condition that results in acute painful neuropathy. It occurs classically in patients with diabetes mellitus with uncontrolled sugar levels who are started on insulin therapy leading to a precipitous normalization of blood sugar levels. The condition is heralded by severe and generalized burning pain along with significant weight loss and mood issues. The diagnosis is mainly clinical and the etiology of IN remains obscure.

Methods and Results:
We report on 2 cases who developed acute and excruciating neuropathic pain after institution of insulin therapy for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Both showed elucidate classical features of IN.

Conclusions and Relevance:
IN is a self-limited condition. Early recognition can lead to institution of appropriate therapy, which includes pain control and withholding insulin. Most cases do not require any work-up and resolve spontaneously.
Bilateral Ptosis due to Sympathetic Dysfunction as a Feature of Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Panosyan Francis B. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This case–control study demonstrates that bilateral ptosis due to ocular sympathetic dysfunction is a characteristic feature of Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) and apraclonidine can be helpful in unmasking this clinical feature. Five patients with GBS and 9 healthy controls were assessed for ocular sympathetic dysfunction through application of topical apraclonidine to 1 eye. Changes resulting from reversal of ptosis or miosis due to apraclonidine were compared with the eye on the other side with no apraclonidine using photographs. Ocular sympathetic dysfunction in the form of mild bilateral ptosis was found in all 5 patients with GBS recruited in this study. Consistent with previous reports, healthy subjects had no significant response to apraclonidine. Although there was evidence of concomitant pupillary dysfunction in the form of bilateral Horner syndrome in 2 of the patients with GBS with more severe GBS phenotype, this study did not have the statistical power to reach conclusions regarding pupillary dysfunction and disease severity in GBS.
Pyridoxine Toxicity Small Fiber Neuropathy With Dysautonomia: A Case Report
Authors: Bacharach Rae , Lowden Max , Ahmed Aiesha 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPyridoxine (vitamin B6) toxicity is a well-known cause of primary sensory, length-dependent, axonal polyneuropathy. Although sensory symptoms predominate, autonomic symptoms have also been reported in some cases. To date, there is no objective evidence of autonomic dysfunction reported in the literature. We present the case of a 41-year-old woman with 2 years of progressive burning pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in a stocking-glove distribution who was found to have severe pyridoxine toxicity. Concurrent presence of large and small fiber nerve dysfunction was noted in the form of abnormal electromyography/nerve conduction study demonstrating a chronic sensory polyneuropathy and autonomic testing demonstrating abnormal responses to quantitative sweat testing and cardiovagal function testing. This case highlights the need for consideration of small fiber nerve damage by obtaining autonomic testing in cases of pyridoxine toxicity.
SEVERE CASE OF RENAL COLOBOMA SYNDROME IN LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Sels Lise , Dirven Werner , Devriendt Koenraad , Leys Anita 
Published: August 2017

Purpose:
To characterize the ocular features of a severe case of renal coloboma syndrome in a long-term follow-up.

Methods:
Observational case report over a period of 45 years. Examination under anesthesia at the age of 3 months, repeated ophthalmologic examination (age 7, 14, 25, 45 years), fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, electroretinography, ocular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, computed tomography scan orbits, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain.

Results:
Presentation with severe bilateral posterior eye defects, optic nerve aplasia and a retrobulbar cyst in the left eye, renal abnormalities, and mental retardation. Over time, a progressive axial myopia in the right eye, band keratopathy in the left eye, and progressive bilateral posterior lens opacities were noted. There was only a minor decrease in visual acuity and visual field of the only functional right eye. The mother of this patient had a mild optic disk hypoplasia, progressive lens opacities, and late-onset renal disease. Both had a confirmed mutation in exon 2 of the PAX2 gene.

Conclusion:
This first published long-term follow-up of renal coloboma syndrome shows progressive posterior lens opacities, axial myopia, and band keratopathy with only a small decline in visual function over time.
ARTEFACTUALLY DAMPENED FLASH STIMULUS VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES IN A SILICONE OIL–FILLED EYE
Authors: Venkatesh Ramesh , Tibrewal Shailja , Gurav Prachi , Roy Sankhadeep 
Published: August 2017

Purpose:
To report a case of falsely dampened visual evoked responses in a patient of Usher syndrome after retinal detachment surgery secondary to probable intraocular silicone oil.

Methods:
Retrospective observational case report.

Case Description:
A 16-year-old boy with Usher syndrome developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the left eye. He underwent a successful retinal detachment surgery with silicone oil tamponade. On his postoperative follow-up visit, poor vision was noted by our optometrist. A flash stimulus visual evoked response was done, which showed marked delayed latency and reduced amplitude. Marked improvement in the flash stimulus visual evoked response potentials and waveforms was noted after silicone oil removal.

Conclusion:
Intraocular silicone oil could be responsible for this false delay in the latency and reduction in flash stimulus visual evoked response amplitudes. Assessment of flash stimulus visual evoked responses in the presence of silicone oil after vitreoretinal surgery may produce unreliable responses.
Teleophthalmic Approach for Detection of Corneal Diseases: Accuracy and Reliability
Authors: Woodward Maria A. , Musch David C. , Hood Christopher T. , Greene Jonathan B. , Niziol Leslie M. , Jeganathan V. Swetha E. , Lee Paul P. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose:
Corneal and anterior segment diseases cause most of the urgent visits to eye care professionals. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of detecting corneal diseases using external photographs from 2 portable cameras for telemedicine purposes.

Methods:
This is a prospective study of adults with a clinical diagnosis of corneal pathology including corneal abrasions, ulcers, scars, and pterygia. A cornea specialist provided the gold standard diagnosis by slit-lamp examination. Images of both eyes were obtained using iTouch 5S and Nidek VersaCam cameras in multiple gazes and interpreted by 3 cornea specialists for the presence of pathology. Accuracy to detect disease was compared with gold standard diagnosis, stratified by the camera and grader. Reliability was evaluated with weighted kappa statistics. Graders assessed image quality on a Likert scale from 1 (poor) to 9 (optimal).

Results:
A total of 198 eyes (110 subjects) were photographed. By gold standard diagnosis, 59 eyes (30%) had corneal scars, 34 (17%) had ulcers, 13 (7%) had abrasions, 10 (5%) had pterygia, and 82 (41%) were normal. Sensitivity to detect AS pathology ranged from 54% to 71% for the iTouch and 66% to 75% for the Nidek, across graders; specificity ranged from 82% to 96% for the iTouch and 91% to 98% for the Nidek. The intergrader reliability was moderate to strong (kappa ranges: 0.54–0.71 for the iTouch; 0.75–0.76 for the Nidek). Quality ratings were variable between graders.

Conclusions:
External photographs taken by standard, nonenhanced portable cameras and interpreted remotely by ophthalmologist graders yielded sensitivity values that are not yet suitable for telemedicine applications. Additional work is needed to improve the ability to detect AS pathology remotely.