Abstract 2495: hPaf1/PD2 interacts with OCT3/4 in maintenance of the self-renewal process of ovarian cancer stem cells
Authors: Karmakar Saswati , Seshacharyulu Parthasarathy , Vaz Arokia Priyanka , Lakshmanan Imayavaramban , Ponnusamy Moorthy Palanimuthu , Batra Surinder Kumar 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among women with more than 85% of the patients manifesting tumor recurrence. Emerging evidence suggests that a small population of cells within the tumor - the ‘cancer stem cells (CSCs)’ is capable to giving rise to the entire histopathology of the tumor and is responsible for mediating drug resistance, recurrence, and disease aggressiveness. Previously, hPaf1(human RNA polymerase II associated factor1)/PD2 (Pancreatic Differentiation2) - a core component of RNA polymerase II associated factor (PAF) complex, was shown to be overexpressed in pancreatic CSCs and involved in the maintenance of mouse ESCs. Hence, we hypothesized that hPaf1 is involved in the maintenance of self-renewal property of ovarian CSCs (OCSCs). In this study, we investigated the functional role of hPaf1 in OCSCs which has not been explored before.
Methods: Expression of hPaf1, cancer stem cell marker ESA, and self-renewal protein OCT3/4 was analyzed using confocal microscopy on OC tissue array. Side population (SP) was isolated from two OC cell lines OVCAR3 and A2780 by Hoechst staining using flow-cytometer, and characterized using tumor sphere assay. Immunoblotting was performed on characterized SP and NSP (non-SP) for OCSC and self-renewal markers. Transient knockdown of hPaf1 in SP was performed to understand how hPaf1 affects the CSC phenotype through immunoblotting, confocal microscopy, colony formation assay, and tumor sphere formation assay. To determine the interaction between hPaf1 and OCT 3/4, reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation was performed in SP/OCSCs.
Results: There was a significant overexpression and considerable co-localization of hPaf1/PD2 with ESA and OCT3/4 in OC tissues compared to normal ovary tissues. SP from OVCAR3 formed larger and greater number of tumor spheres compared to NSP cells. Moreover, SP isolated from OVCAR3 and A2780 showed higher expression of hPaf1 along with CSC markers (CD44, CD133, ESA, CD24), and self- renewal proteins (β-CATENIN, SOX2, OCT3/4, SHH, and HER2). Transient knockdown of hPaf1 resulted in a significant decrease in expression of CSC markers and self-renewal proteins. In addition, functional characteristics of CSCs such as in vitro tumor formation capacity in non-adherent media and colony formation ability were impaired upon knockdown of hPaf1 suggesting that hPaf1 is involved in maintenance of the CSC phenotype. We also observed that hPaf1 physically interacts with OCT3/4 in OVCAR3 SP cells which provides a mechanism for the maintenance of OCSCs by hPaf1.
Conclusion: Altogether, hPaf1/PD2 is overexpressed in OCSCs and its knockdown resulted in loss of OCSC phenotype. Moreover, hPaf1 is responsible for the maintenance of OCSCs through its interaction with OCT3/4. Hence, therapies that are able to abrogate hPaf1 mediated self-renewal of OCSCs represent potential therapeutic avenues to overcome tumor relapse in OC.
Citation Format: Saswati Karmakar, Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu, Arokia Priyanka Vaz, Imayavaramban Lakshmanan, Moorthy Palanimuthu Ponnusamy, Surinder Kumar Batra. hPaf1/PD2 interacts with OCT3/4 in maintenance of the self-renewal process of ovarian cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2495.