bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DERIVATIVES OF 3,5‐DINITROPYRIDINE ALDEHYDES
Authors: ACHREMOWICZ L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Oxidation des Dinitro‐dimethyl‐pyridins (I) mit Selendioxid in Alkoholen erhält man die Bis‐aldehydhalbacetale (II) bzw. (III) Dinitro‐methyl‐pyridin (IV) reagiert mit Selendioxid zum Aldehyd‐halbacetal (V).
ChemInform Abstract: AMIDE CATALYZED FACILE ISOMERIZATION OF 5,6‐DIHYDROISOQUINOLINES: SYNTHESIS OF STABLE 1,2‐DIHYDROISOQUINOLINES
Authors: KASTURI T. R. , KRISHNAN L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von den Isochinolinderivaten (I) werden die verschiedenen Hydrochinoline (II)‐(IV) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS FOR PHENOTHIAZINOLS AND THEIR SULFOXIDES
Authors: JAIN S. K. , AGARWAL N. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReduktion der Phenthiazinone (I) mit Na2S2O4 oder Zn/Eisessig liefert die Phenothiazinole (II), die in ihre O‐Acetylderivate (III) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON HYDROGENATED CYCLIC HOMOLOGS OF PHENOTHIAZINE. SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF SOME CYCLOALKYL DERIVATIVES OF 4H‐BENZO(B)(1,4)THIAZINE
Authors: MARCHINI P. , TRAPANI G. , BERARDI V. , DECARO G. , VENTURI F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Benzothjazine (I) reagieren mit Natriumborhydrid zu den Cycloalkyl‐benzothiazinen (II), deren Estergruppe mit Propylendiamin (III) zu den Amiden (IV) umgesetzt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLATED KETENES. III. CONVERSION OF KETENES TO KETENIMINES AND ALLENES
Authors: KOLODYAZHNYI O. I. , YAKOVLEV V. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas phosphorylierte Phenylketen (I) reagiert mit Triphenyl‐phosphazomethan oder Triphenylphosphazobenzol (II) zu den Ketiminen (IIIa) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE (PH4P)2(CL2FES2MS2FECL2) COMPLEXES (M = MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN). FIRST EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLY BRIDGING THIOMOLYBDATE (MOS4) UNIT AND ITS POSSIBLE RELEVANCE AS A STRUCTURAL FEATURE IN THE NITROGENASE ACTIVE SITE
Authors: COUCOUVANIS D. , BAENZIGER N. C. , SIMHON E. D. , STREMPLE P. , SWENSON D. , SIMOPOULOS A. , KOSTIKAS A. , PETROULEAS V. , PAPAEFTHYMIOU V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie 1:2‐mola.re Umsetzung der Komplexe (I) mit Fe(III)‐chloridhexahydrat führt unter oxidativer Eliminierung von Diphenyldisulfid bei gleichzeitiger Bildung von Fe(II) zu den Titelkomplexen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: FARNESIC ACID GLYCERIDES FROM THE NUDIBRANCH ARCHIDORIS ODHNERI
Authors: ANDERSEN R. J. , SUM F. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus der im Titel genannten Gastropodenart werden zu den Sesquiterpenen gehörende Farnesolderivate (I) isoliert bzw. zweckes Strukturaufklärung in entsprechende Derivate übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUCTION OF L‐TRYPTOPHAN BY IMMOBILIZED BACTERIA
Authors: AZERAD R. , CALDERON‐SEGUIN R. , DECOTTIGNIES‐LE MARECHAL P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn einem System aus in Polyacrylamidgel irnmobilisierten Zellen von Escherichia coli (induziert für Tryptophanase), Indol, NH3 (im Überschuß) und Brenztraubensäure wird die Produktion von L‐Tryptophan (in einem kontinuierlichen Fließverfahren) in Abhängigkeit von pH, Temp., Konzentration und Fließgeschwindigkeit der Substrate untersucht (Kinetik).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF L‐CARNITINE WITH REGENERATION OF THE NADH USED
Authors: VANDECASTEELE J.‐P. , LEMAL J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie enzymatische Synthese von L‐Carnitin (II) erfolgt durch Reduktion der Carbonylfunktion von 3‐Dehydrocarnitin (I) mit NADH unter Verwendung von Carnitindehydrogenase (CARH) als Katalysator und einem NADH‐regenerierenden System (NARS).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REDUCTION OF PENTACYCLIC IMMONIUM SALTS. APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐(E)‐NORVINCAMONE
Authors: BUZAS A. , JACQUET J. P. , LAVIELLE G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTryptamin (Ia) liefert mit dem entsprechenden Säurechlorid das Amid (Ib), das mit tert‐Butylat zu (II) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTREME ANALYSIS: DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM, IRON, AND COBALT IN THE PPB‐ AND PPT RANGE FOR TESTING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR HIGHLY PURE NIOBIUM
Authors: FAIX W. G. , KRIVAN V. , SCHULZE K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIm Anschluß an einen 3‐stufigen Reinigungsprozeß (der beschrieben wird), durch den aus käuflichem reinem Nb das bisher reinste Nb erhalten wurde, werden die Gehalte an Cr, Fe und Co n‐aktivierungsanalytisch bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: DEVELOPMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
Authors: GRIESBAUM K. , SWODENK W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReview: Der Artikel enthält eine Übersicht der Informationen des Welt‐Erdöl‐Kongresses in Bukarest über Probleme, Fortschritte und Entwicklungslinien der Petrochemie einschließlich.
ChemInform Abstract: RADICAL IONS. 39. ALTERATION OF STRUCTURE BY OXIDATION: EQUALIZATION OF THE TETRAHEDRANE C4 CLUSTER
Authors: BOCK H. , ROTH B. , MAIER G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTetra‐tert.‐butyltetrahedran (Ia) weist als gesättigtes Alkan die ungewöhnlich niedrige Ionisierungsenergie von nur 7.50 eV auf und wird daher durch AlCl3 /CH2Cl, zum Radikalkation oxidiert, dessen ESR‐Spektrum aufgezeigt ist.
ChemInform Abstract: DI‐μ‐(CARBOXYLATO)‐BIS(DICARBONYL(TRI‐TERT‐BUTYLPHOSPHINE)RUTHENIUM(I))(RU‐R# U)
Authors: SCHUMANN H. , OPITZ J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Ru‐carbonyl (I) reagiert mit Tri‐tert.‐butylphosphin und entsprechenden Carbonsäuren unter Bildung der Titelverbindungen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: POLYNUCLEOTIDES. LV. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF DINUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATES DERIVED FROM ADENINE 8,2′‐S‐ AND URACIL 6,2′‐O‐CYCLONUCLEOSIDES. FURTHER SUPPORT FOR THE LEFT‐HANDED STACKING OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES HAVING HIGH‐ANTI BASE TORSION ANGLES
Authors: IKEHARA M. , UESUGI S. , SHIDA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Kondensation geschützter Nucleotide oder Nucleoside in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (DCC) werden die Dinucleosid und (VI) hergestellt.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomatizing Difunctionalization of Indoles and Benzofurans
Authors: Ramella Vincenzo , He Zhiheng , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed dearomatizing difunctionalization of N‐Boc‐indoles and benzofurans to give tricyclic indolines and 2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans with a fully substituted carbon center is described. Product formation occurs under mild conditions at room temperature with commercially available aryl boronic acids and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) as a mild oxidant in good yields.
Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Kumada Cross‐Coupling Reactions Utilizing Flow Technology under Low Catalyst Loadings
Authors: Buono Frederic G. , Zhang Yongda , Tan Zhulin , Brusoe Andrew , Yang Bing‐Shiou , Lorenz Jon C. , Giovannini Riccardo , Song Jinhua J. , Yee Nathan K. , Senanayake Chris H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn efficient continuous flow iron‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐coupling was developed for the coupling of 2‐chloropyrazine and various aryl Grignard reagents in presence of low catalyst loadings (0.5 mol‐%). Compared to batch mode, the continuous flow approach overcomes the exothermicity which enabled longer catalyst lifetime, facilitated scale‐up and significantly improved the yield. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of flow iron‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐coupling reactions which addresses scale dependence issues which often plague Kumada reactions carried out in the traditional batch mode.
Don't be fooled—A no-observed-effect concentration is no substitute for a poor concentration–response experiment
Authors: Fox David R. , Landis Wayne G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Renowned mathematician and science historian Jacob Bronowski once defined science as “the acceptance of what works and the rejection of what does not” and noted “that needs more courage than we might think.” Such would also seem to be the case with no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) and no-observed-effect levels in ecotoxicology. Compelling arguments were advanced more than a quarter of a century ago as to why the use of a model to describe the concentration–response relationship was preferable to an isolated metric, with the NOEC singled out as a particularly poor toxicity measure. In the ensuing years numerous articles critical of the NOEC have been written, with some calling for an outright ban on its use. More recently, arguments have been made for the retention of NOECs, with supporters suggesting that this metric is particularly useful in situations where the concentration–response relationship is weak or nonexistent. In addition, it has been claimed that there are situations in ecotoxicology where suitable models are simply not available. These arguments are not correct, and they also have impeded the decades-overdue incorporation of numerous recommendations based on research that NOECs should no longer be used. In the present study the authors counter some of the most recent claims in support of NOECs and provide new insights for 1 class of problem claimed not to be amenable to such modeling. They are confident that similar insights will be developed as further original research in this area is undertaken. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2141–2148. © 2016 SETAC
Organizational Commitment and Engagement in Two Finnish Energy Sector Organizations
Authors: Einolander Jarno 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study was conducted to show a novel way to analyze organizational commitment and engagement levels in organizations and to compare the results of two Finnish organizations operating in the energy sector. Employees estimate the truth value of statements with regard to their own organization at a given moment in time. The employees also specify how they would like the situation represented by the statements to be in the future. In this study, we requested participation from a total of 90 senior salaried employees from two companies in the spring of 2014. In the end, we obtained 54 responses in total, giving us a response rate of 88% for Company A and 25% for Company B. On the basis of the responses, a collective understanding of each organization was first defined, and then a comparison was made between these two organizations. The results of these comparisons show that there are similarities between the companies, even though the degree of affective commitment was significantly higher in one of the companies. However, both companies had similar focus points and priorities in the current state, target state, and proactive vision. On the other hand, the study also discovered that there were major differences regarding some of the evaluated features, as expected. As a result of the analysis, important areas of development were observed in both companies.
Impact of FokI (rs10735810) and BsmI (rs1544410) on Treatment of Chronic HCV Patients With Genotype 4
Authors: Shaker Olfat , Nassar Yasser , Ayoub Shymaa , Elrazki Maissa , Zahra Amr 
Published: April 2016

Background and AimChronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a huge problem both globally and at the level of the individual patient. Our aim is to detect the influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (BsmI and Fok1) and vitamin D level in HCV patients under treatment with interferon.Subject and MethodsBlood samples were taken from 103 HCV patients all of them are genotype 4. They were divided into responders (n = 63) and nonresponders (n = 40) according to their response to interferon treatment. Also 120 subjects with matched age and sex were enrolled as controls. All subjects were subjected to history taking, general examination, liver function tests, hepatitis markers, HCV quantitation by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA extraction from whole blood, PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for genotyping, and quantitation of vitamin D level by ELISA.ResultsThere were significant differences between responders and nonresponders in the mean values of vitamin D (P = 0.001) as well as the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BsmI (Bb) (P = 0.02). Meanwhile, no significant differences in Fok1 genotype between responders and nonresponders to interferon therapy of HCV patients in all genotypes [FF, Ff, ff) (P = 0.34, 0.091, and 0.43), respectively.ConclusionBsmI and vitamin D level in chronic liver disease patients are predictors of response to combination therapy of HCV.
Improving Students' Conceptual Reasoning by Prompting Cognitive Operations
Authors: Van Meter Peggy N. , Firetto Carla M. , Turns Stephen R. , Litzinger Thomas A. , Cameron Chelsea E. , Shaw Charlyn W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe tested the effects of an intervention on the learning of introductory thermodynamics principles. This intervention, OEM‐Thermo, is designed to prompt the cognitive operations of meaningful learning: organization, elaboration, and monitoring. We also sought evidence to show that execution of these operations was associated with learning gains and that cognitive operations are influenced by different intervention exercises.Purpose/HypothesisStudy 1: Students who complete OEM‐Thermo will gain more conceptual knowledge than students who complete traditional problems. Study 2: First, elaboration and monitoring contribute to learning with OEM‐Thermo. Second, students engage in elaboration and monitoring at a higher rate when answering elaboration questions than when completing matrix exercises.Design/MethodStudy 1: A two‐group, pre‐ and post‐test experimental design tested OEM‐Thermo effectiveness. Study 2: A one‐group, pre‐ and post‐test design where participants thought aloud while completing OEM‐Thermo tested deep and surface reasoning as well as the frequency of elaboration and monitoring events.ResultsStudy 1: A significant interaction between test time (pre‐ and post‐test) and condition shows that OEM‐Thermo promoted development of conceptual reasoning more effectively than did traditional homework problems. Study 2: Significant partial correlations were found between post‐test scores on one of two deep reasoning categories and the frequency of elaboration and monitoring events in the think‐aloud protocols. Differences were also found in the rate of elaboration across intervention exercises.ConclusionsAn intervention that includes tasks designed to stimulate the cognitive operations of meaningful learning improves students' conceptual reasoning.
Kinetid structure in Choanocytes of Sponges (Heteroscleromorpha): Toward the ancestral Kinetid of Demospongiae
Authors: Pozdnyakov Igor R. , Karpov Sergey A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTEvery large clade of Eukarya has its own pattern of kinetid (flagellar apparatus) structure, which is stable and specific within the group, thereby being a good phylogenetic marker. The kinetid structure of sponge choanocytes might be a candidate for such marker for the phylogeny of Porifera. Kinetids of two heteroscleromorphs, Halichondria sp. (Suberitida) and Crellomima imparidens (Poecilosclerida), have been investigated here for the first time, and a reconstruction of the kinetid for each species is provided. The kinetids of both species comprise a flagellar kinetosome with a nuclear fibrillar root, a basal foot and satellite producing microtubules; a centriole is absent. Good resolution images reveal a new thin structure, the axial granule, in the flagellar transition zone which might be present in other sponges. The comparison of kinetids in investigated sponges revealed three types of kinetid in Demospongiae, and their distribution in the taxon has been shown on a molecular phylogenetic tree. Kinetid characters of the common ancestor of Demospongiae are discussed. J. Morphol. 277:925–934, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effects of Vertical Individualism on Status Consumer Orientations and Behaviors
Authors: Zhang Jing , Nelson Michelle R. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTValues have been shown to explain advertising response and consumer behavior. Expanding the individualism–collectivism cultural framework, this research primarily focuses on the vertical individualism (VI: emphasizing independence and competition) value given its prevalence in the U.S. culture. Results of a survey among a national U.S. sample (a pilot study) showed that VI values were positively related to status consumer orientations, including tendencies to be brand conscious, buy branded products, and shop at upscale retail establishments. Moreover, in two experiments, the causal impact of VI values on status consumer orientations and behavior was demonstrated. Specifically, Study 1 showed that participants who were primed with VI values via a campus scenario (vs. control) indicated higher ratings of status consumption, brand‐buying behavior, and brand consciousness. Study 2 revealed further that an incidental exposure to a news story reflecting VI values (vs. horizontal collectivism values emphasizing cooperation and interdependence) influenced participants’ choices of a pen. Theoretical contributions to the study of values, advertising, and consumer orientations and practical implications for marketing are discussed.
A differential quadrature hierarchical finite element method and its applications to vibration and bending of Mindlin plates with curvilinear domains
Authors: Liu Cuiyun , Liu Bo , Zhao Liang , Xing Yufeng , Ma Chaoli , Li Huanxi 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA differential quadrature hierarchical finite element method (DQHFEM) is proposed by expressing the hierarchical finite element method matrices in similar form as in the differential quadrature finite element method and introducing interpolation basis on the boundary of hierarchical finite element method elements. The DQHFEM is similar as the fixed interface mode synthesis method but the DQHFEM does not need modal analysis. The DQHFEM with non‐uniform rational B‐splines elements were shown to accomplish similar destination as the isogeometric analysis. Three key points that determine the accuracy, efficiency and convergence of DQHFEM were addressed, namely, (1) the Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre points should be used as nodes, (2) the recursion formula should be used to compute high‐order orthogonal polynomials, and (3) the separation variable feature of the basis should be used to save computational cost. Numerical comparison and convergence studies of the DQHFEM were carried out by comparing the DQHFEM results for vibration and bending of Mindlin plates with available exact or highly accurate approximate results in literatures. The DQHFEM can present highly accurate results using only a few sampling points. Meanwhile, the order of the DQHFEM can be as high as needed for high‐frequency vibration analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal Behavior of 3‐(4‐Aminofurazan‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐nitrofurazan‐3‐yl)furazan (ANTF)
Authors: Yi Qianhong , Liang Dehui , Ma Qing , Huang Ming , Tan Bisheng , Liu Yucun , Chi Yu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe energetic material 3‐(4‐aminofurazan‐3‐yl)‐4‐(4‐nitrofurazan‐3‐yl)furazan (ANTF) with low melting‐point was synthesized by means of an improved oxidation reaction from 3,4‐bis(4′‐aminofurazano‐3′‐yl)furazan. The structure of ANTF was confirmed by 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and the crystal structure was determined by X‐ray diffraction. ANTF crystallized in monoclinic system P21/c, with a crystal density of 1.785 g cm−3 and crystal parameters a=6.6226(9) Å, b=26.294(2) Å, c=6.5394(8) Å, β=119.545(17)°, V=0.9907(2) nm3, Z=4, μ=0.157 mm−1, F(000)=536. The thermal stability and non‐isothermal kinetics of ANTF were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with heating rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 K min−1. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of ANTF calculated by Kissinger's equation and Ozawa's equation were 115.9 kJ mol−1 and 112.6 kJ mol−1, respectively, with the pre‐exponential factor lnA=21.7 s−1. ANTF is a potential candidate for the melt‐cast explosive with good thermal stability and detonation performance.
A Miniature Device for Shock Initiation of Hexanitrostilbene by High‐Speed Flyer
Authors: Zeng Qingxuan , Li Bing , Li Mingyu , Wu Xingyu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA miniature device for shock initiation of the hexanitrostilbene (HNS) through micro‐charge detonation‐driven flyer was fabricated. This device consisted of the substrate, micro‐charge, flyer, and barrel. Four types of flyer (titanium of 28 μm, aluminum of 22 μm, copper of 22 μm and polyimide (PI) of 55 μm in thickness) were studied and the effect of micro‐charge thickness, diameter, and barrel length were investigated by measuring the average flyer velocities using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films. The results show that the titanium flyer is more proper for such initiation device compared to aluminum, copper, and polyimide flyer. The average velocity of the flyer increased with the thickness of micro‐charge and the increment was larger when the thickness increases from 0.3 mm to 0.4 mm than when the thickness increases from 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm. The flyer velocity significantly increased with the increase in the diameter of micro‐charge until a plateau appeared at 0.8 mm. The flyer velocity increased first and then decreased sharply with the increase in barrel length. The average velocity for a 28 μm thick titanium flyer was measured to be as high as 2468 m s−1 when the thickness, micro‐charge diameter and the length of barrel were 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 659 μm, respectively. The HNS‐IV explosive with density 1.57 g cm−3 was initiated by this miniature device.
Sensitivity and Performance of Energetic Materials
Authors: Zeman Svatopluk , Jungová Marcela 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the main developments over the past nine years in the study of the sensitivity of energetic materials (EM) to impact, shock, friction, electric spark, laser beams, and heat. Attention is also paid to performance and to its calculation methods. Summaries are provided of the relationships between sensitivity and performance, the best representations for the calculation methods of performance being the volume heat of explosion or the product of crystal density and the square of detonation velocity. On the basis of current knowledge, it is possible to state that a single universal relationship between molecular structure and initiation reactivity does not yet exist. It is confirmed that increasing the explosive strength is usually accompanied by an increase in the sensitivity. In the case of nitramines this rule is totally valid for friction sensitivity, but for impact sensitivity there are exceptions to the rule, and with 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazepane, 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane, β‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane, and the α‐, β‐ and ε‐polymorphs of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane the relationship works in the opposite direction. With respect to the QSPR approach there might be reasonably good predictions but it provides little insight into the physics and chemistry involved in the process of initiation.