bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTIONAND DIVERSITY OF MACRO ALGAE COMMUNITIES IN THE AMBON BAY
Authors: Litaay Christina 
Published: October 2017

<p>Water conditions affected by natural and anthropogenic parameters such as sedimentation and solid waste disposal can influence the growth and distribution of macro algae. Sustainable management efforts can reduce damage on the Gulf coast of Ambon due to human activities and land clearing. This study was conducted in October 2008 using the transect method with 3 replicates in five locations i.e., Tantui, Air Salobar, Hative Besar, Halong, and Lateri. The interior and exterior waters of Ambon Bay contained different habitat conditions due to sedimentation processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and diversity of macro algae communities in the Ambon Bay. The results found 21 species of macro- algae consisting of 10 species of Rhodhophyceae, 6 species of Chlorophyceae, and 5 species of Phaeophyceae. The highest density value of seaweed in Tantui was 389.0 g/m² of Chlorophyceae of Halimeda genus. In Air Salobar and Halong, the highest density value was Rhodophyceae of Gracilaria genus of 172.0 g/m² and 155.0 g/m², respectively. For the other genus in the Tantui and Lateri regions were dominated by Ulva at 92.10 gr/m2 and Padina of 20.0 gr/m2, respectively. The highest dominance of macro algae in the Hative Besar was found Chlorophyceae of Halimeda genus of 2.93 %, in the Air Salobar of Phaeophyceae of Turbinaria genus of 1.43 %. The difference values in density and the dominance of macro algae indicated an influence of habitat and environment due to seasons, sediment, and solid waste disposal to the diversity of macro algae.</p> <p>Keywords: Diversity, macro algae, Ambon Bay.</p>
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEASON VARIATIONS AND DEPTH LEVEL ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF PEARL OYSTER SEEDS (Pinctada maxima) IN KAPONTORI BAY, BUTON ISLAND
Authors: Hamzah M S 
Published: October 2017

<p>The pearl oyster (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">P</span>. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">maxima</span>) farming particularly in the Kapontori Bay, Buton Island waters and in other areas had complained for the mass mortality of pearl oysters saplings on the shell width between 3-4 cm. The mass mortality, was allegedly as a result of changing in environmental conditions and triggered by the shift in seasons. This research aimed to determine the effect of seasonal variations in water conditions at different depth levels on growth and survival of seedlings of pearl oysters conducted on March 27, 2007 to February 28, 2008. This research was very useful for pearl oyster farming in an effort to suppress the mass mortality rates based on the appropriate level of depth and seasons. The variance analyses showed that depth levels affected the survival rates of the pearl oyster seeds significantly (P&lt;0.01). Based on honest significantly difference test, it also showed that the percentage number of survival rate was found higher within the depth of 2m (93.33%). Based on the relationship analyses between length and weight of shell body in all depths indicated a similar growth pattern of minor allometric (b&lt;3). The growth, survival rate, and environmental conditions based on depth levels on pearl oyster saplings were discussed in this paper.</p> <p>Keywords: Seasonal variation, survival rate, growth, pearl shell (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">P</span>. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">maxima</span>), depth level</p>
SEAWATER QUALITY FOR SHRIMP MARICULTURE BASED ON MICROBIOLOGY PARAMETERS
Authors: Sutiknowati Lies Indah 
Published: October 2017

<p>Seawater quality plays an important factor for the success of mariculture such as microbiology paramater. The research aimed to analize the waters quality for shrimp mariculture in Barru, Pangkep, and Maros based on bacteriology parameters. The research were carried out in June 2012. Bacteriology parameters analysed were total coliform, E.coli, pathogen, heterotrophic, halotolerant, and phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria. Coliform and E.coli bacteria were analysed based on filtration. Pathogenic bacteria was identified using biochemical test. Heterotrophic, halotolerant, and phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria were analysed using pour plate. The results from shrimp aquaculture showed the total abundance of coliform cell of &gt;1000 colony forming unit (cfu)/100 ml, E.coli of 0-4 cfu/100ml, heterotrophic bacteria of about (31-176)x10<sup>3</sup> cfu/ml, and halotolerant bacteria of about (31-375)x10<sup>3</sup> cfu/ml. The results from sediment for heterotrophic bacteria was about (350-3920)x10<sup>3</sup><sup> </sup>cfu/ml, halotolerant of about (350-4980)<sup>3</sup>x10<sup> </sup>cfu/ml, and phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria of about 14-46 cfu/ml. The pathogen bacteria waere found such as genus Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Citrobacter, Shigella and Yersinia. The dominant pathogens in shrimp aquaculture water and sediment were Proteus and Citrobacter. The results indicated that seawaters in Barru, Pangkep, and Maros can be used for mariculture including shrimp Panaeid.</p> <p>Keywords: bacteria, parameter, marineculture, shrimp.</p>
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF ENDOPHYTIC MARINE FUNGI FOR CELLULASE PRODUCTION
Authors: Andhikawati Aulia , Oktavia Yulia , Ibrahim Bustami , Tarman Kustiariyah 
Published: October 2017

<p>Cellulolytic fungi are potentially useful in biotechnology. Decomposition of substrates containing cellulose can be applied in bioethanol and enzymes production. Fungi are one group of microorganisms that can decompose cellulase materials. This study aimed to obtain potential cellulolytic fungi isolated from marine habitat. Screening of the fungi was performed using CBM media with different salinity. Six isolates were tested quantitatively for cellulolytic activity using congo red staining. Cellulolytic index of algicolous and manglicolous fungi were lower than those of EN isolate, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Veronea</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">sp</span>. KT19, and sponge associate (SMH). Fungi cultured in freshwater and seawater media possessed higher cellulolytic index in compared to those of cultures in 3% NaCl medium. However, freshwater and seawater media showed no significant effect. Cellulolytic index of EN isolate, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Veronaea</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">sp</span>. KT19, and SMH after six days of incubation were 1.357; 1.267, and 1.278, respectively. All six isolates potentially produced cellulase in all medium tested.</p> <p>Keywords: Cellulolytic, cellulose, endophytes, enzyme</p>
SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION BASED ON GRAIN SIZE ANALYSES IN WEDA BAY, NORTHERN MALUKU
Authors: Nugroho Septriono Hari , Basit Abdul 
Published: October 2017

<p>An integrated study of sediment distribution was conducted in Weda Bay, Northern Maluku to provide general information on transportation and deposition process based on sediment grain size distribution. The study was conducted during the Weda Bay Expedition using the “Baruna Jaya VII” research vessel in March 13<sup>th</sup> –22<sup>th</sup> 2013. Sieving method (granulometric) was used to analyze the grain size. The results indicated that in general the pattern of sea floor sediment distribution was dominated by clay – sand grain-sized. The current speed influenced the sediment transport, deposition, and distribution. Larger fractions of sediment were quickly settled on the sea floor due to stronger currents around Southern area (Widi islands), meanwhile the lesser fractions of the transported away into other places with weaker currents conditions.</p> <p>Keywords: current, the Weda Bay expedition, granulometric, grain size, sediment distribution</p>
WAVELET DENOISING APPLICATION ON CTD (CONDUCTIVITY TEMPERATURE DEPTH) SIGNALS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF IDENTIFIED OVERTURN REGION
Authors: Naulita Yuli 
Published: October 2017

<p>Turbulent mixing process can be evaluated from density inversions in CTD profiles, that may reveal the overturning eddies. The quality of overturn regions are then determined by the quality of CTD signals. The study removed noise on CTD signals without losing small perturbation which commonly occurred by traditional filter. By applying wavelet denoising in pre-processing data of Thorpe method, more Thorpe displacements indicated overturn regions, were able to detect especially in small density gradients. Therefore, the identified overturn region using the Thorpe method can be applied to a larger region of density gradients.</p> <p>Keywoods: turbulent mixing, overturn, Thorpe method, Thorpe displacement, wavelet denoising.</p>
COMMUNITY SOCIAL-ECOLOGY DYNAMICS ON MADAK CULTURE OF COASTAL REGION, WEST SUMBAWA
Authors: Tania A Lidya , Yulianda Fredinan , Adrianto Luky 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>ABSTRA</strong><strong>CT</strong><strong> </strong></p> <p><em>Madak</em><em> </em><em> activity</em><em> is a local </em><em> word</em><em> </em><em>for</em><em> the people of Sumbawa</em><em> to collect marine</em><em> biota in tidal area</em><em> during the</em><em> low tide</em><em>. The purpose of this study was to determine social change in communities of West Sumbawa </em><em> for</em><em> doing</em><em> Madak culture. The study was conducted for 2 months in ​​West Sumbawa. Data were collected through observation, questionnaire, and interview</em><em>ing the </em><em>Madak </em><em>people</em><em>. </em><em>It seem</em><em>ed</em><em> that </em><em>Madak</em><em> culture change</em><em>d totally</em><em>, especially in daily actvities. I</em><em>n the past, they</em><em> used tools that</em><em> were</em><em> environmentally friendly. However</em><em>,</em><em> during this study,</em><em> </em><em>they tend</em><em>ed</em><em> to</em><em> damage </em><em>coastal environment </em><em>by</em><em> flipping the reef.</em><strong></strong></p> <p><em> </em></p> <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Social, ecology, Madak culture, west Sumbawa</em>
WATER QUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF LOBSTER REARED IN FLOATING NET CAGE IN EKAS BAY, WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE
Authors: Junaidi Muhammad , Hamzah Mat Sardi 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p> <p><em>The development of lobster farming in floating net cage in Ekas Bay caused an environmental degradation such as decrease water quality due to some aquaculture wastes. The purposes of this study were to determine the status of water quality and their effect on growth and survival rate of lobster reared in floating net cages (FNC) in the Ekas Bay, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Water sample collection and handling referred to the APHA (1992). Analyses of water quality data were conducted using Principal Component Analysis. Determination of the water quality status of Ekas Bay was performed with STORET system. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the relationship between water quality, growth, and survival rate of lobster reared in FNC. Results showed that Ekas Bay water quality status was categorized in class C (medium contaminated), which exceeded some quality standard parameters such as ammonia (0.3 mg/l), nitrate (0.008 mg/l), and phosphate (0.015 mg/l). During lobster farming activities feeding with trash fish for 270 days, we obtained daily growth rate of 0.74% (lower than normal growth rate of 0.86%), survival rate of 66% (lower than normal survival rate of 86.7%), and feed conversion ratio of 11.15. Ammonia was found as a dominant factor reducing growth and survival rate of lobster reared in FNC.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> water quality, lobsters, growth, survival, Ekas Bay</em>
TOPOGRAPHICALLY INDUCED TURBULENCE ON CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF JOGASHIMA, SAGAMI BAY, JAPAN
Authors: Naulita Yuli 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p> <p><em>Direct t</em><em>urbulence measurements using TurboMAP over a “small ridge” on the continental shelf off Jogashima, Sagami Bay, Japan reveal</em><em>ed</em><em> an active layer of topographically induced turbulence. The active layer ( = 10<sup>-7</sup> - 10<sup>-6</sup> W</em><em> </em><em>kg<sup>-1</sup>) located at mid-depth of 200 – 250 m, occurred on alternate side of “small ridge”</em><em> </em><em>depending on the direction of the tidal current. This active layer </em><em>wa</em><em>s accompanied by rebounded-isopycnal surfaces 26.0 - 26.1 σ<sub>θ , </sub></em><em><sub> </sub></em><em>in which</em><em> all in qualitative manner show</em><em>ed</em><em> an internal hydraulic flow control on </em><em>the </em><em>shelf. Th</em><em>e</em><em> </em><em>turbulence friction velocity</em><em> </em><em>wa</em><em>s two order of magnitude lower than observed- in this active layer explaining </em><em>a</em><em> less role of bottom friction than hydraulic flow to the high turbulence layer.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> topographically induced turbulence, continental shelf, internal hydraulic flow</em>
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CARRAGEENAN Kappaphycus alvarezii FROM COAST OF KUTAI TIMUR DISTRICT
Authors: Asikin Andi Noor , Kusumaningrum Indrati , Sutono Doddy 
Published: October 2017

<p><em>Carrageenan is a gelling form of polysaccharide obtained from extraction process of red seaweeds (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rhodophyceae</span>) including <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kappaphycus</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alvarezii</span>. Carrageenan is widely used for pharmacy, cosmetics, food, gelling, and binding agent as well as emulsifier and stabi-lizer. The quality of carrageenan is affected by several factors, one of them such as concen-tration of KOH. The objectives of this research were to define the best concentration of KOH for extraction and characterize the functional properties. Functional properties of carrageen-an in this research were sulphate content, acid insoluble ash, gell strength, fiber, and whiteness. The experimental design used for this research was completely ran-domized design with four treatments of KOH concentrations i.e. 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The study showed that the use of KOH concentarion of 7% resulted the best of carrageenan quality containing 24.36% sulphate, 1.96% acid insoluble ash, 17.80 g/cm2 gell strength, 8.94% fiber and 58.91% whiteness.</em></p> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>carrageenan, extraction, functional properties, Kalium Hydroxide, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kappaphycus</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alvarezii</span></em>
CORAL REEF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION IN WANGI-WANGI ISLAND WATERS, WAKATOBI
Authors: Yulius . , Novianti Nadya , Arifin Taslim , Salim Hadiwijaya L. , Ramdhan Muhammad , Purbani Dini 
Published: October 2017

<p><em>Coral reefs</em><em> contribute significant benefits in coastal area in Wangi-wangi Island, Wakatobi in terms of their ecological function</em><em>s</em><em> </em><em>to</em><em> </em><em>marine</em><em> biota</em><em> and socio-</em><em>econom</em><em>ical services to</em><em> </em><em>local coastal communities</em><em>. </em><em>Therefore, </em><em>it is importance to</em><em> observe </em><em>coral reef condition </em><em>and its </em><em>spatial distribution </em><em>around</em><em> </em><em>Wangi-wangi island</em><em> waters</em><em>, Wakatobi</em><em>. In this study Point Intercept Transect (PIT) and </em><em>GIS tools </em><em>were used to observe and analyze coral reef condition in </em><em>Wangi-wangi island</em><em> waters</em><em>, Wakatobi.</em><em> The results showed that coral reef condition in Wangi-wangi island waters can be categorized into moderate and good conditions with coverage percentage ranging from 28 – 60%.</em> <em>Based on spatial analysis non</em><em>-</em><em>a</em><em>cropora</em><em> coral was found in greater cover percentages in Waha village, Sombu village, and Kapota</em><em> </em><em>island than other</em><em> location</em><em>s. Soft coral cover percentage was also found in larger</em><em> </em><em>cover percentage in Waha and Sombu regions than other locations.</em></p> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: coral reefs, geographic information system (GIS), Wangi-wangi Island</em>
PLUMBUM (Pb) CONCENTRATION IN ANNUAL BANDS OF CORAL Porites lutea AT TUNDA ISLAND, BANTEN
Authors: Riska . , Zamani Neviaty P. , Prartono Tri , Arman Ali 
Published: October 2017

<p><em>Coral is one of marine organisms that can accumulate heavy metals such as Pb in its skeleton. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals Pb in growth bands of coral <span style="text-decoration: underline;">P.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lutea</span> at windward and leeward regions of Tunda Island. The results showed that <span style="text-decoration: underline;">P</span>. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lutea</span> accumulated heavy metals Pb in their growth bands. The results of Pb concentrations in windward region were in range of 6.17-14.76 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>/year, with the average concentration rate of 9.69 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>/year. Meanwhile, in leeward region, the Pb concentrations were in range of 8.37-17.66 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>/year whith the average concentration rate of 13.33 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>/year. The Pb concentration in leeward regions was higher than in the windward region.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: heavy metal Pb, coral <span style="text-decoration: underline;">P.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lutea</span>, Tunda Island</em></p>
ON SEAWEED CULTURE BASED COASTAL AREA DEVELOPMENT IN WEST SUMBAWA REGENCY
Authors: Nuryadin Rusmin , Soewardi Kadarwan , Yonvitner . 
Published: October 2017

<p><em>Seaweed cultivation is one of current coastal d</em><em>evelopment activities </em><em>in the w</em><em>est Sumbawa regency</em><em>. </em><em>Coastal region in the west Sumbawa regency that be used for seaweed cultivation was about 1,550 ha, however, its</em><em> utilization </em><em>was still limited of about </em><em>536</em><em> ha </em><em>(</em><em>34.58</em><em>%</em><em>)</em><em>. Seaweed farming activities </em><em>were </em><em>only</em><em> carried out in some </em><em>locations </em><em>of</em><em> the subdistrict </em><em>of</em><em> Taliwang and Pototano</em><em>, west Sumbawa</em><em>. </em><em>Sustainability analysis of seaweed cultivation was done by Multidimensional scaling method using Rapid Appraisal Seaweed (Rapseaweed</em><em>)</em><em>. </em><em>Based on s</em><em>ustainability status of seaweed cultivation</em><em>, the</em><em> long line methods </em><em>was</em><em> less sustainable with sustanability index </em><em>of </em><em>49.28 and </em><em>the ‘anchored’</em><em> method </em><em>produced better sustainability of </em><em>61.02 </em><em>index value. A technological d</em><em>imension</em><em> is</em><em> need</em><em>ed for seaweed farming development in order to produce better sustainability. Other dimensions for seaweed farming </em><em>improvement </em><em>are</em><em> ecological, economic,</em><em> </em><em>social</em><em>,</em><em> and institutional</em><em>.</em><em> T</em><em>o reach a sustainable </em><em>seaweed cultivation in the west Sumbawa regency, farmers and other stake holders should </em><em>increase</em><em> the utilization of available coastal region for</em><em> seaweed farming activities</em><em> by having</em><em> the availability of</em><em> the market</em><em> and seeds</em><em>, guarantees access to capital, increasing skills and knowledge of farmers, provide the drying and storage facilities</em><em>,</em><em> and develop the seaweed processing industry.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: seaweed, value index, sustainability status, Rapseaweed</em>
PHOTOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SUNSCREEN CREAM WITH ADDITION OF CARRAGEENAN AND BLACK MANGROVE FRUIT (Rhizopora mucronata Lamk.)
Authors: Purwaningsih Sri , Salamah Ella , Adnin M. Nur 
Published: October 2017

<p><em>The need of people’s face protection from sun exposure is </em><em>continuosly increasing</em><em>. However, the available </em><em>sunscreen </em><em>in the market </em><em>are </em><em>mostly chemical</em><em>y generated</em><em>. </em><em>S</em><em>eaweed </em><em>(</em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kappaphycus</span></em><em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">alvarezii</span></em><em>)</em><em> produced carrageenan, which can be used as stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier on sunscreen</em><em> production</em><em>. Black mangrove fruit</em><em> </em>(<em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">R.</span></em><em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mucronata</span></em>)<em> contains an antioxidant activity, tanin, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, </em><em>which are</em><em> potential to be used for UV light absorber as well as </em><em>skin</em><em> </em><em>protector</em><em>. </em><em>The aim</em><em>s</em><em> of this research </em><em>were </em><em>to determine</em><em>: (1)</em><em> the best carrageenan concentration </em><em>in the</em><em> cream; (2) content of total phenol, flavonoids, and tannin of mangrove fruit extract; and (3) </em><em>Sun Protection Factor</em><em> (SPF) value of</em><em> </em><em>sunscreen cream. The experiment used a complete random design and with Duncan test. The result showed that the best natural sunscreen formulation was </em><em>an</em><em> addition </em><em>of </em><em>0.5% carrageenan and 1% extract from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">R.</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mucronata</span>. </em><em>The best characteristics of natural sunscreen were found within the level of 7</em><em>.</em><em>62 pH, 38.250 cP viscosity, 100% emulsion stability, </em><em> </em><em>3</em><em>.</em><em>72% shrinkage, and &lt;10<sup>2</sup> colonies/g total microbial, 10.21 ± 0.06 SPF content, 37.90% total phenol, 0.51% total flavonoids, and 6.20 mg/g tannins.</em></p> <p> </p> <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> antioxidant, carrageenan, flavonoids, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rhizophora</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mucronata</span>, SPF</em>