bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells with High Open‐Circuit Voltage
Authors: Kudrjasova Julija , Van Landeghem Melissa , Vangerven Tim , Kesters Jurgen , Heintges Gaël H. L. , Cardinaletti Ilaria , Lenaerts Ruben , Penxten Huguette , Adriaensens Peter , Lutsen Laurence , Vanderzande Dirk , Manca Jean , Goovaerts Etienne , Maes Wouter 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThree extended 2,5‐dithienylthiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole‐based small molecule chromophores are prepared via a sustainable direct arylation approach and their physicochemical and opto‐electrical material characteristics are analyzed toward integration in solution‐processed bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics. Efficient charge separation and high values of the charge transfer state energy are derived from sensitive ground and excited state absorption and photoluminescence measurements on blends of the thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole‐based electron donor components with the PC71BM fullerene acceptor. Upon implementation in organic solar cells, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.7% and particularly high open‐circuit voltages (0.93−0.98 V) are observed, which are correlated to the charge transfer state energies as derived from photoluminescence, Fourier transform photocurrent spectroscopy and combined electrochemical and photophysical data. Furthermore, several loss processes at the origin of the modest short‐circuit current densities and fill factors are elucidated.
Synthesis, Complexation and DFT Computational Studies of Bis(naphthyl)methane‐“Capped” Triazole‐Linked Calix[4]arenes as Fe3+ Fluorescent Chemosensors
Authors: Aljabri Mahmood D. , Rahman Shofiur , Georghiou Paris E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTwo new substituted‐bis(naphthyl)methane “capped” 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked calix[4]arene receptors have been synthesized and characterized. Their binding properties toward different biologically relevant metal ions were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy titrations and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The fluorescence spectral changes show that are sensitive and selective for Fe3+ ions and the binding modes have been confirmed based upon both the 1H NMR and DFT studies.
Bioactivity‐Guided Isolation, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites from Cladosporium tenuissimum Associated with Pinus wallichiana
Authors: Naseer Syed , Bhat Khursheed A. , Qadri Masroor , Riyaz‐Ul‐Hassan Syed , Malik Fayaz A. , Khuroo Mohammad A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCladosporium tenuissimum, an endophyte, was isolated from Pinus wallichiana growing in the Western Himalayas of Lolab Valley (Kashmir India) and analysed for its secondary metabolite composition. Column chromatography of the culture broth lead to the isolation of three bioactive molecules viz; (3S, 5S, 11S)‐trihydroxydodecanoic acid, scytalone and o‐hydroxyphenyl acetone. The stereochemistry of (3S, 5S, 11S)‐trihydroxydodecanoic acid was deduced from pandangolide. Pandangolide has been isolated from Cladosporium species and its stereochemistry is known. The isolated constituents were evaluated for cytotoxic and antimicrobial potential against MCF‐7, T47D, MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines and ATCC 29213, ATCC 25922, IIIM 25, MTCC 4748 strains. (3S, 5S, 11S)‐trihydroxydodecanoic acid exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7) with an IC50 of 15 μg/ml. o‐Hydroxyphenyl acetone displayed prominent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus IIIM 25 (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Gram negative) with IC50 of 23.3μg/ml and 43.7μg/ml respectively. o‐Hydroxyphenyl acetone is being reported for the first time from any natural source while as (3S, 5S, 11S)‐trihydroxydodecanoic acid and scytalone for the first time from C. tenuissimum.
A Fast and Additive Free C–C Homo/Cross‐Coupling Reaction in Reverse Micelle: An Understanding of Role of Surfactant, Water Content and Base on the Product Yield and Reaction Site
Authors: Kar Barnali , Bardhan Soumik , Ghosh Prasanjit , Ganguly Bhaskar , Kundu Kaushik , Sarkar Sonali , Paul Bidyut Kumar , Das Sajal 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA fresh modus operandi was designed for additive and ligand free transition metal‐catalyzed C−C homo/cross‐coupling reactions of arylboronic acid in reverse micellar (RMs) templates. Three RMs based on different charge types of polar head groups and length of hydrophobic moieties of surfactants [e. g., anionic (AOT), cationic (DDAB), and non‐ionic (TX 100)] in cyclohexane were chosen herein. The reaction proceeded rapidly in these RMs and completed within 10 minutes at ambient condition. Performance of reaction in terms of yield of the desired product in RMs, was correlated with various physicochemical parameters of these systems as obtained from conductance, DLS and FTIR techniques. The results revealed that AOT is best suited for further studies. The progress of the reaction with time was monitored in AOT RMs as supplementary study by using above mentioned methods. It was emphasized that types of base and catalyst, water content influenced the product yield and plausible reaction location. Finally, the development of a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical biarylviaabove reaction in AOT RM was explored successfully.
Synthesis of Chromeno[4,3‐b]pyrrol‐4(1H)‐ones, from β‐Nitroalkenes and 4‐Phenylaminocoumarins, under Solvent–free Conditions
Authors: Padilha Gustavo , Iglesias Bernardo A. , Back Davi F. , Kaufman Teodoro S. , Silveira Claudio C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA new approach toward chromeno[4,3‐b]pyrrol‐4(1H)‐ones, by annulation of 4‐phenylaminocoumarins with β‐nitroalkenes, is reported and its conditions were optimized. The transformations under the fine‐tuned conditions took place under promotion by TsOH.H2O, in the absence of solvent. The scope and limitations of the process were explored, by systematic modification of two diversification points. A reaction mechanism, triggered by a Michael addition of the nitrogen moiety of the 4‐phenylaminocoumarins to the β‐nitroalkene, was also proposed. Further functionalization of a selected tricycle was performed; the photophysical (UV and fluorescence spectra; 1O2 generation) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) properties of some heterocycles were studied.
Work fragmentation in developer interaction data
Authors: Cruz Luis C. , Sanchez Heider , González Víctor M. , Robbes Romain 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTInformation workers and software developers are exposed to work fragmentation, an interleaving of activities and interruptions during their normal work day. Small‐scale observational studies have shown that this can be detrimental to their work. In this paper, we perform a large‐scale study of this phenomenon for the particular case of software developers performing software evolution tasks. Our study is based on several thousands interaction traces collected by Mylyn and the Eclipse Usage Data Collector. We observe that work fragmentation is correlated to lower observed productivity at both the macro level (for entire sessions) and at the micro level (around markers of work fragmentation); further, longer activity switches seem to strengthen the effect, and different activities seem to be affected differently. These observations give ground for subsequent studies investigating the phenomenon of work fragmentation.
Proposed clinical management of pregnancies after combined screening for pre‐eclampsia at 35–37 weeks' gestation
Authors: Panaitescu A. M. , Wright D. , Militello A. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo estimate the patient‐specific risk of pre‐eclampsia (PE) at 35–37 weeks' gestation by a combination of maternal characteristics and medical history with multiples of the median (MoM) values of mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI), serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and serum soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1), and stratify women into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk management groups.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study in women attending a third‐trimester ultrasound scan at 35–37 weeks as part of routine pregnancy care. Patient‐specific risks of delivery with PE at < 4 weeks from assessment and PE at < 42 weeks' gestation were calculated using the competing‐risks model to combine the prior risk from maternal characteristics and medical history with MoM values of MAP, UtA‐PI, PlGF and sFlt‐1. On the basis of these risks, the population was stratified into high‐, intermediate‐ and low‐risk groups. Different risk cut‐offs were used to vary the proportion of the population stratified into each risk category and the performance of screening for delivery with PE at < 40 and ≥ 40 weeks' gestation was estimated.ResultsThe study population of 3703 singleton pregnancies included 38 (1.0%) with PE < 40 weeks' gestation and 22 (0.6%) with PE ≥ 40 weeks. Using a risk cut‐off of 1 in 50 for PE delivering at < 4 weeks after assessment to define the high‐risk group and a risk cut‐off of < 1 in 100 for PE delivering at < 42 weeks' gestation to define the low‐risk group, the proportion of the population stratified into high, intermediate and low risk was 12.7%, 28.8% and 58.5%, respectively. The high‐risk group contained 92% of pregnancies with PE at < 40 weeks' gestation and 73% of those with PE at ≥ 40 weeks. The intermediate‐risk group contained a further 27% of women with PE at ≥ 40 weeks. In the low‐risk group, none of the women developed PE at < 40 or ≥ 40 weeks' gestation.ConclusionThe study presents risk stratification of PE by the combined test at 35–37 weeks, aiming to identify a high‐risk group in need of intensive monitoring from the time of the initial assessment and up to 40 weeks' gestation, an intermediate‐risk group in need of reassessment at 40 weeks' gestation and a low‐risk group that can be reassured that they are unlikely to develop PE. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
X‐ray waveguide arrays: tailored near fields by multi‐beam interference
Authors: Zhong Q. , Osterhoff M. , Wen M. W. , Wang Z. S. , Salditt T. 
Published: January 2017

A novel 1‐D X‐ray waveguide, the Mo/C waveguide array (WGA), is introduced to tailor the optical near field distribution by precisely designed and controlled multi‐beam interference at 19.9 keV hard X‐ray energy. Seven precisely controlled guiding layers with optimized layer thickness variation were fabricated by high‐precision direct‐current magnetron sputtering of amorphous carbon (C) and molybdenum (Mo). The thickness variations are designed in such a way to introduce the desired phase shifts between the guided output beams, to act as a quasi‐focusing device. The WGA and the layer thicknesses are characterized by X‐ray reflectivity, transmission electron microscopy, and measurement of the synchrotron radiation far‐field intensity pattern. Based on the measurements and simulations, a reliable Mo/C multilayer layers combination can be verified. With the layers thicknesses, simulations inside the WGA and in the optical near field behind it show that multi‐beam interference with the designed phase shifts lead to a relative beam intensity of 0.59 in a quasi‐focal plane 0.08 mm behind the exit, with a spot size of 23.8 nm. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market-Based Regulatory Responses to Private Lending in China: Beyond a Law and Society Paradigm
Authors: SHEN Wei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlong with China’s economic downturn, there has been an increase in the size of China’s underground lending market. The mounting risk in connection with this underground lending market triggers tremendous interest and debates over appropriate and effective regulatory responses. Because of its private and non-transparent character, the underground lending market is likely to confound those seeking to find “black letter” law governing its regulatory framework. Instead of relying on its conventional tighten-up strategy—using the muscle of the Criminal Law—China has orchestrated an experiment by allowing local legislation to formalize part of the underground lending market, as well as a judicial approach by recognizing a higher interest rate charged by underground lenders to borrowers. This article tries to understand the underlying rationale of regulatory and judicial movements through both law and society, and law and finance lens.
New taxa and phyletic evolution of the Aeronian (Llandovery, Silurian) Petalocrinidae (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) in Guizhou, South China Block
Authors: Mao Yingyan , Ausich William I. , Li Yue , Lin Jih-Pai , Lin Caihua 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSystematic paleontology of three new species of Petalocrinidae (Crinoidea) are documented from the carbonate-dominated units of the Shihniulan and equivalent Leijiatun formations (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Baisha, Fengxiang, and Shuibatang sections in Guizhou (China). New taxa are from the Upper Yangtze Epicontinental Sea of the South China Block. The new taxa includePetalocrinus stenopetalusnew species,Spirocrinus circularisnew species, andS.dextrosusnew species. They have a narrow spatial and temporal (Aeronian) distribution. Evolutionary patterns of the four genera of Petalocrinidae are outlined based on the specialized characters of the fused arm plates. Phylogenetic analysis was used to assess morphological relationships within the Petalocrinidae.Petalocrinus inferiorrepresents the plesiomorphic condition for the group and nests as a sister group ofP.stenopetalusn. sp. and theSpirocrinusspecies used in this analysis and the clade exclusively comprised ofSinopetalocrinus. The phylogenetic analysis suggests thatPetalocrinus, as currently defined, might be a paraphyletic genus.
Fermented green tea extract exhibits hypolipidaemic effects through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and promotion of energy expenditure
Authors: Seo Dae-Bang , Jeong Hyun Woo , Kim Yeon-Ji , Kim Sukyung , Kim Jeongkee , Lee Ji Hae , Joo Kyungmi , Choi Jin Kyu , Shin Song Seok , Lee Sung-Joon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHyperlipidaemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and related CVD and can be prevented with natural substances. Previously, we reported that a novelBacillus-fermented green tea (FGT) exerts anti-obesity and hypolipidaemic effects. This study further investigated the hypotriglyceridaemic and anti-obesogenic effects of FGT and its underlying mechanisms. FGT effectively inhibited pancreatic lipase activityin vitro(IC50, 0·48 mg/ml) and ameliorated postprandial lipaemia in rats (26 % reduction with 500 mg/kg FGT). In hypertriglyceridaemic hamsters, FGT administration significantly reduced plasma TAG levels. In mice, FGT administration (500 mg/kg) for 2 weeks augmented energy expenditure by 22 % through the induction of plasma serotonin, a neurotransmitter that modulates energy expenditure and mRNA expressions of lipid metabolism genes in peripheral tissues. Analysis of the gut microbiota showed that FGT reduced the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes in hamsters, which could further contribute to its anti-obesity effects. Collectively, these data demonstrate that FGT decreases plasma TAG levels via multiple mechanisms including inhibition of pancreatic lipase, augmentation of energy expenditure, induction of serotonin secretion and alteration of gut microbiota. These results suggest that FGT may be a useful natural agent for preventing hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity.
Infinitely Many Solutions for Schrödinger–Kirchhoff-Type Fourth-Order Elliptic Equations
Authors: Song Hongxue , Chen Caisheng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper deals with the class of Schrödinger–Kirchhoff-type biharmonic problemswhere Δ2denotes the biharmonic operator, andf∈C(ℝN× ℝ, ℝ) satisfies the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz-type conditions. Under appropriate assumptions onVandf, the existence of infinitely many solutions is proved by using the symmetric mountain pass theorem.
STRUCTURED STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF MORE DIVERSE AND INCLUSIVE AGROFORESTRY OPTIONS
Authors: DUMONT EMILIE SMITH , BONHOMME SUBIRA , PAGELLA TIMOTHY F. , SINCLAIR FERGUS LLOYD 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYThere is a lot of interest in the contribution that agroforestry can make to reverse land degradation and create resilient multifunctional landscapes that provide a range of socio-economic benefits. The agroforestry research agenda has been characterized by approaches that promote a few priority tree species, within a restricted set of technological packages. These have often not spread widely beyond project sites, because they fail to take account of fine scale variation in farmer circumstances. New methods are needed to generate diverse sets of agroforestry options that can reconcile production and conservation objectives and embrace varying local conditions across large scaling domains. Here, we document a novel approach that couples local knowledge acquisition with structured stakeholder engagement to build an inclusive way of designing agroforestry options. We applied this approach in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where armed conflict, erratic governance and poverty have resulted in severe pressure on forests in the Virunga National Park, a global biodiversity hotspot. Around the park, natural resources and land are severely degraded, whereas most reforestation interventions have consisted of exotic monocultures dominated by Eucalyptus species grown as energy or timber woodlots mainly by male farmers with sufficient land to allocate some exclusively to trees. We found that structured stakeholder engagement led to a quick identification of a much greater diversity of trees (more than 70 species) to be recommended for use within varied field, farm and landscape niches, serving the interests of a much greater diversity of people, including women and marginalized groups. The process also identified key interventions to improve the enabling environment required to scale up the adoption of agroforestry. These included improving access to quality tree planting material, capacity strengthening within the largely non-governmental extension system, and collective action to support value capture from agroforestry products, through processing and market interventions. Integrating local and global scientific knowledge, coupled with facilitating broad-based stakeholder participation, resulted in shifting from reliance on a few priority tree species to promoting tree diversity across the Virunga landscape that could underpin more productive and resilient livelihoods. The approach is relevant for scaling up agroforestry more generally.
Combined sea-level and climate controls on limestone formation, hiatuses and ammonite preservation in the Blue Lias Formation, South Britain (uppermost Triassic – Lower Jurassic)
Authors: WEEDON GRAHAM P. , JENKYNS HUGH C. , PAGE KEVIN N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLithostratigraphic and magnetic-susceptibility logs for four sections in the Blue Lias Formation are combined with a re-assessment of the ammonite biostratigraphy. A Shaw plot correlating the West Somerset coast with the Devon/Dorset coast at Lyme Regis, based on 63 common biohorizon picks, together with field evidence, demonstrate that intra-formational hiatuses are common. Compared to laminated shale deposition, the climate associated with light marl is interpreted as both drier and stormier. Storm-related non-deposition favoured initiation of limestone formation near the sediment–water interface. Areas and time intervals with reduced water depths had lower net accumulation rates and developed a greater proportion of limestone. Many homogeneous limestone beds have no ammonites preserved, whereas others contain abundant fossils. Non-deposition encouraged shallow sub-sea-floor cementation which, if occurring after aragonite dissolution, generated limestones lacking ammonites. Abundant ammonite preservation in limestones required both rapid burial by light marl during storms as well as later storm-related non-deposition and near-surface carbonate cementation that occurred prior to aragonite dissolution. The limestones are dominated by a mixture of early framework-supporting cement that minimized compaction of fossils, plus a later micrograde cement infill. At Lyme Regis, the relatively low net accumulation rate ensured that final cementation of the limestones took place at relatively shallow burial depths. On the West Somerset coast, however, much higher accumulation rates led to deeper burial before final limestone cementation. Consequently, the oxygen-isotope ratios of the limestones on the West Somerset coast, recording precipitation of the later diagenetic calcite at higher temperatures, are lower than those at Lyme Regis.
A novel assay for the detection of anthelmintic activity mediated by cuticular damage to nematodes: validation onCaenorhabditis elegansexposed to cysteine proteinases
Authors: PHIRI A. M. , DE POMERAI D. I. , BUTTLE D. J. , BEHNKE J. M. 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYPlant cysteine proteinases (CPs) fromCarica papayakill parasitic and free-living nematodesin vitroby hydrolysis of the worm cuticle, a mechanism that is different to all commercially available synthetic anthelmintics. We have developed a cheap and effective, rapid-throughputCaenorhabditis elegans-based assay for screening plant CP extracts for anthelmintic activity targeting cuticular integrity. The assay exploits colorimetric methodology for assessment of cuticular damage, and is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind Neutral red dye within lysosomes and to release the dye when damaged. Living worms are pre-stained with the dye, exposed to CPs and then leakage of the dye through the damaged cuticle is quantified by spectrophotometry. In contrast to motility assays and semi-subjective interpretation of microscopical images, this colorimetric assay is independent of observer bias. Our assay was applied to a series ofC. elegans busmutant strains with leaky cuticles and to cystatin knockout mutants. At ambient temperature and over 0.5–24 h, bothbusmutants and the cystatin knockouts were highly susceptible to CPs, whereas wild-type Bristol N2 worms were essentially unstained by Neutral red and unaffected by CPs, providing validation for the utility of this assay.
A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture
Authors: Davis Georgina A. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTMcMurdo Station, Antarctica, is a US Federal research facility operated year-round by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Its primary mission is to support scientific research, but it also provides logistical air and ground support for South Pole Station, seasonal field sites and nearby stations operated by other countries. It is the largest station in Antarctica, supporting up to 1,200 people. While McMurdo Station has a long scientific legacy, the facility also has an interesting architectural and engineering history that spans 60 years and has its antecedents in the ‘heroic age’ of exploration (1898–1916) and the Little America expeditions (1929–1958). Here, I describe the history of the built environment of McMurdo Station to clarify how it evolved from a temporary air station in the late 1950s to its current role as the flagship research facility of the US Antarctic Research Program (USAP). This historical review may provide insights that are useful as the station continues to transform and evolve, allowing it to continue its scientific mission into the 21st century.