bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Left atrial appendage closure: Initial experience with the ultraseal device
Authors: Regueiro Ander , Bernier Mathieu , O'Hara Gilles , O'Connor Kim , Paradis Jean‐Michel , Beaudoin Jonathan , Rodriguez‐Gabella Tania , Champagne Jean , Rodés‐Cabau Josep 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesWe report the initial experience of percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure with the Ultraseal device.BackgroundLAA closure is an alternative to oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and high risk of bleeding. The Ultraseal device is a new LAA closure prosthesis that consists of a distal soft bulb and a proximal sail attached by an articulating joint that allows a high degree of device conformability to the different variations of the LAA anatomy.MethodsWe included 12 consecutive patients with NVAF who underwent LAA closure with the Ultraseal device between January and December 2015 in our center. Patients had clinical and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations at baseline and at 45 days following LAA closure.ResultsThe device was successfully implanted in all patients, with no periprocedural complications. There were no episodes of bleeding, stroke, pericardial effusion, or device embolization at 45‐day follow‐up. No cases with residual leaks >5 mm were observed at TEE. One patient presented a device related thrombus without clinical consequences.ConclusionsThis initial experience with the Ultraseal LAA closure device demonstrates preliminary safety and feasibility. Further larger studies with longer follow‐up are warranted. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic and prenatal findings in two Japanese patients with Schinzel–Giedion syndrome
Authors: Hishimura Nozomi , Watari Michiko , Ohata Hiroki , Fuseya Naho , Wakiguchi Sadae , Tokutomi Tomoharu , Okuhara Kouji , Takahashi Nobuhiro , Iizuka Susumu , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Mishima Takashi , Fujieda Satoko , Kobayashi Ryoji , Cho Kazutoshi , Kuroda Yukiko , Kurosawa Kenji , Tonoki Hidefumi 
Published: November 2016

Key Clinical MessageWe report two Japanese patients with Schinzel–Giedion syndrome. When polyhydramnios is observed, additional fetal findings such as overlapping fingers, hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis, and very characteristic facial appearance comprising high, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, and depressed nasal root may suggest Schinzel–Giedion syndrome.
Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton‐Transfer Properties of Three Tris(N‐Salicylideneaniline)‐Based Chromophores with Extended Conjugation
Authors: Jagadesan Pradeepkumar , Whittemore Tyler , Beirl Toni , Turro Claudia , McGrier Psaras L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe synthesis and photophysical properties of three tris(N‐salicylideneaniline) (TSA) compounds containing 1,3,5‐triarylbenzene, ‐tristyrylbenzene, and ‐tris(arylethynyl)benzene core units are reported. The TSA compounds underwent efficient excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in solution and in solid state due to the preformed C=N⋅⋅⋅H−O hydrogen‐bonded motifs of the structures. Steady‐state fluorescence emission spectra of the TSA molecules revealed dual bands only in DMSO, and large Stokes shifts in other polar aprotic and protic solvents. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic measurements in THF revealed lifetime values in the range of 14–16 ps for the excited‐state keto‐tautomer. The TSA compounds are also responsive to metal ions (Cu2+ and Zn2+) in DMSO, exhibit enhanced aggregate‐induced emission (AIE) properties in DMSO/water mixtures, and are highly luminescent in the solid state.
One‐Pot Ligation–Oxidative Deselenization at Selenocysteine and Selenocystine
Authors: Mitchell Nicholas J. , Kulkarni Sameer S. , Malins Lara R. , Wang Siyao , Payne Richard J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe use of native chemical ligation at selenocysteine (Sec) residues with peptide thioesters and additive‐free selenocystine ligation with peptides bearing phenyl selenoesters, in concert with one‐pot oxidative deselenization chemistry, is described. These approaches provide a simple and rapid method for accessing native peptides with serine in place of Sec at the ligation junction. The efficiency of both variants of the one‐pot ligation–oxidative deselenization chemistry is probed through the synthesis of a MUC5AC‐derived glycopeptide.
Chiral Assemblies from an Achiral Pyridinium‐Tailored Anthracene
Authors: Hu Jun , Gao Lei , Zhu Youliang , Wang Peiyi , Lin Yuan , Sun Zhaoyan , Yang Song , Wang Qian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChiral helical structures have attracted increasing attention in the field of supramolecular assembly because of their critical roles in life and material sciences. In this research, the achiral amphiphile 1‐[11‐(2‐anthracenylmethoxy)‐11‐oxoundecyl]pyridinium bromide (2‐APB), in which the hydrophobic anthracene and the hydrophilic pyridinium units are linked by alkyl chains, was found to form chiral supramolecular assemblies in a cooperative manner in the presence of iodide anion. Moreover, these assemblies show left (L)‐ or right (R)‐handedness randomly, independent of the assembly conditions. By using the same method, 2‐APB could assemble together with other pseudo‐halogen anions (OCN−, SCN−, SeCN−) that have similar anionic radius as iodide to form chiral structures. This work illustrates a simple and rational design that can be used to fabricate supramolecular chiral structures from achiral molecules.
Half‐Sandwich Alkyl, Amido, and Iodo Samarium(II) Complexes: Non‐Conventional Sterically Governed Oxidation of (tBu4Carb)2Sm
Authors: Selikhov Alexander N. , Mahrova Tatyana V. , Cherkasov Anton V. , Fukin Georgy K. , Maron Laurent , Trifonov Alexander A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe half‐sandwich tetra‐tert‐butylcarbazol‐9‐yl iodo complex [(tBu4Carb)Sm(μ‐I)(THF)2]2(1) was synthesized by the salt metathesis reaction oftBu4CarbK and SmI2(THF)2in THF. Complex1along with metallic Cu was also isolated from the oxidation reaction of (tBu4Carb)2Sm by CuI. The formation of stable radicaltBu4Carb.was detected in this non‐conventional process, indicating preferential oxidation of aniontBu4Carb−vs. SmII. The treatment of1with two equivalents of dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 resulted in heterolytic dissociation of a η5‐bond Sm‐tBu4Carb and afforded an ionic compound [tBu4carb−][SmI(crown)(THF)2]+(4). Alkylation of1witho‐NMe2C6H4CH2K (1:2 molar ratio) in THF allowed for the synthesis of half‐sandwich SmIIalkyl complex (tBu4Carb)SmCH2(o‐NMe2C6H4CH2)(THF)2(5) in 55 % yield. The amido complex (tBu4Carb)SmN(SiMe3)2(DME) (6) was obtained by the reaction of1with two molar equivalents of NaN(SiMe3)2in THF in 89 % yield.
Evolution of a Polyene Cyclization Cascade for the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Cyclosmenospongine
Authors: Speck Klaus , Magauer Thomas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe report a full account on the development of a unique cationic polyene cyclization for the total synthesis of the tetracyclic meroterpenoid (−)‐cyclosmenospongine. A highly convergent three‐component coupling strategy enabled rapid access to individual cyclization precursors that were tested for their reactivity. The successful transformation generates three rings and sets four consecutive stereocenters in a single operation proceeding in a highly efficient manner to give exclusively the trans‐decalin framework. In addition, we found that the enol ether geometry and the relative configuration of C3 and C8 are crucial for the success of the polyene cyclization.
Redox‐Active N‐Heterocyclic Germylenes and Stannylenes with a Ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl Backbone
Authors: Oetzel Jan , Weyer Nadine , Bruhn Clemens , Leibold Michael , Gerke Birgit , Pöttgen Rainer , Maier Markus , Winter Rainer F. , Holthausen Max. C. , Siemeling Ulrich 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe describe ferrocene‐based N‐heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes of the type [Fe{(η5‐C5H4)NR}2E:] (1 RE; E=Ge, Sn; R=neopentyl (Np), mesityl (Mes), trimethylsilyl (TMS)), which constitute the first examples of redox‐functionalised N‐heterocyclic tetrylenes (NHTs). These compounds are thermally stable and were structurally characterised by means of X‐ray diffraction studies, except for the neopentyl‐substituted stannylene 1 NpSn, the decomposition of which afforded the aminoiminoferrocene [fc(NHCH2tBu)(N=CHtBu)] (2) and the spiro tin(IV) compound (1 Np)2Sn (3). DFT calculations show that the HOMO of the NHTs of our study is localised on the ferrocenylene backbone. A one‐electron oxidation process affords ions of the type 1 RE+.. In contrast to the NHC system 1 RC, the localised ferrocenium‐type nature of the oxidised form does not compromise the fundamental tetrylene character of 1 RE+..
ChemInform Abstract: Zintl Phases K4‐NaxSi4 (1 ≤ x ≤ 2.2) and K7NaSi8: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopic Investigations.
Authors: Scherf Lavinia M. , Pecher Oliver , Griffith Kent J. , Haarmann Frank , Grey Clare P. , Faessler Thomas F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractK4‐xNaxSi4 (x = 1—2.2) and K7NaSi8 are prepared by solid state reactions of stoichiometric amounts of K4Si4 and Na4Si4 (Ta tubes in evacuated silica tubes, 450—500 °C, 7 d; cooling rate of 0.1 °C/min).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Black Pigments Based on Calcium Manganese Oxides for High Near‐Infrared (NIR) Reflectance.
Authors: Oka Ryohei , Masui Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPolycrystalline samples of CaMnO3, Ca2MnO4, Ca3Mn2O7, and Ca4Mn3O10 are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of CaCO3 and MnO2 in air (1473 K, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Structure and Luminescence Properties of Ba2V2O7 Microrods.
Authors: Yu Ruijin , Yuan Maosen , Li Tianbao , Tu Qin , Wang Jinyi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSelf‐activated Ba2V2O7 phosphor microrods are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Ba(NO3)2 and V2O5 in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: CuFeS2 Quantum Dots and Highly Luminescent CuFeS2 Based Core/Shell Structures: Synthesis, Tunability, and Photophysics.
Authors: Bhattacharyya Biswajit , Pandey Anshu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCuFeS2 quantum dots (QDs) are prepared by injecting both dodecanethiol and a sulfur solution in oleylamine into an equimolar FeCl2 and Cu(OAc)2 solution in octadecene and oleic acid at 180 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Monitoring of Fast Li‐Ion Conductor Li7P3S11 Crystallization Inside a Hot‐Press Setup.
Authors: Janek Juergen , et al.  
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn the light of a more detailed view into the conduction paths of the Li7P3S11 structure, a hot press setup is described which facilitates both the preparation of the solid electrolyte and impedance spectroscopic investigations under simultaneous temperature‐ and pressure‐monitoring.
ChemInform Abstract: Br2F7‐ and Br3F10‐: Peculiar Anions Showing μ2‐ and μ3‐Bridging F‐Atoms.
Authors: Ivlev S. I. , Karttunen A. J. , Ostvald R. V. , Kraus F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMBr3F10 (M: Rb, Cs) and RbBr2F7 are obtained in the reaction of equimolar amounts of MCl and BrF3 (prepared by passing gaseous F2 through liquid Br2) using Freon‐113 as both a moisture protection and coolant for the exothermic reaction (PTFE tube, 98, 97, and 91% yield, respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Six and Twelve Membered Borophosphate Ring Structure with Nonlinear Optical Activity.
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ali , Li Yan‐Yan , Lin Hua , Zhang Li‐Jun , Liu Peng‐Fei , Zhao Hua‐Jun , Duan Rui‐Huan , Wang Jin‐Qiu , Chen Ling 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLi3Cs2Ba2B3P6 O24 (I) is prepared by solid state reaction of a 1:2:1:2 molar mixture of Li2O, BaO, B2O3, and P2O5 (graphite crucible in evacuated silica tubes, complex heating schedule).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth, Structure, and Properties, of a New Oxovanadium(IV) Phosphate Material, [H2en]4 [V7P8O35(OH)6(H2O)] ·3H2O Prepared via a Mild One Step Hydrothermal Route.
Authors: Cortese Anthony J. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe title compound is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of NaVO3, H3PO4, H2O, and en as the reducing agent (thick‐walled pyrex tube, 170 °C, 5 d; ≈82% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: BF3·OEt2‐Mediated syn‐Selective Meyer—Schuster Rearrangement of Phenoxy Propargyl Alcohols for Z‐β‐Aryl‐α,β‐unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Puri Surendra , Hari Babu Madala , Sridhar Reddy Maddi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA stereoselective Meyer—Schuster rearrangement of 1‐aryl‐3‐phenoxypropargyl alcohols gives Z‐α,β‐unsaturated β‐aryl carboxylates under ambient conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Copper‐Free Stereoselective Cyanation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes by Using Benzyl Nitrile as a Cyanating Reagent.
Authors: Zhang Juan , Xu Chengyuan , Wu Wei , Cao Song 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSubstituted (E)‐acrylonitriles are obtained under mild conditions with air or oxygen as oxidant without the need for toxic metal cyanides as reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: CuII‐Catalyzed Regioselective Borylation of Alkynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Liu Shiwen , Zeng Xiaojun , Xu Bo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe title reaction gives exclusive β‐borylation products (III), (V), (VII) for most substrates in excellent yields, in which the multidentate electron‐poor nitrogen ligand discourages the formation of α‐addition products through steric hindrance.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Iridium/Acid Co‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenative C(sp3)—H Bond Alkylation to Access Functionalized N‐Heteroaromatics.
Authors: Tan Zhenda , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhang Min 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA novel transfer hydrogenative coupling strategy for sp3 C—H bonds is introduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Monofluoroalkenylation of Dimethylamino Compounds Through Radical—Radical Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Xie Jin , Yu Jintao , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBlue LEDs as light source and Ir complex IPB as photocatalyst mediated cross‐coupling between tertiary amines possessing an N‐methyl or N‐methylene group and geminal difluoroalkenes to give the C(sp3)‐fluoroalkenylated products in modest to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Entry to Yne‐Amides from Yne‐Oxazolidinones.
Authors: Demmer Charles S. , Evano Gwilherm 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe ring opening of yne‐oxazolidinones (I) and (V) with organolithium reagents (II) followed by trapping of the intermediate alkoxide with electrophiles (III) gives rise to desired yne‐amides (IVa‐f) and (VIa‐e).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Cascade Aldol—Cyclization of Tertiary Ketone Enolates for Enantioselective Synthesis of Keto‐Esters with a C—F Quaternary Stereogenic Center.
Authors: Sha Wanxing , Zhang Lijun , Zhang Wenzhong , Mei Haibo , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe convenient reaction delivers the products in high yields and with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐NHC‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of General Aryl Sulfides with Alkynyl Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Baralle Alexandre , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCross‐coupling reactions of unactivated aryl sulfides with alkynylmagnesium chloride are invented to afford 1‐aryl‐1‐alkynes with the aid of a palladium/N‐heterocyclic carbene complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Stetter Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes with (E)‐(2‐Nitrovinyl)cyclohexane Induced by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Thiourea.
Authors: Cheng Qing‐Fang , Wang Jing‐Wen , Wang Qi‐Fa , Liu Zhou 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVarious β‐nitroketones are prepared in moderate to good yields using thiazolium perchlorate as catalyst and in the presence of thiourea.
ChemInform Abstract: SeO2 Mediated Efficient Synthesis of Amides and α‐Ketoamides of Secondary Amines with Wide Substrate Scope.
Authors: Meena Samdarshi , Singh Rohit , Vishwakarma Ram A. , Aga Mushtaq A. , Jain Shreyans K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA facile SeO2‐mediated methodology for the synthesis of α‐ketoamides from acetophenones or phenylacetylenes as well as amides from aryl aldehydes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Iodide—Catalyzed Amidation of Phenylboronic Acids/Aryl Bromides Using 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine as Ligand.
Authors: Alapati Mohan Lakshmi Punna Rao , Abburu Sridhar Rao , Mutyala Krishnaji Rao , Mukkamala Saratchandra Babu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis methodology provides structurally diverse N‐arylbenzamides (III) in very good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Pentafluoroethyl Thioethers via Catalytic Sandmeyer Reaction with a Stable Fluoroalkylthiolation Reagent.
Authors: Matheis C. , Bayarmagnai B. , Jouvin K. , Goossen L. J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCommercially available Me4NSC2F5 (II) is used as bench‐stable reagent in a Sandmeyer‐type reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Regioselective Reactions of 2‐Indolylmethanols with Cyclic Enaminone and Anhydride Leading to C3‐Functionalized Indole Derivatives.
Authors: Li Can , Zhang Hong‐Hao , Fan Tao , Shen Yang , Wu Qiong , Shi Feng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn abnormal regioselective substitution of 2‐indolylmethanols with nucleophiles, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrole and Fluorescent Isoquinoline Derivatives Using NaN3/NH4Cl Promoted Intramolecular Aza‐Annulation.
Authors: Jana Akash , Manna Susanta Kumar , Mondal Suresh Kumar , Mandal Arabinda , Manna Saikat Kumar , Jana Avijit , Senapati Bidyut Kumar , Jana Manas , Samanta Shubhankar 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA variety of pyrrole and isoquinoline derivatives (II), (IV), (VI) are synthesized via aza‐exo‐trig and aza‐endo‐dig cyclization of alkenyl or alkynyl carbaldehydes (I), (III), (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Construction of Polyfunctionalized Arylazopyrazoles from β‐Ketoesters or 2‐Arylpyrazol‐3‐ones and Arylhydrazines.
Authors: Pandit Rameshwar Prasad , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA three‐component cyclization reaction of β‐keto esters with two equivalents of arylhydrazines yields (arylazo)pyrazoles via an in situ α‐iodination of the β‐keto esters, pyrazol‐3‐one formation, nucleophilic substitution, and aromatization cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Enantioselective Addition of Alkyl Radicals to Alkenes via Visible‐Light‐Activated Photoredox Catalysis with a Chiral Rhodium Complex.
Authors: Huo Haohua , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe development of photoredox conditions for the high‐yielding highly enantioselective addition of benzylic, alkoxylic as well as secondary and tertiary aliphatic trifluoroborates to the alkene moiety of 2‐alkeneacyl substituted imidazoles or pyrazole derivatives is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Regioselective Thiolation of Flavonoids Using Sulfonyl Hydrazides as Sulfenylation Reagents.
Authors: Zhao Xia , Deng Zhijie , Wei Aoqi , Li Boyang , Lu Kui 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRegioselective aryl and alkyl thiolation reactions of flavonoid derivatives are described which proceed in position C‐8 for C‐5 hydroxylated flavone, flavonol, dihydroflavone, and isoflavones derivatives, or in position 7 in case of C‐4 hydroxylated aurone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones by the Reaction of (Het)arylmethanamines with Isatoic Anhydride.
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Hassanzadeh Rasool , Soheilizad Mehdi , Golshani Shiva , Moghimi Setareh , Firoozpour Loghman , Shafiee Abbas , Foroumadi Alireza 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe one‐pot reaction between isatoic anhydride (I) and benzylamines (II) leads to the formation of N‐substituted anthranilamides, which under aerobic conditions in the presence of CuBr undergo an in situ oxidation ‐ cyclization sequence to afford title compounds (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel 2,5‐Diphenyl Oxazole Derivatives from Gymnotheca chinensis.
Authors: Xiao Shi‐Ji , Guo Da‐Le , Zhang Mao‐Sheng , Peng Shu‐Ling , Chen Fang , Zhou Yan , Ding Li‐Sheng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGymnothecaoxazoles A and B (I) are isolated from the whole parts of endemic medicinal plant of Gymnotheca chinensis (Saururaceae).
ChemInform Abstract: Comprehensive Comparison Between the Gas‐Phase SN2 Reactions at Carbon and at Nitrogen
Authors: Liu Yun‐Yun , Ren Si‐Jia , Huang Jing , Liang Yu‐tong , Wei Xi‐Guang , Ren Yi , Lau Kai‐Chung , Zhu Jun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractReview: 111 refs.
Perception of gold materials by projecting a solid color on black materials
Authors: Tanaka Midori , Horiuchi Takahiko 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGold gives a unique luxurious impression and therefore golden objects are often desired. Since gold is an expensive metal, due to its rarity, it is not feasible to produce objects made of gold at reasonable prices. In this study, we have developed a simple representation method that makes real objects appear to be made of gold using projection mapping technology. In recent years, this technology has been extensively explored, mainly in the field of entertainment. Most of these studies were focused on technologies where a target image was superimposed onto an object. Our method, unlike the conventional approach, does not project a target gold image but simply projects a solid color onto an object, thereby giving the perception that the object is made of gold. We have conducted two psychophysical experiments to substantiate our representation method, using stimuli having the same color. Our results indicate that objects were more easily perceived as golden objects when a solid color was projected onto black objects rather than white objects. Furthermore, a few samples were perceived as metals, even though they were actually paper or fabric. These results suggest that when superimposing a solid color onto an object, a change in material type is perceived along with the change of its color. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between psychophysical evaluations on the perception of projected gold objects and the physical properties of the materials. The results show that the average and the standard deviation of reflectance generated by black objects can be considered factors that affect the perception of a gold‐like color. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 522–530, 2017
Bypassing system calls–based intrusion detection systems
Authors: Rosenberg Ishai , Gudes Ehud 
Published: November 2016

SummaryMachine learning augments today's intrusion detection system (IDS) capability to cope with unknown malware. However, if an attacker gains partial knowledge about the IDS' classifier, he can create a modified version of his malware, which can evade detection. In this article we present an IDS on the basis of various classifiers using system calls, executed by the inspected code as features. We then present a camouflage algorithm that is used to modify malicious code to be classified as benign, while preserving the code's functionality, for decision tree and random forest classifiers. We also present transformations to the classifier's input, to prevent this camouflage ‐ and a modified camouflage algorithm that overcomes those transformations. Our research shows that it is not enough to provide a decision tree based classifier with a large training set to counter malware. One must also be aware of the possibility that the classifier would be fooled by a camouflage algorithm, and try to counter such an attempt with techniques such as input transformation or training set updates.