bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similarities and differences between three coexisting spaceborne radars in global rainfall and snowfall estimation
Authors: Tang Guoqiang , Wen Yixin , Gao Jinyu , Long Di , Ma Yingzhao , Wan Wei , Hong Yang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPrecipitation is one of the most important components in the water and energy cycles. Radars are considered the best available technology for observing the spatial distribution of precipitation either from the ground since the 1980s or from space since 1998. This study, for the first time ever, compares and evaluates the only three existing spaceborne precipitation radars, i.e., the Ku‐band precipitation radar (PR), the W‐band Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), and the Ku/Ka‐band Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). The three radars are matched up globally and intercompared in the only period which they coexist: 2014–2015. In addition, for the first time ever, TRMM PR and GPM DPR are evaluated against hourly rain gauge data in Mainland China. Results show that DPR and PR agree with each other and correlate very well with gauges in Mainland China. However, both show limited performance in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) known as the Earth's third pole. DPR improves light precipitation detectability, when compared with PR, whereas CPR performs best for light precipitation and snowfall. DPR snowfall has the advantage of higher sampling rates than CPR; however, its accuracy needs to be improved further. The future development of spaceborne radars is also discussed in two complementary categories: (1) multifrequency radar instruments on a single platform and (2) constellations of many small cube radar satellites, for improving global precipitation estimation. This comprehensive intercomparison of PR, CPR, and DPR sheds light on spaceborne radar precipitation retrieval and future radar design.
Geodynamics of divergent double subduction: 3‐D numerical modeling of a Cenozoic example in the Molucca Sea region, Indonesia
Authors: Zhang Qingwen , Guo Feng , Zhao Liang , Wu Yangming 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGeological observations reveal existence of a unique form of plate subduction featuring subduction on both sides of one single oceanic plate, which is termed divergent double subduction (DDS). DDS may play an important role in facilitating tectonic processes like closure of oceanic basins, accretion and amalgamation of magmatic arcs, and growth of continents. However, this type of subduction has been largely a conceptual model and the geodynamics behind DDS are still poorly constrained. The Molucca Sea subduction zone in SE Asia has been considered as a Cenozoic example of DDS based on geophysical and geological data and provides an opportunity for detailed assessment of how DDS occurs. Here we present 3‐D numerical modeling with aims to reproduce the geodynamic processes of DDS. Several factors that may have important influences on the evolution of DDS are evaluated, including the geometry of the subducting plate, the order of subduction initiation on both sides, the far‐field boundary conditions and thickness of the overriding plates, and the negative buoyancy of the subducting plate. Our results reproduce the observed asymmetrical shape of the subducting Molucca Sea plate and the bending of Halmahera and Sangihe arcs and suggest that DDS is possible if effective escape of the slab‐trapped upper mantle overcomes the space problem, otherwise the slab‐trapped mantle may hinder the sustainability of subduction. We therefore conclude that DDS is associated with closure of narrow and short oceanic plate, and large‐scale double subduction is rare in nature probably owing to space problem.
A new global database to improve predictions of permeability distribution in crystalline rocks at site scale
Authors: Achtziger‐Zupančič P. , Loew S. , Mariéthoz G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA comprehensive worldwide permeability data set has been compiled consisting of 29,000 in situ permeabilities from 221 publications and reports and delineating the permeability distribution in crystalline rocks into depths of 2000 meters below ground surface (mbgs). We analyze the influence of technical factors (measurement method, scale effects, preferential sampling, and hydraulic anisotropy) and geological factors (lithology, current stress regime, current seismotectonic activity, and long‐term tectonogeological history) on the permeability distribution with depth, by using regression analysis and k‐means clustering. The influence of preferential sampling and hydraulic anisotropy are negligible. A scale dependency is observed based on calculated rock test volumes equaling 0.6 orders of magnitude of permeability change per order of magnitude of rock volume tested. Based on the entire data set, permeability decreases as log(k) = −1.5 × log(z) − 16.3 with permeability k (m2) and positively increasing depth z (km), and depth is the main factor driving the permeability distribution. The permeability variance is about 2 orders of magnitude at all depths, presumably representing permeability variations around brittle fault zones. Permeability and specific yield/storage exhibit similar depth trends. While in the upper 200 mbgs fracture flow varies between confined and unconfined, we observe confined fracture and matrix flow below about 600 mbgs depth. The most important geological factors are current seismotectonic activity (determined by peak ground acceleration) and long‐term tectonogeological history (determined by geological province). The impact of lithology is less important. Based on the regression coefficients derived for all the geological key factors, permeability ranges of crystalline rocks at site scale can be predicted. First tests with independent data sets are promising.
Modeling blowing snow accumulation downwind of an obstruction: The Ohara Eulerian particle distribution equation
Authors: Kinar N. J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAn equation was proposed to model the height of blowing snow accumulation downwind of an obstacle such as vegetation, a snow fence, a building, or a topographic feature. The equation does not require aerodynamic flow condition parameters such as wind speed, allowing for the spatial distribution of snow to be determined at locations where meteorological data is not available. However, snow particle diffusion, drift, and erosion coefficients must be estimated for application of the equation. These coefficients can be used to provide insight into the relative magnitude of blowing snow processes at a field location. Further research is required to determine efficient methods for coefficient estimation. The equation could be used with other models of wind‐transported snow to predict snow accumulation downwind of an obstacle without the need for wind speed adjustments or correction equations. Applications for this equation include the design of snow fences, and the use of this equation with other hydrological models to predict snow distribution, climate change, drought, flooding, and avalanches.
Adaptive saturated finite‐time control algorithm for buck‐type DC‐DC converter systems
Authors: Cheng Yingying , Yang Chen , Wen Guanghui , He Yigang 
Published: April 2017

SummaryTo enhance the convergent rate and robustness of buck‐type DC‐DC converter system, a new finite‐time voltage regulation control algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, an average state space‐based model is analyzed, which considers both the parameters uncertainties and the variations of load and input voltage. By using saturation finite‐time control theory, at the first step, in the absence of disturbance, a new fast voltage regulation control algorithm is designed, which can guarantee that the output voltage converges to the reference voltage in a finite time. Because the saturation constraint is considered during the controller design, the duty ratio function of the converter satisfies the constraint between 0 and 1. Second, in the presence of disturbance, a finite‐time convergent disturbance observer is designed to estimate the unknown disturbances in a finite time. Finally, a disturbance observer‐based finite‐time voltage regulation control algorithm is developed. Compared with PI (Proportional‐Integral) control algorithm, circuit simulations show that the proposed algorithm has a faster regulation performance and stronger robustness performance on disturbance rejection.
Toward Practical High‐Energy Batteries: A Modular‐Assembled Oval‐Like Carbon Microstructure for Thick Sulfur Electrodes
Authors: Ye Yusheng , Wu Feng , Liu Yuting , Zhao Teng , Qian Ji , Xing Yi , Li Wanlong , Huang Jiaqi , Li Li , Huang Qianming , Bai Xuedong , Chen Renjie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe modular assembly of microstructures from simple nanoparticles offers a powerful strategy for creating materials with new functionalities. Such microstructures have unique physicochemical properties originating from confinement effects. Here, the modular assembly of scattered ketjen black nanoparticles into an oval‐like microstructure via double “Fischer esterification,” which is a form of surface engineering used to fine‐tune the materials surface characteristics, is presented. After carbonization, the oval‐like carbon microstructure shows promise as a candidate sulfur host for the fabrication of thick sulfur electrodes. Indeed, a specific discharge capacity of 8.417 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C with a high sulfur loading of 8.9 mg cm−2 is obtained. The large‐scale production of advanced lithium–sulfur battery pouch cells with an energy density of 460.08 Wh kg−1@18.6 Ah is also reported. This work provides a radically different approach for tuning the performance of a variety of surfaces for energy storage materials and biological applications by reconfiguring nanoparticles into desired structures.
Induzierte chemische Verteidigung eines Ständerpilzes durch eine doppelbindungsverschiebende Polyensynthase
Authors: Brandt Philip , García‐Altares María , Nett Markus , Hertweck Christian , Hoffmeister Dirk 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDie antilarvalen pilzlichen Polyene 18‐Methyl‐19‐oxoicosaoctaensäure und 20‐Methyl‐21‐oxodocosanonaensäure werden von dem den Schichtpilzen (Stereaceae) zugehörigen Pilzisolat BY1 als Reaktion auf Verwundung des Mycels gebildet. Wir identifizierten eine Polyketidsynthase (PPS1), die zu einer bislang völlig uncharakterisierten Gruppe dieser Enzyme gehört. Nach Schädigung des Mycels wird das Gen PPS1 stark induziert. Die Synthese der obigen Polyene wurde im Schimmelpilz Aspergillus niger als heterologem Wirt nachgestellt. Dies zeigt, dass PPS1 1) gleichzeitig verzweigtkettige Polyketide verschiedener Längen produziert und 2) die beispiellose Verschiebung von acht oder neun Doppelbindungen katalysiert. Unsere Arbeit stellt die erste Charakterisierung einer reduzierenden Polyketidsynthase aus einem Ständerpilz dar. Außerdem zeigen wir, dass verletzungsinduzierte De‐novo‐Synthese von Polyketiden eine pilzliche Antwort auf Umwelteinflüsse ist.
Metallfreie formale oxidative C‐C‐Kupplung durch In‐situ‐Erzeugung einer elektrophilen Enoloniumspezies
Authors: Kaiser Daniel , de la Torre Aurélien , Shaaban Saad , Maulide Nuno 
Published: April 2017

AbstractViele moderne organische Synthesen nutzen die intrinsische, natürliche Polarität der chemischen Bindungen und reaktiven Zentren der Substrate. Die Entwicklung unkonventionell polarisierter Synthone ist daher eine wünschenswerte Strategie, weil somit neuartige retrosynthetische Schritte in der Synthese komplexer Strukturen zugänglich gemacht werden können. Während die Umpolung von Carbonylzentren eine gängige Strategie ist, finden sich in der Literatur nur wenige Berichte über die Polaritätsumkehr der α‐Position von Carbonylen. Wir stellen hier die Entwicklung einer neuen elektrophilen Enoloniumspezies und ihre Anwendung in der chemoselektiven, metallfreien oxidativen C‐C‐Kupplung vor.
Bildung von Nanopartikeln durch Elektronentransfer in Peptiden und c‐Cytochromen
Authors: Vasylevskyi Serhii I. , Kracht Sonja , Corcosa Paula , Fromm Katharina M. , Giese Bernd , Füeg Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDie Reduktion von Ag+‐Ionen zu Ag0‐Atomen ist ein stark endergonischer Schritt, und erst die Aggregation zu Agn‐Clustern führt zu einem exergonischen Prozess. Diese elementaren Reaktionen spielen eine entscheidende Rolle, wenn Ag‐Nanopartikel (AgNPs) durch Elektronentransfer(ET)‐Reaktionen aus Ag+‐Ionen erzeugt werden. Wir haben sowohl die Bildung von AgNPs durch photoinduzierten ET in Peptiden, als auch durch ET in c‐Cytochromen über deren Fe2+‐Häme untersucht. Unsere früheren photoinduzierten ET‐Experimente in Peptiden hatten gezeigt, dass Histidin die Bildung von AgNPs hemmt. Nun konnten wir zeigen, dass AgNPs gebildet werden können, wenn Aminosäuren verwendet werden, die Ag+‐Ionen schwächer binden als Histidin, und zwar mit steigender Bildungsrate von Lysin<Asparagin<Aspartat≤Serin. Die Fähigkeit der Fe2+‐Häme, Ag+‐Ionen zu AgNPs zu reduzieren, wurde sowohl mit einer enzymatischen Reaktion als auch in vivo mit lebenden Bakterien des Typs Geobacter sulfurreducens (Gs) untersucht.
Non–symmetrically p–nitrobenzyl–substituted N–heterocyclic carbene–silver(I) complexes as metallopharmaceutical agents
Authors: Shahini C. R. , Achar Gautam , Budagumpi Srinivasa , Tacke Matthias , Patil Siddappa A. 
Published: April 2017

In the present work, a series of eight new imidazole, 4,5–dichloroimidazole, 4,5–diphenylimidazole and benzimidazole based nitro–functionalized mono–N–heterocyclic carbene (NHC)–silver(I) acetate (7a–d) and bis–NHC–silver(I) hexafluorophosphate complexes (8a–d) were synthesised by the reaction of the corresponding azolium hexafluorophosphate salts (6a–d) with silver(I) acetate and silver(I) oxide in methanol and acetonitrile, respectively. All the synthesised compounds were fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. Additionally, the structure of bis–(1–benzyl–3–(p–nitrobenzyl)–4,5–dichloroimidazole–2–ylidene)silver(I) hexafluorophosphate complex (8b) was confirmed by single crystal X–ray diffraction analysis. Preliminary in vitro antibacterial evaluation was conducted for all the compounds (6a–d), (7a–d), and (8a–d) by Kirby–Bauer's disc diffusion method followed by the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) from broth macrodilution method against five standard bacteria; two Gram–positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and three Gram–negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, and Salmonella typhi). All the hexafluorophosphate salts (6a–d) were found inactive against the tested bacterial strains and their corresponding mono– and bis–NHC–silver(I) complexes (7a–d and 8a–d) exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activity with MIC value in the range 8–128 μg/mL. In addition, preliminary in vitro anticancer potential of all the silver(I) complexes (7a–d and 8a–d) was determined against the human derived breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF 7) by MTT assay. All the mono– and bis–NHC–silver(I) complexes (7a–d and 8a–d) orchestrated high anticancer potential with IC50 values ranging from 10.39 to 59.56 nM. In comparison, mono– NHC–silver(I) complexes performed better than the bis–NHC–silver(I) complexes.
Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and α‐type zirconium phosphate on flame retardancy of polyurethane elastomer
Authors: Xu Wen‐Zong , Xu Bao‐Ling , Wang Gui‐Song , Wang Xiao‐Ling , Liu Liang 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTOrganically modified zirconium phosphate (OZrP) was prepared by cation exchange of natural counterions with hexadecyltri‐n‐butylphosphonium bromide. Subsequently, OZrP and expandable graphite (EG) were incorporated into polyurethane elastomer (PUE), and the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PUE composites were investigated. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that partial substitution of EG with OZrP could improve both the thermal stability and char yield of PUE composites. The cone calorimetry and limiting oxygen index test showed that partial substitution of EG with OZrP could further enhance the flame retardancy of PUE composites and presented an excellent synergistic effect. Moreover, the char residue of PUE composites was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy. Their results indicated that the synergistic effect of the physical barrier to prevent transmission of heat and mass between condensed and gas phases. Therefore, the further combustion of the nether material could be inhibited, which created better flame retardancy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45188.
Rapid Exponential Stabilization of a 1‐D Transmission Wave Equation with In‐domain Anti‐damping
Authors: Hassine Fathi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe consider the problem of pointwise stabilization of a one‐dimensional wave equation with an internal spatially varying anti‐damping term. We design a feedback law based on the backstepping method and prove exponential stability of the closed‐loop system with a desired decay rate.
Disturbance Observer‐Based Elegant Anti‐Disturbance Control for Stochastic Systems with Multiple Disturbances
Authors: Zhang Linqing , Wei Xinjiang , Zhang Huifeng 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDisturbance observer‐based elegant anti‐disturbance control (DOBEADC) scheme is proposed for a class of stochastic systems with nonlinear dynamics and multiple disturbances. The stochastic disturbance observer based on pole placement is constructed to estimate disturbance which is generated by an exogenous system. Then, composite DOBC and
controller is designed to guarantee the composite system is mean‐square stable and its
performance satisfies a prescribed level. Finally, simulations on an A4D aircraft model show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Pyrophosphate as substrate for alkaline phosphatase activity: A convenient flow‐injection chemiluminescence assay
Authors: Zhang Qingfeng , Zhang Cuiyun , Yang Meiding , Yu Donghong , Yu Cong 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA sensitive and convenient flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) turn‐on assay for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity without any label and synthesis is developed. Cu2+ can catalyze the luminol–H2O2 CL reaction. Pyrophosphate (PPi) can chelate Cu2+ and therefore the Cu2+‐mediated luminol‐H2O2 CL reaction is inhibited. The addition of ALP can catalyze the hydrolysis of PPi into phosphate ions, Cu2+ is released and the chemiluminescence recovers. A detection limit of 1 mU/mL ALP is obtained.
Following nature's roadmap: folding factors from plasma cells led to improvements in antibody secretion in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Koskela Essi V. , de Ruijter Jorg C. , Frey Alexander D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTherapeutic protein production in yeast is a reality in industry with an untapped potential to expand to more complex proteins, such as full‐length antibodies. Despite numerous engineering approaches, cellular limitations are preventing the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the titers of recombinant antibodies are currently not competitive. Instead of a host specific approach, the possibility of adopting the features from native producers of antibodies, plasma cells, to improve antibody production in yeast. A subset of mammalian folding factors upregulated in plasma cells for expression in yeast and screened for beneficial effects on antibody secretion using a high‐throughput ELISA platform was selected. Co‐expression of the mammalian chaperone BiP, the co‐chaperone GRP170, or the peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase FKBP2, with the antibody improved specific product yields up to two‐fold. By comparing strains expressing FKBP2 or the yeast PPIase Cpr5p, the authors demonstrate that speeding up peptidyl‐prolyl isomerization by upregulation of catalyzing enzymes is a key factor to improve antibody titers in yeast. The findings show that following the route of plasma cells can improve product titers and contribute to developing an alternative yeast‐based antibody factory.
Cardiac troponin and cerebral herniation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Xu Mangmang , Lin Jing , Wang Deren , Liu Ming , Hao Zilong , Lei Chunyan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the association, if any, between the relationship between cardiac troponin and cerebral herniation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).MethodsSix hundred and eighty‐seven consecutive ICH patients admitted to West China Hospital from May 1, 2014 to September 1, 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on demographics, etiology, laboratory examinations at admission including serum cardiac troponin, computed tomography (CT) scans at admission and follow‐up, and clinical outcomes were obtained. Using multiple logistic regression to identify the relationship of troponin and herniation. The association between troponin and hematoma volume was assessed using bivariate correlation and linear regression.ResultsAmong 188 (27.4%) patients who underwent the test of serum cardiac troponin at admission, 16 (8.5%) demonstrated cerebral herniation. The median time from symptom onset to CT at admission and follow‐up was 4 and 30.25 hr, respectively. In multivariate analysis, elevated troponin was independently associated with cerebral herniation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–24.93). And those with elevated troponin had larger hematoma volume at follow‐up in bivariate correlation (correlation coefficient, .375, p = .003) and linear regression (β, .370, 95% CI, 0.062–0.320, p = .005), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (adjusted OR 2.06; 95% CI, 1.06–4.01, p = .033) and lower Glasgow Coma Scale score (adjusted OR 2.34; 95% CI, 1.17–4.68, p = .016) than those without.ConclusionsElevated cardiac troponin was associated with an almost five‐fold increased risk of cerebral herniation, but not in‐hospital mortality. The possibility of cerebral herniation should be considered when ICH patients with large hematoma volume and elevated troponin.
Children's Uncertain Responses when Testifying about Alleged Sexual Abuse in Scottish Courts
Authors: Andrews Samantha J. , Ahern Elizabeth C. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study examined the uncertain responses of 56 alleged sexual abuse victims, aged 5–17 years, testifying in Scottish criminal court trials. Don't know/remember ground rules were explained to 38% of the children and each child reported uncertainty in response to 15% of the questions on average. Uncertain responding was associated with expressions of resistance and confusion, questioning context (proportionally more regarding substantive than non‐substantive issues), question content (least to disclosure‐focused questions), utterance type (more to directives, particularly those posed by defense lawyers; more to recall‐based than recognition prompts), and age (children in mid‐adolescence were less likely to respond uncertainly than those who were either older or younger). There were no associations between expressions of uncertainty and ground rule administration, or with whether or not the question focused on central rather than peripheral details about the alleged crimes. Findings highlight concerns surrounding preparatory procedures to help witnesses, especially adolescents, indicate uncertainty when testifying. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.