bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The critical elements of the health system that could make for resilience in the World Health Organization African Region: a scoping review
Authors: Chamla Dick , Iwu-Jaja Chinwe , Jaca Anelisa , Ndlambe Asiphe Mavi , Buwa Muyunda , Idemili-Aronu Ngozi , Okeibunor Joseph , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Gueye Abdou Salam 
Published: September 2024

Background
Unpredictable events, such as the outbreak of infectious diseases and humanitarian crises, are putting a strain on health care systems. As a result, African countries will need to prepare themselves with appropriate strategies to withstand such occurrences. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to map available evidence about what type and what components of health systems are needed to help countries cope with health emergencies and to foster health system resilience in the WHO African Region.

Methods
A systematic search was performed independently in Scopus and PubMed electronic databases as well as grey literature. Studies were selected based on set eligibility criteria based on the Joanna Brigg’s Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. The key findings were focused on health system resilience and were mapped based on the WHO’s core health system components. Our data were tabulated, and a narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results
A total of 28 studies were included in this scoping review, mostly conducted in the WHO African Region and region of the Americas. Studies focused on a variety of strategies, such as the continuous delivery of essential services, the strengthening of the health workforce, including community health care workers, community engagement, the provision of protective mechanisms for the health workforce, and flexible leadership and governance measures.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that strategies to improve health system resilience must include all areas of the healthcare delivery process, including primary care. A resilient health system should be ready for a crisis and have adaptable policies in place to offer adequate response at all levels, as well as post-recovery planning. Such health systems should also seek for continuous improvement. More research is needed to assess the efficacy of initiatives for improving health system resilience, particularly in vulnerable African health systems.
Direct measurement of hairpin‐like vortices in the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean
Authors: Steele Edward C. C. , Nimmo‐Smith W. Alex M. , Vlasenko Andrey 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLaboratory measurements and numerical modeling at low Reynolds numbers (Reθ<7700) indicate the energy‐containing turbulence of boundary layer flows comprises coherent packets of hairpin vortices. Here direct measurements in the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean at higher Reynolds numbers (Reθ = 266,150) show tidal flows also contain packets of large vortices separated by periods of more quiescent conditions. The 1452 vortices recorded within a 20 min period are typically aligned along stream (∼8.0° from the mean flow direction) and inclined to the horizontal (∼27.0° from the seabed), with a mean period of occurrence of 4.3 s. These results lend three‐dimensional, in situ support to an interpretation of the coastal ocean bottom boundary layer as comprising coherent packets of hairpin vortices. This demonstrates a direct linkage from low Reynolds number experiments to higher Reynolds number flows, permitting fine‐scale details of particle transport and pollutant dispersion to be inferred from lower Reynolds number data.
Slip segmentation and slow rupture to the trench during the 2015, Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile earthquake
Authors: Melgar Diego , Fan Wenyuan , Riquelme Sebastian , Geng Jianghui , Liang Cunren , Fuentes Mauricio , Vargas Gabriel , Allen Richard M. , Shearer Peter M. , Fielding Eric J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe 2015 Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile earthquake is the latest megathrust event on the central segment of that subduction zone. It generated strong ground motions and a large (up to 11 m runup) tsunami which prompted the evacuation of more than 1 million people in the first hours following the event. Observations during recent earthquakes suggest that these phenomena can be associated with rupture on different parts of the megathrust. The deep portion generates strong shaking while slow, large slip on the shallow fault is responsible for the tsunami. It is unclear whether all megathrusts can have shallow slip during coseismic rupture and what physical properties regulate this. Here we show that the Illapel event ruptured both deep and shallow segments with substantial slip. We resolve a kinematic slip model using regional geophysical observations and analyze it jointly with teleseismic backprojection. We find that the shallow and deep portions of the megathrust are segmented and have fundamentally different behavior. We forward calculate local tsunami propagation from the resolved slip and find good agreement with field measurements, independently validating the slip model. These results show that the central portion of the Chilean subduction zone has accumulated a significant shallow slip deficit and indicates that, given enough time, shallow slip might be possible everywhere along the subduction zone.
Hemispheric asymmetry in transition from equatorial plasma bubble to blob as deduced from 630.0 nm airglow observations at low latitudes
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Martinis Carlos R. , Lühr Hermann , Pfaff Robert F. , Kwak Young‐Sil 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTransitions from depletions to enhancements of 630.0 nm nighttime airglow have been observed at Arecibo. Numerical simulations by Krall et al. (2009) predicted that they should occur only in one hemisphere, which has not yet been confirmed observationally. In this study we investigate the hemispheric conjugacy of the depletion‐to‐enhancement transition using multiple instruments. We focus on one event observed in the American longitude sector on 22 December 2014: 630.0 nm airglow depletions evolved into enhancements in the Northern Hemisphere while the evolution did not occur in the conjugate location in the Southern Hemisphere. Concurrent plasma density measured by low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites and 777.4 nm airglow images support that the depletions and enhancements of 630.0 nm nighttime airglow reflect plasma density decreases and increases (blobs), respectively. Characteristics of the airglow depletions, in the context of the LEO satellite data, further suggest that the plasma density depletion deduced from the airglow data represents equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) rather than medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances from midlatitudes. Hence, the event in this study can be interpreted as EPB‐to‐blob transition.
Increasing concentrations of iron in surface waters as a consequence of reducing conditions in the catchment area
Authors: Ekström Sara M. , Regnell Olof , Reader Heather E. , Nilsson P. Anders , Löfgren Stefan , Kritzberg Emma S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent studies report trends of strongly increasing iron (Fe) concentrations in freshwaters. Since Fe is a key element with a decisive role in the biogeochemical cycling of major elements, it is important to understand the mechanisms behind these trends. We hypothesized that variations in Fe concentration are driven mainly by redox dynamics in hydraulically connected soils. Notably, Fe(III), which is the favored oxidation state except in environments where microbial activity provide strong reducing intensity, has several orders of magnitude lower water solubility than Fe(II). To test our hypothesis, seasonal variation in water chemistry, discharge, and air temperature was studied in three Swedish rivers. Methylmercury and sulfate were used as indicators of seasonal redox changes. Seasonal variability in water chemistry, discharge, and air temperature in the Emån and Lyckeby Rivers implied that the variation in Fe was primarily driven by the prevalence of reducing conditions in the catchment. In general, high Fe concentrations were observed when methylmercury was high and sulfate was low, indicative of reducing conditions. The Fe concentrations showed no or weak relationships with variations in dissolved organic matter concentration and aromaticity. The seasonal variation in Fe concentration of the Ume river was primarily dependent on timing of the snowmelt in high‐ versus low‐altitude areas of the catchment. There were long‐term trends of increasing temperature in all catchments and also trends of increasing discharge in the southern rivers, which should increase the probability for anaerobic conditions in space and time and thereby increase Fe transport to the aquatic systems.
Three‐dimensional structure, binding, and spectroscopic characteristics of the monoclonal antibody 43.1 directed to the carboxyphenyl moiety of fluorescein
Authors: Gayda Susan , Longenecker Kenton L. , Judge Russell A. , Swift Kerry M. , Manoj Sharmila , Linthicum D. Scott , Tetin Sergey Y. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTUnlike other known anti‐fluorescein antibodies, the monoclonal antibody 43.1 is directed toward the fluorescein's carboxyl phenyl moiety. It demonstrates a very high affinity (KD ∼ 70 pM) and a fast association rate (kon ∼ 2 × 107 M−1 s−1). The three‐dimensional structure of the Fab 43.1—fluorescein complex was resolved at 2.4 Å resolution. The antibody binding site is exclusively assembled by the CDR loops. It is comprised of a 14 Å groove‐shaped entrance leading to a 9 Å by 7 Å binding pocket. The highly polar binding pocket complementary encloses the fluorescein's carboxyphenyl moiety and tightly fixes it by multiple hydrogen bonds. The fluorescein's xanthene ring is embedded in the more hydrophobic groove and stacked between the side chains of Tyr37L and of Arg99H providing conditions for an excited state electron transfer process. In comparison to fluorescein, the absorption spectrum of the complex in the visible region is shifted to the “red” by 23 nm. The complex demonstrates a very weak fluorescence (Φc = 0.0018) with two short lifetime components: 0.03 ns (47%) and 0.8 ns (24%), which reflects a 99.8% fluorescein emission quenching effect upon complex formation. The antibody 43.1 binds fluorescein with remarkable affinity, fast association rate, and strongly quenches its emission. Therefore, it may present a practical interest in applications such as molecular sensors and switches. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 234–243, 2016.
Silk fibroin film from golden‐yellow Bombyx mori is a biocomposite that contains lutein and promotes axonal growth of primary neurons
Authors: Pistone Assunta , Sagnella Anna , Chieco Camilla , Bertazza Gianpaolo , Varchi Greta , Formaggio Francesco , Posati Tamara , Saracino Emanuela , Caprini Marco , Bonetti Simone , Toffanin Stefano , Di Virgilio Nicola , Muccini Michele , Rossi Federica , Ruani Giampiero , Zamboni Roberto , Benfenati Valentina 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe use of doped silk fibroin (SF) films and substrates from Bombyx mori cocoons for green nanotechnology and biomedical applications has been recently highlighted. Cocoons from coloured strains of B. mori, such as Golden‐Yellow, contain high levels of pigments that could have a huge potential for the fabrication of SF based biomaterials targeted to photonics, optoelectronics and neuroregenerative medicine. However, the features of extracted and regenerated SF from cocoons of B. mori Golden‐Yellow strain have never been reported. Here we provide a chemophysical characterization of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) fibers, solution, and films obtained from cocoons of a Golden‐Yellow strain of B. mori, by SEM, 1H‐NMR, HPLC, FT‐IR, Raman and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. We found that the extracted solution and films from B. mori Golden‐Yellow fibroin displayed typical Raman spectroscopic and optical features of carotenoids. HPLC‐analyses revealed that lutein was the carotenoid contained in the fiber and RSF biopolymer from yellow cocoons. Notably, primary neurons cultured on yellow SF displayed a threefold higher neurite length than those grown of white SF films. The results we report pave the way to expand the potential use of yellow SF in the field of neuroregenerative medicine and provide green chemistry approaches in biomedicine. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 287–299, 2016.
Gain compression improvement on low‐power cascaded current reuse LNAs
Authors: Silva Pereira Marco , Vaz João Caldinhas , Leme Carlos Azeredo , Freire João Costa 
Published: January 2016

SummaryCurrent reuse low‐noise‐amplifiers (CRLNAs) have been the norm to achieve high‐gain and low‐noise figure under low‐power budgets. However, conventional CRLNAs suffer from a severe lack of large‐signal linearity, especially in conventional cascaded CRLNAs. This main drawback is related with the typical biasing method imposed in the output stage. To prove our point, a large‐signal study is performed for a single stage common‐source in two distinct biasing situations: voltage biased and current biased. On the basis of the gathered results, a new CRLNA solution is proposed to relief the large‐signal bottleneck. The suggested design is analyzed in a 0.13 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) standard process. Post‐layout simulations show 8 dB compression point improvement compared with the conventional CRLNA solution. The CRLNA draws a current of 650 μA from a 1.2 V supply. At 2.45 GHz, a power gain of 25.3 dB and a NF of 2.3 dB are achieved, while the IIP3 is −9 dBm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phantoms of the forest: legacy risk effects of a regionally extinct large carnivore
Authors: Sahlén Ellinor , Noell Sonja , DePerno Christopher S. , Kindberg Jonas , Spong Göran , Cromsigt Joris P.G.M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe increased abundance of large carnivores in Europe is a conservation success, but the impact on the behavior and population dynamics of prey species is generally unknown. In Europe, the recolonization of large carnivores often occurs in areas where humans have greatly modified the landscape through forestry or agriculture. Currently, we poorly understand the effects of recolonizing large carnivores on extant prey species in anthropogenic landscapes. Here, we investigated if ungulate prey species showed innate responses to the scent of a regionally exterminated but native large carnivore, and whether the responses were affected by human‐induced habitat openness. We experimentally introduced brown bear Ursus arctos scent to artificial feeding sites and used camera traps to document the responses of three sympatric ungulate species. In addition to controls without scent, reindeer scent Rangifer tarandus was used as a noncarnivore, novel control scent. Fallow deer Dama dama strongly avoided areas with bear scent. In the presence of bear scent, all ungulate species generally used open sites more than closed sites, whereas the opposite was observed at sites with reindeer scent or without scent. The opening of forest habitat by human practices, such as forestry and agriculture, creates a larger gradient in habitat openness than available in relatively unaffected closed forest systems, which may create opportunities for prey to alter their habitat selection and reduce predation risk in human‐modified systems that do not exist in more natural forest systems. Increased knowledge about antipredator responses in areas subjected to anthropogenic change is important because these responses may affect prey population dynamics, lower trophic levels, and attitudes toward large carnivores. These aspects may be of particular relevance in the light of the increasing wildlife populations across much of Europe.
EPR as a Tool for Study of Isolated and Coupled Paramagnetic Centers in Coordination Compounds and Macromolecules of Biological Interest
Authors: Rizzi Alberto C. , Neuman Nicolás I. , González Pablo J. , Brondino Carlos D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Carlos D. Brondino at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina. The cover image shows a painting by our colleague and artist Nilda Marsili inspired by results obtained from single‐crystal EPR experiments.
An exercise in obtaining flame radiation fraction from the cone calorimeter
Authors: Quintiere James G. , Lyon Richard E. , Crowley Sean B. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe radiant fraction of the heat of combustion emitted by flames of burning fuels is an important quantity needed to predict the thermal radiation from pool fires to remote targets and as a local flame parameter in CFD models. Although there are data for radiant fraction of gas flames, there are little data for this parameter for burning solid materials. The sole source of these data is Archie Tewarson, who used the FMGlobal Fire Propagation Apparatus to compute the radiant fraction of the heat of combustion from energy losses associated with enthalpy flow and duct heat losses. This paper describes a similar approach to obtain the radiant fraction of the heat from flames of burning solids using the cone calorimeter. In the present work, the cone calorimeter is calibrated using a Meeker burner with a premixed methane/air flame that is small and blue and has minimum flame radiation. A heat loss correction factor due to thermal conductance from the duct to the ambient air is determined from the calibration by measuring the temperature of the combustion stream in the duct at the gas sampling location. That factor was found to be 13 ± 2 W/K by calibration compared with a theoretical estimate of 9.3 W/K. The effect of the heat capacity of the duct walls is accounted for by de‐convoluting the duct temperature history. The necessary measurements to compute the radiant fraction then become the heat release rate by oxygen consumption, the mass flow rate in the duct, and the gas temperature in the duct at the sampling location. Results were obtained for 15 polymers, eight of which could be compared with data for nominally similar materials obtained by Tewarson. In addition, results are found to be in good agreement with a correlation by Tewarson in terms of combustion efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of selected spices on chemical and sensory markers in fortified rye‐buckwheat cakes
Authors: Przygodzka Małgorzata , Zieliński Henryk , Ciesarová Zuzana , Kukurová Kristina , Lamparski Grzegorz 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to find out the effect of selected spices on chemical and sensorial markers in cakes formulated on rye and light buckwheat flour fortified with spices. Among collection of spices, rye‐buckwheat cakes fortified individually with cloves, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon, vanilla, and spice mix revealed the highest sensory characteristics and overall quality. Cakes fortified with cloves, allspice, and spice mix showed the highest antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, rutin, and almost threefold higher available lysine contents. The reduced furosine content as well as free and total fluorescent intermediatory compounds were observed as compared to nonfortified cakes. The FAST index was significantly lowered in all cakes enriched with spices, especially with cloves, allspice, and mix. In contrast, browning index increased in compare to cakes without spices. It can be suggested that clove, allspice, vanilla, and spice mix should be used for production of safety and good quality cakes.
Caregiver burden in family carers of people with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Svendsboe Ellen , Terum Toril , Testad Ingelin , Aarsland Dag , Ulstein Ingun , Corbett Anne , Rongve Arvid 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise the differences in caregiver distress between carers of people diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a view to differentiating and improving support for caregivers.MethodsThis study is a part of two larger Norwegian studies, DemVest (n = 265) and The Norwegian Dementia Register (n = 2220), with data from caregivers and people diagnosed with AD (n = 100) and DLB (n = 86) between 2005 and 2013. The average age was 74.9 years (SD = 7.8). Caregiver distress was rated by the Relative Stress Scale. Diagnosis of the person receiving care was based on a comprehensive standardised assessment program (International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10 or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition). Additional data collected from people receiving care were neuropsychiatric symptoms, comorbidity and activities of daily living (ADL) score. Linear regression analyses were applied, first unadjusted and then in stepwise‐adjusts in addition to descriptive analyses.ResultsCaregivers to people with AD (20.2%) and 40% of caregivers for people with DLB experienced moderate or high caregiver burden with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the early stage of dementia. High Relative Stress Scale (RSS) total scores in caregivers was significantly associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory, p = 0.004) and also with impaired ADL functioning (Rapid Disability Rating Scale‐2, p < 0.0005).ConclusionCaregiver distress differed (RSS total, p = 0.005) between people caring for someone with AD (15.0) and those caring for someone with DLB (19.9). These findings have direct implications for the needs and resources that could be available for these individuals and indicate the need for further research into caregiver burden in carers to people with DLB. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Ethics and disseminationCohorts were ethically approved by the Regional Ethics Committee for Medical Research Ethics in Eastern and Western Norway.
Interannual variability of summer monsoon convective and stratiform precipitations in East Asia during 1998–2013
Authors: Lu Daren , Yang Yuanjian , Fu Yunfei 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this paper, interannual variations of convective and stratiform precipitations in summer East Asian monsoon (SEAM) dominion are analysed using 16‐year (1998–2013) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) rain products (2A25 and 3A25). It is found that the climatological mean patterns of convective and stratiform rain rates (RRs) are generally similar to each other, but the area fraction (AF) of stratiform precipitation can always reach about 80% and dominates in summer East Asia. Nonetheless, convective precipitation produces similar rainfall quantity with stratiform rainfall. For the RR, AF and contribution fraction (CF), their interannual standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) spatial patterns are similar between summer convective and stratiform precipitations in East Asia, because of the fact that they are all maybe influenced by SEAM. Differently, only the intensity of interannual variability (i.e. CV) for convective precipitation AF is much greater than that for stratiform precipitation, while CV for both convective and stratiform precipitations RR/CF are similar in most areas. Moreover, the interannual variability of SEAM is more highly correlated with that of RR for convective precipitation than that for stratiform precipitation in most land regions. While the opposite conclusion is found in ocean regions. Generally, the SEAM intensity in the lower troposphere mainly controls interannual variability of the atmospheric stability and both stratiform and convective precipitations RR. Then, atmospheric stability variation further modulates the AF and CF variations of both stratiform and convective precipitations on the interannual scale. This work mainly provides possible evidence of linkage between large‐scale circulation and convective and stratiform precipitations on the interannual scale. It suggests that the possible dominant mechanism should be explored using more observations and together with model simulations in the future work.