bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pharos of Alexandria: A Man-Made “Mountain” in Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile
Authors: Zientek Laura 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
At Bellum Ciuile 8.463, Lucan describes the lighthouse of Alexandria as a mountain (mons). The Pharos is “mountainous” in height and of monumental significance as a man-made structure. Comparison with the Pyramids and its fiery illumination (Phariis … flammis, 9.1005) give the Pharos a funerary context and, due to its “mountainous” form and flames, also evoke the image of a volcano. Lucan’s Pharos “mountain” locates and characterizes Pompey and Caesar in Bellum Ciuile 8–10, corresponding both to Pompey’s doom and Caesar’s metaphorically elemental power. The lighthouse contributes to the narrative of civil war with the ambiguity of its threat.
“Boxing as a Stoic Paradigm”: A Philosophical Reading of the Fight between Amycus and Pollux in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica (4.199–343) with a View to Seneca’s De Ira
Authors: Antoniadis Theodoros 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In his version of the bout between Amycus and Pollux, which culminates the Argonauts’ stopover at Bebrycia in Argonautica 4, Valerius Flaccus is evoking a well-known epic tradition of boxing matches. Simultaneously, he appears to be reworking those model texts with the same protagonists “in the ring,” by adding further elements from Homer, Vergil, and Ovid that bring Amycus closer to other terrifying creatures of epic such as Polyphemus and Cacus. However, the portrayal of Amycus’ almost inexplicable furor and ira bears some discernible Stoic influences: the symptoms that, according to Seneca’s theory in his treatise De Ira, are exhibited by a volatile man who, having lost his self-control and reasoning, is prone to anger and its devastating effects. On the contrary, Pollux’s more calculating tactic during the fight reveals the kind of rational perceptiveness of a Stoic sage which gradually paves the way for his feat. Overall, the boxing match itself introduces a philosophical element to Valerius’ source material that propels the reader to assess the whole episode both through its intertextual and intratextual dynamics.
Breastfeeding in Greek Literature and Thought
Authors: Marshall C. W. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This discussion presents a survey of scenes involving breastfeeding and wet-nursing from Homer to Menander. It demonstrates that male authors and their audiences understood the physiology of breastfeeding and used that knowledge to create nuanced, complicated situations in (especially) Homer’s Odyssey, Aeschylus’ Libation Bearers, Euripides’ Hypsipyle, and Menander’s Samia. This added verisimilitude such as that seen in Plutarch’s consolation to his wife on the death of their child. As such, the realities associated with maternal and non-maternal breastfeeding shaped the reception of the plays in their own right, and it is possible to isolate crucial moments in several literary works where this impacts interpretation.
The Wet Nurses of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt
Authors: Parca Maryline 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In this essay I present the extant evidence for nurses in wet-nursing contracts preserved on papyri from Egypt (46 texts, all but one of Roman date) and point out the ways in which the hiring of wet nurses in Roman Egypt can be distinguished from the practice documented for Italy and other parts of the empire. The papyrological evidence supplements, enriches, and complicates the view from Roman literature, epigraphy, and commemorative art by revealing the legal dispositions, fiscal considerations, and socio-cultural motivations which shaped the practice and which the papyri alone reveal in their own particular ways. The features that make the practice in the imperial province stand out are: the close link between the hiring of wet nurses and child exposure, the high incidence of female slave children among the nurses’ charges, the predominance of women of free birth caring for abandoned infants, and the occasional documented link between this type of service contract and local loaning practices.
Murderers are Other People. “Polish Atrocities” and the Legitimization of Nazi Violence
Authors: Brewing Daniel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article offers a new perspective on a central source of legitimization of Nazi violence against Polish civilians. Focusing on so-called “Polish cruelties,” it reconstructs a specific German Feindbild, according to which a specific Polish affinity to violence constantly endangered Germans of both sexes and all ages. This German self-victimization turned German violence against Poles into a defensive reaction, thus providing a strategy of legitimizing violence that was declared both justified and necessary. The article argues that the persistence and potency of this specific Feindbild were based on the mutual interlocking of three levels: Firstly, the memory of specific elements of German-Polish history; secondly, the mobilization strategies of German propaganda with the expectation of future conflicts; and thirdly, the updating of Feindbilder through concrete experiences of violence and powerlessness in the context of the German occupation.
Literary Journalism, Storytelling, or Literature of Fact
Authors: Ziółkowska-Boehm Aleksandra 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The author, a noted Polish born writer resident in the United States, offers a personal reflection on her approach to her craft. She emphasizes her use of “creative non-fiction” as a form of literary journalism. Among other matters, she discusses choice of subject, sources, the search for a suitable tone, and obstacles to writing.
ShinyItemAnalysis: Analýza přijímacích a jiných znalostních či psychologických testů
Authors: Martinková Patrícia , Drabinová Adéla , Houdek Jakub 
Published: August 2017

Tento článek představuje aplikaci ShinyItemAnalysis pro psychometrickou analýzu testů a jejich položek. ShinyItemAnalysis nabízí psychometrické modely v rámci grafického rozhraní pro volně šiřitelné statistické prostředí R a zpřístupňuje tak jeho funkcionalitu širší veřejnosti. Aplikace pokrývá širokou škálu psychometrických metod, od tradiční položkové analýzy až po složitější latentní modely, nabízí cvičné datové soubory, uvádí rovnice modelů, odhady parametrů a jejich interpretaci, jakož i vybraný zdrojový kód, a je tak vhodným nástrojem pro výuku psychometrických konceptů a jejich implementace v R. Aplikace však také nabízí možnost analýzy vlastních dat a generování reportů a aspiruje tak na to být jednoduchým nástrojem pro rutinní analýzu testů a jejich položek. Závěr článku ukazuje, že ShinyItemAnalysis je dostupným, flexibilním a uživatelsky příjemným nástrojem, který může pomoci tomu, aby se statistická analýza přijímacích i jiných znalostních či psychologických testů stala v praxi samozřejmou záležitostí.In this paper we introduce ShinyItemAnalysis application for psychometric analysis of educational and psychological tests and their items. ShinyItemAnalysis provides graphical interface and web framework to open source statistical software R and thus opens up its functionality to wide audience. Application covers broad range of methods and offers data examples, model equations, parameter estimates, interpretation of results, together with selected R code, and is thus suitable for teaching psychometric concepts with R. The application also aspires to be a simple tool for routine analysis by allowing the users to upload and analyze their own data and by generating analysis report. We conclude by arguing that psychometric analysis should be a routine part of test development in order to gather proofs of reliability and validity of the measurement. With example of admission test to medical faculty, we demonstrate how ShinyItemAnalysis may provide a simple and free tool to routinely analyze tests.
Méditer pour l’équité
Authors: Hagège Hélène 
Published: August 2017

Cet article théorique argumente l’idée novatrice d’utiliser la méditation pour une éducation et une formation éthiques relevant les défis de l’équité. Malgré des valeurs officielles incluant l’égalité, l’école en France est plus discriminante socialement que celles de tous les autres pays de l’OCDE. Une contradiction similaire entre valeurs explicites d’une part, et valeurs implicites et effectives d’autre part, se retrouve dans le fonctionnement cognitif des individus. Notamment, des attitudes implicites expriment inconsciemment des stéréotypes culturels à travers des comportements discriminatoires, par des biais attentionnels. Ainsi, nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’une source des discriminations opérant à l’école consiste en l’identification inconsciente des enseignants et des enseignantes aux élèves considérés comme « bons » et en l’étiquetage inconscient des élèves en difficulté scolaire comme étrangers. Nous proposons ici que le support cognitif de l’équité, pendant moral de l’égalité, corresponde à l’équanimité, fonctionnement sans biais implicite de préférence ni d’aversion. Une éducation éthique visant l’équité devrait dès lors permettre aux sujets de devenir conscients de leurs biais de fonctionnement et de développer l’équanimité. Un outil de choix pour s’y entraîner correspond à la famille d’entraînements attentionnels qu’est la méditation, ce que nous argumentons dans une brève description de différents types de méditation et dans une rapide revue de littérature de leurs effets. En perspective, nous envisageons dans les grandes lignes les bases qui nous paraissent essentielles au curriculum d’une éducation éthique visant l’équité.
Exposure to elevated sea-surface temperatures below the bleaching threshold impairs coral recovery and regeneration following injury
Authors: Bonesso Joshua Louis , Leggat William , Ainsworth Tracy Danielle 
Published: August 2017

Elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events due to temperatures exceeding corals’ upper thermal limits. The temperatures at which a breakdown of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis (coral bleaching) occurs are referred to as the upper thermal limits for the coral species. This breakdown of the endosymbiosis results in a reduction of corals’ nutritional uptake, growth, and tissue integrity. Periods of elevated sea surface temperature, thermal stress and coral bleaching are also linked to increased disease susceptibility and an increased frequency of storms which cause injury and physical damage to corals. Herein we aimed to determine the capacity of corals to regenerate and recover from injuries (removal of apical tips) sustained during periods of elevated sea surface temperatures which result in coral stress responses, but which do not result in coral bleaching (i.e., sub-bleaching thermal stress events). In this study, exposure of the species Acropora aspera to an elevated SST of 32 °C (2 °C below the bleaching threshold, 34 °C) was found to result in reduced fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP), reduced skeletal calcification and a lack of branch regrowth at the site of injury, compared to corals maintained under ambient SST conditions (26 °C). Corals maintained under normal, ambient, sea surface temperatures expressed high GFP fluorescence at the injury site, underwent a rapid regeneration of the coral branch apical tip within 12 days of sustaining injury, and showed extensive regrowth of the coral skeleton. Taken together, our results have demonstrated that periods of sustained increased sea surface temperatures, below the corals’ bleaching threshold but above long-term summertime averages, impair coral recovery from damage, regardless of the onset or occurrence of coral bleaching.
Influence of CNTRENE®C100LM carbon nanotube material on the growth and regulation ofEscherichia coli
Authors: Twibell Brittany , Somerville Kalie , Manani Geoffrey , Duszynski Molly , Wanekaya Adam , Schweiger Paul 
Published: August 2017

The growing use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in industrial and consumer products raises important questions about their environmental fate and impact on prokaryotes. In the environment, CNTs are exposed to a variety of conditions (e.g., UV light) that could lead to decomposition and changes in their chemical properties. Therefore, the potential cytotoxic effect of both pristine and artificially aged carboxyl functionalized CNTRENE®C100LM CNTmaterial at neutral and acidic conditions onEscherichia coliK12 was analyzed using a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, which also allowed monitoring of non-lethal growth effects. However, there were no observable MIC or significant changes in growth behavior inE. coliK12 when exposed to pristine or aged CNTs. Exposure to pristine CNTRENE®C100LM CNT material did not appear to influence cell morphology or damage the cells when examined by electron microscopy. In addition, RNA sequencing revealed no observable regulatory changes in typical stress response pathways. This is surprising considering that previous studies have claimed high cytotoxicity of CNTs, including carboxyl functionalized single-walled CNTs, and suggest that other factors such as trace heavy metals or other impurities are likely responsible for many of the previously reported cytotoxicity inE. coliand possibly other microorganisms.
Oceanographic and climatic variability in the lower gulf of california: links with the tropics and north pacific
Authors: Bernal G , Ripa P , Herguera JC 
Published: August 2017

The links between climate and oceanography in the lower Gulf of California (LGC) and the observed physical variability in the open Pacific were studied on interannual to decadal timescales. Two indices reflect the North Pacific´ s oceanic and climatic variability: the El Niño Southern Oscillation index (ENSO) and the North Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO). The sea surface temperatures, wind speed, precipitation and sea level records of La Paz region, Baja California Sur (Mexico) in the LGC were used to compare them with the PDO and ENSO indices. The most important forcing processes were observed coming from the tropical and the equatorial Pacific, represented by the ENSO index, significantly associated with precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level. The Northern Pacific influence, represented by the PDO index, is associated with the winds and to a lesser extent with SSTs and precipitation. These results show that SST variability in the region is controlled by both indices. A model is proposed to explain the control that each of them exerts on the LGC SST variability. In this model the excess heat brought by surface tropical waters, especially after the intensification of ENSO events since the 1980s, in addition to the long term warming observed over the past century, is partially dissipated by stronger winter winds in the gulf. These stronger and cooler winds, derived from changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns of the North Pacific and captured by the PDO positive anomalies, act as negative feedback to the warming dissipating part of the accumulated heat and dampening the raise in SSTs. This process is proposed to operate, especially after the 1970s sign shift of the PDO, when no change in the SSTs´ trend occurs showing an opposite behavior in respect to wind variability, which was not observed for previous decades.
Age and growth for the scalloped hammerhead shark, sphyrna lewini (griffith and smith, 1834) along the central pacific coast of mexico
Authors: Anislado-Tolentino V , Robinson-Mendoza C 
Published: August 2017

The age and growth of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith, 1834) were estimated from rings on the vertebral centrum in 101 individuals (51 females and 50 males) from 260 organisms obtained from commercial fisheries off the coast of Michoacán, Mexico (18º10'N, 103º10'W). Results show that immediately after birth, a first ring is formed. Later we observed that two rings are formed each year, one between June and July and the other between November and December. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth function were, for females, L∞ = 353.3 cm, K = 0.156 cm yr–1, t0 = –0.633 years, b = 2.8 and W∞ = 269.92 kg; and, for males, L∞ = 336.4 cm, K = 0.131 cm yr–1, t0 = –1.09 years, b = 2.87 and W∞ = 187 kg. According to these results, a female 335.6- cm-long would be 18.6 years old and a male of 244.3 cm would be 8.8 years old.
The value of real‐time GNSS to earthquake early warning
Authors: Ruhl C. J. , Melgar D. , Grapenthin R. , Allen R. M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)‐based earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithms estimate fault finiteness and unsaturated moment magnitude for the largest, most damaging earthquakes. Because large events are infrequent, algorithms are not regularly exercised and insufficiently tested on few available data sets. We use 1300 realistic, time‐dependent, synthetic earthquakes on the Cascadia megathrust to rigorously test the Geodetic Alarm System. Solutions are reliable once six GNSS stations report static offsets, which we require for a “first alert.” Median magnitude and length errors are −0.15 ± 0.24 units and −31 ± 40% for the first alert, and −0.04 ± 0.11 units and +7 ± 31% for the final solution. We perform a coupled test of a seismic‐geodetic EEW system using synthetic waveforms for aMw8.7 scenario. Seismic point‐source solutions result in severely underestimated peak ground acceleration. Geodetic finite‐fault solutions provide more accurate predictions at larger distances, thus increasing warning times. Hence, GNSS observations are essential in EEW to accurately characterize large (out‐of‐network) events and correctly predict ground motion.
Response of neutral mesospheric density to geomagnetic forcing
Authors: Yi Wen , Reid Iain M. , Xue Xianghui , Younger Joel P. , Murphy Damian J. , Chen Tingdi , Dou Xiankang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe report an analysis of the neutral mesosphere density response to geomagnetic activity from January 2016 to February 2017 over Antarctica. Neutral mesospheric densities from 85 to 95 km are derived using data from the Davis meteor radar (68.5°S, 77.9°E) and the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. Spectral and Morlet wavelet analyses indicate that a prominent oscillation with a periodicity of 13.5 days is observed in the mesospheric density during the declining phase of solar cycle 24 and is associated with variations in solar wind high‐speed streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity. The periodic oscillation in density shows a strong anticorrelation with periodic changes in the auroral electrojet index. These results indicate that a significant decrease in neutral mesospheric density as the geomagnetic activity enhances.
Traceless Directing Group Assisted Cobalt‐Catalyzed C−H Carbonylation of Benzylamines
Authors: Ling Fei , Ai Chongren , Lv Yaping , Zhong Weihui 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe first example of cobalt‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H carbonylation of benzylamines using a traceless directing group is reported, which was successfully applied to the synthesis of N−unprotected iso‐indolinones through direct C−H/N−H bonds activation. This protocol tolerates a variety of functional groups and provides a facile and efficient method for the formal synthesis of (+)‐garenoxacin.magnified image
Prognostic significance of Daxx NCR (Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Ratio) in gastric cancer
Authors: Xu Jian‐feng , Zhao Zhi‐guang , Ye Le‐le , Zhuge Weishan , Han Zheng , Zhang Te‐ming , Ye Si‐si , Chen Wen‐jing , Zhu Shanli , Shi Li , Zhang Jun , Guo Ai‐zhen , Xue Xiang‐yang , Shen Xian 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn addition to regulating apoptosis via its interaction with the death domain of Fas receptor, death domain associated protein 6 (Daxx) is also known to be involved in transcriptional regulation, suggesting that the function of Daxx depends on its subcellular localization. In this study, we aimed to explore Daxx subcellular localization in gastric cancer (GC) cells and correlate the findings with clinical data in GC patients. Seventy pairs of tissue samples (GC and adjacent normal tissue) were analyzed immunohistochemically for Daxx expression and localization (nuclear and cytoplasmic). The Daxx Nuclear/Cytoplasmic ratio (Daxx NCR) values in tissue microarray data with 522 tumor samples were further analyzed. The defined Prior cohort (n = 277, treatment between 2006 and 2009) and Recent cohort (n = 245, treatment between 2010 and 2011) were then used to examine the relationship between Daxx NCR and clinical data. The Daxx NCR was found to be clinically informative and significantly higher in GC tissue. Using Daxx NCR (risk ratio = 2.0), both the Prior and Recent cohorts were divided into high‐ and low‐risk groups. Relative to the low‐risk group, the high‐risk patients had a shorter disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in both cohorts. Importantly, postoperative chemotherapy was found having differential effect on high‐ and low‐risk patients. Such chemotherapy brought no survival benefit, (and could potentially be detrimental,) to high‐risk patients after surgery. Daxx NCR could be used as a prognosis factor in GC patients, and may help select the appropriate population to benefit from chemotherapy after surgery.
Reactivity of Silanes with (tBuPONOP)Ruthenium Dichloride: Facile Synthesis of Chloro‐Silyl Ruthenium Compounds and Formic Acid Decomposition
Authors: Anderson Nickolas H. , Boncella James M. , Tondreau Aaron M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe coordination of tBuPONOP (tBuPONOP=2,6‐bis(ditert‐butylphosphinito)pyridine) to different ruthenium starting materials, to generate (tBuPONOP)RuCl2, was investigated. The resultant (tBuPONOP)RuCl2 reactivity with three different silanes was then investigated and contrasted dramatically with the reactivity of (iPrPONOP)RuCl2(DMSO) (iPrPONOP=2,6‐bis(diisopropylphosphinito)pyridine) with the same silanes. The 16‐electron species (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)Cl was produced from the reaction of triethylsilane with (tBuPONOP)RuCl2. Reactions of (tBuPONOP)RuCl2 with both phenylsilane or diphenylsilane afforded the 16‐electron hydrido‐silyl species (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(PhSiCl2) and (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(Ph2SiCl), respectively. Reactions of all three of these complexes with silver triflate afforded the simple salt metathesis products of (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(OTf), (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(PhSiCl(OTf)), and (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(Ph2Si(OTf)). Formic acid dehydrogenation was performed in the presence of triethylamine (TEA), and each species proved competent for gas‐pressure generation of CO2 and H2. The hydride species (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)Cl, (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(OTf), and (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(PhSiCl2) exhibited faster catalytic activity than the other compounds tested.
Ambiguity in a masculine world: Being aBRCA1/2mutation carrier and a man with prostate cancer
Authors: Moynihan C. , Bancroft E.K. , Mitra A. , Ardern‐Jones A. , Castro E. , Page E.C. , Eeles R.A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveIncreased risk of prostate cancer (PCa) is observed in men withBRCA1/BRCA2mutations. Sex and gender are key determinants of health and disease although unequal care exists between the sexes. Stereotypical male attitudes are shown to lead to poor health outcomes.MethodsMen withBRCA1/2mutations and diagnosed with PCa were identified and invited to participate in a qualitative interview study. Data were analysed using a framework approach. “Masculinity theory” was used to report the impact of having both aBRCA1/2mutation and PCa.ResultsEleven of 15 eligible men were interviewed. The umbrella concept of “Ambiguity in a Masculine World” was evident. Men's responses often matched those of women in a genetic context. Men'sBRCAexperience was described, as “on the back burner” but “a bonus” enabling familial detection and early diagnosis of PCa. Embodiment of PCa took precedence as men revealed stereotypical “ideal” masculine responses such as stoicism and control while creating new “masculinities” when faced with the vicissitudes of having 2 gendered conditions.ConclusionHealth workers are urged to take a reflexive approach, void of masculine ideals, a belief in which obfuscates men's experience. Research is required regarding men's support needs in the name of equality of care.