bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Economy of Fiscal Reform in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Kopits George 
Published: July 2016

The reform of public finances has been at the centre of the post-socialist transition of Central and Eastern Europe since the early 1990s. At various stages of the transition, the reform process encompassed the entire gamut of public finances: the national budget, sub-national finances, extrabudgetary operations, and state-owned financial and non-financial enterprises. For the most part, fiscal reform was a non-linear stop-and-go process – often characterised by backtracking as well – and was uneven across countries. Moreover, unlike most reform experience in the rest of the world, fiscal reform in this region took place against the backdrop of a radical break, as sovereign countries emerged from a colonial past following the collapse of the Soviet Union. An important milestone was reached in 2004–2007, when all ten countries covered in this article became members of the European Union. The purpose of this article is to discuss fiscal reform in Central and Eastern Europe from the perspective of political economy. Following an overview of basic reform trends, the article focuses on the principal drivers and impediments to reform in the region. To conclude, the ingredients of successful reform are examined. The article does not provide an exhaustive inventory of reform measures, nor does it offer a survey of broad political economy issues prior to or during the transition period. Country references are intended to serve as stylised illustrations of main points, rather than as a comprehensive documentation of reform episodes.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classifications: H1, H3, P2, P52.
Effects of conventional and slanted ventral slot procedures on the biomechanical behavior of the C5-C6 vertebral motion unit in dogs
Authors: Yang Haisheng , Lambrechts Nicolaas E. , Lehner Michael , Adam Gremah M. , Packer Rebecca A. , Moore Trevor W. , Main Russell P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of conventional and slanted ventral slot procedures on the biomechanical behavior of the C5-C6 vertebral motion unit (VMU) in dogs.
SAMPLE 14 vertebral columns (C4 through C7) from canine cadavers.
PROCEDURES Specimens were assigned to a conventional or slanted ventral slot group (n = 7/group). For each specimen, the C5-C6 VMU was tested in ventral and dorsal bending and positive and negative axial torsion before and after surgery. Range of motion (ROM), stiffness, and energy absorption were compared between the 2 groups.
RESULTS Both procedures significantly increased the ROM and stiffness and significantly decreased the energy absorption of the C5-C6 VMU in ventral and dorsal bending. Both procedures also increased the ROM in positive and negative axial torsion. In negative torsion, total stiffness and stiffness over the maximum ROM tested decreased less for the slanted slot procedure than for the conventional slot procedure. There were no significant differences between procedures for any of the other biomechanical outcomes examined.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the biomechanical response of the C5-C6 VMU to the conventional and slanted ventral slot procedures was not significantly different, especially when considering postsurgical instability induced by both procedures. This was most likely due to disruption of the nucleus pulposus and dorsal annulus fibrosus of the disk with both procedures. On the basis of these findings, neither procedure appeared biomechanically superior. Comparative clinical studies are warranted to further evaluate the 2 procedures.
Effects of size and location of regions of interest examined by use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography on renal perfusion variables of dogs
Authors: Macrì Francesco , Di Pietro Simona , Liotta Luigi , Piccionello Angela Palumbo , Pugliese Michela , De Majo Massimo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of the size and location of regions of interest (ROIs) in the renal cortex of unsedated dogs on renal perfusion variables determined by use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS).
ANIMALS 12 client-owned adult (1.5 to 2 years old) Labrador Retrievers (8 males and 4 females; mean ± SD body weight, 27 ± 1.6 kg).
PROCEDURES Each dog received 2 bolus injections of sulfur hexafluoride during CEUS. Three small oval ROIs (area of each ROI, 0.11 cm2) located in a row with a distance of 1 mm between adjacent ROIs and 1 large oval ROI (area, 1 cm2) that encompassed the 3 smaller ROIs were manually drawn in the renal cortex. The ROIs were located at a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 cm in the near field of the renal cortex. Software analysis of time-intensity curves within each ROI was used to identify peak enhancement, time to peak enhancement, regional blood flow, and mean transit time.
RESULTS The location and size of the ROIs of unsedated dogs did not cause significant differences in the mean values of the renal perfusion variables.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The development of CEUS has provided a unique means for visually examining and quantifying tissue perfusion. Results of this study indicated that it was possible to use small or large ROIs during renal CEUS to evaluate renal perfusion in dogs.
CORRELATION OF CORONAL PLASMA PROPERTIES AND SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD IN A DECAYING ACTIVE REGION
Authors: Ko Yuan-Kuen , Young Peter R. , Muglach Karin , Warren Harry P. , Ugarte-Urra Ignacio 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the analysis of a decaying active region observed by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on Hinode during 2009 December 7–11. We investigated the temporal evolution of its structure exhibited by plasma at temperatures from 300,000 to 2.8 million degrees, and derived the electron density, differential emission measure, effective electron temperature, and elemental abundance ratios of Si/S and Fe/S (as a measure of the First Ionization Potential (FIP) Effect). We compared these coronal properties to the temporal evolution of the photospheric magnetic field strength obtained from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager magnetograms. We find that, while these coronal properties all decreased with time during this decay phase, the largest change was at plasma above 1.5 million degrees. The photospheric magnetic field strength also decreased with time but mainly for field strengths lower than about 70 Gauss. The effective electron temperature and the FIP bias seem to reach a “basal” state (at 1.5 × 106 K and 1.5, respectively) into the quiet Sun when the mean photospheric magnetic field (excluding all areas <10 G) weakened to below 35 G, while the electron density continued to decrease with the weakening field. These physical properties are all positively correlated with each other and the correlation is the strongest in the high-temperature plasma. Such correlation properties should be considered in the quest for our understanding of how the corona is heated. The variations in the elemental abundance should especially be considered together with the electron temperature and density.
TESTING MODELS FOR THE SHALLOW DECAY PHASE OF GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOWS WITH POLARIZATION OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Lan Mi-Xiang , Wu Xue-Feng , Dai Zi-Gao 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The X-ray afterglows of almost one-half of gamma-ray bursts have been discovered by the Swift satellite to have a shallow decay phase of which the origin remains mysterious. Two main models have been proposed to explain this phase: relativistic wind bubbles (RWBs) and structured ejecta, which could originate from millisecond magnetars and rapidly rotating black holes, respectively. Based on these models, we investigate polarization evolution in the shallow decay phase of X-ray and optical afterglows. We find that in the RWB model, a significant bump of the polarization degree evolution curve appears during the shallow decay phase of both optical and X-ray afterglows, while the polarization position angle abruptly changes its direction by 90°. In the structured ejecta model, however, the polarization degree does not evolve significantly during the shallow decay phase of afterglows whether the magnetic field configuration in the ejecta is random or globally large-scale. Therefore, we conclude that these two models for the shallow decay phase and relevant central engines would be testable with future polarization observations.
BAYES’ THEOREM AND EARLY SOLAR SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES: THE CASE FOR AN UNEXCEPTIONAL ORIGIN FOR THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Authors: Young Edward D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The presence of excesses of short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system evidenced in meteorites has been taken as testament to close encounters with exotic nucleosynthetic sources, including supernovae or AGB stars. An analysis of the likelihoods associated with different sources of these extinct nuclides in the early solar system indicates that, rather than being exotic, their abundances were typical of star-forming regions like those observed today in the Galaxy. The radiochemistry of the early solar system is therefore unexceptional, being the consequence of extensive averaging of solids from molecular clouds.
WATER MASERS IN THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY. II. WHERE DO MASERS ARISE?
Authors: Amiri Nikta , Darling Jeremy 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a comparative multiwavelength analysis of water-maser-emitting regions and non-maser-emitting luminous 24 μm star-forming regions in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) to identify the sites most likely to produce luminous water masers useful for astrometry and proper motion studies. Included in the analysis are Spitzer 24 μm photometry, Herschel 70 and 160 μm photometry, Hα emission, dust temperature, and star-formation rate. We find significant differences between the maser-emitting and non-maser-emitting regions: water-maser-emitting regions tend to be more infrared-luminous and show higher star-formation rates. The five water masers in M31 are consistent with being analogs of water masers in Galactic star-forming regions and represent the high-luminosity tail of a larger (and as yet undetected) population. Most regions likely to produce water masers bright enough for proper motion measurements using current facilities have already been surveyed, but we suggest three ways to detect additional water masers in M31: (1) reobserve the most luminous mid- or far-infrared sources with higher sensitivity than was used in the Green Bank Telescope survey; (2) observe early-stage star-forming regions selected by millimeter continuum that have not already been selected by their 24 μm emission, and (3) reobserve the most luminous mid- or far-infrared sources and rely on maser variability for new detections.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP OF FLARE SIGNATURES AND THE FORCE-FREE CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Thalmann J. K. , Veronig A. , Su Y. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate the plasma and magnetic environment of active region NOAA 11261 on 2011 August 2 around a GOES M1.4 flare/CME (SOL2011-08-02T06:19). We compare coronal emission at the (extreme) ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths, using SDO AIA and RHESSI images, in order to identify the relative timing and locations of reconnection-related sources. We trace flare ribbon signatures at ultraviolet wavelengths in order to pin down the intersection of previously reconnected flaring loops in the lower solar atmosphere. These locations are used to calculate field lines from three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear force-free magnetic field models, established on the basis of SDO HMI photospheric vector magnetic field maps. Using this procedure, we analyze the quasi-static time evolution of the coronal model magnetic field previously involved in magnetic reconnection. This allows us, for the first time, to estimate the elevation speed of the current sheet’s lower tip during an on-disk observed flare as a few kilometers per second. A comparison to post-flare loops observed later above the limb in STEREO EUVI images supports this velocity estimate. Furthermore, we provide evidence for an implosion of parts of the flaring coronal model magnetic field, and identify the corresponding coronal sub-volumes associated with the loss of magnetic energy. Finally, we spatially relate the build up of magnetic energy in the 3D models to highly sheared fields, established due to the dynamic relative motions of polarity patches within the active region.
THE YOUNG AND BRIGHT TYPE IA SUPERNOVA ASASSN-14lp: DISCOVERY, EARLY-TIME OBSERVATIONS, FIRST-LIGHT TIME, DISTANCE TO NGC 4666, AND PROGENITOR CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Shappee B. J. , Piro A. L. , Holoien T. W.-S. , Prieto J. L. , Contreras C. , Itagaki K. , Burns C. R. , Kochanek C. S. , Stanek K. Z. , Alper E. , Basu U. , Beacom J. F. , Bersier D. , Brimacombe J. , Conseil E. , Danilet A. B. , Dong Subo , Falco E. , Grupe D. , Hsiao E. Y. , Kiyota S. , Morrell N. , Nicolas J. , Phillips M. M. , Pojmanski G. , Simonian G. , Stritzinger M. , Szczygieł D. M. , Taddia F. , Thompson T. A. , Thorstensen J. , Wagner M. R. , Woźniak P. R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
On 2014 December 9.61, the All-sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN or “Assassin”) discovered ASASSN-14lp just ∼2 days after first light using a global array of 14 cm diameter telescopes. ASASSN-14lp went on to become a bright supernova (V = 11.94 mag), second only to SN 2014J for the year. We present prediscovery photometry (with a detection less than a day after first light) and ultraviolet through near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic data covering the rise and fall of ASASSN-14lp for more than 100 days. We find that ASASSN-14lp had a broad light curve (

), a B-band maximum at 2457015.82 ± 0.03, a rise time of

days, and moderate host-galaxy extinction (

). Using ASASSN-14lp, we derive a distance modulus for NGC 4666 of

, corresponding to a distance of 14.7 ± 1.5 Mpc. However, adding ASASSN-14lp to the calibrating sample of Type Ia supernovae still requires an independent distance to the host galaxy. Finally, using our early-time photometric and spectroscopic observations, we rule out red giant secondaries and, assuming a favorable viewing angle and explosion time, any nondegenerate companion larger than 0.34

.
FORBIDDEN IRON LINES AND DUST DESTRUCTION IN SUPERNOVA REMNANT SHOCKS: THE CASE OF N49 IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD
Authors: Dopita Michael A. , Seitenzahl Ivo R. , Sutherland Ralph S. , Vogt Frédéric P. A. , Winkler P. Frank , Blair William P. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a complete integral-field survey of the bright supernova remnant (SNR) N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, obtained with the WiFeS instrument mounted on the ANU 2.3 m telescope at Siding Spring Observatory. From theoretical shock modeling with the new MAPPINGS 5.1 code, we have, for the first time, subjected the optical Fe emission line spectrum of an SNR to a detailed abundance and dynamical analysis covering eight separate stages of ionization. This allows us to derive the dust depletion factors as a function of ionization stage. We have shown that there is substantial (30%–90%) destruction of Fe-bearing dust grains in these fast shocks (v

s
∼ 250 km s−1), and we have confirmed that the dominant dust destruction occurs through the non-thermal sputtering and grain–grain collision mechanisms developed in a number of theoretical works.
Le fondement de l’intelligence de la foi selon Karl Rahner
Authors: Sendrez David 
Published: July 2016

On propose de tenir compte de la revendication du Discours d’Ignace de Loyola aux Jésuites d’aujourd’hui , celle d’une expérience immédiate de Dieu, pour interpréter le Traité fondamental de la foi . L’expérience transcendantale de Dieu peut alors être comprise comme dépendante d’un toucher de Dieu au creux de l’âme, expérience paradoxale, à la fois non noétique et non vide. Rahner pose donc une double médiation. L’expérience de Dieu ne s’atteste que de manière aveugle, à travers la médiation de signes qui expriment la présence intime de Dieu et qui en sont le symbole réel ; l’autre médiation est la Révélation positive, sans laquelle cette expérience resterait anonyme et inintelligible, ne sachant rien d’autre que la crainte devant le mystère infini. Le renvoi mutuel de ces deux médiations (signes en l’âme et Écriture sainte) n’est pas autre chose que l’affirmation d’un rapport circulaire entre la fides qua et la fides quae au plan basilaire où les facultés intellective et volitive sont encore indistinctes, et dont le premier niveau de réflexion, proposé par Rahner, est la prise en charge intellectuellement rigoureuse. Il faut donc reconnaître à l’épistémologie théologique rahnérienne, une qualité mystique.
Le concile de Vienne et les Templiers
Authors: Demurger Alain 
Published: July 2016

Les canons Vox in excelso (mars 1312) et Ad Providam (mai 1312) promulgués lors du concile de Vienne par le pape Clément V, mettent un point final à « l’Affaire des Templiers » commencée en 1307 : l’ordre du Temple est supprimé sans être condamné ; ses biens sont attribués à l’ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem qui vient de s’installer dans l’île de Rhodes. Le concile de Vienne a traité d’autres questions (la croisade, la mission) mais il avait été convoqué d’abord pour régler l’affaire du Temple. À ce titre il représente la phase finale d’une procédure commencée par le pape Clément V en 1308 pour remettre dans le giron de l’Église une affaire initiée, au mépris de tout droit, par le roi de France Philippe le Bel en 1307. Traiter des « Templiers et du concile de Vienne » implique donc d’évoquer aussi ces procédures pontificales engagées contre les Templiers en tant que personne et contre le Temple en tant qu’ordre.
Les terribles aigreurs du Péléide
Authors: Schilling Maryse 
Published: July 2016

L’ode 1, 6 est une recusatio bien connue et les distorsions de la langue homérique que l’on rencontre dans le poème ont depuis longtemps été bien identifiées par la critique. Cependant, il semble que les commentaires n’ont pas complètement expliqué ce qu’ils nomment communément le ton parodique ou ironique. Par l’étude d’aspects insuffisamment analysés jusqu’alors, cet article a pour but de souligner comment Horace joue avec la langue épique, non pas pour se livrer à un jeu plaisant de subversion de la grandeur homérique ou pour moquer les poètes récents, mais bien pour montrer sa capacité à traiter de la matière et des conventions épiques et faire naître un questionnement sur sa propre poétique.
Ingénuité et subtilité de Servius
Authors: Scafoglio Giampiero 
Published: July 2016

Cet article vise à démontrer, à travers quelques exemples tirés du commentaire sur les livres 7 et 8 de l’Énéide, que Servius n’est pas toujours un commentateur naïf, ingénu (ce qui n’est qu’un euphémisme pour dire stupide). Au contraire, il s’avère parfois un interprète aigu et raffiné en ce qui concerne la construction et la stratégie de la narration virgilienne, tout comme il exprime une sensibilité particulière pour la nature et ses spectacles, la sensibilité visuelle et esthétique typique de l’Antiquité tardive.
Modeler le prince ou critiquer le prince
Authors: Bureau Bruno 
Published: July 2016

La lecture conjointe des panégyriques pour les quatrième et sixième consulats d’Honorius de Claudien et du De reditu suo de Rutilius Namatianus montre l’existence d’un débat dans lequel la notion de romanité est confrontée à la figure singulière du prince (et de ce prince-là, Honorius). À travers le thème du lien à la ville de Rome et de la présence du prince à Rome, l’article analyse les tensions entre une vision « civique » et romaine de la fonction princière et d’autres lectures du statut de l’empereur, en lien avec la représentation chrétienne du prince et les pratiques de la cour orientale. Une décennie après Claudien, Rutilius montre l’échec, au moins dans la frange de la société qu’il représente, de cette forme de reconfiguration de la figure d’Honorius qui, prince chrétien, pourrait en même temps se donner comme le nouveau Trajan.
Insights into a historic severe haze event in Shanghai: synoptic situation,
boundary layer and pollutants
Authors: Leng Chunpeng , Duan Junyan , Xu Chen , Zhang Hefeng , Wang Yifan , Wang Yanyu , Li Xiang , Kong Lingdong , Tao Jun , Zhang Renjian , Cheng Tiantao , Zha Shuping , Yu Xingna 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A historic haze event, characterized by lengthy, large-scale and severe pollution, occurred in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China from 1 to 10 December 2013. This haze event significantly influenced air quality throughout the region, especially in urban areas. Aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties were measured in Shanghai. Sometimes the 1 h average particle concentration (e.g., PM2.5) exceeded 600 µg m−3. Inorganic water-soluble ions in particles, trace gases and aerosol optical coefficients had a similar tendency to increase evidently from clear to hazy episodes. A combination of various factors contributed to the formation and evolution of the haze event, among which meteorological conditions, local anthropogenic emissions and pollutants are the major factors. High pressure system, calm surface wind and subsidence airflow were responsible for the decrease of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the accumulation of pollutants. Atmospheric visibility correlated strongly with relative humidity (RH), particle number in size of 600–1400 nm other than particulate water-soluble species and particle mass (PM2.5). The particle hygroscopicity plays an important role in atmospheric visibility reduction. The results are somewhat helpful to forecast and eliminate regional atmospheric pollution in China.
Data Protection by Design als argument in het FBI vs. Apple-debat
Authors: Cuijpers C. , van Schendel S. 
Published: July 2016

Data Protection by Design as an argument in the FBI vs. Apple debate
Adhering to a strict interpretation, Data Protection by Design (DPbD) can conflict with the needs of law enforcement in their fight against terrorism and criminality. An illustration of this tension can be found in the case of FBI vs. Apple, where the FBI wants Apple to help bypass security on an iPhone in order to gain access to data. The FBI needs the help of Apple – or third parties – to get such access, for which they might need to create new legal mandates. However, private parties like Apple, may want to design their products in such a way that evading and breaking the security of the system is not possible, as consumers demand secure and privacy friendly devices. This article adds to this debate by posing DPbD as an argument in favor of private parties not to cooperate in making their products less secure and less privacy friendly. This argument is especially relevant when a similar case unfolds in the EU under the new regime of the General Data Protection Regulation in which DPbD is explicitly embedded.
Politie en beeldtechnologie: gebruik, opbrengsten en uitdagingen
Authors: Flight S. 
Published: July 2016

Police and video technology
The Dutch National Police deploys video technology, for instance body-worn video camera (bodycams), drones, helicopters with cameras, and mobile units for surveillance. Four types of video technology are discussed: CCTV, bodycams, smart cameras and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR). These four types will be the most prominent applications of visual technology in the coming years, according to ‘Vision on sensing’, published in 2015 by the National Police. The potential benefits of video images for prosecution and in the courtroom are discussed in a separate paragraph, followed by a survey of recent changes in the laws regulating this technology.