bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Action and Conservation of Current
Authors: Eisenberg Robert S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The law of mass action does not force a series of chemical reactions to have the same current flow everywhere. Interruption of far-away current does not stop current everywhere in a series of chemical reactions (analyzed according to the law of mass action), and so does not obey Maxwell’s equations. An additional constraint and equation is needed to enforce global continuity of current. The additional constraint is introduced in this paper in the special case that the chemical reaction describes spatial movement through narrow channels. In that case, a fully consistent treatment is possible using different models of charge movement. The general case must be dealt with by variational methods that enforce consistency of all the physical laws involved. Violations of current continuity arise away from equilibrium, when current flows, and the law of mass action is applied to a non-equilibrium situation, different from the systems considered when the law was originally derived. Device design in the chemical world is difficult because simple laws are not obeyed in that way. Rate constants of the law of mass action are found experimentally to change from one set of conditions to another. The law of mass action is not robust in most cases and cannot serve the same role that circuit models do in our electrical technology. Robust models and device designs in the chemical world will not be possible until continuity of current is embedded in a generalization of the law of mass action using a consistent variational model of energy and dissipation.
Separation of Process Wastewater with Extractive Heterogeneous-Azeotropic Distillation
Authors: Tóth András József , Szanyi Ágnes , Haaz Enikő , Mizsey Péter 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The application of vapour-liquid equilibria-based separation alternatives can be extraordinarily complicated for the treatment of process wastewaters containing heterogeneous-azeotropic. Despite dissimilar successfully tested methods for separation, there is possibility to get better distillation method by enabling the separation of more and more specific process wastewater. Extractive heterogeneous-azeotropic distillation (EHAD) is a new advance in treatment of fine chemical wastewater showing special features to cope with the treatment of highly non-ideal mixtures. This method combines the worth of heterogeneous-azeotropic and extractive distillations in one apparatus without addition of any extra materials. The study of the separations of ternary component process wastewater from the fine chemical industry shows both in the modelled and experimental results that EHAD can be successfully applied. The measured and modelled compositions at extreme purities, that is, close to 0% or 100%, can be different because of the inaccuracies of the modelling. This highlights the paramount importance of the experiments if special extra-fine chemicals with almost no impurities, e.g. of pharmacopoeial quality are to be produced by special distillation technique. This study expands the application of EHAD technique, this new field is the separation of process wastewaters.
Control of membrane fluidity: the OLE pathway in focus
Authors: Ballweg Stephanie , Ernst Robert 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The maintenance of a fluid lipid bilayer is key for membrane integrity and cell viability. We are only beginning to understand how eukaryotic cells sense and maintain the characteristic lipid compositions and bulk membrane properties of their organelles. One of the key factors determining membrane fluidity and phase behavior is the proportion of saturated and unsaturated acyl chains in membrane lipids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal model organism to study the regulation of the lipid acyl chain composition via the OLE pathway. The OLE pathway comprises all steps involved in the regulated mobilization of the transcription factors Mga2 and Spt23 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which then drive the expression of OLE1 in the nucleus. OLE1 encodes for the essential Δ9-fatty acid desaturase Ole1 and is crucial for de novo biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) that are used as lipid building blocks. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the OLE pathway, the best-characterized, eukaryotic sense-and-control system regulating membrane lipid saturation, and identifies open questions to indicate future directions.
Age-dependent features of CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2E1 functioning at metabolic syndrome
Authors: Bondarenko Larysa B. , Shayakhmetova Ganna M. , Voronina Alla K. , Kovalenko Valentina M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background:
Complex investigations of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms with metabolic syndrome (MS) development are limited, and specific features of adolescent’s metabolisms are generally disregarded. The aim of present study was a comparative estimation of MS-mediated changes in CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2E1 mRNA expression and enzymatic activities, as well as antioxidant system parameters of adult and pubertal rats.

Methods:
Wistar albino male rats of two age categories [young animals of 21 days age (50–70 g) and adults (160–180 g)] were divided into four groups (eight animals in each group): (1) control 1 (intact young rats), (2) control 2 (intact adult rats), (3) MS3 (young rats with MS), and (4) MS4 (adult rats with MS). The MS was induced by full replacement of drinking water by 20% fructose solution (200 g/L). After 60 days of MS modeling, the investigation of rat liver CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2E1 mRNA expressions, their enzyme-marker activities, as well as the antioxidant system parameters was conducted.

Results:
Levels of liver CYP2E1 mRNA expression increased with MS: 40% (adults) and 80% (pubertal rats). Pubertal rats had also increased CYP3A2 mRNA expression (30%) and decreased CYP2C mRNA expression (30%). Changes in CYP2E1 and CYP2C enzymatic activities were consistent with the changes of corresponding gene expressions at both age-groups with MS. Simultaneously, liver reduced glutathione contents, and glutathione transferase and reductase activities were decreased in pubertal animals.

Conclusions:
CYP isoform expression rates and glutathione system were greatly violated with MS. The greater changes were observed in pubertal rats with MS.
Information Contents of a Signal at Repeated Positioning Measurements of the Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) by Laser Interferometer
Authors: Stejskal Tomáš , Kelemenová Tatiana , Dovica Miroslav , Demeč Peter , Štofa Miroslav 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The input of this paper lies in displaying possibilities how to determine the condition of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) based on a large number of repeated measurements. The number of repeated measurements exceeds common requirements for determining positioning accuracy. The total offset in the accuracy of spatial positioning consists of partial inaccuracies of individual axes. 6 basic errors may be defined at each axis. In a triaxial set, that translates into 18 errors, to which an offset from the perpendicularity between the axial pairs must be added. Therefore, the combined number of errors in a single position is 21. These errors are systemic and stem from the machine’s geometry. In addition, there are accidental errors to account for as well. Accidental errors can be attributed to vibrations, mass inertness, passive resistance, and in part to fluctuations in temperature. A peculiar set of systemic errors are time-varying errors. The nature of those errors may be reversible, for instance if they result from influence of temperature or elastic deformation. They can be also irreversible, for example as a result of wear and tear or line clogging, due to loosened connection or permanent deformation of a part post collision. A demonstration of thermal equalizing of the machine’s parts may also be observed in case of failure to adhere to a sufficient time interval from the moment the air-conditioning is turned on. Repeated measurements done on a selected axis with linear interferometer can provide complex information on the CMM condition and also on the machine’s interaction with the given technical environment.
Diagnostic systems for the nuclear fusion and plasma research in the PF-24 plasma focus laboratory at the IFJ PAN
Authors: Marciniak Łukasz , Wójcik-Gargula Anna , Kulińska Agnieszka , Bielecki Jakub , Wiącek Urszula 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a set of diagnostics dedicated to PF-24 - new medium size - plasma focus (PF) device built and operated at the Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN). The PF-24 can operate at energy level up to 93 kJ and charging voltage up to 40 kV. Each condenser is connected with a specially designed spark gap with a very small jitter, which ensures a high effi ciency and a low current rise time. The working parameters of PF-24 generator make it a suitable tool for testing new detection systems to be used in fusion research. Four types of such detection systems are presented in this article: three diagnostic systems used to measure electric quantities (Rogowski coil, magnetic probe, capacitance probe), neutron counter based on beryllium activation, fast neutron pinhole camera based on small-area BCF-12 plastic scintillation detectors and high-speed four-frame soft X-ray camera with microchannel plate.
Calculation of edge ion temperature and poloidal rotation velocity from carbon III triplet measurements on the COMPASS tokamak
Authors: Tomeš Matěj , Weinzettl Vladimír , Pereira Tiago , Imríšek Martin , Seidl Jakub 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A high-resolution spectroscopic system for the measurements of the CIII triplet at 465 nm was installed at the COMPASS tokamak. The Doppler broadening and shift of the measured spectral lines are used to calculate the edge ion temperature and poloidal plasma rotation. At first, the spectroscopic system based on two-grating spectrometer and the calibration procedure is described. The signal processing including detection and removal of spiky features in the signal caused by hard X-rays based on the difference in the behaviour of Savitzky-Golay and median filters is explained. The detection and position estimation of individual spectral lines based on the continuous wavelet transform is shown. The method of fitting of Gaussians using the orthogonal distance regression and estimation of the error of estimation of the rotation velocity and ion temperature is described. At the end, conclusions about the performance of the spectroscopic system and its shortcomings based on summary of results calculated from 2033 processed spectral lines measured in 61 shots are drawn and the possible enhancements are suggested.
Influence of natural radium contamination of barium chloride on the determination of radium isotopes in the water samples using α/β liquid scintillation spectrometry
Authors: Nguyen Chau , Czechowska Magdalena , Nowak Jakub , Jodłowski Paweł 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The determination of radium isotopes in drinking water by liquid scintillation technique requires some reagents that are used for separating radium from water samples. One of the main reagents is BaCl2·H2O. This paper presents the study of this compound and shows that barium chloride reagent is naturally contaminated with226Ra. The 226Ra activity concentration in BaCl2·H2O reagent produced by chemical companies from Poland and other countries is equal to a few dozen Bq/kg. Furthermore, 14 mL of 0.10 M BaCl2·H2O solution is the optimum amount which should be used for the chemical procedure. At the optimum amount of barium chloride and 2-hour measurement, the detection limit of 226Ra and 228Ra of the liquid scintillation counting method is equal to 5 and 30 mBq per sample, respectively.
Supply chain collaboration within the Iranian construction industry
Authors: Bidabadi Zahra Toroghi , Hosseinalipour Mujtaba , Hamidizadeh Mohammad Reza , Mohebifar Amirhossein 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Collaboration is an important factor to succeed and increase the sustainability in project management and construction, especially in a construction supply chain (CSC) that includes multiple partners. Although, in recent decades, many changes have occurred in the construction industry, there are still many problems in this area. Therefore, research in this area becomes vital because collaboration is one of the best approaches to improve CSC performance. In this study, collaborative relationship has been found to be affected by three main factors: managerial, financial and structural. However, application of collaboration in Iran is still in its inception. This comprehensive research study focuses on suitable context for implementing the collaboration method. The methodology of this research is based on interviews and a review of previous research, which identifies critical factors and positive results of use in relation to collaboration. Results of this study improve our knowledge about the role of collaboration in a CSC's performance. Analysis of data shows that managerial factors have the most positive effects on the implementation of collaboration networks in CSCs, followed by financial factors and organizational factors.
Multichannel analysis of the surface waves of earth materials in some parts of Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Adegbola R.B. , Oyedele K.F. , Adeoti L. , Adeloye A.B. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We present a method that utilizes multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), which was used to measure shear wave velocities, with a view to establishing the probable causes of road failure, subsidence and weakening of structures in some local government areas in Lagos, Nigeria. MASW data were acquired using a 24-channel seismograph. The acquired data were processed and transformed into a two-dimensional (2-D) structure reflective of the depth and surface wave velocity distribution within a depth of 0–15 m beneath the surface using SURFSEIS software. The shear wave velocity data were compared with other geophysical/ borehole data that were acquired along the same profile. The comparison and correlation illustrate the accuracy and consistency of MASW-derived shear wave velocity profiles. Rigidity modulus and N-value were also generated. The study showed that the low velocity/ very low velocity data are reflective of organic clay/ peat materials and thus likely responsible for the failure, subsidence and weakening of structures within the study areas.
Natural gas consumption prediction in Slovenian industry – a case study
Authors: Kovačič Miha , Šarler Božidar , Župerl Uroš 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In accordance with the regulations of the Energy Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, each natural gas supplier regulates and determines the charges for the differences between the ordered (predicted) and the actually supplied quantities of natural gas. Yearly charges for these differences represent up to 2% of supplied natural gas costs. All the natural gas users, especially industry, have huge problems finding the proper method for efficient natural gas consumption prediction and, consequently, the decreasing of mentioned costs. In this study, prediction of the natural gas consumption in Štore Steel Ltd. (steel plant) is presented. On the basis of production data, several models for natural gas consumption have been developed using linear regression, genetic programming and artificial neural network methods. The genetic programming approach outperformed linear regression and artificial neural networks.
Voting Behavior in Parliamentary Elections in Slovakia
Authors: Řádek Miroslav 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Department of Political Science at Alexander Dubcek University in Trencin prepared its own exit poll during election day on March 5, 2016. The survey asked seven questions that were aimed at determining the preferences of the respondents concerning not only the current but also past general elections. Interviewers surveyed the choice of political party or movement in parliamentary elections in 2016 as well as preferences in past elections. Followed by questions concerning motivation to vote - when did the respondents decide to go to vote and what or who inspired this decision. The survey also tried to found out how many preferential votes did the voters give to the candidates of political parties and movements. Final question asked about expectations for the future of individual respondents. This article is the information output of the survey. The interviewers were 124 university students and its return was 1,612 sheets. The aim of this paper is to communicate the findings of this unique survey, which is unprecedented in the Slovak political science.
Institutional Design in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Aulić Ljiljana , Kalinić Zoran 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The authors of the paper have been studing the electoral engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the formal rules define the behavior of parties, politicians and citizens. In the first part of the hypothesis is tested whether the institutional design of Bosnia and Herzegovina contributes to the strengthening of democracy and its consolidation. We discuss the key dilemmas and challenges of the Constitution of BiH, as well as the electoral system where we’ve provided concrete examples of electoral engineering. In the second part of the paper the authors state the causes and consequences of electoral engineering in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where attention is given to the institutional design. The aim is to point out the necessary reforms of the electoral system, which is expected to reduce ethnic conflicts, the creation of democratic accountability, solving social problems, strengthening the will and confidence of voters, as well as increasing women’s quota in institutions. At the end of the work we point out the solutions, with the intention that the work will serve and contribute the scientific knowledge of institutional design in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Management in Agritourism Promotion as an Element of Support Agritourism Services by Local Authorities
Authors: Brzozowska Anna , Niedziółka Arkadiusz 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The promotion of agritourism services is a very important factor of agritourism development. Owners of agritourism farms apply different promotional instruments.
The main objective of the authors’ research is to identify the management methods of promotional activity in agritourism by local authorities in municipalities of the Myslenice County. The region belongs to one of the most touristic attractive parts of Malopolska Province in Poland.
In order to achieve this ambitious objective, during the summer 2015 the surveys in all nine municipalities belonging to the Myslenice County: Dobczyce, Lubień, Myślenice, Pcim, Raciechowice, Siepraw, Sułkowice, Tokarnia oraz Wiśniowa were conducted. The researches related to the support of local governments in the development of agritourism services with regard to the promotion of agritourism.
In the theoretical part of the paper the essence and forms of promotion used in agritourism services and other different types of its support by local authorities were presented based on the literature.
Understanding the transformation of the Polish footwear industry through firm’s strategies, trade geography and spatial heritage
Authors: Kocaj Arkadiusz 
Published: October 2016

Abstract:The article investigates the current condition of the Polish footwear industry and its relationships with the European counterpart. Through the prism of context rooted in history, legal framework, post-socialist transformation, reorientation to export, European integration and other factors, it delivers a justification for the current state of the industry and firm strategies. The analysis encompasses main macroeconomic indicators of the industry and the sector, changes in the structure of production, external relations (primarily export) and basic data on employment. Conclusions from the analysis of data are backed by information acquired from in depth interviews conducted in 2013 and 2014 in two traditional footwear industry regions. This sector of industry was characterized by dynamic growth of production in the post war socialist period, decline following 1989, small scale inflow of foreign investment and reorientation of external relations.
The MMS22L–TONSL heterodimer directly promotes RAD51‐dependent recombination upon replication stress
Authors: Piwko Wojciech , Mlejnkova Lucie J , Mutreja Karun , Ranjha Lepakshi , Stafa Diana , Smirnov Alexander , Brodersen Mia ML , Zellweger Ralph , Sturzenegger Andreas , Janscak Pavel , Lopes Massimo , Peter Matthias , Cejka Petr 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHomologous recombination (HR) is a key pathway that repairs DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) and helps to restart stalled or collapsed replication forks. How HR supports replication upon genotoxic stress is not understood. Using in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that the MMS22L–TONSL heterodimer localizes to replication forks under unperturbed conditions and its recruitment is increased during replication stress in human cells. MMS22L–TONSL associates with replication protein A (RPA)‐coated ssDNA, and the MMS22L subunit directly interacts with the strand exchange protein RAD51. MMS22L is required for proper RAD51 assembly at DNA damage sites in vivo, and HR‐mediated repair of stalled forks is abrogated in cells expressing a MMS22L mutant deficient in RAD51 interaction. Similar to the recombination mediator BRCA2, recombinant MMS22L–TONSL limits the assembly of RAD51 on dsDNA, which stimulates RAD51‐ssDNA nucleoprotein filament formation and RAD51‐dependent strand exchange activity in vitro. Thus, by specifically regulating RAD51 activity at uncoupled replication forks, MMS22L–TONSL stabilizes perturbed replication forks by promoting replication fork reversal and stimulating their HR‐mediated restart in vivo.
Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015)
Authors: Calado Filipa , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: October 2016

Background and aims
Problem gambling has been identified as an emergent public health issue, and there is a need to identify gambling trends and to regularly update worldwide gambling prevalence rates. This paper aims to review recent research on adult gambling and problem gambling (since 2000) and then, in the context of a growing liberalization of the gambling market in the European Union, intends to provide a more detailed analysis of adult gambling behavior across European countries.

Methods
A systematic literature search was carried out using academic databases, Internet, and governmental websites.

Results
Following this search and utilizing exclusion criteria, 69 studies on adult gambling prevalence were identified. These studies demonstrated that there are wide variations in past-year problem gambling rates across different countries in the world (0.12–5.8%) and in Europe (0.12–3.4%). However, it is difficult to directly compare studies due to different methodological procedures, instruments, cut-offs, and time frames. Despite the variability among instruments, some consistent results with regard to demographics were found.

Discussion and conclusion
The findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of problem gambling prevalence rates in order to examine the influence of cultural context on gambling patterns, assess the effectiveness of policies on gambling-related harms, and establish priorities for future research.