bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved mechanical and thermal properties of gelatin films using a nano inorganic filler
Authors: Wu Xiaomeng , Liu Yaowei , Wang Wenhang , Han Yue , Liu Anjun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo fabricate gelatin films with excellent mechanical and thermal properties, nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA) was introduced into a gelatin matrix. The effect of added nHA content (0–20 wt %) on the physicochemical properties of the nHA‐gelatine films was investigated. Morphology analyses confirmed that the nHA particles were tightly and uniformly incorporated into the gelatin matrix. The thickness, water vapor permeability, light transmission, and moisture content of the films varied considerably depending on the added nHA amount. The addition of 15 wt % nHA increased the tensile strength of the gelatin films to 58.38 MPa but decreased the elongation to 27.85%. Furthermore, adding nHA improved the thermal properties, with the highest melting temperature of 80.98°C for the 10 wt % nHA‐reinforced film. Few changes in the conformation of the gelatin molecule were observed. Therefore, based on the particle nature and good compatibility with gelatin, nHA reinforcement provides a potential approach to improve gelatin film performance in food packaging field.Practical ApplicationsTo improve the performance of gelatin films and to fabricate gelatin films with great mechanical and thermal properties, nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA), which was used to fabricate biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties, added into a gelatin matrix to produce nHA‐gelatin films. The aim of this article is to explore the potential application of the nHA‐gelatin composite film in mainly food‐contacted packing material field, focusing on its corresponding properties, such as mechanical characteristics, barrier capacity, thermostablity, and so on. It is different from the previous researches, with an emphasis on bio‐material properties. Therefore, the biocompatible and biodegradable gelatin‐nHA composite films were developed in this study.
Reduction in cardiolipin decreases mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity and increases glucose transport into and across human brain cerebral microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Nguyen Hieu M. , Mejia Edgard M. , Chang Wenguang , Wang Ying , Watson Emily , On Ngoc , Miller Donald W. , Hatch Grant M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMicrovessel endothelial cells form part of the blood–brain barrier, a restrictively permeable interface that allows transport of only specific compounds into the brain. Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial phospholipid required for function of the electron transport chain and ATP generation. We examined the role of cardiolipin in maintaining mitochondrial function necessary to support barrier properties of brain microvessel endothelial cells. Knockdown of the terminal enzyme of cardiolipin synthesis, cardiolipin synthase, in hCMEC/D3 cells resulted in decreased cellular cardiolipin levels compared to controls. The reduction in cardiolipin resulted in decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity, increased pyruvate kinase activity, and increased 2‐deoxy‐[3H]glucose uptake and glucose transporter‐1 expression and localization to membranes in hCMEC/D3 cells compared to controls. The mechanism for the increase in glucose uptake was an increase in adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate kinase and protein kinase B activity and decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity. Knockdown of cardiolipin synthase did not affect permeability of fluorescent dextran across confluent hCMEC/D3 monolayers grown on Transwell® inserts. In contrast, knockdown of cardiolipin synthase resulted in an increase in 2‐deoxy‐[3H]glucose transport across these monolayers compared to controls. The data indicate that in hCMEC/D3 cells, spare respiratory capacity is dependent on cardiolipin. In addition, reduction in cardiolipin in these cells alters their cellular energy status and this results in increased glucose transport into and across hCMEC/D3 monolayers.
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Microvessel endothelial cells form part of the blood–brain barrier, a restrictively permeable interface that allows transport of only specific compounds into the brain. In human adult brain endothelial cell hCMEC/D3 monolayers cultured on Transwell® plates, knockdown of cardiolipin synthase results in decrease in mitochondrial cardiolipin and decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. The reduced cardiolipin results in an increased activity of adenosine monophosphate kinase (pAMPK) and protein kinase B (pAKT) and decreased activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3β) which results in elevated glucose transporter‐1 (GLUT‐1) expression and association with membranes. This in turn increases 2‐dexoyglucose uptake from the apical medium into the cells with a resultant 2‐deoxyglucose movement into the basolateral medium.
Topographic Assessment of Acute Ischemic Changes for Prognostication of Anterior Circulation Stroke
Authors: Payabvash Seyedmehdi , Noorbaloochi Siamak , Qureshi Adnan I. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe location of acute ischemic infarct can affect the clinical outcome of stroke patients. We aimed to develop a prognostic tool based on the topographic distribution of early ischemic changes on admission computed tomography (CT) scans.METHODSUsing the albumin in acute stroke (ALIAS) trials dataset, patients with anterior circulation stroke were included for analysis. A 3‐month modified Rankin scale (mRs) score > 2 defined disability/death; and ≤2 defined favorable outcome. A penalized logistic regression determined independent predictors of disability/death among components of admission CT scan Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS). Follow‐up 24‐hour CT/MRI scans were reviewed for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).RESULTSA simplified ASPECTS (sASPECTS) was developed including the caudate, lentiform nucleus, insula, and M5 components of ASPECTS—which were independent predictors of disability/death on multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference between ASPECTS and sASPECTS in prediction of disability/death (P = .738). Among patients with sASPECTS ≥ 1, the rate of favorable outcome was higher in those with intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy (501/837, 59.9%) versus those without treatment (91/183, 49.7%, P = .013); whereas among patients with sASPECTS of 0, IV thrombolysis was not associated with improved outcome. Also, patients with sASPECTS of 0 were more likely to develop symptomatic ICH (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.49‐4.62), compared to those with sASPECTS ≥ 1 (P = .004).CONCLUSIONSTopographic assessment of acute ischemic changes using the sASPECTS (including caudate, lentiform nucleus, insula, and M5) can predict disability/death in anterior circulation stroke as accurately as the ASPECTS; and may help predict response to treatment and risk of developing symptomatic ICH.
Period 3 gene polymorphism and sleep adaptation to stressful urban environments
Authors: Anderson Maxwell R. , Akeeb Ameenat , Lavela Joseph , Chen Yuanxiu , Mellman Thomas A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis study's objective was to investigate the relationship between a variable‐number tandem‐repeat (VNTR) Period 3 gene (PER3) polymorphism and sleep adaptation to stressful urban environments. Seventy‐five (49 female) African American participants (ages 18–35 years) living in neighbourhoods with high rates of violent crime were selected for the study based on converging criteria for good or poor sleep. Categorization of sleep quality was based on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), estimates of typical sleep duration and sleep efficiency. Other assessments included the Fear of Sleep Index (FOSI) and City Stress Inventory (CSI). Whole blood DNA was analysed for the 4 and 5 VNTR alleles using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restrictive enzyme digestion. Fifty‐seven per cent of those who were homo‐ or heterozygous for the 4‐repeat allele were poor sleepers versus 25% of those homozygous for the 5‐repeat allele; χ2 = 4.17, P = 0.041. In a logistic regression model with all the variables with significant bivariate relationships to sleep quality group, FOSI was the only significant predictor (χ2 = 5.68, P = 0.017). FOSI scores were higher among those with the 4‐repeat allele (t = 2.66, P = 0.013). The PER3 4 and 5 VNTR polymorphisms appear to influence sensitivity to the effects of stressful urban environments on sleep. While FOSI was the only variable associated independently with sleep quality category, the candidate vulnerability allele was also associated with greater ‘fear of sleep’.
Age‐related change of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase activities in male chickens and pigs
Authors: Hu S. X. 
Published: September 2016

The hepatic activities of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) of male Ross 708 broiler chickens at the age of 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days and male Camborough‐29 pigs at the age of 1 day and 2, 5, 10, and 20 weeks were investigated. Glucuronidation and sulfation of 4‐nitrophenol were used to evaluate the activities. Porcine hepaticUGTandSULTactivities were low at birth, peaked at around 5–10 weeks, and then declined. Both hepaticUGTandSULTactivities of chickens were high at hatch and declined. Chicken hepaticUGTactivity had a peak at the age of 28 days. Affinity of hepaticSULTto 4‐nitrophenol is similar in chickens and pigs, but the affinity of hepaticUGTin pigs was about 10 times higher than that in chickens. 4‐nitrophenol was predominantly conjugated bySULTinstead ofUGTin chicken livers from hatch to day 56. Conversely, hepaticUGTcontributed predominantly in 4‐nitrophenol conjugation than theSULTin pigs from birth to 20 weeks. Therefore, age has significant impact on hepatic activities ofUGTandSULT, and the importance ofUGTandSULTon conjugation is different in chickens and pigs.
Solving the Puzzle about Early Belief‐Ascription
Authors: Helming Katharina A. , Strickland Brent , Jacob Pierre 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDevelopmental psychology currently faces a deep puzzle: most children before 4 years of age fail elicited‐response false‐belief tasks, but preverbal infants demonstrate spontaneous false‐belief understanding. Two main strategies are available: cultural constructivism and early‐belief understanding. The latter view (unlike the former) assumes that failure at elicited‐response false‐belief tasks need not reflect the inability to understand false beliefs. The burden of early‐belief understanding is to explain why elicited‐response false‐belief tasks are so challenging for most children under 4 years of age. The goal of this article is to offer a pragmatic framework whose purpose is to discharge this burden.
The Lying Test
Authors: Michaelson Eliot 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAs an empirical inquiry into the nature of meaning, semantics must rely on data. Unfortunately, the primary data to which philosophers and linguists have traditionally appealed—judgments on the truth and falsity of sentences—have long been known to vary widely between competent speakers in a number of interesting cases. The present article constitutes an experiment in how to obtain some more consistent data for the enterprise of semantics. Specifically, it argues from some widely accepted Gricean premises to the conclusion that judgments on lying are semantically relevant. It then endeavors to show how, assuming the relevance of such judgments, we can use them to generate a useful, widely acceptable test for semantic content.
IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY ADJUSTMENT COSTS FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
Authors: RYAN DANIEL , TOEWS CARL , SANCHIRICO JAMES N. , ARMSWORTH PAUL R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOptimal policy recommendations from natural resource management models can involve fast‐changing management interventions. Actual policies often change more gradually, potentially reflecting costs associated with policy adjustment. We examine how including policy adjustment costs changes policy recommendations in models of fishery management. Specifically, we examine cases where policy adjustment costs increase at an increasing rate with the rate of change of fishing effort levels. We examine how accounting for these costs changes optimal management strategies in static and time‐varying environments. Increasing policy adjustment costs results in optimal approach paths to stationary optimal solutions that are more gradual but that rely on oscillatory convergence. In time‐varying environments, including policy adjustment costs smoothes optimal management recommendations, resulting in decreased variation in effort levels on the stationary part of the optimal solution, but increased variation in optimal stock sizes. We conclude that accounting for policy adjustment costs in this way leads to management recommendations that in some ways would be simpler for managers to implement (more gradual approach paths), but in other ways more challenging (oscillatory convergence) and that can affect where environmental variability is expressed in model predictions (stock sizes versus effort levels) while not suppressing this variability altogether.
NGS‐based 100‐gene panel of hypopigmentation identifies mutations in Chinese Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome patients
Authors: Wei Aihua , Yuan Yefeng , Bai Dayong , Ma Jing , Hao Zhenhua , Zhang Yingzi , Yu Jiaying , Zhou Zhiyong , Yang Lin , Yang Xiumin , Li Li , Li Wei 
Published: September 2016

SummaryHermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare recessive disorder characterized by hypopigmentation, bleeding diathesis, and other symptoms due to multiple defects in lysosome‐related organelles. Ten HPS subtypes have been identified with mutations in HPS1 to HPS10. Only four patients with HPS‐1 have been reported in Chinese population. Using next‐generation sequencing (NGS), we have screened 100 hypopigmentation genes and identified four HPS‐1, two HPS‐3, one HPS‐5, and three HPS‐6 in Chinese HPS patients with typical ocular or oculocutaneous albinism and the absence of platelet dense granules together with other variable phenotypes. All these patients except one homozygote were compound heterozygotes. Among these mutations, 14 were previously unreported alleles (four in HPS1, three in HPS3, two in HPS5, five in HPS6). Our results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of NGS‐based panel diagnostics for HPS. Genotyping of HPS subtypes is a prerequisite for intervention of subtype‐specific symptoms.
Pulmonary anthracosis mimicking lung metastases in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Karpinsky Gabrielle , Krawczyk Malgorzata Anna , Fatyga Aleksandra , Izycka‐Swieszewska Ewa , Dubaniewicz‐Wybieralska Miroslawa , Szmyd Dagmara , Luboch‐Furmanczyk Monika , Bien Ewa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlthough childhood rhabdomyosarcoma typically metastasizes to lungs, various processes may mimic metastatic etiology. Described herein is the case of an 8½‐year‐old boy with orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RME) in whom three small foci were detected within both lungs on computed tomography. The lesion number and size, however, did not fulfil the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Study Group 2006 protocol criteria for lung metastasis. Chemotherapy for localized RME produced primary tumor regression and vanishing of the left lung lesion. Two lesions in the right lung remained unchanged. On thoracoscopy multiple minute nodules disseminated in both lungs were detected. Histopathology excluded RME spread but indicated anthracosis in the lung parenchyma and intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Heavy smoking by parents and previous home furnace combustion appeared to be predisposing factors. Uncommon non‐malignant intrapulmonary diseases, including anthracosis, should be considered when staging pediatric cancer.
Computational screening of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors from micoroalgal metabolites by pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking
Authors: Selvaraj Gurudeeban , Kaliamurthi Satyavani , Cakmak Zeynep E. , Cakmak Turgay 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYDipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV) catalyzes conversion of GLP‐1 (glucagon like peptide 1) to inert structure, which results in insufficient secretion of insulin and increase in postprandial blood glucose level. The present study attempts to identify novel inhibitors from bioactive metabolites present in microalgae against DPP‐IV through virtual screening, molecular docking, and pharmacophore modeling for the active target. Possible binding modes of all 60 ligands against DPP‐IV receptor were constructed using MTiOpenScreen virtual screening server. Pharmacophore model was built based on identified 38 DPP‐IV test ligands by using the web‐based PharmaGist program which encompasses hydrogen‐bond acceptors, hydrophobic groups, spatial features, and aromatic rings. The pharmacophore model having highest scores was selected to screen active DPP‐IV ligands. Highest scoring model was used as a query in ZincPharmer screening. All identified ligands were filtered, based on the Lipinski's rule‐of‐five and were subjected to docking studies. In the process of docking analyses, we considered different bonding modes of one ligand with multiple active cavities of DPP‐IV with the help of AutoDock 4.0. The docking analyses indicate that the bioactive constituents, namely, β‐stigmasterol, barbamide, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and harman showed the best binding energies on DPP‐IV receptor and hydrogen bonding with ASP545, GLY741, TYR754, TYR666, ARG125, TYR547, SER630, and LYS554 residues. This study concludes that docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, β‐stigmasterol, barbamide, harman, ZINC58564986, ZINC56907325, ZINC69432950, ZINC69431828, ZINC73533041, ZINC84287073, ZINC69849395, and ZINC10508406 act as possible DPP‐IV inhibitors.
Initial soil amendments still affect plant community composition after nine years in succession on a heavy metal contaminated mountainside
Authors: Dietterich Lee H. , Casper Brenda B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMany efforts to restore disturbed landscapes seek to meet ecological goals over timescales from decades to centuries. It is thus crucial to know how different actions available to restoration practitioners may affect ecosystems in the long term, yet few such data exist. Here, we test the effects of seed and compost applications on plant community composition 9 years after their application, by taking advantage of a well‐controlled restoration experiment on a mountainside severely degraded by over 80 years of zinc smelting emissions. We asked whether plots have converged on similar plant communities regardless of initial seed and compost treatments, or if these initial treatments have given rise to lasting differences in whole plant communities or in the richness and abundance of native, exotic, and planted species. We found that compost types significantly affected plant communities 9 years later, but seed mix species composition did not. Observed differences in species richness and vegetative cover were negatively correlated, and both were related to the differences in plant communities associated with different compost types. These observed differences are due primarily to the number and abundance of species not in original seed mixes, of which notably many are native. Our results underscore the importance of soils in shaping the aboveground composition of ecosystems. Differences in soil characteristics can affect plant diversity and cover, which are both common restoration targets. Even in highly polluted and devegetated sites, compost and seed application can reinstate high vegetative cover and allow continued colonization of native species.
Variant restoration trajectories for wetland plant communities on a channelized floodplain
Authors: Toth Louis A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRestoration efforts are typically based on an assumption that reestablishment of altered determinants of ecological structure and function will lead to a predictable reestablishment of populations and reassembly of communities. Dechannelization and reestablishment of natural hydrologic regimes provide the basis for the ongoing restoration of the Kissimmee River in Central Florida, United States. The expected reestablishment of historically dominant broadleaf marsh (BLM) and buttonbush shrub (BB) communities was evaluated over a 10‐year period following implementation of the first phase of the restoration project. Plant species composition and cover were assessed during dry (spring) and wet (summer) season sampling periods at five sites on the restored floodplain, and four “control” sites on the channelized floodplain. Mean daily stage data from nearby gauges indicated hydroperiods and depths on the reflooded floodplain were within the range of historic hydrologic conditions that selected for BLM and BB communities on the pre‐channelization floodplain. After reflooding, pasture grass and upland shrub communities rapidly transitioned to a fluid mix of obligate and facultative wetland species. Although signature BLM and BB species, Sagittaria lancifolia (bulltongue arrowhead), Pontederia cordata (pickerel weed), and Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), recolonized all study sites, the expected reestablishment of dominant cover of these species did not occur. Results indicate that restoration of BLM and BB communities has been impeded by deep flood pulse disturbances, establishment of invasive wetland grasses, and mineralized soil characteristics of the drained floodplain.
Blindspots and Blurred Lines: Dallas Smythe, the Audience Commodity, and the Transformation of Labor in the Digital Age
Authors: Dolber Brian 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDallas Smythe's notion of the audience commodity provides a starting point for much work within the political economy of communication. First advanced when commercial television was the dominant medium, the controversial idea has proven to be an increasingly useful way of conceptualizing media economics in the digital age. Originally posited as a critique of Western Marxism's concern with ideology over materiality, two generations of media scholars have elaborated upon the idea. First, scholars offered it greater specificity and utility by connecting the political economy of media to more general concerns regarding labor, gender, and race. More recently, the audience commodity has become an increasingly useful theoretical tool, demonstrating how digital technologies enable new forms of economic exploitation. Rather than binding media studies to a rigid structuralism, the audience commodity helps illuminate the fluidity of media economies and culture under neoliberalism. I conclude that scholars may productively utilize and expand upon the audience commodity to answer contemporary questions about media and alienation, the state, and social movements.
Social Media and Social Movements
Authors: Kidd Dustin , McIntosh Keith 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWhat role does social media play in social movements and political unrest? Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Google have all been cited as important components in social revolutions, including those in Tunisia, Egypt, Iceland, Spain, and the global Occupy movement. This essay explores social science claims about the relationship between social networking and social movements. It examines research done on the relationship between social networking, the promotion of activism, and the offline participation in the streets. Can the technology of social networking help activists to achieve their goals? If so, is it just one of many tools they may use, or is the technology so powerful that the right use will actually tip the scales in favor of the social movement? This scholarship divides into optimistic, pessimistic, and ambivalent approaches, turning on an oft‐repeated question: will the revolution be tweeted?