bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Exact, Steady, Purely Azimuthal Flow as a Model for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Constantin A. , Johnson R. S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe problem of flow moving purely in the azimuthal direction on a sphere is considered. An exact solution for an incompressible (constant density), inviscid fluid, which admits a velocity profile below the surface and along the surface, is constructed; this can be regarded as a model for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The new approach adopted here is to model the processes that produce the observed structure of the ACC by the introduction of a nonconservative body force. It is shown that if the body force is conservative, then the governing equations necessarily lead to profiles that are quite unrealistic. However, with a suitable choice of body force, which reverts to conservative outside the ACC, any velocity profile of any width can be constructed as an exact solution of the system. A fairly simple choice is made in this note in order to present some specific results: a profile on the surface that is zero outside the arc of the ACC, with a maximum at its center and decaying with depth. It is shown that the methods developed here can be used to produce ever more complicated profiles to correspond to different data. Indeed, the basic example that this study introduces can be regarded as one of the jets that compose the ACC, and the results allow for any number of such jets. Although only one velocity profile is described, it is emphasized that many different choices, motivated by direct velocity observations in specific regions, are possible within the model. In conclusion, a few comments are made outlining the way in which this exact solution can be embedded within more general and complete discussions of the ACC and its properties.
Hip Capsular Closure: A Biomechanical Analysis of Failure Torque
Authors: Chahla Jorge , Mikula Jacob D. , Schon Jason M. , Dean Chase S. , Dahl Kimi D. , Menge Travis J. , Soares Eduardo , Turnbull Travis Lee , LaPrade Robert F. , Philippon Marc J. 
Published: September 2016

Background: Hip capsulotomy is routinely performed during arthroscopic surgery to achieve adequate exposure of the joint. Iatrogenic instability can result after hip arthroscopic surgery because of capsular insufficiency, which can be avoided with effective closure of the hip capsule. There is currently no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal quantity of sutures upon capsular closure to achieve maximal stability postoperatively. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine the failure torques of 1-, 2-, and 3-suture constructs for hip capsular closure to resist external rotation and extension after standard anterosuperior interportal capsulotomy (12 to 3 o’clock). Additionally, the degree of external rotation at which the suture constructs failed was recorded. The null hypothesis of this study was that no significant differences with respect to the failure torque would be found between the 3 repair constructs. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Nine pairs (n = 18) of fresh-frozen human cadaveric hemipelvises underwent anterosuperior interportal capsulotomy, which were repaired with 1, 2, or 3 side-to-side sutures. Each hip was secured in a dynamic biaxial testing machine and underwent a cyclic external rotation preconditioning protocol, followed by external rotation to failure. Results: The failure torque of the 1-suture hip capsular closure construct was significantly less than that of the 3-suture construct. The median failure torque for the 1-suture construct was 67.4 N·m (range, 47.4-73.6 N·m). The median failure torque was 85.7 N·m (range, 56.9-99.1 N·m) for the 2-suture construct and 91.7 N·m (range, 74.7-99.0 N·m) for the 3-suture construct. All 3 repair constructs exhibited a median 36° (range, 22°-64°) of external rotation at the failure torque. Conclusion: The most important finding of this study was that the 2- and 3-suture constructs resulted in comparable biomechanical failure torques when external rotation forces were applied to conventional hip capsulotomy in a cadaveric model. The 3-suture construct was significantly stronger than the 1-suture construct; however, there was not a significant difference between the 2- and 3-suture constructs. Additionally, all constructs failed at approximately 36° of external rotation. Clinical Relevance: Re-establishing the native anatomy of the hip capsule after hip arthroscopic surgery has been reported to result in improved outcomes and reduce the risk of iatrogenic instability. Therefore, adequate capsular closure is important to restore proper hip biomechanics, and postoperative precautions limiting external rotation should be utilized to protect the repair.
Arthroscopic Surgical Technique for an Acute Talar Dome Osteochondral Lesion in a Professional Rugby League Player
Authors: Sullivan Martin , Fraser Ethan J. , Linklater James , Harris Craig , Morgan Kieran 
Published: September 2016

Background. Talar osteochondral lesions represent challenging clinical entities, particularly in high-demand athletes. Surgical treatment of large lesions often requires a 2-step procedure, or the use of osteotomy in the case of autologous osteochondral transfer, which can delay return to sport. Methods. A professional rugby league player underwent surgery for a complex injury to the ankle. A talar osteochondral lesion with a maximal diameter of 15 mm was treated in an arthroscopic fashion using the cartilage taken from the completely displaced osteochondral fragment. Cartilage was cut into chips and combined with bone graft product containing platelet-derived growth factor and a porous collagen scaffold. Autologous cartilage was then reimplanted arthroscopically. The patient was allowed full ankle motion from 2 weeks postoperatively, and weightbearing was commenced at 6 weeks. Follow-up imaging and functional outcomes, including return to sport, were assessed at regular intervals. Results. The patient was able to return to professional rugby league by 23 weeks postoperatively. Magnetic resonance imaging at 16 months postoperatively showed restoration of the subchondral plate and osseous infill. At final follow-up, the patient remained pain free and was playing at preinjury level. Conclusion. This report describes good outcomes using a novel, 1-step cartilage repair technique to treat a large talar osteochondral lesion in a professional athlete. Levels of Evidence: Level V: Expert opinion
Amplitude variation with offset analysis of time-lapse land seismic data in a gas field, Thrace Basin, Turkey
Authors: Baytok Sait , Aktepe Şeref Arzu , Ünaldi Muhlis 
Published: September 2016

The Thrace Basin that is located in northwestern Turkey contains sandstone and carbonate reservoirs of Eocene and Oligocene age. Production and exploration activities are still underway. Mapping undrained sweet spots from seismic data is currently a challenge, so time lapse (4D) seismic is used to reduce the risk for new production and development drilling. We have evaluated the normalization and amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis of 3D-4D land seismic data in a gas producing field from which baseline and monitor surveys were acquired in 2002 and 2011, respectively. Through AVO analysis, intercept (A) and gradient (B) analysis was conducted, and fluid factor (FF) attribute maps were generated for the assessment of the remaining potential areas. Synthetic gathers were created for simulation of the AVO response, drained and undrained stages and compared with the corresponding 4D seismic data. The drainage of gas from the reservoir interval is evident from the difference maps between 2002 and 2011 seismic data. Both data sets were processed using an amplitude friendly processing sequence. This parallel processing was followed a mild data conditioning and crossequalization for reliable 4D interpretation. The 4D seismic data, especially land data, has low repeatability and requires conditioning to reduce the 4D noise. The 4D noise can be described as nonrepeatable noise, and any difference outside the reservoir zone is not related to production. A so-called crossequalization was applied to the base and the monitor data to bring out similarities so that they cancel out when differences of seismic data and its attributes indicated only the production results over the reservoir zones. As the available 4D data crossequalization software was implemented for stack data only, we created angle band stacks and crossequalized each angle band stack from the base and the monitor data cubes. Five angle band stacks from the base and the monitor prestack data cubes 0°–55° (0°–15°, 15°–25°, 25°–35°, 35°–45°, and 45°–55°) were crossequalized individually. The crossequalized angle band stacks were used in AVO analysis and AVO inversion to generate pore fill identifiers such as FF to map possible undrained zones after 10 years of production.
The construction and implementation of a clinical decision-making algorithm reduces the cost of adult fracture clinic visits by up to £104,800 per year: a quality improvement study
Authors: Legg P , Ramoutar D , Shivji F , Choudry B , Milner S 
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION Inappropriate referrals to the new patient fracture clinic unnecessarily consume hospital resources and many hospitals lack clear guidelines as to what should be referred. Many of these injuries can be definitively managed by the emergency department. Our aim was to construct and disseminate a clinical decision-making algorithm to reduce the frequency of inappropriate referrals to fracture clinics at our institution, to improve the management of patients with minor injuries and save the hospital and the patient the cost of unnecessary visits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were prospectively collected for all new fracture clinic referrals over two separate 1-week cycles with cohorts of 94 and 74 patients, respectively. After the first cycle, the referral algorithm was disseminated both electronically (intranet) and orally (presentations to emergency department staff). The results of this intervention were examined in the second cycle, which took place 6 months after the first cycle. RESULTS The introduction of this algorithm significantly reduced inappropriate referrals by almost 20% (P = 0.0445). DISCUSSION This simple intervention highlighted a potential annual cost saving of up to £104,000. We advocate the use of this concise algorithm in improving the efficiency of the referral system to fracture clinics.
A cadaveric study showing the anatomical variations in the branches of the dorsalis pedis artery at the level of the ankle joint and its clinical implication in ankle arthroscopy
Authors: Parikh S , Dawe E , Lee C , Whitehead-Clarke T , Smith C , Bendall S 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Pseudoaneurysm formation following ankle arthroscopy is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication. The placement of anterior ankle portals carries inherent risk to the superficial and deep peroneal nerves, as well as to the dorsalis pedis artery. Anatomical variations in the dorsalis pedis and the presence of branches at the joint line may increase the risk of vascular injury and pseudoaneurysm formation during arthroscopy. There is limited anatomical evidence available regarding the branches of the dorsalis pedis artery, which occur at the point at which they cross the ankle joint. Objectives The objective of the study was to describe the frequency and direction of branches of the dorsalis pedis crossing the ankle joint. Materials and Methods Nineteen cadaveric feet were carefully dissected to explore the course of the dorsalis pedis artery, noting in particular the branching pattern at the joint line. Results Eleven of the nineteen feet had a branch of the dorsalis pedis artery that crossed the level of the ankle joint. Out of these, six were lateral, four medial and one bilateral. Eight of the eleven specimens had one branch at, or just before, the level of the joint. Two specimens had two branches and one had three branches crossing the ankle, which were all in the same direction, crossing laterally to the main trunk of the dorsalis pedis. Conclusions Our study demonstrated high rates of branching of the dorsalis pedis artery at the level of the ankle joint. The role of these branches in pseudoaneurysm formation during anterior hindfoot surgery remains unclear.
A decade of major vascular trauma: Lessons learned from gang and civilian warfare
Authors: Ramdass MJ , Harnarayan P 
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION Trinidad and Tobago is a trans-shipment point for the illegal trade of drugs, arms and ammunition and, as such, has a high incidence of gang-related warfare and drug-related crimes. This has led to a high incidence of gunshot and stab wounds, with associated major vascular injuries. We describe our management strategies learned from a decade of vascular trauma experience. METHODS A retrospective analysis of age, gender, type of trauma, vessel injured, procedure and outcome for all cases of vascular trauma between 2006 and 2015 at two surgical units in Trinidad and Tobago. RESULTS There were 198 vascular trauma cases (232 procedures), involving 159 (80%) males at a mean age of 33 years. Gunshots accounted for 103 (52%) cases, followed by stabs/chops (n=50; 25%) and lacerations (n=15; 8%). The most commonly injured vessels were the radial/ulnar arteries (n=39; 20%) and the superficial femoral artery (n=37; 19%). There were seven pseudoaneurysms and three traumatic arteriovenous fistulae. Repair techniques included primary (n=82; 35%), reversed vein (n=63; 27%), polytetrafluoroethylene (n=58; 25%), oversew (n=24; 10%) and endovascular (n=5; 2%) techniques. There were eight (4%) secondary amputations and eight (4%) deaths. CONCLUSIONS Major vascular trauma causes significant morbidity and mortality in Trinidad and Tobago, with the majority of cases due to gunshot injuries secondary to gang-related warfare and civilian violence. We compare our experience with that in the literature on the epidemiology and management of vascular trauma.
Patterns of metastasis in follicular thyroid carcinoma and the difference between early and delayed presentation
Authors: Parameswaran R , Shulin Hu J , Min En N , Tan WB , Yuan NK 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) has a good prognosis if treated early. The aim of this study was to look at the difference in outcomes in those who presented with metastasis early or late in their disease. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients diagnosed with FTC (n=91) treated between 2000 and 2013. Demographic, laboratory, pathological and survival data were collected and analysed. Results Metastatic FTC was diagnosed in 20 cases (22%). The median age at diagnosis was 65 years (range: 17–86 years) and 65% of the patients were female. Twelve patients (60%) were diagnosed with metastatic disease at presentation, with the bones being the most common site (75%). In the remaining eight cases (40%), metastasis developed at a median of 4.5 years (range: 2–8 years) after initial thyroid surgery, lungs being the most common site (50%). Eighteen patients (90%) underwent surgical intervention for the primary disease. Sixteen patients (80%) received adjuvant radioactive iodine and eight (40%) received external beam radiotherapy. Widely invasive follicular cancer was the predominant histological diagnosis (90%). No prognostic association was observed with any of the parameters studied. The overall disease specific mortality rate was 40%. There was no significant difference in mortality between those who presented with metastatic disease and those who developed metastasis during the follow-up period (33% vs 50%, p=0.61). Conclusions The clinical outcome and prognosis for cases with metastatic disease is generally poor. Despite this, almost half of the patients in our study were still alive at a median follow-up of 5.5 years, regardless of whether they were diagnosed with metastatic disease on initial presentation or whether they developed metastasis after initial thyroid surgery.
The association of level of practical experience in transrectal ultrasonography guided prostate biopsy with its diagnostic outcome
Authors: Tadtayev S , Hussein A , Carpenter L , Vasdev N , Boustead G 
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION The diagnostic yield of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy is influenced by many patient and procedure specific factors. However, the role of operator specific factors remains inadequately defined. This study investigated the association of diagnostic outcome of TRUS guided biopsy with operator skill level. METHODS This study looked at a consecutive cohort of 690 men undergoing their first extended pattern TRUS guided prostate biopsy by 27 operators over a 24-month period in a single institution. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Biopsies performed by consultants (odds ratio [OR]: 2.35, p=0.004) and senior trainees (OR: 2.37, p=0.002) in patients with prostate specific antigen levels of <10ng/ml were more likely to be positive than those performed by junior trainees (cancer detection rate 50.0%, 50.3% and 29.9% respectively). Furthermore, biopsies performed by junior trainees yielded a significantly higher proportion of prostate cancers with a Gleason score of ≥3+4 than those performed by senior trainees (OR: 2.11, p=0.031) and consultants (OR: 2.40, p=0.013) (81.4%, 67.5% and 64.6% respectively). No significant differences emerged between operator skill groups for complications, rebiopsy rates or the number of prostate cancers found during the follow-up period (median: 34 months) of patients with a negative biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Level of operator experience is associated with the diagnostic outcome of extended pattern TRUS guided biopsy. The findings of this study imply that case selection, self-audit and expert supervision for the duration of the learning curve should form the basis of biopsy training.
FENOMENA SHOUSHIKA DI JEPANG : PERUBAHAN KONSEP ANAK
Authors: Widiandari Arsi 
Published: September 2016

The focus of this study is the shoushika phenomenon or decrease in the number of births that occurred in Japan from the perspective economic household in raising children. The research data was collected from several sources of statistical data published by the Japanese government, Family Income and Expenditure Survey, and National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Recently the delay of childbearing of young married couple is said to reason of fertility decline. The high cost of children is said to be one of the causes of this delay. This paper will focus on the persistent low birthrate in Japan and the change of utility of children in Japan’s family. This paper show that there’s a transition from traditional family to modern family that influence change of children utility from good utility become comsumption utility. The transition to consumption utility related to Japanese family expenditure especially what family give to their children.
Quasi-Isometries Need Not Induce
Homeomorphisms of Contracting Boundaries
with the Gromov Product Topology
Authors: Cashen Christopher H. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We consider a ‘contracting boundary’ of a proper geodesic metric space consisting of equivalence
classes of geodesic rays that behave like geodesics in a hyperbolic space.We topologize this set via the Gromov
product, in analogy to the topology of the boundary of a hyperbolic space. We show that when the space is
not hyperbolic, quasi-isometries do not necessarily give homeomorphisms of this boundary. Continuity can
fail even when the spaces are required to be CAT(0). We show this by constructing an explicit example.
Much Obliged: Kantian Gratitude Reconsidere
Authors: Moran Kate 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:In his published texts and lectures on moral philosophy, Kant repeatedly singles out gratitude for discussion. Nevertheless, puzzles about the derivation, content, and nature of this duty remain. This paper seeks to solve some of these puzzles. Centrally, I argue that it is essential to attend to a distinction that Kant makes between well-wishing benevolence (
The power, pitfalls and potential of the nanodisc system for NMR-based studies
Authors: Viegas Aldino , Viennet Thibault , Etzkorn Manuel 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The choice of a suitable membrane mimicking environment is of fundamental importance for the characterization of structure and function of membrane proteins. In this respect, usage of the lipid bilayer nanodisc technology provides a unique potential for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based studies. This review summarizes the recent advances in this field, focusing on (i) the strengths of the system, (ii) the bottlenecks that may be faced, and (iii) promising capabilities that may be explored in future studies.
A Parametric Study of Biodiesel Production Under Ultrasounds
Authors: Shinde Kiran , Nohair Bendaoud , Kaliaguine Serge 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Biodiesel, a vegetable oil-derived fuel, can be used as a partial or complete substitute to diesel oil. The main argument for its usage in internal combustion engines is its net CO2 balance which is considerably reduced compared to diesel fuel of fossil origin. A systematic study of ultrasound continuous biodiesel production using canola oil was conducted in the presence of methanol and sodium methoxide as catalyst. Effects of various reaction parameters such as residence time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, ultrasounds amplitude and power, methanol/oil molar ratio were analyzed. Fatty acid methyl esters were produced rapidly by using ultrasound assisted transesterification. In typical conditions (35 °C) conversion to FAME higher than 80 % could be reached at residence time as low as 20 s. The parametric study allowed to establish that the effect of ultrasound wave on transesterification reaction rate is localized in a very small volume surrounding the sonotrode tip. This unprecedented conclusion has significant consequences for the design of the large scale continuous flow biodiesel production reactor.