bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Host Ecology and Behavior on Campylobacter jejuni Prevalence and Environmental Contamination Risk in a Synanthropic Wild Bird Species
Authors: Taff Conor C. , Weis Allison M. , Wheeler Sarah , Hinton Mitchell G. , Weimer Bart C. , Barker Christopher M. , Jones Melissa , Logsdon Ryane , Smith Woutrina A. , Boyce Walter M. , Townsend Andrea K. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni
is a foodborne pathogen that often leads to human infections through the consumption of contaminated poultry. Wild birds may play a role in the transmission of
C. jejuni
by acting as reservoir hosts. Despite ample evidence that wild birds harbor
C. jejuni
, few studies have addressed the role of host ecology in transmission to domestic animals or humans. We tested the hypothesis that host social behavior and habitat play a major role in driving transmission risk.
C. jejuni
infection and host ecology were studied simultaneously in wild American crows (
Corvus brachyrhynchos
) in Davis, CA, over 3 years. We found that 178 of 337 samples tested were culture positive (53%), with infection varying by season and host age. Among adult crows, infection rates were highest during the winter, when migrants return and crows form large communal roosts. Nestlings had the highest risk of infection, and whole-genome sequencing supports the observation of direct transmission between nestlings. We deployed global positioning system (GPS) receivers to quantify habitat use by crows; space use was nonrandom, with crows preferentially occupying some habitats while avoiding others. This behavior drastically amplified the risk of environmental contamination from feces in specific locations. This study demonstrates that social behavior contributes to infection within species and that habitat use leads to a heterogeneous risk of cross-species transmission.

IMPORTANCE
Campylobacter jejuni
is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. Despite efforts to reduce the colonization of poultry flocks and eventual infection of humans, the incidence of human
C. jejuni
infection has remained high. Because wild birds can harbor strains of
C. jejuni
that eventually infect humans, there has long been speculation that wild birds might act as an important reservoir in the
C. jejuni
infection cycle. We simultaneously studied infection prevalence, social behavior, and movement ecology in wild American crows (
Corvus brachyrhynchos
). We found that social behavior contributed to patterns of infection and that movement behavior resulted in some areas having a high risk of transmission while others had a low risk. The incorporation of ecological data into studies of
C. jejuni
in wild birds has the potential to resolve when and how wild birds contribute to domestic animal and human
C. jejuni
infection, leading to better control of initial poultry contamination.
Return to play post-Achilles tendon rupture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of rate and measures of return to play
Authors: Zellers Jennifer A , Carmont Michael R , Grävare Silbernagel Karin 
Published: June 2016

AimThis systematic review and meta-analysis sought to identify return to play (RTP) rates following Achilles tendon rupture and evaluate what measures are used to determine RTP.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Studies were assessed for risk of bias and grouped based on repeatability of their measure of RTP determination.Data sourcesPubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched to identify potentially relevant articles.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies reporting RTP/sport/sport activity in acute, closed Achilles tendon rupture were included.Results108 studies encompassing 6506 patients were included for review. 85 studies included a measure for determining RTP. The rate of RTP in all studies was 80% (95% CI 75% to 85%). Studies with measures describing determination of RTP reported lower rates than studies without metrics described, with rates being significantly different between groups (p<0.001).Conclusions80 per cent of patients returned to play following Achilles tendon rupture; however, the RTP rates are dependent on the quality of the method used to measure RTP. To further understand RTP after Achilles tendon rupture, a standardised, reliable and valid method is required.
Diabetes case finding in the emergency department, using HbA1c: an opportunity to improve diabetes detection, prevention, and care
Authors: Hng Tien-Ming , Hor Amanda , Ravi Sumathy , Feng Xiaoqi , Lin Jaime , Astell-Burt Thomas , Chipps David , McLean Mark , Maberly Glen 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveWe assessed the efficacy of routine glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing to detect undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes in an urban Australian public hospital emergency department (ED) located in an area of high diabetes prevalence.MethodsOver 6 weeks, all patients undergoing blood sampling in the ED had their random blood glucose measured. If ≥5.5 mmol/L (99 mg/dL), HbA1c was measured on the same sample. HbA1c levels ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and 5.7–6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol) were diagnostic of diabetes and prediabetes, respectively. Hospital records were reviewed to identify patients with previously diagnosed diabetes.ResultsAmong 4580 presentations, 2652 had blood sampled of which 1267 samples had HbA1c measured. Of these, 487 (38.4%) had diabetes (either HbA1c≥6.5% or a prior diagnosis), and a further 347 (27.4%) had prediabetes. Among those with diabetes, 32.2% were previously undiagnosed.ConclusionsRoutine HbA1c testing in the ED identifies a large number of people with undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes, and provides an opportunity to improve their care.
Association between neighbourhood air pollution concentrations and dispensed medication for psychiatric disorders in a large longitudinal cohort of Swedish children and adolescents
Authors: Oudin Anna , Bråbäck Lennart , Åström Daniel Oudin , Strömgren Magnus , Forsberg Bertil 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between exposure to air pollution and child and adolescent mental health.DesignObservational study.SettingSwedish National Register data on dispensed medications for a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including sedative medications, sleeping pills and antipsychotic medications, together with socioeconomic and demographic data and a national land use regression model for air pollution concentrations for NO2, PM10and PM2.5.ParticipantsThe entire population under 18 years of age in 4 major counties. We excluded cohort members whose parents had dispensed a medication in the same medication group since the start date of the register. The cohort size was 552 221.Main outcome measuresCox proportional hazards models to estimate HRs and their 95% CIs for the outcomes, adjusted for individual-level and group-level characteristics.ResultsThe average length of follow-up was 3.5 years, with an average number of events per 1000 cohort members of ∼21. The mean annual level of NO2was 9.8 µg/m3. Children and adolescents living in areas with higher air pollution concentrations were more likely to have a dispensed medication for a psychiatric disorder during follow-up (HR=1.09, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12, associated with a 10 µg/m3increase in NO2). The association with NO2was clearly present in 3 out of 4 counties in the study area; however, no statistically significant heterogeneity was detected.ConclusionThere may be a link between exposure to air pollution and dispensed medications for certain psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents even at the relatively low levels of air pollution in the study regions. The findings should be corroborated by others.
Effectiveness of interventions to reduce ordering of thyroid function tests: a systematic review
Authors: Zhelev Zhivko , Abbott Rebecca , Rogers Morwenna , Fleming Simon , Patterson Anthea , Hamilton William Trevor , Heaton Janet , Thompson Coon Jo , Vaidya Bijay , Hyde Christopher 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of behaviour changing interventions targeting ordering of thyroid function tests.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database up to May 2015.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included studies evaluating the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions aiming to reduce ordering of thyroid function tests. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled studies and before and after studies were included. There were no language restrictions.Study appraisal and synthesis methods2 reviewers independently screened all records identified by the electronic searches and reviewed the full text of any deemed potentially relevant. Study details were extracted from the included papers and their methodological quality assessed independently using a validated tool. Disagreements were resolved through discussion and arbitration by a third reviewer. Meta-analysis was not used.Results27 studies (28 papers) were included. They evaluated a range of interventions including guidelines/protocols, changes to funding policy, education, decision aids, reminders and audit/feedback; often intervention types were combined. The most common outcome measured was the rate of test ordering, but the effect on appropriateness, test ordering patterns and cost were also measured. 4 studies were RCTs. The majority of the studies were of poor or moderate methodological quality. The interventions were variable and poorly reported. Only 4 studies reported unsuccessful interventions but there was no clear pattern to link effect and intervention type or other characteristics.ConclusionsThe results suggest that behaviour change interventions are effective particularly in reducing the volume of thyroid function tests. However, due to the poor methodological quality and reporting of the studies, the likely presence of publication bias and the questionable relevance of some interventions to current day practice, we are unable to draw strong conclusions or recommend the implementation of specific intervention types. Further research is thus justified.Trial registration numberCRD42014006192.
Prevalence of tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Rosing Susanne Nemholt , Schmidt Jesper Hvass , Wedderkopp Niels , Baguley David M 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo systematically review studies of the epidemiology of tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and young people, in order to determine the methodological differences implicated in the variability of prevalence estimates and the influence of population characteristics on childhood tinnitus and hyperacusis.Data sourcesArticles were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus databases and from the relevant reference lists using the methods described in the study protocol, which has previously been published. Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.Eligibility criteriaStudies addressing childhood prevalence, for example, children and young people aged 5–19 years.Data selection2 reviewers independently assessed the studies for eligibility, extracted data and assessed study consistency. Owing to the heterogeneity in the methodologies among the reported studies, only narrative synthesis of the results was carried out.ResultsHaving identified 1032 publications, 131 articles were selected and 25 articles met the inclusion criteria and had sufficient methodological consistency to be included. Prevalence estimates of tinnitus range from 4.7% to 46% in the general paediatric population and among children with normal hearing, and from 23.5% to 62.2% of population of children with hearing loss. Reported prevalence ranged from 6% to 41.9% when children with hearing loss and normal hearing were both included. The prevalence of hyperacusis varied from 3.2% to 17.1%.ConclusionsData on prevalence vary considerably according to the study design, study population and the research question posed. The age range of children studied was varied and a marked degree of variation between definitions (tinnitus, hyperacusis) and measures (severity, perception, annoyance) was observed. The lack of consistency among studies indicates the necessity of examining the epidemiology of tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and adolescents with a set of standardised criteria.Trial registration numberCRD42014013456.
Socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life among patients with prostate cancer 6 months after radical prostatectomy: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Klein Jens , Hofreuter-Gätgens Kerstin , Lüdecke Daniel , Fisch Margit , Graefen Markus , von dem Knesebeck Olaf 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo identify the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the explanatory contribution of disease, patient and healthcare factors among patients with prostate cancer.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting and participantsIn all, 246 patients from 2 hospitals in Hamburg/Germany who underwent radical prostatectomy completed a questionnaire shortly before discharge from hospital and again 6 months later.Outcome measuresHRQOL as assessed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ C-30 including global quality of life, 5 functional scales and 9 symptom scales/items. Generalised estimating equations were calculated to analyse longitudinal data.ResultsLower SES measured by income, education and occupational status is significantly associated with lower HRQOL 6 months after treatment. This especially holds true for the functional scales. After introducing disease, patient and healthcare factors, associations remain significant in the majority of cases. The explanatory contribution of patient factors such as comorbidity or psychosocial characteristics and of healthcare factors is slightly stronger than that of disease factors.ConclusionsWe identified strong social inequalities in HRQOL among patients with prostate cancer 6 months after surgery, in Germany. The underlying causes could not be sufficiently identified, and further research regarding these associations and their explanatory factors is needed.
Central venous Access device SeCurement And Dressing Effectiveness (CASCADE) in paediatrics: protocol for pilot randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ullman Amanda J , Kleidon Tricia , Gibson Victoria , Long Debbie A , Williams Tara , McBride Craig A , Hallahan Andrew , Mihala Gabor , Cooke Marie , Rickard Claire M 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionPaediatric central venous access devices (CVADs) are associated with a 25% incidence of failure. Securement and dressing are strategies used to reduce failure and complication; however, innovative technologies have not been evaluated for their effectiveness across device types. The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of launching a full-scale randomised controlled efficacy trial across three CVAD types regarding CVAD securement and dressing, using predefined feasibility criteria.Methods and analysisThree feasibility randomised, controlled trials are to be undertaken at the Royal Children's Hospital and the Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. CVAD securement and dressing interventions under examination compare current practice with sutureless securement devices, integrated securement dressings and tissue adhesive. In total, 328 paediatric patients requiring a peripherally inserted central catheter (n=100); non-tunnelled CVAD (n=180) and tunnelled CVAD (n=48) to be inserted will be recruited and randomly allocated to CVAD securement and dressing products. Primary outcomes will be study feasibility measured by eligibility, recruitment, retention, attrition, missing data, parent/staff satisfaction and effect size. CVAD failure and complication (catheter-associated bloodstream infection, local infection, venous thrombosis, occlusion, dislodgement and breakage) will be compared between groups.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval to conduct the research has been obtained. All dissemination will be undertaken using the CONSORT Statement recommendations. Additionally, the results will be sent to the relevant organisations which lead CVAD focused clinical practice guidelines development.Trial registration numbersACTRN12614001327673; ACTRN12615000977572; ACTRN12614000280606.
Statin adherence and risk of acute cardiovascular events among women: a cohort study accounting for time-dependent confounding affected by previous adherence
Authors: Lavikainen Piia , Helin-Salmivaara Arja , Eerola Mervi , Fang Gang , Hartikainen Juha , Huupponen Risto , Korhonen Maarit Jaana 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesPrevious studies on the effect of statin adherence on cardiovascular events in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease have adjusted for time-dependent confounding, but potentially introduced bias into their estimates as adherence and confounders were measured simultaneously. We aimed to evaluate the effect when accounting for time-dependent confounding affected by previous adherence as well as time sequence between factors.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingFinnish healthcare registers.ParticipantsWomen aged 45–64 years initiating statin use for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in 2001–2004 (n=42 807).OutcomesAcute cardiovascular event defined as a composite of acute coronary syndrome and acute ischaemic stroke was our primary outcome. Low-energy fractures were used as a negative control outcome to evaluate the healthy-adherer effect.ResultsDuring the 3-year follow-up, 474 women experienced the primary outcome event and 557 suffered a low-energy fracture. The causal HR estimated with marginal structural model for acute cardiovascular events for all the women who remained adherent (proportion of days covered ≥80%) to statin therapy during the previous adherence assessment year was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.65 to 0.94) when compared with everybody remaining non-adherent (proportion of days covered <80%). The result was robust against alternative model specifications. Statin adherers had a potentially reduced risk of experiencing low-energy fractures compared with non-adherers (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.07).ConclusionsOur study, which took into account the time dependence of adherence and confounders, as well as temporal order between these factors, is support for the concept that adherence to statins in women in primary prevention decreases the risk of acute cardiovascular events by about one-fifth in comparison to non-adherence. However, part of the observed effect of statin adherence on acute cardiovascular events may be due to the healthy-adherer effect.
Loss, transition and trust: perspectives of terminally ill patients and their oncologists when transferring care from the hospital into the community at the end of life
Authors: Smith Clare , Bosanquet Nick , Riley Julia , Koffman Jonathan 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionMost people prefer to die at home. However, most continue to die in hospital. Little is known about the impact on the patient of transferring care from acute sector specialist follow-up to the community. In one cancer centre, a new service—Hospital2Home was set up to facilitate this transfer of care. This study aimed to explore patients’ and oncologists’ perspectives of the meanings involved in this transition.MethodsQualitative study using semistructured one-to-one interviews with 8 terminally ill cancer patients and 13 oncologists. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the framework approach.Results3 main themes were identified: loss, transition and community care. The theme of loss referred to losses associated with the end of treatment and losses associated with the familiar safe relationship between the patient and oncologist. Transition refers to the change from hospital-led to community-based care. Barriers to transition included patient and family acceptance, attachment and concerns about community services. Transition was more acceptable if initiated in a gradual manner. Community care: participants found the Hospital2Home service crucial in establishing new trustworthy relationships between community providers and the patient.ConclusionsTransfer of care from the acute sector to the community represents a delicate crossroad where complex notions of loss should not be underestimated. A gradual transfer of care may improve this if the patient's condition allows. Therefore, introductions to the community team should be timely, and a staggered transfer should be planned. This would improve the experience of the patient, carer and oncologist.
Ambient temperature as a trigger of preterm delivery in a temperate climate
Authors: Cox Bianca , Vicedo-Cabrera Ana M , Gasparrini Antonio , Roels Harry A , Martens Evelyne , Vangronsveld Jaco , Forsberg Bertil , Nawrot Tim S 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that elevated ambient temperatures may trigger preterm delivery. Since results from studies in temperate climates are inconclusive, we investigated the association between temperature and the risk of preterm birth in Flanders (Belgium).MethodsWe used data on 807 835 singleton deliveries (January 1998–July 2011). We combined a quasi-Poisson model with distributed lag non-linear models to allow for delayed and non-linear temperature effects, accounting for the daily pregnancies at risk and their gestational age distribution.ResultsFor moderate heat (95th vs 50th centile) up to 1 day before delivery (lag 0–1), the risk of preterm birth increased by 8.5% (95% CI 2.4% to 15.0%) when minimum temperature increased from 8.3°C to 16.3°C and by 9.6% (95% CI 1.1% to 18.7%) when maximum temperature increased from 14.7°C to 26.5°C. Corresponding estimates for extreme heat (99th vs 50th centile) were 15.6% (95% CI 4.8% to 27.6%) for minimum temperature (19.0°C vs 8.3°C) and 14.5% (95% CI 0.5% to 30.6%) for maximum temperature (30.7°C vs 14.7°C). Despite the increased risk of preterm birth associated with cold at lag 2 (and lag 1 for minimum temperature), cumulative cold effects were small. The per cent change in preterm birth associated with moderate cold (5th vs 50th centile) up to 3 days before delivery (lag 0–3) was 2.1% (95% CI −4.1% to 8.7%) for minimum temperature (−2.0°C vs 8.3°C) and 0.6% (95% CI −7.3% to 9.2%) for maximum temperature (2.5°C vs 14.7°C).ConclusionsEven in a temperate climate, ambient temperature may trigger preterm delivery, suggesting that pregnant women should avoid temperature extremes.
Aneurysm outflow angle at MRA as discriminant for accurate diagnosis and differentiation between small sidewall cerebral aneurysms and infundibula
Authors: Sun Ling-Jun , Li Yong-Dong , Li Ming-Hua , Wang Wu , Gu Bin-Xian 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the aneurysm outflow angle (OA) at MR angiography (MRA) might serve as discriminant for accurate diagnosis of, and differentiation between, small sidewall cerebral aneurysms (SCAs) and infundibula.MethodsBetween June 2007 and July 2015, 426 consecutive patients with SCAs completed both an MRA and DSA examination. Of these, 156 patients with small SCAs and 52 patients with infundibula were included in this study. A patient with an OA ≥90° was defined as having a SCA, while those with OA <90° were defined as having an infundibulum.ResultsDSA identified 172 SCAs in 156 patients and 55 infundibula in 52 patients. The average OA on MRA was 102.96°±13.36° (range 60°–151°) in 172 SCAs of 156 patients. An OA of ≥90° was seen for 159 (92.4%) small SCAs in 147 patients, while an OA of <90° was observed for 13 SCAs. The average OA on MRA was 69.05°±14.26° (range 35–107°) in 55 infundibula of 52 patients. An OA of ≥90° was seen in one patient with one infundibulum; while an OA of <90° was observed for 54 infundibula (98.2%) in 51 patients. The average OA in SCAs (n=172) was greater than the average OA in infundibula (n=55; 102.96° vs 69.05°, p<0.001).ConclusionsThe OA at MRA could serve as discriminant for accurate diagnosis of, and differentiation between, small SCAs and infundibula.