bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A distinct section of the early bronze age society? Stable isotope investigations of burials in settlement pits and multiple inhumations of the Únětice culture in central germany
Authors: Knipper Corina , Fragata Matthias , Nicklisch Nicole , Siebert Angelina , Szécsényi‐Nagy Anna , Hubensack Vera , Metzner‐Nebelsick Carola , Meller Harald , Alt Kurt W. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesInhumations in so‐called settlement pits and multiple interments are subordinate burial practices of the Early Bronze Age Únětice culture in central Germany (2200–1700/1650 BC). The majority of the Únětice population was entombed as single inhumations in rectangular grave pits with a normative position of the body. The goal of the study was to test archaeological hypotheses that the deviant burials may represent socially distinct or nonlocal individuals.Materials and MethodsThe study comprised up to two teeth and one bone each of 74 human individuals from eight sites and faunal comparative samples. The inhumations included regular, deviant burials in so‐called settlement or storage pits, and multiple burials. We investigated radiogenic strontium isotope compositions of tooth enamel (87Sr/86Sr) and light stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen of bone collagen (δ13C, δ15N) aiming at the disclosure of residential changes and dietary patterns.ResultsSite‐specific strontium isotope data ranges mirror different geological properties including calcareous bedrock, loess, and glacial till. Independent from burial types, they disclose low portions of nonlocal individuals of up to some 20% at the individual sites. The light stable isotope ratios of burials in settlement pits and rectangular graves overlap widely and indicate highly similar dietary habits.DiscussionThe analytical results let to conclude that inhumations in settlement pits and multiple burials were two of the manifold burial practices of the Early Bronze Age. The selection criteria of the individuals for the different forms of inhumation remained undisclosed. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:496–516, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of the coke deposited on 13X industrial zeolite molecular sieves during mercaptan removal process
Authors: Haghighi Asl M. , Sargolzaei J. , Moosavi F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIndustrial Z10‐13X zeolite was deactivated by coking during the sequenced pressure and temperature swing mercaptan removal unit at the conditions of 40 °C and 68 bar in adsorption mode and 300 °C and 8 bar in regeneration mode. In this study, detailed coke features inside industrial molecular sieves, in terms of molecular structure and also some other brief properties, have been obtained for the first time by combining numerous techniques including gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction pattern, and also CO2 and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of fresh and coked molecular sieves. The coke species were identified and classified into more than 40 different components following their alkylation and cyclization mechanisms. The coke includes polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and it was much alkylated especially with methyl and ethyl fragments. It is mainly compounded of derivatives of benzene located within the zeolite pore, which could grow into polyaromatic compounds constituted up to four aromatic rings with different guest polar elements. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardanol grafted natural rubber: A green substitute to natural rubber for enhancing silica filler dispersion
Authors: Mohapatra Sunita , Alex Rosamma , Nando Golok Bihari 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTNatural rubber (NR) usage is wide‐spread from pencil erasers to aero tyres. Carbon black and silica are the most common reinforcing fillers in the rubber industries. Carbon black enhances the mechanical properties, while silica reduces the rolling resistance and enhances the wet grip characteristics. However, the dispersion of polar silica fillers in the nonpolar hydrocarbon rubbers like natural rubber is a serious issue to be resolved. In recent years, cardanol, an agricultural by‐product of the cashew industry is already established as a multifunctional additive in the rubber. The present study focuses on dispersion of silica filler in natural rubber grafted with cardanol (CGNR) and determination of its technical properties. The optimum cure time reduces and the cure rate increases for the CGNR vulcanizates as compared to that of the NR vulcanizates at all loadings of silica varying from 30 to 60 phr. The interaction between the phenolic moiety of cardanol and the siloxane as well as silanol functional groups present on the silica surface enhances the rubber–filler interaction which leads to better reinforcement. The crosslink density and bound rubber content are found to be higher for the silica reinforced CGNR vulcanizates. The physico‐mechanical properties of the silica reinforced CGNR vulcanizates are superior to those of the NR vulcanizates. The CGNR vulcanizates show lower compression set and lower abrasion loss. The dynamic‐mechanical properties exhibit less Payne effect for silica reinforced CGNR vulcanizates as compared to the NR vulcanizates. The transmission electron photomicrographs show uniform dispersion of silica filler in the CGNR matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43057.
The Mood in Melanesia after the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
Authors: Carter George , Firth Stewart 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMelanesia is becoming a region of many partners, expanding diplomatic options and a new sense of independence. The wider context of the new Melanesian assertiveness is one in which China is a rising power and Indonesia is forging closer links with the western Pacific. The impetus to Fiji's new assertiveness arose from the diplomatic isolation imposed upon it by Australia and New Zealand after the 2006 military coup. Papua New Guinea's new confidence is founded upon its liquefied natural gas boom. Even Solomon Islands is expanding diplomatic connections. Regionally, the change can be seen in the Melanesian Spearhead Group, which now counts Indonesia among its members, and in Fiji's push for its own vision of Pacific regionalism. Australia and New Zealand nevertheless remain the indispensable countries in the region. Australia's commitment to Melanesia remains constant but without the bold initiatives and interventionist enthusiasm of the early RAMSI years.
Unipolar Anxieties: Australia's Melanesia Policy after the Age of Intervention
Authors: Wallis Joanne , Wesley Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAs a consequence of its membership of a US‐centred global alliance network, Australia's regional obligations in the South Pacific are as pertinent to Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands's drawdown as they were to its inception. Canberra's imperatives in the Pacific have been stabilization and the exclusion of hostile interests. Three challenges—the rise of China, the Islamic State insurgency, and the democratic discontinuities in key regional players—have undermined interest in interventions in both Australia and the US. The growing influence of Asian powers in the Pacific has given rise to new exclusion concerns in Australia, and to a greater degree in the US. Rather than retrench from the South Pacific, Canberra has an opportunity to re‐conceive the Pacific as an arc of opportunity, particularly in developing new forms of engagement with rising regional powers.
Nanoporous PtRu Alloys with Unique Catalytic Activity toward Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Zhou Qiuxia , Xu Caixia 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNanoporous (NP) PtRu alloys with three different bimetallic components were straightforwardly fabricated by dealloying PtRuAl ternary alloys in hydrochloric acid. Selective etching of aluminum from source alloys generates bicontinuous network nanostructures with uniform size and structure. The as‐made NP‐PtRu alloys exhibit superior catalytic activity toward the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) than pure NP‐Pt and NP‐Ru owing to alloying platinum with ruthenium. The NP‐Pt70Ru30 alloy exhibits much higher specific activity toward hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB than NP‐Pt30Ru70 and NP‐Pt50Ru50. The hydrolysis activation energy of NP‐Pt70Ru30 was estimated to be about 38.9 kJ mol−1, which was lower than most of the reported activation energy values in the literature. In addition, recycling tests show that the NP‐Pt70Ru30 is still highly active in the hydrolysis of AB even after five runs, which indicates that NP‐PtRu alloy accompanied by the network nanoarchitecture is beneficial to improve structural stability toward the dehydrogenation of AB.
Decoupling production from growth by magnesium sulfate limitation boosts de novo limonene production
Authors: Willrodt Christian , Hoschek Anna , Bühler Bruno , Schmid Andreas , Julsing Mattijs K. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe microbial production of isoprenoids has recently developed into a prime example for successful bottom‐up synthetic biology or top‐down systems biology strategies. Respective fermentation processes typically rely on growing recombinant microorganisms. However, the fermentative production of isoprenoids has to compete with cellular maintenance and growth for carbon and energy. Non‐growing but metabolically active E. coli cells were evaluated in this study as alternative biocatalyst configurations to reduce energy and carbon loss towards biomass formation. The use of non‐growing cells in an optimized fermentation medium resulted in more than fivefold increased specific limonene yields on cell dry weight and glucose, as compared to the traditional growing‐cell‐approach. Initially, the stability of the resting‐cell activity was limited. This instability was overcome via the optimization of the minimal fermentation medium enabling high and stable limonene production rates for up to 8 h and a high specific yield of ≥50 mg limonene per gram cell dry weight. Omitting MgSO4 from the fermentation medium was very promising to prohibit growth and allow high productivities. Applying a MgSO4‐limitation also improved limonene formation by growing cells during non‐exponential growth involving a reduced biomass yield on glucose and a fourfold increase in specific limonene yields on biomass as compared to non‐limited cultures. The control of microbial growth via the medium composition was identified as a key but yet underrated strategy for efficient isoprenoid production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1305–1314. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting soluble proteins to exosomes using a ubiquitin tag
Authors: Cheng Yong , Schorey Jeffery S. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTAs “natural” antigen carriers in the body, exosomes are potential vaccine vectors. A number of animal studies indicate that antigen‐containing exosomes can induce a specific immune response which can protect against tumor progression or various infections. Exosomes that carry the protective antigens can be purified from cells that release them including tumor cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. However, this strategy is restricted to proteins that are naturally targeted to exosomes and is therefore limited in the number of antigens present within exosomes. Therefore, with the goal of developing an exosome‐based vaccine that is more flexible in its antigen composition and has the potential to be scalable, we have developed a new approach where recombinant soluble proteins can be packaged into exosomes and released from a transformed cell line. In this study, we determined that a C‐terminal fusion of ubiquitin to EGFP, tumor antigenic protein nHer2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins Ag85B and ESAT6 served as an efficient delivery sequence into exosomes when expressed in a human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line, a cell line widely used in industrial recombinant protein production. Two stably transgenic HEK293 cell lines were generated using a retroviral vector to express the Ag85B‐ESAT6 fusion protein either alone or tagged at the C‐terminus with ubiquitin. Both transformants released exosomes containing the fusion proteins. However, the concentration of Ag85B and ESAT6 in exosomes was increased approximately 10‐fold when they were coupled to ubiquitin. Moreover, when the exosomes were used for immunization, there was a direct correlation between the amount of fusion protein within the exosomes and the number of Ag85B and ESAT6 specific INFɣ‐secreting T lymphocytes in the lung and spleen. This suggests that exosomes containing recombinant antigen can be used to elicit a T cell response. In summary our data indicates that a ubiquitin‐based exosomal protein delivery strategy could represent a unique approach to generate antigen‐specific exosomes with the potential to be used as novel vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1315–1324. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potassium‐Induced Effect on the Structure and Chemical Activity of the CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) (x ≤ 2) Surface: A Combined Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: An Wei , Xu Fang , Stacchiola Dario , Liu Ping 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPotassium (K) plays an essential role to promote catalytic reactions in many established industrial catalytic processes. Here, we report a combined study using STM and DFT to understand the effect of the deposition of K on the atomic and electronic structures as well as chemical activities of CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) (x≤2). The DFT calculations show a pseudomorphic growth of K on CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) up to 0.19 monolayer (ML) of coverage, in which K binds the surface by a strong ionic interaction with chemisorbed oxygen and relatively weak electrostatic interactions with Cu ions, the lower and upper oxygen atoms on the CuxO rings. The simulated STM pattern based on the DFT results agrees well with the experimental observations. The deposited K has a great impact on the surface electronic structure of CuxO/Cu(1 1 1), which induces a significant reduction in the work function and leads to a strong electron polarization on the surface. The promotion of K on the surface binding properties is selective and varies depending on the nature of the adsorbates. According to our results, K has little effect on surface acidity but it enhances the surface basicity significantly. Consequently, the presence of K does not help CO adsorption on CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) but is able to accelerate the activation of CO2. Such a promotion depends strongly on the combinations from both geometric and electronic effects. Our results highlight the origin of the promoting effect of alkali metals in the design of catalysts for complex reactions.
Diastereo‐Divergent Synthesis of Saturated Azaheterocycles Enabled by tBuOK‐Mediated Hydroamination of Alkenyl Hydrazones
Authors: Kaga Atsushi , Peng Xingao , Hirao Hajime , Chiba Shunsuke 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDiastereo‐divergent synthesis of saturated azaheterocycles has been achieved by tBuOK‐mediated hydroamination of alkenyl hydrazones. DFT calculations suggested that the cation–π interactions between a potassium cation and aryl substituents on hydrazones give rise to 2,5‐cis selectivity in pyrrolidines, which were synthesized by the reaction of γ,δ‐unsaturated N‐benzyl hydrazones. By contrast, 2,5‐trans selectivity was observed when an isopropyl group was used as the substituent on hydrazones. An unusual 2,6‐trans selectivity in piperidine formation was also realized using the present strategy.
Intense Chiral Optical Phenomena in Racemic Polymers by Cocrystallization With Chiral Guest Molecules: A Brief Overview
Authors: Rizzo Paola , Guerra Gaetano 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis review is devoted to the chiral optical behavior of films of racemic polymers whose chirality is induced by cocrystallization with nonracemic (also temporary) guest molecules. We provide examples of macromolecular amplification of chirality, produced by molecular and supramolecular mechanisms, on industrially relevant polymers like poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene)oxide (PPO) and syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS). Chirality 28:29–38, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Commutation Overlap Period Reduction Method Expanding the Buck Operating Range for a Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converter
Authors: SHIMADA TAKAE , TANIGUCHI KIMIAKI , SHOJI HIROYUKI 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a bidirectional isolated DC–DC converter with an active clamp circuit and two novel control methods in the buck mode. A circulating current reduction method decreases the conduction loss. A commutation overlap period reduction method maintains the output power by expanding the maximum actual duty cycle even if the input voltage decreases. The experimental results show that the proposed method increased the maximum output 1.5 times, without increasing the voltage applied to the low‐voltage side MOSFETs under the minimum input voltage condition. A 2‐kW class prototype showed a higher than 90% efficiency over a wide operating range for a greater than 20 input–output voltage ratio at 100‐kHz switching frequency.
Study on Power Fluctuation Dispatch and Capacity Design of Short Period Power Fluctuation Compensation System in Consideration of Power Loss
Authors: TEGURI AKIHIRO , KAWACHI SHUNSUKE , BABA JUMPEI , SHIMODA EISUKE , SUGIMOTO TAKAYUKI 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYSince the output of photovoltaic (PV) generation includes power fluctuations caused by natural conditions, the installation of PV on a large scale is expected to affect load frequency control of the power grid. One method of compensating power fluctuations is the use of energy storage (ES), such as batteries and capacitors. A power fluctuation compensation system composed of an electrical double layer capacitor energy storage system (ESS) and a Li‐ion battery energy storage system is considered. The power loss characteristics of both ESSs during power fluctuation compensation are modeled by equivalent circuits based on ES impedance spectra. The models are validated by experiments simulating power fluctuation compensation. Using these ES models, simulations were carried out to determine the power fluctuation dispatch method between the two ESSs and the capacity of the ESSs in consideration of power loss minimization.
Li4E8 (E = P, As, Sb, Bi) Clusters: The ­Quest for Realgar‐Type [E8]4– Zintl Anions
Authors: Nizovtsev Anton S. , Ivanov Alexander S. , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Konchenko Sergey N. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA systematic computational study focused on searching for the global minima and low‐lying isomers of the Li4E8 (E = P, As, Sb, Bi) series of clusters is reported. The global‐minimum structures of Li4P8, Li4As8, and Li4Sb8 as well as one of the lowest‐lying Li4Bi8 isomers were found to contain a realgar‐type [E8]4– unit, which is a rare Zintl anion. Increased stability of this skeleton allows its presence to be expected in more complex chemical compounds containing group 15 elements with appropriate stoichiometry.
Real‐time mid‐infrared imaging of living microorganisms
Authors: Haase Katharina , Kröger‐Lui Niels , Pucci Annemarie , Schönhals Arthur , Petrich Wolfgang 
Published: November 2015

The speed and efficiency of quantum cascade laser‐based mid‐infrared microspectroscopy are demonstrated using two different model organisms as examples. For the slowly moving Amoeba proteus, a quantum cascade laser is tuned over the wavelength range of 7.6 µm to 8.6 µm (wavenumbers 1320 cm–1 and 1160 cm–1, respectively). The recording of a hyperspectral image takes 11.3 s whereby an average signal‐to‐noise ratio of 29 is achieved. The limits of time resolution are tested by imaging the fast moving Caenorhabditis elegans at a discrete wavenumber of 1265 cm–1. Mid‐infrared imaging is performed with the 640 × 480 pixel video graphics array (VGA) standard and at a full‐frame time resolution of 0.02 s (i.e. well above the most common frame rate standards). An average signal‐to‐noise ratio of 16 is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, these findings constitute the first mid‐infrared imaging of living organisms at VGA standard and video frame rate.
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Morphofunctional structure of the lingual papillae in three species of South American Camelids: Alpaca, guanaco, and llama
Authors: Erdoğan Serkan , Villar Arias Silvia , Pérez William 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to compare the anatomical and functional characteristics of the lingual papilla among the Camelidae. For this purpose, tongues of alpaca, guanaco, and llama were used. Numerous long and thin filiform papillae were located in the median groove and none were detected on the rest of the dorsal surface of the lingual apex in alpaca. Secondary papillae originated from the base of some filiform papillae on the ventral surface of alpaca tongue. The bases of some filiform papillae of the lateral surface of the lingual apex were inserted into conspicuous grooves in guanaco and tips of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the lingual body were ended by bifurcated apex. On the dorsal surface of the lingual apex of llama, there were no filiform papillae but there were numerous filiform papillae on both the lateral margins of the ventral surface of the lingual apex. Fungiform papillae were distributed randomly on dorsal lingual surface and ventral margins of the tongues of all camelid species. Lenticular papillae were located on the lingual torus and varied in size and topographical distribution for each species. Circumvallate papillae had irregular surfaces in llama and alpaca, and smooth surface in guanaco. In conclusion, llama and alpaca tongues were more similar to each other, and tongues of all camelid species displayed more similarities to those of Bactrian and dromedary camels in comparison with other herbivores and ruminants. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:61–71, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards the optimization of the preparation procedures of PMMA bone cement
Authors: Gergely Ryan C. R. , Toohey Kathleen S. , Jones Mary E. , Small Scott R. , Berend Michael E. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties and thermal history of polymethyl‐methacrylate bone cement vary significantly with the preparation procedure used. Because the polymerization reaction is exothermic, many researchers have attempted to minimize thermal osteonecrosis due to heat generation by altering procedures in the preparation of the cement. In most previous studies, only one or two aspects of the preparation procedure were controlled, and there has been little research that comprehensively examines the effects of preparation on the cure kinetics and resulting properties of bone cement. In this study, cement viscosity, cement layer thickness, initial cement temperature, initial metal component temperature, and mixing method were varied to assess the effects on the cement. Maximum temperature, polymerization time, necrosis index, bending strength, and porosity were chosen to evaluate the different preparation procedures, where an optimal procedure would minimize necrosis, reduce cement cure time, and maximize bending strength. Design of Experiments (DOE) was used to examine the main effects and interactions of preparation techniques. Among the most prominent results, it was found that the cure kinetics and the related quantities are primarily controlled by the initial metal component temperature and that the bending strength is most dependent on the mixing method. For the two formulations studied, the optimum preparation procedures should keep cement and metal components at room temperature prior to mixing with a vacuum mixing system. Reducing cement mantle thickness may also be advantageous, as it reduces the maximum temperature and the risk of tissue damage. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:915–923, 2016.