bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extrapolating cetacean densities to quantitatively assess human impacts on populations in the high seas
Authors: Mannocci Laura , Roberts Jason J. , Miller David L. , Halpin Patrick N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAs human activities expand beyond national jurisdictions to the high seas, there is an increasing need to consider anthropogenic impacts to species inhabiting these waters. The current scarcity of scientific observations of cetaceans in the high seas impedes the assessment of population‐level impacts of these activities. We developed plausible density estimates to facilitate a quantitative assessment of anthropogenic impacts on cetacean populations in these waters. Our study region extended from a well‐surveyed region within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone into a large region of the western North Atlantic sparsely surveyed for cetaceans. We modeled densities of 15 cetacean taxa with available line transect survey data and habitat covariates and extrapolated predictions to sparsely surveyed regions. We formulated models to reduce the extent of extrapolation beyond covariate ranges, and constrained them to model simple and generalizable relationships. To evaluate confidence in the predictions, we mapped where predictions were made outside sampled covariate ranges, examined alternate models, and compared predicted densities with maps of sightings from sources that could not be integrated into our models. Confidence levels in model results depended on the taxon and geographic area and highlighted the need for additional surveying in environmentally distinct areas. With application of necessary caution, our density estimates can inform management needs in the high seas, such as the quantification of potential cetacean interactions with military training exercises, shipping, fisheries, and deep‐sea mining and be used to delineate areas of special biological significance in international waters. Our approach is generally applicable to other marine taxa and geographic regions for which management will be implemented but data are sparse.
Amygdala–orbitofrontal connectivity predicts alcohol use two years later: a longitudinal neuroimaging study on alcohol use in adolescence
Authors: Peters Sabine , Peper Jiska S. , Van Duijvenvoorde Anna C.K. , Braams Barbara R. , Crone Eveline A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study tested the relation between cortical–subcortical functional connectivity and alcohol consumption in adolescents using an accelerated longitudinal design, as well as normative developmental patterns for these measures. Participants between ages 8 and 27 completed resting‐state neuroimaging scans at two time points separated by two years (N = 274 at T1, N = 231 at T2). In addition, participants between ages 12 and 27 reported on recent and lifetime alcohol use (N = 193 at T1, N = 244 at T2). Resting‐state connectivity analyses focused on amygdala–orbitofrontal connectivity given prior research linking reduced coupling between these regions to alcohol use. Mixed model analyses revealed that age had a cubic relationship with alcohol use, with little to no use in childhood, steep increases in adolescence and leveling off in adulthood. No age effects were found for amygdala–OFC connectivity. Prediction analyses showed that left amygdala–orbitofrontal connectivity at the first time point predicted recent and lifetime alcohol use two years later. There was no evidence for the reversed relation, suggesting that brain connectivity measures precede explorative risk‐taking behavior in adolescence, possibly because decreased subcortical–frontal connectivity biases towards more explorative or risky behavior.
Cotinine administration improves impaired cognition in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome
Authors: Pardo Marta , Beurel Eleonore , Jope Richard S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine and has displayed some capacity for improving cognition in mouse models following chronic administration. We tested if acute cotinine treatment is capable of improving cognition in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, Fmr1−/− knockout mice, and if this is related to inhibition by cotinine treatment of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β), which is abnormally active in Fmr1−/− mice. Acute cotinine treatment increased the inhibitory serine‐phosphorylation of GSK3β and the activating phosphorylation of AKT, which can mediate serine‐phosphorylation of GSK3β, in both wild‐type and Fmr1−/− mouse hippocampus. Acute cotinine treatment improved cognitive functions of Fmr1−/− mice in coordinate and categorical spatial processing, novel object recognition, and temporal ordering. However, cotinine failed to restore impaired cognition in GSK3β knockin mice, in which a serine9‐to‐alanine9 mutation blocks the inhibitory serine phosphorylation of GSK3β, causing GSK3β to be hyperactive. These results indicate that acute cotinine treatment effectively repairs impairments of these four cognitive tasks in Fmr1−/− mice, and suggest that this cognition‐enhancing effect of cotinine is linked to its induction of inhibitory serine‐phosphorylation of GSK3. Taken together, these results show that nicotinic receptor agonists can act as cognitive enhancers in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome and highlight the potential role of inhibiting GSK3β in mediating the beneficial effects of cotinine on memory.
Heidegger on Human Finitude: Beginning at the End
Authors: Magid Oren 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInterpreters generally understand Heidegger's notion of finitude in one of two ways: (1) as our mortality – that, in the end, we are certain to die; or (2) the susceptibility of our self‐ and world‐understanding to collapse – the fragility and vulnerability of human sense‐making. In this paper, I put forward an alternative account of what Heidegger means by ‘finitude’: human self‐ and world‐understanding is non‐transparently grounded in a ‘final end.’ Our self‐ and world‐understanding, that is, begins at the end, and authenticity requires us to interpretively appropriate the full range of this understanding. After laying out this view of finitude, via an analogical appeal to the Socratic account of action and desire in the Gorgias, I discuss its relationship to the two leading views of finitude mentioned above.
Riparian vegetation management for water temperature regulation: implications for the production of macroinvertebrate prey of salmonids
Authors: Ryan D. K. , Kelly‐Quinn M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe effect of riparian vegetation on the seasonal availability of macroinvertebrate prey for salmonids was examined. Although prey composition changed significantly between sampling seasons, overall prey density remained similar. It is often assumed that there is greater benthic production within streams without riparian vegetation, but this assumption was found to be dependent on stream size. The presence of riparian vegetation increased benthic macroinvertebrate density, but only in larger streams. Greater densities of prey of terrestrial origin were found in the drift of streams with riparian cover but only in spring. An unforeseen contributor to potential prey items for salmonids in streams with riparian vegetation was the increased presence of drifting prey of aquatic origin. The results further support riparian management as a viable tool for regulating instream temperatures without impacting on macroinvertebrate density. The presence of riparian vegetation can even increase salmonid prey availability in some instances.
Unique CT Perfusion Imaging in a Case of HaNDL: New Insight into HaNDL Pathophysiology and Vasomotor Principles of Cortical Spreading Depression
Authors: Burke Matthew J. , Lamb Michael J. , Hohol Marika , Lay Christine 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe etiology of HaNDL is not known. Recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that there may be altered cerebrovascular blood flow during acute episodes. However, what exactly these vascular changes represent and how they may relate to the overall pathogenesis of HaNDL is uncertain.CaseA 42‐year‐old, right‐handed male, presented with acute aphasia and right arm weakness. Urgent CT/CT‐angiogram were normal except for an incidental hypoplastic right anterior cerebral artery (ACA) A1 segment. However, CT perfusion revealed global left hemisphere hypoperfusion in the range of oligemia. Also, the right ACA territory, supplied by the dominant left A1, shared the same pattern of hypoperfusion. Further investigations and clinical course were consistent with HaNDL.Discussion/ConclusionsThe pattern of global left hemispheric hypoperfusion seen in this case of HaNDL supports a hypothesis of secondary oligemia induced by a hemispheric wave of cortical spreading depression (CSD). However, the extension of hypoperfusion to the right ACA territory represents a phenomenon not previously reported in this field. We speculate that the direct spread of CSD‐induced vasomotor changes across the anomalous vasculature could account for this finding. This case provides a valuable contribution toward understanding HaNDL pathophysiology and in doing so may also yield broader implications regarding neurophysiological principles of CSD.
History of Education in the News: The Legacy of Slavery, Racism, and Contemporary Black Activism on Campus
Authors: Anderson James D. , Span Christopher M. 
Published: October 2016

History of Education Quarterly editorial team is planning to integrate a new feature, “History of Education in the News,” into periodic issues of the journal. Our idea is to highlight relevant historical scholarship on a topic that has contemporary public resonance. Our first piece in this new vein engages the current uptick of interest in the links between slavery and higher education. Recent scholarship and popular press accounts have documented how many eastern colleges and universities benefited from enslaved African-American labor.We asked Professors James D. Anderson and Christopher M. Span of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to take up this issue and reflect on how a deep knowledge of history informs recent activism on college and university campuses, particularly activism focused on forcing institutions to reckon with their histories and become antiracist spaces.
How Well Does Theory Travel? David Garland in the Global South
Authors: STEINBERG JONNY 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHow well does theory travel? The article examines this question by exploring how David Garland's work on crime control in Britain and the United States might be used to shed light on crime control in South Africa. I argue that theory travels badly when what is transferred is not the hard work of genealogical method but the shiny concepts that are the product of somebody else's labour. Entire countries and regions appear to have come off an assembly line, each made from the same parts, each more or less resembling the next. Theory travels well when it transmits imaginative resources that inspire one's own genealogical explorations, thus giving due weight to the historical antecedents of contemporary practices.
Clinical efficacy of EDTA ultrasonic activation in the reduction of endotoxins and cultivable bacteria
Authors: Herrera D. R. , Martinho F. C. , de‐Jesus‐Soares A. , Zaia A. A. , Ferraz C. C. R. , Almeida J. F. A. , Gomes B. P. F. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThis clinical study was conducted to investigate the influence of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ultrasonic activation after chemomechanical preparation (CMP) on eliminating/reducing oral bacterial lipopolysaccharides (known as endotoxins) and cultivable bacteria in teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis.MethodologySamples were taken from 24 root canals at several clinical periods: S1 – before CMP; S2 – after CMP; S3 – after EDTA: G1 – with ultrasonic activation (n = 12) and G2 – without ultrasonic activation (n = 12). Root canals were instrumented using Mtwo rotary files. Culture techniques were used to determine the number of colony‐forming units (CFU). Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) was used to measure endotoxin levels. Friedman's and Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to compare the amount of bacteria and endotoxin levels in each period (P < 0.05).ResultsEndotoxins and cultivable bacteria were recovered in 100% of the initial samples (S1). CMP was effective in reducing endotoxins and bacterial load (all with P < 0.05). Higher values of endotoxin reduction were achieved with EDTA ultrasonic activation [G1, 0.02 EU mL−1 (range 0.01–0.75)] compared with the no activation group [G2, 1.13 EU mL−1 (range 0.01–8.34)] (P < 0.05). Regarding bacterial reduction, no statistically significant difference was found in S3, regardless of the group (G1, G2, P > 0.05).ConclusionsChemomechanical preparation was effective in reducing bacteria and endotoxins, but could not completely eliminate them. The ultrasonic activation of EDTA was effective in further reducing endotoxin levels in the root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis.
Physician agreement regarding the expansion of pharmacist professional activities in the management of patients with asthma
Authors: Tilly-Gratton Audrey , Lamontagne Alexandrine , Blais Lucie , Bacon Simon L , Ernst Pierre , Grad Roland , Lavoie Kim L , McKinney Martha L , Desplats Eve , Ducharme Francine M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundAsthma control remains suboptimal in Canada. Expansion of pharmacist’s professional activities offers the opportunity to improve the interdisciplinary management of patients with asthma.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement of physicians regarding the expansion of pharmacists’ professional activities in the management of asthma patients.MethodsWe conducted a survey of randomly selected Quebec physicians in family medicine, paediatrics and emergency medicine. A 102-item questionnaire, including 10 questions regarding pharmacist’s expanded professional activities, was sent using the Tailored Design Method. Questions were answered on a 6-point Likert-like scale (0 — strong disagreement to 5 — strong agreement).ResultsWith a 56% response rate, 421 (250 family medicine, 115 paediatric and 56 emergency medicine) physicians participated; the median years of practice (25%, 75%) was 13 (5–21) years and 69% of respondents were women. Physicians were in favour of the expansion of pharmacist’s professional activities with strong endorsement rates (rating of ≥4 on a maximum of 5) exceeding 60% for all but three activities: suggesting a written action plan to the physician (55%), adjusting the dose of prescribed asthma medication to achieve a therapeutic target (52%) and offering spirometry testing in pharmacies (45%). Emergency physicians, physicians with fewer years of practice, and those with a favourable perception of an interprofessional approach were associated with higher endorsement of these activities.ConclusionPhysicians are favourable to the expansion of pharmacist activities in the management of patients with asthma. More complex activities were less frequently endorsed. The characteristics of strong intenders have been identified.
The Interplay Between Public and Private External Debt Stocks
Authors: Brzozowski Michał , Siwińska‐Gorzelak Joanna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUsing a sample of 48 emerging and developing countries in the 1970–2012 period, we investigated the interactions between the stock of sovereign debt and the quantity of corporate external borrowing. We found that public external debt hinders private‐sector access to external loan and bond markets. By contrast, the stock of private debt in international financial markets exerts a positive influence on public external debt from all sources except other private creditors. We also found the incidence of bank crises, capital account openness and the rate of economic growth to be among the macroeconomic variables that have a significant impact on both public and private external debts.
The Conceptual Foundations of Macroprudential Policy: A Roadmap
Authors: de la Torre Augusto , Ize Alain 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe global financial crisis unleashed a flurry of academic literature and regulations addressing macroprudential issues. However, reflecting weak links between research and policy as well as varying risk environments (across countries and over time), policy remains exposed to pitfalls, including overreacting, underreacting and applying the wrong or untimely medicine. To help policy makers navigate through the maze, this paper proposes a broad typology of financial frictions that classifies the root causes of socially pernicious financial dynamics under four ‘paradigms’, with distinct grounds, implications and aims for macroprudential policy: (i) offsetting the moral hazard implications of bailouts; (ii) protecting unsophisticated market participants from abusive practices; (iii) inducing market players to internalize the systemic consequences of their individual actions; and (iv) tempering destructive mood swings. As policies to curb one source of systemic risk can exacerbate others, the macroprudential policy challenge is to strike a sensible balance among complicated trade‐offs.
Threshold effect in the Mg‐doping dependence of the photocatalytic ability of LiNbO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Xun , Yan Wenbo , Zhang Yuwei , Zhang Lixia , Shi Lihong , Huang Yingying , Wu Meng , Wang Xuliang , Chen Hongjian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study, Mg‐doped LiNbO3 nanoparticles are prepared and their photocatalytic ability is studied for bioorganic degradation application. It is found that their photocatalytic ability shows a pronounced dependence on the Mg‐doping levels, and in particular an unusual threshold effect exists at the 2‐mol%‐doping level. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses show that the similar threshold effect also exists in the Mg‐doping dependences of the crystalline anisotropy, morphology, and endothermic behavior of these LiNbO3 nanoparticles. The relevance between the basic properties and the photocatalytic activity of the LiNbO3 nanoparticles is discussed, and their Mg‐doping dependences are finally connected with the (NbLi)4+ and (MgNb)3− defects in the lattice. It is suggested that both the morphology and the lattice defects of LiNbO3 nanoparticles contribute to the photocatalytic activity and that trapping holes is the essential way through which the (MgNb)3− defects make the contribution.
Porosity‐dependent properties of Nb‐doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics
Authors: Gheorghiu Felicia , Padurariu Leontin , Airimioaei Mirela , Curecheriu Lavinia , Ciomaga Cristina , Padurariu Cipriana , Galassi Carmen , Mitoseriu Liliana 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the present work, it is shown how the controlled porosity can be exploited to obtain a compromise between a reduced permittivity down to a few hundreds and maintaining a high tunability level as in the dense material, to fulfill requirements for tunable applications. Nb‐doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics with porosity in the range 5%‐30% have been prepared by direct sintering method. X‐ray diffraction analysis and Rietveld refinement indicated a co‐existence of tetragonal and monoclinic phases in the porous ceramics. Dielectric properties revealed a gradual reduction in permittivity when increasing the porosity level, while maintaining low dielectric losses below 3%. The ferroelectric switching behavior is also influenced by the porosity level: a continuous reduction in the saturation and remnant polarization is observed with increasing porosity. The nonlinear dielectric properties of all the investigated ceramics preserve a high level of tunability in comparison with one of the dense material, irrespective of the porosity level, while zero field permittivity was decreased below 1000. An optimum behavior is found for the ceramic sample with 25% porosity, which shows a high tunability, smaller losses, and moderate dielectric constant (ε ~600).
Drop‐and‐catch (DnC) calorimetry using aerodynamic levitation and laser heating
Authors: Ushakov Sergey V. , Shvarev Alexey , Alexeev Timur , Kapush Denys , Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDesign, calibration, and operation of a system for drop‐and‐catch (DnC) calorimetry on oxides from temperature above 1500°C are described. This system allows the measurement of heat contents and heats of fusion by drop calorimetry of small (100 mg or less) samples held by containerless levitation at high temperature and dropped in a calorimeter at room temperature. The spheroids, 2‐3 mm in diameter, prepared by laser melting of powders, are aerodynamically levitated in a splittable nozzle levitator and laser heated to the desired temperature monitored by radiation thermometry. The sample is dropped by splitting the nozzle and caught by splittable water‐cooled calorimetric plates at 25°C, which provide complete enclosure of the sample to avoid heat loss by radiation. The drop time is ~0.1 seconds, calorimeter equilibration time after the drop is ~15 minute. DnC experiments are automated with software‐controlled laser power and programmable delay between splitting the nozzle and catching the sample. The fusion enthalpy of Al2O3 measured by DnC calorimeter, 120 ± 10 kJ/mol, agrees well with previously reported values. The system can be used for measurements of fusion enthalpies of refractory oxides amenable to laser heating as well as for splat quenching of oxide melts.
Rifampicin attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting pathogenic Th17 cells responses
Authors: Ma Ke , Chen Xi , Chen Jia‐Cheng , Wang Ying , Zhang Xi‐meng , Huang Fan , Zheng Jun‐Jiong , Chen Xiong , Yu Wei , Cheng Ke‐Ling , Feng Yan‐Qing , Gu Huai‐yu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRifampicin, a broad‐spectrum antibiotic, has neuroprotective, immunosuppressive, and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the effect of rifampicin on autoimmune disorders of the nervous system is not clear. In this study, we investigated whether rifampicin was beneficial to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG33–35)‐induced female C57BL/6 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, the well‐established animal model of multiple sclerosis. Rifampicin treatment (daily from the first day after EAE immunization) remarkably attenuated clinical signs and loss of body weight, which are associated with suppression of inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in spinal cords of EAE mice. Furthermore, rifampicin dramatically reduced the disruption of blood–brain barrier integrity, down‐regulated serum concentration of IL‐6 and IL‐17A, inhibited pathological Th17 cell differentiation, and modulated the expression of p‐STAT3 and p‐p65. These results suggest that rifampicin is effective for attenuating the clinical severity of EAE mice, which may be related to its inhibitive ability in differentiation of Th17 cell and secretion of its key effector molecule IL‐17A via regulation of excessive activation of the key signaling molecules of JAK/STAT pathway. Our findings may be helpful for developing therapeutic and preventive strategies for multiple sclerosis.
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TESTING FOR SPATIAL EQUILIBRIUM USING HAPPINESS DATA
Authors: Goetzke Frank , Islam Samia 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTHappiness data are rarely used in regional and urban analysis, but it is a prime data set for testing the assumption of spatial equilibrium, the key assumption in the field of urban economics. In this paper, we explore the relationship between regional happiness and one‐year lagged change in population growth rates for the nine census regions in the United States using data on reported well‐being from National Opinion Research Center's annual General Social Survey. We observe that, while there is evidence of spatial disequilibrium during recessions and in the long run, happier regions generally experience higher population growth rates indicating a movement (or tendency) toward spatial equilibrium.