bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathology in Permissive Syrian Hamsters after Infection with Species C Human Adenovirus (HAdV-C) Is the Result of Virus Replication: HAdV-C6 Replicates More and Causes More Pathology than HAdV-C5
Authors: Tollefson Ann E. , Ying Baoling , Spencer Jacqueline F. , Sagartz John E. , Wold William S. M. , Toth Karoly 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Syrian hamsters are permissive for the replication of species C human adenoviruses (HAdV-C). The virus replicates to high titers in the liver of these animals after intravenous infection, while respiratory infection results in virus replication in the lung. Here we show that two types belonging to species C, HAdV-C5 and HAdV-C6, replicate to significantly different extents and cause pathology with significantly different severities, with HAdV-C6 replicating better and inducing more severe and more widespread lesions. The virus burdens in the livers of HAdV-C6-infected hamsters are higher than the virus burdens in HAdV-C5-infected ones because more of the permissive hepatocytes get infected. Furthermore, when hamsters are infected intravenously with HAdV-C6, live, infectious virus can be isolated from the lung and the kidney, which is not seen with HAdV-C5. Similarly to mouse models, in hamsters, HAdV-C6 is sequestered by macrophages to a lesser degree than HAdV-C5. Depletion of Kupffer cells from the liver greatly increases the replication of HAdV-C5 in the liver, while it has only a modest effect on the replication of HAdV-C6. Elimination of Kupffer cells also dramatically increases the pathology induced by HAdV-C5. These findings indicate that in hamsters, pathology resulting from intravenous infection with adenoviruses is caused mostly by replication in hepatocytes and not by the abortive infection of Kupffer cells and the following cytokine storm.

IMPORTANCE
Immunocompromised human patients can develop severe, often lethal adenovirus infections. Respiratory adenovirus infection among military recruits is a serious problem, in some cases requiring hospitalization of the patient. Furthermore, adenovirus-based vectors are frequently used as experimental viral therapeutic agents. Thus, it is imperative that we investigate the pathogenesis of adenoviruses in a permissive animal model. Syrian hamsters are susceptible to infection with certain human adenoviruses, and the pathology accompanying these infections is similar to what is observed with adenovirus-infected human patients. We demonstrate that replication in permissive cells in a susceptible host animal is a major part of the mechanism by which systemic adenovirus infection induces pathology, as opposed to the chiefly immune-mediated pathology observed in nonsusceptible hosts. These findings support the use of compounds inhibiting adenovirus replication as a means to block adenovirus-induced pathology.
mosGCTL-7, a C-Type Lectin Protein, Mediates Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Mosquitoes
Authors: Liu Ke , Qian Yingjuan , Jung Yong-Sam , Zhou Bin , Cao Ruibing , Shen Ting , Shao Donghua , Wei Jianchao , Ma Zhiyong , Chen Puyan , Zhu Huaimin , Qiu Yafeng 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus prevalent in Asia and the Western Pacific and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis. JEV is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts, but the molecular mechanisms by which the mosquito vector participates in transmission are unclear. We investigated the expression of all C-type lectins during JEV infection in
Aedes aegypti
. The C-type lectin mosquito galactose-specific C-type lectin 7 (mosGCTL-7) (VectorBase accession no. AAEL002524) was significantly upregulated by JEV infection and facilitated infection
in vivo
and
in vitro
. mosGCTL-7 bound to the N-glycan at N154 on the JEV envelope protein. This recognition of viral N-glycan by mosGCTL-7 is required for JEV infection, and we found that this interaction was Ca
2+
dependent. After mosGCTL-7 bound to the glycan, mosPTP-1 bound to mosGCTL-7, promoting JEV entry. The viral burden
in vivo
and
in vitro
was significantly decreased by mosPTP-1 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment, and infection was abolished by anti-mosGCTL-7 antibodies. Our results indicate that the mosGCTL-7/mosPTP-1 pathway plays a key role in JEV infection in mosquitoes. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying flavivirus infection in mosquitoes will provide further opportunities for developing new strategies to control viral dissemination in nature.

IMPORTANCE
Japanese encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and is the primary cause of viral encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific region. Twenty-four countries in the WHO Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions have endemic JEV transmission, which exposes >3 billion people to the risks of infection, although JEV primarily affects children. C-type lectins are host factors that play a role in flavivirus infection in humans, swine, and other mammals. In this study, we investigated C-type lectin functions in JEV-infected
Aedes aegypti
and
Culex pipiens pallens
mosquitoes and cultured cells. JEV infection changed the expression of almost all C-type lectins
in vivo
and
in vitro
, and mosGCTL-7 bound to the JEV envelope protein via an N-glycan at N154. Cell surface mosPTP-1 interacted with the mosGCTL-7–JEV complex to facilitate virus infection
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Our findings provide further opportunities for developing new strategies to control arbovirus dissemination in nature.
Physical examination of the elbow, what is the evidence? A systematic literature review
Authors: Zwerus Elisa L , Somford Matthijs P , Maissan François , Heisen Jelle , Eygendaal Denise , van den Bekerom Michel PJ 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivePrimary to provide an overview of diagnostic accuracy for clinical tests for common elbow (sport) injuries, secondary accompanied by reproducible instructions to perform these tests.DesignA systematic literature review according to the PRISMA statement.Data sourcesA comprehensive literature search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed and EMBASE.Eligibility criteriaWe included studies reporting diagnostic accuracy and a description on the performance for elbow tests, targeting the following conditions: distal biceps rupture, triceps rupture, posteromedial impingement, medial collateral ligament (MCL) insufficiency, posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI), lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis. After identifying the articles, the methodological quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist.ResultsOur primary literature search yielded 1144 hits. After assessment 10 articles were included: six for distal biceps rupture, one for MCL insufficiency, two for PLRI and one for lateral epicondylitis. No articles were selected for triceps rupture, posteromedial impingement and medial epicondylitis. Quality assessment showed high or unclear risk of bias in nine studies. We described 24 test procedures of which 14 tests contained data on diagnostic accuracy.ConclusionsNumerous clinical tests for the elbow were described in literature, seldom accompanied with data on diagnostic accuracy. None of the described tests can provide adequate certainty to rule in or rule out a disease based on sufficient diagnostic accuracy.
Systematic review of the methodological quality of controlled trials evaluating Chinese herbal medicine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Pan Xin , Lopez-Olivo Maria A , Song Juhee , Pratt Gregory , Suarez-Almazor Maria E 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesWe appraised the methodological and reporting quality of randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).DesignFor this systematic review, electronic databases were searched from inception until June 2015. The search was limited to humans and non-case report studies, but was not limited by language, year of publication or type of publication. Two independent reviewers selected RCTs, evaluating CHM in RA (herbals and decoctions). Descriptive statistics were used to report on risk of bias and their adherence to reporting standards. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine study characteristics associated with high or unclear risk of bias.ResultsOut of 2342 unique citations, we selected 119 RCTs including 18 919 patients: 10 108 patients received CHM alone and 6550 received one of 11 treatment combinations. A high risk of bias was observed across all domains: 21% had a high risk for selection bias (11% from sequence generation and 30% from allocation concealment), 85% for performance bias, 89% for detection bias, 4% for attrition bias and 40% for reporting bias. In multivariable analysis, fewer authors were associated with selection bias (allocation concealment), performance bias and attrition bias, and earlier year of publication and funding source not reported or disclosed were associated with selection bias (sequence generation). Studies published in non-English language were associated with reporting bias. Poor adherence to recommended reporting standards (<60% of the studies not providing sufficient information) was observed in 11 of the 23 sections evaluated.LimitationsStudy quality and data extraction were performed by one reviewer and cross-checked by a second reviewer. Translation to English was performed by one reviewer in 85% of the included studies.ConclusionsStudies evaluating CHM often fail to meet expected methodological criteria, and high-quality evidence is lacking.
Quantifying tumour vascularity in non-luminal breast cancers
Authors: Kraby Maria Ryssdal , Opdahl Signe , Akslen Lars A , Bofin Anna M 
Published: March 2017

AimsMicrovessel density (MVD), proliferating MVD (pMVD) and vascular proliferation index (VPI) are methods used to quantify tumour vascularity in histopathological sections. In this study, we assessed MVD, pMVD and VPI in non-luminal subtypes of breast cancer. Differences between subtypes were studied, and the prognostic value of each method was assessed.MethodsAll non-luminal subtypes (61 basal phenotype (BP), 60 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) type and 30 five negative phenotype (5NP)) were selected from a series comprising 909 cases of breast cancer. Sections were stained for Ki67 and von Willebrand factor. Associations between MVD, pMVD and VPI, molecular subtypes and prognosis were studied.ResultsMVD was highest in 5NP (Δ54.3 microvessels/mm2compared with BP, 95% CI 30.3 to 78.3), whereas no clear difference was found between HER2 type and BP (Δ8.8 microvessels/mm2, 95% CI −9.6 to 27.1). pMVD and VPI did not differ between subtypes. For MVD, HR was 1.07 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.11) per 10 vessel increase and 1.9 (95% CI 1.2 to 3.1) if MVD was greater than median value. High MVD was associated with poor prognosis in the HER2 type (HR 1.07 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.12)) and 5NP (HR 1.13 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.23)), but not in BP (HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.14) per 10 vessel increase). pMVD and VPI were not associated with prognosis.ConclusionsMVD appears to be an independent prognostic factor in HER2 and 5NP subtypes of breast cancer, where high MVD is associated with poor survival. MVD was higher in the 5NP compared with both BP and HER2 type.
Associations between specific autoimmune diseases and subsequent dementia: retrospective record-linkage cohort study, UK
Authors: Wotton Clare J , Goldacre Michael J 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo determine whether hospital admission for autoimmune disease is associated with an elevated risk of future admission for dementia.MethodsRetrospective, record-linkage cohort study using national hospital care and mortality administrative data, 1999–2012. Cohorts of people admitted to hospital with a range of autoimmune diseases were constructed, along with a control cohort, and followed forward in time to see if they developed dementia. 1 833 827 people were admitted to hospital with an autoimmune disease; the number of people in cohorts for each autoimmune disease ranged from 1019 people in the Goodpasture's syndrome cohort, to 316 043 people in the rheumatoid arthritis cohort.ResultsThe rate ratio for dementia after admission for an autoimmune disease, compared with the control cohort, was 1.20 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.21). Where dementia type was specified, the rate ratio was 1.06 (1.04 to 1.08) for Alzheimer's disease and 1.28 (1.26 to 1.31) for vascular dementia. Of 25 autoimmune diseases studied, 18 showed significant positive associations with dementia at p<0.05 (with 14 significant at p<0.001) including Addison's disease (1.48, 1.34 to 1.64), multiple sclerosis (1.97, 1.88 to 2.07), psoriasis (1.29, 1.25 to 1.34) and systemic lupus erythematosus (1.46, 1.32 to 1.61).ConclusionsThe associations with vascular dementia may be one component of a broader association between autoimmune diseases and vascular damage. Though findings were significant, effect sizes were small. Clinicians should be aware of the possible coexistence of autoimmune disease and dementia in individuals. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute our findings and to explore possible mechanisms mediating any elevation of risk.
Inequalities in tobacco outlet density by race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, 2012, USA: results from the ASPiRE Study
Authors: Lee Joseph G L , Sun Dennis L , Schleicher Nina M , Ribisl Kurt M , Luke Douglas A , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundEvidence of racial/ethnic inequalities in tobacco outlet density is limited by: (1) reliance on studies from single counties or states, (2) limited attention to spatial dependence, and (3) an unclear theory-based relationship between neighbourhood composition and tobacco outlet density.MethodsIn 97 counties from the contiguous USA, we calculated the 2012 density of likely tobacco outlets (N=90 407), defined as tobacco outlets per 1000 population in census tracts (n=17 667). We used 2 spatial regression techniques, (1) a spatial errors approach in GeoDa software and (2) fitting a covariance function to the errors using a distance matrix of all tract centroids. We examined density as a function of race, ethnicity, income and 2 indicators identified from city planning literature to indicate neighbourhood stability (vacant housing, renter-occupied housing).ResultsThe average density was 1.3 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons. Both spatial regression approaches yielded similar results. In unadjusted models, tobacco outlet density was positively associated with the proportion of black residents and negatively associated with the proportion of Asian residents, white residents and median household income. There was no association with the proportion of Hispanic residents. Indicators of neighbourhood stability explained the disproportionate density associated with black residential composition, but inequalities by income persisted in multivariable models.ConclusionsData from a large sample of US counties and results from 2 techniques to address spatial dependence strengthen evidence of inequalities in tobacco outlet density by race and income. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms in order to strengthen interventions.
Adults with repaired tetralogy: low mortality but high morbidity up to middle age
Authors: Dennis Mark , Moore Ben , Kotchetkova Irina , Pressley Lynne , Cordina Rachael , Celermajer David S 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveSurvival of patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rToF) into young adulthood is very good. Concerns exist, however, over long-term morbidity and mortality as these subjects reach middle age. We aimed to assess survival and the prevalence of complications in patients with rToF seen in our Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) service.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-eight consecutive patients with ‘simple rToF’, aged over 16 years, followed up at our tertiary-level ACHD service in Sydney, Australia since 2000, were included. We documented mortality and analysed the prospectively defined composite end points of (a) ‘Serious adverse events’, including death, heart failure hospitalisation and/or documented ventricular arrhythmia and (b) ‘Adverse events’ inclusive of the above and endocarditis, atrial arrhythmia, defibrillator and/or pacemaker implantation.ResultsMean age at the last follow-up was 34±12 years, and 55% were men. There were 10 (6%) deaths, and 26 patients (16%) experienced a ‘serious adverse event’. Fifty-one patients (30%) experienced an ‘adverse event’ and 29 patients had atrial arrhythmias. One hundred and one (61%) patients had at least one pulmonary valve replacement. By age 40 years, 93% were free of serious adverse events, and 83% were free of any adverse event. By age 50 years, only 56% had not had an adverse event. Older age and history of atrial arrhythmia were predictive of serious adverse events.ConclusionSurvival into mid-adulthood in patients with rToF is very good; however, a substantial number of survivors have adverse events by the age of 50 years.
Association between central obesity and executive function as assessed by stroop task performance: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Deng Zhangyan , Huang Qin , Huang Jiaai , Zhang Weixia , Qi Changzhu , Xu Xia 
Published: March 2017

Recent studies have suggested a link between executive function (EF) and obesity. Studies often adopt body mass index (BMI), which reflects the distribution of subcutaneous fat, as the sole marker of obesity; however, BMI is inappropriate to distinguish central obesity, which indicates the centralized distribution of visceral fat. Visceral fat compared with subcutaneous fat represents greater relative lipid turnover and may increase the risk of cognitive decline in older adults. However, the relationship between EF and central obesity is largely unknown, particularly in young adults. Therefore, we used waist circumference (WC) as a marker of central obesity and investigated different sensitivities between BMI and WC in the brain function. A total of 26 healthy young adults (aged 18–25 years; 42% female) underwent functional near-infrared spectroscopy assessments. EF was assessed using the Stroop task, which is a classical measurement of EF. A significant Stroop effect was observed in the behavioral and hemodynamic data. In addition, we observed that behavioral interference on the Stroop task varied much more in subjects with higher BMI and WC than those subjects with lower. Elevated BMI and WC were associated with a decreased hemodynamic response during the Stroop task specifically in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Compared to BMI, WC was more closely connected with inhibitory control and revealed right lateralized PFC activation. Our findings suggest that WC is a reliable indicator of brain function in young adults and propose a relationship between EF and central obesity.
Pharyngeal peristaltic pressure variability, operational range, and functional reserve
Authors: Kern Mark K. , Balasubramanian Gokulakrishnan , Sanvanson Patrick , Agrawal Dilpesh , Wuerl Ashley , Shaker Reza 
Published: March 2017

The present understanding of pharyngeal motor function remains incomplete. Among the remaining gaps of knowledge in this regard is the magnitude of variability of pharyngeal peristaltic pressure amplitude. Although variability can pose difficulty in interpretation of manometric findings, its magnitude can inform the operational range and reserve of the pharyngeal contractile function. We aimed to define the intra- and intersubject and intersession variability of select pharyngeal manometric parameters and, using this information, determine the number of swallow repetitions for acquiring reliable pharyngeal manometric data. We recorded pharyngeal peristalsis in 10 healthy subjects (age: 50 ± 25 yr, 5 women) by high-resolution manometry during two separate sessions of 20 sequences of 0.5-ml water swallows. Two-way ANOVA showed significant variation in the mean peak peristaltic pressure value across sites ( P < 0.0001) as well as within the data at each site ( P < 0.0001). Similarly, the pharyngeal contractile integral exhibited significant inter- ( P = 0.003) and intrasubject ( P < 0.001) variability. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed mixed results, in that some sites showed normally distributed data, whereas others did not. A robust Monte Carlo simulation showed that the nominal sample size was different for various tested metrics. For a power of 0.8, commonly accepted as an adequate threshold for acceptable statistical power, the optimal sample size for various peristaltic parameters ranged between 3 and 15. There is significant intra- and intersubject variability in site-specific and integrated parameters of pharyngeal peristalsis. The observed variance indicates a significant operational range and reserve in pharyngeal contractile function while necessitating parameter-specific sample size for reliable results. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intra- and intersubject variability are significant and different at various sites within the contractile pharynx. In addition, significant swallow-to-swallow and subject-to-subject variability exists in pharyngeal contractile integral. The range of intrasubject variability indicates the existence of broad operational range and reserve. Lastly, our variability studies informed Monte Carlo and power analyses, yielding estimates of sample size that would ensure accurate representation of pressure metric variability.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle electromyography and dyspnea during exercise in healthy men
Authors: Ramsook Andrew H. , Molgat-Seon Yannick , Schaeffer Michele R. , Wilkie Sabrina S. , Camp Pat G. , Reid W. Darlene , Romer Lee M. , Guenette Jordan A. 
Published: March 2017

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has consistently been shown to reduce exertional dyspnea in health and disease; however, the physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. A growing body of literature suggests that dyspnea intensity can be explained largely by an awareness of increased neural respiratory drive, as measured indirectly using diaphragmatic electromyography (EMGdi). Accordingly, we sought to determine whether improvements in dyspnea following IMT can be explained by decreases in inspiratory muscle electromyography (EMG) activity. Twenty-five young, healthy, recreationally active men completed a detailed familiarization visit followed by two maximal incremental cycle exercise tests separated by 5 wk of randomly assigned pressure threshold IMT or sham control (SC) training. The IMT group ( n = 12) performed 30 inspiratory efforts twice daily against a 30-repetition maximum intensity. The SC group ( n = 13) performed a daily bout of 60 inspiratory efforts against 10% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), with no weekly adjustments. Dyspnea intensity was measured throughout exercise using the modified 0–10 Borg scale. Sternocleidomastoid and scalene EMG was measured using surface electrodes, whereas EMGdi was measured using a multipair esophageal electrode catheter. IMT significantly improved MIP (pre: −138 ± 45 vs. post: −160 ± 43 cmH2O, P < 0.01), whereas the SC intervention did not. Dyspnea was significantly reduced at the highest equivalent work rate (pre: 7.6 ± 2.5 vs. post: 6.8 ± 2.9 Borg units, P < 0.05), but not in the SC group, with no between-group interaction effects. There were no significant differences in respiratory muscle EMG during exercise in either group. Improvements in dyspnea intensity ratings following IMT in healthy humans cannot be explained by changes in the electrical activity of the inspiratory muscles. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exertional dyspnea intensity is thought to reflect an increased awareness of neural respiratory drive, which is measured indirectly using diaphragmatic electromyography (EMGdi). We examined the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on dyspnea, EMGdi, and EMG of accessory inspiratory muscles. IMT significantly reduced submaximal dyspnea intensity ratings but did not change EMG of any inspiratory muscles. Improvements in exertional dyspnea following IMT may be the result of nonphysiological factors or physiological adaptations unrelated to neural respiratory drive.