bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase-Phase and Phase-Code Methods Modification for Precise Detecting and Predicting the GPS Cycle Slip Error
Authors: Elashiry Ahmed A. , Youssef Mohamed A. , Abdel Hamid Mohamed A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There are three well-established detecting methods for cycle slip error, which are: Doppler measurement method, Phase-Code differencing method, and Phase-Phase Differencing Method. The first method depends on the comparison between observables and the fact that Doppler measurements are immune to cycle slip error. This method is considered as the most precise method for cycle slip detecting, because it succeed in detecting and predicting the smallest cycle slip size (1 cycle) in case the local oscillator has low bias. The second method depends on the comparison between observables (phase and code) and the code measurements are immune to the cycle slip error. But this method can’t detect or predict cycle slip size smaller than 10 cycles, because the code measurements have high noise. The third method depends on the comparison between observables (phase 1 and phase 2) and the phases measurements that have low noise. But this method can’t detect or predict cycle slip size smaller than 5 cycles, because the ionospheric change might have a high variation.
For enhancing the precision of the last two methods in detecting the smallest cycle slip which size reaches 1 cycle, a new algorithm was developed in this research to determine the change in the ionospheric values and the code bias from epoch to epoch. That is done by solving all observables equations by least square technique. This modification on these methods succeed in detecting and predicting cycle slips of size of 1 cycle.
Intelektualni Kapital u Digitalnoj Ekonomiji / Intellectual Capital in Digital Economy
Authors: Stanivuk Mihaela 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Današnje kompanije su zavisne od nematerijalne imovine koju čine informacije, znanje, inovacije i kreativost, a to su glavni resursi digitalne ekonomije. Da bi se pojavile i opstale na globalnom tržištu, u digitalnom dobu, današnje kompanije moraju posjedovati performanse kojima će zasjeniti konkurenciju i ostvariti privredni progres. Te performanse se ogledaju u intelektualnom kapitalu, odnosno u umovima ljudskih resursa kompanije, njihovim međusobnim odnosima, kao i odnosima sa eksternim saradnicima. Intelektualni kapital je jedan od krucijalnih koncepata kreiranja konkurentske prednosti u digitalnoj ekonomiji. Cilj ovog rada je ukazivanje na skrivenu vrijednost intelektualnog kapitala koja već decenijama sazrijeva u tišini i čeka pravi trenutak da “eksplodira”. Znanje koje kompanija posjeduje, kao i način na koji ga primjenjuje danas je odlučujući faktor za ostvarivanje optimalnog razvoja potencijala digitalne ekonomije, te stvaranje stabilnog društvenog sistema. Predstavljajući različite metode mjerenja naučnici su omogućili ostvarivanje prava vlasništva i mjerenje intelektualnog kapitala kompanije. Od esencijalnog značaja je zaštita intelektualnog kapitala, jer u digitalnoj ekonomiji, gdje se gotovo sve vrši elektronski, pojam “zloupotreba” je dobio sasvim novo značenje. Naposljetku, intelektualni kapital je ultimatum neophodan za postizanje dominacije na globalnom tržištu i ostvarivanje ekonomskog prosperiteta.
Upravljanje Rizicima Osiguravajućih Kompanija / Risk Management of Insurance Companies
Authors: Zeljić Danijela 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Prilikom pružanja zaštite osiguranicima, osiguravajuće kompanije se susreću sa brojnim rizicima koji se klasifikuju na različite načine. Rizici su sve raznovrsniji, a globalizacija poslovanja dovela je do veće vjerovatnoće u pogledu njihovih ostvarenja, kao i do većeg intenziteta mogućih posljedica. Zbog toga proces upravljanja rizicima predstavlja veliki izazov modernih osiguravajućih kompanija.
Uspješnim ovladavanjem ovim kompleksnim procesom, osiguravajuće kompanije mogu ostvariti veću otpornost na rizike sa kojima se u svom poslovanju suočavaju, a, time, i veću spremnost na potrese mogućeg ostvarenja rizika.
Uloga Banke na Tržištu Hartija od Vrednosti / Function of Banks on the Securities Market
Authors: Prodanović Vladimir 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
U radu se tretira problematika u vezi sa tržištem investicionih hartija od vrednosti, a u funkciji uloge banaka u tom procesu. Naglasak se stavlja na iskustva razvijenih zemalja, a posebno SAD. Poslednjih godina, banke i druge deponentne institucije pokazuju tendenciju da prihvate veći rizik i složenije investicije u svom portfelju. Pojavili su se novi instrumenti čija je svrha više od jednostavnog obezbeđivanja likvidnosti i prihoda, a, posebno, u slučajevima slabe potražnje zajmova. Banke i druge institucije-zajmodavci bave se zamenom portfelja svojih investicionih hartija od vrednosti imajući u vidu kako poreze tako i veće prihode.
Značaj Strateškog Upravljanja za Rast iBB Razvoj Poslovnih Sistema / The Importance of Strategic Management for Growth and Development of Business Systems
Authors: Lukić Zoran , Mustafić Amela 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Savremeni uslovi poslovanja postaju sve veći izazov za definisanje strategija poslovanja i odlučivanja. Poseban problem uticaja sve većeg broja faktora se definiše kod strateških oblasti iz javnog sektora. U cilju kvalitetnog odlučivanja, top menadžment preduzeća mora imati veliki broj kvalitetnih i blagovremenih informacija. Tržišna orijentacija preduzeća je kontinuirani proces koji polazište ima u posjedovanju informacija sa tržišta, njihovoj interpretaciji u mehanizmima preduzeća, te u kvalitetnoj analizi tih podataka u cilju donošenja efikasnih odluka. U procesu stvaranja, alokacije informacija u preduzeću i reakciji na tako prikupljene informacije učestvuju sve organizacione jedinice, kao i svi nivoi menadžmenta. Pri tome je cjelokupan proces okrenut prema stvaranju uslova za profitabilno poslovanje, ali i za maksimalno zadovoljenje potreba potrošača. Top menadžment u skladu sa tim mora da vodi adekvatnu stratešku politiku planiranja i funkcionisanja, koja u sebe uključuje dinamiku među organizacionim jedinicama, te takvu organizacionu strukturu koja određuje i omogućava tržišnu orijentaciju. Kao rezultat procesa provođenja svih elemenata strateškog menadžmenta, razvijaju se sposobnosti preduzeća koje predstavljaju preduslov za ostvarivanje konkurentskih prednosti koje se ostvaruju kod potrošača, zaposlenih i putem poslovanja preduzeća. U donošenju poslovnih, a, posebno, strateških odluka, koriste se informacije o potrošačima, ali i informacije iz okruženja koje mogu uticati na reakciju preduzeća. Iz svega navedenog, može se zaključiti da analiza potrošača i praćenje prilika i prijetnji, odnosno uticaja internih i eksternih faktora, omogućava tržišno orijentisanom preduzeću da ostvari konkurentske prednosti, ali, istovremeno, da stvori sve uslove za kontinuiran rast i razvoj.
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Albania
Authors: Kraja Boriçi Ylvije , Osmani Elezi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Since the 1980s, foreign direct investment inflow (FDI) has grown significantly in most developing countries while pertaining Alania, foreign direct investment has started after the 1990s. A lot of developing countries have made policies aimed at reducing FDI barriers. Foreign capital globalization, particularly FDI inflow is increased significantly in developing countries, due to the fact that FDI is the most stable and prevalent component of foreign capital inflows (Adams, 2009) Foreign direct investments are a very important factor for the development of a country and Albania has still much to be done to encourage such investments, especially in the legislative framework. The authors are trying to give the answer to the question that how does foreign direct investment in the Albania affect the nation’s economy? The authors identify that foreign direct investment improves technology and has positive impact on economic growth. Because the overall theory is that FDI inflow enhances and sustains economic growth in the host country.
Mixed Use Rezorti u Kontekstu Održivog Razvoja Turizma (Primjer: Crna Gora) /Mixed Use Resorts in the Context of Sustainable Tourism Development (Case: Montenegro)
Authors: Ratković Rade , Šoć Milica 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
U radu se istražuje fenomen mixed use resorts kao savremeni oblik razvoja smještajne industrije. Cilj rada je da se ova vrsta resorta precizno definiše, predstave neki uspješni modelu u svijetu i sagledaju izazovi u pogledu razvojne održivosti ove vrste smještajnih objekata. Posebno se analizira prvi internacionalni projekat mixed use resorts u Crnoj Gori, poznat pod imenom Lustica Bay. Održivost na konkretnom primjeru se analizira sa aspekta Strategije održivog razvoja turizma Crne Gore i teorijskih postulata o održivosti razvoja turizma.
Razvoj turizma je praćen problemom insuficijencije finansijskih resursa za razvoj. Kreditno i kapitalsko finansiranje ima svoja stanovita ograničenja u pogledu obima kapitala i obima i cijene kreditnih sredstava. Zbog toga se pribjegava kombinaciji sa modelom prodaje nekretnina, koje bi se, u dobrom dijelu, uključile u operativno poslovanje mixed use resorts. Ta ograničenja su u Crnoj Gori, kao zemlji u tranziciji, još više izražena.
Kada se tome doda i nepostojanje potrebne infrastrukture za podršku inostranim investitorima (sposobna i efikasna administracija, fleksibilni urbanistički planovi, dobro istražene lokacije sa aspekta održivosti, kredibilne domaće razvojne kompanije-lokalni diveloperi koji bi bili pouzdan partner ino investitorima i sl), onda je jasno da se u posljednje 2-3 decenije neuporedivo brže grade vikend stanovi i kuće (second homes) nego hoteli, risorti i slićni objekti koji imaju najveći uticaj na ekonomiju i društvo.
U radu su identifikovani glavni izazovi i prijetnje takvoga razvoja, gdje se često puta, mixed use resorts zloupotrebljavaju kao ulaznica za razvoj novih naselja za prodaju, a ne novih smještajnih objekata za turističko privređivanje. Izazovi koji prate izabrani slučaj za istraživanje, ukazuju na konkretno ispoljavanje generalno identifikovanih problema i razvojnih prijetnji.
Internet Transparentnost u Finansijskom Sektoru Bosne i Hercegovine/ Internet Transparency in Financial Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Zlatković Matea 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Podizanjem kvaliteta korporativnog upravljanja povećava se vrijednost preduzeća na tržištu, omogućuje korištenje svih oblika finansiranja: domaćeg i međunarodnog, javnog i privatnog, a samim tim jača i njihov dugoročni prosperitet. Svrha ovog rada je istraživanje internet transparentnosti u bankama i osiguravajućim društvima Bosne i Hercegovine i uočavanje razlika između sektora banaka i sektora osiguravajućih društava u pogledu stepena transparentnosti pojedinih oblasti iz domena korporativnog upravljanja. Podaci potrebni za istraživanje su dobijeni pregledanjem internet stranica posmatranih subjekata. Rezultati diskriminacione analize su pokazali da postoji razlika u internet transparentnosti između banaka i osiguravajućih društava.
Beauveria brongniartii Sacc. (Petch) against Melolontha spp. white grubs in forest nurseries with different soil pH
Authors: Sierpińska Alicja , Popowska-Nowak Elżbieta , Bednarek Andrzej 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In 2011, the General Directorate of State Forests in Poland managed 669 forest nurseries on the total area of 2411 ha that produced forest tree seedlings bare root systems, hence vulnerable to Melolontha spp. white grubs. Up to date, no chemical or biological plant protection product for control of cockchafer grubs in forests has been registered in Poland. The study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the efficacy of a biocontrol product Bovecol with BP strain of Beauveria brongniartii on sterilized wheat grain in control of Melolontha spp. white grubs in forest nurseries, established on acidic soils (with pH analogous to that of forest soils) as well as on those alkaline. The active substance of Bovecol was 108 fungal conidia per 1g of the product. Study plots were established in 3 bareroot nurseries, situated in the areas with different soil reaction values and abundant populations of Melolontha spp. white grubs (assessed before Bovecol treatments). The product was applied against L1 larvae (rates in the Czerniawka and Bałtów nurseries: 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) and against L2 larvae (the Iłki nursery: 240 kg/ha). Grub population numbers were assessed 2, 3 and 4 months after the treatments. Application of Bovecol against L1 into the soil with neutral reaction (pH 6.8) caused the reduction of white grub numbers in 2 months, down to the threshold recommended by the Instruction of the protection of forests (mandatory guidelines for the protection of Poland’s State Forests), i.e. less than 1 grub/sampling pit. Bovecol treatment against L1 cockchafer larvae into acidic soil (pH 4.8) had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of grub population numbers, even 4 months after product application. Bovecol treatment against L2 larvae applied into the soil with medium pH value (5.3) gave poorer results when compared to the soil with pH 6.8, but considerably better – when compared to the soil with pH 4.8. The selection of a fungal strain with insecticidal properties against soil insect pests should include the evaluation of strain requirements with regard to soil pH range – optimal for germination, development and growth of a given strain.
The impact of the health condition of oaks from the Krotoszyn Plateau on the mechanical properties of timber structures
Authors: Siwiński Jarosław , Kubiak Katarzyna , Tkaczyk Miłosz , Mazur Anna , Rekucki Ryszard 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The study was conducted to perform a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of wood samples derived from oaks in the Krotoszyn Plateau, which depend on the health state of the trees. Strength parameters of oak wood were calculated for selected diseased and healthy trees (according to the Roloff classification). The study was conducted by a modified method described in the standard Polish Norm PN EN 408+ A1: 2012. For testing, prior selection of wood samples showed that more wood samples of diseased trees compared with those of healthy oaks did not fulfil the Polish standard requirements. According to the method used, the average results of strength tests of timber structures from healthy oaks exhibited higher strength parameters than those of the diseased trees.
The amount of carbon in the undergrowth biomass of main types of forests stands in Poland
Authors: Janyszek Sławomir , Strzeliński Paweł , Janyszek Magdalena , Wrońska-Pilarek Dorota 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The sequestration of carbon in biomass of herb and moss layers of forest ecosystems is relatively less studied, than analogical processes in trees biomass and soil organic mass. The paper presents mean values of carbon concentration and mean amounts of dry mass of plant material in the herb and moss layer of phytocoenoses formed under canopy of stands of main forest-forming species of trees in Poland. The parameters were studied for beech, birch, oak, alder, pine, fir and spruce forest stands, for most of the particular age classes. The studied plots were contained in following plant associations and communities: Ribo nigri-Alnetum, Fraxino-Alnetum, Galio odorati-Fagetum, Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum, Molinio caeruleae-Quercetum roboris, Calamagrostio-Quercetum petraeae, Abietetum polonicum, Abieti-Piceetum montanum, Calamagrostio villosae-Piceetum, as well as anthropogenic communities: Betula pendula comm. on Leucobryo-Pinetum habitat, Larix decidua comm. on Tilio-Carpinetum habitat, Pinus sylvestris comm. on Tilio-Carpinetum habitat, Picea abies comm. on Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum habitat (in lowland) and Picea abies comm. on Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum habitat (in lower mountain localities). The relatively highest carbon amount was observed in oak forests, pine forests and in older age classes of lowland beech forest, where the carbon concentration in dry mass reaches from 60 to 81%. The lowest concentrations were determined for lowland spruce forests, highland fir forests and for alder forests. The carbon concentration reached in these types of ecosystems from 39 to 41%.
Accuracy of smartphone applications in the field measurements of tree height
Authors: Bijak Szymon , Sarzyński Jakub 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
As tree height is one of the important variables measured in forestry, much effort is made to provide its fast, easy and accurate determination. We analysed precision of two widely available smartphone applications (Smart Measure and Measure Height) during the field measurements of tree height. The data was collected in three Scots pine stands in central Poland. We found negative systematic error of both tested applications regardless the distance of the measurement (15 or 20 m). RMSE values of the height estimates varied from 1.01 to 2.46 m depending on the application used and the distance of the measurement. Value of the calculated absolute and relative errors significantly (p < 0.015) positively depended on the actual height of the measured trees and was more diverse for higher trees. Smartphone applications seem to be promising measurement tool for tree height determination, however as for the time being they require improvement before wider introduction into the forest practice.
Lead toxicity: a review
Authors: Wani Ab Latif , Ara Anjum , Usmani Jawed Ahmad 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.
Fatal aluminium phosphide poisoning
Authors: Meena Mahesh Chand , Mittal Sachin , Rani Yashoda 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Aluminium phosphide (AlP) is a cheap solid fumigant and a highly toxic pesticide which is commonly used for grain preservation. AlP has currently aroused interest with a rising number of cases in the past four decades due to increased use for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Its easy availability in the markets has increased also its misuse for committing suicide. Phosphine inhibits cellular oxygen utilization and can induce lipid peroxidation. Poisoning with AlP has often occurred in attempts to commit suicide, and that more often in adults than in teenagers. This is a case of suicidal consumption of aluminium phosphide by a 32-year-old young medical anesthetist. Toxicological analyses detected aluminium phosphide. We believe that free access of celphos tablets in grain markets should be prohibited by law.
Protective efficacy of folic acid and vitamin B12 against nicotine-induced toxicity in pancreatic islets of the rat
Authors: Bhattacharjee Ankita , Prasad Shilpi Kumari , Pal Swagata , Maji Bithin , Syamal Alak Kumar , Banerjee Arnab , Mukherjee Sandip 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although cigarette smoking is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, few studies have examined the effect of nicotine on the adult endocrine pancreas. In this study, male Wister rats were treated with nicotine (3 mg/kg body weight/day) with or without supplementation of folic acid (36 μg/kg body weight/day) or vitamin B12 (0.63 μg/kg body weight/day) alone or in combination. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and HBA1C level and different oxidative and anti-oxidative stress parameters were measured and pancreatic tissue sections were stained with eosin-haematoxylene. Data were analysed by nonparametric statistics. The results revealed that nicotine induced prediabetes condition with subsequent damage to pancreatic islets in rats. Nicotine also caused oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue as evidenced by increased nitric oxide and malondialdehyde level and decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione level. Compared to vitamin B12 supplementation, folic acid blunted the nicotine-induced toxicity in pancreatic islets with higher efficacy. Further, folic acid and vitamin B12 in combination were able to confer significant protection on pancreatic islets against nicotine induced toxicity. These results suggest that supplementation of folic acid and vitamin B12 in combination may be a possible strategy of detoxification against nicotine-induced toxicity in pancreatic islets of the rat.
The neurochemical profile of the hippocampus in isoflurane-treated and unanesthetized rat pups
Authors: Menshanov Petr N. , Akulov Andrey E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

In vivo study of cerebral metabolism in neonatal animals by high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an important tool for deciphering the developmental origins of adult diseases. Up to date, all in vivo spectrum acquisition procedures have been performed in neonatal rodents under anesthesia. However, it is still unknown if the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane, which is commonly used in magnetic resonance imaging studies, could affect metabolite levels in the brain of neonatal rats. Moreover, the unanesthetized MRS preparation that uses neonatal rodent pups is still lacking.
Here, a novel restraint protocol was developed for neonatal rats in accordance with the European Directive 2010/63/EU. This protocol shares the same gradation of severity as the protocol for non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging of animals with appropriate sedation or anesthesia. Such immobilization of neonatal rats without anesthesia can be implemented for MRS studies when an interaction between anesthetic and target drugs is expected. Short-term isoflurane treatment did not affect the levels of key metabolites in the hippocampi of anesthetized pups and, in contrast to juvenile and adult rodents, it is suitable for MRS studies in neonatal rats when the interaction between anesthetic and target drugs is not expected.
Expression of calmodulin-related genes in lead-exposed mice
Authors: Li Sun , Liu Xiao-Lin , Zhou Xie-Lai , Jiang Su-Jun , Yuan Hong 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The toxic metal lead is a widespread environmental polutant that can adversely affect human health. However, the underlying mechanisms of lead-induced toxicity are still largely unknown. The mechanism of lead toxicity was presumed to involve cross reaction between Pb2+ and Ca2+ with calmodulin dependent systems. The aim of the present study was thus to identify differential expression of calmodulin-related genes in the spleen of lead-exposed mice. We performed microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed genes. RNAs from spleen tissue of lead exposed animals (n=6) and controls (n=6) were converted to labeled cRNA and hybridized to Illumina mouse WG-6_v2_Bead Chip. Expression profiles were analyzed using Illumina BeadStudio Application. Real-time RT-PCR was conducted to validate the microarray data. By microarray analysis 5 calmodulin-related genes (MAP2K6, CAMKK2, CXCR4, PHKA2, MYLK) were found to be differently expressed in lead exposed compared with control mice (p<0.05). The results of Real-time RT-PCR showed that MAP2K6 and CAMKK2 were up-regulated and CXCR4 was down-regulated in lead exposure, but there were no significant differences in PHKA2 and MYLK expression between the lead exposed and control group. These results show that lead exposure produced significant changes in expression of a variety of genes in the spleen and can affect calmodulin-related gene expression.