bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a technology‐enhanced version of the good behavior game in an elementary school setting
Authors: Lynne Shauna , Radley Keith C. , Dart Evan H. , Tingstrom Daniel H. , Barry Christopher T. , Lum John D. K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a variation of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) in which teachers used ClassDojo to manage each team's progress. ClassDojo is a computer‐based program that enables teachers to award students with points for demonstrating target behaviors. Dependent variables included class‐wide disruptive and academically engaged behavior, teachers’ ratings on the Behavior Intervention Rating Scale (BIRS), and the rate of teacher praise statements delivered in each phase. Overall, results indicated that the GBG with ClassDojo was effective at reducing disruptive behavior, increasing academically engaged behavior, and was rated as socially valid. Additionally, when the intervention was in place, increases in the amount of behavior‐specific praise statements delivered were observed across all three classrooms.
Tausendmal genauer
Authors: Tamm Christian , Peik Ekkehard 
Published: July 2017

ZusammenfassungOptische Uhren nutzen die Anregung eines optischen Referenzübergangs mit kleiner natürlicher Linienbreite in gespeicherten und lasergekühlten Atomen oder Ionen als „Pendel“. Bei Einzelionenuhren wird ein Ion in einer Hochfrequenzfalle gefangen, in einer Gitteruhr viele neutrale Atome in einem optischen Stehwellenfeld. Die erreichbare Genauigkeit hängt davon ab, wie gut verschiedene Störungen der Übergangsfrequenz unterdrückt oder korrigiert werden können. Gegenwärtig gibt es drei Systeme mit einer evaluierten systematischen Relativunsicherheit unterhalb von 1 ⋅ 10−17. Vergleichsmessungen mit hochgenauen optischen Uhren tragen zur Weiterentwicklung grundlegender physikalischer Theorien und der Metrologie bei. Die Vernetzung mehrerer optischer Uhren durch faseroptische Übertragungsstrecken führt auch zu neuen Anwendungen wie die relativistische Geodäsie.
Das Beben im Eis
Authors: Walter Fabian 
Published: July 2017

ZusammenfassungMit der Seismologie hat sich in wenigen Jahren eine wichtige Nische in der Messtechnik der Glaziologie aufgetan. Da mit Seismometern Prozesse überwacht werden können, die anderen Messmethoden weitgehend verborgen sind, sind sie nicht mehr aus modernen Feldversuchen wegzudenken. Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass das Gletschergleiten nicht nur ein gleichmäßiger und langsamer Prozess ist, sondern ähnlich wie bei Erdbeben auch ruckartig stattfindet. Beim Detektieren von Gletscherkalben bietet die Seismologie eine extrem hohe zeitliche Auflösung. Auch hydraulische Prozesse unter der Eisoberfläche können erstmalig nahezu in Echtzeit mitverfolgt werden. Weitere Erkenntnisse in der Gletscherseismologie werden somit zu unserem Verständnis in der Klimaforschung und über Naturgefahren, die von der Kryosphäre ausgehen, beitragen.
Children's conceptions of sampling in local ecosystems investigations
Authors: Lehrer Richard , Schauble Leona 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study describes how students’ intuitions about sampling are informed by extended experiences in investigating local ecosystems. Elementary students in a rural/suburban district in the upper midwest spent a year conducting first‐hand comparative field studies of nearby ponds, prairies, and forests. At the close of the term, we conducted task‐based interviews with 26 students at Grades 1/2, 3, and 6 to explore their understanding of the nature and role of samples, particular forms of sampling practices in the field, and the ways in which samples and sampling practices influenced their knowledge about ecosystems. Interviews, which lasted from 60–90 minutes each, were conducted individually. Interviews were designed to address parallel topics at each grade level, although questions were couched in the specific ecosystems investigated by students at their respective grades. Across grades, interview responses reflected transitions in students’ understanding of: the concept of a sample, ways to construct a sample, potential sources of sample bias, roles of cause and chance in explaining variability in a sample, ideas about growing sample size, and how to coordinate sample representativeness and sampling variability
The local response of El Niño events and changing disease distribution in Tanzania
Authors: Reynolds Rachael , Cavan Gina , Cresswell Mark 
Published: July 2017

Climate is a key determinant of a number of disease pathogen lifecycles and disease transmission processes, particularly within tropical climates such as that experienced in Tanzania. Over recent decades, climate‐related diseases such as malaria, chikungunya and bacterial meningitis have shown notable changes in their spatial distribution, with instances of both re‐emergence and expansion beyond previously known boundaries being recorded. The unpredicted change in disease distribution already experienced in Tanzania has placed a significant burden on health systems and available resources, and whilst a number of factors are involved, climate remains the least understood aspect within epidemiological changes. Here we examine how climate extremes – particularly El Niño events – influence key environmental and climatic elements which promote epidemiological expansion.This study investigates the baseline climatology in five of Tanzania’s varying climatological regions using the Met Office MIDAS dataset for the period 1985–1995. Its aim is to characterise the average climate and investigate the impacts of El Niño on the climatology of these regions, and to explore associated changes in disease distribution to allow identification, in the present, of changes which are anticipated to occur in the future to be put into context. The years 1997 and 2015 are used to examine the climate extremes imposed by El Niño events through statistical comparison methods. The results demonstrate that average climate conditions vary beyond previously documented observations, with each region of Tanzania responding differently to the onset of El Niño, thus potentially promoting a spatially variable disease response. These results are particularly marked for areas of greater climatic and environmental sensitivity within Tanzania. Once further understood, knowledge of this relationship could be applied to more local analysis and aid in predicting future outbreaks within Tanzania.
Power output and fatigue properties using spatially distributed sequential stimulation in a dynamic knee extension task
Authors: Laubacher Marco , Aksöz Anil Efe , Riener Robert , Binder-Macleod Stuart , Hunt Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Purpose
The low power output and fatigue resistance during functional electrical stimulation (FES) limits its use for functional applications. The aim of this study was to compare the power output and fatigue properties of spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) against conventional single electrode stimulation (SES) in an isokinetic knee extension task simulating knee movement during recumbent cycling.

Methods
M. vastus lateralis and m. vastus medialis of eight able-bodied subjects were stimulated for 6 min on both legs with both setups. In the SES setup, target muscles were each stimulated by a pair of electrodes. In SDSS, four small electrodes replaced the SES active electrodes, but reference electrodes were the same. Torque was measured during knee extension movement by a dynamometer at an angular velocity of 110°/s. Mean power (Pmean) was calculated from stimulated extensions for the first 10 extensions, the final 20 extensions and overall. Fatigue is presented as an index, calculated as the decrease with respect to initial power.

Results
Pmean was significantly higher for SDSS than for SES in the final phase (9.9 ± 4.0 vs. 7.4 ± 4.3 W, p = 0.035) and overall (11.5 ± 4.0 vs. 9.2 ± 4.5 W, p = 0.037). With SDSS, the reduction in Pmean was significantly smaller compared to SES (from 14.9 to 9.9 vs. 14.6 to 7.4 W, p = 0.024). The absolute mean pulse width was substantially lower with SDSS (62.5 vs. 90.0 µs).

Conclusion
Although less stimulation was applied, SDSS showed a significantly higher mean power output than SES. SDSS also had improved fatigue resistance when compared to conventional stimulation. The SDSS approach may provide substantial performance benefits for cyclical FES applications.
Improved survival for sequentially as opposed to concurrently delivered neoadjuvant chemotherapy in non-metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Vriens B. E. P. J. , Vriens I. J. H. , Aarts M. J. B. , van Gastel S. M. , van den Berkmortel F. W. P. J. , Smilde T. J. , van Warmerdam L. J. C. , van Spronsen D. J. , Peer P. G. M. , de Boer M. , Tjan-Heijnen V. C. G. ,   on behalf of the Breast Cancer Trialists’ Group of the Netherlands (BOOG)
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Purpose
The INTENS study was designed to determine whether delivering neoadjuvant chemotherapy at a higher dose in a shorter period of time improves outcome of breast cancer patients.

Methods
Women with newly diagnosed breast cancer were randomly assigned to neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of four cycles of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by four cycles of docetaxel (AC 60/600–T 100 mg/m2) or six cycles of TAC as triplet chemotherapy (75/50/500 mg/m2) every 3 weeks. The primary outcome was the pathologic complete response (pCR), with disease-free and overall survival as secondary endpoints.

Results
In total, 201 patients were included. The pCR rates were 28% for patients treated with AC-T and 19% for patients treated with TAC, with an odds ratio of 1.60 (95% CI 0.90–3.21). With a median follow-up of 6 years (range 0.04–8.41 years), the five-year disease-free survival was 81% for patients treated with sequentially AC-T and 71% for patients treated with concurrent triplet TAC chemotherapy with a stratified hazard ratio (HR) of 0.50 (95% CI 0.29–0.86). Five-year overall survival was 84% versus 76%, respectively, with a stratified HR of 0.55 (95% CI 0.29–1.03).

Conclusions
No differences were observed between the two treatment arms with respect to pCR rate, but the sequentially delivered chemotherapy outperformed the triplet combination chemotherapy in terms of survival, despite a lower cumulative dose per agent. GOV nr NCT00314977.
Discriminant validity of spatial and temporal postural index in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Bucci Maria Pia , Goulème Nathalie , Stordeur Coline , Acquaviva Eric , Scheid Isabelle , Lefebvre Aline , Gerard Christophe‐Loïc , Peyre Hugo , Delorme Richard 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAutism, learning disabilities and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder are often comorbid disorders. In order to try and find some markers that might be transnosographic, we hypothesized that abnormal postural sway profiles may discriminate children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) from typically developing children. The aim of our study was thus to compare spatial and temporal measures of the Center of Pressure in three distinct groups of children with NDDs (high functioning autism spectrum disorders, learning disabilities (dyslexia) and attention deficit/hyperactive disorders) and in typically developing children. Postural performances were thus evaluated in 92 children (23 per group, sex‐, age‐ and IQ‐matched groups) by using the Multitest Equilibre platform (Framiral®). Two viewing conditions (eyes open and eyes closed) were tested on a stable and unstable platform.Results reported similar poor postural instability for the three groups of children with NDDs with respect to the typically developing children, and this was observed for both spatial as well as temporal analysis of displacement of the center of pressure.Such postural instability observed in children with NDDs could be due to impairment in using sensorial inputs to eliminate body sway, probably due to poor cerebellar integration.
Characterizing ingestive behavior through licking microstructure: Underlying neurobiology and its use in the study of obesity in animal models
Authors: Johnson Alexander W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIngestive behavior is controlled by multiple distinct peripheral and central physiological mechanisms that ultimately determine whether a particular food should be accepted or avoided. As rodents consume a fluid they display stereotyped rhythmic tongue movements, and by analyzing the temporal distribution of pauses of licking, it is possible through analyses of licking microstructure to uncover dissociable evaluative and motivational variables that contribute to ingestive behavior. The mean number of licks occurring within each burst of licking (burst and cluster size) reflects the palatability of the consumed solution, whereas the frequency of initiating novel bouts of licking behavior (burst and cluster number) is dependent upon the degree of gastrointestinal inhibition that accrues through continued fluid ingestion. This review describes the analysis of these measures within a context of the behavioral variables that come to influence the acceptance or avoidance of a fluid, and the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie alterations in the temporal distribution of pauses of licks. The application of these studies to models of obesity in animals is also described.
Cervical Spine Alignment in Helmeted Skiers and Snowboarders With Suspected Head and Neck Injuries: Comparison of Lateral C-spine Radiographs Before and After Helmet Removal and Implications for Ski Patrol Transport
Authors: Murray Jared , Rust David A. 
Published: July 2017

Objective Current protocols for spine immobilization of the injured skier/snowboarder have not been scientifically validated. Observing changes in spine alignment during common rescue scenarios will help strengthen recommendations for rescue guidelines. Methods Twenty-eight healthy volunteers (18 men, 10 women) age 47±17 (range 20–73) (mean ±SD with range) underwent a mock rescue in which candidate patrollers completing an Outdoor Emergency Care course performed spine immobilization and back boarding in 3 scenarios: 1) Ski helmet on, no c-collar; 2) helmet on, with c-collar; and 3) helmet removed, with c-collar. After each scenario, a lateral radiograph was taken of the cervical spine to observe for changes in alignment. Results Compared with the control group (helmet on, no collar), we observed 9 degrees of increased overall (occiput–C7) cervical extension in the helmet on, with collar group ( P < .001), and 17 degrees in the helmet off, with collar group ( P < .001). There was increased extension at the occiput–C2 intersegment in the helmet on, with collar group (9 degrees, P < .001) and at both the occiput–C2 (9 degrees, P < .001) and C2–C7 (8 degrees, P < .001) intersegments in the helmet off, with collar group. Conclusion Ski helmet removal and c-collar application each leads to increased extension of the cervical spine. In the absence of other clinical factors, our recommendation is that helmets should be left in place and c-collars not routinely applied during ski patrol rescue.
Country-of-Origin Labelling, Food Traceability Drivers and Food Fraud: Lessons from Consumers’ Preferences and Perceptions
Authors: BITZIOS Michail , JACK Lisa , KRZYZANIAK Sally-Ann , XU Mark 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMany factors influence consumers’ perceptions and purchasing decisions, with product labelling forming the primary means of communication. The extent to which labels should contain information about traceability is debated. Whilst traceability is an important tool used by food business organisations and regulators in assuring food safety, other drivers for information about traceability are less well understood. This paper reviews the issues related to drivers for traceability from a consumer perspective, and evaluates country-of-origin labelling (COOL), enabling technologies and food fraud as potentially significant drivers in consumer requirements for information. The implications for risk assessment, systems implementation and communications about traceability are also considered.
Administrative Reform and the Transfer of Authority to Social Organizations in China
Authors: Gao Hong , Tyson Adam 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this article, we examine the administrative functions that have been carried out by social organizations (SOs) in China since 2013. We use evidence from Guangdong to demonstrate that the transfer of authority to SOs is selective, tends to create more burdens for local government, and generally does not lead to greater autonomy for SOs. We focus on five types of SOs that are undertaking new administrative functions with varying degrees of operational autonomy, which relates to the consultative authoritarian model proposed by Jessica Teets. Consultative authoritarianism allows for the expansion of relatively autonomous SOs and the development of indirect state control mechanisms. The model is designed to improve governance without democratization by expanding the role played by intermediaries such as SOs in public administration and service delivery. The evidence from Guangdong permits us to conclude that the transfer of authority to SOs allows for innovations in public administration, but that politics continues to motivate government decisions as to which functions are suitable for SOs to undertake, casting doubt on the ability of the Chinese Communist Party to achieve sustainable improvements in local governance and public service provision.
Morphogenesis-related gene-expression profile in porcine oocytes before and after in vitro maturation
Authors: Budna Joanna , Chachuła Adrian , Kaźmierczak Dominika , Rybska Marta , Ciesiółka Sylwia , Bryja Artur , Kranc Wiesława , Borys Sylwia , Żok Agnieszka , Bukowska Dorota , Antosik Paweł , Bruska Małgorzata , Brüssow Klaus P. , Nowicki Michał , Zabel Maciej , Kempisty Bartosz 
Published: July 2017

SummaryMammalian oocyte maturation is achieved when oocytes reach metaphase II (MII) stage, and accumulate mRNA and proteins in the cytoplasm following fertilization. It has been shown that oocytes investigated before and after in vitro maturation (IVM) differ significantly in transcriptomic and proteomic profiles. Additionally, folliculogenesis and oogenesis is accompanied by morphogenetic changes, which significantly influence further zygote formation and embryo growth. This study aimed to determine new transcriptomic markers of porcine oocyte morphogenesis that are associated with cell maturation competence. An Affymetrix microarray assay was performed on an RNA template isolated from porcine oocytes before (n = 150) and after (n = 150) IVM. The brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining test was used for identification of cells with the highest developmental capacity. DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) software was used for the extraction of the genes belonging to a cell morphogenesis Gene Ontology group. The control group consisted of freshly isolated oocytes. In total, 12,000 different transcripts were analysed, from which 379 genes were downregulated and 40 were upregulated in oocytes following IVM. We found five genes, SOX9, MAP1B, DAB2, FN1, and CXCL12, that were significantly upregulated in oocytes after IVM (in vitro group) compared with oocytes analysed before IVM (in vivo group). In conclusion, we found new transcriptomic markers of oocyte morphogenesis, which may be also recognized as significant mediators of cellular maturation capacity in pigs. Genes SOX9, MAP1B, DAB2, FN1, and CXCL12 may be involved in the regulation of the MII stage oocyte formation and several other processes that are crucial for porcine reproductive competence.
Expression of markers for germ cells and oocytes in cow dermal fibroblast treated with 5-azacytidine and cultured in differentiation medium containing BMP2, BMP4 or follicular fluid
Authors: Costa José Jackson do Nascimento , de Souza Glaucinete Borges , Bernardo Joyla Maria Pires , Ribeiro Regislane Pinto , Passos José Renato de Souza , Bezerra Francisco Taiã Gomes , Saraiva Márcia Viviane Alves , Silva José Roberto Viana 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThis study aims to investigate the effect 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) during induction of pluripotency in bovine fibroblasts and to evaluate the effects of BMP2, BMP4 or follicular fluid in the differentiation of reprogrammed fibroblasts in primordial germ cells and oocytes. It also analysis the mRNA levels forOCT4,NANOG,REX,SOX2,VASA,DAZL,cKIT,SCP3,ZPAandGDF9after culturing 5-Aza treated fibroblasts in the different tested medium. Dermal fibroblasts were cultured and exposed to 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 μM of 5-Aza for 18 h, 36 h or 72 h. Then, the cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10 ng/ml BMP2, 10 ng/ml BMP4 or 5% follicular fluid. After culture, morphological characteristics, viability and gene expression were evaluated by qPCR. Treatment of skin fibroblasts with 2.0 μM 5-Aza for 72 h significantly increased expression of mRNAs for SOX2, OCT4, NANOG and REX. The culture in medium supplemented with BMP2, BMP4 or follicular fluid for 7 or 14 days induced formation of oocyte-like cells, as well as the expression of markers for germ cells and oocyte. In conclusion, treatment of bovine skin-derived fibroblasts with 2.0 μM 5-Aza for 72 h induces the expression of pluripotency factors. Culturing these cells in differentiation medium supplemented with BMP2, BMP4 or follicular fluid induces morphological changes and promotes expression of markers for germ cells, meiosis and oocyte.
Detecting cell-secreted growth factors in microfluidic devices using bead-based biosensors
Authors: Son Kyung Jin , Gheibi Pantea , Stybayeva Gulnaz , Rahimian Ali , Revzin Alexander 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMicrofluidic systems provide an interesting alternative to standard macroscale cell cultures due to the decrease in the number of cells and reagents as well as the improved physiology of cells confined to small volumes. However, the tools available for cell-secreted molecules inside microfluidic devices remain limited. In this paper, we describe an integrated microsystem composed of a microfluidic device and a fluorescent microbead-based assay for the detection of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 secreted by primary hepatocytes. This microfluidic system is designed to separate a cell culture chamber from sensing chambers using a permeable hydrogel barrier. Cell-secreted HGF and TGF-β1 diffuse through the hydrogel barrier into adjacent sensing channels and are detected using fluorescent microbead-based sensors. The specificity of sensing microbeads is defined by the choice of antibodies; therefore, our microfluidic culture system and sensing microbeads may be applied to a variety of cells and cell-secreted factors.
Transplantation of enteric nervous system stem cells rescues nitric oxide synthase deficient mouse colon
Authors: McCann Conor J. , Cooper Julie E. , Natarajan Dipa , Jevans Benjamin , Burnett Laura E. , Burns Alan J. , Thapar Nikhil 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEnteric nervous system neuropathy causes a wide range of severe gut motility disorders. Cell replacement of lost neurons using enteric neural stem cells (ENSC) is a possible therapy for these life-limiting disorders. Here we show rescue of gut motility after ENSC transplantation in a mouse model of human enteric neuropathy, the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS−/−) deficient mouse model, which displays slow transit in the colon. We further show that transplantation of ENSC into the colon rescues impaired colonic motility with formation of extensive networks of transplanted cells, including the development of nNOS+neurons and subsequent restoration of nitrergic responses. Moreover, post-transplantation non-cell-autonomous mechanisms restore the numbers of interstitial cells of Cajal that are reduced in thenNOS−/−colon. These results provide the first direct evidence that ENSC transplantation can modulate the enteric neuromuscular syncytium to restore function, at the organ level, in a dysmotile gastrointestinal disease model.