bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aprendizaje activo de los contenidos en la educación secundaria obligatoria
Authors: Bellido Ramos Alejandro , Grancha Gamón Francesc 
Published: February 2017

<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar nuestra experiencia en 3º de ESO, en la cual utilizando técnicas de trabajo colaborativo e integrando una amplia variedad de estrategias de aprendizaje y de evaluación hemos conseguido que los alumnos no solo sean los que de manera deductiva vayan aprendiendo los conocimientos sino que se ayuden entre ellos a alcanzarlos.</p>
Evaluation of Root Fracture in endodontically treated Teeth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Raitz Ricardo , Tiepo Mariana , Magrin Gabriel , Kovalik Ana C , Marmora Belkiss , Silva Milena F 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
Our objective was to perform an in vitro evaluation of root fracture in endodontically treated teeth using two cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) machines.

Materials and methods
The sample comprised 86 singlerooted human premolars that had been fractured by a universal testing machine. The tomographic images were acquired using an Orthopantomograph OP300® and an Orthophos XG 3D® and evaluated by three examiners, by means of specific software. The teeth were classified into presence or absence of root fracture, then the root third where the fracture occurred, was determined. With regard to the detection of the fracture, the Kappa statistic was used for intra and interexaminer reproducibility at two distinct points in time. Chi-squared test was employed to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the two tomographs (p < 0.05).

Results
The results showed a good or excellent Kappa index between examiners. As for the absolute frequency, the sensitivity (0.6) of the Orthophos XG 3D® equipment was superior, while specificity (0.91) was higher with the Orthopantomograph OP300®. On the receiver operating characteristics curve, moderate performance was found with an accuracy of 0.73 (OrthopantomographOP300®) and 0.74 (Orthophos XG 3D®) respectively. As far as the location of the root fracture is concerned, moderate agreement was verified using the Kappa statistic (k = 0.56).

Conclusion
Although the regular CBCTs represent the imaging examination of choice for assisting root fracture diagnosis in endodontically treated teeth, their performance in this study demonstrated an imprecise diagnosis of fractures in a good many cases, irrespective of the tomography machine used.

Clinical significance
An early and precise detection of root fractures is of the utmost clinical importance, but the radiopaque and/or metallic filling materials in the CBCT viewing field may generate artifacts, known as the beam-hardening effect, which could compromise root fracture detection.

How to cite this article
Tiepo M, Magrin G, Kovalik AC, Marmora B, Silva MF, Raitz R. Evaluation of Root Fracture in endodontically treated Teeth using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(2):94-99.
Radiological Evaluation of Thyroid Diseases using Gray Scale and Color Doppler Sonography
Authors: Hans Parveen , Tyagi Sagar , Mehrotra Atul , Parakh Pradeep 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The thyroid gland is the largest of all endocrine glands and is the only one which is amenable to direct physical examination and high resolution real-time grayscale sonography because of its superficial location. High Resolution Ultrasonography (USG) with Color Doppler is used to assess the nature of the lesion according to its vascularity and also the hemodynamic characteristics of the gland. Thus, the combination of Gray scale Sonography and Color Flow Doppler provide huge benefits and help in increasing the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Nearly 50% of patients with a clinically palpable solitary thyroid nodule have avoided surgery because of thyroid ultrasound.

Aims and objectives
The present study is aimed to determine the role of high resolution USG in the evaluation of lesions of the thyroid with Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) correlation and compare it with other studies.

Materials and methods
This is a prospective study carried out on 50 patients (44 female and 6 male) who attended ENT or Surgery outpatient department/inpatient department (OPD/IPD) and were referred to the Department of Radio-Diagnosis for high resolution USG of neck at Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. This study was conducted for a period of one year from March 2015 to February 2016. The ultrasound machine used was GE LOGIQ V5.

Result and Conclusion
Our present study consisted of 50 cases which were clinically suspected suffering from thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid ultrasound was very efficient in picking up lesions in all 50 cases in our study. In comparison, to other studies our study gave a similar picture in terms of benign lesions being much more common than malignant lesions. The most common benign lesion determined in our study was colloid goiter which was the most common benign lesion in many other studies. In comparison to other studies, we were able to detect malignant nodules with a better specificity. Chronic thyroiditis was also very efficiently detected using ultrasound in our study.

How to cite this article
Tyagi S, Kumar P, Mehrotra A, Parakh P, Kumar L, Hans P. Radiological Evaluation of Thyroid Diseases using Gray Scale and Color Doppler Sonography. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2016;1(4):173-182.
Il diritto ambientale secondo l’ottica del diritto costituzionale positivo e la responsabilità per danni all’ambiente nel diritto comunitario: Lo stato dell’arte del diritto ambientale costituzionale e comunitario
Authors: Rezende Elcio Nacur 
Published: February 2017

Inconfutabilmente, la preservazione ambientale è una delle maggiori attenzioni dell’Essere Umano nella contemporaneità.
Per quanto riguarda la Scienza Giuridica, il testo di questo lavoro dimostra che il Diritto Ambientale sta diventando, progressivamente, l’oggetto di studio di vari giuristi in tutto il pianeta, nell’intento, specialmente, di costruire una struttura giuridica capace di fondamentare che l’attenzione all’ambiente è obbligo dello Stato e dei suoi cittadini.
Su questa linea, l’Ambiente ecologicamente equilibrato ha raggiunto, in diversi ordinamenti giuridici, lo status di Diritto Fondamentale, passando a comporre l’elenco dei Principi Costituzionali in vari testi di Paesi in tutti i continenti.
Come corollario logico, nella misura in cui si consacra la preservazione ambientale come Diritto Fondamentale, s’impone a chi degrada il dovere della responsabilizzazione per i danni all’ambiente.
Con tali premesse, il lavoro presenta il più recente Stato dell’Arte concernente il Diritto Costituzionale Ambientale Positivato, presentando il testo di costituzioni de vari Paesi in tutti i continenti e, comunque, dal fatto che il Diritto Comunitario tratti il tema della Responsabilità Ambientale nella sua Direttiva attuale, perché si offra al lettore fondatezza giuridica capace di proporzionargli una riflessione sul tema che, come già detto, ha, indubbiamente, incommensurabile valore per la vita umana.
Towards Successful Outsourcing of Human Resource Functions
Authors: M Fapohunda, Tinuke. 
Published: February 2017

Organizations respond to challenges and demands for greater performance with various programmes designed to overcome obstacles and enhance business performance. One of such responses is outsourcing and it can be highly controversial. This article outlines some of the attractions and challenges of outsourcing human resource functions to give a realistic view of what can be achieved through outsourcing. The effects of outsourcing are contingent on factors like focus on core competencies; make or buy decision, clarity about outsourcing needs, gaining full support and cooperation from employees, training courses and seminar sessions.Facilitators of the effective outsourcing include explicit goals and expectations, identifying clear objectives and expectations of outsourcing , good choice of outsourcing partners, rebuilding trust among workers, acquiring the right people with the right skills in outsourcing, adequate supporting infrastructures, commitment by top management, development of objective performance criteria , adequate performance feedback, emphasis on both short and long-term benefits, anticipation of change and flexibility. Despite its limitations and difficulties, outsourcing increases profit levels, market share and customer satisfaction but must be carefully handled, so as to not allow diminishing returns to set in.
An Empirical Analysis of Employee Attitudes in Service Sector
Authors: Gupta Atul , Bennett Sara , Moss Meghan , Gupta Angela Satya 
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between sense of belonging and job satisfaction in hospital-based nurses. By discovering what contributes to job satisfaction, organizations will be able to better retain their nurses. This empirical paper used a non-experimental design to test a proposed model based on a review of relevant literature. Working nurses in a hospital setting completed surveys capturing the constructs researched. The findings of this research suggest that sense of belonging leads to positive outcomes and higher job satisfaction. Older employees tend to be less satisfied than their younger counterparts. While this study offers some insight into the factors affecting the job satisfaction of nurses, the sample was limited to respondents who were working at local hospitals in Southeastern United States. Thus these results may not represent the views of all nurses in the health care sector. To retain high-valued nurses it is important that an organization has a work environment that enhances their commitment to their occupation. These research findings provide evidence that nurses who feel as though they are part of an organization will be more motivated to better their respective organizations. In turn, these profitable organizations invest back in the community they operate in, improving the overall socio-economic fabric of local economy. Although a considerable amount of research has been done evaluating the value of a sense of belonging, none of these studies link it to job satisfaction based on gender. This contribution is also of special importance amid the recent criticism of the healthcare costs by prominent management scholars. Keywords – Sense of Belonging, Job Satisfaction, Healthcare, Age, Work Experience
Validity of Egyptian Na‐montmorillonite for adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ under acidic conditions: characterization, isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and application study
Authors: Taha A.A. , Shreadah M.A. , Heiba Hany Fathy , Ahmed A.M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study investigated the applicability of natural Egyptian Na‐montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) to remove Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ under acidic conditions that mimic industrial wastewater acidity. Cation exchange capacity of Na‐MMT was found 91 meq/100 g and the specific surface area 42 m2 g−1. The adsorbent was characterized using X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron micrograph that showed significant morphological changes after adsorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed that the adsorption occurred mainly in the lattice region. Removal efficiency was evaluated as a function of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent mass. Acidic pH value was chosen for the following experiments. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied. Freundlich model showed better fitting suggesting heterogeneous adsorption scenario. Freundlich capacity values decreased in the order of Pb2+ (3.71 mg g−1) > Cd2+ (2.45 mg g−1) > Ni2+ (1.76 mg g−1). Kinetic data were accurately fitted to pseudo‐second‐order, indicating the adsorption occurrence in the interior surface of Na‐MMT and the contribution of internal diffusion mechanism was significant. Intraparticle diffusion model gave multi‐linear curves so more than one‐step controlled the adsorption process. Under temperature range 290–328 K, thermodynamic parameters revealed that adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was spontaneous but Ni2+ non‐spontaneous. Adsorption was exothermic for Pb2+ and Ni2+ but endothermic for Cd2+. Arrhenius activation energy values were 5.78, 8.51 and 11.45 kJ mol−1 for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ respectively stating the physical adsorption. Na‐MMT reusability was confirmed by regeneration experiments. Application study showed excellent efficiency of Na‐MMT within range (23.4–81.2%) removal for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ from textile dyeing and tannery wastewater. Copyright © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Reactivity of Dihydro‐p‐coumaryl Alcohol towards Reductive Processes Catalyzed by Raney Nickel
Authors: Calvaruso Gaetano , Burak Jorge Augusto , Clough Matthew T. , Kennema Marco , Meemken Fabian , Rinaldi Roberto 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThere are several established approaches for the reductive fractionation of lignocellulose (e.g., “catalytic upstream biorefining” and “lignin‐first” approaches) that lead to a lignin oil product that is composed primarily of dihydro‐p‐monolignols [e.g., 4‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐2‐methoxyphenol and 4‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenol]. Although effective catalytic methods have been developed to perform reductive or deoxygenative processes on the lignin oil, the influence of the 3‐hydroxypropyl substituent on catalyst activity has previously been overlooked. Herein, to better understand the reactivity of the depolymerized lignin oil obtained from catalytic upstream biorefining processes, dihydro‐p‐coumaryl alcohol was selected as a model compound. Hydrogenation of this species in the presence of Raney Ni with molecular hydrogen led to ring saturation (100 % selectivity) in the absence of hydrodeoxygenation, whereas under hydrogen‐transfer conditions with 2‐propanol, hydrogenation occurred (≈55 % selectivity) simultaneously with hydrodeoxygenation (≈40 % selectivity). In a broader context, this study sheds light not only on the reactivity of dihydro‐p‐monolignols but also on the intricacies of the catalytic upstream biorefining reaction network in which these species are revealed to be key intermediates in the formation of less‐functionalized p‐alkylphenols.
Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by a Manganese Complex Containing an Unsymmetrical Chiral PNP′ Tridentate Ligand
Authors: Zirakzadeh Afrooz , de Aguiar Sara R. M. M. , Stöger Berthold , Widhalm Michael , Kirchner Karl 
Published: February 2017

AbstractManganese complexes of the types [Mn(PNP′)(Br)(CO)2] and [Mn(PNP′)(H)(CO)2] containing a tridentate ligand with a planar chiral ferrocene and a centro chiral aliphatic unit were synthesized, characterized, and tested in the enantioselective transfer hydrogenations of 13 ketones. The catalytic reactions proceeded with conversions up to 96 % and ee values up to 86 %. The absolute configuration of all products was determined to be (S). Notably, the presence of dihydrogen (up to 20 bar) did not affect the reduction. On the basis of DFT calculations, preliminary mechanistic details including the origin of the (S) selectivity are presented. The molecular structure of [Mn(PNP′)(Br)(CO)2] was studied by X‐ray diffraction.
Hydratisierung von und auf Oberflächen
Authors: Morgenstern Karina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDie Methode der Rastertunnelmikroskopie erlaubt es, die Eisbildung auf Oberflächen von einzelnen Wassermolekülen bis zu geschlossenen Wasserschichten auf molekularer Ebene abzubilden und so die Eisbildung zu verstehen. Durch Variation der Wachstumsbedingungen werden die verschiedensten Eisformen gebildet, amorphe wie kristalline. Diese Studien eröffnen die Möglichkeit, die Solvatisierung sowohl von Oberflächen als auch einzelner adsorbierter Moleküle und den Einfluss der Solvatatisierung auf Photoreaktionen auf molekularer Ebene zu untersuchen und so zum Verständnis des Einflusses des Lösungsmittels auf Reaktionen in dem hochaktuellen Gebiet der Solvatationswissenschaften beizutragen.
Modification of Cysteine
Authors: Grant Gregory A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis unit describes a number of methods for modifying cysteine residues of proteins and peptides. A general procedure for alkylation of cysteine residues in a protein of known size and composition with haloacyl reagents or N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) is presented, and alternate protocols describe similar procedures for use when the size and composition are not known and when only very small amounts of protein are available. Alkylations that introduce amino groups using bromopropylamine and N‐(iodoethyl)‐trifluoroacetamide are also presented. Two procedures that are often used for subsequent sequence analysis of the protein, alkylation with 4‐vinylpyridine and acrylamide, are described, and a specialized procedure for 4‐vinylpyridine alkylation of protein that has been adsorbed onto a sequencing membrane is also presented. Reversible modification of cysteine residues by way of sulfitolysis is described, and a protocol for oxidation with performic acid for amino acid compositional analysis is also provided. Gentle oxidation of cysteine residues to disulfides by exposure to air is described. Support protocols are included for recrystallization of iodoacetic acid, colorimetric detection of free sulfhydryls, and desalting of modified samples. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel joint transmission and caching optimizing scheme in multirelay networks: Video service quality assurance scheme
Authors: Liu Bowen , Zhang Heli , Ji Hong , Li Xi 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe demands of instant video communication have recently increased as a means to improve user experience. Meanwhile, the cache mechanism has become an effective technology used in video transmission so that delay jitter could be reduced to a insignificant value. We propose a novel video service quality assurance scheme in multirelay networks (MRNs) with cache. Both wireless channel state information on the transmitting side and optimal receiver schemes on the receiving side are considered in the proposed scheme. We derive closed form expressions of video streaming for cache‐based MRN and investigate the impact of cache length when it is changed. Then, we proved that the optimal solution is difficult to acquire, and the suboptimal solution could be achieved by decomposing the original optimization problem into several simpler subproblems, which include graph and convex optimization. Specifically, we obtain a limit for the cache queuing model in MRNs. Detailed algorithms with corresponding theoretical reasoning are provided as well. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme by comparing with some other existed high–video‐quality transmission schemes. The analysis also shows that our scheme outperforms others in jitter reducing.
Evaluation of novel biodegradable three‐armed‐ and hyper‐branched tissue adhesives in a meniscus explant model
Authors: Bochyńska A. I. , Hannink G. , Verhoeven R. , Grijpma D. W. , Buma P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCurrent treatment methods to repair meniscal tears do not bring fully satisfactory results. Tissue adhesives are considered promising alternatives, since they are easy to apply and cause minimal tissue trauma. The first aim of this study was to analyze the adhesive properties of and tissue response to two recently developed biodegradable block copolymeric three‐armed‐ and hyper‐branched tissue adhesives. The second aim was to investigate if tissue surface modification with collagenase improves the attachment of the adhesives and increases the healing potential of the tissue. Cylindrical explants were harvested from bovine menisci. The central core of the explants was removed and glued back into the defect, with or without incubation in collagenase solution prior to gluing, using one of the novel glues, Dermabond® or fibrin glue. The repair constructs were cultured in vitro for 1 and 28 days. Adhesion tests and histology were performed to analyze the effects of the glue in combination with the additional treatment. The adhesive strength of the novel glues was 40‐50 kPa, which was significantly higher than that of fibrin glue (15 kPa). Cells were present in direct contact with the glues, and the tissue remained vital during the whole culture period. Increased cellularity around the tear in the collagenase treated explants was observed after 1 day. The two newly developed tissue adhesives are attractive materials to be used for repair of meniscal tears. The beneficial influence of collagenase treatment in treating meniscal tears with glues still needs to be confirmed in more clinical relevant studies. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1405–1411, 2017.
Effectiveness of anti‐oxidant polyethylene: What early retrievals can tell us
Authors: Currier Barbara H. , Currier John H. , Holdcroft Lindsay A. , Van Citters Douglas W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe optimum UHMWPE orthopedic implant bearing surface must balance wear, oxidation, and fatigue resistance. Antioxidant polyethylene addresses free radicals, resulting from irradiation used in cross‐linking, that could oxidize and potentially lead to fatigue damage under cycles of in vivo use. This study evaluates what short‐term antioxidant UHMWPE retrievals can reveal about: (1) oxidation‐resistance and (2) fatigue‐resistance of these new materials. Retrievals of three different antioxidant polyethylene materials (n = 25) were analyzed by FTIR and uniaxial tensile tests and compared to conventional (n = 20) and remelted highly cross‐linked (n = 30) polyethylene retrievals of similar in vivo duration. Maximum oxidation values differed significantly across material types (p = 0.018). No antioxidant retrieval exhibited a subsurface oxidation peak, in contrast to conventional gamma‐sterilized (55%) and highly cross‐linked (37%) retrievals that exhibited subsurface oxidation peaks over the same in vivo time. Trans‐vinylene index (TVI) correlated positively with nominal irradiation dose (p < 0.001). Tensile toughness correlated negatively with increasing TVI (p < 0.001). The antioxidant materials in this study prevented in vivo oxidation more effectively than remelted HXL polyethylene at least over the in vivo period represented. The comparison of antioxidant retrieval tensile properties can be used as a guide for clinicians in choosing appropriate materials for the applications represented by their patients. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 353–359, 2018.