bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widows, Family, Community, and the Formation of Anglo-Hindu Law in Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: NARAYAN ROCHISHA 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLate eighteenth-century colonial agrarian and judicial reforms had a direct impact on women from elite and non-elite backgrounds. Informed by British liberal ideologies and upper-caste Brahmanical norms, colonial policies marginalized women's access to, and control over, resources in the emergent political economy. In this article, I reconstruct histories of the ways in which Anglo-Hindu law compromised women's status as heirs, businesswomen, and members of society who wielded social capital with other community groups. Focusing on widows in Banaras who commandeered their property disputes, I illustrate that pre-colonial precedents of case-resolution under the Banaras rulers, and practices of ‘forum shopping’ by disputants themselves, shaped the widows’ approach to the colonial courts. Colonial judicial plans being incommensurable to everyday life, the courts incorporated pre-colonial forms of dispute handling and maintained a flexible approach to the practice of colonial law under the supervision of an Indian magistrate for a period of time. These characteristics made the courts popular among local society in the Banaras region. However, British officials, insistent on applying abstract scriptural laws, aligned customary practice to the dictates of Anglo-Hindu law. This article shows that the narrow legal subject position available to widows under scriptural law reordered their relationships with family and community networks to their disadvantage.
Stress responses of tomato fruit tissue submitted to massive doses of ionising radiation
Authors: Triantaphylidès C. , Banzet N. , Ferullo J. M. , Larrigaudière C. , Nespoulous L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn plant tissue, massive doses of ionising radiation (0.5–3 kGy) induce an oxidative burst due to the overproduction of oxygen-centred free radicals. Changes in the protein metabolism of cherry tomato fruits were investigated in response to this peculiar stress. Although DNA damage definitively arrested cell division, the changes observed on a short-term basis were attributed to genetic regulation. Changes in protein metabolism were also maintained long term. Gamma-induced proteins (GIPs) were classified according to their induction kinetics. Group 1 proteins were induced immediately after the treatment and their synthesis was stopped within 24 h. During the same time period, global protein synthesis was restored and a new set of GIPs was induced. The function of these proteins is not yet known; but they may be involved in physiological disorders triggered by irradiation or in repair processes. Short-term typical changes involve the synthesis of ACC synthase – the ethylene pathway regulating enzyme - and most probably of some LMW-HSPs. A non-relevant response to irradiation has also been discovered, namely the long-term accumulation of chitinases. Irradiation induces both specific and non-specific responses which can be analysed by comparison with other types of oxidative stress and some GIPs seem to be specific to the treatment. The ability of irradiation to induce such different responses might be profitably applied for a better understanding of the oxidative mechanisms involved in signal transduction during environmental stress situations.
A cross-linguistic study of the development of gesture and speech in Zulu and French oral narratives
Authors: KUNENE NICOLAS RAMONA , GUIDETTI MICHÈLE , COLLETTA JEAN-MARC 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe present study reports on a developmental and cross-linguistic study of oral narratives produced by speakers of Zulu (a Bantu language) and French (a Romance language). Specifically, we focus on oral narrative performance as a bimodal (i.e., linguistic and gestural) behaviour during the late language acquisition phase. We analyzed seventy-two oral narratives produced by L1 Zulu and French adults and primary school children aged between five and ten years old. The data were all collected using a narrative retelling task. The results revealed a strong effect of age on discourse performance, confirming that narrative abilities improve with age, irrespective of language. However, the results also showed cross-linguistic differences. Zulu oral narratives were longer, more detailed, and accompanied by more co-speech gestures than the French narratives. The parallel effect of age and language on gestural behaviour is discussed and highlights the importance of studying oral narratives from a multimodal perspective within a cross-linguistic framework.
St. Anselm in the Social Science Quad: The Ontological Argument One More Time
Authors: Battaglia Anthony 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn interest in the validity and importance of religion has led some social scientists to try to change some of the common assumptions of their discipline. In doing so, they have made statements, such as “Religion is true,” which invite analysis and response from the context of the traditional Ontological Argument. Recasting the argument in the vocabulary of the social sciences also sheds new light on traditional discussions of it.
Protected Areas: offering security to whom, when and where?
Authors: KELLY ALICE B. , GUPTA A. CLARE 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYThis study considers the issue of security in the context of protected areas in Cameroon and Botswana. Though the literature on issues of security and well-being in relation to protected areas is extensive, there has been less discussion of how and in what ways these impacts and relationships can change over time, vary with space and differ across spatial scales. Looking at two very different historical trajectories, this study considers the heterogeneity of the security landscapes created by Waza and Chobe protected areas over time and space. This study finds that conservation measures that various subsets of the local population once considered to be ‘bad’ (e.g. violent, exclusionary protected area creation) may be construed as ‘good’ at different historical moments and geographical areas. Similarly, complacency or resignation to the presence of a park can be reversed by changing environmental conditions. Changes in the ways security (material and otherwise) has fluctuated within these two protected areas has implications for the long-term management and funding strategies of newly created and already existing protected areas today. This study suggests that parks must be adaptively managed not only for changing ecological conditions, but also for shifts in a protected area's social, political and economic context.
Marching to the beat of a late drummer: Turkey's experience of neoliberal industrialization since 1980
Authors: Taymaz Erol , Voyvoda Ebru 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe paper discusses the main characteristics of Turkey's experience of neoliberal industrialization since 1980. We suggest that Turkey has been a “successful follower” in the sense that it has achieved structural transformation in manufacturing output and exports, while its mode of articulation with the global economy has remained intact. To follow our premise, we first provide a comparative overview of the dynamics of growth, productivity, employment and trade in the post-1980 period. We focus on the manufacturing industry because it has evolved as the leading sector in the restructuring of the economy away from domestic demand-oriented import substitution towards export orientation and integration with global production networks. To analyze the direction of structural change in a comparative perspective, we also offer a synopsis of divergent patterns of development in Turkey and Korea. Our brief comparison emphasizes that, while Korea has rapidly changed the structure of its industry and mode of articulation with the world economy with the sense of direction provided by a pro-active state and a far-reaching industrial policy, Turkey has remained a follower ever trying to reach its moving target.
Cannibalism in Naticidae from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene, Antarctica)
Authors: Brezina S.S. , Cech N. , Martín Serralta D. , Casadío S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPolinices marambioensisis a naticid gastropod which is the most common constituent in fossil accumulations in the upper section of the Cucullaea I Allomember (Middle Eocene) of the La Meseta Formation in James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula. This species was an important predator of infaunal bivalves and gastropods, including other naticids. The aim of this work was to assess the pattern of predation and cannibalistic behaviour ofP. marambioensis. A total of 2648 specimens ofP. marambioensiswere examined for drill holes, which were assigned toOichnus paraboloides. Drilling frequency data were measured as a proxy for predation intensity and statistical analyses were performed. Further, the site of each drill hole was established according to the morphological features of the shell on each specimen to assess possible preference of predators for the site of perforation. Results suggest thatP. marambioensisis an efficient cannibalistic predator for a specific size range of prey (8–22 mm), and drill holes are distributed preferentially in two specific sectors of their shells. This selective cannibalistic prey behaviour inP. marambioensisaffected not only the dynamics of their populations but the ecological structure of the community in which they lived.
Disasters and Development: Part I. Relationships between Disasters and Development
Authors: Stephenson Rob S. , DuFrane Charles 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis module introduces a paradigm for understanding the disaster/ development interface. Specifically, the module asserts that disasters and development are linked closely in that disasters can both destroy development initiatives and create development opportunities, and that development schemes can both increase and decrease vulnerability. The module consists of four parts:Part One introduces these concepts and discusses how disasters can vary from one type of hazard to another, as well as from one type of economic condition to another.Part Two develops the paradigm in depth, and provides case examples to amplify the points made in the text.Part Three describes and discusses different methods and tools for analyzing decisions for potential investment of resources, and should enhance the reader's capacity to analyze the mitigational benefits of development alternatives in both the pre- and post-disaster context.Part Four conceptualizes the role of UN agencies, NGOs, and the affected communities in promoting development based on the concepts discussed in the module.This training module, Disasters and Development, initially was designed to introduce this aspect of disaster management to an audience of UN organization professionals who form disaster management teams, as well as to government counterpart agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and donors. The educational process has been designed to increase the audience's awareness of the nature and management of disasters, in order to lead to better performance in disaster preparedness and response.The content has been written by experts in the field of disaster management and in general follows the UNDP/UNDRO Disaster Management Manual and its principles, procedures, and terminology.
Introduction of a Prehospital Critical Incident Monitoring System—Final Results
Authors: Stella Julian , Bartley Bruce , Jennings Paul 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:Incident monitoring has been shown to improve patient care and has been adopted widely in the hospital care setting. There are limited data on incident monitoring in the prehospital setting.Hypothesis:A high-yield, systems-oriented, incident monitoring process can be implemented successfully in a prehospital setting.Methods:This prospective, descriptive study outlines the implementation of an incident monitoring process in a regional prehospital setting. Both trauma care and non-trauma care were monitored by a system of anonymous reporting and chart review with debriefing for trauma cases that met major trauma criteria. A committee reviewed all identified cases and coded and logged all incidents and provider recommendations.Results:There were 454 incidents identified from 230 cases (mean = 2.0; 95% CI 1.8−2.1 per case). Anonymous reporting resulted in the identification of 113 incidents from 69 cases (1.6l per case 95% CI = 1.4−1.9 per case) Major trauma cases generated 266 incidents from 134 cases (mean = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.8−2.2 per case), and there were 74 incidents from 26 combined cases (mean = 2.9; 95% CI = 2.2−3.5 per case). One incident was uncategorized. There were 315 (69.4%) incidents categorized as management problems and 123 (27.1%) were system problems. Prolonged scene time was the most common incident in both management and system categories; 56 (17.8%) and 18 (14.6%) respectively. Mitigating circumstances were found in 111 (24.4%) incidents. The most common incident-related patient outcome was none/near miss (127 (28%)). Incident monitoring most commonly led to generalized feedback (105 (23.1%)) or specific trend analysis (140 (30.8%)). Reports to higher or external bodies occurred in 18 incidents (4.0%).Conclusions:The project has been implemented successfully in a regional prehospital settling. The methodology, utilizing a number of incident detection techniques, results in a high yield of incidents over a broad range of error types. The large proportion of “near miss” type incidents allows for incident assessment without demonstrable patient harm. Many incidents were mitigated and the majority represented management-type issues.
Low levels of Caspase-3 predict favourable response to 5FU-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: Caspase-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach
Authors: Flanagan L , Meyer M , Fay J , Curry S , Bacon O , Duessmann H , John K , Boland K C , McNamara D A , Kay E W , Bantel H , Schulze-Bergkamen H , Prehn J H M 
Published: February 2016

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the Western world. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU)-based chemotherapy (CT) remains the mainstay treatment of CRC in the advanced setting, and activates executioner caspases in target cells. Executioner caspases are key proteins involved in cell disassembly during apoptosis. Activation of executioner caspases also has a role in tissue regeneration and repopulation by stimulating signal transduction and cell proliferation in neighbouring, non-apoptotic cells as reported recently. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) consisting of tumour tissue from 93 stage II and III colon cancer patients were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Surprisingly, patients with low levels of active Caspase-3 had an increased disease-free survival time. This was particularly pronounced in patients who received 5FU-based adjuvant CT. In line with this observation, lower serum levels of active Caspase-3 were found in patients with metastasised CRC who revealed stable disease or tumour regression compared with those with disease progression. The role of Caspase-3 in treatment responses was explored further in primary human tumour explant cultures from fresh patient tumour tissue. Exposure of explant cultures to 5FU-based CT increased the percentage of cells positive for active Caspase-3 and Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick end Labelling (TUNEL), but also the expression of regeneration and proliferation markers β-Catenin and Ki-67, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Of note, selective inhibition of Caspase-3 with Ac-DNLD-CHO, a selective, reversible inhibitor of Caspase-3, significantly reduced the expression of proliferation markers as well as COX-2. Inhibition of COX-2 with aspirin or celecoxib did not affect Caspase-3 levels but also reduced Ki-67 and β-Catenin levels, suggesting that Caspase-3 acted via COX-2 to stimulate cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. This indicates that low levels of active Caspase-3 may represent a new predictor of CT responsiveness, and inhibition of Caspase-3, or antagonising downstream effectors of Caspase-3 paracrine signalling, such as COX-2 may improve patient outcomes following CT in advanced CRC.
Evidence for link between modelled trends in Antarctic sea ice and underestimated westerly wind changes
Authors: Purich Ariaan , Cai Wenju , England Matthew H. , Cowan Tim 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDespite global warming, total Antarctic sea ice coverage increased over 1979–2013. However, the majority of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models simulate a decline. Mechanisms causing this discrepancy have so far remained elusive. Here we show that weaker trends in the intensification of the Southern Hemisphere westerly wind jet simulated by the models may contribute to this disparity. During austral summer, a strengthened jet leads to increased upwelling of cooler subsurface water and strengthened equatorward transport, conducive to increased sea ice. As the majority of models underestimate summer jet trends, this cooling process is underestimated compared with observations and is insufficient to offset warming in the models. Through the sea ice-albedo feedback, models produce a high-latitude surface ocean warming and sea ice decline, contrasting the observed net cooling and sea ice increase. A realistic simulation of observed wind changes may be crucial for reproducing the recent observed sea ice increase.
Design of crystal-like aperiodic solids with selective disorder–phonon coupling
Authors: Overy Alistair R. , Cairns Andrew B. , Cliffe Matthew J. , Simonov Arkadiy , Tucker Matthew G. , Goodwin Andrew L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFunctional materials design normally focuses on structurally ordered systems because disorder is considered detrimental to many functional properties. Here we challenge this paradigm by showing that particular types of strongly correlated disorder can give rise to useful characteristics that are inaccessible to ordered states. A judicious combination of low-symmetry building unit and high-symmetry topological template leads to aperiodic ‘procrystalline’ solids that harbour this type of disorder. We identify key classes of procrystalline states together with their characteristic diffraction behaviour, and establish mappings onto known and target materials. The strongly correlated disorder found in these systems is associated with specific sets of modulation periodicities distributed throughout the Brillouin zone. Lattice dynamical calculations reveal selective disorder-driven phonon broadening that resembles the poorly understood ‘waterfall’ effect observed in relaxor ferroelectrics. This property of procrystalline solids suggests a mechanism by which strongly correlated topological disorder might allow independently optimized thermal and electronic transport behaviour, such as required for high-performance thermoelectrics.
ALS-associated mutant FUS induces selective motor neuron degeneration through toxic gain of function
Authors: Sharma Aarti , Lyashchenko Alexander K. , Lu Lei , Nasrabady Sara Ebrahimi , Elmaleh Margot , Mendelsohn Monica , Nemes Adriana , Tapia Juan Carlos , Mentis George Z. , Shneider Neil A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMutations in FUS cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including some of the most aggressive, juvenile-onset forms of the disease. FUS loss-of-function and toxic gain-of-function mechanisms have been proposed to explain how mutant FUS leads to motor neuron degeneration, but neither has been firmly established in the pathogenesis of ALS. Here we characterize a series of transgenic FUS mouse lines that manifest progressive, mutant-dependent motor neuron degeneration preceded by early, structural and functional abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction. A novel, conditional FUS knockout mutant reveals that postnatal elimination of FUS has no effect on motor neuron survival or function. Moreover, endogenous FUS does not contribute to the onset of the ALS phenotype induced by mutant FUS. These findings demonstrate that FUS-dependent motor degeneration is not due to loss of FUS function, but to the gain of toxic properties conferred by ALS mutations.
Suppression law of quantum states in a 3D photonic fast Fourier transform chip
Authors: Crespi Andrea , Osellame Roberto , Ramponi Roberta , Bentivegna Marco , Flamini Fulvio , Spagnolo Nicolò , Viggianiello Niko , Innocenti Luca , Mataloni Paolo , Sciarrino Fabio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe identification of phenomena able to pinpoint quantum interference is attracting large interest. Indeed, a generalization of the Hong–Ou–Mandel effect valid for any number of photons and optical modes would represent an important leap ahead both from a fundamental perspective and for practical applications, such as certification of photonic quantum devices, whose computational speedup is expected to depend critically on multi-particle interference. Quantum distinctive features have been predicted for many particles injected into multimode interferometers implementing the Fourier transform over the optical modes. Here we develop a scalable approach for the implementation of the fast Fourier transform algorithm using three-dimensional photonic integrated interferometers, fabricated via femtosecond laser writing technique. We observe the suppression law for a large number of output states with four- and eight-mode optical circuits: the experimental results demonstrate genuine quantum interference between the injected photons, thus offering a powerful tool for diagnostic of photonic platforms.
Suppression of the antiferromagnetic pseudogap in the electron-doped high-temperature superconductor by protect annealing
Authors: Horio M. , Adachi T. , Mori Y. , Takahashi A. , Yoshida T. , Suzuki H. , Ambolode L. C. C. , Okazaki K. , Ono K. , Kumigashira H. , Anzai H. , Arita M. , Namatame H. , Taniguchi M. , Ootsuki D. , Sawada K. , Takahashi M. , Mizokawa T. , Koike Y. , Fujimori A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the hole-doped cuprates, a small number of carriers suppresses antiferromagnetism and induces superconductivity. In the electron-doped cuprates, on the other hand, superconductivity appears only in a narrow window of high-doped Ce concentration after reduction annealing, and strong antiferromagnetic correlation persists in the superconducting phase. Recently, Pr1.3−xLa0.7CexCuO4 (PLCCO) bulk single crystals annealed by a protect annealing method showed a high critical temperature of around 27 K for small Ce content down to 0.05. Here, by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements of PLCCO crystals, we observed a sharp quasi-particle peak on the entire Fermi surface without signature of an antiferromagnetic pseudogap unlike all the previous work, indicating a dramatic reduction of antiferromagnetic correlation length and/or of magnetic moments. The superconducting state was found to extend over a wide electron concentration range. The present results fundamentally challenge the long-standing picture on the electronic structure in the electron-doped regime.