bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sampling of Rocket Combustion Gases
Authors: Bryan R. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:—In the past, attempts have been made to evaluate injectors for rocket engine combustion chambers by the use of water analogy rigs and model combustion systems that simulated the injection and combustion phase change occurring in the actual engine. To confirm that conditions in the engine were being correctly simulated, a technique was evolved for determining the mixture ratio distribution achieved by the combustion system of a Spectre variable thrust rocket engine. Gas samples extracted from the rocket-efflux were analysed, and the technique has been applied to evaluate the Spectre's standard central mushroom type injector and also a multi-head injector.Tests have been conducted over a thrust range of 2000 lb to 8000 lb and at oxidant/fuel ratios from 7·5 to 13·0.In parallel with this external sampling, a probe has been designed and developed for extracting gas samples from selected points across a diameter of the combustion chamber itself. This probe has been successfully operated for several minutes under combustion conditions of 500 p.s.i.a. and 2600°K, without sustaining any damage.Analysis of the oxidant/fuel ratio pattern within the combustion chamber and in the efflux, at comparable operating conditions, indicates that little change in distribution occurs between these two points of the system. Also, the distribution found with the standard injector was that for which the combustion system was designed. It is demonstrated that loss of performance depends on the degree of non-uniformity of mixing. A 5 per cent loss in performance at full thrust and optimum mixture ratio occurs with the standard injector.
A Draft Code of Behaviour in Outer Space
Authors: Fawcett J. E. S. 
Published: July 2016

It has been remarked that in half a century the bomber aircraft has risen from insignificance to be a prime weapon of war and is sinking again into obsolescence without any general rules having ever been agreed setting limits to its use. What the First World War did for the aircraft the Second World War did for the rocket. Will it too be replaced by even more fearsome engines and reach its decline, escaping any general control?In little over 20 years, the rocket has passed from being the smiled-on object of amateur experiment and failure to become a vehicle of enormous speed and range, with expenditure and engineering effort the only limits to its potentialities. The steps are worth recalling quickly. The first serious use of rockets was as short range missiles by the Red Army in the Second World War. There followed the successive breakthroughs of the V.2, the first satellites in orbit in 1957, impact on the Moon in 1959, men in orbit in 1961, a successful Venus probe in 1962,a manoeuvrable spacecraft in 1963 and, in February 1964, the launching of Saturn by the United States far surpassing any previous launching achievement either American or Russian.
Display Research and Its Application to Civil Aircraft
Authors: Naish J. M. 
Published: July 2016

Recent work on the Head-Up Display (HUD) has shown properties of continuous transition, easy learning and accurate use, when certain design principles are followed. Use of HUD in manual landing has suggested application as a monitor for automatic landing and another use is for the directed take-off.Developments in display techniques have led to a proposal for an electronic flight instrument display (EFID), suitable for head-down, as well as head-up presentation. Economy in presentation area may result from compressing a number of displays into a single format, and from using the same area for a number of displays presented in sequence.Similar flexible techniques applied to the topographical map display suggest a general-purpose plan position display, complementing the “front elevation” display of flight instruments. These ideas are combined in a proposal for an advanced cockpit layout.
Air Transport Engineering—The Task Ahead
Authors: Wilkinson K. G. 
Published: July 2016

The work of the Engineering Department of an airline covers four main functions which are interdependent:
1.The maintenance in service of the airline's fleet in a manner which optimises the economy of the airline and prevents reduction in the inherent design levels of safety and reliability.2.(a) Develops ideas and specifications for future equipment in consultation with other departments in the airline, or(b) Analyses the suitability of available or projected equipment offered by manufacturers, again in consultation with other departments.3.Purchases the equipment finally selected, together with the backing stores necessary for the planned operation, and creates the necessary maintenance facilities (or contracts with someone else to do the work, where this is more efficient).4.Integrated with (1) is the task of engineering develop ment of the fleet to correct deficiencies found in service or to improve its performance of the required task.
Light Aviation—Problems, Prospects and Performance
Authors: Masefield Peter G. 
Published: July 2016

The Nineteenth Louis Blériot Lecture was given in Paris on 25th April 1966 under the auspices of L’Association Françaises des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de L’Aéronautique et L’Espace. The Lecture was attended by Sir George Gardner, KBE, CB, HonDSc, CEng, HonFRAeS, President of the Society, and Lady Gardner, by the Rt. Hon. Julian Snow, MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Aviation, by Mr. A. D. Baxter, MEng, CEng, FRAeS, President-Elect, Air Cdre. F. R. Banks, CB, OBE, CEng, CGIA, HonFAIAA, FRAeS, RAF (retd), Vice-President and First Louis Blériot Lecturer, Mr. S. D. Davies, BSc(Eng), CEng, FRAeS, member of Council, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne, OBE, TD, BSc, CEng, FAIAA, HonFCASI, FRAeS, Secretary, and by other members of Council and of the Aircraft Industry and by several former Louis Blériot lecturers, both English and French.Monsieur Blum, President of AFITAE, presided at the Meeting which was attended by a large and distinguished audience. Monsieur S. Jarry, President d'Honneur, AFITAE, read the list of previous Louis Blériot Lecturers and Sir George Gardner expressed his pleasure and that of his colleagues at this reunion with their friends of AFITAE. Monsieur Blum then introduced the lecturer, Mr. Peter Masefield, Managing Director of Beagle Aircraft Ltd and Chairman of the British Airports Authority and a Past President of the Society. Mr. Masefield said a few words in French and the lecture was then read on his behalf, in French, by Monsieur Peyrelevade. A vote of thanks was proposed after the Lecture by Monsieur Potez.The Lecture was followed by a reception and cocktail party and later by a dinner.
Body-Wing Interference at Supersonic Speeds Part II. Overall Body-Wing Characteristics
Authors: Phythian J. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBy integration of the pressure distributions of Part I of this paper values for the normal force and centre of pressure position (or moment) are obtained herein for the three effects; interference on the body, interference on the wing, and overall body-wing. In order to estimate overall body-wing characteristics the net wing alone and body alone normal forces and centre of pressure positions are also required, methods of estimating these quantities are readily available in the literature (e.g. ref. 2). The present method gives an estimate of overall body-wing normal force which is usually accurate to within 10 per cent and an estimate tor overall cp position which is usually accurate to half a calibre. Comparison of the present method with the method of Nielsen, Kaatari and Pitts shows that there is little to choose between the two so tar as overall estimates are concerned; the present method has the advantage of an associated pressure field.
Increased Use of Helicopters in Commercial Agriculture
Authors: Moore R. A. 
Published: July 2016

The past few years have evidenced a remarkable increase in the use of helicopters in agriculture. There are any number of individual reasons for this: helicopters are more plentiful, for example, but the primary reason is one of simple economics combined with a capability to meet new demands. The demands have been generated by the overwhelming population explosion. Sometimes hard to imagine and even more difficult to cope with, but the facts remain that:1.25 % of all the people that ever existed on earth are living on it today,2.The world population increases at a rate of 5400 people every hour; and3.This staggering number of people will double again within the next 40 years.
Early Reminiscences
Authors: Cardew Wood L. J. 
Published: July 2016

I was in No. 2 course at Denham in 1916 and flew Longhorns, Shorthorns, Henry Farmans and Vickers gun buses. I was in the last pusher training squadron but was stopped flying before I obtained my wings. I became Navigation Officer at Heliopolis and taught aerial navigation and later went to Palestine on the same job.I remember plenty of amusing incidents of the First World War days. For example, I was standing with General Brancker when the first SE5 arrived at Palestine airfield. The pilot forgot to close his extra air, overshot, and couldn't pick up and went straight through the line of tents (luckily we dug in about 4 ft for coolness) and a yell went up—“keep down”.
Predicting sexual coercion in early adulthood: The transaction among maltreatment, gang affiliation, and adolescent socialization of coercive relationship norms
Authors: Ha Thao , Kim Hanjoe , Christopher Caroline , Caruthers Allison , Dishion Thomas J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study tested a transactional hypothesis predicting early adult sexual coercion from family maltreatment, early adolescent gang affiliation, and socialization of adolescent friendships that support coercive relationship norms. The longitudinal study of a community sample of 998 11-year-olds was intensively assessed in early and middle adolescence and followed to 23–24 years of age. At age 16–17 youth were videotaped with a friend, and their interactions were coded for coercive relationship talk. Structural equation modeling revealed that maltreatment predicted gang affiliation during early adolescence. Both maltreatment and gang affiliation strongly predicted adolescent sexual promiscuity and coercive relationship norms with friends at age 16–17 years. Adolescent sexual promiscuity, however, did not predict sexual coercion in early adulthood. In contrast, higher levels of observed coercive relationship talk with a friend predicted sexual coercion in early adulthood for both males and females. These findings suggest that peers have a socialization function in the development of norms prognostic of sexual coercion, and the need to consider peers in the promotion of healthy relationships.
Self-Reported Cardiac Risk Factors in Emergency Department Nurses and Paramedics
Authors: Barrett Tyler W. , Norton Valerie C. , Busam Matthew , Boyd Julie , Maron David J. , Slovis Corey M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStudy Objective:Our objective was to assess the prevalence of cardiac risk factors in a sample of urban paramedics and emergency department (ED) nurses.Methods:We asked 175 paramedics and ED nurses working at a busy, urban ED to complete a cardiovascular risk assessment. The survey asked subjects to report smoking history, diet, exercise habits, weight, stress levels, medication use, history of hypertension or cardiac disease, family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cholesterol level (if known)Results:129 of 175 surveys were returned (74% return rate) by 85 paramedics and 44 nurses. The percentages of paramedics and nurses at high or very high risk for cardiac disease were 48% and 41%, respectively. Forty-one percent of female respondents and 46% of male respondents were at high or very high risk. Cigarette smoking was reported in 19% of the paramedics and 14% of the nurses. The percentages of paramedics and nurses who reported hypertension were 13% and 11%, respectively. High cholesterol was reported in 31% of paramedics and 16% of nurses.Conclusions:Forty-eight percent of paramedics and 41% of ED nurses at this center are at high or very high risk for cardiovascular disease, by self-report. Efforts should be made to better educate and intervene in this population of health-care providers in order to reduce their cardiac risk.
Lesson 10: Group Dynamics in Disasters: Managing Work Groups
Authors: Cuny Fred C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGroups are assigned or formed to perform tasks that one person cannot accomplish alone. This lesson describes the classification of work groups, group unity, leadership, motivation, recognition, conflict resolution, and remediation associated with managing groups and their activities. Advantages associated with group process include 1) the generation of better ideas, 2) ability to assume greater risks; make fewer errors; 3) the capacity for greater knowledge and 4) information, and for some problems, production of better decisions. Groups may be formal or informal. Formal groups may be organic, task-directed, or committees. Informal groups arise when it becomes obvious that a group will work better or may be formed by a discipline within the organization or through friendships. The size of the group its status within the organization, the goals established, and the dependence of the members on the group all may affect the cohesiveness of the group. Leadership of the group must keep the group focused on the objectives and enhancement of the efficiency of its operation and the quality of the decisions made by the group. Motivation of a group often is more difficult than is that for individuals and generally positive inducements work better than do negative measures such as coercion and reprimands. Roles are often informal and conferred by the group collectively. Often norms are established within groups that help the group deal with conflict. Inadequate performance within a formal group may require changes in the leadership, removal of a member or clique within the group, reduction of group size, and/or dissolution of the group. Understanding the dynamics of groups is an essential skill required of good managers.
Theme 2. Telehealth and Communication Technologies in Health: Summary and Action Plan
Authors: Anderson Peter , Ho Kendall , Braham Stephen , Brownsword Patrick , Delooz Hermann , Flanagan John , Jorgenson Dexada , Landers Ruth E. , Mathew Dolly , McLeod Doug , Miller Glen , Nadeau Ray , Rasmussen Eric , Rudyanto Bambang , Schouton John , Wang Lee-Min , Woodworth Brent 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Rapid innovations and improvements in communication technologies have opened many new channels for health education and delivery, as well as disaster management. Theme 2 examined the role and applicability of these technologies to Disaster Medicine and Management and the various issues involved in their use.Methods:Details of the methods used are provided in the introductory paper. The chairs moderated all presentations and produced a summary that was presented to an assembly of all of the delegates. The chairs then presided over a workshop that resulted in the generation of a set Action Plans that then were reported to the collective group of all delegates.Results:Main points developed during the presentations and discussion included harnessing convergence, seeking interoperability, building partnerships and making it appropriate. This group identified four Principles of Action underlying its plan: (1) investigate possibilities, (2) identify stake-holders, (3) invite participation, and (4) involve discussants in activities.Discussion:Action plans were categorized into three areas that included “thinking globally, acting regionally”, forming a telehealth advisory group, and increasing corporate partnerships.Conclusions:Technology is opening many opportunities that have applications in disaster management. To optimize benefits, goals and standards must be agreed upon and implemented.
Racial and Ethnic Patterns in the Utilization of Prehospital Emergency Transport Services in the United States
Authors: McConnel Charles E. , Wilson Rosemary W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:This descriptive research used a large, urban population-based data set for prehospital emergency medical transports to examine racial/ethnic patterns of access and utilization for several broad categories of emergency medical transport services.Methods:Fire department files of approximately 39,000 reports on service provision were used to establish rates of transport utilization per 1,000 population in 1990, the most recent year for which reliable citylevel census data were available. Data were categorized by three age groups (< 25 years 25–64years,≥ 65years), three racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, Hispanics), and gender. Transport rates were computed for total utilization, trauma incidents, and incidents due to medical conditions. Racial/ethnic rates were analyzed for each age and gender group and age- and gender-standardized rates were analyzed and presented in a graphical comparison. Statistical analyses of racial/ethnic differences were conducted using Tukey-type tests of multiple comparisons of proportions, with significant differences evaluated at the p = 0.001 level of significance.Results:Significant differences between racial/ethnic groups in the utilization of emergency transport services existed for all pair-wise comparisons including comparisons by each of the three age groups and gender. For total utilization, unadjusted rates are highest for African-Americans (65.9/1,000) and lowest for Hispanics (25.8/1.000). Likewise, African-American rates were substantially higher for both gender groups and across all age groups. Categorized by gender and age group under age ≥ 65 years, non-Hispanic whites are observed to have the lowest rates for both males and females under the age 65 years, while Hispanics have the lowest rates in the group 65 years old However, when rates are age- and gender- standardized, compared to African-Americans and Hispanics, rates for non-Hispanic whites are significantly lower for total transports and for trauma and medically related transports (p = 0.001).Conclusion:Age- and gender- standardized rates for emergency medical transport were found to be lowest for non-Hispanic whites, moderately higher for Hispanics, and subsantially higher for African-Americans, who experienced transport rates nearly three times higher than were the rates for non-Hispanic whites. Further research is required to establish the extent to which racial/ethnic differences observed in this geographically restricted study reflect variations between racial/ethnic groups in the underlying need for services.
An Israeli Model of a Hospital Emergency Information Center
Authors: Drory Margalit , Posen Jennie , Vilner Doron , Ginzburg Karni , Lederman Bianca 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Emergency Information Center model developed by the social work department of Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center is activated in cases of mass casualties following disasters. It aims to provide reliable information to help the public cope with confusion and uncertainty, and to enable the medical staff to concentrate on treating the casualties. The Information Center is comprised of several interrelated units within the hospital, and maintains contact with a range of community organizations. The article describes the structure and activities of the various units, and discusses a number of aspects relevant to personnel organization in crisis intervention.
Total Blood Exchange with Pyridoxalated Polyhemoglobin
Authors: Hobbhahn J. , Jesch F. , Vogel H. , Madler Ch. , Peter K. 
Published: July 2016

There is a great clinical need for readily available volume replacement fluids with the property of oxygen transport. From the fluorocarbone emulsions only stromafree hemoglobin solutions seem to meet the essential requirements of oxygen transport and delivery at the tissue level. However, the high oxygen affinity and the short intravascular persistence have been preventing, up until now, the application of hemoglobin solutions for blood replacement.Recently, a modified hemoglobin solution with a decreased oxygen affinity and a long intravascular persistence, has been produced by binding pyridoxalphosphate to the hemoglobin and its subsequent crosslinking. The hemodynamics and oxygen unloading capacity of this pyridoxalated polyhemoglobin have been investigated in a model of total blood exchange.
Relief Work in the Wave of the Cyclone “Kamisy”
Authors: Korver Adriaan J.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn the night of April 11, 1984, the cyclone “Kamisy” struck the northern part of Madagascar. Because of the alarming reports from the disaster area, the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies decided to send a disaster stand-by team. The results of the survey of the disaster area and the medical assistance are discussed. Attention is also given to the objectives of the disaster stand-by team.
Lessons Learned and Unsolved Public Health Problems After Large-Scale Disasters
Authors: Koscheyev Victor S. , Leon Gloria R. , Greaves Ian A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground:This paper examines the considerable medical and psychological problems that ensue after disasters in which massive populations are affected for extended and sometimes unknown time periods. The organization of disaster response teams after large-scale disasters is based on experiences as a medical specialist at Chernobyl immediately after this catastrophe. Optimal ways of dealing with the immediate medical and logistical demands as well as long-term public health problems are explored with a particular focus on radiation disasters. Other lessons learned from Chernobyl are explained.Issues:Current concerns involve the constant threat of a disaster posed by aging nuclear facilities and nuclear and chemical disarmament activities. The strategies that have been used by various groups in responding to a disaster and dealing with medical and psychological health effects at different disaster stages are evaluated. The emergence of specialized centers in the former Soviet Union to study long-term health effects after radiation accidents are described. Worldwide, there has been relatively little attention paid to mid- and long-term health effects, particularly the psychological stress effects. Problems in conducting longitudinal health research are explored.Recommendations:The use of a mobile diagnostic and continuously operating prehospital triage system for rapid health screening of large populations at different stages after a large-scale disaster is advisable. The functional systems of the body to be observed at different stages after a radiation disaster are specified. There is a particularly strong need for continued medical and psychosocial evaluation of radiation exposed populations over an extended time and a need for international collaboration among investigators.