bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Diamondback Moth and Cross-Striped Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai and Abamectin, 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. , Swanson G. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted 11 Feb. in single rows on raised polyethylene-mulched beds of fumigated, sandy soil as a follow-up crop to fall corn. Plots were single-rows 24 ft long on 6 ft centers and experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 treatments and 4 replicates. Fall-planted collards were left at the ends of each plot to provide inoculum. Infestations of DBM and CSCW on cabbage were confirmed before weekly treatments commenced on 16 Mar using a CO2 backpack sprayer with a single nozzle calibrated for 39 gal/acre at 50 psi. Controls were unsprayed. A nonionic surfactant, APSA, was added to both spray mixtures at the rate of 3 oz/100 gal. Evaluations 3 days post-spray on 10 randomly selected plants per plot consisted of counts and percent damage estimates on the 5 outer head and 5 inner wrapper leaves. The 15 largest heads per plot were harvested and graded for marketability and weighed on 26 Apr. Heads were considered nonmarketable if there was insect damage in excess of 5% on the head or 10% on the wrapper leaves.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set on 2 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart in 30 ft rows, and rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots were separated by a single untreated row, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were begun when approximately 25% of plants were infested with lepidopterous larvae. Applications were made on 17 and 24 Jun, 8, 15, 22 and 29 Jul, and 5 Aug. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre through three hollowcone nozzles per row. The nozzles were arranged on the spray wand with one overhead and two drop nozzles. Triton B-1956 was added as a spreader sticker to spray solutions at the rate of 4 oz/100 gal. Rainfall was sparse throughout the trial period, with 1.05, 3.44 and 5.44 inches falling in Jun, Jul and Aug, respectively. CL, DBM and ICW populations were sampled by counting the number of larvae on 10 heads per treatment 7 d after each application. Two-way ANOVA was conducted using season total counts. Plots were harvested on 11 Aug, when 20 heads/treatment were rated on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage; 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, and 5 = severe damage). All heads receiving a rating of ≤2 were considered marketable.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were planted on 16 Aug near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 40 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 24, 31 Aug; 7, 14, 21, 29 Sep and 5 Oct. Latron B-1956 spreader/sticker (0.06%) was added to all treatments on every spray date. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 10, 16, 23 Sep and 1, 8 Oct. Yield (percent marketable heads) was taken on 8 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
Chemical Trials and Impact on Insects in Celery, 1991
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 15 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 26 Sep, 3, 10, 17, 24, 30 Oct and 7, 14 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 2, 9, 16, 23, 30 Oct and 5,13 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm, and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1993
Authors: Bowman James S. , Campbell Margaret D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn used in this study was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 24 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were begun on 16 Aug (when approximately 10% of the plants were in silk) using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer. These applications were repeated on 19, 23, and 27 Aug. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on both sides of the plant at a delivery rate of 30.4 gal/acre. Evaluations were made at harvest time on 7 and 8 Sep by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or larval feeding injury.
Ear Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Early Sunglow’ sweet corn was planted 21 Jul on the Fry Farm at the OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 6-8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, with two untreated guard rows between plots and 6 ft of untreated corn at either end of each plot. The entire planting received an application of Sevin XLR (4 EC) on 30 Aug at a rate of 1 qt form./acre for control of adult corn rootworms and other silk damaging insects. Treatments were applied during the silking period on 9, 13, 16, 20, and 24 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 4 Oct by examining 30 ears per plot for any larval pests infesting the ears and for feeding damage to the kernels.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Conventional Products in Spring, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different B. thuringiensis products were compared with conventional insecticides for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 4-yr-old spur type ‘Oregon Spur II’ on dwarfing rootstock (M.7). Treatments were applied to three-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Pre-treatment counts were made on 19 Apr by examining 20 fruit buds per tree and recording the number infested with PLR larvae. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 17 May. Each tree was examined and the total number of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Control of Melon Thrips on Pepper Test 1, Spring, 1994
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a 2 ha field of rockdale soil located in Homestead, FL. ‘Gator Bell’ pepper transplants were set in the field onto raised black polyethylene mulch covered beds following recommended cultural practices on 2 Jan 1994. Beds were 71.1 cm wide and spaced 139.5 cm apart from center to center. The field was cultivated weekly to clean weeds between the rows. Fertilizer was applied in kg/ha at 366 N, 732 P, 732 K on two dates; at planting and 4 wk after planting. The field was irrigated by drip system at weekly intervals delivering approximately 5 cm depth. Plots were 4 rows each 7.6 m long. Four treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Chemical were applied on 2, 8, 15, 22 and 29 April with a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 124 gal/ha at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting a sample of 25 leaves from the center of two middle rows of each treatment 24 h after each of the last 4 insecticide application dates. Leaf samples were placed separately in one-liter plastic cups and transported to the laboratory. Thrips were separated from the leaves by washing with 70% ethanol, and the number of adults and larvae in each sample were recorded. On the last sampling date, foliage damage was rated visually on five randomly selected plants per plot using a scale from 0 to 10, 0 being the worst. The canopy volume of these plants were also determined. Thrips damage on fruits was determined by randomly collecting five fruits (one per plant) from each plot of each treatment. The fruits were graded visually as discussed above. Fruits scoring 5 or above were considered marketable.
Control of Potato Insects, FT. Collins, Co 1994
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Cooper Dayna , Casey Sclar D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm, iorth of Ft. Collins, CO. Plantings were made 13 May, at 32-inch row spacing. Individual plots were two rows, 30-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. At planting all rows were left uncovered to allow application of soil systemic treatments (Disyston 15G, Furadan 4F, Bay NTN 33893). Rows were covered within 2 hours of application. Foliar treatments were applied 29 Jun and 26 Jul using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gpa.
Evaluation of Preplant-Incorporated Insecticides for Control of Overwintered Colorado Potato Beetles, 1990
Authors: Dively Galen P. , Linduska James J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests were conducted at two locations in Maryland: WREC, at Queenstown and SMREC at Upper Marlboro. The experimental design involved treated strips 1.5 meters wide with repeated plots established within each strip. Each treated strip was adjacent to an untreated strip on both sides which served as paired controls. A single row of potatoes was planted at the center of each strip on 10 Apr at WREC and 12 Apr at SMREC. To confine emerging adults and subsequent larvae, saran-screened tent cages (0.75 meters wide and 5.5 meters long) were placed over a 4.9 m section of each row 1 week after planting. The design was restricted to two strips with two cages for each treatment at WREC or one strip with two cages for each treatment at SMREC. Telone was applied with a tractor-mounted gravity flow soil fumigant rig set for broadcast treatment. Telone II applications of 20 gal/acre were made on 16 Mar at WREC and 21 Mar at SMREC. Lorsban 15G granulars were applied as a broadcast treatment at the rate of 6.5 lb/acre with a shaker can one week prior to planting. At the same time, Penncap M 2FM was applied as a broadcast treatment at the rate of 4 pt/acre with a CO2 backpack sprayer with two cone-jet nozzles, delivering 20 gal. diluted spray/acre at 30 psi. Both Lorsban and Penncap M treatments were lightly incorporated 5 to 7.5 cm in the soil with hand rakes. A single count of F, larvae was made when the majority of eggs were hatched. This level represented the progeny of the overwintered adults and thus was used as a relative index of the number of overwintered adults that emerged beneath each cage. The paired “ t ” test was used to determine whether the differences between paired treated and untreated strips were significant.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 11 Apr, ‘93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 1, 9, 21 and 29 Jun. On 21 and 29 Jun, Kryocide and Novodor plots were sprayed with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre to control adult Colorado Potato Beetle. Abamectin plots were treated with Asana XL 0.05 lb Al/acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 lb Al/acre on 21 Jun to control adult CPB. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1994
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times and was conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1993. It was planted 23 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 20 Jun. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by eight foliar applications of chlorothalonil. Furrow granular applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 k liter/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, middle, and bottom leaf on 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logl0(x + 1). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 10.9, 9.6, 3.3 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.9, 20.3 and 17.7°C.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1994
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiments were randomized complete block designs with six replicates each. The four experiments were planted 23 and 24 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1993. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by eight foliar applications of chlorothalonil. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 k liter/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 10.9, 9.6, and 3.3 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.9, 20.3 and 17.7°C.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis in Spring, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to two-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. Application dates were 18 and 27 Apr and plant development stages were full bloom and petal fall, respectively. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 9 May. One tree from each plot was examined, and the total number of live leafrollers found at a height between 4 and 8 ft in the canopy was recorded.
Potato Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Slocombe Andrew C. , Ferro David N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 1 ON: 10P:1 OK/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting, and an additional 200 lbs was applied at hilling on 30 Jun. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 plants or whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. Admire was applied in the furrow at planting (136 g AI/A), and in a separate treatment it was applied to the base of the plants on 8 Jun (91 g AI/A). All foliar treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and the 7 day treatments were applied again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. The 14 day treatments were applied on 15, 29 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul.
Potato Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Slocombe Andrew C. , Ferro David N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 whole plants or stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. All treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Squash Vine Borer Control on Pumpkins, 1993
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G. , Clark J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Connecticut Field’ pumpkins were direct seeded 8 June, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre-plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Bravo 720 was applied weekly between 30 Jul and 8 Sep along with four biweekly applications of Benlate 50W. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. Rows were spaced six ft apart. Single, untreated guard-rows were planted along the outside edges of each block. Seven treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Malathion, Methoxychlor, Rotenone and Thiodan on 16, 23 and 30 July and 6 Aug. The basal portions of the plants were treated by either spraying rows from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre or using a hand-cranked duster. Five plants from each plot were dissected on 26 and 27 Aug and SVB larvae were counted. On 7 Sep, aphids were counted on two leaves from five plants per plot. Fruit from five plants per plot were harvested, counted and weighed on 16 and 17 Sep.
Adios, Rotenone, and Conventional Insecticides for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control in Cucurbits, 1994
Authors: Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D. , Battels D. W. , Bolin P. C. , O’Rourke P. K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in a commercially grown field of pumpkin managed by Owatonna Canning Co., in Dodge County, Minnesota. The predominant cultivar in the field was ‘Buckskin’ but some ‘Dickinson’ was also present. The field was planted 18 May. Plots consisted of single 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 5 ft (1.52 m) centers. Plant spacing was 18 inches (0.46 m). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications. All plots were separated by one skip row. Treatments were applied once (8 Jun) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a XRTeejet 8002 flat fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.8 liter/ha) at 35 psi (242 kPa). Adios, a cucurbitacin bait treatment, contained 13% carbaryl. Percent infestation and insect counts were taken on 9 Jun (1 DAT), 11 Jun (3 DAT), and 15 Jun (7 DAT). SCB was the dominant insect pest, with only a low-level population of spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi present in the plots. Count and percentage data were transformed by x + 0.5 and arcsin (x), respectively.
Soil and Foliar Insecticides to Control Insects in Sweet Potatoes, Painter, VA, 1994
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet potatoes were planted on 17 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long on 3 ft spacing, replicated six times in a randomized, complete block design. A single untreated guard row separated each plot. Soil treatments were applied immediately prior to planting in the manner indicated in the table and incorporated. Lorsban 4E and Fipronil 80WG were applied using a 6 flat fan nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The gallonage was increased to 40 gal/acre for the Sevin foliar sprays. The granular treatments were applied using a hand-held shaker. Application dates are indicated in the table. Foliar sprays were started when the first click beetles (wireworm adults) appeared in the black light trap at Painter, VA. The threshold sprays were terminated after the wireworm flights had stopped, and the scheduled sprays were applied weekly through 23 Aug. The center row of each plot was harvested on 12 Oct and 25 market sized roots were randomly chosen, washed, and then examined for insect damage. Damage from wireworms, Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica) and Systena flea beetles is similar and was, therefore, counted and analyzed together as a complex (WDS damage).