bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STICKING OF MOLECULES ON NONPOROUS AMORPHOUS WATER ICE
Authors: He Jiao , Acharyya Kinsuk , Vidali Gianfranco 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Accurate modeling of physical and chemical processes in the interstellar medium (ISM) requires detailed knowledge of how atoms and molecules adsorb on dust grains. However, the sticking coefficient, a number between 0 and 1 that measures the first step in the interaction of a particle with a surface, is usually assumed in simulations of ISM environments to be either 0.5 or 1. Here we report on the determination of the sticking coefficient of H2, D2, N2, O2, CO, CH4, and CO2 on nonporous amorphous solid water. The sticking coefficient was measured over a wide range of surface temperatures using a highly collimated molecular beam. We showed that the standard way of measuring the sticking coefficient—the King–Wells method—leads to the underestimation of trapping events in which there is incomplete energy accommodation of the molecule on the surface. Surface scattering experiments with the use of a pulsed molecular beam are used instead to measure the sticking coefficient. Based on the values of the measured sticking coefficient, we suggest a useful general formula of the sticking coefficient as a function of grain temperature and molecule-surface binding energy. We use this formula in a simulation of ISM gas–grain chemistry to find the effect of sticking on the abundance of key molecules both on grains and in the gas phase.
SELECTING M GIANTS WITH INFRARED PHOTOMETRY: DISTANCES, METALLICITIES, AND THE SAGITTARIUS STREAM
Authors: Li Jing , Smith Martin C. , Zhong Jing , Hou Jinliang , Carlin Jeffrey L. , Newberg Heidi Jo , Liu Chao , Chen Li , Li Linlin , Shao Zhengyi , Small Emma , Tian Hao 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Using a spectroscopically confirmed sample of M giants, M dwarfs, and quasars from the LAMOST survey, we assess how well Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Two Micron All Sky Survey color cuts can be used to select M giant stars. The WISE bands are very efficient at separating M giants from M dwarfs, and we present a simple classification that can produce a clean and relatively complete sample of M giants. We derive a new photometric relation to estimate the metallicity for M giants, calibrated using data from the APOGEE survey. We find a strong correlation between the

color and

, where almost all of the scatter is due to photometric uncertainties. We show that previous photometric distance relations, which are mostly based on stellar models, may be biased and devise a new empirical distance relation, investigating trends with metallicity and star formation history. Given these relations, we investigate the properties of M giants in the Sagittarius stream. The offset in the orbital plane between the leading and trailing tails is reproduced, and by identifying distant M giants in the direction of the Galactic anticenter, we confirm that the previously detected debris in the outer halo is the apocenter of the trailing tail. We also find tentative evidence supporting an existing overdensity near the leading tail in the northern Galactic hemisphere, possibly an extension to the trailing tail (so-called Branch C). We have measured the metallicity distribution along the stream, finding a clear metallicity offset between the leading and trailing tails, in agreement with models for the stream formation. We include an online table of M giants to facilitate further studies.
MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF A SUBARCSECOND PENUMBRAL TRANSIENT BRIGHTENING EVENT
Authors: Bai X. Y. , Su J. T. , Cao W. D. , Liu S. Q. , Deng Y. Y. , Priya T. G. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We report a subarcsecond penumbral transient brightening event with the high-spatial resolution observations from the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST), Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), and the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The transient brightening, whose thermal energy is in the range of nanoflares, has signatures in the chromosphere, the transient region, and the corona. NST's Hα channel reveals the fine structure of the event with a width as narrow as 101 km (0.″14), which is much smaller than the width from the previous observation. The transient brightening lasts for about 3 minutes. It is associated with a redshift of about 17 km s−1, found in the Si iv 1402.77 Å line and exhibits an inward motion to the umbra with a speed of 87 km s−1. The small-scale energy released from the event has a multi-temperature component. Spectral analysis of the brightening region from IRIS shows that not only the transition region lines such as Si iv 1402.77 Å and C ii 1334.53 Å, but also the chromospheric Mg ii k 2796.35 Å line are significantly enhanced and broadened. In addition, the event can be found in all the extreme-ultraviolet passbands of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and the derived differential emission measure profile increases between 4 and 15 MK (or 6.6 ≤ log T ≤ 7.2) in the transient brightening phase. It is possible that the penumbral transient brightening event is caused by magnetic reconnection.
SECOND-GENERATION STELLAR DISKS IN DENSE STAR CLUSTERS AND CLUSTER ELLIPTICITIES
Authors: Mastrobuono-Battisti Alessandra , Perets Hagai B. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Globular clusters (GCs) and nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are typically composed of several stellar populations, characterized by different chemical compositions. Different populations show different ages in NSCs, but not necessarily in GCs. The youngest populations in NSCs appear to reside in disk-like structures as observed in our Galaxy and in M31. Gas infall followed by formation of second-generation (SG) stars in GCs may similarly form disk-like structures in the clusters nuclei. Here we explore this possibility and follow the long-term evolution of stellar disks embedded in GCs, and study their effects on the evolution of the clusters. We study disks with different masses by means of detailed N-body simulations and explore their morphological and kinematic signatures on the GC structures. We find that as a SG disk relaxes, the old, first-generation stellar population flattens and becomes more radially anisotropic, making the GC structure become more elliptical. The SG stellar population is characterized by a lower velocity dispersion and a higher rotational velocity compared with the primordial older population. The strength of these kinematic signatures depends both on the relaxation time of the system and on the fractional mass of the SG disk. We therefore conclude that SG populations formed in flattened configurations will give rise to two systematic trends: (1) a positive correlation between GC ellipticity and fraction of SG population and (2) a positive correlation between GC relaxation time and ellipticity. Therefore, GC ellipticities and rotation could be related to the formation of SG stars and their initial configuration.
HOOKED FLARE RIBBONS AND FLUX-ROPE-RELATED QSL FOOTPRINTS
Authors: Zhao Jie , A. Gilchrist Stuart , Aulanier Guillaume , Schmieder Brigitte , Pariat Etienne , Li Hui 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We studied the magnetic topology of active region 12158 on 2014 September 10 and compared it with the observations before and early in the flare that begins at 17:21 UT (SOL2014-09-10T17:45:00). Our results show that the sigmoidal structure and flare ribbons of this active region observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly can be well reproduced from a Grad–Rubin nonlinear force-free field extrapolation method. Various inverse-S- and inverse-J-shaped magnetic field lines, which surround a coronal flux rope, coincide with the sigmoid as observed in different extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths, including its multithreaded curved ends. Also, the observed distribution of surface currents in the magnetic polarity where it was not prescribed is well reproduced. This validates our numerical implementation and setup of the Grad–Rubin method. The modeled double inverse-J-shaped quasi-separatrix layer (QSL) footprints match the observed flare ribbons during the rising phase of the flare, including their hooked parts. The spiral-like shape of the latter may be related to a complex pre-eruptive flux rope with more than one turn of twist, as obtained in the model. These ribbon-associated flux-rope QSL footprints are consistent with the new standard flare model in 3D, with the presence of a hyperbolic flux tube located below an inverse-teardrop-shaped coronal QSL. This is a new step forward forecasting the locations of reconnection and ribbons in solar flares and the geometrical properties of eruptive flux ropes.
SHELS: COMPLETE REDSHIFT SURVEYS OF TWO WIDELY SEPARATED FIELDS
Authors: Geller Margaret J. , Hwang Ho Seong , Dell’Antonio Ian P. , Zahid Harus Jabran , Kurtz Michael J. , Fabricant Daniel G. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
The Smithsonian Hectospec Lensing Survey (SHELS) is a complete redshift survey covering two well-separated fields (F1 and F2) of the Deep Lens Survey (DLS). Both fields are more than 94% complete to a Galactic extinction corrected R
0 = 20.2. Here, we describe the redshift survey of the F1 field centered at R.A.2000 = 00h53m25.ˢ3 and decl.2000 = 12°33′55″; like F2, the F1 field covers ∼4 deg2. The redshift survey of the F1 field includes 9426 new galaxy redshifts measured with Hectospec on the MMT (published here). As a guide to future uses of the combined survey, we compare the mass metallicity relation and the distributions of D

n
4000 as a function of stellar mass and redshift for the two fields. The mass–metallicity relations differ by an insignificant 1.6σ. For galaxies in the stellar mass range 1010–1011
M
⊙, the increase in the star-forming fraction with redshift is remarkably similar in the two fields. The seemingly surprising 31%–38% difference in the overall galaxy counts in F1 and F2 is probably consistent with the expected cosmic variance given the subtleties of the relative systematics in the two surveys. We also review the DLS cluster detections in the two fields: poorer photometric data for F1 precluded secure detection of the single massive cluster at z = 0.35 that we find in SHELS. Taken together, the two fields include 16,055 redshifts for galaxies with

and 20,754 redshifts for galaxies with R ≤ 20.6. These dense surveys in two well-separated fields provide a basis for future investigations of galaxy properties and large-scale structure.
Alcohol Consumption at Any Level Increases Risk of Injury Caused by Others: Data from the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health
Authors: Clausen Thomas , Martinez Priscilla , Towers Andy , Greenfield Thomas , Kowal Paul 
Published: May 2016

Background Alcohol use is a well-known risk factor for injury. However, information is needed about alcohol drinking patterns and the risk of injury among older adults in low- and middle-income countries as this population grows. We aimed to examine the influence of drinking patterns on the burden of injury and investigate factors associated with different types of injury in older populations in six emerging economies. Methods Data from more than 37,0 adults aged 50 years and older were included from the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) Wave 1 conducted in six emerging economies, namely, China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. We investigated past-year reported injuries from falls, traffic accidents, and being hit or stabbed. Alcohol drinking patterns were measured as lifetime abstinence, ever but not past- week use, and gender-specific past-week low-risk and high-risk use. We stratified by gender and used logistic regression models to observe the association between alcohol drinking pattern and risk of injury by controlling for other factors. Results During the year prior to interview, 627 (2.2%) subjects reported bodily injury resulting from a car accident, 1,156 (4.2%) from a fall, and 339 (.9%) from being hit or stabbed during the past year. For women, only being a high-risk drinker increased the risk of being hit or stabbed, whereas for men, all levels of drinking were associated with an increased risk of being hit or stabbed. We observed a higher risk of being hit or stabbed from past-week high-risk drinking among women (odds ratio [OR] = 6.09, P < 0.01) than among men (OR = 3.57, P < 0.01). We observed no association between alcohol drinking pattern and injury due to car accidents for either women or men. Conclusions The risk of experiencing injury due to violence increased with level of alcohol exposure of the victim. The increase in alcohol use in emerging economies calls for further study into the consequences of alcohol use and for public health initiatives to reduce the risk of violence in older adult populations, with special attention to the experience of older adult women.
Kinematic and diabatic vertical velocity climatologies from a chemistry climate model
Authors: Hoppe Charlotte Marinke , Ploeger Felix , Konopka Paul , Müller Rolf 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The representation of vertical velocity in chemistry climate models is a key element for the representation of the large-scale Brewer–Dobson circulation in the stratosphere. Here, we diagnose and compare the kinematic and diabatic vertical velocities in the ECHAM/Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. The calculation of kinematic vertical velocity is based on the continuity equation, whereas diabatic vertical velocity is computed using diabatic heating rates. Annual and monthly zonal mean climatologies of vertical velocity from a 10-year simulation are provided for both kinematic and diabatic vertical velocity representations. In general, both vertical velocity patterns show the main features of the stratospheric circulation, namely, upwelling at low latitudes and downwelling at high latitudes. The main difference in the vertical velocity pattern is a more uniform structure for diabatic and a noisier structure for kinematic vertical velocity. Diabatic vertical velocities show higher absolute values both in the upwelling branch in the inner tropics and in the downwelling regions in the polar vortices. Further, there is a latitudinal shift of the tropical upwelling branch in boreal summer between the two vertical velocity representations with the tropical upwelling region in the diabatic representation shifted southward compared to the kinematic case. Furthermore, we present mean age of air climatologies from two transport schemes in EMAC using these different vertical velocities and analyze the impact of residual circulation and mixing processes on the age of air. The age of air distributions show a hemispheric difference pattern in the stratosphere with younger air in the Southern Hemisphere and older air in the Northern Hemisphere using the transport scheme with diabatic vertical velocities. Further, the age of air climatology from the transport scheme using diabatic vertical velocities shows a younger mean age of air in the inner tropical upwelling branch and an older mean age in the extratropical tropopause region.
Good Mid- to Long-Term THA Outcomes with a Modified Cementless Rectangular Biconical Stem Design
Authors: Iori Stefano , Viganò Roberto 
Published: May 2016

Purpose Second- and third-generation cementless Zweymüller stems have achieved good long-term outcomes in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The PPF cementless proximal press-fit femoral stem (Biomet Inc.) is based on the Zweymüller stem, with some prominent design differences. This study was designed to assess its performance in terms of survivorship, clinical function, and radiographic outcomes. Methods We retrospectively analysed 250 patients (303 hips) who underwent THA between 1998 and 2011. Patients attended a follow-up visit a mean 10.9 ± 2.6 years after the procedure. All patients underwent radiographic examination and were clinically assessed for Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) and pain visual analogue scale (VAS). Survivorship was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results Clinical data were available for 142 patients (192 hips) and radiographic data for 79 patients (109 hips). Stem survival was 99.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96.6%-99.8%) at 10 years and 95.6% (95% CI 96.6%-99.8%) at 15 years. The median postoperative FJS was 91 (interquartile range [IQR], 75-100). The median VAS score was 0 (IQR, 0-2). Radiolucent lines were observed in 47 hips (43.1%). 25 hips (22.9%) had Grade I ossification, 17 (15.6%) Grade II, and 2 (1.8%) Grade III. 12 hips (11.0%) had osteolysis in at least 1 femoral zone. Conclusions The cementless proximal press-fit femoral stem was associated with good mid- to long-term survival and functional outcomes. The current design can be considered equivalent to the second- and third-generation Zweymüller stems.
Degradation of Silk Films in Multipocket Corneal Stromal Rabbit Models
Authors: Ghezzi Chiara E. , Wang Liqiang , Behlau Irmgard , Rnjak-Kovacina Jelena , Wang Siran , Goldstein Michael H. , Liu Jingbo , Marchant Jeffrey K. , Rosenblatt Mark I. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: May 2016

Introduction The need for human cornea tissues continues to grow as an alternative option to donor tissues. Silk protein has been successfully used as a substrate to engineer corneal epithelium and stroma in vitro. Herein, we investigated the in vivo response and the effect of silk crystalline structure (beta sheet) on degradation rate of silk films in rabbit multipocket corneal models. Methods Three different surgical techniques (peripheral-median P-M, central-superficial C-S, central-deep C-D) were used to assess the in vivo response as well as the degradation profile of silk films with low, medium and high beta sheet (crystalline) content at 2 and 3 months after surgery. Results Approach C-D showed signs of sample degradation without inflammation, with one single incision and a pocket created by flushing air two thirds deep in the corneal stroma. In comparison, approaches P-M and C-S with multiple incisions presented manually dissected surgical pockets resulted in inflammation and possible extrusion of the samples, respectively. Low beta sheet samples lost structural integrity at 2 months after surgery C-D, while medium and high beta sheet content films showed initial evidence of degradation. Conclusions The in vivo response to the silk films was dependent on the location of the implant and pocket depth. Crystallinity content in silk films played a significant role in the timing of material degradation, without signs of inflammation and vascularization or changes in stromal organization.
Systematisch leren van evalueren
Authors: Knottnerus André , de Goede Peter , van der Knaap Peter 
Published: May 2016

Systematic policy oriented learning through evaluation research Using values, effectiveness, independence, and quality to bridge politics and science
Policy evaluation has two main functions: it should lead to policy oriented learning and facilitate accountability. Rendering account is considered an important democratic duty but is not very popular with politicians and, hence, public officials. Learning is popular, but in practice it is often difficult to organize or, indeed, witness.This contribution addresses the question how, in both functions, policy evaluation could be better utilized. As a starting point we the tension between scientific and political rationality and the barriers associated with these different worlds to the development of knowledge.As indispensable for sound and productive knowledge management in government the article outlines the importance of societal values, policy effectiveness as a research angle, and the independence of researchers at major evaluations. In addition, relevant research questions, high methodological quality, responsiveness, good timing, and clear and accessible reporting are indispensable. It is argued that these are by no means abstract notions but can be brought into real day-to-day practice.The conclusion is that a knowledge agenda for policy evaluation that is based on the search for effective policy interventions and societal values can help to bridge politics and science.
Parliamentary oversight via evaluaties?
Authors: Van Humbeeck Peter , Buyse Tim 
Published: May 2016

Parliamentary oversight by evaluation? The position of the Flemish parliament from an international perspective.
Ex post evaluation is important for various reasons, in particular also from the perspective of parliaments. Evaluations feed and deepen the democratic debate by adding evidence on the results and real world impacts of laws. This strengthens each of the three institutional tasks of parliaments (initiating and approving laws, supervising government and approving the budget). Yet few parliaments in OECD countries have deployed ex post evaluation systematically.While the rationale for ex post evaluation is broadly understood, initiatives often run into political logics. The role that parliaments play also differs greatly between countries. There is no clear best practice. Ambition, tradition, culture, political will, capacity and resources determine what is possible and desirable. A positive trend is however noticeable.Building on examples and experiences in several parliaments, we make some recommendations to upgrade ex post evaluation practice within Parliaments. We elaborate on the Flanders’ case, where the Parliament is looking for mechanisms to extend its role in ex post evaluation. We recommend i.a. the introduction of an annual momentum on which the results of Government policies can be discussed and the performance of a number of ex post evaluations by the Parliament following the example of the French system of ‘rapports d’information’.