bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Season Insect Control in Alfalfa, 1994
Authors: Berberet R. , Zarrabi A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nine chemical insecticide treatments were evaluated for efficacy in controlling AW larvae and aphids infesting the first crop of a third yr stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa located at the Agronomy Research Station, Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment samples indicated a population of 0.8 AW larvae and 27.5 aphids/stem. Insecticides were applied on 1 Apr using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles (Spraying Systems Co., TK SS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 24 psi when traveling at 3 mph. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design on plots 5 × 10 m in size, replicated 4 times. Efficacy of treatments was determined for both AW and aphids at 3, 7, 13, and 20 DAT by pulling samples of 25 stems from each plot and placing them in standard Berlese funnels to extract insects for counting. At 18 DAT, an additional sample was collected by clipping 10 stems/plot and rinsing aphids into alcohol for counting. Subsamples of aphids were identified on each date to determine proportions of species present. Dry matter yields were estimated by removing forage from a 1 × 5 m area in each plot using a flail-type harvester. Subsamples were dried for determination of moisture content and yields were calculated on a dry weight/acre basis.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1994
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Twidwell E. K. , Gallenberg D. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Alfalfa weevil control was evaluated at 2 locations near Rapid City and 1 location near Gregory. Treatments consisted of various cultural methods and insecticides applied in a final spray volume of 18 gpa at 32 psi using a hand-held spray boom consisting of 4, 8002S nozzles on 19 inch centers. Insecticide applications were made on 22 May and 25 May at Rapid City and Gregory, respectively. Plots were 30 ft × 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Early harvest was taken on May 25 at Gregory and May 31 at both Rapid City locations. Cultivation treatments at Rapid City consisted of a single pass over the plots with a spring tooth harrow on May 10. The burning treatment at Gregory consisted of a single pass over plots with a tractor-mounted propane flamer at the time of initial alfalfa growth. Alfalfa weevil density was evaluated prior to insecticide treatments and approximately 7 and 14 DAT by taking 10 sweeps from each plot using a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Larval densities are expressed as mean number of alfalfa weevil larvae per 10 sweeps. Yield was determined from a 45 ft2 area in the center of each plot.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1994B
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established at the University of Idaho Plant Science Farms at Genesee and Moscow, ID. Treated and untreated IMC-02 seed was planted at 7 lb/acre using a 6-row (7 inch spacing), small-plot, cone seeder on 6 May at Genesee and 10 May at Moscow. Plots were 3.5 × 16 ft arranged in a RCBD with each treatment replicated 4 times. The plots were cultivated, harrowed and fertilized (200 lb 40-0-0-6 and 150 lb 16-20-0/acre) prior to planting. Seed treated with 5 formulations of Gaucho (imidacloprid) and a benlate-captan (fungicide only) treatment was supplied by Gustafson, Inc. Untreated seed for the foliar treatments and control was supplied by Intermountain Canola. Foliar treatments (Penncap, TD 2342-1, TD 2348-1, methyl parathion, Thiodan, and Sevin) were applied when flea beetle damage to cotyledons was first noted (23 May and 25 May at Genesee and Moscow, respectively) using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. Flea beetle damage ratings and counts of all plants in 6.6 ft of rows 2 and 3 were made 3 and 8 d following the foliar applications. Damage to cotyledons was scored using a 0-6 rating system.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandra D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two insecticide efficacy studies for control against mixed populations of NCR (32% Experiment I and 42% Experiment II) and WCR were conducted at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, PA. The experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart. Corn was planted no-till on 10 May (Experiment I) and 11 May (Experiment II) using a John Deere Max-Emerge 2 row planter with 30-inch row spacing. There were 3 treatments in each experiment which were planted in conventional tillage. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a RCBD with 4 replications per treatment. Plants were counted on 1 Jun (Experiment I) and 8 Jun (Experiment II). Root damage ratings were evaluated 26 Jul (Experiment I) and 29 Jul (Experiment II) using the Iowa 1 to 6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 11 Nov (Experiment I) and 8 Nov (Experiment II). Percent moisture was determined for each plot and adjusted to 15.5%.
Evaluation of Scout X-Tra and Decis Formulations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 2 Jun into plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in an RCB design with 4 replications. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X- 8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticide treatments were applied on 12, 15, 22 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Treatment efficacy was determined by examining 50 squares for evidence of damage. The center two rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 12 Oct to estimate seedcotton yields. The test area received 0.11, 1.9 and 0.13 inches rainfall on 13, 20, 21 Aug, respectively. Supplemental irrigation was provided by an overhead system sprinkler “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Cotton Aphid Control in Northeast Arkansas, 1994
Authors: Studebaker Glenn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides in combination with silicon-based surfactants against cotton aphids in northeast Arkansas. These plots consisted of four 38-inch rows 50 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The field had been sprayed with oxamyl at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre on 20 and 27 Jun and with cypermethrin at 0.06 lb (AI)/acre on 5 Jul. Treatments were applied on 13 Jul with a handboom calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through 2 TX-4 hollowcone nozzles per row at 70 psi. Pre-treatment counts were made on 13 Jul before treatments were applied. Treatments were evaluated 2 DAT by counting the number of live aphids on 10 leaves per plot. At 5 DAT the beneficial fungus had reduced aphid numbers in all plots and the test was terminated.
Evaluation of Dipel Es for Management of Arthropods in Soybean, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 60 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 22 May at about 10 seed/ft and treated with 2 pt Dual and % pt Scepter/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/ acre. Seedlings emerged 26 May. Treatments as described in the tables were applied to the middle 2 rows of each designated plot on 5 Sep when soybeans were R5 and Lepidoptera defoliator populations were beginning to increase. Applications were made with a 4-nozzle hand-held boom sprayer equipped with 800067 tips and 50 mesh screens in a final spray volume of 20.8 gal/acre. The propellant was CO2 at 22 psi. Applications were made during calm conditions. Only 0.05 inches of rain fell within 1 wk after application. From application to the last sampling date (5 Sep-16 Oct), 2.27 inches of rain was recorded. Eight days before and 6, 12, 20, 28, 34, and 41 days after application, 9 ft of row in each plot were sampled with a vertical beat sheet. Samples were placed in plastic bags and refrigerated. At a later date, samples were inspected for arthropods. At maturity, the middle 2 rows of each plot were harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT where appropriate.
Evaluation of Dimilin and Benlate for Soybean Insect Pest and Disease Control, 1992
Authors: Way M. O. , Whitney N. G. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 22 May at about 10 seeds/ft and treated with 2 pt Dual and % pt Scepter/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/acre. Seedlings emerged 26 May. Treatments were applied by a Solo backpack sprayer to the middle 4 rows of each treated plot when soybeans were R 2/3 (6 Aug) and R 5 (28 Aug). Final spray volume was 20 gal/acre. An application of Benlate 50W at R5 was mistakenly added to the treatment with 2 applications of Dimilin at the high rate. One day before and 4, 22, 35, 41, 48, 55, 62, and 69 d after the initial application (6 Aug), 9 ft of row in each plot were sampled for arthropods using a vertical beat sheet. Samples were taken to the lab, frozen, and contents identified at a later date. On 4 Nov plots were visually rated for anthracnose which was the predominant disease. At maturity (19 Nov), 40 ft of row in each plot was harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.05 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT where appropriate.
Sugarbeet Root Aphid Control in Southern Minnesota, 1994
Authors: Campbell C. D. , Hutchison W. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in a grower’s field &lt;2 km southeast of Shakopee, MN. Beets were planted 12 May. Plants were thinned once to achieve a uniform stand. Each treatment consisted of three 30 ft rows on 22 inch centers; one untreated row bordered treatments on either side. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each plot was manually infested with SRA adults (or fourth instars) weekly on 8, 15, 22 and 29 Jun, with 6, 10, 10 and 8 aphids/ infestation site/plot, respectively. The same 2 ft section of row near the center of the middle row of each plot was infested each week. All insecticides were applied 30 Jun to all three rows of each plot. Granular insecticides were applied using a Noble applicator in a 7 inch band at the base of both sides of the plants. Liquid materials were applied in a directed spray at the base of the plants using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 GPA. All treatments were evaluated 9 Sept by recording the percentage of beets infested with one or more SRA/beet and by using the 0-5 scale root rating system (Hutchison & Campbell 1994, J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 465—175), where 0 = uninfested, and 5 = colonies covering 90-100% of the root surface.
Below-Label Soil Insecticide Performance Against Wireworms in Peat Soil, 1994
Authors: Ostlie K. , Savoie R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The performance of soil insecticides at below label rates was evaluated against wireworms near Winsted, MN, in a replant situation. The first corn planting in this depressional area with Muskego muck soil suffered over 95% stand reduction. Plots, measuring 1 rows (30 inch spacing) × 135 ft, were planted at 26,100 seeds/ acre on 9 Jun using a John Deere 7100 planter. Granular insecticides were applied with modified Noble units mounted on the planter. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Surviving stand was evaluated on 14 Jul by evaluating plants without wireworm symptoms in each plot.
Black Cutworm Control in Bentgrass, 1994
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, IN. All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area, replicated four times in a RCBD. Dispersible formulations were applied through a TeeJet® 11003 spray tip attached to a 60-ml plastic syringe at a volume of 4 gal water/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied using a homemade salt shaker. All treatments were watered in with one-quarter inch of water within 4 h after application. Galvanized steel circular barriers (60 inch circumference) were buried 1 inch into the soil and projected 2 inches above the soil in the center of each plot. Five fourth-instar black cutworms were infested within each barrier 1 d prior to treatment, 12 Oct. Netting material was clipped to the top of each barrier to prevent bird predation. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 15°C; soil temp, at 1 inch, 14°C; thatch depth (natural), &lt;0.2 inches; soil texture, silt loam; wind speed 0-3 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT by applying 1 T of Joy dish washing liquid/gal of water in each arena and recording the number of cutworms that emerged from the turf. The data from three untreated plots in each replicate were averaged to produce a mean for each replicate before statistical analysis.
Control of the Black Turfgrass Ataenius Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway 1994
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on golf course fairway at Seville. Insecticides were applied 23 Jul to plots 10 × 10 ft (3.1 × 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular materials were applied using a drop spreader and shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8008VS nozzles at 35 psi (2.46 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha) and pythrethriods with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet 8010 nozzles at 35 psi (2.46 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2 (814 liter/ha). The experimental area was irrigated approximately V* inch (6 mm) of water using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. BTA: eggs, 1st and 2nd instars present, 60 larvae/ ft2. Turf: level, dry, 5A inch (16 mm) height, 70% bentgrass and 30% annual bluegrass. Thatch: dense, moist, % inch (2 cm). Soil, moist, 74°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 72°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm). Weather: sunny, 81°F, 0 mph. Water: pH 4.6. Efficacy data taken 7 Jul (14 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in six samples 4% inch (10.8 cm) in diam from each plot.
Control of Mites and Thrips in Turfgrass, Golden, Co, 1989
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on a turfgrass growing along the south facing slope of a roadway median that had a previous history of spider mite injury. Individual plots were 10-ft × 15-ft, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. A fall application was applied 28 Nov; spring treatments were applied 7 Apr. Treatments were applied using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 3 gal/1000 ft2. Evaluations were made by use of a D-Vac suction sampler, of 15-inch diameter, with six “put-downs” per plot. Samples were evaluated for brown wheat mites and grass thrips.
Effect of Kelthane and Omite on European Red Mite and T. Occidentalis, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The test was conducted in a ca. 9-acre apple orchard near Chelan, WA. The replicate plots were 9 to 10 rows by 15 to 19 trees, or about 0.94 acres in size. Each of the three treatments was replicated three times. The original treatments were applied on 15 Jul 1993 with an airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 110 gpa. No additional treatments were applied in 1994 except to the Kelthane plots in response to building mite populations. These plots were re-treated with Omite CR 30WP (7.5 lb/acre) on 6 Jul. Mite counts were taken every 2—4 wk depending on populations found in the previous count. Samples consisted of 100 leaves, 25 from each of four trees in the center of the plot.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Insecticides on LMRC Home Lawn Research Trial Plots, University Park, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. , Butler J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The home lawn consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade topdressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time one (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.125- 0.25 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 12.2% sand, 48.8% silt, 39.0% clay; organic matter, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 19.0%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.7; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment time one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. At treatment time two (13 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 12.2% sand, 48.8% silt, 39.0% clay; organic matter, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 14.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH 6.7; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment time two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.4 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 31 DAT (30 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Evaluation of Relative Speed of Incapacitation of Elm Bark Beetle Insecticides, Laboratory Bioassay, 1993
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Branches of Siberian elm were sprayed 17 Aug to point of run-off with insecticides to evaluate their relative speed to incapacitate elm bark beetle adults. High-end labelled rates for foliar application were used for all treatments. Treated branches were collected 23 Aug and 13 Sep and cut twigs placed in petri dishes with beetles. In each trial, elm bark beetles were collected with pheromone-baited Lindgren funnels and placed in groups of 10 in petri dishes and given portions of the treated branches as food. In the first trial 6 replications were used; only 3 were used in the second trial due to declining bark beetle numbers. Mortality and morbidity was assessed at three intervals within 1 DAT. Morbidity was determined as being unable to walk, but still capable of some movement.
Persistence of Dipel Es, 1994
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Burris Gene , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dipel ES was evaluated for persistence and efficacy against tobacco budworm in a field of Deltapine 51 cotton planted at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA on 18 Apr. Plots consisted of two rows of cotton plants (40 inch centers) by 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments (untreated, Dipel ES at 4.0 and 16 oz (form)/acre) were evaluated at 3 time intervals after treatment (2, 24 and 48 h). Insecticides were applied on 6 Jun with a tractor mounted spray boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 GPA at 42 psi through two 8001 fiat fan nozzles equally spaced per row. No rainfall occurred during this study. At 2, 24 and 48 h after insecticide application (HAT), 25 cotton plant terminals were randomly collected from each plot and placed in florist water pics. Two 2nd instar LSU-LAB tobacco budworm larvae (S4 days old; 3.3-7.7 mg) were placed on each plant terminal. Larvae were confined to plant terminals for 72 h after which mortality was recorded. A larva was considered dead if it was unable to right itself within 15 s after being prodded. Mortality was corrected for that observed on untreated plant terminals using Abbott’s formula. All data were subjected to ANOVA and means were compared using Least Significant Differences.
Evaluation of Thuricide 48Lv Against Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Larvae of Various Age, Laboratory Bioassay, 1992
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted to determine the relative susceptibility of different larval stages of Douglas-fir tussock moth to the Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide Thuricide 48LV. Cultures were established from egg masses collected near Vail, CO and larvae were maintained on field collected foliage of white fir. Bioassays consisted of dipping foliage in various dilutions (1:200-1:3200) which was fed to larvae after air drying. Trials with Instar I involved placing newly hatch caterpillars in groups of twenty with five replications, and maintaining them in petri dishes. Later instar larvae were divided into groups of ten with six replications per treatment. Mortality was checked at varying intervals after exposure and food was replenished as needed.
Toxicity of Admire to Second and Third Instar Silverleaf Whitefly Nymphs on Tomato Leaves, 1994
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Bioassays were conducted on 25-29 April 1994 at the Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida at Immokalee. Two lots of imidacloprid were tested, Admire®1 (2 F) and BAY NTN 33893 (21.4% imidacloprid, Miles, Inc., Kansas City, MO). SLWF used in this study was maintained in established greenhouse cultures on potted tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Miller, cv. ‘Lanai’) (one in each 15-cm pot) using Metro-Mix® 300 growing medium (Grace Sierra, Horticultural Products Company, Milpitas, CA), and fertilized once per wk using a slow release fertilizer (NPK: 12-8-6) (Diamond R Fertilizer Company, Winter Garden, FL). Whitefly-free tomato plants were exposed to whiteflies for 24 hr in the greenhouse. The plants were then disinfested of adult whiteflies with a vacuum cleaner and maintained in whitefly-free cages for 10 days to obtain second and third instars. Infested leaves were dipped in imidacloprid solutions and then placed individually in a 20 ml glass vial filled with water to incubate for 4 d at 25 ± 2°C, 70% (±5%), RH, and fluorescent illumination at 14:10 (L:D) h. Nymphs were examined with a stereoscopic microscope and dead nymphs distinguished as dry or detached from the leaf surface.