bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome with Nondigestible Fermentable Carbohydrates To Improve Human Health
Authors: Deehan Edward C. , Duar Rebbeca M. , Armet Anissa M. , Perez-Muñoz Maria Elisa , Jin Mingliang , Walter Jens 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThere is a clear association between the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases, providing a rationale for the development of strategies that target the GI microbiota to improve human health. In this article, we discuss the potential of supplementing the human diet with nondigestible fermentable carbohydrates (NDFCs) to modulate the composition, structure, diversity, and metabolic potential of the GI microbiome in an attempt to prevent or treat human disease. The current concepts by which NDFCs can be administered to humans, including prebiotics, fermentable dietary fibers, and microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, as well as the mechanisms by which these carbohydrates exert their health benefits, are discussed. Epidemiological research presents compelling evidence for the health effects of NDFCs, with clinical studies providing further support for some of these benefits. However, rigorously designed human intervention studies with well-established clinical markers and microbial endpoints are still essential to establish (i) the clinical efficiency of specific NDFCs, (ii) the causal role of the GI microbiota in these effects, (iii) the underlying mechanisms involved, and (iv) the degree by which inter-individual differences between GI microbiomes influence these effects. Such studies would provide the mechanistic understanding needed for a systematic application of NDFCs to improve human health via GI microbiota modulation while also allowing the personalization of these dietary strategies.
Bacterial Endosymbionts: Master Modulators of Fungal Phenotypes
Authors: Araldi-Brondolo Sarah J. , Spraker Joseph , Shaffer Justin P. , Woytenko Emma H. , Baltrus David A. , Gallery Rachel E. , Arnold A. Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
The ecological modes of fungi are shaped not only by their intrinsic features and the environment in which they occur, but also by their interactions with diverse microbes. Here we explore the ecological and genomic features of diverse bacterial endosymbionts—endohyphal bacteria—that together are emerging as major determinants of fungal phenotypes and plant-fungi interactions. We first provide a historical perspective on the study of endohyphal bacteria. We then propose a functional classification of three main groups, providing an overview of their genomic, phylogenetic, and ecological traits. Last, we explore frontiers in the study of endohyphal bacteria, with special attention to those facultative and horizontally transmitted bacteria that associate with some of the most diverse lineages of fungi. Overall, our aim is to synthesize the rich literature from nearly 50 years of studies on endohyphal bacteria as a means to highlight potential applications and new research directions.
An electronic trigger based on care escalation to identify preventable adverse events in hospitalised patients
Authors: Bhise Viraj , Sittig Dean F , Vaghani Viralkumar , Wei Li , Baldwin Jessica , Singh Hardeep 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundMethods to identify preventable adverse events typically have low yield and efficiency. We refined the methods of Institute of Healthcare Improvement’s Global Trigger Tool (GTT) application and leveraged electronic health record (EHR) data to improve detection of preventable adverse events, including diagnostic errors.MethodsWe queried the EHR data repository of a large health system to identify an ‘index hospitalization’ associated with care escalation (defined as transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) or initiation of rapid response team (RRT) within 15 days of admission) between March 2010 and August 2015. To enrich the record review sample with unexpected events, we used EHR clinical data to modify the GTT algorithm and limited eligible patients to those at lower risk for care escalation based on younger age and presence of minimal comorbid conditions. We modified the GTT review methodology; two physicians independently reviewed eligible ‘e-trigger’ positive records to identify preventable diagnostic and care management events.ResultsOf 88 428 hospitalisations, 887 were associated with care escalation (712 ICU transfers and 175 RRTs), of which 92 were flagged as trigger-positive and reviewed. Preventable adverse events were detected in 41 cases, yielding a trigger positive predictive value of 44.6% (reviewer agreement 79.35%; Cohen’s kappa 0.573). We identified 7 (7.6%) diagnostic errors and 34 (37.0%) care management-related events: 24 (26.1%) adverse drug events, 4 (4.3%) patient falls, 4 (4.3%) procedure-related complications and 2 (2.2%) hospital-associated infections. In most events (73.1%), there was potential for temporary harm.ConclusionWe developed an approach using an EHR data-based trigger and modified review process to efficiently identify hospitalised patients with preventable adverse events, including diagnostic errors. Such e-triggers can help overcome limitations of currently available methods to detect preventable harm in hospitalised patients.
Subseismic-scale reservoir deformation: introduction
Authors: Ashton M. , Dee S. J. , Wennberg O. P. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This volume examines the current best practice and new challenges in reservoir characterization and modelling of small- to subseismic-scale deformation features through case studies, experimental results and modelling. The papers in this volume include contributions on four themes related to the small-scale deformation of hydrocarbon reservoirs: the characterization of deformation in porous sandstones; novel characterization techniques; quantifying and characterizing deformation in carbonates; and modelling small-scale features. It includes eight papers from the conference Small to Subseismic-Scale Reservoir Deformation, organized by the Petroleum Group of the Geological Society and held in London from 29 to 30 October 2014, plus two additional papers. The observations in this introduction reflect the authors’ experiences and opinions, presentations at the conference and the papers within this volume.
Synaptic activation of putative sensory neurons by hexamethonium-sensitive nerve pathways in mouse colon
Authors: Hibberd Timothy J. , Travis Lee , Wiklendt Lukasz , Costa Marcello , Brookes Simon J. H. , Hu Hongzhen , Keating Damien J. , Spencer Nick J. 
Published: September 2017

The gastrointestinal tract contains its own independent population of sensory neurons within the gut wall. These sensory neurons have been referred to as intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and can be identified by immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in mice. A common feature of IPANs is a paucity of fast synaptic inputs observed during sharp microelectrode recordings. Whether this is observed using different recording techniques is of particular interest for understanding the physiology of these neurons and neural circuit modeling. Here, we imaged spontaneous and evoked activation of myenteric neurons in isolated whole preparations of mouse colon and correlated recordings with CGRP and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, post hoc. Calcium indicator fluo 4 was used for this purpose. Calcium responses were recorded in nerve cell bodies located 5–10 mm oral to transmural electrical nerve stimuli. A total of 618 recorded neurons were classified for CGRP or NOS immunoreactivity. Aboral electrical stimulation evoked short-latency calcium transients in the majority of myenteric neurons, including ~90% of CGRP-immunoreactive Dogiel type II neurons. Activation of Dogiel type II neurons had a time course consistent with fast synaptic transmission and was always abolished by hexamethonium (300 μM) and by low-calcium Krebs solution. The nicotinic receptor agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (during synaptic blockade) directly activated Dogiel type II neurons. The present study suggests that murine colonic Dogiel type II neurons receive prominent fast excitatory synaptic inputs from hexamethonium-sensitive neural pathways.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myenteric neurons in isolated mouse colon were recorded using calcium imaging and then neurochemically defined. Short-latency calcium transients were detected in >90% of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons to electrical stimulation of hexamethonium-sensitive pathways. Putative sensory Dogiel type II calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive myenteric neurons may receive widespread fast synaptic inputs in mouse colon.
Design and validation of a tissue bath 3-D printed with PLA for optically mapping suspended whole heart preparations
Authors: Entz Michael , King D. Ryan , Poelzing Steven 
Published: September 2017

With the sudden increase in affordable manufacturing technologies, the relationship between experimentalists and the designing process for laboratory equipment is rapidly changing. While experimentalists are still dependent on engineers and manufacturers for precision electrical, mechanical, and optical equipment, it has become a realistic option for in house manufacturing of other laboratory equipment with less precise design requirements. This is possible due to decreasing costs and increasing functionality of desktop three-dimensional (3-D) printers and 3-D design software. With traditional manufacturing methods, iterative design processes are expensive and time consuming, and making more than one copy of a custom piece of equipment is prohibitive. Here, we provide an overview to design a tissue bath and stabilizer for a customizable, suspended, whole heart optical mapping apparatus that can be produced significantly faster and less expensive than conventional manufacturing techniques. This was accomplished through a series of design steps to prevent fluid leakage in the areas where the optical imaging glass was attached to the 3-D printed bath. A combination of an acetone dip along with adhesive was found to create a water tight bath. Optical mapping was used to quantify cardiac conduction velocity and action potential duration to compare 3-D printed baths to a bath that was designed and manufactured in a machine shop. Importantly, the manufacturing method did not significantly affect conduction, action potential duration, or contraction, suggesting that 3-D printed baths are equally effective for optical mapping experiments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article details three-dimensional printable equipment for use in suspended whole heart optical mapping experiments. This equipment is less expensive than conventional manufactured equipment as well as easily customizable to the experimentalist. The baths can be waterproofed using only a three-dimensional printer, acetone, a glass microscope slide, c-clamps, and adhesive.
Muscle sympathetic nerve responses to passive and active one-legged cycling: insights into the contributions of central command
Authors: Doherty Connor J. , Incognito Anthony V. , Notay Karambir , Burns Matthew J. , Slysz Joshua T. , Seed Jeremy D. , Nardone Massimo , Burr Jamie F. , Millar Philip J. 
Published: September 2017

The contribution of central command to the peripheral vasoconstrictor response during exercise has been investigated using primarily handgrip exercise. The purpose of the present study was to compare muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) responses during passive (involuntary) and active (voluntary) zero-load cycling to gain insights into the effects of central command on sympathetic outflow during dynamic exercise. Hemodynamic measurements and contralateral leg MSNA (microneurography) data were collected in 18 young healthy participants at rest and during 2 min of passive and active zero-load one-legged cycling. Arterial baroreflex control of MSNA burst occurrence and burst area were calculated separately in the time domain. Blood pressure and stroke volume increased during exercise ( P < 0.0001) but were not different between passive and active cycling ( P > 0.05). In contrast, heart rate, cardiac output, and total vascular conductance were greater during the first and second minute of active cycling ( P < 0.001). MSNA burst frequency and incidence decreased during passive and active cycling ( P < 0.0001), but no differences were detected between exercise modes ( P > 0.05). Reductions in total MSNA were attenuated during the first ( P < 0.0001) and second ( P = 0.0004) minute of active compared with passive cycling, in concert with increased MSNA burst amplitude ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.005, respectively). The sensitivity of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA burst occurrence was lower during active than passive cycling ( P = 0.01), while control of MSNA burst strength was unchanged ( P > 0.05). These results suggest that central feedforward mechanisms are involved primarily in modulating the strength, but not the occurrence, of a sympathetic burst during low-intensity dynamic leg exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscle sympathetic nerve activity burst frequency decreased equally during passive and active cycling, but reductions in total muscle sympathetic nerve activity were attenuated during active cycling. These results suggest that central command primarily regulates the strength, not the occurrence, of a muscle sympathetic burst during low-intensity dynamic leg exercise.
Effect of tapering after a period of high-volume sprint interval training on running performance and muscular adaptations in moderately trained runners
Authors: Skovgaard Casper , Almquist Nicki Winfield , Kvorning Thue , Christensen Peter Møller , Bangsbo Jens 
Published: September 2017

The effect of tapering following a period of high-volume sprint interval training (SIT) and a basic volume of aerobic training on performance and muscle adaptations in moderately trained runners was examined. Eleven (8 men, 3 women) runners [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 56.8 ± 2.9 ml·min−1·kg−1; mean ± SD] conducted high-volume SIT (HV; 20 SIT sessions; 8–12 × 30 s all-out) for 40 days followed by 18 days of tapering (TAP; 4 SIT sessions; 4 × 30 s all-out). Before and after HV as well as midway through and at the end of TAP, the subjects completed a 10-km running test and a repeated running test at 90% of vV̇o2max to exhaustion (RRT). In addition, a biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle was obtained at rest. Performance during RRT was better ( P < 0.01) at the end of TAP than before HV (6.8 ± 0.5 vs. 5.6 ± 0.5 min; means ± SE), and 10-km performance was 2.7% better ( P < 0.05) midway through (40.7 ± 0.7 min) and at the end of (40.7 ± 0.6 min) TAP than after HV (41.8 ± 0.9 min). The expression of muscle Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA)α1, NKAβ1, phospholemman (FXYD1), and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase (SERCA1) increased ( P < 0.05) during HV and remained higher during TAP. In addition, oxygen uptake at 60% of vV̇o2max was lower ( P < 0.05) at the end of TAP than before and after HV. Thus short-duration exercise capacity and running economy were better than before the HV period together with higher expression of muscle proteins related to Na+/K+ transport and Ca2+ reuptake, while 10-km performance was not significantly improved by the combination of HV and tapering. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-duration performance became better after 18 days of tapering from ~6 wk of high-volume sprint interval training (SIT), whereas 10-km performance was not significantly affected by the combination of high-volume SIT and tapering. Higher expression of muscle NKAα1, NKAβ1, FXYD1, and SERCA1 may reflect faster Na+/K+ transport and Ca2+ reuptake that could explain the better short-duration performance. These results suggest that the type of competition should determine the duration of tapering to optimize performance.
Sex Differences in the Utilization and Outcomes of Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Chaker Zakeih , Badhwar Vinay , Alqahtani Fahad , Aljohani Sami , Zack Chad J. , Holmes David R. , Rihal Charanjit S. , Alkhouli Mohamad 
Published: September 2017

Background

Studies assessing the differential impact of sex on outcomes of aortic valve replacement (
AVR
) yielded conflicting results. We sought to investigate sex‐related differences in
AVR
utilization, patient risk profile, and in‐hospital outcomes using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Methods and Results

In total, 166 809 patients (63% male and 37% female) who underwent
AVR
between 2003 and 2014 were identified, and 48.5% had a concomitant cardiac surgery procedure. Compared with men, women were older and had more nonatherosclerotic comorbid conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation/flutter, and anemia but fewer incidences of coronary and peripheral arterial disease and prior sternotomies. In‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in women (5.6% versus 4%,
P
<0.001). Propensity matching was performed to assess the impact of sex on the outcomes of isolated
AVR
and yielded 28 237 matched pairs of male and female participants. In the propensity‐matched groups, in‐hospital mortality was higher in women (3.3% versus 2.9%,
P
<0.001). Along with vascular complications and blood transfusion (6% versus 5.6%,
P
=0.027 and 40.4% versus 33.9%,
P
<0.001, respectively). Rates of stroke, permanent pacemaker implantation, and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis were similar (2.4% versus 2.4%,
P
=0.99; 6% versus 6.3%,
P
=0.15; and 1.4% versus 1.3%,
P
=0.14, respectively). Length of stay median and interquartile range were both similar between groups (7±6 days). Rates of nonhome discharge were higher among women (27.9% versus 19.6%,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

Women have worse in‐hospital mortality following
AVR
compared with men. Coupled with the accumulating evidence suggesting higher magnitude of benefit of transcatheter
AVR
over
AVR
in women, women should perhaps be offered transcatheter
AVR
over
AVR
at a lower threshold than men.
Reflections on Historic Rights in the South China Sea Arbitration (Merits)
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal, in its arbitral award of 12 July 2016, ruled that China’s claims to historic rights with respect to the maritime areas of the South China Sea encompassed by the “nine-dash line” are contrary to the un Convention on the Law of the Sea. To support this conclusion, the Tribunal undertook detailed review with regard to the concept of historic rights and the relationship between China’s claimed historic rights and the Convention. The temporal or historical element can be regarded as a key element to establish historic rights. However, the Tribunal took an approach that minimises the role of the temporary element when examining the legality of China’s claimed historic rights. The Tribunal’s view provides an important insight into the concept of historic rights in the international law of the sea.
More-Persistent Weak Stratospheric Polar Vortex States Linked to Cold Extremes
Authors: Kretschmer Marlene , Coumou Dim , Agel Laurie , Barlow Mathew , Tziperman Eli , Cohen Judah 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The extratropical stratosphere in boreal winter is characterized by a strong circumpolar westerly jet, confining the coldest temperatures at high latitudes. The jet, referred to as the stratospheric polar vortex, is predominantly zonal and centered around the pole; however, it does exhibit large variability in wind speed and location. Previous studies showed that a weak stratospheric polar vortex can lead to cold-air outbreaks in the midlatitudes, but the exact relationships and mechanisms are unclear. Particularly, it is unclear whether stratospheric variability has contributed to the observed anomalous cooling trends in midlatitude Eurasia. Using hierarchical clustering, we show that over the last 37 years, the frequency of weak vortex states in mid- to late winter (January and February) has increased, which was accompanied by subsequent cold extremes in midlatitude Eurasia. For this region, 60% of the observed cooling in the era of Arctic amplification, that is, since 1990, can be explained by the increased frequency of weak stratospheric polar vortex states, a number that increases to almost 80% when El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability is included as well.
Characterizing Sources of Uncertainty from Global Climate Models and Downscaling Techniques
Authors: Wootten A. , Terando A. , Reich B. J. , Boyles R. P. , Semazzi F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn recent years, climate model experiments have been increasingly oriented toward providing information that can support local and regional adaptation to the expected impacts of anthropogenic climate change. This shift has magnified the importance of downscaling as a means to translate coarse-scale global climate model (GCM) output to a finer scale that more closely matches the scale of interest. Applying this technique, however, introduces a new source of uncertainty into any resulting climate model ensemble. Here a method is presented, on the basis of a previously established variance decomposition method, to partition and quantify the uncertainty in climate model ensembles that is attributable to downscaling. The method is applied to the southeastern United States using five downscaled datasets that represent both statistical and dynamical downscaling techniques. The combined ensemble is highly fragmented, in that only a small portion of the complete set of downscaled GCMs and emission scenarios is typically available. The results indicate that the uncertainty attributable to downscaling approaches ~20% for large areas of the Southeast for precipitation and ~30% for extreme heat days (>35°C) in the Appalachian Mountains. However, attributable quantities are significantly lower for time periods when the full ensemble is considered but only a subsample of all models is available, suggesting that overconfidence could be a serious problem in studies that employ a single set of downscaled GCMs. This article concludes with recommendations to advance the design of climate model experiments so that the uncertainty that accrues when downscaling is employed is more fully and systematically considered.