bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigation Canal Network Flow Analysis by a Hydraulic Model
Authors: Kim Hae‐Do , Kim Jin‐Taek , Nam Won‐Ho , Kim Sun‐Joo , Choi Jin‐Yong , Koh Bo‐Sung 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFor agricultural water management to be successfully achieved, flow analysis of irrigation canal network flows is essential to determine the proper distribution of crop water requirements and to contribute to an optimized irrigation operation and water allocation. This study developed a hydraulic analysis model for irrigation canal flow by using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) module by adding the network modelling and paddy water balance model. This model was applied to a rice paddy field rehabilitation project area in the Daesan District located in the western part of South Korea. Results obtained from the calibrated simulation model were compared with the actual measurement data from water‐level gauges at the irrigation canals. The irrigation hydraulic analysis model for canal network flow indicates the significance of using irrigation management tools in improving the analysis for accurate irrigation scheduling based on its simulation results, such as flow travel time, water level and flow amount. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing Particle Movement In Flat Drip Irrigation Emitters With Digital Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Liu Haisheng , Sun Haosu , Li Yunkai , Feng Ji , Song Peng , Zhang Mindi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA computer numerical control (CNC) engraving technology on a full‐scale transparent model of a flat emitter is presented, combined with digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and planar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF), to observe the movement characteristics of particles with different diameters in the prototype and transparent model of embedded flat emitters. The results show that the velocity, vorticity, the overall distribution of streamlines as well as the velocity distribution in the mainstream region of particles with diameters of 10, 50 and 100 µm in the structural units of the model and the prototype emitters, were obviously consistent. The differences among the particles’ maximum velocities reduced with increasing pressure. Both the particles with diameters of 50 and 100 µm in the model and the prototype emitters had a good following behaviour, but it showed the fine particles better than the coarse particles, and the particles of the near wall of flow path were shown better than in the central region. The particle deposition near the wall caused by the frequent starting of the irrigation system was one of the main reasons for formation of clogging substances in the emitters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the relationship between intragroup conflict and social capital in teams: A longitudinal investigation in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Man‐Ling 
Published: April 2016

SummaryIn response to the prevalent deployment of teams in organizations, there is a need to jointly consider conflict and social capital within the teams to offer novel ways to understand group process. This study proposes that the association between intragroup conflict and group social capital may be dynamic and reciprocal. Specifically, this study investigates longitudinally how intragroup conflict influences group social capital within cross‐functional teams and recognizes whether the teams with high group social capital can further produce intragroup conflict. The two‐year longitudinal study sampled 527 individuals in 90 teams across two time periods. This study finds that when teams are formed (Time 1), task conflict relates positively to structural social capital, and relationship conflict relates negatively to cognitive social capital. There is an inverted U‐type relationship between task conflict at Time 1 and social capital at Time 2. Established teams (Time 2) with higher levels of social capital experience higher levels of task conflict and lower levels of relationship conflict than teams with lower levels of social capital. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misguided and Misdiagnosed: The Failure of Decentralization Reforms in the DR Congo
Authors: Englebert Pierre , Mungongo Emmanuel Kasongo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:The DR Congo embarked upon decentralization reforms in 2006 to improve governance and accountability, undermine predation, corruption, and personal rule, bring government closer to the people, and promote local development. As of 2014, despite some regional variations, Congolese decentralization had instead increased the degree to which the state extracts the resources and incomes of its citizens. It had also fostered provincial centralization at the expense of local governments, produced largely unaccountable provinces governing with little transparency, and unleashed self-serving provincial elites. After providing original empirical evidence for these claims, this article suggests that decentralization was thwarted by the failure of formal reforms to affect informal ruling institutions and by an erroneous diagnosis of Congo’s governance failures that singled out the abuse of elites without identifying the generalized nature of the instrumentalization of sovereignty by officeholders at all levels of the state. The article concludes by using Congo’s experience to illustrate important flaws in decentralization reforms in Africa.
“Whether They Promised Each Other Some Thing Is Difficult to Work Out”: The Complicated History of Marriage in Uganda
Authors: Stephens Rhiannon 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:Marriage cases discussed by Catholic missionaries in Uganda at the turn of the twentieth century showcase considerable diversity in relationships between women and men. While these cases reflect the turbulence of the late nineteenth century, the history of marriage and divorce in the region since around 700 CE demonstrates that diversity in marital arrangements was a long-standing phenomenon. This article sets out the history of aspects of marriage and divorce in Buganda, Bugwere, Busoga, and Bushana, and their ancestral communities to show how women and men conceptualized their domestic relationships and adapted them as they dealt with political and social change.
Encouraging Rebel Demobilization by Radio in Uganda and the D.R. Congo: The Case of “Come Home” Messaging
Authors: Ross Scott 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:For several years, local radio stations in Uganda have broadcast “come home” messages that encourage the rebel Lord’s Resistance Army to demobilize. Since the rebels began carrying out attacks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic, several international actors have introduced the same messages to these regions. This new effort has internationalized radio programming, benefited local radio stations, provided new forms of messaging, and functioned in collaboration with military actors. This article provides an overview of how “come home” messaging functions in different contexts, examines the effects of these actions, and calls for research into an important shift in military–humanitarian relations.
How deep is love? The engagement with India in Joseph Needham's historiography of China
Authors: ROCHA LEON ANTONIO 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn 2015 Dhruv Raina published Needham's Indian Network: The Search for a Home for the History of Science in India (1950–1970), bringing to light the long-range networks that institutionalized the disciplinary history of science in post-colonial India, and demonstrating the intellectual and infrastructural contributions of Joseph Needham (1900–1995) in this endeavour. This paper takes a different approach and turns to the way that Needham perceived Indian vis-à-vis Chinese civilization, and the role India played in Needham's historiography of science. It turns out that Needham's most sustained engagement with India could be found in his histories of medicine, bodily practices and alchemical traditions. In the first section of the paper, I outline the key concepts of ‘Grand Titration’ and ‘oecumenical science’ that animated Needham's historiography, which clarifies why Chinese medicine, especially acupuncture, occupies a privileged status. The second section elaborates on Needham's scholarship and vision of acupuncture, involving the verification of acupuncture's reality and efficacy via Western biomedicine. He thought acupuncture would be China's unique contribution to a new ‘universal medicine’ in the modern age, but by contrast Needham saw little worth refurbishing in Indian medicine, arguing via an investigation in yoga that Indian practices were generally less ‘materialist’ and less ‘proto-scientific’. In the third section, I turn my attention to Needham's preoccupation with the history of alchemy around the world, and discuss his theorization on transmission and circulation of scientific knowledge. I comment on Needham's commitment to the thesis that European alchemy was a melting pot of Chinese, Indian, Persian, Arabic, Greek, Egyptian and Roman ideas and practices. While Needham reserved his ‘deepest love’ and ‘profoundest desire’ for Chinese civilization, India on the other hand often occupied a secondary status in his historical accounts, and in the conclusion I move from a critique of Needham's preconceptions to reflect on the writing of the history of non-Western science.
The Implementation of an Evidence-Based Bundle for Bloodstream Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Germany: A Controlled Intervention Study to Improve Patient Safety
Authors: Salm Florian , Schwab Frank , Geffers Christine , Gastmeier Petra , Piening Brar 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVETo improve the patient safety of very-low-birthweight infants in neonatal departments in Germany.DESIGNMulticenter cohort study with a baseline (24 months), an intervention (12 months), and a postinterventional follow-up period (12 months) and time series analysis.STUDY POPULATIONVery-low-birthweight patients from 32 neonatal departments in Germany.METHODSNeonatal departments showing a standardized infection ratio of bloodstream infection 10% higher than the expected number (standardized infection ratio ≥1.1) were invited to participate in the study. To reduce the occurrence of primary bloodstream infections, evidence-based bundles to improve catheter maintenance routines, insertion practice, and hand-hygiene compliance were implemented in the participating infirmaries.RESULTSThirty-four departments participated in the study and 32 reported data. In total, 6,222 very-low-birthweight infants with 231,868 patient-days and 1,405 cases of bloodstream infections were analyzed. In the baseline period the pooled mean bloodstream infection rate was 6.63 (95% CI, 6.17–7.12) per 1,000 patient-days. The bloodstream infection rate decreased in the intervention period to 5.68 (relative risk, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.76–0.97]) and in the 1-year follow-up period to 5.31 per 1,000 patient-days (relative risk, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.70–0.92]). The multivariable time series analysis of monthly aggregated data showed a significant change in the slope for the frequency of bloodstream infections from the start to the end of the intervention (change in slope incidence rate ratio, 0.97;P=.001).CONCLUSIONThe implementation of an intervention bundle is feasible and can reduce bloodstream infections in neonatal departments.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;37:798–804
Stirring by multiple cylinders in potential flow
Authors: Lin Zhi , Zhang Yuanzhao 
Published: April 2016

We consider the enhanced mixing due to multiple cylinders organised in schools moving synchronously in a potential flow. Here simple interactions between cylinders are modelled by the method of image doublets. This is an extension to Thiffeault & Childress’s work (Phys. Lett. A, vol. 374, 2010, pp. 3487–3490) where fluid particle displacements due to non-interacting swimmers were analysed to produce an effective diffusivity that may have a significant impact in ocean mixing. Our results show that schools of two cylinders induce nonlinearly boosted diffusivity compared with the non-interacting case for general configuration parameters, except when they move along a straight line with small separation. We attribute this phenomenon to two different physical mechanisms via which interacting cylinders cooperate to generate long particle drifts depending on their formation. Finally, the effective diffusivity of schools of three or more cylinders in various configurations are also discussed.
Mixing efficiency in stratified turbulence
Authors: Maffioli A. , Brethouwer G. , Lindborg E. 
Published: April 2016

We consider mixing of the density field in stratified turbulence and argue that, at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, stationary turbulence will have a mixing efficiency and closely related mixing coefficient described solely by the turbulent Froude number$Fr={\it\epsilon}_{k}/(Nu^{2})$, where${\it\epsilon}_{k}$is the kinetic energy dissipation,$u$is a turbulent horizontal velocity scale and$N$is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. For$Fr\gg 1$, in the limit of weakly stratified turbulence, we show through a simple scaling analysis that the mixing coefficient scales as${\it\Gamma}\propto Fr^{-2}$, where${\it\Gamma}={\it\epsilon}_{p}/{\it\epsilon}_{k}$and${\it\epsilon}_{p}$is the potential energy dissipation. In the opposite limit of strongly stratified turbulence with$Fr\ll 1$, we argue that${\it\Gamma}$should reach a constant value of order unity. We carry out direct numerical simulations of forced stratified turbulence across a range of$Fr$and confirm that at high$Fr$,${\it\Gamma}\propto Fr^{-2}$, while at low$Fr$it approaches a constant value close to${\it\Gamma}=0.33$. The parametrization of${\it\Gamma}$based on$Re_{b}$due to Shihet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 525, 2005, pp. 193–214) can be reinterpreted in this light because the observed variation of${\it\Gamma}$in their study as well as in datasets from recent oceanic and atmospheric measurements occurs at a Froude number of order unity, close to the transition value$Fr=0.3$found in our simulations.
Crossover scaling phenomena for glaciers and ice caps
Authors: BAHR DAVID B. , PFEFFER W. TAD 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWhile the terms ‘glacier’ and ‘ice cap’ have distinct morphological meanings, no easily defined boundary or transition distinguishes one from the other. Despite this, the exponent of the power law function relating volume to surface area differs sharply for glaciers and ice caps, suggesting a fundamental distinction beyond a smoothly transitioning morphology. A standard percolation technique from statistical physics is used to show that valley glaciers are in fact differentiated from ice caps by an abrupt geometric transition. The crossover is a function of increasing glacier thickness, but it owes its existence more to the nature of the underlying bedrock topography than to specifics of glacier mechanics: the crossover is caused by a switch from directed flow that is constrained by surrounding bedrock topography to unconstrained radial flow of thicker ice that has subsumed the topography. The crossover phenomenon is nonlinear and rapid so that few if any glaciers will have geometries or dynamics that blend the two extremes. The exponents of scaling relationships change abruptly at the crossover from one regime to another; in particular, the volume/area scaling exponent will switch from γ = 1.375 for glaciers to γ = 1.25 for ice caps, with few, if any, ice bodies having exponents that fall between these values.
General models of ecological diversification. I. Conceptual synthesis
Authors: Novack-Gottshall Philip M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEvolutionary paleoecologists have proposed many explanations for Phanerozoic trends in ecospace utilization, including escalation, seafood through time, filling of an empty ecospace, and tiering, among others. These hypotheses can be generalized into four models of functional diversification within a life-habit ecospace framework (functional-trait space). The models also incorporate concepts in community assembly, functional diversity, evolutionary diversification, and morphological disparity. The redundancy model produces an ecospace composed of clusters of functionally similar taxa. The partitioning model produces an ecospace that is progressively subdivided by taxa along life-habit gradients. The expansion model produces an ecospace that becomes progressively enlarged by the accumulation of taxa with novel life habits. These models can be caused by a wide range of ecological and evolutionary processes, but they are all caused by particular “driven” mechanisms. A fourth, neutral model also exists, in which ecospace is filled at random by life habits: this model can serve as a passive null model. Each model produces distinct dynamics for functional diversity/disparity statistics when simulated by stochastic simulations of ecospace diversification. In this first of two companion articles, I summarize the theoretical bases of these models, describe their expected statistical dynamics, and discuss their relevance to important paleoecological trends and theories. Although most synoptic interpretations of Phanerozoic ecological history invoke one or more of the driven models, I argue that this conclusion is premature until tests are conducted that provide better statistical support for them over simpler passive models.
Monitoring for adaptive management in a trial reintroduction of the black-footed rock-wallabyPetrogale lateralis
Authors: West Rebecca , Read John Llewellyn , Ward Matthew James , Foster Wendy K. , Taggart David A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReintroduction practitioners must often make critical decisions about reintroduction protocols despite having little understanding of the reintroduction biology of the focal species. To enhance the available knowledge on the reintroduction biology of the warru, or black-footed rock-wallabyPetrogale lateralisMacDonnell Ranges race, we conducted a trial reintroduction of 16 captive individuals into a fenced predator and competitor exclosure on the An̲angu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. We conducted seven trapping sessions and used radio-tracking and camera traps to monitor survival, reproduction and recruitment to the population over 36 months. Blood samples were collected pre-release and during two trapping sessions post-release to assess nutritional health. The survival rate of founders was 63%, with all losses occurring within 10 weeks of release. Post-release blood biochemistry indicated that surviving warru adapted to their new environment and food sources. Female warru conceived within 6 months of release; 28 births were recorded during the study period and 52% of births successfully recruited to the population. Our results suggest that captive-bred warru are capable of establishing and persisting in the absence of introduced predators. However, the high mortality rate immediately post-release, with only a modest recruitment rate, suggests that future releases into areas where predators and competitors are present should use a trial approach to determine the viability of reintroduction. We recommend that future releases of warru into unfenced areas include an intensive monitoring period in the first 3 months post-release followed by a comprehensive long-term monitoring schedule to facilitate effective adaptive management.
No more time to stay ‘single’ in the detection ofAnisakis pegreffii, A. simplex(s. s.) and hybridization events between them: a multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach
Authors: MATTIUCCI S. , ACERRA V. , PAOLETTI M. , CIPRIANI P. , LEVSEN A. , WEBB S. C. , CANESTRELLI D. , NASCETTI G. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYA multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach was performed on larval and adult specimens ofAnisakisspp. (N= 689) collected from fish and cetaceans in allopatric and sympatric areas of the two speciesAnisakis pegreffiiandAnisakis simplex(s. s.), in order to: (1) identify specimens belonging to the parental taxa by using nuclear markers (allozymes loci) and sequence analysis of a new diagnostic nuclear DNA locus (i.e. partial sequence of the EF1α−1nDNA region) and (2) recognize hybrid categories. According to the Bayesian clustering algorithms, based on those markers, most of the individuals (N= 678) were identified as the parental species [i.e.A. pegreffiiorA. simplex(s. s.)], whereas a smaller portion (N= 11) were recognized as F1hybrids. Discordant results were obtained when using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR–RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) on the same specimens, which indicated the occurrence of a large number of ‘hybrids’ both in sympatry and allopatry. These findings raise the question of possible misidentification of specimens belonging to the two parentalAnisakisand their hybrid categories derived from the application of that single marker (i.e. PCR–RFLPs analysis of the ITS of rDNA). Finally, Bayesian clustering, using allozymes and EF1α−1nDNA markers, has demonstrated that hybridization betweenA. pegreffiiandA. simplex(s. s.) is a contemporary phenomenon in sympatric areas, while no introgressive hybridization takes place between the two species.
Motivational interviewing to enhance adolescent mental health treatment engagement: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Dean S. , Britt E. , Bell E. , Stanley J. , Collings S. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundThe prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders in adolescents is a growing public health concern worldwide. Given the high rates of drop-out and limited resources available in psychiatric settings, the importance of engaging adolescents in evidence-based treatments cannot be understated. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI), as a brief pre-treatment intervention, to enhance treatment engagement in a standard therapy setting (group cognitive behavioral therapy; gCBT) for adolescents with anxiety and mood disorders.MethodNinety-six adolescents (13–18 years) with a principal diagnosis of an anxiety or mood disorder participated in a trial conducted at two publicly funded outpatient services. Participants were randomly assigned to individual MI for treatment engagement prior to gCBT (MI + gCBT), or to an individually administered active control (befriending) prior to gCBT (befriending + gCBT). Eight pairs of gCBT were run in parallel. Outcome measures were the mean number of gCBT sessions attended, treatment initiation, and ratings of readiness for treatment.ResultsParticipants randomized to MI as a pretreatment intervention attended significantly more group therapy sessions compared to those in the active control condition. The MI group also demonstrated greater treatment initiation, and ratings of treatment readiness were significantly higher for those randomized to MI.ConclusionsMI, used as a pre-treatment intervention, enhanced group treatment engagement in adolescents diagnosed with anxiety and mood disorders compared to the active control condition. MI is a promising intervention to facilitate engagement in adolescent mental health settings.
METAPHYSICS AND HEAVY BREATHING (OR TIPPETT'S FOURTH SYMPHONY)
Authors: Young Toby 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMichael Tippett's Fourth Symphony opens with the striking sound of an intake of breath, a gesture, which – according to the composer – describes the very nature of existence. Such statements are not uncommon from Tippett, yet nevertheless this is a broad claim, which naturally poses more questions than it answers. This article explores whether such a claim has any validity, presenting a philosophically led reading of the opening breath motif in an attempt to understand whether art can really shed new light on the well-rehearsed arguments of metaphysical enquiry.