bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similar temperature responses suggest future climate warming will not alter partitioning between denitrification and anammox in temperate marine sediments
Authors: Brin Lindsay D. , Giblin Anne E. , Rich Jeremy J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRemoval of biologically available nitrogen (N) by the microbially mediated processes denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) affects ecosystem N availability. Although few studies have examined temperature responses of denitrification and anammox, previous work suggests that denitrification could become more important than anammox in response to climate warming. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether temperature responses of denitrification and anammox differed in shelf and estuarine sediments from coastal Rhode Island over a seasonal cycle. The influence of temperature and organic C availability was further assessed in a 12‐week laboratory microcosm experiment. Temperature responses, as characterized by thermal optima (Topt) and apparent activation energy (Ea), were determined by measuring potential rates of denitrification and anammox at 31 discrete temperatures ranging from 3 to 59 °C. With a few exceptions, Topt and Ea of denitrification and anammox did not differ in Rhode Island sediments over the seasonal cycle. In microcosm sediments, Ea was somewhat lower for anammox compared to denitrification across all treatments. However, Topt did not differ between processes, and neither Ea nor Topt changed with warming or carbon addition. Thus, the two processes behaved similarly in terms of temperature responses, and these responses were not influenced by warming. This led us to reject the hypothesis that anammox is more cold‐adapted than denitrification in our study system. Overall, our study suggests that temperature responses of both processes can be accurately modeled for temperate regions in the future using a single set of parameters, which are likely not to change over the next century as a result of predicted climate warming. We further conclude that climate warming will not directly alter the partitioning of N flow through anammox and denitrification.
BCOR–CCNB3‐positive soft tissue sarcoma with round‐cell and spindle‐cell histology: a series of four cases highlighting the pitfall of mimicking poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma
Authors: Li Wan‐Shan , Liao I‐Chuang , Wen Mei‐Chin , Lan Howard Haw‐Chang , Yu Shih‐Chen , Huang Hsuan‐Ying 
Published: May 2016

AimsBCOR–CCNB3 sarcoma is a genetically defined undifferentiated malignancy with Ewing sarcoma (ES)‐like round cells, and preferentially affects the bones of male adolescents. Sarcomas harbouring BCOR–CCNB3 rarely arise from soft tissues; therefore, we aimed to report four cases to expand the clinicopathological spectrum.Methods and resultsBy reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and confirmatory sequencing, we detected a BCOR–CCNB3 transcript in primary undifferentiated sarcomas of the deep musculature of four male patients, comprising two teenagers (aged 14 and 17 years) and two adults (aged 34 and 44 years). The tumours originated in the back (n = 2), pelvis (n = 1), and thigh (n = 1), and were 70–140 mm in size (mean, 107 mm). All tumours showed sheets of primitive round or ovoid cells with vesicular nuclei, active mitosis (28–41/10 high‐power fields), variably prominent nucleoli, and geographical necrosis. This major component transformed into fascicles of elongated spindle cells with staghorn vessels and a myxoid reticular stroma, accounting for 10–50% of areas. All cases were positive for CD99, three were positive for TLE1, and one was positive for EMA, indicating poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas (PDSSs). Nuclear cyclin B3 reactivity was present in all cases, but not in molecularly confirmed atypical ESs and PDSSs. At the last follow‐up (median, 13.5 months), one patient had died of lung metastasis, two were alive with tumours, and one was tumour‐free.ConclusionsBCOR–CCNB3‐positive sarcomas may primarily occur in soft tissues of adults and show PDSS‐mimicking round‐cell and spindle‐cell histology with aggressive behaviour. Cyclin B3 is useful for selecting candidates for BCOR–CCNB3 molecular testing.
Effect of positive end‐expiratory pressure on blood loss during retropubic and robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Ehieli Eric I , Howard Lauren E , Monk Terri G , Ferrandino Michael N , Polascik Thomas J , Walther Philip J , Freedland Stephen J 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesTo study the effect of end‐expiratory pressure used during anesthesia on blood loss during radical prostatectomy.MethodsWe evaluated 247 patients who underwent either radical retropubic prostatectomy or robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy at a single institution from 2008 to 2013 by one of four surgeons. Patient characteristics were compared using t‐tests, rank sum or χ2‐tests as appropriate. The association between positive end‐expiratory pressure and estimated blood loss was tested using linear regression.ResultsPatients were classified into high (≥4 cmH2O) and low (≤1 cmH2O) positive‐end expiratory pressure groups. Estimated blood loss in radical retropubic prostatectomy was higher in the high positive end‐expiratory pressure group (1000 mL vs 800 mL, P = 0.042). Estimated blood loss in robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy was lower in the high positive end‐expiratory pressure group (150 mL vs 250 mL, P = 0.015). After adjusting for other factors known to influence blood loss, a 5‐cmH2O increase in positive end‐expiratory pressure was associated with a 34.9% increase in estimated blood loss (P = 0.030) for radical retropubic prostatectomy, and a 33.0% decrease for robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (P = 0.038).ConclusionsIn radical retropubic prostatectomy, high positive end‐expiratory pressure was associated with higher estimated blood loss, and the benefits of positive end‐expiratory pressure should be weighed against the risk of increased estimated blood loss. In robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, high positive end‐expiratory pressure was associated with lower estimated blood loss, and might have more than just pulmonary benefits.
Continental‐scale spatial phylogenetics of Australian angiosperms provides insights into ecology, evolution and conservation
Authors: Thornhill Andrew H. , Mishler Brent D. , Knerr Nunzio J. , González‐Orozco Carlos E. , Costion Craig M. , Crayn Darren M. , Laffan Shawn W. , Miller Joseph T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimBiodiversity studies typically use species, or more recently phylogenetic diversity (PD), as their analysis unit and produce a single map of observed diversity. However, observed biodiversity is not necessarily an indicator of significant biodiversity and therefore should not be used alone. By applying a small number of additional metrics toPD, with associated statistical tests, we can determine whether more or less of the phylogeny occurs in an area, whether branch lengths in an area are longer or shorter, and whether more long or short‐branched endemism occurs in an area, than expected under a null model.LocationAustralian continent.MethodsWe used a phylogeny sampling 90% of Australia's angiosperm genera, and 3.4 million georeferenced plant specimens downloaded from Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), to calculatePD, relative phylogenetic diversity (RPD) and relative phylogenetic endemism (RPE). Categorical analysis of neo‐ and palaeo‐endemism (CANAPE) and randomization tests were performed to determine statistical significance.ResultsWe identify several combinations of significant PD and endemism across the continent that are not seen using observed diversity patterns alone. Joint interpretation of these combinations complements the previous interpretations of Australia's plant evolutionary history. Of conservation concern, only 42% of the significant endemism cells found here overlap with existing nature reserves.Main conclusionsThese spatial phylogenetic methods are feasible to apply to a whole flora at the continental scale. Observed richness orPDis inadequate to fully understand the patterns of biodiversity. The combination of statistical tests applied here can be used to better explain biodiversity patterns and the evolutionary and ecological processes that have created them. The spatial phylogenetic methods used in this paper can be also be used to identify conservation priorities at any geographical scale or taxonomic level.
Gait Speed as a Guide for Blood Pressure Targets in Older Adults: A Modeling Study
Authors: Odden Michelle C. , Moran Andrew E. , Coxson Pamela G. , Peralta Carmen A. , Goldman Lee , Bibbins‐Domingo Kirsten 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the potential for gait speed to inform decisions regarding optimal systolic blood pressure targets in older adults.DesignForecasting study from 2014 to 2023 using the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model, a Markov model.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.ParticipantsU.S. adults aged 60–94 stratified into fast walking, slow walking, and poor functioning (noncompleters) based on measured gait speed.MeasurementsLowering SBP to a target of 140 or 150 mmHg was modeled in persons with (secondary prevention) and without (primary prevention) a history of coronary heart disease or stroke. Based on clinical trials and observational studies, it was projected that slow‐walking and poor‐functioning participants would have greater noncardiovascular mortality. Myocardial infarctions (MIs), strokes, deaths, cost, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) were measured.ResultsRegardless of gait speed, it was projected that secondary prevention to a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg would prevent more events and save more money than secondary prevention to 150 mmHg. Similarly, primary prevention to 140 mmHg in fast‐walking adults was projected to prevent events and save money. In slow‐walking adults, primary prevention to 150 mmHg was projected to prevent MIs and strokes and save DALYs but was cost saving only in men; intensification to 140 mmHg is of uncertain benefit in slow‐walking individuals. Primary prevention in poor‐functioning adults to a target of 140 or 150 mmHg SBP is projected to decrease DALYs.ConclusionThe most cost‐effective SBP target varies according to history of cardiovascular disease and gait speed in persons aged 60–94. These projections highlight the need for better estimates of the benefits and harms of antihypertensive medications in a diverse group of older adults, because the net benefit is sensitive to the characteristics of the population treated.
Financing Constraints and Workplace Safety
Authors: COHN JONATHAN B. , WARDLAW MALCOLM I. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTWe present evidence that financing frictions adversely impact investment in workplace safety, with implications for worker welfare and firm value. Using several identification strategies, we find that injury rates increase with leverage and negative cash flow shocks, and decrease with positive cash flow shocks. We show that firm value decreases substantially with injury rates. Our findings suggest that investment in worker safety is an economically important margin on which firms respond to financing constraints.
INDIFFERENCE PRICES AND IMPLIED VOLATILITIES
Authors: Lorig Matthew 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe consider a general local‐stochastic volatility model and an investor with exponential utility. For a European‐style contingent claim, whose payoff may depend on either a traded or nontraded asset, we derive an explicit approximation for both the buyer's and seller's indifference prices. For European calls on a traded asset, we translate indifference prices into an explicit approximation of the buyer's and seller's implied volatility surfaces. For European claims on a nontraded asset, we establish rigorous error bounds for the indifference price approximation. Finally, we implement our indifference price and implied volatility approximations in two examples.
Contesting Structural Vulnerability through Reproductive Justice Activism with Latina Immigrants in California
Authors: Zavella Patricia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLatina migrant women in California in the post 9/11 era experience structural vulnerability that extends beyond their undocumented status, residence in poor neighborhoods with gangs, employment in informal sector jobs to their reproductive bodies. Although unauthorized women may access prenatal health, often they are intimidated or are unaware, and face many barriers to accessing reproductive health related to language, transportation, or their low incomes and their ignorance about their bodies. Research on those migrants who do access reproductive health illustrates they experience subjectification in U.S. institutions and neglect and even obstetric violence in Mexican institutions. In this transnational context, the nonprofit organization, California Latinas for Reproductive Justice, has organized an Instituto de Autonomía y Justicia with outreach to Spanish‐speaking Latina migrants. I argue that through health literacy training within a reproductive justice framework that weaves intersectionality and human rights, California Latinas for Reproductive Justice engages in the “feminist politics of translation.” They produce locally situated knowledge and pedagogies sensitive to the complexities of migrant Latinas’ lives. The diverse Latina participants begin a consciousness raising process that leads them to explore their own health practice and participate in policy advocacy for their communities. My analysis is based on ethnographic research that includes participant observation and interviews.
Policy Positions of Bureaucrats at the Front Lines: Are They Susceptible to Strategic Communication?
Authors: Andersen Simon Calmar , Jakobsen Morten 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
It is well established that bureaucrats’ implementation of policies is influenced by their own policy positions, that is, their attitudes toward the given policies. However, what affects the policy positions of bureaucrats? This article focuses on whether the policy positions of bureaucrats at the front lines of government are susceptible to frames and cues embedded in communication. Based on the notion that bureaucrats often adhere to certain professional norms when developing their attitudes toward policies, the authors hypothesize that communication frames and cues that align policies with such norms move bureaucrats’ policy positions in favor of the policy. Results of four studies in European and American settings among mid‐ and street‐level bureaucrats show support for the hypothesized effect. They also show that aligning policies with dimensions outside professional norms is ineffective, possibly even producing opposite effects.
Prevalence of polyoma BK virus infection among living‐donor renal transplant recipients
Authors: El Ansary M. , Abd Elhamid S. , Saadi G. , Ismail W. , Ibrahim N. , Bahaa El‐Din N. , Alhsyek S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPolyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) mainly caused by BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) remains the most common productive viral infection of the kidney in immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis of PVN is based on the detection of BK viruria and BK viremia in conjunction with histological findings in the graft biopsy.MethodsOur study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of productive BKPyV infection among renal transplant patients within the first year post‐transplant and identify those at risk of developing PVN. Our cross‐sectional study was conducted on 134 kidney transplant patients. Evidence of BKPyV replication was assessed by viral quantification of blood and urine samples of studied patients using a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR)PCR), detection of decoy cells in urine cytology smears, histological examination of graft biopsies from Q‐PCR BKPyV‐positive patients, and immunohistochemical staining by simian virus 40 (SV40) antibody.ResultsSignificant BKPyV infection was prevalent in 8% (n = 11) of our patients, with a peak of BKPyV infection about 8 months post transplant. BKPyV viral load by Q‐PCR assay in these patients varied from 1350 to 20,000,000 (1.35 × 103 to 2 × 107) copies/mL for urine samples and 935 to 18,920 (9.35 × 102 to 1.89 × 104) copies/mL for blood samples. All the 11 patients were positive for decoy cells but only 3 developed PVN based on histology and positive SV40 staining. BKPyV infection was more prevalent in older patients. All patients responded to reduction in their immunosuppressive regimens, apart from 2 patients who required replacement of calcineurin inhibitors‐based regimen with mammalian target of ramapycin inhibitors with an overall good response.ConclusionProtocol screening programs based on detection of viral replication by viruria, viremia, and decoy cells in urine are necessary to shed light on patients with high virus replication and hence increased risk of developing PVN, and to allow early diagnosis and intervention.
Synthetic strategies for plant signalling studies: molecular toolbox and orthogonal platforms
Authors: Braguy Justine , Zurbriggen Matias D. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPlants deploy a wide array of signalling networks integrating environmental cues with growth, defence and developmental responses. The high level of complexity, redundancy and connection between several pathways hampers a comprehensive understanding of involved functional and regulatory mechanisms. The implementation of synthetic biology approaches is revolutionizing experimental biology in prokaryotes, yeasts and animal systems and can likewise contribute to a new era in plant biology. This review gives an overview on synthetic biology approaches for the development and implementation of synthetic molecular tools and techniques to interrogate, understand and control signalling events in plants, ranging from strategies for the targeted manipulation of plant genomes up to the spatiotemporally resolved control of gene expression using optogenetic approaches. We also describe strategies based on the partial reconstruction of signalling pathways in orthogonal platforms, like yeast, animal and in vitro systems. This allows a targeted analysis of individual signalling hubs devoid of interconnectivity with endogenous interacting components. Implementation of the interdisciplinary synthetic biology tools and strategies is not exempt of challenges and hardships but simultaneously most rewarding in terms of the advances in basic and applied research. As witnessed in other areas, these original theoretical–experimental avenues will lead to a breakthrough in the ability to study and comprehend plant signalling networks.
Simplified strong ion difference approach to acid–base balance in healthy foals
Authors: Viu Judit , Armengou Lara , Ríos José , Muñoz Anna , Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the strong ion difference (SIDa) and total nonvolatile weak buffers (ATOT) in healthy foals during the first year of life and to compare reference biochemistry laboratory with analyzers available during emergency hours.DesignProspective study performed over 2 years.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwo hundred thirty‐six healthy foals distributed in 6 groups: A (21 days–2 months), B (2–3 months), C (3–6 months), D (6–9 months), E (9–12 months), and 33 neonatal foals (< 21 days old).InterventionsBlood samples were obtained to determine L‐lactate, sodium, potassium, chloride, and total plasma protein concentrations. In neonatal foals, samples were analyzed using 4 different devices. Reference intervals of SIDaand ATOTfor each of the analyzers under comparison were established using mean ± 2 standard deviations. Age effect was evaluated using one‐way ANOVA analysis. Linear regression in neonatal foals was employed to obtain a new equation to estimate ATOTfrom total plasma protein concentration.Measurements and Main ResultsA significant age effect was observed for ATOTand SIDa. In all foals younger than 6 months, ATOTvalues were lower than in older foals (P< 0.003). A clinically and statistically significant difference in SIDawas detected only in the neonatal period (P< 0.001). The equation to estimate ATOTfrom total plasma protein adjusted for neonatal foals is ATOT= 2.5 × total plasma protein concentration.ConclusionsReference intervals of ATOTshould be considered different from adults during the first 6 months of life in horses. Regarding SIDa, values should be considered different only during first 21 days of life.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Colonization following Intradermal, Sublingual, or Oral Vaccination with EtpA Adhesin
Authors: Luo Qingwei , Vickers Tim J. , Fleckenstein James M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) strains are a common cause of diarrhea. Extraordinary antigenic diversity has prompted a search for conserved antigens to complement canonical approaches to ETEC vaccine development. EtpA, an immunogenic extracellular ETEC adhesin relatively conserved in the ETEC pathovar, has previously been shown to be a protective antigen following intranasal immunization. These studies were undertaken to explore alternative routes of EtpA vaccination that would permit use of a double mutant (R192G L211A) heat-labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant. Here, oral vaccination with EtpA adjuvanted with dmLT afforded significant protection against small intestinal colonization, and the degree of protection correlated with fecal IgG, IgA, or total fecal antibody responses to EtpA. Sublingual vaccination yielded compartmentalized mucosal immune responses with significant increases in anti-EtpA fecal IgG and IgA, and mice vaccinated via this route were also protected against colonization. In contrast, while intradermal (i.d.) vaccination achieved high levels of both serum and fecal antibodies against both EtpA and dmLT, mice vaccinated via the i.d. route were not protected against subsequent colonization and the avidity of serum IgG and IgA EtpA-specific antibodies was significantly lower after i.d. immunization compared to other routes. Finally, we demonstrate that antiserum from vaccinated mice significantly impairs binding of LT to cognate GM1 receptors and shows near complete neutralization of toxin delivery by ETEC
in vitro
. Collectively, these data provide further evidence that EtpA could complement future vaccine strategies but also suggest that additional effort will be required to optimize its use as a protective immunogen.
Impact of Early Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Multiplex PCR Assay on Clinical Outcomes in Adult Patients
Authors: Rappo Urania , Schuetz Audrey N. , Jenkins Stephen G. , Calfee David P. , Walsh Thomas J. , Wells Martin T. , Hollenberg James P. , Glesby Marshall J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Rapid and definitive diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is imperative in patient triage and management. We compared the outcomes for adult patients with positive tests for respiratory viruses at a tertiary care center across two consecutive influenza seasons (winters of 2010-2011 and 2012). Infections were diagnosed by conventional methods in the first season and by multiplex PCR (FilmArray) in the second season. FilmArray decreased the time to diagnosis of influenza compared to conventional methods (median turnaround times of 1.7 h versus 7.7 h, respectively;
P
= 0.015); FilmArray also decreased the time to diagnosis of non-influenza viruses (1.5 h versus 13.5 h, respectively;
P
< 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression found that a diagnosis of influenza by FilmArray was associated with significantly lower odds ratios (ORs) for admission (
P
= 0.046), length of stay (
P
= 0.040), duration of antimicrobial use (
P
= 0.032), and number of chest radiographs (
P
= 0.005), when controlling for potential confounders. We conclude that the rapid turnaround time, multiplex nature of the test (allowing simultaneous detection of an array of viruses), and superior sensitivity of FilmArray may improve the evaluation and management of patients suspected of having respiratory virus infections.