bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrane‐controlled crustal shear wave splitting in Taiwan
Authors: Okaya David , Christensen Nikolas I. , Ross Zachary E. , Wu Francis T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTaiwan is the result of arc‐continent collision associated with the convergence of the Philippine Sea plate with the eastern Eurasian plate continental margin. The locus of deformation is found in eastern Taiwan in the form of mountain building (Central Range) with underlying thickened lithosphere. Rapid tectonic exhumation in the Central Range has uncovered low‐to‐high‐grade metamorphic rocks marked by steep cleavage. We carried out a crustal seismic anisotropy study across Taiwan, producing a database of over 27,000 local earthquake shear wave splitting measurements. Additionally, we carried out rock physics measurements of metamorphic outcrop samples to quantify shear wave rock anisotropy. We produced a map of station‐averaged splitting measurements across Taiwan. Patterns of fast shear wave directions correlate with tectonic terranes produced by plate convergence. Deformation‐related mineral‐preferred orientation in the metamorphic rocks produces a significant amount of the crustal anisotropy in the Taiwan collision zone.
Diamine‐sulfuric acid reactions are a potent source of new particle formation
Authors: Jen Coty N. , Bachman Ryan , Zhao Jun , McMurry Peter H. , Hanson David R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAtmospheric nucleation from sulfuric acid depends on the concentrations and the stabilizing effect of other trace gases, such as ammonia and amines. Diamines are an understudied class of atmospherically relevant compounds, and we examine how they affect sulfuric acid nucleation in both flow reactor experiments and the atmosphere. The number of particles produced from sulfuric acid and diamines in the flow reactor was equal to or greater than the number formed from monoamines, implying that diamines are more effective nucleating agents. Upper limits of diamine abundance were also monitored during three field campaigns: Lamont, OK (2013); Lewes, DE (2012); and Atlanta, GA (2009). Mixing ratios were measured as high as tens of parts per trillion by volume (GA and OK). Laboratory results suggest that diamines at these levels are important for atmospheric nucleation. Diamines likely participate in atmospheric nucleation and should be considered in nucleation measurements and models.
A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Roxy Mathew Koll , Modi Aditi , Murtugudde Raghu , Valsala Vinu , Panickal Swapna , Prasanna Kumar S. , Ravichandran M. , Vichi Marcello , Lévy Marina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAmong the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentrations of marine phytoplankton blooms in summer. Interestingly, this is also the region with the largest warming trend in sea surface temperatures in the tropics during the past century—although the contribution of such a large warming to productivity changes has remained ambiguous. Earlier studies had described the western Indian Ocean as a region with the largest increase in phytoplankton during the recent decades. On the contrary, the current study points out an alarming decrease of up to 20% in phytoplankton in this region over the past six decades. We find that these trends in chlorophyll are driven by enhanced ocean stratification due to rapid warming in the Indian Ocean, which suppresses nutrient mixing from subsurface layers. Future climate projections suggest that the Indian Ocean will continue to warm, driving this productive region into an ecological desert.
Quantifying gyrotropy in magnetic reconnection
Authors: Swisdak M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA new scalar measure of the gyrotropy of a pressure tensor is defined. Previously suggested measures are shown to be incomplete by means of examples for which they give unphysical results. To demonstrate its usefulness as an indicator of magnetic topology, the new measure is calculated for electron data taken from numerical simulations of magnetic reconnection, shown to peak at separatrices and X points, and compared to the other measures. The new diagnostic has potential uses in analyzing spacecraft observations, and so a method for calculating it from measurements performed in an arbitrary coordinate system is derived.
Real‐time capture of seismic waves using high‐rate multi‐GNSS observations: Application to the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal earthquake
Authors: Geng Tao , Xie Xin , Fang Rongxin , Su Xing , Zhao Qile , Liu Gang , Li Heng , Shi Chuang , Liu Jingnan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe variometric approach is investigated to measure real‐time seismic waves induced by the 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal earthquake with high‐rate multi‐GNSS observations, especially with the contribution of newly available BDS. The velocity estimation using GPS + BDS shows an additional improvement of around 20% with respect to GPS‐only solutions. We also reconstruct displacements by integrating GNSS‐derived velocities after a linear trend removal (IGV). The displacement waveforms with accuracy of better than 5 cm are derived when postprocessed GPS precise point positioning results are used as ground truth, even if those stations have strong ground motions and static offsets of up to 1–2 m. GNSS‐derived velocity and displacement waveforms with the variometric approach are in good agreement with results from strong motion data. We therefore conclude that it is feasible to capture real‐time seismic waves with multi‐GNSS observations using the IGV‐enhanced variometric approach, which has critical implications for earthquake early warning, tsunami forecasting, and rapid hazard assessment.
Consequences of future increased Arctic runoff on Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and sea ice cover
Authors: Nummelin Aleksi , Ilicak Mehmet , Li Camille , Smedsrud Lars H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean has important freshwater sources including river runoff, low evaporation, and exchange with the Pacific Ocean. In the future, we expect even larger freshwater input as the global hydrological cycle accelerates, increasing high‐latitude precipitation, and river runoff. Previous modeling studies show some robust responses to high‐latitude freshwater perturbations, including a strengthening of Arctic stratification and a weakening of the large‐scale ocean circulation; some idealized modeling studies also document a stronger cyclonic circulation within the Arctic Ocean itself. With the broad range of scales and processes involved, the overall effect of increasing runoff requires an understanding of both the local processes and the broader linkages between the Arctic and surrounding oceans. Here we adopt a more comprehensive modeling approach by increasing river runoff to the Arctic Ocean in a coupled ice‐ocean general circulation model, and show contrasting responses in the polar and subpolar regions. Within the Arctic, the stratification strengthens, the halocline and Atlantic Water layer warm, and the cyclonic circulation spins up, in agreement with previous work. In the subpolar North Atlantic, the model simulates a colder and fresher water column with weaker barotropic circulation. In contrast to the estuarine circulation theory, the volume exchange between the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding oceans does not increase with increasing runoff. While these results are robust in our model, we require experiments with other model systems and more complete observational syntheses to better constrain the sensitivity of the climate system to high‐latitude freshwater perturbations.
Wet channel network extraction by integrating LiDAR intensity and elevation data
Authors: Hooshyar Milad , Kim Seoyoung , Wang Dingbao , Medeiros Stephen C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe temporal dynamics of stream networks are vitally important for understanding hydrologic processes including surface water and groundwater interaction and hydrograph recession. However, observations of wet channel networks are limited, especially in headwater catchments. Near‐infrared LiDAR data provide an opportunity to map wet channel networks owing to the fine spatial resolution and strong absorption of light energy by water surfaces. A systematic method is developed to map wet channel networks by integrating elevation and signal intensity of ground returns. The signal intensity thresholds for identifying wet pixels are extracted from frequency distributions of intensity return within the convergent topography extent using a Gaussian mixture model. Moreover, the concept of edge in digital image processing, defined based on the intensity gradient, is utilized to enhance detection of small wet channels. The developed method is applied to the Lake Tahoe area based on eight LiDAR snapshots during recession periods in five watersheds. A power law relationship between streamflow and wetted channel length during recession periods is derived, and the scaling exponent (
) is within the range of reported values from fieldwork in other regions.
A pilot study of symptom profiles from a polyp vs an eosinophilic‐based classification of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Thompson Christopher F. , Price Caroline P.E. , Huang Julia He , Min Jin‐Young , Suh Lydia A. , Shintani‐Smith Stephanie , Conley David B. , Schleimer Robert P. , Kern Robert C. , Tan Bruce K. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is likely a biologically heterogeneous disease process. Current guidelines propose subclassification using polyp status while others propose using mucosal eosinophilia. We hypothesized that appropriate CRS subclassification would increase homogeneity of baseline symptoms, and identify characteristic symptoms of each subtype.MethodsA total of 57 CRS patients undergoing surgery prospectively completed a preoperative battery of 73 questions relating to symptoms including the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) and 29‐item Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS‐29) general quality of life (QOL) measures. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels were determined from ethmoid, uncinate, and polyp tissue homogenates using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and normalized to total protein. Patients were classified as eosinophilic (eCRS) or non‐eosinophilic (neCRS) using a 95th percentile threshold established from control tissue from 82 patients without CRS. Separate pairwise comparisons were performed on patient‐reported symptoms using polyp and eosinophilic status.ResultsOf the 57 patients, 28 had CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP); 27 of 57 patients had eCRS (CRSwNP, n = 21; CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP], n = 6). CRSwNP patients had increased need to blow nose, frequency of nasal congestion, more severe difficulty breathing through nose, more severe nasal discharge, but less cough (p < 0.05). eCRS patients had more bothersome loss of taste/smell, ear pain, sneezing, severe difficulty breathing through nose, and severe nasal congestion compared to neCRS patients (p < 0.05).ConclusionSubclassifying CRS with symptoms alone is difficult with neither polyp status nor eosinophilia giving a distinctive clinical symptom profile. However, certain symptoms may help otolaryngologists identify CRS subtypes, which may help guide future treatments. Further validation and evaluation of prognosis following treatment is required to evaluate appropriate means of subclassifying CRS.
Qualitative development of the sinus control test: a survey evaluating sinus symptom control
Authors: Banglawala Sarfaraz M. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Morella Kristen , Chandra Rakesh , Khetani Justin , Poetker David M. , Rayar Meera , Rudmik Luke , Sautter Nathan B. , Sommer Doron D. , Smith Timothy L. , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundIdeal management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) requires ongoing monitoring of disease and its control. Existing control instruments are limited in their correlation to patient reported outcomes, the need for endoscopy, or lack of validation from a multidisciplinary group. The goal of this study was to develop a patient‐based Sinus Control Test (SCT) for determining CRS control.MethodsA systematic literature review and focus groups consisting of 20 patients and 11 medical experts in CRS from various medical specialties were used to generate items. A draft 13‐item questionnaire was administered to 50 patients with CRS in a prospective fashion. Patients were evaluated using the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) instrument, Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) score, and Lund‐Kennedy endoscopy score. A rhinologist blinded to the questionnaire results also provided an overall control of the disease for each patient. A regression model was generated to identify which subset of items showed the greatest discriminate ability in relation to specialist's and patient's global rating of disease control.ResultsFour questions were included in the final questionnaire (p < 0.05), each with a scale of 0 to 4, with an overall total score ranging from 0 to 16. Optimal classification resulted in patients with a score from 1 to 3 (well controlled), 4 to 11 (partially controlled), and 12 to 16 (uncontrolled). SCT scores correctly classified control levels 72% of the time when compared to physician's assessment.ConclusionThe SCT is a simple, patient generated questionnaire that can measure the control of CRS without requirement of endoscopy or CT evaluation.
Imidazolatsysteme zur CO2‐Abscheidung und photochemischen Reduktion
Authors: Wang Sibo , Wang Xinchen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIonische Flüssigkeiten (ILs, ionic liquids) auf Imidazoliumbasis, N‐heterocyclische Imidazolylidencarbene (NHCs) und zeolithische Imidazolatgerüste (ZIFs, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks) sind Imidazolat‐Strukturmotive, die für Anwendungen in der Abscheidung und Umwandlung von CO2 umfassend untersucht wurden. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die jüngsten Fortschritte bei der Abscheidung, Aktivierung und photochemischen Reduktion von CO2 mit diesen drei Imidazolat‐Bausteinen – von homogenen molekularen Einheiten (ILs und NHCs) bis zu heterogenen kristallinen Gerüsten (ZIFs) – zusammengefasst. Die erreichten Entwicklungen und verbleibenden Hindernisse bei der Anwendung von Imidazolat‐Strukturmotiven in der CO2‐Nutzung werden beurteilt, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der CO2‐Photoredoxkatalyse liegt.
A Facile Solid‐Phase Route to Renewable Aromatic Chemicals from Biobased Furanics
Authors: Thiyagarajan Shanmugam , Genuino Homer C. , van der Waal Jan C. , de Jong Ed , Weckhuysen Bert M. , van Haveren Jacco , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , van Es Daan S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRenewable aromatics can be conveniently synthesized from furanics by introducing an intermediate hydrogenation step in the Diels–Alder (DA) aromatization route, to effectively block retro‐DA activity. Aromatization of the hydrogenated DA adducts requires tandem catalysis, using a metal‐based dehydrogenation catalyst and solid acid dehydration catalyst in toluene. Herein it is demonstrated that the hydrogenated DA adducts can instead be conveniently converted into renewable aromatics with up to 80 % selectivity in a solid‐phase reaction with shorter reaction times using only an acidic zeolite, that is, without solvent or dehydrogenation catalyst. Hydrogenated adducts from diene/dienophile combinations of (methylated) furans with maleic anhydride are efficiently converted into renewable aromatics with this new route. The zeolite H‐Y was found to perform the best and can be easily reused after calcination.
Imidazolium Ionic Liquids, Imidazolylidene Heterocyclic Carbenes, and Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for CO2 Capture and Photochemical Reduction
Authors: Wang Sibo , Wang Xinchen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractImidazolium ionic liquids (ILs), imidazolylidene N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are imidazolate motifs which have been extensively investigated for CO2 adsorption and conversion applications. Summarized in this minireview is the recent progress in the capture, activation, and photochemical reduction of CO2 with these three imidazolate building blocks, from homogeneous molecular entities (ILs and NHCs) to heterogeneous crystalline scaffolds (ZIFs). The developments and existing shortcomings of the imidazolate motifs for their use in CO2 utilizations is assessed, with more of focus on CO2 photoredox catalysis. The opportunities and challenges of imidazolate scaffolds for future advancement of CO2 photochemical conversion for artificial photosynthesis are discussed.
Contemporary and Emerging Ethical Issues in Family Therapy
Authors: Hecker Lorna L. , Murphy Megan J. 
Published: December 2015

Ethical dilemmas in the field of family therapy continue to evolve; this article addresses ethical issues family therapists are currently confronting or may confront in the future. We begin by examining a movement in the field towards relational ethics, which is inclusive of context, values, and power that permeate all relationships. Using this framework in relation to both our clients and our practice, we discuss defensive and risk‐aversive practice of family therapy within our current socio‐political context, family therapists working with child alienation in cases of non‐normative divorce, the impact of digital technology on families and family therapy, and the polarisation of sexual value issues.
The Importance of Training Marital, Couple, and Family Therapists in Sexual Health
Authors: Dermer Shannon , Bachenberg Molli 
Published: December 2015

Sexual health has been declared a sexual right and part of human rights on health and freedom from discrimination. Over 40 years ago the World Health Organization, and other international organisations since, have called for marital, couple, and family therapists to be trained in working with sexuality in a respectful, positive manner that affirms sexual health and sexual expression. Despite this, there have not been significant strides in helping therapists understand a view of sexual health focused on freedom of expression and pleasure, nor significant advances in requirements for professional training in a broad conceptualisation of sexuality. There is also evidence that practitioner comfort with the topic has not significantly changed over time. In this paper, ethical issues impeding the advancement of sexual health services within mental health professions are explored and recommendations for training curriculums are provided.
Development of realistic shortest path algorithm considering lane changes
Authors: Yang Inchul , Kim Hyung Jin , Jeon Woo Hoon , Kim Hyunmyung 
Published: December 2015

SummaryLane changes occur as many times as turning movements are needed while following a designated path. The cost of a route with many lane changes is likely to be more expensive than that with less lane changes, and unrealistic paths with impractical lane changes should be avoided for drivers' safety. In this regard, a new algorithm is developed in this study to find the realistic shortest path considering lane changing. The proposed algorithm is a modified link‐labeling Dijkstra algorithm considering the effective lane‐changing time that is a parametric function of the prevailing travel speed and traffic density. The parameters were estimated using microscopic traffic simulation data, and the numerical test demonstrated the performance of the proposed algorithm. It was found that the magnitude of the effect of the effective lane‐changing time on determining the realistic shortest path is nontrivial, and the proposed algorithm has capability to exclude links successfully where the required lane changes are practically impossible. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(RS)‐Propranolol: enantioseparation by HPLC using newly synthesized (S)‐levofloxacin‐based reagent, absolute configuration of diastereomers and recovery of native enantiomers by detagging
Authors: Alwera Shiv , Bhushan Ravi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDiastereomers of (RS)‐propranolol were synthesized using (S)‐levofloxacin‐based new chiral derivatizing reagents (CDRs). Levofloxacin was chosen as the pure (S)‐enantiomer for its high molar absorptivity (εo ∼ 24000) and availability at a low price. Its ‐COOH group had N‐hydroxysuccinimide and N‐hydroxybenzotriazole, which acted as good leaving groups during nucleophilic substitution by the amino group of the racemic (RS)‐propranolol; the CDRs were characterized by UV, IR, 1H‐NMR, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur fundamental elemental components analyser (CHNS). Diastereomers were separated quantitatively using open column chromatography; absolute configuration of the diastereomers was established and the reagent moiety was detagged under microwave‐assisted acidic conditions. (S)‐ and (R)‐propranolol as pure enantiomers and (S)‐levofloxacin were separated, isolated and characterized. Optimized lowest‐energy structures of the diastereomers were developed using Gaussian 09 Rev. A.02 program and hybrid density functional B3LYP with 6‐31G* basis set (based on density functional theory) for explanation of elution order and configuration. In addition, RP HPLC conditions for separation of diastereomers were optimized with respect to pH, concentration of buffer, flow rate of mobile phase and nature of organic modifier. HPLC separation method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. With the systematic application of various analytical techniques, absolute configuration of the diastereomers (and the native enantiomers) of (RS)‐propranolol was established. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel rapid liquid chromatography tandem masspectrometry method for vemurafenib and metabolites in human plasma, including metabolite concentrations at steady state
Authors: Vikingsson Svante , Strömqvist Malin , Svedberg Anna , Hansson Johan , Höiom Veronica , Gréen Henrik 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA novel, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry method for quantification of vemurafenib in human plasma, that also for the first time allows for metabolite semi‐quantification, was developed and validated to support clinical trials and therapeutic drug monitoring. Vemurafenib was analysed by precipitation with methanol followed by a 1.9 min isocratic liquid chromatography tandem masspectrometry analysis using an Acquity BEH C18 column with methanol and formic acid using isotope labelled internal standards. Analytes were detected in multireaction monitoring mode on a Xevo TQ. Semi‐quantification of vemurafenib metabolites was performed using the same analytical system and sample preparation with gradient elution. The vemurafenib method was successfully validated in the range 0.5–100 μg/mL according to international guidelines. The metabolite method was partially validated owing to the lack of commercially available reference materials. For the first time concentration levels at steady state for melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib is presented. The low abundance of vemurafenib metabolites suggests that they lack clinical significance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.