bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for black carbon lowers estimates of blue carbon storage services
Authors: Chew Swee Theng , Gallagher John B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe canopies and roots of seagrass, mangrove, and saltmarsh protect a legacy of buried sedimentary organic carbon from resuspension and remineralisation. This legacy’s value, in terms of mitigating anthropogenic emissions of CO2, is based on total organic carbon (TOC) inventories to a depth likely to be disturbed. However, failure to subtract allochthonous recalcitrant carbon overvalues the storage service. Simply put, burial of oxidation-resistant organics formed outside of the ecosystem provides no additional protection from remineralisation. Here, we assess whether black carbon (BC), an allochthonous and recalcitrant form of organic carbon, is contributing to a significant overestimation of blue carbon stocks. To test this supposition, BC and TOC contents were measured in different types of seagrass and mangrove sediment cores across tropical and temperate regimes, with different histories of air pollution and fire together with a reanalysis of published data from a subtropical system. The results suggest current carbon stock estimates are positively biased, particularly for low-organic-content sandy seagrass environs, by 18 ± 3% (±95% confidence interval) and 43 ± 21% (±95% CI) for the temperate and tropical regions respectively. The higher BC fractions appear to originate from atmospheric deposition and substantially enrich the relatively low TOC fraction within these environs.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Three-dimensional Turbo Field Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence in Pediatric Tracheobronchial Anomalies with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Hou QiaoRu , Gao Wei , Zhong YuMin , Sun AiMin , Wang Qian , Hu LiWei , Wang JingLei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTracheobronchial anomalies are common in congenital heart disease (CHD), including tracheobronchial stenosis, tracheal bronchus, cardiac bronchus, and bronchial isomerism, which can cause varying degrees of respiratory illness. It is necessary to assess tracheobronchial anomalies and make a preoperative airway evaluation. Multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most effective noninvasive modalities for the diagnosis of CHD and the associated tracheobronchial anomalies. However, MSCT remains an ionizing procedure despite using low dose protocols. The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of tracheobronchial anomalies in patients with CHD using three-dimensional turbo field echo(3D-TFE) magnetic resonance imaging sequence for preoperative airway evaluation. The results indicated that 3D-TFE provided better image quality as compared to that of 3D-balanced turbo field echo (3D-bTFE), and it can clearly demonstrated the tracheobronchial tree and tracheobronchial anomalies in CHD. This study confirms the clinical value of 3D-TFE in diagnosing tracheobronchial anomalies and supply helpful tracheobronchial information for preoperative strategies and postoperative follow-up.
Development of a Method to Extract Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) DNA from Heroin
Authors: Marciano Michael A. , Panicker Sini X. , Liddil Garrett D. , Lindgren Danielle , Sweder Kevin S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study is the first to report the successful development of a method to extract opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) DNA from heroin samples. Determining of the source of an unknown heroin sample (forensic geosourcing) is vital to informing domestic and foreign policy related to counter-narcoterrorism. Current profiling methods focus on identifying process-related chemical impurities found in heroin samples. Changes to the geographically distinct processing methods may lead to difficulties in classifying and attributing heroin samples to a region/country. This study focuses on methods to optimize the DNA extraction and amplification of samples with low levels of degraded DNA and inhibiting compounds such as heroin. We compared modified commercial-off-the-shelf extraction methods such as the Qiagen Plant, Stool and the Promega Maxwell-16 RNA-LEV tissue kits for the ability to extract opium poppy DNA from latex, raw and cooked opium, white and brown powder heroin and black tar heroin. Opium poppy DNA was successfully detected in all poppy-derived samples, including heroin. The modified Qiagen stool method with post-extraction purification and a two-stage, dual DNA polymerase amplification procedure resulted in the highest DNA yield and minimized inhibition. This paper describes the initial phase in establishing a DNA-based signature method to characterize heroin.
Signs of atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis affected by distinct H2-haplotype in the NC/Nga genetic background
Authors: Ohkusu-Tsukada Kozo , Ito Daiki , Okuno Yuki , Tsukada Teruyo , Takahashi Kimimasa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe recently advocated in favour of naming a novel H2-haplotype consisting of Kd, D/Ldm7, I-Ak and I-Ek in the atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model NC/Nga as “H-2nc.” The role of the H2-haplotype in AD development was investigated in H2
b
-congenic NC/Nga mice (NC.h2
b/b
and NC.h2
b/nc
) established by backcrossing. A severe 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga was alleviated partially in NC.h2
b/nc
and significantly in NC.h2
b/b
. The AD phenotype was correlated with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-epidermal expression levels and serum levels of total IgE and IL-18/IL-33. Histologically, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was accompanied by lymphocytes and plasma cells-infiltrating perivasculitis in NC.h2
b/nc
and NC.h2
b/b
and clearly differed from AD accompanied by neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages-infiltrating diffuse suppurative dermatitis in NC/Nga. Interestingly, IFN-γ/IL-17 production from autoreactive CD4+ T-cells remarkably increased in DNFB-sensitised NC.h2
b/b
but not in NC/Nga. Our findings suggest that AD or ACD may depend on haplotype H-2nc or H-2b, respectively, in addition to the NC/Nga genetic background.
Phylogenomic analysis demonstrates a pattern of rare and long-lasting concerted evolution in prokaryotes
Authors: Wang Sishuo , Chen Youhua 
Published: February 2018

AbstractConcerted evolution, where paralogs in the same species show higher sequence similarity to each other than to orthologs in other species, is widely found in many species. However, cases of concerted evolution that last for hundreds of millions of years are very rare. By genome-wide analysis of a broad selection of prokaryotes, we provide strong evidence of recurrent concerted evolution in 26 genes, most of which have lasted more than ~500 million years. We find that most concertedly evolving genes are key members of important pathways, and encode proteins from the same complexes and/or pathways, suggesting coevolution of genes via concerted evolution to maintain gene balance. We also present LRCE-DB, a comprehensive online repository of long-lasting concerted evolution. Collectively, our study reveals that although most duplicated genes may diverge in sequence over a long period, on rare occasions this constraint can be breached, leading to unexpected long-lasting concerted evolution in a recurrent manner.
The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity
Authors: Bierkandt Frank S. , Leibrock Lars , Wagener Sandra , Laux Peter , Luch Andreas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDuring the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their “nano” size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these “ENM classes”, the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
Clinicians' Guide to Obtaining a Valid Auditory Brainstem Response to Determine Hearing Status: Signal, Noise, and Cross-Checks
Authors: Norrix Linda W. , Velenovsky David 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a powerful tool for making clinical decisions about the presence, degree, and type of hearing loss in individuals in whom behavioral hearing thresholds cannot be obtained or are not reliable. Although the test is objective, interpretation of the results is subjective.

Method
This review provides information about evidence-based criteria, suggested by the 2013 Newborn Hearing Screening Program guidelines, and the use of cross-check methods for making valid interpretations about hearing status from ABR recordings.

Results
The use of an appropriate display scale setting, templates of expected response properties, and objective criteria to estimate the residual noise, signal level, and signal-to-noise ratio will provide quality data for determining ABR thresholds. Cross-checks (e.g., immittance measures, otoacoustic emissions testing, functional indications of a child's hearing) are also needed to accurately interpret the ABR.

Conclusions
Using evidence-based ABR signal detection criteria and considering the results within the context of other physiologic tests and assessments of hearing function will improve the clinician's accuracy for detecting hearing loss and, when present, the degree of hearing loss. Diagnostic accuracy will ensure that appropriate remediation is initiated and that children or infants with normal hearing are not subjected to unnecessary intervention.
Meningeosis carcinomatosa als seltener Metastasierungsweg eines BRAF-mutierten Mikrosatelliten-stabilen Kolonkarzinoms
Authors: Höblinger Aksana , Weber Stephanie , Tschirner Florian , Kröber Stefan , Streetz Konrad 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungEine Meningeosis neoplastica ist eine seltene, aber schwerwiegende Komplikation solider Neopasien (Melanome, Mamma-, Bronchial- oder gastrointestinale Karzinome). Die klinische Manifestation der Meningeosis ist äußerst variabel. Sie äußert sich z. B. in radikulären Schmerzen mit oder ohne neurologischen Ausfällen sowie in Kopfschmerzen bis hin zu halluzinatorischen Reizsymptomen. Ob dieses unspezifischen Symptomcharakters wird eine Meningeosis neoplastica häufig zu spät diagnostiziert und behandelt. Wir berichten hier über den seltenen Fall einer Patientin mit einem lymphatisch und ossär metastasierten BRAF-mutierten Mikrosatelliten-stabilen Kolonkarzinom, welche einen Monat nach der Diagnosestellung neurologische Reiz- und Ausfallsymptome entwickelte. Durch den zytologischen Nachweis von Tumorzellen im Liquorsediment konnte – trotz einer unauffälligen MRT-Diagnostik – eine Meningeosis carcinomatosa gesichert werden. Unter einer intrathekalen Therapie mit Methotrexat, kombiniert mit einer intensiven systemischen Antikörperchemotherapie, wurde passager eine gute partielle Remission der Tumorerkrankung erreicht. Ca. 8 Monate nach Therapiebeginn entwickelte jedoch die Patientin eine progrediente Meningeosis und verstarb wenige Wochen später.
Deep learning analyzes Helicobacter pylori infection by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy images
Authors: Itoh Takumi , Kawahira Hiroshi , Nakashima Hirotaka , Yata Noriko 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background and study aims Helicobacter pylori (HP)-associated chronic gastritis can cause mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, both of which increase the risk of gastric cancer. The accurate diagnosis of HP infection during routine medical checks is important. We aimed to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN), which is a machine-learning algorithm similar to deep learning, capable of recognizing specific features of gastric endoscopy images. The goal behind developing such a system was to detect HP infection early, thus preventing gastric cancer.
Patients and methods For the development of the CNN, we used 179 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy images obtained from 139 patients (65 were HP-positive: ≥ 10 U/mL and 74 were HP-negative: < 3 U/mL on HP IgG antibody assessment). Of the 179 images, 149 were used as training images, and the remaining 30 (15 from HP-negative patients and 15 from HP-positive patients) were set aside to be used as test images. The 149 training images were subjected to data augmentation, which yielded 596 images. We used the CNN to create a learning tool that would recognize HP infection and assessed the decision accuracy of the CNN with the 30 test images by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC).
Results The sensitivity and specificity of the CNN for the detection of HP infection were 86.7 % and 86.7 %, respectively, and the AUC was 0.956.
Conclusions CNN-aided diagnosis of HP infection seems feasible and is expected to facilitate and improve diagnosis during health check-ups.
Validity of conventional endoscopy using “non-extension sign” for optical diagnosis of colorectal deep submucosal invasive cancer
Authors: Hisabe Takashi , Tsuda Sumio , Hoashi Toshio , Ishihara Hiroshi , Yamasaki Kazutomo , Yasaka Tatsuhisa , Hirai Fumihito , Matsui Toshiyuki , Yao Kenshi , Tanabe Hiroshi , Iwashita Akinori 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background and study aims The non-extension sign relates to a localized increase in thickness and rigidity due to deep submucosal invasive (SM-d: depth of 1000 μm or more) cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the non-extension sign in assessing the optical diagnosis of colorectal SM-d cancer.
Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed 309 patients with 315 early colorectal cancers that had been endoscopically or surgically resected. The non-extension sign was judged from chromoendoscopy (CE) using conventional white-light imaging with indigo carmine, and is taken to be positive when any one of the findings of rigidity of a circular arc, trapezoid elevation, or converging mucosal folds are seen. We assessed comparing the accuracy of CE, magnifying chromoendoscopy (M-CE), and magnifying narrow-band imaging (M-NBI) for the optical diagnosis of colorectal SM-d cancer.
Results Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of SM-d cancer were 66.0 %, 95.8 %, and 86.3 % for CE; 80 %, 90.7 %, and 87.3 % for M-CE; and 65.0 %, 94.4 %, and 85.1 % for M-NBI, respectively. The specificity of CE was significantly higher than that of M-CE (P = 0.034). The sensitivity of M-CE was significantly higher than that of CE (P = 0.026). In a comparison of positive and negative groups for the non-extension sign in SM-d cancer, SM invasion was significantly deeper in the positive group than in the negative group (3012.5 μm vs 2002.4 μm, respectively; P < 0.0001) and the rate of lymphovascular invasion was significantly higher in the positive group than in the negative group (63.6 % vs 41.2 %, respectively; P = 0.032).
Conclusions The non-extension sign offers high diagnostic specificity for SM-d cancer, and surgery should be considered in patients with a positive non-extension sign.
Vesicouterine Fistel nach Sectio caesarea
Authors: Karapanos Leonidas , Porres Daniel , Salem Johannes , Akbarov Ilgar , Heidenreich Axel , Zugor Vahudin 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungVesikouterine Fisteln (VUF) sind seltene pathologische Verbindungen zwischen Uterus und Harnblase, die meist iatrogen nach Sectio caesarea auftreten. Wir präsentieren einen Fall einer VUF mit Makrohämaturie während der Menstruation (Menurie) als einzigem Symptom. Zur Differenzialdiagnose von anderen urogenitalen Fisteln sind genaue Kenntnisse der Symptomatik und des diagnostischen Algorithmus zur Detektion einer VUF unerlässlich.
Complex biliary stones management: cholangioscopy versus papillary large balloon dilation – a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Franzini Tomazo , Moura Renata , Bonifácio Priscilla , Luz Gustavo , de Souza Thiago , dos Santos Marcos , Rodela Gustavo , Ide Edson , Herman Paulo , Montagnini André , D’Albuquerque Luiz , Sakai Paulo , de Moura Eduardo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic removal of biliary stones has high success rates, ranging between 85 % to 95 %. Nevertheless, some stones may be challenging and different endoscopic methods have evolved. Papillary large balloon dilation after sphincterotomy is a widely used technique with success rates ranging from 68 to 90 % for stones larger than 15 mm. Cholangioscopy allows performing lithotripsy under direct biliary visualization, either by laser or electrohydraulic waves, which have similar success rate (80 % – 90 %). However, there is no study comparing these 2 techniques.
Patients and methods From April 2014 to June 2016, 100 patients were enrolled and randomized in 2 groups, using a non-inferiority hypothesis: cholangioscopy + electrohydraulic lithotripsy (group 1) and endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (group 2). The main outcome was complete stone removal. Adverse events were documented. Mechanical lithotripsy was not performed. Failure cases had a second session with crossover of the methods.
Results The mean age was 56 years. 74 (75.5 %) patients were female. The initial overall complete stone removal rate was 74.5 % (77.1 % in group 1 and 72 % in group 2, P > 0.05). After second session the overall success rate achieved 90.1 %. Procedure time was significantly lower in group 2, – 25.2 min (CI95 % – 12.48 to – 37.91). There were no significant differences regarding technical success rate, radiologic exposure and adverse events.
Conclusion Single-operator cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy and papillary large balloon dilation are effective and safe approaches for removing complex biliary stones.
Ankylosaurus back sign: novel endoscopic finding in esophageal eosinophilia patients indicating proton pump inhibitor response
Authors: Ishimura Norihisa , Sumi Shohei , Okada Mayumi , Izumi Daisuke , Mikami Hironobu , Okimoto Eiko , Ishikawa Nahoko , Tamagawa Yuji , Mishiro Tsuyoshi , Oshima Naoki , Shibagaki Kotaro , Ishihara Shunji , Maruyama Riruke , Kinoshita Yoshikazu 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background and study aims Characteristic endoscopic findings, such as linear furrows, rings, and whitish exudates, indicate the presence of esophageal eosinophilia (EE), though no specific findings are known to distinguish eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) from proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE). Here, we present a novel endoscopic finding in some EE patients possessing a linear longitudinal arrangement of whitish nodules with the appearance of the back of an Ankylosaurus dinosaur, termed Ankylosaurus back sign (ABS), and evaluations of its significance in affected patients.
Patients and methods Fifty-five patients diagnosed with EE (≥ 15 eosinophils/high power field) who were treated at our hospital and shown to evaluate a PPI response were enrolled. Endoscopic findings at baseline and clinical parameters were retrospectively reviewed. Furthermore, the clinicopathological features of patients with ABS, as well as the relationship between its presence and PPI response were evaluated.
Results Fifty-five patients (47 males, 8 females) with EE (17 with EoE, 38 with PPI-REE) were evaluated, of whom 50 (90.9 %) had linear furrows, the most frequently found feature, while ABS was found in 9 (16.4 %). Inter-observer agreement was substantial for ABS (κ 0.77). Interestingly, all patients with ABS had PPI-REE. Our findings revealed that the presence of ABS was closely associated with reflux esophagitis (RE) in patients with PPI-REE.
Conclusions Although ABS was less frequent than typical endoscopic findings such as linear furrows in EE, this novel finding was closely associated with PPI-REE accompanied with RE. The clinical implications of ABS in patients with EE should be investigated further.
Das bewegt die Urologie – Aktuelles von den Kongressen 2017
Authors: Heers Hendrik , Boegemann Martin , Hegele Axel 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungIm Jahre 2017 gab es in der Uro-Onkologie viele neue und vielversprechende Innovationen. Speziell die Immuntherapie war ein Top-Thema auf den großen Kongressen und wurde intensiv diskutiert. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Neuigkeiten und zukünftigen Entwicklungen in der Diagnostik und Behandlung des Prostata-, Blasen- und Nierenzellkarzinoms. V. a. im Bereich des hormonsensitiven metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms, des metastasierten Transitionalzellkarzinoms und des metastasierten Nierenzellkarzinoms haben sich die Therapiemöglichkeiten im Jahr 2017 bereits grundlegend verändert und man kann davon ausgehen, dass weitere neue Substanzen und Kombinationsmöglichkeiten zeitnah unsere therapeutischen Optionen erweitern werden.