bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of unrepresented model errors on estimated soil hydraulic material properties
Authors: Jaumann Stefan , Roth Kurt 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Unrepresented model errors influence the estimation of effective soil hydraulic material properties. As the required model complexity for a consistent description of the measurement data is application dependent and unknown a priori, we implemented a structural error analysis based on the inversion of increasingly complex models. We show that the method can indicate unrepresented model errors and quantify their effects on the resulting material properties. To this end, a complicated 2-D subsurface architecture (ASSESS) was forced with a fluctuating groundwater table while time domain reflectometry (TDR) and hydraulic potential measurement devices monitored the hydraulic state. In this work, we analyze the quantitative effect of unrepresented (i) sensor position uncertainty, (ii) small scale-heterogeneity, and (iii) 2-D flow phenomena on estimated soil hydraulic material properties with a 1-D and a 2-D study. The results of these studies demonstrate three main points: (i) the fewer sensors are available per material, the larger is the effect of unrepresented model errors on the resulting material properties. (ii) The 1-D study yields biased parameters due to unrepresented lateral flow. (iii) Representing and estimating sensor positions as well as small-scale heterogeneity decreased the mean absolute error of the volumetric water content data by more than a factor of 2 to 0. 004.
Reforming Defences to Homicide in Victoria: Another Attempt to Address the Gender Question
Authors: Naylor Bronwyn , Tyson Danielle 
Published: September 2017

In 2005 in the Australian state of Victoria, significant changes were made to the defences to homicide. These reforms were in response to long standing concerns about the gendered operation of provocation and self-defence by feminist researchers and advocates, Law Reform Commissions, the media and political pressures. This paper critically examines the reforms and the extent to which they have addressed these varied concerns and interests. The paper argues that these important law reforms have challenged some of the powerful narratives being used in the courts that minimise the existence and significance of family violence in intimate relationships. We see this particularly in judicial sentencing remarks. However, law reform must be accompanied by a shift in legal culture to be effective in practice. To this end, we argue that legal professionals need to have information about how to utilise the new family violence provisions as well as ongoing training and professional development to promote consistent understandings of family violence across the criminal justice system.
Judicial Responses to Alcohol-Fuelled Public Violence: The Loveridge Effect
Authors: Quilter Julia 
Published: September 2017

After the death of Thomas Kelly (2012) and Daniel Christie (2013) in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), there was widespread discussion and concern over the problem of so-called one punch alcohol-fuelled violence. A ‘centre-piece’ of the NSW Government’s response was the enactment, in January 2014, of what is known colloquially as the ‘One Punch Law’: the Crimes and Other Legislation Amendment (Assault and Intoxication) Act 2014 (NSW), which includes a mandatory minimum sentence for assault causing death whilst intoxicated. This paper analyses the judicial response to one punch alcohol-fuelled violence, with a focus on the effect of the decision in R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120. I show that the judiciary has rejected the existence of a discrete category of ‘one punch’ manslaughters and, instead, has defined a category of alcohol-fuelled public violence for which there is a strong need for general deterrence. Based on an analysis of cases handed down since the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal’s 2014 decision, I show that the ‘Loveridge effect’ has been to significantly increase sentences in such matters.
An Original Valveless Artificial Heart Providing Pulsatile Flow Tested in Mock Circulatory Loops
Authors: Tozzi Piergiorgio , Maertens Audrey , Emery Jonathan , Joseph Samuel , Kirsch Matthias , Avellan François 
Published: September 2017

Purpose We present the test bench results of a valveless total artificial heart that is potentially compatible with the pediatric population. Methods The RollingHeart is a valveless volumetric pump generating pulsatile flow. It consists of a single spherical cavity divided into 4 chambers by 2 rotating disks. The combined rotations of both disks produce changes in the volumes of the 4 cavities (suction and ejection). The blood enters/exits the spherical cavity through 4 openings that are symmetrical to the fixed rotation axis of the first disk. Mock circulatory system: The device pumps a 37% glycerin solution through 2 parallel circuits, simulating the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Flow rates are acquired with a magnetic inductive flowmeter, while pressure sensors collect pressure in the left and right outflow and inflow tracts. In vitro test protocol: The pump is run at speeds ranging from 20 to 180 ejections per minute. The waveform of the pressure generated at the inflow and outflow of the 4 chambers and the flow rate in the systemic circulation are measured. Results At an ejection rate of 178 min−1, the Rolling Heart pumps 5.3 L/min for a systemic maximal pressure gradient of 174 mmHg and a pulmonary maximal pressure gradient of 75 mmHg. The power input was 14 W, corresponding to an efficiency of 21%. Conclusions The Rolling Heart represents a new approach in the domain of total artificial heart. This preliminary study endorses the feasibility of a single valveless device acting as a total artificial heart.
Prognostic role of EZH2 in gliomas: a meta-analysis
Authors: Pyo Jung-Soo , Kang Dong-Wook 
Published: September 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinicopathological significance of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression in gliomas, including its incidence and prognostic role. In addition, we investigated the concordance between immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for determining the presence or absence of EZH2 in these tumors. Methods: The current meta-analysis included 1,049 gliomas with various WHO tumor grades from 12 eligible studies, which were analyzed for positivity of EZH2 and correlation between EZH2 expression and prognosis. Subgroup analyses were performed based on detection methods and WHO tumor grades. Results: We found the estimated positive rate of EZH2 in gliomas to be 0.663 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.549-0.761). There was no difference between immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction in determination of EZH2 positivity (0.706, 95% CI, 0.539-0.831 vs. 0.673, 95% CI, 0.472-0.825). The positive rate of EZH2 increased by increasing WHO tumor grade. EZH2 expression was significantly correlated with worse overall and progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.436, 95% CI, 1.350-4.393, and HR = 4.071, 95% CI, 1.325-12.508, respectively). The overall concordance rate between immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction was 0.885 (95% CI, 0.300-0.993). Conclusions: EZH2 positivity was significantly correlated with WHO tumor grade and worse prognosis in gliomas.
The Research of the Financial Strategy of SY Education Consulting Group
Authors: Li Yun 
Published: September 2017

The consulting industry in our country began in the late 1970s. After 30 years of development, it has been already a matured industry. Then the international education consulting group start to emerge. With the development of our society and increasing national income, the demand for it also increases. However, due to various reasons, most international consulting groups still have some difficult problems remaining to be solved. SY Consulting Group is one of them. Since its establishment in the year 1992, it has met its bottleneck period for development. Analyzing its current industry environment and working out a development strategy benefiting its development has become an important matter. This paper can be divided into five parts, which relies on theoretical knowledge and tools about strategic management and combines document research method and empirical study. Also it was written after the author summarized and analyzed international and domestic development strategy papers, and studied SY Group’s current development. The author uses Michael Porter's Five Forces Model and SWOT Analysis to analyze the company’s competition environment and its advantages and disadvantages to analyze its current business and finally raised a strategic target, comprehensive strategy and competition strategy for its development. The author also provided specific strategies including the structure, marketing and human resources for the company.
The complex relationship of exposure to new Plasmodium infections and incidence of clinical malaria in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Hofmann Natalie E , Karl Stephan , Wampfler Rahel , Kiniboro Benson , Teliki Albina , Iga Jonah , Waltmann Andreea , Betuela Inoni , Felger Ingrid , Robinson Leanne J , Mueller Ivo 
Published: September 2017

The molecular force of blood-stage infection (molFOB) is a quantitative surrogate metric for malaria transmission at population level and for exposure at individual level. Relationships between molFOB, parasite prevalence and clinical incidence were assessed in a treatment-to-reinfection cohort, where P.vivax (Pv) hypnozoites were eliminated in half the children by primaquine (PQ). Discounting relapses, children acquired equal numbers of new P. falciparum (Pf) and Pv blood-stage infections/year (Pf-molFOB = 0–18, Pv-molFOB = 0–23) resulting in comparable spatial and temporal patterns in incidence and prevalence of infections. Including relapses, Pv-molFOB increased >3 fold (relative to PQ-treated children) showing greater heterogeneity at individual (Pv-molFOB = 0–36) and village levels. Pf- and Pv-molFOB were strongly associated with clinical episode risk. Yearly Pf clinical incidence rate (IR = 0.28) was higher than for Pv (IR = 0.12) despite lower Pf-molFOB. These relationships between molFOB, clinical incidence and parasite prevalence reveal a comparable decline in Pf and Pv transmission that is normally hidden by the high burden of Pv relapses.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02143934
Student engagement and perceptions of stigmatizing views in a mental health–focused collegiate organization
Authors: Harris Suzanne C. , Yates Derek , Patel Michael , Patel Khushboo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Introduction:
While often unintentional, stigma associated with mental health remains prevalent among health care professionals and is implicated in treatment disparities between patients with and without mental disorders. Pharmacists and pharmacy students have also been previously described as prone to discomfort interacting with this population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate stigma, student involvement in mental health activities, and student interest in psychiatric pharmacy.

Methods:
An anonymous, voluntary online survey was open to all student chapters in a mental health–focused professional organization. Sixty-five students from 19 chapters participated in the survey after consent was obtained. Stigma and social distance survey items were adapted from previously validated instruments. Descriptive statistics were used and correlations were investigated using Spearman rank correlation.

Results:
Results indicated that students had overall low stigma but more negative views related to disclosure of one's own illness or to more personal interactions. Level of involvement was unrelated to level of stigma, and perceived impact by nonleadership activities was associated with lower stigma (P = .016). Shadowing pharmacists and community service were frequently reported as most influential on student perceptions of mental health (23% and 26%, respectively).

Discussion:
Students involved in a mental health–focused organization had overall positive perceptions toward mental illness. Student engagement in specific opportunities at any level may be more influential than total number of activities participated in. Students have a strong interest in pursuing extracurricular activities in mental health and perceive interactions with patient contact as the most influential on their attitudes.
Effects of a psychiatric clinical rotation on pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the mentally ill
Authors: Cates Marshall E. , Woolley Thomas W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction:Previous studies have found ineffectiveness of psychiatric clinical rotations to change pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, but those studies had various limitations that cast doubt on this conclusion.Methods:Pharmacy students who participated in a psychiatric clinical rotation over a 2-year time frame were invited to complete a survey at the beginning and end of their rotation. The survey included scales that measured attitudes toward dangerousness, social distance, stigmatization, suicide prevention, and provision of pharmaceutical care.Results:Forty-one (100%) students participated in the study. Statistically significant positive changes in total scale scores from pre-rotation to post-rotation were seen in the areas of stigmatization toward patients with schizophrenia (P = .02), attitudes toward suicide prevention (P = .05), and provision of pharmaceutical care services to patients with schizophrenia (P &lt; .00001) and depression (P = .0006). There were no statistically significant changes on the total scores of the other scales, but there was a moderate improvement in stigmatization toward patients with depression.Discussion:Pharmacy students' participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation failed to have a major impact on their social distance from mentally ill patients. Findings were mixed in regards to stigmatization of mentally ill patients. However, pharmacy students' attitudes toward suicide prevention and providing pharmaceutical care services to mentally ill patients were significantly improved by participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation. Preceptors in the clinical setting should consider including educational techniques that address pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, as improvement in such attitudes may further enhance their willingness to provide pharmaceutical care services.
Graphic representation of pharmacology: Development of an alternative model
Authors: Saklad Stephen R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroduction:Providing clinicians with an easy to grasp and understandable representation of pharmacology is important to allow optimal clinical decisions to be made. Two of the most clinically relevant dimensions are receptor binding affinity and functional activity. The binding affinity for an agonist is described by the dissociation constant (KA), and an antagonist by the inhibition constant (Ki). Functionally, medications can act as superagonists, agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, partial inverse agonists, or inverse agonists at several receptor sites, transporters, or ion channels. Comprehending the differences between agents is complicated by the number and types of binding sites.Methods:Binding and functional data are obtained from primary literature, product labels, human cloned receptor binding, and other sources. Binding affinities are converted into ratios relative to the putative primary receptor for that category of agent. Antipsychotic binding is referenced to dopamine type 2 long (D2L) receptor binding. Binding affinity ratios (BARs) generate a 6-spoked diagram, with D2L as the hub. The most avidly bound sites are the spokes, and the disk diameter represents the BAR. Where functional data are available, they are shown as a pie chart shading the binding site's disk.Results:Binding and function diagrams are shown for the antipsychotics where binding data are available and are compared to previous methods of pharmacologic comparisons of antipsychotics.Discussion:Use of graphic models of psychotropic pharmacology improves clinician comprehension and may serve as an aid to improve rational therapeutics and patient outcomes.
Pimavanserin (Nuplazid™) for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis: A review of the literature
Authors: Touma Katie T. B. , Touma Daniel C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Introduction:
Pimavanserin (Nuplazid™) is an atypical antipsychotic currently indicated for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson disease psychosis. The antipsychotic effects of this new agent are believed to occur via selective inverse agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2a receptors.

Methods:
Study authors completed a literature review of 2 published randomized controlled trials of pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis. The Food and Drug Administration Briefing Document by the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee for the review of pimavanserin dated March 29, 2016, was reviewed for additional information on 2 unpublished trials.

Results:
Pimavanserin has demonstrated no worsening of motor symptoms of Parkinson disease, but only 1 of 4 trials has shown consistent statistically significant improvements in psychotic symptoms compared with placebo.

Discussion:
Options for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis are limited. The selective receptor profile of pimavanserin offers advantages for tolerability. Further studies are warranted to better provide clinicians and patients with information regarding the clinical utility of this agent.
Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Jandera Pavel 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Fundamentals of multidimensional liquid chromatographic techniques are overviewed, including off‐line, serial, stop‐and‐go, and heart‐cutting and comprehensive separation modes, with attention to resolution, peak capacity, efficiency, orthogonality, and selectivity with special attention to the effects of sample structure on the retention and optimization of two‐dimensional (2‐D) separation systems, including the selection of columns, flow rate, fraction volumes, and mobile phase.
Experimental set‐up, modulation of the fraction collection and transfer from the first to the second dimension, compatibility of mobile phases in comprehensive LC × LC, and 2‐D asymmetry are addressed. The survey presents various coupled 2‐D modes (RP × RP, HILIC × RP, IEX × RP, and SEC × RP) and problems with their on‐line coupling.
The Functional Response of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Electron‐Beam Patterned Elastomeric Surfaces Presenting Micrometer to Nanoscale Heterogeneous Rigidity
Authors: Biggs Manus J. P. , Fernandez Marc , Thomas Dilip , Cooper Ryan , Palma Matteo , Liao Jinyu , Fazio Teresa , Dahlberg Carl , Wheadon Helen , Pallipurath Anuradha , Pandit Abhay , Kysar Jeffrey , Wind Shalom J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCells directly probe and respond to the physicomechanical properties of their extracellular environment, a dynamic process which has been shown to play a key role in regulating both cellular adhesive processes and differential cellular function. Recent studies indicate that stem cells show lineage‐specific differentiation when cultured on substrates approximating the stiffness profiles of specific tissues. Although tissues are associated with a range of Young's modulus values for bulk rigidity, at the subcellular level, tissues are comprised of heterogeneous distributions of rigidity. Lithographic processes have been widely explored in cell biology for the generation of analytical substrates to probe cellular physicomechanical responses. In this work, it is shown for the first time that that direct‐write e‐beam exposure can significantly alter the rigidity of elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrates and a new class of 2D elastomeric substrates with controlled patterned rigidity ranging from the micrometer to the nanoscale is described. The mechanoresponse of human mesenchymal stem cells to e‐beam patterned substrates was subsequently probed in vitro and significant modulation of focal adhesion formation and osteochondral lineage commitment was observed as a function of both feature diameter and rigidity, establishing the groundwork for a new generation of biomimetic material interfaces.
Half‐Metallic Behavior in 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Nanosheets by Dual‐Native‐Defects Engineering
Authors: Tong Yun , Guo Yuqiao , Mu Kejun , Shan Huan , Dai Jun , Liu Yi , Sun Zhe , Zhao Aidi , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTwo‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been regarded as one of the best nonartificial low‐dimensional building blocks for developing spintronic nanodevices. However, the lack of spin polarization in the vicinity of the Fermi surface and local magnetic moment in pristine TMDs has greatly hampered the exploitation of magnetotransport properties. Herein, a half‐metallic structure of TMDs is successfully developed by a simple chemical defect‐engineering strategy. Dual native defects decorate titanium diselenides with the coexistence of metal‐Ti‐atom incorporation and Se‐anion defects, resulting in a high‐spin‐polarized current and local magnetic moment of 2D Ti‐based TMDs toward half‐metallic room‐temperature ferromagnetism character. Arising from spin‐polarization transport, the as‐obtained T‐TiSe1.8 nanosheets exhibit a large negative magnetoresistance phenomenon with a value of −40% (5T, 10 K), representing one of the highest negative magnetoresistance effects among TMDs. It is anticipated that this dual regulation strategy will be a powerful tool for optimizing the intrinsic physical properties of TMD systems.
Thick Film Polymer Solar Cells Based on Naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole Conjugated Polymers with Efficiency over 11%
Authors: Jin Yaocheng , Chen Zhiming , Xiao Manjun , Peng Jiajun , Fan Baobing , Ying Lei , Zhang Guichuan , Jiang Xiao‐Fang , Yin Qingwu , Liang Ziqi , Huang Fei , Cao Yong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTwo novel narrow bandgap π‐conjugated polymers based on naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c′]bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole) (NT) unit are developed, which contain the thiophene or benzodithiophene flanked with alkylthiophene as the electron‐donating segment. Both copolymers exhibit strong aggregations both in solution and as thin films. The resulting copolymers with higher molecular weight show higher photovoltaic performance by virtue of the enhanced short‐circuit current densities and fill factors, which can be attributed to their higher absorptivity and formation of more favorable film morphologies. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) fabricated with the copolymer PNTT achieve remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) > 11% based on both conventional and inverted structures at the photoactive layer thickness of 280 nm, which is the highest value so far observed from NT‐based copolymers. Of particular interest is that the device performances are insensitive to the thickness of the photoactive layer, for which the PCEs > 10% can be achieved with film thickness ranging from 150 to 660 nm, and the PCE remains >9% at the thickness over 1 µm. These findings demonstrate that these NT‐based copolymers can be promising candidates for the construction of thick film PSCs toward low‐cost roll‐to‐roll processing technology.