bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faktor Prediktor Kematian Anak dengan Infeksi HIV yang Mendapat Terapi Antiretrovirus di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta dan RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang
Authors: Perwitasari Dyah , Arguni Eggi , Satria Cahya Dewi , Hapsari MMDEAH 
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Kasus infeksi HIV pada anak di Indonesia semakin meningkat dengan angka kematian yang cukup tinggi. Angka kematian anak HIV yang menjalani terapi antiretrovirus disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor.Tujuan. Mengetahui faktor prediktor yang memengaruhi kematian anak dengan infeksi HIV yang telah mendapat terapi antiretrovirus.Metode. Penelitian studi kasus-kontrol dengan matching usia pada anak dengan infeksi HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV di RSUP Dr. Sardjito dan RSUP Dr. Kariadi dari Januari 2007 sampai dengan Desember 2013. Kelompok kasus adalah pasien meninggal dan kelompok kontrol adalah pasien yang hidup setelah mendapat terapi ARV. Data diambil dari catatan medis dengan kuesionerterstruktur. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS 17.0.Hasil. Didapatkan 96 anak dirawat dengan infeksi HIV dan menggunakan terapi ARV selama periode penelitian. Dua puluh pasien meninggal setelah menerima ARV sebagai kasus dan 20 pasien hidup sebagai kelompok kontrol. Pada analisis bivariat terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara status gizi, stadium klinis WHO, ketaatan kunjungan, lama terapi ARV terhadap kematian. Pada analisis multivariat, ketidaktaatan kunjungan memiliki OR 13,8 (IK95%: 1,04-184,02) dengan nilai p<0,05 dan lama terapi ARV ≤6 bulan memiliki OR 22,133 (IK95%: 1,202-407,60).Kesimpulan. Ketidaktaatan kunjungan ke Poliklinik dan lama terapi ARV ≤6 bulan merupakan faktor prediktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kematian pada anak dengan infeksi HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV. Namun, lama terapi ARV ≤6 bulan merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kematian.
Perbandingan Efektivitas dan Keamanan Kombinasi Ketamin/Midazolam Dibandingkan Ketamin Tunggal sebagai Sedasi pada Anak
Authors: Andriastuti Murti , Kartika Dewi , Ade WR Andi 
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Penambahan midazolam sebelum pemberian ketamin sebagai obat sedasi pada tindakan aspirasi sumsum tulang atau pemberian kemoterapi intratekal terbukti meningkatkan efektivitas sedasi, mengurangi ansietas dan mengurangi efek samping ketamin yaitu mimpi buruk, halusinasi, dan fenomena pulih sadar pasca pemberian ketamin.Tujuan. Membandingkan efektivitas dan keamanan sedasi antara kombinasi ketamin/midazolam dan ketamin tunggal berdasarkan bukti ilmiah.Metode. Penelusuran pustaka database elektronik melalui Pubmed, Clinical Key, dan Google Scholar.Hasil. Suatu uji klinis acak tersamar mendapatkan awitan sedasi secara signifikan lebih singkat pada kelompok ketamin/midazolam dibandingkan ketamin yaitu 2,6 menit dan 3,4 menit (nilai p= 0,01). Jumlah subjek yang mengalami amnesia total pada kelompok ketamin/midazolam dibandingkan ketamin yaitu 100% dan 80,3% (p=0,001). Kejadian mimpi buruk pada kelompok ketamin/midazolam dibandingkan ketamin 6,3% dan 19,6% (p=0,04). Lima uji kohort menunjukkan kombinasi ketamin/midazolam dapatmenjadi pilihan sedasi yang cepat, efektif, dan aman bagi anak yang akan menjalani berbagai tindakan di bidang hematologi-onkologi. Kombinasi ini aman dan efisien untuk mengurangi nyeri selama prosedur dan mengurangi kecemasan pasien dan orangtua.Kesimpulan. Berdasarkan penelitian ilmiah yang telah dipaparkan, penambahan midazolam pada ketamin tidak menambah efek samping, dan kombinasi ini lebih baik dibandingkan ketamin tunggal.
External angular dermoid cyst: An unusual case report with surgical intervention and clinico-pathological analysis.
Authors: Gujjar Pavan Kumar , Pereira Treville , Zingade Jyoti 
Published: January 2017

Dermoid and epidermoid cysts which belong to choristomas, usually manifest clinically as superficial and deep cystic movable formations, most often with a slow and intermittent growth. In the present article we report a case of an external angular dermoid cyst in a 13-year-old boy, the growth of which was steady on progression. Surgical excision of the cyst was done by approaching through an external sub-brow incision. Dermoid cysts are unusual neoplasms that often seen in children with the most commonly affected site being the orbit in the head and neck region. Such cysts may cause compression to the eye lobe and the optic nerve. Hence, operative procedures may be suggested in the case of such cysts which have a constant progression. Keywords: Choristoma; Dermoid; Sub-brow incision.
Erosive softening and erosive loss of enamel: Hardness and profilometry analysis
Authors: Salomão Priscila Maria Aranda , Dos Santos Daiana Moreli Soares , Da Silva Camila Perfeito Evangelista , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo , Wiegand Annette , Magalhães Ana Carolina 
Published: January 2017

Objective – This study aimed to determine and differentiate erosive softening and enamel erosive loss induced by citric and hydrochloric acids. Material and Methods – Forty enamel specimens were divided into 2 groups: 1) 0.05 M citric acid (pH 2.5) simulating extrinsic erosion and 2) 0.01 M hydrochloric acid (pH 2.2) simulating intrinsic erosion. The enamel specimens were submitted to erosive challenges. Surface microhardness (softening) or contact profilometry (loss) was done after 30 s, after each 60 s up to 10 min, after each 5 min up to 30 min and after 60, 90 and 120 min. Results – Erosive softening (enamel hardness loss) was measurable up to 1 and 2 min for hydrochloric and citric acids, respectively. Erosive loss was significantly increased over time for both types of acids. After 8 min, citric acid was more aggressive than hydrochloric acid (p < 0.001). Conclusion – The progression of enamel erosion from erosive softening to erosive loss is highly dependent on the type of acid, being citric acid more aggressive in later stages. Therefore, this finding should be considered when choosing the method of analysis for laboratory studies. Keywords: Enamel; Erosive wear; Microhardness; Profilometry; Tooth erosion.
Bicarbonate‐sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase is present in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus of multiple shark tissues
Authors: Roa Jinae N. , Tresguerres Martin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is directly stimulated by bicarbonate (HCO3−) to produce the signaling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Because sAC and sAC‐related enzymes are found throughout phyla from cyanobacteria to mammals and they regulate cell physiology in response to internal and external changes in pH, CO2, and HCO3−, sAC is deemed an evolutionarily conserved acid‐base sensor. Previously, sAC has been reported in dogfish shark and round ray gill cells, where they sense and counteract blood alkalosis by regulating the activity of V‐type H+‐ ATPase. Here, we report the presence of sAC protein in gill, rectal gland, cornea, intestine, white muscle, and heart of leopard sharkTriakis semifasciata. Co‐expression of sAC with transmembrane adenylyl cyclases supports the presence of cAMP signaling microdomains. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry on tissue sections, and western blots and cAMP‐activity assays on nucleus‐enriched fractions demonstrate the presence of sAC protein in and around nuclei. These results suggest that sAC modulates multiple physiological processes in shark cells, including nuclear functions.
Postnatal resveratrol supplementation improves cardiovascular function in male and female intrauterine growth restricted offspring
Authors: Shah Amin , Quon Anita , Morton Jude S. , Davidge Sandra T. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may predispose offspring to an increased susceptibility of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adult life. The window of opportunity to treat later life CVD programmed in fetal life is critical. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of resveratrol treatment of IUGR offspring at a time of known CV dysfunction. Sprague–Dawley male and female rat offspring who experienced normoxia (21% O2; control) or hypoxia (11% O2; IUGR) in utero were fed a high‐fat (HF) diet (3–21 weeks of age) or a HF diet (3–21 weeks of age) supplemented with resveratrol from 13 to 21 weeks of age. At 21 weeks of age, echocardiographic data showed that male IUGR offspring had mild in vivo diastolic dysfunction, whereas female IUGR offspring had early signs of cardiac diastolic dysfunction that was not altered by resveratrol treatment. Notably, male and female IUGR offspring demonstrated equal susceptibility to ex vivo cardiac dysfunction recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and this was improved by resveratrol treatment, independent of sex. Resveratrol increased cardiac phospho‐adenosine monophosphate kinase (p‐AMPK) levels in only female IUGR offspring. IUGR or resveratrol did not alter cardiac superoxide levels. However, in male offspring, an overall effect of IUGR in reducing cardiac catalase levels was observed that was not altered by resveratrol. Interestingly, in only female IUGR offspring, resveratrol significantly increased cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2 levels. In conclusion, resveratrol treatment of adult IUGR offspring, at the time of known CV dysfunction, improved cardiac function recovery in both sexes and the mechanisms involved were partially sex‐specific.
Aerobic efficiency is associated with the improvement in maximal power output during acute hyperoxia
Authors: Manselin Tom A. , Södergård Olof , Larsen Filip J. , Lindholm Peter 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between aerobic efficiency during cycling exercise and the increase in physical performance with acute hyperoxic exposure (FiO2 ~31%) (HOX) and also tested the hypothesis that fat oxidation could be increased by acute hyperoxia. Fourteen males and four females were recruited for two sessions, where they exercised for 2 × 10 min at 100 W to determine efficiency. HOX and normoxia (NOX) were administered randomly on both occasions to account for differences in nitrogen exchange. Thereafter, a progressive ramp test was performed to determine VO2max and maximal power output (Wmax). After 30 min rest, workload was set to 80% of maximal power output (Wmax) for a time to exhaustion test (TTE). At 100W gross efficiency was reduced from 19.4% during NOX to 18.9% during HOX (P ≤ 0.0001). HOX increased fat oxidation at 100 W by 52% from 3.41 kcal min‐1 to 5.17 kcal min‐1 (P ≤ 0.0001) with a corresponding reduction in carbohydrate oxidation. Wmax increased by 2.4% from 388.8 (±82.1) during NOX to 397.8 (±83.5) during HOX (P ≤ 0.0001). SaO2 was higher in HOX both at the end of the maximal exercise test and TTE. Subjects with a high level of efficiency in NOX had a larger improvement in Wmax with HOX, in agreement with the hypothesis that an optimum level of efficiency exists that maximizes power production. No association between mitochondrial excess capacity and endurance performance was found; increases in oxygen supply seemed to increase maximal aerobic power production and maintain/increase endurance capacity at the same relative workload.
The Role of Judges in Deciding the Future of Digital Libraries
Authors: Panezi Argyri 
Published: January 2017

AbstractJudges sitting in US and EU courts have adjudicated a number of high-profile cases of mass and small-scale digitization and access to digitized material. These cases have important policy effects mounting to shaping the future of digital libraries insofar as the current copyright framework does not change from the legislative branch. This article focuses on the judges’ struggle to achieve progressive (pro-libraries and pro-technology) results interpreting the applicable rules. American judges, on the one hand, primarily utilized doctrinal tools such as the fair use doctrine. European judges, on the other hand, used interpretative methods that can push the limits of exceptions and limitations favoring libraries. The article seeks to bring the role of the judiciary to the spotlight, analyze the wording of the relevant decisions and offer a possible reading of the responsibility that the judges must have experienced adjudicating these cases. Ultimately it urges legislative reform to be a follow-up to the judges’ support of the benefits of digitization the future of libraries in the digital era.
A Finite Element Domain Decomposition Approximation for a Semilinear Parabolic Singularly Perturbed Differential Equation
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Rathish Kumar B. V. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a Monotone Schwarz Iterative Method (MSIM) under the framework of Domain Decomposition Strategy for solving semilinear parabolic singularly perturbed partial differential equations (SPPDEs). A three-step Taylor Galerkin Finite Element (3TGFE) approximation of semilinear parabolic SPPDE is carried out during each of the stages of the MSIM. Appropriate Interface Problems are introduced to update the subdomain boundary conditions in the Monotone Iterative Domain Decomposition (MIDD) method. The convergence of the MIDD method has been established. In addition, the stability and

ϵ

$\epsilon$

-uniform convergence of 3TGFE based MIDD has been discussed. Further, by using maximum principle and induction hypothesis, the convergence of the proposed MSIM has been established. Also, the proposed 3TGFE based MIDD has been successfully implemented on a couple of test problems.
Rational Decision Framework for Designing Pile-Load Test Programs
Authors: Najjar S. , Saad G. , Abdallah Y. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
There is currently an inconsistency in the recommendations that are available in pile-design codes and practices regarding the required number of proof-load tests and the level of the proof loads for piles. In this paper, a pre-posterior decision-making framework is proposed to allow for selecting the optimal pile-load test program that would result in the maximum expected benefit to a project, while maintaining a target level of reliability in the pile design at the site. This proposed methodology is original, practical, and is based on site-specific information that is unique to any given project. The proposed methodology is based on a robust Bayesian approach that allows for updating the capacity distribution of piles at a site, given the results of the proof-load test program. The efficiency of the proposed decision framework is demonstrated by applying it on a practical design example that involves piles that are driven in a site consisting of medium-dense sand. Results indicate that: (1) the optimum proof-load level that results in the maximum benefit to the example project is 1.5 times the design load, (2) the optimum number of tests is a function of the number of piles (superstructure load) and the costs of the pile construction and testing, (3) as the number of piles in the site increases, the optimal required number of proof-load tests also increase, with the optimum number of pile-load tests being around 1 % to 2 % of the total number of piles at the site, and (4) the optimal number of pile-load tests increases as the cost of pile construction and installation increases and as the cost of implementing the pile test program decreases.
Water Security and International Law
Authors: Kuokkanen Tuomas 
Published: January 2017

The article explores water security from an international law point of view. The article argues that in order to better understand water security it is important to focus on the function of international water law. Even though water security is a relatively recent concept it was latent in the process of the evolution of international water law.

In addition, the article examines the relationship between man and water from the point of view of water security. The article seeks to answer the question: how does international water law deal with that relationship? Is water only an object to be utilized and protected or has the relationship become more complex and ambivalent through the occurrence of various extreme events.

Furthermore, the article places the concept of water security into a historiographical and substantive context. It explores three broad approaches by international law to water issues: general international law, the regulatory approach and the management approach. The article argues that they are all relevant to water security.

Finally, the article seeks to demonstrate that even though water security has emerged as a new notion, this does not mean that international law does not include rules and principles relevant for water security. Indeed, many general principles of international law are applicable in the context of water security. In addition, specific regulations dealing with water quantity and quality issues have been developed in international environmental law, although they are not necessarily labelled as water security rules. Moreover, various risk management methods have been elaborated to deal with water-related disasters and crises. Reciprocally, water security arguments are not necessarily new notions but rather reflect already existing concepts and principles.
The legend of plantar neuropraxia in long-distance athletes
Authors: Kellogg DS , Joslin J 
Published: January 2017

Background. Legend has it that endurance athletes who develop plantar foot pain during long-distance running frequently experience an eventual relief of pain due to a transient neuropraxia brought on by continued activity.Objective. To evaluate the nature of this legend, we assessed long-distance runners for the presence of sensory deficits before and after completion of an ultramarathon, expecting to find an induced neuropraxia and abnormal sensory results.Methods. Twenty-five adult participants of an ultramarathon were evaluated prior to their 50/100 km run and again upon completion of the race. Neurosensory testing was performed using a 10 g monofilament at 4 locations on each foot and a 128 Hz tuning fork at one location on each foot. The same techniques were used prior to, and at conclusion of the race.Results. We detected no neuropraxia or sensory deficits in any participant, despite reports by the same subjects that they had experienced the phenomenon during the race. While runners commonly report losing sensation in their feet during long runs, we were unable to demonstrate any sensory deficit with simple field-based testing.Conclusion. We believe that there is room for additional research to be performed using more sensitive means of neurosensory evaluation.
Speech recognition for under-resourced languages: Data sharing in hidden Markov model systems
Authors: De Wet Febe , Kleynhans Neil , Van Compernolle Dirk , Sahraeian Reza 
Published: January 2017

For purposes of automated speech recognition in under-resourced environments, techniques used to share acoustic data between closely related or similar languages become important. Donor languages with abundant resources can potentially be used to increase the recognition accuracy of speech systems developed in the resource poor target language. The assumption is that adding more data will increase the robustness of the statistical estimations captured by the acoustic models. In this study we investigated data sharing between Afrikaans and Flemish – an under-resourced and well-resourced language, respectively. Our approach was focused on the exploration of model adaptation and refinement techniques associated with hidden Markov model based speech recognition systems to improve the benefit of sharing data. Specifically, we focused on the use of currently available techniques, some possible combinations and the exact utilisation of the techniques during the acoustic model development process. Our findings show that simply using normal approaches to adaptation and refinement does not result in any benefits when adding Flemish data to the Afrikaans training pool. The only observed improvement was achieved when developing acoustic models on all available data but estimating model refinements and adaptations on the target data only.

Significance:

Acoustic modelling for under-resourced languages
Automatic speech recognition for Afrikaans
Data sharing between Flemish and Afrikaans to improve acoustic modelling for Afrikaans
LEARNER AUTONOMY IN THE INDONESIAN EFL SETTINGS
Authors: Lengkanawati Nenden Sri 
Published: January 2017

Learner autonomy in Indonesian educational institutions has not commonly been listed as a teaching-learning objective, and most teachers seem to be hardly acquainted with learner autonomy (LA). Therefore, it is very essential to conduct a study of LA as perceived and experienced by school teachers and to find out the importance of LA training for professional development. A questionnaire was used to collect the data about English teachers’ perceptions regarding LA and LA-based practices. In addition, an LA training was conducted to see its significance for[JC1] professional development. After quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the data, it was found that the participating teachers tended to maintain that autonomy should be inculcated among learners, and that the LA concept should not be misinterpreted as learning without a teacher. Concerning choices and decisions by the learners, it was believed that learners’ making choices about how they learned and what activities they did, and involving them to decide what and how to learn could promote autonomy among learners. As regards LA-based teaching-learning practices, it was revealed that most teachers desired to implement LA principles in their teaching-learning contexts, although they identified that many of the LA principles were not that feasible to apply in their situation. It was also found that LA training could improve the teachers’ perceptions regarding LA concepts and principles. There were some constraints which could make learner autonomy difficult to develop among Indonesian learners in general: limited time allotted for the implementation of the curriculum, learners’ lack of autonomous learning experience, too much focus on national examinations, and insufficient proficiency of English. LA-based teaching-learning practices were most desired; however, many were considered as having insufficient feasibility. In this respect, commitment is certainly the key to success in inculcating LA principles as well as implementing them in the classroom setting. [JC1]significance for
Tentativa de resolução da aparente discrepância entre o efeito de incongruência e as correlações ilusórias baseadas nas expectativas
Authors: Garcia-Marques Leonel 
Published: January 2017

Dois dos mais robustos efeitos da Cognição Social, o efeito de incongruência e as correlações ilusórias baseadas nas expectativas, são aparentemente incompatíveis. Esta incompatibilidade torna-se mais aguda se for levada em consideração a similitude entre os ocntextos experimentais em que, tipicamente, se encontram ambos os efeitos. Não tem existido contudo senão um pequeno nuúmero de tentativas conceptuais d3e resolução deste aparente paradoxo. Epior, mesmo essas tentativas não produziram nem um desejável enquadramento global, nem foram capazes de abarcar completamente os dados disponíveis. O autor apresenta um novo enquadramento teórico, o modelo «Generalização de Hastie-Srull» (GHS), que representa um esforço de ultrapassar esta situação. Um novo paradigma experimenatl que combina as características típicas dos dois paradigmas experimentais originais, é também apresentado, concomitantemente com os resultados dos primeiros estudos que o utilizaram- Os resultados, mostrando uma forte dissociação entre a evocação livre e a estimação da frequência da informação incongruente com as expectativas, fornecem fortes razões para a dissolução do paradoxo referido. São igualmente discutidas as implicações mais latas destes estudos para a compreensão dos processos de formação de impressões.