bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining Mechanistic Modeling and Raman Spectroscopy for Real‐Time Monitoring of Fed‐Batch Penicillin Production
Authors: Golabgir Aydin , Herwig Christoph 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA soft sensor that combines data from Raman spectroscopy and off‐gas analyzers with a dynamic mechanistic bioprocess model was investigated for online monitoring of the physiological characteristics of Penicillium chrysogenum fed‐batch cultivations. A systematic workflow based on nonlinear observability analysis was established for accelerating and improving the process of soft‐sensor development. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to perform accurate and frequent measurements of the penicillin concentration in the bioreactor, which were combined with measurements of respiratory rates. Using a particle filter algorithm, the soft sensor allowed for the online estimation of the biomass concentration, the specific growth rate, and the specific penicillin production rate.
International Conference on Hydrotransport special issue section: Preface
Authors: Sanders R. Sean 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSelected papers presented at the 19th International Conference on Hydrotransport (HYDROTRANSPORT 19, Golden, CO, 24–26 September 2014) are published as a special section in this issue. The transport of solid‐liquid mixtures (or slurries) in pipelines or in open‐channel flow is ubiquitous in Canada's mining, mineral processing, and oil sands industries. In particular, processes designed to produce dewatered waste tailings, which are crucial components in any strategy to reduce land disturbance and minimize water usage, involve the transport and deposition of complex, highly non‐Newtonian, settling mixtures. The specific focus of each study in this special issue section varies quite widely, ranging from a historical perspective on slurry flow modelling to fluid‐structure interactions during pump operation. The papers presented, though, are united in that they contribute to step‐change improvements in the ability to understand slurry flow behaviour through model development and advanced measurement techniques.
A General, Effcient and Green Procedure for Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxamides in Low Melting Betaine Hydrochloride/Urea Mixture
Authors: Liu Peng , Hao Jianwu , Zhang Zhanhui 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA simple, facile and convenient strategy has been developed for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxamides in low melting mixture of betaine hydrochloride/urea. In this procedure, the low melting mixture of betaine hydrochloride/urea plays a triple role: as a catalyst, solvent and reactant. The present green protocol has advantages such as high yield of products, short reaction times, operational simplicity, no chromatographic separation, eco‐friendliness, and applicability for large‐scale synthesis.
Evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emissions across 202 tropical tree species
Authors: Courtois Elodie A. , Dexter Kyle G. , Paine Charles Eliot Timothy , Stien Didier , Engel Julien , Baraloto Christopher , Chave Jérôme 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPlant responses to natural enemies include formation of secondary metabolites acting as direct or indirect defenses. Volatile terpenes represent one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites. We aimed to explore evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emission. We measured the composition of damage‐induced volatile terpenes from 202 Amazonian tree species, spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Volatile terpenes were extracted with solid‐phase micro extraction and desorbed in a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for compound identification. The chemical diversity of the terpene blend showed a strong phylogenetic signal as closely related species emitted a similar number of compounds. Closely related species also tended to have compositionally similar blends, although this relationship was weak. Meanwhile, the ability to emit a given compound showed no significant phylogenetic signal for 200 of 286 compounds, indicating a high rate of diversification in terpene synthesis and/or great variability in their expression. Three lineages (Magnoliales, Laurales, and Sapindales) showed exceptionally high rates of terpene diversification. Of the 70 compounds found in >10% of their species, 69 displayed significant correlated evolution with at least one other compound. These results provide insights into the complex evolutionary history of volatile terpenes in angiosperms, while highlighting the need for further research into this important class of compounds.
Demographic and traditional knowledge perspectives on the current status of Canadian polar bear subpopulations
Authors: York Jordan , Dowsley Martha , Cornwell Adam , Kuc Miroslaw , Taylor Mitchell 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSubpopulation growth rates and the probability of decline at current harvest levels were determined for 13 subpopulations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) that are within or shared with Canada based on mark–recapture estimates of population numbers and vital rates, and harvest statistics using population viability analyses (PVA). Aboriginal traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on subpopulation trend agreed with the seven stable/increasing results and one of the declining results, but disagreed with PVA status of five other declining subpopulations. The decline in the Baffin Bay subpopulation appeared to be due to over‐reporting of harvested numbers from outside Canada. The remaining four disputed subpopulations (Southern Beaufort Sea, Northern Beaufort Sea, Southern Hudson Bay, and Western Hudson Bay) were all incompletely mark–recapture (M‐R) sampled, which may have biased their survival and subpopulation estimates. Three of the four incompletely sampled subpopulations were PVA identified as nonviable (i.e., declining even with zero harvest mortality). TEK disagreement was nonrandom with respect to M‐R sampling protocols. Cluster analysis also grouped subpopulations with ambiguous demographic and harvest rate estimates separately from those with apparently reliable demographic estimates based on PVA probability of decline and unharvested subpopulation growth rate criteria. We suggest that the correspondence between TEK and scientific results can be used to improve the reliability of information on natural systems and thus improve resource management. Considering both TEK and scientific information, we suggest that the current status of Canadian polar bear subpopulations in 2013 was 12 stable/increasing and one declining (Kane Basin). We do not find support for the perspective that polar bears within or shared with Canada are currently in any sort of climate crisis. We suggest that monitoring the impacts of climate change (including sea ice decline) on polar bear subpopulations should be continued and enhanced and that adaptive management practices are warranted.
Experimental and numerical simulation studies on diesel pool fire
Authors: Sahu Deepak , Kumar Shashi , Jain Shorab , Gupta Akhilesh 
Published: March 2016

SummaryExperimental studies are performed under different ventilation conditions to investigate the effect of ventilation on compartment fires. A compartment of size 4 m × 4 m × 4 m having a door of size 2 m × 1 m is used for experiments. The experiments are conducted with full door open and half door open conditions. Diesel, used as a fuel source, is placed in a pan of 40 cm diameter and 15 cm height, which is kept in the center of the compartment. During experiments a constant 12 cm height of the fuel is maintained above the pan bottom. The maximum heat release rate is found to be 100 kW and 115 kW in full door open and half door open experiments respectively. It is observed that the size of door opening affected the heat release rate, burning rate and thermal environment inside the compartment after the growth period of 800 s. The numerical simulation is also performed for full door open experiment using CFD code, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS, version 6.0.1) developed by NIST. Simulation is accomplished with the refinement of mesh size near the fire source; results from FDS closely match with the experimental results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic Acquired Osteosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Woman With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Guañabens Núria , Mumm Steven , Gifre Laia , Ruiz-Gaspà Silvia , Demertzis Jennifer L , Stolina Marina , Novack Deborah V , Whyte Michael P 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Widely distributed osteosclerosis is an unusual radiographic finding with multiple causes. A 42-year-old premenopausal Spanish woman gradually acquired dense bone diffusely affecting her axial skeleton and focally affecting her proximal long bones. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosed in adolescence had been well controlled. She had not fractured or received antiresorptive therapy, and she was hepatitis C virus antibody negative. Family members had low bone mass. Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) at age 17 years, while receiving glucocorticoids, was 79% the average value of age-matched controls. From ages 30 to 37 years, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD Z-scores steadily increased in her lumbar spine from +3.8 to +7.9, and in her femoral neck from –1.4 to –0.7. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were consistently normal, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) &lt;20 ng/mL, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) sometimes slightly increased. Her reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 38 to 55 mL/min. Hypocalciuria likely reflected positive mineral balance. During increasing BMD, turnover markers (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [ALP], procollagen type 1 N propeptide [P1NP], osteocalcin [OCN], and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen [CTx], and urinary amino-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen [NTx and CTx]) were 1.6- to 2.8-fold above the reference limits. Those of bone formation seemed increased more than those of resorption. FGF-23 was slightly elevated, perhaps from kidney disease. Serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) and TGFβ1 levels were normal, but sclerostin (SOST) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) were elevated. Serum multiplex biomarker profiling confirmed a high level of SOST and RANKL, whereas Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) seemed low. Matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) and -7 (MMP-7) were elevated. Iliac crest biopsy revealed tetracycline labels, no distinction between thick trabeculae and cortical bone, absence of peritrabecular fibrosis, few osteoclasts, and no mastocytosis. Then, for the past 3 years, BMD Z-scores steadily decreased. Skeletal fluorosis, mastocytosis, myelofibrosis, hepatitis C-associated osteosclerosis, multiple myeloma, and aberrant phosphate homeostasis did not explain her osteosclerosis. Mutation analysis of the LRP5, LRP4, SOST, and osteopetrosis genes was negative. Microarray showed no notable copy number variation. Perhaps her osteosclerosis reflected an interval of autoimmune-mediated resistance to SOST and/or RANKL. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Effect of Age on the Pharmacokinetics of Udenafil in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Choi Hyang‐Ki , Jung Jin Ah , Shon Jihong , Bahng Mi Young , Cho Doo‐Yeoun , Yeo Chang Woo , Kim Eun‐Young , Shin Jae‐Gook 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUdenafil, a cyclic guanosine monophosphate–specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, has been developed to treat erectile dysfunction. We evaluated the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of udenafil. A single‐center, open‐label, parallel‐group phase 1 study was conducted in healthy adult subjects who took a single oral dose of udenafil (100 mg). The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of udenafil were compared between 12 healthy young men (21–27 years) and 12 healthy elderly men (65–78 years). Serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 60 and 48 hours after dosing. The plasma concentrations of udenafil and its major metabolite, DA‐8164, were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method. The mean Cmax of udenafil tended to be slightly less (214.0 vs 292.8 μg/L) in the elderly compared with the young (GMR, 68.9; 95% CI, 48.9–97.1); however, the AUC did not differ between the groups (1858.8 vs 2100.6 μg·h/L; GMR, 84.6; 95% CI, 66.1–108.4). The mean t1/2 was prolonged by approximately 5 hours in the elderly (P < .05). The clearance and metabolic AUC ratio did not differ between the elderly and young. In terms of tolerability, all adverse events were mild, and all subjects recovered without additional therapy. The systemic exposure of elderly subjects to udenafil appears to be comparable to or slightly less than that of young healthy subjects. Based on our pharmacokinetic comparisons, udenafil dose adjustment is unlikely to be required in the elderly population.
Quantification of renal steatosis in type II diabetes mellitus using dixon‐based MRI
Authors: Yokoo Takeshi , Clark Haley R. , Pedrosa Ivan , Yuan Qing , Dimitrov Ivan , Zhang Yue , Lingvay Ildiko , Beg Muhammad S. , Bobulescu I. Alexandru 
Published: March 2016

PurposeTo evaluate renal lipid content in subjects with and without type II diabetes mellitus (DM2) using Dixon‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Sixty‐nine adults with or without DM2 (n = 29, n = 40) underwent 3T MRI of the abdomen using 3D multiecho Dixon gradient‐echo acquisition and proton‐density fat fraction (FF) reconstruction. FF values were recorded within segmented regions of interest in the kidneys and liver. The FF measurement error was estimated from the within‐subject difference between the right and left kidneys using Bland–Altman analysis. Correlation between renal FF, hepatic FF, and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated. The association between renal FF and DM2 was evaluated by Wilcoxon rank sum test as well as by multivariate regression to correct for potential confounding effects of age, sex, BMI, creatinine, and hepatic FF. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsPer‐subject 95% limits of agreement of the renal FF measurement were [–3.26%, +3.22%]. BMI was significantly correlated with renal FF (r = 0.266, P = 0.027) and with liver FF (r = 0.344, P = 0.006). Correlation between renal and hepatic FF did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.215, P = 0.090). Median renal FF (±interquartile range) was 2.18% (±2.52%) in the DM2 cohort, significantly higher than 0.80% (±2.63%) in the non‐DM2 cohort (P < 0.001). After correcting for potential confounders, the relationship between DM2 and renal FF remained statistically significant (P = 0.005).ConclusionRenal lipid content can be measured noninvasively using Dixon‐based MRI and may be increased in subjects with DM2 compared to those without DM2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1312–1319.
Field‐based experimental water footprint study of sunflower growth in a semi‐arid region of China
Authors: Qin Lijie , Jin Yinghua , Duan Peili , He Hongshi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDField‐scale changes in the water footprint during crop growth play an important role in formulating sustainable water utilisation strategies. This study aimed to explore field‐scale variation in the water footprint of growing sunflowers in the western Jilin Province, China, during a 3‐year field experiment. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the components of the ‘blue’ and ‘green’ water footprints for sunflowers sown with water, and (2) analyse variations in water footprints and soil water balance under different combinations of temperature and precipitation. Specific actions could be adopted to maintain sustainable agricultural water utilisation in the semi‐arid region based on this study.RESULTSThe green, blue, and grey water footprints accounted for 93.7–94.7%, 0.4–0.5%, and 4.9–5.8%, respectively, of the water footprint of growing sunflowers. The green water footprint for effective precipitation during the growing season accounted for 58.8% in a normal drought year but 48.2% in an extreme drought year. When the effective precipitation during the growing season could not meet the green water use, a moisture deficit arose. This increase in the moisture deficit can have a significant impact on soil water balance.CONCLUSIONGreen water was the primary water source for sunflower growth in the study area, where a scarcity of irrigation water during sunflower growth damaged the soil water balance, particularly in years with continuous drought. The combination of temperature and precipitation effected the growing environment, leading to differences in yield and water footprint. The field experiments in this area may benefit from further water footprint studies at the global, national and regional scale. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
CRISPR1 analysis of naturalized surface water and fecal Escherichia coli suggests common origin
Authors: Tymensen Lisa D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) are part of an acquired bacterial immune system that functions as a barrier to exogenous genetic elements. Since naturalized Escherichia coli are likely to encounter different genetic elements in aquatic environments compared to enteric strains, we hypothesized that such differences would be reflected within the hypervariable CRISPR alleles of these two populations. Comparison of CRISPR1 alleles from naturalized and fecal phylogroup B1 E. coli strains revealed that the alleles could be categorized into four major distinct groups (designated G6–G9), and all four allele groups were found among naturalized strains and fecal strains. The distribution of CRIPSR G6 and G8 alleles was similar among strains of both ecotypes, while naturalized strains tended to have CRISPR G7 alleles rather than G9 alleles. Since CRISPR G7 alleles were not specific to naturalized strains, they, however, would not be useful as a marker for identifying naturalized strains. Notably, CRISPR alleles from naturalized and fecal strains also had similar spacer repertoires. This indicates a shared history of encounter with mobile genetic elements and suggests that the two populations were derived from common ancestors.
Antiplatelet activity of chrysin via inhibiting platelet αIIbβ3‐mediated signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Gang , Xie Wen , He Ao‐Di , Da Xing‐Wen , Liang Ming‐Lu , Yao Guang‐qiang , Xiang Ji‐Zhou , Gao Cun‐ji , Ming Zhang‐Yin 
Published: March 2016

ScopePropolis is thought to help prevent thrombotic and related cardiovascular diseases in humans. Chrysin, a bioflavonoids compound found in high levels in propolis and in honey, has been reported to possess antiplatelet activity. However, the mechanism by which it inhibits platelet function is unclear.Methods and resultsThe effects of chrysin on agonist‐activated platelet‐aggregation, granule‐secretion, and integrin αIIbβ3 activation were examined. Its effects on the phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β, MAPKs, and several proteins of the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling pathway were also studied on collaged‐activated platelets. In addition, human platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen was also tested. We found that chrysin dose dependently inhibited platelet aggregation and granule secretion induced by collagen, as well as platelet aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin, and U46619. Chrysin also markedly reduced the number of adherent platelets and the single platelet spreading area on immobilized fibrinogen. Biochemical analysis revealed that chrysin inhibited collagen‐induced activation of Syk, PLCγ2, PKC, as well as the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. Additionally, chrysin attenuated phosphorylation of molecules such as FcγRIIa, FAK, Akt, and GSK3β in platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that chrysin suppresses not only integrin αIIbβ3‐mediated “inside‐out” signaling, but also the “outside‐in” signal transmission. This implies that chrysin may represent a potential candidate for an antiplatelet agent.
Combined high‐fat‐resveratrol diet and RIP140 knockout mice reveal a novel relationship between elevated bone mitochondrial content and compromised bone microarchitecture, bone mineral mass, and bone strength in the tibia
Authors: Miotto Paula M. , Frendo‐Cumbo Scott , Sacco Sandra M. , Wright David C. , Ward Wendy E. , Holloway Graham P. 
Published: March 2016

ScopeWhile resveratrol (RSV) is associated with the prevention of high‐fat (HF) diet‐induced insulin resistance, the effects on bone health combined with an HF‐diet is unknown. Therefore, we determined the effect of RSV on bone microarchitecture in the presence of an HF‐diet, while also elucidating molecular adaptations within bone that could contribute to bone health status.Methods and resultsMale C57BL6 mice were provided control (10% fat) or HF‐diet (60% fat) in the presence or absence of RSV for 12 weeks. While RSV prevented HF diet‐induced glucose intolerance, HF‐RSV compromised tibial microarchitecture, mineral mass, and strength. The compromised outcomes following HF‐RSV corresponded with higher markers of osteoclast‐activation and bone‐resorption (decreased OPG/RANKL ratio; increased cathepsin K), as well as higher markers of tibial mitochondrial content. A molecular model of elevated mitochondrial content (RIP140 knock out (KO) mice) was utilized to determine proof‐of‐principle that increasing mitochondrial content coincides with decrements in bone health. RIP140 KO mice displayed higher markers of mitochondrial content, and similar to HF‐RSV, had compromised bone microarchitecture, lower BMD/strength, and higher markers of osteoclast‐activation/bone‐resorption.ConclusionThese data show that in the presence of an HF‐diet, RSV negatively alters bone health, a process associated with increased mitochondrial content and markers of bone resorption.
Apolipoprotein E genotype status affects habitual human blood mononuclear cell gene expression and its response to fish oil intervention
Authors: Matualatupauw Juri C. , Radonjic Marijana , van de Rest Ondine , de Groot Lisette C. P. G. M. , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Müller Michael , Afman Lydia A. 
Published: March 2016

ScopePeople who carry the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) single nucleotide polymorphism have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fish‐oil supplementation may help in the prevention of CVD, though interindividual differences in the response to n‐3 PUFAs have been observed. We aimed to assess the impact of APOE genotype on peripheral blood mononuclear cell whole genome gene expression at baseline and following a fish‐oil intervention.Methods and resultsParticipants received 6 months of fish‐oil supplementation containing 1800 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid per day. APOE genotype and peripheral blood mononuclear cell whole genome gene expression before and after supplementation were measured. We characterized the differences in gene expression profiles in carriers of APOE4 (N = 8) compared to noncarriers (N = 15). At baseline, 1320 genes were differentially expressed and the fish‐oil supplementation differentially regulated 866 genes between APOE4 carriers and noncarriers. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that carriers had a higher gene expression of cholesterol biosynthesis and IFN signaling pathways. Fish‐oil supplementation reduced expression of IFN‐related genes in carriers only.ConclusionThe increased expression of IFN signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways might explain part of the association between APOE4 and CVD. Fish‐oil supplementation may particularly benefit APOE4 carriers by decreasing expression of IFN‐related genes.