bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Listen Young Gifted Ones…: Giftedness, Underachievement, Laughter, and Being Different
Authors: Isaacs Ann F. 
Published: July 2017

Laughing can result from inner thoughts, not related to the present situation. It can be brought on by embarrassment, fear, mirth, joy or humor. People laugh, but not necessarily at you, or at anything funny. When a gifted child is around laughter, the motive for this behavior may have nothing to do with the gifted one, and need not be taken personally. Since thinking in depth is often done with a frowning look, cultivating smiles and humor are worthy pasttimes for gifted boys and girls. So many reasons have been given for causing underachievement. More often than not it is accompanied by heartache for many. It seems curious to add that if fear of being laughed at is seen as one of the variables, an added avenue of exploration is present.
Differentiating levels of surgical experience on a virtual reality temporal bone simulator
Authors: Zhao Yi C. , Kennedy Gregor , Hall Richard , O'Leary Stephen 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveVirtual reality simulation is increasingly being incorporated into surgical training and may have a role in temporal bone surgical education. Here we test whether metrics generated by a virtual reality surgical simulation can differentiate between three levels of experience, namely novices, otolaryngology residents, and experienced qualified surgeons.Study DesignCohort study.SettingRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐seven participants were recruited. There were 12 experts, six residents, and nine novices. After orientation, participants were asked to perform a modified radical mastoidectomy on the simulator. Comparisons of time taken, injury to structures, and forces exerted were made between the groups to determine which specific metrics would discriminate experience levels.ResultsExperts completed the simulated task in significantly shorter time than the other two groups (experts 22 minutes, residents 36 minutes, and novices 46 minutes; P = 0.001). Novices exerted significantly higher average forces when dissecting close to vital structures compared with experts (0.24 Newton [N] vs 0.13 N, P = 0.002). Novices were also more likely to injure structures such as dura compared to experts (23 injuries vs 3 injuries, P = 0.001). Compared with residents, the experts modulated their force between initial cortex dissection and dissection close to vital structures. Using the combination of these metrics, we were able to correctly classify the participants’ level of experience 90 percent of the time.ConclusionThis preliminary study shows that measurements of performance obtained from within a virtual reality simulator can differentiate between levels of users’ experience. These results suggest that simulator training may have a role in temporal bone training beyond foundational training.
The Socioeconomic Costs of Road Traffic Accidents in Ethekwini (Durban) Municipality, South Africa
Authors: Olukoga Abiodun 
Published: July 2017

There were 51,880 road traffic accidents recorded in Durban Municipality in 1998, 46.4% being same direction accidents. Most of the casualties (38.8%) were from the vehicle/ pedestrian accidents. Casualties per 100 accidents were highest with vehicle/pedestrian accidents (97.5) and only 9.5 in same direction accidents. Fatalities occurred in 1% of the road traffic accidents and made up 5.1% of all casualties. The total costs of road traffic accidents in 1998 were US$151 million, which was 13.1% of the budget of the municipality for 2002/2003. Damage only accidents cost about US$83.6 million and comprised 55.4% of the total accident costs. Fatal accidents cost US$25.9 million and 17.2% of the total costs. Serious and slight accidents cost about US$42 million and 27.4% of the total costs. Slight accidents cost about US$20.16 million and 13.3% of the total costs. There is an urgent need for measures to reduce the number of pedestrian casualties and fatalities of road traffic accidents.
Taking Moral Motivations into Consideration: An Internalist Point of View
Authors: Ballet Jérôme , Barillot Sébastien , Bazin Damien , Mahieu François-Régis 
Published: July 2017

Economic theory has of late begun to include moral and social factors into the analysis of human behaviour. A key factor in this process of integration is the role of motivations. This role is discussed in the field of moral philosophy through the opposition of internalism and externalism. The first part of the present article deals with this issue. Economic theory, insofar as standard developments are concerned, does not take the internalist point of view seriously into account. This is illustrated in the second section through the discussion of models which integrate the sense of guilt. We then conclude on the weaknesses of these models. The internalist position is defended in the third part. We highlight the effects that such a position could have on economic reasoning. Amongst these effects, special importance is given to demonstrate that rationality regarding economic calculation is subordinate to individual responsibility. JEL classification: B40.
On Economics as a World View*
Authors: Hsiung Bingyuan 
Published: July 2017

Stigler (1965) argued that economists can provide policy-makers with sound policy recommendations, so that the efficiency of resource utilization can be improved. But a more fundamental way to improve the efficiency of resource utilization is to enable the general public to think like an economist. To achieve this aim, however, the way of thinking as implied by economics must be identified first; this paper discusses the particular perspective of economics. The idea of a spectrum is used to discuss various ways of defining economics. Then, it is argued that the concept of cost and a benchmark constitute a basic perspective of economics, or the economic world view. Finally, practical steps to relate this world view to the general public are suggested. JEL classification: All, A20, B20, B41.
Irrelevant Externality Angst
Authors: Haddock David D. 
Published: July 2017

Public goods are perplexing because insuperable transaction costs are encountered when optimization requires comprehensive negotiation among large populations of beneficiaries. Though scrutiny is certainly warranted, private internalization of public goods externalities is common. Even when many parties can freely utilize the good, if most experience a real but marginally irrelevant external effect, private interactions among the few who experience relevant impacts can suitably balance marginal costs and benefits across entire populations. It is impossible to ascertain the desirability or form of government intervention if empirical tasks are neglected on the basis of inconclusive theoretical conjectures. Journal of Economic Literature Classification: D23, D62, D78, H41, K32, P16, Q28
Beyond Economic Efficiency in Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Gatzweiler Franz W. 
Published: July 2017

This paper aims at explaining the importance of the democracy stance as compared to the efficiency stance in order to achieve the conservation of biodiversity. While the efficiency stance only refers to the realm of relatively simple systems, individual rationality, and instrumental values, the complexity stance transcends these boundaries into the realm of complex systems, social rationality and intrinsic values. I argue that if biodiversity is not only regarded as a resource but also a systemic condition, the task of biodiversity conservation is impossible to achieve in economically efficient ways only, because (a) it is impossible to come to a (fully informed) complete account of all values, (b) intrinsic values are involved which exclude themselves from being accounted for in economically efficient terms, and (c) biodiversity conservation can be regarded as an end in itself instead of only a means towards the end of human well-being. The point I raise is, that in order to cope with biodiversity conservation in its entirity we need to choose value articulating institutions which take better account of intrinsic values or even feelings of people who are ultimately part of the same system and may feel that their existence should not be justified on the grounds of economic efficiency. It is how we choose to perceive people and biodiversity that determines choices of how to conserve biodiversity and invest in peoples conservation capabilities. JEL-Codes: B52, Q51, Q57
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Femoral Insertion Site Characteristics: Importance for Reconstructive Procedures
Authors: Mejia Etienne A. , Noyes Frank R. , Grood Edward S. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Previous descriptions of the insertion site of the posterior cruciate ligament are inadequate. Hypothesis: More than one reference system is required to adequately represent the anatomy of the femoral attachment. Study Design: Descriptive anatomic study. Methods: Twelve cadaveric specimens were evaluated by using two measurement methods relative to the femoral articular cartilage margin and two methods relative to the intercondylar femoral roof. Results: Reference lines perpendicular to the articular cartilage best defined the 12- and 1-o'clock positions, and those perpendicular to the articular cartilage or parallel to the femoral shaft best defined the 2-, 3-, and 4-o'clock positions. The angle of the proximal attachment to the roof was 88° ± 5.5°. The posterior cruciate ligament was a continuum of fibers rather than two distinct bundles, and its attachment showed variability in shape and thickness, extending past the midline in the notch (11:21 ± 15 minutes to 4:12 ± 20 minutes, right knee). Conclusions: More than one measurement system is required to accurately describe the femoral origin of the posterior cruciate ligament. Clinical Relevance: Accurate assessment of the anatomy is crucial for successful surgical reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral attachment.
Prevention of Soccer Injuries: A Prospective Intervention Study in Youth Amateur Players
Authors: Junge Astrid , Rösch Dieter , Peterson Lars , Graf-Baumann Toni , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: July 2017

Background: Risk factors for soccer injuries and possibilities for prevention have been discussed by several authors, but only a few have investigated the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a prevention program on the incidence of soccer injuries in male youth amateur players. Study Design: Prospective controlled intervention study. Methods: Seven soccer teams took part in a prevention program that focused on education and supervision of coaches and players, while seven other teams were instructed to train and play soccer as usual. Over 1 year all injuries were documented weekly by physicians. Complete weekly injury reports were available for 194 players. Results: The incidence of injury per 1000 hours of training and playing soccer was 6.7 in the intervention group and 8.5 in the control group, which equates to 21% fewer injuries in the intervention group. The greatest effects were observed for mild injuries, overuse injuries, and injuries incurred during training. The prevention program had greater effects in low-skill than in high-skill teams. Conclusions: The incidence of soccer injuries can be reduced by preventive interventions, especially in low skill level youth teams. Coaches and players need better education regarding injury prevention strategies and should include such interventions as part of their regular training.
The 7-o'clock Posteroinferior Portal for Shoulder Arthroscopy
Authors: Davidson Philip A. , Rivenburgh Dennis W. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Access to the inferior glenohumeral joint of the shoulder is very limited through the traditional 2- or 3-o'clock anterior portals. Hypothesis: The 7-o'clock posteroinferior portal offers an excellent alternative approach. Study Design: Descriptive anatomic study. Methods: Six paired cadaveric shoulders were used to arthroscopically develop and test a 7-o'clock posteroinferior portal. The distances between the portal and the subscapular and axillary nerves were measured with the arm in six different positions, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Results: The distance from the 7-o'clock posteroinferior portal to the axillary nerve was 39 ± 4 mm and to the suprascapular nerve was 28 ± 2 mm. There was no statistically significant nerve-to-portal differential distance when the arm was placed in flexion, extension, abduction, or adduction. The inside-to-outside technique produced a 7-o'clock posteroinferior portal approximately 5 mm further from both the axillary and suprascapular nerves than did the outside-to-inside method. The angle of divergence from the 7-o'clock posterior portal skin incision to the axillary nerve was 47° and to the suprascapular nerve was 33°. Conclusions: The 7-o'clock portal affords safe, direct working access to the inferior capsular recess of the glenohumeral joint. Clinical Relevance: The 7-o'clock portal is a safe and effective technique for use by shoulder surgeons.
Classification, Investigation, and Management of Midfoot Sprains
Authors: Nunley James A. , Vertullo Christopher J. 
Published: July 2017

Background Midfoot sprains in athletes represent a spectrum of injuries to the Lisfranc ligament complex, from partial sprains with no displacement to complete tears with frank diastasis. Treatment of these injuries varies from the treatment of high-velocity injuries seen in nonathletes. Purpose We wanted to report the outcome of treatment in athletes with Lisfranc injuries classified according to our system. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Weightbearing radiographs and bone scintigrams were used to diagnose midfoot sprains in 15 athletes who were treated surgically or nonoperatively according to the following classification: nonoperative management for stage I injuries (undisplaced) and anatomic reduction with fixation for stage II (diastasis with no arch height loss) and stage III (diastasis with arch height loss) injuries. Results We achieved an excellent outcome in 93% of 15 athletes with midfoot sprains at an average follow-up of 27 months (range, 9 to 72). Conclusions Weightbearing radiographs and bone scintigrams are sensitive, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive methods of investigation of these injuries. Restoration and maintenance of the anatomic alignment of the Lisfranc joint is the key to appropriate treatment of injury to the midfoot.
Biomechanical Comparison of the FasT-Fix Meniscal Repair Suture System with Vertical Mattress Sutures and Meniscus Arrows
Authors: Borden Peter , Nyland John , Caborn David N. M. , Pienkowski David 
Published: July 2017

Background A meniscal repair technique that combines the strength of vertical mattress sutures and the decreased tissue morbidity of an all-inside technique would be advantageous. Hypothesis The FasT-Fix Meniscal Repair Suture System will provide load at failure, stiffness, and displacement equivalent to that of vertical mattress sutures and superior to that of Meniscus Arrows. Study Design In vitro biomechanical study. Methods After repair of a 2-cm vertical longitudinal medial meniscal lesion, three groups of six human cadaveric knees were biomechanically tested in a random order on a servohydraulic device, and three groups of five specimens underwent cyclic loading. Results Specimens repaired with Meniscus Arrows had reduced load at failure, stiffness, and displacement, but there were no differences between the FasT-Fix and vertical mattress suture methods. During cyclic loading, specimens repaired with two Meniscus Arrows failed before test completion, whereas specimens repaired with two vertical mattress sutures (6.0 ± 3.7 mm) or with two FasT-Fix implants (5.1 ± 1.4 mm) maintained fixation with comparable displacements. Conclusions The FasT-Fix provided load at failure, stiffness, and displacement comparable with that of vertical mattress sutures. Clinical Relevance The results suggest that the FasT-Fix may be preferable to Meniscus Arrows for meniscal repair with minimal associated tissue morbidity.
Treatment of Postoperative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Infections with Graft Removal and Early Reimplantation
Authors: Burks Robert T. , Friederichs Matthew G. , Fink Barbara , Luker Mark G. , West Hugh S. , Greis Patrick E. 
Published: July 2017

Background Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is rare, and the most appropriate treatment is unclear. Current recommendations are that, if the graft is removed, reimplantation should be delayed for 6 to 9 months. Hypothesis Early removal of the graft with appropriate infection management followed by early reimplantation can lead to good results. Study Design Uncontrolled retrospective review. Methods Records of all patients who developed postoperative infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were reviewed. Four patients had early graft removal and appropriate infection management including 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics followed by anterior cruciate ligament graft reimplantation within 6 weeks of completion of antibiotic therapy. Results Follow-up at an average of 21 months (range, 14 to 31) showed that the patients treated with early reimplantation had full symmetric knee range of motion and no effusion. The average modified Lysholm score was 92.5. Radiographs demonstrated no joint-space narrowing or osteophyte formation. The 30-pound KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference averaged 3 mm. Conclusion Graft removal after confirmed anterior cruciate ligament graft infection and intravenous antibiotic administration followed by early graft reimplantation can give excellent results.
Effect of Drain Use in the Early Postoperative Period after Arthroscopically Assisted Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Graft
Authors: Dhawan Aman , Doukas William C. , Papazis Janet A. , Scoville Charles R. 
Published: July 2017

Background Little data exist on the effect of routine use of postoperative drainage after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, although clinical studies of other procedures have not shown benefit to this practice. Hypothesis Use of a postoperative drain will not result in decreased suprapatellar girth, increased range of motion, and decreased pain compared with nonuse. Study Design Prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods Twenty-one patients undergoing arthroscopically assisted bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were randomly assigned to receive a drain for 24 hours (12 patients) or no drain (9 patients). Data for comparison of groups were collected daily through postoperative day 7. Results Pain scores on a visual analog scale demonstrated the same improving trend over time for both treatment and control groups; however, the treatment group had significantly higher average pain scores, except on day 7. Differences in suprapatellar girth, flexion, and extension were not found to be statistically significant between groups. Conclusion Use of a drain after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction provided no benefit in terms of range of motion, effusion, or pain in the early postoperative period.
The Effect of Wedged Insoles on the Lateral Thrust of Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Insufficient Knees
Authors: Yoshimura Ichiro , Naito Masatoshi , Hara Michiya , Zhang Jingfan 
Published: July 2017

Background Patients with untreated anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency often develop osteoarthritis. In Japan, laterally or medially elevated insoles have been widely used for the relief of symptoms associated with unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee. Hypothesis The use of a valgus wedge in the shoe of a patient with anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency will decrease lateral thrust. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods An accelerometer was used to measure thrust force in 60 control knees and 35 knees with anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. The sensor was attached to the affected and the control anterior tibial tubercles to record motion in the medial-lateral and perpendicular directions. The lateral thrust immediately after heel strike was measured continuously by a telemeter under stabilized walking conditions. Measurements were made both with and without wedged insoles. Results When compared with the control knee, the peak value of lateral acceleration immediately after heel strike was significantly greater in the anterior cruciate ligament-insufficient knees. However, lateral thrust decreased significantly in the anterior cruciate ligament-insufficient knees when a wedged insole was used. Conclusions Use of an insole resulted in a significant decrease in lateral thrust, even in anterior cruciate ligament-insufficient knees. Clinical Relevance Use of an insole is one possible prophylaxis for osteoarthritis for an anterior cruciate ligament-insufficient knee.
Small States and The Regime of The Archipelago
Authors: Kamalu Ngozi Caleb 
Published: July 2017

This article examines the attitudes of “small states” in the formulation of principles which govern the conduct and behaviour of archipelagic states. In other words, it attempts to clarify the rules guiding the definition of the archipelagos in terms of their expected norms of behaviour regarding their national sovereignty, national interest, national defenses and security, given the uniqueness of their geopolitical realities. For the purposes of this research, “small states” constitute a constellation of Island States in the developing world, namely Fiji, Indonesia, Mauritius and the Philippines that have contributed significantly to the establishment of the regime of the archipelago. The research draws extensively from international experiences, contexts and precedents established by the decision of the International Court of Justice whose case serves as a frame of reference on which to test the legitimacy and application of international law principles on the problems and concepts of the archipelago. The study concludes that indigenous requirements and practical needs established on the basis of historic rights determine the attitude of the archipelagos on their territorial claims. Finally, the investigation found that on basic uncompromising issues and matters of national sovereignty and survival, customary practices take precedent over rules of International Law.