bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Parallelized and Hybrid Data-Integration Algorithm for History Matching of Geologically Complex Reservoirs
Authors: Gao Guohua , Vink Jeroen C. , Chen Chaohui , Alpak Faruk O. , Du Kuifu 
Published: May 2016

Summary
It is extremely challenging to design effective assisted-history-matching (AHM) methods for complex geological models with discrete-facies types. One of the difficulties is the irregular and nonsmooth nature of the data-mismatch function that needs to be minimized, because of either numerical noise on simulation results or nonsmooth reparameterization. In this paper, a parallelized direct-pattern-search (DPS) approach with auto-adaptive pattern-size updating is developed to guarantee the convergence of the data-mismatch minimization, even when the objective function is nonsmooth because of numerical noise. A trust-region variant of the Gauss-Newton (GN) or quasi-Newton (QN) method is effectively combined with the noise-insensitive DPS method to enhance its performance by exploiting any available smoothness features of the objective function.
The new approach is first validated by a linear toy problem and a nonlinear toy problem where artificial numerical noise is introduced. Then, it is applied to a synthetic case and a real field case for history matching of channelized-turbidite reservoirs with three facies types. The model parameters subject to AHM include principal component analysis (PCA) coefficients, which automatically reconstruct the facies indicators and permeability, porosity, and net-to-gross maps. Other matching parameters such as aquifer strength and fault transmissibility are also included.
Numerical tests indicate that the hybrid algorithms perform better than the traditional QN line-search algorithms and the original Hooke-Jeeves DPS algorithm (Hooke and Jeeves 1961). The hybrid algorithms either can converge to a satisfactory solution with the same accuracy using lower cost or find a better solution with the same cost, especially for cases where adjoint derivatives are unavailable and numerical noise is unavoidable from reservoir simulation. The GN-DPS algorithm performs the best among all tested algorithms. The history-matched reservoir models obtained with the new AHM approach (GN-DPS combined with pluri-PCA) honor the production measurements with good accuracy. For both the synthetic and real cases, the history-matched reservoir models preserve geological realism.
Fitkids Treadmill Test: Age- and Sex-Related Normative Values in Dutch Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kotte Elles M.W. , de Groot Janke F. , Bongers Bart C. , Winkler Alexander M.F. , Takken Tim 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background
Recent research has shown that the Fitkids Treadmill Test (FTT) is a valid and reproducible exercise test for the assessment of aerobic exercise capacity in children and adolescents who are healthy.

Objective
The study objective was to provide sex- and age-related normative values for FTT performance in children and adolescents who were healthy, developing typically, and 6 to 18 years of age.

Design
This was a cross-sectional, observational study.

Methods
Three hundred fifty-six children and adolescents who were healthy (174 boys and 182 girls; mean age=12.9 years, SD=3.7) performed the FTT to their maximal effort to assess time to exhaustion (TTE). The least-mean-square method was used to generate sex- and age-related centile charts (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) for TTE on the FTT.

Results
In boys, the reference curve (P50) showed an almost linear increase in TTE with age, from 8.8 minutes at 6 years of age to 16.1 minutes at 18 years of age. In girls, the P50 values for TTE increased from 8.8 minutes at 6 years of age to 12.5 minutes at 18 years of age, with a plateau in TTE starting at approximately 10 years of age.

Limitations
Youth who were not white were underrepresented in this study.

Conclusions
This study describes sex- and age-related normative values for FTT performance in children and adolescents who were healthy, developing typically, and 6 to 18 years of age. These age- and sex-related normative values will increase the usefulness of the FTT in clinical practice.
Icelandic Physical Therapists' Attitudes Toward Adoption of New Knowledge and Evidence-Based Practice: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey
Authors: Arnadottir Solveig A. , Gudjonsdottir Bjorg 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundA positive attitude toward evidence-based practice (EBP) has been identified as an important factor in the effectiveness of the dissemination and implementation of EBP in real-world settings.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were: (1) to describe dimensions of Icelandic physical therapists' attitudes toward the adoption of new knowledge and EBP and (2) to explore the association between attitudes and selected personal and environmental factors.DesignThis study was a cross-sectional, Web-based survey of the total population of full members of the Icelandic Physiotherapy Association.MethodsThe Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS) was used to survey attitudes toward EBP; the total EBPAS and its 4 subscales (requirements, appeal, openness, and divergence) were included. Linear regression was used to explore the association between the EBPAS and selected background variables.ResultsThe response rate was 39.5% (N=211). The total EBPAS and all of its subscales reflected physical therapists' positive attitudes toward the adoption of new knowledge and EBP. Multivariable analysis revealed that being a woman was associated with more positive attitudes, as measured by the total EBPAS and the requirements, openness, and divergence subscales. Physical therapists with postprofessional education were more positive, as measured by the EBPAS openness subscale, and those working with at least 10 other physical therapists demonstrated more positive attitudes on the total EBPAS and the openness subscale.LimitationsBecause this was a cross-sectional survey, no causal inferences can be made, and there may have been unmeasured confounding factors. Potential nonresponse bias limits generalizability.ConclusionsThe results expand understanding of the phenomenon of attitudes toward EBP. They reveal potentially modifiable dimensions of attitudes and the associated characteristics of physical therapists and their work environments. The findings encourage investigation of the effectiveness of strategies aimed at influencing various dimensions of attitudes toward EBP.
Physical Rehabilitation Interventions for Post-mTBI Symptoms Lasting Greater Than 2 Weeks: Systematic Review
Authors: Quatman-Yates Catherine , Cupp Amanda , Gunsch Cherryanne , Haley Tonya , Vaculik Steve , Kujawa David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background
Heightened awareness of the lasting effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has amplified interest in interventions that facilitate recovery from persistent post-mTBI symptoms.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify potential physical rehabilitation interventions that are safe, feasible, and appropriate for physical therapists to utilize with patients with persistent mTBI-related symptoms.

Data Sources
The electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were systematically searched from database inception until June 2015.

Study Selection
Studies were included if they utilized physical rehabilitation interventions and the study's participants had a diagnosis of mTBI, a mean age of 8 years or older, and symptoms persisting an average of 2 weeks or longer. Exclusion criteria included blast injuries, diagnosis of moderate or severe TBI, or psychosis.

Data Extraction
Data extraction and methodological risk of bias assessments were performed for each study.

Data Synthesis
Eight studies with a range of study designs, intervention types, and outcome measures were included. The interventions investigated by the included studies were categorized into 3 types: physiological, vestibulo-ocular, and cervicogenic.

Limitations
The identified studies had several significant limitations including: small sample sizes and low-level study designs.

Conclusions
The results of this systematic review indicate that several physical rehabilitation options with minimal risk for negative outcomes are available for treating patients experiencing persistent post-mTBI symptoms. These options include: vestibular, manual, and progressive exercise interventions. Conclusions surrounding efficacy and ideal dosing parameters for these interventions are limited at this time due to the small number of studies, the range of interventional protocols, and lower levels of study design.
NO EVIDENCE OF INTRINSIC OPTICAL/NEAR-INFRARED LINEAR POLARIZATION FOR V404 CYGNI DURING ITS BRIGHT OUTBURST IN 2015: BROADBAND MODELING AND CONSTRAINT ON JET PARAMETERS
Authors: Tanaka Y. T. , Itoh R. , Uemura M. , Inoue Y. , Cheung C. C. , Watanabe M. , Kawabata K. S. , Fukazawa Y. , Yatsu Y. , Yoshii T. , Tachibana Y. , Fujiwara T. , Saito Y. , Kawai N. , Kimura M. , Isogai K. , Kato T. , Akitaya H. , Kawabata M. , Nakaoka T. , Shiki K. , Takaki K. , Yoshida M. , Imai M. , Gouda S. , Gouda Y. , Akimoto H. , Honda S. , Hosoya K. , Ikebe A. , Morihana K. , Ohshima T. , Takagi Y. , Takahashi J. , Watanabe K. , Kuroda D. , Morokuma T. , Murata K. , Nagayama T. , Nogami D. , Oasa Y. , Sekiguchi K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present simultaneous optical and near-infrared (NIR) polarimetric results for the black hole binary V404 Cyg spanning the duration of its seven-day-long optically brightest phase of its 2015 June outburst. The simultaneous R- and K

s
-band light curves showed almost the same temporal variation except for the isolated (∼30-minute duration) orphan K

s
-band flare observed at MJD 57193.54. We did not find any significant temporal variation of polarization degree (PD) and position angle (PA) in both R and K

s
bands throughout our observations, including the duration of the orphan NIR flare. We show that the observed PD and PA are predominantly interstellar in origin by comparing the V404 Cyg polarimetric results with those of the surrounding sources within the 7′ × 7′ field of view. The low intrinsic PD (less than a few percent) implies that the optical and NIR emissions are dominated by either disk or optically thick synchrotron emission, or both. We also present the broadband spectra of V404 Cyg during the orphan NIR flare and a relatively faint and steady state by including quasi-simultaneous Swift/XRT and INTEGRAL fluxes. By adopting a single-zone synchrotron plus inverse-Compton model as widely used in modeling of blazars, we constrained the parameters of a putative jet. Because the jet synchrotron component cannot exceed the Swift/XRT disk/corona flux, the cutoff Lorentz factor in the electron energy distribution is constrained to be <102, suggesting that particle acceleration is less efficient in this microquasar jet outburst compared to active galactic nucleus jets. We also suggest that the loading of the baryon component inside the jet is inevitable based on energetic arguments.
EFFECTS OF OBLIQUITY ON THE HABITABILITY OF EXOPLANETS AROUND M DWARFS
Authors: Wang Yuwei , Liu Yonggang , Tian Feng , Yang Jun , Ding Feng , Zhou Linjiong , Hu Yongyun 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Most previous studies on how obliquity affects planetary habitability focused on planets around Sun-like stars. Their conclusions may not be applicable to habitable planets around M dwarfs due to the tidal-locking feature and associated insolation pattern of these planets. Here we use a comprehensive three-dimensional atmospheric general circulation model to investigate this issue. We find that the climates of planets with higher obliquities are generally warmer, consistent with previous studies. The mechanism of warming is, however, completely different. Significant reduction of low clouds, instead of sea-ice cover, within the substeller region (which moves if the obliquity is non-zero) is the key in warming M-dwarf planets with high obliquities. For a total insolation of 1237 W m−2, the climate warms by 21 K when the obliquity increases from 0° to 90°. Correspondingly, the runaway greenhouse inner edge of the habitable zone shifts outward from 2500 to 2100 W m−2. The moist greenhouse inner edge, based on our crude estimation, shifts less, from 2180 to 2075 W m−2. Near the outer edge, in contrast, the climates of planets with higher obliquities are colder due to their reduced ability to maintain a hotspot at the surface. Therefore, the outer edge moves inward when obliquity is increased, opposite to the finding of previous studies on planets around Sun-like stars. Our results thus indicate that the habitable zone for M dwarfs narrows if the obliquity of their planets increases.
German Protestants' Interpretations of George Whitefield, 1739–1857
Authors: Kloes Andrew 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
From 1739, Europeans began to publish news reports and theological interpretations of the advent of Methodism, which discussed George Whitefield as one of its leaders. The greatest interest in Methodism from beyond the English-speaking world came from German-speaking Europe. There were three main periods in the reception of Whitefield among eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German Protestant scholars and churchmen: the first in the 1740s, the second in the 1790s, and the third during the ‘Awakening’ (Erweckungsbewegung) after the Napoleonic Wars. In each of these periods, Whitefield was perceived to have been a Pietist by both admirers and detractors of Pietism.
De andere ‘anderen’
Authors: van der Wagen Wytske , Althoff Martina , van Swaaningen René 
Published: May 2016

The other ‘others’: an explorative study into processes of labelling of, by and among hackers
While in the sixties hackers were the heroes of cyberspace, they are nowadays often perceived as the archetype cybercriminal. From the perspective of labelling theory, this empirical study examines how hackers feel perceived by society at large, how they perceive themselves as ‘others’ and how they view themselves in relation to ‘others’. Our research shows that hackers – despite of an experienced negative labelling – view themselves as positive ‘others’. We conclude that the features of the hacking phenomenon itself (skillset, mindset, own morality) in combination with the digital context in which they operate, enable hackers to avoid a ‘spoiled identity’.
Stopping Disease-Modifying Therapy in Nonrelapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: May 2016

Background: Current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are of benefit only in people with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS). Thus, safely stopping DMTs in people with secondary progressive MS may be possible.
Methods: Two groups of patients with MS were studied. Group A consisted of 77 patients with secondary progressive MS and no evidence of acute central nervous system inflammation for 2 to 20 years. These patients were advised to stop DMTs. Group B consisted of 17 individuals with RMS who stopped DMTs on their own. Both groups were evaluated at treatment cessation and for a minimum of 1 year thereafter. Multiple variables were assessed to determine those that predicted recurrent acute disease.
Results: Nine patients in group A (11.7%) and ten patients in group B (58.8%) had recurrent acute disease, almost always within 1 to 2 years of stopping treatment. The only variable of significance in group A distinguishing stable and relapsing patients was age (P = .0003), with relapsing patients being younger. Group B patients were younger and had significantly lower Expanded Disability Status Scale scores than group A, with no significant differences in age between relapsed and stable patients.
Conclusions: The DMTs can be stopped safely in older patients with MS (≥7 decades) with no evidence of acute disease for 2 years or longer, with an almost 90% probability of remaining free of acute recurrence. The high proportion of untreated patients with RMS experiencing recurrent acute disease is consistent with published data.
Investigation of the microstructure and optical properties of Ge films grown by DC magnetron sputtering and in situ annealing
Authors: Li Hui-Song , Qiu Feng , Xin Zheng-Hang , Wang Rong-Fei , Yang Jie , Zhang Jin , Wang Chong , Yang Yu 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We investigate the microstructure and optical properties of Ge films on Si substrates prepared at low temperature by DC magnetron sputtering and the effect of in situ annealing on them. With increasing growth temperature, Ge films undergo a transition from amorphous to microcrystalline, then to polycrystalline. After annealing, these thin films transform into polycrystalline films with the (111) preferred orientation and identical crystal sizes. The surfaces of the amorphous and microcrystalline Ge films are severely coarsened, whereas the polycrystalline Ge film still displays a smooth surface. The growth mechanisms of Ge films with different crystalline phases in the annealing process are discussed, which can explain their morphology evolutions. Additionally, their infrared absorptions are enhanced after annealing, and this is useful for fabricating high-efficiency Si-based solar cells.
Influence of the cladding diameter of optical fiber on the simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature of liquids using tilted fiber Bragg grating
Authors: Kameyama Akihiro , Katto Masahito , Yokotani Atsushi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We considered the influence of the core and cladding diameters on the simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature of liquids using a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG). When the cladding diameter of a TFBG was only reduced from 125 to 123 µm, the calculated refractive index differed by 0.0068 from the expected value. When the core diameter was reduced from 9.6 to 7.8 µm, the change was less than 0.0005. We found that equalization of cladding diameter is required to improve the precision of the simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and temperature of liquids.
A Lagrangian view of longwave radiative fluxes for understanding the direct heating response to a CO2 increase
Authors: Sejas Sergio A. , Cai Ming , Liu Guosheng , Taylor Patrick C. , Tung Ka‐Kit 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study puts forward a Lagrangian view of downward and upward longwave (LW) fluxes to improve our physical understanding of the influence of key factors on the downward and upward LW fluxes' response to an increase of CO2. To facilitate such a Lagrangian view, we introduce a new saturation‐level concept based on the LW radiative transfer theory. The Lagrangian view and the new saturation‐level concept enable us to provide, under a single framework, a general radiative transfer explanation of the spatial variation (e.g., stratospheric cooling and lower tropospheric warming) of the direct radiative heating response to an increase of the CO2 concentration. Following the saturation‐level concept, the radiatively unsaturated nature of the downward LW flux in the upper stratosphere, due to the lack of a LW source at the top of the atmosphere, is attributed as the root factor that leads to a cooling of the upper stratosphere in direct response to a CO2 increase. The upward LW flux perturbation further enhances the cooling as a result of the negative lapse rate in the stratosphere but is of secondary importance. Furthermore, this study indicates that ozone is not a necessary ingredient for stratospheric cooling to occur, and the stratospheric cooling is therefore a fundamental consequence of a CO2 increase. The unperturbed vertical profile of water vapor is important only in the lower troposphere, where the relatively large concentration of water vapor leads to a downward LW flux perturbation that warms the lower troposphere at the expense of the surface warming.
Quantifying Greenland freshwater flux underestimates in climate models
Authors: Little Christopher M. , Piecuch Christopher G. , Chaudhuri Ayan H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractKey processes regulating the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) are not represented in current‐generation climate models. Here using output from 19 different climate models forced with a high‐end business‐as‐usual emissions pathway, we compare modeled freshwater fluxes (FWF) to a parameterization based on midtropospheric temperature. By the mid 21st century, parameterized GIS FWF is 478 ± 215 km3 yr−1 larger than modeled—over 3 times the 1992–2011 rate of GIS mass loss. By the late 21st century, ensemble mean parameterized GIS FWF anomalies are comparable to FWF anomalies over the northern North Atlantic Ocean, equivalent to approximately 11 cm of global mean sea level rise. The magnitude and spread of these underestimates underscores the need for assessments of the coupled response of the ocean to increased FWF that recognize: (1) the widely varying freshwater budgets of each model and (2) uncertainty in the relationship between GIS FWF and atmospheric temperature.
Good job, bad job: Occupational perceptions among Latino poultry workers
Authors: Mora Dana C. , Arcury Thomas A. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesImmigrant workers frequently take jobs that are physically demanding, provide low wages, and result in injuries (e.g., poultry production and processing). Through a qualitative approach, this paper elicits poultry workers’ evaluations of their jobs and set them in the larger context of their lives.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 65 poultry workers in western North Carolina. Workers were asked to discuss job characteristics, physical and psychological impacts of their employment, and perceived health risks.ResultsImmigrant workers valued the stability, benefits, upward mobility, and pay offered. They disliked the physical demands, the potential perceived effects of the job on their health, and the interactions with bosses and peers.ConclusionsWorkers’ willingness to endure dirty, dangerous, and demanding (3‐D) conditions of poultry must be understood in the context of other employment options, structural violence, and their focus on immediate family needs that positive aspects of these jobs can fulfill. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:877–886, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of workers’ compensation claims data for machine‐related injuries in metal fabrication businesses
Authors: Yamin Samuel C. , Bejan Anca , Parker David L. , Xi Min , Brosseau Lisa M. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundMetal fabrication workers are at high risk for machine‐related injury. Apart from amputations, data on factors contributing to this problem are generally absent.MethodsNarrative text analysis was performed on workers' compensation claims in order to identify machine‐related injuries and determine work tasks involved. Data were further evaluated on the basis of cost per claim, nature of injury, and part of body.ResultsFrom an initial set of 4,268 claims, 1,053 were classified as machine‐related. Frequently identified tasks included machine operation (31%), workpiece handling (20%), setup/adjustment (15%), and removing chips (12%). Lacerations to finger(s), hand, or thumb comprised 38% of machine‐related injuries; foreign body in the eye accounted for 20%. Amputations were relatively rare but had highest costs per claim (mean $21,059; median $11,998).ConclusionsDespite limitations, workers' compensation data were useful in characterizing machine‐related injuries. Improving the quality of data collected by insurers would enhance occupational injury surveillance and prevention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:656–664, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.