bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voluntary Intake and Digestibility by Pigs of Diets Containing Pectin Rich Raw Materials and the Effects of Enzyme Treatment
Authors: Offredo S , Brouns F , Edwards S A , Inborr J 
Published: January 2018

Experiments have demonstrated that inclusion of unmolassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) in diets for pigs gives rise to a major restriction in voluntary food intake in comparison with other high fibre materials (Brouns et al, 1991; Gill et al, 1992). The mechanisms for this are still not fully understood but appear to be related to the nature of the non-starch polysaccharides. SBP has a relatively high pectin content, so this experiment was designed to investigate whether another similar pectin containing material, citrus pulp (CIT), has similar intake regulating properties and whether these could be modified by treatment with a pectinase enzyme.The design was a split plot experiment with two dietary treatments. Each diet was manufactured, with and without enzyme, giving the following treatments: (1) Citrus pulp diet - no enzyme [CIT-]; 2) Citrus pulp diet - with enzyme [CIT + ]; 3) Sugarbeet pulp diet - no enzyme [SBP-]; 4) Sugarbeet pulp diet - with enzyme [SBP + ]. The experimental treatments were applied in a crossover design with 8 pigs receiving each diet both with and without enzyme.
The number of feeding spaces required for large groups of early-weaned pigs
Authors: Simmins P.H. , Malkin S. 
Published: January 2018

Inadequate feeding space allowance could limit the performance of the early-weaned pig. No information is available on the amount of space required as group size increases; this is now more typical for some of the novel welfare systems. It has been suggested that the early-weaned pigs tend to feed together for an initial period. Indications exist that, if inadequate feeding space is provided post-weaning, a proportion of piglets may suffer.The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of restricting access to feed on the performance of the early-weaned pig housed in large groups in a novel sloping bed weaner pen.
The effect of an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor on plasma VLDL cholesterol and egg cholesterol in the laying hen
Authors: Huggett C.D. , Buttery P.J. , Salter A.M. 
Published: January 2018

In recent years there has been a concerted effort to reduce the cholesterol content of the human diet. The hens egg is a major source of cholesterol in the diet, and many attempts have been made to reduce its cholesterol content. Genetic selection [1,2], changes to the diet [1] and the use of hypocholesterolaemic drugs [1,3,4,5,6] have all been investigated. While some relatively modest changes have been reported, the majority of these studies suggest that egg yolk cholesterol is relatively resistant to change. However, little explanation has been given to account for these findings.Egg cholesterol is derived from the liver and transported to the developing oocyte within very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). These particles are also responsible for the transport of triacylglycerol to me egg. If egg cholesterol is to be reduced, men VLDL must be specifically depleted of cholesterol. In me present study we investigated the effects of a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor on plasma VLDL concentrations and egg cholesterol. The compound used was simvastatin, known to be a potent inhibitor of mammalian hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) reductase, an important enzyme in regulating cholesterol synthesis.
Effects of grilling to 80°c on the physical and chemical composition of pork loin steaks
Authors: Wood J.D. , Nute G.R. , Ball R.C. , Fursey G.A.J. , Harrington G. 
Published: January 2018

Previous work has shown that grilling pork steaks to a high final internal temperature (80°C), which corresponds to “well done”, significantly reduces tenderness and juiciness but increases the intensity of pork flavour. This work was done to examine the effects of grilling on physical and chemical composition.Two adjacent 25 mm-thick steaks with backfat and rind attached were cut from each of 62 deboned pork loins (taken from 90 kg live weight pigs, average 11mm P2 fat thickness). One steak was analysed fresh by dissection and standard analytical techniques and the other after grilling to 80°C final internal temperature.
Welfare and production implications of piglet husbandry treatments in outdoor systems
Authors: Brown J M E , Edwards S A , Smith W J , Thompson E , Duncan J 
Published: January 2018

In indoor systems it is routine practice to carry out a number of husbandry tasks with young piglets. These include clipping ‘eye’ teeth to prevent damage to the udder of the sow and the faces of litter mates, and injecting iron to prevent anaemia. Considerable debate exists about the necessity for carrying out such tasks in outdoor systems where the animals are less used to being in close proximity to humans and where any disruption of maternal behaviour can have much more serious consequences.550 piglets (PIC line 12 x PIC synthetic Meatline boars) in 49 litters were used in a factorial experiment to determine the effects of (a) leaving piglet teeth intact or clipping them at birth and (b) injecting 2ml of iron dextran at 2-4 days after farrowing or leaving piglets untreated.Each alternate litter farrowing had their teeth clipped, and half of the piglets within each litter received an iron injection. Sows and piglets were scored for damage on days 7 and 14 post-farrowing and at weaning using a linear scale from zero (no wounding) to three (severe laceration with prominent wounds). Once a week, the location and suckling behaviour of all the animals involved in the experiment was observed for three hours. Blood samples were taken from each piglet of the first fifteen litters to be weaned and analysed for haemoglobin content.
A study of the influence of shredded paper bedding at parturition on hypothermia, survival and growth of piglets and indices of sow welfare
Authors: Ortega A , English P.R. , Roden J.A. , McPherson O. , Peral P , Mora J. , Davidson F.M , Bamblett R. 
Published: January 2018

Hypothermia is common in newborn piglets because of the failure to provide sufficient thermal comfort in the preferred resting areas adjacent to the udder in early life. One major reason for this is the fact that most farrowing pens have slatted floors and a deficiency of such flooring is the difficulty of using bedding to reduce hypothermia of newborn piglets and to protect their delicate tissues from the relative abrasiveness of the floor. Shredded waste paper bedding may have useful applications in such situations because of its texture and cohesiveness, qualities which slow up the rate at which it is voided through the slats relative to other bedding materials. Such paper bedding was evaluated in a controlled experiment.The study was carried out in a large commercial farm with Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) first cross sows which were mated to LW, LR, LW x LR and Duroc boars. The farrowing pens measured 150 x 270 cm with a front creep area (150 x 55 cm) and the farrowing crate, which was fitted with farrowing ‘cradles', was positioned centrally in the pen. The floor was fully slatted (plastic slats) except for the concrete floored front creep area.
Meal patterns of two spanish sheep breeds with different types of food
Authors: Amor J. , Barrio J.P. , Bermúdez F.F. 
Published: January 2018

The intake of fibrous food by ruminants are mainly regulated by physical means. When different forages are offered, intake level is related to rumen fill capacity, being the rate of digestion and disappearance of food particles from the rumen also important factors.On the other hand, there have been some reports on the differences in food intake between sheep breeds (Arnold, 1975). Breeds adapted to different nutritional environments could have developed differences in digestive physiology and intake potential.The aim of this experiment was to study the infuence of the type of roughage offered on meal patterns, as well as the differences in these parameters between two Spanish sheep breeds.Ad libitum food intake of non-pregnant and non-lactating ewes (six Churra and six Merino sheep per food) was daily monitored using an automatic recording device that allowed calculation of meal size and duration.
Effect of supplementary feeding with maize bran on the milking potential of the indigenous malawi goat
Authors: Cooper R A , Kirk J A , Kamwanja L 
Published: January 2018

It has been estimated that in some areas of Malawi the incidence of malnutrition in children under the age of 5 may be as high as 70%. The problem is particularly severe in those children who have been weaned off breast milk. In many areas of the world milk is seen as being of special benefit to such children,. In excess of 60 million goats are currently being milked world wide but in sub-Saharan Africa the practice of milking them is uncommon. Malawi is a good example of this situation.Estimates of the number of goats in Malawi very between 1.0m and 1.6m and yet, with the exception of a few localised sites, these goats are not milked. There does not appear to be any custom or taboo prohibiting the drinking of goats milk and in a recent survey Banda (1992) showed that goats milk was acceptable to many people and was, indeed, preferred to that of the cow or the sheep.The aim of the project reported here was therefore to examine the potential of the indigenous Malawi goat as a milk producer, when managed under a system as similar to that practiced in the villages as possible.
Carcase composition and the use of sample joints in the indigenous Malawi goat
Authors: Kirk J A , Cooper R A , Kamwanja L 
Published: January 2018

Few data are available on the growth and carcase characteristics of the indigenous Malawi goat, despite the fact that goats provide 20% of the meat consumed in Malawi. Better husbandry and breeding programmes can only be developed and implemented when adequate data on the performance and potential of populations have been collected. This trial was undertaken to provide base line data, in order to allow comparisons to be drawn when alternative management strategies are adopted.Does were housed in a blue-gum-pole khola, roofed with galvanised iron, in pens measuring 4m2. Each pen held 10-14 does. Feeding was based upon the grazing of indigenous pastures but the goats also had access to maize stover during the dry season. Kids were weighed at birth and fortnightly thereafter. Castrate kids, in groups of S, were slaughtered at birth and at intervals of 5kg between Skg and 25kg. Following slaughter, carcases were split down the backbone, weighed, packed into individual polythene bass and stored at -20°C to await dissection. In March 1990 right hand sides were thawed, weighed and cut into six primal joints. To reduce any errors caused by abattoir procedures the axis vertebra was removed from all carcases and discarded. Each joint was then subjected to a full dissection, using butchers’ knives, into lean, bone and fat components and the weight of each component recorded. The data generated from these dissections were used to develop aliometric growth curves for each joint and for each tissue, using multiple regression analysis.
Body chemical composition of churra lambs at 20kg live-weigth: effect of level of milk-intake and Protein content in the post-weaning diet
Authors: Manso T. , Mantecó A.R. , Castro T. , Lavin P. 
Published: January 2018

Body composition changes in animals undergoing compensatory growth and these response vary with the age or stage of maturity at which the restriction is applied and with the undegradable protein in the diet during post-restriction period (O'Donovan, 1984; Ryan, 1990).This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period and the energy/protein relationship during post-weaning period on changes in carcass, non-carcass and empty body weigth (EBW) components in lambs slaughtered at 20 Kg live weigth (LW).A total of 16 lambs of Churra breed were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determinate the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period (4 weeks) and the protein supplement in the diet during post-weaning period on chemical body composition at 20 Kg LWThe lambs were assigned to a 2×2×4 factorial design, defined by 2 levels of milk intake (High: 1.5 MJ GE/Kg LW°75/day and Low: 0.9 MJ GE/kg LW°75/day) during milk-fed period, 2 post-weaning concentrate supplements (HP: barley grain plus 200g/kg fish meal and LP: barley) and 4 lambs per treatment.All lambs were individually penned. During post-weaning period low quality hay and concentrate were independently offered ad libitum. Intake and LW were recorded daily and three times a week respectively. At slaughter (20Kg LW), EBW was estimated and carcass and non-carcass chemical composition (water, fat, ash and protein) and energy content was measured.
Fine wool production from UK hill land resources
Authors: Russel A J F , Sangster H M , Gittus G T , Redden Hilary 
Published: January 2018

Wool is the most neglected agricultural commodity in the UK. In many sheep enterprises the returns from wool represent less than 2% of the gross income and in some cases the value of the wool produced is less than the cost of shearing. Wool production, however, represents a potential avenue for agricultural diversification and, being a non-food commodity and suited to production in the Less Favoured Areas, accords with the agricultural policies of the UK government and the EU.Significant increases in return from wool can come only from improvements in quantity and/or quality, two traits which in most breeds are negatively correlated. The most important determinant of wool quality, is fibre diameter. An analysis of prices of wools of different qualities over a four year period (1987-1990 inclusive) showed that the relationship between these variables could be described by the equation
Errors in diagnosis of infective endocarditis
Authors: Naderi HR. , Sheybani F. , Erfani S.S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInfective endocarditis (IE) is now the third or fourth most common life-threatening infectious disease. The high morbidity and mortality rates in the absence of appropriate care necessitate a thorough understanding of the obstacles towards the early diagnosis and management of IE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of discrepancy in diagnosis (i.e. discrepancy between the reason for admission and discharge diagnosis) and associated factors in patients with IE. It was a retrospective review of hospital records of all adult patients admitted in a 1000-bed academic general hospital in Mashhad, Iran with the discharge diagnosis of IE. Discrepancy in diagnosis on admission was observed in 64 (54.2%) of 118 episodes of IE. For patients with discrepant diagnosis, the odds of poor outcome were more than two times higher than the odds of those with the non-discrepant diagnosis. Multivariate analysis identified the only history of prosthetic valve replacement as an independent factor in predicting non-discrepant diagnosis. We suggest that in facing a patient with the complex clinical scenario, proposing a comprehensive clinical syndrome that includes predisposing factors instead of a symptom or finding-based diagnosis can help making the differential diagnosis more accurate.
Coming in from the cold. From psychiatric to general hospital. The Irish experience
Authors: Walsh Dermot 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe metamorphosis from an extensive mental hospital system of care, rooted in a culture and tradition of self-sufficiency and isolation, to the concept and practise of delivery of psychiatric care in general hospitals is described. The obstacles, psychological and practical, to be overcome in this change process are outlined. The place of the general hospital psychiatric unit in psychiatric and general medical care is outlined. Relevant matters of design and management are briefly explored.
How should financial support for research be distributed to Universities? The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) in England and Wales
Authors: Goldberg David , Mann Anthony 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYIn the United Kingdom, the “Research Assessment Exercise” is used by central government as a way of distributing infra-structure funds to University departments to support research. Departments with the highest ratings get extra support, while departments with low ratings may have their existing support withdrawn. The paper describes an exercise aimed at improving the rating obtained by one such department.
A fixed axis coiling model for the living planktonic foraminifer Globigerinella siphonifera
Authors: Bijma Jelle , Huber Brian T. , Hemleben Christoph 
Published: January 2018

Two morphotypes of Globigerinella siphonifera (Types I and II) can be clearly distinguished in their natural environment based on differences in symbiont distribution, which is dependent on the structure of the pseudopodial network. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the life cycle and ecological requirements of Types I and II differ considerably as well. However, qualitative observation of the empty shells reveals no significant differences between these two morphotypes. Therefore, a “fixed-axis” coiling model has been developed to simulate foraminiferal shell morphology with a computer. The model is based on the assumption that isometry is the primary rule implemented in planktonic foraminiferal development. Four parameters (rate of radius increase, number of chambers per whorl, translation rate, and relative distance from the center of any chamber to the coiling axis) and two scaling factors (initial chamber size and number of chambers) suffice to generate geometric models of the shells of these planispirally coiled organisms.Values for the four parameters extracted from digitized SEM microphotographs of dissected specimens of G. siphonifera demonstrate significant differences between the Types I and II. These are primarily due to a different rate of radius increase and a different number of chambers per whorl. Type I has a higher rate, which in combination with its lower number of chambers per whorl results in a more lobate test and a 22% smaller adult shell size than Type II. We suggest that the smaller surface area-to-volume ratio in the Type I population can be explained by increased respiration due to higher oxygen production during symbiotic photosynthesis; TEM has demonstrated that Type II contains twice as many symbionts than Type I and each symbiont contains a higher concentration of chloroplasts.The fixed axis model was also used to describe the ontogeny of G. siphonifera. The model shows that early chambers in log-spirally coiled structures must deviate from a strict isometric arrangement. To maintain exponential growth, the juvenile stage of Types I and II is more planispiral, more umbilicated, and contains more chambers per whorl than the adult stage. Future investigations will focus on the transformation of the shape parameters during later ontogenetic development and during cladogenesis.
Biological basis for taphonomic patterns in the trilobite fossil record
Authors: Brandt Danita 
Published: January 2018

Appreciating the biological component of taphonomic patterns is necessary for accurately interpreting the mode of formation of fossiliferous assemblages. This study documents taphonomic patterns in three Late Ordovician trilobite genera (Flexicalymene, Isotelus, Ceraurus) and identifies four biological factors that affect incorporation of trilobite exoskeletal elements into the fossil record:1) Exoskeletal architecture. Recurring patterns of displaced tergites and points of disartiuclation indicate differential susceptibility of the exoskeleton during ecdysis, and presumably also during decay of a carcass. Disolcations are most common at articulation points, e.g., between cephalon and thorax, among thoracic segments, and between the thorax and pygidium. There is no evidence that facial sutures were lines of weakness except during ecdysis.2) Exoskeletal thickness. Thickness is a better predictor of preservation potential than the position, shape, function, or size of a tergite. For example, Ceraurus and Flexicalymene have hypostomata of similar shape and size, but the thicker Ceraurus hypostoma is more frequently preserved (or at least identified) than the thin ventral plate of Flexicalymene.3) Ecdysis. Molting potentially releases the greatest number of trilobite tergites to the fossil record. Molt ensembles are recognized by recurring assemblages of tergites (e.g., thoracopygidia, cephalothorax, multiple thoracic segments) although individual elements (e.g., hypostomata and librigenae) are shed as well. Distinguishing individual molt elements from tergites disarticulated via scavenging or post-mortem transport of carcass or exuvia is problematic. Ecdysis often releases intact exoskeletal elements: most breakage probably occurs later. during post-ecdysial transport or scavenging of the exuvia.4) Predation/scavenging. These effects are characterized by broken (vs. disarticulated) exoskeletal elements. The impact of these processes on the trilobite fossil record is difficult to assess: sublethal wounds are easiest to recognize, the product of successful predation/scavenging is most often unidentifiable comminuted trilobite debris. The products of successful predation/scavenging are identified as such indirectly by their association with the remains of possible predators or by their presence in coprolites.