bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND INFRARED IMAGES OF ASTROCYTIC HAMARTOMAS NOT REVEALED BY FUNDUSCOPY IN TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX
Authors: Mutolo Maria G. , Marciano Sara , Benassi Francesca , Pardini Matteo , Curatolo Paolo , Emberti Gialloreti Leonardo 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To detect, describe, and classify the morphologic characteristics of astrocytic hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis complex, using both spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and infrared images.

Methods:
Ten subjects (20 eyes) with tuberous sclerosis complex underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination and multimodality imaging with spectral-domain OCT and infrared images. The imaging protocol included a 30°scan angle of the posterior pole and of the four quadrants. Line scans, detail, raster, and posterior pole patterns were used. The identified astrocytic hamartomas were described and characterized qualitatively and quantitatively.

Results:
Forty-four hamartomas were detected in 8 patients. In five cases, lesions were bilateral. Thirty of these hamartomas had not been revealed by previous ophthalmoscopy. Through multimodality imaging, it was possible to define multiple lesions with characteristic optical reflective qualities. All the 44 hamartomas were measured and morphologically characterized in terms of the type of tumor, retinal and/or vitreous involvement, calcifications, and posterior optical shadowing.

Conclusion:
The combined imaging with spectral-domain OCT and infrared images improves the detection of hamartomas if compared with the spectral-domain OCT technique alone. Moreover, a new subtype of hamartoma is proposed to complete a previous classification based on OCT.
RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AFTER INTRAARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR RETINOBLASTOMA
Authors: Shields Carol L. , Say Emil A. T. , Pefkianaki Maria , Regillo Carl D. , Caywood Emi H. , Jabbour Pascal M. , Shields Jerry A. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To evaluate rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in eyes with retinoblastoma after intraarterial chemotherapy (IAC).

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Methods:
Chart review.

Main outcome measure:
Development of RRD in the IAC era.

Results:
Of 167 eyes in 157 consecutive patients, mean patient age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma was 19 months. Intraarterial chemotherapy was primary (75/167, 45%) or secondary (92/167, 55%). There were 10 eyes (10/167, 6%) that developed RRD after IAC. The RRD was mostly related to rapid tumor regression with atrophic retinal hole, occurring within one month (n = 8) or 12 months (n = 2) of IAC. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was found after primary (6/75, 8%) or secondary (4/92, 4%) IAC. Of primary cases, RRD was found in Group D (1/38 [3%], P = 0.1075) or Group E (5/30 [17%], P = 0.0348). For primary IAC (n = 75 eyes), RRD was found in endophytic (5/22 [23%], P = 0.0073), exophytic (0/29 [0%], P = 0.0760), or combined endophytic/exophytic pattern (1/24 [4%], P = 0.6575). A comparison of eyes with RRD (n = 10) versus without RRD (n = 157) found significant differences including greater mean age at presentation (38 vs. 18 months, P = 0.0522), greater 4-quadrant vitreous seeding (5/10, 50% vs. 27/157, 17%, P = 0.0236), and absence of subretinal fluid (3/10, 30% vs. 102/157, 65%, P = 0.0236). The cause of RRD was tumor regression–related atrophic retinal hole(s) in 7 (7/10, 70%) (unifocal [1/10, 10%] or multifocal [6/10, 60%] holes), cryotherapy-induced single atrophic hole in 2 (2/10, 20%), and single flap-tear from posterior vitreous detachment in one (1/10, 10%). In 4 (4/10, 40%) eyes with RRD, proliferative vitreoretinopathy was noted. The RRD was not related to intravitreal injection in any case, as in primary IAC no case had previous injection and in secondary IAC the injections were performed many months previously. Primary RRD repair involved pars plana vitrectomy in three, scleral buckle without drainage in one, laser barricade in one, and observation in five eyes. After 24 months mean follow-up, the retina showed complete reattachment (3/10, 30%), partial reattachment (2/10, 20%), and persistent detachment in all observed eyes (5/10, 50%). Enucleation was necessary for tumor recurrence (4/10, 40%) or neovascular glaucoma (1/10, 10%). There were no tumor-related metastases or death.

Conclusion:
After IAC for retinoblastoma, RRD occurs in 6%, mostly in advanced eyes with extensive endophytic tumor and generally from atrophic retinal hole after rapid tumor regression.
Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Psoriasis
Authors: Vassantachart Janna M. , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
By definition, a drug is a medicine or substance that exerts a physiologic effect on an organism. In dermatology, medications and substances are utilized on a daily basis from topical treatments to anesthetics in micrographic surgery. The purpose of this section is to focus on some of the more common substances, specifically how they work, how they are utilized, and their routine alternatives. This brief focuses on cyclosporine and its utilization, mechanism of action, efficacy and dosage, adverse effects, special considerations, and alternatives in the treatment of psoriasis.
Hyperlipidemia and Medical Expenditures by Cardiovascular Disease Status in US Adults
Authors: Zhang Donglan , Wang Guijing , Fang Jing , Mercado Carla 
Published: October 2016

Background:
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting 73.5 million American adults. Information about health care expenditures associated with hyperlipidemia by CVD status is needed to evaluate the economic benefit of primary and secondary prevention programs for CVD.

Methods:
The study sample includes 48,050 men and nonpregnant women ≥18 from 2010 to 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. A 2-part econometric model was used to estimate annual hyperlipidemia-associated medical expenditures by CVD status. The estimation results from the 2-part model were used to calculate per-capita and national medical expenditures associated with hyperlipidemia. We adjusted the medical expenditures into 2012 dollars.

Results:
Among those with CVD, per person hyperlipidemia-associated expenditures were $1105 [95% confidence interval (CI), $877–$1661] per year, leading to an annual national expenditure of $15.47 billion (95% CI, $5.23–$27.75 billion). Among people without CVD, per person hyperlipidemia-associated expenditures were $856 (95% CI, $596–$1211) per year, resulting in an annual national expenditure of $23.11 billion (95% CI, $16.09–$32.71 billion). Hyperlipidemia-associated expenditures were attributable mostly to the costs of prescription medication (59%–90%). Among people without CVD, medication expenditures associated with hyperlipidemia were $13.72 billion (95% CI, $10.55–$15.74 billion), higher in men than in women.

Conclusions:
Hyperlipidemia significantly increased medical expenditures and the increase was higher in people with CVD than without. The information on estimated expenditures could be used to evaluate and develop effective programs for CVD prevention.
HBP: an integrative and flexible pipeline for the interaction analysis of Hi-C dataset
Authors: He Chao , Li Ping , Shi Minglei , Zhang Yan , Ye Bingyu , Xie Dejian , Shen Wenlong , Zhao Zhihu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe spatial organization of interphase chromatin in the nucleus play an important role in gene expression regulation and function. With the rapid development of revolutionized chromosome conformation capture technology and its genome-wide derivatives such as Hi-C, investigation of the genome folding becomes more efficient and convenient. How to robustly deal with these massive datasets and infer accurate 3D model and within-nucleus compartmentalization of chromosomes becomes a new challenge.ResultThe implemented pipeline HBP (Hi-CBED file analysisPipeline) integrates existing pipelines focusing on individual steps of Hi-C data processing into an all-in-one package with adjustable parameters to infer the consensus 3D structure of genome from raw Hi-C sequencing data. What’s more, HBP could assign statistical confidence estimation for chromatin interactions, and clustering interaction loci according to enrichment tracks or topological structure automatically.ConclusionThe freely available HBP is an optimized and flexible pipeline for analyzing the folding of whole chromosome and interactions between some specific sites from the Hi-C raw sequencing reads to the partially processed datasets. The other complex genetic and epigenetic datasets from public sources such as GWAS, ENCODE consortiums etc. will also easily be integrated into HBP, hence the final output results of HBP could provide a comprehensive in-depth understanding for the specific chromatin interactions, potential molecular mechanisms and biological significance. We believe that HBP is a reliable tool for the rapidly analysis of Hi-C data and will be very useful for a wide range of researchers, particularly those who lack of background in computational biology. HBP is freely accessible athttps://github.com/hechao0407/HBP/blob/master/HBP_1.0.tar.gz.
Reconstruction of the Cortical Maps of the Tasmanian Tiger and Comparison to the Tasmanian Devil
Authors: Berns Gregory S. , Ashwell Ken W.S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe last known Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus) – aka the thylacine – died in 1936. Because its natural behavior was never documented, we are left to infer aspects of its behavior from museum specimens and unreliable historical recollections. Recent advances in brain imaging have made it possible to scan postmortem specimens of a wide range of animals, even more than a decade old. Any thylacine brain, however, would be more than 100 years old. Here, we show that it is possible to reconstruct white matter tracts in two thylacine brains. For functional interpretation, we compare to the white matter reconstructions of the brains of two Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). We reconstructed the cortical projection zones of the basal ganglia and major thalamic nuclei. The basal ganglia reconstruction showed a more modularized pattern in the cortex of the thylacine, while the devil cortex was dominated by the putamen. Similarly, the thalamic projections had a more orderly topography in the thylacine than the devil. These results are consistent with theories of brain evolution suggesting that larger brains are more modularized. Functionally, the thylacine’s brain may have had relatively more cortex devoted to planning and decision-making, which would be consistent with a predatory ecological niche versus the scavenging niche of the devil.SIGNIFICANCEThe Tasmanian tiger – aka the thylacine – was a carnivorous marsupial and apex predator in Tasmania until the last one died in 1936. Very little is known about its natural behavior. Only four intact brain specimens are known to have survived. We used diffusion-weighted MRI to reconstruct the white matter pathways in two of these specimens, and for comparison, the brains of two Tasmanian devils. By comparing the maps of these projections in the cortex, we show that the thylacine’s brain is consistent with a more complex predatory strategy than the scavenging strategy of the Tasmanian devil.
UP-DOWN cortical dynamics reflect state transitions in a bistable balanced network
Authors: Jercog Daniel , Roxin Alex , Barthó Peter , Luczak Artur , Compte Albert , Rocha Jaime de la 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the idling brain, neuronal circuits often exhibit transitions between periods of sustained firing (UP state) and quiescence (DOWN state). Although these dynamics occur across multiple areas and behavioral conditions, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we analyze spontaneous population activity from the somatosensory cortex of urethane-anesthetized rats. We find that UP and DOWN periods are variable (i.e. non-rhythmic) and that the population rate shows no significant decay during UP periods. We build a network model of excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) neurons that exhibits a new bistability between a quiescent state and a balanced state of arbitrarily low rate. Fluctuating inputs trigger state transitions. Adaptation in E cells paradoxically causes a marginal decay of E-rate but a marked decay of I-rate, a signature of balanced bistability that we validate experimentally. Our findings provide evidence of a bistable balanced network that exhibits non-rhythmic state transitions when the brain rests.
Promoting service excellence for tourist destinations
Authors: Engeset Marit Gundersen , Hull John S. , Velvin Jan 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to understand the relationship between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction and its impacts on the long-term sustainability of Hemsedal Ski Resort, Norway.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a mixed method approach. Focusing on the case of Hemsedal, Norway, the authors employ survey design to measure employee service attitudes as well as guest satisfaction and loyalty. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis is used to investigate the relationships between the constructs.

Findings
Results from the four-year programme reveal that the correlation between employee service attitude and customer experience is strongest for behavioural loyalty which was found to have a direct and observable effect for the customer and that working to teach and train employees is important. Further, results showed that guest satisfaction with service not only influenced loyalty to the company that provided the service, but also loyalty to the destination where the company was situated. In explaining the relationships between levels of employee service attitude, customer satisfaction and community sustainability at Hemsedal ski resort, results showed that through partnership and cooperation, training and development have benefitted the individual companies, the destination and local community at large.

Practical implications
Results suggest that managers of tourism destinations should focus on employee motivation and training to improve their guests’ satisfaction and loyalty, their competitiveness and sustainability for the future.

Originality/value
The Service Excellence Project at Hemsedal, Norway demonstrates that mountain destinations can have a positive influence on their competitiveness and their sustainability by instituting a programme that works with employees, customers and businesses to promote a climate of service excellence.
Environmental liabilities in insolvency – an area ripe for reform?
Authors: Mamutse Blanca 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The paper aims to examine the question whether legislative reform is the silver bullet for the problems generated by the failure of a company which is exposed to claims arising from the non-fulfilment of its environmental obligations. The limited capacity of the UK insolvency regime to facilitate the fulfilment of a debtor company’s environmental obligations is often illustrated with reference to some significant judicial decisions. However, no real picture has emerged of the frequency with which these issues arise, based on which firm proposals for reform could be advanced. This paper argues that greater regard should be paid to existing mechanisms which provide a means of enabling insolvency risks to be managed or minimised because these point towards the scope for these issues to be resolved through the environmental protection framework rather than through reliance on company and/or insolvency law.

Design/methodology/approach
Research was conducted into the statutory and non-statutory regulations (such as statutory guidance) and case law principles, which underpin the treatment of the claims against an insolvent (or potentially insolvent) company resulting from its environmental activities. This included research into policies which have a bearing on this area, developed through governmental and civic consultations and studies.

Findings
The paper concludes that the likelihood of a case for legislative reform being made out is weak, and the focus should accordingly shift to strengthening the effectiveness of existing law, policy and practice.

Originality/value
This paper is the first (in the UK context) to challenge the perceived need for reform in this area, engaging with recent examples of such corporate failures and the impact of recent legislative and policy developments.
Sustainability and planning law in Australia: achievements and challenges
Authors: Williams Peter John , Williams Angelique Mary 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Since 1992, all levels of government in Australia have pursued a policy of ecologically sustainable development (ESD). Crafted in response to the World Commission on Environment and Development 1987 report Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report), the principles contained in the Australian Government’s National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development have been progressively implemented at the national, state and local levels of government. The purpose of this paper is not only to track the implementation of these principles, through both policy and law in Australia, but also to highlight recent challenges to the concept of ESD using the state of New South Wales (NSW) as a case study.

Design/methodology/approach
Beginning with a description of the Australian concept of ESD, this paper first examines the implementation of ESD through both policy and legislation at the national level. The state of NSW is then selected for more detailed assessment, with examples of key State government legislation and court decisions considered. Equal emphasis is placed on both the achievements in ESD policy development and implementation through legislation, statutory planning procedures and litigation, as well as the challenges that have confronted the pursuit of ESD in NSW.

Findings
Since its introduction in 1992, the concept of ESD has matured into a key guiding principle for development and environmental decision-making in Australia. However, in recent years, ESD has been the target of significant challenge by some areas of government. Noteworthy among these challenges has been a failed attempt by the NSW Government to introduce new planning legislation which sought to replace ESD with the arguably weaker concept of “sustainable development”. Apparent from this episode is strong community and institutional support for robust sustainability provisions “manifested through ESD” within that State’s statutory planning system.

Originality/value
This paper provides an overview of the implementation of ESD in Australia within both a broader international context of sustainable development and specific instances of domestic interpretation and application. It extends this analysis by examining recent public policy attempts to reposition sustainability in the context of statutory planning system reform in NSW.