bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Excitation of Free Core Nutation
Authors: Kiani Shahvandi Mostafa , Schindelegger Michael , Börger Lara , Mishra Siddhartha , Soja Benedikt 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEarth possesses a Poincaré mode called Free Core Nutation (FCN) due to the misalignment of the rotation axes of the mantle and fluid outer core. FCN is the primary signal in the observations of Celestial Pole Offsets (CPO) and maintained by geophysical mechanisms that are yet to be understood. Earlier studies suggested an origin in Atmospheric Angular Momentum (AAM)—and to a lesser degree Oceanic Angular Momentum (OAM)—but discrepancies between these geophysical excitations and the geodetic (CPO‐based) excitation were too large to reach definite conclusions. Here we use newly calculated, 3‐hourly AAM and OAM series for the 1994–2022 period, in conjunction with the latest CPO series from the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS 20 C04 series), to demonstrate a markedly lower power ratio (4.6) of geophysical over geodetic excitation at the FCN frequency compared to previous works (ratio 10). Among all excitation sources, the AAM pressure term exhibits the highest coherence (0.56) and correlation (0.48) with the geodetic excitation, whereas the coherence with OAM is smaller by a factor of 3. Similar analyses using existing angular momentum series give comparable, albeit smaller coherence and correlation results. We attribute the relevant AAM pressure term signal to Northern Hemispheric landmasses and further show consistent temporal variations in the amplitude of geophysical and geodetic excitations around the FCN band. Our results thus corroborate evidence for large‐scale atmospheric mass redistribution to be the main cause of continuous FCN excitation.
Role of Organic Vapor Precursors in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation: Concurrent Observations of IVOCs and VOCs in Guangzhou
Authors: Tong Mengxue , Zhang Yanli , Xiao Shaoxuan , Pei Chenglei , Wang Jun , Zhang Runqi , Huang Xiaoqing , Song Wei , Wang Xinming 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSecondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed through the atmospheric transformation of organic vapors constitutes a significant portion of fine particulate matter or PM2.5. While recent laboratory studies underscore the importance of intermediate‐volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) as key precursors to SOA, field observations that recognize the role of both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and IVOCs in SOA formation remain scarce. In this study, we conducted concurrent measurements of VOCs and IVOCs in ambient air at urban and suburban sites in Guangzhou during a PM2.5 pollution event in winter 2021. The results reveal that between 12:00–15:00 local time, the photochemically adjusted initial concentrations of VOCs at both sites were approximately 7 times higher than that of IVOCs. However, the SOA formation potential (SOAFP) of primary hydrocarbon IVOCs exceeded that of VOCs by over 3–4 times. Receptor modeling results further indicated that while ship emissions contributed to less than 10% of the C2–C22 primary hydrocarbons concentration (VOCs + primary carbonaceous IVOCs), they accounted for the most significant source (approximately 40%) of SOA formation. This study highlights the substantial role of IVOCs in SOA formation and emphasizes the importance of future PM2.5 pollution control measures targeting major IVOCs contributors, such as ship emissions in harbor cities.
Analysis of the Cessation of Convection in Mercury's Mantle
Authors: Jain C. , Solomatov V. S. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe question of whether the present‐day mantle of Mercury is undergoing convection remains unresolved. We address this issue by estimating the minimum value of the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) temperature needed to support mantle convection and considering the time required to cool the mantle below this threshold. A simple mathematical analysis of the cooling of the core, based on the assumption of a quasi‐steady‐state thermal equilibrium of Mercury's mantle, shows that the CMB temperature falls to the critical temperature for cessation of convection roughly halfway through the planet's evolutionary history. To first order, the duration of subsolidus convection does not depend on the absolute value of the viscosity. It depends primarily on parameters that control the viscosity function, such as the stress exponent and the activation energy. Our results based on conventional assumptions suggest the absence of present‐day mantle convection in Mercury, which is consistent with numerical models of Mercury's thermal history. However, because of large uncertainties in the controlling parameters, the possibility of still ongoing mantle convection on Mercury cannot be ruled out.
Data Assimilation of Ion Drift Measurements for Estimation of Ionospheric Plasma Drivers
Authors: Hu Jiahui , McDonald Sarah , Chartier Alex , López Rubio Aurora , Datta‐Barua Seebany 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDuring geomagnetic storms, the capabilities of current climate models in predicting ionospheric behavior are notably limited. A data assimilation tool, Estimating Model Parameters Reverse Engineering (EMPIRE), implements a Kalman filter to ingest electric density rate correcting the background electric potential and neutral wind. For the baseline setup, or case (1), EMPIRE ingests electron density global map output from the Ionospheric Data Assimilation 4‐Dimensional (IDA4D) algorithm. In this work, a new augmentation method is evaluated in which ion drift measurements are also assimilated into EMPIRE. The ion drift measurements used in the new augmentation method are obtained from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) sites in the mid‐to‐high latitude region of the northern hemisphere. Cases (2) and (3) are set up for evaluating the impacts from ingesting different types of observations: SuperDARN fit and grid data, respectively. Six independent data sources are used as validation data sets to compare outcomes with or without ingesting ion drifts. One is the vector ion velocities derived from the Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radar (MHISR) and a second is the vertical drift from Arecibo site. The other four are SuperDARN ion velocity grid data from Saskatoon, Kapuskasing, Christmas Valley West, and Hokkaido East. Results show improvements in performance at mid‐latitudes by augmenting electron density rates with 3D spatially distributed line‐of‐sight ion drift measurements, with negligible improvements to low and high latitude estimations. The lack of improvement at high‐latitudes is attributed to the increase in EMPIRE ion drift error poleward of 60° magnetic.
Sustainability inspired fabrication of next generation neurostimulation and cardiac rhythm management electrodes via reactive hierarchical surface restructuring
Authors: Amini Shahram , Choi Hongbin , Seche Wesley , Blagojevic Alexander , May Nicholas , Lefler Benjamin M. , Davis Skyler L. , Elyahoodayan Sahar , Tavousi Pouya , May Steven J. , Caputo Gregory A. , Lowe Terry C. , Hettinger Jeffrey , Shahbazmohamadi Sina 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOver the last two decades, platinum group metals (PGMs) and their alloys have dominated as the materials of choice for electrodes in long-term implantable neurostimulation and cardiac rhythm management devices due to their superior conductivity, mechanical and chemical stability, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, radiopacity, and electrochemical performance. Despite these benefits, PGM manufacturing processes are extremely costly, complex, and challenging with potential health hazards. Additionally, the volatility in PGM prices and their high supply risk, combined with their scarce concentration of approximately 0.01 ppm in the earth’s upper crust and limited mining geographical areas, underscores their classification as critical raw materials, thus, their effective recovery or substitution worldwide is of paramount importance. Since postmortem recovery from deceased patients and/or refining of PGMs that are used in the manufacturing of the electrodes and microelectrode arrays is extremely rare, challenging, and highly costly, therefore, substitution of PGM-based electrodes with other biocompatible materials that can yield electrochemical performance values equal or greater than PGMs is the only viable and sustainable solution to reduce and ultimately substitute the use of PGMs in long-term implantable neurostimulation and cardiac rhythm management devices. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time how the novel technique of “reactive hierarchical surface restructuring” can be utilized on titanium—that is widely used in many non-stimulation medical device and implant applications—to manufacture biocompatible, low-cost, sustainable, and high-performing neurostimulation and cardiac rhythm management electrodes. We have shown how the surface of titanium electrodes with extremely poor electrochemical performance undergoes compositional and topographical transformations that result in electrodes with outstanding electrochemical performance.
Microdissection tools to generate organoids for modeling the tumor immune microenvironment
Authors: Cordts Seth C. , Yuki Kanako , Henao Echeverri Maria F. , Narasimhan Balasubramanian , Kuo Calvin J. , Tang Sindy K. Y. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPatient-derived tumor organoids have emerged as promising models for predicting personalized drug responses in cancer therapy, but they typically lack immune components. Preserving the in vivo association between tumor cells and endogenous immune cells is critical for accurate testing of cancer immunotherapies. Mechanical dissection of tumor specimens into tumor fragments, as opposed to enzymatic digestion into single cells, is essential for maintaining these native tumor-immune cell spatial relationships. However, conventional mechanical dissection relying on manual mincing is time-consuming and irreproducible. This study describes two microdissection devices, the µDicer and µGrater, to facilitate the generation of intact tumor fragments from mouse B16 melanoma, a common model of human melanoma. The µDicer- and µGrater-cut tumor fragments were used to generate air‒liquid interface (ALI) organoids that copreserve tumor cells with infiltrating immune subsets without artificial reconstitution. The µDicer, consisting of a hexagonal array of silicon microblades, was employed to investigate the effect of organoid size. The viability of ALI organoid immune cells appeared insensitive to organoid sizes exceeding ~400 µm but diminished in organoids ~200 µm in size. The µGrater, consisting of an array of submillimeter holes in stainless steel, was employed to accelerate dissection. For the samples studied, the µGrater was 4.5 times faster than manual mincing. Compared with those generated by manual mincing, ALI organoids generated by the µGrater demonstrated similar viability, immune cell composition, and responses to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. With further optimization, the µGrater holds potential for integration into clinical workflows to support the advancement of personalized cancer immunotherapy.
Neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular dysfunction and diurnal cortisol biomarkers in a memory clinic cohort: Findings from the Co-STAR study
Authors: Daniilidou Makrina , Holleman Jasper , Hagman Göran , Kåreholt Ingemar , Aspö Malin , Brinkmalm Ann , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Solomon Alina , Kivipelto Miia , Sindi Shireen , Matton Anna 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCortisol dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular dysfunction are biological processes that have been separately shown to be affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we aimed to identify biomarker signatures reflecting these pathways in 108 memory clinic patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD, N = 40), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 39), and AD (N = 29). Participants were from the well-characterized Cortisol and Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease (Co-STAR) cohort, recruited at Karolinska University Hospital. Salivary diurnal cortisol measures and 41 CSF proteins were analyzed. Principal component analysis was applied to identify combined biosignatures related to AD pathology, synaptic loss, and neuropsychological assessments, in linear regressions adjusted for confounders, such as age, sex, education and diagnosis. We found increased CSF levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interferon γ-inducible protein (IP-10), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in MCI patients. Further, markers of cortisol dysregulation (flattened salivary cortisol awakening response and flattened cortisol slope) correlated with increased levels of placental growth factor (PlGF), IP-10, and chitinase 3-like 1 (YKL-40) in the total cohort. A biosignature composed of cortisol awakening response, cortisol slope, and CSF IL-6 was downregulated in AD patients. Moreover, biomarker signatures reflecting overlapping pathophysiological processes of neuroinflammation and vascular injury were associated with AD pathology, synaptic loss, and worsened processing speed. Our findings suggest an early dysregulation of immune and cerebrovascular processes during the MCI stage and provide insights into the interrelationship of chronic stress and neuroinflammation in AD.
A conditional protein diffusion model generates artificial programmable endonuclease sequences with enhanced activity
Authors: Zhou Bingxin , Zheng Lirong , Wu Banghao , Yi Kai , Zhong Bozitao , Tan Yang , Liu Qian , Liò Pietro , Hong Liang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDeep learning-based methods for generating functional proteins address the growing need for novel biocatalysts, allowing for precise tailoring of functionalities to meet specific requirements. This advancement leads to the development of highly efficient and specialized proteins with diverse applications across scientific, technological, and biomedical fields. This study establishes a pipeline for protein sequence generation with a conditional protein diffusion model, namely CPDiffusion, to create diverse sequences of proteins with enhanced functions. CPDiffusion accommodates protein-specific conditions, such as secondary structures and highly conserved amino acids. Without relying on extensive training data, CPDiffusion effectively captures highly conserved residues and sequence features for specific protein families. We applied CPDiffusion to generate artificial sequences of Argonaute (Ago) proteins based on the backbone structures of wild-type (WT) Kurthia massiliensis Ago (KmAgo) and Pyrococcus furiosus Ago (PfAgo), which are complex multi-domain programmable endonucleases. The generated sequences deviate by up to nearly 400 amino acids from their WT templates. Experimental tests demonstrated that the majority of the generated proteins for both KmAgo and PfAgo show unambiguous activity in DNA cleavage, with many of them exhibiting superior activity as compared to the WT. These findings underscore CPDiffusion’s remarkable success rate in generating novel sequences for proteins with complex structures and functions in a single step, leading to enhanced activity. This approach facilitates the design of enzymes with multi-domain molecular structures and intricate functions through in silico generation and screening, all accomplished without the need for supervision from labeled data.
Concept and location neurons in the human brain provide the ‘what’ and ‘where’ in memory formation
Authors: Mackay Sina , Reber Thomas P. , Bausch Marcel , Boström Jan , Elger Christian E. , Mormann Florian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOur brains create new memories by capturing the ‘who/what’, ‘where’ and ‘when’ of everyday experiences. On a neuronal level, mechanisms facilitating a successful transfer into episodic memory are still unclear. We investigated this by measuring single neuron activity in the human medial temporal lobe during encoding of item-location associations. While previous research has found predictive effects in population activity in human MTL structures, we could attribute such effects to two specialized sub-groups of neurons: concept cells in the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex (EC), and a second group of parahippocampal location-selective neurons. In both item- and location-selective populations, firing rates were significantly higher during successfully encoded trials. These findings are in line with theories of hippocampal indexing, since selective index neurons may act as pointers to neocortical representations. Overall, activation of distinct populations of neurons could directly support the connection of the ‘what’ and ‘where’ of episodic memory.
Machine learning driven performance for hole transport layer free carbon-based perovskite solar cells
Authors: Valsalakumar Sreeram , Bhandari Shubhranshu , Roy Anurag , Mallick Tapas K. , Hinshelwood Justin , Sundaram Senthilarasu 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe rapid advancement of machine learning (ML) technology across diverse domains has provided a framework for discovering and rationalising materials and photovoltaic devices. This study introduces a five-step methodology for implementing ML models in fabricating hole transport layer (HTL) free carbon-based PSCs (C-PSC). Our approach leverages various prevalent ML models, and we curated a comprehensive dataset of 700 data points using SCAPS-1D simulation, encompassing variations in the thickness of the electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite layers, along with bandgap characteristics. Our results indicate that the ANN-based ML model exhibits superior predictive accuracy for C-PSC device parameters, achieving a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.028 and a high R-squared value of 0.954. The novelty of this work lies in its systematic use of ML to streamline the optimisation process, reducing the reliance on traditional trial-and-error methods and providing a deeper understanding of the interdependence of key device parameters.
Computationally designed Spike antigens induce neutralising responses against the breadth of SARS-COV-2 variants
Authors: Vishwanath Sneha , Carnell George William , Billmeier Martina , Ohlendorf Luis , Neckermann Patrick , Asbach Benedikt , George Charlotte , Sans Maria Suau , Chan Andrew , Olivier Joey , Nadesalingam Angalee , Einhauser Sebastian , Temperton Nigel , Cantoni Diego , Grove Joe , Jordan Ingo , Sandig Volker , Tonks Paul , Geiger Johannes , Dohmen Christian , Mummert Verena , Samuel Anne Rosalind , Plank Christian , Kinsley Rebecca , Wagner Ralf , Heeney Jonathan Luke 
Published: September 2024

AbstractUpdates of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are required to generate immunity in the population against constantly evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns (VOCs). Here we describe three novel in-silico designed spike-based antigens capable of inducing neutralising antibodies across a spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Three sets of antigens utilising pre-Delta (T2_32), and post-Gamma sequence data (T2_35 and T2_36) were designed. T2_32 elicited superior neutralising responses against VOCs compared to the Wuhan-1 spike antigen in DNA prime-boost immunisation regime in guinea pigs. Heterologous boosting with the attenuated poxvirus - Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing T2_32 induced broader neutralising immune responses in all primed animals. T2_32, T2_35 and T2_36 elicited broader neutralising capacity compared to the Omicron BA.1 spike antigen administered by mRNA immunisation in mice. These findings demonstrate the utility of structure-informed computationally derived modifications of spike-based antigens for inducing broad immune responses covering more than 2 years of evolved SARS-CoV-2 variants.
International wildlife trade quotas are characterized by high compliance and coverage but insufficient adaptive management
Authors: Morton Oscar , Nijman Vincent , Edwards David P. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractEffective management of international wildlife trade is crucial to ensure sustainability. Quotas are a common trade management tool and specify an annual number of individuals to be exported, yet at present there is no global assessment of quota coverage and compliance. Using over 7,000 country–year specific reptile quotas established under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) covering 343 species, we quantify quota coverage, compliance, trade trends pre-quota and post-quota setting and whether quotas likely represent adaptive management. Quotas predominantly concerned live wild-sourced reptiles, with only 6.6% of live non-zero quotas exceeded and 4.5% of zero quotas subverted. For 62.3% of species, quotas were established higher than pre-quota trade, with traded volumes post-quota mainly unchanged or higher than pre-quota establishment, thus potentially facilitating sustainable trade. Over 38% of quota series of species remained at the same level each year, with the longest-running quotas proportionately updated the least, indicating that many quotas do not change adaptively in response to changing threats to species through time. Greater specificity in exactly what quotas cover, justification for unchanged quotas and transparency over quota determination are needed to ensure that high compliance equates to sustainable use.
An East Antarctic, sub-annual resolution water isotope record from the Mount Brown South Ice core
Authors: Gkinis Vasileios , Jackson Sarah , Abram Nerilie J. , Plummer Christopher , Blunier Thomas , Harlan Margaret , Kjær Helle Astrid , Moy Andrew D. , Peensoo Kerttu Maria , Quistgaard Thea , Svensson Anders , Vance Tessa R. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWe report high resolution measurements of the stable water isotope ratios (δ18O, δD) from the Mount Brown South ice core (MBS, 69.11° S 86.31° E). The record covers the period 873 - 2009 CE with sub-annual temporal resolution. Preliminary analyses of surface cores have shown the Mount Brown South site has relatively high annual snowfall accumulation (0.3 metres ice equivalent) with a seasonal bias toward lower snowfall during austral summer. Precipitation at the site is frequently related to intense, short term synoptic scale events from the mid-latitudes of the southern Indian Ocean. Higher snowfall regimes are associated with easterly winds, while lower snowfall regimes are associated with south-easterly winds. Isotope ratios are measured with Infra-Red Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, calibrated on the VSMOW/SLAP scale and reported on the MBS2023 time scale interpolated accordingly. We provide estimates for measurement precision and internal accuracy for δ18O and δD.
Resting-state EEG data before and after cognitive activity across the adult lifespan and a 5-year follow-up
Authors: Getzmann Stephan , Gajewski Patrick D. , Schneider Daniel , Wascher Edmund 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis dataset consists of 64-channels resting-state EEG recordings of 608 participants aged between 20 and 70 years, 61.8% female, as well as follow-up measurements after approximately 5 years of 208 participants, starting 2021. The EEG was measured for three minutes with eyes open and eyes closed before and after a 2-hour block of cognitive experimental tasks. The data set is part of the Dortmund Vital Study, a prospective study on the determinants of healthy cognitive aging. The dataset can be used for (1) analyzing cross-sectional resting-state EEG of healthy individuals across the adult life span; (2) generating normalization data sets for comparison of resting-state EEG data of patients with clinically relevant disorders; (3) studying effects of performing cognitive tasks on resting-state EEG and age; (4) exploring intra-individual changes in resting-state EEG and effects of task performance over a time period of about 5 years. The data are provided in Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) format and are available on OpenNeuro.