bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appearance Differences Between Lots and Brands of Similar Shade Designations of Dental Composite Resins
Authors: Carney Melody N. , Johnston William M. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe purposes of this study were to investigate differences in two inherent appearance characteristics between lots of an enamel dental composite resin of the same shade and brand, and to further compare these differences to those of similar shade designation of a different brand of dental composite resins.MethodsAppearance analyses proceeded for three different lots of shades A1, B2, and D3 manufactured by one company and for one lot of shade EA1 manufactured by another. Samples were measured on black, white, and gray backings using spectroradiometry. Kubelka–Munk theory was used to determine reflectivity of each lot studied. CIELAB values and color differences between shades and lots were analyzed. Translucency indicators were compared between lots over thicknesses from 0.5 to 3.0 mm.ResultsDifferences in inherent color between some lots of same shade designations within a brand were found to be above the acceptability threshold. Color difference between an enamel composite resin of shade A1 and a composite resin of shade EA1 was also above the acceptability threshold. Statistically significant differences in the translucency were found between some lots of one shade over the entire range of thicknesses studied.ConclusionAppearance analyses indicate substantial variation between lots of same shade designations as well as between brands of similar shade designations.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEOptical principles applied to important clinical appearance attributes are described which characterize inherent appearance attributes and provide aid in the appearance matching process for dental composite resins used in restorative and operative dental procedures. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:E6–E14, 2017)
Comparison of clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of collagenous sprue, celiac disease, and collagenous colitis
Authors: Lan Nan , Shen Bo , Yuan Lisi , Liu Xiuli 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundCollagenous sprue (CS) is a rare form of enteropathy that had been reported to be associated with celiac disease (CD) and collagenous colitis (CC). The aim of our study was to compare the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of CS, CD, and CC.MethodsAll patients with histologic diagnosis of CS, CD, or CC with complete clinical data were extracted from our pathology database between 1990 and 2015. Demographic and clinical features were recorded along with treatments and outcomes.ResultsA total of 21 patients with CS were included. Overall CS patients were more symptomatic with 17 (81.0%) patients with diarrhea and 15 (71.4%) with unintentional weight loss. Positive celiac serology was noted in 5 (23.8%) CS patients. CS patients had higher rates for disease‐related temporary total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use (38.1% vs. 1.1% vs. 1.0%, P < 0.0001) and disease‐related hospitalization (52.4% vs. 3.3% vs. 8.2%, P < 0.0001) than that in CD and CC patients. Twenty CS patients received treatments, including the combination of gluten‐free diet (GFD) and corticosteroids (n = 12), GFD only (n = 2), and corticosteroids only (n = 6). All CS patients showed symptomatic reliefs with treatment. Although CS patients had a higher rate for hospitalization and TPN use, disease‐related death was not observed in all three groups.ConclusionsCollagenous sprue patients had more severe clinical presentation than patients with CD and CC and therefore had higher demand for temporary TPN and hospitalization. Nevertheless, a prompt use of steroids and/or GFD upon histologic diagnosis of CS may have contributed to an overall excellent prognosis.
Adherence to the Healthy Eating Index and Alternative Healthy Eating Index dietary patterns and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Onvani S. , Haghighatdoost F. , Surkan P. J. , Larijani B. , Azadbakht L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThis meta‐analysis investigated the association of diet quality indices, as assessed by HEI and AHEI, and the risk of all‐cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.MethodsWe used PubMed, ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar to search for eligible articles published before July 2015. A total of 12 cohort studies (38 reports) and one cross‐sectional study (three reports) met the inclusion criteria and were included in our meta‐analysis.ResultsThe highest level of adherence to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) was significantly associated with a reduced risk of all‐cause mortality [relative risk (RR) = 0.77, 95% confidence intterval (CI) = 0.76–0.78], cardiovascular mortality (RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.74–0.80) and cancer mortality (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.81–0.86). Egger regression tests provided no evidence of publication bias.ConclusionsThe present study indicates that high adherence to HEI and AHEI dietary patterns, indicating high diet quality, are associated with reduced risk of all‐cause mortality (as well as cardiovascular mortality and cancer mortality).
Quantum dot‐mediated delivery of siRNA to inhibit sphingomyelinase activities in brain‐derived cells
Authors: Getz Ted , Qin Jingdong , Medintz Igor L. , Delehanty James B. , Susumu Kimihiro , Dawson Philip E. , Dawson Glyn 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe use of RNAi to suppress protein synthesis offers a potential way of reducing the level of enzymes or the synthesis of mutant toxic proteins but there are few tools currently available for their delivery. To address this problem, bioconjugated quantum dots (QDs) containing a hydrophobic component (N‐palmitate) and a sequence VKIKK designed to traverse across cell membranes and visualize drug delivery were developed and tested on cell lines of brain origin. We used the Zn outer shell of the QD to bind HIS6 in JB577 (W•G•Dap(N‐Palmitoyl)•VKIKK•P9•G2•H6) and by a gel‐shift assay showed that siRNAs would bind to the positively charged KIKK sequence. By comparing many peptides and QD coatings, we showed that the QD‐JB577‐siRNA construct was taken up by cells of nervous system origin, distributed throughout the cytosol, and inhibited protein synthesis, implying that JB577 was also promoting endosome egress. By attaching siRNA for luciferase in a cell line over‐expressing luciferase, we showed 70% inhibition of mRNA after 24–48 h. To show more specific effects, we synthesized siRNA for neutral (NSMase2), acid (lysosomal ASMase) sphingomyelinase, and sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), we demonstrated a dose‐dependent inhibition of activity. These data suggest that QDs are a useful siRNA delivery tool and QD‐siRNA could be a potential theranostic for a variety of diseases.
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Central Effects of Leptin on Glucose Homeostasis are Modified during Pregnancy in the Rat
Authors: Ladyman S. R. , Grattan D. R. 
Published: September 2016

Despite increased leptin concentrations during pregnancy, fat mass and food intake are increased. The satiety response to central leptin is suppressed, indicating a state of leptin insensitivity in the hypothalamus. Although the regulation of food intake is a major function of leptin, this hormone also influences a wide range of functions within the body. These actions include the regulation of glucose homeostasis, which undergoes major adaptation in the maternal body to generate optimal conditions for foetal development and growth. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of central leptin treatment on glucose homeostasis in pregnant rats to determine whether pregnancy‐induced leptin insensitivity is functionally specific, and to further investigate changes in glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. After an overnight fast, nonpregnant and day 14 pregnant rats received an i.c.v. injection of leptin (100 ng or 4 μg) or vehicle then underwent a glucose tolerance test (GTT). Further groups of nonpregnant and day 14 pregnant rats were killed 30 min after leptin (doses ranging from 40 ng–4 μg) or vehicle i.c.v. injections for western blot analysis of phospho‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phospho‐Akt in various hypothalamic nuclei. Central leptin injection prior to a GTT lead to lowered basal insulin concentrations and impaired glucose tolerance in nonpregnant female rats, whereas the same doses of leptin had no significant effect on glucose tolerance in day 14 pregnant rats, indicating that, similar to the satiety actions of leptin, the effects of leptin on glucose homeostasis are suppressed during pregnancy. Furthermore, in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, comprising three leptin‐sensitive areas, there was no evidence that leptin induced Akt phosphorylation despite significant increases in phospho‐STAT3, suggesting that leptin does not act through phospho‐Akt in these areas in female rats.
Evaluating osteological ageing from digital data
Authors: Villa Chiara , Buckberry Jo , Lynnerup Niels 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAge at death estimation of human skeletal remains is one of the key issues in constructing a biological profile both in forensic and archaeological contexts. The traditional adult osteological methods evaluate macroscopically the morphological changes that occur with increasing age of specific skeletal indicators, such as the cranial sutures, the pubic bone, the auricular surface of the ilium and the sternal end of the ribs. Technologies such as computed tomography and laser scanning are becoming more widely used in anthropology, and several new methods have been developed. This review focuses on how the osteological age‐related changes have been evaluated in digital data. First, the 3D virtual copies of the bones have been used to mimic the appearance of the dry bones and the application of the traditional methods. Secondly, the information directly extrapolated from CT scans has been used to assess qualitatively or quantitatively the changes of the trabecular bones, the thickness of the cortical bones, and to perform morphometric analyses. Lastly, the most innovative approach has been the mathematical quantification of the changes of the pelvic joints, calculating the complexity of the surface. The importance of new updated reference datasets, created thanks to the use of CT scanning in forensic settings, is also discussed.
Evidence of the Value of the Smoking Media Literacy Framework for Middle School Students
Authors: Bier Melinda C. , Zwarun Lara , Sherblom Stephen A. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSusceptibility to future smoking, positive beliefs about smoking, and perceptions of antismoking norms are all factors that are associated with future smoking. In previous research, smoking media literacy (SML) has been associated with these variables, even when controlling for other known risk factors for smoking. However, these studies were performed with older teenagers, often in high school, not younger teens at a crucial developmental point with respect to the decision to begin smoking.METHODSThis study uses survey data collected from 656 American public middle school students representing multiple zip codes, schools, and school districts.RESULTSSmoking media literacy levels for middle school students were similar to those of high school students in earlier studies. Higher SML levels were associated with lower susceptibility to future smoking and predicted susceptibility to smoke when controlling for other risk factors. This suggests that the same relationships found with teenagers may exist with middle school students.CONCLUSIONSAlthough follow‐up studies using larger and more controlled administrations of the SML scale are warranted, this study suggests the utility of the SML framework and scale in the development and investigation of media literacy as a prevention strategy in students this age.
Mental Health Stigma Prevention: Pilot Testing a Novel, Language Arts Curriculum‐Based Approach for Youth
Authors: Weisman Hannah L. , Kia‐Keating Maryam , Lippincott Ann , Taylor Zachary , Zheng Jimmy 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDResearchers have emphasized the importance of integrating mental health education with academic curriculum. The focus of the current studies was Mental Health Matters (MHM), a mental health curriculum that is integrated with English language arts. It is taught by trained community member volunteers and aims to increase knowledge and decrease stigma toward individuals with mental health disorders.METHODSIn Study 1, 142 sixth graders participated in MHM and completed pre‐ and postprogram measures of mental health knowledge, stigma, and program acceptability. Teachers also completed ratings of acceptability. Study 2 (N = 120 seventh graders) compared participants who had participated in MHM the previous year with those who had not using the same measures.RESULTSSixth grade students and teachers rated the program as highly acceptable. Participants significantly increased their knowledge and decreased their levels of stigma. Seventh graders who had participated in MHM had significantly more mental health knowledge than peers who had not, but there were no differences in stigma.CONCLUSIONSThe model appears to be acceptable to students and teachers. Future research is needed to assess the long‐term effectiveness of integrating mental health education with other academic curriculum such as language arts or science.
A School‐Based Program for Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pbert Lori , Druker Susan , Barton Bruce , Schneider Kristin L. , Olendzki Barbara , Gapinski Mary A. , Kurtz Stephen , Osganian Stavroula 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDGiven the dramatic increase in adolescent overweight and obesity, models are needed for implementing weight management treatment through readily accessible venues. We evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of a school‐based intervention consisting of school nurse‐delivered counseling and an afterschool exercise program in improving diet, activity, and body mass index (BMI) among overweight and obese adolescents.METHODSA pair‐matched cluster‐randomized controlled school‐based trial was conducted in which 8 public high schools were randomized to either a 12‐session school nurse‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral counseling intervention plus school‐based after school exercise program, or 12‐session nurse contact with weight management information (control). Overweight or obese adolescents (N = 126) completed anthropometric and behavioral assessments at baseline and 8‐month follow‐up. Main outcome measures included diet, activity, and BMI. Mixed effects regression models were conducted to examine differences at follow‐up.RESULTSAt follow‐up, students in intervention compared with control schools were not different in BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference. Students reported eating breakfast (adjusted mean difference 0.81 days; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11‐1.52) on more days/week; there were no differences in other behaviors targeted by the intervention.CONCLUSIONSWhile a school‐based intervention including counseling and access to an after‐school exercise program is theoretically promising with public health potential, it was not effective in reducing BMI or key obesogenic behaviors. Our findings are important in highlighting that interventions targeted at the individual level are not likely to be sufficient in addressing the adolescent obesity epidemic without changes in social norms and the environment.
Development of protein, dietary fiber, and micronutrient enriched extruded corn snacks
Authors: Shah Faiz‐Ul‐Hassan , Sharif Mian Kamran , Butt Masood Sadiq , Shahid Muhammad 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe study was aimed to develop protein, dietary fiber, and micronutrient enriched corn snacks through extrusion processing. Corn snacks supplemented with chickpea, defatted soy flour (20–40/100 g) and guar gum (7/100 g) were prepared through extrusion processing. Micronutrients (iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamins A, C, and folic acid) at recommended daily values were added in all formulations. Extruded corn snacks were analyzed for physical, textural, and sensory attributes. Results showed that piece density (0.34–0.44 g/cm3), moisture (3.40–5.25%), water activity (0.203–0.361), hardness (64.4–133.2 N), and cohesiveness (0.25–0.44) was increased Whereas, expansion ratio (3.72–2.64), springiness (0.82–0.69), chewiness (1.63–0.42), and resilience (1.37–0.14) was decreased as supplementation with soy and chickpea flour increased from 20 to 40/100 g. Overall corn snack supplemented with 15/100 g of soy and 15/100 g of chickpea flour got the highest acceptance from the sensory panelists.Practical applicationsThe article focuses on physical, textural, and sensory attributes of extruded corn snacks enriched with protein, dietary fiber, and micronutrients Awareness about the importance of healthy snacks has grown among the consumers during the last decade. Extruded snacks developed using nutrient rich ingredients with good textural and sensory properties has always remained a challenge for the snack industry. Texture of the extruded snacks varies a lot with high levels of protein and dietary fiber. This study is helpful for the development of healthy snacks especially in developing countries lacking storage infrastructure or tropical environment. Nutrient rich extruded snacks can also be used to alleviate malnutrition by incorporating in school lunch programs.
Effects of slope aspect and topographic position on environmental variables, disturbance regime and tree community attributes in a seasonal tropical dry forest
Authors: Méndez‐Toribio Moisés , Meave Jorge A. , Zermeño‐Hernández Isela , Ibarra‐Manríquez Guillermo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractQuestionsWhat is the magnitude of the differences in environment and chronic human disturbance between contrasting slope aspects and topographic positions in a seasonally dry tropical forest? What is the effect of such topography‐related differences on composition, structure and diversity attributes of the tree community of this forest?LocationTziritzícuaro, Michoacán State, southern Mexico.MethodsVegetation was sampled in 36 100‐m2 plots evenly distributed among three topographic positions (lower, middle and upper parts of a slope) and two slope aspects (N‐ and S‐facing). Environment at these sites was described through modelling incoming solar radiation and in situ recording of temperature during 1 yr. Disturbance was visually assessed in the field to calculate a Chronic Disturbance Index. Vegetation structure and diversity were compared among the resulting combinations of slope and topographic position. PERMANOVA and CCA were used to examine the multivariate relationship among vegetation, topography and disturbance.ResultsSlope aspects and topographic positions differed in terms of annual mean temperature, potential energy income and evapotranspiration. Conversely, disturbance was not so clearly related to topography. Regarding vegetation structure, significant differences were only found for individual sizes and abundance; these values increased towards the upper portion of S‐facing slopes, but decreased with elevation in N‐facing slopes. Species diversity (S, Jacknife 1 and Fisherʼs α) was higher in S‐facing slopes and increased from lower to upper topographic positions. PERMANOVA showed that vegetation structure and diversity were influenced by topographic position (12.9%) and the interaction between soil moisture and chronic disturbance with slope aspect (8.2% and 8.3%, respectively). CCA showed that a modest proportion (21%) of variation in species composition is explained by the combination of environmental and disturbance variables.ConclusionsSlope aspect and topographic position represent axes of environmental and disturbance differentiation. Although vegetation attributes respond to these ecological factors, they do not show homogeneous responses. Floristic composition is clearly linked to environmental heterogeneity, while structural attributes and α‐diversity appear to be more closely related to human disturbance and soil moisture, particularly on S‐facing slopes. Integrating environmental heterogeneity and human disturbance with topographic variability enhances our understanding of large variation in tree community attributes in seasonal dry tropical forests.
Community variation in wood density along a bioclimatic gradient on a hyper‐diverse tropical island
Authors: Ibanez Thomas , Chave Jérôme , Barrabé Laure , Elodie Blanchard , Boutreux Thomas , Trueba Santiago , Vandrot Hervé , Birnbaum Philippe 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsAnalyse the controversial relationship existing between wood density, precipitation, temperature and aridity, and its importance in shaping forest communities facing drought.LocationNew Caledonia (SW Pacific).MethodsWe sampled wood density in 1580 trees belonging to 175 species across nine sites (eight 1‐ha plots) located in dry, mesic and humid forests. We tested whether wood density varied across species, communities and habitats, and depended on mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT) and an aridity index (AI). We also tested whether the variations observed in community mean wood density (WDmean) and in wood density standard deviation differed from those obtained by a randomized species distribution across communities. We constructed a phylogenetic supertree at genus level and tested for the non‐random distribution of WDmean.ResultsWe found that WDmean tended to increase with increasing aridity (i.e. decreasing MAP and increasing MAT) and was significantly higher than expected under randomized species distribution at the dry forest site only. However, some species with low wood density grew well at these dry sites. At genus level, wood density was not random within the phylogenetic supertree. Some lineages exhibiting higher wood density than expected by randomization were also the most represented at the dry sites.ConclusionsAlthough we did not observe an environmental filter sensu stricto, aridity associated with a low MAP and a high MAT at the dry and mesic forest sites was likely to favour species with a high wood density. Our phylogenetic results suggested that species belonging to a few lineages exhibiting high wood density were likely to be adapted to drought, hence favoured by increasing drought.
Vegetation science in the age of big data
Authors: Collins Scott L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe age of big data is poised to revolutionize vegetation science. As online resources continue to grow, vegetation ecologists will need a growing set of computational skills to advance vegetation science in the digital age. Two papers in this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science (Wiser 2016, Sandel et al. 2016) illustrate the resources available and use of big data to explore challenging ecological questions.