bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of cut‐off value on prevalence of short cervical length
Authors: van Os M. A. , Kleinrouweler C. E. , Schuit E. , van der Ven A. J. , Pajkrt E. , de Groot C. J. M. , Mol B. W. J. , Haak M. C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the distribution of cervical length (CL) in a large cohort of asymptomatic low‐risk women with singleton pregnancy and no previous preterm birth and to explain the low prevalence of short CL ≤ 30 mm in this cohort.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort study with an embedded randomized controlled trial (Triple P trial; NTR‐2078) on the prevention of preterm birth with progesterone. In the cohort study, CL was measured in asymptomatic low‐risk women with singleton pregnancy to investigate its predictive capacity to identify those at increased risk for preterm birth. A short CL was defined by a cut‐off value of ≤ 30 mm, based on existing literature. Women with a short CL were subsequently included in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of progesterone, compared with placebo, on preterm birth. In total, 57 centers and 20 234 women participated in the study. Normal distributions for CL were simulated based on the mean and SD of the original data. The distribution of CL was assessed for each individual center and measurements were compared between levels of care: primary (29 ultrasound centers), secondary (21 general hospitals) and tertiary (seven university medical centers) care institutions. Comparison was also performed between centers with low, intermediate and high volume of CL measurements. CL distributions before (n = 12 284 women) and after (n = 7950 women) a national symposium, at which the prevalence of short CL measurements was addressed publicly, were analyzed.ResultsBetween November 2009 and August 2013, 20 234 women had CL measurements, of whom 367 (1.8%) had a short CL. Mean ± SD CL was 44.2 ± 7.8 mm. A ‘dip’ in the distribution of CL measurements between 20 and 30 mm was observed, defined by a ratio of < 50% when comparing the number of measurements in observed and simulated normal distributions. The dip was present in 89% of participating centers. All centers showed a dip in the distribution of measurements ≤ 30 mm when analyzed according to the level of care and volume of measurements. A significant difference was found when comparing the distribution before and after publicly addressing the low prevalence of short CL (1.7% vs 2.0% of measurements were ≤ 30 mm, respectively; P < 0.001).ConclusionsA cut‐off value of 30 mm for CL was used to include women in a randomized clinical trial that was embedded in a cohort study. We suggest that the use of a predefined cut‐off value for a short cervix influences the distribution of the CL measurements. Since the measurement is not blinded, preference of assessors for the control or intervention arms may have introduced selection bias. This might have resulted in fewer measurements around the cut‐off value. Other trials using similar designs could benefit from this observation and take precautions to avoid selection bias. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Periodic Navier Solutions for the Plate Equation with Non-Monotone Nonlinearities: the Multidimensional Case
Authors: Nowakowski Andrzej , O'regan Donal 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe discuss the solvability of the periodic Navier problem for the plate equation with forced vibrationsxtt(t, y)+Δ2x(t, y)+l(t, y, x(t, y)) = 0 in higher dimensions with side lengths being irrational numbers and the nonlinearity being superlinear. We also derive a new dual variational method.
The relationship between helminth infections and low haemoglobin levels in Ethiopian children with blood type A
Authors: Degarege A. , Yimam Y. , Madhivanan P. , Erko B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe current study was conducted to evaluate the nature of association of ABO blood type with helminth infection and related reduction in haemoglobin concentration. Stool samples were collected from 403 school-age children attending Tikur Wuha Elementary School from February to April 2011. Helminth infection was examined using formol-ether concentration and thick Kato–Katz (two slides per stool specimen) techniques. Haemoglobin level was determined using a HemoCue machine and ABO blood type was determined using the antisera haemagglutination test. Nutritional status was assessed using height and weight measurements. Out of 403 children examined, 169, 120, 96 and 18 had blood type O, A, B and AB, respectively. The prevalences of helminth infections were 46.9% for hookworm, 24.6% forSchistosoma mansoni, 4.2% forAscaris lumbricoides, 1.7% forTrichuris trichiuraand 58.3% for any helminth species. The relative odds of infection with at least one helminth species was significantly higher among children with blood type A (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28–3.45) or blood type B (AOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.22–3.56) as compared to children with blood type O. Among children infected with helminths, mean haemoglobin concentration was lower in those with blood type A than those with blood type O (β, −0.36; 95% CI, −0.72 to −0.01). The relative odds of hookworm infection (AOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.08–2.92) and related reduction in haemogobin levels (β, −0.45; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.04) was higher among children with blood type A as compared to those with blood type O. Although the difference was not significant, the relative odds ofS. mansoniorA. lumbricoidesinfections and related reduction in haemoglobin levels was also higher in children with blood type A or B as compared to children with blood type O. In conclusion, children with blood type A are associated with an increased risk of helminth, particularly hookworm, infection and related reduction in haemoglobin level. The mechanisms by which blood type A makes children susceptible to helminth infection and a related reduction in haemoglobin level ought to be investigated.
Altered hippocampal function in major depression despite intact structure and resting perfusion
Authors: Finkelmeyer A. , Nilsson J. , He J. , Stevens L. , Maller J. J. , Moss R. A. , Small S. , Gallagher P. , Coventry K. , Ferrier I. N. , McAllister-Williams R. H. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundHippocampal volume reductions in major depression have been frequently reported. However, evidence for functional abnormalities in the same region in depression has been less clear. We investigated hippocampal function in depression using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropsychological tasks tapping spatial memory function, with complementing measures of hippocampal volume and resting blood flow to aid interpretation.MethodA total of 20 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and a matched group of 20 healthy individuals participated. Participants underwent multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): fMRI during a spatial memory task, and structural MRI and resting blood flow measurements of the hippocampal region using arterial spin labelling. An offline battery of neuropsychological tests, including several measures of spatial memory, was also completed.ResultsThe fMRI analysis showed significant group differences in bilateral anterior regions of the hippocampus. While control participants showed task-dependent differences in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, depressed patients did not. No group differences were detected with regard to hippocampal volume or resting blood flow. Patients showed reduced performance in several offline neuropsychological measures. All group differences were independent of differences in hippocampal volume and hippocampal blood flow.ConclusionsFunctional abnormalities of the hippocampus can be observed in patients with MDD even when the volume and resting perfusion in the same region appear normal. This suggests that changes in hippocampal function can be observed independently of structural abnormalities of the hippocampus in depression.
Distinct white-matter aberrations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis
Authors: Bakker G. , Caan M. W. A. , Schluter R. S. , Bloemen O. J. N , da Silva- Alves F. , de Koning M. B. , Boot E. , Vingerhoets W. A. M. , Nieman D. H. , de Haan L. , Booij J. , van Amelsvoort T. A. M. J. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPatients with a deletion at chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11DS) have 30% lifetime risk of developing a psychosis. People fulfilling clinical criteria for ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis have 30% risk of developing a psychosis within 2 years. Both high-risk groups show white-matter (WM) abnormalities in microstructure and volume compared to healthy controls (HC), which have been related to psychotic symptoms. Comparisons of WM pathology between these two groups may specify WM markers related to genetic and clinical risk factors.MethodFractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD) were assessed using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and WM volume with structural MRI, in 23 UHR patients, 21 22q11DS patients, and 33 HC.ResultsCompared to UHR patients 22q11DS patients had (1) lower AD and RD in corpus callosum (CC), cortical fasciculi, and anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), (2) higher FA in CC and ATR, and (3) lower occipital and superior temporal gyrus WM volume. Compared to HC, 22q11DS patients had (1) lower AD and RD throughout cortical fasciculi and (2) higher FA in ATR, CC and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Compared to HC, UHR patients had (1) higher mean MD, RD, and AD in CC, ATR and cortical fasciculi, (2) no differences in FA.ConclusionsUHR and 22q11DS patients share a susceptibility for developing psychosis yet were characterized by distinct patterns of WM alterations relative to HC. While UHR patients were typified by signs suggestive of aberrant myelination, 22q11DS subjects showed signs suggestive of lower axonal integrity.
Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile infections: results from a 5-year retrospective study in a large teaching hospital in the Italian region with the oldest population
Authors: ALICINO C. , GIACOBBE D. R. , DURANDO P. , BELLINA D. , DI BELLA A. M. , PAGANINO C. , DEL BONO V. , VISCOLI C. , ICARDI G. , ORSI A. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYLimited information is available on the incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) in Italian hospitals. In this study, we assessed the changes in the incidence of CDI over a 5-year period in a teaching hospital in Liguria, the Italian region with the oldest population. Secondary endpoints were the development of severe CDI and 30-day mortality. The annual incidence of CDI/10000 patient-days significantly increased from 0·54 in 2010 to 3·04 in 2014 (χ2 for trend, P < 0·001). The median age of patients with CDI was 81 years. As many as 81% and 89% of these patients had comorbid conditions and previous exposure to antibiotics, respectively. In the multivariate analysis of risk factors for severe CDI, previous therapy with histamine 2 blockers and low serum albumin were associated with severe CDI, while diabetes appeared to be protective. In the multivariate model of risk factors for 30-day mortality, high leukocyte count, low serum albumin, and increased serum creatinine were unfavourably associated with outcome. Strict adherence to infection control measures was of utmost importance to counteract the increasing incidence of CDI in our hospital, particularly because of the advanced age of the patients and their very high frequency of chronic conditions and use of antibiotics, which readily predispose them to the development of CDI.
Food-choice motives of adolescents in Jakarta, Indonesia: the roles of gender and family income
Authors: Maulida Rizka , Nanishi Keiko , Green Joseph , Shibanuma Akira , Jimba Masamine 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of the present study were to assess the reliability and validity of the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and to determine the factors associated with food-choice motives in public junior-high-school students in Jakarta, Indonesia.DesignCross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires. Trained research assistants measured height and weight of the participants on the day of the data collection.SettingsFourteen randomly selected public junior-high schools in East Jakarta, Indonesia.SubjectsPublic junior-high-school students (n681) in grades 7 and 8, aged 13–14 years (377 girls and 304 boys).ResultsThree food-choice motives (subscales) were obtained from factor analysis and reliability testing: (i) comfort; (ii) convenience and price; and (iii) health. The subscale with the greatest mean value was health. Family affluence was inversely associated with the convenience and price subscale (β=−0·05,P=0·01) and with the health subscale (β=−0·04;P=0·02). Females were less likely than males to consider health when choosing foods (β=−0·16;P=0·03).ConclusionsWhile its factor structure differed from those found in previous studies of adults, the FCQ can provide reliable measures of food-choice motives among these adolescents. Students from less affluent families placed more importance on food’s convenience and price, but more affluent students did not necessarily make healthier choices. Compared with females, males were more likely to choose healthy foods. Future interventions should be tailored based on the socio-economic status of the target group.
Paraventricular Nucleus Modulates Excitatory Cardiovascular Reflexes during Electroacupuncture
Authors: Tjen-A-Looi Stephanie C. , Guo Zhi-Ling , Fu Liang-Wu , Longhurst John C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates sympathetic outflow and blood pressure. Somatic afferent stimulation activates neurons in the hypothalamic PVN. Parvocellular PVN neurons project to sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular regions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). Electroacupuncture (EA) stimulates the median nerve (P5-P6) to modulate sympathoexcitatory responses. We hypothesized that the PVN and its projections to the rVLM participate in the EA-modulation of sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular responses. Cats were anesthetized and ventilated. Heart rate and mean blood pressure were monitored. Application of bradykinin every 10-min on the gallbladder induced consistent pressor reflex responses. Thirty-min of bilateral EA stimulation at acupoints P5-P6 reduced the pressor responses for at least 60-min. Inhibition of the PVN with naloxone reversed the EA-inhibition. Responses of cardiovascular barosensitive rVLM neurons evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation were reduced by EA and then restored with opioid receptor blockade in the PVN. EA at P5-P6 decreased splanchnic evoked activity of cardiovascular barosensitive PVN neurons that also project directly to the rVLM. PVN neurons labeled with retrograde tracer from rVLM were co-labeled with μ-opioid receptors and juxtaposed to endorphinergic fibers. Thus, the PVN and its projection to rVLM are important in processing acupuncture modulation of elevated blood pressure responses through a PVN opioid mechanism.
Stability study of OMP encapsulated PLA‐PLGA microparticles in simulated body fluid: a DLS perspective
Authors: Kumari Manisha , Nayak Debasis , Ashe Sarbani , Thathapudi Neethi Chandra , Nayak Bismita 
Published: May 2016

In the present investigation outer membrane protein (OMP) from Vibrio cholerae were encapsulated successfully with poly‐lactic acid (PLA) and poly‐lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles by the double emulsion preparation technique. The prepared OMP‐PLA and OMP‐PLGA microparticles were characterised by scanning electron microscopy for observing their morphology and dynamic light scattering for their size, charge and poly dispersity index. The microparticles were further characterised by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy for observing the interaction of OMP antigens within the PLA and PLGA polymer matrix. The primary motive of the study was to observe the stability of the prepared microparticles when they are subjected to various pH ranges of 1.2, 6.8 and 7.2 with simulated body fluids for 30 days of incubation at body temperature. Both OMP‐PLA and OMP‐PLGA microparticles showed greater stability with pH 1.2 and 7.2 in the size and charge parameter scale with very marginal change in size and surface zeta potential. In the desired pH 6.8, the microparticles were degraded gradually up to the nanometre scale without affecting their surface zeta potential values. Thus, this present method can be a simple and cost‐effective approach for observing the stability measurement of pharmaceutical drugs.
General Introduction
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Introduction first outlines the structure of the Posterior Analytics, which, this book argues, is elegantly organized around discussions of three types of learning: by demonstration, by definition, and by induction. It then provides an overview of the book by highlighting three central topics: Meno’s Paradox, the order of inquiry, and nous. It briefly discusses Meno’s Paradox, a puzzle from Plato’s Meno according to which inquiry and learning are impossible. It then outlines the Socratic Picture of the order of inquiry, to which (this book argues) Aristotle is committed. According to the Socratic Picture, one should seek what a thing’s essence is before seeking its demonstrable attributes and their causes. The Introduction ends with a discussion of what nous (a form of scientific knowledge) is and how it is acquired.
Learning by Demonstration
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues, against a widely accepted view defended by Jonathan Barnes, that, for Aristotle, expert scientists can learn (i.e., acquire new scientific knowledge) by means of demonstration (a special sort of syllogism in which the premises state the causal explanation of the fact stated in the conclusion). The chapter surveys the textual evidence in support of the claim that experts learn by means of demonstration. It then examines Aristotle’s accounts in Posterior Analytics 1.2 of scientific knowledge (epistēmē), demonstration, and their connection. The chapter concludes by distinguishing between two types of learning by demonstration and explaining what each consists in.
Learning by Definition: Introduction
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces the second of the three types of learning Aristotle discusses in the Posterior Analytics: learning by definition. This is the learning by which one acquires knowledge of the first principles (especially definitions) in a science. A definition, Aristotle says, is a statement of the essence of a thing. Aristotle’s different terms for definition (horismos, horos) and essence (ti esti, to ti ēn einai, ousia, to einai for x) are noted, and the different methods (demonstration, division, and induction) by which one learns by definition are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the differences between learning by definition and learning by demonstration.
Covalent Compounds
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the Planck quantum theory and the Schrödinger equation. Radial and angular functions are derived and atomic orbitals discussed. Molecular structure is discussed in terms of the valence-bond and molecular-orbital theories. Symmetry adapted linear combinations (SALCs) and Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) theory are introduced and applied to molecular structures. Apparently abnormal valence and three-centre bonds are treated by molecular orbital theory. The structural and physical properties of solids are presented. Specific sections deal with black-body radiation, heat capacity, wave–particle duality, atomic spectra and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Ionic Compounds
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The energetics of ionic compounds is studied in terms of both a Born–Haber cycle and an electrostatic model. The individual terms of the Born–Haber cycle and their measurement are discussed in detail. The Madelung constant is presented, together with a note on series convergence. Applications of cohesive energies are discussed. Crystal chemistry is introduced through Bragg’s early x-ray measurements on the alkali halides. Ionic solids of the types MX and MX2 and the effect of polarization on them are discussed. Solubility relationships of ionic solids are discussed in terms of energetics. A section is devoted to defect structures, and the physical and structural properties of ionic solids are presented.
Computer-Aided Chemistry
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces the various programs that have been devised to accompany the text, using both Python and Fortran programs, some of which are interactive. The topics that are programmed and discussed include inter alia graphing, contouring, HMO calculations, Madelung constants, linear least squares, matrix operations, radial and angular wavefunctions, quadrature and roots of polynomials. In many cases, example data sets are provided in order to ensure correct working of the programs.
Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Inequality in Rwanda
Authors: McKay Andy , Verpoorten Marijke 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Rwanda has had an impressive record of consistent and sustained economic growth from the late 1990s to the present. This chapter draws on three different sources of data to consider how different dimensions of living conditions evolved over this period, seeking to compare them with the situation before 1994. Evidence from demographic and health surveys and living conditions surveys shows impressive progress in outcomes of living conditions, accelerating in recent years. Many factors are likely to have contributed to this, but the insufficient availability of impact assessments makes it difficult to know to what extent these improved outcomes can be attributed to the many important policy changes this period has seen. The results are largely confirmed by a small panel dataset, which also provides information on mobility. The same dataset though also shows that respondents’ sense of happiness is more determined by relative rather than absolute progress.
Growth and Poverty Reduction in Tanzania
Authors: Arndt Channing , Demery Lionel , McKay Andy , Tarp Finn 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
After many years of relatively slow growth, Tanzania’s national accounts data report accelerated aggregate growth since around 2000. The chapter shows that there has been slower growth in private consumption and in sectors such as agriculture, where most of the poor work and live. The household survey data documents a limited reduction in consumption poverty over the period, and what poverty reduction there has been has mostly occurred in Dar es Salaam. Indicators of non-monetary poverty have gradually improved over the past twenty years but significant differences across the country remain. The economic growth story is presented over a longer period of time and then in more detail over the period covered by four Household Budget Surveys. A discussion of the macroeconomic composition of growth considers the likely implications for progress in poverty reduction.
The Fall of the Elephant
Authors: Cogneau Denis , Houngbedji Kenneth , Mesplé-Somps Sandrine 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
At the end of the 1980s, Côte d’Ivoire entered a deep macroeconomic crisis that put an end to the often-praised ‘Ivorian miracle’. After the death of the founding father Houphouët-Boigny, unrestrained political competition added to bad economic conditions and led to the nightmare of civil war. Drawing from a series of five household surveys covering two decades, 1988–2008, the authors tell the story of a descent into hell from the standpoint of poverty and living standards. In 2008, after five years of civil war and another episode yet to come, 2010–11, the extreme US$1.25 poverty headcount had reached a historical record, with northern areas deeply impoverished by the partition of the country.