bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soluble thrombomodulin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is an independent predictor of severe drug‐induced lung injury
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Taniguchi Hiroyuki , Kondoh Yasuhiro , Ando Masahiko , Watanabe Naohiro , Kimura Tomoki , Kataoka Kensuke , Yokoyama Toshiki , Sakamoto Koji , Hasegawa Yoshinori 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveDrug‐induced lung injury (DLI) can result from a vast number of agents, and sometimes presents findings similar to those of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies have reported that circulating levels of soluble thrombomodulin (TM) reflect endothelial injuries, which play key roles in the development of ARDS. We hypothesized that endothelial injuries are an important aspect of pathogenesis in severe DLI. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations between soluble TM and disease severity in DLI patients.MethodsOf the 2580 patients who underwent a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure at Tosei General Hospital between May 2007 and February 2015, we retrospectively analysed the data of 68 DLI patients. Soluble TM in plasma and BAL fluid (BALF), and other biomarkers were included in our analysis.ResultsAt the time of diagnosis, 39 patients (57%) had respiratory failure (partial pressure of oxygen/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio, PaO2
/FiO2
ratio < 300). There was a significant negative linear correlation between the PaO2
/FiO2
ratio and soluble TM in BALF (r = −0.448, P < 0.001). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, soluble TM in BALF and surfactant protein D (SP‐D) were the only independent determinants of the PaO2
/FiO2
ratio. Additionally, in a multivariate logistic regression model, soluble TM in BALF (adjusted OR (aOR): 7.48, 95% CI: 1.60–34.98) and SP‐D (aOR: 5.31, 95% CI: 1.40–20.15) was an independent predictor of respiratory failure (PaO2
/FiO2
ratio < 300).ConclusionSoluble TM in BALF is an independent predictor of severe DLI. These findings underscore the importance of pulmonary endothelial injuries in the pathogenesis of severe DLI.
Survival of the Fittest: Explaining the Success of Ethnic Autonomy Arrangements
Authors: Anderson Liam , Costa Carlos 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe empirical evidence indicates that ethnic autonomy arrangements (EAAs) survive more often than not, but this mixed track record raises an important question. What accounts for the survival of some systems and not others? We theorize that that this differential survival rate is partly a function of variation in their internal structure. EAAs that are structured to create and best sustain an equilibrium in bargaining relations between center d periphery have the highest probability of survival. It follows logically that the more unbalanced the system in favor of either the center or periphery, the less likely to survive. We test the theory using logit analysis on an original data set drawn from the universe of post‐1945 EAAs. After controlling for level of democracy and wealth disparity, the key finding is that the internal structure of an EAA matters for its survival. One important implication of these findings is that, for any given level of democracy, ethnofederal systems can be systematically designed to maximize survival prospects
Centre‐State Bargaining and Territorial Accommodation: Evidence from India
Authors: Swenden Wilfried 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article assesses the evolution of territorial management in India across time. It shows how India gradually moved away from a relatively ‘integrationist’ territorial strategy at independence towards a more ‘accommodationist’ strategy’ in recent decades. The deepening of democracy, and more recently, liberalization have opened up more room for state political and economic autonomy. However, the limits of an accommodative strategy are clearly exposed in relation to the small but significant border states of the North East which can be seen as ‘minority nations’. I argue that the flexibility of the Indian constitution which enabled an accommodative response in the context of linguistic reorganization during the early decades after independence contrasts with a more repressive centric strategy in relation to India's minority nations. The article seeks to explain why the bargaining position of the latter states has been comparatively weak and why the centre has been comparatively less accommodative in its approach to these states.
Translating knowledge about abiotic stress tolerance to breeding programmes
Authors: Gilliham Matthew , Able Jason A. , Roy Stuart J. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryPlant breeding and improvements in agronomic practice are making a consistent contribution to increasing global crop production year upon year. However, the rate of yield improvement currently lags behind the targets set to produce enough food to meet the demands of the predicted global population in 2050. Furthermore, crops that are exposed to harmful abiotic environmental factors (abiotic stresses, e.g. water limitation, salinity, extreme temperature) are prone to reduced yields. Here, we briefly describe the processes undertaken in conventional breeding programmes, which are usually designed to improve yields in near‐optimal conditions rather than specifically breeding for improved crop yield stability under stressed conditions. While there is extensive fundamental research activity that examines mechanisms of plant stress tolerance, there are few examples that apply this research to improving commercial crop yields. There are notable exceptions, and we highlight some of these to demonstrate the magnitude of yield gains that could be made by translating agronomic, phenological and genetic solutions focused on improving or mitigating the effect of abiotic stress in the field; in particular, we focus on improvements in crop water‐use efficiency and salinity tolerance. We speculate upon the reasons for the disconnect between research and research translation. We conclude that to realise untapped rapid gains towards food security targets new funding structures need to be embraced. Such funding needs to serve both the core and collaborative activities of the fundamental, pre‐breeding and breeding research communities in order to expedite the translation of innovative research into the fields of primary producers.
Zika virus is not thermostable: very effective virus inactivation during heat treatment (pasteurization) of human serum albumin
Authors: Farcet Maria R. , Kreil Thomas R. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDThe ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas has also raised concerns around the potential for ZIKV transmission via blood products. Plasma‐derived products are considered safe, because effective viral‐inactivation and removal methods are implemented in their manufacturing processes. However, a recent study has indicated that ZIKV is “thermally stable” compared with the closely related Dengue virus, thus raising the question of whether heat treatments, as embedded in the manufacturing of plasma‐derived products, are as effective against ZIKV as was previously shown for other Flaviviruses. Therefore, the sensitivity of ZIKV to heat inactivation was investigated using the pasteurization of human serum albumin (HSA) as an example.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSHeat treatment (58.0 ± 1.0°C for 590 ± 10 minutes) of HSA was investigated for the capacity to reduce ZIKV in two different protein concentrations (5% and 25% HSA). The results were compared with data obtained in identical set‐ups for the closely related West Nile virus, tick‐borne encephalitis virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus.RESULTSHeat treatment of HSA inactivated ZIKV to below the limit of detection already during the heating phase to 57.0°C, that is, even before the 10‐hour incubation at 58.0 ± 1.0°C commenced. For West Nile virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and tick‐borne encephalitis virus, incubations up to 180 minutes were required to achieve inactivation to below the limit of detection.CONCLUSIONZIKV was more sensitive to heat treatment than other members of the Flaviviridae and thus does not pose a concern for plasma products that include a heat treatment in their manufacturing process.
Relative efficacy of tranexamic acid and preoperative anemia treatment for reducing transfusions in total joint arthroplasty
Authors: Styron Joseph F. , Klika Alison K. , Szubski Caleb R. , Tolich Deborah , Barsoum Wael K. , Higuera Carlos A. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a perioperative blood management (PBM) protocol at a large, tertiary hospital at reducing blood transfusions after total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA or TKA).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective review of the PBM for patients undergoing THA or TKA was performed. Adjusted multiple logistic and Poisson regression models examined the effect of patient characteristics and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors on the likelihood of transfusion and units transfused.RESULTSOf 883 study patients, 330 (37.4%) had surgery before PBM protocol implementation and served as the control population while 553 (62.6%) were eligible for the protocol. Having a higher preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) was independently associated with a decreased odds of transfusion (odds ratio [OR], 0.480; p < 0.001). Preoperative treatment for anemia (88 [15.9%] patients) did result in a significant, yet modest, increase in preoperative Hb (11.92 g/dL to 12.35 g/dL; p < 0.001) but treatment was not a significant predictor of transfusion. Receiving intraoperative tranexamic acid (TXA; 204 [36.9%] patients) had the greatest effect in reducing the odds of transfusion (OR, 0.289; p < 0.001) and the number of units transfused (−0.6; p = 0.008).CONCLUSIONHaving a decreased Hb was shown to be an independent risk factor both for requiring a perioperative blood transfusion and for the volume of transfusion. The very modest increase in Hb achieved by the costly and time‐consuming preoperative anemia optimization program, however, may not be justified when the use of intraoperative TXA led to drastic reductions in both transfusions and transfusion volumes.
Bilateral pre‐auricular papillary squamous cell carcinomas associated with papillomavirus infection in a domestic cat
Authors: Munday John S. , Gwyther Stacy , Thomson Neroli A. , Malik Richard 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundCutaneous papillary squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are extremely rare in humans and have not been reported in any nonhuman species. In humans, oral papillary SCCs are often caused by papillomavirus infection and have a more favourable prognosis than other SCC subtypes.CaseA 10‐year‐old ginger and white domestic short hair cat had a 12 month history of symmetrical, roughly circular, exophytic 2 cm diameter masses in both pre‐auricular regions. Surgical excision was performed, although with only narrow margins.Methods and resultsHistology of both masses revealed a proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes arranged in numerous filiform projections that were supported by fibrovascular stalks. Although the cells were confined to the epidermis predominantly, nests of neoplastic cells were visible within the superficial dermis. The neoplastic cells demonstrated significant atypia with a variable nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and a high mitotic index. A papillary subtype SCC was diagnosed. Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV‐2) was the only papillomavirus detected in the masses and FcaPV‐2 E6/E7 gene expression and p16CDKN2A protein immunostaining were detected. Six months after surgery neither recurrence nor further masses had developed.ConclusionsThis is the first cutaneous papillary SCC reported in a nonhuman species. Papillary SCCs may be a rare manifestation of FcaPV‐2 infection in cats. The unusual location of the SCCs suggests that both papillomavirus infection and ultraviolet light exposure could have contributed to neoplasia development. Evidence from this single case suggests that papillary SCCs may have a more favourable prognosis than conventional SCCs in cats.
The influence of Ringer's lactate or HES 130/0.4 administration on the integrity of the small intestinal mucosa in a pig hemorrhagic shock model under general anesthesia
Authors: Ortiz Ana Liza , Vala Helena , Venâncio Carlos , Mesquita João , Silva Aura , Gonzalo‐Orden Jose Manuel , Ferreira David 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of fluid resuscitation with 2 different physiological solutions, Ringer's lactate (RL) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, on histological lesions of the small intestinal mucosa in anesthetized pigs subjected to severe acute bleeding.DesignProspective experimental study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty‐eight healthy Large White pigs, 3 months of age.InterventionsPigs were subjected to severe acute bleeding (30 mL/kg) under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. Pigs were randomly allocated to 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 11) received RL solution (25 mL/kg) after bleeding; Group 2 (n = 11) received HES 130/0.4 solution (20 mL/kg) after bleeding; and Group 3 (n = 6) volume replacement nor induced bleeding. Pigs were euthanized and the small intestine was harvested for histopathological analysis.Measurements and Main ResultsThe small intestine was histologically evaluated and the presence of the following lesions were characterized: edema, congestion, hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration, cellular degeneration, necrosis, and epithelial detachment. Mucosal loss percentage (%ML) and crypt:interstitium ratio (C:I) were also assessed. In the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and the entire small intestine, the %ML was significantly higher in Group 1, than in Groups 2 and 3. Hyperemia in the small intestine was significantly higher in pigs resuscitated with HES 130/0.4 compared to pigs resuscitated with RL.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceIn a setting of controlled hemorrhage, resuscitation with HES 130/0.4 was associated with a lower percentage of mucosal loss on the small intestine, compared with resuscitation with RL solution. Our study also suggests that the duodenum may be more sensitive to hypovolemia induced by severe hemorrhage.
Carbon curves for the assessment of embodied carbon in the wastewater industry
Authors: Smyth Beatrice M. , Davison Paul , Brow Paddy 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe water and wastewater industry has been tasked with reducing its greenhouse gas (or carbon) emissions. A key component of any emissions reduction strategy is emissions measurement. While operational emissions are reported by the sector on an annual basis, there is a lack of robust data on embodied carbon. The aim of this paper was to develop a practical solution for assessing the embodied carbon in wastewater assets. The analysis revealed a linear relationship between carbon emissions and capital investment in the construction of wastewater treatment works (1.3 tCO2/£1000) and wastewater pumping stations (0.3 tCO2/£1000). Carbon emissions from sewer construction were found to increase linearly with increasing pipe diameter, with ductile iron pipelines responsible for higher emissions than polyethylene. Operational carbon is the major component in the whole life carbon of wastewater treatment works, but future decarbonisation of the electricity grid may increase the relative importance of embodied carbon.
Providers' knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis using vignettes: evidence from rural Bihar, India
Authors: Mohanan Manoj , Goldhaber-Fiebert Jeremy D , Giardili Soledad , Vera-Hernández Marcos 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundAlmost 25% of all new cases of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide are in India, where drug resistance and low quality of care remain key challenges.MethodsWe conducted an observational, cross-sectional study of healthcare providers' knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of TB in rural Bihar, India, from June to September 2012. Using data from vignette-based interviews with 395 most commonly visited healthcare providers in study areas, we scored providers' knowledge and used multivariable regression models to examine their relationship to providers' characteristics.Findings80% of 395 providers had no formal medical qualifications. Overall, providers demonstrated low levels of knowledge: 64.9% (95% CI 59.8% to 69.8%) diagnosed correctly, and 21.7% (CI 16.8% to 27.1%) recommended correct treatment. Providers seldom asked diagnostic questions such as fever (31.4%, CI 26.8% to 36.2%) and bloody sputum (11.1%, CI 8.2% to 14.7%), or results from sputum microscopy (20.0%, CI: 16.2% to 24.3%). After controlling for whether providers treat TB, MBBS providers were not significantly different, from unqualified providers or those with alternative medical qualifications, on knowledge score or offering correct treatment. MBBS providers were, however, more likely to recommend referrals relative to complementary medicine and unqualified providers (23.2 and 37.7 percentage points, respectively).InterpretationHealthcare providers in rural areas in Bihar, India, have low levels of knowledge regarding TB diagnosis and treatment. Our findings highlight the need for policies to improve training, incentives, task shifting and regulation to improve knowledge and performance of existing providers. Further, more research is needed on the incentives providers face and the role of information on quality to help patients select providers who offer higher quality care.
Lead, isotopes and ice: a deadly legacy revealed
Authors: Bergman Beverly P. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The earliest known use of lead was in the Neolithic period; by Roman times it was in widespread use, despite recognition that it could have adverse effects on human health. The early smelting processes were inefficient, giving rise to atmospheric pollution; as this reduced with modern improvements in furnace design, so pollution due to the addition of tetraethyl lead to motor fuel emerged. The military use of lead was a further source of environmental contamination, while individuals were exposed to lead from water pipes, paint and solder in food cans. Studies of lead in ice cores recovered from Greenland demonstrated a 200-fold increase in lead concentration from 800 BCE to the 1960s, with the greatest increase occurring after 1940. The isotope signatures of lead enabled the sources of environmental contamination to be determined: industrial lead was responsible throughout most of the last millennium, with lead in fuel making the greatest contribution in recent times. The human impact was demonstrated in studies of archaeological and modern skeletal lead levels. This paper explores the history of the use of lead and the development of an understanding of its toxicity, and examines its impact on human health.
Nathaniel Hodges and the purging wells of Shooter's Hill
Authors: Mather John D. , Duffin Christopher J. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

In around 1670 purging mineral waters were discovered on the western slopes of Shooter's Hill near Woolwich, to the east of London. They were promoted through an anonymous broadsheet, a single copy of which is held by the British Library. The probable author of this has been identified as Nathaniel Hodges, a physician who remained in London treating the sick during the plague year of 1665. Epsom Salts were produced at Shooter's Hill around 1700 and undercut in price those from Epsom and Acton to the west of London. The waters continued to be used by local people for the following 200 years but never achieved national fame, and the source had disappeared by the 1920s. The waters were derived from thin sandy horizons within the London Clay Formation and were characterized by high concentrations of Mg and SO
4
. The mineralogy of the clays suggests that pyrite oxidation in the weathered zone forms acid solutions leading to the dissolution of carbonates, particularly dolomite. Varying concentrations of dolomite account for variations in the Mg content of London Clay groundwaters and for the distribution of a number of historic purging waters around London.
Genome-Wide Association Study for Anthracycline-Induced Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Schneider Bryan P. , Shen Fei , Gardner Laura , Radovich Milan , Li Lang , Miller Kathy D. , Jiang Guanglong , Lai Dongbing , O'Neill Anne , Sparano Joseph A. , Davidson Nancy E. , Cameron David , Gradus-Pizlo Irmina , Mastouri Ronald A. , Suter Thomas M. , Foroud Tatiana , Sledge George W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurpose: Anthracycline-induced congestive heart failure (CHF) is a rare but serious toxicity associated with this commonly employed anticancer therapy. The ability to predict which patients might be at increased risk prior to exposure would be valuable to optimally counsel risk-to-benefit ratio for each patient. Herein, we present a genome-wide approach for biomarker discovery with two validation cohorts to predict CHF from adult patients planning to receive anthracycline.Experimental Design: We performed a genome-wide association study in 3,431 patients from the randomized phase III adjuvant breast cancer trial E5103 to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes associated with an increased risk of anthracycline-induced CHF. We further attempted candidate validation in two independent phase III adjuvant trials, E1199 and BEATRICE.Results: When evaluating for cardiologist-adjudicated CHF, 11 SNPs had a P value &lt;10−5, of which nine independent chromosomal regions were associated with increased risk. Validation of the top two SNPs in E1199 revealed one SNP rs28714259 that demonstrated a borderline increased CHF risk (P = 0.04, OR = 1.9). rs28714259 was subsequently tested in BEATRICE and was significantly associated with a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.018, OR = 4.2).Conclusions: rs28714259 represents a validated SNP that is associated with anthracycline-induced CHF in three independent, phase III adjuvant breast cancer clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 43–51. ©2016 AACR.