bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of attitudes towards stuttering of non-stuttering preschoolers in the United States and Turkey
Authors: Weidner Mary E. , St. Louis Kenneth O. , Nakisci Egemen , Ozdemir Ramazan S. 
Published: April 2017

Background and objectives: Extensive research documents ubiquitous negative attitudes towards stuttering, but when and how they develop is unclear. This non-experimental, comparative study examined US and Turkish preschoolers to explore the origin of stuttering attitudes cross-culturally.Method: The authors compared stuttering attitudes of 28 US and 31 Turkish non-stuttering preschoolers on English and Turkish versions of experimental prototypes of the newly developed Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child (POSHA–S/Child). Children first watched a short video of two stuttering avatar characters and then answered oral questions about stuttering. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire. Differences in the US and Turkish POSHA–S/Child means were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test.Results: Attitudes of the US and Turkish children were remarkably similar. Children rated most of the items negatively but also rated some items as neutral or positive. They held relatively more negative attitudes towards traits and personalities of children who stutter yet relatively more positive attitudes towards stuttering children’s potential.Conclusion: Stuttering attitudes in children appear to be partly independent of culture.
Os Grupos de Apoio como canal de compartilhamento da informação e do conhecimento
Authors: Aguiar Filho Armando Sergio de , Nassif Monica Erichsen 
Published: April 2017

Introdução: O papel do compartilhamento da informação e do conhecimento que tende a provocar uma nova leitura dos canais de distribuição, possibilitando o amadurecimento do conceito de compartilhamento e sua relação com o processo de gestão da informação. Dessa interação surge variada gama de alternativas paras as organizações se relacionarem internamente com seus colaboradores e, externamente, com o seu público.Objetivo: O objetivo é fazer um levantamento e apresentação dos estudos relativos aos canais de compartilhamento da informação e do conhecimento, procurando identificar seus correlatos na área da administração.Metodologia: O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Para tanto buscou-se num primeiro momento alinhar os conceitos e terminologias da área da ciência da informação e num segundo momento identificar uma abordagem diferenciada sobre o compartilhamento que contribuísse para validar a característica interdisciplinar da área informacional e a contribuição que outras áreas podem fazer para os estudos da gestão da informação e do conhecimento.Resultados: A análise da pesquisa indicou considerações relevantes quanto ao entendimento das diversas abordagens utilizadas no que tange aos canais de compartilhamento, assim como as características comuns e diferenciadas destes meios e os impactos em suas dinâmicas.Conclusões: O terminologia Grupo de Apoio é uma das diversas abordagens utilizadas no compartilhamento da informação e do conhecimento, e, tal qual as outras abordagens apresentadas permitem avaliar e promover serviços de informação mais adequados para atender as demandas específicas.
Winstgevende commerciële activiteiten door kerkelijke en levensbeschouwelijke organisaties bedreiging voor ANBI-status?
Authors: Steenvoorde Richard 
Published: April 2017

Are profitable commercial activities by churches and religious organizations a threat for maintaining their tax-exempt status (ANBI) under Dutch law?
In August 2016 the Dutch Supreme Court (Hoge Raad) ruled that Scientology could not be recognised as a civil society organisation that can benefit from tax exemptions for donations (the so called: ANBI-status). The majority of the activities of Scientology consist of courses of auditing and training at high rates with the purpose of creating large financial buffers for Scientology. The Supreme Court agrees with the Court of Appeal, which adopted a comparative method using commercial rates, that these specific activities do not serve the general interest, but serve the individual interest of Scientology.
The leading role of atomic oxygen in the collocation of elves and hydroxyl nightglow in the low‐latitude mesosphere
Authors: Wu Y. J. , Williams E. , Chang S. C. , Chou J. K. , Hsu R. R. , Friedrich M. , Kuo C. L. , Chen A. B. , Peng K. M. , Su H. T. , Frey H. U. , Mende S. B. , Takahashi Y. , Lee L. C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe elve is the dominant type of transient luminous event (TLE) at the base of the E region ionosphere. The hydroxyl nightglow (OH* nightglow hereafter) has been reported at a similar altitude. Statistical studies show that the mean heights of elve and OH* nightglow are 87 km and 87.5 km, respectively, and that 91% of the 291 limb elves are located within ±5 km of the altitude of the brightest OH* nightglow emission and both elves and OH* nightglow show the semiannual oscillation (SAO) at low latitude. The physical reasons for the collocation of elves and OH* nightglow are the main focus of attention. A model for elve emission with the environmental‐adapted electron density profile is tested with three density profiles of atomic oxygen (O): the original profile from the NRLMSISE‐00 model and two other profiles which are shifted 5 km upward/downward from the original. For higher altitudes of the given O density profile, the peak altitudes of the elve emission layers are also increased. This result reveals the leading role of atomic oxygen in the collocation. Furthermore, the altitude variation of elves is compared with the VLF reflection height observed by DEMETER. The latter height not only shows the SAO similarity to the elve/OH* heights but also exhibits a difference between land and ocean. The possible relationship between VLF reflection height and elve/OH* height is also discussed.
Frictional strength of wet and dry montmorillonite
Authors: Morrow C. A. , Moore D. E. , Lockner D. A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMontmorillonite is a common mineral in fault zones, and its low strength relative to other common gouge minerals is important in many models of fault rheology. However, the coefficient of friction, μ, varies with degree of saturation and is not well constrained in the literature due to the difficulty of establishing fully drained or fully dried states in the laboratory. We measured μ of both saturated and oven‐dried montmorillonite at normal stresses up to 700 MPa. Care was taken to shear saturated samples slowly enough to avoid pore fluid overpressure. For saturated samples, μ increased from 0.10 to 0.28 with applied effective normal stress, while for dry samples μ decreased from 0.78 to 0.45. The steady state rate dependence of friction, (a − b), was positive, promoting stable sliding. The wide disparity in reported frictional strengths can be attributed to experimental procedures that promote differing degrees of partial saturation or overpressured pore fluid conditions.
Statistics of electric fields' amplitudes in Langmuir turbulence: A numerical simulation study
Authors: Voshchepynets A. , Volokitin A. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Krafft C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA systematic study of the properties of Langmuir turbulence generated by electron beams via bump‐on‐tail instabilities in strongly nonhomogeneous plasmas is presented. A statistical analysis of the Langmuir waves' amplitudes using numerical simulations based on two theoretical models is performed: a dynamical one and a probabilistic one. The former describes the self‐consistent dynamics of wave‐particle and wave‐wave interactions. The latter is a modified version of the quasi‐linear theory. To analyze the simulation data provided by the probabilistic model, a Pearson technique is used to classify the calculated probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the logarithm of the waves' amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the core parts of the PDFs belong to the Pearson types I, IV, and VI distributions, while the high‐amplitude parts of the PDFs follow power law or exponential decay. Analysis of the PDFs calculated using the numerical simulations based on the dynamical model leads to the following additional results. In the small‐amplitude parts of the PDFs, a universal scaling parameter is found, with a value not depending on the average levels of the density fluctuations and of the Langmuir turbulence. Second, the PDFs are obtained in the presence of wave decay processes. When those are weak, the PDFs show at large fields' amplitudes an exponential asymptotic behavior; during time evolution, the corresponding scaling parameter decreases until a universal probability distribution is reached, indicating that the wave decay processes are sufficiently strong. Such exponential type of distribution is a specific signature of transition states in the Langmuir turbulence.
On the role of fluids in stick‐slip dynamics of saturated granular fault gouge using a coupled computational fluid dynamics‐discrete element approach
Authors: Dorostkar Omid , Guyer Robert A. , Johnson Paul A. , Marone Chris , Carmeliet Jan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe presence of fault gouge has considerable influence on slip properties of tectonic faults and the physics of earthquake rupture. The presence of fluids within faults also plays a significant role in faulting and earthquake processes. In this paper, we present 3‐D discrete element simulations of dry and fluid‐saturated granular fault gouge and analyze the effect of fluids on stick‐slip behavior. Fluid flow is modeled using computational fluid dynamics based on the Navier‐Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid and modified to take into account the presence of particles. Analysis of a long time train of slip events shows that the (1) drop in shear stress, (2) compaction of granular layer, and (3) the kinetic energy release during slip all increase in magnitude in the presence of an incompressible fluid, compared to dry conditions. We also observe that on average, the recurrence interval between slip events is longer for fluid‐saturated granular fault gouge compared to the dry case. This observation is consistent with the occurrence of larger events in the presence of fluid. It is found that the increase in kinetic energy during slip events for saturated conditions can be attributed to the increased fluid flow during slip. Our observations emphasize the important role that fluid flow and fluid‐particle interactions play in tectonic fault zones and show in particular how discrete element method (DEM) models can help understand the hydromechanical processes that dictate fault slip.
Context‐dependent function of ROS in the vascular endothelium: The role of the Notch pathway and shear stress
Authors: Vieceli Dalla Sega Francesco , Aquila Giorgio , Fortini Francesca , Vaccarezza Mauro , Secchiero Paola , Rizzo Paola , Campo Gianluca 
Published: April 2017

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules in several biological processes whereas excessive, unregulated, ROS production contributes to the development of pathological conditions including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The maintenance of a healthy endothelium depends on many factors and on their reciprocal interactions; in this framework, the Notch pathway and shear stress (SS) play two lead roles. Recently, evidence of a crosstalk between ROS, Notch, and SS, is emerging. The aim of this review is to describe the way ROS interact with the Notch pathway and SS protecting from—or promoting—the development of endothelial dysfunction. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):475–485, 2017
Progression of color decision making in introductory design education
Authors: Ural Sibel Ertez , Akbay Saadet , Altay Burçak 
Published: April 2017

AbstractColor comprises both subjective and objective aspects within its contextual nature. Research on color design tends to explore this seemingly contradictory concerns from theoretical point of view, as well as architectural and design practice. The aim of this study was to observe subjective, intuitive or heuristic and objective, knowledge‐based or analytical attitudes toward color in design education. In the study 84 introductory design students were surveyed progressively to understand their color decision criteria after completion of three 2‐dimensional colored exercises, specific in terms of color education. Students' responses to open‐ended questions were coded according to the 5 categories, under 2 decision making processes derived from the literature; heuristic approach: preferential and symbolic criteria, and analytic reasoning: formal, thematic, and systematic criteria. A distinction between associative and emotional aspects of symbolic criteria was also revealed by the data analysis. The findings showed a shift from heuristic responses to analytic reasoning, as expected. Additionally, it is also investigated that students not only used heuristic approaches but also analytical components (formal and systematic) of color decision making in varying degrees as well, even before any color subjects covered. Thematic color decisions became a major part of the students' design considerations upon completion of color subjects. The observed increase in the number of color criteria interrelated by the students' among almost all categories explicated a complex decision making process particularly in color design and education. These findings were expected to lead to some further understanding in color decision making in design.
A Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Study Assessing the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Retosiban in Healthy, Nonpregnant Japanese Subjects
Authors: Caltabiano Stephen , Magee Mindy He , Liu Feng , Beach Kathleen J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study characterized the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of retosiban in healthy, nonpregnant Japanese women prior to the enrollment of Japanese women in preterm labor in phase 3 trials. This study had 2 cohorts. Cohort 1 was a double‐blind, sponsor‐open, randomized study in Japanese women. Cohort 2 was an open‐label study in white women to compare the pharmacokinetics with those of Japanese women. Retosiban was administered as a 6 mg/h infusion for 24 hours, followed by a 12 mg/h infusion over the next 24 hours; each infusion was preceded by a 6 mg loading dose administered over 5 minutes. Plasma concentrations of retosiban and its major metabolite, GSK2847065, were determined with an informal comparison of pharmacokinetics between Japanese and white women. There was minimal difference in exposure to retosiban or GSK2847065 between Japanese and white women (ratio of 1.03 in retosiban AUC and Cmax). The 2 doses of retosiban were well tolerated across both populations, and no ethnic difference was observed in the safety profile. Given the results of this study and the known safety profile and dosing flexibility in the phase 3 trials, ethnic‐specific dose adjustment of retosiban is not considered necessary for the Japanese and general Asian population.
Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Once‐Daily Formulations of Raltegravir
Authors: Krishna Rajesh , Rizk Matthew L. , Larson Patrick , Schulz Valerie , Kesisoglou Filippos , Pop Radu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA new once‐daily formulation of raltegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor indicated in combination with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus–1 infection, is under development. Single‐dose and steady‐state pharmacokinetics of 1200 mg for 2 formulations of raltegravir were characterized in 2 open‐label phase 1 studies in healthy male and female subjects aged 18 to 55 years. The new raltegravir 600‐mg formulation had a higher relative bioavailability compared with the 400‐mg tablets. Once absorbed, both 3 × 400‐mg and 2 × 600‐mg dosage forms of raltegravir exhibited similar systemic pharmacokinetics; in dictating bioavailability, differences were from increased absorption that was the result of improved in vivo disintegration/dissolution. Food had a smaller effect on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir when given as 2 × 600‐mg formulation (42% vs 73% decrease in AUC0–last). Steady state was generally reached in 2 days, with little to no accumulation with multiple‐dose administration. Raltegravir 1200 mg was found to exhibit pharmacokinetic properties amenable for once‐daily dosing and was generally well tolerated in healthy subjects after single and multiple doses. The new formulation improved the bioavailability of this Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II compound.
Degradation of an Ethylene Carbonate/Diethyl Carbonate Mixture by Using Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Wang Furong , Varenne Fanny , Ortiz Daniel , Pinzio Valentin , Mostafavi Mehran , Le Caër Sophie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe reactivity of ethylene carbonate (EC) and of a EC/diethyl carbonate (DEC) mixture was studied under ionizing radiation to mimic the aging phenomena that occur in lithium‐ion batteries. Picosecond‐pulse radiolysis experiments showed that the attachment of the electron to the EC molecule is ultrafast (k(e−EC+EC)=1.3×109 L mol−1 s−1 at 46 °C). This reaction rate is accelerated by a factor of 5.7 compared with the electron attachment to propylene carbonate, which implies that the presence of the methyl group significantly slows the reaction. In a 50:50 EC/DEC mixture, just after the electron pulse the electron is solvated by a mixture of EC and DEC molecules, but its fast decay is attributed exclusively to electron attachment to the EC molecule. Stable products detected after steady‐state irradiation were mainly H2, CH4, CO, and CO2. The evolution of the radiolytic yields with the EC fraction shows that H2 and CH4 did not exhibit linear behavior, whereas CO and CO2 did. Indeed, H2 and CH4 mainly arise from the excited state of DEC, the formation of which is significantly affected by the evolution of the dielectric constant of the mixture and by the electron attachment to EC. CO formation is mainly due to the reactivity of the EC molecule, which is not affected in the mixture, as proven by pulse‐radiolysis experiments.
Pharmacokinetic Study of Intravenous Acetaminophen Administered to Critically Ill Multiple‐Trauma Patients at the Usual Dosage and a New Proposal for Administration
Authors: Fuster‐Lluch Oscar , Zapater‐Hernández Pedro , Gerónimo‐Pardo Manuel 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous acetaminophen administered to critically ill multiple‐trauma patients was studied after 4 consecutive doses of 1 g every 6 hours. Eleven blood samples were taken (predose and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes postdose), and urine was collected (during 6‐hour intervals between doses) to determine serum and urine acetaminophen concentrations. These were used to calculate the following pharmacokinetic parameters: maximum and minimum concentrations, terminal half‐life, area under serum concentration‐time curve from 0 to 6 hours, mean residence time, volume of distribution, and serum and renal clearance of acetaminophen. Daily doses of acetaminophen required to obtain steady‐state minimum (bolus dosing) and average plasma concentrations (continuous infusion) of 10 μg/mL were calculated (10 μg/mL is the presumed lower limit of the analgesic range). Data are expressed as median [interquartile range]. Twenty‐two patients were studied, mostly young (age 44 [34‐64] years) males (68%), not obese (weight 78 [70‐84] kg). Acetaminophen concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were these: maximum concentration 33.6 [25.7‐38.7] μg/mL and minimum concentration 0.5 [0.2‐2.3] μg/mL, all values below 10 μg/mL and 8 below the detection limit; half‐life 1.2 [1.0‐1.9] hours; area under the curve for 6 hours 34.7 [29.7‐52.7] μg·h/mL; mean residence time 1.8 [1.3‐2.6] hours; steady‐state volume of distribution 50.8 [42.5‐66.5] L; and serum and renal clearance 28.8 [18.9‐33.7] L/h and 15 [11‐19] mL/min, respectively. Theoretically, daily doses for a steady‐state minimum concentration of 10 μg/mL would be 12.2 [7.8‐16.4] g/day (166 [112‐202] mg/[kg·day]); for an average steady‐state concentration of 10 μg/mL, they would be 6.9 [4.5‐8.1] g/day (91 [59‐111] mg/[kg·day]). In conclusion, administration of acetaminophen at the recommended dosage of 1 g per 6 hours to critically ill multiple‐trauma patients yields serum concentrations below 10 μg/mL due to increased elimination. To reach the 10 μg/mL target, and from a strictly pharmacokinetic point of view, continuous infusion may be more feasible than bolus dosing. Such a change in dosing strategy requires appropriate, pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic and specific safety study.
Multiple breath‐hold proton spectroscopy of human liver at 3T: Relaxation times and concentrations of glycogen, choline, and lipids
Authors: Weis Jan , Kullberg Joel , Ahlström Håkan 
Published: April 2017

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of an expiration multiple breath‐hold 1H‐MRS technique to measure glycogen (Glycg), choline‐containing compounds (CCC), and lipid relaxation times T1, T2, and their concentrations in normal human liver.Materials and MethodsThirty healthy volunteers were recruited. Experiments were performed at 3T. Multiple expiration breath‐hold single‐voxel point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) technique was used for localization. Water‐suppressed spectra were used for the estimation of Glycg, CCC, lipid methylene (CH2)n relaxation times and concentrations. Residual water lines were removed by the Hankel Lanczos singular value decomposition filter. After phase correction and frequency alignment, spectra were averaged and processed by LCModel. Summed signals of Glycg resonances H2H4′, H3, and H5 between 3.6 and 4 ppm were used to estimate their apparent relaxation times and concentration. Glycg, CCC, and lipid content were estimated from relaxation corrected spectral intensity ratios to unsuppressed water line.ResultsRelaxation times were measured for liver Glycg (T1, 892 ± 126 msec; T2, 13 ± 4 msec), CCC (T1, 842 ± 75 msec; T2, 50 ± 5 msec), lipid (CH2)n (T1, 402 ± 19 msec; T2, 52 ± 3 msec), and water (T1, 990 ± 89 msec; T2, 30 ± 2 msec). Mean CCC and lipid concentrations of healthy liver were 7.8 ± 1.3 mM and 15.8 ± 23.6 mM, respectively. Glycg content was found lower in the morning (48 ± 21 mM) compared to the afternoon (145 ± 50 mM).ConclusionMultiple breath‐hold 1H‐MRS together with dedicated postprocessing is a feasible technique for the quantification of liver Glycg, CCC, and lipid relaxation times and concentrations.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:410–417.