bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for the ICRP reference adult female—internal electron sources
Authors: O’Reilly Shannon E , DeWeese Lindsay S , Maynard Matthew R , Rajon Didier A , Wayson Michael B , Marshall Emily L , Bolch Wesley E 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for internal electron sources was created for the ICRP-defined reference adult female. Many previous skeletal dosimetry models, which are still employed in commonly used internal dosimetry software, do not properly account for electron escape from trabecular spongiosa, electron cross-fire from cortical bone, and the impact of marrow cellularity on active marrow self-irradiation. Furthermore, these existing models do not employ the current ICRP definition of a 50 µm bone endosteum (or shallow marrow). Each of these limitations was addressed in the present study. Electron transport was completed to determine specific absorbed fractions to both active and shallow marrow of the skeletal regions of the University of Florida reference adult female. The skeletal macrostructure and microstructure were modeled separately. The bone macrostructure was based on the whole-body hybrid computational phantom of the UF series of reference models, while the bone microstructure was derived from microCT images of skeletal region samples taken from a 45 years-old female cadaver. The active and shallow marrow are typically adopted as surrogate tissue regions for the hematopoietic stem cells and osteoprogenitor cells, respectively. Source tissues included active marrow, inactive marrow, trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone surfaces, cortical bone volume, and cortical bone surfaces. Marrow cellularity was varied from 10 to 100 percent for active marrow self-irradiation. All other sources were run at the defined ICRP Publication 70 cellularity for each bone site. A total of 33 discrete electron energies, ranging from 1 keV to 10 MeV, were either simulated or analytically modeled. The method of combining skeletal macrostructure and microstructure absorbed fractions assessed using MCNPX electron transport was found to yield results similar to those determined with the PIRT model applied to the UF adult male skeletal dosimetry model. Calculated skeletal averaged absorbed fractions for each source-target combination were found to follow similar trends of more recent dosimetry models (image-based models) but did not follow results from skeletal models based upon assumptions of an infinite expanse of trabecular spongiosa.
SNP interaction pattern identifier (SIPI): an intensive search for SNP–SNP interaction patterns
Authors: Lin Hui-Yi , Chen Dung-Tsa , Huang Po-Yu , Liu Yung-Hsin , Ochoa Augusto , Zabaleta Jovanny , Mercante Donald E , Fang Zhide , Sellers Thomas A , Pow-Sang Julio M , Cheng Chia-Ho , Eeles Rosalind , Easton Doug , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Amin Al Olama Ali , Benlloch Sara , Muir Kenneth , Giles Graham G , Wiklund Fredrik , Gronberg Henrik , Haiman Christopher A , Schleutker Johanna , Nordestgaard Børge G , Travis Ruth C , Hamdy Freddie , Pashayan Nora , Khaw Kay-Tee , Stanford Janet L , Blot William J , Thibodeau Stephen N , Maier Christiane , Kibel Adam S , Cybulski Cezary , Cannon-Albright Lisa , Brenner Hermann , Kaneva Radka , Batra Jyotsna , Teixeira Manuel R , Pandha Hardev , Lu Yong-Jie ,   the PRACTICAL Consortium, Park Jong Y 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Motivation
Testing SNP–SNP interactions is considered as a key for overcoming bottlenecks of genetic association studies. However, related statistical methods for testing SNP–SNP interactions are underdeveloped.

Results
We propose the SNP Interaction Pattern Identifier (SIPI), which tests 45 biologically meaningful interaction patterns for a binary outcome. SIPI takes non-hierarchical models, inheritance modes and mode coding direction into consideration. The simulation results show that SIPI has higher power than MDR (Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction), AA_Full, Geno_Full (full interaction model with additive or genotypic mode) and SNPassoc in detecting interactions. Applying SIPI to the prostate cancer PRACTICAL consortium data with approximately 21 000 patients, the four SNP pairs in EGFR-EGFR, EGFR-MMP16 and EGFR-CSF1 were found to be associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness with the exact or similar pattern in the discovery and validation sets. A similar match for external validation of SNP–SNP interaction studies is suggested. We demonstrated that SIPI not only searches for more meaningful interaction patterns but can also overcome the unstable nature of interaction patterns.

Availability and Implementation
The SIPI software is freely available at http://publichealth.lsuhsc.edu/LinSoftware/.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea
Authors: Kim Seung Woo , Park Jung Wan , Jung Hee-Dong , Yang Jeong-Sun , Park Yong-Shik , Lee Changhwan , Kim Kyung Min , Lee Keon-Joo , Kwon Donghyok , Hur Young Joo , Choi BoYoul , Ki Moran 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background.
Transmission heterogeneity was observed during the 2015 Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Only 22 of 186 cases transmitted the infection, and 5 super-spreading events caused 150 transmissions. We investigated the risk factors for MERS-CoV transmission.

Methods.
Epidemiological reports were used to classify patients as nonspreaders, spreaders, or those associated with a super-spreading event (5 or more transmissions). Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the factors for MERS-CoV transmission.

Results.
Compared to nonspreaders, spreaders exhibited a longer interval from symptom onset to isolation (7 days vs 3 days) and more frequent pre-isolation pneumonia diagnoses (68.2% vs 17.1%). Spreaders also exhibited higher values for pre-isolation contacts (149 vs 17.5), pre-isolation hospitalization (68.2% vs 16.5%), and emergency room (ER) visits (50% vs 7.3%). Spreaders exhibited lower cycle thresholds for the upE and ORF1a genes (22.7 vs 27.2 and 23.7 vs 27.9, respectively). In multivariate analysis, transmission was independently associated with the cycle threshold (odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75–0.96) and pre-isolation hospitalization or ER visits (OR, 6.82; 95% CI, 2.06–22.84). The super-spreading events exhibited higher values for pre-isolation contacts (777 vs 78), pre-isolation ER visits (100% vs 35.3%), and doctor shopping (100% vs 47.1%) compared to non-super-spreading events.

Conclusions.
These findings indicate that transmission is determined by host infectivity and the number of contacts, whereas super-spreading events were determined by the number of contacts and hospital visits. These relationships highlight the importance of rapidly enforcing infection control measures to prevent outbreaks.
First Occurrence of Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Hypertension Among North American HIV-Infected Adults, 2000–2013
Authors: Wong Cherise , Gange Stephen J. , Buchacz Kate , Moore Richard D. , Justice Amy C. , Horberg Michael A. , Gill M. John , Koethe John R. , Rebeiro Peter F. , Silverberg Michael J. , Palella Frank J. , Patel Pragna , Kitahata Mari M. , Crane Heidi M. , Abraham Alison G. , Samji Hasina , Napravnik Sonia , Ahmed Tareq , Thorne Jennifer E. , Bosch Ronald J. , Mayor Angel M. , Althoff Keri N. ,   for the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD)
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Background.
There remains concern regarding the occurrence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among individuals aging with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but few studies have described whether disparities between demographic subgroups are present among individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with access to care.

Methods.
We assessed the first documented occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and treated hypertension (HTN) by age, sex, and race within the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD). HIV-infected adults (≥18 years) who initiated ART were observed for first NCD occurrence between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2013. Cumulative incidences as of age 70 were estimated accounting for the competing risk of death; Poisson regression was used to compare rates of NCD occurrence by demographic subgroup.

Results.
We included &gt;50000 persons with &gt;250000 person-years of follow-up. Median follow-up was 4.7 (interquartile range, 2.4–8.1) years. Rates of first occurrence (per 100 person-years) were 1.2 for DM, 0.6 for CKD, and 2.6 for HTN. Relative to non-black women, the cumulative incidences were increased in black women (68% vs 51% for HTN, 52% vs 41% for DM, and 38% vs 35% for CKD; all P &lt; .001); this disparity was also found among men (73% vs 60% for HTN, 44% vs 34% for DM, and 30% vs 25% for CKD; all P &lt; .001).

Conclusions.
Racial disparities in the occurrence of DM, CKD, and HTN emphasize the need for prevention and treatment options for these HIV populations receiving care in North America.
Shared decision-making using personal health record technology: a scoping review at the crossroads
Authors: Davis Selena , Roudsari Abdul , Raworth Rebecca , Courtney Karen L , MacKay Lee 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjective. This scoping review aims to determine the size and scope of the published literature on shared decision-making (SDM) using personal health record (PHR) technology and to map the literature in terms of system design and outcomes.Materials and Methods. Literature from Medline, Google Scholar, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Engineering Village, and Web of Science (2005–2015) using the search terms “personal health records,” “shared decision making,” “patient-provider communication,” “decision aid,” and “decision support” was included. Articles (n = 38) addressed the efficacy or effectiveness of PHRs for SDM in engaging patients in self-care and decision-making or ways patients can be supported in SDM via PHR.Results. Analysis resulted in an integrated SDM-PHR conceptual framework. An increased interest in SDM via PHR is apparent, with 55% of articles published within last 3 years. Sixty percent of the literature originates from the United States. Twenty-six articles address a particular clinical condition, with 10 focused on diabetes, and one-third offer empirical evidence of patient outcomes. The tethered and standalone PHR architectural types were most studied, while the interconnected PHR type was the focus of more recently published methodological approaches and discussion articles.Discussion. The study reveals a scarcity of rigorous research on SDM via PHR. Research has focused on one or a few of the SDM elements and not on the intended complete process.Conclusion. Just as PHR technology designed on an interconnected architecture has the potential to facilitate SDM, integrating the SDM process into PHR technology has the potential to drive PHR value.
The aeromedical physician assistant
Authors: Radi Joshua , Brisson Michael , Line Michael 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The US Army aeromedical physician assistant (PA) serves aviation units in regards to crewmember medical readiness. All PAs are graduates of a 6-week flight surgeon course. They are responsible for conducting nearly 40% of the annual US Army flight physicals. This unique training and deployment illustrates the growing adaptability of PAs to assume a greater role in military medicine.
Allergen immunotherapy: an updated review of safety
Authors: James Christine , Bernstein David I. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Allergen immunotherapy is the only modality that can modify the immune response upon exposure to aeroallergens and venom allergens. This review will update the allergist on recent studies evaluating safety of sublingual and subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy.

Recent findings
Multiple clinical trials and retrospective studies have been published evaluating overall safety of these therapies. The risk of systemic reactions with subcutaneous immunotherapy remains quite low, but near-fatal and fatal anaphylaxis does occur, requiring physicians to be aware of potential risks for such events. Sublingual immunotherapy has a high incidence of local site application reactions, but severe anaphylactic events are very uncommon.

Summary
Subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy are beneficial in treating allergic rhinitis and venom hypersensitivity but should be administered only by physicians familiar with potential risk factors and able to manage treatment-related local and systemic allergic reactions.
IgE and eosinophils as therapeutic targets in asthma
Authors: Patel Tanvi R. , Sur Sanjiv 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, which is being more widely recognized as a broad-spectrum disease that encompasses multiple patient characteristics and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Suboptimal asthma control leads to increasing burden of healthcare costs and loss of productivity to society. Biologic therapies targeted at IgE and eosinophils can be used in poorly controlled allergic and eosinophilic asthma, respectively. The purpose of this review is to analyze the advancements in currently available biologic therapies targeted at IgE and eosinophils in asthma and to identify how these therapies may impact overall healthcare costs.

Recent findings
Omalizumab is an anti-IgE antibody that is approved for use of poorly controlled moderate-to-severe asthma. Many studies have confirmed that omalizumab not only improves quality of life and symptom scores, but also decreases urgent care and emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Dupilumab is a biologic agent targeted at Th2 cytokines, but indirectly impacts IgE and is an important biologic agent for atopic disease. Mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab target IL-5, a key cytokine for eosinophils. For patients with poorly controlled eosinophilic asthma, these biologic agents improve asthma symptoms, reduce exacerbations, and reduce emergency visits and hospitalizations.

Summary
Poorly controlled severe asthma affects a small portion of patients with asthma in the United States and yet it accounts for large portion of healthcare utilization. Biological therapies in poorly controlled severe persistent asthma have been identified to reduce healthcare utilization, including emergency visits and hospitalizations. Biologic agents have a clear beneficial role in the management of severe asthma, and further evaluations should be continued in identifying optimal patient characteristics for the various agents and overall benefit toward healthcare utilization and cost.
Assessment of Clinical Alarms Influencing Nurses’ Perceptions of Alarm Fatigue
Authors: Petersen Emalie M. , Costanzo Cindy L. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Excessive clinical alarms have inundated health care for years. Multiple governing bodies, organizations, and facilities have deemed alarm management a priority. Alarm management is a multifaceted problem that affects all health care organizations and clinical staff, especially those in critical care units. Ultimately, the lack of knowledge regarding nurses’ perceptions to alarm management and alarm fatigue creates patient safety chiasms.

Objectives:
The purpose of this quality improvement project was to understand nurses’ perceptions of alarm fatigue (utilizing the Healthcare Technology Foundation’s Clinical Alarms Committee Survey) while implementing interventions that improve patient safety.

Methods:
The design of this qualitative study is an electronically distributed survey to 31 nurses who work in critical care. The Healthcare Technology Foundation clinical alarms survey has 36 questions with various answering strategies distributed (with permission) via e-mail access by BlueQ through Creighton University.

Results:
Twenty-six respondents (n = 26) completed the survey, with 42% being intensive care unit nurses and 58% being progressive care unit nurses. The majority of nurses (n = 23, 88%) agreed that nuisance alarms occur frequently and disrupt patient care (n = 25, 96%). A lack of standardized method was noted to alarm management and parameter changes. Multiple patterns emerged that initiated the need for further examination and improvement.

Discussion:
Following the survey, themes emerged, and changes were implemented including the following: an alarm management policy was created, tools were provided to staff for easy usage, staff were educated using hands-on practice at an annual training summit, and sustainability was created through continuation of alarm management assessment and improvement.
Structural and Histologic Eyelid Changes Associated with 6 Months of Topical Bimatoprost in the Rabbit
Authors: Kent Tiffany L. , Custer Philip L. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
To determine the periorbital effects of daily 0.03% bimatoprost in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits.

Materials and Methods:
NZW rabbits were treated with daily 0.03% bimatoprost, artificial tears, or left untreated. Following 3 and 6 months of treatment, eyelid measurements were obtained for both upper and lower eyelid distraction, as well as canthus-to-canthus measurements. Once complete, subjects were humanely euthanized and eyelid tissue was utilized for histology. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, along with Verhoeff Van Giesen staining was performed on paraffin-embedded sections. Tissue was also stained with mActin antibodies as a marker for fibroblast activity.

Results:
Daily, topical 0.03% bimatoprost induced eyelid tightening and shortening the NZW rabbit. These findings were most striking at the 6-month timepoint, suggesting a temporal component to these induced changes. Histologically, eyelid tissue demonstrated thinning in bimatoprost-treated eyelids compared with those receiving artificial tears. Slightly increased mActin and Verhoeff Van Giesen staining was observed, suggesting increased fibroblast activity and elastin production in prostaglandin analogs–treated eyelids.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that eyelid tissue thins and tightens over time, following daily administration of 0.03% bimatoprost in the NZW rabbit. These findings are similar to what has been observed in human patients.
Intraocular Pressure Measurements After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Maier Anna-Karina , Gundlach Enken , Pahlitzsch Milena , Gonnermann Johannes , Corkhill Caitlin , Bertelmann Eckart , Joussen Antonia M. , Klamann Matthias K.J. , Torun Necip 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation occurs regularly after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). This study evaluated the effect of central corneal thickness (CCT) on the IOP after DMEK.

Patients and Methods:
This prospective study recorded the IOP of 46 eyes from 46 patients preoperatively, and then 1 and 3 months after DMEK. IOP measurement was performed by noncontact pneumatic tonometry (NCT), iCare, Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT). CCT was analyzed by anterior-segment optical coherence tomography.

Results:
Mean IOPs as measured by NCT, iCare, GAT, and DCT, respectively, were 14.3, 11.6, 12.7, and 16.0 mm Hg preoperatively; 13.1, 12.6, 12.7, and 16.0 mm Hg after 1 month; and 14.7, 14.5, 12.9, and 17.7 mm Hg after 3 months. There was a correlation of IOP measurements between GAT and NCT (P=0.119), GAT and iCare (P=0.892), and iCare and NCT (P=0.081) after 1 month and between iCare and NCT (P=0.702) after 3 months. Although GAT recorded approximately stable IOP values, NCT, iCare, and DCT tended to measure a higher IOP postoperatively than preoperatively. Preoperatively, correlations between IOP and CCT were not statistically significant for any measurement technique. After 3 months, the IOP measured by NCT and iCare correlated significantly with CCT (P=0.003, 0.041).

Conclusions:
Correlation between the different measurement techniques was poor and showed a broad distribution of limits of agreement. Therefore, a change between the 4 techniques during follow-up is not recommended. Nevertheless, all techniques detected the IOP elevation during follow-up, requiring therapy.
Patient Evaluation of a Novel Prosthetic Foot with Hydraulic Ankle Aimed at Persons with Amputation with Lower Activity Levels
Authors: Moore Raymond 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Since their release, prosthetic feet with integrated hydraulic ankle units have proved a popular prescription choice among individuals with amputation, as quantified in previous studies. Since the release of the Avalon foot, a new design specifically aimed at less active individuals with amputation, all the patients prescribed this foot within our clinic have been asked to trial and then evaluate it using the Seattle Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire.

Materials and Methods
Fourteen established K2 activity level patients with amputation were asked to evaluate their existing prosthetic foot using the Seattle Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire before beginning a trial of the new Avalon foot for a period of 4 weeks. The Avalon foot was then evaluated using the same tool after this trial.

Results
The results showed the patients recorded an improvement in all the domains evaluated. There were significant improvements noted in both the overall prosthetic satisfaction and in the patients' overall gait satisfaction.

Conclusions
The results showed a marked improvement in the patients' perception of their prosthesis when using the Avalon foot, and further studies including gait analysis are warranted to help in our understanding of this.
Measuring Harm in Health Care
Authors: Walsh Kathleen E. , Harik Polina , Mazor Kathleen M. , Perfetto Deborah , Anatchkova Milena , Biggins Colleen , Wagner Joann , Schoettker Pamela J. , Firneno Cassandra , Klugman Robert , Tjia Jennifer 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
The objective of this study was to identify modifiable factors that improve the reliability of ratings of severity of health care–associated harm in clinical practice improvement and research.

Methods:
A diverse group of clinicians rated 8 types of adverse events: blood product, device or medical/surgical supply, fall, health care–associated infection, medication, perinatal, pressure ulcer, surgery. We used a generalizability theory framework to estimate the impact of number of raters, rater experience, and rater provider type on reliability.

Results:
Pharmacists were slightly more precise and consistent in their ratings than either physicians or nurses. For example, to achieve high reliability of 0.83, 3 physicians could be replaced by 2 pharmacists without loss in precision of measurement. If only 1 rater was available for rating, ∼5% of the reviews for severe harm would have been incorrectly categorized. Reliability was greatly improved with 2 reviewers.

Conclusions:
We identified factors that influence the reliability of clinician reviews of health care–associated harm. Our novel use of generalizability analyses improved our understanding of how differences affect reliability. This approach was useful in optimizing resource utilization when selecting raters to assess harm and may have similar applications in other settings in health care.