bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paul the ‘Convert’?
Authors: Fredriksen Paula 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
‘Paul the “Convert”?’ has three goals: to track the history of this construction of Paul from its origins in antiquity through to the present; to examine scholarly assessments of its utility; and to offer a synthetic historical account of how and why Paul acted as he did to either side of his affiliation with the Jesus movement. In various sections the chapter examines the fundamental contributions of Munck, Stendahl, and Dahl and those of E. P. Sanders, James Dunn, and the so-called ‘New Perspective on Paul’; the work of Alan Segal, Daniel Boyarin, and N.T. Wright; and the proposals of Lloyd Gaston, John Gager, and Stanley Stowers. Finally, the chapter explores newer work arguing that both the content and the context of Paul’s mission to pagans continued to be Second Temple Judaism, inflected by the peculiar eschatology of the Jesus movement. For this reason, the essay concludes, Paul’s transformative experience is best conceptualized as his ‘call’.
Information Structure and Language Comprehension
Authors: Kaiser Elsi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between information structure and language comprehension from a psycholinguistic perspective. More specifically, it considers how information structure, when signalled by syntactic or prosodic cues, is processed during language comprehension. It begins with a brief review of some of the key psycholinguistic methods that have been used to investigate questions about information structure, including reaction-time-based measures, attention-based measures, and off-line methods. It then discusses major research findings regarding the comprehension of syntactic cues and prosodic cues to information structure. It also considers the relationship between prosody and information structure and its importance to our understanding of focus and focus alternatives. The article concludes by outlining broader issues and directions for psycholinguistic research on information structure.
Focus, Intonation, and Tonal Height
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article explores the effects of F-marking (focus) on intonation and on tonal height in intonation, with particular emphasis on German and Mandarin Chinese. It begins with a discussion of the role of stress in the sentence melody and how focus leads to changes in the stress pattern that affect the sentence melody. It then considers the effects of focus on tonal height and suggests that they are really effects of stress on tonal height, triggered because focus attracts stress; focus leads to destressing in non-focused parts of the sentence. It also presents the results of Féry and Kügler (2008) regarding the effects of focus on tonal height in German, showing that there is a further tonal height effect of focus that relates to stress, namely the cancellation of height-subordination due to stresses on earlier elements (‘upstep’).
Personnel Movement and the Development of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Fahrenkopf Erin , Argote Linda 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We assess the role that organizational learning plays in the development of dynamic capabilities which confer sustained competitive advantage on firms. We argue that learning from the experience of others is a mechanism for developing dynamic capabilities. We examine how firms can learn from the prior experiences of their founders and other employees and identify the conditions under which this learning is most likely to occur. We develop how characteristics of the organizational context and characteristics of the knowledge being transferred condition a firm’s ability to learn from others. The chapter concludes with a set of expectations that we hope will stimulate future research on the important question of how learning from the experience of others enables firms to develop dynamic capabilities.
Perceptual Grouping as Bayesian Mixture Estimation
Authors: Feldman Jacob , Singh Manish , Froyen Vicky 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Perceptual grouping is the process by which the visual system organizes the image into distinct objects or clusters. The authors describe a Bayesian approach to grouping, formulating it as an inverse probability problem in which the goal is to estimate the organization that best explains the observed set of visual elements. The authors pose the problem as an instance of mixture modeling, in which the image configuration is assumed to have been generated by a set of distinct data-generating components or sources (“objects”) whose locations and structure one seeks to estimate. They illustrate the approach with three classes of source models: dot clusters, contours, and axial shapes. They show how this approach to the problem unifies and gives natural accounts of a number of perceptual grouping problems, including contour integration, shape representation, and figure–ground estimation.
The Politics of Growth in South Korea
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Kang Myung-Koo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article examines the political origins of South Korea’s rapid economic development in the 1960s and 1970s, with emphasis on the enduring effects of the developmental state era. It begins by considering developments since 1980, including the influence of democratization, the causes and consequences of the financial crisis of 1997–1998, and the market-oriented reforms pursued by the government in the wake of the crisis. It then discusses the legacy of the developmental state era in the coverage of the welfare state, along with the liberalization of the Korean economy beginning in the 1980s. The article documents South Korea’s transition into a market economy, marked by reforms in the financial sector and corporate governance, as well as reforms in foreign direct investment and even labor markets. Finally, it appraises a number of challenges that the Korean political economy must deal with, including growing economic and social polarization, inequality, and the social policy agenda.
The Washington Consensus and the New Political Economy of Economic Reform
Authors: Morrison Kevin M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAbstract: A principal approach to theorizing about economic reform in developing countries has been to assume that market-oriented policies have the properties of public goods, in that their benefits are widespread and their costs concentrated. However, recent scholarship suggests that skepticism about the benefits of these policies has entered the mainstream, calling into question this benchmark approach to reform. In the context of ongoing debate over which policies are best for developing countries, this chapter offers a framework for future study of reform, arguing that while past work has yielded important insights into how societal divisions and institutional characteristics affect reform, these insights now need to be combined with scholarship on how governments learn about policies and form preferences regarding them.
Ending Wars
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the morality of ending wars. It argues that there is a distinct set of moral concerns captured by the notion of jus ex bello. It argues that the morality of the continued prosecution of the war is not determined by its antecedent satisfaction or violation of the requirements of jus ad bellum. It discusses in considerable detail an issue that has been the focus of much discussion in current debates about jus ex bello; namely, whether the discrepancy between the ante bellum reasonable projection of the expected moral costs of the war and the subsequent actual moral costs should change our judgment of the war’s morally permissible costs. And it discusses an area of jus ex bello that remains underexplored in current debates, but about which there was some discussion in the modern period: namely, how to end a war that ought to be ended.
Early Modern Sources of the Regular War Tradition
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The concept of regular war, like that of just war, belongs to a long-standing intellectual tradition of conceptual articulation, legitimization, and contestation. The defining concern of this tradition has been to institutionalize juridical and conventional means of regulating and limiting the use of armed force. This chapter examines the early modern and Enlightenment accounts of Hugo Grotius, Christian Wolff, and Emer Vattel. In contrast to later legal positivist accounts, these accounts were very keen to provide ethical foundations for their eminently juridical projects. The chapter focusses on the defence of the principle of belligerent equality, which constitutes a central contrast between the regular and just war approaches. Epistemic, prudential, and security-based arguments in defence of the principle are reconstructed and their contemporary relevance assessed.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Modulation by Etomidate Analogs
Authors: Pejo Ervin , Santer Peter , Wang Lei , Dershwitz Philip , Husain S. Shaukat , Raines Douglas E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAbstract
By using both in vitro and in vivo assays of etomidate action, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor and hypnotic potencies of etomidate and 22 etomidate analogs were significantly correlated, supporting a direct role for receptor activation in etomidate-induced hypnosis. Molecular modeling computational techniques were used to build pharmacophore models that revealed multiple structural elements associated with high-potency binding-site interactions of etomidate.

Background
Etomidate is a highly potent anesthetic agent that is believed to produce hypnosis by enhancing γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor function. The authors characterized the GABAA receptor and hypnotic potencies of etomidate analogs. The authors then used computational techniques to build statistical and graphical models that relate the potencies of these etomidate analogs to their structures to identify the specific molecular determinants of potency.

Methods
GABAA receptor potencies were defined with voltage clamp electrophysiology using α1β3γ2 receptors harboring a channel mutation (α1[L264T]) that enhances anesthetic sensitivity (n = 36 to 60 measurements per concentration–response curve). The hypnotic potencies of etomidate analogs were defined using a loss of righting reflexes assay in Sprague Dawley rats (n = 9 to 21 measurements per dose–response curve). Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships were determined in silico using comparative molecular field analysis.

Results
The GABAA receptor and hypnotic potencies of etomidate and the etomidate analogs ranged by 91- and 53-fold, respectively. These potency measurements were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.72), but neither measurement correlated with drug hydrophobicity (r2 = 0.019 and 0.005, respectively). Statistically significant and predictive comparative molecular field analysis models were generated, and a pharmacophore model was built that revealed both the structural elements in etomidate analogs associated with high potency and the interactions that these elements make with the etomidate-binding site.

Conclusions
There are multiple specific structural elements in etomidate and etomidate analogs that mediate GABAA receptor modulation. Modifying any one element can alter receptor potency by an order of magnitude or more.
Quadruple ESIN (Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing): Modified Treatment in Pediatric Distal Tibial Fractures
Authors: Bauer Jan , Hirzinger Corinna , Metzger Roman 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:
Nailing of the tibial shaft with 2 Prevot nails is the gold standard for tibial shaft fractures in children. This technical report aims to show a simple way to stabilize pediatric distal tibial fractures without changing of the operation method.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of all distal tibial fractures treated with the modified elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) method during a 6-year period was conducted. The modified ESIN technique hardly differs from the classic method, other than the addition of 2 other Prevot nails inserted using the same entry point.

Results:
Eight children were treated with the modified ESIN. The mean operation duration was 57 minutes (range, 33 to 88 min). In all cases 2 to 4 mm titanium nails were used. None of our patients required a postoperative cast.
Within an average of 14.5 days all of the patients could fully bear their weight (2 to 30 d) and full range of motion was reached.

Conclusions:
The modified ESIN technique achieves good results regarding stability and early weight-bearing. Therefore, this technique could be applied in unstable distal tibial fractures. Nevertheless, a prospective and biomechanical study is needed to verify our experience.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic studies.
Osteomyelitis is Commonly Associated With Septic Arthritis of the Shoulder in Children
Authors: Ernat Justin , Riccio Anthony I. , Fitzpatrick Kelly , Jo ChanHee , Wimberly Robert L. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:
To describe the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of surgically treated septic arthritis of the shoulder in a pediatric population.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review over 5 years of children with operatively managed septic arthritis of the shoulder was completed. Demographics, clinical presentation, symptoms duration, antibiotic regimen and duration, number of surgical procedures, and evaluation of laboratory value improvements were collected. Pretreatment and final radiographs were assessed. Causative organisms were reviewed. Patients were stratified in age groups to determine clinical variability based upon patient age.

Results:
A total of 22 children, ages 15 days to 14 years (average 37.3 mo), were treated for septic arthritis of the shoulder from 2006 to 2010 at a single pediatric institution. All patients were managed with open anterior arthrotomy at an average of 1.95 days after initial orthopaedic consultation (range, 0 to 15 d). Multiple presenting signs were noted; the most common was decreased use (59%). Average admission laboratory values include C-reactive protein 10.6 (range, 0.3 to 41.6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 62.8 (range, 11 to 107), and white blood cell count 14.9 (range, 5.9 to 31.7). Initial radiographs were read as normal in 12 patients, concern for osteomyelitis in 5, cortical irregularity in 4, effusion in 3, and neoplasm in a single child. Nineteen patients had a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and 15 demonstrated an effusion, 15 had evidence of humeral osteomyelitis, 5 had a subperisoteal abscess, and 4 had soft tissue abscesses. Eight patients remained culture negative. The most commonly identified organism was methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (22.7%). The patients under 12 months of age revealed more diverse organisms at culture and were less likely to have MRSA. All patients averaged 1.55 (range, 1 to 5) surgical procedures and had an average hospital stay of 13.5 days. Intravenous antibiotics averaged 16.3 days followed by an average of 34 days of oral treatment. MRSA patients were significantly more likely to require multiple operations to eradicate the infection (P<0.02) and had a longer duration of intravenous antibiotic use (P<0.003). MRSA patients were more likely to have abnormal radiographs at final follow-up (P<0.03).

Conclusions:
Septic arthritis of the shoulder in children is commonly associated with adjacent osteomyelitis. Pediatric septic arthritis of the shoulder due to MRSA bacteria can have a more virulent course than other bacterial causes, but is a less commonly identified organism in the youngest patients.

Significance:
To our knowledge, this is one of the largest series published concerning the treatment, course, and outcomes of pediatric septic arthritis of the shoulder.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—therapeutic.
The genomic basis of electrotaxis inDictyostelium discoideum: Electric field sensitive amino acids are dynamically encoded en masse for the streaming-stage proteome
Authors: Erives Albert J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElectrotaxis plays a critical role in developmental cell migration, axon growth cone guidance, epithelial wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the degree of invasiveness characterizing different cancer cell lines. During electrotaxis in a direct current electric field (EF), a cell migrates preferentially either towards the anode or cathode depending on the cell-type. However, the types and ranges of mechanisms coupling trans-cellular electric fields to cellular EF-sensitive signaling systems are largely unknown. To address this cell biological phenomenon, I use transcriptomic data from a developmental genetic model in which multicellular social aggregation is induced by starvation of amoeboid cells. I find that the developmental proteome expressed during the streaming aggregation stage is measurably and substantially enriched in charged and highly polar amino acids relative to the proteomes of either the unicellular amoeboid or the multicellular fruiting body. This large-scale coding augmentation of EF-sensitive amino acid residues in thousands of streaming-specific proteins is accompanied by a proportional coding decrease in the number of small, uncharged amino acid residues. I also confirm an expected coding increase of biosynthetically costly amino acids in the proteome of the satiated feeding-stage amoeboid. These findings suggest that electrotactic capability is encoded broadly in the genetically regulated deployment of a developmental proteome with augmented EF-sensitivity. These results signify that extreme, nonuniform, evolutionary constraints can be exerted on the amino acid composition of an organism’s proteome.
Refining the Y chromosome phylogeny with southern African sequences
Authors: Barbieri Chiara , Hübner Alexander , Macholdt Enrico , Ni Shengyu , Lippold Sebastian , Schröder Roland , Mpoloka Sununguko Wata , Purps Josephine , Roewer Lutz , Stoneking Mark , Pakendorf Brigitte 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe recent availability of large-scale sequence data for the human Y chromosome has revolutionized analyses of and insights gained from this non-recombining, paternally inherited chromosome. However, the studies to date focus on Eurasian variation, and hence the diversity of early-diverging branches found in Africa has not been adequately documented. Here we analyze over 900 kb of Y chromosome sequence obtained from 547 individuals from southern African Khoisan and Bantuspeaking populations, identifying 232 new sequences from basal haplogroups A and B. We find new branches within haplogroups A2 and A3b1 and suggest that the prehistory of haplogroup B2a is more complex than previously suspected; this haplogroup is likely to have existed in Khoisan groups before the arrival of Bantu-speakers, who brought additional B2a lineages to southern Africa. Furthermore, we estimate older dates than obtained previously for both the A2-T node within the human Y chromosome phylogeny and for some individual haplogroups. Finally, there is pronounced variation in branch length between major haplogroups; haplogroups associated with Bantu-speakers have significantly longer branches. This likely reflects a combination of biases in the SNP calling process and demographic factors, such as an older average paternal age (hence a higher mutation rate), a higher effective population size, and/or a stronger effect of population expansion for Bantu-speakers than for Khoisan groups.
Retroviruses integrate into a shared, non-palindromic motif
Authors: Kirk Paul D. W. , Huvet Maxime , Melamed Anat , Maertens Goedele N. , Bangham Charles R. M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPalindromic consensus nucleotide sequences are found at the genomic integration sites of retroviruses and other transposable elements. It has been suggested that the palindromic consensus arises as a consequence of structural symmetry in the integrase complex, but the precise mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Here we perform a statistical analysis of large datasets of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 integration sites. The results show that the palindromic consensus sequence is not present in individual integration sites, but appears to arise in the population average as a consequence of the existence of a non-palindromic nucleotide motif that occurs in approximately equal proportions on the plus-strand and the minus-strand of the host genome. We demonstrate that palindromic probability position matrices are characteristic of such situations. We develop a generally applicable algorithm to sort the individual integration site sequences into plus-strand and minus-strand subpopulations. We apply this algorithm to identify the respective integration site nucleotide motifs of five retroviruses of different genera: HTLV-1, HIV-1, MLV, ASLV, and PFV. The results reveal a non-palindromic motif that is shared between these retroviruses.
External drivers of entry mode decisions of a higher education institution
Authors: Goi Mei Teh 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of cultural distance, governance quality, and market attractiveness on attachment of agents with a university.

Design/methodology/approach
– A single university was chosen as a case study and secondary data were collected. The focus of this paper is on education agents who market higher education institution (HEI) in international market and recruit international students.

Findings
– Multiple regression was performed and the finding indicated that governance quality and market attractiveness are significantly related with a number of agents attached to the marketing department of the university. However, cultural distance showed no significant relationship with agent attachment.

Research limitations/implications
– The availability of data was most challenging in gathering data for this study because the culture of a country may change across time and the sample was based on only one case study, a minimal amount of information was obtained.

Practical implications
– This study addresses the external factors that needed to be considered in selecting new agents.

Originality/value
– This study contributes to the international marketing literature by a focus on HEI and focus on agency approach.
Evaluating specific service quality aspects which impact on customers’ behavioural loyalty in high-tech internet services
Authors: Thaichon Paramaporn , Jebarajakirthy Charles 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of quality perception on customers’ repurchase behaviour in home internet services. Specifically, it was found that information quality, and privacy affected customers’ commitment and perceived value which were directly related to customer behavioural loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach
– In order to achieve the research objectives, a model is proposed. The literature review and formulation of hypotheses related to each construct are then discussed. An online survey was conducted. The final usable sample size was 2,059.

Findings
– Information quality was a stronger determinant of commitment and value when compared with privacy. The positive indirect effects of information quality and privacy on behavioural loyalty were also confirmed.

Originality/value
– The research provides practical implications which can be used to design effective marketing strategies to retain customers in the residential internet market. Moreover, current issues of high-customer churn rate can be resolved. In general, the study confirms that putting customers’ privacy in the heart of company operations is critical for an internet service provider’s success and long-term sustainability.