bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory Innervation of the Upper Eyelid
Authors: Hwang Kun , Wu Xia Jing , Kim Hun , Kim Dae Joong 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the sensory territory of the trigeminal nerve on the upper eyelid.
Eight hemifaces from Korean cadavers were dissected. The frontal nerve (FN), supraorbital nerve (SON), supratrochlear nerve (STN), infratrochlear nerve (ITN), and lacrimal nerve (LN) were traced.
The terminal branches to the eyelid margin of FN were distributed between 1/6 and 2/5 of the palpebral fissure width lateral to the medial canthus and 1/6 of the eyebrow height from eyelid margin. The SON was distributed between 2/5 and 9/10 of the eye width lateral to the medial canthus, at 1/3 of the eyebrow height. The STN was distributed between −1/4 and −1/5 of the eye width medial to the medial canthus, at 1/5 of the eyebrow height. The ITN was distributed at −1/4 and 1/10 of the eye width medial to the medial canthus, and at 1/5 of the eyebrow height. The LN was distributed between approximately 3/5 and 13/10 of the eye width lateral to the medial canthus, and at 1/4 of the eyebrow height. The main branches of FN and SON ran deep to the orbicularis from the supraorbital notch to the upper border of the tarsal plate. In the pretarsal area, they were between the orbicularis and tarsal plate. The STN and ITN were between the orbicularis and the skin. The LN was observed between the orbicularis and the tarsal plate.
Upper eyelid was mainly supplied by SON and FN. The medial extremity was supplied by STN and ITN, and the lateral extremity by LN.
Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia Due to Venous Compression Alone
Authors: Zhao Yonghui , Zhang Xiang , Yao Junchao , Li Heyang , Jiang Yong 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Microvascular decompression (MVD) has been confirmed as an effective treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN); however, most previous reports just focused on MVD for TN caused by arterial conflict, there is a paucity of information about its use in venous compression causing TN. In the present study, the authors summarize 5-year experience of MVD for primary TN due to venous compression alone. Thirty-four patients with primary TN caused solely by veins underwent MVD. The presenting symptoms, key operative notes, surgical outcomes together with complications were reviewed. Of all the 34 patients, 19 (55.9%) patients occurred as typical TN. The V2 division was the most commonly affected area. Most of the venous conflicts were grade III (20/34, 58.8%). Deep superior petrosal venous system was the most frequent offending vessel (21/34, 61.8%). The venous conflicts were located at the trigeminal root entry zone in 10 (29.4%) patients, the mid cisternal zone in 18 (52.9%) patients, and the porus of Meckel's cave in 11 (32.4%) patients. At the last follow-up, excellent outcome was obtained in 26 (76.5%) patients, 7 (20.6%) patients got good outcome, fair outcome was achieved in 7 (20.6%) patients, and 1 patient unimproved (2.9%). Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was the most common complication (5.9%). In conclusion, MVD is a safe and effective surgical option for TN due to venous compression alone. It is noteworthy to explore the entire nerve and to protect veins as much as possible.
Endoscopic Repairs of Sinonasal Cerebrospinal Leaks: Outcome and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Song Xiaole , Wang Dehui , Sun Xicai , Liu Quan , Hu Li , Gu Yurong , Zhang Huankang 
Published: December 2017

Objective:
The aim of this study was to review the management of sinonasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and outcome of endoscopic repairs and to provide experience regarding leaks at the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus and the posterior wall of frontal sinus.

Methods:
Patients who underwent endoscopic repairs of CSF leaks were reviewed. Characteristics of different etiologies were compared, and prognostic factors were analyzed.

Results:
The study included 144 patients with 150 CSF leaks, in which spontaneous leaks account for 55%. Patients with traumatic leaks were significantly younger than those with spontaneous leaks (P = 0.012), and most traumatic leaks occurred in men (P < 0.001). The computed tomography scan showed an overall accuracy of 86.7%. For 17 leaks at the lateral wall of sphenoid sinus, transnasal (29%), transethmoid (24%), and transpterygoid (47%) approaches were used, with a success rate of 75%. For 11 defects at the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, 2 were managed by draf III surgery, and 3 by trephination-assisted procedure successfully. Success rate for primary repair was 95.6%, reaching 100% after a second repairing. Six leaks failed to be repaired included 4 spontaneous leaks, and 3 occurred at the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus, 4 occurred in patients with elevated body mass index (BMI), 4 had evidence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP).

Conclusion:
Repair of leaks at lateral sphenoid sinus and posterior frontal sinus could achieve favorable results via selected endoscopic approaches. The failure of repair was associated with inaccessible leak sites, spontaneous leaks, raised ICP, and elevated BMI.
Quality Improvement in Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Fry Brian T. , Scally Christopher P. , Thumma Jyothi R. , Dimick Justin B. 
Published: December 2017

Objective:
To determine the temporal relationship between reducing surgical complications and costs, using the study population of bariatric surgery.

Background:
Understanding the relationship between quality and costs has significant implications for the business case of investing in performance improvement. An unprecedented focus on safety in bariatric surgery has led to substantial reductions in complication rates over time, making it an ideal patient population in which to examine this relationship.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective review of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing bariatric surgery in the years 2005 to 2006 and 2013 to 2014 (total N = 37,329 patients, 562 hospitals). Hospitals were ranked into quintiles based on their degree of improvement in risk and reliability-adjusted 30-day rates of serious complications across the time periods. Multivariable regression was used to calculate corresponding changes in average price-standardized payments for each quintile of hospitals.

Results:
We found a strong association between reductions in complications and decreased Medicare payments. The top 20% of hospitals had a decrease in average serious complication rate of 7.3% (10.0%–2.7%; P < 0.001) and an average per-patient savings of $4861 (95% confidence interval $3921–5802). Conversely, the bottom 20% of hospitals had smaller decrease in complication rate of 0.8% (4.4% to 3.6%; P < 0.001) and a smaller average savings of $2814 (95% confidence interval $2139–3490).

Conclusions:
When analyzing Medicare patients undergoing bariatric surgery, hospitals with the largest reductions in serious postoperative complications had the greatest decrease in per-patient payments. This study demonstrates the potential savings associated with quality improvement in high-risk surgical procedures.
Challenges in clarifying goals of care in patients with advanced heart failure
Authors: Strachan Patricia H. , Kryworuchko Jennifer , Li Lin 
Published: December 2017

Purpose of review
Patients with advanced heart failure require communication about goals of care, yet many challenges exist, leaving it suboptimal. High mortality rates and advances in the use of life-sustaining technology further complicate communication and underscore the urgency to understand and address these challenges. This review highlights current research with a view to informing future research and practice to improve goals of care communication.

Recent findings
Clinicians view patient and family barriers as more impactful than clinician and system factors in impeding goals of care discussions. Knowledge gaps about life-sustaining technology challenge timely goals of care discussions. Complex, nurse-led interventions that activate patient, clinician and care systems and video-decision aids about life-sustaining technology may reduce barriers and facilitate goals of care communication.

Summary
Clinicians require relational skills in facilitating goals of care communication with diverse patients and families with heart failure knowledge gaps, who may be experiencing stress and discord. Future research should explore the dynamics of goals of care communication in real-time from patient, family and clinician perspectives, to inform development of upstream and complex interventions that optimize communication. Further testing of interventions is needed in and across community and hospital settings.
Inhibition of Group Ia Afferents Between Brachioradialis and Flexor Carpi Radialis in Humans: A Study Using an Electromyogram-Averaging Method
Authors: Nito Mitsuhiro , Hashizume Wataru , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Sato Toshiaki , Fujii Hiromi , Miyasaka Takuji , Shindo Masaomi , Naito Akira 
Published: December 2017

Purpose:
Our previous studies using a poststimulus time histogram method demonstrated inhibitory spinal reflex arcs (inhibition) between the brachioradialis (BR) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) in humans. Group I afferents mediated the inhibition through an oligosynaptic path. In this study, effects of the inhibition on excitability of the motoneuron pools were examined, and we tried to clarify which afferents of group Ia or Ib are responsible for the inhibition.

Methods:
We evaluated the effects of low-threshold afferents between BR and FCR on FCR and BR motoneuron pools, respectively, using an electromyogram-averaging method in 14 healthy human subjects. Changes of rectified and averaged electromyogram of BR by electrical conditioning stimulation with the intensity below the motor threshold to the median nerve branch innervating FCR (FCR nerve) and those of FCR by the stimulation to the radial nerve branch innervating BR (BR nerve) were evaluated.

Results:
The stimulation to the FCR and BR nerves produced an early and significant trough of rectified and averaged electromyogram of BR and FCR, respectively, in all the subjects. The amount of inhibition of BR and FCR was 13.2 ± 3.4% (mean ± SD) and 14.2 ± 1.4%, respectively. The trough of BR and FCR diminished by tonic vibration stimuli to a respective FCR and BR. Such a trough was never provoked by cutaneous stimulation.

Conclusions:
The inhibition between BR and FCR depresses excitability of the FCR and BR motoneuron pools, respectively. Group Ia afferents should mediate the inhibition.
Botulinum-neurotoxin-like sequences identified from anEnterococcussp. genome assembly
Authors: Williamson Charles H.D. , Smith Theresa J. , Foley Brian T. , Hill Karen , Keim Paul , Sahl Jason W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBotulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by diverse members of theClostridiaand result in a flaccid paralysis known as botulism. Exploring the diversity of BoNTs is important for the development of therapeutics and antitoxins. Here we describe a novel,bont-like gene cluster identified in a draft genome assembly forEnterococcussp. 3G1_DIV0629 by querying publicly available genomic databases. Thebont-like gene is found in a gene cluster similar to knownbontgene clusters. Protease and binding motifs conserved in known BoNT proteins are present in the newly identified BoNT-like protein; however, it is currently unknown if the BoNT-like protein described here is capable of targeting neuronal cells resulting in botulism.
KDM2B is a histone H3K79 demethylase and induces transcriptional repression via SIRT1-mediated chromatin silencing
Authors: Kang Joo-Young , Kim Ji-Young , Kim Kee-Beom , Park Jin Woo , Cho Hana , Hahm Ja Young , Chae Yun-Cheol , Kim Daehwan , Kook Hyun , Rhee Sangmyung , Ha Nam-Chul , Seo Sang Beom 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe methylation of histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) is an active chromatin marker and is prominant in actively transcribed regions of the genome. However, demethylase of H3K79 remains unknown despite intensive research. Here, we show that KDM2B (also known as FBXL10), a member of the Jumonji C family of proteins and known for its histone H3K36 demethylase activity, is a di- and tri-methyl H3K79 demethylase. We demonstrate that KDM2B induces transcriptional repression ofHOXA7andMEIS1via occupancy of promoters and demethylation of H3K79. Furthermore, genome-wide analysis suggests that H3K79 methylation levels increase when KDM2B is depleted, indicating that KDM2B functions as an H3K79 demethylasein vivo. Finally, stable KDM2B-knockdown cell lines exhibit displacement of NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 from chromatin, with concomitant increases in H3K79 methylation and H4K16 acetylation. Our findings identify KDM2B as an H3K79 demethylase and link its function to transcriptional repression via SIRT1-mediated chromatin silencing.
New genomic data and analyses challenge the traditional vision of animal epithelium evolution
Authors: Belahbib Hassiba , Renard Emmanuelle , Santini Sébastien , Jourda Cyril , Claverie Jean-Michel , Borchiellini Carole , Le Bivic André 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe emergence of epithelia was the foundation of metazoan expansion. To investigate the early evolution of animal epithelia, we sequenced the genome and transcriptomes of two new sponge species to characterize epithelial markers such as the E-cadherin complex and the polarity complexes for all classes (Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha) of sponges (phylum Porifera) and compare them with their homologs in Placozoa and in Ctenophora. We found that Placozoa and most sponges possess orthologs of all essential genes encoding proteins characteristic of bilaterian epithelial cells, as well as their conserved interaction domains. In stark contrast, we found that ctenophores lack several major polarity complex components such as the Crumbs complex and Scribble. Furthermore, the E-cadherin ctenophore ortholog exhibits a divergent cytoplasmic domain making it unlikely to interact with its canonical cytoplasmic partners. These unexpected findings challenge the current evolutionary paradigm on the emergence of epithelia.SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTEpithelial tissues are a hallmark of metazoans deeply linked to the evolution of the complex morphogenesis processes characterizing their development. However, studies on the epithelial features of non-bilaterians are still sparse and it remains unclear whether the last common metazoan ancestor possessed a fully functional epithelial toolkit or if it was acquired later during metazoan evolution. In this work, we demonstrate that if sponges have a well conserved and functionally predicted epithelial toolkit, Ctenophores have either divergent adhesion complexes or lack essential polarity complexes. Altogether, our results raise a doubt on the homology of protein complexes and structures involved in cell polarity and adhesive type junctions between Ctenophora and Bilateria epithelia.
Genomic responses to selection for tame/aggressive behaviors in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Authors: Wang Xu , Pipes Lenore , Trut Lyudmila N. , Herbeck Yury , Vladimirova Anastasiya V. , Gulevich Rimma G. , Kharlamova Anastasiya V. , Johnson Jennifer L. , Acland Gregory M. , Kukekova Anna V. , Clark Andrew G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAnimal domestications have led to a shared spectrum of striking behavioral and morphological changes. To recapitulate this process, silver foxes have been selectively bred for tame and aggressive behaviors for over 50 generations at the Institute for Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk, Russia. To understand the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic changes, we profiled gene expression level and coding SNP allele frequencies in two brain tissues from 12 aggressive and 12 tame foxes. Expression analysis revealed 146 genes in prefrontal cortex and 33 genes in basal forebrain that were differentially expressed (5% FDR). These candidates include genes in key pathways known to be critical to neurological processing, including the serotonin and glutamate receptor pathways. In addition, 295 of the 31,000 exonic SNPs show significant allele frequency differences between tame and aggressive population (1% FDR), including genes with a role in neural crest cell fate determination.
A weighted graph of the projections to mouse auditory cortex
Authors: da Costa Nuno Macarico , Martin Kevan A.C. , Sägesser Franziska D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe projections to individual cortical areas from extrinsic sources are a major determinant of the area’s function, but we lack comprehensive quantitative input maps even for primary sensory areas in most model species. To quantify all input sources to the mouse primary auditory cortex (Au1), we made localized injections of modified rabies virus (SADΔG-mCherry) into Au1 of five C57BL/6 mice and identified all the cortical and subcortical areas containing retrogradely labeled cells. Of all neurons projecting to Au1 from extrinsic areas, 27 % were located in the ipsilateral cortex, 14 % in the contralateral cortex, and 58 % in subcortical regions (almost exclusively ipsilateral, predominantly in the medial geniculate nucleus). Although 90 % of the labeled cells in the ipsilateral cortex were located within 1 mm of Au1, most cortical areas projected to Au1, including visual, somatosensory, motor, rhinal, cingulate and piriform cortices. The hierarchical relations of the cortical areas projecting to Au1 were determined based on the proportion of cell bodies in superficial versus deep layers. Feedback projections (from deep layers 5/6) dominated, but temporal association and auditory cortices were on the same hierarchical level, providing input from both superficial and deep layers. Au1 is embedded in a densely connected network that involves a high degree of cross-modal integration.
Inhibitory networks orchestrate the self-organization of computational function in cortical microcircuit motifs through STDP
Authors: Häusler Stefan , Maass Wolfgang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractInterneurons have diverse morphological and physiological characteristics that potentially contribute to the emergence of powerful computational properties of cortical networks. We investigate the functional role of inhibitory subnetworks in the arguably most common network motif of cortical microcircuits: ensembles of pyramidal cells (PCs) with lateral inhibition, commonly referred to as Winner-Take-All networks. Recent theoretical work has shown that spike-timing-dependent plasticity installs in this network motif an important and ubiquitously useful self-organization process: The emergence of sparse codes and Bayesian inference for repeatedly occurring high-dimensional input patterns. However, this link has so far only been established for strongly simplified models with a symbolic implementation of lateral inhibition, rather than through the interaction of PCs with known types of interneurons. We close this gap in this article, and show that the interaction of PCs with two types of inhibitory networks, that reflect salient properties of somatic-targeting neurons (e.g. basket cells) and dendritic-targeting neurons (e.g. Martinotti cells), provides a good approximation to the theoretically optimal lateral inhibition needed for the self-organization of these network motifs. We provide a step towards unraveling the functional roles of interacting networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons from the perspective of emergent neural computation.
Disrupting myeloid-specific LXRα phosphorylation promotes FoxM1 expression and modulates atherosclerosis by inducing macrophage proliferation
Authors: Gage M. C , Bécares-Salles N , Louie R , Waddington K , Zhang Yu , Tittanegro Thaís , Rodriguez-Lorenzo S , Jathanna A , Pourcet B , Pello O , De la Rosa J V , Castrillo A , Pineda-Torra I 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTMacrophages are key immune cells for the initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the macrophage regulatory nodes that determine how lesions progress in response to dietary challenges are not fully understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are sterol-regulated transcription factors which play a central role in atherosclerosis by integrating cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. LXR pharmacological activation elicits a robust anti-atherosclerotic transcriptional program in macrophages that can be affected by LXRα S196 phosphorylation in vitro. To investigate the impact of these transcriptional changes in atherosclerosis development, we have generated mice carrying a Ser-to-Ala mutation in myeloid cells in the LDLR-deficient atherosclerotic background (M-S196ALdlr-KO). M-S196ALdlr-KO mice fed a high fat diet exhibit increased atherosclerotic plaque burden and lesions with smaller necrotic cores and thinner fibrous caps. These diet-induced phenotypic changes are consistent with a reprogramed macrophage transcriptome promoted by LXRα-S196A during atherosclerosis development. Remarkably, expression of several proliferation-promoting factors including the proto-oncogene FoxM1 and its targets are induced by LXRα-S196A. This is consistent with increased proliferation of plaque-resident cells in M-S196ALdlr-KO mice. Moreover, disrupted LXRα phosphorylation increases expression of phagocytic molecules resulting in increased apoptotic cell removal by macrophages, explaining the reduced necrotic cores. Finally, the macrophage transcriptome promoted by LXRα-S196A under dietary perturbation is markedly distinct from that revealed by LXR ligand activation, highlighting the singularity of this post-translational modification. Overall, our findings demonstrate that LXRα phosphorylation at S196 is an important determinant of atherosclerotic plaque development through selective changes in gene transcription that affect multiple pathways.
Choice of PP1 catalytic subunit affects neither requirement for G-actin nor insensitivity to Sephin1 of PPP1R15A-regulated eIF2αP dephosphorylation
Authors: Crespillo-Casado Ana , Claes Zander , Choy Meng S. , Peti Wolfgang , Bollen Mathieu , Ron David 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe integrated stress response (ISR) is regulated by kinases that phosphorylate the α subunit of translation initiation factor 2 and phosphatases that dephosphorylate it. Genetic and biochemical observations indicate that the eIF2αP-directed holophosphatase - a therapeutic target in diseases of protein misfolding - is comprised of a regulatory, PPP1R15, and a catalytic, Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) subunit. In mammals, there are two isoforms of the regulatory subunit, PPP1R15A and PPP1R15B, with overlapping roles in promoting the essential function of eIF2αP dephosphorylation. However, conflicting reports have appeared regarding the requirement for an additional co-factor, G-actin, in enabling substrate-specific de-phosphorylation by PPP1R15-containing PP1 holoenzymes. An additional concern relates to the sensitivity of the PPP1R15A-containing PP1 holoenzyme to the [(ochlorobenzylidene)amino]guanidines (Sephin1 or Guanabenz), small molecule proteostasis modulators. It has been suggested that the source and method of purification of the PP1 catalytic subunit and the presence or absence of an N-terminal repeat-containing region in the PPP1R15A regulatory subunit might influence both the requirement for G-actin by the eIF2αP-directed holophosphatase and its sensitivity to inhibitors. Here we report that in the absence of G-actin, PPP1R15A regulatory subunits were unable to accelerate eIF2αP dephosphorylation beyond that affected by a catalytic subunit alone, whether PPP1R15A regulatory subunit had or lacked the N-terminal repeat-containing region and whether paired with native PP1 purified from rabbit muscle, or recombinant PP1 expressed in and purified from bacteria. Furthermore, none of the PPP1R15A-containing PP1c holophosphatases were inhibited by Sephin1 or Guanabenz.