bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstractss from Other Journals
Authors: Gehani A.A. , Hammoudeh M. 
Published: February 2016

Context Heart failure (HF) is the most common complication of infective endocarditis. However, clinical characteristics of HF in patients with infective endocarditis, use of surgical therapy, and their associations with patient outcome are not well described.
Objectives: To determine the clinical, echocardiography, and microbiological variables associated with HF in patients with definite infective endocarditis and to examine variables independently associated with in-hospital and 1 -year mortality for patients with infective endocarditis and HF, including the use and association of surgery with outcome.
Design, Setting, and Patients: The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study, a prospective, multicenter study enrolling 4166 patients with definite nativeor prosthetic-valve infective endocarditis from 61 centers in 28 countries between June 2000 and December 2006. Main Outcome Measures In-hospital and 1 -year mortality.
Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity Among Primary School Children in Qatar
Authors: Al Khalaf F. A. , Darwish E. A. , Katab M. 
Published: February 2016

A cross-sectional stratified cluster sample of 4291 children (2187 boys and 2104 girls) aged 6 to18 years attending primary public schools in Qatar was used to determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among primary school children in Qatar using BMI as an indicator. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain socio-demographic data. Anthropometric measures were taken by trained nurse. The study revealed a high prevalence of underweight and obesity among Qatari children, with both conditions implicating adverse short and long-term health effects. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 5% of CDC standard for ageand sex) was 14.6%, overweight (BMI 85% to 95%) was 11.6% and obesity (BMI > 95%) was 14.7% (95% confidence level). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls (28.7%) than boys (24%) but was similar in Qatari (26.4%) and non-Qatari children (26.2%). The prevalence of both underweight (15.6%) and obesity (15.8%) were considerably higher in Qatari children.
Frequency of Mutant p53 Among Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients in Basrah, Iraq
Authors: Ibrahem WN , Hasony HJ , Hassan JG 
Published: February 2016

A study was carried out to investigate the status of p53 proteins and their relation to the occurrence of TEL-AML-1 translocation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) attending the oncology unit at Basrah maternity and children hospital during the period from May 2009 to April 2010. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from 40 newly diagnosed ALL cases, and 60 healthy children served as controls. Anti-p53 antibody was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and TEL-AML-1 fusion gene was determined by reversetranscriptase polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) on RNA extracted from fresh blood samples. The overall proportion of anti-p53 was 20% in the leukemic patients, whereas none of the healthy control group showed anti-p53 positivity. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). According to the French-American-British (FAB) classification, 75% of the anti-p53 positive cases were classified as L2 stage ALL. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between standard and high-risk groups of ALL patients in the frequency of anti-p53: 40% of high-risk group members had anti-p53 compared to 8% in the standard risk patients. There was no association (P>0.05) between TEL-AML-1 translocation and anti-p53. None of the standard risk patients with positive TEL-AML-1 fusion gene displayed the anti-p53 while 33.3% of TEL-AML-1 positive with high risk displayed the antip53 antibody.
Epidemiology of Status Epilepticus Among Children in Qatar in 2008
Authors: Alshami R , Bessisso M , El Said MF , Al Ansari K 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in childhood is a medical emergency and its epidemiology should be studied separately from adult CSE; this study reviewed pediatric cases reported in Qatar in 2008.Methods:A retrospective study for a defined pediatric age group (30 days < age < 15 years) with SE was carried out in Qatar for 12 months and included 25 patients.Results::Of the patients, 56% male, 44% female, 56% were younger than 2 years, and 52% had febrile status epilepticus, 76.9% of whom were boys. All who displayed prolonged seizure status (more than 45 min) had abnormal EEG and brain CT readings and required a prolonged stay in PICU; 20% had history of status epilepticus before.Conclusions::The incidence of SE in Qatar is similar to reports around the world, and the age-specific incidence pattern is similar as well. Febrile status epilepticus is the most important cause especially in boys. Symptomatic SE has a significantly longer duration with higher risk for recurrence than idiopathic SE.
There is Only One Presumption of Innocence
Authors: Weigend Thomas 
Published: February 2016

There is Only One Presumption of Innocence
Antony Duff proposes a comprehensive concept of the presumption of innocence, covering the period before, during and after a criminal process, both in an official (state vs. individual) and a non-official, civic sense. By that broad usage, the concept of presumption of innocence is getting blurred and risks losing its contours. I therefore suggest to keep separate matters separate. The presumption of innocence in the narrow sense that I suggest applies only where there exists a suspicion that an individual has committed a criminal offence. The important function of the presumption of innocence in that situation is to prevent an over-extension of state power against the individual under suspicion before that suspicion has been confirmed to be true beyond a reasonable doubt. A general presumption that all people abide by the law at all times is neither warranted nor necessary. It is not warranted because experience tells us that many people break some laws sometimes. And it is not necessary because a system of civil liberties is sufficient to protect us against official or social overreach based on a suspicion that we may commit crimes.
Retributivist Arguments against Presuming Innocence
Authors: van Dijk Alwin A. 
Published: February 2016

Retributivist Arguments against Presuming Innocence. Answering to Duff
Factors justifying not presuming innocence are generally incorporated into the Presumption of Innocence (PoI). A confusing discourse has resulted: numerous guilt-presuming acts are deemed consistent with the PoI. I argue for an unusually broad PoI: any act that might convey to a reasonable actor that he is not presumed innocent of a punishable offence constitutes a PoI interference. Thus, academic debate need only be about the question what PoI interferences are justifiable or unjustifiable. This question must be answered using pro- and anti-PoI values. I analyse three PoI interferences in relation to Duff’s retributivist punishment theory: presumptions of guilt, vicarious liability of car owners and coercing non-suspects into proving their sobriety. Retributivists tend to castigate such procedures based on their (supposed) consequentialist rationale. I argue, however, that they might also be justified on retributivist grounds. The retributivist anti-PoI duty to punish the guilty may be the worst enemy of innocents.
Henk Leenen: peetvader van het Nederlandse gezondheidsrecht
Authors: Weyers Heleen 
Published: February 2016

Henk Leenen: Godfather of Dutch Health Law
This article paints Henk Leenen as the godfather of Dutch health law. Godfather because Leenendesigned his own version of health law, a version that is characterized by an emphasis on autonomy of the patient. And godfather because Leenen was one of the founders of the Dutch Association of Health Law and for many years the editor of its periodical. He succeeded to bind almost all health law scholars to this organization and his way of seeing health law. The article illustrates Leenen’s influence by describing his reading of autonomy in health law, by outlining his informal and formal position in the health law landscape and by sketching the coming into being and the content of two important laws: the Law on medical contracts and the Law on physician assisted death (‘euthanasia’).
A Simple Light Stimulation of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Lee Kun He , Aschner Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractResponse via noxious stimulus can be an important indicator of sensory neuron function and overall health of an organism. If the stimulation is quick and simple, and the animal can be rescued afterwards, such a method not only allows for assays pertaining to changed sensory ability after various treatments, but also increases the reliability of the statistical relationships that are established. This protocol demonstrates a stimulation assay in Caenorhabditis elegans, using blue light from common laboratory equipment: the fluorescent microscope. The nematode detects blue light using a set of amphid ciliary sensory neurons, and blue light is detrimental to its overall health after a prolonged exposure. However, under brief exposure, blue light stimulation provides a rapid and easy method for quantifying sensory functions and health without harming the animal. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Associating Changes in the Immune System with Clinical Diseases for Interpretation in Risk Assessment
Authors: DeWitt Jamie C. , Germolec Dori R. , Luebke Robert W. , Johnson Victor J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis overview is an update of the unit originally published in 2004. While the basic tenets of immunotoxicity have not changed in the past 10 years, several publications have explored the application of immunotoxicological data to the risk assessment process. Therefore, the goal of this unit is still to highlight relationships between xenobiotic‐induced immunosuppression and risk of clinical diseases progression. In immunotoxicology, this may require development of models to equate moderate changes in markers of immune functions to potential changes in incidence or severity of infectious diseases. For most xenobiotics, exposure levels and disease incidence data are rarely available, and safe exposure levels must be estimated based on observations from experimental models or human biomarker studies. Thus, it is important to establish a scientifically sound framework that allows accurate and quantitative interpretation of experimental or biomarker data in the risk assessment process. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Olefin Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Yet Larry 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe olefin ring‐closing metathesis reaction catalyzed by ruthenium and molybdenum complexes has been employed in the syntheses of carbocycles, heterocycles, supramolecular compounds, and in tandem metathesis reactions. Chiral ruthenium and molybdenum catalysts have provided high enantiomeric and diastereomeric excesses in ring‐closing metathesis reactions. Many of the unsuccessful medium‐ and large‐sized ring formations which were unsuccessful by traditional methods, such as the intramolecular Wittig, Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons, and Julia–Kocienski reactions, can now be formed by olefin ring‐closing metathesis reactions. Ring‐closing metathesis has been a key step and sometimes the only successful method for the synthesis of numerous natural products and drug discovery targets. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated, comprehensive coverage of the literature of the olefin ring‐closing metathesis reaction and related processes. Key mechanistic points are summarized.
Scaling in natural and laboratory earthquakes
Authors: Nielsen S. , Spagnuolo E. , Smith S. A. F. , Violay M. , Di Toro G. , Bistacchi A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLaboratory experiments reproducing seismic slip conditions show extreme frictional weakening due to the activation of lubrication processes. Due to a substantial variability in the details of the weakening transient, generalization of experimental results and comparison to seismic observations have not been possible so far. Here we show that during the weakening, shear stress τ is generally well matched by a power law of slip u in the form
(with 0.35 < α < 0.6). The resulting fracture energy Gf can be approximated by a power law in some aspects in agreement with the seismological estimates
. It appears that Gf and
are comparable in the range 0.01 < u < 0.3 m. However,
surpasses Gf at larger slips: at u≈10 m,
and Gf≈106. Possible interpretations of this misfit involve the complexity of damage and weakening mechanisms within mature fault zone structures.
EMIC waves observed at geosynchronous orbit under quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≤ 1)
Authors: Park J.‐S. , Kim K.‐H. , Shiokawa K. , Lee D.‐H. , Lee E. , Kwon H.‐J. , Jin H. , Jee G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe statistically study the local time distribution of the helium band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed at geosynchronous orbit when geomagnetic activity was low (Kp ≤ 1). In order to identify the geosynchronous EMIC waves, we use high time resolution magnetic field data acquired from GOES 10, 11, and 12 over a 2 year period from 2007 and 2008 and examine the local time distribution of EMIC wave events. Unlike previous studies, which reported high EMIC wave occurrence in the postnoon sector with a peak around 1500–1600 magnetic local time (MLT) during magnetically disturbed times (i.e., storm and/or substorm), we observed that quiet time EMIC waves mostly occur in a region from morning (∼0600 MLT) to afternoon (∼1600 MLT) with a peak around 1100–1200 MLT. To investigate whether the quiet time EMIC wave occurrence has a causal relationship with magnetospheric convection enhancement or solar wind dynamic pressure variations, we performed a superposed epoch analysis of solar wind parameters (solar wind speed, density, dynamic pressure, and interplanetary magnetic field Bz) and geomagnetic indices (AE and SYM‐H). From the superposed epoch analysis we found that solar wind dynamic pressure variation is a more important parameter than AE and SYM‐H for quiet time EMIC wave occurrence.
A novel zinc‐binding alcohol dehydrogenase 2 from Arachis diogoi, expressed in resistance responses against late leaf spot pathogen, induces cell death when transexpressed in tobacco
Authors: Kumar Dilip , Rampuria Sakshi , Singh Naveen Kumar , Kirti Pulugurtha B. 
Published: February 2016

A novel zinc‐binding alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (AdZADH2) was significantly upregulated in a wild peanut, Arachis diogoi treated with conidia of late leaf spot (LLS) pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata. This upregulation was not observed in a comparative analysis of cultivated peanut, which is highly susceptible to LLS. This zinc‐binding alcohol dehydrogenase possessed a Rossmann fold containing NADB domain in addition to the MDR domain present in all previously characterized plant ADH genes/proteins. Transient over‐expression of AdZADH2 under an estradiol inducible promoter (XVE) resulted in hypersensitive response (HR)‐like cell death in tobacco leaf. However, the same level of cell death was not observed when the domains were transiently expressed individually. Cell death observed in tobacco was associated with overexpression of cell death related proteins, antioxidative enzymes such as SOD, CAT and APX and pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. In A. diogoi, AdZADH2 expression was significantly upregulated in response to the plant signaling hormones salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and sodium nitroprusside.
Parkinson disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: protein expression in skin
Authors: Rodríguez‐Leyva Ildefonso , Chi‐Ahumada Erika G. , Carrizales Juan , Rodríguez‐Violante Mayela , Velázquez‐Osuna Salvador , Medina‐Mier Verónica , Martel‐Gallegos María G. , Zarazúa Sergio , Enríquez‐Macías Lourdes , Castro Adriana , Calderón–Garcidueñas Ana Laura , Jiménez‐Capdeville María E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study characterizes the expression of tau (p‐tau) and α‐synuclein (α‐syn) by immunohistochemistry in the skin of three different populations: healthy control (HC), Parkinson disease (PD), and progressive supranuclear paralysis (PSP) subjects, with the purpose of finding a biomarker that could differentiate between subjects with PD and PSP.Material and MethodsWe evaluated the presence of p‐tau and α‐syn in a pilot study in the skin of three distinct groups of patients: 17 healthy subjects, 17 patients with PD, and 10 patients with PSP. Four millimeters punch biopsies were obtained from the occipital area and analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against α‐syn and phosphorylated species of tau. PHF (paired helical filaments) antibody identifies p‐tau in both normal and pathological conditions and AT8 recognizes p‐tau characteristic of pathological conditions. Differences between the three groups were assessed by quantification of immunopositive areas in the epidermis.ResultsThe immunopositivity pattern of p‐tau and α‐syn was significantly different among the three groups. Healthy subjects showed minimal staining using AT8 and α‐syn. The PD group showed significantly higher α‐syn and AT8 immunopositivity, while the PSP group only expressed higher AT8 immunopositivity than HCs.ConclusionThese data suggest that the skin reflects brain pathology. Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis of p‐tau and α‐syn in the skin can be useful for further characterization of PD and PSP.
Second‐order sliding mode output feedback controller with adaptation
Authors: Negrete‐Chávez Daniel Y. , Moreno Jaime A. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryAn adaptive second‐order sliding mode output feedback controller is developed to deal with the case that the bound of the uncertainty/perturbation is unknown. The control structure consists in a twisting controller and a super‐twisting observer to estimate the unmeasured variable. The gains of the controller and observer are parametrized in terms of a scalar gain, such that increasing these two gains, it is always possible to find values to (finite‐time) stabilize the closed loop system. Finally, adaptive gain laws are provided to increase the controller and the observer gains until the closed loop has been stabilized. The main technical contribution of the paper is to give a sound and non‐trivial Lyapunov analysis of this otherwise intuitively simple idea. We illustrate the performance of the proposed controller by means of experimental results in a laboratory setup. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneity identified at birth and blood pressure in adulthood
Authors: Gage Timothy B. , Lee Furrina F. , O'Neill Erin K. , Napierala JEFF , Dirienzo Gregory 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveIn the developmental programming literature, the association of birth weight and blood pressure later in life is modest at best. This article reexamines this issue using Covariate Density Defined mixture of regressions (CDDmr) to determine if a latent variable, based on birth weight, and known to influence infant mortality, provides a stronger indicator of developmental programming.MethodsCDDmr identifies two latent components in the birth weight distribution, generally interpreted in the infant mortality literature as “compromised” and “normal” fetal development. The data are taken from the 1958 British National Child Development Study.ResultsIn the 1958 cohort, the “compromised” component consists of about 10% of the birth weight distribution. Compared to “normal” births, the mean systolic blood pressure at age 45 of “compromised” births is 20.3 (females) and 26.4 (males) mm Hg higher than “normal” births. The relative risks of stage‐I‐II systolic hypertension (>140 mm Hg) of “compromised” births compared to “normal” births are 10.7 (females) and 4.2 (males). The relative risks of stage‐II systolic hypertension (>160 mm Hg) are considerably higher, 241.6 (females) and 74.3 (males). In general, the highest blood pressures are observed in “compromised” births with birth weights within the normal (about 3.0–3.5 kg) birth weight range. Results for diastolic blood pressure are similar.ConclusionsThese associations are much stronger than those identified using conventional methods. CDDmr is likely to be useful for studying the dynamics of developmental programming particularly in large cohort studies where birth weight is often the only indicator of programming available. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:545–554, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(lactic acid) fibers obtained by solution blow spinning: Effect of a greener solvent on the fiber diameter
Authors: da Silva Parize Delne Domingos , de Oliveira Juliano Elvis , Foschini Milene Mitsuyuki , Marconcini José Manoel , Mattoso Luiz Henrique Capparelli 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers has been obtained by solution blow spinning (SBS) using different solvents, however most of them are toxic and can be dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the use of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), a greener solvent, on the production of PLA fibers by SBS using surface response analysis to evaluate and compare the influence of three solvents (chloroform, DMC, and 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol, HFP) in the average fiber diameter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the fiber morphology and different ranges of fiber diameter was observed when varying the solvents (chloroform: 260–970 nm; DMC: 240–650 nm; and HFP: 220–470 nm). Regression analysis showed the polymer concentration was significant for all solvents and the air pressure was significant when using chloroform and HFP. Regardless of the air pressure, increasing the PLA concentration increased the average fiber diameters for all solvents. Chloroform and HFP indicated a tendency of reduction on the average fiber diameter when the air pressure was decreased, however this behavior was not observed for DMC. It was also observed that the standard deviation indicated to be more affected by the polymer concentration than by the air pressure. The results also indicated that lower surface tension and viscosity can reduce fiber thickness. All solvents showed to be feasible to produce PLA fibers by SBS and DMC can be used to produce PLA fibers with an affordable price using a greener process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43379.
Characterization of nanoclay intercalation during foaming with in situ energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Escudero J. , Notario B. , Jimenez C. , Rodriguez‐Perez M. A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe effect of the foaming process on the intercalation of nanoclays in low‐density polyethylene–nanoclay nanocomposites was studied with in situ energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction (ED‐XRD) with synchrotron radiation as an X‐ray source. The solid nanocomposites containing different amounts of an organomodified montmorillonite were melt‐blended with blowing agents of different nature and later foamed by heating at atmospheric pressure. During the foaming process, ED‐XRD experiments were performed. These experiments allowed us to measure the time evolution of the interlamellar distance of the clay platelets during the melting and foaming of the nanocomposites; we obtained information about the evolution of the clay structure during the process. The experimental results show that the foaming process induced the intercalation of the clays independently of the blowing agent used. We also proved that the degree of intercalation depended on the expansion ratio reached and that the intercalation produced was larger when the blowing agent was azodicarbonamide. For this particular blowing agent, some interesting effects appeared; these included a catalytic effect of the clays on the decomposition temperature, a partial intercalation of the clays during melt blending, and a very stable structure of the clay particles after foaming. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43432.