bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Death receptor 3 signaling enhances proliferation of human regulatory T cells
Authors: Bittner Sebastian , Knoll Gertrud , Ehrenschwender Martin 
Published: March 2017

Exploiting regulatory T cells (Tregs) to control aberrant immune reactions is a promising therapeutic approach, but is hampered by their relative paucity. In mice, activation of death receptor 3 (DR3), a member of the TNF‐receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), increases Treg frequency and efficiently controls exuberant immune activation. For human Tregs, neither DR3 expression nor potential functions have been described. Here, we show that human Tregs express DR3 and demonstrate DR3‐mediated activation of p38, ERK, and NFκB. DR3 stimulation enhances Treg expansion ex vivo while retaining their suppressive capacity. In summary, our results establish a functional role for DR3 signaling in human Tregs and could potentially help to tailor Treg‐based therapies.
Drift waves, intense parallel electric fields, and turbulence associated with asymmetric magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause
Authors: Ergun R. E. , Chen L.‐J. , Wilder F. D. , Ahmadi N. , Eriksson S. , Usanova M. E. , Goodrich K. A. , Holmes J. C. , Sturner A. P. , Malaspina D. M. , Newman D. L. , Torbert R. B. , Argall M. R. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Burch J. L. , Webster J. M. , Drake J. F. , Price L. , Cassak P. A. , Swisdak M. , Shay M. A. , Graham D. B. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. , Dorelli J. C. , Gershman D. , Avanov L. , Hesse M. , Lavraud B. , Le Contel O. , Retino A. , Phan T. D. , Goldman M. V. , Stawarz J. E. , Schwartz S. J. , Eastwood J. P. , Hwang K.‐J. , Nakamura R. , Wang S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObservations of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause often display asymmetric structures that are accompanied by strong magnetic field (B) fluctuations and large‐amplitude parallel electric fields (E||). The B turbulence is most intense at frequencies above the ion cyclotron frequency and below the lower hybrid frequency. The B fluctuations are consistent with a thin, oscillating current sheet that is corrugated along the electron flow direction (along the X line), which is a type of electromagnetic drift wave. Near the X line, electron flow is primarily due to a Hall electric field, which diverts ion flow in asymmetric reconnection and accompanies the instability. Importantly, the drift waves appear to drive strong parallel currents which, in turn, generate large‐amplitude (~100 mV/m) E|| in the form of nonlinear waves and structures. These observations suggest that turbulence may be common in asymmetric reconnection, penetrate into the electron diffusion region, and possibly influence the magnetic reconnection process.
The Mars crustal magnetic field control of plasma boundary locations and atmospheric loss: MHD prediction and comparison with MAVEN
Authors: Fang Xiaohua , Ma Yingjuan , Masunaga Kei , Dong Yaxue , Brain David , Halekas Jasper , Lillis Robert , Jakosky Bruce , Connerney Jack , Grebowsky Joseph , Dong Chuanfei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe present results from a global Mars time‐dependent MHD simulation under constant solar wind and solar radiation impact considering inherent magnetic field variations due to continuous planetary rotation. We calculate the 3‐D shapes and locations of the bow shock (BS) and the induced magnetospheric boundary (IMB) and then examine their dynamic changes with time. We develop a physics‐based, empirical algorithm to effectively summarize the multidimensional crustal field distribution. It is found that by organizing the model results using this new approach, the Mars crustal field shows a clear, significant influence on both the IMB and the BS. Specifically, quantitative relationships have been established between the field distribution and the mean boundary distances and the cross‐section areas in the terminator plane for both of the boundaries. The model‐predicted relationships are further verified by the observations from the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. Our analysis shows that the boundaries are collectively affected by the global crustal field distribution, which, however, cannot be simply parameterized by a local parameter like the widely used subsolar longitude. Our calculations show that the variability of the intrinsic crustal field distribution in Mars‐centered Solar Orbital itself may account for ∼60% of the variation in total atmospheric loss, when external drivers are static. It is found that the crustal field has not only a shielding effect for atmospheric loss but also an escape‐fostering effect by positively affecting the transterminator ion flow cross‐section area.
Synchrotron tomographic quantification of strain and fracture during simulated thermal maturation of an organic‐rich shale, UK Kimmeridge Clay
Authors: Figueroa Pilz Fernando , Dowey Patrick J. , Fauchille Anne‐Laure , Courtois Loic , Bay Brian , Ma Lin , Taylor Kevin G. , Mecklenburgh Julian , Lee Peter D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAnalyzing the development of fracture networks in shale is important to understand both hydrocarbon migration pathways within and from source rocks and the effectiveness of hydraulic stimulation upon shale reservoirs. Here we use time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray tomography to quantify in four dimensions (3‐D plus time) the development of fractures during the accelerated maturation of an organic‐rich mudstone (the UK Kimmeridge Clay), with the aim of determining the nature and timing of crack initiation. Electron microscopy (EM, both scanning backscattered and energy dispersive) was used to correlatively characterize the microstructure of the sample preheating and postheating. The tomographic data were analyzed by using digital volume correlation (DVC) to measure the three‐dimensional displacements between subsequent time/heating steps allowing the strain fields surrounding each crack to be calculated, enabling crack opening modes to be determined. Quantification of the strain eigenvectors just before crack propagation suggests that the main mode driving crack initiation is the opening displacement perpendicular to the bedding, mode I. Further, detailed investigation of the DVC measured strain evolution revealed the complex interaction of the laminar clay matrix and the maximum principal strain on incipient crack nucleation. Full field DVC also allowed accurate calculation of the coefficients of thermal expansion (8 × 10−5/°C perpendicular and 6.2 × 10−5/°C parallel to the bedding plane). These results demonstrate how correlative imaging (using synchrotron tomography, DVC, and EM) can be used to elucidate the influence of shale microstructure on its anisotropic mechanical behavior.
The impact of storms and stratification on sediment transport in the Rhine region of freshwater influence
Authors: Flores Raúl P. , Rijnsburger Sabine , Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Souza Alejandro J. , Pietrzak Julie D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe present measurements of along and across‐shore sediment transport in a region of the Dutch coast 10 km north of the Rhine River mouth. This section of the coast is characterized by strong vertical density stratification because it is within the midfield region of the Rhine region of freshwater influence, where processes typical of the far‐field, such as tidal straining, are modified by the passage of distinct freshwater lenses at the surface. The experiment captured two storms, and a wide range of wind, wave, tidal and stratification conditions. We focus primarily on the mechanisms leading to cross‐shore sediment flux at a mooring location in 12 m of water, which are responsible for the exchange of sediment between the nearshore and the inner shelf. Net transport during storms was directed offshore and influenced by cross‐shelf winds, while net transport during spring tides was determined by the mean state of stratification. Tidal straining dominated during neap tides; however, cross‐shore transport was negligible due to small sediment concentrations. The passage of freshwater lenses manifested as strong pulses of offshore transport primarily during spring tides. We observe that both barotropic and baroclinic processes are relevant for cross‐shore transport at depth and, since transport rates due to these competing processes were similar, the net transport direction will be determined by the frequency and sequencing of these modes of transport. Based on our observations, we find that wind and wave‐driven transport during storms tends move fine sediment offshore, while calmer, more stratified conditions move it back onshore.
The 2014 Lake Askja rockslide‐induced tsunami: Optimization of numerical tsunami model using observed data
Authors: Gylfadóttir Sigríður Sif , Kim Jihwan , Helgason Jón Kristinn , Brynjólfsson Sveinn , Höskuldsson Ármann , Jóhannesson Tómas , Harbitz Carl Bonnevie , Løvholt Finn 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA large rockslide was released from the inner Askja caldera into Lake Askja, Iceland, on 21 July 2014. Upon entering the lake, it caused a large tsunami that traveled about ∼3 km across the lake and inundated the shore with vertical runup measuring up to 60–80 m. Following the event, comprehensive field data were collected, including GPS measurements of the inundation and multibeam echo soundings of the lake bathymetry. Using this exhaustive data set, numerical modeling of the tsunami has been conducted using both a nonlinear shallow water model and a Boussinesq‐type model that includes frequency dispersion. To constrain unknown landslide parameters, a global optimization algorithm, Differential Evolution, was employed, resulting in a parameter set that minimized the deviation from measured inundation. The tsunami model of Lake Askja is the first example where we have been able to utilize field data to show that frequency dispersion is needed to explain the tsunami wave radiation pattern and that shallow water theory falls short. We were able to fit the trend in tsunami runup observations around the entire lake using the Boussinesq model. In contrast, the shallow water model gave a different runup pattern and produced pronounced offsets in certain areas. The well‐documented Lake Askja tsunami thus provided a unique opportunity to explore and capture the essential physics of landslide tsunami generation and propagation through numerical modeling. Moreover, the study of the event is important because this dispersive nature is likely to occur for other subaerial impact tsunamis.
A numerical investigation into the importance of bed permeability on determining flow structures over river dunes
Authors: Sinha Sumit , Hardy Richard J. , Blois Gianluca , Best James L. , Sambrook Smith Gregory H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlthough permeable sediments dominate the majority of natural environments past work concerning bed form dynamics has considered the bed to be impermeable, and has generally neglected flow between the hyporheic zone and boundary layer. Herein, we present results detailing numerically modeled flow which allow the effects of bed permeability on bed form dynamics to be assessed. Simulation of an isolated impermeable bed form over a permeable bed shows that flow is forced into the bed upstream of the dune and returns to the boundary layer at the leeside, in the form of returning jets that generate horseshoe‐shaped vortices. The returning flow significantly influences the leeside flow, modifying the separation zone, lifting the shear layer adjoining the separation zone away from the bed. Simulation of a permeable dune on a permeable bed reveals even greater modifications as the flow through the dune negates the formation of any flow separation in the leeside. With two dunes placed in series the flow over the downstream dune is influenced by the developing boundary layer on the leeside of the upstream dune. For the permeable bed case, the upwelling flow lifts the separated flow from the bed, modifies the shear layer through the coalescence with vortices generated, and causes the shear layer to undulate rather than be parallel to the bed. These results demonstrate the significant effect that bed permeability has on the flow over bed forms that may be critical in affecting the flux of water and nutrients.
On the electrophonic generation of audio frequency sound by meteors
Authors: Kelley Michael C. , Price Colin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecorded for centuries, people can hear and see meteors nearly concurrently. Electromagnetic energy clearly propagates at the speed of light and converts to sound (called electrophonics) when coupled to metals. An explanation for the electromagnetic energy source is suggested. Coma ions around the meteor head can easily travel across magnetic field lines up to ~120 km. The electrons, however, are tied to magnetic field lines, since they must gyrate around the field above ~75 km. A large ambipolar electric field must be generated to conserve charge neutrality. This localized electric field maps to the E region then drives a large Hall current that launches the electromagnetic wave. Using antenna theory and following, a power flux of over 10−8 W/m2 at the ground is found. Electrophonic conversion to sound efficiency then needs to be only 0.1% to explain why humans can hear and see meteors nearly concurrently.
Accelerated increase in the Arctic tropospheric warming events surpassing stratospheric warming events during winter
Authors: Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Lin Yen‐Heng , Lee Ming‐Ying , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Meyer Jonathan D. D. , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn January 2016, a robust reversal of the Arctic Oscillation took place associated with a rapid tropospheric warming in the Arctic region; this was followed by the occurrence of a classic sudden stratospheric warming in March. The succession of these two distinct Arctic warming events provides a stimulating opportunity to examine their characteristics in terms of similarities and differences. Historical cases of these two types of Arctic warming were identified and validated based upon tropical linkages with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and El Niño as documented in previous studies. The analysis indicates a recent and seemingly accelerated increase in the tropospheric warming type versus a flat trend in stratospheric warming type. The shorter duration and more rapid transition of tropospheric warming events may connect to the documented increase in midlatitude weather extremes, more so than the route of stratospheric warming type. Forced simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model suggest that the reduced Arctic sea ice contributes to the observed increase in the tropospheric warming events and associated remarkable strengthening of the cold Siberian high manifest in 2016.
Iodine [MAK Value Documentation, 2006]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: March 2017

The article contains sections titled:Toxic Effects and Mode of ActionMechanism of ActionToxicokinetics and MetabolismAbsorption, distribution, eliminationMetabolismEffects in HumansSingle exposuresRepeated exposureLocal effects on skin and mucous membranesAllergenic effectsReproductive and developmental toxicityGenotoxicityCarcinogenicityAnimal Experiments and in vitro StudiesAcute toxicitySubacute, subchronic and chronic toxicityLocal effects on skin and mucous membranesAllergenic effectsReproductive and developmental toxicityGenotoxicityCarcinogenicityManifesto (MAK value/classification)
Bridging the Dialectic: Diversity, Psychological Sense of Community, and Inclusion
Authors: Brodsky Anne E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlthough, there are many times when P/SOC and diversity appear in opposition, I argue that this conflict is not inherent to the concepts or their joint value, but to social contexts in which they are enacted in real life. The primary values of community psychology—building and supporting positive communities, social change, and social justice within a framework that recognizes the centrality of diversity, culture, inclusion, power, and privilege—actually bind diversity and community together. Thus, we can bridge this seeming dialectic through deeper reflection about the real and intended meaning, operationalization, and application of these two terms, and a reliance on the central values of our field.
Identification of new BMP6 pro‐peptide mutations in patients with iron overload
Authors: Piubelli Chiara , Castagna Annalisa , Marchi Giacomo , Rizzi Monica , Busti Fabiana , Badar Sadaf , Marchetti Monia , De Gobbi Marco , Roetto Antonella , Xumerle Luciano , Suku Eda , Giorgetti Alejandro , Delledonne Massimo , Olivieri Oliviero , Girelli Domenico 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by mutations in at least five different genes (HFE, HJV, TFR2, SLC40A1, HAMP) involved in the production or activity of the liver hormone hepcidin, a key regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Nevertheless, patients with an HH‐like phenotype that remains completely/partially unexplained despite extensive sequencing of known genes are not infrequently seen at referral centers, suggesting a role of still unknown genetic factors. A compelling candidate is Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (BMP6), which acts as a major activator of the BMP‐SMAD signaling pathway, ultimately leading to the upregulation of hepcidin gene transcription. A recent seminal study by French authors has described three heterozygous missense mutations in BMP6 associated with mild to moderate late‐onset iron overload (IO). Using an updated next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based genetic test in IO patients negative for the classical HFE p.Cys282Tyr mutation, we found three BMP6 heterozygous missense mutations in four patients from three different families. One mutation (p.Leu96Pro) has already been described and proven to be functional. The other two (p.Glu112Gln, p.Arg257His) were novel, and both were located in the pro‐peptide domain known to be crucial for appropriate BMP6 processing and secretion. In silico modeling also showed results consistent with their pathogenetic role. The patients' clinical phenotypes were similar to that of other patients with BMP6‐related IO recently described. Our results independently add further evidence to the role of BMP6 mutations as likely contributing factors to late‐onset moderate IO unrelated to mutations in the established five HH genes.
Strukturanpassung eines Proteins an Metallbelastung: NMR‐Struktur eines marinen Schnecken‐Metallothioneins mit einer zusätzlichen Domäne
Authors: Baumann Christian , Beil Andrea , Jurt Simon , Niederwanger Michael , Palacios Oscar , Capdevila Mercè , Atrian Sílvia , Dallinger Reinhard , Zerbe Oliver 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDie dreidimensionale Struktur des Metallothioneins (MT) der Großen Strandschnecke (Littorina littorea), LlMT, im Komplex mit Cd2+‐Ionen wurde NMR‐spektroskopisch aufgeklärt. Das LlMT ist imstande, neun Zn2+‐ oder neun Cd2+‐Ionen zu binden. Sequenz‐Alignments mit MTs anderer Gastropoden lassen darauf schließen, dass das Protein wahrscheinlich aus drei Domänen aufgebaut ist. Das Protein ist in drei Einzeldomänen unterteilt, von denen jede eine gut definierte Faltung in Form eines Drei‐Metall‐Clusters annimmt. Die mittlere α2‐ und die C‐terminale β‐Domäne sind zueinander in einer definierten relativen Orientierung positioniert. Zwei Varianten des LlMT, mit einem längeren und einem kürzeren Linker, wurden ebenfalls untersucht; die spezifischen Kontakte zwischen den Domänen traten nur im Fall des Wildtyp‐Linkers auf. Eine weitere Mutante, bei der die einander sehr ähnlichen α1‐ und α2‐Domänen miteinander vertauscht wurden, zeigte eine fast identische Struktur zum Wildtyp‐MT. Die Expression eines Drei‐Domänen‐MT könnte Littorina littorea einen evolutionären Vorteil bei der Bewältigung von Cd2+‐Stress und widrigen Umweltbedingungen verleihen.
Unravelling a Direct Role for Polysaccharide β‐Strands in the Higher Order Structure of Physical Hydrogels
Authors: Rüther Anja , Forget Aurelien , Roy Anjan , Carballo Carolina , Mießmer Florian , Dukor Rina K. , Nafie Laurence A. , Johannessen Christian , Shastri V. Prasad , Lüdeke Steffen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe mechanical properties of agarose‐derived hydrogels depend on the scaffolding of the polysaccharide network. To identify and quantify such higher order structure, we applied Raman optical activity (ROA)—a spectroscopic technique that is highly sensitive toward carbohydrates—on native agarose and chemically modified agarose in the gel phase for the first time. By spectral global fitting, we isolated features that change as a function of backbone carboxylation (28, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 93 %) from other features that remain unchanged. We assigned these spectral features by comparison to ROA spectra calculated for different oligomer models. We found a 60:40 ratio of double‐ and single‐stranded α‐helix in the highly rigid hydrogel of native agarose, while the considerably softer hydrogels made from carboxylated agarose use a scaffold of unpaired β‐strands.
Accelerated Oxygen Atom Transfer and C−H Bond Oxygenation by Remote Redox Changes in Fe3Mn‐Iodosobenzene Adducts
Authors: de Ruiter Graham , Carsch Kurtis M. , Gul Sheraz , Chatterjee Ruchira , Thompson Niklas B. , Takase Michael K. , Yano Junko , Agapie Theodor 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of [LFe3(PhPz)3OMn(sPhIO)][OTf]x (3: x=2; 4: x=3), where 4 is one of very few examples of iodosobenzene–metal adducts characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Access to these rare heterometallic clusters enabled differentiation of the metal centers involved in oxygen atom transfer (Mn) or redox modulation (Fe). Specifically, 57Fe Mössbauer and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy provided unique insights into how changes in oxidation state (FeIII2FeIIMnII vs. FeIII3MnII) influence oxygen atom transfer in tetranuclear Fe3Mn clusters. In particular, a one‐electron redox change at a distal metal site leads to a change in oxygen atom transfer reactivity by ca. two orders of magnitude.
Structural Adaptation of a Protein to Increased Metal Stress: NMR Structure of a Marine Snail Metallothionein with an Additional Domain
Authors: Baumann Christian , Beil Andrea , Jurt Simon , Niederwanger Michael , Palacios Oscar , Capdevila Mercè , Atrian Sílvia , Dallinger Reinhard , Zerbe Oliver 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this study, we present an NMR structure of the metallothionein (MT) from the snail Littorina littorea (LlMT) in complex with Cd2+. LlMT is capable of binding 9 Zn2+ or 9 Cd2+ ions. Sequence alignments with other snail MTs revealed that the protein is likely composed of three domains. The study revealed that the protein is divided into three individual domains, each of which folds into a single well‐defined three‐metal cluster. The central α2 and C‐terminal β domains are positioned with a unique relative orientation. Two variants with longer and shorter linkers were investigated, which revealed that specific interdomain contacts only occurred with the wild‐type linker. Moreover, a domain‐swap mutant in which the highly similar α1 and α2 domains were exchanged was structurally almost identical. It is suggested that the expression of a three‐domain MT confers an evolutionary advantage on Littorina littorea in terms of coping with Cd2+ stress and adverse environmental conditions.