bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intergenerational Transmission of Union Instability in Early Adulthood
Authors: Amato Paul R. , Patterson Sarah E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractResearch on the intergenerational transmission of divorce should be expanded to incorporate disrupted nonmarital cohabitations. This study (a) examined the transmission of union instability from parents to offspring using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, (b) replaced binary variables (divorced vs. nondivorced) typically used in this literature with count variables (number of disrupted unions), (c) relied on independent sources for data on parents' and offspring's union disruptions to minimize same‐source bias, (d) assessed the mediating role of theoretically derived variables (many not previously considered in this literature), and (e) incorporated information on discord in intact parental unions. Parent and offspring union disruptions were positively linked, with each parental disruption associated with a 16% increase in the number of offspring disruptions, net of controls. The mediators collectively accounted for 44% of the estimated intergenerational effect. Parent discord in intact unions was associated with more offspring disruptions.
LOCATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: INSIGHTS FROM A SPATIALLY‐EXPLICIT OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE MODEL WITH AN APPLICATION TO CHILE
Authors: Modrego Félix , McCann Philip , Foster William E. , Olfert M. Rose 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTOccupational choice and heterogeneous managerial ability enter a spatial Dixit‐Stiglitz setting, linking location, wages and regional entrepreneurship rates. Market potential has a positive partial effect and wages a negative partial effect on the regional supply of entrepreneurs, both balancing in equilibrium with endogenous wages. Market potential increases profits, but also the opportunity cost of entrepreneurship. In the long‐run equilibrium with perfect mobility, the cut‐off level of ability determining selection into entrepreneurship will be the same across regions; moreover, regional differences in entrepreneurship rates depend only in differences in average fixed costs of firms. An empirical application is provided for Chile.
Germacrone inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates lipolysis via the AMP-activated protein kinase signalling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
Authors: Guo Yuan-Ri , Choung Se-Young 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objectives
In a previous study, we reported that Aster spathulifolius Maxim extract (ASE) inhibited lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Of the components in ASE, germacrone (GM) was identified as a potent bioactive constituent. GM is known for its anticancer and antiviral activity. However, the effects of GM and the molecular mechanism by which GM regulates adipogenesis and lipolysis were not reported. Therefore, we investigated the effect of GM on adipogenesis and lipolysis and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism.

Methods
We analysed the contents of intracellular triglyceride and carried out Western blotting and RT-qPCR to investigate the underlying mechanism.

Key findings
We demonstrate that GM suppresses adipogenic differentiation and the increase in lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells. In particular, GM down-regulates the expression of early adipogenesis-related genes (e.g. KLF4, KLF5, C/EBP-β and C/EBP-δ) and major adipogenesis-related genes (C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ). Furthermore, GM increases the protein levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), phosphorylated acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1).

Conclusions
Our results suggest that GM may be a potent bioactive anti-adipogenic and lipolytic constituent via the regulation of adipogenesis, lipolysis and the AMPKα pathway.
Expressive Vocabulary Development in Children With Down Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kaat‐van den Os Danielle te , Volman Chiel , Jongmans Marian , Lauteslager Peter 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChildren with Down syndrome (DS) show a significant delay in their language development, in particular in expressive language. Although many studies have described the development of spoken language skills of children with DS, not many investigated the development of gestures and spoken words more in detail. The aim of this study was to describe the expressive vocabulary development of young children with DS with regard to the nature of vocabulary growth and modality (gesture‐ and/or verbal production). In addition, the association between cognitive development and vocabulary growth was examined. The study included 26 children with DS aged between 18 and 24 months (age at start: M = 19.5, SD = 2.1). Expressive vocabulary growth (gestures and spoken words) was longitudinally followed over an 18‐month period based on monthly administrations of the Lexi questionnaire. Cognition was determined with the Cognition Scale of the Bayley‐III‐NL. First, three different vocabulary growth patterns were observed: marginal vocabulary growth (n = 8), vocabulary growth without a spurt (n = 9), and vocabulary growth spurt (n = 9). The average level of cognition of the group of children with a marginal vocabulary growth pattern was significantly lower compared to that of the other two growth pattern groups. Second, between the age of 18 and 33 months, two different modality profiles were observed: predominant use of gestures (G), and use of gestures plus spoken words (GS). Two children changed from a G profile to a GS profile, two children changed from a GS profile to a predominant spoken word (S) profile. In line with earlier studies, the present study underscores the individual variability in expressive vocabulary growth patterns, and in modality profiles of children with DS. The relation of these individual differences to the children's level of cognition, as well as the relation between the different growth patterns and the different modality profiles are discussed.
Effect of curry leaf and clove bud essential oils on textural and oxidative stability of chill stored sutchi catfish fillets
Authors: Binsi P. K. , Ninan George , Ravishankar C. N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEffect of coating with curry leaf and clove essential oils (EO) on oxidative and textural stability of sutchi catfish fillets were evaluated during chilled storage. The changes in parameters associated with textural and lipid degradation was also evaluated to ascertain the interactive effect of polyphenols with muscle proteins. Further, the results were compared against vacuum and conventional polyethylene packaging practices. Prior to coating, the properties of antioxidants were evaluated in vitro based on total phenolic and flavonoid contents, 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐ picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, iron reducing power, and metal chelating ability. Coating with clove bud EO was found to be more effective in protecting the textural quality and retarding lipid oxidation of the fillets during chilled storage. Curry leaf EO was found to have only moderate effect.Practical applicationsIn addition to the well‐studied antibacterial and antioxidant properties, plant polyphenols have become an intense focus of research for their ability to cross‐link proteins that widens their applications for textural and functional modification of food and beverages. Currently, a number of carcinogenic chemicals such as ammonia and formalin are hazardously used to prevent texture deterioration in chilled fish associated with post‐rigor changes and microbial reactions. This study evaluates the efficacy of polyphenols present in culinary herbs such as clove bud and curry leaf EO, in stabilising the texture of fish meat during chilled storage. From the results, it could be inferred that both the EO at 0.25% level mediated protein cross‐linking/complexation and maintained textural integrity during chilled storage apart from exhibiting antioxidant activities.
Determination of hepatitis B phenotype using biochemical and serological markers
Authors: Di Bisceglie A. M. , Lombardero M. , Teckman J. , Roberts L. , Janssen H. L. A. , Belle S. H. , Hoofnagle J. H. ,   the Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN)
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the validity of categorization of chronic hepatitis B viral infection into stages or phases based upon measures of disease activity and viral load, assuming these phenotypes will be useful for prognostication and determining the need for antiviral therapy. We assessed the phenotype of hepatitis B of 1,390 adult participants enrolled in the Hepatitis B Research Network Cohort Study, using a computer algorithm. Only 4% were immune tolerant, while 35% had chronic hepatitis B (18% e antigen positive and 17% e antigen negative) while 23% were inactive carriers. Strikingly, 38% of participants did not fit clearly into any one of these groups and were considered indeterminant. The largest subset of indeterminants had elevated serum aminotransferases with low levels of HBV DNA (less than 10,000 iu/mL). Subsequent determination of hepatitis B phenotype on the next available laboratory tests showed that 64% remained indeterminant. These findings call into question the validity of conventional staging of hepatitis B, in large part because of the substantial proportion of patients who do not fit readily into one of the usual stages or phases. Further studies are needed of the indeterminant category of chronic hepatitis B viral infection, including assessments of whether patients in this group are perhaps in transition to another phase or if they are a distinct phenotype with a need to assess liver disease severity and need for antiviral therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01263587).
Winter sleep with room service: denning behaviour of brown bears with access to anthropogenic food
Authors: Krofel M. , Špacapan M. , Jerina K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLarge quantities of food subsidies provided by humans to animal communities have the potential to change a variety of animal life traits, including denning behaviour of facultative hibernators like bears. Brown bears Ursus arctos regularly use anthropogenic food, but it has remained unclear if human food subsidies affect their hibernation and denning behaviour, despite the consequences this could have for bear interactions with humans and other species. We studied denning behaviour of European brown bears in Slovenia, where intensive supplemental feeding with corn is practiced throughout the year, including winter. We used GPS telemetry data to locate den sites and to monitor bear denning chronology. We conducted a meta‐analysis to compare our results with other bear populations across Europe, Asia and North America. A consistent relationship between latitude and time spent denning was observed for male and female brown bears across the species’ range (for each degree of latitude northwards, denning period increased for 3.1 days), and males on average denned 10.3 days longer than females throughout the latitudinal gradient. However, our study area deviated strongly from regions where supplemental feeding was not practiced. In Slovenia, denning period averaged 82 days for females and 57 days for males, which was 45 and 56% shorter compared to the time predicted for this latitude, respectively. We also observed regular den abandonments (61% of bears abandoned dens, on average 1.9 times per winter). During the winter period bears increased use of supplemental feeding sites for 61% compared to the non‐denning period. We conclude that the availability of anthropogenic food is an important driver of denning behaviour in brown bears. Reduction in the denning period increases the potential for bear interactions with other species, including humans, and we highlight possible management and ecological implications of this human‐caused perturbation to denning behaviour of wild ursids.
Holmes’ tremor caused by coexisting Parkinson's disease in a case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 31
Authors: Shimizu Kazutaka , Hanajima Ritsuko , Satou Sumito , Shimizu Takahiro , Watanabe Katsushige , Kaneko Atsushi , Iizuka Takahiro , Nishiyama Kazutoshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHolmes’ tremor is a low‐frequency resting and intention tremor. Here, we report a case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 with an unusual presentation of Holmes’ tremor. We traced it to the development of Parkinson's disease in the patient. L‐dopa was insufficient for tremor, but zonisamide and ventralis intermedius thalamotomy were effective. Both cerebellar and dopaminergic system damage are thus required to express Holmes’ tremor.
The Hemileia vastatrix effector HvEC‐016 suppresses bacterial blight symptoms in coffee genotypes with the SH1 rust resistance gene
Authors: Maia Thiago , Badel Jorge L. , Marin‐Ramirez Gustavo , Rocha Cynthia de M. , Fernandes Michelle B. , da Silva José C. F. , de Azevedo‐Junior Gilson M. , Brommonschenkel Sérgio H. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

A number of genes that confer resistance to coffee leaf rust (SH1–SH9) have been identified within the genus Coffea, but despite many years of research on this pathosystem, the complementary avirulence genes of Hemileia vastatrix have not been reported.

After identification of H. vastatrix effector candidate genes (HvECs) expressed at different stages of its lifecycle, we established an assay to characterize HvEC proteins by delivering them into coffee cells via the type‐three secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae (Psgc).

Employing a calmodulin‐dependent adenylate cyclase assay, we demonstrate that Psgc recognizes a heterologous P. syringae T3SS secretion signal which enables us to translocate HvECs into the cytoplasm of coffee cells. Using this Psgc‐adapted effector detector vector (EDV) system, we found that HvEC‐016 suppresses the growth of Psgc on coffee genotypes with the SH1 resistance gene. Suppression of bacterial blight symptoms in SH1 plants was associated with reduced bacterial multiplication. By contrast, HvEC‐016 enhanced bacterial multiplication in SH1‐lacking plants.

Our findings suggest that HvEC‐016 may be recognized by the plant immune system in a SH1‐dependent manner. Thus, our experimental approach is an effective tool for the characterization of effector/avirulence proteins of this important pathogen.
Dominant mycorrhizal association of trees alters carbon and nutrient cycling by selecting for microbial groups with distinct enzyme function
Authors: Cheeke Tanya E. , Phillips Richard P. , Brzostek Edward R. , Rosling Anna , Bever James D. , Fransson Petra 
Published: December 2016

Summary

While it is well established that plants associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi cycle carbon (C) and nutrients in distinct ways, we have a limited understanding of whether varying abundance of ECM and AM plants in a stand can provide integrative proxies for key biogeochemical processes.

We explored linkages between the relative abundance of AM and ECM trees and microbial functioning in three hardwood forests in southern Indiana, USA. Across each site's ‘mycorrhizal gradient’, we measured fungal biomass, fungal : bacterial (F : B) ratios, extracellular enzyme activities, soil carbon : nitrogen ratio, and soil pH over a growing season.

We show that the percentage of AM or ECM trees in a plot promotes microbial communities that both reflect and determine the C to nutrient balance in soil. Soils dominated by ECM trees had higher F : B ratios and more standing fungal biomass than AM stands. Enzyme stoichiometry in ECM soils shifted to higher investment in extracellular enzymes needed for nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition than in C‐acquisition enzymes, relative to AM soils.

Our results suggest that knowledge of mycorrhizal dominance at the stand or landscape scale may provide a unifying framework for linking plant and microbial community dynamics, and predicting their effects on ecological function.
Fungal–algal association patterns in lichen symbiosis linked to macroclimate
Authors: Singh Garima , Dal Grande Francesco , Divakar Pradeep K. , Otte Jürgen , Crespo Ana , Schmitt Imke 
Published: December 2016

Summary

Both macroclimate and evolutionary events may influence symbiont association and diversity patterns. Here we assess how climatic factors and evolutionary events shape fungal–algal association patterns in the widely distributed lichen‐forming fungal genus Protoparmelia.

Multilocus phylogenies of fungal and algal partners were generated using 174 specimens. Coalescent‐based species delimitation analysis suggested that 23 fungal hosts are associating with 20 algal species. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to infer how fungal–algal association patterns varied with climate.

Fungi associated with one to three algal partners whereas algae accepted one to five fungal partners. Both fungi and algae were more specific, associating with fewer partners, in the warmer climates. Interaction with more than one partner was more frequent in cooler climates for both the partners. Cophylogenetic analyses suggest congruent fungal–algal phylogenies. Host switch was a more common event in warm climates, whereas failure of the photobiont to diverge with its fungal host was more frequent in cooler climates.

We conclude that both environmental factors and evolutionary events drive fungal and algal evolution in Protoparmelia. The processes leading to phylogenetic congruence of fungi and algae are different in different macrohabitats in our study system. Hence, closely related species inhabiting diverse habitats may follow different evolutionary pathways.
Karyotype diversity and genome size variation in Neotropical Maxillariinae orchids
Authors: Moraes A. P. , Koehler S. , Cabral J. S. , Gomes S. S. L. , Viccini L. F. , Barros F. , Felix L. P. , Guerra M. , Forni‐Martins E. R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOrchidaceae is a widely distributed plant family with very diverse vegetative and floral morphology, and such variability is also reflected in their karyotypes. However, since only a low proportion of Orchidaceae has been analysed for chromosome data, greater diversity may await to be unveiled. Here we analyse both genome size (GS) and karyotype in two subtribes recently included in the broadened Maxillariinea to detect how much chromosome andGSvariation there is in these groups and to evaluate which genome rearrangements are involved in the species evolution.To do so, theGS(14 species), the karyotype – based on chromosome number, heterochromatic banding and 5S and 45SrDNAlocalisation (18 species) – was characterised and analysed along with published data using phylogenetic approaches.TheGSpresented a high phylogenetic correlation and it was related to morphological groups inBifrenaria(larger plants – higherGS). The two largestGSfound among genera were caused by different mechanisms: polyploidy inBifrenaria tyrianthinaand accumulation of repetitiveDNAinScuticaria hadwenii. The chromosome number variability was caused mainly through descending dysploidy, and x=20 was estimated as the base chromosome number.CombiningGSand karyotype data with molecular phylogeny, our data provide a more complete scenario of the karyotype evolution in Maxillariinae orchids, allowing us to suggest, besides dysploidy, that inversions and transposable elements as two mechanisms involved in the karyotype evolution. Such karyotype modifications could be associated with niche changes that occurred during species evolution.
Inter‐ and intraspecific diversity in Cistus L. (Cistaceae) seeds, analysed with computer vision techniques
Authors: Lo Bianco M. , Grillo O. , Cañadas E. , Venora G. , Bacchetta G. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

This work aims to discriminate among different species of the genus Cistus, using seed parameters and following the scientific plant names included as accepted in The Plant List. Also, the intraspecific phenotypic differentiation of C. creticus, through comparison with three subspecies (C. creticus subsp. creticus, C. c. subsp. eriocephalus and C. c. subsp. corsicus), as well as the interpopulation variability among five C. creticus subsp. eriocephalus populations was evaluated.

Seed mean weight and 137 morphocolorimetric quantitative variables, describing shape, size, colour and textural seed traits, were measured using image analysis techniques. Measured data were analysed applying step‐wise linear discriminant analysis.

An overall cross‐validated classification performance of 80.6% was recorded at species level. With regard to C. creticus, as case study, percentages of correct discrimination of 96.7% and 99.6% were achieved at intraspecific and interpopulation levels, respectively. In this classification model, the relevance of the colorimetric and textural descriptive features was highlighted, as well as the seed mean weight, which was the most discriminant feature at specific and intraspecific level.

These achievements proved the ability of the image analysis system as highly diagnostic for systematic purposes and confirm that seeds in the genus Cistus have important diagnostic value.
Mannitol challenge testing for asthma in a community cohort of young adults
Authors: White Elisha C. , de Klerk Nicholas , Hantos Zoltan , Priston Monique , Hollams Elysia M. , James Alan , Sly Peter D. , Holt Patrick G. , Hall Graham L. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveMannitol challenge testing is an established tool for clinical asthma diagnosis, and can be performed outside of specialized respiratory laboratories. Despite applicability in both clinical and non‐clinical populations, with different pre‐test asthma probabilities, differences in diagnostic properties have not been well explored. This study aimed to quantify the diagnostic utility of mannitol challenge testing for asthma in a community cohort and a symptomatic wheezing subset of this cohort.MethodsDuring the 22‐year follow‐up of the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort, 772 participants (384 males) completed mannitol challenge and skin prick testing and respiratory health questionnaires, of whom 148 reporting wheeze in the past 12 months were included in a wheezing subset.ResultsResponsiveness to mannitol had low sensitivity (19%) and high specificity (97%) to identify current asthma in the complete cohort, with positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of 45% and 92%, respectively. Within the wheezing subset, sensitivity (19%) and specificity (94%) remained similar, but PPV increased to 79%, and NPV decreased to 52%.ConclusionOur findings support previously reported high specificity and good PPV for mannitol challenge testing in symptomatic wheezing populations, and highlight the need for caution when interpreting mannitol test results in non‐clinical populations.