bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in vitro study of the effects of t-PA and tranexamic acid on whole blood coagulation and fibrinolysis
Authors: Godier Anne , Parmar Kiran , Manandhar Karuna , Hunt Beverley J 
Published: July 2016

AimsAcute traumatic coagulopathy is characterised by fibrinolysis and low fibrinogen. It is unclear how much fibrinogenolysis contributes to reduce fibrinogen levels. The study aim was to: investigate in vitro the effects of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) and tranexamic acid (TXA) on coagulation and fibrinolysis.MethodsWhole blood was spiked with varying t-PA concentrations. Clauss fibrinogen levels and thrombelastography (TEG, Haemonetics) were performed, including functional fibrinogen level (FLEV). TXA effects were assessed using four TXA concentrations. Recorded parameters from kaolin activated TEG included maximal amplitude (MA), clot strength (G), percentage lysis (LY). Plasmin–antiplasmin complex (PAP), endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PF1+2), factor V and factor VIII levels were all measured.Resultst-PA induced fibrinolysis: it increased PAP and LY, but decreased MA and G. t-PA induced fibrinogenolysis, with a concentration-dependant decrease in fibrinogen from 2.7 (2.6–3.1) to 0.8 (0.8–0.9) g/L with 60 nM t-PA. FLEV and fibrinogen levels were well correlated. High t-PA doses increased PF1+2, decreased ETP of 19% and FVIII of 63% but not FV. TXA had no effect on plasmin generation as evidenced by no change in PAP. It corrected LY, MA and G and partly protected fibrinogen against fibrinogenolysis: 0.03 mg/mL TXA reduced the fibrinogen fall induced by t-PA 20 nM from 43% to 14%. TXA halved the FVIII fall and increased ETP.Conclusionst-PA induced plasminogen activation and fibrinogenolysis in a concentration-dependant manner. TXA did not affect plasmin activation but reduced fibrinogenolysis. These results suggest that TXA given early in bleeding patients may prevent fibrinogenolysis.
Tectonomagmatic setting of lava packages in the Mandla lobe of the eastern Deccan volcanic province, India: palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphic evidence
Authors: Pathak Vamdev , Patil S. K. , Shrivastava J. P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Flow-by-flow palaeomagnetic measurements of 37 lava flows in the 900 m-thick, isolated lava pile around Mandla in the eastern Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) reveals multiple magnetic polarity events: implying C29n–C28r–C28n magnetostratigraphy. Magnetic polarity results when traced out from section to section, maintaining the order of superposition, show juxtaposition of lava packages with distinct characters near Deori (e.g. flows 1–4 abated against flows 5–14) and the Dindori areas. At Dindori and towards its south, the distinct lava packages (e.g. flows 15–27 and flows 28–37) are juxtaposed along the course of Narmada river. It is explained by the presence of four normal post-Deccan faults in the Nagapahar, Kundam–Deori, Dindori and Badargarh–Amarkantak sectors: thus, signifying structural complexity with vertical shifts or offset of 150–300 m. Magnetic chron reversals in conjunction with field and chemical data support these findings. Further, these lavas are compositionally akin to Bushe, Poladpur, Ambenali and Mahableshwar Formational lavas, and follow the same stratigraphic order as in the Western Ghats. Alternating field (AFD) and thermal demagnetizations (THD) isolate the normal mean direction of the Mandla lobe:
D
=344.5° and
I
=−30°, where
D
and
I
are the mean declination and inclination of the each lava flow (α
95
=8.2;
K
=72.6;
N
=17, where α
95
is the half-angle of the cone of 95% confidence about the mean direction,
K
is the precision parameter and
N
is the number of flows). The Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) position determined for these lavas, when compared with the Deccan Super Pole, indicates concordance with the main Deccan volcanic province, thus assigning a shorter period of eruption close to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary (K/PB) for the eastern and western Deccan Traps.
Inside the great wall
Authors: Hong Jason 
Published: July 2016

The
Communications
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Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

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During a trip to China, Jason Hong watches for signs of new technologies.
Coronary Heart Disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease, and Stroke in Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Pérez de Isla Leopoldo , Alonso Rodrigo , Mata Nelva , Saltijeral Adriana , Muñiz Ovidio , Rubio-Marin Patricia , Diaz-Diaz José L. , Fuentes Francisco , de Andrés Raimundo , Zambón Daniel , Galiana Jesús , Piedecausa Mar , Aguado Rocio , Mosquera Daniel , Vidal José I , Ruiz Enrique , Manjón Laura , Mauri Marta , Padró Teresa , Miramontes José P. , Mata Pedro 
Published: July 2016

Objective—
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)–related monogenic disorder, and it is associated with ischemic heart disease. There is limited information whether FH increases the risk of peripheral arterial and cerebrovascular disease. Our aim was to analyze ASCVD prevalence and characteristics in different arterial territories in a large FH population, to compare them with an unaffected control population and to determine which factors are associated to ASCVD.

Approach and Results—

SAFEHEART (Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Cohort Study) is an ongoing registry of molecularly defined patients with heterozygous FH in Spain. ASCVD in the different arterial territories was analyzed, as well as individual characteristics, genetic variables, and lipid-lowering therapies. The study recruited 4132 subjects (3745 ≥18 years); 2,752 of those enrolled were molecularly diagnosed FH cases. Median age was 44.0 years (45.9% men) and 40 years (46.6% men) in FH patients and unaffected relatives (
P
<0.001). ASCVD was present in 358 (13.0%) and 47 (4.7%) FH patients and unaffected relatives, respectively (
P
<0.001). History of premature ASCVD was more prevalent in FH patients (9.4% and 2.4% in FH patients and unaffected relatives, respectively;
P
<0.001). Coronary artery–related manifestations and peripheral artery disease were more prevalent in FH patients than in controls, but no significant differences were found for cerebrovascular events. Age, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, previous use of tobacco, and lipoprotein(a) >50 mg/dL were independently associated with ASCVD.

Conclusions—
The prevalence of ASCVD is higher, and the involvement of the arterial territories is different in FH patients when compared with their unaffected relatives. Age, male sex, increased body mass index, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking habit, and lipoprotein(a) >50 mg/dL were independently associated to ASCVD.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02693548.
Endothelial Cell–Derived von Willebrand Factor Is the Major Determinant That Mediates von Willebrand Factor–Dependent Acute Ischemic Stroke by Promoting Postischemic Thrombo-Inflammation
Authors: Dhanesha Nirav , Prakash Prem , Doddapattar Prakash , Khanna Ira , Pollpeter Molly J. , Nayak Manasa K. , Staber Janice M. , Chauhan Anil K. 
Published: July 2016

Objective—
von Willebrand factor (VWF), which is synthesized in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, is known to worsen stroke outcome. In vitro studies suggest that platelet-derived VWF (Plt-VWF) is biochemically different from the endothelial cell–derived VWF (EC-VWF). However, little is known about relative contribution of different pools of VWF in stroke.

Approach and Results—

Using bone marrow transplantation, we generated chimeric Plt-VWF mice, Plt-VWF mice that lack ADAMTS13 in platelets and plasma (Plt-VWF/
Adamts
13
−/−
), and EC-VWF mice to determine relative contribution of different pools of VWF in stroke. In brain ischemia/reperfusion injury model, we found that infarct size and postischemic intracerebral thrombo-inflammation (fibrin(ogen) deposition, neutrophil infiltration, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels) within lesions were comparable between EC-VWF and wild-type mice. Infarct size and postischemic thrombo-inflammation were comparable between Plt-VWF and Plt-VWF/
Adamts
13
−/−
mice, but decreased compared with EC-VWF and wild-type mice (
P
<0.05) and increased compared with
Vwf
−/−
mice (
P
<0.05). Susceptibility to FeCl
3
injury–induced carotid artery thrombosis was comparable between wild-type and EC-VWF mice, whereas Plt-VWF and Plt-VWF/
Adamts
13
−/−
mice exhibited defective thrombosis. Although most of the injured vessels did not occlude, slope over time showed that thrombus growth rate was increased in both Plt-VWF and Plt-VWF/
Adamts
13
−/−
mice compared with
Vwf
−/−
mice (
P
<0.05), but decreased compared with wild-type or EC-VWF mice.

Conclusions—
Plt-VWF, either in presence or absence of ADAMTS13, partially contributes to VWF-dependent injury and postischemic thrombo-inflammation after stroke. EC-VWF is the major determinant that mediates VWF-dependent ischemic stroke by promoting postischemic thrombo-inflammation.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α1 in Macrophages Promotes Collateral Remodeling and Arteriogenesis in Mice In Vivo
Authors: Zhu Huaiping , Zhang Miao , Liu Zhaoyu , Xing Junjie , Moriasi Cate , Dai Xiaoyan , Zou Ming-Hui 
Published: July 2016

Objective—
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy and redox sensor, is activated in response to various cellular stresses, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and fluid shear stress at the site of vessel blockade. The activation of AMPK is involved in angiogenesis. However, it is unknown whether AMPK can influence arteriogenesis. Here, we demonstrate the contribution of macrophage AMPK to arteriogenesis and collateral remodeling and their underlying mechanisms in well-characterized in vivo and in vitro models.

Approach and Results—
AMPKα1, AMPKα2 knockout and wild-type littermates underwent femoral artery ligation. Collateral arteriogenesis was monitored in wild-type, global AMPKα1 knockout, or macrophage-specific AMPKα1 knockout mice, with or without hindlimb ligation. Compared with wild-type mice with ligation, global AMPKα1 knockout mice displayed significant reduction in blood flow recovery and impaired remodeling of collateral arterioles. Similar impairments were observed in macrophage-specific AMPK α1 knockout mice after hindlimb ligation. Mechanistically, we found that AMPKα1 promotes the production of growth factors, such as transforming growth factor β, by directly phosphorylating the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase alpha, resulting in an nuclear factor κB–dependent production of growth factors

Conclusions—
Our findings suggest a novel role for macrophage AMPKα1 in arteriogenesis and collateral remodeling and indicate that AMPKα1 activation might be beneficial for recovery from occlusive vascular disorders.
Sex, Smoking, and Risk for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Lindbohm Joni Valdemar , Kaprio Jaakko , Jousilahti Pekka , Salomaa Veikko , Korja Miikka 
Published: July 2016

Background and Purpose—
Women are at higher risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) than men for unknown reasons. Also cumulative effects of smoking have been neglected among prospective studies. We studied associations between smoking habits and SAH and interactions between known SAH risk factors in a prospective population-based study.

Methods—
The population-based FINRISK study cohort of 65 521 individuals was followed up for 1.38 million person-years. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to calculate hazard ratios and evaluated additive and multiplicative interactions between study variables, with all analyses adjusted for known SAH risk factors.

Results—

During follow-up, we identified 492 SAHs (266 women). Smoking had a linear dose-dependent and cumulative association with risk for SAH in both sexes. Women smoking >20 cigarettes per day had a hazard ratio of 8.35 (95% confidence interval, 3.86–18.06) compared with a hazard ratio of 2.76 (95% confidence interval, 1.68–4.52) in men in the same cigarettes per day group. Hazard ratios differed by sex in all cigarettes per day and pack-year categories; this association was stronger in women in all categories (
P
=0.01). When an adjusted model included interaction terms between sex and cigarettes per day or pack-years, female sex was no longer an independent SAH risk factor. Former smokers had a markedly decreased risk for SAH in both sexes when compared with current smokers.

Conclusions—
Smoking has a dose-dependent and cumulative association with SAH risk, and this risk is highest in female heavy smokers. Vulnerability to smoking seems to explain in part the increased SAH risk in women.
Stenting as a Rescue Treatment After Failure of Mechanical Thrombectomy for Anterior Circulation Large Artery Occlusion
Authors: Baek Jang-Hyun , Kim Byung Moon , Kim Dong Joon , Heo Ji Hoe , Nam Hyo Suk , Yoo Joonsang 
Published: July 2016

Background and Purpose—
We hypothesized that permanent stenting may be a rescue treatment for stentriever-failed anterior circulation large artery occlusion. We compared the outcomes among patients with permanent stenting and those without stenting after stentriever failure.

Methods—
We retrospectively evaluated 208 patients who underwent stentriever thrombectomy for anterior circulation large artery occlusion between September 2010 and September 2015. Modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia 2b-3 recanalization was achieved with stentriever alone or in combination with Penumbra device in 155 patients (74.5%). An additional 8 patients (3.8%) obtained modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia 2b-3 with urokinase or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor infusion. Of the remaining 45 patients (21.6%), 17 underwent stenting (stenting group; mean age, 68 years), whereas 28 did not undergo stenting (nonstenting group; mean age, 72 years). The rate of modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia 2b-3 in stenting group was assessed, and clinical outcomes were compared between groups.

Results—

There were no differences in clinical and laboratory findings, initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, location of anterior circulation large artery occlusion, and onset-to-puncture time between groups. Modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia 2b-3 was achieved in 14 members (83.3%) of the stenting group. Stenting group had more favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2, 35.3%) and less cerebral herniation (11.8%) than nonstenting group (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2, 7.1%; cerebral herniation, 42.9%;
P
<0.05 for both). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality rates did not differ between stenting group (symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 11.8%; mortality, 23.5%) and nonstenting group (symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 14.3%; mortality, 39.3%).

Conclusions—
Permanent stenting may be a rescue modality for stentriever-failed anterior circulation large artery occlusion. A large prospective study is necessary for confirmation because of the small sample size of this study.
Cyclicity and Connectivity in Nez Perce Relative Clauses
Authors: Deal Amy Rose 
Published: July 2016

This article studies two aspects of movement in relative clauses, focusing on evidence from Nez Perce. First, I argue that relativization involves cyclic Ā-movement, even in monoclausal relatives: the relative operator moves to Spec,CP via an intermediate position in an Ā outer specifier of TP. The core arguments draw on word order, complementizer choice, and a pattern of case attraction for relative pronouns.Ā cyclicity of this type suggests that the TP sister of relative C constitutes a phase—a result whose implications extend to an ill-understood corner of the English that-trace effect. Second, I argue that Nez Perce relativization provides new evidence for an ambiguity thesis for relative clauses, according to which some but not all relatives are derived by head raising. The argument comes from connectivity and anticonnectivity in morphological case. A crucial role is played by a pattern of inverse case attraction, wherein the head noun surfaces in a case determined internal to the relative clause. These new data complement the range of existing arguments concerning head raising, which draw primarily on connectivity effects at the syntax-semantics interface.
A Restriction on Vehicle Change and Its Interaction with Movement
Authors: Hunter Tim , Yoshida Masaya 
Published: July 2016

This squib presents a restriction on the phenomenon descriptively known as ‘‘vehicle change’’ that has not, to our knowledge, previously been noted. With vehicle change construed as a kind of ‘‘tolerable mismatch’’ between an ellipsis site and its antecedent, the data we present suggest that exactly the same mismatches cannot be tolerated between the members of a movement chain. While in principle one might consider the possibility that ellipsis and movement could be reduced to the same operation ( Chomsky 1995:252–253 )—that the deletion usually described as ellipsis might be the same operation as the deletion or ‘‘chopping’’ (in the sense of Ross 1967) that applies to the unpronounced (usually lower) copy in a movement chain—the differences in the kinds of mismatches that can be tolerated will pose a difficulty for this unification.We present the crucial data that suggest that such a unification is not tenable in section 1 and then outline an explanation of these facts in section 2 . We state this explanation in terms of the way movement, ellipsis, and vehicle change interact, while remaining largely agnostic about the exact mechanisms that implement these somewhat pretheoretic notions. In section 3 , we consider the consequences for these more fine-grained questions about the nature of ellipsis and movement, and in section 4 , we consider some further implications that depend on how vehicle change is understood. Section 5 addresses a challenge for our proposed explanation that turns out to be only illusory, and section 6 briefly concludes.
Eddy Fluxes and Jet-Scale Overturning Circulations in the Indo–Western Pacific Southern Ocean
Authors: Li Qian , Lee Sukyoung , Griesel Alexa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe relationship between Antarctic Circumpolar Current jets and eddy fluxes in the Indo–western Pacific Southern Ocean (90°–145°E) is investigated using an eddy-resolving model. In this region, transient eddy momentum flux convergence occurs at the latitude of the primary jet core, whereas eddy buoyancy flux is located over a broader region that encompasses the jet and the interjet minimum. In a small sector (120°–144°E) where jets are especially zonal, a spatial and temporal decomposition of the eddy fluxes further reveals that fast eddies act to accelerate the jet with the maximum eddy momentum flux convergence at the jet center, while slow eddies tend to decelerate the zonal current at the interjet minimum. Transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) diagnostics reveals that the eddy momentum contribution accelerates the jets at all model depths, whereas the buoyancy flux contribution decelerates the jets at depths below ~600 m. In ocean sectors where the jets are relatively well defined, there exist jet-scale overturning circulations with sinking motion on the equatorward flank and a rising motion on the poleward flank of the jets. These jet-scale TEM overturning circulations, which are also discernible in potential density coordinates, cannot be attributed to Ekman downwelling because the Ekman vertical velocities are much weaker and their meridional structure shares little resemblance to the rapidly varying jet-scale overturning pattern. Instead, the location and structure of these thermally indirect circulations suggest that they are driven by the eddy momentum flux convergence, much like the Ferrel cell in the atmosphere.
A Simple Algorithm to Discriminate between Meteorological and Nonmeteorological Radar Echoes
Authors: Krause John M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDiscriminating between meteorological and nonmeteorological radar returns is necessary for a number of radar applications, including hydrometeor classification, quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), and the computation of specific differential phase KDP. The algorithm proposed, MetSignal, uses polarimetric radar data and is simple by design, allowing users to adjust its performance based on the location’s specific needs. The MetSignal algorithm is a fuzzy logic technique with a few postprocessing rules and has been selected for implementation on the WSR-88D network in the United States.
A Systematic Review of Perioperative Versus Prophylactic Antibiotics for Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Anne Samantha , Ishman Stacey L. , Schwartz Seth 
Published: July 2016

Background: Previous Cochrane review of prophylactic antibiotic use in clean and clean-contaminated ear surgery showed no benefit; however, these studies did not address cochlear implant (CI) surgery specifically. Objective: Systematically review effects of perioperative antibiotics on risk of infections and related complications in CI surgery Search methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane library were searched from inception to March 2015. Manual searches of bibliographies were also completed. Selection Criteria: We included all studies that describe perioperative antibiotic use in CI surgery. Outcome measures included infection, meningitis, implant extrusion, and adverse antibiotics effects. Two independent evaluators reviewed each abstract and article. Results: One hundred and seventy-three studies were identified in search. Three met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Articles were low quality; no randomized trials were identified. For included studies, numerous antibiotic types and dosing regimens were used. Recorded outcome measures were heterogeneous, and detailed information was frequently unavailable. Overall infection rate was low (3%-4.5%); single dose antibiotic prophylaxis showed low rate of complications (1%) in 2 studies. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions about the role of perioperative antibiotics in CI surgery. Reported infection rates are low; however, decision to use antibiotics should be based on assessment of risks and benefits to each patient.
Ebola Again Shows the International Health Regulations Are Broken
Authors: Ottersen Trygve , Hoffman Steven J. , Groux Gaëlle 
Published: July 2016

Epidemics are among the greatest threats to humanity, and the International Health Regulations are the world's key legal instrument for addressing this threat. Since their revision in 2005, the IHR have faced two big tests: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. Both exposed major shortcomings of the IHR, and both offered profound lessons for the future.The objective of this Article is twofold. First, we seek to compare the lessons learned from H1N1 and Ebola for reforming the IHR in order to test the hypothesis that they are similar. Second, we seek to examine the barriers to implementing these lessons and to identify strategies for overcoming those barriers.We find that the lessons from H1N1 and Ebola are indeed similar, and that opportunities to act on lessons from H1N1 were woefully missed. We identify many political barriers to global collective action and implementation of lessons for the IHR. On that basis, we describe strategies to overcome these barriers, which will hopefully be deployed now to reform the IHR before the policy window following Ebola closes, and before the inevitable next epidemic comes. The emerging threat of the Zika virus underscores that we have no time to waste.