bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flower‐visitor selection on floral integration in three contrasting populations of Lonicera implexa
Authors: Lázaro Amparo , Santamaría Luis 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Geographic differences in flower visitor assemblages might lead to among‐population differences in the magnitude and pattern of floral integration. However, the role of current pollinator visitation in shaping the magnitude and pattern of floral trait correlations is still controversial.METHODS:We used individual‐level data on floral morphology, flower visitation, and fitness to assess if floral integration (at flower and floral‐module level) and the covariance structure of floral traits varied among three populations of Lonicera implexa differing in the importance of long‐tongue (hawk moths) and short‐tongue (bees and small beetles) pollinators; and to assess whether this variation was related to the selection pressures exerted by flower visitors.KEY RESULTS:Short‐tongue pollinators preferentially visited plants with floral traits that enhanced flower accessibility; consequently, there was directional selection for accessibility (integration at floral‐module level) in the populations where they dominated or codominated. In the population with both short‐ and long‐tongue pollinators, disruptive selection on corolla width and directional selection against whole‐flower integration was also found. Dominance by long‐tongue pollinators (hawk moths) resulted in disruptive selection on whole‐flower integration. Overall, the conflicting selection pressures that were found matched among‐population differences in covariance structure: populations with short‐tongue pollinators showed correlations between corolla‐tube width and other floral traits that were absent in the population pollinated primarily by hawk moths.CONCLUSIONS:Conflicting selection on floral integration mediated by floral visitors can occur even in nearby populations of a species with restricted floral morphology.
A mosaic Lauralean flower from the Early Cretaceous of Myanmar
Authors: Crepet William L. , Nixon Kevin C. , Grimaldi David , Riccio Mark 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The floral history of early angiosperms is far from complete. The fossil discussed here has the potential to expand our knowledge of timing, reproductive biology, and paleobiogeography in early angiosperms.METHODS:Cutting‐edge methodologies in CT scanning in conjunction with tomography software have opened new possibilities for discovering details in amber‐preserved fossils that were inaccessible for meaningful study in the past.KEY RESULTS:The fossil is small and complex, cupulate, with numerous stamens and a suite of characters distributed in the modern families of Laurales. The most parsimonious placement of the fossil based on morphology is as a sister taxon of Atherospermataceae + Gomortega (Gomortegaceae).CONCLUSIONS:This fossil taxon, a Laurasian Lauralean from the mid‐Cretaceous, is an important example of fossil Laurales with implications for biogeography and timing in the radiation and extinction in this group.
Lilies at the limit: Variation in plant‐pollinator interactions across an elevational range
Authors: Theobald Elli J. , Gabrielyan Hrach , HilleRisLambers Janneke 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Many studies assume climatic factors are paramount in determining species' distributions, however, biotic interactions may also play a role. For example, pollinators may limit species' ranges if floral abundance or floral attractiveness is reduced at range margins, thus causing lower pollinator visitation and reduced reproductive output.METHODS:To test if pollinators influence the altitudinal distribution of Erythronium montanum (Liliaceae) at Mount Rainier National Park, we asked whether (1) seed production in this species relies on pollinators, (2) seed production and pollen limitation is greatest at range limits, and (3) pollinator visitation rates (either overall or by individual taxonomic groups) reflect patterns of seed production and pollen limitation.RESULTS:From this three‐year study, we established that this plant does rely on pollinators for fruit set and we found that pollen limitation trended toward being higher at the upper range limit in some years, but not consistently year to year. Insect visitation rates did not mirror spatial patterns of pollen limitation, but annually variable pollinator composition suggested differential importance of some pollinator taxonomic groups (specifically, bumblebees may be better pollinators than syrphid flies).CONCLUSIONS:Overall, these results suggest that while pollinators are critical for the reproductive success of this high mountain wildflower, plant‐pollinator interactions do not obviously drive the distribution of this species. Nonetheless, high spatio‐temporal variability in range‐wide plant‐pollinator dynamics may complicate responses to climate change.
Fruits and wood of Parinari from the early Miocene of Panama and the fossil record of Chrysobalanaceae
Authors: Jud Nathan A. , Nelson Chris W. , Herrera Fabiany 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Chrysobalanaceae are woody plants with over 500 species in 20 genera. They are among the most common trees in tropical forests, but a sparse fossil record has limited our ability to test evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses, and several previous reports of Chrysobalanaceae megafossils are doubtful.METHODS:We prepared fossil endocarps and wood collected from the lower Miocene beds along the Panama Canal using the cellulose acetate peel technique and examined them using light microscopy. We compared the fossil endocarps with previously published fossils and with fruits from herbarium specimens. We compared the fossil wood with photographs and descriptions of extant species.KEY RESULTS:Parinari endocarps can be distinguished from other genera within Chrysobalanaceae by a suite of features, i.e., thick wall, a secondary septum, seminal cavities lined with dense, woolly trichomes, and two ovate to lingulate basal germination plugs. Fossil endocarps from the Cucaracha, Culebra, and La Boca Formations confirm that Parinari was present in the neotropics by the early Miocene.CONCLUSIONS:The earliest unequivocal evidence of crown‐group Chrysobalanaceae is late Oligocene–early Miocene, and the genus Parinari was distinct by at least 19 million years ago. Parinari and other Chrysobalanaceae likely reached the neotropics via long‐distance dispersal rather than vicariance. The presence of Parinari in the Cucaracha flora supports the interpretation of a riparian, moist tropical forest environment. Parinari was probably a canopy‐dominant tree in the Cucaracha forest and took advantage of the local megafauna for seed dispersal.
A global perspective on Campanulaceae: Biogeographic, genomic, and floral evolution
Authors: Crowl Andrew A. , Miles Nicholas W. , Visger Clayton J. , Hansen Kimberly , Ayers Tina , Haberle Rosemarie , Cellinese Nico 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The Campanulaceae are a diverse clade of flowering plants encompassing more than 2300 species in myriad habitats from tropical rainforests to arctic tundra. A robust, multigene phylogeny, including all major lineages, is presented to provide a broad, evolutionary perspective of this cosmopolitan clade.METHODS:We used a phylogenetic framework, in combination with divergence dating, ancestral range estimation, chromosome modeling, and morphological character reconstruction analyses to infer phylogenetic placement and timing of major biogeographic, genomic, and morphological changes in the history of the group and provide insights into the diversification of this clade across six continents.KEY RESULTS:Ancestral range estimation supports an out‐of‐Africa diversification following the Cretaceous‐Tertiary extinction event. Chromosomal modeling, with corroboration from the distribution of synonymous substitutions among gene duplicates, provides evidence for as many as 20 genome‐wide duplication events before large radiations. Morphological reconstructions support the hypothesis that switches in floral symmetry and anther dehiscence were important in the evolution of secondary pollen presentation mechanisms.CONCLUSIONS:This study provides a broad, phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of the Campanulaceae clade. The remarkable habitat diversity and cosmopolitan distribution of this lineage appears to be the result of a complex history of genome duplications and numerous long‐distance dispersal events. We failed to find evidence for an ancestral polyploidy event for this clade, and our analyses indicate an ancestral base number of nine for the group. This study will serve as a framework for future studies in diverse areas of research in Campanulaceae.
Development of microsatellite markers for the semi‐natural grassland herb Veronicastrum japonicum (Plantaginaceae)
Authors: Nakahama Naoyuki , Izuno Ayako , Arima Kurumi , Isagi Yuji 
Published: February 2016

Premise of the study:Veronicastrum japonicum (Plantaginaceae) grows in grasslands on Honshu Island, Japan, and is threatened by habitat loss because of rapid land development over recent decades. For the genetic characterization of the remaining populations, microsatellite markers were developed.Methods and Results:Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using next‐generation sequencing. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 24 (mean 7.7), and the expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.35 to 0.94 (mean 0.68).Conclusions:These markers can be used for genetic studies in conservation, such as the evaluation of genetic diversity and genetic structure.
Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite loci for the endangered orchid Cypripedium japonicum (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Yamashita Yumi , Izuno Ayako , Isagi Yuji , Kurosawa Takahide , Kaneko Shingo 
Published: February 2016

Premise of the study:Twenty‐six microsatellite markers were developed for the endangered orchid Cypripedium japonicum (Orchidaceae) to estimate the clonal diversity and genetic structure of the remaining populations in Japan.Methods and Results:Microsatellite loci of C. japonicum were isolated using Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM) sequencing. The primer sets were tested on 55 ramets sampled from two populations in Japan. Sixteen loci showed polymorphism in at least one population, with two to five alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosities for the two populations ranged from 0.00 to 0.92 and 0.00 to 0.71, respectively.Conclusions:The microsatellite markers developed here provide a useful tool to analyze clonal structure and sexual regeneration status and will help to manage the remaining genetic variation within C. japonicum.
PLANETARY EMBRYO BOW SHOCKS AS A MECHANISM FOR CHONDRULE FORMATION
Authors: Mann Christopher R. , Boley Aaron C. , Morris Melissa A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We use radiation hydrodynamics with direct particle integration to explore the feasibility of chondrule formation in planetary embryo bow shocks. The calculations presented here are used to explore the consequences of a Mars-size planetary embryo traveling on a moderately excited orbit through the dusty, early environment of the solar system. The embryo’s eccentric orbit produces a range of supersonic relative velocities between the embryo and the circularly orbiting gas and dust, prompting the formation of bow shocks. Temporary atmospheres around these embryos, which can be created via volatile outgassing and gas capture from the surrounding nebula, can non-trivially affect thermal profiles of solids entering the shock. We explore the thermal environment of solids that traverse the bow shock at different impact radii, the effects that planetoid atmospheres have on shock morphologies, and the stripping efficiency of planetoidal atmospheres in the presence of high relative winds. Simulations are run using adiabatic and radiative conditions, with multiple treatments for the local opacities. Shock speeds of 5, 6, and 7 km s−1 are explored. We find that a high-mass atmosphere and inefficient radiative conditions can produce peak temperatures and cooling rates that are consistent with the constraints set by chondrule furnace studies. For most conditions, the derived cooling rates are potentially too high to be consistent with chondrule formation.
X-RAY-POWERED MACRONOVAE
Authors: Kisaka Shota , Ioka Kunihito , Nakar Ehud 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
A macronova (or kilonova) was observed as an infrared excess several days after the short gamma-ray burst GRB 130603B. Although the r-process radioactivity is widely discussed as an energy source, it requires a huge mass of ejecta from a neutron star (NS) binary merger. We propose a new model in which the X-ray excess gives rise to the simultaneously observed infrared excess via thermal re-emission, and explore what constraints this would place on the mass and velocity of the ejecta. This X-ray-powered model explains both the X-ray and infrared excesses with a single energy source such as the central engine like a black hole, and allows for a broader parameter region than the previous models, in particular a smaller ejecta mass

and higher iron abundance mixed as suggested by general relativistic simulations for typical NS–NS mergers. We also discuss the other macronova candidates in GRB 060614 and GRB 080503, and the implications for the search of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational waves.
THE CALTECH-NRAO STRIPE 82 SURVEY (CNSS) PAPER. I. THE PILOT RADIO TRANSIENT SURVEY IN 50 DEG2
Authors: Mooley K. P. , Hallinan G. , Bourke S. , Horesh A. , Myers S. T. , Frail D. A. , Kulkarni S. R. , Levitan D. B. , Kasliwal M. M. , Cenko S. B. , Cao Y. , Bellm E. , Laher R. R. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We have commenced a multiyear program, the Caltech-NRAO Stripe 82 Survey (CNSS), to search for radio transients with the Jansky VLA in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82 region. The CNSS will deliver five epochs over the entire ∼270 deg2 of Stripe 82, an eventual deep combined map with an rms noise of ∼40 μJy and catalogs at a frequency of 3 GHz, and having a spatial resolution of 3″. This first paper presents the results from an initial pilot survey of a 50 deg2 region of Stripe 82, involving four epochs spanning logarithmic timescales between 1 week and 1.5 yr, with the combined map having a median rms noise of 35 μJy. This pilot survey enabled the development of the hardware and software for rapid data processing, as well as transient detection and follow-up, necessary for the full 270 deg2 survey. Data editing, calibration, imaging, source extraction, cataloging, and transient identification were completed in a semi-automated fashion within 6 hr of completion of each epoch of observations, using dedicated computational hardware at the NRAO in Socorro and custom-developed data reduction and transient detection pipelines. Classification of variable and transient sources relied heavily on the wealth of multiwavelength legacy survey data in the Stripe 82 region, supplemented by repeated mapping of the region by the Palomar Transient Factory. A total of

% of the few thousand detected point sources were found to vary by greater than 30%, consistent with similar studies at 1.4 and 5 GHz. Multiwavelength photometric data and light curves suggest that the variability is mostly due to shock-induced flaring in the jets of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Although this was only a pilot survey, we detected two bona fide transients, associated with an RS CVn binary and a dKe star. Comparison with existing legacy survey data (FIRST, VLA-Stripe 82) revealed additional highly variable and transient sources on timescales between 5 and 20 yr, largely associated with renewed AGN activity. The rates of such AGNs possibly imply episodes of enhanced accretion and jet activity occurring once every ∼40,000 yr in these galaxies. We compile the revised radio transient rates and make recommendations for future transient surveys and joint radio-optical experiments.
DIFFUSE X-RAY EMISSION FROM STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
Authors: Sarkar Kartick C. , Nath Biman B. , Sharma Prateek , Shchekinov Yuri 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We study the diffuse X-ray luminosity (L
X) of star-forming galaxies using two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations and analytical considerations of supernovae-(SNe-)driven galactic outflows. We find that the mass loading of the outflows, a crucial parameter for determining the X-ray luminosity, is constrained by the availability of gas in the central star-forming region, and a competition between cooling and expansion. We show that the allowed range of the mass loading factor can explain the observed scaling of L
X with star formation rate (SFR) as

SFR2 for SFR

yr−1, and a flatter relation at low SFRs. We also show that the emission from the hot circumgalactic medium (CGM) in the halo of massive galaxies can explain the large scatter in the

relation for low SFRs (≲few

yr−1). Our results suggest that galaxies with small SFRs and large diffuse X-ray luminosities are excellent candidates for the detection of the elusive CGM.
UV TO IR LUMINOSITIES AND DUST ATTENUATION DETERMINED FROM ∼4000 K-SELECTED GALAXIES AT 1 < z < 3 IN THE ZFOURGE SURVEY*
Authors: Forrest Ben , Tran Kim-Vy H. , Tomczak Adam R. , Broussard Adam , Labbé Ivo , Papovich Casey , Kriek Mariska , Allen Rebecca J. , Cowley Michael , Dickinson Mark , Glazebrook Karl , Houdt Josha van , Inami Hanae , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Kawinwanichakij Lalitwadee , Kelson Daniel , McCarthy Patrick J. , Monson Andrew , Morrison Glenn , Nanayakkara Themiya , Persson S. Eric , Quadri Ryan F. , Spitler Lee R. , Straatman Caroline , Tilvi Vithal 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We build a set of composite galaxy spectral energy distributions (SEDs) by de-redshifting and scaling multi-wavelength photometry from galaxies in the ZFOURGE survey, covering the CDFS, COSMOS, and UDS fields. From a sample of ∼4000 K

s
-band selected galaxies, we define 38 composite galaxy SEDs that yield continuous low-resolution spectra (R ∼ 45) over the rest-frame range 0.1–4 μm. Additionally, we include far infrared photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory to characterize the infrared properties of our diverse set of composite SEDs. From these composite SEDs we analyze the rest-frame UVJ colors, as well as the ratio of IR to UV light (IRX) and the UV slope (β) in the IRX−β dust relation at 1 < z < 3. Blue star-forming composite SEDs show IRX and β values consistent with local relations; dusty star-forming galaxies have considerable scatter, as found for local IR bright sources, but on average appear bluer than expected for their IR fluxes. We measure a tight linear relation between rest-frame UVJ colors and dust attenuation for star-forming composites, providing a direct method for estimating dust content from either (U − V) or

rest-frame colors for star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshifts.
Effect of Dolutegravir Functional Monotherapy on HIV-1 Virological Response in Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Resistant Patients
Authors: Naeger Lisa K , Harrington Patrick , Komatsu Takashi , Deming Damon 
Published: February 2016

Background VIKING-4 assessed the safety and efficacy of dolutegravir in heavily antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients who had documented integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance-associated substitutions in their HIV. VIKING-4 had a placebo-controlled 7-day dolutegravir functional monotherapy phase followed by dolutegravir plus an optimized background regimen for 48 weeks. Methods Independent resistance analyses evaluated week 48 virological responses in the VIKING-4 trial based on the presence of baseline INSTI resistance-associated substitutions and baseline dolutegravir phenotypic susceptibility. Response rates at week 48 based on baseline dolutegravir resistance subgroups were compared for the 7-day dolutegravir functional monotherapy arm and placebo-control arm. Additionally, genotypic and phenotypic resistance at day 8 and time of failure was analysed for the virological failures from both arms. Results Week 48 response rates for VIKING-4 were 23% (3/13) in the 7-day dolutegravir functional monotherapy arm compared with 60% (9/15) in the 7-day placebo arm. Response rates were consistently lower in the dolutegravir functional monotherapy arm across baseline INSTI genotypic and phenotypic subgroups. There was a higher proportion of virological failures in the 7-day dolutegravir functional monotherapy arm ( n=6/13; 46%) compared with the 7-day placebo arm ( n=3/15; 20%). Additionally, five virological failures in the dolutegravir arm had virus expressing emergent INSTI resistance-associated substitutions compared with two in the placebo arm. Conclusions Analysis of response rates and resistance emergence in VIKING-4 suggests careful consideration should be given to the duration of functional monotherapy in future studies of highly treatment-experienced patients to reduce the risk of resistance and virological failure.
Short Duration Response-Guided Treatment is Effective for Most Individuals with Recent Hepatitis C Infection: The ATAHC II and DARE-C I Studies
Authors: Martinello Marianne , Hellard Margaret , Shaw David , Petoumenos Kathy , Applegate Tanya , Grebely Jason , Yeung Barbara , Maire Laurence , Iser David , Lloyd Andrew , Thompson Alexander , Sasadeusz Joe , Haber Paul , Dore Gregory J , Matthews Gail V 
Published: February 2016

Background Individuals with recent HCV infection may benefit from shortened duration therapy. These studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of response-guided regimens with pegylated interferon-α2a and ribavirin for people with recent HCV infection. Methods Participants with recent hepatitis C (duration of infection ≤18 months) enrolled in the ATAHC II (pegylated interferon-α2a + ribavirin) and DARE-C I (pegylated interferon-α2a, ribavirin and telaprevir) studies were included for analysis. Treatment duration was response-guided (ATAHC II: 8, 16, 24 or 48 weeks; DARE-C I: 8, 12 or 24 weeks) and dependent on time to first undetectable HCV RNA using Roche Taqman HCV RNA testing. The primary efficacy end point was sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12) by intention-to-treat. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of SVR. Results A total of 82 participants (62% HIV-positive) were enrolled in ATAHC II (treated, n=52) and 14 (79% HIV-positive) in DARE-C I. The predominant modes of HCV acquisition were injecting drug use (ATAHC II 55%, DARE-C I 36%) and sexual intercourse with a partner of the same sex (ATAHC II 39%, DARE-C I 64%). SVR12 was 71% in both ATAHC II (37/52) and DARE-C I (10/14) with 56% in ATAHC II receiving shortened therapy (8 or 16 weeks). SVR was associated with a rapid virological response (odds ratio 10.80; P=0.001). Conclusions The majority of participants were able to receive short duration response-guided therapy with pegylated interferon-α2a and ribavirin. Response-guided therapy for recent hepatitis C infection could be considered in the absence of available interferon-free therapies. ClinicalTrials.gov registry (ATAHC II: NCT01336010; DARE-C I: NCT01743521).