bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The definable content of homological invariants II: Čech cohomology and homotopy classification
Authors: Bergfalk Jeffrey , Lupini Martino , Panagiotopoulos Aristotelis 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This is the second installment in a series of papers applying descriptive set theoretic techniques to both analyze and enrich classical functors from homological algebra and algebraic topology. In it, we show that the Čech cohomology functors on the category of locally compact separable metric spaces each factor into (i) what we term their definable version, a functor taking values in the category

$\mathsf {GPC}$

of groups with a Polish cover (a category first introduced in this work’s predecessor), followed by (ii) a forgetful functor from

$\mathsf {GPC}$

to the category of groups. These definable cohomology functors powerfully refine their classical counterparts: we show that they are complete invariants, for example, of the homotopy types of mapping telescopes of d-spheres or d-tori for any

$d\geq 1$

, and, in contrast, that there exist uncountable families of pairwise homotopy inequivalent mapping telescopes of either sort on which the classical cohomology functors are constant. We then apply the functors to show that a seminal problem in the development of algebraic topology – namely, Borsuk and Eilenberg’s 1936 problem of classifying, up to homotopy, the maps from a solenoid complement

$S^3\backslash \Sigma $

to the

$2$

-sphere – is essentially hyperfinite but not smooth.
Fundamental to our analysis is the fact that the Čech cohomology functors admit two main formulations: a more combinatorial one and a more homotopical formulation as the group

$[X,P]$

of homotopy classes of maps from X to a polyhedral

$K(G,n)$

space P. We describe the Borel-definable content of each of these formulations and prove a definable version of Huber’s theorem reconciling the two. In the course of this work, we record definable versions of Urysohn’s Lemma and the simplicial approximation and homotopy extension theorems, along with a definable Milnor-type short exact sequence decomposition of the space

$\mathrm {Map}(X,P)$

in terms of its subset of phantom maps; relatedly, we provide a topological characterization of this set for any locally compact Polish space X and polyhedron P. In aggregate, this work may be more broadly construed as laying foundations for the descriptive set theoretic study of the homotopy relation on such spaces

$\mathrm {Map}(X,P)$

, a relation which, together with the more combinatorial incarnation of , embodies a substantial variety of classification problems arising throughout mathematics. We show, in particular, that if P is a polyhedral H-group, then this relation is both Borel and idealistic. In consequence,

$[X,P]$

falls in the category of definable groups, an extension of the category

$\mathsf {GPC}$

introduced herein for its regularity properties, which facilitate several of the aforementioned computations.
Thought flow nets: From single predictions to trains of model thought
Authors: Schuff Hendrik , Adel Heike , Vu Ngoc Thang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
When humans solve complex problems, they typically construct, reflect, and revise sequences of ideas, hypotheses, and beliefs until a final decision or conclusion is reached. Contrary to this, current machine learning models are mostly trained to map an input to one single and fixed output. In this paper, we investigate how we can equip models with the ability to represent, construct, and evaluate a second, third, and

$k$

-th thought within their prediction process. Drawing inspiration from Hegel’s dialectics, we propose and evaluate the thought flow concept which constructs a sequence of predictions. We present a self-correction mechanism which (a) is trained to estimate the model’s correctness and which (b) performs iterative prediction updates based on the gradient of the correctness prediction. We introduce our method focusing initially on question answering (QA) and carry out extensive experiments which demonstrate that (i) our method is able to correct its own predictions and that (ii) it can improve model performance by a large margin. In addition, we conduct a qualitative analysis of thought flow correction patterns and explore how thought flow predictions affect users’ human-AI collaboration in a crowdsourcing study. We find that (iii) thought flows improve user performance and are perceived as more natural, correct, and intelligent regarding single and/or top-3 predictions.
Improving social cognition following theta burst stimulation over the right inferior frontal gyrus in autism spectrum: an 8-week double-blind sham-controlled trial
Authors: Ni Hsing-Chang , Chen Yi-Lung , Hsieh Meng-Ying , Wu Chen-Te , Chen Rou-Shayn , Juan Chi-Hung , Li Cheng-Ta , Gau Susan Shur-Fen , Lin Hsiang-Yuan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG) is a potential beneficial brain stimulation target for autism. This randomized, double-blind, two-arm, parallel-group, sham-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the RIFG in reducing autistic symptoms (NCT04987749).MethodsConducted at a single medical center, the trial enrolled 60 intellectually able autistic individuals (aged 8–30 years; 30 active iTBS). The intervention comprised 16 sessions (two stimulations per week for eight weeks) of neuro-navigated iTBS or sham over the RIFG. Fifty-seven participants (28 active) completed the intervention and assessments at Week 8 (the primary endpoint) and follow-up at Week 12.ResultsAutistic symptoms (primary outcome) based on the Social Responsiveness Scale decreased in both groups (significant time effect), but there was no significant difference between groups (null time-by-treatment interaction). Likewise, there was no significant between-group difference in changes in repetitive behaviors and exploratory outcomes of adaptive function and emotion dysregulation. Changes in social cognition (secondary outcome) differed between groups in feeling scores on the Frith-Happe Animations (Week 8, p = 0.026; Week 12, p = 0.025). Post-hoc analysis showed that the active group improved better on this social cognition than the sham group. Dropout rates did not vary between groups; the most common adverse event in both groups was local pain. Notably, our findings would not survive stringent multiple comparison corrections.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that iTBS over the RIFG is not different from sham in reducing autistic symptoms and emotion dysregulation. Nonetheless, RIFG iTBS may improve social cognition of mentalizing others' feelings in autistic individuals.
Centennial‐Scale Intensification of Wet and Dry Extremes in North America
Authors: Sung Kyungmin , Bohrer Gil , Stagge James H. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDrought and pluvial extremes are defined as deviations from typical climatology; however, background climatology can shift over time in a non‐stationary climate, impacting interpretations of extremes. This study evaluated trends in meteorological drought and pluvial extremes by merging tree‐ring reconstructions, observations, and climate‐model simulations spanning 850–2100 CE across North America to determine whether modern and projected future precipitation lies outside the range of natural climate variability. Our results found widespread and spatially consistent exacerbation of drought and pluvial extremes, especially summer drought and winter pluvials, with drying in the west and south, wetting trends in the northeast, and intensification of both extremes across the east and north. Our study suggests that climate change has already shifted precipitation climatology beyond pre‐Industrial climatology and is projected to further intensify ongoing shifts.
The Impact of Oceanic Feedbacks on Stratosphere‐Troposphere Coupling in an Idealized Model
Authors: Trencham N. E. , Czaja A. , Haigh J. D. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractStratospheric temperature perturbations (STPs) caused by for example, variations in stratospheric ozone, are an important driver of changes in tropospheric dynamics, particularly pertinent to the long‐term climatic evolution of the Southern Hemisphere. However, the impact of ocean feedbacks on this interaction has not been fully examined. To study it, positive STPs were applied in three otherwise identical, idealized model configurations –atmosphere‐only (A), atmosphere + slab‐ocean (AS), and fully‐coupled atmosphere‐ocean (AO)–and the resulting atmospheric changes compared. In the AO model, changes in the tropics (extratropics) experienced a poleward‐expansion (shift) and positive (negative) feedback after ∼100–200 years, whilst the AS model showed atmospheric and sea surface temperature changes that did not resemble those seen in the AO model. In the AO model, changes in tropical ocean heat content were responsible for the atmospheric changes, attributable to changes in the Ekman transport. These results indicate that full atmosphere‐ocean coupling should be accounted for when studying the long‐term (100+ years) tropospheric response to STPs in the Southern Hemisphere. Validation with higher‐resolution and more realistic models is necessary.
Gradient Information Enhanced Image Segmentation and Automatic In Situ Contact Angle Measurement Applied to Images of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Gao Yang , Foroughi Sajjad , Ma Zhuangzhuang , Yuan Sanyi , Xiao Lizhi , Bijeljic Branko , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractA gradient‐information‐enhanced image segmentation method using convolutional neural networks is presented, and then combined with contact angle measurement to establish an automated processing workflow. For three‐dimensional X‐ray images, the segmentation accuracy at interfaces and sparsely distributed small objects directly influences the accuracy of the contact angle measurement. Leveraging reliable gradient information to train the neural network, this segmentation method addresses the issue of inaccurate segmentation of interfaces even at low resolution and with small objects present. Furthermore, memory requirements are reduced by performing analysis on orthogonal two‐dimensional planes. The workflow was tested on water‐wet Ketton limestone, as well as on both water‐wet and mixed‐wet sandstone and a reservoir carbonate. The results from both the segmentation and contact angle measurements underscore the effectiveness of the approach. Notably, the workflow shows considerable generalizability and robustness, even with varying wettability and lithology.
The Role of Upper Mantle Forces in Post‐Subduction Tectonics: Plumelet and Active Rifting in the East Anatolian Plateau
Authors: Şengül Uluocak Ebru , Pysklywec Russell N. , Sembroni Andrea , Brune Sascha , Faccenna Claudio 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe spatiotemporal interaction of large‐ and regional‐scale upper mantle forces can prevail in collisional settings. To better understand the role of these forces on post‐subduction tectonics, we focus on mantle dynamics in the East Anatolian Plateau, a well‐documented segment of the Arabian‐Eurasian continental collision zone. Specifically, we analyze multiple forces in the upper mantle, which have not been considered in previous studies in this region. To this end, we use a state‐of‐the‐art 3D instantaneous geodynamic model to quantify the dynamics of thermally defined upper mantle structures derived from seismic tomography data. Results reveal a prominent SW‐NE‐oriented mantle flow from the Arabian foreland to the Greater Caucasus–a plumelet–through a lithospheric channel under the East Anatolian Plateau. This plumelet induces localized dynamic topography (∼500 m) around the extensional Lake Van province, favoring NE‐directed compression and westward escape of the Anatolian plate. We suggest that the Lake Van region is an active magma‐rich intraplate rift in the Africa‐Arabia‐Anatolian plume‐rift system. The rift zone was probably initiated by Neotethyan subduction‐related forces and has been reactivated and/or sustained by the plumelet‐induced convective support. Our findings are consistent with numerous observations, including the recent low‐ultralow seismic velocities with a SW‐NE splitting anisotropy pattern, geochemical and petrological studies, and local kinematics showing upper mantle‐induced extensional tectonics in the collisional region.
Revisiting the role of computational neuroimaging in the era of integrative neuroscience
Authors: Loosen Alisa M. , Kato Ayaka , Gu Xiaosi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractComputational models have become integral to human neuroimaging research, providing both mechanistic insights and predictive tools for human cognition and behavior. However, concerns persist regarding the ecological validity of lab-based neuroimaging studies and whether their spatiotemporal resolution is not sufficient for capturing neural dynamics. This review aims to re-examine the utility of computational neuroimaging, particularly in light of the growing prominence of alternative neuroscientific methods and the growing emphasis on more naturalistic behaviors and paradigms. Specifically, we will explore how computational modeling can both enhance the analysis of high-dimensional imaging datasets and, conversely, how neuroimaging, in conjunction with other data modalities, can inform computational models through the lens of neurobiological plausibility. Collectively, this evidence suggests that neuroimaging remains critical for human neuroscience research, and when enhanced by computational models, imaging can serve an important role in bridging levels of analysis and understanding. We conclude by proposing key directions for future research, emphasizing the development of standardized paradigms and the integrative use of computational modeling across neuroimaging techniques.
Enhanced tumor response to adoptive T cell therapy with PHD2/3-deficient CD8 T cells
Authors: Dvorakova Tereza , Finisguerra Veronica , Formenti Matteo , Loriot Axelle , Boudhan Loubna , Zhu Jingjing , Van den Eynde Benoit J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWhile adoptive cell therapy has shown success in hematological malignancies, its potential against solid tumors is hindered by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, members of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family have gained recognition as important regulators of T-cell metabolism and function. The role of HIF signalling in activated CD8 T cell function in the context of adoptive cell transfer, however, has not been explored in full depth. Here we utilize CRISPR-Cas9 technology to delete prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHD) 2 and 3, thereby stabilizing HIF-1 signalling, in CD8 T cells that have already undergone differentiation and activation, modelling the T cell phenotype utilized in clinical settings. We observe a significant boost in T-cell activation and effector functions following PHD2/3 deletion, which is dependent on HIF-1α, and is accompanied by an increased glycolytic flux. This improvement in CD8 T cell performance translates into an enhancement in tumor response to adoptive T cell therapy in mice, across various tumor models, even including those reported to be extremely resistant to immunotherapeutic interventions. These findings hold promise for advancing CD8 T-cell based therapies and overcoming the immune suppression barriers within challenging tumor microenvironments.
Wearable bio-adhesive metal detector array (BioMDA) for spinal implants
Authors: Li Jian , Jia Shengxin , Li Dengfeng , Chow Lung , Zhang Qiang , Yang Yiyuan , Bai Xiao , Qu Qingao , Gao Yuyu , Li Zhiyuan , Li Zongze , Shi Rui , Zhang Binbin , Huang Ya , Pan Xinyu , Hu Yue , Gao Zhan , Zhou Jingkun , Park WooYoung , Huang Xingcan , Chu Hongwei , Chen Zhenlin , Li Hu , Wu Pengcheng , Zhao Guangyao , Yao Kuanming , Hadzipasic Muhamed , Bernstock Joshua D. , Shankar Ganesh M. , Nan Kewang , Yu Xinge , Traverso Giovanni 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDynamic tracking of spinal instrumentation could facilitate real-time evaluation of hardware integrity and in so doing alert patients/clinicians of potential failure(s). Critically, no method yet exists to continually monitor the integrity of spinal hardware and by proxy the process of spinal arthrodesis; as such hardware failures are often not appreciated until clinical symptoms manifest. Accordingly, herein, we report on the development and engineering of a bio-adhesive metal detector array (BioMDA), a potential wearable solution for real-time, non-invasive positional analyses of osseous implants within the spine. The electromagnetic coupling mechanism and intimate interfacial adhesion enable the precise sensing of the metallic implants position without the use of radiation. The customized decoupling models developed facilitate the precise determination of the horizontal and vertical positions of the implants with incredible levels of accuracy (e.g., <0.5 mm). These data support the potential use of BioMDA in real-time/dynamic postoperative monitoring of spinal implants.
Dissociative and prioritized modeling of behaviorally relevant neural dynamics using recurrent neural networks
Authors: Sani Omid G. , Pesaran Bijan , Shanechi Maryam M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamical transformation of neural activity to behavior requires new capabilities to nonlinearly model, dissociate and prioritize behaviorally relevant neural dynamics and test hypotheses about the origin of nonlinearity. We present dissociative prioritized analysis of dynamics (DPAD), a nonlinear dynamical modeling approach that enables these capabilities with a multisection neural network architecture and training approach. Analyzing cortical spiking and local field potential activity across four movement tasks, we demonstrate five use-cases. DPAD enabled more accurate neural–behavioral prediction. It identified nonlinear dynamical transformations of local field potentials that were more behavior predictive than traditional power features. Further, DPAD achieved behavior-predictive nonlinear neural dimensionality reduction. It enabled hypothesis testing regarding nonlinearities in neural–behavioral transformation, revealing that, in our datasets, nonlinearities could largely be isolated to the mapping from latent cortical dynamics to behavior. Finally, DPAD extended across continuous, intermittently sampled and categorical behaviors. DPAD provides a powerful tool for nonlinear dynamical modeling and investigation of neural–behavioral data.
The Contributions of Pitch, Loudness, and Rate Control to Speech Naturalness in Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Cloud Caitlin , Georgen-Schwartz Kaily , Hilger Allison 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between the perceptual measure of speech naturalness and objective measures of pitch, loudness, and rate control as a potential tool for assessment of ataxic dysarthria.

Method:
Twenty-seven participants with ataxia and 29 age- and sex-matched control participants completed the pitch glide and loudness step tasks drawn from the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment–Second Edition (FDA-2) in addition to speech diadochokinetic (DDK) tasks. First, group differences were compared for pitch variability in the pitch glide task, loudness variability in the loudness step task, and syllable duration and speech rate in the DDK task. Then, these acoustic measures were compared with previously collected ratings of speech naturalness by speech-language pathology graduate students.

Results:
Robust group differences were measured for pitch variability and both DDK syllable duration and speech rate, indicating that the ataxia group had greater pitch variability, longer DDK syllable duration, and slower DDK speech rate than the control group. No group differences were measured for loudness variability. There were robust relationships between speech naturalness and pitch variability, DDK syllable duration, and DDK speech rate, but not for loudness variability.

Conclusions:
Objective acoustic measures of pitch variability in the FDA-2 pitch glide task and syllable duration and speech rate in the DDK task can be used to validate perceptual measures of speech naturalness. Overall, speech-language pathologists can incorporate both perceptual measures of speech naturalness and acoustic measures of pitch variability and DDK performance for a comprehensive evaluation of ataxic dysarthria.
Coordination Between Respiration and Swallowing in Patients With Dysphagia After Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: An Observational Case–Control Study
Authors: Xu Xuluan , Zhang Qingsu , Xie Yongqi , Yang Degang , Gao Feng , Yuan Yongxue , Zhang Yu , Li Jianjun 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the differences between respiration and swallowing in patients with dysphagia after cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) and to explore the underlying physiological changes.

Method:
A total of 95 participants were recruited for bedside swallowing evaluation followed by a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and surface electromyography with a thermocouple nasal airflow sensor examination: 32 with dysphagia, 33 without dysphagia, and 30 healthy controls. The differences in respiratory patterns, swallowing apnea duration (SAD), inspiratory–expiratory ratio, and swallowing efficiency were observed among healthy adults, CSCI patients with and without dysphagia after CSCI.

Results:

Compared with those of healthy controls and patients without dysphagia after CSCI, the postswallow respiratory pattern of patients with dysphagia after CSCI was an inspiratory pattern, and the SAD was significantly shorter in patients with dysphagia after CSCI (
p
< .001). Additionally, the expiratory time in patients with dysphagia was significantly shorter than the inspiratory time, and the swallowing efficiency was reduced, requiring multiple swallows. Moreover, the index of SAD was statistically significant for predicting the development of dysphagia in patients with CSCI (
p
< .001).

Conclusion:
Patients with CSCI have an inspiratory pattern after swallowing, and the SAD is significantly reduced; SAD can be used as the predictor of dysphagia in patients after CSCI; the pattern of coordination between respiration and swallowing in patients with dysphagia after CSCI is different from that of healthy controls and patients without dysphagia after CSCI.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26524717