bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovering the Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Immune Response
Authors: McDevitt Hugh O. 
Published: July 2002

[Formula: see text] The discovery that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play an important role in the immune response depended on the chance interaction of several unrelated events. The first, and most important, was the decision by Michael Sela to synthesize a series of branched, multichain, synthetic polypeptides based on a backbone of poly-l-lysine. The prototype compound, (T,G)-A–L, was tipped with short random sequences of tyrosine and glutamic acid. This resulted in a restricted range of antigenic determinants composed of only two or three amino acids with a variable length—ideal for binding to the peptide binding groove of MHC class II molecules.The second was the decision by John Humphrey to immunize various strains of rabbits with this synthetic polypeptide. Two of these rabbit strains showed very large quantitative differences in antibody response to (T,G)-A–L. In transferring this system to inbred mouse strains, the third bit of good fortune was the availability at the National Institute of Medical Research, in Mill Hill (London), of the CBA (H2k) and C57 (H2b) strains. The H2bhaplotype is the only one mediating a uniform high antibody response to (T,G)-A–L. The fourth critical ingredient was the availability of numerous congenic and H2 recombinant inbred strains of mice produced earlier by Snell, Stimpfling, Shreffler, and Klein. A search for congenic pairs of mice expressing the responder and nonresponder H2 haplotypes on the same background revealed that these strains responded as a function of their H2 haplotype, not of their inbred background. Extensive studies in a variety of inbred strains carrying recombinant H2 haplotypes, as well as a four-point linkage cross, mapped immune response to (T,G)A–L within the murine MHC, between the K and Ss loci.The demonstration that stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) mapped to the same region quickly led to attempts to produce antisera in congenic H2 recombinant strain combinations. These antisera identified I-region associated (Ia) antigens. Immunoprecipitation and blocking studies showed that the gene products controlling specific immune responses, the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and the structure of Ia antigens were one and the same—now designated as the I-A MHC class II molecules. These antisera and inbred strains enabled Unanue to demonstrate the peptide binding function of class II MHC molecules.
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Steele, M.D David J. R. , Auchincloss Hugh 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The need for an alternative source of donor organs, together with the expansion of scientific data in this field, has focused attention on xenotransplantation as a possible alternative to allotransplantation in the treatment of patients with end-stage disease of vital organs. However, xenotransplantation is rarely successful. Not only are the immunological barriers to the acceptance of xenogeneic tissue more powerful than those seen in allotransplantation, but the potential for the transmission of xenograft-associated zoonoses to the human host at the time of transplantation is also present. In addition, data on the physiological performance of the xenograft in the human environment are lacking, although a few functioning xenografts have been shown to be capable of supporting human life.Although progress has been made in clarifying some of the barriers to xenotransplantation and in defining appropriate therapeutic interventions, including interventions aimed at the removal of natural antibody and at the limitation of complement activation, xenotransplantation is not yet a viable alternative to allotransplantation in the clinical setting.
Fine Discrimination of Faces can be Performed Rapidly
Authors: Lehky Sidney R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Here we measure the smallest change in a face that can be discriminated. A morphing algorithm mixed two faces in variable proportions to create a series of synthetic faces that each differed by a tiny amount. By selecting from this series, a test face could be chosen so as to reach a just noticeable difference from a sample face. Face-discrimination thresholds were about 7% of the average difference between two faces, as quantified by coefficients of a principal components decomposition. This threshold remained constant as the duration of the test face was reduced from 1,000 to 100 msec, and rose quickly for shorter stimulus durations. The behavioral evidence presented here indicates that complex visual processing can be completed within the first 100 msec of the signal, suggesting involvement of feedforward neural mechanisms, and placing constraints on possible computational algorithms employed within the ventral visual pathways.
Grammatical Distinctions in the Left Frontal Cortex
Authors: Shapiro Kevin A. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Mottaghy Felix M. , Gangitano Massimo , Caramazza Alfonso 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Selective deficits in producing verbs relative to nouns in speech are well documented in neuropsychology and have been associated with left hemisphere frontal cortical lesions resulting from stroke and other neurological disorders. The basis for these impairments is unresolved: Do they arise because of differences in the way grammatical categories of words are organized in the brain, or because of differences in the neural representation of actions and objects? We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to suppress the excitability of a portion of left prefrontal cortex and to assess its role in producing nouns and verbs. In one experiment subjects generated real words; in a second, they produced pseudowords as nouns or verbs. In both experiments, response latencies increased for verbs but were unaffected for nouns following rTMS. These results demonstrate that grammatical categories have a neuroanatomical basis and that the left prefrontal cortex is selectively engaged in processing verbs as grammatical objects.
Categorical Perception of Happiness and Fear Facial Expressions: An ERP Study
Authors: Campanella S. , Quinet P. , Bruyer R. , Crommelinck M. , Guerit J.-M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Behavioral studies have shown that two different morphed faces perceived as reflecting the same emotional expression are harder to discriminate than two faces considered as two different ones. This advantage of between-categorical differences compared with within-categorical ones is classically referred as the categorical perception effect.
The temporal course of this effect on fear and happiness facial expressions has been explored through event-related potentials (ERPs). Three kinds of pairs were presented in a delayed same–different matching task: (1) two different morphed faces perceived as the same emotional expression (within-categorical differences), (2) two other ones reflecting two different emotions (between-categorical differences), and (3) two identical morphed faces (same faces for methodological purpose).
Following the second face onset in the pair, the amplitude of the bilateral occipito-temporal negativities (N170) and of the vertex positive potential (P150 or VPP) was reduced for within and same pairs relative to between pairs. This suggests a repetition priming effect. We also observed a modulation of the P3b wave, as the amplitude of the responses for the between pairs was higher than for the within and same pairs. These results indicate that the categorical perception of human facial emotional expressions has a perceptual origin in the bilateral occipito-temporal regions, while typical prior studies found emotion-modulated ERP components considerably later.
Online Model Selection Based on the Variational Bayes
Authors: Sato Masa-aki 
Published: July 2002

The Bayesian framework provides a principled way of model selection. This framework estimates a probability distribution over an ensemble of models, and the prediction is done by averaging over the ensemble of models. Accordingly, the uncertainty of the models is taken into account, and complex models with more degrees of freedom are penalized. However, integration over model parameters is often intractable, and some approximation scheme is needed.Recently, a powerful approximation scheme, called the variational bayes (VB) method, has been proposed. This approach defines the free energy for a trial probability distribution, which approximates a joint posterior probability distribution over model parameters and hidden variables. The exact maximization of the free energy gives the true posterior distribution. The VB method uses factorized trial distributions. The integration over model parameters can be done analytically, and an iterative expectation-maximization-like algorithm, whose convergence is guaranteed, is derived.In this article, we derive an online version of the VB algorithm and prove its convergence by showing that it is a stochastic approximation for finding the maximum of the free energy. By combining sequential model selection procedures, the online VB method provides a fully online learning method with a model selection mechanism. In preliminary experiments using synthetic data, the online VB method was able to adapt the model structure to dynamic environments.
IDENTITY AND SYMBOLS OF SUSTENANCE: EXPLORATIONS IN SOCIAL MOBILITY OF MEDIEVAL SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Durga P.S. Kanaka 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Orientalist conceptions on pre-colonial social formations in India as static are reviewed. New studies argue that social mobility occurs in the context of caste-oriented structures. Based on epigraphic and literary sources and kulapurāna (caste myths) concerning the community of oil producers of medieval times known by the caste name Teliki, this paper shows trends for upward mobility from śūdra varna to ksatriya varna. In the case of the peasant-warrior communities (sat śūdras), brāhmins and, in tribal communities, the temples/sectarian leaders acted as the legitimisers. For the Telikis, however, an asat śūdra community, political powers facilitated the process of upward mobility. By observing certain symbolic actions, which are ritually accepted as pure and high, the Telikis tried to sustain their identity. Les conceptions orientalistes qui présentent les structures sociales pré-coloniales en Inde comme des formations immuables sont actuellement révisées. De nouvelles études avancent que la mobilité sociale existe dans le contexte de structures de caste. Fondé sur l'exploitation de sources épigraphiques, littéraires et des kulapurāna (les mythes de caste) portant sur la communauté des producteurs d'huile au Moyen Age connue sous le nom de caste Teliki, cet article met en lumière des tendances vers une amélioration du rang social du śūdra varna au ksatriya varna. Dans le cas des communautés de paysans-guerriers (sat śūdras), les brahmanes et dans celui des communautés tribales, les temples/les dirigeants sectaires assuraient la légitimité. Toutefois, dans le cas des Telikis, une communauté asat/śūdra, les pouvoirs politiques facilitaient un processus d'ascension sociale. De plus, les Telikis, en observant certains actes symboliques considérés rituellement comme purs et élevés, tentaient de maintenir leur identité.
Emily Brontë and Dogs: Transformation Within the Human-Dog Bond
Authors: Adams Maureen 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the bond between humans and dogs as demonstrated in the life and work of Emily Brontë (1818-1848). The nineteenth century author, publishing under the pseudonym, Ellis Bell, evinced, both in her personal and professional life, the complex range of emotions explicit in the human-dog bond: attachment and companionship to domination and abuse. In Wuthering Heights, Brontë portrays the dog as scapegoat, illustrating the dark side of the bond found in many cultures. Moreover, she writes with awareness of connections - unknown in the nineteenth century - between animal abuse and domestic violence. In her personal life, Brontë's early power struggles with her companion animal mastiff, Keeper, evolve into a caring relationship. In a human-dog bond transformation that survives Brontë's death, Keeper, becomes both bridge and barrier to other human relationships. A dog may, and in this case Keeper does, take on a comprehensive role in which he both mourns his own loss and comforts others in their collective grief.
DIE VERGEBLICHE SUCHE NACH GOTT: Traditions- und kompositionsgeschichtliche Überlegungen zu Herkunft und Funktion der Strafvorstellungen in Hos iv 1-vi 6
Authors: Grätz Sebastian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDie für den ersten Teil des Hoseabuches (Hos i-iii) bezeichnende Ehebruchmetaphorik hat in Hos iv 1-vi 6 unter dem Thema des falschen Kultes eine Entsprechung, wobei traditionsgeschichtlich passend auf Strafvorstellungen zurückgegriffen wird, die aus dem Umkreis der Morivik des verschwundenen (Wetter-) Gottes stammen. Da diese Strafvorstellungen auch eine deutlich textgliedernde Funktion erfüllen, ist damit zu rechnen, daß in Hos iv 1-vi 6 eine schriftliche Komposition mit dem Thema "Kult" vorliegt. Neben dem v.a. thematisch zu erhebenden Anschluß an Hos i-iii läßt sich eine literarische Verzahnung mit dem in Hos v 8ff. zuerst eingeführten Thema "Krieg" feststellen.
Diversity of the bacterial hyperparasite Pasteuria penetrans in relation to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) control on Acacia holosericea
Authors: Duponnois Robin , Thioulouse Jean , Fargette Mireille , Davies Keith , Fould Sabine 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPasteuria penetrans isolates sampled from different geographical areas were characterised both for the heterogeneity of the endospore surface using monoclonal antibodies and for the ability of spores to attach to different isolates of Meloidogyne spp. The efficacy of these different Pasteuria isolates as biological control agents was tested in a glasshouse experiment with M. incognita from Senegal on Acacia holosericea. The immunoprofiles divided the P. penetrans isolates broadly differently from the attachment tests. Isolate PP16 from Senegal was associated with better seedling development of M. incognita-inoculated A. holoceria than were other isolates. Substantial variation in root and shoot biomass was not related to the observed variation in spore attachment tests. The difficulties involved in obtaining consistent biological control with Pasteuria are discussed in relation to the high degree of variability of this bacterium. Diversité chez l'hyperparasite bactérien Pasteuria penetrans en relation avec le contrôle du nématode Meloidogyne spp. sur Acacia holosericea - Des isolats de Pasteuria penetrans provenant de différentes régions géographiques ont été caractérisés en ce qui concerne, d'une part l'hétérogénéité de la surface des endospores - par utilisation d'anticorps monoclonaux -, d'autre part la capacité des spores à s'attacher à différentes souches de Meloidogyne spp. L'efficacité de ces différents isolats de P.penetrans en tant qu'agent de contrôle a été testée lors d'une expérience en serre utilisant un M. incognita d'origine sénégalaise et Acacia holosericea. Les isolats de P.penetrans ont montré des différences dans les profils immunologiques, différences non corrélées avec celles observées lors des tests d'attachement. En comparaison avec d'autres isolats, l'isolat PP16 provenant du Sénégal était associé à une meilleure croissance des plants de A. holosericea infestés par M. incognita. La variabilité importante touchant les biomasses aérienne et souterraine ne montrait aucune relation avec les différences observées lors des tests d'attachement. Les difficultés rencontrées pour obtenir un contrôle valable à l'aide de P.penetrans sont discutées en tenant compte du degré important de variabilité chez cette bactérie.
Electron microscopic study of the illite–smectite transformation in the bentonites from Cerro del Aguila (Toledo, Spain)
Authors: de Santiago Buey C. , Suarez Barrios M. , Garcia Romero E. , Dominguez Diaz M. C. , Doval Montoya M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA mineralogical and microstructural study of bentonites from 'Cerro del Aguila' located in the Tagus Basin (Toledo, Spain) was carried out using XRD, SEM and TEM observations and chemical data obtained by TEM-EDX. The bentonites are mainly composed of trioctahedral smectite with a unit-cell formula (Si3.76Al0.24)(Al0.44Fe3+0.26Mg1.81)Ca0.05K0.19O10(OH)2and small amounts of illite. The relationships between illite and smectite particles observed by SEM and TEM allowed the study of the weathering process of illite to form smectite through possible intermediate stages. The transformation begins as an exfoliation normal to the stacking direction and develops by opening of the interlayer spacing, the replacement of K+by hydrated interlayer cations and slight reorganization of the 2:1 layer structure. The so-called solid-state transformation process then proceeds by further dissolution and the formation of a colloidal phase acting as raw material in the growth of new phyllosilicates such as smectite.
Nb-Ta oxide minerals from miarolitic pegmatites of the Baveno pink granite, NW Italy
Authors: Aurisicchio C. , De Vito C. , Ferrini V. , Orlandi P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractChemical composition and cell parameters were ascertained on new data from Ti-Nb-Ta complex oxides from the miarolitic pegmatites of the Baveno pink granite (Southern Alps, NW Italy). The crystals are tiny, single or aggregated in small sprays, prismatic or tabular, from yellow-orange to brownish in colour. Typical associated minerals include fluorite, zinnwaldite, gadolinite-group minerals and Sc-minerals. Cavity paragenesis is typical of NYF pegmatites, and shows two stages of crystallization developing in magmatic-pneumatolitic and hydrothermal conditions. X-ray data show that some oxides belong to the aeschynite mineral group; others are polycrase and fersmite. Aeschynite and polycrase are chemically heterogeneous and structurally disordered because of their metamict state. This disorder does not always seem to be related to radionuclide contents. Two main trends are indicated, considering the behaviour of Y. The high Y contents fit with very low Ca andLREEcontents in theAsite; theHREEcontents follow the Y trend. In theBsite, Ti is the dominant cation, followed by some Nb and very little Ta. Small quantities of Y fit with increasing Ca, U, Th andREEcontents. In theBsite, Nb cations often exceed those of Ti. The Th contents are often greater than those of U. Besides the already known aeschynite-(Y) and vigezzite, new varieties, ‘titano-vigezzite’ and ‘niobo-aeschynite-(Y)’, are identified here in the Baveno miarolitic cavities. Samples 14 (analysis a) and 2502 (analysis b) have Ca as the main occupant of the A site, followed by Y, Th andREE; in theBsite, Ti prevails over Nb. These compositions cannot be considered as pure vigezzite, but as a new variety called ‘titano-vigezzite’. In the same way, analysis a of sample 3 may be considered a new variety of aeschynite-(Y), with Nb prevailing over Ti in theBsite, and here called ‘niobo-aeschynite-(Y)’. Neither variety has ever been mentioned in the literature. Epitaxial growth of aeschynite on polycrase (sample 3194) allows some inferences on the crystallization sequence.
Mineralogy and40Ar/39Ar geochronology of orangeites (Group II kimberlites) from the Damodar Valley, eastern India
Authors: Kent Ray W. , Kelley Simon P. , Pringle Malcolm S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA suite of ultramafic-mafic alkaline igneous rocks in the Damodar Valley, eastern India, contains carbonate, phosphate and titanate minerals that are not characteristic or common in minettes or lamproites, but are typical of orangeites (Group II kimberlite) from southern Africa. Phlogopite grains from the Damodar alkaline rocks yield mean40Ar/39Ar ages of 116.6±0.8 Ma, 113.5±0.5 Ma and 109.1±0.7 Ma (1σ errors) using laser dating techniques. These ages are similar to the Rb-Sr ages of African orangeites, which lie mostly in the range 121 to 114 Ma. Prior to this study, only one possible occurrence of orangeite (the ∼820 m.y.-old Aries pipe, Western Australia) was known outside the Kaapvaal craton and its environs. If the Damodar alkaline rocks are bona fide orangeites, it is likely that they were generated at depths of >150 km, within the stability field of diamond.
The basophil activation marker defined by antibody 97A6 is identical to the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3
Authors: Bühring Hans-Jörg , Seiffert Martina , Giesert Christina , Marxer Anke , Kanz Lothar , Valent Peter , Sano Kimihiko 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt has recently been shown that monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 97A6 detects a surface antigen expressed on basophils and their CD34+ precursor cells, as well as the basophil cell line KU-812. In this report the partial amino acid sequence of affinity chromatography– and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis–separated 97A6 antigen(s) from KU-812 lysates was determined. Sequence alignment of high-performance liquid chromatography–selected tryptic peptides from the resulting 130- and 150-kd bands revealed a 100% identity with amino acids 393 to 405 of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-3 (E-NPP3; CD203c) but not of the related ectoenzyme PC-1 (E-NPP1). Moreover, MoAb 97A6 selectively recognized 293 cells transfected with human E-NPP3, but did not react with cells transfected with PC-1 or parental 293 cells. In addition, E-NPP3 messenger RNA expression was detected in basophils but not other peripheral blood cells. Finally, MoAb 97A6 immunoprecipitated phosphodiesterase activity from KU-812 cells and peripheral blood basophils, but not from other cell populations. These data demonstrate that MoAb 97A6 recognizes the functionally active type II transmembrane ectoenzyme E-NPP3.
JC-1: a very sensitive fluorescent probe to test Pgp activity in adult acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Legrand Ollivier , Perrot Jean-Yves , Simonin Ghislaine , Baudard Marion , Marie Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOne of the best-characterized resistance mechanisms in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the drug extrusion mediated by P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Recently the results of workshops organized by several groups concluded that accurate measurement of low activity of Pgp is a difficult goal in clinical samples. Therefore, highly sensitive and specific assays were developed to assess the functionality of Pgp using JC-1, a fluorescent molecule with the different emission wavelength (green and red fluorescence) according to its concentration in 129 AML samples. It was shown that JC-1 (green and red bands) may define 3 groups of patients: resistant (R) (29% of patients), intermediate (I) (36%), and sensitive (S) (35%). In contrast, rhodamine 123 assay detected only the R group defined by JC-1. Nevertheless, the I group has an intermediate expression of Pgp (0.39, 0.29, and 0.19 for the R, I, and S groups, respectively, P = .002), an intermediate biologic profile (percentage of CD34, 95%, 67%, and 44%, respectively, P &lt; .0001; in vitro resistance to daunorubicin, 94 μM, 20 μM, and 12 μM, respectively,P = .02), and an intermediate prognosis (achievement of complete remission, 55%, 65%, and 87%, P = .006; 3-year disease-free survival, 11%, 16%, and 36%, respectively,P = .005; and 3-year overall survival, 0%, 20%, and 51%, respectively, P &lt; .0001). Therefore, JC-1 appeared to be a more convenient and simple way to detect a functional Pgp in clinical AML samples than rhodamine 123.