bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
15q13.3 homozygous knockout mouse model display epilepsy-, autism- and schizophrenia-related phenotypes
Authors: Forsingdal A , Fejgin K , Nielsen V , Werge T , Nielsen J 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome is caused by a 1.5-MB hemizygous microdeletion located on 15q13.3 affecting seven genes: FAN1; MTMR10; TRPM1; miR-211; KLF13; OTUD7A; and CHRNA7. The 15q13.3 microdeletion increases the risk of intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, though the clinical profile varies considerably. Two mouse models of this syndrome, with hemizygous deletion of the orthologous region in the murine genome, have recently been shown to recapitulate a number of the behavioral and physiological deficits that characterize the human condition. Still, little is known of the underlying biological mechanisms. Eleven human cases with homozygous deletion of the 15q13.3 region have been reported, all with severe functional and physiological impairments. We therefore hypothesized that a 15q13.3 homozygous knockout would confer more pronounced behavioral and physiological deficits in mice than the 15q13.3 hemizygous deletion. Here we report the characterization of a 15q13.3 knockout mouse. We observed marked deficits including altered seizure susceptibility, autistic behavior-related phenotypes, and auditory sensory processing. Several of these deficits, albeit less pronounced, were also found in the 15q13.3 hemizygous littermates indicating a gene-dosage dependency. Our findings strongly indicate that studies of the hemi- and homozygous 15q13.3 mouse strains will facilitate understanding of the biological mechanisms of severe mental disorders.
Mechanical signaling coordinates the embryonic heartbeat
Authors: Chiou Kevin K. , Rocks Jason W. , Chen Christina Yingxian , Cho Sangkyun , Merkus Koen E. , Rajaratnam Anjali , Robison Patrick , Tewari Manorama , Vogel Kenneth , Majkut Stephanie F. , Prosser Benjamin L. , Discher Dennis E. , Liu Andrea J. 
Published: July 2016

SignificanceThere is a mounting body of evidence that physical forces induce biochemical changes. Here, we suggest that the early embryonic heart provides a striking illustration of the importance of mechanics in living matter. Whereas adult hearts use electrical signaling to coordinate the heartbeat, we propose that embryonic hearts use mechanical signaling. We model the embryonic heart as mechanically excitable tissue, with cardiac myocytes that are triggered to contract under strain. Such contractions exert strains on nearby cells and induce further contraction, thus propagating the signal through the heart. This simple model captures key features observed in the heartbeat of stiffness-modified embryonic hearts that cannot be explained by standard electrochemical signaling and yields predictions that we confirm with experiments.
Supraphysiologic levels of the AML1-ETO isoform AE9a are essential for transformation
Authors: Link Kevin A. , Lin Shan , Shrestha Mahesh , Bowman Melissa , Wunderlich Mark , Bloomfield Clara D. , Huang Gang , Mulloy James C. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
The AE9a protein (alternative splicing at exon 9) is often used to model t(8;21) leukemia. Our study demonstrates that increased oncogene dosage is a critical parameter of AE9a transformation, likely as a result of impaired transcriptional regulation of AML1-ETO target genes. This insight could assist in identifying those downstream genes most critical for t(8;21)-associated transformation.
Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries
Authors: Schleussner Carl-Friedrich , Donges Jonathan F. , Donner Reik V. , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim 
Published: July 2016

SignificanceEthnic divides play a major role in many armed conflicts around the world and might serve as predetermined conflict lines following rapidly emerging societal tensions arising from disruptive events like natural disasters. We find evidence in global datasets that risk of armed-conflict outbreak is enhanced by climate-related disaster occurrence in ethnically fractionalized countries. Although we find no indications that environmental disasters directly trigger armed conflicts, our results imply that disasters might act as a threat multiplier in several of the world’s most conflict-prone regions.
Adolescence is associated with genomically patterned consolidation of the hubs of the human brain connectome
Authors: Whitaker Kirstie J. , Vértes Petra E. , Romero-Garcia Rafael , Váša František , Moutoussis Michael , Prabhu Gita , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Callaghan Martina F. , Wagstyl Konrad , Rittman Timothy , Tait Roger , Ooi Cinly , Suckling John , Inkster Becky , Fonagy Peter , Dolan Raymond J. , Jones Peter B. , Goodyer Ian M. ,   the NSPN Consortium, Bullmore Edward T. , Goodyer Ian , Bullmore Edward , Dolan Raymond , Fonagy Peter , Jones Peter , Fletcher Paul , Suckling John , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Fearon Pasco , Inkster Becky , Prabhu Gita , Bernal-Casas David , Eldar Eran , Ganguly Taposhri , Hauser Tobias , Ioannidis Konstantinos , Lewis Gemma , Mita Alda , Moutoussis Michael , Neufeld Sharon , Polek-MacDaeid Ela , Romero-Garcia Rafael , St Clair Michelle , Tait Roger , Toseeb Umar , van Harmelen Anne-Laura , Vértes Petra , Whitaker Kirstie , Will Geert-Jan , Ziegler Gabriel , Zimbron Jorge , Haarsma Joost , Davies Sian , Griffin Juliet , Hart Michael , Váša František , Wagstyl Konrad , Ooi Cinly , Widmer Barry , Alrumaithi Ayesha , Birt Sarah , Cleridou Kalia , Dadabhoy Hina , Firkins Ashlyn , Granville Sian , Harding Elizabeth , Hopkins Alexandra , Isaacs Daniel , King Janchai , Knight Clare , Kokorikou Danae , Maurice Christina , McIntosh Cleo , Memarzia Jessica , Mills Harriet , O’Donnell Ciara , Pantaleone Sara , Scott Jennifer , Stribling Alison , Bhatti Junaid , Hubbard Neil , Ilicheva Natalia , Kentell Michael , Wallis Ben , Villis Laura 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Adolescence is a period of human brain growth and high incidence of mental health disorders. Here, we show consistently in two MRI cohorts that human brain changes in adolescence were concentrated on the more densely connected hubs of the connectome (i.e., association cortical regions that mediated efficient connectivity throughout the human brain structural network). Hubs were less myelinated at 14 y but had faster rates of myelination and cortical shrinkage in the 14- to 24-y period. This topologically focused process of cortical consolidation was associated with expression of genes enriched for normal synaptic and myelin-related processes and risk of schizophrenia. Consolidation of anatomical network hubs could be important for normal and clinically disordered adolescent brain development.
The Subscale Structure of the HoNOS in a Forensic Population: A Framework for a Currency and Tariff Outcome System in Mental Health
Authors: Maddison Paula , Marlee Anna L. , Webb Danielle E. , Berry Adrian D. I. , Whitelock Tracy 
Published: July 2016

The development of an operational currency and tariff system for forensic mental health services has been underway in the United Kingdom since 2011, in line with government targets. A successful approach to the currency and tariff agenda requires both a way of capturing patient's needs and resource requirements while providing a way of evidencing outcomes to support payment. The focus of the work to date has been to establish a methodology that quantifies patient's clinical and resource needs but has yet to explore outcome methodology. In 2015, Speak, Hay, and Muncer developed a 4-factor model of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales, which was mandated for evaluating outcomes in adult and older person services. The focus of this article was to explore the Speak et al. ( 2015 ) 4-factor model of the HoNOS as an approach to evaluating outcomes in a forensic inpatient population. A national pilot study of 2,468 patients was used. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis techniques were employed and indicated that the Speak et al. ( 2015 ) factor model did not provide an adequate fit to the forensic data. A new factor structure emerged that revealed potential domains for evaluation of outcome in forensic populations.
The Rivers Ran Backward
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Most Americans believe that the Ohio River was a clearly defined and static demographic and political boundary between freedom and slavery, indeed between North and South, an extension of the Mason-Dixon Line and a border that produced the war. None of this is true, except perhaps the outcome of war. But the centrality of the Civil War and its outcome in the making of these tropes is undeniable. This interpretation leaves no room for the third of the nation’s major nineteenth-century regions: the West. Ironically, the war’s central figure, Abraham Lincoln, was a lifelong resident of this region’s “middle border”—the slave states of Kentucky and Missouri and of the free states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kansas—lying astride not one but two fault lines of that war, east and west and north and south. The Rivers Ran Backward contests the assumption that regional identities throughout these states were stable in the era of the Civil War. Across the middle border, the war left an indelible imprint on the way in which residents thought of themselves and other Americans, proving as much a shaper as a product of regional identities. The book explains how the Civil War and its aftermath transformed a regional political culture into the cultural politics of region, creating perhaps the war’s greatest irony: that the victorious North created a larger, more enduring South than the defeated Confederacy could accomplish for itself, and that former western neighbors created a border between them after the fact.
Babel
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The economic, political, and racial environment in the middle border region sustained the western white consensus. Even as these states modernized between 1820 and 1850, resultant demographic and economic expansion and diversity, not slavery politics, irrevocably divided western white populations. To various degrees, political parties in the region (Democrats and National Republicans, or “Whigs”) adopted nationalist positions and eschewed the federal government’s involvement in the issue of slavery, considering it a states’ rights issue. As the debate over abolitionism influenced the West, racialized (or “conservative”) antislavery strategies and movements such as colonization and gradual emancipation emerged among white residents to harmonize the region. Abolition, the most strident of the various antislavery activisms, had a conservative western variant. Consistent with the West as slavery’s borderland, African Americans there collectively experienced a continuum of racial distinctions, statuses, and circumstances rather than a sharp division among them.
No North—No South—No East—No West
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Efforts in the middle border’s slave states to maintain versions of neutrality as logical extensions of the region’s consensus tradition met with failure in wartime. Neutrality and personal neutralism were statements not only of sovereignty but also of dissent, designed to maintain the traditional balance of unionism and proslavery. “Hard-line” warfare ensued in both Missouri and Kentucky, by which the politics of slavery were infused into the contours of civilian-military interactions. Occupying federal and Confederate troops judged neutrality as disloyalty, with slaveholding as an essential measure, and civilians used neutralism to their best advantage to protect themselves and the peculiar institution on their states’ untenable middle grounds. As they reconsidered their relationship with the American nation, two proslavery political cultures emerged in these states—southerners of culture and political southerners—struggling to control their states’ futures while defining the wartime contours of dissent in contested loyal slave states.
Kinetic Theory and Transport Phenomena
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis textbook presents kinetic theory, which is a systematic approach to describing nonequilibrium systems. The text is balanced between the fundamental concepts of kinetic theory (irreversibility, transport processes, separation of time scales, conservations, coarse graining, distribution functions, etc.) and the results and predictions of the theory, where the relevant properties of different systems are computed. The book is organised in thematic chapters where different paradigmatic systems are studied. The specific features of these systems are described, building and analysing the appropriate kinetic equations. Specifically, the book considers the classical transport of charges, the dynamics of classical gases, Brownian motion, plasmas, and self-gravitating systems, quantum gases, the electronic transport in solids and, finally, semiconductors. Besides these systems that are studied in detail, concepts are applied to some modern examples including the quark–gluon plasma, the motion of bacterial suspensions, the electronic properties of graphene or the dynamics of a vortex gas, among others. In this way the reader will appreciate how the concepts and tools of kinetic theory can be applied to various situations. Besides these thematic chapters, a first chapter presents the main concepts in an introductory manner and then the formal kinetic theory for classical systems is presented in a general form, which will serve as the basis for subsequent thematic chapters. Finally, specific numerical methods for kinetic theory are given in a devoted chapter.
Distribution functions
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe concepts that were advanced in Chapter 1 are defined formally here for classical systems described by Hamilton equations. The need for a statistical description of the system dynamics is justified, leading to the definition of the phase-space distribution function. Starting from the Hamilton equations, the Liouville equation for the distribution function is derived. The reduced distributions, which give information for subsets of particles, are defined and it is shown that the average values of usual properties can be computed in term of these. The dynamical equations for the reduced distributions---the BBGKY hierarchy---are obtained. These are not closed, putting in evidence the need for approximations appropriate to different conditions in order for the BBGKY hierarchy to become of practical use. This will be the purpose of the following chapters. Finally, the formalism is extended to mixtures, non-Hamiltonian systems and, for the case of stochastic dynamics, the master equations are defined.
The Lorentz model for the classical transport of charges
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHistorically, the Lorentz model was formulated after the Boltzmann equation. However, its simplicity helps to introduce many of the concepts that will appear throughout the book. This model describes the charge transport using a classical treatment, that is, not quantum. Charges are scattered by fixed ions, limiting their mean free flight. The resulting kinetic equation is analysed in two complementary regimes. First, it is shown that imposing an electric field, a steady electric current is established satisfying Ohm’s law and the electrical conductivity is computed in terms of the scattering properties. Second, when the charges are placed inhomogeneously, the charge density evolves slowly following a diffusion equation, where the diffusion coefficient is related to the electrical conductivity. Using the Chapman—Enskog method, the two regimes are described in a unified way, resulting in hydrodynamic-like equations for the charge density. Finally, the Lorentz model is applied to the run-and-tumble bacterial motion.
Brownian motion
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBrownian motion, where microscopic particles are immersed in a fluid, is described separating the time scales of the collision with individual molecules and the macroscopic viscous friction. This separation permits derivation of the kinetic equation, which corresponds to a family of Fokker—Planck equations. Analysing the steady state, the fluctuation—dissipation relation is obtained, between the intensity of the molecular fluctuating force and the viscous force. For long times, the Brownian particles present diffusive behaviour and the Einstein relation is derived, which gives the diffusion coefficient in terms of the friction coefficient and the temperature. For microscopic objects that are described by a director, the rotational diffusion is derived, a concept that is applied in describing the dispersion of light in heterogeneous media and the alignment transition of bacterial suspensions.
Quantum gases
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter presents the statistical description of quantum gases: bosons and fermions. The coarse-grained distribution function, measuring the average occupation of each quantum level is the fundamental object under study. In thermal equilibrium, gases obey the Bose—Einstein and Fermi—Dirac distributions. Out of equilibrium, a semiclassical description is adopted where the distribution functions evolve as particles and move among levels. For bosons, the presence of other particles in the final level enhances the transitions (stimulated emission), while for fermions they suppress the transition (Pauli exclusion principle). These effects are included semiclassically in the kinetic equation. It is shown that the quantum kinetic equation gives the correct evolution toward the equilibrium distributions. Phonons are worked out in detail, where the phonon–phonon and phonon–electron interactions affect the energy transport. Finally, lasers and the quark—gluon plasma are analysed in the context of the theory.
Semiconductors and interband transitions
Authors: Soto Rodrigo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this short chapter, electronic properties are studied when the presence of two or more bands is relevant. The prototype example is that of semiconductors, where interband transitions take place. Electric carriers (electrons in the conduction band or holes in the valence band) are responsible for transport and kinetic equations are derived for them, where recombination—generation processes must be included. The case of photoconductivity is considered when a semiconductor becomes a conductor through illumination. It is shown that at low temperatures, carriers are described by the Boltzmann distribution and therefore present some classical properties like the Einstein relation between the mobility and the diffusion coefficient. In this case, a hydrodynamic description for carriers is possible. Doped materials are analysed and the electronic transport in a diode is considered.
The Burden of Long-Term Care
Authors: Degiuli Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter investigates the reasons behind Italian families’s decision to hire a home eldercare assistant. It does so first by exploring the current organization of long-term eldercare in Italy: who provides it, in what terms, the impact of care provision on caregivers’ lives and the lives of their families, and its costs at the economic and emotional level for all the actors involved. It continues by analyzing the support that the state provides to families both in terms of services and cash provisions and how this support increasingly pushes families to seek care support in the informal labor market. Finally, it concludes by looking at how family caregivers actively transform into employers and at how, in the process, they create hierarchies of labor in terms of race/ethnicity and nationality.
The Bonds of Labor
Authors: Degiuli Francesca 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Chapter 7 delves into the emotional labor required in this occupation and how the relationships that develop on the job affect the relationship of power between the workers and the elders. It shows that although it is true that emotional labor allows families to extract more work from the immigrant workers, at times the emotional attachment generated in these work relationships may work in favor of the workers and guarantee them a stronger bargaining power in terms of wages, work hours, help in obtaining a residency permit, and, in some cases, help in creating transnational bonds. Furthermore, the chapter investigates the qualitative difference in the relationships between home eldercare assistants and the elders in their care, and those between them and the employers.
Same stock, different management: quantifying the sustainability of three shrimp fisheries in the Skagerrak from a product perspective
Authors: Ziegler Friederike , Hornborg Sara , Valentinsson Daniel , Skontorp Hognes Erik , Søvik Guldborg , Ritzau Eigaard Ole 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis L.) stock in the Skagerrak is shared by Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Although the fishery is regulated by an annual agreement between the EU and Norway, there are also national regulations as well as differences in fleet composition and shrimp markets. In early 2014, the World Wildlife Fund gave all Skagerrak shrimp a red light in their seafood consumer guide, which led to an extensive debate, especially in Sweden, about the sustainability of this fishery. The aim of this study was to quantify a set of indicators that together give a broad picture of the sustainability of the three fisheries to provide an objective basis for a discussion on needed measures. The different indicators concerned environmental, economic or social aspects of sustainability and were quantified per tonne of shrimp landed by each country in 2012. The Danish fishery was most efficient in terms of environmental and economic indicators, while the Swedish fishery provided most employment per tonne of shrimp landed. Fuel use in all fisheries was high, also when compared with other shrimp fisheries. Interesting patterns emerged, with smaller vessels being more fuel efficient than larger ones in Sweden and Norway, with the opposite trend in Denmark. The study also demonstrated major data gaps and differences between the countries in how data are collected and made available. Various improvement options in the areas data collection and publication, allocation of quotas and enforcement of regulations resulted. Product-oriented studies could be useful to follow-up performance of fisheries over time and to identify how to best utilize the Skagerrak shrimp stock. This could involve evaluating novel solutions in terms of technology and management, based on current and future scenarios aiming to maximize societal benefits generated from this limited resource, at minimized environmental impacts.
Religion as Anthropomorphism
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews and advances a theory the author has long advocated, namely that religion may best be understood as anthropomorphism and that the latter is largely the byproduct of an evolved cognitive strategy. The strategy is to resolve uncertainty, which pervades cognition, with the logic of Pascal’s Wager: When in doubt about the nature of a phenomenon, bet on the most relevant possibility. For humans, that possibility usually is that the phenomenon is personal or has personal features or traces. From earliest infancy, we are preoccupied with persons, and our prototype of intentional agency evidently is our concept of the human mind. We interpret phenomena as personal involuntarily, automatically, and mostly unconsciously.