bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health disparities across education: The role of differential reporting error
Authors: Choi Anna , Cawley John 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOne of the most robust findings in health economics is that higher educated individuals tend to be in better health. This paper tests whether health disparities across education are to some extent due to differences in reporting error across education. We test this hypothesis using data from the pooled National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1999–2012, which include both self‐reports and objective verification for an extensive set of health behaviors and conditions, including smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.We find that college graduates are more likely to give false negative reports of obesity and high total cholesterol; one possible explanation for this is social desirability bias. However, college graduates are also significantly less likely to give false positive reports of smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol. Because there are far more truly negative people (who are less likely to give a false positive report) than more truly positive people (who are more likely to give a false negative report), we find that college graduates report their health significantly more accurately overall.
Squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary of the head and neck: Favorable prognostic factors comparable to those in oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Zhou Margaret J. , van Zante Annemieke , Lazar Ann A. , Groppo Eli R. , Garsa Adam A. , Ryan William R. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , Eisele David W. , Yom Sue S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundTreatment for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of unknown primary consists of radiotherapy (RT) +/‐ chemotherapy or neck dissection +/‐ adjuvant RT/chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We compared these strategies and identified prognostic factors.MethodsFrom 1993 to 2015, 75 patients with SCC of unknown primary had RT‐based or surgery‐based treatment. Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Event‐time distributions were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsFive‐year OS and DFS for RT‐based and surgery‐based treatments were similar (OS 73% vs 68%, respectively; DFS 65% vs 64%, respectively). Among 38 patients with p16 data, 76% were p16 positive and showed improved 5‐year DFS (90% vs 33%; P = .001) and OS (96% vs 33%; P < .001). Smoking history ≤10 pack‐years conferred better 5‐year DFS (88% vs 49%; P < .001) and OS (91% vs 59%; P < .001).ConclusionRT‐based and surgery‐based treatments produced similar outcomes. Patients with p16‐positive disease with ≤10 pack‐years of smoking history and limited nodal stage constitute a “low‐risk” group in SCC of unknown primary similar to that in oropharyngeal cancer.
Co‐production with “vulnerable” groups: Balancing protection and participation
Authors: Liabo Kristin , Ingold Anne , Roberts Helen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackground and aimThis paper explores the tension between participation and protection at a time when professionals are encouraged to engage patients and citizens in both the “R” (research) and the “D” (development) of services. Concerns to protect groups perceived as “vulnerable” can mean that not everyone is afforded the same opportunity to participate.MethodsOur data draw on the literature and secondary analysis of a study designed to explore the experiences of young peoples' transitions from health and social care to adult services. In seeking ethics approval, tensions between protection and participation were evident, and once the study was concluded, we reviewed group and individual interview transcripts, team email correspondence, and research notes. We considered aspects of participation, co‐production, involvement, and research design in relation to the ethics concerns raised.FindingsIn terms of privacy and confidentiality, young people were skilled at setting their own boundaries. Whilst young people leaving foster and residential care are frequently perceived as vulnerable, those in our study asserted their agency and desire to be “visible.” Some experienced conditions aimed at protecting their confidentiality or safety as oppressive.ConclusionThe risk reduction strategies that often underpin ethics approval processes can also carry risks. Limiting opportunities to play a part in research for people who may already be excluded on age, health, language, or other grounds reduces the range of lay knowledge on which we can draw, limits generalisability, and potentially adds to damaging social exclusion. Learning how to participate effectively is a life skill.
Standardization of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Method of Water Management in Lowland Rice (ORYZA SativaL.) for Upscaling in Command Outlets
Authors: Mote Kishor , Praveen Rao V. , Ramulu V. , Avil Kumar K. , Uma Devi M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe experiment was conducted in irrigated lowlands and followed alternate wetting and drying (AWD) practices by using field water tubes. The site had sandy clay soil. Grain yield was 6.0–7.2 t ha−1with AWD irrigation and 7.5 t ha−1with continuous submergence irrigation. Non‐significant (P > 0.05) difference was registered in yield attributes and grain yield between continuous submergence of irrigation and I5(AWD irrigation regime of 5 cm submergence depth from 15 DAT (days after transplanting) to physiological maturity when the ponded water level drops to 5 cm below ground level) and I6(AWD irrigation regime of 5 cm submergence depth from 15 DAT to physiological maturity when the ponded water level drops to 10 cm below ground level). There was a decrease in yield attributes and grain yield with the I4(AWD irrigation regime of 3 cm submergence depth from 15 DAT to physiological maturity when the ponded water level drops to 15 cm below ground level). Of various irrigation regimes, AWD irrigation regimes of I5(57 900 ha−1) and I6(56 500 ha−1) registered higher net returns with a B: C ratio of 1.27 and 1.29, respectively, owing to higher grain yield coupled with lower application of water. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of Climatic Extremes with Focus on Floods and Droughts in Agriculture
Authors: Watanabe Tsugihiro , Cullmann Johannes , Pathak Chandra S. , Turunen Mika , Emami Kamran , Ghinassi Graziano , Siddiqi Yasmin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration and timing of weather and climate extremes, and can result in unprecedented extremes. These climate extremes have significant impacts on human and ecological systems, which are influenced by changes in climate, vulnerability and exposure, resulting in increased fatalities and economic losses especially in developing countries.To reduce disaster risks, the global and local society or community need to assess weather and climate events with the interaction of these hazards, the exposure of society to these events and the vulnerability of the region and society to these extremes. On the other hand, the future projection of events and their impacts is expected to be more uncertain. Under the given uncertainties in climate change impact projections, improving resilience by reinforcing the capability of societies to cope better with extreme events is one of the most favoured approaches. The adaptation includes practical measures that not only reduce the disaster risk but also reinforce the base system.This paper aims at summarizing the current practices of managing extreme climate events, assessment of impact under climate change scenarios, and development of adaptation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun nanofibers comprising of silk fibroin/gelatin for drug delivery applications: Thyme essential oil and doxycycline monohydrate release study
Authors: Dadras Chomachayi Masoud , Solouk Atefeh , Akbari Somaye , Sadeghi Davoud , Mirahmadi Fereshteh , Mirzadeh Hamid 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this study, a nanofibrous electrospun substrate based on the silk fibroin (SF) and gelatin (GT) polymers were prepared and evaluated. The SF/GT blended solutions were prepared with various ratios of GT in formic acid and electrospun to obtain bead‐free fibers. Results showed that addition of GT to SF increased nanofiber's diameter, bulk hydrophilicity, surface wettability, mass loss percentage, but decreased Young's modulus, tensile strength, and porosity of the SF/GT mats. According to the obtained results, the mat containing 10% of GT was selected as the optimized mat for further studies and loaded with thyme essential oil (TEO) and doxycycline monohydrate (DCMH) as the antibacterial agents. Release studies showed a burst release of TEO from the mat within the first 3 h, while the DCMH had a sustained release during 48 h. In comparison to the TEO‐loaded mat, the DCMH‐loaded one showed larger inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. Meanwhile, cellular studies using mouse fibroblast L929 cells showed excellent cell‐compatibility of TEO‐ and DCMH‐loaded mats. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1092–1103, 2018.
The effects of incubation temperature and experimental design on heart rates of lizard embryos
Authors: Hulbert Austin C. , Mitchell Timothy S. , Hall Joshua M. , Guiffre Cassia M. , Douglas Danielle C. , Warner Daniel A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMany studies of phenotypic plasticity alter environmental conditions during embryonic development, yet only measure phenotypes at the neonatal stage (after embryonic development). However, measuring aspects of embryo physiology enhances our understanding of how environmental factors immediately affect embryos, which aids our understanding of developmental plasticity. While current research on reptile developmental plasticity has demonstrated that fluctuating incubation temperatures affect development differently than constant temperatures, most research on embryo physiology is still performed with constant temperature experiments. In this study, we noninvasively measured embryonic heart rates of the brown anole (Anolis sagrei), across ecologically relevant fluctuating temperatures. We incubated eggs under temperatures measured from potential nests in the field and examined how heart rates change through a diel cycle and throughout embryonic development. We also evaluated how experimental design (e.g., repeated vs. single measures designs, constant vs. fluctuating temperatures) and different protocols (e.g., removing eggs from incubators) might influence heart rate. We found that heart rates were correlated with daily temperature and increased through development. Our findings suggest that experimenters have reasonable flexibility in choosing an experimental design to address their questions; however, some aspects of design and protocol can potentially influence estimations of heart rates. Overall, we present the first ecologically relevant measures of anole embryonic heart rates and provide recommendations for experimental designs for future experiments.
Morphological fine tuning of the feeding apparatus to proboscis length in Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Krenn Harald W. , Bauder Julia A.‐S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe form and function of the hesperiid feeding apparatus was studied in detail. The butterflies in the family Hesperiidae are of particular interest because the longest proboscis ever recorded in Papilionoidea was found in the Neotropical genus Damas. We focused on the functional morphology by comparing proboscis morphology as well as size and composition of both the stipes pump and the cibarial suction pump in skippers with short and extremely long proboscis. Results revealed that all studied Hesperiidae have the same proboscis micromorphology and sensilla endowment regardless of the proboscis length. However, the numbers of internal muscles of the proboscis, the morphology of the stipes pump as well as the pumping organs for nectar uptake are related to the proboscis length. We conclude that the low number of tip sensilla compared to proboscis length is responsible for remarkably longer manipulation times of long‐proboscid species during flower visits. The organs for proboscis movements and nectar uptake organs are well tuned to the respective proboscis length and are accordingly bigger in species with a proboscis that measures twice the body length.
Explosive detection using a novel dielectric barrier discharge ionisation source for mass spectrometry
Authors: Fletcher Carl , Sleeman Richard , Luke John , Luke Peter , Bradley James W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe detection of explosives is of great importance, as is the need for sensitive, reliable techniques that require little or no sample preparation and short run times for high throughput analysis. In this work, a novel ionisation source is presented based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). This not only affects desorption and ionisation but also forms an ionic wind, providing mass transportation of ions towards the mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the design incorporates 2 asymmetric alumina sheets, each containing 3 DBDs, so that a large surface area can be analysed. The DBD operates in ambient air, overcoming the limitation of other plasma‐based techniques which typically analyse smaller surface areas and require solvents or gases. A range of explosives across 4 different functional groups was analysed using the DBD with low limits of detection for cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) (100 pg), pentaerythritol trinitrate (PETN) (100 pg), hexamethylene triperoxide diamide (HMTD) (1 ng), and trinitrotoluene (TNT) (5 ng). Detection was achieved without any sample preparation or the addition of reagents to facilitate adduct formation.
Classification of precipitation regimes in Pakistan using wet and dry spells
Authors: Nabeel A. , Athar H. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTWet (dry) spells can cause extreme climatic conditions, such as floods (droughts) which can adversely influence the natural resources. A spatio‐temporal analysis of observed wet and dry spells is carried out for vulnerable and data sparse region of Pakistan (24°–38°N and 61°–78°E). Observed monthly precipitation data sets from 46 weather station are used for a length of consecutive 32 years (1976−2007). Additionally, after bias adjustment, the Asian Precipitation Highly‐Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE) precipitation data set, abbreviated as APH, is utilized to corroborate the findings. For both data sets, a threshold of 1 mm is used to define a wet spell. Decadal variability of precipitation for observed and APH data sets indicates that there is gradual decrease in wet spell length for arid and humid regimes, as compared to semi‐arid regimes where there is no change in wet spell length. Monthly dry and wet slope difference (SD), on a log–log plot between number of spells and spell length, is used to classify precipitation regimes in Pakistan, for the first time. A weather station is categorized as humid if SD is less than −2.38 in units of number of spells per length of spells. If SD lies between −2.37 and −0.51, then the weather station is classified as semi‐arid and if SD is greater than −0.51, then it is classified as arid. Thus, according to SD classification, 66% of area in Pakistan is arid, whereas 30% (4%) is semi‐arid (humid). Comparison of precipitation regimes based upon observed and APH data sets with other climate classification schemes that involve both precipitation and temperature is presented.
Using carboxylated cellulose nanofibers to enhance mechanical and barrier properties of collagen fiber film by electrostatic interaction
Authors: Wang Wenhang , Zhang Xiuling , Li Cong , Du Guanhua , Zhang Hongjie , Ni Yonghao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDCollagen‐based films including casings with a promising application in meat industry are still needed to improve its inferior performance. In the present study, the reinforcement of carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNF) for collagen film, based on inter‐/intra‐ molecular electrostatic interaction between cationic acid‐swollen collagen fiber and anionic carboxylated CNF, was investigated.RESULTSAdding CNF decreased the zeta‐potential but increased particle size of collagen fiber suspension, with little effect on pH. Furthermore, CNF addition led to a higher tensile strength but a lower elongation, and the water vapor and oxygen barrier properties were improved remarkably. Because the CNF content was 50 g kg–1 or lower, the films had a homogeneous interwoven network, and CNF homogeneously embedded into collagen fiber matrix according to the scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. Additionally, CNF addition increased film thickness and opacity, as well as swelling rate.CONCLUSIONThe incorporation of CNF endows collagen fiber films good mechanical and barrier properties over a proper concentration range (≤ 50 g kg–1 collagen fiber), which is closely associated with electrostatic reaction of collagen fiber and CNF and, subsequently, the form of the homogenous, compatible spatial network, indicating a potential applications of CNF in collagenous protein films, such as edible casings. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of deficit irrigation and crop load on the yield and fruit quality in Wonderful and Mollar de Elche pomegranates
Authors: Cano‐Lamadrid Marina , Galindo Alejandro , Collado‐González Jacinta , Rodríguez Pedro , Cruz Zulma N , Legua Pilar , Burló Francisco , Morales Donaldo , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A , Hernández Francisca 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe working hypothesis of the present study was that, by proper simultaneous control of irrigation (hydroSOStainable products) and crop load (thinning), it is possible to promote the accumulation of bioactive compounds and improve fruit appearance (size and weight). The effects of (i) irrigation status [T0, 120% ETc (estimated crop evapotranspiration); T1, 60% ETc during fruit growth and ripening] and (ii) crop load (A0, no thinning; A1, thinning) on yield and fruit quality were evaluated in two pomegranate cultivars (Wonderful, Wond and Mollar de Elche, ME).RESULTSThinning was effective in increasing the size and weight of fruits. Unfortunately, neither punicalagin, nor total polyphenolic content were positively affected by irrigation and thinning. T1A1 Wond fruits were characterized by high sugar content (glucose and fructose), together with high fruit size and weight. Furthermore, T1A1 ME fruits were characterized by high contents of alcohols and monoterpenoids (providing vegetal and citric flavor notes) and key sensory attributes (color, fruity and fresh pomegranate).CONCLUSIONThe final recommendation was to use the treatment T1A1 [simultaneous combination of deficit irrigation during fruit growth and ripening (T1) and thinning (A1)], although the positive results were cultivar‐dependent. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of physico‐chemical properties and phenolic compounds bioavailability by concentrating dietary fiber of peach (Prunus persica) juice by‐product
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Sarahí , Pérez‐Ramírez Iza F , Castaño‐Tostado Eduardo , Amaya‐Llano Silvia , Rodríguez‐García Mario E , Reynoso‐Camacho Rosalía 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study aimed to concentrate dietary fiber (DF) from peach (Prunus persica) juice by‐product (PJBP), to improve its functional properties, and its polyphenols bioavailability. The dietary fiber concentrates (DFCs) were obtained from PJBP using water/ethanol treatments (100:0, 20:80, 50:50, 80:20, and 0:100, v/v) at 1:5 ratio (wet weight/solvent, w/v) for 5 and 20 min at 21 °C.RESULTSAll treatments concentrated condensed tannins, total and insoluble DF, with the highest content found with 100% H2O treatment. The major polyphenols of DFC were 4‐O‐caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, and 1,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids. Water and oil retention capacity and maximum glucose diffusion rate were improved mainly with 100% H2O treatment. Healthy rats were fed with a standard diet supplemented with 8% of PJBP, DFC obtained with 100% H2O for 5 min, or DFC obtained with 20% EtOH for 5 min. Gastrointestinal digesta weight and viscosity were increased in animals supplemented with 100% H2O DFC. Moreover, the urinary excretion of polyphenol metabolites, mainly glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, was increased with this treatment, indicating a greater bioavailability of PJBP polyphenols, which was associated with an increased dietary fiber porosity.CONCLUSIONWater treatment could be used to potentiate PJBP functional properties and polyphenols bioavailability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Detection of allergen coding sequences of kiwi, peach, and apple in processed food by qPCR
Authors: Graziano Sara , Gullì Mariolina , Marmiroli Nelson 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDFood traceability becomes lifesaving for persons suffering severe allergy or intolerance, and therefore need a complete avoidance of the immune‐trigger food. This paper describes how to fingerprint the presence of some allergenic species (kiwi, peach, and apple) in foods by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR).RESULTSFive DNA extraction procedures were tested on fruits and foods. The results were statistically evaluated, and discussed. Analysis by qPCR with SYBR Green was developed to detect traces of these allergenic species in foods. Plasmids containing the target sequences of kiwi, peach and apple were employed as internal reference standard. Analysis of spiked food samples showed a limit of detection of 25 mg kg−1 for kiwi, 20 mg kg−1 for peach and 50 mg kg−1 for apple.CONCLUSIONThe qPCR method here developed, combined with the use of internal plasmid reference standard, represents a specific system for the quick detection of allergenic species in complex food matrices, with a limit of detection comparable with those reported using more time‐consuming methods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxygen dynamics control the burial of organic carbon in a eutrophic reservoir
Authors: Carey Cayelan C. , Doubek Jonathan P. , McClure Ryan P. , Hanson Paul C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOrganic carbon (OC) mineralization in freshwaters is dependent on oxygen availability near the sediments, which controls whether OC inputs will be buried or respired. However, oxygen dynamics in waterbodies are changing globally due to land use and climate, and the consequences of variable oxygen conditions for OC burial are unknown. We manipulated hypolimnetic oxygen availability in a whole‐reservoir experiment and used a mass balance OC model to quantify rates of OC burial. Throughout summer stratification, we observed that OC burial rates were tightly coupled to sediment oxygen concentrations: oxic conditions promoted the mineralization of “legacy” OC that had accumulated over years of sedimentation, resulting in negative OC burial. Moreover, our study demonstrates that fluctuating oxygen conditions can switch ecosystem‐scale OC burial in a reservoir between positive and negative rates. Consequently, changing oxygen availability in freshwaters globally will likely have large implications for the role of these ecosystems as OC sinks.