bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Blood and Lymphatic Systems
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Anemia, the most common blood abnormality in lupus patients, can cause fatigue and pallor. It can result from a nonimmunological cause—iron deficiency or chronic disease—or directly from immunological conditions caused by lupus. Immune-mediated anemias are serious and potentially life threatening. They often mandate high doses of steroids and other immunosuppressive therapies. Low white blood cell counts are commonly observed and result from antilymphocyte antibodies. White blood cells (neutrophils) do not kill bacteria as well as they should in SLE, and this increases the risk of infection. Antibodies to platelets lower platelet counts, especially in patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Very low platelet counts can result in serious internal bleeding and must be managed with steroids and other immunosuppressive therapies. Lymph glands swell with active lupus, but this can be treated. The spleen also enlarges when its filtering capacities are overwhelmed, but treatment can resolve this problem as well.
Lupus through the Ages: Lupus in Children and the Elderly
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Lupus in newborns is very rare. Cutaneous neonatal lupus disappears spontaneously. Sometimes the presence of congenital heart block may require permanent treatment with a pacemaker or medication that controls the heart’s rhythm, but this condition usually has a favorable outcome. Recent reports suggest that a minority of neonatal lupus patients may develop lupus during adolescence. Childhood lupus is frequently serious and organ threatening. Aggressive management increases the chances for a good quality of life during adulthood. The teen years are fraught with compliance problems and psychosocial complications that require special attention. For those who develop symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after age 60, drug-induced lupus and other forms of inflammatory arthritis must be ruled out first as possible culprits. Senior citizens with lupus usually have mild, nonprogressive disease.
Taming Inflammation: Anti-Inflammatory Therapies
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
leSalicylates have been used for more than 100 years, and other nonsteroidals have been used more than 40 years. They are effective in treating fevers, headaches, arthritis, arthralgia, muscle aches, and serositis. None of these agents has any disease-modifying properties in lupus and has no place in treating serious systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without disease-modifying drugs. The choice of a particular drug depends on the medical history; several agents are usually tried before one is found that is effective and safe. Call your doctor if you encounter any problems with these drugs. All the preparations listed in this section require regular blood testing and a rectal examination with a stool smear for blood at least once a year. With appropriate monitoring, NSAIDs can be given concurrently with other antilupus medications.
Connecting Musical Concepts With Games
Authors: Lesser Andrew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The games presented in Chapter 6 concentrate on Connecting, or the synthesizing and relation of musical work to personal experiences. The ability to relate content knowledge to students’ individual experiences has the potential for greater understanding of how to apply what is taught in the classroom to their everyday lives. The standard of Connecting also relates to understanding music in relation to other subjects both within and outside of arts domains. The games outlined in this chapter are organized into individual lesson templates that include learning objectives, detailed game descriptions, procedures for multiple classroom environments, differentiated instruction, assessments, and extensions. Instructional tutorial videos of each game are also available on the OUP website.
Why We Vote
Authors: Fiss Owen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Why We Vote is a bold and inspiring reconstruction of judicial doctrine giving expression to the democratic aspirations of the U.S. Constitution. It shifts the focus from equal protection and free speech to the freedom that democracy generates—the right of those who are ruled to choose their rulers. It explains why that right, derived from a reading of the Constitution as a whole, requires the extension of the franchise to all citizens. It provides the grounds for the rules that facilitate, as a purely practical matter, the exercise of the right to vote, ensure that the vote of one is equal to that of another, and guarantees feasible access to the ballot for independent candidates and new political parties.
The Book of Job in Wonderland
Authors: Armstrong Ryan M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The book of Job and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland may not seem like natural bedfellows at first, but both have become literary classics by lifting a voice of protest against injustice. They employ similar techniques to mock self-assured moralists: nonce-formation, unique orthography, frame tales, episodic plot structure, and parodies of religious songs. Both culminate in a chaotic trial that remains unresolved. At every turn, these books subvert conventions of genre and even language itself. Job and Alice become curiouser and curiouser as their most foundational beliefs are challenged. In this creative new study, Ryan Armstrong explores mediation in Job’s land of Uz with insights gained from Wonderland. It turns out that Job and Alice must both learn the value of honest protest, a lesson intensified by their would-be mediators. Readers throughout history have been mesmerized by Job’s search for a “redeemer,” a mediator that will stand between him and God. But few have noted the pervasiveness of mediation throughout the book, which opens and closes with mediatory acts. The author turns attention to the mediation (and un-mediation) of Job’s primary interlocutors. Like Wonderland’s Queen of Hearts, God thunders into Job’s life and reminds him that few mediators are willing to stand up to authority. Like the King of Hearts, Job’s three friends take the side of the most powerful disputant. Like Wonderland’s Gryphon, Elihu creates a cliffhanger before the denouement and offers a moment of reflection. In the end, Job, like Alice, clings to his honesty and refuses to flatter authority.
Introduction
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The 1852 Utah territorial legislature grappled with the fact that African American and Native American slavery existed in the territory, and lawmakers had to determine what to legally do about it. They crafted two laws, An Act in Relation to Service and An Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners. It was an all Latter-day Saint (Mormon) legislative body with significant overlap between religious and political positions. This study is based on a significant body of new evidence that includes newly transcribed speeches and debates. It offers the first historical analysis of these sources and situates the debates in Utah Territory within a national antebellum context.
Slavery among the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1847
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was born into a fraught racial and religious context. They had to contend with questions regarding slavery and abolitionism, both of which were prominent national issues at the time. In doing so they adopted an approach grounded in political expediency more than in a theology of moral compunction against slavery. Their approach toward slavery influenced their experiences in Missouri, Ohio, and Illinois, before fleeing the United States in 1846. Joseph Smith, as leader of the faith, modified his views on slavery over the course of his short life. In Missouri, he adopted a conciliatory stance toward enslavers, especially after Latter-day Saints were driven from Jackson County because outsiders accused them of promoting slave rebellion and race mixing. In Illinois, however, Smith espoused ideals grounded in the commonality of all human beings and advocated a government funded gradual emancipation plan.
Slavery, Priesthood Denial, and Brigham Young versus Orson Pratt
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In 1856, Latter-day Saint leaders made a second application for statehood and debated a proposal to apply as a slave state. Delegates soundly defeated that proposal, but it indicated the strength of the pro-slavery faction in the territory. Latter-day Saint leaders also began to publicly defend the faith’s newly articulated racial priesthood restriction and offered a variety of rationales to justify it. In the end, Latter-day Saint leaders Brigham Young and Orson Pratt represented two competing strands of thought in the antebellum period. Brigham Young looked backward to various unfree labor categories from the early decades of the nineteenth century, and Orson Pratt looked forward to advocate a free labor ideal. In the long sweep of history, Pratt’s vision won out.
Nationalism, Foreign Policy Assertiveness, and Chinese Policy towards the United Nations
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the observations of senior foreign diplomats working at the United Nations regarding the real world of multilateral diplomacy during the first decade of Xi Jinping’s leadership. It focuses on the notions of nationalism, foreign policy assertiveness, and Chinese policy towards a range of UN instruments and institutions. China’s international posture on universal human rights norms has become increasingly assertive during the Xi Jinping period. The chapter considers China’s expanding role in drafting UN Security Council resolutions, its aggressive pursuit of UN candidatures, and the increasing placement of Chinese personnel within the UN system. Xi’s global meta-narrative of the community of common destiny has also been the subject of intense Chinese diplomacy to incorporate it into the normative language of the UN system. The chapter concludes that China’s changed posture across the UN system is a direct articulation of China’s changed nationalist and foreign policy narrative at home. This is reinforced by an ideological conclusion, within the framework of Marxist dialectical analysis, that the ‘scientific’ and ‘objective’ forces of history which propel humanity towards socialism are now working in China’s favour and driving the CCP’s efforts to redesign the international system.
Historical linguistics of the languages of Sumatra, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Moken-Moklen
Authors: Adelaar Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the linguistic history of the languages of Sumatra, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, including the languages of the Barrier islands off Sumatra’s west coast, and Moken and Moklen (spoken in the Mergui Archipelago on the border between Thailand and Burma). It gives an overview of the various subgrouping hypotheses that have been proposed for these Malayo-Polynesian languages and is concerned with the principles on which these are based. Among others, it critically evaluates the use of *tuzuq ‘seven’ as evidence for a Greater North Borneo subgroup, and the use of PMP *j as evidence for a Sumatran subgroup.
Non-areal contact
Authors: Hoogervorst Tom 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates non-areal contact between Malayo-Polynesian languages from Southeast Asia and Madagascar (MPSEA) and languages from other families found in four regions: South Asia, West Asia, East Asia, and Europe. It considers lexical borrowing, typological convergence, and influence through language planning policies. Malay was the main vector through which South Asian and West Asian loanwords entered other MPSEA languages. In the opposite direction, Malay also lent the largest number of borrowings to non-Austronesian languages, comprising both inherited and borrowed words. In general, lexical influence from MPSEA languages on the languages of South Asia, West Asia, East Asia, and Europe chiefly pertained to regionally specific products, concepts, and inventions. Meanwhile, prestigious languages such as Sanskrit and Arabic were responsible for the introduction of several abstract concepts into Malay and Javanese, whereas the Philippine languages have mostly drawn from Spanish and English for this purpose, Tetun from Portuguese, and Malagasy from French and English. These source languages continue to inspire language users, particularly in the realm of post-independence language engineering.
Sama-Bajaw languages
Authors: Kaufman Daniel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Sama-Bajaw language family is remarkable for its discontiguous distribution across a wide swath of maritime southeast Asia as well as the nomadic lifestyle of its constituent communities, many of whom spend the majority of their lives at sea or in villages constructed on stilts above water. Despite their scattered distribution, the Sama-Bajaw languages clearly display a phylogenetic unity suggesting descent from a single language and are now thought to have originated in Borneo. This chapter offers a typological overview for the described Sama-Bajaw languages covering all areas of their grammar, with a focus on their unique innovations as well as features adopted from neighbouring languages. Because the Sama-Bajaw peoples are so widely dispersed and have maintained commercial and social relations with various sedentary outsiders for centuries, their languages are a rich source for the study of linguistic contact in the Austronesian world. The chapter discusses aspects of contact with special regard to morphosyntax and urges further scholarship in this area.
Languages of Java
Authors: Klok Jozina Vander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses key linguistic features of the major indigenous languages and varieties spoken on the island of Java, Indonesia, including Javanese, Madurese, Sundanese, Baduy, Banyumas, Osing, Cirebon, Banten, and Tengger, which together comprise for close to 60% of the speaker population of Indonesia. The use of speech levels—stemming historically from Javanese—characterize the larger languages, although their present-day use indicates a change in progress which no longer emphasizes the past social hierarchy. The modern languages of Java are characterized typologically by SVO default word order, no case marking, a reduced number of voice marking distinctions, and applicativization. Their phonemic vowel and consonant inventories are considered larger within Austronesian, and typically have vowel harmony, homorganic nasal substitution, and no lexical stress. Noteworthy specific phonological features include gemination in Madurese, progressive nasalization in Sundanese, tense vs. lax stops in Javanese, and patalization and diphthongization in Osing. Important morphological features of the languages of Java include reduplication across all grammatical categories and multifunctional affixes, while variation is found across language varieties in terms of their synthetic-analytic characterization. These languages also have rich number of tense, aspect, modality/evidentiality adverbs or auxiliaries, which optionally modify the predicate, and include phasal polarity. Prominent morphosyntactic features include subject-only restriction for relativization or cleft constructions (lifted in some varieties), and various combinatorial strategies to form polar questions, including discourse particles, word order variation, and intonation.
Languages of central Maluku
Authors: Grimes Charles E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Around 61 Austronesian languages in geographical central Maluku are severely under-documented with less than a handful of grammars and phonologies available, along with a few topic-specific papers. Many languages have become extinct or severely endangered in the past 150 years, some as a consequence of colonial-era actions. This chapter surveys some phonological inventories and processes, along with grammatical issues such as active/non-active orientation in the verbs, split-S systems, subjecthood, human/non-human marking in pronominal systems, predicative versus attributive marking on verbs, possession and the “reverse genitive”, pre-verbal versus clause-final negation, and directional systems. The impact on SVO typologies from contact-induced change with SOV languages is also addressed briefly, something which sets the central Maluku languages apart from Austronesian languages to the west.
The languages of Halmahera and West New Guinea
Authors: Gasser Emily , Arnold Laura , Kamholz David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the first typological overview of the Austronesian languages spoken in Halmahera, Raja Ampat, and west New Guinea; together, the majority of these languages comprise the South Halmahera-West New Guinea (SHWNG) subbranch. The chapter covers topics in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. Basic constituent order is SVO in all languages, and most adpositions are prepositional; this generally head-initial profile, however, combines with widespread clause-final negation and aspect marking. Phonological inventories are generally straightforward (typically 10-15 consonants and 5-7 vowels). Stress tends to be penultimate, and several SHWNG languages have tone. Phonotactics are variable across the region: some languages have very simple syllable structure, while in others lengthy and unusual clusters are permitted. Noun phrases are head-initial, except for possessor NPs which precede the head. Most languages have an alienability distinction in possessive constructions. The languages are isolating to lightly agglutinating; productive inflectional morphology marking verbal subjects and possessors is common. True passive constructions are rare; several languages have productive applicative and/or causative morphology. Demonstrative systems generally make a three-way spatial contrast, and may be highly elaborated with directional demonstratives. Verb serialization is common, marking functions such as manner, cause-effect, direction of transfer, and purposive motion. The languages have either decimal or quinary-decimal numeral systems, with the numbers six through nine formed by addition. A repeating theme throughout this chapter is the role that contact with neighbouring non-Austronesian languages has played in the development of several features characteristic of the region.
Segment inventories
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the segmental inventories of the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar (not including the South Halmahera-West New Guinea languages) with an eye towards explaining recurrent and rare patterns of contrast. A central focus is potential forces that have shaped the consonant and vowel inventories of these Western Austronesian languages, including: preferences for symmetry, economy and unmarked sounds; systems of contrast that evolve on the basis of local phonetic properties, modulated by contact; and the inherent strength and constancy of certain features in contrast to others that are more liable to change. More generally, this study suggessts how typological features of these Malayo- Polynesian segmental phonologies illuminate our understanding of general phonological typology, and suggest explanations for skewed typological distributions.
Reduplication
Authors: Mattes Veronika , Schwaiger Thomas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter gives an overview of reduplication in the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia. The morphological process in question is discussed for this geographical group in terms of its forms (full versus partial, with or without fixed segments, with or without accompanying affixation, potential phonological processes involved) and its meanings and functions (plurality, intensity, diminution, other intra-category meaning changes, word-class derivation, pragmatic uses). Furthermore, cases of lexical reduplication (inherently reduplicative word forms lacking an unreduplicated counterpart) are discussed, as well as several proposals for the historical development of reduplication in the languages under scrutiny. Finally, some typological generalizations are presented.
Adnominal possession
Authors: Schapper Antoinette , McConvell William 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the structural characteristics of adnominal possessive constructions in the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia (MPSEA). It looks into the features of basic and marked possessive patterns to highlight the variable features of MPSEA languages’ possessive constructions. Discussions have been raised regards the possessive constructions in Oceanic languages and geographical patterns among Austronesian possessive constructions. The chapter then explores the aspects of adnominal possessor constructions: order of possessor and possessum, locus and marking of possessor, patterns of differential possessive marking, and pragmatic variation in possessive constructions. It considers how geographical skewings could affect some types of differential possessive markings.
Single-Issue Legislatures
Authors: Guerrero Alexander 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the use of single-issue legislative bodies, rather than generalist legislatures. To make the use of randomly selected citizens attractive—at least if they are the heart of the legislative system—they should serve on single-issue legislative bodies, rather than generalist ones. But that is a distinct innovation, a significant and largely unexplored departure from extant political systems. The chapter begins by discussing the purported advantages of using single-issue legislative bodies, including the reduction of the epistemic burden on representatives and the ability to focus on issues where there is potential agreement. It then considers questions that might naturally arise: if there are these advantages, why don’t we have single-issue legislative bodies with elected members? Why are elected legislatures all generalist legislatures? Could we secure the benefits of single-issue legislative bodies without embracing the random selection component? The chapter concludes by considering distinctive concerns about single-issue legislative bodies, including the worry that only generalist legislatures can avoid fragmentation and synchronic and diachronic incoherence in policymaking, and the related worry that single-issue legislatures will be mired in problems of issue overlap and jurisdictional questions. In considering these worries, the chapter examines the role of political party structure, vote trading and log-rolling, and other mechanisms of cross-issue organization and planning that are central to generalist legislative structures, considering how well these mechanisms function to achieve synchronic and diachronic coherence with elected generalist legislatures, and whether these or other mechanisms might help lottocratic single-issue legislative with respect to these concerns.