bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacognitive control: Shifting from habitual to agenda processes on item selection during study in elementary school children
Authors: Li Weijian , Ji Haojie , Li Fengying , Li Ping , Zhang Yuchi , Li Xinyu 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundLike adults, children need to allocate study time and endeavour optimally in order to enhance learning effectiveness.AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the development of shifting from habitual to agenda‐based processes on study decisions.SampleThe participants were 309 children in the second, fourth, and sixth grades.MethodsWe adopted the research paradigm proposed by Ariel and Dunlosky (2013, Mem. Cognit., 41, 416). In Experiment 1, the students selected items to study either with or without time constraint. In Experiment 2, the students were instructed to select all three items or one item to study per trial.ResultsThe results of Experiment 1 showed that for sixth graders, the likelihood of selecting high‐value items under the restricted‐study‐time condition was higher than that under the restricted‐total‐time condition; second and fourth graders failed to construct an agenda of prioritizing high‐reward items for study in the restricted‐study‐time condition. In Experiment 2, when students were instructed to select one item to study per trial, high‐value items were prioritized over items on the left of the array for sixth graders; on the contrary, second and fourth graders seemed to choose item for study arbitrary, although they tend to choose high‐value items compared with their choice pattern in no‐choice‐limit condition.ConclusionsThe results indicate that children can shift towards agenda‐based process when habitual responding cannot maximize reward, and there is an age‐related improvement in shifting between grade 4 and grade 6.
Xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes in Bacillus anthracis: molecular and functional analysis of a truncated arylamine N‐acetyltransferase isozyme
Authors: Kubiak Xavier , Duval Romain , Pluvinage Benjamin , Chaffotte Alain F , Dupret Jean‐Marie , Rodrigues‐Lima Fernando 
Published: October 2016

Background and PurposeThe arylamine N‐acetyltransferases (NATs) are xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes that play an important role in the detoxification and/or bioactivation of arylamine drugs and xenobiotics. In bacteria, NATs may contribute to the resistance against antibiotics such as isoniazid or sulfamides through their acetylation, which makes this enzyme family a possible drug target. Bacillus anthracis, a bacterial species of clinical significance, expresses three NAT isozymes with distinct structural and enzymatic properties, including an inactive isozyme ((BACAN)NAT3). (BACAN)NAT3 features both a non‐canonical Glu residue in its catalytic triad and a truncated C‐terminus domain. However, the role these unusual characteristics play in the lack of activity of the (BACAN)NAT3 isozyme remains unclear.Experimental ApproachProtein engineering, recombinant expression, enzymatic analyses with aromatic amine substrates and phylogenetic analysis approaches were conducted.Key ResultsThe deletion of guanine 580 (G580) in the nat3 gene was shown to be responsible for the expression of a truncated (BACAN)NAT3 isozyme. Artificial re‐introduction of G580 in the nat3 gene led to a functional enzyme able to acetylate several arylamine drugs displaying structural characteristics comparable with its functional Bacillus cereus homologue ((BACCR)NAT3). Phylogenetic analysis of the nat3 gene in the B. cereus group further indicated that nat3 may constitute a pseudogene of the B. anthracis species.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe existence of NATs with distinct properties and evolution in Bacillus species may account for their adaptation to their diverse chemical environments. A better understanding of these isozymes is of importance for their possible use as drug targets.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro‐organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc
Who's the Boss? Concepts of Social Power Across Development
Authors: Gülgöz Selin , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: October 2016

Power differences are observed in children's early relationships, yet little is known about how children conceptualize social power. Study 1 recruited adults (n = 35) to assess the validity of a series of vignettes to measure five dimensions of social power. Using these vignettes, Study 2 (149 three‐ to nine‐year‐olds, 42 adults) and Study 3 (86 three‐ to nine‐year‐olds, 22 adults) showed that children visiting a science museum at a middle class university town are sensitive to several dimensions of social power from a young age; however, an adult‐like breadth of power concepts does not develop until 7–9 years. Children understand social power whether the powerful character is malevolent or benevolent, though malevolent power is easier to detect for children and adults.
DUSP23 is over-expressed and linked to the expression of DNMTs in CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Balada E , Felip L , Ordi-Ros J , Vilardell-Tarrés M 
Published: October 2016

Summary
We evaluated the transcriptional expression of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 23 (DUSP23) in CD4+ T cells from 30 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 30 healthy controls. DUSP23 mRNA levels were considerably higher in the patient group: 1490 ± 1713 versus 294·1 ± 204·2. No association was found between DUSP23 mRNA expression and the presence of typical serological and clinical parameters associated with SLE. Meaningful statistical values were obtained in the patient group between the levels of DUSP23 and integrin subunit alpha L (ITGAL), perforin 1 (PRF1) and CD40L. Similarly, transcript levels of different DNA methylation-related enzymes [DNA methylation-related enzymes (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD2, and MBD4)] were also correlated positively with the expression of DUSP23. In an attempt to counteract the hypomethylation status of the promoters of certain genes known to be over-expressed in SLE, it is possible that DUSP23 acts as a negative regulatory mechanism which ultimately silences the transcription of these epigenetically regulated genes by triggering an increase in the expression of different DNMTs.
The effect of growth hormone (GH) replacement on blood glucose homeostasis in adult nondiabetic patients with GH deficiency: real‐life data from the NordiNet® International Outcome Study
Authors: Weber Matthias M. , Biller Beverly M.K. , Pedersen Birgitte Tønnes , Pournara Effie , Christiansen Jens Sandahl , Höybye Charlotte 
Published: October 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo assess the effect of 4 years’ growth hormone (GH) replacement on glucose homeostasis and evaluate factors affecting glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD).DesignNordiNet® International Outcome Study, a noninterventional study, monitors long‐term effectiveness and safety of GH replacement [Norditropin® (somatropin), Novo Nordisk A/S] in real‐life clinical practice.PatientsNondiabetic patients (n = 245) with adult‐onset GHD (age ≥20 years at GH start), ≥4 years’ GH replacement and HbA1c values at baseline and 4 years were included in the analysis.MeasurementsChanges from baseline (∆) to 4 years in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), IGF‐I, lipids (high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides), waist circumference, glycaemic (HbA1c <5·7%; HbA1c, 5·7–6·5%; HbA1c, ≥6·5%) and metabolic health status were evaluated. Effects of baseline HbA1c, gender, baseline age, average GH dose and baseline body mass index (BMI) on ΔHbA1c were investigated. The models were adjusted for concomitant medication use.ResultsMean (standard deviation) baseline HbA1c was 5·13 (0·65)% and remained at the same level at 4 years. Age at treatment start (P = 0·0094) and BMI (P = 0·0008) had a significant impact on ∆HbA1c. At 4 years, 85% of patients with HbA1c <5·7% (normal levels) at baseline and 55% of patients with HbA1c 5·7–6·5% (impaired glucose tolerance) at baseline remained in the same glycaemic health category. Nineteen patients improved from impaired glucose tolerance to normal HbA1c. Seven patients developed diabetes.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that 4 years’ GH replacement therapy did not adversely affect glucose homeostasis in the majority of adults with GHD.
Improving outcomes for children in out‐of‐home care: the role of therapeutic foster care
Authors: Frederico Margarita , Long Maureen , McNamara Patricia , McPherson Lynne , Rose Richard 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHow best to support children and young people in foster care remains a challenge for child welfare. There has been little Australian research on the outcomes for children and young people placed in therapeutic foster care (TFC). This article aims to address this knowledge gap, presenting the evaluation of a state‐wide model of TFC known as the Circle Program operating in Victoria, Australia. Data sources for the study were case assessment analysis; surveys of foster carers, program workers and other stakeholders in the sector; and both focus groups and individual interviews with foster care workers. The evaluation found that the Circle Program lessened the number of unplanned exits of children from foster placements compared with generalist foster care. Another important finding was that the Circle Program positively influenced foster carers' decisions to stay in the carer role. Key components perceived as contributing to outcomes of the Circle Program included enhanced training of foster carers, intensive carer support, specialist therapeutic support to the child and carer, therapeutic service to family members and a network of services to provide support to the child.
Variability in the reporting of renal function endpoints in immunosuppression trials in renal transplantation: time for consensus?
Authors: Knight Simon R. , Hussain Samia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEarly measures of graft function are increasingly used to assess efficacy in clinical trials of kidney transplant immunosuppression. This study aimed to assess the variability and quality of reporting of these endpoints in contemporary trials. Data regarding renal function endpoints were extracted from 213 reports from randomized controlled trials comparing immunosuppressive interventions in renal transplant recipients published between 2010 and 2014. A total of 174 (81.7%) reports included a measure of renal function; in 44 (20.7%), this was the primary endpoint. A total of 103 manuscripts (48.4%) reported serum creatinine, 142 (66.6%) reported estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and 26 (12.2%) reported measured GFR. Formulas used for GFR estimation were modification of diet in renal disease (42.3%), Cockroft‐Gault (23.5%), Nankivell (15.0%), and CKD‐EPI (0.9%). Six studies (2.8%) did not report the formula used to estimate GFR. A total of 13.9% of endpoints had missing data. In 10 studies, disagreement was found in the significance of findings using different measures of renal function. There is a great deal of variability in the reporting of renal function endpoints, with a significant proportion of studies using underperforming or inappropriate estimates. There is a need for consensus as to the best tool for monitoring and reporting renal function post‐transplant, and in particular for use in clinical trials and registries.
Acute effect of iloprost inhalation on right atrial function and ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension
Authors: Gabrielli Luigi , Ocaranza María Paz , Sitges Marta , Kanacri Andrés , Saavedra Rodrigo , Sepulveda Pablo , Sepulveda Luis , Rossel Victor , Zagolin Monica , Verdejo Hugo E. , Baraona Fernando , Zalaquett Ricardo , Chiong Mario , Lavandero Sergio , Castro Pablo F. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundRight atrium function and ventricular function have significant prognostic value in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Acute changes in right ventricular synchrony and right atrium function postiloprost inhalation have not been evaluated.MethodsCross‐sectional study. Consecutive pulmonary arterial hypertension patients (group I from Nice classification) were included. Echocardiographic right atrium and right ventricular function pre‐ and postiloprost inhalation, including a right ventricular dyssynchrony index and right atrium function using speckle tracking, were performed in all patients.ResultsTwenty pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, 44±7 years and 90% females, were included. After iloprost inhalation, we observed a significant increment in right ventricular fractional area change and a significant decrease in right ventricular dyssynchrony index (21.4±5.6% vs 26.1±4.0 %, P=.007 and 79±44 vs 32±22 mseconds, P<.01, respectively), also an improvement in right atrium reservoir function (8.6±3.1% vs 11.7±3.5 %, P=.002).ConclusionsIloprost inhalation induces acute changes in right ventricular function, dyssynchrony, and right atrium performance that may add relevant clinical information in the management and risk stratification of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients.
β‐blockers are associated with decreased leucocyte–platelet aggregate formation and lower residual platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate after angioplasty and stenting
Authors: Lee Silvia , Durstberger Markus , Eichelberger Beate , Kopp Christoph W. , Koppensteiner Renate , Panzer Simon , Gremmel Thomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe beneficial effects of β‐blockers on the long‐term prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease may in part be attributable to decreased platelet activation. In this prospective cohort study, we sought to investigate the impact of concomitant β‐blocker therapy on sensitive markers of platelet activation and aggregation.Materials and methodsMonocyte–platelet (MPA) and neutrophil–platelet aggregate (NPA) formation in vivo and in response to the platelet agonist adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were determined by flow cytometry in 258 patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting. On‐treatment residual platelet reactivity to ADP was assessed by multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA).ResultsOne hundred seventy‐five patients of the study population (67·8%) received β‐blockers. Treatment with β‐blockers was associated with significantly lower MPA and NPA formation in vivo and in response to ADP compared to patients without β‐blockers (all P ≤ 0·01). The inverse associations of MPA and NPA formation with β‐blocker therapy remained statistically significant after adjustment for differences in patient characteristics by multivariate linear regression analyses (all P < 0·05). Moreover, high levels of MPA in response to ADP as well as high levels of NPAin vivo and in response to ADP were significantly less frequent in patients with β‐blocker treatment (all P < 0·05). Finally, on‐treatment residual platelet reactivity to ADP by MEA was significantly lower in patients receiving β‐blockers (P = 0·005).Conclusionβ‐Blockers are associated with decreased leucocyte–platelet aggregate formation and lower on‐treatment residual platelet reactivity to ADP in patients with dual antiplatelet therapy following angioplasty and stenting.
Body mass index and response to abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Gardette Anais , Ottaviani Sébastien , Sellam Jérémie , Berenbaum Francis , Lioté Frédéric , Fautrel Bruno , Palazzo Elisabeth , Meyer Alain , Sibilia Jean , Dieudé Philippe 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies suggested that obesity could negatively affect the response to antitumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) agents in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, data are lacking on whether obesity affects the response to abatacept (ABA). We aimed to determine whether body mass index (BMI) affects the response to ABA in RA.Materials and methodsIn this multicenter retrospective study, we included RA patients who received ABA. BMI was calculated at the initiation of treatment. After 6 months of treatment, change from baseline in DAS28, pain on a visual analog scale, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C‐reactive protein level, tender and swollen joint count were analysed. The primary endpoint was decrease in DAS28 ≥ 1·2. Secondary outcomes were good response and remission by EULAR criteria.ResultsAt baseline, among 141 RA patients included, the median [interquartile range] BMI was 26·0 [22·9–30·8] kg/m². The number of patients with normal weight, overweight and obesity was 64 (45·4%), 38 (27%) and 39 (27·6%), respectively. Baseline characteristics did not differ among the three BMI subgroups. Univariate analysis revealed no difference in BMI between responders and nonresponders: DAS28 decrease ≥ 1·2 (25·0 [23·4–31·3] vs. 26·3 [22·9–30·2], P = 0·95), EULAR good response (26·4 [23·5–30·9] vs. 26·0 [22·9–30·6], P = 0·96) and remission (26·7 [21·7–30·3] vs. 26·0 [23·0–30·1], P = 0·83).ConclusionIn our real‐life study, BMI did not affect the response to ABA in RA. If confirmed, these results suggest that obesity is not a limitation of ABA use in RA.
Reformist Distractions and Educational Labor: Two Perspectives on Paying for Grades
Authors: Warnick Bryan R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this essay Bryan Warnick examines two recent analyses of the practice of paying students for grades, with a focus on educational justice. Philosopher Derrick Darby argues against cash‐for‐grades programs on the grounds that such programs leave educational inequality intact. Warnick contends that Darby's arguments are incomplete. Increasing levels of educational “adequacy” is morally desirable, Warnick argues, even if inequality remains unchanged. There is also an obligation to engage in “localized practice reforms” that benefit small groups of disadvantaged students, even if such reforms do not change the structural problems that lead to inequality. At the same time, engaging in a close analysis of “cash” as an incentive does reveal specific reasons why the inequality that persists under cash‐for‐grades might be particularly troublesome. In contrast to Darby, Alexander Sidorkin argues that paying students for learning is not only allowed, but ethically obligatory. Schooling, for Sidorkin, is a form of labor and labor demands fair compensation. Warnick challenges the idea that schooling is a form of exploited labor by looking across a range of issues, including the nonpecuniary benefits of schooling. At the same time, it seems that schooling could become a form of exploited labor, given current trends. Overall, the justice of cash incentive programs remains an open question. The essay concludes with a discussion about how we can move forward with a philosophical analysis of cash‐for‐grades programs.
Absurdities, Contradictions, and Paradoxes in Miguel de Unamuno's Amor y pedagogía
Authors: Boyles Deron 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis essay reconsiders Miguel de Unamuno's contribution to philosophy and education by focusing on his Amor y pedagogía (Love and Pedagogy [1902]) — a piece of fiction considered by many to be the transition point in his work from the documentary realism of the nineteenth century to what Unamuno called “viviparous” narrative for the twentieth century. Deron Boyles examines four central characters in Love and Pedagogy — Avito Carrascal, Marina Carrascal, Fulgencio Entrambosmares, and Apolodoro Carrascal — as symbolic representations of enduring conflicts in school and society.
Assessment of knowledge and attitudes of dental students in regard to child abuse in Turkey
Authors: Hazar Bodrumlu E. , Avşar A. , Arslan S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionChild abuse is a serious public problem. Signs of abuse are often present in the oro‐facial region and dentists are in a strategic position to recognise and report suspected cases. The aim of this study was to investigate dental students’ knowledge about and attitudes towards child abuse.Material and methodsThis study was performed at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Ondokuz Mayis University. The data were collected through a self‐report questionnaire administered to dental students (137 female/111 male) in three different dental classes (third, fourth and fifth study years) and grouped by considering those students who have been training in the school year of 2013. The definition of physical and social indicators of abuse, awareness regarding legal and ethical responsibilities, students’ experience and requests made by students were evaluated by the students’ response to questions put in the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi‐square tests were performed to analyse the questionnaire data.ResultsThe questionnaire completion rate was 100%. About 67.74% of the third year, 40.71% of the fourth year and 16.67% of the fifth year believed that they could detect child abuse cases. However, results indicated a major lack of knowledge of social indicators, signs of physical abuse and reporting procedure amongst all respondents. The assessment of the total correct answers exhibited significant differences amongst third‐, fourth‐ and fifth‐year students’ answers. Fifth‐year students had the highest rate of correct responses (P < 0.05). Most students wanted to receive more knowledge about this topic.ConclusionDental students in Turkey are not sufficiently prepared for their role in diagnosing suspected cases of child abuse.
Dopamine and noradrenaline, but not serotonin, in the human claustrum are greatly reduced in patients with Parkinson's disease: possible functional implications
Authors: Sitte Harald H. , Pifl Christian , Rajput Ali H. , Hörtnagl Heide , Tong Junchao , Lloyd George K. , Kish Stephen J. , Hornykiewicz Oleh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the human brain, the claustrum is a small subcortical telencephalic nucleus, situated between the insular cortex and the putamen. A plethora of neuroanatomical studies have shown the existence of dense, widespread, bidirectional and bilateral monosynaptic interconnections between the claustrum and most cortical areas. A rapidly growing body of experimental evidence points to the integrative role of claustrum in complex brain functions, from motor to cognitive. Here, we examined for the first time, the behaviour of the classical monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the claustrum of the normal autopsied human brain and of patients who died with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). We found in the normal claustrum substantial amounts of all three monoamine neurotransmitters, substantiating the existence of the respective brain stem afferents to the claustrum. In PD, the levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were greatly reduced by 93 and 81%, respectively. Serotonin levels remained unchanged. We propose that by virtue of their projections to the claustrum, the brain stem dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin systems interact directly with the cortico‐claustro‐cortical information processing mechanisms, by‐passing their (parallel) routes via the basal ganglia‐thalamo‐cortical circuits. We suggest that loss of dopamine and noradrenaline in the PD claustrum is critical in the aetiology of both the motor and the non‐motor symptoms of PD.