bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recirculation and growth of raindrops in simulated shallow cumulus
Authors: Naumann A. K. , Seifert A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study investigates growth processes of raindrops and the role of recirculation of raindrops for the formation of precipitation in shallow cumulus. Two related cases of fields of lightly precipitating shallow cumulus are simulated using Large‐Eddy Simulation combined with a Lagrangian drop model for raindrop growth and a cloud tracking algorithm. Statistics from the Lagrangian drop model yield that most raindrops leave the cloud laterally and then evaporate in the subsaturated cloud environmental air. Only 1%–3% of the raindrops contribute to surface precipitation. Among this subsample of raindrops that contribute to surface precipitation, two growth regimes are identified: those raindrops that are dominated by accretional growth from cloud water, and those raindrops that are dominated by selfcollection among raindrops. The mean cloud properties alone are not decisive for the growth of an individual raindrop but the in‐cloud variability is crucial. Recirculation of raindrops is found to be common in shallow cumulus, especially for those raindrops that contribute to surface precipitation. The fraction of surface precipitation that is attributed to recirculating raindrops differs from cloud to cloud but can be larger than 50%. This implies that simple conceptual models of raindrop growth that neglect the effect of recirculation disregard a substantial portion of raindrop growth in shallow cumulus.
Rheumatology Workforce Planning in Western Countries: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Dejaco Christian , Lackner Angelika , Buttgereit Frank , Matteson Eric L. , Narath Markus , Sprenger Martin 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo compare health care planning models forecasting rheumatology workforce requirements in western countries.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted through medical databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library) and the grey literature. All articles reporting a rheumatology workforce model were included.ResultsThe search yielded 6,508 articles, and 14 publications (on 12 studies) were included. Workforce models were available for the US (n = 3), Canada (n = 3), the US plus Canada (n = 1), Germany (n = 2), Spain (n = 1), and the UK (n = 2). The number of rheumatologists required to serve a population of 100,000 people was calculated, with a range of 0.7 (UK, calculated for 1988) to 3.5 (Spain, calculated for 2021). Most models used a needs‐based approach (n = 6); 3 studies each applied a supply‐ or demand‐based method. The following variables were considered by ≥1 model: disease prevalence, patients' referral to rheumatologists, clinical visits/patient/year, population development, factors influencing performance of rheumatologists, patient flow/care sharing, and medical technologies/infrastructure development.ConclusionHeterogeneity in methods used, the period or calendar years for which the estimates were projected, and heterogeneity of variables evaluated led to disparate estimates, with results ranging from 0.7 to 3.5 rheumatologists per 100,000 population. An international initiative is needed to agree upon a common approach for a reliable estimation of manpower requirements in rheumatology.
Survey Definitions of Gout for Epidemiologic Studies: Comparison With Crystal Identification as the Gold Standard
Authors: Dalbeth Nicola , Schumacher H. Ralph , Fransen Jaap , Neogi Tuhina , Jansen Tim L. , Brown Melanie , Louthrenoo Worawit , Vazquez‐Mellado Janitzia , Eliseev Maxim , McCarthy Geraldine , Stamp Lisa K. , Perez‐Ruiz Fernando , Sivera Francisca , Ea Hang‐Korng , Gerritsen Martijn , Scire Carlo A. , Cavagna Lorenzo , Lin Chingtsai , Chou Yin‐Yi , Tausche Anne‐Kathrin , da Rocha Castelar‐Pinheiro Geraldo , Janssen Matthijs , Chen Jiunn‐Horng , Cimmino Marco A. , Uhlig Till , Taylor William J. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo identify the best‐performing survey definition of gout from items commonly available in epidemiologic studies.MethodsSurvey definitions of gout were identified from 34 epidemiologic studies contributing to the Global Urate Genetics Consortium (GUGC) genome‐wide association study. Data from the Study for Updated Gout Classification Criteria (SUGAR) were randomly divided into development and test data sets. A data‐driven case definition was formed using logistic regression in the development data set. This definition, along with definitions used in GUGC studies and the 2015 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) gout classification criteria were applied to the test data set, using monosodium urate crystal identification as the gold standard.ResultsFor all tested GUGC definitions, the simple definition of “self‐report of gout or urate‐lowering therapy use” had the best test performance characteristics (sensitivity 82%, specificity 72%). The simple definition had similar performance to a SUGAR data‐driven case definition with 5 weighted items: self‐report, self‐report of doctor diagnosis, colchicine use, urate‐lowering therapy use, and hyperuricemia (sensitivity 87%, specificity 70%). Both of these definitions performed better than the 1977 American Rheumatism Association survey criteria (sensitivity 82%, specificity 67%). Of all tested definitions, the 2015 ACR/EULAR criteria had the best performance (sensitivity 92%, specificity 89%).ConclusionA simple definition of “self‐report of gout or urate‐lowering therapy use” has the best test performance characteristics of existing definitions that use routinely available data. A more complex combination of features is more sensitive, but still lacks good specificity. If a more accurate case definition is required for a particular study, the 2015 ACR/EULAR gout classification criteria should be considered.
Number of Persons With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in the US: Impact of Race and Ethnicity, Age, Sex, and Obesity
Authors: Deshpande Bhushan R. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Solomon Daniel H. , Yelin Edward H. , Hunter David J. , Messier Stephen P. , Suter Lisa G. , Losina Elena 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThe prevalence of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been increasing over the past several decades in the US, concurrent with an aging population and the growing obesity epidemic. We quantify the impact of these factors on the number of persons with symptomatic knee OA in the early decades of the 21st century.MethodsWe calculated the prevalence of clinically diagnosed symptomatic knee OA from the National Health Interview Survey 2007–2008 and derived the proportion with advanced disease (defined as Kellgren/Lawrence grade 3 or 4) using the Osteoarthritis Policy Model, a validated simulation model of knee OA. Incorporating contemporary obesity rates and population estimates, we calculated the number of persons living with symptomatic knee OA.ResultsWe estimate that approximately 14 million persons had symptomatic knee OA, with advanced OA comprising more than half of those cases. This includes more than 3 million persons of racial/ethnic minorities (African American, Hispanic, and other). Adults younger than 45 years of age represented nearly 2 million cases of symptomatic knee OA and individuals between 45 and 65 years of age comprised 6 million more cases.ConclusionMore than half of all persons with symptomatic knee OA are younger than 65 years of age. As many of these younger persons will live for 3 decades or more, there is substantially more time for greater disability to occur, and policymakers should anticipate health care utilization for knee OA to increase in the upcoming decades. These data emphasize the need for the deployment of innovative prevention and treatment strategies for knee OA, especially among younger persons.
Genealogical databases as a tool for extending follow‐up in clinical reviews
Authors: Ho Thuy‐Van , Chowdhury Naweed , Kandl Christopher , Hoover Cindy , Robinson Ann , Hoover Larry 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundLong‐term follow‐up in clinical reviews often presents significant difficulty with conventional medical records alone. Publicly accessible genealogical databases such as Ancestry.com provide another avenue for obtaining extended follow‐up and added outcome information. No previous studies have described the use of genealogical databases in the follow‐up of individual patients.MethodsAncestry.com, the largest genealogical database in the United States, houses extensive demographic data on an increasing number of Americans. In a recent retrospective review of esthesioneuroblastoma patients treated at our institution, we used this resource to ascertain the outcomes of patients otherwise lost to follow‐up. Additional information such as quality of life and supplemental treatments the patient may have received at home was obtained through direct contact with living relatives.ResultsThe use of Ancestry.com resulted in a 25% increase (20 months) in follow‐up duration as well as incorporation of an additional 7 patients in our study (18%) who would otherwise not have had adequate hospital chart data for inclusion. Many patients within this subset had more advanced disease or were remotely located from our institution. As such, exclusion of these outliers can impact the quality of subsequent outcome analysis.ConclusionOnline genealogical databases provide a unique resource of public information that is acceptable to institutional review boards for patient follow‐up in clinical reviews. Utilization of Ancestry.com data led to significant improvement in follow‐up duration and increased the number of patients with sufficient data that could be included in our retrospective study.
HLA‐DRB1*08:03:02 and HLA‐DQB1*06:01:01 are associated with house dust mite–sensitive allergic rhinitis in Chinese subjects
Authors: Zhao Yanming , Zhao Yali , Li Jingyun , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Luo 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a multifactorial immunologic disease that is influenced by both genetic and environment factors. House dust mites (HDMs) are important inhalant aeroallergens and are an epidemiologic risk factor for AR. Similarly, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes DQB1 and DRB1 have been shown to be associated with AR and play an important role in the regulation of the immune response. The objective of this work was to elucidate the HLA‐II gene alleles associated with AR in HDM‐sensitive Han Chinese subjects.MethodsA total of 142 patients with AR and 184 healthy subjects were recruited to this case‐control study. Diagnosis of AR was based on medical history, laryngological examination, skin‐prick tests, and HMD‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) assays. Genotyping of HLA‐DRB1 and HAL‐DQB1 was performed by the polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based genotyping method.ResultsA total of 35 alleles of the HLA‐DRB1 locus and 19 alleles of the HLA‐DQB1 locus were genotyped in the entire study cohort; the frequencies of alleles DQB1*06:01:01 (corrected p value [pc] = 0.009; odds ratio [OR] = 2.684; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.482 to 4.994) and DRB1*08:03:02 (pc = 0.009; OR = 3.754; 95% CI = 1.724 to 8.851) were significantly increased in HDM‐sensitive AR patients compared to healthy controls and are considered to be a risk factor for AR in Chinese Han subjects. The frequency of haplotype DRB1*08:03–DQB1*06:01 in the HDM‐sensitive AR group was also significantly higher than in the control group (9.5% vs 2.4%; pc = 0.005; OR = 4.182; 95% CI = 1.870 to 10.285). Serological antigen types assessment further demonstrated the frequency of HLA‐DRB1*08 (pc = 0.022; OR = 2.982; 95% CI = 1.46 to 6.400) to be significantly increased in HDM‐sensitive AR patients, and the frequencies of DRB1*14 (pc = 0.030; OR = 0.340; 95% CI = 0.154 to 0.694) and DQB1*05 (pc = 0.030; OR = 0.459; 95% CI = 0.269 to 0.764) to be significantly decreased, compared to healthy controls, suggesting that HLA‐DRB1*08 might be a risk factor, and DRB1*14 and DQB1*05 protective factors for HDM‐sensitive AR.ConclusionHLA‐DRB1*08:03:02 and HLA‐DQB1*06:01:01 are associated with HMD‐sensitive AR and may confer a risk for development of AR in Han Chinese subjects sensitized to HDM.
Product‐Derived Bimetallic Palladium Complex Catalyzes Direct Carbonylation of Sulfonylazides
Authors: Zhao Jin , Li Zongyang , Song Shaole , Wang Ming‐An , Fu Bin , Zhang Zhenhua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA novel product‐derived bimetallic palladium complex catalyzes a sulfonylazide‐transfer reaction with the σ‐donor/π‐acceptor ligand CO, and is advantageous given its broad substrate scope, high efficiency, and mild reaction conditions (atmospheric pressure of CO at room temperature). This methodology provides a new approach to sulfonylureas, which are present in both pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The synthesis of Glibenclamide on a gram scale further revealed the practical utility of this procedure. Mechanistically, the generation of a bridged bimetallic palladium species derived from the product sulfonylurea is disclosed as the crucial step for this catalytic cycle.
Ab Initio Calculation of Rate Constants for Molecule–Surface Reactions with Chemical Accuracy
Authors: Piccini GiovanniMaria , Alessio Maristella , Sauer Joachim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe ab initio prediction of reaction rate constants for systems with hundreds of atoms with an accuracy that is comparable to experiment is a challenge for computational quantum chemistry. We present a divide‐and‐conquer strategy that departs from the potential energy surfaces obtained by standard density functional theory with inclusion of dispersion. The energies of the reactant and transition structures are refined by wavefunction‐type calculations for the reaction site. Thermal effects and entropies are calculated from vibrational partition functions, and the anharmonic frequencies are calculated separately for each vibrational mode. This method is applied to a key reaction of an industrially relevant catalytic process, the methylation of small alkenes over zeolites. The calculated reaction rate constants (free energies), pre‐exponential factors (entropies), and enthalpy barriers show that our computational strategy yields results that agree with experiment within chemical accuracy limits (less than one order of magnitude).
Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in the Treatment of Refractory Inflammatory Uveitis: A Multicenter Study From the French Uveitis Network
Authors: Vallet Hélène , Seve Pascal , Biard Lucie , Baptiste Fraison Jean , Bielefeld Philip , Perard Laurent , Bienvenu Boris , Abad Sébastien , Rigolet Aude , Deroux Alban , Sene Damien , Perlat Antoinette , Marie Isabelle , Feurer Elodie , Hachulla Eric , Fain Olivier , Clavel Gaëlle , Riviere Sophie , Bouche Pierre‐Alban , Gueudry Julie , Pugnet Gregory , Le Hoang Phuc , Resche Rigon Matthieu , Cacoub Patrice , Bodaghi Bahram , Saadoun David ,   for the French Uveitis Network
Published: March 2016

Objective To analyze the factors associated with response to anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) treatment and compare the efficacy and safety of infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA) in patients with refractory noninfectious uveitis.MethodsThis was a multicenter observational study of 160 patients (39% men and 61% women; median age 31 years [interquartile range 21–42]) with uveitis that had been refractory to other therapies, who were treated with anti‐TNF (IFX 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, and then every 5–6 weeks [n = 98] or ADA 40 mg every 2 weeks [n = 62]). Factors associated with complete response were assessed by multivariate analysis. Efficacy and safety of IFX versus ADA were compared using a propensity score approach with baseline characteristics taken into account. Subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.ResultsThe main etiologies of uveitis included Behçet's disease (BD) (36%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (22%), spondyloarthropathy (10%), and sarcoidosis (6%). The overall response rate at 6 and 12 months was 87% (26% with complete response) and 93% (28% with complete response), respectively. The median time to complete response was 2 months. In multivariate analysis, BD and occurrence of >5 uveitis flares before anti‐TNF initiation were associated with complete response to anti‐TNF (SHR 2.52 [95% CI 1.35–4.71], P = 0.004 and SHR 1.97 [95% CI 1.02–3.84], P = 0.045, respectively). Side effects were reported in 28% of patients, including serious adverse events in 13%. IFX and ADA did not differ significantly in terms of occurrence of complete response (SHR 0.65 [95% CI 0.25–1.71], P = 0.39), serious side effects (SHR 0.22 [95% CI 0.04–1.25], P = 0.089), or event‐free survival (SHR 0.55 [95% CI 0.28–1.08], P = 0.083).ConclusionAnti‐TNF treatment is highly effective in refractory inflammatory uveitis. BD is associated with increased odds of response. IFX and ADA appear to be equivalent in terms of efficacy.
Biologic Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Risk of High‐Grade Cervical Dysplasia and Cervical Cancer in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Seoyoung C. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Liu Jun , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Feldman Sarah , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveRecent research showed an increased risk of high‐grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to examine whether this risk was associated with the use of biologic versus nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).MethodsWe identified RA patients in the US Medicaid and commercial insurance databases (for the years 2000–2012) who were starting treatment with either a biologic or a nonbiologic DMARD. High‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer was identified with a validated claims‐based algorithm, and we assessed utilization of gynecologic procedures. To control for potential confounders, those starting therapy with a biologic DMARD were matched 1:1 to those starting therapy with a nonbiologic DMARD according to the propensity score (PS). Hazard ratios (HRs) and rate ratios (RRs) in the PS‐matched Medicaid and commercial insurance cohorts were pooled by an inverse variance–weighted fixed‐effects model.ResultsWe included 14,729 pairs of patients initiating biologic and nonbiologic DMARDs from the Medicaid cohort and 7,538 pairs from the commercial insurance cohort. During 73,389 person‐years of active treatment with either biologic or nonbiologic DMARDs, 95 cases of high‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer occurred in the 2 cohorts. The HR for high‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer associated with biologic DMARD use was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.78–2.01) in the Medicaid cohort and 1.63 (95% CI 0.62–4.27) in the commercial insurance cohort, with a pooled HR of 1.32 (95% CI 0.86–2.01). The rate of gynecologic procedures involving the uterine cervix was not different between the 2 groups (pooled RR 0.96 [95% CI 0.90–1.02]).ConclusionAmong women with RA, initiation of therapy with a biologic DMARD was associated with a numerically significant, but not statistically significant, increase in the risk of high‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer as compared to initiation of a nonbiologic DMARD.
Monocyte MicroRNA Expression in Active Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Implicates MicroRNA‐125a‐5p in Polarized Monocyte Phenotypes
Authors: Schulert Grant S. , Fall Ndate , Harley John B. , Shen Nan , Lovell Daniel J. , Thornton Sherry , Grom Alexei A. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveSystemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an inflammatory disease of childhood in which cells of the monomyelocytoid lineage are thought to be key effector cells. Monocytes from patients with systemic JIA have a distinct phenotype, with features of both M1 and M2 alternative activation. MicroRNAs are critical regulators of monocyte polarization and function, but cellular microRNAs in systemic JIA have not been examined systematically.MethodsMicroRNA TaqMan arrays were used to determine the expression profiles of monocytes from children with systemic JIA. Expression of microRNA‐125a‐5p (miR‐125a‐5p) and its contribution to monocyte polarization were examined using in vitro–polarized THP‐1 cells and primary human monocytes.ResultsA total of 110 microRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in monocytes from patients with active systemic JIA, including molecules implicated in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis, cytokine production, and monocyte polarization. MicroRNA‐125a‐5p was identified as being highly up‐regulated in monocytes from children with active systemic JIA, as compared to those from children with clinically inactive JIA or those with active polyarticular JIA, and correlated with systemic features of the disease. In vitro, monocyte miR125a‐5p expression was increased after polarization under M2b or M2c conditions. Inhibition of miR‐125a‐5p showed that this microRNA contributed to full polarization of M2b regulatory macrophages. In contrast, miR‐125a‐5p overexpression enhanced M2b polarization and altered other polarized populations, including increasing the production of M2 markers. Indeed, in vitro overexpression of this microRNA altered the macrophage phenotype toward that observed in systemic JIA.ConclusionChildren with active systemic JIA have profound alterations in the expression of microRNAs that are implicated in monocyte function and polarization. One of these microRNAs, miR‐125a‐5p, is also a regulator of immunoregulatory M2b macrophages.
Consensus-based training and assessment model for general surgery
Authors: Szasz P , Louridas M , de Montbrun S , Harris K A , Grantcharov T P 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundSurgical education is becoming competency-based with the implementation of in-training milestones. Training guidelines should reflect these changes and determine the specific procedures for such milestone assessments. This study aimed to develop a consensus view regarding operative procedures and tasks considered appropriate for junior and senior trainees, and the procedures that can be used as technical milestone assessments for trainee progression in general surgery.MethodsA Delphi process was followed where questionnaires were distributed to all 17 Canadian general surgery programme directors. Items were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale, with consensus defined as Cronbach's α of at least 0·70. Items rated 4 or above on the 5-point Likert scale by 80 per cent of the programme directors were included in the models.ResultsTwo Delphi rounds were completed, with 14 programme directors taking part in round one and 11 in round two. The overall consensus was high (Cronbach's α = 0·98). The training model included 101 unique procedures and tasks, 24 specific to junior trainees, 68 specific to senior trainees, and nine appropriate to all. The assessment model included four procedures.ConclusionA system of operative procedures and tasks for junior- and senior-level trainees has been developed along with an assessment model for trainee progression. These can be used as milestones in competency-based assessments.