bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Task Loading of Pilots in Simulated Low-Altitude High-Speed Flight
Authors: Soliday Stanley M. , Schohan Ben 
Published: January 2017

Pilots were task-loaded to various degrees in simulated low-altitude, high-speed flight. Approximately 210 hours of flight were made in a moving-base simulator that had a total vertical travel of 12 feet and an acceleration capability of ±6G. A jet aircraft in the light fighter or attack category was mechanized on the simulator's analog computer. Flights were made over several types of terrain at several airspeeds under different conditions of navigation task and emergency task loading. Medium-heavy turbulence was simulated for the flights, each of which lasted one hour. Performance deteriorated markedly as terrain slopes increased in steepness and as airspeed increased from .4 Mach and .7 Mach to .9 Mach. Navigation and emergency task performance did not vary with any of the experimental conditions, and did not affect the pilots' ability to maintain a 500 foot terrain clearance. There was no evidence of fatigue during the flights.
Space Rendezvous Using Visual Cues Only
Authors: Clark Herbert J. 
Published: January 2017

Seven trained subjects flew simulated short range coplanar orbital rendezvous maneuvers, using direct visual cues only. Two rendezvous techniques were compared: line-of-sight and trajectory. In the former, the subject could control up-down and fore-aft thrust only; in the latter, he could, in addition, control pitch. Using either technique, all subjects were able to maneuver successfully to a position 100 ft directly in front of the target at a terminal velocity of less than 5 ft/sec. Significantly less fuel was expended in performing the trajectory maneuver. The principal man-machine performance factors in the line-of-sight maneuver were tentatively described as the ability to conserve fuel used for longitudinal and vertical translation, the ability to conserve mission time, and the ability to proficiently close with the target. The principal factors for the trajectory maneuver were tentatively described as the ability to conserve fuel for longitudinal translation, the ability to conserve mission time, the ability to effectively apply longitudinal thrusts and conserve fuel used for vertical translation, and the ability to match the trajectory path of a minimum fuel two impulse maneuver.
Graphical Enhancement of Fortran Under Ms-Dos for Computer-Aided Instruction of Electric Power Engineering
Authors: Hatziargyriou N. , Tzortzis A. 
Published: January 2017

Graphical enhancement of FORTRAN under MS-DOS for computer-aided instruction of electric power engineering In this paper a number of fundamental graphical functions are described. These functions, written in C, can be interfaced to any FORTRAN application program providing an interactive graphical environment for computer-aided instruction of electric power engineering using the IBM Personal Computer.
After the Bell and into the Night
Authors: McCuddy Timothy , Esbensen Finn-Aage 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: This study examines the effects of traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and dual-bullying victimization on subsequent delinquent outcomes. Method: Data come from a longitudinal sample of middle school students ( N = 3,271) as part of the evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program. A hybrid random effects model is used to estimate the between- and within-individual effects of traditional, cyber-, and dual-bullying victimization while controlling for other predictors of delinquency. Outcomes include general delinquency, violent and nonviolent delinquency, and substance use. Results: The findings demonstrate that those who are cyberbullied exhibit a higher propensity for substance use and nonviolent delinquency compared to those who are traditionally bullied. Changes in dual victimization within respondents over time are most strongly related to general delinquency. With one exception, the effect of traditional bullying victimization remained weakest in all of the models. Conclusions: This study finds evidence that victims of cyberbullying may be more likely to engage in delinquent and deviant behavior compared to victims of traditional bullying. Criminologists and antibullying prevention efforts should consider the broader role of cyberbullying victimization in the developmental processes of adolescents.
An Investigation of the Pattern of Firearms Fatalities before and after the Introduction of New Legislation in Denmark
Authors: Thomsen J L , Albrektsen S B 
Published: January 2017

All firearms fatalities in East Denmark during the period 1984–1987 were examined. There were 276 cases or 3.0 per 100,000 living inhabitants. The majority were suicides (80%) and by far the majority of these were men. There were only four accidents, two of which were the results of ‘Russian roulette’. There were no hunting accidents. No specific decrease could be demonstrated in the number of fatal cases with shot guns, but possibly a general preventive effect. When compared with previous Danish investigations an increase in the total number of suicides with firearms was found in the period examined, whereas an increase was found in the total as well as the relative number of homicides. More information and further endeavours to limit the number of firearms in the population is recommended.
Hepatitis B Vaccination in Six STD Clinics in the United States Committed to Integrating Viral Hepatitis Prevention Services
Authors: Harris Jennie L. , Jones T. Stephen , Buffington Joanna 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for clients of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. The Healthy People 2010 goal is for 90% of STD clinics to offer hepatitis B vaccine to all unprotected clients. This report describes hepatitis B vaccination trends in six STD clinics in the United States and discusses implications for policy and practice. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study in six STD clinics to evaluate hepatitis B vaccination. We collected data on client visits and hepatitis B vaccinations for the period 1997–2005. To compare clinics, we calculated vaccination rates per 100 client visits. We interviewed staff to explore factors associated with hepatitis B vaccination trends. Results. STD clinic client visits ranged from 2,883 to 23,109 per year. The median rate of hepatitis B vaccination was 28 per 100 client visits. Vaccination rates declined in all six clinics in later years, which was associated with eligibility restrictions caused by fiscal problems and increasing levels of prior vaccination. The median rate of vaccine series completion was 30%. Staff cited multiple provider- and client-level barriers to series completion. Conclusions. This study shows that STD clinics can implement hepatitis B vaccination and reach large numbers of high-risk adults. Adequate funding and vaccine supply are needed to implement current federal recommendations to offer hepatitis B vaccine to adults seen in STD clinics and to achieve the Healthy People 2010 objective.
The Costs and Impacts of Testing for Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in Public STD Clinics
Authors: Honeycutt Amanda A. , Harris Jennie L. , Khavjou Olga , Buffington Joanna , Jones T. Stephen , Rein David B. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. To estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of testing sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic subgroups for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Methods. HCV counseling, testing, and referral (CTR) costs were estimated using data from two STD clinics and the literature, and are reported in 2006 dollars. Effectiveness of HCV CTR was defined as the estimated percentage of clinic clients in subgroups targeted for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) testing who had a true positive test and returned for their test results. We estimated the cost per true positive injection drug user (IDU) who returned for anti-HCV test results and the cost-effectiveness of expanding HCV CTR to non-IDU subgroups. Results. The estimated cost per true positive IDU who returned for test results was $54. The cost-effectiveness of expanding HCV CTR to non-IDU subgroups ranged from $179 to $2,986. Our estimates were most sensitive to variations in HCV prevalence, the cost of testing, and the rate of client return. Conclusions. Based on national data, testing IDUs in the STD clinic setting is highly cost-effective. Some clinics may find that it is cost-effective to expand testing to non-IDU men older than 40 who report more than 100 lifetime sex partners. STD clinics can use study estimates to assess the feasibility and desirability of expanding HCV CTR beyond IDUs.
Rates of Hospital Visits for Assault during Pregnancy and the Year Postpartum: Timing Matters
Authors: Nannini Angela , Lazar Jane , Berg Cynthia , Barger Mary , Tomashek Kay , Cabral Howard , Barfield Wanda , Kotelchuck Milton 
Published: January 2017

Objective. To clarify the risk of violence for women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum, we examined the timing of hospital visits for assault among a population cohort of women in Massachusetts. Methods. Using linked natality and hospital data from 2001 through 2007 for Massachusetts, we examined the timing of hospital (i.e., emergency, inpatient, and observation) visits for maternal assault during seven time periods: the three prenatal trimesters and four three-month postpartum periods. To describe the risk of assault for each of the time periods, we calculated the rate as the number of such visits per 100,000 person-weeks. We used the denominator of 100,000 person-weeks to adjust for variable lengths of gestation and for postpartum periods shortened by subsequent pregnancies. Results. Rates of hospital visits for maternal assault were highest in the first trimester and lowest in the third trimester, with rates of 16.0 and 5.8 per 100,000 person-weeks, respectively. The four postpartum period rates were higher than the third trimester rate but never reached the levels observed in the first and second trimesters. Conclusions. These findings suggest a changing rate for assault visits during each prenatal trimester and postpartum period. In addition, the importance of violence prevention strategies as part of women's health care across the life span and the need for preconception care initiatives are reaffirmed.
Disparities in the Prevalence of Obesity in Boston: Results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey
Authors: Oka Masayoshi , Link Carol L. , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: January 2017

Objective. This study examined disparities in the prevalence of obesity to determine how future prevention and/or intervention efforts should be developed to remedy obesity. Methods. We obtained individual information of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle behaviors from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) survey for 2002–2005. To account for the complex BACH sampling design, observations were weighted inversely to their probability of selection, and sampling weights were poststratified to the Boston population from the U.S. Census 2000. We tested all possible two- and three-way interaction terms from a multivariate logistic regression model. Results. After controlling for individual determinants in detail and focusing on the population within a single city, the associations of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle behaviors with obesity were consistent with previous findings. Notably, three two-way interaction terms were significantly associated with obesity: ( 1) race/ethnicity and gender, ( 2) gender and other people in the household, and ( 3) race/ethnicity and alcohol consumption. Conclusions. Future obesity prevention and/or intervention programs in Boston need to be primarily gender- and racially/ethnically specific to minimize cost and maximize results. Additional considerations are needed to take into account the differences in age, the presence of other people in the household, and education level.
Changes in the Relationship between Marriage and Preterm Birth, 1989–2006
Authors: El-Sayed Abdulrahman M. , Galea Sandro 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Maternal marriage has historically been protective against preterm birth (PTB); however, social norms and behaviors surrounding marriage have changed over time in the United States. We analyzed secular trends in the relationship between marriage and PTB. Methods. We collected data about all births in Michigan between 1989 and 2006 to assess (7) the relationship between marital status and PTB and moderately PTB risk by year, and (2) the relationship between married and unmarried status and PTB and moderately PTB by year relative to similar marital status in 1989. Results. Among nearly 2.4 million births between 1989 and 2006, PTB risk among married mothers increased while risk among unmarried mothers decreased. In adjusted models, married status became less protective against PTB relative to unmarried status over time by year, and was associated with higher risk of PTB over time. Moderately PTB risk increased among both married and unmarried groups, but more so among married mothers. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that marriage is becoming less protective against PTB over time. The influence of social factors on risk for adverse birth outcomes is likely dynamic, suggesting that ongoing revisions to our understanding are in order.
Outbreak of Tuberculosis among Guatemalan Immigrants in Rural Minnesota, 2008
Authors: Lowther Sara A. , Miramontes Roque , Navara Barbara , Sabuwala Nadya , Brueshaber Milayna , Solarz Sarah , Haddad Maryam B. , Sodt Deborah , Lynfield Ruth 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We described the outbreak investigation and control measures after the Minnesota Department of Health identified a cluster of tuberculosis (TB) cases among Guatemalan immigrants within three rural Minnesota counties in August 2008. Methods. TB cases were diagnosed by tuberculin skin test followed by chest radiography and sputum testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). We reviewed medical records, interviewed patients, and completed a contact investigation for each infectious case. We used isolate genotyping to confirm epidemiologic links between cases. Results. The index case was a six-month-old U.S.-born male with Guatemalan parents. Although he experienced four months of cough and fever, TB was not considered at two medical visits but was diagnosed upon hospitalization in May 2008. The presumed source of infection was a Guatemalan male aged 25 years who sang in a band that practiced in the infant's house and whose pulmonary TB was diagnosed at hospitalization in June 2008, despite his having sought medical attention for symptoms seven months earlier. Among the 16 identified TB cases, 14 were outbreak-related. Three genetically distinct M. tuberculosis strains circulated. Of 150 contacts of the singer, 62 (41%) had latent TB infection and 13 (9%), including 10 children, had TB disease. Conclusions. In this outbreak, delayed diagnoses contributed to M. tuberculosis transmission. Isolate genotyping corroborated the social links between outbreak-related patients. More timely diagnosis of TB among immigrants and their children can prevent TB transmission among communities in rural, low-incidence areas that might have limited resources for contact investigations.
The 5th IEA International Conference on Coal Science
Authors: Takeshita Mitsuru , Hirano Shigeyoshi , Takayasu Masami 
Published: January 2017

The 5th IEA International Conference on Coal Science was held in Tokyo from October 23 to 27, 1989. 510 people from 29 countries participated in the conference with 284 research reports (consisting of 182 oral sessions and 102 poster sessions), and actively exchanged information with each other.
Primary Hypergeodesic Polytopes
Authors: Miyazaki Koji 
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we introduce the concept of a hypergeodesic polytope, as a four-dimensional analogue of the well-known geodesic polyhdron in 3-space. In particular, we describe twenty-eight types of primary hypergeodesic polytopes, those which are most typical, and which are most likely to be employed in structural design. All of these primary hypergeodesic polytopes are derived from two regular 4-polytopes, the 120- and the 600-cell. They outwardly resemble 3-dimensional geodesic domes having one or two layers of framework, and possess many desirable architectural characteristics. Cartesian coordinates of their vertices and chord factors can be determined from the figures and tables provided in the appendices to this article.
Infection-related health care utilization among people with and without multiple sclerosis
Authors: Wijnands José MA , Kingwell Elaine , Zhu Feng , Zhao Yinshan , Fisk John D , Evans Charity , Marrie Ruth Ann , Tremlett Helen 
Published: January 2017

Background: Little is known about infection risk in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: We examined infection-related health care utilization in people with and without MS. Methods: Using population-based health administrative data from British Columbia, Canada, people with MS were followed from their first demyelinating claim (1996–2013) until death, emigration, or study end (2013). Infection-related hospital, physician, and prescription data of MS cases were compared with sex-, age-, and geographically matched controls using adjusted regression models. Sex and age differences (18–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60+ years) were explored. Results: Relative to 35,837 controls, 7179 MS cases were over twice as likely to be hospitalized for infection (adjusted odds ratio: 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16–2.65), had 41% more physician visits (adjusted rate ratio (aRR): 1.41; 95% CI: 1.36–1.47), and filled 57% more infection-related prescriptions (aRR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.49–1.65). Utilization was disproportionately higher in MS men than women and was elevated across all ages. MS cases had nearly twice as many physician visits and two to three times more hospitalizations for pneumonia, urinary system infections, and skin infections (aRRs ranged from 1.6 to 3.3) and over twice as many hospitalizations for intestinal infections (aRR = 2.6) and sepsis (aRR = 2.2). Conclusion: Infection-related health care utilization was increased in people with MS across all age groups, with a higher burden for men.
Accuracy of line probe assays for the diagnosis of pulmonary and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nathavitharana Ruvandhi R. , Cudahy Patrick G.T , Schumacher Samuel G. , Steingart Karen R. , Pai Madhukar , Denkinger Claudia M. 
Published: January 2017

Only 25% of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases are currently diagnosed. Line probe assays (LPAs) enable rapid drug-susceptibility testing for rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance andMycobacterium tuberculosisdetection. Genotype MTBDRplusV1 was WHO-endorsed in 2008 but newer LPAs have since been developed.This systematic review evaluated three LPAs: Hain Genotype MTBDRplusV1, MTBDRplusV2 and Nipro NTM+MDRTB. Study quality was assessed with QUADAS-2. Bivariate random-effects meta-analyses were performed for direct and indirect testing. Results for RIF and INH resistance were compared to phenotypic and composite (incorporating sequencing) reference standards.M. tuberculosisdetection results were compared to culture.74 unique studies were included. For RIF resistance (21 225 samples), pooled sensitivity and specificity (with 95% confidence intervals) were 96.7% (95.6–97.5%) and 98.8% (98.2–99.2%). For INH resistance (20 954 samples), pooled sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% (88.2–91.9%) and 99.2% (98.7–99.5%). Results were similar for direct and indirect testing and across LPAs. Using a composite reference standard, specificity increased marginally. ForM. tuberculosisdetection (3451 samples), pooled sensitivity was 94% (89.4–99.4%) for smear-positive specimens and 44% (20.2–71.7%) for smear-negative specimens.In patients with pulmonary TB, LPAs have high sensitivity and specificity for RIF resistance and high specificity and good sensitivity for INH resistance. This meta-analysis provides evidence for policy and practice.
Association between morning symptoms and physical activity in COPD: a systematic review
Authors: van Buul Amanda R. , Kasteleyn Marise J. , Chavannes Niels H. , Taube Christian 
Published: January 2017

Morning symptoms are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Many COPD patients consider the morning as the most troublesome part of the day, in which they experience more symptoms and physical activity limitations.To systematically report evidence of the association between morning symptoms and physical activity in COPD patients, a literature search was conducted using relevant MESH terms and text words in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, COCHRANE, CINAHL and PsycINFO. Quality of the articles was assessed with validated checklists.Eight studies were included. Morning symptoms were present in 39.8–94.4%. In 37.0–90.6% of all COPD patients, there was an association between physical activity and morning symptoms. However, causality could not be proved. Morning symptoms were associated with a sedentary lifestyle (p<0.05). Treatment in line with the guidelines improved the degree of activity limitations due to morning symptoms (p<0.0001).Across all disease stages, COPD patients experience morning symptoms which are negatively associated with physical activity. Physicians should consider morning symptoms as a treatment goal. Pharmacotherapy may improve the degree of activity limitations due to morning symptoms. More objective research should focus on symptoms, activity limitations and physical inactivity of COPD patients, especially in the morning.
LABA/LAMA combination in COPD: a meta-analysis on the duration of treatment
Authors: Calzetta Luigino , Rogliani Paola , Ora Josuel , Puxeddu Ermanno , Cazzola Mario , Matera Maria Gabriella 
Published: January 2017

When there are no randomised clinical trials directly comparing all relevant treatment options, an indirect treatment comparisonviameta-analysis of the available clinical evidence is an acceptable alternative. However, meta-analyses may be very misleading if not adequately performed. Here, we propose and validate a simple and effective approach to meta-analysis for exploring the effectiveness of long-acting β2-agonist (LABA)/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) fixed-dose combinations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.14 articles with 20 329 patients (combinations n=9292; monocomponents n=11 037) were included in this study. LABA/LAMA combinations were always more effective than the monocomponents in terms of the improvement in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s, transition dyspnoea index and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire scores after 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. No significant publication bias was identified. Significant discrepancies with previous network meta-analyses have been found, with overall differences ranging from 26.7% to 43.3%.Results from previous network meta-analyses were misleading because no adequate attention was given to formulating the review question, specifying eligibility criteria, correctly identifying studies, collecting appropriate information and deciding what it would be pharmacologically relevant to analyse. The real gradient of effectiveness of LABA/LAMA fixed-dose combinations remains an unmet medical need; however, it can be investigated indirectly using a high-quality meta-analytic approach.