Influence of Combinations of Shoulder, Elbow and Trunk Orientation on Elbow Joint Loads in Youth Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Hayashi Toyohiko , Inui Hiroaki , Ninomiya Hiroki , Muto Tomoyuki , Nobuhara Katsuya 
Published: July 2016

Objectives: Shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers is a well-recognized phenomenon. Common problems in pitching mechanics that can lead to injury begin with stride foot contact. The purpose of this study was to address the relationships between the combinations of shoulder, elbow and trunk orientation at the instant of stride foot contact and elbow joint loads in youth baseball pitchers. Methods: A total of 143 Japanese male youth baseball pitchers participated in this study after providing written informed consents approved by the hospital’s institutional review board. The procedures to be performed were also explained to their parent(s) or legal guardian(s). Each participant was not currently injured or recovering from an injury at time of testing. For data collection of baseball pitching, a set of 14-mm spherical reflective markers was placed on the skin overlying 34 anatomical landmarks determined. Subsequently, a motion capture three-dimensional automatic digitizing system was used to collect 500-Hz from 7 charge-coupled-device synchronized cameras was set up around the regulation pitching mound in an indoor laboratory. After performing a preparation routine of stretching and warm-up pitching, each player pitch to 5 fastball pitches off the pitching mound to a catcher at the regulation distance of 16 m for youth pitchers. The best pitch thrown for a strike was chosen for kinematic and kinetic analysis. The local coordinate systems were used to calculate 3-dimesional rotation at the trunk, shoulder and elbow using the typical Eulerian sequence. Afterward, the standard inverse dynamic equation was used to estimate resultant joint forces and torques at throwing shoulder and elbow. In order to normalize data between subjects, forces and torques were expressed as percent using body weight and height. A multiple regression analysis was carried out to assess the combined effects of shoulder (external rotation, abduction and horizontal adduction), elbow (pronation and extension) and trunk (extension, contralateral tilt, rotation) orientation at SFC and the onset time of trunk rotation on elbow joint loads at SFC. The onset time of trunk rotation was defined as the event in which the magnitude of trunk rotation begins to decrease from tis maximum value. Results: The peak medial force of the elbow was significant correlated with the peak internal rotation torque of the shoulder and the peak varus torque of the elbow (Figure 1). The medial force of the elbow at SFC was significantly correlated with the peak medial force of the elbow (r = .41, p < .001). The adjusted multiple R2 value was 0.45, indicating that over 45% of the variance in the medial force of the elbow at SFC was explained by the regression equation. The standard error of estimate was 4.34. All 3 of the regression variables were significant and are shown in Table 1. Conclusion: The combinations of the greater external rotation of the shoulder, contralateral trunk tilt and elbow extension at SFC may have an indirect influence on the peak medial force on the elbow (Table 1). Then the peak elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque lead to increase as a result of these. These biomechanical data provide a scientific basis for clinicians, athletes, and coaches to establish methods to prevent pitching-related injuries and improve pitching mechanics.