bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“This rabid fight for survival”: Small NGO manager's experiences of funding reform
Authors: Clancey Garner , Westcott Harriet 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article explores the experiences of small Non‐Government Organisation (NGO) managers who are experiencing significant funding reforms. Drawing on a desk review of the literature, and semi‐structured interviews with managers of small NGOs in a case study site of Glebe, New South Wales, we present some of the issues arising from these new modes of funding governance. Findings revealed that funding is increasingly complex, with variations in timeframe, funder and geographic boundaries. The short‐term nature of funding contributed to NGO managers stating that they have been operating in a “survival” mode characterised by a high‐level uncertainty. Changes to funding regimes have led to a need to seek out future funding, engage in competitive tendering processes and comply with multiple and growing funding reporting requirements – tasks that are time‐consuming and at times stressful. Overall, managers experienced overwhelming funding complexity, which impeded the NGO's ability to focus on the needs of clients — an outcome which is surely antithetical to the aims of the various reforms to funding governance.
Direct Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol by Cytochrome P450BM3 Triggered by Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Shoji Osami , Yanagisawa Sota , Stanfield Joshua Kyle , Suzuki Kazuto , Cong Zhiqi , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Shiro Yoshitsugu , Watanabe Yoshihito 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe selective hydroxylation of benzene to phenol, without the formation of side products resulting from overoxidation, is catalyzed by cytochrome P450BM3 with the assistance of amino acid derivatives as decoy molecules. The catalytic turnover rate and the total turnover number reached 259 min−1 P450BM3−1 and 40 200 P450BM3−1 when N‐heptyl‐l‐proline modified with l‐phenylalanine (C7‐l‐Pro‐l‐Phe) was used as the decoy molecule. This work shows that amino acid derivatives with a totally different structure from fatty acids can be used as decoy molecules for aromatic hydroxylation by wild‐type P450BM3. This method for non‐native substrate hydroxylation by wild‐type P450BM3 has the potential to expand the utility of P450BM3 for biotransformations.
Relationship between the UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS fingerprinted constituents from Daphne genkwa and their anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant activities
Authors: Du Wen‐Juan , Ji Jun , Wang Ling , Lan Xin‐Yi , Li Jia , Lei Jun‐Qiu , He Xin , Zhang Chun‐Feng , Huang Wen‐Zhe , Wang Zhen‐Zhong , Xiao Wei , Wang Chong‐Zhi , Yuan Chun‐Su 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDaphne genkwa Sieb.et Zucc. is a well‐known medicinal plant. This study was designed to apply the ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography system to establish a quality control method for D. genkwa. Data revealed that there were 15 common peaks in 10 batches of D. genkwa Sieb. Et Zucc. (Thymelaeaceae) from different provinces of China. On this basis, the fingerprint chromatogram was established to provide references for quality control. Afterwards, the chemical constitutions of these common peaks were analyzed using the UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS system and nine of them were identified. In addition, LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages and DPPH assay were used to study the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidation effects of D. genkwa. Then the fingerprint–efficacy relationships between UPLC fingerprints and pharmacodynamic data were studied with canonical correlation analysis. Analysis results indicated that the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidation effects differed among the 10 D. genkwa samples owing to their inherent differences of chemical compositions. Taken together, this research established a fingerprint–efficacy relationship model of D. genkwa plant by combining the UPLC analytic technique and pharmacological research, which provided references for the detection of the principal components of traditional Chinese medicine on bioactivity.
Giant cell arteritis with polymyalgia rheumatica on FDG‐PET/CT
Authors: Baba Akira , Uno Kimiichi , Okuyama Yumi , Munetomo Yohei , Nakajima Shintaro , Mizushina Kennosuke , Kameda Hideto 
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical MessageIf there is no pain in the temporal artery, the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) may be delayed and blindness may occur. Therefore, FDG‐PET/CT is important as a modality for diagnosis of GCA. When GCA is suspected and F‐18 FDG‐PET/CT is performed, it is worthwhile to pay attention to shoulder and hip joints as polymyalgia rheumatica commonly presents with GCA.
Mesoporous Ceria‐Supported Gold Catalysts Self‐Assembled from Monodispersed Ceria Nanoparticles and Nanocubes: A Study of the Crystal Plane Effect for the Low‐Temperature Water Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: He Yeheng , Du Sanya , Li Jianwei , Zhang Runduo , Liang Xin , Chen Biaohua 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMesoporous CeO2 colloidal spheres were obtained by the assembly of CeO2 nanocrystals in two shapes: nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocubes (NCs). CeO2 colloidal spheres assembled by nanoparticles (NPCS) have predominantly exposed {1 1 1} surfaces and that assembled by nanocubes (NCCS) are terminated by {1 0 0} planes. The size and surface area of NPCS and NCCS are comparable. We compared the water gas shift reaction activity over Au/NPCS and Au/NCCS to clarify the nanoscale crystal plane effect of the CeO2 {1 0 0} and {1 1 1} crystal planes. Au/NCCS and NCCS show a better catalytic activity than Au/NPCS and NPCS towards the water gas shift reaction. We used in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to confirm that the water gas shift reaction over Au/NPCS and Au/NCCS follows a formate mechanism and to prove that the formation/decomposition rate of bidentate formates (intermediates) are faster on Au/NCCS and that less monodentate carbonates (inactive species) are accumulated over Au/NCCS. We used X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and DRIFTS combined with DFT calculations to demonstrate that more active Auδ+ species could be formed on NCCS than NPCS because of the crystal plane effect. The crystal plane effect is also embodied in the experimental phenomenon that H2O adsorption is more significant on Au/NCCS than Au/NPCS, which is in agreement with the calculation results that H2O adsorption is more facile on CeO2 {1 0 0} than {1 1 1} surfaces.
AuI⋅⋅⋅AuI Interaction Assisted Host–Guest Interactions and Stimuli‐Responsive Self‐Assembly in Tetranuclear Alkynylgold(I) Calix[4]arene‐Based Isocyanide Complexes
Authors: Chu Anlea , Hau Franky Ka‐Wah , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMulti‐stimuli‐responsive tetranuclear gold(I) complexes were prepared based on a tetra(alkynyl)calix[4]arene framework, with incorporation of a series of isocyanide ligands of tunable hydrophilicity. This class of complex was found to exhibit high sensitivity towards group IIIA metal ions especially In3+. Drastic electronic absorption and emission changes were observed, which could be attributed to the formation of AuI⋅⋅⋅AuI interactions during the binding event. Solvent‐induced self‐aggregation was also observed upon changing the solvent environment to a more polar medium, with the formation of nanoaggregates and the turning‐on of the aurophilic interactions, leading to interesting luminescence and morphological changes. The aggregation process was monitored by UV/Vis absorption, emission and 1H NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies, and the morphological changes were studied by electron microscopy. This new class of complex has shown high sensitivity towards external stimuli and demonstrated the feasibility of employing the on–off switching of aurophilicity as an effective design strategy for the construction of functional supramolecular systems.
A comparative review of variable selection techniques for covariate dependent Dirichlet process mixture models
Authors: Barcella William , De Iorio Maria , Baio Gianluca 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDirichlet Process Mixture (DPM) models have been increasingly employed to specify random partition models that take into account possible patterns within covariates. Furthermore with large numbers of covariates methods for selecting the most important covariates have been proposed. Commonly the covariates are chosen either for their importance in determining the clustering of the observations or for their effect on the level of a response variable (when a regression model is specified). Typically both strategies involve the specification of latent indicators that regulate the inclusion of the covariates in the model. Common examples involve the use of spike and slab prior distributions. In this work we review the most relevant DPM models that include covariate information in the induced partition of the observations and we focus on available variable selection techniques for these models. We highlight the main features of each model and demonstrate them using simulations and a real data application. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 254–273; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Reductive Aromatization/Dearomatization and Elimination Reactions to Access Conjugated Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Heteroacenes, and Cumulenes
Authors: Marshall Jonathan L. , Lehnherr Dan , Lindner Benjamin D. , Tykwinski Rik R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAcenes, heteroacenes, conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (collectively referred to in this review as conjugated polycyclic molecules, CPMs) have fascinated chemists since they were first isolated and synthesized in the mid 19th century. Most recently, these compounds have shown significant promise as the active components in organic devices (e.g., solar cells, thin‐film transistors, light‐emitting diodes, etc.), and, since 2001, a plethora of publications detail synthetic strategies to produce CPMs. In this review, we discuss reductive aromatization, reductive dearomatization, and elimination/extrusion reactions used to form CPMs. After a brief discussion on early methods to synthesize CPMs, we detail the use of reagents used for the reductive (de)aromatization of precursors containing 1,4‐diols/diethers, including SnCl2 and iodide (I−). Extension of these methods to carbomers and cumulenes is briefly discussed. We then describe low‐valent metal species used to reduce endoxides to CPMs, and discuss the methods to directly reduce acenediones and acenones to the respective acene. In the final section, we describe methods used to affect aromatization to the desired CPM via extrusion of small, volatile molecules.
Bioclimatic transect networks: Powerful observatories of ecological change
Authors: Caddy‐Retalic Stefan , Andersen Alan N. , Aspinwall Michael J. , Breed Martin F. , Byrne Margaret , Christmas Matthew J. , Dong Ning , Evans Bradley J. , Fordham Damien A. , Guerin Greg R. , Hoffmann Ary A. , Hughes Alice C. , van Leeuwen Stephen J. , McInerney Francesca A. , Prober Suzanne M. , Rossetto Maurizio , Rymer Paul D. , Steane Dorothy A. , Wardle Glenda M. , Lowe Andrew J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTransects that traverse substantial climate gradients are important tools for climate change research and allow questions on the extent to which phenotypic variation associates with climate, the link between climate and species distributions, and variation in sensitivity to climate change among biomes to be addressed. However, the potential limitations of individual transect studies have recently been highlighted. Here, we argue that replicating and networking transects, along with the introduction of experimental treatments, addresses these concerns. Transect networks provide cost‐effective and robust insights into ecological and evolutionary adaptation and improve forecasting of ecosystem change. We draw on the experience and research facilitated by the Australian Transect Network to demonstrate our case, with examples, to clarify how population‐ and community‐level studies can be integrated with observations from multiple transects, manipulative experiments, genomics, and ecological modeling to gain novel insights into how species and systems respond to climate change. This integration can provide a spatiotemporal understanding of past and future climate‐induced changes, which will inform effective management actions for promoting biodiversity resilience.
The influence of breeding phenology on the genetic structure of four pond‐breeding salamanders
Authors: Burkhart Jacob J. , Peterman William E. , Brocato Emily R. , Romine Kimberly M. , Willis M. Madeline S. , Ousterhout Brittany H. , Anderson Thomas L. , Drake Dana L. , Rowland Freya E. , Semlitsch Raymond D. , Eggert Lori S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnderstanding metapopulation dynamics requires knowledge about local population dynamics and movement in both space and time. Most genetic metapopulation studies use one or two study species across the same landscape to infer population dynamics; however, using multiple co‐occurring species allows for testing of hypotheses related to different life history strategies. We used genetic data to study dispersal, as measured by gene flow, in three ambystomatid salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum, A. maculatum, and A. opacum) and the Central Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis) on the same landscape in Missouri, USA. While all four salamander species are forest dependent organisms that require fishless ponds to reproduce, they differ in breeding phenology and spatial distribution on the landscape. We use these differences in life history and distribution to address the following questions: (1) Are there species‐level differences in the observed patterns of genetic diversity and genetic structure? and (2) Is dispersal influenced by landscape resistance? We detected two genetic clusters in A. annulatum and A. opacum on our landscape; both species breed in the fall and larvae overwinter in ponds. In contrast, no structure was evident in A. maculatum and N. v. louisianensis, species that breed during the spring. Tests for isolation by distance were significant for the three ambystomatids but not for N. v. louisianensis. Landscape resistance also contributed to genetic differentiation for all four species. Our results suggest species‐level differences in dispersal ability and breeding phenology are driving observed patterns of genetic differentiation. From an evolutionary standpoint, the observed differences in dispersal distances and genetic structure between fall breeding and spring breeding species may be a result of the trade‐off between larval period length and size at metamorphosis which in turn may influence the long‐term viability of the metapopulation. Thus, it is important to consider life history differences among closely related and ecologically similar species when making management decisions.
Characterization of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and oils
Authors: Juhaimi Fahad Al , Özcan Mehmet Musa , Ghafoor Kashif 
Published: May 2017

The main objective of current study was to characterize of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and oils as a source of phytochemical, and bioactive compounds. While total phenol contents of seed extracts vary between 23.6 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 28.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, their antioxidant activities were changed between 17.6 and 22.9% (p < 0.05). The seeds of pomegranate varieties contained 347–647 mg/kg Ca, 2076–3846 mg/kg K, 1572–2327 mg/kg P, and 1357–1781 mg/kg Mg. While the total phenol contents of seed oils change between 7.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 19.2mg GAE/g, antioxidant activity of oil samples varied between 6.8 and 8.8% (p < 0.05). The predominant fatty acid of oils is punicic acid, and punicic acid contents of oil samples were found between 71.2 and 77.6%. Oleic acid contents of seed oils were determined between 7.6 and 9.1%. In addition, ɣ‐tocopherol contents of pomegranate oil ranged from 236 mg/100 g to 389 mg/100 g. Pomegranate seeds are sources of bioactive and phytochemical such as fatty acid, ɣ‐tocopherol, total phenolic content, and flavonoids with potentially high antioxidant activities.Practical applications: In folk medicine for many centuries, pomegranate is an important source of bioactive and phytochemical compounds. Pomegranate fruit are known to posses strong antioxidant activity, and its oil consists of approximately 80% punicic acid. Pomegranate seed contains a range of nutraceutical components such as punicic acid, sterols, and ɣ‐tocopherol.Total phenol contents of seed powder extracts varied between 23.56 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (Silifke Aşı) and 28.75 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (Devedişi). In addition, antioxidant activities of pomegranate seed extracts were found between 17.56 (Erdemli Aşı) and 22.93% (Nizip). The total flavonoid contents of pomegranate seed extracts changed between 13.56 mgCE/g (Mayhoş) and 23.51 mgCE/g (Nizip).The total anthocyanin contents of seeds changed between 13.56 μmol/g (Mayhoş) and 23.51 μmol/g (Nizip). As seen in Table 2, the highest total anthocyanin content (23.51 μmol/g) was found in Nizip, followed by Silifke Aşı, Erdemli Aşı, and Hicaz varieties.
Continuous Electrochemical Detection of Gold Nanoparticles in Flow
Authors: Ogończyk D. , Gocyla M. , Andryszewski T. , Opallo M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNanoparticles have already found numerous applications and their global production is still increasing. Therefore, the engineered nanoobjects of uncertain toxicity become ubiquitous in the environment and a continuous monitoring of their presence is highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate a continuous electrochemical detection of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based on synchronous processes of their electrodissolution and electrocatalysis. This approach is realized by the injection of nanoparticles suspension into the Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) system. The modular structure of FIA system is particularly applicable for carrying out of sequential operations: AuNPs passivation, oxidation of aqueous SO2 and gold. It enables continuous, fast and reproducible gold nanoparticles determination in a wide concentration range: 10−10– 10−7 mol nanoobjects L−1.
Degradation of heme oxygenase‐1 by the immunoproteasome in astrocytes: A potential interferon‐γ‐dependent mechanism contributing to HIV neuropathogenesis
Authors: Kovacsics Colleen E. , Gill Alexander J. , Ambegaokar Surendra S. , Gelman Benjamin B. , Kolson Dennis L. 
Published: May 2017

Induction of the detoxifying enzyme heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is a critical protective host response to cellular injury associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. We previously found that HO‐1 protein expression is reduced in brains of HIV‐infected individuals with HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and in HIV‐infected macrophages, where this reduction associates with enhanced glutamate release and neurotoxicity. Because HIV‐infected macrophages are a small component of the cellular content of the brain, the reduction of macrophage HO‐1 expression likely accounts for a small portion of brain HO‐1 loss in HIV infection. We therefore investigated the contribution of astrocytes, the major pool of brain HO‐1. We identified immunoproteasome‐mediated HO‐1 degradation in astrocytes as a second possible mechanism of brain HO‐1 loss in HIV infection. We demonstrate that prolonged exposure of human fetal astrocytes to interferon‐gamma (IFNγ), an HIV‐associated CNS immune activator, selectively reduces expression of HO‐1 protein without a concomitant reduction in HO‐1 RNA, increases expression of immunoproteasome subunits, and decreases expression of constitutive proteasome subunits, consistent with a shift towards increased immunoproteasome activity. In HIV‐infected brain HO‐1 protein reduction also associates with increased HO‐1 RNA expression and increased immunoproteasome expression. Finally, we show that IFNγ treatment of astrocytic cells reduces HO‐1 protein half‐life in a proteasome‐dependent manner. Our data thus suggest unique causal links among HIV infection, IFNγ‐mediated immunoproteasome induction, and enhanced HO‐1 degradation, which likely contribute to neurocognitive impairment in HAND. Such IFNγ‐mediated HO‐1 degradation should be further investigated for a role in neurodegeneration in inflammatory brain conditions.Brief SummaryKovacsics et al. identify immunoproteasome degradation of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) in interferon gamma‐stimulated astrocytes as a plausible mechanism for the observed loss of HO‐1 protein expression in the brains of HIV‐infected individuals, which likely contributes to the neurocognitive impairment in HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders.
Assessing bipolar disorder in the older adult: the GERI‐BD toolbox
Authors: Marino Patricia , Schulberg Herbert C. , Gildengers Ariel G. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Sajatovic Martha , Gyulai Laszlo , Aljurdi Rayan K. , Evans Laurie Davan , Banerjee Samprit , Gur Ruben C. , Young Robert C. ,   For the GERI‐BD Study Group
Published: May 2017

IntroductionThe evidence base regarding characteristics of older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) remains limited. The NIH‐funded multicenter study Acute Pharmacotherapy of Late‐Life Mania (GERI‐BD) assessed various clinical domains before and during mood stabilizer treatment in older adults participating in a 9‐week, double‐blind randomized controlled trial. We describe the rationale for selecting these instruments.MethodsDomains and instruments were selected on the basis of the study design and the participants. The investigators' experience in clinical trials involving young adults with BD or older adults with major depressive disorder, along with open studies of older adults with BD, contributed to the selection process.ResultsWe identified domains and selected instruments that could be used to assess the participants given their diagnostic, treatment history, and medical and mood state characteristics. They were also intended to measure tolerability and efficacy and permit examination of potential moderating and mediating factors.ConclusionsDecisions regarding the assessment domains to be included in the clinical trial highlight the challenges facing researchers studying drug treatments for older adults with BD, or more generally, mood disorders. We suggest that the domains and instruments selected by GERI‐BD investigators constitute a “toolbox” that can be customized for other investigators. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public Practices and Personal Perspectives
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractI once heard John Arras, who was one of bioethics’ bright lights and, toward the end of his life, a member of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, remark that it is hard for an ethics commission not to “do paint‐by‐numbers ethics.” What I think Arras had in mind is an approach that, in the set of essays that make up this special report, Rebecca Dresser describes as a listing of “general, often relatively uncontroversial” moral positions to support largely procedural recommendations. Arras was calling attention to one of the challenges and sometimes frustrations of commission thinking. It is a recurring topic in this special report, Goals and Practices of Public Bioethics, which features a series of reflections about how national bioethics commissions around the world have contributed to public understanding and public policy about bioethical issues. Both the topic and the authors are drawn from the final two public meetings of the PCSBI, which was the most recent U.S. example of a national bioethics commission and whose winding down created an occasion for pondering the different forms and functions of bioethics commissions.