bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreasing Phosphorus Loss in Tile‐Drained Landscapes Using Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum
Authors: King K. W. , Williams M. R. , Dick W. A. , LaBarge G. A. 
Published: July 2016

Elevated phosphorus (P) loading from agricultural nonpoint‐source pollution continues to impair inland waterbodies throughout the world. The application of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum to agricultural fields has been suggested to decrease P loading because of its high calcium content and P sorbing potential. A before–after control–impact paired field experiment was used to examine the water quality effects of successive FGD gypsum applications (2.24 Mg ha−1; 1 ton acre−1 each) to an Ohio field with high soil test P levels (>480 ppm Mehlich‐3 P). Analysis of covariance was used to compare event discharge, dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total P (TP) concentrations and loadings in surface runoff and tile discharge between the baseline period (86 precipitation events) and Treatment Period 1 (42 precipitation events) and Treatment Period 2 (84 precipitation events). Results showed that, after the first application of FGD gypsum, event mean DRP and TP concentrations in treatment field tile water were significantly reduced by 21 and 10%, respectively, and DRP concentrations in surface runoff were significantly reduced by 14%; however, no significant reductions were noted in DRP or TP loading. After the second application, DRP and TP loads were significantly reduced in surface runoff (DRP, 41%; TP 40%), tile discharge (DRP, 35%; TP, 15%), and combined (surface + tile) discharge (DRP, 36%; TP, 38%). These findings indicate that surface application of FGD gypsum can be used as a tool to address elevated P concentrations and loadings in drainage waters.Core Ideas
A paired field study demonstrated the water quality benefits of FGD gypsum.
FGD gypsum improved aggregate stability and increased infiltration.
FGD application reduced dissolved and total P concentrations.
FGD gypsum reduced dissolved and total P loads.
Significant reductions were realized in surface and tile drainage discharge.
Nitrous Oxide Emission and Soil Carbon Sequestration from Herbaceous Perennial Biofuel Feedstocks
Authors: Johnson Jane M. F. , Barbour Nancy W. 
Published: July 2016

Core Ideas
Adding N fertilizer increases N2O emission from perennial grasses managed as feedstock.
Interseeding clover with perennial grasses reduced N2O emission and yield.
Soil organic C storage under grasses may be inadequate to offset fertilizer‐induced N2O flux.
Nitrogen management to optimize yield‐scaled N2O flux from established grasses is needed.
No soil organic C storage occurred under no‐till corn–soybean rotation to offset N2O flux.
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerdardii Vitman) are potential bioenergy feedstocks. Perennial grasses managed as bioenergy feedstock require nitrogenous inputs, which can cause N2O emission and, thereby, alter their effectiveness to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Few studies have measured N2O emission from perennial grasses managed as feedstock. The objectives of this study were to compare N2O flux and soil organic C (SOC) storage between (i) grasses with legume companion crops or with nitrogenous fertilizer, (ii) two grass harvest times (autumn and spring), and (iii) perennial systems and corn (Zea maize L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (C–S) rotation, all without tillage. Nitrous oxide flux was measured from May 2009 to May 2012, and SOC was measured in 2000, 2006, and 2011. Big bluestem–clover (Dalea) and switchgrass–clover treatments had dramatically reduced annual N2O emissions and yield‐scaled emissions compared with the respective grasses with urea fertilizer. Cumulative N2O emission was 14 to 40% greater in the big bluestem‐spring and switchgrass‐spring treatments compared with respective autumn‐harvested treatments. The average cumulative emission in fertilized big bluestem and switchgrass treatments (18.5 kg N2O‐N ha−1) exceeded that of the C–S rotation (12.7 kg N2O‐N ha−1). The emission factor (EF) for fertilized grasses averaged 2.5%, corn averaged 1.05%, and C–S rotation averaged 1.9%. The SOC storage by perennial grasses was limited to 0 to 5 cm and thus may not be adequate to offset N2O emission. Nitrogen management refinement is recommended for herbaceous perennials to optimize biomass production and minimize N2O emission.
Application of plants in remediation of contaminated sites
Authors: Stanković Dragica M , Devetaković Jovana R 
Published: July 2016

The concern for environmental protection has existed since the time of first human civilization. As society develops, the chain of changes during the natural flow of processes in ecosystems has been supplemented by a new link - pollutants. They have an effect on all other members of the ecosystem (changes may be visible immediately or harder to spot), which leads to an extremely complex relationship with nature. The values of some parameters of pollutants reached an alarmingly high level. The tendency to reduce the risk of air, soil, water, plant, and animal pollution to a tolerable limit, which would salvage the environment and most importantly human health, became a global problem. Heavy metals as pollutants have been an interest of researchers for their conduct, especially in forest ecosystems, which has been expressed in the previous year's more than ever. With its numerous toxic effects, heavy metals are endangering the existence of plant species that live in already contaminated environments. This is all an argument regarding the fight of modern society that the emission of polluted materials gets reduced in order to avoid multiple negative effects, which can endanger the existence of living organisms in general, as an argument for the continuation of numerous researches that are conducted in this area. The monitoring of heavy metals is of significant importance because their toxicity and accumulations are vital for the ecosystem. Polluted soils can be reduced and they can restore their function using physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Physical and chemical methods are very expensive and cause mainly irreversible changes, thus destroying biological variety. The biological recovery of contaminated soil represents an efficient method of reducing health risks for both mankind and the ecosystem.Â For this purpose, biological indicators are used. Numerous researches have led to improvements of the initial idea about using plants as a remediation of the environment and the removal of different contaminants from contaminated medias into promising technologies of environmental protection under the title "Phytoremediation". This technology consists of the reduction of concentrations of polluted materials in polluted soils, water, or air. Plants have the ability to store, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides, solutions, explosives, and crude oils. Its derivatives and various other contaminants form mediums that contain them. This paper especially considers methods of the possibility of the usage and application of plants in restoring soil contaminated by heavy metals as well as other pollutants.
A Population-Based Study of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Association With Prior History of Hypoglycemia Among Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Lu Chin-Li , Shen Hsiu-Nien , Hu Susan C. , Wang Jung-Der , Li Chung-Yi 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the effects of severe hypoglycemia on risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two nested case-control studies with age- and sex-matched control subjects and using the time-density sampling method were performed separately within a cohort of 10,411 patients with T1DM in Taiwan. The study enrolled 564 nonsurvivors and 1,615 control subjects as well as 743 CVD case subjects and 1,439 control subjects between 1997 and 2011. History of severe hypoglycemia was identified during 1 year, 1–3 years, and 3–5 years before the occurrence of the study outcomes. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI of the study outcomes.

RESULTS
Prior severe hypoglycemic events within 1 year were associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality and CVD (adjusted OR 2.74 [95% CI 1.96–3.85] and 2.02 [1.35–3.01], respectively). Events occurring within 1–3 years and 3–5 years before death were also associated with adjusted ORs of 1.94 (95% CI 1.39–2.71) and 1.68 (1.15–2.44), respectively. Significant dose–gradient effects of severe hypoglycemia frequency on mortality and CVD were observed within 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the CVD incidence may be associated with severe hypoglycemic events occurring in the previous year, the risk of all-cause mortality was associated with severe hypoglycemic events occurring in the preceding 5 years. Exposure to repeated severe hypoglycemic events can lead to higher risks of mortality and CVD.
Elevations in the Fasting Serum Proinsulin–to–C-Peptide Ratio Precede the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sims Emily K. , Chaudhry Zunaira , Watkins Renecia , Syed Farooq , Blum Janice , Ouyang Fangqian , Perkins Susan M. , Mirmira Raghavendra G. , Sosenko Jay , DiMeglio Linda A. , Evans-Molina Carmella 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE
We tested whether an elevation in the serum proinsulin–to–C-peptide ratio (PI:C), a biomarker of β-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, was associated with progression to type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fasting total PI and C levels were measured in banked serum samples obtained from TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) participants, a cohort of autoantibody-positive relatives without diabetes of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Samples were obtained ∼12 months before diabetes onset from PTP progressors in whom diabetes developed (n = 60), and were compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched nonprogressors who remained normoglycemic (n = 58). PI:C ratios were calculated as molar ratios and were multiplied by 100% to obtain PI levels as a percentage of C levels.

RESULTS
Although absolute PI levels did not differ between groups, PI:C ratios were significantly increased in antibody-positive subjects in whom there was progression to diabetes compared with nonprogressors (median 1.81% vs. 1.17%, P = 0.03). The difference between groups was most pronounced in subjects who were ≤10 years old, where the median progressor PI:C ratio was nearly triple that of nonprogressors; 90.0% of subjects in this age group within the upper PI:C quartile progressed to the development of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and BMI, demonstrated increased odds of progression for higher natural log PI:C ratio values (odds ratio 1.44, 95% CI 1.02, 2.05).

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that β-cell ER dysfunction precedes type 1 diabetes onset, especially in younger children. Elevations in the serum PI:C ratio may have utility in predicting the onset of type 1 diabetes in the presymptomatic phase.
THE MOSDEF SURVEY: DETECTION OF [O III]λ4363 AND THE DIRECT-METHOD OXYGEN ABUNDANCE OF A STAR-FORMING GALAXY AT z = 3.08*
Authors: Sanders Ryan L. , Shapley Alice E. , Kriek Mariska , Reddy Naveen A. , Freeman William R. , Coil Alison L. , Siana Brian , Mobasher Bahram , Shivaei Irene , Price Sedona H. , Groot Laura de 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present measurements of the electron-temperature-based oxygen abundance for a highly star-forming galaxy at z = 3.08, COSMOS-1908. This is the highest redshift at which [O iii]λ4363 has been detected and the first time that this line has been measured at

z
>
2

. We estimate an oxygen abundance of

12
+
log
(
O

/

H
)
=

8.00

−
0.14

+
0.13

. This galaxy is a low-mass (

10

9.3

M

⊙

), highly star-forming (∼50

M

⊙

yr−1) system that hosts a young stellar population (∼160 Myr). We investigate the physical conditions of the ionized gas in COSMOS-1908 and find that this galaxy has a high ionization parameter, little nebular reddening (

E

(
B
−
V
)

gas

<
0.14

), and a high electron density (

n

e

∼
500

cm−3). We compare the ratios of strong oxygen, neon, and hydrogen lines to the direct-method oxygen abundance for COSMOS-1908 and additional star-forming galaxies at

z
=
0
−
1.8

with [O iii]λ4363 measurements and show that galaxies at

z
∼
1
–
3

follow the same strong-line correlations as galaxies in the local universe. This agreement suggests that the relationship between ionization parameter and O/H is similar for

z
∼
0

and high-redshift galaxies. These results imply that metallicity calibrations based on lines of oxygen, neon, and hydrogen do not strongly evolve with redshift and can reliably estimate abundances out to

z
∼
3

, paving the way for robust measurements of the evolution of the mass–metallicity relation to high redshift.
MULTI-SPECIES MEASUREMENTS OF THE FIREHOSE AND MIRROR INSTABILITY THRESHOLDS IN THE SOLAR WIND
Authors: Chen C. H. K. , Matteini L. , Schekochihin A. A. , Stevens M. L. , Salem C. S. , Maruca B. A. , Kunz M. W. , Bale S. D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
The firehose and mirror instabilities are thought to arise in a variety of space and astrophysical plasmas, constraining the pressure anisotropies and drifts between particle species. The plasma stability depends on all species simultaneously, meaning that a combined analysis is required. Here, we present the first such analysis in the solar wind, using the long-wavelength stability parameters to combine the anisotropies and drifts of all major species (core and beam protons, alphas, and electrons). At the threshold, the firehose parameter was found to be dominated by protons (67%), but also to have significant contributions from electrons (18%) and alphas (15%). Drifts were also found to be important, contributing 57% in the presence of a proton beam. A similar situation was found for the mirror, with contributions of 61%, 28%, and 11% for protons, electrons, and alphas, respectively. The parallel electric field contribution, however, was found to be small at 9%. Overall, the long-wavelength thresholds constrain the data well (

<
1
%

unstable), and the implications of this are discussed.
TRANSPORT OF SOLAR WIND H+ AND He++ IONS ACROSS EARTH’S BOW SHOCK
Authors: Parks G. K. , Lee E. , Fu S. Y. , Kim H. E. , Ma Y. Q. , Yang Z. W. , Liu Y. , Lin N. , Hong J. , Canu P. , Dandouras I. , Rème H. , Goldstein M. L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We have investigated the dependence of mass, energy, and charge of solar wind (SW) transport across Earth’s bow shock. An examination of 111 crossings during quiet SW in both quasi-perpendicular and quasi-parallel shock regions shows that 64 crossings had various degrees of heating and thermalization of SW. We found 22 crossings where the SW speed was <400 km s−1. The shock potential of a typical supercritical quasi-perpendicular shock estimated from deceleration of the SW and cutoff energy of electron flat top distribution is ∼50 Volts. We find that the temperatures of H+ and He++ beams that penetrate the shock can sometimes be nearly the same in the upstream and downstream regions, indicating little or no heating had occurred crossing the bow shock. None of the models predict that the SW can cross the bow shock without heating. Our observations are important constraints for new models of collisionless shocks.
Seuils internes du nom propre : un point de vue sémantique
Authors: Hilgert Emilia 
Published: July 2016

Cet article aborde le nom propre dans sa triple fonctionnalité : celle d'individualiser par l'identité un particulier d'une catégorie quelconque, d'être donc un identonyme en rapport avec un catégonyme , celle de référer au particulier ainsi dénommé, et celle de recatégoriser des individus de manière non conventionnelle par ses emplois dérivés. Ce continuum est structuré par des seuils internes, suivant le moment de l'attribution : celui du passage à la référence et celui du passage aux emplois dérivés, avant l'éventuel seuil externe de l'antonomase. C'est l'occasion de réhabiliter le sens dénominatif du nom propre (Kleiber 1981), comme étant au centre de tous ces emplois.
Travailleurs du like , faussaires de l’e-réputation
Authors: Beauvisage Thomas , Mellet Kevin 
Published: July 2016

Cet article étudie la place du marché des « faux fans » et des « faux followers » dans le marketing de la réputation sur les réseaux sociaux et analyse la nature particulière de ses produits ainsi que son architecture interne. Nous nous appuyons sur un matériau empirique varié nous permettant de documenter l’émergence, la stabilisation et le fonctionnement du marché du faux social. Nous montrons que le marché des fans au kilo articule deux univers marchands distincts : celui, légitime, de la publicité sur les médias sociaux, et celui, condamné, de la manipulation des signaux de la notoriété. Nous décrivons comment ce marché s’est progressivement autonomisé du marketing des médias sociaux, proposant des produits aux finalités originales à une clientèle spécifique. Le faux fan s’inscrit ainsi dans une gamme plus large de manipulations en ligne jouant sur les automatismes et les nouveaux signaux qui peuplent les espaces numériques.
Use of Simulation Modeling to Evaluate Management Strategies for Reintroduced Riparian Brush Rabbits in California
Authors: Wittmer Heiko U. , Kelt Douglas A. , Kelly Patrick A. , Williams Daniel F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The riparian brush rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani riparius is restricted to areas of dense cover along rivers and tributaries in the Central Valley of California, USA, and is considered endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. An approved recovery plan for this subspecies recommended establishment of three additional self-sustaining populations within its historical range. Concurrent with habitat restoration efforts that included revegetation of levees and provision of flood refugia, we reintroduced 325 captive-bred individuals to the San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge between July 2002 and July 2005, and monitored their survival with radiotelemetry. Using available survival estimates and estimated reproductive parameters, we developed a population viability analysis model to determine the risk of extinction of the reintroduced population under a series of alternate scenarios including different release strategies. All model scenarios resulted in high probabilities of extinction over 20 y in the absence of either ongoing supplementations or significant improvements to vital rates. Extinction risks over 20 y appeared independent of initial release strategies. The risk of extinction remained high (&gt;99%) even when the initial founder population was supplemented with captive-bred brush rabbits for up to 10 y. Supplementing the population annually for the entire 20-y period would be required for the population to persist given current estimates of vital rates. These results suggest that the reintroduced population is not self-sustaining and continued releases will not provide the anticipated long-term benefits. Additionally, our understanding of the integral components of habitat and potential limiting factors should be refined to address their influence on demographics and the cause of brush rabbit declines at the release site in a comprehensive way. These results underscore the importance of viability analyses and developing testable hypotheses about potential limiting factors early in reintroduction efforts to more efficiently guide data-gathering and monitoring criteria, identify data deficiencies, and refine reintroduction techniques in the early stages of management.
Sample Sizes Needed to Describe Length-Frequency of Small-Bodied Fishes: An Example Using Larval Pacific Lamprey
Authors: Schultz Luke D. , Mayfield Mariah P. , Whitlock Steven L. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The ability to describe the length distribution of a fish population requires sampling an adequate number of individuals, but collecting more fish than needed is inefficient. While fisheries managers have assessed sample size requirements for many sport fishes, these requirements are not routinely described for small-bodied fishes (i.e., maximum length ≤200 mm), particularly larval lampreys. To improve the efficiency of data collection for these fishes, we used resampling analyses to asses sample size requirements for accurately describing length distributions of larval (freshwater-dwelling) Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus, an anadromous fish native to western North America (total length 60–156 mm). We found that the highest increases in accuracy occurred with sample sizes &lt;50, and that we needed sample sizes of 40 to 130 to describe length frequency with 95% confidence, depending on length interval used for performing length-frequency analyses. From these results, we recommend collecting 100 individuals if using 5-mm length intervals to examine length frequency of larval lamprey. These findings can also be used to estimate the relative accuracy of sample sizes in existing assessments and develop and refine monitoring programs for larval lampreys and other small-bodied fishes.
Nous avons reçu…
Authors: Farigoux Joelle 
Published: July 2016

Nous publions ici les références des publications reçues susceptibles d’intéresser les lecteurs de la revue Recherche et pratiques pédagogiques en langues de spécialité. Les ouvrages peuvent être adressés à tout moment à l’adresse suivante :« Nous avons reçu… »J. FARIGOUX27, rue Camille Jullian87 000 LIMOGESPour proposer un compte rendu d’un des ouvrages référencés ci-dessous, contacter Joëlle Farigoux à Joëlle Farigoux par courriel (joelle.farigoux@unilim.fr).
Active Caspase-1 Induces Plasma Membrane Pores That Precede Pyroptotic Lysis and Are Blocked by Lanthanides
Authors: Russo Hana M. , Rathkey Joseph , Boyd-Tressler Andrea , Katsnelson Michael A. , Abbott Derek W. , Dubyak George R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Canonical inflammasome activation induces a caspase-1/gasdermin D (Gsdmd)–dependent lytic cell death called pyroptosis that promotes antimicrobial host defense but may contribute to sepsis. The nature of the caspase-1–dependent change in plasma membrane (PM) permeability during pyroptotic progression remains incompletely defined. We assayed propidium2+ (Pro2+) influx kinetics during NLRP3 or Pyrin inflammasome activation in murine bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) as an indicator of this PM permeabilization. BMDMs were characterized by rapid Pro2+ influx after initiation of NLRP3 or Pyrin inflammasomes by nigericin (NG) or Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB), respectively. No Pro2+ uptake in response to NG or TcdB was observed in Casp1−/− or Asc−/− BMDMs. The cytoprotectant glycine profoundly suppressed NG and TcdB-induced lysis but not Pro2+ influx. The absence of Gsdmd expression resulted in suppression of NG-stimulated Pro2+ influx and pyroptotic lysis. Extracellular La3+ and Gd3+ rapidly and reversibly blocked the induced Pro2+ influx and markedly delayed pyroptotic lysis without limiting upstream inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Thus, caspase-1–driven pyroptosis requires induction of initial prelytic pores in the PM that are dependent on Gsdmd expression. These PM pores also facilitated the efflux of cytosolic ATP and influx of extracellular Ca2+. Although lanthanides and Gsdmd deletion both suppressed PM pore activity and pyroptotic lysis, robust IL-1β release was observed in lanthanide-treated BMDMs but not in Gsdmd-deficient cells. This suggests roles for Gsdmd in both passive IL-1β release secondary to pyroptotic lysis and in nonlytic/nonclassical IL-1β export.