bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeds Capacity of Kranji ( <i>Pongamia pinnata Merril</i>. ) Tree as Renewable Energy
Authors: Djam’an Dharmawati F. , . Danu 
Published: December 2015

<p>Pongamia pinnata Merrill. (kranji / Mabai / pongam) is a coastal plant that seeds to produce bio-diesel and wood energy, spread from Sumatra to the Moluccas islands there are Kulur Laut (Central Bangka ); Sukarame, Carita (Banten), Batukaras, Ciamis (West Java), National Park Alas Purwo - Banyuwangi (East Java), Kalibukbuk (North Bali); Sambelia, East Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara) Berau, Kulkar and Paser (East Kalimantan) and West Seram (Maluku Islands). </p><p>The aim to get the character of tree, fruit distribution and potential kranji oil supply that can last all year. Because of the requirements to be a source of renewable energy is sustainable fruit production (raw material of bio-diesel). Naturally, this plant has a generative nature (flowering and fruiting) different between individuals than are affected by environmental conditions. </p><p>The results of the census data collection in a single plot observation in August 2009 in the National Park Alas Purwo, the character generative growth there between stands have a different that is 5 finished fruiting trees, 3 young fruit trees, 5 mature fruit trees (ready to harvest) and 3 trees are flowering. While the potential for actual production in the village of Batu Karas (Ciamis) in July 2010, has an average production capacity of as much as 1855 or 2297 pods per tree per tree seed grain, 1000 grain weight of 778.21 grams, the equivalent of 2.45 kg / tree the distance between the nearest tree was 2.49 ± 0.80 m. The plants bear fruit at the age of 3 years. </p><p>Planting can broadly be followed by silvicultural management based generative character of the plant so that fruit production can be sustained and followed by oil production management seed production adapted to be effective and efficient. To get the properties of its parent, this plant can be propagated by cutting the middle branch with a density of 25% gives the percent shade shoots grow by 68.4%. </p><p>Pongamia pinnata has a high potential to be developed as a plant producing bio-diesel material along the coast and on the results of the test crop can grow well in the area of the former mine (Kota Tua Tunu, Bangka) and on marginal land (Parung Panjang, Kabupaten Bogor). The plant roots can symbisis with Rhizobium for clicking of N-fixation from the air. </p><p><strong>Keyword</strong> (kata kunci) : pongamia pinnata, potential seed production, distribution </p>
Direct Conversion of Standard Sea Water Electrolyte to Electrical Energy
Authors: Sumawiganda Sugandar 
Published: December 2015

<p>This paper explains the techno-economical feasibility of very efficient direct energy conversion of standard seawater electrolytes to electrical energy based on solid state power electronics. It can be shown by applying free Gibbs energy concept and chemical REDOX reaction that the ions are in higher entropy than their associated solid crystal’s form, and therefore they have higher potential energy. The key problem is obviously to separate these free ions in separate subspaces according to its charge, since this separation will create electrical potential difference between them. The ions are essentially electrons carrier and therefore despites they are moving with random velocity magnitude and direction, the external observer will observe an increasing electric charge due to free ions influx. This separation and migration can be performed by a rather strong electric field created by a special varnish insulated wire grid, VIWG. It will be shown that the energy expenditure for the liberation of ions from hydrates structure containment and migrate them to separate subspaces is similar to energy activation for the oxidation exothermal process, which requires only marginal external energy. Thus the energy gain is 250 kJoule/kg standard seawater, which is only 0.55% of the fuel value of 1kg Texas’ crude oil, U.S.A. Unlike thermal energy conversion, this system may has 95% efficiency, since all rotating machines are eliminated. With this efficency, the “priceless” seawater feedstock leads to the electric energy tariff which can be as low as 30% of the current one. In addition, this system provides with a number of significant comparative and competitive advantages compare to any known energy generation technology today, a.o.: zero pollution process, significant by products (fresh water, hydrogen gas, pure solid crystal atoms precipates) renewable since the availabilty of seawater feedstock is unlimited, scalable, modular, small foot-print, co-generation of Sodium/Chlorine fuel cell, and table salt (NaCl), and conventioanl hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell. It can be modified as power house for any kind of ship, as small as traditional fishing vessel to ocean liner. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Gibbs free energy, REDOX, hydrates, zero polution, fuel cell, scalable, modular </p><p> </p>
Why CCS? Milestone on Research and Regulation Coverages
Authors: Kusuma Aisyah , Widianto Eko , Sule Rachmat , Kadir Wawan Gunawan A. , Gemilang Mega S. 
Published: December 2015

<p>Further to Kyoto Protocol, again in 2009 G-20 Pittsburg Summit, Indonesia delivered the commitment on reducing 26% on its emission level. Moreover, as non-annex 1 country, Indonesia shows strong and bold commitment in supporting reduction on increased concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as burning the fossil fuels and deforestation. From the energy sector, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is known as a process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources and depositing it normally at an underground geological formation. CCS becomes now as one of the possible supports to the country commitment. In Indonesia, the potential of CCS applications could be conducted in the gas fields with high content of CO2 and in almost depleted oil fields (by applying CO2-Enchanced Oil Recovery (EOR) The CCS approach could also be conducted in order to increase hydrocarbon production, and at the same time the produced CO2 will be injected and storage it back to the earth. Thus, CCS is a mitigation process in enhancing carbon emission reduction caused by green house effect from production hydrocarbon fields.</p><p>This paper will show a proposed milestone on CCS Research roadmap, as steps to be taken in reaching the objective. The milestone consists of the study for identifying potential CO2 sources, evaluating CO2 storage sites, detail study related to CO2 storage selection, CO2 injection, and CO2 injection monitoring. Through these five steps, one can expect to be able to comprehend road map of CCS Research. Through this research milestone, applications of CCS should also be conducted based on the regulatory coverage milestone. From this paper, it is hoped that one can understand the upstream activities starting with research milestone to the very end downstream activities regarding to the regulation coverage bound. </p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong></em>: CCS, reduction of carbon emission, regulation umbrella </p>
Eficacia y seguridad del taponamiento uterino para control de hemorragia y disminución de histerectomía obstétrica. Cohorte histórica en Nuevo León, México, 2013
Authors: Reynosa-Oviedo Yolanda , López-Vera Ernesto Arnoldo , Bazaldúa-Cruz Juan José , Martínez-Salazar Gerardo Jesús 
Published: December 2015

<p><strong>Objetivo:</strong> realizar una aproximación a la eficacia y seguridad del taponamiento uterino para el control de la hemorragia obstétrica y reducir la necesidad de histerectomía obstétrica.</p><p><br /><strong>Materiales y métodos:</strong> cohorte histórica de mujeres mayores de edad con diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica secundaria a atonía que no respondían a manejo inicial, con sangrado del lecho placentario secundario a placentación anormal o secundaria incompleto, a las cuales se les realizó taponamiento uterino, en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 23 de Ginecología y Obstetricia de la ciudad de Monterrey, hospital de concentración de tercer nivel de atención, ubicado en el estado de Nuevo León (México), de enero a diciembre de 2013. A partir del expediente clínico se registraron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas basales, los datos de laboratorio previo al evento obstétrico y posterior al taponamiento, así como el tiempo de taponamiento en horas, cantidad de insuflación del balón uterino, indicación para el procedimiento, cantidad de sangrado estimado durante el evento obstétrico y posterior a la colocación del balón, control de la hemorragia y necesidad de histerectomía. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, medidas de dispersión y de tendencia central.</p><p><strong>Resultados:</strong> se incluyeron 161 pacientes con diagnóstico de hemorragia obstétrica, 147 posterior a parto o cesárea y 14 posterior al aborto, entre 16 y 42 años de edad. Se documentó un resultado satisfactorio en más del 95 % posterior al parto o la cesárea, y en más del 93 % posaborto. La permanencia del taponamiento para ambos casos tuvo una media de 20 horas.</p><p><br /><strong>Conclusiones:</strong> este estudio soporta el uso de taponamiento uterino como medida terapéutica eficaz y segura para controlar la hemorragia y evitar una laparotomía o histerectomía, con una disminución de la morbilidad.</p>
New tools and opportunities in growth and climate friendly greening for small and medium enterprises in the European Union
Authors: Szanyi-Gyenes Xénia , Mudri György , Bakosné Böröcz Mária 
Published: December 2015

The role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is unquestionable in the European economies, while financial opportunities are still inadequate for them. The more than 20 million SMEs play a significant role in European economic growth, innovation and job creation. According to the latest EC Annual Report , SMEs are accounting for 99% of all non-financial enterprises, employing 88.8 million people and generating almost EUR 3.7 tn in added value for our economy. Despite the fact that there is plenty of EU funding available for these SMEs, for certain reasons these funds hardly reach them. But we have to see that the EU supports SMEs by various way, e.g. by grants, regulatory changes, financial instrument, direct funds. On the other hand, SMEs and decision makers realised that the environmental sustainability has to be attached to the economic growth, therefore more and more tools are available for these enterprises. Over the last few years, public institutions, the market, the financial community and non-governmental associations have explicitly demanded that firms improve their environmental performance. One of the greatest opportunities might lay in the Climate- and Energy Strategy till 2030 as 20% of the EU budget is allocated to climate-related actions, however the easy access to finance is still a key question. Does the EU recognise the actual difficulties? Is there a systemic reason behind the absorption problems? Is the EU creating a more businessfriendly environment for SMEs, facilitating access to finance, stimulates the green and sustainable growth and improving access to new markets? The paper analyses the current European situation of the SMEs and the effectiveness of some new tools, which are specially targeting SMEs.
JEL classification: Q18
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Both-Bones Forearm Fractures*
Authors: Nauth Aaron , McKee Michael D. 
Published: December 2015

Compared with closed reduction or older fixation methods, open reduction and compression plate fixation has dramatically improved the outcomes of displaced diaphyseal forearm fractures. However, the procedure can be technically demanding, with implant choice, surgical approach, accuracy of reduction, and sufficient fracture stability to allow early postoperative motion all having been shown to affect outcome.
The procedure is performed with the following steps:The patient is positioned supine on the operating room table with the arm on a hand-table and a tourniquet applied to the upper arm.After skin preparation and draping, a longitudinal incision is made over the volar aspect of the forearm between the flexor carpi radialis tendon and the radial artery, centered over the radial fracture site.The interval between the flexor carpi radialis and the radial artery is developed, and, depending on the location, the deeper musculature is reflected from the bone adjacent to the fracture site, which is debrided of hematoma, irrigated, and cleaned.The fracture is reduced and is provisionally fixed with a Kirschner wire, or lag screw if possible. A small-fragment compression plate that provides at least three bicortical screws proximal and distal to the fracture is selected and is applied with one screw each proximally and distally.After provisional fixation of the radius, a similar process is carried out for the ulna, with use of an approach along the subcutaneous border between the flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris. Then the forearm is carefully examined clinically and radiographically to ensure accurate reduction of the fractures and motion/stability of the elbow and wrist.The remainder of the screws are inserted, the fascia of the forearm is not closed, and a standard closure of subcutaneous tissue and skin is performed.Open fractures of the forearm can typically be treated with irrigation, debridement, and immediate fixation. A volar approach is preferred over a dorsal approach for most radial fractures to minimize the risk to the posterior interosseous nerve. Anatomic reduction, especially restoration of the radial bow, is critical for restoration of motion and function. Bone-grafting is rarely indicated, even in comminuted fractures. A rapid return to function, union rates of ≥95%, restoration of forearm strength and stability, and low complication rates have been reported in multiple studies of this technique.
Identifiability of Location and Magnitude of Flow Barriers in Slightly Compressible Flow
Authors: Kahrobaei S.. , Mansoori Habibabadi M.. , Joosten G. J. , Van den Hof P. M. , Jansen J. D. 
Published: December 2015

Summary
Classic identifiability analysis of flow barriers in incompressible single-phase flow reveals that it is not possible to identify the location and permeability of low-permeability barriers from production data (wellbore pressures and rates), and that only averaged reservoir properties in between wells can be identified. We extend the classic analysis by including compressibility effects. We use two approaches: a twin experiment with synthetic production data for use with a time-domain parameter-estimation technique, and a transfer-function formalism in the form of bilaterally coupled four-ports allowing for an analysis in the frequency domain. We investigate the identifiability, from noisy production data, of the location and the magnitude of a low-permeability barrier to slightly compressible flow in a 1D configuration. We use an unregularized adjoint-based optimization scheme for the numerical time-domain estimation, by use of various levels of sensor noise, and confirm the results by use of the semianalytical transfer-function approach. Both the numerical and semianalytical results show that it is possible to identify the location and the magnitude of the permeability in the barrier from noise-free data. By introducing increasingly higher noise levels, the identifiability gradually deteriorates, but the location of the barrier remains identifiable for much-higher noise levels than the permeability. The shape of the objective-function surface, in normalized variables, indeed indicates a much-higher sensitivity of the well data to the location of the barrier than to its magnitude. These theoretical results appear to support the empirical finding that unregularized gradient-based history matching in large reservoir models, which is well-known to be a severely ill-posed problem, occasionally leads to useful results in the form of model-parameter updates with unrealistic magnitudes but indicating the correct location of model deficiencies.
Effect of Nanofluids of CuO and ZnO in Polyethylene Glycol and Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Thermal, Electrical, and Filtration-Loss Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Ponmani Swaminathan , Nagarajan R.. , Sangwai Jitendra S. 
Published: December 2015

Summary
The challenges in drilling problems such as formation damage, pipe sticking, lost circulation, poor hole cleaning, and fluid loss need better solutions. Nanotechnology, by means of nanofluids, provides potential solutions for the development of improved water-based mud (WBM). This work presents the use of nanofluids of CuO and ZnO prepared in various base fluids, such as xanthan gum, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which are commonly used in oilfield operations, for the development of nanofluid-enhanced drilling mud (NWBM). In this paper, formulations of various nanofluids with varying concentrations of nanoparticles, such as 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%, were investigated for their effect on the thermal, electrical, and fluid-loss properties of NWBM. In addition, these results also were compared with those obtained with microfluids of CuO and ZnO for the microfluid-enhanced drilling mud (MWBM) to understand the effect of particle size. It is observed that the use of nanofluids in WBM helps to improve their thermal properties, with an associated direct impact on their cooling efficiency at downhole and surface conditions compared with those using microfluid. Filtration-loss and filter-cake-thickness studies on WBM, MWBM, and NWBM were also carried out with an American Petroleum Institute (API) filter press. It is observed that the fluid loss decreases with addition of the nanofluids and microfluids in WBM, with nanofluids showing an improved efficacy over microfluids. The studies, in general, bear testimony to the efficacy of nanofluids in the development of next-generation improved water-based drilling fluids suitable for efficient drilling.
A Methodology for Classifying Operating Regimes in Underbalanced-Drilling Operations
Authors: Aarsnes Ulf Jakob , Di Meglio Florent , Graham Robert , Aamo Ole Morten 
Published: December 2015

Summary
This paper proposes an extension to an existing operating-envelope technique used for underbalanced drilling (UBD) to enhance control of bottomhole pressure and inflow parameters. With the use of an implementation of the drift-flux model (DFM) with boundary conditions typically encountered in underbalanced operations (UBO), a steady-state analysis of the system is performed. Through this analysis, four distinct operating regimes are identified, and the behavior in each of them is investigated through steady-state calculations and transient simulations. In particular, the analysis reveals that a section of the operating envelope previously believed to be unstable/transient is, in fact, stable/steady when a fixed choke opening is used as an independent variable in place of a fixed wellhead pressure (WHP). This results in the steady-state operating envelope being extended, and gives an increased understanding of the well behavior encountered in UBO toward enabling the introduction of automated control. Finally, we investigate the mechanism behind severe slugging in UBO and argue that the cause is different from that of the slugging encountered in production and multiphase transport.
Scenedesmus quadricauda for Nutrient Removal and Lipid Production in Wastewater
Authors: Wong Y.K. , Yung K.K.L. , Tsang Y.F. , Xia Y. , Wang L. , Ho K.C. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Scenedesmus quadricauda, a local freshwater microalga, was used to treat primary settled and filtrate wastewater and to produce algal lipid. For the primary settled wastewater, the maximum biomass concentrations of acclimated and unacclimated microalgae were 0.995 g/L and 0.940 g/L, respectively. Over 90% orthophosphate and 95% ammonia nitrogen in the acclimated and unacclimated cultures, respectively, were removed after five days. The lipid contents of the microalgae were higher than 13% in all cultures. The highest growth rate occurred in the 25% filtrate culture. Over 80% phosphate was removed under the 25% and 50% filtrate cultures within six days, while over 90% ammonia nitrogen was removed within five days under both conditions. The lipid content was the highest (18.1%) under the 50% filtrate condition. C16:0, C18:2n6, and C18:3n3 were dominant fatty acids. In conclusion, S. quadricauda is a viable candidate for wastewater treatment and lipid production.
High‐Rate Anaerobic Side‐Stream Reactor (ASSR) Processes to Minimize the Production of Excess Sludge
Authors: Park Chul , Chon Dong‐Hyun 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: High‐rate anaerobic side‐stream reactor (ASSR) processes were developed to minimize excess sludge production during wastewater treatment. New ASSRs were operated in 2.5‐day solids retention time (SRT), much shorter than 10‐day SRT used by the commercial sludge reduction process. The 2.5‐day was selected based on literature review and preliminary studies, showing that maximum solublization of key floc components, such as divalent cations, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and protease, occur within 2 to 3 days of anaerobic digestion. The laboratory reactor study showed that 2.5‐day ASSR systems produced approximately 60 and 20% less sludge than the control (no ASSR) and the 10‐day ASSR, respectively. The experimental systems showed acceptable effluent quality, despite minimal sludge wastage. This was possible because sludge EPS were continuously released/degraded and regenerated as sludge underwent recirculation between ASSR and the aerobic basin. The results supported that the activated sludge process incorporating small ASSRs significantly decrease the production of excess sludge during wastewater treatment.
Biochar from Pyrolysis of Biosolids for Nutrient Adsorption and Turfgrass Cultivation
Authors: Carey D. E. , McNamara P. J. , Zitomer D. H. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: At water resource recovery facilities, nutrient removal is often required and energy recovery is an ever‐increasing goal. Pyrolysis may be a sustainable process for handling wastewater biosolids because energy can be recovered in the py‐gas and py‐oil. Additionally, the biochar produced has value as a soil conditioner. The objective of this work was to determine if biochar could be used to adsorb ammonia from biosolids filtrate and subsequently be applied as a soil conditioner to improve grass growth. The maximum carrying capacity of base modified biochar for NH3−N was 5.3 mg/g. Biochar containing adsorbed ammonium and potassium was applied to laboratory planters simulating golf course putting greens to cultivate Kentucky bluegrass. Planters that contained nutrient‐laden biochar proliferated at a statistically higher rate than planters that contained biosolids, unmodified biochar, peat, or no additive. Nutrient‐laden biochar performed as well as commercial inorganic fertilizer with no statistical difference in growth rates. Biochar from digested biosolids successfully immobilized NH3−N from wastewater and served as a beneficial soil amendment. This process offers a means to recover and recycle nutrients from water resource recovery facilities.