bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADX
Florence Facility
Authors: Tietjen Grant 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

The United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum (
ADX
) Facility located in Florence, Colorado, was built in 1994. It is the highest security prison in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, receiving the designation as a super maximum prison. Inmates housed in
ADX
are classified as too high a security risk to be housed in a conventional maximum security prison. The
ADX
employs the highest security measures allowed by the United States' criminal justice system. Inmates are placed in solitary confinement in meticulously designed individual cells. Exhaustive effort is placed on attention to detail in regards to security measures, with a nearly 1.5:1 staff to inmate ratio. While an inmate escape or escape attempt has never occurred at the
ADX
, many inmate‐based federal lawsuits and allegations have been lodged against the prison in regards to the physical, mental, and social effects of solitary confinement.
Correctional Officers
Authors: Webb Megan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn 2014, the United States housed more than 2.2 million inmates in correctional facilities, including jails, as well as state, federal, and private prisons. Correctional officers are responsible for maintaining security and order inside these correctional facilities. Because many facilities are understaffed, officers are often responsible for overseeing many inmates on their own, resulting in a high‐stress and high‐risk work environment. Correctional officers historically have been white men, but in recent years there has been steady growth in the number of women employed in correctional facilities. Low pay, high stress, and institutional factors contribute to high turnover rates of correctional officers. Many researchers have examined the effects of individual level factors, organizational structure, and professional orientations of officers on their willingness to use physical force and to control inmate behavior.
Drug Treatment Programs
Authors: Griffin O. Hayden 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAttitudes towards drug use and abuse have evolved considerably in the United States. These perceptions have ranged anywhere from drug use being a relatively minor medical condition, or even socially acceptable, to drug use being a significant social problem that is only stopped through harsh punishments and lengthy prison sentences. However, over time, the criminal justice system has experimented with three major initiatives to treat drug abusers: drug maintenance programs, civil commitments and other forms of mandatory inpatient treatment, and drug courts.
Fines
Authors: O'Malley Pat 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFines constitute the predominant criminal law sanction in most countries, with the exception of the United States, although, even there, fines are common for traffic offenses and corporate crimes. Uniquely when compared with other criminal punishments, fines may be paid by someone other than the offender, thus giving them a regulatory rather than morally punitive character. Because money does not carry the same ideological weight as deprivation of liberty or corporal punishment, fines have been associated with widespread reductions in the formal and ceremonial procedures of law. In addition, because they produce revenue rather than impose costs on the state, they are attractive sanctions wherever large numbers of offences are at issue. While significant sources of resistance exist, these characteristics suggest that the use of fines will become even more pervasive in the future.
Braithwaite,John
Authors: Edelman Meredith 
Published: July 2017

AbstractJohn Braithwaite is a widely cited Australian interdisciplinary scholar, best known among criminologists for his work on restorative justice and responsive regulation. He is also a brilliant social theorist whose work engages the domains of criminal justice, regulation, and peace building with a strong normative outlook. He is the founder of the Regulatory Institutions Network at the Australian National University, where he is currently a distinguished professor.
Death Penalty
Authors: Wells Makeela J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The death penalty is the most severe and controversial punishment in the criminal justice system of the United States. It is considered to be the ultimate form of punishment, and has been described in some of the earliest historical documents around the world. Death penalty advocates claim that the punishment may serve as a general and specific deterrent to violent crimes. Methods of execution have varied, with some considered to be more cruel and inhumane than others.
Clemmer,Donald
Authors: Connor David Patrick , Denton Amanda N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAs one of the first sociologists to use the prison environment as a realm for major academic inquiry, Donald Clemmer may be considered a pioneer in the field of corrections. He was among the first to comprehensively explore and write about the emotional, psychological, and social impacts of confinement on incarcerated individuals. He made a lasting impression with the publication in 1940 ofThe Prison Community, in which he devised the termprisonizationto describe how inmates adjusted to the reality of living in correctional institutions.
Counseling Programs
Authors: Hong Chui Wing 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCriminal justice personnel, such as social workers and correctional officers, have been asked to identify effective programs and interventions to work with offenders within the community and in institutions. Several researchers have attempted to review a large number of empirical studies to examine what types of programs are most likely to be successful, and to identify the key strategies in designing successful counseling programs. Based on the literature search, five specific approaches – relationship‐based counseling, pro‐social modeling, motivational interviewing, cognitive‐behavioral theory, and crisis intervention – will be introduced in this entry. Some emerging considerations in counseling practice will also briefly be highlighted.
B
entham,
J
eremy
Authors: Jackson Melinda R. , Green Dari 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and prison reformer. He is mainly known for his principle of utilitarianism, which assesses actions of others based upon their consequences. Bentham believed that all matters at issue were to be determined or dictated rigorously on the basis of how consequences influenced general utility. He produced works that contributed to a variety of topical areas, including criminology, criminal justice, and political science. Each of his works was at the intersection of politics and humanity, and many still have influence in policy today. Bentham's philosophy and writings have had a large influence on criminal justice systems across the globe.
Conover:
Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing
Authors: Smith Candace L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
When it comes to understanding life inside prison, the experiences of inmates often receive the majority of attention. Interested in finding out more about those who are responsible for managing prisoners' everyday lives, journalist Ted Conover sought to learn what prison is like from the perspective of a correctional officer. After finding that becoming a correctional officer would be the only way for him to glean this knowledge, Conover spent nearly a year training and working at New York's infamous Sing Sing Correctional Facility as a “newjack,” prison slang for a rookie correctional officer. During his time at the maximum security prison, he came to appreciate the many obstacles faced by correctional officers, in both their professional and personal lives. Using participant observation, Conover sheds light on an occupation that is often stereotyped but less commonly receives the critical analysis that it deserves.
Deaf Inmates
Authors: Feldman David M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Deaf individuals held within the correctional system present a unique challenge for administration and staff, correctional officers, and other relevant professionals. Daily activities, treatment, rehabilitation, and other facets of corrections will likely be influenced by the Deaf inmate's linguistic and cultural needs. The term “Deaf,” with its capitalized “D,” demonstrates that Deafness is viewed from a cultural and sociolinguistic framework. The Deaf community reflects a distinct subculture; however, the unique subcultural and linguistic characteristics generate difficulties for Deaf individuals held in correctional settings and for those correctional officials who job it is to manage those incarcerated both on a daily and administrative level. Literature on the subject of Deaf offenders in correctional settings is incomplete. However, it has been well documented in other settings that specialized training and knowledge skills are essential in order to work productively with Deaf offenders or suspects at various stages of the judicial process. This entry describes the characteristics of culturally Deaf individuals in order to better understand the differences and special needs of this population in correctional settings.
C
rofton,
S
ir
W
alter
Authors: Piper Doshie , Alaniz Heather 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Sir Walter Crofton's Irish penal system has been attributed as the forerunner of modern‐day indeterminate sentencing and parole. Crofton's ideals and implementations to Ireland's prison system were greatly influenced through the work of Alexander Maconochie's “marks system.” Crofton used Maconochie's works, factoring in a system which included both punishment and reform, using a three‐stage systematic approach as a model for penal reform. The three stages of Crofton's reform system included a major punishment stage, followed by two institutional incentive stages. Expanding on Crofton's Irish system, the New York legislators created statutes allowing institutions in the state to release any inmate early when they had completed the majority of their sentences and while portraying good behavior.
D
iyarbakır
P
rison
Authors: Henninger Alana M. , Eski Beril 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

The Diyarbakır Prison, located in the city of Diyarbakır in southeastern Turkey, has a dark history. Labeled as one the world's worst prisons by
Time
magazine, individuals incarcerated in this prison in the early 1980s were subjected to horrendous acts of torture and human rights violations following the 1980 military coup. Conflict between prison staff and inmates in 1996 led to an investigation and trial by the European Court of Human Rights in the early 2000s. Although the prison is currently in use, plans have been made to build a new prison and to turn the Diyarbakır Prison into a museum dedicated to the tragic events that occurred during the “Period of Barbarity.”
C
arandiru
P
enitentiary,
B
razil
Authors: Espin Johanna 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Carandiru Penitentiary was the prison complex with the largest population in Latin America during the 1980s and 1990s. It housed more than 8,000 inmates, although it had capacity for only 4,000. The Carandiru Penitentiary became internationally renowned in 1992 for more than its overcrowding issues. What started as a simple fight between two prisoners over a soccer game ended up causing a huge prison riot, with 111 inmates dead as a result of a military police intervention. This event highlighted the prison crisis that has been affecting Brazil, as well as the even broader need of reform to the criminal justice system.
D
rapchi
P
rison,
T
ibet
Authors: Bolin Riane M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Drapchi Prison, located in Lhasa, is the largest prison in Tibet, China. It has become known as Tibet's most dreaded prison, owing to numerous allegations of abuse and brutality. Originally constructed as a military garrison, it was converted into a temporary prison during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. In 1965, it was officially opened as a prison. It is said to house approximately 1,000 inmates. Though not confirmed by the Chinese government, it is estimated that a large portion of the prison population consists of political prisoners. To date, little information exists on the history of Drapchi Prison or those who are imprisoned there; however, many groups, including the Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy, continue to work hard to uncover the secrets of Drapchi Prison.
C
anada, Corrections in
Authors: Winterdyk John 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Historically, Canada's corrections system was influenced by former colonial affiliation with England. The
British North America Act
of 1867 laid the skeleton framework for the correctional model in Canada today. As evidenced in virtually every other jurisdiction around the world, Canada's adult and juvenile correctional philosophy and practices have seen many changes since they were both established. Today, corrections for adults in Canada can be characterized as a system that is oriented toward assisting inmates with rehabilitation and safe reintegration into the community, while for young offenders it has been characterized as representing a modified justice model. Consistent with its past, both correctional models continue to evolve.
Educational and Vocational Programs
Authors: Martin Simone 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Educational and vocational programs that provide inmates with skills training and job readiness classes are essential policies that can increase post‐release employment opportunities, promote successful re‐entry, and reduce recidivism. However, challenges such as state and federal cuts to vocational training for inmates, employment restrictions such as criminal background checks, and the elimination of Pell Grants for prisoners, have impacted the effectiveness of educational and vocational correctional programs in the United States. While the need for more comprehensive and empirical research is being increasingly recognized, additional efforts need to be made in order to significantly reduce the rate of recidivism among ex‐inmates. This entry provides an in‐depth analysis of the evolution of the policy's adoption, the policy's explicit and implicit rationale, constitutional challenges to the policy, and evidence‐based research on these programs.
Deterrence
Authors: Schwendau Angie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Deterrence is a term commonly used by criminal justice professionals to indicate that people have desisted from committing crime. Certain, swift, and severe punishment serves as a caution to would‐be offenders contemplating crime. Deterrence is often understood through a rational choice framework, which suggests that offenders weigh the advantages and disadvantages before deciding whether to commit a crime.
D
urkheim, Émile
Authors: Runell Lindsey Livingston 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who achieved prominent recognition for his contributions to sociological research and theory. This entry draws from key theoretical foundations set forth in some of his most renowned publications to demonstrate ways in which his academic accomplishments have influenced contemporary sociological methods and practices. The purpose is to explore an important historical context which continues to frame modern sociology.
Affect and Incident Participation Restriction in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Vaughan Molly W. , LaValley Michael P. , Felson David T. , Orsmond Gael I. , Niu Jingbo , Lewis Cora E. , Segal Neil A. , Nevitt Michael C. , Keysor Julie J. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveParticipation restriction, common among people with knee osteoarthritis (OA), may be influenced by affect. We examined the risk of incident participation restriction over 84 months conferred by positive and negative affect among people with knee OA.MethodsParticipants were from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and had or were at high risk of knee OA. Participation restriction was measured using the Instrumental Role Limitation subscale of the Late‐Life Disability Index, and affect was measured using the positive affect and depressed mood subscales of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Robust Poisson regression was used to calculate the risk of incident participation restriction over 84 months conferred by combinations of low and high positive and negative affect, adjusting for covariates.ResultsOf 1,810 baseline participants (mean age 62.1 years, 56% female), 470 (26%) had incident participation restriction over 84 months. Participants with low positive affect had 20% greater risk of incident participation restriction than those with high positive affect; participants with high negative affect had 50% greater risk of incident participation restriction compared to those with low negative affect. Participants with both low positive and high negative affect had 80% greater risk of incident participation restriction compared to other combinations of positive and negative affect.ConclusionLow positive and high negative affect, both alone and in combination, increase the risk of participation restriction among adults with knee OA. Efforts aimed at preventing participation restriction in this population should consider these mood states.
European LeukemiaNet study on the reproducibility of bone marrow features in masked polycythemia vera and differentiation from essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Kvasnicka Hans Michael , Orazi Attilio , Thiele Juergen , Barosi Giovanni , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Hasserjian Robert P. , Kiladjian Jean‐Jacques , Gianelli Umberto , Silver Richard , Mughal Tariq I. , Barbui Tiziano 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to assess consensus and interobserver agreement among an international panel of six hematopathologists regarding characterization and reproducibility of bone marrow (BM) histologic features used to diagnose early stage myeloproliferative neoplasms, in particular differentiation of so‐called masked/prodromal polycythemia vera (mPV) from JAK2‐mutated essential thrombocythemia (ET). The six members of the hematopathology panel evaluated 98 BM specimens independently and in a blinded fashion without knowledge of clinical data. The specimens included 48 cases of mPV according to the originally published hemoglobin threshold values for this entity (male: 16.0–18.4 g/dL, female: 15.0–16.4 g/dL), 31 cases with overt PV according to the updated 2016 WHO criteria, and 19 control cases. The latter group included cases of JAK2‐mutated ET, primary myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, and various reactive conditions. Inter‐rater agreement between the panelists was very high (overall agreement 92.6%, kappa 0.812), particularly with respect to separating mPV from ET. Virtually all cases of mPV were correctly classified as PV according to their BM morphology. In conclusion, a central blinded review of histology slides by six hematopathologists demonstrated that highly reproducible specific histological pattern characterize PV and confirmed the notion that there are no significant differences between mPV and overt PV in relation to BM morphology.
Hydrodynamic Approach to Electronic Transport in Graphene
Authors: Narozhny Boris N. , Gornyi Igor V. , Mirlin Alexander D. , Schmalian Jörg 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe last few years have seen an explosion of interest in hydrodynamic effects in interacting electron systems in ultra‐pure materials. In this paper we briefly review the recent advances, both theoretical and experimental, in the hydrodynamic approach to electronic transport in graphene, focusing on viscous phenomena, Coulomb drag, non‐local transport measurements, and possibilities for observing nonlinear effects.
Facile one‐step synthesis of Nd‐doped BiOCl nanoparticles with the excellent photocatalytic behavior
Authors: A. Gnanaprakasam , V. M. Sivakumar , M. Thirumarimurugan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPure and (1 and 2%) neodymium (Nd)‐doped BiOCl photocatalysts were successfully synthesized via facile one‐step solvothermal method. The structure, morphology, and composition of the synthesized materials were investigated by using X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optical property of the material was investigated by diffusive reflectance spectra and photoluminescence emission spectroscopic analyses. The studies revealed that structural and optical properties of the catalyst have been greatly influenced by Nd doping. The photocatalytic activity of pure and Nd‐doped BiOCl was investigated by using Brilliant Green dye under UV–visible light. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. StartCopText© 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance of polycarbonate/SiO2 nanocomposites in different media
Authors: Nomai Jiraporn , Schlarb Alois K. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTPolycarbonate (PC) nanocomposites containing different nano‐SiO2 contents were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder followed by injection molding. The mechanical behavior and environmental stress cracking (ESC) resistance of the nanocomposites were investigated. Compared to neat PC, the incorporation of nanofiller leads to a slight improvement in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and notched impact strength properties. Interestingly, the nanofiller enhanced the environmental stress cracking resistance of PC in different fluids (isopropanol, methanol, aqueous urea solution, and deionized water) vastly. The correlation of the mode I critical stress intensity factor with the Hansen solubility parameter shows a very good agreement for different fluids and thus allows the prediction of the stress cracking behavior as a function of the filler content for different stress‐cracking agents. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45451.
A novel colorimetric fluorescence sensor for Fe3+ based on quinoline Schiff base
Authors: Li Bin , Tian Jianfei , Zhang Dan , Tian Fuli 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA novel fluorescent sensor bearing a quinoline and an anisidine moiety has been developed for highly selective detection of Fe3+, which shows photo‐induced electron transfer (PET) behavior induced by Fe3+. Binding of Fe3+ to the sensor induced the electron of C = N group transfer from quinoline to iron, the result exhibits fluorescent enhancement. With the features of easy synthesis, simple structural skeleton and excellent sensing ability, the newly synthesized chemosensor also applied as a highly selective fluorescent probe in complex samples containing various competitive metal ions. The probe could fulfill various needs in biological and environmental fields.
Bimetallic Platinum‐Tin Nanoparticles on Hydrogenated Molybdenum Oxide for the Selective Hydrogenation of Functionalized Nitroarenes
Authors: Shu Yijin , Chan Hang Cheong , Xie Lifang , Shi Zhangping , Tang Yi , Gao Qingsheng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes to the corresponding anilines is of great importance in the fine chemical industry and requires high‐performance catalysts with a good activity and selectivity. Herein, hydrogenated MoOx (H‐MoOx) supported bimetallic Pt‐Sn (Pt‐Sn/H‐MoOx) was developed to accomplish selective and efficient hydrogenation. In the case of 4‐nitrostyrene, an outstanding selectivity to 4‐vinylaniline (≈93 %) with a high turnover frequency (0.094 s−1) was achieved under mild conditions (T=30 °C, P
=1 atm). The metal–support interactions contributed to the efficient turnover on the ultrafine nanoparticles, and the atom‐rearranged bimetallic Pt‐Sn surface promoted the selectivity because of the preferred adsorption of the nitro group. The good efficiency for various functionalized nitroarenes further verified the promise of Pt‐Sn/H‐MoOx in chemoselective hydrogenation.