bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N‐ICE2015 North of Svalbard
Authors: Rösel Anja , Itkin Polona , King Jennifer , Divine Dmitry , Wang Caixin , Granskog Mats A. , Krumpen Thomas , Gerland Sebastian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn recent years, sea‐ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean changed substantially toward a younger and thinner sea‐ice cover. To capture the scope of these changes and identify the differences between individual regions, in situ observations from expeditions are a valuable data source. We present a continuous time series of in situ measurements from the N‐ICE2015 expedition from January to June 2015 in the Arctic Basin north of Svalbard, comprising snow buoy and ice mass balance buoy data and local and regional data gained from electromagnetic induction (EM) surveys and snow probe measurements from four distinct drifts. The observed mean snow depth of 0.53 m for April to early June is 73% above the average value of 0.30 m from historical and recent observations in this region, covering the years 1955–2017. The modal total ice and snow thicknesses, of 1.6 and 1.7 m measured with ground‐based EM and airborne EM measurements in April, May, and June 2015, respectively, lie below the values ranging from 1.8 to 2.7 m, reported in historical observations from the same region and time of year. The thick snow cover slows thermodynamic growth of the underlying sea ice. In combination with a thin sea‐ice cover this leads to an imbalance between snow and ice thickness, which causes widespread negative freeboard with subsequent flooding and a potential for snow‐ice formation. With certainty, 29% of randomly located drill holes on level ice had negative freeboard.
Next‐Generation Intensity‐Duration‐Frequency Curves for Hydrologic Design in Snow‐Dominated Environments
Authors: Yan Hongxiang , Sun Ning , Wigmosta Mark , Skaggs Richard , Hou Zhangshuan , Leung Ruby 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThere is a renewed focus on the design of infrastructure resilient to extreme hydrometeorological events. While precipitation‐based intensity‐duration‐frequency (IDF) curves are commonly used as part of infrastructure design, a large percentage of peak runoff events in snow‐dominated regions are caused by snowmelt, particularly during rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events. In these regions, precipitation‐based IDF curves may lead to substantial overestimation/underestimation of design basis events and subsequent overdesign/underdesign of infrastructure. To overcome this deficiency, we proposed next‐generation IDF (NG‐IDF) curves, which characterize the actual water reaching the land surface. We compared NG‐IDF curves to standard precipitation‐based IDF curves for estimates of extreme events at 376 Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations across the western United States that each had at least 30 years of high‐quality records. We found standard precipitation‐based IDF curves at 45% of the stations were subject to underdesign, many with significant underestimation of 100 year extreme events, for which the precipitation‐based IDF curves can underestimate water potentially available for runoff by as much as 125% due to snowmelt and ROS events. The regions with the greatest potential for underdesign were in the Pacific Northwest, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and the Middle and Southern Rockies. We also found the potential for overdesign at 20% of the stations, primarily in the Middle Rockies and Arizona mountains. These results demonstrate the need to consider snow processes in the development of IDF curves, and they suggest use of the more robust NG‐IDF curves for hydrologic design in snow‐dominated environments.
Bioblasts, Cytomikrosomen and Chondriosomes: A Short Incomplete History of Plant Mitochondrial Research
Authors: Logan David C. , Scott Iain 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAs documented by E.V. Cowdry, there were nearly 100 names in the literature for mitochondria, or structures confused with mitochondria, ranging from A to Z. Cowdry is clearly exasperated with the complexity of nomenclature, writing that the complications and confusion are due to 'hasty individual action in elaborating new names, often only to discard them in a new paper in favour of some other'. However, as noted by Cowdry, determination of function required a greater knowledge of mitochondrial chemistry. The extension of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies to plants led to increasing interest in the transcriptional and translational machinery contained within these organelles. Plant mitochondria were shown to be a central part of maintaining efficient photosynthesis in the late 1970s, when they were identified as being the site for glycine oxidation. In C3plants, around 25% of photosynthetic output can be lost through the oxygenation reaction of Rubisco, which leads to the production of phosphoglycolate.
The Dynamic Chondriome: Control of Number, Shape, Size and Motility of Mitochondria
Authors: Logan David C. , Paszkiewicz Gaël 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe important roles of mitochondrial fusion and fission in shaping chondriome structure were known at that time, only to be forgotten, or overlooked, over the next 80‐plus years until cell biology was rejuvenated by the application of fluorescent protein technology. The motility of plant mitochondria is necessary to enable the individual physically discrete mitochondria to interact and to fuse, and to facilitate redistribution of mitochondria within the cell. In contrast, disruption of the fusion apparatus, at least inS. cerevisiae, leads to an increase in the number of individual mitochondria together with a decreased volume of individual organelles. The interweaving of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is complex, and quality control (QC) involves fusion and fission in order to drive biogenesis, while fission is additionally required to isolate damaged mitochondria from the rest of the chondriome.
Metal Homeostasis in Plant Mitochondria
Authors: Vigani Gianpiero , Hanikenne Marc 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis chapter discusses the current knowledge concerning the mitochondrial metal homeostasis in plants. The most important metals present in plant mitochondria are iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and cobalt (Co), which constitute the mitochondrial metallome. In mitochondria, Fe plays its biological function essentially as an enzyme co‐factor and it is mainly bound to ligands, such as Fe‐heme groups and Fe‐sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters, which are components of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes. The loss of Cu suggests damage to soluble mitochondrial cuproproteins and the membrane‐bound electron transport chain, whereas the loss of Fe and Mn suggests that H2O2treatment damaged the matrix metalloproteins such as Fe‐S‐containing aconitase and Mn‐containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). The decrease in the membrane‐bound Cu may be linked to the decrease of Complex IV (COX) complexes, which are the major Cu user in mitochondria.
Mitochondrial Regulation and Signalling in the Photosynthetic Cell: Principles and Concepts
Authors: Finkemeier Iris , Schwarzländer Markus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides the mitochondrial regulatory strategies and signalling concepts in the light of the specific lifestyle of the plant. It covers three levels of evidence: mechanisms for which experimental evidence is already available from plant mitochondria, mechanisms for which evidence exists from other organelles or species that is extrapolated to plant mitochondria, and largely theoretical concepts justified by the specific biological constraints of the plant cell. The chapter then focuses on the physiological changes that can occur within the mitochondrion, regulation by post‐translational modification (PTM) of mitochondrial proteins, highlighting phosphorylation, lysine acetylation and redox signalling, and concepts of retrograde signalling to adjust nuclear gene expression. It further explores how this regulation is integrated with photosynthetic function, regulation and signalling. The chapter aims to critically appraise current regulatory concepts to sketch out a realistic, albeit certainly speculative, selective and incomplete picture of how the flexible functionality of plant mitochondria is orchestrated.
Mitochondrial Biochemistry: Stress Responses and Roles in Stress Alleviation
Authors: Jacoby Richard P. , Millar A. Harvey , Taylor Nicolas L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis chapter shows how altered mitochondrial biochemistry in stress‐treated plants leads to changes in mitochondrial composition, enabling mitochondria to play a dissipative role that enhances cell survival. It then reviews how plant respiration is affected by three major environmental stresses: temperature, drought and salinity. When external stresses including chemical, abiotic, biotic and environmental stresses are applied to whole plants, a well‐known consequence is the induction of oxidative stress within plant cells. Mitochondrial metabolism is highly connected to many functions in plants and therefore tolerance to plant cell stress is a partnership between diverse cellular processes and the products of mitochondrial reactions. The chapter examines the three most analysed aspects of this partnership including, the role of mitochondria during photosynthesis, their contribution to root function and the products of mitochondria that directly fuel tolerance mechanisms.
Geometric accuracy of the MR imaging techniques in the presence of motion
Authors: Torfeh Tarraf , Hammoud Rabih , El Kaissi Tarek , McGarry Maeve , Aouadi Souha , Fayad Hadi , Al‐Hammadi Noora 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for improving tumor delineation and tumor tracking in the presence of respiratory motion. The purpose of this work is to design and build an MR compatible motion platform and to use it for evaluating the geometric accuracy of MR imaging techniques during respiratory motion. The motion platform presented in this work is composed of a mobile base made up of a flat plate and four wheels. The mobile base is attached from one end and through a rigid rod to a synchrony motion table by Accuray® placed at the end of the MRI table and from the other end to an elastic rod. The geometric accuracy was measured by placing a control point‐based phantom on top of the mobile base.In‐house software module was used to automatically assess the geometric distortion. The blurring artifact was also assessed by measuring the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) of each control point. Our results were assessed for 50, 100, and 150 mm radial distances, with a mean geometric distortion during the superior–inferior motion of 0.27, 0.41, and 0.55 mm, respectively. Adding the anterior–posterior motion, the mean geometric distortions increased to 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm. Blurring was observed during motion causing an increase in the FWHM of ≈30%. The platform presented in this work provides a valuable tool for the assessment of the geometric accuracy and blurring artifact for MR during motion. Although the main objective was to test the spatial accuracy of an MR system during motion, the modular aspect of the presented platform enables the use of any commercially available phantom for a full quality control of the MR system during motion.
Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine Approaches for the Anterior Segment of the Eye
Authors: Williams Rachel , Lace Rebecca , Kennedy Stephnie , Doherty Kyle , Levis Hannah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe role of biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies to treat vision loss associated with damage to tissues in the anterior segment of the eye has been studied for several years. This has mostly involved replacement and support for the cornea and conjunctiva. These are complex tissues with specific functional requirements for different parts of the tissue. Amniotic membrane (AM) is used in clinical practice to transplant autologous or allogenic cells to the corneal surface. Fibrin gels have also progressed to clinical use under specific conditions. Alternatives to AM such as collagen gels, other natural materials, for example keratin and silks, and synthetic polymers have received considerable attention in laboratory and animal studies. This experience is building a body of evidence to demonstrate the potential of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in corneal and conjunctival reconstruction and can also lead to other applications in the anterior segment of the eye, for example, the trabecular meshwork. There is a real clinical need for new procedures to overcome vision loss but there are also opportunities for developments in ocular applications to lead to biomaterials innovations for use in other clinical areas.
Retreat from Stress: Rattling in a Planar Coordination
Authors: Suekuni Koichiro , Lee Chul Ho , Tanaka Hiromi I. , Nishibori Eiji , Nakamura Atsushi , Kasai Hidetaka , Mori Hitoshi , Usui Hidetomo , Ochi Masayuki , Hasegawa Takumi , Nakamura Mitsutaka , Ohira‐Kawamura Seiko , Kikuchi Tatsuya , Kaneko Koji , Nishiate Hirotaka , Hashikuni Katsuaki , Kosaka Yasufumi , Kuroki Kazuhiko , Takabatake Toshiro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThermoelectric devices convert heat flow to charge flow, providing electricity. Materials for highly efficient devices must satisfy conflicting requirements of high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity in caged compounds is known to be suppressed by a large vibration of guest atoms, so‐called rattling, which effectively scatters phonons. Here, the crystal structure and phonon dynamics of tetrahedrites (Cu,Zn)12(Sb,As)4S13 are studied. The results reveal that the Cu atoms in a planar coordination are rattling. In contrast to caged compounds, chemical pressure enlarges the amplitude of the rattling vibration in the tetrahedrites so that the rattling atom is squeezed out of the planar coordination. Furthermore, the rattling vibration shakes neighbors through lone pairs of the metalloids, Sb and As, which is responsible for the low thermal conductivity of tetrahedrites. These findings provide a new strategy for the development of highly efficient thermoelectric materials with planar coordination.
Design of n‐Type Transparent Conducting Oxides: The Case of Transition Metal Doping in In2O3
Authors: Xu Jian , Liu Jian‐Bo , Liu Bai‐Xin , Li Shun‐Ning , Wei Su‐Huai , Huang Bing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDesign of novel n‐type transparent conducting oxides beyond Sn‐doped In2O3 has stimulated extensive interest in the past decade. One of the approaches can be using transition metals (TMs) as dopants. In this article, using In2O3 as an example, it is shown that TM doping in oxides can be classified into three categories (type‐I, II, or III) based on their TM d‐orbital energy levels reference to the bottom of the conduction band of In2O3. It is found that although Mo is proposed to replace Sn as a promising TM donor to achieve higher carrier density in In2O3, it actually exhibits unusual dual‐doping behaviors, i.e., it can act as either a deep donor when it occupies the In 8b‐sites (type‐I) or shallow single donor when it occupies the In 24d‐sites (type‐II). The calculated ionization of Mo in In2O3 increases as the growth temperature increases, in good agreement with experimental observations but contradict to previous theoretical studies. It is also identified that Zr, Hf, and Ta (type‐III) are better potential donors than Mo and Sn in In2O3 for achieving higher carrier mobility and density. The analysis and approach can also be used to improve the doping performance in other oxides.
Analog Circuit Applications Based on Ambipolar Graphene/MoTe2 Vertical Transistors
Authors: Pan Chen , Fu Yajun , Wang Jiaxin , Zeng Junwen , Su Guangxu , Long Mingsheng , Liu Erfu , Wang Chenyu , Gao Anyuan , Wang Miao , Wang Yu , Wang Zhenlin , Liang Shi‐Jun , Huang Ru , Miao Feng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe current integrated circuit technology based on conventional metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) is approaching the limit of miniaturization with increasing demand on energy. Several analog circuit applications based on graphene FETs have been demonstrated with less components comparing to the conventional technology. However, low on/off current ratio caused by the semimetal nature of graphene has severely hindered its practical applications. Here, a graphene/molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) van der Waals (vdW) vertical transistor with V‐shaped ambipolar field‐effect transfer characteristics to overcome this challenge is reported. Investigations on temperature dependence of transport properties reveal that gate‐tunable asymmetric barriers of the devices are account for the ambipolar behaviors. Furthermore, to demonstrate the analog circuit applications of such vdW vertical transistors, output polarity controllable amplifier and frequency doubler are successfully realized. These results enable vdW heterojunction‐based electronic devices to open up new possibilities for wide perspective in telecommunication field.
Supported Ionic Liquid Gel Membrane Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Kar Mega , Mendes Tiago C. , Wu Youting , MacFarlane Douglas R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this work, a novel and easy‐to‐use methodology is developed to prepare supported ionic liquid gel membranes (SILGMs) by incorporating ionogels into commercial porous supports, to use as both electrolytes and separators for supercapacitors. Macroscopic sol–gel transition temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and thermal behaviors of the ionogels are systematically investigated. Ionic conductivities of the ionogels and SILGMs are measured from 25 to 100 °C. The ionic conductivities of the ionogels are lower by one order of magnitude once they are incorporated into the supports. Nonetheless, the ionic conductivity of the SILGMs has reached the practical application level required for energy storage and conversion devices. Furthermore, the stability and flexibility of SILGMs are investigated as flexible electrolytes for supercapacitor devices (see Video in the Supporting Information). Charge–discharge cycling of symmetric supercapacitors based on the SILGMs reveal specific capacitance as high as 153 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and remain at 101 F g−1 at 10 A g−1. The capacitance retention after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles at 5.0 A g−1 is as high as 97%, demonstrating excellent cycle stability of the device. The studies suggest that SILGMs are promising candidates for stable, high performance, and flexible energy storage and conversion devices that could be made by high volume roll‐to‐roll processing.
Highly Active Trimetallic NiFeCr Layered Double Hydroxide Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Yang , Dang Lianna , Shearer Melinda J. , Sheng Hongyuan , Li Wenjie , Chen Jie , Xiao Peng , Zhang Yunhuai , Hamers Robert J. , Jin Song 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe development of efficient and robust earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an ongoing challenge. Here, a novel and stable trimetallic NiFeCr layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrocatalyst for improving OER kinetics is rationally designed and synthesized. Electrochemical testing of a series of trimetallic NiFeCr LDH materials at similar catalyst loading and electrochemical surface area shows that the molar ratio Ni:Fe:Cr = 6:2:1 exhibits the best intrinsic OER catalytic activity compared to other NiFeCr LDH compositions. Furthermore, these nanostructures are directly grown on conductive carbon paper for a high surface area 3D electrode that can achieve a catalytic current density of 25 mA cm−2 at an overpotential as low as 225 mV and a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec−1 in alkaline electrolyte. The optimized NiFeCr catalyst is stable under OER conditions and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis confirm the stability of trimetallic NiFeCr LDH after electrochemical testing. Due to the synergistic interactions among the metal centers, trimetallic NiFeCr LDH is significantly more active than NiFe LDH and among the most active OER catalysts to date. This work also presents general strategies to design more efficient metal oxide/hydroxide OER electrocatalysts.
Evaluation of childhood nutrition by dietary survey and stable isotope analyses of hair and breath
Authors: Valenzuela Luciano O. , O'Grady Shannon P. , Enright Lindsey E. , Murtaugh Maureen , Sweeney Carol , Ehleringer James R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe natural abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotopes in hair, and of carbon isotopes in breath serve as quantitative biomarkers of protein and carbohydrate sources, but applicability of isotopes for evaluating children's diet has not been demonstrated. In this study, we sought to describe the stable isotope patterns observed in the hair and breath of children and to assess dietary variations in relation to age and ethnicity, hypothesizing that these would reflect dietary differences across age and ethnic groups and would correlate with intake variables derived from a Food Frequency Questionnaire.MethodsData were obtained from a cross‐sectional study of non‐Hispanic white (N = 115) and Hispanic (N = 97) children, aged 9–16 years, in Salt Lake City, Utah. Sampling included a hair sample, breath samples (AM and PM), and a youth/adolescent food questionnaire (YAQ). Hair was analyzed for carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S) isotopes, and breath samples for δ13CAM/PM of respired CO2.ResultsNon‐Hispanic whites had lower δ13C, δ15N, δ13CAM, and δ13CPM values than Hispanics. Hair δ13C and δ15N values were correlated with protein sources, particularly for non‐Hispanics. Breath δ13C values were correlated with carbohydrate sources, particularly for Hispanic students. Non‐Hispanic white students reported greater intake of total protein, animal protein, dairy, and grain than Hispanic students. Hispanic students reported higher intake of carbohydrates, particularly sweetened beverages.ConclusionWhile YAQ and stable isotope data reflected strong cultural influences in diet, no significant gender‐based nor age‐based differences were detected. Significant covariation between YAQ and isotopes existed and demonstrate the potential of stable isotopes for characterizing children's diet.
Small Molecules Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type II NADH Dehydrogenase Exhibit Antimycobacterial Activity
Authors: Harbut Michael B. , Yang Baiyuan , Liu Renhe , Yano Takahiro , Vilchèze Catherine , Cheng Bo , Lockner Jonathan , Guo Hui , Yu Chenguang , Franzblau Scott G , Petrassi H. Mike , Jacobs William R. , Rubin Harvey , Chatterjee Arnab K. , Wang Feng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation is an essential metabolic function for Mycobaterium tuberculosis (Mtb), regardless of the growth environment. The type II NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh‐2) is the conduit for electrons into the pathway, and is absent in the mammalian genome, thus making it a potential drug target. Herein, we report the identification of two types of small molecules as selective inhibitors for Ndh‐2 through a multicomponent high‐throughput screen. Both compounds block ATP synthesis, lead to effects consistent with loss of NADH turnover, and importantly, exert bactericidal activity against Mtb. Extensive medicinal chemistry optimization afforded the best analogue with an MIC of 90 nm against Mtb. Moreover, the two scaffolds have differential inhibitory activities against the two homologous Ndh‐2 enzymes in Mtb, which will allow precise control over Ndh‐2 function in Mtb to facilitate the assessment of this anti‐TB drug target.