bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KSR and the Supreme Court: The Silence is Deafening
Authors: Jones Paul 
Published: January 2017

One of the uses of history is to free us of a falsely imagined past. The less we know of how ideas actually took root and grew, the more apt we are to accept them unquestioningly, as inevitable features of the world in which we move. One reason for the stifling solidity of received opinion about antitrust, why counterargument makes so little headway, is that most of us accept our first principles and even our immediate premises uncritically, as given, because we assume that they were established theoretically and confirmed empirically by legislators and judges long ago. If awareness of anomaly plays a role in the emergence of new sorts of phenomena, it should surprise no one that a similar but more profound awareness is prerequisite to all acceptable changes of theory.
On Measures of Affinity for Truncated Distributions
Authors: Smitha S. , Nair K. R. Muraleedharan , Sankaran P. G. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract: In the present paper we define affinity for truncated distributions and examine its properties. The relationship of this measure with other discrimination measures is examined. We also provide a characterization result for the proportional hazard model using the functional form of the truncated affinity. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 62E10, 90B25
Extending Takahasi‐Sakasegawa’s Indirect Response Technique to Cover Sensitive Surveys in Unequal Probability Sampling
Authors: Pal Sanghamitra 
Published: January 2017

Abstract: Randomized Response (RR) Technique (RRT), introduced by Warner (1965), is a well‐known way to unbiasedly estimate proportions of people bearing sensitive characteristics. Takahasi and Sakasegawa (1977) narrated a novel procedure avoiding any particular RR device unlike most researchers in this field. Most RRT’s in the literature give estimators for population totals and variance estimators thereof, allowing exclusively simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR) schemes, including as well the above too. We present formulae applicable to general varying probability sampling, even without replacement applying Takahasi‐ Sakasegawa device. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: 62D05.
Globalisation of Anti-dumping and Its Impact
Authors: Bhat T.P. 
Published: January 2017

A steep reduction in tariff duties, dismantling of substantial non-tariff barriers and removing of grey area measures left very little options for the WTO member countries to protect their non-competitive industries. One of the easy ways opened to them has been the initiation of antidumping measures. The WTO rules allow them to opt for anti-dumping measures with some specific stipulations. These are not too strict or stringent to comply with. Besides, anti-dumping has a unique combination ofp olitical and economic manipulability. During the eight years of the WTO regime, the use of anti-dumping measure has become rampant and it is indeed threatening to limit the market access achieved under the GATTIWTO trade negotiations over the last fifty years or so. In the recent years, a large number of developing countries have become the frequent users of anti-dumping (AD) and they account for half of the overall world total. Many of the heaviest AD users are countries who did not even have an AD statute a decade ago. The traditional users continue to make use of AD with more vigour by targeting the new users. The developing countries are targeting each other. The sectoral coverage of AD is over 85 per cent at the end of 2002. As many as 96 countries are the victims and 38 countries are making use of AD actions. The paper attempts to highlight developments in the use of AD actions world over under the WTO regime. It illustrates the position of four important players, namely USA, the EU, India and China as users and the victims of AD actions. It shows the special position of each of these actors occupy in the AD spectrum. Finally, ii concludes on the basis of observations that there is a need to contain and drastically modify the AD agreements to combat the menace. Some suggestions are offered to do so.
Evolution and Performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs
Authors: Singhal L. B. 
Published: January 2017

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as a specially delineated duty free enclave for trade operations. This area is reckoned as a foreign territory for the purpose of duties and tariffs. Movement of goods/services between SEZ and Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) is treated as exports and imports. SEZ units can be set up for export of goods and services including trading. Establishment of EPZs/SEZs is essentially a post World War-II syndrome when import substitution was gradually discarded to adopt export led growth – opened up/free trade policy. Rationale for setting up EPZs/SEZs emanates from natural endowments and other resources of different countries. The developing countries have plenty of cheep labour but they lack in export related infrastructure, technology and even access to their products in overseas markets. The first example of EPZ – Shannon Export Processing Zone – designed to liberalize trade/FDI debuted in Ireland during 1956. First FTZ in India was set up at Kandla in 1965. Then came the establishment of EPZs at SEEPZ (1974), Cochin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Falta, Noida and Surat. As a part of its Export & Import Policy, the Government of India had announced setting up of SEZs in April 2000. The Government of India has enacted SEZ Act, 2005 in June 2005. At present, 14 SEZs are operating and approvals have been given for establishment of 64 more such enclaves. The paper attempts to throw light on the major issues involving evolution and performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs.
Hatch Waxman Act and the Indian Pharmaceutical Firms: An Analysis
Authors: Sahay Arvind , Kumar Saini Gordhan 
Published: January 2017

In the US, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, (the Hatch-Waxman Act or HWA), was designed to provide cheaper drugs to consumers while leaving intact a financial incentive for research and development for pharmaceutical firms. The HWA permits non-brand name, generics to market their molecules subsequent to patent expiry; however, recent judgments on “authorized generics” have tilted the scale toward large pharma brand name firms by decreasing the “playing space” available to the generic manufacturer. On the other hand, recent rulings in the US have the potential to help Indian pharmaceutical firms by allowing them earlier access to the molecules that brand name firms are investigating. Recent case laws have revisited the trade-off between the interests of innovator and generic companies. Today, Indian companies need to revisit their generics focused strategy given the implications of recent case law. Although Indian companies have already adapted authorized generics route besides maintaining a steady flow of ANDA filing, Indian companies have to be careful in striking a proper balance between. generics and authorized generics, innovator and copy cat strategy. This paper evaluates the impact of recent case law on the prospects of Indian pharma firms.
Effects of Motivation: Rewarding Hackers for Undetected Attacks Cause Analysts to Perform Poorly
Authors: Maqbool Zahid , Makhijani Nidhi , Pammi V. S. Chandrasekhar , Dutt Varun 
Published: January 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how monetary motivations influence decision making of humans performing as security analysts and hackers in a cybersecurity game. Background: Cyberattacks are increasing at an alarming rate. As cyberattacks often cause damage to existing cyber infrastructures, it is important to understand how monetary rewards may influence decision making of hackers and analysts in the cyber world. Currently, only limited attention has been given to this area. Method: In an experiment, participants were randomly assigned to three between-subjects conditions ( n = 26 for each condition): equal payoff, where the magnitude of monetary rewards for hackers and defenders was the same; rewarding hacker, where the magnitude of monetary reward for hacker’s successful attack was 10 times the reward for analyst’s successful defense; and rewarding analyst, where the magnitude of monetary reward for analyst’s successful defense was 10 times the reward for hacker’s successful attack. In all conditions, half of the participants were human hackers playing against Nash analysts and half were human analysts playing against Nash hackers. Results: Results revealed that monetary rewards for human hackers and analysts caused a decrease in attack and defend actions compared with the baseline. Furthermore, rewarding human hackers for undetected attacks made analysts deviate significantly from their optimal behavior. Conclusions: If hackers are rewarded for their undetected attack actions, then this causes analysts to deviate from optimal defend proportions. Thus, analysts need to be trained not become overenthusiastic in defending networks. Application: Applications of our results are to networks where the influence of monetary rewards may cause information theft and system damage.
The political use of psychiatry: A comparison between totalitarian regimes
Authors: Buoli Massimiliano , Giannuli Aldo Sabino 
Published: January 2017

Background: After the end of Second World War, the recent experience of the Nazi horrors stimulated a debate about the political use of psychiatry. Over the years, the focus shifted on major dictatorships of the time and especially on Soviet Union. Aims: This article aims to provide a critical review of the ways in which psychiatry was used by totalitarian regimes of the 20th century. Methods: We summarized relevant literature about political use of psychiatry in totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, with particular focus on Fascism, Nazism, Argentina dictatorship, Soviet Union and China. Results: One of the features that are common to most of the dictatorships is that the use of psychiatry has become more prominent when the regimes have had the need to make more acceptable the imprisonment of enemies in the eyes of the world. This for example happened in the Nazi regime when sterilization and killing of psychiatric patients was explained as a kind of euthanasia, or in the Soviet Union after the formal closure of the corrective labor camps and the slow resumption of relations with the capitalistic world, or in China to justify persecution of religious minorities and preserve economic relations with Western countries. Conclusion: Psychiatry has been variously used by totalitarian regimes as a means of political persecution and especially when it was necessary to make acceptable to public opinion the imprisonment of political opponents.
Cranio-Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Identification — Historical Development and a Review of Current Practice
Authors: Vanezis Maria , Vanezis Peter 
Published: January 2017

Cranio-facial reconstruction has its origins in the 19th century, initially to recreate and ‘bring back to life’ the faces of the rich and the famous. Since then, over the last 100 years, there have been various methods used to produce reconstructions for forensic identification as well as for historical or archaeological purposes. These range from the traditional sculpting methods to those based on up-to-date computer technology. When no other method of identification is available in skeletalized, badly mutilated or decomposing remains, forensic craniofacial reconstruction may be employed to produce a face which it is hoped will trigger recognition and thus lead to a positive identification. This paper discusses the role that cranio-facial reconstruction may play in identification and its limitations.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in a Healthy Postmenopausal Woman
Authors: Salmo E , Callaghan J 
Published: January 2017

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is rare and when it occurs is most commonly seen in young females following childbirth. We report a case of a 55-year-old female who was found dead at her home. She had no history of cardiovascular disease. She smoked approximately 10 cigarettes per day. She complained of mild chest discomfort the night before her death, lasting for 10 minutes, for which no medical attention was sought. She had been seen and appeared well 15 minutes before death. At autopsy, the only abnormality was in the left anterior descending coronary artery, which showed a two cm segment with periluminal blood in the wall of the vessel compressing the lumen. Histologically, a dissection was seen between the media and the external elastic lamina of the affected artery. There was a mixed inflammatory infiltrate including eosinophils and very occasional giant cells. Alcian blue staining was negative. The appearances were those of a localised dissection. The remaining coronary arteries were free of atheroma. SCAD should be suspected in young females in their postpartum period presenting with chest pain since emergency treatment can greatly increase survival.
A Prospective Survey of Section 136 in Rural England (Devon and Cornwall)
Authors: Greenberg Neil , Lloyd Keith , O'Brien Chris , McIver Sian , Hessford Amanda , Donovan Martin 
Published: January 2017

The Mental Health Act 1983 gives the police the power to remove those persons who appear to be mentally disordered from a public place to a place of safety. Previous studies have shown conflicting results concerning its use and there have not been any previous studies in a rural area. This study is a prospective survey of the use of Section 136 in SW England and was carried out between October and December 2000 in six custody centres in SW England. Each detainee had a study form completed to examine how the section was being applied, specifically looking at the time taken for the assessment to be complete and the outcome. The results showed that there were 178 detentions under Section 136 over the three-month study period. It took 25 minutes for detainees to arrive at a police custody unit and the assessments took about 8 hours to complete. The longest delay was for the approved social worker to arrive at the custody centre, (3h 25m) which was significantly longer than the arrival time of the Section 12 doctor (2h 10m). After assessment 32% of Section 136 detainees were admitted to hospital. There were differences between the conversion rates between the six custody centres although these were not significant. This study's conclusions suggest that although rural areas meet the statutory maximum time limits for completing Section 136 assessments, greater distances than in inner city areas lead to substantial delays in completing assessments. Also this study found a much lower rate of hospital admission after assessment than has been found previously and this may reflect the differing needs and characteristics of a rural population compared with the inner city populations.
3.—Non-Consummation of Marriage
Authors: Puxon Margaret , Dawkins Sylvia 
Published: January 2017

Failure to consummate, if due to impotence or wilful refusal, is a ground for having the Marriage annulled. In the case of impotence the inability must have existed at the time of the marriage and must have persisted up to the date of the hearing of the petition. Sterility by itself is not a ground for nullity. Wilful refusal was first made a ground for nullity by the Matrimonial Causes Act, 1937. The refusal must be a definite decision arrived at without reasonable excuse, but a husband is not entitled to say that his wife is guilty until he has taken without success such steps as a reasonable husband would take in the circumstances. There is no wilful refusal where the petitioner acquiesces in the respondent's failure to consummate. In this article the authors examine certain aspects of the law on this subject and the nature of the cases which come before doctors and lawyers. Margaret Puxon, author of The Family and the Law ( Penguin Books, 1963), is qualified as both a doctor and a barrister and has practised in both professions. Dr. Dawkins is a Medical Officer at the Islington Family Planning Association Clinic, and Clinical Assistant at the Obstetric Hospital, University College Hospital. She has experience in this field extending over 20 years.
Estimation of Creatine Phosphokinase as an Additional Method for Identification of Seminal Stains
Authors: Griffiths P. D. , Lehmann H. 
Published: January 2017

The difficulties inherent in the identification of seminal stains in the absence of demonstrable spermatozoa are recalled. The enzyme creatine phosphokinase is present in high concentrations in seminal fluid and it is readily detected in the human ejaculate even in cases of azoospermia. The enzyme can be detected in high concentration in dried stains for at least six months. The levels of enzyme in seminal fluid are greatly in excess of those found in any other body fluid. It is suggested that estimation of the enzyme level in dried stains is a valuable addition to existing methods used when attempting to prove that a stain on clothing is seminal in origin.
Why Have Some Victims of Death from Cold Undressed?
Authors: Gormsen Harald 
Published: January 2017

Victims of death from cold are sometimes found completely or partially undressed without any signs of crime. In connexion with a report of 2 such cases, the possible causes of the undressing of the individuals are made the subject of discussion, which is based upon the literature available. One of the hypotheses is that exposure to severe cold—paradoxically enough—may cause a feeling of warmth in the skin.
A Survey of Sentenced Prisoners Transferred to Hospital for Urgent Psychiatric Treatment over a Three-Year Period in One Region
Authors: Huckle P L 
Published: January 2017

This study describes a survey of sentenced prisoners who were transferred to psychiatric hospitals in South Wales under s.47 of the Mental Health Act of 1983 (England & Wales) over a three-year period. During this time there were 29 such transfers of 25 prisoners and all were male. Forty-four per cent were returned to prison to complete their sentence once their mental disorder was treated. Fifty per cent of these prisoners who became patients had a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, 13 per cent of recurrent depressive disorder, 4 per cent of a drug-induced psychosis, 4 per cent of hypomania and 6.6 per cent had some form of personality disorder.
The Mental Health Act and Professional Hostage Taking
Authors: Mason Tom , Jennings Les 
Published: January 2017

Compulsory detention of psychiatric patients is seen as a necessary response to a perceived threat, against themselves or against others, and such detention is rationalized as humane, compassionate and benevolent. However, seen from the recipient's perspective such detention and enforced treatment may be viewed as malevolent. This paper is concerned with examining the role of compulsory detention of the mentally abnormal offender in respect of the 1983 Mental Health Act by analysis of the resultant ideas which underpin it. First, in terms of its role as a sanction against transgressors of a particular value system, who are spotlighted by the increased ‘surveillance’ in our society, Second, the issues of treatability and consent are discussed in relation to the neo-legalism that permeates our social world. In addition, the role of the 1983 Mental Health Act as a means of social control will be examined using the notion of a covert political ‘policing* in the form of compulsory detention, resulting from the medico-legal confrontation of power bases which defines the patient as a ‘professional hostage’. Quite clearly there is an overlap of themes which creates a difficulty in interpretation. However, with increasing legal facilities for detention and the increasing number of ‘conditions’ being drawn under the medical umbrella it is important to attempt to review the results of this legislation within those areas identified above and to understand how this may be interpreted for those held against their wishes.
2. Sudden Death by Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia in a South American Transsexual?
Authors: Lunetta P , Penttilä A 
Published: January 2017

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a rare, but increasingly diagnosed, anatomo-clinical entity, characterized by a regional or diffuse replacement of the myocardium of the right ventricle (RV) by adipose/fibroadipose tissue. We report a probable case of a sudden death by ARVD, initially misinterpreted by investigators as a violent death, in a 22-year-old, South American transsexual, HIV-positive, while attempting clandestine immigration from Switzerland to Italy. The demonstration of the causal connection between RVD, electrical instability of the RV and death may be puzzling, especially when circumstances of death are unclear. The still unclear nosological borders between normal adipose content, ‘near physiological’ lipomatosis and RVD, the uncertain topographic correlation between (fibro) adipose infiltration and electrical instability of the RV as well as the incidental finding of extensive fibro-fatty infiltration of the RV also in victims of violent deaths indicate the need to consider with caution — and always after the exclusion of other causes — the causal connection between RVD and sudden death.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Diagnosing Breakthrough Varicella in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Daskalaki Irini , Viner Kendra M. , Perella Dana , Newbern E. Claire , Johnson Caroline C. , Watson Barbara M. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We assessed provider knowledge, attitudes, and practices for the management of breakthrough varicella and identified barriers to implementation of laboratory testing and reporting. Methods. We surveyed 145 health-care providers (HCPs) from 30 pediatric practices in Philadelphia who did not have a history of laboratory testing for breakthrough varicella. The self-administered survey instrument collected information on clinicians' practices for management of children presenting with rash, infection-control strategies, reporting to public health agencies, and laboratory testing. Results. Among the 144 HCPs who completed the survey, 73 (51%) had practiced for more than 10 years. While 115 HCPs (80%) would elect to evaluate a child with rash in the office, only 19 (13%) would submit diagnostics. When patients had a known recent exposure to varicella, 84 HCPs (58%) would use laboratory tests: 40% would use direct fluorescent antibody staining on a specimen from a cutaneous lesion, 24% would use polymerase chain reaction on a lesion specimen, 21% would use acute and convalescent serology, and 10% would use other tests. While waiting for test results, 82 HCPs (57%) would advise that the child be kept at home, 39 (27%) would notify the local health department, and 33 (23%) would inform the school nurse. Conclusion. As varicella becomes increasingly uncommon, laboratory confirmation becomes more critical for appropriate diagnosis, similar to poliomyelitis and measles. Our findings suggest that HCPs need further education regarding laboratory confirmation, containment, and reporting of breakthrough varicella.
The Measurement of Card Web Transparency and its Unevenness
Authors: Barella Alberto , Pujal Marcos , Viaplana Antonio 
Published: January 2017

This paper describes an electronic apparatus suitable for finding the mean optical density of the card web and for measuring the unevenness of that optical density. A little more than 1 min is needed to obtain both measurements by means of an integrator, and at the same time a recording instrument traces the corresponding irregularity. Some industrial card webs have been studied, and the practical importance in industry of the optical density and mean linear deviation of these webs is assessed. The curve of variance vs scanning surface seems to be of practical utility in the analysis of card web irregularity.