bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variation of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) at Allozyme and RAPD Markers in Korea, China and Russia
Authors: Kim Z. S. , Hwang J. W. , Lee S. W. , Yang C. , Gorovoy P. G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe studied and compared genetic variation of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) from 12 natural populations in Korea, China, and Russian Far East using allozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Eighteen polymorphic allozyme loci and 38 polymorphic RAPD fragments were analyzed. The level of allozyme diversity (A = 1.95, P95= 46.8%, Ho= 0.158, He= 0.169) and the degree of genetic differentiation (FST= 0.069) were comparable to those of other pines with similar life histories and ecological traits. Allozyme (He) as well as RAPD (Shannon’s index) variation decreased from south (Korea) to north (Russia), providing an evidence for the hypothesis of Korean pine’s northward migration. Differentiations among three different regions (Korea, China, and Russia) as well as among populations within regions were small. Substantial gene flow (Nm= 3.4) may be a partial explanation to this result. Clustering algorithms using various genetic distance measures showed some decisive geographic patterns at allozyme and RAPD level: the geographically close populations tended to be clustered together. On the other hand, two Chinese populations, Xobukho and Wangging, were grouped with the Russian populations rather than with the other Chinese populations. The Xiaoxing’anling and other mountains extended from north to south seemed to function as a barrier against gene flow between the Xobukho and Wangging (located east of the mountains) and the other Chinese P. koraiensis populations (located west of the mountains). The genetic diversities and differentiation estimated from RAPD data in Korean pine were congruent with those of allozymes.
Sampling Tissue for DNA Analysis of Trees: Trunk Cambium as an Alternative to Canopy Leaves
Authors: Colpaert N. , Cavers S. , Bandou E. , Caron H. , Gheysen G. , Lowe A. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe number of studies of tropical tree species that use molecular tools is increasing, most of which collect leaf tissue for genomic DNA extraction. In tropical trees the canopy is not only frequently inaccessible, but also, once reached, the leaf tissue is often heavily defended against herbivory by high concentrations of anti-predation compounds, which may inhibit downstream applications, particularly PCR. Cambium tissue, accessed directly from the tree trunk at ground level, offers a readily accessible resource that is less hampered by the presence of defensive chemicals than leaf tissue. Here we describe a simple method for obtaining tissue from the cambial zone for DNA extraction and test the applicability of the method in a range of tropical tree species. The method was used successfully to extract DNA from 11 species in nine families. A subset of the DNA extracts was tested in more detail and proved to be highly suitable for AFLP analysis.
Chloroplast DNA Variation of Carapa guianensis in the Amazon basin
Authors: Cloutier D. , Póvoa J. S. R. , Procopio L. C. , Leão N. V. M. , Wadt L. H. De O. , Ciampi A. Y. , Schoen D. J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Carapa guianensis is a widespread Neotropical tree species that produces a seed adapted for water dispersal. We conducted a pilot study of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in order to investigate the consequences of hydrochory on genetic diversity and geographic population structure in the lower Amazon basin. A survey of cpDNA haplotype variation reveals a strong regional structure, which suggests limited gene flow by seeds. Within site variation was detected only in one floodplain forest (varzea), suggesting that seed dispersal by water in these forests has the potential to mix maternal lineages. Several phylogeographic hypotheses are discussed with respect to these data.
Stepwise Penalty Index Selection from Populations with a Hierarchical Structure
Authors: Wei Run-Peng , Lindgren D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBy adding a penalty to a candidate’s breeding value for its relationship with the selected individuals, two indexes were constructed as criteria for stepwise selection of superior individuals from populations with a hierarchical structure. The relationship was expressed in terms of either family contribution or group coancestry. One of the indexes was derived from an optimal selection model. A stepwise procedure that screened superior individuals one by one was introduced to make selection based on these indexes possible. Two penalty selection methods exclusively maximized gain at given coancestry. Both methods produced all identical solutions in most of the populations simulated, and were nearly equivalent in the remaining populations, particularly when heritability was high and the population structure was simple. A better balance between gain and coancestry following penalty index selection can be obtained by avoiding the two extreme solutions: combined- index and within-family selection, and using simple mating designs rather than complex ones.
Accuracy of Ranking Individuals in Field Tests of Different Designs: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Xie Chang-Yi , Fu Y.-B. , Yanchuk A. D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA computer simulation was conducted to investigate the accuracy of ranking individual trees in field tests of different designs. A test population that consists of 900 trees from 45 full-sib families generated by three 6-parent disconnected half-diallels was considered. One incomplete block design with single-tree plots and four complete block designs with 1, 2, 4, and 10-tree row plots were examined. Various narrow-sense heritabilities, site variation patterns (patch sizes and gradient slopes), and two levels of dominant to additive genetic variance ratios (0 and 0.30) were evaluated. Results indicate that the accuracy of ranking depends more on the heritability of the trait and less on the magnitude of the dominant genetic variance, site variation patterns, and field designs. With patchy site variation, differences in ranking accuracy were observed for different designs, but became smaller with higher heritabilities. Impact of environmental gradient on the accuracy of individual ranking was negligible. Incomplete block design with single-tree plots (ICB1) provided the most accurate ranking when heritability was low while complete block design with 2-tree plots (RCB2) appeared to be the best when heritability was high. Large row plot designs were among the least effective in all the simulated scenarios. For traits with medium heritabilities, the statistical efficiencies of ICB1 and RCB with 1 and 2-tree plots are comparable.
Bud Removal Affects Shoot, Root, and Callus Development of Hardwood Populus Cuttings
Authors: Wiese A. H. , Zalesny J. A. , Donner D. M. , Zalesny R. S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe inadvertent removal and/or damage of buds during processing and planting of hardwood poplar (Populus spp.) cuttings are a concern because of their potential impact on shoot and root development during establishment. The objective of the current study was to test for differences in shoot dry mass, root dry mass, number of roots, length of the longest root, and callus dry mass among ten poplar clones subjected to three pre-planting bud removal intensities (0%, 50%, 100%). The ten clones and their genomic groups were: DM115 (P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh× P. maximowiczii A. Henry); DN34, I45-51 (P. deltoides× P. nigra L.); NC13446, NC13563, NC13649, NC13685, NC13747 [(P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray× P. deltoides)× P. deltoides]; and NM2, NM6 (P. nigra× P. maximowiczii). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were processed from shoots collected January 2005 from stool beds established at Hugo Sauer Nursery in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (45.6 °N, 89.4°W). We measured the traits from harvested cuttings after 14 d of growth. The treatment× clone interaction governed shoot dry mass (P < 0.0001). In general, the top four clones (DM115, DN34, NM2, NM6) exhibited the best shoot dry mass with 0% and 50% of buds removed, while differences among treatments for the remaining clones were negligible. Clones differed for root dry mass (P < 0.0001), while the treatment and clone main effects governed number of roots (P = 0.0126, P < 0.0001, respectively) and length of the longest root (P = 0.0077, P < 0.0001, respectively). Cuttings subjected to the 0% treatment exhibited the greatest number of roots, while cuttings of the 0% and 50% treatment exhibited the greatest length of the longest root. The treatment× clone interaction governed the presence of callus (P = 0.0161), while clones differed for callus dry mass (P < 0.0001). Bud removal did not affect root biomass but it did impact root initiation. Unlike shoot dry mass, the response to removing buds for all rooting traits was not clone-specific. From a practical standpoint, inadvertently damaging and/or removing ≤ 50% of the buds during processing and planting should not be a concern for establishment.
Date of Shoot Collection, Genotype, and Original Shoot Position Affect Early Rooting of Dormant Hardwood Cuttings of Populus
Authors: Zalesny R. S. , Wiese A. H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIdentifying superior combinations among date of dormant- season shoot collection, genotype, and original shoot position can increase the rooting potential of Populus cuttings. Thus, the objectives of our study were to: 1) evaluate variation among clones in early rooting from hardwood cuttings processed every three weeks from shoots collected throughout the dormant season and 2) evaluate variation among genomic groups in early rooting of the same cuttings while testing for differences among three parental shoot positions (apical, middle, basal). We tested 22 clones belonging to six genomic groups ([P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh] × P. deltoides ‘BC’, P. deltoides ‘D’, P. deltoides × P. maximowiczii A. Henry ‘DM’, P. deltoides × P. nigra L. ‘DN’, P. nigra × P. maximowiczii ‘NM’, P. trichocarpa ‘T’). Cuttings, 20 cm long, were processed from shoots collected every three weeks beginning 1 Dec. 2003 until 9 Apr. 2004 from stool beds established at Hugo Sauer Nursery in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA (45.6 °N, 89.4°W). We measured number of roots and root dry weight from harvested cuttings after 14 days of growth. The interaction between date of shoot collection and clone governed both traits (P < 0.0001). In general, clones exhibited the best rooting when cuttings were processed from shoots collected on or after 23 Feb. 2004. The interaction between date of shoot collection, genomic group, and shoot position governed number of roots (P = 0.0348) and root dry weight (P = 0.0262). There was broad variation in number of roots and root dry weight of apical, middle, and basal cuttings within and among genomic groups across dates of shoot collection, with 15 Mar. 2004 being an important date because differences among positions began to develop or changed relative to earlier dates. Thus, for increased plantation establishment potential with similar genotypes, we recommend collecting stool shoots no sooner than the end of February and matching cuttings of specific shoot positions to each genomic group.
Short Note: High Throughput Microsatellite Genotyping in Oak Species
Authors: Lepais O. , Léger V. , Gerber Sophie 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Microsatellites are widely used markers for multiple purposes in oaks. We describe a complete procedure for cheap DNA extraction and fast microsatellites genotyping by multiplex PCR. 10 loci were selected to form two multiplex kits including three loci that show a high differentiation between Quercus robur and Q. petraea. The loci were tested in three oak species and show a high mean genetic diversity of 0.84. The cumulative exclusion probability for parentage analysis was 0.999977 for single parent and 1.0 for paternity. Finally, the relatively high differentiation coefficient (Gst = 0.04) will facilitate species assignment based on genotypes in oaks.
Clonal Variation and Genotype by Environment Interactions in Growth and Wood Density in Eucalyptus camaldulensis at Three Contrasting Sites in Vietnam
Authors: Kien N. D. , Jansson G. , Harwood C. , Almqvist C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA total of 172 clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were tested in three clonal tests in northern, north-central and southern Vietnam, with 32 of them planted across all three sites. At age 3-5 years, the clonal repeatabilities were 0.18-0.42 for growth traits, 0.71-0.78 for wood basic density and 0.56-0.66 for pilodyn penetration. Genotypic correlations between growth and density at the three sites were from -0.24 to 0.17, and did not differ significantly from zero. Genotypic correlations between sites were 0.32-0.56 for growth traits at age 3 years, and 0.72-0.88 for density and pilodyn penetration. Selection gains for breast height diameter at individual sites at a selection proportion of 5% were 22-32%, with minor effects on density. Selection for diameter at one site gave indirect responses in diameter at the other two sites that were only 40-60% of the gains obtainable from direct selection at those sites. This study shows that fast-growing E. camaldulensis clones can be selected in Vietnam with only minor effects on density. Selection for growth should be regionally based to maximize selection gain whereas clonal rankings for density will change little across regions.
Microsatellite Based Paternity Analysis in a Clonal Eucalyptus nitens Seed Orchard
Authors: Grosser C. , Potts B. M. , Vaillancourt René E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were used to determine paternity in 473 open-pollinated progenies from a clonal Eucalyptus nitens seed orchard of 50 trees from 12 different genotypes. The outcrossing rate in this orchard was high, averaging 0.85 (weighted by capsule crop) but variable between trees (ranging from 0.6-1.0). Paternal contribution of each genotype to the open-pollinated seed crop was predicted by the size of the flower crop of each genotype (r = 0.76), but not the number of ramets. While the detectable contamination in this orchard is relatively low (4.5%), it is atypical when compared to other published estimates in eucalypt seed orchards suggesting that with suitable buffering low levels of contamination can be achieved.
Resistance to Ceratocystis Wilt (Ceratocystis fimbriata) in Parents and Progenies of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla
Authors: Rosado Carla Cristina Gonçalves , Guimarães Lúcio Mauro Da Silva , Titon Miranda , Lau Douglas , Rosse Leonardo , Resende Marcos Deon Vilela De , Alfenas Acelino Couto 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Ceratocystis wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is one of the most damaging diseases in eucalyptus plantations worldwide. Although there are resistant genotypes, the genetic basis of resistance is still poorly understood. In this paper we studied the resistance level by a stem inoculation experiment of genotypes of Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla and estimated the heritability and gains of selection in families derived from controlled interspecific crosses. In both species, highly resistant as well as highly susceptible genotypes to Ceratocystis wilt were found. Out of 21 parents assessed, twelve were resistant and nine susceptible. Estimates of individual narrow (50%) and broad (59%) sense heritability suggested a high degree of genetic control and low allelic dominance of the trait. There was great genetic variation among and within families, a fact that contributes to high heritability and genetic gain. A genetic gain in lesion size of up to -74.4% was obtained from selection of the 50 best clones in the evaluated families, i.e., the mean lesion length in the progeny population can be reduced by 74,4%.
Genetic Parameters and Genotype by Environment Interaction in Radiata Pine for Growth and Wood Quality Traits in Australia
Authors: Baltunis Brian. S. , Gapare W. J. , Wu H. X. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe phenotypic response of genotypes across different environments can be quantified by estimating the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). In a practical sense, GxE means that the relative performance of genotypes does not remain constant under all test conditions. Genetic parameters and genotype by environment interactions for wood density, growth, branching characteristics and stem straightness were investigated in eight radiata pine progeny trials derived from a second generation breeding population in Australia. Five trials were on the mainland, while three trials were in Tasmania. Generally, ĥ2for density > branch angle > stem straightness > tree diameter > branch size; and significant ĥ2was observed for all traits and at all trials with only two exceptions. Genetic correlations were estimated among the five traits, and a large negative genetic correlation observed between wood density and tree diameter indicated that a selection strategy should be developed in dealing with this adverse genetic correlation in advanced generations of breeding for radiata pine. Interactions for density, branch angle, and stem straightness were small within the two regions. Overall, branch angle had the least GxE, followed by density and stem straightness. Growth traits (tree diameter and branch size) tended to be the most interactive with substantial GxE present. Genotype by regional interactions (Mainland versus Tasmania) revealed that density and branch angle had the least interactions (ȓB= 0.98 and ȓB= 0.95, respectively). Branch size and tree diameter had the highest interactions among the two regions (ȓB= 0.55 and ȓB= 0.63, respectively). Within Tasmania, only branch size and tree diameter had a sizable interaction within the three sites. In contrast, there was little interaction for tree diameter among the Mainland trials. Branch size in the Mainland trials had a similar size of interaction as in Tasmania. Further research is recommended in identifying the cause of GxE for tree diameter and branch size in radiata pine across the entire radiata pine estate in Australia.
Provenance Productivity of High and Low Elevation Pinus tecunumanii in Zimbabwe
Authors: Nyoka B. I. , Tongoona P. , Gumbie C. M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The productivity potential of provenances and families of Pinus tecunumanii were determined across a range of environments in four orthogonal field trials in Zimbabwe. Provenances of P. tecunumanii from altitudes above 1500 m (High Elevation) in natural stands in Mexico and Central America were significantly superior (P < 0.05) to provenances from altitudes below 1500 m (Low Elevation) when planted in Zimbabwe in eightyear mean individual tree volume (1729.2 versus 1588.6 dm3) at 1760 m a.s.l.; were not significantly different (1163.1 versus 1143.9 dm3) at 1450 m a.s.l.; but the latter was significantly superior (1756.4 versus 1468.6 dm3) at 1050 m a.s.l., and (720.7 versus 531.5 dm3) at 780 m a.s.l. The most productive provenances were Juquila (26.1 m3ha-1yr-1) at 1760 m, Yucul (17.3 m3ha-1yr-1) at 1450 m, San Francisco (24.9 m3ha-1yr-1) at 1050 m and Villa Santa (11.1 m3ha-1yr-1) at 780 m a.s.l. Improved P. patula was significantly superior to P. tecunumanii at 1760 m a.s.l but the differences were nonsignificant at 1450 m a.s.l. In the warm lower altitude sites, P. tecunumanii was not significantly different from improved P. oocarpa, the commonly planted species, although some provenances of P. tecunumanii were significantly superior by as much as 31%. The top 10 ranked families of the high elevation P. tecunumanii had an eight-year volume advantage of 1% and 23% over P. patula at Stapleford and Cashel, and 40% and 34% over P. oocarpa at Gungunyana and Maswera respectively. Genotype-environment interaction was significant by elevation group, provenance and family level. The interaction at the family level was however largely contributed by families from the high elevation P. tecunumanii. Opportunities exist for immediate deployment of seed of selected provenances of P. tecunumanii in medium and low altitude areas to improve plantation productivity. There is however, no immediate yield advantage of using P. tecunumanii seed in high potential environments currently planted to P. patula. Breeding and selection could also bring about the planting of P. tecunumanii in the higher altitudes in the near future.
Performance of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd Provenances in Dryland Savannah of Niger
Authors: Larwanou M. , Raebild A. , Issa R. , Kjær E. D. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 11 Acacia senegal provenances in Niger, West Africa, grown on 2 different soil types. Among the provenances, 6 are from Niger, 4 from Mali and 1 from Sudan. The assessment was carried out with measurements of growth parameters (survival rate, height, diameter and basal area) as well as gum and fruit production at age 15. The results showed significant differences in growth parameters between soil types and provenances. The provenances from Mali perform best, followed by the local Niger provenances. There were no significant differences in gum and fruit production between provenances, but it cannot be excluded that this was a result of limited power in the test of provenance variation in these traits. Survival of the provenances was correlated to the precipitation and the latitude of the origin, whereas basal area was correlated to latitude, and height was correlated to longitude/altitude at the origin. Recommendations could be made for genetic selection of two Mali provenances if growth is a desired character. We conclude that recommendations in terms of gum and fruit production must be based on a relative high number of sample trees as tree to tree variation within provenances may be large.
Controlled Pollination Methods for Creating Corymbia Hybrids
Authors: Dickinson G. R. , Wallace H. M. , Lee D. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractInter-specific Corymbia hybrids are of increasing interest to plantation forestry, yet there is little knowledge of the most suitable controlled pollination methods for this genus. Inter-specific crosses were made between C. torelliana [CT(maternal parent)] and C. citriodora subsp. variegata (CCV), C. henryi (CH) and C. citriodora subsp. citriodora (CCC) using conventional pollination, one-stop pollination (OSP) and artificially-induced protogyny on yellow buds (AIP Y) pollination methods. Additional treatments included AIP on green buds (AIP G) and the use of exclusion bags for the OSP and AIP methods. Inter-specific hybrids (CT x CCV, CT x CH and CT x CCC) were successfully created using all three pollination methods. The AIP Y treatment provided the highest seed yields and achieved time savings of >41% over the conventional and OSP methods, resulting in up to five-fold increases in operator productivity. However, the AIP Y treatment also had the highest C. torelliana contamination levels (9.3-13.2%). The use of exclusion bags with the AIP method had minimal effect on contamination rates, indicating a high proportion of selfpollen contamination. Contamination rates varied between maternal parents, suggesting variation in selfcompatibility for C. torelliana individuals. AIP using semi-ripe green buds was not effective at reducing selfing and had low operator productivity. The AIP method is suitable for use in a large-scale hybrid breeding program for C. torelliana. When self-pollination effects are managed, it could greatly reduce the costs associated with the production of seed of elite family crosses for commercial forestry deployment.