bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updated Molecular Testing Guideline for the Selection of Lung Cancer Patients for Treatment With Targeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Association for Molecular Pathology
Authors: Lindeman Neal I. , Cagle Philip T. , Aisner Dara L. , Arcila Maria E. , Beasley Mary Beth , Bernicker Eric H , Colasacco Carol , Dacic Sanja , Hirsch Fred R. , Kerr Keith , Kwiatkowski David J. , Ladanyi Marc , Nowak Jan A. , Sholl Lynette , Temple-Smolkin Robyn , Solomon Benjamin , Souter Lesley H , Thunnissen Erik , Tsao Ming S. , Ventura Christina B. , Wynes Murry W , Yatabe Yasushi 
Published: January 2018

Context.—
In 2013, an evidence-based guideline was published by the College of American Pathologists, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Association for Molecular Pathology to set standards for the molecular analysis of lung cancers to guide treatment decisions with targeted inhibitors. New evidence has prompted an evaluation of additional laboratory technologies, targetable genes, patient populations, and tumor types for testing.

Objective.—
To systematically review and update the 2013 guideline to affirm its validity; to assess the evidence of new genetic discoveries, technologies, and therapies; and to issue an evidence-based update.

Design.—
The College of American Pathologists, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Association for Molecular Pathology convened an expert panel to develop an evidence-based guideline to help define the key questions and literature search terms, review abstracts and full articles, and draft recommendations.

Results.—
Eighteen new recommendations were drafted. The panel also updated 3 recommendations from the 2013 guideline.

Conclusions.—
The 2013 guideline was largely reaffirmed with updated recommendations to allow testing of cytology samples, require improved assay sensitivity, and recommend against the use of immunohistochemistry for EGFR testing. Key new recommendations include ROS1 testing for all adenocarcinoma patients; the inclusion of additional genes (ERBB2, MET, BRAF, KRAS, and RET) for laboratories that perform next-generation sequencing panels; immunohistochemistry as an alternative to fluorescence in situ hybridization for ALK and/or ROS1 testing; use of 5% sensitivity assays for EGFR T790M mutations in patients with secondary resistance to EGFR inhibitors; and the use of cell-free DNA to “rule in” targetable mutations when tissue is limited or hard to obtain.
GABA
A

Receptors
Authors: Ernst Margot , Steudle Friederike , Bampali Konstantina 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

GABA
A
(gamma‐aminobutyric acid) receptors are fast‐acting, ligand‐gated anion channels that are the major mediators of inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system as well as essential elements in many nonneuronal cells. A large number of receptor subtypes arise from many subunit classes and isoforms and their respective splice variants. They share many structural and functional attributes with the other members of the pentameric ligand‐gated ion channel superfamily. At this time, the precise number and structures of native receptor subtypes are still not known. GABA
A
receptor subtype activity is additionally regulated by phosphorylation as well as being modulated allosterically by a variety of small molecules including benzodiazepines, chemically very diverse plant compounds, endogenous and synthetic neuroactive steroids and many more. Genetic or adaptive alterations in subunit primary structures, expression or receptor function have been implicated in many phenotypes.

Key Concepts

Nineteen mammalian GABR genes and their splice isoforms encode GABA
A
receptor subunits that are assembled into glycosylated homo or heteropentameric GABA‐gated anion channels, constituting the largest family of mammalian ligand‐gated ion channels.

Expression of GABR genes is tightly regulated during development, uniquely different for individual cell types and modulated by internal and environmental stimuli ranging from hormonal status to factors such as temperature, stress or many medications.

Genetic findings imply altered GABA
A
receptor signalling to be a contributing factor to many different phenotypes including diverse epilepsies, addiction risks and many more.

GABA
A
receptor subunits share a common domain organisation with all other members of the pentameric ligand‐gated ion channel superfamily comprising a large extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain of four transmembrane helices (M1–M4) and an intracellular domain that is highly variable and contains a multitude of regulatory and protein–protein interaction sites.

On each pentamer, depending on its subunit composition, one to five agonist binding sites and many allosteric binding sites exist that impart on each GABA
A
receptor subtype a uniquely distinct pharmacological profile.

The transient kinetic properties of GABA
A
receptors depend on the subunit composition, absence or presence of allosteric modulators such as neuroactive steroids and the phosphorylation state of the individual subunits.

Synaptic GABA
A
receptors are clustered at the postsynaptic membrane and mediate phasic inhibition, namely a fast response to presynaptic GABA release.

Extrasynaptic GABA
A
receptors that are located away from synapses mediate tonic inhibition and are continuously activated by varying low concentrations of GABA, and thus regulating neuronal excitability.
Hypersensitive Response in Plants
Authors: Camagna Maurizio , Takemoto Daigo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The hypersensitive response (HR) is a type of programmed cell death, which is part of the plant's defence response against pathogen attack. In the best of cases, this strategy isolates the pathogens from nutrients during the early steps of infection, causing them to starve before they are able to cause damage. The ability to suppress HR is a major factor for determining whether a pathogen manages to successfully infect a plant. For this reason, HR represents a promising target for improving the overall resistance of crops against pathogens. Attempts to do so are, however, hampered by our lack of understanding how HR is regulated. Signals from the PAMP‐ and effector‐triggered immunity pathways, as well as ROS and phytohormone signals all converge on HR, making it a particularly difficult system to study.

Key Concepts

Hypersensitive response is highly complex because of the involvement of many actors.

Because of HR, many pathogens starve before they can damage the plant.

Signals from PTI, ETI, ROS and phytohormones converge on HR.

HR is not an intracellular event, but instead receives input from distant tissues as well.

In contrast to early findings, HR is not restricted to the ETI response.

How ROS is involved in the HR signalling pathway is still not sufficiently understood.

Hypersensitive response often serves as a first line of defence against pathogens, which overcome the preinvasion defences.
Self‐Powered Water‐Splitting Devices by Core–Shell NiFe@N‐Graphite‐Based Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Liu Peitao , Gao Daqiang , Xiao Wen , Ma Lei , Sun Ke , Xi Pinxian , Xue Desheng , Wang John 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDevelopment of highly efficient and low‐cost multifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the hydrogen evolution reaction is urgently required for energy storage and conversion applications, such as in Zn–air batteries and water splitting to replace very expansive noble metal catalysts. Here, the new core–shell NiFe@N‐graphite electrocatalysts with excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability toward OER and ORR are reported and the Ni0.5Fe0.5@N‐graphite electrocatalyst is applied as the air electrode in Zn–air batteries. The respective liquid Zn–air battery shows a large open‐circuit potential of 1.482 V and a small charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.12 V at 10 mA cm−2, together with excellent cycling stability even after 40 h at 20 mA cm−2. Interestingly, the all‐solid‐like Zn–air battery thus derived shows a highly desired mechanical flexibility, whereby little change is observed in the voltage when bent into different angles. Using the same Ni0.5Fe0.5@N‐graphite electrode, a self‐driven water‐splitting device, which is powered by two Zn–air batteries in‐series, is constructed. The present study opens a new opportunity for the rational design of metal@N‐graphite‐based catalysts of core–shell structures for electrochemical catalysts and renewable energy applications.
Photoacoustic‐Enabled Self‐Guidance in Magnetic‐Hyperthermia Fe@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Theranostics In Vivo
Authors: Zhou Ping , Zhao Heng , Wang Quan , Zhou Zhiguo , Wang Jing , Deng Guang , Wang Xiyou , Liu Qian , Yang Hong , Yang Shiping 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMagnetic nanoparticles have gained much interest for theranostics benefited from their intrinsic integration of imaging and therapeutic abilities. Herein, c(RGDyK) peptide PEGylated Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles (RGD‐PEG‐MNPs) are developed for photoacoustic (PA)‐enabled self‐guidance in tumor‐targeting magnetic hyperthermia therapy in vivo. In the αvβ3‐positive U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model, the PA signal of RGD‐PEG‐MNPs reaches its maximum in the tumor at 6 h after intravenous administration. This signal is enhanced by 2.2‐folds compared to that of the preinjection and is also 2.2 times higher than that in the blocking group. It demonstrates the excellent targeting property of RGD‐PEG‐MNPs. With the guidance of the PA, an effective magnetic hyperthermia to tumor is achieved using RGD‐PEG‐MNPs.
Understanding Biomolecular Crystallization on Amyloid‐Like Superhydrophobic Biointerface
Authors: Wu Qian , Gao Aiting , Tao Fei , Yang Peng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe crystallization of proteins and peptides at an interface is an important process in natural and synthetic systems. However, a comprehensive understanding about this process is extremely rare, and the screening on crystallization conditions guided by current knowledge is often empirical and requires laborious work. In this paper a new crystallization pathway that a superhydrophobic proteinaceous platform, to deliver a compatible biointerface, can preferentially induce crystallization of proteins and peptides are addressed. Unlike conventional recognition that the depinning based on a Cassie model followed by a transition to Wenzel model governs the matter of crystallization on superhydrophobic surface, a different opinion that mere Wenzel model from the beginning can induce biomolecular crystallization on superhydrophobic biointerface through the concentration effect is presented. The existence of protein‐based biointerface behaves as a key to achieve high‐quality protein crystals, as the replacement of the biointerface with a common silica‐based superhydrophobic surface leads to poorly crystallized objects. Such “Like Crystallizes Like” route is further applied to crystallize amyloid peptides on this superhydrophobic biointerface.
Distributed Feedback Lasers Based on MAPbBr3
Authors: Pourdavoud Neda , Mayer André , Buchmüller Maximilian , Brinkmann Kai , Häger Tobias , Hu Ting , Heiderhoff Ralf , Shutsko Ivan , Görrn Patrick , Chen Yiwang , Scheer Hella‐Christin , Riedl Thomas 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHybrid perovskite semiconductors hold great promise as low‐cost, yet high performance gain media for lasers. Distributed feedback (DFB) resonator structures are a key to unlock low laser threshold levels, which are essential on the way to the first electrically operated perovskite laser diode. Here, the first DFB lasers based on methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) thin films, with a linear photonic grating imprinted into the MAPbBr3 active layers is presented. High‐Q Bragg resonator gratings with a periodicity of 300 nm are directly patterned by thermal nanoimprinting into thin films of MAPbBr3 at a temperature as low as 100 °C. A notable effect of the imprinting process is a substantial flattening of the initially very rough polycrystalline perovskite layers to layers consisting of large crystals on the order of tens of microns with a surface roughness of 0.6 nm. The smooth surface affords a significantly lowered threshold for the onset of amplified spontaneous emission due to reduced scattering. In optically pumped DFB laser structures, very low lasing thresholds of 3.4 µJ cm−2 are achieved. It is foreseen that these results will influence research on perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices beyond lasers, e.g., light emitting diodes and solar cells.
Dynamic Actuation of Soft 3D Micromechanical Structures Using Micro‐Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Authors: Jayne Rachael K. , Stark Thomas J. , Reeves Jeremy B. , Bishop David J. , White Alice E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDirect laser writing (DLW) is an advanced fabrication technique that allows users to create complex 3D microstructures from polymer precursors. These microstructures can be integrated with micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators. MEMS actuators provide a convenient platform for interacting with the intricate microstructures, either to characterize their mechanical properties or cause them to deform. Structures are fabricated directly onto electrostatic comb drives and chevron thermal actuators that are produced using a commercial foundry process. By applying a voltage to the MEMS actuators, highly controlled deformation of these microstructures is observed. Mechanical behaviors of microstructures produced with different materials and fabrication conditions are compared. MEMS–DLW integration is a convenient approach to characterizing the mechanics of DLW microstructures and may well lead to a new class of dynamic 3D devices for applications ranging from tissue engineering to imaging.
Proximity Effect through Chiral Molecules in Nb–Graphene‐Based Devices
Authors: Sukenik Nir , Alpern Hen , Katzir Eran , Yochelis Shira , Millo Oded , Paltiel Yossi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMolecular electronics focuses on the application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of nanoscale electronic devices. The molecules offer nanosized repeatable structures that are critical for electronic components. In this work, a monolayer of chiral molecules is used to mediate the proximity effect between Nb, which is a conventional superconductor, and graphene. The conductance spectra of an Nb/chiral‐molecule monolayer/graphene device exhibit split peaks terminated by side dips at temperatures well below the critical temperature of Nb. Such features cannot be accounted for by conventional superconductivity but are compatible with the emergence of an anisotropic chiral p‐wave triplet state. This scenario gains support by fitting the spectra to a corresponding theoretical model and by a unique dependence of the peak height on the direction of an applied magnetic field. In general, these results provide clear evidence for a proximity effect through organic molecules, particularly with chiral molecules that are known to support spin‐selective transport. As a result, the presented device architecture may be useful in both electronic and spintronic circuits.
Preferential Orientation of Crystals Induced by Incorporation of Organic Ligands in Mixed‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite Films
Authors: Wang Rui , Tong Yu , Manzi Aurora , Wang Kun , Fu Zhendong , Kentzinger Emmanuel , Feldmann Jochen , Urban Alexander S. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Frielinghaus Henrich 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic perovskites demonstrate great potential for optical applications due to their intriguing optical and optoelectronic properties. Dedicated efforts have been carried out to understand the energy landscape and charge carrier mobilities for perovskite materials. In order to further boost these materials toward large‐scale applications, an alternative “bottom‐up” route for the understanding about correlation between the morphology of high‐quality planar films and their optical properties is essential. Here, mixed‐dimensional bromide‐based hybrid perovskite thin films are prepared from a simple one‐step solution processing route using mixtures of methylammonium bromide (MABr) and octylammonium bromide (OABr). Grazing incidence scattering data statistically reveal that the development of thin‐film morphology as well as crystal orientation depends on the orientation of the OABr crystallites. This study opens up further insight into the morphology of perovskite thin films. In combination, the occurrence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in perovskite films with low ASE thresholds with values approaching 17.8 µJ cm−2 is demonstrated and appears to be closely correlated to the tailored morphology, highlighting its importance for realizing optical gain media.
Alkene‐Zipper Catalyzed Selective and Remote Retro‐ene Reaction of Alkenyl Cyclopropylcarbinol
Authors: Bruffaerts Jeffrey , Vasseur Alexandre , Marek Ilan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractReminiscent of biological systems, the increasingly popular concept of remote activation allows a greater strategic synthetic flexibility for the development of novel synthetic organic methodologies. In this Communication, we report that commercially available ruthenium (II)‐based “alkene zipper catalyst” enables the selective transformation of a large variety of ω‐alkenyl cyclopropylcarbinols into stereodefined unconjugated (E)‐acyclic aldehydes bearing a quaternary stereocenter through an isomerization followed by a retro‐ene reaction. To unravel this peculiar catalytic property of the “alkene zipper” and shed some light on the mechanism, a series of control experiments were performed.magnified image
Advanced Architectures and Relatives of Air Electrodes in Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Pan Jing , Xu Yang Yang , Yang Huan , Dong Zehua , Liu Hongfang , Xia Bao Yu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractZn–air batteries are becoming the promising power sources for portable and wearable electronic devices and hybrid/electric vehicles because of their high specific energy density and the low cost for next‐generation green and sustainable energy technologies. An air electrode integrated with an oxygen electrocatalyst is the most important component and inevitably determines the performance and cost of a Zn–air battery. This article presents exciting advances and challenges related to air electrodes and their relatives. After a brief introduction of the Zn–air battery, the architectures and oxygen electrocatalysts of air electrodes and relevant electrolytes are highlighted in primary and rechargeable types with different configurations, respectively. Moreover, the individual components and major issues of flexible Zn–air batteries are also highlighted, along with the strategies to enhance the battery performance. Finally, a perspective for design, preparation, and assembly of air electrodes is proposed for the future innovations of Zn–air batteries with high performance.
Glass‐Type Polyamorphism in Li‐Garnet Thin Film Solid State Battery Conductors
Authors: Garbayo Iñigo , Struzik Michal , Bowman William J. , Pfenninger Reto , Stilp Evelyn , Rupp Jennifer L. M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCeramic Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet materials are promising candidates for the electrolytes in solid state batteries due to their high conductivity and structural stability. In this paper, the existence of “polyamorphism” leading to various glass‐type phases for Li‐garnet structure besides the known crystalline ceramic ones is demonstrated. A maximum in Li‐conductivity exists depending on a frozen thermodynamic glass state, as exemplified for thin film processing, for which the local near range order and bonding unit arrangement differ. Through processing temperature change, the crystallization and evolution through various amorphous and biphasic amorphous/crystalline phase states can be followed for constant Li‐total concentration up to fully crystalline nanostructures. These findings reveal that glass‐type thin film Li‐garnet conductors exist for which polyamorphism can be used to tune the Li‐conductivity being potential new solid state electrolyte phases to avoid Li‐dendrite formation (no grain boundaries) for future microbatteries and large‐scale solid state batteries.
Thermal–Electric Nanogenerator Based on the Electrokinetic Effect in Porous Carbon Film
Authors: Liu Kang , Ding Tianpeng , Li Jia , Chen Qian , Xue Guobin , Yang Peihua , Xu Ming , Wang Zhong Lin , Zhou Jun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConverting low‐grade thermal energy with small temperature gradient into electricity is challenging due to the low efficiency and high cost. Here, a new type of thermal–electric nanogenerator is reported that utilizes electrokinetic effect for effective harvesting thermal energy. The nanogenerator is based on an evaporation‐driven water flow in porous medium with small temperature gradient. With a piece of porous carbon film and deionized water, a maximum open‐circuit voltage of 0.89 V under a temperature difference of 4.2 °C is obtained, having a corresponding pseudo‐Seebeck coefficient of 210 mV K−1. The large pseudo‐Seebeck coefficient endows the nanogenerator sufficient power output for powering existing electronics directly. Furthermore, a wearable bracelet nanogenerator utilizing body heat is also demonstrated. The unique properties of such conversion process offer great potential for ultra‐low temperature‐gradient thermal energy recovery, wearable electronics, and self‐powered sensor systems.
Role of Biochar Products towards Environmental Management and Technologies: A Brief Review
Authors: Butt Fatima Imran , Yaqub Ghazala , Khurshid Faiza 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBiochar products are not structurally homogenous material but consist of a wide range of heterogeneous elements and chemical structures. This erroneous conception is generally based on the parent material (biomass) and the pyrolysis conditions while covering numerous forms of black carbon. These characteristics lead to a wide spectrum of particle sizes, electrical conductivities, and surface areas among the different products. Biochar products are known to have environmental benefits by connecting the charring biomass to the soil, a step towards environmental management and technology also applied in land administration. Suspected advantages consist of increased soil fertility and crop yield. This paper determines the applicability of biochar products for environmental management and technology, its impacts and effects on soil and soil biota. Various techniques used in the production of biochar are discussed as well as the manufacturing costs on small, medium, and large scales.