bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid under Two Soil Management Practices in an Italian Vineyard
Authors: Napoli Marco , Marta Anna Dalla , Zanchi Camillo A. , Orlandini Simone 
Published: August 2016

Worldwide, glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in controlling the growth of annual and perennial weeds. An increasing number of studies have highlighted the environmental risk resulting from the use of this molecule in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of the study was to determine the transport of glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), through runoff and transported sediment from a vineyard under two different soil management systems: harrowed inter‐row (HR) and permanent grass covered inter‐row (GR). The study was performed over a period of 4 yr. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were found to be higher in runoff and in transported sediment from HR compared with GR, regardless of the amount of runoff and transported sediment. The mean annual percentages of glyphosate loss, via runoff and transported sediment, were about 1.37 and 0.73% for HR and GR, respectively. Aminomethylphosphonic acid represented approximately 30.9 and 40.0% of the total glyphosate losses in GR and HR, respectively. Moreover, results suggested that rains occurring within 4 wk after treatment could cause the transport of glyphosate and AMPA in high concentrations. Soil analyses indicated that glyphosate content was below detection within 1 yr, whereas AMPA remained in the soil profiles along the vine row and in the inter‐row. Results indicated that GR can reduce soil and herbicide loss by runoff in vineyard cropping system.Core Ideas
Transport of glyphosate and AMPA were assessed on grass‐covered and harrowed inter‐rows.
Glyphosate was below detection in 1 yr, whereas AMPA was recovered in the soil profiles.
Permanent grass cover reduced significantly the yearly glyphosate and AMPA losses.
Effects of Sand Compaction and Mixing on Pore Structure and the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Properties
Authors: Mahmoodlu M.G. , Raoof A. , Sweijen T. , van Genuchten M. Th. 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
A discrete element model was used to extract the pore structure of particle packings.
Soil grain compaction and size mixing affect pore structure.
Size mixing had a greater effect than compaction on the pore size distribution.
Compaction caused the SWRCs to change uniformly with porosity.
Compaction decreased the van Genuchten α parameter but had less effect on n.
The hydraulic properties of unsaturated porous media very much depend on their pore structure as defined by the size, arrangement, and connectivity of pores. Several empirical and quasi‐empirical approaches have been used over the years to derive pore structure information from the particle size distribution. In this study, we used the discrete element method to simulate the pore structure of various sands as affected by compaction and particle mixing processes. We used five sands with different mean grain sizes to investigate the effects of different sand mixing ratios and degrees of compaction on pore structure as well as on the intrinsic permeability and the soil water retention curve. Average pore body and pore throat sizes were found to be determined mostly by the smaller particles as represented by the effective diameter D10. The effects of compaction on the average pore body and pore throat radii were used to simulate expected decreases in the permeability. We obtained mostly linear relationships between permeability and the average pore body and throat radii when mixing different unimodal sands. The intrinsic permeability of the coarser sands was found to be far more sensitive to porosity than the finer sands. Simulations of unsaturated conditions showed that the van Genuchten hydraulic parameter α increased nonlinearly with increasing grain size and mean pore body size of the sand mixtures. Compaction caused a linear decrease in α with decreasing porosity and pore body size. However, no clear correlation between the van Genuchten parameter n and porosity or D10 was found for the different compaction and mixing simulations.
Temporal Dynamics and Stability of Spatial Soil Matric Potential in Two Land Use Systems
Authors: Yang Yang , Wendroth Ole , Walton Riley J. 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
The spatial variance of ψm at the 10‐cm soil depth decreased with median ψm.
Weekly precipitation and ψm had common temporal periodicities.
The response of ψm to precipitation was faster and more common in cropland.
Wavelet analysis revealed two different behaviors of water infiltration.
The ψm spatial pattern was more related to elevation than soil texture in grassland.
The spatial variability of the soil water status and its temporal behavior are essential for hydrological modeling and agricultural management. Changes in atmospheric conditions such as precipitation usually cause large temporal dynamics in the soil water status, whereas inherent soil properties such as soil texture and topography maintain their spatial pattern with time. Our objective was to identify the relevant spatial and temporal processes underlying soil water behavior. Along a 48‐ by 3‐m transect evenly distributed across two land use systems, i.e., cropland and grassland, the soil matric potential (ψm) was measured on a weekly basis from May to October 2013 at 1‐m intervals and at depths of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 cm. The spatial variance of ψm at the 10‐cm depth decreased with weekly precipitation and the spatial median of ψm in both land use systems, owing to the enhancement of lateral water redistribution by elevated soil wetness. Temporal dynamics in ψm and its spatial variance diminished with soil depth. In contrast, the temporal stability of ψm generally increased with soil depth because of the decreasing impact exerted by precipitation. According to Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, the relative distribution of ψm in space was more strongly correlated with relative elevation than with soil texture in the grassland. These results have direct implications for irrigation management.
Extending Water Retention Curves to a Quasi‐Saturated Zone Subjected to a High Water Pressure up to 1.5 Megapascals
Authors: Sakaki Toshihiro , Komatsu Mitsuru , Takeuchi Ryuji 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
A quasi‐saturated zone with trapped air was subjected to high water pressure.
Saturation was measured using a dielectric soil moisture sensor.
Saturation increase due to compression of air was well described by Boyle's law.
The water retention curve was extended to the positive water pressure domain.
We propose a mathematical model for the water retention curve in the extended domain.
On closure of an underground facility, recovery of the geoenvironmental conditions is one of the essential issues for ensuring proper implementation of closure. At the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory, Gifu, Japan, a tunnel flooding test is underway in which a section of a deep underground tunnel is filled with groundwater and the existing desaturated zone with trapped air is subjected to high water pressure. Water saturation in the unsaturated zone as a function of capillary pressure is well understood. However, the process of a saturation increase due to a further increase in water pressure is less well studied. In this study, a simplified laboratory setup using test sands with trapped air was established in a pressure chamber. The relationship between the positive water pressure up to 1.5 MPa and saturation was measured and the effect of the compression of trapped air bubbles on the change in saturation was investigated. The experimental results showed that the saturation increased further from the initial saturation of about 0.85 at zero suction. Most of the saturation increase occurred up to a water pressure of 0.5 MPa, at which the saturation reached 0.98. At 1.5 MPa, the air bubbles were compressed to a non‐detectable level so that the sands were fully saturated. A mathematical model was established based solely on Boyle's law to define the water retention curve in a broad sense for the domain where the water pressure is positive. The measured water pressure–saturation data closely followed the relationship estimated with the established model.
Implications and Application of the Raats Superclass of Soils Equations
Authors: Heinen Marius , Bakker Gerben 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
The Raats model for the water retention characteristic was analyzed.
Expressions for other related soil physical properties are provided.
The subclasses of the Raats model are described.
The Raats model was successfully applied for different porous media.
The optimized parameters did not result in one of the subclasses.
According to the Richards equation, the capacity of a soil to hold and conduct water is determined by the water retention and hydraulic conductivity characteristics. Many mathematical relationships have been proposed in the literature to describe these characteristics. Raats introduced a general functional relationship with only four parameters that included as special cases four pre‐1990 models found in the literature, including the well‐known relationships by Mualem–van Genuchten and Brooks and Corey. The aims of this study were (i) to discuss this general functional relationship and its four special cases, (ii) to present expressions for the differential moisture capacity, water diffusivity, and matric flux potential corresponding to the general functional relationship and its special cases, (iii) to discuss methods for determining the parameter elasticity and sensitivity, and (iv) to apply the Raats model to experimental data. Soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity data for 11 soils were used to optimize the values of the four major parameters in the Raats model. In none of the cases did the optimized coefficients indicate that the Raats model approached one of the four submodels that it includes.
Exame de consciência, sentimento de culpa e formação de um habitus feminino
Authors: Brito Angela Xavier de 
Published: August 2016

Os rituais que marcavam a adesão à cultura escolar católica de tradição francesa praticada nos colégios femininos de elite se articulavam, sobretudo, em torno de práticas morais. O chamado exame de consciência, uma das práticas centrais nesse contexto, apesar de inspirado no conscientiam excutere previsto na Ratio Studiorum jesuíta, aplicava-se somente ao público dos colégios femininos – marcando uma vez mais a diferença na construção dos gêneros nos estabelecimentos católicos. A atribuição diária de uma nota visava fazer com que as alunas fizessem uma autocrítica sincera de seu comportamento no dia anterior, mas igualmente medir sua capacidade de interiorização das normas do colégio, o que levava à construção de uma feminilidade obediente e virtuosa. Fundado na noção de falta e de pecado, esse ritual suscitava um forte sentimento de culpa, essencial ao exercício do papel social da mulher . Abstract The rituals that marked the adhesion to the catholic school culture of French tradition practiced at the female elite schools were above all articulated around moral practices. One of the central practices in that context, the so called conscience examination, even if it was inspired in the conscientiam excutere advocated by the Jesuít’s Ratio Studiorum, applied only to the female public – marking once again the difference in the construction of gender in the catholic establishments. The daily attribution of a note should compel the students to do a sincere self-criticism of their behaviour in the previous day, but it also intended to measure their capacity of interiorizing school norms, which aimed at the construction of a virtuous and obedient femininity. This ritual, founded on the notion of fault and sin, stirred up a strong guilt feeling, essential to the practice of women’s social role. Keywords: gender socialization, catholic school culture in the French tradition, conscience examination, guilt feeling
O Ensino Religioso no Brasil: a constituição de campo disputado
Authors: Castro Raimundo Márcio Mota de , Baldino José Maria 
Published: August 2016

Constituída a partir da profunda herança cultural e educacional no país, a religião cristã, em particular a católica, buscou garantir sua presença no espaço público. Com nova roupagem, o ensino religioso configurou-se como ensino de doutrina e de catequese dentro da escola pública, gerando disputa no campo político pela defesa ou negação deste componente na escola pública, tendo em vista o Estado laico, ao mesmo tempo em que gera uma disputa no campo religioso, visto que diversas denominações buscam apoderar-se desse espaço. Por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, o presente estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as disputas de campo que se estabelecem em torno da disciplina de ensino religioso no Brasil. Busca-se assim, a partir das contribuições de Bourdieu, entender o campo como lócus de efetivação dessas lutas.
Complications in Treatment of 31-A Fractures with Trochanteric Gamma Nail (TGN) Versus Gamma3 Nail (G3N) - A Review of 217 Cases
Authors: Schupfner R. , Käsmann L.T. , Wagner W. , Schulz A.P. 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate two generations of intramedullary gamma-nail used in the treatment of 31-A femur fractures.Materials and Methods:In two consecutive series, 117 trochanteric gamma nails (TGN) and 100 Gamma3 nails (G3N) were implanted for the treatment of inter- and subtrochanteric fractures between 2009 and 2011. Clinical and radiological follow-up examinations were assessed. An analysis of surgical time, hemoglobin drop and complications were performed.Results:Average surgical time, fluoroscopy time, haemoglobin drop and length-of-stay (LOS) were similar in both groups. No significant differences were found in surgery-related complications like wound hematomas (p=0,59), abscesses (p=0,38), wound infections (p=0,69) and Cut-outs (p=0,69) between the two groups. The cumulative surgery-related complication rate was higher in the TGN group compared to the G3N group (13,68%vs.8%) but this did not reach statistical significance (p=0,2).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that both TGN and G3N allow adequate treatment of trochanteric fractures with an acceptable complication rate.
A Mixed Method Study on Trainees Satisfaction Towards Training Services
Authors: Koirala Amit , Shrestha Basanti Roshan Pradhan , Gurung Bishwas , Bajracharya Raju 
Published: August 2016

Training is a means to an end. It is not an end itself. Training is teaching or developing once knowledge, skills, capabilities and performance. In today’s world it is believe that training plays a vital role in developing human capabilities. So every training institute or training organization needs to understand their internal strengths, weakness and external opportunities and threats. Training institute for technical instruction (TITI) a pioneer institute in Nepal especially for providing skill based training in technical education and vocational training (TEVT) sector also need to identify its internal strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. During its 25 years of excellence in training throughout Nepal and abroad its necessary to know TITI trainees satisfaction towards training services. In this context, we pursued to gain an in-depth understanding on satisfaction of trainees towards training services of TITI in respect towards teaching methodology. Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur districts of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal were selected for the study. Eight key participants voluntarily participated in this study where as 343 respondents were surveyed using five points likert scale. A parallel mixed method approach was employed to gain insight into TITI trainee’s satisfaction towards TITI training services in respect to teaching methodology.
Need of Soft Skills for Undergraduate Urban Youth for Career Development
Authors: Gautam Suresh 
Published: August 2016

The paper aims to show the importance of soft skills of the undergraduate urban youth who are preparing their career within Nepal or abroad. Youth in city pursue formal education from colleges and university in Nepal. After the completion of undergraduates, they prepare themselves for the job market. In this line, I argue that those youth who have not developed their soft skills struggle much to find out a job. It also increases the urban poverty and unemployment. I employed ethnographic research approach to explore everyday life activities of urban youth showing their preparedness of career. In doing so, I am telling credible, rigorous, and authentic stories of those undergraduate urban youth who are preparing their career in Kathmandu. The research is carried out in Kathmandu with four young research participants who are going to appear their final semester examination of undergraduate level in Management stream from a private college of Kathmandu. Two of them have just started working in companies and two of them are searching jobs. Applying the soft skill perspective the paper explores the situation of undergraduate youth in Kathmandu who theoretically learned about some soft skills in colleges and university during their academic hours but they hardly practiced in working environment. The research explores that it is not enough to deliver theories of soft skills in the classroom rather practice for youth who are going to start their career in the city.
Effects of Accelerated Weathering in Polylactide Biocomposites Reinforced with Microcrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Kaynak C. , Dogu B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to reveal effects of accelerated weathering in neat polylactide (PLA) and its biocomposite reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC); compounded by twin-screw extrusion melt mixing and specimen shaping by injection molding. Weathering conditions were applied via consecutive steps of UV irradiation and humidity in accordance with ISO 4892–3 standards for 200 h. Various characterization techniques and mechanical tests indicated that photolysis, photo-oxidation and hydrolysis were the main degradation mechanisms leading to significant decrease in the molecular weight of PLA via main chain scission. Consequently, except elastic modulus other mechanical properties; strength, ductility and fracture toughness of PLA and PLA/MCC decreased substantially. However, after comparing the mechanical properties of the neat PLA and PLA/MCC biocomposite specimens having 200 h of accelerated weathering, it was concluded that; for the outdoor applications use of PLA/MCC biocomposite (with only 3 wt% MCC) was extremely beneficial compared to using neat PLA. For example, tensile strength is more than 91 % beneficial while strain at break ductility is more than 2.7 times beneficial.
Numerical Simulation of the Injection Blow Molding Single Stage Process: Shaping of Two Different Geometries and Comparison with Experimental Thickness Measurements
Authors: Biglione J. , Béreaux Y. , Charmeau J.-Y. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThanks to the single stage injection blow molding process, specific hollow parts can be produced with standard injection molding machine. A specific mold is designed, enabling the preform injection molding, as well as its blow molding on the same machine. The preform is blow molded right after its injection molding. This particular process does not involve preform storage and reheating before the blow molding stage. This implies that the preform has to remain sufficiently malleable to be blown while being viscous enough to avoid being pierced during the blow molding stage. The polymer used is a polypropylene random copolymer. Therefore the process takes place between the melting temperature and the crystallization one. As the preform is blow molded right after being injected, this single stage process involves high temperature before the blowing. The polymer rheological behavior is investigated through dynamic rheometry in its molten state at various temperatures. A viscous Cross model is used with the thermal dependence assumed by an Arrhenius law. The process is simulated through a finite element code (Polyflow) in the ANSYS Workbench framework. The geometry allows an axisymmetric approach. The transient simulation is run under anisothermal conditions and viscous heating is taken into account. Two geometries are simulated. First, the flask geometry has been used to show the process efficiency. The yoghurt pot geometry has been designed later for industrial application in a more sophisticated mold than the flask mold. Blow molded parts are analyzed by tomography and the thickness has been measured by the tomography data image analysis. The simulation results are compared to the experimental ones. The simulation fits well with the experimental results concerning both geometries. The simple numerical model proposed proves to be robust enough to predict well the blow molded parts final thickness repartitions provided that the relevant temperature and pressure conditions are well defined.
Processing of Metallic Pigments in a Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruder Studied by Means of Dielectric Analysis and Terahertz Spectroscopy
Authors: Lepschi A. , Katletz S. , Pfleger M. , Pühringer H. , Miethlinger J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
When working with polymeric compounds containing metallic particles, it is essential to know the influence of the shear rate of different screw elements in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder (TSE) on particle size distribution and particle shape. Particle size and form are significant for various processing conditions. A large variety of TSE screw and mixing elements and a wide range of complex mixing geometries are available for processing polymeric compounds with metallic pigments. In this case study, we investigated the feasibility of extruding powder coatings containing metallic pigments as a replacement for the conventional bonding process. Further, we examined the influence of different screw elements on particle size by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dielectric analysis and terahertz spectroscopy.
THE SEARCH FOR Hi EMISSION AT z ≈ 0.4 IN GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED GALAXIES WITH THE GREEN BANK TELESCOPE
Authors: Hunt L. R. , Pisano D. J. , Edel S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Neutral hydrogen (Hi) provides a very important fuel for star formation, but is difficult to detect at high redshift due to weak emission, limited sensitivity of modern instruments, and terrestrial radio frequency interference (RFI) at low frequencies. We report the first attempt to use gravitational lensing to detect Hi line emission from three gravitationally lensed galaxies behind the cluster Abell 773, two at redshifts of 0.398 and one at z = 0.487, using the Green Bank Telescope. We find that a 3σ upper limit for a galaxy with a rotation velocity of 200 km s−1 is M
H i
= 6.58 × 109 and 1.5 × 1010
M
⊙ at z = 0.398 and z = 0.487. The estimated Hi masses of the sources at z = 0.398 and z = 0.487 are factors of 3.7 and ∼30 times lower than our detection limits at the respective redshifts. To facilitate these observations we have used sigma-clipping to remove both narrow- and wideband RFI but retain the signal from the source. We are able to reduce the noise of the spectrum by ∼25% using our routine instead of discarding observations with too much RFI. The routine is most effective when ∼10% of the integrations or fewer contain RFI. These techniques can be used to study Hi in highly magnified distant galaxies that are otherwise too faint to detect.