bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Email Communication Styles across Cultures
Authors: Holtbrügge Dirk , Berning Sue Claire 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEmail communication is recognized as the most often used communication method in international companies' operations. This computer‐mediated communication technology constitutes a further layer of intercultural communication in the global workplace. Variations in email communication styles exist due to cultural differences and can be explained by E. T. Hall's dimensions of context, time, and space orientation. Particularly, cultural background has a significant impact on the preference for formalness, promptness, preciseness, task orientation, and relationship‐relatedness in email communication.
Listening Behavior inJapan and theUnitedStates
Authors: Miller Laura 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry describes the verbal listening styles found among speakers of Japanese and speakers of English in the United States. Speakers of these languages will hold implicit assumptions about appropriate listening behavior, and differences in these models of communication may have an impact during intercultural conversations. Japanese listeners provide verbal listening tokens that normally overlap a speaker's talk, a pattern that differs slightly from that of English speakers in the United States, who provide listener tokens in pauses or near turn transition points in the speaker's talk. Attention to listening behavior contributes to the demystification of social concepts such as empathy, interpretations of which often form the basis for ethnic stereotyping.
Nonverbal Communication across Cultures
Authors: van de Vijver Fons J. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Much of our communication is nonverbal. This type of communication is based on a socially shared meaning system beyond language. Cultural variation has been mainly studied using two classifications: Hall's high‐ versus low‐context cultures and Hofstede's individualism versus collectivism. Nonverbal expressions are more common in high‐context, collectivistic cultures. A number of traditional fields in nonverbal communication are reviewed: gestures, expression of emotions, proxemics (personal space and crowding), and a recent field of increasing importance: nonverbal computer‐mediated communication. It is concluded that the field is rich in data, has some domain‐transcending themes (e.g., delineating universal and culture specific aspects in nonverbal communication) but lacks theories that can integrate domains of nonverbal communication.
Politeness across Cultures
Authors: Feng Hairong 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Comparing politeness forms and practices across cultural groups has been prevalent. The major theories of politeness have focused primarily on explicating how politeness arises within particular cultures, and then making comparisons of these politeness formats and practices across cultures. Brown and Levinson's politeness theory has taken a primary role in guiding cross‐cultural politeness research with a focus on how an individual chooses speech acts in interactions. Among the general and specific criticisms, a consistent theme is that this politeness account misses the social, cultural, historical, and contextual conditions that shape the formation and use of language and politeness. There are regional, class, and gender variations in politeness norms which have been constantly reflected in interactions. These variations in politeness norms within cultures raise questions about intercultural politeness research in contrast to the popular cross‐cultural politeness research.
Speech Act of Promising across Cultures
Authors: Beller Sieghard , Bender Andrea 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPromises are speech acts, and thus a communicative tool by which a speaker declares to act in an addressee's favor. They are often used to induce a change in the addressee's behavior. To describe how promises function, five levels are distinguished: themotivational levelof why a promise is made, thelinguistic levelof how it is formulated, thedeontic levelcapturing the speaker's commitment, thebehavioral levelof the actions taken, and theemotional levelencompassing affective reactions. As a type of social contract, it is assumed that promises have an evolutionary background and thus a universal core. Nonetheless, cross‐cultural variation is observed on all levels. Some aspects vary, for example, with the construal of the self as either independent or interdependent; others vary with cultural norms and values. This variation suggests that the understanding and use of promises is shaped by a person's cultural background and individual learning.
Virtues and Vices across Cultures
Authors: van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Lahmann Cornelia 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Whereas values form an important area of research for psychologists, psychologists show little interest in virtues and even less in vices. This is remarkable because virtues and vices probably have an equally strong effect on human behavior. This entry gives an overview of virtues and vices on the basis of empirical data from a broad range of nations. Contemporary virtues and vices refer more to social behavior than classical virtues, which rather refer to individual moral excellence. Research also shows that virtues differ to some extent from nation to nation or to clusters of nations that share a language. Vices appear to be—to some extent—the opposites of virtues.
Lithography‐Free, Omnidirectional, CMOS‐Compatible AlCu Alloys for Thin‐Film Superabsorbers
Authors: Dias Mariama Rebello Sousa , Gong Chen , Benson Zackery A. , Leite Marina S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSuperabsorbers based on metasurfaces have recently enabled the control of light at the nanoscale in unprecedented ways. Nevertheless, the sub‐wavelength features needed to modify the absorption band usually require complex fabrication methods, such as electron‐beam lithography. To overcome the scalability limitations associated with the fabrication of metallic nanostructures, engineering the optical response of superabsorbers by metal alloying is proposed, instead of tuning the geometry/size of the nanoscale building blocks. The superior performance of thin film AlCu alloys as the metallic component of planar bilayer superabsorbers is numerically demonstrated. This alloy outperforms its pure constituents as well as other metals, such as Ag, Au, and Cr. As a model system, a Si/AlCu structure is analyzed that presents >99% absorption at selected wavelength ranging from the visible to the near‐infrared regions of the spectrum, depending on the subwavelength thickness of the semiconductor. The multi‐wavelength near‐unity absorption behavior of Si/AlCu persists even for oblique angle of incidence, up to 70°. Additionally, the findings are validated by fabricating and testing a‐Si/AlCu superabsorbers, where good agreement is found between the numerically and experimentally determined optical response. The system investigated here is relevant for integration in complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technologies.
Identifying the Emergency Medicine Personality: A Multisite Exploratory Pilot Study
Authors: Jordan Jaime , Linden Judith A. , Maculatis Martine C. , Hern H. Gene , Schneider Jeffrey I. , Wills Charlotte P. , Marshall John P. , Friedman Alan , Yarris Lalena M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to understand the personality characteristics of emergency medicine (EM) residents and assess consistency and variations among residency programs.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, a convenience sample of residents (N = 140) at five EM residency programs in the United States completed three personality assessments: the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI)—describing usual tendencies; the Hogan Development Survey (HDS)—describing tendencies under stress or fatigue; and the Motives, Values, and Preferences Inventory (MVPI)—describing motivators. Differences between EM residents and a normative population of U.S. physicians were examined with one‐sample t‐tests. Differences between EM residents by program were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance tests.ResultsOne‐hundred forty (100%), 124 (88.6%), and 121 (86.4%) residents completed the HPI, HDS, and MVPI, respectively. For the HPI, residents scored lower than the norms on the adjustment, ambition, learning approach, inquisitive, and prudence scales. For the HDS, residents scored higher than the norms on the cautious, excitable, reserved, and leisurely scales, but lower on bold, diligent, and imaginative scales. For the MVPI, residents scored higher than the physician population norms on altruistic, hedonistic, and aesthetics scales, although lower on the security and tradition scales. Residents at the five programs were similar on 22 of 28 scales, differing on one of 11 scales of the HPI (interpersonal sensitivity), two of 11 scales of the HDS (leisurely, bold), and three of 10 scales of the MVPI (aesthetics, commerce, and recognition).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the personality characteristics of EM residents differ considerably from the norm for physicians, which may have implications for medical students’ choice of specialty. Additionally, results indicated that EM residents at different programs are comparable in many areas, but moderate variation in personality characteristics exists. These results may help to inform future research incorporating personality assessment into the resident selection process and the training environment.
Regioselective Chlorination of Aryl C−H bonds with Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent 1‐Chloro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐one
Authors: Parvathaneni Sai Prathima , Perumgani Pullaiah C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe describe a copper(I) catalyzed ortho‐chlorination of aromatic compounds via direct C−H activation by using hypervalent iodine reagent 1‐chloro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐one. This reaction showed high regioselectivity for the monochlorination of the C−H bonds of 2‐phenyl pyridines and was compatible for a wide range of nitrogen‐containing aromatics. Furthermore, the synthesized iodine(III) reagent was highly stable, recyclable, and can be employed in large‐scale syntheses of halo‐heteroarenes.
Control for the New Harsh sea Conditions Salvage Crane Based on Modified Fuzzy PID
Authors: Liu Xiangyong , Li Wanli , Wang Wenjia , Xu Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe new salvage crane for harsh sea conditions is a salvage and rescue device that is used for the space launch capsule. The wave compensation algorithm can improve search and rescue ability at sea, and can also provide wave compensation guidance for other sea vessels under harsh sea conditions. Firstly, compared with the traditional fuzzy PID algorithm, the wave compensation algorithm is improved in three aspects: fuzzy rules, fuzzy inputs, and fuzzy outputs. For the fuzzy rules, E and EC are used separately. E plays a main role and EC plays an auxiliary role. For the fuzzy inputs, the angle deviation is the sum of current angle and angle's changing rate. For the fuzzy outputs, the cylinder's inertia and the electro‐hydraulic valve's reverse dead zone factors are taken into account, and the PID output value is set with upper limit, lower limit, and dead zone. Secondly, the control valve and the hydraulic system's model are established in AMESim. The improved algorithm is established in SIMULINK. Combining the hydraulic model with the algorithm model, we do the co‐simulation analysis. Thirdly, the improved algorithm's verification experiments are carried out on a rocky platform, which can simulate the ship's instability in different sea conditions. Finally, the simulation and experimental results verify that the improved fuzzy PID algorithm enhances the salvage crane's response and robustness, and also improves the salvage effect.
Vibration‐Attenuation Controller Design for Structural Systems with Multi‐Rate Sampled Data
Authors: Weng Falu , Guo Yi , Ding Yuanchun , Han Shuren , Geng Feiyue 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe problem of vibration‐attenuation controller design for structural systems with multi‐rate sampled data is investigated in this paper. The objective of designing controllers is to guarantee the stability and anti‐disturbance performance of closed‐loop systems. Firstly, based on matrix transformation, the state‐space model of structural systems with multi‐rate sampled data and uncertainties appearing in the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices is established. Secondly, in terms of the Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques, a sufficient condition is established for the system without uncertainties to be stabilizable. If the condition is solvable, the controller can be obtained such that the closed‐loop system is stable with a prescribed level of disturbance attenuation performance. Furthermore, the condition is also extended to its uncertain case. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed theorems.
New Metabolites Produced by Cylindrocarpon sp. SY‐39 from a Driftwood
Authors: Suzuki Takuma , Yoshida Seiya , Koseki Takuya , Aboshi Takako , Murayama Tetsuya , Supratman Unang , Shiono Yoshihito 
Published: December 2017

Four novel compounds, cylindropyrone A (1), 10′‐hydroxyilicicolinic acid D (3), cylindrolactones A (4) and B (5), together with known dihydroinfectopyrone (2) were isolated from the culture of Cylindrocarpon sp. SY‐39 from a driftwood. Their structures were elucidated using 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3 showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 5.0 μg/mL.
The Role of Metallic Copper in the Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Glycerol to 1,2‐Propanediol over Cu/ZrO2
Authors: Gabrysch Thomas , Peng Baoxiang , Bunea Sorin , Dyker Gerald , Muhler Martin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA series of Cu/ZrO2 catalysts with nominal CuO loadings of 5, 10, 18 and 31 wt.% was synthesized by co‐precipitation, characterized and applied in the hydrodeoxygenation of glycerol under mild reaction conditions (200 °C, 25 bar H2). These catalysts were highly selective for the cleavage of C−O bonds while preserving C−C bonds leading to 95 % selectivity to 1,2‐propanediol. The conversion of glycerol was observed to be linearly correlated with the specific copper surface area derived from N2O frontal chromatography. The reaction was found to occur through the dehydration of glycerol to acetol followed by its hydrogenation to 1,2‐propanediol. Metallic copper was identified as the active site for both reactions suggesting the acid ZrO2 sites to be blocked by water. Reusability studies showed that the catalyst was relatively stable and the conversion decreased by only 18 % after three cycles.
Transport of reactive X‐3B dye at the interface between cationic surfactant‐modified water‐quenched blast furnace slag and aqueous solution
Authors: Wang Zhe , Huang Guohe , An Chunjiang , Li Weiping , Chen Lirong , Zhang Sisi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThere is an emerging interest in the utilization of low‐cost industrial wastes in sustainable pollution control. This study investigated the use of water‐quenched blast furnace slag modified by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as a low‐cost adsorbent for the removal of reactive brilliant red X‐3B from an aqueous solution. The results showed that the removal efficiency increased with an increasing slag dosage and an appropriate dosage for adsorption was 8 g/L. The adsorption efficiency of X‐3B onto modified slag decreased when the pH increased from 2 to 12. The amount of dye uptake per unit of modified slag also increased with an increase in ionic strength, contact time, temperature, and initial dye concentration. The Freundlich isotherm model showed a good fit to the equilibrium adsorption data. Thermodynamic studies suggested the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo‐second‐order model and the rate constant increased with increasing temperature. These results can help understand the migration patterns of dye molecules at a modified slag‐water interface. It also has important implications for developing wastewater treatment techniques using low‐cost adsorbents.
INSAR AND GPS EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETER INVERSION FOR THE 2016 Mw6.4 MEINONG, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE
Authors: Le‐Yang WANG , Hua GAO , Guang‐Cai FENG 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOn February 6, 2016, an Mw6.4 earthquake struck the Meinong District of Kaohsiung city in Taiwan, China. Various researches have been conducted on the earthquake. Most of these researches are based on seismic data and no consensus has been reached on the fault structure and focal parameters yet. Surface displacement obtained by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is widely used in earthquake studies because of its high resolution and accuracy with large and continuous coverage. Therefore, this study selects InSAR and GPS data to investigate the focal mechanism and slip distribution of the 2016 Meinong earthquake. Using the dual‐track differential InSAR (D‐InSAR) technology, we extract the coseismic deformation field of this earthquake with SAR data (both the ascending and descending) from satellite ALOS2 and the ascending data from satellite Sentinal‐1A. The results show that the maximum deformation occurs in the west of the epicenter, with an uplift around 11.2 cm.The uniform dislocation model and multiple peak particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm are employed to determine the fault geometry parameters of this earthquake based on the InSAR and GPS data. The results show that the rupture is a reverse fault with sinistral strike‐slip with the average slip angle of 51.5°. The seismic source is at 22.920°N, 120.420°E, and a depth of 12 km. The rupture plane is about 15 km long with a strike angle of 307° and a dip angle of 16.5°. The optimal dip angle (15.7°), weighting ratio (18:1) between GPS and InSAR and the smoothing factor (0.06) obtained by the grid iteration method together with the non‐uniform model and the non‐negative least squares method are used to obtain the detailed slip distribution. The results show that the maximum value of dip slip and strike slip are 51.7 cm and 55.3 cm, respectively. The moment magnitude of the non‐uniform model is Mw6.38, slightly smaller than the result of GCMT (Mw6.4). The comparison between our research and previous research and the analysis of the regional faults indicate that a single fault geometry is more reasonable and it can fit both the GPS and InSAR data well. We also find that the ruptured fault is a blind fault located in the area among Zouchen fault and Chishan fault with an ES‐WN strike and dipping toward ES. So we believe this fault should have some relation with the 2010 Mw6.3 Jiashian earthquake.
VALIDATION OF FY‐3 MWTS CHANNEL 4 MEASUREMENTS USING COSMIC RADIO OCCULTATION DATA
Authors: Wen‐Ying HE , Hong‐Bin CHEN 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWith high accuracy and stability of GPS radio occultation (RO) data in the stratosphere, COSMIC data is used to validate the Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS) channel 4 (ch4) measurements on serial FY‐3 satellite platforms. A 2‐year comparison between the simulated and observed Tb for MWTS ch4 shows that both MWTS observed Tb on FY‐3A/3B in lower stratosphere are overestimated, especially in the tropics and summer of high‐latitude region. The trends of Tb bias are more consistent on both FY‐3A/3B satellites in the two years. The variations of Tb bias for MWTS ch4 in four latitude‐zones are quite different: the Tb bias is obviously positive about 2∼4 K in the tropics, and is stably positive about 1 K in the mid‐latitude, while the Tb bias is evidently varied with seasons from negative in winter to positive in summer in high‐latitude, particular in southern high‐latitude the difference of Tb bias among seasons is about 5 K, such strong dependence on environment temperature for Tb bias is not mainly caused by the shifted central frequency. In the tropics the difference of the observed and simulated Tb is more significant, and the influence of matching samples in the tropics on the global Tb bias is more than 20%, which implies that it should be cautious to use the validating results derived from COSMIC in the tropics.
Thermoregulatory behavior and high thermal preference buffer impact of climate change in a Namib Desert lizard
Authors: Kirchhof Sebastian , Hetem Robyn S. , Lease Hilary M. , Miles Donald B. , Mitchell Duncan , Müller Johannes , Rödel Mark‐Oliver , Sinervo Barry , Wassenaar Theo , Murray Ian W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractKnowledge of the thermal ecology of a species can improve model predictions for temperature‐induced population collapse, which in light of climate change is increasingly important for species with limited distributions. Here, we use a multi‐faceted approach to quantify and integrate the thermal ecology, properties of the thermal habitat, and past and present distribution of the diurnal, xeric‐adapted, and active‐foraging Namibian lizard Pedioplanis husabensis (Sauria: Lacertidae) to model its local extinction risk under future climate change scenarios. We asked whether climatic conditions in various regions of its range are already so extreme that local extirpations of P. husabensis have already occurred, or whether this micro‐endemic species is adapted to these extreme conditions and uses behavior to mitigate the environmental challenges. To address this, we collected thermoregulation and climate data at a micro‐scale level and combined it with micro‐ and macroclimate data across the species’ range to model extinction risk. We found that P. husabensis inhabits a thermally harsh environment, but also has high thermal preference. In cooler parts of its range, individuals are capable of leaving thermally favorable conditions—based on the species’ thermal preference—unused during the day, probably to maintain low metabolic rates. Furthermore, during the summer, we observed that individuals regulate at body temperatures below the species’ high thermal preference to avoid body temperatures approaching the critical thermal maximum. We find that populations of this species are currently persisting even at the hottest localities within the species’ geographic distribution. We found no evidence of range shifts since the 1960s despite a documented increase in air temperatures. Nevertheless, P. husabensis only has a small safety margin between the upper limit of its thermal preference and the critical thermal maximum and might undergo range reductions in the near future under even the most moderate climate change scenarios.