bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Pulse Frequency on Microtensile Bond Strength to Enamel
Authors: Ayar MK , Yildirim T 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARY
Literature regarding the influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser pulse frequency with different output power levels on adhesion properties of adhesive resin to lased enamel is limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of laser pulse frequency (20, 35, and 50 Hz) at two different output power settings (3 and 6 W) of Er,Cr:YSGG on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of adhesive resin to enamel. Crowns of 35 intact bovine incisors were embedded into self-cure acrylic resin individually, and then flat enamel surfaces were prepared with 600-grit silicon carbide papers under water cooling. Teeth were divided randomly into seven groups. Enamel surfaces were irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser operated at one of six output power–pulse frequency combinations (6 W20 Hz, 6 W–35 Hz, 6 W–50 Hz, 3 W–20 Hz, 3 W–35 Hz, and 3 W–50 Hz) in groups 1-6, respectively. Bur-treated surfaces served as a control in group 7. After surface treatments and bonding procedures, composite build-ups were done in three layers up to a height of 4 mm. Next, all bonded teeth were sectioned into the resin-enamel sticks to be tested in a μTBS testing machine. The μTBS data were analyzed with univariate analysis of variance under a general linear model with the factor ‘tooth' added as a random effect to the design. Resin-enamel interfaces were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The μTBS to laser-irradiated enamel in group 1 (6 W–20 Hz) was significantly lower than those of bur-treated enamel (p&lt;0.05). However, group 6 (3 W–50 Hz) showed significantly higher μTBS values than did bur-treated teeth (p&lt;0.05). SEM evaluation revealed enormous morphological alterations of laser-irradiated specimens, such as extensive vertical and horizontal microcracks and gaps, with the exception of group 6. The bonding effectiveness of adhesive resin to laser-irradiated enamel was affected by the pulse frequency of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Although the parameters recommended by the manufacturer lowered μTBS, increasing the pulse rate may maintain optimum μTBS.
The Use of Resin Composite Layering Technique to Mask Discolored Background: A CIELAB/CIEDE2000 Analysis
Authors: Miotti LL , Santos IS , Nicoloso GF , Pozzobon RT , Susin AH , Durand LB 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of three resin composite systems to mask a severely discolored background by the application of a layering technique through CIELAB and CIEDE2000 analysis. Ninety 1.5-mm-thick disc specimens were produced from three different resin composite restoration systems: IPS Empress Direct (Ivoclar Vivadent), Charisma Diamond (Heraeus Kulzer), and Filtek Z350 XT (3M-ESPE). The specimens were divided into groups according to the restoration system and the resin composite shade combination used for the layering technique (enamel, body, and dentin shades). Color measurements were performed by a reflectance spectrophotometer (SP60, EX-Rite) against a C4 shade background and an inherent color background, which simulates a severely discolored background and a tooth surface with no discoloration, respectively. The total color difference between both color measurements was calculated by CIELAB (ΔE*ab) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) formulas. The mean ΔEab* and ΔE00 values were analyzed by analysis of variance (general linear models) and Tukey's post hoc tests (α=0.05). Three groups presented clinically acceptable color difference values (ΔE*≦3.46 and ΔE00≦2.25): 1.5 mm dentin, 1.0 mm dentin/0.5 mm body, and 1.0 mm dentin/0.5 mm enamel; ie, all the groups from the Z350 XT restoration system. The resin composite layering technique is an effective way to mask severely discolored backgrounds. The Filtek Z350 XT system was the only restoration system capable of masking the C4 background.
Global surgery for pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world: a review of the history, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Muir Ryan T. , Wang Shelly , Warf Benjamin C. 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVE
Pediatric hydrocephalus is one of the most common neurosurgical conditions and is a major contributor to the global burden of surgically treatable diseases. Significant health disparities exist for the treatment of hydrocephalus in developing nations due to a combination of medical, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This review aims to provide the international neurosurgery community with an overview of the current challenges and future directions of neurosurgical care for children with hydrocephalus in low-income countries.

METHODS
The authors conducted a literature review around the topic of pediatric hydrocephalus in the context of global surgery, the unique challenges to creating access to care in low-income countries, and current international efforts to address the problem.

RESULTS
Developing countries face the greatest burden of pediatric hydrocephalus due to high birth rates and greater risk of neonatal infections. This burden is related to more general global health challenges, including malnutrition, infectious diseases, maternal and perinatal risk factors, and education gaps. Unique challenges pertaining to the treatment of hydrocephalus in the developing world include a preponderance of postinfectious hydrocephalus, limited resources, and restricted access to neurosurgical care. In the 21st century, several organizations have established programs that provide hydrocephalus treatment and neurosurgical training in Africa, Central and South America, Haiti, and Southeast Asia. These international efforts have employed various models to achieve the goals of providing safe, sustainable, and cost-effective treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
Broader commitment from the pediatric neurosurgery community, increased funding, public education, surgeon training, and ongoing surgical innovation will be needed to meaningfully address the global burden of untreated hydrocephalus.
Rate of shunt revision as a function of age in patients with shunted hydrocephalus due to myelomeningocele
Authors: Dupepe Esther B. , Hopson Betsy , Johnston James M. , Rozzelle Curtis J. , Jerry Oakes W. , Blount Jeffrey P. , Rocque Brandon G. 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVE
It is generally accepted that cerebrospinal fluid shunts fail most frequently in the first years of life. The purpose of this study was to describe the risk of shunt failure for a given patient age in a well-defined cohort with shunted hydrocephalus due to myelomeningocele (MMC).

METHODS
The authors analyzed data from their institutional spina bifida research database including all patients with MMC and shunted hydrocephalus. For the entire population, the number of shunt revisions in each year of life was determined. Then the number of patients at risk for shunt revision during each year of life was calculated, thus enabling them to calculate the rate of shunt revision per patient in each year of life. In this way, the timing of all shunt revision operations for the entire clinic population and the likelihood of having a shunt revision during each year of life were calculated.

RESULTS
A total of 655 patients were enrolled in the spina bifida research database, 519 of whom had a diagnosis of MMC and whose mean age was 17.48 ± 11.7 years (median 16 years, range 0–63 years). Four hundred seventeen patients had had a CSF shunt for the treatment of hydrocephalus and thus are included in this analysis. There were 94 shunt revisions in the 1st year of life, which represents a rate of 0.23 revisions per patient in that year. The rate of shunt revision per patient-year initially decreased as age increased, except for an increase in revision frequency in the early teen years. Shunt revisions continued to occur as late as 43 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS
These data substantiate the idea that shunt revision surgeries in patients with MMC are most common in the 1st year of life and decrease thereafter, except for an increase in the early teen years. A persistent risk of shunt failure was observed well into adult life. These findings underscore the importance of routine follow-up of all MMC patients with shunted hydrocephalus and will aid in counseling patients and families.
Five-year Safety Data from 5 Clinical Trials of Subcutaneous Golimumab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Kay Jonathan , Fleischmann Roy , Keystone Edward , Hsia Elizabeth C. , Hsu Benjamin , Zhou Yiying , Goldstein Neil , Braun Jürgen 
Published: November 2016

Objective.Assess 5-year golimumab (GOL) safety in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods.Subcutaneous (SC) GOL (50 mg or 100 mg every 4 weeks) was evaluated in phase 3 trials of patients with active RA, PsA, and AS. Safety data through Year 5 were pooled across 3 RA trials [1 each evaluating methotrexate (MTX)-naive, MTX-experienced, and antitumor necrosis factor (TNF)-experienced patients], 1 PsA trial, and 1 AS trial. Data summarized was derived from both placebo-controlled (through weeks 24–52) and uncontrolled study periods. For adverse events (AE) of special interest [serious infections (SI), opportunistic infections (OI), deaths, malignancies, demyelination, tuberculosis (TB)], incidence per 100 patient-years (pt-yrs) was determined.Results.Across all trials, 639 patients received placebo and 2228 received SC GOL 50 mg only (n = 671), 50 mg and 100 mg (n = 765), or 100 mg only (n = 792). Safety followup extended for averages of 28.5 and 203.2 weeks for placebo and GOL, respectively. Respective placebo and GOL AE incidence/100 pt-yrs (95% CI) through Year 5 were 4.86 (2.83–7.78) and 3.29 (2.92–3.69) for SI, 0.00 (0.00–0.86) and 0.23 (0.14–0.35) for TB, 0.00 (0.00–0.86) and 0.22 (0.13–0.34) for OI, 0.00 (0.00–0.86) and 0.10 (0.05–0.20) for lymphoma, 0.00 (0.00–0.86) and 0.08 (0.03–0.17) for demyelination, and 0.29 (0.01–1.59) and 0.41 (0.29–0.57) for death. TB, OI, lymphoma, and demyelination incidence appeared to be higher among patients receiving GOL 100 mg only.Conclusion.SC GOL safety through Year 5 remained consistent with previously reported Year 3 findings and with other TNF antagonists. Numerically higher incidences of TB, OI, lymphoma, and demyelination were observed with 100 mg versus 50 mg. Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT00264537 (GO-BEFORE), NCT00264550 (GO-FORWARD), NCT00299546 (GO-AFTER), NCT00265096 (GO-REVEAL), and NCT00265083 (GO-RAISE).
« En Alsace, le Saint-Esprit est aux ordres du roi »
Authors: Muller Claude 
Published: November 2016

Pour mieux fondre l’Alsace dans le moule français au XVIIIe siècle, la monarchie utilise, parmi d’autres moyens, l’introduction des usages français dans la liturgie et surtout la nomination à la tête des institutions, comme l’épiscopat ou les abbayes, de sujets fidèles au roi. Cette politique rencontre pourtant des difficultés à cause du contexte particulier de la région, à savoir le maintien d’usages germaniques.
Aspirations professionnelles de jeunes bacheliers au Cameroun : l’influence de la pratique de l’orientation scolaire revisitée
Authors: Merveille Dong Nguetsop Frosine , Fozing Innocent 
Published: November 2016

Cet article s’interroge sur les causes de la hausse du taux de chômage des jeunes au Cameroun et penche vers la non assistance des jeunes par les professionnels dans la consolidation de leurs aspirations professionnelles, gage d’une insertion socioprofessionnelle. Sur la base des données collectées auprès de 181 élèves des classes de Terminale du Lycée Bilingue de Bafoussam par un procédé de choix « aléatoire » et analysées par la régression « logistique ordinale », il ressort que la consultation du Conseiller d’orientation (CO) n’influence pas significativement le type d’aspirations professionnelles nourries par les élèves. Il en est de même de l’information sur les filières d’études et leurs débouchés. Par contre, l’initiation à la connaissance de soi contribue à développer chez les élèves des aspirations professionnelles plus réalistes qu’utopiques ou plus détournées qu’indéfinies. L’information sur les réalités du monde du travail et celui de l’emploi participe à développer chez les élèves des aspirations professionnelles plus réalistes que détournées ou plus utopiques qu’indéfinies. Les qualités personnelles du CO contribuent aussi à développer chez les élèves des aspirations professionnelles plus réalistes que détournées ou utopiques.
A survey of land for Weligama coconut leaf wilt disease affected palms outside the declared boundary in the Southern Province
Authors: Nainanayake A. D. , Kumarathunga M. D. P. , De Silva P. H. P. R. 
Published: November 2016

After the identification of the Weligama Coconut Leaf Wilt Disease (WCLWD) in 2006, a three km wide boundary zone was declared which stretched from Galle to Tangalle. All suspicious palms recorded within the boundary zone were removed. Gradual removal of affected palms in the core area was also continued. These actions along with many other precautionary steps were taken with the objective to prevent the spread of the disease further beyond the demarcated boundary. After taking continued precautionary measures for more than 7 years, it was timely to find out the presence of any disease affected palms beyond the boundary. Therefore, a sample survey was conducted along a 4 km wide belt beyond the boundary. Uniform sampling locations were ensured by selecting sample sites on a I km grid drawn on the areal image of the area. Each grid covered an area of I km2 (100 ha). Four sampling locations/plots of approximately I ha in extent were selected within each grid. All coconut palms within selected plots were examined for morphological symptoms of the WCLWD and necessary information was recorded. The total area covered by the sample survey was about 40,000 ha and the extent closely examined was about 1600 ha, which was approximately 4% of the total land area covered by the survey. The results revealed that the precautionary measures taken by relevant authorities to prevent the spread of the WCLWD have had a significant effect in containing the disease within the demarcated area. However, some spread of the disease beyond the boundary was detected in a few places within the four-km-belt beyond the boundary. Thus altogether 18 affected palms were identified in 10 plots in Galle and Malara districts. They were in Akmeemana, Imaduwa and Yakkalamulla DSD in Galle district and Kamburupitiya and Mulatiyana DSD in Malara district. Most of those locations were adjacent to the boundary. However, any detection of even a few affected palms outside the boundary in a sample survey indicates the possibility of having such palms elsewhere in the study area. A comprehensive palm to palm survey is needed for precise detection of such palms. Considering the impending threat from the disease, a palm to palm survey at least within a 4 km belt outside the boundary is suggested to effectively prevent the spread of the disease, despite the cost and the man power required for such an operation.
Incidence ofMonochamus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species in Nova Scotia, Canada Christmas tree plantations and comparison of panel traps and lures from North America and Europe
Authors: Blatt S.E. , Bishop C. , Sweeney J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChristmas trees from Nova Scotia, Canada are banned from import into the European Union (EU) because they may be infected with the pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae).MonochamusDejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species known to vector pinewood nematode are present in Nova Scotia but their abundance in Christmas tree plantations and surrounding stands has not been assessed. We conducted trapping surveys and experiments in 2014 and 2015 to determine the species ofMonochamusand their relative abundance in Nova Scotia Christmas tree plantations and the surrounding forests. We also compared commercially available traps and lures from Europe (cross-vane traps, Galloprotect lure=monochamol+ipsenol+α-pinene+2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol) and North America (intercept panel traps, North American lure=monochamol+ipsenol+α-pinene+ethanol) for their efficacy at catchingMonochamusspecies in a 2×2 factorial experiment. We captured threeMonochamusspecies (M. scutellatus(Say),M. notatus(Drury), andM. marmoratorKirby) in Nova Scotia Christmas tree plantations. Mean trap catches were greater within the plantations than in the surrounding forests. North American panel traps coated with Fluon®and baited with the European lure caught the mostM. notatusandM. scutellatusand would be most suitable for survey and monitoring.
Lung Cancer Subtypes Generate Unique Immune Responses
Authors: Busch Stephanie E. , Hanke Mark L. , Kargl Julia , Metz Heather E. , MacPherson David , Houghton A. McGarry 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, is a heterogeneous disease comprising multiple histologic subtypes that harbor disparate mutational profiles. Immune-based therapies have shown initial promise in the treatment of lung cancer patients but are limited by low overall response rates. We sought to determine whether the host immune response to lung cancer is dictated, at least in part, by histologic and genetic differences, because such correlations would have important clinical ramifications. Using mouse models of lung cancer, we show that small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and lung adenocarcinoma (ADCA) exhibit unique immune cell composition of the tumor microenvironment. The total leukocyte content was markedly reduced in SCLC compared with lung ADCA, which was validated in human lung cancer specimens. We further identified key differences in immune cell content using three models of lung ADCA driven by mutations in Kras, p53, and Egfr. Although Egfr-mutant cancers displayed robust myeloid cell recruitment, they failed to mount a CD8+ immune response. In contrast, Kras-mutant tumors displayed significant expansion of multiple immune cell types, including CD8+ cells, regulatory T cells, IL-17A–producing lymphocytes, and myeloid cells. A human tissue microarray annotated for KRAS and EGFR mutations validated the finding of reduced CD8+ content in human lung ADCA. Taken together, these findings establish a strong foundational knowledge of the immune cell contexture of lung ADCA and SCLC and suggest that molecular and histological traits shape the host immune response to cancer.
Evaluation of Knowledge and Practices Regarding Cholera, Water Treatment, Hygiene, and Sanitation Before and After an Oral Cholera Vaccination Campaign—Haiti, 2013–2014
Authors: Childs Lana , François Jeannot , Choudhury Alina , Wannemuehler Kathleen , Dismer Amber , Hyde Terri B. , Yen Catherine Y. , Date Kashmira A. , Juin Stanley , Katz Mark A. , Kantor Erica Felker , Routh Janell , Etheart Melissa , Wright Tracie , Adrien Paul , Tohme Rania A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In 2013, the Government of Haiti implemented its first oral cholera vaccine (OCV) campaign in Petite Anse, an urban setting, and Cerca Carvajal, a rural commune. We conducted and compared responses to two independent cross-sectional knowledge and practices household surveys pre- (N = 297) and post- (N = 302) OCV campaign in Petite Anse. No significant differences in knowledge about causes, symptoms, and prevention of cholera were noted. Compared with precampaign respondents, fewer postcampaign respondents reported treating (66% versus 27%, P < 0.001) and covering (96% versus 89%, P = 0.02) their drinking water. Compared with precampaign, postcampaign survey household observations showed increased availability of soap (16.2% versus 34.5%, P = 0.001) and handwashing stations (14.7% versus 30.1%, P = 0.01), but no significant changes in handwashing practices were reported. Although there was no change in knowledge, significant decreases in water treatment practices necessary for cholera and other diarrheal diseases prevention were noted in the postcampaign survey. Future OCV campaigns in Haiti should be used as an opportunity to emphasize the importance of maintaining good water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, and include a comprehensive, integrated approach for cholera control.
Referral Patterns of Community Health Workers Diagnosing and Treating Malaria: Cluster-Randomized Trials in Two Areas of High- and Low-Malaria Transmission in Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Lal Sham , Ndyomugenyi Richard , Magnussen Pascal , Hansen Kristian S. , Alexander Neal D. , Paintain Lucy , Chandramohan Daniel , Clarke Siân E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Malaria-endemic countries have implemented community health worker (CHW) programs to provide malaria diagnosis and treatment to populations living beyond the reach of health systems. However, there is limited evidence describing the referral practices of CHWs. We examined the impact of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) on CHW referral in two cluster-randomized trials, one conducted in a moderate-to-high malaria transmission setting and one in a low-transmission setting in Uganda, between January 2010 and July 2012. All CHWs were trained to prescribe artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for malaria and recognize signs and symptoms for referral to health centers. CHWs in the control arm used a presumptive diagnosis for malaria based on clinical symptoms, whereas intervention arm CHWs used mRDTs. CHWs recorded ACT prescriptions, mRDT results, and referral in patient registers. An intention-to-treat analysis was undertaken using multivariable logistic regression. Referral was more frequent in the intervention arm versus the control arm (moderate-to-high transmission, P < 0.001; low transmission, P < 0.001). Despite this increase, referral advice was not always given when ACTs or prereferral rectal artesunate were prescribed: 14% prescribed rectal artesunate in the moderate-to-high setting were not referred. In addition, CHWs considered factors alongside mRDTs when referring. Child visits during the weekends or the rainy season were less likely to be referred, whereas visits to CHWs more distant from health centers were more likely to be referred (low transmission only). CHWs using mRDTs and ACTs increased referral compared with CHWs using a presumptive diagnosis. To address these concerns, referral training should be emphasized in CHW programs as they are scaled-up.