bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Utilization of Diplodia-Damaged Boll-Rot Cotton
Authors: Sands J. E. , Fiori L. A. , Groves N. H. , Sloan W. G. , Marsh P. B. 
Published: January 2017

Cotton fiber severely damaged by the boll-rot fungus Diplodia sp. was blended with a control white cotton in percentages of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 35.0. Equal amounts of the control cotton and of these blends were spun with a 3.75 T.M. into 38/1 (16 tex) filling yarns. With a common warp made from the same control cotton, these filling yarns were woven into a 5-harness, 3-count, filling-faced sateen fabric (37½ in., 64×104, 4.37 oz). The grab and strip breaking strengths and resistance to tearing and flex abrasion of fabrics whose filling yarns contained up to 5% of Diplodia fiber were not appreciably lower than those of the fabric having the control cotton in the filling. The large drop in value of these fabric properties when the 35% Diplodia-fiber filling was used was attributed to the increase in short fiber content of the blend. Spectrophotometric analyses and visual examination of bleached and of bleached-and-dyed samples indicated the practicality of these finishing operations on cottons containing as much as 10% of Diplodia-damaged fiber. Field observations suggest that in commercial practice bales containing higher percentages of boll-rot damaged fiber than are represented by the 5% blend here employed are rare. Data in this and the preceding companion paper indicate that within the range of processing techniques employed Diplodia-damaged fiber exerts less detrimental effect than might have been anticipated.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Cellulose which Pertain to the Cross-Linking of Cotton
Authors: Rowland S. P. , Roberts E. J. , Bullock A. L. , Cirino V. O. , Wade C. P. , Brannan M. A. F. 
Published: January 2017

The distributions of sites of attachment of substituents or cross linkages (a) at the 2–0-, 3–0-, and 6–0-positions of the d-glucopyranosyl units, (b) along the molecular chains of cellulose, (c) on or in the microstructural units, and (d) within the fiber cross sections are reviewed in order to develop perspective for the factors that influence and control these distributions. Among the factors determining the site of attachment in the d-glucopyranosyl unit are: (1) the type of reaction (e.g., reversible or nonreversible), (2) the specific nature of the reagent (e.g., molecular size), and (3) the medium from which the reagent is introduced. Means of controlling this distribution are discussed. There is no available information on the distributions of linkages introduced along the molecular chains of cellulose from reactions that occur without disruption of the crystalline order. It is evident, however, that, even under these conditions, every molecule in the cellulose matrix has one or more accessible segments along its chain. Measurements that are specific to the distribution of substituents among the total d-glucopyranosyl units, but which are applicable, in first-order approximation, to the units along the molecular chain, are discussed in connection with reactions conducted in mercerizing media. Evidence indicative of reactions occurring on the surfaces of highly ordered micro-structural units (microfibrils or bundles of microfibrils) has been obtained from measurement of the distribution of substituents introduced into the d-glucopyranosyl units of cotton cellulose under nonmercerizing conditions. Penetration within these units is evident under mercerizing conditions of reaction. An interrelationship between the site of attachment in the d-glucopyranosyl unit and the site of reaction in the microstructural unit is discussed. At the fiber level of structure, the complex interplay between rate of chemical reaction and rate of diffusion into the fibers is considered. Gross variations of distribution of substituents or cross linkages in the fiber cross section (from peripheral to uniform) result from changes in the two rates noted. In a case examined in some detail, wrinkle-recovery angles benefit from the more uniform distribution of cross linkages.
The Theory of Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Fayat Christian 
Published: January 2017

It is shown in this paper that the price of an exhaustible resource in an economy of pure competition is not equal to the marginal cost of production and that, in this respect, the classical theory is the ‘worst possible case’ were the resources considered to be inexhaustible. The price of an almost depleted resource is shown to be equal to the marginal cost of production when the resource is exhausted, and on the other hand, its level depends on three factors: (a) the present cost of a substitute; (b) the life expectancy of the resource remaining; (c) the rates of interest on the international capital market. We have calculated from a coherent data assemblage the ‘right’ price for oil in the context of the theory, as it appeared prior to the 1973 crisis. This may be seen to have approximated the actual price ($2/bbl.). This is the optimal theoretical price produced using the pure competition of world resources. The technical, historical and strategical reasons behind this noteworthy convergence are given, reasons which establish scientifically the crisis as an ‘impasse’ in an outdated strategy which had become unable to adapt to new production characteristics. However, the theory of exhaustible resources shows that, even in an economy of pure competition, there is a natural revenue which cannot be considered systematically to be a revenue of a monopolistic nature, or even be judged in regard to the conclusion of the classical theory of pure and perfect competition.
Prospects for Heavy Crude Oil Development
Authors: Meyer Richard F. 
Published: January 2017

The problems of utilizing heavy crude oil and natural bitumens centre on their high viscosity which makes them difficult to produce, store, transport, and refine. These factors are reflected in costs. World reserves are substantial, however, perhaps as much as 7 trillion† barrels estimated to represent 0·9 trillion barrels of recoverable oil. Nearly 2·1 trillion barrels of heavy crude oil, more than 50% of the world's total reserve, are located in Venezuela largely in the Orinoco Oil Belt. About 75% of the natural bitumen, 2·6 trillion barrels, is located in Canada in the Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River areas of Alberta. Most of the estimated undiscovered heavy crude oil in the world, approximately 630 billion barrels, is outside the US and Canada. Data required to determine the cost of finding natural bitumen and heavy oil are roughly the same as for other mineral commodities. Similarly for recovery costs. The variables are so extensive that dollar amounts have little meaning without qualification. Recovery depends on depth below surface. Near-surface deposits are recovered by mechanical mining. Deeper deposits must be won by thermal means. Transportation by pipeline is feasible only if the viscosity is lowered by partial upgrading, heating, or by the use of diluents. Part of the high cost of refining results from the major investment required for the large installations that are needed for economic rates of production.
Impact of Canadian Regulatory Changes on Cross-Border Trade
Authors: Priddle R. 
Published: January 2017

In the year following oil deregulation Canada's crude oil productive capacity grew by 5%, but production was unchanged due to a lack of pipeline capacity, the effects of prorationing and a lack of price flexibility. While Canadian oil demand remained stable, exports of crude oil increased by one-third and imports by one-half. Export prices followed world trends with light crude oil export prices declining from $C 40/bl to $C 15 in July 1986. Natural gas exports were down by 17% in the first nine months of the 1986 contract year. This period coincides with the implementation of the Agreement on Natural Gas Markets and Prices, but was also a period marked by declines in US gas prices, declining US gas demand, and significant changes in US gas industry regulation. Prices for gas exports by licence have been renegotiated and some short-term interruptible sales have been made. Export prices approached those for interprovincial sales, which typically offered a better load factor. Licence holders have been able to average export prices over all sales under a licence to satisfy the minimum export price requirement in relation to the domestic reference price. As a result, since the Agreement of 31 October 1985, all renegotiated prices for exports of gas by licence have been approved. The factors having the most impact on gas exports by licence appear to be the 6% decline in US gas demand, limitations on pipeline access during the period of transition in US pipeline regulation, priority given by US pipelines to managing lower-48 take-or-pay obligations, and the changing role of US pipelines to being transporters rather than merchants of gas to the detriment of some Canadian gas export contracts. Exports by licence were at a level of 42% of authorized volumes for most of 1986. Volume authorizations were therefore, not an impediment to exports by licence. There was no volume restriction for short-term exports by order. Gas exports by short-term interruptible order faced US pipeline access restrictions but were affected by the domestic reference price floor. Short-term interruptible exports grew rapidly after the Agreement, peaking in January 1986 and then declined as US competitive prices fell below comparable Canadian domestic prices. Short-term interruptible exports have accounted for only 3% of total exports in the first nine months of the current contract year. Canada's disappointing 1985–6 gas export performance was attributable to weak US gas markets, changing US market structures, and delayed US regulatory change. Although there has been some impact on short-term interruptible sales, the overall decline in gas exports was not significantly relatable to Canadian gas export regulation.
Knowledge Acquisition and Technology-Supported Projects in the Social Studies for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Okolo Cynthia M. , Ferretti Ralph P. 
Published: January 2017

All citizens are expected to participate in the processes of democratic decision making in the postschool years, and the goals of social studies education have long included the preparation of an informed citizenry. However, surveys show that social studies instruction is often not provided for students with disabilities, and those that receive instruction do poorly compared to their nondisabled peers. Students' poor performance is exacerbated by the reliance on “inconsiderate” textbooks that are often poorly organized, lacking in content, and devoid of important background information. Project-based instruction is an alternative to the exclusive reliance on textbook-based instruction in the social studies. Students investigate a problem or question and develop artifacts based on these investigations. In this study, students with learning disabilities, working under two different conditions, developed projects about factors that precipitated the American Revolutionary War. Students in both conditions worked cooperatively to learn about some aspect of the Revolutionary War, and they then contributed to the construction and presentation of a group report about the topic. However, students in one group had access to word processing tools, and the other had access to word processing and multimedia presentation tools in developing their projects. Analyses of students' knowledge revealed a substantial improvement in both conditions after the completion of the projects.
Mainstreaming an Unorganized Industry: The Case of Suguna Poultry
Authors: Ramesh G 
Published: January 2017

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) framework is quite rich with its concepts like sustainability, mainstreaming, stakeholders and their inclusiveness, citizenship, etc. The debate in CSR is increasingly about making it a part of core business process rather than treating it as a compliance function. In this context, the business model of Suguna Poultry was studied and it was observed that it can help in understanding the deeper meanings of these concepts in a concrete way. Suguna Poultry was started by two brothers, Soundararajan and Sundararajan with 200 birds 25 years back in Udumalpet, a small town in Tamil Nadu. After a lot of struggle and persistence, it scaled to reach a turnover of Rs.30,180 million in 2009, with presence in 11 states. The case is about how it managed to mesh its Business Model and Revenue Model with a Sustainable Development Model. The CSR theme is closely linked to their growth strategies and the entrepreneurs� basic philosophy towards business and stakeholders. The contribution of Suguna in the context of mainstreaming poultry industry, which belonged to unorganized sector in India are: It converted a commodity market into a product market It converted a neighbourhood market into a national market It pioneered several process innovations which changed the character of the industry itself. The business model is based on contract farming. It contributed mainly through (i) risk mitigation for the farmers which is their major bane and (ii) by providing integrated service which reduced the stages of intermediation and cost of transaction. Their process model emerges as a combination of (a) choice of appropriate technology, (b) extended organizational processes, and (c) value creating processes. The CSR aspects that emerge from the Suguna case are: Its Sustainable business model, which works for the benefit of the immediate as well as stakeholders at large. They achieved this through their entire value chain over a vast area. Achieving CSR within a ‘for profit’ objective and a ‘commercial orientation’ rather than through �charitable orientation. It offered a market relationship to farmers and not a benign or charitable relationship. This made the debt-ridden farmers self-confident entrepreneurs. Embedding CSR concerns in their core business processes and in the value system of management. The promoters as well as managers closely identify themselves with the contract farmers. Ensuring inclusive value chain model wherein all its stakeholders like growers, retailers, and customers are benefitted, and so one segment gains at the cost of another.
Changes in Wakefulness during Exposure to Noise at 42 Hz, 1000 Hz and Individual EEG Frequencies
Authors: Landström Ulf , Byström Marianne , Nordström Bertil 
Published: January 2017

This report includes two investigations. Investigation 1 was carried out in order to study the correlation between changes in wakefulness and exposure to low frequency and high frequency noise. The investigation included 20 subjects. Changes in wakefulness were analysed through EEG- and EKG-recordings. The results of the experiment indicate a reduction in wakefulness during exposure to a repeating 42Hz, 70dB signal and an increase in wakefulness during a repeating 1000Hz, 30dB signal. Investigation 2 was made in order to analyse the correlation between the tiring effect of low frequency noise and the individual EEG signals. Special interest was thus directed towards the question whether drowsiness is influenced by a synergetic effect between sound and EEG frequencies. The design of the experiment was made in order to obtain a noise exposure continuously regulated by the EEG of the subject. Changes in wakefulness were analysed through spectral analysis of the EEG and ECG. The results of the investigation did not show any significant proofs for the theory that drowsiness is influenced by a synergetic correlation between sound waves and sound coordinated EEG. Further conclusions should be based on larger experiments.
Effect of Li2O Doping on the Surface and Catalytic Properties of NiO Solid
Authors: El-Shobaky Hala G. , Fagal Gehan A. , Attia Amina A. , Hassan Neven A. 
Published: January 2017

The influence of Li2O treatment (0.19–0.75 mol%) on the surface and catalytic properties of NiO were investigated using nitrogen adsorption at −196°C and the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 at 30–50°C. Pure and treated solid samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 300°C, 500°C and 700°C, respectively. The results obtained revealed that Li2O treatment of NiO solid brought about a measurable decrease (30–63%) in its BET surface area, SBET, and a decrease of 20–44% in its total pore volume, Vp, especially for the solid samples calcined at 700°C. The observed decrease in the SBET value of NiO due to treatment with Li2O was attributed to transformation of some of the Ni2+ ions into Ni3+ ions with a subsequent contraction in the lattice and also to pore widening. The catalytic activities of all the doped catalyst samples investigated showed that their catalytic activity was smaller than that measured for the untreated samples. The catalytic activity, expressed as the reaction rate constant per unit surface area (k), was effectively decreased by the doping process. Although this process increased the number of Ni3+ ions, it decreased the activity of the treated solids because of the formation of Li+–Ni3+ ion pairs which could not readily exchange electrons with the reacting substrate (H2O2). The formation of such ion pairs may take place at sites associated with the most active Ni2+ ions. The doping process did not modify the mechanism of the catalytic reaction but decreased the concentration of active sites involved in the catalysis of H2O2 decomposition without changing their energetic nature.
The Representation of Cables Subjected to General Loading
Authors: Ahmadi-Kashani K. , Bell A. J. 
Published: January 2017

This paper is concerned with the development of a general 3D cable element suitable for use in the analysis of cable structures such as guyed masts and underwater cable systems. The element can adequately model structural cables subjected to completely general loading. The loading may be specified as a function of a Lagrangian coordinate along either the strained or the unstrained length of the cable, and/or as a function of the deformed geometry of the cable. This element is particularly suitable for use in situations where there is a strong interaction between the loading and cable profiles. Examples of structures in which such situations arise are subsea cable systems subjected to current loading and guyed masts under the action of wind and ice loading. In the development of the general cable element, two sets of quantities, i.e. equivalent nodal forces and the tangent stiffness relationships, need to be evaluated. Consideration of equilibrium and compatibility conditions together with the constitutive relationship for a single hanging cable subjected to external loading has led to the development of three simultaneous non-linear equations. The unknowns in these equations are determined using the Newton-Raphson technique to obtain the equivalent nodal forces. Initial estimates are found using simple but accurate formulae which have been developed for this purpose. Based on these equations a method for the determination of the tangent stiffness relationship for the general cable element is described. This method is shown to be particularly efficient in terms of computation. In order to demonstrate the versatility of the general cable element it has been used in the analysis of a stay of a guyed mast and an undersea guyed tower.
Self-Tensioning Spherical Structures: Single and Double Layer Spheroids
Authors: Emmerich David 
Published: January 2017

A self-tensioning framework is made up of bars and ties, where the compression bars are isolated from each other, and the tension ties form a continuous polyhedric network. Every regular and semiregular polyhedron can be realised in such a manner, thus giving as many regular single layer spheric structures. Some basic self-tensioning simplexes can be connected together to form double layer frameworks. Thus using the composite polyhedra as building patterns larger spherical structures can be realised. In all these configurations, compression members are “floating” in a continuous tensional network, all components being rigidly spread out and at the same time united together under the effect of prestress, without the necessity of anchorage or other forces external to the system – the same as in a self-supporting structure – hence our term: self-tensioning.
Techniques of Compositional Geometrical Shape Forming for Crystalline Dome Shells
Authors: Golov G.M. 
Published: January 2017

This paper considers compositional-geometrical-shape forming of crystalline dome shells (CDS) examined by investigating objective properties of basic shapes, vis. regular crystalline polyhedra and their derivatives. The analysis of these properties reveals the main techniques for defining, constructing and exposing CDS forms proposed for use in designing dome structures.
Geometric Design of Deploybale Structures with Discrete Joint Size
Authors: Gantes C.J. , Logcher R.D. , Connor J.J. , Rosenfeld Y. 
Published: January 2017

This paper presents further developments in the geometric design of deployable structures that are self-standing and stress-free in both the deployed and collapsed configurations. The basic geometric design philosophy of these structures has been explained in previous publications. Furthermore, guidelines for the geometric design of polygonal and trapezoidal units for flat and curved structures have been proposed. The size of the joints has been assumed to be infinitesimally small. In reality however, the joints have certain discrete dimensions that have to be taken into account. This paper presents a more realistic geometric design procedure allowing for discrete joint sizes. First, a simple but accurate model is adopted for the joints that treats them as a grid of bars that are hinged to the members of the structure. Then, the geometric constraints and deployability conditions derived earlier are modified to account for joint size. Regular polygonal units for flat and curved structures, and trapezoidal units for flat structures are covered. An example of a medium size model is presented, where adjustments for the joint size had to be made during geometric design. Finally, the influence of joint size in the structural response during deployment is illustrated.
Buckling of Reticulated Shells: State-of-the-Art
Authors: Gioncu Victor 
Published: January 2017

In spite of spectacular development of reticulated shells, at least one problem has not yet been solved satisfactorily and that is the problem of buckling. The instability of isolated members is still an open question, while the instability of continuous shells is one of the most instricate problems of structural mechanics. Since reticulated shells have common feature with both lattice structures and shells, the characteristic difficulties of both types of structures are cumulated and amplified. The purpose of this report is to present the state-of-the-art of the buckling problems and the up-to-date bibliography for the reticulated shells. Many valuable theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out. However, from the designer's point of view, the situation cannot be considered satisfactory. It is of prime importance to have information concerning the essential factors influencing the behaviour, presented in the simplest possible form, emphasizing the essence of the phenomena.