bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a program for pediatric urological care in the community
Authors: Papanikolaou Frank , Lee Linda 
Published: February 2017

The growth of large metropolitan areas across Canada has fostered the need to provide tertiary care to patients outside of the traditional university-affiliated hospitals. Subspecialty urology care at centres of excellence in the community includes urological oncology, men’s health, community urology, and pediatric urology. The two of us have developed such centres of excellence in pediatric urology in the communitysettings of Mississauga, ON, and Victoria, BC. This article highlights personal experiences in developing these programs and the lessons learned. It is hoped that this can help guide similar undertakings by others to develop centres of excellence in subspecialty urology care so as to bring care closer to patients’ homes.
Origen in the Likeness of Philo: Eusebius of Caesarea’s Portrait of the Model Scholar
Authors: Rogers Justin M. 
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the similarities between the biographical presentations of Philo and Origen in Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. The tension Eusebius feels between Philo Christianus and Philo Judaeus is certainly detectible in his presentation of the Therapeutae, a group about whom Philo reports and whom Eusebius considers the first Egyptian Christians. Eusebius recognizes that Philo is exegetically closer to Christianity, and religiously closer to Judaism. This realization creates an ambiguity in the Ecclesiastical History in which Philo is presented explicitly neither as Jew nor Christian, but can be identified as either.
Variantangivelser i en dansk produktionsordbog ud fra eksempler med fleksionsangivelser i Retskrivningsordbogen
Authors: Bergenholtz Henning 
Published: February 2017

Looking at articles on language in the newspapers, you will find it striking how many readers are interested in the permissibility of certain expressions. How can we decide if a word or an inflection is allowed? Some people think that the use gives the necessary answers, while others are of the opinion that the customs and especially the language customs are degenerating and therefore cannot serve as decision maker. More than 270 years ago this battle was fought under the watchwords: usus tyrannus and usus imper-ans. This was of course not the first attempt to define the differences between descrip-tive and prescriptive linguistics, and it was indeed not the last one. Despite of that now no really convincing solutions have been given until now. This is due not only to diffe-rent opinions on the relation between the use of the language and its rules, but also to the following factors: (a) the empirical basis of the description, and (b) the aim of the description. In this article it will be shown that purely descriptive information does not help clearly enough by problems on language production, and that extremely prescriptive information helps too little by problems on language reception. In other words, we need prescriptive rules for production and descriptive ones for reception. For this form of prescription which builds on a selection on descriptive data we introduce the expression proscription.
Compacting and correcting Trinity and Oases RNA-Seq de novo assemblies
Authors: Cabau Cédric , Escudié Frédéric , Djari Anis , Guiguen Yann , Bobe Julien , Klopp Christophe 
Published: February 2017

Background
De novo transcriptome assembly of short reads is now a common step in expression analysis of organisms lacking a reference genome sequence. Several software packages are available to perform this task. Even if their results are of good quality it is still possible to improve them in several ways including redundancy reduction or error correction. Trinity and Oases are two commonly used de novo transcriptome assemblers. The contig sets they produce are of good quality. Still, their compaction (number of contigs needed to represent the transcriptome) and their quality (chimera and nucleotide error rates) can be improved.

Results
We built a de novo RNA-Seq Assembly Pipeline (DRAP) which wraps these two assemblers (Trinity and Oases) in order to improve their results regarding the above-mentioned criteria. DRAP reduces from 1.3 to 15 fold the number of resulting contigs of the assemblies depending on the read set and the assembler used. This article presents seven assembly comparisons showing in some cases drastic improvements when using DRAP. DRAP does not significantly impair assembly quality metrics such are read realignment rate or protein reconstruction counts.

Conclusion
Transcriptome assembly is a challenging computational task even if good solutions are already available to end-users, these solutions can still be improved while conserving the overall representation and quality of the assembly. The de novo RNA-Seq Assembly Pipeline (DRAP) is an easy to use software package to produce compact and corrected transcript set. DRAP is free, open-source and available under GPL V3 license at http://www.sigenae.org/drap.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 negatively impacts photosynthesis through radiative forcing and physiology‐mediated climate feedback
Authors: Zhu Peng , Zhuang Qianlai , Ciais Philippe , Welp Lisa , Li Wenyu , Xin Qinchuan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 affects photosynthesis involving directly increasing leaf carboxylation rates, stomatal closure, and climatic effects. The direct effects are generally thought to be positive leading to increased photosynthesis, while its climatic effects can be regionally positive or negative. These effects are usually considered to be independent from each other, but they are in fact coupled through interactions between land surface exchanges of gases and heat and the physical climate system. In particular, stomatal closure reduces evapotranspiration and increases sensible heat emissions from ecosystems, leading to decreased atmospheric moisture and precipitation and local warming. We use a coupled earth system model to attribute the influence of the increase in CO2 on gross primary productivity (GPP) during the period of 1930–2011. In our model, CO2 radiative effects cause climate change that has only a negligible effect on global GPP (a reduction of 0.9 ± 2% during the last 80 years) because of opposite responses between tropical and northern biomes. On the other hand, CO2 physiological effects on GPP are both positive, by increased carboxylation rates and water use efficiency (7.1 ± 0.48% increase), and negative, by vegetation‐climate feedback reducing precipitation, as a consequence of decreased transpiration and increased sensible heat in areas without water limitation (2.7 ± 1.76% reduction).When considering the coupled atmosphere‐vegetation system, negative climate feedback on photosynthesis and plant growth due to the current level of CO2 opposes 29–38% of the gains from direct fertilization effects.
Evidence of erosional self‐channelization of pyroclastic density currents revealed by ground‐penetrating radar imaging at Mount St. Helens, Washington (USA)
Authors: Gase Andrew C. , Brand Brittany D. , Bradford John H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe causes and effects of erosion are among the least understood aspects of pyroclastic density current (PDC) dynamics. Evidence is especially limited for erosional self‐channelization, a process whereby PDCs erode a channel that confines the body of the eroding flow or subsequent flows. We use ground‐penetrating radar imaging to trace a large PDC scour and fill from outcrop to its point of inception and discover a second, larger PDC scour and fill. The scours are among the largest PDC erosional features on record, at >200 m wide and at least 500 m long; estimated eroded volumes are on the order of 106 m3. The scours are morphologically similar to incipient channels carved by turbidity currents. Erosion may be promoted by a moderate slope (5–15°), substrate pore pressure retention, and pulses of increased flow energy. These findings are the first direct evidence of erosional self‐channelization by PDCs, a phenomenon that may increase flow velocity and runout distance through confinement and substrate erosion.
Right Node Raising
Authors: Citko Barbara 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines a construction known as Right Node Raising (RNR). There are many questions that RNR raises, and perhaps the most widely debated ones concern the position of the ‘right node raised’ element: is it located outside both conjuncts, inside only one of them, or perhaps inside both conjuncts simultaneously? All three possibilities have been explored in the literature. On some accounts, RNR initially involves two copies of the shared element, one in each conjunct, which undergo rightward across‐the‐board movement to a position above the coordination level. On other accounts, one of the copies undergoes deletion; and yet, on others, a single copy is literally shared between the two conjuncts, resulting in a multidominant structure. After introducing the existing accounts of RNR, this chapter turns to the diagnostics that have been used to weigh in on the choice between them. These include constituency, case, agreement, reconstruction effects, binding, islandhood, scope, compatibility with relational modifiers, vehicle change effects, and the availability of strict versus sloppy identity readings. Interestingly, with respect to some of these diagnostics, the shared element behaves as if it were inside both conjuncts; with respect to others, it behaves as if it were outside both of them; and with respect to still others, it behaves as if it were only in one.
On the adaptive control of cooperative robots with time‐variant holonomic constraints
Authors: Pliego‐Jimenez Javier , Arteaga‐Perez Marco 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIn this work, we consider the problem of 2 robots handling a rigid object, while model‐parameter uncertainties are assumed. It is also assumed that the manipulators can push but not pull the object. Several control schemes proposed in the literature attempt to control the position of the object rather than its orientation. However, many industrial tasks require to move and to rotate the object. To this end, we propose an adaptive hybrid position/force control law based on time‐variant holonomic constraints, which allow for object position and orientation control. Our approach guarantees that the force error asymptotically converges to 0; therefore, a stable grasp can be accomplished by means of a proper definition of the desired pushing force. In addition, a dynamic model of the cooperative system based on the load distribution and joint‐space orthogonalization principles is developed. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed dynamic model and control scheme.
Changing the surgical dogma in frontal sinus trauma: transnasal endoscopic repair
Authors: Grayson Jessica W. , Jeyarajan Hari , Illing Elisa A. , Cho Do‐Yeon , Riley Kristen O. , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundManagement of frontal sinus trauma includes coronal or direct open approaches through skin incisions to either ablate or obliterate the frontal sinus for posterior table fractures and openly reduce/internally fixate fractured anterior tables. The objective of this prospective case‐series study was to evaluate outcomes of frontal sinus anterior and posterior table trauma using endoscopic techniques.MethodsProspective evaluation of patients undergoing surgery for frontal sinus fractures was performed. Data were collected regarding demographics, etiology, technique, operative site, length involving the posterior table, size of skull base defects, complications, and clinical follow‐up.ResultsForty‐six patients (average age, 42 years) with frontal sinus fractures were treated using endoscopic techniques from 2008 to 2016. Mean follow‐up was 26 (range, 0.5 to 79) months. Patients were treated primarily with a Draf IIb frontal sinusotomies. Draf III was used in 8 patients. Average fracture defect (length vs width) was 17.1 × 9.1 mm, and the average length involving the posterior table was 13.1 mm. Skull base defects were covered with either nasoseptal flaps or free tissue grafts. One individual required Draf IIb revision, but all sinuses were patent on final examination and all closed reductions of anterior table defects resulted in cosmetically acceptable outcomes.ConclusionFrontal sinus trauma has traditionally been treated using open approaches. Our findings show that endoscopic management should become part of the management algorithm for frontal sinus trauma, which challenges current surgical dogma regarding mandatory open approaches.
Clinical outcomes of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas based on tumor etiology
Authors: Yan Carol H. , Newman Jason G. , Kennedy David W. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the sinonasal cavity is a rare entity that arises as either de‐novo tumors or from inverted papillomas (IPs). In this study we evaluate and compare oncologic outcomes of sinonasal SCCs based on their etiology and treatment strategy.MethodsThis investigation was a single‐center, retrospective review comparing de‐novo SCCs (n = 28) and those associated with IPs (n = 38) resected during the period from 2000 to 2015. Demographic and tumor data, surgical approach, recurrence, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThere was no statistical difference when comparing age, smoking history, tumor origin, or tumor stage of our patients with de‐novo sinonasal SCC (DN‐SCC) vs IP‐transformed SCC (IP‐SCC). IP‐SCC tumors demonstrated better overall survival (p = 0.065) and disease‐specific survival (p = 0.041) compared with DN‐SCC. Early T‐stage IP‐SCC tumors had better disease‐free survival compared with early T‐stage DN‐SCC tumors (p = 0.002). Distant metastasis was an independent prognostic factor of worse disease‐specific survival (p = 0.002). SCC disease‐specific survival was not affected by surgical resection technique.ConclusionSCC tumors arising from IPs appear to have improved disease‐specific survival compared with de‐novo sinonasal SCC tumors. The oncologic differences between the 2 groups are found primarily among the early‐stage tumors.
Palladium‐Mediated Arylation of Lysine in Unprotected Peptides
Authors: Lee Hong Geun , Lautrette Guillaume , Pentelute Bradley L. , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA mild method for the arylation of lysine in an unprotected peptide is presented. In the presence of a preformed biarylphosphine‐supported palladium(II)–aryl complex and a weak base, lysine amino groups underwent C−N bond formation at room temperature. The process generally exhibited high selectivity for lysine over other amino acids containing nucleophilic side chains and was applicable to the conjugation of a variety of organic compounds, including complex drug molecules, with an array of peptides. Finally, this method was also successfully applied to the formation of cyclic peptides by macrocyclization.
Outer‐Sphere 2 e−/2 H+ Transfer Reactions of Ruthenium(II)‐Amine and Ruthenium(IV)‐Amido Complexes
Authors: Cattaneo Mauricio , Ryken Scott A. , Mayer James M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA diverse set of 2 e−/2 H+ reactions are described that interconvert [RuII(bpy)(en*)2]2+ and [RuIV(bpy)(en‐H*)2]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, en*=H2NCMe2CMe2NH2, en*‐H=H2NCMe2CMe2NH−), forming or cleaving different O−H, N−H, S−H, and C−H bonds. The reactions involve quinones, hydrazines, thiols, and 1,3‐cyclohexadiene. These proton‐coupled electron transfer reactions occur without substrate binding to the ruthenium center, but instead with precursor complex formation by hydrogen bonding. The free energies of the reactions vary over more than 90 kcal mol−1, but the rates are more dependent on the type of X−H bond involved than the associated ΔG°. There is a kinetic preference for substrates that have the transferring hydrogen atoms in close proximity, such as ortho‐tetrachlorobenzoquinone over its para‐isomer and 1,3‐cyclohexadiene over its 1,4‐isomer, perhaps hinting at the potential for concerted 2 e−/2 H+ transfers.
Patchy Nanofibers from the Thin Film Self‐Assembly of a Conjugated Diblock Copolymer
Authors: Kynaston Emily L. , Fang Yuan , Manion Joseph G. , Obhi Nimrat K. , Howe Jane Y. , Perepichka Dmitrii F. , Seferos Dwight S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn unexpected morphology comprising patchy nanofibers can be accessed from the self‐assembly of an all‐conjugated, polyselenophene‐block‐polythiophene copolymer. This morphology consists of very small (<10 nm), polythiophene‐ and polyselenophene‐rich domains and is unprecedented for both conjugated polymers and diblock copolymers in general. We propose that the patchy morphology occurs from the enhanced miscibility of the blocks arising from the longer alkyl chains in comparison to similar block copolymers with shorter alkyl chains, which fully phase separate, as well as the difference in rigidity between the polythiophene and polyselenophene blocks. This work demonstrates a facile way to tune the self‐assembly behavior of conjugated block copolymers by modification of the side chain substituents.
Effect of side‐chain functionality on the organic field‐effect transistor performance of oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives
Authors: Chini Mrinmoy Kumar , Chatterjee Shyambo 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIn order to observe the effects of the substitution of electronegative flourine with aromatic groups in oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) compounds on their packing, morphology, and charge carrier mobility, we have synthesized napthol‐substituted oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) compounds and examined their solubility, redox properties, thin film morphologies, and charge carrier properties. To date, very few examples of conjugated oligomers bearing napthol side groups have been reported in the literature. After annealing at 150 °C, the mobility of S1, S2, and S3 was 4.0 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, 1.2 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, and 2.6 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44825.
Effects of ultrasonic vibration on the rheological behavior of high‐density polyethylene composites filled with flash aluminum flake pigments
Authors: Hong Xinmi , Xiao Xiaoting , Zhang Zhengrong , Zhang J. J. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe metallic effect of polymer composites was produced through the loading of flash aluminum flake pigments (FAFPs) into polymers. This production method could eliminate postprocessing techniques, such as spray coating, painting, or metallization. We used a self‐improved, ultrasound‐assisted capillary rheometer to explore the rheological behavior of high‐density polyethylene composites filled with FAFPs in the absence and presence of ultrasound treatment. The effects of the ultrasound intensity, experimental temperature, filler content, and particle size on the composite viscosity were studied. The results show that the composite viscosity not only decreased as the ultrasound intensity, experimental temperature, and particle size increased but also decreased as the filler content decreased. A viscosity model of the polymer melts was proposed to illustrate the relationship between the viscosity and ultrasonic intensity. The viscosity obeyed the equations under ultrasonic vibration. The predicted results for the composite viscosity complied greatly with the experimental values. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44906.
Irradiation dose control for polymer‐matrix composites fabricated by in situ curing with low‐energy electron beam
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Duan Yugang , Zhao Xinming , Wang Ben 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe electron beam (EB) with emitting energies lower than 150 keV is applicable in in situ curing of polymer‐matrix composites; however, being poor in penetration ability, it leads to significant attenuation of irradiation dose along the prepreg thickness. In this study, polymer‐matrix composites were fabricated by low‐energy EB irradiation curing, and the effect of dose control of double‐sided irradiation was systematically investigated. Experimental results showed that laminates fabricated by single‐sided irradiated prepregs were low in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) owing to incomplete curing after being post cured at 180 °C for 30 min. A double‐sided irradiation method which included irradiation of equal dose and different doses on both sides of the prepreg was proposed to overcome this difficulty. Analysis showed that under a total dose of 70 and 100 kGy, the ILSS results were high owing to the low curing degree of two adhesive surfaces; under a total dose of 130 and 160 kGy, laminates fabricated with different EB irradiation doses on both sides exhibited enhanced ILSS compared to those with equal dose on both sides, owing to physical adhesion and chemical crosslinking between layers. The ILSS results exhibited the largest increase of 18.9 and 60.5%, respectively, by tuning the dose differences between both sides of the prepregs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44944.
Differential responses of Helicoverpa armigera C‐type immunlectin genes to the endoparasitoid Campoletis chlorideae
Authors: Wang Xiong‐Ya , Bai Su‐Fen , Li Xin , An Shi‐Heng , Yin Xin‐Ming , Li Xian‐Chun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe C‐type lectins mediate nonself recognition in insects. The previous studies focused on host immunlectin response to bacterial infection; however, the molecular basis of immunlectin reactions to endoparasitoids has not been elucidated. The present study investigated the effect of parasitization by Campoletis chlorideae on hemagglutination activity (HA; defined as the ability of lectin to agglutinate erythrocytes or other cells), and transcriptional expression of C‐type immunlectin genes in the larval host, Helicoverpa armigera. Parasitization induced four‐ to eightfold higher HA in the parasitized larvae, compared to nonparasitized larvae at days 2 and 6 postparasitization (PP), however inhibited HA at other days PP. Eight C‐type lectins were differentially expressed in different host developmental stages, from feeding to wandering stage. The mRNA levels of HaCTL1, HaCTL3, HaCTL4, and HaCTL5 were upregulated and HaCTL2 and HaCTL7 were downregulated. Tissue analysis showed that HaCTLs were mainly expressed in fat body or hemocytes, while HaCTL5 was highly expressed in testes. The effects of parasitization on the lectin expression patterns differed. Lectins except HaCTL6 or HaCTL5 were significantly down‐ or upregulated in parasitized larvae at day 4 or 6 PP compared with that of nonparasitized larvae. We infer from our results that C‐type immunlectins are involved in host–parasitoid interactions, and parasitization alter host immunlectin levels both in inhibiting and promoting host immune defenses to endoparasitoids. These immunlectin genes indicated an altered physiological status of the host insect, depending on developmental stage, tissue, and parasitization.