bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Stable and Fast Operating Door for Use With Pipelines and Launchers / Receivers of Various Diameters
Authors: Salim Abu , Perry Marney D. , Krogue John A. , Walker Allen 
Published: October 2016

The oil and gas pipelines are spread around the world in all nations as complex networks. The increased usage of gas is rapidly increasing this network. These networks are generally made from various diameters of pipes. The pipelines are serviced on as required basis, using pig launcher and receivers to suit the pipe diameter. Pigs of different types may be launched in different sequences, to clean the pipes and to obtain various data related to pipe condition and location. The pig launching and receiving process uses rapid pressure changes in the launcher and receiver and some magnitude of impact may be experienced by the unit. This process also requires frequent access to the launcher/receiver unit. To have an efficient and cost effective usage of the launcher/receiver unit, it is essential to have a door mechanism, which is safe, robust, capable of the above loading conditions, requires minimum service and is easy to use. PECO has recently developed & designed a door, which incorporates ail the above requirements. The door was put to high pressure testing and the test results were so encouraging that PECO named it SafeLock® Closure. The design was developed with gas pipelines in mind. However it is equally applicable to vessels, exchangers and other metal openings where quick, frequent and easy access is required.
Safety has been the prime concern through out the design and development process of this closure. Therefore the final product has resulted in a very safe closure.
The initial design of the SafeLock® door / closure used a spring load to make it easy in operation. This was removed in the later design. The segmental blocks, usually called C-ring segments, are operated to move in and out of the shell-sub annulus. The closure opening and closing is performed by the use of a single lever arm. This way only one person can operate (open and close) the door / closure. For opening and closing, the lever-arm needs to be rotated less than 40 degree angle. The rotation direction of the lever arm in closing is reverse of that in opening. The door / head can be fully retrieved from the shell-sub and rest by the side of the launcher/receiver to provide complete access to the opening.
This door / closure provides quick access to launcher / receiver, pig traps, meter provers, filter vessel, scrubber, scraper, manway to pressure vessel, etc. This closure can be mounted in the vertical or horizontal position. During change of filter elements, launching a pig, quick access to container under pressure, this closure door is designed to provide a safe and fast service.
The construction, operation, design details and application of the new closure door are included in this paper and explained with the help of the design diagrams and photographs.
Multiple Magnetization Level MFL for Pipeline Mechanical Damage Characterization
Authors: Bubenik T. A. , Nestleroth J. B. , Davis R. J. , Haines Harvey 
Published: October 2016

Mechanical damage, caused by externally applied forces, can deform the cylindrical shape of a pipe, scrape away metal, change material properties, and leave residual stresses and plastic strains. Mechanical damage is especially detrimental when it leaves the potential for delayed failure. In-line inspection tools both must detect mechanical damage and characterize parameters such as microstructure changes, residual stresses and extent of removed metal. These are the parameters that determine whether a defect is a candidate for delayed failure.
Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is commonly used for nondestructive detection and sizing of corrosion and metal-loss defects in pipelines, and it is sometimes cited as useful for detecting mechanical damage. Flux leakage from mechanical damage results from geometric and magnetic changes. The geometric part of the flux leakage signal is caused by denting, metal-loss, and wall thinning. The magnetic part of the signal is caused by cold work, plastic deformation and residual stress.
At high magnetization levels, MFL signals are due mostly to defect geometry, such as metal-loss length, depth, and shape. At lower magnetization levels, the signals are caused by both geometric and magnetic deformation. To determine the signal due to magnetic deformation only, the geometric MFL signal obtained at high magnetization levels can be scaled and subtracted from the mixed MFL signal obtained at a low magnetization level. In this way, the MFL signal can be decoupled into its geometric and magnetic components.
Using the decoupled magnetic signal, information on cold work, plastic deformation, and residual stresses can be gleaned. This paper shows that scaling of high magnetization level signals is possible and differences between signals at multiple magnetization levels provide unique information about the nature of mechanical damage defects. Representative results from hundreds of mechanical damage defect examined are discussed. Included in the analysis are the effects of pipe material and inspection variables, such as pressure and inspection speed. Prospects for tool design and application for in-line inspection are also presented.
This work was supported by Department of Transportation, Office of Pipeline Safety.
Standardized Methodology for Inhibitor Evaluation and Qualification for Pipeline Applications
Authors: Papavinasam Sankara , Revie R. Winston , Attard Michael , Demoz Alebachew , Donini John C. , Michaelian Kirk 
Published: October 2016

Based on the literature database and information from pipeline companies, the methodologies used to select inhibitors were critically reviewed. Round robin tests were carried out in three laboratories to assess reproducibility of the wheel test. In total, twelve (12) laboratory methodologies were evaluated.
Field monitoring was carried out in Alberta at three fields — oily gas, gassy oil and oil transmitting — to support the laboratory evaluation, and to define the conditions under which specific laboratory methodologies can be used with the confidence that the laboratory data will predict field performance. Based on a quantitative comparison of field and laboratory general corrosion rates, pitting rates, and percentage inhibition (calculated from general corrosion rates and pitting rates) under three (3) different field conditions using four (4) continuous and two (2) batch inhibitors, the rotating cage, was ranked as the top methodology. In addition, this methodology is inexpensive and relatively simple to carry out.
The rotating cage is recommended as a methodology to be standardized for evaluating and qualifying inhibitors for sour service.
Instrumentation and Geotechnical Assessment of Local Pipe Wrinkling on the Norman Wells Pipeline
Authors: Oswell James M. , Hanna Alan J. , Doblanko Richard M. , Wilkie Scott A. 
Published: October 2016

A review of data collected by an inertial pigging tool found that a short section on the Norman Wells Pipeline had experienced an increase in internal diameter, which suggested that the pipeline had experienced a localized wrinkle.
Slope and pipeline instrumentation was installed at the site during an investigative dig and was monitored for one year before the wrinkled section was excavated and replaced. Following pipe replacement, additional slope indicators were installed, along with thermistor cables to monitor the performance of the slope.
The slope indicators indicate that some “creep-like” movement was taking place. Numerical modeling of potential loading mechanisms showed that a combination of deep burial, thaw settlement and mass movement of the soil could strain the pipe to the point of yielding.
Factors of Safety for Design and Requalification of Pipelines and Risers in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Rommel Burbano B. N. , Leonel Lara M. 
Published: October 2016

This paper summarizes the fundamental aspects of the development of the Risk Assessment and Management (RAM) approach to define factors of safety for design and reassessment of pipelines and risers in the Bay of Campeche, Mexico. Based on a cost-benefit analysis associated to a particular development and generic type of system, as well as legal regulatory to national requirements, the target reliabilities for the system are defined. These target reliabilities are addressed in four quality attributes of the system: serviceability, safety, durability, and compatibility. The variabilities, uncertainties, and biases associated to the demands and capacities of the pipeline for the design and reassessment criteria are evaluated, and the factors of safety or allowable stress factors for single and combined in-place loadings are determined.
The traditional Working Stress Design (WSD) format for guidelines is used here. This format utilizes a nominal “static” loading to define the serviceability response characteristics and strength of the structure.
Technical and Engineering Challenges Faced in Design of the Gelugor Mainline, Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Khairiri Ahmad , Ghani Abdul 
Published: October 2016

PETRONAS Gas Berhad (PGB), a listed partly-owned subsidiary of PETRONAS is undertaking the Peninsular Gas Utilization Project - Stage III (PGU III). The PGU III Sector 2 & 3 project extends from Lumut, Perak to Pauh, Perlis on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, with two laterals, the Gurun Lateral and the Penang Lateral. The Penang Lateral is further divided into the Prai Lateral, Gelugor Mainline and the Gelugor Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) Meter Station project individually.
This paper will focus its’ discussion on the technical and engineering challenges faced in the design of the Gelugor Mainline Project. The Gelugor Mainline consist of about 7 km NPS 24 gas pipeline which runs from TNB Prai Power Plant of the mainline to TNB Gelugor Power Plant on the Penang Island. The pipeline is planned to operate at high pressure. The pipeline route traverses complex terrain with varied seabed lithology with depth up to 16m. The pipeline will cross active shipping lane, zones of live electrical cables, extensive system of submarine pipeline, mudbank and areas susceptible to mass gravity flows. There is also an area subjected to future development with an expected 170 kN/m2 distributed load with 3 m covers required which is an expressway and Light Rapid Transportation (LRT) system, the proposed development of a “Vision City” is also a few meters away from the pipeline. The pipeline also passes by an environmentally sensitive area that includes the rearing of caged fishing activities.
It is essential for the project team to determine and investigate the variable risks to the pipeline in order to take appropriate evasive and mitigating action in design. This required comprehensive survey activities in the busy shipping straits. The paper will explore and detail out its’ study starting from the description of the design concept to the varied environmental challenges. This paper aims to describe the route selection process, the pipeline design process and outline some of the specialist techniques employed in the design construction of the Gelugor Mainline, Penang, Malaysia. In nearly every major project a drive for cost and risk reduction results in a number of new ideas with varying degree of impact. Hence, the following areas will be elaborated and presented in greater details:
• Pipeline Design.
• Pipe-lay vessel.
• Pipeline installation methodology.
The Performance of Drag Reducing Agent in Three Phase Slug Flow and Annular Flow
Authors: Kang C. , Vedapuri D. , Jepson W. P. 
Published: October 2016

Experiments have been carried out in a 36-m long, 10-cm diameter multiphase horizontal flow system to examine the effect of drag reducing agents (DRA) on average pressure drop, maximum pressure drop and slug characteristics with the presence of water. Superficial liquid velocities between 0.5 and 1.5 m/s and superficial gas velocities between 2 and 14 m/s were investigated. Oil with a viscosity of 2.5 cP at 25 °C was used for the study. ASTM salt was used as a substitute for seawater and carbon dioxide was used as the gas. Water cut was 50%. Temperature and pressure were maintained at 25 °C and 0.13 MPa. The DRA concentrations of 0, 20 and 50 ppm were used in this study.
The results show that the average pressure drop in both slug flow and annular flow decreased significantly with addition of DRA. Under special conditions, it was found that DRA changed the flow pattern from pseudo-slug to annular resulting in a 74% reduction in pressure drop. For annular flow, the average pressure drop reduction of up to 53% was achieved. The maximum pressure drop across the slug also decreased with the presence of DRA. The average and maximum pressure drops at a DRA concentration of 50 ppm were more effective than 20 ppm for all cases.
The slug frequency and effective height of the liquid film decreased significantly when DRA concentrations were added. This led to a decrease in the average pressure drop. However, the slug translational velocity did not change significantly with addition of DRA.
Cost Efficient Electric High-Speed Drives for Gas Compression
Authors: Ahrens Markus , Frei-Spreiter Barbara , Wieser Rudolf 
Published: October 2016

Electric high-speed drives with magnetic bearings offer significant technical and economic advantages for gas compression and pipeline operation. Compressors with magnetic bearings and dry gas seals have been successfully used for more than a decade. These installations have demonstrated that the elimination of the compressor lube oil system results in increased availability and is economically viable. Nevertheless, as long as a lube oil system is still necessary for the drive or for a gearbox the benefits of oil-free operation such as increased safety and increased availability cannot be fully exploited. Electric high-speed drives do not require a gearbox. In combination with the use of magnetic bearings such drives allow the elimination of the entire lube oil system resulting in a dry rotor string. This results in increased efficiency and increased availability, and leads to reduced operation and maintenance cost. Furthermore, such electric high-speed drives can easily be adjusted to specific requirements, allow a wide operating range and thus the pipeline operation can be optimized. High efficiency, oil-free operation and no emissions make electric high-speed drives the most environmental friendly compressor drive.
The main disadvantage so far has been that electric high-speed drives and especially magnetic bearings needed high engineering effort resulting in high cost. The concept developed by ABB overcomes these problems with a modular approach for the motor and the power converter as well as for the magnetic bearings. Thus, electric high-speed drives have become a cost competitive, attractive solution for gas industry.
Modeling and Simulation: A User’s Perspective
Authors: Alves Paul 
Published: October 2016

Lighter structures, specialty materials, higher rotational speeds, greater flows, higher temperatures and horsepower, all lead to higher efficiencies and less pollution. The designs of mechanical systems are being pushed to great extremes and therefore call for much greater accuracy in modeling the systems.
The work of the design engineer has been facilitated immensely over the past few years by the introduction of computerized modeling tools. Stress Finite Element Modeling, Rotordynamic Analysis, Computerized Fluid Dynamics and Modal Analysis are some of these tools. They are also used extensively in the audit of designs if troubleshooting of a dynamic system becomes a requirement.
The primary intent of this paper is to give the reader, the ability to coordinate the modeling work in an intelligent and authoritative way when he/she is not the one actually entering the numbers. It should also offer a clear idea of what the objectives of such analyses are, and an understanding of how these modeling techniques work, with their limitations and requirements, and sufficient knowledge to make decisions about the acceptability of the design.
Real‐time 4D dose reconstruction for tracked dynamic MLC deliveries for lung SBRT
Authors: Kamerling Cornelis Ph. , Fast Martin F. , Ziegenhein Peter , Menten Martin J. , Nill Simeon , Oelfke Uwe 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThis study provides a proof of concept for real‐time 4D dose reconstruction for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking and assesses the impact of tumor tracking on the size of target margins.MethodsThe authors have implemented real‐time 4D dose reconstruction by connecting their tracking and delivery software to an Agility MLC at an Elekta Synergy linac and to their in‐house treatment planning software (TPS). Actual MLC apertures and (simulated) target positions are reported to the TPS every 40 ms. The dose is calculated in real‐time from 4DCT data directly after each reported aperture by utilization of precalculated dose‐influence data based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. The dose is accumulated onto the peak‐exhale (reference) phase using energy‐mass transfer mapping. To investigate the impact of a potentially reducible safety margin, the authors have created and delivered treatment plans designed for a conventional internal target volume (ITV) + 5 mm, a midventilation approach, and three tracking scenarios for four lung SBRT patients. For the tracking plans, a moving target volume (MTV) was established by delineating the gross target volume (GTV) on every 4DCT phase. These were rigidly aligned to the reference phase, resulting in a unified maximum GTV to which a 1, 3, or 5 mm isotropic margin was added. All scenarios were planned for 9‐beam step‐and‐shoot IMRT to meet the criteria of RTOG 1021 (3 × 18 Gy). The GTV 3D center‐of‐volume shift varied from 6 to 14 mm.ResultsReal‐time dose reconstruction at 25 Hz could be realized on a single workstation due to the highly efficient implementation of dose calculation and dose accumulation. Decreased PTV margins resulted in inadequate target coverage during untracked deliveries for patients with substantial tumor motion. MLC tracking could ensure the GTV target dose for these patients. Organ‐at‐risk (OAR) doses were consistently reduced by decreased PTV margins. The tracked MTV + 1 mm deliveries resulted in the following OAR dose reductions: lung V20 up to 3.5%, spinal cord D2 up to 0.9 Gy/Fx, and proximal airways D2 up to 1.4 Gy/Fx.ConclusionsThe authors could show that for patient data at clinical resolution and realistic motion conditions, the delivered dose could be reconstructed in 4D for the whole lung volume in real‐time. The dose distributions show that reduced margins yield lower doses to healthy tissue, whilst target dose can be maintained using dynamic MLC tracking.
Postural Stability During Standing Balance and Sit-to-Stand in Master Athlete Runners Compared With Nonathletic Old and Young Adults
Authors: Leightley Daniel , Yap Moi Hoon , Coulson Jessica , Piasecki Mathew , Cameron James , Barnouin Yoann , Tobias Jon , McPhee Jamie S. 
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to compare postural sway during a series of static balancing tasks and during five chair rises between healthy young (mean [SEM], age 26 [1] years), healthy old (age 67 [1] years) and master athlete runners (age 67 [1] years; competing and training for the previous 51 [5] years) using the Microsoft Kinect One. The healthy old had more sway than the healthy young in all balance tasks. The master athletes had similar sway to young athletes during two-leg balancing and one-leg standing with eyes open. When balancing on one leg with eyes closed, both the healthy old and the master athletes had around 17-fold more sway than the young athletes. The healthy old and master athletes also had less anterio-posterior movement during chair rising compared with young athletes. These results suggest that masters runners are not spared from the age-associated decline in postural stability and may benefit from specific balance training.
Exercise Training Improved Body Composition, Cardiovascular Function, and Physical Fitness of 5-Year-Old Children With Obesity or Normal Body Mass
Authors: Tan Sijie , Chen Cheng , Sui Mingyang , Xue Lunan , Wang Jianxiong 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:To explore the effects of exercise training on body composition, cardiovascular function, and physical fitness in 5-year-old obese and lean children.Methods:42 obese and 62 lean children were randomly allocated into exercise and control groups separately. Body composition, cardiovascular function, and physical fitness were measured at baseline and the end of the intervention. The exercise groups participated in 10 weeks of supervised moderate intensity exercise training (at 50% of heart rate reserve), 50 training sessions in total.Results:The physical activity program was successfully completed and no sport injury occurred. Exercise training decreased BMI, waist circumference, body fat%, and fat mass; and slowed down the growth speed of body mass of both trained obese and lean children. Exercise training significantly decreased systolic blood pressure of obese children and decreased their heart rate responses during exercise. Trained obese children improved the performances of long jump, 10-m × 4 shuttle run, and 3-m balance beam walk; while trained lean children improved more items of physical fitness.Conclusions:10 weeks of moderate intensity exercise training is an effective and safe treatment for children aged 5 years, either obese or with normal body mass.
Two Genome Sequences of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains with Sequence Type 23 and Capsular Serotype K1
Authors: Lin Hsi-Hsu , Chen Yao-Shen , Hsiao Hao-Wen , Hsueh Pei-Tan , Ni Wei-Fen , Chen Ya-Lei 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the whole-genome sequences of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
ED2 and ED23, isolated, respectively, from bacteremic patients with liver abscesses (ED2) and patients with primary liver abscess and metastatic meningitis (ED23). Both strains were of multilocus sequence type 23 with capsule serotype K1.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Tropical Freshwater Cyanobacterium,
Limnothrix
sp. Strain P13C2
Authors: Tan Boon Fei , Te Shu Harn , Gin Karina Yew-Hoong , Thompson Janelle R. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

A nonaxenic unialgal culture of
Limnothrix
sp. strain P13C2 was obtained through multiple subculturing of an inoculum obtained from a tropical freshwater lake. Here, we report the genome of P13C2 of 4.6 Mbp, extracted from the metagenome of this coculture.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. TP-A0874, a Catechoserine Producer
Authors: Komaki Hisayuki , Hosoyama Akira , Ichikawa Natsuko , Igarashi Yasuhiro 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

We report the draft genome sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. TP-A0874 isolated from compost. This strain produces catechoserine, a new catecholate-type inhibitor of tumor cell invasion. The genome harbors at least six gene clusters for polyketide and nonribosomal peptide biosyntheses. The biosynthetic gene cluster for catechoserines was identified by bioinformatic analysis.
Draft Genome Sequence of Terasakiispira papahanaumokuakeensis PH27A
T
, a Spiral Bacterium from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Wan Xuehua , Dasilveira Luis , Hou Shaobin , Saito Jennifer A. , Donachie Stuart P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

The genus
Terasakiispira
hosts only
Terasakiispira papahanaumokuakeensis
PH27A
T
, cultivated from an anchialine pond on Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The strain's genome sequence may provide insights into the evolution of free-living
Oceanospirillaceae
.