bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genome-wide transcriptional response to varying RpoS levels inEscherichia coliK-12
Authors: Wong Garrett T. , Bonocora Richard P. , Schep Alicia N. , Beeler Suzannah M. , Lee Fong Anna J. , Shull Lauren M. , Batachari Lakshmi E. , Dillon Moira , Evans Ciaran , Becker Carla J. , Bush Eliot C. , Hardin Johanna , Wade Joseph T. , Stoebel Daniel M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe alternative sigma factor RpoS is a central regulator of a many stress responses inEscherichia coli.The level of functional RpoS differs depending on the stress. The effect of these differing concentrations of RpoS on global transcriptional responses remains unclear. We investigated the effect of RpoS concentration on the transcriptome during stationary phase in rich media. We show that 23% of genes in theE. coligenome are regulated by RpoS level, and we identify many RpoS-transcribed genes and promoters. We observe three distinct classes of response to RpoS by genes in the regulon: genes whose expression changes linearly with increasing RpoS level, genes whose expression changes dramatically with the production of only a little RpoS (“sensitive” genes), and genes whose expression changes very little with the production of a little RpoS (“insensitive”). We show that sequences outside the core promoter region determine whether a RpoS-regulated gene in sensitive or insensitive. Moreover, we show that sensitive and insensitive genes are enriched for specific functional classes, and that the sensitivity of a gene to RpoS corresponds to the timing of induction as cells enter stationary phase. Thus, promoter sensitivity to RpoS is a mechanism to coordinate specific cellular processes with growth phase, and may also contribute to the diversity of stress responses directed by RpoS.ImportanceThe sigma factor RpoS is a global regulator that controls the response to many stresses inEscherichia coli.Different stresses result in different levels of RpoS production, but the consequences of this variation are unknown. We describe how changing the level of RpoS does not influence all RpoS-regulated genes equally. The cause of this variation is likely the action of transcription factors that bind the promoters of the genes. We show that the sensitivity of a gene to RpoS levels explains the timing of expression as cells enter stationary phase, and that genes with different RpoS sensitivities are enriched for specific functional groups. Thus, promoter sensitivity to RpoS is a mechanism to coordinate specific cellular processes in response to stresses.
Enabling and controlling parenthood in publicly provided maternity healthcare: becoming a parent in Finland
Authors: Homanen Riikka 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article discusses practices of parental support in the maternity healthcare provided by the welfare state. Drawing on ethnographic material from clinics in Finland, I discuss maternity healthcare practices and processes as the specific contexts of subjectification to parenthood in the Nordic welfare state. The analysis shows that in both nurses’ (work) experience‐based knowledge and population‐statistical knowledge, parental competence is achieved largely through the ‘natural’ process of experiencing pregnant life. Care practices can be seen as enabling parenthood through respect for this process. Clinics encourage parents‐to‐be to self‐reflect and be self‐reliant. Emphasis on self‐reflection and self‐reliance has previously been interpreted as the state adoption of therapy culture, and as a response to market demands for the welfare state to offer to and require of its citizens more autonomy and choice. I argue, however, that the parental subject emerging from the practices of this welfare service cannot be reduced to a neoliberal reflexive individual for whom parenthood is an individual project and who is to blame for individual shortcomings. Equally, they are no mere disciplined product of governmentality being pushed to conform to an idealised parent figure derived from collective ideas of good parenthood.
Death in the clinic: women's perceptions and experiences of discarding supernumerary IVF embryos
Authors: de Lacey Sheryl 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPerspectives on the status of human embryos and whether they should be discarded differ globally. Some countries protect embryos in law while in other countries embryos ‘die’ or ‘succumb’ in assisted reproductive technology clinics on a daily basis. This study analyses interview data drawn from a larger qualitative study conducted in South Australia from 2004–2007. 21 women and 12 of 21 partners were interviewed about the decision they made to discard their embryos. The analysis reported here sought to examine the ways in which women constructed and experienced the decision to discard embryos. The article highlights the ways in which embryo discard is a contested discursive space. Embryo death is sequestered through their confinement in the laboratory and their invisibility to the naked eye. The clinic treated embryo discard as disposal of biological waste and failed to acknowledge the meaning of the event. By contrast women experienced emotional bereavement described as similar to early pregnancy loss, and described experiences of attachment and grief. For sensitive and compassionate care these differences in perceptions of embryo discard need to be addressed.
Advanced maternal age increases the risk of very preterm birth, irrespective of parity: a population‐based register study
Authors: Waldenström U , Cnattingius S , Vixner L , Norman M 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether advanced maternal age is associated with preterm birth, irrespective of parity.DesignPopulation‐based registry study.SettingSwedish Medical Birth Register.PopulationFirst, second, and third live singleton births to women aged 20 years or older in Sweden, from 1990 to 2011 (n = 2 009 068).MethodsLogistic regression analysis was used in each parity group to estimate risks of very and moderately preterm births to women at 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, and 40 years or older, using 25–29 years as the reference group. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for year of birth, education, country of birth, smoking, body mass index, and history of preterm birth. Age‐related risks of spontaneous and medically indicated preterm births were also investigated.Main outcome measuresVery preterm (22–31 weeks of gestation) and moderately preterm (32–36 weeks) births.ResultsRisks of very preterm birth increased with maternal age, irrespective of parity: adjusted ORs in first, second, and third births ranged from 1.18 to 1.28 at 30–34 years, from 1.59 to 1.70 at 35–39 years, and from 1.97 to 2.40 at ≥40 years. In moderately preterm births, age‐related associations were weaker, but were statistically significant from 35–39 years in all parity groups. Advanced maternal age increased the risks of both spontaneous and medically indicated preterm births.ConclusionsAdvanced maternal age is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, irrespective of parity, especially very preterm birth. Women aged 35 years and older, expecting their first, second, or third births, should be regarded as a risk group for very preterm birth.Tweetable abstractWomen aged 35 years and older should be regarded as a risk group for very preterm birth, irrespective of parity.
Serious maternal complications in relation to severe pre‐eclampsia: a retrospective cohort study of the impact of hospital volume
Authors: Ananth CV , Lavery JA , Friedman AM , Wapner RJ , Wright JD 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveWe examined rates of serious maternal complications in relation to severe pre‐eclampsia based on the delivering hospital's annualised volume.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Population and settingSingleton deliveries (n = 25 782 235) in 439 hospitals in the USA.MethodsAnnualised hospital volume was categorised as 25–500, 501–1000, 1001–2000 and >2000.Main outcome measuresRates of in‐hospital maternal death and serious maternal complications, including puerperal cerebrovascular disorders, pulmonary oedema, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal, heart and liver failure, sepsis, haemorrhage and intubation in relation to severe pre‐eclampsia. We derived adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), from hierarchical Poisson regression models.ResultsSevere pre‐eclampsia was associated with an 8.7‐fold (95% CI 7.6, 10.1) risk of composite maternal complications, with similar RRs across levels of hospital volumes. However, compared with hospitals with low annual volume (<2000), maternal mortality rates in relation to severe pre‐eclampsia were lower in high volume hospitals. The rates of serious maternal complications were 410.7 per 10 000 to women who delivered in hospitals with a high rate of severe pre‐eclampsia (≥2.12%) and 584.8 per 10 000 to women who delivered in hospitals with low severe pre‐eclampsia rates (≤0.41; RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.24, 2.45).ConclusionsWhile the risks of serious maternal complications in relation to severe pre‐eclampsia was similar across hospital delivery volume categories, deaths showed lower rates in large delivery volume hospitals than in smaller volume hospitals. The risk of complications was increased in hospitals with low compared with high severe pre‐eclampsia rates.Tweetable abstractHospital volume had little impact on the association between severe pre‐eclampsia and maternal complications.
State of the Science: Tools and Measurement for Shared Decision Making
Authors: Sepucha Karen R. , Breslin Maggie , Graffeo Charles , Carpenter Christopher R. , Hess Erik P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractShared decision making (SDM) has been advocated as an approach to selecting medical tests and treatments for many situations. The goal of SDM is to ensure that patients are well informed, are meaningfully involved in decisions, and receive treatments that meet their goals and preferences. There is considerable evidence about the tools used to promote SDM, called patient decision aids, and many different measures have been developed to assess the impact of SDM. However, fairly little is known about the applicability of the tools and measures in the emergency department (ED) setting. This article builds on insights from two keynote lectures presented at the 2016 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference discussing the state of the science for measurement of SDM and the design of patient decision aids to promote SDM conversations and highlights some key areas for further research to advance SDM in the ED.
Quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms in early and late pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes
Authors: Do Nicoline C. , Secher Anna L. , Cramon Per , Ringholm Lene , Watt Torquil , Damm Peter , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to explore changes in health‐related quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes.Material and methodsAn observational cohort study including 137 pregnant women with pregestational diabetes (110 with type 1 and 27 with type 2). To evaluate changes from early to late pregnancy, the internationally validated questionnaires 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were completed at 8 and 33 gestational weeks.ResultsFrom early to late pregnancy, the SF‐36 scales Physical Function, Role Physical, Bodily Pain and Physical Component Summary worsened (p < 0.0001 for all scales). Physical Component Summary score deteriorated from mean 52.3 (SD 6.5) to 40.0 (9.7) (p < 0.0001) and the deterioration was negatively associated with gestational weight gain in multiple linear regression (β = −0.34/kg, p = 0.03). The SF‐36 scale Mental Health improved (p = 0.0009) and the Mental Component Summary score increased moderately from 47.6 (10.6) to 53.5 (8.6) (p < 0.0001). Greater improvement in Mental Component Summary score was seen with lower HbA1c in late pregnancy. The HADS anxiety score improved slightly from 5.0 (3.3) to 4.5 (3.4) (p = 0.04) whereas the HADS depression score remained unchanged. The prevalence of women with HADS anxiety or depression score ≥8 did not change.ConclusionsPhysical quality of life deteriorated whereas mental quality of life improved slightly during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes. A minor reduction in anxiety and stable depression symptoms was observed. The results on mental health are reassuring, considering the great demands that pregnancy places on women with pregestational diabetes.
Acute physical exercise and long‐term individual shear rate therapy increase telomerase activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Zietzer A. , Buschmann E. E. , Janke D. , Li L. , Brix M. , Meyborg H. , Stawowy P. , Jungk C. , Buschmann I. , Hillmeister P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimPhysical activity is a potent way to impede vascular ageing. However, patients who suffer from peripheral artery disease (PAD) are often unable to exercise adequately. For those patients, we have developed individual shear rate therapy (ISRT), which is an adaptation of external counterpulsation and enhances endovascular fluid shear stress to increase collateral growth (arteriogenesis). To evaluate the effects of physical exercise and ISRT on the telomere biology of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we conducted two clinical trials.MethodsIn the ISRT‐1 study, we assessed PBMC telomerase activity in 26 young healthy volunteers upon a single (short‐term) ISRT session and a single treadmill running session. In the ISRT‐2 study, we investigated PBMC telomere biology of 14 elderly patients with PAD, who underwent 30 h of (long‐term) ISRT within a 5‐week period.ResultsWe demonstrate that telomerase activity significantly increased from 39.84 Total Product Generated (TPG) Units ± 6.15 to 58.10 TPG ± 10.46 upon a single treadmill running session in healthy volunteers. In the ISRT‐2 trial, PBMC telomerase activity and the mRNA expression of the telomere‐protective factor TRF2 increased from 40.87 TPG ± 4.45 to 60.98 TPG ± 6.83 and 2.10‐fold ± 0.40, respectively, upon long‐term ISRT in elderly patients with PAD.ConclusionIn summary, we show that acute exercise and long‐term ISRT positively affect PBMC telomerase activity, which is indicative for an improved regenerative potential of immune cells and vascular tissues. Long‐term ISRT also enhances the gene expression of the telomere‐protective factor TRF2.
3,5‐diiodothyronine (3,5‐T2) reduces blood glucose independently of insulin sensitization in obese mice
Authors: da Silva Teixeira S. , Filgueira C. , Sieglaff D. H. , Benod C. , Villagomez R. , Minze L. J. , Zhang A. , Webb P. , Nunes M. T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThyroid hormones regulate metabolic response. While triiodothyronine (T3) is usually considered to be the active form of thyroid hormone, one form of diiodothyronine (3,5‐T2) exerts T3‐like effects on energy consumption and lipid metabolism. 3,5‐T2 also improves glucose tolerance in rats and 3,5‐T2 levels correlate with fasting glucose in humans. Presently, however, little is known about mechanisms of 3,5‐T2 effects on glucose metabolism. Here, we set out to compare effects of T3, 3,5‐T2 and another form of T2 (3,3‐T2) in a mouse model of diet‐induced obesity and determined effects of T3 and 3,5‐T2 on markers of classical insulin sensitization to understand how diiodothyronines influence blood glucose.MethodsCell‐ and protein‐based assays of thyroid hormone action. Assays of metabolic parameters in mice. Analysis of transcript and protein levels in different tissues by qRT‐PCR and Western blot.ResultsT3 and 3,5‐T2 both reduce body weight, adiposity and body temperature despite increased food intake. 3,3′‐T2 lacks these effects. T3 and 3,5‐T2 reduce blood glucose levels, whereas 3,3′‐T2 worsens glucose tolerance. Neither T3 nor 3,5‐T2 affects markers of insulin sensitization in skeletal muscle or white adipose tissue (WAT), but both reduce hepatic GLUT2 glucose transporter levels and glucose output. T3 and 3,5‐T2 also induce expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) 3 and 1 in skeletal muscle and WAT respectively.Conclusions3,5‐T2 influences glucose metabolism in a manner that is distinct from insulin sensitization and involves reductions in hepatic glucose output and changes in energy utilization.
The long‐term effects of forcible assimilation policy: The case of Indian boarding schools
Authors: Feir Donna L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFor decades in North America and Australia, Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their homes and placed in boarding schools. These schools had the stated goal of cultural assimilation and are perceived as educational failures. I offer the first causal evidence on the long‐run effects of these schools. I identify these effects using the interaction of changes in Canadian national policy and regional variation in the power of the Catholic Church. I find that the average boarding school had substantial effects on both cultural and economic assimilation. However, I find suggestive evidence this is not true for highly abusive schools.
Crime, apprehension and clearance rates: Panel data evidence from Canadian provinces
Authors: Curry Philip A. , Sen Anindya , Orlov George 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Becker model of crime establishes the importance of the probability of apprehension as a key factor in a rational individual's decision to commit a crime. In this respect, most empirical studies based on US data have relied on variation in the number of police officers to estimate the impact of the probability of apprehension or capture. We measure the probability of apprehension by clearance rates and study their effects on crime rates, employing a panel of Canadian provinces from 1986 to 2005. OLS, GMM, GLS and IV estimates yield statistically significant elasticities of clearance rates, ranging from −0.2 to −0.4 for violent crimes and from −0.5 to −0.6 for property crimes. These findings reflect the importance of police force crime‐solving productivity.
Hidden costs of supply management in a small market
Authors: Carter Colin A. , Mérel Pierre 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCanada regulates its dairy and poultry industries through supply management. The supply‐management programs use target prices, production quotas and import tariff‐rate quotas to raise domestic prices. Canadian supply‐managed producers cannot export their output to world markets as exports would be considered subsidized under World Trade Organization rules. In this paper, we show that once foregone export opportunities are accounted for, supply management may no longer be beneficial to domestic producers of the supply‐managed commodities. The extent to which foregone profits from exports dominate domestic rents depends on Canada's comparative advantage, domestic market elasticities and the extent of supply management distortion in the domestic market.
On Lionel McKenzie's 1957 intrusion into 20th‐century demand theory
Authors: Khan M. Ali , Schlee Edward E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this essay, we read McKenzie's 17 paragraphs of 1957 on “Demand Theory Without a Utility Index” as an opening to the narrative of 20th‐century demand theory and as a lever for the understanding of what has now reached culmination as the neoclassical theory of demand. In tracking the influence of these paragraphs on both theoretical and applied work, we also use them as a foothold for reflection on the process of theorizing to argue for the view that one cannot neglect the (changing) problematic that the theory is adduced to address, that the historical narrative behind a particular theorem is indispensable in understanding the theorem itself. This implicit theorizing of the process of theorizing then forces us to consider Stigler's distinction between textual and scientific exegesis and confront it to a second‐order level of theorizing, and thereby bring out the continuity, possibly not quite seamless, between a theorem and its history.
Who invests more in advanced abatement technology? Theory and evidence
Authors: Cao Jing , Qiu Larry D. , Zhou Mohan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe study firm investment in abatement technology under a heterogeneous‐firm framework. We find that more‐productive firms make more (less) investment in abatement technology if investment and productivity are complements (substitutes). Under linear demand, firms’ abatement investments exhibit an inverted U‐shape with respect to productivity level. This finding is in contrast to results in existing studies. We also find that in response to tightened environmental regulations, more‐productive firms raise their respective investments in abatement technology, whereas less‐productive firms do the opposite. More‐productive firms have lower pollution emission intensity. The key theoretical predictions are confirmed by empirical tests using Chinese data.
Manufacturers and retailers in the global economy
Authors: Raff Horst , Schmitt Nicolas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe develop a model with multi‐product retailers acting as intermediaries between manufacturers and consumers. We show that the rise in retailer product assortment, the rise of up‐front payments in many retail markets and the observed shift in employment from manufacturing to retailing may be the consequence of the global integration of product markets. We also identify a novel benefit from market integration consisting of efficiency gains in the vertical distribution chain.
Demographic change, human capital accumulation and R&D‐based growth
Authors: Hashimoto Ken‐ichi , Tabata Ken 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEmploying an overlapping generations model of R&D‐based growth with endogenous fertility and education decisions, we examine how demographic changes induced by an increase in life expectancy influence the long‐run growth rate of the economy. We demonstrate that life expectancy, when relatively low (high), positively (negatively) affects economic growth. This paper also compares the growth implications of child education subsidy policies (i.e., policies for enhancing basic education) and child rearing subsidy policies (i.e., pro‐natal policies) and demonstrate that while the child education subsidies consistently foster economic growth, child rearing subsidies may negatively affect economic growth.
Is Canada an optimal currency area? An inflation targeting perspective
Authors: Chaban Maxym , Voss Graham M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe propose a method, based on the currency union model of Galí and Monacelli, to determine whether a region within an existing currency area belongs in the currency union. The method involves assessing the predictability of regional inflation rates at medium term horizons. We apply the method to the Canadian provinces and find that for all but Alberta there is little evidence of costs in terms of inflation arising from national monetary policy. For Alberta, the evidence suggests that they are not as well served by the inflation targeting framework and that a more flexible policy environment might improve inflation outcomes.
Rockets and feathers meet markup margins: Applications to the oil and gasoline industry
Authors: Mann Janelle 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article investigates the existence of asymmetric price transmission between crude oil, rack (wholesale) and retail gasoline prices. A threshold cointegration technique is used, with regime switches being triggered by the size of the markup margin. There is consistent evidence of band‐TAR in which the crude, rack and retail prices are free to diverge until the markup margin is squeezed or stretched beyond a lower or upper critical threshold. This finding indicates that abnormally high markup margins cannot be sustained, which provides evidence against market power exertion. The threshold error correction models indicate that there is no systematic relationship between the speed of adjustment back to the long‐run relationship and the markup margin, which rules out the existence of “rockets and feathers.”