bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured Heterogeneity in a Marine Terrace Chronosequence: Upland Mottling
Authors: Schulz Marjorie , Stonestrom Dave , Lawrence Corey , Bullen Tom , Fitzpatrick John , Kyker-Snowman Emily , Manning Jane , Mnich Meagan 
Published: February 2016

Core Ideas
The rhizosphere on stable landforms orchestrates elemental redistribution at depth.
Rhizospheric processes have long‐term impacts on soil structure and nutrient supply.
Soil profile development and mottling are rhizospheric at the studied sites.
Rhizogenic mottling under stable uplands may be common in arid to semi‐humid climates.
Soil mottles generally are interpreted as a product of reducing conditions during periods of water saturation. The upland soils of the Santa Cruz, CA, marine terrace chronosequence display an evolving sequence of reticulate mottling from the youngest soil (65 ka) without mottles to the oldest soil (225 ka) with well‐developed mottles. The mottles consist of an interconnected network of clay and C‐enriched regions (gray, 2.5Y 6/1) bordered by leached parent material (white, 2.5Y 8/1) within a diminishing matrix of oxidized parent material (orange, 7.5YR 5/8). The mottles develop in soils that formed from relatively uniform nearshore sediments and occur below the depth of soil bioturbation. To explore how a presumably wetland feature occurs in an unsaturated upland soil, physical and chemical characteristics of mottle separates (orange, gray, and white) were compared through the deep time represented by the soil chronosequence. Mineralogical, isotopic, and surface‐area differences among mottle separates indicate that rhizogenic centimeter‐scale mass transfer acting across millennia is an integral part of weathering, pedogenesis, and C and nutrient transfer. Elemental analysis, electron microscopy, and Fe‐isotope systematics indicate that mottle development is driven by deep roots together with their fungal and microbial symbionts. Taken together, these data suggest that deep soil horizons on old stable landforms can develop reticulate mottling as the long‐term imprint of rhizospheric processes. The processes of rhizogenic mottle formation appear to regulate pedogenesis, nutrients, and C sequestration at depth in unsaturated zones.
The Effect of Financial Constraints on Income Shifting by U.S. Multinationals
Authors: Dyreng Scott D. , Markle Kevin S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
When a U.S. multinational corporation shifts income from the U.S. to foreign jurisdictions, it incurs costs and reaps benefits. The benefits may be reduced if the shifted income must be returned to the U.S. as a dividend in the short term and face the same U.S. tax it would have if the income had not been shifted. Firms, then, have incentive to defer repatriation of earnings and to fund domestic cash needs with external financing. The cost of external financing, however, is increasing in financial constraints, leading to the prediction that constrained firms will be unable to defer repatriation and, therefore, will reap no benefits from shifting. Using a new methodology for measuring income shifting, we find, consistent with predictions, that financially constrained firms shift less income from the U.S. to foreign countries than their unconstrained peers. We estimate that financially constrained firms shift out 20 percent less of pre-shifted income than unconstrained firms. Translating this percentage to dollar values, the mean (median) constrained firm shifts $16 million ($7 million) out of the U.S. each year, while the mean (median) unconstrained firm shifts $321 million ($134 million) out of the U.S. each year. Assuming that the inability to defer repatriation is the primary constraint preventing the U.S. worldwide tax system from being a de facto territorial system, we use our findings to estimate that changing to a pure territorial tax system would increase outbound income shifting by U.S. multinationals by 8 percent.
Academic Research in Accounting: A Framework for Quality Reviews
Authors: Dickins Denise , Schneider Douglas K. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARY
We propose and model how a practitioner-based framework aimed at reducing the likelihood of unidentified misstatements in financial statements—the Audit Risk Model—might be adapted and used in the accounting research peer review process to, in part, address the issue of increasing retractions of academic studies. This proposal is intended to engage both practitioners and academics. Practitioners need to know the importance that the academy places on producing high-quality research; and just as practitioners can learn from the results of high-quality research studies, academics can learn from the activities of practitioners. The discussion that follows is intended to create debate. It is not intended to provide definitive answers.
An Analysis of Professional Competence Indicator Possession among U.S. Accounting Faculty
Authors: Smith Kenneth J. , Emerson David J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Recently there has been much discourse regarding the existence, extent, causes, and consequences of a purported divide between accounting practice and academia. The crux of this issue relates to the charge that many new-generation faculty have a primary focus on academic research, but lack significant practical experience or certification, and the related claim that students may lack the requisite skills upon graduation. This study addresses these concerns by examining the incidence and trend in the possession of practice credentials, experience, and other activities among accounting faculty who graduated between 1994 and 2013. We evaluate how differences in institutional focus, possession of a practice credential, and proportion of credentialed faculty manifest in research propensities, current business experience, and student performance on the CPA exam. We identify a downward trend in practice credential possession that is more pronounced at research-oriented institutions. We further find significant differences in experience and publication activity across levels of both institutional focus and possession of a practice credential. We also find that students from research-oriented universities, schools with separate AACSB accounting accreditation, and those with a higher percentage credentialed faculty perform better on the CPA exam. Other results and the role of adjunct faculty in bridging this alleged divide are also examined.
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans in Cigarette Smoke - Polychlordibenzodioxine und Polychlordibenzofurane in Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Ball M , Päpke O , Lis A 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The paper describes a method for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans both in gas phase and in particulate matter of cigarette smoke. This method was used for analysing the concentrations of all relevant polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the smoke of the ten best-selling German cigarette brands. The distribution of the various tetra-octachlordibenzodioxin isomers was similar to that obtained after combustion. None of the cigarettes investigated was found to contain 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzodioxin. The total values expressed as TCDD toxic equivalent values are low, ranging from 0.05 to 0.17 pg/cig. These results are compared with the data reported in the literature to date. Regarding uptake of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans, cigarette smoke is only a source of minor importance as compared to nutrition.
Chronic spatial working memory deficit associated with the superior longitudinal fasciculus: a study using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping and intraoperative direct stimulation in right prefrontal glioma surgery
Authors: Kinoshita Masashi , Nakajima Riho , Shinohara Harumichi , Miyashita Katsuyoshi , Tanaka Shingo , Okita Hirokazu , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Hayashi Yutaka 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
Although the right prefrontal region is regarded as a silent area, chronic deficits of the executive function, including working memory (WM), could occur after resection of a right prefrontal glioma. This may be overlooked by postoperative standard examinations, and the disabilities could affect the patient's professional life. The right prefrontal region is a part of the frontoparietal network and is subserved by the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF); however, the role of the SLF in spatial WM is unclear. This study investigated a persistent spatial WM deficit in patients who underwent right prefrontal glioma resection, and evaluated the relationship between the spatial WM deficit and the SLF.

METHODS
Spatial WM was examined in 24 patients who underwent prefrontal glioma resection (right, n = 14; left, n = 10) and in 14 healthy volunteers using a spatial 2-back task during the long-term postoperative period. The neural correlates of spatial WM were evaluated using lesion mapping and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. In addition, the spatial 2-back task was performed during surgery under direct subcortical electrical stimulation in 2 patients with right prefrontal gliomas.

RESULTS
Patients with a right prefrontal lesion had a significant chronic spatial WM deficit. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping analysis revealed a significant correlation between spatial WM deficit and the region that overlapped the first and second segments of the SLF (SLF I and SLF II). Two patients underwent awake surgery and had difficulties providing the correct responses in the spatial 2-back task with direct subcortical electrical stimulation on the SLF I, which was preserved and confirmed by postoperative diffusion tensor imaging tractography. These patients exhibited no spatial WM deficits during the postoperative immediate and long-term periods.

CONCLUSIONS
Spatial WM deficits may persist in patients who undergo resection of the tumor located in the right prefrontal brain parenchyma. Injury to the dorsal frontoparietal subcortical white matter pathway, i.e., the SLF I or SLF I and II, could play a causal role in this chronic deficit. A persistent spatial WM deficit, without motor and language deficits, could affect the professional life of the patient. In such cases, awake surgery would be useful to detect the spatial WM network with appropriate task during tumor exploration.
Long-term clinical outcomes following 3- and 4-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
Authors: De la Garza-Ramos Rafael , Xu Risheng , Ramhmdani Seba , Kosztowski Thomas , Bydon Mohamad , Sciubba Daniel M. , Wolinsky Jean-Paul , Witham Timothy F. , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Bydon Ali 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to report the long-term clinical outcomes following 3- and 4-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

METHODS
A retrospective review of all adult neurosurgical patients undergoing elective ACDF for degenerative disease at a single institution between 1996 and 2013 was performed. Patients who underwent first-time 3- or 4-level ACDF were included; patients with previous cervical spine surgery, those undergoing anterior/posterior approaches, and those with corpectomy were excluded. Outcome measures included perioperative complication rates, fusion rates, need for revision surgery, Nurick Scores, Odom's criteria, symptom resolution, neck visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, and persistent narcotics usage.

RESULTS
Seventy-one patients who underwent 3-level ACDF and 26 patients who underwent 4-level ACDF were identified and followed for an average of 7.6 ± 4.2 years. There was 1 case (3.9%) of deep wound infection in the 4-level group and 1 case in the 3-level group (1.4%; p = 0.454). Postoperatively, 31% of patients in the 4-level group complained of dysphagia, compared with 12.7% in the 3-level group (p = 0.038). The fusion rate was 84.6% after 4-level ACDF and 94.4% after 3-level ACDF (p = 0.122). At last follow-up, a significantly higher proportion of patients in the 4-level group continued to have axial neck pain (53.8%) than in the 3-level group (31%; p = 0.039); the daily oral morphine equivalent dose was significantly higher in the 4-level group (143 ± 97 mg/day) than in the 3-level group (25 ± 10 mg/day; p = 0.030). Outcomes based on Odom's criteria were also different between cohorts (p = 0.044), with a significantly lower proportion of patients in the 4-level ACDF group experiencing an excellent/good outcome.

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, patients who underwent 4-level ACDF had significantly higher rates of dysphagia, postoperative neck pain, and postoperative narcotic usage when compared with patients who underwent 3-level ACDF. Pseudarthrosis and deep wound infection rates were also higher in the 4-level group, although this did not reach statistical significance. Additionally, a smaller proportion of patients achieved a good/excellent outcome in the 4-level group than in the 3-level group. These findings suggest a significant increase of perioperative morbidity and worsened outcomes for patients who undergo 4- versus 3-level ACDF.
Biomechanical evaluation of lumbar pedicle screws in spondylolytic vertebrae: comparison of fixation strength between the traditional trajectory and a cortical bone trajectory
Authors: Matsukawa Keitaro , Yato Yoshiyuki , Imabayashi Hideaki , Hosogane Naobumi , Asazuma Takashi , Chiba Kazuhiro 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
In the management of isthmic spondylolisthesis, the pedicle screw system is widely accepted surgical strategy; however, there are few reports on the biomechanical behavior of pedicle screws in spondylolytic vertebrae. The purpose of the present study was to compare fixation strength between pedicle screws inserted through the traditional trajectory (TT) and those inserted through a cortical bone trajectory (CBT) in spondylolytic vertebrae by computational simulation.

METHODS
Finite element models of spondylolytic and normal vertebrae were created from CT scans of 17 patients with adult isthmic spondylolisthesis (mean age 54.6 years, 10 men and 7 women). Each vertebral model was implanted with pedicle screws using TT and CBT techniques and compared between two groups. First, fixation strength of a single screw was evaluated by measuring axial pullout strength. Next, vertebral fixation strength of a paired-screw construct was examined by applying forces simulating flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation to vertebrae.

RESULTS
Fixation strengths of TT screws showed a nonsignificant difference between the spondylolytic and the normal vertebrae (p = 0.31–0.81). Fixation strength of CBT screws in the spondylolytic vertebrae demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in pullout strength (21.4%, p < 0.01), flexion (44.1%, p < 0.01), extension (40.9%, p < 0.01), lateral bending (38.3%, p < 0.01), and axial rotation (28.1%, p < 0.05) compared with those in the normal vertebrae. In the spondylolytic vertebrae, no statistically significant difference was observed for pullout strength between TT and CBT (p = 0.90); however, the CBT construct showed lower vertebral fixation strength in flexion (39.0%, p < 0.01), extension (35.6%, p < 0.01), lateral bending (50.7%, p < 0.01), and axial rotation (59.3%, p < 0.01) compared with the TT construct.

CONCLUSIONS
CBT screws are less optimal for stabilizing the spondylolytic vertebra due to their lower fixation strength compared with TT screws.
Isolation of flavonoids from onion skins and their effects on K562 cell viability
Authors: Shi Guo-Qing , Yang Jing , Liu Jiang , Liu Sheng-Nan , Song Han-Xue , Zhao Wen-En , Liu Yan-Qi 
Published: February 2016

<p class="Abstract">To investigate the anti-proliferative activity of flavonoids from onion skins, extraction by 50% ethanol (v/v), soxhlet polar fractionation, pH gradient separation, thin-layer chromatography, and recrystallization methods were used to isolate and purify flavonoids from dry onion skins. Anti-proliferative activities of some flavonoids obtained on leukemia K562 cell line were deter-mined by MTT assay. Results showed that flavonoids of onion skins were mainly in form of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and rutin. Quercetin and kaempferol decreased K562 cell viability, and quercetin had stronger effect. However, isorhamnetin and rutin exhibited certain proliferation-promoting effects. It suggests that ortho hydroxyl groups on B ring of onion flavonoids might be the key structural elements of their cytotoxic effects on K562 cells, and hydroxyl groups in position 3 or carbonyl groups in position 4 might be one of the structural effect elements.</p><p> </p>
DISPERSAL OF TIDAL DEBRIS IN A MILKY-WAY-SIZED DARK MATTER HALO
Authors: Ngan Wayne , Carlberg Raymond G. , Bozek Brandon , Wyse Rosemary F. G. , Szalay Alexander S. , Madau Piero 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We simulate the tidal disruption of a collisionless N-body globular star cluster in a total of 300 different orbits selected to have galactocentric radii between 10 and 30 kpc in four dark matter halos: (a) a spherical halo with no subhalos, (b) a spherical halo with subhalos, (c) a realistic halo with no subhalos, and (d) a realistic halo with subhalos. This allows us to isolate and study how the halo’s (lack of) dynamical symmetry and substructures affect the dispersal of tidal debris. The realistic halos are constructed from the snapshot of the Via Lactea II simulation at redshift zero. We find that the overall halo’s symmetry disperses tidal debris to make the streams fluffier, consistent with previous studies of tidal debris of dwarf galaxies in larger orbits than ours in this study. On the other hand, subhalos in realistic potentials can locally enhance the densities along streams, making streams denser than their counterparts in smooth potentials. We show that many long and thin streams can survive in a realistic and lumpy halo for a Hubble time. This suggests that upcoming stellar surveys will likely uncover more thin streams which may contain density gaps that have been shown to be promising probes for dark matter substructures.
Prostate cancer is not breast cancer
Authors: Venniyoor Ajit 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCancers of the prostate and breast are hormone dependent cancers. There is a tendency to equate them and apply same algorithms for treatment. It is pointed out that metastatic prostate cancer with bone-only disease is a potentially fatal condition with a much poorer prognosis than metastatic breast cancer and needs a more aggressive approach.
Diabetes, Epstein-Barr virus and extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma in India: Unravelling the plausible nexus
Authors: Spadigam Anita , Dhupar Anita , Syed Shaheen , Saluja Tajindra 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas estimates a staggering 590 million people affected with diabetes mellitus (DM) within the next two decades globally, of which Type 2 DM will constitute more than 90%. The associated insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia pose a further significant risk for developing diverse malignant neoplasms. Diabetes and malignancy are multifactorial heterogeneous diseases. The immune dysfunction secondary to Type 2 diabetes also reactivates latent infections with high morbidity and mortality rates. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpes virus-4, is an oncogenic virus; its recrudescence in the immunocompromised condition activates the expression of EBV latency genes, thus immortalizing the infected cell and giving rise to lymphomas and carcinomas. Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), common in South-East Asia and Latin America; is a belligerent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) almost invariably associated with EBV. An analysis of articles sourced from the PubMed database and Google Scholar web resource until February 2014, suggests an increasing incidence of NHL in Asia/India and of ENKTCL in India, over the last few decades. This article reviews the epidemiological evidence linking various neoplasms with Type 2 DM and prognosticates the emergence of ENKTCL as a common lymphoreticular malignancy secondary to Type 2 diabetes, in the Indian population in the next few decades.
Trends in management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Influence of insurance based healthcare and treatment compliance on the outcome of adolescents and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Arigela Ravi , Gundeti Sadashivudu , Ganta Ranga , Nasaka Srividhya , Linga Vijay , Maddali Lakshmi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Aim: In this study, we attempted to analyze the impact of insurance based health care system and treatment compliance on the outcome of adolescent and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Materials and Methods: Patients who underwent treatment for ALL during the period 2003-2011 were enrolled into this retrospective study. Patients on supportive or palliative care only and patients with age <10 years were excluded. The hospital records and tumor registry records were studied. Patients were stratified into two groups, Group A (prior to the introduction of state health insurance [SHI], 2003-2007) and Group B (after the introduction of SHI, 2008-2011). Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 420 patients with suspected or confirmed ALL visited our center during the study period and 179 patients (87 in Group A and 92 in Group B) were considered for inclusion. The median age in years (range) was 18 (10-57) and 18 (10-58) respectively in Groups A and B with males more than females. Median OS (95% CI) was 9 (6.7-11.2) and 12 (7.3-16.7) months in the Groups A and B respectively (P = 0.265). Poor treatment compliance in both groups was high (36% in Group A and 41% in Group B, [P = 0.107]) with lower default rates in Group B (P = 0.019). Patients with good compliance in the total study population and the individual study groups had significantly better OS. Conclusions: Insurance based health care has improved outcomes in the present study but not compliance to treatment. Significantly better OS was observed in patients with good compliance.
Landmark Trust: 50 años rescatando edificios históricos
Authors: Stanford Caroline 
Published: February 2016

<p>El Landmark Trust es una organización benéfica del Reino Unido especializada en el rescate de edificios históricos en riesgo y en su restauración a los más altos estándares. Posteriormente, estos edificios son cedidos en alquiler vacacional para pagar los costes de su futuro mantenimiento. Fundada en 1965, el Trust gestiona una cartera de 200 edificios históricos en Inglaterra, Escocia y Gales, junto con unos pocos también en Francia, Italia y Bélgica. La mayoría de estos edificios no habría sobrevivido sin su ayuda. Este artículo explica el proceso de fundación del Trust y analiza su evolución hasta la actualidad.</p>
Pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural para a apropriação da cultura escrita pela criança
Authors: Amaral Mello Suely , De Freitas Bissoli Michelle 
Published: February 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer à discussão alguns pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural para a reflexão e para a prática de professores e professoras cujo trabalho se voltapara a aproximação entre as crianças da Educação Infantil e anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental e a cultura escrita. Partindo de pesquisas realizadas por Vigotski e Luria,para quem a linguagem escrita é um instrumento cultural complexo que se desenvolve, naontogênese, a partir do gesto, do brincar e do desenho, busca-se refletir sobre problemasque têm envolvido as práticas escolares que, a despeito dos esforços que exigem das crianças, não têm contribuído para a formação da sua capacidade de ler e produzir textos. Sendo assim, é apresentado o trabalho de enriquecimento das vivências infantis e das diferentes formas de expressão como possibilidades de um trabalho pedagógico capaz de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da criança.