bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accent detection and social cognition: evidence of protracted learning
Authors: Creel Sarah C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHow and when do children become aware that speakers have different accents? While adults readily make a variety of subtle social inferences based on speakers’ accents, findings from children are more mixed: while one line of research suggests that even infants may be acutely sensitive to accent unfamiliarity, other studies suggest that 5‐year‐olds have difficulty identifying accents as different from their own. In an attempt to resolve this paradox, the current study assesses American children's sensitivity to American vs. Dutch accents in two situations. First, in an eye‐tracked sentence processing paradigm where children have previously shown sensitivity to a salient social distinction (gender) from voice cues, 3–5‐year‐old children showed no sensitivity to accent differences. Second, in a social decision‐making task where accent sensitivity has been found in 5‐year‐olds, an age gradient appeared, suggesting that familiar accent preferences emerge slowly between 3 and 7 years. Counter to claims that accent is an early, salient signal of social group, results are more consistent with a protracted learning hypothesis that children need extended exposure to native‐language sound patterns in order to detect that an accent deviates from their own. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQAgy3IFYXA
Neuroinflammation imaging markers for epileptogenesis
Authors: Koepp Matthias J. , Årstad Eric , Bankstahl Jens P. , Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , Friedman Alon , Potschka Heidrun , Ravizza Teresa , Theodore William H. , Baram Tallie Z. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryEpilepsy can be a devastating disorder. In addition to debilitating seizures, epilepsy can cause cognitive and emotional problems with reduced quality of life. Therefore, the major aim is to prevent the disorder in the first place: identify, detect, and reverse the processes responsible for its onset, and monitor and treat its progression. Epilepsy often occurs following a latent period of months to years (epileptogenesis) as a consequence of a brain insult, such as head trauma, stroke, or status epilepticus. Although this latent period clearly represents a therapeutic window, we are not able to stratify patients at risk for long‐term epilepsy, which is prerequisite for preventative clinical trials. Moreover, because of the length of the latent period, an early biomarker for treatment response would be of high value. Finally, mechanistic biomarkers of epileptogenesis may provide more profound insight in the process of disease development.
Innate and adaptive immunity in human epilepsies
Authors: Bauer Jan , Becker Albert J. , Elyaman Wassim , Peltola Jukka , Rüegg Stephan , Titulaer Maarten J. , Varley James A. , Beghi Ettore 
Published: July 2017

SummaryInflammatory mechanisms have been increasingly implicated in the origin of seizures and epilepsy. These mechanisms are involved in the genesis of encephalitides in which seizures are a common complaint. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests different inflammatory responses in the brains of patients with epilepsy depending on the etiology. In general, activation of both innate and adaptive immunity plays a role in refractory forms of epilepsy. Epilepsies in which seizures develop after infiltration of cells of the adaptive immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) include a broad range of epileptic disorders with different (known or unknown) etiologies. Infiltration of lymphocytes is observed in autoimmune epilepsies, especially the classical paraneoplastic encephalitides with antibodies against intracellular tumor antigens. The presence of lymphocytes in the CNS also has been found in focal cerebral dysplasia type 2 and in cortical tubers. Various autoantibodies have been shown to be associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and hippocampal sclerosis of unknown etiology, which may be due to the presence of viral DNA. During the last decade, an increasing number of antineuronal autoantibodies directed against membranous epitopes have been discovered and are associated with various neurologic syndromes, including limbic encephalitis. A major challenge in epilepsy is to define biomarkers, which would allow the recognition of patient populations who might benefit from immune‐modulatory therapies. Some peripheral inflammatory markers appear to be differentially expressed in patients with medically controlled and medically refractory and, as such, could be used for diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic purposes. Establishing an autoimmune basis in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy allows for efficacious and targeted immunotherapy. Although current immunotherapies can give great benefit to the correctly identified patient, there are limitations to their efficacy and they may have considerable side effects. Thus the identification of new immunomodulatory compounds remains of utmost importance.
Neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy: Role of inflammation
Authors: Mazarati Andrey M. , Lewis Megan L. , Pittman Quentin J. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryEpilepsy is associated with a high incidence of comorbid neurologic and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the association of epilepsy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and depression. There is high concordance of these behavioral pathologies with epilepsy. We review data that unambiguously reveal that epilepsy, ASD, and depression are associated with elevated brain inflammatory markers and that these may interact with serotoninergic pathways. Interference with inflammatory pathways or actions can reduce the severity of seizures, depression, and ASD‐like behavior. Inflammation in the brain can be induced by seizure activity as well as by behavioral, environmental, and physiologic stressors. Furthermore, induction of inflammation at an early time point during gestation and in early neonatal life can precipitate both an ASD‐like phenotype as well as a more excitable brain. It appears likely that priming of the brain due to early inflammation could provide a means by which subsequent inflammatory processes associated with epilepsy, ASD, and depression may lead to comorbidity.
Warmer winters increase the rhizosphere carbon flow to mycorrhizal fungi more than to other microorganisms in a temperate grassland
Authors: Birgander Johanna , Rousk Johannes , Olsson Pål Axel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA decisive set of steps in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle is the fixation of atmospheric C by plants and the subsequent C‐transfer to rhizosphere microorganisms. With climate change winters are expected to become milder in temperate ecosystems. Although the rate and pathways of rhizosphere C input to soil could be impacted by milder winters, the responses remain unknown. To address this knowledge‐gap, a winter‐warming experiment was established in a seminatural temperate grassland to follow the C flow from atmosphere, via the plants, to different groups of soil microorganisms. In situ 13CO2 pulse labelling was used to track C into signature fatty acids of microorganisms. The winter warming did not result in any changes in biomass of any of the groups of microorganisms. However, the C flow from plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, increased substantially by winter warming. Saprotrophic fungi also received large amounts of plant‐derived C—indicating a higher importance for the turnover of rhizosphere C than biomass estimates would suggest—still, this C flow was unaffected by winter warming. AM fungi was the only microbial group positively affected by winter warming—the group with the closest connection to plants. Winter warming resulted in higher plant productivity earlier in the season, and this aboveground change likely induced plant nutrient limitation in warmed plots, thus stimulating the plant dependence on, and C allocation to, belowground nutrient acquisition. The preferential C allocation to AM fungi was at the expense of C flow to other microbial groups, which were unaffected by warming. Our findings imply that warmer winters may shift rhizosphere C‐fluxes to become more AM fungal‐dominated. Surprisingly, the stimulated rhizosphere C flow was matched by increased microbial turnover, leading to no accumulation of soil microbial biomass.
Five‐year survival after surgery in nonagenarian patients
Authors: Fariña‐Castro Roberto , Roque‐Castellano Cristina , Marchena‐Gómez Joaquín , Rodríguez‐Pérez Aurelio 
Published: July 2017

AimIn countries with longer life expectancies, the nonagenarian population is increasing. Therefore, there is greater demand for healthcare, including surgical procedures. The aim of the present study was to determine the outcomes of surgery carried out on nonagenarians in terms of long‐term survival after the procedure.MethodsWe carried out a cross‐longitudinal study on a cohort of 159 nonagenarian patients, who underwent a non‐cardiac, non‐traumatic surgical procedure in our institution between January 1999 and December 2011. The following variables were recorded: sociodemographic characteristics, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, surgical site, postoperative complications, operative mortality and long‐term survival. The output variable was long‐term survival.ResultsOf the 159 patients,99 women (62%) and 60 men (38%), with a mean age of 91.8 years (SD ± 2.0 years), 44 cases were operations for malignant disorders (28%), 117 cases (74%) under emergency conditions and 42 cases (26%) were elective treatments. The operative mortality was 29%, 4.8% for elective surgery and 37.6% for emergency surgery (P < 0.001). The postoperative complication rate, including death, was 60%. The probability of survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 59.6%, 35.8% and 24.1%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, American Society of Anesthesiologists score (HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.58–2.72), emergency surgery (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.05–2.57) and postoperative medical complications (HR 2.58, 95% CI 1.73–3.85) were independently related to 5‐year survival.ConclusionsThese findings support the perioperative safety of elective general surgery in nonagenarian patients. In selected nonagenarian patients with no cognitive impairment, surgery must not be denied. These data might be useful for surgical decision‐making or informed consent for nonagerians. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2389–2395.
Effects of two different glutamine‐containing enteral supplements on stool frequency and density in elderly patients recovering from acute critical illness
Authors: Fushimi Nobutoshi , Yamada Munenori , Hachiya Hiroki , Ito Shun , Shibuya Takashi , Ohashi Noritsugu , Mori Akihiro 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimGlutamine has various beneficial functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of two different glutamine supplements on bowel movement at the start of enteral feeding in elderly inpatients.MethodsThis was a double‐blind, prospective, randomized comparison study. A total of 25 patients aged >75 years recovering from a critical illness in a non‐intensive care unit and scheduled for tube feeding were recruited. Of them, 22 consenting patients were randomly assigned to two groups: glutamine‐fiber‐oligosaccharide treatment group (n = 11) and glutamine F treatment group (n = 11). They were given glutamine three times daily at a dosage of 9 g/day. Enteral nutrition was given at the same dosage to both groups for the duration of the study. The end‐points were stool frequency, Bristol Scale Form Score, bowel function index (Bristol Scale Form Score × stool frequency), the percentage of patients with stool frequency over three per day and those with a BSFS of 6 or 7 in each group.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of patient characteristics before the study. All the end‐points in the glutamine F group were significantly lower than those in the glutamine‐fiber‐oligosaccharide group.ConclusionsCompared with glutamine‐fiber‐oligosaccharide, glutamine F administration resulted in stool hardening and reduced stool frequency in elderly inpatients recovering from acute critical illness in non‐intensive care units. The effects might be caused by the different additive components of glutamine supplements. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2514–2519.
Research priorities about stoma‐related quality of life from the perspective of people with a stoma: A pilot survey
Authors: Hubbard Gill , Taylor Claire , Beeken Becca , Campbell Anna , Gracey Jackie , Grimmett Chloe , Fisher Abi , Ozakinci Gozde , Slater Sarah , Gorely Trish 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere is a recognized need to include patients in setting research priorities. Research priorities identified by people with a stoma are rarely elicited.ObjectivesTo improve the quality of life of people with a stoma through use of evidence‐based practice based on research priorities set by patients.Design and MethodsOnline pilot survey publicized in 2016 via United Kingdom stoma charities. People ranked nine stoma‐related quality of life topics in order of research priority.ParticipantsPeople 16 years of age and over who currently have or have had a stoma for treatment for any medical condition.AnalysisDistributions of the priority scores for each of the nine research topics were examined. Group differences were explored using either the Mann–Whitney U‐test or the Kruskal–Wallis test depending on the number of groups.ResultsIn total, 225 people completed the survey. The most important research priority was pouch leak problems and stoma bag/appliance problems followed by hernia risk. There were statistically significant differences in ranking research priorities between males and females, age, underlying disease that led to a stoma, stoma type and length of time with a stoma.ConclusionPeople with a stoma are willing to engage in and set research priorities. The results should contribute towards future research about setting the research agenda for the study of stoma‐related concerns that impact quality of life.
The use of in vivo microscopy to image the cnidarian stress response in three octocoral species
Authors: Parrin Austin P. , Somova Emily L. , Kern Peter M. , Millet Therese A. , Bross Lori S. , Blackstone Neil W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEnergy‐converting symbionts and organelles may be central to the cnidarian stress response. Stress may damage photochemistry in the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp., leaving photosystems I and II relatively reduced and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alternatively, ROS may emanate from mitochondria of either the host or the symbiont, or both. These sources of ROS can be distinguished by using microscopy to examine the effects of light on stressed cnidarians incubated in the dark with a fluorescent, ROS‐detecting probe. Experiments were carried out with three species of alcyonacean octocoral, Phenganax parrini, Sarcothelia sp., and Sympodium sp. After incubation of colonies for 1 h at elevated temperature, imaging and illumination (excitation 450–490 nm, emission 515–565 nm) were begun simultaneously. Formation of ROS largely corresponded to the onset of illumination. On the other hand, chlorophyll fluorescence (excitation 530–580 nm, emission 620–690 nm) did not conform to this pattern. This difference is consistent with the expected rates of reaction. Remarkably, treatment with the inhibitor 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU) resulted in dramatically higher levels of light‐induced ROS. Chlorophyll fluorescence was higher in the DCMU treatment but not significantly so. By controlling for variation between individual symbionts, however, DCMU produced significantly greater levels of chlorophyll fluorescence, indicating the expected greater reduction of photosystem II. A brief exposure to light and thermal stress produced a similar effect in all three species. In addition to ROS being initiated by light, these results indicate that: (1) a brief period of stress shifts photosystem redox state toward reduction, (2) photosystem II can donate electrons to oxygen when blocked with DCMU, and (3) chlorophyll fluorescence is highly variable among individuals of Symbiodinium. Imaging of individual symbionts in hospite thus provides a powerful method for understanding the initial steps of the cnidarian stress response.
Chronic total occlusion in an infarct‐related coronary artery and the risk of appropriate ICD therapies
Authors: Di Marco Andrea , Anguera Ignasi , Teruel Luis , Muntane Guillem , Campbell Niall G. , Fox David J. , Brown Benjamin , Skene Chris , Davidson Neil , Leon Valentina , Dallaglio Paolo , Elzein Hind , Garcia‐Romero Elena , Gomez‐Hospital Joan Antoni , Cequier Angel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroductionRisk stratification for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy needs to be improved. Coronary chronic total occlusions in an infarct‐related artery (IRA‐CTOs) have been associated with an increased arrhythmic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the association between IRA‐CTOs and appropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapies.Methods and resultsObservational cohort study that included 342 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, an ICD implanted for primary or secondary prevention, and a coronary angiography performed shortly before ICD implantation. The ICD was implanted for primary prevention in 163 patients (48%). IRA‐CTO was found in 161 patients (47%). During a median follow‐up of 33 months, 41% of patients experienced at least one appropriate ICD therapy. Patients with IRA‐CTO had higher proportions of appropriate ICD therapies (57% vs. 26%, P < 0.001) and appropriate ICD shocks (40% vs. 17%, P < 0.001). At multivariate Cox regression, IRA‐CTO was the only variable that consistently resulted as independent predictor of appropriate ICD therapies and shocks both in the global population of the study (HR 2.3, P < 0.001 and HR 3, P < 0.001, respectively) and when analyzing separately patients with primary or secondary prevention ICD.ConclusionsIRA‐CTO is an independent predictor of appropriate ICD therapies, including appropriate ICD shocks. This association is consistent across all the subgroups analyzed. Patients with IRA‐CTO have a very high risk of appropriate ICD therapies. These findings may help improving risk stratification as well as the management of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Implicit identification with death predicts change in suicide ideation during psychiatric treatment in adolescents
Authors: Glenn Catherine R. , Kleiman Evan M. , Coppersmith Daniel D.L. , Santee Angela C. , Esposito Erika C. , Cha Christine B. , Nock Matthew K. , Auerbach Randy P. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundSuicidal thoughts and behaviors are major public health concerns in youth. Unfortunately, knowledge of reliable predictors of suicide risk in adolescents is limited. Promising research using a death stimuli version of the Implicit Association Test (Death IAT) indicates that stronger identification with death differs between adults with and without a history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and uniquely predicts suicide ideation and behavior. However, research in adolescents is lacking and existing findings have been mixed. This study extends previous research by testing whether implicit identification with death predicts changes in suicide ideation during psychiatric treatment in adolescents.MethodsParticipants included 276 adolescents, ages 13–19, admitted to a short‐term residential treatment program. At hospital admission and discharge, adolescents completed the Death IAT and measures of recent suicidal thoughts.ResultsAt admission, implicit identification with death was associated with recent suicide ideation, but did not differ between those who engaged in prior suicidal behavior and those who did not. Prospectively, adolescents' implicit identification with death at admission significantly predicted their suicide ideation severity at discharge, above and beyond explicit suicide ideation. However, this effect only was significant for adolescents with longer treatment stays (i.e., more than 13 days).ConclusionsImplicit identification with death predicts suicidal thinking among adolescents in psychiatric treatment. Findings clarify over what period of time implicit cognition about death may predict suicide risk in adolescents.
Experimental evolution reveals differences between phenotypic and evolutionary responses to population density
Authors: McNamara K. B. , Simmons L. W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGroup living can select for increased immunity, given the heightened risk of parasite transmission. Yet, it also may select for increased male reproductive investment, given the elevated risk of female multiple mating. Trade‐offs between immunity and reproduction are well documented. Phenotypically, population density mediates both reproductive investment and immune function in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. However, the evolutionary response of populations to these traits is unknown. We created two replicated populations of P. interpunctella, reared and mated for 14 generations under high or low population densities. These population densities cause plastic responses in immunity and reproduction: at higher numbers, both sexes invest more in one index of immunity [phenoloxidase (PO) activity] and males invest more in sperm. Interestingly, our data revealed divergence in PO and reproduction in a different direction to previously reported phenotypic responses. Males evolving at low population densities transferred more sperm, and both males and females displayed higher PO than individuals at high population densities. These positively correlated responses to selection suggest no apparent evolutionary trade‐off between immunity and reproduction. We speculate that the reduced PO activity and sperm investment when evolving under high population density may be due to the reduced population fitness predicted under increased sexual conflict and/or to trade‐offs between pre‐ and post‐copulatory traits.
Full‐spectrum versus standard colonoscopy for improving polyp detection rate: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Facciorusso Antonio , Del Prete Valentina , Buccino Vincenzo , Valle Nicola Della , Nacchiero Maurizio Cosimo , Muscatiello Nicola 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground and AimFull‐spectrum endoscopy represents a new endoscopic platform allowing a panoramic 330 degree view of the colon, but evidence of its superiority over standard colonoscopy is still lacking. Our study is the first meta‐analysis comparing the efficacy of full‐spectrum endoscopy with standard colonoscopy.MethodsThrough a systematic literature review until May 2017, we identified eight randomized‐controlled trials. Primary outcomes were polyp detection rate and adenoma detection rate, while cecal intubation time and total colonoscopy time were secondary outcomes. Direct meta‐analysis was performed using a random effects model.ResultsNo difference in terms of polyp detection rate and adenoma detection rate was found (risk ratio: 1.00, 95% confidence interval 0.89–1.12, P = 0.96, and 1.05, 0.94–1.17, P = 0.40, respectively). Adenoma miss rate resulted significantly in favor of full‐spectrum endoscopy (risk ratio: 0.35, 0.25–0.48, P < 0.01), although the difference was not significant for greater (>5 mm) and pedunculated lesions (risk ratio: 0.38, 0.09–1.60, P = 0.19, and risk ratio: 0.15, 0.01–3.00, P = 0.21, respectively). Cecal intubation time was not different between the two techniques (mean standardized difference: 0.22 min, −1.18 to 1.62, P = 0.76), while total colonoscopy time was significantly shorter when adopting full‐spectrum endoscopy (mean difference: −2.60, −4.60 to −0.61, P = 0.01). Sensitivity analysis confirmed all the findings.ConclusionsFull‐spectrum endoscopy appears as a promising and reliable technology able to significantly decrease the number of adenomas missed and procedural times, while its superiority over standard colonoscopy in terms of adenoma detection rate results is still unclear.