bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Filling Value of Cigar Tobacco: Examination of Different Cutting Widths of Cigarillo Filling Tobacco / Die Füllfähigkeit von geschnittener Zigarreneinlage: Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung von Zigarillos mit Einlagen verschiedener Schnittbreiten
Authors: Halbye M. , Knudsen J.Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFor the purpose of producing cigarillos of optimum filling value measurements have been taken by two instruments, i.e. the impact volumeter and the Borgwaldt compressimeter, in order to examine whether the respective methods are suitable for cigar tobacco. The authors intended to determine the optimum width of cut for the filling of cigarillos as well as the optimum weight conditioned by the width of cut under the different circumstances. The measurements were taken with widths of cut of 1, 1 ½, 2, 2 ½ and 3 millimetres. The data furnished by the two instruments showed a relation between width of cut and filling capacity. The measurements taken by means of the compressimeter were more precise than those taken by the impact volumeter. Allowance has to be made, however, for the fact that the conditions to which the tobacco is exposed in both instruments are not the same as those of manufactured cigarillos. There is a relation between the distribution of strand dimensions of cut tobacco and the compression volume. The compression volume increases with increasing proportions of coarse particles and decreases with increasing proportions of fine particles. Subjective manual estimation of the filling capacity by experienced examiners corresponds fairly to the results obtained by mechanical determination
Remarks about Corrections of Regulations for the Determination of Nicotine / Bemerkungen zur Korrektur der Vorschrift für die Nikotinbestimmung
Authors: Lipp G. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract1. Dekadische Absorptionskonstante2. Gravimetrische Bestimmung mit Kieselwolframsaeure3. Säure für die Vordestillation4. Filterwirkung
Examination of Cigarette Smoke Components: The Yield of Total Particulate Matter, Total Water, Pyridine, Nicotine, Phenol, Catechol, Scopoletin and Carbon Oxide in Cigarette Smoke in Correlation to Puff Number and Cigarette Filter - Betrachtungen über die Veränderung des Tabakrauches in der Cigarette: Die Ausbeute an Rohkondensat, Gesamtwasser, Pyridin, Nikotin, Phenol, Brenzcatechin, Scopoletin und Kohlenoxid im Cigarettenrauch in Abhängigkeit von der Zugnummer und vom Rauchfilter
Authors: Waltz von P. , Häusermann M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAny smoke component is distributed over both the particulate and the gaseaus phases. The distribution is determined by a) the vapour pressure of the considered substance, b) its concentration in the smoke, and c) its physico-chemical affinity for the particulate phase. The availability of a substance in the gaseaus state, i. e. the condition for its selective removal by an appropriate filter, is therefore dependent on these factors. The experiments designed to study these relationships are based on three variables held each at several Ievels: :1. Test substances distinguishing themselves by the factors a), b), and c): Carbon monoxide, crude (moist) smoke condensate, total water, pyridine, total alkaloids, volatile phenols, catechol, and scopoletin. 2. These substances are determined in the smoke trapped separately per individual puffs. The composition of the smoke leaving the cigarette depends on the puff number, according to the factors a), b), and c). 3· Use of four different smoke filtration devices permitting the study of the availability of a given test substance or of its affinity to the filter material. The following expressions are used for the interpretation of the experimental results: The ratio of the yield of test substance to the yield of crude condensate; the coefficients of filtration of the test substance in both the tobacco rod and the experimental filter; the coefflcient of selectivity, defined as the difference between the respective coefficients of filtration for the crude condensate and for the test .substance. The results of the experimentation tend to confirm the initial hypothesis and give ,sufficient detailed information to permit the tentative establishment of a general scheme which allows to predict the selective behaviour of a particular ·smoke component, if its concentration in the smoke, its vapour pressure and its presumable affinity towards a given filter material are known. lt is further shown that a mathematical expression for the yield of a particular smoke component, as a function of the puff number, can be established on an empirical basis for carbon monoxide, · crude condensate, total alkaloids, catechol and scopoletin. The increase in the yield of carbon monoxide with the puff number is shown to be due to a CO loss through the permeable paper wrapper of the cigarette, this loss being smaller as the butt becomes shorter
A Dimensionless Measure of Filter Selectivity: Geometrical Factors in Cigaret Construction which Influence this Measure
Authors: Davis H. , George W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA rational definition for characterizing the capacity of a cigarette filter to selectively modify the chemical composition of mainstream smoke is presented. The definition is related to the concept of separation factor as defined in chemical engineering and applied in the description of various unit processes. A number of numerical values for a wide range of cigarette filters currently found in the world market place are presented. The relative independence of the selectivity as defined in this paper upon tobacco types is demonstrated. Using a fixed filter construction in terms of amount and type of cellulose acetate fiber and plasticizer content, selectivity values are presented as a function of cigarette length and relative proportion of the cigarette which is allotted to the filter. Further, it is shown that selectivity appears to increase with length for given filter construction parameters. A limited amount of data regarding selectivity for weak acid components of mainstream smoke and certain gas phase components is presented as a characterization of dual filters currently on the US market
The Modification of Cigarette Smoke by Filter Tips
Authors: Williamson J. T. , Graham J. F. , Allman D. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOne of the best known ways of modifying cigarette smoke is by the use of cigarette filters of various types. Filters are now being made from a variety of materials and, of recent years, have become more complex in structure and function. The authors consider the different ways in which different types of filters modify the chemical composition of the smoke showing some typical results. A new method of studying the range of higher boiling compounds in the smoke based on the volatilization of compounds trapped on a Cambridge Filter is discussed and information which this provides with different filter types is presented. Having shown the different action of the available range of filters as individuals, the possibilities of combining these in different ways to produce multiple filters and the degree of control of the smoke composition made possible as a result are discussed. If one examines the efficiency of any type of filter towards the whole range of substances in tobacco smoke from the permanent gases up to the high boiling compounds such as nicotine, one finds that the efficiency of the same filter varies widely according to the compound considered. Further, one finds that the pattern of efficiencies over the range of compounds is quite different between one filter and another. If, in the design of a filter cigarette, one wishes to emphasize or reduce various portions of the smoke it is possible to exercise a considerable degree of control by the use of suitable types of filter or combinations of filters. In addition to removing smoke constituents to varying degrees it is also possible to add desirable constituents to the smoke such as flavours by means of filters and the analytical technique mentioned above is very suitable for assessing the amount of such flavouring material which is actually present in the cigarette smoke
The Use of Photoelectric Cells for Measuring the Static Duration of Combustion in Cigarettes/Anwendung von Photoleitern zur Bestimmung der statischen Branddauer von Cigaretten
Authors: Lubrano A. , Carugno N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe semi-automatic assembly presented here (photoelectric cells used to measure the static duration of combustion in cigarettes) resembles in principle the design published by Wiley and Holmes. Essentially it consists of an electrical start-stop device timed by 2 signals activated by the movement of the glowing zone through a thermo-transductor field. It differs from the earlier design in that, instead of a hot bi-metallic thermocoupling, it uses a photo-transistor very selective in IR (maximum response 1.55 mµ, with a 50 % drop for 0.8 and none for 2 mµ). The device also has a mechanical system for holding the cigarette and positioning the phototransistors, and an electrical cigarette lighting system. The apparatus is set up for simultaneous control of 5 cigarettes.
Preparation and Properties of N-Nitroso Derivatives of Tobacco Alcaloids / Darstellung und Eigenschaften von N-Nitroso-Verbindungen der Tabakalkaloide
Authors: Neurath G. , Dünger M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPreparation and properties of N-nitroso derivatives of nornicotine, anabasine, metanicotine and dihydrometanicotine are described. The corresponding N-amino compounds were obtained by reduction and were then transformed into 5-nitro-2-hydroxy-benzal derivatives for identification. Characteristics and spectra of the said compounds are indicated.
A Contribution to the Sifting Analysis of Tobacco / Ein Beitrag zur Siebanalyse des Tabaks
Authors: Hübschen L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAfter considering the sifting analysis of tobacco in general, the author examines the factors which have an influence on the result. It is shown that a comparative sifting analysis gives reproducible results only if the water content of tobacco, the type of sifting machine, the size of the sieve holes, and the length of sifting are indicated. It is recommended to institute standards to this end. The described practical application shows that representative and discussible results can be obtained under uniform conditions.
An Improved Sifting Machine for the Fractionation of Tobacco / Eine verbesserte Siebmaschine zur Fraktionierung von Tabakgut
Authors: Kruszynski A.J. , Larsen H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA sifting machine for cigar filling tobacco is described which includes four different sieves and a conveyor belt continuously supplying the apparatus with tobacco. A first sieve ( Ø of holes: 15 mm) rids the flux of the largest tobacco pieces. The remaining flux of tobacco is received on a second level with three successive zones having increasing perforation diameters (2. 6 and 10 mm). In this way five different classes of product are obtained. As an example the following were obtained during an experiment: > 15 mm: 29 %, 15-10 mm: 23 %, 10-6 mm: 28 %, 6-2 mm: 18 %, << 2 mm: 2 %. Results obtained for stripped and cut cigar filling tobacco as well as for stripped and cut cigarette tobacco are indicated and discussed with regard to dispersion and reproducibility.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: I. The Quantitative Determination of Indoles in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Hoffmann D. , Rubin J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for the quantitative determination of indole and alkylated indoles in cigarette smoke is described. The analysis consists of distributions between n-hexane / methanol-water (4:1); n-hexane / methanol-water (1:2); column chromatography on Florosil and gas chromatographic separation on 20 % Apiezon L at 155°C. Quantitative data are secured by use of C14-labelled indole as internal standard. In the smoke of an 85 mm blended United States cigarette without filter tip were determined 13.9 µg indole, 14.0 µg skatole, 4.2 µg 3-ethylindole, and 0.21 µg 3-n-propylindole. The presence of an admixture of dimethylindoles was tentatively established; their concentration was below 0.03 µg per cigarette
A Method for the Determination of Nicotine in Lung Tissue of Hamsters / Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Nikotins in Hamsterlungen
Authors: Elmenhorst H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for the determination of nicotine in lung tissue is presented. The nicotine is extracted from homogenized lung tissue by means of a mixture of hydrochloric acid and methanol. It is then spectrophotometrically determined after the disturbing accompanying substances have been eliminated by a preliminary acid steam distillation. The method's inferior limit of detection is 40 µg of nicotine contained in 3 lungs, which corresponds to 17.7 µg of nicotine per gramme of lung tissue. In the case of nicotine contents of 50 µg per analytical procedure the standard deviation of the method was found to be 1.7 µg, and the resulting coefficient of variation was calculated to be 3.4 %. The procedure is simple and therefore suitable for the study of numerous samples. The exposure of hamsters to inhaled raw cigarette smoke revealed that the nicotine content of lungs of experimental animals augments with the number of burnt cigarettes and the duration of inhalation. The reproducibility of Dontenwill's inhalation procedure was tested and proved to be satisfactory. The coefficient of variation within two series of inhalation experiments was found to be between 4.1 and 5.2 %
Examination of Volatile Bases in Cigarette Smoke / Untersuchung der Flüchtigen Basen des Tabakrauches
Authors: Neurath G. , Dünger M. , Gewe J. , Lüttich W. , Wichern H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The smoke of cigarettes with high base content was examined for primary and secondary bases. As 4'-nitro-azobenzenecarboxamides- (4) (NABSA) the bases were separated by column and thin-layer chromatography and identified by melting points, RF-values, IR-spectra, retention times, mass-spectra, and elemental analyses. 27 primary and secondary bases were isolated and 24 of them identified. For the first time n-propylamine, n-butylamine, iso-butylamine, iso-pentylamine, b-phenethylamine, methyl ethylamine, diethylamine, methyl-b-phenethylamine, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, aniline, 3-methylaminopyridine, and dihydrometanicotine were detected in cigarette smoke. Earlier results about the presence of pyrrolidine, piperidine, and 2-methylpyrrolidine in smoke could be confirmed. Presumably methyl-n-butylamine and methyl-iso-butylamine are to be found in tobacco smoke. One further amine was not identified.
Examination of Volatile Bases in Different Types of Tobacco II / Untersuchung der Flüchtigen Basen des Tabaks, ll
Authors: Neurath G. , Krull A. , Pirmann B. , Wandrey K. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An examination of the volatile bases in different types of tobacco was carried out. Virginia and Oriental types of cigarette tobaccos and a typical Burley tobacco were examined qualitatively and a blend of black tobacco was also analysed quantitatively. Ethylamine, iso-butylamine, b-phenethylamine, dimethylamine, methylethylamine, methyl-n-propylamine, methyl-b-phenethylamine, and 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine were identified in tobacco for the first time. Among the tobacco bases identified ammonia, methylamine, iso-pentylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine were already known. Ammonia is the main component of the volatile bases. As to quantity the minor alkaloids nornicotine and anabasine are followed by methylamine and pyrrolidine. The quantitative relations of the decarboxylated amino acids correspond to that of amino acids contained in tobacco hydrolysates.
Dimethyl Sulfide in Cigarette Smoke - On the Origin of the Sulfur Compounds of Cigarette Smoke and on Their Possible Contribution to its Overall Flavor and Aroma
Authors: Philippe R.J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide has been isolated from cigarette smoke by a combination of adsorption and partition gas chromatographic techniques. Positive identification of dimethyl sulfide was obtained by infra-red spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and gas chromatographic retention times. Both infra-red and mass spectra are presented and their most important features are discussed. Based on gas chromatographic measurements, a semiquantitative estimation of the amount of dimethyl sulfide in cigarette smoke is given. A list of the sulfur compounds identified up to now in cigarette smoke is presented as well as some discussion about their possible origin. After some evidence given on the importance of sulfur compounds on the flavour of several natural products and of some synthetic compositions, the question is raised as to the possible effect of these sulfur compounds on the overall flavour and aroma of cigarette smoke.
Model Pyrolysis - The Study of Cellulose
Authors: Robb E.W. , Johnson W.R. , Westbrook J.J. , Seligman R.B. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to learn how cellulose pyrolysis was affected by changes in atmospheres, by varied pyrolysis temperatures, by the addition of inorganic materials, and by chemical modifications of the cellulose molecule. These studies have led to the hypothesis that cellulose can pyrolyse by two different modes to form B(a)P. Large quantities of B(a)P can be formed by high temperature (850°C) isothermal pyrolysis of cellulose via a very efficient gaseous reaction route. In this reaction the B(a)P yield decreased in the presence of iron, cobalt, and nickel while the yield increased with increasing temperatures and with the introduction of oxygen into the system. In contrast, graduated heating experiments demonstrated that B(a)P began to form at 450°C. This reaction was inefficient with respect to B(a)P yield and was unaffected by the presence of metals. The B(a)P precursors were hypothesized to be nonvolatile, being formed via a solid state decomposition of cellulose and involving the generation of free radicals. This reaction was inhibited by the presence of nitric oxide or salts generating nitric oxide. Additionally, oxidation of the cellulose molecule at the C6 position produced a decreased B(a)P yield.
The Measurement of Smoking Parameters Using Transducers/Zur Messung von Abrauchparametern mit Hilfe von Messgrößenumformern
Authors: Lorenz H.W. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe suitability of electric measuring methods making use of transducers has been tested for the smoking parameters puff duration, draw resistance, puff profile and puff volume. The procedures proved to be accurate, reproducible and technically simple and are, in our opinion, appropriate for calibrating smoking machines and for controlling the said parameters during the smoking process.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Formaldehyde in Whole Smoke/Eine spektralphotometrische Methode zur Bestimmung von Formaldehyd im Vollrauch von Cigaretten
Authors: Stauffer H.P. , Bourquin J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe quantitative determination of formaldehyde in the gas phase of cigarette smoke does not permit any conclusion about the actual level in whole smoke. This is due to the fact that a Cambridge filter charged with smoke condensate absorbs up to 50 % of the volatile aldehydes from the gas phase. A simple method is presented making possible the estimation of formaldehyde in whole cigarette smoke. The procedure is based on the Hantzsch reaction between formaldehyde, acetylacetone and ammonium ion in an aqueous buffer solution. The reaction product, 3,5-diacetyl1,4-dihydrolutidine, has an absorption maximum at 412 nm and is measured spectrophotometrically. The operations are simple and there are no separation steps required. Reproducibility is excellent and interference by other carbonyl compounds can be neglected. Acetaldehyde in concentrations 10 times higher than formaldehyde interferes to less than 1 %. Different types of cigarettes have been analysed with respect to their delivery of formaldehyde. Values found range from 40 to 90 µg per cigarette. The concentrations found in whole smoke are significantly higher than the values cited in the Iiterature for gas phase formaldehyde
Effect of Tobacco Smoke Condensates on Ascorbate
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Nisbet M.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEthanolic extracts of tobacco and tobacco smoke contain compounds capable of accelerating the oxidation of ascorbate. Using a polarographic technique, smoke from cigarettes, cigars and pipe were examined for oxidising properties. Smoke from Virginia cigarettes showed greater activity than that from blended cigarettes, while smoke from cigars and pipes had even lower activity. The reaction of ascorbate and smoke has been shown by EPR to involve a radical intermediate.
Gaschromatographic Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Exhaled Air and Blood/Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Kohlenmonoxid in der Ausatmungsluft und im Blut
Authors: Grieder K. , Buser H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe gas chromatographic method described here has been developed for the determination of low carbon monoxide concentrations in air and blood. For the determination in expired air, a 4 ml sample is injected in a molecular sieve 13X column, where the CO is separated from the other gases. The CO is then hydrogenated to methane over a nickel catalyst column heated to 290°C, and the methane is determined with a flame ionization detector. The limit of detection is 0.1 ppm CO in a total sample volume of 4 ml. The standard deviation per single determination is 0.04 to 0.08 ppm CO in the CO concentration range 0.2 to 10 ppm. For the determination in blood, the CO is liberated from the HbCO complex with K3[Fe(CN)6], transferred into a molecular sieve 5A column which is cooled in liquid nitrogen, and then swept into the gas chromatographic set-up used for the determination of CO in air. 0.05 % HbCO can still be detected in a 0.1 ml blood sample. The standard deviation per single determination is 0.02 % HbCO for a total of 1 % HbCO in the blood sample.
The Determination of Thiodan and Thiodan Sulphate on Tobacco and in Smoke Condensate
Authors: Hengy H. , Thirion J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gas chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of a- and b-thiodan and thiodan sulphate on tobacco and in smoke condensate in concentrations as Iow as 0.01 parts per million. A survey was made of the thiodan and thiodan sulphate content of leaf tobacco and cigarettes. Thiodan and thiodan sulphate residues in leaf tobacco were found to amount to between 0.02 and 0.3 ppm and to between less than 0.02 and 0.05 ppm respectively. Cigarettes manufactured from Virginia tobacco were found to contain between 0.1 and 0.2 ppm of thiodan and less than 0.05 ppm of thiodan sulphate. The transfer rate of thiodan and thiodan sulphate from cigarette tobacco into the mainstream smoke ranged from 14.5 % to 16.3 %
Analytical Examination of Gas Phase Condensate of Cigarette Smoke - Analytische Untersuchungen an Gasphasenkondensat
Authors: Schüller D. , Drews C.J. , Harke H.P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBy the use of gaschromatographic and mass spectrometric methods gas phase condensate from cigarette smoke, isolated on a preparative scale, has been compared with the native gas phase from the smoke of the same cigarettes and investigated for qualitative composition. With regard to composition, there is a satisfactory conformity between both mixtures of substances. It has been possible to identify or to characterize more than 60 constituents