bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abortion, Rates, in the
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tates
Authors: Cody‐Rydzewski Susan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Abortion rates in the United States have fluctuated since
Roe v. Wade
(1973), reaching a record low in 2011. It is argued that improved contraception has played a role in lowering the rate of surgical abortion. The rate of medicinally induced abortion may be on the rise. Contrary to conventional wisdom, women in their twenties – not teenagers – have the highest rate of abortion. In addition, white women and women with lower incomes experience higher rates. Access to abortion remains an ongoing concern as the vast majority of counties in the United States have no provider. Further, lower income women face additional barriers such as lack of healthcare options and unreliable transportation. Women may underreport the incidence of abortion because of problems with recall as well as the social stigma attached to abortion.
Frequency of Sexual Relations in Marriage
Authors: Theiss Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSexual intimacy is a central feature in marital relationships, but the frequency of sexual intercourse peaks during the early years of marriage and declines steadily during the later years of marriage. There are a variety of individual and relational factors that can affect the frequency of sexual relations between romantic partners, such as habituation, age, physical health, psychological well‐being, and relationship quality. Declines in sexual frequency can have consequences for the strength of romantic relationships and is predictive of relationship dissatisfaction and dissolution. Promoting open communication, encouraging a communal orientation toward sex, and breaking the cycle of anxiety and avoidance can help strengthen sexual relations for long‐term married and cohabiting couples.
Marriage & Family Review
(Journal)
Authors: Schumm Walter R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Marriage & Family Review
is a peer‐reviewed academic journal founded in 1978 by Marvin Sussman. The journal specializes in a diversity of research methods (e.g., qualitative and quantitative research), review articles, topics involving family measurement, novel methodologies, theory development, relationship development, and preventive or educational interventions to support new relationships, but considers manuscripts involving a wide variety of topics, including studies involving international families.
Council on Contemporary Families
Authors: Risman Barbara J. , Cowan Carolyn Pape , Cowan Philip A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This entry gives a brief historical description of the Council on Contemporary Families, a national nonprofit organization whose mission is to bring new research and clinical expertise to public conversation. The entry traces the council's growth from its birth in 1995 through its early years and its growth, when it began to be housed in university settings. The entry ends with a discussion of where the Council on Contemporary Families is today and its future plans.
Family Values in Global Perspective
Authors: Khazaie Razieh Giti 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDeep changes in the societal and cultural contexts of society in the last fourth of the twentieth century has led to changes in family structure. The development of diverse attitudes toward family and sexual patterns has resulted in changes which some have considered as the breakdown of family values. These changes have prompted questions regarding the status and the scope of family values in modern family life today. Understanding changes in family values and family values in different cultures is attracting research in family studies. In the modern era family values have been changed in the legislative domain as well as attitudinally, although different cultures hold to different family values.
Family Science
Authors: Hamon Raeann R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Family science is committed to the study of families, with special attention to their internal workings. Employing a systems perspective, family science focuses on the study of relationships, particularly those between family members. As a relatively new discipline, family science seeks to discover, verify, and apply knowledge about families in order to enhance family functioning and to build family strengths. While related academic disciplines contribute useful supporting information, family science affords a more holistic vision of how families operate.
Paternity Leave
Authors: Yeung Wei‐Jun Jean 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Paternity leave was first initiated in Europe with the objective to help fathers achieve a balance between work and family, to increase gender equity at home and in the workplace, and to strengthen the father–child relationship and thus improve the well‐being of children. More recently, some Asian countries have also reviewed their family policies in response to the sociodemographic challenges related to population aging, low fertility rates, and declining marriage rates. Paternity leave entitlements vary widely across different countries along two main dimensions: leave duration and level of income replacement. Despite inconclusive results, some studies suggest that paternity leave has a positive impact on fathers' involvement with children and on children's development.
Demographic Transition
Authors: Dai Wenqian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDemographic transition describes population change over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, with a lagged decline in birth rate which leads to a larger population. At the end of the transition, population approaches homeostasis. The second demographic transition has taken place in many western nations since the late 1960s. During this transition, fertility falls below replacement level, and people tend to postpone marriage and parenthood and to choose more flexible partnerships. Globalization contributes to the second demographic transition by creating an unprecedented level of uncertainty. Demographic transition is a set of interrelated massive structural changes in mortality, fertility, age, migration and family. Demographic transition theory is a macro‐level theory that attributes mortality and fertility decline to industrialization. The reformulation of demographic transition theory adds ideational factors to explain fertility decline, including rational choices embodied in the supply–demand framework, the diffusion of innovative fertility restriction perspective and the theory of demographic change and response.
Co‐Sleeping
Authors: Wilder Jeffrianne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Co‐sleeping is the practice of infants and young children sharing the same sleeping space with their parents and/caretaker. There are many benefits associated with co‐sleeping – from the promotion of breastfeeding, strong parent–child bonds, and increased independence and maturity of children. However, there are several commonly known risks of co‐sleeping as well, including sudden infant death syndrome and strained family relations. Recently, the practice of co‐sleeping has been widely debated in the academic and medical communities and the current research is centered on supporting and/or challenging this increasingly common child care activity.
Pregnancy
Authors: Fransisco Kara 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Pregnancy is the time in which an embryo, and then fetus, develops inside the uterus of a female. Gestation is discussed in medically and socially constructed measures of time known as trimesters. While most women in the United States continue to use an obstetrician as a primary care provider during pregnancy, other women opt for midwives. Midwives are typically associated with high quality of care and excellent birth outcomes. Pregnancy outcomes vary among sociodemographic factors, with age‐ and race‐related disparities existing. Pregnancy and birth can be positive or negative experiences, with social support and a sense of agency and control being vital components of better experiences.
Assisted Reproductive Technology
Authors: Fransisco Kara 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Assisted reproductive technology (ART), is defined differently by many agencies, but is generally understood to be the handling of sperm and eggs outside the human body. This technology, which is an infertility service, began rapid development in 1978, ushering in a new era for reproductive health, family formation, and family structure. With this ever‐growing technology comes considerations, particularly of the legal, ethical, and moral variety. In a largely unregulated industry, buyers and sellers can exchange genetic material, or in some cases borrow wombs, often without legally binding contracts.
Disabilities and Families
Authors: Taylor Morgan Sanchez 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The spread of the social model of disability has prompted questions about how disability experiences are shared with family members. These experiences are often complex and engender a continuum of benefits and challenges for the individuals with disabilities and their families. Early intervention for all members of the family system results in more positive disability experiences. Courtesy stigma remains a challenge for families with disabilities, especially for members whose disability is invisible. Families with strong social support who redefine disability outside negative cultural meanings perceive more positive family adjustment.
Child Maltreatment
(Journal)
Authors: Feiring Candice 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Child Maltreatment
is a quarterly journal that focuses on providing rigorous data‐based approaches to the understanding, treatment, and prevention of child maltreatment.
Child Maltreatment
's 2013 impact factor was 2.706 and it ranked second out of journals in the Family Studies (2/39) categories. It publishes work relevant to physical and sexual abuse, neglect, psychological maltreatment and the experience of multiple maltreatment. The journal values understanding child maltreatment in the context of related individual, family and, community risk factors and outcomes.
Grandparent–Grandchild Relationships
Authors: Bates James S. , Taylor Alan C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Grandparent–grandchild relationships are complex because at least three generations are involved in forming, nurturing, and maintaining the relationship. Research conducted over the past 50 years has provided important insights into the demographic and personal characteristics of those involved in this relationship, about the behavioral and psychological dynamics occurring within the relationship, and the outcomes for grandparents, grandchildren, and the family as a result of engagement in the relationship.
Turkey, Families in
Authors: Copur Zeynep 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTurkey is an upper middle‐income country with stable institutions and widespread public services. Turkey has been undergoing rapid social and economic changes including demographic transition. Its relatively recent and rapid urbanization and industrialization have been accompanied by increased economic and cultural ties to Europe and North America. Marriage is almost universal and practically all births occur within marital unions, whether they be civil or religious marriages. Because of traditional and religious values, sexual relationships and extramarital births are very rare in rural areas, but they have been increasing in urban areas. As a result, the great majority of children live with both natural parents
Interracial Marriage
Authors: Grether Scott 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInterracial marriages comprise people from different racial or ethnic backgrounds. The number and overall acceptance of these marriages has reached an all‐time high in the United States. Possible explanations for why people marry outside their race are linked to exchange theory and educational homogamy. Scholars argue that interracial marriages are a measure of social distance between races, contribute to the growth of a colorblind society, and may represent the future of marriage in the United States. Research on the lived experiences of these couples presents a more nuanced understanding of how race continues to impact the lives of individuals in interracial marriages.
Singapore, Families in
Authors: Street Debra , D'Amuro Kriston Thomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFamilies in Singapore have been transformed with unprecedented speed since nationhood was achieved in 1965. Modern Singapore is characterized by family composition that reflects trends including: low and declining fertility, postponed marriage and maternal age at first birth, increased rates of singlehood and divorce, and a rapidly aging population. Despite a series of pro‐marriage and pro‐natalist policies, Singapore's contemporary families are smaller and include more single adults and fewer children, putting the capacity for Singaporeans to maintain the traditional form of the family value of filial piety at risk.
Family of Orientation
Authors: Woszidlo Alesia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The family of orientation refers to the family in which a person is raised. Although this generally includes one's parents and siblings, it may also include grandparents or other relatives. The family of orientation is one of many family forms and has been thought of as one of the primary platforms for which one encounters early socialization experiences. Attitudes and beliefs can be learned from all members of the family and, according to research, can leave a lasting imprint on child as he/she matures into an adult.
Open Marriage
Authors: Vellinga Haley C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Open marriage altered perspectives toward matrimony and relationships in the United States. Polyamory and swinging are two nonmonogamous relationship styles that emerged from the creation of open marriage. Western culture once viewed polyamory and swinging with disdain that is attributed to lack of knowledge and understanding. Limited research and growing dissonance toward marriage propelled the dissemination of knowledge about alternative life choices. Polygyny, polyandry, and swinging involve complex relational dynamics that researchers are beginning to analyze.
Child Mortality Rates
Authors: Guseh James S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Child mortality rate, also called under‐5 mortality rate, is the probability of dying under age 5, per 1000 live births. The child mortality rate is a good indicator of the level of child health and a nation's overall development. Since 1990, the worldwide child mortality rate has declined through the prevention of infectious diseases, malnutrition and maternity‐related complications, and the provision of safe water and sanitation. In 2000 the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals to reduce the under‐5 mortality rate by two‐thirds between 1990 and 2015. Many countries, except some in the developing world, have made significant progress in meeting this target. Leading causes of under‐5 mortality are pneumonia, maternity‐related complications, diarrhea, malaria, and meningitis. Cost‐effective measures to reduce child mortality include vaccines, antibiotics, insecticide‐treated bed nets and improved family care and breastfeeding practices.
Honor Killings
Authors: Kellett Peter M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Honor killings predominate in collectivist, or high‐context, cultures where there is a heightened emphasis on the power of honor and public shame as it pertains to the name and reputation/face of a family. In such cultures where there is high pressure for conformity to custom and tradition, where women are routinely regarded as the property of the family and/or community, and where killing is believed to expel dishonor and restore honor, these three broad factors can intersect to create violent and deadly practices such as honor killings. Girls and women are usually targeted, though boys and men may also be victims.
Childhood: A Journal of Global Child Research
Authors: Alanen Leena , Cook Daniel Thomas , Hanson Karl , Morrow Virginia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractChildhood: A Journal of Global Child Researchis a major international peer‐reviewed journal and a forum for research relating to children in global society that spans divisions between geographical regions, disciplines, and social and cultural contexts.Childhoodpublishes theoretical and empirical articles, reviews and scholarly comments on children's social relations and culture, with an emphasis on their rights and generational position in society.
Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
Authors: Likis Frances E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
(
JMWH
) is the official journal of the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM). This peer‐reviewed journal presents new research and current knowledge across a broad range of clinical and interdisciplinary topics including maternity care, gynecology, primary care for women and newborns, public health, health care policy, and global health. With a focus on evidence‐based practice,
JMWH
is dedicated to improving the health care of women throughout their life span and promoting excellence in midwifery.
C
anada, Families in
Authors: Dun Tim , Duffy Ann 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Separated from the United States by the world's longest nonmilitarized border, Canada's 35.5 million people are heavily impacted by their much more populous neighbor. Although Canadian society and families are influenced by the dominant beliefs, values, and attitudes that characterize the United States, Canada is distinctive in both its history and some of its current social arrangements. For example, divorce rates, frequency of teen mothers, and the availability of government‐funded maternity leave differ. Canada, once typically approached by social researchers in terms of its anglophone and francophone divide, is becoming much more diverse. The shifting ethnic and cultural landscape and global economics contextualize the evolving Canadian family. Family size is decreasing, while the diversity in family forms grows. Marriage is delayed or avoided, with common‐law unions becoming a viable alternative to marriage. Other trends include more children living with common‐law parents, grandparents, and lone parents.
Divorce Law
Authors: Train Kelly Amanda 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs long as marriage has existed, couples have sought divorce. In hunting and gathering societies, both women men had the right to end a marriage. With the emergence of early farming societies, the erosion of women's rights included the elimination of women's right to divorce. Until the nineteenth century, divorce laws worldwide were governed by religion. Under Judaism and Islam, only men had the right to divorce their wives. Under Hinduism and Christianity, divorce was impossible. After the nineteenth century, divorce became secularized and therefore available to the masses, but only in some western countries. In many western societies in the early twenty‐first centuries, both men and women have the right to end a marriage.
Child Custody:
US
Historical and Legal Contexts
Authors: Doubledee Rachael R. , Coleman Marilyn , Ganong Lawrence H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Following parental separation, child custody decisions determine the legal responsibilities of each parent to the child or children. The increase in parental separation in the United States since the second half of the twentieth century for reasons other than death has lead to greater visibility of child custody decisions. There are two types of child custody: legal and physical. Legal child custody refers to decision‐making regarding the child's health and welfare. Physical child custody refers to shared parenting time; physical custody arrangements include joint, sole, split, alternating, and third party. Child custody decisions have implications for family life, parental involvement, child visitation, and child support obligations.
Substance Abuse, Families, and Social Workers in the
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Authors: Bowers Jessica M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the United States, alcohol and drug abuse have steadily increased since the early 1990s. The lifestyle of individuals abusing substances is often characterized by fear, chaos, and unpredictability. As a result, child abuse is more likely to occur in homes where drugs and alcohol are misused by caregivers. Parental substance abuse has many negative impacts on children, and social workers face numerous challenges when helping families to recover from substance abuse. Often, addicted caregivers experience increased barriers to accessing treatment. Families that struggle with addictions may experience legal and financial problems, social isolation, family violence, past trauma, and mental health issues. Unfortunately, substance abuse treatment is not always available to families. Many social workers are advocating for an increase in drug and alcohol prevention, education, and treatment programs, as well as other supportive services in an effort to diminish the risks of child maltreatment.
Journal of Family Issues
Authors: Shehan Constance L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Family Issues
is an interdisciplinary social science journal that publishes empirically based papers pertaining to families, households, and intimate relationships.It was first published in 1980. It publishes research based on qualitative as well as quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. It has a long history of publishing feminist research about families and intimate relationships. It also features international research and scholarship. It is published 16 times each year by SAGE.
C
hristianity and Families
Authors: Dollahite David C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Christianity has influenced millions of families for over two thousand years and continues to exert some influence on the family life of about two billion adherents. Christianity sanctifies marriage and family relationships, encouraging many to devote significant attention to their spouses and families. Christianity has contributed to family life by raising the status of marriage, promoting trust and loyalty in marriage, promoting marital stability by discouraging divorce, increasing the status of children in society, improving the quality of marital and family processes, countering cultural trends that harm families, helping to resolve relational problems through pastoral counseling, and promoting human life and health. Religion also has had some negative effects on marriage and family life, including justifying corporal punishment, discouraging and disallowing divorce even in situations involving abuse, and sanctifying gender inequity and oppression. Christians manifest great diversity in beliefs and practices regarding marriage and family issues and policies.
Tuning the Electron‐Acceptor Properties of [60]Fullerene by Tailored Functionalization for Application in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Cristofani Michele , Menna Enzo , Seri Mirko , Muccini Michele , Prosa Mario , Antonello Sabrina , Mba Miriam , Franco Lorenzo , Maggini Michele 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of fullerene derivatives designed to act as photoactive acceptor materials in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends has been reported. DFT calculations, which provide the LUMO energy values as a function of the fullerene substitution pattern, were employed in the design of these compounds. The functionalizations focused on the type of addition (1,2‐ or 1,4‐addition) and electronic properties of the addends. Cyclic voltammetry determined the LUMO energies to be in good agreement with the calculated values. The photovoltaic efficiencies of the solar cells, composed of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):fullerene blends, were measured. EPR spectroscopy was used to characterize the magnetic interactions and symmetry properties of radical anions and the excited triplet states of the derivatives. An explanation of the observed LUMO energy shifts based on the symmetry change in the frontier orbitals of the derivatives has been proposed.