bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shaking Off Burdens – Debt Relief and Moral Intuitions
Authors: Chavanne David 
Published: July 2017

SummaryMotivated by the prevalence of debt crises and the resulting policy debates, this study uses a vignette‐based survey to examine the moral intuitions that underlie debt‐related policy preferences. After reading a hypothetical scenario involving a debtor and a lender, survey respondents rate the degree of fairness that they attach to a third party's decision to allow debt relief. The experimental design varies (1) the responsibility of lenders and debtors in terms of whether their situations stem from bad luck or poor choices, (2) the salience of a lender's profit motive and (3) whether the debtor and the lender are individuals or corporations. The results show that debt relief is more likely to be found fair in a corporate context compared to a personalized context and that the factors that drive the perceived fairness of debt relief differ across corporate and personalized contexts. With corporate debt, debtor and lender responsibility are strongly, and consistently, linked to the perceived fairness of debt relief. With personalized debt, lender responsibility is never a significant driver of the perceived fairness of debt relief, and debtor responsibility only matters if the lender's profit motive is made salient.
Majority Rules in Constitutional Referendums
Authors: Michel Stephan , Cofone Ignacio N. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe paper addresses the divergence in majority rules at the moment of creating or reforming constitutions. While constitutions require, in most cases, qualified majorities in order to be approved at the constitutional assembly, they normally require only simple majorities to be ratified at the referendum. We analyze the set of conditions under which each majority rule is preferable for constitutional referendums. We argue that the simple majority requirement for referendums in constitution‐making, which is nearly universally used, lacks a clear theoretical justification. Qualified majority rules increase legitimacy and provide additional checks on the drafters. We further highlight when simple majority rules have advantages: when decision‐making costs in the referendum are high. Thereafter, we present an evaluation mechanism to identify the cases in which each majority rule should be used to increase stability and legitimacy. We then apply this evaluation mechanism to the constitution‐making processes in Poland, Bolivia and Egypt, which are three examples of diverging majority rules.
Fundamental Versus Granular Comparative Advantage: An Analysis Using Chess Data
Authors: Minondo Asier 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe Ricardian and Heckscher‐Ohlin models of international trade contend that firms do not play any role in shaping countries' export specialization. However, the evidence shows that few firms dominate exports in many countries. This paper analyzes the relative contribution of fundamental (country) and granular (individual) comparative advantage to the differences in specialization across countries in a particular activity: chess. Using data on the quality of around 146,000 chess players in 106 countries in 2015, I find that fundamental comparative advantage is the main contributor to the variation in countries' specialization in chess. However, the contribution of granular comparative advantage becomes larger when analyzing specialization in very high‐quality chess players. Despite the appearance of chess servers that allow playing online and offer tools to improve chess skills, I do not find convergence in fundamental comparative advantage over the period 2001‐2015.
Postoperative complications in cirrhotic pediatric deceased donor liver transplantation: Focus on transfusion therapy
Authors: Nacoti M. , Cazzaniga S. , Colombo G. , Corbella D. , Fazzi F. , Fochi O. , Gattoni C. , Zambelli M. , Colledan M. , Bonanomi E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntraoperative transfusions seem associated with patient death and graft failure after PLTx. A retrospective analysis of recipients’ and donors’ characteristics and transplantation data in a cohort of patients undergoing PLTx from 2002 to 2013 at the Bergamo General Hospital was performed. A two‐stage hierarchical Cox proportional hazard regression with forward stepwise selection was used to identify the main risk factors for major complications. In addition, propensity score analysis was used to adjust risk estimates for possible selection biases in the use of blood products. Over the 12‐year period, 232 pediatric cirrhotic patients underwent PLTx. One‐year patient and graft survival rates were 92.3% and 83.7%, respectively. The Kaplan‐Meier shows that the main decrease in both graft and patient survival occurs during the first months post‐transplantation. At the same time, it appears that most of the complications occur during the first month post‐transplantation. One‐month and 1‐year patient complication‐free survival rates were 24.8% and 12.1%, respectively. Our study shows that intraoperative red blood cells and platelet transfusions are independent risk factors for developing one or more major complications in the first year after PLTx. Decreasing major complications will improve the health status and overall long‐term patient survival after pediatric PLTx.
Buddhism and animal ethics
Authors: Finnigan Bronwyn 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article provides a philosophical overview of some of the central Buddhist positions and arguments regarding animal welfare. It introduces the Buddha's teaching of ahiṃsā or nonviolence and rationally reconstructs five arguments from the context of early Indian Buddhism that aim to justify its extension to animals. These arguments appeal to the capacity and desire not to suffer, the virtue of compassion, as well as Buddhist views on the nature of self, karma, and reincarnation. This article also considers how versions of these arguments have been applied to address a practical issue in Buddhist ethics; whether Buddhists should be vegetarian.
Related Variety and Innovation: Evidence from the Tourism Industry
Authors: Erkuş‐Öztürk Hilal 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEvolutionary economic geography literature claims that firms with ‘related variety relations’ are more innovative than firms with only intra‐industry relations and relations of ‘unrelated variety’. This paper aims to explore this claim for tourism companies in Antalya. The main question is whether innovative hotels, restaurants, and tourism‐oriented shops have stronger relations with firms of different but related sectors than with firms of the same sector and firms of different but unrelated sectors. This paper differs from previous research: (i) by bringing a tourism dimension to evolutionary economic geography literature and (ii) by employing a quantitative method of analysis (correspondence and chi‐square) based on a firm‐level survey. The findings show a significant difference in the relationship between company innovations and the two proxies for related variety, unrelated variety and intra‐industry relations, namely investment behaviour and recruitment of personnel.
How do we reduce plasma transfusion in Rhode Island?
Authors: Nixon Christian P. , Tavares Maria F. , Sweeney Joseph D. 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDPlasma transfusions are given to patients with coagulopathy, either prophylactically, before an invasive procedure; or therapeutically, in the presence of active bleeding; and as an exchange fluid in therapeutic plasma exchange for disorders such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. There is consensus that many prophylactic plasma transfusions are non‐efficacious, and the misdiagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura results in unnecessary therapeutic plasma exchange.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBeginning in 2001, programs to reduce plasma transfusion in the three major teaching hospitals in Rhode Island were initiated. The programs evolved through the establishment of guidelines, education for key prescribers of plasma, screening of plasma prescriptions, and engagement of individual prescribing physicians for out‐of‐guidelines prescriptions with modification or cancellation. Establishment of an in‐house ADAMTS13 (ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1, motif 13) assay in 2013 was used to prevent therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with non‐thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura microangiopathy. Transfusion service data were gathered at the hospital level regarding blood component use, hospital data for discharges, inpatient mortality, and mean case‐mix index, and, at the state level, for units of plasma shipped from the community blood center to in‐state hospitals.RESULTSBetween 2006 and 2016, a reduction in plasma use from 11,805 to 2677 units (a 77% decrease) was observed in the three hospitals and was mirrored in the state as a whole. This decline was not associated with any increase in red blood cell transfusion. Inpatient mortality either declined or was unchanged.CONCLUSIONAn active program focused on education and interdiction can achieve a large decrease in plasma transfusions without evidence of patient harm.
The role of imports for exporter performance in Peru
Authors: Pierola Martha Denisse , Fernandes Ana Margarida , Farole Thomas 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUsing highly disaggregated firm‐level customs data for imports and exports in Peru over the 2000–12 period, we explore the relationship between imports of intermediate inputs and firm export performance. The evidence shows that greater use, variety and quality of imported intermediate inputs are significantly correlated with higher export levels and growth, greater market diversification and higher export quality at the firm level, even after controlling for unobserved firm heterogeneity. Exporter–importers exposed to higher tariffs, and non‐tariff measures import less in total and exhibit lower import variety, whereas those using an advance customs clearance procedure designed to facilitate imports exhibit higher imports and a more diversified bundle of inputs.
Accuracy of open magnetic resonance imaging for guiding injection of the equine deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof
Authors: Groom Lauren M. , White Nathaniel A. , Adams M. Norris , Barrett Jennifer G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLesions of the distal deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are frequently diagnosed using MRI in horses with foot pain. Intralesional injection of biologic therapeutics shows promise in tendon healing; however, accurate injection of distal deep digital flexor tendon lesions within the hoof is difficult. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate accuracy of a technique for injection of the deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof using MRI‐guidance, which could be performed in standing patients. We hypothesized that injection of the distal deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof could be accurately guided using open low‐field MRI to target either the lateral or medial lobe at a specific location. Ten cadaver limbs were positioned in an open, low‐field MRI unit. Each distal deep digital flexor tendon lobe was assigned to have a proximal (adjacent to the proximal aspect of the navicular bursa) or distal (adjacent to the navicular bone) injection. A titanium needle was inserted into each tendon lobe, guided by T1‐weighted transverse images acquired simultaneously during injection. Colored dye was injected as a marker and postinjection MRI and gross sections were assessed. The success of injection as evaluated on gross section was 85% (70% proximal, 100% distal). The success of injection as evaluated by MRI was 65% (60% proximal, 70% distal). There was no significant difference between the success of injecting the medial versus lateral lobe. The major limitation of this study was the use of cadaver limbs with normal tendons. The authors conclude that injection of the distal deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof is possible using MRI guidance.
Effects of environmental factors and burial depth on seed germination and emergence of two populations of Caucalis platycarpos
Authors: Amini R , Gholami F , Ghanepour S 
Published: July 2017

SummaryCaucalis platycarpos is a weed species in irrigated and dry land farming systems in East Azerbaijan and Kermanshah provinces of Iran. Experiments were undertaken to compare C. platycarpos seed germination and emergence of a population from each province over a range of environmental factors, burial depth and crop residue treatments. The Azerbaijan population required lower temperatures (20/10°C day/night temperature) for its highest (90%) germination, compared with the Kermanshah population (88% germination at 25/15°C day/night temperature). In both populations, germination was 84–90% over a wide range of light/dark periods (10–24 h light), but considerable reduction (up to 42%) occurred under continuous darkness. The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of germination was −0.54 and −0.40 MPa for Azerbaijan and Kermanshah populations respectively. The NaCl concentration of 8.83 and 5.71 dS m−1 caused 50% inhibition of germination in Azerbaijan and Kermanshah populations respectively. The X50 parameter (the burial depth at which emergence is reduced by 50%) for Azerbaijan and Kermanshah population was 2.18 and 2.86 cm respectively. Crop residues had more inhibitory effects on the Azerbaijan than Kermanshah population. Adaptive differentiation of C. platycarpos populations has also resulted in smaller seeds of the Azerbaijan compared with the Kermanshah population and resulted in higher emergence for Kermanshah population seedlings from greater soil depths. These results suggest that differences in germination requirements, drought and salinity tolerance of C. platycarpos populations are correlated with environmental conditions of the habitats of the studied populations.
Enjoyment and Behavioral Intention Predict Organized Youth Sport Participation and Dropout
Authors: Gardner Lauren A. , Magee Christopher A. , Vella Stewart A. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Dropout from organized youth sport has significant adverse health implications. Enjoyment and behavioral intentions have consistently been linked with participation and dropout; however, few studies have investigated these links using a prospective design. This study explored whether enjoyment and intentions to continue predicted dropout behavior at 1-year follow-up. Methods: Questionnaires were completed by 327 regular sport participants (mean age = 13.01 y at baseline). After 1 year, 247 individuals (75.5%) continued participating in their main sport and 26 individuals (8%) dropped out. A hierarchical logistic regression model estimated the probability of dropout. In step 1, the following covariates were included: age, sex, competition level, perceived competence, parental support, coach–athlete relationship, friendship quality, and peer acceptance. In step 2, enjoyment and intentions to continue were included. Results: Step 1 indicated that age, parental support, coach–athlete relationship quality, and peer acceptance were significantly associated with dropout. Step 2 explained further variance in dropout, with both enjoyment and intentions inversely associated with dropout. Peer acceptance was the only covariate to remain significantly associated with dropout in step 2. Conclusions: Findings support the use of enjoyment and behavioral intentions as indicators of sport participation/dropout behavior and may aid the development of interventions aimed at preventing future dropout.
Temperament and Physical Activity in Childhood
Authors: Song MinKyoung , Corwyn Robert F. , Bradley Robert H. , Lumeng Julie C. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Temperament activity level can serve as a proxy for nondeliberate activity and an important part of overall energy expenditure. However, little is known about any association between temperament activity level and children’s levels of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. We examined whether temperament activity level in young children is associated with moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity later in childhood and midadolescence. We also assessed if parenting behaviors moderate any association. Methods: Data were obtained from 799 children and their mothers involved in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Growth curve analyses were used to examine the relationships over time, controlling for child and parent characteristics. Results: High temperament activity level at age 4.5 was associated with higher moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity at age 9 (β = 5.15; SE =2.47; P < .001). The association became no longer significant after 10.2 years of age. The association was moderated by parental support for physical activity (β = −2.56; SE = 1.01; P = .01). Conclusions: Low temperament activity level in early childhood was a risk factor for low physical activity in later childhood and adolescence. Parental support for physical activity may be beneficial for children whose temperament activity level is low.
Physical Activity of Nurse Clinical Practitioners and Managers
Authors: Jirathananuwat Areeya , Pongpirul Krit 
Published: July 2017

Background: This study was aimed (1) to compare the level of physical activity (PA) between working and nonworking hours and (2) to compare the level of PA during working hours of nurse clinical practitioners (NCPs) with that of nurse managers (NMs). Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted at a Thai university hospital from October 2015 to March 2016. All randomly selected participants wore an activity tracker on their hip for 5 days, except during bathing and sleeping periods, to record step counts and time points. Results: Of 884 nurses, 289 (142 NCPs and 147 NMs) were randomly selected. The average age was 35.87 years. They spent 9.76 and 6.01 hours on work and nonwork activities, respectively. Daily steps per hour were significantly lower during work than nonwork periods (P < .001). An NCP had significantly higher overall hourly PA (P = .002). The number of steps per hour during work period of NCP was significantly higher than that of NM even after adjusting for age, work experience, and body mass index (P = .034). Conclusions: NCP had higher overall PA than NM, which was partly contributed by work-related PA. Level of PA for a professional with variation of actual work hours should be measured on hourly basis.
On the Death Rate of Abortively Infected Cells: Estimation from Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Ke Ruian , Cong Mian-er , Li David , García-Lerma J. Gerardo , Perelson Alan S. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Progressive T cell depletion during chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection is a key mechanism that leads to the development of AIDS. Recent studies have suggested that most T cells in the tissue die through pyroptosis triggered by abortive infection, i.e., infection of resting T cells in which HIV failed to complete reverse transcription. However, the contribution of abortive infection to T cell loss and how quickly abortively infected cells die
in vivo
, key parameters for a quantitative understanding of T cell population dynamics, are not clear. Here, we infected rhesus macaques with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) and followed the dynamics of both plasma SHIV RNA and total cell-associated SHIV DNA. Fitting mathematical models to the data, we estimate that upon infection a majority of CD4
+
T cells (approximately 65%, on average) become abortively infected and die at a relatively high rate of 0.27 day
−1
(half-life, 2.6 days). This confirms the importance of abortive infection in driving T cell depletion. Further, we find evidence suggesting that an immune response may be restricting viral infection 1 to 3 weeks after infection. Our study serves as a step forward toward a quantitative understanding of the mechanisms driving T cell depletion during HIV infection.

IMPORTANCE
In HIV-infected patients, progressive CD4
+
T cell loss ultimately leads to the development of AIDS. The mechanisms underlying this T cell loss are not clear. Recent experimental data suggest that the majority of CD4
+
T cells in tissue die through abortive infection, where the accumulation of incomplete HIV transcripts triggers cell death. To investigate the role of abortive infection in driving CD4
+
T cell loss
in vivo
, we infected macaques with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) and followed the viral kinetics of both plasma RNA and cell-associated DNA during infection. Fitting mathematical models, we estimated that a large fraction of infected cells dies through abortive infection and has a half-life of approximately 2.6 days. Our results provide the first
in vivo
quantitative estimates of parameters characterizing abortive infection and support the notion that abortive infection represents an important mechanism underlying progressive CD4
+
T cell depletion
in vivo
.
Sec24C-Dependent Transport of Claudin-1 Regulates Hepatitis C Virus Entry
Authors: Yin Peiqi , Li Ye , Zhang Leiliang 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) coreceptor required for viral entry. Although extensive studies have focused on claudin-1 as an anti-HCV target, little is known about how the level of claudin-1 at the cell surface is regulated by host vesicular transport. Here, we identified an interaction between claudin-1 and Sec24C, a cargo-sorting component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicular transport system. By interacting with Sec24C through its C-terminal YV, claudin-1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is eventually targeted to the cell surface. Blocking COPII transport inhibits HCV entry by reducing the level of claudin-1 at the cell surface. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the role of COPII vesicular transport in HCV entry.

IMPORTANCE
Tight junction protein claudin-1 is one of the cellular receptors for hepatitis C virus, which infects 185 million people globally. Its cellular distribution plays important role in HCV entry; however, it is unclear how the localization of claudin-1 to the cell surface is controlled by host transport pathways. In this paper, we not only identified Sec24C as a key host factor for HCV entry but also uncovered a novel mechanism by which the COPII machinery transports claudin-1 to the cell surface. This mechanism might be extended to other claudins that contain a C-terminal YV or V motif.