bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New and Practical Model for Amount and Rate of Sand Production Estimation
Authors: Wu B. , Choi S. K. , Denke R. , Barton T. , Viswanathan C. , Lim S. , Zamberi M. , Shaffee S. , Fadhlan N. , Johar Z. , Jadid M. B. , Madon B. B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive study on sand production with the objective to develop a practical sand production model to estimate amount and rate of sand produced. The study comprised three components; laboratory experiments, numerical modeling and field case study for model validation. An experiment program was carried out on seven weak sandstones with various strengths. The experiments were conducted on relatively large samples under realistic effective reservoir stress and drawdown conditions with oil and gas flow. The large sample size allowed a meaningful amount of sands to be produced with minimum boundary effect. Real-time borehole monitoring using a borescope and X-ray CT scanning on the tested samples enabled rock failure and sanding mechanisms to be investigated. The laboratory experiments were simulated by numerical modeling using discrete element and finite difference methods. A sand production quantification model was developed by correlating the critical plastic volume obtained from the numerical modeling with the cumulative amount of sand produced from the sanding experiments. The sand quantification model was applied to a field case study aiming for model validation. The modeling result has been so far consistent with field observations.
Intrusive erosion Probes on Subsea Equipment - Design and Placement Considerations
Authors: Leong Melvin , Sanchis Arnaud 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sand monitoring equipment provides the operator with integrity management information on the condition of subsea production systems and guidance on the erosion trends over the field life. However the placement of such equipment, in particular the intrusive erosion probe (IEP), is often carried out at sub-optimal locations. This is sometimes a result of space limitations on the equipment on which it is mounted on. This paper discusses the current practice on the placement of the IEP and potential problems that may arise from a poorly located IEP. A discussion on the possible mitigation measures is provided. Where necessary these are illustrated through the use of good design and analysis practices.
A Comparative Study for the Prediction of Ultimate Tensile Strength in Flexible Pipes
Authors: Yim Ki-Ho , Jang Beom-Seon 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A flexible pipe consists of several layers which have various materials and different functions. For a new design of flexible pipe, the structural response on external loads will vary depending on the characteristics of each layer. In order to compute the behavior of flexible pipe, a cross-section analysis is required. Theoretical, numerical, and experimental approaches can be used.
The prototype test is most reliable way to find the characteristics and strength of flexible pipe, and it is mandatorily required in most of applications. From experiments, failure mechanism and utilization of stress in each layer against tensile loads can be evaluated. However, it is limited in the number of tests due to the cost and the capacity of instrument.
The theoretical and numerical methods are efficient to the new flexible pipe design, and many previous researchers demonstrated that those give reliable solutions.
In order for prediction of the ultimate tensile strength, the non-linear material property of all layers should be considered. However, application of the non-linear material to the theoretical analysis of flexible pipe can rarely be found.
In this paper, a theoretical model using an equivalent orthotropic shell is developed considering the non-linear material of tensile armour in order for the assessment of the ultimate tensile strength of flexible pipe. Comparatively, FE models are also developed considering all contacts between layers and nonlinear materials for each layer. The 2.5? ID flexible pipe provided in the previous research is used for both models. From the comparative study, both results show good agreements with respect to the elongation and equivalent stresses depending on the tension. Similar ultimate tensile strengths of the flexible pipe are obtained.
New Rock Physics Template for Better Hydrocarbon Prediction
Authors: Hermana Maman , Lubis Luluan A. , Ghosh Deva P. , Sum Chow Weng 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Understanding the behavior of elastic properties to get the best discrimination on lithology and fluid prediction is the most important knowledge to minimize the pitfalls in the interpretation. Rock Physics Template (RPT) which is geologically constrained rock physics model can serve the information about the lithology and fluid separation; hence it can guide the interpreter to reduce the pitfalls in prediction and misinterpretation. The objective of this paper is to show the performance of new RPT in discriminating the lithology and pore fluids. The new RPT has been developed based on SQp and SQs attributes. These attribute were derived from attenuation–rock physics approximation. The new RPT was tested on soft sediment and cemented model and it was also applied on the real dataset from a field in Malay Basin. The performance of new RPT on lithology and pore fluid separation was compared with the existing RPT generally used in the industry. The results show that the new RPT which is based on SQp and SQs attributes give better separation in lithology and hydrocarbon prediction. The lithology effect was separated in the SQp domain and pore fluid was separated in the SQs domain which are both domain are orthogonal to each other. The implementation of this RPT on the real data shows that the gas sand separated clearly from wet sand and coal layer. The pitfalls due to the coal masking can be solved by implementing these attributes. The lithology and pore fluid were separated optimally. This new RPT provides an optimum separation on lithology and pore fluid effect. Pitfalls due to Coal mask can be separated properly; hence this new technology potentially can be used to reduce the pitfalls and uncertainty in hydrocarbon prediction. Further improvement is still required on the extended applications of this new technology on other cases such as low resistivity low contrast pay prediction.
Emerging Technologies and Workflows in Digital Oil Field
Authors: Chanana P. , Soni T. M. , Bhakne U. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The need for the petroleum industry to understand more about subsurface and surface operations has driven it to gather greater data volumes of various types at high frequency. However, searching relevant information from this data is quite complex and time consuming, complicating the decision making process.
With emerging technologies, business processes are improving and the industry experts are able to design more intelligent, advanced and automated workflows. These advanced workflows are required to bridge the gap between various inter-linking operations and to reduce time lag. This results in reducing the time involved in decision making and improving the quality of decision. In the same way, managing data has advanced to a great extent with evolving technology. Data management, which includes data gathering from various sources, data cleansing, validating and analyzing, is required to manage huge amounts of data and take quick actions for better business benefits. The need for integration of data management and improved business processes in the oil and gas industry has given rise to several Digital Oil Field (DOF) implementations over the decade.
Digital Oil Field, an evolving technology, has transformed from a reactive approach to a proactive approach. In the past decade, DOF involved installing devices such as sensors on the field to gather data. Now, it has moved to visualizing data on dashboards, monitoring, and making operations effective. Soon we will have smarter solutions where systems will make decisions and indicate potential means to overcome issues with the help of best practices and predictive analysis.
This paper aims to review the work done in the sphere of DOF over the decade. Basic DOF architecture and data flow in business processes from data capturing to visualization are also explained briefly in this paper. The benefits of DOF technologies to the petroleum industry, the success factors of DOF and its future direction are also discussed.
Study about Statistical Approach in External Turret Mooring Analysis of FLNG
Authors: Hayashi T. , Ando T. , Kato S. , Yukawa K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There is no common procedure guidance how to evaluate extreme value from dynamic time-domain simulation of turret mooring system which is mostly applied to FLNG positioning system. In this paper, the time-domain dynamic simulations using turret moored FLNG model in different water depth are carried out and various statistical analysis methods are applied to each 3 hours simulation to obtain evaluated extreme line tension.
By the case study results, the paper presents the investigation about the most suitable statistical analysis procedure to evaluate extreme response of time-domain turret mooring analysis. In addition, the detailed analysis procedure in case of storm that is wave and wind force directions are rapidly changing condition is also investigated based on time-domain simulations.
An Integrated Reservoir Modelling Approach in Constructing a Representative Thin, Heterogeneous Clastic Reservoir - Case History
Authors: Das Apurba Kumar , Arsanti Dian , Ghadami Nader , Tunio Kamran Haider , Dou Ali Asem Mahmoud A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn integrated modeling approach was used in a thin, highly heterogeneous complex clastic reservoir to build a more robust three-dimensional geo-cellular model by incorporating all available data from geoscience disciplines such as geophysics, geology, petrophysics and reservoir engineering. The model was used to replicate actual reservoir flow dynamic and generate optimum development strategy.The early versions of the model relied heavily on seismic attributes to populate the reservoir facies. The poor seismic resolution of this thin reservoir has resulted in a patchy facies distribution which could not represent the actual fluid behavior during dynamic modeling. An alternative modeling approach was followed which populates the sand based on net sand mapping which honors the conceptual depositional model of this reservoir. As a result, this approach was used to improve the static model based on actual observed data like pressure and injection response in nearby producers and performance of well behavior.A more reliable reservoir model was built after a lot of iterations between static and dynamic models without changing basic conceptual geology. The characterization of the reservoir as fluvial/deltaic mouth bar lobes has helped to capture a realistic heterogeneity level of the reservoir which made the history matching process much easier. Critically well-wise production performance analysis was conducted before proceeding to dynamic modeling. Production allocation anomaly was observed in few wells and necessary weight has been given to these wells during history matching. One of the key parameters that needs high attention particularly for reservoirs under waterflooding is relative permeability. Because of lack of availability and high uncertainty of relative permeability data in this reservoir, a systematic sensitivity analysis was performed on end point relative permeability and Corey parameters. As a result, the impact of each examined parameter on reservoir performance was scrutinized. The concept of producer injector pairing was used during history matching process and satisfactory history match achieved with minimum property modifiers.A real case example was used to introduce an alternative modeling approach for thin, below seismic resolution clastic reservoirs to achieve a satisfactory history matched model. The presented approach would provide rigorous and sound reservoir models. The sensitivity analysis on relative permeability parameters expedites to the better understanding of flow behavior of the reservoir.
Application of Game Theory for Optimizing Drilling Cost Reduction Programmes
Authors: Ajimoko O.O. (Tayo) 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Most drilling cost reduction initiatives are reactionary, unsustainable and ultimately fail. Usually the failure is neither due to incompetence nor is failure of planning the root cause and neither is it due to a lack of follow through on the plans and strategies. However, they fail because of inefficient opportunity framing and inadequate understanding of the underlying human interactions involved. The pull and push effects of the cost reduction agents is not also fully analysed.
Because most drilling cost reduction initiatives are reactionary, the planned time-frame is typically immediate to short term and the situation of things typically return to the status-quo ante or normalcy shortly afterwards. Consequently, the resultant effect on the organization is not readily apparent and when manifestsed, it is felt mainly in the operational domain. Overall, it results in more inefficiencies at greater costs over the long term. This is usually masked by early apparent gains reflected in the cost saving line item numbers.
Drilling Cost reduction is a change event usually involving major disruption in the routines of the affected personnel (direct and indirect), work segments, service providers and operating philosophies and practices. It therefore requires robust and rigorous management of change protocol.
Game theory is a type of decision theory in which one's choice of action is determined after taking into account all possible alternatives available to an opponent playing the same game, rather than just by the possibilities of several outcomes. It is therefore a useful tool for analysing and anticipating the potential outcomes of a cost reduction initiative to effectively manage disruptions and the resultant inefficiencies. It provides a framework for properly considering the unobvious but highly possible variables at play.
This paper will present a conceptual framework for evaluating a hypothetical drilling cost reduction program. For the purpose of this paper, the rational players / agents will be the service companies, the national government and the Oil and Gas Company. Principles and observations from Decision Theory, General Equilibrum Theory and Mechanism Design Theory will be used as anchors for predicting the possible outcomes of the game.
Monitoring Strength Reduction in Sandstones Associated With Fluid Substitution Using Advanced Rock Mechanics Testing
Authors: Sarout J. , Dautriat J. , David C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a novel rock mechanics testing method for remotely monitoring, detecting and assessing mechanical weakening and possible sand production in sandstone reservoirs during water flooding or during drilling with water-based muds. Rock mechanics triaxial tests are conducted on sandstone reservoir samples subjected to realistic in situ stresses, pore pressure, and temperature. During these tests, in addition to the conventional stress and strain monitoring techniques, the new approach involves a combination of ultrasonic and micro-seismic monitoring techniques allowing for a remote detection and spatial localisation of the possible mechanical weakening that ultimately leads to sand production. The original testing protocol allows for the substitution of the in situ fluid by a water-based fluid with minimal impact on the in situ effective stress in the rock sample. The weakening effect of the substituting fluid can therefore be discriminated from any mechanical artefact associated with a possible reduction in the effective pressure during the substitution. Thanks to the conventional stress-strain monitoring technique, it has been observed that (i) the strength and static elastic moduli decrease when water saturates the pore space; (ii) the injection of water in a critically loaded sample initially saturated either with air or inert oil induces a drastic increase in the creep rate and the development of a mechanical instability. Thanks to the ultrasonic and micro-seismic monitoring of the fluid substitution process, it has been observed that (iii) the mechanical instability is mainly localised in the water-flooded zone; (iv) this instability corresponds to a loss of cohesion between the sandstone grains; (v) during oil substitution by water, the insability is delayed in comparison with the water injection in the dry sandstone and the loss of cohesion is less pronounced. This loss of grain-to-grain cohesion is expected to lead to sand production in weakly consolidated siliciclastic reservoirs. In addition, the injected fluids significantly affect the ultrasonic P-wave velocity: (vi) increases during oil injection; (vii) decrease during water injection. This helps in detecting the advancement of the fluid front within the rock's pore space.
LNG Flexible Integrated with Fiber Optic Distributed Leak System Enhancing Safety, Integrity Monitoring and Life Assessments
Authors: Abbasi T , Hults J. E. , Mesnage O , Simoes V. , Gerez J. , Hardiman R. , Vlekken J. , Roosbroeck J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Leak Detection (LD) in critical pipelines and fluid transfer systems is a key requirement for the future of the petroleum industry in terms of assuring the health and safety of personnel, the public, the environment, and assets. For the LNG industry, safe transfer of LNG between production facilities (e.g. FLNG), tankers, and storage systems is essential. Assurance of integrity and safety should be pursued continuously in these systems, and effective LD systems can act as an early warning, allowing for safe mitigation of risk.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Current pipeline LD systems typically use Computational Pipeline Monitoring techniques. However, these LD systems have limitations in terms of their achievable minimum leak detection threshold and detection timing issues requiring a different approach be developed.
One such approach that is attracting much attention is the utilization of Fiber Optic (FO) systems. These may provide lower leak detection thresholds, shorter detection time coupled with extended range detection monitoring of long, e.g. 400+ m flexibles. FO Digital Temperature Sensors (DTS) have already been used for temperature measurements on flexible pipes and pipelines over several kilometers long. In Situ LD systems may possibly allow earlier detection of small leaks that are outside the capability of currently available systems. Being able to detect leaks with a real time LD may be very advantageous. This paper presents recent developments in design, integration, and testing of FO systems, which can provide detection of leaks in offshore pipelines and flexibles.
The use of FO sensing for offshore pipeline leak detection is still in its infancy and is emerging for cryogenic flexibles. New LD technologies are being developed for improving not only sensitivity, but, also how to reliably and economically deploy the system in situ in a LNG Flexible.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Several FO sensing technologies, including Raman, Brillouin and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) are under evaluation for Technip LNG flexibles. A quantitative/qualitative comparison of available FO solutions including deployment considerations in a flexible are discussed and presented in this paper.

Novel/Additive Information
What else can be done with this system? Other potential uses are to monitor stress or strain along the entire length of the pipe, provide a continuous temperature measurement, flexibles shape, etc. This type of monitoring may be coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models to improve integrity and safety predictions.
Review of Bonded Rubber Flexible Hose Design Codes and Guidelines in Relation to Sea Water Intake Risers on FPSO Vessels
Authors: Craig Ian 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sea Water Intake Risers (SWIR) used on Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels generally comprise of a series of bonded flexible rubber hose sections suspended as a free hanging cantilever from the underside of the vessel, a configuration unique to this application. This paper identifies the industry codes and guidelines associated with the design and manufacture of bonded flexible rubber hoses and determines those most appropriate for a SWIR application to assure the satisfactory operation and life in field.
The associated industry codes and guidelines are analysed and critically appraised to determine which provide the most relevant verification and validation criteria for the design and manufacture of bonded flexible rubber hoses used in a SWIR application with due consideration given to the specific requirements of these bonded flexible rubber hoses which, in addition to the transportation of untreated seawater, also need to accommodate the loads induced by self-weight, vessel motion and environmental forces.
The paper concludes that there are a number of industry codes and guidelines related to the design and manufacture of bonded flexible rubber hoses. However, whilst there are criteria from several of these industry codes and guidelines that may be applied, the design and manufacture of bonded flexible rubber hoses for a SWIR application is not specifically covered by the scope of any one of the documents reviewed. Consequently, the paper identifies the most relevant criteria from the reviewed documents and sets out a propped methodology to verify and validate the design and manufacture of a flexible hose in a SWIR application.
Although this paper proposes a set of verification and validation criteria specifically intended for the design and manufacture of bonded flexible rubber hoses used for SWIR applications on FPSO vessels, it should be noted that these systems are also currently being considered by several stakeholders for similar application on the emerging Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) vessels.
Tension Leg Platform Design with Consideration of Tendon Springing and Ringing
Authors: Teng Y. , Tan J. H. , Kim J. , Jang H. , Baquet A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study presents two tension leg platform (TLP) conceptual designs to account for different environmental conditions including water depths in the Asia Pacific region. The TLPs are designed for similar functional requirements to support relatively small topsides for dry tree systems. Hull global motions are calculated using proprietary and commercially available simulation tools. For one of the two TLPs, tendon springing and ringing responses are calculated using advanced numerical methods, i.e. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with additional user codes based on Euler Overlay Method (EOM) and a newly developed fully coupled hull and mooring analysis procedure.
This study shows that TLPs can be designed for different environmental conditions and they can potentially be scaled down to cater for smaller wellbays or to use tender assisted drilling (TAD) on the platform. The CFD methodology presented for tendon springing and ringing analyses can be used to complement model-scale laboratory testing which has been the only means to obtain these high frequency responses, until the present time.