bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical features are the predominant driver of molecular diversification in widely distributed North American whipsnakes
Authors: O'Connell Kyle A. , Streicher Jeffrey W. , Smith Eric N. , Fujita Matthew K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAllopatric divergence following the formation of geographical features has been implicated as a major driver of evolutionary diversification. Widespread species complexes provide opportunities to examine allopatric divergence across varying degrees of isolation in both time and space. In North America, several geographical features may play such a role in diversification, including the Mississippi River, Pecos River, Rocky Mountains, Cochise Filter Barrier, Gulf of California and Isthmus of Tehuantepec. We used thousands of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA from several species of whipsnakes (genera Masticophis and Coluber) distributed across North and Central America to investigate the role that these geographical features have played on lineage divergence. We hypothesize that these features restrict gene flow and separate whipsnakes into diagnosable genomic clusters. We performed genomic clustering and phylogenetic reconstructions at the species and population levels using Bayesian and likelihood analyses and quantified migration levels across geographical features to assess the degree of genetic isolation due to allopatry. Our analyses suggest that (i) major genetic divisions are often consistent with isolation by geographical features, (ii) migration rates between clusters are asymmetrical across major geographical features, and (iii) areas that receive proportionally more migrants possess higher levels of genetic diversity. Collectively, our findings suggest that multiple features of the North American landscape contributed to allopatric divergence in this widely distributed snake group.
Segmental allotetraploidy generates extensive homoeologous expression rewiring and phenotypic diversity at the population level in rice
Authors: Sun Yue , Wu Ying , Yang Chunwu , Sun Shuai , Lin Xiuyun , Liu Lixia , Xu Chunming , Wendel Jonathan F. , Gong Lei , Liu Bao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAllopolyploidization, that is, concomitant merging and doubling of two or more divergent genomes in a common nucleus/cytoplasm, is known to instantly alter genomewide transcriptome dynamics, a phenomenon referred to as “transcriptomic shock.” However, the immediate effects of transcriptomic alteration in generating phenotypic diversity at the population level remain underinvestigated. Here, we employed the MassARRAY‐based Sequenom platform to assess and compare orthologous, allelic and homoeologous gene expression status in two tissues (leaf and root) of a set of randomly chosen individuals from populations of parental rice subspecies (indica and japonica), in vitro “hybrids” (parental mixes), reciprocal F1 hybrids and reciprocal tetraploids at the 5th‐selfed generation (S5). We show that hybridization and whole genome duplication (WGD) have opposing effects on allelic and homoeologous expression in the F1 hybrids and tetraploids, respectively. Whereas hybridization exerts strong attenuating effects on allelic expression differences in diploid hybrids, WGD augments the intrinsic parental differences and generates extensive and variable homoeolog content which triggers diversification in expression patterning among the tetraploid plants. Coupled with the vast phenotypic diversity observed among the tetraploid individuals, our results provide experimental evidence in support of the notion that allopolyploidy catalyses rapid phenotypic diversification in higher plants. Our data further suggest that largely stochastic homoeolog content reshuffling rather than alteration in total expression level may be an important feature of evolution in young segmental allopolyploids, which underlies rapid expression diversity at the population level.
Between‐day reliability of local thermal hyperemia in the forearm and index finger using single‐point laser Doppler flowmetry
Authors: McGarr Gregory W. , Hodges Gary J. , Cheung Stephen S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess between‐day reliability for LTH in glabrous and nonglabrous index finger skin and nonglabrous forearm skin, with single‐point laser Doppler flowmetry.MethodsPart‐1: In healthy, habitually active males (n=10), LTH was examined twice (~7‐10 days apart) for both skin types on the index finger. Part‐2: Identical testing was performed on the volar forearm. Local heating (33‐42°C at 1°C·20 s−1 + 20 minutes at 44°C) was performed at all skin sites and baseline, initial peak, and plateau phases were identified. Data were expressed as raw CVC (laser‐Doppler flux/MAP), and as CVC normalized to baseline (%CVC33°C) and maximum heating (%CVC44°C). Reliability was assessed using between‐day mean difference, %CV, and ICC.ResultsReliability (%CV) was poor at baseline for all forms of data presentation and for other phases with %CVC33°C. At the initial peak and plateau, reliability was moderate‐poor (20%‐26%) for CVC and good‐moderate (6%‐18%) for %CVC44°C. Reliability was good‐moderate for vasodilatory onset time (10%‐23%) and time to initial peak (6%‐13%).ConclusionsFor all sites, LTH reliability was acceptable for the timing, and for the initial peak and plateau using CVC or %CVC44°C.
Influence of feeding hematocrit and perfusion pressure on hematocrit reduction (Fåhræus effect) in an artificial microvascular network
Authors: Reinhart Walter H. , Piety Nathaniel Z. , Shevkoplyas Sergey S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveHct in narrow vessels is reduced due to concentration of fast‐flowing RBCs in the center, and of slower flowing plasma along the wall of the vessel, which in combination with plasma skimming at bifurcations leads to the striking heterogeneity of local Hct in branching capillary networks known as the network Fåhræus effect. We analyzed the influence of feeding Hct and perfusion pressure on the Fåhræus effect in an AMVN.MethodsRBC suspensions in plasma with Hcts between 20% and 70% were perfused at pressures of 5‐60 cm H2O through the AMVN. A microscope and high‐speed camera were used to measure RBC velocity and Hct in microchannels of height of 5 μm and widths of 5‐19 μm.ResultsChannel Hcts were reduced compared with Hctfeeding in 5 and 7 μm microchannels, but not in larger microchannels. The magnitude of Hct reduction increased with decreasing Hctfeeding and decreasing ΔP (flow velocity), showing an about sevenfold higher effect for 40% Hctfeeding and low pressure/flow velocity than for 60% Hctfeeding and high pressure/flow velocity.ConclusionsThe magnitude of the network Fåhræus effect in an AMVN is inversely related to Hctfeeding and ΔP.
Characterization of two catalase‐peroxidase‐encoding genes in Fusarium verticillioides reveals differential responses to in vitro versus in planta oxidative challenges
Authors: Gao Shan , Gold Scott E. , Glenn Anthony E. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryCatalase‐peroxidases (KatGs) are a superfamily of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐degrading enzymes believed to have been horizontally acquired by ancient Ascomycota from bacteria. Subsequent gene duplication resulted in two KatG paralogues in ascomycetes: the widely distributed intracellular KatG1 group and the phytopathogen‐dominated extracellular KatG2 group. To functionally characterize FvCP01 (KatG1) and FvCP02 (KatG2) in the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, single and double gene deletion mutants were examined in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both ΔFvCP01 and ΔFvCP02 were more sensitive to H2O2 than the wild‐type in vitro, although their sensitivity differed depending on the type of inoculum. Inoculations using mycelial agar plugs demonstrated an additive effect of the mutants, with the ΔFvCP01/ΔFvCP02 double deletion being the most sensitive to H2O2. In general, conidia were much more sensitive than agar plugs to H2O2, and conidial inoculations indicated that FvCP01 conferred more H2O2 tolerance than FvCP02. Transcriptional analysis showed the induction of FvCP01, but decreased expression of FvCP02, in both mycelia and spores in the wild‐type after H2O2 exposure, but this trend was reversed when the fungus was grown on germinating maize seeds. This interaction with the plant increased the expression of FvCP02, but not FvCP01, indicating that FvCP02 may be responsive to plant‐derived H2O2. Yet, FvCP01 was induced more than three‐fold in the ΔFvCP02 mutant grown on germlings, suggesting that FvCP01 can compensate for the loss of FvCP02. Given the differential responses of these two F. verticillioides genes to in vitro versus in planta challenges, a model is proposed to illustrate the differing roles of FvCP01 and FvCP02 in protective responses against H2O2‐derived oxidative stress.
Acute kidney injury is common with intravenous abuse of extended‐release oral oxymorphone and delayed renal recovery rates are associated with increased KDIGO staging
Authors: Bonnecaze Alex K , Wilson Matthew W , Dharod Ajay , Fletcher Alison , Miller Peter John 
Published: August 2017

Summary at a GlanceThis retrospective study analyzed the association between intravenous abuse of extended‐release oxymorphine and acute kidney injury. The prevalence of acute kidney injury was 47.8%. Individuals with established chronic kidney disease had a worse outcome. Although previously reported as an association, no cases of thrombotic microangiopathy were reported in this cohort.
Creativity and physical fitness in primary school‐aged children
Authors: Latorre Román Pedro Ángel , Pinillos Felipe García , Pantoja Vallejo Antonio , Berrios Aguayo Beatriz 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between creativity and physical fitness in elementary school children.MethodData were collected from 308 primary school students in southern Spain, ranging in age from 8 to 12 years (mean, 9.72 ± 1.25 years). They completed a fitness test battery, and the Prueba de Imaginación Creativa para Niños (PIC‐N; Creative Imagination Test for Children) to analyze creativity.ResultsSignificant differences were found between the sexes. Boys had better physical fitness but there were no sex differences in creativity. On clusters analysis, the highly creative groups had better physical fitness. Creativity was correlated with physical fitness. Aerobic capacity was a predictor of creativity.ConclusionThere is an association between creativity and physical fitness in primary school children that may have important implications for academic achievement.
Parameters that help to differentiate biliary atresia from other diseases
Authors: Hayashida Makoto , Matsuura Toshiharu , Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Esumi Genshiro , Yoshimaru Koichiro , Yanagi Yusuke , Takahashi Yoshiaki , Taguchi Tomoaki 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnosis of biliary atresia (BA) is still challenging. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and parameters that contribute to a diagnosis of BA.MethodsFrom January 2000 to December 2013, 37 patients who underwent operative cholangiography were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: a BA group, and a group with other cholestatic diseases (non‐BA group). The demographic data and preoperative liver function test results were analyzed.ResultsOf the 37 patients, 29 patients were confirmed to have BA. Age at operation was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.77). On preoperative liver function tests, only the level of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GTP) was significantly higher in the BA group (P = 0.015). The predominant non‐BA disease was inspissated bile syndrome (IBS). In the IBS patients, the jaundice was relieved after lavage of the biliary tree.ConclusionThe preoperative differentiation of cholestasis is difficult based on laboratory data and imaging. Preoperative γ‐GTP may be useful for diagnosing BA, but operative cholangiography should be performed when BA is suspected and cannot be ruled out by other methods, given that the most common non‐BA disease may be IBS.
Smoothing Mortality Data: TheEnglish Life Tables, 2010–2012
Authors: Dodd Erengul , Forster Jonathan J. , Bijak Jakub , Smith Peter W. F. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryWe describe the most recent statistical methodology used to produce the 17th English Life Table, covering the period 2010–2012. Crude mortality rates are smoothed, or graduated, by using a combination of a generalized additive model and low dimensional parametric models. The approach to graduation acknowledges uncertainty, particularly in the highest age groups, by model averaging, using a simplified version of a full Bayesian analysis.
High Dimensional Change Point Estimation via Sparse Projection
Authors: Wang Tengyao , Samworth Richard J. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryChange points are a very common feature of ‘big data’ that arrive in the form of a data stream. We study high dimensional time series in which, at certain time points, the mean structure changes in a sparse subset of the co-ordinates. The challenge is to borrow strength across the co-ordinates to detect smaller changes than could be observed in any individual component series. We propose a two-stage procedure called inspect for estimation of the change points: first, we argue that a good projection direction can be obtained as the leading left singular vector of the matrix that solves a convex optimization problem derived from the cumulative sum transformation of the time series. We then apply an existing univariate change point estimation algorithm to the projected series. Our theory provides strong guarantees on both the number of estimated change points and the rates of convergence of their locations, and our numerical studies validate its highly competitive empirical performance for a wide range of data-generating mechanisms. Software implementing the methodology is available in the R package InspectChangepoint.
Can chronic stretching change the muscle‐tendon mechanical properties? A review
Authors: Freitas S. R. , Mendes B. , Le Sant G. , Andrade R. J. , Nordez A. , Milanovic Z. 
Published: August 2017

It is recognized that stretching is an effective method to chronically increase the joint range of motion. However, the effects of stretching training on the muscle‐tendon structural properties remain unclear. This systematic review with meta‐analysis aimed to determine whether chronic stretching alter the muscle‐tendon structural properties. Published papers regarding longitudinal stretching (static, dynamic and/or PNF) intervention (either randomized or not) in humans of any age and health status, with more than 2 weeks in duration and at least 2 sessions per week, were searched in PubMed, PEDro, ScienceDirect and ResearchGate databases. Structural or mechanical variables from joint (maximal tolerated passive torque or resistance to stretch) or muscle‐tendon unit (muscle architecture, stiffness, extensibility, shear modulus, volume, thickness, cross‐sectional area, and slack length) were extracted from those papers. A total of 26 studies were selected, with a duration ranging from 3 to 8 weeks, and an average total time under stretching of 1165 seconds per week. Small effects were seen for maximal tolerated passive torque, but trivial effects were seen for joint resistance to stretch, muscle architecture, muscle stiffness, and tendon stiffness. A large heterogeneity was seen for most of the variables. Stretching interventions with 3‐ to 8‐week duration do not seem to change either the muscle or the tendon properties, although it increases the extensibility and tolerance to a greater tensile force. Adaptations to chronic stretching protocols shorter than 8 weeks seem to mostly occur at a sensory level.
Adenosine and dopamine oppositely modulate a hyperpolarization‐activated current Ih in chemosensory neurons of the rat carotid body in co‐culture
Authors: Zhang Min , Vollmer Cathy , Nurse Colin A. 
Published: August 2017

Key points
Adenosine and dopamine (DA) are neuromodulators in the carotid body (CB) chemoafferent pathway, but their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood.
Using functional co‐cultures of rat CB chemoreceptor (type I) cells and sensory petrosal neurons (PNs), we show that adenosine enhanced a hyperpolarization‐activated cation current Ih in chemosensory PNs via A2a receptors, whereas DA had the opposite effect via D2 receptors.
Adenosine caused a depolarizing shift in the Ih activation curve and increased firing frequency, whereas DA caused a hyperpolarizing shift in the curve and decreased firing frequency.
Acute hypoxia and isohydric hypercapnia depolarized type I cells concomitant with increased excitation of adjacent PNs; the A2a receptor blocker SCH58261 inhibited both type I and PN responses during hypoxia, but only the PN response during isohydric hypercapnia.
We propose that adenosine and DA control firing frequency in chemosensory PNs via their opposing actions on Ih.
AbstractAdenosine and dopamine (DA) act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators at the carotid body (CB) chemosensory synapse, but their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Using a functional co‐culture model of rat CB chemoreceptor (type I) cell clusters and juxtaposed afferent petrosal neurons (PNs), we tested the hypothesis that adenosine and DA act postsynaptically to modulate a hyperpolarization‐activated, cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) cation current (Ih). In whole‐cell recordings from hypoxia‐responsive PNs, cAMP mimetics enhanced Ih whereas the HCN blocker ZD7288 (2 μm) reversibly inhibited Ih. Adenosine caused a potentiation of Ih (EC50 ∼ 35 nm) that was sensitive to the A2a blocker SCH58261 (5 nm), and an ∼16 mV depolarizing shift in V½ for voltage dependence of Ih activation. By contrast, DA (10 μm) caused an inhibition of Ih that was sensitive to the D2 blocker sulpiride (1–10 μm), and an ∼11 mV hyperpolarizing shift in V½. Sulpiride potentiated Ih in neurons adjacent to, but not distant from, type I cell clusters. DA also decreased PN action potential frequency whereas adenosine had the opposite effect. During simultaneous paired recordings, SCH58261 inhibited both the presynaptic hypoxia‐induced receptor potential in type I cells and the postsynaptic PN response. By contrast, SCH58261 inhibited only the postsynaptic PN response induced by isohydric hypercapnia. Confocal immunofluorescence confirmed the localization of HCN4 subunits in tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive chemoafferent neurons in tissue sections of rat petrosal ganglia. These data suggest that adenosine and DA, acting through A2a and D2 receptors respectively, regulate PN excitability via their opposing actions on Ih.
Response of Methylocystis sp. Strain SC2 to Salt Stress: Physiology, Global Transcriptome, and Amino Acid Profiles
Authors: Han Dongfei , Link Hannes , Liesack Werner 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Soil microorganisms have to rapidly respond to salt-induced osmotic stress. Type II methanotrophs of the genus
Methylocystis
are widely distributed in upland soils but are known to have a low salt tolerance. Here, we tested the ability of
Methylocystis
sp. strain SC2 to adapt to increased salinity. When exposed to 0.75% NaCl, methane oxidation was completely inhibited for 2.25 h and fully recovered within 6 h. Growth was inhibited for 23.5 h and then fully recovered. Its transcriptome was profiled after 0 min (control), 45 min (early response), and 14 h (late response) of stress exposure. Physiological and transcriptomic stress responses corresponded well. Salt stress induced the differential expression of 301 genes, with sigma factor σ
32
being a major controller of the transcriptional stress response. The transcript levels of nearly all the genes involved in oxidizing CH
4
to CO
2
remained unaffected, while gene expression involved in energy-yielding reactions (
nuoA-N
) recovered concomitantly with methane oxidation from salt stress shock. Glutamate acted as an osmoprotectant. Its accumulation in late stress response corresponded to increased production of glutamate dehydrogenase 1. Chromosomal genes whose products (stress-induced protein, DNA-binding protein from starved cells, and CsbD family protein) are known to confer stress tolerance showed increased expression. On plasmid pBSC2-1, genes encoding type IV secretion system and single-strand DNA-binding protein were upregulated in late response, suggesting stress-induced activation of the plasmid-borne conjugation machinery. Collectively, our results show that
Methylocystis
sp. strain SC2 is able to adapt to salt stress, but only within a narrow range of salinities.

IMPORTANCE
Besides the oxic interface of methanogenic environments,
Methylocystis
spp. are widely distributed in upland soils, where they may contribute to the oxidation of atmospheric methane. However, little is known about their ability to cope with changes in soil salinity. Growth and methane oxidation of
Methylocystis
sp. strain SC2 were not affected by the presence of 0.5% NaCl, while 1% NaCl completely inhibited its activity. This places strain SC2 into the low-salt-tolerance range reported for other
Methylocystis
species. Our results show that, albeit in a narrow range, strain SC2 is able to respond and adapt to salinity changes. It possesses various stress response mechanisms, which allow resumption of growth within 24 h when exposed to 0.75% NaCl. Presumably, these mechanisms allow
Methylocystis
spp., such as strain SC2, to thrive in upland soils and to adapt to certain fluctuations in soil salinity.