bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case-Based Learning and its Application in Medical and Health-Care Fields: A Review of Worldwide Literature
Authors: McLean Susan F. 
Published: April 2016

Introduction Case-based learning (CBL) is a newer modality of teaching healthcare. In order to evaluate how CBL is currently used, a literature search and review was completed. Methods A literature search was completed using an OVID© database using PubMed as the data source, 1946-8/1/2015. Key words used were “Case-based learning” and “medical education”, and 360 articles were retrieved. Of these, 70 articles were selected to review for location, human health care related fields of study, number of students, topics, delivery methods, and student level. Results All major continents had studies on CBL. Education levels were 64% undergraduate and 34% graduate. Medicine was the most frequently represented field, with articles on nursing, occupational therapy, allied health, child development and dentistry. Mean number of students per study was 214 (7–3105). The top 3 most common methods of delivery were live presentation in 49%, followed by computer or web-based in 20% followed by mixed modalities in 19%. The top 3 outcome evaluations were: survey of participants, knowledge test, and test plus survey, with practice outcomes less frequent. Selected studies were reviewed in greater detail, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of CBL, comparisons to Problem-based learning, variety of fields in healthcare, variety in student experience, curriculum implementation, and finally impact on patient care. Conclusions CBL is a teaching tool used in a variety of medical fields using human cases to impart relevance and aid in connecting theory to practice. The impact of CBL can reach from simple knowledge gains to changing patient care outcomes.
Combate químico del agallador Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika & Pujade-Villar (Cynipidae) en Quercus affinis Scheidw.
Authors: Barrera-Ruiz Uriel M. , Cibrián-Tovar David , Llanderal-Cázares María C. M. , Cibrián-Llanderal Víctor D. , Lagunes-Tejeda Ángel 
Published: April 2016

Andricus quercuslaurinus Melika y Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) es una avispa agalladora de ramas (generación asexual) y hojas (generación sexual) del encino Quercus affinis Scheidw. en Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo, México. Las infestaciones severas en ramas causan retraso del crecimiento y, eventualmente, la mortalidad de árboles que tienen niveles altos de daño. En este trabajo se evaluó la efectividad de los insecticidas Imidacloprid, Espirotetramat, Acefato y Abamectina aplicados mediante aspersión foliar sobre la población de avispas adultas que ovipositan en las hojas, así como sobre los huevos y larvas en las agallas. El Acefato evitó la oviposición sobre el follaje tratado. El menor número de agallas se encontró en los árboles tratados con Acefato; además, no tuvieron larvas. Por otra parte, el Espirotetramat no había sido evaluado para el control de cinípidos y junto con el Imidacloprid fueron efectivos para reducir la supervivencia de huevos y larvas. La aspersión de los insecticidas Acefato (1.20 kg·ha-1), Espirotetramat (0.75 L·ha-1) e Imidacloprid (1.00 L·ha-1) al follaje de Q. affinis son opciones a considerar para el control de A. quercuslaurinus, debido a los efectos significativos (P = 0.05) en la mortalidad de huevos con respecto al testigo.
Modelado de la distribución potencial de especies de Pinaceae bajo escenarios de cambio climático en Michoacán
Authors: Cruz-Cárdenas Gustavo , López-Mata Lauro , Silva José Teodoro , Bernal-Santana Nelly , Estrada-Godoy Francisco , López-Sandoval José A. 
Published: April 2016

Michoacán es el quinto estado con mayor diversidad de especies vegetales, sobresaliendo por su riqueza en familias, géneros y especies de la flora arbórea en México. Por lo anterior, en este trabajo se evaluó la distribución potencial de 12 especies de Pinaceae en condiciones actuales y escenarios futuros de cambio climático, mediante modelos de nicho ecológico. Se utilizaron datos del clima actual, de escenarios futuros, de propiedades de suelos y el modelo digital de elevación como predictores ambientales. El modelado se realizó con el software Maxent, 75 % de los datos de presencia de las especies se utilizó para el entrenamiento de los modelos y el 25 % restante para su validación. Los grids de salida se clasificaron en tres categorías de áreas para la distribución de las especies: no idónea, marginal e idónea. Los modelos muestran que habrá una disminución de 16 y 40 % de áreas idóneas en los horizontes 2015-2039 y 2075-2099, respectivamente. Las especies más afectadas en la reducción de su distribución serán Abies religiosa, Pinus leiophylla y Pinus teocote.
Probabilidad de mortalidad de arbolado joven de Pinus hartwegii Lindl. con afectaciones por fuego en el Parque Nacional Izta-Popo
Authors: Robles-Gutiérrez César A. , Velázquez-Martínez Alejandro , Rodríguez-Trejo Dante Arturo , Reyes-Hernández Valentín J. , Etchevers-Barra Jorge D. 
Published: April 2016

A nivel mundial se realizan grandes esfuerzos para determinar el efecto del fuego en la mortalidad de especies arbóreas como las del género Pinus. En este trabajo se evaluó la influencia del fuego en la probabilidad de mortalidad del arbolado joven de Pinus hartwegii en el Parque Nacional Izta-Popo, área natural protegida del centro de México. Los efectos de un incendio de mediana a alta intensidad ocurrido en marzo del 2013, una quema prescrita de baja intensidad realizada en abril del mismo año y un área testigo sin presencia de fuego reciente se valoraron y compararon. Los resultados mostraron que 18 meses después de aplicados los tratamientos, la mortalidad del arbolado en el área con quema prescrita fue de 13 %, mientras que en el área incendiada y testigo fue de 28 y 4 %, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron seis modelos logísticos para predecir la mortalidad; el porcentaje de copa dañada, la altura de cicatriz y el diámetro normal con corteza fueron las variables significativas (P < 0.05) de predicción. Los resultados sugieren que la disminución en la capacidad fotosintética y en el transporte de nutrimentos, asociados al daño de la copa y al cámbium, están estrechamente ligados con la probabilidad de mortalidad.
Desarrollo de un modelo de perfil de copa para Pinus cooperi Blanco en la UMAFOR 1008, Durango, México
Authors: Soto-Cervantes Jesús A. , López-Sánchez Carlos A. , Corral-Rivas José Javier , Wehenkel Christian A. , Álvarez-González Juan G. , Crecente-Campo Felipe 
Published: April 2016

Se desarrolló un modelo de perfil de copa para Pinus cooperi Blanco a partir de 92 árboles en la UMAFOR 1008 (Región El Salto, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango). Se seleccionaron individuos con una copa bien conformada y de diferente edad, densidad y calidad de estación. En cada uno de los individuos se midieron las variables diámetro normal, altura total, diámetro, longitud y perfil de copa. Tanto formas geométricas sencillas como algunos modelos matemáticos se analizaron para predecir el perfil de la copa. El mejor modelo para describir el perfil de copa de P. cooperi fue el de Hann (1999), ya que tuvo mejor ajuste para la copa entera, copa de luz y copa de sombra, explicando más de 92 % de la variabilidad de los datos.
Bayesian statistical ionospheric tomography improved by incorporating ionosonde measurements
Authors: Norberg Johannes , Virtanen Ilkka I. , Roininen Lassi , Vierinen Juha , Orispää Mikko , Kauristie Kirsti , Lehtinen Markku S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We validate two-dimensional ionospheric tomography reconstructions against EISCAT incoherent scatter radar measurements. Our tomography method is based on Bayesian statistical inversion with prior distribution given by its mean and covariance. We employ ionosonde measurements for the choice of the prior mean and covariance parameters and use the Gaussian Markov random fields as a sparse matrix approximation for the numerical computations. This results in a computationally efficient tomographic inversion algorithm with clear probabilistic interpretation. We demonstrate how this method works with simultaneous beacon satellite and ionosonde measurements obtained in northern Scandinavia. The performance is compared with results obtained with a zero-mean prior and with the prior mean taken from the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 model. In validating the results, we use EISCAT ultra-high-frequency incoherent scatter radar measurements as the ground truth for the ionization profile shape. We find that in comparison to the alternative prior information sources, ionosonde measurements improve the reconstruction by adding accurate information about the absolute value and the altitude distribution of electron density. With an ionosonde at continuous disposal, the presented method enhances stand-alone near-real-time ionospheric tomography for the given conditions significantly.
Repeated large‐magnitude earthquakes in a tectonically active, low‐strain continental interior: The northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Landgraf A. , Dzhumabaeva A. , Abdrakhmatov K. E. , Strecker M. R. , Macaulay E. A. , Arrowsmith JR. , Sudhaus H. , Preusser F. , Rugel G. , Merchel S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe northern Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan has been affected by a series of major earthquakes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To assess the significance of such a pulse of strain release in a continental interior, it is important to analyze and quantify strain release over multiple time scales. We have undertaken paleoseismological investigations at two geomorphically distinct sites (Panfilovkoe and Rot Front) near the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek. Although located near the historic epicenters, both sites were not affected by these earthquakes. Trenching was accompanied by dating stratigraphy and offset surfaces using luminescence, radiocarbon, and10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide methods. At Rot Front, trenching of a small scarp did not reveal evidence for surface rupture during the last 5000 years. The scarp rather resembles an extensive debris‐flow lobe. At Panfilovkoe, we estimate a Late Pleistocene minimum slip rate of 0.2 ± 0.1 mm/a, averaged over at least two, probably three earthquake cycles. Dip‐slip reverse motion along segmented, moderately steep faults resulted in hanging wall collapse scarps during different events. The most recent earthquake occurred around 3.6 ± 1.3 kyr ago (1σ), with dip‐slip offsets between 1.2 and 1.4 m. We calculate a probabilistic paleomagnitude to be between 6.7 and 7.2, which is in agreement with regional data from the Kyrgyz range. The morphotectonic signals in the northern Tien Shan are a prime example of deformation in a tectonically active intracontinental mountain belt and as such can help understand the longer‐term coevolution of topography and seismogenic processes in similar structural settings worldwide.
Ensemble forecasting of short‐term system scale irrigation demands using real‐time flow data and numerical weather predictions
Authors: Perera Kushan C. , Western Andrew W. , Robertson David E. , George Biju , Nawarathna Bandara 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIrrigation demands fluctuate in response to weather variations and a range of irrigation management decisions, which creates challenges for water supply system operators. This paper develops a method for real‐time ensemble forecasting of irrigation demand and applies it to irrigation command areas of various sizes for lead times of 1 to 5 days. The ensemble forecasts are based on a deterministic time series model coupled with ensemble representations of the various inputs to that model. Forecast inputs include past flow, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. These inputs are variously derived from flow observations from a modernized irrigation delivery system; short‐term weather forecasts derived from numerical weather prediction models and observed weather data available from automatic weather stations. The predictive performance for the ensemble spread of irrigation demand was quantified using rank histograms, the mean continuous rank probability score (CRPS), the mean CRPS reliability and the temporal mean of the ensemble root mean squared error (MRMSE). The mean forecast was evaluated using root mean squared error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and bias. The NSE values for evaluation periods ranged between 0.96 (1 day lead time, whole study area) and 0.42 (5 days lead time, smallest command area). Rank histograms and comparison of MRMSE, mean CRPS, mean CRPS reliability and RMSE indicated that the ensemble spread is generally a reliable representation of the forecast uncertainty for short lead times but underestimates the uncertainty for long lead times.
Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS): Past, current, and future activities
Authors: Proshutinsky A. , Steele M. , Timmermans M.‐L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe overall goal of the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS) community activities reported in this special issue is to enhance understanding of processes and mechanisms driving Arctic Ocean marine and sea ice changes, and the consequences of those changes especially in biogeochemical and ecosystem studies. Major 2013–2015 FAMOS accomplishments to date are: identification of consistent errors across Arctic regional models; approaches to reduce these errors, and recommendations for the most effective coupled sea ice‐ocean models for use in fully coupled regional and global climate models. 2013–2015 FAMOS coordinated analyses include many process studies, using models together with observations to investigate: dynamics and mechanisms responsible for drift, deformation and thermodynamics of sea ice; pathways and mechanisms driving variability of the Atlantic, Pacific and river waters in the Arctic Ocean; processes of freshwater accumulation and release in the Beaufort Gyre; the fate of melt water from Greenland; characteristics of ocean eddies; biogeochemistry and ecosystem processes and change, climate variability, and predictability. Future FAMOS collaborations will focus on employing models and conducting observations at high and very high spatial and temporal resolution to investigate the role of subgrid‐scale processes in regional Arctic Ocean and coupled ice‐ocean and atmosphere‐ice‐ocean models.
Construction of 2,3,4,7‐Tetrahydro‐1,2,4,5‐oxatriazepines via [4+3] Cycloadditions of α‐Halogeno Hydrazones with Nitrones
Authors: Zhao Hong‐Wu , Pang Hai‐Liang , Tian Ting , Li Bo , Chen Xiao‐Qin , Song Xiu‐Qing , Meng Wei , Yang Zhao , Liu Yue‐Yang , Zhao Yu‐Di 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn the presence of sodium carbonate, the [4+3] cycloadditions of α‐halogeno hydrazones with nitrones were performed efficiently, and affording 2,3,4,7‐tetrahydro‐1,2,4,5‐oxatriazepines in moderate to high yields.magnified image
Heterogeneous Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Conversions of Benzaldehydes with Aqueous Ammonia to Give Benzonitriles
Authors: Yoon Yousun , Kim Bo Ram , Lee Chang Yeon , Kim Jinho 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHeterogeneous Cu@C, which is generated by simple pyrolysis of HKUST‐1 (Cu3(BTC)2, BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate), was used as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the aerobic oxidative conversions of benzaldehydes into benzonitriles. A variety of benzaldehydes underwent a condensation with aqueous ammonia and the subsequent aerobic oxidation to produce benzonitriles in the presence of Cu@C and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO). The developed heterogeneous Cu@C catalyst was reusable without the loss of catalytic activity. The aerobic oxidative conversion of benzyl alcohol was also achieved by one‐pot strategy.
Hydrogel‐Assisted Transfer of Graphene Oxides into Nonpolar Organic Media for Oil Decontamination
Authors: Cheng Chongling , Wang Dayang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this work, graphene oxide (GO)‐loaded agarose hydrogel was transferred into oil such as hexadecane via stepwise solvent exchange with no chemical modification of the GO hydrophilic surface and the agarose network. After transfer, the GOs, loaded in the agarose network, could effectively and efficiently adsorb lipophilic dyes in oil via hydrogen bonding between the polar groups of the GOs and the dyes. The maximum adsorption capacity was 355.9 mg g−1 for Nile red for instance, which is substantially larger than that of pristine agarose hydrogel and hydrophilic GO powder. The dye concentration for effective adsorption can be as low as 0.5 ppm. Thus, the present work demonstrates the promising potential of using hydrophilic adsorbents for efficient removal of polar impurities from oil.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Carbocyclization of (1,n)‐Diynes and Bromophenols: An Efficient Route to Tricyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Bai Lu , Yuan Yini , Liu Jingjing , Wu Jiaoyu , Han Lingbo , Wang Hui , Wang Yaoyu , Luan Xinjun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA novel palladium(0)‐catalyzed dearomative cyclization reaction of bromophenols with (1,n)‐diynes has been developed for building two new types of tricyclic architectures containing a quaternary carbon center. This method employs inexpensive bromophenols, and easily accessible tethered diynes. It exhibits a broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups. Preliminary results with commercially available chiral ligands indicate that enantioselective variants are feasible for both cyclization processes.
Singlet Oxygen Formation during the Charging Process of an Aprotic Lithium–Oxygen Battery
Authors: Wandt Johannes , Jakes Peter , Granwehr Josef , Gasteiger Hubert A. , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAprotic lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their outstanding theoretical energy density. A major challenge is their poor reversibility caused by degradation reactions, which mainly occur during battery charge and are still poorly understood. Herein, we show that singlet oxygen (1Δg) is formed upon Li2O2 oxidation at potentials above 3.5 V. Singlet oxygen was detected through a reaction with a spin trap to form a stable radical that was observed by time‐ and voltage‐resolved in operando EPR spectroscopy in a purpose‐built spectroelectrochemical cell. According to our estimate, a lower limit of approximately 0.5 % of the evolved oxygen is singlet oxygen. The occurrence of highly reactive singlet oxygen might be the long‐overlooked missing link in the understanding of the electrolyte degradation and carbon corrosion reactions that occur during the charging of Li–O2 cells.
Extraction of Silver by Glucose
Authors: Baksi Ananya , Gandi Mounika , Chaudhari Swathi , Bag Soumabha , Gupta Soujit Sen , Pradeep Thalappil 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnprecedented silver ion leaching, in the range of 0.7 ppm was seen when metallic silver was heated in water at 70 °C in presence of simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, making it a green method of silver extraction. Extraction was facilitated by the presence of anions, such as carbonate and phosphate. Studies confirm a two‐step mechanism of silver release, first forming silver ions at the metal surface and later complexation of ionic silver with glucose; such complexes have been detected by mass spectrometry. Extraction leads to microscopic roughening of the surface making it Raman active with an enhancement factor of 5×108.
Unusually Stable Triazine‐based Organic Superstructures
Authors: Jung Sun‐Min , Kim Dongwook , Shin Dongbin , Mahmood Javeed , Park Noejung , Lah Myoung Soo , Jeong Hu Young , Baek Jong‐Beom 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSolid‐state reactions have been rapidly gaining popularity in organic chemistry owing to their simplicity, efficiency, and selectivity compared to liquid‐phase reactions. Herein, we describe the formation of superstructures through the solid‐state reaction of an organic single‐crystal. The superstructure of 5,5′,5′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)triisophthalonitrile (TIPN) can be formed by cyclotrimerization of 1,3,5‐tricyanobenzene (TCB) single crystals. The TIPN superstructure was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The superstructure has hexagonally packed 1‐dimensional (1D) channels along the crystal axis. Furthermore, the superstructure arises from interdigitated nitrile interactions in the crystal lattice, and thus has electron‐beam tolerance and very high thermal stability.
Chemical Protein Ubiquitylation with Preservation of the Native Cysteine Residues
Authors: Yang Kun , Li Guorui , Gong Ping , Gui Weijun , Yuan Libo , Zhuang Zhihao 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe report a cysteine‐based ligation strategy for generating a monoubiquitylated protein while preserving the native cysteine residues on the acceptor protein. In monoubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) this method circumvents the need to mutate the native cysteine residues on PCNA. The chemically ubiquitylated PCNA contains a noncleavable linkage of the same length as the native isopeptide linkage. It also retains the normal function of the native Ub‐PCNA in stimulating the ATPase activity of replication factor C (RFC) and lesion bypass synthesis by Polη. This method may be adapted for chemical ubiquitylation of other proteins and for site‐specific modification of a target protein at a specific site through sulfhydryl chemistry.
Recovery and Separation of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Solvent‐Impregnated Resins
Authors: Bao Shenxu , Tang Yongping , Zhang Yimin , Liang Liang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe recovery and separation of metals from aqueous solutions is one of the research hotspots in hydrometallurgy, environment protection, analytical chemistry, etc. Much attention has been paid to solvent‐impregnated resins (SIRs) since these were firstly proposed for the extraction of metals. SIRs are characterized by high efficiency and selectivity, convenient preparation, and easy operation because they combine the unique advantages of solvent extraction and ion exchange. The preparation and features of SIRs are summarized and their applications in the extraction of various metals from solutions are reviewed. In addition, the equilibrium, thermodynamics, and sorption kinetics of the metals onto SIRs are elucidated in detail.
Exploiting Hydrocarbon‐Degrading Indigenous Bacteria for Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of a Multicontaminated Soil
Authors: Franchi Elisabetta , Agazzi Gloria , Rolli Eleonora , Borin Sara , Marasco Ramona , Chiaberge Stefano , Conte Alessandro , Filtri Paolo , Pedron Francesca , Rosellini Irene , Barbafieri Meri , Petruzzelli Gianniantonio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPlant‐based technologies are suited to remove low to moderate contamination. Plants can take up heavy metal ions but are often sensitive to organic contaminants and grow slowly with only a slight remediation effect. Multiple approaches can be useful to accelerate remediation. The combined action of hydrocarbon‐degrading and plant growth‐promoting indigenous bacteria can enhance phytoremediation. A three‐step approach (landfarming, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation) was applied to a disused industrial area contaminated by nitrogen‐containing compounds, alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, copper, and nickel. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry led to the speciation of organic compounds. This technique confirmed the effectiveness of alkylaromatic hydrocarbon remediation.
From Binuclear Complexes to Molecular Necklaces: Incorporating Flexible Ligands into Rotaxanes
Authors: Viljoen Elizabeth , Zhu Kelong , Loeb Stephen J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe conversion of binuclear complexes into larger molecular necklaces can be achieved through rigidifying flexible ligands by threading them through a crown ether to form either an interpenetrated [2]pseudorotaxane or a permanently interlocked [2]rotaxane. The resulting complexes and assemblies are characterized by 1H and DOSY NMR in solution and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction in the solid‐state.