bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Religious Retinue of Leicester House: Chaplains of Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, 1729‐51
Authors: Lees J. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis prosopographical study of the chaplains of Frederick Louis, prince of Wales (1707‐51), explores their political, cultural, theological and intellectual significance. It examines their dual allegiance to George II (as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England) and to Leicester House. It advances Frederick's credentials as a significant patron of the British Enlightenment and demonstrates that his clerical patronage made an important contribution to the cultural and intellectual dynamism of his rival court and to his conscious self‐fashioning as a connoisseur of the arts and as an enlightened Patriot Prince.
Family‐assisted inference of the genetic architecture of major histocompatibility complex variation
Authors: Gaigher A. , Burri R. , Gharib W. H. , Taberlet P. , Roulin A. , Fumagalli L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWith their direct link to individual fitness, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a popular system to study the evolution of adaptive genetic diversity. However, owing to the highly dynamic evolution of the MHC region, the isolation, characterization and genotyping of MHC genes remain a major challenge. While high‐throughput sequencing technologies now provide unprecedented resolution of the high allelic diversity observed at the MHC, in many species, it remains unclear (i) how alleles are distributed among MHC loci, (ii) whether MHC loci are linked or segregate independently and (iii) how much copy number variation (CNV) can be observed for MHC genes in natural populations. Here, we show that the study of allele segregation patterns within families can provide significant insights in this context. We sequenced two MHC class I (MHC‐I) loci in 1267 European barn owls (Tyto alba), including 590 offspring from 130 families using Illumina MiSeq technology. Coupled with a high per‐individual sequencing coverage (~3000×), the study of allele segregation patterns within families provided information on three aspects of the architecture of MHC‐I variation in barn owls: (i) extensive sharing of alleles among loci, (ii) strong linkage of MHC‐I loci indicating tandem architecture and (iii) the presence of CNV in the barn owl MHC‐I. We conclude that the additional information that can be gained from high‐coverage amplicon sequencing by investigating allele segregation patterns in families not only helps improving the accuracy of MHC genotyping, but also contributes towards enhanced analyses in the context of MHC evolutionary ecology.
Cholinergic urticaria: More than a simple inducible urticaria
Authors: Kim Hee Joo , Lee Min‐Geol 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundCholinergic urticaria (ChU) is characterized by small wheals induced by an elevated core temperature. Its pathomechanism and various aspects of its clinical manifestations are still poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of symptoms and signs of ChU in Korean patients.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with ChU.ResultsAmong 203 patients (188 male and 15 female), 29 (14%) complained only of an itching or burning sensation without visible skin eruption. The prevalence of ChU was highest in patients in their twenties (56%), while most patients first developed their symptoms during their teens (65%). Patients with a visible skin eruption showed better responses to antihistamines than those without skin lesions.ConclusionsPhysicians should consider the varying manifestations of ChU, including cholinergic pruritus and erythema as minor variants, to provide better management of ChU.
Haemolytic and nonhaemolytic neonatal jaundice have different risk factor profiles
Authors: Lee Brian K. , Le Ray Isabelle , Sun Ji Yu , Wikman Agneta , Reilly Marie , Johansson Stefan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThis study examined maternal and pregnancy risk factors for haemolytic and nonhaemolytic neonatal jaundice in a large population‐based cohort study.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study of 1 019 220 singleton live births from the Swedish medical birth register from 1987 to 2002, using information on neonatal jaundice and maternal and pregnancy characteristics. Diagnoses of gestational hypertensive disorders were obtained by linkage to the national inpatient register. Multivariate logistic regression analysis provided odds ratios for the risk factors of both forms of jaundice.ResultsA total of 6057 (0.6%) births were affected by haemolytic jaundice and 36 869 (3.6%) by nonhaemolytic jaundice. The strongest risk factors for haemolytic jaundice were maternal alloimmunisation, blood group O and neonatal jaundice in older siblings. For nonhaemolytic jaundice, the strongest risk factors were preterm birth, neonatal jaundice in older siblings, maternal origin from East or South‐East Asia and maternal obesity. We estimated that 13% of haemolytic jaundice was attributable to alloimmunisation and 39% of nonhaemolytic jaundice was attributable to preterm birth.ConclusionHaemolytic and nonhaemolytic neonatal jaundice had different risk factor profiles. Interventions to reduce maternal alloimmunisation, preterm birth and maternal obesity may lower the prevalence of neonatal jaundice and the risk of consequent neurological complications.
Using the Rochester criteria to evaluate infantile fever is more effective in males than females
Authors: Dotan Miri , Ashkenazi‐Hoffnung Liat , Yarden‐Bilavsky Havazelet , Amir Jacob , Tirosh Naama , Mor Meirav , Bilavsky Efraim 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe reliability of low‐risk and high‐risk criteria in evaluating febrile infants aged up to 60 days has been well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate gender differences in the reliability of these criteria in order to exclude serious bacterial infection (SBI) in febrile infants.MethodsThis study used the Rochester risk criteria, the study group was divided into low‐ or high‐risk status for SBI, and the data were stratified by gender. SBI was defined as a urinary tract infection, bacteraemia, meningitis or bacterial enteritis.ResultsWe enrolled 1896 infants (58.3% males), and SBIs were found in 10.6% of the males and 8% of the females (p = 0.21). The sensitivity of the risk criteria was 91.5% for the males and 73.4% (p < 0.05) for the females, and the positive likelihood ratio was 2.64 in the males versus 2.14 in the females (p < 0.001). A multivariable analysis showed that high‐risk male patients were more than two times more likely to develop a bacterial infection than high‐risk females.ConclusionThe Rochester risk criteria had a significantly higher sensitivity and positive likelihood ratio in males. Our findings suggest that clinicians should take gender into account when evaluating febrile infants.
Elk‐1‐mediated 15‐lipoxygenase expression is required for hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vascular adventitial fibroblast dynamics
Authors: Li Y. , Zhang L. , Wang X. , Chen M. , Liu Y. , Xing Y. , Wang X. , Gao S. , Zhu D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAim15‐Lipoxygenase (15‐LO) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). However, the role of 15‐LO in the adventitia of the pulmonary arterial wall is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of 15‐LO in the modulation of pulmonary adventitial fibroblast (PAF) dynamics.MethodsRats were exposed to normoxic or hypoxic (fraction of inspired O2 = 0.12) treatments for 7 days. PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations were measured by MTT assay, cell immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. The 15‐LO promoter was analysed by luciferase reporter and ChIP assays.ResultsOur results showed that hypoxia induced 15‐LO expression in PAFs both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, hypoxia stimulated JNK phosphorylation in PAFs. Blocking 15‐LO or JNK suppressed 15‐LO‐induced PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations. The inhibition of p27kipl by gene silencing attenuated 15‐LO‐induced PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations. Furthermore, JNK inhibition or Elk‐1 knockdown suppressed hypoxia‐induced 15‐LO expression in PAFs. Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays revealed that the 15‐LO promoter contains Elk‐1‐binding sites and also that Elk‐1 increased the hypoxia‐induced activity of the 15‐LO promoter.ConclusionThese results suggest that hypoxia promotes changes in the cellular dynamics of PAFs by inducing 15‐LO expression, which leads to vascular adventitial remodelling. The modulation of p27kipl expression by 15‐LO enhances PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations. Furthermore, the JNK‐dependent increase in Elk‐1 signalling is required for hypoxia‐induced 15‐LO expression in PAFs.
Potential pitfalls of serum free light chain analysis to assess treatment response for multiple myeloma
Authors: Abbi Kamal Kant Singh , Silverman Margarida , Farooq Umar , Tricot Annick , Dozeman Lindsey , Nadiminti Kalyan , Krasowski Matthew D. , Tricot Guido J. 
Published: May 2016

Response to treatment in patients with a plasma cell disorder is typically measured by evaluating the bone marrow and myeloma markers, including monoclonal protein spike and immunofixation (IFE) in blood and urine, and serum free light chains (sFLCs). Stringent complete response criteria for Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients require a normal FLC ratio and absence of clonal cells in bone marrow by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. We performed a retrospective chart review to further evaluate these criteria. A total of 142 patient charts were analysed. Of these, 17 patients were found to have an abnormal sFLC ratio, but no other evidence of disease, including normal flow cytometry and normal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on highly selected plasma cells. In all patients, the abnormal sFLC ratio was caused by abnormalities in the serum kappa light chains. These results suggest that current definitions may need to be revised to take aberrancies related to abnormal immune recovery into account.
Novel relaxant effects of RPL554 on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle contractility
Authors: Venkatasamy R , Spina D 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and PurposeWe investigated the effectiveness of RPL554, a dual PDE3 and 4 enzyme inhibitor, on airway smooth muscle relaxation and compared it with that induced by salbutamol, ipratropium bromide, glycopyrrolate or their combination on bronchomotor tone induced by different spasmogenic agents.Experimental ApproachGuinea pig tracheal preparations were suspended under 1 g tension in Krebs–Henseleit solution maintained at 37°C and aerated with 95% O2/5% CO2 and incubated in the presence of indomethacin (5 μM). Relaxation induced by cumulative concentrations of muscarinic receptor antagonists (ipratropium bromide or glycopyrrolate), β2‐adrenoceptor agonists (salbutamol or formoterol), PDE3 inhibitors (cilostamide, cilostazol or siguazodan) or a PDE4 inhibitor (roflumilast) was evaluated in comparison with RPL554. Maximal relaxation was calculated (% Emax papaverine) and expressed as mean ± SEM.Key ResultsBronchomotor tone induced by the various spasmogens was reduced by the different bronchodilators to varying degrees. RPL554 (10‐300 μM) caused near maximum relaxation irrespective of the spasmogen examined, whereas the efficacy of the other relaxant agents varied according to the contractile stimulus used. During the evaluation of potential synergistic interactions between bronchodilators, RPL554 proved superior to salbutamol when either was combined with muscarinic receptor antagonists.Conclusions and implicationsRPL554 produced near maximal relaxation of highly contracted respiratory smooth muscle and provided additional relaxation compared with that produced by other clinically used bronchodilator drugs. This suggests that RPL554 has the potential to produce additional beneficial bronchodilation over and above that of maximal clinical doses of standard bronchodilators in highly constricted airways of patients.
A description of methods for deriving air pollution land use regression model predictor variables from remote sensing data in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Yuchi Weiran , Knudby Anders , Cowper Joanna , Gombojav Enkhjargal , Amram Ofer , Walker Blake Byron , Allen Ryan W. 
Published: May 2016

Key Messages

Air pollution is a leading risk factor for death and disease globally.
Land use regression (LUR) modelling is a commonly used exposure assessment tool, but spatially resolved data are required to generate predictor variables in LUR models.
LUR model predictors can be derived at little or no cost from satellite data and high‐resolution imagery.
CD8+T cells with distinct cytokine‐producing features and low cytotoxic activity in eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Ma J. , Shi L.‐L. , Deng Y.‐K. , Wang H. , Cao P.‐P. , Long X.‐B. , Zhang X.‐H. , Liu Y. , Zeng M. , Liu Z. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundCD8+T cells are important effectors of cell‐mediated immunity; however, their contribution to the pathogenesis ofCRSis unclear.ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the cytokine‐producing features and cytotoxic activity ofCD8+T cells, and their correlation with inflammation patterns inCRSwith nasal polyps.MethodsThe expression ofIFN‐γ,IL‐4,IL‐5,IL‐17A, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), perforin, and granzyme B inCD8+T cells was studied by means of flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The expression ofCD8+T‐cell subset relevant chemokines and chemokine receptors was detected by means of real‐timeRT‐PCRorELISA. The cytotoxic activity of sortedCD8+T cells was defined by anti‐CD3‐redirected killing assay.ResultsCompared with controls, elevated percentages of totalCD8+T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (Tc) 1 (IFN‐γ+), Tc2 (IL‐4+), and Tc17 (IL‐17A+) cell subset, and decreased percentages ofFOXP3+CD8+regulatory T cells, were found in both eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic polyps with a Tc2‐skewed and Tc1/Tc17‐dominated response in eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic polyps, respectively. NasalCD8+T cells were found to produce similar or even higher levels ofIFN‐γ andIL‐4 compared withCD4+T cells. Tc1 and Tc17, and Tc2 (IL‐4+andIL‐5+) cell subset percentages positively correlated with neutrophil and eosinophil counts in sinonasal mucosa, respectively. Strikingly, the expression of perforin and granzyme B and cytotoxic activity were significantly reduced in nasalCD8+T cells compared with their counterparts in peripheral blood. The expression ofCXCL16,CCL17, andCCL20 positively correlated with Tc1, Tc2, and Tc17 cell subset number in sinonasal mucosa, respectively.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceCD8+T cells have low cytotoxic activity; nevertheless, they are a significant and previously underappreciated source of inflammatory cytokine production in polyps. Different Tc cell subset domination may contribute to distinctly biased granulocyte inflammation in eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic polyps.
Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and insulin resistance in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp study
Authors: Wallace I.R. , McKinley M.C. , McEvoy C.T. , Hamill L.L. , Ennis C.N. , McGinty A. , Bell P.M. , Patterson C.C. , Woodside J.V. , Young I.S. , Hunter S.J. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryContextIn observational studies, low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD) concentration is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Increasing serum 25‐OHD may have beneficial effects on insulin resistance or beta‐cell function. Cross‐sectional studies utilizing suboptimal methods for assessment of insulin sensitivity and serum 25‐OHD concentration provide conflicting results.ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between serum 25‐OHD concentration and insulin resistance in healthy overweight individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, using optimal assessment techniques.MethodsA total of 92 subjects (mean age 56·0, SD 6·0 years), who were healthy but overweight (mean body mass index 30·9, SD 2·3 kg/m2), underwent assessments of insulin sensitivity (two‐step euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp, HOMA2‐IR), beta‐cell function (HOMA2%B), serum 25‐OHD concentration and body composition (DEXA).ResultsMean total 25‐OHD concentration was 32·2, range 21·8–46·6 nmol/l. No association was demonstrated between serum 25‐OHD concentration and insulin resistance.ConclusionsIn this study using optimal assessment techniques to measure 25‐OHD concentration, insulin sensitivity and body composition, there was no association between serum 25‐OHD concentration and insulin resistance in healthy, overweight individuals at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This study suggests the documented inverse association between serum 25‐OHD concentration and risk of type 2 DM is not mediated by a relationship between serum 25‐OHD concentration and insulin resistance.
Generating spatially optimized habitat in a trade‐off between social optimality and budget efficiency
Authors: Drechsler Martin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAuctions have been proposed as alternatives to payments for environmental services when spatial interactions and costs are better known to landowners than to the conservation agency (asymmetric information). Recently, an auction scheme was proposed that delivers optimal conservation in the sense that social welfare is maximized. I examined the social welfare and the budget efficiency delivered by this scheme, where social welfare represents the difference between the monetized ecological benefit and the conservation cost incurred to the landowners and budget efficiency is defined as maximizing the ecological benefit for a given conservation budget. For the analysis, I considered a stylized landscape with land patches that can be used for agriculture or conservation. The ecological benefit was measured by an objective function that increases with increasing number and spatial aggregation of conserved land patches. I compared the social welfare and the budget efficiency of the auction scheme with an agglomeration payment, a policy scheme that considers spatial interactions and that was proposed recently. The auction delivered a higher level of social welfare than the agglomeration payment. However, the agglomeration payment was more efficient budgetarily than the auction, so the comparative performances of the 2 schemes depended on the chosen policy criterion–social welfare or budget efficiency. Both policy criteria are relevant for conservation. Which one should be chosen depends on the problem at hand, for example, whether social preferences should be taken into account in the decision of how much money to invest in conservation or whether the available conservation budget is strictly limited.
Experimental skin deposition of chromium on the hands following handling of samples of leather and metal
Authors: Bregnbak David , Thyssen Jacob P. , Jellesen Morten S. , Zachariae Claus , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundChromium is an important skin sensitizer. Exposure to it has been regulated in cement, and recently in leather. Studies on the deposition of chromium ions on the skin as a result of handling different chromium‐containing materials are sparse, but could improve the risk assessment of contact sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis caused by chromium.ObjectivesTo determine whether the handling of chromium‐containing samples of leather and metal results in the deposition of chromium onto the skin.MethodsFive healthy volunteers participated. For 30 min, they handled samples of leather and metal known to contain and release chromium. Skin deposition of chromium was assessed with the acid wipe sampling technique.ResultsAcid wipe sampling of the participants' fingers showed chromium deposition on the skin in all participants who had been exposed to leather (range 0.01–0.20 µg/cm2) and in 3 of 5 participants after they had manually handled metal discs (range 0.02–0.04 µg/cm2).ConclusionsWe found that samples of leather and metal had the ability to deposit chromium on the skin at significant levels, in spite of a short duration of exposure.
The Contributions of the EU Nature Directives to the CBD and Other Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Authors: Beresford Alison E. , Buchanan Graeme M. , Sanderson Fiona J. , Jefferson Rebecca , Donald Paul F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThrough a review of published studies and new analyses of publicly available data, we assess how the European Union (EU) Nature Directives complements the CBD strategic goals for 2020 as set out in the 20 Aichi Targets, thereby addressing a question posed by the European Commission about the coherence of the Directives with other international biodiversity commitments. We find evidence that the Directives complement several Aichi Targets and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). For example, 92% of the EU's Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), many of them otherwise unprotected, are partly or wholly covered by the Natura 2000 network of protected areas (contributing to Aichi Target 11). Species listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive have fared better than other species (Aichi Target 12). As 65% of EU citizens live within 5 km of a Natura 2000 site, and 98% within 20 km, these sites have the potential to raise awareness of biodiversity (Aichi Target 1) and to deliver ecosystem services to a high proportion of the EU's population (Aichi Target 14). The Nature Directives provide a regulatory framework that, with fuller implementation, will help EU Member States to meet their obligations under the CBD and other MEAs.
The Left Atrial Septal Pouch as a Possible Risk Factor for Stroke
Authors: Strachinaru Mihai , Catez Emmanuel , Jousten Iris , Pavel Oana , Janssen Christophe , Morissens Marielle , Gazagnes Marie‐Dominique 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThe left atrial septal pouch (LASP) is formed by the caudal fusion of the area of overlap of the septum primum and the septum secundum, leaving an opening toward the left atrium. The association between LASP and stroke has not been validated by the previous studies.MethodsThe prevalence of the LASP was determined in 223 ischemic stroke patients and 223 control subjects with other cardiac pathologies, in a monocentric retrospective case–control study design. Stroke subtypes were defined according to the modified TOAST criteria.ResultsThe mean age was 66 ± 15, 54% males, with a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of the LASP was 81 (18%), irrespective of age or pathology. The number of LASP was similar in the stroke and control groups (18% vs. 19%, P = 0.7), as well as in the cryptogenic stroke subgroup (16%, P = 0.6). LASP was not associated with ischemic stroke on univariate (OR = 1.095; 95% CI = 0.676–1.772; P = 0.7) and multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 1.004; 95%CI = 0.574–1.758, P = 0.98). There was no statistical association between LASP and cryptogenic stroke on univariate (OR = 1.26; 95%CI = 0.526–3.016; P = 0.6) or multivariate analysis (OR = 0.705; 95%CI = 0.193–2.577, P = 0.6). The association of LASP to AF, left ventricular dysfunction, and thrombophilia did not lead to a higher incidence of stroke (OR = 0.99; 95%CI = 0.37–2.66; P = 0.99).ConclusionOur study did not show any association between LASP and ischemic stroke. A septal pouch was present in 18% of the population. Other associated risk factors need to be considered to incriminate the septal pouch as the etiology of a stroke.