bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancing honour and dignity in death for victims of armed conflicts: Exploring the challenges and opportunities of AI and machine learning in humanitarian forensic action under IHL
Authors: Madziwa Edward 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWith technological developments presenting tremendous opportunities, rapid developments in data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to significantly transform humanitarian forensic action. Yet, their role in the forensic identification of dead bodies remains unexamined. The correct and early identification of dead bodies is not only important to afford the deceased their honour and dignity and to ensure that their families know the fate of their loved ones, but also has broader implications for human rights and international humanitarian law (IHL). This article examines the opportunities and challenges of AI and ML in advancing honour and dignity in death for armed conflict victims in humanitarian forensic action under IHL. It argues that the application of AI and ML in humanitarian forensic action has the potential to revolutionize and support forensic practitioners in the identification of human remains. This will consequently guarantee that families know the fate of their loved ones and that the deceased are afforded dignified burials according to their religious and cultural rites. The article proposes recommendations for the future use of AI and ML in humanitarian forensic action, including the adoption of a legally binding international instrument governing their use, the development of guidelines for their use, the training of forensic actors in IHL and human rights law, and the use of new technologies in humanitarian action.
Children and Future Generations Rights before the Courts: The Vexed Question of Definitions
Authors: Nolan Aoife 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRecent years have seen a sharp increase in the number of cases being brought before national courts addressing the constitutional rights of children and future generations (FG) in the context of environmental protection. These cases have required courts to devote increasing attention to a wide-ranging and complicated array of constitutional rights claims involving the short- and longer-term impacts of environmental harm on children and FG. This article argues that both litigation and judicial efforts in this area have been hampered by the lack of precision of definitions of ‘future generations’ under comparative constitutional and international human rights law, in particular vis-à-vis children. This lack of precision poses a major challenge to both the delineation and enforcement of rights claims in the context of such litigation. After outlining how these cases are being brought and how courts are addressing (or not) the complexities involved in defining children and FG respectively, the article highlights the lack of authoritative definitions of FG in comparative constitutional law – a lacuna that, the author argues, is exacerbated by the ongoing lack of a clear definition of FG in the international human rights law context. The article concludes by identifying key challenges faced by litigators and courts seeking to engage with the rights of children and FG that result from this definitional gap.
Paleoseismology of the Northern Kongur Shan Extensional System, NE Pamir: Implications for Potential Irregular Earthquake Recurrence
Authors: Ge Jin , Shi Xuhua , Chen Hanlin , Weldon Ray , Walker Richard , Li Tao , Yang Huili , Chen Jie , Li Feng , Wei Xiaochun , Yang Xiao , Bai Zhuona , Zhang Yuqing , Shu Yuanhai , Liu Xin , Yan Yixi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe intricate and changing stress conditions within complex fault networks pose challenges in understanding earthquake recurrence and seismic hazards. The Kongur Shan Extensional System (KSES) in the northeastern Pamir, characterized by complex fault geometries and potentially variable surface loads in its surroundings, offers an ideal research area. Here we investigate three paleoseismic sites in the northern KSES, including lacustrine seismites in the Muji Basin, secondary fault scarps of the northern Kongur Shan Fault (KSF), and an exposure of the eastern Muji Fault. The seismites, as a regional record, indicate two Mw 6–7.3 paleoearthquakes occurring 720–680 and 1030–940 cal yr BP, with an interval of 230–330 years. The other two on‐fault sites reveal paleoearthquakes with compatible magnitudes but much longer average time intervals (ATI). Secondary fault scarps of the northern KSF indicate four Mw 6.9–7.2 paleoearthquakes since 4.8 ± 0.8 ka, with an ATI of 1,000–1,870 years. The fault exposure of the eastern Muji Fault indicates two Mw 6.8–7.3 paleoearthquakes since 2.7 ± 0.3 ka, with an ATI of 1,200–3,000 years. Using its previously constrained long‐term slip rate of ∼6.3 mm/yr and a simple Monte Carlo simulation of earthquake cycles, the observed ATI of the eastern Muji Fault suggests a “clustered” earthquake recurrence behavior. Such potential irregular earthquake recurrence is likely due to the low maturity and fault interaction in the northern KSES, and climate‐related changes in surface loads of paleolakes and glaciers.
Where do the Two Cores of the Irminger Current Come From? A Lagrangian Study Using a 1/10° Ocean Model Simulation
Authors: Fried Nora , Katsman Caroline A. , de Jong M. F. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe Irminger Current (IC) brings relatively warm and saline waters northward in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, contributing to the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The IC is a two‐core current with surface‐intensified velocities. The eastern core, closest to the Reykjanes Ridge, is warmer and more saline than the western core. To investigate the source waters of the two IC cores, using a 1/10° ocean model, we track Lagrangian particles released in the IC at OSNAP East (∼59.5°N) in the upper 1,000 m backward in time for one model year. Over a 1‐year time scale, nearly all particles are sourced from nearby regions of the Irminger Sea and Iceland Basin. Those seeded in the western IC core mostly originate from the Irminger Sea (83%), while those in its eastern core mostly originate from the Iceland Basin (69%). Iceland Basin water feeding the IC predominantly crosses the Reykjanes Ridge near 57°N and 59°N. Generally, particles from the Irminger Sea are colder and fresher than particles from the Iceland Basin. The fraction of waters from the Iceland Basin and the Irminger Sea varies from month to month. So, to explain monthly variations of the two IC cores at the OSNAP East line, changes in hydrographic properties in both basins as well as their contributions must be considered. Based on this model study, we interpret the Irminger Sea circulation as a basin‐wide recirculation with an increasing contribution of Iceland Basin waters toward the ridge which is subject to monthly variations.
Life Cycles and Polycyclicity of Mega Retrogressive Thaw Slumps in Arctic Permafrost Revealed by 2D/3D Geophysics and Long‐Term Retreat Monitoring
Authors: Krautblatter Michael , Angelopoulos Michael , Pollard Wayne H. , Lantuit Hugues , Lenz Josefine , Fritz Michael , Couture Nicole , Eppinger Saskia 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMega retrogressive thaw slumps (MRTS, >106 m3) are a major threat to Arctic infrastructure, alter regional biogeochemistry, and impact Arctic carbon budgets. However, processes initiating and reactivating MRTS are insufficiently understood. We hypothesize that MRTS preferentially develop a polycyclic behavior because the material is thermally and mechanically prepared for subsequent generation failure. In contrast to remote sensing, geophysical reconnaissance reveals the inner structure and relative thermal state of MRTS decameters beneath slump surfaces, potentially controlling polycyclicity. Based on their life cycle development, five (M)RTS were studied on Herschel Island, an MRTS hotspot on the Canadian Beaufort coast. We combine >2 km of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), 500 m of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and annual monitoring of headwall retreat from 2004 to 2013 to reveal the thermal state, internal structure, and volume loss of slumps. ERT data were calibrated with unfrozen‐frozen transitions from frost probing of active layer thickness and shallow boreholes. In initial stage MRTS, ERT displays surficial thermal perturbations a few meters deep, coincident with recent mud pool and mud flow development. In early stage polycyclic MRTS, ERT shows decameter deep‐reaching thermal perturbations persisting even 300 years after the last activation. In peak‐stage polycyclic MRTS, 3D‐ERT highlights actively extending deep‐reaching thermal perturbations caused by gully incisions, mud slides and mud flows. GPR and headwall monitoring reveal structural disturbance by historical mud flows, ice‐rich permafrost, and a decadal quantification of headwall retreat and slump floor erosion. We show that geophysical signatures identify long‐lasting thermal and mechanical disturbances in MRTS predefining their susceptibility to polycyclic reactivation.
Dense Water Production in Storfjorden, Svalbard, From a 1‐Year Time Series of Observations and a Simple Model: Are Polynyas in a Warming Arctic Exporting Heat to the Deep Ocean?
Authors: Vivier Frédéric , Lourenço Antonio , Skogseth Ragnheid , Goszczko Ilona , Michel Elisabeth , Rousset Clément , Bouruet‐Aubertot Pascale , Cuypers Yannis , Lansard Bruno , Waelbroeck Claire 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe formation of dense Brine‐enriched Shelf Water (BSW) in Storfjorden is analyzed during Winter 2016–2017 from mooring observations, a polynya model nudged to satellite observations, and an original BSW production model. The ice season was two months shorter than average, yet 44.2 of sea ice were formed, in line with estimates for the period preceding the atlantification of the Barents Sea in the mid‐2000s: A thinner, more fragile ice may favor polynya openings and frazil ice production. A saline specimen of BSW was produced in large volumes, corresponding to an annual mean transport of 0.042 Sv, larger than previous estimates. The important production is due to the preconditioning of the polynya with a more saline source water, exceeding the pre‐2005 values by 0.37. The BSW overflow was observed on the West Spitsbergen shelf slope from hydrographic sections down to 750 m, thus entering the Norwegian Sea Deep Water layer. Its core temperature was about C warmer than the pre‐2005 values owing to the entrainment of a warmer water in Storfjordrenna, suggesting that a part of the excess surface heat of the Barents Sea could be exported into the deep ocean. Overall our results suggest that dense water formation in the Storfjorden polynya may not, at least for now, be hampered by the atlantification of the Barents Sea, and perhaps even temporarily favored by the more saline source water. Anomalous atmospheric warming during the Winter‐Spring may however disrupt the production, as was observed 1 year before.
Observations of Water Frost on Mars With THEMIS: Application to the Presence of Brines and the Stability of (Sub)Surface Water Ice
Authors: Lange L. , Piqueux S. , Edwards C. S. , Forget F. , Naar J. , Vos E. , Szantai A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCharacterizing the exchange of water between the Martian atmosphere and the (sub)surface is a major challenge for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the water cycle. Here we present a new data set of water ice detected on the Martian surface with the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS). The detection is based on the correlation between bright blue‐white patterns in visible images and a temperature measured in the infrared that is too warm to be associated with ice and interpreted instead as water ice. Using this method, we detect ice down to 21.4°S, 48.4°N, on pole‐facing slopes at mid‐latitudes, and on any surface orientation poleward of 45° latitude. Water ice observed with THEMIS is most likely seasonal rather than diurnal. Our data set is consistent with near‐infrared frost detections and predictions by the Mars Planetary Climate Model. Water frost average temperature is 170 K, and the maximum temperature measured is 243 K, lower than the water ice melting point. Melting of pure water ice on the surface is unlikely due to cooling by latent heat during its sublimation. However, 243 THEMIS images show frosts that are hot enough to form brines if salts are present on the surface. The water vapor pressure at the surface, calculated from the ice temperature, indicates a dry atmosphere in early spring, during the recession of the ice cap. The large amount of water vapor released by the sublimation of warm frost cannot stabilize subsurface ice at mid‐latitudes.
Continuous evolution of Fermi arcs in a minimal ideal photonic Weyl medium
Authors: Liu Yachao , Wang Mingwei , Huang Yongqing , Wang Guo Ping , Zhang Shuang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPropagation properties of electromagnetic waves in an optical medium are mainly determined by the contour of equal-frequency states in $${\boldsymbol{k}}$$
k
-space. In photonic Weyl media, the topological surface waves lead to a unique open arc of the equal-frequency contour, called the Fermi arc. However, for most realistic Weyl systems, the shape of Fermi arcs is fixed due to the constant impedance of the surrounding medium, making it difficult to manipulate the surface wave. Here we demonstrate that by adjusting the thickness of the air layer sandwiched between two photonic Weyl media, the shape of the Fermi arc can be continuously changed from convex to concave. Moreover, we show that the concave Fermi-arc waves can be used to achieve topologically protected electromagnetic pulling forces over a broad range of angles in the air layer. Our finding offers a generally applicable strategy to shape the Fermi arc in photonic Weyl media.
Sulfur/reduced graphite oxide and dual-anion solid polymer‒electrolyte integrated structure for high-loading practical all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Kim Eun Mi , Han Jinseok , Kim Guk-Tae , Li Huan , Cui Meng Yang , Park Ganghwan , Baek Dong-Ho , Jin Bo , Jeong Sang Mun , Kim Jae-Kwang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The demand for high-capacity batteries with long cycle life and safety has been increasing owing to the expanding mid-to-large battery market. Li–S batteries are suitable energy-storage devices because of their reversibility, high theoretical capacity, and inexpensive construction materials. However, their performance is limited by various factors, including the shuttle effect and dendrite growth at the anode. Here, an integrated electrode for use in all-solid-state (ASS) Li–S batteries was formed via hot pressing. In detail, S particles dispersed in a functionalized reduced graphite oxide (rGO) cathode with a binder-less polymer electrolyte (PE) and a dual-anion ionic liquid-containing cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide)–Li bis(fluoromethanesulfonyl)imide–N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE, PEO–LiFSI0.1(Pyr14TFSI)0.4) were hot-pressed into an integrated electrode, which serves as both the cathode and electrolyte. The resulting S/rGO-based solid-state Li–S batteries exhibited more stable performance than Li–S batteries using liquid electrolytes did, indicating that the dual-anion SPE layer effectively suppressed dendritic Li formation and the shuttle effect with high ionic conductivity. At 0.1 C, the battery discharge capacities were 957 and 576 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and after 100 cycles, respectively. At 1 C, the reversible capacity was 590 and 417 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and after 100 cycles, respectively (capacity retention = 71%). Therefore, the proposed S/rGO/PE//LiFSI0.1(Pyr14TFSI)0.4-integrated electrodes are beneficial for ASS Li–S batteries.
Agile perching maneuvers in birds and morphing-wing drones
Authors: Wüest Valentin , Jeger Simon , Feroskhan Mir , Ajanic Enrico , Bergonti Fabio , Floreano Dario 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAvian perching maneuvers are one of the most frequent and agile flight scenarios, where highly optimized flight trajectories, produced by rapid wing and tail morphing that generate high angular rates and accelerations, reduce kinetic energy at impact. While the behavioral, anatomical, and aerodynamic factors involved in these maneuvers are well described, the underlying control strategies are poorly understood. Here, we use optimal control methods on an avian-inspired drone with morphing wing and tail to test a recent hypothesis derived from perching maneuver experiments of Harris’ hawks that birds minimize the distance flown at high angles of attack to dissipate kinetic energy before impact. The resulting drone flight trajectories, morphing sequence, and kinetic energy distribution resemble those measured in birds. Furthermore, experimental manipulation of the wings that would be difficult or unethical with animals reveals the morphing factors that are critical for optimal perching maneuver performance of birds and morphing-wing drones.
The erosion of large primary atmospheres typically leaves behind substantial secondary atmospheres on temperate rocky planets
Authors: Krissansen-Totton Joshua , Wogan Nicholas , Thompson Maggie , Fortney Jonathan J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractExoplanet exploration has revealed that many—perhaps most—terrestrial exoplanets formed with substantial H2-rich envelopes, seemingly in contrast to solar system terrestrials, for which there is scant evidence of long-lived primary atmospheres. It is not known how a long-lived primary atmosphere might affect the subsequent habitability prospects of terrestrial exoplanets. Here, we present a new, self-consistent evolutionary model of the transition from primary to secondary atmospheres. The model incorporates all Fe-C-O-H-bearing species and simulates magma ocean solidification, radiative-convective climate, thermal escape, and mantle redox evolution. For our illustrative example TRAPPIST-1, our model strongly favors atmosphere retention for the habitable zone planet TRAPPIST-1e. In contrast, the same model predicts a comparatively thin atmosphere for the Venus-analog TRAPPIST-1b, which would be vulnerable to complete erosion via non-thermal escape and is consistent with JWST observations. More broadly, we conclude that the erosion of primary atmospheres typically does not preclude surface habitability, and frequently results in large surface water inventories due to the reduction of FeO by H2.
Cdc42 mobility and membrane flows regulate fission yeast cell shape and survival
Authors: Rutkowski David M. , Vincenzetti Vincent , Vavylonis Dimitrios , Martin Sophie G. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPolarized exocytosis induced by local Cdc42 GTPase activity results in membrane flows that deplete low-mobility membrane-associated proteins. A reaction-diffusion particle model comprising Cdc42 positive feedback activation, hydrolysis by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and flow-induced displacement by exo/endocytosis shows that flow-induced depletion of low mobility GAPs promotes polarization. We modified Cdc42 mobility in Schizosaccharomyces pombe by replacing its prenylation site with 1, 2 or 3 repeats of the Rit C-terminal membrane-binding domain (ritC), yielding alleles with progressively lower mobility and increased flow-coupling. While Cdc42-1ritC cells are viable and polarized, Cdc42-2ritC polarize poorly and Cdc42-3ritC are inviable, in agreement with model’s predictions. Deletion of Cdc42 GAPs restores viability to Cdc42-3ritC cells, verifying the model’s prediction that GAP deletion increases Cdc42 activity at the expense of polarization. Our work demonstrates how membrane flows are an integral part of Cdc42-driven pattern formation and require Cdc42-GTP to turn over faster than the surface on which it forms.
An Aegilops longissima NLR protein with integrated CC-BED module mediates resistance to wheat powdery mildew
Authors: Ma Chao , Tian Xiubin , Dong Zhenjie , Li Huanhuan , Chen Xuexue , Liu Wenxuan , Yin Guihong , Ma Shuyang , Zhang Liwei , Cao Aizhong , Liu Cheng , Yan Hongfei , Sehgal Sunish K. , Zhang Zhibin , Liu Bao , Wang Shiwei , Liu Qianwen , Zhao Yusheng , Zhao Yue 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPowdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), reduces wheat yields and grain quality, thus posing a significant threat to global food security. Wild relatives of wheat serve as valuable resources for resistance to powdery mildew. Here, the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm6Sl is cloned from the wild wheat species Aegilops longissima. It encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein featuring a CC-BED module formed by a zinc finger BED (Znf-BED) domain integrated into the coiled-coil (CC) domain. The function of Pm6Sl is validated via mutagenesis, gene silencing, and transgenic assays. In addition, we develop a resistant germplasm harbouring Pm6Sl in a very small segment with no linkage drag along with the diagnostic gene marker pm6sl-1 to facilitate Pm6Sl deployment in wheat breeding programs. The cloning of Pm6Sl, a resistance gene with BED-NLR architecture, will increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BED-NLR-mediated resistance to various pathogens.
The economic value of reducing mortality due to noncommunicable diseases and injuries
Authors: Verguet Stéphane , Bolongaita Sarah , Chang Angela Y. , Cardoso Diego S. , Stevens Gretchen A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWith population aging, national health systems face difficult trade-offs in allocating resources. The World Bank launched the Healthy Longevity Initiative to generate evidence for investing in policies that can improve healthy longevity and human capital. As part of this initiative, we quantified the economic value of reducing avoidable mortality from major noncommunicable diseases and injuries. We estimated avoidable mortality—the difference between lowest-achieved mortality frontiers and projected mortality trajectories—for each cause of death, for 2000, 2019 and 2050, and for geographic regions, with high-income countries, India and China considered separately; we applied economic values to these estimates. The economic value of reducing cardiovascular disease avoidable mortality would be large for both sexes in all regions, reaching 2–8% of annual income in 2019. For cancers, it would be 5–6% of annual income in high-income countries and China, and for injuries, it would be around 5% in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Despite the large uncertainty surrounding our estimates, we offer economic values for reducing avoidable mortality by cause and metrics comparable to annual incomes, which enable multisectoral priority setting and are relevant for high-level policy discussions around budget and resource allocations.