bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Brief Measures of Alcohol Use Produce Different Results: AUDIT‐C and Quick Drinking Screen
Authors: Letourneau Brian , Sobell Linda Carter , Sobell Mark B. , Agrawal Sangeeta , Gioia Christopher J. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundSeveral psychometrically sound measures of alcohol use have been developed to assess drinking. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and its shorter counterpart the AUDIT‐C, which contains the first 3 AUDIT questions, were developed by the World Health Organization and have become the preferred brief measures for screening and evaluating problem severity. This study compared the first 3 questions on the AUDIT with another psychometrically sound brief measure of alcohol use, the Quick Drinking Screen (QDS).MethodsData were obtained from a randomized controlled trial of a mail‐based intervention promoting self‐change with 472 alcohol abusers (n = 280, no prior alcohol treatment; n = 192, prior alcohol treatment). Participants’ retrospective self‐reports of alcohol consumption were collected using the QDS and the 3 AUDIT‐C questions and compared. Although both measures contain similar questions (2 quantity‐frequency and 1 binge drinking), they differ in 2 important ways: (i) temporal interval over which data are collected, and (ii) formatting of response options (i.e., a continuous number vs. categorical).ResultsIntraclass correlations for drinking variables were moderate to moderately high. A repeated‐measures MANOVA using treatment condition and gender as variables revealed significant differences in absolute values between the 2 drinking measures with the QDS showing greater consumption on almost all variables. Participants’ numerical answers on the QDS were compared to their categorical answers to the similar alcohol use questions on the AUDIT‐C. The comparison revealed that participants’ answers on the AUDIT‐C were associated with extreme variability compared to their QDS answers. This variability suggests the AUDIT‐C would be unreliable as a quantitative measure of alcohol consumption.ConclusionsThe differences between the 3 alcohol use questions on the AUDIT‐C and the same questions on the QDS may reflect the imprecision of the AUDIT‐C's drinking response categories. Results suggest that the QDS can be used to identify risky drinking and to provide a more informative characterization of a drinker's alcohol consumption than that provided by the AUDIT‐C.
Smartphone use in dermatology for clinical photography and consultation: Current practice and the law
Authors: Abbott Lisa M , Magnusson Roger S , Gibbs Emma , Smith Saxon D 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundSmartphones are rapidly changing the way doctors capture and communicate clinical information, particularly in highly visual specialties such as dermatology. An understanding of how and why smartphones are currently used in clinical practice is critical in order to evaluate professional and legal risks, and to formulate policies that enable safe use of mobile technologies for the maximal benefit of practitioners and patients.MethodsAustralian dermatologists and dermatology trainees were surveyed on their current practices relating to clinical smartphone use.ResultsOf the 105 respondents, 101 provided useable results. The data show clinical smartphone use is common and frequent, with more than 50% of respondents sending and receiving images on their smartphones at least weekly. Clinical photographs were usually sent via multimedia message or email and were commonly stored on smartphones (46%). Security measures adopted to protect data were limited. There was inadequate documentation of consent for transmission of photographs and advice provided. Only 22% of respondents were aware of clear policies in their workplace regarding smartphone use, and a majority desired further education on digital image management.ConclusionsGiven the frequency of use and the degree of importance placed on the ability to send and receive clinical images, clinical smartphone use will persist and will likely increase over time. Current practices are insufficient to comply with professional and legal obligations, and increase practitioners’ vulnerability to civil and disciplinary proceedings. Further education, realistic policies and adequate software resources are critical to ensure protection of patients, practitioners and the reputation of the dermatological profession.
Assessment of heart rate response to exercise and recovery during treadmill testing in arsenic‐exposed workers
Authors: Karakulak Ugur Nadir , Gunduzoz Meside , Ayturk Mehmet , Tek Ozturk Mujgan , Tutkun Engin , Yilmaz Omer Hinc 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundArsenic exposure is associated with various cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiac autonomic function via heart rate response to exercise and recovery period of treadmill testing in arsenic‐exposed workers.MethodsSixty‐five (65) occupationally arsenic‐exposed workers and 35 healthy controls were enrolled. Blood and urinary arsenic levels were analyzed and symptom limited maximal treadmill exercise test were performed. Chronotropic response to exercise including age‐predicted maximal heart rate (APMHR), heart rate reserve (HRreserve), age‐predicted HRreserve (APHRreserve) and adjusted HRreserve and 1st‐, 2nd‐and 3rd‐min heart rate recovery (HRR) indices were calculated.ResultsBaseline clinical and echocardiographic parameters, exercise test duration, resting and maximal heart rate, peak exercise capacity, HRreserve, APMHR, APHRreserve, and adjusted HRreserve were found to be similar between groups. HRR1 (22.0 ± 4.3 vs. 24.3 ± 3.1 bpm, p = .003) and HRR2 (43.2 ± 6.2 vs. 46.7 ± 6.4 bpm, p = .012) were significantly lower in arsenic‐exposed workers compared to controls. Blood and urinary arsenic levels negatively correlated with HRR1 (r = −.477, p < .001 and r = −.438, p < .001, respectively) and HRR2 (r = −.507, p < .001 and r = −.412, p < .001 respectively).ConclusionsArsenic‐exposed workers had lower HRR indices than normal subjects but chronotropic response were similar. Cardiac autonomic dysregulation may be one of the cardiovascular consequences of arsenic exposure.
Review article: moving towards common therapeutic goals in Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Allen P. B. , Olivera P. , Emery P. , Moulin D. , Jouzeau J.‐Y. , Netter P. , Danese S. , Feagan B. , Sandborn W. J. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundCrohn's disease (CD) and rheumatoid arthritis are chronic, progressive and disabling conditions that frequently lead to structural tissue damage. Based on strategies originally developed for rheumatoid arthritis, the treatment goal for CD has recently moved from exclusively controlling symptoms to both clinical remission and complete mucosal healing (deep remission), with the final aim of preventing bowel damage and disability.AimTo review the similarities and differences in treatment goals between CD and rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsThis review examined manuscripts from 1982 to 2016 that discussed and/or proposed therapeutic goals with their supportive evidence in CD and rheumatoid arthritis.ResultsProposed therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in both rheumatoid arthritis and CD include: (i) evaluation of musculoskeletal or organ damage and disability, (ii) tight control, (iii) treat‐to‐target, (iv) early intervention and (v) disease modification. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, there is a paucity of disease‐modification trials in CD.ConclusionsNovel therapeutic strategies in CD based on tight control of objective signs of inflammation are expected to change disease course and patients’ lives by halting progression or, ideally, preventing the occurrence of bowel damage. Most of these strategies require validation in prospective studies, whereas several disease‐modification trials have addressed these issues in rheumatoid arthritis over the last decade. The recent approval of new drugs in CD such as vedolizumab and ustekinumab should facilitate initiation of disease‐modification trials in CD in the near future.
Inflammatory cytokines compromise programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-mediated T cell suppression in inflammatory arthritis through up-regulation of soluble PD-1
Authors: Bommarito D , Hall C , Taams L S , Corrigall V M 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor plays a major role in regulating T cell activation. Our aim was to determine how inflammation influences PD-1-mediated T cell suppression. Flow cytometry analysis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) synovial fluid (SF) mononuclear cells showed an increase in the percentage of PD-1+ cells within the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartment compared to paired peripheral blood (PB). Upon in-vitro T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation of healthy control (HC) CD4+ T cells in the presence of plate-bound PD-L1fc chimera, significantly decreased proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion was observed. In contrast, CD4+ T cells from RA and PsA PB and SF appeared resistant to such PD-1-mediated inhibition. Addition of the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, which were increased in RA and PsA SF compared to osteoarthritis (OA) SF, consistently abrogated PD-1-mediated suppression in HC CD4+ T cell cultures. This effect was reversed by inhibitors of these cytokines. Soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) levels were increased in cell culture supernatants from TNFα and IL-6-stimulated cultures compared to untreated controls, and also in RA and PsA, but not in OA, serum and SF. Functionally, addition of sPD-1fc counteracted PD-1-mediated suppression of HC CD4+ T cells, and increased T cell proliferation in HC CD4+ T cell/monocyte co-cultures. These in-vitro findings indicate that CD4+ T cells from patients with RA and PsA show increased resistance to PD-1-mediated suppression, which may be explained in part by the presence of soluble PD-1 in the inflammatory environment.
Heterogeneity in phenotype of hyperinsulinism caused by activating glucokinase mutations: a novel mutation and its functional characterization
Authors: Martínez Rosa , Gutierrez‐Nogués Ángel , Fernández‐Ramos Concepción , Velayos Teresa , Vela Amaia ,   Spanish Congenital Hyperinsulinism Group, Navas María‐Ángeles , Castaño Luis 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundMutations in the GCK gene lead to different forms of glucokinase (GCK)‐disease, activating mutations cause hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia while inactivating mutations cause monogenic diabetes. Hyperinsulinism (HI) is a heterogeneous condition with a significant genetic component. The major causes are channelopathies, the other forms are rare and being caused by mutations in genes such as GCK.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical and genetic presentation of four families with activating GCK mutations, and to explore the pathogenicity of the novel mutation identified through functional studies.ResultsFour cases of HI with mutations in GCK were identified. These include one novel mutation (p.Trp99Cys). Functional analysis of the purified mutant fusion protein glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST)‐GCK‐p.Trp99Cys demonstrated that p.Trp99Cys is an activating mutation as it induces a higher affinity for glucose and increases the relative activity index more than 11 times. Moreover, the thermal stability of the mutant protein was similar to that of its wild type. All patients were responsive to diazoxide treatment. One of the mutations arose de novo, and two were dominantly inherited, although only one of them from an HI affected parent. The age of presentation in our cases varied widely from the neonatal period to adulthood.ConclusionThe clinical phenotype of the GCK activating mutation carriers was heterogeneous, the severity of symptoms and age at presentation varied markedly between affected individuals, even within the same family. The novel activating GCK mutation (p.Trp99Cys) has a strong activating effect in vitro although it has been identified in one case of a milder and late‐onset form of HI.
Molecular phylogeny of Glossodoris (Ehrenberg, 1831) nudibranchs and related genera reveals cryptic and pseudocryptic species complexes
Authors: Matsuda Shayle B. , Gosliner Terrence M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractChromodorid nudibranchs (Chromodorididae) are brightly coloured sea slugs that live in some of the most biodiverse and threatened coral reefs on the planet. However, the evolutionary relationships within this family have not been well understood, especially in the genus Glossodoris. Members of Glossodoris have experienced large‐scale taxonomic instability over the last century and have been the subject of repeated taxonomic changes, in part due to morphological characters being the sole traditional taxonomic sources of data. Changing concepts of traditional generic boundaries based on morphology also have contributed to this instability. Despite recent advances in molecular systematics, many aspects of chromodorid taxonomy remain poorly understood, particularly at the traditional species and generic levels. In this study, 77 individuals comprising 32 previously defined species were used to build the most robust phylogenetic tree of Glossodoris and related genera using mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S, and the nuclear gene 28S. Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses verify the most recent hypothesized evolutionary relationships within Glossodoris. Additionally, a pseudocryptic and cryptic species complex within Glossodoris cincta and a pseudocryptic complex within Glossodoris pallida emerged, and three new species of Doriprismatica are identified.
Defining ecologically relevant scales for spatial protection with long‐term data on an endangered seabird and local prey availability
Authors: Sherley Richard B. , Botha Philna , Underhill Les G. , Ryan Peter G. , van Zyl Danie , Cockcroft Andrew C. , Crawford Robert J.M. , Dyer Bruce M. , Cook Timothée R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHuman activities are important drivers of marine ecosystem functioning. However, separating the synergistic effects of fishing and environmental variability on the prey base of nontarget predators is difficult, often because prey availability estimates on appropriate scales are lacking. Understanding how prey abundance at different spatial scales links to population change can help integrate the needs of nontarget predators into fisheries management by defining ecologically relevant areas for spatial protection. We investigated the local population response (number of breeders) of the Bank Cormorant (Phalacrocorax neglectus), a range‐restricted endangered seabird, to the availability of its prey, the heavily fished west coast rock lobster (Jasus lalandii). Using Bayesian state‐space modeled cormorant counts at 3 colonies, 22 years of fisheries‐independent data on local lobster abundance, and generalized additive modeling, we determined the spatial scale pertinent to these relationships in areas with different lobster availability. Cormorant numbers responded positively to lobster availability in the regions with intermediate and high abundance but not where regime shifts and fishing pressure had depleted lobster stocks. The relationships were strongest when lobsters 20–30 km offshore of the colony were considered, a distance greater than the Bank Cormorant's foraging range when breeding, and may have been influenced by prey availability for nonbreeding birds, prey switching, or prey ecology. Our results highlight the importance of considering the scale of ecological relationships in marine spatial planning and suggest that designing spatial protection around focal species can benefit marine predators across their full life cycle. We propose the precautionary implementation of small‐scale marine protected areas, followed by robust assessment and adaptive‐management, to confirm population‐level benefits for the cormorants, their prey, and the wider ecosystem, without negative impacts on local fisheries.
Mitral valve coaptation and its relationship to late diastolic flow: A color Doppler and vector flow map echocardiographic study in normal subjects
Authors: Sherrid Mark V. , Kushner Josef , Yang Georgiana , Ro Richard 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundThree competing theories about the mechanism of mitral coaptation in normal subjects were evaluated by color Doppler and vector flow mapping (VFM): (1) beginning of ventricular (LV) ejection, (2) “breaking of the jet” of diastolic LV inflow, and (3) returning diastolic vortices impacting the leaflets on their LV surfaces.Methods and ResultsWe analyzed 80 color Doppler frames and 320 VFM measurements. In all 20 normal subjects, coaptation occurred before LV ejection, 78±16 ms before onset. On color Doppler frames the larger anterior, and smaller posterior vortices circle back and, in all cases, strike the ventricular surfaces of the leaflets. On the first closing‐begins frame, for the first time, vortex velocity normal to the ventricular surface of the anterior leaflet (AML) is greater than that in the mitral orifice, and the angle of attack of LV vortical flow onto the AML is twice as high as the angle of flow onto the valve in orifice. Thus, at the moment coaptation begins, vortical flow strikes the mitral leaflet with higher velocity, and higher angle of attack than orifice flow, and thus with greater force. According to the “breaking of the jet” theory, one would expect to see de novo LV flow perpendicular to the leaflets beginning after transmitral flow terminates. Instead, the returning continuous LV vortical flow that impacts the valve builds continuously after the P‐wave.ConclusionsLate diastolic vortices strike the ventricular surfaces of the mitral leaflets and contribute to valve coaptation, permitted by concomitant decline in transmitral flow.
Roles of microRNAs in psoriasis: Immunological functions and potential biomarkers
Authors: Liu Qing , Wu Ding‐Hong , Han Ling , Deng Jing‐Wen , Zhou Li , He Rui , Lu Chuan‐Jian , Mi Qing‐Sheng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNA molecules, which function in RNA silencing and post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by the dysfunction of keratinocytes, with the immune dysregulation. We reviewed the recent studies on the roles of miRNAs in psoriasis and showed that miRNAs play key roles in psoriasis, including the regulation of hyperproliferation, cytokine and chemokine production in keratinocyte, as well as mediating immune dysfunction in psoriasis. Furthermore, miRNAs, particularly, circulating miRNAs may serve as novel biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring therapy response and reflecting the disease severity. Thus, targeting specific miRNAs may be used to develop new therapeutic methods for psoriasis.
Do Administrative Boundaries Matter for Uneven Economic Development? A Case Study of China's Provincial Border Counties
Authors: Zhang Xuebo , Li Cansong , Li Wei , Song Jinping , Yang Chengfeng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper uses China's provincial border counties as samples to explore the role played by administrative boundaries in uneven regional economic development. The results indicate that the gap between provincial border counties and other regions is increasing and that economic diffusion to provincial border counties from developed regions is extremely weak. Moreover, provincial border counties have become economically backward. A regression analysis model that includes certain novel factors that are likely to influence economic growth confirms the significant effects of government intervention and administrative boundaries on economic growth in provincial border counties. This paper concludes that administrative boundaries' effects should be nullified by limiting preferential development policies and implementing policies that instead help provincial border counties engage in sustainable development.
Flower use of the butterfly Maniola jurtina in nectar‐rich and nectar‐poor grasslands: a nectar generalist with a strong preference?
Authors: Lebeau Julie , Wesselingh Renate A. , Van Dyck Hans 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Butterflies are often considered as opportunistic nectar consumers that visit a range of flower species. The degree of specialisation in foraging behaviour and flower choice may, however, vary considerably at the inter‐specific level, from highly specialised to generalist species. In generalist nectar use, there can be intra‐specific variation in the availability and use of floral resources (diversity and abundance) among different populations. Knowing the preferences of nectar‐feeding butterflies can increase the understanding of ecological relationships and resource use and help in developing better strategies for butterfly conservation.

By means of behavioural tracking, we identified foraging patterns of Maniola jurtina butterflies in nectar‐rich and nectar‐poor grasslands. For both males and females, we showed significant preference for the brown knapweed Centaurea jacea and thistles (Cirsium sp.) in nectar‐rich, extensively managed grasslands. In the absence of these preferred species, as is typically the case in nectar‐poor intensively managed sites, M. jurtina nectared on Trifolium pratense and Leucanthemum vulgare. Flower visits were on average shorter on T. pratense compared to C. jacea. These observational results were confirmed by a field experiment in which a wild flower nectar array with C. jacea and T. pratense was introduced.

In extensively managed grasslands, foraging bouts were generally confined to patches of flowering plants and did not involve long flights between flower visits. In intensively managed meadows, butterflies performed longer flights, and ignored more flowers between two consecutive visits. Despite the variety of flower species visited, M. jurtina showed a significant preference for a few nectar sources in a context‐dependent way.
Resistance to cyclic fatigue of PathFile, ScoutRaCe and ProGlider glide path files in an S‐shaped canal
Authors: Topçuoğlu H. S. , Topçuoğlu G. , Düzgün S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTo compare the cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of PathFile, ProGlider and ScoutRaCe nickel‐titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments used in an S‐shaped artificial canal.MethodologyA total of 90 instruments were tested in an S‐shaped artificial canal (n = 30 for each group: PathFile (size 16, 2% constant taper), ProGlider (size 16, variable taper between 2% and 8% along the shaft) and ScoutRaCe (size 15, 2% constant taper). All files were rotated until fracture. The number of cycles to failure was counted to determine CFR. The length of each fractured fragment was measured in millimetres. The CFR was analysed statistically with the Kruskal–Wallis test. The fragment length was analysed using one‐way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests.ResultsThe ProGlider instruments were associated with significantly greater CFR than the PathFile and ScoutRaCe files in the apical curvature (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the CFR of the PathFile and ScoutRaCe files in the apical curvature (P > 0.05). ProGlider, PathFile and ScoutRaCe instruments exhibited similar CFR in the coronal curvature (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe ProGlider files had greater cyclic fatigue resistance than the PathFile and ScoutRaCe files in the apical curvature of an artificial S‐shaped canal.