bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two new species in the Chaetoceros socialis complex (Bacillariophyta): C. sporotruncatus and C. dichatoensis, and characterization of its relatives, C. radicans and C. cinctus
Authors: Gaonkar Chetan C. , Kooistra Wiebe H. C. F. , Lange Carina B. , Montresor Marina , Sarno Diana 
Published: June 2017

The diatom genus Chaetoceros is one of the most abundant and diverse phytoplankton in marine and brackish waters worldwide. Within this genus, Chaetoceros socialis has been cited as one of the most common species. However, recent studies from different geographic areas have shown the presence of pseudo‐cryptic diversity within the C. socialis complex. Members of this complex are characterized by curved chains (primary colonies) aggregating into globular clusters, where one of the four setae of each cell curves toward the center of the cluster and the other three orient outwards. New light and electron microscopy observations as well as molecular data on marine planktonic diatoms from the coastal waters off Chile revealed the presence of two new species, Chaetoceros sporotruncatus sp. nov. and C. dichatoensis. sp. nov. belonging to the C. socialis complex. The two new species are similar to other members of the complex (i.e., C. socialis and C. gelidus) in the primary and secondary structure of the colony, the orientation pattern of the setae, and the valve ultrastructure. The only morphological characters that can be used to differentiate the species of this complex are aspects related to resting spore morphology. The two newly described species are closely related to each other and form a sister clade to C. gelidus in molecular phylogenies. We also provide a phylogenetic status along with the morphological characterization of C. radicans and C. cintus, which are genetically related to the C. socialis complex.
Nurse‐patient communication within the context of non‐sedated mechanical ventilation: A hermeneutic‐phenomenological study
Authors: Holm A , Dreyer P 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTAims and objectivesTo explore non‐sedated mechanically ventilated patients' communication with nurses in the intensive care unit.BackgroundMechanically ventilated patients are temporarily voiceless, making interpersonal communication complex. Both nurses and patients find communication challenging and may experience negative emotions when communication fails. In Nordic countries, sedation protocols have changed to light/non‐sedation, resulting in more patients being conscious and more clinical practitioners experiencing communication difficulties.DesignThe study was qualitative with a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach. Data were collected at two intensive care units in Denmark from January to April 2015.MethodsData collection consisted of interviews with patients, focus group interviews with nurses and field observations concerning nurse–patient communication. Data were analysed as one collective body of data using Ricoeur's theory of interpretation.FindingsThe main theme showed that communication is a movement between the two opposite feelings of comprehension and frustration. Sub‐themes showed (1) the dynamics of power change when the patient is voiceless; (2) consciousness and voicelessness make caring difficult; and (3) the process of interpreting and structuring communication is situational.ConclusionThese findings are important in nursing care and provide perspectives on the shift from communication towards comprehension and, thus, away from frustration. A non‐sedation protocol is a major change in clinical practice in relation to communication. It requires a new way of thinking where communication becomes an integrated part of care, and the nurse has to be constantly alert and adjust his or her communication strategies to the patient's changing needs and communication ability.Relevance to clinical practiceSome nursing interventions may optimize communication: (1) systematic assessment of patients' communication; (2) education of nurses in Augmentative and Alternative Communication; (3) using communication tools when possible; and (4) securing time, continuity, empathy and patience in nursing care.
Macroeconomic Forecasting using Low‐frequency Filters
Authors: Valle e Azevedo João , Pereira Ana 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe consider univariate low‐frequency filters applicable in real‐time as a macroeconomic forecasting method. This amounts to targeting only low frequency fluctuations of the time series of interest. We show through simulations that such approach is warranted and, using US data, we confirm empirically that consistent gains in forecast accuracy can be obtained in comparison with a variety of other methods. There is an inherent arbitrariness in the choice of the cut‐off defining low and high frequencies, which calls for a careful characterization of the implied optimal (for forecasting) degree of smoothing of the key macroeconomic indicators we analyse. We document interesting patterns that emerge: for most variables the optimal choice amounts to disregarding fluctuations well below the standard business cycle cut‐off of 32 quarters while generally increasing with the forecast horizon; for inflation and variables related to housing this cut‐off lies around 32 quarters for all horizons, which is below the optimal level for federal government spending.
Testing hypotheses of element loss and instability in the apparatus composition of complex conodonts: articulated skeletons ofHindeodus
Authors: Zhang Muhui , Jiang Haishui , Purnell Mark A. , Lai Xulong 
Published: June 2017

AbstractKnowledge of the conodont skeleton, in terms of the morphology of the elements and the positions they occupy, provides the foundation for understanding of homology, taxonomy and evolutionary relationships in conodonts. This knowledge also underpins analyses of conodont functional morphology and feeding. Direct evidence of skeletal anatomy and apparatus architecture comes from natural assemblages: fossils that preserve together the articulated remains of the conodont apparatus, either collapsed onto a bedding plane or as clusters of elements in which juxtaposed and overlapping elements have been fused together by diagenetic minerals. Here we describe six clusters of the biostratigraphically important conodontHindeodus parvusfrom the Lower Triassic Shangsi section, Sichuan Province, South China. Five of these clusters represent the partial remains of articulated skeletons, providing direct evidence of the number and arrangement of elements in the apparatus. Combined with data from previously published natural assemblages this provides a test of the hypothesis that Triassic conodonts had a reduced dentition.Hindeodus parvuspossessed a complete raptorial array of two M and nine S elements (unpaired S0; symmetrically paired S1, S2, S3, S4); the paired P1locations were occupied by carminiscaphate elements, but the apparatus lacked P2elements. This is consistent with broader evidence for a particularly high degree of integration and constraint operating on the S–M array of morphologically complex conodonts, leading to conserved architecture of the array over a period of more than 250 million years. The loss of elements from the P domain implies a change in food processing ability and, given the predominance of data from P elements in conodont taxonomy and biostratigraphy, the hypothesis of element loss from the P domain has significant implications for the broader understanding of conodont diversity and evolutionary patterns.
Beyond Theism and Atheism: Axiarchism and Ananthropocentric Purposivism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTwo familiar worldviews dominate Western philosophy: materialist atheism and Abrahamic theism. One exciting development in recent philosophy of religion is the exploration of alternatives to both theism and atheism. This paper explores two alternatives: axiarchism and ananthropocentrism. Drawing on the long tradition of Platonism, axiarchists such as John Leslie, Derek Parfit and Nicholas Rescher posit adirectlink between goodness and existence. The goodness of a possible worldiswhat makes it actual. Ananthropocentric Purposivism (AP) holds that the universe has a purpose and that humans are irrelevant to that purpose. If there is a God, then God cares about what matters, but we do not matter to God.
Can the hidden hand of the market be an effective and legitimate regulator? The case of animal welfare under a labeling for consumer choice policy approach
Authors: Parker Christine , Carey Rachel , De Costa Josephine , Scrinis Gyorgy 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn Australia, labeling for consumer choice, rather than higher government regulation, has become an important strand of the policy approach to addressing food animal welfare. This paper illustrates the usefulness of “regulatory network analysis” to uncover the potentials and limitations of market‐based governance to address contentious yet significant issues like animal welfare. We analyzed the content of newspaper articles from major Australian newspapers and official policy documents between 1990 and 2014 to show how the regulatory network influenced the framing of the regulatory problem, and the capacity and legitimacy of different regulatory actors at three “flashpoints” of decisionmaking about layer hen welfare in egg production. We suggest that the government policy of offering consumers the choice to buy cage free in the market allowed large‐scale industry to continue the egg laying business as usual with incremental innovation and adjustment. These incremental improvements only apply to the 20 percent or so of hens producing “free‐range” eggs. We conclude with a discussion of when and how labeling for consumer choice might create markets and public discourses that make possible more effective and legitimate regulation of issues such as layer hen welfare.
Arousal transmission and attenuation in mother–daughter dyads during adolescence
Authors: Lougheed Jessica P. , Hollenstein Tom 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLoad sharing is the process through which the emotional burdens associated with challenging situations are distributed among members within close relationships. One indicator of load sharing is efficient emotion regulation, and load sharing is related to high physical and relationship closeness between partners. The purpose of the current study was to examine load sharing in mother–daughter dyads across different emotion contexts during adolescence. We examined load sharing via mothers' and daughters' electrodermal activity, which indicates sympathetic nervous system arousal. Sixty‐six adolescent girls (Mage = 15.15 years) and their mothers participated in two 4‐min discussions, about negative and positive emotional experiences. Mothers and daughters self‐reported relationship closeness, and physical closeness was experimentally manipulated by randomly assigning mothers to either touch or not touch their daughter's hand during the discussions. Evidence of load sharing was observed for both mothers and daughters in terms of lower arousal levels and greater arousal transmission (i.e., picking up on partners' arousal) at greater physical and relationship closeness, although the specific pattern of results differed for mothers and daughters and across emotion contexts. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that load sharing is an important interpersonal dynamic in mother–daughter dyads during adolescence.
Risk Factors associated with defaulting from visceral leishmaniasis treatment: analysis under routine programme conditions in Bihar, India
Authors: Kansal S. , Chakravarty J. , Kumar A. , Malaviya P. , Boelaert M. , Hasker E. , Ostyn B. , Sundar S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the rate of default from treatment in the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination programme and to identify risk factors and its underlying causes.MethodsCase–control study conducted between December 2009 and June 2012 in three primary health centres (PHCs) of Muzaffarpur district, India. Patients who defaulted from treatment from the PHCs were considered as ‘cases’ and those who completed their treatment as ‘controls’. Two controls were included in the study for each case. Respondents' opinion and satisfaction with the services provided at the PHCs were also elicited. Logistic regression was performed to assess the contribution of sociodemographic variables on patient status, and a discriminant analysis was used (after decomposing the original data) to identify factors that can predict the patient status as defaulter or not, based on factor scores of the components as predictor variables.ResultsDuring the study period, 16.3% (89/544) of patients defaulted; 87 cases and 188 controls were interviewed through a semistructured questionnaire. Women tended to be more at risk for default (OR, 1.6, 95% CI (0.9 ‐2.9). Treatment received was miltefosine in 55.6% and sodium stibogluconate (SSG) in 44.4%. Most (86%) defaulters completed their treatment at other healthcare facilities; 70% of them preferred non‐governmental institutions. Most cited reasons for default were seeking a second opinion for VL treatment and preferring to be treated in specialised VL centres. Discriminant analysis showed only one significant predictor: dissatisfaction with the medical care received in PHCs.ConclusionEfforts are needed to enhance the quality of VL care at PHC level, which will be beneficial in increasing treatment completion rates.
Calcium signalling in medial intercalated cell dendrites and spines
Authors: Strobel Cornelia , Sullivan Robert K. P. , Stratton Peter , Sah Pankaj 
Published: June 2017

Key points
Dendritic and spine calcium imaging in combination with electrophysiology in acute slices revealed that in medial intercalated cells of the amygdala:
Action potentials back‐propagate into the dendritic tree, but due to the presence of voltage‐dependent potassium channels, probably Kv4.2 channels, attenuate over distance.
A mixed population of AMPA receptors with rectifying and linear I–V relations are present at individual spines of a single neuron.
Decay kinetics and pharmacology suggest tri‐heteromeric NMDA receptors at basolateral–intercalated cell synapses. NMDA receptors are the main contributors to spine calcium entry in response to synaptic stimulation.
Calcium signals in response to low‐ and high‐frequency stimulation, and in combination with spontaneous action potentials are locally restricted to the vicinity of active spines.
Together, these data show that calcium signalling in these GABAergic neurons is tightly controlled and acts as a local signal.
AbstractThe amygdala plays a central role in fear conditioning and extinction. The medial intercalated (mITC) neurons are GABAergic cell clusters interspaced between the basolateral (BLA) and central amygdala (CeA). These neurons are thought to play a key role in fear and extinction, controlling the output of the CeA by feed‐forward inhibition. BLA to mITC cell inputs are thought to undergo synaptic plasticity, a mechanism underlying learning, which is mediated by NMDA receptor‐dependent mechanisms that require changes in cytosolic calcium. Here, we studied the electrical and calcium signalling properties of mITC neurons in GAD67‐eGFP mice using whole‐cell patch clamp recordings and two‐photon calcium imaging. We show that action potentials back‐propagate (bAP) into dendrites, and evoke calcium transients in both the shaft and the dendritic spine. However, bAP‐mediated calcium rises in the dendrites attenuate with distance due to shunting by voltage‐gated potassium channels. Glutamatergic inputs make dual component synapses on spines. At these synapses, postsynaptic AMPA receptors can have linear or rectifying I–V relationships, indicating that some synapses express GluA2‐lacking AMPA receptors. Synaptic NMDA receptors had intermediate decay kinetics, and were only partly blocked by GuN2B selective blockers, indicating these receptors are GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B trimers. Low‐ or high‐frequency synaptic stimulation raised spine calcium, mediated by calcium influx via NMDA receptors, was locally restricted and did not invade neighbouring spines. Our results show that in mITC neurons, postsynaptic calcium is tightly controlled, and acts as a local signal.
Longitudinal IP-10 Serum Levels Are Associated with the Course of Disease Activity and Remission in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: van Hooij Anouk , Boeters Debbie M. , Tjon Kon Fat Elisa M. , van den Eeden Susan J. F. , Corstjens Paul L. A. M. , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H. M. , Geluk Annemieke 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Although rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, persistent autoimmune disease, 10 to 15% of RA patients achieve sustained disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)-free remission over time. The biological mechanisms underlying the resolution of persistent inflammation in RA are still unidentified, and there is a lack of prognostic markers. It is well established that increased serum levels of gamma interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10) are associated with (acute) increased inflammatory responses (e.g., in leprosy). In order to assess the potential of IP-10 as a diagnostic tool for inflammatory episodes of RA, we performed a retrospective study and assessed IP-10 levels in longitudinally banked serum samples obtained from patients upon first diagnosis of RA. The selection consisted of 15 persistent RA patients and 19 patients who achieved DMARD-free sustained remission. IP-10 levels, measured by use of a user-friendly quantitative lateral flow assay (LFA), showed up to 170-fold variation interindividually, and baseline IP-10 levels could not be differentiated between the two patient groups. However, a difference in the change in IP-10 levels between the first and last visits (ΔIP-10) was observed (
P
= 0.003) between DMARD-free (median ΔIP-10, −662 pg/ml [decrease]) and persistent (median ΔIP-10, 468 pg/ml [increase]) RA patients. Moreover, intraindividual changes in IP-10 levels during the course of disease corresponded to the disease activity score (DAS) (
P
= 0.05). These data indicate that IP-10 is associated with disease activity and perseverance of RA. The association of IP-10 with DAS indicates that this tool may be a practical diagnostic aid to help in monitoring disease progression in RA patients and may also find applications in other chronic diseases with exacerbated inflammatory episodes.
Evaluation of the Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx Assay for HIV-1 RNA Quantitation in Different Biological Specimen Types
Authors: Yek Christina , Massanella Marta , Peling Tashi , Lednovich Kristen , Nair Sangeetha V. , Worlock Andrew , Vargas Milenka , Gianella Sara , Ellis Ronald J. , Strain Matthew C. , Busch Michael P. , Nugent C. Thomas , Richman Douglas D. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe search for a cure for HIV infection has highlighted the need for increasingly sensitive and precise assays to measure viral burden in various tissues and body fluids. We describe the application of a standardized assay for HIV-1 RNA in multiple specimen types. The fully automated Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assay (Aptima assay) is FDA cleared for blood plasma HIV-1 RNA quantitation. In this study, the Aptima assay was applied for the quantitation of HIV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs;n= 72), seminal plasma (n= 20), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF;n= 36), dried blood spots (DBS;n= 104), and dried plasma spots (DPS;n= 104). The Aptima assay was equivalent to or better than commercial assays or validated in-house assays for the quantitation of HIV RNA in CSF and seminal plasma. For PBMC specimens, the sensitivity of the Aptima assay in the detection of HIV RNA decayed as background uninfected PBMC counts increased; proteinase K treatment demonstrated some benefit in restoring signal at higher levels of background PBMCs. Finally, the Aptima assay yielded 100% detection rates of DBS in participants with plasma HIV RNA levels of ≥35 copies/ml and 100% detection rates of DPS in participants with plasma HIV RNA levels of ≥394 copies/ml. The Aptima assay can be applied to a variety of specimens from HIV-infected subjects to measure HIV RNA for studies of viral persistence and cure strategies. It can also detect HIV in dried blood and plasma specimens, which may be of benefit in resource-limited settings.
Accurate and Rapid Differentiation of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains by Raman Spectroscopy: a Comparative Study
Authors: Ghebremedhin Meron , Heitkamp Rae , Yesupriya Shubha , Clay Bradford , Crane Nicole J. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

In recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become the standard for routine bacterial species identification due to its rapidity and low costs for consumables compared to those of traditional DNA-based methods. However, it has been observed that strains of some bacterial species, such as
Acinetobacter baumannii
strains, cannot be reliably identified using mass spectrometry (MS). Raman spectroscopy is a rapid technique, as fast as MALDI-TOF, and has been shown to accurately identify bacterial strains and species. In this study, we compared hierarchical clustering results for MS, genomic, and antimicrobial susceptibility test data to hierarchical clustering results from Raman spectroscopic data for 31
A. baumannii
clinical isolates labeled according to their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data for strain differentiation. In addition to performing hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), multiple chemometric methods of analysis, including principal-component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), were performed on the MS and Raman spectral data, along with a variety of spectral preprocessing techniques for best discriminative results. Finally, simple HCA algorithms were performed on all of the data sets to explore the relationships between, and natural groupings of, the strains and to compare results for the four data sets. To obtain numerical comparison values of the clustering results, the external cluster evaluation criteria of the Rand index of the HCA dendrograms were calculated. With a Rand index value of 0.88, Raman spectroscopy outperformed the other techniques, including MS (with a Rand index value of 0.58).