bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Bioavailability of a Dolutegravir Dispersible Tablet and the Effects of Low‐ and High‐Mineral‐Content Water on the Tablet in Healthy Adults
Authors: Buchanan Ann M. , Holton Michael , Conn Ian , Davies Mark , Choukour Mike , Wynne Brian R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDolutegravir (DTG) is approved in the United States to treat HIV‐1‐infected patients weighing ≥30 kg. A dispersible DTG tablet formulation was recently developed for pediatric patients. This study compares the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the dispersible tablet with that of a previously evaluated granule formulation. In this randomized, open‐label, crossover study, 15 healthy adults received single oral doses of DTG 20 mg every 7 days across 5 treatment arms: granules consumed immediately after mixture with purified water, dispersible DTG consumed immediately after reconstitution in low‐mineral‐content (LMC) or high‐mineral‐content (HMC) water, and dispersible DTG consumed 30 minutes after dispersal in LMC or HMC water. Primary endpoints were bioavailability of immediately consumed dispersible tablet in LMC water relative to granule formulation reconstituted in purified water and PK of the dispersible tablet. Secondary endpoints included tolerability and palatability. The DTG dispersible tablet showed equivalent exposures to the granule formulation with geometric least‐squares mean treatment ratios of 1.06 and 1.12 for AUC0‐∞ and Cmax, respectively. DTG PK parameters were unaffected by mineral content or the 30‐minute delay. Adverse events were mild; only nausea (n = 1) was considered drug related. DTG exposure observed with the dispersible tablet supports evaluation of this formulation for further development.
Subdivision design and stewardship affect bird and mammal use of conservation developments
Authors: Farr Cooper M. , Pejchar Liba , Reed Sarah E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDeveloping effective tools for conservation on private lands is increasingly important for global biodiversity conservation; private lands are located in more productive and biologically diverse areas, and they face accelerated rates of land conversion. One strategy is conservation development (CD) subdivisions, which cluster houses in a small portion of a property and preserve the remaining land as protected open space. Despite widespread use, the characteristics that make CD more or less effective at achieving biodiversity conservation are not well understood. We investigated CD's ability to successfully protect animal populations by examining bird and mammal occurrences in 14 CD subdivisions and four undeveloped areas (range: 14–432 ha) in northern Colorado, USA. Using point count and camera trap data in an occupancy modeling framework, we evaluated the relative importance of nine subdivision design factors (e.g., housing density, proportion of CD protected) and 14 stewardship factors (e.g., presence of livestock, percent native vegetation cover) in influencing the overall community composition and the probability of use by 16 birds and six mammals. We found that habitat use by 75% of birds and 83% of mammals was associated with design characteristics that maximized the natural or undisturbed land area both within and near the development (e.g., proportion of CD protected, total area of protected open space, proportion of natural land cover in the surrounding landscape). These factors were also associated with an increasing dominance of human‐sensitive bird species, larger‐bodied mammals, and mammals with larger home ranges. Habitat use by birds was also influenced by local land use composition and quality, and use by several bird and mammal species decreased with increased localized disturbances. We found few differences in habitat use between sampling sites in undeveloped areas and in CD subdivisions. These similarities indicate that, if CDs are large enough or located within a matrix of undeveloped land, they can provide habitat that supports similar use patterns as protected areas without housing development. By incorporating characteristics that promote the persistence of sensitive birds and mammals on private lands, CDs have potential to preserve native biodiversity in areas threatened by expanding residential development.
Browsing impacts on the stable isotope composition of chaparral plants
Authors: Koch Paul L. , Fox Laurel R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe assessed the effects of herbivory on competition, water stress, and potentially biological nitrogen fixation on three species of endemic shrubs using variations in the stable isotope ratios (13C/12C and 15N/14N) in leaves of chaparral shrubs in a long‐term field experiment. While variations in isotopic ratios of plants are often attributed to abiotic stresses, impacts of biotic interactions are rarely evaluated. Our site was a low‐nutrient, chaparral community on the central California coast. In this system, deer browsing on Ceanothus rigidus, which have symbiotic N‐fixing bacteria (Frankia), was intense and suppressed growth, while the two non‐fixing shrubs (Arctostaphylos pumila and Ericameria ericoides) were not browsed heavily. For Ceanothus, excluding deer increased both plant size and the δ15N value to ~0‰; δ13C values also increased as the plants increased in mass. In Arctostaphylos and Ericameria, stable isotope values did not change, while plant sizes remained the same or even declined when deer were excluded. We interpret the change in Ceanothus δ15N values as due to increased N fixation after evaluating possible alternative explanations. The increase in Ceanothus δ13C values may be due to increased water stress with substantial shrub growth. More broadly, herbivore suppression of N fixation may impact ecosystem processes such as productivity and N cycling, as well as an ecosystem's ability to respond to increased CO2.
Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2)‐dsDNA Interaction in situ Evaluation Using a dsDNA‐electrochemical Biosensor
Authors: Lopes Ilanna Campelo , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHuman cytochrome CYP1A2 is one of the major hepatic cytochrome P450s involved in many drugs metabolism, and chemical carcinogens activation. The CYP1A2‐dsDNA interaction in situ evaluation using a DNA‐electrochemical biosensor and differential pulse voltammetry was investigated. A dsDNA‐electrochemical biosensor showed that CYP1A2 interacted with dsDNA causing conformational changes in the double helix chain and DNA oxidative damage. A preferential interaction between the dsDNA guanosine residues and CYP1A2 was found, as free guanine and 8‐oxoguanine, a DNA oxidative damage biomarker, oxidation peaks were detected. This was confirmed using guanine and adenine homopolynucleotides‐electrochemical biosensors. The CYP1A2‐dsDNA interaction and dsDNA conformation changes was also confirmed by UV‐Vis spectrophotometry.
An Empirical Model and Ethnic Differences in Cultural Meanings Via Motives for Suicide
Authors: Chu Joyce , Khoury Oula , Ma Johnson , Bahn Francesca , Bongar Bruce , Goldblum Peter 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveThe importance of cultural meanings via motives for suicide – what is considered acceptable to motivate suicide – has been advocated as a key step in understanding and preventing development of suicidal behaviors. There have been limited systematic empirical attempts to establish different cultural motives ascribed to suicide across ethnic groups.MethodWe used a mixed methods approach and grounded theory methodology to guide the analysis of qualitative data querying for meanings via motives for suicide among 232 Caucasians, Asian Americans, and Latino/a Americans with a history of suicide attempts, ideation, intent, or plan. We used subsequent logistic regression analyses to examine ethnic differences in suicide motive themes.ResultsThis inductive approach of generating theory from data yielded an empirical model of 6 cultural meanings via motives for suicide themes: intrapersonal perceptions, intrapersonal emotions, intrapersonal behavior, interpersonal, mental health/medical, and external environment. Logistic regressions showed ethnic differences in intrapersonal perceptions (low endorsement by Latino/a Americans) and external environment (high endorsement by Latino/a Americans) categories.ConclusionResults advance suicide research and practice by establishing 6 empirically based cultural motives for suicide themes that may represent a key intermediary step in the pathway toward suicidal behaviors. Clinicians can use these suicide meanings via motives to guide their assessment and determination of suicide risk. Emphasis on environmental stressors rather than negative perceptions like hopelessness should be considered with Latino/a clients.
Ni‐W Catalysts Supported on HZSM‐5/HMS for the Hydrogenation Reaction of Aromatic Compounds: Effect of Ni/W Ratio on Activity, Stability, and Kinetics
Authors: Peyrovi M. H. , Parsafard N. , Hajiabadi M. Abdali 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTNi‐W/HZSM5‐HMS catalysts were evaluated for the benzene hydrogenation reaction at 130–190°C. To study the catalyst characterization, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared, UV–vis, diffuse reflectance spectra, temperature‐programmed desorption of NH3, FT‐IR of adsorbed pyridine measurements (Py‐IR), H2 chemisorption, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and TGA techniques were used. Kinetics of benzene hydrogenation was investigated under various hydrogen and benzene pressures, and the effect of reaction conditions on catalytic performance was studied. The results showed that bimetallic catalysts have better ability than a monometallic catalyst (Ni/HZSM5‐HMS) for this reaction, such as maximum benzene conversion (100%), minimum toluene conversion (1.76–40%), very low converted xylene, benzene selectivity (100%), good catalytic stability against coke deposition, and appropriate kinetic parameters.
Fluorescence Detection of Microcapsule‐Type Self‐Healing, Based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Song Young Kyu , Kim Beomjin , Lee Tae Hee , Kim Jin Chul , Nam Joon Hyun , Noh Seung Man , Park Young Il 
Published: February 2017

An extrinsic self‐healing coating system containing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) in microcapsules was monitored by measuring aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). The core healing agent comprised of methacryloxypropyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane, styrene, benzoin isobutyl ether, and TPE was encapsulated in a urea‐formaldehyde shell. The photoluminescence of the healing agent in the microcapsules was measured that the blue emission intensity dramatically increased and the storage modulus also increased up to 105 Pa after the photocuring. These results suggested that this formulation might be useful as a self‐healing material and as an indicator of the self‐healing process due to the dramatic change in fluorescence during photocuring. To examine the ability of the healing agent to repair damage to a coating, a self‐healing coating containing embedded microcapsules was scribed with a razor. As the healing process proceeded, blue light fluorescence emission was observed at the scribed regions. This observation suggested that self‐healing could be monitored using the AIE fluorescence.
image
Improving labeling efficiency in automatic quality control of MRSI data
Authors: Pedrosa de Barros Nuno , McKinley Richard , Wiest Roland , Slotboom Johannes 
Published: February 2017

PurposeTo improve the efficiency of the labeling task in automatic quality control of MR spectroscopy imaging data.Methods28′432 short and long echo time (TE) spectra (1.5 tesla; point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS); repetition time (TR)= 1,500 ms) from 18 different brain tumor patients were labeled by two experts as either accept or reject, depending on their quality. For each spectrum, 47 signal features were extracted. The data was then used to run several simulations and test an active learning approach using uncertainty sampling. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated as a function of the number of patients in the training set, number of spectra in the training set, and a parameter α used to control the level of classification uncertainty required for a new spectrum to be selected for labeling.ResultsThe results showed that the proposed strategy allows reductions of up to 72.97% for short TE and 62.09% for long TE in the amount of data that needs to be labeled, without significant impact in classification accuracy. Further reductions are possible with significant but minimal impact in performance.ConclusionActive learning using uncertainty sampling is an effective way to increase the labeling efficiency for training automatic quality control classifiers. Magn Reson Med 78:2399–2405, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and measures of early brain health in middle‐aged adults: The CARDIA study
Authors: VanWagner Lisa B. , Terry James G. , Chow Lisa S. , Alman Amy C. , Kang Hakmook , Ingram Katherine H. , Shay Christina , Lewis Cora E. , Bryan R. Nick , Launer Lenore J. , Jeffrey Carr J. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo assess associations between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and measures of brain health in a population‐based sample of adults.MethodsParticipants from the CARDIA study (Y25 exam; age 43‐55 years) with concurrent computed tomography quantification of liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and brain magnetic resonance (MR) images were included (n = 505). NAFLD was identified after exclusion of other causes of liver fat. Total tissue volume (TTV) and gray matter cerebral blood flow (GM‐CBF) were estimated using 3T brain MR images.ResultsNAFLD prevalence was 18%. NAFLD was associated with lower TTV and GM‐CBF after adjusting for intracranial volume, demographics, and health behaviors (P < 0.04 for all). In models with additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, the association of NAFLD with GM‐CBF remained significant (P = 0.04) but was attenuated after adjustment for VAT (P = 0.06) and eliminated with BMI (P = 0.20). NAFLD was not associated with TTV after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0.10) or additional adjustment for VAT (P = 0.14) or BMI (P = 0.05).ConclusionsNAFLD is negatively associated with early brain health as assessed by MR measures of structure (TTV) and perfusion (GM‐CBF). BMI and VAT attenuated this relationship, providing insight into the potential metabolic role of liver fat in brain health and disease.
Polymer strategies in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Isakova Anna , Topham Paul D. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTSince their emergence in 2013, perovskite solar cells have reached remarkable efficiencies exceeding 22%. Such rapid development of this technology has been possible, in part, due to the feed of ideas from previous research in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and light emitting diodes (OLEDs). This comprehensive review discusses the various polymer strategies that have led to the success of perovskite devices: from hole and electron transporting materials to polymer templating agents. This review further covers how these strategies potentially serve to overcome the two major obstacles that stand in the way of global implementation of perovskite solar cells; stability and J‐V curve hysteresis. Through reference and comparison of OPV, OLED, and perovskite technologies, we highlight the need for a unified approach to establish appropriate control systems and ageing protocols that are necessary to further research in this exciting direction. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 549–568
An error‐free data‐hiding scheme for encrypted images
Authors: Rasheed Mohsan , Kim Young‐Sik , Lim Daewoon 
Published: February 2017

AbstractZhang introduced a novel reversible data‐hiding scheme for encrypted images. At the receiver, the hidden data is extracted by exploiting the spatial correlation in the image. But Zhang's scheme does not perform well for smaller block sizes and incurs bit extraction errors during recovery. We eliminate this problem by omitting those blocks from the data‐hiding operation that causes extraction errors. To identify those blocks at the receiver, we embed their index information into a small portion of the image using a difference expansion method. The experimental results from the proposed scheme indicate that all the hidden data can be successfully retrieved without errors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equational formulas and pattern operations in initial order-sorted algebras
Authors: Meseguer José , Skeirik Stephen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

A
pattern
t
, i.e., a term possibly with variables, denotes the set (language)

〚
t
〛

of all its
ground instances
. In an untyped setting, symbolic operations on finite sets of patterns can represent Boolean operations on languages. But for the more expressive patterns needed in declarative languages supporting rich type disciplines such as subtype polymorphism, untyped pattern operations and algorithms break down. We show how they can be properly defined by means of a signature transformation

Σ
↦

Σ
#

that enriches the types of

Σ

. We also show that this transformation allows a systematic reduction of the first-order logic properties of an initial order-sorted algebra supporting subtype-polymorphic functions to equivalent properties of an initial many-sorted (i.e., simply typed) algebra. This yields a new, simple proof of the known decidability of the first-order theory of an initial order-sorted algebra.
Lipoxygenase and Tocopherol Profiling of Soybean Genotypes Exposed to Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Rani Anita , Jha Priyamvada , Hussain Lulua , Pal Vijay , Petwal Vikas , Kumar Pramod , Dwivedi Jishnu 
Published: February 2017

AbstractElectron beam (EB)‐irradiation is increasingly being preferred to radioactive‐based gamma irradiation in overcoming the constraints that affect the quality of food material. Soybean seeds of 3 soybean genotypes were exposed to 4 doses viz. 4.8, 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy of EB‐irradiation and assessed for the changes in the contents of lipoxygenase isozymes and tocopherol isomers. Densitometry of protein profile revealed decreasing intensity of lipoxygenase with increasing EB dose. All the 3 lipoxygenase isozymes viz. lipoxygenase‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 registered significant (P < 0.05) increasing reduction with increasing dose; though genotypic variation was noted for the magnitude of reduction at the same dose. Concomitantly, all the 3 genotypes exhibited significant (P < 0.05) decline in α‐, γ‐ and δ‐isomers of tocopherol. δ‐Tocopherol was the most sensitive to EB‐irradiation. EB dose, which caused minimum and maximum decline in total tocopherol content, was genotype‐dependent. Decline in vitamin E activity corresponding to the dose, which induced maximum reduction for total lipoxygenase also varied in 3 genotypes. The study showed the usefulness of EB for significant inactivation of off‐flavor generating lipoxygenases in soybean, with a non‐significant effect on oil content and varied retention of tocopherol isomers and vitamin E activity depending upon genotype.
La costura como “verdadero trabajo” masculino en Tekit, Yucatán
Authors: Rubio Herrera Amada 
Published: February 2017

En este trabajo se expone el caso del municipio de Tekit, Yucatán, cuyos habitantes pasaron de trabajar en el cultivo de henequén en haciendas, a costurar prendas de vestir en talleres. Sostengo que el cambio de actividad económica derivó en la construcción de una representación social de la costura. Esa representación revela contenidos propios de un sistema de género estereotipado, es hegemónica, se impone y convierte al hombre costurero en ideal masculino. En contraste, la incorporación de la mujer a esa actividad ha sido menos valorada, y considerada como secundaria al trabajo de los hombres.
Sylvanus Griswold Morley, 1883-1948
Authors: Roys Ralph L. , Harrison Margaret W. 
Published: February 2017

The death of Sylvanus Griswold Morley on September 2 brought to a close a brilliant career and probably also an important phase of Maya research. His achievements are outstanding in the fields of archaeological exploration and epigraphy; and he had a talent for imparting to others his intense concern for everything pertaining to the Maya people, whether ancient or modern. All was grist that came to his mill, if it had any bearing on this subject; and where there was an application to the hieroglyphs, he ground to exceeding fineness. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that he has done more to spread an intelligent interest in Maya civilization than anyone since Stephens, over a century ago.He was a winning and sympathetic person and made friends in every quarter. He was open-handed to a fault, not only with his material possessions, but also with unpublished scientific data that he had acquired the hard way, even when he knew it would be used to question some cherished thesis of his own.
Manioc agriculture and sedentism in Amazonia: the Upper Xingu example
Authors: Heckenberger Michael J. 
Published: February 2017

Agricultural productivity and Amazonian settlementThe nature of Pre-Columbian agricultural systems in Amazonia has stimulated considerable debate, specifically: can one or another cultigen — maize or manioc — provide a stable agricultural base for sedentism and population growth (eg. Carneiro 1961; 1986; Gross 1975; Meggers 1996; Roosevelt 1980)? Certain ecological factors are generally seen to limit production and intensification of those subsistence resources that can support sedentary or densely distributed populations. Low agricultural productivity, characteristic of many Amazonian soils, and the generally low density and patchy distribution of terrestrial game are commonly cited as limiting factors (Gross 1975; 1983; Johnson 1982; Meggers 1954; 1996; Ross 1978; Sponsel 1989). It has become accepted that the highly restrictedváirzearegions, primarily the floodplain settings of the major ‘white-water’ rivers (the Amazon and its Andean-derived tributaries), did not impose these environmental constraints on demographic or economic growth due to their fertile soils and higher concentrations of rich aquatic resources (e.g. Brochado 1984; 1989; Carneiro 1986; 1995; Denevan 1996; Lathrap 1968; 1970; 1987; Lathrapet al. 1985; Meggers 1996; Moran 1993; Roosevelt 1980; 1989; 1994).
Exhibitions: exotica and exigencies
Authors: James N. 
Published: February 2017

Two exhibitions, in England and France, are showing different ways to promote interest in archaeology and history from regions afar. Sudan: ancient treasures is a lavish and elegant show at the British Museum, London. In Auch, Le crépuscule des dieux, on the Americas, is imaginative but penurious. The first raises an ethical worry, the second a couple of technical principles.Sudan displays some 350 exhibits, from an Acheulian handaxe to Medieval inscriptions, all from the Sudan National Museum, celebrating its centenary. Most are clearly arranged in chronological sections, and amplifying the narrative are an effective introduction and sections on goldwork, pottery and burials. The exhibition is completed by photographs of the multinational Meroe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project, which (it is claimed) has enhanced knowledge of the Sudan’s northern Nile. My visit was amidst a steady flow of highly attentive visitors from the world over and an excited but also attentive school party.
III. (b). Formal Arrangement in Reducing Shillings to Pounds
Authors: WEBB H. 
Published: February 2017

There are two forms of setting out questions involving the reduction of shillings to £'s. They are:In example (i), after crossing off the nought of the 20 and the last figure of the dividend, division is by 2 ; whilst in example (ii) division is by 20. Consequently, in (ii), the first figure of the quotient is one place further to the right than it is in (i). The divisor, 20, is often omitted in both examples.