bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Changes in the Danish Alcohol Market
Authors: Milhøj Anders 
Published: April 2017

This paper examines annual (1978–1995) and quarterly (1990–1995) data on the Danish consumption of beer, wine and spirits, in order to identify changes in their respective market shares as a result of the major tax cuts introduced for beer and wine in 1991 and 1992. It is immediately clear that the sales of spirits have decreased while the sales of wine have increased. The changes are too large to be explained exclusively on the basis of the reduced level of border trade with Germany, the main motive for the tax reductions. The statistical analyses give a more detailed picture of the reasons for the decline in the market share of spirits in total Danish alcohol sales from 14 % in 1990 to 11 % in 1993. It is included that the main part of this fall, at least 2 %, is due to the tax-induced changes in price relations, while more than 1 % comes from a trend movement. The market share of beer has been relatively constant for a number of years. However, this is the net effect of a trend movement tending to reduce its market share and, on the other hand, the reduced price of beer relative to the price of spirits caused by the tax reductions, which has increased its market share. The market share of wine has been steadily increasing since the 1970s. There is no evidence of any dependencies on the prices of alcohol. This conclusion cannot, however, be sufficiently documented on the basis of the Danish data series, as it is impossible to distinguish between effects due to changing wine prices and effects due to changing beer prices, because of the parallel tax cuts for beer and wine.
The Beverage Alcohol Concentration at Intake and Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations
Authors: Simpura Jussi , Paakkanen Pirjo , Mustonen Heli , Metso Leena , Kiianmaa Kalervo 
Published: April 2017

Belief in differential health risks for different alcoholic beverages continues despite a relative lack of supporting evidence, and continues to influence alcohol policy debate both in Finland and elsewhere. The present data from a survey of Finnish drinking habits conducted in 1992 suggest that the central issue is not the actual strength of the beverage itself but rather the solution at intake and the amount of alcohol imbibed. The results are based on a one week survey of all occasions on which alcohol was consumed from a general population survey of drinking habits. Spirits are diluted almost two times out of three when spirits are taken. The data indicate that the median alcohol content of spirits at intake was about 13 percent of volume: i.e. on half of the occasions when spirits were imbibed, the actual alcohol content was not higher than that of unfortified wines. Beer and wine were rarely diluted, white spirits and rum were almost always diluted, whereas cognac and liqueurs were taken unmixed. The data also provide a basis for estimating the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reached on each drinking occasion. There was hardly any correlation between the BAC and the actual alcohol concentration of the beverages imbibed. More detailed analyses showed mixed results. Drinking to intoxication (estimated BAC < 20 mM) was more likely with those spirits that are typically diluted than those drunk straight, but a higher percentage of the spirit intake in general occurred on such intoxicating occasions than was reported for other beverages. Older respondents reported that the primary beverage used when drinking to intoxication was spirits, but younger ones said beer. The results are only for Finland, but show little basis here for the traditional tripartite (beer, wine, spirits) division of beverages in prevention of alcohol-related harm.
Use of Cannabis and Attitudes towards Cannabis in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Hakkarainen Pekka 
Published: April 2017

The article presents some results of a comparative Nordic drug survey that was carried out in Finland and Norway in spring 1993, in Denmark in early 1994 and in Sweden in early 1995. The focus in this article is on the prevalence of cannabis use and on public attitudes towards cannabis. The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was clearly highest in Denmark (30.1 %). The other Nordic countries, Sweden (11.4 %), Norway (8.3 %) and Finland (7.3 %) were way behind Denmark. However, the six-month prevalence figures, which provide a more accurate description of current drug use, were about ten times lower than the lifetime prevalence figures in each country. Thus, for the most part, cannabis use in the general population was restricted to short-term experimentation. Danish people reported knowing drug users among their friends and acquaintances more often than respondents in other countries. Not surprisingly, attitudes towards cannabis were most liberal in Denmark. Attitudes in Finland, Norway and Sweden were fairly similar to each other, although it may be noted that attitudes in Sweden were consistently the strictest of all. In addition to the national differences, the article shows that attitudes towards cannabis varied according to personal experiences with cannabis and cannabis users. Those who had never experimented with cannabis and had no friends or acquaintances who used drugs reported the most negative attitudes towards cannabis.
Temporal characteristics of paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures
Authors: McRae Bonnie , Nusem Iulian 
Published: April 2017

Objective Supracondylar humeral fractures are the most common elbow injury occurring in the paediatric population, accounting for 55–80% of all elbow fractures and 3–18% of all paediatric fractures. They occur most commonly due to a fall from play equipment or furniture. This study aims to determine if any relationship exists between supracondylar humeral fractures and any temporal or injury characteristics. It was hypothesised that an increased incidence of supracondylar fractures would be observed in summer months and on weekends. Methods All patients <18 years of age with an isolated distal humerus supracondylar fracture between 2004 and 2014 were included in this study ( n = 569). Patient demographics and fracture characteristic data were collected. Hypothesis testing was performed to assess for any statistically significant relationship between fracture incidence and temporal or injury characteristics. Patients were then divided based on their management (conservative vs. operative) and hypothesis testing was performed to determine whether any difference existed between the management groups with regards to temporal and injury characteristics. Results No statistically significant association was noted between fracture incidence and gender, laterality, or day/month/season of injury. Time of injury and presentation to the Emergency Department demonstrated significant results, with highest incidence in the afternoon hours (12:00–17:59). Conclusions Unlike previous international studies, no significant difference was noted between day/month/season of injury and incidence of supracondylar fracture. This is thought to be likely due to the difference in climate between Australia and other countries.
Validation of the Turkish Version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen
Authors: Yavuz Burcu Balam , Varan Hacer Dogan , O’Caoimh Rónán , Kizilarslanoglu Muhammet Cemal , Kilic Mustafa Kemal , Molloy D. William , Dogrul Rana Tuna , Karabulut Erdem , Svendrovski Anton , Sağır Aykut , Cankurtaran Eylem Sahin , Yesil Yusuf , Kuyumcu Mehmet Emin , Halil Meltem , Cankurtaran Mustafa 
Published: April 2017

Background: The objective of this study was to validate the Turkish version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Q mci-TR) screen. Methods: In total, 100 patients aged ≥65 years referred to a geriatric outpatient clinic with memory loss were included. The Q mci was compared to the Turkish versions of the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results: The Q mci-TR had higher accuracy than the MoCA in discriminating subjective memory complaints (SMCs) from cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment [MCI] or dementia), of borderline significance after adjusting for age and education ( P = .06). The Q mci-TR also had higher accuracy than the MoCA in differentiating MCI from SMC, which became nonsignificant after adjustment ( P = .15). A similar pattern was shown for distinguishing MCI from dementia. Test reliability for the Q mci-TR was strong. Conclusion: The Q mci-TR is a reliable and useful screening tool for discriminating MCI from SMC and dementia in a Turkish population.
Effects of gonadectomy and testosterone treatment on aquaporin expression in the kidney of normotensive and hypertensive rats
Authors: Loh Su Yi , Giribabu Nelli , Salleh Naguib 
Published: April 2017

We tested the hypothesis that testosterone-induced increase in blood pressure was due to changes in aquaporin (AQP) expression in kidneys. In this study, expression level of kidney AQPs was investigated under testosterone influence. Adult normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive SHR male and female rats underwent gonadectomy. For female rats, testosterone was given for six weeks duration, two weeks following ovariectomy via subcutaneous silastic implant. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in all the rats after eight weeks via carotid artery cannulation and the rats were then sacrificed and kidneys were harvested for analyses of AQP-1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 mRNA and protein expressions by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Distribution of AQP subunits’ protein in kidneys was observed by immunofluorescence. In male WKY rats, MAP, AQP-1, 2, 4, and 7 protein; and mRNA expression decreased however AQP-3 protein and mRNA expression increased following orchidectomy. The vice versa effects were observed in testosterone-treated ovariectomized female WKY rats. However, no changes in AQP-6 expression were observed. Meanwhile, in adult male SHR rats, MAP and expression level of all AQP subunits decreased following orchidectomy. The opposite effects were seen in ovariectomized female SHR rats following testosterone treatment. Immunofluorescence study showed AQP-1 and AQP-7 were distributed in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) while AQP-2, AQP-4, and AQP-6 were distributed in the collecting ducts (CDs). AQP-3 was distributed in the PCT and CD. In conclusion, changes in AQP subunit expression in kidneys could explain changes in blood pressure under testosterone influence.Impact statementThis study provides fundamental understanding on the mechanisms underlying testosterone-induced increase in blood pressure which involve regulation of aquaporin channel subunits in the kidneys. A better understanding of this issue can help to explain the reason for higher blood pressure in males as compared to females and may explain the reason for higher blood pressure in females after menopause than females before menopause, the former most probably related to the changes in female androgen.
Does the Spine Surgeon’s Experience Affect Fracture Classification, Assessment of Stability, and Treatment Plan in Thoracolumbar Injuries?
Authors: Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan , Kanna Rishi Mugesh , Schroeder Gregory D. , Oner Frank Cumhur , Vialle Luiz , Chapman Jens , Dvorak Marcel , Fehlings Michael , Shetty Ajoy Prasad , Schnake Klaus , Kandziora Frank , Vaccaro Alexander R. 
Published: April 2017

Study Design: Prospective survey-based study. Objectives: The AO Spine thoracolumbar injury classification has been shown to have good reproducibility among clinicians. However, the influence of spine surgeons’ clinical experience on fracture classification, stability assessment, and decision on management based on this classification has not been studied. Furthermore, the usefulness of varying imaging modalities including radiographs, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the decision process was also studied. Methods: Forty-one spine surgeons from different regions, acquainted with the AOSpine classification system, were provided with 30 thoracolumbar fractures in a 3-step assessment: first radiographs, followed by CT and MRI. Surgeons classified the fracture, evaluated stability, chose management, and identified reasons for any changes. The surgeons were divided into 2 groups based on years of clinical experience as <10 years (n = 12) and >10 years (n = 29). Results: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in correctly classifying A1, B2, and C type fractures. Surgeons with less experience had more correct diagnosis in classifying A3 (47.2% vs 38.5% in step 1, 73.6% vs 60.3% in step 2 and 77.8% vs 65.5% in step 3), A4 (16.7% vs 24.1% in step 1, 72.9% vs 57.8% in step 2 and 70.8% vs 56.0% in step3) and B1 injuries (31.9% vs 20.7% in step 1, 41.7% vs 36.8% in step 2 and 38.9% vs 33.9% in step 3). In the assessment of fracture stability and decision on treatment, the less and more experienced surgeons performed equally. The selection of a particular treatment plan varied in all subtypes except in A1 and C type injuries. Conclusion: Surgeons’ experience did not significantly affect overall fracture classification, evaluating stability and planning the treatment. Surgeons with less experience had a higher percentage of correct classification in A3 and A4 injuries. Despite variations between them in classification, the assessment of overall stability and management decisions were similar between the 2 groups.
Morality and the Ethic of Care: Peaceable Rural Schools, Caring Rural Communities
Authors: Thurston Linda P. , Berkeley Terry R. 
Published: April 2017

There is violence and a loss of personal safety in rural schools as there is in urban and suburban schools. The impact is felt by children, teachers, support staff, administrators, and citizens in the communities in which those schools are located. These tensions are as wide-spread as are the great differences and increased diversity of America's rural communities. In this article, these concerns are discussed. Solutions are presented with violence and the loss of personal safety being highlighted as resolvable problems via a consideration of all members of the community moving to an ethic of caring, living in communities characterized as caring, thus, attending peaceable schools. Morality and the Ethic of Care: Peaceable Rural Schools, Caring Rural Communities “To educate a person in mind but not in morals is a menace to society.” T. Roosevelt “A question a'int really a question if you know the answer too.” J. Prine “The best thing for disturbances of the spirit … is to learn.” T.H. White Recently on National Public Radio's “Morning Edition” it was reported in Butte, Montana, the Superintendent of Schools now has the principals in the district hold regular safety drills for her students, teachers, aides, and other staff in light of the recent spate of publicized attacks of violence taking place in American schools, especially those taking place in Rural Schools.
Continuous blockade of CXCR4 results in dramatic mobilization and expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Karpova Darja , Ritchey Julie K. , Holt Matthew S. , Abou-Ezzi Grazia , Monlish Darlene , Batoon Lena , Millard Susan , Spohn Gabriele , Wiercinska Eliza , Chendamarai Ezhil , Yang Wei , Christ Stephanie , Gehrs Leah , Schuettpelz Laura G. , Dembowsky Klaus , Pettit Allison R. , Rettig Michael P. , Bonig Halvard , DiPersio John F. 
Published: April 2017

Key Points
Prolonged inhibition of CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling results in exceptional mobilization along with an expansion of the BM HSPC pool. Reversible inhibition of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis may represent a novel strategy to restore damaged BM.
Response and progression on midostaurin in advanced systemic mastocytosis: KIT D816V and other molecular markers
Authors: Jawhar Mohamad , Schwaab Juliana , Naumann Nicole , Horny Hans-Peter , Sotlar Karl , Haferlach Torsten , Metzgeroth Georgia , Fabarius Alice , Valent Peter , Hofmann Wolf-Karsten , Cross Nicholas C. P. , Meggendorfer Manja , Reiter Andreas 
Published: April 2017

Key Points
The complexity and dynamics of mutations significantly impact on response, progression, and prognosis in midostaurin-treated advSM patients.
Gaps in Incorporating Germline Genetic Testing Into Treatment Decision-Making for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Kurian Allison W. , Li Yun , Hamilton Ann S. , Ward Kevin C. , Hawley Sarah T. , Morrow Monica , McLeod M. Chandler , Jagsi Reshma , Katz Steven J. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose Genetic testing for breast cancer risk is evolving rapidly, with growing use of multiple-gene panels that can yield uncertain results. However, little is known about the context of such testing or its impact on treatment. Methods A population-based sample of patients with breast cancer diagnosed in 2014 to 2015 and identified by two SEER registries (Georgia and Los Angeles) were surveyed about genetic testing experiences (N = 3,672; response rate, 68%). Responses were merged with SEER data. A patient subgroup at higher pretest risk of pathogenic mutation carriage was defined according to genetic testing guidelines. Patients’ attending surgeons were surveyed about genetic testing and results management. We examined patterns and correlates of genetic counseling and testing and the impact of results on bilateral mastectomy (BLM) use. Results Six hundred sixty-six patients reported genetic testing. Although two thirds of patients were tested before surgical treatment, patients without private insurance more often experienced delays. Approximately half of patients (57% at higher pretest risk, 42% at average risk) discussed results with a genetic counselor. Patients with pathogenic mutations in BRCA1/2 or another gene had the highest rates of BLM (higher risk, 80%; average risk, 85%); however, BLM was also common among patients with genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS; higher risk, 43%; average risk, 51%). Surgeons’ confidence in discussing testing increased with volume of patients with breast cancer, but many surgeons (higher volume, 24%; lower volume, 50%) managed patients with BRCA1/2 VUS the same as patients with BRCA1/2 pathogenic mutations. Conclusion Many patients with breast cancer are tested without ever seeing a genetic counselor. Half of average-risk patients with VUS undergo BLM, suggesting a limited understanding of results that some surgeons share. These findings emphasize the need to address challenges in personalized communication about genetic testing.
Reflexōes sobre a empregabilidade dos jovens provenientes de cursos superiores de tecnologia
Authors: Volkmer Martins Bibiana , Rocha-de-Oliveira Sidinei 
Published: April 2017

Nas últimas duas décadas o mundo do trabalho tem passado por inúmeras transformações, entre elas a crescente flexibilização e precarização das suas relações, o que têm afetado sobremaneira grupos mais vulneráveis como os jovens. Paralelamente, ocorre uma expansão sem precedentes do ensino superior profissional no Brasil, que estabelece raízes na ressignificação da teoria do capital humano. Apesar da predominância do discurso de equivalência entre formação e emprego, aquela já não se apresenta como garantidora da entrada no mercado de trabalho. Assim, este ensaio teórico busca discutir a relação entre a profissionalização do ensino superior no Brasil e a empregabilidade dos jovens, bem como estabelecer uma agenda de pesquisa para estudos sobre o tema. Para tanto, parte-se de estudos franceses sobre a expansão e profissionalização do ensino superior, uma vez que este processo já se consolidou nesse país, com vistas a avançar nas reflexões sobre a temática no Brasil.
Comparação de fontes para análise bibliométrica sobre a financeirização da estratégia
Authors: Maia Jonas Lucio , Di Serio Luiz Carlos 
Published: April 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho é esboçar um panorama da produção científica no campo da Financeirização da Estratégia, usando múltiplas fontes. Os achados sinalizam: (1) este é um tema recente, crescendo a partir do final dos anos 2000; (2) em periódicos de excelência, a produção sobre Financeirização está restrita a temas macroeconômicos; no campo da Estratégia, esta é realizada baixo aos conceitos de Geração de Valor (3) a produção se encontra dispersa entre vários autores distintos (4) a pesquisa sob Financeirização da Estratégia fica centralizada na Inglaterra, enquanto expandindo para conceitos de Valor este cenário fica mais balanceado; (5) sem termos correlatos os principais periódicos são de Economia e Política; com os termos de Geração de Valor estes são focados em Finanças e Economia, em Estratégia e em Marketing; (6) a análise de palavras-chave demonstra que a pesquisa sem termos correlatos apresentou escopo de temas restrito à Financeirização em si.
Price Discontinuities in an Online Market for Used Cars
Authors: Englmaier Florian , Schmöller Arno , Stowasser Till 
Published: April 2017

We study the price-setting behavior in a competitive market for used cars and provide empirical evidence for coarse information processing. Based on detailed field data from one of Europe’s largest online marketplaces for automotive vehicles, we document systematic and sizable price discontinuities at salient car-age and mileage thresholds. The price difference between two otherwise identical cars across registration years (where one was first registered in January and the other in December of the previous year) is up to five times larger than that between two cars first registered in any two subsequent months within a registration year. A similar pattern can be observed in the mileage dimension at 10,000-km odometer marks, which is in line with earlier findings in the literature. Being able to study discontinuities along two dimensions of the same good allows us to further our understanding toward a more general notion of inattentive behavior. While our results are compatible with a behavioral model of limited attention, we also provide evidence for a more traditional explanation based on search frictions. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2714 . This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Kernel Smoothing for Nested Estimation with Application to Portfolio Risk Measurement
Authors: Hong L. Jeff , Juneja Sandeep , Liu Guangwu 
Published: April 2017

Nested estimation involves estimating an expectation of a function of a conditional expectation via simulation. This problem has of late received increasing attention amongst researchers due to its broad applicability particularly in portfolio risk measurement and in pricing complex derivatives. In this paper, we study a kernel smoothing approach. We analyze its asymptotic properties, and present efficient algorithms for practical implementation. While asymptotic results suggest that the kernel smoothing approach is preferable over nested simulation only for low-dimensional problems, we propose a decomposition technique for portfolio risk measurement, through which a high-dimensional problem may be decomposed into low-dimensional ones that allow an efficient use of the kernel smoothing approach. Numerical studies show that, with the decomposition technique, the kernel smoothing approach works well for a reasonably large portfolio with 200 risk factors. This suggests that the proposed methodology may serve as a viable tool for risk measurement practice.The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1591 .