bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On correction of translational misalignments between section planes in 3D EBSD
Authors: ŠEDIVÝ O. , JÄGER A. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThree‐dimensional electron backscatter diffraction allows obtaining the 3D image of a material from the stack of 2D sections. This is achieved by repeated application of two different beams; electron beam for electron backscatter diffraction mapping of the surface and focused ion beam for removing a thin layer of material from the surface. In most of these systems with two beams, the experiment requires stage movements for correct positioning of the sample to the respective beams. However, imperfections in this positioning are difficult to avoid, which yield small translational misalignments between the sections in the output data. In this work, we deal with an important task of correcting these misalignments between the sections such that the 3D image is recovered properly. On a simple example, we demonstrate that commonly used methods fail in case there is a structural anisotropy in the material under consideration. We propose an improved alignment algorithm which can neglect this behaviour with the use of external support information on a systematic trend in the translational misalignments. Efficiency of the algorithm is proven on a number of simulated data with different kinds of anisotropy. Application to a real data sample of a fine grained aluminium alloy is also given. The algorithm is available in an open‐source library.
Determination of a homogeneity factor for composite materials by a microstructural image analysis method
Authors: YAKABOYLU GUNES A. , SABOLSKY EDWARD M. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe physical properties of particle‐reinforced composite materials are highly affected by the distribution of particles within a matrix material. In this study, a microstructural image analysis method with a new distribution index for quantifying the degree of distribution in composite materials was developed. The free‐path spacing between particles was measured to calculate the distribution (D) index based on the coefficient of variation. The proposed method was applied to six digitally created reference patterns as representative binary composite microstructures and three actual ceramic‐matrix composites, respectively. It is found that the D index increased from 0.00 to 0.67 depending on the degree of distribution or homogeneity level based on the reference patterns. The homogeneity levels for the binary composites are then classified from a perfect (maximum) to very low level (minimum) based on increasing D index values, where a high D index presents a poorer distribution. The results obtained for reference patterns and metal silicide‐refractory oxide composite microstructures indicate that the proposed method is a useful tool to quantify the degree of distribution with high accuracy, and can be efficiently used for different types of composite microstructures.
Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and its association to birth size in rural Malawi: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hjertholm Katrine G. , Iversen Per Ole , Holmboe‐Ottesen Gerd , Mdala Ibrahimu , Munthali Alister , Maleta Kenneth , Shi Zumin , Ferguson Elaine , Kamudoni Penjani 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn low‐resource settings, such as rural Malawi, pregnant women are prone to energy and micronutrient deficiencies with the consequence of delivering low‐birth weight infants with higher risks of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to examine the association between maternal dietary intakes during pregnancy and infant birth size. Dietary intakes of 203 pregnant women were assessed between 28 and 35 weeks of gestation and their infants' (n = 132) birth size measured. Intakes of energy, macronutrients, and 11 micronutrients were estimated using a 3‐day interactive 24‐hr diet recall. Semiquantitative data on food intakes for four additional days were also collected to assess food patterns. Using multilevel linear regression modeling, maternal intakes of carbohydrate were negatively associated with neonate length (β: −0.1; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.0 cm/E%) and abdominal circumference (β: −0.1, 95% CI: −0.2, 0.0 cm/E%), whereas intakes of fat were positively associated with neonate length (β: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.2 cm/E%) and abdominal circumference (β: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.2 cm/E%). Vitamin C intakes were positively associated with birth weight (β: 1.4; 95% CI: 0.5, 2.3 g/mg). The frequency of milk intake was positively associated with birth weight (β: 75.3; 95% CI: 13.6, 137.0 g/day). These findings offer practical suggestions for food‐based interventions in the study area to promote inclusion of fat, vitamin C‐rich foods, and milk in pregnancy.
Rebuilding Indigenous nations through constitutional development: a case study of the Métis in Canada
Authors: Dubois Janique , Saunders Kelly 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFor the Métis Nation in Canada, self‐government remains the ‘essence of the struggle’ for which their political leader, Louis Riel, sacrificed his life in 1885. As one of Canada's founding peoples, the Métis have sought to reclaim their Indigenous right to self‐government by establishing democratic governance bodies, enhancing their economic capacity and pursuing state recognition of their rights. In addition to these efforts, the Métis have been developing a national constitution, which is anticipated to form the basis of a government to government relationship between the Métis Nation and the Canadian state. Through a case study of the Métis, this article explores the role of contemporary constitution‐building in rebuilding Indigenous nations from within and reclaiming self‐government in settler societies. We conclude that the Métis Nation's pursuit of these goals through constitutionalism will depend on its ability to build legitimacy internally amongst its citizens and externally with state decision‐makers.
The ‘Tully Monster’ is not a vertebrate: characters, convergence and taphonomy in Palaeozoic problematic animals
Authors: Sallan Lauren , Giles Sam , Sansom Robert S. , Clarke John T. , Johanson Zerina , Sansom Ivan J. , Janvier Philippe 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe affinity ofTullimonstrum gregarium, a pincer‐mouthed, soft bodied bilaterian, has been subject to debate since its recovery from Carboniferous coal deposits at Mazon Creek, Illinois. After decades of impasse focused on mollusc, arthropod and annelid attributes, two recent, yet conflicting, high‐profile studies concluded that the ‘Tully Monster’ is a vertebrate, a relative of lampreys or jawed fishes. Here, we find that structures described as supporting vertebrate, and particularly crown vertebrate, affinity face significant challenges from biological, functional and taphonomic perspectives. Problems with comparator choice, interpretation of taphonomic processes at Mazon Creek and estimation of convergence within the bilaterian tree may have misled these recent studies, leading to conclusions which do not accommodate current understanding of the vertebrate record. For example, the absence of taphonomically‐expected synapomorphies inTullimonstrum(e.g. otic capsules, body pigment) calls into question vertebrate identity and implies that convergence or deeper origins are responsible for vertebrate‐like traits. Further, phylogenetic placement within vertebrates is only made possible by the constraints of a chordate‐only dataset with limited outgroups and use of selective characters. Long‐discussed alternative placements among molluscs (e.g. heteropod gastropods), arthropods (e.g. anomalocarids) or elsewhere within non‐vertebrate deuterostomes are more congruent. Indeed, many of these lineages independently evolved vertebrate‐like traits, including complex eyes and ‘teeth’. Thus, given the totality of evidence,Tullimonstrumshould be excluded from the vertebrate crown. Potential assignments for aberrant bilaterians, common throughout the Palaeozoic fossil record, need to be considered in light of the number and likelihood of required exceptions to established schemes.
What are the key elements of cognitive analytic therapy for psychosis? A Delphi study
Authors: Taylor Peter J. , Jones Sarah , Huntley Christopher D. , Seddon Claire 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveThere has been growing interest in the use of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) with those facing experiences of psychosis. However, there is little research on how CAT is best applied to working with psychosis. This study aimed to identify what the key aspects of CAT for psychosis are or whether this approach requires adaptation when applied to those with experiences of psychosis, drawing on expert opinion.MethodAn adapted Delphi methodology was used. Items were generated during an initial workshop (N = 24) and then rated for agreement or importance via an online survey by a sample of experts with experience of CAT and working clinically with psychosis (N = 14).ResultsFollowing two rounds of ratings, consensus was reached on most items. Additional comments emphasized the need to be flexible with regard to the varying needs of individual clients.ConclusionsResults highlight the specific relational understanding of psychosis provided by CAT as one of the key elements of this approach. Responses emphasized the need for some level of adaptation to work with psychosis, including greater flexibility with regard to the treatment frame.Practitioner Points

When working with experiences of psychosis, aspects of the CAT model, such as session length, pacing, and duration of therapy, are open to change and may require modification.

When working with experiences of psychosis, narrative reformulation letters and sequential diagrammatic reformulation (SDR) remain essential to the therapy.

This Delphi methodology study essentially relies on opinion. Further empirical research could test assumptions about the most important or therapeutically effective components of CAT in psychosis.

CAT is still not widely used in the context of psychosis limiting the pool of experts available for the current sample.
The Role of Competitive Advantage in Party Competition
Authors: König Pascal D. 
Published: February 2017

This article transfers the concept of competitive advantage from management theory to party competition. Competitive advantage as a party's ability to sustainably outrival any competitor in a given voter segment involves not only a superior appeal in that segment but also a resource or efficiency dimension. The effort involved in achieving distinctiveness and increasing one's attractiveness on an issue means that a party's competitive advantage is hard to challenge by its competitors. Investing in certain issues and attacking parties on “their” issues is therefore only promising under certain conditions. Whether a competitive advantage can be gained or sustained and whether a party can be challenged depends on the larger competitive situation, which is characterized by five kinds of influences: potential new competitors, existence of substitutes, voter influence, ideational suppliers, and intensity of rivalry. Together, these forces mark competitive pressures that are key to understanding parties’ issue portfolio and policy changes.Related Articles

Bernick, Ethan M., and
Nathan Myers. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40: 131‐159. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00340.x/abstract

Gant, Michael M. 1993. “.” Southeastern Political Review 21: 683‐704. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.1993.tb00385.x/abstract

Carmines, Edward G.,
Jessica C. Gerrity, and
Michael W. Wagner. 2010. “.” Politics & Policy 38: 1135‐1158. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00272.x/abstract
Related Media
. 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/apr/02/political-brands-who-gets-your-vote

. 2015. http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21615610-large-centrist-parties-become-more-alike-radical-fringe-gets-stronger-alternatives
Chronic Hypertension in Women after Perinatal Exposure to Preeclampsia, Being Born Small for Gestational Age or Preterm
Authors: Lindström Linda , Skjærven Rolv , Bergman Eva , Lundgren Maria , Klungsøyr Kari , Cnattingius Sven , Wikström Anna‐Karin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere is an established association between adverse events during perinatal life and chronic hypertension in adult life. However, disadvantageous conditions often co‐exist in the same pregnancy. We investigated single and joint perinatal exposure to preeclampsia, being born small for gestational age (SGA) or preterm and subsequent risk of chronic hypertension.MethodsThe study population consisted of 731 008 primiparous women from Norway and Sweden registered in the Medical Birth Registers, both as infants and as first time mothers between 1967–2009 (Norway) and 1973–2010 (Sweden). Risk of chronic hypertension in early pregnancy was calculated in women with perinatal exposures to preeclampsia, born SGA or preterm by log‐binominal regression analysis, and adjusted for maternal age and level of education in the first generation.ResultsThe rate of chronic hypertension was 0.4%. Risk of chronic hypertension was associated with single perinatal exposure to preeclampsia, being born SGA or preterm with adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval, CI) of 2.2 (95% CI 1.8, 2.7), 1.1 (95% CI 1.0, 1.3), and 1.3 (95% CI 1.0, 1.5) respectively. The risks increased after joint exposures, with an almost fourfold risk increase after perinatal exposure to preeclampsia and preterm birth. Additional adjustment for BMI and smoking in the second generation in a subset of the cohort only had a minor impact on the results.ConclusionsPerinatal exposure to preeclampsia, being born SGA or preterm is independently associated with increased risk of chronic hypertension. The highest risk was seen after exposure to preeclampsia, especially if combined with SGA or preterm birth.
Brain activity from stimuli that are not perceived: Visual mismatch negativity during binocular rivalry suppression
Authors: Jack Bradley N. , Widmann Andreas , O'Shea Robert P. , Schröger Erich , Roeber Urte 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPredictive coding explains visual perception as the result of an interaction between bottom‐up sensory input and top‐down generative models at each level of the visual hierarchy. Evidence for this comes from the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): a more negative ERP for rare, unpredictable visual stimuli—deviants, than for frequent, predictable visual stimuli—standards. Here, we show that the vMMN does not require conscious experience. We measured the vMMN from monocular luminance‐decrement deviants that were either perceived or not during binocular rivalry dominance or suppression, respectively. We found that both sorts of deviants elicited the vMMN at about 250 ms after stimulus onset, with perceived deviants eliciting a bigger vMMN than not‐perceived deviants. These results show that vMMN occurs in the absence of consciousness, and that consciousness enhances the processing underlying vMMN. We conclude that generative models of visual perception are tested, even when sensory input for those models is not perceived.
Bat Echolocation Call Identification for Biodiversity Monitoring: A Probabilistic Approach
Authors: Stathopoulos Vassilios , Zamora-Gutierrez Veronica , Jones Kate E. , Girolami Mark 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBat echolocation call identification methods are important in developing efficient cost-effective methods for large-scale bioacoustic surveys for global biodiversity monitoring and conservation planning. Such methods need to provide interpretable probabilistic predictions of species since they will be applied across many different taxa in a diverse set of applications and environments. We develop such a method using a multinomial probit likelihood with independent Gaussian process priors and study its feasibility on a data set from an on-going study of 21 species, five families and 1800 bat echolocation calls collected from Mexico, a hotspot of bat biodiversity. We propose an efficient approximate inference scheme based on the expectation propagation algorithm and observe that the overall methodology significantly improves on currently adopted approaches to bat call classification by providing an approach which can be easily generalized across different species and call types and is fully probabilistic. Implementation of this method has the potential to provide robust species identification tools for biodiversity acoustic bat monitoring programmes across a range of taxa and spatial scales.
The Association Between Unintended Births and Poor Child Development in India: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Upadhyay Ashish Kumar , Singh Ashish , Kumar Kaushalendra 
Published: February 2017

Evidence on the association between unintended births and poor child development in developing countries is limited. We used data from three waves of the Young Lives study on childhood poverty conducted in Andhra Pradesh in 2002, 2006–07, and 2009 to examine the association between unintended births and poor child development in India. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association between unintended births and four indicators of child development—height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) score, Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) score, and Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) test score. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique was also used to analyze data. Children who were reported as unintended at birth had significantly lower HAZ, PPVT, and EGRA scores compared with those who were reported as intended. PSM results support the findings from the multivariable linear regressions. Our findings provide evidence on the association between unintended births and poor child development in India. There may be a need to reposition family planning within India's reproductive and child health care programs. Future studies must take into account the unobserved heterogeneity that our study could not address fully.
Asymptotic Properties of QML Estimators for VARMA Models with Time‐dependent Coefficients
Authors: Alj Abdelkamel , Azrak Rajae , Ley Christophe , Mélard Guy 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper is about vector autoregressive‐moving average models with time‐dependent coefficients to represent non‐stationary time series. Contrary to other papers in the univariate case, the coefficients depend on time but not on the series' lengthn. Under appropriate assumptions, it is shown that a Gaussian quasi‐maximum likelihood estimator is almost surely consistent and asymptotically normal. The theoretical results are illustrated by means of two examples of bivariate processes. It is shown that the assumptions underlying the theoretical results apply. In the second example, the innovations are marginally heteroscedastic with a correlation ranging from −0.8 to 0.8. In the two examples, the asymptotic information matrix is obtained in the Gaussian case. Finally, the finite‐sample behaviour is checked via a Monte Carlo simulation study fornfrom 25 to 400. The results confirm the validity of the asymptotic properties even for short series and the asymptotic information matrix deduced from the theory.
PITX2‐dependent gene regulation in atrial fibrillation and rhythm control
Authors: Syeda Fahima , Kirchhof Paulus , Fabritz Larissa 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia. Better prevention and treatment of AF are needed to reduce AF‐associated morbidity and mortality. There are several major mechanisms that cause AF in patients, including a genetic predisposition to develop AF. Genome‐wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with AF populations, with the strongest hits clustering on chromosome 4q25, close to the gene for the homeobox transcription factor PITX2. The effect of these common gene variants on cardiac PITX2 mRNA is currently under study. PITX2 protein regulates right–left differentiation of the embryonic heart, thorax and aorta. PITX2 is expressed in the adult left atrium, but much less so in other heart chambers. Pitx2 deficiency results in electrical and structural remodelling, and impaired repair of the heart in murine models, all of which may influence AF through divergent mechanisms. PITX2 levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 4q25 may also be a predictor of the effectiveness of anti‐arrhythmic drug therapy.
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Mechanisms of pruritogen‐induced activation of itch nerves in isolated mouse skin
Authors: Ru F. , Sun H. , Jurcakova D. , Herbstsomer R. A. , Meixong J. , Dong X. , Undem B. J. 
Published: February 2017

Key points
Chloroquine (CQ) stimulates itch nerves and causes intense scratching in mice by activating the G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR) MrgprA3; it is not known how stimulation of MrgprA3 (or other GPCRs) leads to activation of the itch nerve terminals in the skin, but previous studies have found that transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) gene deletion blocks CQ‐induced scratching.
In the present study we used a novel dorsal skin–nerve preparation to evaluate mechanisms underlying CQ‐ and histamine‐induced action potential discharge in itch nerve terminals.
We found that CQ activation of the nerves requires the beta3 isoform of phospholipase C, but TRPA1 or other TRP channel are not required.
Evidence is provided for a role for calcium‐activated chloride channels such as TMEM16a in GPCR‐activation of itch nerve terminals.
The mechanism by which TRP channels participate in pruritogen‐induced scratching may involve sites of action other than the primary afferent terminals.
AbstractChloroquine (CQ) and histamine are pruritogens commonly used to study itch in the mouse. A novel skin–nerve preparation was used to evaluate chloroquine (CQ)‐ and histamine‐induced activation of afferent nerves in the dorsal thoracic skin of the mouse. All CQ sensitive nerves were C‐fibres, and were also sensitive to histamine. The response to CQ, but not histamine, was largely absent in mrgpr‐cluster Δ−/− mice, supporting the hypothesis that CQ evokes itch largely via stimulation of MrgprA3 receptors. The CQ‐induced action potential discharge was largely absent in phospholipase Cβ3 knockout animals. The CQ and histamine responses were not influenced by removal of TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPC3 or TRPC6, nor by the TRP channel blocker Ruthenium Red. The bouts of scratching in response to CQ were not different between wild‐type and TRPA1‐deficient mice. A selective inhibitor of the calcium‐activated chloride channel TMEM16A, N‐((4‐methoxy)‐2‐naphthyl)‐5‐nitroanthranilic acid (MONNA), inhibited CQ‐induced action potential discharge at itch nerve terminals and bouts of scratching by about 50%. Although TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels may be involved in the scratching responses to intradermal pruritogens, this is unlikely to be due to an effect at the nerve terminals, where chloride channels may play a more important role.