bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Video transmission in mobile ad hoc networks using multiple interfaces and multiple channels
Authors: Bouras C. , Gkamas A. , Kapoulas V. , Politaki D. , Tsanai E. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryMobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are an important part of wireless communications and the increasing use of mobile devices is confirming that. MANETs can be of great value in Emergency Response situations where communication between mobile deployed units is critical and wired or wireless infrastructures may not be present or functional. In emergency scenarios, multimedia communication is very important for decision making and situation assessment. This requires up‐to‐date (on‐line) information feed on the situation, including voice and video from the affected zone. However, MANETs do not seem to efficiently support multimedia applications, and this is quite evident in video transmission. One way to remedy this is to use more (wireless) interfaces per mobile node and consequently more communication channels. In this work, we perform an analytical study on the use of multiple interfaces and multiple channels (MIMC) in video transmission with respect to the requirements of Emergency Response Ad hoc Networks. More specifically, we examine and present the impact of using MIMC on MANETs during video transmission applications, we evaluate the performance of three basic routing protocols in MANETs, and we propose a channel selection mechanism in MANET nodes with MIMC for enhanced video transmission. In addition, we evaluate video transmission streams with rate adaptation and present comparative results. The proposed mechanism is evaluated using the ns‐2 network simulator and the simulations are performed for a variety of topologies. Simulation results show that the different routing protocols respond differently when MIMC is introduced. The Ad hoc On‐Demand Multipath Distance Vector and (especially) the Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector routing protocols benefit significantly, while the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector shows fewer improvements. The proposed mechanism is shown to be beneficial for transmitting video streams and enhances the network's ability to accommodate more streams and reduce packet delay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidepressant Action on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Adzic Miroslav , Brkic Zeljka , Bulajic Sonja , Mitic Milos , Radojcic Marija B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

Mitochondria are cell organelles crucial to the production of cellular energy. Several lines of evidence have indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction could be related to the pathophysiology of CNS diseases including bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. These changes include impaired energy metabolism in the brain, co‐morbidity with mitochondrial diseases, the effects of psychotropics on mitochondrial function, increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion in the brain, and association with mtDNA polymorphisms. Additionally, psychotropic drug treatments can alter energy metabolism and may affect mitochondrial processes. This review focuses on recent findings regarding the effects of antidepressants on mitochondrial processes in psychiatric disorders. Drug Dev Res 77 : 400–406, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspectives in Designing Multifunctional Molecules in Antipsychotic Drug Discovery
Authors: Milelli Andrea , Turrini Eleonora , Catanzaro Elena , Maffei Francesca , Fimognari Carmela 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

A novel and promising approach to overcome the limits of single‐target therapy is represented by the multitarget approach. This strategy aims to simultaneously modulate several targets involved in the pathophysiology of a multifactorial disease, with the potential to enhance therapeutic effectiveness and improve drug safety. Although there has been a marked growth in the design of multitarget drugs (MTDs) in the last years in the context of anti‐Alzheimer and anti‐cancer drug discovery, a parallel expansion was not observed in antipsychotic drugs, even that for psychiatric disorders there is a cogent medical need for new treatments. The discovery of new MTDs is a challenging task and we will describe the main strategies that have been developed over the years for the design of multifunctional molecules in antipsychotic drug discovery. In particular, we will focus on the few available MTDs based on the design of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors, used as antidepressants and in the treatment of schizophrenia. Drug Dev Res 77 : 437–443, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating the influence of life‐history characteristics on genetic structure: a comparison of small mammals inhabiting complex agricultural landscapes
Authors: Kierepka Elizabeth M. , Anderson Sara J. , Swihart Robert K. , Rhodes Olin E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractConversion of formerly continuous native habitats into highly fragmented landscapes can lead to numerous negative demographic and genetic impacts on native taxa that ultimately reduce population viability. In response to concerns over biodiversity loss, numerous investigators have proposed that traits such as body size and ecological specialization influence the sensitivity of species to habitat fragmentation. In this study, we examined how differences in body size and ecological specialization of two rodents (eastern chipmunk; Tamias striatus and white‐footed mouse; Peromyscus leucopus) impact their genetic connectivity within the highly fragmented landscape of the Upper Wabash River Basin (UWB), Indiana, and evaluated whether landscape configuration and complexity influenced patterns of genetic structure similarly between these two species. The more specialized chipmunk exhibited dramatically more genetic structure across the UWB than white‐footed mice, with genetic differentiation being correlated with geographic distance, configuration of intervening habitats, and complexity of forested habitats within sampling sites. In contrast, the generalist white‐footed mouse resembled a panmictic population across the UWB, and no landscape factors were found to influence gene flow. Despite the extensive previous work in abundance and occupancy within the UWB, no landscape factor that influenced occupancy or abundance was correlated with genetic differentiation in either species. The difference in predictors of occupancy, abundance, and gene flow suggests that species‐specific responses to fragmentation are scale dependent.
A simple framework for a complex problem? Predicting wildlife–vehicle collisions
Authors: Visintin Casey , van der Ree Rodney , McCarthy Michael A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryCollisions of vehicles with wildlife kill and injure animals and are also a risk to vehicle occupants, but preventing these collisions is challenging. Surveys to identify problem areas are expensive and logistically difficult. Computer modeling has identified correlates of collisions, yet these can be difficult for managers to interpret in a way that will help them reduce collision risk. We introduce a novel method to predict collision risk by modeling hazard (presence and movement of vehicles) and exposure (animal presence) across geographic space. To estimate the hazard, we predict relative traffic volume and speed along road segments across southeastern Australia using regression models based on human demographic variables. We model exposure by predicting suitable habitat for our case study species (Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus) based on existing fauna survey records and geographic and climatic variables. Records of reported kangaroo–vehicle collisions are used to investigate how these factors collectively contribute to collision risk. The species occurrence (exposure) model generated plausible predictions across the study area, reducing the null deviance by 30.4%. The vehicle (hazard) models explained 54.7% variance in the traffic volume data and 58.7% in the traffic speed data. Using these as predictors of collision risk explained 23.7% of the deviance in incidence of collisions. Discrimination ability of the model was good when predicting to an independent dataset. The research demonstrates that collision risks can be modeled across geographic space with a conceptual analytical framework using existing sources of data, reducing the need for expensive or time‐consuming field data collection. The framework is novel because it disentangles natural and anthropogenic effects on the likelihood of wildlife–vehicle collisions by representing hazard and exposure with separate, tunable submodels.
Correlated evolution between targets of pre‐ and postcopulatory sexual selection across squamate reptiles
Authors: Kahrl Ariel F. , Cox Christian L. , Cox Robert M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSexual selection reflects the joint contributions of precopulatory selection, which arises from variance in mating success, and postcopulatory selection, which arises from variance in fertilization success. The relative importance of each episode of selection is variable among species, and comparative evidence suggests that traits targeted by precopulatory selection often covary in expression with those targeted by postcopulatory selection when assessed across species, although the strength and direction of this association varies considerably among taxa. We tested for correlated evolution between targets of pre‐ and postcopulatory selection using data on sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and testis size from 151 species of squamate reptiles (120 lizards, 31 snakes). In squamates, male–male competition for mating opportunities often favors large body size, such that the degree of male‐biased SSD is associated with the intensity of precopulatory selection. Likewise, competition for fertilization often favors increased sperm production, such that testis size (relative to body size) is associated with the intensity of postcopulatory selection. Using both conventional and phylogenetically based analyses, we show that testis size consistently decreases as the degree of male‐biased SSD increases across lizards and snakes. This evolutionary pattern suggests that strong precopulatory selection may often constrain the opportunity for postcopulatory selection and that the relative importance of each selective episode may determine the optimal resolution of energy allocation trade‐offs between traits subject to each form of sexual selection.
Seed set variation in wildClarkiapopulations: teasing apart the effects of seasonal resource depletion, pollen quality, and pollen quantity
Authors: Hove Alisa A. , Mazer Susan J. , Ivey Christopher T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn habitats where resource availability declines during the growing season,selection may favor early‐flowering individuals. Under such ephemerally favorable conditions, late‐blooming species (and individuals) may be particularly vulnerable to resource limitation of seed production. In California, a region prone to seasonal drought, members of the annual genusClarkiaare among the last to flower in the spring. We compared pollen limitation (PL) of seed set and outcrossing rates between early‐ and late‐flowering individuals in two mixed‐matingClarkiataxa to detect whether flowering time is associated with changes in seed set due to resource depletion,PL, or increased selfing. In 2008–2010, we hand‐pollinated one flower on a total of 1855 individual plants either Early (near the onset of flowering) or Late (near the end of flowering) in the flowering season and compared seed set to adjacent, open‐pollinated flowers on the same stem. To assess the contribution of pollen quality to reproduction, we first (2008) used allozymes to estimate outcrossing rates of seeds produced by Early and Late open‐pollinated flowers. Second (2009), we conducted an anther‐removal experiment to estimate self‐pollen deposition. Seed set inClarkia unguiculatawas not pollen‐limited.Clarkia xantianassp. xantianawas pollen‐limited in 2008 and 2010, but not 2009.PLdid not differ between Early and Late treatments. In both taxa, seed set of Early flowers was greater than Late flowers, but not due toPLin the latter. Reproduction was generally pollinator‐dependent. Most pollen deposition was xenogamous, and outcrossing rates were >0.7 – and similar between Early and Late periods. These results suggest that pollen receipt and pollen quality remain seasonally consistent. By contrast, the resources necessary to provision seeds decline, reducing the fitness benefits associated with resource allocation to ovules.
Preserving prairies: understanding temporal and spatial patterns of invasive annual bromes in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Ashton Isabel W. , Symstad Amy J. , Davis Christopher J. , Swanson Daniel J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo Eurasian invasive annual brome grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), are well known for their impact in steppe ecosystems of the western United States where these grasses have altered fire regimes, reduced native plant diversity and abundance, and degraded wildlife habitat. Annual bromes are also abundant in the grasslands of the Northern Great Plains (NGP), but their impact and ecology are not as well studied. It is unclear whether the lessons learned from the steppe will translate to the mixed‐grass prairie where native plant species are adapted to frequent fires and grazing. Developing a successful annual brome management strategy for National Park Service units and other NGP grasslands requires better understanding of (1) the impact of annual bromes on grassland condition; (2) the dynamics of these species through space and time; and (3) the relative importance of environmental factors within and outside managers' control for these spatiotemporal dynamics. Here, we use vegetation monitoring data collected from 1998 to 2015 in 295 sites to relate spatiotemporal variability of annual brome grasses to grassland composition, weather, physical environmental characteristics, and ecological processes (grazing and fire). Concern about the impact of these species in NGP grasslands is warranted, as we found a decline in native species richness with increasing annual brome cover. Annual brome cover generally increased over the time of monitoring but also displayed a 3‐ to 5‐yr cycle of reduction and resurgence. Relative cover of annual bromes in the monitored areas was best predicted by park unit, weather, extant plant community, slope grade, soil composition, and fire history. We found no evidence that grazing reduced annual brome cover, but this may be due to the relatively low grazing pressure in our study. By understanding the consequences and patterns of annual brome invasion, we will be better able to preserve and restore these grassland landscapes for future generations.
Larval aquatic insect responses to cadmium and zinc in experimental streams
Authors: Mebane Christopher A. , Schmidt Travis S. , Balistrieri Laurie S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

To evaluate the risks of metal mixture effects to natural stream communities under ecologically relevant conditions, the authors conducted 30-d tests with benthic macroinvertebrates exposed to cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in experimental streams. The simultaneous exposures were with Cd and Zn singly and with Cd+Zn mixtures at environmentally relevant ratios. The tests produced concentration–response patterns that for individual taxa were interpreted in the same manner as classic single-species toxicity tests and for community metrics such as taxa richness and mayfly (Ephemeroptera) abundance were interpreted in the same manner as with stream survey data. Effect concentrations from the experimental stream exposures were usually 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than those from classic single-species tests. Relative to a response addition model, which assumes that the joint toxicity of the mixtures can be predicted from the product of their responses to individual toxicants, the Cd+Zn mixtures generally showed slightly less than additive toxicity. The authors applied a modeling approach called Tox to explore the mixture toxicity results and to relate the experimental stream results to field data. The approach predicts the accumulation of toxicants (hydrogen, Cd, and Zn) on organisms using a 2-pKa bidentate model that defines interactions between dissolved cations and biological receptors (biotic ligands) and relates that accumulation through a logistic equation to biological response. The Tox modeling was able to predict Cd+Zn mixture responses from the single-metal exposures as well as responses from field data. The similarity of response patterns between the 30-d experimental stream tests and field data supports the environmental relevance of testing aquatic insects in experimental streams. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:749–762. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Reducing the acrylamide‐forming potential of wheat
Authors: Curtis Tanya Y. , Halford Nigel G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAcrylamide is a Class 2a carcinogen that was discovered in a variety of popular foods, including baked cereal products, in 2002. The predominant route for its formation is from free asparagine and reducing sugars in the Maillard reaction, with free asparagine concentration being the main determinant of acrylamide‐forming potential in cereal products. The European Commission set “indicative” levels for acrylamide in food in 2011 and 2013, and is currently reviewing its options for further measures. Agronomic and genetic approaches to reducing the acrylamide‐forming potential of wheat include the evaluation of existing varieties for low asparagine accumulation in the grain, ensuring adequate sulfur fertilization in relation to nitrogen supply, developing an understanding of the genetic control of asparagine metabolism, and identifying quantitative trait loci or molecular markers for low asparagine accumulation in the grain. Asparagine concentration in grain is affected by environmental factors (E), genetic factors (G), and interactions between the two (G × E). This paper reviews the continuing efforts being made to reduce the acrylamide‐forming potential of wheat, and to increase awareness of the issue among wheat breeders, farmers, and the food industry.
Short rotation plantations policy history in Europe: lessons from the past and recommendations for the future
Authors: Lindegaard Kevin N. , Adams Paul W. R. , Holley Martin , Lamley Annette , Henriksson Annika , Larsson Stig , von Engelbrechten Hans‐Georg , Esteban Lopez Gonzalo , Pisarek Marcin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractShort rotation plantations (SRPs) are fast‐growing trees (such as willow (Salix spp.), poplar (Populus spp.) and Eucalyptus) grown closely together and harvested in periods of 2–20 years. There are around 50,000 hectares of SRPs in Europe, a relatively small area considering that there have been supportive policy measures in many countries for 30 years. This paper looks at the effect that the policy measures used in different EU countries have had, and how other external factors have impacted on the development of the industry. Rokwood was a 3‐year European funded project which attempted to understand the obstacles and barriers facing the woody energy crops sector using well established methods of SWOT and PESTLE analysis. Stakeholder groups were formed in six different European regions to analyze the market drivers and barriers for SRP and propose ways that the industry could make progress through targeted research and development and an improved policy framework. Based upon the outcomes of the SWOT and PESTLE analysis, each region produced a series of recommendations for policymakers, public authorities, and government agencies to support the development, production, and use of SRP‐derived wood fuel in each of the partner countries. This study provides details of the SRP policy analysis and reveals that each region shared a number of similarities with broad themes emerging. There is a need to educate farmers and policymakers about the multifunctional benefits of SRPs. Greater financial support from regional and/or national government is required in order to grow the SRP market. Introducing targeted subsidies as an incentive for growers could address lack of local supply chains. Long‐term policy initiatives should be developed while increasing clarity within Government departments. Research funding should enable closer working between universities and industry with positive research findings developed into supportive policy measures.
The essential oil of Achillea ageratifolia (Sm.) Boiss. subsp. serbica (Nyman) Heimerl (Asteraceae) revisited: the stereochemical nomenclature issues, structural elucidation and synthesis of (new) sabinyl esters
Authors: Mladenović Marko Z. , Radulović Niko S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSerbian Yarrow (Achillea ageratifolia (Sm.) Boiss. subsp. serbica (Nyman) Heimerl, Asteraceae) is a poorly investigated taxon, endemic to the Central Balkan Peninsula area. A combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques enabled the identification of, in total, 300 constituents (comprising 95.5–97.2% of the total essential oil compositions) from the essential oils of the A. ageratifolia ssp. serbica dry aerial parts. A comparison of the essential‐oil compositions from plant material collected from two populations (Jelašnička klisura gorge and Suva Planina mountain, SE Serbia) in two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) confirmed that the biosynthesis/accumulation of the volatile metabolites for this species is not dependent on the environmental conditions and suggested the existence of a single chemotype of this species. The essential oil compositions were dominated by (1R*,3S*,5R*)‐sabinyl derivatives, including two completely new natural products: (1R*,3S*,5R*)‐sabinyl nonanoate and (1R*,3S*,5R*)‐sabinyl decanoate. The identity of these new esters was unambiguously confirmed by co‐injection of the essential oil samples with synthesized standards and their structure was elucidated by NMR (1D and 2D), IR and MS, whereas the stereochemistry of the esters was studied by an NMR methodology that employed lanthanide‐induced shift reagents. Additionally, a nomenclature confusion regarding the relative stereochemistry of sabinyl esters, that came from the opposing use of cis and trans for the parent alcohols and the derived esters, was addressed. We propose the use of CIP notation in connection with the trivial names to avoid further ambiguities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of α‐aminophosphonates from α‐hydroxyphosphonates; a theoretical study
Authors: Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa , Rádai Zita , Mucsi Zoltán , Keglevich György 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTwo types of reactions, namely the Pudovik reaction of benzaldehyde and acetophenone with diethyl phosphite as well as the substitution of the α‐hydroxyphosphonates so‐formed by primary amines to afford α‐aminophosphonates, were evaluated by quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level. An unexpected neighboring group effect was found to enhance the substitution. A series of new α‐aminophosphonates was synthesized by the microwave‐assisted substitution of α‐hydroxyphosphonates by alkylamines.