bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of Titanium: Part 1: Aggressive Environments and Main Forms of Degradation
Authors: Prando Davide , Brenna Andrea , Diamanti Maria Vittoria , Beretta Silvia , Bolzoni Fabio , Ormellese Marco , Pedeferri MariaPia 
Published: November 2017

Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance due to the external natural oxide protective layer formed when it is exposed to an aerated environment. Despite this, titanium may suffer different forms of corrosion in severe environments: uniform corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, fretting corrosion and erosion. In this first review, forms of corrosion affecting titanium are analyzed based on a wide literature review. For each form of corrosion, the mechanism and most severe environment are reported according to the current understanding. In the second part, this review will address the possible surface treatments that can increase corrosion resistance on commercially pure titanium: Electrochemical anodizing, thermal oxidation, chemical oxidation and bulk treatments such as alloying will be considered, highlighting the advantages of each technique.
Evaluation of Parasite Egg and Cyst Recovery Using Devices Designed for Centrifugal or Stationary Flotation
Authors: Medeiros Kelsea L. , Lucio-Forster Araceli , Bowman Dwight Douglas 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
Two new devices (OT, ST), were recently introduced for the recovery of parasite eggs and cysts for microscopic examination. These devices, two stationary flotation devices, and a standard double-centrifugal sugar-flotation were compared using common flotation solutions and methods recommended by the manufacturers for the recovery of hookworm, ascaridoid, and whipworm eggs from companion animal fecal samples. Additionally, the recovery of Giardia cysts in the OT device using a zinc sulfate versus sodium nitrate solution was evaluated. Double-centrifugal sugar-flotation (1.30 specific gravity) was the most sensitive method for the recovery of the nematode eggs from feces of companion animals. Overall, centrifugation increased the recovery of eggs as compared with standing flotation methods, with the ST performing equivalently to the OT. Although these more recently introduced tests have good sensitivities for the nematodes tested, egg recovery was routinely markedly less than that achieved by standard double-centrifugal sugar-flotation, and false-negatives did occur. Still, the OT and ST generally have increased recoveries over the two standing flotation devices, and are significantly better than these for the recovery of ascaridoid and whipworm eggs from dog and cat samples. Zinc sulfate (1.18 specific gravity) is recommended for the recovery of Giardia cysts when using the OT device.
Assessing Mongolian gerbil emotional behavior: effects of two shock intensities and response-independent shocks during an extended inhibitory-avoidance task
Authors: Hurtado-Parrado Camilo , González-León Camilo , Arias-Higuera Mónica A. , Cardona Angelo , Medina Lucia G. , García-Muñoz Laura , Sánchez Christian , Cifuentes Julián , Forigua Juan Carlos , Ortiz Andrea , Acevedo-Triana Cesar A. , Rico Javier L. 
Published: November 2017

Despite step-down inhibitory avoidance procedures that have been widely implemented in rats and mice to study learning and emotion phenomena, performance of other species in these tasks has received less attention. The case of the Mongolian gerbil is of relevance considering the discrepancies in the parameters of the step-down protocols implemented, especially the wide range of foot-shock intensities (i.e., 0.4–4.0 mA), and the lack of information on long-term performance, extinction effects, and behavioral patterning during these tasks. Experiment 1 aimed to (a) characterize gerbils’ acquisition, extinction, and steady-state performance during a multisession (i.e., extended) step-down protocol adapted for implementation in a commercially-available behavioral package (Video Fear Conditioning System—MED Associates Fairfax, VT, USA), and (b) compare gerbils’ performance in this task with two shock intensities – 0.5 vs. 1.0 mA—considered in the low-to-mid range. Results indicated that the 1.0 mA protocol produced more reliable and clear evidence of avoidance learning, extinction, and reacquisition in terms of increments in freezing and on-platform time as well as suppression of platform descent. Experiment 2 aimed to (a) assess whether an alternate protocol consisting of a random delivery of foot shocks could replicate the effects of Experiment 1 and (b) characterize gerbils’ exploratory behavior during the step-down task (jumping, digging, rearing, and probing). Random shocks did not reproduce the effects observed with the first protocol. The data also indicated that a change from random to response-dependent shocks affects (a) the length of each visit to the platform, but not the frequency of platform descends or freezing time, and (b) the patterns of exploratory behavior, namely, suppression of digging and rearing, as well as increments in probing and jumping. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of the extended step-down protocol for studying steady performance, extinction, and reacquisition of avoidance behavior in gerbils, which could be easily implemented in a commercially available system. The observation that 1.0 mA shocks produced a clear and consistent avoidance behavior suggests that implementation of higher intensities is unnecessary for reproducing aversive-conditioning effects in this species. The observed patterning of freezing, platform descents, and exploratory responses produced by the change from random to periodic shocks may relate to the active defensive system of the gerbil. Of special interest is the probing behavior, which could be interpreted as risk assessment and has not been reported in other rodent species exposed to step-down and similar tasks.
Generation and characterization of cross neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against 4 serotypes of dengue virus without enhancing activity
Authors: Injampa Subenya , Muenngern Nataya , Pipattanaboon Chonlatip , Benjathummarak Surachet , Boonha Khwanchit , Hananantachai Hathairad , Wongwit Waranya , Ramasoota Pongrama , Pitaksajjakul Pannamthip 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundDengue disease is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. Most severe cases occur among patients secondarily infected with a different dengue virus (DENV) serotype compared with that from the first infection, resulting in antibody-dependent enhancement activity (ADE). Our previous study generated the neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, D23-1B3B9 (B3B9), targeting the first domain II of E protein, which showed strong neutralizing activity (NT) against all four DENV serotypes. However, at sub-neutralizing concentrations, it showed ADE activityin vitro.MethodsIn this study, we constructed a new expression plasmid using the existing IgG heavy chain plasmid as a template for Fc modification at position N297Q by site-directed mutagenesis. The resulting plasmid was then co-transfected with a light chain plasmid to produce full recombinant IgG (rIgG) in mammalian cells (N297Q-B3B9). This rIgG was characterized for neutralizing and enhancing activity by using different FcγR bearing cells. To produce sufficient quantities of B3B9 rIgG for further characterization, CHO-K1 cells stably secreting N297Q-B3B9 rIgG were then established.ResultsThe generated N297Q-B3B9 rIgG which targets the conserved N-terminal fusion loop of DENV envelope protein showed the same cross-neutralizing activity to all four DENV serotypes as those of wild type rIgG. In both FcγRI- and RII-bearing THP-1 cells and FcγRII-bearing K562 cells, N297Q-B3B9 rIgG lacked ADE activity against all DENV serotypes at sub-neutralizing concentrations. Fortunately, the N297Q-B3B9 rIgG secreted from stable cells showed the same patterns of NT and ADE activities as those of the N297Q-B3B9 rIgG obtained from transient expression against DENV2. Thus, the CHO-K1 stably expressing N297Q-B3B9 HuMAb can be developed as high producer stable cells and used to produce sufficient amounts of antibody for further characterization as a promising dengue therapeutic candidate.DiscussionHuman monoclonal antibody, targeted to fusion loop of envelope domainII (EDII), was generated and showed cross-neutralizing activity to 4 serotypes of DENV, but did not cause any viral enhancement activityin vitro. This HuMAb could be further developed as therapeutic candidates.
The Grand St Bernard‐Briançonnais Nappe System and the Paleozoic Inheritance of the Western Alps Unraveled by Zircon U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Bergomi M. A. , Dal Piaz G. V. , Malusà M. G. , Monopoli B. , Tunesi A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe continental crust involved in the Alpine orogeny was largely shaped by Paleozoic tectono‐metamorphic and igneous events during oblique collision between Gondwana and Laurussia. In order to shed light on the pre‐Alpine basement puzzle disrupted and reamalgamated during the Tethyan rifting and the Alpine orogeny, we provide sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U‐Pb zircon and geochemical whole rock data from selected basement units of the Grand St Bernard‐Briançonnais nappe system in the Western Alps and from the Penninic and Lower Austroalpine units in the Central Alps. Zircon U‐Pb ages, ranging from 459.0 ± 2.3 Ma to 279.1 ± 1.1 Ma, provide evidence of a complex evolution along the northern margin of Gondwana including Ordovician transtension, Devonian subduction, and Carboniferous‐to‐Permian tectonic reorganization. Original zircon U‐Pb ages of 371 ± 0.9 Ma and 369.3 ± 1.5 Ma, from calc‐alkaline granitoids of the Grand Nomenon and Gneiss del Monte Canale units, provide the first compelling evidence of Late Devonian orogenic magmatism in the Alps. We propose that rocks belonging to these units were originally part of the Moldanubian domain and were displaced toward the SW by Late Carboniferous strike‐slip faulting. The resulting assemblage of basement units was disrupted by Permian tectonics and by Mesozoic opening of the Alpine Tethys. Remnants of the Moldanubian domain became either part of the European paleomargin (Grand Nomenon unit) or part of the Adriatic paleomargin (Gneiss del Monte Canale unit), to be finally accreted into the Alpine orogenic wedge during the Cenozoic.
Pollination Signals and Flower Senescence
Authors: Woodson William R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPollination‐Induced SenescenceEthylene BiosynthesisPollination‐Induced Ethylene BiosynthesisPrimary Pollination SignalsSecondary Pollination Signals and Interorgan CommunicationModel for Interorgan Communication in Carnation FlowerAcknowledgements
Cell Cycle Control and Fruit Development
Authors: Chevalier Christian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fruit Development: A Matter of Cell Number and Cell Size

Cell Cycle Gene Expression and Fruit Development

Altering the Cell Cycle towards Endoreduplication: A Key Feature for Fruit Growth

Genetic Control of Fruit Size

Metabolic Control of Fruit Development and Growth

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Paradigms and Networks for Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Plant Cells
Authors: Luan Sheng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCalcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger in all eukaryotes. A challenging question is how the cation serves as a messenger for numerous signals and confers specificity to cellular responses. Recent studies have established a concept called “calcium signature” that specifies calcium changes triggered by each signal. Along with this concept comes the “decoding” of calcium signatures—how cells recognize and translate the signatures (codes) into the correct cellular responses. The initial step in the decoding process involves sensor proteins that bind calcium and change their conformation, leading to activation or inactivation of the downstream target molecules thereby regulating the specific biochemical and physiological processes. In this chapter, studies on the major groups of calcium sensors including calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calmodulin (CaM), and calcineurin B‐like proteins (CBLs) will be summarized and general paradigms and networks of calcium signaling processes will be discussed. I will particularly focus on the more recent studies that have advanced our understanding on calcium signal transduction in plants.
Reactive Oxygen Signaling in Plants
Authors: Miller Gad , Coutu Jesse , Shulaev Vladimir , Mittler Ron 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) control many different processes in plants, including growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, as toxic molecules ROS are also capable of causing cell injury or death. How this conflict is resolved in cells is largely unknown. Nonetheless, it is clear that the steady‐state level of ROS in cells needs to be tightly regulated. In the flowering plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
, a network of more than 150 genes is involved in managing the level of ROS in cells. This network is highly dynamic and redundant, and encodes for ROS sensing, scavenging, and producing proteins. Although recent studies unraveled some of the key players of the ROS network, many questions related to its mode of regulation, its protective roles, and its modulation of signaling networks that control growth, development, and stress responses remain unanswered. This chapter gives an overview of the ROS network in plants and discusses its complexity and the challenges it poses for researchers attempting to study basic processes in plant biology.
Lipid‐Mediated Signaling
Authors: Boss Wendy F. , Lynch Daniel V. , Wang Xuemin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMembrane lipids preserve the integrity of cells and organelles in a constantly changing environment. They modulate protein structure and function and can transduce signals from one side of the membrane to the other. For cells to survive the lipid bilayer must maintain a dynamic flux as it responds and adjusts to both chemical and physical cues. Additional burdens are imposed by their sessile lifestyle as plants survive in a constantly changing environment. To understand how plants adjust to their environment it is essential that we understand how they respond and adjust to environmental cues by altering their lipid chemistry and biochemistry. In this chapter, we have focused on the plant‐specific features of phospholipid and sphingolipid signaling.
The Cytoskeleton and Signal Transduction: Role and Regulation of Plant Actin‐ And Microtubule‐Binding Proteins
Authors: Hussey Patrick J. , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe plant cytoskeleton governs plant cell morphogenesis and it is composed of microtubules and actin filaments, and a plethora of associated proteins that serve to anchor, cross‐bridge, or otherwise regulate this fibrous network. These associated proteins are involved in competitive and/or cooperative interactions within cells to adjust the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton. These associated proteins are often stimulus responsive and are effectors of signaling cascades. This system has evolved so that normally sedentary plant cells can respond to developmental and environmental cues in order to proliferate and grow, to maximize energy production, to take up nutrients from the soil, to reproduce, and to protect from pathogen invasion. In all these cases the cytoskeleton has to respond to signals and reorganize so that cells can divide and expand, generate organelle movement, polarize cell growth, and thicken the cell wall. This chapter will describe the main players in the control of cytoskeletal organization in plant cells and explain their involvement in signal transduction cascades.
Guard Cell Signaling
Authors: Wu Yan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA pair of guard cells forms a stomatal pore in the epidermis of plant aerial tissues. Stomatal pores can open and close to regulate gas exchange in response to environmental stimuli, such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), water status, temperature, and light conditions, CO2exchange between plants and the atmosphere, and bacterial invasion. For example, elevated ABA and CO2levels induce stomatal closure, whereas blue light causes stomatal opening. It is hypothesized that guard cells possess signaling mechanisms that integrate multiple environmental signals to persuade stomatal movement and to regulate plant survival under various conditions. Recent integrated approach has allowed us to gain a glimpse of the network of signal transduction mechanisms in the modulation of stomatal movement. Molecular genetic studies together with cell biological analysis have revealed many signaling components and pathways involved in the regulation of stomatal movement. Genomics‐ and systems‐based approaches have led to the generation of models of the signaling network in guard cells. This chapter focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of guard cell signaling and the interaction of multiple signals to modulate guard cell movement.
A Personal Perspective of the Last 40 Years of Plant Pathology: Emerging Themes, Paradigm Shifts and Future Promise
Authors: Heath Michele C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe last 40 years of experimental research have resulted in a remarkable increase in our understanding of plant disease resistance to microbial pathogens, with a recent surge of clarity primarily provided by the application of molecular genetics to pathogen interactions withArabidopsis thaliana. Research foci have changed over time with the availability of new techniques and the ability to identify genes, proteins, signalling systems and defensive biochemicals involved in plant resistance. In hindsight, early concepts were generally simplistic. Although some have been supported by subsequent data, others, such as the basis for the gene‐for‐gene phenomenon, have changed dramatically and it is now clear that plant–microbe interactions are sophisticated and complex. Much is left to discover: the role of the hypersensitive response is still enigmatic, the interplay of recognition events and defensive factors that control host or non‐host resistance is still not clear and the number of well‐studied pathosystems is still few. The future promises more attention to the spatial organisation of disease resistance at the cellular level, and new insights into the evolution of disease resistance and pathogen pathogenicity. Particularly urgent is the need for unequivocal data to prove which plant genes and processes involved in disease resistance are primarily responsible for the restriction of pathogen growth. Disappointingly, our considerable progress in understanding plant–microbe interactions in the last 40 years has not translated into comparable progress in developing novel, widespread and effective methods of disease control in the field, and this remains a significant challenge for the future.
Pseudomonas SyringaeTypeIII‐Secreted Proteins and Their Activities and Effects on Plant Innate Immunity
Authors: Jeong Byeong‐Ryool , van Dijk Karin , Alfano James R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBacterial pathogens of both plants and animals use type III protein secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject bacterial proteins called type III effectors into host cells to alter host physiology and favor the pathogen. The bacterial plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaeis dependent on the Hrp T3SS to cause disease on plants. It has become apparent over the past several years that a primary target forP. syringaetype III effectors is the plant innate immune system. The innate immune system of plants and animals use specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize conserved molecules of microorganisms called pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and induce a basal defense now known as PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI). SeveralP. syringaetype III effectors have been shown to suppress PTI. A second tier of the plant innate immune system uses resistance (R) proteins to detect pathogen effectors, including bacterial type III effectors, and induce an immune response now known as effector‐triggered immunity (ETI). SeveralP. syringaetype III effectors can also suppress ETI. The existence of R protein‐recognized type III effectors and type III effectors that suppress ETI and PTI have produced a molecular arms war of sorts in which the bacterial pathogen has evolved an assortment of offensive type III effectors that suppress plant immunity and plants a myriad of defensive PRRs and R proteins that detect the presence of pathogens. This chapter covers what is known about proteins that are secreted by theP. syringaeT3SS. In addition to type III effectors, type III‐secreted helper proteins assist in type III effector delivery. Since a primary target of type III effectors is the plant innate immune system, an introduction to it is also included. Recent progress suggests thatP. syringaetype III effectors can be used as tools to identify new components of plant immunity. Increasing our understanding of the activities and targets of type III effectors will likely reveal how plants defend themselves against bacterial invasion.
Marshalling the Troops: Intracellular Dynamics in Plant Pathogen Defense
Authors: Palma Kristoffer , Wiermer Marcel , Li Xin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPlants have evolved sophisticated defense systems against pathogen infection. Initiation of induced defense signaling involves recognition of invading pathogens at the plant cell surface, followed by rapid transcriptional reprogramming and focused transport and delivery of antimicrobial products to the site of infection. This review chapter summarizes recent findings of the importance of intracellular dynamics in the plants defense against microbial pathogens. We first discuss events at the cell wall and apoplast, the ‘front line’ of defense against the invader. It is clear that some defense peptides and molecules secreted by the plant cell host have antimicrobial activity – until recently relatively little was known about the regulation and coordination of directed accumulation to sites of attempted pathogen attack. Molecular genetic studies on the breakdown of resistance to non‐adapted fungi have highlighted the role of proteins involved in exocytic vesicle fusion and their possible regulation by transmembrane MLO proteins. Another key process in perception and defense at the cell periphery in eukaryotes is ligand‐stimulated endocytosis of receptors for microbial proteins; an example in plants is the flagellin receptor FLS2. The second part of this chapter focuses on the role of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking across the nuclear pore complex in plant innate immunity. Current work highlights the dynamic regulation of defense proteins and the role of specific components of the nuclear pore complex and the nuclear import and export machinery in response to pathogens. The unexpected recent discovery of NB‐LRR immune receptors from different species in the nucleus points to a condensed and rapid pathway of communication between the site of perception and activation of defense genes. While the details on spatial and temporal control of these dynamic intracellular processes remain to be elucidated, it is currently an area of intense research.