bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity formation through national calendar: holidays and commemorations in Pakistan
Authors: Qasmi Ali Usman 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article contributes to academic literature on the project of identity formation in a postcolonial nation‐state. The article argues that a nation‐state emphasising certain aspects of the past for commemorative or celebratory purposes, while suppressing or ignoring the memories of some other event or historical figure, are both parts of the same process. Both these processes, in different ways, seek to give a certain direction to the narrative about the history of the nation and the nation‐state. These aspects of national memory and amnesia have been explained through the prism of national/public holidays while foregrounding the case study of Pakistan. The article argues that although this process of shaping a specific narrative (referred to as commemorative narrative in this article by using Yael Zerubavel's work) is common to every project of identity formation, its peculiarity is more pronounced in a postcolonial state like Pakistan, which has certain cut‐off dates and ruptures but is, simultaneously, eager to emphasise continuities in its trajectory and antiquity in historical tradition. The study of the process of developing a national calendar in case of Pakistan will show that identity formation is a transient process in which various identarian values, political considerations and social processes play an important part. In particular, it requires an attempt on the part of the state to try impose a homogenising historical narrative by envisaging a national calendar, i.e. by announcing a national or public holiday. This helps accord prestige to persons credited as founding fathers or ideologues, ascribe solemnity to days remembering wars and festivity to mark independence or religious occasions. By discussing these themes in detail, this exploratory study of the history of national calendar will lend an alternative lens through which to look into the processes of identity formation in postcolonial nation‐states in general.
An unusual presentation of a Unicystic ameloblastoma in a child: a case report and literature review
Authors: Besi E. , O'Connor N. , Conn B. , Handley T. , Ulhaq A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAn ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm. It represents 10% of all tumours of the jawbone. In 80% of cases it is localised to the mandibular molar region and ascending ramus area, and is frequently associated with an unerupted tooth. It presents most commonly in the 3rd and 4th decades of life. This article reports an unusual presentation and management of a unicystic ameloblastoma in a child orthodontic patient with a literature review.
Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation on Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: NAAR JAN , JAYE DEBORAH , LINDE CECILIA , NEUŽIL PETR , DOŠKÁŘ PETR , MÁLEK FILIP , BRAUNSCHWEIG FRIEDER , LUND LARS H. , MORTENSEN LARS , LINDEROTH BENGT , LIND GÖRAN , BONE DIANNA , SCHOLTE ARTHUR J. , KUEFFER FRED , KOEHLER JODI , SHAHGALDI KAMBIZ , LANG OTTO , STÅHLBERG MARCUS 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundSpinal cord stimulation (SCS) reduces sympathetic activity in animal models of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF) but limited data exist of SCS in patients with HF. The aim of the present study was to test the primary hypothesis that SCS reduces cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in HF patients. Secondary hypotheses were that SCS improves left ventricular function and dimension, exercise capacity, and clinical variables relevant to HF.MethodsHF patients with a SCS device previously participating in the DEFEAT‐HF trial were included in this crossover study with 6‐week intervention periods (SCS‐ON and SCS‐OFF). SCS (50 Hz, 210‐μs pulse duration, aiming at T2–T4 segments) was delivered for 12 hours daily. Indices of myocardial sympathetic neuronal function (heart‐to‐mediastinum ratio, HMR) and activity (washout rate, WR) were assessed using 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy. Echocardiography, exercise testing, and clinical data collection were also performed.ResultsWe included 13 patients (65.3 ± 8.0 years, nine males) and MIBG scintigraphy data were available in 10. HMR was not different comparing SCS‐ON (1.37 ± 0.16) and SCS‐OFF (1.41 ± 0.21, P = 0.46). WR was also unchanged comparing SCS‐ON (41.5 ± 5.3) and SCS‐OFF (39.1 ± 5.8, P = 0.30). Similarly, average New York Heart Association class (2.4 ± 0.5 vs 2.3 ± 0.6, P = 0.34), quality of life score (24 ± 16 vs 24 ± 16, P = 0.94), and left ventricular dimension and function as well as exercise capacity were all unchanged comparing SCS‐ON and SCS‐OFF.ConclusionIn patients with HF, SCS (12 hours daily, targeting the T2–T4 segments of the spinal cord) does not appear to influence cardiac sympathetic neuronal activity or function as assessed by MIBG scintigraphy.
Impaired nephrogenesis in neonatal rats with oxygen‐induced retinopathy
Authors: Nakagawa Mayu , Nishizaki Naoto , Endo Amane , Someya Tomonosuke , Saito Yuta , Mizutani Akira , Hara Taichi , Murano Yayoi , Sakuraya Koji , Hara Satoshi , Umino Daisuke , Hirano Daishi , Fujinaga Shuichiro , Ohtomo Yoshiyuki , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundPreterm neonates are born while nephrogenesis is ongoing, and are commonly exposed to factors in a hyperoxic environment that can impair renal development. Oxidative stress has also been implicated in the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The rat model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) is the most clinically relevant model of ROP because its biologic features closely resemble those of ROP in preterm infants. We investigated impaired renal development in a rat model of OIR.MethodsNewborn Sprague–Dawley rats were maintained in either a normoxic (room air, 21% O2; control group) or a controlled hyperoxic (80% O2; OIR group) environment from birth to postnatal day (P) 12. All pups were then raised in room air from P12 to P19.ResultsThe hyperoxic environment led to significantly higher urinary excretion of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, and a reduction in nephrogenic zone width at P5 in OIR pups. Additionally, glomerular count was significantly reduced by 20% in the OIR group, and avascular and neovascular changes in the retina were observed only in the OIR group at P19. Messenger RNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) and platelet‐derived growth factor‐β, essential angiogenic cytokines for glomerulogenesis, in the renal cortex were significantly lower at P5 and significantly higher at P19 in the OIR group compared with controls.ConclusionRenal impairment was caused by exposure to a hyperoxic environment during nephrogenesis, and the pathology of the impaired nephrogenesis in this OIR model reflects the characteristics of ROP observed in preterm infants.
Regional effects of export tax rebate on exporting firms: Evidence from China
Authors: An L. , Hu C. , Tan Yong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper extends a model from 2003 to separate the direct and indirect impact of an export tax rebate on the intensive margin of firm‐level export sales at the subnational level. The direct impact of the rebate is associated with a reduction of an exporting firm's variable costs, while the indirect impact manifests itself through higher regional wages as a result of increased demand for local labor. First, the empirical results imply that a 1 percent rise in the export tax rebate rate increases the export sales among continuing exporters by 0.2 percent through the direct channel. Second, through the indirect channel, a 1 percent difference in the regional rebate causes a 0.02 percent difference in exporters' sales growth. Both effects are statistically significant, and are consistent with the model's predictions.
Multiple factors explain injury risk in adolescent elite athletes: Applying a biopsychosocial perspective
Authors: von Rosen P. , Frohm A. , Kottorp A. , Fridén C. , Heijne A. 
Published: February 2017

Many risk factors for injury are presented in the literature, few of those are however consistent and the majority is associated with adult and not adolescent elite athletes. The aim was to identify risk factors for injury in adolescent elite athletes, by applying a biopsychosocial approach. A total of 496 adolescent elite athletes (age range 15‐19), participating in 16 different sports, were monitored repeatedly over 52 weeks using a valid questionnaire about injuries, training exposure, sleep, stress, nutrition, and competence‐based self‐esteem. Univariate and multiple Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for risk factors for first reported injury. The main finding was that an increase in training load, training intensity, and at the same time decreasing the sleep volume resulted in a higher risk for injury compared to no change in these variables (HR 2.25, 95% CI, 1.46‐3.45, P<.01), which was the strongest risk factor identified. In addition, an increase by one score of competence‐based self‐esteem increased the hazard for injury with 1.02 (HR 95% CI, 1.00‐1.04, P=.01). Based on the multiple Cox regression analysis, an athlete having the identified risk factors (Risk Index, competence‐based self‐esteem), with an average competence‐based self‐esteem score, had more than a threefold increased risk for injury (HR 3.35), compared to an athlete with a low competence‐based self‐esteem and no change in sleep or training volume. Our findings confirm injury occurrence as a result of multiple risk factors interacting in complex ways.
Emotivational psychology: How distinct emotions facilitate fundamental motives
Authors: Beall Alec T. , Tracy Jessica L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFundamental motivational systems and distinct emotions have both been suggested to be critically involved in the orchestration of adaptive responses to recurrent challenges in humans' evolutionary history. Research on motivation has, however, proceeded largely independently from research on emotions. Here, we contend that distinct emotions are what motivate behavior, and that these emotions may have evolved in tandem with fundamental motivational systems because they play a critical role in the functioning of those systems. Specifically, once a threat or opportunity has been identified, a distinct emotion is elicited, automatically galvanizing and guiding physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses toward an adaptive outcome; this entire process occurs via a motivational system. We map six characteristic distinct emotions to six fundamental motivational systems and review evidence supporting each hypothesized link. In doing so, we propose a novel framework for understanding human motivation and the corresponding emergence of distinct emotions.
A study of HLA‐B*15:02 in 9 different Chinese ethnics: Implications for carbamazepine related SJS/TEN
Authors: Ou G. J. , Wang J. , Ji X. , Yu H. , Jiang L. , Li L. , Chen Q. , Su P. C. , Liu Z. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundHLA‐B*15:02 is a known biomarker for carbamazepine (CBZ)‐induced Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in some ethnic populations. The US FDA recommends B*15:02 screening for Asian and other populations with a high prevalence of B*15:02 prior to treatment with CBZ to prevent drug‐related SJS/TEN.Materials and MethodsA total of 1607 blood samples were collected from volunteer blood donors who were ethnic minorities living in the Yunnan province of southwestern China, including 153 Yi, 193 Naxi, 167 Miao, 156 Lisu, 166 Derung, 211 Bai, 184 Hani, 198 Dai, and 179 Zhuang. The genetic diversity of the
HLA‐B*15:02 genes in the ethnic minority samples was examined using sequence based typing at high resolution.ResultsThe allele frequencies of
HLA‐B*15:02 in the Yi, Naxi, Miao, Lisu, Derung, Bai, Hani, Dai, and Zhuang populations were 4.25%, 4.4%, 5.09%, 5.77%, 6.33%, 7.82%, 8.15%, 9.6%, and 15.36%, respectively. The frequencies of
HLA‐B*15:02 carriers in the Yi, Naxi, Miao, Lisu, Derung, Bai, Hani, Dai, and Zhuang populations were 8.5%, 8.8%, 9.58%, 10.9%, 12.65%, 15.64%, 16.3%, 18.69%, and 28.49%, respectively.ConclusionThe
HLA‐B*15:02 allele frequencies indicated that the prevalence of B*15:02 was different among the different ethnic populations. Because the number of carriers of B*15:02 was high in some ethnic populations, larger studies are required to confirm these findings. The Zhuang population had the highest frequency of B*15:02 in this study. More attention should be paid to CBZ‐induced SJS/TEN in Chinese minority populations.
Spheroidal equal angular DEMs: The specificity of morphometric treatment
Authors: Florinsky Igor V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDigital elevation models (DEMs) are commonly constructed using two main types of regular grids: plane square grids and spheroidal equal angular grids. Methods and algorithms intended for plane square‐gridded DEMs should not be directly applied to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. This is because these grids have fundamentally different geometry. However, some researchers continue to apply square‐grid algorithms to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. It seems appropriate to consider once again the specifity of morphometric treatment of spheroidal equal angular DEMs. This article, first, demonstrates possibilities of direct calculation of local, nonlocal, and combined morphometric variables from spheroidal equal angular DEMs exemplified by slope gradient, catchment area, and topographic index. Second, the article shows computational errors when algorithms for plane square‐gridded DEMs are unreasonably applied to spheroidal equal angular DEMs. The study is exemplified by two DEMs. A medium‐resolution DEM of a relatively small, high‐mountainous area (Mount Elbrus) was extracted from the SRTM1 DEM. A low‐resolution DEM of a vast region with the diverse topography (the central and western regions of Kenya) was extracted from the SRTM30_PLUS DEM. The results show that application of square‐grid methods to spheroidal equal angular DEMs leads to substantial computational errors in models of morphometric variables.
Comparison of jugular and transverse facial venous sinus blood analytes in healthy and critically ill adult horses
Authors: Lascola Kara M. , Vander Werf Karie , Freese Stephanie , Morgera Alison , Schaeffer David J. , Wilkins Pamela 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolic analysis results between blood obtained by jugular and transverse facial venous sinus (TFVS) venipuncture in healthy adult horses and sick adult horses presented for emergency evaluation.DesignProspective, experimental study, from June 2012 to October 2013.SettingLarge animal university teaching hospital.AnimalsTen healthy adult University‐owned horses and 48 client‐owned adult horses (≥2 years old) presenting to the large animal hospital emergency service for medical or surgical evaluation of systemic illness.InterventionsVenipunctures (jugular vein [JV] and TFVS) were performed using preheparinized syringes and obtained prior to institution of medical therapy. Samples were analyzed in random order within a 10‐minute interval using a point‐of‐care blood gas analyzer (NOVA Critical Care Xpress) that also reports electrolyte and metabolite results. Comparisons between venipuncture sites were analyzed using the Student's paired t‐test for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon paired test for nonnormally distributed data. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between venipuncture sites.Measurements and Main ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences found between variables for JV and TFVS in healthy horses. In sick horses, JV measurements were greater than TFVS for ionized calcium (P = 0.002) and glucose (P = 0.001), and less than TFVS for hematocrit (P = 0.015). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated small biases but overall agreement between sites.ConclusionsThe TFVS can be used interchangeably with JV for venous blood gas analysis in healthy horses. In sick horses, identified differences were small and likely not clinically important. The reliability of this point‐of‐care blood gas analyzer for measurement of hematocrit remains to be determined.
Tuberculosis Outbreak in an Educational Institution in Norway
Authors: Norheim Gunnstein , Seterelv Siri , Arnesen Trude M. , Mengshoel Anne Torunn , Tønjum Tone , Rønning Janne O. , Eldholm Vegard 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Within 1 week in April 2013, three cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were reported among students attending training sessions at an educational institution in Oslo, Norway. By the end of October 2013, a total of nine epidemiologically linked cases had been reported. The outbreak encompassed a total of 24 cases from 2009 to 2014, among which all of the 22
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates available had identical mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) profiles (MtbC15-9 code 10287-189) belonging to the Beijing lineage. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the
M. tuberculosis
isolates revealed 20 variable nucleotide positions within the cluster, indicating a clonal outbreak. The most likely index case was identified and diagnosed in Norway in 2009 but was born in Asia. WGS analyses verified that all of the cases were indeed part of a single transmission chain. However, even when combining WGS and intensified contact tracing, we were unable to fully reconstruct the TB transmission events.
Use of Multiplex Real-Time PCR To Diagnose Scrub Typhus
Authors: Tantibhedhyangkul Wiwit , Wongsawat Ekkarat , Silpasakorn Saowaluk , Waywa Duangdao , Saenyasiri Nuttawut , Suesuay Jintapa , Thipmontree Wilawan , Suputtamongkol Yupin 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Scrub typhus, caused by
Orientia tsutsugamushi
, is a common cause of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Asia-Pacific region. However, its nonspecific clinical manifestation often prevents early diagnosis. We propose the use of PCR and serologic tests as diagnostic tools. Here, we developed a multiplex real-time PCR assay using hydrolysis (TaqMan) probes targeting
O. tsutsugamushi
47-kDa,
groEL
, and human interferon beta (IFN-β gene) genes to improve early diagnosis of scrub typhus. The amplification efficiency was higher than 94%, and the lower detection limit was 10 copies per reaction. We used a human gene as an internal DNA quality and quantity control. To determine the sensitivity of this PCR assay, we selected patients with confirmed scrub typhus who exhibited a clear 4-fold increase in the level of IgG and/or IgM. The PCR assay result was positive in 45 of 52 patients, indicating a sensitivity of 86.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 74.2 to 94.4). The PCR assessment was negative for all 136 non-scrub typhus patients, indicating a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 97.3 to 100). In addition, this test helped diagnose patients with inconclusive immunofluorescence assay (IFA) results and using single blood samples. In conclusion, the real-time PCR assay proposed here is sensitive and specific in diagnosing scrub typhus. Combining PCR and serologic tests will improve the diagnosis of scrub typhus among patients presenting with acute febrile illness.
Evaluation of Toxoplasma ELITe MGB Real-Time PCR Assay for Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Robert-Gangneux Florence , Brenier-Pinchart Marie-Pierre , Yera Hélène , Belaz Sorya , Varlet-Marie Emmanuelle , Bastien Patrick 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Molecular diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis or disseminated toxoplasmosis is based mainly on PCR. The repeated DNA element
rep529
has become the main DNA target used in most PCR methods, whether laboratory developed or commercial. In this multicenter study, we evaluated the
Toxoplasma
ELITe MGB (Elitech) commercial kit by comparison with three reference quantitative PCR assays (RAs) used routinely in three proficient laboratories of the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis network, using
Toxoplasma
calibrated suspensions diluted to obtain a range of concentrations from 0.1 to 10,000 parasites/ml. These suspensions were extracted with either the DNA extraction kit (EXTRAblood; Elitech) recommended by the manufacturer or the QIAamp DNA minikit (Qiagen). The
Toxoplasma
ELITe MGB assay was also evaluated on a panel of 128 clinical samples, including 56 amniotic fluid samples, 55 placenta samples, and various other samples, of which 95 originated from patients with proven toxoplasmosis. The ELITe MGB assay amplified low-concentration replicates (<10 parasites/ml) of calibrated suspensions less frequently than the RAs of 2/3 laboratories. Additionally, the combination of EXTRAblood and
Toxoplasma
ELITe MGB yielded poorer sensitivity than the combination of QIAamp DNA minikit and ELITe MGB for low parasite concentrations (
P
< 0.001 for 1 parasite/ml). On clinical samples, the sensitivity and the specificity of the commercial assay were 89% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity ranged from 79% (placenta samples) to 100% (amniotic fluid samples). Overall, this study shows that the
Toxoplasma
ELITe MGB assay is suitable for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis from non-cell-rich or non-hemoglobin-rich samples and that the EXTRAblood kit is not optimal.
Human Herpesvirus 6A Exhibits Restrictive Propagation with Limited Activation of the Protein Kinase R-eIF2α Stress Pathway
Authors: Sharon Eyal , Frenkel Niza 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
The eIF2α protein plays a critical role in the regulation of translation. The production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during viral replication can activate protein kinase R (PKR), which phosphorylates eIF2α, leading to inhibition of the initial step of translation. Many viruses have evolved gene products targeting the PKR-eIF2a pathway, indicating its importance in antiviral defense. In the present study, we focused on alternations of PKR-eIF2a pathway during human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) infection while monitoring viral gene expression and infectious viral yields. We have found increased phosphorylated PKR as well as phosphorylated eIF2α coincident with accumulation of the late gp82-105 viral protein. The level of total PKR was relatively constant, but it decreased by 144 h postinfection. The phosphorylation of eIF2a led to a moderate increase in activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) accumulation, indicating moderate inhibition of protein translation during HHV-6A infection. The overexpression of PKR led to decreased viral propagation coincident with increased accumulation of phosphorylated PKR and phosphorylated eIF2a. Moreover, addition of a dominant negative PKR mutant resulted in a moderate increase in viral replication. HHV-6A exhibits relatively low efficiency of propagation of progeny virus secreted into the culture medium. This study suggests that the replicative strategy of HHV-6A involves a mild infection over a lengthy life cycle in culture, while preventing severe activation of the PKR-eIF2α pathway.

IMPORTANCE
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B are common, widely prevalent viruses, causing from mild to severe disease. Our study focused on the PKR-eIF2α stress pathway, which limits viral replication. The HHV-6 genome carries multiple genes transcribed from the two strands, predicting accumulation of dsRNAs which can activate PKR and inhibition of protein synthesis. We report that HHV-6A induced the accumulation of phosphorylated PKR and phosphorylated eIF2α and a moderate increase of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which is known to transcribe stress genes. Overexpression of PKR led to increased eIF2α phosphorylation and decreased viral replication, whereas overexpression of a dominant negative PKR mutant resulted in a moderate increase in viral replication. These results suggest that the HHV-6A replication strategy involves restricted activation of the PKR-eIF2α pathway, partial translation inhibition, and lower yields of infectious virus. In essence, HHV-6A limits its own replication due to the inability to bypass the eIF2α phosphorylation.