bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the characteristics and managerial challenges of professional services: An empirical study of management consultancy in the travel, tourism, and hospitality sector
Authors: Brandon‐Jones Alistair , Lewis Michael , Verma Rohit , Walsman Matthew C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper finds that OM's ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ characterization of professional services, namely high levels of customer engagement, extensive customization, knowledge intensity, and low levels of capital intensity, does not hold when carrying out a ‘deep dive’ (to the best of our knowledge, a first in this area of OM) into consultancy in the US travel, tourism, and hospitality sector. We analyse mixed‐method data (semi‐structured interviews, focus groups, and a best–worst choice experimental survey) and observe that consultancy can actually be quite remote and passive and that any periods of face‐to‐face ‘engagement’ will typically be time limited and focused on specific project phases. Moreover, and further confirming the value of a study that allowed us to investigate professional service operations in a specific market context, our data suggest this may often be at the behest of the client. The significant variation observed in levels of customization we interpret as confirming Maister's (1993) notion of a portfolio of brains, grey hair, and procedural work. We also observed relatively high levels of capital intensity; reflecting perhaps the vintage of most OM characterizations and the dramatic ICT‐related changes that have occurred in all business operations in the last 20 years. The work also demonstrates the necessity of a more contingent perspective on PSOM. We assess the impact of both firm (scale, specialization) and individual level (leverage) characteristics to demonstrate significant variation within what might be expected to be a relatively homogenous group of professional service operations. For example, investigating the effects of specialization (via a typology of consulting operations: super‐specialists, generalists, deep knowledge traders, deep market knowledge traders) revealed that relative degree of interaction may be dependent upon degree of expertise, such that it was the super‐specialists in our sample that spent less time with clients and the more generalist firms who were complementing their limited expert status with high levels of interaction (networking, etc.).
Functionality of Sugars in Foods and Health
Authors: Clemens Roger A. , Jones Julie M. , Kern Mark , Lee Soo‐Yeun , Mayhew Emily J. , Slavin Joanne L. , Zivanovic Svetlana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOverweight and obesity are global health problems that affect more than 1.9 billion adults who are overweight, and of these 600 million are obese. In the United States, these problems affect 60% of the population. Critical to these statistics is the association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome among other noncommunicable diseases. Many factors, including sugars, have been charged as potential causes. However, obesity and overweight and their attendant health problems continue to increase despite the fact that there is a decline in the consumption of sugars. Sugars vary in their types and structure. From a food science perspective, sugars present an array of attributes that extend beyond taste, flavor, color, and texture to aspects such as structure and shelf‐life of foods. From a public health perspective, there is considerable controversy about the effect of sugar relative to satiety, digestion, and noncommunicable diseases. This comprehensive overview from experts in food science, nutrition and health, sensory science, and biochemistry describes the technical and functional roles of sugar in food production, provides a balanced evidence‐based assessment of the literature and addresses many prevalent health issues commonly ascribed to sugar by the media, consumer groups, international scientific organizations, and policy makers. The preponderance of the evidence indicates that sugar as such does not contribute to adverse health outcomes when consumed under isocaloric conditions. The evidence generally indicates, as noted by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, that sugar, like any other caloric macronutrient, such as protein and fat, when consumed in excess leads to conditions such as obesity and related comorbidities. More recently, the 2015‐2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended limiting dietary sugar to 10% of total energy in an effort to reduced the risk of these noncommunicable diseases.
Adolescent Choline Supplementation Attenuates Working Memory Deficits in Rats Exposed to Alcohol During the Third Trimester Equivalent
Authors: Schneider Ronald D. , Thomas Jennifer D. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundChildren exposed to alcohol prenatally may suffer from behavioral and cognitive alterations that adversely affect their quality of life. Animal studies have shown that perinatal supplementation with the nutrient choline can attenuate ethanol's adverse effects on development; however, it is not clear how late in development choline can be administered and still effectively reduce the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure. Using a rodent model, this study examined whether choline supplementation is effective in mitigating alcohol's teratogenic effects when administered during adolescence/young adulthood.MethodsSprague–Dawley rats were exposed to alcohol (5.25 g/kg/d) during the third trimester equivalent brain growth spurt, which occurs from postnatal day (PD) 4 to 9, via oral intubation. Sham‐intubated and nontreated controls were included. Subjects were treated with 100 mg/kg/d choline chloride or vehicle from PD 40 to 60, a period equivalent to young adulthood in the rat. After the choline treatment had ceased, subjects were tested on a series of behavioral tasks: open field activity (PD 61 to 64), Morris water maze spatial learning (PD 65 to 73), and spatial working memory (PD 87 to 91).ResultsEthanol‐exposed subjects were overactive in the activity chambers and impaired on both the spatial and the working memory versions of the Morris water maze. Choline treatment failed to attenuate alcohol‐related overactivity in the open field and deficits in Morris water maze performance. In contrast, choline supplementation significantly mitigated alcohol‐related deficits in working memory, which may suggest that choline administration at this later developmental time affects functioning of the prefrontal cortex.ConclusionsThe results indicate that adolescent choline supplementation can attenuate some, but not all, of the behavioral deficits associated with early developmental alcohol exposure. The results of this study indicate that dietary intervention may reduce some fetal alcohol effects, even when administered later in life, findings with important implications for adolescents and young adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Alcohol, Methamphetamine, and Marijuana Exposure Have Distinct Effects on the Human Placenta
Authors: Carter R. Colin , Wainwright Helen , Molteno Christopher D. , Georgieff Michael K. , Dodge Neil C. , Warton Fleur , Meintjes Ernesta M. , Jacobson Joseph L. , Jacobson Sandra W. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAnimal studies have demonstrated adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on placental development, but few studies have examined these effects in humans. Little is known about effects of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine, marijuana, and cigarette smoking on placental development.MethodsPlacentas were collected from 103 Cape Coloured (mixed ancestry) pregnant women recruited at their first antenatal clinic visit in Cape Town, South Africa. Sixty‐six heavy drinkers and 37 nondrinkers were interviewed about their alcohol, cigarette smoking, and drug use at 3 antenatal visits. A senior pathologist, blinded to exposure status, performed comprehensive pathology examinations on each placenta using a standardized protocol. In multivariable regression models, effects of prenatal exposure were examined on placental size, structure, and presence of infections and meconium.ResultsDrinkers reported a binge pattern of heavy drinking, averaging 8.0 drinks/occasion across pregnancy on 1.4 d/wk. 79.6% smoked cigarettes; 22.3% used marijuana; and 17.5% used methamphetamine. Alcohol exposure was related to decreased placental weight and a smaller placenta‐to‐birthweight ratio. By contrast, methamphetamine was associated with larger placental weight and a larger placenta‐to‐birthweight ratio. Marijuana was also associated with larger placental weight. Alcohol exposure was associated with increased risk of placental hemorrhage. Prenatal alcohol, drug, and cigarette use were not associated with chorioamnionitis, villitis, deciduitis, or maternal vascular underperfusion. Alcohol and cigarette smoking were associated with a decreased risk of intrauterine passing of meconium, a sign of acute fetal stress and/or hypoxia; methamphetamine, with an increased risk.ConclusionsThis is the first human study to show that alcohol, methamphetamine, and marijuana were associated with distinct patterns of pathology, suggesting different mechanisms mediating their effects on placental development. Given the growing body of evidence linking placental abnormalities to neurodevelopmental deficits, these findings may be important in the long‐term teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol and drug exposure.
Alcohol Use During Pregnancy is Associated with Specific Alterations in MicroRNALevels in Maternal Serum
Authors: Gardiner Amy S. , Gutierrez Hilda L. , Luo Li , Davies Suzy , Savage Daniel D. , Bakhireva Ludmila N. , Perrone‐Bizzozero Nora I. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundGiven the challenges of confirming prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during pregnancy using currently established biomarkers of alcohol consumption, we examined whether serum microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as stable biomarkers forPAE. Alterations in the levels of specific circulating miRNAs have been associated with various disease states and in animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.MethodsPregnant women in this prospective study were recruited from substance abuse and general maternity clinics affiliated with theUniversity ofNewMexico. Serum was collected at the time of admission for delivery from 14 subjects who reported ≥1 binge‐drinking episode or ≥3 drinks/wk during pregnancy and 16 subjects who reported abstinence during pregnancy and tested negative for 5 ethanol biomarkers. TotalRNAwas isolated from serum and used for microarray analysis.ResultsFalse discovery rate‐corrected analyses of covariance revealed that 55 miRNAs were significantly altered between the 2 groups. Hierarchical clustering using only the significantly altered miRNAs grouped samples into alcohol‐consuming and non‐alcohol‐consuming individuals. Discriminant analysis then identified miRs‐122*, ‐126, ‐216b, ‐221*, ‐3119, ‐3942‐5p, ‐4704‐3p, ‐4743, ‐514‐5p, and ‐602 as the top 10 discriminators between the 2 groups. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of putative miRNAtargets illustrated that miRNAs identified in this study are involved in biological pathways that mediate the effects of alcohol, such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor,ERK1/2, andPI3K/AKTsignaling.ConclusionsThis is the first report of alterations in serum miRNAexpression that are associated with alcohol use during human pregnancy. These results suggest that serum miRNAs could be useful as biomarkers of alcohol exposure.
I. GENDER IN LOW‐ AND MIDDLE‐INCOME COUNTRIES: INTRODUCTION
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Putnick Diane L. , Bradley Robert H. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Lansford Jennifer E. 
Published: April 2016

How do girls and boys in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) in the majority world vary with respect to central indicators of child growth and mortality, parental caregiving, discipline and violence, and child labor? How do key indicators of national gender equity and economic development relate to gender similarities and differences in each of these substantive areas of child development? This monograph of the SRCD is concerned with central topics of child gender, gendered parenting, gendered environments, and gendered behaviors and socializing practices in the underresearched and underserved world of LMIC.To examine protective and risk factors related to child gender in LMIC around the world, we used data from more than 2 million individuals in 400,000 families in 41 LMIC collected in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, a household survey that includes nationally representative samples of participating countries. In the first chapter of this monograph, we describe the conceptual “gender similarities” and “bioecological” frameworks that helped guide the monograph. In the second chapter, we detail the general methodology adhered to in the substantive chapters. Then, in topical chapters, we describe the situations of girls and boys with successive foci on child growth and mortality, parental caregiving, family discipline and violence, and child labor. We conclude with a general discussion of findings from the substantive chapters in the context of gender and bioecological theories.Across 41 LMIC and four substantive areas of child development, few major gender differences emerged. Our data support a gender similarities view and suggest that general emphases on early child gender differences may be overstated at least for the developing world of LMIC.
The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression
Authors: Harris Kelley , Nielsen Rasmus 
Published: April 2016

AbstractApproximately 2–4% of genetic material in human populations outside Africa is derived from Neanderthals who interbred with anatomically modern humans. Recent studies have shown that this Neanderthal DNA is depleted around functional genomic regions; this has been suggested to be a consequence of harmful epistatic interactions between human and Neanderthal alleles. However, using published estimates of Neanderthal inbreeding and the distribution of mutational fitness effects, we infer that Neanderthals had at least 40% lower fitness than humans on average; this increased load predicts the reduction in Neanderthal introgression around genes without the need to invoke epistasis. We also predict a residual Neanderthal mutational load in non-Africans, leading to a fitness reduction of at least 0.5%. This effect of Neanderthal admixture has been left out of previous debate on mutation load differences between Africans and non-Africans. We also show that if many deleterious mutations are recessive, the Neanderthal admixture fraction could increase over time due to the protective effect of Neanderthal haplotypes against deleterious alleles that arose recently in the human population. This might partially explain why so many organisms retain gene flow from other species and appear to derive adaptive benefits from introgression.
System Identification applied to virtual machines: an experiment with KVM, Xen and ARIX models
Authors: Keiel Guilherme , Binotti Vinicius , Adami André Gustavo , Bender Fernando Augusto 
Published: April 2016

The current consolidation of servers has been made possible due to the virtualization technology, assuring isolation, increasing the exploitation of the resources and reducing operating costs. This article analyses the application of two different virtualization technologies in servers. Virtual environments are created with the KVM hypervisor and with Xen, which uses paravirtualization. Through this virtual environments, experiments regarding dynamic memory allocation for a VM are performed. Knowing the technology with the best outcome, it was assessed which technique based on autoregressive modeling would best represent the virtual machine behavior. The stability of the selected model is analyzed and suggestions are made for applying control using the model for dynamic memory allocation in a virtual machine. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v4iss1p15
Visita Domiciliária: percepções no espaço da prática
Authors: Ribeiro Karina Angélica Alvarenga , Figueira Maura Cristiane e Silva , Jacob Lia Maristela da Silva 
Published: April 2016

<p>A visita domiciliária (VD) na assistência de saúde é um instrumento capaz de possibilitar a compreensão de características peculiares na identificação do perfil de cada família visitada, proporcionando a construção de intervenções no processo saúde/doença. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a VD no espaço da prática no sentido de ampliar possíveis discussões e reflexões para o exercício desta ação. Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a prática profissional em unidades de saúde na cidade de Santarém/PA, com alunos de enfermagem e medicina tendo caráter descritivo baseados nas propostas do Ministério da Saúde. Inicialmente destacamos os valores que regem a assistência da VD como construção, conceitos e dificuldades vividas pelos profissionais perante a ação e posteriormente descrevemos o relato de experiência. As concepções da realização das visitas para os acadêmicos da área de saúde puderam ser discutidas e repensadas e com isto ampliaram as discussões sobre práticas reflexivas, críticas e transformadoras da visita domiciliária.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Home visit: perceptions in the practice environment</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract - </strong>The home visit (HD) in health care is a way to facilitate the understanding of specific characteristics of each family visited, providing the framing of tactics to work in the health / disease process. The aim of this study is to describe the HD in the practice environment in order to increase possible discussions and reflections in this procedure. This is an experience report on professional practice in health facilities in the city of Santarém / PA, with medicine and nursing students based on the Ministry of Health proposals. Initially we highlight the values of HD as development, concepts and difficulties experienced by then in this actions. Conceptions of realization of visits to healthcare scholars could be discussed and reconsidered and with this expanded discussions on reflective practice, critical and transforming the home visit.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p> </p>
Obtaining Soluble Folded Proteins from Inclusion Bodies Using Sarkosyl, Triton X‐100, and CHAPS: Application to LB and M9 Minimal Media
Authors: Massiah Michael A. , Wright Katharine M. , Du Haijuan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis unit describes a straightforward and efficient method of using sarkosyl to solubilize and recover difficult recombinant proteins, such as GST‐ and His6‐tagged fusion proteins, that are overexpressed in E. coli. This protocol is especially useful for rescuing recombinant proteins overexpressed in M9 minimal medium. Sarkosyl added to lysis buffers helps with both protein solubility and cell lysis. Higher percentage sarkosyl (up to 10%) can extract >95% of soluble protein from inclusion bodies. In the case of sarkosyl‐solubilized GST‐fusion proteins, batch‐mode affinity purification requires addition of a specific ratio of Triton X‐100 and CHAPS, while sarkosyl‐solubilized His6‐tagged fusion proteins can be directly purified on Ni2+ resin columns. Proteins purified by this method could be widely used in biological assays, structure analysis and mass spectrum assay. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Construction of a Sequencing Library from Circulating Cell‐Free DNA
Authors: Fang Nan , Löffert Dirk , Akinci‐Tolun Rumeysa , Heitz Katja , Wolf Alexander 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCirculating DNA is cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in serum or plasma that can be used for non‐invasive prenatal testing, as well as cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and stratification. High‐throughput sequence analysis of the cfDNA with next‐generation sequencing technologies has proven to be a highly sensitive and specific method in detecting and characterizing mutations in cancer and other diseases, as well as aneuploidy during pregnancy. This unit describes detailed procedures to extract circulating cfDNA from human serum and plasma and generate sequencing libraries from a wide concentration range of circulating DNA. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunoblotting and Immunodetection
Authors: Ni Duojiao , Xu Peng , Gallagher Sean 
Published: April 2016

AbstractImmunoblotting (western blotting) is used to identify specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. This unit provides protocols for all steps, starting with solubilization of the protein samples, usually by means of SDS and reducing agents. Following solubilization, the material is separated by SDS‐PAGE and the antigens are electrophoretically transferred to a membrane, a process that can be monitored by reversible staining with Ponceau S. The transferred proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, providing access to immunodetection reagents. After nonspecific binding sites are blocked, the membrane is probed with the primary antibody and washed. The antibody‐antigen complexes are tagged with fluorophores, horseradish peroxidase, or alkaline phosphatase coupled to a secondary anti‐IgG antibody, and detected using appropriate fluorescent imaging technologies or with chromogenic or luminescent substrates. Finally, membranes may be stripped and reprobed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Individual Signaling Complexes by mMAPS, a Flow‐Proteometric System
Authors: Chou Chao‐Kai , Tsou Pei‐Hsiang , Hsu Jennifer L. , Lee Heng‐Huan , Wang Ying‐Nai , Kameoka Jun , Hung Mien‐Chie 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSignal transduction is essential for maintaining normal cell physiological functions, and deregulation of signaling can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancers. Some of the major players in signal delivery are molecular complexes composed of proteins and nucleic acids. This unit describes a technique called microchannel for multiparameter analysis of proteins in a single complex (mMAPS) for analyzing and quantifying individual target signaling complexes. mMAPS is a flow‐proteometric system that allows detection of individual proteins or complexes flowing through a microfluidic channel. Specific target proteins and nucleic acids labeled by fluorescent tags are harvested from tissues or cultured cells for analysis by the mMAPS system. Overall, mMAPS enables both detection of multiple components within a single complex and direct quantification of different populations of molecular complexes in one setting in a short timeframe and requiring very low sample input. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolomics by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Combined Targeted and Untargeted Profiling
Authors: Fiehn Oliver 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)–based metabolomics is ideal for identifying and quantitating small‐molecule metabolites (<650 Da), including small acids, alcohols, hydroxyl acids, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, sterols, catecholamines, drugs, and toxins, often using chemical derivatization to make these compounds sufficiently volatile for gas chromatography. This unit shows how GC‐MS‐based metabolomics allows integration of targeted assays for absolute quantification of specific metabolites with untargeted metabolomics to discover novel compounds. Complemented by database annotations using large spectral libraries and validated standard operating procedures, GC‐MS can identify and semiquantify over 200 compounds from human body fluids (e.g., plasma, urine, or stool) per study. Deconvolution software enables detection of more than 300 additional unidentified signals that can be annotated through accurate mass instruments with appropriate data processing workflows, similar to untargeted profiling using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. GC‐MS is a mature technology that uses not only classic detectors (quadrupole) but also target mass spectrometers (triple quadrupole) and accurate mass instruments (quadrupole–time of flight). This unit covers sample preparation from mammalian samples, data acquisition, quality control, and data processing. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.