bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of half-scale human bodies in active body positions for apparel design and testing
Authors: Vuruskan Arzu , Ashdown Susan P. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
The design and testing of clothing for activewear requires complex assessments of the suitability of the clothing when the body is in motion. The purpose of this paper is to investigate full body 3D scanning of active body poses in order to develop “watertight” digital models and half-scale dress forms to facilitate design, pattern making and fit analyses. Issues around creating a size set of scans in order to facilitate fit testing of activewear across a size range were also explored.

Design/methodology/approach
Researchers experimented to discover effective methods for 3D body capture in the cycling position and reconstruction of the body in a reliable way. In total, 25 cyclists were scanned and size representatives were selected from these participants. Methods of creating half-scale forms were developed that make optimum use of modern materials and technologies. Half-scale dress forms were created in two active positions in a range of sizes for fit testing and design. A set of half-scale and full-scale bike shorts in two styles were manufactured and fit tested on the half-scale forms compared to fit testing on the scan participants to test validity of this method of assessing fit.

Findings
Issues in capturing and reconstructing areas occluded in the scanning process, and reconstructing the interface with the bicycle seat were addressed. Active digital forms were developed across the size range, from which both digital avatars and physical mannequins were developed for pattern development and fit testing. The production and use of precisely half-scaled tools for garment testing was achieved and validated by comparing fit test results in active positions on the half-scale forms and on participants who were scanned to create these forms.

Originality/value
Design modifications for active positions to date are based on linear measurements alone, which do not define the 3D body adequately. Despite much research using body scanners, only limited data exist on the body in active poses, and the concept of creating half-scale forms by scanning fit models throughout the size range in active body positions is a novel concept. The progress made in resolving material and process experiments in creating the actual half-scale forms, and testing their suitability for fit testing provides a basis for further research aimed at developing similar dress forms for other activewear garments.
Stability and Change in Cognitive Status Classification of Black Older Adults
Authors: Aiken‐Morgan Adrienne T. , Gamaldo Alyssa A. , Wright Regina S. , Allaire Jason C. , Whitfield Keith E. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether stability and change in cognitive status are associated with sociodemographic characteristics and health function.DesignSecondary analysis of data.SettingBaltimore Study of Black Aging—Patterns of Cognitive Aging.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling black adults (N = 407; mean age 68.6 ± 9.1).MeasurementsBaseline (n = 602) and 33‐month follow‐up (n = 450) assessments of cognition, health, and psychosocial function.ResultsFor the present analyses, participants were grouped as being cognitively normal (n = 249), having stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 32), or being MCI converters (n = 72; normal at baseline, MCI at follow‐up) or reverters (n = 54; MCI at baseline, normal at follow‐up). Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the groups differed significantly in education and lung function (P < .010). Post hoc analyses indicated that converters had fewer years of education than the other groups, whereas those who were cognitively normal had better lung function than converters and reverters (P < .050).ConclusionThese results suggest that education and lung health are associated with patterns of cognitive status change and stability. Future research should account for sociodemographic and health factors when examining stability of cognitive status classifications.
Effect of Diesel Injection Split on Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Natural Gas–Diesel Dual Fuel Engine at a Low Load Condition
Authors: Guo Hongsheng , Liko Brian , Neill W. Stuart 
Published: November 2017

As an inexpensive and low carbon fuel, the combustion of natural gas reduces fuel cost and generates less carbon dioxide emissions than diesel and gasoline. Natural gas is also a clean fuel that generates less particulate matter emissions than diesel during combustion. Replacing diesel by natural gas in internal combustion engines is of great interest for industries. Dual fuel combustion is an efficient way to apply natural gas in internal combustion engines.
An issue that to a certain extent offsets the advantage of lower carbon dioxide emissions in natural gas–diesel dual fuel engines is the higher methane emissions and low engine efficiency at low load conditions. In order to seek strategies to improve the performance of dual fuel engines at low load conditions, an experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the effect of diesel injection split on combustion and emissions performance of a heavy duty natural gas–diesel dual fuel engine at a low load. The operating conditions, such as engine speed, load, intake temperature and pressure, were well controlled during the experiment. The effects of diesel injection split ratio and timings were investigated. The engine efficiency and emissions data, including particulate matter, nitric oxides, carbon monoxide and methane were measured and analyzed. The results show that diesel injection split significantly reduced the peak pressure rise rate. As a result, diesel injection split enabled the engine to operate at a more optimal condition at which engine efficiency and methane emissions could be significantly improved compared to single diesel injection.
Thermodynamic Considerations Related to Knock: Results From an Engine Cycle Simulation
Authors: Caton Jerald A. 
Published: November 2017

The design and development of high efficiency spark-ignition engines continues to be limited by the consideration of knock. Although the topic of spark knock has been the subject of comprehensive research since the early 1900s, little has been reported on the coupling of the engine thermodynamics and knock. This work uses an engine cycle simulation together with a sub-model for the knock phenomena to explore these connections. First, the autoignition characteristics as represented by a recent (2014) Arrhenius expression for the reaction time of the end gases is examined for a range of temperatures and pressures. In spite of the exponential dependence on temperature, pressure appears to dominate the ignition time for the conditions examined. Higher pressures (and higher temperatures) tend to enhance the potential for knock.
Second, knock is determined as functions of engine design and operating parameters. The trends are consistent with expectations, and the results provide a systematic presentation of knock occurrence. Engine parameters explored include compression ratio, engine speed, inlet pressure, start of combustion, heat transfer, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Changes of cylinder pressures and temperatures of the unburned zone as engine parameters were varied are shown to be directly responsible for the changes of the knock characteristics.
Exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in a Paralympic champion rower with spinal cord injury
Authors: Tiller Nicholas B. , Aggar Thomas R. , West Christopher R. , Romer Lee M. 
Published: November 2017

The aim of this case report was to determine whether maximal upper body exercise was sufficient to induce diaphragm fatigue in a Paralympic champion adaptive rower with low-lesion spinal cord injury (SCI). An elite arms-only oarsman (age: 28 yr; stature: 1.89 m; and mass: 90.4 kg) with motor-complete SCI (T12) performed a 1,000-m time trial on an adapted rowing ergometer. Exercise measurements comprised pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange, diaphragm EMG-derived indexes of neural respiratory drive, and intrathoracic pressure-derived indexes of respiratory mechanics. Diaphragm fatigue was assessed by measuring pre- to postexercise changes in the twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi,tw) response to anterolateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. The time trial (248 ± 25 W, 3.9 min) elicited a peak O2 uptake of 3.46 l/min and a peak pulmonary ventilation of 150 l/min (57% MVV). Breath-to-stroke ratio was 1:1 during the initial 400 m and 2:1 thereafter. The ratio of inspiratory transdiaphragmatic pressure to diaphragm EMG (neuromuscular efficiency) fell from rest to 600 m (16.0 vs. 3.0). Potentiated Pdi,tw was substantially reduced (−33%) at 15–20 min postexercise, with only partial recovery (−12%) at 30–35 min. This is the first report of exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in SCI. The decrease in diaphragm neuromuscular efficiency during exercise suggests that the fatigue was partly due to factors independent of ventilation (e.g., posture and locomotion). NEW & NOTEWORTHY This case report provides the first objective evidence of exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in spinal cord injury (SCI) and, for that matter, in any population undertaking upper body exercise. Our data support the notion that high levels of exercise hyperpnea and factors other than ventilation (e.g., posture and locomotion) are responsible for the fatigue noted after upper body exercise. The findings extend our understanding of the limits of physiological function in SCI.
Effects of Dark Chocolate and Almonds on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Randomized Controlled‐Feeding Trial
Authors: Lee Yujin , Berryman Claire E. , West Sheila G. , Chen C.‐Y. Oliver , Blumberg Jeffrey B. , Lapsley Karen G. , Preston Amy G. , Fleming Jennifer A. , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. 
Published: November 2017

Background
Consumption of almonds or dark chocolate and cocoa has favorable effects on markers of coronary heart disease; however, the combined effects have not been evaluated in a well‐controlled feeding study. The aim of this study was to examine the individual and combined effects of consumption of dark chocolate and cocoa and almonds on markers of coronary heart disease risk.

Methods and Results

A randomized controlled, 4‐period, crossover, feeding trial was conducted in overweight and obese individuals aged 30 to 70 years. Forty‐eight participants were randomized, and 31 participants completed the entire study. Each diet period was 4 weeks long, followed by a 2‐week compliance break. Participants consumed each of 4 isocaloric, weight maintenance diets: (1) no treatment foods (average American diet), (2) 42.5 g/d of almonds (almond diet [ALD]), (3) 18 g/d of cocoa powder and 43 g/d of dark chocolate (chocolate diet [
CHOC
]), or (4) all 3 foods (
CHOC
+
ALD
). Compared with the average American diet, total cholesterol, non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol after the
ALD
were lower by 4%, 5%, and 7%, respectively (
P
<0.05). The
CHOC
+
ALD
decreased apolipoprotein B by 5% compared with the average American diet. For low‐density lipoprotein subclasses, compared with the average American diet, the
ALD
showed a greater reduction in large buoyant low‐density lipoprotein particles (−5.7±2.3 versus −0.3±2.3 mg/dL;
P
=0.04), whereas the
CHOC
+
ALD
had a greater decrease in small dense low‐density lipoprotein particles (−12.0±2.8 versus −5.3±2.8 mg/dL;
P
=0.04). There were no significant differences between diets for measures of vascular health and oxidative stress.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that consumption of almonds alone or combined with dark chocolate under controlled‐feeding conditions improves lipid profiles. Incorporating almonds, dark chocolate, and cocoa into a typical American diet without exceeding energy needs may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01882881.
Qadis and Their Social Networks: Defining the Judge’s Neutrality in Abbasid Iraq
Authors: Tillier Mathieu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEarly Abbasid qadis were appointed not only to dispense justice but also to manage properties. They needed, therefore, to know the business of their district’s population, and their integration into local society facilitated their understanding of social dynamics. However, their membership in local and tribal networks could threaten their judicial neutrality. How could the relations a qadi maintained with his social environment be reconciled with the imperatives of Islamic justice? This article proposes that two types of solutions were experimented with. On the administrative level, qadis designated from outside their judicial district reduced the influence of their family and tribal networks, which led them to rely on new networks, through professional witnesses in particular. At the same time, Islamic legal theory came to discuss a qadi’s ability to base his legal judgment on his personal knowledge of a case, which allowed defining a strict separation between a qadi’s social individuality and his judicial function.
Psicomotricidade na Educação Infantil: um estudo no Centro de Educação Infantil na Cidade de Iguatu-CE
Authors: Lima Alzenete Guedes  de Freitas de , Mota Ana Térsia De Lima 
Published: November 2017

O presente estudo discute a Psicomotricidade sob a ótica da Educação Física, focada na Educação Infantil e teve como objetivo investigar as ações pedagógicas, nas atividades psicomotora realizadas com as crianças de 4 e 5 anos no Centro de Educação Infantil Rafael Jean Gonçalves Freitas, com ênfase no conteúdo e no desenvolvimento das crianças. Além disso identificou a formação inicial dos educadores infantis e a formação sobre Psicomotricidade ou em áreas afins. Conheceu a concepção histórica e legal, analisou os conteúdos ministrados pelos professores direcionados a psicomotricidade e observou as condições físicas e materiais do prédio. Constitui-se em uma pesquisa de bibliográfica e de campo. A coleta de dados aconteceu com a aplicação de questionários aos sujeitos e visita in loco permitindo a observação das atitudes dos educadores envolvidos no processo. Para o cumprimento dos objetivos sugeridos no presente trabalho tem como proposta o método dialético, onde é empregado em pesquisa qualitativa, considerando que os fatos não podem ser analisados fora do contexto social, e suas contradições se transcendem dando origem a novas contradições que requerem soluções. A pesquisa foi do tipo explicativo e descritivo, de natureza qualitativa. Percebeu-se que a formação dos professores, sujeitos da pesquisa, nessa modalidade de ensino é muito significativa, visto que a maioria é especialista em educação. No que se referem à psicomotricidade os educadores tem conhecimento sobre o assunto, porém, destacam como desafio a presença do professor de educação física na modalidade de ensino e a formação dos educadores no tema. O espaço físico da creche atende às necessidades, todavia não responde aos padrões básicos definidos pelo Ministério da Educação. Conclui-se que as ações pedagógicas acontecem com atividades psicomotoras com as crianças de 4 a 5 anos no seu cotidiano.
Capacidade funcional de idosos em instituição de longa permanência
Authors: Silva Camila Santos , Sampaio Lucas Silveira , Sampaio Talita Santos Oliveira 
Published: November 2017

A capacidade funcional diz respeito a possibilidade de realização das Atividades de Vida Diária, e este é o mais significativo indicador de que o idoso permanece funcional em sua rotina. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a capacidade funcional de idosos institucionalizados em uma única instituição de longa permanência para idosos no município de Itambé. A pesquisa possui caráter descritivo-exploratório e é de natureza quantitativa possuindo delineamento transversal. Foi utilizado um questionário para identificação dos aspectos sociodemográficos dos idosos e a Escala de Katz para capacidade funcional. Os dados foram tabulados através do software Excel 2013 e foram analisados no The Statistical Package for Social Sciences para Windows. Por meio do estudo, identificou-se que a média de idade da população foi de 75,2 anos, 70% eram do sexo feminino, 80% eram analfabetos, 70% dos pesquisados se referiram solteiros e 100% possuíam filhos. Em relação aos aspectos da institucionalização, 50% dos idosos foram encaminhados para a instituição através do Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social e 50% dos residentes habitavam há mais de cinco anos naquele local. Em relação à capacidade funcional, observou-se que 60% dos idosos institucionalizados eram dependentes. Diante dos resultados, sugere-se que a institucionalização pode trazer aspectos negativos na saúde do idoso sendo necessário ações que visem a prevenção da alteração da capacidade funcional. Palavras-chave:
Convergence in the Functioning of Banking and Nonbanking Financial Institutions in Serbia
Authors: Nestorov Valentina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn recent decades, the main characteristics of developed countries have been numerous changes in the banking industry, which led to the emergence of new trends. We are faced with the continuing trend of creating new banking products, as a result of the demands and desires of consumers, as well as stronger competition between banks and non-banking financial institutions. Due to increased competition, banks are losing a significant share of the financial market. Due to the new situation, banks are increasingly, in the context of their banking products, including newer services, in order to counter the competition of non-banking financial institution, i.e. banks are beginning to offer non-banking operations. In this way, banks engage in high-risk zone, which, if not directed in the right way can jeopardize banks’ operations. The aim of this writing is to highlight the importance of convergence of banking and non-banking financial institutions, which is still underdeveloped in the Serbian market. The purpose is to raise awareness with banks and other non-banking financial institutions that joint cooperation in reference to connectivity can bring benefits financially and in terms of increasing mutual trust of clients and suppliers of services. It could be beneficial to both banks and non-banking financial institutions as well as to final users - customers.
First principle calculations of electronic and magnetic properties of Mn-doped CdS (zinc blende): a theoretical study
Authors: Ahmed Nisar , Nabi Azeem , Nisar Jawad , Tariq Muhammad , Javid Muhammad Arshad , Nasim M. H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe electronic structure and magnetic properties of Mn doped zinc blende cadmium sulfide Cd1-xMnxS (x = 6.25 %) have been studied using spin-polarized density functional theory within the framework of Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA), its further corrections including Hubbard U interactions (GGA + U) and a model for exchange and correlation potential Tran Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (TB-mBJ). Ferromagnetic interactions have been observed between Mn atoms via S atom due to strong p-d hybridization. The magnetic moments on Mn and its neighboring atoms have also been studied in detail using different charge analysis techniques. It has been observed that p-d hybridization reduced the value of local magnetic moment of Mn in comparison to its free space charge value and produced small local magnetic moments on the nonmagnetic S and Cd host sites. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy in [1 0 0] and [1 1 1] directions as well as exchange splitting parameters Noα and Noβ have been analyzed to confirm that ferromagnetism exists. We conclude that the ferromagnetic phase in Mn-doped CdS is not stable in “near” configuration but it is stable for “far” configuration. Mn doped CdS is a p-type semiconductor and the d-states at the top of the valence band edge give a very useful material for photoluminescence and magneto-optical devices.
A Gift Traced to Heaven: Iconophilia and Iconodulism in the Poems of Joanna Pollakówna
Authors: Szulc-Woźniak Agata 
Published: November 2017

Summary
The article examines the work of Joanna Pollakówna, a poet and art historian, highly sensitive to light and images, pursuing indefatigably her quest in the universe of visible signs of the Invisible. The inspiration for this reading came from two spiritual icons which seem to have a lot in common with the two poems analyzed here: the two pairs are signs of eternity and of a tension between the tangible reality and a reality that remains inexpressible. Pollakówna’s poetic personality is defined by two traits, one, a alacritous receptiveness to the movement of images and flickering meanings, and the other, a strong belief that the effort spent on tracking these fleeting objects will brings the reward of an aesthetic experience and the satisfaction of naming them. To grasp Pollakówna’s fascination with images the article introduces a finely-nuanced pair of otherwise synonymous terms, iconophilia and iconodulia (iconodulism).
PROFIL FLAVOR ENHANCER HASIL HIDROLISIS ENZIMATIS IKAN BERNILAI EKONOMI RENDAH DALAM PENGGUNAANNYA SEBAGAI INGREDIEN PADA MAKANAN
Authors: Witono Yuli , Windrati Wiwik Siti , Taruna Iwan , Masahid Ardiyan Dwi , Dardiri Alfindya Balgies 
Published: November 2017

A natural flavor enhancer based on local source potential is indispensable. While the potential of inferior fishes of low economic value especially in the Madura archipelago, Indonesia such as tongue (‘lidah’), wedge (‘baji-baji’) and biblical (‘bibisan’) fish is very high and has not been utilized optimally. Fish raw materials can be developed as a hydrolyzate and derivatives thereof. In this case, the study aimed to find out the enzymatic hydrolysis enzymatic flavor enhancer profile of the inferior fishes with the comparison of inferior fish feedstock and additional ingredients has been performed. The study was conducted by observing descriptively the mean values of each parameter of 3 repetitions ie color, yield, moisture, ash, fat, protein, dissolved protein contentand maillard product and overall organoleptic value of flavor enhancer result of enzymatic hydrolysis process with 7 (seven) formulas of inferior fishes feedstock and additional ingredients (20:80, 40:60; 50:50; 60:40; 80:20; 90:10; 100: 0) and 9 (nine) types of additives according to the treatment. The results showed that inferior fishes flavor enhancers had a diversity of their profile values due to the comparison of fish and the weight of different additives. The greater the proportion of fish raw material to the additional ingredients, the higher the level of brightness, water, fat, protein, dissolved protein content and its maillard products, but the lower the ash content and the yield. The best inferior fish flavor enhancer profile based on sensory parameters resulted from formulations with 50 grams of inferior fish and 50 grams of additional ingredients. The treatment has a flavor enhancer profile with a brightness level of 69.90; yield of 45,17 gram, water content of 1,983%; ash content of 39.72%; 2.15% fat content; protein content of 24,17%, dissolved protein of 2,114 mg / ml; and maillard products of 0.17; as well as the overall value of organoleptic properties 2.88 (very dislike-rather like).
Keywords: biduri enzyme, flavor enhancer, formulation, and inferior fishes