bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Dissection of Xyloglucan Recognition in a Prominent Human Gut Symbiont
Authors: Tauzin Alexandra S. , Kwiatkowski Kurt J. , Orlovsky Nicole I. , Smith Christopher J. , Creagh A. Louise , Haynes Charles A. , Wawrzak Zdzislaw , Brumer Harry , Koropatkin Nicole M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) within the genomes of resident human gut
Bacteroidetes
are central to the metabolism of the otherwise indigestible complex carbohydrates known as “dietary fiber.” However, functional characterization of PUL lags significantly behind sequencing efforts, which limits physiological understanding of the human-bacterial symbiosis. In particular, the molecular basis of complex polysaccharide recognition, an essential prerequisite to hydrolysis by cell surface glycosidases and subsequent metabolism, is generally poorly understood. Here, we present the biochemical, structural, and reverse genetic characterization of two unique cell surface glycan-binding proteins (SGBPs) encoded by a xyloglucan utilization locus (XyGUL) from
Bacteroides ovatus
, which are integral to growth on this key dietary vegetable polysaccharide. Biochemical analysis reveals that these outer membrane-anchored proteins are in fact exquisitely specific for the highly branched xyloglucan (XyG) polysaccharide. The crystal structure of SGBP-A, a SusD homolog, with a bound XyG tetradecasaccharide reveals an extended carbohydrate-binding platform that primarily relies on recognition of the β-glucan backbone. The unique, tetra-modular structure of SGBP-B is comprised of tandem Ig-like folds, with XyG binding mediated at the distal C-terminal domain. Despite displaying similar affinities for XyG, reverse-genetic analysis reveals that SGBP-B is only required for the efficient capture of smaller oligosaccharides, whereas the presence of SGBP-A is more critical than its carbohydrate-binding ability for growth on XyG. Together, these data demonstrate that SGBP-A and SGBP-B play complementary, specialized roles in carbohydrate capture by
B. ovatus
and elaborate a model of how vegetable xyloglucans are accessed by the
Bacteroidetes
.

IMPORTANCE
The
Bacteroidetes
are dominant bacteria in the human gut that are responsible for the digestion of the complex polysaccharides that constitute “dietary fiber.” Although this symbiotic relationship has been appreciated for decades, little is currently known about how
Bacteroidetes
seek out and bind plant cell wall polysaccharides as a necessary first step in their metabolism. Here, we provide the first biochemical, crystallographic, and genetic insight into how two surface glycan-binding proteins from the complex
Bacteroides ovatus
xyloglucan utilization locus (XyGUL) enable recognition and uptake of this ubiquitous vegetable polysaccharide. Our combined analysis illuminates new fundamental aspects of complex polysaccharide recognition, cleavage, and import at the
Bacteroidetes
cell surface that may facilitate the development of prebiotics to target this phylum of gut bacteria.
Balancing student/trainee learning with the delivery of patient care in the healthcare workplace: a protocol for realist synthesis
Authors: Sholl Sarah , Ajjawi Rola , Allbutt Helen , Butler Jane , Jindal-Snape Divya , Morrison Jill , Rees Charlotte 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionA national survey was recently conducted to explore medical education research priorities in Scotland. The identified themes and underlying priority areas can be linked to current medical education drivers in the UK. The top priority area rated by stakeholders was: ‘Understanding how to balance service and training conflicts’. Despite its perceived importance, a preliminary scoping exercise revealed the least activity with respect to published literature reviews. This protocol has therefore been developed so as to understand how patient care, other service demands and student/trainee learning can be simultaneously facilitated within the healthcare workplace. The review will identify key interventions designed to balance patient care and student/trainee learning, to understand how and why such interventions produce their effects. Our research questions seek to address how identified interventions enable balanced patient care-trainee learning within the healthcare workplace, for whom, why and under what circumstances.Methods and analysisPawson's five stages for undertaking a realist review underpin this protocol. These stages may progress in a non-linear fashion due to the iterative nature of the review process. We will: (1) clarify the scope of the review, identifying relevant interventions and existing programme theories, understanding how interventions act to produce their intended outcomes; (2) search journal articles and grey literature for empirical evidence from 1998 (introduction of the European Working Time Directive) on the UK multidisciplinary team working concerning these interventions, theories and outcomes, using databases such as ERIC, Scopus and CINAHL; (3) assess study quality; (4) extract data; and (5) synthesise data, drawing conclusions.Ethics and disseminationA formal ethical review is not required. These findings should provide an important understanding of how workplace-based interventions influence the balance of trainee learning and service provision. They should benefit various stakeholders involved in workplace-based learning interventions, and inform the medical education research agenda in the UK.
A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Cipta A. , Robiana R. , Griffin J. D. , Horspool N. , Hidayati S. , Cummins Phil R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment that includes the effect of site amplification is undertaken for the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. High seismic activity rates, both along fast-slipping crustal faults including the major Palu-Koro–Matano Fault System and in regions of distributed deformation, contribute to moderate–high earthquake hazard over all but the SW part of the island. Of particular concern in terms of seismic risk are the numerous cities sited on soft sedimentary basins that have formed due to movement along presently active structures and that can be expected to amplify earthquake ground motions, including the provincial capitals of Palu and Gorontalo.
Weekend Effect in Children With Stroke in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample
Authors: Adil Malik M. , Vidal Gabriel , Beslow Lauren A. 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
Studies have demonstrated differences in clinical outcomes in adult patients with stroke admitted on weekdays versus weekends. The study’s objective was to determine whether a weekend impacts clinical outcomes in children with ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.

Methods—

Children aged 1 to 18 years admitted to US hospitals from 2002 to 2011 with a primary discharge diagnosis of ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke were identified by
International Classification of Disease
, 9th Revision, codes. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for in-hospital mortality and discharge to a nursing facility among children admitted on weekends (Saturday and Sunday) versus weekdays (Monday to Friday), adjusting for potential confounders.

Results—

Of 8467 children with ischemic stroke, 28% were admitted on a weekend. Although children admitted on weekends did not have a higher in-hospital mortality rate than those admitted on weekdays (4.1% versus 3.3%;
P
=0.4), children admitted on weekends had a higher rate of discharge to a nursing facility (25.5% versus 18.6%;
P
=0.003). After adjusting for age, sex, and confounders, the odds of discharge to a nursing facility remained increased among children admitted on weekends (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.9;
P
=0.006). Of 10 919 children with hemorrhagic stroke, 25.3% were admitted on a weekend. Children admitted on weekends had a higher rate of in-hospital mortality (12% versus 8%;
P
=0.006). After adjusting for age, sex, and confounders, the odds of in-hospital mortality remained higher among children admitted on weekends (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.9;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—
There seems to be a weekend effect for children with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Quality improvement initiatives should examine this phenomenon prospectively.
Hurricane Intensity Predictability
Authors: Kieu Chanh Q. , Moon Zachary 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Weather has long been projected to possess limited predictability due to the inherent chaotic nature of the atmosphere; small changes in initial conditions could lead to an entirely different state of the atmosphere after some period of time. Given such a limited range of predictability of atmospheric flows, a natural question is, how far in advance can we predict a hurricane’s intensity? In this study, it is shown first that the predictability of a hurricane’s intensity at the 4–5-day lead times is generally determined more by the large-scale environment than by a hurricane’s initial conditions. This result suggests that future improvement in hurricane longer-range intensity forecasts by numerical models will be most realized as a result of improvement in the large-scale environment rather than in the storm’s initial state. At the mature stage of a hurricane, direct estimation of the leading Lyapunov exponent using an axisymmetric model reveals, nevertheless, the existence of a chaotic attractor in the phase space of the hurricane scales. This finding of a chaotic maximum potential intensity (MPI) attractor provides direct information about the saturation of a hurricane’s intensity errors around 8 m s−1, which prevents the absolute intensity errors at the mature stage from being reduced below this threshold. The implication of such intensity error saturation to the limited range of hurricane intensity forecasts will be also discussed.
NASA’s Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) Investigation
Authors: Braun Scott A. , Newman Paul A. , Heymsfield Gerald M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) investigation was a multiyear field campaign designed to improve understanding of the physical processes that control hurricane formation and intensity change, specifically the relative roles of environmental and inner-core processes. Funded as part of NASA’s Earth Venture program, HS3 conducted 5-week campaigns during the hurricane seasons of 2012–14 using the NASA Global Hawk aircraft, along with a second Global Hawk in 2013 and a WB-57f aircraft in 2014. Flying from a base at Wallops Island, Virginia, the Global Hawk could be on station over storms for up to 18 h off the East Coast of the United States and up to about 6 h off the western coast of Africa. Over the 3 years, HS3 flew 21 missions over nine named storms, along with flights over two nondeveloping systems and several Saharan air layer (SAL) outbreaks. This article summarizes the HS3 experiment, the missions flown, and some preliminary findings related to the rapid intensification and outflow structure of Hurricane Edouard (2014) and the interaction of Hurricane Nadine (2012) with the SAL.
Quantifying the Roles of Changing Albedo, Emissivity, and Energy Partitioning in the Impact of Irrigation on Atmospheric Heat Content
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Sullivan R. C. , Wright T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroduction of irrigated agriculture changes the partitioning of the surface energy flux between sensible and latent heat (H vs LE) and alters the albedo α and emissivity ε. In the absence of changes in the radiation components of the surface energy balance, the change in the Bowen ratio due to irrigation typically suppresses the local air temperature T but increases the total near-surface atmospheric heat content (as measured using equivalent potential temperature θe). While the effect of irrigation on surface energy partitioning due to enhanced surface and subsurface water availability has long been acknowledged, the roles of associated changes in ε and α have received less attention, and the scales and magnitudes of these effects remain uncertain. A new methodology designed for application to in situ and remote sensing data is presented and used to demonstrate that the net impact of irrigation on T and θe is strongly dependent on the regional climate, land cover in surrounding areas, and the amount of irrigation in the upwind fetch. The results suggest that the impact of the radiative forcing terms on net available energy is not negligible and may amplify or offset the impact from changed energy partitioning on T and θe depending on the specific regional climate and land cover.
Global Meteorological Drought: A Synthesis of Current Understanding with a Focus on SST Drivers of Precipitation Deficits
Authors: Schubert Siegfried D. , Stewart Ronald E. , Wang Hailan , Barlow Mathew , Berbery Ernesto H. , Cai Wenju , Hoerling Martin P. , Kanikicharla Krishna K. , Koster Randal D. , Lyon Bradfield , Mariotti Annarita , Mechoso Carlos R. , Müller Omar V. , Rodriguez-Fonseca Belen , Seager Richard , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Zhang Lixia , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDrought affects virtually every region of the world, and potential shifts in its character in a changing climate are a major concern. This article presents a synthesis of current understanding of meteorological drought, with a focus on the large-scale controls on precipitation afforded by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, land surface feedbacks, and radiative forcings. The synthesis is primarily based on regionally focused articles submitted to the Global Drought Information System (GDIS) collection together with new results from a suite of atmospheric general circulation model experiments intended to integrate those studies into a coherent view of drought worldwide. On interannual time scales, the preeminence of ENSO as a driver of meteorological drought throughout much of the Americas, eastern Asia, Australia, and the Maritime Continent is now well established, whereas in other regions (e.g., Europe, Africa, and India), the response to ENSO is more ephemeral or nonexistent. Northern Eurasia, central Europe, and central and eastern Canada stand out as regions with few SST-forced impacts on precipitation on interannual time scales. Decadal changes in SST appear to be a major factor in the occurrence of long-term drought, as highlighted by apparent impacts on precipitation of the late 1990s “climate shifts” in the Pacific and Atlantic SST. Key remaining research challenges include (i) better quantification of unforced and forced atmospheric variability as well as land–atmosphere feedbacks, (ii) better understanding of the physical basis for the leading modes of climate variability and their predictability, and (iii) quantification of the relative contributions of internal decadal SST variability and forced climate change to long-term drought.
Interannual Shift of the Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Trough and Its Influence on Tropical Cyclone Formation over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Wang Chao , Wu Liguang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe east–west migration of the tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT) on the interannual time scale and its influence on tropical cyclone (TC) formation over the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated in this study. Climatologically, the TUTT can be identified from 100 to 400 hPa with a relative vorticity maximum between 150 and 200 hPa. In addition to the strong westerly vertical wind shear in the south flank of the TUTT, this study shows that the cold-core system is associated with low relative humidity and subsidence to the east of the trough axis. As a result, the TC formation is enhanced (suppressed) in the eastern portion of the WNP when the TUTT shifts eastward (westward) on the interannual time scale. The interannual TUTT shift is closely associated with the SST anomalies in the central and eastern tropical Pacific or ENSO phases. The warm (cold) phase of ENSO corresponds to the eastward (westward) shift of the TUTT. The physical factors found to be responsible for the influence of ENSO on TC formation can be associated with the east–west shift of the TUTT. It is shown that the interannual variations of TC formation in the eastern part of the WNP basin are closely associated with the east–west shift of the TUTT due to the associated environmental conditions that are generally not favorable for TC formation.
An Object-Based Forecast Verification Tool for Synoptic-Scale Rossby Waveguides
Authors: Giannakaki Paraskevi , Martius Olivia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn accurate representation of synoptic-scale Rossby waves in numerical weather forecast models is very important as these waves are closely linked to weather formation at the surface. Enhanced potential vorticity (PV) gradients at the tropopause levels act as waveguides for synoptic-scale Rossby waves, so spatial errors in the waveguides imply errors in the amplification and propagation of Rossby waves. This paper focuses on evaluating the forecast representation of these waveguides and presents an object-based forecast verification tool. In both forecast and the verification data, Rossby waveguide objects are defined based on enhanced PV gradient fields on isentropic surfaces. The tool automatically pairs the complex objects, compares their properties, and assesses the number of objects without a matching partner in either the forecast or the reanalysis. In the last step, error measures are calculated for the area and the location of the objects. As proof-of-concept application of the method for the year 2008, five lead times of the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from the ECMWF are compared with the ECMWF reanalysis dataset. The majority of the waveguide objects are found to be in the correct position, and there are no systematic positional errors; however, the forecast objects and hence the areas of enhanced PV gradients are smaller.
Tracing Spasmodic Dysphonia
Authors: Lorch Marjorie Perlman , Whurr Renata 
Published: April 2016

Objectives: Since the mid–20th century, one citation is given historical priority as the first description of spasmodic dysphonia (SD): Ludwig Traube’s 1871 case of the “spastic form of nervous hoarseness.” Our objective is to understand how this case serves as the foundation of understanding laryngeal movement disorders. Methods: The original German paper was located and translated. Bibliographical and bibliometric methods are used to determine the citation history of this original source over the past 140 years. Results: Although secondary citations in contemporary publications typically credit Traube for establishing the clinical entity SD, his case does not conform to currently accepted diagnostic features. Citation patterns indicate the source of Traube’s priority is publications by Arnold and Luchsinger, mid–20th-century ENT clinicians, particularly their influential 1965 textbook used to train US and UK clinicians on voice disorders for several generations. Conclusions: Sometimes secondary citations in medical literature lead to the inadvertent perpetuation of factual misrepresentation. The clinical picture of Traube’s original case does not represent what clinicians would recognize as SD today. The rich 19th-century literature on voice disorders is a valuable resource for present day clinicians.
Combined Surgical Approach to Giant Cholesteatoma
Authors: Cazzador Diego , Favaretto Niccolò , Zanoletti Elisabetta , Martini Alessandro 
Published: April 2016

Objectives: Cholesteatomas can grow to a remarkable size before clinically making their presence felt. Managing giant cholesteatomas and their complications can become a challenge for the otological surgeon. Methods: We describe a case of a giant congenital cholesteatoma of the mastoid in an adult. The lesion extended to the sigmoid sinus, jugular bulb, carotid canal, occipital condyle, and the lateral portion of the first cervical vertebra. Surgical excision was performed using a combined microscopic and endoscopic surgical approach. Results: Our combined surgical technique enabled a more accurate removal of the cholesteatoma than a microscopic approach alone, with no surgical complications or damage to the structures affected by the disease. Conclusions: Using endoscopic instruments to manage giant cholesteatomas can help to avoid complications and improve surgical radicality.
Developing a broad categorisation scheme to describe risk factors for mental illness, for use in prevention policy and planning
Authors: Furber Gareth , Leach Matthew , Guy Sophie , Segal Leonie 
Published: April 2016

Objectives: The prevention of mental illness involves identifying and modifying those characteristics and exposures of an individual that threaten their mental health – commonly referred to as risk factors. Existing categorisations of risk factors for mental illness are either limited in their scope or oversimplified in their description. As part of a large mental health workforce and service planning project, we set out to develop a more detailed and comprehensive categorisation scheme to describe risk factors for mental illness. Methods: We conducted a rapid review of MEDLINE and Google Scholar for meta-analytic studies that examined the characteristics and exposures that typify the population with mental illness in order to identify and categorise potential risk factors. Results: The search uncovered 1628 relevant studies, from which 10 primary and 23 secondary categories of risk factors were identified, ranging from genetic and biomedical to psychological and sociocultural. The review revealed interesting distortions in the focus of the literature, with the majority of studies focused on a few disorders (schizophrenia, depression and neurodegenerative disorders) and genetic, psychological and physiological risks. In contrast, environmental (e.g. media exposure) and occupational (e.g. employee health) were under-represented. Conclusion: The categorisation scheme developed in this paper is a step towards a more detailed taxonomy of risk factors for mental illness; this will be most useful in guiding clinicians, researchers and policy-makers in driving the prevention agenda forward.
Reforming the judiciary through standards: agency empowerment and centre (re)building in Italy, 2001–2015
Authors: Piana Daniela 
Published: April 2016

The Italian judiciary has been under the spotlight for more than two decades. The key criticism addressed to it has been the lack of organizational capacity, which is reflected in the trial time frame. After 2000, European institutions launched a new and comprehensive policy stream, targeting the administrative and organizational capacities of courts and public prosecutor offices. The pivotal policy instrument is represented by standards and soft law in general. By referring to four case studies, analysed in depth on the basis of a qualitative approach, this work engages in a critical appraisal of the New Public Management-inspired judicial policies and the way in which they have been implemented in the judicial sector in Italy. Points for practitioners This article makes a point about the structural and institutional conditions that turn out as pivotal factors to ensure an effective and efficient governance by standards. In other terms, the argument deployed herein concerns the function of a regulative agency, which might have the shape and the format of a ministerial unit, where the uniformity and the equality of the services delivered by a public institution or a network of public institutions are the outcome of the implementation of legally binding and non-legally binding norms. This is a key point, then, for public officers serving not only in the judicial sector.