bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NATURE OF LEUCHÆMIA
Authors: Louis C. J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA component of the globulin fraction of rabbit serum reacts with the protoplasmic constituents of the normal cell but not with the corresponding malignant counterpart. The phenomenon can be demonstrated by conjugating a serum globulin fraction with fluorescein isocyanate; non‐neoplastic tissues stain, but the neoplastic cells do not. This has been established particularly with experimentally produced hepatomata in rats and has been confirmed with other experimentally produced tumours.The method has been applied to naturally occurring tumours in man, and similar results have been obtained ; that is to say, normal tissues stained with the fluorescein isocyanate‐globulin complex fluoresce brightly, but tumour tissues do not.Films obtained from normal individuals, as well as those suffering from infectious conditions such as glandular fever, were compared, using this technique, with those of leuchæmias. Normal white cells and those from various infectious diseases fluoresced well. Among the leuchæmias, the cells of chronic myeloid, chronic lymphatic and monocytic leuchæmias all fluoresced brightly. A proportion of the cells of acute leuchæmias (the primitive cells) failed to fluoresce.This observation suggests that the chronic leuchæmias are non‐neoplastic conditions but that the acute leuchæmias, from the point of view of this method of study, do conform with the postulate that they are neoplastic in nature.
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY : THE DETERMINATION OF L.V. WEIGHT
Authors: MCPHIE JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYFrom an autopsy study of the weights of the isolated ventricles in 102 adults hearts, an analysis was made of the accuracy with which total ventricular weight, total heart weight and left ventricular thickness permitted the prediction of the left ventricular mass and the distinction between its normality and hypertrophy.Normal figures were derived from the literature and from 16 normal cases in this series. The effsect of formalin fixation were studied in 11 cases.From the results it was concluded that, in the absence of right ventricular hypertrophy, total ventricular weight was a reliable guide to left ventricular weight. Total heart weight was less reliable and involved an error in prediction of between ±10% and ±20%, which renders it but a crude indicator of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular thickness, whether measured at one or many sites, showed no useful correlation with the ventricular mass.
HÆMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION DUE TO ANTI KIDD
Authors: KRONENBERG H. , KOOPTZOFF OLGA , WALSH R. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryTwo hæmolytic transfusion reactions occurred in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and were shown to be caused by the development of an immune anti‐Kidd antibody in the patient's serum. The activity of this antibody disappeared when the serum was heated or kept for a short time in a refrigerator, but could be restored by the addition of fresh serum. The antibody was not present in a sample of serum collected from the patient three weeks after the last transfusion.
INTRAPULMONARY GAS MIXING STUDIED BY THE CLOSED‐CIRCUIT HELIUM TECHNIQUE
Authors: READ JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SummaryStudies were made in normal subjects and in patients with various types of respiratory disease.About half the normal subjects showed relatively minor degrees of inequality of ventilation.Nine patients with pulmonary emphysema all showed markedly uneven ventilation of the lungs. The poorly ventilated space usually accounted for 50% or more of the functional residual capacity, and the tidal volume of this space was less then 4% of the volume of the space. The closed‐circuit method was modified to reveal the true functional residual capacity in severe emphysema.Three out of five patients with diffuse pulmonary sarcoidosis and three out of six patients with diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis showed ventilatory inequality intermediate in degree between the normal subjects and those with emphysema. The lungs of the remaining patients in each group were evenly ventilated.Extensive bronchitis may produce a severe mixing defect, and this may be the only physiological abnormality in a patient who appears clinically to have pulmonary emphysema. The defect was reversible in one such case studied.Increase of tidal volume may lead to disproportionately great improvement in the ventilation of the poorly ventilated space.
THE NATURE OF LEUKEMIA
Authors: Louise C. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe method of staining tissues with a fluorescein‐globulin complex by which malignant tumour cells may be distinguished from their normal counterparts, and which was used in a study of white cells in the peripheral blood in leukaemia in man, has been applied also to the leukxmia of animals.It was also applied to tumours in animals, both those induced by the action of carcinogens and naturally occurring as well as some transplantable growths.Naturally occurring leukemia and leukæmia following irradiation were observed in the mouse, which was studied most closely. In the naturally occurring disease, acute leukæmia accounted for about 95% of the cases. This was almost 00% in special strains and following irradiation and the application of other leukæmogenic agents.The distinction between the two types of leukaemia was well defined, and, as in man, the cells from chronic leukæmia all stained well but those from acute leukæmia did not. This difference in incidence between man and the mouse is important when conclusions drawn from experimental studies in the rodents are to be applied to man.
THE ASSOCIATION OF HEPATIC AND RENAL DISEASE
Authors: MARTIN F. I. R. , TAFT L. I. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe association of hepatic and renal disease is classified as (a) primary hepato‐renal disease in which the hepatic disease causes the renal lesion, and (b) secondary hepato‐renal disease, which includes all other causes of generalized disease states affecting both the liver and kidney.Two types of primary hepato‐renal disease are presented with clinical, biochemical and histological features : (a) glomerulonephritis associated with chronic liver disease, and (b) renal tubular damage (chohemic nephrosis) associated with jaundice.Glomerulonephritis complicating chronic hepatitis may have an insidious onset and run a prolonged course. An immunological relationship to the hepatic disease may be present in some of these cases.A considerable proportion of cases of obstructive or hepato‐cellular jaundice are associated with proteinuria, epithelial cells and casts in the urine, and some elevation of blood urea level. This occurs irrespective of such factors as operations, hæmorrhage, shock or sepsis. Histologically these cases usually show evidence of tubular damage. The causes of this renal damage and their mode of action are not at present understood.
EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF A CASE OF METASTATIC THYROID CARCINOMA BY I131 AND DESICCATED THYROID
Authors: ADAMS D. D. , PURVES H. D. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe administration of desiccated thyroid inhibited the uptake, but not the release, of I131 (in five millicurie doses) by the metastases of a thyroid adenocarcinoma.The desiccated thyroid was apparently responsible for a marked and sustained reduction in the size of the pulmonary and subcutaneous metastases.It is suggested that in cases of thyroid carcinoma it may be better to try treatment with desiccated thyroid before I131 therapy, rather than after it.
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL RENAL ISCHÆMIA ON FLUID TURNOVER IN RATS
Authors: MCQUEEN E. G. , SPEDEN R. N. , VEALE A. M. O. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryModifications in fluid handling occur in rats following the induction of unilateral renal ischæmia, even though the other kidney remains intact. Some animals develop extreme degrees of polydipsia and polyuria. Amongst those drinking 0.5 % saline, “polydipsia”, defined as an intake more than three times the original, was observed during an observation period of four weeks in 16%. Amongst animals drinking water, this degree of increase in fluid turnover was observed in only 4%.Apart from these animals, spontaneous fluid turnover was not demonstrably greater than that which could have been accounted for by diminution in functioning renal tissue consequent upon the induction of ischæmia. Alterations in fluid handling in these animals attributable to the hypertension are, however, demonstrable by measurement of the rate of rejection of an orally administered fluid load. Following the induction of ischæmia, rejection of both saline and water was greater than either before this procedure or after removal of the ischæmic kidney, and the degree of increase in both groups was the same.Histological examination of the kidneys showed a close correlation between the onset of polydipsia and polyuria and the development of malignant hypertensive changes in the intact kidney.Markedly increased fluid turnover apparently indicating the supervention of the malignant phase is described in a patient with unilateral renal disease, and the literature on this type of case is briefly reviewed.
THE EVALUATION OF THE PARTIAL ABSORPTION TEST FOR RH ANTIBODIES IN THE PROGNOSIS OF HÆMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: KIRK R. L. , VOS G. H. , KELSALL G. A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe partial absorption test for titrating Rh antibodies in the maternal serum has been evaluated as a prognostic tool in a series of 290 cases of infants born to Rh‐immunized women. The P.A. test enables a more accurate prognosis to be made of the outcome for the infant than if the indirect antiglobulin titre of the maternal serum is used alone.The statistical coefficient of correlation between the P.A. titre of the maternal serum at the time of birth and cord blood haemoglobin for liveborn Rh‐positive infants is ‐0.72.The P.A. titre is unreliable in predicting stillbirths unless regular titrations have been carried out at least from the twentyfourth week of pregnancy. The unreliability is due to the rapid fall in P.A. titre in many cases after the foetus has died in utero. However, if the P.A. titre at the end of the second trimester is 1 : 64 or higher, the outcome is almost invariably fatal.The use of the P.A. test in conjunction with the ordinary indirect antiglobulin titrations of the maternal serum enables a more accurate discrimination to be made between mild and severe cases of hæmolytic disease of the newborn. It also makes possible the more reliable diagnosis of an Rh‐negative infant in cases in which the father is known to be heterozygous D/d, and is a valuable guide for giving advice to parents of Rh‐affected infants on when to start another pregnancy.It is recommended that exchange‐transfusion should be carried out in all cases in which the maternal indirect antiglobulin titre at the time of birth is 1 : 256 or higher. Exchange‐transfusion is not warranted if the maternal indirect antiglobulin titre is less than 1 : 128 at the time of birth. Where the maternal indirect antiglobulin titre is 1 : 128, exchange‐transfusion is not necessary if the P.A. titre is zero.
OBSERVATIONS ON KURU. III : PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN FIVE CASES
Authors: FOWLER MALCOLM , ROBERTSON E. GRAEME 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYFive brains and two spinal cords together with various pieces of viscera from kuru patients have been examined. There was widespread atrophy of neurons in the central nervous system. The affected cells were shrunken and often vacuolated. The structures most prominently involved included the cerebellar cortex (particularly the vermis and flocculo‐nodular lobe), the dentate nucleus, thalamus, corpus striatum, globus pallidus and parts of the cerebral cortex (particularly the anterior central gyrus). In the two spinal cords, degeneration of the spino‐cerebellar and lateral cortico‐spinal tracts was found. Most of the cranial nerve nuclei were spared, and the substantia nigra was minimally involved. No evidence of an infective cause was discovered. Other organs, apart from the central nervous system, showed no significant changes.
MARFAN'S SYNDROME: THE NATURE OF THE AORTIC DEFECT
Authors: HURLEY J. V. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYDefects of the aortic wall involving one or more elements were present in five of seven cases of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta occurring in association with Marfan's syndrome ; in two of them no histological abnormality was seen. No significant difference was found in the hexosamine content of the walls (determined in five cases) as compared with that of normal aortas from subjects of the same age group.Although gross malformation of the aortic wall was present in a minority of cases, both in this series and in previously recorded cases, the basic defect common to all examples of Marfan's syndrome appears to involve the mucopolysaccharides of the intercellular substance. The chemical findings suggest that the defect may be in the degree of polymerization of these polysaccharides, rather than in alteration of the total amount present.
POSSIBLE SITES OF MACROGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS: A STUDY MADE WITH FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY
Authors: CURTAIN C. C. , O'DEA J. F. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis paper describes experiments on the localization of macroglobulins by the fluorescent antibody technique in the tissues of two patients, one showing Mikulicz's syndrome and the other suffering from myeloma.The first patient had the macroglobulin in large quantities in mature and immature plasma cells in the bone marrow. It was considered that the macroglobulin was a product of a plasmacytosis reactive to the pathological process in the patient's parotid gland.The second patient had both a macroglobulin and a myeloma globulin in his serum. The fluorescent antibody studies suggested that these two abnormal proteins originated in different plasma cells in the bone marrow, which were, however, morphologically identical with orthodox staining. Neither protein could be demonstrated in frozen sections of other tissues obtained at autopsy.
PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH A SINGLE FUNCTIONING LUNG
Authors: HOLLAND R. A. B. , BLACKET R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPulmonary function was studied in nine subjects with a loss of functioning lung tissue ; five of these had had a pneumonectomy, one had a large pleural effusion, and three had a pneumothorax. Lung volumes and ventilations and blood gas concentrations were determined, as well as the steady‐state physiological dead‐space diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide.After pneumonectomy there tended to be an inflation of the remaining lung, which did not affect any subdivision of lung volume particularly.Diffusing capacity was reduced after pneumonectomy, but in three cases, only to the lower level of normal for persons with two lungs. In no case was its reduction sufficient to cause lowering of the arterial oxygen saturation, and its reduction did not call for increased ventilation.The physiological dead space after pneumonectomy was higher than in normal subjects. This necessitated some increase in ventilation.Diffusing capacity was reduced in pneumothorax, increasing as the lung reexpanded.In one patient with a pleural effusion, the diffusing capacity was severely reduced.
DISSECTING ANEURYSM OF THE AORTA
Authors: HURLEY J. V. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryComparison of the histological appearances of the aorta from 38 subjects of dissecting aneurysm and of a small series of aortas from control subjects revealed no characteristic histological abnormality accompanying aortic dissection. Alterations involving one or more elements of the media were present in a number of cases, but similar changes were seen in control subjects. In a substantial proportion of cases of dissecting aneurysm the aortic wall was of normal appearance.These histological findings are contrasted with the gross change in resistance to “splitting” forces demonstrable macroscopically in many cases of aortic dissection.It is postulated that the underlying medial defect predisposing to aortic dissection is a generalized and reversible one, involving fine collagen fibres and the intercellular substance of connective tissue. The clinical, macroscopic, histological and experimental aspects of the disease are discussed in relation to this hypothesis.
THE USE OF AN ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS
Authors: PLAYOUST M. R. , BLACKBURN C. R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe steroidal spirolactone SC 8109, an aldosterone antagonist, was used in two cases of hepatic disease and ascites resistant to ordinary medical treatment. In both cases there was an increased sodium excretion in the urine, while one of the patients had a significant weight loss and a reduction of her ascites. This substance should prove useful in the further evaluation of aldosterone in the pathogenesis of fluid retention in œdematous states, and possibly in their treatment.
AUTOIMMUNITY IN HUMAN THYROID DISEASE
Authors: MACKAY IAN R. , PERRY BEVERLEY T. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe occurrence of circulating antibodies to thyroid antigens was investigated by the tanned‐red‐cell hæmagglutination (T.R.C.H.) and complement fixation (C.F.) tests, whole thyroid extract being used as antigen. Whole thyroid was found to be equivalent to thyroglobulin as an antigen in the T.R.C.H. reaction.In Hashimoto's thyroiditis and myxœdema, the incidence of positive T.R.C.H. reactors (titres greater than 100) was over 70% and in thyrotoxicosis 47%.In thyrotoxicosis, the incidence of positive reactors was influenced by therapy (radio‐iodine or surgery), but was independent of age, sex, toxicity and the type of goitre.The present study indicates that “leakage” of thyroid components with immunological response occurs frequently in thyroid disorder and occasionally in health, but per se has no pathogenic significance.It is postulated that, under certain circumstances, perhaps associated with weakness of immunological homœostasis, immunologically competent cells reaching and reacting with thyroid tissue give rise to damage, thus rendering more antigen accessible and so leading to “colonization” of the tissue with lymphoid cells and self‐perpetuating disease
VENO‐ARTERIAL SHUNTING OF BLOOD IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE
Authors: BLACKBURN C. R. B. , READ JOHN , MCRAE J. , COLEBATCH H. J. , PLAYOUST M. R. , HOLLAND R. A. B. 
Published: September 2017

SummarySeventeen out of 43 patients with chronic liver disease had arterial oxygen unsaturation at rest breathing room air. This incidence is higher than has been recognized in the past. The degree and basis of this arterial oxygen unsaturation were studied further in 14 patients, of whom seven had arterial oxygen unsaturation at rest. An alveolar‐capillary diffusion defect played some part in its production in one patient, and the ventilation‐perfusion inequality of chronic airway disease was partly or wholly responsible in five others.After allowance had been made for respiratory factors, there remained at least six, and possibly 10, patients out of 14 in whom an abnormal degree of veno‐arterial shunting of blood could be demonstrated. The dimensions of this shunt ranged up to more than 20% of the cardiac output. On theoretical grounds, it is likely that a significant part of the veno‐arterial shunting is intrapulmonary.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY, SERUM LIPOPROTEINS AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL IN ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERIAL DISEASE
Authors: NESTEL P. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryBlood fibrinolytic activity, serum beta‐alpha lipoprotein ratios and serum cholesterol levels have been compared in patients with myocardial infarction, and in patients with intermittent claudication. Fibrinolytic activity was significantly less in patients with intermittent claudication than in patients with myocardial infarction. Serum cholesterol levels and serum lipoprotein ratios were significantly higher in patients with intermittent claudication than in patients with myocardial infarction. The significance of these results is discussed.Coefficients relating fibrinolytic time to serum cholesterol level and serum beta‐alpha lipoprotein ratio were highly significant in patients with intermittent claudication, but not significant in patients with myocardial infarction. When the data from both groups were combined, the coefficients relating fibrinolytic time to serum lipoprotein ratios and to serum cholesterol levels were found to be highly significant. This suggested that the presence of a significant correlation between fibrinolysis and lipids depended on the inclusion of subjects whose fibrinolytic times and lipid levels were high.
THE CARDIOMYOPATHIES : A REPORT OF FIFTY CASES
Authors: HICKIE JOHN B. , HALL GEORGE V. 
Published: September 2017

Summary"The cardiomyopathies" is the term applied to an ill‐defined group of cardiac disorders which have in common a non‐coronary, non‐rheumatic, non‐hypertensive myocardial fault. They are not rare and should be considered in any unusual cardiac state. They may present by sudden death, with acute or chronic cardiac failure, with arrhythmias or with purely electrocardiographic changes. The clinical picture is classically one of pulmonary œdema or gross right‐heart failure, usually with a low output state. The X‐ray film does not show any distinguishing features, and the electrocardiogram most commonly shows T‐wave changes.In the present series there are two congenital groups, 10 cases in all—one associated with the hereditary ataxics and muscular dystrophies, and a second in which there is a predominant endocardial or myocardial abnormality or a combination of both—for example, fibroelastosis, idiopathic hypertrophy and endomyocardial fibrosis. Endomyocardial fibrosis may also be an acquired disorder. Myocarditis made up the largest group in the acquired series (19 cases). It may be associated with general or upper respiratory tract infections, with parasitic infestations or with pregnancy, or it may follow operation. There is a high incidence of sudden death. Collagen diseases (nine cases) may present in this way with cardiac failure the outstanding feature. This may respond to steroid therapy. Metabolic disorders (12 cases), such as primary amyloidosis, haemochromatosis and alcoholic cardiomyopathy, have also been included. There is much need for progress in this field.
URINARY AMINO‐ACID EXCRETION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: HILLCOAT B. L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryUrinary amino‐acid excretion was studied by paper chromatography in 208 normal and 78 abnormal subjects.Non‐specific amino‐aciduria, defined as the excretion of a total amount of amino‐acids exceeding 30 units on the scale described, was found in cases of Wilson's disease and hepatic coma and in one mentally retarded child. Non‐specific amino‐aciduria as an isolated finding is of little diagnostic value, but in conjunction with clinical data may be helpful.Specific amino‐aciduria, the excretion of one or more specific amino‐acids in abnormal amounts although the total amino‐acid excretion may still be normal, was found in cases of cystinosis, cystinuria, phenylketonuria and beta‐amino‐isobutyric "secretion". The pattern of a specific amino‐aciduria is diagnostic.Chromatography has its greatest clinical application in diagnosis in the specific amino‐acidurias and in treatment in phenylketonuria, and has little or no application in prognosis at the present time, apart from helping diagnosis.