bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification and properties of 4-methyl-5-hydroxyethylthiazole kinase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Tani Yasushi , Kimura Keisuke , Mihara Hisaaki 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
4-Methyl-5-hydroxyethylthiazole kinase (ThiM) participates in thiamin biosynthesis as the key enzyme in its salvage pathway. We purified and characterized ThiM from Escherichia coli. It has broad substrate specificity toward various nucleotides and shows a preference for dATP as a phosphate donor over ATP. It is activated by divalent cations, and responds more strongly to Co2+ than to Mg2+.
International Court of Justice
Authors: Thirlway Hugh , Hoss Cristina 
Published: December 2015

The International Court of Justice (ICJ, the Court) is a principal organ of the United Nations, along with the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the General Assembly, and the Secretariat; it is defined as the “principal judicial organ” of the organization (UN Charter, Art. 92). Its operation is governed by its Statute, which is annexed to the Charter and “forms an integral part” of it (UN Charter, Art. 92). It is composed of fifteen judges elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly for a term of office of nine years (renewable); the required qualifications for election are laid down in the Statute, which also provides that the electors are to bear in mind that “in the body as a whole the representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world should be assured” (Art. 9). Only states may be parties to cases before it; it is open to those that are parties to its Statute (which includes all UN member states). Its jurisdiction “comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for” in treaties (including the UN Charter). The Statute provides for a system of compulsory jurisdiction as between states that accept this by means of a formal declaration (often qualified by reservations). The decisions of the Court are binding; it also has power to give nonbinding advisory opinions at the request of bodies “authorized by or in accordance with the [UN] Charter . . . to make such a request.” These include the Security Council and the General Assembly and other organs and specialized agencies so authorized by the General Assembly.
Physical Therapist Student Practice: Where Are Wound Management Clinical Experiences Occurring?
Authors: Gibbs Karen A. , Bachman Teresa , Spivey Steve 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:
Integumentary care/wound management makes up a relatively small but important part of physical therapist practice. Studies demonstrate physical therapist inclusion on interdisciplinary wound management teams speeds healing, improves patient quality of life, and reduces costs over the course of care. The purposes of our study were to determine in which clinical setting students were receiving the most integumentary/wound management opportunities, common examination techniques and interventions performed, student comfort with these hands-on skills, and whether students perceived themselves as meeting clinical instructor expectations.

Methods:
A 2-part survey was administered to 38 Doctor of Physical Therapy students after full-time clinical experiences were completed.

Results:
Inpatient settings were the most commonly reported areas for integumentary opportunities, with acute care representing 43% of the total inpatient reports. Most common techniques and interventions included wound debridement (27%), wound measurements (22%), capillary refill (20%), and compression (19%). The majority of students (66%) felt “comfortable” or “very comfortable” with hands-on skills and 97% reported meeting or exceeding instructor expectations.

Conclusions:
Results show the majority of integumentary/wound management clinical experience opportunities occur in acute/inpatient settings. As such, collaboration between acute care clinical instructors and entry-level faculty is necessary to ensure academic preparation and clinical expectations are appropriately aligned.
Incidence of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Finland
Authors: Lehtinen Pieta , Pasanen Kari , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Auvinen Anssi 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to explore possible environmental factors behind the regional differences in the incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods:All of the patients diagnosed with IBD who were aged 0 to 14 years in Finland between 1987 and 2003 were identified from the Social Insurance Institution database. Finland was divided into squares of 250 × 250 m, and spatial variations of incidence rates were evaluated accordingly. The role of the environmental determinants (pediatric population density, agricultural industry, chemical contaminants of tap water and proximity to the sea or paper mills) in the geographic variations of the incidence rates was evaluated.Results:During the study period, the overall incidence of pediatric IBD was 6.5 of 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1–6.9). The incidence in very sparsely populated areas (≤10 person‐years per 250 × 250 m2) was 9.2 of 100,000 (95% CI 6.3–13.1) and 5.6 of 100,000 (95% CI 4.8–6.4) in the districts with the highest population density (>800 person‐years per 250 × 250 m2). A nonsignificant trend toward the same direction was also seen for ulcerative colitis (trend P = 0.09). Chemical contaminant concentrations of tap water, residence near the seaside, or proximity to paper mills were not associated with the incidence of pediatric IBD.Conclusions:Our findings suggest higher incidence rates of pediatric IBD in the districts with low compared with high density of child population, but the differences cannot be explained by variations in the environmental exposures evaluated here.
Corneal Sensitivity and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Contact Lens Discomfort
Authors: López–de la Rosa Alberto , Martín-Montañez Vicente , López-Miguel Alberto , Calonge Margarita , Enríquez–de-Salamanca Amalia , González-García María Jesús 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to analyze whether symptoms of discomfort in hydrogel contact lens (HCL) wearers were associated with changes in corneal sensitivity or levels of tear inflammatory mediators.MethodsSixty-six subjects were included: 47 HCL wearers, further divided into 24 symptomatic and 23 asymptomatic wearers by the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire short form and 19 non–contact lens wearers. At least 24 h after HCL removal, we obtained scores from the Ocular Surface Disease Index and mechanical, hot, and cold corneal thresholds using a Belmonte esthesiometer. We collected 4 μl of tears with a capillary micropipette and measured levels of 12 inflammatory markers using a bead-based array: epidermal growth factor, fractalkine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and matrix metalloproteinase 9.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups in corneal sensitivity thresholds and levels of tear molecules. The following significant correlations were found in the total sample pooled: Ocular Surface Disease Index correlated with mechanical threshold (p < 0.01; rho = −0.324) and epidermal growth factor (p < 0.01, rho = −0.330), and mechanical threshold correlated with heat threshold (p < 0.01, rho = −0.321).ConclusionsTwenty-four hours after HCL removal, symptoms of discomfort in HCL wearers are not related to changes in corneal sensitivity or tear inflammatory mediator levels. This might indicate either that HCL wear has no effect on these parameters or that ocular surfaces recover from HCL-caused effects during the first hours after HCL removal. However, there were correlations for associations between symptoms, corneal sensitivity, and some molecules in tears.
Stochastic Models for Population Dynamics
Authors: Sun Sean X. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCell growth and division are stochastic processes that exhibit significant amount of cell-to-cell variation and randomness. In order to connect single cell division dynamics with overall cell population, stochastic population models are needed. We summarize the basic concepts, computational approaches and discuss simple applications of this modeling approach to understanding cancer cell population growth as well as population fluctuations in experiments.
Bank Islam: marketing of Islamic banking products
Authors: Chauhan Ajay , Rasheed Rabia 
Published: December 2015

Subject area
The case discusses Islamic Banking Principles and Products (Banking), Business Strategy for Niche Markets (Strategic Management) and Segmentation and Marketing Strategy (Marketing Management).

Study level/applicability
Undergraduate Graduate Training – Executives at junior level.

Case overview
This case is about the dilemma faced by Azhar Mehmud, a newly recruited Marketing Manager, Islamic Products (MMIP) in Bank Islam on six-month probation. Prior to Bank Islam, Azhar had an MBA degree from the UK and about 15 years of experience of business development in a multi-national bank in Indonesia. Looking at his experience, he was awarded to promote Islamic banking (IB) products in Malaysia where the competition was very intense. After his interactions with customers for about six to seven months, he prepared a report for his boss, General Manager, Consumer Banking (GMCB). In this report, he had summarized the challenges of marketing IB products in a market meant for conventional banking. When he presented the report to GMCB, he met with unfavorable reactions. GMCB was not convinced that IB products had any competition from conventional banking. He gave Azhar one additional month to either revise his thinking or quit the organization.

Expected learning outcomes
The expected learning outcomes are as follows: to enhance the awareness of IB products, principles and differences from the conventional banking products; to introduce the concept of business strategies for niche markets; to make students realize the importance of segmentation in view of niche market like IB.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Understanding resident city brand disengagement
Authors: Insch Andrea , Stuart Menique 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors underlying residents’ lack of involvement and engagement with their city brand. This paper addresses the gap in understanding residents’ disengagement from their city brand.Design/methodology/approach– In-depth interviews with 14 residents of Dunedin City, New Zealand, were conducted to identify and understand the factors that underlie residents’ disengagement from their city brand. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.Findings– Four major themes or factors that influence residents’ disengagement were identified: lack of brand awareness/knowledge; lack of brand identification; disapproval of local government actions; and cynical attitudes towards involvement.Research limitations/implications– This paper focuses on one city brand, with its unique history and institutional context, and the thoughts and experiences of a limited group of residents, thus limiting the applicability of the findings. A longitudinal study would be helpful to identify if residents’ engagement with their place brand change over time and the underlying reasons for such changes.Practical implications– Extant research highlights the importance of a participatory, co-creative process between citizens and local governments for building city brands. Despite this, this study’s findings demonstrate that there might be several formidable barriers to resident participation in their city’s branding process.Originality/value– This paper represents a first step in understanding what might trigger or contribute to residents becoming disengaged from their city’s brand. Therefore, this paper considers the “hidden voices” of residents who have become largely disconnected from the city brand.
Restoration of historical timber building: a Malaysian case study
Authors: Zolkafli Umi Kalsum , Yahya Zahiriah , Zakaria Norhanim , Akashah Farid Wajdi , Ali Azlan Shah 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential buildings elements in term of the cost for timber restoration works.

Design/methodology/approach
– The research employed the case studies methods with questionnaires surveys. Two case studies were chosen and questionnaire surveys were distributed to contractors and consultation companies. The cost was identified based on the elemental cost analysis of historic timber buildings.

Findings
– The restoration of historic timber buildings in Malaysia has grown rapidly, especially in the UNESCO world heritage sites, Melaka and Penang. Data obtained on the restorations of timber buildings show that the most influential elements were upper floors, roofs and walls. Termites’ invasions and the lack of building analysis were found to be the major issue in timber restoration works. In addition, the availability of timber material contributed significantly to the increase of cost for restoration works.

Originality/value
– The cost for every element was identified and was used as a reference for new restorations projects of historical, timber buildings. This paper also highlighted the causes for the problems and the factors affecting the cost of timber restoration works. These data are useful information, especially for surveyors and contractors who are involved in the restoration of historic timber buildings. Maintaining or replacing these elements with other material can help to minimise the restoration cost of timber buildings in Malaysia.
Strangers in the archaeal world: osmostress‐responsive biosynthesis of ectoine and hydroxyectoine by the marine thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus
Authors: Widderich Nils , Czech Laura , Elling Felix J. , Könneke Martin , Stöveken Nadine , Pittelkow Marco , Riclea Ramona , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Heider Johann , Bremer Erhard 
Published: December 2015

SummaryEctoine and hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes widely synthesized by members of the Bacteria to cope with high osmolarity surroundings. Inspection of 557 archaeal genomes revealed that only 12 strains affiliated with the Nitrosopumilus, Methanothrix or Methanobacterium genera harbour ectoine/hydroxyectoine gene clusters. Phylogenetic considerations suggest that these Archaea have acquired these genes through horizontal gene transfer events. Using the Thaumarchaeon ‘Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus’ as an example, we demonstrate that the transcription of its ectABCD genes is osmotically induced and functional since it leads to the production of both ectoine and hydroxyectoine. The ectoine synthase and the ectoine hydroxylase were biochemically characterized, and their properties resemble those of their counterparts from Bacteria. Transcriptional analysis of osmotically stressed ‘Ca. N. maritimus’ cells demonstrated that they possess an ectoine/hydroxyectoine gene cluster (hyp‐ectABCD‐mscS) different from those recognized previously since it contains a gene for an MscS‐type mechanosensitive channel. Complementation experiments with an Escherichia coli mutant lacking all known mechanosensitive channel proteins demonstrated that the (Nm)MscS protein is functional. Hence, ‘Ca. N. maritimus’ cells cope with high salinity not only through enhanced synthesis of osmostress‐protective ectoines but they already prepare themselves simultaneously for an eventually occurring osmotic down‐shock by enhancing the production of a safety‐valve (NmMscS).
Influence of zygomycete‐derivedD'orenone onIAAsignalling inTricholoma‐spruce ectomycorrhiza
Authors: Wagner Katharina , Krause Katrin , David Anja , Kai Marco , Jung Elke‐Martina , Sammer Dominik , Kniemeyer Olaf , Boland Wilhelm , Kothe Erika 
Published: December 2015

SummaryDespite the rising interest in microbial communication, only few studies relate to mycorrhization and the pool of potential morphogenic substances produced by the surrounding soil community. Here, we investigated the effect exerted by theC18‐ketone β‐apo‐13‐carotenone,D'orenone, on the ectomycorrhizal basidiomyceteTricholoma vaccinumand its symbiosis with the economically important host tree, spruce (Picea abies).D'orenone is an early intermediate in the biosynthesis of morphogens in sexual development of mucoromycetes, the trisporoids. In the ectomycorrhizal fungusT.vaccinum, D'orenone increased the production and/or release of the phytohormone indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) which had been proposed to be involved in the mutual symbiosis. The induced expression of the fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase,Ald5 is associated withIAAsynthesis and excretion. In the host tree,D'orenone modulated root architecture by increasing lateral root length and hypertrophy of root cortex cells, likely via changedIAAconcentrations and flux. Thus, we report for the first time on carotenoid metabolites from soil fungi affecting both ectomycorrhizal partners. The data imply a complex network of functions for secondary metabolites which act in an inter‐kingdom signalling in soil.
Metagenomic evidence for the presence of phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria in diverse environments
Authors: Zeng Yonghui , Baumbach Jan , Barbosa Eudes Guilherme Vieira , Azevedo Vasco , Zhang Chuanlun , Koblížek Michal 
Published: December 2015

SummaryGemmatimonadetes represents a poorly understood bacterial phylum with only a handful of cultured species. Recently, one of its few representatives, Gemmatimonas phototrophica, was found to contain purple bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres. However, almost nothing is known about the environmental distribution of phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria. To fill this gap, we took advantage of fast‐growing public metagenomic databases and performed an extensive survey of metagenomes deposited into the NCBI's WGS database, the JGI's IMG webserver and the MG‐RAST webserver. By employing Mg protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase (AcsF) as a marker gene, we identified 291 AcsF fragments (24–361 amino acids long) that are closely related to G. phototrophica from 161 metagenomes originating from various habitats, including air, river waters/sediment, estuarine waters, lake waters, biofilms, plant surfaces, intertidal sediment, soils, springs and wastewater treatment plants, but none from marine waters or sediment. Based on AcsF hit counts, phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria make up 0.4–11.9% of whole phototrophic microbial communities in these habitats. Unexpectedly, an almost complete 37.9 kb long photosynthesis gene cluster with identical gene composition and arrangement to those in G. phototrophica was reconstructed from the Odense wastewater metagenome, only differing in a 7.2 kb long non‐photosynthesis‐gene insert. These data suggest that phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria are much more widely distributed in the environment and exhibit a higher genetic diversity than previously thought.
Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California
Authors: McKay Luke , Klokman Vincent W. , Mendlovitz Howard P. , LaRowe Douglas E. , Hoer Daniel R. , Albert Daniel , Amend Jan P. , Teske Andreas 
Published: December 2015

SummaryExtreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature‐related trends of δ13C values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re‐mineralization near 80°C and 100°C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25°C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME‐1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME‐1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short‐term shifts in the thermal regime.
Evaluation of goat milk as storage media to preserve viability of human periodontal ligament cells in vitro
Authors: Ulusoy Ayça Tuba , Kalyoncuoglu Elif , Kaya Senay , Cehreli Zafer Cavit 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and aimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of goat milk as a storage media for maintenance of periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability of avulsed teeth and compare it with commonly used and/or investigated storage media.Materials and methodsPDL cells were obtained from the root surface of healthy premolars and were cultured in Eagle's maintenance medium (EMM). Cell cultures were treated with the following storage media: tap water (negative control); EMM (positive control); Hank's balanced salt solution; ultra high temperature (UHT) long‐shelf‐life lactose‐free cow milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life whole cow milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life skimmed cow milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life soy milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life goat milk, UHT long‐shelf‐life follow on milk with probiotic, 20% propolis, and egg white. Culture plates were incubated with experimental media at 20°C for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. PDL cell viability was assessed by tetrazolium salt‐based colorimetric (MTT) assay at each test period. One‐way anova was used to evaluate the effects of storage solutions at each time point, followed by post hoc Duncan's multiple comparison test (P = 0.05). A dendrogram was constructed to show the arrangement of hierarchical clustering.ResultsGoat milk displayed the highest capacity to maintain cell viability at all test intervals (P < 0.001). Between 3 and 24 h, milk with the probiotic showed the lowest time‐dependent PDL cell viability among all test media (P < 0.001). Compared with all milks, HBSS performed significantly less effectively in maintaining PDL cell viability during the entire test period (P < 0.001).ConclusionBased on PDL viability, goat milk can be recommended as a suitable storage medium for avulsed teeth.