bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of contaminant source architectures—A statistical inversion that emulates multiphase physics in a computationally practicable manner
Authors: Koch J. , Nowak W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe goal of this work is to improve the inference of nonaqueous‐phase contaminated source zone architectures (CSA) from field data. We follow the idea that a physically motivated model for CSA formation helps in this inference by providing relevant relationships between observables and the unknown CSA. Typical multiphase models are computationally too expensive to be applied for inverse modeling; thus, state‐of‐the‐art CSA identification techniques do not yet use physically based CSA formation models. To overcome this shortcoming, we apply a stochastic multiphase model with reduced computational effort that can be used to generate a large ensemble of possible CSA realizations. Further, we apply a reverse transport formulation in order to accelerate the inversion of transport‐related data such as downgradient aqueous‐phase concentrations. We combine these approaches within an inverse Bayesian methodology for joint inversion of CSA and aquifer parameters. Because we use multiphase physics to constrain and inform the inversion, (1) only physically meaningful CSAs are inferred; (2) each conditional realization is statistically meaningful; (3) we obtain physically meaningful spatial dependencies for interpolation and extrapolation of point‐like observations between the different involved unknowns and observables, and (4) dependencies far beyond simple correlation; (5) the inversion yields meaningful uncertainty bounds. We illustrate our concept by inferring three‐dimensional probability distributions of DNAPL residence, contaminant mass discharge, and of other CSA characteristics. In the inference example, we use synthetic numerical data on permeability, DNAPL saturation and downgradient aqueous‐phase concentration, and we substantiate our claims about the advantages of emulating a multiphase flow model with reduced computational requirement in the inversion.
On the emergence of diel solute signals in flowing waters
Authors: Hensley Robert T. , Cohen Matthew J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBiota imprint their stoichiometry on relative rates of elemental cycling in the environment. Despite this coupling, producer‐driven diel solute variation in rivers and streams is more apparent for some solutes (e.g., dissolved oxygen—DO) than others (e.g., nitrate—
). We hypothesized that these differences arise from atmospheric equilibration, with signals emerging and evolving differently for gaseous and nongaseous solutes. Measurements of DO and NO3 in a spring‐fed river, where constant inputs isolate in‐stream processing, support this hypothesis, as do results from reactive transport modeling of river solute dynamics. Atmospheric equilibration dramatically shortens the benthic footprint over which signals integrate, facilitating emergence of diel DO signals in response to in‐stream metabolism. In contrast, upstream influences persist much further downstream for nongaseous solutes, confounding and potentially obscuring the diel signals from in‐stream assimilatory processing. Isolating diel NO3 signals from in‐stream processing requires a two‐station approach wherein metabolic impacts on solute variation are measured by difference between upstream and downstream sensors. Notably, two‐station inference improves markedly when hydraulic controls on signal propagation such as dispersion and storage are explicitly considered. We conclude that the absence of diel signals at a single station for nongaseous solutes such as
cannot be interpreted as lack of autotroph demand or element coupling. As advances in sensors enable the acquisition of an increasingly rich array of solute signals, controlling for differences in the emergence and downstream evolution of gaseous versus nongaseous solutes will dramatically improve inferences regarding the timing and magnitude of coupled elemental processing.
Rapamycin prevents acute dendritic injury following seizures
Authors: Guo Dongjun , Zeng Linghui , Zou Jia , Chen Linglin , Rensing Nicholas , Wong Michael 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveSeizures cause acute structural changes in dendrites, which may contribute to cognitive deficits that occur in epilepsy patients. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of dendrites likely mediates the structural changes following seizures, but the upstream signaling mechanisms activated by synchronized physiological activity to cause seizure‐induced dendritic injury are not known. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway triggers structural changes in dendrites in response to seizures.MethodsIn vivo multiphoton imaging was performed in transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in cortical neurons. The effect of rapamycin pre‐ and posttreatment was tested on kainate‐induced dendritic injury and cofilin‐mediated actin depolymerization.ResultsKainate‐induced seizures caused acute activation of mTORC1 activity, which was prevented by the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. Rapamycin pretreatment, and to a lesser degree, posttreatment attenuated acute seizure‐induced dendritic injury and correspondingly decreased LIM kinase and cofilin‐mediated depolymerization of actin.InterpretationThe mTORC1 pathway mediates seizure‐induced dendritic injury via depolymerization of actin. These findings have important mechanistic and translational applications for management of seizure‐induced brain injury.
Trajectories of Physical Activity Over Two Years in Persons With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Demmelmaier Ingrid , Dufour Alyssa B. , Nordgren Birgitta , Opava Christina H. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo identify and describe different trajectories of physical activity over 2 years and to identify baseline predictors for each trajectory within a large cohort of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsThe sample included 2,752 people ages 18–75 years and independent in daily living. Data on sociodemographic, disease‐related, and psychosocial variables and physical activity (total weekly hours of vigorously/moderately intense activity and walking) were collected from registers and by questionnaires at baseline, and at 14 and 26 months. K‐means cluster analysis was used to identify different physical activity trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify predictors of trajectory membership.ResultsThree trajectories were identified: 1 stable high (n = 272; with an average of 25 hours of physical activity/week), 1 decreasing (n = 564; changing from 22 to 8 hours), and 1 stable low (n = 1,916; with an average of 3 hours). Predictors of the stable high trajectory versus the other 2 were male sex and already established physical activity at baseline. Predictors of the stable high trajectory versus decreasing trajectory were lower age and less social support for exercise, while predictors of stable high versus the stable low trajectory were less activity limitation and higher exercise self‐efficacy.ConclusionThe results indicate that distinct trajectories of physical activity over 2 years in people with RA exist, and that stable, high physical activity is mainly predicted by male sex and already established physical activity at baseline. Additional predictors, amenable to change, include activity limitation, social support, and self‐efficacy for exercise, suggesting a wide perspective on maintained physical activity in RA.
Cadmium induces mucin 8 expression via Toll‐like receptor 4–mediated extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Song Si‐Youn , Bae Chang Hoon , Choi Yoon Seok , Kim Yong‐Dae 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundInhalation of cadmium can lead to development of inflammatory airway diseases such as acute pulmonary edema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In inflammatory airway diseases, expression of mucins is increased, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality of the affected patients. However, no study on the effect of cadmium on expression of mucin genes in airway epithelial cells has been reported. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect and the brief signaling pathway of cadmium on expression of mucin genes in human airway epithelial cells.MethodsIn mucin‐producing human NCI‐H292 airway epithelial cells and primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the effect and signaling pathway of cadmium on expression of mucin genes were investigated using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), real‐time PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with several specific inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA).ResultsCadmium increased mucin 8 (MUC8) expression and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Cadmium significantly activated phosphorylation of extracellular signal related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK. ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor, p38 MAPK inhibitor, TLR4 siRNA, ERK1/2 MAPK siRNA, and p38 MAPK siRNA significantly blocked cadmium‐induced MUC8 mRNA expression. TLR4 siRNA significantly blocked cadmium‐activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK and p38 MAPK.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest for the first time that cadmium induces MUC8 expression via TLR4‐mediated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.
Gedrungene Kreisringstützen aus ultrahochfestem Beton
Authors: Empelmann Martin , Müller Corinna , Busse Daniel 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInnerhalb der dritten Förderperiode des Schwerpunktprogramms “Nachhaltiges Bauen mit ultrahochfestem Beton (UHPC)” (SPP 1182) der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) wurde am Institut für Baustoffe, Massivbau und Brandschutz (iBMB) der Technischen Universität Braunschweig das Last‐Verformungsverhalten von gedrungenen Stahlbetonstützen mit Kreisringquerschnitt aus UHPC unter zentrischer und exzentrischer Normalkraftbeanspruchung analysiert. Auf Basis experimenteller Untersuchungen wurde überprüft, ob sich eine geringe Wandstärke der Kreisringquerschnitte negativ auf die Tragfähigkeit der Stahlbetonstützen auswirkt. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der konstruktiven Durchbildung der Stahlbetonstützen mit Kreisringquerschnitt aus UHPC auf das Last‐Verformungsverhalten untersucht.Compact reinforced UHPC columns with circular hollow cross‐sectionWithin the third funding period of the Priority Program “Sustainable Building with ultra high performance concrete (UHPC)” (SPP 1182) of the German Research Foundation (DFG), the load‐deformation behavior of compact thin‐walled reinforced UHPC columns with circular hollow cross‐section was investigated under centric and eccentric normal force at the Institute for Building Materials, Concrete Construction and Fire Protection (iBMB) of the Technische Universität Braunschweig. On the basis of experimental investigations, it was examined whether the small wall‐thickness of the circular hollow cross‐section has an impact on the load bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete columns. Furthermore, the influence of the structural design on the load‐deformation behavior of the reinforced UHPC columns with circular hollow cross‐section was investigated.
Zum Entwurf großer Naturzugkühltürme
Authors: Krätzig Wilfried B. , Andres Matthias , Arntz Matthias , Eckstein Ulrich , Harte Reinhard , Wörmann Ralf 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPreiswerte Energie bildet die Grundlage des Wohlstands von Industrienationen. Erzeugt wird diese derzeit und in naher Zukunft in thermischen Großkraftwerken von bis zu 1,2 GW Leistung, auf der Basis von Kohle oder Kernkraft. Derartige Kraftwerke benötigen zur Rück‐Kondensation ihres Arbeitsmediums Dampf große Naturzugkühltürme, um natürliche Gewässer nicht thermisch zu belasten und sie so zu vergiften. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt diese größten Schalenkonstruktionen aus Stahlbeton, er erläutert aus der Vielzahl beim Bau und Entwurf auftretender technischer Probleme die Nachweise der Beulsicherheit sowie die oftmals komplizierten Gründungssituationen.Design of large Natural Draft Cooling TowersCheap energy forms the basis of the wealth of industrial nations. Cheap energy will be generated presently and in near future in thermal power plants up to 1.2 GW of power, working on basis of coal or nuclear fuel. Such power plants require large natural draft cooling towers for re‐condensation of their working medium steam, to avoid thermal poisoning of natural waters. The present manuscript describes these largest shell structures made of reinforced concrete, it details, from multiple problems during design and construction, the safety proofs of shell stability, and their often complicated foundations.
Risk of pneumonia associated with zero‐degree head positioning in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: Palazzo Paola , Brooks Amy , James David , Moore Randy , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Alexandrov Anne W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionIn the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke, a 0° position is recommended to increase cerebral perfusion in nonhypoxic patients able to tolerate lying flat. However, use of 0° positioning is not uniformly applied in clinical practice, most likely due to concerns of aspiration pneumonia. We aimed to determine the risk of pneumonia associated with 0° head of bed positioning in acute stroke patients treated with thrombolytic therapy.MethodsA retrospective descriptive study was conducted using prospectively collected, consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients treated with IVtPA whose head of bed was positioned at 0° for the first 24 h. Rates of hospital‐acquired pneumonia were determined using a strict adjudication process to insure accuracy of pneumonia diagnoses. Quantitative characteristics were analyzed in SPSS to compare differences between “true” pneumonia cases and nonpneumonia cases.ResultsTwenty‐four of 333 (7.2%) patients had mention the diagnosis of pneumonia in the registry and/or medical record. Of these cases, only 15 (4.5%) met evidence‐based diagnostic criteria for hospital‐acquired pneumonia. The 15 adjudicated cases had similar median admission NIHSS scores to nonpneumonia cases (10 vs. 9, respectively; P = ns), but were older (74 ± 15 vs. 64 ± 17 years; mean difference 9.889, 95 CI = 1.2–18.6; P = 0.026). A total of eight patients with pneumonia were intubated and mechanically ventilated, and one patient received bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation during the 0° positioning period. Pneumonia cases had significantly longer hospitalizations (14.5 ± 12 vs. 6.6 ± 9 days; mean difference 7.97, 95% CI = 1.1–14.8; P = 0.026) and higher median discharge mRS score (4 vs. 3: P = 0.003).ConclusionsZero‐degree head of bed positioning in the first 24 h following an acute ischemic stroke treated with IV‐tPA was associated with acceptable rates of pneumonia. Rates for pneumonia may be further reduced by eliminating use of a 0° protocol in intubated/mechanically ventilated patients.
Effect ofCO2on uninfectedSf‐9 cell growth and metabolism
Authors: Vajrala Sucheta G. , Murhammer David W. 
Published: January 2016

A problem in the mass production of recombinant proteins and biopesticides using insect cell culture is CO2accumulation. This research investigated the effect of elevated CO2concentration on insect cell growth and metabolism. Spodoptera frugiperda Sf‐9 insect cells were grown at 20% air saturation, 27°C, and a pH of 6.2. The cells were exposed to a constant CO2concentration by purging the medium with CO2and the headspace with air. The population doubling time (PDT) of Sf‐9 cells increased with increasing CO2concentration. Specifically, the PDT for 0‐37, 73, 147, 183, and 220 mm Hg CO2concentrations were 23.2 ± 6.7, 32.4 ± 7.2, 38.1 ± 13.3, 42.9 ± 5.4, and 69.3 ± 35.9 h (n = 3 or 4, 95% confidence level), respectively. The viability of cells in all experiments was above 90%, i.e., while increased CO2concentrations inhibited cell growth, it did not affect cell viability. The osmolality for all bioreactor experiments was observed to be 300–360 mOsm/kg, a range that is known to have a negligible effect on insect cell culture. Elevated CO2concentration did not significantly alter the cell specific glucose consumption rate (2.5–3.2 × 10−17mol/cell s), but slightly increased the specific lactate production rate from −3.0 × 10−19to 10.2 × 10−19mol/cell s. Oxidative stress did not contribute to CO2inhibition in uninfected Sf‐9 cells as no significant increase in the levels of lipid hydroperoxide and protein carbonyl concentrations was discovered at elevated CO2concentration. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical EngineersBiotechnol. Prog., 32:465–469, 2016
Driving Forces Controlling Host–Guest Recognition in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent
Authors: Ingrosso Francesca , Altarsha Muhannad , Dumarçay Florence , Kevern Gwendal , Barth Danielle , Marsura Alain , Ruiz‐López Manuel F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe formation of supramolecular host–guest complexes is a very useful and widely employed tool in chemistry. However, supramolecular chemistry in non‐conventional solvents such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), one of the most promising sustainable solvents, is still in its infancy. In this work, we explored a successful route to the development of green processes in supercritical CO2 by combining a theoretical approach with experiments. We were able to synthesize and characterize an inclusion complex between a polar aromatic molecule (benzoic acid) and peracetylated‐β‐cyclodextrin, which is soluble in the supercritical medium. This finding opens the way to wide, environmental friendly, applications of scCO2 in many areas of chemistry, including supramolecular synthesis, reactivity and catalysis, micro and nano‐particle formation, molecular recognition, as well as enhanced extraction processes with increased selectivity.
In Situ FTIR and NMR Spectroscopic Investigations on Ruthenium‐Based Catalysts for Alkene Hydroformylation
Authors: Kubis Christoph , Profir Irina , Fleischer Ivana , Baumann Wolfgang , Selent Detlef , Fischer Christine , Spannenberg Anke , Ludwig Ralf , Hess Dieter , Franke Robert , Börner Armin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHomogeneous ruthenium complexes modified by imidazole‐substituted monophosphines as catalysts for various highly efficient hydroformylation reactions were characterized by in situ IR spectroscopy under reaction conditions and NMR spectroscopy. A proper protocol for the preformation reaction from [Ru3(CO)12] is decisive to prevent the formation of inactive ligand‐modified polynuclear complexes. During catalysis, ligand‐modified mononuclear ruthenium(0) carbonyls were detected as resting states. Changes in the ligand structure have a crucial impact on the coordination behavior of the ligand and consequently on the catalytic performance. The substitution of CO by a nitrogen atom of the imidazolyl moiety in the ligand is not a general feature, but it takes place when structural prerequisites of the ligand are fulfilled.
Induced Circular Dichroism in Phosphine Gold(I) Aryl Acetylide Urea Complexes through Hydrogen‐Bonded Chiral Co‐Assemblies
Authors: Dubarle‐Offner Julien , Moussa Jamal , Amouri Hani , Jouvelet Benjamin , Bouteiller Laurent , Raynal Matthieu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPhosphine gold(I) aryl acetylide complexes equipped with a central bis(urea) moiety form 1D hydrogen‐bonded polymeric assemblies in solution that do not display any optical activity. Chiral co‐assemblies are formed by simple addition of an enantiopure (metal‐free) complementary monomer. Although exhibiting an intrinsically achiral linear geometry, the gold(I) aryl acetylide fragment is located in the chiral environment displayed by the hydrogen‐bonded co‐assemblies, as demonstrated by induced circular dichroism (ICD).
Hydrogen Sulfide Induced Carbon Dioxide Activation by Metal‐Free Dual Catalysis
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Francisco Joseph S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe role of metal free dual catalysis in the hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐induced activation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequent decomposition of resulting monothiolcarbonic acid in the gas phase has been explored. The results suggest that substituted amines and monocarboxylic type organic or inorganic acids via dual activation mechanisms promote both activation and decomposition reactions, implying that the judicious selection of a dual catalyst is crucial to the efficient C−S bond formation via CO2 activation. Considering that our results also suggest a new mechanism for the formation of carbonyl sulfide from CO2 and H2S, these new insights may help in better understanding the coupling between the carbon and sulfur cycles in the atmospheres of Earth and Venus.
Management Strategies and Outcomes of ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Transferred After Receiving Fibrinolytic Therapy in the United States
Authors: Patel Nish , Patel Nileshkumar J. , Thakkar Badal , Singh Vikas , Arora Shilpkumar , Patel Nilay , Savani Chirag , Deshmukh Abhishek , Thadani Udho , Badheka Apurva O. , Alfonso Carlos , Fonarow Gregg C. , Cohen Mauricio G. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTFibrinolytic therapy is still used in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) when the primary percutaneous coronary intervention cannot be provided in a timely fashion. Management strategies and outcomes in transferred fibrinolytic‐treated STEMI patients have not been well assessed in real‐world settings. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2008 to 2012, we identified 18 814 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolytic therapy and were transferred to a different facility within 24 hours. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding requiring transfusion, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), length of stay, and cost. The patients were divided into 3 groups: those who received medical therapy alone (n = 853; 4.5%), those who underwent coronary artery angiography without revascularization (n = 2573; 13.7%), and those who underwent coronary artery angiography with revascularization (n = 15 388; 81.8%). Rates of in‐hospital mortality among the groups were 20% vs 6.6% vs 2.1%, respectively (P < 0.001); ICH was 8.5% vs 1.1% vs 0.6%, respectively (P < 0.001); and gastrointestinal bleeding was 1.1% vs 0.4% vs 0.4%, respectively (P = 0.011). Multivariate analysis identified increasing age, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and ICH as the independent predictors of not performing coronary artery angiography and/or revascularization in patients with STEMI initially treated with fibrinolytic therapy. The majority of STEMI patients transferred after receiving fibrinolytic therapy undergo coronary angiography. However, notable numbers of patients do not receive revascularization, especially patients with cardiogenic shock and following a cardiac arrest.