bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population heterogeneity in mutation rate increases mean fitness and the frequency of higher order mutants
Authors: Alexander Helen K. , Mayer Stephanie I. , Bonhoeffer Sebastian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMutation rate is a crucial evolutionary parameter that has typically been treated as a constant in population genetic analyses. However, mutation rate is likely to vary among co-existing individuals within a population, due to genetic polymorphisms, heterogeneous environmental influences, and random physiological fluctuations. We explore the consequences of such mutation rate heterogeneity in a model allowing an arbitrary distribution of mutation rate among individuals, either with or without inheritance. We find that variation of mutation rate about the mean results in a higher probability of producing zero or many simultaneous mutations on a genome. Moreover, it increases the frequency of higher order mutants even under ongoing mutation and selection. We gain a quantitative understanding of how this frequency depends on moments of the mutation rate distribution and selection coefficients. In particular, in a two-locus model, heterogeneity leads to a relative increase in double mutant frequency proportional to the squared coefficient of variation of the mutation rate. Relative effect sizes increase with the number of loci. Finally, this clustering of deleterious mutations into fewer individuals results in a higher population mean fitness. Our results imply that mutation rate heterogeneity allows a population to maintain a higher level of adaptedness to its current environment, while simultaneously harboring greater genetic diversity in the standing variation, which could be crucial for future adaptation to a new environment. Our results also have implications for interpreting mutation rate estimates and mutant frequencies in data.
Recent Cis-Trans Coevolution Driven by the Emergence of A Novel Gene in Drosophila
Authors: Krinsky Benjamin H , Arthur Robert K. , White Kevin P. , Long Manyuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractYoung, or newly evolved, genes arise ubiquitously across the tree of life, and can rapidly acquire novel functions that influence a diverse array of biological processes1. Previous work identified a young regulatory gene inDrosophila,Zeus, which diverged rapidly from its parentCaf40and took on roles in the male reproductive system. This neofunctionalization was accompanied by differential binding of the Zeus protein to loci throughout theDrosophila melanogastergenome2. However, the way in which new DNA-binding proteins acquire and coevolve with their targets in the genome is not understood. Here, by comparing Zeus ChIP-seq data fromD. melanogasterandD. simulansto the ancestral Caf40 binding events fromD. yakuba, a species that diverged before the duplication event, we find a dynamic pattern in which Zeus binding rapidly co-evolved with a previously unknown DNA motif under the influence of positive selection. Interestingly, while both copies of Zeus acquired targets at male-biased and testis-specific genes,D. melanogasterandD. simulansproteins have specialized binding on different chromosomes, a pattern echoed in the evolution of the associated motif. Our results suggest that evolution of young regulatory genes can be coupled to substantial rewiring of the transcriptional networks into which they integrate, even over short evolutionary timescales. Our results thus uncover dynamic, genome-wide evolutionary processes associated with new genes.
Early warning of risks of copyright infringement in digital library based on extension theory
Authors: Li Chan , Zhang Wen-De , Lan Yi-Xin 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential risks of copyright infringement in digital library based on the extension theory.

Design/methodology/approach
– At first, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to determine the weights of the existing indicator system for early warning. Second, a model is built to evaluate the potential risks of copyright infringement based on the extension theory in digital library. Finally, a real-world application is presented to show the effectiveness and usefulness of this approach.

Findings
– The main findings of this paper are as follows: the early warning extension theory model is effective in distinguishing the degree of the potential risks of copyright infringement in digital library; the ranges of the value and the values of the indicators can directly affect the results while using this approach, so the accuracy of these two aspects is a crucial question.

Social implications
– The social impact is that copyright infringement risks of digital library is reduced; the lawsuit rate and economic loss due to copyright infringement are thereby decreased as well.

Originality/value
– This paper introduces the evaluation of the potential risks of copyright infringement based on the extension theory in digital library. The results provide support for the decision-makers in handling the potential risks of copyright infringement in digital library.
Comparing collaborative annotations on books between libraries and social community sites
Authors: Wu Dan , Xu Xiaomei , Yu Wenting 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– Based on the study of overall situation of the tagging function in the provincial public libraries and library of major colleges and universities, this paper aims to examine the difference of tagging behaviour of its users in library and social community sites. The authors also want to understand the causes of a variety of annotation behavior in social community sites and libraries.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors collected all system log data of tags, comments and ratings users added in Wuhan University library, and then found the tags, comments and rating of corresponding books in Douban. Then, the authors did questionnaire survey to the Wuhan University students.

Findings
– The authors found that the annotation service in the library is not perfect as that in social community site. Enthusiasm of users annotating books in the library is far less high than that on the social community sites. Lack of understanding of the annotation service is the main reason why users are not concerned or do not use the tagging service. But users have the needs of the organization of personal information in the library using tags.

Originality/value
– This paper investigated the library users’ behavior in the using library OPAC course and compared the difference of annotation behavior between library and social community site.
The Internet of Things and convenience
Authors: Nolin Jan , Olson Nasrine 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore and engage with connections between the evolving technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) and notions of convenience. In particular, the concept of alpha convenience is introduced in order to articulate the broad scope of Internet “any-everything” connectivity, here called “alpha convenience.”Design/methodology/approach– The recommendations of Constructive Technology Assessment are followed in order to evaluate technology before implementation. The seven value drivers articulated by Fleisch (2010) are utilized in order to envision-specific aspects.Findings– Three critical aspects relating to alpha convenience are identified and discussed: gossiping technology, personalization and the disempowered smartphone user. It is argued that extreme forms of convenience shift traditional areas of human agency onto technology. It is also noted that alpha convenience tends to develop as ubiquitous feature of future society, making it difficult, if not impossible, to opt out.Research limitations/implications– The paper focusses on one powerful concept, although the IoT is merely one of several terms used to deliberate the role of next-generation information technology and society. Notable competitors include semantic web, ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing and ambient intelligence.Social implications– The IoT is predicted to be an intrusive feature into everyday life and the paper identifies important aspects.Originality/value– This is the first critical discussion of the IoT and convenience. The paper aims at conceptual innovation. Overall, there is a substantial lack of critical scrutiny of the emerging ideas of the IoT.
Exploring the influence of social media on employee work performance
Authors: Cao Xiongfei , Guo Xitong , Vogel Douglas , Zhang Xi 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of social media on employees’ work performance, as well as the underlying mechanism for how they create value at work.Design/methodology/approach– Based on media synchronicity and social capital theories, the authors propose that social media can foster employees’ social capital and subsequently facilitate knowledge transfer. Both social capital and knowledge transfer help promote work performance. Specifically, the authors adopt shared vision, network ties and trust to represent, respectively, the cognitive, structural and relational dimensions of social capital. The research model is tested using data collected from 379 Chinese working professionals.Findings– The empirical results reveal that social media can promote the formation of employees’ social capital indicated by network ties, shared vision and trust, which, in turn, can facilitate knowledge transfer. Shared vision and knowledge transfer positively influence work performance. Although network ties and trust do not have a direct impact on work performance, the influence is partially mediated by knowledge transfer.Practical implications– For organizations that wish to build knowledge networks in the workplace, connecting experts with various social media can effectively complement other knowledge management technology. Further, managers should encourage employees to consciously exploit the byproducts created via social media, e.g., social capital, to promote knowledge exchange.Originality/value– The integration of media synchronicity and social capital theories offers a new theoretical lens and reasonable explanations for investigating communication performance. The research offers empirical evidence regarding how the influence of social media on work performance is transmitted through social capital and knowledge transfer. The authors quantify social media’s benefits for organizations, providing managers an impetus to deploy them in the workplace with optimistic expectation.
A theoretical framework for consolidation in humanitarian logistics
Authors: Vaillancourt Alain 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework to better understand incentives and obstacles to consolidation of materials in humanitarian logistics.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study uses a content analysis for its literature review method to code 87 articles related to supply chain and logistics and understand what are the incentives and obstacles to consolidation. It then discusses these issues from the point of view of humanitarian logistics.

Findings
– Through the combination of a literature review and discussion, the framework developed in this conceptual paper identifies specific sources of delays and impediments to cooperation present in disaster response and development activities. These issues can be related to disaster type, the focus of the organization and the stakeholders as well as the resources required for consolidation themselves.

Research limitations/implications
– There are limitations to a conceptual paper, one being the lack of empirical proof for the findings. Another limitation is the use of coding; even though the coding grid was iterative to take into account the findings in the literature, there might still be shortcomings inherent to the categories.

Originality/value
– This study offers a comprehensive review of consolidation activities in the last decades and offers an abstract model to further investigate consolidation in the context of humanitarian logistics.
Community sport and the newcomer experience in small cities
Authors: Nadeau John , O'Reilly Norm , Scott Alexander 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– This research reports on work related to integrating new immigrants into their local communities. The purpose of this paper is to explore community sport and the newcomer experience in communities through an acculturation framework.Design/methodology/approach– The role of community sport organizations in the acculturation process is explored empirically via a three-stage research study of a small Canadian city that includes interviews with local newcomers, interviews with managers of local community sport organizations, and a website content analysis of community sport organizations in the region.Findings– Results outline a number of important constraints, practices and realities facing newcomers and community sport organizations in improving participation rates and integration. In addition, the use of the acculturation frame provides insight on the perceived value of community sport yet low participation rates among newcomers.Practical implications– There is a need for community sport providers to adopt an acculturation perspective to newcomers rather than the current assimilationist perspective. This change will lead to improvements in sport offerings and newcomer supports.Originality/value– There is an increasing desire to have migrants locate in smaller urban centers rather than the large metropolises of their new home country. However, smaller communities may be perceived by newcomers as less desirable places to live and the communities can face significant integration challenges. Further, there is a dearth of research on newcomers and smaller communities particularly in the area of community sport. This study explores the role of sport as a means to overcome these challenges by assessing the capacity of a smaller city and the needs of immigrants and their families using a lens of acculturation.
The theory of planned behaviour and intention of purchase sport team licensed merchandise
Authors: Kim Min Soo , James Jeffrey 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to predict intentions to purchase sport team licensed merchandise (STLM) using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).

Design/methodology/approach
– Three constructs of the TPB such as attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were used to predict purchase intention of STLM. In an effort to increase the level of prediction, additional elements – past behavior and role identity – were included. A total of 384 university students participated in the survey.

Findings
– The results indicated that attitude, subjective norms, and PBC accounted for 64 percent of the variance in purchase intention of STLM. Past behavior and role identity explained an additional 9.3 percent of the variance in purchase intentions. Past behavior was the strongest predictor of purchase intention.

Originality/value
– The results showed the efficacy of the TPB in predicting purchase intentions of STLM.
Using spatio‐temporal models of population growth and movement to monitor overlap between human impacts and fish populations
Authors: Thorson James T. , Jannot Jason , Somers Kayleigh 
Published: March 2016

Summary

Protected and managed species, including harvested fishes, exhibit spatial and temporal variation in their distribution and productivity. Spatio‐temporal variation can arise from differences in habitat quality, human impacts (including harvest), density‐dependent changes in per capita productivity, as well as individual movement. Human impacts (e.g. direct harvest) also vary spatially and over time, and monitoring the overlap between impacts and population distribution is necessary to ensure that human impacts are sustainable and to prioritize research and management for populations that are heavily impacted. However, estimating spatio‐temporal variation in human impacts and population dynamics while accounting for individual movement has remained computationally challenging for decades.

We developed a spatial population growth (also known as ‘surplus production’) model that is inspired by finite element analysis, which estimates spatio‐temporal population dynamics given density‐dependent population regulation, individual movement and spatially explicit harvest. We demonstrate the method using data for big skate Raja binoculata in the California Current from 2003 to 2013 and demonstrate that results can be processed to estimate an upper limit on sustainable harvest (an ‘overfishing limit’). We also conduct a simulation experiment to explore the small‐sample properties of parameter estimates.

A simulation experiment confirms that real‐world sample sizes are sufficient to estimate the sustainable harvest level within 20% of its actual value. However, sample sizes are likely insufficient to reliably estimate movement rates.

The spatial population growth model estimates an overfishing limit of 740–890 metric tonnes for big skate from 2010 to 2013, compared with annual harvest <100 tonnes. This suggests that recent harvest of big skate is likely sustainable, and sensitivity analysis confirms that this conclusion is robust to different potential rates for individual movement.

Synthesis and applications. We recommend that spatio‐temporal population models be used across systems and taxa to monitor the spatial overlap between species distribution and human impacts. For big skate, we recommend management rules triggering additional data collection and assessment effort if harvest rates substantially increase. We also recommend future research regarding spatial management regulations for emerging fisheries.
The Effects of Burning and Mold Growth on the Chemical Composition of Firelog Fuels
Authors: Winters Kelsey , Evans Michelle 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFirelogs consist of a cellulosic material, such as sawdust or wood particles, and a combustible binder (fuel). Historically, the fuel typically consisted of a petroleum‐based (paraffin) wax; however, some manufacturers now include vegetable oils in their firelog fuels. To determine fuel composition, fuels from various brands of firelogs were extracted and analyzed by high‐temperature gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HTGC‐MS) and a GC‐MS with a polar column specific for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Firelogs were also burned, allowed to grow mold, and analyzed by GC‐MS to determine the effects that burning and mold growth have on firelog fuel composition. Mold did not tend to preferentially degrade any of the fatty acids. Burning caused a decrease in the relative amount of all of the fatty acids present in the vegetable oil fuel, with a greater effect on unsaturated fatty acids than saturated ones.
Characterization, Anti‐Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Activities of Natural and Sulfonated Exo‐Polysaccharides from Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275
Authors: Li Siqian , Shah Nagendra P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExo‐polysaccharides (EPS) isolated from Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275 were sulfated (31%). High‐performance liquid chromatography identified that EPS was composed of mannose (30.19%), galactose (20.10%), glucose (18.05%), glucosamine (16.04%), galactosamine (9.06%), glucuronic acid (3.55%), and ribose (3.01%). Pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokine secretion ratios (IL‐1β/IL‐10, IL‐6/IL‐10, and TNF‐α/IL‐10) of lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were significantly decreased by EPS and S.EPS treatments in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, anti‐inflammatory activities of S.EPS improved 49.3% and 24.0% than those of EPS before or after LPS treatment. The reactive oxygen species were inhibited by EPS and S.EPS by 49.6% and 55.1% at 50 μg/mL, respectively. Inhibition activities of S.EPS on nitric oxide production were 12.9% and 55.4% higher than those of EPS at 10 and 50 μg/mL. Additionally, S.EPS exhibited stronger antiproliferative activity on Caco‐2 and HepG2 cells. Our results indicated that anti‐inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of EPS were significantly (P < 0.01) improved by sulfonation.
Robinia pseudoacaciaas a surrogate for native tree species for saproxylic beetles inhabiting the riparian mixed forests of northern Italy
Authors: Della Rocca Francesca , Stefanelli Silvia , Bogliani Giuseppe 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe felling and leaving of non‐native trees comprise management strategies designed to increase dead wood for saproxylic fauna in forests without affecting native tree species. In northern Italy, the most widespread exotic tree in alluvial forests is the North AmericanRobinia pseudoacacia.We quantified the difference in species composition and abundance among saproxylic beetles of two European broad‐leaved trees,Populus albaandQuercus robur, and the exotic broad‐leaved treeRobinia pseudoacacia.We collected beetles emerging from 29 fallen trunks with a diameter of between 29 and 31 cm and belonging to the second decomposition stage.We identified 249 individuals from 25 saproxylic beetle species. Species richness and composition did not differ among tree species. Although permutational multivariate analysis of variance highlighted significant differences in species composition, linear mixed effect models showed that differences depend exclusively on spatial distances between logs and not on the host tree species. The Morisita‐Horn index and principal coordinate analysis confirmed this pattern.Thus, we found that saproxylic beetles use all dead trees available in the forest, without distinguishing between exotic or native trees but only occupying the nearest ones. From a forest management point of view, this supports the practice of leaving dead wood of exotic trees at restorations for saproxylic beetles.
Choroidal melanoma and pregnancy
Authors: Lemaître Stéphanie , Lévy‐Gabriel Christine , Desjardins Laurence , Plancher Corine , Asselain Bernard , Vincent‐Salomon Anne , Lumbroso‐Le Rouic Livia , Dendale Rémi , Rouzier Roman , Delacroix Sabine , Cassoux Nathalie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPurposeChoroidal melanoma is a rare tumour in adults. The mean age at diagnosis is 60, but the tumour can affect women of childbearing age. A negative effect of pregnancy on patients' survival has not been formally excluded to date. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on the prognosis of choroidal melanoma.MethodsWe conducted a single‐centre retrospective study at the Institut Curie on the population of women of childbearing age who were diagnosed with choroidal melanoma between June 1980 and October 2013. We took a particular interest in the prognosis of those who were pregnant at the time of diagnosis and in the prognosis of those who chose to get pregnant after the treatment.ResultsWe found 27 pregnant patients at the time of diagnosis and 13 patients who became pregnant after the treatment. There was no difference in the survival between these two groups of patients and the group of other women of childbearing age diagnosed with choroidal melanoma (p = 0.52). There was also no difference in metastasis‐free survival (p = 0.91). Most women were able to carry their pregnancies to term (67% had a term pregnancy, and only 7% had an abortion). For women who were pregnant when they were diagnosed with choroidal melanoma, a conservative treatment was chosen in 85% of cases, and proton beam therapy was the most widely used treatment.ConclusionsSurvival in women of childbearing age does not appear to be influenced by pregnancy. We show that proton beam therapy can be used to treat women who are pregnant at the time of choroidal melanoma diagnosis.