bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute tryptophan depletion in bipolar disorders; literature review and directives for further research
Authors: Sobczak S. , Honig A. , Riedel W.J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTSerotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorders. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), which decreases serotonergic turnover, is an established paradigm to study serotonergic vulnerability in affective disorders. Literature on the application of ATD as a research tool in bipolar patients is limited to three studies, which revealed inconsistent results on mood modification. These inconsistencies may be attributed to differences in methodological procedures and / or characteristics of included patients. Patient selection, methodological aspects and procedures of these studies are critically considered and recommendations given. A research protocol to test the 5-HT vulnerability in bipolar disorder is proposed.
Immunological aspects of bipolar disorder
Authors: Kupka R.W. , Hillegers M.H.J. , Nolen W.A. , Breunis N. , Drexhage H.A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Significant changes in immune function have been found in mood disorders. Controlled studies in bipolar disorder concerning cell-mediated immunity and thyroid autoimmunity are reviewed, and presented together with preliminary findings from our own ongoing study.Method: Using Medline and other sources, 14 controlled studies as well as some other relevant studies were found.Results: Bipolar disorder is associated with an acute phase response and activation of the cell-mediated immune system, and with an increased prevalence of antithyroid autoantibodies.Conclusion: Changes in immune function, in connection with neuroendocrine changes, may provide new hypotheses for the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
Neuropathological studies of bipolar disorder
Authors: Harrison P.J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe few available neuropathological studies of bipolar disorder are reviewed and placed in the context of structural imaging findings. Candidate pathological processes include cy-toarchitectural abnormalities, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex and affecting glia, and disruption of white matter connections. The possible neuropathological relationship of bipolar disorder with major depression and with schizophrenia is discussed.
Relapse to drug and alcohol use: a matter of sensitization
Authors: Schoffelmeer A.N.M. , Vanderschuren L.J.M.J. , Mulder A.H. , Jacobs E.H. , Vries T.J. De 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYRepeated exposure of rats to cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, nicotine and alcohol causes a very long-lasting (months) increase in the behavioral effects of these addictive drugs and drug-associated environmental stimuli (sensitization). This hypersensitivity is associated with persistent changes in the reactivity of neurons of the motivational (mesocorticolim-bic) system in the brain. Using an animal model for relapse, recent studies in our laboratory show that relapse to drug-seeking behavior (following extinction of intravenous cocaine or heroin self-administration) depends on the occurrence of sensitization. Accordingly, sensitization and conditioning seem to be more important for the persistence of drug and alcohol addiction then the occurrence of withdrawal phenomena. Biochemical research on the molecular and cellular basis of behavioral sensitization and behavioral studies on readjustment of stimulus responsiveness in rats, is of great importance for the development of an adequate pharmacotherapy of addiction.
Perseveration in schizophrenic patients: a neuropsychological approach for research
Authors: Lanser M.G. , Ellenbroek B.A. , Cools A.R. , Zitman F.G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYPerseveration is a core symptom of schizophrenia, the cause, however, is unknown. It has been shown that for people with frontal lobe lesions, perseveration can be explained with a set-maintenance problem. Perseveration in Parkinson's disease can be explained with problems shifting from one set to another without cues (set-shifting). These disorders can be distinguished using a two-choice task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, that is analysed in phases. Analogs of these tests can be used in animal research. By adding an animal part to the human research, more insight can be gained into the role of specific brain areas in set-maintenance and set-shifting.
Somatization disorders in non psychiatric settings: A multidimensional diagnostic approach
Authors: Ebel H. , Müller-Küppers M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryGiven the diagnostic ambiguity of physically unexplained complaints we wanted to study whether the clinically and symptomatically characterized groups, all of them defined according to DSM-III-R criteria, could be reclassified using selected empirical and theoretical variables of operationally defined parameters.Patients with conversion (N = 75), somatization or undifferentiated somatoform disorders (N = 74) and major depression (N = 70) according to DSM-III-R underwent multidimensional work-up including psychopathological, personality-psychological, illness, behavioral and coping assessment. The clinically characterized groups should be statistically reclassified by discriminant analytic techniques.The existing diagnostic categories according to DSM-III-R could be widely confirmed by the statistical reconstitution of the clinical groups. Conversion, somatization and depressive disorder presented as distinct clinical categories.A classification relying widely on symptoms still seems to be too superficial and does not represent the complexity of these patients. Thus, the modern classification systems with their purely phenomenological criteria should be added with further dimensions.
Med Psych Units: Proceedings and abstracts of the Triptych Workshop 9 december 1999 Maastricht
Authors: Honig A. , Troost J. , Kuijpers P.M.J.C. , van Vliet I.M. 
Published: July 2016

Med Psych Units (MPU) are neither clear-cut medical nor psychiatric units. This makes it difficult to acquire funding for these often expensive units. Despite this, there are many reasons why MPU's should be a necessary part of any larger scale inpatient service of a general and teaching hospital. It is therefore even more remarkable that such units hardly exist in Europe and that only about twenty exist in the USA. Five main reasons why such units should be opened are:The increasing average age of the population of the Western World, with high co-morbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly and elderly elderly.An increase in the number of chronic physical diseases resulting in co-morbid psychiatric disorders. This increase in chronicity is the consequence of increasingly successful treatment of acute and potentially lethal diseases; for example, acute myocardial infarction and the subsequent development of chronic heart disease.The decreasing duration of hospital admission. On average the duration of stay in a general hospital in The Netherlands is now nine days. The number of day-treatments has doubled in the last decade. This situation means that it is not possible to observe the behavior of patients on a general medical ward or to carry out a psychiatric consultation.Inadequate medical evaluation of psychiatric patients. According to a recent survey by the Dutch Ministry of Health, the care given for physical disease to psychiatric patients in mental hospitals in The Netherlands needs much to be desired for.The psychiatric co-morbidity of somatic diseases is accompanied by a high consumption of medical facilities and high economic losses, unless adequately recognized and treated.
Acoustic startle responses of rats with cerebral developmental abnormalities: implications for schizophrenia
Authors: Talamini L.M. , Ellenbroek B. , Koch T. , Korf J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMounting evidence suggests involvement of prenatal factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The objective of the present study was to provide evidence for the hypothesis on schizophrenia that abnormal fetal brain development leads to impaired sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle stimuli. To this purpose, pregnant rats were treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate on one of four subsequent days of gestation, from E9 to E12. These procedures inhibit early stages of cortical proliferation in the foetuses, resulting in adult brain abnormalities that were mainly found in the entorhinal region. At the adult age, habituation andprepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle responses to acoustic stimuli were investigated. Our results show impaired habituation and PPI in rats treated at embryonic days 10 and 11. It is concluded that sensorimotor gating deficits can result from a developmental abnormality involving the entorhinal region, supporting the hypothesis that similar deficits, often observed in schizophrenic subjects, may be the result of entorhinal cortex dysfunction.
Behavioural genetics: An introduction
Authors: Sluyter F. , Ellenbroek B.A. 
Published: July 2016

Behavioural genetics is the study of the hereditary influence on behaviour, and can therefore be regarded as the intersection between behavioural sciences and genetics. As with most other fields of research it is difficult to exactly pinpoint when behavioural genetics started. In fact, one might say that the notion behavioural traits can be inherited may have appeared in human thought as early at 8000 BC, when the domestication of the dog began.The scientific era of behavioural genetics is generally considered to start with Charles Darwin. In his famous book On the Origin of Species by Means of natural Selection, or the Preservation of favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, published in 1859 (and sold out the first day), he devoted an entire chapter on instinctive behavioural patterns. Some years later, in his book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, he clearly stated that the difference between the mind of a human being and the mind of an animal ‘is certainly one of degree and not of kind’. Moreover he gave considerable thought that mental powers (and insanity) are heritable aspects.
Dimensional models and neurobiology of personality disorders
Authors: van den Brink W. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYSince the introduction of a separate axis in DSM-III (1980), the validity of the categorical nature of the classification of personality disorders has been seriously questioned. Subsequently, a number of multidimensional alternatives have been proposed based on statistical procedures or theoretical considerations. At the same time, the study of the neurobiological underpinnings of personality and personality disorders has created a better understanding of etiological and pathogenetic processes responsible for these chronic disorders. The findings of these studies corroborate some of the major findings of statistical studies regarding the nature of the frequent comorbidity of axis II disorders. In the discussion, a mixed, two-tier diagnostic model is proposed to serve both scientific and clinical aims without the disadvantages of an exclusive choice for either categorical or dimensional approaches to the classification of personality pathology.
Cognitive aging and early neurophychological diagnostics
Authors: Jolies J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYWith aging, most cognitive functions decline, especially processes concerning memorizing, attention, concentration, organizing, planning and problem solving. Neuropsychology can make an important contribution in early and differential diagnostics. The borderline between normal and pathological cognitive aging is especially important in this respect. The neuropsychologist gains insight in medical, biological, psychological and social factors of the aging person. Has the profile of complaints and deficits a normal background or is a pathological process taking place? It is important to people who are unnecessarily worried about possible dementia.Neuropsychological assessment also provides information about a patient's disturbed and undisturbed cognitive functions, their personality and their way of coping with problems in every day's life. This is of major importance, because it provides information and possibilities for biological or psychological interventions. Because of the complexity of problems that may occur, it is necessary that the neuropsychologist is experienced and works in a multidisciplinary team in which neurological and psychiatric expertise is present.
The role of serotonin in Parkinsons' Disease: An integrated approach for research of motor, cognitive and affective symptoms with functional intervention studies
Authors: Leentjens A.F.G. , Verhey F.R.J. , Vreeling F.W. , van Praag H.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySerotonin seems to play an important role in the regulation of dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter activities. In patients with Parkinsons' Disease, serotonergic activity is generally reduced, which is considered a compensating mechanism for the reduced dopaminergic activity. At the same time, reduction of serotonin activity may play a role in the expression of cognitive and affective symptoms. Functional intervention with serotonergic agents makes it possible to temporarily enhance or reduce the availability of serotonin in the brain. This will provide the opportunity to study motor, cognitive and affective symptoms in an integrated approach. This type of research has hardly been preformed in patients with Parkinson's Disease.
Het meten van psychomotorische vertraging bij depressie deel II
Authors: Sabbe B. , Hoof J. Van , Hulstijn W. , Zitman F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis review (part I and II) contains an overview of the literature of the past fifteen years over psychomotor retardation in depressed patients, as measured by the following methods:observation scales (part I);observation, coding and analysis of specific nonverbal behaviour (part I);speech research (part I);(choice) reaction time tasks (part II);analysis of gross motor activity (part II);of fine motor behaviour (part II).In each section the results of the different studies are summarized and discussed, in order to answer the following questions: (a) did the depressed patients show any retardation?, (b) how did this retardation manifest itself?, (c) what was the nature of the retardation?, (d) were there any correlations with the results of other methods? and (e) what were the effects of antidepressive treatment?
Hersenveranderingen en ‘sprongen’ in de eerste 20 levensmaanden en de invloed van de context op gedragsmaten van regressieperioden
Authors: Plooij F.X. 
Published: July 2016

Het idee dat er een koppeling te leggen valt tussen rijping van het zenuwstelsel en ontwikkelings-mijlpalen of -transities, zoals voor het eerst grijpen, kruipen of lopen, is onhoudbaar gebleken. Wel valt er een koppeling in de tijd te leggen tussen hersenveranderingen en regressieperioden zoals beschreven door Van de Rijt-Plooij en Plooij (1992). De vraag hoe de regressieperioden zieh ‘biologisch’ en gedragsmatig manifesteren is daarom van belang. Dat blijkt minder eenvoudig te zijn dan men zou denken. De context blijkt van invloed te zijn. Daarover gaat dit artikel.De opzet van het artikel is als volgt. Eerst wordt de koppeling tussen hersenveranderingen en regressieperioden besproken. Dan wordt onze visie op de relatie tussen regressieperioden en ontwikkelingstransities of wel nieuwe vaardigheden toegelicht. Tenslotte wordt de invloed van de context op ‘biologische’ en gedragsmaten van regressie beschreven.
Olanzapine as medication of first choice in therapy-resistant schizophrenia?
Authors: à Campo J. , Nijman H. , Merckelbach H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA case history of a thirty-one year old schizophrenic female who was treated with olanzapine is described. Olanzapine is a relatively new atypical antipsychotic drug with a dopamine antagonistic as well as a potent serotonine antagonistic effect. Olanzapine was prescribed effectively after haloperidol, flupentixol chloride, and clozapine had not lead to (lasting) improvements of the psychiatric condition of the patient. Considering the efficacy and the limited risks of this relatively new antipsychotic medication the question arises as to whether olanzapine should be considered as the drug of first choice for patients who do not benefit from treatment with a typical neuroleptic drug.
The prospects of new antipsychotic principles
Authors: Carlsson A. 
Published: July 2016

Biological schizophrenia research has been dominated by the dopamine hypothesis for decades, but in recent years a more diversified view has gained increasing attention. Several neurotransmitters are now being discussed, and especially their interaction in complex circuitries.The demonstration of an atypical profile of clozapine (Leponex®), with lessened extrapyramidal side effects and somewhat increased efficacy, has stimulated this research field considerably. This agent has high affinity not only for the different dopamine receptor subtypes, but also for serotonergic, alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. Different workers have stressed one or more of these sites as being of major importance for the atypical profile of clozapine, and several drug companies have made attempts to mimic the profile of clozapine by developing molecules with affinity for these receptors in varying proportions. A number of such agents have reached or will soon reach the market and appear to be promising, even though they may not match clozapine in terms of atypicality.
Biological concepts of anxiety disorders
Authors: Westenberg H.G.M. 
Published: July 2016

Since the seminal work of Geller and Blum there is a vast expanding literature relating anxiety symptoms to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The general picture emerging from animal research is that increasing 5-HT function is anxiogenic. However, animal research is confined by the fact that extrapolations from animal behavior to human emotions have limited validity. Human anxiety can range from normal emotions to clinical syndromes. It can be a component of different physical and mental disorders, but also the central feature of a syndromes.During the last decade, a wealth of knowledge about the origin and anatomical distribution of 5-HT neuronal systems has been obtained. Our understanding of the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of anxiety has also considerably advanced, but the picture is still puzzling. We are faced with a large number of 5-HT-receptor subtypes, each with its own specific distribution and presumably specific function. The complexity of the 5-HT system in terms of receptor heterogeneity offers a dazzling opportunity to the development of new drugs affecting selective 5-HT functions, but it also precludes that firm conclusions can be drawn when less selective agents are being used.
The prediction of response in the anxiety disorders
Authors: Slaap B.R. , van Vliet I.M. , Westenberg H.G.M. , den Boer J.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this review the results are discussed on the prediction of response to pharmacotherapy in panic disorder (PD) and social phobia (SP). From the literature it appears that in PD variables indicative of illness severity are predictors of non-response. In our own studies we found that non-responders to pharmacotherapy in PD are characterised by a higher score on the Blood-Injury subscale of the Fear Questionnaire, a higher plasma MHPG and a higher heart rate. In SP non-responders to pharmacotherapy were also characterised by a higher heart rate. They also appeared to have a higher blood pressure. Furthermore non-responders to pharmacotherapy in SP had higher scores on several psychometric scales, indicative of illness severity.
De Widlöcher Remmingsschaal, een Nederlandse Schaal Voor het Meten van Psychomotorische Remming
Authors: de Weme R.J.C. , Hoeksema T. , Goekoop J.G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAim: Translation of a specific instrument to measure psychomotor retardation, the “Widlöcher Retardation Rating Scale” and validation of this Dutch translation (Widlöcher remmingsschaal, WRS). Method: In three separate studies, we studied reliability (n = 26), concurrent and divergent validity (n = 25) and predictive validity (n = 28) of the WRS. In- and outpatients with a depressive disorder or schizophrenia participated, and scores on the WRS were compared with those on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and retardation items of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).Results: The internal consistency was good (Cronbach alpha = 0.86), interrater reliability was sufficient to good, the correlation between the sumscores of both raters was r = 0.84, n = 23, p <0.01 and the kappa's were between 0.23 and 0.80. Convergent and divergent validity showed in comparing the correlation between the sum scores on the WRS and the CPRS retardation items (r = 0.91, n = 25, p < 0.01 ) with the correlation between the sumscores on the WRS and the MADRS (r = 0.40, n = 25, p = 0.1). The decrease of the sum scores on the WRS after two weeks of treatment with antide-pressants predicted remission after six weeks. A subgroup of the patients who were not in remission after six weeks, showed a predominance of retardation signs over mood disturbances. The same clinical picture was seen in a group of patients with a chronic disorder.Conclusion: De Widlöcher Retardation Rating Scale in this Dutch translation is a usefull instrument to measure psychomotor retardation. The connection between remaining retardation symptoms and longterm prognosis deserves further investigation.
Magneto-encefalografie
Authors: Peters M.J. , Reinders F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA magnetoencephalogram (MEG) is the registration of the magnetic field in points near the head. Because MEG's are weak fields, they have to be measured by means of superconducting sensors. The electric active population of neurons can be computed from the distribution of the magnetic field at a certain instant of time. This is called the inverse problem. In order to solve this probem, both the generators and the head have to be modelled. Usually, a patch of active neurons is modelled as a current dipole. Commonly, the head is described by three compartments, representing the brain, the skull and the scalp. The compartments may have the shape of spheres or they may have a realistic shape. Integration of EEG and MEG with MRI leads to a technique for functional imaging of the brain with a time resolution of one millisecond and a spatial resolution of one centimetre. Clinical applications are the non-invasive localization of an epileptic focus or the presurgical mapping of the sensorimotor cortex.
Antidepressive interventions: on state and vulnerability of the brain
Authors: Korf J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn attempt is made to relate drug and non-drug antidepressive interventions to brain processes. In the present context two concepts are proposed: vulnerability towards depressogenic factors and depression as a state of the brain. Accordingly, it is assumed that the current antidepressants make the brain less vulnerable by inhibiting monoaminergic neurons and by reducing the number or efficacy of their postsynaptic receptors. In contrast, electroconvulsive therapie and sleep-deprivation affect primarily the state of the brain and can produce spectacular (but often short lasting) improvements. It is proposed that the combination of the two aspects may lead to fast and lasting antidepressive effects.
Biology of personality disorders
Authors: Tuinier S. , Verhoeven W.M.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySince the introduction of international psychiatric classification systems, systematic diagnostic methods have become available for personality disorders. Recent developments in the dimensional diagnostic approach of personality disorders have yielded relationships between this type of disorders and neurobiological processes including both monoaminergic and stress-hormonal systems. It is hypothesized that the pathogenesis of borderline personality disorders is related to an enhanced serotonergic tone in septo-hippocampal structures. Preliminary clinical data are suggestive for potential therapeutic effects of serotonin-modulating compounds in borderline personality disorders