bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Aelia, 133–135
Authors: Roth Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In 132, a Jewish revolt against Roman rule broke out in Palestine. The origins of the Bar Kokhbar revolt are connected with the visit of the emperor Hadrian to the city of Jerusalem in 129–130, and possibly with his plans to refound the city as a Roman colony, renamed Aelia. The rebels were led by Simon Bar Kosiba, who claimed to be the messiah, and for several years controlled large parts of Judea, minting their own coinage—though, if they ever controlled Jerusalem, they did so only briefly. The revolt was suppressed by 135 thanks to a huge troop surge, the redeployment of experienced commanders, and (apparently) the personal intervention of the emperor. Jerusalem was remodeled and Jews forbidden to live in the city.
The Fourth‐Century Roman Empire: West
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn the 350 s the security of Gaul was undermined by Roman internal conflicts, with the result that Alamans and other tribal groups were able to overrun large parts of Gaul. The Caesar Julian restored the position with energetic campaigning and a great victory near Strasburg. After Julian's death in the east, Emperor Valentinian continued the campaigns and, after his death, his son Gratian was able to extend the effective Roman defense of the Rhine and upper Danube frontiers.
Nicht‐ribosomale Peptidsynthese – Prinzipien und Perspektiven
Authors: Süssmuth Roderich D. , Mainz Andi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNicht‐ribosomale Peptidsynthetasen (NRPSs) sind große Multienzymmaschinerien, die zahlreiche Peptide mit enormer struktureller und funktionaler Diversität erzeugen. Unter diesen Produkten befinden sich mehr als 20 auf dem Markt befindliche Wirkstoffe, darunter Antibiotika (Penicillin, Vancomycin), antitumorale Medikamente (Bleomycin) und Immunsuppressiva (Cyclosporin). In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben biochemische sowie strukturbiologische Studien mechanistische Einblicke in die hochkomplexen NRPSs gewährt. Dieser Aufsatz fasst den aktuellen Kenntnisstand über die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen von NRPSs zusammen und gibt einen Überblick über die Vielfalt ihrer Produkte. Ebenso behandelt werden die Probleme und Herausforderungen, die mit der Umprogrammierung von NRPS‐Systemen einhergehen. Das Potenzial einer solchen Umprogrammierung liegt begründet in einer nachhaltigen Generierung von Wirkstoffanaloga und neuen Substanzbibliotheken, die anderenfalls kaum zugänglich sind.
Controllable Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Zwitterionic PBI Towards Tunable Surface Wettability of the Nanostructures
Authors: Ye Yong , Lü Baozhong , Cheng Wenyu , Wu Zhen , Wei Jie , Yin Meizhen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAmphiphilic molecules have received wide attention as they possess both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, and can form diverse nanostructures in selective solvents. Herein, we report an asymmetric amphiphilic zwitterionic perylene bisimide (AZP) with an octyl chain and a zwitterionic group on the opposite imide positions of perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The controllable nanostructures of AZP with tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface have been investigated through solvent‐dependent amphiphilic self‐assembly as confirmed by SEM, TEM, and contact angle measurements. The planar perylene core of AZP contributes to strong π–π stacking, while the amphiphilic balance of asymmetric AZP adjusts the self‐assembly property. Additionally, due to intermolecular π–π stacking and solvent–solute interactions, AZP could self‐assemble into hydrophilic microtubes in a polar solvent (acetone) and hydrophobic nanofibers in an apolar solvent (hexane). This facile method provides a new pathway for controlling the surface properties based on an asymmetric amphiphilic zwitterionic perylene bisimide.
Acute ethanol exposure during late mouse neurodevelopment results in long‐term deficits in memory retrieval, but not in social responsiveness
Authors: Houlé Katherine , Abdi Myshake , Clabough Erin B. D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivePrenatal alcohol exposure can result in neurological changes in affected individuals and may result in the emergence of a broad spectrum of neurobehavioral abnormalities termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The effects of ethanol exposure during development are both time and dose dependent. Although many animal models of FASD use more chronic ethanol exposure, acute developmental alcohol exposure may also cause long‐lasting neuronal changes. Our research employed behavioral measures to assess the effects of a single early postnatal ethanol intoxication event in mice.Materials and MethodsMice were dosed at postnatal day 6 (a 2.5 g/kg dose of ethanol or a saline control administered twice, 2 hr apart) as a model of third trimester binge drinking in humans. This exposure was followed by behavioral assessment in male mice at 1 month (1M) and at 4 months of age (4M), using the Barnes maze (for learning/memory retrieval), exploratory behavior, and a social responsiveness task.ResultsEthanol‐exposed mice appeared to be less motivated to complete the Barnes maze at 1M, but were able to successfully learn the maze. However, deficits in long‐term spatial memory retrieval were observed in ethanol‐exposed mice when the Barnes maze recall was measured at 4M. No significant differences were found in open field behavior or social responsiveness at 1M or 4M of age.ConclusionsAcute ethanol exposure at P6 in mice leads to mild but long‐lasting deficits in long‐term spatial memory. Results suggest that even brief acute exposure to high ethanol levels during the third trimester equivalent of human pregnancy may have a permanent negative impact on the neurological functioning of the offspring.
New simulation tool for teaching–learning processes in engineering education
Authors: Akkoyun Ozgur 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, new simulation‐based software developed for educational purposes is introduced. The software simulates the processing system of natural stone plants which are very important and have been taught in natural stone production related lectures both at mining engineering departments and vocational high schools. The software was used during these classes and the students’ feedbacks were measured by Likert scale surveys. This paper presents the development process of this software and the feedback results of its application in the classes. Positive feedbacks from the students encourage us for the next projects and show that the software achieved its learning objectives. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:404–410, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21807
Chemical Components from Phaeanthus vietnamensis and Their Inhibitory NO Production in BV2 Cells
Authors: Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Tuong Nguyen Trung , Ky Pham Thanh , Subedi Lalita , Park Seon Ju , Ngoc Tran Minh , Yen Pham Hai , Tai Bui Huu , Quang Tran Hong , Kiem Phan Van , Kim Sun Yeou , Kim Seung Hyun 
Published: March 2017

Phaeanthus vietnamensis Bân is a well‐known medicinal plant which has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases in traditional medicine. Using various chromatographic methods, three new compounds, (7S,8R,8′R)‐9,9′‐epoxy‐3,5,3′,5′‐tetramethoxylignan‐4,4′,7‐triol (1), 8α‐hydroxyoplop‐11(12)‐en‐14‐one (5), and (1R,2S,4S)‐4‐acetyl‐2‐[(E)‐(cinnamoyloxy)]‐1‐methylcyclohexan‐1‐ol (12) along with twelve known compounds were isolated from the leaves of P. vietnamensis. Their chemical structures were elucidated by physical and chemical methods. All compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory activities of nitric oxide production in LPS‐stimulated BV2 cells. As the results, compound 6 showed the most potent inhibitory activity on LPS‐stimulated NO production in BV2 cells with the IC50 values of 15.7 ± 1.2 μm. Compounds 2, 7, and 8 significantly inhibited inflammatory NO production with IC50 values ranging from 22.6 to 25.3 μm.
Opening of New Synthetic Routes Using Segmented Microflow in Multistep Syntheses
Authors: Karl Dominik , Börner Pia , Misuk Viktor , Löwe Holger 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe application of microfluidics in organic chemistry is a valuable tool to access new synthesis pathways and to break limitations set by traditional batch chemistry. In the past, the majority of research focused on solving problems associated with individual reactions. It is necessary to advance the field by incorporating flow chemistry in longer multistep syntheses to open more direct paths towards complicated compounds. Several strategies were developed to meet the demands of a four‐step synthesis, which includes biphasic nitrations, gaseous substrates, and very fast reactions on multifunctional molecules. A unique micro flow setup was applied in each reaction to meet its specific requirements.
Metal Ion‐Catalyzed Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Calcium Lignosulfonate in Subcritical Water
Authors: Liu Chao , Xu Jiahuan , Hu Jun , Zhang Huiyan , Xiao Rui 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThree metal ion catalysts, namely, Na+, K+, and Ca2+, were tested to improve liquefaction of calcium lignosulfonate, and their effects on product distribution were specifically investigated. Results showed that metal ion catalysts favored the production of hydrogen as well as of phenolic compounds. The total contents of phenolic compounds catalyzed by metal ions were generally higher than 75 %. The catalysis abilities of Na+ and K+ were better than that of Ca2+. The neutral‐alkaline condition was much more beneficial to calcium lignosulfonate liquefaction. Compared to the hydrochars with Na+ and K+ catalysts, the hydrochars with Ca2+ catalyst had higher carbon content and a higher heating value.
Mass Transfer in Reactive Bubbly Flows – A Single‐Bubble Study
Authors: Merker David , Böhm Lutz , Oßberger Martin , Klüfers Peter , Kraume Matthias 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe design of reactors with a dispersed gas in a liquid phase, e.g., bubble columns, is often based on rather roughly estimated parameters. To obtain a better understanding of the influence and interaction of the fluid dynamics and the mass transfer in the presence of a chemical reaction of NO and Fe(EDTA) in the liquid phase, the complex system of a bubbly flow is here reduced to single‐bubble investigations. For this purpose, mass transfer is investigated with and without chemical reaction to be able to differentiate between various influencing factors and determined enhancement caused by the chemical reaction. Two experimental setups are applied, namely, the first one with two moving cameras where the velocity is adapted to the rising velocity of the bubble, and the second one is a countercurrent‐flow cell.
Doping Copper Ions into an Fe/N/C Composite Promotes Catalyst Performance for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yu Guo‐Qiang , Wei Ping‐Jie , Wang Fei‐Fei , Liu Jin‐Gang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDeveloping new non‐precious‐metal catalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in low‐temperature fuel cells is highly desirable for replacing Pt‐based noble‐metal electrocatalysts. Herein, we report a two‐step method to prepare Fe, Cu, and N‐doped reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (rGO/CNT) composites through the low‐temperature hydrothermal treatment of iron‐porphyrin‐modified graphene and copper‐chloride‐loaded CNTs followed by high‐temperature calcination, for use as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the ORR. The optimized Fe/Cu−N‐rGO/CNT catalyst exhibited higher ORR activity and superior stability, as compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 mol ⋅ L−1 KOH solutions, and also demonstrates good stability in acidic electrolytes. These results suggest that additional doping of Cu ions into the Fe/N/C catalyst significantly promotes the catalyst ORR performance.
Synthesis of T‐705‐Ribonucleoside and T‐705‐Ribonucleotide and Studies of Chemical Stability
Authors: Huchting Johanna , Winkler Matthias , Nasser Hiba , Meier Chris 
Published: March 2017

AbstractT‐705 (favipiravir) is a fluorinated hydroxypyrazine carboxamide that exhibits antiviral activities against a variety of RNA viruses. Given the lack of potent agents to combat these infections caused by a large number of high‐impact pathogens, significant emphasis has been put on studies of the antiviral properties of T‐705 and its mechanism of action. T‐705 acts as a nucleobase analogue; it is therefore metabolized to the corresponding ribonucleoside triphosphate intracellularly. Herein we report a reliable synthesis of T‐705‐ribonucleoside as well as its 5′‐monophosphate. Moreover, we disclose detailed studies on the remarkable lability of the heterocycle when attached to ribose under very mild conditions, as typically applied in biochemical studies.
The prognostic value of extranodal extension in human papillomavirus‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: An Yi , Park Henry S. , Kelly Jacqueline R. , Stahl John M. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Burtness Barbara A. , Contessa Joseph N. , Decker Roy H. , Koshy Matthew , Husain Zain A. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUNDExtranodal (or extracapsular) extension (ENE) is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with head and neck cancers who undergo primary surgery. However, the significance of ENE in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is not well established, and single‐institution studies have not established that ENE predicts inferior outcome. The authors investigated the prognostic value of ENE in HPV‐positive patients who underwent primary surgery and whether adjuvant chemoradiation improved overall survival (OS) compared with radiation alone in ENE‐positive patients.METHODSPatients who underwent primary surgery for pathologic T1 (pT1) through pT4 tumors, pathologic N1 (pN1) through pN3 lymph node status, HPV‐positive OPSCC were identified in the National Cancer Data Base from 2010 through 2012. Features associated with ENE were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses identified predictors of OS. The effect of adjuvant treatment on OS in ENE‐positive cohort was also evaluated.RESULTSIn total, 1043 patients met inclusion criteria, among whom 43.5% were ENE‐positive. Of the ENE‐positive patients who had treatment details available, 72% received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, 16% received radiotherapy, and 12% received no adjuvant treatment. After a median follow‐up of 28.4 months, ENE was associated with worse 3‐year OS (89.3% vs 93.6%; P = .01). On multivariable analysis that included involved lymph nodes, only ENE, lymphovascular invasion, pT3/pT4 tumors, and Charlson‐Deyo score were associated with worse OS. Among ENE‐positive patients, there was no difference in 3‐year OS between those who received adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone (89.6% vs 89.3%, respectively; P = .55). Propensity score‐matched comparison revealed similar results.CONCLUSIONSENE is associated with inferior OS in patients with HPV‐positive OPSCC. However, OS was not better with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in ENE‐positive patients. The current findings support the need for prospective studies of adjuvant chemoradiation in HPV‐positive patients with ENE. Cancer 2017;123:2762‐72. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Three‐dimensional analysis of somatic mitochondrial dynamics in fission‐deficient injured motor neurons using FIB/SEM
Authors: Tamada Hiromi , Kiryu‐Seo Sumiko , Hosokawa Hiroki , Ohta Keisuke , Ishihara Naotada , Nomura Masatoshi , Mihara Katsuyoshi , Nakamura Kei‐ichiro , Kiyama Hiroshi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMitochondria undergo morphological changes through fusion and fission for their quality control, which are vital for neuronal function. In this study, we examined three‐dimensional morphologies of mitochondria in motor neurons under normal, nerve injured, and nerve injured plus fission‐impaired conditions using the focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), because the FIB/SEM technology is a powerful tool to demonstrate both 3D images of whole organelle and the intra‐organellar structure simultaneously. Crossing of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) gene‐floxed mice with neuronal injury‐specific Cre driver mice, Atf3:BAC Tg mice, allowed for Drp1 ablation specifically in injured neurons. FIB/SEM analysis demonstrated that somatic mitochondrial morphologies in motor neurons were not altered before or after nerve injury. However, the fission impairment resulted in prominent somatic mitochondrial enlargement, which initially induced complex morphologies with round regions and long tubular processes, subsequently causing a decrease in the number of processes and further enlargement of the round regions, which eventually resulted in big spheroidal mitochondria without processes. The abnormal mitochondria exhibited several degradative morphologies: local or total cristae collapse, vacuolization, and mitophagy. These suggest that mitochondrial fission is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial integrity in injured motor neurons, and multiple forms of mitochondria degradation may accelerate neuronal degradation.
Dynamic data integrity auditing for secure outsourcing in the cloud
Authors: Wei Jinxia , Zhang Ru , Liu Jianyi , Li Jing , Niu Xinxin , Yao Yuangang 
Published: March 2017

SummaryCloud servers provide cloud users with storage service and allow cloud users to access their files anytime. To guarantee security of the stored files, auditors need to periodically verify data block correctness. In the existing integrity verification schemes, there are few protocols to support the users' identity anonymity and the data block dynamic operation simultaneously. In this paper, we present an efficient and anonymous identity‐based integrity auditing protocol, which supports data dynamic operation and can be extended to support batch auditing in the multifile or multiuser setting. Our scheme not only resists forgery, replace, and replay attacks but also maintains users' anonymity, which is not discussed in other related techniques. The computation efficiency of auditor is improved a lot. Comparing with Zhang's efficient identity‐based public auditing scheme, our scheme is more suitable for actual application scenario with large‐scale storage system.
Max‐flow min‐cut algorithm with application to road networks
Authors: Ramesh Varun , Nagarajan Shivanee , Jung Jason J. , Mukherjee Saswati 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe max‐flow min‐cut problem is one of the most explored and studied problems in the area of combinatorial algorithms and optimization. In this paper, we solve the max‐flow min‐cut problem on large random lognormal graphs and real‐world datasets using the distributed Edmonds‐Karp algorithm. The algorithm is deployed on a stand‐alone cluster using Spark. In our experiments, we compare the runtime between a single‐machine implementation and cluster implementation. We analyze the impact of communication cost on runtime for large lognormal graphs. Further, we record the runtime of the algorithm for various real‐world datasets having similar average outdegree and number of edges but different diameters. The observations indicate that for such a set of similar graphs, runtime increases slowly with an increase in diameter. Additionally, we apply this model on large urban road networks to evaluate the minimum number of sensors required for surveillance of the entire network. To validate the feasibility of this extension, we tested the model with large road network datasets having more than 2.7 million edges. Thus, we believe that our model can enhance the safety of today's dynamic large urban road networks.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Templated Catalyst: Synergy in Multiple Sites for Catalytic CO2 Fixation
Authors: Ding Meili , Chen Si , Liu Xiao‐Qin , Sun Lin‐Bing , Lu Junling , Jiang Hai‐Long 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe types and quantities of active sites play a critical role in catalysis. Herein, ZnO nanoparticles encapsulated into N‐doped porous carbon has been rationally prepared by the pyrolysis of a metal–organic framework (MOF) followed by a moderate oxidation treatment. The resulting catalyst exhibits excellent activity, selectivity, and recyclability in the CO2 cycloaddtion reactions with epoxides owing to the synergy of multiple sites inherited from the MOF and generated by the oxidation process.
Toll‐like receptor 2bright cells identify circulating monocytes in human and non‐human primates
Authors: Shirk Erin N. , Kral Brian G. , Gama Lucio 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPolychromatic flow cytometry is a useful tool for monitoring circulating whole blood monocytes, although gating strategies often vary depending on the study. Increased analyses of the myeloid system have revealed monocytes to be more plastic than previously understood and uncovered changes among surface markers previously considered to be stable. The myeloid system has also been found to have disparate surface markers between mouse, human, and non‐human primate studies, which further complicates examination between species. This study has found bright Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression to be a consistent surface marker of circulating whole blood monocytes in humans and two species of macaques. Furthermore, within our pigtailed macaque model of HIV‐associated CNS disease, where monocyte surface markers have previously been shown to reorganize during acute infection, TLR2 remains stably expressed on the surface of classical, intermediate, and non‐classical monocytes. Our findings demonstrate that TLR2 is a useful surface marker for including all monocytes during other phenotypic changes that may alter the expression of common surface receptors. These results provide a practical tool for studying all types of monocytes during inflammation and infection within humans and macaques. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Highly stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls during early development in the domestic cat
Authors: Hudson Robyn , Chacha Jimena , Bánszegi Oxána , Szenczi Péter , Rödel Heiko G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStudy of the development of individuality is often hampered by rapidly changing behavioral repertoires and the need for minimally intrusive tests. We individually tested 33 kittens from eight litters of the domestic cat in an arena for 3 min once a week for the first 3 postnatal weeks, recording the number of separation calls and the duration of locomotor activity. Kittens showed consistent and stable individual differences on both measures across and within trials. Stable individual differences in the emission of separation calls across trials emerged already within the first 10 s of testing, and in locomotor activity within the first 30 s. Furthermore, individual kittens’ emission of separation calls, but not their locomotor activity, was highly stable within trials. We conclude that separation calls provide an efficient, minimally intrusive and reliable measure of individual differences in behavior during development in the cat, and possibly in other species emitting such calls.