bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Mining Latent Client Identifiers from Network Traffic
Authors: Jain Sakshi , Javed Mobin , Paxson Vern 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Websites extensively track users via identifiers that uniquely map to client machines or user accounts. Although such tracking has desirable properties like enabling personalization and website analytics, it also raises serious concerns about online user privacy, and can potentially enable illicit surveillance by adversaries who broadly monitor network traffic.
In this work we seek to understand the possibilities of latent identifiers appearing in user traffic in forms beyond those already well-known and studied, such as browser and Flash cookies. We develop a methodology for processing large network traces to semi-automatically discover identifiers sent by clients that distinguish users/devices/browsers, such as usernames, cookies, custom user agents, and IMEI numbers. We address the challenges of scaling such discovery up to enterprise-sized data by devising multistage filtering and streaming algorithms. The resulting methodology reflects trade-offs between reducing the ultimate analysis burden and the risk of missing potential identifier strings. We analyze 15 days of data from a site with several hundred users and capture dozens of latent identifiers, primarily in HTTP request components, but also in non-HTTP protocols.
Mailet: Instant Social Networking under Censorship
Authors: Li Shuai , Hopper Nicholas 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Social media websites are blocked in many regimes where Internet censorship is applied. In this paper, we introduce Mailet, an unobservable transport proxy which enables the users to access social websites by email applications. Without assuming the Mailet servers are trustworthy, Mailet can support the services requiring privileges without having the complete credential. Particularly, the credential is split and distributed in two Mailet servers, and neither of them can recover the credential alone. To recover the credential in a TLS record message, we propose a highly efficient Galois/ Counter Mode(GCM) based secure computation, which can enable the two servers to conceal their separate credential copies in the computation. We implemented a prototype for Twitter.com to demonstrate the usability and security of Mailet.
Nucleic Acid Computing and its Potential to Transform Silicon-Based Technology
Authors: Abels Seth G. , Khisamutdinov Emil F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMolecular computers have existed on our planet for more than 3.5 billion years. Molecular computing devices, composed of biological substances such as nucleic acids, are responsible for the logical processing of a variety of inputs, creating viable outputs that are key components of the cellular machinery of all living organisms. We have begun to adopt some of the structural and functional knowledge of the cellular apparatus in order to fabricate nucleic-acid-based molecular computers in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic acid computing is directly dependent on advances in DNA and RNA nanotechnology. The field is still emerging and a number of challenges persist. Perhaps the most salient among these is how to translate a variety of nucleic-acid-based logic gates, developed by numerous research laboratories, into the realm of silicon-based computing. This mini-review provides some basic information on the advances in nucleic-acid-based computing and its potential to serve as an alternative that can revolutionize silicon-based technology.
Deontic meaning making in legislative discourse
Authors: Li Jian , Cheng Le , Cheng Winnie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractModality and negation, as two important linguistic features used to realise subjectivity, have been investigated within various disciplines, such as logic, linguistics and philosophy, and law. The interaction between modality and negation, as a relatively new and undeveloped domain, has however not been paid due attention in scholarship. This corpus-based study investigates three aspects of their interaction: the differentiation of the deontic value by negation, the categorization of deontic modality in Hong Kong legislation via negation, and distribution patterns of deontic modality, especially distribution patterns of the negation of modality, in Hong Kong legislation. This study shows that negation is a powerful linguistic mechanism not only for determining the nature and functions of modality, but also for determining the value of modality. This study also reveals that negation helps us to investigate the distribution of deontic modality in Hong Kong legislation and hence revisit the legal framework in Hong Kong. A study taking into account the discursive and professional aspects of the interaction between deontic modality and negation will provide a theoretical basis for the natural language processing of modality and negation in legislation and also offer important implications for the study of negation and modality in general contexts.
Discussion on the Comprehensive Chinese Medicine Treatment for Postoperative Syndrome of Cancer: an Enlightening from Xu Lao Disease Chapter in Golden Cabinet Stored Recipes
Authors: Yin Zhou-An , Long Ling , Luo Chen-Yu , Wen Yue-Xi , Yuan Zhen-Yi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
By analyzing the pathogenesis features of postoperative syndrome of cancer (PSC)in the light of traditional Chinese medicine, and by summarizing the Zhong-Jin ZHANG’s principles and ideas of treatment as well as herbal and formula utilization on Xu Lao Disease (consumptive disease) in his work Golden Cabinet Stored Recipes, combining with our own experience, to elucidate the basic processing principles of traditional Chinese medicine for postoperative syndrome of cancer.
The Effects of Moxibustion on Serum Interleukins and T Cell Subset in H.polyri Infected Rats
Authors: Shen Jing , Peng Yan , Shi Dong-Mei , Feng Yin-Shuai , Hou Yan-Ling , Lin Ya-Ping 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Objective: to observe the effects of moxibustion on histomorphological changes of gastric mucosa, as well as on serum IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α，Hp IgG、CD3
+、CD4
+、CD8
+ in helicobacter pylori (Hp) infected rats, so that to better understand how the moxibustion repairs the Hp- induced gastric mucosal injury.
Methods: 40 SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: group A (blank control), group B (Hp infection model), group C (moxibustion plus model), group D (electro-acupuncture plus model), 10 for each group. The “NaHCO3 plus Indometacin and Hp intragastric administration” method was employed to make gastritis model. Acupoints selected for “repair” purpose were Zu San Li (ST36), Zhong Wan (CV12), Guan Yuan (RN4), Pi Shu (BL20), Wei Shu(BL21). The histomorphological changes of gastric mucosa in rats were observed under light microscope after HE stain; IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, Hp IgG values were evaluated by ELISA method; values of CD3
+、CD4
+、CD8
+、CD4
+/CD8
+ were measured by flow cytometry method.
Results: compared with group A, the values of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, Hp IgG and CD8
+ in group B were increased（P＜0.01）, whereas the values of CD3
+、CD4
+、CD4
+/CD8
+ were decreased（P＜0.01）. Compared with group B, the values of IL-8（P＜0.05）,TNF-α（P＜0.05）, IL-6（P＜0.01）, Hp IgG（P＜0.01） and CD8
+ （P＜0.05） in group C were decreased, whereas the values of CD3
+（P＜0.05）,CD4
+（P＜0.05）,CD4
+/CD8
+ （P＜0.05） were increased, meanwhile such values in group D had no significant changes. Compared with group D, the values of IL-6（P＜0.05）,IL-8 （P＜0.05）and Hp IgG （P＜0.01）in group C were decreased, whereas CD4
+/CD8
+（P＜0.05）were increased, all those changes had statistical significance.
Conclusion: the preventive and therapeutic effects of moxibustion on Hp related gastritis might be realized by two ways- to inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, or to regulate the production of immune factors (such as up-regulation of CD3
+, CD4
+ and down-regulation of CD8
+).
An Experimental Study on the Mechanisms of Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction for Rats with Alcoholic Liver Injuries
Authors: Yin Zhou-An , Mao Ya-Nan , He Yuan-Yuan , Long Ling , Luo Cheng-Yu , Wen Yue-Xi , Ouyang Jian-Jun , Yuan Zhen-Yi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Objective: To explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction on rats with alcoholic liver injuries.
Methods: 60 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups: normal group, model group, Yi Gan Ling group, and Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction groups in low, middle and high concentrations, 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal group, rats in other groups were administered white wine for eight weeks to establish the liver injury model. During the modeling, the Yi Gan Ling/Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction were administered intragastrically to the rats. So the histopathological changes were observed after eight weeks, meanwhile the serum γ- glutamyl endopeptidase (GGT), Glutathione (GSH) and aspartate aminotransferase mitochondrial isoenzyme (m-AST) were assayed by automatic biochemical analyzer.
Results: under the light microscope, the groups of high and middle dosages of Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction , especially the high one, had apparent improvement of inflammatory infiltration in liver tissues. Compared with the normal group, the serum GGT and m-AST levels had elevated (P＜0.01), whereas the serum GSH level decreased (P＜0.01); compared with model group, the high and middle dosages of Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction groups had decreased serum GGT and m-AST (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05), as well as increased serum GSH level (P＜0.01).
Conclusion: Ge Hua Jie Cheng Decoction has a protective effect for liver injuries induced by alcohol, and this effect is dose-dependent. The high dosage showed stronger protection effect, which might be related to the increased serum GSH and decreased serum GGT and m-AST.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis of the kryptoracemate: bis(mefloquinium) chloride p-fluorobenzenesulphonate
Authors: Jotani Mukesh M. , Wardell James L. , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The crystal structure analysis of the bis(mefloquinium) chloride p-fluorobenzenesulphonate salt reveals a rare example of a kryptoracemate given that the cations exhibit a non-crystallographic enantiomeric relationship. The conformations of the cations are based on a skewed letter L with the (piperidinium-2-yl)methanol group sitting almost normal to and directed away from the quinolinyl residue. The most prominent feature of the molecular packing is the formation of supramolecular helical chains along the a-axis, being sustained by pairs of hydroxyl-O–H···O (sulphonate), piperidinium-N–H···O (sulphonate) and piperidinium-N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds. Geometric and Hirshfeld surface analyses of the crystal structure shows significant differences in supramolecular aggregation between the cations due to the presence of different anions and this is the likely reason for the observed kryptoracemic behaviour.
<b>Influência da aplicação tópica de géis de flúor na rugosidade superficial de cimentos de ionômero</b>
Authors: Wanderley e Lima Renally Bezerra , Oliveira Julyana De Araújo , Andrade Ana Karina Maciel , Silva Fábia Danielle Sales da C. M. e , Duarte Rosângela Marques 
Published: January 2016

Avaliar a morfologia de superfície de quatro CIVs (cimentos de ionômero de vidro) quando submetidos à ação tópica do flúor fosfato acidulado a 1,23% e
gel de fluoreto de sódio neutro a 2%. Foram confeccionados 10 espécimes de cada CIVs (Ketac Molar Easymix, Maxxion R, Vitro Molar e Vitremer). Um ensaio de rugosidade foi efetuado antes e após aplicação tópica de gel de flúor. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste de Tukey e do teste T. Os
valores de rugosidade apresentados pelos materiais, segui a ordem descrescente: Maxxion>Ketac Molar Easy Mix> Vitro Molar. A aplicação tópica de flúor acidulado apresentou alterações de superfície nos materiais avaliados.

DOI: 10.18363/rbo.v72i1/2.594
Neighborhood and Individual Socioeconomic Status and Asthma Incidence in African American Women
Authors: Coogan Patricia F. , Castro-Webb Nelsy , Yu Jeffrey , O'Connor George T. , Palmer Julie R. , Rosenberg Lynn 
Published: January 2016

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: Individual socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with asthma incidence but whether neighborhood<br />SES has an influence is unknown. We assessed the contributions of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), neighborhood housing density, neighborhood racial composition, and individual SES to the development of adult-onset asthma in Black<br />women, accounting for other known or suspected risk factors.<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Design and Participants</strong>: Prospective cohort study conducted among 47,779 African American women followed with biennial health questionnaires from 1995 to 2011.<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods and Main Outcome Measures</strong>: Incident asthma was defined as new selfreport of doctor-diagnosed asthma with<br />concurrent use of asthma medication. We assessed neighborhood SES, indicated by census variables representing income,<br />education, and wealth, and housing density and % African American population, as well as individual SES, indicated by highest education of participant/spouse. Cox proportional hazards models were used to derive multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and<br />95% CIs for the association of individual SES and neighborhood variables with asthma incidence.<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results</strong>: During a 16-year follow-up period, 1520 women reported incident asthma. Neighborhood factors were not associated<br />with asthma incidence after control for individual SES, body mass index, and other factors. Compared with college graduates,<br />the multivariable HR for asthma was 1.13 (95% CI 1.00-1.28) for women with some college education and 1.23 (95% CI 1.05-<br />1.44) for women with no more than a high school education.<br /><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Individual SES, but not neighborhood SES or other neighborhood factors, was associated with the incidence<br />of adult-onset asthma in this population of African American women. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2016;26(1):113-122; doi:10.18865/<br />ed.26.1.113</p><p> </p>
Neighborhood Characteristics Are Associated with Racial and Gender Variation Among Walking in Older Adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Yan Tingjian , Liang Li-Jung , Vassar Stefanie , Cheung Katz Monica , Escarce Jose J. , Longstreth W.T. Jr. , Merkin Sharon Stein , Brown Arleen F. 
Published: January 2016

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> To examine variation by race and gender in the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and walking among community-dwelling older adults.</p><p><strong>Design:</strong> Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Setting:</strong> Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal population-based cohort.</p><p><strong>Participants:</strong> 4,849 adults aged &gt;65 years.</p><p><strong>Measurements:</strong> Participants reported number of city blocks walked in the prior week. Neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) measured at the level of the census tract. Negative binominal regression models were constructed to test the association between NSES and blocks walked. In the fully adjusted models, we included two-way and three-way interaction terms among race, gender, and NSES. </p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In adjusted analyses, among White residents in the lowest NSES quartile (most disadvantaged), men walked 64% more than women (<em></em>P&lt;.001), while in the highest NSES (most advantaged), men walked 43% more than women (<em></em>P&lt;.001). Among African American residents in the lowest NSES quartile, men walked 196% more blocks than women (<em></em>P&lt;.001), while in the highest NSES, men walked 43% more blocks than women, but this did not reach statistical significance (<em></em>P=.06). </p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Female gender is more strongly associated with walking for African Americans than for Whites in low SES neighborhoods but had a similar association with walking for both African Americans and Whites in high SES neighborhoods. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(1):17-26; doi:10.18665/ed.26.1.17</p>
Higher Motivation for Weight Loss in African American than Caucasian Rural Patients with Hypertension and/or Diabetes
Authors: Warren Jacob , Smalley Bryant , Barefoot Nikki 
Published: January 2016

<p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To examine the relationship between race/ethnicity and motivation for weight loss and motivation for exercise among patients with chronic disease.</p><p><strong>Design:</strong> Cross-sectional</p><p><strong>Setting</strong>: The current study took place within a network of federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in the rural southern United States</p><p><strong>Patients</strong> <strong>or Participants</strong>: 463 active FQHC patients with diabetes and/or hypertension identifying as African American, White Hispanic, or non-Hispanic White participated in the current study.</p><p><strong><em>Main Outcome Measures</em>:</strong> Primary outcomes were assessed using standardized measures of motivation for a) weight loss; and b) hypertension per the Transtheoretical Model</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Multivariate logistic regression revealed that, when controlling for age, sex, education status, employment status, poverty, comorbidity, and weight status, there were no significant differences in motivation for exercise among the different racial/ethnic groups (P=.361). However, when controlling for the same factors, there was a significant difference in motivation for weight loss, with African American participants more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic White participants to be motivated to lose weight (ORAD)=2.430, P=.002).</p><p><strong><em>Conclusions</em>:</strong> Our study suggests that, among rural patients with obesity-related chronic disease, there is a significant variation in motivation to lose weight between racial/ethnic groups. This underscores the importance of culturally tailoring interventions and in considering motivation for change when promoting weight loss behaviors. Additional implications for intervention development and delivery are discussed.<em> Ethn</em> <em>Dis.</em> 2016;26(1):77-84; doi: 10.18865/ed.26.1.77</p>
An Examination of the Challenges, Successes and Setbacks for Clinical Legal Education in Eastern Europe
Authors: Askamovic Dubravka , Genty Philip 
Published: January 2016

<p>The authors first met in 2000, and have collaborated in conferences, workshops, and other projects since then. We also represent two sides of an international exchange that has frequently occurred in the past 15 years: a European law teacher who attends training sessions, networks with colleagues from other European universities, learns about American models of clinical education, and possibly receives some outside funding; and an American law teacher who is graciously hosted by Europeans, promotes American models of clinical education, and, one hopes, observes, listens and learns about the European system. We are also experienced teachers within our own universities and teach both clinics and more doctrinal courses. Finally we are friends and can be honest with each other.</p><p><br />After more than 10 years of working together, we wanted to take stock of the collaboration between American and European academics on issues of clinical education. We wanted to take a close look at what has happened in Central and Eastern Europe since the first “American invasion” of U.S. consultants and funding: what clinical programs were developed? Which ones survived after the consultants and funding left? Why did some programs survive and prosper, while others disappeared? What do the surviving models look like? </p><p>We also wanted to ask a series of more subjective and potentially sensitive questions: was the American influence ultimately helpful and productive? To the extent that it was not helpful, what have we learned about improving such cross-cultural international collaborations in the future? Have European law schools copied US models of clinical legal education, or have they developed their own models?</p><p>In the following sections we first discuss the history of clinical legal education in Central and Eastern Europe. We then focus on Croatia and Olomouc, Czech Republic, two examples of the ambitious but uneven development of clinical programs in Central and Eastern Europe. We next examine the experiences of clinical programs in countries of CEE and some of the challenges these programs have faced in achieving sustainability. We then use a comparison between the European and U.S. clinical program models as a lens for analyzing the experiences of the European programs and assessing the value of collaboration between European and U.S. clinical teachers. Finally, we offer some thoughts about the future of clinical legal education in Central and Eastern Europe.</p>
The Value of Incidental Learning in a Multidisciplinary Setting
Authors: Hyams Ross , Sadique Denise 
Published: January 2016

<p>There is much to be gained by students learning together in a multidisciplinary environment. Enabling students to interact in a multidisciplinary clinical setting enhances their opportunity to learn from each other, their supervisors from different disciplines and from their experiences with clients. As well as “formal” learning opportunities which take place in the classroom, seminar environment, or in one-to-one instruction with a clinical supervisor, students working in a clinical setting have a range of opportunities to be exposed to informal, or incidental learning. This is learning that occurs in an opportunistic, unplanned and often, serendipitous fashion. This paper reflects on incidental learning opportunities that have been observed to take place in a multidisciplinary clinical setting, specifically between law, social work and business students. These reflections come directly from practice experience at the Monash-Oakleigh Legal Service, operated by the Faculty of Law at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.</p>
Clinical Collaborations: Going Global to Advance Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Burand Deborah , Jones Susan , Ng Jonathan , Plerhoples Alicia 
Published: January 2016

<p>In the summer of 2012, transactional law clinics from three U.S. law schools: George Washington University; Georgetown University; and the University of Michigan launched a collaboration to serve a common client—Ashoka, a global nonprofit organization that supports close to 3,000 social entrepreneurs across 76 countries. While clinic collaborations within universities happen occasionally, clinic collaborations across universities are unusual. This essay focuses on the motivations, operations, lessons, and next steps of this cross-university, clinical collaboration aimed at advancing social entrepreneurship globally. Specifically, this essay examines why the collaboration was launched, how the collaboration is structured, what the collaboration offers clients and participating law students, how the collaboration has expanded the skills and knowledge of the three clinical directors who are participating in this collaboration, where this collaboration might go next, and finally, what others might learn from this experience when contemplating their own cross-university, clinical collaborations.</p>
Clinical Legal Education Management and Assessment Software
Authors: Hyams Ross 
Published: January 2016

<p>This paper will investigate the current use of technology in law clinics in Australia. It will look at the challenge of integrating case management and assessment technology in clinical teaching practices and propose some creative ways of creating, integrating and managing such software to enhance not only the way clinics are run, but also how students are taught. It will also make some suggestions and provide an analysis of a comprehensive computer package which would provide a resolution to many of the law office management and student assessment issues facing law school clinics around Australia today.</p>