bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA methylation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wüllner Ullrich , Kaut Oliver , deBoni Laura , Piston Dominik , Schmitt Ina 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEpigenetic processes control the embryonic development into multicellular organisms and determine the functional differences of genetically identical cells and individuals. They are also involved in a variety of complex functions such as learning and memory consolidation and have been implicated in aging processes. Beyond the actual genetic information encoded in the DNA sequence, epigenetic modifications in particular DNA methylation and various histone modifications shape the chromatin into a transcriptional permissive or repressive state. DNA methylation patterns are altered by environmental conditions and can be carried forward through mitosis and meiosis. Hence, DNA methylation probably mediates complex environment–gene interactions, determines individual disease characteristics, and contributes to effects and side effects of drugs. In addition to classic monogenic epigenetic diseases, i.e., Prader‐Willi and Rett syndrome, recent data point to an epigenetic component also in apparent sporadic neuro‐psychiatric disorders and increasing evidence suggests a role for altered DNA methylation in Parkinson's disease. Epigenetic alterations, DNA methylation in particular, may account for the yet unexplained individual susceptibility and the variability in the course of Parkinson's disease and could provide hints toward the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is conceptualized as a consequence of genetic variants and environment–gene interactions on a background of age‐related changes. Epigenetic modifications have been implicated in aging and can be altered by environment stimuli. The review explores the possibility of an epigenetic component in PD, focusing on DNA methylation. Methylation of α‐synuclein (SNCA) and microtubule‐associated protein tau gene appear to be of particular importance and epigenome‐wide methylation studies point to several additional candidate genes which may contribute to the individual susceptibility toward PD.This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS IN FAMILY FIRMS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Helsen Zoë , Lybaert Nadine , Steijvers Tensie , Orens Raf , Dekker Julie 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFamily firms play a significant role in the global economy. Although family firm literature has devoted much time and effort to investigating topics concerning corporate governance, leadership, ownership and succession, accounting issues have received relatively scant attention. In this paper, we assemble and critically review extant literature on the choice of management controls. This is an essential topic for firms as management control systems (MCS) are used to make sure subordinates behave in function of the goals of the firm. Family firms, however, have distinct features, such as differences in governance structures and goals, which can have a significant impact on whether and how MCS are used. We conclude this review paper by providing avenues for future research that can advance our understanding of both the determinants and the outcomes of the choice of MCS.
Evaluation of masticatory activity during unilateral single tooth clenching using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Okada C. , Yamaguchi S. , Watanabe Y. , Watanabe M. , Hattori Y. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryMasticatory muscle activity during teeth clenching is affected by occlusal pattern. However, few studies have performed simultaneous evaluation of all masticatory activities during teeth clenching under various occlusal conditions. The aim of this study was to use muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI) to evaluate the effects of changes in occlusal point on masticatory activity during single tooth clenching. Changes in mean proton transverse relaxation time (∆T2) as an index of activity in all masticatory muscles during left unilateral clenching at the first molar or first premolar for 1 min were examined in nine healthy volunteers. Bite force was maintained at 40% of the maximum voluntary clenching force. The ∆T2 values of the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles were analysed separately for superficial and deep layers, and for superior and inferior heads. The ∆T2 values for the ipsilateral deep masseter were significantly lower, and for the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscles were significantly higher, after left first premolar clenching compared to left first molar clenching. These results quantitatively demonstrate a significant increase in activity of the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle and a significant decrease in activity of the ipsilateral deep masseter muscle with forward displacement of the occlusal contact point during unilateral tooth clenching.
On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5‐methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species
Authors: Tan Dun‐Xian , Hardeland Rüdiger , Back Kyoungwhan , Manchester Lucien C. , Alatorre‐Jimenez Moises A. , Reiter Russel J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMelatonin is a phylogenetically ancient molecule. It is ubiquitously present in almost all organisms from primitive photosynthetic bacteria to humans. Its original primary function is presumable to be that of an antioxidant with other functions of this molecule having been acquired during evolution. The synthetic pathway of melatonin in vertebrates has been extensively studied. It is common knowledge that serotonin is acetylated to form N‐acetylserotonin by arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT) or arylamine N‐acetyltransferase (SNAT or NAT) and N‐acetylserotonin is, subsequently, methylated to melatonin by N‐acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase (ASMT; also known as hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase, HIOMT). This is referred to as a classic melatonin synthetic pathway. Based on new evidence, we feel that this classic melatonin pathway is not generally the prevailing route of melatonin production. An alternate pathway is known to exist, in which serotonin is first O‐methylated to 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MT) and, thereafter, 5‐MT is N‐acetylated to melatonin. Here, we hypothesize that the alternate melatonin synthetic pathway may be more important in certain organisms and under certain conditions. Evidence strongly supports that this alternate pathway prevails in some plants, bacteria, and, perhaps, yeast and may also occur in animals.
Relative Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance among Heterotrophic Bacteria from Natural and Culture Environments of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii
Authors: Mujeeb Rahiman Karuppamveetil M. , Mohamed Hatha Abdulla A. , Gnana Selvam A. Deborah , Thomas Ambatt P 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAs antibiotic residues and multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria are of increasing concern to those involved in the seafood industry, there is an intense international focus to monitor MDR bacteria in seafood. There is also a trend to source seafood from organically raised farms in order to reduce antibiotic usage in culture operations. Hence this study was conducted to compare the antibiotic resistance among bacteria associated with various samples from the natural and culture environment of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Samples from the natural environment included water, sediment, eggs, larvae, postlarvae (PL), feed items, and gut samples of M. rosenbergii and those from the culture environment were water, sediment, eggs, feed pellets, and gut samples of M. rosenbergii. Bacteria from water samples of natural and culture environments were frequently resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin, while more than 50% of the strains from sediment were resistant to erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin. Bacterial isolates from commercial feed had a relatively high degree of antibiotic resistance. Interestingly, occurrence of multiple drug resistance was higher among the bacteria associated with the samples from the natural environment of M. rosenbergii, pointing to more favorable selection pressure for drug resistant mutants in the natural environment.
Identification of a cis‐acting element in nitrogen fixation genes recognized by CnfR in the nonheterocystous nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana
Authors: Tsujimoto Ryoma , Kamiya Narumi , Fujita Yuichi 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe filamentous cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana has the ability to fix nitrogen without any heterocysts under microoxic conditions. Previously, we identified the cnfR gene for a master transcriptional activator for nitrogen fixation (nif) genes in a 50‐kb gene cluster containing nif and nif‐related genes in L. boryana. We showed that CnfR activates the transcription of nif genes in response to low oxygen conditions, which allows the oxygen‐vulnerable enzyme nitrogenase to function. However, the regulatory mechanism that underlies regulation by CnfR remains unknown. In this study, we identified a conserved cis‐acting element that is recognized by CnfR. We established a reporter system in the non‐diazotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using luciferase genes (luxAB). Reporter analysis was performed with a series of truncated and modified upstream regulatory regions of nifB and nifP. The cis‐element can be divided into nine motifs I–IX, and it is located 76 bp upstream of the transcriptional start sites of nifB and nifP. Six motifs of them are essential for transcriptional activation by CnfR. This cis‐acting element is conserved in the upstream regions of nif genes in all diazotrophic cyanobacteria, including Anabaena and Cyanothece, thereby suggesting that the transcriptional regulation by CnfR is widespread in nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of transanal irrigation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Passananti V. , Wilton A. , Preziosi G. , Storrie J. B. , Emmanuel A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest disabling neurological disease in young adults. A majority of patients experience bowel dysfunction, reporting a wide spectrum of bowel symptoms that significantly negatively impact social activities and emotional state. Transanal irrigation (TAI) is a method of managing such bowel symptoms. We aimed to investigate long‐term efficacy of TAI, to measure health status‐related quality of life and identify factors predictive of TAI outcome.MethodsForty‐nine consecutive MS patients (37 female; mean age 51, range 26‐80) were studied. We investigated predominant symptoms, reason for beginning TAI and medical comorbidity. All patients underwent anorectal physiology testing. They completed Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction and EQ‐5D questionnaires at baseline and annual follow‐up.Key ResultsMean follow‐up was 40 months, at which there was 55% rate of continuation of TAI. Severe bowel dysfunction was present in 47% at baseline, falling to 18%. The EQ‐5D scores at latest follow‐up were not statistically significant, but 42% had improved visual analog scores. The only predictive factor for successful therapy was impaired anal electrosensitivity (p = 0.008).Conclusions & InferencesLong‐term continuation of TAI, with improved bowel symptomatology, is seen in the majority of patients. The EQ‐5D is insufficiently sensitive to show change in MS patients that using TAI.
Evaluating early‐life asthma definitions as a marker for subsequent asthma in an electronic medical record setting
Authors: Pennington Audrey Flak , Strickland Matthew J. , Freedle Karen A. , Klein Mitchel , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn , Hansen Craig , Darrow Lyndsey A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundCase definitions for asthma incidence in early life vary between studies using medical records to define disease. This study assessed the impact of different approaches to using medical records on estimates of asthma incidence by age 3 and determined the validity of early‐life asthma case definitions in predicting school‐age asthma.MethodsAsthma diagnoses and medications by age 3 were used to classify 7103 children enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Georgia according to 14 definitions of asthma. School‐age asthma was defined as an asthma diagnosis between ages 5 and 8. Sensitivity (probability of asthma by age 3 given school‐age asthma), specificity (probability of no asthma by age 3 given no school‐age asthma), positive and negative predictive values (probability of (no) school‐age asthma given (no) asthma by age 3), and likelihood ratios (combining sensitivity and specificity) were used to determine predictive ability.Results9.0–35.2% of children were classified as asthmatic by age 3 depending on asthma case definition. Early‐life asthma classifications were more specific than sensitive and were better at identifying children who would not have school‐age asthma (negative predictive values: 80.7–86.6%) than at predicting children who would have school‐age asthma (positive predictive values: 43.5–71.5%).ConclusionsChoice of case definition had a large impact on the estimate of asthma incidence. While ability to predict school‐age asthma was limited, several case definitions performed similarly to clinical asthma prediction tools used in previous asthma research (e.g., the Asthma Predictive Index).
Firm Dynamics in Retail Trade: The Response of Canadian Retailers to Exchange Rate Shocks
Authors: Baggs Jen , Beaulieu Eugene , Fung Loretta , Lapham Beverly 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe use comprehensive firm‐level data to estimate the responses of heterogeneous Canadian retail firms to real exchange rate movements. Our analysis focuses on a period characterized by large fluctuations in the Canadian dollar, providing an opportunity to quantify both intensive and extensive margin responses in retail industries to real exchange rate shocks and to examine how those responses differ across firms, locations, and sub‐industries. Our results indicate that a real Canadian currency appreciation significantly reduces a retailer's sales, employment, and profits. The strength of this negative effect is decreasing in the distance of a retailer from the US‐Canada border. We do not find evidence of a strong relationship between real exchange rate movements and the number of operating firms nor the probability of firm survival. These findings are consistent with the view that a real Canadian dollar appreciation increases cross‐border shopping by Canadians, resulting in a negative demand shock for Canadian retailers, and the dominant response by firms to such a shock is through the intensive margin.
A Bayesian Efficiency Analysis of Angolan Banks
Authors: Barros Carlos Pestana , Leão Emanuel Reis , Macanda Nkanga Pedro João , Mendes Zorro 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article studied the technical efficiency of Angolan banks from 2005 to 2012 using a Bayesian stochastic frontier model. The intermediation approach to banking was adopted. The results revealed that Angolan banks were very efficient and that efficiency varies little among the banks analysed. Furthermore, the differences in efficiency between foreign banks, public banks, large‐sized banks and banks that belong to a local conglomerate were examined. It was concluded that the greatest efficiency was to be found in the case of foreign banks. Since size and conglomerate membership do not seem to lead to greater bank efficiency, it was proposed that Angolan policymakers should promote competition in the banking sector.
SCDA task force on a special care dentistry residency
Authors: Hicks Jeffery , Vishwanat Lakshmi , Perry Maureen , Messura Judith , Dee Kristin 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe Special Care Dentistry Association (SCDA) has acted on a proposal regarding the status of training in the care of patients with special needs. Two phases of action were undertaken. Phase 1: (a) examination of the literature on existing training and curricula in the care of patients with special needs and (b) a survey of existing postdoctoral programs in special needs. Phase 2: establish a group of experts who: (a) submitted to the Commission on Dental Accreditation a request to approve a postdoctoral general dentistry residency program in Special Care Dentistry and (b) created suggested accreditation standards for such postdoctoral programs.This article describes efforts by the SCDA to evaluate:

The status of existing training of dental students in the care of patients with special needs.
The number and characteristics of postdoctoral general dentistry programs offering formal training in the care of patients with special needs.
Whether additional training in the care of patients with special needs is needed for dental students and ­dentists.
Possible actions by SCDA to impact the numbers of dentists trained each year in the care of patients with ­special needs.
Vibrational angioedema: considerations for oral health care providers
Authors: Aloyouny Ashwag , Stoopler Eric T. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTVibratory angioedema (VA) is a rare, inherited type of physical urticaria characterized by acute onset of mucosal and / or cutaneous edema that is triggered by vibration. We report a case of a 63‐year‐old woman with VA elicited by use of mechanized (vibratory) dental equipment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VA induced by mechanical dental equipment.
Perception of taste in HIV‐positive individuals in treatment antiretroviral: results of a case‐control study
Authors: Henn Indiara Welter , da Silva Ruann Oswaldo Carvalho , Chaiben Cassiano Lima , Fernandes Ângela , Naval Machado Maria Ângela , de Lima Antonio Adilson Soares 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of taste in HIV‐infected patients.MethodOne hundred males and females (11 to 60 years old) were divided into two groups (50 patients infected by HIV and 50 controls) and evaluated for gustatory function.ResultsThe results revealed that the mean score in the evaluation of taste was significantly lower in individuals with HIV when compared to controls for both sides of the tongue (p < 0.05). Patients with HIV infection had difficulty recognizing the bitter taste, followed by salty and sweet. When each side of the tongue was evaluated separately and compared, the Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference on the tongue of individuals with HIV. The prevalence of hypogeusia was 20% in individuals with this disease.ConclusionsIndividuals with HIV infection may have a deficit in taste that can affect your general and oral health.
Pursuing Goals with Others
Authors: Fishbach Ayelet , Tu Yanping 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article explores motivation in a social context: how people pursue goals with others, with information on others, and for the self and others. As people incorporate close others into their extended selves (Aron et al., ), they begin to treat others' actions and outcomes as partially their own. This tendency, in turn, has implications for coordinating goal pursuits with others and for the preference for actions that maximize the total benefits for the self and others. To demonstrate these principles – coordination and joint‐benefits maximization – we first explore coordination in pursuing goals with others (i.e., working in teams), showing that people respond to others' actions and lack of action similarly to how they respond to their own actions and lack of action. We next explore coordination in pursuing goals with information on others, showing that people conform to others' preferences and attitudes yet choose actions that complement others' actions. Finally, we review research on pursuing goals for the self and others, showing that people wish to maximize the total benefits for the group.
Reconstruction of a Complicated Orbital Depression Fracture with Medial Wall and Globe Repositioning in a Horse: A Collaboration Across Disciplines and Specialties
Authors: McMaster Mattie , Caldwell Fred , Gillen Alexandra , Hespel Adrien , Budny Patrick , Abarca Eva 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo report the surgical reconstruction of a complicated orbital depression fracture in a horse with emphasis on medial wall and globe repositioning.Study DesignClinical report.AnimalsA 6 year old Irish Sport Horse gelding.MethodsThe eventer presented with acute, severe orbital trauma and globe displacement. After initial elevation of the depression fractures of the facial bones and reconstruction of the orbit, the globe was recessed secondary to displacement of the medial wall and floor of the orbit within the conchofrontal sinus. A three‐dimensional model of the fracture configuration was used for presurgical planning to reposition the globe. During a subsequent surgical procedure, a resorbable plate was placed in the floor of the orbit and the medial orbital wall and globe were repositioned using a sinoscopic approach and stabilized with the placement of tissue expanders within the conchofrontal sinus. The tissue expanders were subsequently removed after 3 weeks under standing sedation.ResultsThe right globe was successfully repositioned in a more correct anatomical orientation and the horse resumed work 3 months postoperatively, and successfully competed at its previous level 5 months postoperatively. No visual deficits have been reported by the owners.ConclusionEfforts to restore the medial wall and/or floor of the orbit with concurrent globe repositioning should be considered in horses with severe orbital depression fractures that result in abnormal globe position.
Recanalization Modulates Association Between Blood Pressure and Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Martins Ana Inês , Sargento-Freitas João , Silva Fernando , Jesus-Ribeiro Joana , Correia Inês , Gomes João Pedro , Aguiar-Gonçalves Mariana , Cardoso Leila , Machado Cristina , Rodrigues Bruno , Santo Gustavo C. , Cunha Luís 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—
Historical stroke cohorts reported a U- or J-shaped relationship between blood pressure (BP) and clinical outcome. However, these studies predated current revascularization strategies, disregarding the recanalization state of the affected arterial territory. We aimed to investigate the relationship between BP in the first 24 hours after ischemic stroke and clinical outcome in patients submitted to intravenous or intra-arterial recanalization treatments.

Methods—
Consecutive patients with acute stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis or intra-arterial therapies were enrolled in a retrospective cohort study. BP was measured on regular intervals throughout day and night during the first 24 hours after stroke onset. The mean systolic BP and diastolic BP during the first 24 hours post stroke were calculated. Recanalization was assessed at 6 hours by transcranial color-coded Doppler, angiography, or angio–computed tomography. Functional outcome was assessed at 3 months by modified Rankin Scale. Linear and quadratic multivariate regression models were performed to determine associations between BP and functional outcome for the whole population and recanalyzed and nonrecanalyzed patients.

Results—

We included 674 patients; mean age was 73.28 (SD, 11.50) years. Arterial recanalization was documented in 355 (52.70%) patients. In multivariate analyses, systolic BP and diastolic BP in the first 24 hours post stroke show a J-shaped relationship with functional outcome in the total population and in the nonrecanalyzed patients. Recanalyzed patients show a linear association with functional outcome (systolic BP: odds ratio, 1.015; 95% confidence interval, 1.007–1.024;
P
=0.001;
R
2
change=0.001;
P
=0.412 and diastolic BP: odds ratio, 1.019; 95% confidence interval, 1.004–1.033;
P
=0.012;
R
2
change<0.001;
P
=0.635).

Conclusions—
Systemic BP in the first 24 hours after ischemic stroke influences 3-month clinical outcome. This association is dependent on the revascularization status.