bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of numerals and classifiers in Chinese
Authors: Her One-Soon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIt is controversial whether a classifier (C) or measure word (M) in Chinese forms a constituent first with Num (numeral) or N in a [Num C/M N] phrase. This paper reviews evidence for the [Num C/M] constituency from modern Chinese and then provides evidence from historical and typological perspectives. Under the [Num C/M] constituency, not only the C/M word orders attested in Chinese history, but also all those attested elsewhere, can be straightforwardly accounted for by the head parameter, while such simplicity is unattainable under the [C/M N] constituency. In addition, fresh evidence is obtained from the internal word order within a complex numeral; e.g.san-shi‘30’ is base-final, withn(3) and base (10) entering into a multiplicative function,3×10. The same multiplicative function exists between Num and C/M, e.g.san-duo hua‘3 C flower’ = 3×1 flower, andsan-da hua‘3 dozen flower’ = 3×12 flower. C/M and bases are thus unified as multiplicands, an insight further supported by the consistent correlation between thebase-final order and the C/M-final order throughout the history of Chinese. A closer examination of the 103 classifier languages inGreenberg (1990[1978])further reveals that, among the 52 languages whose numeral systems and C/M word orders can be obtained, the synchronization between the numeral base and C/M is nearly universal. The base-C/M unification as multiplicands and base-C/M synchronization in word order strongly suggest that Num and C/M form a single constituent.
Proto‑Tai reconstruction of ‘maternal grandmother’ revisited
Authors: Liao Hanbo 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The word ‘maternal grandmother’ presents irregular modern forms in Tai languages. It is ta:jB1
in most Northern Tai (NT) varieties, ta:jA1
in most Central Tai (CT) varieties, na:jA2
in most Southwestern Tai (SWT) varieties, and ja:jA2
in Standard Thai. Li (1971) reconstructs the proto-form of this word as *na:jA
, positing that the later forms changed by analogy with semantically similar words. This paper discusses two alternative hypotheses *ta:jA
and *ta:jB
, and argues that the proto-form was *ta:jB
. The analysis indicates that the sound changes of this word in Tai languages are caused by the “contamination” in kinship terms with paired semantic contents in CT/SWT, and by dissimilation from the otherwise homophonous word ‘to die’ in SWT. As a result, the proto-form of ‘maternal grandmother’ *ta:jB
is preserved in the vast majority of NT and a cluster of CT. In most CT/SWT the original *B tone changed to *A tone, and then in SWT the initial *t- underwent further change to *n- in order to avoid homophony with the taboo word ‘to die’. This issue of homophony arose only in this branch due to the merger of *t- and *tr- (or *p.t-). This proto-form *ta:jB
is supported by historical evidence and other non-Tai languages in the Daic family. Other exceptional irregularities in some CT languages are also discussed as they are crucial to the determination of the *ta:jB
hypothesis. Analogous examples from several Tai varieties also support the occurrence of aberrant development due to taboo avoidance.
Development of a Calcein Marking Technique for Juvenile Mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus to Be Used in Stock Enhancement Programs
Authors: Becker Alistair , Fielder D. Stewart , Lowry Michael B. , Taylor Matthew D. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Mulloway (also known as Japanese Meagre) Argyrosomus japonicus is an important recreational species targeted by anglers across southern Australia. This marine-spawned species recruits into estuaries as juveniles; however, there is some evidence for potential recruitment limitation arising from variable freshwater flows, which are characteristic of temperate Australian estuaries. Consequently, juvenile Mulloway are being stocked in a number of estuarine systems, and a suitable marking technique is required to distinguish stocked individuals from wild fish upon recapture. Calcein is widely used to mark the otoliths of freshwater fish species, yet there is little evidence of its suitability to mark marine species. We evaluated the suitability of calcein as a marking method using a combination of immersion times (6, 12, and 24 h) and calcein concentrations (0 [control], 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). Mulloway otoliths were found to autofluoresce at the same wavelengths as calcein, but despite this, a combination of the longest immersion time and highest concentration (24 h and 200 mg/L) produced marks that were significantly stronger than unmarked control otoliths. Assuming the intensity of calcein marks does not decline over time, such a combination would be suitable for marking Mulloway for release into marine waters and may be suitable for other marine species.
Received May 15, 2016; accepted October 23, 2016 Published online January 12, 2017
Gear Comparison for Sampling Age-0 Mountain Whitefish in the Madison River, Montana
Authors: Boyer Jan K. , Guy Christopher S. , Webb Molly A. H. , Horton Travis B. , McMahon Thomas E. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of various sampling gears for age-0 Mountain Whitefish Prosopium williamsoni is largely unknown, which makes it difficult to investigate recruitment and early life history dynamics for the species. We compared four gears: seine, backpack electrofisher, minnow trap, and lighted minnow trap. Gears were tested in backwaters, large channels, and small channels in the Madison River, Montana. No age-0 Mountain Whitefish were captured in minnow traps or lighted minnow traps. Mean CPUE of age-0 Mountain Whitefish was higher for seining (0.18 fish/m2; SD, 0.39) than for electrofishing (0.01 fish/m2; SD, 0.03), and the CV was lower for seining. A broader length distribution was sampled by seining (17–41 mm) than with electrofishing (21–36 mm). Age-0 Mountain Whitefish CPUE in seines was highest in backwaters. In channel sites, Mountain Whitefish presence was associated with areas of still or slow water ≥2 m2. Relative to the other sampling gears we evaluated, seining was the most efficient gear for sampling age-0 Mountain Whitefish in a lotic ecosystem.
Received June 19, 2016; accepted October 20, 2016 Published online January 12, 2017
Seasonal Changes in Condition of Appalachian Brook Trout
Authors: Hafs Andrew W. , Hartman Kyle J. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Reliable fish condition estimates help managers better understand ecosystem population dynamics. Therefore, our study objectives were to measure seasonal changes in percent dry weight and energy density (physiological-based measures of condition) of stream-dwelling Appalachian Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, field-validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) models, and compare reliability of BIA and morphometric-based estimates of condition. Percent dry weight was highly correlated to energy density (R2 = 0.93; J/g wet weight = −1,803.5 + 286.43 ∙ [percent dry weight]), and the relationship was clearly different from those published previously for other salmonids. Significant seasonal changes in adult Brook Trout condition were observed and likely related to energy depletion from reproduction and changes in terrestrial invertebrate consumption. Adult percent dry weight peaked in early September and was lowest in February. Age-0 fish did not have large changes in measured condition between summer and winter. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was able to estimate adult mean monthly percent dry weight reliably; however, it did not appear to outperform results from relative weight (Wr). Neither Wr nor predicted percent dry weight from BIA was a reliable estimator of condition for individual adult fish. The BIA model for age-0 fish was unable to provide reliable predictions for either individual fish or monthly mean estimates, due in large part to the small range in measured condition. The BIA estimated monthly mean energy density more reliably than did Wr. Overall results of this study indicate that BIA did not perform appreciably better than Wr, which required much less effort to collect. Potential BIA model improvements may be possible by accounting for changes in skin temperature. Until improvements in the Brook Trout BIA models occur, their use should be limited to estimating mean energy density.
Received August 16, 2016; accepted October 20, 2016 Published online January 12, 2017
Localization of functional β-xylosidases, encoded by the same single gene, xlsIV (xlnD), from Aspergillus niger E-1
Authors: Inoue Kotomi , Takahashi Yui , Obara Ken , Murakami Shuichiro 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Cell wall-associated β-xylosidase was isolated from Aspergillus niger E-1 and identified as XlsIV, corresponding to the extracellular enzyme XlnD reported previously. xlsIV was transcribed only in the early cultivation period. Cell wall-associated enzyme activity gradually decreased, but extracellular activity increased as the strain grew. These results indicate that XlsIV (XlnD) was secreted into culture after localizing at cell wall.
The prospects of phosphorene as an anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries: a fundamental study
Authors: Zhang Congyan , Yu Ming , Anderson George , Dharmasena Ruchira Ravinath , Sumanasekera Gamini 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
To completely understand lithium adsorption, diffusion, and capacity on the surface of phosphorene and, therefore, the prospects of phosphorene as an anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), we carried out density-functional-theory calculations and studied the lithium adsorption energy landscape, the lithium diffusion mobility, the lithium intercalation, and the lithium capacity of phosphorene. We also carried out, for the very first time, experimental measurement of the lithium capacity of phosphorene. Our calculations show that the lithium diffusion mobility along the zigzag direction in the valley of phosphorene was about 7 to 11 orders of magnitude faster than that along the other directions, indicating its ultrafast and anisotropic diffusivity. The lithium intercalation in phosphorene was studied by considering various Li
n
P16 configurations (n = 1–16) including single-side and double-side adsorptions. We found that phosphorene could accommodate up to a ratio of one Li per P atom (i.e. Li16P16). In particular, we found that, even at a high Li concentration (e.g. x = 1 in Li
x
P), there was no lithium clustering, and the structure of phosphorene (when fractured) is reversible during lithium intercalation. The theoretical value of the lithium capacity for a monolayer phosphorene is predicted to be above 433 mAh g−1, depending on whether Li atoms are adsorbed on the single side or the double side of phosphorene. Our experimental measurement of the lithium capacity for few-layer phosphorene networks shows a reversible stable value of ∼453 mAh g−1 even after 50 cycles. Our results clearly show that phosphorene, compared to graphene and other two-dimensional materials, has great promise as a novel anode material for high-performance LIBs.
Prenatal exposures and the development of childhood wheezing illnesses
Authors: Rosas-Salazar Christian , Hartert Tina V. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
To critically evaluate and summarize studies published between July 2015 and June 2016 linking prenatal exposures and the onset of childhood wheezing illnesses and to discuss future research directions in this field.

Recent findings
The aggregated evidence indicates a consistent detrimental effect of prenatal exposure to parental smoking, outdoor air pollution, and maternal stress on childhood wheezing illnesses. Less consistent evidence suggests an adverse impact of maternal obesity during pregnancy and prenatal exposure to antibiotics on these outcomes. There is insufficient evidence to support an association between in-utero exposure to acetaminophen or prenatal levels of specific nutrients (such as vitamin D, folic acid, or polyunsaturated fatty acids) and childhood wheezing illnesses.

Summary
Several common potentially modifiable prenatal exposures appear to be consistently associated with childhood wheezing illnesses (e.g. parental smoking, outdoor air pollution, and maternal stress). However, the effect of many other prenatal exposures on the onset of childhood wheezing illnesses remains unclear. The existing scientific evidence from the past year does not allow us to make any new recommendations on primary prevention measures. Intervention studies will best demonstrate whether changing the prenatal environment can prevent childhood wheezing illnesses and asthma.
An Anesthesiologist’s Perspective on the History of Basic Airway Management
Authors: Matioc Adrian A. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This second installment of the history of basic airway management covers the early—artisanal—years of anesthesia from 1846 to 1904. Anesthesia was invented and practiced as a supporting specialty in the context of great surgical and medical advances. The current-day anesthesia provider tends to equate the history of airway management with the history of intubation, but for the first 58 yr after the introduction of ether anesthesia, airway management was provided by basic airway techniques with or without the use of a face mask. The jaw thrust and chin lift were described in the artisanal years and used primarily with inhalation anesthesia in the spontaneously breathing patient and less often with negative-pressure ventilation in the apneic victim. Positive-pressure ventilation and intubation stayed at the fringes of medical practice, and airway techniques and devices were developed by trial and error. At the beginning of the 20th century, airway management and anesthetic techniques lagged behind surgical requirements.
Cardiac Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor 2) Regulation by Halogenated Anesthetics
Authors: Laver Derek R. , Attia John , Oldmeadow Christopher , Quail Anthony W. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background
Halogenated anesthetics activate cardiac ryanodine receptor 2–mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, leading to sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ depletion, reduced cardiac function, and providing cell protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Anesthetic activation of ryanodine receptor 2 is poorly defined, leaving aspects of the protective mechanism uncertain.

Methods
Ryanodine receptor 2 from the sheep heart was incorporated into artificial lipid bilayers, and their gating properties were measured in response to five halogenated anesthetics.

Results
Each anesthetic rapidly and reversibly activated ryanodine receptor 2, but only from the cytoplasmic side. Relative activation levels were as follows: halothane (approximately 4-fold; n = 8), desflurane and enflurane (approximately 3-fold,n = 9), and isoflurane and sevoflurane (approximately 1.5-fold, n = 7, 10). Half-activating concentrations (K

a
) were in the range 1.3 to 2.1 mM (1.4 to 2.6 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) with the exception of isoflurane (5.3 mM, 6.6 minimum alveolar concentration). Dantrolene (10 μM with 100 nM calmodulin) inhibited ryanodine receptor 2 by 40% but did not alter the K

a
for halothane activation. Halothane potentiated luminal and cytoplasmic Ca2+ activation of ryanodine receptor 2 but had no effect on Mg2+ inhibition. Halothane activated ryanodine receptor 2 in the absence and presence (2 mM) of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine, a competitive antagonist to ATP activation of ryanodine receptor 2, did not antagonize halothane activation in the absence of ATP.

Conclusions
At clinical concentrations (1 MAC), halothane desflurane and enflurane activated ryanodine receptor 2, whereas isoflurane and sevoflurane were ineffective. Dantrolene inhibition of ryanodine receptor 2 substantially negated the activating effects of anesthetics. Halothane acted independently of the adenine nucleotide–binding site on ryanodine receptor 2. The previously observed adenosine antagonism of halothane activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release was due to competition between adenosine and ATP, rather than between halothane and ATP.
Sound Localization and Speech Perception in Noise of Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients: Bimodal Fitting Versus Bilateral Cochlear Implants
Authors: Choi Ji Eun , Moon Il Joon , Kim Eun Yeon , Park Hee-Sung , Kim Byung Kil , Chung Won-Ho , Cho Yang-Sun , Brown Carolyn J. , Hong Sung Hwa 
Published: January 2017

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to compare binaural performance of auditory localization task and speech perception in babble measure between children who use a cochlear implant (CI) in one ear and a hearing aid (HA) in the other (bimodal fitting) and those who use bilateral CIs.

Design:
Thirteen children (mean age ± SD = 10 ± 2.9 years) with bilateral CIs and 19 children with bimodal fitting were recruited to participate. Sound localization was assessed using a 13-loudspeaker array in a quiet sound-treated booth. Speakers were placed in an arc from −90° azimuth to +90° azimuth (15° interval) in horizontal plane. To assess the accuracy of sound location identification, we calculated the absolute error in degrees between the target speaker and the response speaker during each trial. The mean absolute error was computed by dividing the sum of absolute errors by the total number of trials. We also calculated the hemifield identification score to reflect the accuracy of right/left discrimination. Speech-in-babble perception was also measured in the sound field using target speech presented from the front speaker. Eight-talker babble was presented in the following four different listening conditions: from the front speaker (0°), from one of the two side speakers (+90° or −90°), from both side speakers (±90°). Speech, spatial, and quality questionnaire was administered.

Results:
When the two groups of children were directly compared with each other, there was no significant difference in localization accuracy ability or hemifield identification score under binaural condition. Performance in speech perception test was also similar to each other under most babble conditions. However, when the babble was from the first device side (CI side for children with bimodal stimulation or first CI side for children with bilateral CIs), speech understanding in babble by bilateral CI users was significantly better than that by bimodal listeners. Speech, spatial, and quality scores were comparable with each other between the two groups.

Conclusions:
Overall, the binaural performance was similar to each other between children who are fit with two CIs (CI + CI) and those who use bimodal stimulation (HA + CI) in most conditions. However, the bilateral CI group showed better speech perception than the bimodal CI group when babble was from the first device side (first CI side for bilateral CI users or CI side for bimodal listeners). Therefore, if bimodal performance is significantly below the mean bilateral CI performance on speech perception in babble, these results suggest that a child should be considered to transit from bimodal stimulation to bilateral CIs.
Benefits of Music Training for Perception of Emotional Speech Prosody in Deaf Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Good Arla , Gordon Karen A. , Papsin Blake C. , Nespoli Gabe , Hopyan Talar , Peretz Isabelle , Russo Frank A. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives:
Children who use cochlear implants (CIs) have characteristic pitch processing deficits leading to impairments in music perception and in understanding emotional intention in spoken language. Music training for normal-hearing children has previously been shown to benefit perception of emotional prosody. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether deaf children who use CIs obtain similar benefits from music training. We hypothesized that music training would lead to gains in auditory processing and that these gains would transfer to emotional speech prosody perception.

Design:
Study participants were 18 child CI users (ages 6 to 15). Participants received either 6 months of music training (i.e., individualized piano lessons) or 6 months of visual art training (i.e., individualized painting lessons). Measures of music perception and emotional speech prosody perception were obtained pre-, mid-, and post-training. The Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Musical Abilities was used to measure five different aspects of music perception (scale, contour, interval, rhythm, and incidental memory). The emotional speech prosody task required participants to identify the emotional intention of a semantically neutral sentence under audio-only and audiovisual conditions.

Results:
Music training led to improved performance on tasks requiring the discrimination of melodic contour and rhythm, as well as incidental memory for melodies. These improvements were predominantly found from mid- to post-training. Critically, music training also improved emotional speech prosody perception. Music training was most advantageous in audio-only conditions. Art training did not lead to the same improvements.

Conclusions:
Music training can lead to improvements in perception of music and emotional speech prosody, and thus may be an effective supplementary technique for supporting auditory rehabilitation following cochlear implantation.
It Is Just Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder…or Is It?
Authors: Won Dana C. , Guilleminault Christian , Koltai Peter J. , Quo Stacey D. , Stein Martin T. , Loe Irene M. 
Published: January 2017

CASE:
Carly is a 5-year-old girl who presents for an interdisciplinary evaluation due to behaviors at school and home suggestive of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parent report of preschool teacher concerns was consistent with ADHD. Psychological testing showed verbal, visual-spatial, and fluid reasoning IQ scores in the average range; processing speed and working memory were below average. Carly's behavior improved when her mother left the room, and she was attentive during testing with a psychologist. Tests of executive function (EF) skills showed mixed results. Working memory was in the borderline range, although scores for response inhibition and verbal fluency were average. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and EF difficulties were elevated.
Carly's parents recently separated; she now lives with her mother and sees her father on weekends. Multiple caregivers with inconsistent approaches to discipline assist with child care while her mother works at night as a medical assistant. Family history is positive for ADHD and learning problems in her father. Medical history is unremarkable. Review of systems is significant for nightly mouth breathing and snoring, but no night waking, bruxism, or daytime sleepiness. She has enlarged tonsils and a high-arched palate on physical examination.
At a follow-up visit, parent rating scales are consistent with ADHD-combined type; teacher rating scales support ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type. Snoring has persisted. A sleep study indicated obstructive sleep apnea. After adenotonsillectomy, Carly had significant improvement in ADHD symptoms. She developed recurrence of behavior problems 1 year after the surgery.