bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of tacit knowledge in incremental innovation
Authors: Okuyama Ryo 
Published: January 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of tacit knowledge in incremental innovation, which has hitherto been neglected.Design/methodology/approachQualitative case analysis was used to focus on two large Japanese pharmaceutical companies’ development of new antihypertensive drugs. The study uses interview data and documentary research materials to explore the knowledge bases of the companies’ research teams as they refined an existing drug to produce new products – a process of incremental innovation.FindingsExplicit knowledge (chemical structure of preceding drug) was used in both successful and failed cases of drug discovery. In the two successful cases, the tacit knowledge of key researchers, based on their long-term experience of related research, provided insight into developing compounds with goodin vivoefficacy, which led to successful clinical development.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that tacit knowledge may play an important role in incremental innovation processes, and that its influence on product development should be considered in such ways as team and organization structure.Originality/valueThis study addresses a gap in the literature regarding the impact of tacit knowledge on incremental innovation processes. It is often assumed that incremental innovation is based on existing technology. This study suggests that tacit knowledge may play a hitherto largely unrecognized role in incremental product development.
Governance of open innovation networks with national vs international scope
Authors: Clauss Thomas , Spieth Patrick 
Published: January 2017

PurposeThe realisation of joint innovation outcomes in open innovation networks is closely related to an efficient utilisation of governance mechanisms, which coordinate joint processes (e.g. knowledge sharing) and eliminate undesired behaviours (e.g. opportunism). Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the complex effects of multiple governance approaches on outcomes of open innovation networks with a national and an international scope.Design/methodology/approachThe study draws on a large-scale survey-based study of 100 mechanical engineering firms involved in open innovation networks. Hypotheses are tested by means of PLS structural equation modelling.FindingsThe evidence shows that the three governance mechanisms: transactional governance, relational governance and institutionalised governance significantly foster innovation outcomes of open innovation networks. In national open innovation networks, only relational governance exerts positive effects, internationally transactional and institutionalised governance is necessary.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to research in multiple ways. First, it shows that governance of open innovation networks is crucial for their innovation performance, thereby providing some explanations for the performance differences between certain networks. Second, the results indicate that the effects of governance mechanisms depend on the scope of the network. By showing that the effect of governance mechanisms varies under different contextual conditions the study also contributes to the ongoing debate on combined effects of governance mechanisms.Originality/valueThe paper fills important gaps in the existing research on the link between governance and performance in open innovation networks and delineates interesting areas for further research.
Do different generations look differently at high performance organizations?
Authors: de Waal André , Peters Linde , Broekhuizen Merel 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
Many researchers argue that the shared values of a generation affect people’s attitude, commitment, and ethics toward work. It is also argued that generational differences may cause tension between employees and with that prevent projects – such as a transition to a high performance organization (HPO) – from being completed successfully. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether generational differences in work values influence people’s perceptions of HPO, and if so, in what ways and how management could deal with it. The HPO Framework developed by de Waal (2012b) was used as a starting point for the study.

Design/methodology/approach
This study was performed at a Dutch multinational with a management trainee program. In this program, young talents, all belonging to Generation Y, followed a series of internships in various business units. A questionnaire on HPO was distributed among the trainees and their direct managers (all Generation Xers). The average scores for the five factors described in the HPO Framework were calculated for both groups. In addition, attention points were identified for the multinational, i.e. issues that needed to be addressed by the organization in order for it to become an HPO. The scores and the attention points were discussed in a workshop with both trainees and managers. Finally, the results of the workshop were analyzed and several weeks later presented by the authors to a larger audience, to validate the research findings.

Findings
The research results showed that there was a close match between the opinions of trainees (Generation Yers) and of managers (Generation Xers) concerning the general importance of the HPO factors, the organization’s performance on these factors, and the actions needed to improve on them. There were several explanations for the fact that generational differences did not influence the opinions of both generations on HPO. For example, the corporate culture in a multinational may be predominant over national culture, creating uniform thinking; or new employees adapt quickly to the organization and behave according to established patterns and thereby comply to the accepted way of thinking in the company.

Research limitations/implications
The practical implication of this study is that an organization does not have to target specific groups to convince people of the importance of HPO. It should be sufficient to hold an informative session for all staff on HPO before starting the joint HPO transition process.

Originality/value
This is the first study into how generational differences in work values could influence the opinions of various generations on HPO.
Mind your language!
Authors: Gilfoyle Sharon Ann 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore what is meant by the term recovery language and the use of mental health language in today’s society.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is an exploration of the use of recovery language and the application in modern day mental health services.

Findings
The language that is used to describe mental health is often based on a traditional medical model primarily focussing on diagnosis, symptoms and problems. This is a stark difference to the modern day use of recovery orientated language.

Practical implications
This paper can be used as a discussion topic in teams to explore themes around recovery language.

Originality/value
This paper explores issues of language in mental health that are central to recovery and the development of recovery-focussed services.
Impacts of attending recovery colleges on NHS staff
Authors: Perkins Amorette Mae , Ridler Joseph Henry , Hammond Laura , Davies Simone , Hackmann Corinna 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of attending a Recovery College (RC) on NHS staff attitudes towards mental health and recovery, clinical and peer interactions, and personal wellbeing.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative and quantitative data were collected via online surveys from 94 participants. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used.

Findings
Themes were identified for change in attitudes towards mental health and recovery: new meanings of recovery; challenging traditional views on recovery; hope for recovery; and increased parity. The majority felt that the RC positively influenced the way they supported others. Themes relating to this were: using or sharing taught skills; increased understanding and empathy; challenging non-recovery practices; and adopting recovery practices. Responses highlighted themes surrounding impacts on personal wellbeing: connectedness; safe place; self-care; and sense of competency and morale at work. Another category labelled “Design of RC” emerged with the themes co-learning, co-production and co-facilitation, and content.

Research limitations/implications
It is important to understand whether RCs are a useful resource for staff. This research suggests that RCs could help to reconcile Implementing Recovery through Organisational Change’s 10 Key Challenges and reduce staff burnout, which has implications for service provision.

Originality/value
This is one of the first papers to directly explore the value of RCs for staff attending as students, highlighting experiences of co-learning.
Impact of knowledge management enablers on knowledge sharing
Authors: Yasir Muhammad , Majid Abdul 
Published: January 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of trust in the relationship between knowledge management enablers (i.e. top management support, organizational culture, knowledge management system quality, and openness in communication) on knowledge sharing in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted through self-administered survey of employees of SMEs in Pakistan. Correlation, Baron and Kenny approach (causal steps approach) and PROCESS Macro (normal test theory) developed by Hayes were used to find out the direct and indirect effects of trust among knowledge management enablers and knowledge sharing.FindingsThe results have shown that trust of employees at SMEs was developed through knowledge management enablers which promote knowledge sharing. Therefore, the relationship between knowledge management enablers, trust, and knowledge sharing is positive.Research limitations/implicationsThe current study only considered the single aspect of knowledge management system, i.e. knowledge sharing; some other aspects of knowledge management system such as knowledge creation and knowledge utilization can be used for future studies at SMEs sector.Practical implicationsThe mediation of trust between top management support, culture, openness in communication, and knowledge sharing provided that trustworthy relationships between the members of an organization would lead to enhance the knowledge sharing activities. In order to promote the knowledge sharing attitudes within the organization, the managers should consider knowledge management enablers (top management support, organizational culture, and openness in communication) along with trustworthy environment as an energetic force for the development of knowledge management systems.Originality/valueThe study confirmed the mediating effect of trust between the relationships of top management support, organizational culture, openness in communication, and knowledge sharing, while there is a partial mediating role of trust between knowledge management system quality and knowledge sharing.
Technology auditing and risk management of technology incubators/science parks
Authors: Wonglimpiyarat Jarunee 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of risk management and auditing to technology incubators/science parks. The proposed audit plan focusses on the risk assessment using the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) framework.

Design/methodology/approach
The risk-based audit plan for auditing and managing the risks associated with the operation of technology incubators/science parks is based on the application of the COSO framework.

Findings
The proposed audit plan and performance analysis as a result of COSO application can be used as a risk management tool to improve effective operation of the incubator programmes.

Originality/value
The paper addresses the challenges of new auditing approach. In particular, the study applies the COSO framework to manage the risks of technology incubators/science parks which would help fill the gap in technology auditing. The audit plan and the performance analysis tool provide a new approach to assist R&D managers in performing risk assessments across various aspects of incubation operation.
The impact of personality traits on organizational cynicism in the education sector
Authors: Acaray Ali , Yildirim Seda 
Published: January 2017

PurposeToday’s organizations try to keep their employees loyalty but employees may still feel unsatisfied and adopt negative attitudes. Cynicism, as a negative attitude of employees toward their organization, leads to unwanted outputs such as lower performance or lower loyalties that can appear in every kind of sector. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of personality traits on organizational cynicism in the education sector.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the survey method to collect data and survey forms were distributed to teachers from various private schools in Istanbul, Turkey. With the e-mail survey method, the authors received 254 healthy survey forms from teachers. For personality traits, the five-factor model of personality traits that was developed by McCrae and Costa (1987) was preferred and the organizational cynicism model was evaluated with three basic dimensions as based on Brandes’s (1997) model.FindingsBased on data from 254 teachers of various private schools in Istanbul, interrelationships amongst personality traits and organizational cynicism were tested. On the basis of the partial least-squares method, the authors found that agreeableness had a negative effect on cognitive cynicism and affective cynicism, conscientiousness had a negative effect on cognitive cynicism and affective cynicism, neuroticism had a negative effect on cognitive cynicism and behavior cynicism, and openness to experience had a positive effect on cognitive cynicism and affective cynicism. Thus, it can be said that personality traits of teachers had a significant effect on organizational cynicism as a result of this study.Research limitations/implicationsThis study used two main scales: the scale of McCrae and Costa (1987) for personality traits and the scale of Brandes (1997) for organizational cynicism. The authors adapted both the scales for Turkish culture and the education sector that the results can be considered valid for only this study.Originality/valueThis study shows a significant effect of personality traits on cynicism in the education sector and thus can be considered to be useful for future studies.
Stream nitrogen concentration, but not plant N‐fixing capacity, modulates litter diversity effects on decomposition
Authors: Tonin Alan M. , Boyero Luz , Monroy Silvia , Basaguren Ana , Pérez Javier , Pearson Richard G. , Cardinale Bradley J. , Gonçalves José Francisco , Pozo Jesús 
Published: January 2017

Summary

We are facing major biodiversity loss and there is evidence that such loss can alter ecosystem functioning. However, the effects of plant diversity on decomposition – a key component of the global carbon cycle – are still unclear. A recent study suggested that a plant trait – their nitrogen (N)‐fixing capacity – could mediate effects of litter diversity on decomposition by means of a microbial transfer of N from N‐fixers to non‐fixers.

We explored this possibility in a microcosm experiment in which we manipulated litter species richness (one, two or four species), N‐fixing capacity (N‐fixer or non‐fixer species), the presence of detritivores (Sericostoma pyrenaicum larvae present or absent) and water N concentration [natural stream water (0·366 mg L−1 of NO3‐N) or elevated N concentration (five times the natural concentration: 1·835 mg L−1)].

We show that litter diversity accelerated decomposition by micro‐organisms and detritivores (by 7% and 15% respectively), mostly through complementarity effects. However, enhanced decomposition did not result in higher detritivore growth, possibly because all litter combinations provided sufficient resources for their maximum growth.

The plant N‐fixing capacity had no effect on decomposition, which varied among species most likely because of differences in a combination of litter traits. Detritivores maximized the consumption of their preferred resource in litter mixtures, but also exploited less preferred resources, and their C : N ratios increased during the experiment regardless of litter type or water N concentration.

Microbial decomposition of litter with low N content was enhanced at elevated water N concentration, suggesting that micro‐organisms used nutrients from the water when those nutrients were limiting in leaf litter. In contrast, detritivore growth was impaired at elevated water N concentration, possibly because a stoichiometric imbalance entails metabolic costs.

Our findings suggest that loss of plant diversity in riparian forests would mostly affect decomposition in streams of high nutrient status, where effects on microbial decomposition would be more evident and detritivore populations may be reduced.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Increasing biodiversity in urban green spaces through simple vegetation interventions
Authors: Threlfall Caragh G. , Mata Luis , Mackie Jessica A. , Hahs Amy K. , Stork Nigel E. , Williams Nicholas S. G. , Livesley Stephen J. 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Cities are rapidly expanding world‐wide and there is an increasing urgency to protect urban biodiversity, principally through the provision of suitable habitat, most of which is in urban green spaces. Despite this, clear guidelines of how to reverse biodiversity loss or increase it within a given urban green space is lacking.

We examined the taxa‐ and species‐specific responses of five taxonomically and functionally diverse animal groups to three key attributes of urban green space vegetation that drive habitat quality and can be manipulated over time: the density of large native trees, volume of understorey vegetation and percentage of native vegetation.

Using multi‐species occupancy‐detection models, we found marked differences in the effect of these vegetation attributes on bats, birds, bees, beetles and bugs. At the taxa‐level, increasing the volume of understorey vegetation and percentage of native vegetation had uniformly positive effects. We found 30–120% higher occupancy for bats, native birds, beetles and bugs with an increase in understorey volume from 10% to 30%, and 10–140% higher occupancy across all native taxa with an increase in the proportion of native vegetation from 10% to 30%. However, increasing the density of large native trees had a mostly neutral effect. At the species‐specific level, the majority of native species responded strongly and positively to increasing understorey volume and native vegetation, whereas exotic bird species had a neutral response.

Synthesis and applications. We found the probability of occupancy of most species examined was substantially reduced in urban green spaces with sparse understorey vegetation and few native plants. Our findings provide evidence that increasing understorey cover and native plantings in urban green spaces can improve biodiversity outcomes. Redressing the dominance of simplified and exotic vegetation present in urban landscapes with an increase in understorey vegetation volume and percentage of native vegetation will benefit a broad array of biodiversity.
Changes in soil microbial communities due to biological invasions can reduce allelopathic effects
Authors: Li Yang‐Ping , Feng Yu‐Long , Kang Zong‐Li , Zheng Yu‐Long , Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Chen Ya‐Jun 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Soil microbes are important in mediating allelopathic interactions between invasive and native plants in the field. However, it was not known how these interactions vary in the process of biological invasions and the effects of soil microbes; this knowledge may facilitate understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of biological invasions and managing invaded ecosystems.

We conducted competition and seed germination experiments to determine the allelopathic effects of Ageratina adenophora in soils from 42 sites with varying abundances of the invasive plant. Then we isolated the microbes that could degrade the allelochemicals of the invasive plant and tested their functions.

In both experiments, the allelopathic effects of the invasive plant were much stronger in soils from non‐invaded sites than in soils from invaded sites. Activities of the allelochemical‐degrading microbes were higher and degradation of the allelochemicals of the invasive plant was faster in soils from invaded sites than in soils from non‐invaded sites. In living soils from 30 sites with increasing abundance of A. adenophora, the allelopathic effects of the invasive plant decreased and degradation of the allelochemicals and activity of the allelochemical‐degrading microbes gradually increased.

Two bacterial strains were isolated from the soils. Inoculation of Arthrobacter sp. ZS, which was isolated from soil invaded by A. adenophora, greatly increased the degradation of the allelochemicals, thereby decreasing its allelopathic effects.

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that soils may accumulate microbes that can degrade allelochemicals in the process of biological invasions, gradually reducing the allelopathic effects of invasive species. The effects of soil microbes should be considered when studying dynamics and mechanisms of biological invasions. Application of allelochemical‐degrading microbes may facilitate ecological restoration of invaded or newly disturbed ecosystems by alleviating allelopathic inhibition of invasive plants on native plants.
Palmitoleic acid reduces the inflammation in LPS‐stimulated macrophages by inhibition of NFκB, independently of PPARs
Authors: Souza Camila O , Teixeira Alexandre AS , Biondo Luana A , Silveira Loreana S , Calder Philip C , Rosa Neto José C 
Published: January 2017

SummaryPalmitoleic acid (PM, 16:1n‐7) has anti‐inflammatory properties that could be linked to higher expression of PPARα, an inhibitor of NFκB. Macrophages play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, however, the effects of PM on macrophages are underexplored. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of PM in activated macrophages as well the role of PPARα. Primary macrophages were isolated from C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and PPARα knockout (KO) mice, cultured under standard conditions and exposed to lipopolysaccharides LPS (2.5 μg/ml) and PM 600 μmol/L conjugated with albumin for 24 hours. The stimulation with LPS increased the production of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β while PM decreased the production of IL‐6 in WT macrophages. In KO macrophages, LPS increased the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6 and PM decreased the production of TNFα. The expression of inflammatory markers such NFκB and IL1β were increased by LPS and decreased by PM in both WT and KO macrophages. PM reduced the expression of MyD88 and caspase‐1 in KO macrophages, and the expression of TLR4 and HIF‐1α in both WT and KO macrophages, although LPS had no effect. CD86, an inflammatory macrophage marker, was reduced by PM independently of genotype. PM increased PPARγ and reduced PPARβ gene expression in macrophages of both genotypes, and increased ACOX‐1 expression in KO macrophages. In conclusion, PM promotes anti‐inflammatory effects in macrophages exposed to LPS through inhibition of inflammasome pathway, which was independent of PPARα, PPARϒ and AMPK, thus the molecular mechanisms of anti‐inflammatory response caused by PM is still unclear.