bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation into knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding medical nutrition therapy among patients with diabetes in China: Results from a national multicenter cross‐sectional study
Authors: Jing Lu Lu , Chen Wei , Sun Zi Lin , Zhu Sai Nan , Shen Li , Li Wen Xia , Huang Jin , Lou Qing Qing , Bian Rong Wen , Guo Xiao Hui ,   on behalf of the China NEEDs Study Group
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) associated with medical nutrition therapy (MNT) among Chinese adult patients with diabetes and prediabetes.MethodsFrom May to August 2014, a cross‐sectional study was conducted in 40 hospitals across China. The KAP of respondents was investigated through a pretested structured questionnaire in face‐to‐face interviews. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected, and KAP scores were recorded according to patient responses.ResultsIn all, responses from 7017 of 7508 patients were analyzed. The mean (±SD) overall KAP score was 9.63 ± 3.46, with individual scores for the K, A, and P components being 2.69 ± 1.90, 1.77 ± 1.99, and 5.17 ± 1.99, respectively (out of possible total scores of 19, 6, 3, and 10, respectively). All scores were higher in respondents who received ≥15 min MNT education than in those with shorter sessions. Patients with higher KAP scores exhibited significantly better glycemic control, with a higher proportion achieving target HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and 2‐h postprandial blood glucose levels (P < 0.05). “Health publicity in hospitals” and “expert outpatient services” were the most favorable means of acquiring MNT information. The two predominant concerns associated with MNT were “the feasibility” and “the authenticity and professionalism of the information”.ConclusionsPatients with diabetes and prediabetes achieved moderate scores for KAP towards MNT. Glycemic control was positively correlated with the KAP score. Thus, MNT education should be improved, with a particular focus on feasibility and authenticity and professionalism, in China.
Higher vs. lower haemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock: subgroup analyses of the TRISS trial
Authors: Rygård S. L. , Holst L. B. , Wetterslev J. , Johansson P. I. , Perner A. ,   the TRISS trial group,   the Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group
Published: December 2016

BackgroundUsing a restrictive transfusion strategy appears to be safe in sepsis, but there may be subgroups of patients who benefit from transfusion at a higher haemoglobin level. We explored if subgroups of patients with septic shock and anaemia had better outcome when transfused at a higher vs. a lower haemoglobin threshold.MethodsIn post‐hoc analyses of the full trial population of 998 patients from the Transfusion Requirements in Septic Shock (TRISS) trial, we investigated the intervention effect on 90‐day mortality in patients with severe comorbidity (chronic lung disease, haematological malignancy or metastatic cancer), in patients who had undergone surgery (elective or acute) and in patients with septic shock as defined by the new consensus definition: lactate above 2 mmol/l and the need for vasopressors to maintain a mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg.ResultsThe baseline characteristics were mostly similar between the two intervention groups in the different subgroups. There were no differences in the intervention effect on 90‐day mortality in patients with chronic lung disease (test of interaction P = 0.31), haematological malignancy (P = 0.47), metastatic cancer (P = 0.51), in those who had undergone surgery (P = 0.99) or in patients with septic shock by the new definition (P = 0.20).ConclusionIn exploratory analyses of a randomized trial in patients with septic shock and anaemia, we observed no survival benefit in any subgroups of transfusion at a haemoglobin threshold of 90 g/l vs. 70 g/l.
Comparing rewarding and reinforcing properties between ‘bath salt’ 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and cocaine using ultrasonic vocalizations in rats
Authors: Simmons Steven J. , Gregg Ryan A. , Tran Fionya H. , Mo Lili , von Weltin Eva , Barker David J. , Gentile Taylor A. , Watterson Lucas R. , Rawls Scott M. , Muschamp John W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAbuse of synthetic psychostimulants like synthetic cathinones has risen in recent years. 3,4‐Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is one such synthetic cathinone that demonstrates a mechanism of action similar to cocaine. Compared to cocaine, MDPV is more potent at blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake and is readily self‐administered by rodents. The present study compared the rewarding and reinforcing properties of MDPV and cocaine using systemic injection dose‐response and self‐administration models. Fifty kilohertz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were recorded as an index of positive affect throughout experiments. In Experiment 1, MDPV and cocaine dose‐dependently elicited 50‐kHz USVs upon systemic injection, but MDPV increased USVs at greater rates and with greater persistence relative to cocaine. In Experiment 2, latency to begin MDPV self‐administration was shorter than latency to begin cocaine self‐administration, and self‐administered MDPV elicited greater and more persistent rates of 50‐kHz USVs versus cocaine. MDPV‐elicited 50‐kHz USVs were sustained over the course of drug load‐up whereas cocaine‐elicited USVs waned following initial infusions. Notably, we observed a robust presence of context‐elicited 50‐kHz USVs from both MDPV and cocaine self‐administering rats. Collectively, these data suggest that MDPV has powerfully rewarding and reinforcing effects relative to cocaine at one‐tenth doses. Consistent with prior work, we additionally interpret these data in supporting that MDPV has significant abuse risk based on its potency and subjectively positive effects. Future studies will be needed to better refine therapeutic strategies targeted at reducing the rewarding effects of cathinone analogs in efforts to ultimately reduce abuse liability.
Runs of homozygosity: current knowledge and applications in livestock
Authors: Peripolli E. , Munari D. P. , Silva M. V. G. B. , Lima A. L. F. , Irgang R. , Baldi F. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThis review presents a broader approach to the implementation and study of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in animal populations, focusing on identifying and characterizing ROH and their practical implications. ROH are continuous homozygous segments that are common in individuals and populations. The ability of these homozygous segments to give insight into a population's genetic events makes them a useful tool that can provide information about the demographic evolution of a population over time. Furthermore, ROH provide useful information about the genetic relatedness among individuals, helping to minimize the inbreeding rate and also helping to expose deleterious variants in the genome. The frequency, size and distribution of ROH in the genome are influenced by factors such as natural and artificial selection, recombination, linkage disequilibrium, population structure, mutation rate and inbreeding level. Calculating the inbreeding coefficient from molecular information from ROH (FROH) is more accurate for estimating autozygosity and for detecting both past and more recent inbreeding effects than are estimates from pedigree data (FPED). The better results of FROH suggest that FROH can be used to infer information about the history and inbreeding levels of a population in the absence of genealogical information. The selection of superior animals has produced large phenotypic changes and has reshaped the ROH patterns in various regions of the genome. Additionally, selection increases homozygosity around the target locus, and deleterious variants are seen to occur more frequently in ROH regions. Studies involving ROH are increasingly common and provide valuable information about how the genome's architecture can disclose a population's genetic background. By revealing the molecular changes in populations over time, genome‐wide information is crucial to understanding antecedent genome architecture and, therefore, to maintaining diversity and fitness in endangered livestock breeds.
Diagnostic accuracy of faecal biomarkers in detecting colorectal cancer and adenoma in symptomatic patients
Authors: Widlak M. M. , Thomas C. L. , Thomas M. G. , Tomkins C. , Smith S. , O'Connell N. , Wurie S. , Burns L. , Harmston C. , Evans C. , Nwokolo C. U. , Singh B. , Arasaradnam R. P. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be difficult as symptoms are variable with poor specificity. Thus, there is a quest for simple, non‐invasive testing that can help streamline those with significant colonic pathology.AimTo assess using faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin (FIT) or faecal calprotectin (FCP) to detect CRC and adenoma in symptomatic patients referred from primary care.MethodsA total of 799 referred for urgent lower gastrointestinal investigations were prospectively recruited. Of these, 430 completed colonic investigations and returned stool samples, and were included in the final statistical analysis. Faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin was performed on HM‐JACKarc analyser (Kyowa Medex, Tokyo, Japan), and FCP by the EliA Calprotectin immunoassay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, United States).ResultsThe negative predictive value (NPV) using FIT alone or both markers (FIT and FCP) in combination was similar at 99% for CRC, with a sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 93%, respectively. FIT measurements were significantly higher in left‐sided colonic lesions compared with the right side; 713 vs. 94; P = 0.0203). For adenoma, the NPV using FIT alone, or both markers (FIT and FCP) in combination, was similar at 94% with a sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 56%, respectively.ConclusionsUndetectable faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin is sufficiently sensitive to exclude colorectal cancer, with higher values in left‐sided lesions. FCP in combination does not appear to provide additional diagnostic information. Further studies to determine the health economic benefits of implementing faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin in primary care are required.
Systematic approach to understanding the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Zuo Xiaoxia , Zhang Lihua , Luo Hui , Li Yisha , Zhu Honglin 
Published: December 2016

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Progressive organ fibrosis is a major contributor to SSc mortality. Despite extensive efforts, the underlying mechanism of SSc remains unclear. Efforts to understand the pathogenesis of SSc have included genomics, epigenetics, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies in the last decade.This review focuses on recent studies in SSc research based on multi‐omics. The combination of these technologies can help us understand the pathogenesis of SSc. This review aims to provide important information for disease identification, therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers.
Associations between benign cutaneous nevi and risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women: results from two prospective cohort studies
Authors: Dai H. , Sun Q. , Zhang C. , Zhang X. , Li W.‐Q. , Manson J. E. , Hu F. B. , Song Y. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo examine the association of cutaneous nevi with Type 2 diabetes risk.MethodsWe prospectivly examined the associations between nevus count and risk of Type 2 diabetes among 26 240 men (1988–2010) from the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study and 67 050 women (1986–2010) from the Nurses' Health Study. Information on the numbers of cutaneous nevi on arms at baseline and incident cases of Type 2 diabetes was collected using validated questionnaires.ResultsDuring 1 879 287 person‐years of follow‐up, we documented 9040 incident cases of Type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for age, BMI and other diabetes risk factors, greater number of nevi was associated with higher risk of Type 2 diabetes. Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios for <1, 1–5, 6–14 and ≥15 nevi were 1.00 (reference), 1.02 (95% CI 0.93, 1.13), 1.08 (95% CI 0.88, 1.34) and 1.57 (95% CI 1.15, 2.15), respectively, for men (P for linear trend = 0.01), and 1.00 (reference), 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.13), 0.98 (95% CI 0.87, 1.10), and 1.25 (1.01, 1.54), respectively, for women (P for linear trend = 0.05). This positive association remained consistent across subgroups stratified by age, BMI, multivitamin use, smoking status, alcohol, physical activity, history of hypercholesterolaemia, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension and menopausal status (in women).ConclusionsCutaneous nevus count may represent a novel marker for development of Type 2 diabetes, suggesting a possible unique melanocytic nevus‐related mechanism in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast reduces weight gain by increasing energy expenditure and leads to improved glucose metabolism
Authors: Möllmann Julia , Kahles Florian , Lebherz Corinna , Kappel Ben , Baeck Christer , Tacke Frank , Werner Christian , Federici Massimo , Marx Nikolaus , Lehrke Michael 
Published: December 2016

AimsTo investigate the metabolic effects of the phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast, a clinically approved anti‐inflammatory drug used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Materials and methodsThe metabolic effects of roflumilast were investigated in C57BL/6J mice, fed a high‐fat Western‐type diet and treated with or without roflumilast for a period of 12 weeks.ResultsRoflumilast led to a marked reduction in body weight gain, which became apparent in the second week after treatment initiation and was attributable to a pronounced increase in energy expenditure. Furthermore, roflumilast improved glucose tolerance, reduced insulin resistance and diminished steatohepatitis in mice. Mechanistically, this was associated with hepatic protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation, leading to peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1α (PCG‐1α)‐dependent induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistently, roflumilast increased the cellular respiratory capacity of hepatocytes in a PKA‐dependent manner.ConclusionRoflumilast‐dependent PDE4 inhibition is a new target for weight loss strategies, especially in conditions of associated comorbidities such as insulin resistance and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Fear of falling and physical function in older adults with cataract: Exploring the role of vision as a moderator
Authors: Palagyi Anna , Ng Jonathon Q , Rogers Kris , Meuleners Lynn , McCluskey Peter , White Andrew , Morlet Nigel , Keay Lisa 
Published: December 2016

AimTo examine fear of falling and associated factors in a cohort of older adults with cataract, and investigate the interplay of vision and physical function with respect to fear of falling.MethodsWe analyzed baseline data from a longitudinal study of adults aged ≥65 years referred for cataract surgery. Fear of falling was assessed by the Short Falls Efficacy Scale‐International. Physical function was determined by the Short Physical Performance Battery. Participants underwent assessment of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual disability, quality of life, depressive symptoms, exercise frequency, comorbidity and falls history. Factors associated with fear of falling were assessed using linear regression. Planned stepwise regression investigated vision as a potential moderator of the relationship between physical function and fear of falling.ResultsAmong 322 participants, 32.9 % (n = 106) showed high fear of falling. Poorer physical function, more comorbidities and greater visual disability were independently associated with a higher fear of falling (all P < 0.001). Visual disability moderated the relationship between physical function and fear of falling (β = −0.10, P = 0.04). The impact of physical function on fear of falling was strongest in participants with higher (+1 standard deviation above the mean) visual disability (b = −0.21, P < 0.001).ConclusionsFear of falling in older adults with cataract is greatest in those with poorer physical function and higher levels of visual disability. Perceived visual ability has a moderating role in the relationship between physical function and fear of falling; physical function alone might not adequately predict falls concern. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1551–1558.
Chronic Migraine: An Update on Physiology, Imaging, and the Mechanism of Action of Two Available Pharmacologic Therapies
Authors: Aurora Sheena K. , Brin Mitchell F. 
Published: December 2016

Several lines of research support the hypothesis that migraine is a spectrum of illness, with clinical symptoms that vary along a continuum from episodic migraine to chronic migraine. Physiologic changes may result in episodic migraine evolving into chronic migraine over months to years in susceptible individuals. With chronification, headache frequency increases, becoming more disabling and less responsive to therapy. Neurophysiologic and functional imaging research has reported that chronic migraine may be associated with severity‐specific metabolic, functional, and structural abnormalities in the brainstem. Without longitudinal studies, it is unclear whether these changes may represent a continuum of individual progression and/or are reversible. Furthermore, chronic migraine is associated with larger impairments in cortical processing of sensory stimuli when compared with episodic migraine, possibly caused by more pronounced cortical hyperexcitability.Progressive changes in nociceptive thresholds and subsequent central sensitization due to recurrent migraine attacks in vulnerable individuals contribute to the chronic migraine state. This may result in changes to baseline neurologic function between headache attacks, evident in both electrophysiological and functional imaging research. Patients experiencing migraine chronification may report increased non‐headache pain, fatigue, psychiatric disorders (eg, depression, anxiety), gastrointestinal complaints, and other somatic conditions associated with their long‐term experience with migraine pain.Recent research provides a foundation for differentiating episodic and chronic migraine based on neurophysiologic and neuroimaging tools. In this literature review, we consider these findings in the context of models designed to explain the physiology and progression of episodic migraine into chronic migraine, and consider treatment of chronic migraine in susceptible individuals. Advances in pharmacotherapy provide treatment options for chronic migraine. Of the currently available treatment options, only onabotulinumtoxinA and topiramate have received regulatory approval and have demonstrated efficacy in patients with chronic migraine, although the exact mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated.
Imatinib accelerates progenitor cell‐mediated liver regeneration in choline‐deficient ethionine‐supplemented diet‐fed mice
Authors: Rókusz András , Bugyik Edina , Szabó Vanessza , Szücs Armanda , Paku Sándor , Nagy Péter , Dezső Katalin 
Published: December 2016

SummarySevere chronic hepatic injury can induce complex reparative processes. Ductular reaction and the appearance of small hepatocytes are standard components of this response, which is thought to have both adverse (e.g. fibrosis, carcinogenesis) and beneficial (regeneration) consequences. This complex tissue reaction is regulated by orchestrated cytokine action. We have investigated the influence of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib on a regenerative process. Ductular reaction was induced in mice by the widely used choline‐deficient ethionine‐supplemented diet (CDE). Test animals were treated daily with imatinib. After 6 weeks of treatment, imatinib successfully reduced the extent of ductular reaction and fibrosis in the CDE model. Furthermore, the number of small hepatocytes increased, and these cells had high proliferative activity, were positive for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and expressed high levels of albumin and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha. The overall functional zonality of the hepatic parenchyma (cytochrome P450 2E1 and glucose 6 phosphatase activity; endogenous biotin content) was maintained. The expression of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor beta, which is the major target of imatinib, was downregulated. The anti‐fibrotic activity of imatinib has already been reported in several experimental models. Additionally, in the CDE model imatinib was able to enhance regeneration and preserve the functional arrangement of hepatic lobules. These results suggest that imatinib might promote the recovery of the liver following parenchymal injury through the inhibition of platelet‐derived growth factor receptor beta.
Dry skin conditions are related to the recovery rate of skin temperature after cold stress rather than to blood flow
Authors: Yoshida‐Amano Yasuko , Nomura Tomoko , Sugiyama Yoshinori , Iwata Kayoko , Higaki Yuko , Tanahashi Masanori 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous blood flow plays an important role in the thermoregulation, oxygen supply, and nutritional support necessary to maintain the skin. However, there is little evidence for a link between blood flow and skin physiology. Therefore, we conducted surveys of healthy volunteers to determine the relationship(s) between dry skin properties and cutaneous vascular function.MethodsWater content of the stratum corneum, transepidermal water loss, and visual dryness score were investigated as dry skin parameters. Cutaneous blood flow in the resting state, the recovery rate (RR) of skin temperature on the hand after a cold‐stress test, and the responsiveness of facial skin blood flow to local cooling were examined as indices of cutaneous vascular functions. The relationships between dry skin parameters and cutaneous vascular functions were assessed.ResultsThe RR correlated negatively with the visual dryness score of skin on the leg but correlated positively with water content of the stratum corneum on the arm. No significant correlation between the resting state of blood flow and dry skin parameters was observed. In both the face and the body, deterioration in skin dryness from summer to winter was significant in subjects with low RR. The RR correlated well with the responsiveness of facial skin blood flow to local cooling, indicating that the RR affects systemic dry skin conditions.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the RR but not blood flow at the resting state is associated with dry skin conditions and is involved in skin homeostasis during seasonal environmental changes.