bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraocular Pressure After 2 Hours of Small-Diameter Scleral Lens Wear
Authors: Nau Cherie B. , Schornack Muriel M. , McLaren Jay W. , Sit Arthur J. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
Compression of episcleral veins or deformation of tissue in the Schlemm's canal beneath the landing zone of scleral lenses could elevate intraocular pressure (IOP). We examined the effect of 2 hr of small-diameter scleral lens wear on IOP.

Methods:
Twenty-nine participants, 29 ± 6 years old (mean ± SD) who experienced no history of eye disease or scleral lens wear, were included in the study. Each participant was fitted with a 15-mm Jupiter scleral lens on one eye (study eye). Intraocular pressure was measured in both eyes by pneumatonometry centrally on the cornea and peripherally on the sclera. The lens was then placed on one eye and was worn for 2 hr. Intraocular pressure was remeasured immediately after lens placement, at 1 and 2 hr of lens wear, and immediately after lens removal. Intraocular pressure after removal of the scleral lens was compared with IOP before placing the lens and to IOP in the control eye using paired t tests.

Results:
Immediately after removing the scleral lens, mean central IOP in the study eye (13.9 ± 3.1 mm Hg) was not different from mean central IOP in the control eye (13.5 ± 2.2 mm Hg, P = 0.4) or in the same eye before lens wear (13.6 ± 1.9 mm Hg, P = 0.6). There were also no differences in IOP measured peripherally at 2 hr of lens wear (P = 0.8).

Conclusions:
Neophyte scleral lens wear of a 15-mm scleral lens for 2 hr does not increase IOP in healthy eyes.
The role of emergency physicians in the institutionalization of emergency medicine
Authors: van Schothorst Jannine , van den Brand Crispijn L. , Gaakeer Menno I. , Wallenburg Iris 
Published: December 2015

Objectives
Emergency medicine is a fast-growing medical profession. Nevertheless, the clinical activities emergency physicians (EPs) carry out and the responsibilities they have differ considerably between hospitals. This article addresses the question how the role of EPs is shaped and institutionalized in the everyday context of acute care in hospitals.

Methods
A cross-case ethnographic study was conducted, comprising observations, document analysis, and in-depth interviews in three emergency departments in the Netherlands.

Results
Drawing on the theoretical concept of institutional work, we show that managers, already established medical specialties, and EPs all conduct institutional work to enhance private interests, which both restricts and enlarges EPs’ work domain. These actions are strategic and intentional, as well as unintentional and part of EPs’ everyday work in acute care delivery. It is in this very process that tasks and responsibilities are redistributed and the role of the EP is shaped.

Discussion
In contemporary literature it is often argued that the role and status of EPs should be enhanced by strengthening regulation and improving training programs. This article shows that attention should also be paid to the more subtle everyday processes of role development.
Telemetry-assisted early detection of STEMI in patients with atypical symptoms by paramedic-performed 12-lead ECG with subsequent cardiological analysis
Authors: Campo Dell’ Orto Marco , Hamm Christian , Liebetrau Christoph , Hempel Dorothea , Merbs Reinhold , Cuca Colleen , Breitkreutz Raoul 
Published: December 2015

Objectives
ECG is an essential diagnostic tool in patients with acute coronary syndrome. We aimed to determine how many patients presenting with atypical symptoms for an acute myocardial infarction show ST-segment elevations on prehospital ECG. We also aimed to study the feasibility of telemetric-assisted prehospital ECG analysis.

Patients and methods
Between April 2010 and February 2011, consecutive emergency patients presenting with atypical symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, atypical chest pain, palpitations, hypertension, syncope, or dizziness were included in the study. After basic measures were completed, a 12-lead ECG was written and telemetrically transmitted to the cardiac center, where it was analyzed by attending physicians. Any identification of an ST-elevation myocardial infarction resulted in patient admission at the closest coronary angiography facility.

Results
A total of 313 emergency patients presented with the following symptoms: dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness/collapse, or acute hypertension. Thirty-four (11%) patients of this cohort were found to show ST-segment elevations on the 12-lead ECG. These patients were directly admitted to the closest coronary catheterization facility rather than the closest hospital. The time required for transmission and analysis of the ECG was 3.6±1.2 min.

Conclusion
Telemetry-assisted 12-lead ECG analysis in a prehospital setting may lead to earlier detection of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with atypical symptoms. Thus, a 12-lead ECG should be considered in all prehospital patients both with typical and atypical symptoms.
Cow's Milk Allergy Prescribing Is Influenced by Regional and National Guidance
Authors: Wauters Lucas , Brown Trevor , Venter Carina , Dziubak Robert , Meyer Rosan , Brogan Breege , Walsh Joanne , Fox Adam T. , Shah Neil 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is the most common food allergy in children with many clinical manifestations, leading to misdiagnoses such as gastro‐oesophageal reflux, infantile colic, and lactose intolerance with inappropriate prescribing. We aimed to determine the impact of infant feeding guidelines on CMA prescribing in UK primary care using a simple and inexpensive training package.Methods:Prospectively collected data of infant feeding prescriptions in Northern Ireland from June 2012 to March 2014 were analysed with the intervention period between November 2012 and March 2013. A comparison was made between hypoallergenic formulae, appropriate for CMA, versus alternative prescriptions including antiregurgitation and colic products, lactose‐free and partially hydrolysed milks, or infant Gaviscon.Results:Comparing pre‐ and postintervention period, the total quantity of hypoallergenic formulae increased by 63.2% and alternative prescriptions decreased by 44.6% (P < 0.001). The total amount of all prescribed products decreased by 41.0% (P < 0.001). During the study period, the proportion of recommended CMA treatment increased from 3.4% before training to 9.8% in the short‐ and long‐term follow‐up (P < 0.001). The overall increase was £33,508 per year or £95.5 per general practitioner's surgery.Conclusions:We present the first study evaluating the impact of infant feeding guidelines on CMA prescribing in UK primary care. Practical advice and teaching of health professionals allowed for effective implementation of regional and national guidelines, with a significant impact on prescription patterns. This study shows promising results for prospective research on a national scale, including socioeconomical impact and cost‐effectiveness.
Health‐related Quality of Life in Infants With Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Mohammad Saeed , Kaurs Elizabeth , Aguirre Vincent P. , Varni James W. , Alonso Estella M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective of the present study was to report on the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of infants with chronic liver disease using the PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) Infant Scales.Methods:The 36‐item (ages 1–12 months) and 45‐item (ages 13–24 months) PedsQL Infant Scales (physical functioning, physical symptoms, emotional functioning, social functioning, cognitive functioning) were completed by 50 parents of infants with chronic liver disease.Results:Infants ages 1 to 12 months had significantly lower HRQOL scores compared with a matched healthy sample. Infants 13 to 24 months trended to lower physical HRQOL scores that did not reach statistical significance. Recent hospitalizations had an impact on the majority of HRQOL subscales, as did ascites, and failure to thrive.Conclusions:Infants ages 1 to 12 months with chronic liver disease demonstrate lower HRQOL compared with healthy children with physical subscales being most severely affected. The PedsQL Infant Scales allow the definition of HRQOL during a critical period of an infants’ development that has been heretofore difficult to measure.
Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia and Dementia in Tremembé, Brazil
Authors: César Karolina G. , Brucki Sonia M.D. , Takada Leonel T. , Nascimento Luiz F.C. , Gomes Camila M.S. , Almeida Milena C.S. , Oliveira Maira O. , Porto Fábio H.G. , Senaha Mirna L.H. , Bahia Valéria S. , Silva Thaís B.L. , Ianof Jéssica N. , Spíndola Lívia , Schmidt Magali T. , Jorge Mário S. , Vale Patrícia H.F. , Cecchini Mário A. , Cassimiro Luciana , Soares Roger T. , Gonçalves Márcia R. , Martins Ana C.S. , Daré Patrícia , Smid Jerusa , Porto Claudia S. , Carthery-Goulart Maria T. , Yassuda Mônica S. , Mansur Letícia L. , Nitrini Ricardo 
Published: December 2015

Background:
The prevalence of cognitive impairment is insufficiently determined in developing countries. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia and dementia in community-dwelling elderly in Brazil.

Methods:
This was a single-phase cross-sectional survey of the elderly (aged 60 years and above) living in the municipality of Tremembé, Brazil. Twenty percent of the households with elderly persons were randomly selected from urban and rural areas, to obtain a homogenous representation of all socioeconomic and cultural levels.

Results:
We assessed 630 individuals [mean age, 71.3 y (±7.99); mean years of education, 4.9 (±4.54)] and found prevalence rates of 17.5% (95% confidence interval, 14.6-20.6) for dementia and 19.5% (95% confidence interval, 16.6-22.8) for cognitive impairment without dementia. These prevalence rates were influenced by age (P<0.001) and by educational level (P<0.001). There was no significant sex difference among diagnostic groups (P=0.166). The prevalence of dementia was higher in relatively younger individuals (below 70 y) when compared with other studies. Besides, dementia was associated with low socioeconomic status, stroke, previous psychiatric disorder, alcoholism, and epilepsy.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of dementia in this study was higher than in other studies, particularly among younger elderly.
Evolution of sex chromosomes is prior to speciation in the dioeciousPhoenixspecies
Authors: Cherif Emira , Zehdi-Azouzi Salwa , Crabos Amandine , Castillo Karina , Chabrillange Nathalie , Pintaud Jean-Christophe , Salhi-Hannachi Amel , Glémin Sylvain , Aberlenc-Bertossi Frédérique 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the driving forces and molecular processes underlying dioecy and sex chromosome evolution, leading from hermaphroditism to the occurrence of male and female individuals, is of considerable interest in fundamental and applied research. The genusPhoenix, belonging to the family Arecaceae, consists of only dioecious species. Phylogenetic data suggests that the genusPhoenixdiverged from a hermaphroditic ancestor shared with its closest relatives. Here we investigated the evolution of suppressed recombination within the genusPhoenixas a whole by extending the analysis ofP.dactyliferasex-related loci to eight other species within the genus. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis of a date palm sex-linkedPdMYB1gene in these species. We found that X and Y sex-linked alleles clustered in a species-independent fashion. Our data show that sex chromosomes evolved before the diversification of the extant dioecious species. Furthermore, the distribution of Y haplotypes revealed two male ancestral paternal lineages which may have emerged prior to speciation.
No evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer in the genome of the tardigradeHypsibius dujardini
Authors: Koutsovoulos Georgios , Kumar Sujai , Laetsch Dominik R. , Stevens Lewis , Daub Jennifer , Conlon Claire , Maroon Habib , Thomas Fran , Aziz Aboobaker A. , Blaxter Mark 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTardigrades are meiofaunal ecdysozoans that are key to understanding the origins of Arthropoda. Many species of Tardigrada can survive extreme conditions through cryptobiosis. In a recent paper (Boothby TCet al(2015) Evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer from the draft genome of a tardigrade.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA112:15976-15981) the authors concluded that the tardigradeHypsibius dujardinihad an unprecedented proportion (17%) of genes originating through functional horizontal gene transfer (fHGT), and speculated that fHGT was likely formative in the evolution of cryptobiosis. We independently sequenced the genome ofH. dujardini. As expected from whole-organism DNA sampling, our raw data contained reads from non-target genomes. Filtering using metagenomics approaches generated a draftH. dujardinigenome assembly of 135 Mb with superior assembly metrics to the previously published assembly. Additional microbial contamination likely remains. We found no support for extensive fHGT. Among 23,021 gene predictions we identified 0.2% strong candidates for fHGT from bacteria, and 0.2% strong candidates for fHGT from non-metazoan eukaryotes. Cross-comparison of assemblies showed that the overwhelming majority of HGT candidates in the Boothbyet al. genome derived from contaminants. We conclude that fHGT intoH. dujardiniaccounts for at most 1-2% of genes and that the proposal that one sixth of tardigrade genes originate from functional HGT events is an artefact of undetected contamination.
The complete genome of a viable archaeum isolated from 123‐million‐year‐old rock salt
Authors: Jaakkola Salla T. , Pfeiffer Friedhelm , Ravantti Janne J. , Guo Qinggong , Liu Ying , Chen Xiangdong , Ma Hongling , Yang Chunhe , Oksanen Hanna M. , Bamford Dennis H. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryLive microbes have been isolated from rock salt up to Permian age. Only obligatory cellular functions can be performed in halite‐buried cells. Consequently, their genomic sequences are likely to remain virtually unchanged. However, the available sequence information from these organisms is scarce and consists of mainly ribosomal 16S sequences. Here, live archaea were isolated from early Cretaceous (∼123 million years old) halite from the depth of 2000 m in Qianjiang Depression, Hubei Province, China. The sample was radiologically dated and subjected to rigorous surface sterilization before microbe isolation. The isolates represented a single novel species of Halobacterium, for which we suggest the name Halobacterium hubeiense, type strain Hbt. hubeiense JI20‐1. The species was closely related to a Permian (225–280 million years old) isolate, Halobacterium noricense, originating from Alpine rock salt. This study is the first one to publish the complete genome of an organism originating from surface‐sterilized ancient halite. In the future, genomic data from halite‐buried microbes can become a key factor in understanding the mechanisms by which these organisms are able to survive in harsh conditions deep underground or possibly on other celestial bodies.
Location, location, location: priority effects in wood decay communities may vary between sites
Authors: Hiscox Jennifer , Savoury Melanie , Johnston Sarah R. , Parfitt David , Müller Carsten T. , Rogers Hilary J. , Boddy Lynne 
Published: December 2015

SummaryPriority effects are known to have a major influence on fungal community development in decomposing wood, but it has not yet been established whether these effects are consistent between different geographical locations. Here, beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood disks that had been pre‐colonized with three wood decay basidiomycetes were placed in seven woodland sites with similar characteristics for 12–24 months, and the successor communities profiled using culture‐based techniques coupled with amplicon sequencing. On the majority of sites, assembly history differed as a result of primary versus secondary resource capture only (i.e. different communities developed in uncolonized control disks compared with those that had been pre‐colonized), but on certain sites distinct successor communities followed each pre‐colonizer species. This study provides preliminary evidence that differences in abiotic factors and species pools between sites can cause spatial variation in how priority effects influence wood decay communities.
Genomic evidence for distinct carbon substrate preferences and ecological niches of Bathyarchaeota in estuarine sediments
Authors: Lazar Cassandre Sara , Baker Brett J. , Seitz Kiley , Hyde Andrew S. , Dick Gregory J. , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe , Teske Andreas P. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryInvestigations of the biogeochemical roles of benthic Archaea in marine sediments are hampered by the scarcity of cultured representatives. In order to determine their metabolic capacity, we reconstructed the genomic content of four widespread uncultured benthic Archaea recovered from estuary sediments at 48% to 95% completeness. Four genomic bins were found to belong to different subgroups of the former Miscellaneous Crenarcheota Group (MCG) now called Bathyarchaeota: MCG‐6, MCG‐1, MCG‐7/17 and MCG‐15. Metabolic predictions based on gene content of the different genome bins indicate that subgroup 6 has the ability to hydrolyse extracellular plant‐derived carbohydrates, and that all four subgroups can degrade detrital proteins. Genes encoding enzymes involved in acetate production as well as in the reductive acetyl–CoA pathway were detected in all four genomes inferring that these Archaea are organo‐heterotrophic and autotrophic acetogens. Genes involved in nitrite reduction were detected in all Bathyarchaeota subgroups and indicate a potential for dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium. Comparing the genome content of the different Bathyarchaeota subgroups indicated preferences for distinct types of carbohydrate substrates and implicitly, for different niches within the sedimentary environment.
Heterogeneity in phage induction enables the survival of the lysogenic population
Authors: Imamovic Lejla , Ballesté Elisenda , Martínez‐Castillo Alexandre , García‐Aljaro Cristina , Muniesa Maite 
Published: December 2015

SummaryLysogeny by temperate phages provides novel functions for bacteria and shelter for phages. However, under conditions that activate the phage lytic cycle, the benefit of lysogeny becomes a paradox that poses a threat for bacterial population survival. Using Escherichia coli lysogens for Shiga toxin (Stx) phages as model, we demonstrate how lysogenic bacterial populations circumvent extinction after phage induction. A fraction of cells maintains lysogeny, allowing population survival, whereas the other fraction of cells lyse, increasing Stx production and spreading Stx phages. The uninduced cells were still lysogenic for the Stx phage and equally able to induce phages as the original cells, suggesting heterogeneity of the E. coli lysogenic population. The bacterial population can modulate phage induction under stress conditions by the stress regulator RpoS. Cells overexpressing RpoS reduce Stx phage induction and compete with and survive better than cells with baseline RpoS levels. Our observations suggest that population heterogeneity in phage induction could be widespread among other bacterial genera and we propose this is a mechanism positively selected to prevent the extinction of the lysogenic population that can be modulated by environmental conditions.
Prophages of the genus Bifidobacterium as modulating agents of the infant gut microbiota
Authors: Lugli Gabriele Andrea , Milani Christian , Turroni Francesca , Tremblay Denise , Ferrario Chiara , Mancabelli Leonardo , Duranti Sabrina , Ward Doyle V. , Ossiprandi Maria Cristina , Moineau Sylvain , van Sinderen Douwe , Ventura Marco 
Published: December 2015

SummaryPhage predation is one of the key forces that shape genetic diversity in bacterial genomes. Phages are also believed to act as modulators of the microbiota composition and, consequently, as agents that drive bacterial speciation in complex bacterial communities. Very little is known about the occurrence and genetic variability of (pro)phages within the Bifidobacterium genus, a dominant bacterial group of the human infant microbiota. Here, we performed cataloguing of the predicted prophage sequences from the genomes of all currently recognized bifidobacterial type strains. We analysed their genetic diversity and deduced their evolutionary development, thereby highlighting an intriguing origin. Furthermore, we assessed infant gut microbiomes for the presence of (pro)phage sequences and found compelling evidence that these viral elements influence the composition of bifidobacterial communities in the infant gut microbiota.
Co‐infections and transmission dynamics in a tick‐borne bacterium community exposed to songbirds
Authors: Heylen Dieter , Fonville Manoj , van Leeuwen Arieke Docters , Sprong Hein 
Published: December 2015

SummaryWe investigated the transmission dynamics of a community of tick‐borne pathogenic bacteria in a common European songbird (Parus major). Tick‐naïve birds were infested with three successive batches (spaced 5 days apart) of field‐collected Ixodes ricinus nymphs, carrying the following tick‐borne bacteria: Rickettsia helvetica (16.9%), Borrelia garinii (1.9%), Borrelia miyamotoi (1.6%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.2%) and Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis (0.4%). Fed ticks were screened for the pathogens after moulting to the next developmental phase. We found evidence for early transmission (within 2.75 days after exposure) of R. helvetica and B. garinii, and to a lesser extent of A. phagocytophilum based on the increased infection rates of ticks during the first infestation. The proportion of ticks infected with R. helvetica remained constant over the three infestations. In contrast, the infection rate of B. garinii in the ticks increased over the three infestations, indicating a more gradual development of host tissue infection. No interactions were found among the different bacterium species during transmission. Birds did not transmit or amplify the other bacterial species. We show that individual birds can transmit several pathogenic bacterium species at the same time using different mechanisms, and that the transmission facilitation by birds increases the frequency of co‐infections in ticks.