bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A three dimensional free body analysis describing variation in the musculoskeletal configuration of the cynodont lower jaw
Authors: Reed D. A. , Iriarte‐Diaz J. , Diekwisch T. G. H. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe evolution of the middle ear from the cynodont craniomandibular bones is one of the key mammalian innovations, and the mechanics underlying this anatomical transformation represents an intriguing paradox. Because the jaw joint of nonmammalian cynodonts was functionally coupled to the inner ear, auditory performance would favor low joint reaction forces. However, this could not be achieved at the expense of feeding performance, favoring high bite forces. The balance of these two seemingly incompatible performance criteria in the context of the morphological diversity of the cynodont lower jaw is poorly understood. Here we derive a series of equations using three dimensional free body analysis that describe the relationship between the orientation and position of the jaw elevator muscles, the position of the jaw articulation relative to the bite point, the joint reaction forces and the bite force in the lower jaw of the nonmammalian cynodontProbainognathus. These equations permit the effects of variation in each variable to be tested independently, yielding three terms that act to limit joint reaction forces without substantially impacting bite force: the reorientation of the resultant muscle force more vertically, shifting the position of the bite point medial to the jaw articulation, and elevating the jaw articulation above the level with the tooth row only when the muscles are oriented principally in the anterior direction. The predictions from our equations provide insights for functional interpretations of patterns of morphological diversity in the cynodont fossil record. They also illustrate that the musculoskeletal configuration of the cynodont lower jaw can be evolutionarily labile without negatively impacting the dual performance criteria of the auditory and feeding system.
Teaching mandibular implant‐Supported overdentures in dental schools in North America – a survey
Authors: Ben‐Gal G. , Ziv Y. , Weiss E. I. , Zabrovsky A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionMandibular two‐implant overdentures are considered the minimum standard of care for edentulous patients and provide an excellent performance, as well as satisfaction to the patients. Dental schools are required to promote the teaching of current treatment options in order to enable students to master state‐of‐the‐art procedures.AimsThe purpose of this study was to examine how the theoretical and practical aspects of mandibular two‐implant overdentures are taught in dental schools in North America.MethodsData were collected via an online questionnaire that included questions regarding the theoretical and clinical courses, surgical procedure and imaging method.ResultsOf 75 schools, 36 responded to the survey. Almost all the schools teach the subject theoretically, but it is not mandatory for students to perform in most of the schools. Only a minority (23%) of the mandibular dentures made by students are implant‐supported. Almost all of the schools (94%) use two implants to support overdentures, and Locator abutment is used almost exclusively. The prevalent imaging for the surgical procedure is CT scans, although 30% of the schools use panoramic radiograph. None of the schools loads the implants immediately after surgery.ConclusionSome clear trends are apparent in the current survey: the use of two implants, no use of bar connectors and delayed loading of the implants. It is likely that graduates will not have sufficient clinical skills and will need continuing education to be familiar with the required procedures, both surgical and prosthetic.
Long‐lasting deficits in hedonic and nucleus accumbens reactivity to sweet rewards by sugar overconsumption during adolescence
Authors: Naneix Fabien , Darlot Florence , Coutureau Etienne , Cador Martine 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAdolescence is a critical period characterized by major neurobiological changes. Chronic stimulation of the reward system might constitute an important factor in vulnerability to pathological development. In spite of the dramatic increase in the consumption of sweet palatable foods during adolescence in our modern societies, the long‐term consequences of such exposure on brain reward processing remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated in rats the long‐lasting effects of sugar overconsumption during their adolescence on their adult reactivity to the hedonic properties of sweet rewards. Adolescent rats with continuous access to 5% sucrose solution (from postnatal day 30–46) showed escalating intake. At adulthood (post‐natal day 70), using two‐bottle free choice tests, sucrose‐exposed rats showed lower intake than non‐exposed rats suggesting decreased sensitivity to the rewarding properties of sucrose. In Experiment 1, we tested their hedonic‐related orofacial reactions to intraoral infusion of tasty solutions. We showed that sucrose‐exposed rats presented less hedonic reactions in response to sweet tastes leaving the reactivity to water or quinine unaltered. Hence, in Experiment 2, we observed that this hedonic deficit is associated with lower c‐Fos expression levels in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region known to play a central role in hedonic processing. These findings demonstrate that a history of high sucrose intake during the critical period of adolescence induces long‐lasting deficits in hedonic treatment that may contribute to reward‐related disorders.
Postictal immobility and generalized EEG suppression are associated with the severity of respiratory dysfunction
Authors: Kuo Jonathan , Zhao Wenjie , Li Chin‐Shang , Kennedy Jeffrey D. , Seyal Masud 
Published: January 2016

SummaryObjectiveThe pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) remains undetermined. Seizures are accompanied by respiratory dysfunction (RD). Postictal generalized electroencephalography (EEG) suppression (PGES) may follow generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS). Following GTCS patients have impaired arousal and may be motionless. Patients with SUDEP are usually prone. Postictal immobility (PI) may contribute to SUDEP by not permitting repositioning of the head to allow unimpeded ventilation. To determine whether RD and/or ictal characteristics are associated with PI, we analyzed patients with GTCS in the epilepsy monitoring unit.MethodWe investigated for associations between PI duration and PGES, ictal/postictal oxygen saturation (SpO2), end‐tidal CO2 (ETCO2), seizure localization, duration, and tonic and total convulsive phase duration. We investigated for linkage between PGES and these measures.ResultsSeventy patients with 181 GTCS and available SpO2 and/or ETCO2 data were studied. Simple linear regression analysis by seizures showed that PI duration was associated with peak periictal ETCO2 (p = 0.03), duration of oxygen desaturation (p = 0.005) and with SpO2 nadir (p = 0.02). PI duration was not associated with tonic, convulsive phase or total seizure duration. Analysis by patients also showed significant association of PI with RD. Duration of PI was longer following seizures with PGES (p < 0.001). PGES was not associated with the tonic, convulsive phase or total seizure duration. SpO2 nadir was lower in seizures with PGES (p = 0.046), ETCO2 peak change (p = 0.003) was higher, and duration of ETCO2 elevation (p = 0.03) was longer. Multivariable regression analysis showed that PGES and severe RD were associated with PI duration.SignificanceThe duration of PI and presence of PGES are associated with periictal RD. The duration of PI is also associated with the presence of PGES. Seizure duration or duration of the convulsive phase is not associated with PI or PGES. Interventions aimed at reversing impaired arousal and PI may reduce SUDEP risk.
Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) carers' perceptions of oral care in residential aged care settings in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Adebayo Bola , Durey Angela , Slack‐Smith Linda M. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThe aims of the study were twofold: to explore African migrant carers' perceptions of oral health who worked in residential aged care and to investigate their perspectives of oral care for aged care residents.BackgroundCulturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) carers are strongly represented in Australian residential aged care facilities.MethodsExploratory qualitative research targeted carers from African backgrounds working in residential aged care facilities in Perth, Western Australia. Fifteen African carers were recruited through community networks and participated in semistructured interviews. Data were analysed for key themes related to the study's aims noting similarities and differences between participants.ResultsAll participants considered oral health important to individual well‐being and quality of life. Most had limited knowledge of prevention and early detection of oral disease resulting from regular dental check‐ups with the majority visiting dental professionals only for dental pain. Yet participants considered oral health care for residents needed improvement. Suggestions included dental professionals on staff and training and professional development for all staff not just in oral health care but also in working respectfully and sensitively with residents and staff from CALD backgrounds.ConclusionOur findings suggest that, to ensure residents receive high quality oral health care, ongoing professional development is required, not only for CALD carers in oral health but also for non‐CALD staff in care that is respectful of cultural differences.
Glass–ceramics bonding in geriatric patients: comparison with young teeth
Authors: Türk Ayşe Gözde , Cal Ebru , Unal Sena , Güneri Pelin , Ulusoy Mübin , Ozden Meltem 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess whether in geriatric patients, the shear bond strength (SBS) of glass–ceramics differed when compared to young controls.BackgroundIn the need of aesthetic restorations for geriatric patients, reliable bonding of glass–ceramics should be accomplished; however, glass–ceramics bonding on aged tooth structures is still unclear.Materials and methodsSixty extracted molars from young and geriatric patients [18–25 (Y), and 65–80 (O)] were cut buccolingually to prepare enamel (E) and dentin (D) surfaces. Both surfaces were randomly divided into three groups according to the resin cements: Variolink II (V); Superbond (S); and Clearfil Esthetic Cement (C) (n = 10). Disc‐shaped glass–ceramics (IPS E‐max Press) (n = 120) were prepared. Specimens were bonded and subjected to thermocycling. SBS test was performed using a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). After debonding, the surfaces were examined using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were statistically analysed with Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Levene, anova and Bonferroni tests (p = 0.05).ResultsThere were no significant differences between the old and young teeth surfaces. V showed the highest SBS [MPa(SD)] on both enamel and dentin [36.7 (6.5) (YE), 23.2 (13.2) (YD), 32.1 (16.2) (OE), 25.5 (8.6) (OD), respectively]. Significant differences were observed between resin cements (p < 0.05). The failure types were 43% adhesive between tooth and cement, 48% mix, 9% adhesive between cement and ceramic, regardless of cement type.ConclusionIn geriatric patients, the shear bond strength of glass–ceramics did not differ when compared to that of young controls. On the dentin surface, etch–rinse resin cements appear to be more appropriate for glass–ceramics bonding.
SSB binds to the RecG and PriA helicases in vivo in the absence of DNA
Authors: Yu Cong , Tan Hui Yin , Choi Meerim , Stanenas Adam J. , Byrd Alicia K. , D. Raney Kevin , Cohan Christopher S. , Bianco Piero R. 
Published: January 2016

The E. coli single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein (SSB) binds to the fork DNA helicases RecG and PriA in vitro. Typically for binding to occur, 1.3 m ammonium sulfate must be present, bringing into question the validity of these results as these are nonphysiological conditions. To determine whether SSB can bind to these helicases, we examined binding in vivo. First, using fluorescence microscopy, we show that SSB localizes PriA and RecG to the vicinity of the inner membrane in the absence of DNA damage. Localization requires that SSB be in excess over the DNA helicases and the SSB C‐terminus and both PriA and RecG be present. Second, using the purification of tagged complexes, our results show that SSB binds to PriA and RecG in vivo, in the absence of DNA. We propose that this may be the ‘storage form’ of RecG and PriA. We further propose that when forks stall, RecG and PriA are targeted to the fork by SSB, which, by virtue of its high affinity for single‐stranded DNA, allows these helicases to outcompete other proteins. This ensures their actions in the early stages of the rescue of stalled replication forks.
Characteristics of non‐obese non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: Effect of genetic and environmental factors
Authors: Honda Yasushi , Yoneda Masato , Kessoku Takaomi , Ogawa Yuji , Tomeno Wataru , Imajo Kento , Mawatari Hironori , Fujita Koji , Hyogo Hideyuki , Ueno Takato , Chayama Kazuaki , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi , Hotta Kikuko 
Published: January 2016

AimThere are a considerable number of patients with non‐obese non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the clinical characteristics of non‐obese NAFLD is not fully understood. We investigated genetic and other clinical parameters in non‐obese and obese NAFLD.MethodsThe single nucleotide polymorphism rs738409 in the patatin‐like phospholipase 3 gene (PNPLA3) was genotyped by the Invader assay in 540 NAFLD patients (134 non‐obese and 406 obese) and 1012 control subjects (782 non‐obese and 230 obese). All NAFLD patients underwent liver biopsy. Odds ratios were calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis using age, sex, body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and rs738409 genotype as explanatory variables.ResultsNon‐obese NAFLD subjects had a higher rs738409 GG genotype than obese NAFLD. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratios of T2DM and rs738409 GG genotype for NAFLD were higher in non‐obese than in obese groups. In non‐obese NAFLD, rs738409 GG genotype was associated with lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and NAFLD activity score. In obese NAFLD, BMI and T2DM but not rs738409 GG genotype were associated with severity of histology.ConclusionWe demonstrated that the risk factors for the development and progression of NAFLD were different between non‐obese and obese patients and that PNPLA3 rs738409 was strongly associated with the development and progression of non‐obese NAFLD.
Medieval Misogyny or Gendered Politics: Rethinking John Gerson (1363–1429)
Authors: McLoughlin Nancy 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe late medieval Parisian university chancellor Jean Gerson (1363–1429) offers a productive case study for integrating biographically centered intellectual histories with feminist critiques as a means of understanding the perpetuation and evolution of misogyny. Gerson's famous denunciations of medieval women's mysticism contributed to the early modern European witch hunts and an intensification of clerical oversight of pious women's spiritual practices. Gerson, however, also defended women's capacity for contemplation and right to well‐informed and conscientious pastoral care. This essay juxtaposes Gerson‐centered and feminist treatments of Gerson's misogynist legacy for the sake of focusing researchers' attention on the forces that conspired to encourage Gerson and other similar individuals, who have been sympathetic to women's concerns in some instances, to make aggressive and virulent contributions to misogynist ideas and policies.
New Directions in the Study of Visigothic Spain
Authors: Wood Jamie , Martínez Jiménez Javier 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSince the fall of the Visigothic kingdom in 711, analysis of its history has been tied to contemporary Spanish politics. Political and economic developments in Spain since the 1970s have driven research into the late antique and early medieval period. Most notably, archaeological evidence has come to play a much more prominent role in analyses of the Visigothic period in Spain. This article synthesises archaeological and historical research from the past 20 years. It draws on recent developments in urban and rural archaeology in order to examine key avenues of research on the period: the negotiated nature of power, post‐Roman identity politics, and law and literacy.
Private Lives, Public History: Navigating Historical Consciousness in Australia
Authors: Clark Anna 
Published: January 2016

AbstractContests over Australian history captivate governments, historians and public commentators; they grab headlines and spawn endless public commentary. The ‘history wars’, as those debates have come to be known, play out over museum exhibits, national commemorations, public apologies and the ways we teach the past to the next generation: should the Australian War Memorial commemorate the victims of the Australian frontier wars? Should Australians be sorry for historical actions in the past? Should Australian history be compulsory in school? (And so on.) But does that ‘national story’ have any meaning for Australian families and communities? This paper canvasses some recent qualitative research into historical consciousness in Australia to explore the ways those historical discourses operate beyond the public domain. It asks participants to speak in their own words about what history means: how they relate to their local and family histories, and how they engage with Australian history more broadly. Importantly, the project reveals a depth and complexity to Australians' historical engagement and demonstrates that public and personal discourses about the past do indeed intersect in everyday life around the country.
Revising the biome concept for understanding and predicting global change impacts
Authors: Moncrieff Glenn R. , Bond William J. , Higgins Steven I. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBiomes are globally distributed, structurally and functionally similar vegetation units defined without reference to plant species composition. The boundaries between biomes are presumed to correspond with species turnover and changes in biogeochemical cycling. Determining the controls of biome distributions is thus critical for anticipating global change impacts. Historically, climate and soils have been understood to adequately explain the global distribution of biomes. Convergent evolution and environmental filtering are assumed to be pervasive, ultimately resulting in deterministic patterns of vegetation structure and function in relation to prevailing environmental conditions. Recent studies have highlighted significant problems with this view of biomes. Firstly, systematic structural and functional divergence within biomes has been identified when comparing environmentally similar, yet floristically distinct regions. Secondly, climatic determinism is being further undermined by evidence suggesting multiple stable biome states are possible for some combinations of climatic drivers. We argue that biomes remain useful and necessary constructs for organizing our knowledge of how ecosystems function and for predicting how they might respond to change. However, biome concepts should acknowledge the limits to predictability from environmental conditions alone and the influence of historical processes on modern vegetation patterns. We discuss how direct mapping of plant structure and function, the incorporation of insights into biome evolution and a new generation of vegetation models will lead to improvements in the concept of what biomes are, where they occur, and efforts to predict their distribution.
Skeletal anomaly assessment in diploid and triploid juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and the effect of temperature in freshwater
Authors: Amoroso G , Adams M B , Ventura T , Carter C G , Cobcroft J M 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTriploid Atlantic salmon tend to develop a higher prevalence of skeletal anomalies. This tendency may be exacerbated by an inadequate rearing temperature. Early juvenile all‐female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon were screened for skeletal anomalies in consecutive experiments to include two size ranges: the first tested the effect of ploidy (0.2–8 g) and the second the effect of ploidy, temperature (14 °C and 18 °C) and their interaction (8–60 g). The first experiment showed that ploidy had no effect on skeletal anomaly prevalence. A high prevalence of opercular shortening was observed (average prevalence in both ploidies 85.8%) and short lower jaws were common (highest prevalence observed 11.3%). In the second experiment, ploidy, but not temperature, affected the prevalence of short lower jaw (diploids > triploids) and lower jaw deformity (triploids > diploids, highest prevalence observed 11.1% triploids and 2.7% diploids) with a trend indicating a possible developmental link between the two jaw anomalies in triploids. A radiological assessment (n = 240 individuals) showed that at both temperatures triploids had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower number of vertebrae and higher prevalence of deformed individuals. These findings (second experiment) suggest ploidy was more influential than temperature in this study.
Visual processing of emotional dynamic faces in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Franchini M. , Schaer M. , Glaser B. , Kott‐Radecka M. , Debanné M. , Schneider M. , Menghetti S. , Sander D. , Eliez S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic syndrome. Individuals affected by this syndrome present poor social functioning and a high risk for the development of psychiatric disorders. Accurate emotion recognition and visual exploration of faces represent important skills for appropriate development of social cognition in individuals with 22q11DS. For these reasons, there is elevated interest in establishing relevant ways to test the mechanisms associated with emotion recognition in patients with 22q11DS.MethodsThis study investigated emotional recognition and visual exploration of emotional faces in persons with 22q11DS, with a dynamic emotion task using an eye‐tracking device. To our knowledge, no previous studies have used emotional dynamic stimuli with 22q11DS, despite improved ecological validity of dynamic stimuli compared with static images. Furthermore, these stimuli provide the opportunity to collect reaction times, as indicators of the emotional intensity necessary for identifying each emotion.ResultsIn our task, we observed comparable accuracy in emotion recognition in the 22q11DS and healthy control groups. However, individuals with 22q11DS were slower to recognise the emotions. They also spent less time looking at the nose during happy and fearful faces.ConclusionsThese results suggest that individuals with 22q11DS may need either more time or more pronounced emotional cues to correctly label facial expressions.