bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community structure of tropics emerging from spatio-temporal variations in the Intertropical Convergence Zone dynamics
Authors: Chopra Gaurav , Unni Vishnu R. , Venkatesan Praveenkumar , Vallejo-Bernal Sara M. , Marwan Norbert , Kurths Jürgen , Sujith R. I. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a narrow tropical belt of deep convective clouds, intense precipitation, and monsoon circulations encircling the Earth. Complex interactions between the ITCZ and local geophysical dynamics result in high climate variability, making weather forecasting and prediction of extreme rainfall or drought events challenging. We unravel the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of the ITCZ and the resulting teleconnection patterns via a novel tropical climate classification achieved using complex network analysis and community detection. We reduce the high-dimensional complex ITCZ dynamics into a simple yet insightful community structure that classifies the tropics into seven regions representing distinct ITCZ dynamics. The two largest communities, encompassing landmasses over the Northern and Southern hemispheres, are associated with coherent seasonal ITCZ dynamics and have significant long-range connections. Temporal analysis of the community structure highlights that the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans communities exhibit substantial variation on multidecadal scales. Further, these communities exhibit incoherent dynamics due to atmosphere-ocean interactions driven by equatorial and coastal oceanic upwelling.
Complications associated with loop ileostomy reversal delayed greater than twelve months
Authors: Cai Jinman , Denison Madaliene , Sharp Hunter , Edelson Mia , Kwok James , Scarbro Molly , Adkins Farrell 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDiverting loop ileostomy is performed after colectomy to allow for anastomotic healing, and prevention of pelvic sepsis when an anastomotic leak occurs. There is no consensus on the optimal timing of ileostomy closure, and there is limited data on complications associated with ileostomy closure greater than 12 months after creation. The aim of this study is to investigate outcomes of delayed loop ileostomy closure greater than 12 months after creation. Patients undergoing loop ileostomy closure between 2013 and 2023 at Carilion Medical Center, in Roanoke, VA were reviewed. Cohorts compared were defined as Control Group (closure < 4 months) and Delayed Group (closure > 12 months). Demographics and outcomes were compared. Statistical comparisons were performed using either Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson’s Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Statistical modeling included binary logistic regression for 30-day readmissions and a generalized linear modeling for days till bowel function returns. Adjusted odds ratios, confidence intervals, and p-values were calculated. There were 135 patients in the Control Group and 19 patients in the Delayed Group. Demographics were similar between the groups except for a higher percentage of patients with diabetes, renal failure and history of cancer in Delayed Group (all p < 0.05). Operative time was longer for Delayed loop ileostomy closure (p < 0.05). Patients in the Delayed Group demonstrated a higher hospital readmission rate within 30 days (p < 0.05). Both groups had similar return of bowel function on post-operative day 2, similar length of stay, and similar rates of postoperative ileus (p = NS). Delayed loop ileostomy closure more than 12 months after creation does not delay return of bowel function but may lead to higher hospital readmission rates within 30 days.
Research on fractional-order memory system signals based on Loop-By-Loop Progressive Iterative Method
Authors: Xu Li , Huang Chuan , Huang Guo , He Duyi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article abandons the traditional Laplace transform and proposes a new method for studying fractional-order circuits, which is the Loop-By-Loop Progressive Iterative Method(LPIM). Firstly, in order to demonstrate the correctness of LPIM, the fractance circuit, which is a relatively mature and simple form in fractional-order circuits, was chosen as the research object. The output signals of fractance circuit were studied for the first time using Laplace transform and LPIM, respectively. The results showed that the conclusions obtained by LPIM were completely consistent with those obtained by Laplace transform method and existing theories, thus verifying the correctness of LPIM. Then, a brand new Fractional-Order Memory Systems (FMS) model is constructed, and based on this model, LPIM is used for the first time to simulate the output signal of Flux-Controlled Fractional-Order Memory Systems (FFMS) that has not been studied so far. The results show that when a sine signal is used as the excitation signal, the output signal of the FFMS intersects at two points, and the output signal is modulated by the frequency of the excitation signal. Finally, combining existing theories, predict the output commonalities of FMS.
Thermology and facial telethermography. Part I: History and technical review
Authors: Anbar M , Gratt B M , Hong D 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper is a review of historical trends and technical advances in measurement of skin temperature. Most biochemical processes generate heat which must be dissipated. Skin is the major route for heat dissipation using blood as the heat exchange fluid. Skin temperature is an indicator of aberrations in metabolism, hemodynamics or in neuronal thermoregulatory processes. Since most of the heat dissipation of skin is by infrared blackbody emission, skin temperature should be measured without contact by monitoring the emitted infrared radiation. This has been the basis of telethermography. Recent advances in computing technology combined with advanced infrared sensor technology has led to the development of dynamic area telethermometry (DAT) which promises to be as an important new quantitative method to analyse the pathophysiology of thermoregulatory processes.
The influence of radiographic exposure factors on the diagnosis of occlusal caries
Authors: Skodje F , Espelid I , Kvile K , Tveit A B 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To assess the impact of variations in radiographic density on occlusal caries diagnosis and observers' diagnostic strategy.

METHODS
Three series of radiographs of 60 extracted molars were examined by nine dental students and caries diagnosed using a five point confidence-rating scale. Film density in each series was varied by varying exposure time: 1 s (high density), 0.4 s (medium density) and 0.067 s (low density). The 'true' diagnoses were obtained by stereomicroscopy. Diagnostic quality was measured with ROC analysis as Az.

RESULTS
The difference in Az, values between the low and medium density series was statistically significant. The sensitivity and the specificity values for students' diagnoses in outer third of dentine were 85% and 50% for the high density series, 76% and 56% for the medium density series and 42% and 77% for the light series.

CONCLUSIONS
Occlusal caries was diagnosed best from the darkest radiographs. Specificity was higher with light radiographs but sensitivity increased with density. Therefore underdiagnosis is more frequent with light radiographs, while overdiagnosis occurs more often with dark. The awareness of these effects could be an important guideline in adjusting the density of digital images.
Chondrosarcoma of the maxilla: panoramic radiographic and computed tomographic with multiplanar reconstruction findings
Authors: Hayt M W , Becker L , Katz D S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are extremely rare tumors of which approximately 10% are found in the maxillofacial region. In this report, we present the imaging findings of a maxillary chondrosarcoma on a panoramic radiograph of the jaws and computed tomography with multiplanar reconstructions. We recommend the latter as an excellent way to image evolving or suspected lesions of the maxilla, particularly for surgical treatment planning.
Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles. Report of four cases
Authors: Stefanou E P , Fanourakis I G , Vlastos K , Katerelou J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Four cases of bilateral bifid mandibular condyles are reported. A review of the literature showed that only four cases have been reported previously as incidental findings patients, while another four cases have been detected in post mortem material. Due to the minimal symptomatology, the diagnosis of a bifid condyle usually rests on radiological rather than clinical evidence.
Extraoral radiographic imaging of primary caries
Authors: Clifton T L , Tyndall D A , Ludlow J B 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate three extra-oral radiographic imaging modalities as alternatives to conventional intra-oral film for the detection of primary caries.

METHODS
Sixty-four extracted primary molar teeth with eighty-five carious lesions were radiographed using D-speed film (N = 8), panoramic imaging (N = 8), multidirectional tomography (N = 8), and linear tomography (N = 8). Eight trained observers were asked to identify the presence or absence of caries on each surface using a five point scale. Ground sections were viewed microscopically to determine truth. ROC curve areas (Az) were generated from observer responses and assessed with ANOVA.

RESULTS
Average of Az for the detection of combined results for proximal and occlusal lesions were 0.70 for D-speed, film, 0.58 for linear tomography, 0.64 for both multidirectional tomography, and panoramic film. Turkey's pairwise comparisons of Az revealed that D-speed film was significantly better than linear tomography (P = 0.0039). When data were divided into proximal and occlusal surfaces the variability due to modality remained significant (P = 0.0003 and P = 0.0024 respectively). Turkey's comparisons for proximal surfaces revealed that D-speed film was significantly better than linear tomography (P = 0.0007), multidirectional tomography (P = 0.0010) and panoramic radiography (P = 0.0100). For detection of occlusal lesions, multidirectional tomography was significantly better than linear tomography (P = 0.0075) and panoramic radiography (P = 0.0034), but not significantly different from D-speed film (P = 0.2337).

CONCLUSIONS
Multidirectional tomography and panoramic radiography performed as well as intra-oral D-speed film for the combined assessment of proximal and occlusal caries in the model used. when proximal surfaces were evaluated alone, D-speed film was significantly better. For occlusal caries there was no statistically significant difference between multidirectional tomography and D-speed film.
Evaluation of a new radiographic technique: diagnostic accuracy for mandibular third molars
Authors: Wenzel A , Aagaard E , Sindet-Pedersen S 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To compare the accuracy of Scanora with that of traditional panoramic and intra-oral radiography for the assessment of impacted mandibular third molars.

METHODS
Two hundred and fifty-four patients referred for removal of impacted or partly erupted third molars were randomly allocated to one of two groups; 133 were examined by the Scanora system and 121 by a panoramic plus a series of three intra-oral radiographs. The radiographs were read by a trained oral radiologist and her diagnoses validated against the surgeons' findings at operation.

RESULTS
There was agreement about the state of tooth eruption in 71.4% of Scanora and 74.4% of conventional examinations and about tooth position in 77.2 and 69.7% respectively (P &lt; 0.05). The number of roots was assessed more accurately by Scanora (82.7% agreement) than by conventional (71% agreement) examination (P &lt; 0.05). There was agreement about the root morphology in 70.4% of Scanora and 62.4% of conventional examinations. In 12% of the patients, the roots were in very close contact with the canal determined by the surgeon. In approximately 50% of these cases, the close contact to the canal was found by radiography with no significant differences between the methods.

CONCLUSION
The Scanora method was more accurate when validated against the surgeons' findings for the position and number of roots of ectopic mandibular third molars while both methods were equally accurate in demonstrating the relation between the roots and the inferior alveolar nerve.
A study of condylar movement by bilateral simultaneous videofluorography
Authors: Zhang X N , Nishiyama H , Murakami S , Fuchihata H 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To analyse the condylar movements of patients with temporomandibular disorders and investigate the mutual interaction between both temporomandibular joints (TMJs) by comparing bilateral simultaneous videofluorography with the disk position on MRI.

METHODS
Fifty-two patients who had been diagnosed as having internal derangement in one or both TMJs on the base of the clinical symptoms underwent bilateral simultaneous videofluorography and MRI. The TMJs were classified from the MRI into three categories: superior disk position (SDP), reducing disk displacement (RDD) and nonreducing disk displacement (NDD). Condylar movements of the TMJs were analysed from the videofluorography and correlated with the MR diagnoses.

RESULTS
The range of condylar movement of NDD joints was significantly shorter than that of SDP or RDD joints at maximum mouth opening (P &lt; 0.001), but not at maximum protrusion and lateral protrusion. Based on the sagittal condylar path during maximum mouth opening and closing, three patterns of condylar movement were identified: normal, deflected and short. Sixty-nine per cent of the normal pattern were SDP, 55% of the deflected RDD and 77% of the short NDD. The condylar movement of a NDD or RDD joint could influence the range and pattern of movement of the contralateral joint.

CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of condylar movement was helpful in assessing the state of the disk because they were closely related. The range and pattern of condylar movement of both TMJs were mutually interrelated. Patients with signs and symptoms of internal derangement should have both sides examined for an accurate and complete diagnosis.
A radiographic method for measuring radiation dose based on beam quality
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Velders X L , Geraets W G , van der Stelt P F 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To develop a radiographic method for measuring radiation dose based on beam quality for inexpensive postal surveys of general dental practitioners.

METHODS
Different beam qualities were simulated to expose a commercially available film (X-Omat MA 18 x 22.4 cm, Ready Pack, Kodak Pathe, Paris, France). Density and contrast curves were fitted by means of 4th-degree polynomial functions. The curves were used to estimate beam quality (as the first HVL) and radiation dose in air for 22 different dental X-ray machines by means of linear interpolation. These estimations were compared with the measurements obtained with the NERO system and an ionization chamber (paired t-test).

RESULTS
No significant differences were found between the radiographic and the conventional methods in determining beam quality and radiation dose.

CONCLUSIONS
The radiographic method can be used to determine beam quality and radiation dose of dental X-ray machines from a single exposure. The radiographic method is simple and inexpensive and causes a minimum of disruption to the dental practice.
Mail survey of dental radiographic techniques and radiation doses in Greece
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Velders X L , van der Stelt P F , van Ginkel F C , Tsiklakis K 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To measure the entrance dose from periapical radiography in Greece and to determine the relative influence of factors affecting it.

METHODS
Special packs, containing a questionnaire, a film (X-Omat MA 18 x 22.4 cm, Ready Pack, Kodak-Pathe, Paris, France) with an attached aluminium stepwedge and a pre-exposed Ektaspeed Plus (Kodak) film, were mailed to 550 randomly selected dental practitioners. The results were tested statistically using an Analysis of Variance (level P &lt; 0.05).

RESULTS
Three hundred and sixty-four packs were returned: 311 were complete but in 53 the pre-exposed film had not been developed. The average HVL was 1.4 mm Al 51% of the units had pointed cones and 34% a beam diameter larger than 6 cm. 54% of the dentists used E-speed films. Eighty per cent of the films were inadequately processed. For the total group the average entrance dose was 6.9 mGy (range 0.6-36 mGy), and 6.3 mGy (range 0.6-35 mGy) for the completed packs (n = 311). The radiation dose for the completed packs was significantly influenced by HVL, film speed, length of cone and standard of processing.

CONCLUSIONS
HVL, film speed, length of cone and standards of processing influence the entrance dose. Not all of the available measures for reducing radiation dose are commonly practised in Greece. Continuing education programs can help to improve radiation safety for dental patients.
Thrombosed varix in the submandibular space
Authors: Ida M , Kurabayashi T , Tanaka A , Sasaki T , Kishi T , Hoshi K , Okada N 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Thrombosed varix in the oral region often appears as a pigmented mass in the mucosa simulating a hemangiomatous lesion. It rarely occurs in the deeper orofacial region. We report a case of thrombosed varix in the submandibular space with symptoms of a tumor. The clinical symptoms and MRI and CT findings are discussed. The clinical symptoms were not characteristics. High signal intensity on CT (80 HU) and a concentric signal distribution on CT and MRI may suggest a thrombosed varix.
Sensitometric evaluation of four dental X-ray films using five processing solutions
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Velders X L , Sanderink G C H , van Ginkel F C , van der Stelt P F 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare the sensitometric properties of four dental films: Ektaspeed Plus and Ultra-speed (Kodak Eastman Co, Rochester, USA) and new and previous Dentus M2 (Agfa-Gevaert, Mortsel, Belgium) in five different processing solutions.

METHODS
Characteristic curves were constructed for four dental X-ray films using five different processing solutions. All films were processed manually in three sets of chemicals for manual processing: Agfa (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany), Kodak (Kodak-Pathé, Paris, France) and Demat (Viscopac, Athens, Greece) and two sets of chemicals for automatic processing: Dürr XR and Periomat (Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). Analysis of variance and regression analysis was performed to examine the factors significantly affecting film density.

RESULTS
The new Dentus M2 film had comparable gradient, higher speed and lower base-plus-fog than its predecessor. It had comparable speed with Ektaspeed Plus in chemicals for automatic processing. All films had a higher speed and lower gradient when processed in the chemicals for automatic processing. The highest film speed was achieved using Dürr XR chemicals.

CONCLUSIONS
The new Agfa Dentus M2 film is an E-speed film and can be considered an alternative to Ektaspeed Plus: both can be recommended for use in dental practice as they contribute to dose reduction.
Zygomatic air cell defect (ZACD). Prevalence and characteristics in a dental clinic outpatient population
Authors: Carter L C , Haller A D , Calamel A D , Pfaffenbach A C 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence and characteristics of zygomatic air cell defect (ZACD) among a general dental clinic population.

METHODS
The panoramic radiographs of 2734 dental clinic outpatients were examined for the presence of ZACD. ZACD was defined as a nonexpansile, nondestructive cyst-like radiolucency in the zygomatic process of the temporal bone which appears similar to the mastoid air cells and which does not extend further anteriorly than the zygomaticotemporal suture.

RESULTS
ZACD was found in 40 patients (1.5%) with a mean age of 49.6 (s.d. 18.0) years. Twenty cases (50%) each occurred in males and females. Meta-analysis of three large case series comprising 4579 patients revealed a total of 76 cases of ZACD (1.7% prevalence) occurring over an age range of 15-83 years. Thirty-four (44.7%) occurred in males while 42 (55.3%) occurred in females. Bilateral ZACD were found in 17 patients (22.4%).

CONCLUSIONS
ZACD is not a rare anatomical variant, and clinicians planning eminectomy or other surgical procedures involving the zygomatic arch are advised to obtain appropriate presurgical imaging studies to avoid the need for creative intra-operative reconstruction.
Metallic residues as a source of artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Tetsumura A , Honda E , Sasaki T , Kino K 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To establish the source of metallic artifacts on postoperative MRI of the temporomandibular joint after arthroplasty.

METHODS
An experiment was carried out to evaluate MR artifacts which were thought to have been caused by minute metallic particles deposited at surgery. Four types of cutting instruments were used to cut an extracted tooth: a diamond bur attached to a dental air turbine handpiece, a steel bur and bone bur attached to a dental micromotor handpiece and a bone file. The tooth fragments were collected in plastic centrifuge tubes in water. These samples were evaluated with six MR sequences.

RESULTS
MR artifacts were clearly demonstrated in samples using the bone bur and the bone file but not the diamond and steel burs.

CONCLUSIONS
The artifacts seen on postoperative MRI were derived from minute metal particles from the bone bur or file used for condylar arthroplasty. Metal artifacts should be considered when interpreting postoperative MR images.
An audit of occipitomental radiographs
Authors: Logan G M , Brocklebank L M 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To audit the justification for and image quality of occipitomental (OM) radiographs obtained at a dental teaching hospital.

METHODS
One hundred OM radiographs taken at Glasgow Dental Hospital and their associated request forms were analysed by two examiners retrospectively. Information recorded from the request form included the age and gender of the patient, requesting department, grade of requesting clinician, reason for the request and exposure factors. The radiographs were assessed for radiographic density, patient positioning, presence of abnormality and whether the maxillary sinuses were normal or not. It was then decided by reference to the clinical records if there had been an indication for taking the radiograph.

RESULTS
The majority of the requests were from junior staff, most frequently for pain or sinusitis. Almost all were from the Departments of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine or Dental Accident and Emergency (A&E). The technical quality of the radiographs was variable, especially with respect to superimposition of the petrous temporal bone. Over half of the cases had normal sinuses, no abnormality and no indication for the radiograph.

CONCLUSIONS
Many requests were inappropriate and the resultant radiographs had a low diagnostic yield. The technical quality of the radiographs was variable. Guidelines for clinicians for the prescription of OM radiographs were produced and the protocol for radiographic technique changed.