bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The value of close monitoring in vestibular rehabilitation therapy
Authors: Itani M , Koaik Y , Sabri A 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackground:Vestibular rehabilitation therapy is a well-established treatment modality for patients with vestibular problems.Hypothesis:Performing vestibular rehabilitation therapy in a closely monitored setting may result in a better outcome than a home exercise programme.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of patients undergoing vestibular rehabilitation therapy between June 2005 and November 2012 in a tertiary university hospital. The Dynamic Gait Index, the main outcome measure, was utilised before and after the rehabilitation programme. The magnitude of improvement for all patients was analysed, mainly to compare the home exercise group with the closely monitored therapy group.Results:Only 32 patients underwent the vestibular rehabilitation therapy programme. In all patients, there was significant improvement in the mean Dynamic Gait Index score (from 11.75 to 17.38;p< 0.01). Dynamic Gait Index improvement was significantly higher with closely monitored therapy (mean improvement of 7.83vs2.79;p< 0.01).Conclusion:The small sample size is a major limitation; nevertheless, closely monitored vestibular rehabilitation therapy resulted in improved performance status. More studies are needed to establish the efficiency of vestibular rehabilitation therapy and compare closely monitored therapy with tailored home exercise rehabilitation.
Risk factors for adult acquired subglottic stenosis
Authors: Nicolli E A , Carey R M , Farquhar D , Haft S , Alfonso K P , Mirza N 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjective:The aetiology and outcomes for patients with acquired subglottic stenosis are highly variable. This study aimed to identify risk factors for subglottic stenosis and patient characteristics that predict long-term clinical outcomes.Methods:A retrospective review was performed on 63 patients with subglottic stenosis and 63 age-matched controls. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were compared. Subglottic stenosis patients were further grouped according to tracheostomy status (i.e. tracheostomy never required, tracheostomy initially required but patient eventually decannulated, and tracheostomy-dependent). Patient factors from these three groups were then compared to evaluate risk factors for long-term tracheostomy dependence.Results:Compared to controls, patients with subglottic stenosis had a significantly higher body mass index (30.8vs26.0 kg/m2;p< 0.001) and were more likely to have diabetes (23.8 per centvs7.94 per cent;p= 0.01). Comparing tracheostomy outcomes within the subglottic stenosis group, body mass index trended towards significance (p= 0.08). Age, gender, socio-economic status, subglottic stenosis aetiology and other co-morbidities did not correlate with outcome.Conclusion:Obesity and diabetes are significant risk factors for acquiring subglottic stenosis. Further investigations are required to determine if obesity is also a predictor for failed tracheostomy decannulation in subglottic stenosis.
Hypseocharis reveals early history of physical dormancy in Geraniaceae
Authors: Vandelook Filip , Van de Vyver Ann , Gareca Edgar E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHypseocharis is a genus endemic to the high Andes and sister to all other Geraniaceae genera. Regarding its basal position in Geraniaceae evolution, its germination ecology can provide important insights into the early evolution of physical dormancy. Imbibition tests performed on seeds of two Hypseocharis populations from Bolivia indicate that their seeds indeed have physical dormancy like all other Geraniaceae. These results indicate that physical dormancy in Geraniaceae evolved during the Eocene before the uplift of the Andes mountains and before the events that led to the cross-Atlantic disjunct distribution of Geraniacae.
Non-host status of papaya cultivars to the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), in relation to the degree of fruit ripeness
Authors: Cugala Domingos , Jordane João Jone , Ekesi Sunday 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhytosanitary measures are a major barrier to trade in papaya. We assessed the infestation of tephritid fruit flies on different stages of maturity of papaya, to determine its non-host stage of maturity, for market access. Papaya fruits were collected from Kilifi and Embu counties, Kenya from March 2013 to December 2014, to assess the level of infestation by fruit flies according to the degree of fruit ripening. In all locations, no fruit fly infestation was recorded on papaya when fruits were at the 0, 25 and 50% yellow fruit ripening stage.Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) was, however, observed attacking fruits when papaya fruits were at 75 and 100% all yellow (fully ripe fruit ripening stage) with infestations of 0.19−0.51B. dorsalis/kg fruit and 0.24−1.24B. dorsalis/kg fruit, respectively, in all locations. Field cage exposure ofB. dorsalisto fruits of five papaya cultivars—‘Papino’, ‘Neo Essence’, ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Tainung No. 1’ and ‘Tainung No. 2’ in Manica Province, Mozambique—showed thatB. dorsalisdid not infest fruits at 0, 25 and 50% yellow ripening stages at the densities of 50 and 100 flies per cage. However, at 75% yellow ripening stage, up to 13.1 pupae/kg of fruits was recorded at a density of 150 flies per cage in Tainung No. 1, and infestation ranged from 4.5 to 136 pupae/kg fruits at 100% yellow ripening stage across all the cultivars and infestation densities. Laboratory evaluation of volatiles emanating from freshly crushed papaya pulp of four cultivars: ‘Sunrise Solo’, ‘Red Lady’, ‘Papayi’ and ‘Apoyo’ on egg viability ofB. dorsalisshowed that at 0, 25 and 50% yellow, egg hatchability was inhibited, suggesting that semiochemical compounds present in green tissues of papaya prevent egg development, although this effect was variable across the four cultivars and ripening stages. Export papaya is harvested at less than 40% yellow ripening stage. Our results, therefore, suggest that quarantine treatment for fruits at this ripening stage is inconsequential, asB. dorsalisdoes not infest papaya fruits at this stage; thus, authorities should permit entry of these papaya cultivars of less than 40% yellow ripening stage to quarantine-sensitive markets.
Phosphorylated STAT5 regulates p53 expression via BRCA1/BARD1-NPM1 and MDM2
Authors: Ren Zhuo , Aerts Joeri L , Vandenplas Hugo , Wang Jiance A , Gorbenko Olena , Chen Jack P , Giron Philippe , Heirman Carlo , Goyvaerts Cleo , Zacksenhaus Eldad , Minden Mark D , Stambolic Vuk , Breckpot Karine , De Grève Jacques 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSignal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and nucleophosmin (NPM1) are critical regulators of multiple biological and pathological processes. Although a reciprocal regulatory relationship was established between STAT5A and a NPM–ALK fusion protein in T-cell lymphoma, no direct connection between STAT5 and wild-type NPM1 has been documented. Here we demonstrate a mutually regulatory relationship between STAT5 and NPM1. Induction of STAT5 phosphorylation at Y694 (P-STAT5) diminished NPM1 expression, whereas inhibition of STAT5 phosphorylation enhanced NPM1 expression. Conversely, NPM1 not only negatively regulated STAT5 phosphorylation but also preserved unphosphorylated STAT5 level. Mechanistically, we show that NPM1 downregulation by P-STAT5 is mediated by impairing the BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase, which controls the stability of NPM1. In turn, decreased NPM1 levels led to suppression of p53 expression, resulting in enhanced cell survival. This study reveals a new STAT5 signaling pathway regulating p53 expression via NPM1 and uncovers new therapeutic targets for anticancer treatment in tumors driven by STAT5 signaling.
Triterpenoids with Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity from the Roots of Ilex pubescens
Authors: Tan Qinglong , Qiu Maosong , Cao Di , Xiong Tianqin , Zhang Lei , Zhou Lian , Rong Li , Zhou Jinsong , Jin Jing , Zhao Zhongxiang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTwo new triterpenes and five new triterpene saponins, named ilexpusons A–G (1–7), as well as eight known compounds were isolated from Ilex pubescens. The structures of the new compounds were established by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY. Additionally, the biological activity of compounds 1 – 15 against adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit plasma was determined. Among the tested compounds, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 13, 14, and 15 exhibited significant inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro.
Further Experiments in Language Translation
Authors: Wallace Sinaiko H. , Klare George R. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Application of computational linguistics, i.e., language translation by computer, has been proposed as a means of producing readable translations of technical English-to-Vietnamese.
This report is about an experimental study of the readability of translations that could be used for training or equipment maintenance.
The experiments involved assessing the readability of Vietnamese that had been translated from English by three methods: (1) expert human translators, (2) un-edited translation by computer, and (3) edited computer translation. English was a control condition. Readers included two groups of student pilots : 168 in the Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF) and 88 in the USAF. Material that was translated consisted of three 500-word passages sampled from a standard Air Force text, Instrument Flying. Readability was measured by : (1) reading comprehension tests, (2) cloze procedure, and (3) clarity ratings. Time to complete each of these tasks was also measured.
Major conclusions of the study are : (1) expert human translators produce more readable translations of technical English-to-Vietnamese than is done by computer; (2) Vietnamese readers, trained in English, show the highest comprehension when dealing with that language; (3) comprehension loss becomes relatively greater, as more and more difficult material is read, for computer-based translations than for human translations; (4) method of translation does not affect reading speed.
Pasp : Some Views on Automated Syntactical Parsing of Large Language Corpuses
Authors: Boot M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The paper is concerned with some problems of system analysis.
The problems are not mathematically defined. They are concerned with the syntactic parsing of large language corpuses, which are not artificially restricted. (PASP).
After the discussion of some strategies for PASP developed in the past, a more complete strategy is proposed. Major characteristics of this strategy are :

The ad hoc character of some parts of it

The use of a linear string grammar

The definition of probability rules

The translation of the probability rules into a priori rules for the string grammar

The context sensitivity

The flexibility of the system
A Large Scale Program in French Immersion
Authors: Swain Merrill , Barik Henri C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The school performance of pupils in Grades 1-3 of the French immersion program in operation in Ottawa public schools is evaluated in comparison with that of pupils in the regular English program. By the end of Grade I immersion program pupils taught reading in French lag behind their peers in the regular program in English language skills involving English reading, but they show some ability to transfer reading skills from French to English. By the end of Grade 2, following the introduction of English Language Arts into the curriculum for 60 minutes a day, immersion pupils still lag behind their regular program peers in most English language skills considered, although their level of performance is consistent with their grade level. By the end of Grade 3, immersion pupils match regular program pupils in all English language skills tested except spelling. At each grade level pupils in the two programs perform equivalently in mathematical skills and reveal similar IQ measures. Immersion pupils are more proficient in French than pupils of corresponding or higher grade levels receiving daily instruction in French as a second language, and do adequately in comparison with native French-speaking pupils.
Von Der Quantitativen Zur Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse Literarischer Texte
Authors: Füger W. 
Published: December 2016

Some possibilities of interpretative application of a computer-made concordance, reverse dictionary, and frequency-list of Joyce's Dubliners are demonstrated by the example of the suffix -less and the substantives voice and life. General reflections as to how mere quantitative content analysis can be developed into a more exacting qualitative one via the stages of frequency-, valence-, intensity-, and contingency-analysis are currently embarked upon, the inherent limitations of these methods being laid open.
Möglichkeiten interpretatorischer Auswertung einer EDV-er-stellten Konkordanz und Häufigkeitsliste sowie eines rück-laufigen Worterbuchs zu Joyces Dubliners werden vorgeführt am Beispiel der Nachsilbe -less sowie der Substantive voice und life. Grundsatzerwagungen darüber, wie quantitative Inhaltsanalyse sich über die Zwischenstufen von Häufigkeits-, Wertigkeits-, Intensitäts- und Mehrkomponenten- Analyse zu einer anspruchsvolleren qualitativen steigern lässt, werden laufend einbezogen, unter Offenlegung der diesen Verfahren inhärenten Grenzen.
Focal Words and the Recovery of Sentence Meaning
Authors: Darian Dr. Steven 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In listening and reading, the foreign language learner must be able to process a tremendous amount of information in a short time. In order to do this, he must develop a strategy for choosing those items that help in recovering that information. One way of doing this is to concentrate on focal words: words containing key elements of meaning in the sentence. These words may then be used - in speech and writing - to reconstruct the original message. This paper explores the relationship of focel words to other sentence elements and describes various focal word exercises for listening and reading.
Translation of Creole in Caribbean English literature
Authors: Niles Glenda 
Published: December 2016

This paper explores the use of Creoles in Caribbean English Literature and how it tends to be translated into Spanish by analyzing the Spanish translations of two novels written by Caribbean author, Oonya Kempadoo. Kempadoo is a relatively new and unknown author. She was born in England to Guyanese parents and grew up in the Caribbean. She lived in several of the islands, including St. Lucia and Trinidad and at present resides in Grenada. Apart from being a novelist, she is a freelance researcher and consultant in the arts, and works with youth and international organizations, where she focuses on social development.Her first novel,Buxton Spice,was published in 1998. Described as a semi-autobiography byPublisher’s Weekly, it has also been praised for being original and universal in the portrayal of its themes. It is the story of a young girl growing up in Guyana during the Burnham regime. It is written as a series of vignettes, which contributes to the seemingly quick development of Lula from childhood to adolescence, as she learns to explore her sexuality. This novel has been published in the United Kingdom and the United States, and has been translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and Hebrew. The version used for this investigation was translated by Victor Pozanco and commissioned by Tusquets Publishers.Kempadoo’s second novel,Tide Running, also forms part of this investigation. As the 2002 winner of the Casa de las Américas Literary prize for Caribbean English and Creole, this novel was translated into Spanish by a Cuban translator as a part of the award. It is the story of an unambitious Tobagonian youth who becomes entangled in a bizarre relationship with an interracial couple. The story highlights several issues, such as poverty, race and social class differences, sex and right and wrong. As a researcher, I felt that it would be enlightening to see how a Caribbean translator, from a country (Cuba) with limited access to mass cultural currents commonplace elsewhere, handles this piece of prose which is so heavily steeped in Trinbagonian culture.
Climate change and the scope for global greenhouse gas reductions.
Authors: Davis J. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This article reviews, from a socio-economic perspective, the current state of knowledge and controversies around the causes and consequences of global climate change. It considers the prospects for reducing global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) which, according to the scientific consensus, are the key anthropogenic drivers of climate change. The focus is on two major areas of economic activity, the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector and the energy sector, which together account for around 60% of global GHG emissions. Total global emissions almost doubled in the 40-year period since 1970 and the annual rate of increase rose sharply in the 2000-2010 period. In the medium-to-long term, the emerging and developing economies will have a growing influence on global emissions given their populations and anticipated rates of economic growth. The extent to which the Paris COP21 Agreement can be considered binding on the parties is open to question. It is concluded that there are neither easy nor simple solutions for reducing global emissions. Reductions in emissions intensities should be possible, but it is argued that a stabilization path for total future emissions seems more likely than significant reductions.
Deep homology in the age of next-generation sequencing
Authors: Tschopp Patrick , Tabin Clifford J. 
Published: December 2016

The principle of homology is central to conceptualizing the comparative aspects of morphological evolution. The distinctions between homologous or non-homologous structures have become blurred, however, as modern evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) has shown that novel features often result from modification of pre-existing developmental modules, rather than arising completely de novo. With this realization in mind, the term ‘deep homology’ was coined, in recognition of the remarkably conserved gene expression during the development of certain animal structures that would not be considered homologous by previous strict definitions. At its core, it can help to formulate an understanding of deeper layers of ontogenetic conservation for anatomical features that lack any clear phylogenetic continuity. Here, we review deep homology and related concepts in the context of a gene expression-based homology discussion. We then focus on how these conceptual frameworks have profited from the recent rise of high-throughput next-generation sequencing. These techniques have greatly expanded the range of organisms amenable to such studies. Moreover, they helped to elevate the traditional gene-by-gene comparison to a transcriptome-wide level. We will end with an outlook on the next challenges in the field and how technological advances might provide exciting new strategies to tackle these questions.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
New genes from old: asymmetric divergence of gene duplicates and the evolution of development
Authors: Holland Peter W. H. , Marlétaz Ferdinand , Maeso Ignacio , Dunwell Thomas L. , Paps Jordi 
Published: December 2016

Gene duplications and gene losses have been frequent events in the evolution of animal genomes, with the balance between these two dynamic processes contributing to major differences in gene number between species. After gene duplication, it is common for both daughter genes to accumulate sequence change at approximately equal rates. In some cases, however, the accumulation of sequence change is highly uneven with one copy radically diverging from its paralogue. Such ‘asymmetric evolution’ seems commoner after tandem gene duplication than after whole-genome duplication, and can generate substantially novel genes. We describe examples of asymmetric evolution in duplicated homeobox genes of moths, molluscs and mammals, in each case generating new homeobox genes that were recruited to novel developmental roles. The prevalence of asymmetric divergence of gene duplicates has been underappreciated, in part, because the origin of highly divergent genes can be difficult to resolve using standard phylogenetic methods.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Cavefish and the basis for eye loss
Authors: Krishnan Jaya , Rohner Nicolas 
Published: December 2016

Animals have colonized the entire world from rather moderate to the harshest environments, some of these so extreme that only few animals are able to survive. Cave environments present such a challenge and obligate cave animals have adapted to perpetual darkness by evolving a multitude of traits. The most common and most studied cave characteristics are the regression of eyes and the overall reduction in pigmentation. Studying these traits can provide important insights into how evolutionary forces drive convergent and regressive adaptation. The blind Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) has emerged as a useful model to study cave evolution owing to the availability of genetic and genomic resources, and the amenability of embryonic development as the different populations remain fertile with each other. In this review, we give an overview of our current knowledge underlying the process of regressive and convergent evolution using eye degeneration in cavefish as an example.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
Development and genetics in the evolution of land plant body plans
Authors: Jill Harrison C. 
Published: December 2016

The colonization of land by plants shaped the terrestrial biosphere, the geosphere and global climates. The nature of morphological and molecular innovation driving land plant evolution has been an enigma for over 200 years. Recent phylogenetic and palaeobotanical advances jointly demonstrate that land plants evolved from freshwater algae and pinpoint key morphological innovations in plant evolution. In the haploid gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle, these include the innovation of mulitcellular forms with apical growth and multiple growth axes. In the diploid phase of the life cycle, multicellular axial sporophytes were an early innovation priming subsequent diversification of indeterminate branched forms with leaves and roots. Reverse and forward genetic approaches in newly emerging model systems are starting to identify the genetic basis of such innovations. The data place plant evo-devo research at the cusp of discovering the developmental and genetic changes driving the radiation of land plant body plans.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.