bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversible hearing loss following cryptococcal meningitis: case study
Authors: Neo W L , Durisala N , Ho E C 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground:Sensorineural hearing loss is a recognised complication of cryptococcal meningitis. The mechanism of hearing loss in patients with cryptococcal meningitis is different from that in bacterial meningitis.Case report:An immune-competent man with cryptococcal meningitis presented with sudden onset, bilateral, severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. He was initially evaluated for cochlear implantation. However, he had a significant recovery; he no longer required surgery and was able to cope without a hearing aid.Conclusion:Typically, cochlear implantation is performed with some urgency in patients with hearing loss post-bacterial meningitis, because of the risk of labyrinthitis ossificans. However, this process has not been described in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Furthermore, patients with hearing loss associated with cryptococcal meningitis have shown varying degrees of reversibility. In this case report, hearing loss from cryptococcal meningitis is compared with that from bacterial meningitis, and the need for cochlear implantation in patients with cryptococcal meningitis is discussed.
The “Rare Infliction”: the Abolition of Flogging in the Indian Army, circa 1835–1920
Authors: Singha Radhika 
Published: May 2016

“the very rarity is argument for retention”
On September 2, 1920, an amendment to the Indian Army Act abolished corporal punishment for the Indian soldier and follower and introduced field punishment as a substitute on active service. This emancipation from the lash and the rattan came approximately 40 years after flogging had been abolished for the British soldier by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act, 1881. This article examines two distinct features of Indian military law during the high noon of empire: the Summary Court-Martial (SCM), introduced experimentally in the 1860s and formalized by Act V of 1869, and the prolonged retention of corporal punishment. The Manual of Indian Military Law described the SCM as a tribunal “peculiar to the Indian Army,” and the one most frequently used in it. There was no such tribunal under the British Army Act. The commanding officer (CO) of a “native” regiment presided as sole judge over an SCM, and in this capacity he could award a wide range of sentences, including corporal punishment of up to fifty lashes, and these sentences could be implemented forthwith, without confirmation from higher authority. The Manual of Military Law pronounced that for Indian troops in particular, “a slight punishment promptly inflicted” was more of a deterrent than a heavier one that followed long after the offense. However, from mid-century onwards, debates about flogging in the “native” army were usually inaugurated with the declaration that it was a punishment rarely used or that it was “practically obsolete.” The issue offers one of those intriguing situations in which the rarity of a punishment becomes an argument for retaining it, instead of for doing away with it altogether.
Attitudes Towards and Experience of the Use of Triage Tags in Major Incidents: A Mixed Method Study
Authors: Rådestad Monica , Lennquist Montán Kristina , Rüter Anders , Castrén Maaret , Svensson Leif , Gryth Dan , Fossum Bjöörn 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionDisaster triage is the allocation of limited medical resources in order to optimize patient outcome. There are several studies showing the poor use of triage tagging, but there are few studies that have investigated the reasons behind this. The aim of this study was to explore ambulance personnel attitude towards, and experiences of, practicing triage tagging during day-to-day management of trauma patients, as well as in major incidents (MIs).MethodsA mixed method design was used. The first part of the study was in the form of a web-survey of attitudes answered by ambulance personnel. The question explored was: Is it likely that systems that are not used in everyday practice will be used during MIs? Two identical web-based surveys were conducted, before and after implementing a new strategy for triage tagging. This strategy consisted of a time-limited triage routine where ambulance services assigned triage category and applied triage tags in day-to-day trauma incidents in order to improve field triage. The second part comprised three focus group interviews (FGIs) in order to provide a deeper insight into the attitudes towards, and experience of, the use of triage tags. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe overall finding was the need for daily routine when failure in practice. Analysis of the web-survey revealed three changes: ambulance personnel were more prone to use tags in minor accidents, the sort scoring system was considered to be more valuable, but it also was more time consuming after the intervention. In the analysis of FGIs, four categories emerged that describe the construction of the overall category: perceived usability, daily routine, documentation, and need for organizational strategies.ConclusionTriage is part of the foundation of ambulance skills, but even so, ambulance personnel seldom use this in routine practice. They fully understand the benefit of accurate triage decisions, and also that the use of a triage algorithm and color coded tags is intended to make it easier and more secure to perform triage. However, despite the knowledge and understanding of these benefits, sparse incidents and infrequent exercises lead to ambulance personnel’s uncertainty concerning the use of triage tagging during a MI and will therefore, most likely, avoid using them.RådestadM, Lennquist MontánK, RüterA, CastrénM, SvenssonL, GrythD, FossumB. Attitudes towards and experience of the use of triage tags in major incidents: a mixed method study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):376–385.
Visuospatial Processing Deficits Linked to Posterior Brain Regions in Premanifest and Early Stage Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Labuschagne Izelle , Cassidy Amy Mulick , Scahill Rachael I. , Johnson Eileanoir B. , Rees Elin , O’Regan Alison , Queller Sarah , Frost Chris , Leavitt Blair R. , Dürr Alexandra , Roos Raymond , Owen Gail , Borowsky Beth , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Stout Julie C. ,   the TRACK-HD Investigators
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectives:Visuospatial processing deficits have been reported in Huntington’s disease (HD). To date, no study has examined associations between visuospatial cognition and posterior brain findings in HD.Methods:We compared 119 premanifest (55> and 64<10.8 years to expected disease onset) and 104 early symptomatic (59 stage-1 and 45 stage-2) gene carriers, with 110 controls on visual search and mental rotation performance at baseline and 12 months. In the disease groups, we also examined associations between task performance and disease severity, functional capacity and structural brain measures.Results:Cross-sectionally, there were strong differences between all disease groups and controls on visual search, and between diagnosed groups and controls on mental rotation accuracy. Only the premanifest participants close to onset took longer than controls to respond correctly to mental rotation. Visual search negatively correlated with disease burden and motor symptoms in diagnosed individuals, and positively correlated with functional capacity. Mental rotation (“same”) was negatively correlated with motor symptoms in stage-2 individuals, and positively correlated with functional capacity. Visual search and mental rotation were associated with parieto-occipital (pre-/cuneus, calcarine, lingual) and temporal (posterior fusiform) volume and cortical thickness. Longitudinally, visual search deteriorated over 12 months in stage-2 individuals, with no evidence of declines in mental rotation.Conclusions:Our findings provide evidence linking early visuospatial deficits to functioning and posterior cortical dysfunction in HD. The findings are important since large research efforts have focused on fronto-striatal mediated cognitive changes, with little attention given to aspects of cognition outside of these areas. (JINS, 2016,22, 595–608)
Global trends and patterns of commercial milk-based formula sales: is an unprecedented infant and young child feeding transition underway?
Authors: Baker Phillip , Smith Julie , Salmon Libby , Friel Sharon , Kent George , Iellamo Alessandro , Dadhich JP , Renfrew Mary J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe marketing of infant/child milk-based formulas (MF) contributes to suboptimal breast-feeding and adversely affects child and maternal health outcomes globally. However, little is known about recent changes in MF markets. The present study describes contemporary trends and patterns of MF sales at the global, regional and country levels.DesignDescriptive statistics of trends and patterns in MF sales volume per infant/child for the years 2008–2013 and projections to 2018, using industry-sourced data.SettingEighty countries categorized by country income bracket, for developing countries by region, and in countries with the largest infant/child populations.SubjectsMF categories included total (for ages 0–36 months), infant (0–6 months), follow-up (7–12 months), toddler (13–36 months) and special (0–6 months).ResultsIn 2008–2013 world total MF sales grew by 40·8 % from 5·5 to 7·8 kg per infant/child/year, a figure predicted to increase to 10·8 kg by 2018. Growth was most rapid in East Asia particularly in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam and was led by the infant and follow-up formula categories. Sales volume per infant/child was positively associated with country income level although with wide variability between countries.ConclusionsA global infant and young child feeding (IYCF) transition towards diets higher in MF is underway and is expected to continue apace. The observed increase in MF sales raises serious concern for global child and maternal health, particularly in East Asia, and calls into question the efficacy of current regulatory regimes designed to protect and promote optimal IYCF. The observed changes have not been captured by existing IYCF monitoring systems.
Emotional and Cognitive Variables Associated with Contamination-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: García-Soriano Gemma , Rosell-Clari Vicent , Serrano Miguel Ángel 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDifferent variables have been associated with the development/ maintenance of contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although the relevance of these factors has not been clearly established. The present study aimed to analyze the relevance and specificity of these variables. Forty-five women with high scores on obsessive-compulsive contamination symptoms (n= 16) or checking symptoms (n= 15), or non-clinical scores (n= 14) participated in a behavioral approach/avoidance task (BAT) with a contamination-OCD stimulus. Vulnerability variables and participants’ emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral responses to the BAT were appraised. Results show that fear of illness was a relevant vulnerability variable specific to contamination participants (p= .001; η2p= .291). Contamination participants responded with significantly higher subjective disgust (p=.001; η2p= .269), anxiety (p= .001; η2p= .297), urge to wash (p< .001; η2p= 370), threat from emotion (p< .001; η2p= .338) and contamination severity (p= .002; η2p= .260) appraisals, and with lower behavioral approach (p= .008; η2p= .208) than the other two groups. Moreover, contamination participants showed lower heart rate acceleration (p= .046; η2p= .170) and higher contamination likelihood appraisals (p< .001; η2p= .342) than the non-clinical group. Urge to wash was predicted by state disgust (R2change = .346) and threat from emotion (R2change = .088). These responses were predicted by general anxiety sensitivity (R2change = .161), disgust propensity (R2change = .255) and fear of illness (R2change = .116), but not by other vulnerability variables such as dysfunctional beliefs about thoughts (Responsibility and Overestimation of threat) or disgust sensitivity. State disgust, threat from disgust, anxiety sensitivity and fear of illness were found to be the most relevant variables in contamination symptoms.
2.12.16 Organometallic Complexes of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides (Update 2013)
Authors: Hannedouche J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe topic of this update is rare earth metal catalyzed hydroamination reactions. This chapter covers the syntheses and catalytic applications of rare-earth complexes in the direct addition of an amine onto unactivated carbon-carbon triple and double bonds, the so-called hydroamination reaction. The relevant literature up until mid-2012 is covered.
2.7.10 Carbonyl Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten with σ-Bonded Ligands (Update 2014)
Authors: Aguilar E. , López L. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 2.7.1) describing the chemistry of Fischer carbene complexes of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The synthesis of acyclic, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic compounds is presented following an approach based on the nature of the starting carbene complex. Relevant mechanistic pathways are also discussed to allow a better understanding of the reactivity displayed.
3.1.11 Organometallic Complexes of Zinc (Update 2014)
Authors: Wu X.-F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractZinc salts are abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, and exhibit environmentally benign properties. As a result, organic chemists have been interested in using zinc salts as catalysts in organic synthesis during the last three decades. In this chapter, the main contributions on zinc-catalyzed organic synthesis are summarized and discussed. Many name reactions with zinc as catalyst are included, as well as zinc-catalyzed reduction and oxidation reactions.
3.4.8 Organometallic Complexes of Copper (Update 2014)
Authors: Lipshutz B. H. , Ghorai S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe topic of this update chapter is asymmetric copper hydride catalyzed transformations. Copper hydride complexes containing nonracemic ligands catalyze asymmetric 1,2- and 1,4-addition to a variety of unsymmetrical ketones and Michael acceptors.
4.4.46 Product Subclass 46: Siloles
Authors: Kobayashi J. , Kawashima T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter describes methods for the synthesis of siloles and benzannulated analogues (benzosiloles and dibenzosiloles). Classical routes to siloles involve the nucleophilic attack of a carbanion onto the silicon atom, but more recent developments involving different approaches are included as well.
10.21 Product Class 21: Five–Five-Fused Hetarenes with One Heteroatom in Each Ring
Authors: Stanforth S. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is a new chapter for Science of Synthesis which describes methods for the synthesis of four classes of hetaryl[n,m-p]hetarenes from acyclic precursors. The functionalization of these heterocycles by either the introduction of new groups or the modification of existing substituents is also discussed.
14.1.5 Pyrylium Salts (Update 2013)
Authors: Balaban A. T. , Balaban T. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis update covers the literature from 2000 to the end of 2011; it also includes a few references from 1999 that were not discussed in the original Science of Synthesis review of pyrylium salts. In addition to methodologies for preparing pyrylium salts, some new applications of these compounds are also described.
17.1.3.9 One Sulfur, Selenium, or Tellurium Atom and One Nitrogen or Phosphorus Atom (Update 2014)
Authors: Aitken R. A. , Meehan A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 17.1.3) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,4-thiazines and 1,4-benzothiazines. In the absence of significant new methods reported in the period 2004–2013, it focuses on older methods not covered in the earlier chapter.
18.8.22 Acyclic and Cyclic Ureas (Update 2013)
Authors: Kubik S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis update summarizes synthetic approaches to acyclic and cyclic ureas, as well as nonfunctionalized and functionalized derivatives. Syntheses of various urea derivatives are presented that were either not covered, or not treated in such detail, in the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution. For example, syntheses of imidazolidine-2,4-diones (hydantoins), 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (Biginelli products), and pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-triones (barbiturates) are presented. The literature is covered between the years 2001 and 2012.
18.3.7 Carbonic Acid Halides (Update 2013)
Authors: Aitken R. A. , Boubalouta Y. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution on carbonic acid halides and concentrates on compound classes not adequately covered in the earlier contribution, especially mixed carbonyl dihalides, alkyl fluoroformates, halocarbonylsulfenyl halides, and carbamoyl fluorides.
18.2.16 Carbon Dioxide, Carbonyl Sulfide, Carbon Disulfide, Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates, Carbodiimides, and Their Selenium, Tellurium, and Phosphorus Analogues (Update 2014)
Authors: Braverman S. , Cherkinsky M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 18.2) describing methods for the synthesis and synthetic application of heterocumulenes (X=C=Y) with particular emphasis on supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction medium for organic synthesis. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2002–2013.
20.5.9.2 2,2-Diheteroatom-Substituted Alkanoic Acid Esters (Update 2014)
Authors: March T. L. , Duggan P. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the preparation of 2,2-diheteroatom-substituted alkanoic acid esters, and covers the literature published in the period 2007–2012. A major focus has been on the development of stereoselective Reformatsky and conjugate addition reactions, while atom-transfer radical addition and cyclization methods continue to attract strong interest.
24.1.1.3 1,1-Dihaloallenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Fuchibe K. , Ichikawa J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 24.1.1. Syntheses and applications of 1,1-dihaloallenes reported between 2005 and 2013 are described. 1,1-Difluoroallenes are synthesized by elimination reactions of difluoroallylic compounds (formation of a second C=C bond in fluorinated alkenes) or by nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions of difluoropropargylic compounds (rearrangement of the C≡C bonds in fluorinated alkynes). 1,1-Difluoroallenes are used for the syntheses of unsaturated fluorine-containing compounds, mainly by nucleophilic substitutions and additions at the positions α and/or γ to the fluorine substituents. Cycloadditions of tetrafluorobuta-1,2,3-triene are also described.
24.2.11.3 1,1-Bis(organosulfanyl)alk-1-enes (Ketene S,S-Acetals) (Update 2014)
Authors: Liu Q. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 24.2.11 describing methods for the synthesis of 1,1-bis(organosulfanyl)alk-1-enes (ketene S,S-acetals). It focuses on the literature published in the period 2000–2013 and gives several examples of the use of ketene S,S-acetals as versatile intermediates for organic synthesis.
24.2.20 1,1-Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Alk-1-enes (Update 1, 2014)
Authors: Beier P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contributions describing 1-haloalk-1-enes that bear an oxygen (Section 24.2.2), chalcogen (Section 24.2.3), nitrogen (Section 24.2.4), or phosphorus substituent (Section 24.2.5) at the 1-position. This review focuses on literature published in the period 2005–2013.
26.12 Product Class 12: Seven-Membered and Larger-Ring Cyclic Ketones
Authors: Scott P. J. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter describes methods for the synthesis of cycloheptanones and larger-ring cyclic ketones. General methods for the synthesis of such compounds are highlighted in the introduction. The chapter then describes principal routes to cyclic ketones with an emphasis on those approaches that generate the ring of the cyclic ketone. Strategies covered include intramolecular cyclization reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and methods for ring enlargement.
26.13 Product Class 13: α-Aryl and α-Hetaryl Ketones
Authors: Collings J. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter outlines many of the methods used to synthesize α-aryl ketones and α-hetaryl ketones. Attention is focused on transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of (het)aryl halides and pseudohalides with ketones and ketone derivatives, which are particularly useful for enantioselective synthesis, but other methods such as nucleophilic aromatic substitutions are also discussed.
27.4.3 Thioaldehyde and Thioketone S-Oxides and S-Imides (Sulfines and Derivatives) (Update 2014)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods of synthesis and new applications for thiocarbonyl S-oxides (sulfines) and thiocarbonyl S-imides. In general, thiocarbonyl S-oxides are more stable and in many instances can be isolated. The in situ generated thiocarbonyl S-imides are efficient “sulfur-transfer agents” via the isomeric thiaziridines, formed as products of electrocyclic ring closure. Stable thiocarbonyl S-imides, derived from hexafluorothioacetone, are useful 1,3-dipoles and are applied in the preparation of fluorinated five-membered heterocycles.
27.26 Product Class 26: Thioaldehyde and Thioketone S-Sulfides (Thiosulfines)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an overview of methods for the in situ generation and application of highly reactive thiocarbonyl S-sulfides. Typically, thiocarbonyl S-sulfides react as sulfur-rich 1,3-dipoles and trap both electron-deficient C,C-dipolarophiles and thiocarbonyl substrates, yielding the corresponding five-membered cycloadducts. In some instances, intermediate thiocarbonyl S-sulfides and/or their cyclic isomers (i.e., dithiiranes) act as sulfur-transfer agents leading to sulfur-rich heterocycles such as pentathiepanes and hexathiepanes.
31.41.3 Arylphosphine Oxides and Heteroatom Derivatives (Update 2015)
Authors: Demchuk O. M. , Stankevič M. , Pietrusiewicz K. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an expanded update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.41), describing methods for the synthesis of arylphosphine oxides, arylphosphine sulfides, arylphosphine selenides, and aryl(imino)phosphoranes. Classical routes to arylphosphine chalcogenides involve the oxidation of parent phosphines by the pertinent chalcogenide oxidant. Other methods involve the formation of the lacking P—C bond(s) in oxidized electrophilic, nucleophilic, and radical phosphorus(V) precursors. Newer methods are based on hydrophosphinylation and coupling processes catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Classical synthesis of aryl(imino)phosphoranes involves the reaction of the parent phosphines with organic azides (the Staudinger reaction), but methods based on the use of aminophosphonium intermediates are also reviewed. Approaches involving modifications of the carbon skeleton in existing arylphosphine chalcogenides are included as well.
34.9.2 β-Fluoro Alcohols (Update 2013)
Authors: Kalow J. A. , Doyle A. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis manuscript is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of β-fluoro alcohols. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2005–2012. Routes discussed include epoxide opening by fluoride, reduction of α-fluoro ketones, fluoromethylation of aldehydes, and hydroxyfluorination of alkenes. Special attention is given to the stereoselective synthesis of β-fluoro alcohols.