bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure and Properties of 7‐Imino‐3‐Nitroimino‐2,4,6,8‐Tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]Octane Hydrochloride
Authors: Jin Xinghui , Hu Bingcheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe chemical and physical properties of the energetic intermediate 7‐imino‐3‐nitroimino‐2,4,6,8‐tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane hydrochloride (compound A) were investigated. The crystal structure and thermal behavior were measured by X‐ray diffraction and TG‐DTG‐DSC coupling system, respectively. The electronic structure was also studied by electronic density, nature bond orbital charges, frontier molecular orbital, density of state, and electrostatic potentials. Compound A crystallizes orthorhombic in space group Pna21. Thermodynamic properties indicate that it has moderate thermal stability with a sharp exothermic peak (298.5 °C, 10 K·min–1) and high critical temperature of thermal explosion (558.5 K). The positive electrostatic potentials of compound A were stronger than that of the negative electrostatic potentials, which can stabilize the molecule. Compound A can also be considered as an energetic intermediate, which may shine light on the exploring of other 7‐imino‐3‐nitroimino‐2,4,6,8‐tetraazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane hydrochloride based high density energetic materials.
Robotic Liver Resection For Primary Hepatolithiasis: Is It Beneficial?
Authors: Lee Kit‐fai , Fong Anthony K. W. , Chong Charing C. N. , Cheung Sunny Y. S. , Wong John , Lai Paul B. S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrimary hepatolithiasis is a disease characterized by primary biliary ductal abnormality with stone formation predominantly within the intrahepatic bile ducts. Its management is difficult, but liver resection has emerged as a promising treatment option.MethodsRobotic liver resection (RLR) has been adopted in our center for the management of patients with hepatolithiasis. The operative and short‐term outcomes of this cohort of patients were compared with a historical cohort of patients using open approach (OLR). A subgroup analysis was performed for left lateral sectionectomy.ResultsBetween September 2010 and April 2015, 15 RLRs were performed on patients with primary hepatolithiasis. The historical cohort consisted of 42 OLRs with operation done between January 2005 and January 2014. No differences were found in patient demographics, disease characteristics, or types of resection. No operative deaths occurred, and no difference was seen in complication rates. RLR had significantly less blood loss (100 vs. 235 ml; p = 0.011) and shorter hospital stays (6 vs. 8 days; p = 0.003). After a median follow‐up of 19.4 months for RLRs and 79.2 months for OLRs (p < 0.001), there were no differences in residual stone rate, recurrent stone rate, or rate of recurrent cholangitis. Subgroup analysis of lateral sectionectomy (10 RLRs vs. 27 OLRs) revealed similar outcomes, i.e., less blood loss and shorter hospital stays in RLR.ConclusionsRobotic liver resection reduces blood loss and shortens hospital stays compared with OLR. A longer follow‐up is needed to assess the long‐term outcomes of RLR regarding prevention of recurrent stones and cholangitis.
Fast-Pitch Softball Pitchers Experience a Significant Increase in Pain and Fatigue During a Single High School Season
Authors: Yang Justin S. , Stepan Jeffrey G. , Dvoracek Lucas , Wright Rick W. , Brophy Robert H. , Smith Matthew V. 
Published: May 2016

Background Fast-pitch softball is one of the fastest growing sports, but there is little research regarding pitcher fatigue. Currently, there are no pitch limits or game counts. Questions/Purposes To study the effect of fatigue on youth fast-pitch softball pitchers during a high school season, we hypothesized increased games pitched during the season would correlate with increased player-reported pain and fatigue and decreased with upper extremity strength and range of motion (ROM). Methods This prospective cross-sectional study evaluated pre- and postgame shoulder and elbow strength, ROM, pain, and fatigue in 17 high school fast-pitch softball pitchers. These measures were recorded at two games, one at the beginning and one at the end of the season. Pitch count and number of games pitched during the season were recorded. We compared pre- and postgame measurements and measurements made at the beginning and end of the season. Results Supraspinatus, forward flexion strength, and external rotation strength in abduction decreased significantly postgame compared to pregame. Pregame pain and fatigue increased with a greater number of games pitched during the season. Forward flexion, supraspinatus, and external rotation strength decreased with increasing number of games pitched during the season. Conclusions Fast-pitch softball pitchers experience increased pain and fatigue during a single game and over the entire season. The increase in fatigue may predispose the player to injury. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship of pain and fatigue with predisposition to injury.
Effects of methylmercury and alcohol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster: Potential risks in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Chauhan Ved , Chauhan Abha 
Published: May 2016

AbstractExtensive evidence suggests the role of oxidative stress in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we investigated whether methylmercury (MeHg) and/or alcohol exposure has deleterious effects in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). A diet containing different concentrations of MeHg in Drosophila induced free radical generation and increased lipid peroxidation (markers of oxidative stress) in a dose‐dependent manner. This effect of MeHg on oxidative stress was enhanced by further exposure to alcohol. It was observed that alcohol alone could also induce free radical generation in flies. After alcohol exposure, MeHg did not affect the immobilization of flies, but it increased the recovery time in a concentration‐dependent manner. MeHg significantly inhibited the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in a dose‐dependent manner. Linear regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between ADH activity and recovery time upon alcohol exposure in the flies fed a diet with MeHg. This relationship between ADH activity and recovery time after alcohol exposure was confirmed by adding 4‐methyl pyrazole (an inhibitor of ADH) to the diet for the flies. These results suggest that consumption of alcohol by pregnant mothers who are exposed to MeHg may lead to increased oxidative stress and to increased length of time for alcohol clearance, which may have a direct impact on the development of the fetus, thereby increasing the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Selecting for neurogenic potential as an alternative for Alzheimer's disease drug discovery
Authors: Prior Marguerite , Goldberg Joshua , Chiruta Chandramouli , Farrokhi Catherine , Kopynets Mariya , Roberts Amanda J. , Schubert David 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionNeurons die in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are not effectively replaced. An alternative approach to maintain nerve cell number is to identify compounds that stimulate the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in old individuals to replace lost neurons. However, unless a neurogenic drug is also neuroprotective, the replacement of lost neurons will not be sufficient to stop disease progression.MethodsThe neuroprotective AD drug candidate J147 is shown to enhance memory, improve dendritic structure, and stimulate cell division in germinal regions of the brains of very old mice. Based on the potential neurogenic potential of J147, a neuronal stem cell screening assay was developed to optimize derivatives of J147 for human neurogenesis.ResultsThe best derivative of J147, CAD‐031, maintains the neuroprotective and memory enhancing properties of J147, yet is more active in the human neural stem cell assays.DiscussionThe combined properties of neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and memory enhancement in a single drug are more likely to be effective for the treatment of age‐associated neurodegenerative disorders than any individual activity alone.
Waist circumference is correlated with poorer cognition in elderly type 2 diabetes women
Authors: West Rebecca K. , Ravona‐Springer Ramit , Heymann Anthony , Schmeidler James , Leroith Derek , Koifman Keren , D'Arcy Ryan C.N. , Song Xiaowei , Guerrero‐Berroa Elizabeth , Preiss Rachel , Hoffman Hadas , Sano Mary , Silverman Jeremy M. , Schnaider‐Beeri Michal 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionWaist circumference is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cognition, yet the relationship between waist circumference and cognition in individuals with T2D is not well understood.MethodsWe studied the relationship of waist circumference with five cognitive outcomes (executive functioning, language/semantic categorization, attention/working memory, episodic memory, and an overall cognition measure) in 845 cognitively normal elderly with type 2 diabetes (T2D).ResultsIn women, waist circumference was correlated with significantly lower language and/or semantic categorization performance (P < .0001), executive functioning (P = .026), and overall cognition (P = .003) after controlling for age, education, BMI, and cardiovascular, diabetes‐related, APOE ε4, and inflammatory potential confounders. Attention/working memory (P = .532) and episodic memory (P = .144) were not associated with waist circumference. These correlations were not found in men.DiscussionThese results suggest that central adiposity in elderly women with T2D may increase their risk for dementia.
Planning for science and technology in China and India
Authors: PHALKEY JAHNAVI , WANG ZUOYUE 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPlanning for science and technology was a global phenomenon in the mid-twentieth century. A few countries drew up comprehensive five-year plans adapting from the Soviet model: China and India were two new developing countries to do so. In this paper we examine the early efforts at national planning for science and technology as seen in the Chinese twelve-year science and technology plan (1956–1967) and the five-year (1974–1979) science and technology plan of India. These are two historically distinct moments globally and two separate attempts specifically. What tie them together are the goals both sought to accomplish: of science- and technology-led industrialization and development, many times in comparison and sometimes in competition with each other. We show that these two incomplete exercises show us the complex histories of institutions and processes that confirm state-led faith in and engagement with science and technology.
Glacier area changes in the central Chilean and Argentinean Andes 1955–2013/14
Authors: MALMROS JEPPE K. , MERNILD SEBASTIAN H. , WILSON RYAN , YDE JACOB C. , FENSHOLT RASMUS 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTTo improve our knowledge of glacier area changes in the central Chilean and Argentinean Andes (32°9′S–33°4′S), two new glacier inventories from 1989 to 2013/14 are compared with a reinterpreted inventory from 1955. Comparisons show glacier area retreat of 30 ± 3% since 1955, decreasing from 134 to 94 km2in 2013/14, whilst the annual rate of area loss showed a small increase (insignificant) between the periods of 1955–1989 and 1989–2013/14. Separate analysis of the 1989 and 2013/14 inventories, including a larger sample, revealed a higher rate of glacier change compared with the smaller samples of these inventories. Additionally, an analysis at ~5 year intervals for six major glaciers (1955–2013) indicates large variability in response times and area loss magnitudes. Glacier Olivares Alfa, for example, lost 63% of its ice area, while the Juncal Norte Glacier lost only 10% (1955–2013). The findings from this study improve our current knowledge base concerning widespread glacier decline in the southern Andes, and furthers monitoring efforts in this poorly described region of the world, a region containing vital water resources for populated areas in South America.
Potential of RADARSAT-2 stereo radargrammetry for the generation of glacier DEMs
Authors: PAPASODORO C. , ROYER A. , LANGLOIS A. , BERTHIER E. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe study of glaciers and ice caps in remote and cloudy regions remains difficult using current remote sensing tools. Here the potential of stereo radargrammetry (SRG) with RADARSAT-2 Wide Ultra-Fine images is explored for DEM extraction, elevation changes and mass-balance calculations on Barnes Ice Cap (Nunavut, Canada). Over low-relief terrain surrounding Barnes, a vertical precision of ~7 m (1σ confidence level) is measured, as well as an average vertical bias of ~4 m. Moreover, we show that the C-band penetration depth over the ice cap is insignificant at this time of the year (i.e. late ablation season). This is likely due to a wet surface and the presence of superimposed ice that leads to a surface radar response. Comparing the SRG DEMs with other datasets, an historical glacier-wide mass balance of −0.52 ± 0.19 m w.e. a−1is estimated for 1960–2013, whereas it decreases to −1.06 ± 0.84 m w.e. a−1between 2005 and 2013. This clear acceleration of mass loss is in agreement with other recent studies. Given its all-weather functionality and its possible use without ground control points, the RADARSAT-2 SRG technology represents an appropriate alternative for glacier monitoring in cloudy and remote regions.
A multiplex PCR test to identify four common cattle-adapted Cryptosporidium species
Authors: THOMSON SARAH , INNES ELISABETH A. , JONSSON NICHOLAS N. , KATZER FRANK 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis a well-known cause of neonatal enteritis in cattle worldwide. Cattle are commonly infected with four different species ofCryptosporidiumbut only one of these,Cryptosporidium parvum, is associated with clinical disease. Identification of species in cases of calf scour can give an indication ifCryptosporidiumis the causative agent or not. In addition,C. parvumis a zoonotic species and so has implications for human health, for this reason it is important to identify the species ofCryptosporidiuminfecting cattle particularly where a farm is implicated in an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in humans. Here a multiplex PCR test, which can identify the four common cattle-adaptedCryptosporidiumspecies, includingC. parvum, has been developed. This test allows quick and accurate detection ofCryptosporidiumspecies in cattle fecal samples including mixed infections, which could be missed by the more common method of sequencing the same gene.
REDRESS COMPLIANCE AND CHOICE: ENHANCED CONSUMER MEASURES AND THE RETREAT FROM PUNISHMENT IN THE CONSUMER RIGHTS ACT 2015
Authors: Cartwright Peter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article examines critically the extent to which the availability of Enhanced Consumer Measures (ECMs) created by the Consumer Rights Act 2015 addresses the problems associated with the enforcement of consumer protection law in the UK. The article explains the genesis of the provisions by establishing the limitations of the previous law before moving on to consider the extent to which ECMs are successful in addressing those limitations. The article argues that, while the availability of ECMs will potentially improve the ability of both enforcers and courts to achieve some objectives of consumer protection law, the measures raise some significant concerns. Of particular concern is the extent to which they signal a move away from prosecution in cases in which that would be the optimal response, and so compromise the ability of consumer protection law to achieve some of its most important objectives.
WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND WATER DISTRIBUTION RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT PLANTING PATTERNS IN MAIZE–SOYBEAN RELAY STRIP INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS
Authors: RAHMAN TANZEELUR , YE LIN , LIU XIN , IQBAL NASIR , DU JUNBO , GAO RENCAI , LIU WEIGUO , YANG FENG , YANG WENYU 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYUnderstanding crop water use in mixed crops over sole cropping is vital for developing optimum water management systems for crop production. In this study, a two-year field experiment with typical maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] relay strip intercropping (2:2 maize-to-soybean rows; 200 cm bandwidth) was carried out in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. The quantitative effects of various planting patterns on the water-use efficiency (WUE) and water distribution were investigated. Our results indicated that soil volumetric water content and soil evaporation in the intercropping systems showed decreasing trends in the order: maize row (MM) < maize-to-soybean row (MS) < soybean row (SS). The highest leaf transpiration (1.91 and 2.07 mmol m−2 s−1) for the intercropped maize was measured in each of the two years in the 20 cm maize narrow-row planting pattern and decreased thereafter. Opposite trend was observed for the intercropped soybean; the highest soybean leaf transpiration (7.01 and 6.80 mmol m−2 s−1 for 2013 and 2014, respectively) was recorded in the 70 cm. The WUE of maize and soybean intercrops was lower than that of sole crop counterparts. However, the maximum group water use efficiency (GWUE) of 26.08 and 26.20 kg ha−1 mm−1 in the 40–50 cm maize narrow-row planting pattern was, respectively, 39.6% and 23% higher compared with that of sole crops. The water equivalent ratio (WER) values ranged from 1.60–1.79, suggesting better crop water use in the intercrops over sole cropping. Planting patterns provided by 40–50 cm maize narrow-row spacing were considered the most efficient in terms of maximum total yields, GWUE and WER. These results suggest that an appropriate reduction in the spacing of narrow maize row with wide soybean row could be an efficient crop management method to achieve optimal WUE and homogeneous water distribution in maize–soybean intercropping systems.
OVERSEAS TERRITORIES IN THE WTO
Authors: Kennedy Matthew 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the wake of the Faroe Islands fishing dispute, this article seeks to clarify the status of overseas territories in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article considers the rule of public international law regarding the territorial application of treaties, the impact of territorial limitations in WTO goods and services schedules and the treaty actions of individual States responsible for the international relations of overseas territories. The article then explores the implications of WTO rights and obligations in respect of Members' overseas territories, including limitations on free riding and preferential treatment.
Analyst Coverage and Real Earnings Management: Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Authors: Irani Rustom M. , Oesch David 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe study how securities analysts influence managers’ use of different types of earnings management. To isolate causality, we employ a quasi-experiment that exploits exogenous reductions in analyst following resulting from brokerage house mergers. We find that managers respond to the coverage loss by decreasing real earnings management while increasing accrual manipulation. These effects are significantly stronger among firms with less coverage and for firms close to the zero-earnings threshold. Our causal evidence suggests that managers use real earnings management to enhance short-term performance in response to analyst pressure, effects that are not uncovered when focusing solely on accrual-based methods.
Phase mixing versus nonlinear advection in drift-kinetic plasma turbulence
Authors: Schekochihin A. A. , Parker J. T. , Highcock E. G. , Dellar P. J. , Dorland W. , Hammett G. W. 
Published: May 2016

A scaling theory of long-wavelength electrostatic turbulence in a magnetised, weakly collisional plasma (e.g. drift-wave turbulence driven by ion temperature gradients) is proposed, with account taken both of the nonlinear advection of the perturbed particle distribution by fluctuating $\boldsymbol{E}\times \boldsymbol{B}$ flows and of its phase mixing, which is caused by the streaming of the particles along the mean magnetic field and, in a linear problem, would lead to Landau damping. It is found that it is possible to construct a consistent theory in which very little free energy leaks into high velocity moments of the distribution function, rendering the turbulent cascade in the energetically relevant part of the wavenumber space essentially fluid-like. The velocity-space spectra of free energy expressed in terms of Hermite-moment orders are steep power laws and so the free-energy content of the phase space does not diverge at infinitesimal collisionality (while it does for a linear problem); collisional heating due to long-wavelength perturbations vanishes in this limit (also in contrast with the linear problem, in which it occurs at the finite rate equal to the Landau damping rate). The ability of the free energy to stay in the low velocity moments of the distribution function is facilitated by the ‘anti-phase-mixing’ effect, whose presence in the nonlinear system is due to the stochastic version of the plasma echo (the advecting velocity couples the phase-mixing and anti-phase-mixing perturbations). The partitioning of the wavenumber space between the (energetically dominant) region where this is the case and the region where linear phase mixing wins its competition with nonlinear advection is governed by the ‘critical balance’ between linear and nonlinear time scales (which for high Hermite moments splits into two thresholds, one demarcating the wavenumber region where phase mixing predominates, the other where plasma echo does).
Politics of (in)visibility: Governance-resistance and the constitution of refugee subjectivities in Malaysia
Authors: Ansems de Vries Leonie 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article explores the relationality of governance and resistance in the context of the constitution of refugee subjectivities in Malaysia. Whilst recognising their precarity, the article moves away from conceiving of refugees merely as victims subjected to violence and control, and to contribute to an emerging body of literature on migrant resistance. Its contribution lies in examining practices of resistance, and the specific context in which they emerge, without conceptualising power-resistance as a binary, and without conceiving of refugees as preconstituted subjects. Rather, drawing on the thought of Michel Foucault, the article examines how refugee subjectivities come into being through a play of governance-resistance, of practices and strategies that may be simultaneously affirmative, subversive, exclusionary, and oppressive. The relationality and mobility of this play is illustrated through an examination of practices surrounding UNHCR identity cards, community organisations, and education. Secondly, governance-resistance is conceptualised as a play of visibility and invisibility, understood both visually and in terms of knowledge production. What I refer to as the politics of (in)visibility indicates that refugee subjectivities are both constituted and become other than ‘the refugee’ through a continuous play of coming into being, becoming governable, claiming a presence, blending in and remaining invisible.
Ideals of the Fourier algebra, supports and harmonic operators
Authors: ANOUSSIS M. , KATAVOLOS A. , TODOROV I. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe examine the common null spaces of families of Herz–Schur multipliers and apply our results to study jointly harmonic operators and their relation with jointly harmonic functionals. We show how an annihilation formula obtained in [1] can be used to give a short proof as well as a generalisation of a result of Neufang and Runde concerning harmonic operators with respect to a normalised positive definite function. We compare the two notions of support of an operator that have been studied in the literature and show how one can be expressed in terms of the other.