bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pore‐size distribution and compressibility of coarse sandy subsoil with added biochar
Authors: Petersen C. T. , Hansen E. , Larsen H. H. , Hansen L. V. , Ahrenfeldt J. , Hauggaard‐Nielsen H. 
Published: October 2016

Sustainable agricultural production on coarse sandy soil is constrained by the restricted growth of roots, and poor water and nutrient retention. Amending the soil with biochar can reduce these problems, but the processes involved are not known in detail. We investigated in the laboratory the effects of two fine‐grained gasification biochars made of straw (LTST) and other materials (LTSN) and of one fast pyrolysis straw biochar (FPST) on pore‐size distribution and soil compressibility when added to coarse sandy subsoil. Water retention and therefore pore‐size distribution were affected systematically. All biochars converted drainable pore space with pore diameters in the range 60–300 µm into water‐retaining pores of size 0.2–60 µm, which was taken as an estimate of available water capacity (AWC). Effects were linear over the whole range of biochar (0–4% by mass). The effect of LTST and LTSN on AWC (3.6% by volume per % biochar) was about 70% larger than the effect of the somewhat coarser FPST biochar (2.1% by volume per % biochar). The compression index increased linearly with biochar content without any significant effects from the type of biochar. The common least squares estimate of the slope was 21.2 kg m−3 %−1 by weight. The results reflect a strong interaction at the microscopic scale between biochar and soil rather than intrinsic properties of the added biochar.HighlightsHow fine‐grained biochars added to sandy soil affect water retention and soil compressibility.
Such combined effects have not been investigated previously in coarse sandy subsoil.
Pore space was changed from drainable to water retaining, and the soil became easier to compress.
Fine‐grained biochars were more efficient than a coarser biochar in changing the pore space.
Nitrogen transformations in and N2O emissions from soil amended with manure solids and nitrification inhibitor
Authors: Zhu K. , Bruun S. , Jensen L. S. 
Published: October 2016

Nitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil can be suppressed effectively by the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). However, there is currently a lack of in‐depth understanding about whether the effect produced by DCD is affected by the application of manure solids and about the mechanisms of the mitigation effect of DCD on N2O emissions. We applied the 15N pool dilution technique in an incubation experiment to investigate the effect of DCD on nitrification processes and N2O emissions in soil amended with manure solids that were distributed either homogeneously or heterogeneously. The numerical model FLUAZ was used to calculate the gross nitrogen transformation rates from the 15N trace results. The results showed that application of DCD effectively inhibited gross nitrification rates by 50–66% in soil amended with manure solids, but there were no significant effects on nitrate immobilization and remineralization rates. With large rates of nitrate consumption (7–11 mg N kg−1 soil day−1), we detected no significant effect of DCD on nitrification. In general, N2O emissions were about 50% less with the addition of DCD to the soil, even when nitrate consumption dominated. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of manure solids interacted with the inhibitory effects of DCD on nitrification and N2O emissions.HighlightsExplored the effects of co‐application of DCD and manure solids on N transformations.
Used the 15N pool dilution technique to investigate effect of DCD on nitrification processes and N2O emissions.
Application of DCD effectively and selectively inhibited gross nitrification rates and N2O emissions.
The addition of DCD could be used to optimize application strategies of manure solids.
Due Diligence and Investee Performance
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Zambelli Simona 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe estimate the economic value of due diligence (DD) in the context of private equity by investigating the relationship between DD and investee performance, while controlling for endogeneity. With the adoption of a novel dataset, we find evidence highly consistent with the view that a thorough DD is associated with improved investee performance. We also distinguish the role of different types of DD and show that the DD performed by fund managers has a more pronounced impact on performance. Instead, the DD mainly performed by external agents, i.e., consultants, lawyers and accountants, gives rise to puzzling results and imperfect matching.
Climate Change Adaptation as a Growing Development Priority: Towards Critical Adaptation Scholarship
Authors: Webber Sophie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractClimate change adaptation has grown rapidly in prominence in development practice and scholarship. Alongside this growth, adaptation has been folded into the world of development. This article reviews the ways that adaptation has become a concern for the world of development, suggesting three important trends: problematizations of vulnerability, the financial architecture of adaptation, and the tool of climate change ‘mainstreaming’. Given that adaptation has entered the development arena, this article reviews relevant critical development literature that might helpfully shed light on the operation of adaptation. The article first reviews a tripartite typology of development scholarship: pro‐development/instrumental, post‐development, and critical development studies. Then, it reviews the analogous research on adaptation according to this typology, showing the limits to both the instrumental and post‐adaptation scholarship. Finally, the article engages a vein of critical development studies – concerned particularly with the churning of development priorities and their management and governance – in order examine how adaptation works as an organizing principle.
Trials and Tribulations: Problematizing the City through/as Urban Experimentation
Authors: Evans Joshua 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis review article addresses the phenomenon of urban experimentation. Urban experimentation has achieved notable significance in recent years. Viewing the city as a laboratory for field‐testing new practices, or as a setting for experimental sites, has earned significant cache when it comes to contemporary urban issues such as governance reform, urban sustainability and economic development. In this regard, urban experiments are an important vehicle for not only understanding the city but also transforming it. This article reviews how experimentation has been defined teasing out some basic concepts before examining how experimentation has been broadly applied across urban studies. The paper then draws attention to three realms of urban development – social, economic, and sustainability – and asks how experimentation in these realms acts as a mode of problematization that summons particular forms of governance, the implications of which are summarized.
Retrospective analysis of in vivo recovery and clearance during continuous infusion of recombinant factor VIII products: a single‐institution study
Authors: Suzuki N. , Hirakawa A. , Kishimoto M. , Kanematsu T. , Ogawa M. , Kiyoi H. , Matsushita T. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundContinuous infusion (CI) of recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) concentrates has been reported as an effective and safe method to achieve haemostasis during major surgeries or severe bleeding events. For more effective and safer CI, better understanding of in vivo recovery (IVR) and clearance (CL) issues is imperative.ObjectiveWe investigated the following factors affecting IVR and CL using univariate and multivariate regression analyses during 47 CIs in 34 patients: rFVIII concentrate type, haemophilia severity, blood type, the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), age and body mass index (BMI).ResultsThe mean IVR was 1.64 ± 0.49 IU dL−1 per IU kg−1, and the mean CL during CI was 3.56 ± 1.57 mL h−1 kg−1. The univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that the CL of octocog alfa was significantly lower than that of rurioctocog alfa (P = 0.043 and 0.0034, respectively). There was a significant difference in BMI in the univariate and multivariate regression analyses (P = 0.0403 and 0.0376, respectively).ConclusionsThis study indicated that CL during CI was potentially affected by the type of rFVIII concentrate used and BMI.
Predictive parameter of tolvaptan effectiveness in cirrhotic ascites
Authors: Kawaratani Hideto , Fukui Hiroshi , Moriya Kei , Noguchi Ryuichi , Namisaki Tadashi , Uejima Masakazu , Kitade Mitsuteru , Takeda Kosuke , Okura Yasushi , Kaji Kosuke , Nishimura Norihisa , Takaya Hiroaki , Aihara Yousuke , Sawada Yasuhiko , Sato Shinya , Seki Kenichiro , Mitoro Akira , Yamao Junichi , Yoshiji Hitoshi 
Published: October 2016

AimsThe efficacy of the vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan for difficult‐to‐treat cirrhotic ascites has recently been reported. However, its effect is variable among patients. This study aimed to clarify the predictive factors for obtaining a good response to tolvaptan in patients with difficult‐to‐treat ascites.MethodsData were collected from 50 patients with liver cirrhosis having ascites (hepatitis B, n = 1; hepatitis C, n = 22; alcoholism, n = 11; and others, n = 16) after treatment with tolvaptan (3.75–7.5 mg/day) in addition to conventional diuretics. A follow‐up assessment was carried out after 7‐day tolvaptan treatment for all patients.ResultsAfter an uneventful 7‐day tolvaptan treatment, 18 patients (36.0%) lost more than 2 kg of their body weight (responders). Twenty‐six patients (52.0%) showed an increase in urine volume (>300 mL) on day 2. Tolvaptan was also effective for patients with pleural effusion, portal vein thrombosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Basal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone levels were significantly higher in the poor responders (<2 kg weight loss), who were considered to be in the relative vascular underfilling state, than in the responders. Basal BUN was extracted as a predictive factor of responsiveness by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsTolvaptan is useful and safe for the treatment of cirrhotic ascites. This report showed that BUN will predict the response of tolvaptan even when measured before tolvaptan treatment.
Limited additive value of the Ki‐67 proliferative index on patient survival in World Health Organization‐classified pulmonary carcinoids
Authors: Swarts Dorian R A , Rudelius Martina , Claessen Sandra M H , Cleutjens Jack P , Seidl Stefan , Volante Marco , Ramaekers Frans C S , Speel Ernst J M 
Published: October 2016

AimsCurrently pulmonary carcinoids are separated into typical and atypical based on mitotic count and presence of necrosis, according to the World Health Organization. At variance with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, which are graded based on mitotic count and Ki‐67 proliferative index, the use of Ki‐67 for grading pulmonary carcinoids is still under debate.Methods and resultsIn this study we evaluated the prognostic impact of Ki‐67 assessment in a multicentre cohort of 201 carcinoids [147 typical carcinoids (TCs) and 54 atypical carcinoids (ACs)] using manual analysis (2000 cells counted) and digital image analysis (in‐house Leica Qwin program; ≥4500 cells counted). The Ki‐67 proliferative index was correlated with overall survival by means of univariate analysis and in comparison to clinical data by means of multivariable analysis. The Ki‐67 index was significantly higher in ACs than in TCs for both counting methods (P ≤ 2.7e−5). In addition, using cut‐offs of 2.5% and 4% (manual counting) or 1% and 5% (digital analysis), the highest differences in overall survival were observed (P ≤ 0.0067). Nevertheless, histopathological classification into TCs and ACs showed an equally strong association with disease outcome, although Ki‐67 had some additive value within TCs. Ki‐67 index was not an independent predictor of survival in multivariable analysis.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that, although Ki‐67 is a strong prognostic factor for pulmonary carcinoids, its usefulness in addition to histopathology in prediction of prognosis is limited. None the less, it may have additional value, especially in cases that are difficult to classify, in combination with histopathology and other molecular markers.
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up‐regulated factor has oncogenic functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sasahira Tomonori , Kurihara Miyako , Nishiguchi Yukiko , Nakashima Chie , Kirita Tadaaki , Kuniyasu Hiroki 
Published: October 2016

AimsPancreatic adenocarcinoma up‐regulated factor (PAUF) is a novel secretory protein which promotes tumour progression, metastasis and poor prognosis in pancreatic, cervical and colorectal carcinoma. It is also associated with gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. However, the expression and function of PAUF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unknown.Methods and resultsWe performed an immunohistochemical analysis of PAUF in 222 clinicopathologically characterized cases of OSCC. We also investigated the growth, invasion, apoptosis induction and cisplatin resistance of OSCC cells under PAUF knockdown treatment. PAUF was localized in normal salivary glands. In OSCC, immunostaining for PAUF was found in 52 of 222 patients (23.4%), and correlated with nodal metastasis (P < 0.0001) and poor prognosis (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified that PAUF expression was an independent predictor of disease‐free survival in OSCC (P < 0.0001). The down‐regulation of PAUF in OSCC cells suppressed cell growth and invasion and induced apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity.ConclusionsOur results suggest that PAUF has tumour‐promoting functions in OSCC. It may thus be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic marker for OSCC.
ALL IN?
Authors: Kates Joshua 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThis review treats Mark Greif's remarkable inquiry into what he calls the crisis of man and man‐talk: the invocation to inquire into humanity that Greif traces out through various genres of writing (philosophy, journalism, literature, and literary criticism) through a succession of decades (1930s–1960s) within an exclusively North American US context. As seems suitable for this journal, the review focuses primarily on Greif's own standpoint and methods. In its first half, it identifies and ultimately questions Greif's decidedly anti‐hermeneutic stance. Greif cordons off his own discourse from those he treats, picking an approach that prevents his making their questions his own, despite the fact that many of his chosen texts raise issues pertaining to how history, especially intellectual history, is to be conducted. In the review's second half, two key instances are surveyed: Greif's discussions of Hannah Arendt and of Ralph Ellison.
Experimental evidence that a large raptor can detect and replace heavily damaged flight feathers long before their scheduled moult dates
Authors: Ellis David H. , Rohwer Vanya G. , Rohwer Sievert 
Published: October 2016

Because many species of large birds must remain capable of flight during moult and breeding, complete replacement of all flight feathers often takes two or more years, with the result that their plumage normally includes many faded, worn and sometimes even broken feathers. It seems adaptive for such birds to have the ability to quickly replace severely damaged feathers. In search of such a feather replacement mechanism, we cut rectrices on a captive Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and found that feathers cut in their first year of use were replaced, on average, after 11.4 months, whereas uncut feathers before and during the experiment were moulted, on average, after 24 months of use. Feather cutting advanced moult, on average, in excess of a year and thereby demonstrates the existence of a previously undescribed neurophysiological mechanism for preferentially replacing damaged feathers.
Assessing the importance of artificial nest‐sites in the population dynamics of endangered Northern Aplomado Falcons Falco femoralis septentrionalis in South Texas using stochastic simulation models
Authors: McClure Christopher J. W. , Pauli Benjamin P. , Mutch Brian , Juergens Paul 
Published: October 2016

Habitat availability might be the most important determinant of success for a species reintroduction programme, making investigation of the quality and quantity of habitat needed to produce self‐sustaining populations a research priority for reintroduction ecologists. We used a stochastic model of population dynamics to predict whether attempts to improve existing breeding territories using artificial nest platforms improved the population growth rate and persistence of a reintroduced population of Northern Aplomado Falcons Falco femoralis septentrionalis in South Texas. We further assessed whether the creation of new territories, i.e. conversion of entire areas to suitable habitat and not simply the erection of nest platforms, would lead to a subsequent increase in the nesting population. Our model was able to reproduce several characteristics of the wild population and predicted the number of breeding pairs per year strikingly well (R2 = 0.97). Simulations revealed that the addition of nest platforms improved productivity such that the population would decline to extinction without them but is stable since their installation. Moreover, the model predicted that the increase in productivity due to nest platforms would cause the population to saturate available breeding territories, at which point the population would contain a moderate proportion of non‐territorial birds that could occupy territories if new ones become available. Population size would therefore be proportional to the increase in available territories. Our study demonstrates that artificial nest‐sites can be an effective tool for the management of reintroduced species.
Current and emerging therapies in premature ejaculation: Where we are coming from, where we are going
Authors: Martin Christopher , Nolen Hunter , Podolnick Jason , Wang Run 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPremature ejaculation is the most common form of sexual dysfunction among men. The pathophysiology of premature ejaculation appears to be multifactorial, implicating the need for multimodal therapeutic regimens to successfully treat premature ejaculation. Multiple treatment regimens have been shown to be effective in extending the time between penetration and ejaculation. These treatment modalities include everything from behavioral modifications and medications to diet alterations and major surgery. The goal of the present article was to review the commonly used treatment regimens used in the treatment of premature ejaculation, as well as to introduce and discuss the newest treatment routines under study for the treatment of premature ejaculation.
Youth employment security and labour market institutions: A dynamic perspective
Authors: BERLOFFA Gabriella , MATTEAZZI Eleonora , ŞANDOR Alina , VILLA Paola 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe shift of policy focus from job security to employment security calls for a more dynamic measurement of young people's labour market performance. This article uses data on monthly employment status trajectories and job duration to investigate young Europeans’ employment security around five years after they finished education. The authors show that almost 40 per cent of “job‐insecure” individuals actually enjoy employment security – i.e. they are able to re‐enter paid employment rapidly after losing their job. The article highlights the need for policy measures to enhance employment security, and the positive role that stricter temporary employment protection, and ALMP expenditure, could play.
Understanding the regulation of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory diseases – a ‘Nod’ in the right direction
Authors: Feerick Claire L. , McKernan Declan P. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryNucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) ‐like receptors (NLRs) are a family of 23 receptors known as pattern recognition receptors; they are expressed in many cell types and play a key role in the innate immune response. The NLRs are activated by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, which include structurally conserved molecules present on the surfaces of bacteria. The activation of these NLRs by pathogens results in the downstream activation of signalling kinases and transcription factors, culminating in the transcription of genes coding for pro‐inflammatory factors. Expression of NLR is altered in many cellular, physiological and disease states. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which NLR expression is regulated, particularly in chronic inflammatory states. Genetic polymorphisms and protein interactions are included in such mechanisms. This review seeks to examine the current knowledge regarding the regulation of this family of receptors and their signalling pathways as well as how their expression changes in disease states with particular focus on NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory bowel diseases among others.
Models of partnership within family‐centred care in the acute paediatric setting: a discussion paper
Authors: Dennis Christine , Baxter Pamela , Ploeg Jenny , Blatz Susan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimsA discussion of partnership in the context of family‐centred care in the acute paediatric setting, through a critical analysis of partnership models.BackgroundPaediatric healthcare practitioners understand the importance of family‐centred care, but struggle with how to translate the core tenets into action and are confused by several rival terms. Partnering relationships are included in definitions of family‐centred care, yet less is known about strategies to fully engage or support parents in these partnerships. A rigorous examination of concepts embedded in family‐centred care such as partnership may provide a better understanding of how to implement the broader concept and support exemplary care in today's clinical practice environment.DesignDiscussion paper.Data sourcesElectronic search (January 2000 ‐ December 2014) performed on CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, Sociological Abstracts and PsychINFO using keywords partnership, family‐centred care and conceptual framework. Eligible references were drawn from the databases, reference lists and expert sources. Eight models met inclusion criteria and had currency and relevance to the acute paediatric setting.Implications for nursingNurses should continue exploring partnership in various paediatric contexts given the wide‐ranging definitions, lack of operational indicators and need for stronger relational statements in current models. An examination of key strategies, barriers and facilitators of partnership is recommended.ConclusionOne partnership model had both high overall maturity and best fit with family‐centred care principles. All models originate from Western and developed countries, indicating that future partnership models should be more geographically, culturally and economically diverse.