bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Role of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Neonatal Medicine
Authors: Evans Kaylee M. , Rubarth Lori B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a clinical tool that provides a bedside method of noninvasively measuring continuous, “real-time” oxygen consumption and monitoring for potential ischemia of somatic tissues, particularly the brain, kidneys, and intestine in neonates. Although the concept of NIRS seems promising, its implementation into clinical practice has been inconsistent for various reasons, including difficulty in interpreting regional oxygen saturation (rSO2), the wide variation in types of NIRS monitors and probes, the cost of new equipment, different monitoring modalities, large discrepancies in both intra- and interindividual use, a lack of defined universal normative values, and little to no data on outcomes or potentially harmful interventions made based on rSO2 readings. We combine findings from previously published informational articles and studies on the use of NIRS in neonatal medicine to provide a comprehensive overview of this tool and identify potential indications for clinical use.
Efectos, consecuencias y regulación de la maternidad subrogada = Effects, consequences and regulation of surrogated maternity
Authors: Regalado Torres María Desirée 
Published: August 2017

Resumen: Para muchos, la gestación por subrogación refleja un avance en las técnicas de reproducción asistida que permite otorgar una nueva alternativa ante la imposibilidad de concebir de forma natural. Para otros, se trata de un nuevo tipo de explotación de la mujer, que la cosifica e instrumentaliza con el fin de cumplir el deseo de terceros de ser padres con base en un liberalismo contractual desmesurado. El presente trabajo muestra los inconvenientes ético-jurídicos que genera la maternidad subrogada para la madre gestante, el niño concebido, y los padres comitentes, así como el controvertido debate que existe en torno a la necesidad de actualizar el concepto de maternidad dejando a un lado el carácter personalísimo del propio acto, situación en gran parte motivada por el desarrollo económico-social que ha tenido la maternidad subrogada gracias a la ausencia de prohibiciones o de una regulación concreta en muchos países.Palabras clave: gestación por subrogación, maternidad subrogada, liberalismo contractual. Abstract: On the one hand, for many people subrogated gestation means a great advantage in assisted reproduction techniques because of it is an alternative for those who cannot conceive naturally. On the other hand, for some people it means sexual exploitation of women, who are treated as an object and manipulated with the intention of granting a wish of people who want to become parents, and all this is part of a contractual and disproportionate liberalism. This essay shows the ethical and legal inconvenients caused by subrogated maternity to the expectant mother, the child and the recipient parents. Besides, the controversial debate in relation to the necessity of updating the term maternity will be analysed as a consequence of the socioeconomic development that has had subrogated maternity due to the abscence of prohibitions or a regulation in many countries.Keywords: subrogated gestation, subrogated maternity, contractual liberalism.
IMPLEMENTATION AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE ELECTRONIC AND INFORMATION TRANSACTIONS LAW AGAINST CYBER BULLYING BY SUBSQUENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISION RELATED TO THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Authors: Gumbira Seno Wibowo 
Published: August 2017

<p>This article aimed to observe the criminal provisions both in the Formulation of the EIT ACT 2008 along with the verdict of the judicial review of the Constitutional Court Number 50/PUU-VI/2008 as well as the EIT ACT 2016 especially in strictly contained in article 27 along with the norm of the criminal sanctions contained in Article 45 can still be said to be a ”Rubber Articles”, so it requires linguist and religious leaders in order to get a description or explanation of a remark or action in conflict with religious values and modesty as well as decency in public life. The Guarantee Of Freedom Of Speech. Then when viewed from the highest norm of the 1945 Constitution to the level of the law that is Article "Number 9 of 1998 and Article Number 39 of 1999 there is a harmony of norms and limits of freedom of speech that is the norms and values of religion, morality, public order, public interest and the integrity of the State, the concept of punishment against the actions of cyberbullying in social media in the future require an integral approach and the concept approach is criminal on parole and penal mediation with the terms limitedly and imperative. </p>
Settlement of Syariah Economic Dispute through the Special Court of Syariah Economic in the Religious Courts
Authors: Manik Saut Maruli Tua 
Published: August 2017

<strong> ABSTRACT</strong><p>Since the growth of syariah banking in Indonesia, law constraints have been faced, Law Number 7 of 1992 concerning Banking changed into Law Number 10 Of 1998. Law Number 21 of 2008 on syariah Banking, Law Number 3 of 2006 has no effect on the method of dispute resolution of syariah economy. Decision of the Constitutional Court No. 93 / PUU-X / 2012 which strengthens the Religious Courts in accepting, examining, deciding syariah economic cases, but the practice there is still a syariah economic dispute resolution submitted to the District Court. Like the lawsuit to BPSK, against the decision of BPSK, its law remedy to the District Court, another example of using the District Court to resolve the syariah dispute is a matter between CV. Makmur Rezeki with PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri Branch Office Medan Ringroad. This creates a prolonged law uncertainty. This study examines the establishment of a special syariah economic court within the Religious Courts as an institution that can solve the law uncertainty. This study focuses on: First, the importance of the establishment of special courts within the Religious Courts in the settlement of syariah economic disputes; Secondly, the law construction of the establishment of a special syariah economic court within the Religious Courts. This research is a normative-empirical law research, the primary and secondary data sources Obtained from library research and field analyzed by using qualitative method. Qualitative analysis is done by taking into account the facts that exist in the field and combined with secondary data obtained from literature materials. The results of the study show that, Firstly, Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 93 / PUU-X / 2012 which strengthens Religious Courts as the institution authorized to receive, examine, decide the case of syariah economy. In fact, the resolution of the syariah economic dispute still exists in the District Court. The occurrence of dualism of dispute resolution of syariah economy was caused by the unharmonious of legislation and factor of Choice of Forum and factor of judge who should not refuse the case; Secondly, the existence of special court in solving of syariah economic dispute in the environment of Religious Court was supported by law construction namely Basic Law of 1945 and Law Number 48 of 2009 regarding Judicial Power, and position within the Religious Courts under the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia in accordance with Law Number 3 of 2006 concerning Amendment to Law Number 7 of 1989 concerning Religious Courts and Law Number 50 of 2009 on the Second Amendment to Law Number 7 of 1989 on Religious Courts.</p><p><strong>Keywords: Establishment, Special Court, Syariah Economic Dispute</strong></p>
What Happens to Directional Drillers When Computers are Directing Drillers?
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: August 2017

Behind every driller drilling a horizontal well is a directional driller. And increasingly, there is a screen in front of the driller showing what to do next.
“It is like a navigation system for drilling,” said Ginger Hildebrand, operational efficiency manager for North America land drilling at Schlumberger. Based on surface and downhole data, it delivers “step-by-step directions, shows you where you are and how well you are performing.”
In other words, the directional drilling advisory software (directional advisor) is designed to do what a directional driller does for a living.
The goal of algorithm-driven decision making is to “industrialize directional drilling operations.” That means more consistent, efficient drilling, as measured by the time it takes, the ability to consistently deliver complex well designs, the quality of the borehole, and facilitating decisions that determine the long-term value of the well.
That quote came from a recent paper, Transitioning the Directional Driller Off the Rig (SPE/IADC 184682). It told how Precision Drilling managed to reduce, or eliminate, directional drillers on rigs by using a computerized drilling advisory system developed by Schlumberger and Pason Systems, which developed and runs the data network. Reliable communications are critical for new systems that connect teams of people, some-times with directional drillers remotely monitoring the work.
Schlumberger and Pason have a sys-tem on the market as does Motive Drilling Technologies, a pioneer in the field that was recently bought by Helmerich & Payne. Tesco, which makes drilling tools, is developing an advisor as part of its Automated Rig Control system, and a startup, xnDrilling, is trialing one that uses drill path location information from Hawkeye Directional software.
The addition of a directional advisor on a drilling rig raises an unanswered question about what directional drillers will do. One possibility is working at a console in a remote center tracking a handful of drilling projects in progress using directional advisors. The idea of removing a key member of the rig team, though, has run into opposition.
Profit Increase With New Subsea Boosting Products
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: August 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 27747, “Profit Increase With New Subsea Boosting Products,” by åge Hofstad and Hans Christian Nilsen, Aker Solutions, prepared for the 2017 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 1–4 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2017 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
Emphasis on identifying more-efficient subsea boosting solutions has led to a number of initiatives in the industry. A new multiphase-pump technology has been developed that will expand the operation envelope for subsea boosting and create better opportunities for more-effective offshore-field development. A parallel, and equally important, advance has been the development of a new heavy-duty 6-MW subsea motor.
Introduction
In 2011, a decision was made to abandon twin-screw technology because of the low sand-handling resistance and limited differential-pressure generation with multiphase fluids that these pumps had demonstrated during in-house testing. Thus, a development project was initiated.
Multiphase-Pump-Development Project
For this development project, the main target was to increase pump performance in the following ways:
From 4,000 to 6,000 rev/min
From 3 to 6 MW
From 500 to 1,000 actual m3/h
From 50- to 150-bar differential pressure at 70% gas-volume fraction (GVF)
Reaching these targets would require design of a new motor to operate at higher speeds at twice the power.
Multiphase-Pump Technology
It was evident from recent experience that the pump design had to use the rotodynamic principle (dynamic energy transfer to the liquid) and not the positive-displacement principle. Before this multiphase-pump development, a hybrid multiphase pump with both multiphase impellers and radial impellers had shown very good test results when operating with multiphase fluids.
The multiphase impeller design has commonly been a helicoaxial design, which has been the standard until now. However, on the basis of previous experience and tests, a different technology was chosen. This was a mixed-flow impeller in which the flow channel was partly axial and partly radial. This design uses centrifugal action to provide more pressure generation from each impeller. This principle can be termed a helico-mixed-flow design.
Multiphase-Pump-Prediction Model
From promising initial pilot pump tests, the authors were able to prepare a prediction model for the multiphase pump. The prediction model is, in itself, a challenging piece of work because the fluid conditions will change considerably through the pump. It is necessary to use a stepwise approach and calculate the fluid parameters for each impeller stage.
Treatment Outcome of Adherent Placenta: An Experience at Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Wajid Rabia , Bashir Saira , Hanif Asif 
Published: August 2017

<p><strong>Objective:</strong><strong> </strong>The objective of this study was to see treatment outcome of morbidly adherent Placenta.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This descriptive case series was carried out in Obstetrics and Gynae Unit-2 Lady Willingdon Hospital Lahore from January 2013 to December 2014. In this period 127 females between 20 to 45 years with any parity were enrolled in this study. All the patients were diagnosed for Placenta Accreta, Increta and Percreta by color flow Doppler. Operative delivery was carried out in all. Cesarean Hysterectomy with or without Placental separation, conservative measures (uterine artery ligation, tamponade and hemostatic sutures) and Internal iliac ligation were used. The outcome measures recorded were total blood loss, neonatal birth weight, mean gestational age at delivery, neonatal Apgar score, intra and postoperative complications and maternal mortality. Non-probability, sampling technique was used. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 20.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Results:</strong><strong> </strong>The mean age of subjects in this study was 26.77 ± 3.17 years. Gestational age at diagnosis and at surgery was 34.83 ± 1.94 weeks and 36.19 ± 1.557 weeks respectively. According to previous history of cesarean section, 60 (47.3%) had 1 previous C-section, 38 (29.9%) had 2 previous C-section and rest of 29 (22.9%) had ≥ 3 C-section. The diagnosis was made on Doppler Ultrasonography (USG) and the patients had surgery under emergency as well as elective conditions. We found that 96 (75.5%) females had Accreta, 27 (21.26%) had Increta and only 4 (3.15%) females had Percreta. Placental separation was done in 63 (49.6%) followed by Cesarean Hysterectomy were done in 36 (57%), and conservative measures like tamponade, haemostatic sutures in Placental bed and Uterine artery ligation in the rest i.e. 27 (43%). Non-separation of Placenta followed by direct Cesarean Hysterectomy was done in 64 (50.3%), and Internal iliac ligation was done in 30 (23%). During surgery the average blood loss was 2.97 ± 1.36 L. According to neonatal outcome Apgar score at 5 minutes was 5.69 ± 1.446 and weight of new baby was 2.85±0.30 kg. According to final outcome 83 (65.35%) females were successfully discharged, 29 (22.83%) had bladder rupture occurred in 29 (22.83%) while maternal mortality occurred in 15 (11.81%) only.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong> </strong>An increasing number of patients with morbidly adherent Placenta is coming up along with the rising incidence of C-Section. The key to the management of this condition is prompt diagnosis and referral to well-equipped hospitals having multidisciplinary input. Conservative measures with uterine sparing are worth trying in selected cases.</p>
Effect of Quinolones on Serum Testosterone Level in Male Albino Rats
Authors: Iqbal Rubina , Iqbal Saud , Anjum Shahzad 
Published: August 2017

<p><strong>Objective:</strong><strong> </strong>To determine the toxic effects of quinolones on serum testosterone level in male albino rats.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>Eighty male albino rats were randomly divided into A, B, C and D groups each group having 20 albino rats. These groups were further subdivided into A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1 and D2 having 10 albino rats each. Ciprofloxcin, ofloxacin and enoxacin dissolved in distilled water were given at 135mg/kg/ day, 72mg/kg/day and 12.5mg/kg/day to groups A, B and C respectively for 12 weeks. Only distilled water was given to group D which was control group for the same time period. Blood samples were drawn for testosterone hormone level estimation at 0, 14<sup>th</sup>, 28<sup>th</sup> and 42<sup>nd</sup> day in subgroups Al, B1, Cl and D1 and then the animals in said groups were sacrificed on 42<sup>nd</sup> day to identify testicular morphological changes. Rats in subgroup A2, B2, C2 and D2 were kept alive till 84<sup>th</sup> day after stopping drugs at 42 days to find out if there is any change in levels of testosterone after discontinuation of the treatment. Blood samples for testosterone hormone estimation were taken at 0, 14<sup>th</sup>, 28<sup>th</sup>, 42<sup>nd, </sup>56<sup>th</sup>, 70<sup>th</sup> and 84<sup>th</sup> day from subgroups A2, B2, C2 and D2. Testosterone hormone estimation assay was performed on the collected samples.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong><strong> </strong>Testosterone assay showed significant decrease in serum testosterone levels in all experimental groups, when compared with control group. These levels did not return back to normal even after withdrawal of drugs. This study suggests a gonadotoxic potential of quinolones.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Quinolones reduce serum testosterone levels and should be used carefully for long term therapy.<strong></strong></p>
Association of Hyponatremia and Encephalopathy in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Memon Muhammad Akbar , Memom Nadeem , Qadir Abdul , Dal Abdul Salam 
Published: August 2017

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: To determine the association of hyponatremia in chronic liver disease patients with presentation of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) at Isra university Hospital Hyderabad.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This study was cross sectional and carried out at medicine and gastroenterology department of Isra university Hospital Hyderabad and MMC Mirpurkhas. Study duration was from September 2015 to March 2016. All the cases with age more than 25 years, both genders after diagnosis of chronic liver disease with sign and symptoms of Hepatic Encephalopathy were selected in this study. Blood sample for serum sodium level, was send to diagnostic laboratory of the hospital. Hyponatremia was classified as: 130–135 mEqL (mild), 125–130 mEq/L (moderate) and &lt; 125 mEq/L (severe). Hepatic encephalopathy was categorized according to the West Haven classification (4 grades).</p><p> </p><p><strong>Results:</strong><strong> </strong>Total number of cases was 80. Mean age was 48 + 8.5 years. 55 (68.5%) patients were male. Majority of cases, 55 (68.5%) patients were infected with HCV. 40% patients had normal level of sodium, 25% had mild, 20% had moderate while 15% patients had severe hyponatremia. On the grading of encephalopathy, 30 (37.5%) patients had grade 1 encephalopathy while 25/(31.2%) patients had grade 2, 15/(18.8%) had grade 3 while 10 (12.5%) patients hade grade 4. The serum sodium levels significantly decreased with increasing severity of hepatic encephalopathy (P = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong> </strong>We concluded that the hyponatremia is significantly linked with Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) in patients having chronic liver disease (CLD).</p>
Long Working Hours and Short Sleep Associated with Obesity among Professional Drivers and Conductors
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Aslam Muhammad , Altaf Saima 
Published: August 2017

Abstract: Background: The issues of long working hours and short sleep among professional drivers are increasing worldwide, making it necessary to study their health hazards. Obesity among professional drivers and conductors is becoming an equally challenge now a days. In the present study, we investigated the association between long working hours and short sleep with body mass index (BMI) among male drivers and conductors in the city of Multan, Pakistan.Methods: The cross-sectional sample of 345 participants (197 drivers and 148 conductors) was taken using a convenient sampling technique with the help of a self-administered questionnaire. From the participants, the data were collected about their daily work-ing hours, sleeping hours and working period. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) of each participant were taken to calculate BMI. Along with descriptive statistics and percentages, Chi-square test was used to examine the association in the full sample and stratified by study participants (i.e. drivers and conductors).Results: The mean (± standard deviation: SD) of age, BMI, daily working and sleeping hours of all the participants were32.98 ± 11.17 years, 24.35 ± 4.65 Kg/m2, 9.32 ± 3.49 hours and 7.79 ± 1.69 hours, respectively. There were statistically significant association between the short sleep and long working hours with obesity (χ2 = 17.37, p-value < 0.01 and χ2 = 14.43, p-value 0.01, respectively).Conclusion: The present study concludes that both short sleep and long working hours are significantly associated with obesity among professional drivers and conductors.
Frequency and Outcomes of Anastomotic Leak in Gastrointestinal Surgery at Public Sector Hospital
Authors: Memon Gulshan Ali , Rehman Habib Ur , Ali Shah Syed Kashif , Sahito Rafiq Ahmed , Leghari Shahnawaz , Baloch Shahida 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to find out frequency of anastomotic leak at a hospital and deplore the morbidities, duration of hospital stay.Methods: A total of 102 patients of both genders from 18 – 60 years in age underwent for bowel resection and anastomosis through laparotomy incision at surgical unit one of People’s University of Medical & Health Sciences, Nawabshah, from January 2013 to December 2016 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Every patient received appropriate antibiotics for duration according to need post-operatively. Follow-up was every fortnightly for four months to evaluate the primary outcome as prevalence of leak and secondary outcome as morbidities, length of hospital stay incisional hernia and mortality.Results: The results showed that, out of 102 patients underwent open primary hand sewn gastro intestinal anastomosis, 16 (15.68%) were found with anastomotic leak. Among these 16 patients having anatomic leak, 11 (11%) were male & 5 (5%) were female. While, mortality occurred in 05 (5%%) patients.Conclusions: Anastomotic leak following gastrointestinal anastomosis is less complication in this study. Further studies are requested with large data and more follow-ups to ensure the findings of this study at national level.