bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress response of Salmo salar (Linnaeus 1758) facing low abundance infestation of Caligus rogercresseyi (Boxshall & Bravo 2000), an object in the tank, and handling
Authors: González Gómez M P , Marín Arribas S L , Vargas‐Chacoff L 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study looks at how low infestation loads of adult Caligus rogercresseyi and other stressors affect the physiology of Salmo salar. Experimental fish groups were with (infested) or without (control) exposure to the parasite. The parasite cohort was followed for 78 days post‐infestation (dpi), and only adult lice were observed. Additional stressors were applied at 60 and 75 dpi. The analysis included measurements of fish physiology and weight. Low‐level infestations by adult C. rogercresseyi for more than 50 dpi induced moderate stress in S. salar as well as a high energy demand and increased small skin mucous cells. Threshold lice loads were identified, and above those loads, a high stress response was observed. Additional stressors altered fish physiology, inducing downregulation of the cortisol response after the first stressor and upregulation after the second stressor, but infested fish responded more strongly. Parasitism by C. rogercresseyi is energetically demanding, affecting the primary and secondary responses (e.g. cortisol and glucose levels), as well as the tertiary response (fish weight).
Improvement of platelets after SVR among patients with chronic HCV infection and advanced hepatic fibrosis
Authors: van der Meer Adriaan J , Maan Raoel , Veldt Bart J , Feld Jordan J , Wedemeyer Heiner , Dufour Jean‐François , Lammert Frank , Duarte‐Rojo Andres , Manns Michael P , Zeuzem Stefan , Hofmann W Peter , de Knegt Robert J , Hansen Bettina E , Janssen Harry LA 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and Aims:Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may develop cirrhosis with portal hypertension, reflected by decreased platelet count and splenomegaly. This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess changes in platelet counts after antiviral therapy among chronic HCV‐infected patients with advanced fibrosis.Methods:Platelet counts and spleen sizes were recorded in an international cohort of patients with Ishak 4–6 fibrosis who started antiviral therapy between 1990 and 2003. Last measured platelet counts and spleen sizes were compared with their pre‐treatment values (within 6 months prior to the start of therapy). All registered platelet count measurements from 24‐week following cessation of antiviral therapy were included in repeated measurement analyses.Results:This study included 464 patients; 353 (76%) had cirrhosis and 187 (40%) attained sustained virological response (SVR). Among patients with SVR, median platelet count, increased by 35 × 109/L (IQR 7–62, P < 0.001). In comparison, patients without SVR showed a median decline of 17 × 109/L (IQR −5–47, P < 0.001). In a subgroup of 209 patients, median decrease in spleen size was 1.0 cm (IQR 0.3–2.0) for patients with SVR, while median spleen size increased with 0.6 cm (IQR −0.1–2.0, P < 0.001) among those without SVR. The changes in spleen size and platelet count were significantly correlated (R = −0.41, P < 0.001).Conclusions:Among chronic HCV‐infected patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis, the platelet counts improved following SVR and the change in platelets correlated with the change in spleen size following antiviral therapy. These results suggest that HCV eradication leads to reduced portal pressure.
Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin genotypes and preneoplastic lesions or gastric cancer risk: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Abdi Esmat , Latifi‐Navid Saeid , Latifi‐Navid Hamid , Safarnejad Bahareh 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and AimDisease progression to gastric cancer (GC) occurs in only a small proportion of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infected patients. The bacterium vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) gene polymorphisms may determine the clinical consequences. We examined the strength of this association in adult‐infected populations and modeled the impact of mean age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of GC as a hypothesized moderator variable.MethodsPooled relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated. Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta‐regression analyses were conducted.ResultsTotally, 33 studies (1446 cases/2697 controls) were analyzed. The vacA‐s1 genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of atrophic gastritis(AG), intestinal metaplasia(IM), and GC (RR = 1.116, 95% CI, 1.019–1.222; RR = 1.418, 95% CI, 1.035–1.942; and RR = 1.333, 95% CI, 1.115–1.593, respectively); however, the vacA m1 genotype strongly increased the risk of IM and GC, but not AG (RR = 1.571, 95% CI, 1.247–1.980 and RR = 1.431, 95% CI, 1.180–1.735, respectively). The vacA s1m1 allelic combination was linked to an increased risk of GC. The m1‐type of vacA was more potent than s1 for predicting the risk of GC within the subgroups with the mean ASRs of 11/100 000–19/100 000 and less than 10/100 000. The meta‐regression analysis indicated that the ASR of GC modified the association between H. pylori genotypes and GC risk, where the estimated risk was significantly decreased with increasing the mean ASRs of GC (P‐values = 0.025, 0.00009, and 0.0005 for s1, m1, and s1m1, respectively).ConclusionsThe H. pylori vacA‐s1 and vacA‐m1 allelic variants strongly increased susceptibility to IM and GC; however, only s1 showed an association with AG. These associations were largely influenced by geographic variations in the GC incidence rate.
Chronic hepatitis B virus in the Philippines
Authors: Gish Robert G , Sollano Jose D , Lapasaran Alex , Ong Janus P 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMultiple studies have shown a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection in the Philippines, not only in high‐risk populations but also in the general population. The most recent national study estimated HBsAg seroprevalence to be 16.7%, corresponding to an estimated 7.3 million CHB adults. The factors underlying the high prevalence of CHB and its sequelae include the inadequate use of vaccination for prevention and the lack of treatment for many Filipinos. Because without medical monitoring and treatment of CHB the risk of progression to liver failure and death is 25–30%, the ultimate medical and societal costs will be very high if the Philippines fails to properly address hepatitis B infection. It will be very important to move forward with programs that can help to ensure universal vaccination of newborns, screening and vaccination nationwide, and monitoring and treatment for CHB persons. It will also be crucial to address transmission of HBV in the health‐care setting (via contaminated needles and syringes and inadequately sterilized hospital equipment) and via injection drug use and tattooing. Because of the relatively low average per capita income and the lack of coverage by PhilHealth of outpatient visits and medications, there is an urgent need to move forward with a nationally supported program that includes education for both the general public and health‐care workers on liver disease and screening for hepatitis viruses, followed by, as appropriate, vaccination or treatment, with expanded government coverage for these for all those who could not otherwise afford it.
Rapid Effects of an Aggressive Interaction on Dehydroepiandrosterone, Testosterone and Oestradiol Levels in the Male Song Sparrow Brain: a Seasonal Comparison
Authors: Heimovics S. A. , Prior N. H. , Ma C. , Soma K. K. 
Published: December 2015

Across vertebrates, aggression is robustly expressed during the breeding season when circulating testosterone is elevated, and testosterone activates aggression either directly or after aromatisation into 17β‐oestradiol (E2) in the brain. In some species, such as the song sparrow, aggressive behaviour is also expressed at high levels during the nonbreeding season, when circulating testosterone is non‐detectable. At this time, the androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is metabolised within the brain into testosterone and/or E2 to promote aggression. In the present study, we used captive male song sparrows to test the hypothesis that an acute agonistic interaction during the nonbreeding season, but not during the breeding season, would alter steroid levels in the brain. Nonbreeding and breeding subjects were exposed to either a laboratory simulated territorial intrusion (L‐STI) or an empty cage for only 5 min. Immediately afterwards, the brain was rapidly collected and flash frozen. The Palkovits punch technique was used to microdissect specific brain regions implicated in aggressive behaviour. Solid phase extraction followed by radioimmunoassay was used to quantify DHEA, testosterone and E2 in punches. Overall, levels of DHEA, testosterone and E2 were higher in brain tissue than in plasma. Local testosterone and E2 levels in the preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus and nucleus taeniae of the amygdala were significantly higher in the breeding season than the nonbreeding season and were not affected by the L‐STI. Unexpectedly, subjects that were dominant in the L‐STI had lower levels of DHEA in the anterior hypothalamus and medial striatum in both seasons and lower levels of DHEA in the nucleus taeniae of the amygdala in the breeding season only. Taken together, these data suggest that local levels of DHEA in the brain are very rapidly modulated by social interactions in a context and region‐specific pattern.
Effect of Sleep Extension on the Subsequent Testosterone, Cortisol and Prolactin Responses to Total Sleep Deprivation and Recovery
Authors: Arnal P. J. , Drogou C. , Sauvet F. , Regnauld J. , Dispersyn G. , Faraut B. , Millet G. Y. , Leger D. , Gomez‐Merino D. , Chennaoui M. 
Published: December 2015

Total sleep deprivation (TSD) in humans is associated with altered hormonal levels, which may have clinical relevance. Less is known about the effect of an extended sleep period before TSD on these hormonal changes. Fourteen subjects participated in two experimental counterbalanced conditions (randomised cross‐over design): extended sleep (21.00–07.00 h time in bed, EXT) and habitual sleep (22.30–07.00 h time in bed, HAB). For each condition, subjects performed two consecutive phases: six nights of either EXT or HAB. These nights were followed by 3 days in the sleep laboratory with blood sampling at 07.00 and 17.00 h at baseline (B‐07.00 and B‐17.00), after 24 and 34 h of continuous awakening (24 h‐CA, 34 h‐CA) and after one night of recovery sleep (R‐07.00 and R‐17.00) to assess testosterone, cortisol, prolactin and catecholamines concentrations. At 24 h of awakening, testosterone, cortisol and prolactin concentrations were significantly lower compared to B‐07.00 and recovered basal levels after recovery sleep at R‐07.00 (P < 0.001 for all). However, no change was observed at 34 h of awakening compared to B‐17.00. No effect of sleep extension was observed on testosterone, cortisol and catecholamines concentrations at 24 and 34 h of awakening. However, prolactin concentration was significantly lower in EXT at B‐07.00 and R‐07.00 compared to HAB (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, 24 h of awakening inhibited gonadal and adrenal responses in healthy young subjects and this was not observed at 34 h of awakening. Six nights of sleep extension is not sufficient to limit decreased concentrations of testosterone and cortisol at 24 h of awakening but may have an impact on prolactin concentration.
Quantitative comparison of cerebral artery development in metatherians and monotremes with non‐human eutherians
Authors: Ashwell Ken W. S. , Shulruf Boaz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA quantitative comparison of the internal diameters of cerebral feeder arteries (internal carotid and vertebral) and the aorta in developing non‐human eutherians, metatherians and monotremes has been made, with the aim of determining if there are differences in cerebral arterial flow between the three infraclasses of mammals such as might reflect differences in metabolism of the developing brain. There were no significant differences between eutherians and metatherians in the internal radius of the aorta or the thickness of the aortic wall, but aortic internal radius was significantly smaller in developing monotremes than therians at the < 10 mm body length range. Aortic thickness in the developing monotremes also rose at a slower rate relative to body length than in metatherians or eutherians. The sums of the internal calibres of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries were significantly lower in metatherians as a group and monotremes compared with non‐human eutherians at body lengths up to 20 mm and in metatherians at > 20 mm body length. The internal calibre of the internal carotids relative to the sum of all cerebral feeder arteries was also significantly lower in monotremes at < 10 mm body length compared with eutherians. It was noted that dasyurids differed from other metatherians in several measures of cerebral arterial calibre and aortic internal calibre. The findings suggest that: (i) both aortic outflow and cerebral arterial inflow may be lower in developing monotremes than in therians, particularly at small body size (< 20 mm); (ii) cerebral inflow may be lower in some developing metatherians than non‐human eutherians; and (iii) dasyurids have unusual features of cerebral arteries possibly related to the extreme immaturity and small size at which they are born. The findings have implications for nutritional sourcing of the developing brain in the three infraclasses of mammals.
Availability of Vending Machines and School Stores in California Schools
Authors: Cisse‐Egbuonye Nafissatou , Liles Sandy , Schmitz Katharine E. , Kassem Nada , Irvin Veronica L. , Hovell Melbourne F. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThis study examined the availability of foods sold in vending machines and school stores in United States public and private schools, and associations of availability with students' food purchases and consumption.METHODSDescriptive analyses, chi‐square tests, and Spearman product‐moment correlations were conducted on data collected from 521 students aged 8 to 15 years recruited from orthodontic offices in California.RESULTSVending machines were more common in private schools than in public schools, whereas school stores were common in both private and public schools. The food items most commonly available in both vending machines and school stores in all schools were predominately foods of minimal nutritional value (FMNV). Participant report of availability of food items in vending machines and/or school stores was significantly correlated with (1) participant purchase of each item from those sources, except for energy drinks, milk, fruits, and vegetables; and (2) participants' friends' consumption of items at lunch, for 2 categories of FMNV (candy, cookies, or cake; soda or sports drinks).CONCLUSIONSDespite the Child Nutrition and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Reauthorization Act of 2004, FMNV were still available in schools, and may be contributing to unhealthy dietary choices and ultimately to health risks.
Evaluation of Entrance Skin Dose during Catheter Ablation Procedures by Use of Reference Air‐Kerma Displayed on Angiography Systems
Authors: SEGUCHI SHIGENOBU , SAIJO TAKAYA , ISHIKAWA YOSHINOBU , NAGAO TATSUJI 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundOur aim in this study was to estimate entrance skin doses (ESDs) to patients who underwent catheter ablation procedures, by using a reference air‐kerma (RAK) displayed on the monitor of an angiography system (displayed RAK).MethodsThe displayed RAK was calibrated with use of an air‐kerma value measured on a 20‐cm‐thick acrylic plate at the interventional reference point for the inclusion of backscattered x‐rays (calibrated RAK). The ESD evaluated from the calibrated RAK (evaluated ESD) was verified through direct ESD measurements on an anthropomorphic phantom. The values of the evaluated ESD agreed with those of the measured ESD within a statistical error of 10% for both fluoroscopy and digital cine. The patient population included 356 consecutive patients (108 female and 248 male) who underwent catheter ablation procedures in the catheter laboratory of the Nagoya Daini Red‐Cross Hospital from January 2013 to February 2014, where ablation procedures were performed for seven types of arrhythmias, i.e., atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), atrial tachycardia (AT), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), ventricular premature contraction (VPC), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome (WPW).ResultsPatients who had arrhythmias that received the highest evaluated ESD were those for AF, followed by those for VPC, AT, WPW, AFL, VT, and AVNRT.ConclusionsDespite extremely long fluoroscopy times of up to 66.6 minutes in left anterior oblique projection, only one patient was considered to exceed a threshold dose of 2 Gy for the onset of radiation‐induced skin injuries.
Maternal psychologic problems increased the risk of childhood atopic dermatitis
Authors: Wang I. J. , Wen H. J. , Chiang T. L. , Lin S. J. , Guo Y. L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the effect of postnatal maternal psychologic problems on the development of childhood atopic disorders.ObjectivesTo assess the association between early life maternal psychologic problems and atopic dermatitis (AD) in children in a national birth cohort.MethodsWe used multistage, stratified systematic sampling to recruit 24,200 mother–newborn pairs from the Taiwan national birth registration. Maternal psychologic problems and potential confounders were gathered by the standard questionnaire at 6 months old. At 3 years of age, information about the development of AD was assessed by International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood via home interviews. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association of postnatal maternal psychologic problems (postpartum depression (PPD) and maternal mental health index) and AD.ResultsThe prevalence of physician‐diagnosed AD was 10.5%. PPD increased the risk of subsequent physician‐diagnosed AD in children after adjusting for potential confounders and other maternal mental health index (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.21–1.66). We observed that the risk of AD associated with PPD was not confounded by other social demographic factors such as maternal AD, maternal education, family income, breastfeeding, day care, and number of siblings.ConclusionsPostpartum depression increased the risk of childhood AD even when other maternal mental health index and social demographic factors are considered. Early intervention of PPD might be helpful for AD prevention.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression co‐occurrence: Structural relations among disorder constructs and trait and symptom dimensions
Authors: Post Loren M. , Feeny Norah C. , Zoellner Lori A. , Connell Arin M. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in response to trauma co‐occur at high rates. A better understanding of the nature of this co‐occurrence is critical to developing an accurate conceptualization of the disorders. This study examined structural relations among the PTSD and MDD constructs and trait and symptom dimensions within the framework of the integrative hierarchical model of anxiety and depression.DesignStudy participants completed clinician‐rated and self‐report measures during a pre‐treatment assessment.MethodsThe sample consisted of 200 treatment‐seeking individuals with a primary DSM‐IV PTSD diagnosis. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the relationship between the constructs.ResultsThe trait negative affect/neuroticism construct had a direct effect on both PTSD and MDD. The trait positive affect/extraversion construct had a unique, negative direct effect on MDD, and PTSD had a unique, direct effect on the physical concerns symptoms construct. An alternative model with the PTSD and MDD constructs combined into an overall general traumatic stress construct produced a decrement in model fit.ConclusionsThese findings provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between co‐occurring PTSD and MDD as disorders with shared trait negative affect/neuroticism contributing to the overlap between them and unique trait positive affect/extraversion and physical concerns differentiating them. Therefore, PTSD and MDD in response to trauma may be best represented as two distinct, yet strongly related constructs.Practitioner points

In assessing individuals who have been exposed to trauma, practitioners should recognize that co‐occurring PTSD and MDD appears to be best represented as two distinct, yet strongly related constructs.

Negative affect may be the shared vulnerability directly influencing both PTSD and MDD; however, in the presence of both PTSD and MDD, low positive affect appears to be more specifically related to MDD and fear of physical sensations to PTSD, which is information that could be used by practitioners in the determination of treatment approach.

Overall, these findings are clinically relevant in that they may inform assessment, treatment planning, and ultimately diagnostic classification.
Two Cases of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis due to CYP4F22 Mutations: Expanding the Genotype of Self‐Healing Collodion Baby
Authors: Noguera‐Morel Lucero , Feito‐Rodríguez Marta , Maldonado‐Cid Paola , García‐Miñáur Sixto , Kamsteeg Erik‐Jan , González‐Sarmiento Rogelio , De Lucas‐Laguna Raúl , Hernández‐Martín Angela , Torrelo Antonio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCollodion babies are born with a tight, shiny cast that sheds in a few weeks. After shedding, most patients will display features of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) later in life but in up to 10% of cases, the skin eventually becomes normal or only minimally involved, a phenotype called self‐healing collodion baby (SHCB), which is considered as ARCI subtype in the 2010 consensus classification of congenital ichthyosis. The term self‐improving collodion ichthyosis (SICI) has been proposed for these patients. SHCB/SICI was initially associated with mutations in the gene TGM1. However, some cases showing ALOX12B and ALOXE3 gene mutations have also been reported. We report two cases of SHCB/SICI showing homozygous mutations in the gene CYP4F22.
Iatrogenic Necrolytic Migratory Erythema in an Infant with Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Authors: Coughlin Carrie C. , Roy Sani M. , Arkin Lisa M. , Adzick N. Scott , Yan Albert C. , De León Diva D. , Rubin Adam I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNecrolytic migratory erythema (NME) is a rare cutaneous finding characterized by painful, pruritic, scaly red patches and plaques, bullae, and superficial erosions. Typically NME is a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with glucagonoma. We report the exceptional case of an infant who developed iatrogenic NME arising secondary to glucagon therapy for congenital hyperinsulinism.
Foundational Questions about Concepts: Context‐sensitivity and Embodiment
Authors: Bloch‐Mullins Corinne L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis review discusses recent work on foundational questions about concepts. The first of these questions is whether concepts are context‐independent bodies of knowledge, or context‐dependent constructs, created on the fly. The second question is whether concepts are abstract, amodal representations, or whether they are embedded within the sensory‐motor system. I discuss these two questions in light of empirical data from psychology and neuroscience, as well as theoretical considerations, and examine their implications for theories of concepts.
The Importance of Knowledge Ascriptions
Authors: Hannon Michael J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractKnowledge ascriptions of the form ‘S knows thatp’ are a central area of research in philosophy. But why do humans think and talk about knowledge? What are knowledge ascriptionsfor? This article surveys a variety of proposals about the role (or roles) of knowledge ascriptions and attempts to provide a unified account of these seemingly distinct views.