bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of sea salt emission parameterizations in northwestern Europe using a chemistry transport model setup
Authors: Neumann Daniel , Matthias Volker , Bieser Johannes , Aulinger Armin , Quante Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric sea salt particles affect chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere. These particles provide surface area for condensation and reaction of nitrogen, sulfur, and organic species and are a vehicle for the transport of these species. Additionally, HCl is released from sea salt. Hence, sea salt has a relevant impact on air quality, particularly in coastal regions with high anthropogenic emissions, such as the North Sea region. Therefore, the integration of sea salt emissions in modeling studies in these regions is necessary. However, it was found that sea salt concentrations are not represented with the necessary accuracy in some situations.In this study, three sea salt emission parameterizations depending on different combinations of wind speed, salinity, sea surface temperature, and wave data were implemented and compared: GO03 (Gong, 2003), SP13 (Spada et al., 2013), and OV14 (Ovadnevaite et al., 2014). The aim was to identify the parameterization that most accurately predicts the sea salt mass concentrations at different distances to the source regions. For this purpose, modeled particle sodium concentrations, sodium wet deposition, and aerosol optical depth were evaluated against measurements of these parameters. Each 2-month period in winter and summer 2008 were considered for this purpose. The shortness of these periods limits generalizability of the conclusions on other years.While the GO03 emissions yielded overestimations in the PM10 concentrations at coastal stations and underestimations of those at inland stations, OV14 emissions conversely led to underestimations at coastal stations and overestimations at inland stations. Because of the differently shaped particle size distributions of the GO03 and OV14 emission cases, the deposition velocity of the coarse particles differed between both cases which yielded this distinct behavior at inland and coastal stations. The PM10 concentrations produced by the SP13 emissions generally overestimated the measured concentrations. The sodium wet deposition was generally underestimated by the model simulations but the SP13 cases yielded the least underestimations. Because the model tends to underestimate wet deposition, this result needs to be considered critically. Measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) were underestimated by all model cases in the summer and partly in winter. None of the model cases clearly improved the modeled AODs. Overall, GO03 and OV14 produced the most accurate results, but both parameterizations revealed weaknesses in some situations.
Research on the Effect of Antioxidant Tabernaemontana catharinensis (Apocynaceae) on Erythrocytes Exposed to the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Authors: Horn Roberta Cattaneo , Junges Luana , Magni Luana Pereira , Mori Natacha Cossettin , Gelatti Gabriela Tassotti , Felippin Tamiris , Tissiani Ana Caroline , Mayer Mariana Spanamberg , Golle Diego Pascoal , Thums Isis Amaral 
Published: August 2016

<p>With the purpose of finding an alternative to mitigate the damaging effect of intoxication with 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), this research aims to determine whether <em>Tabernaemontana catharinensis </em>(cobrina) increases the antioxidant capacity and/or lowers the oxidative effects generated by the exposure to this herbicide. For the above purpose, blood samples were obtained from healthy volunteers. The erythrocytes were separated, exposed to the 2,4-D and treated with different concentrations of infusions of cobrina. Tests were conducted in a water bath at 37 °C for one hour. After the analytical determinations, it was verified that, with the duration of this test, the cobrina -even containing flavonoids in its composition- increased the oxidative damages in the proteins and lipids of the erythrocytes tested. </p>
Cannabis Social Clubs through the lens of the drug user movement
Authors: Pardal Mafalda 
Published: August 2016

Cannabis Social Clubs through the lens of the drug user movement
Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) are a model of non-profit production and distribution of cannabis among a closed circuit of adult cannabis users. The CSC model can thus be seen as a middle-ground option between prohibition and full (legal) commercialization. Initially founded in Spain during the 1990s, this form of collectives has emerged elsewhere in Europe (notably in Belgium), mainly as a result of grassroots initiatives and self-regulation. Uruguay remains the only jurisdiction to have legalized and regulated the CSC model. This paper discusses the goals and practices of CSCs against the backdrop of the drug user movement. Our goal is to draw a comparison to other drug users’ organizations and to identify knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research into CSCs. In this analysis, we rely on a review of the relevant literature in this field and on preliminary findings from an ongoing study examining CSCs in Belgium. A preoccupation with reducing the harms associated with drug use seems to be an underlying guiding principle for CSCs and other drug users’ organizations, but further research into CSCs’ practices is needed to understand whether and how those are implemented. We found other common points between the broader drug user movement and the efforts of CSCs, both in terms of potential pitfalls and areas for positive impact. We suggest that the model warrants additional attention from both the research and policy-making community.
UNGASS 2016: in de Weense houdgreep
Authors: Metaal Pien 
Published: August 2016

UNGASS 2016: in the Viennese headlock
This contribution aims to discuss the main outcomes of the recent UNGASS (United Nations General Assembly Special Session) on Drugs that took place in New York from 19 to 21 April 2016. Based on my own participation in the preparatory discussions and political negotiations as civil society representative (through the work of NGO Transnational Institute), I argue that political divisions and entrenched institutional dynamics have transformed what could have been the beginning of the end of the war on drugs into a wasted opportunity for changing the status quo of the present world regime regarding the production, trafficking and use of illegal drugs. Despite high initial expectations after several governments expressed a clear concern about the effects of purely repressive policies, and the UN decision to organize the session 3 years earlier than planned, very soon it was clear that the session would not imply real changes in the current policies. The agenda setting was non-transparent and controlled by the most conservative factions and countries, largely excluding the views from NGO’s and academics in the final adopted resolution. The final document poorly reflects the rich discussions and developments that are taking place in many countries of the world, particularly the debates and policy developments in ‘the Americas’. A positive note is that the unchanged international UN conventions on drugs can hardly cope with developments taking place on cannabis policies in countries such as Canada, Uruguay, United States or Jamaica. Also other countries are more and more prepared to push for change on other essential questions, including the application of death penalty for drug offences, the access to controlled medicines, or the explicit application of ‘harm reduction’ approaches.
Aproximações entre Teologia e Estética. Uma introdução em perspectiva da teologia protestante
Authors: Caldas Filho Carlos Ribeiro 
Published: August 2016

<p class="intTextoResumo">Dentre as características fundamentais do humano, que o diferenciam das demais criaturas, duas (entre várias) podem ser destacadas, a saber, a sensibilidade para com o belo e a sensibilidade para com o transcendente. Da sensibilidade para com o belo ocupa-se o ramo da filosofia conhecido como estética. Da sensibilidade para com o transcendente ocupam-se os estudos de religião, dentre estes, a teologia. O presente artigo pretende apresentar, sem pretensão de dar a última palavra, alguns apontamentos a respeito de uma aproximação entre teologia e estética, especificamente em perspectiva da teologia protestante. </p>
Fatigue, Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Fall Risk in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Vister Eva , Tijsma Mylou E. , Hoang Phu D. , Lord Stephen R. 
Published: August 2016

Background: Fatigue, inactivity, and falls are major health issues for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the extent to which fatigue and low walking activity are associated with quality of life and increased fall risk in people with MS.
Methods: People with MS (N = 210, aged 21–74 years) were categorized as having either high or low reported fatigue and walking activity levels and were then followed up for falls using monthly fall diaries for 6 months.
Results: A high level of fatigue was significantly associated with higher MS Disease Steps scores, worse balance, high composite physiological (Physiological Profile Assessment) fall risk scores, greater fear of falling, lower World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) quality of life scores, and more prospectively recorded falls. Low walking activity was significantly associated with higher MS Disease Steps scores, reduced proprioception, worse standing and leaning balance, slow stepping, slow gait speed, worse fine motor control, high Physiological Profile Assessment fall risk scores, more fear of falling, and lower WHODAS quality of life scores.
Conclusions: Increased fatigue and low walking activity levels were significantly associated with increased fall risk and lower quality of life in people with MS. Interventions aimed at addressing fatigue and inactivity may have multiple benefits for this group.
A Topical Adhesive Containing Anesthetic and Heating Components to Reduce Injection Pain with Subcutaneous Multiple Sclerosis Medications
Authors: Brown Theodore R. , Simnad Virginia I. 
Published: August 2016

Background: Injection pain and fear of pain are common with subcutaneous medications for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). Synera is a peel-and-stick topical adhesive (S-TA) with a novel heating component to enhance the delivery of an anesthetic mixture of lidocaine and tetracaine. We studied the effect of S-TA on pain and other aspects of comfort after subcutaneous MS drug injection.
Methods: Thirty participants with MS having injection reactions to subcutaneous interferon beta (IFNβ) or glatiramer acetate (GA) were enrolled in an open-label prospective study. We captured six to seven injections at baseline and with 60- and 30-minute S-TA application times. The primary outcome was immediate pain on injection. Secondary outcomes included 12- and 24-hour pain ratings, 24-hour local injection-site reaction scale scores, 24-hour tenderness, and fear of injection (FOI).
Results: Twenty-nine participants completed the study (interferon beta = 4, GA = 25, mean age = 51 years, females = 86%). There were significant reductions in injection pain, pain at 12 and 24 hours, tenderness at 24 hours, local injection-site reaction scale scores, and FOI for the 30- and 60-minute applications of S-TA (all P &lt; .01). Results were similar in the GA subgroup. Adverse events included muscle spasm and lightheadedness (n = 1) and mild dermatitis (n = 1).
Conclusions: These results suggest that S-TA applied 30 or 60 minutes before MS drug injection may reduce pain, tenderness, and FOI. Randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of ST-A.
A software for parameter optimization with Differential Evolution Entirely Parallel method
Authors: Kozlov Konstantin , Samsonov Alexander M. , Samsonova Maria 
Published: August 2016

Summary.Differential Evolution Entirely Parallel (DEEP) package is a software for finding unknown real and integer parameters in dynamical models of biological processes by minimizing one or even several objective functions that measure the deviation of model solution from data. Numerical solutions provided by the most efficient global optimization methods are often problem-specific and cannot be easily adapted to other tasks. In contrast, DEEP allows a user to describe both mathematical model and objective function in any programming language, such asR,OctaveorPythonand others. Being implemented in C, DEEP demonstrates as good performance as the top three methods from CEC-2014 (Competition on evolutionary computation) benchmark and was successfully applied to several biological problems.Availability.DEEP method is an open source and free software distributed under the terms of GPL licence version 3. The sources are available athttp://deepmethod.sourceforge.net/and binary packages for Fedora GNU/Linux are provided for RPM package manager athttps://build.opensuse.org/project/repositories/home:mackoel:compbio.
Partitioning N2O emissions within the U.S. Corn Belt using an inverse modeling approach
Authors: Chen Zichong , Griffis Timothy J. , Millet Dylan B. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Lee Xuhui , Baker John M. , Xiao Ke , Turner Peter A. , Chen Ming , Zobitz John , Wells Kelley C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions within the US Corn Belt have been previously estimated to be 200–900% larger than predictions from emission inventories, implying that one or more source categories in bottom‐up approaches are underestimated. Here we interpret hourly N2O concentrations measured during 2010 and 2011 at a tall tower using a time‐inverted transport model and a scale factor Bayesian inverse method to simultaneously constrain direct and indirect agricultural emissions. The optimization revealed that both agricultural source categories were underestimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) inventory approach. However, the magnitude of the discrepancies differed substantially, ranging from 42 to 58% and from 200 to 525% for direct and indirect components, respectively. Optimized agricultural N2O budgets for the Corn Belt were 319 ± 184 (total), 188 ± 66 (direct), and 131 ± 118 Gg N yr−1 (indirect) in 2010, versus 471 ± 326, 198 ± 80, and 273 ± 246 Gg N yr−1 in 2011. We attribute the interannual differences to varying moisture conditions, with increased precipitation in 2011 amplifying emissions. We found that indirect emissions represented 41–58% of the total agricultural budget, a considerably larger portion than the 25–30% predicted in bottom‐up inventories, further highlighting the need for improved constraints on this source category. These findings further support the hypothesis that indirect emissions are presently underestimated in bottom‐up inventories. Based on our results, we suggest an indirect emission factor for runoff and leaching ranging from 0.014 to 0.035 for the Corn Belt, which represents an upward adjustment of 1.9–4.6 times relative to the IPCC and is in agreement with recent bottom‐up field studies.
An important missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Domestic coal combustion
Authors: Du Qianqian , Zhang Chenglong , Mu Yujing , Cheng Ye , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Chengtang , Song Min , Tian Di , Liu Pengfei , Liu Junfeng , Xue Chaoyang , Ye Can 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCarbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions generated from prevailing domestic coal stoves fueled with raw bituminous coal were studied under alternation cycles of flaming and smoldering combustion. The measurements in the laboratory and the farmer's house indicated that COS and CO emissions mainly occurred under the condition of flame extinguishment after coal loading, whereas SO2 emissions were mainly generated through combustion with flame. The COS emission factors for the domestic stoves in the laboratory and the farmer's house were recorded as 0.57 ± 0.10 g COS kg−1 and 1.43 ± 0.32 g COS kg−1, being approximately a factor of 50 and 125 greater than that generated from coal power plants, respectively. Based on the COS emission factors measured in this study, COS emission from only domestic coal combustion in China would be at least 30.5 ± 5.6 Gg S yr−1 which was 1 magnitude greater than the current COS estimation from the total coal combustion in China.
Changes in surface aerosol extinction trends over China during 1980–2013 inferred from quality‐controlled visibility data
Authors: Li Jing , Li Chengcai , Zhao Chunsheng , Su Tianning 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPollution in China has been attracting extensive attention both globally and regionally, especially due to the perceptually worsening “smog” condition in recent years. We use routine visibility measurements from 1980 to 2013 at 272 World Meteorological Organization stations in China to assess the temporal changes in the magnitude and the sign of pollution trends. A strict and comprehensive quality control procedure is enforced by considering several issues not typically addressed in previous studies. Two methods are used to independently estimate the trend and its significance level. Results show that, in general, a strong increase in aerosol extinction coefficient over the majority of China is observed in the 1980s, followed by a moderate decrease in the 1990s, another increase in the 2000s, and a shift to decrease since around 2006 for some regions. Seasonally, winter and fall trends appear to be the strongest, while summer has the lowest trend.
Current sheet flapping motions in the tailward flow of magnetic reconnection
Authors: Wu Mingyu , Lu Quanming , Volwerk Martin , Vörös Zoltán , Ma Xuanye , Wang Shui 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe feature and origin of current sheet flapping motions are one of most interesting issues of magnetospheric dynamics. In this paper we report the flapping motion of the current sheet detected in the tailward flow of a magnetic reconnection event on 7 February 2009. This flapping motion with frequency about 12 mHz was accompanied by magnetic turbulence. The observations by the tail‐elongated fleet of five Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms probes indicate that these flapping oscillations were rather confined within the tailward flow than were due to a global process. This flapping motion could be due to the instability driven by the free energy associated with the ion temperature anisotropy in the tailward flow. Our observations indicate that the flapping motion in the tailward flow could have a different generation mechanism with that in the earthward flow.
Size characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Lin Hui , Chen Min , Zeng Jian , Li Qi , Jia Renming , Sun Xiuwu , Zheng Minfang , Qiu Yusheng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith the Arctic warming, terrestrial input plays a more important role in carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean than before. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) as a tracer of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (tDOM) becomes more valuable in elucidating the source and compositions of DOM. Although measurements of DOM in the Arctic Ocean have been widely reported, characteristics of high molecular weight colloids are still poorly understood. In this study, the bulk absorbance and size fractograms of CDOM were measured in the Chukchi Seas using an asymmetrical flow field‐flow fractionation (AF4) coupled online with UV‐vis detectors. Both CDOM a254, absorption coefficient at 254 nm, and the integrated UV254 (from AF4 UV‐vis detector) of three colloidal fractions (1–10, 10–100, and >100 kDa) significantly correlated with the fraction of meteoric water (fmw) calculated from δ18O in seawater, which indicates that the CDOM was mainly derived from terrestrial input and a254 is a potential tracer of tDOM in the Chukchi Sea. Compared with the larger colloidal fractions (10–100 and >100 kDa), the smaller colloidal fraction (1–10 kDa) showed a stronger correlation with the fmw, suggesting the smaller colloids were of mostly terrigenous origin. Values of field measured spectral slope at 275–295 nm (s275–295), a tDOM proxy, were significantly lower than the model‐estimated s275–295 calculated from the MODIS Aqu satellite remote sensing data, which indicated that terrestrial input of CDOM derived from model calculation was likely underestimated in the Chukchi Sea.
Lagrangian pathways of upwelling in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Viglione Giuliana A. , Thompson Andrew F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of upwelling into the mixed layer in the Southern Ocean is studied using a 1/10
ocean general circulation model. Virtual drifters are released in a regularly spaced pattern across the Southern Ocean at depths of 250, 500, and 1000 m during both summer and winter months. The drifters are advected along isopycnals for a period of 4 years, unless they outcrop into the mixed layer, where lateral advection and a parameterization of vertical mixing are applied. The focus of this study is on the discrete exchange between the model mixed layer and the interior. Localization of interior‐mixed layer exchange occurs downstream of major topographic features across the Indian and Pacific basins, creating “hotspots” of outcropping. Minimal outcropping occurs in the Atlantic basin, while 59% of drifters outcrop in the Pacific sector and in Drake Passage (the region from 140
W to 40
W), a disproportionately large amount even when considering the relative basin sizes. Due to spatial and temporal variations in mixed layer depth, the Lagrangian trajectories provide a statistical measure of mixed layer residence times. For each exchange into the mixed layer, the residence time has a Rayleigh distribution with a mean of 30 days; the cumulative residence time of the drifters is 261 ± 194 days, over a period of 4 years. These results suggest that certain oceanic gas concentrations, such as CO2 and 14C, will likely not reach equilibrium with the atmosphere before being resubducted.
Summer atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and their influences on September sea ice extent: A cautionary tale
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Stroeve Julienne , Barrett Andrew P. , Boisvert Linette N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNumerous studies have addressed links between summer atmospheric circulation patterns and interannual variability and the downward trend in total September Arctic sea ice extent. In general, low extent is favored when the preceding summer is characterized by positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over the central Arctic Ocean north of Alaska. High extent is favored when low pressure dominates. If such atmospheric patterns could be predicted several months out, these links provide an avenue for improved seasonal predictability of total September extent. We analyze detrended September extent time series (1979–2015), atmospheric reanalysis fields, ice age and motion, and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data, to show that while there is merit to this summer circulation framework, it has limitations. Large departures in total September extent relative to the trend line are preceded by a wide range of summer circulation patterns. While patterns for the four years with the largest positive departures in September extent have below average SLP over the central Arctic Ocean, they differ markedly in the magnitude and location of pressure and air temperature anomalies. Differences in circulation for the four years with the largest negative departures are equally prominent. Circulation anomalies preceding Septembers with ice extent close to the trend also have a wide range of patterns. In turn, years (such as 2013 and 2014) with almost identical total September extent were preceded by very different summer circulation patterns. September ice conditions can also be strongly shaped by events as far back as the previous winter or spring.