bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Repair of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Pereira David S. , Kvitne Ronald S. , Liang Michael , Giacobetti Frank B. , Ebramzadeh Edward 
Published: July 2017

Background Rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon has most commonly been repaired by anatomic reattachment of the tendon to the radial tuberosity by a single- or two-incision approach. Researchers have studied suture anchor attachment through a single incision, but the tendon-suture interface and bone quality have not previously been analyzed. Hypothesis Suture anchor repair results in stiffness and tensile strength equal to that of bone-tunnel repair for biceps tendon rupture. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twelve matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric elbow specimens were used. Suture anchor and bone-tunnel tendon repairs were performed in a randomized fashion. Each specimen was loaded to tensile failure. Load-displacement graphs were generated to calculate repair stiffness, yield strength, and ultimate strength. Computed tomography bone density measurements and additional statistical analyses were then performed after grouping the specimens by mode of failure. Results The bone-tunnel repair was found to be significantly stiffer in all cases and to have significantly greater tensile strength than the suture anchor repair in the younger, nonosteoporotic elbows. Conclusions Suture anchor repairs were not as stiff or strong as bone-tunnel repairs. Clinical Relevance Biceps tendon surgery using the traditional two-incision technique yields a stronger and stiffer repair in the typical patient with this injury.
Reliability of Heel-Height Measurement for Documenting Knee Extension Deficits
Authors: Schlegel Theodore F. , Boublik Martin , Hawkins Richard J. , Steadman J. Richard 
Published: July 2017

Background Heel-height difference has been used to detect subtle knee flexion contractures, but the effects of thigh circumference differences and patient positioning during testing have not been evaluated. Hypothesis Differences in thigh circumference measurements and whether the patient's patellae are on or off the examination table during heel-height difference measurement will not affect the accuracy of detecting knee flexion contracture. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Bilateral knee range of motion, prone heel-height difference with the patellae on and off the table, and thigh circumference at 5 and 15 cm proximal to the proximal pole of the patella were measured by one investigator on 50 consecutive patients who had undergone unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Results A high degree of correlation was demonstrated between the heel-height difference and the standard range of motion measurement. Differences in thigh girth and patellar position did not statistically affect the accuracy of the heel-height difference as an indicator of knee flexion contracture. Conclusion Heel-height difference is a valid method of documenting knee flexion contractures. Compared with traditional goniometer assessment, this test is a more meaningful and easier way for detecting subtle knee flexion contractures of less than 10°.
A Five-Year Comparison of Patellar Tendon versus Four-Strand Hamstring Tendon Autograft for Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Pinczewski Leo A. , Deehan David J. , Salmon Lucy J. , Russell Vivianne J. , Clingeleffer Amanda 
Published: July 2017

Background The choice of graft material for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is believed to play a major role in outcome, but most comparisons of graft choice have not been well controlled. Hypothesis The choice of graft material (patellar tendon or hamstring tendon) does affect clinical outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Study Design Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Methods Two groups of 90 patients each were followed for a minimum of 5 years. Results International Knee Documentation Committee assessment revealed that more than 85% of each group had an overall score of A or B at all follow-up intervals. The median Lysholm knee score was greater than 90 for both groups at 2 and 5 years. Instrumented testing revealed no significant difference between the two groups beyond 3 years. Thirty-one percent of the patellar tendon group (25) had a fixed flexion deformity and 19% of the hamstring tendon group (14) had fixed flexion deformity at 5 years. Radiologic assessment revealed early osteoarthritic changes in 4% of the hamstring tendon group (2) and in 18% of the patellar tendon group (11) at 5 years. Conclusions Arthroscopic reconstruction with either graft results in a similar surgical outcome, reliably restoring knee stability over a 5-year period; however, patients with patellar tendon grafts are at greater risk of developing early signs of osteoarthritis.
Arthroscopic Repair of Meniscal Tears Extending into the Avascular Zone in Patients Younger than Twenty Years of Age
Authors: Noyes Frank R. , Barber-Westin Sue D. 
Published: July 2017

Background Limited data are available regarding repair results of meniscal tears extending into the central avascular region. Hypothesis Meniscal tears extending into the avascular region can be successfully repaired in patients less than 20 years old. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods We examined the results of 71 meniscal repairs (64 knees) for tears extending into the central avascular region in patients 19 years of age or younger; 67 were examined clinically (mean, 51 months after surgery) and 36, by follow-up arthroscopy (mean, 18 months). Results In 53 of 71 (75%) meniscal repairs patients had no tibiofemoral compartment symptoms and there were no clinical failures. In 18 (25%) meniscal repairs, patients showed tibiofemoral symptoms or a failed repair was detected on follow-up arthroscopy. In the subgroup of 45 knees with meniscal repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction evaluated clinically, 39 (87%) patients rated their knee as normal or very good, 2 (4%) as good, 3 (7%) as fair, and 1 (2%) as poor. Conclusions A stable repair of complex meniscal tears that extend into the avascular region can be obtained using a meticulous inside-out vertical divergent suture technique. We recommend repair, particularly in young active patients in whom removal of complex tears would result in major loss of meniscal function and the risk of future arthrosis.
The Surgical Treatment of Internal Snapping Hip
Authors: Gruen Gary S. , Scioscia Thomas N. , Lowenstein Jason E. 
Published: July 2017

Background Internal snapping hip is an underdiagnosed cause of hip pain that sidelines many recreational and competitive athletes. It originates from a taut iliopsoas tendon that snaps across bony prominences when the hip is extended from a flexed position. When nonoperative treatment methods fail, fractional tendon-lengthening procedures may be used. Hypothesis Surgical tendon lengthening through a true ilioinguinal approach, which has not been previously reported, will achieve good results in patients with internal snapping hip. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods In 30 patients with symptoms in their anterior hip, internal snapping hip was diagnosed by history and physical examination. All patients were initially treated nonoperatively; 19 (63%) improved and did not require further intervention. Eleven patients (12 hips) whose symptoms were recalcitrant to physical therapy were offered the surgical option of iliopsoas tendon lengthening. The procedure was performed via an ilioinguinal intrapelvic approach. Patients were followed up for an average of 3 years. Results All 11 surgically treated patients (100%) had complete postoperative mitigation of their snapping hip. Nine (82%) reported excellent pain relief. Moreover, nine patients thought that they had greatly benefited from the tendon lengthening and would repeat the surgery. Conclusion Although nonoperative measures are usually successful in the treatment of internal snapping hip, surgical tendon lengthening is a viable approach in cases refractory to nonoperative therapy.
The Prevalence of Glenohumeral Osteoarthrosis in Unstable Shoulders
Authors: Cameron Michelle L. , Kocher Mininder S. , Briggs Karen K. , Horan Marilee P. , Hawkins Richard J. 
Published: July 2017

Background Glenohumeral osteoarthritis has been a well-described complication of open procedures to correct shoulder instability. What remains unknown is whether chondral injuries sustained during instability episodes contribute to osteoarthritis or whether the cause is primarily the stabilization procedure itself. Purpose To determine the prevalence of osteoarthrosis in a large database of patients with acute and chronic shoulder instability before primary stabilization surgery. Study Design Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Methods Surgical and demographic data were collected on 422 patients with a diagnosis of shoulder instability who underwent arthroscopic examination and shoulder stabilization. Results There was a significant association between the grade of osteoarthrosis and the presence of osteoarthritis (grade III or IV chondral damage) with time from injury to surgery. Patients with osteoarthritis were significantly older than those without (34.9 versus 29.6 years). Multivariate analysis identified older age and time from injury to surgery as independent predictors of osteoarthritis. We found no association between direction of instability and the presence of osteoarthritis. Conclusion The overall prevalence of glenohumeral osteoarthrosis was low. Predictors of osteoarthritis included time from injury to surgery and age.
The Reliability and Validity of Knee-Specific and General Health Instruments in Assessing Acute Patellar Dislocation Outcomes
Authors: Paxton Elizabeth W. , Fithian Donald C. , Lou Stone Mary , Silva Patricia 
Published: July 2017

Background The most reliable and valid instruments for assessing patient outcome after patellar dislocation have not been identified. Hypothesis Knee-specific and general health instruments will differ in validity and reliability for patients with patellar dislocation. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Subjects consisted of 153 patients with acute patellar dislocation (110 with first-time dislocations and 43 with a history of patellofemoral subluxation or dislocation). We administered the modified International Knee Documentation Committee form, Kujala, Fulkerson, Lysholm, Tegner, Short Form 36, and Musculoskeletal Function Assessment instruments on two separate occasions (test-retest reliability). Validity was assessed by comparing scores of the two groups and by comparing scores of patients with and without recurrent subluxations/dislocations during follow-up. Results The knee-specific instruments yielded the highest test-retest reliability. The knee-specific and general health instruments identified higher disability levels in the patients with a history of patellofemoral problems than in those with first-time dislocations. The general health instruments identified higher disability levels in patients with patellar dislocation than published norms. The Fulkerson and Lysholm scales were the only instruments to differentiate between patients with and without recurrent subluxations/dislocations. Conclusions Knee-specific scales yielded higher reliability coefficients and stronger validity than did general health instruments. Knee-specific, general health, and activity level instruments are complementary and in combination provide a more complete assessment for patients with patellar dislocation.
Injuries in Short Track Speed Skating
Authors: Quinn Andrew , Lun Victor , McCall John , Overend Tom 
Published: July 2017

Background Little is known about the pattern of injury in short track speed skating. Purpose To investigate the incidence and characteristics of injuries in short track speed skating. Study Design Retrospective study. Methods Ninety-five of 150 elite-level skaters (63.3%) were surveyed to collect information on training and competition load as well as on injuries sustained during the 1999—2000 competitive season. Injuries were characterized in terms of anatomic location, type of injury, time loss from training and competition, and circumstance of injury (acute onset during competition, on-ice practice, off-ice training, or insidious onset). Results Sixty-one of the 95 skaters (64.2%) reported sustaining at least one injury. The knee, ankle, spine, leg, and groin were the most commonly reported sites of injury. Skaters were also asked to list previous on-ice injuries. The two most common injuries occurring on-ice before the 1999—2000 season were lacerations from the knee down (11.1%) and ankle fractures (10.2%). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that there is a high incidence of injury in competitive short track speed skating.
Mechanisms of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Soccer
Authors: Giza Eric , Fuller Colin , Junge Astrid , Dvorak Jiri 
Published: July 2017

Background Although player-to-player contact is a risk factor in the majority of soccer injuries, the mechanisms leading to these injuries have not been analyzed. Purpose To assess the relationships between foot/ankle injuries and foul play and tackle type, and to identify the position of the foot and ankle at the time of injury. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Team physicians prospectively recorded each injury in four world soccer competitions, and the videotaped incident leading to the injury was retrospectively analyzed. Results Of 76 foot and ankle injuries (52 contusions, 20 sprains, 4 fractures), direct contact occurred between players in 72. Significantly more injuries involved a tackle from the side and a lateral or medial tackle force. The injured limb was weightbearing in 41 and nonweightbearing in 35 of the incidents. Significantly more injuries resulted in time lost from soccer when the limb was weightbearing. The most common foot and ankle positions at the time of injury were pronated/neutral in the sagittal plane for weightbearing limbs, and plantar flexed/neutral in the coronal plane for nonweightbearing limbs. The most common foot and ankle rotations at the time of injury were external (23) and eversion (28). Conclusions The majority of injuries were caused by tackles involving lateral or medial forces that created a corresponding eversion or inversion rotation of the foot or ankle. The weightbearing status of the injured limb was a significant risk factor.
The Influence of a Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitor on Injured and Uninjured Ligaments in the Rat
Authors: Bogatov Victor B. , Weinhold Paul , Dahners Laurence E. 
Published: July 2017

Background Results of previous studies have shown that piroxicam, a cyclooxygenase-1-2 inhibitor, improves the strength of healing ligaments, whereas celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, impairs ligament healing. Hypothesis The selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, SC-560, will improve the strength of ligament healing in an in vivo rat model. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical transection of their medial collateral ligament. Postoperatively, 20 rats were given SC-560 at a low dose and 20 at a high dose for the first 6 days of recovery; the other 40 received a normal diet. The animals were sacrificed 14 days later, and both the injured and uninjured ligaments were mechanically tested to failure in tension. Results No significant differences in the strength of injured ligaments were found between drug and placebo treatment. However, the contralateral uninjured ligaments in the SC-560-treated groups failed at 27% higher energy and 22% higher load. Conclusions: This cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor did not improve the strength of ligament healing but did significantly improve the strength of the contralateral uninjured ligament. Clinical Relevance A pure cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor is probably not indicated as a positive influence on ligament healing but might provide benefits in ligament injury prevention.
Anatomic Structures at Risk during Minimal-Incision Endoscopically Assisted Fascial Compartment Releases in the Leg
Authors: Hutchinson Mark R. , Bederka Bryce , Kopplin Matthew 
Published: July 2017

Background Although minimal-incision surgical techniques are recommended for treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg, which is an increasing problem among endurance athletes, there is little information about anatomic correlation with structures at risk. Hypothesis Fascial releases performed with endoscopic assistance are safer than the percutaneous method. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten endoscopically assisted and six percutaneous fascial releases were performed on 16 human cadaveric lower limbs. Formal dissection documented length of release and proximity of structures at risk. Results Endoscopically assisted fascial release led to reduced risk of superficial peroneal nerve injury compared with a blind percutaneous release through a 2- to 3-cm incision. Both techniques had unacceptable rates of saphenous vein injury (30% to 100%), and releases performed percutaneously had greater length. Conclusions Risk of superficial peroneal nerve injury was less with single-incision endoscopically assisted fascial release. Risk of injury to the saphenous vein from either technique appeared to be unacceptable. Clinical Relevance Single-incision endoscopically assisted fascial release of the anterior and lateral compartments may be a useful technique with low risk of peroneal nerve injury. Clinical studies will confirm whether this technique proves safer or more effective than those currently used for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg.
Neuroimaging Studies of Children with Serious Emotional Disturbances: A Selective Review
Authors: Serene Jane Avery , Ashtari Manzar , Szeszko Philip R , Kumra Sanjiv 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To critically review and integrate, from a developmental perspective, recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of 4 childhood psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: We reviewed published reports in refereed journals. We briefly describe the major findings with respect to the brain morphometry, chemistry, and function of children with psychiatric disorders and synthesize the reports in a summary to update clinicians. Results: Some cortical grey matter abnormalities associated with schizophrenia appear to predate the onset of frank psychosis and continue to advance after the onset of psychosis, at least in more severe cases. Pediatric BD is associated with abnormalities in a circuit, thought to be involved in mood regulation, that encompasses the amygdala, striatum, and ventral PFC. Frontostriatal abnormalities are reported consistently in ADHD, potentially reflecting abnormalities in the development of cognitive control. Children with MDD show prefrontal cortical alterations that may differ in familial and nonfamilial subtypes of MDD. Conclusions: Results from neuroimaging studies of childhood psychopathology reveal abnormalities in the developmental trajectories observed in healthy children. Although MRI has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders, routine neuroimaging for children with severe emotional disturbances is not indicated for diagnostic purposes.
Receiving Guideline-Concordant Pharmacotherapy for Major Depression: Impact on Ambulatory and Inpatient Health Service Use
Authors: Sewitch Maida J , Blais Régis , Rahme Elham , Bexton Brian , Galarneau Sophie 
Published: July 2017

Objective: This study aimed to determine the associations between guideline-concordant pharmacotherapy for depression and the use of health services in the year following diagnosis. Method: This population-based, retrospective cohort study examined Quebec drug plans between 1999 and 2002. We included beneficiaries aged 18 to 64 years who were newly diagnosed with an episode of depression by primary care physicians and psychiatrists between October 1, 2000, and March 31, 2001, and who made at least one psychotropic pharmacy claim within 31 days of diagnosis. We defined guideline concordance as the receipt of recommended medication, starting dosage, and treatment duration as defined by the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments guidelines. We measured outcomes on use of ambulatory (number of visits to prescribing physician, other physicians, or emergency departments) and inpatient (hospitalization) services. Results: There were 2742 patients (mean age 42 years; 64% female patients) who met the study criteria. Of the 2047 (75%) patients to whom an antidepressant was dispensed, 1958 (71%) received a recommended first-line medication, 1297 (63%) received a recommended starting dosage, and 304 (15%) received a recommended duration. According to the 3 criteria, only 8% were treated appropriately; 21% received benzodiazepines rather than antidepressants. There were 2 median visits (inferquartile range [IQR] 1 to 3) to prescribing physicians, 0 visits (IQR 0 to 1) to other physicians, and 0 visits (IQR 0 to 0) to emergency departments; 497 (18%) patients were hospitalized. In separate multivariate models for repeated measures, recommended first-line medication, dosage, and duration were associated with more prescribing physician visits. Recommended first-line medication reduced the odds of hospitalization. Conclusion: Guideline concordance was associated with more visits to prescribing physicians and lower odds of hospitalization.
India: Alfred De Souza (Ed.): Women in Contemporary India. Manohar Book Service, New Delhi, 1975, xx 264p. Rs. 55.
Authors: Jain Devaki 
Published: July 2017

INDIA: B.R. Nanda, Ed.: Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1976, xvi, 187p. Rs. 35. INDIA: Tara Ali Baig: India's Women Power. S. Chand, New Delhi, 1976, xiv, 30 p. Rs. 40.
Non-Tariff Trade Barriers—Their Fallacies and Implications
Authors: Jain S.K. 
Published: July 2017

One of the important facets of the post war-trade structure was the exclusive use of tariffs as a commercial policy instrument to regulate trade across the frontiers. But in the period after late 1960s, the importance of tariffs steadily declined as tariff reductions under multilateral trade negotiations and non-tariff trade barriers1 assumed greater significance in the developed market-economy countries to protect their domestic industry from foreign competition. In this paper, an attempt has been made to critically examine a case for imposing non-tariff barriers by the developed countries on their imports. There has also been an endeavour to assess the implications of such trade distortive measures for the countries imposing these restrictions as well as for the countries whose exports are affected by the application of such measures, with a special reference to the impact on the developing countries which generally have to bear the brunt of these protectionist measures.
International Relations
Authors: Banerji Arun Kumar 
Published: July 2017

International Organization: RUDIGER JUTTE and ANNEMARIE GROSSE JUTTE, ( Ed.): The Future of International Organization. International Economic Order: NANDINI JOSHI: The Challenge of Poverty: The Developing Countries in the New International Economic Order. NANDINI JOSHI : Power vs. Poverty : A View of UNCTAD