bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Tube Bundle Leak Location Using the Combination of Acoustic Emission Testing and Logic Analysis
Authors: Xu Yanting , Wang Xiaowei , Wang Yadong , Xu Jiele 
Published: June 2016

A large-scale equipment of a famous refining and chemical company of China had to be temporarily shut down for repairing, because one of its fractionation bottom reboiler tubes was suspected to leak. These tube bundles are densely distributed, and the outer casing of the reboiler is the fixed structure which can not be opened to check these tubes unless it is cut. The outer casing cutting for checking is very time-consuming (about 1–2 months) and costly. Possible pipe guided wave technology or endoscope method also can not be used because of acoustic attenuation from dense fins and severe corrosion of tubes or being inaccessible, so Acoustic Emission testing became the only choice for finding out the leaking tube in that time.
Also due to the significant acoustic attenuation, the traditional Acoustic Emission linear positioning method is difficult to find out leaked tubes, so the zonal localization method of acoustic sources was predominant in this test. The hydraulic test of pipelines was used to stimulate acoustic signals from leaking sources. However, the water from leaking holes will be splashed to the adjacent pipes and then drop onto pipes below, which will cause false leaking signals. For finding out the leaked tube, logic method is adopted to infer the real leaked tube complementarily. The spatial positions of all tubes and the sequences, frequencies, amplitudes and total hits of acoustic signals from all tubes monitored are considered in the analysis. Finally, the leaked tube was successfully found out in half a day by the combination of Acoustic Emission testing and logic analysis, the leaked tube was replaced and the production was resumed in the next three days.
An Examination of Motorcycle Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) in Reducing Crash Risk
Authors: Fowler Graeme F. , Ray Rose M. , Huang Su-Wei , Zhao Ke , Frank Todd A. 
Published: June 2016

To prevent wheel lock up (and possible loss of control and capsize) during hard braking motorcycle manufacturers have equipped motorcycles with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) either as an option or as standard equipment. Several studies utilizing real-world crash data have been published which estimate the effectiveness of motorcycle ABS in reducing the risk of a crash based on varying assumptions. These investigations have reported mixed results.
The present investigation relies upon the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Florida police-reported crash databases to further investigate the effectiveness of motorcycle ABS by expanding upon and refining previous approaches. Notably a case-control approach is used whereby crashes involving ABS- and non-ABS-equipped motorcycles are divided into five groups with a varying likelihood that ABS will affect the risk of crashes in that group. The group of crashes with the least likelihood of being influenced by ABS is considered the control group and used as a measure of exposure to crashes. This methodology attempts to reduce any selection biases that might exist in the two motorcycle classes.
The results support the hypothesis that ABS is effective in reducing the crash risk in some crash types. However, it was found that the case-control approach does not incorporate all factors that might influence the overall effectiveness of ABS, for example, motorcycle class and operator age. Accounting for these additional factors would likely require the use of regression analyses and would benefit significantly from additional data.
Dominant Success Factors in Product Development
Authors: Wörz Ulrich , Göhlich Dietmar 
Published: June 2016

The outcome of product development projects depends on a multitude of different influencing factors. Some of these factors are dominant over others. These Dominant Success Factors not only influence the outcome of product development projects significantly, but also influence other Success Factors to change, which is why they need to be given first and foremost attention by engineering management.
This paper illustrates the framework of a comprehensive Empirical Engineering Design Research study, which allowed for the identification of Dominant Success Factors, by applying it to 44 gas turbine component development projects in the industry. The collected data was analyzed using statistical methods, which provided information about the reliability of the results. Four Dominant Success Factors were identified which distinguished successful from less successful development projects: Priority of Project; Experience and Skills of Project Lead; Ratio of new Technology and Technical Complexity of Project; Awareness of Lessons Learned and State of the Art Technology Knowledge.
Application of the TRIZ Methodology in the Innovation of the FRICTORQ Test Equipment
Authors: Carneiro Rúben , Silva Luís F. , Seabra Eurico , Alves Anabela , Lima Mário 
Published: June 2016

The TRIZ – ‘Teoria Rechenia Izobretatelskih Zadatchi’ (Russian acronym for ‘Theory of Inventive Problem Solving’ - TIPS) is a methodology applied for problem solving that aims to create a systematic and algorithmic way to find new design solutions and to enhance individual creativity. This methodology was created and developed by Genrikh Altshuller in the 40’s of the twentieth century in the former Soviet Union. Throughout the study of thousands of patents Altshuller discovered that independently of its field, all technologies follow the same defined principles, and that these principles could be used for solving new problems.
This paper is intended to demonstrate how the TRIZ methodology can be used in the innovation of a testing device (named FRICTORQ) designed and developed at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Minho to measure the friction coefficient in flexible materials. Throughout the study of the patterns of technical evolution described in this methodology, the authors will search for new possible evolution phases for this device, which will stimulate new ideas and the design of innovative solutions.
Biomechanical Effects of Kaempferol Treatments on the Bone Healing Process of Murine Tibia
Authors: Kim Hanjong , Han Changwan , Maidar Otgonbayar , Lee Sang-Soo , Park Seonghun 
Published: June 2016

Kaempferol is a typical flavonol-type flavonoid and has a protective effect on postmenopausal bone loss, and previous studies have reported that kaempferol treated groups show an increase in the callus size and bone mineral density as well as improvement in biomechanical behaviors in comparison with untreated control groups in the bone healing process. The present study aims at investigating the effect of kaempferol treatments on fractured murine tibia, by measuring kaempferol dose-dependent mechanical properties in the bone healing process of murine tibia fracture models.
A stabilized fracture was generated at tibia by minor modification of the Hiltunen method for 8 weeks old ICR mice weighting 29.0 ∼ 30.5 g. Experimental mice were divided into 4 groups. Kaempferol of 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg (body weight) with 20 % ethanol was administered to 3 groups and the remaining one group was only treated with 20 % ethanol as a control group. Three-point bending fracture tests were conducted to measure the mechanical properties (fracture load, fracture energy, stiffness) of murine tibiae at non-fractured regions near fracture sites 21 days after kaempferol treatments, via a custom-made biomechanical testing system (BTS, KST Co., Korea).
The 5.0 mg/kg kaempferol treated group shows higher fracture load (20.54 ±5.04 N) than the control group (17.82 ±5.94 N). Fracture energy, total energy applied to tibia up to bone fracture, exhibited no significant differences between the control group and any of the kampferol treated groups, although both the 1.0 mg/kg kaempferol treated and control groups showed a little higher fracture energy than the 0.2 and 5.0 mg/kg kaempferol treated groups. Bone stiffness also did not show statistically significant differences between the control group and any of the kaempferol treated groups, with the highest stiffness value observed in the 1.0 mg/kg kaempferol treated group.
Effect of Chirality and Geometry on the Young’s Modulus of Graphene Structure Using Spring Based Finite Element Approach
Authors: Al-Kharusi Moosa S. M. , Pervez Tasneem , Alz-Zebdeh Khalid 
Published: June 2016

The development of nanocomposite materials has led to vast progress in the field of composite materials as well as in finding new solutions to technological problem that have not been solved yet. Among the newly developed materials, the most attracting is the graphene based nanocomposites that has superior mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. The hexagonal structure and the high strength of carbon–carbon bond in graphene yield strong material. Estimation of mechanical properties of the graphene becomes one of the important issues, which should be reasonably and accurately predicted to further promote its application development. Simulation and modeling techniques play a significant role in characterizing mechanical behavior especially for nanomaterials where the experimental measurements are very difficult to conduct.
The aim of the current study is to estimate the Young’s modulus of elasticity of single layered graphene sheet using new spring based finite element approach. The use of spring finite elements help to accurately define the interatomic bonded interactions between carbon atoms based on potential energies obtained from molecular dynamics theory. The inclusion of both linear and torsion terms simultaneously has resulted in improved values of the Young’s modulus. The nodes in the finite element model define the position of carbon atoms in the graphene which are connected with appropriate spring-type elements. These elements are used to build the finite element model based on the observation that beam or truss elements require geometrical variables such as area and inertia, which are not required in the case of springs. Each node of this element provides six degrees of freedom (3 translations and 3 rotations) at which the complex interactions presented in the atomistic level can be considered. Parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of chirality and geometric parameters on the Young’s modulus of single graphene layer. The results are in good agreement with the published numerical and experimental results. The obtained results show an isotropic behavior, in contrast to limited molecular dynamic simulations. Young’s modulus of graphene shows a high dependency of stiffness on layer thickness.
Towards a Functional Definition of Sustainable Development in the Practice of Engineering
Authors: Burgess Richard A. 
Published: June 2016

Sustainable development has become an increasingly common topic of both day-day conversations and in discussions about professional responsibility. In recent years, most of the professional engineering societies have moved to incorporate language about environmental responsibility, including sustainable development, into their codes of ethics. The ASME Code, for example, states that “Engineers shall consider environmental impact and sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties” (2).
Despite this increased focus on sustainable development, it remains a nebulous concept at both a theoretical and practical level. Few engineers would deny that they have a responsibility to the environment. Ask those same engineers what this responsibility means in practice and you are likely to get a variety of answers; most of which will probably be on the vague side. Of course, variation and generality are not always negative features of a professional ethic. Nevertheless, it is important to get more precise about what sustainable development looks like in practice.
In this paper, I will analyze ASME’s prescription that mechanical engineers consider their impact on the environment. I will examine how this prescription fits into the ASME Code as a whole. I will then survey several definitions of sustainable development; exploring challenges along the way. From here, I will begin developing a functional definition of sustainable development. In doing so, I will attempt to balance the demands of the principle of conservatism when spelling out professional obligations with those of moral leadership. The goal is to provide a useful and rigorous definition of sustainable development for practicing engineers. If am successful in this, this definition will lead to an operational understanding of sustainable development.
Machine Learning Classification Models for More Effective Mine Safety Inspections
Authors: Gernand Jeremy M. 
Published: June 2016

The safety of mining in the United States has improved significantly over the past few decades, although it remains one of the more dangerous occupations. Following the Sago mine disaster in January 2006, federal legislation (The Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response {MINER} Act of 2006) tightened regulations and sought to strengthen the authority and safety inspection practices of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). While penalties and inspection frequency have increased, understanding of what types of inspection findings are most indicative of serious future incidents is limited.
The most effective safety management and oversight could be accomplished by a thorough understanding of what types of infractions or safety inspection findings are most indicative of serious future personnel injuries. However, given the large number of potentially different and unique inspection findings, varied mine characteristics, and types of specific safety incidents, this question is complex in terms of the large number of potentially relevant input parameters. New regulations rely on increasing the frequency and severity of infraction penalties to encourage mining operations to improve worker safety, but without the knowledge of which specific infractions may truly be signaling a dangerous work environment.
This paper seeks to inform the question, what types of inspection findings are most indicative of serious future incidents for specific types of mining operations? This analysis utilizes publicly available MSHA databases of cited infractions and reportable incidents. These inspection results are used to train machine learning Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Random Forest (RF) models that divide the groups of mines into peer groups based on their recent infractions and other defining characteristics with the aim of predicting whether or not a fatal or serious disabling injury is more likely to occur in the following 12-month period.
With these characteristics available, additional scrutiny may be appropriately directed at those mining operations at greatest risk of experiencing a worker fatality or disabling injury in the near future. Increased oversight and attention on these mines where workers are at greatest risk may more effectively reduce the likelihood of worker deaths and injuries than increased penalties and inspection frequency alone.
Stand-Up Forklift Egress Times as a Function of Operator Compartment Guarding
Authors: Railsback Ben T. , Ziernicki Richard M. , Nguyen Ricky L. , Knapp Steve D. , Pierce William H. 
Published: June 2016

A significant hazard related to the use of stand-up lift trucks, or stand-up forklifts, is the hazard of a lower limb crush injury or foot crush due to the opening across the rear of the operator compartment. According to one lift truck manufacturer’s statistics, there have been over 500 accidents that resulted in an injury to the lower limb of the operator in the last 30 years that involved their stand-up lift trucks. [1] Other manufacturers have had similar accidents. The injuries have occurred to the lower limb of the operator due to the close proximity of the operator’s lower limbs to the exterior of the lift truck, and the confined areas that stand-up lift trucks operate in. The operator’s lower limb can become pinned and crushed between the moving lift and another fixed object such as a rack system, a column or another lift truck. Objects, such as a fork tine, can also intrude into the operator compartment, injuring the operator’s lower extremities.
The ANSI/ITSDF B56.1, Safety Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks, encourages stand-up lift trucks to be designed with an open compartment to permit easy ingress and egress. [2] According to the standard, the open design allows an operator a free and easy egress from the truck in the event of a tip-over or off-the-dock accident. However, the standard permits the use of additional guarding and enclosure of the operator compartment. Spring loaded doors (or spring assisted closing guards) have been designed, implemented and are available from many manufacturers, but no data has been published regarding the time to open and egress from the operator compartment. Latching doors have also been designed and manufactured, but are not currently available on the market except in the case of trucks equipped with freezer cabs, for operation in refrigerated environments. However, latched doors have been criticized for extending the egress time duration by approximately 1/2 second.
This study shows that a spring loaded door can be implemented on a stand-up forklift while only increasing egress time by a negligible amount, 0.05 seconds over an open compartment configuration. Furthermore, this study shows that an optimized latching door, designed by Knott Laboratory engineers, can also be implemented for a stand-up forklift while only increasing egress time by 0.09 seconds. The latching door designed by Knott Laboratory decreases the change in egress time associated with a latched door by a factor of 5. Therefore, the addition of a spring loaded door, or a latching door will not significantly increase operator egress time and provide additional protection to the operator in the event of a collision while still maintaining quick egress.
Reliability Evaluation for Biomechanics Transient Stresses: Case Study of Biological Cell Vitality in Freezing Process
Authors: Amirpourabasi Arezoo , Pourgol-Mohammad Mohammad , Niroomand-Oscuii Hanieh 
Published: June 2016

This research proposes reliability evaluation for performance of biological transient mechanical stresses scenarios. This is part of a broader research done by the authors for comprehensive analysis of the biological reliability analysis [1]. A literature review is conducted in area of biomechanics phenomenological processes in order to classify the approaches for success criteria determination and reliability metrics calculation based on their merits and limitations. A limited failure mode and effect analysis is performed as a pre-processor for identification of the corresponding figure of merits. Biological environment is complex in correlated occurrence of microscopic and macroscopic phenomena. Therefore the modeling of this complex medium, in context of mechanical stresses, requires numerical solution of conservation equation and inclusion of corresponding constitution models. Determination of success criteria (first phase for reliability calculation in this research) is a challenging object, and requires consideration of several dependent figures of merits (e.g. temperature, mass and etc.).
The developed success criteria matrix is based on the approaches of representation of the figures of merit. A multi-objective criteria is developed according to the phenomena occurrence in the intended study and the selected proper figure(s) of merit. The matrix determines the region of acceptance as well as the rejection area. The reliability index is proposed to estimate the probability of the success based on the calculated system performance in a non-deterministic (stochastic parameters) approach. By augmentation of developed success criteria and the system analysis calculation, a decision is made on the success and rejection of the system performance the methodology is applied to the case of cell cryopreservation phenomenon. The process of freezing in living cells is considerably more complicated than in a solution, primarily due to the presence of cellular structure. The process is considered a transient mechanical stress on the cell structure including the thermal and mass transport. The success criteria is determined based on two figures of merit of temperature and mass and their rate of change. Numerical calculation is completed for study of thermal and mass behavior for the transient of the cell. The uncertain parameters are considered random and Monte Carlo simulation is conducted for inclusion of their variation in the calculation. The situation are specified for the observation of the success criteria and occurrence of the failure.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rifapentine and 25-Desacetyl Rifapentine Disposition in Humans
Authors: Zurlinden Todd J. , Eppers Garrett J. , Reisfeld Brad 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Rifapentine (RPT) is a rifamycin antimycobacterial and, as part of a combination therapy, is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Although the results from a number of studies indicate that rifapentine has the potential to shorten treatment duration and enhance completion rates compared to other rifamycin agents utilized in antituberculosis drug regimens (i.e., regimens 1 to 4), its optimal dose and exposure in humans are unknown. To help inform such an optimization, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict time course, tissue-specific concentrations of RPT and its active metabolite, 25-desacetyl rifapentine (dRPT), in humans after specified administration schedules for RPT. Starting with the development and verification of a PBPK model for rats, the model was extrapolated and then tested using human pharmacokinetic data. Testing and verification of the models included comparisons of predictions to experimental data in several rat tissues and time course RPT and dRPT plasma concentrations in humans from several single- and repeated-dosing studies. Finally, the model was used to predict RPT concentrations in the lung during the intensive and continuation phases of a current recommended TB treatment regimen. Based on these results, it is anticipated that the PBPK model developed in this study will be useful in evaluating dosing regimens for RPT and for characterizing tissue-level doses that could be predictors of problems related to efficacy or safety.