bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of flexible languages for scenario and team description in multirobot missions
Authors: Castro Silva Daniel , Henriques Abreu Pedro , Reis Luís Paulo , Oliveira Eugénio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe work described in this paper is part of the development of a framework to support the joint execution of cooperative missions by a group of vehicles, in a simulated, augmented, or real environment. Such a framework brings forward the need for formal languages in which to specify the vehicles that compose a team, the scenario in which they will operate, and the mission to be performed. This paper introduces the Scenario Description Language (SDL) and the Team Description Language (TDL), two Extensible Markup Language based dialects that compose the static components necessary for representing scenario and mission knowledge. SDL provides a specification of physical scenario and global operational constraints, while TDL defines the team of vehicles, as well as team-specific operational restrictions. The dialects were defined using Extensible Markup Language schemas, with all required information being integrated in the definitions. An interface was developed and incorporated into the framework, allowing for the creation and edition of SDL and TDL files. Once the information is specified, it can be used in the framework, thus facilitating environment and team specification and deployment. A survey answered by practitioners and researchers shows that the satisfaction with SDL+TDL is elevated (the overall evaluation of SDL+TDL achieved a score of 4 out of 5, with 81%/78.6% of the answers ≥4); in addition, the usability of the interface was evaluated, achieving a score of 86.7 in the System Usability Scale survey. These results imply that SDL+TDL is flexible enough to represent scenarios and teams, through a user-friendly interface.
‘More than ordinary labour’: Thomas Hyde (1636-1703) and the translation of Turkish documents under the later Stuarts
Authors: HEYWOOD COLIN 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe present short study examines the problems encountered in the translation in England of Ottoman documents addressed from the Porte or from the North African Regencies to the English Crown in the latter part of the seventeenth century. In particular it studies in some detail the translations undertaken, and the problems faced by, the polymath scholar Thomas Hyde (1636-1702/3), Librarian of the Bodleian Library in the University of Oxford and translator of Oriental documents to the Crown, but reference is also made to translations undertaken by William Seaman (1606/7-1680) and his son, and by the Rev. William Hayley (c.1657-1715).
Intellectual jousting and the Chinggisid Wisdom Bazaars
Authors: LANE GEORGE 
Published: May 2016

In recent years the image of the Mongols has undergone a steady change. This shift reflects a growing interest in the development of the Chinggisid Empire and its assimilation of the peoples and cultures that it absorbed and conversely the absorption, not always voluntarily, of things Mongol by the sedentary cultures which acted as the Mongols’ hosts. It was not only military technology, cuisine, medicine, art, and the practicalities and instruments for enhancing the quality of life and commerce which were exchanged but the intellectual ideas and ideals which underpinned the life styles of those who were encountered. Chinggis Khan famously aspired to provide his wives and children with the fineries of life and the best the world had to offer. But it was not just the material world that he aspired to but also the intellectual luxuries of scholarship and learning. Throughout the Chinggisid Chronicles there are references to wise men and learned advisors who were consulted on the great decisions but also not infrequently there are references to debates often described in language more reminiscent of jousting tournaments or duels than intellectual exchange. These learned debates, usually between clerics of rival faiths, were staged by various princes in courts throughout the empire for sport and entertainment. Their popularity highlights aspects of the regimes’character.This paper will consider the nature of these debates and the traditions from where they might have emerged and at the same time it will consider the role of ‘wise men’ in Chinggisid society.
Picoliter Drop-On-Demand Dispensing for Multiplex Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Patterson Joseph P. , Parent Lucas R. , Cantlon Joshua , Eickhoff Holger , Bared Guido , Evans James E. , Gianneschi Nathan C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLiquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) provides a unique insight into the dynamics of nanomaterials in solution. Controlling the addition of multiple solutions to the liquid cell remains a key hurdle in our ability to increase throughput and to study processes dependent on solution mixing including chemical reactions. Here, we report that a piezo dispensing technique allows for mixing of multiple solutions directly within the viewing area. This technique permits deposition of 50 pL droplets of various aqueous solutions onto the liquid cell window, before assembly of the cell in a fully controlled manner. This proof-of-concept study highlights the great potential of picoliter dispensing in combination with LCTEM for observing nanoparticle mixing in the solution phase and the creation of chemical gradients.
Characterization of MUDENG, a novel anti-apoptotic protein
Authors: Choi J-H , Lim J-B , Wickramanayake D D , Wagley Y , Kim J , Lee H-C , Seo H G , Kim T-H , Oh J-W 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMUDENG (Mu-2-related death-inducing gene, MuD) is revealed to be involved in cell death signaling. Astrocytes, the major glial cell type in the central nervous system, are a source of brain tumors. In this study, we examined MuD expression and function in human astroglioma cells. Stimulation of U251-MG cells with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) resulted in a 40% decrease in cell viability and a 33% decrease in MuD protein levels, although not in MuD mRNA levels. To study the functional relevance of MuD expression, stable transfectants expressing high levels of MuD were generated. Stimulation of these transfectants with TRAIL resulted in enhanced cell survival (77% for stable and 46% for control transfectants). Depletion of MuD led to a marked reduction upon TRAIL stimulation in cell viability (22% in MuD-depleted cells and 54% in control cells). In addition, we observed that MuD depletion increased the susceptibility of the cells to TRAIL by enhancing the cleavage of caspase-3/-9 and BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid). A unique 25-kDa fragment of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) lacking BH4 was observed 60–180 min post TRAIL treatment in MuD-depleted cells, suggesting that Bcl-2 is converted from its anti-apoptotic form to the truncated pro-apoptotic form. Importantly, the TRAIL-mediated decrease in cell viability in MuD-depleted cells was abrogated upon Bid depletion, indicating that the role of MuD in apoptotic signaling takes place at the Bid and Bcl-2 junction. MuD localizes predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum and partly in the mitochondria and its amounts are reduced 6 h post TRAIL stimulation, presumably via caspase-3-mediated MuD cleavage. Collectively, these results suggest that MuD, a novel signaling protein, not only possesses an anti-apoptotic function but may also constitute an important target for the design of ideal candidates for combinatorial treatment strategies for glioma cells.
1.4.1 Hydrolysis of Nitriles to Amides
Authors: Asano Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNitrile hydratase (NHase; EC 4.2.1.84) catalyzes the hydration of nitriles to form amides. The reaction catalyzed by nitrile hydratase is strikingly fast and versatile and a wide range of nitriles, including aromatic and arylalkyl nitriles, α- and β-substituted nitriles, and aminonitriles can be hydrated to the corresponding amides. Although nitrile hydratase generally has low stereoselectivity, its use in conjunction with highly stereospecific amidases provides a valuable route for the stereoselective synthesis of carboxylic acids. The powerful nature of nitrile hydratase has had a huge impact on the progress of applied microbiology, enzyme engineering, and enzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis. The best-known applications of nitrile hydratase on an industrial scale are the production of acrylamide and nicotinamide from acrylonitrile and pyridine-3-carbonitrile, respectively.This chapter provides an overview of the current scope of nitrile hydratase mediated reactions and focuses on whole-cell biotransformations.
The diversity of thick galactic discs
Authors: Kasparova Anastasia V. , Katkov Ivan Yu. , Chilingarian Igor V. , Silchenko Olga K. , Moiseev Alexey V. , Borisov Svyatoslav B. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Although thick stellar discs are detected in nearly all edge-on disc galaxies, their formation scenarios still remain a matter of debate. Due to observational difficulties, there is a lack of information about their stellar populations. Using the Russian 6-m telescope BTA we collected deep spectra of thick discs in three edge-on S0-a disc galaxies located in different environments: NGC 4111 in a dense group, NGC 4710 in the Virgo cluster, and NGC 5422 in a sparse group. We see intermediate age (4–5 Gyr) metal rich ([Fe/H] ∼− 0.2…0.0 dex) stellar populations in NGC 4111 and NGC 4710. On the other hand, NGC 5422 does not harbour young stars, its disc is thick and old (10 Gyr), without evidence for a second component, and its α-element abundance suggests a 1.5–2 Gyr long formation epoch implying its formation at high redshift. Our results suggest the diversity of thick disc formation scenarios.
Pyricularia graminis-triticisp. nov., a newPyriculariaspecies causing wheat blast
Authors: Castroagudín V.L. , Moreira S.I. , Pereira D.A.S. , Moreira S.S. , Brunner P.C. , Maciel J.L.N. , Crous P.W. , McDonald B.A. , Alves E. , Ceresini P.C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAbstractPyricularia oryzaeis a species complex that causes blast disease on more than 50 species of poaceous plants.Pyricularia oryzaehas a worldwide distribution as a rice (Oryza) pathogen and in the last 30 years emerged as an important wheat (Triticum) pathogen in southern Brazil. We conducted phylogenetic analyses using 10 housekeeping loci for 128 isolates ofP. oryzaesampled from sympatric populations of grasses growing in or near wheat fields. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the isolates into three major clades. Clade 1 comprised isolates associated only with rice and corresponds to the previously described rice blast pathogenP. oryzaepathotypeOryza(PoO). Clade 2 comprised isolates associated almost exclusively with wheat and corresponds to the previously described wheat blast pathogenP. oryzaepathotypeTriticum(PoT). Clade 3 contained isolates obtained from wheat as well as otherPoaceaehosts. We found that Clade 3 is distinct fromP. oryzaeand represents a new species,Pyricularia graminis-tritici, (Pgt). No morphological differences were observed among these species, but a distinctive pathogenicity spectrum was observed. Pgt and PoT were pathogenic and highly aggressive onTriticum aestivum(wheat),Hordeum vulgare(barley),Urochloa brizantha(signal grass) andAvena sativa(oats). PoO was highly virulent on the original rice host (Oryza sativa), and also on wheat, barley, and oats, but not on signal grass. We conclude that blast disease on wheat and its associatedPoaceaehosts in Brazil is caused by multiplePyriculariaspecies.Pyricularia graminis-triticiwas recently found causing wheat blast in Bangladesh. This indicates thatP. graminis-triticirepresents a serious threat to wheat cultivation globally.
Higher fungal diversity is correlated with lower CO2emissions from dead wood in a natural forest: BioRxiv preprint
Authors: Yang Chunyan , Schaefer Douglas A. , Liu Weijie , Popescu Viorel D. , Yang Chenxue , Wang Xiaoyang , Wu Chunying , Yu Douglas W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWood decomposition releases almost as much CO2to the atmosphere as does fossil-fuel combustion, so the factors regulating wood decomposition can affect global carbon cycling. We used metabarcoding to estimate the fungal species diversities of naturally colonized decomposing wood in subtropical China and, for the first time, compared them to concurrent measures of CO2emissions. Wood hosting more diverse fungal communities emitted less CO2, with Shannon diversity explaining 26 to 44% of emissions variation. Community analysis supports a ‘pure diversity’ effect of fungi on decomposition rates and thus suggests that interference competition is an underlying mechanism. Our findings extend the results of published experiments using low-diversity, laboratory-inoculated wood to a high-diversity, natural system. We hypothesize that high levels of saprotrophic fungal biodiversity could be providing globally important ecosystem services by maintaining dead-wood habitats and by slowing the atmospheric contribution of CO2from the world’s stock of decomposing wood. However, large-scale surveys and controlled experimental tests in natural settings will be needed to test this hypothesis.
Nutrient supply alters goldenrod's induced response to herbivory
Authors: Burghardt Karin T. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryRecent interest in using trait‐based approaches to understand and predict ecosystem processes and evolutionary responses to environmental change highlights the need to understand the relative importance of genetic and environmental sources of intraspecific trait variation within local populations of dominant species.Here, I combine plant defence theory with functional approaches to quantify genetic trait variation and phenotypic trait plasticity of nine goldenrod (Solidago altissima) genotypes derived from a local field population in Connecticut, USA, to herbivory along a nutrient supply gradient.I found that increasing nutrient supply changed the dominant plant defence strategy from tolerance to induced resistance. Induced resistance was detected through decreased herbivore growth rates and a behavioural feeding shift of grasshoppers to older leaf tissue. This could not be fully accounted for through stoichiometric changes in leaf tissue quality.A multidimensional phenotype approach revealed that abiotic and biotic environments (nutrients and herbivory) accounted for almost as much whole‐plant trait variation (31%) as did plant genotype (36%). Increasing nutrient supply and herbivory resulted in independent and differential effects on whole‐plant trait expression. Increasing both treatments concurrently produced a unique plant phenotype with increased leaf carbon content and allocation to asexual reproduction (E × E).Notably, individual genotypes exhibited different magnitudes of multivariate trait plasticity to nutrient and herbivory gradients. However, the population of genotypes as a whole within a given environment expressed an approximately equal magnitude of trait variation across both permissive (high nutrient, no herbivory) and stressful (low nutrient, high herbivory) environments.Quantifying plasticity in defensive strategy in concert with correlated whole‐plant trait expression changes across multiple abiotic and biotic factors may be key to providing a mechanistic understanding of how heterogeneous landscapes impact community interactions and ecosystem processes.Alay summaryis available for this article.
Role of peptide YY in 5‐fluorouracil‐induced reduction of dietary intake
Authors: Sakai Hiroyasu , Kai Yuki , Takase Kazuhide , Sato Ken , Kimura Minami , Tabata Shoko , Yaegashi Miyabi , Sato Fumiaki , Yomoto Tetsuro , Narita Minoru 
Published: May 2016

Summary5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) is part of the standard care for cancer treatment but is associated with high incidences of appetite loss and reduced food intake, which may contribute to chemotherapy‐induced cachexia (weakness and wasting of tissue). The role of gastrointestinal satiety hormones in chemotherapy‐induced appetite loss has not been intensively investigated. Peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 are important signals of gastrointestinal satiety, so this study examined the roles of these gut hormones in 5‐FU‐induced reduction of dietary intake. Mice were given 5‐FU (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) every day for 4 consecutive days. Gene expression levels of proglucagon (Pro‐Gcg), a precursor of GLP‐1, and PYY in the colon were examined by real‐time RT‐PCR. Serum levels of GLP‐1 and PYY were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Some mice were pretreated with the GLP‐1 receptor antagonist exendin9–39 (1 mg/kg) or the neuropeptide Y type 2 (NPY2) receptor antagonist BIIE0246 (2 mg/kg) via the i.p. route 30 minutes before 5‐FU administration. Mice receiving 5‐FU exhibited a significant reduction in food intake that was correlated with body weight loss. These mice also showed significantly enhanced expression levels of mRNAs encoding pro‐GLP‐1 and PYY in the transverse and distal colon as well as elevated serum concentrations of GLP‐1 and PYY compared to vehicle‐treated controls. The 5‐FU‐induced reduction in food intake was attenuated by BIIE0246 but not by exendin9–39. These data suggest that administration of a NPY2 receptor antagonist may be effective for attenuating the anorexia caused by 5‐FU chemotherapy.
Estimating abundance and density of Amur tigers along the Sino–Russian border
Authors: XIAO Wenhong , FENG Limin , MOU Pu , MIQUELLE Dale G. , HEBBLEWHITE Mark , GOLDBERG Joshua F. , ROBINSON Hugh S. , ZHAO Xiaodan , ZHOU Bo , WANG Tianming , GE Jianping 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAs an apex predator the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia. Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century, tigers rapidly declined in China and are now restricted to the Russian Far East and bordering habitat in nearby China. To facilitate restoration of the tiger in its historical range, reliable estimates of population size are essential to assess effectiveness of conservation interventions. Here we used camera trap data collected in Hunchun National Nature Reserve from April to June 2013 and 2014 to estimate tiger density and abundance using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) methods. A minimum of 8 individuals were detected in both sample periods and the documentation of marking behavior and reproduction suggests the presence of a resident population. Using Bayesian SECR modeling within the 11 400 km2 state space, density estimates were 0.33 and 0.40 individuals/100 km2 in 2013 and 2014, respectively, corresponding to an estimated abundance of 38 and 45 animals for this transboundary Sino–Russian population. In a maximum likelihood framework, we estimated densities of 0.30 and 0.24 individuals/100 km2 corresponding to abundances of 34 and 27, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. These density estimates are comparable to other published estimates for resident Amur tiger populations in the Russian Far East. This study reveals promising signs of tiger recovery in Northeast China, and demonstrates the importance of connectivity between the Russian and Chinese populations for recovering tigers in Northeast China.
Relationship between FokI polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene and fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Maraslı Erdem , Ozdolap Senay , Sarıkaya Selda 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene FokI polymorphism frequencies distribution in subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) compared to healthy controls.MethodUsing a case‐control design, 100 female patients, who were diagnosed with FMS according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria and 100 healthy female subjects were enrolled in this study. FokI polymorphisms of the VDR gene were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in both groups.ResultsNo significant differences in the frequencies distribution of both genotype and alleles of the FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene were observed between the two groups.ConclusionThe relationship between VDR gene FokI polymorphism and FMS, particularly in Turkish women, could not be determined in this study. However, further studies with larger patient numbers may be needed to prove a relation between VDR gene polymorphism and FMS.
Expression of Concern: Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Zamani Batol , Golkar Hamid R. , Farshbaf Shima , Emadi‐Baygi Modjtaba , Tajabadi‐Ebrahimi Maryam , Jafari Parvaneh , Akhavan Reyhaneh , Taghizadeh Mohsen , Memarzadeh Mohammad R. , Asemi Zatollah 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study was performed to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation on clinical and metabolic status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsSixty patients with RA aged 25–70 years were assigned into two groups to receive either probiotic capsules (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) in this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. The patients in the probiotic group received a daily capsule that contained three viable and freeze‐dried strains: Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109 colony‐forming units [CFU]/g), Lactobacillus casei (2 × 109 CFU/g) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU/g) for 8 weeks. The placebo group took capsules filled with cellulose for the same time period. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning and the end of the study to quantify related markers.ResultsAfter 8 weeks of intervention, compared with the placebo, probiotic supplementation resulted in improved Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS‐28) (−0.3 ± 0.4 vs. −0.1 ± 0.4, P = 0.01). In addition, a significant decrease in serum insulin levels (−2.0 ± 4.3 vs. +0.5 ± 4.9 μIU/mL, P = 0.03), homeostatic model assessment‐B cell function (HOMA‐B) (−7.5 ± 18.0 vs. +4.3 ± 25.0, P = 0.03) and serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) concentrations (−6.66 ± 2.56 vs. +3.07 ± 5.53 mg/L, P < 0.001) following the supplementation of probiotics compared with the placebo. Subjects who received probiotic capsules experienced borderline statistically significant improvement in total‐ (P = 0.09) and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels (P = 0.07) compared with the placebo.ConclusionOverall, the results of this study indicated that taking probiotic supplements for 8 weeks among patients with RA had beneficial effects on DAS‐28, insulin levels, HOMA‐B and hs‐CRP levels.