bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Removal of Large Extensor Process Fragments in 18 Friesian Horses: Long‐Term Clinical Outcome and Radiological Follow‐Up of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Authors: Compagnie Ellen , ter Braake Frerik , de Heer Natascha , Back Willem 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveReport long‐term clinical and radiological follow‐up in horses after removal of large extensor process fragments occupying >25% of the joint surface of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIJ).Study DesignRetrospective case series.Animals: Friesian horses (n=18) that underwent arthroscopic removal of a large extensor process fragment.MethodsArthroscopic examination of the DIJ was performed in dorsal recumbency with the affected foot in extension using routine portals. Visualization of the fragment was improved using motorized synovial resectors. A dissection plane between the common digital extensor tendon and the extensor process fragment was created using sharp lever instruments, in some cases aided by motorized burrs and radiofrequency ligament dissection. The fragment was removed piecemeal using Ferris‐Smith rongeurs. Medical records, preoperative and postoperative radiographs, and owner surveys were reviewed for case details and outcome.ResultsThe technique described allowed removal of the large fragment in all 18 horses. Of the 17 horses where long‐term clinical follow‐up was available, 14 were used as intended and 3 kept some degree of lameness. The angle between the remodeled extensor process and the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx was increased and subchondral bone remodeling at the fragment bed was noted on postoperative lateromedial radiographs.ConclusionArthroscopic removal is a good treatment option for horses with large extensor process fragmentation with a good long‐term outcome. Remodeling of the remaining extensor process and the subchondral new bone formation in the fragment bed can occur with functional recovery.
Systematic Review of Outcome Measures Reported in Clinical Canine Osteoarthritis Research
Authors: Belshaw Zoe , Asher Lucy , Dean Rachel S. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo record and categorize the outcome measures used in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) by systematically reviewing the peer reviewed publications on OA in dogs.Study DesignSystematic literature review.Study PopulationPeer reviewed literature on canine OA.MethodsA computer‐based bibliographic search was performed on PubMed and CAB Abstracts in August 2013 to find peer reviewed publications relevant to canine OA. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The outcome measures reported within each publication were recorded and categorized for comparison. Adequately described outcome measures were assessed for uniqueness and evidence of prior validation.ResultsOf 3,697 publications identified and screened, 117 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Within eligible publications, outcome measures were used 618 times (median of 4 outcome measures per publication). Outcomes measured were divided into 5 groups containing 65 categories. The most frequently assessed outcomes were lameness assessment with no stated gait/mixed gaits (66 outcomes), radiography (58), and lameness single gait/lateral motion (55). Of 618 outcome measures reported, 491 were assessed for uniqueness and 348 (71%) were unique to a single publication. Ten outcome measures were reported to have been validated.ConclusionMany outcome measures have been used to assess canine OA. There is no consensus on which are the most useful outcomes or by which method they should be assessed. There is a pressing need for agreement on outcomes reporting in canine OA and for validation of outcome measures used for these assessments. Until consensus is reached, we recommend at least one validated outcome measure be used in every clinical study.
Response of Sorghum halepense demographic processes to plant density and rimsulfuron dose in maize
Authors: Barroso J , Maxwell B D , Dorado J , Andújar D , San Martín C , Fernández‐Quintanilla C 
Published: April 2016

SummaryIn spatially heterogeneous weed infestations, variable dose technologies could be used to minimise herbicide use; high doses could be applied to reduce high‐density patches and low doses to maintain weed populations in low‐density portions of a field. To assess the potential short‐ and long‐term effects of variable herbicide dose and site‐specific management, the major weed demographic processes were described and parameterised in this study. Various doses of rimsulfuron (from 0 to 12.5 g a.i. ha−1) were applied to different densities of Sorghum halepense (0–100 plants m−2). Contrary to similar studies with other weed species, higher herbicide efficacy was not observed at low densities, suggesting that the same rimsulfuron dose should be applied regardless of the S. halepense density. The highest percentage of control was obtained with the full rimsulfuron dose. However, it did not guarantee a decrease of the infestation in the following season in the field areas where the initial S. halepense density was lower than 60 plants m−2. Reduced doses of rimsulfuron to control S. halepense cannot be recommended based on our results.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Exploits Olfaction To Enter New Hosts
Authors: Farrell Helen E. , Lawler Clara , Tan Cindy S. E. , MacDonald Kate , Bruce Kimberley , Mach Michael , Davis-Poynter Nick , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Viruses transmit via the environmental and social interactions of their hosts. Herpesviruses have colonized mammals since their earliest origins, suggesting that they exploit ancient, common pathways. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are assumed to enter new hosts orally, but no site has been identified. We show by live imaging that murine CMV (MCMV) infects nasally rather than orally, both after experimental virus uptake and during natural transmission. Replication-deficient virions revealed the primary target as olfactory neurons. Local, nasal replication by wild-type MCMV was not extensive, but there was rapid systemic spread, associated with macrophage infection. A long-term, transmissible infection was then maintained in the salivary glands. The viral m131/m129 chemokine homolog, which influences tropism, promoted salivary gland colonization after nasal entry but was not required for entry
per se
. The capacity of MCMV to transmit via olfaction, together with previous demonstrations of experimental olfactory infection by murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), suggest that this is a common, conserved route of mammalian herpesvirus entry.

IMPORTANCE
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) infect most mammals. Human CMV (HCMV) harms people with poor immune function and can damage the unborn fetus. It infects approximately 1% of live births. We lack a good vaccine. One problem is that how CMVs first enter new hosts remains unclear. Oral entry is often assumed, but the evidence is indirect, and no infection site is known. The difficulty of analyzing HCMV makes related animal viruses an important source of insights. Murine CMV (MCMV) infected not orally but nasally. Specifically, it targeted olfactory neurons. Viral transmission was also a nasal infection. Like HCMV, MCMV infected cells by binding to heparan, and olfactory surfaces display heparan to incoming viruses, whereas most other mucosal surfaces do not. These data establish a new understanding of CMV infections and a basis for infection control.
Sequential Acquisition of Virulence and Fluoroquinolone Resistance Has Shaped the Evolution of Escherichia coli ST131
Authors: Ben Zakour Nouri L. , Alsheikh-Hussain Areej S. , Ashcroft Melinda M. , Khanh Nhu Nguyen Thi , Roberts Leah W. , Stanton-Cook Mitchell , Schembri Mark A. , Beatson Scott A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
ST131 is the most frequently isolated fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQR)
E. coli
clone worldwide and a major cause of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Although originally identified through its association with the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance gene, global genomic epidemiology studies have failed to resolve the geographical and temporal origin of the ST131 ancestor. Here, we developed a framework for the reanalysis of publically available genomes from different countries and used this data set to reconstruct the evolutionary steps that led to the emergence of FQR ST131. Using Bayesian estimation, we show that point mutations in chromosomal genes that confer FQR coincide with the first clinical use of fluoroquinolone in 1986 and illustrate the impact of this pivotal event on the rapid population expansion of ST131 worldwide from an apparent origin in North America. Furthermore, we identify virulence factor acquisition events that predate the development of FQR, suggesting that the gain of virulence-associated genes followed by the tandem development of antibiotic resistance primed the successful global dissemination of ST131.

IMPORTANCE
Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131) is a recently emerged and globally disseminated multidrug-resistant clone frequently associated with human urinary tract and bloodstream infections. In this study, we have used two large publically available genomic data sets to define a number of critical steps in the evolution of this important pathogen. We show that resistance to fluoroquinolones, a class of broad-spectrum antibiotic used extensively in human medicine and veterinary practice, developed in ST131 soon after the introduction of these antibiotics in the United States, most likely in North America. We also mapped the acquisition of several fitness and virulence determinants by ST131 and demonstrate these events occurred prior to the development of fluoroquinolone resistance. Thus, ST131 has emerged by stealth, first acquiring genes associated with an increased capacity to cause human infection, and then gaining a resistance armory that has driven its massive population expansion across the globe.
Local Population Structure and Patterns of Western Hemisphere Dispersal for
Coccidioides
spp., the Fungal Cause of Valley Fever
Authors: Engelthaler David M. , Roe Chandler C. , Hepp Crystal M. , Teixeira Marcus , Driebe Elizabeth M. , Schupp James M. , Gade Lalitha , Waddell Victor , Komatsu Kenneth , Arathoon Eduardo , Logemann Heidi , Thompson George R. , Chiller Tom , Barker Bridget , Keim Paul , Litvintseva Anastasia P. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Coccidioidomycosis (or valley fever) is a fungal disease with high morbidity and mortality that affects tens of thousands of people each year. This infection is caused by two sibling species,
Coccidioides immitis
and
C. posadasii
, which are endemic to specific arid locales throughout the Western Hemisphere, particularly the desert southwest of the United States. Recent epidemiological and population genetic data suggest that the geographic range of coccidioidomycosis is expanding, as new endemic clusters have been identified in the state of Washington, well outside the established endemic range. The genetic mechanisms and epidemiological consequences of this expansion are unknown and require better understanding of the population structure and evolutionary history of these pathogens. Here we performed multiple phylogenetic inference and population genomics analyses of 68 new and 18 previously published genomes. The results provide evidence of substantial population structure in
C. posadasii
and demonstrate the presence of distinct geographic clades in central and southern Arizona as well as dispersed populations in Texas, Mexico, South America, and Central America. Although a smaller number of
C. immitis
strains were included in the analyses, some evidence of phylogeographic structure was also detected in this species, which has been historically limited to California and Baja, Mexico. Bayesian analyses indicated that
C. posadasii
is the more ancient of the two species and that Arizona contains the most diverse subpopulations. We propose a southern Arizona-northern Mexico origin for
C. posadasii
and describe a pathway for dispersal and distribution out of this region.

IMPORTANCE
Coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever, is caused by the pathogenic fungi
Coccidioides posadasii
and
C. immitis
. The fungal species and disease are primarily found in the American desert southwest, with spotted distribution throughout the Western Hemisphere. Initial molecular studies suggested a likely anthropogenic movement of
C. posadasii
from North America to South America. Here we comparatively analyze eighty-six genomes of the two
Coccidioides
species and establish local and species-wide population structures to not only clarify the earlier dispersal hypothesis but also provide evidence of likely ancestral populations and patterns of dispersal for the known subpopulations of
C. posadasii
.
Trimming Surface Sugars Protects
Histoplasma
from Immune Attack
Authors: Brown Gordon D. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Dectin-1 is an essential innate immune receptor that recognizes β-glucans in fungal cell walls. Its importance is underscored by the mechanisms that fungal pathogens have evolved to avoid detection by this receptor. One such pathogen is
Histoplasma capsulatum
, and in a recent article in
mBio
, Rappleye’s group presented data showing that yeasts of this organism secrete a β-glucanase, Eng1, which acts to prune β-glucans that are exposed on the fungal cell surface [A. L. Garfoot et al., mBio 7(2):e01388-15, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01388-15
]. The trimming of these sugars reduces immune recognition through Dectin-1 and subsequent inflammatory responses, enhancing the pathogenesis of
H. capsulatum
.
The Bee Microbiome: Impact on Bee Health and Model for Evolution and Ecology of Host-Microbe Interactions
Authors: Engel Philipp , Kwong Waldan K. , McFrederick Quinn , Anderson Kirk E. , Barribeau Seth Michael , Chandler James Angus , Cornman R. Scott , Dainat Jacques , de Miranda Joachim R. , Doublet Vincent , Emery Olivier , Evans Jay D. , Farinelli Laurent , Flenniken Michelle L. , Granberg Fredrik , Grasis Juris A. , Gauthier Laurent , Hayer Juliette , Koch Hauke , Kocher Sarah , Martinson Vincent G. , Moran Nancy , Munoz-Torres Monica , Newton Irene , Paxton Robert J. , Powell Eli , Sadd Ben M. , Schmid-Hempel Paul , Schmid-Hempel Regula , Song Se Jin , Schwarz Ryan S. , vanEngelsdorp Dennis , Dainat Benjamin 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
As pollinators, bees are cornerstones for terrestrial ecosystem stability and key components in agricultural productivity. All animals, including bees, are associated with a diverse community of microbes, commonly referred to as the microbiome. The bee microbiome is likely to be a crucial factor affecting host health. However, with the exception of a few pathogens, the impacts of most members of the bee microbiome on host health are poorly understood. Further, the evolutionary and ecological forces that shape and change the microbiome are unclear. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the bee microbiome, and we present challenges associated with its investigation. We conclude that global coordination of research efforts is needed to fully understand the complex and highly dynamic nature of the interplay between the bee microbiome, its host, and the environment. High-throughput sequencing technologies are ideal for exploring complex biological systems, including host-microbe interactions. To maximize their value and to improve assessment of the factors affecting bee health, sequence data should be archived, curated, and analyzed in ways that promote the synthesis of different studies. To this end, the BeeBiome consortium aims to develop an online database which would provide reference sequences, archive metadata, and host analytical resources. The goal would be to support applied and fundamental research on bees and their associated microbes and to provide a collaborative framework for sharing primary data from different research programs, thus furthering our understanding of the bee microbiome and its impact on pollinator health.
The iMpact on practice, oUtcomes and costs of New roles for health pROfeSsionals: a study protocol for MUNROS
Authors: Bond Christine , Bruhn Hanne , de Bont Antoinette , van Exel Job , Busse Reinhard , Sutton Matthew , Elliott Robert 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionThe size and composition of the European Union healthcare workforce are key drivers of expenditure and performance; it now includes new health professions and enhanced roles for established professions. This project will systematically analyse how this has contributed to health service redesign, integration and performance in 9 European countries (Scotland, England, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Norway, and Turkeyi). This paper describes the protocol for collection of survey data in 3 distinct care pathways, and sets it in the context of the wider programme.MethodsQuestionnaires will be distributed to healthcare professionals (n=14 580), managers (n=3564) and patients (n=19 440) in 3 care pathways (breast cancer; type 2 diabetes; and coronary heart disease) within 12 hospitals and associated primary care settings in each country. Questionnaire topics will include demography, the different professionals working on the care pathway, the tasks they do and the time taken, their decision-making abilities when considering skill mix, specialisation and integration of care. Patient satisfaction, healthcare utilisation and preferences will be explored. In later work, register data and data from patient records will be used to record clinical outcomes. Data will also be collected on workforce and procedure costs. Descriptive analysis will identify the different models of care and multivariate analysis will establish the most clinically and cost-effective models.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by ethical committees in each country. Findings will be disseminated through national/international clinical, health services research and health workforce conferences, and publications in national/international peer-reviewed journals.
Impact of clinical registries on quality of patient care and health outcomes: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Hoque Dewan Md Emdadul , Kumari Varuni , Ruseckaite Rasa , Romero Lorena , Evans Sue M 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionMany developed countries have regional and national clinical registries aimed at improving health outcomes of patients diagnosed with particular diseases or cared for in particular healthcare settings. Clinical quality registries (CQRs) are clinical registries established with the purpose of monitoring quality of care and providing feedback to improve health outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the impact of CQRs on (1) mortality/survival; (2) measures of outcome that reflect a process or outcome of healthcare; (3) healthcare utilisation and (4) costs.Methods and analysisThe PRISMA-P methodology, checklist and standard strategy using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and structured data abstraction tools will be followed. A search of the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and CINAHL will be undertaken, in addition to Google Scholar and grey literature, to identify studies in English covering the period January 1980 to December 2014. Case–control, cohort, randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials which describe the registry as an intervention will be eligible for inclusion. Narrative synthesis of study findings will be conducted, guided by a conceptual framework developed to analyse the outcome measure of the registry using defined criteria. If sufficient studies are identified with a similar outcome of interest and measure using the same comparator and time of interval, results will be pooled for random-effects meta-analysis. Test for heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis will be conducted. To identify reporting bias, forest plots and funnel plots will be created and, if required, Egger's test will be conducted.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. Review results will be published as a part of thesis, peer-reviewed journal and conferences.Trial registration numberCRD42015017319.
Health literacy and the use of healthcare services in Belgium
Authors: Vandenbosch Jessica , Van den Broucke Stephan , Vancorenland Sigrid , Avalosse Hervé , Verniest Rebekka , Callens Michael 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundMost of the existing studies demonstrating the relationships between health literacy and health service use have been conducted outside Europe and cannot be generalised to European healthcare systems. Moreover, the majority of studies measure healthcare use via self-reports. This study investigated whether health literacy is related to the use of health services measured objectively via patient records in a European country.Methods9617 members of a Belgian health insurance fund (59% females, ages 18–88 years, mean age 55.8 years) completed an online questionnaire including the 16-item European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q) and agreed to have their responses linked to the insurance fund's health service use records. A two-part model approach was used to assess the association between health literacy and the use of healthcare services and the costs related, adjusting for personal and behavioural characteristics.ResultsLow health literacy is associated with more admissions to 1-day clinics, general practitioner (GP) home consultations, psychiatrist consultations and ambulance transports, and with longer stays in general hospitals. Associations with psychiatric hospitalisations and specialist consultations are also found but are not significant when correction for multiple comparisons is applied. In contrast, health literacy is not significantly related to the number of GP consultations, admissions to 1-day surgical clinics or emergency consultations. The relationship between health literacy and medication use is inconsistent.ConclusionThe results partly confirm that low health literacy is associated with greater use of healthcare services, and especially of more specialised services. Improving the health literacy of the population can be an effective strategy to promote a more (cost)-effective use of the healthcare services and thus contribute to population health.