bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Backwardness and Social Tension*
Authors: Brunnschweiler Christa N. , Lujala Päivi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe propose that relative economic backwardness contributes to the build‐up of social tension and non‐violent and violent conflict. We test our hypothesis using data on organized mass movements and armed civil conflict. The findings show that greater economic backwardness is consistently linked to a higher probability of onset of violent and especially non‐violent forms of civil unrest. We provide evidence that the relationship is causal in instrumental variables estimations using new instruments, including mailing speeds and telegram charges around 1900. The magnitude of the effect of backwardness on social tension increases in the two‐stage least‐squares estimations.
Impact of nutrition interventions on pediatric mortality and nutrition outcomes in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review
Authors: Balhara Kamna S. , Silvestri David M. , Tyler Winders W. , Selvam Anand , Kivlehan Sean M. , Becker Torben K. , Levine Adam C. ,   the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review Group (GEMLR)
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesMalnutrition contributes to paediatric morbidity and mortality in disasters and complex emergencies, but summary data describing specific nutritional interventions in these settings are lacking. This systematic review aimed to characterise such interventions and their effects on paediatric mortality, anthropometric measures and serum markers of nutrition.MethodsA systematic search of OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and relevant grey literature was conducted. We included all randomised controlled trials and observational controlled studies evaluating effectiveness of nutritional intervention(s) on defined health outcomes in children and adolescents (0–18 years) within a disaster or complex emergency. We extracted study characteristics, interventions and outcomes data. Study quality was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.ResultsA total of 31 studies met inclusion criteria. Most were conducted in Africa (17), during periods of conflict or hunger gaps (14), and evaluated micronutrient supplementation (14) or selective feeding (10). Overall study quality was low, with only two high and four moderate quality studies. High‐ and medium‐quality studies demonstrated positive impact of fortified spreads, ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods, micronutrient supplementation, and food and cash transfers.ConclusionIn disasters and complex emergencies, high variability and low quality of controlled studies on paediatric malnutrition limit meaningful data aggregation. If existing research gaps are to be addressed, the inherent unpredictability of humanitarian emergencies and ethical considerations regarding controls may warrant a paradigm shift in what constitutes adequate methods. Periodic hunger gaps may offer a generalisable opportunity for robust trials, but consensus on meaningful nutritional endpoints is needed.
Four years of case‐based surveillance of meningitis following the introduction of MenAfriVac in Moissala, Chad: lessons learned
Authors: Page Anne‐Laure , Coldiron Matthew E. , Gamougam Kadidja , Acyl Mahmaat Ali , Tamadji Mbaihol , Lastrucci Céline , Hurtado Northan , Tehoua François‐Charles , Fermon Florence , Caugant Dominique A. , Porten Klaudia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveCase‐based surveillance of bacterial meningitis in sentinel districts has been recommended after the introduction of the conjugated vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA), MenAfriVac, in the African meningitis belt. Here we report data and lessons learnt from four years of surveillance in the district of Moissala, Chad.MethodsAll suspected cases of meningitis were referred free of charge to the district hospital for lumbar puncture and treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were tested with Pastorex latex agglutination in Moissala, and inoculated trans‐isolate media were used for culture and PCR at the national reference laboratory and/or at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.ResultsFrom July 2012 to December 2016, 237 suspected cases of meningitis were notified, and a specimen was collected from 224. Eighty‐three samples were positive for a bacterial pathogen by culture, PCR or Pastorex, including 58 cases due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with only 28 of 49 pneumococcal meningitis confirmed by culture or PCR correctly identified by Pastorex. Four cases of NmA were detected by Pastorex, but none were confirmed by PCR.ConclusionImplementation of case‐based surveillance for meningitis is feasible in Chad, but has required political and technical engagement. Given the high proportion of S. pneumoniae and its poor detection by Pastorex, continued use of PCR is warranted for surveillance outside of outbreaks, and efforts to accelerate the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are needed. Introduction of MenAfriVac in routine immunisation and future availability of a pentavalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine will be key elements for the sustained reduction in meningitis outbreaks in the area.
Spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn]
Authors: Lv Yongkun , Gao Song , Xu Sha , Du Guocheng , Zhou Jingwen , Chen Jian 
Published: October 2017

SummarySilymarin is a collection of compounds extracted from the medicinal herb milk thistle, among which silybin is the major flavonolignan. However, the biosynthesis pathway of silybin remains unclear. In this study, biomimetic reactions demonstrated that silybin can be synthesized from coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin by the action of peroxidase. The concentration profiles of silybin and its precursors and RNA‐Seq analysis of gene expression revealed that the amount of taxifolin and the activity of peroxidase serve as the limiting factors in silybin biosynthesis. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profile of genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway distinguished flowers from other organs. RNA‐Seq revealed five candidates for the peroxidase involved in silybin production, among which APX1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1) showed a distinct peroxidase activity and the capacity to synthesize silybin. The spatial organization of silybin biosynthesis in milk thistle was elucidated, which could help our understanding of the biosynthesis of silybin and other flavonolignans.
Drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia associated with anti‐vancomycin complicated by a paraben antibody
Authors: Gniadek Thomas J. , Arndt Patricia A. , Leger Regina M. , Zydowicz Daniel , Cheng Edward Y. , Zantek Nicole D. 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUNDDrug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is rare, but potentially life‐threatening. A high index of clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis, since the number of medications known to induce DIIHA continues to expand. Additionally, in vitro antibody reactivity against reagent additives has been reported, which may complicate test interpretation.CASE REPORTA 61‐year‐old group A, D+ woman with a history of negative antibody detection tests developed hemolytic anemia on Postoperative Day 7 after repeat incision and drainage of a chronically infected right knee prosthesis. She was treated with multiple antibiotics in the postoperative period, including three cephalosporins and vancomycin intravenously as well as vancomycin and gentamicin‐containing intraarticular cement spacers.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA workup for possible DIIHA was performed. Testing was performed using vancomycin and cephalosporin antibiotics. Initially, gentamicin injection solution was used for testing, followed by testing with its component ingredients.RESULTSA vancomycin antibody was detected and anemia resolved after vancomycin was discontinued. Reactivity was seen when gentamicin injection solution was used for testing, raising the possibility of a gentamicin antibody as well. However, testing with purified gentamicin as well as methylparaben and propylparaben demonstrated a paraben antibody that reacted with the paraben‐containing gentamicin solution. The patient also demonstrated an anti‐N. Neither the paraben antibody nor the anti‐N appeared to cause in vivo hemolysis.CONCLUSIONThis is the second reported case of DIIHA associated with anti‐vancomycin. It is the fourth report describing a paraben antibody.
Acute autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to anti‐Ena autoantibody successfully treated with rituximab
Authors: Nedelcu Elena , Desai Megan , Green Jennifer , Bensing Kathleen M. , Turner Austin , Head David , Young Pampee P. 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUNDAutoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) due to anti‐Ena has been previously reported in association with massive intravascular hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and fatal outcomes. Here we report a case of successfully treated AIHA due to anti‐Ena.CASE REPORTA 69‐year‐old male with a past medical history of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis status post–orthotopic liver transplant presented with 1‐month history of progressive anemia. At presentation, his hemoglobin (Hb) was 5.6 g/dL, hematocrit (Hct) 16%, reticulocytes 0.3%, direct bilirubin (bili) 4 g/dL, lactate dehydrogenase 533 units/L (reference, 125‐220 units/L), and haptoglobin 254 mg/dL (reference, 40‐273 mg/dL). Blood bank testing revealed an autoantibody present in his plasma and a direct antiglobulin test positive for immunoglobulin G (IgC) but negative for complement. He received 1 unit of an incompatible blood group O phenotypically matched red blood cell unit.RESULTSOver the course of the next 5 days, the Hb and Hct decreased to 4.1 g/dL and 12%, respectively, direct bili increased to 12.3 mg/day, reticulocytes slightly increased to 0.9%, and haptoglobin decreased to less than 8 mg/dL. Marrow study showed a hypercellular marrow with erythroid hyperplasia. Additional workup performed at a reference laboratory identified an anti‐Ena autoantibody. He received prednisone and weekly rituximab infusions and was monitored weekly. At the 2‐month visit, Hb and Hct were 10 g/dL and 32%, respectively.CONCLUSIONUnlike two of the previously reported fatal cases of AIHA with anti‐Ena specificity, this 69‐year‐old male treated with weekly rituximab infusion underwent clinical recovery and significant anemia improvement.
Phrenicoabdominal venotomy for tumor thrombectomy in dogs with adrenal neoplasia and suspected vena caval invasion
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Culp William T. N. , Balsa Ingrid M. , Zwingenberger Allison L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a technique for tumor thrombectomy by phrenicoabdominal venotomy in dogs with adrenal neoplasia and suspected caval invasion and to report complications and outcomes associated with the procedure.Study designRetrospective case series.AnimalsEight client‐owned dogs with invasive adrenal tumors.MethodsMedical records of dogs diagnosed with adrenal tumors with extension of thrombus into the phrenicoabdominal vein (PAV) and vena cava were reviewed. Cases where phrenicoabdominal venotomy without cavotomy for thrombus resection was performed were included. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic imaging results, preoperative laboratory testing, surgical technique, surgical and postoperative complications and outcome.ResultsPhrenicoabdominal venotomy was successful in removal of vena caval thrombosis in 7 of 8 dogs. In one case, an attempt was made to remove a large vena caval thrombus through a distended PAV resulting in fragmentation of the thrombus and the need to extend the incision into the vena cava. In all dogs, complete removal of tumor thrombus was achieved. Two dogs died in the perioperative period, one from cardiopulmonary arrest and a second from bronchopneumonia and pancreatitis. The remaining 6 dogs were discharged from the hospital.ConclusionThrombectomy through a phrenicoabdominal venotomy may obviate the need for a cavotomy in a subset of dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasia.
High-Resolution Epitope Positioning of a Large Collection of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Single-Domain Antibodies on the Enzymatic and Binding Subunits of Ricin Toxin
Authors: Vance David J. , Tremblay Jacqueline M. , Rong Yinghui , Angalakurthi Siva Krishna , Volkin David B. , Middaugh C. Russell , Weis David D. , Shoemaker Charles B. , Mantis Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

We previously produced a heavy-chain-only antibody (Ab) VH domain (V
H
H)-displayed phage library from two alpacas that had been immunized with ricin toxoid and nontoxic mixtures of the enzymatic ricin toxin A subunit (RTA) and binding ricin toxin B subunit (RTB) (D. J. Vance, J. M. Tremblay, N. J. Mantis, and C. B. Shoemaker, J Biol Chem 288:36538–36547, 2013,
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.519207
). Initial and subsequent screens of that library by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) yielded more than two dozen unique RTA- and RTB-specific V
H
Hs, including 10 whose structures were subsequently solved in complex with RTA. To generate a more complete antigenic map of ricin toxin and to define the epitopes associated with toxin-neutralizing activity, we subjected the V
H
H-displayed phage library to additional “pannings” on both receptor-bound ricin and antibody-captured ricin. We now report the full-length DNA sequences, binding affinities, and neutralizing activities of 68 unique V
H
Hs: 31 against RTA, 33 against RTB, and 4 against ricin holotoxin. Epitope positioning was achieved through cross-competition ELISAs performed with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and verified, in some instances, with hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The 68 V
H
Hs grouped into more than 20 different competition bins. The RTA-specific V
H
Hs with strong toxin-neutralizing activities were confined to bins that overlapped two previously identified neutralizing hot spots, termed clusters I and II. The four RTB-specific V
H
Hs with potent toxin-neutralizing activity grouped within three adjacent bins situated at the RTA-RTB interface near cluster II. These results provide important insights into epitope interrelationships on the surface of ricin and delineate regions of vulnerability that can be exploited for the purpose of vaccine and therapeutic development.
Lipoedematous scalp: is there an association with fatty infiltration of the parotid?
Authors: Law Sarah , Jayarajan Rajshree 
Published: October 2017

Lipoedematous scalp (LS) is an extremely rare condition characterised by a soft and boggy consistency in the scalp due to an increased layer of subcutaneous tissue.In this report, we present a case of LS in a 64-year-old Indian woman. Clinical examination revealed only vague boggy lumpiness involving the whole of occipital scalp extending to parietal scalp. MRI scalp showed diffuse fatty infiltration of the scalp, particularly at the posterior parietal and occipital convexity extending to both lateral aspects of the cranium, with homogeneous signal in keeping with fat. Incidentally MRI also found diffuse fatty infiltration of the parotids.The aethiopathogenesis of LS is still unknown, however it is believed that the hormone leptin could be the key hormone in the dysregulation of fat deposition and distribution. This case report highlights the subtle features with which these cases can present and explores the literature on reported cases of LS.
Influence of Baseline Diastolic Blood Pressure on Effects of Intensive Compared With Standard Blood Pressure Control
Authors: Beddhu Srinivasan , Chertow Glenn M. , Cheung Alfred K. , Cushman William C. , Rahman Mahboob , Greene Tom , Wei Guo , Campbell Ruth C. , Conroy Margaret , Freedman Barry I. , Haley William , Horwitz Edward , Kitzman Dalane , Lash James , Papademetriou Vasilios , Pisoni Roberto , Riessen Erik , Rosendorff Clive , Watnick Suzanne G. , Whittle Jeffrey , Whelton Paul K. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
In individuals with a low diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the potential benefits or risks of intensive systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering are unclear.

Methods:
SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) was a randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of intensive (target <120 mm Hg) and standard (target <140 mm Hg) SBP control in 9361 older adults with high blood pressure at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular disease events. All-cause death and incident chronic kidney disease were secondary outcomes. This post hoc analysis examined whether the effects of the SBP intervention differed by baseline DBP.

Results:

Mean baseline SBP and DBP were 139.7±15.6 and 78.1±11.9 mm Hg, respectively. Regardless of the randomized treatment, baseline DBP had a U-shaped association with the hazard of the primary cardiovascular disease outcome. However, the effects of the intensive SBP intervention on the primary outcome were not influenced by baseline DBP level (
P
for interaction=0.83). The primary outcome hazard ratio for intensive versus standard treatment was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.57–1.07) in the lowest DBP quintile (mean baseline DBP, 61±5 mm Hg) and 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.61–0.90) in the upper 4 DBP quintiles (mean baseline DBP, 82±9 mm Hg), with an interaction
P
value of 0.78. Results were similar for all-cause death and kidney events.

Conclusions:
Low baseline DBP was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease events, but there was no evidence that the benefit of the intensive SBP lowering differed by baseline DBP.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01206062.
A Postmodern Metamorphosis: The Process of Michael Sgan-Cohen’s Reception into the Israeli Art Field
Authors: Rubenstein Ruth 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This essay looks at Michael Sgan-Cohen’s reception in the Israeli art field over a period of 25 years. It suggests that whereas Sgan-Cohen’s signature style of referencing and reworking Jewish sources did not change much over that time, the Israeli art field did shift in its reception of his work, from an unfavorable stance in 1978, to a somewhat more accepting one in 1994, to recognition of Sgan-Cohen as an artist of merit in 2004. Critical commentaries on his exhibitions and interviews with key personalities within the field shed light on Sgan-Cohen’s reception and elucidate the changes within the field itself. Moreover, by focusing on the emergence of postmodern discourse and its influence on the Israeli art field and framing these findings within the realm of field theory, this study creates a context for understanding these structural shifts in the Israeli art field, as it came face-to-face with postmodern discourse.
World of Walls
Authors: Saddiki Said 
Published: October 2017

"We’re going to build a wall.”
Borders have been drawn since the beginning of time, but in recent years artificial barriers have become increasingly significant to the political conversation across the world. Donald Trump was elected President of the United States while promising to build a wall on the Mexico border, and in Europe, the international movements of migrants and refugees have sparked fierce discussion about whether and how countries should restrict access to their territory by erecting physical barriers. Virtual walls are also built and crushed at increasing speed. In the post-9/11 era there is a greater danger from so-called "transnational non-state actors”, and computer hacking and cyberterrorism threaten to overwhelm our technological barriers.
In this timely and original book, Said Saddiki scrutinises the physical and virtual walls located in four continents, including Israel, India, the southern EU border, Morocco, and the proposed border wall between Mexico and the US. Saddiki’s detailed analysis explores the tensions between the rise of globalisation, which some have argued will lead to a "borderless world” and "the end of the nation-state”, and the rapid development in recent decades of border control systems.
Saddiki examines both regular and irregular cross-border activities, including the flow of people, goods, ideas, drugs, weapons, capital, and information, and explores the disparities that are reflected by barriers to such activities. He considers the consequences of the construction of physical and virtual walls, including their impact on international relations and the rise of the multi-billion dollar security market.
World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers is important reading for all those interested in the topics of immigration, border security, international relations, and policy.
Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Cassou Christophe , Kushnir Yochanan , Hawkins Ed , Pirani Anna , Kucharski Fred , Kang In-Sik , Caltabiano Nico 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The study of Decadal Climate Variability (DCV) and Predictability is the interdisciplinary endeavor to characterize, understand, attribute, simulate, and predict the slow, multiyear variations of climate at global (e.g., the recent slowdown of global mean temperature rise in the early 2000s) and regional (e.g., decadal modulation of hurricane activity in the Atlantic, ongoing drought in California or in the Sahel in the 1970s–80s, etc.) scales. This study remains very challenging despite decades of research, extensive progress in climate system modeling, and improvements in the availability and coverage of a wide variety of observations. Considerable obstacles in applying this knowledge to actual predictions remain.
This short article is a succint review paper about DCV and predictability. Based on listed issues and priorities, it also proposes a unifying theme referred to as “drivers of teleconnectivity” as a backbone to address and structure the core DCV research challenge. This framework goes beyond a preoccupation with changes in the global mean temperature and directly addresses the regional impacts of external (natural and anthropogenic) climate forcing and internal climate interactions; it thus explicitly deals with the societal needs for region-specific climate information. Such a framework also enables the integration of efforts in a large international research community toward advancing the observation, characterization, understanding, and prediction of DCV. Recommendations to make progress are provided as part of the contribution of the CLIVAR “DCVP Research Focus” group.
Intensification of Large-Scale Stretching of Atmospheric Pollutant Clouds due to Climate Change
Authors: Haszpra Tímea 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to investigate the question of how a changing climate influences the spreading of pollutants on continental and global scales. For characterizing the spreading, a measure of chaotic systems, called topological entropy, is used. This quantity describes the exponential stretching of pollutant clouds and, therefore, is related to the predictability and the complexity of the structure of a pollutant cloud. For the dispersion simulations the ERA-Interim database is used from 1979 to 2015. The simulations demonstrate that during this period the mean topological entropy slightly increases: the length of an initially line-like pollutant cloud advected for 10 (30) days in the atmosphere becomes 20%–65% (200%–400%) longer by the 2010s than in the 1980s. The mean topological entropy is found to be strongly correlated with the mean of the absolute value of the relative vorticity and only weakly linked to the mean temperature.