bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Sulfur Allotropes in Electron Irradiated Jupiter Trojans Ice Analogs
Authors: Mahjoub Ahmed , Poston Michael J. , Blacksberg Jordana , Eiler John M. , Brown Michael E. , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Hodyss Robert , Hand Kevin P. , Carlson Robert , Choukroun Mathieu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate sulfur chemistry in laboratory analogs of Jupiter Trojans and Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). Electron irradiation experiments of CH3OH–NH3–H2O and H2S–CH3OH–NH3–H2O ices were conducted to better understand the chemical differences between primordial planetesimals inside and outside the sublimation line of H2S. The main goal of this work is to test the chemical plausibility of the hypothesis correlating the color bimodality in Jupiter Trojans with sulfur chemistry in the incipient solar system. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of the irradiated mixtures allows the detection of small sulfur allotropes (S3 and S4) after the irradiation of H2S containing ice mixtures. These small, red polymers are metastable and could polymerize further under thermal processing and irradiation, producing larger sulfur polymers (mainly S8) that are spectroscopically neutral at wavelengths above 500 nm. This transformation may affect the spectral reflectance of Jupiter Trojans in a different way compared to KBOs, thereby providing a useful framework for possibly differentiating and determining the formation and history of small bodies. Along with allotropes, we report the production of organo-sulfur molecules. Sulfur molecules produced in our experiment have been recently detected by Rosetta in the coma of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The very weak absorption of sulfur polymers in the infrared range hampers their identification on Trojans and KBOs, but these allotropes strongly absorb light at UV and Visible wavelengths. This suggests that high signal-to-noise ratio UV–Vis spectra of these objects could provide new constraints on their presence.
The Pseudosynchronization of Binary Stars Undergoing Strong Tidal Interactions
Authors: Zimmerman Mara K. , Thompson Susan E. , Mullally Fergal , Fuller Jim , Shporer Avi , Hambleton Kelly 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Eccentric binaries known as heartbeat stars experience strong dynamical tides as the stars pass through periastron, providing a laboratory to study tidal interactions. We measure the rotation periods of 24 heartbeat systems, using the Kepler light curves to identify rotation peaks in the Fourier transform. Where possible, we compare the rotation period to the pseudosynchronization period derived by Hut. Few of our heartbeat stars are pseudosynchronized with the orbital period. For four systems, we were able to identify two sets of rotation peaks, which we interpret as the rotation from both stars in the binary. Most stars in our sample have rotation rates larger than the pseudosynchronization period while a single target rotates much faster than this rate. The majority of the systems have a rotation period that is approximately

times the pseudosynchronization period, suggesting that other physical mechanisms strongly influence the star’s evolution.
PHAT. XIX. The Ancient Star Formation History of the M31 Disk
Authors: Williams Benjamin F. , Dolphin Andrew E. , Dalcanton Julianne J. , Weisz Daniel R. , Bell Eric F. , Lewis Alexia R. , Rosenfield Philip , Choi Yumi , Skillman Evan , Monachesi Antonela 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We map the star formation history across M31 by fitting stellar evolution models to color–magnitude diagrams of each 83″ × 83″ (0.3 × 1.4 kpc, deprojected) region of the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury (PHAT) survey outside of the innermost

portion. We find that most of the star formation occurred prior to ∼8 Gyr ago, followed by a relatively quiescent period until ∼4 Gyr ago, a subsequent star formation episode about 2 Gyr ago, and a return to relative quiescence. There appears to be little, if any, structure visible for populations with ages older than 2 Gyr, suggesting significant mixing since that epoch. Finally, assuming a Kroupa initial mass function from 0.1 to 100 M
⊙, we find that the total amount of star formation over the past 14 Gyr in the area over which we have fit models is 5 × 1010 M
⊙. Fitting the radial distribution of this star formation and assuming azimuthal symmetry, (1.5 ± 0.2) × 1011 M
⊙ of stars has formed in the M31 disk as a whole, (9 ± 2) × 1010 M
⊙ of which has likely survived to the present after accounting for evolutionary effects. This mass is about one-fifth of the total dynamical mass of M31.
The Green Bank Ammonia Survey: Dense Cores under Pressure in Orion A
Authors: Kirk Helen , Friesen Rachel K. , Pineda Jaime E. , Rosolowsky Erik , Offner Stella S. R. , Matzner Christopher D. , Myers Philip C. , Di Francesco James , Caselli Paola , Alves Felipe O. , Chacón-Tanarro Ana , Chen How-Huan , Chen Michael Chun-Yuan , Keown Jared , Punanova Anna , Seo Young Min , Shirley Yancy , Ginsburg Adam , Hall Christine , Singh Ayushi , Arce Héctor G. , Goodman Alyssa A. , Martin Peter , Redaelli Elena 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We use data on gas temperature and velocity dispersion from the Green Bank Ammonia Survey and core masses and sizes from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Gould Belt Survey to estimate the virial states of dense cores within the Orion A molecular cloud. Surprisingly, we find that almost none of the dense cores are sufficiently massive to be bound when considering only the balance between self-gravity and the thermal and non-thermal motions present in the dense gas. Including the additional pressure binding imposed by the weight of the ambient molecular cloud material and additional smaller pressure terms, however, suggests that most of the dense cores are pressure-confined.
R-process Element Cosmic Rays from Neutron Star Mergers
Authors: Komiya Yutaka , Shigeyama Toshikazu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Neutron star mergers (NSMs) are one of the most plausible sources of r-process elements in the universe. Therefore, NSMs can also be a major source of ultra-heavy elements in cosmic rays. In this paper, we first estimate the contribution of r-process elements synthesized in NSMs to the ultra-heavy element cosmic rays (UHCRs) by calculating transport equations that take into account energy loss processes and spallations. We show that the flux of UHCRs accelerated by the NSMs themselves fluctuates by many orders of magnitude on a timescale of several million years and can overwhelm UHCRs accelerated by supernova remnants (SNRs) after an NSM takes place within a few kiloparsec from the solar system. Experiments with very long exposure times using meteorites as UHCR detectors can detect this fluctuation. As a consequence, we show that if NSMs are the primary source of UHCRs, future experiments using meteorites may be able to reveal the event history of NSMs in the solar vicinity. We also describe a possible difference in the abundance pattern and energy spectrum of UHCRs between NSM and SNR accelerations.
Bimodal Long-lasting Components in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Promising Electromagnetic Counterparts to Neutron Star Binary Mergers
Authors: Kisaka Shota , Ioka Kunihito , Sakamoto Takanori 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Long-lasting emission of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is crucial to reveal the physical origin of the central engine as well as to detect electromagnetic (EM) counterparts to gravitational waves (GWs) from neutron star binary mergers. We investigate 65 X-ray light curves of short GRBs, which is six times more than previous studies, by combining both Swift/BAT and XRT data. The light curves are found to consist of two distinct components at >5σ with bimodal distributions of luminosity and duration, i.e., extended (with a timescale of ≲103 s) and plateau emission (with a timescale of ≳103 s), which are likely the central engine activities, but not afterglows. The extended emission has an isotropic energy comparable to the prompt emission, while the plateau emission has ∼0.01–1 times this energy. Half (50%) of our sample has both components, while the other half is consistent with having both components. This leads us to conjecture that almost all short GRBs have both the extended and plateau emission. The long-lasting emission can be explained by the jets from black holes with fallback ejecta, and could power macronovae (or kilonovae) like GRB 130603B and GRB 160821B. Based on the observed properties, we quantify the detectability of EM counterparts to GWs, including the plateau emission scattered to the off-axis angle, with CALET/HXM, INTEGRAL/SPI-ACS, Fermi/GBM, MAXI/GSC, Swift/BAT, XRT, the future ISS-Lobster/WFI, Einstein Probe/WXT, and eROSITA.
Project AMIGA: A Minimal Covering Factor for Optically Thick Circumgalactic Gas around the Andromeda Galaxy
Authors: Howk J. Christopher , Wotta Christopher B. , Berg Michelle A. , Lehner Nicolas , Lockman Felix J. , Hafen Zachary , Pisano D. J. , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Wakker Bart P. , Prochaska J. Xavier , Wolfe Spencer A. , Ribaudo Joseph , Barger Kathleen A. , Corlies Lauren , Fox Andrew J. , Guhathakurta Puragra , Jenkins Edward B. , Kalirai Jason , O’Meara John M. , Peeples Molly S. , Stewart Kyle R. , Strader Jay 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present a deep search for

21 cm emission from the gaseous halo of Messier 31 as part of Project AMIGA, a large Hubble Space Telescope program to study the circumgalactic medium of the Andromeda galaxy. Our observations with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope target sight lines to 48 background AGNs, more than half of which have been observed in the ultraviolet with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, with impact parameters

(

). We do not detect any 21 cm emission toward these AGNs to limits of

cm−2 (

per 2 kpc-diameter beam). This column density corresponds to an optical depth of ∼2.5 at the Lyman limit; thus, our observations overlap with absorption line studies of Lyman limit systems at higher redshift. Our non-detections place a limit on the covering factor of such optically thick gas around M31 to

(at 90% confidence) for

. Although individual clouds have previously been found in the region between M31 and M33, the covering factor of strongly optically thick gas is quite small. Our upper limits on the covering factor are consistent with expectations from recent cosmological “zoom” simulations. Recent COS-Halos ultraviolet measurements of

absorption about an ensemble of galaxies at

show significantly higher covering factors within

at the same

, although the metal ion-to-

ratios appear to be consistent with those seen in M31.
Effects of the
and ϕ Mesons on the Properties of Massive Protoneutron Stars
Authors: Mu Xueling , Jia Huanyu , Zhou Xia , Wang Hui 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The properties of massive neutron stars and protoneutron stars are studied in this work in the framework of relativistic mean-field theory. For certain choices of coupling parameters, a two-solar mass cold neutron star is obtained in the presence of hyperons, taking into account the influence of

and ϕ mesons. The model for the coupling parameters is then extrapolated to study the effects of

and ϕ mesons on the properties of massive protoneutron stars in different evolutionary stages. The coupling constants are determined by two different methods, and their corresponding influence on the equation of state, mass, radius, and temperature is studied. The effect of the strange mesons is different at different evolution stages of the neutron star. The properties of a protoneutron star corresponding to the mass of PSR J0348+0432 are also presented.
Quelles valeurs pour quelle politique de santé ?
Authors: Degos Laurent 
Published: September 2017

Proposer une politique de santé optimale soulève de multiples questions que Laurent Degos analyse en s’appuyant sur une riche expérience professionnelle et sur les responsabilités assumées dans des instances françaises et étrangères. Son propos riche et documenté argumente bien l’une de ses conclusions : « Le rapport entre le résultat clinique et la dépense correspondante est la seule valeur à prendre en compte en santé. »
Métaphysique du mariage d’après Thomas d’Aquin
Authors: Oliva Adriano 
Published: September 2017

Pour répondre aux critiques d’Henry Donneaud, nous développons ici notre précédente étude à propos de la fin propre du mariage selon saint Thomas, en nous appuyant sur un plus grand nombre de textes. Nous montrons, d’une part, l’exactitude de notre exégèse de ces textes et la cohérence de notre étude avec l’enseignement métaphysique de l’Aquinate ; d’autre part, nous prouvons que, selon saint Thomas, la procréation ne peut pas être la fin propre du mariage, mais que c’est à l’essence même de celui-ci, l’amitié des conjoints, union indivisible de leurs esprits et de leurs cœurs, que ce rôle revient.
New plant distribution records for southern Namibia
Authors: Burke Antje 
Published: September 2017

Background: A biodiversity zonation in the Greater Fish River Canyon Landscape and delineation of environmentally sensitive areas along the Orange River was required for two conservation projects in the Ai-Ais–Richtersveld Transfrontier Park.Objectives: This required filling gaps in plant distribution data.Method: Field surveys of plants were undertaken during the period 2011–2013.Results: These field surveys generated two cross-border range extensions, which represented new records for Namibia (Ornithogalum decus-montium G.Will. and Salvia dentata Aiton). Five recently described or still undescribed plant species were collected (Chlorophytum boomense Kativu, Moraea thermarum Goldbl. Mann. and three Oxalis species) and several range extensions within Namibia were recorded (Euclea asperrima Holzh., Euryops lateriflorus (L.f.) DC and Othonna cyclophylla Merxm.).Conclusion: These findings highlighted the biodiversity importance of this area at the junction of three major biomes (Succulent Karoo, Desert and Nama Karoo) in the Gariep Centre of Endemism. More stringent reviews of environmental impact assessments are required and associated environmental management guidelines need to be implemented to ensure these newly discovered and rare plants are adequately protected.
Optimal estimation of water vapour profiles using a combination of Raman lidar and microwave radiometer
Authors: Foth Andreas , Pospichal Bernhard 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In this work, a two-step algorithm to obtain water vapour profiles from a combination of Raman lidar and microwave radiometer is presented. Both instruments were applied during an intensive 2-month measurement campaign (HOPE) close to Jülich, western Germany, during spring 2013. To retrieve reliable water vapour information from inside or above the cloud a two-step algorithm is applied. The first step is a Kalman filter that extends the profiles, truncated at cloud base, to the full height range (up to 10 km) by combining previous information and current measurement. Then the complete water vapour profile serves as input to the one-dimensional variational (1D-VAR) method, also known as optimal estimation. A forward model simulates the brightness temperatures which would be observed by the microwave radiometer for the given atmospheric state. The profile is iteratively modified according to its error bars until the modelled and the actually measured brightness temperatures sufficiently agree. The functionality of the retrieval is presented in detail by means of case studies under different conditions. A statistical analysis shows that the availability of Raman lidar data (night) improves the accuracy of the profiles even under cloudy conditions. During the day, the absence of lidar data results in larger differences in comparison to reference radiosondes. The data availability of the full-height water vapour lidar profiles of 17 % during the 2-month campaign is significantly enhanced to 60 % by applying the retrieval. The bias with respect to radiosonde and the retrieved a posteriori uncertainty of the retrieved profiles clearly show that the application of the Kalman filter considerably improves the accuracy and quality of the retrieved mixing ratio profiles.
Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016
Authors: van der Werf Guido R. , Randerson James T. , Giglio Louis , van Leeuwen Thijs T. , Chen Yang , Rogers Brendan M. , Mu Mingquan , van Marle Margreet J. E. , Morton Douglas C. , Collatz G. James , Yokelson Robert J. , Kasibhatla Prasad S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Climate, land use, and other anthropogenic and natural drivers have the potential to influence fire dynamics in many regions. To develop a mechanistic understanding of the changing role of these drivers and their impact on atmospheric composition, long-term fire records are needed that fuse information from different satellite and in situ data streams. Here we describe the fourth version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) and quantify global fire emissions patterns during 1997–2016. The modeling system, based on the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, has several modifications from the previous version and uses higher quality input datasets. Significant upgrades include (1) new burned area estimates with contributions from small fires, (2) a revised fuel consumption parameterization optimized using field observations, (3) modifications that improve the representation of fuel consumption in frequently burning landscapes, and (4) fire severity estimates that better represent continental differences in burning processes across boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. The new version has a higher spatial resolution (0.25°) and uses a different set of emission factors that separately resolves trace gas and aerosol emissions from temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Global mean carbon emissions using the burned area dataset with small fires (GFED4s) were 2.2  ×  1015 grams of carbon per year (Pg C yr−1) during 1997–2016, with a maximum in 1997 (3.0 Pg C yr−1) and minimum in 2013 (1.8 Pg C yr−1). These estimates were 11 % higher than our previous estimates (GFED3) during 1997–2011, when the two datasets overlapped. This net increase was the result of a substantial increase in burned area (37 %), mostly due to the inclusion of small fires, and a modest decrease in mean fuel consumption (−19 %) to better match estimates from field studies, primarily in savannas and grasslands. For trace gas and aerosol emissions, differences between GFED4s and GFED3 were often larger due to the use of revised emission factors. If small fire burned area was excluded (GFED4 without the s for small fires), average emissions were 1.5 Pg C yr−1. The addition of small fires had the largest impact on emissions in temperate North America, Central America, Europe, and temperate Asia. This small fire layer carries substantial uncertainties; improving these estimates will require use of new burned area products derived from high-resolution satellite imagery. Our revised dataset provides an internally consistent set of burned area and emissions that may contribute to a better understanding of multi-decadal changes in fire dynamics and their impact on the Earth system. GFED data are available from http://www.globalfiredata.org.
Impact of rainfall spatial aggregation on the identification of debris flow occurrence thresholds
Authors: Marra Francesco , Destro Elisa , Nikolopoulos Efthymios I. , Zoccatelli Davide , Creutin Jean Dominique , Guzzetti Fausto , Borga Marco 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The systematic underestimation observed in debris flow early warning thresholds has been associated with the use of sparse rain gauge networks to represent highly non-stationary rainfall fields. Remote sensing products permit concurrent estimates of debris-flow-triggering rainfall for areas poorly covered by rain gauges, but the impact of using coarse spatial resolutions to represent such rainfall fields is still to be assessed. This study uses fine-resolution radar data for ∼  100 debris flows in the eastern Italian Alps to (i) quantify the effect of spatial aggregation (1–20 km grid size) on the estimation of debris-flow-triggering rainfall and on the identification of early warning thresholds and (ii) compare thresholds derived from aggregated estimates and rain gauge networks of different densities. The impact of spatial aggregation is influenced by the spatial organization of rainfall and by its dependence on the severity of the triggering rainfall. Thresholds from aggregated estimates show 8–21 % variation in the parameters whereas 10–25 % systematic variation results from the use of rain gauge networks, even for densities as high as 1∕10 km−2.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Meropenem in Critically Ill Young Children
Authors: Cies Jeffrey J. , Moore Wayne S. , Enache Adela , Chopra Arun 
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE
This study aims to describe the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of meropenem in critically ill children.

METHODS
The study involved a retrospective medical record review from a 189-bed, freestanding children's tertiary care teaching hospital of patients ages 1 to 9 years who received meropenem with concurrent therapeutic drug monitoring.

RESULTS
There were 9 patients ages 1 to 9 years (mean age, 3.1 ± 2.9 years) with a mean weight of 17.1 ± 11.9 kg who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis. Meropenem concentrations were best described by a 2-compartment model with first-order elimination, with an R2 and bias of 0.91 and 13.2 mg/L, respectively, for the observed versus population predicted concentrations, and an R2, bias, and imprecision of 1, 0.0675, and 1 mg/L, respectively, for the observed versus individual predicted concentrations. The mean total body drug clearance for the population was 6.99 ± 2.5 mL/min/kg, and Vc was 0.57 ± 0.47 L/kg. The calculated population estimate for the total volume of distribution was 0.78 ± 0.73 L/kg. Standard 0.5-hour meropenem infusions did not provide for appropriate pharmacodynamic exposures of 40% free time &gt; minimum inhibitory concentration (40% fT &gt; MIC) for Gram-negative organisms with susceptible MICs. Dosage regimens employing prolonged and continuous infusion regimens did provide appropriate pharmacodynamic exposures of 40% fT &gt; MIC for Gram-negative organisms up to the break point for Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 4 mg/L.

CONCLUSION
These data suggest the reference dosage regimens for meropenem (20–40 mg/kg per dose every 8 hours) do not meet an appropriate pharmacodynamic target attainment in critically ill children ages 1 to 9 years. Based on these data, only the 3- to 4-hour prolonged infusion and 24-hour continuous infusion regimens were able to achieve an optimal probability of target attainment against all susceptible Gram-negative bacteria in critically ill children for 40% fT &gt; MIC. Dosage regimens of 120 and 160 mg/kg/day as continuous infusion regimens may be necessary to achieve an optimal probability of target attainment against all susceptible Gram-negative bacteria in critically ill children for 80% fT &gt; MIC. Based on these findings, confirmation with a larger, prospective investigation in critically ill children is warranted.