bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-instant automatic access to visually presented words in the human neocortex: neuromagnetic evidence
Authors: Shtyrov Yury , MacGregor Lucy J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRapid and efficient processing of external information by the brain is vital to survival in a highly dynamic environment. The key channel humans use to exchange information is language, but the neural underpinnings of its processing are still not fully understood. We investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of neural access to word representations in the brain by scrutinising the brain’s activity elicited in response to psycholinguistically, visually and phonologically matched groups of familiar words and meaningless pseudowords. Stimuli were briefly presented on the visual-field periphery to experimental participants whose attention was occupied with a non-linguistic visual feature-detection task. The neural activation elicited by these unattended orthographic stimuli was recorded using multi-channel whole-head magnetoencephalography and the timecourse of lexically-specific neuromagnetic responses was assessed in sensor space as well as at the level of cortical sources, estimated using individual MR-based distributed source reconstruction. Our results demonstrate a neocortical signature of automatic near-instant access to word representations in the brain: activity in the perisylvian language network characterised by specific activation enhancement for familiar words, starting as early as ~70 ms after the onset of unattended word stimuli and underpinned by temporal and inferior-frontal cortices.
Protamine zinc insulin combined with sodium selenite improves glycometabolism in the diabetic KKAy mice
Authors: Lu Juan , Ji Wenjun , Zhao Mei , Wang Meng , Yan Wenhui , Chen Mingxia , Ren Shuting , Yuan Bingxiang , Wang Bing , Chen Lina 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLong-term, high dosage protamine zinc insulin (PZI) treatments produce adverse reactions. The trace element selenium (Se) is a candidate for the prevention of diabetes due to anti-oxidative stress activity and the regulation of glycometabolism. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of a combination of PZI and Se on type 2 diabetes. Diabetic KKAy mice were randomized into the following groups: model group and groups that were subcutaneously injected with PZI, Se, high or low dose PZI + Se for 6 weeks. PZI combined with Se decreased the body weight and fasting blood glucose levels. Moreover, this treatment also improved insulin tolerance, as determined by the reduced values from the oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test and increased insulin levels and insulin sensitivity index. PZI combined with Se ameliorated skeletal muscle and β-cell damage and the impaired mitochondrial morphology. Oxidative stress was also reduced. Furthermore, PZI combined with Se upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and downregulated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Importantly, the low dosage combination produced effects similar to PZI alone. In conclusion, PZI combined with Se improved glycometabolism and ameliorated the tissue and mitochondrial damage, which might be associated with the PI3K and PTP1B pathways.
New algorithm for constructing area-based index with geographical heterogeneities and variable selection: An application to gastric cancer screening
Authors: Yoneoka Daisuke , Saito Eiko , Nakaoka Shinji 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo optimally allocate health resources, policy planners require an indicator reflecting the inequality. Currently, health inequalities are frequently measured by area-based indices. However, methodologies for constructing the indices have been hampered by two difficulties: 1) incorporating the geographical relationship into the model and 2) selecting appropriate variables from the high-dimensional census data. Here, we constructed a new area-based health coverage index using the geographical information and a variable selection procedure with the example of gastric cancer. We also characterized the geographical distribution of health inequality in Japan. To construct the index, we proposed a methodology of a geographically weighted logistic lasso model. We adopted a geographical kernel and selected the optimal bandwidth and the regularization parameters by a two-stage algorithm. Sensitivity was checked by correlation to several cancer mortalities/screening rates. Lastly, we mapped the current distribution of health inequality in Japan and detected unique predictors at sampled locations. The interquartile range of the index was 0.0001 to 0.354 (mean: 0.178, SD: 0.109). The selections from 91 candidate variables in Japanese census data showed regional heterogeneities (median number of selected variables: 29). Our index was more correlated to cancer mortalities/screening rates than previous index and revealed several geographical clusters with unique predictors.
Emission energy, exciton dynamics and lasing properties of buckled CdS nanoribbons
Authors: Wang Qi , Sun Liaoxin , Lu Jian , Ren Ming-Liang , Zhang Tianning , Huang Yan , Zhou Xiaohao , Sun Yan , Zhang Bo , Chen Changqing , Shen Xuechu , Agarwal Ritesh , Lu Wei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report the modulation of emission energy, exciton dynamics and lasing properties in a single buckled CdS nanoribbon (NR) by strain-engineering. Inspired by ordered structure fabrication on elastomeric polymer, we develop a new method to fabricate uniform buckled NRs supported on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Wavy structure, of which compressive and tensile strain periodically varied along the CdS NR, leads to a position-dependent emission energy shift as large as 14 nm in photoluminescence (PL) mapping. Both micro-PL and micro-reflectance reveal the spectral characteristics of broad emission of buckled NR, which can be understood by the discrepancy of strain-induced energy shift of A- and B-exciton of CdS. Furthermore, the dynamics of excitons under tensile strain are also investigated; we find that the B-exciton have much shorter lifetime than that of redshifted A-exciton. In addition, we also present the lasing of buckled CdS NRs, in which the strain-dominated mode selection in multi-mode laser and negligible mode shifts in single-mode laser are clearly observed. Our results show that the strained NRs may serve as new functional optical elements for flexible light emitter or on-chip all-optical devices.
Novel insights into iron regulation and requirement in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Wen-Xiong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIron (Fe) is an essential trace element for marine fish. However, our knowledge of Fe requirements at different development stages of marine fish is still limited. Here, we reported the efficient Fe absorption strategies adopted by larval fish under different dietary Fe supplementary levels (i.e., 0–640 mg/kg). Biokinetically, the larval fish controlled their dietary Fe assimilation efficiency (AE, 1.6–18.5%), and enhanced their waterborne Fe uptake (ca. 2.5 fold change of uptake rate constant) once the dietary Fe was deficient (i.e., 27.4 mg Fe/kg feed). Transcriptionally, the expression of hepcidin1 (hep1; Fe regulator; i.e., 2.3–15.7 fold change) in larval fish was positively correlated with the Fe supplementary levels. Comparatively, the female adult fish were poor in assimilating the added Fe source (i.e., ferric form) with similar life-sustainable levels of Fe (i.e., 0.046–0.12 μg/g/d assimilated for Fe supplementary levels of 27.4, 162 and 657 mg Fe/kg feed). The overall feeding experiments suggested that dietary net Fe flux sufficient for the normal growth of larval medaka was 0.71–1.75 μg/g/d (i.e., 83.9 mg Fe/kg feed), consistent with the modeled value (i.e., 1.09–2.16 μg/g/d). In female adults, the estimated essential net Fe flux was 0.88–0.90 μg/g/d.
Evidence for widespread infection of African bats with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever-like viruses
Authors: Müller Marcel A. , Devignot Stéphanie , Lattwein Erik , Corman Victor Max , Maganga Gaël D. , Gloza-Rausch Florian , Binger Tabea , Vallo Peter , Emmerich Petra , Cottontail Veronika M. , Tschapka Marco , Oppong Samuel , Drexler Jan Felix , Weber Friedemann , Leroy Eric M. , Drosten Christian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCrimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a highly virulent tick-borne pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans. The geographic range of human CCHF cases largely reflects the presence of ticks. However, highly similar CCHFV lineages occur in geographically distant regions. Tick-infested migratory birds have been suggested, but not confirmed, to contribute to the dispersal. Bats have recently been shown to carry nairoviruses distinct from CCHFV. In order to assess the presence of CCHFV in a wide range of bat species over a wide geographic range, we analyzed 1,135 sera from 16 different bat species collected in Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Germany, and Panama. Using a CCHFV glycoprotein-based indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT), we identified reactive antibodies in 10.0% (114/1,135) of tested bats, pertaining to 12/16 tested species. Depending on the species, 3.6%–42.9% of cave-dwelling bats and 0.6%–7.1% of foliage-living bats were seropositive (two-tailed t-test, p = 0.0447 cave versus foliage). 11/30 IIFT-reactive sera from 10 different African bat species had neutralizing activity in a virus-like particle assay. Neutralization of full CCHFV was confirmed in 5 of 7 sera. Widespread infection of cave-dwelling bats may indicate a role for bats in the life cycle and geographic dispersal of CCHFV.
A new symmetrodont mammal (Trechnotheria: Zhangheotheriidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China and trechnotherian character evolution
Authors: Bi Shundong , Zheng Xiaoting , Meng Jin , Wang Xiaoli , Robinson Nicole , Davis Brian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report the discovery of Anebodon luoi, a new genus and species of zhangheotheriid symmetrodont mammal from the Lujiatun site of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation, China. The fossil is represented by an associated partial skull and dentaries with a nearly complete dentition and with a dental formula of I4/3 C1/1 P5/4 M3/4. This new taxon lacks the high molar count typical of derived symmetrodonts, differing from the well-represented zhangheotheriids Zhangheotherium and Maotherium in having a postcanine dental formula that resembles more primitive tinodontid symmetrodonts on the one hand and sister taxa to therians such as Peramus on the other. Upper and lower distal premolars are strongly molariform and are captured undergoing replacement, clarifying positional homology among related taxa. We also describe the rostrum and, for the first time in a symmetrodont, much of the orbital mosaic. Importantly, our new taxon occupies a basal position within the Zhangheotheriidae and permits discussion of trechnotherian character evolution, ultimately shedding additional light on the evolution of therians.
Enzymatically enhanced collisions on ultramicroelectrodes for specific and rapid detection of individual viruses
Authors: Dick Jeffrey E. , Hilterbrand Adam T. , Strawsine Lauren M. , Upton Jason W. , Bard Allen J. 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Specific detection of individual nanometer-scale entities has been largely unavailable in the field of electrochemical collisions, where a change in amperometric current due to nonspecific adsorption at an ultramicroelectrode surface signals a collision. We have extended the field of collisions by achieving specific detection of individual virions with an antibody–epitope interaction and enzymatic amplification. This degree of selectivity and sensitivity (limit of detection ∼30 fM, signal-to-noise ratio ∼10–20) allows for a type of digital ELISA, where a discrete increase in current corresponds to the collision of a single virion on an ultramicroelectrode. We advanced the methodology to show that individual viruses can be observed in the urine of infected mice to demonstrate the technique’s potential efficacy as a digital electrochemical immunosensor.
The Hitachi and Takahagi 32 m radio telescopes: Upgrade of the antennas from satellite communication to radio astronomy
Authors: Yonekura Yoshinori , Saito Yu , Sugiyama Koichiro , Soon Kang Lou , Momose Munetake , Yokosawa Masayoshi , Ogawa Hideo , Kimura Kimihiro , Abe Yasuhiro , Nishimura Atsushi , Hasegawa Yutaka , Fujisawa Kenta , Ohyama Tomoaki , Kono Yusuke , Miyamoto Yusuke , Sawada-Satoh Satoko , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Kawaguchi Noriyuki , Honma Mareki , Shibata Katsunori M. , Sato Katsuhisa , Ueno Yuji , Jike Takaaki , Tamura Yoshiaki , Hirota Tomoya , Miyazaki Atsushi , Niinuma Kotaro , Sorai Kazuo , Takaba Hiroshi , Hachisuka Kazuya , Kondo Tetsuro , Sekido Mamoru , Murata Yasuhiro , Nakai Naomasa , Omodaka Toshihiro 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The Hitachi and Takahagi 32 m radio telescopes (former satellite communication antennas) were so upgraded as to work at 6, 8, and 22 GHz. We developed the receiver systems, IF systems, back-end systems (including samplers and recorders), and reference systems. We measured the performance of the antennas. The system temperature including the atmosphere toward the zenith, $T_{\rm sys}^{\ast }$, is measured to be ∼30–40 K for 6 GHz and ∼25–35 K for 8 GHz. $T_{\rm sys}^{\ast }$ for 22 GHz is measured to be ∼40–100 K in winter and ∼150–500 K in summer seasons, respectively. The aperture efficiency is 55%–75% for Hitachi at 6 GHz and 8 GHz, and 55%–65% for Takahagi at 8 GHz. The beam sizes at 6 GHz and 8 GHz are ∼4${^{\circ}_{.}}$6 and ∼3${^{\circ}_{.}}$8, respectively. The side-lobe level is less than 3%–4% at 6 and 8 GHz. Pointing accuracy was measured to be better than ∼0${^{\circ}_{.}}$3 for Hitachi and ∼0${^{\circ}_{.}}$6 for Takahagi. We succeeded in VLBI observations in 2010 August, indicating good performance of the antenna. We started single-dish monitoring observations of 6.7 GHz methanol maser sources in 2012 December, and found several new sources showing short-term periodic variation of the flux density.
Autism Tendencies and Psychosis Proneness Interactively Modulate Saliency Cost
Authors: Abu-Akel Ahmad , Apperly Ian A. , Wood Stephen J. , Hansen Peter C. , Mevorach Carmel 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Atypical responses to salient information are a candidate endophenotype for both autism and psychosis spectrum disorders. The present study investigated the costs and benefits of such atypicalities for saliency-based selection in a large cohort of neurotypical adults in whom both autism and psychosis expressions were assessed. Two experiments found that autism tendencies and psychosis proneness interactively modulated the cost incurred in the presence of a task-irrelevant salient distractor. Specifically, expressions of autism and psychosis had opposing effects on responses to salient information such that the benefits associated with high expressions for autism offset costs associated with high expressions for psychosis. The opposing influences observed on saliency cost may be driven by distinct attentional mechanisms that are differentially affected by expressions for autism and psychosis.
The pyrohealth transition: how combustion emissions have shaped health through human history
Authors: Johnston Fay H. , Melody Shannon , Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: May 2016

Air pollution from landscape fires, domestic fires and fossil fuel combustion is recognized as the single most important global environmental risk factor for human mortality and is associated with a global burden of disease almost as large as that of tobacco smoking. The shift from a reliance on biomass to fossil fuels for powering economies, broadly described as the pyric transition, frames key patterns in human fire usage and landscape fire activity. These have produced distinct patters of human exposure to air pollution associated with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions and post-industrial the Earth global system-wide changes increasingly known as the Anthropocene. Changes in patterns of human fertility, mortality and morbidity associated with economic development have been previously described in terms of demographic, epidemiological and nutrition transitions, yet these frameworks have not explicitly considered the direct consequences of combustion emissions for human health. To address this gap, we propose a pyrohealth transition and use data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) collaboration to compare direct mortality impacts of emissions from landscape fires, domestic fires, fossil fuel combustion and the global epidemic of tobacco smoking. Improving human health and reducing the environmental impacts on the Earth system will require a considerable reduction in biomass and fossil fuel combustion.This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world
Authors: Doerr Stefan H. , Santín Cristina 
Published: May 2016

Wildfire has been an important process affecting the Earth's surface and atmosphere for over 350 million years and human societies have coexisted with fire since their emergence. Yet many consider wildfire as an accelerating problem, with widely held perceptions both in the media and scientific papers of increasing fire occurrence, severity and resulting losses. However, important exceptions aside, the quantitative evidence available does not support these perceived overall trends. Instead, global area burned appears to have overall declined over past decades, and there is increasing evidence that there is less fire in the global landscape today than centuries ago. Regarding fire severity, limited data are available. For the western USA, they indicate little change overall, and also that area burned at high severity has overall declined compared to pre-European settlement. Direct fatalities from fire and economic losses also show no clear trends over the past three decades. Trends in indirect impacts, such as health problems from smoke or disruption to social functioning, remain insufficiently quantified to be examined. Global predictions for increased fire under a warming climate highlight the already urgent need for a more sustainable coexistence with fire. The data evaluation presented here aims to contribute to this by reducing misconceptions and facilitating a more informed understanding of the realities of global fire.
This article is part of themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Living on a flammable planet: interdisciplinary, cross-scalar and varied cultural lessons, prospects and challenges
Authors: Roos Christopher I. , Scott Andrew C. , Belcher Claire M. , Chaloner William G. , Aylen Jonathan , Bird Rebecca Bliege , Coughlan Michael R. , Johnson Bart R. , Johnston Fay H. , McMorrow Julia , Steelman Toddi ,   the Fire and Mankind Discussion Group
Published: May 2016

Living with fire is a challenge for human communities because they are influenced by socio-economic, political, ecological and climatic processes at various spatial and temporal scales. Over the course of 2 days, the authors discussed how communities could live with fire challenges at local, national and transnational scales. Exploiting our diverse, international and interdisciplinary expertise, we outline generalizable properties of fire-adaptive communities in varied settings where cultural knowledge of fire is rich and diverse. At the national scale, we discussed policy and management challenges for countries that have diminishing fire knowledge, but for whom global climate change will bring new fire problems. Finally, we assessed major fire challenges that transcend national political boundaries, including the health burden of smoke plumes and the climate consequences of wildfires. It is clear that to best address the broad range of fire problems, a holistic wildfire scholarship must develop common agreement in working terms and build across disciplines. We must also communicate our understanding of fire and its importance to the media, politicians and the general public.This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Motivations and attitudes to (not) take action for climate change adaptation in protected areas
Authors: Lupp Gerd , Heuchele Linda , Renner Christina , Syrbe Ralf-Uwe , Konold Werner , Siegrist Dominik 
Published: May 2016

PurposeImplementing climate change adaptation measures immediately is considered both to minimize considerably negative impacts on biodiversity as well as on outdoor recreation in protected area management. This study aims to give answers, why, however, climate change issues receive very limited implementation by practitioners in day-to-day-management.Design/methodology/approachUsing a motivation model by Rheinberg (2006), a more differentiated understanding was gained why stakeholders took almost no action regarding climate change adaptation. A participatory spatial scenario method including a map exercise was used to motivate stakeholders to develop, discuss, exchange and negotiate strategies under different possible future developments and their implementation in protected area management.FindingsAccording to the motivation model, taking action is dependent on a number of factors and will only happen when all correlations are positive. It can be shown that for adaptation to climate change, concerning almost all of the various factors, no stimuli existed or actors expected a positive outcome when taking action. More motivation was generated for halting the loss of biodiversity and visitor management. In the participatory spatial scenario planning work, stakeholders from different sectors and decision-makers found consensus to implement integrated strategies, considering adaptation to climate change, reduction of greenhouse gases, better protection of biodiversity and different future developments in outdoor recreation activities.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates the importance of single motivation factors such as perceived competence, abilities to act and perceived positive outcomes including rewards for taking action. Using participatory spatial scenario planning methods can be powerful tools to stimulate joint action, though implementing organizations must be willing to make real use of the outcome of such work.