bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal effect on groundwater level fluctuations: case studies of Čepkeliai and Rėkyva peatbogs, Lithuania
Authors: Kažys Justas , Rimkus Egidijus , Taminskas Julius , Butkutė Sigita 
Published: November 2015

The peatbogs are very unique and relatively vulnerable ecosystems for every kind of disturbances. This research analyses the relationships between groundwater level (GWL) fluctuations and meteorological conditions in Lithuanian peatbogs. Two case study areas (Čepkeliai and Rėkyva peatbogs) with permanent GWL monitoring points were investigated. The period from 2002 till 2011 was analysed in Čepkeliai and the period from 2011 till 2014 in Rėkyva. The final results indicate that rainfall is the most important factor determining the groundwater level fluctuations in the warm season, while temperature and evapotranspiration play only a minor role. The relationship between GWL and precipitation strongly depends on soil properties. The findings in Rėkyva revealed that the reactions of GWL on meteorological conditions in various parts of the peatbogs were not the same. Also, the analysis showed that the reaction of GWL on precipitation differs in cold and warm seasons.
Nežymiai sutrikusio intelekto mokinių vertinimo ir įsivertinimo būdų bei metodų ypatumai geografijos pamokose
Authors: Subotkevičienė Regina 
Published: November 2015

Siekdami užtikrinti ugdymo kokybę, ypač kai klasėje yra ir specialiųjų poreikių mokinių, mokytojai turi kruopščiai suplanuoti savo veiklą – parinkti tinkamus ugdymo būdus ir formas, mokymo(si) metodus ir priemones, sukurti atitinkamą ugdymo(si) aplinką. Ne mažiau svarbi kiekvieno mokytojo sėkmingos veiklos dalis – mokinių pasiekimų vertimas ir įsivertinimas. Vertinimas plačiąja prasme orientuotas į besimokančiųjų asmeninių galių plėtojimą, adekvatų savo galimybių ir gebėjimų vertinimą. Jis turi atspindėti ko mokomasi, kas išmokta, kokiais būdais ugdymo procesas vyksta, ar jis vyksta neignoruojant individualių besimokančiojo mokymosi tempų ir būdų, atsižvelgiant į besimokančiojo poreikius. Remdamasis vertinimo informacija, mokytojas suteikia pagalbą tiems mokiniams, kuriems jos reikia, pavyzdžiui, specialiųjų poreikių mokiniams. Šiame straipsnyje, pasitelkus mokslinės literatūros ir empirinių tyrimo rezultatų analizę, apžvelgiami nežymiai sutrikusio intelekto mokinių vertinimo ir įsivertinimo būdų bei metodų ypatumai geografijos pamokose.
Percepción de los estudiantes sobre el desarrollo de competencias a través de diferentes metodologías activas
Authors: Robledo Ramón Patricia , Fidalgo Redondo Raquel , Arias Gundín Olga , Álvarez Fernández Lourdes 
Published: November 2015

<p class="CUERPODETEXTO">El objetivo del estudio es analizar comparativamente la percepción del alumnado sobre la influencia diferencial que cinco métodos de enseñanza aprendizaje activos (aprendizaje basado en problemas; estudio de casos; estudio compartido; estudio dirigido y método de expertos) tienen en el desarrollo de competencias instrumentales; sistémicas y personales. Participaron 280 estudiantes de Educación de la Universidad de León; quienes recibieron sus temarios siguiendo las metodologías activas analizadas. Tras la aplicación de cada metodología se administró el Cuestionario de evaluación de competencias generales que evalúa el grado en que el alumnado cree haber desarrollado las competencias. Los resultados señalan que el aprendizaje basado en problemas favorece un mayor desarrollo de competencias que el resto de metodologías. El estudio compartido es el método con menor capacidad para estimular el desarrollo de competencias metodológicas; lingüísticas; de trabajo en equipo; compromiso ético y liderazgo. Se analizan y discuten los resultados; sus implicaciones y limitaciones.</p>
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Smith Peter L , Dalgleish Angus 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAcquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immune deficiency viruses (HIV)‐1 and 2 discovered 30 years ago. AIDS is a life‐threatening disease which lacks either a cure or a protective vaccine. Yet, during the past three decades of HIV research, a great deal has been learned about HIV‐1 evolution, structure, replication cycle, pathogenicity and protection. These findings have led to the development of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) which is capable of blocking viral replication, dramatically increasing life expectancy and preventing the progression to AIDS. However, there are significant problems associated with ART, not least the inability of ART to cure HIV infection and important questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which HIV‐1 cause's disease and the host and viral factors associated with protection. Recent research has revealed both pathogenic immune activation and viral latency as important processes established early during acute infection which drive chronic disease and prevent vaccination or cure. These insights into HIV infection are being harnessed to advance the development of immunotherapy to control the infection, identify and reactivate latently infected cells and design the new generation of vaccines needed to end the pandemic.Key ConceptsHIV‐1 is the causative agent of AIDSThere is a great degree of diversity between strains of HIV‐1 and between HIV and SIVKnowledge gained during the past 30 years has been essential in developing ARTART has been very successful but is associated with significant problems that need to be addressedHIV‐1 causes a multifaceted chronic activation of the immune systemVaccination against HIV‐1 has so far failedCombining different treatment arms including immunomodulation and activation of latency offers an opportunity to create a functional cure for HIV‐1
Hypersensitivity: Immunological
Authors: Thomas Wayne R , Cunningham Paula T 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Immunological hypersensitivities are immunological states where the immune system produces harmful responses upon reexposure to sensitising antigens. There is a sensitisation phase where the memory T and B cells develop and an effector phase where they elicit inflammatory responses. In 1963, Gell and Coombs classified hypersensitivity into four types by their different effector mechanisms. Type 1 encompassed the IgE‐mediated hypersensitivities, type II the action of antibodies on cells, type III the action of antigen–antibody complexes and type IV the direct action of lymphocytes exemplified by delayed hypersensitivity. A category of type V, introduced by others, is sometimes used to describe noncytotoxic responses mediated by antibodies to affect cell function, especially applied to the endocrine system. Subcategories of type IV were introduced to categorise the clinically distinct hypersensitivities induced by different types of T‐cell response and are elaborated here in terms of Th1, Th2 and Th17 differentiation lineages.

Key Concepts

Type I hypersensitivity consists of the IgE‐mediated immediate hypersensitivity responses found in anaphylaxis and asthma attacks and slower responses caused by inflammatory cascades triggered by mediators released in the immediate reaction and by accompanying Th2 responses.

Type II hypersensitivity is mediated by the direct effects of antibody and killing mediated by complement or antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity.

Type III hypersensitivity is mediated by the formation of antigen–antibody complexes that either activate complement for direct toxic effects or attract inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils that bind the complexes by Fc receptors and cause tissue damage.

Type IV hypersensitivity can be subdivided depending on the differentiation lineage of the sensitised T cells. The Th1, Th2 and Th17 lineages are determined by innate immune mechanisms activated by tissue damage and direct interactions with innate immune receptors and are typically respectively determined by the production of IL‐12, IL‐4 and IL‐23.

Type IVa corresponds to the classical monocytic tuberculin‐type delayed hypersensitivity mediated by Th1 cells and Th17/Th1 cells.

Type IVb corresponds to the eosinophilic inflammation produced by Th2 cells.

Type IVc corresponds to tissue damage produced by cytotoxic T cells and can have either granzyme B/perforin or Fas/FasL killing mechanisms.

Type IVd hypersensitivity produces tissue damage by the infiltration of neutrophils attracted by IL‐8 from Th17 responses.

Type V hypersensitivity categorises direct effects of antibodies on cell functions for example the agonist effects of antibodies binding to endocrine receptors.

The tissue damage in individual hypersensitivity reactions is often caused by a mixture of the types of hypersensitivity reaction, for example, a combination of types I and IVa, IVb and IVc in contact hypersensitivity.
Graft Rejection: The Basics
Authors: Sarwal Minnie M , Sarwal Reuben D 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Organ failure results in major human morbidity and economic burden. Quality of life and life expectancy are optimised with organ transplantation, usually occurring across histocompatibility barriers. The molecular mechanisms of graft rejection are based on recognition of foreign transplanted cells or tissues by the expression of polymorphic, codominant genes coded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or genes on chromosome 6 by recipient T cells and by the generation of donor‐specific antibodies to HLA and other donor‐specific immunogenic antigens. Advances in histocompatibility and immunosuppression have improved short‐term graft and patient survival rates, but rates of accelerated graft loss due to humoral alloimmunity have remained largely unchanged.

Key Concepts

In the ‘direct’ pathway of antigen presentation, MHC molecules on donor APCs from the graft tissue present graft‐derived peptides to host T cells.

In the ‘indirect’ pathway of antigen presentation, host APCs take up graft antigens and present donor‐derived processed peptides on host MHC molecules to host T cells.

HLA antibodies and endothelial cell activation are important regulators of immunogenicity, recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

Acute rejection can be classified by presentation into hyperacute (occurring within minutes), acute (occurring within days to weeks), late acute (occurring after 3 months) or chronic (occurring months to years after transplantation).

Acute rejection can be classified according to pathophysiological changes (cellular‐interstitial, vascular, antibody‐endothelial) or underlying immunologic mechanisms (adaptive or innate immune injury) or severity (histologic injury graded by the Banff schema).

Acute rejection can be clinical or subclinical (based on the presence or absence of associated renal dysfunction).

Acute rejection can be treatment resistant or sensitive (based on clinical and histologic resolution of diagnostic histology 4–6 weeks after treatment intensification).
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
Authors: Lüttge Ulrich 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon dioxide acquisition, transient storage and concentrating mechanism of plants based on organic acid synthesis. Amongst 350 000 species of vascular plants, 21 000 species perform CAM. In this variant of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can be fixed nocturnally in the dark and is stored in the form of organic acids from which it is remobilised during the day for assimilation in the light. This has arisen polyphyletically during evolution. It is an ecophysiological adaptation that allows carbon dioxide acquisition with exceptionally economic use of water. CAM allows acclimation to a variety of interacting stresses. It is an adaptation for survival and not for high productivity. Nevertheless, performance of CAM species on drought‐prone marginal lands makes them potential alternative crop plants and biofuel plants. CAM is regulated in a natural night/day rhythm, but can also oscillate freely under the control of circadian biological clocks.Key ConceptsMetabolic mechanisms concentrating carbon dioxide internally in plants are important for photosynthesis at the low external carbon dioxide concentration in the present atmosphere.Massive nocturnal CO2uptake, fixation and storage in the form of organic acids result in inorganic carbon acquisition with high water‐use efficiency (WUE).Rearranged internal management of available metabolic housekeeping functions can generate new metabolic options of adaptive value.Generation of isoforms of housekeeping enzymes can facilitate polyphyletic evolution of new metabolic pathways.Circadian oscillations can be controlled by different biological clocks, which are feedback related to each other and present in many copies.Flexibility in the expression of metabolic pathway variants facilitates adaptation under variable stress situations.Stress adaptation in plants is for survival and mostly not for high productivity.Resistance to drought stress and high water‐use efficiency supports the quest for new crop plants including biofuel crops to be grown on marginal land.
Complement: Deficiency Diseases
Authors: Skattum Lillemor , Truedsson Lennart 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe complement system is crucial for defence against pathogens, removal of unwanted materials such as dying cells or immune complexes as well as for development of adaptive immune responses. Genetically determined deficiencies of components of the complement system are usually relatively rare, but they result in many severe diseases such as an increased susceptibility to recurrent, severe bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus), glomerulonephritis including dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria or angioedema. In addition, mutations and polymorphisms in complement proteins, particularly complement inhibitors, have been associated with atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome and age‐related macular degeneration. The elucidation of the pathophysiological basis for the different clinical presentations of complement‐deficient individuals has contributed to a better understanding of the physiological role of complement in normal individuals as well as to the development of emerging therapies.Key ConceptsThe majority of complement deficiencies are rare but cause severe diseases.Deficiencies of the components of the classical pathway (C1q/r/s, C4 and C2) predispose to bacterial infections and systemic lupus erythematosus.The majority of complement deficiencies predispose to infections either withNeisseriaspecies (deficiency of factor D, factor B, properdin, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9) or with other encapsulated bacteria (C1q/r/s, mannose‐binding lectin, C2, C4, C3 and factor I).Mutations in C1q/r/s, C2, C4, C3, factor I and factor H can cause glomerulonephritis.Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria is caused by deficiency of complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59.Hereditary angioedema is found in patients with low C1‐inhibitor level or dysfunctional C1‐inhibitor.Atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome is mainly associated with mutations and polymorphisms in complement inhibitors.Age‐related macular degeneration is associated with polymorphisms in complement inhibitor factor H.
Iron‐Loading Anaemia
Authors: Jr Benz Edward J 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

This article outlines the key pathophysiologic factors underlying the three major forms of anaemia that are particularly likely to cause severe iron overload in patients, even without chronic transfusion therapy: the thalassaemia syndromes, sideroblastic anaemias and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. These forms of anaemia cause iron overload by impairing erythropoiesis in ways that cause accelerated turnover of developing erythroblasts in the marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis). The increased demand for non‐productive proliferation of erythroblasts disrupts the hepcidin‐mediated regulation of iron homeostasis. This leads to continued high levels of oral iron absorption despite the fact that iron from the destroyed erythroblasts cannot be excreted. As correction of the underlying illness is often not feasible, management usually focuses on judicious use of blood replacement and iron chelation.

Key Concepts

Iron is essential for aerobic life because it mediates the ability of oxygen to interact productively with the energy‐producing biochemical systems of the organism.

Iron is indispensable for haemoglobin and red cell production, and therefore, the oxygen tranportation system of the body.

Giving its essentiality for survival, iron stores are jealously protected by the body. Thus, there are no mechanisms for excreting iron, even when iron stores are present in excess amounts.

Almost all of the iron in the body is conserved by an intricate recycling mechanism from senescent red cells.

Absorption of new iron is intended to replace only the small amount of iron lost daily by bleeding and ell shedding.

Iron stores are regulated by controlling uptake from dietary sources. A complex endocrine system regulated by the hormone hepcidin plays the key role. In this regulatory cycle, increased erythroid activity in the marrow is interpreted to be a response to iron deficiency, even if iron stores are normal or high.

Iron‐overloading anaemias are those in which inefficient production of red cell results in excess iron absorption despite normal or elevated total body iron stores.

Ineffective erythropoiesis more severe than that seen in other anaemias is the hallmark of the major iron‐loading anaemias: thalassaemia, sideroblastic anaemias and congenital dyserythropietic anaemias.

These anaemias are not easily corrected at the mechanistic level so that iron chelation therapy, with or without red cell transfusion support, is usually necessary.
B
utenandt,
A
dolf
Authors: Gausemeier Bernd 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995) was a German biochemist who pioneered the chemistry of sex hormones and made significant contributions to insect endocrinology. For his work on sex hormones, he was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. As the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (1937–1945) respectively the Max Planck Institute (1949–1960) for Biochemistry, he was one of the formative personalities in twentieth century German life science. As long‐standing president of the Max Planck Society (1960–1972), he was a pivotal figure in the reconstruction of West German science.
Innate Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Cousins David J , Weston Cathryn 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are white blood cells derived from a common progenitor in the bone marrow. They respond rapidly to a limited array of antigens at the site of infection to provide immediate protection. The first identified ILCs were natural killer cells. However, several non‐cytotoxic members of the family have since been reported. All ILCs lack the rearranged antigen receptors characteristic of T‐ and B‐cells but can be similarly divided into three main groups based on cell surface markers and cytokine expression profiles. Similar to their adaptive immune response counterparts, they play specific roles in providing host defence against different pathogens. In addition, there is growing evidence that ILCs can contribute to multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Key Concepts

ILCs are lymphocytes of the innate immune system and provide a rapid response to invading pathogens.

ILCs lack the specific antigen receptors found on cells of the adaptive immune system.

Development of ILCs is governed by sequential expression of different transcription factors and proceeds from a common precursor found in the bone marrow.

Differential expression of cell surface markers and cytokines allows ILCs to be grouped into three families, each having a different role in host immunity.

ILCs respond to signals released from epithelial and other cells to provide a rapid source of cytokines that can recruit other immune cells and stimulate tissue repair.

The dysregulation of ILC activation has been linked to several human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Signalling from Endosomes and Exosomes
Authors: Huckaby Adam , Dombrovski Mark , Maher Erin , Naimi Waheeda , Perez Matthew , Skyberg Rolf , Smolko Christian , Barford Kelly , Winckler Bettina , Deppmann Christopher 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Cellular signalling is a dynamic process that underlies all aspects of organismal development, function and disease. While signal transduction at the plasma membrane has received a great deal of attention, we now appreciate that activated receptors reside at the plasma membrane for only a small fraction of their life‐time. Upon activation by ligand, these receptors are often internalised and sorted into different membrane‐bound compartments that allows for enhanced, modified or quenched signalling. Herein we focus on post‐endocytic signalling cargo as it traverses compartments including early endosomes, multivesicular bodies, lysosomes, synaptic vesicles or exosomes.

Key Concepts

Much of cellular signal transduction emanates from endosomal membranes

Sorting, trafficking and maturation in endosomes are major regulators of signal transduction.

Exosome biogenesis and secretion is an emergent property of cell–cell communication and a target for dysregulation in disease
Positive Interactions in Community Organisation
Authors: Crotty Sinéad M , Bertness Mark D 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Positive interactions are ubiquitous in ecological communities and can be facultative or obligate mutualisms or commensalisms. Recent decades of work have developed a framework for understanding positive interactions and their role in community structure and function. The
stress‐gradient hypothesis
was the first conceptual model developed to explain positive interactions and predicted that the frequency of positive interactions increases at physical and biological stress extremes. More recent work has expanded this perspective to habitat‐forming foundation species and the hierarchical organisation of communities. Currently positive interactions are being incorporated into the most utilised models in ecology – niche theory and the Menge–Sutherland Model – expanding the accuracy and predictive value of these models. Simultaneously, the role of positive interactions is being recognised and incorporated into evolutionary theory.

Key Concepts

Positive interactions are ubiquitous under stressful conditions in communities

Mechanistically, positive interactions alleviate physical and biotic stresses

Positive interactions are slowly being incorporated into community models

Foundation species often provide multiple positive interactions to communities

Physical and biotic stresses select for the evolution of mutualisms

Evolutionary biology has more proactively incorporated positive interactions into their theoretical framework than community ecology