bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
273 Toxicokinetic approach to measure the efficacy of a mycotoxin deactivator against aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone in pigs
Authors: Preveraud Damien P , Broekaert Nathan , Devreese Mathias , Croubels Siska 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are mycotoxins highly prevalent worldwide and can impair the performance and health of pigs. Preventive solutions such as the use of dietary mycotoxin deactivators (MD) can help in reducing the exposure to ZEN and AFB1 in animals. The aim of this study was to perform a toxicokinetic study in pigs focusing on the plasma concentration-time profiles of these 2 toxins, alone or in combination with a MD. The study was conducted on 12 healthy pigs (6 males/6 females) of 8 wk of age with an initial average body weight (BW) of 13.8 kg (ethical approval n° 2017/106). The acclimatization period was 1 wk (d 1-7). The pigs were randomly allocated into 2 mixed sex treatment groups of 6 pigs per group. On d 8, after fasting for 12 h, the pigs were given an intragastric single bolus of ZEN and AFB1 (group 1: ZEN 0.5 mg/kg BW and AFB1 0.1 mg/kg BW) or the same ZEN and AFB1 challenge with a MD (Unike Plus at 0.1 g/kg BW; group 2). Oral absorption and systemic exposure of ZEN and AFB1 were evaluated by comparing the plasma toxicokinetic parameters of the glucuronide conjugate of ZEN (ZEN-GlcA) and AFB1. For ZEN-GlcA, the area under the instrument response-time curve (AUC0-4h) for group 1 was 616.9 responses*h whereas it decreased to 379.2 response*h with the addition of MD. Therefore, MD reduced the oral bioavailability of ZEN by 38.5%. For AFB1, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-4h) for group 1 was 32.3 ng/mL*h whereas it decreased to 14.3 ng/mL*h with the addition of MD. Therefore, the oral bioavailability of AFB1 with MD is 44.3% compared with group 1. This toxicokinetic model developed for swine has shown a great sensitivity that allows to quantity different levels of mycotoxin exposure. Unike Plus was able to reduce the systemic exposure to ZEN as well as AFB1. This preventive strategy is necessary to limit the appearance of clinical symptoms, and therefore, can help to control the development of infectious diseases and maintain the performance of animals.
274 Evaluation of recombinant Capripoxvirus antigens in the development of indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
Authors: Teffera Mahder , Babiuk Shawn 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Capripoxvirus is a genus of DNA viruses that includes sheep pox virus, goat pox virus and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). These viruses are considered high consequence viruses due to the severe clinical disease leading to economic losses to production and impact on trade. The recent spread of LSDV in Europe and Asia has demonstrated the transboundary nature of LSDV. The vaccines used to control Capripoxvirus infections currently do not have the ability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) available for detection of antibodies to Capripoxvirus infections are not ideal. Previous research has been done to evaluate different Capripoxvirus antigens using E. coli expressed antigens; however, there has been no prior evaluation of baculovirus expressed Capripoxvirus antigens for use in ELISA. The objective of the current research was to produce 6 recombinant Capripoxvirus antigens using a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) and to evaluate these antigens in ELISAs to test bovine, sheep, and goat serum. The sequences used to produce the recombinant antigens were based on a consensus obtained using reference genomes consisting of all three viruses within the genus. All six antigens were produced and purified in-house using BEVS followed by benchtop or FPLC purification (Figure 1). To date, the antigens have been fully validated for performance in indirect ELISA using sheep sera (Figure 2) and partially using cattle sera, with goat sera validation to follow. The ELISAs were developed and optimized using known reference sera as controls. The performance of the ELISAs developed was assessed in comparison with the only commercially available Capripoxvirus serological test. The results demonstrate that some of the antigens used for the ELISAs completely outperformed the commercial test. Several antigens were found to be useful for ELISAs to detect responses in sheep and cattle sera. The sensitivities and specificities of the different ELISAs for sheep sera ranged from 99.54% to 53.57% sensitivity and 99.54 to 94.95% specificity with likelihood ratios above 10 using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, while the commercial kit had a 42.85% sensitivity using the same positive sheep serum panel evaluated. The development of these serological assays allows for the simultaneous evaluation of immunogenicity of Capripoxvirus antigens through the testing of serum from experimentally infected animals. This study demonstrates the proof of principle, that sensitive and specific ELISAs can be developed for Capripoxviruses.
332 Selection for moderate and high growth and dam age differentially affect immune and stress responses of beef calves at weaning
Authors: Main Alexis R H , Reddout-Beam Cassidy C , Salak-Johnson Janeen L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pressure for intense genetic selection of important economic traits has impacted several robustness traits in cattle including immune function, which can impact animal health and well-being. Furthermore, maternal traits like age and health status can influence passive immunity and, therefore, progeny immune status. This study aimed to determine the effect of genetic selection for moderate or high growth and dam age on immune phenotype and stress response of beef calves at weaning and 14 d post-weaning. Fall-born calves selected and sired by bulls of either moderate (MG, n = 23) or high (HG, n = 23) growth were used. Body weights and blood samples were taken at weaning (6 to 7 mo of age) and 14 d post-wean (14DPW). Samples were processed and analyzed for cortisol, immunoglobulins (Ig), lymphocyte proliferation, complete blood counts, and cytokines. Dam age was categorized into one of four age classifications: Heifer (2 yr, n = 8), Young (3-4 yr, n = 17), Mid (5-6 yr, n = 11), and Old (7+ yr, n = 12). Data were analyzed using PROC GLM (SAS 9.4). A dam age × growth trait interaction occurred for several measures, including neutrophils (P &lt; 0.01), lymphocytes (P &lt; 0.01), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P &lt; 0.001) and several cytokines (P &lt; 0.05). The HG-sired calves from Heifer dams had greater numbers and percentages of neutrophils, less percentage of lymphocytes, and a greater neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio than calves from Young and Mid Dams and their MG counterparts. Conversely, pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, including IL-6 and IL-17A, were greater in MG-sired calves from heifer dams than those from the other dam ages. Main effects of growth or age on immune measures and body weight were also found. Serum IgG1 (P = 0.0003), IgG2 (P = 0.0031), and total IgG (P = 0.001) concentrations and Concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferative response (P &lt; 0.05) were greater among MG-sired calves than HG ones. At 14DPW, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in HG-sired calves than MG ones, and HG calves were also heavier at weaning and 14DPW (P = 0.0020). Calves born to Old dams were heaviest than calves in all other dam age groups (P = 0.0039). These data infer that not only does genetic selection for high or moderate growth impact calf immune function, but maternal influence of age also differentially affects the immune phenotype.
331 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics of serum from growing beef steers following a combined viral bacterial respiratory disease challenge
Authors: O’Reilly Keara , Carstens Gordon E , Wottlin Lauren R , Welsh Thomas H , Thomson Jennifer M , Copié Valerie , O’Shea-Stone Galen P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) contributes to high rates of mortality and morbidity among feedlot animals. Thus, there is a need to discover robust predictive biological indicators of infection status and disease severity in feedlot cattle. This study aimed to explore the use of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolite profiling to characterize serum molecular markers associated with a viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge in beef cattle. Crossbred beef steers [n = 24; initial body weight (BW) = 293 kg) were inoculated intranasally with bovine herpes virus-1 (2×108 PFU) and intratracheally with Mannheimia haemolytica (MH, 2.15×1010 CFU) on d -3 and 0, respectively (n = 16; MH-challenge), or similarly inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline (n = 8; Control-challenge). Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on d -3, -1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 relative to MH challenge for complete blood count and haptoglobin analysis, with additional serum samples stored at -80°C for subsequent metabolomic analysis. Continuously recorded variables included rumen temperature, activity, rumination, dry matter intake, and feeding behavior. Wottlin et al. (2020) reported that rumen temperature was increased (P &lt; 0.04) in MH-challenged steers until d 6 post-MH inoculation (40.8 vs 39.3°C in MH-challenged and Control-challenged steers several hours post-MH inoculation). Dry matter intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) by 42% in MH-challenged compared with Control-challenged steers during the 14-d post-MH inoculation period. Further, haptoglobin concentrations were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in MH-challenged steers from d 2 to 7 of the post-MH inoculation period. Serum samples underwent small molecule metabolite extraction and untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics. The 1H NMR spectra of serum metabolites were evaluated for this study, resulting in the unambiguous identification and quantification of 64 polar metabolites. Univariate analysis was conducted to examine the effect of the MH challenge on relative metabolite concentrations between d 2 and 5 relative to MH challenge, indicating differences between metabolites of MH-challenge and Control-challenged steers. However, multivariate analysis using unsupervised 2-dimensional principal component analysis (2D-PCA) could not differentiate MH-challenged from Control-challenged steers based on distinct serum metabolite profiles. Results indicate the potential of specific metabolites to indicate BRD infected cattle; however, a larger cohort of cattle and expanded metabolite profile coverage may be required to more fully differentiate between BRD vs healthy cohorts. Opportunities exist to further investigate the role of metabolomics to discover robust early biological indicators that are predictive of the onset of BRD in feedlot cattle.
42 Remodeling intestinal barrier damage and gut microbiome by bioengineered probiotics
Authors: Bhunia Arun K , Gallina Nicholas L F , Martinez Ruth C , Johnson Timothy A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and increased expression of heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) are features of the dysbiotic gut. Probiotics can alleviate inflammation but are ineffective due to poor adhesion and adaptation to the inflamed bowel. We hypothesized that enhancing probiotic adhesion to intestinal cells may augment the immunomodulatory response, mucosal healing, tight junction restoration, and microbiome remodeling. Listeria adhesion protein (LAP; 94-kDa), also known as alcohol acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, aids Listeria attachment to the epithelial cells by interacting with Hsp60 and was cloned and expressed on Lactobacillus casei (Lbc). This bioengineered probiotic showed strong interaction with epithelial Hsp60, greater immunomodulatory response, and epithelial barrier integrity while reducing inflammation in a chemically (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced damaged, inflamed gut and listeriosis in a mouse model. Microbial community shift showed a favorable disposition to overcome dysbiotic conditions, and improved gut health and overall well-being. Bioengineered feeding ameliorated gut inflammation, thus offering a potential dietary supplement for reducing gut-associated inflammation and enhancing gut health in livestock.
39 Microbiome, metabolomics, epigenetics and beef quality in grass-fed Angus cattle
Authors: Carrillo Jose , Liu Jianan , He Yanghua , Li Robert W , Sonstegard Tad , Richard Kohn , Song Jiuzhou 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The increasing demand for natural products is reshaping meat consumption, with grass-fed and grass-finished beef emerging as a lucrative option. However, shifting from conventional grain-fed style to grass-fed systems necessitates numerous adjustments in management decision-making and practical operations. To meet the knowledge gap, our study delved into various OMIC data, including growth performance, microbiome, metabolites, and epigenetics in a closed Wye Angus herd. Our findings revealed no difference in meat tenderness between the two treatments (P = 0.25), but significant diet effects on epigenetics with a substantial number of DNA methylation marks, which are of paramount importance. Moreover, we ascertained the microbiome in intestinal and rumen after weaning. Grass-fed cattle exhibited a significantly greater level of microbial diversity. The top 20 essential genera identified with random forest analysis could serve as microbial biomarkers and associate with the components of bile acids. Notably, the metabolomic analysis unveiled changes in glucose availability and utilization, variations in free fatty acids and carnitine-conjugated lipids, and altered β-oxidation, which influence complex lipid hydrolysis, contributing to the accumulation of anti-inflammatory n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in grass-finished cattle. At the same time, greater concentrations of n6 PUFAs in grain-finished animals could promote inflammation and oxidative stress. With the discovery of low cortisol levels in grass-fed cattle, the cattle have health and welfare benefits in a grass-fed manner. Most importantly, they also provide fresh insights into microbial interactions in the rumen under different feed schemes and their ecophysiological implications, further aiding in developing rumen manipulation strategies to enhance feed conversion ratios and methane emission.
4 Hands-on 2: Environmental evaluation of feeding strategies with agent-based modeling and life cycle assessment: From theory to practice. Sponsored by EAAP
Authors: Garcia-Launay Florence 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Livestock farming systems (LFS) have detrimental effects on the environment, associated mainly to feed production, enteric methane and emissions from manure. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a standardized internationally recognized methodology to assess the various environmental impacts associated to a product, considering all the processes occurring during its life cycle. Cradle-to-farm-gate LCA is commonly used to assess the environmental impacts of LFS. However, LFS are complex because they are structured by multiple interactions between biological and human-controlled processes, at various organization levels. Their behavior and the extent to which feeding strategies can mitigate this environmental burden is not always easily predictable. Dynamic mechanistic models of LFS can simulate the effects of feeding strategies on both animal performance and the associated excretion of nutrients. These models are useful tools to produce the life cycle inventories needed in life cycle assessment. In the pig-fattening unit, the animal performance with multiphase group feeding depends largely on the variability of growth potential among pigs and the farmer makes decisions that can target either the group of pigs or each individual (e.g., when choosing pigs to deliver to slaughterhouse). Therefore, simulating the growth trajectory of each individual pig and events like deliveries to slaughterhouse makes it possible to estimate the response of the pig population rather than the average pig to feeding strategies. Individual-based models (IBM) are particularly adequate because they make it possible to simulate each individual and to build the response of the population from the aggregation of individuals. Agent-based models are IBM that rely on self-governing agents made of properties, behavioral rules and resources that allow each agent to make decisions upon the occurrence of an event, which can be triggered randomly or not. This hands-on will focus on a specific example that illustrates how and why agent-based models are useful tools to assess the effects of feeding strategies through LCA. To keep it easily tractable, it will focus only on the impacts on climate change and acidification of a pen of fattening pigs according to the feeding strategy applied. In a first step, we will develop a simplified individual-based model of a pig-fattening pen (including pigs and the farmer as agents), which simulates the effects of feeding strategies on animal performance (growth rate, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight, N excretion). In a second step, we will upgrade this model by introducing a module which makes the calculation of the environmental impacts through LCA. In a third step, we will use the model to simulate the effects of various feeding strategies according to the variability of growth potential among pigs in the pen. For all steps, we will work with Python language using pre-developed Jupyter notebooks.
21 Trace mineral nutrition for grain-fed feedlot cattle
Authors: Loh Huey Yi , Thorndyke Meghan P , Thomas Tyler A , Miller Alexandra , Alves Julia Baroni , Wagner John J , Wagner John J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trace minerals are essential dietary components for feedlot cattle diets. They are integral components for normal carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and have been shown to be involved in hormone production, immunity, oxidation/reduction reactions, and cellular homeostasis. The functions of trace minerals in metabolic processes are extremely complex. In general, trace minerals function primarily as activators or components of enzymes that assist with enzyme structural integrity and/or substrate binding. Enzymes involved in the protection of cells from oxidative stress, electron transport, oxygen transport, bone metabolism, gene expression, and nutrient metabolism all have been shown to require certain trace elements for proper function. Trace minerals typically supplemented to feedlot cattle diets are cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). Although chromium (Cr) is not considered an essential nutrient in the Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, 2016) publication, it is currently being included in some feedlot diets. Absorption of trace minerals from the gastrointestinal tract and tissue distribution of trace minerals are tightly regulated. However, many factors can impact the response of an animal to trace mineral supplementation, such as the dose and duration of supplementation, physiological status of an animal, the absence or presence of dietary antagonists, basal diet trace mineral concentrations, environmental factors, microbial-mineral interactions, and stress. Several research groups have compared the impact of supplementing increased concentrations (greater than the NASEM requirements) of Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, I, Se, and Zn (concurrently) on feedlot cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Results of these experiments have been variable, and caution should be taken when comparing experiments. Increasing trace mineral concentrations above published requirements does not always improve feedlot performance and carcass characteristics but has been reported, in some studies, to increase dry matter intake and average daily gain during certain intervals of the feeding period. The variability in animal numbers, the inclusion or omission of a negative control treatment, dietary ingredients, growth technologies used, and basal diet availability of trace minerals make comparing these types of experiments difficult.
363 Effects of supplementation of vitamin B complex on the performance of beef calves during a 42-d preconditioning program
Authors: Ferri Erica , Rezende Aline , Ramalho Ana Laura , Santos Carlos Eduardo Dos , Ferreira Matheus , Heldt Jeff S , Farmer Chance G , Ranches Juliana 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of vitamin B complex on post-weaning performance of beef calves. The study was conducted during fall of 2023 at Eastern Oregon Agriculture Research Center (EOARC; Burns, OR). At weaning (d 0), 63 calves [Angus × Hereford; body weight (BW) = 252 ± 3.6 kg] were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) Control, 2) VitB1, or 3) VitB2. Calves assigned to Control treatment served as a negative control and were not supplemented with vitamin B complex. Calves assigned to treatment VitB1 were supplemented at 1g/calf daily, while calves assigned to VitB2 treatment were supplemented at 2g/calf daily of vitamin B complex during the 42 d of preconditioning. Upon weaning processing, calves were allocated to 21 pens (3 calves/pen) and treatments were allocated to each pen (7 pens/treatment). Vitamin B complex [Vivalto, pantothenic acid (B5; 40,000 mg/kg), pyridoxine (B6; 20,000 mg/kg), folic acid (B9; 3,200 mg/kg), biotin (B7; 3,200,000 mcg/kg), cobalamin (B12; 320,000 mcg/kg); Selko USA, Indianapolis, IN] supplementation was offered at pen level beginning on d 1 and until the end of the preconditioning phase (d 42). Vitamin B complex was offered to calves assigned to vitamin B complex treatment mixed with 1.3 kg of dried distiller’s grains. Additionally, calves had free access to chopped alfalfa-grass hay mix and whole corn. Pen intake was recorded daily. On d 0, BW and blood samples were collected from all calves. Additional blood and BW were collected on d 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 42 post-weaning. Body weights were used to calculate calf average daily gain (ADG) and blood samples were assayed for acute phase proteins (ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin). Additional blood samples will be analyzed for cortisol and vitamin B concentrations. Variables were analyzed considering pen as the experimental unit and pen(treatment) as a random effect. Blood variables were evaluated as repeated measures and effects of treatment, day, and treatment the interactions were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. No treatment effects (P = 0.98) were observed for final BW (283, 283, and 284 kg respectively for Control, Vit1, and Vit2) or for ADG (P = 0.53; 0.735, 0.795, and 0.747 kg/d respectively for Control, Vit1, and Vit2). Similarly, no treatment effects were observed for the acute phase proteins analyzed, ceruloplasmin (P = 0.66; 27, 30, and 33 µg/dL respectively for Control, Vit1, and Vit2) and haptoglobin (P = 0.41; 0.55, 0.62, and 0.59 mg/mL, respectively for Control, Vit1, and Vit2). Supplementation of vitamin B complex to beef calves post-weaning does not seem to affect calf performance, regardless of the level of supplementation.