bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetische Analyse und strukturelle Interpretation der kompetitiven Ligandenbindung für Denitrifikation in gekürztem Hämoglobin N
Authors: Das Akshaya Kumar , Meuwly Markus 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDie Umwandlung von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) zu Nitrat (NO3−) durch Dioxygenierung schützt Zellen vor tödlichem NO. Ausgehend von NO‐gebundendem Häm ist der erste Schritt in der Umwandlung von NO zu harmlosem NO3− die Ligandenaustauschreaktion FeNO+O2→FeO2+NO, die auf molekularer Ebene nach wie vor schlecht verstanden ist. Die berechnete Barriere für die Austauschreaktion zwischen dem Wildtyp (WT) und der Y33A‐Mutante unterscheidet sich um 1.5 kcal mol−1, verglichen mit experimentell gemessenen 1.7 kcal mol−1. Es wird direkt bestätigt, dass die Ligandenaustauschreaktion in trHbN geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist und dass entropische Beiträge 75 % des Unterschieds zwischen WT und der Y33A‐Mutanten ausmachen. Die Reste Tyr 33, Phe 46, Val 80, His 81 und Gln 82, welche das aktive Zentrum umgeben, nehmen im Ligand‐gebundenen Zustand sowie im Übergangszustand jeweils unterschiedliche Konfigurationen ein und kontrollieren deshalb vermutlich den Reaktionspfad. Durch den Vergleich mit Berechnungen der elektronischen Struktur des Übergangszustandes zwischen den zwei Ligand‐gebundenen Zuständen kann dieser dem 2A‐Zustand zugeordnet werden.
Effect of growing location and variety on nutritional and functional properties of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) grown as a double crop
Authors: Tyl Catrin , Marti Alessandra , Hayek Jenny , Anderson James , Ismail Baraem P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground and objectivesDespite positive agronomic and nutritional characteristics, millets are underutilized for food use in the Western Hemisphere. Little is known about the end‐use quality characteristics of available proso millet varieties, nor their adaptation to and performance in double crop situations in northern states. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate several proso millet varieties grown in two locations for composition as well as attributes that influence processing, nutritional quality, and physiological benefits.FindingsProso millet varieties were similar in chemical composition (total starch, protein, lipid, dietary fiber, and ash content), but were notably different in amylose content of starch (ranging from 7.8% to 34.8% amylose). Lower amylose content resulted in lower peak temperature, final viscosity, and setback. Varieties also differed in carotenoids and hydroxycinnamic acids content as well as in antioxidant activity. Slowly digestible starch represented the major starch fraction in cooked flour, and protein digestibility was reduced to less than 50% after cooking.ConclusionsOverall, growing location did not have a great impact on chemical and functional characteristic, while some varietal differences were noted.Significance and noveltyThe basic information provided regarding composition and functionality differences among various millet varieties will aid in the identification of potential food applications.
High‐conversion hydrolysates and corn sweetener production in dry‐grind corn process
Authors: Wang Zhaoqin , Sharma Vivek , Dien Bruce S. , Singh Vijay 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIndustrial processing of the US corn is primarily for fuel ethanol, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and crude oil production, using the dry‐grind process. Refining of corn starch for glucose syrup production requires wet‐milling process. However, wet‐milling process is capital expensive, labor and energy intensive, compared with dry‐grind process. The liquefaction and saccharification steps of the corn dry‐grind process are similar to those used for processing wet‐milled starch into glucose syrup. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of adapting the corn dry‐grind process for corn syrup production.FindingsIn the adapted conventional dry grind with modified refining process, the starch to glucose conversion efficiencies (95.69 ± 0.29%) were similar with that from wet‐milled corn starch (95.05 ± 0.88%). High soluble protein content in starch hydrolysate can affect its conversion to syrup. The protein content of hydrolysates from the dry‐grind process was 0.4%, which is higher than the maximum concentration (0.3%) specified by the starch refining industry. To reduce the protein content, a thermal treatment was developed to remove soluble protein. Thermal treatment removed the soluble protein to negligible level without affecting the high starch to glucose conversion efficiency (94.61 ± 1.34%).ConclusionsHigh‐purity corn syrup production was achieved in a conventional dry‐grind process with a modified refining process. Modified dry‐grind process has a comparable starch conversion efficiency with wet‐milling process.Significance and noveltyProduction of refined corn syrup (starch hydrolysate) from the dry‐grind process would be advantageous for expanding the number and value of possible co‐products. The potential of refined corn syrup production in dry‐grind process was evaluated.
A Nickel‐Based Perovskite Catalyst with a Bimodal Size Distribution of Nickel Particles for Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: Chai Yingjie , Fu Yu , Feng He , Kong Wenbo , Yuan Changkun , Pan Bingrong , Zhang Jun , Sun Yuhan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe critical problem facing Ni‐based catalysts for the CO2 reforming of methane (DRM) is the serious carbon deposition and metal sintering, which are sensitive to the size of Ni particles. A perovskite‐type catalyst La0.46Sr0.34Ti0.9Ni0.1O3 (denoted as LSTN0.1) with a bimodal size distribution of Ni particles was prepared by combustion method. Under mild DRM conditions (CH4:CO2=1:1.2 at 700 °C), no coke was found on LSTN0.1 after 100 h reaction, and the comparison with the impregnated catalysts showed that the carbon resistance is closely associated with the strong metal–support interaction and basicity. Nevertheless, under harsh reaction conditions (CH4:CO2=2:1 at 700 °C), the coking process speeded up on LSTN0.1. This bimodal Ni catalyst had higher coke resistance than the catalyst possessing few small particles. Moreover, the coke was found on the large Ni particles (14.5 nm average size) but the small Ni particles (2.5 nm average size) remained unchanged.
Enhancing Innovativeness: The Role of Dynamic Marketing Capabilities
Authors: Roach David , Ryman Joel , Jones Rosalind , Ryman Hannah 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe gap between the relatively static marketing resources of a firm and the turbulent marketplace is growing in importance for both practitioners and academics alike. This paper explores how marketing capabilities, specifically market orientation, work synergistically with other organizational capabilities to form dynamic marketing capabilities that enhance firm innovativeness. Findings indicate that a tight integration between the technical and marketing functions of a firm creates a fertile transformation point, where market orientation infuses the innovation process. Market orientation interacts with these integrated capabilities to form a dynamic marketing capability that enhances the organization's innovativeness. Implications include how these dynamic marketing capabilities differ between service and manufacturing firms, where only the cultural aspects of market orientation enhance performance in service firms. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of body mass index on survival after sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Matinrazm Sayna , Ladejobi Adetola , Pasupula Deepak Kumar , Javed Awais , Durrani Asad , Ahmad Shahzad , Munir Muhammad Bilal , Adelstein Evan , Jain Sandeep K. , Saba Samir 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundAlthough elevated body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for cardiac disease, patients with elevated BMI have better survival in the context of severe illness, a phenomenon termed the “obesity paradox.”HypothesisHigher BMI is associated with lower mortality in sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) survivors.MethodsData were collected on 1433 post‐SCA patients, discharged alive from the hospitals of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between 2002 and 2012. Of those, 1298 patients with documented BMI during the index hospitalization and follow‐up data constituted the study cohort.ResultsIn the overall cohort, 30 patients were underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), 312 had normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), 417 were overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and 539 were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). As expected, the prevalence of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension increased significantly with increasing BMI. Over a median follow‐up of 3.6 years, 602 (46%) patients died. Despite higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities in more obese patients, a higher BMI was associated with lower all‐cause mortality on univariate analysis (hazard ratio: 0.86 per increase by 1 BMI category, 95% confidence interval: 0.78‐0.94, P = 0.002) and multivariate analysis after adjusting for unbalanced baseline comorbidities (hazard ratio: 0.86 per increase by 1 BMI category, 95% confidence interval: 0.77‐0.96, P = 0.009).ConclusionsHigher BMI is associated with lower all‐cause mortality in survivors of SCA, suggesting that the obesity paradox applies to the post‐arrest population. Further investigation into its mechanisms may inform the management of post‐SCA patients.
Hybridization Histochemistry of Neural Transcripts
Authors: Young W. Scott , Song June , Mezey Éva 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis unit presents protocols to locate RNA transcripts in tissues. Numerous approaches are detailed, including those that use radiolabeled or colorimetric probes. Also, the probes may be modified oligodeoxynucleotides, singly or in pairs, as well as ribonucleic acids. High sensitivity and specificity are obtained, especially with sets of oligodeoxynucleotide pairs. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imaging of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Astrocytes
Authors: Zhang Nannan , Ding Shinghua 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis unit provides a step‐by‐step protocol for constructing cell type‐ and mitochondria‐targeted GCaMP genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) for mitochondrial Ca2+ imaging in astrocytes. Mitochondrial Ca2+ plays a critical role in controlling cytosolic Ca2+ buffering, energy metabolism, and cellular signal transduction. Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload contributes to various pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in neurological diseases. Live‐cell mitochondrial Ca2+ imaging is an important approach to understand mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics and thus cell physiology and pathology. We implement astrocyte‐specific mitochondrial targeting of GCaMP5G/6s (mito‐GCaMP5G/6s). By loading X‐Rhod‐1 into astrocytes, we can simultaneously image mitochondrial and cytosolic Ca2+ signals. This protocol provides a novel approach to image mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics as well as Ca2+ interplay between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fire‐induced deforestation in drought‐prone Mediterranean forests: drivers and unknowns from leaves to communities
Authors: Karavani Asaf , Boer Matthias M. , Baudena Mara , Colinas Carlos , Díaz‐Sierra Rubén , Pemán Jesús , de Luis Martín , Enríquez‐de‐Salamanca Álvaro , Resco de Dios Víctor 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOver the past 15 years, 3 million hectares of forests have been converted into shrublands or grasslands in the Mediterranean countries of the European Union. Fire and drought are the main drivers underlying this deforestation. Here we present a conceptual framework for the process of fire‐induced deforestation based on the interactive effects of fire and drought across three hierarchical scales: resistance in individuals, resilience in populations, and transitions to a new state. At the individual plant level, we review the traits that confer structural and physiological resistance, as well as allow for resprouting capacity: deforestation can be initiated when established individuals succumb to fire. After individuals perish, the second step toward deforestation requires a limited resilience from the population, that is, a reduced ability of that species to regenerate after fire. If individuals die after fire and the population fails to recover, then a transition to a new state will occur. We document trade‐offs between drought survival and fire survival, as embolism resistance is negatively correlated with fire tolerance in conifers and leaf shedding or drought deciduousness, a process that decreases water consumption at the peak of the dry season, temporally increases crown flammability. Propagule availability and establishment control resilience after mortality, but different hypotheses make contrasting predictions on the drivers of post‐fire establishment. Mycorrhizae play an additional role in modulating the response by favoring recovery through amelioration of the nutritional and water status of resprouts and new germinants. So far, resprouter species such as oaks have provided a buffer against deforestation in forests dominated by obligate seeder trees, when present in high enough density in the understory. While diversifying stands with resprouters is often reported as advantageous for building resilience, important knowledge gaps exist on how floristic composition interacts with stand flammability and on the “resprouter exhaustion syndrome,” a condition where pre‐fire drought stress, or short fire return intervals, seriously restrict post‐fire resprouting. Additional attention should be paid to the onset of novel fire environments in previously fire‐free environments, such as high altitude forests, and management actions need to accommodate this complexity to sustain Mediterranean forests under a changing climate.
Transvenous dual‐chamber pacemaker after paediatric heart transplantation using left ventricle pacing through the coronary sinus
Authors: Baggio José Mario , Afiune Cristina Machado Camargo , Afiune Jorge Y. , Sarabanda Alvaro V. , Atik Fernando A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA 12‐year‐old child with end‐stage heart failure due to restrictive cardiomyopathy was submitted to orthotopic heart transplantation. Primary graft dysfunction required venous arterial extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation. Heart function normalized, but complete atrioventricular block remained after 3 weeks. A dual‐chamber pacing with transvenous left ventricle pacing through the coronary sinus was performed. At 5‐year follow‐up, the patient is stable with the same pacing system and with preserved ventricular function.
Potential role of potassium and chloride channels in regulation of silymarin‐induced apoptosis in Candida albicans
Authors: Lee Wonjong , Lee Dong Gun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSilymarin, which is derived from the seeds of Silybum marianum, has been widely used to prevent and treat liver diseases. In our previous study, we reported that at concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), silymarin exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans by targeting its plasma membrane. However, the antifungal mechanism at concentration below the MIC remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of antifungal effects of silymarin at concentration below the MIC. To evaluate the inhibitory effects on the ion channels, C. albicans cells were separately pretreated with potassium and chloride channel blockers. The antifungal activity of silymarin at sub‐MIC was affected by the ion channel blockers. Potassium channel blockade inhibited the antifungal effects, whereas chloride channel blockade slightly enhanced these effects. Subsequently, we found that silymarin induced disturbances in calcium homeostasis via the cytosolic and mitochondrial accumulation of calcium. Furthermore, apoptotic responses, such as phosphatidylserine exposure, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, and caspase activation were induced in response to silymarin treatment. The increases in intracellular calcium level and pro‐apoptotic changes were prevented when potassium ion channels were blocked. In contrast, these changes were enhanced upon chloride channels blockade; however, this did not affect the intracellular calcium levels and MMP loss. Thus, we showed that silymarin treatment at concentration below the MIC induced apoptosis in C. albicans; additionally, ion channels contributed these effects. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(3):197–206, 2018
Toward a mechanistic explanation of phenotypic evolution: The need for a theory of theory integration
Authors: Laubichler Manfred D. , Prohaska Sonja J. , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractReconciling different underlying ontologies and explanatory contexts has been one of the main challenges and impediments for theory integration in biology. Here, we analyze the challenge of developing an inclusive and integrative theory of phenotypic evolution as an example for the broader challenge of developing a theory of theory integration within the life sciences and suggest a number of necessary formal steps toward the resolution of often incompatible (hidden) assumptions. Theory integration in biology requires a better formal understanding of the structure of biological theories The strategy for integrating theories crucially depends on the relationships of the underlying ontologies.
Boosting ART uptake and retention among HIV‐infected pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants: the promise of innovative service delivery models
Authors: Srivastava Meena , Sullivan David , Phelps B. Ryan , Modi Surbhi , Broyles Laura N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIntroductionWith the rapid scale‐up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the “Treat All” era, there has been increasing emphasis on using differentiated models of HIV service delivery. The gaps within the clinical cascade for mothers and their infants suggest that current service delivery models are not meeting families' needs and prompt re‐consideration of how services are provided. This article will explore considerations for differentiated care and encourage the ongoing increase of ART coverage through innovative strategies while also addressing the unique needs of mothers and infants.DiscussionService delivery models should recognize that the timing of the mother's HIV diagnosis is a critical aspect of determining eligibility. Women newly diagnosed with HIV require a more intensive approach so that adequate counselling and monitoring of ART initiation and response can be provided. Women already on ART with evidence of virologic failure are also at high risk of transmitting HIV to their infants and require close follow‐up. However, women stable on ART with a suppressed viral load before conception have a very low likelihood of HIV transmission and thus are strong candidates for multi‐month ART dispensing, community‐based distribution of ART, adherence clubs, community adherence support groups and longer intervals between clinical visits. A number of other factors should be considered when defining eligibility of mothers and infants for differentiated care, including location of services, viral load monitoring and duration on ART. To provide differentiated care that is client‐centred and driven while encompassing a family‐based approach, it will be critical to engage mothers, families and communities in models that will optimize client satisfaction, retention in care and quality of services.ConclusionsDifferentiated care for mothers and infants represents an opportunity to provide client‐centred care that reduces the burden on clients and health systems while improving the quality and uptake of services for families. However, with decreasing funding, stable HIV incidence, and aspirations for sustainability, it is critical to consider efficient, customized and cost‐effective models of care for these populations as we aspire to eliminate mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV.
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Costa Jessica de Mattos , Torres Thiago Silva , Coelho Lara Esteves , Luz Paula Mendes 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIntroductionOptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy is closely related with suppression of the HIV viral load in plasma, slowing disease progression and decreasing HIV transmission rates. Despite its importance, the estimated proportion of people living with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean with optimal adherence has not yet been reported in a meta‐analysis. Moreover, little is known of the factors leading to poor adherence which may be setting‐specific. We present a pooled estimate of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) of people living with HIV in Latin America and Caribbean, report the methods used to measure adherence and describe the factors associated with poor adherence among the selected studies.MethodsWe electronically searched published studies up to July 2016 on the PubMed, Web of Science and Virtual Health Library (Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Portal); considering the following databases: MEDLINE, LILACS, PAHO and IBECS. Two independent reviewers selected and extracted data on ART adherence and study characteristics. Pooled estimate of adherence was derived using a random‐effects model. Risk of bias in individual studies was assessed independently by two investigators using the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non‐randomized Studies (RoBANS).Results and discussionThe meta‐analysis included 53 studies published between 2005 and 2016, which analysed 22,603 people living with HIV in 25 Latin America and Caribbean countries. Overall adherence in Latin America and Caribbean was 70% (95% CI: 63–76; I2 = 98%), similar to levels identified by studies conducted in high‐income regions. Self‐report was the most frequently used method to measure adherence. Subgroup analysis showed that adherence was higher for the shortest recall time frame used, as well as in countries with lower income level, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and Human Development Index (HDI). Studies reported diverse adherence barriers, such as alcohol and substance misuse, depression, unemployment and pill burden.ConclusionsOur study suggests that adherence to ART in Latin America and Caribbean may be below the sufficient levels required for a successful long‐term viral load suppression.
Negative regulation of type I IFN signaling
Authors: Arimoto Kei-Ichiro , Miyauchi Sayuri , Stoner Samuel A , Fan Jun-Bao , Zhang Dong-Er 
Published: January 2018

AbstractType I IFNs (α, β, and others) are a family of cytokines that are produced in physiological conditions as well as in response to the activation of pattern recognition receptors. They are critically important in controlling the host innate and adaptive immune response to viral and some bacterial infections, cancer, and other inflammatory stimuli. However, dysregulation of type I IFN production or response can contribute to immune pathologies termed “interferonopathies”, pointing to the importance of balanced activating signals with tightly regulated mechanisms of tuning this signaling. Here, we summarize the recent advances of how type I IFN production and response are controlled at multiple levels of the type I IFN signaling cascade.