bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Topical Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, Cimetidine, and Meloxicam Treatment in Plaque- Induced Gingivitis
Authors: Saaed Hiwa , Muhammad Sara 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of newly prepared topical dosage forms as an adjunct to scaling and polishing (S & P) in plaque-induced gingivitis.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 75 patients (35 males and 40 females) with a moderate to severe gingivitis randomly divided into five groups, each including 15 patients. In each group, the patients received (S & P) plus one of the oral gels (1% metronidazole, 1% ciprofloxacin, 1% cimetidine, 0.5% meloxicam) twice daily for seven days, except group 0 which were treated by (S & P) alone without any drug application. All the patients were evaluated before treatment and 7 days after treatment for plaque index [PLI], gingival index [GI], and bleeding on probing [BOP] and biochemical parameters (salivary enzymes) like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
Results: There was a significant improvement following all treatments type when compared to pretreatment records with minor differences in the effects of treatment modalities on the clinical parameters (PLI, GI, and BOP). Combination therapy of (S & P) plus ciprofloxacin gel resulted in the best improvement of PLI and BOP whereas the highest significant improvement in GI was with the combination therapy of (S & P) plus cimetidine gel. Similarly, AST, ALT, CK, and LDH significantly reduced in all five groups, with the most observed reduction of both AST and CK was found in the combination therapy of metronidazole gel along with (S & P). The highest decrease in ALT and LDH was observed with the combination therapy of cimetidine gel along with (S & P).
Conclusion: The above studies revealed that adjunctive use of topical gels particularly ciprofloxacin and cimetidine along with (S & P) results in significant benefits in the treatment of plaque-associated gingivitis.
Clinical Evaluation of Post Insertion Problems among Newly Wearers of Complete Denture Patients in Sulaimani City
Authors: Abdulazeez Jwan , Salih Hewa , Aljamoor Cheman 
Published: August 2017

Growth of the aging population will presumably increase the edentulous population in need of care with complete denture prostheses. The objective was to examine complete dentures in patients experiencing difficulties with their new prostheses, determine the most frequent complaints and their possible relation to age and gender. A total number of 200 complete denture wearer patients 126 females and 74 males participated in this study. A questionnaire was used to record the information which was taken directly from the patient when they attend the dental hospital. The information includes; age, gender, and types of the complaint. The study result revealed that; female number 126 ( 63%) was more than male 74 (37%), the number of the patients within the age group of above 60 years was 158( 79%), more than patients within the age group of 60 years, 42 (21%). The significant difference was found between gender and age groups (P < 0.05). Pain 54 (27%) was the most common complaint of most of the patients in both genders, 23 (6.5%) for male and 31 (15.5%) for females. Loose Denture complaint had the lowest number among male 10 (5%), while complaint relating to mastication and eating had the lowest number of Females 18 (9%). No significant difference was found between gender and type of complaints (P> 0. 05). Speech problem had the highest incidence among patients within the age group of up to 60 years 11 (5.5%), while the highest incidence among patients within the age group of above 60 years, were pain complaint 45 (22.5%). Complaint relating to eating and mastication had the lowest incidence among both age groups in total 34 (17%). No significant difference was found between age group and type of complain. Pain during insertion, removing, and wearing a complete denture had the highest prevalence, alongside speech problem in one age group only. A significant difference was found between gender and age group. No statistically significant difference was found between gender and type of complaints.
A case control study in BMC Sagar to identify the risk factors for heart failure in patients with recently diagnosed myocardial infarction
Authors: Pandey Ramesh , Pandey Shikha 
Published: August 2017

Background: This study was conducted to identify the risk factors for heart failure (HF) in recently diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI) patients in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, India.Methods: In this hospital-based, case-control study, the participants were all new myocardial infarction patients hospitalized from April 2016 to March 2017 in Bundelkhand Medical College (BMC) and associated hospital Sagar, Madhya Pradesh. There were 1,691 new cases with heart failure and 6,764 patients without heart failure as controls. Controls were selected randomly as per incidence density sampling. Odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to identify potential risk factors, using conditional logistic regression models.Results: The mortality rate was 18.2% in the cases and (12.1%) in the controls (p<0.05). Important risk factors for heart failure were: stroke (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.39 to 2.89), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.95 to 4.19). The factors significantly associated with heart failure Diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and age. Incidence (p<0.05). Significant factor in women was diabetes (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.88) while in men age, hypertension, and RBBB are important.Conclusions: This study might help to identify and monitor the predictive risk factors for heart failure in myocardial infarction patients. The type of risk factors was different in men and women.
The efficacy and safety of a 70% glycolic acid peel with vitamin C for the treatment of acne scars
Authors: Khee Heng Jun , May Liau MeiQi , Sam Yang Shiyao , Derrick Aw Chen Wee , Sue-Ann Ho 
Published: August 2017

<div><p>Acne scarring is a common complication associated with significant psychological distress. Both glycolic acid (GA) and vitamin C are known to improve the appearance of acne scarring.<strong> </strong>We performed a review of 13 patients treated with three 70% GA peels with vitamin C at four weeks apart.<strong> </strong>There was a statistically significant` improvement in acne scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation from the baseline. Maximal effects were noted four weeks after the third chemical peel. It has an excellent safety profile with no permanent adverse effects noted. A combination of 70% glycolic acid with vitamin C chemical peel is an efficacious, well-tolerated treatment of acne scarring in Asian skin. </p></div>
Bilhões de anos em uma tela de computador
Authors: Editorial Equipe 
Published: August 2017

Bilhões de anos em uma semana. A instigante frase foi cunhada por alunos de geologia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro para despertar a atenção das pessoas em geral sobre um ciclo de palestras, em janeiro de 2007. A abordagem situa precisamente a função do geocientista e das geociências nas sociedades modernas: estudar, entender e explicar, em palavras simples, a origem e padrões de evolução do planeta onde vivemos. A mesma imagem, bilhões de anos em uma tela de computador, pode ilustrar o papel de uma revista eletrônica como Terræ Didatica, que busca difundir conhecimentos geocientíficos sobre o planeta.
Sediment Phosphorus Flux at Lake Tenkiller, Oklahoma: How Important Are Internal Sources?
Authors: Lasater A. L. , Haggard B. E. 
Published: August 2017

Core Ideas
Sediment P release needs to be measured in lakes and reservoirs that are eutrophic.
Sediment P release data is essential for calibrating lake and reservoir models used in a TMDL.
Sediment P release at Lake Tenkiller was very high relative to that predicted by the model.
Sediment P release was also very high relative to that observed in regional reservoirs.
Internal P sources need to be addressed in watershed management strategies.
Watershed management for lakes and reservoirs largely focuses on external sources, but internal sources, such as sediment P release, can be important. This study quantified sediment P release in Lake Tenkiller, Oklahoma, in summer 2016. Eight intact sediment–water cores were collected from the riverine and transition zone and then incubated at 22°C for 8 d under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Phosphorus mass in the overlying water of all cores increased with time, and the rate of increase was significantly greater under anaerobic conditions. Sediment P release was reflective of eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions, measuring up to 15.2 mg m−2 d−1. Sediment P fluxes were four to five times greater than the net flux predicted by the model of Lake Tenkiller, suggesting that internal P sources need to be considered in the total maximum daily load process.
Persistence of Resistance Alleles 1781, 2041, and 2078 in the Absence of Herbicide Selection
Authors: Saini Rupinder Kaur , Malone Jenna , Preston Christopher , Gill Gurjeet 
Published: August 2017

Core Ideas
This research investigated whether a fitness penalty exists for three known mutations (Leu‐1781, Asn‐2041, and Gly‐2078) in clethodim‐resistant rigid ryegrass populations under wheat competition.
The results revealed that in the absence of herbicide selection, no fitness cost was associated with Leu‐1781 and Asn‐2041 alleles, but Gly‐2078 alleles increased in frequency.
The absence of fitness penalties associated with these resistant alleles suggests their frequency will not decrease over time in the absence of clethodim use.
In Australia, over‐reliance on clethodim has resulted in the evolution of clethodim resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) populations. Many of these resistant populations contain amino acid modifications in acetyl co‐enzyme A carboxylase (ACCase), the target‐site for this herbicide. This study was conducted to determine whether a fitness penalty exists for three known mutations (Leu‐1781, Asn‐2041, and Gly‐2078) in clethodim‐resistant populations in the absence of herbicide selection pressure and presence of crop competition. In 2014, F2 seedlings of three clethodim‐resistant rigid ryegrass populations were planted in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under two densities (100 and 200 plants m−2). Sequencing of all individuals of each rigid ryegrass population was done to establish the initial frequency of each allele (no mutation, Leu‐1781, Asn‐2041, and Gly‐2078). The F2 plants were allowed to set seed and seeds were collected at the end of the season. In 2015, seedlings established from seed collected in 2014 were grown, and the sequence of ACCase gene examined to determine the change in frequency of each resistant allele. The results showed that there was no significant change in the frequency of Leu‐1781, and Asn‐2041 alleles in rigid ryegrass populations over one generation in the absence of clethodim use. However, Gly‐2078 increase was identified in three populations, even under different competition levels. The absence of fitness penalties associated with these resistant alleles suggests that their frequency will not decrease over time in the absence of clethodim use.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Site Assessment Tools: Lessons from the USA
Authors: Sharpley Andrew , Kleinman Peter , Baffaut Claire , Beegle Doug , Bolster Carl , Collick Amy , Easton Zachary , Lory John , Nelson Nathan , Osmond Deanna , Radcliffe David , Veith Tamie , Weld Jennifer 
Published: August 2017

Critical source area identification through phosphorus (P) site assessment is a fundamental part of modern nutrient management planning in the United States, yet there has been only sparse testing of the many versions of the P Index that now exist. Each P site assessment tool was developed to be applicable across a range of field conditions found in a given geographic area, making evaluation extremely difficult. In general, evaluation with in‐field monitoring data has been limited, focusing primarily on corroborating manure and fertilizer “source” factors. Thus, a multiregional effort (Chesapeake Bay, Heartland, and Southern States) was undertaken to evaluate P Indices using a combination of limited field data, as well as output from simulation models (i.e., Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender, Annual P Loss Estimator, Soil and Water Assessment Tool [SWAT], and Texas Best Management Practice Evaluation Tool [TBET]) to compare against P Index ratings. These comparisons show promise for advancing the weighting and formulation of qualitative P Index components but require careful vetting of the simulation models. Differences among regional conclusions highlight model strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Southern States region found that, although models could simulate the effects of nutrient management on P runoff, they often more accurately predicted hydrology than total P loads. Furthermore, SWAT and TBET overpredicted particulate P and underpredicted dissolved P, resulting in correct total P predictions but for the wrong reasons. Experience in the United States supports expanded regional approaches to P site assessment, assuming closely coordinated efforts that engage science, policy, and implementation communities, but limited scientific validity exists for uniform national P site assessment tools at the present time.Core Ideas
Concern over the accuracy of P Indices has led to calls for their evaluation.
Insufficient field data exist to evaluate P site assessment tools comprehensively.
Researchers can use nonpoint source models as surrogates to field data if vetted first.
There is no scientific justification for a single national P Index.
Natural and Enhanced Attenuation of Explosives on a Hand Grenade Range
Authors: Borden Robert C. , Won Jongho , Yuncu Bilgen 
Published: August 2017

2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (Royal Demolition Explosive, or RDX) deposited on hand grenade training ranges can leach through the soil and impact shallow groundwater. A 27‐mo field monitoring project was conducted to evaluate the transport and attenuation of high explosives in variably saturated soils at an active grenade range located at Fort Bragg, NC. Two approaches were evaluated: (i) natural attenuation in grenade Bay C; and (ii) enhanced attenuation in Grenade Bay T. There was no evidence of TNT accumulation or leaching in surface soils or pore water in either bay, consistent with parallel laboratory studies showing aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of TNT. In the untreated Bay C, the low saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) combined with high rainfall and warm summer temperatures resulted in reducing conditions (low oxidation–reduction potential), an increase in dissolved Mn, and a rapid decline in nitrate and RDX. In Bay T, the somewhat greater Ksat and lower soil organic C level resulted in more oxidizing conditions with greater RDX leaching. A single‐spray application of glycerin and lignosulfonate to the soil surface in Bay T was effective in generating reducing conditions and stimulating RDX biodegradation for ∼1 yr.Core Ideas
There was no evidence of TNT accumulation or leaching.
Large spatial variations in drainage rates occurred due to grenade detonation craters.
Small differences in soil properties generated important differences in redox conditions.
RDX was depleted when soil Eh declined.
Amendment addition generated reducing conditions, stimulating RDX biodegradation.
Preparation and Physical Performance of Green Poly(L-lactic acid) Composition by Blending with Starch
Authors: Cai Yan-Hua , Zheng Qian , Guo Wen-Jiang 
Published: August 2017

Objective:
To develop more green polymer composites and further know the performance of green composites, the composites based on green poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and starch were fabricated by a counter-rotating mixer. And effect of starch on the fluidity and nucleating performance of PLLA was investigated using melt index instrument, optical depolarizer and wide angle X-ray diffraction instrument, respectively.

Method and Conclusion:
The fluidity of PLLA/starch composites showed that, compared to the neat PLLA, the addition of starch made the fluidity of PLLA increase significantly and the melt mass flow rate of PLLA/5%starch sample had the maximum value 13.36 g/10min. In addition, the introduction of starch could also increase the crystallization rate of PLLA through isothermal crystallization measurement and x-ray diffraction analysis, the maximum value of crystallization rate of PLLA/starch composites appeared in low crystallization temperature zone, and 10 wt% starch could make the t1/2 of PLLA decrease from 3999.4s to 421.4s.
Non-invasive Raman Spectroscopy and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Distinguish Among Undifferentiated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Redifferentiated Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Chondrocytes In Vitro
Authors: Ehlicke Franziska , Köster Natascha , Salzig Denise , Czermak Peter 
Published: August 2017

Background:The most common cause of lower back pain is the pathological degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP). Promising NP regeneration strategies involving human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) would require specific markers to confirm successful differentiation into the NP lineage and to distinguish the articular cartilage (AC).Objective:We sought specific NP mRNA markers that are upregulated in native NP cells but not in dedifferentiated NP cells, undifferentiated hMSCs or chondrocytes. We also considered the suitability of non-invasive Raman spectroscopy to distinguish among these classes of cells.Method:We used quantitative real-time PCR and Raman spectroscopy to analyse undifferentiated hMSCs in monolayers and embedded in hydrogels, and compared the results with dedifferentiated and redifferentiated human NP and AC cells.Results:The redifferentiation of NP cells induced the expression of annexin A3 (ANXA3), collagen type II (COL2) and proteoglycan mRNAs, whereas the redifferentiation of AC cells only induced proteoglycan expression. Redifferentiated NP cells expressed higher levels ofANXA3,COL2, paired box 1 (PAX1) andOCT4mRNA than redifferentiated AC cells. Redifferentiated NP cells and undifferentiated hMSC-TERT cells expressed similar amount ofOCT4mRNA, indicating that onlyANXA3,COL2andPAX1are promising markers for redifferentiated NP cells. Raman spectra clearly differed among the three cell types and highlighted their differentiation status.Conclusion:We recommendANXA3,COL2andPAX1as markers to determine the success of hMSC-based differentiation to regenerate NP cells. Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine cell type and differentiation status especially in the context of clinical trials.
Study on Temperature Measurement Point Optimization and Thermal Error Modeling of NC Machine Tools
Authors: Fan Shuo , Guo Qianjian 
Published: August 2017

Background:
In precision machining, thermal error is the main source of machine tool error. And thermal error compensation is an effective method to reduce thermal error.

Objective:
In order to improve the prediction accuracy and computational efficiency of thermal error model, a new optimization method used for the selection of temperature measurement point is proposed.

Method:
This method is based on stepwise regression. According to the results of partial-F statistic, new variable is selected one by one, unapparent variables are deleted, and optimization selection of temperature measurement point is fulfilled, thermal error model of the NC machine tool is presented.

Result:
The new modeling method was used on NC machine tool, which reduced the temperature point number from 24 to 5. Moreover, model residual was less than 5µm after compensation.

Conclusion:
The result shows that the new thermal error model has higher prediction accuracy and less temperature variables.
Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates with Elevated Resistance to Carbapenems
Authors: Barwa Rasha , Shaaban Mona 
Published: August 2017

Background:Emergence of carbapenems-resistantK. pneumoniaerepresents a serious challenge for antimicrobial therapy.Objective:The aim of this research is to determine different mechanisms mediating the emergence ofK. pneumoniaeisolates with high-level carbapenem resistance.Method:A total of 80K. pneumoniaeisolates were purified from sputum and urine specimens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of imipenem and meropenem were determined by broth microdilution method. Carbapenemases were detected by Modified Hodge test and PCR. Additionally, the copy numbers of the identified genes (blaVIM-1,blaNDM-1andblaOXA-48) were quantified by RT-PCR. The outer membrane proteins OmpK35 and OmpK36 of the resistant isolates were analyzed.Results:Eight isolates were resistant to carbapenems; six of these isolates possessed elevated MICs to imipenem and meropenem (≥16 µg/ml). Carbapenem resistant isolates harboredblaNDM-1(n=5),blaVIM-1(n=4) andblaOXA-48(n=1) with some isolates had multiple carbapenemases genes. Six isolates with high MICs to imipenem contained multi-copies of the carbapenemases genes along with the lack of OmpK35. Isolates with intermediate resistance to carbapenems (MIC; 4-8 µg/ml) did not exhibit multiple carbapenemases but lacked the OmpK35. Random amplified polymorphic DNA exhibited three different patterns and indicated that five isolates encoded the same pattern P1.Conclusion:This study elucidated that multiple carbapenemases genes, high copy number of carbapenemases and loss of the porin OmpK35 could collectively contribute to the emergence ofK. pneumoniaeisolates with high resistance to carbapenems. Hence, more restrictions should be applied on the use of carbapenems to reduce the emergence of the resistant clones.
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT. FROM “EMERGING NORM” TO A FALSE PROMISE. A NEW CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY POLICY
Authors: APETROE Alexandru C. 
Published: August 2017

The meaning of RtoP (responsibility to protect) is self-explanatory, it shows what the international community (or at least some part of it) considers unacceptable in today’s world: genocide, ethnic cleansing and barbarous acts against civilians. However, the same international community stood silent when Rwanda and Srebrenica happened. Yet precisely because of the guilt and shame associated with its previous failures, the same international community managed to launch an initiative, responsibility to protect (RtoP/R2P), in 2001. We insist on calling RtoP an initiative, not as a derogatory term, but as a counter-rhetoric argument to the so-called RtoP emerging norm. According to international law theory, a norm can be either customary (derogatory), either peremptory (jus cogens), there is no in-between option, particularly when interpreting the UN Charter provisions in relation with to the broad-spectrum of the principle of non-intervention as opposed to human rights (the area where RtoP tries to overstep the Charter’s authority). The main aspects of RtoP are, (1) on one count, the infringement on state-sovereignty (the functional sovereignty theory), particularly on the quality of the so-called Westphalia-style sovereignty, (2) the other being the clear purpose of the ICISS, above and beyond of ending mass-atrocities, which is the process of legalizing humanitarian intervention. After the 1999 Kosovo Intervention and during the early phases of the War on Terror, humanitarian intervention became seriously de-legitimised, this is why something novel was needed, which where RtoP stepped-in, riding on the hopes of many.