bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender and hormonal influences in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Authors: Topcuoglu Mehmet A , McKee Kathleen E , Singhal Aneesh B 
Published: June 2016

Introduction The reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, including postpartum angiopathy, have been characterized over the last decade. Women are predominantly affected. Some studies suggest that postpartum angiopathy carries a worse prognosis. Patients and methods We compared the clinical, neuroimaging, and angiographic features of 36 men, 110 non-pregnant women and 16 postpartum women included in our single-center cohort of patients with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes encountered from 1998 to 2016. Results As compared to men, non-pregnant women were older (48 ± 11 vs. 34 ± 13 years, p < 0.001), had more underlying migraine (49% vs. 19%, p = 0.002), depression (53% vs. 14%, p < 0.001) and serotonergic antidepressant use (45% vs. 11%, p < 0.001), developed more clinical worsening (18% vs. 3%, p = 0.022), more infarcts (39% vs. 20%, p = 0.031) and worse angiographic severity scores (23 ± 14 vs. 10.9 ± 10.3, p < 0.001), but had similar discharge outcomes (modified Rankin scale scores 0–3, 90% vs. 91%, p = 0.768). Sexual activity was an important trigger in men (22% vs. 4%, p = 0.002). As compared to non-pregnant women, postpartum angiopathy patients were younger (33 ± 6 years, p < 0.001) and had less vasoconstrictive drug exposure (25% vs. 67%, p = 0.002) but showed similar clinical, radiological and angiographic findings and similar discharge outcomes (modified Rankin scale scores 0–3 in 94%, p = 0.633). There were no significant differences between pre- and post-menopausal women, or those with and without hysterectomy. Discussion/Conclusion The observed gender differences in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes may result from hormonal or non-hormonal factors. Hormonal imbalances may trigger reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes. Given the absence of significant differences in the female subgroups, hormonal factors do not appear to significantly affect the course or outcome of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes.
Lenalidomide-bendamustine-rituximab in patients older than 65 years with untreated mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Albertsson-Lindblad Alexandra , Kolstad Arne , Laurell Anna , Räty Riikka , Grønbæk Kirsten , Sundberg Jan , Pedersen Lone Bredo , Ralfkiær Elisabeth , Karjalainen-Lindsberg Marja-Liisa , Sundström Christer , Ehinger Mats , Geisler Christian , Jerkeman Mats 
Published: June 2016

Key PointsAddition of lenalidomide to R-B is highly active in patients with untreated MCL, but associated with unexpected high rates of infections and SPMs.
The effect of APOE genotype on the delivery of DHA to cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Yassine Hussein N. , Rawat Varun , Mack Wendy J. , Quinn Joseph F. , Yurko-Mauro Karin , Bailey-Hall Eileen , Aisen Paul S. , Chui Helena C. , Schneider Lon S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Background
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) levels are predictors for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The results of several studies indicate an interaction between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) consumption and cognitive outcomes by APOE genotype. Our objective in the present study was to examine whether APOE ɛ4 genotype and low CSF Aβ42 levels were associated with reduced delivery of DHA to CSF in the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-sponsored DHA clinical trial.

Methods
Phospholipid DHA was assayed in the plasma of 384 participants and CSF of 70 participants at baseline. Forty-four of the 70 participants completed the 18-month follow-up visit after allocation to placebo (n = 15) or DHA (n = 29). Plasma and CSF DHA levels, CSF Aβ42, Tau, and phosphorylated Tau were measured at baseline and after the 18-month intervention. Participants were divided into tertiles based on baseline Aβ42 CSF levels. To assess DHA delivery across the blood-brain barrier, the ratio of CSF to plasma DHA levels was calculated.

Results
At baseline, there were no significant differences between CSF or plasma phospholipid DHA levels by CSF Aβ42 tertiles or ɛ4 status. After 18 months of DHA supplementation, participants at the lowest Aβ42 tertile had significantly lower CSF DHA levels (p = 0.01) and lower CSF-to-plasma DHA ratios (p = 0.05) compared to the other tertiles. Baseline CSF Aβ42 levels were significantly lower in ɛ4 carriers than in ɛ4 noncarriers (p = 0.01). Participants carrying the ɛ4 allele (n = 25) demonstrated a less pronounced increase in CSF DHA level compared with noncarriers (n = 4), with a possible interaction effect between treatment and APOE genotype (p = 0.07).

Conclusions
APOE ɛ4 allele and lower CSF Aβ42 levels were associated with less transport of DHA to CSF. Brain amyloid pathology may limit the delivery of DHA to the brain in AD.

Trial Registration
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00440050. Registered on 22 Feb 2007.
Myoprotective effects of bFGF on skeletal muscle injury in pressure-related deep tissue injury in rats
Authors: Shi Hongxue , Xie Haohuang , Zhao Yan , Lin Cai , Cui Feifei , Pan Yingying , Wang Xiaohui , Zhu Jingjing , Cai Pingtao , Zhang Hongyu , Fu Xiaobing , Xiao Jian , Jiang Liping 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundPressure ulcers (PUs) are a major clinical problem that constitutes a tremendous economic burden on healthcare systems. Deep tissue injury (DTI) is a unique serious type of pressure ulcer that arises in skeletal muscle tissue. DTI arises in part because skeletal muscle tissues are more susceptible than skin to external compression. Unfortunately, few effective therapies are currently available for muscle injury. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a potent mitogen and survival factor for various cells, plays a crucial role in the regulation of muscle development and homeostasis. The main purpose of this study was to test whether local administration of bFGF could accelerate muscle regeneration in a rat DTI model.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (age 12 weeks) were individually housed in plastic cages and a DTI PU model was induced according to methods described before. Animals were randomly divided into three groups: a normal group, a PU group treated with saline, and a PU group treated with bFGF (10 μg/0.1 ml) subcutaneously near the wound.ResultsWe found that application of bFGF accelerated the rate of wound closure and promoted cell proliferation and tissue angiogenesis. In addition, compared to saline administration, bFGF treatment prevented collagen deposition, a measure of fibrosis, and up-regulated the myogenic marker proteins MyHC and myogenin, suggesting bFGF promoted injured muscle regeneration. Moreover, bFGF treatment increased levels of myogenesis-related proteins p-Akt and p-mTOR.ConclusionsOur findings show that bFGF accelerated injured skeletal muscle regeneration through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and suggest that administration of bFGF is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of skeletal muscle injury in PUs.
Specific phenotype and function of CD56-expressing innate immune cell subsets in human thymus
Authors: Gerstner Stephanie , Köhler Wolfgang , Heidkamp Gordon , Purbojo Ariawan , Uchida Shizuka , Ekici Arif B , Heger Lukas , Luetke-Eversloh Merlin , Schubert Ralf , Bader Peter , Klingebiel Thomas , Koehl Ulrike , Mackensen Andreas , Romagnani Chiara , Cesnjevar Robert , Dudziak Diana , Ullrich Evelyn 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Whereas innate immune cells, such as NK and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), have been characterized in different human tissues, knowledge on the thymic CD56-expressing cell subsets is limited. In this study, the rare subpopulations of thymic CD56+CD3− cells from samples of &gt;100 patients have been successfully analyzed. The results revealed fundamental differences between thymic and peripheral blood (PB) CD56+CD3− cells. Thymic tissues lacked immunoregulatory CD56highCD16dim NK cells but showed two Eomes+CD56dim subsets on which common NK cell markers were significantly altered. CD56dimCD16high cells expressed high amounts of NKG2A, NKG2D, and CD27 with low CD57. Conversely, CD56dimCD16dim cells displayed high CD127 but low expression of KIR, NKG2D, and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). Thymic CD56+CD3− cells were able to gain cytotoxicity but were especially immunoregulatory cells, producing a broad range of cytokines. Finally, one population of thymic CD56+ cells resembled conventional NK cells, whereas the other represented a novel, noncanonical NK subset.
Biological role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on cells of the myeloid lineage
Authors: Ushach Irina , Zlotnik Albert 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
M-CSF and GM-CSF are 2 important cytokines that regulate macrophage numbers and function. Here, we review their known effects on cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage. Important clues to their function come from their expression patterns. M-CSF exhibits a mostly homeostatic expression pattern, whereas GM-CSF is a product of cells activated during inflammatory or pathologic conditions. Accordingly, M-CSF regulates the numbers of various tissue macrophage and monocyte populations without altering their “activation” status. Conversely, GM-CSF induces activation of monocytes/macrophages and also mediates differentiation to other states that participate in immune responses [i.e., dendritic cells (DCs)]. Further insights into their function have come from analyses of mice deficient in either cytokine. M-CSF signals through its receptor (CSF-1R). Interestingly, mice deficient in CSF-1R expression exhibit a more significant phenotype than mice deficient in M-CSF. This observation was explained by the discovery of a novel cytokine (IL-34) that represents a second ligand of CSF-1R. Information about the function of these ligands/receptor system is still developing, but its complexity is intriguing and strongly suggests that more interesting biology remains to be elucidated. Based on our current knowledge, several therapeutic molecules targeting either the M-CSF or the GM-CSF pathways have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials targeting either autoimmune diseases or cancer. It is intriguing to consider how evolution has directed these pathways to develop; their complexity likely mirrors the multiple functions in which cells of the monocyte/macrophage system are involved.
Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Cancer: Differential Association With Performance Status and Systemic Inflammatory Response
Authors: Laird Barry J.A. , Fallon Marie , Hjermstad Marianne J. , Tuck Sharon , Kaasa Stein , Klepstad Pål , McMillan Donald C. 
Published: June 2016

PurposeQuality of life is a key component of cancer care; however, the factors that determine quality of life are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between quality of life parameters, performance status (PS), and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with advanced cancer.MethodsAn international biobank of patients with advanced cancer was analyzed. Quality of life was assessed at a single time point by using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). PS was assessed by using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) classification. Systemic inflammation was assessed by using the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), which combines C-reactive protein and albumin. The relationship between quality of life parameters, ECOG PS, and the mGPS was examined.ResultsData were available for 2,520 patients, and the most common cancers were GI (585 patients [22.2%]) and pulmonary (443 patients [17.6%]). The median survival was 4.25 months (interquartile range, 1.36 to 12.9 months). Increasing mGPS (systemic inflammation) and deteriorating PS were associated with deterioration in quality-of-life parameters (P < .001). Increasing systemic inflammation was associated with deterioration in quality-of-life parameters independent of PS.ConclusionSystemic inflammation was associated with quality-of-life parameters independent of PS in patients with advanced cancer. Further investigation of these relationships in longitudinal studies and investigations of possible effects of attenuating systemic inflammation are now warranted.
Stereotactic Accuracy and Surgical Utility of the O-Arm in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery
Authors: Carlson Jonathan Dennis , McLeod Kate Elizabeth , McLeod Pamela Sue , Mark Jamelynn Brooke 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The stereotactic accuracy of intraoperative imaging is critical to clinical outcome, particularly in “asleep” deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery that typically forgoes neurophysiological techniques. Different intraoperative imaging modalities and associated accuracies have been reported, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and O-arm.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze intraoperative O-arm imaging accuracy and to evaluate the utility of microelectrode mapping.

METHODS: O-arm images of DBS electrodes were collected during implantation in the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson disease. Images were fused to postoperative MRI and postoperative CT scans. Stereotactic coordinates for the electrode tip were measured independently. Radial distances between the images were compared. The impact of microelectrode mapping on final DBS electrode positioning was also evaluated.

RESULTS: In 71 consecutive DBS electrodes, the average radial error of the electrode tip between the O-arm and MRI was 1.55 ± 0.58 mm. The average radial error between the O-arm and CT was 1.03 ± 0.61 mm. Thus, the O-arm images accurately depicted the position of the electrode. However, in 14% of cases, microelectrode mapping revised the DBS electrode position beyond the preoperative direct target in combination with accurate intraoperative imaging.

CONCLUSION: Intraoperative O-arm images reliably and accurately displayed the location of the DBS electrode compared with postoperative CT and MRI images. Microelectrode mapping provided superior subnuclear resolution to imaging. Both intraoperative imaging and microelectrode mapping are effective tools that can be synergistically combined for optimal DBS electrode placement.
Uses and abuses of macropinocytosis
Authors: Bloomfield Gareth , Kay Robert R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Macropinocytosis is a means by which eukaryotic cells ingest extracellular liquid and dissolved molecules. It is widely conserved amongst cells that can take on amoeboid form and, therefore, appears to be an ancient feature that can be traced back to an early stage of evolution. Recent advances have highlighted how this endocytic process can be subverted during pathology – certain cancer cells use macropinocytosis to feed on extracellular protein, and many viruses and bacteria use it to enter host cells. Prion and prion-like proteins can also spread and propagate from cell to cell through macropinocytosis. Progress is being made towards using macropinocytosis therapeutically, either to deliver drugs to or cause cell death by inducing catastrophically rapid fluid uptake. Mechanistically, the Ras signalling pathway plays a prominent and conserved activating role in amoebae and in mammals; mutant amoebae with abnormally high Ras activity resemble tumour cells in their increased capacity for growth using nutrients ingested through macropinocytosis. This Commentary takes a functional and evolutionary perspective to highlight progress in understanding and use of macropinocytosis, which is an ancient feeding process used by single-celled phagotrophs that has now been put to varied uses by metazoan cells and is abused in disease states, including infection and cancer.
Κοινωνική Ένταξη των Μεταναστών και Ανοικτή εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση στην Ελλάδα
Authors: ΜΠΙΓΙΛΑΚΗ Νίτσα 
Published: June 2016

<p>Η δέσμη δράσεων που πρέπει να ακολουθηθεί για την εφαρμογή μιας σύγχρονης πολιτικής κοινωνικής ένταξης των μεταναστών αποτελεί ένα ζήτημα που απασχολεί το δημόσιο διάλογο στη χώρα μας αλλά και γενικότερα στην Ευρώπη. Οι οικογένειες των μεταναστών που αντιμετωπίζουν γλωσσικές και πολιτισμικές διαφορές έχουν αυξηθεί δραστικά τα τελευταία χρόνια στη χώρα μας και αποτελεί πλέον ένα νέο κοινωνικό ζήτημα η κοινωνική ενσωμάτωση τους. Στον εκπαιδευτικό χώρο βεβαίως δημιουργείται μια πρόκληση. Το εκπαιδευτικό μας σύστημα οφείλει να συνεχίσει να παρέχει υψηλής ποιότητας εκπαίδευση σε όλους, όμως παράλληλα πρέπει να καλύψει τις ανάγκες μιας κοινωνίας με έντονο το στοιχείο της διαφορετικότητας των μελών της. Στην ελληνική εκπαιδευτική σκηνή, όπως αναφέρει ο Λιοναράκης (2001:35), η ανοικτή και εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση (ΑεξΑΕ) προσπάθησε να αναδείξει μια νέα μεθοδολογία διδακτικής και μάθησης, με επίκεντρο αυτής τον ενήλικο σπουδαστή. Μια μεθοδολογία στις αρχές μάθησης της οποίας εμπεριέχονται αρχές της Δημοκρατίας και σε αυτές μυούνται οι διδασκόμενοι, όπως ισότητα και διαφορετικότητα των πολιτών, ελεύθερη ανάπτυξη της προσωπικότητας, ενεργητική συμμετοχή, αναγνώριση της αξίας, αλλά και της ελευθερίας έκφρασης της γνώμης (Μπιγιλάκη, 2007).</p><p>Η σημαντικότητα της εκπαίδευσης στην κοινωνική ένταξη των μεταναστών είναι αδιαμφισβήτητη και φαίνεται ξεκάθαρα στα λόγια του Παπανδρέου (1998:21) «σημαντικό τομέα παρέμβασης συνιστά η εκπαίδευση και γενικότερα η παιδεία, καθώς διαδραματίζει καθοριστικό ρόλο στην ενσωμάτωση των μειονοτήτων και των νέων γενεών». Ως ευρύτερη έννοια, η παιδεία περιλαμβάνει μικρότερες έννοιες, όπως εκπαίδευση, διδασκαλία, μάθηση, επιδεξιότητα, ικανότητα, γνώση, μεθόδους. Ως κομμάτι της παιδείας, εκπαίδευση χαρακτηρίζεται ότι παρέχει ένα εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα (Κόκκοτας, 1983). Το παρόν άρθρο επικεντρώνεται στην ανοικτή εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση ως επιστημονικό πεδίο και εξετάζει το ρόλο που μπορεί να διαδραματίσει στην κοινωνική ένταξη των μεταναστών. Επιχειρείται δε μια σύντομη προσέγγιση στo δίκαιο των μεταναστών σχετικά με την εκπαίδευση, στο πλαίσιο της μεταναστευτικής πολιτικής. </p>
Wiki: ένα εργαλείο συνεργασίας. Περίπτωση υλοποίησης αίτησης για Ευρωπαϊκό πρόγραμμα Grundtvig
Authors: ΘΕΟΦΑΝΕΛΛΗΣ Τιμολέων 
Published: June 2016

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Στην παρούσα εργασία αναλύονται τα wikis ως εργαλείο διαμοιρασμού και συνεργασίας. </span><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">Γίνεται αναφορά στα πλεονεκτήματα και στα μειονεκτήματα που μπορούν να προκύψουν από τη χρήση τους και στην </span></strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">εφαρμογή τους για τη συνεργασία απομακρυσμένων μελών μιας ομάδας με κοινό στόχο.</span><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> Τα </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">wikis</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> αποτελούν βασικό σύγχρονο διαδικτυακό εργαλείο για την προώθηση της δημοκρατίας στη συνεργασία, ενώ ταυτόχρονα ενισχύουν υποδειγματικά τη συνεργατική δημιουργία. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε το </span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">wiki</span></strong><strong></strong><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">ως εργαλείο συνεργασίας και συνεισφοράς από εκπαιδευτικούς που βρίσκονταν διάσπαρτοι σε όλη την Ευρώπη. Τα αποτελέσματα της όλης προσπάθειας ήταν πολύ ικανοποιητικά για όλους τους εμπλεκόμενους, αφού υπήρχε η διαρκής δυνατότητα εμπλοκής, μειώθηκε κατά πολύ ο φόρτος εργασίας και η πολυπλοκότητα διαχείρισης διαφορετικών εκδόσεων αρχείων που διακινούμε με ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδρομείο.</span></strong></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
Η Τηλεδιάσκεψη στην υπηρεσία της συνεργατικής οικοδόμησης της γνώσης και της διαθεματικής προσέγγισης. Από τη Θεωρία στην Πράξη: «ΟΔΥΣΣΕΑΣ 2009: Περιβάλλον – Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα- Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας».
Authors: ΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΑΔΗΣ Παναγιώτης , ΜΑΝΟΥΣΟΥ Ευαγγελία , ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥΣΗΣ Γιώργος , ΣΙΑΚΑΣ Σπύρος , ΚΟΥΚΟΥΛΗΣ Νεκτάριος , ΤΟΜΑΖΙΝΑΚΗΣ Αριστόκριτος , ΓΚΙΖΑ Παναγιώτα , ΜΑΣΤΟΡΑΚΗ Ελένη , ΣΠΑΝΟΥΔΑΚΗΣ Αντώνης , ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΗ Δέσποινα , ΚΑΡΒΟΥΝΗΣ Λάμπρος 
Published: June 2016

<p>Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζεται το πλαίσιο σχεδιασμού και υλοποίησης διαδραστικών εκπαιδευτικών τηλεδιασκέψεων με στόχο την συνεργατική οικοδόμηση των γνώσεων και την διαθεματική προσέγγιση περιβαλλοντικών ζητημάτων. Στο πλαίσιο του προγράμματος «ΟΔΥΣΣΕΑΣ 2009», τη σχολική περίοδο 2008-2009, 120 μαθητές και 9 δάσκαλοι από την Αθήνα, την Αίγινα, την Σούδα και την Κίσσαμο Χανίων σχεδιάζουν και υλοποιούν συνεργατικές δραστηριότητες μάθησης από απόσταση μέσω τηλεδιάσκεψης. Με την βοήθεια της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας μαθητές και δάσκαλοι των συνεργαζόμενων σχολείων διερευνούν, ανακαλύπτουν και οικοδομούν συνεργατικά τις γνώσεις τους σε θέματα που σχετίζονται με το περιβάλλον, τη Μεσόγειο Θάλασσα και τις ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας. Φορείς Υλοποίησης του προγράμματος «ΟΔΥΣΣΕΑΣ 2009» είναι το Παιδαγωγικό Τμήμα Δημοτικής Εκπαίδευσης του Πανεπιστήμιου Κρήτης και το Διδασκαλείο Δ.Ε. «Μαρία Αμαριώτου» (<a href="http://www.edc.uoc.gr/~odysseas/">http://www.edc.uoc.gr/~odysseas/</a> ). </p><p> </p><p> </p>
PRO-SKILLS: Ευρωπαϊκό πρόγραμμα καλής πρακτικής στη διά βίου μάθηση
Authors: ΒΛΑΧΟΥ Ελένη , ΛΑΦΑΡΑ Αναστασία 
Published: June 2016

<p>Αρχικά επιχειρείται μια συνοπτική αναφορά στις προσεγγίσεις της διά βίου μάθησης κυρίως σε συνάρτηση με την ιστορική εξέλιξη της έννοιας και τη στοχοθεσία σε ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. Ακολουθεί μια συνοπτική περιγραφή του εκπαιδευτικού προγράμματος PRO-SKILLS, που πραγματοποιήθηκε σε χώρες της Ευρώπης. Εφαρμόστηκε σε κοινωνικά αποκλεισμένα άτομα, κυρίως μετανάστες, τόσο σε επίπεδο πρόληψης και ενίσχυσης της αυτοπεποίθησης υγιών ατόμων όσο και σε επίπεδο απεξάρτησης εξαρτημένων ατόμων.</p><p>Περιγράφεται εν συντομία το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο, που αφορά στη διά βίου μάθηση και τις σημαντικές δεξιότητες που απαιτούνται για την επίτευξή της. Επισημαίνονται οι στόχοι και το εκπαιδευτικό περιεχόμενο, ενώ στη συνέχεια περιγράφονται συνοπτικά τα τέσσερα πιλοτικά σχήματα που εφαρμόστηκαν στην Ουγγαρία, την Ελλάδα και σε δύο πόλεις της Γερμανίας.</p><p>Τέλος, προσεγγίζεται κριτικά το εκπαιδευτικό πρόγραμμα PRO-SKILLS με επιστημονικά επιχειρήματα, που αφορούν τόσο στο θεωρητικό επίπεδο όσο και στο επίπεδο πρακτικής εφαρμογής του και διατυπώνονται ακολούθως προτάσεις για περαιτέρω βελτίωση και αξιοποίησή του σε νέα περιβάλλοντα εφαρμογής. </p>