bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary investigation of various old geomaterials treated with hydrophobic pellicle
Authors: Pelin Vasile , Sandu Ion , Gurlui Silviu , Brânzilă Mihai , Vasilache Viorica , Borş Eugen , Sandu Ioan Gabriel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to evaluate the aesthetic and chromatic impact of hydrophobic treatments carried out on a series of old geomaterials, dating back to the XVII and XIX centuries. The materials in question have been utilized in the construction of two historic monuments. Throughout the evaluation proceedings regarding the state of conservation of the monuments in question, a number of porous surfaces were identified, such as calcareous rock and ornamental terracotta. The aim of the article is to evaluate the hydrophobic degree obtained by applying certain pellicles, in keeping with the modern principles of scientific conservation. During the experiments, an array of different commercially available hydrophobic additives was used. The tests were performed in laboratory conditions, with the purpose of presenting the chromatic interaction between surface and product. The main techniques used for the analysis during the experiments were: CIE L* a* b*, OM and exposure to UV radiation in laboratory conditions. The results obtained are analyzed and discussed, with the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of hydrophobic solutions, taking into consideration the chromatic deviation, as compared to exposure to UV radiation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 317–320, 2016
Effectiveness of methods for detaching orthodontic implants likely to fracture upon rotational torque – an animal study
Authors: Nakagaki Susumu , Iijima Masahiro , Yasuda Yoshitaka , Handa Keisuke , Koike Toshiyuki , Saito Takashi , Mizoguchi Itaru 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOrthodontic implants may fracture at the cortical bone level upon rotational torque. The impacted fragment can be detached by a range of methods, which are all more or less time‐consuming and injurious to the cortical bone. The aim of this study was to compare three different methods for detaching an orthodontic implant impacted in cortical bone. Health Sciences University of Hokkaido animal ethics committee approved the study protocol. Orthodontic titanium‐alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4 V) implants were placed bilaterally on the buccal side of the mandible of beagle dogs. Subsequently, the implants were detached using either a low‐speed handpiece with a round bur, alternatively by use of a low‐power or a high‐power ultrasonic instrument. In the first experiment, 56 orthodontic implants were placed into the dissected mandible from 7 animals. The methods for detachment were compared with respect to time interval, as well as associated undesirable bone loss as appraised by use of cone‐beam computed tomography. In experiment two, 2x2 implants were placed bilaterally in the mandible of 8 animals and subsequently detached by manual rotational torque, and the described three methods for detachment. The implant socket was investigated histologically as a function of removal method immediately after removal, and after 1, 3 and 8 weeks and contrasted with the healing of the socket of the implant that was detached by manual rotational torque. Statistical significance was appraised by the use of non‐parametric Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance. The method using the low‐power ultrasonic required significantly longer removal time versus the two other methods, i.e. high‐power ultrasonic and low‐speed handpiece with a round bur (p < 0.02). The amount of undesirable bone loss was substantially larger with low‐speed handpiece with a round bur compared to the two ultrasonic methods (p < 0.05). Bone formation after 3 weeks of healing was more complete following the use of low or high‐power ultrasonic instrument in comparison with a low‐speed handpiece rotary instrument method. Orthodontic implants likely to fracture upon rotational torque or impacted fractured fragments should be detached preferably with an ultrasonic instrument, because of less associated bone loss and more rapid bone healing compared to the use of a low‐speed handpiece rotary instrument.
Wolverine behavior varies spatially with anthropogenic footprint: implications for conservation and inferences about declines
Authors: Stewart Frances E. C. , Heim Nicole A. , Clevenger Anthony P. , Paczkowski John , Volpe John P. , Fisher Jason T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUnderstanding a species’ behavioral response to rapid environmental change is an ongoing challenge in modern conservation. Anthropogenic landscape modification, or “human footprint,” is well documented as a central cause of large mammal decline and range contractions where the proximal mechanisms of decline are often contentious. Direct mortality is an obvious cause; alternatively, human‐modified landscapes perceived as unsuitable by some species may contribute to shifts in space use through preferential habitat selection. A useful approach to tease these effects apart is to determine whether behaviors potentially associated with risk vary with human footprint. We hypothesized wolverine (Gulo gulo) behaviors vary with different degrees of human footprint. We quantified metrics of behavior, which we assumed to indicate risk perception, from photographic images from a large existing camera‐trapping dataset collected to understand wolverine distribution in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. We systematically deployed 164 camera sites across three study areas covering approximately 24,000 km2, sampled monthly between December and April (2007–2013). Wolverine behavior varied markedly across the study areas. Variation in behavior decreased with increasing human footprint. Increasing human footprint may constrain potential variation in behavior, through either restricting behavioral plasticity or individual variation in areas of high human impact. We hypothesize that behavioral constraints may indicate an increase in perceived risk in human‐modified landscapes. Although survival is obviously a key contributor to species population decline and range loss, behavior may also make a significant contribution.
Pseudocospeciation of the mycoparasite Cosmospora with their fungal hosts
Authors: Herrera Cesar S. , Hirooka Yuuri , Chaverri Priscila 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSpecies of Cosmospora are parasites of other fungi (mycoparasites), including species belonging to the Xylariales. Based on prior taxonomic work, these fungi were determined to be highly host specific. We suspected that the association of Cosmospora and their hosts could not be a result of random chance, and tested the cospeciation of Cosmospora and the their hosts with contemporary methods (e.g., ParaFit, PACo, and Jane). The cophylogeny of Cosmospora and their hosts was found to be congruent, but only host‐parasite links in more recent evolutionary lineages of the host were determined as coevolutionary. Reconciliation reconstructions determined at least five host‐switch events early in the evolution of Cosmospora. Additionally, the rates of evolution between Cosmospora and their hosts were unequal. This pattern is more likely to be explained by pseudocospeciation (i.e., host switches followed by cospeciation), which also produces congruent cophylogenies.
Disentangling vegetation diversity from climate–energy and habitat heterogeneity for explaining animal geographic patterns
Authors: Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Chytrý Milan , Mucina Ladislav , Grace James B. , Rejmánek Marcel 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBroad‐scale animal diversity patterns have been traditionally explained by hypotheses focused on climate–energy and habitat heterogeneity, without considering the direct influence of vegetation structure and composition. However, integrating these factors when considering plant–animal correlates still poses a major challenge because plant communities are controlled by abiotic factors that may, at the same time, influence animal distributions. By testing whether the number and variation of plant community types in Europe explain country‐level diversity in six animal groups, we propose a conceptual framework in which vegetation diversity represents a bridge between abiotic factors and animal diversity. We show that vegetation diversity explains variation in animal richness not accounted for by altitudinal range or potential evapotranspiration, being the best predictor for butterflies, beetles, and amphibians. Moreover, the dissimilarity of plant community types explains the highest proportion of variation in animal assemblages across the studied regions, an effect that outperforms the effect of climate and their shared contribution with pure spatial variation. Our results at the country level suggest that vegetation diversity, as estimated from broad‐scale classifications of plant communities, may contribute to our understanding of animal richness and may be disentangled, at least to a degree, from climate–energy and abiotic habitat heterogeneity.
Divergent ecological histories of two sister Antarctic krill species led to contrasted patterns of genetic diversity in their heat‐shock protein (hsp70) arsenal
Authors: Papot Claire , Cascella Kévin , Toullec Jean‐Yves , Jollivet Didier 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula are currently experiencing some of the most rapid rates of ocean warming on the planet. This raises the question of how the initial adaptation to extreme cold temperatures was put in place and whether or not directional selection has led to the loss of genetic variation at key adaptive systems, and thus polar species’ (re)adaptability to higher temperatures. In the Southern Ocean, krill represents the most abundant fauna and is a critical member at the base of the Antarctic food web. To better understand the role of selection in shaping current patterns of polymorphisms, we examined genetic diversity of the cox‐1 and hsp70 genes by comparing two closely related species of Euphausiid that differ in ecology. Results on mtcox‐1 agreed with previous studies, indicating high and similar effective population sizes. However, a coalescent‐based approach on hsp70 genes highlighted the role of positive selection and past demographic changes in their recent evolution. Firstly, some form of balancing selection was acting on the inducible isoform C, which reflected the maintenance of an ancestral adaptive polymorphism in both species. Secondly, E. crystallorophias seems to have lost most of its hsp70 diversity because of a population crash and/or directional selection to cold. Nonsynonymous diversities were always greater in E. superba, suggesting that it might have evolved under more heterogeneous conditions. This can be linked to species’ ecology with E. superba living in more variable pelagic conditions, while E. crystallorophias is strictly associated with continental shelves and sea ice.
Copper Catalyzed Assembly of N‐Aryloxazolidinones: Synthesis of Linezolid, Tedizolid, and Rivaroxaban
Authors: Mahy William , Leitch Jamie A. , Frost Christopher G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe total synthesis of oxazolidinone‐based pharmaceuticals, linezolid, tedizolid and rivaroxaban is reported. They are synthesized using a recently reported copper‐catalyzed one‐pot cyclization and arylation as the key step to construct the N‐aryloxazolidinone core. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) were synthesized from a common synthetic pool of a simple protected amino alcohol in 22 %, 61 % and 40 % total synthesis yields, respectively.
The Composite Supercapacitor
Authors: Fields Richard , Lei Chunhong , Markoulidis Foivos , Lekakou Constantina 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInspired by the design of composite materials, we propose a new composite supercapacitor that comprises an integrated cell with high‐power‐ and high‐energy‐related electrode materials. The composite electrochemical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) is the equivalent circuit of a high‐power EDLC of power P1 and energy E1 and a high‐energy EDLC of power P2 and energy E2 connected in parallel. A methodology is proposed and validated in this study for the design of an application‐specific composite supercapacitor of power P and energy E with P1/E1>P/E>P2/E2. The methodology was tested successfully in medium‐ and large‐sized application‐specific composite supercapacitors, which were fabricated in the form of pouch cells using an organic electrolyte. The application‐specific composite supercapacitors offered weight reductions of 40–60 % compared with supercapacitors based on the high‐power‐ or on high‐energy‐related electrode materials only.
Digital data acquisition and 3D structural modelling for mining and civil engineering – the La Colosa gold mining project, Colombia
Authors: Horner Johannes , Naranjo Andrés , Weil Jonas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDigital data acquisition, data management and 3D modelling techniques are common techniques in the mining industry. On the other hand, civil engineering projects still lag behind in applying advanced technologies during geological reconnaissance and investigation. The La Colosa gold mining project (Colombia) is presented as an example, where sophisticated digital mapping techniques and 3D geological modelling is not only used for mining related issues, but is also successfully applied for the geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological investigations of adjacent civil engineering sites of the associated mine infrastructure.
Individual differences in in vitro and in vivo metabolic clearances of antipsychotic risperidone from Japanese subjects genotyped for cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A5
Authors: Okubo Maho , Morita Shoko , Murayama Norie , Akimoto Youichi , Goto Akiko , Yamazaki Hiroshi 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThere are conflicting reports regarding the effects of cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) genotypes on the plasma concentrations of risperidone and its pharmacologically active metabolite, 9‐hydroxyrisperidone (paliperidone), in clinical patients. The aim of this study was to investigate individual differences in the metabolic clearance of risperidone in vitro and in vivo.MethodsIn vitro liver microsomal risperidone 9‐hydroxylation activities and in vivo plasma concentrations of risperidone and paliperidone were investigated in 15 male and 12 female Japanese subjects (mean age 52 years, range: 24–75 years) genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP3A5.ResultsCYP2D6 intermediate and poor metabolizers showed significantly lower liver microsomal risperidone 9‐hydroxylation activities than extensive metabolizers did at 5 μM of risperidone; this difference was not evident at 50 μM of risperidone. The recombinant CYP3A5 Vmax/Km value for risperidone 9‐hydroxylation was 30% that of CYP3A4, and liver microsomes from CYP3A5 expressers had similar risperidone 9‐hydroxylation activities to those of CYP3A5 poor expressers. The plasma concentration/dose ratios for risperidone and paliperidone in 27 Japanese patients were not significantly influenced by the CYP2D6 or CYP3A5 genotypes.ConclusionsIndividual differences in metabolic clearance of risperidone under the present conditions were not significantly influenced by the genotypes of CYP2D6 or CYP3A5. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discriminatory value of carotid artery elasticity changes for the evaluation of thyroid dysfunction in patients with hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Feng Xiaolei , Zhao Linlin , Jiang Jue , Ma Wenqi , Shang Xue , Zhou Qi , Zhang Hongli , Yu Shanshan , Qi Yanhua 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPurposeTo evaluate the discriminatory value of carotid artery wall thickness and elasticity for thyroid dysfunction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients.MethodsA total of 180 female HT patients were assigned to three groups on the basis of laboratory testing: HT hyperthyroidism group (group A), HT hypothyroidism group (group B), and HT euthyroid group (group C). We used radiofrequency sonographic signal analysis for the measurement of intima‐media thickness and arterial stiffness.ResultsIntima‐media thickness was significantly higher in group A than in other groups. After stepwise variable selection, distensibility coefficient (DC), compliance coefficient, stiffness index (β), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were selected to discriminate different thyroid hormone levels, resulting in the following discriminant function: Z1 = −0.398DC + 0.803PWV. The receiver‐operator characteristic curve analysis showed that the critical points were DC = 0.022 kPa−1 and PWV = 5.36 m/s for HT hyperthyroidism, and DC = 0.016 kPa−1 and PWV = 6.875 m/s for HT hypothyroidism.ConclusionsDC and PWV may be useful for the evaluation of thyroid function in HT patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:298–304, 2016
Employees' self‐efficacy and perception of individual learning in teams: The cross‐level moderating role of team‐learning behavior
Authors: Yoon Jeewhan , Kayes D. Christopher 
Published: February 2016

SummaryDespite the importance of employee learning for organizational effectiveness, scholars have yet to identify the factors that influence employees' perception of individual learning. This paper identified employees' self‐efficacy as a potential antecedent to their perception of individual learning in the context of teamwork. We also hypothesized that team‐learning behavior had a moderating effect on the relationship between employees' self‐efficacy and their perception of individual learning. We conducted a study of 236 teams working in a retail firm, comprising 236 team supervisors and 1397 employees, and analyzed the data using hierarchical linear modeling. This study revealed that employees' individual‐level self‐efficacy was positively associated with their perception of individual learning in teams. Additionally, team‐learning behaviors moderated the positive relationship between employees' self‐efficacy and the perception of individual learning. This study has theoretical and practical implications for a more nuanced understanding of the perception of individual learning in the context of teamwork. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of aroma formation and transformation during the manufacturing process of Biluochun green tea in Yunnan Province by HS‐SPME and GC‐MS
Authors: Wang Chen , Lv Shidong , Wu Yuanshuang , Lian Ming , Gao Xuemei , Meng Qingxiong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiluochun is a typical non‐fermented tea and is also famous for its unique aroma in China. Few studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of the manufacturing process on the formation and content of its aroma.RESULTSThe volatile components were extracted at different manufacturing process steps of Biluochun green tea using fully automated headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and further characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Among 67 volatile components collected, the fractions of linalool oxides, β‐ionone, phenylacetaldehyde, aldehydes, ketones, and nitrogen compounds were increased while alcohols and hydrocarbons declined during the manufacturing process. The aroma compounds decreased the most during the drying steps.CONCLUSIONWe identified a number of significantly changed components that can be used as markers and quality control during the producing process of Biluochun. The drying step played a major role in the aroma formation of green tea products and should be the most important step for quality control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Design of a Novel Composite H2S‐Releasing Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Repair
Authors: Mauretti Arianna , Neri Annalisa , Kossover Olga , Seliktar Dror , Nardo Paolo Di , Melino Sonia 
Published: February 2016

The design of 3D scaffolds is a crucial step in the field of regenerative medicine. Scaffolds should be degradable and bioresorbable as well as display good porosity, interconnecting pores, and topographic features; these properties favour tissue integration and vascularization. These requirements could be fulfilled by hybrid hydrogels using a combination of natural and synthetic components. Here, the mechanical and biological properties of a polyethylene glycol‐fibrinogen hydrogel (PFHy) are improved in order to favour the proliferation and differentiation of human Sca‐1pos cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs). PFHys are modified by embedding air‐ or perfluorohexane‐filled bovine serum albumin microbubbles (MBs) and characterized. Changes in cell morphology are observed in MBs–PFHys, suggesting that MBs could enhance the formation of bundles of cells and influence the direction of the spindle growth. The properties of MBs as carriers of active macromolecules are also exploited. For the first time, enzyme‐coated MBs have been used as systems for the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐releasing scaffolds. Novel H2S‐releasing PFHys are produced, which are able to improve the growth of hCPCs. This novel 3D cell–scaffold system will allow the assessment of the effects of H2S on the cardiac muscle regeneration with its potential applications in tissue repair.
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Temperature‐Sensitive (BA)(AC)2 Miktoarm Star Diblock Copolymer Based on PMMA, PPEGMA, and PNIPAm
Authors: Zhu Jie , Liu Yuyang , Xiao Liqun , Zhou Ping 
Published: February 2016

A well‐defined (BA)(AC)2 miktoarm star diblock copolymer, (PPEGMA32‐b‐PMMA41)‐b‐(PMMA45‐b‐PNIPAm19)2, is synthesized by the combination of ATRP and click reaction. The miktoarm star block copolymer and its precursors are characterized by means of NMR and SEC/MALLS measurements. The copolymer exhibits a low critical aggregation concentration in aqueous solution. Micelles that self‐assemble from the copolymer are prepared in aqueous solution below 15 °C by a sonication method. The micelles have a PMMA core and a PPEGMA/PNIPAm corona and exhibit temperature sensitivity. Using celecoxib as a guest molecule, it is found that the loading capacity of the star copolymer is 8.8 wt% and the celecoxib release from the loaded self‐assembly is temperature tunable.
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NMR study of the influence of n‐alkanol co‐surfactants on reverse micelles in quaternary microemulsions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)
Authors: Mills Amanda J. , Britton Melanie M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe effects of differentn‐alkanol co‐surfactants on the size, shape, composition and dynamics of reverse micelles (RMs) in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/n‐alkanol/n‐hexane/water and CTAB/n‐alkanol/n‐pentane/water microemulsions were investigated usingT2relaxation and pulsed gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements and molecular modelling. NMRT2relaxation times and diffusion coefficients were determined for the surfactant and co‐surfactant in these CTAB quaternary reverse microemulsions, for a range of medium chain length alcohol co‐surfactants, from 1‐butanol to 1‐heptanol. These data revealed a slight RM size dependency on co‐surfactant chain length, with RM sizes tending to decrease with increasing alcohol chain length. Molecular modelling of CTAB/n‐alkanol/n‐hexane/water RMs suggested a variation in RM shape with co‐surfactant chain length, where those formed with pentanol were found to be least spherical and those formed with heptanol the most spherical. The NMR data also revealed differences in the behaviour of the micellar structures in the CTAB/n‐pentanol/n‐hexane/water reverse microemulsion, compared with the other reverse microemulsions in this study, where CTAB was found to be distributed between two environments, which then combined to form larger micelles. The origins of these differences remain unclear. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.