bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egg‐races als gesellschaftsfähige naturwissenschaftliche Wettbewerbe für jedermann?
Authors: Fechner Sabine , Dettweiler Yvonne , Sieve Bernhard , Ulrich Nina , Böhm Dominic , Schanze Sascha 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSeit seiner Einführung durch die BBC‐Fernsehserie „The Great Egg‐Race“ hat die Aktivität des „egg‐racing“ als Methodenwerkzeug in den Naturwissenschaften stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Besonders der mit der Aktivität verbundene Spaß an der Sache in Kombination mit Elementen des forschenden Lernens wird als relevanter Zugang zu naturwissenschaftlichem Wissen angeführt. Anhand einer wettbewerbsorientierten Fragestellung bekommen Lernende die Möglichkeit, verschiedene Lösungswege experimentell zu erproben, um eine möglichst ideale Lösung zu erarbeiten. In diesem Beitrag wird die ursprüngliche Idee des egg‐race als gesellschaftliche Unterhaltung aufgegriffen und weiterentwickelt, indem ein motivierender Zugang zur Chemie als Naturwissenschaft „für jedermann“ geschaffen wird. Eine anschließende Evaluation zeigt Faktoren auf, die während der Bearbeitung als erfolgversprechend wahrgenommen werden. Somit können Leitlinien zur Durchführung von egg‐races auf gesellschaftlichen Veranstaltungen formuliert werden.
Preparation and characterization of chitosan—Polyethylene glycol‐polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as carrier system: Drug loading and in vitro drug release study
Authors: Prabha G. , Raj V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the present research work, the anticancer drug “curcumin” is loaded with Chitosan (CS)—polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (CS‐PEG‐PVP) polymer nanocomposites coated with superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The system can be used for targeted and controlled drug delivery of anticancer drugs with reduced side effects and greater efficiency. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Curcumin drug‐loaded Fe3O4 ‐CS, Fe3O4 ‐CS‐ PEG and Fe3O4‐CS‐PEG‐PVP nanoparticles exhibited the mean particle size in the range of 183 − 390 nm with a zeta potential value of 26 mV−41 mV as measured using Malvern Zetasizer. The encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and in‐vitro drug release behaviour of curcumin drug‐loaded Fe3O4 ‐CS, Fe3O4‐CS‐PEG, and Fe3O4‐CS‐PEG‐PVP nanoparticles were studied using UV spectrophotometer. Besides, the cytotoxicity of the prepared nanoparticles using MTT assay was also studied. The curcumin drug release was examined at different pH medium (4.5 and 7.4) and temperature (37°C and 45°C), and it was proved that the drug release depends upon the pH medium and temperature in addition to the nature of matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 808–816, 2016.
Impact of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 on living donor liver transplantation: a multi‐center study in Japan
Authors: Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Takada Yasutsugu , Shirabe Ken , Kaido Toshimi , Hidaka Masaaki , Honda Masaki , Ito Takashi , Shinoda Masahiro , Ohdan Hideki , Kawagishi Naoki , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Ogura Yasuhiro , Kasahara Mureo , Kubo Shoji , Taketomi Akinobu , Yamashita Natsumi , Uemoto Shinji , Yamaue Hiroki , Miyazaki Masaru , Takada Tadahiro , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe natural history of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), which causes adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) or HTLV‐1 associated myelopathy, after liver transplantation is unclear.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide survey to investigate the impact of HTLV‐1 status on living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in Japan. We analyzed the cases of 82 HTLV‐1‐positive recipients and six HTLV‐1‐negative‐before‐LDLT recipients who received a hepatic graft from HTLV‐1‐positive donors.ResultsAdult T‐cell leukemia developed in five recipients who ultimately died. Of these five, two received grafts from HTLV‐1‐positive donors and three from HTLV‐1‐negative donors. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year ATL development rates were 4.5%, 6.5%, and 9.2%, respectively. Fulminant hepatic failure as a pre‐transplant diagnosis was identified as an independent risk factor for ATL development (P = 0.001). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for HTLV‐1‐positive recipients who received grafts from HTLV‐1‐negative donors were 79.9%, 66.1%, and 66.1%, and from HTLV‐1‐positive donors were 83.3%, 83.3%, and 60.8%, respectively. The 1‐year survival rate for HTLV‐1‐negative recipients who received grafts from HTLV‐1‐positive donors was 33.3%.ConclusionsFulminant hepatic failure is an independent risk factor for ATL development in HTLV‐1‐positive recipients. Grafts from HTLV‐1‐positive living donors can be transplanted into selected patients.
Diagnostic criteria for congenital biliary dilatation 2015
Authors: Hamada Yoshinori , Ando Hisami , Kamisawa Terumi , Itoi Takao , Urushihara Naoto , Koshinaga Tsugumichi , Saito Takeshi , Fujii Hideki , Morotomi Yoshiki 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe Diagnostic Criteria for Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction 2013 were published by the Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction (JSGPM) in 2014. The committee of JSGPM for diagnostic criteria for pancreaticobiliary maljunction has established the standard diameter of the bile duct, and a definition of dilatation of the bile duct was proposed in 2014.MethodsThe committee of JSGPM prepared the diagnostic criteria for congenital biliary dilatation in 2014, and a final revised version was approved in 2015.ResultsCongenital biliary dilatation is defined as a congenital malformation involving both local dilatation of the extrahepatic bile duct, including the common bile duct, and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. However, cases associated with intrahepatic bile duct dilatation can also be included. Various kinds of pathological conditions can occur on hepatobiliary systems and pancreas by bile duct dilatation and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. For a diagnosis of congenital biliary dilatation, both abnormal dilatation of the bile duct and pancreaticobiliary maljunction must be evident by either imaging test or anatomical examination. Acquired or secondary dilatation of the bile duct by obstruction due to biliary stones or malignancy should be strictly excluded.ConclusionDiagnostic criteria for congenital biliary dilatation 2015 were established from Japan representing a world first.
Musculoskeletal anatomy of the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx (Carnivora: Felidae) forelimb: Adaptations to capture large prey?
Authors: Viranta Suvi , Lommi Hanna , Holmala Katja , Laakkonen Juha 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTMammalian carnivores adhere to two different feeding strategies relative to their body masses. Large carnivores prey on animals that are the same size or larger than themselves, whereas small carnivores prey on smaller vertebrates and invertebrates. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) falls in between these two categories. Lynx descend from larger forms that were probably large prey specialists, but during the Pleistocene became predators of small prey. The modern Eurasian lynx may be an evolutionary reversal toward specializing in large prey again. We hypothesized that the musculoskeletal anatomy of lynx should show traits for catching large prey. To test our hypothesis, we dissected the forelimb muscles of six Eurasian lynx individuals and compared our findings to results published for other felids. We measured the bones and compared their dimensions to the published material. Our material displayed a well‐developed pectoral girdle musculature with some uniquely extensive muscle attachments. The upper arm musculature resembled that of the pantherine felids and probably the extinct sabertooths, and also the muscles responsible for supination and pronation were similar to those in large cats. The muscles controlling the pollex were well‐developed. However, skeletal indices were similar to those of small prey predators. Our findings show that lynx possess the topographic pattern of muscle origin and insertion like in large felids. J. Morphol. 277:753–765, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of different production techniques on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) bulgur
Authors: Yilmaz Volkan Arif , Koca Ahmet Faik 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe influence of cooking (traditional, microwave, autoclave) and drying techniques (microwave and hot air) on bioactive compounds in the production of einkorn and durum bulgur were investigated. Total phenolic content (TPC), total yellow pigment (TYP), total antioxidant capacity (DPPH•, ABTS•+, FRAP), soluble free (SF), soluble conjugated (SC) and insoluble bound (IB) phenolic acid contents of the samples were determined.RESULTSFor both wheats, a significant amount of antioxidant capacity was preserved after bulgur production. TPC was found to be higher in einkorn but it was exposed to greater loss during bulgur production than durum. The amount of TYP was found to be two‐fold higher in einkorn than in durum. Ferulic acid was recorded as the most phenolic acid, and chlorogenic was the least phenolic acid in both wheats. The maximum loss during bulgur production was determined in the SC fraction for einkorn and in the SF fraction for durum.CONCLUSIONIn respect of the results of the analysis, microwave cooking + hot air drying treatment could be favourable for bulgur production for both wheats. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Medium‐range forecasts of extreme rainfall events during the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Satyanarayana G. Ch. , Kar Sarat C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExtreme rainfall events occur rarely but are integral elements of climatic conditions in any region. The frequency of occurrence of extreme events has been studied using 57 years of observed rainfall data over India and its neighbouring countries. In this study, the rank method has been used to compute the threshold rainfall amount based on past observations. If the model forecasted rainfall is above the climatological threshold, then that event is identified as an extreme at that grid point and for that specific day. The results show an increasing trend in the number of extreme weather events during monsoons. The National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) uses the Unified Model (NCUM) for operational weather forecasting on a medium‐range timescale. The capability of the model in predicting extreme rainfall events over India and its surrounding regions has not been evaluated so far. Therefore, this study has been undertaken to identify extreme rainfall events from the medium‐range rainfall forecasts and compare the same with observations so that forecasts for extreme events can be obtained. The rank method has been applied to the NCUM forecast of rainfall during the period June to September 2014. Several extreme rainfall cases are identified during this monsoon. The frequency of occurrence of extreme events is compared with observations, and it is found that the model has reasonable skill to predict up to day three forecasts. However, this skill reduces when the forecast period length increases.
Persistence of undercompressive phase boundaries for isothermal Euler equations including configurational forces and surface tension
Authors: Kabil Bugra , Rohde Christian 
Published: March 2016

The persistence of subsonic phase boundaries in a multidimensional Van der Waals fluid is analyzed. The phase boundary is considered as a sharp free boundary that connects liquid and vapor bulk phase dynamics given by the isothermal Euler equations. The evolution of the boundary is driven by effects of configurational forces as well as surface tension.To analyze this problem, the equations and trace conditions are linearized such that one obtains a general hyperbolic initial boundary value problem with higher‐order boundary conditions. A global existence theorem for the linearized system with constant coefficients is shown. The proof relies on the normal mode analysis and a linear form in suitable spaces that is defined using an associated adjoint problem. Especially, the associated adjoint problem satisfies the uniform backward in time Kreiss–Lopatinskiĭ condition. A new energy‐like estimate that also includes surface energy terms leads finally to the uniqueness and regularity for the found solutions of the problem in weighted spaces. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manufacturing and properties of biobased thermoplastic composites from poly(lactid acid) and hazelnut shell wastes
Authors: Balart J.F. , García‐Sanoguera D. , Balart R. , Boronat T. , Sánchez‐Nacher L. 
Published: March 2016

Poly(lactic acid), PLA‐based green composites were obtained with hazelnut shell flour (HSF) derived from the food industry thus leading to fully biodegradable materials with attracting properties. The hazelnut shell flour content varied in the 10–40 wt% range. An increase in the degree of crystallinity with increasing HSF was detected, mainly due to the nucleating effect of lignocellulosic particles. The thermodimensional stability was noticeably improved with increasing HSF amount as evidenced by a remarkable decrease in the coefficient of thermal–linear expansion. Increasing HSF leads to stiffer materials as HSF particles act as interlock points that restrict polymer chain motion. Addition of hazelnut shell flour as filler in PLA‐based green composites leads to fully biodegradable composites with balanced mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, it gives a solution to upgrade wastes from the hazelnut industry and contributes to lower the cost of PLA‐based materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:848–857, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and Characterization of the Germanium Sulfonate Ge(CH3SO3)2 – a 3D Coordination Network Solid
Authors: Preda Ana Maria , Kitschke Philipp , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe reaction of germanium(II)‐bis(2‐methoxyphenyl)methoxide with methanesulfonic acid provides the germanium(II) sulfonate Ge(CH3SO3)2 (1), which was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The decomposition process of 1 was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature‐dependent X‐ray powder diffraction (PXRD) and both are consistent with the formation of GeO2 as major final product. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction at 110 K revealed the chiral tetragonal space group P41212 and formation of a three‐dimensional (3D) coordination network solid. The 3D network is composed of interconnected twenty four‐membered rings comprising bridging methanesulfonate groups, which link the germanium atoms.
Stem cell therapy for white matter disorders: don't forget the microenvironment!
Authors: Dooves Stephanie , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Heine Vivi M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWhite matter disorders (WMDs) are a major source of handicap at all ages. They often lead to progressive neurological dysfunction and early death. Although causes are highly diverse, WMDs share the property that glia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) are among the cells primarily affected, and that myelin is either not formed or lost. Many WMDs might benefit from cell replacement therapies. Successful preclinical studies in rodent models have already led to the first clinical trials in humans using glial or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells aiming at (re)myelination. However, myelin is usually not the only affected structure. Neurons, microglia, and astrocytes are often also affected and are all important partners in creating the right conditions for proper white matter repair. Composition of the extracellular environment is another factor to be considered. Cell transplantation therapies might therefore require inclusion of non‐oligodendroglial cell types and target more than only myelin repair. WMD patients would likely benefit from multimodal therapy approaches involving stem cell transplantation and microenvironment‐targeting strategies to alter the local environment to a more favorable state for cell replacement. Furthermore most proof‐of‐concept studies have been performed with human cells in rodent disease models. Since human glial cells show a larger regenerative capacity than their mouse counterparts in the host mouse brain, microenvironmental factors affecting white matter recovery might be overlooked in rodent studies. We would like to stress that cell replacement therapy is a highly promising therapeutic option for WMDs, but a receptive microenvironment is crucial.
The long-term risk of recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction for depression in older men
Authors: Jovanova O. , Luik A. I. , Leening M. J. G. , Noordam R. , Aarts N. , Hofman A. , Franco O. H. , Dehghan A. , Tiemeier H. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe association between myocardial infarction (MI) and depression is well described. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are unclear and the contribution of psychological factors is uncertain. We aimed to determine the risk of recognized (RMI) and unrecognized (UMI) myocardial infections on depression, as both have a similar impact on cardiovascular health but differ in psychological epiphenomena.MethodParticipants of the Rotterdam Study, 1823 men aged ⩾55 years, were followed for the occurrence of depression. RMI and UMI were ascertained using electrocardiography and medical history at baseline. We determined the strength of the association of RMI and UMI with mortality, and we studied the relationship of RMI and UMI with depressive symptoms and the occurrence of major depression.ResultsThe risk of mortality was similar in men with RMI [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45–2.03] and UMI (aHR 1.58, 95% CI 1.27–1.97). Men with RMI had on average [unstandardized regression coefficient (B) 1.14, 95% CI 0.07–2.21] higher scores for depressive symptoms. By contrast, we found no clear association between UMI and depressive symptoms (B 0.55, 95% CI −0.51 to 1.62) in men. Analysis including occurrence of major depression as the outcome were consistent with the pattern of association.ConclusionThe discrepant association of RMI and UMI with mortality compared to depression suggests that the psychological burden of having experienced an MI contributes to the long-term risk of depression.
Existence and linearized stability of solitary waves for a quasilinear Benney system
Authors: Dias João-Paulo , Figueira Mário , Oliveira Filipe 
Published: March 2016

We prove the existence of solitary wave solutions to the quasilinear Benney systemwhere , –1 < p < +∞ and a, γ > 0. We establish, in particular, the existence of travelling waves with speed arbitrarily large if p < 0 and arbitrarily close to 0 if . We also show the existence of standing waves in the case , with compact support if – 1 < p < 0. Finally, we obtain, under certain conditions, the linearized stability of such solutions.
On the Glacial Drift of Furness, Lancashire
Authors: Hodgson. E. 
Published: March 2016

The following sketch of the glacial deposits of Furness is not pretended to be complete ; it is, in fact, nothing but a sketch: neither can it presume to be free from errors. The marine drift, especially, has not received all the attention it demands, but will, I hope, with the clays and peats of Furness, form a subject for a future memoir. The deposits in the section are referred doubtfully to their periods.Striated Bock Surfaces.—The district of Furness; its south-eastern part, however, does not perhaps present so many of those remarkable records of the glacial period, the striated rock-surfaces, as are to be met with in more mountainous districts. The rocks, especially the Carboniferous Limestone and Permian formations, either lie in agreat measure hidden under a thick covering of deposits, or, as in the hills of the Upper Silurian strata, are of such a soft decomposing nature, that they retain very little primitive facing.Occasionally, however, striations may be found. A little way in shore, west from the estuary of the Crake, at the head of Morecambe Bay, a rock-surface recently exposed by the removal of the overlying material, and now quarried away, showed a series of parallel shallow groovings from an inch to an inch and a half apart; the intervening spaces plane and smoothed, and having very fine striæ. The striæ and grooving had a direction from E. to W., or perhaps a little N.E. to S.W.
Speculations on Possible Physical and Cosmical Phenomena in Reference to the Past Conditions of Our Earth
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Whenever we begin to think about the formation of the universe we get at once into the realms of speculation, and the only value of our thoughts rests in their probability. In everything unknown we must first form an idea—that is, speculate; then, by partial gatherings of facts, or by positive reasoning, we may theorize. Ultimately, by the accumulation of evidence, we may prove that which, in the first place, we only imagined. When first men observed the sun, they regarded the earth as a flat plain, over which the sun passed in his heavenly course, and below which, at eve, he retired to rest. It was not until many ages had elapsed that the world came to be regarded as round, and even then it was long before the sun was considered as a fixed centre of the planetary system revolving round him.By no nation of ancient times has astronomy been more advanced than the Greeks. Not that the Greeks ever worked out much to a proved result, but they were an imaginative people, and they invented notions. If one theory or speculation was disproved, they invented another; and, hit or miss, they always seemed to have fresh ideas in reserve. In some things astronomical, as in many other things that the world believes in, we may be heretics, and we admit we do not adhere to all the cosmical, physical, geological, and spiritual tenets of the popular faiths. We may not entirely believe in the perfect stability of the universe; we may doubt the eternal endurance of the sun's bright rays; and we may not quite acquiesce in the unchangeable permanence of tne planetary orbits: in short, we do not believe in the permanence of anything whatever in creation. All ever has been change, and changeful all things ever will be. Diversity and change are visible in the first created things of which any relics have been left us.
Palæontological Notes
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

So little is known of Scottish Jurassic Brachiopoda, that any additional information cannot fail to prove interesting. Professor Nicol wrote me on the 16th of April, 1860, that out of a pretty large collection of the fossils of this period sent up to the Aberdeen meeting of the British Association, he found only two species and specimens of Brachiopoda, and both imperfect. That in Sunderland they are most common in the Dunrobin Reefs (by some thought to be Oxford clay, by others Lias), but that the stone is so friable, that the specimens fall to pieces almost at the slightest touch; and that in the sandstone at Braambury Hill, are casts of a large shell, like Terebratula perovalis, but often crushed and distorted.In 1850, the late A. Bobertson, of Elgin, sent me two beautifully preserved Rhynchonellæ (R. lacunosa?), from Dunrobin, and which will be found figured and described in my monograph; and about the same period, the late Hugh Miller sent me a specimen of T. numismalis, from the Lias of Shendwick, and another of Rhynchonella Bouchardii, from the Lias of Cromarty. Mr. Geikie recorded likewise a Rhynchonella tetrahedra, from the Middle Lias of the island of Pabba.