bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling on Heat Transport Across Stochastic Magnetic Field
Authors: Wang Q. , Zha X. , Lu H. , Wang X. , Wu B. , Zhu S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe heat diffusion across the stochastic magnetic field is studied numerically. The stochastic field is generated by the overlap of two magnetic islands. The parameter w/wc, is found tobe an important parameter in charactering the transport, where w is the magnetic island width, and wc is the critical island width for flattening the electron temperature across an island. For w/wc < 1, the enhanced radial heat diffusivity χr is proportional to the parallel heat diffusivity χ∥, and the heat transport is dominated by the additive effect of individual islands. For w/wc > 3, χr is also proportional to χ∥ and the additional degradation of the energy confinement due to stochastic magnetic field becomes apparent. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Age and gender leucocytes variances and references values generated using the standardized ONE‐Study protocol
Authors: Kverneland Anders H. , Streitz Mathias , Geissler Edward , Hutchinson James , Vogt Katrin , Boës David , Niemann Nadja , Pedersen Anders Elm , Schlickeiser Stephan , Sawitzki Birgit 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFlow cytometry is now accepted as an ideal technology to reveal changes in immune cell composition and function. However, it is also an error‐prone and variable technology, which makes it difficult to reproduce findings across laboratories. We have recently developed a strategy to standardize whole blood flow cytometry. The performance of our protocols was challenged here by profiling samples from healthy volunteers to reveal age‐ and gender‐dependent differences and to establish a standardized reference cohort for use in clinical trials. Whole blood samples from two different cohorts were analyzed (first cohort:n = 52, second cohort:n = 46, both 20–84 years with equal gender distribution). The second cohort was run as a validation cohort by a different operator. The “ONE Study” panels were applied to analyze expression of >30 different surface markers to enumerate proportional and absolute numbers of >50 leucocyte subsets. Indeed, analysis of the first cohort revealed significant age‐dependent changes in subsets e.g. increased activated and differentiated CD4+and CD8+T cell subsets, acquisition of a memory phenotype for Tregs as well as decreased MDC2 and Marginal Zone B cells. Males and females showed different dynamics in age‐dependent T cell activation and differentiation, indicating faster immunosenescence in males. Importantly, although both cohorts consisted of a small sample size, our standardized approach enabled validation of age‐dependent changes with the second cohort. Thus, we have proven the utility of our strategy and generated reproducible reference ranges accounting for age‐ and gender‐dependent differences, which are crucial for a better patient monitoring and individualized therapy. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Nanoluciferase signal brightness using furimazine substrates opens bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to widefield microscopy
Authors: Kim Jiho , Grailhe Regis 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET, BRET) techniques are powerful tools for studying protein–protein interactions in cellular assays. In contrast to fluorescent proteins, chemiluminescent proteins do not require excitation light, known to trigger autofluorescence, phototoxicity, and photobleaching. Regrettably, low signal intensity of luciferase systems restricts their usage as they require specialized microscopes equipped with ultra low‐light imaging cameras. In this study, we report that bioluminescence quantification in living cells using a standard widefield automated microscope dedicated to screening and high content analysis is possible with the newer luciferase systems, Nanoluciferase (Nluc). With such equipment, we showed that robust intramolecular BRET can be measured using a combination of Nluc and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Using the human Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) dimer model, we next validated that intermolecular BRET could be quantified at a single cell level. The enhanced signal brightness of Nluc enabling BRET imaging to widefield microscopy shows strong potential to open up single cell protein–protein interactions studies to a wider audience. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Fortifying the forest: thinning and burning increase resistance to a bark beetle outbreak and promote forest resilience
Authors: Hood Sharon M. , Baker Stephen , Sala Anna 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFire frequency in low‐elevation coniferous forests in western North America has greatly declined since the late 1800s. In many areas, this has increased tree density and the proportion of shade‐tolerant species, reduced resource availability, and increased forest susceptibility to forest insect pests and high‐severity wildfire. In response, treatments are often implemented with the goal of increasing ecosystem resilience by increasing resistance to disturbance. We capitalized on an existing replicated study of fire and stand density treatments in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)–Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in western Montana, USA, that experienced a naturally occurring mountain pine beetle (MPB;Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak 5 yr after implementation of fuels treatments. We explored whether treatment effects on tree‐level defense and stand structure affected resistance toMPB. Mortality fromMPBwas highest in the denser, untreated control and burn‐only treatments, with approximately 50% and 39%, respectively, of ponderosa pine killed during the outbreak, compared to almost no mortality in the thin‐only and thin‐burn treatments. Thinning treatments, with or without fire, dramatically increased tree growth and resin ducts relative to control and burn‐only treatments. Prescribed burning did not increase resin ducts but did cause changes in resin chemistry that may have affectedMPBcommunication and lowered attack success. While ponderosa pine remained dominant in the thin and thin‐burn treatments after the outbreak, the high pine mortality in the control and burn‐only treatment caused a shift in species dominance to Douglas‐fir. The high Douglas‐fir component in the control and burn‐only treatments due to 20th century fire exclusion, coupled with high pine mortality fromMPB, has likely reduced resilience of this forest beyond the ability to return to a ponderosa pine‐dominated system in the absence of further fire or mechanical treatment. Our results show treatments designed to increase resistance to high‐severity fire in ponderosa pine‐dominated forests in the Northern Rockies can also increase resistance toMPB, even during an outbreak. This study suggests that fuel and restoration treatments in fire‐dependent ponderosa pine forests that reduce tree density increase ecosystem resilience in the short term, while the reintroduction of fire is important for long‐term resilience.
The most commonly available woody plant species are the most useful for human populations: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo Henrique Santos , Albuquerque Ulysses Paulino , Medeiros Patrícia Muniz de 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn increasing number of studies have aimed to clarify the factors leading human groups to prioritize the use of some woody plant species compared to others. Some of these studies have tested the apparency hypothesis in aiming to understand this phenomenon. According to the apparency hypothesis, the most commonly available local plant species on a forest path are the most useful to that local human population. However, the sparse and diverse nature of the results from studies investigating the factors that influence human exploitation of plant resources motivated us to perform a meta‐analysis on the apparency hypothesis. We searched in the main databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scielo) for studies that correlated the environmental availability of woody species (estimated through vegetation parameters) with the degree of importance of such species to the local human population (estimated by means of the use value index). Overall, this meta‐analysis supported the apparency hypothesis, although we also found high levels of heterogeneity in these studies. When the distinct uses of woody flora were considered separately, we found that local species availability is important for fuelwood (firewood and charcoal) and construction (houses, fences, etc.) purposes but does not explain medicinal and technological (object manufacture) plant use. We found no important differences in correlation values between the degree of species importance for people and the different vegetation parameters, although correlations are slightly higher for the dominance and importance value index. Our findings suggest that the exploitation of woody flora is influenced by local availability.
Sensitivity to dietary phosphorus limitation in native vs. invasive lineages of a New Zealand freshwater snail
Authors: Neiman Maurine , Krist Amy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhy some species and lineages are more likely to be invasive than others is one of the most important unanswered questions in basic and applied biology. In particular, the relative contributions to the invasion process of factors like pre‐adaptation to invasiveness in the native range, evolution post‐colonization, and random vs. non‐random sampling of colonist lineages remain unclear. We use a powerful common garden approach to address the potential for a role for sensitivity to nutrient limitation in determining the invasiveness of particular lineages of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail that has become globally invasive. We quantified specific growth rate (SGR), an important fitness‐related trait in this species, under high phosphorus (P) vs. low‐P conditions for a diverse set of native and invasive P. antipodarum. This experiment revealed that native‐range P. antipodarum experience a more severe decline in SGR in low‐P conditions relative to SGR in high‐P conditions than their invasive range counterparts. Although these results suggest resilience to P limitation in invasive lineages, the absence of significant absolute differences in SGR between native and invasive lineages indicates that a straightforward connection between response to P limitation and invasiveness in P. antipodarum is unlikely. Regardless, our data demonstrate that invasive vs. native lineages of P. antipodarum exhibit consistently different responses to an important environmental variable that is rarely studied in the context of invasion success. Further studies directed at exploring and disentangling the roles of sampling effects, selection on preexisting variation, and evolution after colonization will be required to provide a comprehensive picture of the role (or lack thereof) of nutrient limitation in the global invasion of P. antipodarum, as well for as other invasive taxa.
Caviar versus brill eggs: A novel high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry application for evaluating cosmetic ingredients composition
Authors: Dal Bello Federica , Santoro Valentina , Aigotti Riccardo , Medana Claudio , Gastaldi Daniela , Baiocchi Claudio 
Published: May 2016

In this study, raw materials, sturgeon and brill roe, were analyzed and compared as regard their use in cosmetic products. Recently, expensive caviar was largely used in beauty creams as lipids source. We compared lipids from caviar and brill eggs to propose a technological alternative. The fatty acids amount was determined with a new GC‐MS method. The triacylglycerols were identified and characterized by HPLC coupled with high resolution MS (HRMS). Both techniques showed a higher content of fatty acids and triacylglycerols in caviar respect to brill eggs. Some fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic acids, which are recognized to enhance skin metabolism, are absent, or show very low concentration, in brill eggs respect to sturgeon ones. It was possible to conclude that brill eggs are not a proper substitute of caviar in the formulation of cosmetic.Practical application: The developed analytical techniques provided a satisfactory analytical characterization of the raw materials. Although the sample preparation for GC‐MS analysis is quite time consuming due to the derivatization of fatty acids, the one for triacylglycerols analyzed by HPLC‐HRMS is very fast, and involves the use of a small amount of organic solvent. Fatty acids and triacylglycerols were identified and characterized.Comparison between Acipenser trasmontanus (caviar) and Scophthalmus rhombus eggs as active ingredient in beauty cream. A fatty acid quantitation and triacylglycerols quantitation, and characterization methods are showed. GC‐MS and HPLC‐HRMS are satisfactory tool to provide a full description of the studied raw materials.
Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry of Luminescent Europium Complexes
Authors: Lines Amanda M. , Wang Zheming , Clark Sue B. , Bryan Samuel A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFast, cost effective, and robust means of detecting and quantifying lanthanides are needed to support more efficient tracking within the nuclear, medicinal, and industrial fields. Furthermore, methods for isolating lanthanide signal from spectroscopic interferents are also needed. Applying spectroelectrochemistry to the detection of these species can meet those needs. However, application of this technique is limited by the low molar absorptivities and quantum yields of the lanthanides. These limitations can be circumvented by complexing the lanthanides with sensitizing ligands that enhance fluorescence, thereby dropping the limits of detection. Complexation will also cause changes in the electrochemical behavior of the lanthanides. To demonstrate this concept, studies were completed using europium as a model lanthanide in complexes with four different sensitizing ligands, which included 2,2′‐bipyridine and related derivatives. Results indicate that all four studied complexes demonstrate quasi‐reversible redox couples and improvements in limits of detection where electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics showed some dependence on attached ligand. All four complexes studied display the necessary characteristics for spectroelectrochemical analysis, which was successfully and reproducibly applied to all Eu complexes.
Construction of Electrochemical Immunosensing Interface for Multiple Cancer Biomarkers Detection
Authors: Wang Liyuan , Rong Qinfeng , Ma Zhanfang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe quick and early detection of cancer biomarkers is crucial for improving resectability rate and reducing mortality rate of cancer treatment. Cancer biomarkers detection with electrochemical assay has attracted considerable attention due to its high sensitivity, rapid response, high efficiency and good specificity. Recent developments of electrochemical immunosensing interface have significantly improved the sensitivity and efficiency by constructing substrates and immunoprobes using hybrid nanomaterials. As is known, electrochemical signal overlapping and sensitivity enhancement are two main challenges in the development of multiplexed electrochemical immunoassay. Many researches have been conducted to solve these problems and have received great progress. Herein, this review describes the recent advances of nanomaterials on the development of the electrochemical immunosensing interface for the detection of multiple cancer biomarkers and provides a perspective in this field.
Hydrodynamic Rocking Disc Electrode Study of the TEMPO‐mediated Catalytic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
Authors: Ahn Sunyhik D. , Fisher Adrian C. , Buchard Antoine , Bull Steven D. , Bond Alan M. , Marken Frank 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe hydrodynamically thinned diffusion layer at a sinusoidally rocking disc is approximately uniform and can be expressed in terms of a diffusion layer thickness
with D, the diffusion coefficient of the redox active species, v, the kinematic viscosity, Θ, the total rocking angle (here 90 degrees), and f, the rocking frequency (ranging here from 0.83 to 25 Hz). For the one‐electron oxidation of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) in aqueous carbonate buffer pH 9.5, it is shown that there is quantitative agreement between the expression for the diffusion layer thickness and experimental data. Next, for seven primary alcohols, the catalytic TEMPO‐mediated oxidation mechanism is investigated under rocking disc conditions. Chemical rate constants are evaluated (by varying the diffusion layer thickness) employing the DigiElch4.F simulation package. Trends in the chemical rate constants (compared with DFT calculations) suggest enhanced reactivity for methanol versus higher primary alcohols and for aromatic versus non‐aromatic primary alcohols. Rocking disc voltammetry allows quantitative mechanistic analysis in the laminar flow regime.
Iron–Nickel Alloys for Carbon Dioxide Activation by Chemical Looping Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: More Amey , Bhavsar Saurabh , Veser Götz 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChemical looping combustion is a clean combustion technology for fossil or renewable fuels. We have previously shown that the process can also be used to enable CO2 activation through reduction to CO with Fe oxygen carriers in so‐called “chemical looping dry reforming” (CLDR). Although Fe shows good reactivity with CO2, its reactivity with methane as a fuel is low. In contrast, Ni is highly reactive for methane conversion but cannot be oxidized with CO2. Here, we demonstrate that Fe–Ni alloys combine the reactivities of each metal synergistically. By combining materials synthesis and characterization with reactive evaluation in multicycle CLDR operation, we demonstrate that relatively low amounts of Ni suffice to activate the carrier for methane conversion and that the presence of Fe enables the reoxidation of Ni with CO2. Moreover, the weak oxidant CO2 allows the controlled oxidation of the Fe–Ni alloy, which enables CH4 upgrading through syngas (CO+H2) production.
Cyclic Oxygen Release Characteristics of Bifunctional Copper Oxide/Calcium Oxide Composites
Authors: Duan Lunbo , Godino Danilo , Manovic Vasilije , Montagnaro Fabio , Anthony Edward J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntegrated calcium–copper (Ca–Cu) looping is a novel carbon capture technology that uses copper oxide to transport oxygen and calcium oxide to capture CO2 in the same process. Investigations into the oxygen release behavior of the bifunctional CuO/CaO composite are critical to assess the potential for applying this technology to solid fuels such as coal. In this study, three different CuO/CaO composites having different relative percentages (CuO75CaO25, CuO50CaO50, and CuO25CaO75) were manufactured in a commercial granulator and then tested in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor to examine their oxygen release characteristics at temperatures in the 880–940 °C range. All the composites exhibited clear oxygen release properties during the testing, indicating that the solid fuel can be directly oxidized rather than being gasified first in the Ca–Cu looping process. At the same temperature, the oxygen release rate of CuO25CaO75 is the fastest and its final oxygen yield is the largest, followed by CuO75CuO25 and CuO50CaO50. XRD results reveal that Ca2CuO3 is formed in the used samples of CuO75CuO25 and CuO50CaO50, but not in the case of CuO25CaO75, which may explain the performance difference observed. Further examination of the attrition and agglomeration behavior shows that all the composites are stable and strong, and it appears that CuO25CaO75 is the most stable and strongest of the materials examined.
Spatial modelling framework for the characterisation of rainfall extremes at different durations and under climate change
Authors: Lehmann Eric A. , Phatak Aloke , Stephenson Alec , Lau Rex 
Published: May 2016

This paper describes a statistical modelling framework for the characterisation of rainfall extremes over a region of interest. Using a Bayesian hierarchical approach, the data are assumed to follow the generalised extreme value distribution, whose parameters are modelled as spatial Gaussian processes in the latent process layer. We also integrate a parametric relationship between precipitation maxima accumulated over increasing durations. The inference of the model parameters is thus improved by pooling information across both space and accumulation duration. In addition, we propose and investigate two different approaches for the integration of daily and sub‐daily rainfall data within the framework. We also demonstrate how information from a regional climate model can be integrated to enable the investigation of future projections of extreme rainfall characteristics.We apply the proposed methodology to precipitation datasets from two large‐scale study regions located on the east coast of Australia. The models are fitted using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, and we present estimated model parameters and posterior inferences of return levels at various durations and sites of interest. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework in spatially extrapolating the inference to locations other than those at which direct rainfall measurements are available. We also provide comparisons between rainfall extremes at various durations obtained for the current climate and those based on future projections from a regional climate model. Both methods proposed for the integration of daily and sub‐daily records were found to yield similar results in terms of model performance and computational requirements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bidirectional substructure pseudo‐dynamic tests and analysis of a full‐scale two‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame
Authors: Khoo Hsen‐Han , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan , Tsai Ching‐Yi , Tsai Cheng‐Yu , Wang Kung‐Juin 
Published: May 2016

SummaryA two‐story buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) frame was tested under bidirectional in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loading to evaluate the BRB stability and gusset plate design. The test comprised pseudo‐dynamic loadings using the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake scaled to the 50%, 10%, and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years and a cyclic regime of increasing amplitudes of up to 3.0% story drift ratio (SDR). The specimen had a unique configuration where the beams were connected to the columns through shear tabs welded to the column flanges and bolted to the beam webs. Stable hysteretic behavior with only minor cracking at the gusset‐to‐column welds was observed under the pseudo‐dynamic tests, with maximum in‐plane and out‐of‐plane SDRs of 2.24% and 1.47% respectively. Stable behavior continued into the cyclic test where fracture of the gusset‐to‐column welds occurred in the first cycle to simultaneous bidirectional SDR of 3.0%. The observed BRB stability is consistent with a methodology developed for BRB frames under simultaneous in‐plane and out‐of‐plane drifts. The specimen behavior was studied using a finite element model. It was shown that gusset plates are subjected to a combination of BRB force and frame action demands, with the latter increasing the gusset‐to‐beam and gusset‐to‐column interface demands by an average of 69% and 83% respectively. Consistent with the test results, failure at the gusset‐to‐column interfaces is computed when frame action demands are included, thus confirming that not considering frame action demands may results in unconservative gusset plate designs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.