bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A link between central kynurenine metabolism and bone strength in rats with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kalaska Bartlomiej , Pawlak Krystyna , Oksztulska-Kolanek Ewa , Domaniewski Tomasz , Znorko Beata , Karbowska Malgorzata , Citkowska Aleksandra , Rogalska Joanna , Roszczenko Alicja , Brzoska Malgorzata M. , Pawlak Dariusz 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundDisturbances in mineral and bone metabolism represent one of the most complex complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serotonin, a monoamine synthesized from tryptophan, may play a potential role in bone metabolism. Brain-derived serotonin exerts a positive effect on the bone structure by limiting bone resorption and enhancing bone formation. Tryptophan is the precursor not only to the serotonin but also and primarily to kynurenine metabolites. The ultimate aim of the present study was to determine the association between central kynurenine metabolism and biomechanical as well as geometrical properties of bone in the experimental model of the early stage of CKD.MethodsThirty-three Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (sham-operated and subtotal nephrectomized animals). Three months after surgery, serum samples were obtained for the determination of biochemical parameters, bone turnover biomarkers, and kynurenine pathway metabolites; tibias were collected for bone biomechanical, bone geometrical, and bone mass density analysis; brains were removed and divided into five regions for the determination of kynurenine pathway metabolites.ResultsSubtotal nephrectomized rats presented higher serum concentrations of creatinine, urea nitrogen, and parathyroid hormone, and developed hypocalcemia. Several biomechanical and geometrical parameters were significantly elevated in rats with experimentally induced CKD. Subtotal nephrectomized rats presented significantly higher kynurenine concentrations and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and significantly lower tryptophan levels in all studied parts of the brain. Kynurenine in the frontal cortex and tryptophan in the hypothalamus and striatum correlated positively with the main parameters of bone biomechanics and bone geometry.DiscussionIn addition to the complex mineral, hormone, and metabolite changes, intensified central kynurenine turnover may play an important role in the development of bone changes in the course of CKD.
Lidar observations of stratospheric gravity waves from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.69°E), Antarctica: 1. Vertical wavelengths, periods, and frequency and vertical wave number spectra
Authors: Zhao Jian , Chu Xinzhao , Chen Cao , Lu Xian , Fong Weichun , Yu Zhibin , Michael Jones R. , Roberts Brendan R. , Dörnbrack Andreas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFive years of atmospheric temperature data, collected with an Fe Boltzmann lidar by the University of Colorado group from 2011 to 2015 at Arrival Heights, are used to characterize the vertical wavelengths, periods, vertical phase speeds, frequency spectra, and vertical wave number spectra of stratospheric gravity waves from 30 to 50 km altitudes. Over 1000 dominant gravity wave events are identified from the data. The seasonal spectral distributions of vertical wavelengths, periods, and vertical phase speeds in summer, winter, and spring/fall are found obeying a lognormal distribution. Both the downward and upward phase progression gravity waves are observed by the lidar, and the fractions of gravity waves with downward phase progression increase from summer ~59% to winter ~70%. The seasonal and monthly mean vertical wavelengths and periods exhibit clear seasonal cycles with vertical wavelength growing from summer ~5.5 km to winter ~8.5 km, and period increasing from summer ~4.5 h to winter ~6 h. Statistically significant linear correlations are found between the monthly mean vertical wavelengths/periods and the mean zonal wind velocities from 30 to 50 km. Assuming horizontal phase speeds independent of month, the monthly mean horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic periods, and group velocities are estimated for stratospheric gravity waves. The slopes of wave frequency spectra change from −1.9 at 30–60 km to −1.45 around 60–65 km. The vertical wave number spectra show the power spectral density at vertical wavelengths of 5–20 km decreasing from winter maximum to summer minimum. Several aforementioned features are observed for the first time in Antarctica.
Why does knowledge of past aerosol forcing matter for future climate change?
Authors: Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAerosol particles scatter and absorb radiation and interact with cloud particles. The net aerosol forcing since preindustrial times is negative and has offset part of the greenhouse gas warming. It dominates the uncertainty of the overall anthropogenic forcing. This large uncertainty results from gaps in our knowledge on the underlying aerosol and cloud microphysical processes and aerosol‐cloud interactions as well as their representation in global coupled aerosol‐climate models. A recent paper by Nazarenko et al. (2017) illustrates how the anthropogenic aerosol forcing, especially the effective radiative forcing that includes aerosol‐cloud and aerosol‐radiation interactions, depends on climate feedbacks and on the employed aerosol model.
The food‐energy‐water nexus: Transforming science for society
Authors: Scanlon Bridget R. , Ruddell Ben L. , Reed Patrick M. , Hook Ruth I. , Zheng Chunmiao , Tidwell Vince C. , Siebert Stefan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEmerging interdisciplinary science efforts are providing new understanding of the interdependence of food, energy, and water (FEW) systems. These science advances, in turn, provide critical information for coordinated management to improve the affordability, reliability, and environmental sustainability of FEW systems. Here we describe the current state of the FEW nexus and approaches to managing resource conflicts through reducing demand and increasing supplies, storage, and transport. Despite significant advances within the past decade, there are still many challenges for the scientific community. Key challenges are the need for interdisciplinary science related to the FEW nexus; ground‐based monitoring and modeling at local‐to‐regional scales; incorporating human and institutional behavior in models; partnerships among universities, industry, and government to develop policy relevant data; and systems modeling to evaluate trade‐offs associated with FEW decisions.
Shallow Foundations
Authors: Gourvenec Susan , Amodio Alessandro , O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2017

AbstractShallow foundations are used offshore to support a fixed and floating platforms and a range of subsea facilities. This article outlines the types and applications of shallow foundations used offshore; the basis of design, including installation, capacity, serviceability, and retrieval; design considerations, including various modes and origin of loading, choice of design parameters for capacity and settlement prediction, and scour; design solutions, including skirts, drainage blankets and tolerable foundation mobility; factors of safety; and industry design guidance including current trends in design. The wide range of issues that need to be considered for shallow foundations is discussed in this article; however, no attempt is made to provide detailed solutions for the different aspects that need to be considered, since these are well documented in industry design guidelines.
The Persian Wars, 492–450BC
Authors: Hassan Christopher , Brosius Maria 
Published: April 2017

AbstractKing Darius’ determination to punish supporters of the Ionian Revolt resulted in expeditions to target Eretria and Athens. In 490bcDatis landed a substantial force at Marathon, north of Athens, where Athenian and Plataean hoplites drove the Persians back to their ships. Ten years later King Xerxes led a much larger invasion by land and sea. Heroic Spartan resistance at Thermopylae failed to prevent Xerxes from sacking Athens, but his navy was mauled at Salamis and in 479 Greek hoplites were victorious at Plataea. Thereafter Athens took the fight to the Persians, with considerable success in Asia Minor.
Fourth‐CenturyBCGreek Wars
Authors: Trundle Matthew 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFollowing the King's Peace of 386bc, Sparta made efforts to enforce its hegemony over Greece, but, following a raid on the Piraeus while Spartan envoys were actually in Athens, the Athenians began to prepare for war, forming the Second Athenian League. In 376 the Spartans attempted to starve Athens from the sea but were defeated in a naval battle off Naxos; sporadic fighting ensued, including several notable engagements including the “Tearless Battle,” in which Sparta lost no casualties. In 357, provoked by the high‐handed actions of Athens, the Second Athenian League rebelled, leading to the Social War.
The “Samnite Wars,” 343–290
BC
Authors: Cornell Tim 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

The so‐called Samnite Wars were a disconnected series of events lasting from the middle of the fourth century
bc
to the early years of the third, in which Rome wore down and gradually conquered the Italian tribes of central and southern Italy. The Samnites were divided into politically independent city‐states that rarely acted in unison. The “Samnite Wars,” therefore, were not a struggle for dominance by two equally matched power blocks but a one‐sided affair in which Rome attempted to gain supremacy over an ever‐widening geographical area. Hostilities began in 343, warfare being recorded by Livy in most years thereafter. The final defeat of the last Samnite confederation occurred in 293, leaving the eventual Roman conquest of Italy virtually certain. Over the next three years, Samnium was overrun and large territories were annexed.
Campaigns of Alexander the Great, 336–323
BC
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Before invading Persia, Alexander imposed his authority over his tribal neighbors and across the Greek world. Ruthlessness and speed characterized his actions, and after two years he was advancing across Asia Minor, crushing Persian armies at the Granicus and Issus before overrunning the rest of the Levant and Egypt. Advance into Mesopotamia brought a third great victory, whose humiliation King Darius could not survive. As the new ruler of Persia, Alexander imposed his authority on its eastern provinces as far as the Indus, where mutiny forced his return. He died in 323
bc
, aged 33, planning further grand conquests in the west.
The Battle of Carrhae, 53
BC
Authors: Whitby Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

In 53
bc
, Publius Crassus crossed the Euphrates in search of the military glory that had so far eluded him in his successful career. His goal was the Parthian capital of Seleucia but, as he advanced, Parthian mounted troops enveloped the large but cumbersome Roman army in the desert, using sustained archery to weaken and wear down their opponents. Crassus dispatched his limited cavalry to repel the Parthians, but they were surrounded and butchered. Some of the Roman army fought their way to safety, but Crassus failed to escape by night and was killed after surrendering. Three legionary standards were captured.
Italy in the Fifth Century
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: April 2017

AbstractItaly in the fifth century remained vulnerable to internal conflicts between Roman generals and external invasion, especially by the Vandals after the latter established themselves in North Africa. For 20 years Aetius dominated the court after eliminating his rival Boniface, but, after his assassination at Emperor Valentinian III's behest, Vandal fleets ravaged Corsica, Sicily, and Campania and even sacked Rome thoroughly. Ricimer's successes against them made him the new military controller of Italy, but he had to devote as much effort to maintaining his dominance as to repulsing attacks from the north by Alans and other tribes.
The Early Sixth‐Century Balkan Wars
Authors: Sarantis Alexander 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTheoderic the Ostrogoth's move to Italy in 489 permitted Emperor Anastasius to reestablish Roman authority in the region, though Theoderic himself was determined to control parts of the north and west. The main threats came from various Hunnic groups and less organized Slav tribes that had been arriving to the north of the Danube. Intermittently, these tribal raids penetrated deeply and caused substantial destruction, but overall the Roman defenses, which had been strengthened by emperors Anastasius and Justinian, held firm.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Bromomethyl Indolines via BINAP(S)‐Catalyzed Bromoaminocyclization of Allyl Aniline
Authors: Yu Sheng‐Nan , Li Yin‐Long , Deng Jun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAn enantioselective bromoamination of allyl aniline with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) catalyzed by BINAP(S) (BINAP monosulfide) is described. This protocol could provide a range of chiral 2‐bromomethyl indolines in good to excellent yields with up to 87% ee. Furthermore, the resulting chiral 2‐bromomethyl indolines could be easily converted into synthetically useful chiral building blocks.magnified image
Synthesis of gold/polydopamine composite surfaces on glass substrates for localized surface plasmon resonance and catalysis
Authors: Yu Jianying , Lu Shixiang , Xu Wenguo , He Ge , He Dongsheng 
Published: April 2017

Composite materials of polydopamine (PDA) and gold nanoparticles on glass substrates (Au/PDA@slide) were obtained via a simple chemical process. First, PDA films (PDA@slide) were formed by immersing slides in 20 mg ml−1 dopamine aqueous solution at pH = 8.5 for 1 h. Then, PDA@slide was dipped in 0.02 M chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) aqueous solution for a certain time, Au/PDA@slide being formed. Gold nanoparticles were obtained by the reductive properties of PDA. The morphology and chemical composition of the composite material were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalytic properties of Au/PDA@slide were evaluated using the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) aqueous solution at room temperature. The catalytic activity of the optimal Au/PDA@slide was so satisfactory that the reduction of 4‐NP was completed within 10 min. Moreover, the Au/PDA@slide composite material was stable up to five cycles without significant loss of its catalytic activity. In addition, Au/PDA@slide also exhibited photocatalytic ability, photodegrading 2.5 ml of 17.5 mg l−1 methyl orange in 100 min. By measuring the UV–visible absorption bands of Au/PDA@slide, it was proved that the condition of the strongest surface plasmon resonance of Au/PDA@slide was the optimal condition for catalytic reduction of 4‐NP.
Self‐healing and interfacially toughened carbon fibre‐epoxy composites based on electrospun core–shell nanofibres
Authors: Neisiany Rasoul Esmaeely , Lee Jeremy Kong Yoong , Khorasani Saied Nouri , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTDual components of a self‐healing epoxy system comprising a low viscosity epoxy resin, along with its amine based curing agent, were separately encapsulated in a polyacrylonitrile shell via coaxial electrospinning. These nanofiber layers were then incorporated between sheets of carbon fiber fabric during the wet layup process followed by vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding to fabricate self‐healing carbon fiber composites. Mechanical analysis of the nanofiber toughened composites demonstrated an 11% improvement in tensile strength, 19% increase in short beam shear strength, 14% greater flexural strength, and a 4% gain in impact energy absorption compared to the control composite without nanofibers. Three point bending tests affirmed the spontaneous, room temperature healing characteristics of the nanofiber containing composites, with a 96% recovery in flexural strength observed 24 h after the initial bending fracture, and a 102% recovery recorded 24 h after the successive bending fracture. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44956.
Structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of 3D printed L‐CNC/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposites
Authors: Feng Xinhao , Yang Zhaozhe , Rostom Sahar S. H. , Dadmun Mark , Xie Yanjun , Wang Siqun 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT3D printing has been extensively applied in human‐related activities, and therefore the 3D printed nanocomposites became more popular and important in end‐use products. In the present study, we use lignin‐coated cellulose nanocrystal (L‐CNC) to reinforce 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and explore the effect of L‐CNC on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of 3D printed L‐CNC/ABS nanocomposites. The results indicate that the addition of L‐CNC foams the ABS and decreases the density of 3D printed L‐CNC/ABS nanocomposites. However, the tensile modulus and storage modulus increase by adding 4% L‐CNC. The thermal stability of 3D printed L‐CNC/ABS nanocomposites is also significantly improved as indicated by an increase in the maximum degradation temperature. The morphology of the nanocomposites reveals good dispersion and interfacial adhesion between L‐CNC and ABS. The finding indicates that the 3D printed nanocomposites become lighter and stiffer with addition of L‐CNC, which will have great potential to be applied in end‐use products. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45082.
Nicotine‐prevented learning and memory impairment in REM sleep‐deprived rat is modulated by DREAM protein in the hippocampus
Authors: Abd Rashid Norlinda , Hapidin Hermizi , Abdullah Hasmah , Ismail Zalina , Long Idris 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroductionREM sleep deprivation is associated with impairment in learning and memory, and nicotine treatment has been shown to attenuate this effect. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of DREAM protein in learning and memory processes. This study investigates the association of DREAM protein in REM sleep‐deprived rats hippocampus upon nicotine treatment.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to normal condition, REM sleep deprivation and control wide platform condition for 72 hr. During this procedure, saline or nicotine (1 mg/kg) was given subcutaneously twice a day. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess learning and memory performance of the rats. The rats were sacrificed and the brain was harvested for immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.ResultsMWM test found that REM sleep deprivation significantly impaired learning and memory performance without defect in locomotor function associated with a significant increase in hippocampus DREAM protein expression in CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions and the mean relative level of DREAM protein compared to other experimental groups. Treatment with acute nicotine significantly prevented these effects and decreased expression of DREAM protein in all the hippocampus regions but only slightly reduce the mean relative level of DREAM protein.ConclusionThis study suggests that changes in DREAM protein expression in CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions of rat's hippocampus and mean relative level of DREAM protein may involve in the mechanism of nicotine treatment‐prevented REM sleep deprivation‐induced learning and memory impairment in rats.
Psychotherapists' ideals in the treatment of panic disorder: An exploratory study
Authors: Kealy David , Goodman Geoff , Ogrodniczuk John S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundConsiderable empirical research supports psychotherapy as an effective intervention for panic disorder. Less evidence is available regarding clinicians' perspectives on the ideal therapy processes that should be prioritized when treating panic disorder.AimsThe purpose of this study was to explore psychotherapists' process priorities and points of consensus and disagreement concerning the treatment of panic disorder.Material & MethodsThirty‐four psychotherapists reviewed a prototype description of a hypothetical client with panic disorder, and rank‐ordered ideal process features using a forced‐choice, 100‐item measure. The resulting composite therapy process was compared with expert‐rated CBT and psychodynamic process ratings.ResultsSeveral points of agreement and disagreement emerged regarding ideal therapy process for panic disorder. Overall, therapists' ratings were closely aligned with CBT process, though therapy relationship ideals were prominent.DiscussionResearch can illuminate therapy processes valued by clinicians for the treatment of particular disorders.ConclusionWhile therapists' ratings were overall associated with CBT ideals, common factors concerning the therapy relationship emerged as prominent and agreed‐upon processes in the treatment of panic disorder.
Engineering a Promiscuous Tautomerase into a More Efficient Aldolase for Self‐Condensations of Linear Aliphatic Aldehydes
Authors: Rahimi Mehran , van der Meer Jan‐Ytzen , Geertsema Edzard M. , Poelarends Gerrit J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe enzyme 4‐oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4‐OT) from Pseudomonas putida mt‐2 takes part in a catabolic pathway for aromatic hydrocarbons, where it catalyzes the conversion of 2hydroxyhexa‐2,4‐dienedioate into 2‐oxohexa‐3‐enedioate. This tautomerase can also promiscuously catalyze carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions, including various types of aldol reactions, by using its amino‐terminal proline as a key catalytic residue. Here, we used systematic mutagenesis to identify two hotspots in 4‐OT (Met45 and Phe50) at which single mutations give marked improvements in aldolase activity for the self‐condensation of propanal. Activity screening of a focused library in which these two hotspots were varied led to the discovery of a 4‐OT variant (M45Y/F50V) with strongly enhanced aldolase activity in the self‐condensation of linear aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, propanal, and butanal, to yield α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. With both propanal and benzaldehyde, this double mutant, unlike the previously constructed single mutant F50A, mainly catalyzes the self‐condensation of propanal rather than the cross‐condensation of propanal and benzaldehyde, thus indicating that it indeed has altered substrate specificity. This variant could serve as a template to create new biocatalysts that lack dehydration activity and possess further enhanced aldolase activity, thus enabling the efficient enzymatic self‐coupling of aliphatic aldehydes.
Walking a Fine Line with Sucrose Phosphorylase: Efficient Single‐Step Biocatalytic Production of l‐Ascorbic Acid 2‐Glucoside from Sucrose
Authors: Gudiminchi Rama Krishna , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe 2‐O‐α‐d‐glucoside of l‐ascorbic acid (AA‐2G) is a highly stabilized form of vitamin C, with important industrial applications in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals. AA‐2G is currently produced through biocatalytic glucosylation of l‐ascorbic acid from starch‐derived oligosaccharides. Sucrose would be an ideal substrate for AA‐2G synthesis, but it lacks a suitable transglycosidase. We show here that in a narrow pH window (pH 4.8–6.0, with sharp optimum at pH 5.2), sucrose phosphorylases catalyzed the 2‐O‐α‐glucosylation of l‐ascorbic acid from sucrose with high efficiency and perfect site‐selectivity. Optimized synthesis with the enzyme from Bifidobacterium longum at 40 °C gave a concentrated product (155 g L−1; 460 mm), from which pure AA‐2G was readily recovered in ∼50 % overall yield, thus providing the basis for advanced production. The peculiar pH dependence is suggested to arise from a “reverse‐protonation” mechanism in which the catalytic base Glu232 on the glucosyl–enzyme intermediate must be protonated for attack on the anomeric carbon from the 2‐hydroxyl of the ionized l‐ascorbate substrate.