bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of fixed vs. self‐suggested rest between sets in upper and lower body exercises performance
Authors: De Salles Belmiro Freitas , Polito Marcos Doederlein , Goessler Karla Fabiana , Mannarino Pietro , Matta Thiago Torres , Simão Roberto 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn its last position stand about strength training, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends a rest interval (RI) between sets ranging between 1 and 3 min, varying in accordance with the objective. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal recovery between sets, and most studies have investigated fixed intervals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of fixed versus self‐suggested RI between sets in lower and upper body exercises performance. Twenty‐seven healthy subjects (26 ± 1.5; 75 ± 15 kg; 175 ± 12 cm) were randomly assigned into two groups: G1: lower body exercises and G2: upper body exercises. Squat and leg press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were tested for the G1 and bench press and biceps curl 1RM for G2. After the 1RM tests, both groups performed three sets to concentric failure with 75% of 1RM in combination with different RIs (2 min or self‐suggested) on separate days and the exercises performance was evaluated by the number of repetitions. The results demonstrated no significant differences in the number of repetitions between 2 min and self‐suggested RIs that presented similar reductions with the sets progression. It was also shown that the self‐suggested RI spent less time recovering than the 2 min RI group on average. This suggests that for individuals with previous experience, the self‐suggested RI can be an effective option when using workloads commonly prescribed aiming hypertrophy. Also, the self‐suggested RI can reduce the total training session duration, which can be a more time‐effective strategy.
English, advertising and positioning: the impact of English on Chinese people’s daily lives
Authors: Li Songqing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSituated at the nexus of linguistics, media and identity, this article addresses the impact of English on Chinese people’s daily lives by exploring within the framework of positioning how the community of Chinese people in mainland China is imagined and defined through the use of English in Chinese advertising. Based on a corpus of Chinese–English bilingual advertisements, it mainly discusses the mobilisation of English as a stylistic resource in producing a variety of positioning cues that are at work in this discursive process. Five positioning cues are identified in the analysis of lexical items and discursive features of the English language that was utilized in a representative sample of advertisements: proper names of Western places, emotion words, discourses of success, and discourses of Western masculinity and femininity. They are found to have been used in three interrelated processes of locating, refashioning, and assessing Chinese people. The findings are applied as a ground for discussion of the cultural politics of English in China and the question of whether Chinese people’s sense of cultural identity is being threatened.
Swift follow-up of the gravitational wave source GW150914
Authors: Evans P. A. , Kennea J. A. , Barthelmy S. D. , Beardmore A. P. , Burrows D. N. , Campana S. , Cenko S. B. , Gehrels N. , Giommi P. , Gronwall C. , Marshall F. E. , Malesani D. , Markwardt C. B. , Mingo B. , Nousek J. A. , O'Brien P. T. , Osborne J. P. , Pagani C. , Page K. L. , Palmer D. M. , Perri M. , Racusin J. L. , Siegel M. H. , Sbarufatti B. , Tagliaferri G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (ALIGO) observatory recently reported the first direct detection of gravitational waves (GW) which triggered ALIGO on 2015 September 14. We report on observations taken with the Swift satellite two days after the trigger. No new X-ray, optical, UV or hard X-ray sources were detected in our observations, which were focused on nearby galaxies in the GW error region and covered 4.7 deg2 (∼2 per cent of the probability in the rapidly available GW error region; 0.3 per cent of the probability from the final GW error region, which was produced several months after the trigger). We describe the rapid Swift response and automated analysis of the X-ray telescope and UV/Optical telescope data, and note the importance to electromagnetic follow-up of early notification of the progenitor details inferred from GW analysis.
The New Numerical Galaxy Catalog (ν2GC): An updated semi-analytic model of galaxy and active galactic nucleus formation with large cosmological N-body simulations
Authors: Makiya Ryu , Enoki Motohiro , Ishiyama Tomoaki , Kobayashi Masakazu A. R. , Nagashima Masahiro , Okamoto Takashi , Okoshi Katsuya , Oogi Taira , Shirakata Hikari 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We present a new cosmological galaxy formation model, ν2GC, as an updated version of our previous model νGC. We adopt the so-called “semi-analytic” approach, in which the formation history of dark matter halos is computed by N-body simulations, while the baryon physics such as gas cooling, star formation, and supernova feedback are simply modeled by phenomenological equations. Major updates of the model are as follows: (1) the merger trees of dark matter halos are constructed in state-of-the-art N-body simulations, (2) we introduce the formation and evolution process of supermassive black holes and the suppression of gas cooling due to active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity, (3) we include heating of the intergalactic gas by the cosmic UV background, and (4) we tune some free parameters related to the astrophysical processes using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Our N-body simulations of dark matter halos have unprecedented box size and mass resolution (the largest simulation contains 550 billion particles in a 1.12 Gpc h−1 box), enabling the study of much smaller and rarer objects. The model was tuned to fit the luminosity functions of local galaxies and mass function of neutral hydrogen. Local observations, such as the Tully–Fisher relation, the size–magnitude relation of spiral galaxies, and the scaling relation between the bulge mass and black hole mass were well reproduced by the model. Moreover, the model also reproduced well the cosmic star formation history and redshift evolution of rest-frame K-band luminosity functions. The numerical catalog of the simulated galaxies and AGNs is publicly available on the web.
Parallel evolution of metazoan mitochondrial proteins
Authors: Klink Galya V. , Bazykin Georgii A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAmino acid propensities at amino acid sites change with time due to epistatic interactions or changing environment, affecting the probabilities of fixation of different amino acids. Such changes should lead to an increased rate of homoplasies (reversals, parallelisms, and convergences) at closely related species. Here, we reconstruct the phylogeny of twelve mitochondrial proteins from several thousand metazoan species, and measure the phylogenetic distances between branches at which either the same allele originated repeatedly due to homoplasies, or different alleles originated due to divergent substitutions. The mean phylogenetic distance between parallel substitutions is ∼20% lower than the mean phylogenetic distance between divergent substitutions, indicating that a variant fixed in a species is more likely to be deleterious in a more phylogenetically remote species, compared to a more closely related species. These findings are robust to artefacts of phylogenetic reconstruction or of pooling of sites from different conservation classes or functional groups, and imply that single-position fitness landscapes change at rates similar to rates of amino acid changes.
Interpretability of Multivariate Brain Maps in Brain Decoding: Definition and Quantification
Authors: Kia Seyed Mostafa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBrain decoding is a popular multivariate approach for hypothesis testing in neuroimaging. Linear classifiers are widely employed in the brain decoding paradigm to discriminate among experimental conditions. Then, the derived linear weights are visualized in the form of multivariate brain maps to further study the spatio-temporal patterns of underlying neural activities. It is well known that the brain maps derived from weights of linear classifiers are hard to interpret because of high correlations between predictors, low signal to noise ratios, and the high dimensionality of neuroimaging data. Therefore, improving the interpretability of brain decoding approaches is of primary interest in many neuroimaging studies. Despite extensive studies of this type, at present, there is no formal definition for interpretability of multivariate brain maps. As a consequence, there is no quantitative measure for evaluating the interpretability of different brain decoding methods. In this paper, first, we present a theoretical definition of interpretability in brain decoding; we show that the interpretability of multivariate brain maps can be decomposed into their reproducibility and representativeness. Second, as an application of the proposed definition, we formalize a heuristic method for approximating the interpretability of multivariate brain maps in a binary magnetoencephalography (MEG) decoding scenario. Third, we pro pose to combine the approximated interpretability and the performance of the brain decoding into a new multi-objective criterion for model selection. Our results for the MEG data show that optimizing the hyper-parameters of the regularized linear classifier based on the proposed criterion results in more informative multivariate brain maps. More importantly, the presented definition provides the theoretical background for quantitative evaluation of interpretability, and hence, facilitates the development of more effective brain decoding algorithms in the future.
Co-workers with benefits
Authors: Shuck Brad , Owen Jesse , Manthos Megan , Quirk Kelley , Rhoades Galena 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation between employee engagement, decisions to be in a relationship with a co-worker, and commitment uncertainty in a sample of adults who identified they were currently working with their romantic partner.

Design/methodology/approach
– Because workplace romance can be a taboo topic among working adults, we recruited participants anonymously from online social media websites (n=68). The use of non-experimental design limits the ability to draw causal references in relation to the variables of interest.

Findings
– Participants who reported they were motivated to be in a romantic relationship with a co-worker to increase status also reported lower levels of engagement, even after controlling for other relationship (e.g. relationship adjustment) and workplace variables (e.g. intent to turnover).

Practical implications
– Romantic relationships within the workplace will most certainly transpire yet the topic remains underexplored in the management literature. This work provides scholars and practitioners insight into the psychological mechanisms that influence workplace relationships and more, explores how relationships between co-workers impact performance variables such as employee engagement.

Originality/value
– This is the first study to examine the influence of workplace romantic relationships in the context of employee engagement. Moreover, this is one of only a handful of studies that has documented the empirical linkage between workplace relationships and performance variables.
Addressing the needs of the Millennial workforce through equine assisted learning
Authors: Meola Cheryl Christopher 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– Organizations are striving to stay abreast of the transitions occurring from the influx of Millennials into the workforce. Managers are having trouble building relationships with Millennial employees and understanding what motivates them to be effective workers. Trainings focussed on helping managers work with Millennials can increase retention rates for organizations, saving money as well as building loyalty and buy-in to organizational goals and values. Equine assisted learning (EAL) programs are an effective training tool that many organizations are currently using to bridge this gap between older managers and Millennial employees. These programs would all fulfill the requirements Millennials seek in on-the-job soft skills training. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– A literature review was conducted on ongoing research and use of EAL in the field of management training and development.

Findings
– Current research shows that EAL promotes competency development in leadership, communication, body language awareness, relationship building, and teamwork building.

Originality/value
– EAL is an up-and-coming management training trend that is available on a wider basis than ever before. There is a greater evidence-based research base that is continuing to grow as well in this field.
Detection of Group B Streptococcus Directly from Collected ESwab Samples by Use of the BD Max GBS Assay
Authors: Silbert Suzane , Rocchetti Talita T. , Gostnell Alicia , Kubasek Carly , Widen Raymond 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Group B
Streptococcus
detection directly from Copan ESwab collected samples, using the BD Max GBS assay, was evaluated on receipt in the laboratory and after 24 h at room temperature. Results were compared to those using Lim broth enrichment PCR and culture. No significant difference was observed between 24 h ESwab and Lim broth PCRs.
Use of Peptide-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay followed by Immunofluorescence Assay To Document Ehrlichia chaffeensis as a Cause of Febrile Illness in Nicaragua
Authors: Chikeka Ijeuru , Matute Armando J. , Dumler J. Stephen , Woods Christopher W. , Mayorga Orlando , Reller Megan E. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Ehrlichia chaffeensis
, the etiologic agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), has been extensively studied as a cause of acute febrile illness and an emerging tick-borne zoonosis in the United States. Limited data suggest its presence in other regions, including Central and South America but not Nicaragua to date. Diagnosis of
E. chaffeensis
infection by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is the reference standard due to its presumed high sensitivity and specificity, but IFA is impractical, variably reproducible, and cumbersome for large epidemiologic studies and for clinical diagnosis in resource-poor regions. We evaluated a high-throughput, objective peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for use alone or in combination with IFA. We found that it performed best as a screening test (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 84%) to reduce the proportion of serum samples that were required by the more cumbersome and subjective IFA testing to <20%. Using a two-step diagnostic approach (IFA is performed if the ELISA is positive), we identified
E. chaffeensis
or a serologically and antigenically similar organism as a heretofore unrecognized cause of acute febrile illness in humans in Nicaragua and demonstrated the utility of the peptide ELISA as a screening tool for large-scale clinical studies.
Life Cycle Characterization of Sulfolobus Monocaudavirus 1, an Extremophilic Spindle-Shaped Virus with Extracellular Tail Development
Authors: Uldahl Kristine B. , Jensen Signe B. , Bhoobalan-Chitty Yuvaraj , Martínez-Álvarez Laura , Papathanasiou Pavlos , Peng Xu 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWe provide here, for the first time, insights into the initial infection stages of a large spindle-shaped archaeal virus and explore the following life cycle events. Our observations suggest thatSulfolobusmonocaudavirus 1 (SMV1) exhibits a high adsorption rate and that virions adsorb to the host cells via three distinct attachment modes: nosecone association, body association, and body/tail association. In the body/tail association mode, the entire virion, including the tail(s), aligns to the host cell surface and the main body is greatly flattened, suggesting a possible fusion entry mechanism. Upon infection, the intracellular replication cycle lasts about 8 h, at which point the virions are released as spindle-shaped tailless particles. Replication of the virus retarded host growth but did not cause lysis of the host cells. Once released from the host and at temperatures resembling that of its natural habitat, SMV1 starts developing one or two tails. This exceptional property of undergoing a major morphological development outside, and independently of, the host cell has been reported only once before for the relatedAcidianustwo-tailed virus. Here, we show that SMV1 can develop tails of more than 900 nm in length, more than quadrupling the total virion length.IMPORTANCEVery little is known about the initial life cycle stages of viruses infecting hosts of the third domain of life,Archaea. This work describes the first example of an archaeal virus employing three distinct association modes. The virus under study,Sulfolobusmonocaudavirus 1, is a representative of the large spindle-shaped viruses that are frequently found in acidic hot springs. The results described here will add valuable knowledge aboutArchaea, the least studied domain in the virology field.
HIV-1 Tat Protein Activates both the MyD88 and TRIF Pathways To Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-10 in Human Monocytes
Authors: Planès Rémi , Ben Haij Nawal , Leghmari Kaoutar , Serrero Manutea , BenMohamed Lbachir , Bahraoui Elmostafa 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
In this study, we show that the HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with rapid kinetics to engage the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, leading to the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The pretreatment of human monocytes with Tat protein for 10 to 30 min suffices to irreversibly engage the activation of the TLR4 pathway, leading to the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), two cytokines strongly implicated in the chronic activation and dysregulation of the immune system during HIV-1 infection. Therefore, this study analyzed whether the HIV-1 Tat protein is able to activate these two pathways separately or simultaneously. Using three complementary approaches, including mice deficient in the MyD88, TIRAP/MAL, or TRIF adaptor, biochemical analysis, and the use of specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we demonstrated (i) that Tat was able to activate both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, (ii) the capacity of Tat to induce TIRAP/MAL degradation, (iii) the crucial role of the MyD88 pathway in the production of Tat-induced TNF-α and IL-10, (iv) a reduction but not abrogation of IL-10 and TNF-α by Tat-stimulated macrophages from mice deficient in TIRAP/MAL, and (v) the crucial role of the TRIF pathway in Tat-induced IL-10 production. Further, we showed that downstream of the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, the Tat protein activated the protein kinase C (PKC) βII isoform, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and NF-κB in a TLR4-dependent manner. Collectively, our data show that by recruiting the TLR4 pathway with rapid kinetics, the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the engagement of both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and to the activation of PKC, MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling to induce the production of TNF-α and IL-10.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we demonstrate that by recruiting the TLR4 pathway with rapid kinetics, the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the engagement of both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and to the activation of PKC-βII, MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling to induce the production of TNF-α and IL-10, two cytokines strongly implicated in the chronic activation and dysregulation of the immune system during HIV-1 infection. Thus, it may be interesting to target Tat as a pathogenic factor early after HIV-1 infection. This could be achieved either by vaccination approaches including Tat as an immunogen in potential candidate vaccines or by developing molecules capable of neutralizing the effect of the Tat protein.
Contributions of Charged Residues in Structurally Dynamic Capsid Surface Loops to Rous Sarcoma Virus Assembly
Authors: Heyrana Katrina J. , Goh Boon Chong , Perilla Juan R. , Nguyen Tam-Linh N. , England Matthew R. , Bewley Maria C. , Schulten Klaus , Craven Rebecca C. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Extensive studies of orthoretroviral capsids have shown that many regions of the CA protein play unique roles at different points in the virus life cycle. The N-terminal domain (NTD) flexible-loop (FL) region is one such example: exposed on the outer capsid surface, it has been implicated in Gag-mediated particle assembly, capsid maturation, and early replication events. We have now defined the contributions of charged residues in the FL region of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) CA to particle assembly. Effects of mutations on assembly were assessed
in vivo
and
in vitro
and analyzed in light of new RSV Gag lattice models. Virus replication was strongly dependent on the preservation of charge at a few critical positions in Gag-Gag interfaces. In particular, a cluster of charges at the beginning of FL contributes to an extensive electrostatic network that is important for robust Gag assembly and subsequent capsid maturation. Second-site suppressor analysis suggests that one of these charged residues, D87, has distal influence on interhexamer interactions involving helix α7. Overall, the tolerance of FL to most mutations is consistent with current models of Gag lattice structures. However, the results support the interpretation that virus evolution has achieved a charge distribution across the capsid surface that (i) permits the packing of NTD domains in the outer layer of the Gag shell, (ii) directs the maturational rearrangements of the NTDs that yield a functional core structure, and (iii) supports capsid function during the early stages of virus infection.

IMPORTANCE
The production of infectious retrovirus particles is a complex process, a choreography of protein and nucleic acid that occurs in two distinct stages: formation and release from the cell of an immature particle followed by an extracellular maturation phase during which the virion proteins and nucleic acids undergo major rearrangements that activate the infectious potential of the virion. This study examines the contributions of charged amino acids on the surface of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein in the assembly of appropriately formed immature particles and the maturational transitions that create a functional virion. The results provide important biological evidence in support of recent structural models of the RSV immature virions and further suggest that immature particle assembly and virion maturation are controlled by an extensive network of electrostatic interactions and long-range communication across the capsid surface.