bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Paradox of Self‐Constitution” and Korsgaard's Two Conceptions of Maxims for Action
Authors: Seeman Bradley N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article argues that Christine Korsgaard gives two accounts of maxims, the identity‐priority account and the form‐priority account. There is a tension between the accounts because (1) Korsgaard's form‐priority maxims account cannot function apart from the identity of a well‐formed agent that precedes and tests maxims to determine if they should count as reasons or laws, and (2) Korsgaard's identity‐priority maxims account needs the form of the maxim to precede, bind, and constitute the well‐formed agent. This tension mirrors the two sides of what Korsgaard has called the “paradox of self‐constitution.” The article concludes that Korsgaard's paradox of self‐constitution leads to an arbitrariness that undermines the formation of moral laws.
Interventions to reduce vasovagal reactions in blood donors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fisher S. A. , Allen D. , Dorée C. , Naylor J. , Di Angelantonio E. , Roberts D. J. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYVasovagal reactions (VVRs) in blood donors have significant implications for the welfare of donors, donor retention and the management of donor sessions. We present a systematic review of interventions designed to prevent or reduce VVRs in blood donors. Electronic databases were searched for eligible randomised trials to March 2015. Data on study design and outcomes were extracted and pooled using random effects meta‐analyses. Sixteen trials met the inclusion criteria: five trials (12 042 participants) of pre‐donation water, eight trials (3500 participants) of applied muscle tension (AMT) and one trial each of AMT combined with water, caffeine, audio‐visual distraction and/or social support. In donors receiving pre‐donation water, the relative risk (RR) compared with controls for VVRs was 0·79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·70–0·89, P < 0·0001] and the mean difference (MD) in severity of VVRs measured with the Blood Donation Reactions Inventory (BDRI) score was −0·32 (95% CI −0·51 to −0·12, P < 0·0001). Excluding trials with a high risk of selection bias, the RR for VVRs was 0·70 (95% CI 0·45–1·11, P = 0·13). In donors who received AMT, there was no difference in the risk of chair recline in response to donor distress from controls (RR 0·76, 95% CI 0·53–1·10, P = 0·15), although the MD in BDRI score was −0·07 (95% CI −0·11 to −0·03, P = 0·0005). There was insufficient data to perform meta‐analysis for other interventions. Current evidence on interventions to prevent or reduce VVRs in blood donors is indeed limited and does not provide strong support for the administration of pre‐donation water or AMT during donation. Further large trials are required to reliably evaluate the effect of these and other interventions in the prevention of VVRs.
Spotlight on platelets: summary of BBTS combined special interest group autumn meeting, November 2015
Authors: Murphy M. F. , Gill R. , Moss R. , Raghavan M. , Stanworth S. J. , Rowley M. , Wallis J. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYThis conference first addressed aspects of component quality, highlighting the role of pathogen inactivation, the role of PAS or plasma in prolonging platelet viability and acceptable storage deviations. A series of talks on the medical use of platelets covered the role of platelet transfusion in preventing intracranial haemorrhage, platelet prophylaxis in haematological patients and the new trial of the HLA Matchmaker programme to provide epitope‐matched platelets. The session on the surgical use of platelets considered the role of platelet transfusions in patients on anti‐platelet agents, major trauma and interventional procedures and also the scope for tests of platelet function to direct therapy. The conference concluded with a panel discussion highlighting key areas of general interest, including the clinical use of platelets and near patient platelet function tests.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: an overview and recent advances
Authors: Ben‐Nagi Jara , Serhal Paul , SenGupta Sioban , Doye Karen , Wells Dagan 
Published: April 2016

Key content

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was developed for couples at risk of transmitting a genetic disorder to their children.

Before PGD, options available to these couples were remaining childless, prenatal diagnosis, gamete donation or adoption.

Couples requesting PGD have in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to produce embryos for biopsy, even if they are fertile.

Learning objectives

To understand indications for PGD.

To learn about the genetic work up required prior to undergoing IVF.

To learn about IVF, embryogenesis, the biopsy process and when to transfer disease‐free/carrier embryo(s).

Ethical issues

PGD for ‘saviour sibling’: should couples be offered human leucocyte antigen (HLA) matched treatment for a child who is in remission or who may develop the late onset condition?

PGD for sex selection: should we offer sex selection for ‘family balancing’?
INTERGROWTH‐21st: a new paradigm for fetal growth in the 21stcentury
Authors: Hirst Jane E , Papageorghiou Aris T ,   for the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21 Century (INTERGROWTH‐21)
Published: April 2016

Key contentThere are currently more than 100 different population‐based and customised charts in use, hence definitions of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) are inconsistent.Over 130 countries have adopted the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. These standards recognise that all children can achieve similar growth if environment, nutrition and health are optimal.The INTERGROWTH‐21stProject was a large‐scale, multicountry study that measured fetal growth of babies in utero and at birth in mothers in whom environmental, social, medical and pregnancy conditions were optimal.International standards for fetal measurement and the assessment of newborn size at birth will enable continuity of measurement from the pregnancy to childhood.Learning objectivesUnderstand that 97% of variation in fetal growth is caused by factors unrelated to ethnicity.When conditions for growth are optimal, fetal growth is strikingly similar around the world.Ethical issuesConsider poor fetal growth as a human rights issue: what is the legacy for individuals and societies where undernutrition has occurred in the first 1000 days of life?Recognise that, as obstetricians, we have a duty to help the most disadvantaged. The practice of ‘customising’ for ethnicity could normalise suboptimal growth.
Dual processing of visual rotation for bipedal stance control
Authors: Day Brian L. , Muller Timothy , Offord Joanna , Di Giulio Irene 
Published: April 2016

Key points
When standing, the gain of the body‐movement response to a sinusoidally moving visual scene has been shown to get smaller with faster stimuli, possibly through changes in the apportioning of visual flow to self‐motion or environment motion.
We investigated whether visual‐flow speed similarly influences the postural response to a discrete, unidirectional rotation of the visual scene in the frontal plane.
Contrary to expectation, the evoked postural response consisted of two sequential components with opposite relationships to visual motion speed.
With faster visual rotation the early component became smaller, not through a change in gain but by changes in its temporal structure, while the later component grew larger.
We propose that the early component arises from the balance control system minimising apparent self‐motion, while the later component stems from the postural system realigning the body with gravity.
AbstractThe source of visual motion is inherently ambiguous such that movement of objects in the environment can evoke self‐motion illusions and postural adjustments. Theoretically, the brain can mitigate this problem by combining visual signals with other types of information. A Bayesian model that achieves this was previously proposed and predicts a decreasing gain of postural response with increasing visual motion speed. Here we test this prediction for discrete, unidirectional, full‐field visual rotations in the frontal plane of standing subjects. The speed (0.75–48 deg s–1) and direction of visual rotation was pseudo‐randomly varied and mediolateral responses were measured from displacements of the trunk and horizontal ground reaction forces. The behaviour evoked by this visual rotation was more complex than has hitherto been reported, consisting broadly of two consecutive components with respective latencies of ∼190 ms and >0.7 s. Both components were sensitive to visual rotation speed, but with diametrically opposite relationships. Thus, the early component decreased with faster visual rotation, while the later component increased. Furthermore, the decrease in size of the early component was not achieved by a simple attenuation of gain, but by a change in its temporal structure. We conclude that the two components represent expressions of different motor functions, both pertinent to the control of bipedal stance. We propose that the early response stems from the balance control system attempting to minimise unintended body motion, while the later response arises from the postural control system attempting to align the body with gravity.
Assessing feasibility and acceptability of a brief intervention for risky alcohol consumption in sexual health clinic attendees: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Roderick Paul , S Sundaram Sangeetha , Dimitrov Borislav D , Dewhirst Susan , Tucker Linda J , Leydon Geraldine , Sheron Nick , Frater Alison , Harindra Veerakathy 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the feasibility and acceptability of screening attendees at a sexual health clinic (SHC) for alcohol misuse, and delivering a brief intervention (BI). To explore the effect of this BI on drinking and sexual behaviour.MethodsA consecutive sample of consenting SHC attendees aged ≥16 years were screened using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption (AUDIT-C). Men scoring ≥5 and women scoring ≥4 were invited to complete the full AUDIT, alcohol diary and baseline questionnaire.InterventionsParticipants were randomised to receive BI by a trained sexual health professional or a standard alcohol leaflet (usual care, UC). All were followed up for changes in alcohol and sexual behaviour at 6 weeks and 6 months. A fidelity check and staff focus group were undertaken.ResultsOf 664 participants screened, 215 (32%) were eligible for randomisation and 207 were included in the final analysis: 103 (BI) and 104 (UC). Follow-up rates were 54% and 47% at 6 weeks and 6 months, respectively. Both groups reduced alcohol consumption though the degree of change did not differ between them. There was some evidence of positive changes in sexual health risk in both groups. BI was delivered as intended, adding 5 minutes to the consultation, and staff feedback was positive.ConclusionsAlcohol misuse was common in SHC attendees. Systematic assessment and BI for alcohol misuse was feasible and acceptable to staff and patients. Identification and provision of standard information alone appeared to influence drinking and sexual behaviour.Trial registration numberISRCTN19452424.
Exact dynamics of two ultra-cold bosons confined in a one-dimensional double-well potential
Authors: Dobrzyniecki Jacek , Sowiński Tomasz 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The dynamics of two ultra-cold bosons confined in a one-dimensional double-well potential
is studied. We compare the exact dynamics governed by a full two-body Hamiltonian with the
dynamics obtained in a two-mode model approximation. We show that for sufficiently large
interactions the two-mode model breaks down and higher single-particle states have to be
taken into account to describe the dynamical properties of the system correctly.

Graphical abstract
Contribution of Tropical Waves to the Formation of Supertyphoon Megi (2010)
Authors: Fang Juan , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThrough observational analysis and numerical simulations, this study examines the roles of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical waves in the three-stage formation of Supertyphoon Megi (2010) including 1) convective bursts followed by vorticity aggregation, 2) vortex rearrangement during decaying convection, and 3) convective reinvigoration and vortex intensification. The MJO was responsible for preconditioning the large-scale circulation and low-level moisture favorable for convection during all stages, while the counterpropagating Kelvin and equatorial Rossby (ER) waves brought low-level convergence and cyclonic vorticity anomalies to enhance massive convection in the western tropical Pacific in stage 1. Convection strengthened the vorticity anomalies nearby, which subsequently developed into Megi’s embryo by the end of stage 1 through merging with the positive vorticity anomaly carried by a westward-propagating mixed Rossby–gravity and tropical depression (MRG–TD)-type wave. The ER- and MRG–TD-type waves might also contribute to Megi’s formation through increasing low-level southwesterlies to the southwest of the precursor during stages 2 and 3. These tropical waves also indirectly affect Megi’s genesis through modulating surroundings near the precursor. Without the MJO, the low-level vorticity anomaly to the near west of the precursor would intensify more effectively and develop into a tropical cyclone instead of the observed Megi. Removing the Kelvin or ER wave would enhance convection to the far west of Megi’s precursor, which was less favorable for low-level convergence in the region of the precursor, and thus the formation of Megi.
Does the Summer Arctic Frontal Zone Influence Arctic Ocean Cyclone Activity?
Authors: Crawford Alex D. , Serreze Mark C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Extratropical cyclone activity over the central Arctic Ocean reaches its peak in summer. Previous research has argued for the existence of two external source regions for cyclones contributing to this summer maximum: the Eurasian continent interior and a narrow band of strong horizontal temperature gradients along the Arctic coastline known as the Arctic frontal zone (AFZ). This study incorporates data from an atmospheric reanalysis and an advanced cyclone detection and tracking algorithm to critically evaluate the relationship between the summer AFZ and cyclone activity in the central Arctic Ocean. Analysis of both individual cyclone tracks and seasonal fields of cyclone characteristics shows that the Arctic coast (and therefore the AFZ) is not a region of cyclogenesis. Rather, the AFZ acts as an intensification area for systems forming over Eurasia. As these systems migrate toward the Arctic Ocean, they experience greater deepening in situations when the AFZ is strong at midtropospheric levels. On a broader scale, intensity of the summer AFZ at midtropospheric levels has a positive correlation with cyclone intensity in the Arctic Ocean during summer, even when controlling for variability in the northern annular mode. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the summer AFZ can intensify cyclones that cross the coast into the Arctic Ocean, but focused modeling studies are needed to disentangle the relative importance of the AFZ, large-scale circulation patterns, and topographic controls.
Convective Initiation near the Andes in Subtropical South America
Authors: Rasmussen K. L. , Houze R. A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Satellite radar and radiometer data indicate that subtropical South America has some of the deepest and most extreme convective storms on Earth. This study uses the full 15-yr TRMM Precipitation Radar dataset in conjunction with high-resolution simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to better understand the physical factors that control the climatology of high-impact weather in subtropical South America. The occurrence of intense storms with an extreme horizontal dimension is generally associated with lee cyclogenesis and a strengthening South American low-level jet (SALLJ) in the La Plata basin. The orography of the Andes is critical, and model sensitivity calculations removing and/or reducing various topographic features indicate the orographic control on the initiation of convection and its upscale growth into mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Reduced Andes experiments show more widespread convective initiation, weaker average storm intensity, and more rapid propagation of the MCS to the east (reminiscent of the MCS life cycle downstream of lower mountains such as the Rockies). With reduced Andes, lee cyclogenesis and SALLJ winds are weaker, while they are stronger in increased Andes runs. The presence of the Sierras de Córdoba (secondary mountain range east of the Andes in Argentina) focuses convective initiation and results in more intense storms in experiments with higher Andes. Average CAPE and CIN values for each terrain modification simulation show that reduced Andes runs had lower CIN and CAPE, while increased Andes runs had both stronger CAPE and CIN. From this research, a conceptual model for convective storm environments leading to convective initiation has been developed for subtropical South America.
Transparent computational intelligence models for pharmaceutical tableting process
Authors: Khalid Mohammad Hassan , Tuszyński Pawel Konrad , Kazemi Pezhman , Szlek Jakub , Jachowicz Renata , Mendyk Aleksander 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Purpose
Pharmaceutical industry is tightly regulated owing to health concerns. Over the years, the use of computational intelligence (CI) tools has increased in pharmaceutical research and development, manufacturing, and quality control. Quality characteristics of tablets like tensile strength are important indicators of expected tablet performance. Predictive, yet transparent, CI models which can be analysed for insights into the formulation and development process.

Methods
This work uses data from a galenical tableting study and computational intelligence methods like decision trees, random forests, fuzzy systems, artificial neural networks, and symbolic regression to establish models for the outcome of tensile strength. Data was divided in training and test fold according to ten fold cross validation scheme and RMSE was used as an evaluation metric. Tree based ensembles and symbolic regression methods are presented as transparent models with extracted rules and mathematical formula, respectively, explaining the CI models in greater detail.

Results
CI models for tensile strength of tablets based on the formulation design and process parameters have been established. Best models exhibit normalized RMSE of 7 %. Rules from fuzzy systems and random forests are shown to increase transparency of CI models. A mathematical formula generated by symbolic regression is presented as a transparent model.

Conclusions
CI models explain the variation of tensile strength according to formulation and manufacturing process characteristics. CI models can be further analyzed to extract actionable knowledge making the artificial learning process more transparent and acceptable for use in pharmaceutical quality and safety domains.
SAD in the Anthropocene: Brenda Hillman's Ecopoetics of Affect
Authors: Peacock Laurel 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article focuses on three collections of poetry by California poet Brenda Hillman, Cascadia, Practical Water, and Pieces of Air in the Epic, reading for the ways in which the poems model an affective interrelation between human and environment. These three works each focus on a traditional element (earth, water, air) in order to explore its co-constitution with the human, treating the element as active, or, in Jane Bennett's term, “vibrant matter.” In the Anthropocene, it is no longer an “intentional fallacy” to attribute human emotions to the environment or its elements. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is used throughout the article as a way to conceptualise this interrelation of human with environment; SAD suggests that in this era human and environment alike are disordered. I argue that, rather than staging a lyric subject regarding a landscape, Hillman's poems create a confusion of subject/object and foreground/background relations in which the origins of affects are impossible to determine and harms circulate. Affect is vital in understanding human motivations in relation to climate change, and Hillman's ecopoetic practice is an example of how we can shift our understanding of our affective relationship to the environment. Linguistic experimentation can shift awareness toward an understanding of the link between “what it felt like to have been a subject” and “what it felt like to have been earth”1 as well as what it feels like now to be indeterminately both, intertwined and in crisis.
Unruly Edges: Mushrooms as Companion Species
Authors: Tsing Anna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Human nature is an interspecies relationship. In this essay, Haraway's concept of companion species takes us beyond familiar companions to the rich ecological diversity without which humans cannot survive. Following fungi, we forage in the last ten thousand years of human disturbance history with feminist multispecies company. Cereals domesticate humans. Plantations give us the subspecies we call race. The home cordons off inter- and intra-species love. But mushroom collecting brings us somewhere else—to the unruly edges and seams of imperial space, where we cannot ignore the interspecies interdependencies that give us life on earth. There are big stories to tell here, and they should not be left to the human triumphalists who control the field. This essay opens a door to multispecies landscapes as protagonists for histories of the world.
Ecological Community, the Sense of the World, and Senseless Extinction
Authors: Smith Mick 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHow might a posthumanist notion of ecological community attempt to address questions concerning extinction? Such irredeemable losses are explicated through four aspects of ecological/community relations—material manifestation (appearances), material involvement (effects), semiotic resonance (meanings) and phenomenological experiences—that together constitute a broader understanding of ecological community that does not exempt humans from ecological effects or except ecology from ethical and political concerns. This ecological approach is further developed in the light of Jacob von Uexküll's phenomenological biology and Jean-Luc Nancy's concepts of being singular plural and the sense of the world.