bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality and acute complications in children and young adults diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, UK: a cohort study
Authors: Evans‐Cheung T. C. , Bodansky H. J. , Parslow R. C. , Feltbower R. G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimsTo examine all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in a population‐based cohort of people with early and late onset of Type 1 diabetes.MethodsThe Yorkshire Register of Diabetes in Children and Young People includes individuals with early (0–14 years) and late (15–29 years) Type 1 diabetes onset, diagnosed between 1978 and 2013. This register was linked to death certification data from the Office for National Statistics to calculate standardized mortality ratios, cumulative mortality curves using Kaplan–Meier survival estimates, and Cox regression modelling. Ethnicity was derived using Onomap. Deprivation status was classified using the Townsend index. The underlying cause of death in each case was clinically verified.ResultsThere were 229 deaths in 5498 individuals with 100 959 person‐years of follow‐up. The overall standardized mortality ratio was 4.3 (95% CI 3.8 to 4.9). There were no significant differences in standardized mortality ratios according to age of onset, sex or deprivation status. The standardized mortality ratios were significantly higher for people of white ethnic origin [8.1 (95% CI 6.9 to 9.4)] than for those of South‐Asian ethnic origin [3.4 (95% CI 1.7 to 6.4)]. The mortality risk was lower in those diagnosed in later years (2002 to 2013 for the early‐onset and 2006 to 2013 for the late‐onset group) compared with earlier years (1991 to 1997 for the early‐onset and 1991 to 1997 for the late‐onset group) for both onset groups [hazard ratio 0.13 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.33) vs 0.24 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.81)]. Mortality risk improved over time for chronic complications in the early‐onset group only, but there was no improvement in either onset group with regard to acute complications.ConclusionsAn excess of deaths in the population with Type 1 diabetes remains. Although the all‐cause mortality risk has fallen over time, no improvement has been found in the mortality risk associated with acute complications.
Clinical and genetic features of patients with facial‐sparing facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: He J.‐J. , Lin X.‐D. , Lin F. , Xu G.‐R. , Xu L.‐Q. , Hu W. , Wang D.‐N. , Lin H.‐X. , Lin M.‐T. , Wang N. , Wang Z.‐Q. 
Published: November 2017

Background and purposeFacial‐sparing scapular myopathy (SHD) is the most common atypical form of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), clinically defined as without apparent facial muscle weakness on neurological examination. The clinical profiles and genetic features of SHD are limited.MethodsA cohort of 21 Chinese patients with SHD were confirmed by molecular genetic analysis based on pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. The clinical assessments and methylation analysis were noted.ResultsThe patients had FSHD‐related EcoRI fragments with 4qA haplotype ranging from 18 kb to 33 kb (mean 26.3 ± 4.6 kb). The mean onset age was 25.52 ± 8.3 years. Over half of the patients had scapular winging and asymmetry weakness consistent with FSHD, without facial symptoms during their visit. Their facial electromyogram results were almost normal or mild myogenic damage, as well as the myopathology and serum creatine kinase. A conflict was unexpectedly found in intergenerational DR1 methylation analysis.ConclusionFacial‐sparing scapular myopathy is characterized as mild myopathic symptoms and chronic progression of weakness. The diagnosis should be accurately confirmed through FSHD‐sized fragment detection and 4qA/B variant determination. Although the next generations of SHD had more severe muscular symptoms, local hypomethylation within D4Z4 was not found as a modifier for clinical heterogeneity.
Transmission traits of malaria parasites within the mosquito: Genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and consequences for control
Authors: Lefevre Thierry , Ohm Johanna , Dabiré Kounbobr R. , Cohuet Anna , Choisy Marc , Thomas Matthew B. , Cator Lauren 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEvaluating the risk of emergence and transmission of vector‐borne diseases requires knowledge of the genetic and environmental contributions to pathogen transmission traits. Compared to the significant effort devoted to understanding the biology of malaria transmission from vertebrate hosts to mosquito vectors, the strategies that malaria parasites have evolved to maximize transmission from vectors to vertebrate hosts have been largely overlooked. While determinants of infection success within the mosquito host have recently received attention, the causes of variability for other key transmission traits of malaria, namely the duration of parasite development and its virulence within the vector, as well as its ability to alter mosquito behavior, remain largely unknown. This important gap in our knowledge needs to be bridged in order to obtain an integrative view of the ecology and evolution of malaria transmission strategies. Associations between transmission traits also need to be characterized, as they trade‐offs and constraints could have important implications for understanding the evolution of parasite transmission. Finally, theoretical studies are required to evaluate how genetic and environmental influences on parasite transmission traits can shape malaria dynamics and evolution in response to disease control.
Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change
Authors: Alexander Jake M. , Chalmandrier Loïc , Lenoir Jonathan , Burgess Treena I. , Essl Franz , Haider Sylvia , Kueffer Christoph , McDougall Keith , Milbau Ann , Nuñez Martin A. , Pauchard Aníbal , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Rew Lisa J. , Sanders Nathan J. , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRapid climatic changes and increasing human influence at high elevations around the world will have profound impacts on mountain biodiversity. However, forecasts from statistical models (e.g. species distribution models) rarely consider that plant community changes could substantially lag behind climatic changes, hindering our ability to make temporally realistic projections for the coming century. Indeed, the magnitudes of lags, and the relative importance of the different factors giving rise to them, remain poorly understood. We review evidence for three types of lag: “dispersal lags” affecting plant species’ spread along elevational gradients, “establishment lags” following their arrival in recipient communities, and “extinction lags” of resident species. Variation in lags is explained by variation among species in physiological and demographic responses, by effects of altered biotic interactions, and by aspects of the physical environment. Of these, altered biotic interactions could contribute substantially to establishment and extinction lags, yet impacts of biotic interactions on range dynamics are poorly understood. We develop a mechanistic community model to illustrate how species turnover in future communities might lag behind simple expectations based on species’ range shifts with unlimited dispersal. The model shows a combined contribution of altered biotic interactions and dispersal lags to plant community turnover along an elevational gradient following climate warming. Our review and simulation support the view that accounting for disequilibrium range dynamics will be essential for realistic forecasts of patterns of biodiversity under climate change, with implications for the conservation of mountain species and the ecosystem functions they provide.
Transport of biodegradable polymeric particles loaded with grape seed extract across Caco‐2 cell monolayers
Authors: Fernández Katherina F. , González Marcelo A. , Parada María S. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryProanthocyanidins (PAs) extracted from grapes have several bioactivities, which have attracted attention for pharmacological uses. However, PA instability in the digestive tract and low intestinal absorption limits their use for oral administration. An alternative to overcome these challenges is encapsulation. In this study, PAs extracted from grape seed were encapsulated in polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic acid with polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) and chitosan succinyl lauryl (LSC), and the transport particles and cytotoxicity were evaluated. PLA and PLA/PEG particles had encapsulation close to 80%EE, were spherical in shape, had sizes in the range of 300–400 nm and had a negative zeta potential. LSC particles had an encapsulation of 40%EE, semi‐spherical morphology and micrometric size. Particles based on PLA/PEG and LSC significantly increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of PAs in Caco‐2 cells compared to the unencapsulated extract, indicating that these types of particles could be used as a delivery system for PA grape seed, allowing it to increase its bioavailability.
Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress
Authors: Thangthong N. , Jogloy S. , Jongrungklang N. , Kvien C. K. , Pensuk V. , Kesmala T. , Vorasoot N. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDrought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.
Knowledge and perceptions of Zika virus among reproductive‐aged women after public announcement of local mosquito‐borne transmission
Authors: Curry Christine L. , Tse Colette , Billero Victoria , Hellerstein Leah , Messore Marisa , Fein Lydia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimThis study was conducted to ascertain the knowledge and perceptions of the Zika virus among reproductive‐aged women living in the first affected area of the United States with local mosquito‐borne transmission.MethodsReproductive‐aged women were surveyed during the four weeks immediately following the announcement of local Zika virus transmission. The survey evaluated the participant's knowledge of Zika pathogenesis and transmission, sequelae of infection, epidemiology and public health information.ResultsFifty‐nine women (age range 18–45) completed the survey. Most patients (n = 53, 89.8%) had received information about the Zika virus from the media rather than clinicians. In 93% of the questions, a high level of knowledge was demonstrated by the participants. Personal concern about becoming infected with the Zika virus was significantly higher in those considering pregnancy (n = 13, 86.7% vs n = 21, 47.7%; P = 0.01).ConclusionIn the weeks following recognized local transmission of the Zika virus in the continental United States, reproductive‐aged women had a high level of knowledge of the Zika virus, but those considering pregnancy harbored the greatest concern of personal risk of infection.
Management of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli‐infected children: A multi‐national, multi‐specialty survey
Authors: Freedman Stephen B , Grisaru Silviu , Xie Jianling , Samuel Susan , Dixon Andrew , Plint Amy C , Schnadower David ,   on behalf of Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) and the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee (PEM CRC)
Published: November 2017

AimResearch has highlighted the potential role that hydration status may play in predicting outcomes in Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC)‐infected children. Because little is known about the management of STEC‐infected children in the pre‐haemolytic uremic syndrome phase, we compared paediatric emergency medicine and nephrologist‐stated management approaches to STEC‐infected children.MethodsMembers of the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC; n = 228), the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee (PEM CRC; n = 221) and the Canadian Association of Pediatric Nephrologists (CAPN; n = 66) were surveyed. Five individualised e‐mail requests containing a link to a 42‐question web‐based survey were sent to eligible participants.ResultsOf 496 potentially eligible participants, 276 (56%) submitted complete survey responses. In children with classic features of STEC infection, baseline haemoglobin/haematocrit is obtained by 54% of PERC, 41% of PEM CRC and 83% of CAPN members (P < 0.001), and baseline renal function is obtained by 51% of PERC, 38% of PEM CRC and 83% of CAPN members (P < 0.001). Intravenous fluids are more often recommended by nephrologists (28%) compared with PEM physicians (7%), P < 0.001. In children with known E. coli O157:H7 infection, nephrologists more commonly recommend clinical follow‐up (P = 0.003), complete blood counts (P < 0.001) and renal function/electrolyte testing (P < 0.001). Intravenous fluid administration and admission are more commonly recommended by nephrologists (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionCompared with paediatric nephrologists, paediatric emergency medicine physicians are less likely to perform baseline and follow‐up blood tests and to administer intravascular volume expansion in children at risk of, and with confirmed, E. coli O157:H7 infection.
Rules of evidence and liability in contract litigation: The efficiency of the General Dynamics rule
Authors: Radoias Vlad , Wilkie Simon J. , Williams Michael A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe examine rules of evidence and liability in contract litigation. When a contractor fails to perform, it has a legal defense that the buyer withheld private information relevant to the performance of the contract. Suppose the buyer claims that admitting evidence for the defense would compromise a valuable secret, for example, a state secret, what should the legal rule be? We show that the evidentiary rules introduced by the Supreme Court in General Dynamics v. U.S. lead to a more efficient outcome than either a strict liability rule or an evidentiary rule requiring the disclosure of the buyer's private information.
The benefits of hepatitis C virus cure: Every rose has thorns
Authors: Salmon D. , Mondelli M. U. , Maticic M. , Arends J. E. ,   The ESCMID Study Group for Viral Hepatitis
Published: November 2017

SummaryTo examine mid‐term benefits on hepatic complications, extrahepatic clinical syndromes and quality of life associated with HCV cure; to review the few safety issues linked to oral direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs); and to discuss the potential population benefits of reducing the burden of HCV infection. DAAs cure HCV infection in more than 95% of patients. The halting of liver inflammation and fibrosis progression translates into both hepatic and extrahepatic benefits and reduces the need for liver transplantation. A reduction in the frequency of extrahepatic manifestations such as mixed cryoglobulinaemia and vasculitis and improvements in quality of life and fatigue have also been described. A few safety issues linked to DAAs such as the potential recurrence of aggressive HCC, the flares of hepatitis B virus in patients with overt or occult HBV infection are been discussed. Curing HCV infection also has a high potential to reduce the burden of HCV infection at the population level. With widespread scaling up of HCV treatment, several modeling studies suggest that major reductions in HCV prevalence and incidence are possible, and that elimination of viral hepatitis is an achievable target by 2030.
Hariraj and Haider: Popular Entertainment and the Nation in Two Indian Adaptations of Hamlet
Authors: Sarkar Abhishek 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMy essay will examine how two Indian adaptations of Hamlet, separated by more than a century, engage with the canonical text and also rehearse codes of indigenous identity. The adaptations in question are (i) Hariraj, a Bengali play first staged in 1897 and (ii) Haider, a Hindi film released in 2014. These two adaptations operate within popular media: Hariraj was commercially the most successful stage adaptation of Shakespeare in 19th‐century Bengal, while Haider has been the highest grosser among all of director Vishal Bhardwaj's films. Coincidentally, both of these base the action in Kashmir. For Hariraj, the locale implies a pseudo‐medieval past suggestive of Hindu political autonomy, which would therefore appeal to the contemporary taste for Hindu revivalism in Bengal. As against this, Haider brings the elements of Shakespearean appropriation to a dialogue with the setting for its action – the militancy‐stricken and militarized (Indian) Kashmir of 1995, characterized by gross violation of human rights. If Haider explores the ideological and aesthetic limits of representing the Indian nation as a political construct, Hariraj may be seen as an exercise in imagining an exclusionary Hindu past imbued with the glamour of Shakespearean tragedy. More importantly, both of the adaptations show the Gertrude‐equivalent to be strong‐willed and transgressive, and in both the texts, the Gertrude‐figure's climactic revelation of maternal love coincides with a self‐punitive/redemptive suicide. These two adaptations are thus invested in re‐formulating the sub‐plot of Hamlet's mother in an attempt at testing the representational limits of femininity. In both the cases, the Shakespearean original acts as a catalyst for dramatizing cultural expectations and assessing the imbrications between the personal and the political.
Palliative care in decompensated cirrhosis: A review
Authors: Langberg Karl M. , Kapo Jennifer M. , Taddei Tamar H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDecompensated cirrhosis is an illness that causes tremendous suffering. The incidence of cirrhosis is increasing and rates of liver transplant, the only cure, remain stagnant. Palliative care is focused on improving quality of life for patients with serious illness by addressing advanced care planning, alleviating physical symptoms and providing emotional support to the patient and family. Palliative care is used infrequently in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The allure of transplant as a potential treatment option for cirrhosis, misperceptions about the role of palliative care and difficulty predicting prognosis in liver disease are potential contributors to the underutilization of palliative care in this patient population. Studies have demonstrated some benefit of palliative care in patients with decompensated cirrhosis but the literature is limited to small observational studies. There is evidence that palliative care consultation in other patient populations lowers hospital costs and ICU utilization and improves symptom control and patient satisfaction. Prospective randomized control trials are needed to investigate the effects of palliative care on traditional‐ and patient‐reported outcomes as well as cost of care in decompensated cirrhosis for transplant eligible and ineligible patient populations.
Plant traits determine the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
Authors: López‐García Álvaro , Varela‐Cervero Sara , Vasar Martti , Öpik Maarja , Barea José M. , Azcón‐Aguilar Concepción 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFunctional diversity in ecosystems has traditionally been studied using aboveground plant traits. Despite the known effect of plant traits on the microbial community composition, their effects on the microbial functional diversity are only starting to be assessed. In this study, the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities associated with plant species differing in life cycle and growth form, that is, plant life forms, was determined to unravel the effect of plant traits on the functional diversity of this fungal group. The results of the 454 pyrosequencing showed that the AM fungal community composition differed across plant life forms and this effect was dependent on the soil collection date. Plants with ruderal characteristics tended to associate with phylogenetically clustered AM fungal communities. By contrast, plants with resource‐conservative traits associated with phylogenetically overdispersed AM fungal communities. Additionally, the soil collected in different seasons yielded AM fungal communities with different phylogenetic dispersion. In summary, we found that the phylogenetic structure, and hence the functional diversity, of AM fungal communities is dependent on plant traits. This finding adds value to the use of plant traits for the evaluation of belowground ecosystem diversity, functions and processes.
Landscape features along migratory routes influence adaptive genomic variation in anadromous steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Micheletti Steven J. , Matala Amanda R. , Matala Andrew P. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOrganisms typically show evidence of adaptation to features within their local environment. However, many species undergo long‐distance dispersal or migration across larger geographic regions that consist of highly heterogeneous habitats. Therefore, selection may influence adaptive genetic variation associated with landscape features at residing sites and along migration routes in migratory species. We tested for genomic adaptation to landscape features at natal spawning sites and along migration paths to the ocean of anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Columbia River Basin. Results from multivariate ordination, gene–environment association and outlier analyses using 24,526 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provided evidence that adaptive allele frequencies were more commonly associated with landscape features along migration paths than features at natal sites (91.8% vs. 8.2% of adaptive loci, respectively). Among the 45 landscape variables tested, migration distance to the ocean and mean annual precipitation along migration paths were significantly associated with adaptive genetic variation in three distinct genetic groups. Additionally, variables such as minimum migration water temperature and mean migration slope were significant only in inland stocks of steelhead that migrate up to 1,200 km farther than those near the coast, indicating regional differences in migratory selective pressures. This study provides novel approaches for investigating migratory corridors and some of the first evidence that environment along migration paths can lead to substantial divergent selection. Consequently, our approach to understand genetic adaptation to migration conditions can be applied to other migratory species when migration or dispersal paths are generally known.