bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building God's City: The Political Economy of Prayer Camps in Nigeria
Authors: Ukah Asonzeh 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe proliferation of religious spaces is a relatively recent development in Nigeria. Nowadays there are more than a hundred religious camps belonging to different religious groups in the country. The most popular of these camps, the Redemption Camp of the Redeemed Christian Church of God, is located 42 kilometres outside of Lagos and measures several thousand acres. Although initially not designed as such, developments in and around Lagos have compelled the managers of the Redemption Camp to present it as an urban alternative to the city of Lagos, which is generally deemed chaotic. The prestige of this camp and its activities have led to expansive urban development that involves the creation of numerous residential estates stretching from Lagos to beyond the Redemption Camp. Based on a recent ethnographic study of the Redemption Camp, this article argues that the process of urban expansion in and around Lagos is propelled by an aggressive form of religious revival that transcends the borders between economics, spirituality and territorial conquest. This article thus illustrates how church‐driven, religio‐urban developments follow a different logic of city making than often presumed by theorists of African cities, who generally neglect the religious forces that inform urban transformations in Africa.
Ideas and agency in immigration policy: A discursive institutionalist approach
Authors: BOSWELL CHRISTINA , HAMPSHIRE JAMES 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolitical science literature tends to depict the role of ideas in policy in two distinct ways: as strategic tools mobilised by agents to achieve pre‐given preferences; or as structures imposing constraints on what is considered legitimate or feasible. Discursive institutionalism seeks to combine these insights, suggesting that while actors are indeed constrained by deeply entrenched ideas, they nonetheless enjoy some autonomy in selecting and combining ideas. This article seeks to further develop this approach in two ways. First, it identifies three discursive strategies through which policy actors can selectively mobilise ideas: they may foreground one level over others; exploit ambivalence in public philosophies; or link programme ideas over time by invoking ‘policy legacies’. Second, the article elucidates the mechanisms through which such strategic selections can in turn modify existing public philosophies and programme ideas, thereby influencing policy change. These claims are examined by comparing discourse on immigration policy liberalisation in Germany and the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2008. Evidence is found of all three discursive strategies. Moreover, the article shows how, in the German case, these discursive representations led to longer‐term adjustments in underlying programme ideas and public philosophies on immigration.
Psychiatric Medication Intake in Suicide Victims: Gender Disparities and Implications for Suicide Prevention
Authors: Paraschakis Antonios , Michopoulos Ioannis , Christodoulou Christos , Koutsaftis Filippos , Douzenis Athanassios 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFrequency and gender differences of psychiatric medication intake in a sample of suicide victims from the Athens Greater Area were investigated with a particular focus on the implications for suicide prevention. Data were collected from the toxicological analyses of the suicide cases of the period November 2007–October 2009. Information was available for 262 individuals, 196 men (74.8%) and 66 women (25.2%); 109 of these (41.6%) were receiving psychiatric medication(s). Women were statistically more frequently under treatment: antidepressants (32.8% vs. 11.3%, p < 0.001), antiepileptics (9.1% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.001), antipsychotics (24.2% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.003), and benzodiazepines (16.7% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.024). Campaigns aiming to bring men with psychological difficulties in contact with mental health services and to lessen the stigma of mental illness, together with better training of nonpsychiatrists into “suspecting” “male” depression, could be particularly helpful for decreasing male suicides. More thoughtful choice of psychiatric medication could possibly already prevent a number of female suicides.
Dietetic management of gestational diabetes in New Zealand: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Lawrence Robyn L. , Wall Clare R. , Bloomfield Frank H. , Crowther Caroline A. 
Published: September 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate dietetic practice in the management of gestational diabetes in New Zealand, compare this with evidence‐based guidelines and determine the need for New Zealand‐specific evidence‐based nutrition practice guidelines for gestational diabetes.MethodsA 64‐item cross‐sectional online survey of New Zealand‐registered dietitians providing care to women with gestational diabetes was undertaken. Participants were recruited through Dietitians New Zealand, District Health Boards and private practices across New Zealand. The survey examined dietetic service provision, management recommendations, guideline use, service evaluation, compliance with national and international guidelines and the perceived need for New Zealand‐specific evidence‐based guidelines for the nutritional management of gestational diabetes.ResultsThirty‐three (62%) eligible dietitians participated in the survey. There was significant variation in dietetic services and management recommendations. Nine (28%) dietitians felt the service within which they worked did not offer adequate dietetic services for women with gestational diabetes. Compliance with national and international evidence‐based guidelines ranged from 28 to 100% depending on the recommendation. Twenty‐five (76%) respondents felt there was a need for New Zealand‐specific evidence‐based nutrition practice guidelines for gestational diabetes.ConclusionsThese results highlight differences in dietetic services and practice in New Zealand and variations in compliance with local and international evidence‐based guidelines. The development of New Zealand‐specific evidence‐based nutrition practice guidelines for gestational diabetes is supported.
Generation of glucagon‐like peptide‐2‐expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its improvement of the intestinal health of weaned rats
Authors: Zhang Zhongwei , Wu Xiaodong , Cao Lili , Zhong Zhengdong , Zhou Yan 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe aimed to assess the feasibility of enhancing the intestinal development of weaned rats using glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2)‐expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). GLP‐2‐expressing S. cerevisiae (GLP2‐SC) was generated using a recombinant approach. The diet of weaned rats was supplemented with the GLP2‐SC strain. The average daily gain (ADG), the intestinal morphology and the activities of the digestive enzymes in the jejunum were tested to assess the influence of the GLP2‐SC strain on intestinal development. The proliferation of rat enterocytes was also assessed in vitro. The study revealed that the ADG of the weaned rats that received GLP2‐SC was significantly greater than that of the controls fed a basal diet (Control) and S. cerevisiae harbouring an empty vector (EV‐SC) (P < 0.05) but was equivalent to that of positive control rats fed recombinant human GLP‐2 (rh‐GLP2) (P > 0.05). Furthermore, GLP2‐SC significantly increased villous height (P < 0.01) and digestive enzyme activity (P < 0.05) in the jejunum. Immunohistochemistry analysis further affirmed that enterocyte proliferation was stimulated in rats fed the GLP2‐SC strain, as indicated by the greater number of enterocytes stained with proliferative cell nuclear antigen (P < 0.05). In vitro, the proliferation of rat enterocytes was also stimulated by GLP‐2 expressed by the GLP2‐SC strain (P < 0.01). Herein, the combination of the GLP‐2 approach and probiotic delivery constitute a possible dietary supplement for animals after weaning.
Effects of foliar apple trichomes on Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): preferences, fecundity and prey consumption
Authors: Schmidt‐Jeffris Rebecca A. , Beers Elizabeth H. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Tritrophic interactions may alter the efficacy of biocontrol agents such as Galendromus occidentalis, the primary predator of tetranychids in Washington State apple. Apple cultivars vary in leaf pubescence, which may differentially affect the performance of G. occidentalis.
The present study aimed to determine both preference and performance of G. occidentalis on pubescent and glabrous surfaces. Choice tests were conducted on two apple cultivars: ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ – pubescent and ‘Golden Delicious’ – glabrous, as well as by adding simulated trichomes to a bean leaf disk. No‐choice tests measured oviposition and prey consumption on the two apple cultivars.
Galendromus occidentalis consumed more prey on the ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ side of arenas, although only when arenas were constructed without including the leaf midrib. When the midrib was included, G. occidentalis preferred to oviposit on the ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ side. The preference of G. occidentalis for simulated trichomes did not lead to a performance difference between cultivars. In the no‐choice test, G. occidentalis did not differ in performance between cultivars.
These studies indicate that G. occidentalis may have a slight preference for more pubescent surfaces, although this preference is not sufficiently strong to alter its biocontrol performance. As a specialist, G. occidentalis may be more adapted to tracking populations of its prey than locating ‘ideal’ host plants.
Evaluation of the introduction of the OSCE to the fifth‐year Geriatric Medicine Teaching Programme
Authors: Vanlint Andrew , Tam Khai Loon , Yu Solomon , Visvanathan Renuka 
Published: September 2016

AimAn Observed Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) was integrated into the assessment for senior medical students undertaking a 4.5‐week geriatric medicine teaching block at one campus. The feasibility and acceptability of an OSCE were examined.MethodsStudents completed eight questions regarding the OSCE using a 6‐point Likert scale and two additional questions, using free text, highlighting the strengths and potential areas for improvement. Changes were made every 6 months over a two‐year period in response to student evaluation.ResultsImprovements included adjusting the format to conform with end‐of‐year examinations and introducing simulated patients. Following these improvements, students perceived improved structure and sequence to the assessments, improved opportunity for demonstration of skills and knowledge and that the assessment was fair.ConclusionThis preliminary research provides evidence that it is feasible to introduce OSCE as a form of assessment into a geriatric medicine teaching programme and student evaluation can be used to inform improvements.
A nomogram for prediction of prostate cancer on multi‐core biopsy using age, serum prostate‐specific antigen, prostate volume and digital rectal examination in Singapore
Authors: Lee Alvin , Lim Joel , Gao Xiao , Liu Lizhen , Chia Sing Joo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimTo develop and internally validate two nomograms for predicting the probability of overall and clinically‐significant prostate cancer on initial biopsy in a Singaporean population.MethodsData were collected from men undergoing initial prostate biopsy at a single center. The indications for biopsy were serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) ≥4.0 ng/mL or suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) findings. Men with PSA >30 ng/mL were excluded. Age, PSA, prostate volume (PV) and DRE were predictors included in our logistic regression model and used to construct two nomograms for overall prostate cancer and clinically‐significant (Gleason sum ≥7) cancer detection. Predictive accuracies of our nomograms were assessed using area under curve (AUC) of their receiver–operator characteristic curves. Internal validation was performed using the bootstrap method. Our nomograms were compared to a model based on PSA alone using AUC and decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsOut of 672 men analyzed, our positive biopsy rate was 26.2% (n = 176), of which 63.6% (n = 112) had clinically significant disease. Age, PSA, PV and DRE status were all independent risk factors for both overall prostate cancer detection as well as clinically‐significant cancer detection (all P < 0.05). Our nomogram outperformed serum PSA for both overall and clinically‐significant cancer detection (0.736 vs 0.642, P < 0.001 and 0.793 vs 0.696, P < 0.001, respectively). Using DCA, our nomograms had superior net benefit and net reduction in biopsy rate compared to PSA alone.ConclusionsOur nomograms have been shown to be superior to PSA alone, on both AUC and DCA. However, it warrants external validation.
Granular parakeratosis induced by benzalkonium chloride exposure from laundry rinse aids
Authors: Robinson Aaron J , Foster Rachael S , Halbert Anne R , King Emma , Orchard David 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBenzalkonium chloride is a quaternary ammonium cationic detergent present in a number of household products, which can act as a major skin irritant. We present the case of six children who developed granular parakeratosis after exposure to benzalkonium chloride in laundry rinse aids, presenting as a brightly erythematous, tender but minimally pruritic, intertriginous eruption followed by superficial desquamation. The eruptions resolved over 3–4 weeks after cessation of exposure.
Unlikely Democrats: Economic Elite Uncertainty under Dictatorship and Support for Democratization
Authors: Albertus Michael , Gay Victor 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInfluential recent scholarship assumes that authoritarian rulers act as perfect agents of economic elites, foreclosing the possibility that economic elites may at times prefer democracy absent a popular threat from below. Motivated by a puzzling set of democratic transitions, we relax this assumption and examine how elite uncertainty about dictatorship—a novel and generalizable causal mechanism impacting democratization—can induce elite support for democracy. We construct a noisy signaling model in which a potential autocrat attempts to convince economic elites that he will be a faithful partner should elites install him in power. The model generates clear predictions about how two major types of elite uncertainty—uncertainty in a potential autocratic successor's policies produced by variance in the pool of would‐be dictator types, and uncertainty in the truthfulness of policy promises made by potential autocratic successors—impact the likelihood of elite‐driven democratization. We demonstrate the model's plausibility in a series of cases of democratic transition.
RORγt antagonist suppresses M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-induced Sjögren's syndrome-like sialadenitis
Authors: Tahara M , Tsuboi H , Segawa S , Asashima H , Iizuka-Koga M , Hirota T , Takahashi H , Kondo Y , Matsui M , Matsumoto I , Sumida T 
Published: September 2016

Summary
We showed recently that M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R)-reactive CD3+ T cells play a pathogenic role in the development of murine autoimmune sialadenitis (MIS), which mimics Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and mechanism of action of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt) antagonist (A213) in MIS. Splenocytes from M3R knockout (M3R–/–) mice immunized with murine M3R peptide mixture were inoculated into recombination-activating gene 1 knockout (Rag-1–/–) mice (M3R–/–→Rag-1–/–) with MIS. Immunized M3R–/– mice (pretransfer treatment) and M3R–/–→Rag-1–/– mice (post-transfer treatment) were treated with A213 every 3 days. Salivary volume, severity of sialadenitis and cytokine production from M3R peptide-stimulated splenocytes and lymph node cells were examined. Effects of A213 on cytokine production were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and on T helper type 1 (Th1), Th17 and Th2 differentiation from CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry. Pretransfer A213 treatment maintained salivary volume, improved MIS and reduced interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 production significantly compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (P &lt; 0·05). These suppressive effects involved CD4+ T cells rather than CD11c+ cells. Post-transfer treatment with A213 increased salivary volume (P &lt; 0·05), suppressed MIS (P &lt; 0·005) and reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production (P &lt; 0·05). In vitro, A213 suppressed IFN-γ and IL-17 production from M3R-stimulated splenocytes and CD4+ T cells of immunized M3R–/– mice (P &lt; 0·05). In contrast with M3R specific responses, A213 suppressed only IL-17 production from Th17 differentiated CD4+ T cells without any effect on Th1 and Th2 differentiation in vitro. Our findings suggested that RORγt antagonism is potentially suitable treatment strategy for SS-like sialadenitis through suppression of IL-17 and IFN-γ production by M3R-specific T cells.
Node of Ranvier disruption in Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Susuki Keiichiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGuillain–Barré syndrome is an autoimmune polyneuropathy characterized by acute and progressive limb weakness. Recent evidence shows that disruption of the nodes of Ranvier is the key pathophysiology in axonal forms of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Rapid and efficient propagation of action potentials along myelinated nerve fibers depends on the high density of voltage‐gated Na+ channels on the nodal axolemma. Complement‐mediated autoimmune attacks against gangliosides cause dysfunction and structural damage at and near nodes, resulting in nerve conduction failure. Furthermore, the proteins highly enriched at and near the nodes can be a direct target of autoimmune reactions, and these autoantibodies might exacerbate immune‐mediated demyelinating neuropathies. The present review focuses on disruption of the nodes of Ranvier during Guillain–Barré syndrome and related disorders.
Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cells induced by ovarian cancer cells suggests a possible mechanism for CD8+ Treg cell production
Authors: Wu Meng , Lou Jianfang , Zhang Shuping , Chen Xian , Huang Lei , Sun Ruihong , Huang Peijun , Pan Shiyang , Wang Fang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate a possible mechanism of CD8+ regulatory T‐cell (Treg) production in an ovarian cancer (OC) microenvironment.Materials and methodsAgilent microarray was used to detect changes in gene expression between CD8+ T cells cultured with and without the SKOV3 ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line. QRT‐PCR was performed to determine glycolysis gene expression in CD8+ T cells from a transwell culturing system and OC patients. We also detected protein levels of glycolysis‐related genes using Western blot analysis.ResultsComparing gene expression profiles revealed significant differences in expression levels of 1420 genes, of which 246 were up‐regulated and 1174 were down‐regulated. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that biological processes altered in CD8+ Treg are particularly associated with energy metabolism. CD8+ Treg cells induced by co‐culture with SKOV3 had lower glycolysis gene expression compared to CD8+T cells cultured alone. Glycolysis gene expression was also decreased in the CD8+ T cells of OC patients.ConclusionsThese findings provide a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of DEGs in CD8+ T cells cultured with and without SKOV3 and suggests that metabolic processes may be a possible mechanism for CD8+ Treg induction.
Lack of trophic polymorphism despite substantial genetic differentiation in sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations
Authors: Andersson Anastasia , Johansson Frank , Sundbom Marcus , Ryman Nils , Laikre Linda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSympatric populations occur in many freshwater fish species; such populations are typically detected through morphological distinctions that are often coupled to food niche and genetic separations. In salmonids, trophic and genetically separate sympatric populations have been reported in landlocked Arctic char, whitefish and brown trout. In Arctic char and brown trout rare cases of sympatric, genetically distinct populations have been detected based on genetic data alone, with no apparent morphological differences, that is “cryptic” structuring. It remains unknown whether such cryptic, sympatric structuring can be coupled to food niche separation. Here, we perform an extensive screening for trophic divergence of two genetically divergent, seemingly cryptic, sympatric brown trout populations documented to remain in stable sympatry over several decades in two interconnected, tiny mountain lakes in a nature reserve in central Sweden. We investigate body shape, body length, gill raker metrics, breeding status and diet (stomach content analysis and stable isotopes) in these populations. We find small significant differences for body shape, body size and breeding status, and no evidence of food niche separation between these two populations. In contrast, fish in the two lakes differed in body shape, diet, and nitrogen and carbon isotope signatures despite no genetic difference between lakes. These genetically divergent populations apparently coexist using the same food resources and showing the same adaptive plasticity to the local food niches of the two separate lakes. Such observations have not been reported previously but may be more common than recognised as genetic screenings are necessary to detect the structures.
Effect of nucleus accumbens lesions on socially motivated behaviour of young domestic chicks
Authors: Zachar Gergely , Tóth András Sebestyén , Balogh Márton , Csillag András 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBehaviour of young domestic chicks when isolated from conspecifics is influenced by two conflicting drives: fear of potential predator and craving for company. The nucleus accumbens (Ac) has been suggested to influence social behaviour, as well as motivation in goal‐directed tasks. In this study, the Ac of 1‐day‐old domestic chicks was lesioned bilaterally, using radiofrequency method. Open field behaviour before and after presenting a silhouette of a bird of prey was recorded, followed by a behavioural test to measure group size preference and social motivation of chicks. Ac‐lesioned individuals emitted more distress calls and ambulated more in the open field test, however, they reacted to the predatory stimulus very similarly to control chicks: their vocalization was reduced and the intergroup difference in motor activity also disappeared. There was no difference between the lesioned and control chicks in the latency to approach their conspecifics in the social motivation test, and both groups chose the larger flock (eight) of conspecifics over the smaller one (three). Concerning the role of Ac in social behaviour, a difference between lesioned and sham birds was evident here only in the absence of detectable stimulus (predator or conspecifics). These findings may reflect either decreased fear of exposure to predators or increased craving for conspecifics suggesting that the likely function of Ac is to modulate goal‐driven, including socially driven, behaviours, especially when the direct stimulus representing the goal is absent. This is in harmony with the known promotion of impulsiveness by Ac lesions.