bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyphagy on unpredictable resources does not exclude host specialization: insects feeding on mushrooms
Authors: Põldmaa Kadri , Kaasik Ants , Tammaru Toomas , Kurina Olavi , Jürgenstein Siiri , Teder Tiit 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe degree of ecological specialization plays a crucial role in shaping the structure and functioning of communities. However, comparing specialization within and among groups of organisms is complicated by both methodological issues and conceptual and terminological inconsistencies. Environmental predictability has been considered a key determinant of specialization though empirical evidence is still limited. Fungi and their insect consumers provide a poorly studied but promising system to measure host specialization and test the predictability hypothesis. In this study, we systematically sampled mushrooms in North European boreal forest, and reared total samples of fungivores colonizing the fruitbodies. Due to the unpredictable nature of mushrooms as a resource, low levels of host specialization can be predicted for these insects, which have indeed widely been considered polyphagous. Contrary to expectations, the majority of the studied fungus gnats were found not to exploit their host taxa indiscriminately. Not only were some mushroom taxa never colonized, the infestation rate of acceptable hosts also differed in most of these fungivores. Gnat species themselves formed continua with respect to the estimates of the degree of specialization, derived from parametric individual‐based analyses of presence‐absence data. In most cases, host use was best explained by models in which the hosts were classified at genus level, with limited support to specialization to particular host species, families, or orders. Indeed, most of the common fungivores appeared to preferentially use various species from one or a few mushroom genera while occasionally feeding on members of other host taxa. This pattern has likely evolved as a compromise between selective forces stemming from host unpredictability and taxon‐specific chemical profiles of the mushrooms. Our study highlights the multidimensional nature of ecological specialization: a high number of acceptable hosts does not preclude considerable discrimination among members of the available resource pool. Such situations can only be revealed by individual‐based analyses capable of capturing differences in partner‐to‐partner interaction intensities.
Design of Suboptimal Weight Using Frequency Responses Guaranteeing Performance Level of Controller for H∞ Loop Shaping Method
Authors: KUBO TAKAYUKI , YUBAI KAZUHIRO , YASHIRO DAISUKE , HIRAI JUNJI 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe H∞ loop shaping method is known as one of the robust controller design methods. In this method, the design procedure consists of two steps: the weight design and the derivation of a controller. The controller is derived for the weighted plant to suppress the H∞ norm of the transfer matrix consisting of a sensitivity function, a complementary sensitivity function, and so on. Therefore, the closed‐loop system achieves good tracking and robustness. However, there is only a guideline for the weight design, and an explicit design index of the weight has not been given. As a result, a time‐consuming and tedious process is often required to tune the weight. This paper provides a new weight design method for a stable single‐input single‐output (SISO) plant. The resulting weight guarantees the upper bound of the performance level before the controller design. This means that the controller design and the weight design are completely separated in contrast to the Lanzon's work. Moreover, the weight is designed using only frequency responses. Accordingly, we can avoid the process of the system identification and reduce the conservativeness caused by an overestimate of the system uncertainty.
Dielectric Recovery Characteristics after High‐Frequency Current Interruption in Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Authors: TAMAKI SATORU , GANAHA KAZUKI , OSHIRO RYOJI , KANEKO EIJI 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYWhen the contacts of circuit breaker are opened just before current zero, the gap between contacts will still be very short. Therefore, it cannot withstand recovery voltage between the contacts. In such a case, multiple reignition is likely to take place. Many investigators had tried to clarify this phenomenon, and many reports have been published. However, high‐frequency current interruption and dielectric recovery characteristics are related to some parameters (value of current, arc time, and so on). In addition, arc phenomenon has also been implicated. Hence, it is difficult to understand this phenomenon accurately. In this paper, we conducted dielectric recovery test and high‐frequency current interruption test. Further, we conducted observation experiment using vacuum chamber in order to investigate the effect of small dc current. At the end, we calculated plasma density in the electrodes after high‐frequency current interruption by considering the result of observation experiment and dielectric recovery test.
Subgraph selection over coded packet networks with multiple QoS parameters based on DEA
Authors: Raayatpanah M. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNetwork coding is a generalisation of conventional routing methods that allows a network node to code information flows before forwarding them. Although network coding could be able to improve the throughput, reliability and security of multicast communications, it does not directly consider the quality of service requirements of multicast routing. In this paper, we study the problem of constructing a subgraph to allocate to coded packets, where several quality of service parameters, for example, bandwidth, delay, profit, packet loss and error rates, are associated with each arc in coded packet networks. For this purpose, we first evaluate the relative efficiency of arcs in the network based on data envelopment analysis techniques to send coded packets. Then, a linear programming model is introduced to determine coding subgraphs with respect to the relative efficiency of the arcs. The proposed approach is illustrated and evaluated through numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taking a positive spin: preserved initiative and performance of everyday activities across mild Alzheimer's, vascular and mixed dementia
Authors: Giebel Clarissa M. , Burns Alistair , Challis David 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThe literature commonly evaluates those daily activities which are impaired in dementia. However, in the mild stages, people with dementia (PwD) are still able to initiate and perform many of those tasks. With a lack of research exploring variations between different dementia diagnoses, this study sought to investigate those daily activities with modest impairments in the mild stages and how these compare between Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD) and mixed dementia.MethodsStaff from memory assessment services from nine National Health Service trusts across England identified and approached informal carers of people with mild dementia. Carers completed the newly revised Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities in Dementia 2 assessing the PwD's initiative and performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Data were analysed using analysis of variance and Chi‐square tests to compare the maintenance of IADL functioning across AD, VaD, and mixed dementia.ResultsA total of 160 carers returned the Interview for Deteriorations in Daily Living Activities in Dementia 2, of which 109, 21, and 30 cared for someone with AD, VaD, and mixed dementia, respectively. There were significant variations across subtypes, with AD showing better preserved initiative and performance than VaD for several IADLs. Overall, PwD showed greater preservation of performance than initiative, with tasks such as preparing a hot drink and dressing being best maintained.ConclusionFindings can help classify dementia better into subtypes in order to receive bespoke support. It suggests that interventions should primarily address initiative to improve overall functioning. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How does DEM resolution affect microtopographic characteristics, hydrologic connectivity, and modelling of hydrologic processes?
Authors: Habtezion Noah , Tahmasebi Nasab Mohsen , Chu Xuefeng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe resolution of a digital elevation model (DEM) is a crucial factor in watershed hydrologic and environmental modelling. DEM resolution can cause significant variability in the representation of surface topography, which further affects quantification of hydrologic connectivity and simulation of hydrologic processes. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of DEM resolution on (1) surface microtopographic characteristics, (2) hydrologic connectivity, and (3) the spatial and temporal variations of hydrologic processes. A puddle‐to‐puddle modelling system was utilized for surface delineation and modelling of the puddle‐to‐puddle overland flow dynamics, surface runoff, infiltration, and unsaturated flow for nine DEM resolution scenarios of a field plot surface. Comparisons of the nine modelling scenarios demonstrated that coarser DEM resolutions tended to eliminate topographic features, reduce surface depression storage, and strengthen hydrologic connectivity and surface runoff. We found that reduction in maximum depression storage and maximum ponding area was as high as 97.56% and 76.36%, respectively, as the DEM grid size increased from 2 to 80 cm. The paired t‐test and fractal analysis demonstrated the existence of a threshold DEM resolution (10 cm for the field plot), within which the DEM‐based hydrologic modelling was effective and acceptable. The effects of DEM resolution were further evaluated for a larger surface in the Prairie Pothole Region subjected to observed rainfall events. It was found that simulations based on coarser resolution DEMs (>10 m) tended to overestimate ponded areas and underestimate runoff discharge peaks. The simulated peak discharge from the Prairie Pothole Region surface reduced by approximately 50% as the DEM resolution changed from 2 to 90 m. Fractal analysis results elucidated scale dependency of hydrologic and topographic processes. In particular, scale analysis highlighted a unique constant–threshold–power relationship between DEM scale and topographic and hydrologic parameters/variables. Not only does this finding allow one to identify threshold DEM but also further develop functional relationships for scaling to achieve valid topographic characterization as well as effective and efficient hydrologic modelling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating runoff from a glacierized catchment using natural tracers in the semi‐arid Andes cordillera
Authors: Rodriguez Maximiliano , Ohlanders Nils , Pellicciotti Francesca , Williams Mark W. , McPhee James 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a methodology for hydrograph separation in mountain watersheds, which aims at identifying flow sources among ungauged headwater sub‐catchments through a combination of observed streamflow and data on natural tracers including isotope and dissolved solids. Daily summer and bi‐daily spring season water samples obtained at the outlet of the Juncal River Basin in the Andes of Central Chile were analysed for all major ions as well as stable water isotopes, δ18O and δD. Additionally, various samples from rain, snow, surface streams and exfiltrating subsurface water (springs) were sampled throughout the catchment. A principal component analysis was performed in order to address cross‐correlation in the tracer dataset, reduce the dimensionality of the problem and uncover patterns of variability. Potential sources were identified in a two‐component U‐space that explains 94% of the observed tracer variability at the catchment outlet. Hydrograph separation was performed through an Informative‐Bayesian model. Our results indicate that the Juncal Norte Glacier headwater sub‐catchment contributed at least 50% of summer flows at the Juncal River Basin outlet during the 2011–2012 water year (a hydrologically dry period in the Region), even though it accounts for only 27% of the basin area. Our study confirms the value of combining solute and isotope information for estimating source contributions in complex hydrologic systems, and provides insights regarding experimental design in high‐elevation semi‐arid catchments. The findings of this study can be useful for evaluating modelling studies of the hydrological consequences of the rapid decrease in glacier cover observed in this region, by providing insights into the origin of river water in basins with little hydrometeorological information. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small Molecule Crystallography in the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry at ETH Zürich
Authors: Diederich François , Trapp Nils , Wörle Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe development of small‐molecule crystallography in the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry (LOC) at ETH since its foundation by Jack Dunitz in 1957 is reported. We briefly review the scientific path of Dunitz before coming to ETH and subsequently illustrate research highlights until his retirement in 1990. Together with his doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows, Dunitz developed X‐ray crystallography as a tool for studying chemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms, stereochemical, and in particular, conformational analysis, and supramolecular interactions. He hosted numerous leaders in the field in Zurich. After retirement, Dunitz remained highly research‐active. The crystallography facilities were run in 1991–2013 by his former coworkers Bernd Schweizer and Paul Seiler. In 2013, the Small Molecule Crystallography Center (SMoCC) was founded by merging the X‐ray facilities in inorganic and organic chemistry and its research‐driven service is illustrated.
Impaired Bone Microarchitecture Improves After One Year On Gluten-Free Diet: A Prospective Longitudinal HRpQCT Study in Women With Celiac Disease
Authors: Zanchetta María Belén , Longobardi Vanesa , Costa Florencia , Longarini Gabriela , Mazure Roberto Martín , Moreno María Laura , Vázquez Horacio , Silveira Fernando , Niveloni Sonia , Smecuol Edgardo , de la Paz Temprano María , Massari Fabio , Sugai Emilia , González Andrea , Mauriño Eduardo César , Bogado Cesar , Zanchetta José R , Bai Julio César 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

We have recently identified a significant deterioration of bone microarchitecture in premenopausal women with newly diagnosed celiac disease (CD) using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT). The aim of this work was to assess changes in bone microarchitecture after 1 year on a gluten-free diet (GFD) in a cohort of premenopausal women. We prospectively enrolled 31 consecutive females at diagnosis of CD; 26 of them were reassessed 1 year after GFD. They all underwent HRpQCT scans of distal radius and tibia, areal BMD by DXA, and biochemical tests (bone-specific parameters and CD serology) at both time points. Secondary, we compared 1-year results with those of a control group of healthy premenopausal women of similar age and BMI in order to assess whether the microarchitectural parameters of treated CD patients had reached the values expected for their age. Compared with baseline, the trabecular compartment in the distal radius and tibia improved significantly (trabecular density, trabecular/bone volume fraction [BV/TV] [p &lt; 0.0001], and trabecular thickness [p = 0.0004]). Trabecular number remained stable in both regions. Cortical density increased only in the tibia (p = 0.0004). Cortical thickness decreased significantly in both sites (radius: p = 0.03; tibia: p = 0.05). DXA increased in all regions (lumbar spine [LS], p = 0.01; femoral neck [FN], p = 0.009; ultradistal [UD] radius, p = 0.001). Most parameters continued to be significantly lower than those of healthy controls. This prospective HRpQCT study showed that most trabecular parameters altered at CD diagnosis improved significantly by specific treatment (GFD) and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. However, there were still significant differences with a control group of women of similar age and BMI. In the prospective follow-up of this group of patients we expect to be able to assess whether bone microarchitecture attains levels expected for their age. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Patent foramen ovale diagnosis: The importance of provocative maneuvers
Authors: Mongodi Silvia , Via Gabriele , Riccardi Mariachiara , Tavazzi Guido , D'Armini Andrea Maria , Maurelli Marco , Braschi Antonio , Mojoli Francesco 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPatent foramen ovale (PFO) is a frequent congenital anomaly, but massive right‐to‐left shunt (RTLS) is normally prevented by higher pressures in left heart chambers. However, mechanical ventilation with positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) can significantly increase right atrial pressure, accentuating the RTLS, mainly after major cardiothoracic surgery. We report a patient admitted to the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Pre‐ and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography only described an aneurysmal interatrial septum with no shunt. However, high‐PEEP ventilation induced a paradoxical response with life‐threatening hypoxemia, triggering further echocardiographic evaluation, revealing massive RTLS across a stretch PFO. Provocative maneuvers (Valsalva/PEEP) significantly increase echocardiographic sensitivity, unmasking silent PFO. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:58–61, 2017
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. Military Primary Care: Trajectories and Predictors of One‐Year Prognosis
Authors: Bray Robert M. , Engel Charles C. , Williams Jason , Jaycox Lisa H. , Lane Marian E. , Morgan Jessica K. , Unützer Jürgen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe examined the longitudinal course of primary care patients in the active duty Army with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and identified prognostic indicators of PTSD severity. Data were drawn from a 6‐site randomized trial of collaborative primary care for PTSD and dpression in the military. Subjects were 474 soldiers with PTSD (scores ≥ 50 on the PTSD Checklist ‐Civilian Version). Four assessments were completed at U.S. Army installations: baseline, and follow‐ups at 3 months (92.8% response rate [RR]), 6 months (90.1% RR), and 12 months (87.1% RR). Combat exposure and 7 validated indicators of baseline clinical status (alcohol misuse, depression, pain, somatic symptoms, low mental health functioning, low physical health functioning, mild traumatic brain injury) were used to predict PTSD symptom severity on the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (Cronbach's α = .87, .92, .95, .95, at assessments 1–4, respectively). Growth mixture modeling identified 2 PTSD symptom trajectories: subjects reporting persistent symptoms (Persisters, 81.9%, n = 388), and subjects reporting improved symptoms (Improvers 18.1%, n = 86). Logistic regression modeling examined baseline predictors of symptom trajectories, adjusting for demographics, installation, and treatment condition. Subjects who reported moderate combat exposure, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% CI [0.20, 0.98], or who reported high exposure, OR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.17, 0.87], were less likely to be Improvers. Other baseline clinical problems were not related to symptom trajectories. Findings suggested that most military primary care patients with PTSD experience persistent symptoms, highlighting the importance of improving the effectiveness of their care. Most indicators of clinical status offered little prognostic information beyond the brief assessment of combat exposure.
¿Conjugated? Copolymers from a Pechmann Dye Derivative
Authors: Thilanga Liyanage A. D. , Milián‐Medina Begoña , Zhang Bei , Gierschner Johannes , Watson Mark D. 
Published: July 2016

Empirical observation and quantum chemical explanation of a likely common but “overlooked” outcome of the donor–acceptor (D–A) approach to organic electronic materials are reported. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of D–A copolymers prepared from the amidated Pechmann dye unit (APD) are dictated primarily by this “acceptor,” largely because its HOMO–LUMO gap falls within the gaps of common “donor” units. D–A copolymers with common benzodithiophene and cyclopentadithiophene units as “donors” are presented, giving examples having similar optical properties regardless of backbone planarity and solid‐state packing motif, along with calculations extending to several other common donor monomers to indicate generality. According to quantum‐chemical studies, APD‐localized FMOs form the transition to the lowest excited state, and higher lying charge‐transfer (CT) states. Other existing examples of this FMO situation are likely, but with (opto)electronic properties attributed to lack of conjugation due to, e.g., polymer backbone twisting.
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Bicolored Janus Microparticles Created by Phase Separation in Emulsion Drops
Authors: Min Nam Gi , Choi Tae Min , Kim Shin‐Hyun 
Published: July 2016

In this work, a simple but versatile method to create bicolored Janus microparticles using phase separation of two immiscible polymers confined in emulsion drops is reported. With a capillary microfluidic device, monodisperse oil drops containing two immiscible polymers and dye molecules are generated in the continuous water phase. As the organic solvent is depleted by evaporation, the drops evolve to Janus microparticles with two compartments. One of the compartments is selectively stained by spontaneous migration of the dye molecules, thereby providing optical anisotropy. In addition, the Janus microparticles can be further rendered to be magneto‐responsive by embedding aligned magnetic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the configuration of Janus microparticles is exclusively selected from the core‐incomplete shell, dumbbell, and acorn, according to the surfactant in the continuous phase. This phase separation approach will provide a new opportunity for designing Janus microparticles with advanced functionality.
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pH‐Triggered Sustained Drug Delivery from a Polymer Micelle having the β‐Thiopropionate Linkage
Authors: Pramanik Prithankar , Halder Debdatta , Jana Siddhartha Sankar , Ghosh Suhrit 
Published: July 2016

The synthesis, micellar aggregation, and pH‐triggered intracellular drug delivery ability of an amphiphilic statistical copolymer (P2) are studied. Two methacrylate derivatives, one containing a hydrophilic pendant and the other containing a hydrophobic pendant chain, are copolymerized to produce P2. The hydrophobic pendant chain is linked to the polymer backbone by a β‐thiopropionate linkage, known to undergo slow hydrolysis at mild acidic pH. P2 forms a multimicellar cluster in water with a critical aggregation concentration of 0.02 mg mL−1 and encapsulates a hydrophobic guest such as pyrene, Nile red, or the anti‐cancer drug doxorubicin (Dox). Sustained release of the entrapped Dox (80% after 100 h) is noticed at pH 5.2, while release is significantly slower (35% after 100 h) at pH 7.4. Acidic hydrolysis of the β‐thiopropionate linkage leading to the reduction of the hydrophobicity is established as the cause for micellar disassembly and triggered drug release. Cell‐culture studies with the human breast cancer cell line, MCF‐7, reveal biocompatibility of P2 (below 150 μg mL−1). It is further tested for intracellular delivery of Dox. MCF‐7 cells remain healthy at pH 7.4 but become unhealthy at pH 5.2 when treated with a Dox‐loaded P2 micelles.
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