bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Urban Youth Speech Styles in Utrecht and on the Internet
Authors: Nortier Jacomine 
Published: December 2015

In the past decade there is a growing interest in Urban Youth Speech Styles (uyss). In this article Dutch uyss is the focus of attention. The basic question to be addressed is whether the identifying characteristics and functions of spoken uyss can be used and recognized in written form on the Internet as well.
There is no standardized form of uyss and the use of it is restricted to members of specific subcultures, not necessarily linked to specific ethnic groups. First, linguistic and functional characteristics of uyss as they are used in the Netherlands will be described. Linguistically, a distinction is made between lexical, grammatical and phonetic/prosodic aspects. Furthermore, a closer look will be taken at the use of uyss on the Internet (mostly through rap) and examples of the use of uyss in written comments on the rap videos will be presented and compared to the spoken varieties. It will be shown how written clues are used for identification purposes that are usually non-linguistic in oral encounters (i.e. classification of speech partners on the basis of what they look like, how they sound, etc.). Most of the analysis is based on a rap video by Relschoppers, a group of young Utrecht based Moroccan- and Turkish-Dutch rappers, and the comments on their video. In a separate section some attention is paid to Flemish participants in the Internet-discussions. They seem to use uyss in a way that differs from their Dutch peers.
Finally a short conclusion and outlook is given, showing that the question asked in the beginning can be answered affirmative: identifying characteristics and functions of uyss can be used and recognized in written form on the Internet as well.
Climate Change over the Extratropical Southern Hemisphere: The Tale from an Ensemble of Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Solman Silvina A. , Orlanski Isidoro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this study, a set of five reanalysis datasets [ERA-Interim, NCEP–DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R2), MERRA, the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR), and the CFS Reanalysis (CFSR)] is used to provide a robust estimation of precipitation change in the middle-to-high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere during the last three decades. Based on several metrics accounting for the eddy activity and moisture availability, an attempt is also made to identify the dynamical mechanisms triggering these changes during extended summer and winter seasons. To that aim, a weighted reanalysis ensemble is built using the inverse of the variance as weighting factors for each variable. Results showed that the weighted reanalysis ensemble reproduced the observed precipitation changes at high and middle latitudes during the two seasons, as depicted by the GPCP dataset. For the extended summer season, precipitation changes were dynamically consistent with changes in the eddy activity, attributed mostly to ozone depletion. For the extended winter season, the eddy activity and moisture availability both contributed to the precipitation changes, with the increased concentration of greenhouse gases being the main driver of the climate change signal.
In addition, output from a five-member ensemble of the high-resolution GFDL CM2.5 for the period 1979–2010 was used in order to explore the capability of the model in reproducing both the observed precipitation change and the underlying dynamical mechanisms. The model was able to capture the rainfall change signal. However, the increased availability of moisture from the lower levels controls the precipitation change during both summer and winter.
Prediction of the post-dilution hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass. Are new formulas needed?
Authors: Erpicum Marie , Dardenne Nadia , Hans Grégory , Larbuisson Robert , Defraigne Jean-Olivier 
Published: December 2015

Objectives: Predicting the post-dilution hematocrit is an important tool to avoid preventable anemia or unnecessary transfusion. Simplified empirical formulas currently used for such a prediction may lead to large errors. We aimed to improve the accuracy of these formulas by a better estimation of the dilution volume and the patient circulatory blood volume. Methods: We compared the estimation accuracy of two formulas, using fixed (formula A) versus estimated (formula D) dilution volume and patient circulatory blood volume for 100 cardiac interventions. The difference between predicted and measured HctT1 was considered as “good” if less than 0.5%, “moderate” between 0.5 and 2% and “poor” if higher than 2%. The influence of the body mass index (BMI) on patient blood volume estimation was explored by categorized groups’ comparison. Results: The mean difference between predicted and measured HctT1 differed significantly between formulas A and D. Formula A didn’t differ from HctT1 (p=0.19, IC95% [-0.89-0.18]), but a significant and higher underestimation was observed in the BMI⩽25 group compared to the other BMI groups (p<0.001). Formula D overestimated HctT1 (p<0.001, IC95% [1.01-1.93]) without a difference between the BMI groups. No difference was observed in their overall proportions of good (11 vs 10%), moderate (44 vs 46%) and poor predictions (47 vs 44%) (p=0.117). Conclusions: Formulas used for post-dilution hematocrit prediction lead to major estimation errors and a risk of inadequate transfusion practices. Estimations performed by experienced clinicians could not minimize these biases in all clinical cases as significant errors remain, with potential clinical impact. No estimation formula should be used as a hard tool for transfusing patients, but rather as a guide to predicting the probability of transfusion requirement.
Greater Mechanical Loading During Walking Is Associated With Less Collagen Turnover in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Pietrosimone Brian , Blackburn J. Troy , Harkey Matthew S. , Luc Brittney A. , Hackney Anthony C. , Padua Darin A. , Driban Jeffrey B. , Spang Jeffrey T. , Jordan Joanne M. 
Published: December 2015

Background: Individuals who have sustained an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR) are at higher risk of developing knee osteoarthritis. It is hypothesized that altered knee loading may influence the underlying joint metabolism and hasten development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis. Purpose: To explore the associations between serum biomarkers of cartilage metabolism and peak vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) and vGRF loading rate in the injured and uninjured limbs of individuals with ACLR. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Patients with a history of a primary unilateral ACLR who had returned to unrestricted physical activity (N = 19) participated in the study. Resting blood was collected from each participant before completing 5 walking gait trials at a self-selected comfortable speed. Peak vGRF was extracted for both limbs during the first 50% of the stance phase of gait, and the linear vGRF loading rate was determined between heel strike and peak vGRF. Sera were assessed for collagen breakdown (collagen type II cleavage product [C2C]) and synthesis (collagen type II C-propeptide [CPII]), as well as aggrecan concentrations, via commercially available specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pearson product-moment correlations ( r) and Spearman rank-order correlations (ρ) were used to evaluate associations between loading characteristics and biomarkers of cartilage metabolism. Results: Lower C2C:CPII ratios were associated with higher peak vGRF in the injured limb (ρ = −0.59, uncorrected P = .007). There were no significant associations between peak vGRF or linear vGRF loading rate and CPII, C2C, or aggrecan serum concentrations. Conclusion: Lower C2C:CPII ratios were associated with higher peak vGRF in the ACLR limb during gait, suggesting that higher peak loading in the ACLR limb is related to lower type II collagen breakdown relative to type II collagen synthesis. Clinical Relevance: These data suggest that type II collagen synthesis may be higher relative to the amount of type II collagen breakdown in the ACLR limb with higher lower extremity loading. Future study should determine if metabolic compensations to increase collagen synthesis may affect the risk of developing osteoarthritis after ACLR.
Verifying Validity of the Household Dietary Diversity Score
Authors: Vellema Wytse , Desiere Sam , D’Haese Marijke 
Published: December 2015

Background: The Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) was developed to measure household food access, one of the levels of food security. Previous research has shown dietary diversity is related to food security. However, the validity of the HDDS in the form developed by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project—12 food groups, 24-hour recall—and most frequently used by development organizations and nongovernmental organizations has never been verified. Objective: To verify the construct validity of the HDDS. Methods: A Rasch model was used to test the extent to which the HDDS meets the criteria required for interval scale measurement, using data from 1015 households in Colombia and Ecuador. Results: Different dietary patterns between Colombia and Ecuador and 2 cultural groups within Ecuador required data to be split into 3 subgroups. For each subgroup, the food groups meeting the criteria and their difficulty ranking were different. Refined indices, containing only those food groups meeting the criteria, contained 7 items in Colombia, 10 for Kichwa households in Ecuador, and 9 for migrant households. Conclusion: The indicator in its current form does not meet all criteria. Even when analyzing culturally homogenous subgroups within a small region, the components of the indicator do not form a reliable way of measuring household-level food access.
Epigenetic silencing of endothelin-3 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Olender J , Nowakowska-Zajdel E , Kruszniewska-Rajs C , Orchel J , Mazurek U , Wierzgoń A , Kokot T , Muc-Wierzgoń M 
Published: December 2015

Endothelins are expressed in a variety of human tissue and are involved in the processes as proliferation, migration and differentiation. The signal transduction pathway is a result of the endothelin-1-3 (ET1-3) binding to their receptors (ETAR, ETBR). ET-3 is a new candidate tumour suppressor gene, which is often downregulated or silenced in human cancer. The aim of the study was to examine DNA methylation of ET-3 genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue samples in relation to the clinical stage (CS) of cancer. The paper is a continuation of our previously published results, which showed a four-fold transcriptional silencing of the ET-3 gene in the samples of colorectal cancer in comparison to normal tissues. A total of 66 paired CRC and normal (surgical margin) tissue samples were used in the study. The tumour tissues were collected from CRC patients in CS I–IV according the 7th edition of UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (CS I, n = 8; CS II, n = 20; CS III, n = 27; CS IV, n = 11). Assessment of epigenetic silencing of the ET-3 encoding gene was performed in three steps. The silencing of the ET-3 encoding gene was a result from methylation of the promoter sequence using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR). Analyses were performed using primers complementary for a CpG island in the first exon of the gene encoding ET-3. An epigenetic silence through methylation of 7.5% (5/66) in comparison to control was observed, including 10% of CS II (2/20), 7% of CS III (2/27) and 9% of CS IV (1/11). The controls and the samples of tumour in CS I showed no epigenetic silencing via methylation. In conclusion, epigenetic silencing of ET-3 in CRC could play a role in the progression than in the induction process. EDN3 would be a future target for epigenetic therapy in colorectal cancer, but further clinical studies are needed.
Endothelial immunomediated reactivity in acute cardiac ischaemia: Role of endothelin 1, interleukin 8 and NT-proBNP in patients affected by unstable angina pectoris
Authors: Caroselli Costantino , De Rosa Rosario , Tanzi Pietro , Rigatelli Alberto , Bruno Guglielmo 
Published: December 2015

The role of endothelium in the progression of atheromasic disease has already been demonstrated. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is released from endothelial cells during acute and chronic vascular damage and it appears to be the strongest vasoconstrictor agent known. The aim of this study is to investigate the amount of endothelial damage in patients with unstable angina (UA), as defined by serum levels of ET-1, to verify a possible correlation with increased ischaemic damage by evaluation of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels. Serum levels of ET-1, IL-8 and NT-proBNP obtained from 10 patients affected by low-risk UA were compared to those belonging to eight healthy subjects. In order to compare the laboratory data pertaining to the two populations, a Student’s t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test were performed. Levels of ET-1, IL-8 and NT-proBNP in samples of peripheral blood of patients affected by UA were significantly elevated, compared with those of the control group. The linear correlation analysis demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between levels of ET-1 and IL-8, between levels of ET-1 and NT-proBNP, and between levels of IL-8 and NT-proBNP in subjects affected by UA. Early elevated levels of ET-1, IL-8 and NT-proBNP in patients with UA show a coexistence between ischaemic insults and endothelial damages. A positive and significant linear correlation between levels of ET-1 and IL-8, between levels of ET-1 and NT-proBNP, and between levels of IL-8 and NT-proBNP confirms that an increased ischaemic insult is correlated to inflammation signs and endothelium damage signs. In patients with UA, ischaemia is always associated with a systemic immuno-mediated activity induced by acute endothelial damage. We suggest early administration of ET-1-selective receptor blockers and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Environmental Cues in Double-Occupancy Rooms to Support Patients With Dementia
Authors: Motzek Tom , Bueter Kathrin , Marquardt Gesine 
Published: December 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different environmental cues in double-occupancy rooms of an acute care hospital to support patients’ abilities to identify their bed and wardrobe. Methods: The quasi-experiment was conducted on a geriatric ward of an acute care hospital. Patients with dementia were included ( n = 42). To test the effectiveness of environmental cues, two rooms were enhanced with the environmental cue “color,” two rooms with the cue “number,” and two rooms with the cue “patient’s name”. Four rooms were not redesigned and were used as control rooms. For analysis, we pooled the intervention groups color and number ( n = 14) and compared it with the control group ( n = 22). Results: The environmental cues color and number were significantly effective to improve the identification of the wardrobe from the third to the fifth day after admission. However, for the 10th–12th day after admission, we found no difference in results. Furthermore, results indicate improvements in the ability to identify the bed by using the environmental cues color and number. Conclusions: As this study indicated, the environmental cues color and number are helpful for these patients to identify their bed and wardrobe. However, these cues were most effective from the third to the fifth day after admission. To sustain their effectiveness on patients’ identification abilities during their hospital stay, we discuss, whether verbal prompting and an ongoing mentioning of such cues, embedded in the daily work of nurses, could be beneficial.
HIV-Associated Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis at San Francisco General Hospital
Authors: Tseng Jossy , Maurer Toby , Mutizwa Misha M. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives: We sought to characterize recent cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in HIV-infected patients at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), a large HIV referral center. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TEN from January 2001 to May 2014 at SFGH. Results: Ten cases of TEN were identified, 50% of which occurred in HIV-infected individuals. Among the HIV-associated cases, causative agents were trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX; n = 2), atovaquone, clindamycin, and fluconazole. No antiretroviral agents were implicated. Conclusion: Although limited by small sample size, our experience is reflective of the well-recognized increased incidence of TEN in HIV-positive patients and suggests that antimicrobial agents, particularly TMP-SMX, are the most common causative agents in this population. As 3 of the 5 HIV-associated TEN cases were caused by potentially inappropriate or unnecessary use of antibiotics, our experience highlights the importance of judicious use of systemic medications in populations susceptible to severe adverse drug reactions.
The Evolution of Responsible Gambling Policy and Practice: Insights for Asia from Australia
Authors: Hing Nerilee 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This paper draws on the Australian experience of problem gambling and responsible gambling to provide insights for Asian jurisdictions currently experiencing significant expansion in gambling. Specifically, it draws on a lifecycle approach to issues management to explain the emergence of problem gambling as a significant social and public health issue in Australia. It then documents how gambling operators in Australia have responded to this issue through the development and implementation of responsible gambling measures. Four developmental stages of responsible gambling policy and practice in Australia are discussed, from an elementary stage of corporate citizenship through to engaged and innovative stages, and to the next stage of integration into the business of gambling. Current pressures are identified that may result in Australian gambling operators reaching the so-called transforming stage of corporate citizenship in responsible gambling, where more effective and targeted measures are implemented. Insights are drawn from the Australian experience, which may be of relevance to the future of responsible gambling in Asia. The embedding of responsible gambling in corporate culture and business practice appears to be facilitated by numerous specific measures. These include: appropriate legislation; leadership; structural changes; resources and support mechanisms outside of the organization; effective relationships with key stakeholders; dedicated management; supervisory positions; staff training; and accountability and transparent reporting within the organization.
Pathways to Development of Problem Gambling among Chinese Gamblers in Hong Kong: Validation of the Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) Model
Authors: Chan Chi Chuen , Ohtsuka Keis 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This study investigated the pathway to development of problem gambling in treatment-seeking gamblers attending a self-help group in Hong Kong. A total of 17 problem gamblers (15 men, 2 women; aged from 22 to 58 years) were interviewed and categorized according to the Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) pathways model. It was found that the majority of treatment-seeking gamblers were behaviorally conditioned gamblers. Gamblers of this type often reported an early involvement in gambling during childhood as part of family activities. They recalled an early win in their gambling history. Unlike gamblers with emotional problems in the Wood and Griffiths (2007) study, behaviorally conditioned gamblers exhibited little or no emotional problems before the onset of gambling problems. Further, their excessive gambling appears to be confounded with poor decision-making and a lack of effective coping skills. The findings of the current study also highlight the importance of family upbringing in the development of problem gambling.
Economic and Psychosocial Impact of Problem Gambling in South Korea
Authors: Chun JongSerl , Cho Sangmi , Chung Ick-Joong , Kim Seiwan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The study examined the harmful effects of casino gambling in Korean society from economic and psychosocial perspectives. Interviews with gambling addicts were conducted in order to gain insight into the impacts of pathological gambling. Using snowball sampling, 12 gambling addicts were recruited in Kohan, South Korea. Findings of the study suggest that gambling addicts suffer various harmful effects, including an increased susceptibility to financial and employment problems, such as debt and accumulated interest, bankruptcy, job loss, and decreased productivity. Participants in the study complained of physiological problems, including headaches, high blood pressure, arthritis, indigestion, a stomach disorder, and rapid weight loss. Common psychological problems reported included symptoms of high-level stress, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and suicidal ideation. For some interviewees who smoked and drank alcohol, consumption of these substances increased in response to their gambling. All participants reported disrupted relationships with their immediate family, relatives and friends. Moreover, they experienced stigma, discrimination, and feelings of alienation. With regard to criminal and legal problems, they were exposed to increased risk of litigation and violence. Clinical and political attention should be paid to the issue of gambling addiction in Korea, with a view to the prevention and treatment of gambling disorders. Management of gambling problems needs to consider economic and financial wellbeing, employment, physical and psychological health, interpersonal relationships, and the risk of criminal involvement and other legal issues.
Awareness Promotion about Problem Gambling for Casino Employees: An Asian Experience
Authors: Wong Irene Lai Kuen , Poon Mina 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This paper evaluates the impact of an awareness program for Asian casino employees. Contents of the program included the following topics: (1) Understanding the nature of casino games, and the notion of ‘randomness’ in gambling activities, (2) Examining the relationship between ‘chance’ and excessive gambling, (3) Defining ‘safe’ gambling, (4) Identifying the signs of problem gambling, (5) Deciding when and how should a casino employee offer help to problem gamblers in distress. Results indicated that the participants increased their knowledge about chance and randomness in gambling could better detect the manifestation of problem gambling, became more confident of when and how to offer help to excessive gamblers, and were convinced that responsible gambling practices would be beneficial to casinos and to patrons. The knowledge gained from the workshop was retained by participants at a follow-up undertaken after 12 months of the training. Participants’ competence in offering information and help to gamblers in distress was also maintained. The workshop also generated the introduction of a venue-based customer care project. The implications of these results on responsible gambling policies are discussed.