bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O guerreiro do Theatro Municipal
Authors: Siciliano Tatiana 
Published: April 2016

Arthur Azevedo (1855-1908) – teatrólogo, jornalista, contista, cronista e funcionário público – embora seja, contemporaneamente, pouco lembrado, desempenhou um papel relevante no campo artístico-intelectual do final do século XIX e início do século XX. Foi membro-fundador da Academia Brasileira de Letras (1897) e principal articulador da construção do Theatro Municipal. Através da imprensa e do teatro, empreendeu contínua campanha para o desenvolvimento do teatro nacional, sobretudo em seu folhetim semanal “O Theatro”, publicado em A Notícia. Lutava para a construção de um espaço destinado ao florescimento da dramaturgia brasileira, que fosse patrocinado pelo Estado, a exemplo do que ocorria com a Comédie-Française. Isto é, acreditava que o incremento qualitativo da produção teatral, bem como a frequência de um público mais amplo, que abrigasse diversas camadas sociais, em eças mais literárias, só seria possível com investimento público. Esse era o seu plano para o Theatro Municipal que, apesar de aprovado por lei desde 1895, só iniciou sua construção em 1905, sendo inaugurado em 1909 com outra concepção: um suntuoso edifício, inspirado no Teatro Ópera de Paris, destinado a espetáculos grandiosos, principalmente de companhias estrangeiras e com preços elevados, que só permitiam a frequência da elite. Em seu debut, o referido teatro já não lembrava, em nada, o projeto inicial do dramaturgo. Apenas na década de 1930, passa a ser patrocinado pelo governo, contratando um corpo artístico próprio: um coro, uma orquestra sinfônica e uma companhia de ballet. Mas, a arte dramática continuaria excluída. O objetivo do capítulo é discutir a luta de Arthur Azevedo para o estabelecimento de um teatro nacional, sublinhando sua importância como mediador cultural. Apesar da concepção de teatro do dramaturgo ser consonante com o ideal civilizador de sua época, ela não vigorou no caso do Theatro Muncipal. Meu argumento é que Arthur Azevedo reivindicava que o teatro brasileiro fosse objeto de uma política cultural, muito antes do conceito de política pública cultural se firmar em solo nacional, o que só aconteceu, institucionalmente, a partir de 1930.
Esophageal stent placement as a therapeutic option for iatrogenic esophageal perforation in children
Authors: Ahmad Alsafadi , Wong Kee Song Louis M , Absah Imad 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIatrogenic esophageal perforation (IEP) is a potentially serious adverse event of interventional endoscopy. The approach to IEP varies from surgical repair for large perforations to conservative treatment for small contained perforations. We report a case of an 18-month-old girl with congenital esophageal stenosis suffering a large esophageal perforation after a trial of stricture dilatation, which was successfully managed by the placement of fully covered stent. Hence, in selected cases, esophageal stent placement is a feasible alternative to invasive surgery in managing IEP.
Energy consumption of Twisted File instrument used with rotary or reciprocating adaptive motion
Authors: Özyürek Taha , Keskin Cangül , Demiryürek Ebru Özsezer 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the energy consumption of Twisted File (TF) instrument used with rotary or adaptive motion (AM). Materials and Methods: Forty S-shaped Endo Training Blocks (Dentsply Maillefer) were used. Twenty were prepared using TF 25.06 in rotary motion (RM) group, and 20 were prepared using TF Adaptive SM2 in AM group. While engine-driven endodontic motors were connected to a digital wattmeter, the required torque for root canal instrumentation was analyzed by evaluating the electrical power consumption of the endodontic engine. Electric power consumption (mW/h), elapsed time (s), and a number of pecking motions required to reach the full working length (WL) were calculated. The data was statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test (P < 0.05). Results: Electrical power consumption during the preparation was significantly different between the groups; RM group exerted less electric power than reciprocating AM group did (P < 0.001). The required time to reach the full WL was not statistically significant between groups (P = 0.137). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, RM group exerted less electric power than reciprocating AM group did.
School Governing Body Election Deficiencies – Deliberative Democracy Knocking at the Door
Authors: Smit Marius 
Published: April 2016

As forums, School Governing Bodies have the makings of a great and unique South African democratic tradition as they reflect local deliberations, participative decision-making by stakeholders in education. The main contention of this article is that the SGB election processes at many public schools in South Africa are deficient. Legal analysis reveals the extent of non-uniformity of SGB election regulations among the nine provinces, as well as unlawful regulatory provisions, the unfair and undemocratic administration of the election process and misconceptions about democracy are causal factors that result deficiencies in SGB elections. The qualitative evidence affirms that parents are concerned about the insufficient information about candidates before and during elections, thus preventing voters from making informed decisions. Undemocratic features in the election process results in the election of unsuitable or incompetent candidates which has a detrimental effect on the governance of public schools. It is therefore recommended that a new set of nationally uniform SGB election regulations, which allows for transparent deliberation between candidates and voters should be promulgated before the next SGB election in order to address these shortcomings.
When the Judiciary Flouts Separation of Powers: Attenuating the Credibility of the National Prosecuting Authority (with Corrigendum)
Authors: Maqutu Lindiwe 
Published: April 2016

The stature of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) has been subverted through highly publicised political interference by the executive. Beginning with the marathon legal entanglements of the current South African president the decisions of sitting National Directors of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) on high-profile criminal matters, particularly those involving prominent members of the political leadership, have been marred with controversy. Undoubtedly unwarranted intrusion into the prosecutorial domain, at the behest of key political protagonists, has blighted the repute of the NPA. The judiciary too has played a pivotal, if lesser role, in eroding the sagging reputation of the NPA.
This article charts the narrative of judicial influence on the diminishing credibility of the NPA, using selected cases from the recent past. It shows that key political events such as the Zuma corruption saga have placed the judiciary together with political forces at centre stage where the focus is their culpability for exceeding their lawful mandate. Finding itself vulnerable as a result of its being the target of rhetoric casting doubt on its integrity and threatening its independence, the judiciary (through a crucial judgment) entered the political fray and positioned itself behind what it judged to be the pervasive political sentiment of the day. The article examines whether, subsequently, in an effort to curb undue political influence of the executive on the NPA, the Constitutional Court in Democratic Alliance v President of South Africa interpreted and extended judicial authority in a manner that violated the doctrine of separation of powers. Furthermore, the article argues that in Freedom Under Law v National Director of Public Prosecutions the court again misconstrued its powers by unduly interfering with the discretionary decision-making powers of the NDPP. These cases illustrate that, once they have been issued, the far reaching consequences of judicial decisions may not be erased by corrections during the appellate process. Far from being an impartial adjudicator, the judiciary has played a significant role in attenuating the stature of the NPA.
A Critique of the Unemployment Insurance Amendment Bill, 2015
Authors: Olivier Marius , Govindjee Avinash 
Published: April 2016

The contribution critically reflects on the proposed amendments to the Unemployment Insurance Act Act 63 of 2001 (the UIA / the Act), introduced via the provisions of the Unemployment Insurance Amendment Bill of 2015 (B25-2015). Several shortcomings and deficiencies are addressed and improvements introduced by the proposed amending legislation, including the extension of coverage to a wider range of beneficiaries, the extension of the period of benefits (to a maximum of 365 days), the increase of the rate of maternity benefits of a (female) contributor's earnings, the adjustment of the accrual rate of a contributor's duration of benefits from 1 day for every 6 days of employment to 1 day for every 5 days of employment, and some attempt to provide for employment retention and the re-entry of unemployed contributors into the labour market.
And yet, despite these important contributions to the development of unemployment insurance in South Africa, several matters appearing from the Bill point towards inconsistent, inadequate and inappropriate treatment of core elements of the unemployment insurance system. Recommendations have been made to address these matters, which among others relate to:

The insufficient alignment of the UIA with ILO, UN and SADC standards in key areas of concern;
Unclear or absent provisions in relation to the coverage and/or application of the UIA in relation to public servants, migrant workers, and the self- and informally employed;
Inadequate provision for employment promotion, the prevention, combating and reduction of unemployment, and reintegration into employment;
Inappropriate provisions relating to benefit rates and periods, among others concerning the Minister's power to set/amend the Income Replacement Rate and to vary the benefit period by regulation;
Inconsistent and discriminatory provisions requiring a 13-week qualifying period for accessing maternity benefits;
Inappropriate provisions regarding dependants' benefits, including the strengthening of the existing claims hierarchy in favour of spouses and life partners at the expense of children;
The absence of an independent appeal institution; and
Poorly formulated provisions, with evident discord between the provisions of the Bill and the Memorandum settings out its objectives.
Clinical Legal Education Models: Recommended Assessment Regimes
Authors: Du Plessis Riette (MA) 
Published: April 2016

Clinical legal education (CLE) forms part of the LLB curriculum at most South African Universities. There are many similarities in the approach to CLE, but often also many differences. The clinical models of four South African university law clinics are reviewed in an effort to find suitable models. It is indicated that formulating a mission for the law clinic will have a direct impact on the clinical model chosen. The integration of CLE courses into the core curriculum of the law school will reveal CLE's value as a teaching methodology. Pedagogic aims can be set and achieved as CLE has intellectual worth in that it enables students to better understand concepts and principles of law and the application thereof in practice. It is therefore recommended that CLE courses be mandatory. The pedagogy of CLE is comprised of three basic components, namely clinical experience, tutorial sessions, and classroom instruction. The extent to which these three components find application in the four South African university law clinics under review is indicated. The principles of assessment are stated. Assessment methods appropriate for application in CLE courses, as indicated in a comprehensive study of the topic are discussed as to their applicability to CLE courses in the South African environment.
Validation of TANSO-FTS/GOSAT XCO2 and XCH4 glint mode retrievals using TCCON data from near-ocean sites
Authors: Zhou Minqiang , Dils Bart , Wang Pucai , Detmers Rob , Yoshida Yukio , O'Dell Christopher W. , Feist Dietrich G. , Velazco Voltaire Almario , Schneider Matthias , De Mazière Martine 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The thermal And near infrared sensor for carbon observations Fourier transform spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on board the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) applies the normal nadir mode above the land (“land data”) and sun glint mode over the ocean (“ocean data”) to provide global distributions of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 and CH4, or XCO2 and XCH4. Several algorithms have been developed to obtain highly accurate greenhouse gas concentrations from TANSO-FTS/GOSAT spectra. So far, all the retrieval algorithms have been validated with the measurements from ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), but limited to the land data. In this paper, the ocean data of the SRPR, SRFP (the proxy and full-physics versions 2.3.5 of SRON/KIT's RemoTeC algorithm), NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies operational algorithm version 02.21) and ACOS (NASA's Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space version 3.5) are compared with FTIR measurements from five TCCON sites and nearby GOSAT land data.For XCO2, both land and ocean data of NIES, SRFP and ACOS show good agreement with TCCON measurements. Averaged over all TCCON sites, the relative biases of ocean data and land data are −0.33 and −0.13 % for NIES, 0.03 and 0.04 % for SRFP, 0.06 and −0.03 % for ACOS, respectively. The relative scatter ranges between 0.31 and 0.49 %. For XCH4, the relative bias of ocean data is even less than that of the land data for the NIES (0.02 vs. −0.35 %), SRFP (0.04 vs. 0.20 %) and SRPR (−0.02 vs. 0.06 %) algorithms. Compared to the results for XCO2, the XCH4 retrievals show larger relative scatter (0.65–0.81 %).
Air quality modeling with WRF-Chem v3.5 in East Asia: sensitivity to emissions and evaluation of simulated air quality
Authors: Zhong Min , Saikawa Eri , Liu Yang , Naik Vaishali , Horowitz Larry W. , Takigawa Masayuki , Zhao Yu , Lin Neng-Huei , Stone Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We conducted simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) version 3.5 to study air quality in East Asia at a spatial resolution of 20 km  ×  20 km. We find large discrepancies between two existing emissions inventories: the Regional Emission Inventory in ASia version 2 (REAS) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research version 4.2 (EDGAR) at the provincial level in China, with maximum differences of up to 500 % for CO emissions, 190 % for NO, and 160 % for primary PM10. Such discrepancies in the magnitude and the spatial distribution of emissions for various species lead to a 40–70 % difference in surface PM10 concentrations, 16–20 % in surface O3 mixing ratios, and over 100 % in SO2 and NO2 mixing ratios in the polluted areas of China. WRF-Chem is sensitive to emissions, with the REAS-based simulation reproducing observed concentrations and mixing ratios better than the EDGAR-based simulation for July 2007. We conduct additional model simulations using REAS emissions for January, April, July, and October of 2007 and evaluate simulations with available ground-level observations. The model results illustrate clear regional variations in the seasonal cycle of surface PM10 and O3 over East Asia. The model meets the air quality model performance criteria for both PM10 (mean fractional bias, MFB ⩽ ±60 %) and O3 (MFB ⩽ ±15 %) at most of the observation sites, although the model underestimates PM10 over northeastern China in January. The model predicts the observed SO2 well at sites in Japan, while it tends to overestimate SO2 in China in July and October. The model underestimates observed NO2 in all 4 months. Our study highlights the importance of constraining emissions at the provincial level for regional air quality modeling over East Asia. Our results suggest that future work should focus on the improvement of provincial-level emissions especially estimating primary PM, SO2, and NOx.
Hazard mapping related to structurally controlled landslides in Southern Leyte, Philippines
Authors: Luzon Paul Kenneth , Montalbo Kristina , Galang Jam , Sabado Jasmine May , Escape Carmille Marie , Felix Raquel , Lagmay Alfredo Mahar Francisco 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The 2006 Guinsaugon landslide in Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte, is one of the largest known landslides in the Philippines in recent history. It consists of a 15–20 million m3 rockslide-debris avalanche from an approximately 675 m high mountain weakened by continuous movement of the Philippine Fault. The catastrophic Guinsaugon landslide killed 1221 people and displaced 19 000 residents over its 4.5 km path. To investigate the present-day morphology of the scar and potential failure that may occur, analysis of a 5 m resolution InSAR-derived digital elevation model was conducted using Coltop3D and Matterocking software, leading to the generation of a landslide hazard map for the province of Southern Leyte in central Philippines. The dip and dip direction of discontinuity sets that contribute to gravitational failure in mountainous areas of the province were identified and measured using a lower Schmidt–Lambert color scheme. After measurement of the morpho-structural orientations, potential sites of failure were analyzed. Conefall was then utilized to compute the extent of rock mass runout. Results of the analysis show instability in the scarp area of the 2006 Guinsaugon landslide and in adjacent slopes because of the presence of steep discontinuities that range from 45 to 60°. Apart from the 2006 Guinsaugon landslide site, runout models simulated farther rock mass extent in its adjacent slopes, revealing a high potential for fatal landslides to happen in the municipality of Saint Bernard. Concerned agencies may use maps produced in the same manner as this study to identify possible sites where structurally controlled landslides can occur. In a country like the Philippines, where fractures and faults are common, this type of simulated hazard maps would be useful for disaster prevention and facilitate disaster risk reduction efforts for landslide-susceptible areas.
Jason continuity of services: continuing the Jason altimeter data records as Copernicus Sentinel-6
Authors: Scharroo Remko , Bonekamp Hans , Ponsard Christelle , Parisot François , von Engeln Axel , Tahtadjiev Milen , de Vriendt Kristiaan , Montagner François 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The Sentinel-6 mission is proposed as a multi-partner programme to continue the Jason satellite altimeter data services beyond the Jason-2 and Jason-3 missions. The Sentinel-6 mission programme consists of two identical satellites flying in sequence to prolong the climate data record of sea level accumulated by the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 missions from 2020 to beyond 2030. The Sentinel-6 mission intends to maintain these services in a fully operational manner. A key feature is the simultaneous pulse-limited and synthetic aperture radar processing allowing direct and continuous comparisons of the sea surface height measurements based on these processing methods and providing backward compatibility. The Sentinel-6 mission will also include radio occultation user services.
Compensation between meridional flow components of the Atlantic MOC at 26° N
Authors: Frajka-Williams E. , Meinen C. S. , Johns W. E. , Smeed D. A. , Duchez A. , Lawrence A. J. , Cuthbertson D. A. , McCarthy G. D. , Bryden H. L. , Baringer M. O. , Moat B. I. , Rayner D. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. From ten years of observations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 26° N (2004–2014), we revisit the question of flow compensation between components of the circulation. Contrasting with early results from the observations, transport variations of the Florida Current (FC) and upper mid-ocean (UMO) transports (top 1000 m east of the Bahamas) are now found to compensate on sub-annual timescales. The observed compensation between the FC and UMO transports is associated with horizontal circulation and means that this part of the correlated variability does not project onto the MOC. A deep baroclinic response to wind-forcing (Ekman transport) is also found in the lower North Atlantic Deep Water (LNADW; 3000–5000 m) transport. In contrast, co-variability between Ekman and the LNADW transports does contribute to overturning. On longer timescales, the southward UMO transport has continued to strengthen, resulting in a continued decline of the MOC. Most of this interannual variability of the MOC can be traced to changes in isopycnal displacements on the western boundary, within the top 1000 m and below 2000 m. Substantial trends are observed in isopycnal displacements in the deep ocean, underscoring the importance of deep boundary measurements to capture the variability of the Atlantic MOC.
The Mohr–Coulomb criterion for intact rock strength and friction – a re-evaluation and consideration of failure under polyaxial stresses
Authors: Hackston Abigail , Rutter Ernest 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Darley Dale and Pennant sandstones were tested under conditions of both axisymmetric shortening and extension normal to bedding. These are the two extremes of loading under polyaxial stress conditions. Failure under generalized stress conditions can be predicted from the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion under axisymmetric shortening conditions, provided the best form of polyaxial failure criterion is known. The sandstone data are best reconciled using the Mogi (1967) empirical criterion. Fault plane orientations produced vary greatly with respect to the maximum compressive stress direction in the two loading configurations. The normals to the Mohr–Coulomb failure envelopes do not predict the orientations of the fault planes eventually produced. Frictional sliding on variously inclined saw cuts and failure surfaces produced in intact rock samples was also investigated. Friction coefficient is not affected by fault plane orientation in a given loading configuration, but friction coefficients in extension were systematically lower than in compression for both rock types. Friction data for these and other porous sandstones accord well with the Byerlee (1978) generalization about rock friction being largely independent of rock type. For engineering and geodynamic modelling purposes, the stress-state-dependent friction coefficient should be used for sandstones, but it is not known to what extent this might apply to other rock types.
Connected Vehicle Technology: An All Too Convenient Solution to Roadway Problems in the United States
Authors: Kustra Victor 
Published: April 2016

Automobile accidents and roadway infrastructure problems are increasing in the United States. Specifically, 5.7 million automobile accidents were reported in 2013. The number of automobile accidents caused by lane drifting has increased over the past fifteen years, given the increased number of drivers on the road. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) have developed a cumulative solution to these problems. Connected Vehicle technology is part of the USDOT’s “Intelligent Transportation Systems” (ITS) initiative. The ITS initiative targets automobile crash avoidance and better traffic flow through the use of automated technologies.[1] Id. at v.