bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of the anticonvulsant levetiracetam in neonatal foals
Authors: MacDonald K. D. , Hart K. A. , Davis J. L. , Berghaus L. J. , Giguère S. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBackgroundSeizures are a common manifestation of neurological disease in the neonatal foal and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Current antiepileptic options are effective, but often have undesirable adverse effects, short duration of action and high cost. Levetiracetam has an ideal safety and pharmacokinetic profile in multiple species, including the adult horse, and may be a safe and cost‐effective alternative anticonvulsant in neonatal foals. Due to differences in drug disposition and clearance dosages in neonates, dosing recommendations in other species or adult horses cannot be extrapolated to foals.ObjectiveTo establish the pharmacokinetic profile of single‐dose i.v. and intragastric administration of levetiracetam in healthy neonatal foals.Study designRandomised crossover experimental study.MethodsLevetiracetam was administered as a single dose to six healthy foals (ages 1–10 days) at a dose of 32 mg/kg bwt i.v. or intragastrically. Plasma levetiracetam concentrations were measured using a validated HPLC protocol.ResultsAfter i.v. administration to healthy foals, levetiracetam had a mean (±s.d.) elimination half‐life of 7.76 ± 0.51 h, a mean systemic clearance of 61.67 ± 10.96 (mL/h/kg) and a mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state of 0.670 ± 0.124 (L/kg). Following intragastric administration, levetiracetam had a peak concentration of 38.34 ± 7.42 mg/L and time to achieve peak concentration was 0.875 (0.5–1.5) h. Mean bioavailability for IG administration was excellent (103.04 ± 14.51%). No significant differences in pharmacokinetic variables between routes and order of administration were observed.Main limitationsSmall sample size and single‐dose administration.ConclusionsLevetiracetam has excellent intragastric bioavailability in foals and is predicted to maintain plasma concentrations at or above the proposed target concentration with twice daily i.v. or oral administration. Once‐daily administration may be possible in some foals based on the therapeutic range recommended in other species.
Management of drug interactions with direct‐acting antivirals in Dutch HIV/hepatitis C virus‐coinfected patients: adequate but not perfect
Authors: Smolders EJ , Smit C , de Kanter CTMM , Dofferhoff ASM , Arends JE , Brinkman K , Rijnders B , van der Valk M , Reiss P , Burger DM ,   the ATHENA National HIV Observational Cohort
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesDirect‐acting antivirals (DAAs) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can cause drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and non‐cART co‐medication. We mapped how physicians manage DDIs between DAAs and co‐medication and analysed treatment outcomes.MethodsData were prospectively collected as part of the ATHENA HIV observational cohort and retrospectively analysed. Dutch patients with HIV/HCV coinfection who initiated treatment with DAAs between January 2015 and May 2016 were included. Co‐medication 3 months prior to and during DAA therapy was identified. Potential DDIs with the DAAs were checked using http://hep-druginteractions.org. DDIs were categorized as: (1) no interaction expected; (2) potential interaction; (3) contra‐indication; (4) no recommendation. These categories were used to determine which patients switched or had a DDI during DAA therapy with co‐medication.ResultsA total of 423 patients were treated with DAAs, of whom 418 (99%) used cART and 251 (59%) used non‐cART co‐medication. Before commencing DAA treatment, in 17 of 84 (20%) patients the non‐cART co‐medication which could result in a category 2/3 DDI was discontinued before DAA initiation, including two of six (33%) prescriptions of category 3 drugs. A total of 196 of 418 (47%) patients had a category 2/3 DDI between their DAA regimen and cART. Category 2/3 DDIs were prevented by switching cART in 78 of 147 (53%) and 47 of 49 (98%) patients. Overall, 367 of 423 (87%) patients have achieved a sustained virological response (33 in follow‐up).ConclusionsPrescription patterns suggest that physicians are aware of potential DDIs between co‐medication and DAAs, in particular potential DDIs with cART. Greater awareness is needed concerning category 3 interactions between non‐cART co‐medication and DAAs.
OVERVALUED: SWEDISH MONETARY POLICY IN THE 1930s
Authors: Rathke Alexander , Straumann Tobias , Woitek Ulrich 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe article discusses Sweden's monetary policy in the 1930s, which has been hailed as the first and only example of successful price‐level targeting. Our contribution is twofold. First, we argue that the crucial measure that immediately ended deflationary expectations and enabled a swift recovery was a strong and involuntary devaluation of the currency, not the adoption of a new monetary policy framework. Second, starting from the recent literature on monetary policy at the zero‐lower bound, we conclude that Sweden's exchange rate policy is more relevant for the current discussion than its tentative experience with price‐level targeting.
Spatial Contestation, Victimisation and Resistance during Xenophobic Violence: The Experiences of Somali Migrants in Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Pineteh Ernest A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article discusses how violence between South Africans and Somali migrants plays out in different forms of spatial contestation, victimization and resistance during xenophobic attacks. It analyses Somalis’ entrepreneurial strategies and the implications for access and appropriation of social and economic spaces around Cape Town. The article attempts to connect Somali perceptions of xenophobia and South Africans’ claims of spatial entitlement to issues of spatial control, belonging and social inclusion in South Africa. It argues that by establishing businesses in urban spaces and townships, Somali migrants have managed to establish stronger bonds and a collective identity, which give them better control over these spaces. Although their business tactics have propelled spatial contestations in which they have become easy targets during xenophobic incursions, the clustering of businesses has also created Somali‐dominated localities around Cape Town, which facilitates rapid mobilization to respond to or to resist different forms of crime and violence.
Acne across Europe: an online survey on perceptions and management of acne
Authors: Szepietowski J.C. , Wolkenstein P. , Veraldi S. , Tennstedt D. , Machovcová A. , Delarue A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundAcne is common among young people.ObjectiveTo describe the burden, management and sources of advice of acne in a representative sample of young people in Europe.MethodsThis cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of individuals aged 15–24 years from Belgium, Czech and Slovak Republics, France, Italy, Poland and Spain (n = 3099).ResultsMost individuals considered their acne (all severity stages) to be no/minor problem, although 29.7% considered it a major problem/burden. Over‐the‐counter (OTC) topical treatments were used more frequently than prescribed treatments. Acne was diagnosed by physicians in 47.6% of cases; other health professionals (nurses, pharmacists) or patients accounted for the remainder of diagnoses. Physicians were the source of acne information in just over one‐quarter of cases (27.0%). The vast majority of advice was from friends/family and the Internet.ConclusionAlmost one‐third of young people consider acne to be a major problem/burden. Fewer than half of acne diagnoses are made by a physician, and acne is often self‐managed using OTC treatments.
Effect of Intraoral Mechanical Cleaning Techniques on Bond Strength of Cast Crowns to Metal Cores
Authors: AlZain Sahar , Kattadiyil Mathew T. , AlHelal Abdulaziz , Alqahtani Ali 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of cleaning of metal cores from provisional cement, using an intraoral airborne‐particle abrasion method, on the bond strength of permanent resin cement with cast crowns to cores.Materials and MethodsThirty stainless steel models of a standard complete crown tooth preparation were fabricated. Thirty Type III gold crowns were fabricated. Each cast crown corresponded to one stainless steel crown preparation model. All crowns were cemented with noneugenol zinc oxide cement and stored for 7 days at 37°C. All crowns were debonded, and the cement was cleaned with airborne‐particle abrasion using 50 µm aluminum oxide at 4.1 bar (0.41 MPa) followed by ultrasonic cleaning. Based on the mechanical cleaning technique of the remaining provisional cement on surfaces of cast cores, specimens were equally divided into 3 groups: hand cleaning (HC) with a dental excavator, hand cleaning followed by polishing using a brush and pumice (BP), and hand cleaning followed by intraoral airborne‐particle abrasion (APA). All crowns were then cemented to their corresponding cores using universal resin cement. All crowns were stored for 7 days at 37°C. An Instron universal testing machine was used to record the bond strength of crowns.ResultsAirborne‐particle abrasion method for intraoral mechanical cleaning revealed a statistically significantly higher bond strength compared to the other two methods.ConclusionsWhen comparing the three methods of provisional cement cleaning from metal cores, airborne‐particle abrasion resulted in the highest bond strength for cast crowns.
Volatile element signatures in the mantles of Earth, Moon, and Mars: Core formation fingerprints from Bi, Cd, In, and Sn
Authors: Righter K. , Pando K. , Marin N. , Ross D. K. , Righter M. , Danielson L. , Lapen T. J. , Lee C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractVolatile element concentrations in planets are controlled by many factors such as precursor material composition, core formation, differentiation, magma ocean and magmatic degassing, and late accretionary processes. To better constrain the role of core formation, we report new experiments defining the effect of temperature, and metallic S and C content on the metal‐silicate partition coefficient (or D(i) metal/silicate) of the volatile siderophile elements (VSE) Bi, Cd, In, and Sn. Additionally, the effect of pressure on metal‐silicate partitioning between 1 and 3 GPa, and olivine‐melt partitioning at 1 GPa have been studied for Bi, Cd, In, Sn, As, Sb, and Ge. Temperature clearly causes a decrease in D(i) metal/silicate for all elements. Sulfur and C have a large influence on activity coefficients in metallic Fe liquids, with C causing a decrease in D(i) metal/silicate, and S causing an increase. Pressure has only a small effect on D(Cd), D(In), and D(Ge) metal/silicate. Depletions of Bi, Cd, In, and Sn in the terrestrial and Martian mantles are consistent with high PT core formation and metal‐silicate equilibrium at the high temperatures indicated by previous studies. A late Hadean matte would influence Bi the most, due to its high D(sulfide/silicate) ~2000, but segregation of a matte would only reduce the mantle Bi content by 50%; all other less chalcophile elements (e.g., Sn, In, and Cd) would be minimally affected. The lunar depletions of highly VSE require a combination of core formation and an additional depletion mechanism—most likely the Moon‐forming giant impact, or lunar magma ocean degassing.
CSF biological antioxidant potentials may differentiate neurodegenerative diseases—A preliminary report
Authors: Kawai Takayuki , Sakakibara Ryuji , Bujo Hideaki 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOxidative stress has a significant impact on neurodegenerative diseases. Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) is a rapid measure of total antioxidant properties in the serum. However, few studies measured BAP in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We measured CSF BAP in patients with neurodegenerative disease. We had 17 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), nine with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 10 with Parkinson's disease (PD), 11 with multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, with the same background, and 19 healthy subjects as normal controls. We measured CSF BAP using a Free Radical Elective Evaluator. As a result, CSF BAP level in patients with neurodegenerative disease was higher than that in controls. In particular, CSF BAP level in patients with AD was higher than that in patients with DLB (P < 0.05). We also found a close relationship between CSF Tau pT181/beta‐amyloid ratio and BAP in patients with AD (P < 0.01), although this relationship was not found in patients with DLB. In conclusion, CSF BAP may help differentiating AD and DLB.
Red blood cell transfusion in adult palliative care: a systematic review
Authors: Chin‐Yee Nicolas , Taylor Joshua , Rourke Kaitlyn , Faig Danika , Davis Alexandra , Fergusson Dean , Saidenberg Elianna 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDThe risks and benefits of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in palliative care patients remain poorly understood. We reviewed the literature to summarize available information on RBC transfusion in this population.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL) from inception through September 2016 to identify studies reporting data on palliative patients receiving RBC transfusion. Original studies that assessed RBC transfusion as an intervention and reported at least one clinical outcome were included. Study characteristics, results on transfusion‐related outcomes, and authors' conclusions on the value of transfusion in palliative patients were abstracted and reported.RESULTSWe identified 1839 studies, of which 137 were selected for data extraction and 13 were included (11 case series, one prospective cohort, and one retrospective cohort). Nine studies addressed symptom relief following transfusion using subjective symptom scales, of which eight (89%) indicated some degree of short‐term benefit and one study (11%) showed no benefit. Posttransfusion survival was reported in four studies—one demonstrated prolonged survival in patients receiving RBC transfusion; three had no comparison group. Other outcomes reported included hemoglobin values posttransfusion in four studies and adverse events following transfusion in three studies.CONCLUSIONSIn palliative care, RBC transfusion may provide symptom relief and improve subjective well‐being, though the duration and magnitude of this effect, and transfusion‐associated risks specific to this population remain unclear. Currently, no high quality evidence exists to support or guide the use of RBC transfusion in this population. Moreover, the clinical heterogeneity within the palliative population limits the interpretation of most studies.
THE MANY FACES OF PANENTHEISM: AN EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION
Authors: Atmanspacher Harald , von Sass Hartmut 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA well‐known difficulty of the interdisciplinary dialogue beyond the limits of particular disciplines is the lack of common ground regarding their metaphysical and methodological assumptions and commitments. This is particularly evident for the precarious relationship between science and religion. In a 2016 conference entitled “The Many Faces of Panentheism” held in Zurich, and now in this introduction as well as this section, we try to counteract this situation by choosing a focus theme located at the interface between nature and the divine. Thus, key perspectives, arguments, and implications of panentheism are introduced not only from one selected point of view but in relation to others. This allows us to explore territory beyond the boundaries of disciplinary backgrounds and to address intellectual and practical consequences for current debates.
THE EXPERIENCE OF GOD AND THE WORLD: CHRISTIANITY'S REASONS FOR CONSIDERING PANENTHEISM A VIABLE OPTION
Authors: Henriksen Jan‐Olav 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWhat reasons and resources can Christian theology find for developing a panentheist position that is also able to engage with contemporary science? By taking its point of departure in basic human experiences, Christian theology can, even in a Trinitarian fashion, be developed as a way to understand God's presence in the world as a presence where the actual occurrences point towards God's own work. This point is especially related to the experience of love. Furthermore, God's presence can be understood as sacramental in the Augustinian sense. Moreover, the contributions of the Danish philosopher of religion Knud E. Løgstrup on God's presence and transcendence, as well as Niels Henrik Gregersen's elaborations on deep incarnation. Prove to offer important reasons for considering panentheism a viable option for the articulation of Christian theology.
NAMING THE HUMAN ANIMAL: GENESIS 1–3 AND OTHER ANIMALS IN HUMAN BECOMING
Authors: Walker‐Jones Arthur 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecently the paleoanthropologist Pat Shipman has proposed what she calls the animal connection as the human trait that connects all other traits. Theologians and biblical scholars have proposed many relational, functional, and ontological interpretations of the image of God in humans and human nature, but have generally not included a connection with animals. Genesis 1–3, however, weaves human and animal creation in a variety of ways, and Adam's naming of other species implies they are understood as family or kin. Thus Genesis 1–3 understands a relationship with other animals as integral to human becoming and uses family or kinship as a root metaphor for human–animal relations.
Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: metas de manejo
Authors: Aschner Montoya Pablo , Muñoz Velandía Oscar Mauricio , Girón Cardozo Diana Marcela , García Morales Olga Milena , Fernández Ávila Daniel Gerardo , Casas Luz Ángela , Bohórquez Villamizar Luisa Fernanda , Arango Toro Clara Maria , Carvajal Gutiérrez Liliana , Ramírez De Peña Doris Amanda , Sarmiento Ramón Juan Guillermo , Colón Cristian Alejandro , Correa González Nestor Fabian , Alarcón Robles Pilar , Bustamante Álvaro Andrés 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><strong>Introducción: </strong>Está demostrado que alcanzar y mantener una hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) del 7 % reduce la incidencia de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares en adultos jóvenes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Se ha propuesto que esta meta de manejo debe individualizarse en pacientes mayores de 65 años de edad o en aquellos con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular; sin embargo, la evidencia es discutida. <strong>Objetivos:</strong> Definir los potenciales riesgos y beneficios de la terapia intensificada para DMT2 buscando valores de HbA1 &lt; 7 % en pacientes mayores de 65 años, con comorbilidades significativas y sin estas, y en grupos de pacientes con eventos cardiovasculares previos. <strong>Métodos:</strong> Se elaboró la guía de práctica clínica, siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social colombiano. Se revisó la evidencia disponible de forma sistemática y se formularon las recomendaciones utilizando la metodología GRADE. <strong>Conclusiones:</strong> En los pacientes con DMT2 mayores de 65 años y en aquellos con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular, se recomienda<em> no intensificar </em>el manejo para alcanzar valores de HbA1c cercanos a lo normal (&lt; 6,5 %). Las metas de manejo en el grupo de mayores de 65 años deberán definirse para cada paciente de forma individual de acuerdo con una valoración integral que tenga en cuenta su riesgo de hipoglucemia y pronóstico vital.<p> </p>
Enhanced Wort Fermentation with
De Novo
Lager Hybrids Adapted to High-Ethanol Environments
Authors: Krogerus Kristoffer , Holmström Sami , Gibson Brian 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Interspecific hybridization is a valuable tool for developing and improving brewing yeast in a number of industry-relevant aspects. However, the genomes of newly formed hybrids can be unstable. Here, we exploited this trait by adapting four brewing yeast strains, three of which were
de novo
interspecific lager hybrids with different ploidy levels, to high ethanol concentrations in an attempt to generate variant strains with improved fermentation performance in high-gravity wort. Through a batch fermentation-based adaptation process and selection based on a two-step screening process, we obtained eight variant strains which we compared to the wild-type strains in 2-liter-scale wort fermentations replicating industrial conditions. The results revealed that the adapted variants outperformed the strains from which they were derived, and the majority also possessed several desirable brewing-relevant traits, such as increased ester formation and ethanol tolerance, as well as decreased diacetyl formation. The variants obtained from the polyploid hybrids appeared to show greater improvements in fermentation performance than those derived from diploid strains. Interestingly, it was not only the hybrid strains, but also the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
parent strain, that appeared to adapt and showed considerable changes in genome size. Genome sequencing and ploidy analysis revealed that changes had occurred at both the chromosome and single nucleotide levels in all variants. Our study demonstrates the possibility of improving
de novo
lager yeast hybrids through adaptive evolution by generating stable and superior variants that possess traits relevant to industrial lager beer fermentation.

IMPORTANCE
Recent studies have shown that hybridization is a valuable tool for creating new and diverse strains of lager yeast. Adaptive evolution is another strain development tool that can be applied in order to improve upon desirable traits. Here, we apply adaptive evolution to newly created lager yeast hybrids by subjecting them to environments containing high ethanol levels. We isolated and characterized a number of adapted variants which possess improved fermentation properties and ethanol tolerance. Genome analysis revealed substantial changes in the variants compared to the original strains. These improved variant strains were produced without any genetic modification and are suitable for industrial lager beer fermentations.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Divergent Human Rhinovirus C Isolate from an Infant with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Colorado, USA
Authors: Langelier Charles , White Corin V. , Sontag Marci K. , Mourani Peter M. , DeRisi Joseph L. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the genome sequence of a divergent human rhinovirus C isolate identified from an infant with a severe community-acquired respiratory infection. RNA sequencing performed on an Illumina platform identified reads aligning to human rhinovirus species, which were
de novo
assembled to produce a coding-complete genome sequence.
Complete Genome Sequence of a New Isolate of Solenopsis invicta
virus 3
from Solenopsis invicta ×
richteri
Hybrid Ants
Authors: Valles Steven M. , Oliver Jason B. , Addesso Karla M. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Solenopsis invicta
virus 3
(SINV-3) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the red imported fire ant,
Solenopsis invicta
Buren. We report here the full genome (10,383 nucleotides) of an isolate infecting
Solenopsis invicta
× richteri
hybrid ants, which we have identified as SINV-3 hybrid.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Originally Isolated from an Outer Ear Infection
Authors: Jayal Ambikesh , Johns Benjamin E. , Purdy Kevin J. , Maddocks Sarah E. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 9027 was isolated in 1943 from a case of otitis externa and is commonly employed as a quality control strain for sterility, assessment of antibiofilm agents, and
in vitro
study of wound infection. Here, we present the 6.34-Mb draft genome sequence and highlight some pertinent genes that are associated with virulence.