bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Head and neurological injury
Authors: Myles Lynn , Brennan Paul M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Head and spinal injuries are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Even apparently relatively minor injuries can have significant and life changing consequences, compromising function of the central or peripheral nervous systems, or both. The peripheral nervous system is also at risk from isolated limb injuries. Optimizing the outcome for an injured patient requires early recognition of the problem and prevention of secondary injury. Incorrect or tardy management can convert a survivable injury with good functional outcome into a devastating injury or even death. Accurate diagnosis, management, and prognosis require an understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the involved structures. This chapter explores the common and important topics in head, spinal and peripheral nerve injuries to provide you with this knowledge.
Chest injury
Authors: Senanayake Eshan L. , Rooney Stephen J. , Graham Timothy R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Thoracic trauma can be a life-threatening condition and should be dealt with as an emergency. All medical professionals dealing with trauma should be familiar with the identification, diagnosis, and management of chest trauma. The establishment of major trauma centres ensures that cardiothoracic surgical specialists are involved in the care of these patients. Although the chest injury can be the fatal injury, it should be taken within the context of other life-threatening injuries (e.g. head/pelvic injuries). Chest injury can also be less obvious than other external more obvious injures and the clinician should maintain a high index of suspicion for associated chest injury based on the nature and history of the trauma. In the management of chest trauma, emphasis should be placed on the damage control resuscitation and damage control surgery working as a continuum, with attention to the environment, equipment and the expertise available to manage the specific condition.
Principles of paediatric surgical care
Authors: Anders Nicola R. K. , Bowes Laura J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Children have unique anatomical, physiological, emotional, psychosocial, and surgical conditions compared to the adult population. Centralization of specialist paediatric surgical services as part of the National Service Framework for Children has seen increasing numbers of paediatric surgical patients managed in tertiary centres. Children who present at district general hospitals should have immediate access to paediatric medical support and be cared for in an appropriate environment with trained staff. Differences between the paediatric population and adults mean that their perioperative care should be targeted to the specific conditions that affect them, and a detailed history of their birth, development, immunizations, and medical conditions should form part of the preoperative assessment. As professionals we have a responsibility for the recognition and management of suspected non-accidental injuries. Children may present for emergency surgery as a consequence of non-accidental injury but it is important to be vigilant for signs during unrelated presentations.
Pancreas and islet transplantation
Authors: Casey John J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Pancreas transplantation (simultaneously with a kidney) is the procedure of choice for uraemic type I diabetic patients. Over 40 000 pancreas transplants have been carried out worldwide with excellent graft and patient survival and demonstrable modification of the secondary complications of diabetes. The surgical procedure is challenging, with significant morbidity, and so careful patient selection is critical. Many of the complications of pancreas transplantation are associated with the exocrine portion of the graft and so transplantation of the islets of Langerhans alone is an attractive alternative. Islet transplantation is indicated for type I diabetic patients who have impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia, and results in reversal of this life threatening complication of diabetes in over 90% of patients.
Liver transplantation
Authors: Harper Simon J. F. , Praseedom Raaj K. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Liver transplant is life saving for patients with end-stage liver disease, acute fulminant liver failure and primary liver tumours. Careful selection of potential recipients is crucial to maximize life-years gained for each transplant performed. The United Kingdom Model for End-stage Liver Disease (UKELD). is used to predict mortality in chronic liver disease. Patients become eligible for transplantation when their UKELD score exceeds the one-year mortality after transplantation, and the predicted five-year survival after transplantation is &gt;50%. Strict eligibility criteria also exist for patients with acute liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The profound pathophysiological changes resulting from liver failure and associated co-morbidities make perioperative management of liver transplant recipients very challenging. The transplant procedure is a major undertaking, comprising four key components: donor hepatectomy, graft preservation and bench preparation, recipient hepatectomy and implantation of the donor liver. Liver allografts are obtained from donation after brainstem death (DBD), circulatory death (DCD), and living donation. In addition, suitable donor livers are split to provide grafts for two recipients. Important early complications include primary non-function, hepatic artery thrombosis, bile leak and acute rejection. Malignancy, graft failure, cardiovascular disease, sepsis and renal impairment are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the long-term. Multivisceral transplantation remains highly specialized and limited predominantly to intestinal failure patients with life-threatening complications of parenteral nutrition.
Oculomotor (IIIrd) nerve palsy
Authors: Morris John G. , Grattan-Smith Padraic J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This is a chapter on Oculomotor (IIIrd) nerve palsy from the Eyes/Eye Movements section of A Manual of Neurological Signs. Most of the chapters contain a description of the sign, associated signs, and cases, supported by clinical videos and figures.
Intrinsic functional connectivity resembles cortical architecture at various levels of isoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Fischer Felix , Pieper Florian , Galindo-Leon Edgar , Engler Gerhard , Hilgetag Claus C. , Engel Andreas K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCortical activity patterns change in different depths of general anesthesia. Here we investigate the associated network level changes of functional connectivity. We recorded ongoing electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity from the ferret temporo-parieto-occipital cortex under various levels of isoflurane and determined the functional connectivity by computing amplitude envelope correlations. Through hierarchical clustering, we derived typical connectivity patterns corresponding to light, intermediate and deep anesthesia. Generally, amplitude correlation strength increased strongly with depth of anesthesia across all cortical areas and frequency bands. This was accompanied by the emergence of burstsuppression activity in the ECoG signal and a change of the spectrum of the amplitude envelope. Normalizing the functional connectivity patterns showed that the topographical structure remained similar across depths of anesthesia, resembling the functional association of the underlying cortical areas. Thus, while strength and temporal properties of amplitude co-modulation vary depending on the activity of local neural circuits, their network-level interaction pattern is presumably most strongly determined by the underlying structural connectivity.
Cholesterol activates the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened to promote morphogenetic signaling
Authors: Luchetti Giovanni , Sircar Ria , Kong Jennifer H. , Nachtergaele Sigrid , Sagner Andreas , Byrne Eamon F. X. , Covey Douglas F. , Siebold Christian , Rohatgi Rajat 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCholesterol is necessary for the function of many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We find that cholesterol is not just necessary but also sufficient to activate signaling by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, a prominent cell-cell communication system in development. Cholesterol influences Hh signaling by directly activating Smoothened (SMO), an orphan GPCR that transmits the Hh signal across the membrane in all animals. Unlike most GPCRs, which are regulated by cholesterol through their heptahelical transmembrane domains, SMO is activated by cholesterol through its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). Residues shown to mediate cholesterol binding to the CRD in a recent structural analysis also dictate SMO activation, both in response to cholesterol and to native Hh ligands. Our results show that cholesterol can initiate signaling from the cell surface by engaging the extracellular domain of a GPCR and suggest that SMO activity may be regulated by local changes in cholesterol abundance or accessibility.
Genome-wide Prediction of microRNAs in Zika virus Genomes Reveals Possible Interactions with Human Genes Involved in the Nervous System Development
Authors: Cristina Juan , Echeverría Natalia , Gambaro Fabiana , Fajardo Alvaro , Moreno Pilar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the familyFlaviviridae. In 2015, ZIKV triggered a large epidemic in Brazil and spread across Latin America. In November of that year, the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported a 20-fold increase in cases of neonatal microcephaly, which corresponds geographically and temporally to the ZIKV outbreak. ZIKV was isolated from the brain tissue of a fetus diagnosed with microcephaly, and recent studies in mice models revealed that ZIKV infection may cause brain defects by influencing brain cell developments. Unfortunately, the mechanisms by which ZIKV alters neurophysiological development remain unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by translational repression. In order to gain insight into the possible role of ZIKV-mediated miRNA signaling dysfunction in brain-tissue development, we computationally predicted new miRNAs encoded by the ZIKV genome and their effective hybridization with transcripts from human genes previously shown to be involved in microcephalia. The results of these studies suggest a possible role of these miRNAs on the expression of human genes associated with this disease. Besides, a new ZIKV miRNA was predicted in the 3’stem loop (3’ SL) of the 3’untranslated region (3’UTR) of the ZIKV genome, suggesting the role of the 3’UTR of flaviviruses as a source of miRNAs.
Elevated serum adenosine deaminase levels in neuroleptic-naïve patients with recent-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Sasidharan Arun , Kumar Sunil , John John P , Philip Mariamma , Subramanian Sarada , Jain Sanjeev , Kutty Bindu M 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSchizophrenia is characterized by pathophysiological alterations of multiple neurotransmitter systems such as dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABA-ergic and serotonergic pathways. Adenosine, a homeostatic neuromodulator that mediates signaling through multiple neurotransmitter pathways, is an emerging candidate neurobiological substrate of schizophrenia. The present study examined peripheral blood levels of adenosine deaminase, an adenosine metabolizing enzyme, in 16 neuroleptic-naive patients with recent-onset schizophrenia (mean age=25.59 years (range: 16-35)) and 18 age-matched healthy comparison subjects (mean age=25.17 years (range: 18-28)). Serum adenosine deaminase levels were assayed at two time points; before (7 p.m.) and after (7 a.m.) sleep. The adenosine deaminase levels were compared between groups and were correlated to positive and negative symptom severity measures. Adenosine deaminase levels were found to be higher at both evening (p=0.013) and morning (p<0.001) time points in our sample of patients with recent-onset schizophrenia who were never exposed to neuroleptic medications. Correlational analysis revealed evidence for a possible link between evening rise in adenosine deaminase and severity of auditory hallucinations (p=0.003) as well as morning rise in adenosine deaminase and severity of avolition-apathy in patients with schizophrenia (p=0.013). The results of the study provide strong support to the adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia and highlight the potential utility of serum adenosine deaminase as a peripheral biomarker of schizophrenia.
Strigolactone regulates shoot development through a core signalling pathway
Authors: Bennett Tom , Liang Yueyang , Seale Madeleine , Ward Sally , Müller Dörte , Leyser Ottoline 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTStrigolactones are a recently identified class of hormone that regulate multiple aspects of plant development. The DWARF14 (D14) α/β fold protein has been identified as a strigolactone receptor, which can act through the SCFMAX2ubiquitin ligase, but the universality of this mechanism is not clear. Multiple proteins have been suggested as targets for strigolactone signalling, including both direct proteolytic targets of SCFMAX2, and downstream targets. However, the relevance and importance of these proteins to strigolactone signalling in many cases has not been fully established. Here we assess the contribution of these targets to strigolactone signalling in adult shoot developmental responses. We find that all examined strigolactone responses are regulated by SCFMAX2and D14, and not by other D14-like proteins. We further show that all examined strigolactone responses likely depend on degradation of SMXL proteins in the SMXL6 clade, and not on other proposed proteolytic targets. Taken together, our results suggest that in the adult shoot, the dominant mode of strigolactone signalling is D14-initiated, MAX2-mediated degradation of SMXL6-related proteins. We confirm that the BRANCHED1 transcription factor and the PIN-FORMED1 auxin efflux carrier are plausible downstream targets of this pathway in the regulation of shoot branching, and show that BRC1 likely acts in parallel to PIN1.AUTHOR SUMMARYStrigolactones are a recently discovered family plant hormones with diverse roles in development, most strikingly in the regulation shoot branching. Our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which plants perceive and respond to strigolactones is growing rapidly. It is likely that the strigolactone signaling pathway has evolved by duplication and diversification of specific components of a pre-existing pathway, involved in perception and response to an as yet unknown hormone. Several of these components have been identified and several new candidate components have been implicated in the pathway. We have adopted a genetic approach to assess systematically the contributions of all these players to strigolactone signaling in the shoot. We exclude some of the candidate proteins from involvement in strigolactone-mediated shoot branching control and define a core pathway for strigolactone action in the shoot. We provide evidence that downstream of this core, the strigolactone signaling pathway branches, with different effectors mediating different shoot responses.
Mandatory management forecasts, forecast revisions, and abnormal accruals
Authors: Yamada Akihiro 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Current systems of regulation in Japan require that listed firms disclose earnings forecasts for the coming fiscal year. The Japanese Business Federation is contesting this requirement, requesting that mandatory forecast disclosures be abolished. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between accruals and initial management earnings forecast errors (MFERR), and between accruals and forecast revisions. Further, the study offers a preliminary discussion of the economic costs of mandatory earnings forecasting, with a specific focus on firms operating under conditions of uncertainty or facing difficulty in analyzing economic information.

Design/methodology/approach
To investigate the relationship between accruals and management forecast errors (revisions), multiple regression models were designed using data covering the period between 2003 and 2013, pertaining to listed Japanese firms. A model developed by Dechow and Dichev (2002) was applied to estimate normal and abnormal accruals.

Findings
The author found a positive relationship between accruals and initial MFERR, and a negative relationship between accruals and forecast revisions. Further, the relationship between accruals and management forecast errors (revisions) is more pronounced among firms operating in uncertain business environments or facing difficulty in analyzing economic information.

Originality/value
The study provides an important analysis of abnormal working capital accruals in relation to both initial MFERR and forecast revisions. While total accruals or working capital accruals have been documented in prior studies in this regard, abnormal accruals have not. Furthermore, this study offers a preliminary discussion of the economic costs associated with earnings forecasting under conditions of mandatory disclosure. The economic impact of forecasting has not previously been addressed under either mandatory or voluntary conditions.
Multinational transfer pricing of intangible assets: Indonesian tax auditors’ perspectives
Authors: Muhammadi Abdul Haris , Ahmed Zahir , Habib Ahsan 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges faced by Indonesian tax auditors in auditing multinational transfer prices of intangible assets. This study then explores the suitability of mechanisms currently used by Indonesian tax auditors to ensure appropriate tax audit adjustments.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use a qualitative research method involving semi-structured and open-ended interviews with the tax auditors in Indonesia. The authors also include some Indonesia court decisions pertinent to the research question above.

Findings
Findings indicate that Indonesian tax auditors face a number of difficulties during the audit of transfer pricing cases derived from intangible property, including a lack of transparency in taxpayers’ bookkeeping; limited taxpayer cooperation in providing data and documents; transfer pricing regulations; and problems related to organization and human resources. The study also finds that Indonesian tax auditors and tax officials handle transfer pricing cases by using a legal basis as reference and by performing a number of activities, including among others, comparable analysis.

Originality/value
The findings of this study should assist policy makers to improve the quality of transfer pricing audit. Also, tax auditors and account representatives who do not have enough experience in auditing transfer pricing cases derived from intangible property rights might use the outcomes of this study as a guide for dealing with those cases.
IFRS adoption and auditing: a review
Authors: Khlif Hichem , Achek Imen 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the empirical research literature dealing with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and auditing. The authors identify four main topics related to the effect of IFRS adoption on audit fees, audit market and audit report lag and the influence of auditor choice on IFRS compliance.Design/methodology/approachFor each reviewed stream of research, the authors present its theoretical underpinning and summarize its main results.FindingsBased on 26 empirical studies, the review reveals four main findings. First, IFRS adoption is associated with increased audit fees. Second, IFRS adoption has had an effect on audit market through auditor choice, audit switching and audit market concentration. Third, IFRS adoption has increased audit report lag. Finally, the authors document that audit quality, as proxied by auditor type, may play an important role in enforcing the compliance with IFRS.Practical implicationsFor regulators the review highlights that IFRS adoption is associated with several effects dealing with audit cost (audit fees), audit efficiency (audit report lag) and may benefit audit firms with international affiliation compared to local ones and this may inform regulators in settings that plan to adopt IFRS in the future.Originality/valueThis literature review represents a historical record and an introduction for researchers who aim to investigate this topic in the future since the authors provide specific guidance for future research avenues for these reviewed strands of research and other unexplored topics related to auditing and IFRS.
Re-integrating values, mind of Mao and selected papers
Authors: Foo Check Teck , Fang Fang 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate a unique approach to researching into the mind of Mao and, at the same time, review of papers in this issue of Chinese Management Studies. Through this paper, the editor hopes to communicate the three simple yet important criteria that should feature in the selection of future papers.

Design/methodology/approach
Values of scholarly community as embodied within the 1,040-year-old Yuelu Academy are first introduced as translated by the joint efforts of the authors. The relevance of such cultural values for modern scholars is then discussed. This is followed by the author highlighting the unique research opportunity (documentary study and analysis) as offered by the Shaoshan Mao Memorial Museum. Perhaps it is possible to get a hint of the thinking of Mao Zedong. Finally, consistent with the earlier two review papers, a bird-eye view of key findings is given of the nine selected papers, namely, on politics, state-owned enterprises, team, socialism, planning, human resource management, leadership, competition and knowledge.

Findings
Clearly the modern scholarly community will benefit by imbibing the values of the Yuelu Academy with their strong emphasis on ethical behaviors, diligence and the deep pursuit of scholarly inquiry. Also, the Chinese, by documenting the writings of Mao Zedong (Shaoshan Museum), made him perhaps the most well-documented strategist for in-depth research. From the latest review of manuscripts, authors have yet to incorporate Chinese cultural, historical and social background as an integral part of their papers.

Originality/value
This paper calls for scholars to try to reintegrate Chinese cultural values back into research on Chinese management. Professor Warner Malcolm, Cambridge University, a contributing author wrote to the journal saying in essence: “[…] Chinese management is […] deeply rooted in Chinese cultural norms […]” Hopefully more of the submissions will begin to reflect such an orientation.