bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Status of the Unmarried Parent in Israel Law
Authors: Shifman Pinhas 
Published: February 2016

It has been said that there are no illegitimate children but only illegitimate parents, a paradox which reflects the view that the iniquity of the fathers should not be visited upon the children, that the rights of children should not suffer deprivation because of the “sin” of their parents. So put, it presents a challenge to those many legal systems which discriminate against children born out of wedlock, treating them as illegitimate and denying them rights against their parents or, in some jurisdictions, against their fathers. For all that, we are now witnessing in a number of countries a process which is blurring and largely doing away with the traditional disqualifications and discrimination against illegitimate children. Not only does the violation of the rights of a child because his parents bore him out of wedlock appear to many of us to be immoral in itself, but we go on and urge that it is wholly unreasonable to release the “sinning” parent from his obligations and place the burden of bringing up his child on society at large.This last view does not, however, give any moral or legal approbation to bringing children into the world out of wedlock but suggests rather that the protection of the institution of marriage and family should properly find expression in the status of the unmarried parents. The problems to which this understanding of the matter gives rise are the subject of the present analysis of the pertinent Israel legislation.
Lake Kinneret and the Law
Authors: Laster Richard E. 
Published: February 2016

In direct contrast to Israel's western flowing streams, Lake Kinneret is used for a multiplicity of beneficial uses. The lake supplies 45% of the country's total water supply, 6% of its fish catch, a vacation spot for 1½ million tourists a year, a purification plant for 3 million cubic metres of sewage yearly, an annual supply of tons of smooth, decorative pebbles, and a source of income for at least 70 scientists.Again in contrast to Israel's streams and wadis, data are available to those interested in preventing pollution of the Kinneret. Scientific studies of the lake began as far back as 1847. Beginning in the 1950's Israel scientists concentrated their efforts on solving a myriad of problems in the lake and its watershed. In the 1950's geographic surveys of the watershed were completed which described the type of land, its quality, texture and suitability for agricultural use. By 1964, scientific studies included the quality of lake water for drinking, lake currents, salt concentrations in the lake, sources of radiation, the lake's temperature, phytoplankton, zooplankton, algal blooms, floating plants, organisms living at the bottom of the lake, the lake's water level, thematodes and nematodes in the lake, water birds, chiromed flies, pesticides, commercial fish, and, last but not least, the Tabgha blind prawn, the only unique species endemic to the lake's waters.
Reflections on the Nature of the Speciality Principle in Extradition Relations
Authors: Feller S.Z. 
Published: February 2016

The “speciality principle” or “speciality rule”, governing extradition relations between States, finds its expression in the fact that the institution of extradition is intended, as far as its material grounds are concerned, to cover only a part of all criminal offences, that each case of the extradition of a particular person is closely connected with a specific offence and as a result of this, that the competence of the requesting State to try and punish him is limited by those restrictions imposed upon it, again from the material point of view, by the requested State.The rule therefore, has two aspects, the “specificness of extradition” and the “limitation of competence”, which, although they are intertwined and interdependent, each has its own characteristics. They are to be viewed from the standpoint of the position of the State—whether as requested to extradite or requesting extradition—and the part the State plays in applying the principle.
Aspects of theBeit-ElandEilon MorehCases
Authors: Stone Julius 
Published: February 2016

Judges whose daily tasks are to interpret the law of their own State frequently find difficulties in expressing the exact nature and hierarchical value of the rules of international law, which from time to time they are required in some sense to apply.Perhaps the classical example of this in countries applying the English common law is that of prize courts and the law which they should apply. Under international law belligerent States, by whom maritime captures (prizes) may be made, have a duty to create some forum before which issues can be tried as to the lawfulness of such captures and its consequences. As Lord Parker observed inThe Zamoraas to the title in the property seized, “from the moment of seizure the rights of all parties are governed by international law”. In the final ruling in that case, the Privy Council held that the neutral property at issue had been unlawfully requisitioned, even though such requisition was authorised by a British Executive Order-in-Council, because that Order-in-Council itself was inconsistent with the rules of international law governing requisition of neutral property.
The Legal Profession in Palestine During the Byzantine Period
Authors: Dan Yaron 
Published: February 2016

We shall begin this paper with a few general remarks on the development of advocacy from the time of classical Greece through to Rome. It was the esteemed jurists of these societies who, in their work, provided the basis for the development of European and modern law.Creativity in Greek humanistic literature reached a peak prior to the Peloponesian war; thereafter, it exhibited a marked decline in all but one field, that of rhetoric, or the school of oratory. In this field, particularly in the context of political-jurisprudential literature, the development was impressive.Around the middle of the fifth century B.C.E., the Sophists (“Sophist” means “clever” in Greek) appeared in Greece. These were the teachers of wisdom and higher education in all the fields of science and humanities then known in Greece, such as mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and logic, and of course, literature and linguistics. The Sophists wandered from city to city and spread their teachings; they have been described by some as “itinerant universities”.
Bridging the Peace Gap in Nigeria: The Panel of the Wise as a Constitutional Essential
Authors: Jegede Ademola Oluborode 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSince Nigeria's return to democratic governance in 1999, violent conflicts around identities including religion, ethnicity, indigene / settler differentiation and resource control remain a challenge to peace. Thus far, government responses lack a normative framework to motivate consistent intervention and foster peace. While Nigeria's 1999 Constitution identifies peace as a common aspiration, there is a lack of a non-adversarial institutional mechanism to address violent conflicts related to identity. Despite its limited relevance, the visible institution for conflict management is the court. This article argues for the need to establish a panel of the wise, a conflict and peace intervention mechanism, as an “essential” element of the Nigerian Constitution. It then explores key considerations regarding the proposed panel, in terms of its composition, functions and legal status to intervene in the management of violent conflicts associated with identity and fostering peace in Nigeria.
Complex sentence profiles in children with Specific Language Impairment: Are they really atypical?
Authors: RICHES NICK G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChildren with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have language difficulties of unknown origin. Syntactic profiles are atypical, with poor performance on non-canonical structures, e.g. object relatives, suggesting a localized deficit. However, existing analyses using ANOVAs are problematic because they do not systematically address unequal variance, or fully model random effects. Consequently, a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze data from a Sentence Repetition (SR) task involving relative clauses. seventeen children with SLI (mean age 6;7), twenty-one Language Matched (LM) children (mean age 4;8), and seventeen Age Matched (AM) children (mean age 6;5) repeated 100 canonical and non-canonical sentences. ANOVAs found a significant Group by Canonicity interaction for the SLI versus AM contrast only. However, the GLM found no significant interaction. Consequently, arguments for a localized deficit may depend on statistical methods which are prone to exaggerate profile differences. Nonetheless, a subgroup of SLI exhibited particularly severe structural language difficulties.
Syllabic parsing in children: a developmental study using visual word-spotting in Spanish
Authors: ÁLVAREZ CARLOS J. , GARCÍA-SAAVEDRA GUACIMARA , LUQUE JUAN L. , TAFT MARCUS 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSome inconsistency is observed in the results from studies of reading development regarding the role of the syllable in visual word recognition, perhaps due to a disparity between the tasks used. We adopted a word-spotting paradigm, with Spanish children of second grade (mean age: 7 years) and sixth grade (mean age: 11 years). The children were asked to detect one-syllable words that could be found at the beginning of pseudo-words, with the boundary between the word and the remaining letters being manipulated. The end of the embedded word could either match the syllabic boundary (e.g. the word FIN in the pseudo-word FINLO, where the syllable boundary is between N and L) or not (e.g. FINUS, where the syllable boundary is located between I and N). The results showed that children of both grades were faster in the syllabic than the non-syllabic condition, and that the magnitude of this effect was the same regardless of reading ability. The results suggest an early universality in the use of syllables in Spanish, regardless of reading level.
Integrated land-sea management: recommendations for planning, implementation and management
Authors: REUTER KIM E. , JUHN DANIEL , GRANTHAM HEDLEY S. 
Published: February 2016

SUMMARYMarine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems face increasing anthropogenic threats that are exacerbated by the ecological connectivity between realms; integrated land-sea management (ILSM) is a framework that can help address this connectivity. However, gaps in our knowledge regarding ILSM remain. This study reviewed 108 relevant studies to understand how ILSM is being utilized. Summarized are: (1) characteristics of integrated land-sea programs; (2) recommendations made from the literature for program planning, implementation and management; (3) how applied programs have been planned, implemented and managed; and (4) recommendations for undertaking ILSM. It was found that applied programs did not often adhere to the strategies recommended by theoretical papers. Applied programs were less likely than theoretical papers to specifically name the land-sea connection, over 50% did not apply a framework or governance approach, many did not include key stakeholders, and over 80% listed at least one conflict or hurdle that decreased program success. This study highlighted the difficulties of undertaking ILSM given the high number of stakeholders, government agencies and experts involved. Based on the findings, recommendations for future ILSM programs are provided.
Boys' education ‘In a nutshell but not too hard to crack’
Authors: Harrison Lyn 
Published: February 2016

There is a great deal to be said about Boys' Education. The issues are broad and sometimes overwhelming. Boys' Education Issues need to be viewed as Nutshells to allow us to see issues succinctly and to see intervention points — or perhaps to suggest ways of just starting to ‘crack the nut’. This article outlines briefly some of the issues and concerns the writer is hearing most often about Boys' Education and looks at strategies to work on, suggesting levels of intervention for greater success. Most importantly the article suggests … ‘Let us not say Boys' Education is a nut too hard to crack’.
An overview of developmental issues in counselling adoptive families
Authors: Harper Juliet 
Published: February 2016

Adoption as a social phenomenon has always given rise to emotional controversy and the over-representation of adopted children at clinics and mental heath facilities has lead to studies which have focussed on the concept of psychological risk associated with adoption. Referral for assistance requires that counsellors and therapists appreciate the unique circumstances and vulnerabilities of adoptive families and are able to differentiate between normal transitional crises and adoption issues. To this end an overview of adoption concerns and, in particular, a developmental approach to adoption, is presented as a guide for those health professionals working with adoptive families.Adoption has provided a fertile area of investigation into family attachment and functioning, and in particular the relative impact of nurture versus nature in human growth and development, although the secrecy surrounding adoption and the sensitivity of the process has created methodological problems and made it difficult to conduct representative large-scale studies. A re-occurring question has been whether the process of adoption itself is a stressor which predisposes adoptive families to psychological distress and maladjustment, and if so how does this manifest itself?
Off-campus education centres: An evaluation and suggestions for the future
Authors: Muirhead Bruce 
Published: February 2016

Alternative education and ‘off-campus’ units are becoming an increasing focus for Governments as a solution to the rise in behaviour problems in schools. Generally, the national response to the issue has been to promote an inclusive policy aimed at keeping young people in the education system and adapting curriculum to meet young people's needs rather than isolating them. This approach is supported by numerous studies demonstrating the low percentage of young people attending these units who actually return to the mainstream system. However, the Queensland Government is presently considering the development of ‘Off-campus’ education centres for young people with behaviour difficulties in each of the eleven regions throughout the state.Guidance counsellors and psychologists have an important role in the alternative education scene. Their involvement can be multifaceted and extends into roles of support (student and teacher), intervention, advising, interagency, evaluation, assessment, counselling, referral collection, and so on. The Ipswich Off Campus Unit (OCU) – The Basement – is an alternative education program already existing in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, for long-term truanting young people. The program is jointly funded by the Ipswich Youth Action Group Pty Ltd and the Queensland Department of Education. This paper is based on an evaluation completed in 1993 of the Basement which utilised the Youth Self Report Form (Achenbach, 1991), Teacher Report Form (Achenbach, 1986), Family Review Form, Referral Satisfaction Questionnaire, Community Satisfaction Questionnaire, Observations, Juvenile Bureau Records, Attendance Records and Academic Records. It is proposed that the effects of an alternative school for truanting young people may provide many benefits and some concerns for the participating young person. The most observable change for young people in the program was the increased consistency of attendance rates and the lessening involvement in juvenile criminal activity. To support this contention, further longitudinal research and evaluation of alternative schools and programs for young people is encouraged.
Neutrophil P2X7 receptors mediate NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion in response to ATP
Authors: Karmakar Mausita , Katsnelson Michael A. , Dubyak George R. , Pearlman Eric 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlthough extracellular ATP is abundant at sites of inflammation, its role in activating inflammasome signalling in neutrophils is not well characterized. In the current study, we demonstrate that human and murine neutrophils express functional cell-surface P2X7R, which leads to ATP-induced loss of intracellular K+, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion. ATP-induced P2X7R activation caused a sustained increase in intracellular [Ca2+], which is indicative of P2X7R channel opening. Although there are multiple polymorphic variants of P2X7R, we found that neutrophils from multiple donors express P2X7R, but with differential efficacies in ATP-induced increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]. Neutrophils were also the predominant P2X7R-expressing cells during Streptococcus pneumoniae corneal infection, and P2X7R was required for bacterial clearance. Given the ubiquitous presence of neutrophils and extracellular ATP in multiple inflammatory conditions, ATP-induced P2X7R activation and IL-1β secretion by neutrophils likely has a significant, wide ranging clinical impact.
The histone variant H2A.X is a regulator of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Weyemi Urbain , Redon Christophe E. , Choudhuri Rohini , Aziz Towqir , Maeda Daisuke , Boufraqech Myriem , Parekh Palak R. , Sethi Taresh K. , Kasoji Manjula , Abrams Natalie , Merchant Anand , Rajapakse Vinodh N. , Bonner William M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), considered essential for metastatic cancer, has been a focus of much research, but important questions remain. Here, we show that silencing or removing H2A.X, a histone H2A variant involved in cellular DNA repair and robust growth, induces mesenchymal-like characteristics including activation of EMT transcription factors, Slug and ZEB1, in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Ectopic H2A.X re-expression partially reverses these changes, as does silencing Slug and ZEB1. In an experimental metastasis model, the HCT116 parental and H2A.X-null cells exhibit a similar metastatic behaviour, but the cells with re-expressed H2A.X are substantially more metastatic. We surmise that H2A.X re-expression leads to partial EMT reversal and increases robustness in the HCT116 cells, permitting them to both form tumours and to metastasize. In a human adenocarcinoma panel, H2A.X levels correlate inversely with Slug and ZEB1 levels. Together, these results point to H2A.X as a regulator of EMT.
Diet-induced alteration of fatty acid synthase in prostate cancer progression
Authors: Huang M , Koizumi A , Narita S , Inoue T , Tsuchiya N , Nakanishi H , Numakura K , Tsuruta H , Saito M , Satoh S , Nanjo H , Sasaki T , Habuchi T 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFatty acid synthase (FASN) is a cytosolic metabolic enzyme that catalyzes de novo fatty acid synthesis. A high-fat diet (HFD) is attributed to prostate cancer (PCa) progression, but the role FASN on HFD-mediated PCa progression remains unclear. We investigated the role of FASN on PCa progression in LNCaP xenograft mice fed with HFD or low-fat diet (LFD), in PCa cells, and in clinical PCa. The HFD promoted tumour growth and FASN expression in the LNCaP xenograft mice. HFD resulted in AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inactivation. Serum FASN levels were significantly lower in the HFD group (P=0.026) and correlated inversely with tumour volume (P=0.022). Extracellular FASN release was enhanced in the PCa cells with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition and AMPK signalling activation. FASN inhibition resulted in decrease of PCa cell proliferation through PI3K/MAPK downregulation and AMPK activation. Furthermore, AMPK activation was associated with FASN downregulation and PI3K/MAPK inactivation. Clinically, high FASN expression was significantly associated with high Gleason scores and advanced pathological T stage. Moreover, FASN expression was markedly decreased in the PCa response to androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy. HFD modulates FASN expression, which may be an important mechanism in HFD-associated PCa progression. Furthermore, a critical stimulatory loop exists between FASN and the PI3K/MAPK system, whereas AMPK signalling was associated with suppression. These may offer appropriate targets for chemoprevention and cancer therapy in HFD-induced PCa.
Dietary and pharmacological modification of the insulin/IGF-1 system: exploiting the full repertoire against cancer
Authors: Klement R J , Fink M K 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs more and more links between cancer and metabolism are discovered, new approaches to treat cancer using these mechanisms are considered. Dietary restriction of either calories or macronutrients has shown great potential in animal studies to both reduce the incidence and growth of cancer, and to act synergistically with other treatment strategies. These studies have also shown that dietary restriction simultaneously targets many of the molecular pathways that are targeted individually by anticancer drugs. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system has thereby emerged as a key regulator of cancer growth pathways. Although lowering of insulin levels with diet or drugs such as metformin and diazoxide seems generally beneficial, some practitioners also utilize strategic elevations of insulin levels in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. This indicates a broad spectrum of possibilities for modulating the insulin/IGF-1 system in cancer treatment. With a specific focus on dietary restriction, insulin administration and the insulin-lowering drug diazoxide, such modifications of the insulin/IGF-1 system are the topic of this review. Although preclinical data are promising, we point out that insulin regulation and the metabolic response to a certain diet often differ between mice and humans. Thus, the need for collecting more human data has to be emphasized.
Coral community response to bleaching on a highly disturbed reef
Authors: Guest J. R. , Low J. , Tun K. , Wilson B. , Ng C. , Raingeard D. , Ulstrup K. E. , Tanzil J. T. I. , Todd P. A. , Toh T. C. , McDougald D. , Chou L. M. , Steinberg P. D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhile many studies of coral bleaching report on broad, regional scale responses, fewer examine variation in susceptibility among coral taxa and changes in community structure, before, during and after bleaching on individual reefs. Here we report in detail on the response to bleaching by a coral community on a highly disturbed reef site south of mainland Singapore before, during and after a major thermal anomaly in 2010. To estimate the capacity for resistance to thermal stress, we report on: a) overall bleaching severity during and after the event, b) differences in bleaching susceptibility among taxa during the event and c) changes in coral community structure one year before and after bleaching. Approximately two thirds of colonies bleached, however, post-bleaching recovery was quite rapid and, importantly, coral taxa that are usually highly susceptible were relatively unaffected. Although total coral cover declined, there was no significant change in coral taxonomic community structure before and after bleaching. Several factors may have contributed to the overall high resistance of corals at this site including Symbiodinium affiliation, turbidity and heterotrophy. Our results suggest that, despite experiencing chronic anthropogenic disturbances, turbid shallow reef communities may be remarkably resilient to acute thermal stress.