bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cohort profile for the Nurture Observational Study examining associations of multiple caregivers on infant growth in the Southeastern USA
Authors: Benjamin Neelon Sara E , Østbye Truls , Bennett Gary G , Kravitz Richard M , Clancy Shayna M , Stroo Marissa , Iversen Edwin , Hoyo Cathrine 
Published: March 2017

PurposeChildcare has been associated with obesity in children in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, although some observed no association. Few studies have focused on care during infancy, a period when children may be especially vulnerable.ParticipantsThe Nurture Study is an observational birth cohort designed to assess longitudinal associations of childcare and the presence of multiple caregivers on infant adiposity and weight trajectories throughout the first year of life. We examine as potential mediators feeding, physical activity, sleep and stress. We completed recruitment in 2015. Of the 860 women who enrolled during pregnancy, 799 delivered a single live infant who met our inclusion criteria. Of those, 666 mothers (77.4%) agreed to participate in the study for themselves and their infants.Findings to dateAmong the 666 women in the study, 472 (71%) identified as black, 127 (19%) as white, 7 (1%) as Asian or Asian American, 6 (1%) as Native American and 49 (7%) as other race or more than one race; 43 (7%) identified as Hispanic/Latina. Just under half (48%) had a high school diploma or less, 61% had household incomes <$20 000/year and 59% were married or living with a partner. The mean (SD) infant gestational age was 41.28 weeks (2.29) and birth weight for gestational age z-score was −0.31 (0.93). Just under half (49%) of infants were females, 69% received some human milk and 40% were exclusively breast fed at hospital discharge. Data collection began in 2013, is currently underway, and is scheduled to conclude in late 2016.Future plansResults will help assess the magnitude of associations between childcare in infancy and subsequent obesity. Findings will also inform intervention and policy efforts to improve childcare environments and help prevent obesity in settings where many infants spend time.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.gov,NCT01788644.
Assessing the potential clinical impact of reciprocal drug approval legislation on access to novel therapeutics in the USA: a cohort study
Authors: Larochelle Matthieu , Downing Nicholas S , Ross Joseph S , David Frank S 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveTo quantify the potential effect of reciprocal approval legislation on access to clinically impactful therapeutics in the USA.DesignA cohort study.SettingNew therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA) and/or Health Canada between 2000 and 2010.Main outcome measuresCharacteristics of new therapeutics approved by the EMA and/or Health Canada before the FDA, including mechanistic novelty, likely clinical impact, size of the affected population and FDA review outcome.ResultsFrom 2001 to 2010, 282 drugs were approved in the USA, Europe or Canada, including 172 (61%) first approved in the USA, 24 (9%) never approved in the USA, and 86 (30%) approved in the USA after Europe and/or Canada. Of the 110 new drugs approved in Europe and/or Canada before the USA, 37 (34%) had a novel mechanisms of action compared with drugs already approved by the FDA, but only 10 (9%) were for conditions lacking alternate available therapies in the USA at the time of ex-US approval—of which the majority (9/10; 90%) were indicated for rare diseases. 12 of the 37 agents with novel mechanisms of action approved first in Europe and/or Canada (32%) had their initial FDA submissions rejected for safety reasons—including 2 drugs that were ultimately withdrawn from the market in Europe due to safety concerns.ConclusionsIf enacted, reciprocal approval legislation would most likely benefit only a small number of US patients receiving treatment for rare diseases, and the benefit may be somewhat mitigated by an increased exposure to harms.
Optimal insider control of stochastic partial differential equations
Authors: Draouil Olfa , Øksendal Bernt 
Published: March 2017

We study the problem of optimal insider control of an SPDE (a stochastic evolution equation) driven by a Brownian motion and a Poisson random measure. Our optimal control problem is new in two ways: (i) The controller has access to inside information, i.e. access to information about a future state of the system. (ii) The integro-differential operator of the SPDE might depend on the control. In the first part of the paper, we formulate a sufficient and necessary maximum principle for this type of control problem, in two cases: The control is allowed to depend both on time [Formula: see text] and on the space variable [Formula: see text]. The control is not allowed to depend on [Formula: see text]. In the second part of the paper, we apply the results above to the problem of optimal control of an SDE system when the inside controller has only noisy observations of the state of the system. Using results from non-linear filtering, we transform this noisy observation SDE inside control problem into a full observation SPDE insider control problem. The results are illustrated by explicit examples.
Representation of individual forelimb muscles in primary motor cortex
Authors: Hudson Heather M. , Park Michael C. , Belhaj-Saïf Abderraouf , Cheney Paul D. 
Published: March 2017

Stimulus-triggered averaging (StTA) of forelimb muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity was used to investigate individual forelimb muscle representation within the primary motor cortex (M1) of rhesus macaques with the objective of determining the extent of intra-areal somatotopic organization. Two monkeys were trained to perform a reach-to-grasp task requiring multijoint coordination of the forelimb. EMG activity was simultaneously recorded from 24 forelimb muscles including 5 shoulder, 7 elbow, 5 wrist, 5 digit, and 2 intrinsic hand muscles. Microstimulation (15 µA at 15 Hz) was delivered throughout the movement task and individual stimuli were used as triggers for generating StTAs of EMG activity. StTAs were used to map the cortical representations of individual forelimb muscles. As reported previously (Park et al. 2001), cortical maps revealed a central core of distal muscle (wrist, digit, and intrinsic hand) representation surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped proximal (shoulder and elbow) muscle representation. In the present study, we found that shoulder and elbow flexor muscles were predominantly represented in the lateral branch of the horseshoe whereas extensors were predominantly represented in the medial branch. Distal muscles were represented within the core distal forelimb representation and showed extensive overlap. For the first time, we also show maps of inhibitory output from motor cortex, which follow many of the same organizational features as the maps of excitatory output. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While the orderly representation of major body parts along the precentral gyrus has been known for decades, questions have been raised about the possible existence of additional more detailed aspects of somatotopy. In this study, we have investigated this question with respect to muscles of the arm and show consistent features of within-arm (intra-areal) somatotopic organization. For the first time we also show maps of how inhibitory output from motor cortex is organized.
Squamous Cell Tumors Recruit γδ T Cells Producing either IL17 or IFNγ Depending on the Tumor Stage
Authors: Lo Presti Elena , Toia Francesca , Oieni Sebastiano , Buccheri Simona , Turdo Alice , Mangiapane Laura Rosa , Campisi Giuseppina , Caputo Valentina , Todaro Matilde , Stassi Giorgio , Cordova Adriana , Moschella Francesco , Rinaldi Gaetana , Meraviglia Serena , Dieli Francesco 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The identification of reciprocal interactions between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the microenviroment may help us understand mechanisms of tumor growth inhibition or progression. We have assessed the frequencies of tumor-infiltrating and circulating γδ T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) from 47 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), to determine if they correlated with progression or survival. Vδ1 T cells infiltrated SSC tissue to a greater extent than normal skin, but SCC patients and healthy subjects had similar amounts circulating. However, Vδ2 T cells were present at higher frequencies in circulation than in the tissue of either cancer patients or healthy donors. Tregs were decreased in the peripheral blood of SCC patients, but were significantly increased in the tumor compartment of these patients. Tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells preferentially showed an effector memory phenotype and made either IL17 or IFNγ depending on the tumor stage, whereas circulating γδ T cells of SCC patients preferentially made IFNγ. Different cell types in the tumor microenvironment produced chemokines that could recruit circulating γδ T cells to the tumor site and other cytokines that could reprogram γδ T cells to produce IL17. These findings suggest the possibility that γδ T cells in SCC are recruited from the periphery and their features are then affected by the tumor microenvironment. Elevated frequencies of infiltrating Vδ2 T cells and Tregs differently correlated with early and advanced tumor stages, respectively. Our results provide insights into the functions of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells and define potential tools for tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(5); 397–407. ©2017 AACR.
Frequency, Predictors, and Implications of Abnormal Blood Pressure Responses During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography
Authors: Abram Sara , Arruda-Olson Adelaide M. , Scott Christopher G. , Pellikka Patricia A. , Nkomo Vuyisile T. , Oh Jae K. , Milan Alberto , Abidian Mohamed M. , McCully Robert B. 
Published: March 2017

Background—
It is not known whether abnormal blood pressure (BP) responses during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) are associated with abnormal test results, nor if such results indicate obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to define the frequency of abnormal BP responses during DSE and their impact on accuracy of test results.

Methods and Results—

We studied 21 949 patients who underwent DSE at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, grouped by peak systolic BP achieved during the test. We also analyzed a subgroup who underwent coronary angiography within 30 days after positive DSE. The positive predictive value of DSE was calculated for each BP group. Patients with hypertensive response (n=1905; 9%) were more likely to have positive DSE than those with normal (n=19 770; 90%) or hypotensive (n=274; 1%) BP responses (32% versus 21% versus 23%, respectively;
P
<0.0001). Angiography, performed in 1126 patients, showed obstructive CAD (≥50% stenosis) in 814 patients and severe CAD (≥70% stenosis) in 708 patients. Positive predictive value of DSE was similar for patients who had hypertensive and normal BP responses (69% versus 73%;
P
=0.3), considering 50% stenosis cut point. The proportion of severe CAD (≥70% stenosis) was lower in patients who had hypertensive response compared with those who had normal BP response (54% versus 65%;
P
=0.005).

Conclusions—
Patients with hypertensive response during DSE are more likely to have stress-induced myocardial ischemia compared with those with normal or hypotensive BP responses but are not more likely to have false-positive DSE results. They are, however, less likely to have higher grade or multivessel CAD.
Association Between Midwall Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Mild and Moderate Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Halliday Brian P. , Gulati Ankur , Ali Aamir , Guha Kaushik , Newsome Simon , Arzanauskaite Monika , Vassiliou Vassilios S. , Lota Amrit , Izgi Cemil , Tayal Upasana , Khalique Zohya , Stirrat Colin , Auger Dominique , Pareek Nilesh , Ismail Tevfik F. , Rosen Stuart D. , Vazir Ali , Alpendurada Francisco , Gregson John , Frenneaux Michael P. , Cowie Martin R. , Cleland John G. F. , Cook Stuart A. , Pennell Dudley J. , Prasad Sanjay K. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Current guidelines only recommend the use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in those with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%. However, registries of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests demonstrate that 70% to 80% of such patients have an LVEF >35%. Patients with an LVEF >35% also have low competing risks of death from nonsudden causes. Therefore, those at high risk of SCD may gain longevity from successful implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy. We investigated whether late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance identified patients with dilated cardiomyopathy without severe LV systolic dysfunction at high risk of SCD.

Methods:
We prospectively investigated the association between midwall LGE and the prespecified primary composite outcome of SCD or aborted SCD among consecutive referrals with dilated cardiomyopathy and an LVEF ≥40% to our center between January 2000 and December 2011 who did not have a preexisting indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.

Results:

Of 399 patients (145 women, median age 50 years, median LVEF 50%, 25.3% with LGE) followed for a median of 4.6 years, 18 of 101 (17.8%) patients with LGE reached the prespecified end point, compared with 7 of 298 (2.3%) without (hazard ratio [HR], 9.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9–21.8;
P
<0.0001). Nine patients (8.9%) with LGE compared with 6 (2.0%) without (HR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.8–13.5;
P
=0.002) died suddenly, whereas 10 patients (9.9%) with LGE compared with 1 patient (0.3%) without (HR, 34.8; 95% CI, 4.6–266.6;
P
<0.001) had aborted SCD. After adjustment, LGE predicted the composite end point (HR, 9.3; 95% CI, 3.9–22.3;
P
<0.0001), SCD (HR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.7–13.8;
P
=0.003), and aborted SCD (HR, 35.9; 95% CI, 4.8–271.4;
P
<0.001). Estimated HRs for the primary end point for patients with an LGE extent of 0% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 5%, and >5% compared with those without LGE were 10.6 (95% CI, 3.9–29.4), 4.9 (95% CI, 1.3–18.9), and 11.8 (95% CI, 4.3–32.3), respectively.

Conclusions:
Midwall LGE identifies a group of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and an LVEF ≥40% at increased risk of SCD and low risk of nonsudden death who may benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00930735.
Associations of Ischemic Lesion Volume With Functional Outcome in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bucker Amber , Boers Anna M. , Bot Joseph C.J. , Berkhemer Olvert A. , Lingsma Hester F. , Yoo Albert J. , van Zwam Wim H. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , van der Lugt Aad , Dippel Diederik W.J. , Roos Yvo B.W.E.M. , Majoie Charles B.L.M. , Marquering Henk A. 
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose—
Ischemic lesion volume (ILV) on noncontrast computed tomography at 1 week can be used as a secondary outcome measure in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Twenty-four–hour ILV on noncontrast computed tomography has greater availability and potentially allows earlier estimation of functional outcome. We aimed to assess lesion growth 24 hours after stroke onset and compare the associations of 24-hour and 1-week ILV with functional outcome.

Methods—
We included 228 patients from MR CLEAN trial (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands), who received noncontrast computed tomography at 24-hour and 1-week follow-up on which ILV was measured. Relative and absolute lesion growth was determined. Logistic regression models were constructed either including the 24-hour or including the 1-week ILV. Ordinal and dichotomous (0–2 and 3–6) modified Rankin scale scores were, respectively, used as primary and secondary outcome measures.

Results—

Median ILV was 42 mL (interquartile range, 21–95 mL) and 64 mL (interquartile range: 30–120 mL) at 24 hours and 1 week, respectively. Relative lesion growth exceeding 30% occurred in 121 patients (53%) and absolute lesion growth exceeding 20 mL occurred in 83 patients (36%). Both the 24-hour and 1-week ILVs were similarly significantly associated with functional outcome (both
P
<0.001). In the logistic analyses, the areas under the curve of the receiver–operator characteristic curves were similar: 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.90) and 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.82–0.91) for including the 24-hour and 1-week ILV, respectively.

Conclusions—
Growth of ILV is common 24-hour poststroke onset. Nevertheless, the 24-hour ILV proved to be a valuable secondary outcome measure as it is equally strongly associated with functional outcome as the 1-week ILV.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.com
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN10888758.
Root and canal morphology of maxillary second molars by cone-beam computed tomography in a native Chinese population
Authors: Wu Daming , Zhang Guangdong , Liang Ruizhen , Zhou Guangchao , Wu Younong , Sun Chao , Fan Wei 
Published: March 2017

Objective To evaluate the root and root canal morphology of the maxillary second molars (MSMs) in a native Chinese population by cone-beam computed tomography. Methods Cone-beam computed tomography images of 2412 MSMs from 1294 Chinese patients were analyzed to determine the number and morphology of the roots, the root canal morphology, the bilateral symmetry, and the correlations of these parameters with sex and age. Results The percentage of fused roots increased with age, while the percentage of fused roots in women was higher than that in men. The percentage of second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals in MSMs with three separate roots was higher in men than women. Patients aged 31 to 40 years showed a higher prevalence of MB2 canals, while those aged ≥51 years showed the lowest prevalence of MB2 canals among both men and women. There was a significant difference in bilateral symmetry of MSMs between men and women. Conclusion Root fusion of MSMs increased with age, while the root canal morphology was more complex in patients of intermediate ages.
Impact of breast cancer awareness month on detection of breast cancer in a private hospital
Authors: Karabay Onder , Hasbahceci Mustafa , Kadioglu Huseyin 
Published: March 2017

Objective Breast cancer awareness month increases public awareness in association with increased rates of screening and new diagnoses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of breast cancer awareness month on primary diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods Asymptomatic women with the intention of breast cancer screening were included. The non-BCAM (Breast cancer awareness month) group were screened from February to September 2016 and the BCAM group during October 2016. Ultrasound and mammography were performed in all women and in those aged ≥ 40 years, respectively. A BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting And Data Systems) score of ≥4 and solid palpable masses without features suggestive of malignancy and/or the physician’s preference were regarded as indications for histopathological analysis. Requirement for histopathological analysis and detection of breast cancer were identified as the main variables. Results There were 198 women with a mean age of 49.3 ± 9.5 years. Sixty-nine and 129 women were in the non-BCAM and BCAM groups, respectively. Percutaneous biopsy was performed in seven (10.1%) and three patients (2.3%) in the non-BCAM and BCAM groups, respectively ( P = 0.035). Pathological examinations were benign. Conclusion Although public awareness campaigns lead to increased rates of screening, they may lose their impact on detecting breast cancer because of widespread use of routine screening programs.
Do mothers with high sodium levels in their breast milk have high depression and anxiety scores?
Authors: Serim Demirgoren Burcu , Ozbek Aylin , Ormen Murat , Kavurma Canem , Ozer Esra , Aydın Adem 
Published: March 2017

Objective This study aimed to assess the possible association of high breast milk sodium levels with postpartum depression and anxiety. Methods A total of 150 mothers and their healthy, exclusively breastfed newborns aged 8 to 15 days were recruited. Mothers were asked to complete scales for evaluation of postnatal depression and anxiety following an interview for consent and sociodemographic data collection. Breast milk samples were obtained to measure sodium and potassium (K) levels. Results Forty-nine mothers had higher than expected breast milk Na concentrations and a high Na/K ratio. These mothers scored significantly higher on the scales of postnatal depression and state anxiety ( P = 0.018 and P = 0.048, respectively). Conclusions This study shows that compared to normal breast milk Na levels and Na/K ratio, high breast milk Na and high Na/K ratio, with possible serious consequences in infants, are associated with maternal depressive and anxious symptoms in the postpartum period.
Diagnostic Accuracy and Confidence in the Clinical Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Early-Stage Parkinson Disease
Authors: Wyman-Chick Kathryn A. , Martin Phillip K. , Barrett Matthew J. , Manning Carol A. , Sperling Scott A. 
Published: March 2017

Background/Aims: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is present in up to 34% of patients with early-stage Parkinson disease (PD); however, it is difficult to detect subtle impairment without objective cognitive testing. Methods: Data were obtained from the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative. All 341 participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and a brief neuropsychological battery. Participants were classified as PD-MCI if MoCA was <26 or if they scored ≥1 standard deviation below the normative mean in 2 or more domains, based upon established criteria. The sensitivity/specificity for the clinical detection of PD-MCI was determined. Results: Overall accuracy for clinical detection of PD-MCI was 67.4%. Although clinical determination was highly specific (96.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-0.98), sensitivity was poor (32.0%; 95% CI: 0.25-0.40). Conclusion: Identifying MCI in early-stage PD based on clinical interview alone appears to be insufficient. The inclusion of objective cognitive tests allowing for normative sample comparisons is needed to increase the detection of cognitive impairment in this population.
Dissolution kinetics of Amazonian metakaolin in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Lima Paula E.A. , Angélica Rômulo S. , Neves Roberto F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe kinetics of dissolution of Amazonian metakaolin in hydrochloric acid (HCl) was studied using the ‘Shrinking Core Model’ for spherical and ‘flat plate’ particles of constant size. The Amazonian kaolin was calcined at 700°C for 2 h. The calcined samples (metakaolins) were leached in an HCl solution with 5% excess at 70, 80 and 95 ± 3°C for 3 h. Samples were collected every 15 min and subjected to Al analysis by the EDTA titrimetric method. Experimental data showed that the spherical morphology produced a better fit with respect to the regression coefficients. The activation energy of the reaction was 90.6 kJ/mol. The chemical process is a first-order leaching reaction. The results of the present study are consistent with those from previous research on this topic, which used HCl with an excess of >90%.