bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The End Problem for a Laminated Elastic Strip — II. Differential Expansion Stresses
Authors: Hess Milton S. 
Published: July 2017

A plane elasticity solution is presented for the state of stress resulting from differential expansion in a composite made up of two rectangular strips bonded on an interface. The stress field that has long been known to exist in the middle of such a laminated strip (to the St. Venant approximation) includes neither normal nor shear traction on the bonded interface. These stress components are shown to be significant only within a distance from each end equal to the total thickness, and their distribution is determined for a wide range of elastic moduli and strip dimensions. It is found that the distribution of normal stress at the interface is quite sensitive to the modulus and thickness ratios of the laminae. By making use of the form of this dependence, it may be possible to design bonded structures to withstand curing and/or temperature changes which would otherwise cause failure.
Control Volume Analysis of Elastic Wave Front in Composite Materials
Authors: Pei Chi Chou  , Wang A.S.D. 
Published: July 2017

A theory is proposed for the analysis of an elastic wave front in unidirectionally laminated as well as fiber reinforced composite mate rials. According to this theory, which is based on the concept of control volume, elastic wave front due to abrupt loadings propagates at a velocity which is bounded by the wave velocities of the fiber material and of the matrix material. The theory includes a nonlinear effect of area change; the wave front velocity is a function of the impact intensity. But for linearly elastic materials, this non-linear effect is small; if it is neglected, then wave front speed in the com posite becomes independent of the impact intensity. Consideration has also been given to the determination of the shear force along the interface between the reinforcing fiber and the matrix. It is found that for certain combination of fiber and matrix, the shear stress attains an extremum value which may cause debond ing of the composite under moderate impact loading.
Static Strength of Adhesively Bonded ARALL-1 Joints
Authors: Long R. S. 
Published: July 2017

ARALL® Laminates are a family of structural composite materials which consist of thin aluminum alloy sheets alternating with aramid fiber/epoxy prepreg layers developed for fatigue-critical applications requiring light gage sheet. To obtain the benefits associated with ARALL Laminates, the joint regions must be designed to carry the required loads without incurring a substantial weight penalty. This paper considers the static strength of adhesively bonded ARALL-1 single and double lap joints. Single and double lap joints with various overlap lengths were fabricated using two standard ARALL thicknesses: 3/2 ARALL-1 (three layers of aluminum with 2 prepreg layers) and 5/4 ARALL-1 (five layers of aluminum with four prepreg layers). These joints were tested in uniaxial tension. A shear lag analysis based on failure of the adhesive was used to predict the failure load as a function of the joint configuration and overlap length. A finite element analysis was used to determine the interlaminar shear and tensile stresses within the laminate. The results of these two analysis techniques were compared to the experimental results. The results show that the maximum adhesive and adherend stresses calculated using the shear lag analysis agree with those calculated using finite element techniques. While the shear lag analysis gave accurate predicted failure loads for 312 ARALL-1 single and double lap joints, the predicted failure loads for 5/4 ARALL-1 single lap joints were generally higher than the experimental failure loads. For the 5/4 ARALL-1 specimens, the experimental failure loads were dependent on the observed failure mode. The premature failure can be attributed to interlaminar tensile and shear stresses in the prepreg layers closest to the bondline. The interlaminar failure observed in these joints can be predicted using the interlaminar shear and tensile properties and an appropriate interaction equation.
Psychiatric Court Reports–Too Many or Too Few?
Authors: Donovan W. M. , O'Brien K. P. 
Published: July 2017

This paper describes a project to examine the consistency of criteria that magistrates use to refer defendants for a psychiatric report. Observations were made in a Magistrates' Court by the two authors, independently, on cases which were treated summarily that day. In this way 100 cases were studied. The observers used the criteria which had been described in previous literature as being used by magistrates to refer cases. It was found that there was no consistent use of criteria and the referrals often appeared to be idiosyncratic—some of the reasons for this are discussed.
Aircrash on Mount Erebus
Authors: Cairns F. J. , Herdson P. B. , Hitchcock G. C. , Koelmeyer T. D. , Smeeton W. M. I. , Synek B. J. L. 
Published: July 2017

On 28 November 1979, an Air New Zealand DC10 aircraft, flight TE 901, crashed into the lower slopes of Mount Erebus on Ross Island in Antarctica. All 237 passengers and 20 crew died. More than 200 bodies and portions of human remains were recovered and these were received, stored and examined in the Department of Pathology at the University of Auckland School of Medicine. This paper describes the organization set up to deal with the task which resulted in the identification of 213 passengers and crew. In the light of our experience, some recommendations are made for future investigations of this sort.
An Unusual Sequel of Growth Plate Injury
Authors: King J. B. 
Published: July 2017

It is well recognized that injuries of any sort in the region of the growth plate may cause disturbance of growth. These injuries are well classified by Salter and Harris (1963) and a certain expectancy is attached to each type of injury. There are still cases in which apparently minor injury may cause severe growth disturbance. This case illustrates the problem and in addition sheds some light on the normal growth potential of the proximal radial epiphysis. The final surgical solution illustrates a pitfall in this type of problem.
A Case of Fatal Electrocution during an Unusual Auto-Erotic Practice
Authors: Tan Clarence T. T. , Chao T. C. 
Published: July 2017

A case of fatal electrocution occurring during an unusual auto-erotic practice is described. The circumstances suggest the use of heat for erotic purposes, a practice that has not been previously well documented. Accidental death from bizarre sexual practices is not common in Singapore. In the countries where such cases have been reported, the most well recognized and documented deaths are sexual asphyxias. Other modes of sexual gratification have from time to time been reported. The use of electricity for auto-erotic purposes has been reported in Europe by Polson and Gee (1973) and recently in Britain by Sivaloganathan (1981). This case suggestsan auto-erotic practice that has hitherto not been well documented.
Estimation of Stature from Parts of Ulna and Tibia
Authors: Mysorekar V. R. , Nandedkar A. N. , Sarma T. C. S. R. 
Published: July 2017

One hundred and sixty four right and 187 left, dry, fully ossified human ulnae have been studied to derive regression formulae for the establishment of the total length of the ulna from the upper and lower segments, the line of division between the segments being the lowest level of insertion of the brachialis muscle. Also, 175 right and 179 left, dry, fully ossified tibiae have been studied to derive regression formulae for establishment of the total length of the tibia from the upper and lower segments, the line of division being the lower limit of the soleal line. All the formulae derived are statistically highly significant and have a high degree of prediction, and are valuable in establishing the stature of an individual.
Observations on the Vascular Pattern of the Septum of Normal and Hypertrophied Human Hearts
Authors: Odesanmi W. O. 
Published: July 2017

The arterial vascular pattern of the myocardium of the interventricular septum of normal and hypertrophied human hearts was studied by post-mortem injection of a radio-opaque medium, Colourpaque, and the taking of microradiographs of transverse ventricular slices using the immersion technique. There were large penetrating septal arteries arising from the anterior and posterior descending coronary arteries. The arterial vascular pattern on each side of the septum closely resembled the respective patterns in the right and left ventricular free walls. In the hypertrophied hearts the branching and straight type arteries were of smaller calibre compared to normal hearts and were smallest in the greatly hypertrophied hearts and hearts with asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy. The role of the septal intercoronary anastomosis in coronary artery disease is discussed.
Brain Contusions: The Time Sequence of the Histological Changes
Authors: Løberg Else Marit , Torvik Ansgar 
Published: July 2017

Microscopical sections from 65 cases with brain contusions of known age were studied in order to obtain histological data for age determination of the lesions. The earliest histological alterations were observed within one hour after the lesion and they changed in an orderly fashion over the following hours, days and weeks (Figure 1). It is concluded that the age of brain contusions can be determined with reasonable accuracy from routinely stained histological sections.
Estimation of Chronological Age from Different Body Segments in Boys and Girls Aged 4–19 Years, Using Anthropometric and Photogrammetric Techniques
Authors: Attallah N. Louis , Marshall W. A. 
Published: July 2017

Data obtained from measuring different body segments (stature, sitting height, upper limb, upper arm, forearm, leg, hand and foot length), were used to construct equations for estimating the chronological age of children with unknown date of birth. About 18,510 sets of measurements were taken on boys and 11,568 sets on girls. All were healthy British children aged 4–19 years and participating in three longitudinal studies at the Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, University of London. Both anthropometric and photogrammetric techniques of measurement were used to construct 35 anthropometric and 49 photogrammetric equations using the multiple linear regression model. These equations give the most likely estimated value for age together with its error. The accuracy of the equations and its applicability both on live children and on postmortem material is discussed.
Assessment of Osteoporosis at Autopsy: Mechanical Methods Compared to Radiological and Histological Techniques
Authors: Wilkinson J M , Cotton D W K , Harris S C , Patterson E A 
Published: July 2017

Osteoporosis is a common problem in the elderly female population and pathological fractures are a frequent complication, but how should the pathologist assess the severity of the disease at autopsy? In this study we have compared subjective, semi-quantitative assessments of rib fracturability, vertebral compressibility, Singh index and histomorphometric methods against a ‘gold standard’ assessment, namely the force required to fracture the femoral neck. We have shown good correlations between rib fracturability, Singh index and the standard chosen. Poor correlation was shown between histomorphometric techniques and the standard. Our findings suggest that gross rib fracturability is a good indicator of osteoporosis in as far as bone fragility is an indicator of the severity of osteoporosis. However as the population under examination was small, further studies in this area are clearly warranted in order to extend these findings.
Dangerous People or Dangerous Situations? — Some Further Thoughts
Authors: Prins Herschel 
Published: July 2017

The author enlarges upon and develops some observations upon the assessment of dangerousness which appeared in this journal a decade ago. In the present contribution, particular attention is paid to identifying the type of person at risk of committing further acts of serious personal harm to persons and or property and to the factors or circumstances that may be conducive to this. Finally, the author puts forward some views on why cues and clues may be missed and how these omissions might be overcome. ‘Between the acting of a dreadful thing And the first motion, all the interim is Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream’ Julius Caesar, Act II Scene 1.
Sleepwalking and Indecent Exposure
Authors: Buchanan Alec 
Published: July 2017

The case is described of a naked sleepwalker who was convicted of indecent exposure. The literature relating to sleepwalking and indecent exposure is briefly reviewed and the legal position discussed. Sleepwalkers are seldom convicted of crimes which they commit while asleep. In recent years a successful defence has usually been mounted on the basis that sleepwalking is, in legal terms, an automatism. Occasionally, however, sleepwalkers are convicted and this report illustrates one such case.
Unfit to Plead to Murder: Three Case Reports
Authors: Wood Peter J W , Guly Olivia C R 
Published: July 2017

Three cases are reported, two of alleged murder and one of alleged manslaughter, where the defendant was found ‘under disability in relation to trial’. In each there was reason to doubt the fairness, from the psychiatric point of view, of this decision. These cases illustrate the need to adopt the recommendations of the Butler Report (HMSO, 1975) that in every case where the defendant is found to be ‘under disability’ there should be a trial of the facts and that the court should have wider powers of disposal in such cases.
Assessing Death by Poisoning: Does the Medical History Help?
Authors: Harding-Pink Deborah , Fryc Oldrich 
Published: July 2017

During one year we sought medical historical data for all medico-legal autopsies with toxicological analysis (n=51); the same procedure was applied to a control group of autopsies without toxicological analysis. Historical data was available in 70 cases (69%), the proportion being significantly higher among cases where the cause of death was poisoning (84%) than in the non-poisoning cases (48%). In the poisoning cases information was more often available from the emergency service, the psychiatric service and the prison medical service. Autopsy observations revealed a higher proportion of prior pathology than the medical history. But in a minority of cases, potentially significant prior illnesses were shown by the medical history and not at the autopsy (for example, in cases of advanced decomposition and in cases with no pathological lesions: idiopathic epilepsy; HIV infection). Historical data was judged to make some contribution to the conclusions concerning the cause of death in 71% of the cases of poisoning. The most important single contribution was the assessment of dependence status among drug or alcohol abusing subjects.
Discrepancies between Clinical and Post-Mortem Diagnoses of Causes of Death
Authors: Ermenc Branko 
Published: July 2017

Medical institutions unjustifiably ‘walk in a fog of misplaced optimism’, convinced of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. They disregard the fact that the latest diagnostic research has not reduced the frequency of diagnostic inaccuracy. We reviewed the autopsy records from the archive of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of 921 deceased persons in 1997 and compared the clinical with the post-mortem diagnoses. Group 1 included cases of complete agreement between the clinical and post-mortem diagnoses, Group 2 cases of partial disagreement about the direct cause of death, Group 3 cases of disagreement about the basic illness, Group 4 cases of total disagreement between the clinical diagnosis and the postmortem. Group 5 included cases of improper filling out of documentation according to the ABC international classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, which has been accepted by the World Health Organisation in 10 revisions to date (WHO, 1992). The diagnoses were in total agreement in 48.87% of the cases, in partial agreement (disagreement about the direct cause of death) in 22.74%, and in disagreement about the basic illness in 13.5%. Of the cases, 9.68% were classified into Group 5.
A Cost Analysis of Untoward Incidents in a Medium Secure Unit
Authors: MacPhail Sandra , Beck-Sander Alison 
Published: July 2017

All untoward incidents perpetrated by 36 patients — residents in a medium-secure hospital — over a period of six months were examined using a prospective design. Demographic and psychiatric details of patients involved in incidents were compared with those of patients not involved in incidents. Financial costs associated with incidents were calculated. A minority of patients were found to be responsible for the majority of incidents. Patients detained under criminal sections of the Mental Health Act 1983 were involved in disproportionately more incidents than their civil section counterparts. The female patients involved in untoward incidents all had a diagnosis of personality disorder and were over-represented in the number of incidents. However, most of the financial burden of untoward incidents was incurred by those incidents perpetrated by male patients. Likewise, although patients detained under the legal category of psychopathic disorder were involved in a higher number of incidents, higher costs were associated with incidents perpetrated by patients detained under the category of mental illness.
A Study of Patients Identified as Unmanageable Prior to Admission to an Independent Medium-Secure Hospital
Authors: Moss Katrina R. 
Published: July 2017

A previous study of patient admissions to an independent medium-secure psychiatric hospital by Moss, Green and Naismith (1996) suggested an increased flexibility in the admission of patients identified as having ‘exceptional management problems.’ In particular this was found to relate to a cohort of 59 patients admitted after having been identified as ‘unmanageable’ in their parent district. This appeared to provide the impetus, for a number of reasons, for their subsequent referral to the private sector. This study examines the characteristics of these patients, and discusses how the independent sector may be providing a service either unavailable within the National Health Service or for which the National Health Service is unsuitable, in terms of patients either requiring medium- to long-term hospital care in conditions of security, or those who cannot live independently and therefore require ‘asylum’ (which is no longer available within the National Health Service). In this sense the independent sector could be seen as meeting a national need by acting as a ‘safety valve’ for National Health Service psychiatric facilities.
A Study to Investigate the Ability of Subjects with Chronic Lung Diseases to Activate the Roadside Lion Alcolmeter® SL-400
Authors: Honeybourne D , Moore A J , Butterfield K , Azzan L 
Published: July 2017

The Lion Alcolmeter® SL-2 is widely used for road-side breath-testing by police in the UK. However, some individuals with lung diseases have difficulty in activating the device. This study describes an investigation that we have carried out on a new device called the Lion Alcolmeter® SL-400 which has recently been introduced into use by police forces in the UK. The manufacturers state that the machine requires a minimum continuous expiratory flow rate of 25 litres per minute and a mini-mum expired volume of 1.5 litres, after which a breath sample is automatically taken and analysed. Our study was designed to investigate the ability of subjects with a variety of lung diseases to activate this device. The 40 adult subjects investigated consisted of 10 normal controls, 10 with asthma, 10 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 10 with restrictive lung disease. After baseline lung function tests were performed, the subjects were then given alcohol to drink, the amount of which was based upon their body weight. After a gap of at least 20 minutes, the subjects were then asked to attempt up to three blows into the Alcolmeter. Our results showed that three asthmatic subjects, four with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and two with restrictive lung disease, failed to successfully activate the device even after three attempts. All of the subjects who failed to activate the device had an expired breath volume of more than 1.5 litres, but seven out of these nine subjects had a Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) of less than 1.1 litres. In conclusion, this study has shown that some subjects with lung diseases may have difficulty in activating the SL-400 roadside alcolmeter device.
Legal Implications of the Use of Vaccines
Authors: O'Brien Michael 
Published: July 2017

The legal implications of the use of vaccines to promote individual and group immunity constitute a complex pattern of common and statute law interwoven with the ethical code governing medical practice. In the circumstances under discussion, teaching the theory and practice of vaccination to medical students, several roles have to be considered. Firstly there is the recipient, a baby or schoolchild, both with the oversight of a parent or guardian. In some circumstances the recipient may be an adult. Secondly, there is the person advising upon, and administering the vaccine — either the student or the doctor. Lastly, the Authority in whose premises the teaching and vaccination take place plays a significant role. In the wings, waiting to be cued to activity by misfortune, the General Medical Council, the Health Service Commissioner, the Health and Safety Executive, lawyers and community health councillors play a passive, but everpresent role.
Gastroscopy in a West African Rural Mission Hospital
Authors: Dent A W 
Published: July 2017

The results of 1075 fibreoptic gastroscopies performed in the Northwest Province of Cameroon are presented. Three hundred and fifty-three examinations showed pyloroduodenal ulcer disease, 111 showed macroscopic gastritis, and 37 had gastric carcinoma. Sixteen other diagnoses were made, with a positive finding in 620 cases. The benefits of the ‘high-technology’ gastroscope in a low technology setting are discussed. Included are examinations of a series of 46 patients with haematemesis and/or melaena, and 43 who had previous gastric surgery.
Electrocardiographic Changes after Recovery from Measles
Authors: Olowu A O , Taiwo O 
Published: July 2017

Children with measles seen at our hospital had an initial electrocardiogram (ECG) and a repeat after 3 months. The patients were aged 5 months to 8 years (mean 19 months). The ECG changes observed after clinical recovery included T-wave inversion in eight patients (16%), flattening in eight patients (16%), prolonged PR interval in six (12%), prolonged Q-Tc in three (6%) and low QRS amplitude in four (8%). At least one ECG change was present in 18 patients (36%) after recovery, 14 of these were due to persistence of the changes noted during measles. The implication of above findings and the need for a longer-term follow-up study are discussed.
Hepatomas in Rats and Hepatorenal Injury in Ducklings Fed Peanut Meal or Aspergillus flavus Extract
Authors: Newberne Paul M. , Carlton William W. , Wogan Gerald N. 
Published: July 2017

When rats were fed peanut meal (made from peanuts grown and processed in the United States) for 10–12 months, a high incidence of hepatomas and renal damage was observed. Direct extension of hepatomas to the mesentery and metastasis to the lungs occurred in several animals. Parathyroid adenomas were also seen. Ducklings fed the toxic peanut meal for 4 weeks in short term experiments developed hepatic cell damage and bile duct hyperplasia. Lesions induced in ducklings by intubation with extracts of cultures of Aspergillus flavus for 5 days were comparable to those induced with toxic peanut meal.