bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The NICE guidelines and quality standards on learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges
Authors: Murphy Glynis 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
In 2014, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) announced it was going to develop its first set of guidelines on learning disabilities. The topic was “behaviour that challenges” and in May 2015 NICE published a full set of guidance (371 pages) covering service user and carer experiences, assessment, risk factors and interventions for behaviour that challenges (NICE, 2015). The linked quality standards were published later in 2015. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper explains the process of developing the guidance.

Findings
The final guidance is described in summary form, together with the quality standards.

Originality/value
This paper provides a brief summary of the NICE guidelines on people with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges.
Post‐stack diffraction imaging in vertical transverse isotropy media using non‐hyperbolic moveout approximations
Authors: Khoshnavaz M. Javad , Bóna Andrej , Urosevic Milovan 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTDiffractions carry valuable information about local discontinuities and small‐scale objects in the subsurface. They are still not commonly used in the process of geological interpretation. Many diffraction imaging techniques have been developed and applied for isotropic media, whereas relatively few techniques have been developed for anisotropic media. Ignoring anisotropy can result in low‐resolution images with wrongly positioned or spurious diffractors. In this article, we suggest taking anisotropy into account in two‐dimensional post‐stack domain by considering P‐wave non‐hyperbolic diffraction traveltime approximations for vertical transverse isotropy media, previously developed for reflection seismology. The accuracy of the final images is directly connected to the accuracy of the diffraction traveltime approximations. We quantified the accuracy of six different approximations, including hyperbolic moveout approximation, by the application of a post‐stack diffraction imaging technique on two‐dimensional synthetic data examples.
On the use of one‐sided statistical tests in biomedical research
Authors: Murphy Ricardo 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThere is a tendency to automatically use two‐sided tests to assess the statistical significance of experimental results. Yet if a theory predicts the direction of an experimental outcome, or if for some practical (eg clinical) reason an outcome in that direction is the only one of interest, then it makes sense to use a one‐sided test. The use of a two‐sided test in these situations will lead to too many false negatives. Consequently treatment effects that corroborate a theory or that are of practical importance may be missed. This problem becomes particularly acute in the case of borderline results. Following a nonsignificant one‐sided test, the possibility of an effect in the direction opposite to that predicted or required can be assessed in an exploratory fashion by computing the odds in favour of such an effect. Anyone is then at liberty to pursue this possibility as they see fit. The question of whether to use a one‐sided or two‐sided statistical test should always be decided on logical grounds not statistical ones, and suspicions regarding the motives of the investigator(s) should be disregarded. On the other hand, this choice can be avoided altogether by assuming that a treatment always has some effect (however small) and then computing the strength of the evidence in favour of the observed or predicted/required effect (ie 1‐P, where P is the one‐sided significance level of the test). With this approach one‐sided and two‐sided tests yield identical results, and so there is effectively only one type of test.
Threats to reliability risk erroneous conclusions: a survey of prospective registration and sample sizes of randomised trials in women's health
Authors: Nijjar SK , Khan KS 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveProspective registration of clinical trials has been required since 2005. We aimed to assess concordance between registered and reported sample sizes among prospectively registered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in obstetrics and gynaecology.DesignAnalysis of prospectively registered and published data.SettingWomen's health.SampleObstetrics and gynaecology RCTs published in eight journals in 2015.MethodsSpecialist (Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, BJOG, Obstet Gynecol and Am J Obstet Gynecol) and general (BMJ, N Engl J Med, JAMA and Lancet) journals were searched from 1 January to 31 December 2015 for main reports of obstetrics and gynaecology RCTs. Their corresponding registries and protocols were sought and data were extracted. Proportions and 95% CI were calculated using exact methods.Main outcome measuresProspective registration of RCT and sample size concordance between RCTs and their registries within those where registration took place before patients were recruited.ResultsOf the 75 relevant RCTs, 51 (68%, 95% CI 56–78%, P < 0.001 using a null hypothesis requiring 100% compliance) were prospectively registered, a feature found to be more common in general journals versus specialist journals (21/22 versus 30/53, 95% versus 57%, P = 0.001). Of the 51 prospectively registered RCTs, 31 (61%, 95% CI 46–74%, P = 0.003 using a null hypothesis requiring 40% of studies to achieve their stated sample size) did not reach the target sample size.ConclusionsThere are gaps in universal adoption of the prospective trial registration rule. Inability to meet target sample size risks deficiencies in statistical power with unreliability in results.Tweetable abstractOnly two‐thirds of RCTs in women's health are prospectively registered, and over half fail to achieve target sample sizes.
Metagenomic analysis reveals changes of the Drosophila suzukii microbiota in the newly colonized regions
Authors: Martinez‐Sañudo Isabel , Simonato Mauro , Squartini Andrea , Mori Nicola , Marri Laura , Mazzon Luca 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a highly polyphagous pest of a wide variety of wild or cultivated berry and stone fruit. Originating from Southeast Asia, it has recently invaded a wide range of regions in Europe and North America. It is well known that insect microbiotas may significantly influence several aspects of the host biology and play an important role in invasive species introduction into new areas. However, in spite of the great economic importance of D. suzukii, a limited attention has been given so far to its microbiota. In this study, we present the first in‐depth characterization of gut bacterial diversity from field (native and invasive range) and lab‐reared populations of this insect. The gut bacterial communities of field insects were dominated, regardless of their origin, by 2 families of the phylum Proteobacteria: Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae, while Firmicutes, mainly represented by the family Staphylococcaceae, prevailed in lab‐reared population. Locality was the most significant factor in shaping the microbiota of wild flies. Moreover, a negative correlation between diversity and abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and the time elapsed since the establishment of D. suzukii in a new region was observed. Altogether our results indicate that habitat, food resources as well as the colonization phase of a new region contribute to shape the bacterial communities of the invasive species which, in turn, by evolving more quickly, could influence host adaptation in a new environment.
High dose radiation with chemotherapy followed by salvage esophagectomy among patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lertbutsayanukul Chawalit , Tharavej Chadin , Klaikeaw Naruemon , Prayongrat Anussara , Lowanitchai Chutinan , Sriuranpong Virote 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundLocoregional failure is a major problem associated with chemoradiation treatment for squamous cell esophageal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility, efficacy, and toxicity of preoperative radiation (dose > 50 Gy) with platinum‐based chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsData of patients with cT2‐cT4 or node positive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus who received trimodality treatment between February 2006 and June 2015 were reviewed.ResultsForty‐four patients were treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy, volumetric‐modulated arc therapy or three‐dimensional radiation therapy. The median radiation dose was 60 Gy. The average volume of the lungs receiving 10 Gy was 48.1%, 20 Gy was 24.5%, and the average mean lung dose was 14 Gy. After chemoradiation, R0 resection was achieved in 31 patients (71%). Patients who received >60 Gy had a higher pathologic complete remission rate than those in the lower dose group (59.1% vs. 36.4%). R0 resection and radiation dose >60 Gy were associated with better overall survival in Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The median follow‐up duration was 22.4 months and median survival was 25.6 months. Two‐year overall, progression‐free survival and locoregional control rates were 55.9%, 28.6%, and 56%, respectively. The most common grade 3–4 toxicities were esophagitis (63.6%) and neutropenia (25%). Grade 3–4 postoperative morbidities included surgical wound infection (2.3%), acute renal failure (2.3%), and anastomosis stricture (2.3%).ConclusionTrimodality treatment with a high preoperative radiation dose and chemotherapy yielded a good pathologic complete response rate, and long‐term survival with low toxicities.
Letter: sustained virological response and liver healing
Authors: Rossotti R. , Garcia‐Fraile Fraile L. J. , Baiguera C. , Puoti M. 
Published: March 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Mandorfer et al and Schwabl et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13999 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13844.
Letter: NICE referral criteria for lower gastrointestinal alarm features – not ideal but not poor either
Authors: Min L. , Zhao Y. , Xing J. , Zhang S. 
Published: March 2017

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Simpkins et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13996 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13846.
The dynamics of the oesophageal squamous epithelium ‘normalisation’ process in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease treated with long‐term acid suppression or anti‐reflux surgery
Authors: Mastracci L. , Fiocca R. , Engström C. , Attwood S. , Ell C. , Galmiche J. P. , Hatlebakk J. G. , Långström G. , Eklund S. , Lind T. , Lundell L. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundProton pump inhibitors and laparoscopic anti‐reflux surgery (LARS) offer long‐term symptom control to patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).AimTo evaluate the process of ‘normalisation’ of the squamous epithelium morphology of the distal oesophagus on these therapies.MethodsIn the LOTUS trial, 554 patients with chronic GERD were randomised to receive either esomeprazole (20–40 mg daily) or LARS. After 5 years, 372 patients remained in the study (esomeprazole, 192; LARS, 180). Biopsies were taken at the Z‐line and 2 cm above, at baseline, 1, 3 and 5 years. A severity score was calculated based on: papillae elongation, basal cell hyperplasia, intercellular space dilatations and eosinophilic infiltration. The epithelial proliferative activity was assessed by Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry.ResultsA gradual improvement in all variables over 5 years was noted in both groups, at both the Z‐line and 2 cm above. The severity score decreased from baseline at each subsequent time point in both groups (P < 0.001, all comparisons), attaining a normal level by 5 years. Corresponding decreases in Ki‐67 expression were observed (P < 0.001, all comparisons). No significant differences were found between esomeprazole treatment and LARS. Neither baseline severity score nor Ki‐67 expression predicted the risk of treatment failure.ConclusionsFive years of treatment is generally required before squamous epithelial cell morphology and proliferation are ‘normalised’ in patients with chronic GERD, despite endoscopic and symptomatic disease control. Control of the acid component of the refluxate seems to play the predominant role in restoring tissue morphology.
Systematic review with network meta‐analysis: comparative efficacy and tolerability of different intravenous iron formulations for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Aksan A. , Işık H. , Radeke H. H. , Dignass A. , Stein J. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundIron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated with reduced quality of life and increased hospitalisation rates. While the best way of treating IDA in IBD patients is not clearly established, current European guidelines recommend intravenous iron therapy in IBD patients with severe anaemia or intolerance to oral iron compounds.AimTo compare the efficacy and tolerability of different intravenous iron formulations used to treat IDA in IBD patients in a systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis (NMA), PROSPERO registration number: 42016046565.MethodsIn June 2016, we systematically searched for studies analysing efficacy and safety of intravenous iron for IDA therapy in IBD. Primary outcome was therapy response, defined as Hb normalisation or increase ≥2 g/dL.ResultsFive randomised, controlled trials (n = 1143 patients) were included in a network meta‐analysis. Only ferric carboxymaltose was significantly more effective than oral iron [OR=1.9, 95% CrI: (1.1;3.2)]. Rank probabilities showed ferric carboxymaltose to be most effective, followed by iron sucrose, iron isomaltose and oral iron. Pooled data from the systematic review (n = 1746 patients) revealed adverse event rates of 12.0%, 15.3%, 12.0%, 17.0% for ferric carboxymaltose, iron sucrose, iron dextran and iron isomaltose respectively. One drug‐related serious adverse event (SAE) each was reported for ferric carboxymaltose and iron isomaltoside, and one possibly drug‐related SAE for iron sucrose.ConclusionsFerric carboxymaltose was the most effective intravenous iron formulation, followed by iron sucrose. In addition, ferric carboxymaltose tended to be better tolerated. Thus, nanocolloidal IV iron products exhibit differing therapeutic and safety characteristics and are not interchangeable.
Performing routine follow‐up biopsy 1 year after diagnosis does not affect long‐term outcomes in coeliac disease
Authors: Pekki H. , Kurppa K. , Mäki M. , Huhtala H. , Laurila K. , Ilus T. , Kaukinen K. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundA repeat biopsy is recommended, but often omitted in coeliac disease patients on a gluten‐free diet. The effect of performing or not performing repeat biopsies is currently unknown.AimTo identify factors associated with and the significance of lacking biopsy for long‐term outcome. Predictors and the importance of incomplete histological recovery after 1 year was investigated in re‐biopsied patients.MethodsA total of 760 patients participated in a nationwide follow‐up study. Medical data were gathered via interviews and patient records, and blood samples were drawn for serology. Current symptoms and well‐being were assessed by validated PGWB, SF‐36 and GSRS questionnaires.ResultsMalabsorption was more common among those with a repeat biopsy (46%) than those without repeat biopsy (33%), P < 0.001, as were severe symptoms at diagnosis (24% vs. 16%, P = 0.05) and concomitant gastrointestinal (40% vs. 32%, P = 0.049) or musculoskeletal (35% vs. 27%, P = 0.023) diseases such as arthritis, osteoporosis and back pain. Repeat biopsy was more rare in subjects diagnosed in private care (11% vs. 23%, P < 0.001) or by screening (10% vs. 16%, P = 0.010). The groups were comparable as to current symptoms and dietary adherence, but those without re‐biopsy were less confident of their diet (89% vs. 94%, P = 0.002) and more often seropositive on diet (14% vs. 9%, P = 0.012). They reported better SF‐36 physical functioning (P = 0.043) and less pain and indigestion (P = 0.013 and P = 0.046 respectively) and total GSRS (P = 0.052) score. Incomplete mucosal recovery was predicted by more advanced histological (P < 0.001) and serological (P = 0.001) disease at diagnosis, whereas the groups did not differ in long‐term adherence, symptoms, seropositivity, questionnaire scores, frequency of fractures or malignancies.ConclusionsSevere disease at diagnosis predicted the record of a repeat biopsy and incomplete mucosal recovery. Neither lacking biopsy nor incomplete recovery in a relative short time span of 1 year was associated with poorer long‐term outcome, although survival bias cannot be excluded.
Groupwise Envelope Models for Imaging Genetic Analysis
Authors: Park Yeonhee , Su Zhihua , Zhu Hongtu 
Published: March 2017

Summary
Motivated by searching for associations between genetic variants and brain imaging phenotypes, the aim of this article is to develop a groupwise envelope model for multivariate linear regression in order to establish the association between both multivariate responses and covariates. The groupwise envelope model allows for both distinct regression coefficients and distinct error structures for different groups. Statistically, the proposed envelope model can dramatically improve efficiency of tests and of estimation. Theoretical properties of the proposed model are established. Numerical experiments as well as the analysis of an imaging genetic data set obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study show the effectiveness of the model in efficient estimation. Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database.
TO REGULATE OR TO DEREGULATE? THE ROLE OF DOWNSTREAM COMPETITION IN UPSTREAM MONOPOLY VERTICALLY LINKED MARKETS
Authors: Polemis Michael , Eleftheriou Konstantinos 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to cast light to the effect of monopoly regulation in Cournot markets compared to its effect in Bertrand markets. To this purpose, we use a simple model of a vertically linked market, where an upstream regulated natural monopoly is trading via two‐part tariff contracts with a downstream duopoly. Combining our results to those of the existing literature on deregulated markets, we argue that when the downstream competition is in prices, efficiency dictates regulating the monopoly with a marginal cost based pricing scheme. However, this type of regulation leads to significant welfare loss, when the downstream market is characterized by Cournot competition.
Current and future therapies for addressing the effects of inflammation on HDL cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Iqbal Fatima , Baker Wendy S , Khan Madiha I , Thukuntla Shwetha , McKinney Kevin H , Abate Nicola , Tuvdendorj Demidmaa 
Published: March 2017

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory processes arising from metabolic abnormalities are known to precipitate the development of CVD. Several metabolic and inflammatory markers have been proposed for predicting the progression of CVD, including high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). For ~50 years, HDL‐C has been considered as the atheroprotective ‘good’ cholesterol because of its strong inverse association with the progression of CVD. Thus, interventions to increase the concentration of HDL‐C have been successfully tested in animals; however, clinical trials were unable to confirm the cardiovascular benefits of pharmaceutical interventions aimed at increasing HDL‐C levels. Based on these data, the significance of HDL‐C in the prevention of CVD has been called into question. Fundamental in vitro and animal studies suggest that HDL‐C functionality, rather than HDL‐C concentration, is important for the CVD‐preventive qualities of HDL‐C. Our current review of the literature positively demonstrates the negative impact of systemic and tissue (i.e. adipose tissue) inflammation in the healthy metabolism and function of HDL‐C. Our survey indicates that HDL‐C may be a good marker of adipose tissue health, independently of its atheroprotective associations. We summarize the current findings on the use of anti‐inflammatory drugs to either prevent HDL‐C clearance or improve the function and production of HDL‐C particles. It is evident that the therapeutic agents currently available may not provide the optimal strategy for altering HDL‐C metabolism and function, and thus, further research is required to supplement this mechanistic approach for preventing the progression of CVD.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc
Family‐centred service: differences in what parents of children with cerebral palsy rate important
Authors: Terwiel M. , Alsem M. W. , Siebes R. C. , Bieleman K. , Verhoef M. , Ketelaar M. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundA family‐centred approach to services of children with disabilities is widely accepted as the foundational approach to service delivery in paediatric health care. The 56 items of the Measure of Processes of Care questionnaire (MPOC‐56) all reflect elements of family‐centred service. In this study, we investigated which elements of family‐centred service are rated important by parents of children with cerebral palsy by adding a question on importance to each item of the MPOC‐56 (MPOC‐56‐I).MethodsIn total, 175 parents of children with cerebral palsy completed the MPOC‐56‐I. For each MPOC item, parents were asked to rate the importance on a 5‐point scale ranging from 0 (not important at all) up to and including 4 (very important). We used Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to further explore the variation in parents' importance ratings.ResultsParents' importance ratings of the MPOC‐56 items varied. The percentage of parents rating an item important (importance rating 3 or 4) varied between 43.8% and 96.8%. The percentage of parents rating an item unimportant (rating 0 or 1) varied between 0.0% and 20.3%, and the percentage of parents rating an item neutral (rating 2) varied between 3.0% and 36.0%. Most diverse importance ratings were found for five items concerning the provision of general information. Three correlations between these items and child and parent characteristics were found. Six items were rated important by almost all (≥95%) parents. These items concern elements of specific information about the child, co‐ordinated and comprehensive care for child and family and enabling and partnership.ConclusionsParents rate the importance of family‐centred services for their situation in various ways. These findings endorse that family‐centred services should recognize the uniqueness of families and should be tailored to what parents find important.