bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South Africa, Human Rights and the United Nations
Authors: Gupta Anirudha 
Published: July 2017

In South Africa's apartheid the United Nations has met with its own antithesis. For, apartheid repudiates almost universally everything that the United Nations stands for. It is not merely a “form of racial discrimination,”1 it is also a system that permanently denies, “through laws, administrative decrees and practices any…role for the 19 million Blacks (in South Africa) and confers on the 4.5 million Whites a monopoly of economic, political and social power,”2 Such a system, as stated by the International Court of Justice on the Namibian issue, “is a violation of a norm, or rule, or standard of the international community.”3 And, as the apartheid regime has over the years grown more aggressive both in its domestic and external policies, the world community has come to increasingly recognize the system to be a crime against humanity which “constitutes a serious threat to international peace and security.”4 The point is that despite its abhorrent “crimes,” South Africa continues to be a member of the. United Nations and, by logic therefore, also a member of the world community. This raises an interesting question: Should the United Nations in order to be consistent to its own Charter and declarations expel South Africa and technically resolve its anti-thesis in the system of apartheid? But would this be a real solution? Whether South Africa remains a member of the United Nations or not, the oppressed population under apartheid would still constitute apart of humanity. Hence, in order to liberate this “part” the world community must act in unison to uproot apartheid from the very face of the earth. This is enjoined as much by the Declaration on all Forms of Racial Discrimination adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1965 to the effect that: “any doctrine of differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous, and that there is no justification for racial discrimination in theory or in practice anywhere.” If this declaration has to be given a practical effect, the United Nations must deny South Africa under apartheid all attributes of an independent sovereign state. For human rights, as enshrined by the two covenants of 1948, are indivisible; hence it would depend on lawyers and jurists to provide for such rules in international law as would forfeit the right of a state to exist until it restores social, economic and political rights of its citizens in consonance with the principal ethics of the international community. To combat apartheid, we must isolate its political reality from its territorial base. In other words, the United Nations must declare that South Africa, as a territory, ceases to exist so long as apartheid has not been completely eliminated! As we shall see, this is a distinction which has not been given proper attention in the numerous debates and deliberations of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) over the means to combat apartheid.
Regional: Dieter Braun: The Indian Ocean: Region of Conflict or ‘Zone of Peace’? Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1983, xii, 228 p., Rs. 130
Authors: Katoch G. C. , Chakrabarti Sreemati , Singh K. R. 
Published: July 2017

LARRY W. BOWMAN AND IAN CLARK ( Eds.): The Indian Ocean in Global Politics. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1981, xi, 260 p., $25. R.K. JAIN ( Ed.): China and Malaysia, 1949–83. Radiant Publishers, New Delhi, 1984, ix, 364 p., Rs. 150.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Baker Dean C. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. , Brown Donald E. 
Published: July 2017

The release of Associated Press correspondent William Oatis from a Czech prison was the most spectacular journalistic event of April, May and June 1953. The settlement of this two-year-old newspaper issue between the western world and the Communist bloc of nations coincided with the so-called “Peace Offensive” in general events of the world. The New Orleans Times-Picayune unit advertising rate case, another cause celebre of the journalistic world, also was settled during the quarter. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the newspaper but without clearly indicating whether the general practice of unit rate setting would stand in the eyes of the judges for other press units. The shelving of all major efforts to investigate the “one-party press” charges of the 1952 election was announced by several professional bodies, mostly on the grounds that no adequate criteria existed for judging the performance of newspapers in the campaign. Fast superseding the “one-party” controversy in the area of newspapers and politics was the James Wechsler-Joseph McCarthy clash. At the end of the period it was under review by a committee of the American Society of Newspaper Editors to determine whether press freedom was involved in the senator's official grilling of the New York Post editor in a Senate sub-committee.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Gerald J. Edward ,   Assisted, Charnley Mitchell V. , Hage George S. , Schneider Maarten 
Published: July 2017

The proceedings of the International Press Institute at its London meeting dominate the material in this quarter's foreign publications. The richness of I. P. I.'s contributions of material in the field grows with each meeting and each issue of its publications. The final stages of the press council debate in the United Kingdom produced more readable controversy, and there is an article by Erwin Canham in which the Boston editor says that American editors feel the work of a press council already has been done in this country. There is an article summarizing censorship and interference trends in South America which teachers will find especially valuable. Items dealing with the newsprint shortage do not appear in the bibliography for the first time since the war. A coronation supplement issued by World's Press News, London, on May 1 brings much late material to the teacher interested in the British press. Newspaper World, a British trade publication indexed in this bibliography for many years, ceased publication without previous notice on March 11, a victim of an adverse financial trend which produced other changes in Britain, including cutting back of the Northcliffe interests in the field of provincial weekly newspapers to one establishment.
Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms in Finland: The First Four Years' Experience
Authors: Aho P. S. , Pimenoff G. , Salenius J. P. , Leinonen S. , Ylönen K. , Manninen H. , Jaakkola P. , Perälä J. , Edgren J. , Keto P. , Roth W.-D. , Salo J. , Sipponen J. , Aarnio P. , Jalonen T. , Lepäntalo M. 
Published: July 2017

Background and aims: In this study the results of endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms in Finland are presented and compared to the results of the Eurostar registry. Material and methods: A total of 229 patients with aortic aneurysm were treated in five different Finnish centres during 1996–2000. The data of these patients were collected prospectively by surgeon or interventional radiologist involved. During the same period of time 2464 patients were registered in the Eurostar registry. Results: The procedure was performed successfully in 97 % of patients in Finland, and the 30-day mortality was 0,9 %. A graft limb thrombosis was detected in 9 % of the patients in Finland. A permanent primary endoleak at the first 30-day control was seen in 23 patients (10 %). During the follow-up 17 secondary endoleaks (7 %) were detected. A secondary intervention was necessary in 26 % of the patients. Three patients (1.3 %) had late rupture of the abdominal aortic aneurysm. Conclusions: According to the Finnish short-time results, endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms is safe and associated with relatively low morbidity and mortality. The mid-term results are more disappointing with relatively many graft thromboses and endoleaks, and a frequent need of secondary interventions.
The Reliability of Diagnosis of Infection during Revision Arthroplasties
Authors: Virolainen P. , Lähteenmäki H. , Hiltunen A. , Sipola E. , Meurman O. , Nelimarkka O. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Follow up studies have shown that 0.5 to 4 % of the total joint arthroplasties will be complicated by infection. Distinction between aseptic loosening and infection is important for prediction of the final outcome after revision arhtroplasty but also for the choice of operative treatment. However, diagnosis of low grade chronic infection is extremely demanding. Materials and Methods: 68 hip and knee revision arthroplasties were reviewed retrospectively in order to evaluate the reliability of pre- and perioperative analysis of infection during total joint revision arthroplasties. The sensitivity and specificity for clinical signs, blood white-cell count, C-reactive protein level, radiographic analysis, bone and leukocyte scans, joint aspirations, and gram staining were determined. Tissue sample were harvested and cultured in all cases. Positive cultures were regarded as a true infection. Results: We were not able to characterize the infection by clinical signs. Also no single test was able to show the presence of infection in all cases. The best results were obtained from pre- and perioperative joint aspirations. Joint aspiration showed 1.0 specificity and 0.75 sensitivity. Conclusion: It is clear from this study that no single test is able to show the presence of infection in every case. Classical clinical signs, laboratory tests, special imaging studies and joint aspirations have all yielded a notable rate of false negative results. Therefore, we recommend that, if arthroplasty patients have pain in prosthetic joint without clear radiological evidence of loosening, bone scans and preoperative joint aspirations should be undertaken. Also, if radiological evidence of loosening is accompanied with one or more of following criteria; C-reactive protein level elevated, radiologic evidence of infection, loosening within the first five years after implantation. In case of infection a delayed two-stage reconstruction should be managed.
Perioperative Stroke in Coronary Artery Bypass Patients
Authors: Loponen P. , Taskinen P. , Laakkonen E. , Nissinen J. , Luther M. , Wistbacka J-O. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Stroke has remained one of the most frustrating complications in coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence and correlates of stroke in CABG patients operated on in a hospital with low annual volume of open-heart surgery procedures. The aim was moreover to clarify subsequent outcome and self-reported satisfaction-based quality of life of patients who had experienced a stroke. Material and Methods: The material was a cohort of 1318 consecutive CABG patients operated on over a 6-year period. Data was collected prospectively but the final analysis was retrospective. Questionnaires supplemented the estimation of survival and subsequent functional status. Results: The incidence of stroke was 2.6 %. Age >70 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), cerebral vascular disease (CVD), number of aortic anastomoses and significant atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta were univariate predictors of stroke. Postoperative stroke was experienced in 55.9 of cases delayed appearing from 2nd postoperative day on. Stroke patients had a higher rate of mortality (14.7 % vs. 1.0 %, p = 0.001) and poorer survival than no-stroke patients (82.4 % and 97.4 % at one year and 61.2 % and 89.7 % at six years, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of stroke seems to be on the same level in CABG patients from a low volume hospital as in reports from centres with a high volume of annual procedures. Stroke predicts higher mortality, longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay, longer hospitalisation and poorer survival. A relatively high number of stroke patients need permanent institutional care. Satisfaction-based quality of life in CABG patients also remains on a lower level in comparison to patients without neurological complications.
New Perspectives in the Management of Colorectal Cancer: What about Peritoneal Carcinomatosis?
Authors: Glehen O. , Gilly F. N. , Sugarbaker P. H. 
Published: July 2017

The special issue (Special Issue on Colorectal Cancer, Volume 92, number 1: 1–108, 2003) of the journal dedicated to new techniques and modern treatment modalities concerning colorectal cancer was most informative; yet we were perplexed with the absence of comment or review regarding the new management strategies for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Despite advances in the early detection of colon and rectal cancer, carcinomatosis remains a major problem for these patients. It is detected in approximately 10 % of patients at the time of primary cancer resection (1). In contrast to the two other major anatomic sites for colorectal dissemination (lymph node and liver metastases) peritoneal carcinomatosis has long been considered a terminal condition with no curative treatment options. For example, in a multicentric prospective study on the natural history of carcinomatosis from nongynaecologic malignancies, the median overall survival was 5.2 months for colorectal patients (2). In a more recent retrospective analysis of 3019 colorectal cancer patients, 13 % of patients presented with carcinomatosis and had a median survival of 7 months (3). During the last decade there has been an increasing interest in a combined treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis with cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. The concept of tumour volume reduction of peritoneal surface malignancy which has been reported in the past for ovarian cancer and its combination with a local-regional chemotherapy acts as a “dose intensification device” that allows a potentially curative treatment option. Theoretically, cytoreductive surgery and its peritonectomy procedures is performed to treat the macroscopic disease and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy to treat residual microscopic residual disease.
Outcome of Surgery for Oesophageal Carcinoma in a Low Volume Centre, with and without Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Victorzon M. , Tolonen P. , Kohonen M. , Salmo M. 
Published: July 2017

Aims: To critically assess the outcome of surgery for oesophageal carcinoma, with or without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Methods: Since April 1998 until August 2002 resectable oesophageal cancer patients referred to us have received multimodal treatment, consisting of two courses of fluorouracil, cisplatin and hydroxyurea and 20 Gy of radiotherapy followed by surgery. The outcome of this treatment was compared to the outcome of a historical group of oesophageal cancer patients, treated with surgery alone in the time period 1994 to 1998. The patients represent a consecutive series of 20 resectable oesophageal carcinomas, referred to us since 1994. Four patients (20 %) were treated for squamocellular carcinoma, 16 (80 %) patients for adenocarcinoma. Results: Treatment related toxicity was low and there was no death attributable to the chemoradiotherapy. Postoperative hospital mortality (< 30 days) and morbidity rates were 10 % and 50 %, respectively. A complete pathological response (T0) occurred in two of the nine patients in the multimodal group (22 %). Overall median survival was 11 months. Median survival among patients in the multimodal group was 14 months, as compared with 7 months in the group treated with surgery alone (P = 0.041). Conclusions: Despite low volume, outcome of surgery for oesophageal carcinoma was acceptable.
Morgagni Hernia in Adults: Results in 7 Patients
Authors: Pfannschmidt J. , Hoffmann H. , Dienemann H. 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Morgagni's hernia is a relatively uncommon diaphragmatic hernia with a potential for considerable morbidity, if the diagnosis is delayed or missed. This review of cases of Morgagni's hernia was undertaken in order to emphasize methods of diagnosis and treatment. Methods: From 1992 through 2002, seven patients with Morgagni's hernia (5 right, 2 left) were surgically treated at our hospital. We investigated the patients preoperatively including chest roentgenogram, chest CT scan, and contrast studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Operative repair was accomplished with the transabdominal or transthoracic approach. Basic spirometric tests had been carried out on patients presented for elective surgery. Results: The majority of patients experienced dyspnea and two patients presented with acute abdomen due to peritonitis. Diagnosis for Morgagni's hernia was made preoperatively in all but one patient. In cases with uncertain diagnosis or peritonitis, transabdominal approach was preferred. One patient had died of septic multi-organ failure in the early postoperative course. Following elective repair of Morgagni's hernia, improvement in basic spirometric values was seen. Conclusions: We conclude that repair for Morgagni's hernia can be performed safely and effectively by using different surgical approaches. The risk of progression and incarceration makes clinical awareness, early diagnosis, and surgical treatment warranted. Improvement in lung function can be expected postoperatively.
Diagnostic Approach to the Patient with Jaundice following Trauma
Authors: Labori K. J. , Raeder M. G. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Jaundice in trauma patients may reflect serious underlying pathology. The aim of this review was to determine the appropriate diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice following trauma. Methods: A MEDLINE search was performed to retrieve publications which outlined the causes of jaundice in trauma patients. Results: The main causes of jaundice in trauma patients were found to be bilirubin overload caused by breakdown of transfused- and extravasated blood and hepatic dysfunction caused by sepsis, infections, initial shock and systemic hypotension. Bile duct injury or drug induced liver injury are rare. Liver function tests are often uninformative but commonly show a cholestatic pattern. Ultrasound, CT or ERCP are the diagnostic imaging methods most widely used. Abdominal ultrasound and CT may reveal specific organ injuries, bile duct dilatation, intraabdominal fluid collections, hematomas or acalculus cholecystitis. ERCP is often diagnostic and permits a therapeutic intervention when a bile duct injury is present. Conclusions: The primary aim of the diagnostic approach should be to identify all cases of bile duct injury or obstruction. Sepsis and infections should be actively looked for. The number of blood transfusions must be calculated. Ultrasound, CT or ERCP are the diagnostic imaging methods most widely used.
Cavoatrial Extension of Renal Cell Cancer: Results of Operative Treatment in Helsinki University Hospital between 1990 and 2000
Authors: Rannikko A. , Sipponen J. , Nordling S. , Ruutu M. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: To evaluate the technical procedures and the post-operative survival of patients having been operated for renal cell cancer with cavoatrial tumour thrombus (RCC-T). Material and Methods: Between 1990 and 2000 the cardiac unit at Helsinki University Central Hospital operated on seven patients for RCC-T. A cardiac surgeon along with a urologist, performed all seven operations using sternolaparotomy (either midline or Chevron incision) with cardiopulmonary bypass. Results: The average duration of the operations was eight hours (range 6–11 hours) and the average perfusion time was 118 minutes (range 35–206). Hypothermic circulatory arrest was used for one patient with an arrest time of 31 minutes. Only with one patient could the cavotomy be closed directly. In four patients a cava resection was performed and closed either with a pericardium patch or a Gore-Tex prosthesis. In two patients the cava was ligated below the renal veins. During the post-operative intensive care, there were two deaths. Of the remaining patients, five were alive after six months, four after 12 months, three after six years and one patient is still alive after 12 years of follow-up. Conclusions: In agreement with previously published results, although peri-operative mortality is relatively high with RCC-T patients, long-term post-operative survival is possible.
Usability Inspections - Their Potential Contribution
Authors: Prail Amanda , Kahn Michael J. 
Published: July 2017

A Usability Inspection is a specific formal design review methodology to identify and prioritize potential usability defects in a given design. More formal than heuristic evaluations (Nielsen – Molich, 1990), less complex than cognitive walkthroughs (Polson et al., 1992), the methodology is a task-oriented review process that started as an adaptation of the Kepner-Tregoe Potential Problem Analysis and further evolved to heavily leverage a formal generic inspections methodology in use at Hewlett-Packard. This evolution by adaptation of standard generic methods already understood by engineers in Hewlett-Packard has been a conscious design strategy in the hope that this would ease the adoption process. The key question for a practitioner in the field is - does the method provide sufficient return on investment to be worth including in a product development process. There is some evidence that design review methods carried out by non-Human Factors engineers do successfully find defects (Nielsen – Molich, 1990, Lewis et al., 1990, Jeffries et al., 1991). Bailey (1992) raised the question as to whether heuristic evaluations may be counterproductive in that they actually may create work rather than save it. To date, the research has largely focussed on the contribution a method may provide to a specific product or interface. This paper argues the case for a wider definition and understanding of potential utility or contribution from a Human Factors method and further claims that usability inspections not only provide a sufficient payback to warrant their inclusion in a product development lifecycle but also provide the seeds of organization change that are needed to make usability engineering a reality.
User Errors in the Use of the Structured Query Language (SQL)
Authors: Smelcer John B. 
Published: July 2017

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the industry standard for querying databases. Unfortunately, users commit many errors when using SQL. To understand the causes of user errors, the author analyzed the task of query writing while considering the characteristics of human cognition. This analysis revealed multiple cognitive causes of a frequent and troublesome error, join clause omission. This error not only wastes users' time for error correction, but it also returns answers from the database that may be undetectably wrong. The cognitive causes of this onerous error were tested experimentally, and that experiment revealed that the four possible causes of join clause omission all contributed to the error. Specifically, the frequency of this error increased because 1)some people never learned the procedure, 2)an explicit clue to write the “join clause” was absent from the problem statement, 3)the load on working memory caused by writing intervening clauses made the users forget to include the “join clause,” and 4)users inappropriately reused the procedure appropriate for a single table query (which requires no join clause) when a “join clause” is indeed necessary.