bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of disruptions observed in the initial operation phase of JT-60SA
Authors: Yokoyama T. , Inoue S. , Kojima S. , Wakatsuki T. , Urano H. , Sano R. , Ohtani Y. , Sumida S. , Nakano T. , Takechi M. , Szepesi T. , Yoshida M. ,   the JT-60SA Integrated Project Team
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Disruption database in the JT-60SA first plasma operation period has been constructed. The disruptions have been divided into three categories based on their characteristics, and the characteristics of each category have been discussed. The most commonly observed disruptions were vertical displacement events (VDEs). As expected by simulations using the MHD equilibrium control simulator (MECS), a highly elongated plasma was likely to disrupt by VDE when the gap between the plasma surface and the wall is large. Despite the quite high edge safety factor

q

95

of above 10 in the initial operation, some discharge disrupted because of control failure caused by the n = 1 tearing mode. One possible cause of the n = 1 tearing mode is the edge cooling in high density. The last category is the radiative disruptions, which is characterized by slow current decay with multiple spikes in soft x-ray signals. These spikes are thought to be related to the MHD activity that occurred when the cooling front crossed the rational surface. The radiative disruptions are attributed to a sudden change in edge power balance.
A perturbative multi-mode model with finite parallel electric field for fast-ion-driven Alfvén eigenmodes
Authors: Slaby C. , Könies A. , Kleiber R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Alfvén eigenmodes are of great interest in any fusion device as they can be excited by fast ions in the plasma. If the modes grow to large amplitudes, they can cause transport and redistribution of the fast ions, thus limiting fusion performance. To save computational resources, the resonant kinetic interaction between the fast-particle species and the modes is often modeled by MHD-kinetic hybrid codes. Here, we present such a hybrid model which is applicable to three-dimensional magnetic fields, accounts for a finite parallel electric field and multiple MHD modes present at the same time. The model extends the one previously implemented in the CKA-EUTERPE code allowing for a better estimate of the damping due to the parallel electric field and nonlinear mode-mode interaction. The capabilities of our model are illustrated by applying the code to model nonlinear frequency chirping and fast-ion profile flattening.
Survival probability and position distribution of a run and tumble particle in

U
(
x
)
=
α

|

x
|

potential with an absorbing boundary
Authors: Kumar Nath Sujit , Sabhapandit Sanjib 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We study the late-time exponential decay of the survival probability

S
±

(
t
,
a

|

x
0

)
∼

e

−
θ
(
a
)
t

, of a one-dimensional run-and-tumble particle starting from

x
0

<
a

with an initial orientation

σ
(
0
)
=
±
1

, under a confining potential

U
(
x
)
=
α

|

x
|

with an absorbing boundary at

x
=
a
>
0

. We find that the decay rate

θ
(
a
)

of the survival probability has a strong dependence on the location a of the absorbing boundary, which undergoes a freezing transition at a critical value

a
=

a
c

=
(

v
0

−
α
)

v
0
2

−

α
2

/

(
2
α
γ
)

, where

v
0

>
α

is the self-propulsion speed and γ is the tumbling rate of the particle. For

a
>

a
c

, the value of

θ
(
a
)

increases monotonically from zero, as a decreases from infinity, until it attains the maximum value

θ
(

a
c

)

at

a
=

a
c

. For

0
<
a
<

a
c

, the value of

θ
(
a
)

freezes to the value

θ
(
a
)
=
θ
(

a
c

)

. We also obtain the propagator with the absorbing boundary condition at x = a. Our analytical results are supported by numerical simulations.
Numerical accuracy of the derivative-expansion-based functional renormalization group
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWe investigate the precision of the numerical implementation of the functional renormalization group based on extracting the eigenvalues from the linearized renormalization group transformation. For this purpose, we implement the local potential approximation andO(∂2)orders of the derivative expansion for the three-dimensionalO(N) models withN ∈ {1,2,3}. We identify several categories of numerical error and devise simple tests to track their magnitude as functions of numerical parameters. Our numerical schemes converge properly and are characterized by errors of several orders of magnitude smaller than the error bars of the derivative expansion for these models. We highlight situations in which our methods cease to converge, most often due to rounding errors. In particular, we observe an impaired convergence of the discretization scheme when theρ~grid is cut off at the valueρ~Maxsmaller than 3.5 times the local potential minimum. The program performing the numerical calculations for this study is shared as an open-source library accessible for review and reuse.
Impacts of water, energy, and food nexus challenges on household vulnerability: the case of Harare City, Zimbabwe
Authors: Gandidzanwa C P , Togo M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Water, energy, and food (WEF) are interwoven, and their scarcity in the face of climate change intensifies household vulnerability (HV), particularly in developing countries. The interlinkage is complex; it makes it difficult to make decisions and requires coordinated and integrated approaches. Policymakers face problems when attempting to identify and implement appropriate policy actions at the nexus of these challenges. This study interrogates the contribution of WEF challenges to HV in Harare to create good policies that can enhance synergies. Data was collected from 314 urban households through questionnaires. In addition, 11 in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion were conducted with the Harare Residents’ Association. The stakeholders interviewed included six city council officials, one representative from UNICEF, two from the World Food Program, and two from the Zimbabwe electricity supply authority. Survey data was analysed using both SPSS Statistics and SPSS AMOS software. While SPSS Statistics was used for descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and inferential tests, SPSS Amos was used for construct validation and structural equation modelling (SEM) path analysis. Interviews were recorded, collated, transcribed, and coded through the summative thematic analysis using QSR NVivo v14. SEM was used to test the proposed relationships between WEF challenges and HV. The findings revealed a positive relationship between the WEF constructs and HV among Harare residents. Socioeconomic factors were also found to have a statistically significant effect on the relationship between Climatic Change and HV. Most climate impacts were found to be water-related, meaning, interventions to address water challenges can boost energy and food production. This will enable policymakers to allocate resources for positive results.
Multilevel actor networks in China’s growing fossil-fuel based role in the global electricity sector
Authors: Thomas Sauer Jürgen Michael , Kirchherr Julian , Plummer-Braeckman Judith , Anadón Laura Díaz 
Published: September 2024

AbstractChinese investments into fossil fuel-based electricity generation capacity under its belt and road initiative will create lock-in for decades. Despite China’s recent rise as major public finance provider for the electricity sector of the developing world and the related environmental impacts, there is limited knowledge of the extent and characteristics of non-Chinese participation in Chinese-funded projects. We apply complexity theory approaches and network modeling on a new dataset that links funding activities of developmental institutions (Chinese developmental institutions (CDIs), Western-backed multilateral development banks (MDBs)) and the involvement of companies in different roles (i.e., as direct investors, contractors, equipment suppliers, and other service providers) to power plants around the world at the unit-level (1999–2020). Previous literature suggests that CDI funded projects show preference to Chinese commercial partners, but we find more than 70% include non-Chinese participants. This also applies for fossil-fuel based technologies where we observe increasing shares of international actors that together account for nearly every third commercial linkage. However, involvement levels and interaction patterns not only differ by technologies (fossils, hydro, non-hydro renewable, nuclear) but also by the time period and types of commercial partners and we observe overall convergence between the CDI- and MDB-supported power plant networks over time. The decreasing involvement of Chinese companies in CDI-funded projects, across technologies, in favor of increasing Western involvement, has important implications for development and climate policy on which we elaborate. However, the failure of both MDB and CDI funding to promote domestic company involvement in the recipient countries may be the largest failing of both sets of agencies in the pursuit of development outcomes.
Operationalizing the social capital of collaborative environmental governance with network metrics
Authors: Nesbitt H K , Hamilton M , Ulibarri N , Williamson M A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Social capital is frequently invoked as a reason for engaging in collaborative environmental governance. Yet we have a limited understanding of how collaborative environmental governance mobilizes different types of social capital and how the advantages and costs of social capital accrue for different groups of people. Explicit measures of social capital, such as through social network methods, will help build an understanding of how social capital facilitates collective processes and for whom. We reviewed highly cited articles in Web of Science and Scopus using ‘social capital’ as the search term to identify foundational and emergent social capital concepts. In the context of collaborative environmental governance, we operationalized these social capital concepts with network measures drawn from our expertise and highlighted existing empirical relationships between such network measures and collaborative outcomes. We identified two different perspectives on social capital—one based on social relations that could be readily operationalized with social network measures and the other based on actor characteristics that can further contextualize network data. Relational social capital concepts included social relations among actors; the collective social setting in which relations are embedded; and the advantages and costs that social capital confers to individuals and the collective. Social capital concepts based on actor characteristics included socio-cognitions (e.g. trust, norms, identification with a group, shared meanings) and community engagement (e.g. group membership, civic participation, volunteerism). Empirical evidence using social network approaches to measure social capital reveals patterns in relationship building that influence collaborative and other sustainability outcomes. Social network approaches described here may help define and quantify the social capital mobilized by collaborative governance. Additional research is necessary to track the social capital of collaboratives over time, link it to outcomes, and better understand the social justice implications of collaborative governance.
Synthesis of magnesium hydroxide flame retardant based on microcrystalline magnesite and its application in epoxy resin
Authors: Wang Anxiu , Li Si , Li Xiang , Yin Ziyang , Shi Wuyang , Liu Yuan , Ma Chengliang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A nanoscale hexagonal flake magnesium hydroxide (MH) flame retardant was prepared by a hydrothermal method using Tibetan microcrystalline magnesite as the raw material. The synthesized samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FSEM), thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and laser particle size analysis. When subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for a duration of 8 h in a solution containing 6 mol l−1 NaOH, and with the incorporation of 4 wt% of the surfactant polyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG2000), hexagonal flake MH, possessing an average particle size of 378.3 nm, was successfully synthesized. The study conducted an examination of the thermal, mechanical, and flame-retardant properties of both EP and EP/MH composites. The results revealed that the incorporation of 9 wt% MH led to a notable reduction in the peak heat release rate, total smoke production, and mass loss rate of the EP/MH composites by 36%, 14.5%, and 33.3% respectively, as compared to the pure EP. Remarkably, the tensile and flexural strength of the composite exhibited minimal impact.
Design and validation of a-SiC/SiN hybrid photonic platform for integrated quantum photonics
Authors: Sharma Naresh , Li Zizheng , Lopez-Rodriguez Bruno , Vrugt Joey , van der Waal Stijn , Li Luozhen , van der Kolk Roald , Poole Philip J , Dalacu Dan , Esmaeil Zadeh Iman 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recent efforts in quantum photonics emphasize on-chip generation, manipulation, and detection of single photons for quantum computing and quantum communication. In quantum photonic chips, single photons are often generated using parametric down-conversion and quantum dots. Quantum dots are particularly attractive due to their on-demand generation of high-purity single photons. Different photonic platforms are used to manipulate the states of the photons. Nevertheless, no single platform satisfies all the requirements of quantum photonics, as each platform has its merits and shortcomings. For example, the thin-film silicon nitride (SiN) platform provides ultra-low loss on the order of 0.1 dB m−1, but is incompatible with dense integration , requiring large bending radii. On the other hand, silicon on insulator offers a high refractive index contrast for dense integration but has a high absorption coefficient at the emission wavelengths (800–970 nm) of state-of-the-art QDs. Amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC) has emerged as an alternative with a high refractive index (higher than SiN), an extended transparency window compared to Silicon, and a thermo-optic coefficient three times higher than that of SiN, which is crucial for tuning photonic devices on a chip. With the vision of realizing a quantum photonic integrated circuit, we explore the hybrid integration of SiN/a-SiC photonic platform with quantum dots and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We validate our hybrid platform using a brief literature study, proof-of-principle experiments, and complementary simulations. As a proof-of-principle, we show a quantum dot embedded in nanowires (for deterministic micro-transfer and better integration) that emits single photons at 885 nm with a purity of 0.011 and a lifetime of 0.98 ns. Furthermore, we design and simulate an adiabatic coupler between two photonic platforms, a-SiC and SiN, by aiming to use the benefits of both platforms, i.e. dense integration and low losses, respectively. Our design couples the light from SiN waveguide to a-SiC waveguide with 96% efficiency at 885 nm wavelength. Our hybrid platform can be used to demonstrate on-chip quantum experiments such as Hong–Ou–Mandel, where we can design a large optical delay line in SiN and an interference circuit in a-SiC.
Inferential Seemings
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
There is a felt difference between following an argument to its conclusion and keeping up with an argument in your judgments while failing to see how its conclusion follows from its premises. In the first case there’s what I’m calling an inferential seeming, in the second case there isn’t. Inferential seemings exhibit a cluster of functional and normative characteristics whose integration in one mental state is puzzling. Several recent accounts of inferring suggest inferential seemings play a significant role in the process, but none provides a fully satisfactory understanding of inferential seemings themselves. The chapter critically examines theoretical options on offer in the existing literature, then develops an alternative view. It discusses implications for recent debates about general principles governing inference, such as Fumerton’s Principle of Inferential Justification and Boghossian’s Taking Condition.
The Simulation Hypothesis: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Value
Authors: Chalmers David J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
I’d like to thank Grace Helton, Terry Horgan, and Christopher Peacocke for their rich commentaries on my book Reality+. As it happens, all three focus on the simulation hypothesis: the hypothesis that we are living in a lifelong computer simulation. Where the simulation hypothesis is concerned, I have three main theses in the book: (i) Metaphysics: If we’re in a simulation, the objects around us are real; (ii) Epistemology: We can’t know we’re not in a simulation; and (iii) Value: We can live a good life in a simulation. The three commentators address all three of these theses. Horgan argues against the metaphysical thesis. Peacocke argues against both the metaphysical and the epistemological thesis. Helton uses epistemological considerations to argue against a version of the value thesis.
RhD-positive red blood cell allocation practice to RhD-negative patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Tanhehco Yvette C , Fung Mark , Hermelin Daniela , Becker Jennifer , Lu Wen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The red blood cell (RBC) D antigen is highly immunogenic, and anti-D alloimmunization can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. This study examined how RhD-negative patients who required packed RBCs (pRBCs) were handled during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether policies and practices on RhD-positive pRBC allocation to RhD-negative patients changed.

Methods
The Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (AABB) Clinical Hemotherapy Subsection distributed a 17-question survey to physician AABB members to elucidate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the policies and practices governing the provision of RhD-positive pRBCs to RhD-negative patients.

Results
There were 215 respondents who started the survey, but only 104 answered all the questions. Most institutional policies (130/155 [83.87%]) and personal practices (100/126 [79.37%]) on pRBC selection did not change during the COVID-19 pandemic. The practice of switching back to RhD-negative pRBCs after administration of RhD-positive pRBCs is variable. More than half of respondents (56/104 [53.85%]) reported offering Rh immunoglobulin to any Rh-negative patients who received RhD-positive pRBCs.

Conclusions
Despite RhD-negative pRBC supply challenges, most institutional policies and personal practices on when to provide RhD-positive pRBCs to RhD-negative patients did not change during the pandemic.
Utility of CCR7 to differentiate classic Hodgkin lymphoma and other B-cell lymphomas by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Chen Xueyan , Soma Lori , Murphy Claire , Tretiakova Maria , Naresh Kikkeri N , Fromm Jonathan R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is characterized by infrequent neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in an inflammatory background. The diagnostic utility of CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) in CHL was explored using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Methods
Neoplastic specimens and non-neoplastic lymph nodes were immunophenotyped and CCR7 expression was measured semiquantitatively by flow cytometry (clone 3D12) and IHC (clone 150503).

Results
Our results showed that CCR7 was expressed on HRS cells in the vast majority of CHL cases (45/48 by flow cytometry, 57/59 by IHC) but rarely expressed in neoplastic cells in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (1/25 by flow cytometry, 2/40 by IHC) and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (0/4 by flow cytometry, 1/13 by IHC). Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) revealed weak CCR7 expression by flow cytometry in most cases (8/10) but only occasionally by IHC (2/12). Both cases (2/2) of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) also showed CCR7 expression detected by flow cytometry compared with IHC (0/7). The HRS cells demonstrated a greater percentage of positive cells and greater antigen intensity than the other B-cell lymphomas by IHC. The expression identified by flow cytometry in PMLBCL and THRLBCL but not by IHC suggests that there may be differences in the detection capabilities of the 2 techniques or the 2 CCR7 clones used.

Conclusions
The expression of CCR7 in HRS cells suggests its potential utility in differentiating CHL from other B-cell lymphomas. Incorporating CCR7 into flow cytometry and IHC panels may further enhance the diagnostic sensitivity of CHL.
Biomedical knowledge graph-optimized prompt generation for large language models
Authors: Soman Karthik , Rose Peter W , Morris John H , Akbas Rabia E , Smith Brett , Peetoom Braian , Villouta-Reyes Catalina , Cerono Gabriel , Shi Yongmei , Rizk-Jackson Angela , Israni Sharat , Nelson Charlotte A , Huang Sui , Baranzini Sergio E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Large language models (LLMs) are being adopted at an unprecedented rate, yet still face challenges in knowledge-intensive domains such as biomedicine. Solutions such as pretraining and domain-specific fine-tuning add substantial computational overhead, requiring further domain-expertise. Here, we introduce a token-optimized and robust Knowledge Graph-based Retrieval Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) framework by leveraging a massive biomedical KG (SPOKE) with LLMs such as Llama-2-13b, GPT-3.5-Turbo, and GPT-4, to generate meaningful biomedical text rooted in established knowledge.

Results
Compared to the existing RAG technique for Knowledge Graphs, the proposed method utilizes minimal graph schema for context extraction and uses embedding methods for context pruning. This optimization in context extraction results in more than 50% reduction in token consumption without compromising the accuracy, making a cost-effective and robust RAG implementation on proprietary LLMs. KG-RAG consistently enhanced the performance of LLMs across diverse biomedical prompts by generating responses rooted in established knowledge, accompanied by accurate provenance and statistical evidence (if available) to substantiate the claims. Further benchmarking on human curated datasets, such as biomedical true/false and multiple-choice questions (MCQ), showed a remarkable 71% boost in the performance of the Llama-2 model on the challenging MCQ dataset, demonstrating the framework’s capacity to empower open-source models with fewer parameters for domain-specific questions. Furthermore, KG-RAG enhanced the performance of proprietary GPT models, such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. In summary, the proposed framework combines explicit and implicit knowledge of KG and LLM in a token optimized fashion, thus enhancing the adaptability of general-purpose LLMs to tackle domain-specific questions in a cost-effective fashion.

Availability and implementation
SPOKE KG can be accessed at https://spoke.rbvi.ucsf.edu/neighborhood.html. It can also be accessed using REST-API (https://spoke.rbvi.ucsf.edu/swagger/). KG-RAG code is made available at https://github.com/BaranziniLab/KG_RAG. Biomedical benchmark datasets used in this study are made available to the research community in the same GitHub repository.