bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia Exposure and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A Prospective Study
Authors: Aiello Bowles Erin J. , Larson Eric B. , Pong Ryan P. , Walker Rod L. , Anderson Melissa L. , Yu Onchee , Gray Shelly L. , Crane Paul K. , Dublin Sascha 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the associations between anesthesia and dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk using prospectively collected data.DesignCohort study.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling members of the Adult Changes in Thought cohort aged 65 and older and free of dementia at baseline (N = 3,988).MeasurementsParticipants self‐reported all prior surgical procedures with general or neuraxial (spinal or epidural) anesthesia at baseline and reported new procedures every 2 years. People undergoing high‐risk surgery with general anesthesia, other surgery with general anesthesia, and other surgery with neuraxial anesthesia exposures were compared with those with no surgery and no anesthesia. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dementia and AD associated with time‐varying lifetime and recent (past 5 years) anesthesia exposures.ResultsAt baseline, 254 (6%) people reported never having anesthesia; 248 (6%) had had one or more high‐risk surgeries with general anesthesia, 3,363 (84%) had had one or more other surgeries with general anesthesia, and 123 (3%) had had one or more surgeries with neuraxial anesthesia. High‐risk surgery with general anesthesia was not associated with greater risk of dementia (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.58–1.28) or AD (HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.61–1.49) than no history of anesthesia. People with any history of other surgery with general anesthesia had a lower risk of dementia (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46–0.85) and AD (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.46–0.93) than people with no history of anesthesia. There was no association between recent anesthesia exposure and dementia or AD.ConclusionAnesthesia exposure was not associated with of dementia or AD in older adults.
Multisite tyrosine phosphorylation of the N‐terminus of Mint1/X11α by Src kinase regulates the trafficking of amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Dunning Christopher J. R. , Black Hannah L. , Andrews Katie L. , Davenport Elizabeth C. , Conboy Michael , Chawla Sangeeta , Dowle Adam A. , Ashford David , Thomas Jerry R. , Evans Gareth J. O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMint/X11 is one of the four neuronal trafficking adaptors that interact with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and are linked with its cleavage to generate β‐amyloid peptide, a key player in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. How APP switches between adaptors at different stages of the secretory pathway is poorly understood. Here, we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of Mint1 regulates the destination of APP. A canonical SH2‐binding motif (202YEEI) was identified in the N‐terminus of Mint1 that is phosphorylated on tyrosine by C‐Src and recruits the active kinase for sequential phosphorylation of further tyrosines (Y191 and Y187). A single Y202F mutation in the Mint1 N‐terminus inhibits C‐Src binding and tyrosine phosphorylation. Previous studies observed that co‐expression of wild‐type Mint1 and APP causes accumulation of APP in the trans‐Golgi. Unphosphorylatable Mint1 (Y202F) or pharmacological inhibition of Src reduced the accumulation of APP in the trans‐Golgi of heterologous cells. A similar result was observed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons where Mint1(Y202F) permitted the trafficking of APP to more distal neurites than the wild‐type protein. These data underline the importance of the tyrosine phosphorylation of Mint1 as a critical switch for determining the destination of APP.
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The regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking is poorly understood. We have discovered that the APP adapter, Mint1, is phosphorylated by C‐Src kinase. Mint1 causes APP accumulation in the trans‐Golgi network, whereas inhibition of Src or mutation of Mint1‐Y202 permits APP recycling. The phosphorylation status of Mint1 could impact on the pathological trafficking of APP in Alzheimer's disease.
Transcontinental dispersal, ecological opportunity and origins of an adaptive radiation in the Neotropical catfish genusHypostomus(Siluriformes: Loricariidae)
Authors: Silva Gabriel S. C. , Roxo Fábio F. , Lujan Nathan K. , Tagliacollo Victor A. , Zawadzki Claudio H. , Oliveira Claudio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEcological opportunity is often proposed as a driver of accelerated diversification, but evidence has been largely derived from either contemporary island radiations or the fossil record. Here, we investigate the potential influence of ecological opportunity on a transcontinental radiation of South American freshwater fishes. We generate a species‐dense, time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny for the suckermouth armored catfish subfamily Hypostominae, with a focus on the species‐rich and geographically widespread genusHypostomus. We use the resulting chronogram to estimate ancestral geographical ranges, infer historical rates of cladogenesis and diversification in habitat and body size and shape, and test the hypothesis that invasions of previously unoccupied river drainages accelerated evolution and contributed to adaptive radiation. Both the subfamily Hypostominae and the included genusHypostomusoriginated in the Amazon/Orinoco ecoregion.Hypostomussubsequently dispersed throughout tropical South America east of the Andes Mountains. Consequent to invasion of the peripheral, low‐diversity Paraná River basin in southeastern Brazil approximately 12.5 Mya, Paraná lineages ofHypostomus,experienced increased rates of cladogenesis and ecological and morphological diversification. Contemporary lineages of ParanáHypostomusare less species rich but more phenotypically diverse than their congeners elsewhere. Accelerated speciation and morphological diversification rates within Paraná basinHypostomusare consistent with adaptive radiation. The geographical remoteness of the Paraná River basin, its recent history of marine incursion, and its continuing exclusion of many species that are widespread in other tropical South American rivers suggest that ecological opportunity played an important role in facilitating the observed accelerations in diversification.
High urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at admission predicts poor functional outcome in patients with acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Watanabe Yoko , Suda Satoshi , Kanamaru Takuya , Katsumata Toshiya , Okubo Seiji , Kaneko Tomohiro , Mii Akiko , Sakai Yukinao , Katayama Yasuo , Kimura Kazumi , Tsuruoka Shuichi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimAlbuminuria and a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are widely recognized indices of kidney dysfunction and have been linked to cardiovascular events, including stroke. We evaluated albuminuria, measured using the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), and the eGFR in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke, and investigated the clinical characteristics of ischaemic stroke patients with and those without kidney dysfunction.MethodsThe study included 422 consecutive patients admitted between June 2010 and May 2012. General blood and urine examinations were performed at admission. Kidney dysfunction was defined as a low eGFR (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2), high albuminuria (≥30 mg/g creatinine), or both. Neurological severity was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission and the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at discharge. A poor outcome was defined as a mRS score of 3–5 or death. The impacts of the eGFR and UACR on outcomes at discharge were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsKidney dysfunction was diagnosed in 278 of the 422 patients (65.9%). The eGFR was significantly lower and UACR was significantly higher in patients with a poor outcome than in those with a good outcome. In multivariate analyses performed after adjusting for confounding factors, UACR >31.2 mg/g creatinine (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.52–4.43; P = 0.0005) was independently associated with a poor outcome, while a low eGFR was not associated.ConclusionsA high UACR at admission may predict a poor outcome at discharge in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.
High‐resolution isotope measurements resolve rapid ecohydrological dynamics at the soil–plant interface
Authors: Volkmann Till H. M. , Haberer Kristine , Gessler Arthur , Weiler Markus 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Plants rely primarily on rainfall infiltrating their root zones – a supply that is inherently variable, and fluctuations are predicted to increase on most of the Earth's surface. Yet, interrelationships between water availability and plant use on short timescales are difficult to quantify and remain poorly understood.

To overcome previous methodological limitations, we coupled high‐resolution in situ observations of stable isotopes in soil and transpiration water. We applied the approach along with Bayesian mixing modeling to track the fate of 2H‐labeled rain pulses following drought through soil and plants of deciduous tree ecosystems.

We resolve how rainwater infiltrates the root zones in a nonequilibrium process and show that tree species differ in their ability to quickly acquire the newly available source. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) adjusted root uptake to vertical water availability patterns under drought, but readjustment toward the rewetted topsoil was delayed. By contrast, European beech (Fagus sylvatica) readily utilized water from all soil depths independent of water depletion, enabling faster uptake of rainwater.

Our results demonstrate that species‐specific plasticity and responses to water supply fluctuations on short timescales can now be identified and must be considered to predict vegetation functional dynamics and water cycling under current and future climatic conditions.
Different mechanisms of risperidone result in improved interpersonal trust, social engagement and cooperative behavior in patients with schizophrenia compared to trifluoperazine
Authors: Tse Wai Shing , Wong Ann Siu Wah , Chan Fu , Pang Alfred Hin Tat , Bond Alyson Jane , Chan Chau Kiu Raymond 
Published: February 2016

AimAtypical antipsychotic treatment (e.g. risperidone) has been found to improve social functioning more than standard antipsychotic treatment. However, it is unclear which specific social behaviors are implicated in this improvement. The current study employed an interactive puzzle game to examine how social behaviors contribute to the improvement of social functioning by comparing patients receiving risperidone with those receiving trifluoperazine.MethodsScores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, executive functioning, and social functioning were obtained from 24 patients with schizophrenia receiving either risperidone (n = 12) or trifluoperazine (n = 12), before their social behavior was measured in the interactive Tangrams Game. Immediately after the Tangrams Game, participants filled in two questionnaires measuring their interpersonal trust and rejection toward their game partner.ResultsPatients receiving risperidone showed more social engagement, cooperative behavior and interpersonal trust toward their game partners than those receiving trifluoperazine. Additional multivariate analysis of variance revealed that lower affiliative behavior was a function of positive symptoms; interpersonal trust had an impact on social engagement but executive functioning did not explain lower interpersonal trust or social disengagement.ConclusionImprovement of social competence by risperidone might be related to the enhancement of both social behaviors and interpersonal trust as well as better symptom resolution.
Infantile Hemangiomas in Twins: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Greco M. Fernanda , Frieden Ilona J. , Drolet Beth A. , Garzon María C. , Mancini Anthony J. , Chamlin Sarah L. , Metry Denise , Adams Denise , Lucky Anne , Wentzel Mary Sue , Horii Kimberly A. , Baselga Eulalia , McCuaig Catherine C. , Powell Julie , Haggstrom Anita , Siegel Dawn , Morel Kimberly D. , Cordisco M. Rosa , Nopper Amy J. , Krol Alfons ,   The Hemangioma Investigator Group
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundTwins have a higher‐than‐expected risk of infantile hemangiomas (IHs), but the exact reasons for this association are not clear. Comparing concordant and discordant twin pairs might help elucidate these factors and yield more information about IH risk factors.MethodsA prospective cohort study of twin pairs from 12 pediatric dermatology centers in the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Spain was conducted. Information regarding maternal pregnancy history, family history of vascular birthmarks, zygosity (if known), and pregnancy‐related information was collected. Information regarding twins (N = 202 sets) included birthweight, gestational age (GA), presence or absence of IHs, numbers and subtypes of IHs, presence of other birthmarks, and other medical morbidities.ResultsTwo hundred two sets of twins were enrolled. Concordance for IH was present in 37% of twin pairs. Concordance for IH was inversely related to gestational age (GA), present in 42% of GA of 32 weeks or less, 36% of GA of 33 to 36 weeks, and 32% of GA of 37 weeks or more. Twins of GA of 34 weeks or less were more than two and a half times as likely to be concordant as those of GA of 35 weeks or more (odds ratio (OR) = 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–4.99; p < 0.01). In discordant twins, lower birthweight conferred a high risk of IH; of the 64 sets of twins with 10% or greater difference in weight, the smaller twin had IH in 62.5% (n = 40) of cases, versus 37.5% (n = 24) of cases in which the higher–birthweight twin was affected. Zygosity was reported in 188 twin sets (93%). Of these, 78% were dizygotic and 22% monozygotic. There was no statistically significant difference in rates of concordance between monozygotic twins (43%, 18/42) and dizygotic twins (36%, 52/146) (p = 0.50). In multivariate analysis comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins, adjusting for effects of birthweight and sex, the likelihood of concordance for monozygotic was not appreciably higher than that for dizygotic twins (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.52–2.49). Female sex also influenced concordance, confirming the effects of female sex on IH risk. The female‐to‐male ratio was 1.7:1 in the entire cohort and 1.9:1 in those with IH. Of the 61 concordant twin sets with known sex of both twins, 41% were female/female, 43% were female/male, and 16% were male/male.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the origin of IHs is multifactorial and that predisposing factors such as birthweight, sex, and GA may interact with one another such that a threshold is reached for clinical expression.
Role of Sirolimus in Advanced Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Oza Vikash S. , Mamlouk Mark D. , Hess Christopher P. , Mathes Erin F. , Frieden Ilona J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractKaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is an infiltrative vascular tumor that classically presents in infancy. Management typically focuses on treating Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon (KMP), a disorder of severe and at times life‐threatening platelet trapping. However, the morbidity of KHE extends beyond KMP. The infiltrative nature of the tumor can lead to long‐term disability and often makes complete surgical resection impossible. We report the case of a 10‐year‐old boy with a KHE of his right distal thigh who was unable to walk without assistance due to fibrotic change and right knee contracture. He had no laboratory evidence of KMP at the time of representation. Rapamycin was started in hopes of reducing the tumor burden. Within 2 months of therapy, fibrotic areas softened, his contracture nearly resolved, and there was marked improvement in his mobility. Rapamycin has been previously reported to be effective in managing cases of KHE complicated by KMP. Our report emphasizes the role for rapamycin in the treatment of KHE in the absence of KMP through the inhibition of vasculogenesis and fibrotic pathways.
Effect of Downstream Contraction on Liner Heat Transfer in a Gas Turbine Combustor Swirl Flow
Authors: Kedukodi Sandeep , Ekkad Srinath 
Published: February 2016

Established numerical approaches for performing detailed flow analysis happens to be an effective tool for industry based applied research. In the present study, computations are performed on multiple gas turbine combustor geometries for turbulent, non-reactive and reactive swirling flow conditions for an industrial swirler. The purpose of this study is to identify the location of peak convective heat transfer along the combustor liner under swirling inlet flow conditions and to investigate the influence of combustor geometry on the flow field. Instead of modeling the actual swirler along with the combustor, an inlet swirl flow profile is applied at the inlet boundary based on previous literature. Initially, the computed results are validated against available experimental data for an inlet Reynolds number flow of 50000 using a 2D axi-symmetric flow domain for non-reacting conditions. A constant heat flux on the liner is applied for the study. Two turbulence models (RNG k-ε and k-ω SST) are utilized for the analysis based on its capability to simulate swirling flows. It is found that both models predict the peak liner heat transfer location similar to experiments. However, k-ε RNG model predicts heat transfer magnitude much closer to the experimental values except displaying an additional peak whereas k-ω model predicts only one peak but tends to over-predict in magnitude. Since the overall characteristic liner heat transfer trend is captured well by the latter one, it is chosen for future computations. A 3D sector (30°) model results also show similar trends as 2D studies. Simulations are then extended to 3 different combustors (Case 1: full cylinder and Case 2 and 3: cylinders with downstream contractions having reduced exit areas) by adopting the same methodology for same inlet flow conditions. Non-reacting simulations predict that the peak heat transfer location is marginally reduced by the downstream contraction of the combustor. However the peak location shifts towards downstream due to the presence of accelerated flow.
Reacting flow simulations are performed with Flamelet Generation Manifold (FGM) model for simulating premixed combustion for the same inlet flow conditions as above. It is observed that Case 3 predicts a threefold increase in the exit flow velocity in comparison to non-reacting flow simulations. The liner heat transfer predictions show that both geometries predict similar peak temperatures. However, only one fourth of the initial liner length experiences peak temperature for Case 1 whereas the latter continues to feel the peak till the end. This behavior of Case 3 can be attributed to rapid convection of high temperature products downstream due to the prevailing accelerated flow.
Stall Margin Improvement of a Single Stage Transonic Axial Flow Compressor Using Naturally Aspirated Slots
Authors: Borra Hari Krishna , Alone Dilipkumar Bhanudasji 
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the method to improve the stall margin of transonic axial flow compressor by controlling the boundary layer on the suction surface of the rotor blade tip through natural aspiration. Aspiration slots in the compressor blade are intended to energize the flow by increasing its momentum on the suction surface. This phenomenon of boundary layer control can delay the flow separation and hence results in enhancement of the stall margin of the compressor stage. Flow behavior with aspiration slots and its performance are evaluated using commercially available numerical software. Steady state RANS simulations with three dimensional implicit pressure-based coupled solver and turbulence model SST k-ω are used.
The effect of natural aspiration slot on the rotor blade performance is computed numerically. The main objective of the study was to identify the optimum location of the aspiration slot along the chord of the compressor on the rotor blade. The axial location chosen for the performance evaluations were 20%,40%,50%,60% and 70% of the rotor blade axial tip chord. By comparing the numerical simulation results with the steady state behavior in the absence of the aspirated slots, the optimized location of the aspiration slot that results in maximum stall improvement is identified. At the optimized location, natural aspiration slots on the rotor blade tip improved the stall margin with the minimum reduction in efficiency and stage pressure ratio when compared to base model. After critically understanding the performance with straight aspiration slots the compressor stage performance has enhanced further by orienting the aspiration slots. The numerical three dimensional results conclude an optimal improvement in the stall margin for the slots near the trailing edge of the rotor. The prediction shows that with the inclined aspiration slots at proper location it is possible to improve the stall margin of the compressor stage and also to restore the stage efficiency.
Flow Behavior in a Transonic Axial Compressor Stage
Authors: Kumar S. Satish , Ganguli Ranjan , Kandagal S. B. , Jana Soumendu 
Published: February 2016

The steady and unsteady flow characteristics typically vary along and across the axial compressor stage. This coupled with asymmetric rotor tip clearance that occurs in practice makes flow even more complex. Understanding the complex flow behavior inside the transonic compressor stage will aid in developing flow control devices that are meant for purposes such as improving the rotating stall margin, flutter margin, etc. Here, a detailed time averaged numerical analysis is performed on the single stage transonic axial compressor with averaged rotor tip clearance (1.75% of rotor tip axial chord). An attempt is made to study the compressor stall phenomenon. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) helps in resolving the complex flow features involved in a turbomachinery component and at transonic Mach numbers fairly well. Commercial tool ANSYS CFX is used for solving the 3D compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation with Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model.
Grid independency is carried out for three different mesh size models. All mesh models chosen have fine mesh near wall boundary regions to capture the boundary layer effects. Overall performance maps of the compressor are generated for 50% to 100% rated design speeds in steps of 10% for the chosen optimum grid. Flow variations along the blade annulus are studied for three different operating conditions: choke/free flow, peak efficiency and near stall flow conditions and for different speeds.
Flow parameters such as Mach number, static and total pressure variations, etc. are studied at the inlet to rotor, exit to rotor and exit to stator for the various flow conditions and speeds. The boundary layer growth is clearly captured when the flow is throttled from choke/free flow conditions to near stall condition for all the speeds investigated. Mach number variation along blade height clearly shows decrease in Mach number as stall is approached. Blade loading distribution of the rotor at hub, mean and tip sections are clearly captured. Shock motion from around mid-chord region at free flow condition to towards the leading edge at near stall condition is clearly highlighted. Velocity streamlines near the tip section show the complex interaction of the tip leakage and clearance flows. Velocity vectors near the blade tip shows, the backflow near the trailing edge and tendency for leading edge spillage as the back pressure is increased. The flow blockage region is captured in the meridional plot and the motion of vortex core region as stall is approached is demarcated in the r-θ plots.
Tangential velocity variation across the annulus for the two flow conditions investigated shows stall initiating from the tip section of the blade as compressor is throttled. Flow compensation at near stall conditions is explained.