bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Volume Decrease in 2006–09 Estimated from Argo Observations: Influence of Surface Formation and Basin-Scale Oceanic Variability
Authors: Cerovečki Ivana , Giglio Donata 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Analysis of Argo temperature and salinity profiles (gridded at 0.5° × 0.5° resolution for 2005–12) shows a strong North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) volume and density decrease during 2006–09. In this time period, upper-ocean temperature, stratification, and potential vorticity (PV) all increased within the region in and around the NPSTMW low-PV pool, contributing to the NPSTMW volume decrease in two ways: (i) the volume of water satisfying the low-PV constraint that is part of the “mode water” definition decreased, and (ii) some water that was initially in the NPSTMW density range σθ = 25.0–25.5 kg m−3 was transformed into lighter water. Both changes in density and in PV in the NPSTMW region were a manifestation of basinwide changes. A positive PV anomaly started to propagate westward from the central Pacific in 2005, followed by a negative density anomaly in 2007, which caused a dramatic NPSTMW volume and density decrease.
A Walin estimate of surface formation in the NPSTMW density range accounted better (although not entirely) for the interannual variability of the volume of water in the NPSTMW density range without imposing the PV &lt; 2 × 10−10 m−1 s−1 constraint than did the same estimate with the PV constraint imposed. This underlines the importance of the PV constraint in identifying the mode water. The mode water evolution cannot be fully described from a density budget alone; rather, the PV budget must be considered simultaneously.
Continental Shelf Baroclinic Instability. Part I: Relaxation from Upwelling or Downwelling
Authors: Brink K. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThere exists a good deal of indirect evidence, from several locations around the world, that there is a substantial eddy field over continental shelves. These eddies appear to have typical swirl velocities of a few centimeters per second and have horizontal scales of perhaps 5–10 km. These eddies are weak compared to typical, wind-driven, alongshore flows but often seem to dominate middepth cross-shelf flows. The idea that motivates the present contribution is that the alongshore wind stress ultimately energizes these eddies by means of baroclinic instabilities, even in cases where obvious intense fronts do not exist. The proposed sequence is that alongshore winds over a stratified ocean cause upwelling or downwelling, and the resulting horizontal density gradients are strong enough to fuel baroclinic instabilities of the requisite energy levels. This idea is explored here by means of a sequence of idealized primitive equation numerical model studies, each driven by a modest, nearly steady, alongshore wind stress applied for about 5–10 days. Different runs vary wind forcing, stratification, bottom slope, bottom friction, and Coriolis parameter. All runs, both upwelling and downwelling, are found to be baroclinically unstable and to have scales compatible with the underlying hypothesis. The model results, combined with physically based scalings, show that eddy kinetic energy generally increases with bottom slope, stratification, wind impulse (time integral of the wind stress), and inverse Coriolis parameter. The dominant length scale of the eddies is found to increase with increasing eddy kinetic energy and to decrease with Coriolis parameter.
How Biased Is Aircraft Cloud Sampling?
Authors: Field Paul R. , Furtado Kalli 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAircraft are the dominant method for in situ sampling of cloud properties. Resource limitations mean that aircraft tend to follow a sampling strategy when there is more than one cloud from which to choose. This can result in biased cloud statistics that are used for parameterization development and model testing. In this study, order statistics are used to estimate the potential magnitude of this bias when a strategy based on choosing the larger cloud is employed. It is found for cloud properties following gamma distributions that a typical bias of a factor of 1.5 can result when the larger of two clouds is repeatedly chosen for sampling.
Minimally invasive surgery for superior mesenteric artery syndrome: a case report and literature review
Authors: Cullis Paul S , Gallagher Maeve , Sabharwal Atul J , Hammond Philip 
Published: December 2015

Introduction Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare condition characterised by nausea, vomiting, postprandial pain, anorexia and early satiety. Conservative management is tried initially, but if this fails, surgery is indicated. There are few reports in the literature concerning superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children, and fewer still managed surgically by minimally invasive means. Case presentation A 12-year-old girl presented with weight loss, early satiety and vomiting after corrective scoliosis surgery. After upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, contrast study and computed tomography imaging, a diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome was made. Conservative management by nasojejunal feeding failed; therefore, a laparoscopic duodeno-jejunostomy was undertaken. At follow-up, her symptoms had improved. Conclusion This report describes the youngest child to undergo laparoscopic duodeno-jejunostomy for superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Laparoscopic duodeno-jejunostomy appears to be the most widely employed and reliable minimally invasive approach to superior mesenteric artery syndrome with a high success rate and acceptably low complication rate.
Role of 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance hysterosalpingography in the diagnostic work-up of female infertility
Authors: Cipolla Valentina , Guerrieri Daniele , Pietrangeli Daniela , Santucci Domiziana , Argirò Renato , de Felice Carlo 
Published: December 2015

Background Imaging evaluation plays a crucial role in the diagnostic work-up of female infertility. In recent years, the possibility to evaluate tubal patency using 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance (1.5T MR) has been studied. Purpose To assess the feasibility of 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance (3.0T MR) hysterosalpingography and its role in the diagnostic work-up of female infertility and to evaluate if this fast “one-stop-shop” imaging approach should be proposed as a first-line examination. Material and Methods A total of 116 infertile women were enrolled in this prospective study; all underwent 3.0T MR hysterosalpingography. After standard imaging of the pelvis, tubal patency was assessed by acquiring 3D dynamic time-resolved T1-weighted (T1W) sequences during manual injection of 4–5 mL of contrast solution consisting of gadolinium and normal sterile saline. Images were evaluated by two radiologists with different experience in MR imaging (MRI). Results The examination was successfully completed in 96.5% of cases, failure rate was 3.5%. Dynamic sequences showed bilateral tubal patency in 64.3%, unilateral tubal patency in 25.9%, and bilateral tubal occlusion in 9.8%. Extratubal abnormalities were found in 69.9% of patients. Comprehensive analysis of morphological and dynamic sequences showed extratubal abnormalities in 43.1% of patients with bilateral tubal patency. Conclusion 3.0T MR hysterosalpingography is a feasible, simple, fast, safe, and well-tolerated examination, which allows evaluation of tubal patency and other pelvic causes of female infertility in a single session, and it may thus represent a “one-stop-shop” solution in female infertility diagnostic work-up.
Sports- and Work-Related Outcomes After Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Garcia Grant H. , Mahony Gregory T. , Fabricant Peter D. , Wu Hao-Hua , Dines David M. , Warren Russell F. , Craig Edward V. , Gulotta Lawrence V. 
Published: December 2015

Background: With an active aging population, more patients expect to return to previous activities and work after surgery. Purpose: To determine the rate and timing to return of sports and employment after shoulder hemiarthroplasty. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent shoulder hemiarthroplasty from 2007 to 2013. Follow-up consisted of a patient-reported questionnaire regarding physical fitness, sporting activities, and work status. Results: From 105 patients screened, 79 were available for follow-up. The average follow-up time was 63.1 months, and the average age at follow-up was 69 years. Scores on the visual analog scale for pain improved from 6.2 to 2.1 ( P < .001) postoperatively, and those on the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder assessment improved from 34.6 to 71.3 ( P < .001). Patients older than 65 years had significantly lower absolute postoperative ASES scores ( P = .041) but experienced similar improvement from their preoperative baseline ( P = .158) compared with patients younger than 65 years. There were 58 patients who played sports preoperatively, and 67.2% of these restarted at least 1 of their previous sports postoperatively. The average time to return to full sports was 6.5 months for those who returned. Direct rates of return were as follows: fitness sports (69%), swimming (65%), running (64%), cycling (63%), and doubles tennis (57%). Younger age was associated with highest demand level achieved ( P = .023). Forty-nine patients worked preoperatively, with 69.4% returning to previous employment after surgery; the average time to return to work was 1.4 months. In comparative analysis, patients who did not return to work had a higher mean body mass index (32 ± 7 vs 27 ± 5 kg/m2; P < .008). Conclusion: In this hemiarthroplasty cohort, there was a 67.2% rate of return to 1 or more sports at an average of 6.5 months postoperatively. Patients older than 65 years experienced similar improvements in ASES scores compared with patients younger than 65 years, although absolute scores were lower on average. Those who returned to higher demand sports were younger on average. Of patients working preoperatively, 69.4% returned to their previous employment at an average of 1.4 months. Patients who did not return to employment had significantly higher body mass index on average. These findings will help surgeons manage expectations of shoulder hemiarthroplasty candidates preoperatively.
Low Risk of Injuries in Young Adolescents Participating in Top-Level Karate Competition
Authors: Arriaza Rafael , Inman David , Arriaza Alvaro , Saavedra Miguel A. 
Published: December 2015

Background: Prospective studies on injuries in martial arts competition are scarce, especially those involving young practitioners, but the upsurge of children and adolescents taking part in organized training and competition in these sports requires clarification of the injury risk that they represent for youths. Hypothesis: Top-level karate competition for young adolescents (cadets, or 14- to 15-year-olds) has a low injury rate and can be safely promoted. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Prospective recording of the injuries resulting from all bouts in 3 consecutive World Karate Championships (2009, 2011, and 2013) for cadets was performed. Data were collected prospectively in situ with checklists that described competitor sex, bout category, and weight as well as injured area, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, severity, and treatment. Results: A total of 1020 bouts were reviewed, 671 in the male category and 349 in the female category. A total of 61 injuries were recorded. Of those, only 3 were time-loss injuries. During the 2009 and 2011 championships, there was 1 injury per 25.6 fights, while during the 2013 championship the number of injuries increased, with 1 injury per 10 fights ( P = .003). There was no statistical difference in the total injury rate between the male and female categories ( P = .71), with an odds ratio of 1.16 (95% CI, 0.52-2.55). Conclusion: The injury rate for cadet top-level karate competition found in this prospective study is much lower than the rates previously published for karate or other martial arts competitions, but there seems to be a marked increase as more championships are held, which is a matter of concern.
Corticosteroid Injections Accelerate Pain Relief and Recovery of Function Compared With Oral NSAIDs in Patients With Adhesive Capsulitis
Authors: Ranalletta Maximiliano , Rossi Luciano A. , Bongiovanni Santiago L. , Tanoira Ignacio , Elizondo Cristina M. , Maignon Gastón D. 
Published: December 2015

Background: Intra-articular corticosteroid injection is a common therapy for adhesive capsulitis, but there is a lack of prospective randomized controlled studies analyzing the efficacy of single injections applied blindly to accelerate improvement in pain and function. Hypothesis: In patients with adhesive capsulitis, a single intra-articular corticosteroid injection without image control applied before the beginning of a physical therapy program will accelerate pain relief and recovery of function compared with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 74 patients with primary adhesive capsulitis in the freezing stage were randomized to receive either intra-articular injections with betamethasone or oral NSAIDs. Clinical outcome was documented at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks and comprised a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score, the abbreviated Constant-Murley score, and the abbreviated Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score for function. Passive range of motion was measured with a goniometer. Results: Patients treated with corticosteroid injections achieved faster pain relief compared with control patients during the first 8 weeks after treatment ( P < .001). However, no significant difference in pain was observed among the groups at final follow-up. Likewise, shoulder function and motion improved significantly in both groups at all follow-up points. Shoulder function scores and most motion parameters improved faster in the injection group up to week 8 ( P < .001). Again, no significant differences in function or motion were seen at final follow-up. Conclusion: In patients with adhesive capsulitis, a single corticosteroid injection applied without image control provides faster pain relief and earlier improvement of shoulder function and motion compared with oral NSAIDs.
Does the US Fear Gauge Impact on the Investor Fear Gauge in the Emerging Markets?
Authors: Lee Yen-Hsien 
Published: December 2015

This article investigates the investor fear gauge linkages among the American and emerging markets, such as, India (India volatility index (IVIX)), South Korea (Volatility Korea Composite Stock Price Index (VKSOPI)), South Africa (South African Volatility Index (SAVI)) and Russian (Russian Volatility Index (RTSVX)). This article further captures the diffusion and jump relationships between the volatility indices (VIXs) in US and emerging markets by applying the correlated bivariate Poisson (CBP) jump model. The empirical result found that the change in the VIX in the US has a substantial impact over the change in the VIXs of emerging markets. The changes in the VIXs exhibit individual jump behaviour. Finally, this article found the time-varying joint jump intensity between the VIXs in US and emerging markets. JEL Classification: C32, C5
An Investment Strategy Based on Leverage: Evidence from BSE 500
Authors: D’Mello Lorraine , Sivaprasad Sheeja 
Published: December 2015

This article examines the value relevance of leverage to equity investors. We construct a short-term investment strategy based on leverage of Indian firms over a 10-year period. We examine the ability of leverage to predict stock returns by analysing the cumulative abnormal returns (ARs) for a holding period of 1 year. We show that returns increase in leverage. Robustness tests are carried out to examine the returns in excess of those attainable using firm characteristics, such as, size, price to book, price–earnings (P/E) and dividend yield (DY). Our findings show that portfolios based on size and leverage can yield an excess return of up to 23 per cent. JEL Classification: G1, G3, G32
Mechanical prophylaxis is a heparin-independent risk for anti–platelet factor 4/heparin antibody formation after orthopedic surgery
Authors: Bito Seiji , Miyata Shigeki , Migita Kiyoshi , Nakamura Mashio , Shinohara Kazuhito , Sato Tomotaro , Tonai Takeharu , Shimizu Motoyuki , Shibata Yasuhiro , Kishi Kazuhiko , Kubota Chikara , Nakahara Shinnosuke , Mori Toshihito , Ikeda Kazuo , Ota Shusuke , Minamizaki Takeshi , Yamada Shigeru , Shiota Naofumi , Kamei Masataka , Motokawa Satoru 
Published: December 2015

Key Points
Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty can develop anti-PF4/heparin antibodies without heparin exposure. Dynamic mechanical prophylaxis is a heparin-independent risk factor for anti-PF4/heparin antibody formation in this patient population.
Molecular landscape of acute myeloid leukemia in younger adults and its clinical relevance
Authors: Grimwade David , Ivey Adam , Huntly Brian J. P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Recent major advances in understanding the molecular basis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) provide a double-edged sword. Although defining the topology and key features of the molecular landscape are fundamental to development of novel treatment approaches and provide opportunities for greater individualization of therapy, confirmation of the genetic complexity presents a huge challenge to successful translation into routine clinical practice. It is now clear that many genes are recurrently mutated in AML; moreover, individual leukemias harbor multiple mutations and are potentially composed of subclones with differing mutational composition, rendering each patient’s AML genetically unique. In order to make sense of the overwhelming mutational data and capitalize on this clinically, it is important to identify (1) critical AML-defining molecular abnormalities that distinguish biological disease entities; (2) mutations, typically arising in subclones, that may influence prognosis but are unlikely to be ideal therapeutic targets; (3) mutations associated with preleukemic clones; and (4) mutations that have been robustly shown to confer independent prognostic information or are therapeutically relevant. The reward of identifying AML-defining molecular lesions present in all leukemic populations (including subclones) has been exemplified by acute promyelocytic leukemia, where successful targeting of the underlying PML-RARα oncoprotein has eliminated the need for chemotherapy for disease cure. Despite the molecular heterogeneity and recognizing that treatment options for other forms of AML are limited, this review will consider the scope for using novel molecular information to improve diagnosis, identify subsets of patients eligible for targeted therapies, refine outcome prediction, and track treatment response.
Proximal point algorithms involving fixed points of nonexpansive mappings in $\operatorname{CAT}(0)$ spaces
Authors: Cholamjiak Prasit , Abdou Afrah AN , Cho Yeol Je 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a new modified proximal point algorithm involving fixed point iterates of nonexpansive mappings in$\operatorname{CAT}(0)$CAT(0)spaces and prove that the sequence generated by our iterative process converges to a minimizer of a convex function and a fixed point of mappings.
Biased signaling pathways via CXCR3 control the development and function of CD4+ T cell subsets
Authors: Karin Nathan , Wildbaum Gizi , Thelen Marcus 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Structurally related chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) regulate cell trafficking through interactions with 7-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors. Biased signaling or functional selectivity is a concept that describes a situation where a 7-transmembrane domain receptor preferentially activates one of several available cellular signaling pathways. It can be divided into 3 distinct cases: ligand bias, receptor bias, and tissue or cell bias. Many studies, including those coming from our lab, have shown that only a limited number of chemokines are key drivers of inflammation. We have referred to them as “driver chemokines.” They include the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10, the CCR2 ligand CCL2, all 3 CCR5 ligands, and the CCR9 ligand CCL25. As for CXCR3, despite the proinflammatory nature of CXCL10 and CXCL9, transgenic mice lacking CXCR3 display an aggravated manifestation of different autoimmune disease, including Type I diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Recently, we showed that whereas CXCL9 and CXCL10 induce effector Th1/Th17 cells to promote inflammation, CXCL11, with a relatively higher binding affinity to CXCR3, drives the development of the forkhead box P3-negative IL-10high T regulatory 1 cell subset and hence, dampens inflammation. We also showed that CXCL9/CXCL10 activates a different signaling cascade than CXCL11, despite binding to the same receptor, CXCR3, which results in these diverse biologic activities. This provides new evidence for the role of biased signaling in regulating biologic activities, in which CXCL11 induces ligand bias at CXCR3 and receptor-biased signaling via atypical chemokine receptor 3.
Actions of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on the Reproductive Neuroendocrine System During Early Development in Zebrafish
Authors: Qiu Wenhui , Zhao Yali , Yang Ming , Farajzadeh Matthew , Pan Chenyuan , Wayne Nancy L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental, endocrine-disrupting chemical, and bisphenol S (BPS) has been considered a safer alternative for BPA-free products. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of BPA and BPS on the reproductive neuroendocrine system during zebrafish embryonic and larval development and to explore potential mechanisms of action associated with estrogen receptor (ER), thyroid hormone receptor (THR), and enzyme aromatase (AROM) pathways. Environmentally relevant, low levels of BPA exposure during development led to advanced hatching time, increased numbers of GnRH3 neurons in both terminal nerve and hypothalamus, increased expression of reproduction-related genes (kiss1, kiss1r, gnrh3, lhβ, fshβ, and erα), and a marker for synaptic transmission (sv2). Low levels of BPS exposure led to similar effects: increased numbers of hypothalamic GnRH3 neurons and increased expression of kiss1, gnrh3, and erα. Antagonists of ER, THRs, and AROM blocked many of the effects of BPA and BPS on reproduction-related gene expression, providing evidence that those three pathways mediate the actions of BPA and BPS on the reproductive neuroendocrine system. This study demonstrates that alternatives to BPA used in the manufacture of BPA-free products are not necessarily safer. Furthermore, this is the first study to describe the impact of low-level BPA and BPS exposure on the Kiss/Kiss receptor system during development. It is also the first report of multiple cellular pathways (ERα, THRs, and AROM) mediating the effects of BPA and BPS during embryonic development in any species.