bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Correlates of Emergency Contraceptive Use in Transitional Albania
Authors: Roshi Dajana , Italia Salvatore , Burazeri Genc , Brand Helmut 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Objectives The two emergency contraceptive drugs (“morning-after pill”) ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel are available without prescription in many European countries. In Albania, ulipristal acetate is not marketed yet and levonorgestrel has still prescription-only status. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of emergency contraceptive (EMC) use, collect sales figures, and gain information on the women’s way of purchasing EMCs in post-communist Albania.
Methods For this cross-sectional study, self-administered questionnaires were made accessible to women in Albania in March 2015 by hard copy or online via social networks. Women were asked about lifetime use and last year’s use of EMCs, and if they purchased EMCs with or without a prescription. Additionally, pharmacies were contacted and asked about EMC sales figures.
Results Of the 205 participating women, 80.5% knew about the availability and use of EMCs, and 15.1% reported EMC use during the previous 12 months. The lifetime prevalence of use was 46.8%. Although having prescription-only status in Albania, 96% of the women bought EMCs without a physician’s prescription. Knowledge was significantly lower among the lower educated women and among women residing in small cities. Use of EMCs was significantly higher in women with a weaker financial background and, compared with small cities, in those from large or mid-sized cities. The 54 participating pharmacies (3% of all Albanian pharmacies) reported selling 11 EMCs on average per month. The use of EMCs may be estimated at 0.22 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Compared to January 2015, EMC sales increased by 17% in February 2016.
Conclusions Compared to other European countries, the prevalence of EMC use seems to be higher in Albania. Use and knowledge of EMCs depend on socioeconomic characteristics. It is recommended to switch EMCs to non-prescription status in transitional Albania.
Memantine Augmentation Improves Symptoms in Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Modarresi Atieh , Sayyah Mehdi , Razooghi Setareh , Eslami Kaveh , Javadi Mohammadreza , Kouti Leila 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Introduction There is a large body of evidence on the clinical benefits of augmentation therapy with glutamate-modulating agents, such as memantine in reducing OCD symptoms.
Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on SRIrefractory OCD patients. Thirty-two patients were randomized to receive either 20 mg/day memantine or placebo augmentation and were visited at baseline and every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. Results were measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).
Results The Y-BOCS total score was significantly reduced in the memantine group at the end of weeks 8 and 12, while no improvement was observed in the placebo group throughout the trial. A reduction of 40.9% in the mean Y-BOCS total score by week 12 in the memantine group resulted in 73.3% of patients achieving treatment response. The findings showed that a time to effect of 8 weeks was necessary to observe significant improvement in OCD symptoms, while treatment response was only seen after 12 weeks of memantine augmentation.
Discussion Memantine is an effective and well-tolerated augmentation in severe OCD patients refractory to SRI monotherapy.
Psychoneurosis beyond Oedipus: neurophysiology, drive conflict, and the resolution of emotional trauma
Authors: Logan Cheryl A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe concept of plasticity infused regenerative approaches to brain science in Switzerland in the mid-twentieth century, shaping a holistic tradition prominent among Zurich’s psychiatrists and neurologists. From 1910 to about 1950, they sought to objectify the dynamic unconscious using a psychobiological approach to mental pathology pioneered by the neuroanatomists August Forel and Constantin von Monakow. Little scholarship, however, has explored this tradition. Both Forel and Monakow influenced Rudolf Brun, a Zurich neurologist and ant expert, who championed parallels between biological conflicts measured in social insects and Sigmund Freud’s drive energetics. Brun’s concept of drive conflict integrated Richard Semon’s theory of plastic heredity as “species memory” with a revision of Monakow to explain mental pathology in the brain. Through them, he proposed the neuropathology underlying Freud’s “genuine” psychoneuroses: those caused by unconscious memories of traumatic experience. This paper uses primary historical sources from the Swiss scientific literature to demonstrate that (1) Brun combined Semon’s plastic heredity, Cannon’s physiology and Pavlov’s conditional reflex to objectify Freud’s dynamic unconscious; and (2) though he rejected Monakow’s teleology, Brun’s holistic mind-body approach owed much to Monakow’s theory of emotions and pathology manifest in the brain. Brun elaborated Monakow’s view that psychopathology occurs as unconscious drive conflicts produce neurotoxicity, enabling excess hormones to disrupt the brain’s protective filtering system. Brun’s ant experiments confirmed evolutionary “laws” governing drive conflict and framed the neuro-energetics underlying the resolution of repressed emotional trauma. Tests pitted conflicts between social drives and those serving self-interest. Through them, Brun extended moral conflict beyond the Oedipal domain of psychoanalysis to encompass conflicts in a biological hierarchy of drives. This drive-based account of conscience explored neural pathways reaching back from the cortex to the body, so enabling traumatic memories to generate psychoneuroses. Plasticity could then justify the use of psychotherapy to reverse these pathogenic connections. Brun’s example demonstrates both the significance of Semon’s theory of heredity for objective accounts of the unconscious mind in Central Europe and the hidden legacy of Monakow’s neuroendocrine holism. Brun combined that legacy with objective evidence and Zurich’s emphasis on plasticity to endorse—somewhat paradoxically—the reversal of psychoneuroses in the brain.
Diminished Ost3-dependent N-glycosylation of the BiP nucleotide exchange factor Sil1 is an adaptive response to reductive ER stress
Authors: Stevens Kofi L. P. , Black Amy L. , Wells Kelsi M. , Yeo K. Y. Benjamin , Steuart Robert F. L. , Stirling Colin J. , Schulz Benjamin L. , Mousley Carl J. 
Published: November 2017

Significance
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function relies on the maintenance of an appropriate redox balance. We observe that ER reductive stress is sensed through the oligosaccharyltransferase subunit Ost3 and acts to inhibit glycosylation of Sil1. Misfolded proteins accumulate within the ER under reductive stress and may sequester Lhs1 and limit the pool of free Lhs1 that can function as a BiP nucleotide exchange factor. Furthermore, unglycosylated Sil1 can compensate for the loss of Lhs1 activity more readily than glycosylated Sil1. Accumulation of unglycosylated Sil1 upon reductive stress may therefore be an adaptive mechanism that allows Sil1 to compensate for loss of Lhs1 NEF activity under these conditions.
Blocking immunosuppression by human Tregs in vivo with antibodies targeting integrin αVβ8
Authors: Stockis Julie , Liénart Stéphanie , Colau Didier , Collignon Amandine , Nishimura Stephen L. , Sheppard Dean , Coulie Pierre G. , Lucas Sophie 
Published: November 2017

SignificanceImmunosuppression by regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential for the maintenance of self-tolerance, but it is detrimental in cancer because Tregs inhibit antitumor immunity. Development of therapeutic tools to block Tregs in patients with cancer requires a precise understanding of how human Tregs suppress immune responses. We recently identified an important mechanism implicating release of the active form of TGF-β1, a potently immunosuppressive cytokine, from GARP/latent TGF-β1 complexes on the surface of human Tregs. Here we unravel the molecular process leading to this release. We identify integrin αVβ8 as indispensable for TGF-β1 activation from GARP/latent TGF-β1 complexes. We show that anti-β8 monoclonals block immunosuppression by human Tregs in vivo and could thus serve in cancer immunotherapy.
The essive in Finnish
Authors: Hynönen Emmi 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical study of the distribution of a marker referred to as the ‘essive’ in Finnish. The description of the properties of this marker follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and/or translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study specifically investigates the opposition between permanent and impermanent state in non-verbal predications. The linguistic domains involved are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. The use of the marker in the essive sense (associated with state) is contrasted with its use in expressing the translative sense (associated with change). Finally, the syntactic position of elements marked by this form is discussed in relation to the position of focus constituents.
The essive in Votic
Authors: Markus Elena , Rozhanskiy Fedor 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical study of the distribution of a marker referred to as the ‘essive’ in Votic. The description of the properties of this marker follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and/or translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study brings forward the innovations in the use of the Votic essive marker untypical in the Finnic context, including the loss of the impermanent component in the essive meaning, and the distortion of the state vs. change contrast originally encoded in the essive vs. translative opposition. The linguistic domains considered are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, manner, and temporal adverbial phrases.
The essive in Karelian
Authors: Koivisto Vesa 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical study of the distribution of a marker referred to as the ‘essive’ in Karelian. The description of the properties of this marker follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and/or translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study specifically investigates the opposition between permanent and impermanent state in non-verbal predications. The linguistic domains involved are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. The use of the marker in the essive sense (associated with state) is contrasted with its use in expressing the translative sense (associated with change).
The essive in North Saami
Authors: Ylikoski Jussi 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical study of the distribution of a morphological case labelled as the ‘essive’ in North Saami. The description of the properties of this case follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and/or translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study specifically investigates the opposition between permanent and impermanent state in non-verbal predications. The linguistic domains involved are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. The use of the marker in the essive sense (associated with state) is contrasted with its use in expressing the translative sense (associated with change). Finally, the syntactic position of elements marked by this form is discussed in relation to the position of focus constituents.
The essive in Skolt Saami
Authors: Feist Timothy 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical study of the distribution of a marker referred to as the ‘essive’ in Skolt Saami. The description of the properties of this marker follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and/or translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study specifically investigates the opposition between permanent and impermanent state in non-verbal predications. The linguistic domains involved are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. The use of the marker in the essive sense (associated with state) is also contrasted with its use in expressing the translative sense (associated with change).
The Komi answer to the essive question
Authors: Leinonen Marja , Nekrasova Galina 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes forms and constructions in Komi, a language without an essive or translative case marker, where other Uralic languages may use the essive or translative. The description of the properties of these forms and construc-tions follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study spe-cifically investigates the opposition between permanent and impermanent state in non-verbal predications. The linguistic domains involved are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. Finally, the syntactic position of elements marked by this form is discussed in relation to the position of focus constituents.
The essive-translative in Selkup and Kamas
Authors: Wagner-Nagy Beáta 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents an empirical study of the distribution of a marker referred to as the ‘essive-translative’ in Selkup. The description of the properties of this marker follows the linguistic questionnaire that captures the contexts in which essive and/or translative markers may occur in the Uralic languages. The study specifically investigates the opposition between permanent and impermanent state in non-verbal predications. The linguistic domains involved are non-verbal main predication, secondary predication, complementation, and manner, temporal, and circumstantial adverbial phrases. Kamas does not have such marker.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Co-Occurrence of Acanthamoeba and Fungi in Keratitis: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Raghavan Anita , Baidwal Shaffie , Vijayaraghavan Prabhu , Rajeswari Sakthi , Rajaraman Revathi , Venkatapathy Narendran , Menon Sunitha , Rammohan Ram 
Published: November 2017

Purpose:To test the hypothesis that the coexistence ofAcanthamoebawith other forms of microbial keratitis, especially fungal keratitis (FK), is more prevalent than suspected.Methods:A prospective diagnostic study whereby patients presenting with stromal keratitis were additionally tested forAcanthamoeba, irrespective of the initial diagnosis. In addition to the routine workup with Gram stain, KOH mount, and cultures on blood agar and potato dextrose agar, nonnutrient agar was included. Confocal microscopy was performed where feasible. Samples for polymerase chain reaction studies were also obtained. We present the preliminary report of the first 100 culture-positive cases. The primary outcome measured was the number of coexistentAcanthamoebaand FK. The secondary outcomes were the total number ofAcanthamoebacases detected and the correlation between clinical diagnosis and microbiological observations.Results:Of the first 100 cases, 22 were culture positive forAcanthamoeba, of which 9 were associated with concurrent FK, 5 with bacterial keratitis, and 8 in isolation. However, only 2 cases were diagnosed clinically asAcanthamoeba, whereas 5 wereAcanthamoebasuspects. An additional 4 cases of fungal/Acanthamoebacoexistence in keratitis were revealed purely by confocal microscopy.Conclusions:Acanthamoebacan coexist with other forms of microbial keratitis. The frequency of infection coexistent or otherwise is higher than reported, and the possibility of coinfection must be considered especially in unresponsive cases. Including nonnutrient agar and confocal microscopy in all cases of keratitis would perhaps translate into better treatment strategies and outcomes.
Genetic studies of human neuropathic pain conditions: a review
Authors: Zorina-Lichtenwalter Katerina , Parisien Marc , Diatchenko Luda 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Numerous studies have shown associations between genetic variants and neuropathic pain disorders. Rare monogenic disorders are caused by mutations of substantial effect size in a single gene, whereas common disorders are likely to have a contribution from multiple genetic variants of mild effect size, representing different biological pathways. In this review, we survey the reported genetic contributors to neuropathic pain and submit them for validation in a 150,000-participant sample of the U.K. Biobank cohort. Successfully replicated association with a neuropathic pain construct for 2 variants in IL10 underscores the importance of neuroimmune interactions, whereas genome-wide significant association with low back pain (P = 1.3e-8) and false discovery rate 5% significant associations with hip, knee, and neck pain for variant rs7734804 upstream of the MAT2B gene provide evidence of shared contributing mechanisms to overlapping pain conditions at the molecular genetic level.
Implementing the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Head Injury 2014 Guidelines in a major children’s hospital emergency department
Authors: Ramjeeawon Natalie , Lecky Fiona , Burke Derek P. , Ramlakhan Shammi 
Published: November 2017

Objectives and background
Head injury is a common paediatric emergency department presentation. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence updated its guidance in January 2014 regarding imaging required for adults and children following a head injury (CG176). This study looked at the rates of computed tomography (CT) head scans performed and adherence rates to CG176.

Patients and methods
A single-centre audit was carried out, examining imaging practice in children with head injuries. CG176 was implemented formally in August 2014 to the new trainee doctors. The primary outcome was adherence to CG176. As the data were binary, 95% confidence intervals were used for comparison.

Results
In all, 1797 patients were identified as having a head injury. Implementation at the Sheffield’s Children NHS Foundation Trust resulted in a statistically significant increase in guideline adherence from 79.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 76.4–81.9%] to 85.1% (95% CI: 82.9–87.4%). The greatest impact in adherence was found in CT head scans, from 95.8% (95% CI: 94.5–97.2%) to 97.7% (95% CI: 96.7–98.6%).

Conclusion
The implementation at the Sheffield’s Children NHS Foundation Trust was successful in satisfying the aim of CG176 by increasing adherence and decreasing CT head scans. This success could be explained by the formal implementation to the new cohort of doctors and better physician agreement with the guidelines. The increase in adherence is contrary to the previous studies.
Fecal Amino Acid Analysis Can Discriminate De Novo Treatment‐Naïve Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease From Controls
Authors: Bosch Sofie , Struys Eduard A. , van Gaal Nora , Bakkali Abdellatif , Jansen Erwin W. , Diederen Kay , Benninga Marc A. , Mulder Chris J. , de Boer Nanne K.H. , de Meij Tim G.J. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:Endoscopy remains mandatory in the diagnostic work‐up of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but is a costly and invasive procedure. Identification of novel, noninvasive, diagnostic biomarkers remains a priority. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of fecal amino acid composition as diagnostic biomarker for pediatric IBD.Methods:In this case‐control study, treatment‐naïve, de novo pediatric patients with IBD from two tertiary centers were included. Endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) was based on physician global assessment scores, substantiated by levels of fecal calprotectin and C‐reactive protein at study inclusion. Patients were instructed to collect a fecal sample prior to bowel cleansing. Healthy controls (HCs) were recruited from primary schools in the same region. Dedicated amino acid analysis was performed on all samples.Results:Significant differences between 30 IBD patients (15 UC, 15 CD) and 15 age and sex‐matched HCs were found in six amino acids (histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, and valine; all area under the curve >0.75 and P < 0.005), displaying higher levels in IBD. When distributing the patients according to type of IBD, a similar spectrum of amino acids differed between UC and HC (histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, and serine), whereas three amino acids were different between CD and HC (histidine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine).Conclusions:Significantly increased levels of six different fecal amino acids were found in patients with IBD compared to controls. Whether these differences reflect decreased absorption or increased loss by inflamed intestines needs to be elucidated.
Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Oral Vitamin D Supplementation
Authors: Munshi Upender K. , Graziano Pauline D. , Meunier Kara , Ludke Jennifer , Rios Angel 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants has been recommended by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); however, its efficacy and safety has not been well studied. To study 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels as a marker of vitamin D status of very low birth weight infants while on vitamin D supplementation during neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization.Methods:Retrospective study of preterm infants with birth weight <1500 g admitted to our unit from January 2013 to December 2015 who were on oral vitamin D3 400 IU supplementation. Serum 25OHD level were checked at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age or before discharge and the levels were stratified as deficient <20 ng/mL, insufficient 20 to 29 ng/mL, normal 30 to 60 ng/mL, high 61 to 100 ng/mL and very high >100 ng/mL.Results:A total of 301 infants were enrolled, 186 very low birth weight (VLBW; 1000–1499 g) infants and 115 extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) infants. Approximately 80% of both VLBWs and ELBWs had deficient or insufficient 25OHD levels at 4 weeks of age. On oral vitamin D supplementation, VLBW infants increased their 25OHD levels significantly by 8 and 12 weeks of age, whereas ELBW infants lagged behind at 8 weeks and increased their 25OHD levels by 12 weeks of age.Conclusions:Eighty percent of ELBW and VLBW infants have either deficient or insufficient vitamin D status at 4 weeks of age. Vitamin D supplementation helps in improving the vitamin D levels, VLBW infants significantly more than ELBW infants. AAP recommendation appears to be safe; however, if using higher supplement dosing, 25OHD level should be monitored to avoid high and very high vitamin D levels.