bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chaîne des idées et chaîne des êtres dans Le Rêve de d'Alembert
Authors: Suzuki Mineko 
Published: June 2016

Mineko Suzuki : Chain of ideas and chain of beings in the rêve de
d'Alembert.
It is hardly surprising that in the last ten years the Rêve de d'Alembert has attracted critical attention and growing popular success. The reason is that this work, although difficult, best reveals Diderot's creative process. By his writing, he shows clearly that everything is in a state of perpetual transformation. Ideas and beings, mutually intertwined, form a sort of living tissue which mirrors the evolution of life. This movement widens as ideas are gradually enriched and modified by being repeatedly reformulated. The work itself, which neither begins nor ends clearly, shows once and for all that the process of creation cannot be restricted, that it exists both before and after, and that the work is only a part of it.
L'astronome Lexell et les athées parisiens (1780-1781)
Authors: Dulac Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Dulac : The astronomer Lexell and Parisian atheists (1780-
1781).
From Paris, Lexell wrote to J. A. Euler a series of letters concerned mainly with the Académie des Sciences and literary circles. Here we are concerned with the accounts of his meetings with Lalande, Diderot and d'Holbach. Lexell was shocked by Lalande's atheism, reminding him that Diderot was «brought down » on this subject by Æpinus in Petersburgh. This reference throws light on an obscure incident concerning Diderot's «demonstration » of the possibility of explaining planetary movement without, like Newton, supposing an initial impulse from the Creator. This reasoning, which he had proposed to several mathematicians (iCpinus, the Eulers, J. F. Hennert), should be linked to a paper by J. J. de Marguerite (1773). After having described his hostility to the Parisians' irreligion, Lexell, who was welcomed by Diderot and his friends, gives a favourable account of a conversation with the Philosopher (concerning Falconet's monument) ; he also shows sympathy for d'Holbach and admiration for the Histoire des deux Indes.
Tristram Shandy, ou l'histoire de l'écriture
Authors: Chabut Marie-Hélène 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Hélène Chabut : Tristram Shandy or the story of writing.
Tristram Shandy is a sharp parody of the historical function of the narrator and his claim to be telling the truth. In addition, the chronological disorder and the confusion of the different levels of narration and «story » show that the latter is not self-evident but is the totally arbitrary production of the narrator. These tactics finally give the impression that it is an order «chosen » by «I ». Finally, the text's insistence on itself as an object in the process of fabrication creates the illusion of a present of the narration in process. Thus we move from the «traditional » realism of a story to a very coherent one of its telling and reception. The story becomes that of the writing and reading of the tale. Different readings of Tristram Shandy are also discussed, which show the power of this «new realism » on the most sensitive readers.
Regard critique sur l'édition des Œuvres de Prévost
Authors: Sgard Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : A Critical look at the edition of Prévosps works.
The last volume of Prévost's works was recently published by the Presses Universitaires de Grenoble. In this article, its general editor provides a brief history of the edition, emphasizing the importance of economic factors in the publication of a critical edition. These economic constraints have adversely affected the physical presentation of the text, but have not serious compromised the project as a whole. This new edition can be said to provide a completely new version of the text of Prévost's thirteen novels.
L'esthétique des passions : Marmontel et l'Opéra
Authors: Bardon Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Bardon : Marmontel s esthetics of the passions.
Jean-François Marmontel was the author of all the literature articles in the 1776 Supplément of the Encyclopédie ; in addition a series of aesthetic texts dating from 1773-7 show him to be the chief representative of Neo-Academism inherited from 18th-century Classicism, in a period which demanded a revolution of meaning in all fields, particularly the performing arts. Opera (also transformed by the arrival of Gliick) was supposed to express what classical theatre could not. Marmontel condemned the aesthetics of suffering, terror or excessive realism, preferring a model inherited from Greco-Roman mythology in which the «marvellous » serves «morality ». He was nostaligic for the great spectacles of Louis XVI's court, while at the same time taking part in the rise of Comic Opera and popular genres. He was unable to prevent the revolution in opera which questioned the nature and social utility of art in general.
De la lettre au roman : sur l'entrée en littérature de Julie de Lespinasse
Authors: Pascal Jean-Noël 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Noël Pascal : From letter to novel. Reflections on Mlle de Lespinasse's entry into literature.
A comparison of the two versions of M"e de Lespinasse's Letters, the bowdlerized 1809 edition and the authentic 1906 edition. After having sketched the work's publication history, we attempt to show first of all how the 1809 edition's omission of Guibert's replies to his mistress creates a novel-like continuity and coherence and how the removal of a large part of her own text concentrates all the passion on Mlle de Lespinasse while reinforcing the negative image of her lover. Next, various mutilations and corrections of the text by the first editor are considered. The result — which transforms a true correspondence into a Portuguese-style novel in letter form — is arguably weaker and less romantic for the modern reader than the authentic letters between Mlle de Lespinasse and her lover.
La crise du théâtre à Paris en 1793
Authors: Jean-Bérard Suzanne 
Published: June 2016

Suzanne J. Bérard : The 1793 Paris theatre crisis.
Revolutionary theatre was born with liberty ; after 14th July actors and authors freed themselves from the Old Regime's restrictions. The law of 15th January 1791 confirmed this freedom, with only the apparently minor restriction that its supervision was in the hands of the local councils who were to prevent disorder in the towns. In 1793 however with the new Commune this restriction became significant ; the Théâtre de la Nation (the Comédie-Française) put on a violently anti-Montagnard play, supported if not inspired by the Girondins, which led to a series of incidents which would have been farcical if they had not been ominous. After this the theatre moved further from political issues until, after Marat's assassination, a strong government was formed and Couthon proposed a law which placed the theatre under the control of the government.
Le Journal du voyage en Italie de l'abbé de Saint-Non (1759-1761)
Authors: Mascoli Laura 
Published: June 2016

Laura Mascoli : The abbé de Saint-Non's travel Journal in Italy (1759-1761).
This article is in three parts. It starts from a critical analysis of a volume entitled Panopticon Italiano which claims to publish a «rediscovered travel journal », which the art historian P. Rosenberg presents with illustrations from drawings, «copies of masters » and Fragonard. Next Saint-Non's Journal (travels and residence in Rome and Naples, between 1759 and 1761) is examined for itself. In addition to showing its interest as a document describing, amongst other things, the abbé's relations with the French Academy and Fragonard, we analyze the author's progress between this work and his Voyage pittoresque.
Une méthode universelle pour voyager avec profit, par Léopold Berchtold
Authors: Chevallier Élisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Elisabeth Chevallier : A universal method for profitable travel, by
count L. Berchtold.
Berchtold's aim, in publishing his Essay to Direct and Extend the Inquiries of patriotic Travellers, was to teach them how to make the best use of their time. Lists of questions were provided to help them to conduct inquiries and obtain a thorough knowledge of the countries they visited, with an emphasis on whatever could encourage progress. With his belief in human perfectibility, interest in technology and search for exhaustive knowledge, Berchtold was a descendant of the Encyclopédie. His rigorous method aroused the interest of his contemporaries who saw travel as a scientific undertaking aimed at contributing to different fields of learning.
Voyageurs français en Chine. Impressions et jugements
Authors: Broc Numa 
Published: June 2016

Numa Broc : French travellers in China.
Enlightened Europe undertook a rapprochement with Manchou China which was in a period of expansion and needed money and technical experts ; it welcomed with great tolerance foreign traders, missionaries and travellers. While trade was restricted to Canton and subjected to Han intermediaries, the jesuits had great success in Peking, providing the philosopher-emperor (or enlightened despot) with the scientists, generals and diplomats he needed. Travel accounts, Chinese Atlas, the vision of Confucianism and Chinese art, all contributed to a passion for things Chinese throughout Europe which was encouraged by the Philosophes. The Jesuits, who admired Chinese agriculture, also provided the Physiocrats with a perfect illustration of their theory. In the second half of the century, the gradual closing up of China was paralleled by a decline of Chinese fashion in Europe.
Les voyageurs à Herculanum
Authors: Grell Chantal 
Published: June 2016

Chant al Grell : Travellers at Herculanum.
The approximate site of Herculanum was located as early as the 16th Century, but excavations did not begin until 1738. The city, which was buried under a very thick, solid layer of lava, could not be uncovered ; the King of Naples therefore had hastily reinforced and badly-ventilated tunnels dug by convicts through the theatre, the forum and some houses, with the sole purpose of enriching the collections of the new museum at Portici. Several hundred travellers were given the privilege of going down into the city, but they were usually disappointed at seeing only some rather uninteresting pieces of wall. The buildings which were excavated during this period were — except for the theatre — covered up again to avoid landslides. They are still buried today and there are apparently no plans to uncover them.
L'observation du passage de vénus sur le soleil. Le voyage de Pingré dans l'Océan Indien
Authors: Racault Jean-Michel 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Michel Racault : Pingré's voyage to the Indian ocean.
In view of the great scientific interest of the eclipse of the sun by Venus in 1761, the Académie des Sciences organised three distant expeditions, the least-known of which is that of the abbé Pingré to Rodrigez Island in the Mascarenes, an observation site finally decided on after lengthy discussions. His account, still unpublished, covers three subjects : firstly, the scientific investigation in which, curiously, the problem of longitude overshadows the astronomical observations ; secondly, an account of events on the trip and during the stay on Rodriguez, longer than foreseen due to Franco-British conflicts ; and thirdly a documentary report, interesting above all for what it says about the economic, political and human state of the French colonies in the Indian Ocean.
Sir Joseph Banks et l'envoi des naturalistes dans les explorations anglaises
Authors: Lacroix Sylvie 
Published: June 2016

Sylvie Lacroix : Sir Joseph Banks and Scientific expeditions.
Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society for 42 years (1778-1820), ceaselessly sponsored naturalists on naval expeditions of exploration organised by the British government. He had created a model of scientific efficiency, above all in botany, and of cooperation between scientists and Royal Navy sailors when he took part, at his own expense, in Cook's first voyage ; he was accompanied by a team of 8, chosen by himself, which included Dr Solander, a pupil of Linnaeus. The Admiralty, although at first dubious, put him in charge of organisation and then of exploiting the results of all collection of natural science specimens on voyages, in particular those of Flinders and Vancouver. Until his death in 1810 he was seen as the spiritual heir of Cook, and thanks to him the Admiralty never questioned the presence of non-Navy scientists, like Darwin later on, on its ships.
Les langues dans les Mœurs des sauvages de Lafiteau
Authors: Albertan-Coppola Sylviane 
Published: June 2016

Sylviane Albertan-Coppola : Languages in Lafitau's mœurs des sauvages
americains (1724).
J. -F. Lafitau's contribution to ethnology has often been studied, but rarely his place in Amerindian linguistics. For although Lafitau provides neither a vocabulary nor a grammar of the Huron and Iroquois languages, he knew them very well as he had been a missionary at Sault-Saint-Louis and his learned essay is dotted with useful remarks on philosophy, morphology and even syntax. Above all, paradoxically, his comparative method, which led him to draw parallels — for the purposes of apologetics — between Amerindian customs and those of ancient peoples, led to a fertile relativism. It enabled him to make valid scientific observations, particularly concerning the relationship between language, society and the notion of dialect.
Le passage de la Ligne, ou le carnaval de la mer : Luillier (1705), Léguât (1707)
Authors: Linon Sophy-Jenny 
Published: June 2016

Sophy Jenny Linon : Crossing the line or the sea carnaval : Luillier (1705)
and Legat (1707). In the early 18th century, travel accounts often went beyond simple, direct facturai descriptions, as if they were trying, despite their claim to authenticity, to go back to the tradition of mythical accounts. Thus the 'baptism' ceremony celebrated when crossing the line — which is staged like a carnaval — proposes to restructure the vision of the world. This initiatory account which involves both crossing and diving, festival and exorcism, is marked by several symbolic reversals and indicates, beyond the apparent libertarian Utopia, that one is entering an upside-down world.
Sur l'hérésie dans la littérature clandestine
Authors: McKenna Antony 
Published: June 2016

Antony Mckenna : Heresy in clandestine literature.
This article explores some of the latest research on clandestine manuscripts. Whereas the philosophical movement is often portrayed as a steady march towards Enlightenment, the author insists on the hesitant and stumbling steps of certain clandestine philosophers. The role of religious debate and theological squabbles is underlined ; various religious currents and sects — anti-Catholic polemics of the Marranos, Jewish messianism and Protestant millenarianism, the rationalism of Arminians and Socinians — all play a vital role in the development of philosophic rationalism. The 'radical Reformation' thus makes an essential contribution to clandestine Philosophy.
La Mettrie, lecteur et traducteur de Bœrhaave
Authors: Thomson Ann 
Published: June 2016

Ann Thomson : La Mettriez Translation of Boerhaave.
La Mettrie's translation of Boerhaave's Institutiones medicœ, published between 1739 and 1750, was in fact a translation of Haller's second edition of the work, in which he freely mixes Boerhaave's lectures, a simplified version of Haller's notes, and his own comments. His claim to have added new material, after attending Boerhaave's lectures, is false, and he appropriates Haller's com¬ mentaries. His own additions essentially tend to add a materialistic colouring to the original, as is here shown with a series of examples. The main outlines of La Mettrie's materialism, to be presented in L'Homme machine, including the examples concerning irritability, are already present here.
L'âme et les passions dans la philosophie médicale de Georg-Ernst Stahl
Authors: Hoffmann Paul 
Published: June 2016

Paul Hoffmann : The soul and the passions in Stahl's medical philosophy.
Stahl's Theoria Medica vera (1708) contains a non-Cartesian definition of the passions, which are understood not as bodily movements informing the soul about its situation in the world (which the soul has to adopt and control), but as movements induced in the soul by the soul itself. For Stahl the soul is both a guiding principle and a subject planning the aims of the living being, but whose axiological perspicacity is constantly disturbed by desires which it has itself exacerbated. For Stahl, a Pietist Halle professor, passion is both an amoral organic impulse and a mistaken judgement, and he adopts the Augustinian idea of the soul's original turpitude. All passions are pathogenic for both soul and body but the soul alone is responsible. We find here the elements of a psychoso¬ matic theory of disease which was to have a decisive effect on the Montpellier school in the 18th Century.
La méthode hallérienne en physiologie
Authors: Rudolph Gerhard 
Published: June 2016

Gerhard Rudolph : Haller's physiological method.
The work of Albrecht von Haller, in the middle of the 18th Century, constitutes a turning-point in the study of vital phenomena. His method, expounded in numerous publications, helped by his didactic gifts, became the basis for modern biomedical research. On the one hand it is made up of critically analysed historical components (exhaustive bibliographies), and on the other it emphasizes methodical observation and highly rigorous experimentation. By adopting chemical and physical principles, he eliminated the prejudices and metaphysical speculation which still marred physiology, in order to achieve as great a degree of scientific certainty as possible. Thus the Swiss scientist, who was close to the Encyclopedists, can be seen as a defender of the Enlightenment, which he helped to spread beyond its historical limits.
L'harmonie imitative. Essai historique et anthropologique
Authors: Thibault Gabriel-Robert 
Published: June 2016

Gabriel Thibault : Imitative harmony. A historical and anthropological essay.
This article discusses the formation of the concept of imitative harmony. First, a distinction is made between the authors (orators and critics) who discuss it implicitly and those who actually use the term. We see that there is an onomatopoeic imitative harmony — which presupposes a non-arbitrary language or sort of catalogue of reality — and a rhetorical one, in which language is seen as an instrument capable of evoking the qualities of a being, an object or an action by means of sound. The second part of the article, from the point of view of cultural anthropology, shows that the popularity of the concept in the second half of the century should be linked to the emphasis placed on reality by the Encyclopedists and the sensualists, and to a new sensitivity resulting from events in France.
Deux emplois du mot matérialisme : Christian Wolf et Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Deprun Jean 
Published: June 2016

Two uses of the word "materialism" : Christian Wolff and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
First of all this article indicates that idealism and materialism appear in Wolffs works between 1720 and 1740 as two varieties of monism and not as constituting a universally valid dichotomy. Then it points out that, in 1762, Rousseau opposes idealism to materialism, giving the latter term a meaning which is derived directly from Berkeley. We conclude that we should beware of over-rigid classifications.
Matérialisme et hétérogénéité dans la philosophie de John Toland
Authors: Iofrida Manlio 
Published: June 2016

Materialism and heterogeneity in Toland's philosophy.
In his Letters to Serena, Toland proposes a materialistic pantheism which breaks with Descartes's conception of passive matter, maintaining a sort of balance between vitalism and mechanism. In Pantheisticon, Toland's interest in biological problems, and references to geology and natural history, show a new attention to the problem of individuality and its relationship with totality or the world-system. This attention is confirmed by the atomism derived from CI. Bérigard's Circulus Pisanus. Thus, reason is at the centre of Toland's philosophy, but it is mainly the multifacious heterogeneous reason of biological science. That is why in Toland's concept of matter we find original differences and activity. Toland's conception of Being is marked by heterogeneity and dynamism, which shows that his thought, although classical in many respects, goes beyond classical metaphysics on some crucial points.
Matière, nature, mouvement chez d'Holbach et Toland
Authors: Lurbe Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Matter, nature and movement in d'Holbach and Toland.
The first chapters of the Système de la nature, concerning matter and the laws of movement, reflect d'Holbach's reading and recent translation of Toland's Letters to Serena — in particular the idea that movement is essential to matter. But, while Toland means motive force, an attribute of matter as such, d'Holbach is instead referring to the mobility of individual bodies. Also, while matter is for the former a homogeneous substance and the only truly existing one, for the latter it is only a type of being and an abstract being. Thus instead of a single-substance monism he emphasizes the infinite diversity of bodies made up of primary elements taken from the chemistry of Stahl and Rouelle. Finally, while Toland is careful to describe matter in strictly physical and mechanistic terms, d'Holbach emphasizes Nature, which he tends to personify, thus running the risk of bringing back finalism, rejected elsewhere.
Guillaume Lamy et l'âme matérielle
Authors: Thomson Ann 
Published: June 2016

Guillaume Lamy and the material soul.
Guillaume Lamy, author of several medico-philosophical works, defended an epicurean and anti-finalistic philosophy, which led him to reject new medical ideas. His definition of the fiery material soul in his 6th Discours anatomique was reproduced in several 18th-century works, but his works do not seem to have played a vital role in the development of materialistic thought. Only La Mettrie, who preferred a different explanation of intellectual functions, refers to him. Unlike Willis and Duncan, with whom his ideas show some similarity, Lamy's explanations of the functioning of the brain are theoretical, not based on experimental evidence and thus were ignored by the vitalists. The relationship between medicine and materialism can be seen to be more complex than is often thought.
Un prophète «philosophe» ? Une Vie de Mahomed à l'aube des Lumières
Authors: Venturino Diego 
Published: June 2016

The Prophet as philosophe ? An early Enlightenment Life of Mohamed.
For a thousand years after the 8th Century, Mohamed was the enemy of Western intellectuals. It was not until the erudite Islamology of the 17th Century (Maracci, d'Herbelot, Reeland, Bayle) that the old prejudices began to wane. Boulainvilliers was not an islamologist but knew that literature well and turned what was only a timid rehabilitation into an apologetic. In his Vie de Mahomed , he tries to show that the Prophet was not a lubricious and irrational monster but an eminent lawgiver, full of common sense and above all a sublime theologian. Thus the historian of the nobles' cause, who was also a free-thinker, influenced by Spinozism and an implacable critic of Western civilisation, presents an unexpected Prophet of Islam, a philosophe who was to attract several of the great intellectuals of the century such as Voltaire or Condorcet.