bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers in Hematological Malignancies: A Review of Molecular Testing in Hematopathology
Authors: Hussaini Mohammad 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundMolecular interrogation of genetic information has transformed our understanding of disease and is now routinely integrated into the workup and monitoring of hematological malignancies. In this article, a brief but comprehensive review is presented of state-of-the-art testing in hematological disease.MethodsThe primary medical literature and standard textbooks in the field were queried and reviewed to assess current practices and trends for molecular testing in hematopathology by disease.ResultsPertinent materials were summarized under appropriate disease categories.ConclusionMolecular testing is well entrenched in the diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for hematological malignancies, with rapid growth and insights emerging following the integration of next-generation sequencing into the clinical workflow.
Overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A in Invasive Micropapillary Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Rosa Marilin , Abdelbaqi Maisoun , Bui Katherine M. , Nasir Aejaz , Bui Marilyn M. , Shibata David , Coppola Domenico 
Published: August 2017

Background Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare variant of colorectal cancer with an adverse prognosis. “Retraction artifact” around tumor cells is a feature of IMPC. The aim of this study was to assess the nature of the retractions around the tumor cells and to describe the histopathological features of a group of 18 cases of IMPC. Methods A pathology review of 128 consecutive colorectal cancers identified 18 cases of histologically proven IMPC using 5% of the total tumor volume comprised of a micropapillary component as the diagnostic criterion. Immunostains for D2–40, CD31, CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and mucin 1 (MUC-1) were performed using the avidin-biotin complex method. Results Cases of IMPC were characterized by pseudomicropapillae surrounded by lacunar-like clear spaces. These structures exhibited the inside-out growth pattern as highlighted by MUC-1 staining. The lining of the lacunar spaces was immunoreactive to CD31 but not CD34 or D2–40, indicating that they are neovascular structures. Furthermore, the tumor cells strongly and diffusely expressed VEGF-A. Conclusions The strong coexpression of VEGF-A and CD31 suggests a prominent role of neoangiogenesis in these tumors.
Effect of Age on Clinical Outcomes in Phase 1 Trial Participants
Authors: Mahipal Amit , Denson Aaron C. , Djulbegovic Benjamin , Lush Richard , Kumar Ambuj , Juan Tzu-Hua , Schell Michael J. , Sullivan Daniel M. 
Published: August 2017

Background Most persons with cancer living in the United States are older than 65 years of age; however, in general, elderly persons are under-represented in clinical trials and outcomes data are lacking. Methods Outcomes data were analyzed of elderly participants (≥ 65 years of age) enrolled in phase 1 clinical trials and the results compared with those of younger patients. All consecutive, single-center, phase 1 oncology trials initiated and completed at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute between 1997 and 2007 were included. Patient data (including survival, response, and toxicity rates) were extracted from a cancer registry database and electronic medical records at Moffitt Cancer Center. Results After excluding multi-institution trials, we analyzed 39 trials for a total of 1,162 enrolled study participants, 32.7% of whom were elderly. Among patients who underwent transplantation, median survival rates were worse in those who were elderly compared with those who were younger (44.9 vs 32.9 months; P = .0037). However, in the no-transplantation setting, participants who were elderly had a median survival rate of 10.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.9–13.1) compared with 8.8 months (95% CI: 7.9–10.3) in those who were younger (P = .15). Both groups had similar overall response rates (15.2% vs 13.1%) and similar treatment-related mortality rates (1% vs 0.9%, respectively). Adverse events occurring among the elderly and younger participants were not statistically significant. Conclusions Survival, response, toxicity, and treatment-related mortality rates were not significantly different between the elderly and younger phase 1 trial participants in the no-transplantation setting. Regardless of the complex pharmacological profiles and logistical issues involved in treating the elderly population, our data imply that elderly study participants do at least as well as their younger counterparts, contributing to the justification of increasing the phase 1 trial enrollment of elderly patients.
Local Ablation for Solid Tumor Liver Metastases: Techniques and Treatment Efficacy
Authors: Wong Joyce , Cooper Amanda 
Published: August 2017

Background Treatment options for liver metastases from solid tumors, such as colon cancer, breast cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, and sarcomas, have expanded in recent years and now include nonresection methods. Methods The literature focused on the treatment of liver metastases was reviewed for technique, perioperative, and long-term outcomes specifically related to local ablation techniques for liver metastases. Results Ablation modalities have become popular as therapies for patients who are not appropriate candidates for surgical resection. Use of these techniques, alone or in combination with other liver-directed therapies (and often systemic therapy), has extended the rate of survival for patients with liver metastases and, at times, offers nearly equivalent disease-free survival rates to surgical resection. Conclusions Although surgical resection remains the optimal treatment for liver metastasis, local options, including microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation, can offer similar long-term local control in appropriately selected patients.
Exploring the Perceptions of Anal Cancer Screening and Behaviors among Gay and Bisexual Men Infected with HIV
Authors: Koskan Alexis M. , Leblanc Natalie , Rosa-Cunha Isabella 
Published: August 2017

Background The incidence of anal cancer is on the rise among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Given the increasing availability of screening, this study explored anal cancer screening awareness and behaviors among MSM infected with HIV. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 58 MSM infected with HIV. Results Other than 2 participants treated for anal cancer and 3 treated for precancerous anal lesions, the majority of participants had never heard of anal cancer. Men reported lack of awareness and recommendations from their health care professionals as the greatest barriers to screening. Upon learning about their risk for anal cancer and the availability of screening, the men were eager to discuss screening with their physicians. Participants provided numerous recommendations for future interventions, including training health care professionals to promote screening, disseminating information pertaining to anal cancer through social networks, and creating media campaigns to raise awareness about the need to screen for this type of cancer. Conclusions Future intervention work should focus on ensuring that health care professionals, particularly among HIV/primary care specialists, promote screening for anal dysplasia. It is critical that intervention methods use a community-based approach to raise awareness about the need to screen for anal cancer, especially among MSM infected with HIV.
Genetic Investigation of Uterine Carcinosarcoma: Case Report and Cohort Analysis
Authors: Hembree Timothy N. , Teer Jamie K. , Hakam Ardeshir , Chiappori Alberto A. 
Published: August 2017

Background Uterine carcinosarcoma, a rare gynecological malignancy, often presents at the advanced stage with a poor prognosis because current therapies have not improved rates of survival. Genetic characterization of this tumor may lead to novel, specifically targeted drug targets to provide better treatment options for patients with this malignancy. Methods We present a case of a woman aged 61 years with uterine carcinosarcoma and retrospectively analyzed 100 study patients with uterine carcinosarcoma. From this group, 9 study patients underwent targeted sequencing of 1,321 genes. Results All 9 study patients had at least 1 mutation in JAK2, KRAS, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, PTEN, FBXW7, TP53, and ERBB2; of these, TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene (6/9). In addition, ARID1A and KMT2C, which have been described and identified as part of a set of chromatin-remodeling genes, were also found in our analyses. From our 100-person cohort clinical analyses, study patients with stage 1 cancer had a median survival rate of 33 months (95% confidence interval, 19–109) compared with a median survival rate of 6 months (95% confidence interval, 3–12) in those with stage 4 disease. Conclusions Disease stage alone predicted the rate of clinical survival. Up to 50% in the study group were identified at having early stage disease (stage 1/2), indicating improved rates of overall detection compared with previously reported data. Our mutational analysis findings add to the number of tumors in which these mutations have been found and suggest that chromatin-remodeling dysregulation may play a role in the tumorigenesis of carcinosarcoma.
Definitive Radiotherapy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Glottic Larynx
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Dagan Roi , Bryant Curtis M. , Amdur Robert J. , Mancuso Anthony A. 
Published: August 2017

Background Depending on the extent of disease, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the glottis is managed with surgery, radiotherapy (RT), or a combination of these modalities. Patients with advanced disease may receive concomitant chemotherapy in conjunction with definitive or postoperative RT. Methods The treatment policies of the University of Florida and patient outcomes are reviewed. Results The likelihood of cure after RT for carcinoma in situ (Tis) to T2 glottic SCC varies from 70% to 94% depending on tumor stage. Consideration should be given to adding weekly cisplatin for patients with T2b SCC because of the high local recurrence rate after RT alone. The probability of cure is about 65% to 80% for select low-volume (≤ 3.5 cc) T3 to T4 glottic SCC after RT. These patients should be considered for concomitant weekly cisplatin. Higher-volume tumors, particularly those with airway compromise, should be treated with laryngectomy and postoperative RT. Conclusion Definitive RT is an excellent treatment for select patients with laryngeal cancer.
Multidisciplinary Management of Salivary Gland Cancers
Authors: Mifsud Matthew J. , Burton Jon N. , Trotti Andy M. , Padhya Tapan A. 
Published: August 2017

Background Salivary carcinomas are a rare group of biologically diverse neoplasms affecting the head and neck. The wide array of different histological entities and clinical presentations has historically limited attempts to establish well-defined treatment algorithms. In general, low-risk lesions can be managed with a single treatment modality, whereas advanced lesions require a more complex, multidisciplinary approach. Methods The relevant literature was reviewed, focusing on diagnostic and treatment algorithms for salivary malignancies. Results Salivary carcinomas with high-risk features require an aggressive treatment approach with complete surgical resection, neck dissection to appropriate cervical lymph-node basins, and postoperative radiotherapy. Conclusions The heterogeneity of salivary neoplasms represents a unique clinical challenge. Despite the multidisciplinary management paradigm detailed in this review, outcomes for advanced disease are unsatisfactory. Future progress will likely require the addition of novel systemic therapeutic strategies.
Resection of the First Rib with Preservation of the T1 Nerve Root in Pancoast Tumors of the Lung
Authors: Filis Andreas K. , Robinson Lary A. , Vrionis Frank D. 
Published: August 2017

Background Surgical outcomes for Pancoast (superior sulcus) tumors of the lung have significantly changed during the last few decades and have improved with use of curative-intent surgery by utilizing en bloc complete resections. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of 11 selected patients treated at Moffitt Cancer Center from 2007 to 2016. Data from patient records were collected and analyzed. Results All 11 patients with a Pancoast tumor involving the first rib had their T1 root preserved at surgery. In 10 patients (90.9%), the tumor was removed en bloc. Clear margins of resection were documented in 4 cases (36.0%). No patient developed postoperative hand weakness, but 3 patients (27.3%) had minor postoperative complications, including air leak, chylothorax, and pericardial effusion. One iatrogenic injury to the subclavian artery was reported during surgery; the injury was subsequently repaired. No operative mortality was reported. Conclusions Radical resection of Pancoast tumors is considered to be safe, and preserving the T1 nerve root provides more favorable, functional outcomes.
Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Auditory Canal or Middle Ear Cancer
Authors: Murai Taro , Kamata Shin-Etsu , Sato Kengo , Miura Kouki , Inoue Mitsuhiro , Yokota Naoki , Ohta Seiji , Iwabuchi Michio , Iwata Hiromitsu , Shibamoto Yuta 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundStereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) may represent a new treatment option for individuals with auditory canal or middle ear cancer.MethodsStudy participants with pathologically proven ear cancer were treated with SRT (35 Gy for 3 fractions or 40 Gy for 5 fractions) as first-line therapy. When local tumor recurrence developed following SRT, subtotal temporal bone resection and postoperative chemoradiotherapy were performed as salvage treatment. Boluses were used for the initial 14 study patients.ResultsTwenty-nine study participants were enrolled and staged with T1 (n = 3), T2 (n = 7), T3 (n = 14), or T4 disease (n = 5). Three-year overall survival rates were 69% for T1/2 disease, 79% for T3 disease, and 0% for T4 disease. Three-year local control rates were 70% for T1/2 disease, 50% for T3 disease, and 20% for T4 disease. Grade 2 or higher dermatitis or soft-tissue necrosis occurred more frequently in study patients treated with boluses (8/14 vs 2/15; P = .02). Salvage treatment was safely performed for 12 recurrent cases.ConclusionsThese results suggest that SRT outcomes are promising for patients with ear cancer (≤ T3 disease). The rate of toxicity was acceptable in the study patients treated without boluses. Outcomes of salvage surgery and postoperative radiotherapy following SRT were also encouraging.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Epidemiology and Genomics of Lung Cancer
Authors: Schabath Matthew B. , Cress W. Douglas , Muñoz-Antonia Teresita 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundLung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. In addition to the geographical and sex-specific differences in the incidence, mortality, and survival rates of lung cancer, growing evidence suggests that racial and ethnic differences exist.MethodsWe reviewed published data related to racial and ethnic differences in lung cancer.ResultsCurrent knowledge and substantive findings related to racial and ethnic differences in lung cancer were summarized, focusing on incidence, mortality, survival, cigarette smoking, prevention and early detection, and genomics. Systems-level and health care professional–related issues likely to contribute to specific racial and ethnic health disparities were also reviewed to provide possible suggestions for future strategies to reduce the disproportionate burden of lung cancer.ConclusionsAlthough lung carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process driven by exogenous exposures, genetic variations, and an accumulation of somatic genetic events, it appears to have racial and ethnic differences that in turn impact the observed epidemiological differences in rates of incidence, mortality, and survival.
Genomic Disparities in Breast Cancer among Latinas
Authors: Lynce Filipa , Graves Kristi D. , Jandorf Lina , Ricker Charité , Castro Eida , Moreno Laura , Augusto Bianca , Fejerman Laura , Vadaparampil Susan T. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among Latinas in the United States and the leading cause of cancer-related death among this population. Latinas tend to be diagnosed at a later stage and have worse prognostic features than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Genetic and genomic factors may contribute to observed breast cancer health disparities in Latinas.MethodsWe provide a landscape of our current understanding and the existing gaps that need to be filled across the cancer prevention and control continuum.ResultsWe summarize available data on mutations in high and moderate penetrance genes for inherited risk of breast cancer and the associated literature on disparities in awareness of and uptake of genetic counseling and testing in Latina populations. We also discuss common genetic polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer in Latinas. In the treatment setting, we examine tumor genomics and pharmacogenomics in Latina patients with breast cancer.ConclusionsAs the US population continues to diversify, extending genetic and genomic research into this underserved and understudied population is critical. By understanding the risk of breast cancer among ethnically diverse populations, we will be better positioned to make treatment advancements for earlier stages of cancer, identify more effective and ideally less toxic treatment regimens, and increase rates of survival.
Clinical Considerations of Risk, Incidence, and Outcomes of Breast Cancer in Sexual Minorities
Authors: Mattingly Anne E. , Kiluk John V. , Lee M. Catherine 
Published: August 2017

Background Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Limited research exists on the impact of sexual orientation on overall risk of and mortality from breast cancer. We sought to summarize the medical literature on breast cancer in sexual minority women and identify possible disparities in this population. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted for English-language studies in peer-reviewed medical journals that referenced breast cancer and sexual minority, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender individuals. Articles published between January 2000 and November 2015 were included. They were reviewed for relevance to breast cancer risk stratification, breast cancer mortality, breast reconstruction, and transgender issues. Results Behavioral risks, reproductive risks, and risks associated with decreased access to health care may all affect outcomes for sexual minorities with breast cancer. Limited studies have mixed results regarding mortality associated with breast cancer in sexual minorities due to an inconsistent reporting of sexual orientation. Conclusions Overall, the research examining breast cancer in sexual minority women remains limited. This finding is likely due to limitations in the reporting of sexual orientation within large databases, thus making broader-scale research difficult.
Construction and Validation of a Multi-Institutional Tissue Microarray of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma from Racially and Ethnically Diverse Populations
Authors: Seijo Edward , Lima Diana , Iriabho Egiebade , Almeida Jonas , Monico Jesus , Echeverri Margarita , Gutierrez Sylvia , Flores Idhaliz , Lee Ji-Hyun , Fisher Kate , Grizzle William E. , Sica Gabriel L. , Butler Charles , Hicks Chindo , Meade Cathy D. , Sodeke Stephen Olufemi , Moroz Krzysztof , Coppola Domenico , Muñoz-Antonia Teresita 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe scarcity of tissues from racial and ethnic minorities at biobanks poses a scientific constraint to research addressing health disparities in minority populations.MethodsTo address this gap, the Minority Biospecimen/Biobanking Geographic Management Program for region 3 (BMaP-3) established a working infrastructure for a “biobanking” hub in the southeastern United States and Puerto Rico. Herein we describe the steps taken to build this infrastructure, evaluate the feasibility of collecting formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and associated data from a single cancer type (breast), and create a web-based database and tissue microarrays (TMAs).ResultsCancer registry data from 6 partner institutions were collected, representing 12,408 entries from 8,279 unique patients with breast cancer (years 2001–2011). Data were harmonized and merged, and deidentified information was made available online. A TMA was constructed from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) representing 427 patients with breast cancer (147 African Americans, 168 Hispanics, and 112 non-Hispanic whites) and was annotated according to biomarker status and race/ethnicity. Biomarker analysis of the TMA was consistent with the literature.ConclusionsContributions from participating institutions have facilitated a robust research tool. TMAs of IDC have now been released for 5 projects at 5 different institutions.
Chemoprevention in African American Men with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kumar Nagi B. , Pow-Sang Julio M. , Spiess Philippe E. , Park Jong Y. , Chornokur Ganna , Leone Andrew R. , Phelan Catherine M. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRecommendations for cancer screening are uncertain for the early detection or prevention of prostate cancer in African American men. Thus, chemoprevention strategies are needed to specifically target African American men.MethodsThe evidence was examined on the biological etiology of disparities in African Americans related to prostate cancer. Possible chemopreventive agents and biomarkers critical to prostate cancer in African American men were also studied.ResultsHigh-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia may be more prevalent in African American men, even after controlling for age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, abnormal results on digital rectal examination, and prostate volume. Prostate cancer in African American men can lead to the overexpression of signaling receptors that may mediate increased proliferation, angiogenesis, and decreased apoptosis. Use of chemopreventive agents may be useful for select populations of men.ConclusionsGreen tea catechins are able to target multiple pathways to address the underlying biology of prostate carcinogenesis in African American men, so they may be ideal as a chemoprevention agent in these men diagnosed with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.