bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐related changes in immune function (immune senescence) in caries and periodontal diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Preshaw Philip M. , Henne Karsten , Taylor John J. , Valentine Ruth A. , Conrads Georg 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimTo systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and dental caries.MethodsA systematic search of electronic databases utilizing medical subject headings (MeSH terms) supplemented by screening of review articles and other relevant texts was undertaken.ResultsSeventy‐three articles were included (43 for periodontitis, 30 for caries). Study results were found to be generally heterogeneous. Regarding periodontitis, human studies suggest evidence for altered neutrophil function and increased production of pro‐inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and prostaglandin E2) in older compared to younger subjects, and animal experiments suggest increased expression of genes that contribute to a pro‐inflammatory state in older compared to younger animals. Regarding dental caries, research relating to changes in immune functioning and the impact of ageing is in its infancy. A small number of studies have reported components of innate and adaptive immunity that affect the composition of saliva and dental biofilms with possible impacts on caries progression.ConclusionThere is evidence that immune functioning related to periodontitis and (less investigated) dental caries alters with increasing age. In both conditions, age‐associated mechanistic changes in immune functioning are complex and incompletely understood and it is not clear how these relate to disease susceptibility.
Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis – a comprehensive review
Authors: Frencken Jo E. , Sharma Praveen , Stenhouse Laura , Green David , Laverty Dominic , Dietrich Thomas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundDental caries and periodontitis are the most common oral diseases and major causes of tooth loss.AimTo perform a review of global prevalence and incidence of dental caries and periodontitis.MethodologyInclusion and exclusion criteria were developed. MEDLINE database and EMBASE database were used to search for eligible publications using keywords and MeSH terms. Additionally, WHO databank was used for obtaining dental caries information and PUBMED for a search on trends of dental caries prevalence and severity.ResultsOver the last four decades, the prevalence and severity of dentine carious lesions among 5‐ and 12‐year‐olds have declined; the decay‐component is very high, with the lowest prevalence among 12‐year‐olds in high‐income countries, which also had the lowest prevalence among 35‐ to 44‐year‐olds; and the number of retained teeth has increased around the globe. The prevalence of periodontitis is high, with approximately 10% of the global population affected by severe periodontitis. Study heterogeneity and methodological issues hamper comparisons across studies and over time.ConclusionWhile the prevalence of dental caries has decreased, the disease is prevalent in all age groups. The prevalence of periodontitis is high. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the prevalence of periodontitis has changed over time.
Dental biofilm: ecological interactions in health and disease
Authors: Marsh P. D. , Zaura Egija 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe oral microbiome is diverse and exists as multispecies microbial communities on oral surfaces in structurally and functionally organized biofilms.AimTo describe the network of microbial interactions (both synergistic and antagonistic) occurring within these biofilms and assess their role in oral health and dental disease.MethodsPubMed database was searched for studies on microbial ecological interactions in dental biofilms. The search results did not lend themselves to systematic review and have been summarized in a narrative review instead.ResultsFive hundred and forty‐seven original research articles and 212 reviews were identified. The majority (86%) of research articles addressed bacterial–bacterial interactions, while inter‐kingdom microbial interactions were the least studied. The interactions included physical and nutritional synergistic associations, antagonism, cell‐to‐cell communication and gene transfer.ConclusionsOral microbial communities display emergent properties that cannot be inferred from studies of single species. Individual organisms grow in environments they would not tolerate in pure culture. The networks of multiple synergistic and antagonistic interactions generate microbial inter‐dependencies and give biofilms a resilience to minor environmental perturbations, and this contributes to oral health. If key environmental pressures exceed thresholds associated with health, then the competitiveness among oral microorganisms is altered and dysbiosis can occur, increasing the risk of dental disease.
Bundling and joint marketing by rival firms
Authors: Jeitschko Thomas D. , Jung Yeonjei , Kim Jaesoo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe study joint marketing by firms who price discriminate between consumers who patronize only one firm (single purchasers) and those who purchase from both (bundle purchasers). Firms either set the price of the bundle and then compete along side the bundle; or they determine a rebate that is applied to joint purchasers and then set prices. Even though the pricing structure in the joint marketing scheme is determined noncooperatively, the commitment to the joint marketing agreement allows firms to leverage their stand‐alone prices—leading to higher profits and lower consumer surplus in either case, compared to both uniform pricing and independent price discrimination without a joint marketing agreement. Nevertheless the two schemes differ dramatically, in that rebates increase joint purchasing, whereas bundle pricing diminishes bundle purchases.
Motivate and select: Relational contracts with persistent types
Authors: Nikolowa Radoslawa 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe develop a model of relational contracts with moral hazard and asymmetric persistent information about an employee's type. We find that the form of the optimal contract depends on the job characteristics and the distribution of employees' talent. Bonus contracts are more likely to be adopted in complex jobs and when high talent is not too common or too rare. Firms with “normal” jobs are more likely to adopt termination contracts. In labor market equilibrium, different contracts may be adopted byex anteidentical firms. Hence, we offer an explanation for the coexistence of different employment systems within the same industry.
A zinc finger protein, interacted with cyclophilin, affects root development via IAA pathway in rice
Authors: Cui Peng , Liu Hongbo , Ruan Songlin , Ali Basharat , Gill Rafaqat Ali , Ma Huasheng , Zheng Zhifu , Zhou Weijun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe plant hormone auxin plays a crucial role in lateral root development. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying lateral root formation, an auxin‐responsive gene OsCYP2 (Os02g0121300) was characterized from rice. Compared to the wild type, OsCYP2‐RNAi (RNA interference) lines exhibited distinctive defects in lateral root development. Yeast two‐hybrid and glutathione S‐transferase pull‐down results confirmed that OsCYP2 interacted with a C2HC‐type zinc finger protein (OsZFP, Os01g0252900) which is located in the rice nucleus. T2 OsZFP‐RNAi lines had significantly fewer lateral roots than did wild‐type plants, which suggests a role for OsCYP2 and OsZFP in regulating lateral root development. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression of certain Aux/IAA (auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid) genes was altered in OsCYP2‐ and OsZFP‐RNAi lines in response to IAA. These findings imply that OsCYP2 and OsZFP participate in IAA signal pathways controlling lateral root development. More importantly, OsIAA11 showed functional redundancy not only in OsCYP2‐RNAi lines but also in OsZFP‐RNAi lines, which provides important clues for the elucidation of mechanisms controlling lateral root development in response to auxin.
Effects of p75NTR deficiency on cholinergic innervation of the amygdala and anxiety‐like behavior
Authors: Busch Ruben , Baldus Marian , Vogt Miriam A. , Berger Stefan M. , Bartsch Dusan , Gass Peter , von Bohlen und Halbach Oliver 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a low‐affinity receptor that is capable of binding neurotrophins. Two different p75NTR knockout mouse lines are available either with a deletion in Exon III (p75NTRExIII−/−) or in Exon IV (p75NTRExIV−/−). In p75NTRExIII knockout mice, only the full‐length p75NTR is deleted, whereas in p75NTRExIV knockout mice, the full‐length as well as the truncated isoform of the receptor is deleted. Deletion of p75NTR has been shown to affect, among others, the septohippocampal cholinergic innervation pattern and neuronal plasticity within the hippocampus. We hypothesize that deletion of p75NTR also alters the morphology and physiology of a further key structure of the limbic system, the amygdala. Our results indicate that deletion of p75NTR also increases cholinergic innervation in the basolateral amygdala in adult as well as aged p75NTRExIII−/− and p75NTRExIV−/− mice. The p75NTRExIV−/− mice did not display altered long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the basolateral amygdala as compared to age‐matched control littermates. However, p75NTRExIII−/− mice display stronger LTP in the basolateral amygdala compared to age‐matched controls. Bath‐application of K252a (a trk antagonist) did not inhibit the induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdala, but reduced the level of LTP in p75NTRExIII−/− mice to levels seen in respective controls. Moreover, p75NTRExIII−/− mice display altered behavior in the dark/light box. Thus, deletion of p75NTR in mice leads to physiological and morphological changes in the amygdala and altered behavior that is linked to the limbic system.
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A detailed musculoskeletal study of a fetus with anencephaly and spina bifida (craniorachischisis), and comparison with other cases of human congenital malformations
Authors: Alghamdi Malak A. , Ziermann Janine M. , Gregg Lydia , Diogo Rui 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFew descriptions of the musculoskeletal system of humans with anencephaly or spina bifida exist in the literature. Even less is published about individuals in which both phenomena occur together, i.e. about craniorachischisis. Here we provide a detailed report on the musculoskeletal structures of a fetus with craniorachischisis, as well as comparisons with the few descriptions for anencephaly and with musculoskeletal anomalies found in other congenital malformations. We focused in particular on the comparison with trisomies 13, 18, and 21 because neural tube defects have been associated with such chromosomal defects. Our results showed that many of the defects found in the fetus with craniorachischisis are similar not only to anomalies previously described in the available works on musculoskeletal phenotypes seen in fetuses with anencephaly and spina bifida, but also to a wide range of other different conditions/syndromes including trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and cyclopia. The fact that similar anomalies are seen commonly not only in a wide range of different syndromes, but also as variants of the normal human population and as the ‘normal’ phenotype of other animals, supports Pere Alberch's unfortunately named idea of a ‘logic of monsters’. That is, it supports the idea that development is so constrained that both in ‘normal’ and abnormal development one sees certain outcomes being produced again and again because ontogenetic constraints only allow a few possible outcomes, thus also leading to cases where the anatomical defects of some organisms are similar to the ‘normal’ phenotype of other organisms. In fact, this applies not only to specific anomalies but also to general patterns, such as the fact that in pathological conditions affecting different regions of the body, one consistently sees more defects on the upper limbs than on the lower limbs. Such general patterns are, again, seen in the fetus examined for this study, which had 29 muscle anomalies on the right upper limb and 22 muscle anomalies on the left upper limb, vs. seven muscle anomalies on the right lower limb and two on the left lower limb. It is therefore hoped that this work, which is part of our effort to describe and compile information on human musculoskeletal defects found in a wide range of conditions, will contribute not only to a better understanding of craniorachischisis in particular and of human congenital malformations in general, but also to broader discussions on the fields of comparative anatomy, and developmental and evolutionary biology.
MIS‐SPECIFICATION TESTING IN RETROSPECT
Authors: Spanos Aris 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper is threefold. First, to undertake a retrospective view of Mis‐Specification (M‐S) testing, going back to the early 20th century, with a view to (i) place it in the broader context of modeling and inference and (ii) bring out some of its special features. Second, to call into question several widely used arguments undermining the importance of M‐S testing in favor of relying on weak probabilistic assumptions in conjunction with generic robustness claims and asymptotic inference. Third, to bring out the crucial role of M‐S testing in securing trustworthy inference results. This is achieved by extending/modifying Fisher's statistical framework with a view to draw a clear line between the modeling and the inference facets of statistical induction. The proposed framework untangles the statistical from the substantive (structural) model and focuses on how to secure the adequacy of the statistical model before probing for substantive adequacy. A case is made for using joint M‐S tests based on custom‐built auxiliary regressions with a view to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of probing for potential statistical misspecifications.
Spatial Coregistration of Functional Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy to Brain MRI
Authors: Chen Michelle , Blumen Helena M. , Izzetoglu Meltem , Holtzer Roee 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETraditional neuroimaging techniques restrict movement and make it difficult to study the processes that require oral, upper limb, or lower limb motor execution. Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical neuroimaging modality that measures brain oxygenation and permits movement during data acquisition. A key limitation of fNIRS, however, is the lack of a standard method to coregister quantitative fNIRS measurements to structural images such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, fNIRS‐MRI coregistration studies have not been reported in older adults.METHODSfNIRS and structural MRI were acquired from 30 nondemented older adults. Sixteen fNIRS channels that assess hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC; an area crucial in various age‐related processes) were coregistered to structural MRI. Vitamin E capsules were used to mark the locations of fNIRS detectors and light sources on the scalp. We used the balloon‐inflation algorithm to project fNIRS channel locations on the scalp to underlying cortical surface.RESULTSWe provide coordinates for the 16 fNIRS channels in the PFC on the cortical surface in both MNI and Talairach spaces, with minimal variability that is within the spatial resolution of our fNIRS system.CONCLUSIONSOur study provides useful spatial information for stand‐alone fNIRS data in future studies, particularly investigations in age‐related processes.
Decreased expression of SOX7 induces cell proliferation and invasion and correlates with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Oh Kyu‐Young , Hong Kyoung‐Ok , Huh Young‐Sung , Lee Jae‐Il , Hong Seong‐Doo 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundSOX7, a member of the SOX family of transcription factors, acts as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. Downregulation of SOX7 has been reported in advanced tumors and correlates with poor prognosis. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of SOX7 on cell proliferation, invasion, and colony formation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and to evaluate the effectiveness of SOX7 protein as a prognostic indicator for OSCC patients.Methodsoral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines were treated with SOX7 small interfering RNA or SOX7 peptide, and their effects on cell proliferation, invasiveness, and colony formation were investigated by proliferation, in vitro invasion, and clonogenic assays. SOX7 protein expression in OSCC and normal oral mucosal tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. Associations between SOX7 protein expression and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC patients were statistically analyzed.ResultsSOX7 silencing‐induced cell proliferation and invasion in SCC‐4 cells. SOX7 peptide treatment inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion in SCC‐9 and SCC‐25 cells. Expression of SOX7 protein was decreased in OSCC tissues compared with normal oral mucosal tissues (P<.001). Negative SOX7 expression in patients with OSCC was significantly associated with positive lymph node metastasis (P=.041), advanced TNM stage (P=.024), and poor prognosis (P=.017).ConclusionsThese results suggest that SOX7 inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion in OSCC as a tumor suppressor and that negative SOX7 expression could be a poor prognostic indicator for patients with OSCC.
Paediatric horse‐related trauma
Authors: Theodore Jane E , Theodore Sigrid G , Stockton Kellie A , Kimble Roy M 
Published: March 2017

AimThis retrospective cohort study reported on the epidemiology of horse‐related injuries for patients presenting to the only tertiary paediatric trauma hospital in Queensland. The secondary outcome was to examine the use of helmets and adult supervision. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was examined in relation to helmet use. Morbidity and mortality were also recorded.MethodsIncluded were all patients presenting with any horse‐related trauma to the Royal Children's Hospital in Brisbane from January 2008 to August 2014. Data were retrospectively collected on patient demographics, hospital length of stay (LOS), mechanism of injury (MOI), safety precautions taken, diagnoses and surgical procedures performed.ResultsIncluded in the analysis were 187 incidents involving 171 patients. Most patients were aged 12–14 years (36.9%) and female (84.5%). The most common MOI were falls while riding horses (97.1%). Mild TBI (24.6%) and upper limb fractures (20.9%) were common injuries sustained. Patients who wore helmets had significantly reduced hospital LOS and severity of TBI when compared with those who did not wear helmets (P < 0.001 and P = 0.028, respectively). Morbidity was reported in 7.5% of patients. There were three deaths in Queensland.ConclusionHelmet use is recommended for non‐riders when handling horses, in addition to being a compulsory requirement whilst horse riding. Prompts in documentation may assist doctors to record the use of safety attire and adult supervision. This will allow future studies to further investigate these factors in relation to clinical outcomes.
Personalised dosing of medicines for children
Authors: Al-Metwali Basma , Mulla Hussain 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Objectives
Doses for most drugs are determined from population-level information, resulting in a standard ?one-size-fits-all’ dose range for all individuals. This review explores how doses can be personalised through the use of the individuals’ pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) profile, its particular application in children, and therapy areas where such approaches have made inroads.

Key findings
The Bayesian forecasting approach, based on population PK/PD models that account for variability in exposure and response, is a potent method for personalising drug therapy. Its potential utility is even greater in young children where additional sources of variability are observed such as maturation of eliminating enzymes and organs. The benefits of personalised dosing are most easily demonstrated for drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges such as antibiotics and cytotoxics and limited studies have shown improved outcomes. However, for a variety of reasons the approach has struggled to make more widespread impact at the bedside: complex dosing algorithms, high level of technical skills required, lack of randomised controlled clinical trials and the need for regulatory approval.

Summary
Personalised dosing will be a necessary corollary of the new precision medicine initiative. However, it faces a number of challenges that need to be overcome before such an approach to dosing in children becomes the norm.
Branched‐chain amino acid ratios in low‐protein diets regulate the free amino acid profile and the expression of hepatic fatty acid metabolism‐related genes in growing pigs
Authors: Duan Y. H. , Li F. N. , Wen C. Y. , Wang W. L. , Guo Q. P. , Li Y. H. , Yin Y. L. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryLiver metabolism is affected by nutrients. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of low‐protein diets (17% crude protein, CP) supplemented with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val), on hepatic amino acid profile and lipid metabolism in growing pigs. The ratio of Leu : Ile : Val in all groups was 1 : 0.51 : 0.63 (20% crude protein, CP), 1 : 1 : 1 (17% CP), 1 : 0.75 : 0.75 (17% CP), 1 : 0.51 : 0.63 (17% CP) and 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 (17% CP) respectively. Results revealed that compared to the positive control group (1 : 0.51 : 0.63, 20% CP), the low‐protein diets significantly augmented the concentrations of most essential amino acids and non‐essential amino acids (p < .05), with the greatest values observed in the 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 group. Moreover, relative to the control, the low‐protein diets with the Leu : Ile : Val ratio ranging from 1 : 0.75 : 0.75 to 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 markedly downregulated the mRNA abundance of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP‐4) (p < .05), and upregulated the mRNA expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐g coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (L‐CPT‐1) (p < .05). Therefore, our data suggest that protein‐restricted diets supplemented with optimal BCAA ratio, that is, 1 : 0.75 : 0.75–1 : 0.25 : 0.25, induce a shift from fatty acid synthesis to fatty acid oxidation in the liver of growing pigs. These effects may be associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis.