bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method of incident low-energy gamma-ray direction reconstruction in the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray space telescope
Authors: Kheymits M D , Leonov A A , Zverev V G , Galper A M , Arkhangelskaya I V , Arkhangelskiy A I , Suchkov S I , Topchiev N P , Yurkin Yu T , Bakaldin A V , Dalkarov O D 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray space-based telescope has as its main goals to measure cosmic γ-ray fluxes and the electron-positron cosmic-ray component produced, theoretically, in dark-matter-particles decay or annihilation processes, to search for discrete γ-ray sources and study them in detail, to examine the energy spectra of diffuse γ-rays — both galactic and extragalactic — and to study gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and γ-rays from the active Sun. Scientific goals of GAMMA-400 telescope require fine angular resolution. The telescope is of a pair-production type. In the converter-tracker, the incident gamma-ray photon converts into electron-positron pair in the tungsten layer and then the tracks are detected by silicon- strip position-sensitive detectors. Multiple scattering processes become a significant obstacle in the incident-gamma direction reconstruction for energies below several gigaelectronvolts. The method of utilising this process to improve the resolution is proposed in the presented work.
Elastodynamic models for extending GTD to penumbra and finite size flaws
Authors: Djakou A Kamta , Darmon M , Potel C 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The scattering of elastic waves from an obstacle is of great interest in ultrasonic Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE). There exist two main scattering phenomena: specular reflection and diffraction. This paper is especially focused on possible improvements of the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD), one classical method used for modelling diffraction from scatterer edges. GTD notably presents two important drawbacks: it is theoretically valid for a canonical infinite edge and not for a finite one and presents discontinuities around the direction of specular reflection. In order to address the first drawback, a 3D hybrid method using both GTD and Huygens secondary sources has been developed to deal with finite flaws. ITD (Incremental Theory of Diffraction), a method developed in electromagnetism, has also been developed in elastodynamics to deal with small flaws. Experimental validation of these methods has been performed. As to the second drawback, a GTD uniform correction, the UTD (Uniform Theory of Diffraction) has been developed in the view of designing a generic model able to correctly simulate both specular reflection and diffraction. A comparison has been done between UTD numerical results and UAT (Uniform Asymptotic Theory of Diffraction) which is another uniform solution of GTD.
The dynamic excitation of a granular chain for biomedical ultrasound applications: contact mechanics finite element analysis and validation
Authors: Gélat P , Yang J. , Thomas P J , Hutchins D A , Akanji O , Davis L A J , Freear S , Harput S , Saffari N 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
There has been recent interest in the transmission of acoustic signals along granular chains of spherical beads to produce waveforms of relevance to biomedical ultrasound applications. Hertzian contact between adjacent beads can introduce different harmonic content into the signal as it propagates. This transduction mechanism has the potential to be of use in both diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound applications, and is the object of the study presented here. Although discrete dynamics models of this behaviour exist, a more comprehensive solution must be sought if changes in shape and deformation of individual beads are to be considered. Thus, the finite element method was used to investigate the dynamics of a granular chain of six, 1 mm diameter chrome steel spherical beads excited at one end using a sinusoidal displacement signal at 73 kHz. Output from this model was compared with the solution provided by the discrete dynamics model, and good overall agreement obtained. In addition, it was able to resolve the complex dynamics of the granular chain, including the multiple collisions which occur. It was demonstrated that under dynamic excitation conditions, the inability of discrete mechanics models to account for elastic deformation of the beads when these lose contact, could lead to discrepancies with experimental observations.
Use of herbarium data to evaluate weediness in five congeners
Authors: Hanan-A. Ana M. , Vibrans Heike , Cacho N. Ivalú , Villaseñor José L. , Ortiz Enrique , Gómez-G. Vinicio A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is often desirable to quantify a plant's relative weediness or synanthropy, that is, the degree to which a species associates with human-caused disturbance, in order to study and understand the biology, ecology and evolution of weeds and invasive plants. Herbarium specimens are among the most accessible and verifiable sources of data on distribution and habitat. However, the habitat distribution of species may not be reflected accurately by herbarium specimen data, due to well-known biases in plant collection. Here, we assess how well herbarium specimens reflect species' weediness, when compared with direct field surveys. We used five species of Melampodium (Asteraceae) and classified their degree of weediness with a modification of Nuorteva's synanthropy index, based on herbarium specimens. We then modelled the distribution of our focal species in Mexico using MaxEnt and identified a polygon of ∼3000 km 2 in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, where there was a high probability of finding all five species. Systematic field searches in the target area documented all visible populations of four species along major and minor roads. Then we, again, classified their degree of weediness with the synanthropy index, based now on field data, and compared. We found that herbarium data were an accurate predictor of a species' weediness relative to its congeners despite the well-documented skew of herbarium data towards natural areas, which our data reflected as well. So, herbarium data can be used to classify species' weediness relative to each other, but not in absolute terms, if the specimens were correctly identified and none of the species were subject to particular collection bias. This study is the first attempt to compare herbarium and field data on this subject and may be relevant for other types of investigations based on herbarium data. Our work also highlights the usefulness of distribution models based on herbarium specimens.
Capsule endoscopy is useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing Meckel’s diverticulum
Authors: Krstic Slobodan N. , Martinov Jelena B. , Sokic-Milutinovic Aleksandra D. , Milosavljevic Tomica N. , Krstic Miodrag N. 
Published: February 2016

Objective
Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. Although a majority of patients remain asymptomatic, complications may occur in a subset of patients. MD is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in adults. We aimed to clarify the possible role of capsule endoscopy (CE) in the identification of Meckel’s diverticulum.

Patients and methods
From October 2004 to December 2010, 157 CEs were performed (83 male individuals, mean age 51±20 years; range 3–83 years) for obscure GIB. Before CE, all patients underwent nonconclusive upper and lower endoscopy at least two times and barium follow-through.

Results
CE identified the source of bleeding in 70/157 patients (44.6%). MD was diagnosed in 13/70 (18.6%) patients (11 male individuals, mean age 35±20 years, range, 3–69 years) after CE. Nine patients presented with obscure overt and four with obscure occult bleeding. The mean duration of obscure GIB history was 13 months (range 1–72 months). The mean hemoglobin concentration at the time of the procedure was 115±12 g/l. The findings of MD on CE were double lumen sign (13/13), visible blood (7/13), and diaphragm sign (6/13). All patients were operated upon, and MD histologically verified in 11. In two patients CE was false-positive and in two patients, false-negative. Capsule endoscopy had a positive predictive value of 84.6% for the diagnosis of MD.

Conclusion
MD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obscure GIB in adults. CE is an effective and promising modality for diagnosing MD in patients with obscure GIB.
RNA structure through multidimensional chemical mapping
Authors: Tian Siqi , Das Rhiju 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe discoveries of myriad non-coding RNA molecules, each transiting through multiple flexible states in cells or virions, present major challenges for structure determination. Advances in high-throughput chemical mapping give new routes for characterizing entire transcriptomesin vivo,but the resulting one-dimensional data generally remain too information-poor to allow accuratede novostructure determination. Multidimensional chemical mapping (MCM) methods seek to address this challenge. Mutate-and-map (M2), RNA interaction groups by mutational profiling (RING-MaP and MaP-2D analysis) and multiplexed ·OH cleavage analysis (MOHCA) measure how the chemical reactivities of every nucleotide in an RNA molecule change in response to modifications at every other nucleotide. A growing body ofin vitroblind tests and compensatory mutation/rescue experiments indicate that MCM methods give consistently accurate secondary structures and global tertiary structures for ribozymes, ribosomal domains and ligand-bound riboswitch aptamers up to two hundred nucleotides in length. Importantly, MCM analyses provide detailed information on structurally heterogeneous RNA states, such as ligand-free riboswitches, that are functionally important but difficult to resolve with other approaches. The sequencing requirements of currently available MCM protocols scale at least quadratically with RNA length, precluding general application to transcriptomes or viral genomes at present. We propose a modify-crosslink-map expansion to overcome this and other current limitations to resolving thein vivo‘RNA structurome’.
The main topics of research on disclosures of intangible assets: a critical review
Authors: Castilla-Polo Francisca , GALLARDO-VÁZQUEZ Dolores 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– We must acknowledge the importance of intangibles in today’s economies and the controversy over the accounting and reporting of these assets. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to synthesize the lessons learned from research to date and identify gaps in that research that would be useful to academics and practitioners.Design/methodology/approach– The literature review was conducted after an analysis of the most important academic databases in the period of 1990-2013: ABI Inform Complete, CSIS, EconLit, ISOC, Journal Citation Reports, Scopus, Emerald, Springer, and Google Scholar.Findings– The authors offer a summary of the main gaps in the literature on intellectual capital disclosures, among which the authors perceive a need for increased qualitative or explanatory research, which would allow further analysis of such decisions.Research limitations/implications– Specifically, the main problem encountered in the research on voluntary disclosure of intangibles appears to relate to the type of methodology used, which is usually quantitative or descriptive.Practical implications– Given that the principal limitations in the field of the disclosure of intangibles have been discussed, the authors conclude by indicating the principal directions for future research.Social implications– Qualitative analysis is absent in the literature the authors reviewed, and considered it fundamental to understanding this type of disclosure. In fact, the development of future lines of research could provide better-quality intangible asset reporting.Originality/value– Although there are previous studies on this topic, the authors believe that the main contribution of this study is to offer an integrated framework of existing findings concerning decisions by companies to disclose information on intangibles, a topic on which previous literature is sparse.
Open air markets: uniquenesses about African marketing channels
Authors: Onyemah Vincent , Akpa Simon O. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to offer a state of the art description of open air markets (OAM), a little-known phenomenon that is indispensable in Africa’s consumer packaged goods industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– A qualitative methodology comprising in-depth semi-structured interviews and direct observation was employed.

Findings
– Analysis of data from Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy and most populous country, reveals that channel members have roles that are different from that of their Western counterparts. For example, distributors often do not distribute and principals are expected to actively sell on behalf of their distributors to empty the latter’s warehouse. Also, while many end-users in developing countries expect credit sales and opportunity to bargain, extant literature does not include these demands in the formal list of service output demands. Another major finding is the surprising order underlying OAM. It is the bedrock of commercial activities: for most consumer packaged goods manufacturers, sales through OAM account for over 90 percent of revenue.

Research limitations/implications
– The focus on one industry and country limits the generalizability of the above findings.

Practical implications
– Africa is the next growth frontier. Tapping into this growth requires a deep understanding and appreciation of the important role played by its unique marketing channels.

Originality/value
– Given the dearth of documented knowledge about marketing channels in emerging markets, this study addresses an important gap. Its findings could inform theory development and encourage more research on marketing channels in developing countries.
(Un)Conditional surrender? Why do professionals willingly comply with managerialism
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Spicer André 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the question – why do professionals surrender their autonomy? This paper looks at the case of academics, in particular business school academics. It traces how this group of professionals have progressively surrendered their autonomy and complied with the demands of managerialism.

Design/methodology/approach
– This largely theoretical paper looks to develop an understanding of (over)compliance with the bureaucratization of research using the four faces of power – coercive, agenda setting, ideological and discursive.

Findings
– The discussion of this paper argues that the surrendering of autonomy has been reinforced through coercive forms of power like rewards and punishment and bureaucratization; manipulation and mainstreaming through pushing a particular version of research to the top of the agenda; domination through shaping norms and values; and subjectification through creating new identities.

Originality/value
– The paper explores how academics deal with tensions and paradoxes such as compliance and resistance, as well as love of work and loathing of it. To deal with these paradoxes, academics often treat their work as a game and see themselves as players. While this process enables academics to reconcile themselves with their loss of autonomy, it has troubling collective outcomes: the production of increasing uninteresting and irrelevant research.
Slawek Magala’s view on management of meaning and organisational change
Authors: Fink Gerhard , Dauber Daniel 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show that Slawek Magala’s theory of management of meaning in organisations can be considered as a step towards a generic theory of organisational change.Design/methodology/approach– The authors are integrating Slawek Magala’s views on the processes, which play a role in changing organisations (i.e. framing, reflecting, negotiating, and seeking new windows of opportunities) with the related types of narratives as developed by David Boje (2001, 2008) and with further extensions by Fink and Yolles (2012), which are based on a model of paradigm change.Findings– The authors develop a theoretical framework, which might serve as a basis for analysis of change processes emerging from different contexts within or outside a firm and offer some reflections about comparing research into issues of organisational change.Research limitations/implications– This is a theoretical viewpoint paper.Practical implications– The extension of Magala’s model offers a practical guide for research into organisational change processes.Social implications– Magala’s model offers a deeper understanding of actual change processes.Originality/value– To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time where a concept about emergent causality deriving from interaction between two conflicting agents (i.e. involved parties as, e.g. managers and subordinates) is applied to emerging stages in change processes.
Endemicity of chytridiomycosis features pathogen overdispersion
Authors: Grogan Laura F. , Phillott Andrea D. , Scheele Benjamin C. , Berger Lee , Cashins Scott D. , Bell Sara C. , Puschendorf Robert , Skerratt Lee F. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryPathogens can be critical drivers of the abundance and distribution of wild animal populations. The presence of an overdispersed pathogen load distribution between hosts (where few hosts harbour heavy parasite burdens and light infections are common) can have an important stabilizing effect on host–pathogen dynamics where infection intensity determines pathogenicity. This may potentially lead to endemicity of an introduced pathogen rather than extirpation of the host and/or pathogen.Overdispersed pathogen load distributions have rarely been considered in wild animal populations as an important component of the infection dynamics of microparasites such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi.Here we examined the abundance, distribution and transmission of the model fungal pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd, cause of amphibian chytridiomycosis) between wild‐caughtLitoria rheocola(common mist frogs) to investigate the effects of an overdispersed pathogen load distribution on the host population in the wild. We quantified host survival, infection incidence and recovery probabilities relative to infectious burden, and compared the results of models where pathogen overdispersion either was or was not considered an important feature of host–pathogen dynamics.We found the distribution of Bd load between hosts to be highly overdispersed. We found that host survival was related to infection burden and that accounting for pathogen overdispersion allowed us to better understand infection dynamics and their implications for disease control. In addition, we found that the pattern of host infections and recoveries varied markedly with season whereby (i) infections established more in winter, consistent with temperature‐dependent effects on fungal growth, and (ii) recoveries (loss of infection) occurred frequently in the field throughout the year but were less likely in winter.Our results suggest that pathogen overdispersion is an important feature of endemic chytridiomycosis and that intensity of infection determines disease impact. These findings have important implications for our understanding of chytridiomycosis dynamics and the application of management strategies for disease mitigation. We recommend quantifying individual infectious burdens rather than infection state where possible in microparasitic diseases.
Circular RNA in blood corpuscles combined with plasma protein factor for early prediction of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Zhang Y‐G , Yang H‐L , Long Y , Li W‐L 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the expression of circular RNA (circRNA) in blood corpuscles of pregnant women before 20 weeks of pregnancy and to create a new model to identify the performance of circRNA combined with protein factors for the early diagnosis of pre‐eclampsia (PE).DesignNested case–control study.SettingUniversity medical centre, Guangzhou, China.PopulationA total of 1400 pregnant women recruited between 8 and 20 weeks of gestation. In all, 41 women with PE were included in the study, and were matched with 41 normally pregnant women based on maternal age and gestational age at same‐size ratio.MethodsThe samples were analysed using a human circRNA microarray in the discovery phase, then the circRNA and the plasma protein factor endoglin (ENG) were validated. Finally we combined ENG with circRNA to create a new early prediction model for PE.Main outcome measuresEarly changes of circRNA and ENG in PE.ResultsThe circ_101222 levels in blood corpuscles of patients with PE were significantly higher than those in corresponding healthy women (P < 0.001). Using ENG in combination with circ_101222 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.7073, a specificity of 0.8049, and overall area under the curve of 0.876 (95% confidence interval 0.816–0.922) for the prediction of PE.ConclusionCircRNA and plasma proteins may have some predictive value for PE (such as circ_101222 and ENG). The performance of each of these factors may be strengthened when plasma proteins are used in combination with circRNA. The results are preliminary and need to be validated in larger studies and other populations.Tweetable abstractPlasma protein endoglin in combination with circ_101222 strengthened the predictive power for pre‐eclampsia.
Polysaccharides as Alternative Moisture Retention Agents for Shrimp
Authors: Torti Michael J. , Sims Charles A. , Adams Charles M. , Sarnoski Paul J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPhosphates are used as moisture retention agents (MRAs) by the shrimp industry. Although they are effective, phosphates are expensive, need to be listed on a food label, and overuse can often lead to a higher product cost for consumers. Polysaccharides were researched as alternative MRAs. Polysaccharides are usually inexpensive, are considered natural, and can have nutritional benefits. Research was conducted to determine whether polysaccharides yielded similar functional impacts as phosphates. Treatments included a 0.5% fibercolloid solution isolated from citrus peel, an 8% pectin solution, a 0.5% xanthan gum (XG) solution, a 1% carboxymethyl cellulose solution, and conventionally used 4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). Experimental treatments were compared to a distilled water control to gauge effectiveness. Freezing, boiling, and oven drying studies were performed to determine how moisture retention in shrimp differed using these different treatments. Water activity was measured to determine any potential differences in shelf life. Solution uptake was also determined to understand how well the treatments enhanced water binding. For moisture loss by freezing, 4% STP and the 0.5% fibercolloid solution functioned the best. The 4% STP treated shrimp lost the least amount of moisture during boiling. The 0.5% fibercolloid and 0.5% XG treatment outperformed phosphates in respect to moisture uptake ability. None of the treatments had a major effect on water activity. All treatments were rated similar in consumer sensory acceptability tests except for pectin, which was rated lower by the sensory panel. Overall, polysaccharides were found to be viable alternatives to phosphates.