bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Digestibility of Casein Powder and Raw Rice Particles in an Improved Dynamic Rat Stomach Model Through an Additional Rolling Mechanism
Authors: Wu Peng , Liao Zhenkai , Luo Tingyu , Chen Liding , Chen Xiao Dong 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPreviously, a dynamic in vitro rat stomach system (DIVRS‐I) designed based on the principles of morphological bionics was reported. The digestibilities of casein powder and raw rice particles were found to be lower than those in vivo due to perhaps the less efficient compression performance and lower mixing efficiency. In this study, a 2nd version of the rat stomach system (DIVRS‐II) with an additional rolling extrusion type motility on the wall of the soft‐elastic silicone rat stomach model is introduced. The DIVRS‐II was then tested by comparing the digestive behaviors of the casein powder suspensions and raw rice particles with those previously published data obtained from the in vivo test on living rats, the DIVRS‐I, and the stirred tank reactor at its optimum stirring speed. The results have indicated that although the digestibilities of the casein powder and raw rice particles in the DIVRS‐II are still lower than the average results obtained from in vivo, they are significantly improved by about 50% and 32% at the end of digestion compared with that in the DIVRS‐I, respectively. The work has demonstrated that the powerful rolling extrusion is highly effective and has contributed to the significant improvement of digestibility as shown here. In addition, the digestibility presented in the DIVRS‐II was found already higher than that tested in the STR at its optimum speed, indicating the high potential of the soft‐elastic stomach under the influence of the “rolling and squeezing” for more realistic investigation of food digestion.
Supplementation with Triptolide Increases Resistance to Environmental Stressors and Lifespan in C. elegans
Authors: Kim Sung‐Jin , Beak Sun‐Mi , Park Sang‐Kyu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTriptolide is a major active compound found in Tripterygium wilfordii., also known as Thunder God Vine. Triptolide has been shown to have anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activities. In this study, we examined the effect of dietary supplementation with triptolide on response to environmental stressors and lifespan in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system. Treatment with 50 mg/L of triptolide in the growth media increased resistance to oxidative stress and reduced the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. We also observed a lifespan‐extending activity for triptolide. Both mean and maximum lifespans were significantly increased by supplementation with triptolide. Response to other environmental stressors was modulated by triptolide. The survival after heat shock or UV irradiation was markedly increased in worms treated with triptolide. Unlike many lifespan‐extending genetic or nutritional interventions, the longevity phenotype conferred by triptolide did not have the trade‐off of a reduction in fertility or a delay in the gravid period. The expressions of hsp‐16.2 and sod‐3, known to positively correlate with a long lifespan, were significantly upregulated by supplementation with triptolide. These findings suggest that triptolide can exhibit antistress and lifespan‐extending effects in vivo, possibly through its antioxidant activity and support the free radical theory of aging, which emphasizes the causative role of oxidative stress in aging.
Effects of Vinification Techniques Combined with UV‐C Irradiation on Phenolic Contents of Red Wines
Authors: Tahmaz Hande , Söylemezoğlu Gökhan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRed wines are typically high in phenolic and antioxidant capacity and both of which can be increased by vinification techniques. This study employed 3 vinification techniques to assess the increase in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Wines were obtained from Boğazkere grape cultivar by techniques of classical maceration, cold maceration combined with ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, and thermovinification combined with UV irradiation and changes in phenolic contents were examined. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of wines were measured spectrophotometrically and phenolic contents (+)‐catechin, (–)‐epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, trans‐resveratrol, and cis‐resveratrol were measured by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC‐DAD). As a result of the study, the highest phenolic content except for quercetin was measured in the wines obtained by thermovinification combined with UV irradiation. We demonstrated that the highest phenolic compounds with health effect, total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity were obtained from thermovinification with UV‐C treatment than classical wine making.
Down‐regulation of increased TRAF6 expression in the peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome by an EBV‐EBER1‐specific synthetic single‐stranded complementary DNA molecule
Authors: Sipka Sándor , Zilahi Erika , Papp Gábor , Chen Ji‐Qing , Nagy Andrea , Hegyi Katalin , Kónya József , Zeher Margit 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimWe described earlier a simultaneously increased that the increased expression of miRNA‐146a/b was accompanied by an increase in the expression of and TRAF6 and a decrease in the expression of IRAK1 genes in the peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) patients. Recently, the expression of EBV encoded. RNA (EBER) was published in the B cells of salivary glands of in pSS. In the present study, we applied an EBV‐EBER1 specific synthetic single stranded complementary DNA molecule (EBV‐EBER1‐cDNA) to test whether any EBER1 related effect exists also in PBMCs of pSS patients.MethodsIn the PBMCs of pSS patients and healthy controls, we investigated in vitro the effects of a synthetic single stranded EBV‐EBER1‐cDNA molecule, synthetic double‐stranded (ds)RNA polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] and polyadenylic acid potassium salt poly‐adenylic acid [poly‐(A)] on the expression of TRAF6 gene tested by qRTPCR. The release of interferon ‐α was detected by ELISA.ResultsEBV‐EBER1‐cDNA resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of TRAF6 in the cells of patients, but in the healthy controls not, whereas the treatments with poly (I:C) and poly‐(A) could not reduce the TRAF6 over‐expression. No release of EBER1 could be observed in the culture supernatants of patients with pSS. Only the treatment with poly (I:C) resulted in a significant increase of interferon ‐α release, and only in the heathy controls. No release of EBER1 molecules took place during the culturing of cells. EBV‐EBER‐ cDNA acted functionally on the cells of patients only.ConclusionThese findings give a further evidence of the linkage between EBV and pSS, furthermore, they show the possible role of EBV‐EBER1 in the induction of increased TRAF6 expression in the peripheral B cells of Sjögren's patients.
Practice Variation and Effects of E‐mail–only Performance Feedback on Resource Use in the Emergency Department
Authors: Tavarez Melissa M. , Ayers Brandon , Jeong Jong H. , Coombs Carmen M. , Thompson Ann , Hickey Robert W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesHigher resource utilization in the management of pediatric patients with undifferentiated vomiting and/or diarrhea does not correlate consistently with improved outcomes or quality of care. Performance feedback has been shown to change physician practice behavior and may be a mechanism to minimize practice variation. We aimed to evaluate the effects of e‐mail–only, provider‐level performance feedback on the ordering and admission practice variation of pediatric emergency physicians for patients presenting with undifferentiated vomiting and/or diarrhea.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, quality improvement intervention and collected data over 3 consecutive fiscal years. The setting was a single, tertiary care pediatric emergency department. We collected admission and ordering practices data on 19 physicians during baseline, intervention, and postintervention periods. We provided physicians with quarterly e‐mail–based performance reports during the intervention phase. We measured admission rate and created four categories for ordering practices: no orders, laboratory orders, pharmacy orders, and radiology orders.ResultsThere was wide (two‐ to threefold) practice variation among physicians. Admission rates ranged from 15% to 30%, laboratory orders from 19% to 43%, pharmacy orders from 29% to 57%, and radiology orders from 11% to 30%. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients admitted or with radiology or pharmacy orders placed between preintervention, intervention, or postintervention periods (p = 0.58, p = 0.19, and p = 0.75, respectively). There was a significant but very small decrease in laboratory orders between the preintervention and postintervention periods.ConclusionsPerformance feedback provided only via e‐mail to pediatric emergency physicians on a quarterly basis does not seem to significantly impact management practices for patients with undifferentiated vomiting and/or diarrhea.
A Systematic Review of the Impact of Physician Implicit Racial Bias on Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Dehon Erin , Weiss Nicole , Jones Jonathan , Faulconer Whitney , Hinton Elizabeth , Sterling Sarah 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesDisparities in diagnosis and treatment of racial minorities exist in the emergency department (ED). A better understanding of how physician implicit (unconscious) bias contributes to these disparities may help identify ways to eliminate such racial disparities. The objective of this systematic review was to examine and summarize the evidence on the association between physician implicit racial bias and clinical decision making.MethodsBased on PRISMA guidelines, a structured electronic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases was conducted. Eligible studies were those that: 1) included physicians, 2) included the Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit bias, 3) included an assessment of physician clinical decision making, and 4) were published in peer‐reviewed journals between 1998 and 2016. Articles were reviewed for inclusion by two independent investigators. Data extraction was performed by one investigator and checked for accuracy by a second investigator. Two investigators independently scored the quality of articles using a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist.ResultsOf the 1,154 unique articles identified in the initial search, nine studies (n = 1,910) met inclusion criteria. Three of the nine studies involved emergency providers including residents, attending physicians, and advanced practice providers. The majority of studies used clinical vignettes to examine clinical decision making. Studies that included emergency medicine (EM) providers had vignettes relating to treatment of acute myocardial infarction, pain, and pediatric asthma. An implicit preference favoring white people was common across providers, regardless of specialty. Two of the nine studies found evidence of a relationship between implicit bias and clinical decision making; one of these studies included EM providers. This one study found that EM and internal medicine residents who demonstrated an implicit preference for white individuals were more likely to treat white patients and not black patients with thrombolysis for myocardial infarction. Evidence from the two studies reporting a relationship between physician implicit racial bias and decision making was low in quality.ConclusionsThe current literature indicates that although many physicians, regardless of specialty, demonstrate an implicit preference for white people, this bias does not appear to impact their clinical decision making. Further studies on the impact of implicit racial bias on racial disparities in ED treatment are needed.
Preterm infants at discharge: nap polysomnography versus 24‐hour oximetry
Authors: Roberts Tamsin , Campbell Angela , Larsen Peter , Elder Dawn 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimThis study aimed to determine whether measures of intermittent hypoxia derived from 24‐hour oximetry correlate with measures of apnoea derived from modified nap polysomnography undertaken for preterm infants before discharge.MethodsInfants born ≤32 weeks of gestation were recruited from the neonatal intensive care unit and had a modified polysomnography to assess their respiratory stability once they were ≥35 weeks of postmenstrual age. Infants were defined as unstable if they had more than 10 obstructive events per hour or any apnoea of >20 seconds in length. Infants also had a 24‐hour oximetry performed during this period. The results of the 24‐oximetry desaturation index (DSI) were compared to nap polysomnography results for central and obstructive apnoea indices and correlations tested.ResultsTwenty‐four infants completed the study. There were 15 (63%) infants defined as unstable by the modified polysomnography. The 3% DSI and 4% DSI from the 24‐hour oximetry were significantly higher in the unstable infants, and values for all infants correlated with the obstructive index and the central apnoea index from the modified polysomnography.ConclusionThe 3% DSI and 4% DSI values from a 24‐hour oximetry study may provide noninvasive measures of respiratory stability in preterm infants ready for discharge.
Neurological and neuropsychological effects of low and moderate prenatal alcohol exposure
Authors: Comasco E. , Rangmar J. , Eriksson U. J. , Oreland L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSeveral explanations for the diverse results in research on foetal alcohol spectrum disorders or alcohol‐related neurodevelopmental disorder might be at hand: timing, amount and patterns of alcohol exposure, as well as complex epigenetic responses. The genetic background of the offspring and its interaction with other prenatal and post‐natal environmental cues are likely also of importance. In the present report, key findings about the possible effects of low and moderate doses of maternal alcohol intake on the neuropsychological development of the offspring are reviewed and plausible mechanisms discussed. Special focus is put on the serotonergic system within developmental and gene–environment frameworks. The review also suggests guidelines for future studies and also summarizes some of to‐be‐answered questions of relevance to clinical practice. Contradictory findings and paucity of studies on the effects of exposure to low alcohol levels during foetal life for the offspring's neuropsychological development call for large prospective studies, as well as for studies including neuroimaging and multi‐omics analyses to dissect the neurobiological underpinnings of alcohol exposure‐related phenotypes and to identify biomarkers. Finally, it remains to be investigated whether any safe threshold of alcohol drinking during pregnancy can be identified.
The frequency of acute kidney injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with sofosbuvir‐based regimens
Authors: Maan R. , Al Marzooqi S. H. , Klair J. S. , Karkada J. , Cerocchi O. , Kowgier M. , Harrell S. M. , Rhodes K. D. , Janssen H. L. A. , Feld J. J. , Duarte‐Rojo A. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundGuidelines recommend withholding sofosbuvir (SOF) in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 30 mL/min.AimTo assess the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with no renal contraindications for SOF‐based treatment.MethodsThis multicenter retrospective observational study included all consecutive patients that were treated with SOF‐based or telaprevir/boceprevir (TVR/BOC)‐based regimens at two tertiary university centers in North America. AKI was defined as an increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL (≥26.5 μmol/L) in serum creatinine level. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for the occurrence of AKI.ResultsIn total, 426 patients were included and treated with a SOF‐based regimen (n=233, 54.7%) or TVR/BOC‐based regimen (n=193, 45.3%). Among patients treated with a TVR/BOC‐based regimen 34 (18%) of 193 patients experienced AKI compared to 26 (11%) of 233 patients treated with SOF‐based regimens (P=.056). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of ascites (OR: 4.44, 95%CI: 1.46‐13.54, P=.009) and the use of NSAIDs (OR: 4.47, 95%CI: 1.32‐15.19, P=.016) were associated with a risk of AKI during SOF‐based antiviral therapy. Creatinine levels returned to normal at end of follow‐up in 23 (88%) of the 26 patients who experienced AKI with a SOF‐based regimen and had a creatinine level available during follow‐up.ConclusionsAlthough the risk for AKI was lower than for patients treated with TVR/BOC‐based regimens, AKI was seen during 11% of SOF‐based regimens and was mostly reversible. Patients with ascites and patients using NSAIDs have an increased risk for AKI during SOF‐based antiviral therapy.
Aprepitant and fosaprepitant drug interactions: a systematic review
Authors: Patel Priya , Leeder J. Steven , Piquette‐Miller Micheline , Dupuis L. Lee 
Published: May 2017

AimsAprepitant and fosaprepitant, commonly used for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting, alter cytochrome P450 activity. This systematic review evaluates clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with aprepitant and fosaprepitant and describes adverse events ascribed to drug interactions with aprepitant or fosaprepitant.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the literature to September 11, 2016, to identify articles evaluating drug interactions involving aprepitant/fosaprepitant. The clinical significance of each reported pharmacokinetic drug interaction was evaluated based on the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance document on conducting drug interaction studies. The probability of an adverse event reported in case reports being due to a drug interaction with aprepitant/fosaprepitant was determined using the Drug Interaction Probability Scale.ResultsA total of 4377 publications were identified. Of these, 64 met inclusion eligibility criteria: 34 described pharmacokinetic drug interactions and 30 described adverse events ascribed to a drug interaction. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between aprepitant/fosaprepitant and bosutinib PO, cabazitaxel IV, cyclophosphamide IV, dexamethasone PO, methylprednisolone IV, midazolam PO/IV, oxycodone PO and tolbutamide PO were identified, as were adverse events resulting from an interaction between aprepitant/fosaprepitant and alcohol, anthracyclines, ifosfamide, oxycodone, quetiapine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and warfarin.ConclusionsThe potential for a drug interaction with aprepitant and fosaprepitant should be considered when selecting antiemetic therapy.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes and atherosclerosis: significance, mechanisms and therapeutic challenges
Authors: Kyaw Tin , Peter Karlheinz , Li Yi , Tipping Peter , Toh Ban‐Hock , Bobik Alex 
Published: May 2017

Cytotoxic lymphocytes encompass natural killer lymphocytes (cells) and cytotoxic T cells that include CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, γ, δ (γδ)‐T cells and human CD4 + CD28− T cells. These cells play critical roles in inflammatory diseases and in controlling cancers and infections. Cytotoxic lymphocytes can be activated via a number of mechanisms that may involve dendritic cells, macrophages, cytokines or surface proteins on stressed cells. Upon activation, they secrete pro‐inflammatory cytokines as well as anti‐inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxins to promote inflammation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions including vulnerable lesions, which are strongly implicated in myocardial infarctions and strokes. Here, we review the mechanisms that activate and regulate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, including activating and inhibitory receptors, cytokines, chemokine receptors‐chemokine systems utilized to home to inflamed lesions and cytotoxins and cytokines through which they affect other cells within lesions. We also examine their roles in human and mouse models of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms by which they exert their pathogenic effects. Finally, we discuss strategies for therapeutically targeting these cells to prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions and vulnerable plaques and the challenge of developing highly targeted therapies that only minimally affect the body's immune system, avoiding the complications, such as increased susceptibility to infections, which are currently associated with many immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc
The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines regulates asthma pathophysiology
Authors: Chapman D. G. , Mougey E. B. , Van der Velden J. L. , Lahue K. G. , Aliyeva M. , Daphtary N. , George K. L. , Hoffman S. M. , Schneider R. W. , Tracy R. P. , Worthen G. S. , Poynter M. E. , Peters S. P. , Lima J. J. , Janssen‐Heininger Y. M. W. , Irvin C. G. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundThe Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) is an atypical receptor that regulates pro‐inflammatory cytokines. However, the role of DARC in asthma pathophysiology is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the role of DARC in allergic airways disease in mice, and the association between DARC single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and clinical outcomes in patients with asthma.MethodsMice with targeted disruption of the Darc gene (Darc∆E2) or WT mice were challenged over 3 weeks with house dust mite (HDM) antigen. Allergic airways disease was assessed 24 hours and 7 days following the final challenge. Additionally, associations between DARC SNPs and clinical outcomes were analysed in a cohort of poorly controlled asthmatics.ResultsTotal airway inflammation following HDM did not differ between Darc∆E2 and WT mice. At 24 hours, Darc∆E2 mice had increased airway hyperresponsiveness; however, at 7 days airway hyperresponsiveness had completely resolved in Darc∆E2 but persisted in WT mice. In poorly controlled asthmatics, DARC SNPs were associated with worse asthma control at randomization and subsequent increased risk of healthcare utilization (odds ratio 3.13(1.37‐7.27), P=.0062).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceOur animal model and human patient data suggest a novel role for DARC in the temporal regulation in asthma pathophysiology and symptoms.