bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Troponin I and T in relation to cardiac injury detected with electrocardiography in a population-based cohort - The Maastricht Study
Authors: Kimenai Dorien M. , Martens Remy J. H. , Kooman Jeroen P. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Tan Frans E. S. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Schram Miranda T. , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , Sep Simone J. S. , van Suijlen Jeroen D. E. , Kroon Abraham A. , Bekers Otto , van Dieijen-Visser Marja P. , Henry Ronald M. A. , Meex Steven J. R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractInterest in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I(hs-cTnI) and T(hs-cTnT) has expanded from acute cardiac care to cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk stratification. Whether hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT are interchangeable in the ambulant setting is largely unexplored. Cardiac injury is a mechanism that may underlie the associations between troponin levels and mortality in the general population. In the population-based Maastricht Study, we assessed the correlation and concordance between hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT with electrocardiographic (ECG) changes indicative of cardiac abnormalities. In 3016 eligible individuals(mean age,60 ± 8years;50.6%,men) we found a modest correlation between hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT(r = 0.585). After multiple adjustment, the association with ECG changes indicative of cardiac abnormalities was similar for both hs-cTn assays(OR,hs-cTnI:1.72,95%CI:1.40-2.10;OR,hs-cTnT:1.60,95%CI:1.22–2.11). The concordance of dichotomized hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT was κ = 0.397(≥sex-specific 75th percentile). Isolated high levels of hs-cTnI were associated with ECG changes indicative of cardiac abnormalities(OR:1.93,95%CI:1.01–3.68), whereas isolated high levels of hs-cTnT were not(OR:1.07,95%CI:0.49–2.31). In conclusion, there is a moderate correlation and limited concordance between hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT under non-acute conditions. These data suggest that associations of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT with cardiac injury detected by ECG are driven by different mechanisms. This information may benefit future development of CVD risk stratification algorithms.
Combinatorial Extracellular Matrix Microenvironments for Probing Endothelial Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Hou Luqia , Kim Joseph J. , Wanjare Maureen , Patlolla Bhagat , Coller John , Natu Vanita , Hastie Trevor J. , Huang Ngan F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEndothelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells are a promising cell type for enhancing angiogenesis in ischemic cardiovascular tissues. However, our understanding of microenvironmental factors that modulate the process of endothelial differentiation is limited. We examined the role of combinatorial extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on endothelial differentiation systematically using an arrayed microscale platform. Human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated on the arrayed ECM microenvironments for 5 days. Combinatorial ECMs composed of collagen IV + heparan sulfate + laminin (CHL) or collagen IV + gelatin + heparan sulfate (CGH) demonstrated significantly higher expression of CD31, compared to single-factor ECMs. These results were corroborated by fluorescence activated cell sorting showing a 48% yield of CD31+/VE-cadherin+ cells on CHL, compared to 27% on matrigel. To elucidate the signaling mechanism, a gene expression time course revealed that VE-cadherin and FLK1 were upregulated in a dynamically similar manner as integrin subunit β3 (>50 fold). To demonstrate the functional importance of integrin β3 in promoting endothelial differentiation, the addition of neutralization antibody inhibited endothelial differentiation on CHL-modified dishes by >50%. These data suggest that optimal combinatorial ECMs enhance endothelial differentiation, compared to many single-factor ECMs, in part through an integrin β3-mediated pathway.
Biochemical profiling of diabetes disease progression by multivariate vibrational microspectroscopy of the pancreas
Authors: Nord Christoffer , Eriksson Maria , Dicker Andrea , Eriksson Anna , Grong Eivind , Ilegems Erwin , Mårvik Ronald , Kulseng Bård , Berggren Per-Olof , Gorzsás András , Ahlgren Ulf 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDespite the dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes, techniques for in situ studies of the underlying pancreatic biochemistry are lacking. Such methods would facilitate obtaining mechanistic understanding of diabetes pathophysiology and aid in prognostic and/or diagnostic assessments. In this report we demonstrate how a multivariate imaging approach (orthogonal projections to latent structures - discriminant analysis) can be applied to generate full vibrational microspectroscopic profiles of pancreatic tissues. These profiles enable extraction of known and previously unrecorded biochemical alterations in models of diabetes, and allow for classification of the investigated tissue with regards to tissue type, strain and stage of disease progression. Most significantly, the approach provided evidence for dramatic alterations of the pancreatic biochemistry at the initial onset of immune-infiltration in the Non Obese Diabetic model for type 1 diabetes. Further, it enabled detection of a previously undocumented accumulation of collagen fibrils in the leptin deficient ob/ob mouse islets. By generating high quality spectral profiles through the tissue capsule of hydrated human pancreata and by in vivo Raman imaging of pancreatic islets transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye, we provide critical feasibility studies for the translation of this technique to diagnostic assessments of pancreatic biochemistry in vivo.
Titanium Dioxide Engineered for Near-dispersionless High Terahertz Permittivity and Ultra-low-loss
Authors: Yu Chuying , Zeng Yang , Yang Bin , Donnan Robert , Huang Jinbao , Xiong Zhaoxian , Mahajan Amit , Shi Baogui , Ye Haitao , Binions Russell , Tarakina Nadezda V. , Reece Mike J , Yan Haixue 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRealising engineering ceramics to serve as substrate materials in high-performance terahertz(THz) that are low-cost, have low dielectric loss and near-dispersionless broadband, high permittivity, is exceedingly demanding. Such substrates are deployed in, for example, integrated circuits for synthesizing and converting nonplanar and 3D structures into planar forms. The Rutile form of titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely accepted as commercially economical candidate substrate that meets demands for both low-loss and high permittivities at sub-THz bands. However, the relationship between its mechanisms of dielectric response to the microstructure have never been systematically investigated in order to engineer ultra-low dielectric-loss and high value, dispersionless permittivities. Here we show TiO2 THz dielectrics with high permittivity (ca. 102.30) and ultra-low loss (ca. 0.0042). These were prepared by insight gleaned from a broad use of materials characterisation methods to successfully engineer porosities, second phase, crystallography shear-planes and oxygen vacancies during sintering. The dielectric loss achieved here is not only with negligible dispersion over 0.2–0.8 THz, but also has the lowest value measured for known high-permittivity dielectrics. We expect the insight afforded by this study will underpin the development of subwavelength-scale, planar integrated circuits, compact high Q-resonators and broadband, slow-light devices in the THz band.
Response of cotton phenology to climate change on the North China Plain from 1981 to 2012
Authors: Wang Zhanbiao , Chen Jing , Xing Fangfang , Han Yingchun , Chen Fu , Zhang Lifeng , Li Yabing , Li Cundong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTo identify countermeasures for the impacts of climate change on crop production, exploring the changes in crop phenology and their relationship to climate change is required. This study was based on cotton phenology and climate data collected from 13 agro-meteorological experimental stations and 13 meteorological stations on the North China Plain from 1981 to 2012. Spatiotemporal trends in the cotton phenology data, lengths of the different growing phases, mean temperatures, and rainfall were analyzed. These results indicated that warming accelerated cotton growth, advanced cotton phenology, and shortened the growing period of cotton. However, harvest dates were significantly delayed at 8 (61.5%) stations, the length of both the flowering-boll opening and boll opening-harvest periods increased at 10 (77.0%) stations, and a positive correlation was found between the mean temperature and the length of the whole growing period at 10 (77.0%) stations. Therefore, cotton practices and cultivars on the North China Plain should be adjusted accordingly. The response of cotton phenology to climate change, as shown here, can further guide the development of options for the adaptation of cotton production in the near future.
Knee Osteoarthritis after Reconstruction of Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Riccardo Compagnoni , Fabio Catani , Pietro Randelli 
Published: July 2017

Purpose The aim of this review was to analyze the current literature on osteoarthritic evolution of knees without any combined meniscal or ligament lesions undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
Methods A PubMed/MEDLINE research was performed using the following keywords: “Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction” [Mesh] AND “Osteoarthritis, Knee” [Mesh]. Only English language literature and articles published after 2005 were included. Studies including concomitant meniscal tears, posterior cruciate or collateral ligament injuries, previous surgery in the affected knees, infections, osteochondral defects, loose bodies, synovial plica syndrome, and posteromedial or posterolateral corner injuries were not considered in this review.
Results Twelve studies were selected. These papers included 892 patients (mean age at the time of surgery was 22.3 years), with an average follow-up of 11 years. Imaging at follow-up was obtained with standard radiographs in nine studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in one study, and both X-rays and MRI in two studies. Eight studies reported osteoarthritic evolution, with different prevalence.
Conclusion Only few high-quality studies focused on these specific patients have been published. When reconstructed, isolated ACL-deficient knees have a low risk of osteoarthritic evolution, but mild signs of joint degeneration are reported by the current literature.
Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of level I to level IV studies.
Second Generation Needling Techniques for the Treatment of Chondral Defects in Animal Model
Authors: Zedde Pietro , Cudoni Sebastiano , Manunta Lucia , Passino Eraldo , Masala Gerolamo , Brunetti Antonio , Uboldi Francesco , Manunta Andrea 
Published: July 2017

Purpose To compare the macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of the repair tissue of chondral defects treated with microfracture and nanofracture in an ovine model.
Methods Full-thickness chondral lesions were created in the medial femoral condyle of both knees in four adult sheep and were treated with microfracture on one side and with nanofracture on the contralateral side. Chondral repair was assessed after 12 months by macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses.
Results Histological cartilage repair significantly improved in the samples treated with nanofracture for cellular morphological characteristics and cartilage architecture. The immunohistochemical analysis showed a significantly higher immunoreactivity to type II collagen in the defects treated with nanofracture.
Conclusion Nanofracture provided better repair tissue than microfracture, with a more satisfactory cartilage architecture renovation and tissue having greater type II collagen content.
Clinical Relevance Mesenchymal stem cell stimulation is the most frequently used primary cartilage repair procedure. Nanofracture represents a novel technique to stimulate bone marrow that results into a successful repair of chondral defects.
How Do Obstetric and Neonatology Teams Communicate Prior to High-Risk Deliveries?
Authors: Suresh Gautham , Sundgren Nathan 
Published: July 2017

Background Improving communication in healthcare improves the quality of care and patient outcomes, but communication between obstetric and neonatal teams before and during a high-risk delivery is poorly studied.
Study Design We developed a survey to study communication between obstetric and neonatal teams around the time of a high-risk delivery. We surveyed neonatologists from North America and asked them to answer questions about their institutions' communication practices.
Results The survey answers revealed variations in communication practices between responders. Most institutions relied on nursing to communicate obstetric information to the neonatal team. Although a minority of institutions used a standardized communication process to summon neonatology team or to communicate in the delivery room, these reported higher rates of information sharing and greater satisfaction with communication between services.
Conclusion Standardized communication procedures are an underutilized method of communication and have the potential to improve communication around high-risk deliveries.
Protein diversity in discrete structures at the distal tip of the trypanosome flagellum
Authors: Varga Vladimir , Moreira-Leite Flavia , Portman Neil , Gull Keith 
Published: July 2017

SignificanceThe distal end of the eukaryotic flagellum/cilium has critical functions, yet due to its small dimensions and association of tip structures with the axoneme is rather intractable to studying. We have developed biochemical approaches to identify a cohort of proteins specific for the flagellum tip structures. We sublocalized these proteins into individual structures. Using functional studies, we elucidated how the identified proteins contribute to the function of the flagella connector, the mobile membrane junction at the tip of the trypanosome flagellum.
BRCT-domain protein BRIT1 influences class switch recombination
Authors: Yen Wei-Feng , Chaudhry Ashutosh , Vaidyanathan Bharat , Yewdell William T. , Pucella Joseph N. , Sharma Rahul , Liang Yulong , Li Kaiyi , Rudensky Alexander Y. , Chaudhuri Jayanta 
Published: July 2017

Significance
Class switch recombination (CSR), a B-cell–specific reaction essential for optimal antibody responses, proceeds through the deliberate generation of DNA breaks. Although these breaks are obligatory intermediates of class switching, their improper resolution not only impairs immune responses but also promotes oncogenic translocations. The pathways and mechanisms that participate in the repair of such lesions are yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we have identified a BRCT domain containing protein BRIT1 as an effector of the DNA repair phase of CSR. We show that B cells lacking BRIT1 are impaired in undergoing class switching due to an inability to repair DNA breaks efficiently. This work thus has significant implications in both immunity and cancer.
Protective Effects of Japanese Soybean Paste (Miso) on Stroke in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP)
Authors: Watanabe Hiromitsu , Sasatani Megumi , Doi Toshiki , Masaki Takao , Satoh Kenichi , Yoshizumi Masao 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS
Soybean isoflavones have been shown to reduce the risk of cerebral infarction in humans according to epidemiological studies. However, whether intake of miso can reduce the incidence of stroke in animal models remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of soybean paste (miso) in an animal model of stroke.

METHODS
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were fed a miso diet (normal diet 90%, miso 10%; final NaCl content 2.8%), a high salt diet (normal diet and NaCl 2.5%; final NaCl content 2.8%), or a low salt diet (normal diet; final NaCl content 0.3%).

RESULTS
Kaplan–Meier survival curves revealed a significantly lower survival rate in the high salt group compared to the miso group (P = 0.002) and the low salt group (P ≤ 0.001). Large hemorrhagic macules were found in the cerebrum in the high salt group, whereas none were found in the other 2 groups. There were also fewer histological and immunohistochemical changes in the brain and kidneys in the miso group compared to the high salt group.

CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that miso may have protective effects against stroke despite its high salt content.
Clofazimine in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections: A Growing Niche
Authors: McGuffin Sarah A , Pottinger Paul S , Harnisch James P 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Infection secondary to rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in individuals with underlying structural lung disease or immune compromise. Such infections, particularly those caused by the Mycobacterium abscessus group, are challenging to treat due to high virulence, antibiotic resistance, and the lack of effective and tolerable therapies. Although novel antimycobacterials are under development, clofazimine—a drug historically administered as part of multidrug therapy regimens for Mycobacterium leprae—holds promise as a chemotherapeutic for the treatment of RGM. The history, pharmacologic properties of clofazimine, as well as in vitro and in vivo studies against RGM are described here and highlight a potential new niche for an old drug.
Fields—Maxwell’s Equations
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the concept of the field, which is necessary to describe forces without resorting to action at a distance, and uses it to describe electromagnetism, as encapsulated by the Maxwell equations. First, scalar fields and the Klein–Gordon equation are discussed. Vector calculus is introduced. The physical meaning of Maxwell’s equations is explained. The equations are then solved for electrostatic fields. Non-uniform charge distributions and dipole moments are discussed. The vector and scalar potentials are introduced. Electromagnetic wave solutions of Maxwell’s equations are found and the Hertz experiment is described. Magnetostatics is discussed briefly. The Lorentz force is described and used to determine the motion of a charged particle in a cyclotron or synchrotron. The action principle for electromagnetism is described. The energy and momentum carried by the electromagnetic field are calculated. The reaction of a charged particle to its own electromagnetic field is considered.
Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics is further developed in order to address real-world 3-dimensional physics. 3-dimensional vector notation is used for quantum mechanical operators and the Schrödinger equation is presented in this notation. The density of states of a particle in a box is considered. The angular momentum operators are defined. The eigenfunctions of the Laplacian are found. The Schrödinger equation with a spherical potential is analysed and solved for a Coulomb potential. The spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom is discussed. The spin operators are introduced. The Stern–Gerlach experiment and the Zeeman effect are discussed. The quantum mechanics of identical particles is considered and fundamental particles are shown to behave as either bosons or fermions depending on their spin. The action and the Feynman path integral are shown to offer an alternative approach to quantum mechanics that elucidates the connection between quantum and classical physics.
Atoms, Molecules and Solids
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chapter 9 presents an introductory overview of quantum chemistry and solid state physics. First, the Periodic Table is examined in terms of atomic structure, electron orbitals and the shell model. Simple polar and non-polar molecules are considered in terms of the overlap of atomic orbitals which gives rise to covalent bonding between atoms. Hückel theory is used to analyse the electronic structure of benzene and polyene molecules. These ideas are extended to periodic solids. Bloch’s theorem is used to explain their band structure in terms of molecular orbital theory. Band theory provides an explanation of the distinctions between metals, semi-conductors and insulators. Caesium chloride is used to illustrate how the band structure and properties of an ionic compound arise from its atomic structure. Metals are discussed, with emphasis on copper as an illustrative example, and the significance of the Fermi surface is explained. Ferromagnetism is considered in the transition metals.
Stars
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives a concise account of stellar theory. The Sun is presented as a starting point for the study of stars and a test-bed for theories of stellar structure. The Herzsprung–Russell diagram provides the basis for the classification and understanding of stars. The equations of stellar structure are derived and used to describe main sequence stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis and the principal nuclear processes are described, including the proton–proton chain, CNO cycle and triple alpha process. Simple relationships describing stellar properties are derived from the stellar structure functions. These include the mass–radius, mass–temperature and temperature–luminosity relations. The evolution of giant stars beyond the main sequence is discussed, along with their subsequent evolution into white dwarfs or neutron stars. Various types of supernovae and the nuclear processes that occur during such explosions are discussed, along with a detailed account of supernova SN1987A.
Toward Nonlocal Gravitation
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Is gravity nonlocal? Einstein interpreted the principle of equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses to mean that there exists a profound relationship between inertia and gravitation. Based on Einstein’s fundamental insight, it would seem natural to extend history dependence to the gravitational domain. However, it is not clear how to develop a nonlocal extension of Einstein’s local principle of equivalence. To go forward, we therefore choose an indirect approach based on a certain analogy with electromagnetism. In a material medium, the electromagnetic constitutive relations are nonlocal and this fact leads to the nonlocal electrodynamics of media. It turns out that general relativity can be formulated in a form that resembles the electrodynamics of media. Making the corresponding gravitational constitutive relations nonlocal would then lead to nonlocal GR. This indirect approach is adopted in the rest of this book.
Nonlocal Gravity and Dark Matter
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The implications of linearized NLG for the gravitational physics of the Solar System, spiral galaxies and nearby clusters of galaxies are critically examined in this chapter. In the Newtonian regime, NLG involves a reciprocal kernel with three length parameters. We discuss the determination of these parameters by comparing the predictions of the theory with observational data. Furthermore, the virial theorem for the Newtonian regime of NLG is derived and its consequences for nearby “isolated” astronomical systems in virial equilibrium are investigated. For such a galaxy, in particular, the galaxy’s baryonic diameter namely, the diameter of the smallest sphere that completely surrounds the baryonic system at the present time, is predicted to be larger than the basic nonlocality lengthscale, which is about 3 kpc, times the effective dark matter fraction of the galaxy.