bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Trials, New Therapies for Lupus, and Future Directions
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Lupus is characterized by “dyslexic T cells,” which lead to alterations in immune trafficking. In addition to the biologics being studied, several other investigational lines are under scrutiny. These include antibodies or blockers of an array of cytokines, agents that block adhesion molecules (the cellular glue that attracts inflammatory factors to cells from blood). A class of medicines that “tolerize” the body and prevent patients from making antibodies to themselves is being studied. Small oral molecules targeting genes in the human kinome interacting with cell surface receptors are available for rheumatoid arthritis and are under intense study in lupus. Additional approaches include small molecules (peptides), antibodies against antigen-binding sites (anti-idiotypic antibodies), and T cell receptors. Special vaccines with specifically designed payloads not only can alter immunity as we know it, but also can create new immune environments.
Introduction
Authors: Fiss Owen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Democracy vests power in the ruled to choose their rulers and to hold them accountable and thus endows the American people as a people with political freedom. This chapter introduces the theme of the book: namely, that the American Constitution promises a democratic system of government and endows the American people, as a people, with political freedom. It outlines the elements of that freedom—to choose rulers and hold them accountable through periodical elections with a broad franchise and with each vote counting as much as another—and how those are established in the Constitution.
The Constitutional Character of Our Democracy
Authors: Fiss Owen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers democracy as a guiding ideal of the American Constitution, established by the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. From the perspective of the Constitution, democracy is both a mandate and an aspiration. It sets the standard for judging the governmental structure under which we live, both state and federal, and at the same time projects into the future what that structure should be. The chapter reviews amendments to the Constitution that protected and extended its democratic character, in particular the Fourteenth Amendment, the first to explicitly refer to the “right to vote.” The chapter goes on to consider a number of Supreme Court decisions that impact the right to vote.
Extending the Franchise
Authors: Fiss Owen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The freedom that democracy promises arises only when those who are ruled are allowed to elect their rulers. Thus, this chapter argues, democracy itself, as a guiding ideal of the Constitution, creates a dynamic that leans toward extending the franchise to all who are ruled. Democracy gives rise to the principle of coextensionality—all who are ruled must be allowed to vote—which is expressed in several amendments to the Constitution, beginning with the Fourteenth. It provides the basis for opposing laws that disenfranchise ex-felons as well as the residents of Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico.
The Equality of Votes
Authors: Fiss Owen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The freedom that democracy generates belongs to the American people as a collectivity. Democratic principles also require that the ballots be allocated to individuals who are free to decide for whom they vote and who are assured that the vote of one individual will count as much as that of any other. The rule requiring the equality of votes governs the tabulation of votes and has been construed to require that electoral districts for selecting representatives to the legislature contain equal numbers of voters. This chapter reviews Supreme Court decisions that have affirmed the equality of votes and thus the way in which collective freedom is generated.
Conclusion
Authors: Fiss Owen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
All three branches of government are charged with the duty of protecting the constitutional promise of democracy. During the 1960s, the Supreme Court handed down three decisions that set aside laws of the states that compromised the democratic ideal: Reynolds v. Sims (1964), announcing the one person-one vote rule; Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966), barring the poll tax; and Williams v. Rhodes (1968), allowing a third party to be given a place on the presidential ballot. These landmark decisions remain deeply entrenched in our jurisprudence and have played a crucial role in the genesis of this book and the emergence of what has been referred to as the law of democracy. In terms of results, these decisions have shaped and continue to shape American electoral processes, but the grounds upon which they rest—equal protection or freedom of speech—seem contrived and unpersuasive and, as a result, their authoritativeness is compromised. In many respects, this book constitutes a call to abandon the pretense represented by these three key decisions: to avoid the practice of clause-parsing and to view the Constitution as a whole and as the basis for the democratic ideal and a federal right to vote.
The Bright Side of Stories
Authors: Reese Elaine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Stories from books, TV, movies, video games, theatre, and real life help social understanding, health, and thriving. Reading and watching fiction, and playing video games with a storyline, benefit empathy, emotional understanding, theory of mind, perspective-taking, and prosocial behavior and attitudes. These effects are stronger for romance, domestic/literary, and suspense genres, and weaker for science fiction. Watching narrative films containing health messages also promotes healthy behavior more than fact-based advice. Telling life stories about negative and positive events with themes of redemption, growth, and agency is linked to improved mental health and well-being, even after accounting for personality traits. Finally, expressive writing about difficult or traumatic events benefits physical health, mental health, and quality of life, although culture may moderate these effects. The underlying neural process is similar activation of the brain’s default network during remembering and imagining, with distinct patterns for action-packed stories versus those with social content.
The Gender Gap in Stories
Authors: Reese Elaine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Women read and talk about fiction in book clubs more often than men; women also have slightly better empathy and theory-of-mind skills. Most men who read instead prefer nonfiction; men also watch more TV than women. The personality trait of agreeableness is linked specifically to a preference for fiction. Yet the primary contributor to these gender differences in story preferences is argued to be a predilection for mental simulation of remembered and imagined events, which is also evident in the vividness with which women encode and narrate their autobiographical memories. The default network is activated when engaging in mental simulation, and women experience greater connectivity of the default network than men. Atypicality of the default network is a neural signature of autism spectrum disorder. However, men and women both benefit to the same degree from reading and viewing fiction, and from writing about their personal experiences.
The Dangers of Fictional Stories
Authors: Reese Elaine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Stories from books, TV/movies, and video games can cause aggression, prejudiced attitudes and behaviors, and inaccurate beliefs. Children learn less effectively from picture books with anthropomorphic content; for adults, the invented details in historical fiction can be absorbed as misinformation. Violent, sexist, and racist content, regardless of media type and across ages, leads to increases in aggressive and stereotyped thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. For young children, low-quality and fantastical screen time also leads to decreases in self-regulation, perhaps via overtaxing the prefrontal cortex. For teens and young adults, a heavy diet of violent video games disrupts communication between prefrontal regions and the limbic system, leading to desensitization. Excessive gaming is now considered an addiction (Internet gaming disorder), according to the World Health Organization. Binge-watching TV, however, may have advantages and disadvantages, but the research base needs to be expanded.
The Story Delivery System
Authors: Reese Elaine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Do stories from books, TV/movies, video games, and real life differ in their benefits for learning, social understanding, and well-being? Empirical research so far does not show strong differences by media platform, and different story forms activate the default network in similar ways. However, fictional media has not yet been compared to real-life stories. Both audiobooks and virtual reality technology are promising and increasingly popular ways to experience stories, particularly for people who have dyslexia, autism, or poor mental imagery skills. Rereading and rewatching stories can deepen learning and enhance well-being for most children and for some adults. Mental imagery promotes immersion into stories, which leads to greater benefits from stories across platforms. Mental imagery can be fostered through remembering and imagining events at all ages. The best story delivery system is likely to differ for individuals and across the lifespan.
Dignity and Judicial Authority
Authors: Bayefsky Rachel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
“Dignity” is a rallying cry of social and political movements worldwide. It also appears in legal doctrine and scholarship. But the meaning of dignity and its legal implications are deeply contested. What is dignity, and which concrete legal outcomes does it support? Dignity and Judicial Authority focuses on the role of dignity in courts in the United States. It offers a theory of dignity that emphasizes respect for status, nondomination, and control over self-presentation to others. It then explains how courts can recognize dignity as legally actionable harm and how they can provide remedies for this harm. In applying these ideas, the book explores such topics as constitutional standing doctrine, the “dignitary torts,” and court-mandated apologies. The book’s inquiry sheds light not only on the nature of dignity but also on the power of courts and their proper function in a constitutional democracy. How can judges decide whether dignity has been violated, especially when these decisions risk embroiling judges in contentious social disputes? Will accepting dignitary claims burst open the proverbial “floodgates of litigation”? The book shows how courts can productively integrate dignity into legal determinations. More generally, the book brings together theoretical analysis and detailed doctrinal discussion. It demonstrates the connections between dignity and subjects such as jurisdiction and remedies, which help to delineate the bounds of judicial authority.
The Enlightenment's Most Dangerous Woman
Authors: Janiak Andrew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Enlightenment’s Most Dangerous Woman: Émilie Du Châtelet and the Making of Modern Philosophy introduces the work and legacy of philosopher Émilie Du Châtelet. As the Enlightenment gained momentum throughout Europe, Châtelet broke through the many barriers facing women at the time and published a major philosophical treatise in French. Due to her proclamation that a true philosopher must remain an independent thinker rather than a disciple of some supposedly great man like Isaac Newton or René Descartes, Châtelet posed a threat to an emerging consensus in the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment’s Most Dangerous Woman highlights the exclusion of women from colleges and academies in Europe and the fear of rupturing the gender-based order. The men who created the modern philosophy canon eventually wrote Du Châtelet out of history.
Understanding Media’s Role in January 6, 2021
Authors: Costley White Khadijah , Kreiss Daniel , McGregor Shannon C. , Tromble Rebekah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The introduction to the volume lays out the core arguments of the book and summarizes the main contributions of its chapters. It details the origins and normative orientation of the volume toward the furtherance and protection of multiracial democracy. The introduction also synthesizes the points of intersection within the volume’s chapters. Contributors share the view that January 6, 2021, was an attempted coup; that it was grounded in the political interests of the president, his supporters, and members of his party; and that communication, media, and rhetoric were central to laying the groundwork for January 6th to occur and the events on the day itself. This includes the president and his party’s strategic attempts to delegitimize the election and mobilize and coordinate political insurrectionists through media.
Not Just Higher Truths
Authors: Nadler Anthony 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that in the wake of the January 6th attacks on the U.S. Capitol, critical media scholars must develop more compelling, more historically and sociologically informed, and more rigorously scrutinized accounts of right-wing media cultures and communication strategies. While the study of conservative and right-wing news cultures has expanded in recent years, critical media scholars need to push beyond the prevailing but limited framework of disinformation studies. This chapter makes a case for pursing five goals for critical scholarship on U.S. conservative media: (1) more analysis of popular conservative media, (2) simultaneously studying transformations and continuities in conservatism and in conservative news cultures, (3) more rigorously analyzing relationships between conservative narratives and cultural resentments, (4) examining the circulation of conservative media among diverse communities, and (5) integrating normative and descriptive modes of analysis while making normative claims explicit.
Epilogue
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , McGregor Shannon C. , Tromble Rebekah , Costley White Khadijah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a post-script to the volume after the publication of The Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol and the leak of the special section on the role of social media on the violence at the Capitol. The chapter reviews key findings of these reports, including the role of social media in spreading disinformation and facilitating planning and organizing, platforms’ own culpability in their faulty content moderation and enforcement policies and processes, and the ways broadcast media help provide the context for political violence. It also points out that these reports overlook the role of white racial animus and white Christian nationalism in providing the context for January 6th. The chapter ends with a series of recommendations for news organization and platform companies to alert the public to democratic threats and check the power of political leaders to undermine their own electoral accountability.
Ardens evexit ad aethera virtus
Authors: Harness Kelley 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Florentines witnessed the first of their city’s horse ballets in 1608, commissioned by Grand Duchess Christine of Lorraine to celebrate the marriage of her son Cosimo (who intended to ride in it) to Hapsburg archduchess Maria Magdalena. The grand duchess charged Lorenzo Franceschi with developing the theme (invention) of a work ultimately entitled Ballo e giostra de’ venti (Ballet and Joust of the Winds). This was choreographed by the prince’s riding master, Alfonso di Ruggieri Sanseverino, and performed in the Piazza Santa Croce on October 27. The Ballo included many of the features that would characterize subsequent works, such as equestrian maneuvers that visibly enacted control subduing frenzy, and an allegorical message that asserted the need to confront enemies of the Church. Because of the inaugural nature of the event, its preparations generated extensive correspondence—letters that reveal tensions between the competing imperatives of iconographical accuracy and rider safety.
Displacing Chivalry with Mythology
Authors: Harness Kelley 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Mythological gods and goddesses emerged as the protagonists of Medici horse ballets in the second half of the century, beginning with Benedetto Rigogli’s Combattimento, e balletto a cavallo (1652) and Giovanni Andrea Moniglia’s Il mondo festeggiante (1661). Both works continued the tradition of commenting on the occasions for which they were composed, but they also prominently featured Hercules, fabled founder of Florence. Prince Cosimo III personified the demigod in the 1661 work, commissioned to celebrate his marriage to French princess Louise Marguerite. That work’s plot exposes conflicts between the four parts of the world, two of which (Europe and America) celebrate the impending marriage, while the other two (Asia and Africa) lament it. Hercules’s alliance with the joint European/American army ensures its victory in the staged combat. This chapter contextualizes this new focus on Hercules within the long, but continuing tradition of Medici rulers commissioning Hercules-themed art.
Empowering the Elected Members
Authors: Akbaruddin Syed 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
By design, the UN Security Council has an uneven playing field. The victors of World War II have special rights and permanent membership. The rest are “birds of passage,” elected for two-year terms. On account of the predominance of the five permanent members, the Council is termed as a mechanism of “Five to Rule Them All.” The high bar to effect UN Charter amendments has stalled structural reform. Hence, gradual change is being pursued by adjusting processes, shaping procedures to enhance accountability, improving transparency, and incrementally expanding the roles of elected members. Such efforts have resulted in modest improvements. However, they also entrench the anachronistic concert of powers and do not address the lack of representativeness that bedevils Council decision-making. Attempting to fix an inequitable power structure that has run its course is like trying to put Humpty Dumpty together again. It is time to think afresh and build anew.
Ensuring Criminal Accountability
Authors: Dieng Adama 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the Security Council may employ accountability and the rule of law as tools to prevent conflict and address violence. In recent years, the Council has increasingly invoked accountability and the rule of law to reaffirm international response to mass atrocities and gross human rights violations. For example, in the aftermath of mass atrocities, the Council has often established tribunals or peacekeeping missions to hold perpetrators accountable and restore the rule of law. The Council and UN member states should also use these tools for preventative—not only for reactive—purposes. States should commit to resolving their differences amicably through the International Court of Justice and ensure accountability through the International Criminal Court, Commissions of Inquiry, and other agreed-upon mechanisms. States should also pursue multilateral solutions, implement international and regional obligations in good faith, and build responsive rule of law institutions to hold accountable human rights violators.
Duties Owed to the Public
Authors: Cornell Nicolas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
How does private law conceptualize duties owed to the public-at-large? Are they owed to individual members of the public? This question is interstitial in two ways—it concerns both the space between public law and private law and the spaces between different fields of private law. Different areas of private law handle it in contradictory ways. Duties of public officials are regarded as owed to individual citizens for the purposes of contract law’s preexisting duty rule but as not owed to individuals as a matter of tort law’s public duty rule. Violations of public property might be enforceable through public nuisance, but violations of analogous public contracts might not be enforceable by citizens. After describing the problem, this chapter surveys possible answers. Ultimately, the chapter suggests that a distinction between exercise of control and ex post injury might best explain the variable treatment of public duties in private law.
Language contact in Mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Sidwell Paul 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces how languages of the Asian Mainland have impacted on Malayo-Polynesian in prehistoric and early historic periods. The so-called Mainland Austronesian Languages—Chamic, Acehnese, and Moken—do show remarkable typological similarities with the Southeast Asian Linguistic Area. However, only the first of these groups—Chamic—has a significant presence on the mainland and can be shown to have restructured under the effects of massive lexical borrowing and metatypical convergence. By contrast, Acehnese and Moken, although both heavily restructured, remain Malayo-Polynesian lexically. Malay shows evidence of lexical borrowing from Austroasiatic, and this may partly extend back to a common Malayo-Chamic period when the proto-language or early forms of Malay and Chamic were integrated into a trade network that spanned the South China Sea in the first millennium BCE.
Abu Dhabi Oil Arbitration
Authors: Dolzer Rudolf 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In January 1939 the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi, at that time a British-protected State on the Persian Gulf (→ Protectorates and Protected States), concluded an agreement with the company Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Limited in Abu Dhabi. Under the terms of this agreement, the Sheikh transferred to that company the exclusive right to drill for and extract mineral oil in Abu Dhabi. The concession area was described in Art. 2 of the contract—as translated from the original Arabic text—as the whole of the lands which belong to the rule of the Ruler of Abu Dhabi and its dependencies and all the islands and the sea waters which belong to that area. And if in the future the lands which belong to Abu Dhabi are defined by agreement with other States, then the limits of the area shall coincide with the limits specified in this definition. (Arbitration Between Petroleum Development [Trucial Coast] Ltd and Sheikh of Abu Dhabi [1952] 1 ICLQ 248) When the interpretation of these terms became the subject of a controversy between the parties to the agreement, Lord Asquith of Bishopstone was named as umpire in 1949 under the terms of the → arbitration clause in the contract (Oil→ Concession Disputes, Arbitration on).
Agenda for Peace
Authors: Neuhold Hanspeter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
With the end of the → Cold War (1947–91), the main obstacle to the effective functioning of the → United Nations (UN) as a peace organization seemed to have disappeared for good. In particular, hopes appeared justified that the recurrent deadlock in the UN Security Council caused by the disagreement between its permanent members along the East–West divide had been overcome. It was in this international political climate of → détente and optimism that the UN Security Council (→ United Nations, Security Council) met for the first time at the summit level on 31 January 1992. In their final statement, the 15 heads of State or government requested UN Secretary-General (→ United Nations, Secretary-General) Boutros Boutros-Ghali to prepare, for circulation to UN Members by 1 July 1992, an analysis and recommendations on ways of strengthening and making more efficient within the framework and provisions of the → United Nations Charter the capacity of the UN for preventive → diplomacy, peacemaking, and → peacekeeping.