bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Extract against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro Study
Authors: Mustafa Mohammed 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Debridement and disinfection of the root canal is a crucial step in the success of endodontic treatment. Several antimicrobial agents alone or in combination are used to achieve this. The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica) extract against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and methods
Neem leaf extract, 2% chlorhexidine, 3% sodium hypochlorite were used to assess the antimicrobial efficiency. Agar well diffusion test was used to study the antimicrobial efficacy with saline as control. The zone of inhibition was recorded, tabulated, and analyzed statistically with the help of IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistics version 20 using analysis of variance test.

Results
All the three medicaments showed well-defined and comparable zones of inhibition around their respective wells. All values were significantly higher than the control group. Analysis of variance showed significant difference between zone diameters of chlorhexidine, neem leaf extract, and 3% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
From the present study, it can be concluded that neem leaf extract shows comparable zones of inhibition with that of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite.

Clinical significance
Neem leaf extract has significant antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and thus opens the perspectives for the use of neem extract as an intracanal medication.

How to cite this article
Mustafa M. Antibacterial Efficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Extract against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):791-794.
450 nm Blue Laser and Oral Surgery: Preliminary ex vivo Study
Authors: Fornaini Carlo , Merigo Elisabetta , Rocca Jean-Paul , Lagori Giuseppe , Raybaud Hélène , Selleri Stefano , Cucinotta Annamaria 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Dental diode lasers were started to be used at the end of the 1990s and were shown to possess several important characteristics, such as small size and low cost, as well as the advantage of optic fibers delivering system. Although only two wavelengths (810 and 980 nm) had been the most used dental diode lasers, a wavelength emitting in the blue portion of the spectrum has recently been proposed.

Aim
The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the effectiveness of five different fiber-delivered laser wavelengths (450, 532, 808, 1064, and 1340 nm) in the oral soft tissue ablation.

Materials and methods
Specimens were surgically collected from the dorsal surface of four bovine tongues and, while deep thermal increase was measured by two thermocouples at 0.5 and 2 mm depth, surface temperature was recorded by an infrared thermometer. Subsequently, specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, cut into slices, and embedded in paraffin blocks, and a pathologist made a morphological analysis by optic microscope assigning a score based on the quality of the cut and tissue damage.

Results
The analysis showed the best quality of the cut and the lowest temperature increase on the specimens obtained with the shortest laser wavelength (450 nm).

Conclusion
Even considering this as preliminary study, the use of 450 nm blue diode laser in oral surgery may be suggested to the clinician in their daily practice.

Clinical significance
This study opens a new perspective in oral surgery. Blue diode laser has demonstrated a good quality of the cut with a low energy causing a minimal thermal damage to the tissue, promising a better comfort to patients.

How to cite this article
Fornaini C, Merigo E, Rocca J-P, Lagori G, Raybaud H, Selleri S, Cucinotta A. 450 nm Blue Laser and Oral Surgery: Preliminary ex vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):795-800.
Association between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries among Anganwadi Children of Belgaum City, India
Authors: Anzil KSA , Aluckal Eby , Baby Mathews , George Eldhose K , Lakshmanan Sanju , Chikkanna Shilpa 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Body mass index (BMI) is an index that measures height for weight, which is commonly used to categorize underweight, overweight, and obese individuals. Deviation from normal weight results from an imbalance between caloric consumption and energy expenditure. Childhood obesity and childhood dental caries are coincidental in many populations, probably due to common confounding risk factors, such as intake frequency, cariogenic diet, and poor oral hygiene. So the aim of the present study was to assess the BMI status and to corelate between dental caries and BMI among the Anganwadi children of Belgaum city, Karnataka, India.

Materials and methods
Four hundred and thirty three children from 20 Anganwadi's belonging to the age group of 2 to 6 years of both sexes were measured for BMI and dental caries status. The caries index was measured as the number of decayed (d) and filled (f) teeth (t) (dft). The BMI in units of kg/m2 was determined and children were categorized according to ageand gender-specific criteria as underweight (<5th percentile), normal (5th–85th percentile), at risk for overweight (85th– 95th percentile), and overweight (>95th percentile). The data were subjected to statistical analysis using Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient test with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.0.

Results
The proportion of subjects in Centre for Disease Control (CDC) weight categories was: 5% underweight, 79% normal, 9% under the risk for overweight, and 6% overweight.

Conclusion
A significant association was found between children with normal BMI and those who were underweight, overweight, and under the risk for overweight. Children with overweight/obese or underweight/malnourished children had higher decayed and filled surfaces compared to children with normal weight.

Clinical significance
Nutritional status has a profound effect on dental caries. Both underweight/malnutrition and overweight/ obesity have significant adverse implications for health. Childhood obesity and childhood dental caries are coincidental in many populations.

How to cite this article
Aluckal E, Anzil KS A, Baby M, George EK, Lakshmanan S, Chikkanna S. Association between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries among Anganwadi Children of Belgaum City, India. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):844-848.
Uninfiltrated Collagen in Hybrid Layers produced after Reduced Acid-etching Time on Primary and Permanent Dentin
Authors: Hebling Josimeri , Scheffel Débora LS , Huck Cláudia , Soares Diana G , Basso Fernanda G , de Souza Costa Carlos A , Brackett Martha G , Pashley David H 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study evaluated the influence of acid-etching time on collagen exposure in adhesive interfaces established on primary and permanent dentin.

Materials and methods
Flat dentin surfaces were produced on sound primary molars and premolars (n = 8). The surfaces were divided into mesial and distal halves, and each half was etched with phosphoric acid for 5 or 15 seconds. The teeth were randomly allocated into two groups according to the adhesive system applied: Prime & Bond NT or Prime & Bond 2.1. After the adhesive application, the specimens were processed for Goldner's trichrome staining. The thickness of the uninfiltrated collagen zone (UCZ) in the hybrid layer was measured under optical microscopy. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α = 0.05).

Results
The thickness of UCZ was adhesive dependent. Within the same substrate, the specimens treated with Prime & Bond 2.1 presented thicker UCZ when etched for 15 seconds. Collagen exposure was significantly higher for the primary teeth etched for 5 seconds and treated with Prime & Bond 2.1.

Conclusion
The thickness of UCZ in hybrid layers is directly affected by acid-etching time and by the adhesive system applied. Primary dentin seems to be more susceptible to collagen exposure than is permanent dentin.

Clinical significance
Both acid-etching time and adhesive system can influence the amount of exposed collagen interfering on resin–dentin bond quality, especially on primary dentin.

How to cite this article
Scheffel DLS, Huck C, Soares DG, Basso FG, de Souza Costa CA, Brackett MG, Pashley DH, Hebling J. Uninfiltrated Collagen in Hybrid Layers produced after Reduced Acid-etching Time on Primary and Permanent Dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):861-866.
A multi-population survey on swine feeding behavior with electronic
feeding devices
Authors: Xin Wenshui , Li Xinjian , Zhang Feng , Yan Guorong , Ding Nengshui , Huang Lusheng , Zhang Zhiyan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. In this study, we used electronic feeding station observations of pigs to investigate their growth performance and feeding behavior. These pigs were raised in Xinda Livestock Company Ltd. in Henan, China, and followed the Chinese directive for the protection of farm animals. Electronic feeding stations are often used in pig breeding and for identifying loci associated with feed consumption. Moreover, they can also provide much valuable information on pig behavior that could be directly used to improve production efficiency. This study involves three different pig population feeding-intake data from 383 Yorkshire, 243 Landrace and 197 Duroc breeds to investigate their growth performance and feeding behavior. Similar patterns of growth performance (slow–fast–slow) were observed in the three breeds, while the Duroc have a slightly faster average growth rate throughout the whole test period. Study of the number of visits to the feeding station over 24 h detected two peaks of feeding intake activity at 08:00–09:00 and 14:00–15:00. During these two peak feeding times, lower feed intake and less occupation time were observed, implicating fiercer competition at these time periods. The effective intake time for Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire populations was 19, 16 and 19 min, respectively, suggesting that the ultimate feed intake time for each individual can be set up to 20 min for each visit. Studies on the ADFI (average daily feed intake) showed a significant difference (P value  =  0.000009) between seasons and consistent patterns for these three breeds. The present study provides a detailed survey on pig feed intake behaviors across different populations and feeding seasons.
Observing atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) from space: validation and
intercomparison of six retrievals from four satellites (OMI, GOME2A, GOME2B,
OMPS) with SEAC4RS aircraft observations over the southeast US
Authors: Zhu Lei , Jacob Daniel J. , Kim Patrick S. , Fisher Jenny A. , Yu Karen , Travis Katherine R. , Mickley Loretta J. , Yantosca Robert M. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , De Smedt Isabelle , González Abad Gonzalo , Chance Kelly , Li Can , Ferrare Richard , Fried Alan , Hair Johnathan W. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Richter Dirk , Jo Scarino Amy , Walega James , Weibring Petter , Wolfe Glenn M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) column data from satellites are widely used as a proxy for emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but validation of the data has been extremely limited. Here we use highly accurate HCHO aircraft observations from the NASA SEAC4RS (Studies of Emissions, Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys) campaign over the southeast US in August–September 2013 to validate and intercompare six retrievals of HCHO columns from four different satellite instruments (OMI, GOME2A, GOME2B and OMPS; for clarification of these and other abbreviations used in the paper, please refer to Appendix A) and three different research groups. The GEOS-Chem chemical transport model is used as a common intercomparison platform. All retrievals feature a HCHO maximum over Arkansas and Louisiana, consistent with the aircraft observations and reflecting high emissions of biogenic isoprene. The retrievals are also interconsistent in their spatial variability over the southeast US (r  =  0.4–0.8 on a 0.5°  ×  0.5°  grid) and in their day-to-day variability (r  =  0.5–0.8). However, all retrievals are biased low in the mean by 20–51 %, which would lead to corresponding bias in estimates of isoprene emissions from the satellite data. The smallest bias is for OMI-BIRA, which has high corrected slant columns relative to the other retrievals and low scattering weights in its air mass factor (AMF) calculation. OMI-BIRA has systematic error in its assumed vertical HCHO shape profiles for the AMF calculation, and correcting this would eliminate its bias relative to the SEAC4RS data. Our results support the use of satellite HCHO data as a quantitative proxy for isoprene emission after correction of the low mean bias. There is no evident pattern in the bias, suggesting that a uniform correction factor may be applied to the data until better understanding is achieved.
Mineralogical response of the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga
Lithophyllum cabiochae to near-future ocean acidification and warming
Authors: Nash Merinda C. , Martin Sophie , Gattuso Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Red calcareous coralline algae are thought to be among the organisms most vulnerable to ocean acidification due to the high solubility of their magnesium calcite skeleton. Although skeletal mineralogy is proposed to change as CO2 and temperature continue to rise, there is currently very little information available on the response of coralline algal carbonate mineralogy to near-future changes in pCO2 and temperature. Here we present results from a 1-year controlled laboratory experiment to test mineralogical responses to pCO2 and temperature in the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga (CCA) Lithophyllum cabiochae. Our results show that Mg incorporation is mainly constrained by temperature (+1 mol % MgCO3 for an increase of 3 °C), and there was no response to pCO2. This suggests that L. cabiochae thalli have the ability to buffer their calcifying medium against ocean acidification, thereby enabling them to continue to deposit magnesium calcite with a significant mol % MgCO3 under elevated pCO2. Analyses of CCA dissolution chips showed a decrease in Mg content after 1 year for all treatments, but this was affected neither by pCO2 nor by temperature. Our findings suggest that biological processes exert a strong control on calcification on magnesium calcite and that CCA may be more resilient under rising CO2 than previously thought. However, previously demonstrated increased skeletal dissolution with ocean acidification will still have major consequences for the stability and maintenance of Mediterranean coralligenous habitats.
Konverzační analýza a interakce ve třídě: východiska a metodologické aspekty
Authors: Tůma František 
Published: November 2016

Cílem předkládané metodologické studie je pojednat o etnometodologické konverzační analýze jako o metodě uplatnitelné ve výzkumu interakce ve třídě. Studie nastiňuje stav teoretické a metodologické reflexe v této oblasti pedagogického výzkumu (část 1), vymezuje pozici konverzační analýzy a pojednává o intersubjektivitě v interakci, k jejímuž hlubšímu pochopení může konverzační analýza přispět (část 2). Studie dále pojednává o východiscích konverzační analýzy, ze kterých jsou odvozeny principy a postupy při transkribování a analýze dat (část 3). Tyto principy a postupy jsou na vybraných datových ukázkách názorně ilustrovány, přičemž je pozornost věnována i párovým sekvencím, střídání mluvčích a opravám, které představují oblasti zájmu konverzační analýzy (část 4). V závěru textu je pojednáno o kritice konverzační analýzy a některých vývojových tendencích v konverzačněanalytickém výzkumu. Je vyvozeno, že konverzační analýza umožňuje postihnout lokálně utvářené vzájemné porozumění mezi účastníky v interakci a zároveň zohlednit institucionální (didaktické) aspekty interakce ve třídě.
Když čísla a slova spolupracují: smíšený design v ukázkách z výzkumu moci ve školní třídě
Authors: Vlčková Kateřina , Lojdová Kateřina 
Published: November 2016

Cílem naší studie je představit metodologii smíšeného designu výzkumu na konkrétním příkladu. Zvolily jsme si tříletý výzkum moci ve školních třídách studentů učitelství, financovaný Grantovou agenturou ČR. Propojení kvantitativní a kvalitativní metodologie ilustrujeme na úrovni teorie, formy smíšeného designu, výzkumné otázky, vzorku, sběru dat, analýzy dat a jejich interpretace. Ukazujeme také konkrétní příklady možných podob integrace výsledků kvalitativní a kvantitativní analýzy dat, které přispívají k odhalení další dimenze jevu, míry odlišnosti perspektiv aktérů či nuancí ve zjištěních. V úvodní části studie se zabýváme rozdíly kvantitativního a kvalitativního výzkumu a jejich dekonstrukcí. Ukazujeme historický vývoj smíšeného výzkumu, co je a co není smíšeným výzkumem a jaké jsou jeho základní formy. Diskutujeme o integrovaném designu výzkumu, paralelizaci a integraci jako základním principu smíšeného výzkumu a na závěr studie otvíráme také některé kritické otázky smíšené metodologie.
Performance, usability and comparison of two versions of a new macular vision test: the handheld Radial Shape Discrimination test
Authors: Ku Jae Y. , Milling Ashli F. , Pitrelli Vazquez Noelia , Knox Paul C. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundCentral vision, critical for everyday tasks such as reading and driving, is impacted by age-related changes in the eye and by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. The detection of changes in macular function is therefore important. The Radial Shape Discrimination (RSD) test measures the threshold at which distortions in a radial frequency pattern can be detected and there is evidence that it is more sensitive to macular pathology than visual acuity (VA). It also provides a more quantitative measure of macular function than the commonly available Amsler grid. Recently, handheld versions of the test (hRSD) in which stimuli are presented on mobile devices (e.g., Apple iPod Touch, iPhone) have been developed. We investigated the characteristics of the hRSD test in healthy participants.MethodsData were collected using both three-alternative forced choice (3AFC) and 4AFC versions of the hRSD test, presented on an Apple iPod Touch. For the 3AFC version, data from a single test session were available for 186 (72 male; mean ± SD age 42 ± 17y; range 16–90y) healthy participants. Test-retest data were available for subgroups of participants (intra-session:N = 74; tests approximately 2 months apart:N = 30; tests 39 months apart:N = 15). The 3AFC and 4AFC versions were directly compared in 106 participants who also completed a usability questionnaire. Distance and near VA and Pelli Robson Contrast Sensitivity (CS) data were collected and undilated fundoscopy performed on the majority of participants.ResultsMean (±SD) 3AFC hRSD threshold was −0.77 ± 0.14 logMAR, and was statistically significantly correlated with age (Pearsonr = 0.35;p < 0.001). The linear regression of hRSD threshold on age had a slope of +0.0026 compared to +0.0051 for near VA (which also correlated with age:r = 0.51; p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in hRSD thresholds for any of the test-retest subgroups. We also observed no statistically significant difference between 3AFC (−0.82 ± 0.11 logMAR) and 4AFC (−0.80 ± 0.12 logMAR) hRSD thresholds (t = 1.85, p = 0.067) and participants reported excellent test usability with no strong preference expressed between the 3AFC and 4AFC versions of the test.DiscussionThe 3AFC hRSD thresholds we report are consistent with a number of previous studies, as is its greater stability in ageing compared to VA. We have also shown that in the absence of pathology, thresholds are stable over short and long timescales. The 4AFC thresholds we have reported provide a baseline for future investigations, and we have confirmed that 3AFC and 4AFC thresholds are similar, providing a basis of comparisons between studies using the different versions. As the hRSD test is easy to use and relatively inexpensive, clinical studies are now required to establish its ability to detect and monitor macular pathologies.
Race/ethnic comparisons of waist‐to‐height ratio for cardiometabolic screening: The study of women's health across the nation
Authors: Kazlauskaite Rasa , Avery‐Mamer Elizabeth F. , Li Hong , Chataut Chandra P. , Janssen Imke , Powell Lynda H. , Kravitz Howard M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the performance of waist‐to‐height ratio as a screening tool for cardiometabolic conditions – hypertension, prediabetes/diabetes, dyslipidemia, and subclinical inflammation – in 5 race/ethnic groups of mid‐life women.MethodsWaist‐to‐height ratio and 4 cardiometabolic conditions were assessed in 3033 premenopausal midlife women (249 Hispanic, 226 Chinese, 262 Japanese, 1435 European‐American, and 861 African American). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were compared across the five race/ethnic groups using waist‐to‐height ratio to determine the likelihood of the four cardiometabolic conditions.ResultsThe performance of waist‐to‐height ratio to detect one or more cardiometabolic conditions was comparable among all race/ethnic groups (AUROC > 0.60, p = 0.252), and was good/fair (AUROC > 0.60) when hypertension, prediabetes/diabetes, dyslipidemia, or subclinical inflammation were analyzed separately. The performance of waist‐to‐height ratio of 0.50 was skewed towards higher specificity among groups with low prevalence of cardiometabolic conditions and lower median waist‐to‐height ratio, and towards higher sensitivity among groups with high prevalence of cardiometabolic conditions and higher median waist‐to‐height ratio.ConclusionsWaist‐to‐height ratio can be used for community‐based screening of mid‐life women who may need secondary prevention for cardiometabolic conditions. A simple public health message: “Keep your waist to less than half of your height” applies to midlife women.
The Stability Challenges of Oxygen Evolving Catalysts: Towards a Common Fundamental Understanding and Mitigation of Catalyst Degradation
Authors: Spöri Camillo , Kwan Jason Tai Hong , Bonakdarpour Arman , Wilkinson David P. , Strasser Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis Review addresses the technical challenges, scientific basis, recent progress, and outlook with respect to the stability and degradation of catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) operating at electrolyzer anodes in acidic environments with an emphasis on ion exchange membrane applications. First, the term “catalyst stability” is clarified, as well as current performance targets, major catalyst degradation mechanisms, and their mitigation strategies. Suitable in situ experimental methods are then evaluated to give insight into catalyst degradation and possible pathways to tune OER catalyst stability. Finally, the importance of identifying universal figures of merit for stability is highlighted, leading to a comprehensive accelerated lifetime test that could yield comparable performance data across different laboratories and catalyst types. The aim of this Review is to help disseminate and stress the important relationships between structure, composition, and stability of OER catalysts under different operating conditions.