bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can protective attributes of artificial refuges offset predation risk in lizards?
Authors: Bourke Gaye , Matthews Alison , Michael Damian R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractArtificial refuges are often used to supplement habitat in areas where natural shelters have been degraded or removed. Although artificial refuges are intended to support particular species, they may be equally attractive and accessible to others, including predators. We explored the influence of snake predation risk and shelter attributes on the overnight use of different artificial refuges (timber, tiles, and iron) using the predator‐prey relationship between Boulenger's skink,Morethia boulengeriand the curl snake,Suta suta. We collected adultM. boulengerifrom two bioregions in south‐eastern Australia: the Riverina, where the two species co‐occur, and the South Western Slopes, whereS. sutadoes not occur. Two adultS. sutawere collected for use as chemical donors. We conducted four experiments on overnight refuge choice to determine: (i) predator‐scent avoidance, (ii) artificial refuge preferences, (iii) a trade‐off between a preferred refuge and predator‐avoidance, and (iv) the effect of gap height on refuge preference. We found that skinks avoided predator‐scented refuges in favour of identical, but unscented refuges. Skinks preferred timber refuges, and most skinks maintained this preference when predator‐scent was added. However, when gap height was manipulated, skinks shifted to the refuge with the smallest gap. Skinks displayed complex regional variation in behaviour; skinks from both bioregions avoided predator‐scent, but in the trade‐off experiment, skinks from the South Western Slopes were less likely to avoid predator‐scented timber refuges than those from the Riverina. Our findings suggest that protective refuge attributes, such as small gap height, can offset the risk implied by predator‐scent within a refuge. This study highlights the need to consider predator‐prey interactions when designing and using artificial refuges for habitat restoration or biological monitoring.
There might be blood: Oil, humility, and the cosmopolitics of a Cofán petro‐being
Authors: CEPEK MICHAEL L. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTA central directive of recent writings on cosmopolitics and ontology is that critically minded anthropologists should “humble” themselves and view their subjects’ statements as propositions that disclose multiple real worlds. An exploration of Cofán people's uncertainty regarding the idea that oil is the blood of a sacred mythological being—a position that romanticizing Westerners repeatedly attribute to them—calls into question the implications of the call for anthropological humility. Cofán discussions of oil's sanguinary nature demonstrate that the best way to comprehend the intellectual agency of our collaborators is to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the social, pragmatic, and epistemological contours of their discourse, cosmological or otherwise. [cosmopolitics, ontology, oil, indigeneity, Cofán, Ecuador, Amazonia]Una directriz central de escritos recientes sobre cosmopolítica y ontología es que los antropólogos con espíritu crítico deberían “humillarse” y tomar las afirmaciones de sus sujetos de estudio como proposiciones que revelan múltiples mundos reales. Explorar la indecisión que tienen los cofán acerca de la idea de que el petróleo es la sangre de un sagrado ser mitológico —posición que les atribuyen constantemente los occidentales románticos— cuestiona las implicaciones de esta llamada a la humildad. Las discusiones entre los cofán acerca de la naturaleza sanguinaria del petróleo nos muestran que la mejor manera de comprender la capacidad intelectual de nuestros colaboradores es reconocer, en vez de ignorar, los contornos sociales, pragmáticos y epistemológicos de su discurso, sea este cosmológico o no. [cosmopolítica, ontología, petróleo, indigeneidad, Cofán, Ecuador, Amazonia]
From humanitarianism to humanitarianization: Intimacy, estrangement, and international aid in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: GILBERT ANDREW C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIn 2002, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the site of massive housing‐reconstruction projects run by international aid organizations as part of a plan to move refugees back to their prewar homes. Alongside the usual technical tasks of such projects, aid workers spent considerable time and effort establishing and stabilizing the categorical distinction between things humanitarian and things political. Analysis of these efforts by one aid organization reveals the often‐overlooked social and cultural work necessary to maintain a humanitarian field of operation, demonstrating that the humanitarian status of aid projects is never more than provisionally settled. This unstable, provisional nature of humanitarian action constitutes an underexplored dynamic shaping and limiting international responses to suffering and need. [humanitarianism, politics, ethics, international aid, refugee return, Bosnia and Herzegovina]Tokom 2002. godine, međunarodne organizacije u Bosni i Hercegovini organizovale su masovne obnove kuća kako bi ostvarile plan povratka izbjeglica u njihove predratne domove. Pored uobičajnih tehničkih zadataka vezanih za ovakve projekate, zaposleni u ovim organizacijama proveli su mnogo vremena i truda na uspostavljanju i utvrđivanju kategoričkih razlika između humanitarnog i političkog. Analiza ovih napora, koju je sprovela jedna od tih organizacija, daje uvid u često previđen društveni i kulturni rad koji je neophodan da se humanitarno djelovanje održi, ukazujući na to da je humanitarni status projekata pomoći uvijek samo privremen. Ova nestabilna, privremena priroda humanitarnog djelovanja sastavni je dio nedovoljno istražene dinamike koja oblikuje i ograničava odgovore međunarodnih organizacija na patnju i potrebu. [humanitarizam, politika, etika, međunarodna humanitarna pomoć, povratak izbjeglica, Bosna i Hercegovina]
Ethnography at its edges: Bringing in contemporary art
Authors: BUCKLEY LIAM M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTHow might the making of art offer approaches and procedures for anthropologists who seek to incorporate contemporary art into their own fieldwork and scholarship? Recent anthropological inquiries into contemporary art have generated a range of results, including artworks made by anthropologists and by artists who engage with anthropological theories, scholarly concepts of artworks not as illustrations of questions already answered but as ways of changing how questions emerge in the first place, and aesthetics of fieldwork centered on curiosity, wonder, and curatorial disposition. The making of contemporary artworks thus indicates a set of theories and methods for anthropologically observing the world.
Ethnography at its edges: Forces in the wind
Authors: MANDERSON LENORE 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIncreasingly, anthropologists are using art practices to represent their work and, with this shift in media and style, reach out to new audiences in the process. In Aeolian Politics, Cymene Howe and Dominic Boyer collaborated with Ethnographic Terminalia to outfit a two‐room cottage with video footage, turbomachinery, poetry, and supplementary ethnographic material. These media tell a story of politics and power on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, which has the best wind resources in the world. Zapotecs on the isthmus stare down state authorities and energy oligopolies, battling these forces that, like the wind itself, are beyond their control. Encased in the sensory environment of the installation, we are reminded forcefully of unintended consequences, even when the arguments for intervention—in this case, renewable energy—seem so compelling. [art and anthropology, environmental politics, art installation, wind power, Mexico]
Low Tidal Volume Reduces Lung Inflammation Induced by Liquid Ventilation in Piglets With Severe Lung Injury
Authors: Jiang Lijun , Feng Huizhen , Chen Xiaofan , Liang Kaifeng , Ni Chengyao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTotal liquid ventilation (TLV) is an alternative treatment for severe lung injury. High tidal volume is usually required for TLV to maintain adequate CO2 clearance. However, high tidal volume may cause alveolar barotrauma. We aim to investigate the effect of low tidal volume on pulmonary inflammation in piglets with lung injury and under TLV. After the establishment of acute lung injury model by infusing lipopolysaccharide, 12 piglets were randomly divided into two groups, TLV with high tidal volume (25 mL/kg) or with low tidal volume (6 mL/kg) for 240 min, respectively. Extracorporeal CO2 removal was applied in low tidal volume group to improve CO2 clearance and in high tidal volume group as sham control. Gas exchange and hemodynamic status were monitored every 30 min during TLV. At the end of the study, pulmonary mRNA expression and plasmatic concentration of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) were measured by collecting lung tissue and blood samples from piglets. Arterial blood pressure, PaO2, and PaCO2 showed no remarkable difference between groups during the observation period. Compared with high tidal volume strategy, low tidal volume resulted in 76% reduction of minute volume and over 80% reduction in peak inspiratory pressure during TLV. In addition, low tidal volume significantly diminished pulmonary mRNA expression and plasmatic level of IL‐6 and IL‐8. We conclude that during TLV, low tidal volume reduces lung inflammation in piglets with acute lung injury without compromising gas exchange.
Role of neural integrators in oculomotor systems: a systematic narrative literature review
Authors: Sanchez Katherine , Rowe Fiona J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the role of neural integrators (NI) in the oculomotor system.MethodsA literature search was carried out using several electronic databases during the months of June 2014 to March 2015. The following keywords were used to generate focused results: ‘neural integrators’, ‘gaze‐holding’, ‘oculomotor integration’, ‘impaired gaze‐holding’, ‘gaze evoked nystagmus’ and ‘gaze dysfunction’. Further materials were found through searching relevant articles within reference lists. Seventy‐one articles were sourced for this review which analysed animal and human subjects and network models; 45 were studies of humans, 16 studies of primates, three studies of felines and one study from rats and network models. The remaining articles were literature reviews.ResultsThe horizontal and vertical, including torsional, NI are located logically in the brainstem, nearby their appropriate target extraocular motoneuron nuclei for stable eye position in eccentric position. The nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) and medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) are closely linked at the caudal pons and dorsal rostral medulla, integrating horizontal conjugate eye movement. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) integrates vertical and torsional eye movement at the upper midbrain. The integrator time constant is averaged to 25 seconds in human horizontal and animal vertical NI to perform its function. Case reports revealed that dysfunction of horizontal NI also resulted in vertical ocular deviations, indicating some overlap of horizontal and vertical gaze control. Furthermore, pharmacological inactivation of NI exposed a population of inhibitory neurotransmitters that permits its mechanism of action; allowing for smooth conjugate movement.ConclusionsNeural integrators operate to integrate eye velocity and eye position information to provide signals to extraocular motoneurons to attain and maintain a new position. Therefore, NI allow image stabilization during horizontal and vertical eye movements at eccentric positions for comfortable single vision.
Rapid allergen‐induced interleukin‐17 and interferon‐γ secretion by skin‐resident memory CD8+ T cells
Authors: Schmidt Jonas D. , Ahlström Malin G. , Johansen Jeanne D. , Dyring‐Andersen Beatrice , Agerbeck Christina , Nielsen Morten M. , Poulsen Steen S. , Woetmann Anders , Ødum Niels , Thomsen Allan R. , Geisler Carsten , Bonefeld Charlotte M. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundSkin‐resident memory T (TRM) cells are associated with immunological memory in the skin. Whether immunological memory responses to allergens in the skin are solely localized to previously allergen‐exposed sites or are present globally in the skin is not clear. Furthermore, the mechanisms whereby TRM cells induce rapid recall responses need further investigation.ObjectivesTo study whether contact allergens induce local and/or global memory, and to determine the mechanisms involved in memory responses in the skin.MethodsTo address these questions, we analysed responses to contact allergens in mice and humans sensitized to 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene and nickel, respectively.ResultsChallenge responses in both mice and humans were dramatically increased at sites previously exposed to allergens as compared with previously unexposed sites. Importantly, the magnitude of the challenge response correlated with the epidermal accumulation of interleukin (IL)‐17A‐producing and interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing TRM cells. Moreover, IL‐17A and IFN‐γ enhanced allergen‐induced IL‐1β production in keratinocytes.ConclusionsWe show that sensitization with contact allergens induces a strong, long‐lasting local memory and a weaker, temporary global immunological memory response to the allergen that is mediated by IL‐17A‐producing and IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ TRM cells.
Well‐being in the Welfare State: the redistributive capacity of education
Authors: Jongbloed Janine , Pullman Ashley 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFocusing on the macro‐micro interaction between institutional arrangements and individual life outcomes, this article investigates how welfare régime types impact the association between education and well‐being, as measured by satisfaction with life. Theorising with Esping‐Andersen's ideal‐typical welfare régime typology, we hypothesise that decommodified institutional arrangements reduce the association between education and well‐being through compensatory social protections for at‐risk individuals, while stratifying forces strengthen this association. These results are only partly supported; we find that Conservative Welfare States show the most robust association, whilst Liberal and Social‐Democratic Welfare States display weaker relationships. Thus, stratification appears to play a more important role than decommodification in moderating this association. We also examine potential mediating factors and how they differ between welfare régime types, finding that health and income mediate the effects of education on well‐being to varying degrees.
Collective decision‐making promotes fitness loss in a fusion‐fission society
Authors: Sigaud Marie , Merkle Jerod A. , Cherry Seth G. , Fryxell John M. , Berdahl Andrew , Fortin Daniel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhile collective decision‐making is recognised as a significant contributor to fitness in social species, the opposite outcome is also logically possible. We show that collective movement decisions guided by individual bison sharing faulty information about habitat quality promoted the use of ecological traps. The frequent, but short‐lived, associations of bison with different spatial knowledge led to a population‐wide shift from avoidance to selection of agricultural patches over 9 years in and around Prince Albert National Park, Canada. Bison were more likely to travel to an agricultural patch for the first time by following conspecifics already familiar with agricultural patches. Annual adult mortality increased by 12% due to hunting of bison on agricultural lands. Maladaptive social behaviour accordingly was a major force that contributed to a ~50% population decline in less than a decade. In human‐altered landscapes, social learning by group‐living species can lead to fitness losses, particularly in fusion‐fission societies.
Environmental drivers of invertebrate population dynamics in Neotropical tank bromeliads
Authors: Dézerald Olivier , Leroy Céline , Corbara Bruno , Dejean Alain , Talaga Stanislas , Céréghino Régis 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Tank bromeliads form a conspicuous, yet neglected freshwater habitat in Neotropical forests. Recent studies driven by interests in medical entomology, fundamental aspects of bromeliad ecology and experimental research on food webs have, however, prompted increasing interest in bromeliad aquatic ecosystems. As yet, there is nothing in the literature about the life histories and environmental drivers of invertebrate population dynamics in tank bromeliads.

Based on fortnightly samples taken over one year, size frequency plots and individual dry masses allowed us to establish the life cycles and growth rates of the dominant aquatic invertebrates in a common bromeliad species of French Guiana. Linear mixed‐effect models and Mantel tests were used to predict changes in density, biomass, and growth rates in relation to temperature, rainfall, humidity and detrital resources.

Annual variations in invertebrate densities and biomasses could be described according to three types of distribution: unimodal, bimodal or almost constant. Despite seasonal variations, precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and detritus concentration accounted significantly for changes in density and biomass, but we found no significant responses in growth rates of most invertebrate species. Species rather displayed non‐seasonal life cycles with overlapping cohorts throughout the year. There was also a trend for delayed abundance peaks among congeneric species sharing similar functional traits, suggesting temporal partitioning of available resources.

Beyond novel knowledge, quantitative information on life histories is important to predict food‐web dynamics under the influence of external forcing and self‐organisation. Our results suggest that changes in species distribution that will affect population dynamics through biotic interactions in space and/or time could have greater effects on food webs and ecosystem functioning than changes in environmental factors per se.
It is about time: genetic variation in the timing of leaf‐litter inputs influences aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Rodriguez‐Cabal Mariano A. , Barrios‐Garcia M. Noelia , Rudman Seth M. , McKown Athena D. , Sato Takuya , Crutsinger Gregory M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Phenology, or the timing of life cycle events, is a key trait of organisms that has significance for how communities are assembled and ecosystems function. Although variation in phenology in plants has received increased attention over the past decade as a result of changing climate, we are only beginning to understand the role of genetic variation in these phenological traits on ecological interactions and ecosystem‐level processes.

The influence of tree species on riparian environments presents an interesting system for understanding the effects of phenology in terrestrial species on aquatic ecosystems. Here, we used a dominant riparian tree (Populus trichocarpa: Salicaceae) and tested intraspecific genetic variation in the phenological timing of leaf drop, which influenced leaf‐litter inputs into our experimental aquatic ecosystems.

Our empirical results found that genotypic differences in P. trichocarpa explained much of the variation both in leaf‐litter decomposition and aquatic invertebrate species richness within our experimental ponds. Moreover, our results showed that variation in the timing of leaf‐litter inputs outweighed the effects of variation in leaf‐litter quality among P. trichocarpa genotypes on aquatic invertebrate species richness.

Taken together, our results suggest that genetic variation in the timing of litter inputs from dominant plant species is likely to be a strong underlying mechanism driving litter decomposition and invertebrate communities in aquatic ecosystems. This emphasises that studies disregarding phenology may significantly underestimate an important and variable component in communities and ecosystems.
Evaluating the Effects of Product Innovation on the Performance of European Firms by Using the Generalised Propensity Score
Authors: D’Attoma Ida , Pacei Silvia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe relationship between product innovation intensities and the performance of European firms is assessed, assuming that the selection into different intensities is based on a set of observed covariates. Most studies only distinguish between the innovating and non-innovating status of firms within a binary treatment framework. Instead, we use a generalised propensity score to estimate a dose-response function, which connects the product innovation intensities of the firms to their labour productivity and profitability growth rates, as measures of performance. The results indicate that high levels of product innovation intensity have significant positive effects on the profitability rate, whilst no significant effects are found on productivity rate.
The Tax-rate Elasticity of Local Business Profits
Authors: Fossen Frank M. , Steiner Viktor 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLocal business profits respond to local business tax (LBT) rates that vary across municipalities. We estimate that a 1% increase in the LBT rate decreases the LBT base by 0.45%, based on the universe of German LBT return files, which include corporations and unincorporated businesses. However, the fiscal equalization scheme largely compensates municipalities for the loss in the LBT base when they increase the LBT rate. Our estimates suggest that using tax revenue data instead of tax return data, as commonly done in the literature, results in a significant bias of the elasticity away from zero.
Predictive validity of the Braden Scale, Norton Scale, and Waterlow Scale in the Czech Republic
Authors: Šateková Lenka , Žiaková Katarína , Zeleníková Renáta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the predictive validity of the Braden, Norton, and Waterlow scales in 2 long‐term care departments in the Czech Republic. Assessing the risk for developing pressure ulcers is the first step in their prevention. At present, many scales are used in clinical practice, but most of them have not been properly validated yet (for example, the Modified Norton Scale in the Czech Republic). In the Czech Republic, only the Braden Scale has been validated so far. This is a prospective comparative instrument testing study. A random sample of 123 patients was recruited. The predictive validity of the pressure ulcer risk assessment scales was evaluated based on sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The data were collected from April to August 2014. In the present study, the best predictive validity values were observed for the Norton Scale, followed by the Braden Scale and the Waterlow Scale, in that order. We recommended that the above 3 pressure ulcer risk assessment scales continue to be evaluated in the Czech clinical setting.