bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adropin preserves the blood‐brain barrier through a Notch1/Hes1 pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice
Authors: Yu Lingyan , Lu Zhengyang , Burchell Sherrefa , Nowrangi Derek , Manaenko Anatol , Li Xue , Xu Yang , Xu Ningbo , Tang Jiping , Dai Haibin , Zhang John H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAdropin is expressed in the CNS and plays a crucial role in the development of stroke. However, little is currently known about the effects of adropin on the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) function after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, the role of adropin in collagenase‐induced ICH was investigated in mice. At 1‐h post‐ICH, mice were administered with recombinant human adropin by intranasal. Brain water +content, BBB permeability, and neurological function were measured at different time intervals. Proteins were quantified using western blot analysis, and the localizations of adropin and Notch1 were visualized via immunofluorescence staining. It is shown that adropin reduced brain water content and improved neurological functions. Adropin preserved the functionality of BBB by increasing N‐cadherin expression and reducing extravasation of albumin. Moreover, in vivo knockdown of Notch1 and Hes1 both abolished the protective effects of adropin. Taken together, our data demonstrate that adropin constitutes a potential treatment value for ICH by preserving BBB and improving functional outcomes through the Notch1 signaling pathway.
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How does dietary particle size affect carnivore gastrointestinal transit: A dog model
Authors: De Cuyper A. , Hesta M. , Tibosch S. , Wanke C. , Clauss M. , Janssens G. P. J. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThe effect of dietary particle size on gastrointestinal transit in carnivores has not been studied and might offer more insight into their digestive physiology. This study evaluated the effect of two dietary particle sizes (fine = 7.8 mm vs. coarse = 13 mm) of chunked day‐old chicks on transit parameters in dogs. Six beagle dogs were fed both dietary treatments in a crossover design of 7 days with transit testing on the fifth day. Transit parameters were assessed using two markers, that is a wireless motility capsule (IntelliCap®) and titanium oxide (TiO2). Dietary particle size did not affect gastric emptying time (GRT), small bowel transit time (SBTT), colonic transit time (CTT) and total transit time (aTTT) of the capsule (p > .05). There was no effect of dietary particle size on TiO2 mean retention time (MRT) (p > .05). The time of last TiO2 excretion (MaxRT) differed (p = .013) between diets, being later for the coarse diet. Both MRT (R = 0.617, p = .032) and MaxRT (R = 0.814; p = .001) were positively correlated to aTTT. The ratio MRT/aTTT tended towards a difference between diets (p = .059) with the coarse diet exceeding fine diet values. Results show that the difference between capsule measurements and TiO2 is larger for the fine than the coarse diet suggesting that the capsule becomes more accurate when dietary particle size approaches marker size. Dietary particle size might have affected transit parameters but differences are too small to claim major physiological consequences.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids influence inflammatory markers in a cellular model for canine osteoarthritis
Authors: Adler N. , Schoeniger A. , Fuhrmann H. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryAlthough it is well recognized that dietary supplementation with fish oil improves clinical symptoms in dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, the molecular basis for the dietary benefit is not yet completely resolved in dogs. This study was designed to further clarify how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affect key factors of cartilage degeneration in a canine cell culture system mimicking osteoarthritis. Canine chondrocytes were incubated either without or with 10 μm of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) or 3.6 μm ibuprofen (Ibu) as positive control for 6 days. After the supplementation, cells were stimulated with 10 ng/ml interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) for another 48 hr to induce osteoarthritic changes, or left unstimulated. We analysed fatty acid uptake via gas–liquid chromatography, nitric oxide (NO) production via Griess assay, prostaglandin E (PGE) production via ELISA and relative gene expression of several cartilage matrix proteinases, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 via RT‐qPCR. After supplementation, the chondrocytes rapidly incorporated the PUFA into their fatty acid pools. The stimulation with IL‐1β caused a marked increase of most of the inflammatory markers measured. N‐3 PUFA EPA reduced IL‐induced gene expression of iNOS and corresponding production of NO. N‐6 PUFA AA also decreased iNOS and NO, but furthermore lowered gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐3. On the other hand, AA upregulated the aggrecanase ADAMTS‐5 and augmented the release of PGE. The effect of n‐3 PUFA DHA turned out to be negligible. Our results reveal molecular mechanisms by which PUFA affect degenerative joint disease in dogs. Of particular importance is that not only EPA but also AA decreased several inflammatory markers in our model. Thus, we conclude that an appropriate balance of both n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids deserves more attention in dietary interventions.
The impact of direct‐fed microbials and enzymes on the health and performance of dairy cows with emphasis on colostrum quality and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in calves
Authors: Ort S. B. , Aragona K. M. , Chapman C. E. , Shangraw E. , Brito A. F. , Schauff D. J. , Erickson P. S. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThirty‐six cows were blocked by calving date and randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Cows were on treatments 3 weeks prepartum through 8 weeks post‐partum. Treatments were as follows: (i) no direct‐fed microbial (DFM) or cellulase and amylase enzymes (C), (ii) 45.4 g/day of DFM (D) or (iii) 45.4 g/day of DFM and 18.2 g/day of enzyme (DE). Total mixed ration fed and refused were measured daily to determine dry matter intake (DMI). Blood samples were taken three times weekly and analysed for β‐hydroxybutyrate, glucose and non‐esterified fatty acids. Body weight (BW) was measured weekly. Colostrum was weighed and analysed for IgA and IgG concentration. Calves were fed 4 L of colostrum within 2 hr of birth. Calf blood samples were taken at 0 and 24 hr for analysis of IgA and IgG concentrations and apparent efficiency of absorption. Milk yield was measured daily and samples collected weekly. Initial BW was different among treatments with D being lesser than C or DE treatments. Body weight, weight gain, efficiency of gain, DMI and blood parameters were unaffected. Treatment did not affect colostrum yield. Ash percentage of colostrum tended to increase with D and DE, while IgA and total solids yield decreased with D. Colostrum fat yield was decreased in D and DE. Treatments did not impact BW, serum IgA and IgG concentrations or apparent efficiency of absorption of calves. Post‐partum BW, DMI, blood parameters, milk production and composition were unaffected by treatment. However, cows on D gained more BW and tended to have greater efficiency of gain compared to those on DE, but were similar to C. Somatic cell scores were greatest for D. Results indicate that DFM and enzyme supplementation did not improve health and performance of dairy cattle during the pre‐ and post‐partum periods under conditions of this study.
Effect of water restriction on milk yield and quality in Lacaune breed ewes
Authors: Casamassima D. , Palazzo M. , Nardoia M. , D'Alessandro A. G. , Vizzarri F. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThe effect of water restriction on body weight, body condition score, milk yield, and milk composition and rheological characteristics in intensively reared Lacaune ewes was evaluated. After 7 days of adaptation, the trial lasted 28 days. Thirty lactating ewes (48 ± 5 months of age; mean value ± standard deviation) at the beginning of third lactation month were divided into three groups (n = 10), corresponding to the following water restriction treatment: a group control received no drinking water restriction (W100), and two groups received water to the extent of 80% and 60% of W100 daily consumption (W80 and W60 group respectively). The effects of water restriction were assessed at the beginning of experiment (D0), at D14 and D28. The W60 group resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, body condition score, milk yield and feed consumption of hay due to the experimental treatment; whereas a marked increase in both W60 and W80 groups of milk lactose, urea, sodium, sodium chloride content and titratable acidity was observed. Rheological parameters of milk, rennet coagulation time and curd‐firming time were positively affected by water restriction treatments, with a decrease in both experimental groups of the time required for the formation of a stable and firm curd. Results highlight the importance of water consumption in dairy sheep. The scarce availability of water, significantly affecting ewes milk production, is worthy of particular attention in arid area where water stress‐resistant breeds should be considered. This study underlines that milk yield, being closely linked to the availability of water of the breeding habitat due to its high water content (about 81%), could be reached in area where water is not a limiting factor without reducing the genetic expression of the animals. Less severe water restrictions, such as 20% of daily voluntary water intake, produce no detrimental effect on milk yield.
Effects of dietary Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) supplementation on rumen fermentation, enzyme profile and microbial communities in goats
Authors: Paraskevakis N. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThis study was conducted to examine in vivo long‐term effects of dietary dried oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) whole plant on rumen fermentation, enzyme profile and microbial communities. For this purpose, eight healthy, adult, non‐lactating Alpine goats were kept in tie stalls equipped for individual feeding and randomly divided into two homogeneous groups: one fed 0.6 kg of a concentrate mixture and 0.6 kg of wheat straw without any supplementation and served as control group (CON) while the other group (OR) fed the same diet of CON but supplemented with 20 g of dried oregano plants (OPs) to provide daily dosage of 1 ml of essential oil (EO) per animal. The experimental period lasted 69 days and individual rumen fluid samples were obtained every 2 weeks at 0 and 4 hr after feeding. The results showed that dietary supplementation with OPs increased the protease activity (p < .001) and ammonia concentration (p < .05) in the rumen. Among the studied microbial populations, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (p = .028) and Clostridium sticklandii (p < .001) were found to be the most sensitive to oregano at the current dosage. Furthermore, the total methanogen population significantly decreased (p < .05). It is concluded that a long‐term dietary administration of OPs can suppress specific rumen micro‐organisms and modify rumen fermentation favourably at least by means of suppressing methanogens.
Developing Moral Emotion Attributions in Happy Victimizer Task: Role of Victim Information
Authors: Hasegawa Mari 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPrevious happy victimizer (HV) studies have shown that preschool and early elementary school children attribute happy emotions to the violator of moral rules. This study examines the effects of information pertaining to the victim in HV stories on children's emotion attributions. In Study 1, 55 children (aged 5–6 and 7–8 years) participated. Participants heard three types of stories: (a) victim sadness resulting from a character's wrongdoing (normal HV story); (b) victim happiness resulting from a character's wrongdoing (non‐canonical HV story); and (c) victim sadness resulting from an accident (accident story). The children were required to infer the victimizer's feelings and to justify their attributions. Children demonstrated more positive emotion attributions for non‐canonical HV stories than the normal and accident versions. In Study 2, 57 children (aged 5–6 and 7–8 years) judged two types of HV tasks (a story featuring a younger child as victim and a normal HV story). Both groups demonstrated more negative emotion attributions for the young victim stories than the normal HV stories, indicating that children's judgment varied according to contexts and different information in determining emotion attributions.
Measurement Variation and Repeatability of Echocardiographic Variables Used to Estimate Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Dogs
Authors: Abbott J.A. , Gentile‐Solomon J.M. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundPulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important clinical entity in dogs. Pulmonary hypertension is generally identified based on echocardiographic findings, but measurement variation of the variables most often used in this context has not been reported.ObjectiveTo define measurement variation of echocardiographic variables that are used to estimate pulmonary artery pressure.AnimalsFour dogs with subclinical tricuspid valve regurgitation were selected from a hospital population.MethodsProspective descriptive study ‐ dogs were subject to repeated echocardiographic examination by 2 operators. Each dog was echocardiographically examined 12 times, once by each operator during mornings and afternoons of 3 nonconsecutive days. Measurement variation was defined by coefficients of variation and by mean square errors (MSE) from ANOVA models. Repeatability coefficients (RC) were calculated from MSE.ResultsOf 50 within‐day, between‐day, and interoperator coefficients of variation (CVs), 37 were less than 10% and 46 were less than 15%. The range of peak velocity of tricuspid valve regurgitation (VTR) VTR was 1.87–3.34 m/s. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of operator for 7 of 10 measurements. Within‐operator/between‐day/within‐subject and between‐operator/between‐day/within‐subject RCs of VTR were, respectively, 0.3 and 0.6 m/s.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWith regard to repeatability, VTR is superior to other methods used for echocardiographic estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure. When TR is absent, the acceleration time of pulmonary ejection and the acceleration‐to‐ejection time ratio are alternative measures. A change in VTR exceeding 0.3 m/s might be outside the range of expected within‐operator variation.
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity, Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Urinary F2‐ Isoprostanes as Markers of Oxidative Stress in Anemic Dogs
Authors: Kendall A. , Woolcock A. , Brooks A. , Moore G.E 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundOxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of several diseases and has been documented as a contributor to disease in both the human and veterinary literature. One at‐risk cell is the erythrocyte, however, the role of oxidative stress in anemia in dogs has not been widely investigated.Hypothesis/ObjectiveAnemic dogs will have an alteration in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a decrease in of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and an increased concentration of urinary 15‐F2‐isoprostanes (F2‐IsoP) when compared to healthy dogs.Animals40 client‐owned dogs with anemia (PCV <30%) age‐matched to 40 client‐owned healthy control dogs.MethodsProspective, cross‐sectional study. Whole blood GPx activity, plasma TAC, and urinary F2‐isoprostane concentrations were evaluated in each dog and compared between groups.ResultsAnemic dogs had significantly lower GPx activity (43.1 × 103 +/‐ 1.6 × 103 U/L) than did dogs in the control group (75.8 × 103 +/‐ 2.0 × 103 U/L; P < 0.0001). The GPx activity in dogs with hemolysis (103 +/‐ 0.8 × 103 U/L) was not significantly different (P = 0.57) than in dogs with nonhemolytic anemia (43.5 × 103 +/‐ 1.1 × 103 U/L). The TAC concentrations (P = 0.15) and urinary F2‐isoprostanes (P = 0.73) did not significantly differ between groups.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceGlutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in anemic dogs indicating oxidative stress. Additional studies are warranted to determine if antioxidant supplementation would improve survival and overall outcome as part of a therapeutic regimen for anemic dogs.
Evaluation of Renal Perfusion in Hyperthyroid Cats before and after Radioiodine Treatment
Authors: Stock E. , Daminet S. , Paepe D. , Buresova E. , Vandermeulen E. , Smets P. , Duchateau L. , Saunders J.H. , Vanderperren K. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundHyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common in elderly cats. Consequently, both diseases often occur concurrently. Furthermore, renal function is affected by thyroid status. Because changes in renal perfusion play an important role in functional renal changes in hyperthyroid cats, investigation of renal perfusion may provide novel insights.ObjectivesTo evaluate renal perfusion in hyperthyroid cats with contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).AnimalsA total of 42 hyperthyroid cats was included and evaluated before and 1 month after radioiodine treatment.MethodsProspective intrasubject clinical trial of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound using a commercial contrast agent (SonoVue) to evaluate renal perfusion. Time‐intensity curves were created, and perfusion parameters were calculated by off‐line software. A linear mixed model was used to examine differences between pre‐ and post‐treatment perfusion parameters.ResultsAn increase in several time‐related perfusion parameters was observed after radioiodine treatment, indicating a decreased blood velocity upon resolution of the hyperthyroid state. Furthermore, a small post‐treatment decrease in peak enhancement was present in the renal medulla, suggesting a lower medullary blood volume.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceContrast‐enhanced ultrasound indicated a higher cortical and medullary blood velocity and higher medullary blood volume in hyperthyroid cats before radioactive treatment in comparison with 1‐month post‐treatment control.
Spatial transcriptomes within the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm architecture
Authors: Heacock‐Kang Yun , Sun Zhenxin , Zarzycki‐Siek Jan , McMillan Ian A. , Norris Michael H. , Bluhm Andrew P. , Cabanas Darlene , Fogen Dawson , Vo Hung , Donachie Stuart P. , Borlee Bradley R. , Sibley Christopher D. , Lewenza Shawn , Schurr Michael J. , Schweizer Herbert P. , Hoang Tung T. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBacterial cooperative associations and dynamics in biofilm microenvironments are of special interest in recent years. Knowledge of localized gene‐expression and corresponding bacterial behaviors within the biofilm architecture at a global scale has been limited, due to a lack of robust technology to study limited number of cells in stratified layers of biofilms. With our recent pioneering developments in single bacterial cell transcriptomic analysis technology, we generated herein an unprecedented spatial transcriptome map of the mature in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm model, revealing contemporaneous yet altered bacterial behaviors at different layers within the biofilm architecture (i.e., surface, middle and interior of the biofilm). Many genes encoding unknown functions were highly expressed at the biofilm‐solid interphase, exposing a critical gap in the knowledge of their activities that may be unique to this interior niche. Several genes of unknown functions are critical for biofilm formation. The in vivo importance of these unknown proteins was validated in invertebrate (fruit fly) and vertebrate (mouse) models. We envisage the future value of this report to the community, in aiding the further pathophysiological understanding of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Our approach will open doors to the study of bacterial functional genomics of different species in numerous settings.
Opioid use disorder and misuse: A review of the epidemiology and medical implications for pediatric anesthesiologists
Authors: Knipper Emily , Banta‐Green Caleb J. , Jimenez Nathalia 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThis educational review presents an overview of opioid use disorder, misuse and overdose among adolescents, and the clinical implications for anesthesiologists. It provides definitions, discusses the epidemiology worldwide, (focusing on North America), and emphasizes the clinical implications of patients with chronic opioid exposure, including perioperative pain management, as well as opioid overdose and prolonged use of opioids after acute exposure. In the USA, opioid use disorder and negative outcomes related to opioids rose dramatically from 1999‐2010; concomitantly heroin use and fatal overdoses have increased as heroin use is associated with the disordered use of licit opioids. Among adolescents and young adults, opioid use disorder is significant, with continued increases in disordered use specifically among young adults. Acute opioid intoxication may have multiple medical implications in addition to respiratory depression, and children are susceptible to acute intoxication via accidental ingestion of prescription opioids. Novel opioid formulations, such as acetyl fentanyl, with unpredictable pharmacology may also be present in acute intoxication. Chronically, opioid use presents challenges for safe and adequate pain management, in the presence of opioid‐induced hyperalgesia and differential tolerance as well as mental health issues including depression and anxiety. Predictors of prolonged opioid use in adolescents and adults after surgery is an area of ongoing research. Young patients encountered by pediatric anesthesiologists may be involved in diversion and disordered use of opioids. Increased awareness among anesthesiologists is important, as perioperative discussions often provide an opportunity to detect at risk patients.
Changes in blood volume indicators and dynamic indicators measured with transpulmonary ultrasound velocity during blood depletion and repletion in a neonatal swine model
Authors: Martin‐Flores Manuel , Cisternas Alvaro F. , Gleed Robin D. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackgroundDynamic indicators such as pulse pressure and stroke volume variations can be measured to track changes in preload during hemorrhage, and evaluate fluid therapy. However, these dynamic indicators require mechanical ventilation, and might be affected by cardiac dysrhythmias and changes in vascular tone. Blood volume indicators may offer alternatives for assessing changes in volume status.AimsThe aims of this study were to measure changes in blood volume indicators and dynamic indicators during removal of blood in two stages and subsequent blood replacement in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, neonatal pigs.MethodsIn eight anesthetized, mechanically ventilated piglets (5‐6 weeks old), cardiac index, stroke volume index, total end‐diastolic volume, central blood volume, active circulating volume, pulse pressure variation, and stroke volume variation were measured during blood removal in two stages (15 mL kg−1 each stage) and blood replacement (30 mL kg−1). Values after each intervention were measured for each parameter.ResultsAll indicators differed from baseline after removal of 15 mL kg−1 of blood, except for stroke volume variation. Differences between both stages of hemorrhage were only observed for indexed stroke volume, total end‐diastolic volume, central blood volume, and pulse pressure variation.ConclusionTotal end‐diastolic volume and central blood volume changed during blood depletion and repletion, and differed between stages of hemorrhage. These indicators might be useful for assessing volume status instead of, or in addition to cardiac index and dynamic indicators.