bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Agricultural Risk Management Simulator Microcomputer Program
Authors: King Robert P. , Black J. Roy , Benson Fred J. , Pavkov Patti A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Agricultural Risk Management Simulator (ARMS) is a microcomputer program designed to help users evaluate strategies for managing yield and price risk in crop farming operations. Risk management strategies are defined by choices regarding crop mix, the purchase of multiple peril crop insurance, and the use of forward contracting. Probabilistic budgeting is used to determine the net cash flow probability distribution for each strategy considered. Flexibility with regard to both sources of probabilistic information and the form of yield and price probability distributions is a noteworthy feature of the program.
Determinants of Cattle Finishing Profitability
Authors: Langemeier Michael , Schroeder Ted , Mintert James 
Published: July 2016

AbstractData from a western Kansas feedlot were analyzed to estimate the quantitative impacts of price and performance variables on profits per head from finishing cattle. Sale prices, feeder prices, and corn prices had the most impact on profit variability over time. Differences in sale prices, feeder prices, and feed conversions were important in explaining the difference in steer and heifer profits over time. Results suggest that breakeven prices should be calculated for a range of fed cattle, feeder, and corn prices, and that these three variables need to be stochastic in representative farm modeling efforts.
Quality as A Latent Variable in Recreation Access Analysis
Authors: Luzar E. Jane , Gan Christopher , Kanjilal Barun , Messonnier Mark 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecreation trends indicating an increasing demand for quality recreation experiences suggest the need for special consideration of quality in analysis of fee access recreation. By viewing quality as a subjective latent variable, this paper uses a simultaneous equation framework to consider the use of subjective versus objective appraisals of quality in fee-based recreation access analysis.
The Political Economy of Agricultural Trade Negotiations on the Uruguay Round of MTN: Can the U.S. and European Community Reach an Acceptable Compromise in the GATT?
Authors: Ames Glen C.W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA model of the political economy of agricultural policy formulation was used to analyze the current stalemate in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. The combination of social welfare increasing and transferring policies in the European Community and the U.S. is one of the primary causes of the deadlock in trade negotiations. The Community's farm policy of high internal price supports, limited market access, and export subsidies represents short-term equilibria in the market for social-welfare policies which distribute benefits to producers at the expense of consumers and taxpayers. Thus, the opportunity for internal reform of the CAP leading to a compromise in the GATT negotiations is problematic at best. However, international commitments to agricultural policy reform will force the Community to make concessions which will bring equivalent change in domestic policy.
An Evaluation of Risk Management Strategies for Dairy Farms
Authors: Bosch Darrell J. , Johnson Christian J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVariability in feed prices and crop yields are important sources of risk to dairy farmers. A simulation model of a representative dairy farm was used to evaluate crop insurance and hedging as risk management strategies. These strategies lowered expected net returns but also reduced risk. The preferred set of strategies at lower levels of risk aversion included hedging and crop insurance, although a base scenario in which no risk management strategies were employed was also efficient. The preferred strategy at higher levels of risk aversion was a combination of crop insurance and hedging.
A Stochastic Simulation Analysis of a Small-Scale Catfish Processing Plant
Authors: Branch William , Tilley Daniel S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStochastic simulation was used to analyze revenues and costs for a small-scale catfish processing plant under various combinations of operating capacity utilization and price paid for live fish. The probability for a positive level of daily net income ranged from 11 to 100 percent depending on the price paid for live fish and level of operating capacity utilized. Daily average total cost per pound of live fish processed changed by 2.10 percent given a 10 percent change in live fish processed. Short-term cyclical patterns in revenues and costs suggest a need for financial planning to provide for possible year-end revenue shortfalls.
Identifying Extension's Community Resource Development Clientele and Adapting Economic Information to the Needs of Each
Authors: Cavender Ray 
Published: July 2016

In recent times, few concepts have enjoyed as much exposure or suffered more abuse than Community Resource Development. Social scientists have dissected its components with the skill of the surgeon's hand and too frequently with the clarity and understanding associated with UFO's (unidentified flying objects).The “novice expert” has contributed greatly to the “popular parade” of information on Community Resource Development. Among his more notable contributions have been complicated frameworks, models, approaches, strategies and processes - - all guaranteed to foster community growth and progress.
Relevant Research Areas and Organizational Questions Relative to Federal-State Research Programs in the Economics of Agricultural Production
Authors: White James H. 
Published: July 2016

In dealing with the subject of federal-state research programs, I shall summarize areas and topics for research as visualized by some of those engaged in production economics research in the southern region, and raise some questions relative to organization for Federal-State cooperation on research programs.Complicating the problem of coordination of effort is the traditional compartmentalization of research and the entanglement one often encounters in administrative procedures when encroaching into areas and topics of research claimed by others.
An Appraisal of the Market for Agricultural Economists - - Structure and Performance
Authors: Breimyer Harold F. 
Published: July 2016

“The Great Society is the ‘age of the economist.’ One finds economists not only at the center of economic policy, in the Council of Economic Advisers, but also as important formulators of policy in the Departments of Defense, HEW, and HUD, and even as analysts of the status of the performing arts.” (USDA could have been added.)Despite the contemporary accuracy of these lines from a recent issue of The Public Interest, any inference that the Great Society was the first “age of the economist” is patently wrong. That label belongs to the New Deal era.
An Appraisal of Needs for Agricultural Economists in Foreign Economic Development
Authors: Coutu A. J. 
Published: July 2016

Statements are varied on the need as distinct from those on employment opportunities for Agricultural Economists abroad. The more useful information on potentialities must recognize congressional as well as political, economic and military uncertainties associated with U. S. foreign policy. The following comments are directed at probable employment opportunities.The central idea in these comments is that foreign economic development activities for U. S. Agricultural Economists over the next few years will most likely focus on cooperative research in areas of commercial agriculture and rural poverty.
A Bioeconomic Simulation Approach to Multi-Species Insect Management
Authors: Boggess William G. , Cardelli Dino J. , Barfield C. S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractClassical approaches to the economics of pest management have focused almost exclusively on single-species models. This study develops and implements a methodology with which to evaluate multi-species, non-stochastic, managerial decisions subject to stochastic elements of the plant-insect system. Multi-species insect management strategies (combinations of scouting interval, threshold value, and choice of pesticide) are analyzed using a physiological mechanistic soybean plant growth model coupled to three insect population dynamics models. Preliminary results indicate that net returns are maximized and variance is reduced with lower thresholds and more frequent scouting than current recommendations.
Effective Learning in Large Classes Through Risk Management
Authors: Broder Josef M. , Tew Bernard V. , Williams Jeffery R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRisk Management strategies for maintaining student performance in large classes are discussed. Risk management theory is discussed and used to describe student behavior. Results of risk management experiments in which students are exposed to alternative levels of grading are reported along with other factors which influence student behavior. Class performance was not found to decline under a system involving only a 50 percent chance of assignments being graded. Procedures for implementing and limitations of chance grading systems in large classes are discussed.
A Microcomputer Model for Irrigation System Evaluation
Authors: Williams Jeffrey R. , Buller Orlan H. , Dvorak Gary J. , Manges Harry L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractICEASE (Irrigation Cost Estimator and System Evaluator) is a microcomputer model designed and developed to meet the need for conducting economic evaluation of adjustments to irrigation systems and management techniques to improve the use of irrigated water. ICEASE can calculate the annual operating costs for irrigation systems and has five options that can be used to economically evaluate improvements in the pumping plant or the way the irrigation system is used for crop production.
Cotton Exports: Analysis of the Relationships between Sales and Shipments
Authors: Ayuk Elias T. , Ruppel Fred J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRelationships between cotton export sales and export shipments are examined, and a quarter-specific lag structure is estimated. Two econometric systems are estimated, one employing export shipments and the other using export sales. Results indicate that sales are more sensitive to changes in economic variables than shipments and that stocks net of outstanding export sales are more responsive to price and interest rate changes than gross stocks. Sales and shipments are different variables and cannot substitute for one another in econometric modelling. Use of export sales data should be considered in estimation of export demand and stock demand parameters.
Economics of Alternative Beef Cattle Genotype and Management/Marketing Systems
Authors: Stokes Kenneth W. , Farris Donald E. , Cartwright Thomas C. 
Published: July 2016

Two questions commonly raised by cow-calf producers are, “What type of beef animal is most profitable?” and “Can profits be increased by maintaining ownership of calves through the stocker and feeding stages?”These two questions are highly interrelated as performance in cow-calf stage carries over into the Dostweanine staees.
Optimal Use of Smokestack Scrubber By-Product
Authors: Hite Diane , Forster D. Lynn , Rausch Jon 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFederal legislation mandates substantial reduction of air pollution emissions from electric utilities. Utilities in Appalachia that use locally mined high-sulfur coal must choose among abatement options such as fuel mixing and smokestack scrubbing technologies. Wet scrubbers are the most frequently adopted abatement technology in Ohio. This paper investigates beneficial reuses of by-product from wet scrubbers. By-product is most often disposed of in landfills, resulting in large external costs. We combine social cost and benefit transfers with a linear optimization model to investigate potential benefits of by-product recycling. Results suggest that significant incentives exist to find beneficial uses for by-product.
Valuation of Water Quality in Livestock Regions: An Application to Rural Watersheds in Iowa
Authors: Hurley Terrance M. , Otto Daniel , Holtkamp Janice 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates rural residents' perceptions of the risk to water quality from large confinement facilities and their willingness to pay to delay nitrate contamination from these facilities. Rural residents are concerned about the environmental impact of confinement facilities and are willing to pay as much as $82 annually to delay nitrate contamination in their water for 20 years. These contingent valuation results are consistent with the result obtained in similar studies that used hedonic valuation methods.
Relation of the morphology of stick-like bryozoans at Friday Harbor, Washington, to bottom currents, suspended matter and depth
Authors: Schopf Thomas J. M. , Collier Kenneth O. , Bach Barbara O. 
Published: July 2016

Stick-like bryozoans from 1 to 5 cm tall, and of varying degrees of colony robustness, are common in deposits from Ordovician through Cenozoic in age; their occurrence has been used to infer strength of bottom currents. Three species which are modern analogues of this mode of growth occur abundantly at subtidal depths near Friday Harbor, Washington; we studied one of these forms, the calcitic cyclostomeHeteropora pacifica. Branch diameter was used as an indication of colony robustness because it can be measured in both living and fossil material. Branch diameter decreases significantly with depth (in collections from approximately 9, 15 and 30 m depth) at each of 4 transect localities.At each locality, currents 6 to 10 cm above the bottom were measured continuously in water depth of ≃ 15 m, for several hours at a time. Under these conditions, the maximum sustained current through the several hour tidal cycle was 70 to 90 cm/sec at one locality, and 20 cm/sec or less at each of the other 3 localities. Suspended matter was determined at heights of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 m above the bottom. The amount of suspended matter 0.2 m above the bottom was 40 to 45 mg/cm2/day at the locality with the high current (depth of 15 and 30 m), and usually 5 to 10 mg/cm2/day at the localities with the low current (depth 15 and 30 m). Despite these several fold differences in current strength and suspended matter between localities, for any given depth bryozoan branch diameter does not vary. Branch breaking strength (23 MN/m2) and elastic modulus (30 GN/m2) were measured using small (.16 mm) strain gauges affixed to dry branches ofHeteropora. These values are typical of carbonate skeletons of corals. AlthoughHeteroporabranch diameter (and colony robustness) decreases significantly with depth, this trend probably is unrelated to current strength.
Diversity and evolutionary rates of Cambro-Ordovician nautiloids
Authors: Crick Rex E. 
Published: July 2016

The history of diversity, origination and extinction of Cambro-Ordovician nautiloid cephalopods is explored to determine if differences in evolutionary rates between nautiloid orders are sufficient to document significantly high or low rates of evolutionary turnover (taxotely of Raup and Marshall 1980). The stratigraphic ranges of 425 nautiloid genera are analyzed for this purpose.Evolutionary rates for five of the seven time intervals analyzed fall within frequency distributions of rates which are thought to be characteristic for a given time interval (horotelic distribution of Simpson 1944). Sufficient heterogeneity is present among extinction rates of Arenigian orders and origination rates of Caradocian orders to reject the null hypotheses of horotely in favor of taxotely. The orders Ellesmerocerida and Tarphycerida, each with a significantly high rate of extinction (P ≥ 0.99), and the Actinocerida, with a significantly low rate of extinction (P ≥ 0.99), were responsible for taxotely during the Arenigian. The Oncocerida and Discosorida, each with a significantly high rate of origination (P ≥ 0.99), were responsible for taxotely during the Caradocian. In each case, taxotely is attributable to the influence of North American endemics. This effect is believed to be more the result of real biological aspects of nautiloid evolution than an artifact of the fossil record.
Allometry and Paleoecology of Medial Miocene Dwarf Rhinoceroses from the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Prothero Donald R. , Sereno Paul C. 
Published: July 2016

Barstovian (medial Miocene) mammalian faunas from the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain contained four apparently sympatric species of rhinoceroses: the common formsAphelops megalodusandTeleoceras medicornutus, a dwarfTeleoceras, and a dwarfPeraceras.Previous work has suggested positive allometry in tooth area with respect to body size in several groups of mammals, i.e., larger mammals have relatively more tooth area. However, dwarfing lineages were shown to have relatively more tooth area for their body size. Our data show no significant allometry in post-canine tooth area of either artiodactyls or ceratomorphs. Similarly, dwarf rhinoceroses and hippopotami show no more tooth area than would be predicted for their size. Limbs are proportionately longer and more robust in larger living ceratomorphs (rhinos and tapirs) than predicted by previous authors. Limb proportions of both dwarf rhinoceroses and dwarf hippopotami are even more robust than in their living relatives.The high rhinoceros diversity reflects the overall high diversity of Barstovian faunas from the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain. The first appearance of several High Plains mammals in these faunas indicates “ecotone”-like conditions as faunal composition changed. Study of living continental dwarfs shows that there is commonly an ecological separation between browsing forest dwarfs and their larger forebears, which are frequently savannah grazers. This suggests that the dwarf rhinoceroses might have been forest browsers which were sympatric with the larger grazing rhinos of the High Plains during the Barstovian invasion. The continental dwarf model also suggests that insular dwarfism may be explained by the browsing food resources that predominate on islands.
On the Distribution of Species Occurrence
Authors: Buzas Martin A. , Koch Carl F. , Culver Stephen J. , Sohl Norman F. 
Published: July 2016

The distribution of species abundance (number of individuals per species) is well documented. The distribution of species occurrence (number of localities per species), however, has received little attention. This study investigates the distribution of species occurrence for five large data sets. For modern benthic foraminifera, species occurrence is examined from the Atlantic continental margin of North America, where 875 species were recorded 10,017 times at 542 localities, the Gulf of Mexico, where 848 species were recorded 18,007 times at 426 localities, and the Caribbean, where 1149 species were recorded 6684 times at 268 localities. For Late Cretaceous molluscs, species occurrence is examined from the Gulf Coast where 716 species were recorded 6236 times at 166 localities and a subset of this data consisting of 643 species recorded 3851 times at 86 localities.Logseries and lognormal distributions were fitted to these data sets. In most instances the logseries best predicts the distribution of species occurrence. The lognormal, however, also fits the data fairly well, and, in one instance, better. The use of these distributions allows the prediction of the number of species occurring once, twice, …, n times.Species abundance data are also available for the molluscan data sets. They indicate that the most abundant species (greatest number of individuals) usually occur most frequently. In all data sets approximately half the species occur four or less times. The probability of noting the presence of rarely occurring species is small, and, consequently, such species must be used with extreme caution in studies requiring knowledge of the distribution of species in space and time.
Primitive life habits and adaptive significance of the pelecypod form
Authors: Tevesz Michael J. S. , McCall Peter L. 
Published: July 2016

The typical pelecypod form, long thought to be primitively adaptive to burrowing, is likely to have been originally adaptive to a suspension feeding, epifaunal, possibly crawling mode of life. At small body size (< 1 cm), pelecypods possessing typical burrowing features can function as epifaunal crawlers. Pelecypods arose at small body sizes and are part of a molluscan evolutionary sequence in which relative size of the mantle cavity increased to accommodate a few large gills specialized for suspension feeding.Acquisition of a bivalved shell by ancestral epifaunal suspension feeders may have offered protection from sediment clogging on soft bottoms, additional control over the direction, volume, and rate of water flow through the mantle cavity, more effective protection from predators, and better short-term control of the internal environment. Consideration of invertebrate groups analogous to the pelecypods (Branchiopoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Phyllocarida) support the view that the bivalve condition is primarily an adaptation for suspension feeding and predator avoidance in benthic environments.The earliest known pelecypod, Fordilla troyensis Barrande, was not necessarily infaunal just because it had features similar to much larger, Recent burrowers. The size, shell morphology and environment of preservation of F. troyensis all suggest that it is reasonable to envision Cambrian pelecypods as epifaunal suspension feeders, possibly crawling on sedimentary bottoms. Moreover, the sudden Ordovician expansion of pelecypods and increase in individual size may be explained as a result of invasion of the infaunal adaptive zone.
Hydrodynamic properties of cephalopod shell ornament
Authors: Chamberlain John A. , Westermann Gerd E. G. 
Published: July 2016

We investigated the hydrodynamic properties of cephalopod shell sculpture in two ways: 1) flow visualization experiments with sculptured shells; and 2) application of drag coefficient data for simple geometric bodies to cephalopod shells. Results of this work suggest:1) the hydrodynamic effect of shell sculpture depends primarily on the size of the sculptural elements relative to the size of the shell and on the positions of sculpture elements on the shell and relative to each other.2) sculpture is detrimental to swimming (reduces hydrodynamic efficiency) if it exceeds the height of the lower part of the shell's boundary layer.3) sculpture is advantageous to swimming (increases efficiency) if it remains immersed in the boundary layer and induces premature conversion to turbulent boundary layer flow. To be hydrodynamically optimal, small shells (diam ≈ 10 cm) must have rough (sculptured) surfaces, whereas large shells (diam ≈ 100 cm) require smooth surfaces. Thus, in order to maintain maximum efficiency throughout life, the ontogeny of small individuals, or species, should be characterized by progressive roughening of the shell, while large forms should become increasingly smooth. Such allometries are observed among many ammonoids.4) sculpture always has an effect on the flow around a cephalopod shell. In some species this effect was probably negligible, while in others, those with compressed shells especially, it was probably of major importance. In these species, sculpture appears to have functioned primarily to increase swimming ability.