bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiology of Angina and Its Alleviation With Nitroglycerin
Authors: Asrress Kaleab N. , Williams Rupert , Lockie Timothy , Khawaja Muhammed Z. , De Silva Kalpa , Lumley Matthew , Patterson Tiffany , Arri Satpal , Ihsan Sana , Ellis Howard , Guilcher Antoine , Clapp Brian , Chowienczyk Philip J. , Plein Sven , Perera Divaka , Marber Michael S. , Redwood Simon R. 
Published: May 2017

Background:
The mechanisms governing exercise-induced angina and its alleviation by the most commonly used antianginal drug, nitroglycerin, are incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to develop a method by which the effects of antianginal drugs could be evaluated invasively during physiological exercise to gain further understanding of the clinical impact of angina and nitroglycerin.

Methods:
Forty patients (mean age, 65.2±7.6 years) with exertional angina and coronary artery disease underwent cardiac catheterization via radial access and performed incremental exercise using a supine cycle ergometer. As they developed limiting angina, sublingual nitroglycerin was administered to half the patients, and all patients continued to exercise for 2 minutes at the same workload. Throughout exercise, distal coronary pressure and flow velocity and central aortic pressure were recorded with sensor wires.

Results:

Patients continued to exercise after nitroglycerin administration with less ST-segment depression (
P
=0.003) and therefore myocardial ischemia. Significant reductions in afterload (aortic pressure,
P
=0.030) and myocardial oxygen demand were seen (tension-time index,
P
=0.024; rate-pressure product,
P
=0.046), as well as an increase in myocardial oxygen supply (Buckberg index,
P
=0.017). Exercise reduced peripheral arterial wave reflection (
P
<0.05), which was not further augmented by the administration of nitroglycerin (
P
=0.648). The observed increases in coronary pressure gradient, stenosis resistance, and flow velocity did not reach statistical significance; however, the diastolic velocity–pressure gradient relation was consistent with a significant increase in relative stenosis severity (k coefficient,
P
<0.0001), in keeping with exercise-induced vasoconstriction of stenosed epicardial segments and dilatation of normal segments, with trends toward reversal with nitroglycerin.

Conclusions:
The catheterization laboratory protocol provides a model to study myocardial ischemia and the actions of novel and established antianginal drugs. Administration of nitroglycerin causes changes in the systemic and coronary circulation that combine to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and to increase supply, thereby attenuating exercise-induced ischemia. Designing antianginal therapies that exploit these mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies.
Long‐Term Effects of Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism on Mortality and Major Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Chang Wei‐Ting , Chang Chia‐Li , Ho Chung‐Han , Hong Chon‐Seng , Wang Jhi‐Joung , Chen Zhih‐Cherng 
Published: May 2017

Background

Patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism (
VTE
) are at an increased risk of mortality, but whether their cardiovascular risks also increase remains to be determined. We aimed to investigate the factors associated with overall mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with unprovoked
VTE
.

Methods and Results

We identified 2154 patients newly diagnosed with unprovoked
VTE
from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Database between 2000 and 2013, excluding those with reversible etiologies, underlying cancer, or autoimmune diseases. These patients with
VTE
were compared with an age‐, sex‐, and cardiovascular risk‐matched cohort of 4308 controls. The risk of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with
VTE
was 2.23 (
CI
, 1.93–2.57;
P
<0.0001) and 1.86 (
CI
, 1.65–2.09;
P
<0.0001) times, respectively, higher than that of the conditions in controls. These events mostly occurred during the first year after the diagnosis of unprovoked
VTE
. Among patients with
VTE
, advanced age, male sex, and comorbid diabetes mellitus indicated a higher incidence of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events. Conversely, comorbid hyperlipidemia attenuated these risks.

Conclusions

This nation‐wide cohort study revealed that patients with unprovoked
VTE
, particularly older males with diabetes mellitus, had an elevated risk of both mortality and cardiovascular events. Risk of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events were highest within the first year after diagnosis and persisted during the 10 years of follow‐up.
Inflammatory Differences in Plaque Erosion and Rupture in Patients With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Chandran Sujay , Watkins Johnathan , Abdul‐Aziz Amina , Shafat Manar , Calvert Patrick A. , Bowles Kristian M. , Flather Marcus D. , Rushworth Stuart A. , Ryding Alisdair D. 
Published: May 2017

Background
Plaque erosion causes 30% of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarctions, but the underlying cause is unknown. Inflammatory infiltrates are less abundant in erosion compared with rupture in autopsy studies. We hypothesized that erosion and rupture are associated with significant differences in intracoronary cytokines in vivo.

Methods and Results

Forty
ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
patients with <6 hours of chest pain were classified as ruptured fibrous cap (
RFC
) or intact fibrous cap (
IFC
) using optical coherence tomography. Plasma samples from the infarct‐related artery and a peripheral artery were analyzed for expression of 102 cytokines using arrays; results were confirmed with
ELISA
. Thrombectomy samples were analyzed for differential
mRNA
expression using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Twenty‐three lesions were classified as
RFC
(58%), 15 as
IFC
(38%), and 2 were undefined (4%). In addition, 12% (12 of 102) of cytokines were differentially expressed in both coronary and peripheral plasma. I‐TAC was preferentially expressed in
RFC
(significance analysis of microarrays adjusted
P
<0.001;
ELISA IFC
10.2 versus
RFC
10.8 log
2
pg/mL;
P
=0.042).
IFC
was associated with preferential expression of epidermal growth factor (
significance analysis of microarrays
adjusted
P
<0.001;
ELISA IFC
7.42 versus
RFC
6.63 log
2
pg/mL,
P
=0.036) and thrombospondin 1 (
significance analysis of microarrays
adjusted
P
=0.03;
ELISA IFC
10.4 versus
RFC
8.65 log
2
ng/mL,
P
=0.0041). Thrombectomy
mRNA
showed elevated I‐TAC in
RFC
(
P
=0.0007)
epidermal growth factor
expression in
IFC
(
P
=0.0264) but no differences in expression of thrombospondin 1.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate differential intracoronary cytokine expression in
RFC
and
IFC
. Elevated thrombospondin 1 and
epidermal growth factor
may play an etiological role in erosion.
Irregular Shape Identifies Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients With Multiple Aneurysms
Authors: Björkman Joel , Frösen Juhana , Tähtinen Olli , Backes Daan , Huttunen Terhi , Harju Jaakko , Huttunen Jukka , Kurki Mitja I. , von und zu Fraunberg Mikael , Koivisto Timo , Manninen Hannu , Jääskeläinen Juha E. , Lindgren Antti E. 
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose—
We investigated which aneurysm-related risk factors for rupture best discriminate ruptured versus unruptured saccular intracranial aneurysms (sIAs) in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with multiple sIAs.

Methods—
We included 264 subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with a ruptured sIA and at least one additional unruptured sIA, from the Kuopio Intracranial Aneurysm database from 2003 to 2015. These patients had 268 ruptured and 445 unruptured sIAs. Angiograms of the 713 sIAs were reevaluated for multiple variables describing aneurysm shape. Multivariate generalized linear mixed models were used to calculate odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the independent risk factors for aneurysm rupture.

Results—

In the multivariate analysis, only sIA size (
P
<0.004) and irregular shape (
P
<0.000) independently associated with sIA rupture. As an independent risk factor, irregular shape showed the strongest association with rupture (odds ratio 90.3; 95% confidence interval, 47.0–173.5). The sIA location, flow angles, bottleneck factor, or aspect ratio were not significantly associated with rupture.

Conclusions—
Irregular shape may identify the ruptured sIA better than size in patients presenting with aSAH and multiple sIAs.
Brain Modularity Mediates the Relation between Task Complexity and Performance
Authors: Yue Qiuhai , Martin Randi C. , Fischer-Baum Simon , Ramos-Nuñez Aurora I. , Ye Fengdan , Deem Michael W. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Recent work in cognitive neuroscience has focused on analyzing the brain as a network, rather than as a collection of independent regions. Prior studies taking this approach have found that individual differences in the degree of modularity of the brain network relate to performance on cognitive tasks. However, inconsistent results concerning the direction of this relationship have been obtained, with some tasks showing better performance as modularity increases and other tasks showing worse performance. A recent theoretical model [Chen, M., & Deem, M. W. 2015. Development of modularity in the neural activity of children's brains. Physical Biology, 12, 016009] suggests that these inconsistencies may be explained on the grounds that high-modularity networks favor performance on simple tasks whereas low-modularity networks favor performance on more complex tasks. The current study tests these predictions by relating modularity from resting-state fMRI to performance on a set of simple and complex behavioral tasks. Complex and simple tasks were defined on the basis of whether they did or did not draw on executive attention. Consistent with predictions, we found a negative correlation between individuals' modularity and their performance on a composite measure combining scores from the complex tasks but a positive correlation with performance on a composite measure combining scores from the simple tasks. These results and theory presented here provide a framework for linking measures of whole-brain organization from network neuroscience to cognitive processing.
Unlocking the Potential of NEXRAD Data through NOAA’s Big Data Partnership
Authors: Ansari Steve , Del Greco Stephen , Kearns Edward , Brown Otis , Wilkins Scott , Ramamurthy Mohan , Weber Jeff , May Ryan , Sundwall Jed , Layton Jeff , Gold Ariel , Pasch Adam , Lakshmanan Valliappa 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Big Data Partnership (BDP) was established in April 2015 through cooperative research agreements between NOAA and selected commercial and academic partners. The BDP is investigating how the value inherent in NOAA’s data may be leveraged to broaden their utilization through modern cloud infrastructures and advanced “big data” techniques. NOAA’s Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) data were identified as an ideal candidate for such collaborative efforts. NEXRAD Level II data are valuable yet challenging to utilize in their entirety, and recent advances in weather radar science can be applied to both the archived and real-time data streams. NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) transferred the complete NEXRAD Level II historical archive, originating in 1991, through North Carolina State University’s Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites (CICS-NC) to interested BDP collaborators. Amazon Web Services (AWS) has received and made freely available the complete archived Level II data through its AWS platform. AWS then partnered with Unidata/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) to establish a real-time NEXRAD feed, thereby providing on-demand dissemination of both archived and current data seamlessly through the same access mechanism by October 2015. To organize, verify, and utilize the NEXRAD data on its platform, AWS further partnered with the Climate Corporation. This collective effort among federal government, private industry, and academia has already realized a number of new and novel applications that employ NOAA’s NEXRAD data, at no net cost to the U.S. taxpayer. The volume of accessed NEXRAD data, including this new AWS platform service, has increased by 130%, while the amount of data delivered by NOAA/NCEI has decreased by 50%.
Simulations of Polarimetric, X-Band Radar Signatures in Supercells. Part II: ZDR Columns and Rings and KDP Columns
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey C. , Bluestein Howard B. , Dawson II Daniel T. , Jung Youngsun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA high-resolution numerical model and polarimetric forward operator allow one to examine simulated convective storms from the perspective of observable polarimetric radar quantities, enabling a better comparison of modeled and observed deep moist convection. Part I of this two-part study described the model and forward operator used for all simulations and examined the structure and evolution of rings of reduced copolar cross-correlation coefficient (i.e., ρhv rings). The microphysical structure of upward extensions of enhanced differential reflectivity (ZDR columns and ZDR rings) and enhanced specific differential phase (KDP columns) near and within the updrafts of convective storms serve as the focus of this paper. In general, simulated ZDR columns are located immediately west of the midlevel updraft maximum and are associated with rainwater lofted above the 0°C level and wet hail/graupel, whereas ZDR rings are associated with wet hail located near and immediately east of the midlevel updraft maximum. The deepest areas of ZDR > 1 dB aloft are associated with supercells in the highest shear environments and those that have the most intense updrafts; the upper extent of the ZDR signatures is found to be positively correlated with the amount and mean-mass diameter of large hail aloft likely as a by-product of the shared correlations with updraft intensity and wind shear. Large quantities of rain compose the KDP columns, with the size and intensity of the updrafts directly proportional to the size and depth of the KDP columns.
A Comparison of the Finescale Structures of a Prefrontal Wind-Shift Line and a Strong Cold Front in the Southern Plains of the United States
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. , Wienhoff Zachary B. , Turner David D. , Reif Dylan W. , Snyder Jeffrey C. , Thiem Kyle J. , Houser Jana B. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe objectives of this study are to determine the finescale characteristics of the wind and temperature fields associated with a prefrontal wind-shift line and to contrast them with those associated with a strong cold front. Data from a mobile, polarimetric, X-band, Doppler radar and from a surveillance S-band radar, temperature profiles retrieved from a thermodynamic sounder, and surface observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet are used to analyze a prefrontal wind-shift line in Oklahoma on 11 November 2013. Data from the same mobile radar and the Oklahoma Mesonet are used to identify the finescale characteristics of the wind field associated with a strong surface cold front in Oklahoma on 9 April 2013. It is shown that the prefrontal wind-shift line has a kinematic and thermodynamic structure similar to that of an intrusion (elevated density current), while the cold front has a kinematic structure similar to that of a classic density current. Other characteristics of the prefrontal wind-shift line and front are also discussed. Evidence of waves generated at the leading edge of the prefrontal wind-shift line is presented.
Cameras and settings for aerial surveys in the geosciences
Authors: O’Connor James , Smith Mike J , James Mike R 
Published: May 2017

Aerial image capture has become very common within the geosciences due to the increasing affordability of low-payload (<20 kg) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for consumer markets. Their application to surveying has subsequently led to many studies being undertaken using UAV imagery and derived products as primary data sources. However, image quality and the principles of image capture are seldom given rigorous discussion. In this contribution we firstly revisit the underpinning concepts behind image capture, from which the requirements for acquiring sharp, well-exposed and suitable image data are derived. Secondly, the platform, camera, lens and imaging settings relevant to image quality planning are discussed, with worked examples to guide users through the process of considering the factors required for capturing high-quality imagery for geoscience investigations. Given a target feature size and ground sample distance based on mission objectives, the flight height and velocity should be calculated to ensure motion blur is kept to a minimum. We recommend using a camera with as large a sensor as is permissible for the aerial platform being used (to maximise sensor sensitivity), effective focal lengths of 24–35 mm (to minimise errors due to lens distortion) and optimising ISO (to ensure the shutter speed is fast enough to minimise motion blur). Finally, we give recommendations for the reporting of results by researchers in order to help improve the confidence in, and reusability of, surveys through providing open access imagery where possible, presenting example images and excerpts and detailing appropriate metadata to rigorously describe the image capture process.
Ethnic identity and scholastic effort: a multifaceted approach
Authors: Autiero Giuseppina 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhen one analyses the influence of social identity on scholastic effort, ethnic identity largely contributes to determine it. In this paper, ethnic identity is meant as the attachment to one’s cultural heritage and the adaptation to host societies; this allows considering how conflicting demands and social pressure from parents, peers, ethnic community and host societies influence children’s effort. Attention is also paid to the locus of control; thereby, the effects of the interaction between the social context—ethnic identity—and personal traits such as the locus of control are considered. The analysis is developed through a theoretical model whose results partly show that children’s effort may be influenced positively by parents with strong attitudes towards adaptation and negatively by their peers in school who belong to marginalized groups vulnerable to discrimination and convinced that school does not improve one’s socio-economic status. Nevertheless, the drawbacks of the social context can be counterbalanced by a strong locus of control.JEL Classification: I20, I29, Z10
Novel lincRNA Susceptibility Gene and Its Role in Etiopathogenesis of Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis
Authors: Melo Maria Clara C. , de Souza Janaína S. , Kizys Marina M. L. , Vidi Angela C. , Dorta Haron S. , Kunii Ilda S. , Giannocco Gisele , Carvalheira Gianna , Dias-da-Silva Magnus R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a life-threatening neuromuscular complication of thyrotoxicosis characterized by muscle weakness and hypokalemia and with an unclear etiopathogenesis. However, the 17q24.3 locus had been genetically linked to TPP, in which the genetic variant rs312691 (TC genotype) in long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA) CTD-2378E21.1 is located downstream of inward-rectifier potassium (Kir) channel genes [KCNJ2 and its antisense KCNJ2 (AS-KCNJ2)]. A TPP patient with a suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone level, a high free thyroxine level of (5.8 ng/dL), and low serum potassium level of (2 mEq/L) was evaluated for Kir channel expression during and after recovery from thyrotoxicosis. We observed that circulating lincRNA and Kir expression varied in accordance with thyroid status and TC genotype. To endorse this association of a lincRNA-rs312691 variant with a genetic risk of TPP, an additional series of 37 patients with TPP and 32 patients with thyrotoxic without paralysis (TWP) were assessed. We verified that the risk of minor allele C was greater in TPP than in TWP (odds ratio, 5.289; P = 0.0062), and protective major allele T was more frequent than observed in the 1000 genome controls (odds ratio, 11.90; P &lt; 0.0001). AS-KCNJ2 was downregulated during thyrotoxicosis in the TWP controls carrying allele T and were upregulated in those with TPP with risk allele C. Moreover, KCNJ2 (Kir2.1) expression was reduced during thyrotoxicosis and restored in euthyroid status. We further excluded any other coding variant by performing targeted exome sequencing mutational screening in 17q24.3. Our data suggest that high lincRNA AS-KCNJ2 and CDT-2378E21.1 expression, possibly driven by the triiodothyronine regulatory mechanism, reduces the Kir2.1 expression observed during thyrotoxicosis. This finding could contribute to the understanding of the reduced inward-rectifying current observed during muscle weakness in genetically susceptible TPP patients.
ADAM12 induction by Twist1 promotes tumor invasion and metastasis via regulation of invadopodia and focal adhesions
Authors: Eckert Mark A. , Santiago-Medina Miguel , Lwin Thinzar M. , Kim Jihoon , Courtneidge Sara A. , Yang Jing 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
The Twist1 transcription factor promotes tumor invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invadopodia-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. The critical transcription targets of Twist1 for mediating these events remain to be uncovered. Here, we report that Twist1 strongly induces expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12). We observed that the expression levels of Twist1 mRNA and ADAM12 mRNA are tightly correlated in human breast tumors. Knocking down ADAM12 blocked cell invasion in a 3D mammary organoid culture. Suppression of ADAM12 also inhibited Twist1-induced tumor invasion and metastasis in human breast tumor xenografts, without affecting primary tumor formation. Mechanistically, knockdown of ADAM12 in breast cancer cells significantly reduced invadopodia formation and matrix degradation, and simultaneously increased overall cell adhesion to the ECM. Live-imaging analysis showed that knockdown of ADAM12 significantly inhibited focal adhesion turnover. Mechanistically, both the disintegrin and metalloproteinase domains of ADAM12 are required for its function at invadopodia, whereas the metalloproteinase domain is dispensable for its function at focal adhesions. Taken together, these data suggest that ADAM12 plays a crucial role in tumor invasion and metastasis by regulating both invadopodia and focal adhesions.
Citron kinase – renaissance of a neglected mitotic kinase
Authors: D'Avino Pier Paolo 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
Cell division controls the faithful segregation of genomic and cytoplasmic materials between the two nascent daughter cells. Members of the Aurora, Polo and cyclin-dependent (Cdk) kinase families are known to regulate multiple events throughout cell division, whereas another kinase, citron kinase (CIT-K), for a long time has been considered to function solely during cytokinesis, the last phase of cell division. CIT-K was originally proposed to regulate the ingression of the cleavage furrow that forms at the equatorial cortex of the dividing cell after chromosome segregation. However, studies in the last decade have clarified that this kinase is, instead, required for the organization of the midbody in late cytokinesis, and also revealed novel functions of CIT-K earlier in mitosis and in DNA damage control. Moreover, CIT-K mutations have recently been linked to the development of human microcephaly, and CIT-K has been identified as a potential target in cancer therapy. In this Commentary, I describe and re-evaluate the functions and regulation of CIT-K during cell division and its involvement in human disease. Finally, I offer my perspectives on the open questions and future challenges that are necessary to address, in order to fully understand this important and yet unjustly neglected mitotic kinase.