bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opposing Lethal Wildlife Research When Nonlethal Methods Exist: Scientific Whaling as a Case Study
Authors: Waugh Courtney A. , Monamy Vaughan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
As our understanding of sentience in certain wildlife species grows, and technological advancements promote nonlethal data collection, we believe that we ought to adjust our field methods to incorporate a regime of best practice that prioritizes nonlethal methodologies over inhumane methods of lethal sampling. In addition, progress already made toward nonlethal methodologies in wildlife research needs to be promoted widely. In this paper, we examine whether lethal methods of whale research, using Japanese lethal scientific whaling as a case study, are ethical when the scientific information can be gained from nonlethal methods, and humane methods of killing are not available. As a part of a simple ethical decision-making model, we explore if a requirement for “refinement” of scientific technique, promoted extensively for laboratory-based animal experimentation, has direct applicability to scientific research involving free-living wildlife. We argue that refinement is an appropriate ethical principle in all cases where scientific research involves a choice between nonlethal sampling and the deliberate killing of free-living wildlife for scientific purposes. We conclude that the welfare of individual animals and the conservation of free-living wildlife populations are both worthy of moral consideration and need not be incompatible in humane wildlife research and management.
Convergence and Quasi-Optimality of an Adaptive Multi-Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin Method
Authors: Zhou Zhenhua , Wu Haijun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn adaptive multi-penalty discontinuous Galerkin method (AMPDG) for the diffusion problem is considered. Convergence and quasi-optimality of the AMPDG are proved. Compared with the analyses for the adaptive finite element method or the adaptive interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method, extra works are done to overcome the difficulties caused by the additional penalty terms.
Positivity-Preserving Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Method on Adaptive Cartesian Grid for Strong Moving Shock
Authors: Liu Jianming , Qiu Jianxian , Goman Mikhail , Li Xinkai , Liu Meilin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn order to suppress the failure of preserving positivity of density or pressure, a positivity-preserving limiter technique coupled withh-adaptive Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) method is developed in this paper. Such a method is implemented to simulate flows with the large Mach number, strong shock/obstacle interactions and shock diffractions. The Cartesian grid with ghost cell immersed boundary method for arbitrarily complex geometries is also presented. This approach directly uses the cell solution polynomial of DG finite element space as the interpolation formula. The method is validated by the well documented test examples involving unsteady compressible flows through complex bodies over a large Mach numbers. The numerical results demonstrate the robustness and the versatility of the proposed approach.
Nuevas tecnologías en levantamientos aplicadas a la restauración: “El Giraldillo’’
Authors: Barrera Vera José Antonio , Pérez Romero Antonio , Ortiz Marín Rafael , Cobos Gutiérrez Carlos 
Published: February 2016

<p>This work consists in the geometric survey of a big statue by means of a laser scanner and solid modelling. It has been chosen, for its complexity and singularity of the image. It’s about the copy of the weather vane that crowns the tower of the Giralda of Seville, the well-known " Giraldillo ", carried out by traditional methods a few years ago. The big dimensions of the study object and its location in a public place make that other methods of obtaining of data cannot be applied without using auxiliary elements to be carried out, this would suppose to have disable its exhibition during a certain time.</p><p>By means of this experience we will have opportunity to contrast the results of the application of technical of geometric survey with laser total station and threedimensional laser scanner.</p>
Seasonal and solar cycle variations in the ionospheric convection reversal boundary location inferred from monthly SuperDARN data sets
Authors: Koustov Alexander V. , Fiori Robyn A. D. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Multi-year (1995–2013) velocity data collected by the Super Dual Auroral Network (SuperDARN) HF radars are considered to investigate seasonal and solar cycle variations of the convection reversal boundary (CRB) location for interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz < 0. By considering monthly data sets we show that the CRB is at higher latitudes in summer between 1995 and 2007. The poleward shifts are on the order of 2–5°. After 2007, the seasonal effect weakens, and the highest latitudes for the CRB start to occur during the winter time. We show that the CRB latitudes decrease with an increase of the IMF transverse component at a rate of (1–2°)/2 nT. Because of this effect, on average, the CRB latitudes are lower during high solar activity periods with stronger IMFs. We also confirm the effect of the CRB dawn-dusk shifts related to the IMF changes in the IMF By sign.
Role of CYP2E1 and NQO1 polymorphisms in oxidative stress derived cancer in Thais with and without dyslipidemia
Authors: Tanaviyutpakdee Pharrunrat , Yoovathaworn Krongtong , Sirivarasai Jintana , Chanprasertyothin Suwannee , Panpunuan Pachara , Petchpoung Krittaya , Tatsaneeyapant Aninthita , Sura Thunyachai , Kaojarern Sming , Sritara Piyamit 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Hyperlipidemia can induce the endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may cause carcinogenesis. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 activity, induced by various factors including polyunsaturated fatty acids, effects the incidence of cancers, whereas NQO1, a flavoprotein, may protect against ROS.

Objectives
To investigate the effect of CYP2E1 and NQO1 polymorphism on oxidative stress status in Thais with and without dyslipidemia.

Methods
We included 1380 apparently healthy employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand in this study. We determined their CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes and related these to blood lipid profiles, and circulating levels of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Lifestyle-related factors were determined from questionnaires.

Results
All tested genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The heterozygous and variant genotype distribution and allele frequency of CYP2E1 *5B were less common than CYP2E1 *6. Heterozygous NQO1 was the most prevalent form. The frequency of the mutated allele CYP2E1 *5B was 0.16, CYP2E1 *6 was 0.22, and NQO1 *2 was 0.43. Significant differences were observed for blood cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol between normolipidemic participants, and those with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyperlipidemia. Participants in the hyperlipidemic subgroup who bore any variant alleles of genes had higher plasma MDA and GSH levels, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, but lower catalase activity when compared with normolipidemic participants bearing wild-type alleles.

Conclusions
Variations in genetic disposition and dyslipidemia can modify oxidative stress status. Relatively more free radicals may be generated in individuals in subgroups with hyperlipidemia bearing any variant alleles.
A store-and-forward telemedicine for retinopathy of prematurity screen: is it cost-effective in Thailand?
Authors: Wongwai Phanthipha , Kingkaew Pritaporn , Asawaphureekorn Somkiat , Kolatat Tharatip 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is crucial to prevent blindness. Telemedicine for ROP diagnosis can be applied in regions that lack an expert ophthalmologist.

Objectives
To assess the value-for-money of telemedicine in screening for ROP in high-risk infants.

Methods
A cost-utility analysis of screening and diagnosis of ROP using telemedicine was compared with the current process for ROP screening (Thai Clinical Trials Registry Identification No. TCTR20130911001). We used decision analytical models to compare costs and outcomes in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) to the health provider and society. We used one-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis to consider parameter uncertainty.

Results
The total capital cost for telemedicine to the health provider was 951,000 THB per year. With the base case analysis of 400 children screened per year per RetCam, the performance of screening and diagnosis of ROP using telemedicine (100% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity) was higher compared with the current method (88.9% sensitivity and 93.4% specificity). We therefore expect that blindness can be prevented in 3 children per 400 screening cases. The incremental cost to society of telemedicine compared with the current practice was 837 THB. Preventing just one child from becoming blind can save around 146,000 THB throughout their lifetime based on savings to welfare costs for disabled people. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of this telemedicine was 259 THB per case of prevented blindness and 17,397 THB per QALY saved.

Conclusions
Store and forward telemedicine for ROP screening is cost-effective.
Coinheritance of Southeast Asian ovalocytosis and the β-thalassemia trait in a Malay family
Authors: Raman Yamunah , Saleem Mohamed , Ahmad Rahimah , Yusoff Narazah Mohd 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) is a red blood cell membrane disorder caused by a 27 base pair (bp) deletion in the SLC4A1 that transcribes to a truncated variant of band-3 glycoprotein. β-Thalassemia is another red blood cell disorder, caused by mutant alleles in the β-globin gene that lead to globin chain impairment. Both conditions occur in Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia.

Objectives
This report describes hematological and molecular features of a patient with both SAO and β-thalassemia and her children.

Methods
A 58-year-old Malay woman presented to our clinic with dizziness, tiredness, and easy fatigability. She was mildly anaemic. Analysis of her complete blood counts and her peripheral blood smear revealed microcytic hypochromic anaemia with large numbers of macro-ovalocytes and stomatocytes.

Results
Hemoglobin and globin gene studies revealed heterozygous β-thalassemia, and further analysis demonstrated a heterozygous 27 bp deletion on the SLC4A1 gene consistent with SAO. Analysis of the patient’s offspring showed co-inheritance of β-thalassemia and SAO in her elder daughter and son, and SAO alone in another daughter.

Conclusions
High frequencies of SAO and different β-thalassemia mutations are present in the Malaysian population, thus coinheritance of SAO and β-thalassemia is not uncommon. However, this coinheritance is rarely reported, possibly because the red blood cell indices are overlooked and peripheral smear examinations are not routine.
Janus kinase 2 negative polycythemia vera
Authors: Thungthong Pravinwan , Chamnanchanunt Supat , Suwanban Tawatchai , Nakhakes Chajchawan , Iam-arunthai Kunapa 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
A Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation polycythemia vera (PV) is a common manifestation of stem cell disorder. However, available data on the clinical and treatment response of JAK2-negative PV patients are limited.

Objectives
We report the case and clinical course of a patient with PV and left hemiparesis who was JAK2V617-negative.

Methods
We conducted a literature review and compared our patient with previously published reports of JAK2-negative patients with P V.

Results
Our patient presented with hemiparesis without a previous history of hematological disease. He was diagnosed with PV based on the British Committee for Standards in Haematology guidelines 2007. He underwent only phlebotomy with subsequent improvement of his neurological condition. He was discharged with therapeutic phlebotomy for one and a half months.

Conclusions
Although this rare condition required complex diagnostic criteria, the patient achieved good clinical outcome with therapeutic phlebotomy alone.
Saharan versus local influence on atmospheric aerosol deposition in the southern Iberian Peninsula: Significance for N and P inputs
Authors: Morales‐Baquero Rafael , Pérez‐Martínez Carmen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA novel methodology was used to evaluate the contribution of Saharan dust to the atmospheric deposition of particulate material (PM), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. Dry and wet aerosol depositions were measured weekly during two 1 year periods at one site and simultaneously during spring‐summer of the same years at two other sites (intersite distance of ~ 40 km). Statistical relationships among depositions at the different sites permitted differentiation of Saharan dust inputs from locally derived dust. PM and TP depositions were synchronous among the three study sites; the synchrony was elevated during periods of Saharan intrusions (evaluated by air mass retrotrajectories analyses), but no temporal correlation was observed during periods without Saharan intrusions. According to analysis of variance results, PM and TP depositions were both significantly affected by Saharan intrusions. During weeks with Saharan intrusions, PM deposition increased around 85% above background levels, with no differences among the three sites, while TP deposition increased by 1.1 µmol TP m−2 d−1, i.e., 29% to 81% above background levels depending on the site. There were no correlations or differences in TN deposition among sites or as a function of Saharan intrusion periods. The annual contribution of PM and TP from Saharan dust was 75 kg ha−1 and 0.07 kg P ha−1, respectively, which can be considered a genuine input for the ecosystems in this area. This novel approach is likely to be valid in any area in the world under atmospheric deposition of long‐range transported material.
Mid‐2000s North Atlantic shift: Heat budget and circulation changes
Authors: Somavilla R. , González‐Pola C. , Schauer U. , Budéus G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPrior to the 2000s, the North Atlantic was the basin showing the greatest warming. However, since the mid‐2000s during the so‐called global warming hiatus, large amounts of heat were transferred in this basin from upper to deeper levels while the dominance in terms of atmospheric heat capture moved into the Indo‐Pacific. Here we show that a large transformation of modal waters in the eastern North Atlantic (ENA) played a crucial role in such contrasting behavior. First, strong winter mixing in 2005 transformed ENA modal waters into a much saltier, warmer, and denser variety, transferring upper ocean heat and salt gained slowly over time to deeper layers. The new denser waters also altered the zonal dynamic height gradient reversing the southward regional flow and enhancing the access of saltier southern waters to higher latitudes. Then, the excess salinity in northern regions favored additional heat injection through deep convection events in later years.
Frequency of marine heatwaves in the North Atlantic and North Pacific since 1950
Authors: Scannell Hillary A. , Pershing Andrew J. , Alexander Michael A. , Thomas Andrew C. , Mills Katherine E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExtreme and large‐scale warming events in the ocean have been dubbed marine heatwaves, and these have been documented in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This paper examines the intensity, duration, and frequency of positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans over the period 1950–2014 using an objective definition for marine heatwaves based on their probability of occurrence. Small‐area anomalies occur more frequently than large‐area anomalies, and this relationship can be characterized by a power law distribution. The relative frequency of large‐ versus small‐area anomalies, represented by the power law slope parameter, is modulated by basin‐scale modes of natural climate variability and anthropogenic warming. Findings suggest that the probability of marine heatwaves is a trade‐off between size, intensity, and duration and that region specific variability modulates the frequency of these events.
Phillips' Lambda function: Data summary and physical model
Authors: Irisov V. , Plant W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMeasurements of Phillips' Lambda function describing the average length of breakers on the ocean per unit area at speed cb are summarized. An expression is developed that fits these data within reasonable bounds. A physical model for the Lambda function is derived based on the assumption that breaking occurs when the surface steepness exceeds a threshold value. The energy contained in the breaking region is related to the fifth power of the breaker speed, as Phillips showed, and from this the probability of finding a breaker with a speed cb may be determined from a simulation of the long‐wave surface based on a linear superposition of Fourier components. This probability is directly related to the Lambda function so that a form for this function can be determined. The Lambda function so determined agrees in both shape and intensity with the fit to the measured Lambda functions.
Basin scale controls on CO2 and CH4 emissions from the Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Crawford John T. , Loken Luke C. , Stanley Emily H. , Stets Edward G. , Dornblaser Mark M. , Striegl Robert G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Upper Mississippi River, engineered for river navigation in the 1930s, includes a series of low‐head dams and navigation pools receiving elevated sediment and nutrient loads from the mostly agricultural basin. Using high‐resolution, spatially resolved water quality sensor measurements along 1385 river kilometers, we show that primary productivity and organic matter accumulation affect river carbon dioxide and methane emissions to the atmosphere. Phytoplankton drive CO2 to near or below atmospheric equilibrium during the growing season, while anaerobic carbon oxidation supports a large proportion of the CO2 and CH4 production. Reductions of suspended sediment load, absent of dramatic reductions in nutrients, will likely further reduce net CO2 emissions from the river. Large river pools, like Lake Pepin, which removes the majority of upstream sediments, and large agricultural tributaries downstream that deliver significant quantities of sediments and nutrients, are likely to persist as major geographical drivers of greenhouse gas emissions.
In situ evidence of electron energization in the electron diffusion region of magnetotail reconnection
Authors: Oka M. , Phan T.‐D. , Øieroset M. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMagnetic reconnection is an explosive energy‐release process in laboratory, space, and astrophysical plasmas. While magnetic fields can “break” and “reconnect” in a very small region called the electron diffusion region (EDR), there have been conflicting theories as to whether this region can be a place of rapid energization of plasmas. Here we report a fortuitous encounter of the EDR by The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) in the Earth's magnetotail where significant heating and demagnetization of electrons were observed. Additional energization was observed on both sides (immediate upstream and downstream) of the EDR, leading to a total of more than an order of magnitude energization across this region. The results demonstrate that despite its minuscule size, the EDR does indeed contribute to the overall process of electron energization via magnetic reconnection.
Contribution of chemical processes to infrared emissions from nitric oxide in the thermosphere
Authors: Venkataramani Karthik , Yonker Justin D. , Bailey Scott. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInfrared emissions from nitric oxide (NO) are the dominant source of radiative cooling between 120 and 200 km and play an important role in determining the energy budget of the Earth's upper atmosphere. The emission arises as a consequence of producing vibrationally excited NO, either by collisions with energetic atomic oxygen or via the reaction of atomic nitrogen with molecular oxygen. The latter process is a potentially important source of cooling, as it can excite the higher vibrational levels (v ≥ 2) of nitric oxide, resulting in the emission of multiple photons. This chemiluminescent emission has been modeled by calculating the level populations of NO(v ≤ 10) considering production from the reaction of N(2D) and N(4S) with O2, along with interlevel cascade due to radiative deexcitation and collisional quenching. We integrate this model into the NCAR TIE‐GCM (Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model) to calculate the contribution of chemiluminescence to infrared emissions from NO in the thermosphere. For day 80 of 2003, it is shown that chemiluminescence accounts for 15–30% of the total column emissions from NO in the sunlit thermosphere between ±50° latitude. More than 60% of the chemiluminescence is produced from v ≥ 3, indicating that these vibrational levels are an important source of thermospheric cooling. Model calculations of the first overtone emission (Δv = 2) are shown to be in agreement with measurements by the Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS‐1A) experiment. A computationally inexpensive parameterization which calculates the chemiluminescence from v ≤ 10 within 5% of the full calculation is also presented.
Precise measurements of enthalpy of postspinel transition in Mg2SiO4 and application to the phase boundary calculation
Authors: Kojitani Hiroshi , Inoue Toru , Akaogi Masaki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDrop solution enthalpies (ΔH°d‐s) of Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite, Mg2SiO4 forsterite, perovskite‐type MgSiO3 (bridgmanite), and MgSiO3 enstatite were measured using a single batch of 2PbO · B2O3 solvent at 978 K. From the obtained ΔH°d‐s values of Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite, MgSiO3 bridgmanite, and MgO, an enthalpy of the postspinel phase transition, Mg2SiO4 ringwoodite = MgSiO3 bridgmanite + MgO, was determined to be 78.54 ± 2.28 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic calculations using the obtained phase transition enthalpy and available thermochemical and thermoelastic data provided the phase transition pressure of 23.1 ± 1.4 GPa at 298 K. This value is comparable to those at about 2000 K determined by previous experimental and theoretical studies, implying a considerably gentle Clapeyron slope. Thermodynamic calculations of the postspinel boundary at high temperatures in the anhydrous condition by changing thermochemical and thermoelastic parameters within the uncertainties suggested that the postspinel transition pressure of Mg2SiO4 at high temperature is lower than the pressure corresponding to the global average depth of the “660 km” seismic discontinuity in the Earth's mantle (~23.5 GPa) estimated from one‐dimensional reference Earth models and that a most likely Clapeyron slope is about −1 MPa/K. The postspinel transition in the hydrous condition with about 2 wt % H2O, which shows higher transition pressure and steeper Clapeyron slope than those in the anhydrous condition, gives a plausible explanation for seismic observations on the 660 km discontinuity, and therefore, hydrous mantle transition zone would be required.