bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary inclusion of tomato pomace improves meat oxidative stability of young pigs
Authors: Correia C. S. , Alfaia C. M. , Madeira M. S. , Lopes P. A. , Matos T. J. S. , Cunha L. F. , Prates J. A. M. , Freire J. P. B. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the nutritional effect of tomato pomace, in combination with two distinct fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), on longissimus lumborum muscle, subcutaneous fat and liver of young pigs. Forty male pigs of 4 weeks old were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments using two fibre sources (wheat bran or 5.0% tomato pomace) and two fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), in a 2 × 2 factorial design for a 5‐week trial. Tomato pomace did not improve colour, fatty acid profile, cholesterol content or lipid oxidation, nor did it yield detectable levels in lycopene or β‐carotene in the meat (p > 0.05). However, a positive increase in α‐tocopherol content of meat and liver was observed in pigs fed tomato pomace (p < 0.05). Compared with lard, soya bean oil increased MUFA and PUFA proportions and decreased the percentage of SFA (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that 5.0% of tomato pomace increases pork oxidative stability and that 5.0% of soya bean oil, compared with lard, improves its nutritional quality.
Shift in disparities in hepatitis C treatment from interferon to DAA era: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Janjua N. Z. , Islam N. , Wong J. , Yoshida E. M. , Ramji A. , Samji H. , Butt Z. A. , Chong M. , Cook D. , Alvarez M. , Darvishian M. , Tyndall M. , Krajden M. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryWe evaluated the shift in the characteristics of people who received interferon‐based hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments and those who received recently introduced direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) in British Columbia (BC), Canada. The BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort includes 1.5 million individuals tested for HCV or HIV, or reported cases of hepatitis B and active tuberculosis in BC from 1990 to 2013 linked to medical visits, hospitalization, cancer, prescription drugs and mortality data. This analysis included all patients who filled at least one prescription for HCV treatment until 31 July 2015. HCV treatments were classified as older interferon‐based treatments including pegylated interferon/ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) with/without boceprevir or telaprevir, DAAs with RBV or PegIFN/RBV, and newer interferon‐free DAAs. Of 11 886 people treated for HCV between 2000 and 2015, 1164 (9.8%) received interferon‐free DAAs (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir: n=1075; 92.4%), while 452 (3.8%) received a combination of DAAs and RBV or PegIFN/RBV. Compared to those receiving interferon‐based treatment, people with HIV co‐infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.31‐3.81), cirrhosis (aOR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.45‐2.15), decompensated cirrhosis (aOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.31‐2.28), diabetes (aOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10‐1.54), a history of injection drug use (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.09‐1.65) and opioid substitution therapy (aOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.67) were more likely to receive interferon‐free DAAs. Socio‐economically marginalized individuals were significantly less likely (most deprived vs most privileged: aOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58‐0.87) to receive DAAs. In conclusion, there is a shift in prescription of new HCV treatments to previously excluded groups (eg HIV‐co‐infected), although gaps remain for the socio‐economically marginalized populations.
Determination of cloxacillin residues in dairy cows after intramammary administration
Authors: Burmańczuk A. , Grabowski T. , Osypiuk M. , Polska B. , Kowalski C. 
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the characteristics of cloxacillin (CLO) (MRL of withdrawal in bovine milk is 30 ng/g) after a single intramammary (IMM) dose in the dry period (DP) and lactation (LP), and to establish a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method for CLO detection in milk. The research was conducted on a group of 10 cows in DP and 10 in LP. A single dose of 600 mg of CLO was administrated by the IMM route for a single quarter in DP and 500 mg for a single quarter in LP. CLO concentration was analyzed by HPLC. CLO was monitored at a wavelength of 206 nm. Pharmacokinetic calculations were performed using Phoenix® WinNonlin® 6.4 software. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 13.03–28 019.00 ng/g with the coefficient of determination R2 > 0.999. CLO withdrawal in both the LP and DP group had a biphasic nature. The total CLO elimination in the DP and LP group was reached after 36 and 6.5 days, respectively. A quantitative and confirmatory method for the determination of CLO in fresh milk has been established. We have confirmed that the withdrawal of CLO in the DP group is not a linear process and has a stepwise character.
Incipient speciation driven by hypertrophied lips in Midas cichlid fishes?
Authors: Machado‐Schiaffino Gonzalo , Kautt Andreas F. , Torres‐Dowdall Julian , Baumgarten Lukas , Henning Frederico , Meyer Axel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSympatric speciation has been debated in evolutionary biology for decades. Although it has gained in acceptance recently, still only a handful of empirical examples are seen as valid (e.g. crater lake cichlids). In this study, we disentangle the role of hypertrophied lips in the repeated adaptive radiations of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. We assessed the role of disruptive selection and assortative mating during the early stages of divergence and found a functional trade‐off in feeding behaviour between thick‐ and thin‐lipped ecotypes, suggesting that this trait is a target of disruptive selection. Thick‐lipped fish perform better on nonevasive prey at the cost of a poorer performance on evasive prey. Using enclosures in the wild, we found that thick‐lipped fish perform significantly better in rocky than in sandy habitats. We found almost no mixed pairs during two breeding seasons and hence significant assortative mating. Genetic differentiation between ecotypes seems to be related to the time since colonization, being subtle in L. Masaya (1600 generations ago) and absent in the younger L. Apoyeque (<600 generations ago). Genome‐wide differentiation between ecotypes was higher in the old source lakes than in the young crater lakes. Our results suggest that hypertrophied lips might be promoting incipient sympatric speciation through divergent selection (ecological divergence in feeding performance) and nonrandom mating (assortative mating) in the young Nicaraguan crater lakes. Nonetheless, further manipulative experiments are needed in order to confirm the role of hypertrophied lips as the main cue for assortative mating.
Nonindependence and sensitivity analyses in ecological and evolutionary meta‐analyses
Authors: Noble Daniel W.A. , Lagisz Malgorzata , O'dea Rose E. , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMeta‐analysis is an important tool for synthesizing research on a variety of topics in ecology and evolution, including molecular ecology, but can be susceptible to nonindependence. Nonindependence can affect two major interrelated components of a meta‐analysis: (i) the calculation of effect size statistics and (ii) the estimation of overall meta‐analytic estimates and their uncertainty. While some solutions to nonindependence exist at the statistical analysis stages, there is little advice on what to do when complex analyses are not possible, or when studies with nonindependent experimental designs exist in the data. Here we argue that exploring the effects of procedural decisions in a meta‐analysis (e.g. inclusion of different quality data, choice of effect size) and statistical assumptions (e.g. assuming no phylogenetic covariance) using sensitivity analyses are extremely important in assessing the impact of nonindependence. Sensitivity analyses can provide greater confidence in results and highlight important limitations of empirical work (e.g. impact of study design on overall effects). Despite their importance, sensitivity analyses are seldom applied to problems of nonindependence. To encourage better practice for dealing with nonindependence in meta‐analytic studies, we present accessible examples demonstrating the impact that ignoring nonindependence can have on meta‐analytic estimates. We also provide pragmatic solutions for dealing with nonindependent study designs, and for analysing dependent effect sizes. Additionally, we offer reporting guidelines that will facilitate disclosure of the sources of nonindependence in meta‐analyses, leading to greater transparency and more robust conclusions.
The parthenocarpic hydra mutant reveals a new function for a SPOROCYTELESS‐like gene in the control of fruit set in tomato
Authors: Rojas‐Gracia Pilar , Roque Edelin , Medina Mónica , Rochina Maricruz , Hamza Rim , Angarita‐Díaz María Pilar , Moreno Vicente , Pérez‐Martín Fernando , Lozano Rafael , Cañas Luis , Beltrán José Pío , Gómez‐Mena Concepción 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Fruit set is an essential process to ensure successful sexual plant reproduction. The development of the flower into a fruit is actively repressed in the absence of pollination. However, some cultivars from a few species are able to develop seedless fruits overcoming the standard restriction of unpollinated ovaries to growth.

We report here the identification of the tomato hydra mutant that produces seedless (parthenocarpic) fruits.

Seedless fruit production in hydra plants is linked to the absence of both male and female sporocyte development. The HYDRA gene is therefore essential for the initiation of sporogenesis in tomato. Using positional cloning, virus‐induced gene silencing and expression analysis experiments, we identified the HYDRA gene and demonstrated that it encodes the tomato orthologue of SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ) of Arabidopsis. We found that the precocious growth of the ovary is associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in gibberellin (GA) metabolism.

Our results support the conservation of the function of SPL‐like genes in the control of sporogenesis in plants. Moreover, this study uncovers a new function for the tomato SlSPL/HYDRA gene in the control of fruit initiation.
Recent breakthroughs in metabolomics promise to reveal the cryptic chemical traits that mediate plant community composition, character evolution and lineage diversification
Authors: Sedio Brian E. 
Published: January 2017

ContentsSummary952I.Introduction952II.Recent innovations in structural metabolomics953III.Species coexistence955IV.Character evolution and lineage diversification956V.Conclusions957Acknowledgements957References957SummaryMuch of our understanding of the mechanisms by which biotic interactions shape plant communities has been constrained by the methods available to study the diverse secondary chemistry that defines plant relationships with other organisms. Recent innovations in analytical chemistry and bioinformatics promise to reveal the cryptic chemical traits that mediate plant ecology and evolution by facilitating simultaneous structural comparisons of hundreds of unknown molecules to each other and to libraries of known compounds. Here, I explore the potential for mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics to enable unprecedented tests of seminal, but largely untested hypotheses that propose a fundamental role for plant chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens in the evolutionary origins and ecological coexistence of plant species diversity.
The Arabidopsis Elongator complex is required for nonhost resistance against the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121
Authors: An Chuanfu , Wang Chenggang , Mou Zhonglin 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Although in recent years nonhost resistance has attracted considerable attention for its broad spectrum and durability, the genetic and mechanistic components of nonhost resistance have not been fully understood.

We used molecular and histochemical approaches including quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine and aniline blue staining.

The evolutionarily conserved histone acetyltransferase complex Elongator was identified as a major component of nonhost resistance against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp) NPS3121. Mutations in Elongator genes inhibit Xcc‐, Psp NPS3121‐ and/or flg22‐induced defense responses including defense gene expression, callose deposition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Mutations in Elongator also attenuate the ROS–SA amplification loop. We show that suppressed ROS and SA accumulation in Elongator mutants is correlated with reduced expression of the Arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase homologue AtrbohD and the SA biosynthesis gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1). Furthermore, we found that the Elongator subunit ELP2 is associated with the chromatin of AtrbohD and ICS1 and is required for maintaining basal histone H3 acetylation levels in these key defense genes.

As both AtrbohD and ICS1 contribute to nonhost resistance against Xcc, our results reveal an epigenetic mechanism by which Elongator regulates nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis.
Longitudinal Study of Pediatric Urticaria Pigmentosa
Authors: Heinze Adam , Kuemmet Travis J. , Chiu Yvonne E. , Galbraith Sheila S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesUrticaria pigmentosa (UP) is the most common form of mastocytosis in children and is associated with systemic signs, symptoms, and triggers. To our knowledge, the effect of UP on children's quality of life has not been studied. The objective of the current study was to characterize the natural history, triggers, and complications of pediatric UP, identify prognostic indicators, and determine its effect on quality of life.MethodsBetween 2002 and 2007, children with three or more mastocytomas diagnosed by a pediatric dermatologist were recruited during visits at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Dermatology Clinic (Milwaukee, WI). Research visits were conducted every 3 years and telephone interviews yearly. The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index was administered to subjects 4 years of age and older at enrollment. Laboratory test results were collected for subjects younger than 4 years at enrollment. Subjects were followed until UP resolution or study end in August 2015.ResultsThe final cohort size was 43 subjects followed for a median of 8.1 years. Twenty‐six subjects were followed through study completion. At age 12 years, 6 patients had disease resolution and 14 remained active. Patients who had disease resolution before age 12 years were more likely to be male and had fewer years of age and smaller lesions, fewer affected areas, and earlier onset. Common medications and anesthetics resulted in no serious reactions. Hymenoptera stings occurred in 51%, with no reports of anaphylaxis. No patient reported a severe effect on quality of life, with most indicating mild to no effect.ConclusionSevere complications are not common with historically identified triggers. Disease does not resolve before adolescence in most children. UP has a minimal effect on quality of life for most children.
Temporal, but not spatial, changes in expression patterns of petal identity genes are associated with loss of papillate conical cells and the shift to bird pollination in Macaronesian Lotus (Leguminosae)
Authors: Ojeda D. I. , Jaén‐Molina R. , Santos‐Guerra A. , Caujape‐Castells J. , Cronk Q. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

In the generally bee‐pollinated genus Lotus a group of four species have evolved bird‐pollinated flowers. The floral changes in these species include altered petal orientation, shape and texture. In Lotus these characters are associated with dorsiventral petal identity, suggesting that shifts in the expression of dorsal identity genes may be involved in the evolution of bird pollination. Of particular interest is Lotus japonicus CYCLOIDEA 2 (LjCYC2), known to determine the presence of papillate conical cells on the dorsal petal in L. japonicus. Bird‐pollinated species are unusual in not having papillate conical cells on the dorsal petal.

Using RT‐PCR at various stages of flower development, we determined the timing of expression in all petal types for the three putative petal identity genes (CYC‐like genes) in different species with contrasting floral morphology and pollination syndromes.

In bird‐pollinated species the dorsal identity gene, LjCYC2, is not expressed at the floral stage when papillate conical cells are normally differentiating in bee‐pollinated species. In contrast, in bee‐pollinated species, LjCYC2 is expressed during conical cell development.

Changes in the timing of expression of the above two genes are associated with modifications in petal growth and lateralisation of the dorsal and ventral petals in the bird‐pollinated species. This study indicates that changes in the timing, rather than spatial distribution, of expression likely contribute to the modifications of petal micromorphology and petal size during the transition from bee to bird pollination in Macaronesian Lotus species.
Quantitative approach for the early detection of selection for virulence of Meloidogyne incognita on resistant tomato in plastic greenhouses
Authors: Giné A. , Sorribas F. J. 
Published: January 2017

Resistant tomato cultivars are an important tool to control Meloidogyne spp., which cause the highest yield losses attributed to plant‐parasitic nematodes. However, the repeated cultivation of Mi resistant cultivars can select virulent populations. In the present study, the susceptible tomato cv. Durinta and the resistant cv. Monika were cultivated from March to July in a plastic greenhouse for 3 years to determine the maximum multiplication rate, maximum nematode density, equilibrium density, relative susceptibility and population growth rate of M. incognita; these were used as proxy indicators of virulence and yield losses. The values of population dynamics and growth rate on the resistant tomato increased year by year and were higher when it was repeatedly cultivated in the same plot compared to when it was alternated with the susceptible cultivar and the level of resistance decreased from very to moderately resistant. The relationship between the nematode density at transplanting (Pi) and the relative yield of tomato fitted to the Seinhorst damage model for susceptible, but not resistant, cultivars. The tolerance limit and the relative minimum yield were 2–4 J2 per 250 cm3 of soil and 0.44–0.48, respectively. The tomato yield did not differ between cultivars at low Pi, but it did at higher Pi values, at which the resistant yielded 50% more than the susceptible. This study demonstrates the utility of population dynamics parameters for the early detection of selection for virulence in Meloidogyne spp., and that three consecutive years were not sufficient to select for a completely virulent population.
Evaluation of changes in oxyhemoglobin during Shiritori task in elderly subjects including those with Alzheimer‧s disease
Authors: Kato Yusuke , Shoji Yoshihisa , Morita Kiichiro , Inoue Masayuki , Ishii Yohei , Sato Mamoru , Yamashita Yuuji , Okawa Junji , Uchimura Naohisa 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundIn recent years, as the prevalence of Alzheimer‧s disease (AD) has increased rapidly, demand has increased for early detection and treatment. Therefore, discovery and treatment intervention at the mild cognitive impairment stage are important. Dysfunction of the working memory is known to be conspicuously present in AD patients or mild cognitive impairment subjects from an early stage. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a method to measure hemoglobin concentration changes during an activation task. In the present study, we evaluated the cognitive function of elderly subjects, including those with AD, by means of NIRS.MethodsThe subjects were divided into three groups—the AD group, the intermediate group, and the healthy group (HG)—based on assement of dementia using the Hasegawa‧s Dementia Scale‐Revised, Mini‐Mental State Examination, and Clinical Dementia Rating. The intermediate group was divided into two groups—the high score group (HSMG) and the low score group (LSMG)—based on Hasegawa‧s Dementia Scale‐Revised and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores. In this study, during Shiritori tasks using single‐event‐related NIRS, we analyzed oxyhemoglobin changes in an area, the peak amplitude, and latency, and compared them among four groups: AD group, HSMG, LSMG, and HG.ResultIn the AD group, the area at left channel (Ch)9, 11, and 19, the area at right Ch22, and the peak ampulitude at left Ch11 and 19 and right Ch5,12, and 22 were significantly smaller than those in HSMG and HG. Furthermore, the latency of the AD group was significantly longer than that of HSMG and HG at all region of interests. However, no significant difference was observed between the AD group and LSMG.ConclusionThese findings suggest that analysis of changes in oxyhemoglobin during Shiritori tasks may be a useful neuropsychological index for the early diagnosis of AD. Detailed studies will be conducted in LSMG to facilitate the early introduction of NIRS as a screening tool for cognitive impairment.
Frontal lobe function in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease and caregiver burden
Authors: Hashimoto Akiko , Matsuoka Kiwamu , Yasuno Fumihiko , Takahashi Masato , Iida Junzo , Jikumaru Kiyoko , Kishimoto Toshifumi 
Published: January 2017

AimUnderstanding of the relationship between caregiver burden and the degree of behavioural deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is relatively limited. Therefore, it is worthwhile to examine the correlations between the various relevant factors to improve the efficacy of care for patients with AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific contributions of frontal lobe dysfunction in AD patients to caregiver burden, while controlling for other predictor variables.MethodsParticipants included 30 pairs of caregivers and patients with AD. The Zarit Burden Interview and Frontal Assessment Battery were used to measure the caregiver burden and patients’ frontal lobe function, respectively. To investigate the effects of frontal lobe dysfunction on caregiver burden, hierarchical regression equations with steps incorporating additional predictor variables were fitted. We also performed a correlation analysis between the individual subdomains of the Zarit Burden Interview and the predictor variables.ResultsOur study suggests that the degree of frontal lobe dysfunction in AD patients predicts their caregiver burden, when other factors of daily functional limitations and neuropsychiatric symptoms are controlled. Daily functional limitations and neuropsychiatric symptoms affected caregivers’ psychosocial burden, whereas frontal lobe dysfunction affected caregivers’ burden due to the increase in the dependency of the patients.ConclusionOur findings indicate that to ameliorate the disabilities of patients and reduce caregiver burden, there is a need for interventions that focus on psychosocial burdens, as shown in previous studies, as well as on excessive dependency due to frontal lobe dysfunction.