bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Entomophagous Nematodes Against Japanese Beetle Grubs in Large Plot Trials, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The large plot study was conducted at the Amherst Country Club, Amherst; NH. Plot size was 20 X 80 ft, replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied in 1 gal water/1000 ft2 with a Chem Pro sprayer using MC5 nozzles. Each plot was sprayed for a total volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. The first treatments were applied in the evening on 19 Aug to predominantly 2nd instar larvae and watered in. The second half of the split application of Vector WG was applied on 9 Sep (21 days later). Plots were irrigated as necessary 2-3 times per week with 0.2 inch water to keep soil moist. Three 1 ft2 samples were removed from each plot and the number of live larvae counted. Conditions at the time of treatment on 19 Aug were: air temperature, 68.3°F; wind, &lt;3 mph; sky, clear; soil temperature 2 inch, 69.3°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 6.5; soil texture, loam, 38% sand, 45% silt, 17% clay; soil organic matter, 5.2%; soil moisture, 23.4%; post treatment precipitation, 0.3 inch soils were moist due to recent rain. Conditions at the time of treatment on 9 Sep were: air temperature, 72.3°F; wind, 0 mph; sky, clear; soil temperature 2 inch, 63.5°F; soil moisture, 25.6%; post treatment precipitation, 0.3 inch soils were moist due to recent rain. Plots were rated on 7 Oct (42 days after initial treatment).
Effect of Insecticides on Control of Blue Gum Psyllid Infesting Commercial Cut Eucalyptus, 1991
Authors: Tjosvold Steven A. , Chaney William E 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in a commercial Eucalyptus field near Watsonville, California where cut terminal stems are grown for the fresh and preserved market. Treatments were applied to established Eucalyptus trees. The treatments were arranged in a RCB experimental design: trial 1 treated on 19 Aug had 4 replications and trial 2 treated on 27 Sep had 5 replications. Single trees were used as plots with treated trees separated from each other by 2 trees down the row and 1 row across the field. Treatments were applied to runoff using a CO2 backpack sprayer at 40 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Dry formulated treatments in trial 1 were applied with Nufilm P spreader at 4 fl oz/100 gal and all treatments in trial 2 were applied with Nofoam B at 16 ft oz/100 gal. Samples were taken from each tree by clipping 6 inch terminal sections from the 4 ordinal directions of the tree. Samples were processed by brushing the psyllids from the shoots with a mite brushing machine onto a Vaseline-coated glass plate. Psyllid eggs, nymphs and adults were counted under a dissecting scope. Nymph counts are the most representative of the population dynamics and are presented in this report. After trial 1 was completed, the most effective treatments were selected for trial 2.
Control of the Palm Mealybug with Insecticides, Hawaii, 1995
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B.K.S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 12 Dec 94 through 27 Jan 95 at a certified export nursery in Hilo, Hawaii on 30 inch rhapis palms growing in 6 inch diameter pots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replicates, 4 plants per replicate. In study 1, insecticides were applied to runoff (49 ml per plant) on 12 and 20 Dec with a backpack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, Va) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle (Spraying Systems Co., Wheaton, IL) at 276 KPa. The control was sprayed with water. A spreader-sticker (Ad-here, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all treatments including the control at a rate of 0.5 ml per liter solution. In study 2, Marathon, a systemic insecticide, was applied on 12 Dec and watered immediately after treatment. The palm mealybug occurs deep in the fibrous material covering the rhapis stem and may not be readily seen. Therefore, treatments were evaluated by dissecting rhapis terminals and counting the number of live and dead mealybugs on 6 and 26 Jan for studies 1 and 2, respectively. The time between insecticide application and evaluation was longer in study 2 to ensure systemic uptake. Mortality percentages were transformed to arcsine(sqrt) and subjected to ANOVA (study 1) or t test (study 2).
Hot Water as A Potential Treatment Against Root Mealybugs, Hawaii, 1995
Authors: Hu B.K.S. , Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 20 Jan through 1 Feb 95 at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hi. Rhapis palms (approximately 3–4 ft) growing in 3 gal pots were randomly selected from an infested nursery in Mt. View, HI. Treatments consisted of 1 plant. Temperature probes were inserted in the center of each pot. Pots (not including foliage) were submerged in 49° C water until the center of the pot reached the target temperature. Pots were held in the water for 10 min after reaching the target temperature then cooled in water at ambient temperature (26° C) until the internal temperature was reduced to 30° C. Controls were submerged in water at ambient temperature (26° C) for the time equal to the longest treatment plus cooling time. Efficacy was determined by removing the media from the roots and counting the number of live and dead mealybugs on 1 Feb with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. The criterion for adult and nymph mortality was no movement; the criterion for egg mortality was no crawler emergence. Mortality percentages were calculated.
Evaluation of Victor Roach Magnet Traps, 1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett Gary W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A field test determined the effectiveness of the Victor Roach Magnet&#x99; traps in an attempt to detect, monitor or control the cockroach populations. The Munsyana Homes, a multi-family public housing complex located in Muncie, Ind., served as the test site; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Six Lo-Line&#x99;1 Cockroach traps were left in place overnight in the cabinets under and above the kitchen sink, under or adjacent to the stove, under or behind the refrigerator, adjacent to the utility area, and on the floor behind the bathroom toilet. A minimum catch of 5 cockroaches per trap was required for any apartment to be considered an experimental unit. Eleven replicate test apartments were established. Victor traps (with aggregation pheromones), used as a control tool, were placed at day 1 in 12 locations in each test apartment and left in place for 1 month to obtain the total trap catch. All filled, wet, and missing traps were replaced with new traps on a weekly basis. Locations (number of traps in parenthesis) of the Victor traps in each apartment were: the cabinets under the kitchen sink (2), the cabinets above the sink (2), under and adjacent to the stove (2), under, behind, and adjacent to the refrigerator (3), under and adjacent to the utility area where water heater and furnace are located (2), and on the floor behind the bathroom toilet (1). At the end of the test, trap catch from the Victor traps was determined noting the stage of all cockroaches. Cockroach population level in each apartment during the test was estimated for up to 4 wks by the use of six Lo-Line traps. At each sample interval, the Lo-Line traps were left in place overnight and collected the next morning to determine trap catch reduction. Weekly trap catch was counted, noting the number of adults and nymphs. Analyses among time periods, using a Kruskal-Wallis signed rank test (X2; P = 0.05), were conducted to determine whether or not the average trap catch per apartment was reduced by the treatment.
Ld Evaluation of Eradicator for Fire Ant Control, 1992
Authors: Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Summerlin Bill 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
To determine the efficacy of water, chlorpyrifos and permethrin as control agents when applied with the Eradicator pest control device, sixty mounds of RIFA were selected for treatment. Each mound was characterized and mapped before treatment to determine any colony movement resulting from treatments. Treatments were made using an Eradicator control device attached to a water source providing ca 40 psi (actual pressure was measured). The Eradicator is a hose end sprayer fitted with a 2.5 ft probe, open at the end, which when inserted into fire ant mounds released a stream of water and pesticide. A reservoir attached to the underside of the Eradicator held the pesticide drawn into the water stream by the venturi effect. Treatments involved the insertion of the Eradicator application probe and injection of liquid into the mound. A flow meter determined the amount of liquid injected into each mound.
Field Test to Determine the Feasibility of Using Microwave Technology to Control Fire Ants, 1994
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Cook Jerry 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three microwave devices manufactured by Armstrong Marine, Inc., Stuart, FL, were tested against field colonies of RIFA. Twenty-six active colonies were located and characterized in Brazos County, TX, rangeland. All colonies were located within 0.5 ha and in the same soil type. Colonies were characterized in terms of ant activity using a Lichert scale of 0-3, with 0 = inactive, 1 = minor activity, 2 = moderate activity, and 3 = full activity. A metal wire inserted in mounds and vibrated determined ant activity. The number of ants responding to the disturbance in the first 30 s was rated as above. Posttreatment evaluations also used this procedure. Following the last assay interval, the mounds were dug with a spade and an observation made as to the relative numbers of foragers, brood and queens surviving.
Control of Rough Harvester Ants in Low Water-Use Urban Parks, New Mexico, 1994
Authors: Ward Charles R. , McGinn Damon , Walters Suzanne , Leeuwen Dawn Van 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Rough harvester ant control was evaluated in an urban forest park in the city of Albuquerque. Treatments were randomized within blocks and replicated 4 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made of active ants on and in the clear area of each mound prior to treatment. Treatments were made on 2 June under sunny weather conditions while ants were active (7:30-11:30 a.m.). Broadcast granular treatments were made by applying measured amounts to a 100 ft2 area around each mound with an Ortho® Whirly-Bird® granular applicator. The broadcast spray treatment was applied with a CO2 pressured back-pack, small-plot sprayer with 6 X-4 tips spaced 20 inches apart. At 60 psi and 4 mph the sprayer delivered 5.63 gal of finished spray per acre. However, the 10 ft by 10 ft (100 ft2) area around each plot was sprayed in each direction to give a spray volume of 11.3 gal per acre. Dry Mound (M) treatments were made by sprinkling measured amounts of each form on the mound area around the entrance hole only. The Orthene 75SP mound drench was applied in 3.78 liters of water sprinkled over a 0.37 m2 area around the center of each mound.
Python™, Yt–615, and Optimizer™ Ear Tags for Winter–Time Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1992
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate PYthon™, YT𠄣615, and Optimizer™ ear tags applied at one tag per animal, and PYthon™ ear tags at two tags per animal for winter-time control of cattle lice. The experiment was performed at the University of Wyoming Research and Extension Center, Torrington, Wyoming. The experimental cattle were born in the spring of 1991. All were male castrates and were primarily Gelbvieh X Angus crosses. Animals were individually identified by numbered ear tags in both ears. The cattle were housed in ten separate pens at the rate of 5 or 6 animals per pen. Each pen was 20 X 60 ft with a 20-ft feed bunk across one end. Each animal received a finishing ration, free-choice, average weight gain was 2 lb per head per d. Salt, mineral mix, and water were provided ad libitum. Lice infestations were naturally acquired. Most cattle were infested with Linognathus vituli and Bovicola bovis. A few animals were infested with Solenopotes capillatus. Prior to treatment, the pens were ranked by total counts of L. vituli. The five pens with the highest mean counts and the five pens with the lowest mean counts were randomly assigned to one of the five ear tag treatments. All species of lice present on the animals were counted. Counts were performed by visual inspection of the cattle on d 0 (pretreatment), and 14, 28, 42, and 56 DAT. Lice were counted in eight examination sites on each animal. Specimens were identified by species and life stage (either adult or nymph). Examination sites and dimensions were as follows: topline 5 X 15 cm, withers 5 X 15 cm, around right eye 10 X 15 cm, around left eye 10 X 15 cm, right cheek 5 X 10 cm, left cheek 5 X 10 cm, muzzle 5 X 25 cm and dewlap 5 X 15 cm. These sample sites include predilection areas of L. vituli, B. bovis, and S. capillatus. For purposes of examination, cattle were individually restrained in a squeeze chute with a head catch. A high intensity light provided illumination. Total lice counts were transformed using In (total count + 1). A general linear model procedure (SAS) was used to analyse the transformed counts. Total variation in the lice count was partitioned into that attributable to the treatment, animal within treatment, sampling d, treatment X sampling d interaction, and residual. Geometric means for lice counts were estimated for each treatment group on each sampling d. Percentage reduction in lice numbers from the first to the last d of the study were calculated from the geometric means of the treated and untreated cattle using the formula:
Survival of Ground Beetles (Carabidae) Fed on Western Corn Rootworm Adults Killed by Semiochem-Ical-Based Baits, 1992-93
Authors: Ellsbury M. M. , Gaggero J. M. , Johnson T. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two semiochemical-based com rootworm baits, Slam and Compel, were evaluated for indirect effects on five ground beetle (Carabidae) species fed on bait-killed WCR. Ground beetles were collected alive using ramp type pitfall traps oriented perpendicularly to rows of com planted on 30 inch centers. Baits were applied at IX, 2X, 3X and 4X the labelled rate (Compel + carbaryl: 1.16 oz carbaryl [AI]/acre; Slam 1.56 oz [AI]/acre) to 10 ft by 30 ft plots of com grown in rows 40 inches apart. Five WCR adults, killed 24 hr prior to each experiment by exposure to bait treatments on excised whole leaves taken from the field, were offered as a food source to single adult ground beetles. Ground beetles were starved for 24 h before confinement with bait-killed rootworm adults. Because supplies of ground beetles trapped were sporadic and variable, bioassays were repeated several times in a randomized incomplete block design. Our intent was to test each ground beetle species two to four times with WCR beetles killed at each application rate. Controls were untreated corn leaves with artificial diet provided for food.
Laboratory Activity of Spinosad on the European Corn Borer 1994
Authors: Larson L. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
To evaluate the European corn borer control of spinosad, the first example of the naturalyte insect control class, two techniques were utilized. First, corn seedlings were cut and confined with spinosad corn cob granules in a 150 mm petri dishes with corn borer eggs and a moist dental wick. For each material, four replicates per rate and 4 rates were evaluated after 10 days. The amount of feeding present in the dishes was scored and compared to the untreated to determine percent control. After activity was seen in these preliminary tests, a more field correlated study was run utilizing large whorl stage (18“) corn plants previously infested with egg masses of European corn borer. The plants were treated in the whorl with various granular treatments at the shot-holing stage approximately 2 weeks following infestation. After 3 weeks in the greenhouse, the corn stalks were split and the number of larvae and the length of the tunnels were recorded. These were compared to the untreated check to obtain percent control.
Microbial Control of Cabbage Maggot-Preliminary Screenings of Fungal Isolates, 1995
Authors: Meadow Richard , Vandenberg John D. , Shelton Anthony M. , Wesley Watson D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Adult CM were exposed to dry conidia of isolates of Beauvaria bassiana (Bb), Metarhizium anisopilae (Ma) or Paeciomyces fumosoroseus (Pf). Two B. bassiana isolates were from Cornell University (P89, L90) isolated from Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), one was from Mycoteh Corp., Butte, MT (Myc 726) originally isolated from southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpuntata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), re-isolated from a grasshopper, Melanoplus sp. (Orthoptera:Acrididae), and then re-isolated from silverleaf whitefly, Bemesia argentiflora (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The other isolates were from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomophagous Fungal Cultures. One B. bassiana isolate, 4012, was isolated from Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The P. fumosoroseus isolates were number 1626 from M. autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae), 1644, 1645, 1867 and 1868 from M. domestica, 1646 from Calliphora spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and 887 from unidentified Diptera. The M. anisopilae isolates were 2521 from Deois spp. (Homoptera: Cercopidae), 3540 from Gelleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and 4862 and 4865 from soil. Flies from rearings at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, were exposed to the fungi by placing 5 flies in a centrifuge tube containing conidia scraped directly from culture plates. The flies were then released into small screened plastic cages, which were placed in chambers with constant temperature of 21° C and L:D 15: 9. There were 3 replicates. Mortality was assessed after 48, 120 and 160h. Dead flies were placed in petri dishes with moistened filter paper to assess infection.
Evaluations Of Square Damage On Bollgard (Bt) Cotton, 1995
Authors: Burris Gene , Cook Don , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were four rows (40-inch spacing) wide X 30 feet long and consisted of a randomized complete design with 4 replications. Cotton seed was planted on 15 May on a Commerce silt loam soil which was sidedress fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere model 7100 series planter equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seed rate was 4 seeds/row ft. The granular in-furrow treatment (Temik 15G, 0.5 lb Al/acre) was applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. Terraclor Super-X 2E, 2 quarts formulated/acre, was applied with a compressed air sprayer system attached to 2501 nozzles on the planter. The spray tips were positioned to thoroughly cover the sides and bottom of the seed furrow and were calibrated to deliver 5 GPA finished spray. Stand and plant height data were taken on 16 Jun (data not shown). BWTBW treatments (H. spp.) were applied to Coker 312 (Spray/H. spp.) and Bollgard­ (Spray/8%) on 17 Jul and 2, 10, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. Square and terminal infestation ratings were taken (larvae/25) on 3, 12, 17, 20, 24, 26 Jul and 1, 3, 9, and 14 Aug. Boll damage and foliage damage ratings were taken on 29 Aug. The test was conducted in the presence of high boll weevil population densities. Eight overspray treatments were used to control aphids, plant bugs, and boll weevils in all plots as follows: Provado 1.6F + Vydate 3.77L, 0.04 + 0.25 lb Al/acre, (20 June); Bidrin 8E + Ovasyn 1.5E, 0.4 + 0.25 lb Al/acre, (28 June); Guthion 2L, 0.25 lb Al/acre, (10 July); andMethyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre, (12 July); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre, (28 July and 12, 18 August). Bollgard­ threshold treatments 2% and 5% were sprayed with Karate IE + Larvin 3.2F at 0.033 + 0.25 lb Al/acre on 10 August. Bollgard­ threshold treatments 2%, 5% and 8% were sprayed wit Baythroid 2E + Curacron 8E + Larvin 3.2Fat 0.04 + 1.0 + 0.4 lb Al/acre respectively (17 Aug). All Bollgard­ threshold treatments were sprayed with Methyl parathion 4E + Pirate 3SC + Curacron 8E at 0.33 + 0.25 + 1.0 lb Al/acre on 24 Aug.
Field Evaluation Of Sorghum Midge-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids, 1995
Authors: Peterson Gary C. , Teetes George L. , Anderson Roger M. , Pendleton Bonnie B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twentysix F, sorghum hybrids were evaluated in a 3 replication RCB design for resistance to sorghum midge (SM) in field trials at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. The trial was composed of 17 hybrids with experimental Alines crossed to released Rlines, 3 resistant X resistant checks, 2 resistant X susceptible checks, and 4susceptible X susceptible checks. Seed was planted 7 Apr with 96.5 cm between row atCorpus Christi and 29 Apr with 76.2 cm between rows at College Station. SM were not controlled during sorghum flowering to place maximum pressure on resistance genes. Grain yields and SM damage rating of experimental Alines as hybrid seed parents were compared with those of the checks. Physiologically mature sorghum was rated for SM damage on a scal of 1 = 1-10, 2 = 11-20, up to 9 = 81-100% kernel loss. For grain yields, allpanicles pe plot(0.0025 ha) were hand harvested and threshed using a stationary plot thresher. Threshed grain weight was converted to kg/ha to obtain grain yield. ANOVA and LSD.05 were used to analyze data.
Evaluation Of Tomato Cultivars, Isolines And Near-Isolines For Resistance To Silverleaf Whitefly. Spring 1995
Authors: McAuslane Heather J. , Golub Rhoda , Schuster David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Seeds of 7 tomato cultivars and 12 isogenic or near-isogenic mutants varying for foliar pubescence were obtained from C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics ResourceCenter (Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis). ‘Sunny’ was the control susceptible cultivar. On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds covered with blackpolyethylene mulch in Bradenton. The field plot consisted of 2 150ft long rows separate by 5 ft and irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Single plants wer replicated 1 times in a completely randomized design On 24 May, 7 Jun, and 20Jun, 2 terminal leaflets from the 6th leaf (counting from the top) and 2 terminal leaflets from the 8th leaf were collected from each plant. The area of each leaflet was measure and the numbers of eggs, nymphs and red-eyed nymphs (pupae) were recorded on a per 10 cm basis. On 1 April and on10 May, numbers of glandular (type VI) and nonglandular (types II, III and V)trichomes were counted per 8 mm2 on terminals from the 6th leaves.
Peach, Control of American Plum Borer and Sesiid Borers with Chemical Insecticides and an Ento-Mopathogenic Nematode, 1995
Authors: Kain D. P. , Agnello A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted in a 25-year-old commercial block of peaches severely infected with a canker disease, providing openings through the bark attractive to borers. Most cankers were filled with gum. Five single-tree replicates of each treatment were selected based on likelihood of borer infestation. All materials were applied as a coarse spray with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. The spray stream was directed into openings in the bark, as well as covering the entire trunk, from ground level up to, and including, the first scaffold limbs. Spray dates for Lorsban were 7 Jun (petal fall) or 7 Jun + 13 Jul (APB 2nd flight start). Spray dates for Asana were 7 Jun, or 7 Jun + 13 Jul + 15 Aug (postharvest). The nematode tested was Steinernema carpocapsae (Scanmask). Spray dates for Scanmask were 27 Jun (1st generation larvae present) or 27 Jun + 15 Aug (2nd generation larvae present). Trunks and lower scaffolds were sampled in the fall (28 Sep-4 Oct) by peeling back bark with a hammer and long screwdriver to slightly beyond the edge of the living cambium and counting all living larvae.