bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of practitioner perceptions of selection methods in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jackson Duncan J. R. , Dewberry Chris , Gallagher Jaroslava , Close Liam 
Published: August 2017

In this study, 476 participants, divided into occupational psychology (OP)‐, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD)‐, human resource management (HRM)‐qualified, and layperson subgroups, provided their perceptions of the validity, fairness, and frequency of use of employee selection methods. Results of a mixed‐effects analysis of covariance revealed that respondent qualification background predicted the degree to which participant validity perceptions were aligned with research‐based estimates of validity, F [3, 29.39] = 20.06, p < .001, η2 = .67. Corrected pairwise comparisons suggested that perceptions of participants with CIPD and HRM backgrounds were not significantly more aligned with research estimates of validity than were the perceptions of laypeople. OP participant validity perceptions were significantly more aligned with research estimates than all other subgroups, (p < .03). Evidence was also found for some between‐group consistency regarding frequency‐of‐use perceptions, but less between‐group consistency was found vis‐à‐vis perceptions of fairness. Implications for decision‐making in employee selection are discussed.Practitioner points

Knowledge about employee selection measures might not be effectively shared between those with CIPD‐ and HRM‐related qualifications versus those with OP‐related qualifications.

Laypeople and respondents with CIPD‐ and HRM‐related qualifications were found to deviate similarly from up‐to‐date research findings about the validity of selection measures.

Respondents with OP‐related qualifications were more closely aligned with up‐to‐date findings about the validity of selection measures than were other comparison groups.
Hospital‐level balloon tamponade use is associated with increased mortality for all patients presenting with acute variceal haemorrhage
Authors: Tapper Elliot B. , Ezaz Ghideon , Patwardhan Vilas , Mellinger Jessica , Bonder Alan , Curry Michael , Saini Sameer D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsBalloon tamponade (BT) can bridge patients to salvage therapy for uncontrollable acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH). However, data are limited regarding the reasons for, rate of and outcomes associated with Balloon tamponade use.MethodsFirst, we performed an single‐centre cohort study of all patients (N = 139) with oesophageal acute variceal haemorrhage from 01/2009 to 10/2015. Associations between Balloon tamponade use and adherence to four quality metrics (endoscopy within 12 hours, band‐ligation, pre‐endoscopy antibiotics and octreotide) were evaluated. Second, we analysed the National Inpatient Sample (2005‐2011) to determine the association between in‐hospital mortality for patients and their hospital's Balloon tamponade—utilization to acute variceal haemorrhage volume ratio.ResultsIn the national cohort, 5.5% of 140 521 acute variceal haemorrhage admissions required Balloon tamponade utilization. Adjusting for patient‐ and hospital‐level confounders, the rate of Balloon tamponade use per acute variceal haemorrhage managed at any given hospital was associated with increased mortality for all‐comers with acute variceal haemorrhage. Compared to the lowest tertile, acute variceal haemorrhage admissions in the highest Balloon tamponade utilizers were associated with increased mortality of (OR1.17 95%CI (1.01‐1.37).In the single‐centre cohort, 14 (10.1%) patients required Balloon tamponade. Balloon tamponade utilization was significantly associated with alcohol abuse (50.4% vs 21.4%, P = .04), hepatocellular carcinoma (35.7% vs 8.8%, P = .01), higher median model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score (26.3vs15.5, P = .002) and active bleeding during endoscopy (64.3% vs 27.5%, P = .01). Failure to provide all quality metrics was associated with a higher model for end‐stage liver disease‐adjusted risk of Balloon tamponade use: OR 16.7 95% CI(4.17‐100.0, P < .0001).ConclusionBalloon tamponade use is associated with severity of bleeding but may also implicate deficits in processes of care. Even for patients who did not need Balloon tamponade, presentation to hospitals with high Balloon tamponade utilization increases their odds of dying from acute variceal haemorrhage.
Overexpression of AtPAD4 in transgenic Brachypodium distachyon enhances resistance to Puccinia brachypodii
Authors: Wang B. , Wang N. , Song N. , Wang W. , Wang J. , Wang X. , Kang Z. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Brachypodium distachyon (L.) has recently emerged as a model for temperate grasses for investigating the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions. Phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4) plays a regulatory role in mediating expression of genes involved in plant defence.

In this research, we generated transgenic B. distachyon plants constitutively overexpressing AtPAD4. Two transgenic B. distachyon lines were verified using PCR and GUS phenotype.

Constitutive expression of AtPAD4 in B. distachyon enhanced resistance to Puccinia brachypodii. P. brachypodii generated less urediniospores on transgenic than on wild‐type plants. AtPAD4 overexpression enhanced salicylic acid (SA) levels in B. distachyon‐infected tissues. qRT‐PCR showed that expression of pathogenesis‐related 1 (PR1) and other defence‐related genes were up‐regulated in transformed B. distachyon following infection with P. brachypodii.

Our results indicate that AtPAD4 overexpression in B. distachyon plants led to SA accumulation and induced PR gene expression that reduced the rate of colonisation by P. brachypodii.
Metabolic tracing analysis reveals substrate‐specific metabolic deficits in platelet storage lesion
Authors: Sims Carrie , Salliant Noelle , Worth Andrew J. , Parry Robert , Mesaros Clementina , Blair Ian A. , Snyder Nathaniel W. 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUNDStorage of platelets (PLTs) results in a progressive defect termed PLT storage lesion (PSL). The PSL is characterized by poor PLT quality on a variety of assays. Metabolic defects are thought to underlie the PSL; thus this study was designed to quantitatively probe specific metabolic pathways over PLT storage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRelative incorporation of stable isotope‐labeled substrates was quantified by isotopologue analysis of key acyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) thioester products for fresh, viable (after collection, Days 2‐5), and expired PLTs (after Day 5). We examined the incorporation of acetate, glucose, and palmitate into acetyl‐ and succinyl‐CoA via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.RESULTSStorage‐related defects in the incorporation of acetyl‐CoA derived from acetate and palmitate were observed. Carbon derived from palmitate and acetate in succinyl‐CoA was reduced over storage time. Glucose incorporation into succinyl‐CoA increased in viable PLTs and then decreased in expired PLTs. Carbon derived from octanoate and pyruvate remained partially able to incorporate into acetyl‐ and succinyl‐CoA in expired PLTs, with high variability in pyruvate incorporation.CONCLUSIONIsotopologue analysis is useful in probing substrate specific defects in the PSL.
Mother-Newborn Pairs in Malawi Have Similar Antibody Repertoires to Diverse Malaria Antigens
Authors: Boudová Sarah , Walldorf Jenny A. , Bailey Jason A. , Divala Titus , Mungwira Randy , Mawindo Patricia , Pablo Jozelyn , Jasinskas Algis , Nakajima Rie , Ouattara Amed , Adams Matthew , Felgner Philip L. , Plowe Christopher V. , Travassos Mark A. , Laufer Miriam K. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Maternal antibodies may play a role in protecting newborns against malaria disease.
Plasmodium falciparum
parasite surface antigens are diverse, and protection from infection requires allele-specific immunity. Although malaria-specific antibodies have been shown to cross the placenta, the extent to which antibodies that respond to the full repertoire of diverse antigens are transferred from the mother to the infant has not been explored. Understanding the breadth of maternal antibody responses and to what extent these antibodies are transferred to the child can inform vaccine design and evaluation. We probed plasma from cord blood and serum from mothers at delivery using a customized protein microarray that included variants of malaria vaccine target antigens to assess the intensity and breadth of seroreactivity to three malaria vaccine candidate antigens in mother-newborn pairs in Malawi. Among the 33 paired specimens that were assessed, mothers and newborns had similar intensity and repertoire of seroreactivity. Maternal antibody levels against vaccine candidate antigens were the strongest predictors of infant antibody levels. Placental malaria did not significantly impair transplacental antibody transfer. However, mothers with placental malaria had significantly higher antibody levels against these blood-stage antigens than mothers without placental malaria. The repertoire and levels of infant antibodies against a wide range of malaria vaccine candidate antigen variants closely mirror maternal levels in breadth and magnitude regardless of evidence of placental malaria. Vaccinating mothers with an effective malaria vaccine during pregnancy may induce high and potentially protective antibody repertoires in newborns.
Chlamydia trachomatis: the Persistent Pathogen
Authors: Witkin Steven S. , Minis Evelyn , Athanasiou Aikaterini , Leizer Julie , Linhares Iara M. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTChlamydia trachomatisis an obligate intracellular bacterium whose only natural host is humans. Although presenting as asymptomatic in most women, genital tract chlamydial infections are a leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.C. trachomatishas evolved successful mechanisms to avoid destruction by autophagy and the host immune system and persist within host epithelial cells. The intracellular form of this organism, the reticulate body, can enter into a persistent nonreplicative but viable state under unfavorable conditions. The infectious form of the organism, the elementary body, is again generated when the immune attack subsides. In its persistent form,C. trachomatisceases to produce its major structural and membrane components, but synthesis of its 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60) is greatly upregulated and released from the cell. The immune response to hsp60, perhaps exacerbated by repeated cycles of productive infection and persistence, may promote damage to fallopian tube epithelial cells, scar formation, and tubal occlusion. The chlamydial and human hsp60 proteins are very similar, and hsp60 is one of the first proteins produced by newly formed embryos. Thus, the development of immunity to epitopes in the chlamydial hsp60 that are also present in the corresponding human hsp60 may increase susceptibility to pregnancy failure in infected women. Delineation of host factors that increase the likelihood thatC. trachomatiswill avoid immune destruction and survive within host epithelial cells and utilization of this knowledge to design individualized preventative and treatment protocols are needed to more effectively combat infections by this persistent pathogen.
Assessing Clinical Microbiology Practice Guidelines: American Society for Microbiology
Ad Hoc
Committee on Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines Assessment
Authors: Nachamkin Irving , Kirn Thomas J. , Westblade Lars F. , Humphries Romney 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

As part of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines Committee of the Professional Practice Committee, an
ad hoc
committee was formed in 2014 to assess guidelines published by the committee using an assessment tool, Appraisal of Guidelines for Research Evaluation II (AGREE II). The AGREE II assessment helps reviewers determine whether published guidelines are robust, transparent, and clear in presenting practice recommendations in a standardized manner. Identifying strengths and weaknesses of practice guidelines by
ad hoc
assessments helps with improving future guidelines through the participation of key stakeholders. This minireview describes the development of the
ad hoc
committee and results from their review of several ASM best practices guidelines and a non-ASM practice guideline from the Emergency Nurses Association.
Murine Olfactory Bulb Interneurons Survive Infection with a Neurotropic Coronavirus
Authors: Wheeler D. Lori , Athmer Jeremiah , Meyerholz David K. , Perlman Stanley 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the mostly irreplaceable nature of neurons, as the loss of neurons has the potential to result in permanent damage to brain function. However, whether neurons or other cells in the CNS sometimes survive infection and the effects of infection on neuronal function is largely unknown. To address this question, we used the rJHM strain (rJ) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a neurotropic coronavirus that causes acute encephalitis in susceptible strains of mice. To determine whether neurons or other CNS cells survive acute infection with this virulent virus, we developed a recombinant JHMV that expresses Cre recombinase (rJ-Cre) and infected mice that universally expressed a silent (floxed) version of tdTomato. Infection of these mice with rJ-Cre resulted in expression of tdTomato in host cells. The results showed that some cells were able to survive the infection, as demonstrated by continued tdTomato expression after virus antigen could no longer be detected. Most notably, interneurons in the olfactory bulb, which are known to be inhibitory, represented a large fraction of the surviving cells. In conclusion, our results indicated that some neurons are resistant to virus-mediated cell death and provide a framework for studying the effects of prior coronavirus infection on neuron function.

IMPORTANCE
We developed a novel recombinant virus that allows the study of cells that survive an infection by a central nervous system-specific strain of murine coronavirus. Using this virus, we identified neurons and, to a lesser extent, nonneuronal cells in the brain that were infected during the acute phase of the infection and survived for approximately 2 weeks until the mice succumbed to the infection. We focused on neurons and glial cells within the olfactory bulb because the virus enters the brain at this site. Our results show that interneurons of the olfactory bulb were the primary cell type able to survive infection. Further, these results indicate that this system will be useful for functional and gene expression studies of cells in the brain that survive acute infection.
Attenuated Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Expressing the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Fusion (F) Glycoprotein from an Added Gene: Effects of Prefusion Stabilization and Packaging of RSV F
Authors: Liu Xiang , Liang Bo , Ngwuta Joan , Liu Xueqiao , Surman Sonja , Lingemann Matthias , Kwong Peter D. , Graham Barney S. , Collins Peter L. , Munir Shirin 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent worldwide cause of severe respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) also causes severe pediatric respiratory illness, especially croup. Both viruses lack vaccines. Here, we describe the preclinical development of a bivalent RSV/HPIV1 vaccine based on a recombinant HPIV1 vector, attenuated by a stabilized mutation, that expresses RSV F protein modified for increased stability in the prefusion (pre-F) conformation by previously described disulfide bond (DS) and hydrophobic cavity-filling (Cav1) mutations. RSV F was expressed from the first or second gene position as the full-length protein or as a chimeric protein with its transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail (TMCT) domains substituted with those of HPIV1 F in an effort to direct packaging in the vector particles. All constructs were recovered by reverse genetics. The TMCT versions of RSV F were packaged in the rHPIV1 particles much more efficiently than their full-length counterparts. In hamsters, the presence of the RSV F gene, and in particular the TMCT versions, was attenuating and resulted in reduced immunogenicity. However, the vector expressing full-length RSV F from the pre-N position was immunogenic for RSV and HPIV1. It conferred complement-independent high-quality RSV-neutralizing antibodies at titers similar to those of wild-type RSV and provided protection against RSV challenge. The vectors exhibited stable RSV F expression
in vitro
and
in vivo
. In conclusion, an attenuated rHPIV1 vector expressing a pre-F-stabilized form of RSV F demonstrated promising immunogenicity and should be further developed as an intranasal pediatric vaccine.

IMPORTANCE
RSV and HPIV1 are major viral causes of acute pediatric respiratory illness for which no vaccines or suitable antiviral drugs are available. The RSV F glycoprotein is the major RSV neutralization antigen. We used a rHPIV1 vector, bearing a stabilized attenuating mutation, to express the RSV F glycoprotein bearing amino acid substitutions that increase its stability in the pre-F form, the most immunogenic form that elicits highly functional virus-neutralizing antibodies. RSV F was expressed from the pre-N or N-P gene position of the rHPIV1 vector as a full-length protein or as a chimeric form with its TMCT domain derived from HPIV1 F. TMCT modification greatly increased packaging of RSV F into the vector particles but also increased vector attenuation
in vivo
, resulting in reduced immunogenicity. In contrast, full-length RSV F expressed from the pre-N position was immunogenic, eliciting complement-independent RSV-neutralizing antibodies and providing protection against RSV challenge.
Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 Genomes Are Ancient, Intact, and Potentially Able To Reactivate from Telomeres
Authors: Zhang Enjie , Bell Adam J. , Wilkie Gavin S. , Suárez Nicolás M. , Batini Chiara , Veal Colin D. , Armendáriz-Castillo Isaac , Neumann Rita , Cotton Victoria E. , Huang Yan , Porteous David J. , Jarrett Ruth F. , Davison Andrew J. , Royle Nicola J. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
The genomes of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B have the capacity to integrate into telomeres, the essential capping structures of chromosomes that play roles in cancer and ageing. About 1% of people worldwide are carriers of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6), which is inherited as a genetic trait. Understanding the consequences of integration for the evolution of the viral genome, for the telomere, and for the risk of disease associated with carrier status is hampered by a lack of knowledge about ciHHV-6 genomes. Here, we report an analysis of 28 ciHHV-6 genomes and show that they are significantly divergent from the few modern nonintegrated HHV-6 strains for which complete sequences are currently available. In addition, ciHHV-6B genomes in Europeans are more closely related to each other than to ciHHV-6B genomes from China and Pakistan, suggesting regional variation of the trait. Remarkably, at least one group of European ciHHV-6B carriers has inherited the same ciHHV-6B genome, integrated in the same telomere allele, from a common ancestor estimated to have existed 24,500 ± 10,600 years ago. Despite the antiquity of some, and possibly most, germ line HHV-6 integrations, the majority of ciHHV-6B (95%) and ciHHV-6A (72%) genomes contain a full set of intact viral genes and therefore appear to have the capacity for viral gene expression and full reactivation.

IMPORTANCE
Inheritance of HHV-6A or HHV-6B integrated into a telomere occurs at a low frequency in most populations studied to date, but its characteristics are poorly understood. However, stratification of ciHHV-6 carriers in modern populations due to common ancestry is an important consideration for genome-wide association studies that aim to identify disease risks for these people. Here, we present full sequence analysis of 28 ciHHV-6 genomes and show that ciHHV-6B in many carriers with European ancestry most likely originated from ancient integration events in a small number of ancestors. We propose that ancient ancestral origins for ciHHV-6A and ciHHV-6B are also likely in other populations. Moreover, despite their antiquity, all of the ciHHV-6 genomes appear to retain the capacity to express viral genes, and most are predicted to be capable of full viral reactivation. These discoveries represent potentially important considerations in immunocompromised patients, in particular in organ transplantation and in stem cell therapy.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Protects against Chikungunya Virus-Induced Immunopathology by Restricting Infection in Muscle Cells
Authors: Nair Sharmila , Poddar Subhajit , Shimak Raeann M. , Diamond Michael S. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe innate immune system protects cells against viral pathogens in part through the autocrine and paracrine actions of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) (type I), IFN-γ (type II), and IFN-λ (type III). The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) has a demonstrated role in shaping innate and adaptive antiviral immunity by inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and mediating signals downstream of IFN-γ. Although ectopic expression experiments have suggested an inhibitory function of IRF-1 against infection of alphaviruses in cell culture, its rolein vivoremains unknown. Here, we infectedIrf1−/−mice with two distantly related arthritogenic alphaviruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Ross River virus (RRV), and assessed the early antiviral functions of IRF-1 prior to induction of adaptive B and T cell responses. IRF-1 expression limited CHIKV-induced foot swelling in joint-associated tissues and prevented dissemination of CHIKV and RRV at early time points. Virological and histological analyses revealed greater infection of muscle tissues inIrf1−/−mice than in wild-type mice. The antiviral actions of IRF-1 appeared to be independent of the induction of type I IFN or the effects of type II and III IFNs but were associated with altered local proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses and differential infiltration of myeloid cell subsets. Collectively, ourin vivoexperiments suggest that IRF-1 restricts CHIKV and RRV infection in stromal cells, especially muscle cells, and that this controls local inflammation and joint-associated swelling.IMPORTANCEInterferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a broad range of antiviral host defense genes. In this study, usingIrf1−/−mice, we investigated the role of IRF-1 in modulating pathogenesis of two related arthritogenic alphaviruses, chikungunya virus and Ross River virus. Our studies show that IRF-1 controlled alphavirus replication and swelling in joint-associated tissues within days of infection. Detailed histopathological and virological analyses revealed that IRF-1 preferentially restricted CHIKV infection in cells of nonhematopoietic lineage, including muscle cells. The antiviral actions of IRF-1 resulted in decreased local inflammatory responses in joint-associated tissues, which prevented immunopathology.
Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1-Mediated Oncogenicity
Authors: Wang Liang Wei , Jiang Sizun , Gewurz Benjamin E. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is expressed in multiple human malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin and immunosuppression-associated lymphomas. LMP1 mimics CD40 signaling to activate multiple growth and survival pathways, in particular, NF-κB. LMP1 has critical roles in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell transformation, and its expression causes fatal lymphoproliferative disease in immunosuppressed mice. Here, we review recent developments in studies of LMP1 signaling, LMP1-induced host dependency factors, mouse models of LMP1 lymphomagenesis, and anti-LMP1 immunotherapy approaches.