bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reluctant entrepreneurs: musicians and entrepreneurship in the ‘new’ music industry
Authors: Haynes Jo , Marshall Lee 
Published: September 2017

AbstractChanging labour conditions in the creative industries – with celebrations of autonomy and entrepreneurialism intertwined with increasing job insecurity, portfolio careers and short‐term, project‐based contracts – are often interpreted as heralding changes to employment relations more broadly. The position of musicians’ labour in relation to these changes is unclear, however, given that these kinds of conditions have defined musicians’ working practices over much longer periods of time (though they may have intensified due to well‐documented changes to the music industry brought about by digitization and disintermediation). Musicians may thus be something of a barometer of current trends, as implied in the way that the musically derived label ‘gig economy’ is being used to describe the spread of precarious working conditions to broader sections of the population. This article, drawing on original qualitative research that investigated the working practices of musicians, explores one specific aspect of these conditions: whether musicians are self‐consciously entrepreneurial towards their work and audience. We found that, while the musicians in our study are routinely involved in activities that could be construed as entrepreneurial, generally they were reluctant to label themselves as entrepreneurs. In part this reflected understandings of entrepreneurialism as driven by profit‐seeking but it also reflected awareness that being a popular musician has always involved business and commercial dimensions. Drawing on theoretical conceptions of entrepreneurship developed by Joseph Schumpeter we highlight how the figure of the entrepreneur and the artist/musician share much in common and reflect various aspects of romantic individualism. Despite this, there are also some notable differences and we conclude that framing musicians’ labour as entrepreneurial misrepresents their activities through an overemphasis on the economic dimensions of their work at the expense of the cultural.
What is the safest mode of birth for extremely preterm breech singleton infants who are actively resuscitated? A systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Grabovac M , Karim JN , Isayama T , Liyanage S Korale , McDonald SD 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundThe safest delivery mode of extremely preterm breech singletons is unknown.ObjectivesTo determine safest delivery mode of actively resuscitated extremely preterm breech singletons.Search strategyWe searched Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 1994 to May 2017.Selection criteriaWe included studies comparing outcomes by delivery mode in actively resuscitated breech infants between 23+0 and 27+6 weeks.Data collection and analysisWe synthesised data using random effects, generated odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT). Our primary outcomes were death (neonatal, before discharge, or by 6 months) and severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grades III/IV), stratified by gestational age (23+0–24+6, 25+0–26+6, 27+0–27+6 weeks).Main resultsWe included 15 studies with 12 335 infants. We found that caesarean section was associated with a 41% decrease in odds of death between 23+0 and 27+6 weeks [odds ratio (OR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.36–0.95, NNT 8], with the greatest decrease at 23+0–24+6 weeks (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44–0.75, NNT 7). The OR at 25+0–26+6 and 27+0–27+6 weeks were 0.72 (95% CI 0.34–1.52) and 2.04 (95% CI 0.20–20.62), respectively. We found that caesarean section was associated with 49% decrease in odds of severe intraventricular haemorrhage between 23+0 and 27+6 weeks (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29–0.91, NNT 12), whereas the OR at 25+0–26+6 and 27+0–27+6 was 0.29 (95% CI 0.07–1.12) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.27–3.05), respectively.ConclusionsCaesarean section was associated with reductions in the odds of death by 41% and of severe intraventricular haemorrhage by 49% in actively resuscitated breech singletons < 28 weeks of gestation. The data are mostly observational, which may be inherently biased, and scarce on other morbidities, necessitating thorough discussion between parents and clinicians.Tweetable abstractCaesarean section associated with lower odds of death and severe intraventricular haemorrhage in actively resuscitated breech singletons <28 weeks.
Flight to Quality in International Markets: Investors’ Demand for Financial Reporting Quality during Political Uncertainty Events
Authors: Chen Feng , Hope Ole‐Kristian , Li Qingyuan , Wang Xin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe examine whether international equity mutual fund managers shift their portfolios toward stocks with higher financial reporting quality (FRQ) during periods of high political uncertainty. Our study is motivated by two primary factors. First, prior research shows evidence of fund managers’ “flight to quality” (e.g., to less risky securities) during periods of uncertainty. Second, recent theoretical research concludes that stocks with higher FRQ are assessed as less sensitive to systematic risk (such as political uncertainty). We employ national elections as exogenous increases in systematic risk in the local markets and accordingly use an international sample of mutual funds that focus on local markets. We find that mutual fund managers shift their equity holdings to stocks with higher FRQ during election periods when political uncertainty is higher. Such a flight‐to‐quality effect is less pronounced for elections with larger expected electoral margins in the pre‐election period (i.e., when the incumbent is more likely to win the election) and for countries with higher transactions costs. In contrast, the effect is more pronounced when governments have greater involvement in the local economy. Our inferences are robust to alternative proxies for political uncertainty and FRQ and to numerous other sensitivity analyses.
assignPOP: An r package for population assignment using genetic, non‐genetic, or integrated data in a machine‐learning framework
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Yu , Marschall Elizabeth A. , Sovic Michael G. , Fries Anthony C. , Gibbs H. Lisle , Ludsin Stuart A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The use of biomarkers (e.g., genetic, microchemical and morphometric characteristics) to discriminate among and assign individuals to a population can benefit species conservation and management by facilitating our ability to understand population structure and demography.

Tools that can evaluate the reliability of large genomic datasets for population discrimination and assignment, as well as allow their integration with non‐genetic markers for the same purpose, are lacking. Our r package, assignPOP, provides both functions in a supervised machine‐learning framework.

assignPOP uses Monte‐Carlo and K‐fold cross‐validation procedures, as well as principal component analysis, to estimate assignment accuracy and membership probabilities, using training (i.e., baseline source population) and test (i.e., validation) datasets that are independent. A user then can build a specified predictive model based on the relative sizes of these datasets and classification functions, including linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, naïve Bayes, decision tree and random forest.

assignPOP can benefit any researcher who seeks to use genetic or non‐genetic data to infer population structure and membership of individuals. assignPOP is a freely available r package under the GPL license, and can be downloaded from CRAN or at https://github.com/alexkychen/assignPOP. A comprehensive tutorial can also be found at https://alexkychen.github.io/assignPOP/.
Hot off the Press: Embedded Clinical Decision Support in Electronic Health Record Decreases Use of High‐cost Imaging in the Emergency Department: EmbED Study
Authors: Heitz Corey , Morgenstern Justin , Milne William K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis longitudinal before/after study of embedded clinical decision rules assessed the effects of clinical decision support on use of common imaging studies. Among high users, rates of computed tomograhy (CT) scan of the brain and CT of the cervical spine were reduced after implementation of embedded clinical decision instruments, while in low users, rates increased. This article summarizes the manuscript and the Skeptics Guide to Emergency Medicine podcast, as well as the ensuing social media/online discussion.
A clinical, randomized study on the influence of dental whitening on Streptococcus mutans population
Authors: Briso ALF , Silva ÚAE , Souza MBA , Rahal V , Jardim Júnior EG , Cintra LTA 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundDental whitening with peroxides has been popularized through the at‐home technique, which employs low concentrations of peroxide applied in individual trays. However, there are few clinical trials reporting the effects of its continuous use on oral microbiota. Thus, the purpose of the present clinical, randomized study was to evaluate the influence of at‐home whitening treatment on Streptococcus mutans in saliva, buccal mucosa, and subgingival and supragingival plaque.MethodsThirty volunteers were randomly divided into two study groups (N = 15) according to the whitening therapy: G CP, whitening using 10% carbamide peroxide 4 h daily for 21 days; and G HP, whitening using 6% hydrogen peroxide 1.5 h daily for 21 days. Samples from the predetermined locations were collected at three evaluation periods: T1, before; T2, immediately after; and T3, 30 days after the beginning of the treatment. The microbiological evaluation was made using conventional and molecular methods.ResultsStudent's t‐test demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in S. mutans population in the subgingival and supragingival plaque for HP samples between T1 and T2 no difference was found between T1 and T3 regardless of the location and the whitening product used (α = 0.05).ConclusionsAlthough HP reduced S. mutans during treatment, the levels returned to baseline when assessed 30 days after the treatment.
The Volatility Spillover Effect between Index Options and their Underlying Markets: Evidence from the US, the UK, and Taiwan
Authors: Chan Chia‐Ying , de Peretti Christian , Wang Ming‐Chun , Chen Hong‐Min 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study examines the volatility spillover effect among five index options and their underlying markets. Results show that the bidirectional volatility spillover effect and the cross‐market leverage effect exist between index options and their underlying markets. Our findings confirm that the volatility spillover effect is generally outweighed by shocks in the underlying market, and that the options implied price volatility is provoked by the information shock occurring in both the cash and options markets to a higher degree. Through the volatility impulse response function, this study shows that the options implied prices are more sensitive to innovations in both markets.
The extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 triggers angiogenesis in human ectopic endometrial implants by inducing angioblast differentiation and proliferation
Authors: Arlier Sefa , Murk William , Guzeloglu‐Kayisli Ozlem , Semerci Nihan , Larsen Kellie , Tabak Mehmet S. , Arici Aydin , Schatz Frederick , Lockwood Charles J. , Kayisli Umit A. 
Published: September 2017

ProblemThe role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2‐mediated angiogenesis during endometriotic nidation is unknown. We posit that ERK1/2‐induced angioblast differentiation and proliferation promotes ectopic endometrial angiogenesis.Methods of studyHuman eutopic and ectopic endometria were immunostained for total‐ (T‐) or phosphorylated‐ (P‐) ERK1/2 or double‐immunostained for P‐ERK1/2‐CD34 and PCNA‐CD34. Estradiol (E2), cytokines, normal peritoneal fluid (NPF) or endometriotic peritoneal fluid (EPF) ±PD98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, treaded primary human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) were evaluated by T‐/P‐ERK1/2 immunoblotting, MTT viability and tube formation assays.ResultsHEECs exhibited higher endothelial P‐ERK1/2 immunoreactivity in ectopic vs eutopic endometria. Double‐immunostained ectopic endometria displayed abundant CD34‐positive angioblasts exhibiting strong P‐ERK1/2 and PCNA immunoreactivity. EPF and vascular growth factor (VEGF)‐A significantly increased HEEC proliferation and P‐ERK1/2 levels. PD98059 reduced basal, EPF, and VEGF‐induced HEEC proliferation and promoted vascular stabilization following tube formation.ConclusionEnhanced ERK1/2 activity in angioblasts by such peritoneal factors as VEGF, E2 induces proliferation to trigger ectopic endometrial angiogenesis.
Chlamydia trachomatis regulates innate immune barrier integrity and mediates cytokine and antimicrobial responses in human uterine ECC‐1 epithelial cells
Authors: Mukura Lucy Rudo , Hickey Danica K. , Rodriguez‐Garcia Marta , Fahey John V. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: September 2017

ProblemChlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection worldwide and known to increase the risk for HIV acquisition. Few studies have investigated how infection of epithelial cells compromises barrier integrity and antimicrobial response.Method of studyECC‐1 cells, a human uterine epithelial cell line, were treated with live and heat‐killed C. trachomatis. Epithelial barrier integrity measured as transepithelial resistance (TER), chemokines antimicrobial levels, and antimicrobial mRNA expression was measured by ELISA and Real‐time RT‐PCR.ResultsEpithelial barrier integrity was compromised when cells were infected with live, but not with heat‐killed, C. trachomatis. IL‐8 secretion by ECC‐1 cells increased in response to live and heat‐killed C. trachomatis, while MCP‐1, HBD2 and trappin2/elafin secretion decreased with live C. trachomatis.ConclusionLive C. trachomatis suppresses ECC‐1 innate immune responses by compromising the barrier integrity, inhibiting secretion of MCP‐1, HBD2, and trappin‐2/elafin. Differential responses between live and heat‐killed Chlamydia indicate which immune responses are dependent on ECC‐1 infection rather than the extracellular presence of Chlamydia.
Successful treatment with intrauterine delivery of dexamethasone for repeated implantation failure
Authors: Zhang Tao , Huang Chunyu , Du Yan , Lian Ruochun , Mo Meilan , Zeng Yong , Mor Gil 
Published: September 2017

ProblemEffective therapy for endometrial receptivity of patients with repeated embryo implantation failure (RIF) is far undeveloped. Whether intrauterine perfusion of dexamethasone (DXM), local administration of drugs with less systematic side‐effects, benefit for embryo implantation by suppressing uterine NK (uNK) cells to improve endometrial receptivity remains unknown.Method of studyWomen with RIF were analyzed for the correlation between the percentage of uNK cells during implantation window and following clinical pregnancy rate to determine the appropriate range of uNK for embryo implantation. Women with RIF and extremely increased uNK cells were treated with transvaginal intrauterine perfusion of DXM. Quantification of uNK cells before and after this treatment was analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining for understanding potential underlying mechanism. Pregnancy outcome was evaluated for the efficiency and safety of this novel therapy.ResultsThe clinical pregnancy rate was decreased if the percentage of uNK cells was higher than the 75th percentile (18.06%), which was considered as the cutoff value for increased uNK cells. All eight patients with increased uNK cells responded to DXM‐induced decrease on uNK cells number, and seven got clinical pregnancy. Three delivered with a healthy baby at term without any pregnancy complication and three achieved an ongoing pregnancy, but one suffered from early miscarriage.ConclusionWe report for the first time the beneficial effect of intrauterine perfusion of DXM for patients with RIF characterized by high number of uNK cells. The potential mechanism is downregulation of the proportion of uNK cells, which may improve endometrial receptivity and enhance embryo implantation.
Nasotracheal intubation over a bougie vs. non‐bougie intubation: a prospective randomised, controlled trial in older children and adults using videolaryngoscopy
Authors: Abrons R. O. , Zimmerman M. B. , El‐Hattab Y. M. S. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryConventionally, nasotracheal intubation has consisted of blind nasal passage and external manipulation of the tube through the glottis (‘conventional technique’), a technique associated with a high incidence of nasal trauma. We evaluated a novel technique for routine asleep (i.e. post‐induction) nasotracheal intubation using a bougie (‘bougie technique’), which uses a nasopharyngeal airway to guide a paediatric bougie nasotracheally for use as a Seldinger tracheal intubation guide. Two hundred and fifty‐seven older children (> 8 years) and adults were randomly assigned to videolaryngoscopy‐assisted nasotracheal intubation using either the conventional or the bougie technique. The hypothesis was that the bougie technique would result in less nasopharyngeal trauma. The bougie technique was associated with significantly less nasopharyngeal bleeding than the conventional technique at both 60–90 s (55% vs. 68%; p = 0.033) and 5 min (51% vs. 70%; p = 0.002). The severity of bleeding was also significantly less with the bougie technique, with an OR for active bleeding of 0.42 (95%CI 0.20–0.87; p = 0.020) at 60–90 s and 0.15 (95%CI 0.06–0.37; p < 0.0001) at 5 min. Magill forceps were needed significantly less often with the bougie technique (9% vs. 28%, p = 0.0001) and there was no difference in first attempt and overall success rates between the two techniques (p = 0.133 and p = 0.750, respectively). Not only is nasal intubation over a bougie as successful as the conventional technique, it also significantly decreases both the incidence and severity of nasopharyngeal trauma, as well as the need for the use of Magill forceps.
Preterm infants with necrotising enterocolitis demonstrate an unbalanced gut microbiota
Authors: Itani Tarek , Ayoub Moubareck Carole , Melki Imad , Rousseau Clotilde , Mangin Irène , Butel Marie‐José , Karam‐Sarkis Dolla 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimThis Lebanese study tested the hypothesis that differences would exist in the gut microbiota of preterm infants with and without necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), as reported in Western countries.MethodsThis study compared 11 infants with NEC and 11 controls, all born at 27‐35 weeks, in three neonatal intensive care units between January 2013 and March 2015. Faecal samples were collected at key time points, and microbiota was analysed by culture, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and temperature temporal gel electrophoresis (TTGE).ResultsThe cultures revealed that all preterm infants were poorly colonised and harboured no more than seven species. Prior to NEC diagnosis, significant differences were observed by qPCR with a higher colonisation by staphylococci (p = 0.034) and lower colonisations by enterococci (p = 0.039) and lactobacilli (p = 0.048) in the NEC group compared to the healthy controls. Throughout the study, virtually all of the infants were colonised by Enterobacteriaceae at high levels. TTGE analysis revealed no particular clusterisation, showing high interindividual variability.ConclusionThe NEC infants were poorly colonised with no more than seven species, and the controls had a more diversified and balanced gut microbiota. Understanding NEC aetiology better could lead to more effective prophylactic interventions and a reduced incidence.
Development of Appetite Self‐Regulation: Integrating Perspectives From Attachment and Family Systems Theory
Authors: Saltzman Jaclyn A. , Fiese Barbara H. , Bost Kelly K. , McBride Brent A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAppetite self‐regulation develops rapidly during the first 2 years of life, with implications for weight‐related health and well‐being over the life span. Attachment theory suggests that interpersonal interactions between caregivers and children are part of the biobehavioral system designed to promote the development of self‐regulation. However, parent–child dyads are embedded within the family system, which also influences individual differences in appetite self‐regulation. In this review, we synthesize research on appetite self‐regulation from the perspectives of attachment and family systems theories to identify strengths and limits in how we understand the development of appetite self‐regulation. We propose an integrative theoretical framework in which familial and dyadic factors influence appetite self‐regulation directly and indirectly via modifications to the quality of parent–child interactions during infancy and early childhood. Finally, we identify avenues for research to test pathways of risk, resilience, and well‐being toward optimal appetite self‐regulation and weight outcomes.
Astroglial phagocytosis in central nervous system health and disease
Authors: Yamasaki Ryo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhagocytosis by astrocytes is important in the developing brain and in central nervous system lesions. Astroglial phagocytosis usually contributes to the repair of damaged lesions, but, depending on the local milieu, astrocytes can become activated “A1” type astroglia, which release neurotoxic substances and accelerate regional damage.
Risk factors for postoperative ileus after colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Rybakov E. G. , Shelygin Y. A. , Khomyakov E. A. , Zarodniuk I. V. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimThe aim was to assess the rate and independent risk factors of postoperative ileus after colorectal cancer surgery.MethodsThree hundred consecutive patients underwent colorectal surgery for cancer at the State Scientific Centre of Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia, between November 2015 and August 2016. Postoperative ileus was diagnosed as an absence of intestinal function for 72 h or more after operation and was confirmed by plain radiography. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression of the tumour‐, patient‐ and treatment‐related factors was performed. All patients had epidural catheters with multimodal analgesia.ResultsThirty‐nine patients (13%) had postoperative ileus. The variables associated with this condition in univariate analysis were age < 64 years (P = 0.02), male gender (P = 0.02), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.02), moderate drinking (P = 0.02), heavier drinking (P < 0.0001), opioids (P = 0.02), history of abdominal operation (P = 0.003), firm extensive adhesions as a result of previous surgery (P = 0.005), multivisceral resection (P = 0.009), blood loss ≥ 150 ml (P = 0.006), haemotransfusion (P = 0.01) and open approach (P = 0.006). In the multivariate logistic regression, body mass index ≥ 26 kg/m2 (P = 0.008), opioids (P = 0.04), history of abdominal operation (P = 0.04) and adhesions (P = 0.03) were identified as independent risk factors.ConclusionPostoperative ileus is a common complication in colorectal surgery. The results of our study suggest at least two surgeon‐dependent risk factors, i.e. open approach and opioids in the postoperative period.