bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variational data assimilation for the optimized ozone initial state and the short-time forecasting
Authors: Park Soon-Young , Kim Dong-Hyeok , Lee Soon-Hwan , Lee Hwa Woon 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In this study, we apply the four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation to optimize initial ozone state and to improve the predictability of air quality. The numerical modeling systems used for simulations of atmospheric condition and chemical formation are the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The study area covers the capital region of South Korea, where the surface measurement sites are relatively evenly distributed. The 4D-Var code previously developed for the CMAQ model is modified to consider background error in matrix form, and various numerical tests are conducted. The results are evaluated with an idealized covariance function for the appropriateness of the modified codes. The background error is then constructed using the NMC method with long-term modeling results, and the characteristics of the spatial correlation scale related to local circulation are analyzed. The background error is applied in the 4D-Var research, and a surface observational assimilation is conducted to optimize the initial concentration of ozone. The statistical results for the 12 h assimilation periods and the 120 observatory sites show a 49.4 % decrease in the root mean squared error (RMSE), and a 59.9 % increase in the index of agreement (IOA). The temporal variation of spatial distribution of the analysis increments indicates that the optimized initial state of ozone concentration is transported to inland areas by the clockwise-rotating local circulation during the assimilation windows. To investigate the predictability of ozone concentration after the assimilation window, a short-time forecasting is carried out. The ratios of the RMSE (root mean squared error) with assimilation versus that without assimilation are 8 and 13 % for the +24 and +12 h, respectively. Such a significant improvement in the forecast accuracy is obtained solely by using the optimized initial state. The potential improvement in ozone prediction for both the daytime and nighttime with application of data assimilation is also presented.
Application of all-relevant feature selection for the failure analysis of parameter-induced simulation crashes in climate models
Authors: Paja Wiesław , Wrzesien Mariusz , Niemiec Rafał , Rudnicki Witold R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Climate models are extremely complex pieces of software. They reflect the best knowledge on the physical components of the climate; nevertheless, they contain several parameters, which are too weakly constrained by observations, and can potentially lead to a simulation crashing. Recently a study by Lucas et al. (2013) has shown that machine learning methods can be used for predicting which combinations of parameters can lead to the simulation crashing and hence which processes described by these parameters need refined analyses. In the current study we reanalyse the data set used in this research using different methodology. We confirm the main conclusion of the original study concerning the suitability of machine learning for the prediction of crashes. We show that only three of the eight parameters indicated in the original study as relevant for prediction of the crash are indeed strongly relevant, three others are relevant but redundant and two are not relevant at all. We also show that the variance due to the split of data between training and validation sets has a large influence both on the accuracy of predictions and on the relative importance of variables; hence only a cross-validated approach can deliver a robust prediction of performance and relevance of variables.
Parameterization of the snow-covered surface albedo in the Noah-MP Version 1.0 by implementing vegetation effects
Authors: Park Sojung , Park Seon Ki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Snow-covered surface albedo varies depending on many factors, including snow grain size, snow cover thickness, snow age, forest shading factor, etc., and its parameterization is still under great uncertainty. For the snow-covered surface condition, albedo of forest is typically lower than that of short vegetation; thus snow albedo is dependent on the spatial distributions of characteristic land cover and on the canopy density and structure. In the Noah land surface model with multiple physics options (Noah-MP), almost all vegetation types in East Asia during winter have the minimum values of leaf area index (LAI) and stem area index (SAI), which are too low and do not consider the vegetation types. Because LAI and SAI are represented in terms of photosynthetic activeness, stem and trunk in winter are not well represented with only these parameters. We found that such inadequate representation of the vegetation effect is mainly responsible for the large positive bias in calculating the winter surface albedo in the Noah-MP. In this study, we investigated the vegetation effect on the snow-covered surface albedo from observations and improved the model performance by implementing a new parameterization scheme. We developed new parameters, called leaf index (LI) and stem index (SI), which properly manage the effect of vegetation structure on the snow-covered surface albedo. As a result, the Noah-MP's performance in the winter surface albedo has significantly improved – the root mean square error is reduced by approximately 69 %.
Descolonización y colonialismo interno: Lugar y función de lo colonial
Authors: Iturralde Fernando 
Published: March 2016

This article’s purpose is to find out what exactly is referred to by the term ‘colonial’ in three Bolivian intellectuals: René Zavaleta Mercado, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui and H.C.F. Mansilla. In the writings of these three authors, I find elements that allow me to believe that they all have a similar (although not the same) understanding of colonial heritage. In all three cases, that heritage is seen as something negative, i.e. something that should be put aside and ultimately abolished. On the basis of a textual analysis, I make the effort to understand exactly what this idea is about and what this remnant of colonial times consists of. Once I get to the point of understanding what the idea of the colonial signifies in each of these texts, I will analyze them applying mimetic theory given that this theory has concepts that are similar. In other words, I make an effort to translate the concepts of these three Bolivian intellectuals in terms of mimetic theory so as to better understand them, as well as to verify whether they have a meaning in the context of that theory.
Kartelschade in Nederland, een eerste aanzet
Authors: Braat B. 
Published: March 2016

Kartelschade in Nederland, een eerste aanzet
De uitspraak in eerste aanleg in de zaak TenneT/ABB geeft er een beeld van hoe in Nederland in rechte met kartelclaims wordt omgegaan. De Rechtbank Oost-Nederland komt tot interessante conclusies over de aansprakelijkheid van entiteiten behorend tot het concern van een kartelovertreder en de mogelijkheid van een zogenoemd passing-on verweer. De uitspraak lijkt voor kartelovertreders niet gunstig.Rb. Oost-Nederland 16 januari 2013, ECLI:NL:RBONE:2013:BZ0403
Herziening richtlijn erkenning beroepskwalificaties
Authors: Bishoen R.V.A. , Welbergen I.M. 
Published: March 2016

Op 20 november 2013 is Richtlijn 2013/55/EU van het Europees Parlement en de Raad tot wijziging van Richtlijn 2005/36/EG betreffende de erkenning van beroepskwalificaties vastgesteld. Dit artikel bespreekt in hoofdlijnen de achtergronden van deze richtlijn, de belangrijkste wijzigingen en waar mogelijk de Nederlandse reactie daarop.Richtlijn 2013/55/EU van het Europees Parlement en de Raad tot wijziging van Richtlijn 2005/36/EG betreffende de erkenning van beroepskwalificaties en Verordening (EU) nr. 1024/2012 betreffende de administratieve samenwerking via het Informatiesysteem interne markt (de IMI-verordening)
Allianz: een beetje vaag en heel ongelukkig
Authors: Oosterhuis G. 
Published: March 2016

Allianz: een beetje vaag en heel ongelukkig
Het te bespreken arrest betreft prejudiciële vragen gesteld door het Hongaarse hof van cassatie Legfelsőbb Biróság (hierna: de verwijzende rechter) aangaande de vraag of afspraken tussen verzekeraars Allianz en Generali en een aantal autoreparateurs, waarbij de autoreparateurs (indirect) een bonus krijgen als zij een bepaald percentage verzekeringen van Allianz en Generali verkopen, kwalificeren als overeenkomsten die tot strekking hebben de mededinging te beperken. Het Hof van Justitie verwart in zijn arrest het onderscheid tussen strekkings- en gevolgbedingen. Het Hof van Justitie suggereert bovendien dat de vrij onschuldige afspraken – afnamebedingen – tot doel hebben de mededinging te beperken. Het arrest stelt ten slotte dat als een overeenkomst niet in overeenstemming is met nationaal regelend recht – zoals regels van consumentenbescherming – dit het waarschijnlijk maakt dat die overeenkomst de strekking heeft de mededinging te beperken.HvJ EU 14 maart 2013, zaak C-32/11, Allianz Hungária Biztosító e.a./Gazdasági Versenyhivatal, n.n.g.
Aansprakelijkheid lidstaat voor niet-uitvoering milieueffectbeoordeling
Authors: Brans E.H.P. 
Published: March 2016

Aansprakelijkheid lidstaat voor niet-uitvoering milieueffectbeoordeling
In het kader van de uitbreiding van een vliegveld is nagelaten een milieueffectbeoordeling (MER) uit te voeren, waardoor de milieueffecten van deze uitbreiding niet zijn onderzocht en ook niet is nagegaan of er alternatieven voorhanden zijn die tot minder geluidsoverlast leiden. Een eigenares/bewoonster van een huis dat in de zone ligt die extra geluidsoverlast ondervindt door de uitbreiding, vordert schadevergoeding stellende dat onrechtmatig is gehandeld doordat is nagelaten een MER uit te voeren. Het Hof van Justitie oordeelt dat de voorkoming van vermogensschade onder het beschermingsbereik van de MER-Richtlijn valt indien dergelijke schade het rechtstreekse economische gevolg is van de milieueffecten van een openbaar of particulier project is. Dat lijkt een stap in de goede richting te zijn voor klaagster, maar aannemelijk gemaakt zal moeten worden dat indien wel een MER was uitgevoerd, niet toch dezelfde schade zou zijn gelden. Kortom, het causaliteitscriterium kan in de weg staan aan een succesvolle claim.HvJ EU 14 maart 2013, zaak C-420/11, Leth/Oostenrijk, n.n.g.
Het einde van de PIJ
Authors: de Beer Ad 
Published: March 2016

The end of the penal measure of placement in an institution for juvenile offenders
In this article, juvenile prosecutor Ad de Beer takes a critical look at the regulatory schemes surrounding the penal measure of placement in an institution for juvenile offenders (the ‘PIJ’ measure). Since the entry into force of the new Juvenile Law 2015 on January 1st 2015, three ways currently exist to discontinue the PIJ measure for an individual offender. While arguing that this legal reality is very confusing for practitioners, De Beer tries to untangle this complicated set of schemes.
Timing and amplitude jitter in a gain-switched multimode semiconductor laser
Authors: Wada Kenji , Kitagawa Naoaki , Matsukura Satoru , Matsuyama Tetsuya , Horinaka Hiromichi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The differences in timing jitter between a gain-switched single-mode semiconductor laser and a gain-switched multimode semiconductor laser are examined using rate equations that include Langevin noise. The timing jitter in a gain-switched multimode semiconductor laser is found to be effectively suppressed by a decrease in the coherence time of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) based on a broad bandwidth of multimode oscillation. Instead, fluctuations in the ASE cause amplitude jitter in the pulse components of the respective modes. A pulse train of gain-switched pulses from a multimode semiconductor laser with timing jitter is equivalently simulated by assuming a high spontaneous emission factor and a short coherence time of the ASE in the single-mode semiconductor laser rate equations.
Electrical and optical properties of Co-doped and undoped MoS2
Authors: Ko Tsung-Shine , Huang Cheng-Ching , Lin Der-Yuh , Ruan Yan-Jia , Huang Ying Sheng 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Co-doped and undoped layered MoS2 crystals were grown by the chemical vapor transport method using iodine as the transport agent. Both reflectance and piezoreflectance measurements reveal two exciton transitions of the direct band edge around 1.86 and 2.06 eV for undoped MoS2 and 1.84 and 2.03 eV for Co-doped MoS2. Hall effect measurements show that the Co-doped MoS2 sample has a lower carrier concentration and mobility than the undoped sample. These differences between undoped and Co-doped MoS2 were attributed to the effect of cobalt atoms causing a small lattice distortion, lattice imperfections and/or impurity states that form trap states between the conduction band and valence band. Furthermore, photoconductivity (PC) and persistent PC results show that Co-doped MoS2 has a longer time constant and better responsivity than undoped MoS2. This work discusses the advantages of Co-doped MoS2 for photodetector applications.
Changes in pigment, spectral transmission and element content of pink chicken eggshells with different pigment intensity during incubation
Authors: Yu Yue , Li Zhanming , Pan Jinming 
Published: March 2016

Objective.The objective of this study was to investigate changes in pigment, spectral transmission and element content of chicken eggshells with different intensities of pink pigment during the incubation period. We also investigated the effects of the region (small pole, equator and large pole) and pink pigment intensity of the chicken eggshell on the percent transmission of light passing through the chicken eggshells.Method.Eggs of comparable weight from a meat-type breeder (Meihuang) were used, and divided based on three levels of pink pigment (light, medium and dark) in the eggshells. During the incubation (0–21 d), the values of the eggshell pigment (ΔE,L∗,a∗,b∗) were measured. The percent transmission of light for different regions and intensities of eggshell pigmentation was measured by using the visible wavelength range of 380–780 nm.Result.Three measured indicators of eggshell color, ΔE,L∗anda∗, did not change significantly during incubation. Compared with other regions and pigment intensities, eggshell at the small pole and with light pigmentation intensity showed the highest percent transmission of light. The transmission value varied significantly (P< 0.001) with incubation time. The element analysis of eggshells with different levels of pink pigment showed that the potassium content of the eggshells for all pigment levels decreased significantly during incubation.Conclusion.In summary, pigment intensity and the region of the eggshell influenced the percent transmission of light of eggshell. Differences in the spectral characteristics of different eggshells may influence the effects of photostimulation during the incubation of eggs. All of these results will be applicable for perfecting the design of light intensity for lighted incubation to improve productivity.
Parental Leave
Authors: Bolzendahl Catherine , Pierski Nicole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Parental leave policies allow parents to be absent from their employment following the birth or adoption of a child without repercussions to their employment status, wages, or other benefits. The availability, scope, transferability, and generosity of such policies vary greatly internationally. Scholars find that parental leave policies may have consequences for poverty reduction and income maintenance, women's employment, gender equality, early childhood health and development, and fertility. Parental leave policies have grown rapidly in recent years and are important avenues for future research.
Empty Nest
Authors: Mitchell Barbara A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term “empty nest” is commonly used to refer to the situation where children have grown up and left the parental home. This situation may involve a reorganization of parental roles and is commonly assumed to create a related condition known as the empty nest syndrome, which is purported to affect mothers more than fathers. Historically, the empty nest phase of the family life cycle was relatively rare or of short duration. With increased longevity and lower fertility rates, parents began to expect an extended postparental and postretirement period. In contemporary times, the transition to the empty nest is less linear or permanent since many young adult children return home. This countertrend of refilled nests is largely attributed to economic and other sociodemographic shifts which have delayed the independence of young adults in addition to other family transitions over the life course. Cross‐cultural and other studies also highlight diversity in empty nest experiences by psychological and relational factors, ethnic background, social class, gender, and regional locale.
Shift Work in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Hendrix Joshua 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The dawning of a 24–7 US economy has reshaped the timing of work for a growing number of Americans. Economic, demographic, and social changes in recent decades have boosted the demand and necessity for around‐the‐clock business practices and flexible work schedules that fall outside the traditional Monday‐through‐Friday workweek and nine‐to‐five workday. Globalization, the shift to a service‐based economy, delays in marriage and childbirth, the growth of dual‐earner households, and the greying of America have profoundly increased the number of Americans working night shifts or rotating schedules (i.e., shift work) or evening, irregular, split‐shift, or weekend hours – collectively known as “nonstandard work schedules.” The unconventional nature of nonstandard work has provoked concerns from scholars regarding the implications that such schedules have for individual and family well‐being. This entry reviews this empirical literature.
Role Conflict, Role Overload, and Role Strain
Authors: Creary Stephanie J. , Gordon Judith R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Role conflict exists when two or more social roles overlap and are incompatible. Conflict occurs because the performance of one role interferes with the performance of another. Role conflict can be time‐based, strain‐based, or behavior‐based. Antecedents of work–family conflict can be within the same work or family domain or across domains. Role overload exists when an individual fulfills multiple roles simultaneously and lacks the resources to perform them. It can evolve from both excessive time demands and excessive psychological demands. Role strain is an outcome of role conflict and overload. Solutions to reducing the effects of role conflict, overload, and strain include reducing demands, increasing resources, or both. More specifically, role‐sequencing, role‐prioritizing, and role change, as well as increasing social resources and managing boundaries between work and family responsibilities, are options for reducing role conflict, overload, and strain.
Incest
Authors: Bowers Jessica M. , Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Cultures and societies tend to be variable in what they consider to be taboo. However, one area in which almost every society seems to be in agreement is the social unacceptability of the relationships between family members. Incest typically refers to a sexual relationship between individuals who are closely related (i.e., parents, children, and other immediate family members).
Globally disruptive events show predictable timing patterns
Authors: Gillman Michael P. , Erenler Hilary E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGlobally disruptive events include asteroid/comet impacts, large igneous provinces and glaciations, all of which have been considered as contributors to mass extinctions. Understanding the overall relationship between the timings of the largest extinctions and their potential proximal causes remains one of science's great unsolved mysteries. Cycles of about 60 Myr in both fossil diversity and environmental data suggest external drivers such as the passage of the Solar System through the galactic plane. While cyclic phenomena are recognized statistically, a lack of coherent mechanisms and a failure to link key events has hampered wider acceptance of multi-million year periodicity and its relevance to earth science and evolution. The generation of a robust predictive model of timings, with a clear plausible primary mechanism, would signal a paradigm shift. Here, we present a model of the timings of globally disruptive events and a possible explanation of their ultimate cause. The proposed model is a symmetrical pattern of 63 Myr sequences around a central value, interpreted as the occurrence of events along, and parallel to, the galactic midplane. The symmetry is consistent with multiple dark matter disks, aligned parallel to the midplane. One implication of the precise pattern of timings and the underlying physical model is the ability to predict future events, such as a major extinction in 1–2 Myr.
Cdc42 deficiency induces podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the Nwasp/stress fibers/YAP pathway
Authors: Huang Z , Zhang L , Chen Y , Zhang H , Zhang Q , Li R , Ma J , Li Z , Yu C , Lai Y , Lin T , Zhao X , Zhang B , Ye Z , Liu S , Wang W , Liang X , Liao R , Shi W 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPodocyte apoptosis is a major mechanism that leads to proteinuria in many chronic kidney diseases. However, the concert mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in these kidney diseases are not fully understood. The Rho family of small GTPases has been shown to be required in maintaining podocyte structure and function. Recent studies have indicated that podocyte-specific deletion of Cdc42 in vivo, but not of RhoA or Rac1, leads to congenital nephrotic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis. However, the underlying cellular events in podocyte controlled by Cdc42 remain unclear. Here, we assessed the cellular mechanisms by which Cdc42 regulates podocyte apoptosis. We found that the expression of Cdc42 and its activity were significantly decreased in high glucose-, lipopolysaccharide- or adriamycin-injured podocytes. Reduced Cdc42 expression in vitro and in vivo by small interfering RNA and selective Cdc42 inhibitor ML-141, respectively, caused podocyte apoptosis and proteinuria. Our results further demonstrated that insufficient Cdc42 or Nwasp, its downstream effector, could decrease the mRNA and protein expression of YAP, which had been regarded as an anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte. Moreover, our data indicated that the loss of stress fibers caused by Cdc42/Nwasp deficiency also decreased Yes-associated protein (YAP) mRNA and protein expression, and induced podocyte apoptosis. Podocyte apoptosis induced by Cdc42/Nwasp/stress fiber deficiency was significantly inhibited by overexpressing-active YAP. Thus, the Cdc42/Nwasp/stress fibers/YAP signal pathway may potentially play an important role in regulating podocyte apoptosis. Maintaining necessary Cdc42 would be one potent way to prevent proteinuria kidney diseases.