bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poison Control Center Surge Capacity during an Unusual Increase in Call Volume–Results from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Vassilev Zdravko P. , Kashani John , Ruck Bruce , Hoffman Robert S. , Marcus Steven M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Poison Control Centers (PCCs) play an integral role in the preparation for and management of poison emergencies. Large-scale public health disasters, caused by both natural and human factors, may result in a drastic increase in the number of inquiries received and handled by Poison Control Centers (PCCs) in short periods of time. In order to plan and prepare for such public health emergencies, it is important for PCCs to assess their ability tohandle the surge in call volume and to examine how the unusually large number of calls could affect the level of services. On 26 January 2006, the New York City Poison Center experienced a sudden loss of telephone service.The disruption in telephone service led to the need to reroute calls from that geographical catchment area to the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System (NJPIES) for several hours.Methods:Data from the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System was abstracted from the telephone switch's internal reporting system and the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System's electronic record system and processed with a standard spreadsheet application.Results:Compared to the same time and day in the previous week, the total number of calls received by the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System during the four hours after the disruption increased by 148%. A substantial rise in the number of calls was observed in almost every 15-minute increment during this four-hour (h) time period (with some of these increments increasing as much as 525%). Meanwhile, the percentage of calls answered by the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System decreased, and the percentage of calls abandoned during a 15-minute increment reached as high as 62%. Furthermore, the average time for handling calls was longer than usual in most of these 15-minute increments.Conclusions:Limitations of the telephone technology, which impacted the ability of the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System to respond to the surge of calls, were observed. While the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System was able to handle the unusual increase of incoming calls using available poison specialists and staff, the experience gained from this natural experiment demonstrates the need for Poison Control Centres to have a pre-planned surge capacity protocol that can be implemented rapidly during a public health emergency. A number of challenges that Poison Control Centres must meet in order to have adequate surge capacity during such events were identified.
KAMEDO Report No. 86: Explosion in the Artificial-Fertilizer Factory in France, 2001
Authors: Riddez Louis , Joussineau Siegfried , Magnusson Eva 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOn 21 September 2001, an earthquake triggered an explosion at an artificial fertilizer factory in Toulouse, France. As a result, 30 people were killed and 3,500 people were injured. Extensive damage hindered rescue services in their efforts to reach the factory; however, within several hours an assembly point with 60 doctors was established several kilometers from the explosion site. One hospital close to the scene needed to be temporarily evacuated.The disaster challenged rescue teams on many levels; for example, there was a question of toxicity, as well as communication difficulties due to the damaged telephone lines and clogged mobile networks.
Presumed Mass Illness following a Pyridine Fumes Incident: Environmental Contamination versus Mass Hysteria
Authors: Van der Auwera Marcel , Beckers Rudi , Devue Katleen , Claes Petra , De Cock Axelle , Deleu Nico 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis case study is based on a chemical spill in a warehouse in Belgium. Two victims were hospitalized, and a confluence of symptoms among the warehouse personnel had to be managed medically. An on-scene medical station and medical management team were deployed. A total of 51 victims were examined. Medical, political, and labor management arguments occurred. Medical findings and results from a thorough investigation helped prevent a presumed illness epidemic. The primary goals of the medical management of victims must include ensuring the health and safety of the personnel involved.
Management of Evacuee Surge from a Disaster Area: Solutions to Avoid Non-Emergent, Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Irvin Charlene B. , Atas Jenny G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Many emergency departments (EDs) in the United States experience daily overcrowding, and a rapid influx of evacuees fleeing a disaster area can pose a substantial burden. Some of these evacuees may require ED care. However, others lack an alternative to the ED to address non-emergent medical concerns (prescription refills or outpatient referral).Objective:The objective of this study was to describe a successful multidisciplinary Hurricane Katrina Evacuation Center, explain the services offered, and determine the center's effects on referrals to local EDs.Methods:Data were collected concerning the number of patients utilizing the medical evaluation center and compared to the total number of evacuees to determine the proportion that utilized medical care. The data concerning patients given prescriptions was obtained by the estimation of the two medical directors of the Center, and therefore, is inexact.Results:During the five weeks the center was operational, 631 of 716 evacuees (88%) requested medical evaluation, and >80% of those had prescriptions written. Only four (<1%) patients were transported to local EDs.Conclusion:An evacuee evaluation center provides a convenient non-ED alternative for evacuees to address their non-emergent medical concerns and can be used to ease their transition to a new location.
KAMEDO Report 89: Terrorist Attack in Bali, 2002
Authors: Brolén Pepe , Örtenwall Per , Österhed Håkan , Brändström Helge 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOn 12 October 2002, two bombs exploded on the island of Bali in Indonesia, destroying two bars in the tourist district of the holiday resort Kuta Beach. The explosions killed 202 people from 21 different countries, and >300 people were injured. A team of observers conducted structured and unstructured interviews, and lessons learned from the experience were identified. This report summarizes various elements of the response including: (1) prehospital care; (2) coordination; (3) hospital response; and (4) Australia's efforts in air evacuation.
West Bank Barrier Decreases Access to Schools and Health Services
Authors: Qato Dima , Doocy Shannon , Tsuchida Deborah , Greenough P. Gregg , Burnham Gilbert 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:In 2001, the Israeli government announced the construction of the West Bank barrier. The stated purpose of construction to prevent attacks by Palestinians on Israeli citizens. In a subsequent advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice decided the wall would block access to health care and education, and was “contrary to international law”.Research Focus:The Barrier, with its limited number of gates, has been criticized by humanitarian agencies for limiting access of Palestinians to employment, health care, and education, but was defended by the Israeli government as an important security measure.Methods:A survey of key informants was conducted in May 2004 at 78 health facilities and 121 schools in the northern West Bank districts of Jenin, Qalqilya, and Tulkarem, in order to assess the impact of the Barrier on access and use of health and educational services.Results:The Barrier negatively affected access to education and health care, in terms of statistically significant increases in distance and travel time to schools and health facilities. In several areas, service utilization, assessed by weekly visits to health facilities and student enrollment, was affected by barrier construction, although these findings were not statistically significant. A significant decrease in staff attendance was observed at health facilities and schools.Conclusions:The Barrier may have long-term effects on access and utilization of health and educational services among Palestinians in the northern West Bank.
Prehospital Emergency Care and Medical Preparedness for the 2005 World Championship Games in Athletics in Helsinki
Authors: Hiltunen Tuomas , Kuisma Markku , Määttä Teuvo , Tennilä Arto , Hari Tuomo , Bäckman Riitta , Väyrynen Taneli 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:International mass gatherings can cause great challenges to local healthcare system and emergency medical services (EMS). Traditionally, planning has been based on retrospective reports of previous events, but there still is a need for prospective studies in order to make the process more evidence-based. The aim of this study was to analyze the success of medical preparedness, ambulance patient characteristics, emergency care, and the use of pre-hospital resources during the 2005 World Championship Games in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland.Methods:The study was a prospective, observational study conducted within the Helsinki EMS. Data from all emergency calls at the sport venues and Games village between 05 and 14 August 2005 were collected. Data from the organizations responsible for the health care and first aid of spectators and accredited persons (e.g., athletes, coaches, the press, very important persons and personnel working in the Games area) also were collected. The Institutional Review Board of Helsinki University Central Hospital approved the study plan.Results:A total of 479,000 persons visited the Games. The ambulance call incidence at the Olympic Stadium was 0.50 per 10,000 people and 0.7 per 10,000 when the Games Village was included. The overall need for ambulance transportation to the emergency department was 0.52 per 10,000. No patients needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation or other immediate, life-saving procedures on-site. First aid was provided to 554 spectators (0.17per 10,000 people). The three medical organizations cared for 1,586 patients of which 25 (1.6%) were transported to a hospital by an ambulance. The number of patients needing transportation and the overall patient loadfor the healthcare system was well-anticipated. Accredited persons sought health care a total of 1,009 times.The number of patients treated was associated closely with the number of spectators (p = 0.05). The number of ambulance calls in the city increased 5.9 % as compared to the corresponding time period in the five previous years.Conclusions:The medical preparedness and resources for the Games proved to be sufficient. The EMS personnel were able to provide quality emergency care. This prospective study provided new, detailed data for the medical aspects of mass gatherings and confirmed many previous observations.
Staff Procedure Skills in Management Groups during Exercises in Disaster Medicine
Authors: Rüter Anders , Örtenwall Per , Vikström Tore 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:In stressful situations such as the management of major incidents and disasters, the ability to work in a structured way is important. Medical management groups initially are formed by personnel from different operations that are on-call when the incident or disaster occurs.Objective:The aim of this study was to test if performance indicators for staff procedure skills in medical management groups during simulations could be used as a quality control tool for finding areas that require improvement.Methods:A total of 44 management groups were evaluated using performance indicators in which results could be expressed numerically during simulations.Results:The lowest scores were given to documentation and to the introduction of new staff members. The highest score was given the utilization of technical equipment.Conclusions:Staff procedure skills can be measured during simulations exercises. A logging system may lead to enhancing areas requiring improvement.
Genetic parameters of purebred and crossbred Milking Criollos in tropical Mexico
Authors: de Alba J. , Kennedy B. W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecords on total of 1746 calvings of principally Milking Criollos and their crosses were collected between 1972 and 1990 at the experiment station of the Mexican Association of Animal Production on the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Traits of interest were 305-day milk yield, days in lactation, number of services per lactation (raised to power 1/2), age at first calving and lifetime milk yield. Data were analysed by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) under an individual animal model based on 584 animals of which 146 were female ancestors and 35 were male ancestors. Heritabilities of 305-day milk and age at first calving were 0·17 and 0·07, respectively, but heritabilities of other traits were close to zero. Genetic trend in the Milking Criollos for 305-day milk was small and not significant (0·76 (s.e. 2·38) kg/year). Of crosses with Criollo sires, those involving Holstein and Canadienne breeding had highest 305-day and lifetime milk yields and those involving Brown Swiss and native Mexican (mostly Oaxaca) had lowest yields. Jersey crosses were intermediate for 305-day yield. The F1 Criollo × Jersey cross had highest lifetime yield, but backcrosses involving Jersey breeding were poor for lifetime milk. Additive breed effects for Jersey and Canadienne, relative to Milking Criollo, were 88 (s.e. 91) and 227 (s.e. 74) kg 305-day milk, respectively. Heterosis was 144 (s.e. 55) kg (11·6%) for 305-day milk, 16–4 (s.e. 9·6) (5·0%) for days in milk, −0·107 (s.e. 0–042) (7·7%) for number of services per lactation raised to power 1/2, −25·6 (s.e. 41·4) days (2•3%) for age at first calving and 1789 (s.e. 664) kg (60·0%) for lifetime milk. A plan was designed to develop a nucleus breeding scheme utilizing multiple ovulation and embryo transfer technology (MOET) for the genetic improvement of the Milking Criollo breed in Mexico.
Additive response to selection adjusted for effects of inbreeding in a closed dairy cattle nucleus assuming a large number of gametes per female
Authors: de Boer I. J. M. , van Arendonk J. A. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInbreeding leads to reduction of the additive variance, whereas inbreeding depression reduces the performance of milk producing cows in both the nucleus and the commercial population. In this study, the cumulative additive response to 30 years of selection corrected for variance reduction due to inbreeding and inbreeding depression in the commercial cow population (denoted as expected phenotypic level or P) was evaluated in a closed (1024 cows tested per year) dairy cattle nucleus scheme, assuming a large number of gametes available per female. No dominance effects were simulated nor estimated in the nucleus. Various hierarchical and factorial designs with fewer sires than dams, an equal number of sires and dams, or even a larger number of sires than dams were compared for P. The trait considered was overall economic merit for milk production with a heritability of the unselected base population of 0·30. Sires and dams were selected on their animal model estimated additive effect for the trait considered at either 15 or 27 months of age. All full-sibs were available for selection. In the absence of inbreeding depression, a complete factorial scheme with more sires than dams resulted in the highest P. With increasing inbreeding depression, the optimal number of sires increased relatively more than the optimal number of dams. Increasing the number of sires decreased inbreeding relatively more than increasing the number of dams, and resulted in a relatively higher P. This is due to the fact that correlations between estimated additive effects of male selection candidates are higher than between those of female selection candidates.
The effect of body condition and previous nutrition on the herbage intakes of ewes grazing autumn pastures at two sward heights
Authors: Sibbald A. M. , Kerr W. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo examine the effects of body condition and previous nutrition on the herbage intake of ewes grazing swards of different heights in autumn, 96 Scottish Blackface X Border Leicester ewes with a wide range of body condition (score 1·75 to 3·50), were initially housed and given 50 g dry matter (DM) per kg metabolic live weight (M)0·75 per day (treatment L) or 95 g DM per kg M0·75 per day (treatment H) of a pelleted dried grass diet (11·6 MJ metabolizable energy per kg DM) for 6 weeks after weaning in July. The H ewes gained more live weight (9·0 v. 2·7 kg) and body condition score (0·39 v. 0·17) than the L ewes. Half the animals from each treatment were then allocated to each of two ryegrass pastures with a sward height of 5 cm (LS) or 10 cm (HS) for a further 6-week grazing period. During the grazing period there was no significant effect of indoor feeding level on herbage intake, but the L ewes gained more live weight (6·4 v. 5·0 kg) than the H ewes. On the HS, compared with the LS sward, mean herbage intakes were higher (70·0 v. 60·5 g DM per kg M0·75) as were gains in live weight and condition score (7·9 v. 3·4 kg; 0·18 v. 0·0). There were no interactions between the effects of sward height and previous feeding level on herbage intake. Ewes in low body condition (< 2·5) at the start of the grazing period ingested the same amount of herbage on both swards (70·3 g DM per kg M0·75) whereas ewes in high body condition (> 2·5) ingested more (67·0 v. 51·6 g DM per kg M0·75) on the HS compared with the LS sward. The responses of ewes in low and high body condition to different sward heights are discussed in relation to appetite drive and aspects of grazing behaviour.
Lipid composition and metabolism of subcutaneous fat in sheep divergently selected for carcass lean content
Authors: Cameron N. D. , Bishop S. C. , Speake B. K. , Bracken J. , Noble R. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFatty acid synthetase and lipoprotein lipase activities, lipid content of adipose tissue and the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, sampled by biopsy at the 13th rib, were measured in 20-week-old rams from lines of Texel-Oxford (TO) and Scottish Blackface (SB) sheep, both divergently selected for carcass lean content. A total of 150 animals were measured, with close to equal numbers of animals per selection line-breed combination.In both breeds, the high (lean) selection lines had significantly lower backfat depths (TO : 0·5 mm and SB : 0·6 mm, s.e.d. 0·2) than the low (fat) lines. The lipid content of subcutaneous fat was 65 mg lipid per g fat tissue wet weight (s.e.d. 24) greater in TO rams than in SB rams. The TO low line had a higher lipid content than the high selection line (426 v. 448 (s.e.d. 36)) and although the SB selection lines did not differ, the selection line with breed interaction was not significant. SB rams had higher fatty acid synthetase activity (3·1 v. 2·6 (s.e.d. 0·3) on a log scale) but there were no differences between selection lines. Lipoprotein lipase activities were similar between breeds and selection lines. The lower concentration of myristic acid (C14:0) of TO rams compared with SB rams (0·9 (s.e.d. 0·3)) was the only breed or selection line difference which was statistically significant for fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat.Lipid content of subcutaneous fat and lipoprotein lipase activity were highly correlated and both were positively correlated with performance test traits, especially with backfat depth. The correlation between backfat depth and fatty acid synthetase activity was not different from zero. Performance test traits, lipid content of subcutaneous fat and lipoprotein lipase activity were positively correlated with the unsaturated fatty acids, with the exception of C18 :1 when correlations were negative.
Granadina kid goats v. Segureña lambs: food intake and performance during milk feeding from birth to 60 days
Authors: Sampelayo M. R. Sanz , Prieto I. , Lara L. , Extremera F. Gil , Boza J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe morphological development of the sheep and the goat is different and this difference is manifested from early post-natal life. The main characteristic of kid goat carcasses is their low adipose tissue, and this is considered detrimental to quality. In an attempt to determine the nutritional causes of this, a study was performed with kid goats of the Granadina breed and lambs of the Segureña breed. Six kid goats and six lambs were slaughtered at birth, while a further eight kids and eight lambs were fed a milk replacer to satiety until the 60th day of life and slaughtered on the 61st day. Dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes and apparent digestibility of energy were determined in four balance periods between 8 and 60 days of life. From the intakes of ME and comparative slaughter data it was possible to calculate energy retention (ER), heat loss (HL) and energy retained as protein (ERp) and as fat (ERf) for kids and lambs. Kid goats showed a similar apparent digestibility of energy to lambs but had lower DM and ME intakes per kg metabolic body weight (M0·75) than lambs. For kids and lambs respectively these values were: 0·93 and 0·94; 45·4 and 50·1 g/kg M0·75 per day; 937 and 1033 kJ/kg M0·75 per day. Mean values for ER, HL, ERp and ERf rates were: 263, 674, 131 and 132 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for kid goats and, 343, 690, 132 and 211 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for lambs. Together with the different intake, kid goats showed a lower rate of ER and overall, a lower rate of ERf than lambs.
New advances in cloning and their potential impact on genetic variation in livestock
Authors: Woolliams J. A. , Wilmut I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCloning has advanced through the recent demonstrations that it is feasible to produce, in principle and with significant effort, an unlimited number of individuals of identical genotype from differentiated cell lines that have been frozen and thawed. These advances have been based upon understanding the importance of interactions between the stage of the cell cycle of both the oocyte and donor cell for the success of the nuclear transfer. Whilst the impact of the biological advance is immense for biomedicai applications, the significance is less clear for livestock breeding. In our view the scientific issues for breeding programmes lie in whether clones can increase genetic progress without a cost to biodiversity. Biodiversity within a species may be categorized as: (i) betvjeen-breed variation; (ix) genetic variation among parents within breeds; (iii) genetic variation among individuals within a farm; and (iv) allelic variation within an individual. In the face of a rapid global decline in breed diversity, cloning, in particular cloning of adults, may be an important route to protect biodiversity since it may allow far more genetic variation to be made available for new breed development in the future than is practicable at present. For variation among parents, the judicious use of clones may give significantly faster rates of progress without increasing the rate of loss of genetic variation and furthermore can help improve traits associated with health and welfare which are at present less tractable than, say, milk yield. Local diversity within a farm may be greatly affected if cloning is utilized to disseminate genetic progress widely and more answers are required on the importance of genetic variation within any one locality either in buffering diseases or ameliorating other management problems. Experience from clonal forestry can provide some indications but now there are models capable of answering this question directly in livestock. Allelic variation within individuals per se is not generally advantageous but at loci where it is identified to he beneficial, the use of cloning may exploit it more widely.