bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statins for the prevention and treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xiong Bo , Wang Chunbin , Tan Jie , Cao Yin , Zou Yanke , Yao Yuanqing , Qian Jun , Rong Shunkang , Huang Yuwen , Huang Jing 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this meta‐analysis was to assess whether statins could reduce the morbidity of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) in high‐risk patients and improve the clinical outcomes of patients with ALI/ARDS. Studies were obtained from PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies, which reported morbidity, mortality, ventilator‐free days, length of stay in intensive care unit and hospital or oxygenation index, were included in our meta‐analysis. Risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) were calculated using fixed or random effect model. A total of 13 studies covering 12 145 patients were included. Both the only RCT (P = 0.10) and cohort studies (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.55; P = 0.94) showed that statin therapy did not lower the morbidity of ALI/ARDS in high‐risk patients. The mortality of ALI/ARDS patients was less likely to be improved by statins (RCT, RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.20; P = 0.97; cohort studies, RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.27; P = 0.72). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in ventilator‐free days, length of stay in intensive care unit as well as hospital and oxygenation index. This meta‐analysis suggests that statins neither provide benefit for lowering the morbidity of ALI/ARDS in high‐risk patients nor improve the clinical outcomes of ALI/ARDS patients. Hence, it may not be appropriate to advocate statin use for the prevention and treatment of ALI/ARDS.
Autogenic avulsion, channelization and backfilling dynamics of debris‐flow fans
Authors: de Haas Tjalling , van den Berg Wilco , Braat Lisanne , Kleinhans Maarten G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlluvial fans develop their semi‐conical shape by quasi‐cyclic avulsions of their geomorphologically active sector from a fixed fan apex. On debris‐flow fans, these quasi‐cyclic avulsions are poorly understood, partly because physical scale experiments on the formation of fans have been limited largely to turbidite and fluvial fans and deltas. In this study, debris‐flow fans were experimentally created under constant extrinsic forcing, and autogenic sequences of backfilling, avulsion and channelization were observed. Backfilling, avulsion and channelization were gradual processes that required multiple successive debris‐flow events. Debris flows avulsed along preferential flow paths given by the balance between steepest descent and flow inertia. In the channelization phase, debris flows became progressively longer and narrower because momentum increasingly focused on the flow front as flow narrowed, resulting in longer run‐out and deeper channels. Backfilling commenced when debris flows reached their maximum possible length and channel depth, as defined by channel slope and debris‐flow volume and composition, after which they progressively shortened and widened until the entire channel was filled and avulsion was initiated. The terminus of deposition moved upstream because the frontal lobe deposits of previous debris flows created a low‐gradient zone forcing deposition. Consequently, the next debris flow was shorter which led to more in‐channel sedimentation, causing more overbank flow in the next debris flow and resulting in reduced momentum to the flow front and shorter runout. This topographic feedback is similar to the interaction between flow and mouth bars forcing backfilling and transitions from channelized to sheet flow in turbidite and fluvial fans and deltas. Debris‐flow avulsion cycles are governed by the same large‐scale topographic compensation that drives avulsion cycles on fluvial and turbidite fans, although the detailed processes are unique to debris‐flow fans. This novel result provides a basis for modelling of debris‐flow fans with applications in hazards and stratigraphy.
Salivary and Serum Antibody Response Against Neisseria meningitidis After Vaccination With Conjugate Polysaccharide Vaccines in Ethiopian Volunteers
Authors: Bårnes G. K. , Workalemahu B. , Kristiansen P. A. , Beyene D. , Merdekios B. , Fissiha P. , Aseffa A. , Caugant D. A. , Næss L. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMeningococcal conjugate vaccines induce serum antibodies crucial for protection against invasive disease. Salivary antibodies are believed to be important for hindering meningococcal acquisition and/or clearance of established carriage. In this study, we measured salivary IgA and IgG antibodies induced by vaccination with a monovalent serogroup A conjugate vaccine or a tetravalent A, C, W and Y conjugate vaccine, in comparison with antibody levels in serum. Saliva and serum samples from Ethiopian volunteers (1–29 years) collected before and eight times on a weekly basis after receiving the serogroup A conjugate vaccine, the tetravalent serogroup A, C, W and Y conjugate vaccine, or no vaccine (control group), were analysed using a multiplex microsphere immunoassay for antibody detection. Serogroup‐specific IgG antibody levels in saliva increased significantly after vaccination with both vaccines. The monovalent serogroup A vaccine also induced an increase in salivary IgA antibodies. A strong correlation between serogroup‐specific IgG antibodies in saliva and serum, and a somewhat lower correlation for IgA, was observed for all serogroups. There was also a strong correlation between specific secretory IgA and IgA antibodies in saliva for all serogroups. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines are able to elicit salivary antibodies against serogroup A, C, W and Y correlating with antibody levels in serum. The strong correlation between saliva and serum antibody levels indicates that saliva may be used as a surrogate of systemic antibody responses.
E74‐like factor 3 and nuclear factor‐κB regulate lipocalin‐2 expression in chondrocytes
Authors: Conde Javier , Otero Miguel , Scotece Morena , Abella Vanessa , López Verónica , Pino Jesús , Gómez Rodolfo , Lago Francisca , Goldring Mary B. , Gualillo Oreste 
Published: May 2016

Key points
E74‐like factor 3 (ELF3) is a transcription factor regulated by inflammation in different physio‐pathological situations. Lipocalin‐2 (LCN2) emerged as a relevant adipokine involved in the regulation of inflammation. In this study we showed for the first time the involvement of ELF3 in the control of LCN2 expression and its cooperation with nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB).
Our results will help to better understand of the role of ELF3, NFκB and LCN2 in the pathophysiology of articular cartilage.
AbstractE74‐like factor 3 (ELF3) is a transcription factor induced by inflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes that increases gene expression of catabolic and inflammatory mediators. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a novel adipokine that negatively impacts articular cartilage, triggering catabolic and inflammatory responses in chondrocytes. Here, we investigated the control of LCN2 gene expression by ELF3 in the context of interleukin 1 (IL‐1)‐driven inflammatory responses in chondrocytes. The interaction of ELF3 and nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) in modulating LCN2 levels was also explored. LCN2 mRNA and protein levels, as well those of several other ELF3 target genes, were determined by RT‐qPCR and Western blotting. Human primary chondrocytes, primary chondrocytes from wild‐type and Elf3 knockout mice, and immortalized human T/C‐28a2 and murine ATDC5 cell lines were used in in vitro assays. The activities of various gene reporter constructs were evaluated by luciferase assays. Gene overexpression and knockdown were performed using specific expression vectors and siRNA technology, respectively. ELF3 overexpression transactivated the LCN2 promoter and increased the IL‐1‐induced mRNA and protein levels of LCN2, as well as the mRNA expression of other pro‐inflammatory mediators, in human and mouse chondrocytes. We also identified a collaborative loop between ELF3 and NFκB that amplifies the induction of LCN2. Our findings show a novel role for ELF3 and NFκB in the induction of the pro‐inflammatory adipokine LCN2, providing additional evidence of the interaction between ELF3 and NFκB in modulating inflammatory responses, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of ELF3 in chondrocytes.
Patterns and predictors of violence against children in Uganda: a latent class analysis
Authors: Clarke Kelly , Patalay Praveetha , Allen Elizabeth , Knight Louise , Naker Dipak , Devries Karen 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo explore patterns of physical, emotional and sexual violence against Ugandan children.DesignLatent class and multinomial logistic regression analysis of cross-sectional data.SettingLuwero District, Uganda.ParticipantsIn all, 3706 primary 5, 6 and 7 students attending 42 primary schools.Main outcome and measureTo measure violence, we used the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool—Child Institutional. We used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess mental health and administered reading, spelling and maths tests.ResultsWe identified three violence classes. Class 1 (N=696 18.8%) was characterised by emotional and physical violence by parents and relatives, and sexual and emotional abuse by boyfriends, girlfriends and unrelated adults outside school. Class 2 (N=975 26.3%) was characterised by physical, emotional and sexual violence by peers (male and female students). Children in Classes 1 and 2 also had a high probability of exposure to emotional and physical violence by school staff. Class 3 (N=2035 54.9%) was characterised by physical violence by school staff and a lower probability of all other forms of violence compared to Classes 1 and 2. Children in Classes 1 and 2 were more likely to have worked for money (Class 1 Relative Risk Ratio 1.97, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.51; Class 2 1.55, 1.29 to 1.86), been absent from school in the previous week (Class 1 1.31, 1.02 to 1.67; Class 2 1.34, 1.10 to 1.63) and to have more mental health difficulties (Class 1 1.09, 1.07 to 1.11; Class 2 1.11, 1.09 to 1.13) compared to children in Class 3. Female sex (3.44, 2.48 to 4.78) and number of children sharing a sleeping area predicted being in Class 1.ConclusionsChildhood violence in Uganda forms distinct patterns, clustered by perpetrator and setting. Research is needed to understand experiences of victimised children, and to develop mental health interventions for those with severe violence exposures.Trial registration numberNCT01678846; Results.
Ultrasound assessment for grading structural tendon changes in supraspinatus tendinopathy: an inter-rater reliability study
Authors: Ingwersen Kim Gordon , Hjarbaek John , Eshoej Henrik , Larsen Camilla Marie , Vobbe Jette , Juul-Kristensen Birgit 
Published: May 2016

AimTo evaluate the inter-rater reliability of measuring structural changes in the tendon of patients, clinically diagnosed with supraspinatus tendinopathy (cases) and healthy participants (controls), on ultrasound (US) images captured by standardised procedures.MethodsA total of 40 participants (24 patients) were included for assessing inter-rater reliability of measurements of fibrillar disruption, neovascularity, as well as the number and total length of calcifications and tendon thickness. Linear weighted κ, intraclass correlation (ICC), SEM, limits of agreement (LOA) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were used to evaluate reliability.Results‘Moderate—almost perfect’ κ was found for grading fibrillar disruption, neovascularity and number of calcifications (k 0.60–0.96). For total length of calcifications and tendon thickness, ICC was ‘excellent’ (0.85–0.90), with SEM(Agreement)ranging from 0.63 to 2.94 mm and MDC(group)ranging from 0.28 to 1.29 mm. In general, SEM, LOA and MDC showed larger variation for calcifications than for tendon thickness.ConclusionsInter-rater reliability was moderate to almost perfect when a standardised procedure was applied for measuring structural changes on captured US images and movie sequences of relevance for patients with supraspinatus tendinopathy. Future studies should test intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the method in vivo for use in clinical practice, in addition to validation against a gold standard, such as MRI.Trial registration numberNCT01984203; Pre-results.
Gastric adenocarcinoma: the role ofHelicobacter pyloriin pathogenesis and prevention efforts
Authors: Laird-Fick Heather S , Saini Shivani , Hillard James Randolph 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer deaths in the world, prompting high-risk countries like South Korea and Japan to establish nationwide screening programmes. Helicobacter pylori is linked to the majority of gastric adenocarcinoma cases and to the vast majority of non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ‘test-and-treat’ programmes for H. pylori infection to prevent gastric cancer in high-risk populations. While this strategy has gained momentum, providers in low-risk developed countries may be unaware of the risk individual patients face, particularly those who have emigrated from high-risk regions and members of economically disadvantaged minority groups. Rapidly evolving science in recent years has made it difficult for clinicians to keep up with the current best practices. This article reviews the epidemiology of H. pylori and gastric cancer, screening and diagnostic tests and the current treatment regimens for clinicians.
Waves of destruction in the East Indies: the Wichmann catalogue of earthquakes and tsunami in the Indonesian region from 1538 to 1877
Authors: Harris Ron , Major Jonathan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

The two volumes of Arthur Wichmann's
Die Erdbeben Des Indischen Archipels
[
The Earthquakes of the Indian Archipelago
] (1918 and 1922) document 61 regional earthquakes and 36 tsunamis between 1538 and 1877 in the Indonesian region. The largest and best documented are the events of 1770 and 1859 in the Molucca Sea region, of 1629, 1774 and 1852 in the Banda Sea region, the 1820 event in Makassar, the 1857 event in Dili, Timor, the 1815 event in Bali and Lombok, the events of 1699, 1771, 1780, 1815, 1848 and 1852 in Java, and the events of 1797, 1818, 1833 and 1861 in Sumatra. Most of these events caused damage over a broad region, and are associated with years of temporal and spatial clustering of earthquakes. The earthquakes left many cities in ‘rubble heaps’. Some events spawned tsunamis with run-up heights >15 m that swept many coastal villages away.

2004 marked the recurrence of some of these events in western Indonesia. However, there has not been a major shallow earthquake (M≥8) in Java and eastern Indonesia for the past 160 years. During this time of relative quiescence, enough tectonic strain energy has accumulated across several active faults to cause major earthquake and tsunami events, such as those documented in the historical records presented here. The disaster potential of these events is much greater now than in the past due to exponential growth in population and urbanization in areas destroyed by past events.

Supplementary material:
Translation of the catalogues into English, scanned PDFs of the original catalogues and geographical locations of most place names found in the catalogue (as a KMZ file) are available at
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2860405.v1
Cancer Prevention and Interception: A New Era for Chemopreventive Approaches
Authors: Albini Adriana , DeCensi Andrea , Cavalli Franco , Costa Alberto 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
At several recent, internationally attended scientific meetings, including the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)'s “Shaping the Future of Cancer Prevention: A Roadmap for Integrative Cancer Science and Public Health” summit in Leesburg (VA) and the AACR Annual Meeting in New Orleans, the focus on cancer prevention to reduce cancer-related deaths was extensively discussed with renewed attention and emphasis. Cancer prevention should be actively proposed even to healthy individuals, and not just to individuals with high cancer risk. We discuss evaluation of a high cancer risk versus the relatively low risk for side effects of chemopreventive agents. The concept of cancer interception, which is halting transformed cells from becoming malignant cancers, should be adopted for cancer prevention. Potential prevention/interception actions include adopting healthy life style and avoiding carcinogens, repressing inflammation and pathologic angiogenesis, controlling metabolism, correcting insulin resistance and other metabolic alterations. Current drugs with limited toxicity can be repurposed to reduce cancer incidence. Aspirin is now being recommended for the prevention of colorectal cancer and it prevents other neoplasms as well. Metformin and β-blockers could be valuable for reducing pancreatic and breast cancer onset. On the basis of the evaluation of cancer risk, we here call for personalized approaches for cancer prevention and preventive interception and we envisage a list of measures and potential guidelines for preventive and interceptive strategies to reduce cancer burden. Investment into translational research to bring these approaches into public health policies and in the clinic is urgently needed. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4322–7. ©2016 AACR.
Spatial Redistribution of U.S. Tornado Activity between 1954 and 2013
Authors: Agee Ernest , Larson Jennifer , Childs Samuel , Marmo Alexandra 
Published: May 2016

AbstractClimate change over the past several decades prompted this preliminary investigation into the possible effects of global warming on the climatological behavior of U.S. tornadoes for the domain bounded by 30°–50°N and 80°–105°W. On the basis of a warming trend over the past 30 years, the modern tornado record can be divided into a cold “Period I” from 1954 to 1983 and a subsequent 30-year warm “Period II” from 1984 to 2013. Tornado counts and days for (E)F1–(E)F5, significant, and the most violent tornadoes across a 2.5° × 2.5° gridded domain indicate a general decrease in tornado activity from Period I to Period II concentrated in Texas/Oklahoma and increases concentrated in Tennessee/Alabama. These changes show a new geographical distribution of tornado activity for Period II when compared with Period I. Statistical analysis that is based on field significance testing and the bootstrapping method provides proof for the observed decrease in annual tornado activity in the traditional “Tornado Alley” and the emergence of a new maximum center of tornado activity. Seasonal analyses of both counts and days for tornadoes and significant tornadoes show similar results in the spring, summer, and winter seasons, with a substantial decrease in the central plains during summer. The autumn season displays substantial increases in both tornado counts and significant-tornado counts in the region stretching from Mississippi into Indiana. Similar results are found from the seasonal analysis of both tornado days and significant-tornado days. This temporal change of spatial patterns in tornado activity for successive cold and warm periods may be suggestive of climate change effects yet warrants the climatological study of meteorological parameters responsible for tornado formation.
A Statistical Method for Reducing Sidelobe Clutter for the Ku-Band Precipitation Radar on board the GPM Core Observatory
Authors: Kubota Takuji , Iguchi Toshio , Kojima Masahiro , Liao Liang , Masaki Takeshi , Hanado Hiroshi , Meneghini Robert , Oki Riko 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA statistical method to reduce the sidelobe clutter of the Ku-band precipitation radar (KuPR) of the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory is described and evaluated using DPR observations. The KuPR sidelobe clutter was much more severe than that of the Precipitation Radar on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and it has caused the misidentification of precipitation. The statistical method to reduce sidelobe clutter was constructed by subtracting the estimated sidelobe power, based upon a multiple regression model with explanatory variables of the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of surface, from the received power of the echo. The saturation of the NRCS at near-nadir angles, resulting from strong surface scattering, was considered in the calculation of the regression coefficients.The method was implemented in the KuPR algorithm and applied to KuPR-observed data. It was found that the received power from sidelobe clutter over the ocean was largely reduced by using the developed method, although some of the received power from the sidelobe clutter still remained. From the statistical results of the evaluations, it was shown that the number of KuPR precipitation events in the clutter region, after the method was applied, was comparable to that in the clutter-free region. This confirms the reasonable performance of the method in removing sidelobe clutter. For further improving the effectiveness of the method, it is necessary to improve the consideration of the NRCS saturation, which will be explored in future work.
Mixture-Based Path Clustering for Synthesis of ECMWF Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Evolution
Authors: Don Prabhani Kuruppumullage , Evans Jenni L. , Chiaromonte Francesca , Kowaleski Alex M. 
Published: May 2016

In this article, three tropical cyclones and their 120-h, 50-member ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) ensemble track forecasts at 10 initialization times are considered. The IFS forecast tracks are clustered with a regression mixture model, and two traditional diagnostics (the Bayesian information criterion and a measure of strength of cluster assignment) are used to determine the optimal polynomial order and number of clusters to use in the model. In addition, cross-validation versions of the two diagnostics are formulated and computed to further aid in model selection. Both traditional and cross-validation diagnostics suggest that third-order polynomials and five clusters are effective options—although the evidence is less conclusive for the number of clusters than for the polynomial order, and the cross-validation diagnostics favor a smaller number of clusters than the traditional ones.Path clustering of IFS tropical cyclone track forecasts with this third-order polynomial, five-cluster regression mixture model produces interpretable partitions by direction and speed of motion for each of the storms and initialization times considered. Thus, this approach effectively synthesizes the forecast spreads within the IFS into a small number of representative trajectories. Based on how forecasts distribute across clusters, this approach also provides information on the likelihood of each such representative trajectory. If used operationally, this information has the potential to aid forecasters in parsing and quantifying the uncertainty in tropical cyclone track forecasts.