bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How children make purchase decisions: behaviour of the cued processors
Authors: Mau Gunnar , Schuhen Michael , Steinmann Sascha , Schramm-Klein Hanna 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to analyse how children behave during a purchasing process in a simulated shop and how they put their goals into effect at the Point of Sale (POS). The focus of this research is children in Germany aged between 8 and 10 years. The results reveal answers to the following questions: which criteria do the children consider important when buying groceries? How efficiently and effectively do children pursue the goals demanded of them at the POS? This knowledge can support parents, teachers and educational organisations in teaching children consumer literacy.

Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected through interviews and a subsequent observation of the behaviour in a purchase simulation. A total of 436 school children aged 8 to 10 years answered a questionnaire about their behaviour at the POS and perceived demands during the purchasing process as well as their understanding of purchase-relevant concepts. Subsequently, purchase behaviour and decisions in a digitally simulated shopping environment of a supermarket were analysed for a subsample (n = 170). This combination of methods enables the collection of observable decision-making behaviour as well as of the declarative knowledge and the purchasing habits of the children.

Findings
Children often act differently from the way they themselves intended and expected during the purchase decision at the POS. Only a small number of children behaved purposefully, whereas the vast majority was distracted by the great amount of stimuli in the simulated supermarket. The results reveal factors that helped children cope with the shopping task and shielded them against purchase impulses from the stimuli at the POS.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to combine questionnaires about children’s declarative knowledge of the shopping process with observation of the real decision behaviour in a supermarket simulation task.
Naphthoquinone glycosides for bioelectroanalytical enumeration of the faecal indicator Escherichia coli
Authors: Hinks Jamie , Han Evelina J. Y. , Wang Victor B. , Seviour Thomas W. , Marsili Enrico , Loo Joachim S. C. , Wuertz Stefan 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMicrobial water quality monitoring for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) is a mandatory activity in many countries and is key in public health protection. Despite technological advances and a need for methodological improvements, chromogenic and fluorogenic enzymatic techniques remain the mainstays of water quality monitoring for both public health agencies and regulated utilities. We demonstrated that bioelectroanalytical approaches to FIB enumeration are possible and can be achieved using commercially available enzyme‐specific resorufin glycosides, although these are expensive, not widely available or designed for purpose. Following this, we designed two naphthoquinone glycosides which performed better, achieving Escherichia coli detection in the range 5.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 105 CFU ml−1 22–54% quicker than commercially available resorufin glycosides. The molecular design of the naphthoquinone glycosides requires fewer synthetic steps allowing them to be produced for as little as US$50 per kg. Tests with environmental samples demonstrated the low tendency for abiotic interference and that, despite specificity being maintained between β‐glucuronidase and β‐galactosidase, accurate enumeration of E. coli in environmental samples necessitates development of a selective medium. In comparison to a commercially available detection method, which has U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approval, our approach performed better at high organism concentrations, detecting 500 organisms in 9 h compared with 13.5 h for the commercial method. Bioelectroanalytical detection is comparable to current approved methods and with further development could result in improved detection times. A recent trend for low‐cost open‐source hardware means that automated, potentiostatically controlled E. coli detection systems could be constructed for less than US$100 per channel.
Community pharmacist knowledge, attitudes and confidence regarding naloxone for overdose reversal
Authors: Nielsen Suzanne , Menon Nadia , Larney Sarah , Farrell Michael , Degenhardt Louisa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimGiven the potential to expand naloxone supply through community pharmacy, the aim of this study was to estimate Australian pharmacists': (1) level of support for overdose prevention, (2) barriers and facilitators for naloxone supply and (3) knowledge about naloxone administration.DesignOnline survey from nationally representative sample of community pharmacies.SettingAustralia, September–November 2015.ParticipantsA total of 1317 community pharmacists were invited to participate with 595 responses (45.1%).MeasurementsWe assessed attitudes towards harm reduction, support for overdose prevention, attitudes and knowledge about naloxone. We tested the association between attitudes towards harm reduction and different aspects of naloxone supply.FindingsPharmacists were willing to receive training about naloxone (n = 479, 80.5%) and provide naloxone with a prescription (n = 537, 90.3%). Fewer (n = 234, 40.8%) were willing to supply naloxone over‐the‐counter. Positive attitudes towards harm reduction were associated with greater willingness to supply naloxone with a prescription [odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11–1.19] and over‐the‐counter (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.09–1.17). Few pharmacists were confident they could identify appropriate patients (n = 203, 34.1%) and educate them on overdose and naloxone use (n = 190, 31.9%). Mean naloxone knowledge scores were 1.8 (standard deviation 1.7) out of 5. More than half the sample identified lack of time, training, knowledge and reimbursement as potential barriers for naloxone provision.ConclusionCommunity pharmacists in Australia appear to be willing to supply naloxone. Low levels of knowledge about naloxone pharmacology and administration highlight the importance of training pharmacists about overdose prevention.
Finding success in failure: using latent profile analysis to examine heterogeneity in psychosocial functioning among heavy drinkers following treatment
Authors: Wilson Adam D. , Bravo Adrian J. , Pearson Matthew R. , Witkiewitz Katie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimsTo estimate differences in post‐treatment psychosocial functioning among treatment ‘failures’ (i.e. heavy drinkers, defined as 4+/5+ drinks for women/men) from two large multi‐site clinical trials and to compare these levels of functioning to those of the purported treatment ‘successes’ (i.e. non‐heavy drinkers).DesignSeparate latent profile analyses of data from two of the largest alcohol clinical trials conducted in the United States, COMBINE (Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions) and Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity), comparing psychosocial outcomes across derived classes of heterogeneous treatment responders.SettingEleven US academic sites in COMBINE, 27 US treatment sites local to nine research sites in Project MATCH.ParticipantsA total of 962 individuals in COMBINE (69% male, 77% white, mean age: 44 years) treated January 2001 to January 2004 and 1528 individuals in Project MATCH (75% male, 80% white, mean age: 40 years) treated April 1991 to September 1994.MeasurementsIn COMBINE, we analyzed health, quality of life, mental health symptoms and alcohol consequences 12 months post‐baseline. In Project MATCH, we examined social functioning, mental health symptoms and alcohol consequences 15 months post‐baseline.FindingsLatent profile analysis of measures of functioning in both samples supported a three‐profile solution for the group of treatment ‘failures’, characterized by high‐, average‐ and low‐functioning individuals. The high‐functioning treatment ‘failures’ generally performed better across measures of psychosocial functioning at follow‐up than participants designated treatment ‘successes’ by virtue of being abstainers or light drinkers.ConclusionsCurrent United States Food and Drug Administration guidance to use heavy drinking as indicative of treatment ‘failure’ fails to take into account substantial psychosocial improvements made by individuals who continue occasionally to drink heavily post‐treatment.
Estimations and predictors of non‐compliance in switchers to reduced nicotine content cigarettes
Authors: Nardone Natalie , Donny Eric C. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Koopmeiners Joseph S. , Murphy Sharon E. , Strasser Andrew A. , Tidey Jennifer W. , Vandrey Ryan , Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground and AimsClinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non‐compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents (TNEs), compare with self‐reported non‐compliance and identify associated covariates.DesignSecondary analysis of a double‐blind, parallel, randomized clinical trial.SettingResearch centers from the United States, enrolling participants from June 2013 to July 2014.ParticipantsVolunteer sample of 242 participants (55% Caucasian), average age of 41.2 years, smoking at least five cigarettes per day (CPD).InterventionSmoking very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) for 6 weeks.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was biochemically verified non‐compliance, measured as thresholds of COT/CPD and TNE/CPD ratios, considering changes in nicotine content from conventional levels to VLNCs, and as an absolute threshold of week 6 TNEs. Self‐reported non‐compliance was measured via daily phone calls. Key predictors included age, sex, race, menthol preference, nicotine metabolite ratio, time to first cigarette, dependence, CPD, TNEs, tar level and cigarette evaluation.FindingsEstimates of non‐compliance with smoking the VLNCs exclusively include: the biochemical ratios (both 78%), the week 6 TNE threshold (76%) and self‐report (39%). Of the key covariates, age, dependence and cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were significant; for age, younger participants more likely to be non‐compliant [P = 0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96–0.99]. Dependence was associated significantly with self‐reported non‐compliance (P = 0.01; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06–1.55). Cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were associated significantly with non‐compliance (P = 0.001; OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61–0.82).ConclusionsAmong smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine cigarettes for 6 weeks, non‐compliance was common and biochemical assessments detected more cases of non‐compliance than self‐report. Despite high levels of non‐compliance, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.
Differences in aqueous concentrations of cytokines in paediatric and adult patients with Coats' disease
Authors: Feng Jing , Zheng Xiaoxue , Li Bing , Jiang Yanrong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the differential aqueous concentrations of vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF) and inflammatory cytokines in paediatric and adult patients with Coats' disease.MethodsA total of 20 eyes of 20 patients with Coats' disease, 12 eyes of 12 paediatric patients, and eight eyes of eight adult patients, six patients (six eyes) with congenital cataract as the paediatric control group and 10 patients (10 eyes) with senile cataract as the adult control group were examined. Aqueous humour samples were assessed for interleukin‐6, ‐8, ‐1β (IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1β, respectively), basic fibroblast growth factor, monocyte chemo‐attractant protein 1, tumour necrosis factor alpha and VEGF by multiplex bead assay.ResultsSignificantly, higher concentrations of VEGF, IL‐6 and IL‐1β were found in the paediatric patients with Coats' disease (p = 0.001, p = 0.004 and p = 0.006). Concentration of VEGF in the paediatric patients with Stage 3B of Coats' disease was significantly higher than that of Stage 3A (p = 0.010). In the adult patients with Coats' disease, the aqueous levels of IL‐6 and IL‐1β were significantly higher than that of the controls (p = 0.012, and p = 0.005). The concentration of IL‐6 was significantly linearly associated with the extent of exudative retinal detachment (p = 0.003, R = 0.892).ConclusionsIncreasing severity of Coats' disease is significantly associated with intraocular VEGF concentration in the paediatric patients. And IL‐6 may be involved with the inflammatory process in the adult patients with Coats' disease.
Hypometabolism as the ultimate defence in stress response: how the comparative approach helps understanding of medically relevant questions
Authors: Gorr T. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFirst conceptualized from breath‐hold diving mammals, later recognized as the ultimate cell autonomous survival strategy in anoxia‐tolerant vertebrates and burrowing or hibernating rodents, hypometabolism is typically recruited by resilient organisms to withstand and recover from otherwise life‐threatening hazards. Through the coordinated down‐regulation of biosynthetic, proliferative and electrogenic expenditures at times when littleATPcan be generated, a metabolism turned ‘down to the pilot light’ allows the re‐balancing of energy demand with supply at a greatly suppressed level in response to noxious exogenous stimuli or seasonal endogenous cues. A unifying hallmark of stress‐tolerant organisms, the adaptation effectively prevents lethal depletion ofATP, thus delineating a marked contrast with susceptible species. Along with disengaged macromolecular syntheses, attenuated transmembrane ion shuttling andPO2‐conforming respiration rates, the metabolic slowdown in tolerant species usually culminates in a non‐cycling, quiescent phenotype. However, such a reprogramming also occurs in leading human pathophysiologies. Ranging from microbial infections through ischaemia‐driven infarcts to solid malignancies, cells involved in these disorders may again invoke hypometabolism to endure conditions non‐permissive for growth. At the same time, their reduced activities underlie the frequent development of a general resistance to therapeutic interventions. On the other hand, a controlled induction of hypometabolic and/or hypothermic states by pharmacological means has recently stimulated intense research aimed at improved organ preservation and patient survival in situations requiring acutely administered critical care. The current review article therefore presents an up‐to‐date survey of concepts and applications of a coordinated and reversibly down‐regulated metabolic rate as the ultimate defence in stress responses.
Facilitation through altered resource availability in a mixed‐species rodent malaria infection
Authors: Ramiro Ricardo S. , Pollitt Laura C. , Mideo Nicole , Reece Sarah E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA major challenge in disease ecology is to understand how co‐infecting parasite species interact. We manipulate in vivo resources and immunity to explain interactions between two rodent malaria parasites, Plasmodium chabaudi and P. yoelii. These species have analogous resource‐use strategies to the human parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax: P. chabaudi and P. falciparum infect red blood cells (RBC) of all ages (RBC generalist); P. yoelii and P. vivax preferentially infect young RBCs (RBC specialist). We find that: (1) recent infection with the RBC generalist facilitates the RBC specialist (P. yoelii density is enhanced ~10 fold). This occurs because the RBC generalist increases availability of the RBC specialist's preferred resource; (2) co‐infections with the RBC generalist and RBC specialist are highly virulent; (3) and the presence of an RBC generalist in a host population can increase the prevalence of an RBC specialist. Thus, we show that resources shape how parasite species interact and have epidemiological consequences.
Post‐hibernation ovary development in queens of the Japanese giant hornet Vespa mandarinia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Makino Shun'ichi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOvary contents and insemination status were examined in overwintered queens of Vespa mandarinia that were collected using bait traps in Ibaraki Prefecture, eastern Japan. Catches in the traps occurred from late April to early July in 1999, though they were few or rather sporadic in and after June. Fertilization rates were 100% in 1999, and 93% in 1998 when a preliminary sampling was made. While the ovary index (number of eggs with size equal to or larger than adjacent nurse cells) of queens caught on the first few collection dates was small, it rapidly increased up to late May. Generalized linear model analyses showed that the ovary index depended both on collection date and the size (head width) of the queens. Mature eggs were almost absent in their ovaries before early May, whereas more than 70% of the queens had one or more mature eggs on and after May 10, suggesting the onset of nesting in early May.
Structural and functional characterization of the microtubule interacting and trafficking domains of two oomycete chitin synthases
Authors: Brown Christian , Szpryngiel Scarlett , Kuang Guanglin , Srivastava Vaibhav , Ye Weihua , McKee Lauren S. , Tu Yaoquan , Mäler Lena , Bulone Vincent 
Published: July 2016

Chitin synthases (Chs) are responsible for the synthesis of chitin, a key structural cell wall polysaccharide in many organisms. They are essential for growth in certain oomycete species, some of which are pathogenic to diverse higher organisms. Recently, a microtubule interacting and trafficking (MIT) domain, which is not found in any fungal Chs, has been identified in some oomycete Chs proteins. Based on experimental data relating to the binding specificity of other eukaryotic MIT domains, there was speculation that this domain may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of Chs proteins. However, there is currently no evidence for this or any other function for the MIT domain in these enzymes. To attempt to elucidate their function, MIT domains from two Chs enzymes from the oomycete Saprolegnia monoica were cloned, expressed, and characterized. Both were shown to interact strongly with the plasma membrane component, phosphatidic acid, and to have additional putative interactions with proteins thought to be involved in protein transport and localization. Aiding our understanding of these data, the structure of the first MIT domain from a carbohydrate‐active enzyme (MIT1) was solved by NMR, and a model structure of a second MIT domain (MIT2) was built by homology modeling. Our results suggest a potential function for these MIT domains in the intracellular transport and/or regulation of Chs enzymes in the oomycetes.DatabaseStructural data are available in the Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank (BMRB) database under the accession number 19987 and the PDB database under the accession number 2MPK.
“Animal History after Its Triumph: Unexpected Animals, Evolutionary Approaches, and the Animal Lens”
Authors: Specht Joshua 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPart of a broad animal turn in the humanities, animal history is now a large, mature field. Taking the triumph of animal history as a starting point, this essay draws from scholarship on a diversity of places and time periods to provide a state of the field. The discussion opens with an account of a central theme in animal history: the “animal lens.” This lens uses animals to explore broad historical phenomena, from industrialization to ideas about gender. Next is a discussion of two recent trends in animal history: (1) scholarship on “unexpected animals” and (2) evolutionary history, which examines how humans have shaped animal bodies over time. The overview closes with a discussion of agency, suggesting that the field abandons this paradigm.
Preventive aerobic training exerts a cardioprotective effect on rats treated with monocrotaline
Authors: Pacagnelli Francis Lopes , de Almeida Sabela Ana Karênina Dias , Okoshi Katashi , Mariano Thaoan Bruno , Campos Dijon Henrique Salomé , Carvalho Robson Francisco , Cicogna Antônio Carlos , Vanderlei Luiz Carlo Marques 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease which causes overload to the right ventricle. The effect of preventive training on cardiac remodelling in this condition is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of preventive training on hypertrophy, heart function and gene expression of calcium transport proteins in rats with monocrotaline‐induced PAH. Thirty‐two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: S, sedentary control; T, trained control; SM, sedentary monocrotaline; and TM, trained monocrotaline. The preventive training protocol was performed on a treadmill for 13 weeks, five times/week. The first two weeks were adopted for adaptation to training with gradual increases in speed/time. The speed of the physical training from the third to tenth weeks was gradually increased from 0.9 to 1.1 km/h for 60 min. Next, monocrotaline was applied (60 mg/kg) to induce PAH and lactate threshold analysis performed to determine the training speeds. The training speed of the TM group in the following two weeks was 0.8 km/h for 60 min and the T = 0.9 km/h for 60 min; in the final two weeks, both groups trained at the same speed and duration 0.9 km/h, 60 min. Cardiac function was assessed through echocardiography, ventricular hypertrophy through histomorphometric analysis and gene expression through RT‐qPCR. Right cardiac function assessed through the peak flow velocity was SM = 75.5 cm/s vs. TM = 92.0 cm/s (P = 0.001), and ventricular hypertrophy was SM = 106.4 μm² vs. TM = 77.7 μm² (P = 0.004). There was a decrease in the gene expression of ryanodine S = 1.12 au vs. SM = 0.60 au (P = 0.02) without alterations due to training. Thus, we conclude that prior physical training exerts a cardioprotective effect on the right ventricle in the monocrotaline rat model.
Divergence of gastropod life history in contrasting thermal environments in a geothermal lake
Authors: Johansson M. P. , Ermold F. , Kristjánsson B. K. , Laurila A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExperiments using natural populations have provided mixed support for thermal adaptation models, probably because the conditions are often confounded with additional environmental factors like seasonality. The contrasting geothermal environments within Lake Mývatn, northern Iceland, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate thermal adaptation models using closely located natural populations. We conducted laboratory common garden and field reciprocal transplant experiments to investigate how thermal origin influences the life history of Radix balthica snails originating from stable cold (6 °C), stable warm (23 °C) thermal environments or from areas with seasonal temperature variation. Supporting thermal optimality models, warm‐origin snails survived poorly at 6 °C in the common garden experiment and better than cold‐origin and seasonal‐origin snails in the warm habitat in the reciprocal transplant experiment. Contrary to thermal adaptation models, growth rate in both experiments was highest in the warm populations irrespective of temperature, indicating cogradient variation. The optimal temperatures for growth and reproduction were similar irrespective of origin, but cold‐origin snails always had the lowest performance, and seasonal‐origin snails often performed at an intermediate level compared to snails originating in either stable environment. Our results indicate that central life‐history traits can differ in their mode of evolution, with survival following the predictions of thermal optimality models, whereas ecological constraints have shaped the evolution of growth rates in local populations.