bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stigmatizing attitudes in nurses towards people with mental illness: a cross‐sectional study in primary settings in Finland
Authors: Ihalainen‐Tamlander N. , Vähäniemi A. , Löyttyniemi E. , Suominen T. , Välimäki M. 
Published: August 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Stigma related to mental illnesses is a great burden on societies globally. Factors associated with nurses’ attitudes towards people with mental illness in health‐care settings are discrepant.

Stigmatized attitudes among staff members towards patients with mental illness have widely been studied in various specialized health care contexts, but less often in primary health‐care settings.

What this paper adds to the existing knowledge?

Nurses’ attitudes towards people with mental illness in general were positive in primary care health settings. Younger nurses expressed feeling afraid of mentally ill patients.

They not only lacked a feeling of safety around these patients but were also often of the opinion that people with mental illness should be segregated from the general population.

What are the implications for practice?

Systematic and continuous mental health on‐the‐job training for primary care nurses is recommended to strengthen the positive attitudes of young nurses towards patients.

Young nurses especially should be prevented from developing stigmatized attitudes towards patients with mental problems and to ensure a skilled workforce for the future in this demanding area of health care.

AbstractIntroductionDespite the development of mental health services in many countries, nurses working in different health care specialties may still have concerns and negative attitudes towards people with mental illness.AimTo describe nurses’ attitudes towards people with mental illness and examine factors associated with their attitudes in primary care health centres.MethodThe data were collected from nursing staff (N = 264, response rate 84%) in 15 primary care health centres in two Finnish cities (spring 2014) with a self‐report questionnaire (Attribution Questionnaire‐27, Corrigan 2003) and analysed by descriptive statistics and multiway covariance analysis.ResultsNurses’ attitudes towards people with mental illness were generally positive. The nurses mostly reported willingness to help and feelings of concern and sympathy towards these patients. However, younger nurses or those without additional mental health training expressed a fear of patients.DiscussionSpecial attention should be paid to nursing education and on‐the‐job training to prevent young nurses from developing stigmatized attitudes towards patients.Implications for practiceHigher confidence in nursing staff could ensure a skilled work force in areas of mental health in the future, prevent young nurses from developing a fear of patients at work and support positive attitudes towards patients with mental problems.
“This is a question we have to ask everyone”: asking young people about self‐harm and suicide
Authors: O'Reilly M. , Kiyimba N. , Karim K. 
Published: August 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

An essential part of the mental health assessment is to evaluate the risk of harm to self. Fundamentally this involves asking directly about self‐harming behaviour and suicidal thoughts or urges, but practitioners often find it difficult to open up these conversations.

This evaluation of risk is particularly important as self‐harm and suicidal thoughts are frequently found in young people who attend mental health services.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Young people are not always routinely asked directly about self‐harm or suicidal thoughts when they are assessed.

There are two ways that mental health practitioners introduce this topic: first, by building up to it by initially asking about general feelings, and second by stating that it is a requirement to ask everyone.

What are the implications for practice?

These questions should not be avoided by mental health practitioners just because they are difficult.

We offer suggestions as to how to ask questions about self‐harm and suicide based on real‐world practice.

AbstractIntroductionQuestions about self‐harm and suicide are essential in risk assessments with children and young people, yet little is known about how mental health practitioners do this.AimThe core aim was to examine how questions about self‐harm and suicidal ideation are asked in real‐world practice.MethodA qualitative design was employed to analyse 28 video‐recorded naturally occurring mental health assessments in a child and adolescent mental health service. Data were analysed using conversation analysis (CA).ResultsIn 13 cases young people were asked about self‐harm and suicide, but 15 were not. Analysis revealed how practitioners asked these questions. Two main styles were revealed. First was an incremental approach, beginning with inquiries about emotions and behaviours, building to asking about self‐harm and suicidal intent. Second was to externalize the question as being required by outside agencies.DiscussionThe study concluded that the design of risk questions to young people had implications for how open they were to engaging with the practitioner.Implications for practiceThe study has implications for training and practice for psychiatric nurses and other mental health practitioners in feeling more confident in communicating with young people about self‐harm and suicidal ideation.
Factor affecting happiness among nursing students in South Korea
Authors: Jun W. H. , Jo M. J. 
Published: August 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Despite the increased interest in nursing students' happiness in South Korea, few studies have attempted to identify factors influencing their happiness. Therefore, nursing educators should consistently investigate the factors influencing happiness and develop strategies to improve happiness among Korean nursing students.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

This study confirmed that there were positive correlations between grateful disposition, social support and happiness. In addition, grateful disposition and support from intimate people were identified as predictors of happiness in Korean nursing students.

What are the implications for practice?

Development of intervention programmes to help nursing students increase grateful disposition and support from intimate people may be helpful for improving happiness. These programmes can include activity, such as writing a gratitude journal, and extracurricular programmes, such as mentoring programmes between seniors and juniors and/or professor and student.

AbstractIntroductionHappiness is very important in the training and development of nursing students as future nurses. However, nursing students experience a high level of stress and low level of happiness in South Korea.AimThis study aimed to investigate factors that affect happiness among nursing students in South Korea.MethodData were collected from a total of 241 nursing enrolled in two 4‐year baccalaureate nursing programmes in South Korea, using a self‐administrated questionnaire. To identify predictors of happiness, stepwise regression analysis was conducted.ResultsThe results indicated that grateful disposition and support from intimate people significantly predict happiness among Korean nursing students. These two factors accounted for 38.0% of the variance in happiness.DiscussionThis study indicated grateful disposition and support from intimate people as factors promoting happiness in nursing students. The findings highlight grateful disposition and support from intimate people as important factors when developing effective interventions that foster nursing students' happiness.
Interleukin‐32 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis after periodontal treatment
Authors: Öngöz Dede F. , Balli U. , Bozkurt Doğan Ş. , Güven B. 
Published: August 2016

Background and ObjectiveThe cytokine, interleukin (IL)‐32, is a relatively new discovery. However, it is very powerful for stimulating tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) under inflammatory conditions. The objective of this research was to explore fluctuations in the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐32 and IL‐10, in both saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The focus was on measurements taken before and after clinical treatment of chronic periodontitis.Material and MethodsFor the purposes of the study, a total of 27 patients with chronic periodontitis and 27 controls (periodontally healthy) were recruited. Important clinical periodontal criteria were established before and 4 wk after the start of the research. The chronic periodontitis group was given an initial form of periodontal care. Samples of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid were collected exactly 4 wk preceding and 4 wk following the care. The levels of IL‐10, IL‐32 and TNF‐α present in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid were recorded via the use of an ELISA.ResultsAt baseline, the levels of TNF‐α and IL‐32 in the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were significantly higher among patients in the chronic periodontitis group than among patients in the control group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, at baseline the levels of IL‐10 were significantly lower in the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of the chronic periodontitis group than the control group (p < 0.05). A significantly positive link was found between the TNF‐α and IL‐32 levels in the two study groups (p < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of TNF‐α and IL‐32 in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid were significantly lower in the chronic periodontitis group when compared with the baseline readings. However, the levels of IL‐10 were significantly higher (p < 0.05).ConclusionUltimately, the level of IL‐32 present in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid might be useful as an indicator of the condition and the expectations for its treatment and care. According to the results of the research, the proinflammatory impact of IL‐32 could potentially be linked to the intensity and progression of periodontitis.
Predicting Financial Distress and Closure in Rural Hospitals
Authors: Holmes George M. , Kaufman Brystana G. , Pink George H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeAnnual rates of rural hospital closure have been increasing since 2010, and hospitals that close have poor financial performance relative to those that remain open. This study develops and validates a latent index of financial distress to forecast the probability of financial distress and closure within 2 years for rural hospitals.MethodsHospital and community characteristics are used to predict the risk of financial distress 2 years in the future. Financial and community data were drawn for 2,466 rural hospitals from 2000 through 2013. We tested and validated a model predicting a latent index of financial distress (FDI), measured by unprofitability, equity decline, insolvency, and closure. Using the predicted FDI score, hospitals are assigned to high, medium‐high, medium‐low, and low risk of financial distress for use by practitioners.FindingsThe FDI forecasts 8.01% of rural hospitals to be at high risk of financial distress in 2015, 16.3% as mid‐high, 46.8% as mid‐low, and 28.9% as low risk. The rate of closure for hospitals in the high‐risk category is 4 times the rate in the mid‐high category and 28 times that in the mid‐low category. The ability of the FDI to discriminate hospitals experiencing financial distress is supported by a c‐statistic of .74 in a validation sample.ConclusionThis methodology offers improved specificity and predictive power relative to existing measures of financial distress applied to rural hospitals. This risk assessment tool may inform programs at the federal, state, and local levels that provide funding or support to rural hospitals.
Different modes of acoustic communication in deep‐diving short‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
Authors: Pérez Jacobo Marrero , Jensen Frants H. , Rojano‐Doñate Laia , Aguilar de Soto Natacha 
Published: August 2016

AbstractToothed whales use a pneumatic sound generator to produce echolocation and communication sounds. Increasing hydrostatic pressure at depth influences the amplitude and duration of calls but not of echolocation clicks. Here we test the hypothesis that information transfer at depth might be facilitated by click‐based communication signals. Wild short‐finned pilot whales (27) instrumented with multisensor DTAGs produced four main types of communication signals: low‐ and medium‐frequency calls (median fundamental frequency: 1.7 and 2.9 kHz), two‐component calls (median frequency of the low and high frequency components: 2 and 9 kHz), and rasps (burst‐pulses with median interclick interval of 21 ms). Rasps can be confused with foraging buzzes, but rasps are shorter and slower, and are not associated with fast changes in body acceleration nor reduced acoustic output of buzzes, characteristic of prey capture attempts. Contrary to calls, the energy flux density of rasps was not significantly affected by depth. This, and a different information content, may explain the observed increase in the relative occurrence of rasps with respect to calls at depth, and supports the hypothesis that click‐based communication signals may facilitate communication under high hydrostatic pressure. However, calls are produced at depth also, indicating that they may carry additional information relevant for deep‐diving animals, including potential communication among whales diving at the same time in this highly social deep‐diving species.
I. WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY IN CONTEXT: MODELING DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF BEHAVIOR, MEMORY, AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Simmering Vanessa R. 
Published: August 2016

Working memory is a vital cognitive skill that underlies a broad range of behaviors. Higher cognitive functions are reliably predicted by working memory measures from two domains: children's performance on complex span tasks, and infants’ performance in looking paradigms. Despite the similar predictive power across these research areas, theories of working memory development have not connected these different task types and developmental periods. The current project takes a first step toward bridging this gap by presenting a process‐oriented theory, focusing on two tasks designed to assess visual working memory capacity in infants (the change‐preference task) versus children and adults (the change detection task). Previous studies have shown inconsistent results, with capacity estimates increasing from one to four items during infancy, but only two to three items during early childhood. A probable source of this discrepancy is the different task structures used with each age group, but prior theories were not sufficiently specific to explain how performance relates across tasks.The current theory focuses on cognitive dynamics, that is, how memory representations are formed, maintained, and used within specific task contexts over development. This theory was formalized in a computational model to generate three predictions: 1) capacity estimates in the change‐preference task should continue to increase beyond infancy; 2) capacity estimates should be higher in the change‐preference versus change detection task when tested within individuals; and 3) performance should correlate across tasks because both rely on the same underlying memory system. I also tested a fourth prediction, that development across tasks could be explained through increasing real‐time stability, realized computationally as strengthening connectivity within the model. Results confirmed these predictions, supporting the cognitive dynamics account of performance and developmental changes in real‐time stability. The monograph concludes with implications for understanding memory, behavior, and development in a broader range of cognitive development.
The Population Ethics of Belief: In Search of an Epistemic Theory X
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2016

AbstractConsider Phoebe and Daphne. Phoebe has credences in 1 million propositions. Daphne, on the other hand, has credences in all of these propositions, but she's also got credences in 999 million other propositions. Phoebe's credences are all very accurate. Each of Daphne's credences, in contrast, are not very accurate at all; each is a little more accurate than it is inaccurate, but not by much. Whose doxastic state is better, Phoebe's or Daphne's? It is clear that this question is analogous to a question that has exercised ethicists over the past thirty years. How do we weigh a population consisting of some number of exceptionally happy and satisfied individuals against another population consisting of a much greater number of people whose lives are only just worth living? This is the question that occasions population ethics. In this paper, I go in search of the correct population ethics for credal states.
Early polysensitization is associated with allergic multimorbidity in PARIS birth cohort infants
Authors: Gabet Stephan , Just Jocelyne , Couderc Rémy , Bousquet Jean , Seta Nathalie , Momas Isabelle 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundProfiles of allergic sensitization are poorly documented in infancy. Relations between early sensitization and allergic morbidity need to be clarified.MethodsThis study dealt with children involved in the Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS), a population‐based prospective birth cohort. Allergic sensitization to twelve food and four inhalant allergens was assessed at 18 months and defined by a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) level ≥0.35 kUA/l. Health data were collected by standardized questionnaires at 2 and 6 years. Early allergic profiles were identified by an unsupervised cluster analysis based on health data at 2 years and IgE measurements. Profiles were compared with regard to allergic morbidity and multimorbidity at 6 years.ResultsSensitization to any allergen concerned 13.6% of infants. By cluster analysis, 1525 infants were grouped into three profiles: 89.2% not or rarely sensitized (only 3.7% of sensitized), 9.2% mainly sensitized to one or few allergens (45.2% of monosensitized and 45.9% of paucisensitized) and 1.6% all polysensitized. The prevalence of doctor‐diagnosed asthma, rhinitis, eczema, food allergy and multimorbidity at 2 years increased from profile one to profile three (p‐trend <0.001). At 6 years, symptoms of current asthma, rhinitis, eczema and multimorbidity were significantly more frequent in the last two profiles.ConclusionsThis study highlights, as early as 18 months of age, three profiles of increasing severity with regard to allergic sensitization and diseases. These profiles also differ in terms of allergic morbidity at 6 years. Early sensitization can predict allergic multimorbidity in childhood, and in the case of early polysensitization, multimorbidity is more frequent as soon as infancy.
Deficient Nucleotide Excision Repair in Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Dong Tiffany K. , Ona Katherine , Scandurra Amy E. , Demetriou Stephanie K. , Oh Dennis H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSquamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are associated with ultraviolet radiation and multiple genetic changes, but the mechanisms leading to genetic instability are unclear.SCCcell lines were compared to normal keratinocytes for sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation,DNArepair kinetics andDNArepair protein expression. Relative to normal keratinocytes, fourSCCcell lines were all variably sensitive to ultraviolet radiation and, except for theSCC25 cell line, were deficient in global repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, although not 6‐4 photoproducts. ImpairedDNArepair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers was associated with reducedmRNAexpression fromXPCbut notDDB2genes which each encode keyDNAdamage recognition proteins. However, levels ofXPCorDDB2 proteins or both were variably reduced in repair‐deficientSCCcell lines. p53 levels did not correlate withDNArepair activity or withXPCandDDB2 levels, but p63 levels were deficient in cell lines with reduced global repair. Repair‐proficientSCC25 cells depleted of p63 lostXPCexpression, early globalDNArepair activity andUVresistance. These results demonstrate that someSCCcell lines are deficient in global nucleotide excision repair and support a role for p63 as a regulator of nucleotide excision repair inSCCs.
Geriatric periodontology: how the need to care for the aging population can influence the future of the dental profession
Authors: Lamster Ira B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe world's population is aging, and it has been estimated that by 2050, the number of people 65 years of age and older will reach 1.5 billion. The aging population will be affected by noncommunicable chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment. This important demographic shift includes a reduction in tooth loss/edentulism, particularly in older adults of the developed countries in North America, western Europe and north‐east Asia. Therefore, in the future, dental providers will be required to care for an expanded number of older adults who have retained teeth and are medically complex. As the linkage of oral disease and systemic disease has focused on the relationship of periodontitis and noncommunicable chronic diseases, a broad review of ‘geriatric periodontology’ is both timely and important. This volume of Periodontology 2000 covers a range of subjects under this heading. Included are the demographics of an aging world; the effect of aging on stem cell function in the periodontium; the periodontal microbiota associated with aging; the host response in the periodontium of aging individuals; an analysis of the prevalence of periodontitis in the USA on a national, state‐wide and community basis; differentiation of physiologic oral aging from disease; treatment of periodontal disease in older adults; implant therapy for older patients; oral disease and the frailty syndrome; the relationship of tooth loss to longevity and life expectancy; and the relationship of periodontal disease to noncommunicable chronic diseases. Although ‘geriatric dentistry’ is not a recognized specialty in dentistry, and ‘geriatric periodontology’ is a descriptive title, the subject of this volume of Periodontology 2000 is critical to the future of clinical dentistry, dental public health and dental research. Any comprehensive focus on older patients can only be accomplished with an emphasis on interprofessional education and practice. If embraced, this shift will allow the dental profession to be more closely aligned with the larger health‐care environment, and can improve both oral health and health outcomes for patients seen in the dental office.