bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and social constraints influencing HIV/AIDS teaching in Malawi primary schools
Authors: Ghirwa Grames 
Published: September 2016

<p><span style="font-size: medium;">The Ministry of Education in Malawi introduced a Life Skills Education program</span><span style="font-size: medium;">with the intention to empower children with appropriate information and skills to deal with social and health problems affecting the nation including the fight against HIV infections. This study investigated factors affecting the teaching of the Life skills education in four primary schools in the Zomba District, Malawi. Cornbleth’s (1990) notions of the structural and social contexts and Whitaker’s (1993) identification of key role players in curriculum implementation framed the study. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Findings suggest that the teaching of Life skills is constrained by a variety of social and structural contextual factors such as the poor conditions under which teachers are working; greater attention given to subjects such as Maths and Languages; the cascade model of training teachers and the short duration of training; the language in teachers guides were not accesibile to teachers; hunger and poverty of learners; lack of community support for sexual education; both teachers and learners being infected or affected by the AIDS/HIV pandemic; teachers felt it is inappropriate to teach sexual education to 9 and 10 year old learners.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">These findings indicate structural and social barriers to effective life skills education within the current framework. </span></p>
Evaluation of myeloid cells (tumor-associated tissue eosinophils and mast cells) infiltration in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Debta Priyanka , Debta Fakir Mohan , Chaudhary Minal , Bussari Smita 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background: The multifunctional involvement and infiltration of myeloid cells (tumor-associated tissue eosinophils [TATE] and mast cells) can provide a unique opportunity to define relevant effectors functions that may represent novel, therapeutic options for modulation of tumor onset/growth. Aim: Our study aimed to evaluate infiltration of myeloid cells (TATE and Mast cells) infiltration in different grades (WHO grading) of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: Total 30 cases of OSCC were selected for this study. Hematoxylin and eosin stain and toluidine blue special stain, to evaluate TATE and the mast cells infiltration, were used. Three-year follow-up of OSCC cases was done. Result: Among 30 cases, 63.33% cases of OSCC showed TATE-positive and 36.66% cases showed TATE-negative. Regarding mast cells infiltration, 66.66% OSCC cases showed mast cells positive and 33.33% cases did not show significant mast cells infiltration. We found significant association of TATE and mast cells infiltration in OSCC cases. These myeloid cells infiltration significantly associated with age of patients but did not show any significant association with gender, site, and habit of cases. When we compared these cells infiltration with clinical stages and different histological grades of tumor, we found their infiltration is decreasing, from Stages 1 to Stage 3 of tumor and from well to poorly differentiated carcinoma. We have also found the less infiltration of these myeloid in recurrence cases of OSCC. Conclusion: As the infiltration of TATE and mast cells are correlated, along with evaluation of TATE, we should also evaluate the presence of mast cells infiltration in OSCC. The assessment of myeloid cells could become, in the future, useful for therapeutic approaches in this subset of the patient.
Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in adenocarcinoma lung in a North Indian population: Prevalence and relation with different clinical variables
Authors: Kasana Basharat Ahmad , Dar Waseem Raja , Aziz Sheikh Aijaz , Lone Abdul Rashid , Sofi Najeeb Ullah , Dar Imtiyaz Ahmad , Latief Muzamil , Arshad Faheem , Hussain Moomin , Hussain Mir 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Adenocarcinoma is taking over squamous cell lung cancer as the predominant histological subtype. Several cytotoxic drugs are available for the treatment of lung cancer, but side effects limit their use. Recently, targeted therapies for cancers have come into clinical practice. Aims and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation in adenocarcinoma lung in a North Indian population and its relation with different clinical variables. Materials and Methods: A total of 57 patients who met inclusion criteria were recruited into the study. Relevant history, clinical examination and investigations were done. EGFR mutation was done in all patients. Results: A total of twenty patients tested positive for EGFR mutation. EGFR was more frequently detected in female patients (53.8%), while as only 19.4% of the male patients expressed EGFR mutation, which was statistically very significant P = 0.007). EGFR mutation was more frequently detected in nonsmokers (52%) as compared to smokers (21.9%) which also was statistically significant P value of 0.018). EGFR mutation was more common in Stage III and IV adenocarcinomas (48%) as compared to Stage I and II (21.4%) which was statistically significant P value 0.034). Conclusion: EGFR mutation should be routinely done in all patients of adenocarcinoma lung particularly non-smoker females with Stage III and IV disease.
Tobacco-related cancers in India: A review of incidence reported from population-based cancer registries
Authors: Asthana Smita , Patil Rakshit S , Labani Satyanarayana 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background: Tobacco related cancers (TRC) account for major share of all cancers and updated of incidence data are helpful in policy changes. The aim was to present an update of TRCs on age-adjusted incidence data and corresponding lifetime risk of developing TRC for different regions of the country. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from published reports of 25 population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) in India. The PBCRs in different parts of India were divided into seven regions such as North, South, Central, Northeast, West, Rural West, and East. Data indicators such as age-adjusted rates (AARs) of incidence and the cumulative risks of TRCs up to the age of 64 years for each of the 10 TRC sites of either sex in each of 25 registries were obtained from the National Cancer Registry Programme reports. Results: Among all TRCs, esophagus, lung, hypopharynx, and mouth are the leading sites for both males and females. Males in Northeast region had the highest risk 1 in 27 of developing esophageal cancer, 1 in 67 for cancer of lungs and hypopharynx, followed by 1 in 143 for both mouth and tongue cancers. Females also had the highest risk of esophagus and lungs (1 in 63 female) and cancer of mouth (1 in 250) in Northeast region. Proportion of TRC in comparison of all cancer ranged from 11–25% for men and 3–18% for women. Conclusions: Proportion of TRC in relation to all cancers was still high in different registries of India including the Northeast region.
Efficacy and safety of eribulin mesylate in advanced soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Noujaim Jonathan , Alam Salma , Thway Khin , Jones Robin Lewis 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDespite recent advances in the field, treatment options for metastatic soft tissue sarcoma patients are limited. Eribulin, an antimitotic derived from the natural marine sponge product halichondrin B, is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Following the promising activity of eribulin in sarcoma in a Phase II trial, the drug was recently compared to dacarbazine in pretreated advanced leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and liposarcoma (LPS) patients in a Phase III trial. Eribulin was associated with a significant 2-month improvement in median overall survival compared to dacarbazine (13.5 vs. 11.5 months, heart rate: 0.768) despite no documented significant difference in progression-free survival. In a subgroup analysis, the survival advantage associated with eribulin was evident in the LPS subgroup but not in the LMS subgroup. Following these encouraging results, the Food and Drug Administration has approved eribulin for the treatment of advanced LPS for patients who received prior anthracycline chemotherapy. In this short review, we will evaluate the evidence for eribulin in soft tissue sarcoma, highlight its mechanisms of action, and summarize the results of the major preclinical and clinical studies with a particular focus on the results of the Phase III trial.
Newly established stem cell transplant program: 100 days follow-up of patients and its comparison with published Indian literature
Authors: Tiwari Aseem Kumar , Arora Dinesh , Dara Ravi C , Dorwal Pranav , Sood Nitin , Misra Ruchira , Gupta Sunil Kumar , Raina Vimarsh , Vaid Ashok Kumar 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background: Hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation (HPSCT) is used as a standard treatment option to improve outcome in hematological and nonhematological disorders. It is important for new HPSCT program to look at its patient outcome data and compare it with the published data to evaluate the efficacy of program. Aims: The aim was to compile and collate the patient outcome data of HPSCT and compare with published reports. Materials and Methods: Patient demographics, indications, stem cell harvest by apheresis, dose collected, infusion, engraftment, and follow-up data were collected from hospital information system from 2010 to 2013 in a tertiary care hospital. HPSCs were mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and harvests were done on the 5th day. Engraftment was decided for neutrophil when counts were 0.5 × 109/L and for platelets when counts were 20 × 109/L on two consecutive days without any transfusion support. Results: There were 133 harvests for 95 patients with various disorders; multiple myeloma was most common in autologous and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in allogeneic group. One hundred harvests were done for autologous and 33 for allogeneic HPSCT. In autologous group, of 66 patients, 60 (90.9%) received stem cell infusion at median dose of 4.63 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Similarly, in allogeneic group, of 29 patients, 27 (93.10%) received infusion at median dose of 5.8 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. 58 (96.9%) patients and 25 (92.6%) engrafted in autologous and allogeneic group, respectively. The median time for neutrophils engraftment was 11 days in autologous group and 12 days in allogeneic group. The median time for platelet engraftment was 11.5 days in autologous group and 13 days in allogeneic group. The 100-day survival rate was 95% n = 57) in autologous group and 77.8% n = 21) in allogeneic group. Conclusion: This data analysis shows reasonably good results of HPSCTs with majority of patients surviving at 100-day follow-up.
Isolated humeral recurrence in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Devdas Santosh Kumar , Digumarti Leela , Digumarti Raghunadharao , Patro Kunha Charan , Nutakki Ramakoteswararao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIsolated skeletal metastasis in endometrial carcinoma at recurrence is very rare. We report a 52-year-old woman diagnosed to have FIGO Stage 1b, Grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, presenting with isolated distal humerus metastasis, 2 years after surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy for primary disease. Imaging, bone scintigraphy, and cytology confirmed the diagnosis of poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma. She was treated with local radiotherapy followed by six cycles of paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy along with zoledronic acid, monthly. She is symptom-free after the treatment and at a first follow-up visit after 3 months.
A long-term study of aerosol–cloud interactions and their radiative effect
at the Southern Great Plains using ground-based measurements
Authors: Sena Elisa T. , McComiskey Allison , Feingold Graham 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Empirical estimates of the microphysical response of cloud droplet size distribution to aerosol perturbations are commonly used to constrain aerosol–cloud interactions in climate models. Instead of empirical microphysical estimates, here macroscopic variables are analyzed to address the influence of aerosol particles and meteorological descriptors on instantaneous cloud albedo and the radiative effect of shallow liquid water clouds. Long-term ground-based measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program over the Southern Great Plains are used. A broad statistical analysis was performed on 14 years of coincident measurements of low clouds, aerosol, and meteorological properties. Two cases representing conflicting results regarding the relationship between the aerosol and the cloud radiative effect were selected and studied in greater detail. Microphysical estimates are shown to be very uncertain and to depend strongly on the methodology, retrieval technique and averaging scale. For this continental site, the results indicate that the influence of the aerosol on the shallow cloud radiative effect and albedo is weak and that macroscopic cloud properties and dynamics play a much larger role in determining the instantaneous cloud radiative effect compared to microphysical effects. On a daily basis, aerosol shows no correlation with cloud radiative properties (correlation = −0.01 ± 0.03), whereas the liquid water path shows a clear signal (correlation = 0.56 ± 0.02).
Prospective investigation of penile length with newborn male circumcision and second to fourth digit ratio
Authors: Park Jong Kwan , Doo A. Ram , Kim Joo Heung , Park Hyung Sub , Do Jung Mo , Choi Hwang , Park Seung Chol , Kim Myung Ki , Jeong Young Beom , Kim Hyung Jim , Kim Young Gon , Shin Yu Seob 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> We prospectively investigated the relationship between newborn male circumcision (NMC) and second to fourth digit ratio with penile length.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> As participants for our study, we identified already circumcised young patients who visited our hospital for urological treatment. The age at which the circumcision had been done was assessed. The patients’ height and weight were measured. Second to fourth digit ratio was calculated by measuring the second and fourth digit lengths. The flaccid and erectile penile lengths were measured from the base of the penis to the tip of the glans in standing position.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 248 patients were included in our study. In univariate analysis, height, second to fourth digit ratio, flaccid penile length, and age of circumcision were associated with erectile penile<br />length. Among these variables, second to fourth digit ratio, flaccid penile length, and age of circumcision were significant predictive factors for erectile penile length in multivariate analysis. The subjects were divided into two groups, including 72 patients in the NMC group and 176 patients in the non-NMC group. No significant difference was found in height, weight, and second to fourth digit ratio between both groups. However, flaccid (p&lt;0.001) and erectile (p=0.001) penile lengths were shorter in the NMC group than in the non-NMC group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Despite the small number of subjects, this study shows that NMC was associated with shorter penile length. Second to fourth digit ratio, flaccid penile length, and age of circumcision were also significant predictive factors for erectile penile length. Further multicentre studies with larger number of subjects and biochemical analyses are needed for potential clinical applicability</p>
Survival after partial and radical nephrectomy for high-risk disease: A propensity-matched comparison
Authors: Maurice Matthew J. , Zhu Hui , Kim Simon , Abouassaly Robert 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Increasingly, partial nephrectomy has been applied to high-risk disease without evidence that its survival benefits can be extrapolated to this entity. We aimed to compare overall survival after partial vs. radical nephrectomy in patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using the National Cancer Data Base, we identified patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy for high-risk disease between 2003 and 2006. High-risk disease was defined as the presence of adverse pathological features within the primary tumour, namely high-grade or unfavourable histology, T3 stage, or both. After matching the partial and radical nephrectomy groups<br />based on propensity scores, 1680, 276, and 76 patients with high-grade or unfavourable histology, T3 stage, or both adverse pathologic features, respectively, were available for analysis. Five-year overall survival was compared after partial vs. radical nephrectomy for each high-risk cohort using the Kaplan-Meier and log rank tests.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Partial nephrectomy was associated with a statistically significant improvement in five-year overall survival compared to radical nephrectomy for small tumours (median size 3.0 cm; interquartile<br />range 2.1‒4.5 cm) with high-grade or unfavourable histology (87% vs. 81%; p&lt;0.01) or with pT3a stage (82% vs. 71%; p&lt;0.01). For patients concomitantly harbouring both adverse pathologic<br />features, no difference in survival was detected (p=0.21).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Partial nephrectomy is associated with survival benefits in patients with adverse pathologic features, suggesting that renal preservation is not only safe, but also potentially beneficial for high-risk disease. Due to inherent selection bias associated with partial nephrectomy use, prospective validation of these findings is needed.</p>
Telemedicin: Et maktperspektiv
Authors: Dyb Kari , Andreassen Hege K. 
Published: September 2016

Til tross for betydelige statlige investeringer over flere år, er ikke telemedisin en etablert behandlingsform i norsk helsevesen. Lav utbredelse forklares ofte med at leger og andre helseprofesjonelle fungerer som portvakter. Etter vår mening er det behov for å heve blikket og supplere forklaringene på individnivå. I denne artikkelen presenterer vi en empirisk analyse inspirert av Bourdieus maktperspektiv. Vi har brukt intervju, observasjons og dokumentmateriale fra to empiriske case, teleslag og teledermatologi. I begge casene var legene positive til bruk av telemedisin, men løsningene ble lite brukt. Analysen får frem hvordan telemedisin er mer enn nye verktøy for klinkerne, og faktisk trigger diskusjoner om selve kjernen i helsefeltets autonomi; spørsmålet om hva som er den riktige behandling. Vi konkluderer med at mottagelsen av telemedisin i klinisk praksis må forstås i lys av pågående maktkamper i helsefeltet, mellom statlige styringsinteresser på den ene siden og profesjonell autonomi på den andre.Telemedicine; power disruptions in health careAlthough the development of telemedicine has been a priority in Norwegian public health care for over 20 years, only a limited number of applications have been established as routine services. Dominant explanations of slow diffusion points to clinicians and their role as gatekeepers. We argue there is a need to look beyond the ubiquitous accounts of individual influences, and include power structures in the analysis of telemedicine diffusion. In this paper, we present an empirical analysis inspired by Bourdieu’s conceptual framework. The data consist of interviews, observations, and public- and project documents from two case studies; telestroke and teledermatology. In both cases, the clinicians were positive and involved in the implementation of telemedicine. Nevertheless, the services were not developed into routine practice; in fact, they were rarely used. Telemedicine touches upon the core value of health care activity: how to define the best patient treatment. The paper argues telemedicine might disrupt and be disrupted by existing power struggles in the health care sector. We conclude that slow diffusion of telemedicine should be understood in light of ongoing negotiations and power struggles between state regulatory powers on the one hand and health professional autonomy on the other.
Brugerinddragelse: forhandlinger af autoritet, relation og viden
Authors: Jønsson Alexandra Ryborg , Baker Vibe Hjelholt , Jacobsen Charlotte Bredahl , Pedersen Line Hjøllund 
Published: September 2016

Brugerinddragelse er på alles læber i sundhedsvæsenet. Det står nedskrevet i hospitalernes værdiformuleringer, der bliver afholdt temadage og konferencer om patientinddragelse, der er øget politisk fokus på emnet, og både ledelse og frontpersonale nævner inddragelse som en afgørende kompetence i arbejdet med patienter. Men hvad ligger der egentlig i et så bredtfavnende begreb og hvorfor denne pludselige popularitet?
Cultivating a Healthy Second Nature - Nature, Culture, and Morality in Danish Parents’ Narratives about their Children’s Overweight and Weight Loss
Authors: Andreassen Pernille , Grøn Lone , Roessler Kirsten Kaya 
Published: September 2016

Professional explanations for the causes of childhood overweight vary greatly and no particular weight loss methods have proved successful. Nevertheless, parents are generally regarded as primarily to blame for overweight children and also perceived as key to successful weight loss. Based on semi-structured interviews with twelve mothers and two fathers of overweight preschool children, we use a narrative approach to focus on parents’ own aetiological explanations as well as their hopes for a resolution. In their stories of how their children became overweight, parents draw on a number of explanations that refer to both natural and cultural causes which to a large extent mirror the available professional explanations, and in their stories of future possibilities, parents hope to develop a healthy second nature in their children. We argue that the parents employ these hopes and explanations as narrative devices to position themselves as moral actors in relation to the prevalent and widespread idea of childhood overweight as caused by parental failure. The parents’ narratives offer valuable insight into the exceptionally morally charged position of parenting within the social and cultural context of childhood overweight and weight loss.