bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Allylic Amination of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Acetates Catalyzed by Chiral Thiourea‐Phosphine
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Kang Tianchen , Shen Jie , Sha Feng , Wu Xinyan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe enantioselective allylic amination of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman acetates catalyzed by chiral cyclohexane‐based thiourea‐phosphine catalysts was investigated. In the presence of 20 mol% rosin‐derived thiourea‐phosphine 3j, the chiral amines were obtained in up to 88% yield and up to 85% ee.
Self‐Assembled Oleic Acid Nanoparticle Mediated Inhibition of Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Combination with DNA Damage in Cancer Cells
Authors: Palvai Sandeep , More Piyush , Mapara Nikunj , Nagraj Jyothi , Chowdhury Rajdeep , Basu Sudipta 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has been dysregulated in different types of cancers. However, targeting MAPK signaling with small molecules leads to severe toxic side effects to the patients as well as manifestation of drug resistance. To address these, we have developed 120 nm sized self‐assembled, biocompatible, biodegradable oleic acid nanoparticles (OA‐NPs) which can simultaneously contain AZD6244 (MAPK inhibitor) and cisplatin (DNA damaging drug). These OA‐NPs released AZD6244 and cisplatin in increased amount in pH 5.5 compared to pH 7.4 in a slow and sustained manner over 4 days with excellent stability at 4 °C for 2 months in water and in blood circulation mimic for 6 days. Moreover, these OA‐NPs showed much improved in vitro cytotoxicity in cervical cancer (HeLa) and triple negative breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐231) cells at 48 h and in hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B) and cisplatin‐resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B‐R) cells at 24 h. In HeLa cells, these OA‐NPs induced apoptosis through inhibiting MAPK signaling and damaging DNA after being internalized through macropinocytosis and homed into the acidic lysosomal compartments. These OA‐NPs have the potential to be translated into the clinic for targeting multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and damaging DNA concurrently for augmented efficacy, reduced toxicity, and overcoming drug resistance in next‐generation cancer treatment.
Limitation of seedling growth by potassium and magnesium supply for two ectomycorrhizal tree species of a Central African rain forest and its implication for their recruitment
Authors: Neba Godlove Ambe , Newbery David McClintock , Chuyong George Bindeh 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the ectomycorrhizal caesalpiniaceous groves of southern Korup National Park, the dominant tree species, Microberlinia bisulcata, displays very poor in situ recruitment compared with its codominant, Tetraberlinia bifoliolata. The reported ex situ experiment tested whether availabilities of soil potassium and magnesium play a role. Seedlings of the two species received applications of K and Mg fertilizer in potted native soil in a local shade house, and their responses in terms of growth and nutrient concentrations were recorded over 2 years. Amended soil concentrations were also determined. Microberlinia responded strongly and positively in its growth to Mg, but less to K; Tetraberlinia responded weakly to both. Added Mg led to strongly increased Mg concentration for Microberlinia while added K changed that concentration only slightly; Tetraberlinia strongly increased its concentration of K with added K, but only somewhat its Mg concentration with added Mg. Additions of Mg and K had small but important antagonistic effects. Microberlinia is Mg‐demanding and apparently Mg‐limited in Korup soil; Tetraberlinia, whilst K‐demanding, appeared not to be K‐limited (for growth). Added K enhanced plant P concentrations of both species. Extra applied Mg may also be alleviating soil aluminum toxicity, and hence improving growth indirectly and especially to the benefit of Microberlinia. Mg appears to be essential for Microberlinia seedling growth and its low soil availability in grove soils at Korup may be an important contributing factor to its poor recruitment. Microberlinia is highly shade‐intolerant and strongly light‐responding, whilst Tetraberlinia is more shade‐tolerant and moderately light‐responding, which affords an interesting contrast with respect to their differing responses to Mg supply. The study revealed novel aspects of functional traits and likely niche‐partitioning among ectomycorrhizal caesalps in African rain forests. Identifying the direct and interacting indirect effects of essential elements on tropical tree seedling growth presents a considerable challenge due the complex nexus of causes involved.
Paleodistribution modeling suggests glacial refugia in Scandinavia and out‐of‐Tibet range expansion of the Arctic fox
Authors: Fuentes‐Hurtado Marcelo , Hof Anouschka R. , Jansson Roland 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuaternary glacial cycles have shaped the geographic distributions and evolution of numerous species in the Arctic. AncientDNAsuggests that the Arctic fox went extinct in Europe at the end of the Pleistocene and that Scandinavia was subsequently recolonized from Siberia, indicating inability to track its habitat through space as climate changed. Using ecological niche modeling, we found that climatically suitable conditions for Arctic fox were found in Scandinavia both during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the mid‐Holocene. Our results are supported by fossil occurrences from the last glacial. Furthermore, the model projection for theLGM, validated with fossil records, suggested an approximate distance of 2000 km between suitable Arctic conditions and the Tibetan Plateau well within the dispersal distance of the species, supporting the recently proposed hypothesis of range expansion from an origin on the Tibetan Plateau to the rest of Eurasia. The fact that the Arctic fox disappeared from Scandinavia despite suitable conditions suggests that extant populations may be more sensitive to climate change than previously thought.
Seyferth–Gilbert Homologation as a Route to 18F‐Labeled Building Blocks: Preparation of Radiofluor­inated Phenylacetylenes and Their Application in PET Chemistry
Authors: Krapf Philipp , Richarz Raphael , Urusova Elizaveta A. , Neumaier Bernd , Zlatopolskiy Boris D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA convenient method for the preparation of hitherto unknown ([18F]fluorophenyl)acetylenes ([18F]FPAs) using the Seyferth–Gilbert homologation is reported. The novel building blocks were efficiently prepared from easily accessible [18F]fluorobenzaldehydes by using the Bestmann–Ohira reagent. High radiochemical yields and excellent radiochemical purities were achieved within only 20 min of reaction time; 2‐ and 4‐[18F]FPAs were applied to prepare radiofluorinated heterocycles by using different cycloaddition and cross‐coupling reactions. Additionally, these building blocks were used to prepare three novel PET tracers. Thus, an artificial radiofluorinated protected amino acid [18F]10, a COX‐2‐specific ligand [18F]14, and a PSMA‐selective inhibitor [18F]16 were obtained in high radiochemical yields.
Sugar‐Based Organocatalyst for the Diastereoselective Desymmetrization of Dibenzylideneacetones
Authors: Pinheiro Danielle L. J. , Batista Gabriel M. F. , Gonçalves Jaqueline R. , Duarte Talita N. , Amarante Giovanni W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA Brønsted acid catalyzed highly regio‐ and diastereoselective desymmetrization of dibenzylideneacetones in the presence of azlactones is described (only 1,4 addition, > 20:1 dr). A novel organocatalyst based on D‐galactose was synthesized and applied in this reaction. In terms of product, a new C–C σ‐bond and two stereogenic centers are created, one of which is quaternary. The relative stereochemistry was assigned by comparison of both chiral HPLC traces and 13C NMR spectroscopic data as being 1,2‐anti. One of the final Michael‐type adducts could be converted into an N‐protected α‐functionalized amino acid in good yield and with no loss of diastereoselectivity.
Introverted Phosphorus‐Au Cavitands for Catalytic Use
Authors: Schramm Michael P. , Kanaura Mao , Ito Kouhei , Ide Masataka , Iwasawa Tetsuo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA preparative synthesis of an inwardly directed phosphoramidite‐Au complex is described and a description of some of its catalytic performance. The molecular structure was determined by crystallographic analysis, which disclosed that the phosphoramidite ligand points “out” and places the complexed Au “in”. We investigated its catalytic activities and found that the inwardly directed Au is surrounded by three inert walls that provide new opportunities for supramolecular catalysis and study of reactive intermediates.
The practice of DEM stream burning revisited
Authors: Lindsay John B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStream burning is a common flow enforcement technique used to correct surface drainage patterns derived from digital elevation models (DEM). The technique involves adjusting the elevations of grid cells that are coincident with the features of a vector hydrography layer. This paper focuses on the problematic issues with common stream burning practices, particularly the topological errors resulting from the mismatched scales of the hydrography and DEM data sets. A novel alternative stream burning method is described and tested using five DEMs of varying resolutions (1 to 30 arc‐seconds) for an extensive area of southwestern Ontario, Canada. This TopologicalBreachBurn method uses total upstream channel length (TUCL) to prune the vector hydrography layer to a level of detail that matches the raster DEM grid resolution. Network pruning reduces the occurrence of erroneous stream piracy caused by the rasterization of multiple stream links to the same DEM grid cell. The algorithm also restricts flow within individual stream reaches, further reducing erroneous stream piracy. In situations where two vector stream features occupy the same grid cell, the new tool ensures that the larger stream, designated by higher TUCL, is given priority. TUCL‐based priority minimizes the impact of the topological errors that occur during the stream rasterization process on modeled regional drainage patterns. The test data demonstrated that TopologicalBreachBurn produces highly accurate and scale‐insensitive drainage patterns and watershed boundaries. The drainage divides of four large watersheds within the study region that were delineated from the TopologicalBreachBurn‐processed DEMs were found to be highly accurate when compared with the official watershed boundaries, even at the coarsest grid resolutions, with Kappa index of agreement values ranging from 0.952 to 0.921. The corresponding Kappa coefficient values for a traditional stream burning method (FillBurn) ranged from 0.953 to 0.490, demonstrating a significant decrease in mapping accuracy at coarser DEM grid resolutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial learning and neurogenesis: Effects of cessation of wheel running and survival of novel neurons by engagement in cognitive tasks
Authors: Motta‐Teixeira Lívia Clemente , Takada Silvia Honda , Machado‐Nils Aline Vilar , Nogueira Maria Inês , Xavier Gilberto Fernando 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPhysical exercise stimulates cell proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus and facilitates acquisition and/or retention of hippocampal‐dependent tasks. It is established that regular physical exercise improves cognitive performance. However, it is unclear for how long these benefits last after its interruption. Independent groups of rats received both free access to either unlocked (EXE Treatment) or locked (No‐EXE Treatment) running wheels for 7 days, and daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in the last 3 days. After a time delay period of either 1, 3, or 6 weeks without training, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) either in a working memory task dependent on hippocampal function (MWM‐HD) or in a visible platform searching task, independent on hippocampal function (MWM‐NH). Data confirmed that exposure of rats to 7 days of spontaneous wheel running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis. In contrast, neurogenesis was not accompanied by significant improvements of performance in the working memory version of the MWM. Longer time delays between the end of exercise and the beginning of cognitive training in the MWM resulted in lower cell survival; that is, the number of novel surviving mature neurons was decreased when this delay was 6 weeks as compared with when it was 1 week. In addition, data showed that while exposure to the MWM‐HD working memory task substantially increased survival of novel neurons, exposure to the MWM‐NH task did not, thus indicating that survival of novel dentate gyrus neurons depends on the engagement of this brain region in performance of cognitive tasks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Family Therapy, Group Work and Psychiatry—Working Under the Influence
Authors: Munt Glenn 
Published: December 2015

When people are admitted to a psychiatric hospital they are degraded in status by the admission process — a ceremony supported by structures built into the hospital/treatment system. This paper explores some aspects of this process and proposes systemic group work as one way of redressing the balance for process. Regrading of status begins when patients discover the important contribution they have made to their own recovery.The development and application of systemic group work is traced, and Jantsch's concept of co‐evolution is invoked as one useful way of understanding the process. Co‐evolutionary ideas are also important in understanding the processes which occur in the context of the hospital ward and the wider systems into which influence extends.
Myasthenia Gravis: Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Immunology, and Current Therapy
Authors: Scheife Richard T. , Hills John R. , Munsat Theodore L. 
Published: December 2015

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease that presents clinically as fluctuating weakness of one or more skeletal muscle groups. Weakness becomes more severe with exercise and improves with rest. The disease is caused by an autoimmune reaction at or near the post‐synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The results of this immune reaction are the lytic destruction of the post‐synaptic membrane and a reduction in the number of acetylcholine receptors.Myasthenia gravis can be diagnosed by repetitive exercise of the involved muscles, administration of edrophonium (Tensilon), electrophysiologic testing, or demonstration of anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibodies.When the myasthenic weakness is mild or limited to the extraocular muscles, it may be treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. When the weakness is more severe and/or more generalized, immunotherapy is most often indicated. Prednisone or prednisone plus thymectomy is the most frequently used form of immunotherapy. Azathioprine, 6‐mercaptopurine, plasmapheresis, or gamma globulin injections are other immunotherapeutic options that may be useful in selected patients.A large number of drugs may precipitate or exacerbate myasthenic weakness.
Influence of Estradiol on Accessory Reproductive Organs in the Castrated Male Rat Effects of Bromocriptine and Flutamide
Authors: BELIS JOHN A. , ADLESTEIN LEE B. , TARRY WILLIAM F. 
Published: December 2015

Estradiol partially maintained the weights of the dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles in castrated adult male rats. One group of animals received subcutaneous injections of estradiol (0.01 mg/kg) daily, while a second group of animals received estradiol plus bromocriptine (4.0 mg/kg). Changes in weights of accessory reproductive organs were correlated with serum prolactin levels. Estradiol significantly increased serum prolactin levels while concomitant treatment with bromocriptine caused serum prolactin to remain at castrate levels. Bromocriptine slightly decreased, but did not abolish, the effect of estradiol on weights of the dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles.To determine if the effect of estradiol was mediated by androgen receptors in the dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles, a third group of animals was treated with flutamide. Flutamide, at a dosage (20 mg/kg) that abolished the effects of dihydrotestosterone on the weights of these tissues, produced no alternation of the effects of estradiol. Treatment of animals with a combination of flutamide, bromocriptine, and estradiol did not significantly alter organ weights from the results obtained with bromocriptine and estradiol.Scatchard plot analysis of the effect of estradiol treatment on cytosol binding of estradiol demonstrated increased quantities of estradiol binding in dorsolateral prostate and seminal vesicles which correlated with the changes in weights noted. Although part of the effect of estradiol on regression of male accessory reproductive organs of castrated rats may be mediated by prolactin, the principal effect appears to be a direct action on responsive tissues.
Prescription Writing in Small Groups as a Clinical Pharmacology Educational Intervention: Perceptions of Preclerkship Medical Students
Authors: James Henry , Tayem Yasin I. Y. , Al Khaja K. A. J. , Veeramuthu Sindhan , Sequeira Reginald P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMedical students do not perform well in writing prescriptions, and the 3 variables—learner, teacher, and instructional method—are held responsible to various degrees. The objective of this clinical pharmacology educational intervention was to improve medical students’ perceptions, motivation, and participation in prescription‐writing sessions. The study participants were second‐year medical students of the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain. Two prescription‐writing sessions were conducted using clinical case scenarios based on problems the students had studied as part of the problem‐based learning curriculum. At the end of the respiratory system subunit, the training was conducted in small groups, each facilitated by a tutor. At the end of the cardiovascular system subunit, the training was conducted in a traditional large‐group classroom setting. Data were collected with the help of a questionnaire at the end of each session and a focus group discussion. A majority of the students (95.3% ± 2.4%) perceived the small‐group method better for teaching and learning of all aspects of prescription writing: analyzing the clinical case scenario, applying clinical pharmacology knowledge for therapeutic reasoning, using a formulary for searching relevant prescribing information, and in writing a complete prescription. Students also endorsed the small‐group method for better interaction among themselves and with the tutor and for the ease of asking questions and clarifying doubts. In view of the principles of adult learning, where motivation and interaction are important, teaching and learning prescription writing in small groups deserve a serious consideration in medical curricula.
Sparing ultrasound in emergency department patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis by using clinical scores and d‐dimer testing
Authors: Gaitini Diana , Khoury Rasha , Israelit Shlomo , Beck‐Razi Nira 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTPurposeTo evaluate compliance with a management strategy for use in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) based on Wells score (WS), d‐dimer concentrations, and sonographic (US) examinations.MethodsRetrospective and prospective data on risk factors, physical examination findings, d‐dimer concentrations, and US results were collected and reviewed. The prevalence of DVT for each WS category and d‐dimer level was calculated.ResultsIn the retrospective part of the study, 475 consecutive patients were included. Patients' risk for DVT was scored as high (n = 129 [27.2%]), moderate (n = 95 [20%]), or low (n = 251 [52.8%]). d‐Dimer test results were available for 34 (7.2%) of the patients. DVT was diagnosed in 105 (22.1%) patients: 99 (76.7%) at high, 4 (4.2%) at moderate, and 2 (0.8%) at low risk. The mean d‐dimer concentration was 3,071.7 ng/ml in patients with DVT. In the prospective part of the study, 50 patients were enrolled. Their risk levels for DVT were scored as high (n = 23 [46%]), moderate (n = 7 [14%]), and low (n = 20 [40%]). d‐Dimer testing was performed in all patients. The mean d‐dimer concentration was 2,966.9 ng/ml in patients with DVT. DVT was diagnosed in 13 (26%) of these 50 patients: 12 (52.2%) at high and 1 (14.3%) at moderate risk for DVT. No patients in the low‐risk group and with normal d‐dimer concentrations had DVT.ConclusionsWe identified significant correlation between WS, d‐dimer concentration, and diagnosis of DVT on US examination. DVT can be excluded with certainty in patients admitted to the ED with a low‐risk score for DVT and a negative d‐dimer concentration, thus avoiding the need for performing US examinations. A low level of compliance with this management strategy was found in our ED. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:231–239, 2016
Unusual echocardiographic appearance of a cardiac metastasis from lung carcinoma
Authors: Peluso Diletta , Bianchi Alessandra , Bonanno Laura , Banzato Alberto 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTDuring hospitalization in the Oncology Department, a woman with nonsmall cell lung cancer and no previous cardiac event complained of episodes of chest pain and palpitations. Preliminary instrumental examinations diagnosed atrial fibrillation in pericarditis. A subsequent complete transthoracic echocardiogram showed the presence of a large mass involving the left ventricular apex, without echo‐contrast enhancement. A thoracic CT with iodized contrast agent revealed its necrotic composition and was concluded as cardiac metastasis. This is an unusual case of a malignant neoplasm showing no contrast enhancement at echocardiogram because of its necrotic composition, mimicking a thrombus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:392–394, 2016
The relationship between the subtropical Western Pacific SST and haze over North‐Central North China Plain
Authors: Yin Zhicong , Wang Huijun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHaze is a serious issue in China today, presenting a substantial pollution problem to the public. To enhance understanding of haze mechanisms in recent years, this study examined the relationship between the subtropical western Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and the haze pollution over North‐Central North China Plain. The empirical orthogonal function result showed an opposite trend of boreal winter (December–January–February) haze days (WHD) between the south and north of the Huaihe River. The negative sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the subtropical western Pacific could intensify the WHD over North‐Central North China Plain. As an effective external forcing, the preceding boreal autumn (Sepember–October–November) negative SSTA could weaken the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) circulation, leading to conditions such as a weaker Siberian High, reduced wind speed, higher humidity and an abnormal southerly wind. These conditions provide a favourable environment for haze with static stability and potential for hygroscopic growth. A series of SST sensitivity experiments were carried out using version 3.1 of the Community Atmosphere Model. When negative SSTA with different strengths were added into the model, all the key factors exhibited favourable features for haze, such as smaller EAWM index, stronger inversion potential, weaker vertical velocity, lower boundary layer height and higher relative humidity.