bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Activated Macrophages in Resistance to Systemic Candidosis
Authors: Baghian Abolghasem , Lee Kenneth W 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To evaluate further the contribution of activated macrophages in resistance, the course of systemic candidosis was assayed in beige and NLM mice that had been previously infected with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Four weeks following BCG infection, mice were inoculated intravenously with 1 × 104 viable Candida albicans. At various times thereafter, the number of C. albicans colony-forming units in the livers, spleens, and kidneys was determined. The average number of CFU recovered from the kidneys of NLM mice decreased throughout the assay and was comparable in both BCG-treated and control mice. In contrast, the number of CFU cultured from the kidneys of untreated control beige mice progressively increased throughout the assay period. This profile of renal susceptibility was not appreciably altered in BCG-treated beige mice. However, fewer (10- to 100-fold) CFU were cultured from the livers and spleens of BCG-treated beige and NLM mice than from untreated controls. These results support the hypothesis that in the absence of functional polymorphonuclear leukocytes, activated macrophages represent a means to control the proliferation of C. albicans.
Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in the Priming of Neutrophils by Tumor Necrosis Factor
Authors: Berkow Roger L , Dodson Mary R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Preincubation of human neutrophils with recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha has previously been shown by us to enhance superoxide production of neutrophils in response to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate. In this study, we further investigate the biochemical basis for this enhancement. We found that in neutrophils, TNF by itself does not induce: (1) an influx of sodium, (2) an alteration in activity or translocation of the calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase (C-kinase), or (3) a release of arachidonic acid from preloaded cells. TNF did, however, induce a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the phosphorylation of several neutrophil proteins, with the most dramatic concentration dependent increase in a 64,000 Da protein. Finally, the enhancement of O2 production by pretreatment of neutrophils with TNF was found to be independent of a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
Comparison of Methods for Assessing Chemotaxis of Monocytes and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Isolated From Patients With AIDS or AIDS-Related Conditions
Authors: Martin Linda S , Spira Thomas J , Orloff Sherry L , Holman Robert C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We evaluated the ability of normal human peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related conditions (ARC) to migrate toward a chemoattractant. Migration in blind-well chambers was compared to that under agarose. Chemotaxis results obtained from both assays for PMNL were similar, however there was a difference in the results for monocyte Chemotaxis. PMNL isolated from patients with AIDS, but not ARC, exhibited decreased spontaneous and directed chemotaxis when assessed in blind-well chambers and under agarose. Spontaneous and directed Chemotaxis in blind-well chambers of AIDS patients’ monocytes was normal. Directed migration of monocytes from ARC patients was greater than that of control, but spontaneous migration was comparable. Under agarose, spontaneous migration was depressed in monocytes of AIDS patients, while migration toward the attractant was depressed in those of ARC patients.
Establishment and Characterization of Factor-Dependent Macrophage Cell Lines
Authors: Ohki Kazunori , Nagayama Ariaki 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Three macrophage cell lines from bone marrow cells of C3H/HeN mice were isolated by successive transfer of the cells in culture with L-cell-conditioned medium (LCM) or WEHI-3 cell-conditioned medium (WEHI-3CM). These cell lines, which express Fc receptors, are involved in Fc-mediated phagocytosis and possess nonspecific esterase activity. Two (BDM-1 and BDM-2) of three cell lines show dependency for growth on either macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (CSF-1) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and do not respond to interleukin 3 (IL-3). The third clone (BDM-3) proliferates in response to IL-3 as well as to GM-CSF and weakly responds to M-CSF and to interleukin 4 (IL-4). GM-CSF, in combination with the suboptimal concentration of M-CSF, acted synergistically on the proliferation of BDM-1 cells. The tumor-promoting phorbol diester, 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) also acted synergistically with the three CSFs (IL-3, GM-CSF, and M-CSF) to stimulate the proliferation of BDM-1 cells. The synergistic effect was observed when cells were pretreated with TPA and subsequently stimulated with IL-3. The calcium ionophore A23187 enhanced the proliferation of BDM-1 cells costimulated with TPA and IL-3. These factor-dependent macrophage cell lines should be useful for studying signal transduction mechanisms in the regulation of cell growth.
Inflammatory Cells Degrade Inter-α Inhibitor to Liberate Urinary Proteinase Inhibitors
Authors: Pratt Charlotte W , Swaim Mark W , Pizzo Salvatore V 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The relationship between inter-α inhibitor (IαI) and urinary proteinase inhibitor (UPI) was examined by comparing purified UPI with a proteolytic fragment of IαI (l’), and by demonstrating that inflammatory cells produce similar fragments under physiologic conditions. Purified I’, derived by chymotrypsin digestion of IαI, was similar to UPI in apparent molecular weight (68,000-69,000), amino acid composition, immunoreactivity, and inhibitory activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase. The production of similar inhibitory fragments by murine peritoneal macrophages, human neutrophils, and a murine mast cell line was quantified. Neutrophils were most efficient at proteolyzing IαI. Comparison of the pattern of IαI degradation by neutrophil preparations with that by pure enzymes, suggested that both elastase and cathepsin G mediate neutrophil proteolysis of IαI. These proteinases may thus be responsible for inflammation-related increases in UPl-like inhibitor levels in vivo.
Biosynthesis of Proteochondroitin Sulfate by HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Cells
Authors: Bentley Stuart A , Kirby Suzanne L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Human promyelocytic cells (HL-60) were labeled with 35S-sulfate and either 3H-glucosamine or 3H-serine as precursors. Accumulation of 35S-labeled macromolecules was approximately linear for up to 96 h, with a mean cell:medium ratio of 5.5:1, although activity/105 viable cells reached a plateau level after 24 h. Virtually none of the cell-associated proteoglycan was removed by trypsinization, consistent with a predominantly intracellular localization. Proteoglycan heterogeneity was investigated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography, isopyknic CsCI gradient centrifugation, and gel filtration chromatography. HL-60 cells appeared to synthesize a single proteoglycan species, Kav = 0.46 on Sepharose CL-4B and Kav = 0.32 on Sepharose CL-6B, recovered primarily from the high-density fractions of a dissociative CsCI gradient (ρ &gt; 1.40 g/l). Degradation products of lower charge density, lower buoyant density, and lower hydrodynamic size were also present, mainly in the cell pellets. The major proteoglycan was found to contain chondroitin sulfate chains of average Mr = 14.5 kD, yielding virtually 100% 4-sulfated disaccharides on digestion with chondroitinase ABC. The proteoglycan was resistant to trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, and papain, and the core protein Mr was approximately 20 kD by molecular sieve chromatography. Induction of HL-60 cells with 0.15 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in differentiation to a more mature granulocytic phenotype and was associated with a reduction in 35S-sulfate incorporation to 45% of control values or 32%, expressed as activity/105 cells. Proteoglycans synthesized by DMSO-treated cells were identical to those from untreated cells in terms of hydrodynamic size, glycosaminoglycan Mr, and sulfation.
Polyclonal Anti-ldiotypes Influence Macrophage Chemotaxis in Coxsackievirus-lnduced Murine Myocarditis
Authors: Paque Ronald E , Miller Ruth 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Investigation into the rnechanism(s) whereby monocytes-macrophages are mobilized to the myocardium of coxsackievirus (CVB3)-infected mice was approached by assessing the role of anti-idiotypic antibodies against specific antiviral IgG molecules. Balb/c mice preinocuiated with polyclonal anti-idiotypic, syngeneic antibodies resulted in significantly decreased myocarditis after virus challenge. On the other hand, oil-induced peritoneal exudate cells obtained from virus-exposed animals demonstrated increased chemotaxis in the presence of polyclonal anti-Id preparations, whereas peritoneal exudate cells from normal animals did not Specificity of the anti-Ids as confirmed by the binding of the syngeneic anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (antibody 3) to solubilized viral antigen(s) and Fab fragments prepared from the anti-idiotypic antibodies. Paradoxic biological effects of anti-Id, demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, suggest possible and subtle immunoregulatton of the macrophage effector arm by anti-ldiotypes during the course of virus infection.
Stimulation of Granulocytic Cell Iodination by Pine Cone Antitumor Substances
Authors: Unten Senwa , Sakagami Hiroshi , Konno Kunio 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Antitumor substances (Fractions VI and VII) prepared from the NaOH extract of pine cone significantly stimulated the iodination (incorporation of radioactive iodine into an acid-insoluble fraction) of human peripheral blood adherent mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), and human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells. In contrast, these fractions did not significantly increase the iodination of nonadherent mononuclear cells, red blood cells, other human leukemic cell lines (U-937, THP-1, K-562), human diploid fibroblast (UT20Lu), or mouse cell lines (L-929, J774.1). iodination of HL-60 cells, which were induced to differentiate by treatment with either retinoic acid or tumor necrosis factor, were stimulated less than untreated cells. The stimulation of iodination of both PMN and HL-60 cells required the continuous presence of these fractions and was almost completely abolished by the presence of myeloperoxidase inhibitors. The stimulation activity of these fractions was generally higher than that of various other immunopotentiators. Possible mechanisms of extract stimulation of myeloperoxidase-containing cell iodination are discussed.
Regulation of Phagolysosome pH in Bovine and Human Neutrophils: The Role of NADPH Oxidase Activity and an Na+/H+ Antiporter
Authors: Mayer Susan J , Keen Peter M , Craven Neil , Bourne F John 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Fluorescein-labelled Staphylococcus aureus were used to follow changes in phagolysosome (PL) pH of bovine and human neutrophils following phagocytosis. Under aerobic conditions there was an alkalinisation of the PL followed by a slow decline. Under anaerobic conditions no alkalinisation of the PL was seen, and pharmacological inhibition of the NADPH oxidase with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) resulted in a rapid acidification of the PL following phagocytosis.
The inclusion of amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ antiporter activity, produced a more rapid alkalinisation phase following phagocytosis under aerobic conditions and reduced, but did not abolish, the acidification phases seen under anaerobic conditions or following treatment of neutrophils with DPI. The results suggest that PL pH is influenced by NADPH oxidase activity and to a lesser extent by a Na+/H+ antiporter. The antibacterial effectiveness of neutrophil granule proteins may be affected under conditions that influence the functioning of these two systems.
Study of Mitochondrial Organization in Living Resident and Activated Macrophages Using the Laser Dye Rhodamine 123
Authors: de Carvalho Técia U , de Souza Wanderley 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rhodamine 123, a fluorescent laser dye that labels metabolically active mitochondria of living cells, was used to analyse the pattern of distribution of mitochondria in resident and activated mouse peritonal macrophages kept in culture for 4 or 24 hr. Activated macrophages kept for 4 hr in culture showed abundant small mitochondria distributed throughout the cell. This pattern changes to a situation in which the mitochondria are filamentous and radiate from the perinuclear region when these cells are kept in culture for 24 hr, acquiring a pattern similar to that observed in resident macrophages. After treatment with phorbol myristate acetate, resident macrophages presented a mitochondrial distribution similar to that observed in activated macrophages.
The Calcium Ionophore Ionomycin can Prime, but not Activate, the Reactive Oxygen Generating System in Differentiated HL-60 Cells
Authors: Dahlgren Claes 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Both the chemotactic peptide formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and the calcium lonophore ionomycin induced a metabolic response in normal neutrophils. However, the presence of azide, a potent inhibitor of the hydrogen peroxide-consuming enzymes catalase and myeloperoxidase, was required to detect any release of hydrogen peroxide induced by ionomycin. In differentiated HL-60 cells, only FMLP stimulation was associated with any notable metabolic activation. The response to FMLP proceeds with a rate and time course similar to that seen in normal cells. The use of ionomycin as a stimulating agent did not result in any detectable activation of the system that generates reactive oxygen metabolites, even if azide was present in the measuring system. Raising the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ is therefore not sufficient to activate the system responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites in HL-60 cells. However, preincubation with ionomycin primed HL-60 cells to an increased response during stimulation with the chemotactic peptide FMLP and the phorbol ester PMA. Since HL-60 cells lack specific granules but have an intact ligand-receptor coupling mechanism, a role for the subcellular granule is proposed, in the generation of reactive oxygen species in normal granulocytes, and analysis of the data presented leads to two conclusions: 1) FMLP, which acts through cells surface receptors, causes the cells to produce oxygen radicals, which to a large extent are released from the cells, a process that is not dependent on the specific granule content of the cells, whereas 2) ionomycin, which bypasses cell-surface receptors, is also capable of stimulating an oxygen-radical formation that is granule dependent and retained inside the cells. Furthermore, the results suggest that an increase in intracellular Ca2+ is not sufficient to initiate activation of the plasma membrane–bound system that generates reactive oxygen metabolites, but the results support a role for Ca2+ in the priming event.
Characterization of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism, Superoxide Production, and Bacterial Killing in Bovine Circulating Neutrophils and Elicited Alveolar Neutrophils
Authors: Heidel Jerry R , Taylor Stephen M , Laegreid William W , Silflow Ron M , Liggitt H Denny , Leid R Wes 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The in vitro generation and release of 5-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid by bovine peripheral blood neutrophils and alveolar neutrophils elicited with either a heat-killed bacterium, Haemophilus somnus, or platelet-activating factor, were compared. After stimulation with calcium lonophore A23187 for 2.5-60 min, up to 4.5 ± 0.7 (mean ± SEM) ng of LTB4 per 106 cells was released into the media by circulating neutrophils. LTB4 release by alveolar neutrophils was significantly less (P&lt;.05) than that of peripheral blood neutrophils from the same animal; 5-HETE release by circulating neutrophils was maximal after 5 min stimulation by lonophore (1.2 ± 0.1 ng/106 cells) but was not identified in cell culture media after 20 min. Alveolar neutrophils released similar amounts of 5-HETE when compared to circulating neutrophils, and release of 5-HETE by alveolar neutrophils was maximal after 5 min of stimulation. However, the 5-HETE released into the culture media persisted throughout the 60 min time period at levels which were maximal (1.5 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.3 ng/106 cells). Bacterial killing and the release of superoxide anion were not different between the two cell populations.
Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Neutrophil Cathepsin G, Lactoferrin, Eosinophil Peroxidase, and Eosinophil Major Basic Protein
Authors: Skubitz Keith M , Christiansen Neal P , Mendiola John R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This report describes the production and characterization of five murine monoclonal antibodies that react with granule proteins of human granulocytes. Monoclonal antibody AHN-11 (lgG2a) reacted specifically with neutrophil cathepsin G; no reactivity with the homologous neutrophil neutral proteases, elastase, proteinase 3, or esterase N was detected. Antibodies AHN-9 (lgG1) and AHN-9.1 (lgG2b) each reacted with different epitopes on human lactoferrin, but not with the homologous protein transferrin. Two lgG1 antibodies, AHE-1 and AHE-2, reacted specifically with eosinophils; AHE-1 reacted strongly with eosinophil peroxidase but not eosinophil major basic protein while AHE-2 recognized eosinophil major basic protein but not eosinophil peroxidase. All five antibodies could detect their respective antigens in alcohol-fixed cytospin preparations. These antibodies should be useful for immunolocalization and quantification of their respective antigens as well as for other studies of the roles of these proteins in granulocyte function and differentiation.
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Guinea Pig Eosinophils: Synthesis of Thromboxane B2 and Leukotriene B4 in Response to Soluble or Particulate Activators
Authors: Sun Frank F , Czuk Christine I , Taylor Bruce M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The arachidonic acid metabolism of guinea pig eosinophils isolated from either peritoneal cavity or bronchoalveolar lavages was studied by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified eosinophils (95-100%) from either source released thromboxane B2 (TxB2), luekotriene B4 (LTB4) and 5-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) following calcium lonophore A23187 stimulation. Quantification by radioimmunoassay indicated that maximal mediator output from the stimulated peritoneal cells was reached at 3 min after stimulation. The increase in production of TxB2 and LTB4 was correlated to increasing calcium ionophore A23187 concentration up to 1.0 μg/ml. In addition to calcium ionophore, the guinea pig peritoneal cells were also activated by f-met-leu-phe, phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA), and to lesser extent platelet-activating factor (PAF) to produce TxB2. LTB4 synthesis was stimulated by calcium ionophore, by f-met-leu-phe, as well as by unopsonized glucan, a particulate phagocytotic stimulus. The guinea pig eosinophils do not synthesize sulfidopeptide leukotrienes because of the absence of the specific LTA4 glutathione S-transferase. These results suggest that the guinea pig eosinophils differ from the human circulating eosinophils in the synthetic capacity of lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism. This difference may be important in the understanding of the role of the eosinophils in inflammatory reactions such as that which occurs in the bronchial tissues of asthmatics.
Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Cells Increases Expression of a Gene Transferred by a Retroviral Vector
Authors: Holland Christie A , Chada Sunil , Wright Jocyndra , Whitney Constance , Harigaya Kenichi , Greenberger Joel S , Newburger Peter E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To study expression of a retroviral vector in human hematopoietic lineages, two established human hematopoietic cell lines (HL60 and K562) and a human adherent stromal cell line (KM101) were infected with the vector pZIP-SV(X). Expression of the transferred neomycin resistance gene (neo) of pZlP-SV(X) was evaluated as the ability of the cells to form colonies (&gt;50 cells) in an agar assay in the presence of the neomycin analogue, G418. After infection, all three cell lines produced colonies resistant to G418. The level of neo mRNA in separate colonies was analyzed by Northern blot analysis. The neo gene transferred by the vector pZIP-SV(X) was expressed in both human hematopoietic and stromal cell lines. In addition, primary adherent human stromal cells infected with pZIP-SV(X) grew in the presence of G418. To determine if differentiation of hematopoietic cells affects expression of the retroviral vector, HL60 cells infected with pZIP-SV(X) were induced to differentiate, and the level of neo mRNA measured. The amount of neo mRNA increased when HL60 cells were induced to differentiate along the granulocytic pathway. Conversely, when HL60 cells were induced toward monocytoid differentiation (TPA), the level of neo mRNA did not significantly increase. We conclude that the neo gene transferred by a retroviral vector, pZIP-SV(X), is functionally expressed. In addition, expression of the transferred neo gene is regulated during myeloid differentiation of HL80 cells.