bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Austuriani and Tripolitania in the early fifth century
Authors: Reynolds J. M. 
Published: February 2016

IRT 480, dated by reference to the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius in the years between A.D. 408 and 423, honours Flavious Ortygius, v(ir) c(larissimus) et sp(ectabilis) com(es) et dux p(rovinciae) T(ripolitanae), for achievements connected with the Austuriani which I had failed to decipher when IRT was published. Although it adds disappointingly little to knowledge, it seems worth recording a reading made in 1975 when I saw the stone in a particularly good cross light.It was, of course, already deducible that the Austuriani had not ceased to raid Tripolitania after the notorious occasions in 363–5 which led to the scandal of Count Romanus; and Professor Chastagnol has recently associated the titles of officials in the province in the late Fourth and early Fifth centuries (including that of Ortygius) with a series of experiments to deal with the military problem they created. A particularly bad raid seems to be implied by the inscription of Ortygius.
Middle, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sedimentary environments of the Djebel Nefusa region, northwestern Libya
Authors: Hodgkinson Richard J. , Walley Christopher D. 
Published: February 2016

Carbonate and clastic sediments of Jurassic and Cretaceous age are exposed along the fault-scarp of Djebel Nefusa in north-western Libya. Previous geological investigations have been mainly restricted to the eastern sector of the scarp. Recent studies by the authors in the western sector of Djebel Nefusa and on equivalent sediments in southern Tunisia have allowed the first regional interpretation of these rocks.The area studied lies geographically and geologically at the edge of the Saharan Platform, a large cratonic block, composed of rocks of Precambrian-Palaeozoic age. To the north and east lies a downfaulted sedimentary basin (Gabes-Sabratha Basin) containing a large thickness of Mesozoic sediments. The location of the sections measured along Djebel Nefusa are depicted in Fig.1.The stratigraphic nomenclature of the rock succession of Djebel Nefusa was first established in the east and continued laterally towards the west by later workers. Difficulties in the application of this nomenclature are presented by the recognition of facies changes previously overlooked by earlier investigators. However, as a framework for understanding these changes and the sedimentary processes which caused them, the stratigraphy erected by Magnier (1963) is adopted.
A Lithic Industry at Ain Wif, Tripolitania
Authors: Arthur Paul 
Published: February 2016

Ain Wif is well known to students of Roman Tripolitania as the settlement and military road-station of Thenadassa, studied and published by Goodchild and Ward-Perkins. The site lies on the summit of the eastern bank of the Wadi Wif prior to its confluence with the larger Wadi Hammam, and is some fifteen kilometres west of Sidi as Sid (Tazzoli) village. The ain (spring) is marked by a small oasis of palms and, as Goodchild and Ward-Perkins pointed out, the assured water-supply was presumably the determining factor in the establishment of the Roman settlement, sometime in the first century A.D.During a visit to the site in December 1978, as Research Assistant to Olwen Brogan for the Society of Libyan Studies, I discovered a dense concentration of struck flints immediately to the north-east of the oasis. (Plate ?. Map ref. UR 463 686 on sheet 1989. II, Qarat al Bayda, series P761 of the U.S. Army Map Service). With the help of Miss Tina Watson, 124 struck flints, mostly waste flakes, and a number of fire-crazed flints were picked up from the surface within the space of half an hour. The main concentration lies within an area of about five metres square on sand and gravel and, no doubt, represents a prehistoric knapping-floor. It is doubtful whether much, if any, stratigraphy will be found on the site.
Names at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Birley A. R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article analyses the occurrence of apparently Roman names at Lepcis Magna and seeks to identify the processes of cultural assimilation taking place between the Libyphoenician population and Rome. Three main categories of change in naming practice (proposed by Herzog in the 1890s) may be recognised and suggest a number of possible explanations, other than Italian settlers, for the appearance of particular names at Lepcis. First, Roman names may have been adopted from the ruling emperor, or a senatorial patron or other suitably eminent Italian family, most commonly on the acquisition of Roman citizenship. This practice will often totally have eradicated the individual's original Libyphoenician nomenclature. The Lepcitani notably favoured aristocratic cognomina. Second, Punic or Libyan names at Lepcis may have been replaced by similar sounding Latin ones, e.g. the adaptation of Himilis to Aemilius and Amilcar to Amicus. Third, the Latin name may sometimes be a literal translation of the Punic or Libyan one. While noting a number of interesting examples of the latter two cases, the analysis here concentrates on the first category. It is concluded that there is little clearcut evidence for Italian settler families at Lepcis. Most of the names can be explained in terms of the assimilation of the indigenous population into the Roman pattern of personal nomenclature and illustrates the interesting choices available to them. The evidence at a number of points adds further weight to the strong probability that the paternal ancestry of the Emperor Septimius Severus was African.
The Severan Buildings at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Jones G. D. B. , Kronenburg R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis brief article outlines the history of John Ward-Perkins' involvement with the archaeology of the complex of buildings erected under the Severan dynasty at Lepcis Magna. The detailed survey of those superb monuments by British and Italian scholars has until now not received the level of publication which it merits. As that work finally goes to press, some explanation is given of the problems faced in preparing for publication the archive of drawings.
Isotopic Analysis of Marble from Lepcis Magna: Revised Interpretations
Authors: Walda H. , Walker S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper is the sequel to an earlier article published in this journal and gives revised interpretations of the results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of samples of marble from Lepcis Magna in the light of subsequent refinements to the isotopic data base. Ten results have been changed, and 16 results, unassigned in 1984, may now be identified.
The Great Man-Made River: Progress and Prospects of Libya's Great Water Carrier
Authors: Allan J. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWater shortages have led the Libyan authorities to investigate and then develop fossil water resources in the remote south of the country. Initially the development was in situ, but in 1979 it was decided to embark on an ambitious water carrier to bring water from the south-east and the south-west of the country to the settled areas of the northern coast. It is concluded in the paper that Libya will have developed sufficient water by the end of the century to secure its urban and industrial needs. It will also have the option to allocate a similar, or an even greater, quantity to agriculture than at present achieved, but it is argued that such agricultural allocations will not be economically viable.
The Description and Classification of Grain Size Data from Ancient and Modern Shoreline Sands at Lepcis Magna using Log Skew Laplace Distributions
Authors: Fieller N. R. J. , Flenley E. C. , Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe description and analysis of particle size distributions using log skew Laplace distributions is a new technique designed to overcome various mathematical and computational problems associated with other approaches. This paper presents an application of the method. In particular, it describes fitting log skew Laplace distributions to modern and ancient shoreline sands from Lepcis Magna (near Horns), Tripolitania, with the purpose of discriminating between modern environments and so classifying the ancient samples. Satisfactory discrimination was not always achieved between some of the modern ‘calibration’ shoreline sand samples of known provenance — possibly as a result of the presence of multimodal distributions. One layer in the harbour-infill sequence, previously of unknown provenance, was shown to have collected at, or close to, an ancient shoreline which developed within the ancient harbour. The majority of the ‘ancient’ samples of unknown depositional environments which were excavated from exposures in the Romano-Libyan harbour-infill sands, were shown by this analysis to be of neither beach nor aeolian origin. This conclusion supports field observations which suggested that the greater part of the harbour-infill sequence represented reworked dune palaeosols, developing dune soils and fluvial and lagoonal facies.
The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey XXIV: A Late Roman and Byzantine Church at Souk el Awty in the Tripolitanian Pre-desert
Authors: Welsby Derek A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article reports on the work carried out by the UNESCO Libyan Valleys project in 1989 within the church at Souk el Awty in the Wadi Buzra. It includes a detailed analysis of the upstanding structure of the building together with the results of the trial excavations conducted within it. The place of the Souk el Awty church amongst the other churches in the pre-desert and on the coast is discussed, and dates suggested for its initial construction and subsequent modification when an eastern apse was inserted into the nave. The suggestion by some scholars that this eastern apse was the mihrab of a mosque is dismissed.
The Karawah and Qarabulli Members of the Jifarah Formation – Late Pleistocene Aeolian and Lacustrine Deposits – Northwest Libya
Authors: Anketell J. M. , Ghellali S. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Qarabulli Member of the Jifarah Formation in Wadi ar Raml comprises a thin sequence of chalks, chalky silts and carbon-rich silts draped over a dune-shaped top surface to the Karawah Member. The carbon-rich layers contain rootlets and are interpreted as marsh deposits. The chalks display thickening in the lows and thinning on the highs and yield a mollusc fauna indicative of deposition in semi-permanent, freshwater ponds. Correlation shows that basal beds in the lows are older than those on the highs confirming that the member was deposited on a pre-existing dune-shaped surface. Internal sedimentary structures in the Karawah Member sands suggest that they, and hence the dune-shape, are aeolian in origin. Drowning of the dunes was gradual, initially flooding the lowest troughs and eventually lapping over the crests. Conditions fluctuated between lacustrine and marsh before final inundation resulted in deposition of chalk over the whole section. Destruction of lamination in the underlying aeolian sands of the Karawah Member indicates that the ponds were sourced by upward movement of ground water.
ULVS XXV: The Gsur and Associated Settlements in the Wadi Umm el Kharab: an Architectural Survey
Authors: Welsby Derek A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDuring the final field season of the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey a detailed examination of the eight gsur in the Wadi Umm el Kharab was undertaken and is reported upon in this article. The work involved an architectural survey of the buildings, with accurate plans being made of two of them and measured sketches made of the others. Small scale excavations were undertaken in two of the gsur and the associated settlements were investigated. The study highlighted the diversity in design and construction of the buildings, three major types being noted. The chronological and social implications of this diversity are discussed. The possible functions of the gsur and of the individual rooms within them are considered, but much more work is required before the relationship of the gsur and the settlements which exist immediately adjacent to them can be discussed in a meaningful way.
The Important Role of Manpower Planning, Education and Training in the Economic Development of Libya
Authors: Zubi Ramadam Yousif 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLibya has enjoyed a considerable growth of its national economy since its crude oil was produced and exported in the early 1960s and Libyan society has achieved a higher standard of living than in the 1950s. But despite the increasing and rapid expansion in the education system, the rising figures for enrolment and well-equipped buildings, the country still suffers from acute shortages of the well-qualified and skilled human resources that should meet the country's socio-economic development and transformation plans, and run the increased number of large industrial establishments like the oil industry, where a large number of foreign personnel still occupy core functions.This paper shows that a number of practical and theoretical problems are responsible for inaccurate manpower planning, and also for the retardation of the development of Libya's manpower education and training, needed to ensure the country had the necessary well-qualified personnel who would perform their employment duties properly in order that the country achieves its planned socio-economic development targets.For real control of Libya's natural resources, mainly oil and gas, the paper calls for urgent action to be taken for a well-planned and properly executed Libyanisation policy and more effective use of the most necessary non-Libyan personnel. It outlines the scientific and practical factors needed to improve labour productivity, describes the procedure and methodology of manpower forecasting currently in use, and calls for action to correct its deficiencies.The paper also attempts to point out the major role that the university and other educational institutions have to play in the education and training of the country's people. It also suggests that more effort should be made to link and involve the educational institutions, and the university in particular, with the industrial and other economic sectors in the country. Also required is a variety of good services which can be employed in consultative work and collaborative involvement, based on a thorough understanding of the requirements both of industry and the university as a consultative and research centre, in addition to its educational functions. These and other aspects are fully discussed and a call is made for better planned and strategic reform of the education and training systems in Libya, so that the country can truly adjust to changes in its students and the workforce.
ULVS XXVI: Sedimentological and Palynological Studies of Holocene Environmental Changes from a Plateau Basin Infill Sequence at Grerat D'nar Salem, near Beni Ulid, in the Tripolitanian Pre-desert
Authors: Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O. , Fieller N. R. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper describes an integrated series of sedimentological and palynological studies of the arenaceous deposits which infill the large alluvial basin of Grerat D'nar Salem, which is located on a limestone plateau in the semi-arid pre-desert of Tripolitania north-west of the town of Beni Ulid. This research shows that in the early and middle Holocene this depression was occupied by a large semi-permanent or permanent water body which was surrounded by a grass-steppe vegetation with some tree and shrub species, perhaps growing in wetter stream- and wadi-beds. Sometime in the mid-Holocene the region became much more arid, the lake disappeared, matching the pattern of environmental change observed elsewhere in northern Africa. The geomor-phic environment became dominated by aeolian processes, interrupted by occasional winter floods, in a landscape dominated by grass steppe — essentially the situation that has continued to the present day. It is clear from general biogeographical and geomorphic considerations that Romano-Libyan floodwater farming in the region must have brought about significant changes in the character of wadi floors. Field survey indicates that it has also left a legacy in the contemporary distribution of plants, animals and runoff in the modern landscape. Nevertheless, no clear evidence has emerged from this study that the widespread and intensive flood-water farming, evidenced by the archaeological remains in the area, was associated with either a climate or a landscape notably different from that of today. The new palynological evidence suggests that the nature of the related ancient cultivation at Grerat is better viewed as a monoculture, rather than the mixed farming deduced previously for wadi-floor areas. There is no evidence that any naturally-occurring environmental change was associated with the introduction or loss of floodwater farming in the region. There is some sedimentological evidence that such activity might have led to problems of soil salinity in this basin.
Mohammed el Adouli
Authors: Wanis Saleh , Thorn Dorothy 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMohammed el Adouli was well known throughout the Jebel Akhdar in the nineteenth century, and for at least twenty years was employed as a guide by many foreign consuls and explorers. This article seeks to bring together any information, both complimentary and otherwise, which has been left by these travellers about Adouli. The most striking record is his photograph, taken in 1861 by Smith and Porcher, which must be the earliest named photographic portrait of a Libyan.
Traditional Settlement in the Oasis of Ghadames in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Authors: Shawesh Abubaker Mohamed 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTraditional settlements in Libya reflect man's response to the harsh environmental conditions and the need to sustain the social organisation and respect social and cultural traditions. Thus urban dwellers have a strong desire for the morphology of settlements and the needs of indigenous habitats. This has played an important part in shaping the character of traditional Libyan cities and town. As far as people are concerned they are part of their community or neighbourhood. This paper reviews the old town of Ghadames to show how traditional settlement successfully responded to the geographical, environmental conditions and social needs. Attention is also focused on the architectural character, house form and building methods and materials, based on a survey carried out by the author in Ghadames oasis in August 1991. It attempts to establish the suitability of traditional building.
ULVS XXVII: Mapping and Spatial Analysis of the Libyan Valleys Data using GIS
Authors: Flower C. P. J. , Mattingly D. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article presents a new approach to the analysis of the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey data, using a Geographical Information System (GIS) for mapping and spatial analysis of site distribution. The first section of the article describes the way in which the GIS was compiled and linked to the computerised gazetteer database. The second section demonstrates the use of the system as a mapping tool, shedding new light on the settlement trends in the region through time. The final section of the article explores in greater depth some aspects of its potential in sophisticated spatial analysis.
Early Urbanism in Cyrenaica: New Evidence from Euesperides (Benghazi)
Authors: Buzaian A. , Lloyd J. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExcavations by the Department of Antiquities, Benghazi, Garyunis University, Benghazi and the Society for Libyan Studies took place at the site of Euesperides for a total of seven weeks in 1995 and 1996. Work was concentrated on the northern margins of the city, where much new evidence for its topography and development came to light. The discoveries include successive fortification walls (the earlier of which may belong to c. 600 BC), part of a necropolis, and a large extramural kiln complex of the fourth/third centuries. Evidence bearing on the infrastructure, economy, diet and cultural life of this early Cyrenaican city, which was abandoned by the mid third century BC, was also recovered.
The Horseman of Tobruk
Authors: Mohamed Fadel Ali 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAspects of the geographical setting of Tobruk, the ancient Antipyrgos, are discussed as a context for the publication of a limestone statuette of a horse and rider found in 1991 at Bir el Jeser. Stylistically difficult to date, it is probably of the later Hellenistic or Roman periods.
The Fezzan Project 1997: methodologies and results of the first season
Authors: Mattingly David , al-Mashai Mohammed , Balcombe Philip , Chapman Simon , Coddington Hugh , Davison Jim , Kenyon David , Wilson Andrew , Witcher Robert 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis report summarises the aims and methods of the Fezzan Project, a new interdisciplinary investigation of human settlement in the Saharan environment of southern Libya. The work follows up earlier British work by Charles Daniels on the Garamantes and focuses on the Wadi el-Agial in the vicinity of Germa (ancient Garama). The time frame of the project is the last 12,000 years. A variety of methodologies has been employed, including topographic survey, standing building recording, excavation, field walking, palaeobotanical and faunal sampling, geophysics and human bone analysis.
Commerce and Industry in Roman Sabratha
Authors: Wilson Andrew 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article presents evidence for the exploitation of marine resources at Sabratha, including the salting of fish and production of garum, as well as purple dyeing from theMurexshellfish. These activities may in certain periods of the city's history have been of some importance to Sabratha's economic life, alongside the export of olive oil from the city's hinterland. There is evidence also of various minor crafts and service activities of the sort perhaps to be expected in many Roman towns — bakeries, ceramic manufacture, and glass production.
Cyrene Papers: The Second Report. The Oric Bates Expedition of 1909
Authors: Uhlenbrock Jaimee P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn late April 1909 the young Egyptologist Oric Bates led a three-week survey expedition to Cyrenaica under the sponsorship of the Archaeological Institute of America and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston for the purpose of locating a suitable site for archaeological excavation. Participants in the expedition included Richard Norton, Allison V. Armour, and Russell C. Sturgis, Jr. At the conclusion of the expedition Bates sent a full report to the sponsors, who filed it away without acknowledgement. The report, which is published here for the first time, details this first official American expedition to Cyrenaica. Correspondence is discussed that reveals why the Archaeological Institute of America and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston chose to ignore the report and to dismiss Bates abruptly from the project just several days after the report was submitted. The role that Norton played in Bates' dismissal is also examined.
Cyrene: Other Men's Memories
Authors: Wright G.R.H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRichard Goodchild was much concerned for the men who had preceeded him in connection with the discovery and rebirth of Cyrene. It seems, therefore, a fitting contribution to his memory to deal in their memories: the memories of Cyrene evoked by antipodal circumstances such men came to experience in their subsequent careers. The curtain is raised on half a dozen of these men who took all the chances offered by the 19th-century world, so full of opportunity for the talented and resolute.