bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation analysis of benign, malignant and reactive urothelial lesions reveals a subpopulation of inverted papilloma with immortalizing genetic change
Authors: Cheng Liang , Davidson Darrell D , Wang Mingsheng , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Montironi Rodolfo , Wang Lisha , Tan Puay‐Hoon , MacLennan Gregory T , Williamson Sean R , Zhang Shaobo 
Published: December 2015

AimsTo understand more clearly the genetic ontogeny of inverted papilloma of urinary bladder, we analysed telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation status in a group of 26 inverted papillomas in comparison with the mutation status of urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth (26 cases), conventional urothelial carcinoma (36 Ta non‐invasive urothelial carcinoma, 35 T2 invasive urothelial carcinoma) and cystitis glandularis (25 cases).Methods and resultsTERT promoter mutations in inverted papilloma, urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth, urothelial carcinoma and cystitis glandularis were found in 15% (four of 26), 58% (15 of 26), 63% (45 of 71) and 0% (none of 25), respectively. C228T mutations were the predominant mutations (97%) found in bladder tumours, while C250T aberrations occurred in approximately 3% of bladder tumours. In the inverted papilloma group, TERT mutation occurred predominantly in female patients (P = 0.006). Among urothelial carcinomas, TERT promoter mutation status did not correlate with gender, histological grade or pathological stage.ConclusionsTERT promoter mutations were found in 15% of inverted papillomas. Our data suggest that there is a subpopulation of inverted papilloma that shares a carcinogenetic pathway with urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth and conventional urothelial carcinomas. Caution is warranted in exploring TERT promoter mutation status as a screening or adjunct diagnostic test for bladder cancer.
Prevention and management of obinutuzumab‐associated toxicities: Australian experience
Authors: Snowden Alicia , Hayden Ingrid , Dixon Joanna , Gregory Gareth 
Published: December 2015

Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are typically diagnosed at an advanced age and may have multiple co‐existing conditions, augmenting the challenges of treating their CLL. Aggressive cytotoxic therapies are often poorly tolerated in this patient population.Obinutuzumab is a glycoengineered type II anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody indicated in combination with chlorambucil for previously untreated CLL. The approval of this drug was based on the pivotal CLL11 trial, which demonstrated longer progression‐free survival vs. rituximab/chlorambucil and chlorambucil alone in patients with significant co‐existing medical conditions and/or poor renal function. However, a higher risk of infusion‐related reactions (IRRs) was demonstrated with obinutuzumab‐based therapy.We highlight important nursing care considerations to help prevent and successfully manage IRRs and other important adverse events, to improve the treatment experience of patients receiving obinutuzumab infusions and to enable them to complete their treatment and receive optimal benefit. Premedication, drug handling, dosing, administration, monitoring and documentation are discussed.
Socio‐Cultural Incorporation of Skilled Migrants at Work: Employer and Migrant Perspectives
Authors: van Riemsdijk Micheline , Basford Scott , Burnham Alana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMigration studies have predominantly investigated the socio‐cultural incorporation of low‐skilled migrants and refugees, fuelled by concerns that these migrants may pose a burden on the state and a threat to social cohesion. Few studies have investigated the socio‐cultural incorporation of skilled migrants, perhaps assuming that they will fare well in a country of destination. Using the petroleum industry in Norway as a case study, this article examines the workplace as a key site of transmission of norms and values of the host society. We investigate firm initiatives for the socio‐cultural incorporation of skilled migrants and analyse the challenges that these workers experience in the workplace. We then discuss the roles of non‐state actors in the incorporation process and offer suggestions that may enhance the socio‐cultural incorporation of skilled migrants into the host society.
Axial allometry in a neutrally buoyant environment: effects of the terrestrial‐aquatic transition on vertebral scaling
Authors: Jones K. E. , Pierce S. E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEcological diversification into new environments presents new mechanical challenges for locomotion. An extreme example of this is the transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle. Here, we examine the implications of life in a neutrally buoyant environment on adaptations of the axial skeleton to evolutionary increases in body size. On land, mammals must use their thoracolumbar vertebral column for body support against gravity and thus exhibit increasing stabilization of the trunk as body size increases. Conversely, in water, the role of the axial skeleton in body support is reduced, and, in aquatic mammals, the vertebral column functions primarily in locomotion. Therefore, we hypothesize that the allometric stabilization associated with increasing body size in terrestrial mammals will be minimized in secondarily aquatic mammals. We test this by comparing the scaling exponent (slope) of vertebral measures from 57 terrestrial species (23 felids, 34 bovids) to 23 semi‐aquatic species (pinnipeds), using phylogenetically corrected regressions. Terrestrial taxa meet predictions of allometric stabilization, with posterior vertebral column (lumbar region) shortening, increased vertebral height compared to width, and shorter, more disc‐shaped centra. In contrast, pinniped vertebral proportions (e.g. length, width, height) scale with isometry, and in some cases, centra even become more spool‐shaped with increasing size, suggesting increased flexibility. Our results demonstrate that evolution of a secondarily aquatic lifestyle has modified the mechanical constraints associated with evolutionary increases in body size, relative to terrestrial taxa.
Effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on gastric acid secretion
Authors: Sun Hongzhao , Zhang Jing , Shi Yuan , Gao Yan , Shi Guiyan , Wang Xin , Guo Peng , Huang Yu , Ren Yuning , Zheng Shan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground and AimH2S is an important gasotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exogenous H2S on gastric acid secretion.MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomly divided into physiological saline (PS) group, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; 50, 100, and 150 µmol/kg body weight) group, glibenclamide + NaHS group, and SQ22536 + NaHS group. PH of gastric juice before injection and after injection were determined by a PH meter.ResultsThe results showed that NaHS, an exogenous H2S donor, injected into the enterocoelia significantly reduced the PH of gastric juice, the same volume of PS administered similarly did not change PH of gastric juice, the promotional effect of NaHS on gastric acid secretion could be abolished by glibenclamide, an ATP‐sensitive potassium channel K(ATP) blocker SQ22536, an inhibitor of adenyl cyclase.ConclusionsThe data from these experiments suggest that exogenous H2S promoted gastric acid secretion, which may occur via K(ATP) channels and activate AC‐cAMP pathway.
Cytochrome P450 promiscuity leads to a bifurcating biosynthetic pathway for tanshinones
Authors: Guo Juan , Ma Xiaohui , Cai Yuan , Ma Ying , Zhan Zhilai , Zhou Yongjin J. , Liu Wujun , Guan Mengxin , Yang Jian , Cui Guanghong , Kang Liping , Yang Lei , Shen Ye , Tang Jinfu , Lin Huixin , Ma Xiaojing , Jin Baolong , Liu Zhenming , Peters Reuben J. , Zhao Zongbao K. , Huang Luqi 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) play a key role in generating the structural diversity of terpenoids, the largest group of plant natural products. However, functional characterization of CYPs has been challenging because of the expansive families found in plant genomes, diverse reactivity and inaccessibility of their substrates and products.

Here we present the characterization of two CYPs, CYP76AH3 and CYP76AK1, which act sequentially to form a bifurcating pathway for the biosynthesis of tanshinones, the oxygenated diterpenoids from the Chinese medicinal plant Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza).

These CYPs had similar transcription profiles to that of the known gene responsible for tanshinone production in elicited Danshen hairy roots. Biochemical and RNA interference studies demonstrated that both CYPs are promiscuous. CYP76AH3 oxidizes ferruginol at two different carbon centers, and CYP76AK1 hydroxylates C‐20 of two of the resulting intermediates. Together, these convert ferruginol into 11,20‐dihydroxy ferruginol and 11,20‐dihydroxy sugiol en route to tanshinones. Moreover, we demonstrated the utility of these CYPs by engineering yeast for heterologous production of six oxygenated diterpenoids, which in turn enabled structural characterization of three novel compounds produced by CYP‐mediated oxidation.

Our results highlight the incorporation of multiple CYPs into diterpenoid metabolic engineering, and a continuing trend of CYP promiscuity generating complex networks in terpenoid biosynthesis.
Are bidirectional associations of obesity and depression already apparent in childhood and adolescence as based on high‐quality studies? A systematic review
Authors: Mühlig Y. , Antel J. , Föcker M. , Hebebrand J. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryOur aim was to evaluate bidirectional associations of obesity and depression in cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies with initial assessments in childhood or adolescence. The clarification of these relationships may support the development of innovative interventions, e.g. based on nutrition and mental health. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE. Main inclusion criteria were (i) assessment of subjects <18 years at baseline, (ii) use of validated psychometric instruments and (iii) elicitation of objectively measured anthropometric data at least at one time point. Twenty‐four studies met our inclusion criteria. Out of 19, 14 cross‐sectional studies confirmed a significant association of obesity and depression. Three out of eight longitudinal studies reported associations between obesity and subsequent depression in female children and adolescents only, and three out of nine studies obtained evidence in favour of the other direction with two studies revealing significant results only for female and one only for male children and adolescents. Evidence is mixed, and secure conclusions are hampered by the methodological variance of the included studies. Relationships are seemingly more readily detectable in female children adolescents and in the cross‐sectional compared with the longitudinal analyses. Possibly, the joint development of obesity and depression in predisposed subjects accounts for the latter discrepancy.
CD4 T‐cell hyporesponsiveness induced by schistosome larvae is not dependent upon eosinophils but may involve connective tissue mast cells
Authors: Prendergast C. T. , Sanin D. E. , Mountford A. P. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryIn areas endemic for schistosomiasis, people can often be in contact with contaminated water resulting in repeated exposures to infective Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Using a murine model, repeated infections result in IL‐10‐dependent CD4+ T‐cell hyporesponsiveness in the skin‐draining lymph nodes (sdLN), which could be caused by an abundance of eosinophils and connective tissue mast cells at the skin infection site. Here, we show that whilst the absence of eosinophils did not have a significant effect on cytokine production, MHC‐II+ cells were more numerous in the dermal cell exudate population. Nevertheless, the absence of dermal eosinophils did not lead to an increase in the responsiveness of CD4+ T cells in the sdLN, revealing that eosinophils in repeatedly exposed skin did not impact on the development of CD4+ T‐cell hyporesponsiveness. On the other hand, the absence of connective tissue mast cells led to a reduction in dermal IL‐10 and to an increase in the number of MHC‐II+ cells infiltrating the skin. There was also a small but significant alleviation of hyporesponsiveness in the sdLN, suggesting that mast cells may have a role in regulating immune responses after repeated exposures of the skin to S. mansoni cercariae.
To Stroop or not to Stroop: Sex‐related differences in brain‐behavior associations during early childhood
Authors: Cuevas Kimberly , Calkins Susan D. , Bell Martha Ann 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExecutive functions (EFs) are linked with optimal cognitive and social‐emotional development. Despite behavioral evidence of sex differences in early childhood EF, little is known about potential sex differences in corresponding brain‐behavior associations. The present study examined changes in 4‐year‐olds’ 6–9 Hz EEG power in response to increased executive processing demands (i.e., “Stroop‐like” vs. “non‐Stroop” day‐night tasks). Although there were no sex differences in task performance, an examination of multiple scalp electrode sites revealed that boys exhibited more widespread changes in EEG power as compared to girls. Further, multiple regression analyses controlling for maternal education and non‐EF performance indicated that individual differences in boys’ and girls’ EF performance were associated with different frontal neural correlates (i.e., different frontal scalp sites and different measures of EEG power). These data reveal valuable information concerning sex differences in the neural systems underlying executive processing during early childhood.
Neurocognitive development in socioeconomic context: Multiple mechanisms and implications for measuring socioeconomic status
Authors: Ursache Alexandra , Noble Kimberly G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSocioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to functioning across a variety of neurocognitive domains including language, memory, executive functioning, and social‐emotional processing. We review these findings and discuss the ways in which socioeconomic context may shape neural processes such that these skills are supported by different neurobiological pathways in children from lower versus higher SES backgrounds. Moreover, we consider the mechanisms by which SES may be related to specific neurocognitive functions. Specifically, we focus on linguistic exposure and stress as two main pathways through which SES could influence neurocognitive processes and shape relations between the neural and behavioral levels of functioning. Finally, suggestions for conceptualizing and measuring SES in future work are offered.
Diversity and representation: Key issues for psychophysiological science
Authors: Gatzke‐Kopp Lisa M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis Special Issue is devoted to the illustration and discussion of three key demographic variables (sex/gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) that have been shown to moderate associations between psychophysiological processes and behavior. The introduction to the issue discusses the role of phenotypic plasticity in the emergence of different neural processes that achieve the same behavioral outcome, with emphasis on how these relatively stable developmental contexts affect brain/behavior associations without necessarily resulting in difference in behavior. These findings have profound significance for the implications of generalization and call into question the presumption that diverse samples produce an average result that is appropriately reflective of the individuals themselves. Increasing diversity within psychophysiological research is critical in elucidating mechanisms by which the human brain can accomplish cognitive and affective behaviors. This article further examines the logistical and ethical challenges faced in achieving this goal.
Characterization of Th17 and FoxP3+ Treg Cells in Paediatric Psoriasis Patients
Authors: Zhang L. , Li Y. , Yang X. , Wei J. , Zhou S. , Zhao Z. , Cheng J. , Duan H. , Jia T. , Lei Q. , Huang J. , Feng C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPsoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin conditions affecting both children and adults. Growing evidence indicates that T‐helper 17 (Th17) cells and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, the relationship between Th17 and Treg cells and their dynamic variations in paediatric psoriasis remain unclear. In this study, we found that both Th17 and FoxP3+ Treg cells and the ratio of Th17 to Treg cell frequency in the peripheral circulation were increased in patients with paediatric psoriasis and were positively correlated with the disease severity. The function of Treg to suppress CD4+CD25− T cell proliferation and IFN‐γ secretion was impaired during the onset of psoriasis. After disease remission, both the Th17 and Treg cell frequencies were decreased, and the suppressive function of the Treg cells was obviously restored. However, neither Treg cells from the disease onset nor those after remission can regulate IL‐17 secretion by CD4+ T cells. These findings will further our understanding of the associations between Th17 and Treg cells in paediatric psoriasis and their influence on disease severity.
Increases in core temperature counterbalance effects of haemoconcentration on blood viscosity during prolonged exercise in the heat
Authors: Buono Michael J. , Krippes Taylor , Kolkhorst Fred W. , Williams Alexander T. , Cabrales Pedro 
Published: December 2015

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise‐induced haemoconcentration and hyperthermia on blood viscosity.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Exercise‐induced haemoconcentration, increased plasma viscosity and increased blood aggregation, all of which increased blood viscosity, were counterbalanced by increased red blood cell (RBC) deformability (e.g. RBC membrane shear elastic modulus and elongation index) caused by the hyperthermia. Thus, blood viscosity remained unchanged following prolonged moderate‐intensity exercise in the heat.

Previous studies have reported that blood viscosity is significantly increased following exercise. However, these studies measured both pre‐ and postexercise blood viscosity at 37°C even though core and blood temperatures would be expected to have increased during the exercise. Consequently, the effect of exercise‐induced hyperthermia on mitigating change in blood viscosity may have been missed. The purpose of this study was to isolate the effects of exercise‐induced haemoconcentration and hyperthermia and to determine their combined effects on blood viscosity. Nine subjects performed 2 h of moderate‐intensity exercise in the heat (37°C, 40% relative humidity), which resulted in significant increases from pre‐exercise values for rectal temperature (from 37.11 ± 0.35 to 38.76 ± 0.13°C), haemoconcentration (haematocrit increased from 43.6 ± 3.6 to 45.6 ± 3.5%) and dehydration (change in body weight = −3.6 ± 0.7%). Exercise‐induced haemoconcentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased blood viscosity by 9% (from 3.97 to 4.33 cP at 300 s−1), whereas exercise‐induced hyperthermia significantly decreased blood viscosity by 7% (from 3.97 to 3.69 cP at 300 s−1). When both factors were considered together, there was no overall change in blood viscosity (from 3.97 to 4.03 cP at 300 s−1). The effects of exercise‐induced haemoconcentration, increased plasma viscosity and increased red blood cell aggregation, all of which increased blood viscosity, were counterbalanced by increased red blood cell deformability (e.g. red blood cell membrane shear elastic modulus and elongation index) caused by the hyperthermia. Thus, blood viscosity remained unchanged following prolonged moderate‐intensity exercise in the heat.
Do Running Activities of Adolescent and Adult Tennis Players Differ During Play?
Authors: Hoppe Matthias W. , Baumgart Christian , Freiwald Jürgen 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:To investigate differences in running activities between adolescent and adult tennis players during match play. Differences between winning and losing players within each age group were also examined.Methods:Forty well-trained male players (20 adolescents, 13 ± 1 y; 20 adults, 25 ± 4 y) played a simulated singles match against an opponent of similar age and ability. Running activities were assessed using portable devices that sampled global positioning system (10 Hz) and inertial-sensor (accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer; 100 Hz) data. Recorded data were examined in terms of velocity, acceleration, deceleration, metabolic power, PlayerLoad, and number of accelerations toward the net and the forehand and backhand corners.Results:Adult players spent more time at high velocity (≥4 m/s2), acceleration (≥4 m/s2), deceleration (≤–4 m/s2), and metabolic power (≥20 W/kg) (P ≤ .009, ES = 0.9–1.5) and performed more accelerations (≥2 m/s2) toward the backhand corner (P < .001, ES = 2.6–2.7). No differences between adolescent winning and losing players were evident overall (P ≥ .198, ES = 0.0–0.6). Adult winning players performed more accelerations (2 to <4 m/s2) toward the forehand corner (P = .026, ES = 1.2), whereas adult losing players completed more accelerations (≥2 m/s2) toward the backhand corner (P ≤ .042, ES = 0.9).Conclusions:This study shows that differences in running activities between adolescent and adult tennis players exist in high-intensity measures during simulated match play. Furthermore, differences between adolescent and adult players, and also between adult winning and losing players, are present in terms of movement directions. Our findings may be helpful for coaches to design different training drills for both age groups of players.
Player Activity Profiles in the Australian Second-Tier Rugby League Competitions
Authors: Hausler Joanne , Halaki Mark , Orr Rhonda 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:To investigate activity profiles of Australian rugby league players during match play by competition, position, and match outcome in the New South Wales (NSW) second-tier competitions.Methods:Eighteen NSW Cup (NSWC) and 22 National Youth Competition (NYC) players, participating in this prospective cohort study, were categorized into 3 positional groups: forwards, adjustables, and outside backs. Global positioning system devices were used to examine activity profiles (distance and relative distance covered in walking, jogging, moderate, high, very high, and sprinting speed zones and quantification of high-speed movement) during match play in 21 NSWC and 22 NYC matches (N = 339 files).Results:NSWC players performed more sprints (36.5 ± 9.3 vs 28.4 ± 9.2) and greater relative distance in moderate speed zones (18.4 ± 3.2 vs 15.8 ± 3.1 m/min) than NYC. NSWC outside backs covered greater relative distance in jogging (29.4 ± 2.9 vs 24.8 ± 2.7 m/min) and moderate speed zones (17.0 ± 2.6 vs 12.8 ± 2.8 m/min) than their NYC counterparts. Adjustables performed more sprints (39.4 ± 10.1 vs 27.0 ± 9.2), high-intensity accelerations (3.7 ± 1.4 vs 1.9 ± 1.4), and relative distance (84.8 ± 4.3 vs 88.6 ± 4.8 m/min) than forwards and greater relative distance (81.5 ± 3.8 m/min) and sprints (31.0 ± 8.0) than outside backs. Adjustables recorded greater relative distance (19.8 m/min) in moderate speed zones than forwards (16.7 ± 3.1 m/min) and outside backs (14.9 ± 2.7 m/min). Adjustables covered ~685 m more than outside backs during a win.Conclusions:This is the first study to document the activity profiles of the NSW second-tier rugby league competition. The findings underscore the elevated match demands of adjustables and indicate higher intensity of play in NSWC than NYC that may more closely resemble the demands of National Rugby League match play.