bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fluorine Substitution on the Charge Carrier Dynamics of Benzothiadiazole‐Based Solar Cell Materials
Authors: Kim In‐Sik , Kim In‐Bok , Kim Dong‐Yu , Kwon Seong‐Hoon , Ko Do‐Kyeong 
Published: May 2016

The femtosecond transient absorption (TA) characterization of a new benzothiadiazole (BT)‐based donor–acceptor conjugated copolymer, poly[(2,6‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene)‐alt‐(4,7‐di(4‐octyldodecylthiopen‐2‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (PBT), as well as its fluorinated derivatives, PFBT and PDFBT, is carried out. Additionally, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films consisting of the copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butylic acid methyl ester (PC70BM) are examined using TA spectroscopy. Both the singlet excited state dynamics in the copolymers and the charge transfer state dynamics in the BHJs are investigated in terms of fluorination dependency; the fluorinated copolymers exhibit less singlet exciton recombination rate than the fluorine‐free copolymer, and the BHJs including the fluorinated copolymers display slower monomolecular recombination than the fluorine‐free analogue. Furthermore, the excitation‐intensity‐dependent TA dynamics of the copolymers and BHJs is investigated, revealing that, when sufficiently high excitation intensity is used to induce annihilation processes, the fluorinated copolymers and BHJs incorporating the fluorinated copolymers show more rapid TA decay ascribable to morphological enhancement. These TA spectroscopic findings are found to correlate with the device characteristics with respect to fluorinated content in the polymer solar cells. In particular, both the short‐circuit current density and fill factor of BHJ solar cells correspond closely with the fast decay parameters of the BHJ films under high excitation intensity.
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Self‐Assembled Colloidal Particle Clusters from In Situ Pickering‐Like Emulsion Polymerization via Single Electron Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Yuan Jinfeng , Zhao Weiting , Pan Mingwang , Zhu Lei 
Published: May 2016

A simple route is reported to synthesize colloidal particle clusters (CPCs) from self‐assembly of in situ poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(styrene‐co‐tert‐butyl acrylate) [PVDF/P(St‐co‐tBA)] Janus particles through one‐pot seeded emulsion single electron transfer radical polymerization. In the in situ Pickering‐like emulsion polymerization, the tBA/St/PVDF feed ratio and polymerization temperature are important for the formation of well‐defined CPCs. When the tBA/St/PVDF feed ratio is 0.75 g/2.5 g/0.5 g and the reaction temperature is 35 °C, relatively uniform raspberry‐like CPCs are obtained. The hydrophobicity of the P(St‐co‐tBA) domains and the affinity of PVDF to the aqueous environment are considered to be the driving force for the self‐assembly of the in situ formed PVDF/P(St‐co‐tBA) Janus particles. The resultant raspberry‐like CPCs with PVDF particles protruding outward may be promising for superhydrophobic smart coatings.
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Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection for the Management of Morning Akinesia in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Isaacson Stuart , Lew Mark , Ondo William , Hubble Jean , Clinch Thomas , Pagan Fernando 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn patients with motor fluctuations complicating Parkinson's disease (PD), delays in time‐to‐ON with levodopa are common. This open‐label study aimed to assess the effect of apomorphine on time‐to‐ON in PD patients with morning akinesia.MethodsThe safety population included 127 enrolled patients, and the full analysis set (FAS) included 88 patients. Patients completed a 7‐day levodopa baseline period recording their time‐to‐ON following each morning dose of levodopa. Patients were titrated to an optimal dose of apomorphine (2–6 mg) while taking trimethobenzamide antiemetic therapy. Apomorphine was injected each morning for a 7‐day treatment period and time‐to‐ON was self‐recorded in 5‐minute blocks. The primary efficacy variable was time‐to‐ON in the apomorphine treatment period versus the baseline levodopa period. Secondary assessments included and global impression scales. Safety and tolerability were assessed through adverse events (AEs).ResultsPatients receiving apomorphine achieved mean ± standard deviation (SD) time‐to‐ON 23.72 ± 14.55 minutes, reduced from 60.86 ± 18.11 minutes with levodopa (P < 0.0001). Dose failures (defined as time‐to‐ON >60 minutes) were more commonly reported with levodopa versus apomorphine (46% vs. 7% of diary entries, respectively).Secondary endpoints supported the primary efficacy findings, with significant improvements from levodopa baseline to apomorphine treatment period (all P < 0.0001). The most common AEs were nausea and dizziness. Most patients who discontinued because of AEs did so in the titration phase.ConclusionsApomorphine injections significantly reduced time‐to‐ON in PD patients experiencing delayed onset of their morning levodopa dose, and was well tolerated in most patients. After apomorphine treatment, fluctuating patients with morning akinesia experienced rapid and reliable improvement of time‐to‐ON.
Ethylene polymerization using vanadium catalyst supported on silica modified by pyridinium ionic liquid
Authors: Ochędzan‐Siodłak Wioletta , Bihun Anna , Olszowy Aleksandra , Rajfur Małgorzata , Jesionowski Teofil , Siwińska‐Stefańska Katarzyna 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVanadium catalyst systems (SIL1–3A(B)/V) for ethylene polymerization were obtained by immobilization of the Cp2VCl2 precursor (V) in the ionic liquid 1‐[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]pyridinium chloride (IL), modified by AlCl3 and AlEtCl2 (A) or AlEt2Cl (B), and supported on three types of silica carrier S1–3. The properties of the ionic liquid supports were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The best results (above 2 tons PE (mol V)−1 (0.5 h)−1) were obtained using the catalyst system SIL3B/V. Addition of ethyl trichloroacetate is possible in the ionic liquid medium and it further increases the activity up to 7 tons PE (mol V)−1 (0.5 h)−1. In contrast, application of the imidazolium ionic liquid to the SIL system or application the analogous catalyst system without the ionic liquid results in lower activities. The obtained polyethylene (PE) is a linear polymer, with molecular weight (Mw) of over 106 g mol−1 and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range 1.6–1.9, and has a characteristic fluffy or fibrous shape. In contrast, the PE samples obtained using the systems without ionic liquid reveal broader Mw/Mn (2.5–3.7) and replicate the support morphology. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
MALDI‐MSI for the analysis of a 3D tissue‐engineered psoriatic skin model
Authors: Harvey Amanda , Cole Laura M. , Day Rebecca , Bartlett Maggie , Warwick John , Bojar Richard , Smith David , Cross Neil , Clench Malcolm R. 
Published: May 2016

MALDI‐MS Imaging is a novel label‐free technique that can be used to visualize the changes in multiple mass responses following treatment. Following treatment with proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐22 (IL‐22), the epidermal differentiation of Labskin, a living skin equivalent (LSE), successfully modeled psoriasis in vitro. Masson's trichrome staining enabled visualization and quantification of epidermal differentiation between the untreated and IL‐22 treated psoriatic LSEs. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging was used to observe the spatial location of the psoriatic therapy drug acetretin following 48 h treatments within both psoriatic and normal LSEs. After 24 h, the drug was primarily located in the epidermal regions of both the psoriatic and nonpsoriatic LSE models whereas after 48 h it was detectible in the dermis.
Concerns underlying treatment preferences of advanced cancer patients with children
Authors: Check Devon K. , Park Eliza M. , Reeder‐Hayes Katherine E. , Mayer Deborah K. , Deal Allison M. , Yopp Justin M. , Rosenstein Donald L. , Hanson Laura C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundDecision‐making about advanced cancer treatment is complex and may be influenced by patients' family context, including the presence of children.We explored how parental values and concerns motivate patients' preferences about aggressiveness of advanced cancer treatment as well as preferences for palliative care and hospice services.MethodsWe conducted semi‐structured interviews with 42 patients with advanced cancer who had at least one child under 18 years. We created and applied thematic codes. Descriptive analyses were used to report the number of participants who mentioned each code.ResultsThe majority of participants (29/42) reported that having children influenced their preferences for advanced cancer care. For most parents, extending life to maximize the time they had left to parent their children was important in guiding treatment preferences. Others prioritized preserving their physical condition and parental functioning and remaining physically close to their children. Many parents discussed life extension and parental functioning preservation as competing priorities. Most of the sample expressed interest in palliative care services and hospice, but responses by several participants reflected concerns about dying at home and lack of clarity about the role of early palliative care.ConclusionsParents in our sample expressed that maximizing time with their children and preserving parental functioning were important concerns underlying their preferences for advanced cancer care. Future research should assess the palliative and end‐of‐life care needs and preferences of parents with advanced cancer, which may differ from those of non‐parents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of lower triangular and non‐triangular nonlinear systems with uncertain high‐order nonlinearities via dynamic gain control
Authors: Koo Min‐Sung , Choi Ho‐Lim 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we consider a global regulation problem of a class of nonlinear systems that have uncertain high‐order nonlinear terms. In particular, we introduce new high‐order lower triangular and non‐triangular conditions and propose a controller with dynamic gains to regulate the system with uncertain high‐order nonlinearities. In designing our controller, the information of the growth rate is not required, and the forms of the high‐order nonlinearities are more relaxed. We verify that the proposed method is applicable to the system which cannot be regulated by the existing methods. Examples and simulation results are given for clear illustration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beamforming for inter‐relay interference reduction in MIMO‐aided two‐path successive relaying
Authors: Hou Weikun , Jiang Ming , Feng Suili 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo effectively reduce the inter‐relay interference (IRI) in two‐path successive relaying, two beamforming schemes are proposed in this paper, utilizing multiple‐antenna relay nodes. Specifically, the two cooperation nodes perform receive combining of the source signal and transmit beamforming of the relayed signal alternately in the successive relaying process. As a result, the IRI between them can be effectively suppressed, thanks to the additional degree of freedom provided by the multiple‐input multiple‐output inter‐relay channel. In the first beamforming scheme, the source‐to‐destination signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratios (SINR) of separate paths are maximized with approximation, leading to a minimum variance distortionless response beamformer under the high SINR condition. To further improve the system performance, noting that the received SINRs of the two paths have impact on each other due to the mutual coupling of the beamformers, the sum of mean squared errors from these two transmission paths is minimized in the second scheme. Based on this performance criterion, a suboptimal beamformer design is developed numerically through cyclic minimization of the sum of mean squared error cost function. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of both proposed beamforming schemes in terms of symbol error rate and the achievable system rate, in particular, at high IRI levels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationship Between Burnout and Occupational Stress in Genetic Counselors
Authors: Johnstone Brittney , Kaiser Amy , Injeyan Marie C. , Sappleton Karen , Chitayat David , Stephens Derek , Shuman Cheryl 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBurnout represents a critical disruption in an individual's relationship with work, resulting in a state of exhaustion in which one's occupational value and capacity to perform are questioned. Burnout can negatively affect an individual's personal life, as well as employers in terms of decreased work quality, patient/client satisfaction, and employee retention. Occupational stress is a known contributor to burnout and occurs as a result of employment requirements and factors intrinsic to the work environment. Empirical research examining genetic counselor‐specific burnout is limited; however, existing data suggests that genetic counselors are at increased risk for burnout. To investigate the relationship between occupational stress and burnout in genetic counselors, we administered an online survey to members of three genetic counselor professional organizations. Validated measures included the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (an instrument measuring burnout on three subscales: exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) and the Occupational Stress Inventory—Revised (an instrument measuring occupational stress on 14 subscales). Of the 353 respondents, more than 40 % had either considered leaving or left their job role due to burnout. Multiple regression analysis yielded significant predictors for burnout risk. The identified sets of predictors account for approximately 59 % of the variance in exhaustion, 58 % of the variance in cynicism, and 43 % of the variance in professional efficacy. Our data confirm that a significant number of genetic counselors experience burnout and that burnout is correlated with specific aspects of occupational stress. Based on these findings, practice and research recommendations are presented.
Late Mesozoic–Early Cenozoic rifting magmatism in the Uda sector of Western Transbaikalia
Authors: Vorontsov A.A. , Yarmolyuk V.V. , Komaritsyna T.Yu. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Magmatism of the Uda sector enclosed within the West Transbaikalian rift zone (WTRZ) is discussed in this paper. Seven stages of the Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic volcanism have been recognized within span 174–51 Ma. On the border about 135 Ma the nature of volcanism changed noticeably: (a) the volume of volcanic rocks essentially reduced; (b) transition from differentiated to basaltic associations proceeded with the disappearance of volcanics containing SiO2 over 54 wt.%; (c) alkali and subalkaline basaltoids appeared in the associations, their volume increasing at later stages. Geochemical features of the Uda volcanics are determined by participation in their formation of the mantle source close in composition to the source with OIB parameters. They are responsible for high concentrations of incompatible elements in magmatic products. The isotope characteristics of rocks indicate conformity of this mantle source to the varying behavior of EMII and PREMA with the role of the latter strengthening in time. The basaltoids of initial stages show the deficit of Ti, Nb, and Ta caused by involvement of water-saturated lithosphere mantle in magma formation. The main specifics of the Uda volcanics composition and the pattern of their variability in time correspond to those in WTRZ, as well as in the other Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic rift zones of Central Asia. This evidence suggests similar geodynamic settings for origination and development of rifting processes, when continuously evolving mantle plume affects the regional lithosphere. The magmatism of the Uda sector, as in the entire WTRZ, differs considerably from magmatic processes developing over the convergent boundaries of the Mongol-Okhotsk belt; their products are represented by differentiated magmatic associations with geochemical properties common for the rocks of suprasubduction zones.
Late Paleozoic granitoid magmatism of Eastern Kazakhstan and Western Transbaikalia: plume model test
Authors: Khromykh S.V. , Tsygankov A.A. , Kotler P.D. , Navozov O.V. , Kruk N.N. , Vladimirov A.G. , Travin A.V. , Yudin D.S. , Burmakina G.N. , Khubanov V.B. , Buyantuev M.D. , Antsiferova T.N. , Karavaeva G.S. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We present results of a comparative study of Late Paleozoic granitoids of Eastern Kazakhstan and Western Transbaikalia composing the large Kalba–Narym and Angara–Vitim batholiths. We have established that despite the different geologic history of these regions, granitoid magmatism there proceeded nearly synchronously at the Carboniferous/Permian boundary (330–280 Ma) and was accompanied by mantle magmatism. The regularities of its evolution are considered in terms of the plume model and different stages of interaction of mantle plumes with the lithosphere. The major principles of plume–lithosphere interaction in accretion-collision fold belts have been formulated: (1) Plume-lithosphere interaction results in large-scale melting of sublithospheric mantle, lower lithosphere, and crustal substrates warmed by the preceding orogenic processes; (2) The processes last 30 to 50 Myr and produce large volumes of igneous rocks, mostly granitoids; (3) The sequence of formation of granitoid and basic igneous complexes and the metallogenic specialization can be different and depend on the lithosphere structure and preceding geologic history of the region.
Primary tracheoesophageal puncture and cricopharyngeal myotomy in stapler-assisted total laryngectomy
Authors: Beswick D M , Damrose E J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the utility of the hybrid tracheoesophageal puncture procedure in stapler-assisted laryngectomy.Methods:Patients who underwent total laryngectomy at a single institution from 2009 to 2015 were reviewed. The interventions assessed were surgical creation of a tracheoesophageal puncture and placement of a voice prosthesis. The outcomes measured included voicing ability and valve failure.Results:Thirty-nine patients underwent total laryngectomy or pharyngolaryngectomy. Of these, nine underwent stapler-assisted laryngectomy; seven of the nine patients underwent concurrent stapler-assisted laryngectomy, cricopharyngeal myotomy and a hybrid tracheoesophageal puncture procedure. These seven patients were the focus of this review. Successful voicing and oral alimentation was achieved in all patients. Mean time to phonation was 30 days (range, 7–77 days) and mean time to first valve change was 90 days (range, 35–117 days).Conclusion:Primary tracheoesophageal puncture with concurrent voice prosthesis placement and cricopharyngeal myotomy is easily performed with stapler-assisted laryngectomy. The hybrid tracheoesophageal puncture procedure is a simple method that enables a single operator to achieve primary tracheoesophageal puncture and valve placement; in addition, it facilitates concurrent cricopharyngeal myotomy.
Interactions of warming and exposure affect susceptibility to parasite infection in a temperate fish species
Authors: SHEATH DANNY J. , ANDREOU DEMETRA , BRITTON J. ROBERT 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYPredicting how elevated temperatures from climate change alter host–parasite interactions requires understandings of how warming affects host susceptibility and parasite virulence. Here, the effect of elevated water temperature and parasite exposure level was tested on parasite prevalence, abundance and burden, and on fish growth, using Pomphorhynchus laevis and its fish host Squalius cephalus. At 60 days post-exposure, prevalence was higher at the elevated temperature (22 °C) than ambient temperature (18 °C), with infections achieved at considerably lower levels of exposure. Whilst parasite number was significantly higher in infected fish at 22 °C, both mean parasite weight and parasite burden was significantly higher at 18 °C. There were, however, no significant relationships between fish growth rate and temperature, parasite exposure, and the infection parameters. Thus, whilst elevated temperature significantly influenced parasite infection rates, it also impacted parasite development rates, suggesting warming could have complex implications for parasite dynamics and host resistance.
Microevolutionary Patterns in Late Cenozoic Radiolaria
Authors: Kellogg Davida E. , Hays James D. 
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we present detailed quantitative studies of evolutionary changes over all or part of the stratigraphic ranges of five fossil radiolarian species from Pacific deep-sea sediment cores. Each of these species shows some variation of a distinctive evolutionary pattern: increase in size of measured morphologic characters, preceded and/or followed by an interval during which little or no significant change occurred.One of the species studied (Eucyrtidium matuyamai) was allopatrically differentiated from another (Eucyrtidium calvertense). The others (Calocycletta caepa, Pterocanium prismatiumandPseudocubus vema) underwent phyletic change within a single lineage. Those species undergoing phyletic change towards larger size maintained almost constant variability of shell size over long periods of time, including periods of both rapid and extremely slow evolution. This constancy of variability suggests that diminution of selection against larger size may have acted as a stimulus to size increase. In contrast,E. calvertensedecreased in variability during evolution towards smaller shell size. We believe this decrease may be interpreted as the result of two factors: (1) strong selection against larger size apparently exerted on this species by its direct descendant,E. matuyamai, during the neosympatric phase of speciation and (2) continuation of previous selection against very much smaller size.
Area, Continental Drift and Mammalian Diversity
Authors: Flessa Karl W. 
Published: May 2016

Mammalian generic, familial, and ordinal diversities correlate significantly with continental area. The area effect is similar in form to that shown for true islands: S = kAz, where S is the diversity, A is the area, and k and z are fitted constants. For mammalian genera and continental area, z equals 0.33, for families, z equals 0.23, and for orders, z equals 0.13.The area effect permits quantitative modeling of extinction due to biotic competition between previously isolated faunas. The Late Cenozoic extinction of North and South American mammalian faunas following the rise of the Panamanian land bridge is overestimated by seven families. The overestimate may result from assumptions of complete biotic interchange and universal competition. The role of plate tectonics in regulating diversity may be extensively modified by regional environmental conditions.