bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoelectron spectroscopic study of electronic state and surface structure of In2O3 single crystals
Authors: Nagata Takahiro , Bierwagen Oliver , Galazka Zbigniew , Imura Masataka , Ueda Shigenori , Yoshikawa Hideki , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Chikyow Toyohiro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The electronic states and band bending behavior of melt-grown In2O3 single crystals were investigated by combining surface-sensitive soft- and bulk-sensitive hard-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The as-grown In2O3 crystal had a higher density of in-gap states related to oxygen vacancies than the In2O3 crystal annealed in air at 1000 °C. Nevertheless, the polished surfaces of both samples had surface electron accumulation layers (SEALs) with similar Fermi level pinning energies at the surface. The estimated peak carrier density at the surface of both samples was 1.2 × 1020 cm−3. The SEALs may originate from defects due to surface polishing or adsorbates.
Metastable crystal growth of acetaminophen using solution-mediated phase transformation
Authors: Mori Yoichiro , Maruyama Mihoko , Takahashi Yoshinori , Yoshikawa Hiroshi Y. , Okada Shino , Adachi Hiroaki , Sugiyama Shigeru , Takano Kazufumi , Murakami Satoshi , Matsumura Hiroyoshi , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Yoshimura Masashi , Mori Yusuke 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We report a new method of obtaining the metastable phase form II crystals of acetaminophen. Solution-mediated phase transformation (SMPT) from trihydrate into form II is utilized to obtain form II crystals. SMPT is triggered by seeding form II crystals into a saturated solution including trihydrate crystals, which are less stable than form II crystals. Form II seed crystals gradually grew at the expense of the dissolving trihydrate crystals, and finally, all the trihydrate crystals in solution were transformed into form II crystals in about 4 h. Thus, we conclude that SMPT is effective for the production of form II crystals.
Correlation of trap states with negative bias thermal illumination stress stabilities in amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors studied by photoinduced transient spectroscopy
Authors: Hayashi Kazushi , Ochi Mototaka , Hino Aya , Tao Hiroaki , Goto Hiroshi , Kugimiya Toshihiro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Negative bias thermal illumination stress (NBTIS) stabilities in amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were studied by photoinduced transient spectroscopy (PITS). The degradation of TFT performance correlated with trap states in the channel region of a-IGZO TFTs with an etch stop layer (ESL). A prominent peak at approximately 100 K was observed in a-IGZO formed under a partial pressure (p/p) of 4% O2. With increasing O2 p/p, an apparent shoulder of around 230 K appeared in PITS spectra. A higher flow rate of SiH4/N2O for the ESL deposition induced trap states associated with the 230 K peak. The peak at approximately 100 K could originate from the depletion of Zn by preannealing, while the peak at approximately 230 K should be attributed to the oxygen-deficient and/or Zn-rich defects due to the formation of OH in a-IGZO. The trap states in a-IGZO TFTs gave rise to degradation in terms of NBTIS. The threshold voltage shift (ΔV
th) was 2.5 V, but it increased with the O2 p/p as well as the flow rate of SiH4/N2O for ESL deposition. The time dependence of ΔV
th suggested that hydrogen from the ESL and/or in the a-IGZO thin films was incorporated and modified the trap states in the channel region of the a-IGZO TFTs.
Analysis of supersubstorm events with reference to polar cap potential and polar cap index
Authors: Adhikari Binod , Baruwal Prashrit , Chapagain Narayan P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe coupling process between solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere is an important physical 14 mechanism for the delineating concept of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. In this work, we have studied the polar cap potential (PCV) and merging electric field (Em) during three different supersubstorm (SSS) events. We have also studied the roles of polar cap index and auroral electrojet (AE) indices to observe polar cap activity during SSSs. To substantiate results, wavelet transform and cross‐correlation techniques are used. We checked the cross correlation of PCV with AE, SYM‐H, Bz, X, Y, and Ey individually. Positive good correlation of PCV with AE and SYM‐H is obtained. Observing and obtaining these results, PCV shows the significant effects during geomagnetic activity (SSSs) generated by geoeffective solar wind parameters.
Five solar geoengineering tropes that have outstayed their welcome
Authors: Reynolds Jesse L. , Parker Andy , Irvine Peter 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn the last decade, solar geoengineering (solar radiation management, or SRM) has received increasing consideration as a potential means to reduce risks of anthropogenic climate change. Some ideas regarding SRM that have been proposed have receded after being appropriately scrutinized, while others have strengthened through testing and critique. This process has improved the understanding of SRM's potential and limitations. However, several claims are frequently made in the academic and popular SRM discourses and, despite evidence to the contrary, pose the risk of hardening into accepted facts. Here, in order to foster a more productive and honest debate, we identify, describe, and refute five of the most problematic claims that are unsupported by existing evidence, unlikely to occur, or greatly exaggerated. These are: (A) once started, SRM cannot be stopped; (B) SRM is a right‐wing project; (C) SRM would cost only a few billion dollars per year; (D) modeling studies indicate that SRM would disrupt monsoon precipitation; and (E) there is an international prohibition on outdoors research. SRM is a controversial proposed set of technologies that could prove to be very helpful or very harmful, and it warrants vigorous and informed public debate. By highlighting and debunking some persistent but unsupported claims, this paper hopes to bring rigor to such discussions.
Interplay between grain protrusion and sediment entrainment in an experimental flume
Authors: Masteller Claire C. , Finnegan Noah J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBed load sediment transport is typically formulated as a nonlinear function of the shear stress exerted on the bed in excess of a critical value. However, due to the inherent spatial variability in grain packing and protrusion on water‐worked beds, the critical stress used in transport models represents a spatial averaging of the critical entrainment stresses of many individual particles on the bed. We perform a series of flume experiments in which we quantify, for the first time, the evolution of topography on the particle scale during low‐flow periods. We link this topography to subsequent bed load sediment transport rates and explore implications for particle critical stresses. We exploit the observed dependence of bed load flux on antecedent low‐flow duration to isolate the relationship between grain protrusion and bed load flux over a wide array of transport rates at the same applied stress. A synthesis of high‐resolution bed topography surveys and bed load flux data show that bed load transport rates characteristic of gravel channels are governed by the portion of grains that protrude highest above the bed and that this portion corresponds to ~1–5% of the total bed elevation distribution in our experiments. This result supports the argument that only a small portion of grain entrainment thresholds for a riverbed is exceeded during transport. Further, these results emphasize that subtle changes in bed topography can have dramatic effects on bed load sediment transport. We also find that transport of these highest protruding particles enhances the local erosion of surrounding grains.
Pd‐Catalyzed C−H Arylation of Benzothiazoles with Diaryliodonium Salt: One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles
Authors: Yang Peng , Wang Rui , Wu Hui , Du Zhengyin , Fu Ying 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA simple and direct arylation of benzothiazoles in the presence of diaryliodonium salts to afford 2‐arylbenzothiazoles has been developed. This cross‐coupling reaction is catalyzed by palladium bromide in the presence of cesium carbonate and a phosphorus ligand. The protocol has a broad substrate scope and is tolerant towards a wide range of functional groups to give the desired products in moderate to high yields.
Solvent‐Controlled Enzyme‐Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles and Isatins by Using α‐Chymotrypsin
Authors: Xue Jing‐Wen , Guo Jun‐Tao , He Yan‐Hong , Guan Zhi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFriedel–Crafts reactions between isatins and indoles catalyzed by α‐chymotrypsin from bovine pancreas (BPC) are described. The reaction could be controlled by judicious choice of the solvent. 3‐Hydroxy‐oxindoles and 3,3‐bis(indol‐3‐yl)indolin‐2‐ones were obtained in aprotic (DCE) and protic solvent (MeOH), respectively; the reactions proceeded at 30 °C with a broad substrate scope in each case. Several pharmacologically active products were obtained in protic solvent. This method has the potential to become a simple, practical procedure for the synthesis of 3‐hydroxy‐oxindole and 3,3‐bis(indol‐3‐yl)indolin‐2‐one derivatives.
A Systematic Assessment of Trifluoromethyl Radical Donor Abilities of Electrophilic Trifluoromethylating Reagents
Authors: Li Man , Wang Ya , Xue Xiao‐Song , Cheng Jin‐Pei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIdentifying the ability of traditional electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents as CF3· radical sources offers a great opportunity for developing new radical trifluoromethylation reactions. Herein, we report the first extensive assessment of the propensity of these reagents to donate a CF3· radical by computing X−CF3 bond homolytic dissociation enthalpies. Single electron reduction has a substantial effect on activating the X−CF3 bond, thereby significantly facilitating a CF3 radical release. The quantitative information provided here could be valuable for mechanistic understanding and the rational design of new radical trifluoromethylation reactions.
Dephasing enhanced spin transport in the ergodic phase of a many‐body localizable system
Authors: Žnidarič Marko , Mendoza‐Arenas Juan Jose , Clark Stephen R. , Goold John 
Published: December 2016

We study high temperature spin transport in a disordered Heisenberg chain in the ergodic regime when bulk dephasing is present. We find that while dephasing always renders the transport diffusive, there is nonetheless a remnant of the diffusive to sub‐diffusive transition found in a system without dephasing manifested in the behaviour of the diffusion constant with the dephasing strength. By studying finite‐size effects we show numerically and theoretically that this feature is caused by the competition between large crossover length scales associated to disorder and dephasing that control the dynamics observed in the thermodynamic limit. We demonstrate that this competition may lead to a dephasing enhanced transport in this model.image
A Shifted Double‐Diamond Titania Scaffold
Authors: Li Hong , Liu Ye , Cao Xin , Han Lu , Jiang Chun , Che Shunai 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhotonic crystals are expected to be metamaterials because of their potential to control the propagation of light in the linear and nonlinear regimes. Biological single‐network, triply periodic constant mean curvature surface structures are considered excellent candidates owing to their large complete band gap. However, the chemical construction of these relevant structures is rare and developing new structures from thermodynamically stable double‐network self‐organizing systems is challenging. Herein, we reveal that the shifted double‐diamond titania scaffold can achieve a complete band gap. The largest (7.71 %) band gap is theoretically obtained by shifting 0.332 c with the dielectric contrast of titania (6.25). A titania scaffold with similar shifted double‐diamond structure was fabricated using a reverse core–shell microphase‐templating system with an amphiphilic diblock copolymer and a titania source in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, which could result in a 2.05–3.78 % gap.
Multi‐attribute uncertainty analysis of the life cycle of lignocellulosic feedstock for biofuel production
Authors: Rajagopalan Neethi , Venditti Richard , Kelley Steve , Daystar Jesse 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLife cycle assessments (LCAs) have become a common tool for measuring the environmental performance of various products and processes. This study reviewed the life cycle of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock‐based (pine, eucalyptus, and switchgrass) ethanol biofuels and compared the results to gasoline. Uncertainty analysis of the cradle‐to‐wheel results was conducted using a pedigree matrix method to address uncertainty of life cycle inventory items. A tool called stochastic multi‐attribute analysis for life cycle impact assessment (SMAA‐LCIA) was used to interpret the results generated from the LCA. The normalized results showed that gasoline had high environmental impacts in categories such as carcinogenics and global warming, followed by switchgrass. But the use of a single‐score metric indicated that all bio‐based feedstocks had similar environmental performance, all significantly better than gasoline. The SMAA‐LCIA results showed that when all impacts were weighted equally, the preference from highest to lowest was for loblolly pine, eucalyptus, gasoline, and switchgrass. This rank order switched when differing weighting schemes of Producer, User, and LCA Expert were used. Overall, this method highlights the trade‐offs associated with the selection of different feedstocks and improves the comparison of overall results amongst fuel sources, which can then be more clearly presented to a decision‐maker. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Assoziationen von Politik und Natur. Kubanische Korallen in Ost‐Berlin, 1964–1974
Authors: Bauche Manuela 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAssociations of Politics and Nature: Cuban Corals in East‐Berlin, 1964–1974. The concept of association is centre stage in ecological studies on coral reefs. It describes the specific composition of diverse coral species in a given reef section that depends, among other factors, on the type of surf and the form of the seabed. ‘Association’ is also an important concept in Bruno Latour's plea for transcending the division between humans and objects in sociological analysis. Drawing on the idea of association, the article explores the history of the corals that were moved from the northern Cuban coast to East‐Berlin in the late 1960s and worked into a coral reef diorama exhibited in East Berlin's Natural History Museum in 1974. By focusing on the mobilisation of the corals between Cuba and the GDR as well as within the museum, I will show that far from being sharply defined objects of nature, the corals collected in Cuba and displayed in East‐Berlin must be understood as parts of constantly changing heterogeneous associations of organisms, non‐organic material, national politics, postcolonial economies and institutional politics.
Wechselnde Formate. Zur rezenten Geschichte der Sprachaufnahmen des Berliner Lautarchivs – ein Bericht
Authors: Hennig Jochen 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChanging Modes: The Recent History of the Voice Recordings in the Berlin Sound Archive. The Sound Archive (Lautarchiv) of the Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin is a collection of language and voice recordings dating back to recording activities in prisoner of war camps during World War I. Since 1990 the recordings have been included in and used for various scientific and cultural modes of research and presentation. This article illustrates the ways in which the collection in both its entirety as well as in its individual objects have been transformed and relocated, thus changing their meanings within these different contexts. Particularly their inclusions into these very different structural and cultural modes have not only opened up new dimensions and opportunities, but at the same time also have shown specific limitations and determinations. The Sound Archive appears to thus be an example of an academic collection at the interfaces of both cultural and scientific activity in a constant process of transformation.
Tutanchamun fotografieren – Zur Produktion eines Ausstellungsstars
Authors: Schulze Mario 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTo Shoot Photographs of Tutankhamun – The Making of an Exhibition Star. In the 1970s, the exhibition “Treasures of Tutankhamun” toured the world. It still ranks today amongst the most popular museum exhibitions of all time. This article explores photography used in the catalogue of this blockbuster exhibition in the USA and West Germany; it describes how the pictures of Tutankhamun's objects, which were made by a team from the Metropolitan Museum in New York, introduced a significantly new and different approach to catalogue photography. Until the 1960s, Ancient Egyptian artefacts had been documented by means of bare frontal or profile images in black and white; their close‐grained, accurately shaded quality allowed the objects to be investigated independently of the viewer's location. The high gloss colour images of the 1970s, however, instead sought to lend the objects something a photograph could not normally achieve: a palpable presence. They captured sensational traces, creating star items that one “just had to see for oneself”. In other words, the article presents how catalogue photos were able to participate in the creation of star objects and therefore also contributed to the exhibition's enormous success. The historical background behind the rise of this sensational photography in the 1960s and 1970s will be discussed and framed theoretically. In showing how photography played an important role in transforming the objects taken from Tutankhamen's tomb, it argues that mobilising museum objects through media can induce (semiotic and material) transformations of objects.
Residue analysis and risk assessment of tebuconazole in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill)
Authors: You Xiangwei , Li Yiqiang , Wang Xiuguo , Xu Jinli , Zheng Xiao , Sui Chengcheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this study, a sensitive and reliable analytical method, based on a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe procedure, was established for determination of tebuconazole in jujube. After extraction with acetonitrile, the samples were cleaned up by dispersive solid‐phase extraction with primary secondary amine, and determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. At fortification levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 2.0 mg kg−1, the average recoveries of tebuconazole in jujube were in the range 97.6–101.9%, with relative standard deviations of 1.5–3.5%. The dissipation and residual levels of tebuconazole in jujube under field conditions were investigated. Tebuconazole dissipated relatively slowly in jujube, with a half‐life of 33.0 days. The terminal residue experiments of tebuconazole in jujube were conducted in four locations in China and the risk was evaluated using risk quotients (RQ). RQ values were found to be significantly lower than RQ = 1, indicating that the risk to human health of using the recommended doses of tebuconazole in jujube was not significant. This study could provide guidance for the safe and reasonable use of tebuconazole in jujube and serve as a reference for the establishment of limit of maximum residue in China.
Novel fluid detail enhancement based on multi‐layer depth regression analysis and FLIP fluid simulation
Authors: Qiu Yuxing , Yang Lipeng , Li Shuai , Xia Qing , Qin Hong , Hao Aimin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel integrated method for effective modeling and realistic enhancement of scale‐sensitive fluid simulation details. The core of our method is the organic of multi‐layer depth image regression analysis and fluid implicit particle fluid simulation of which the regression analysis induces the criterion where the fluid details should be produced. First, we capture the depth buffer of the fluid surface dynamically from the top of scene. Second, we employ depth peeling technique to decompose the target fluid volume into multiple depth layers and conduct time‐space analysis over surface layers. Third, we propose a logistic regression‐based model to rigorously pinpoint the complex interacting regions, wherein multiple detail‐relevant factors are taken into account based on the captured multiple depth layers. Finally, details are enhanced by animating extra diffuse materials and augmenting the air‐fluid mixing phenomenon. It is evident that, with depth peeling technology, we can afford rigorous analysis not only across surface layers at different fluid depth but along the depth direction as well. After integrating the analysis results from these two sources, we are capable of performing detail enhancement both on the fluid surface and inside the fluid to obtain a great visual effect, even when large occlusion exists. Directly benefiting from the flexibility of image‐space‐dominant processing, our unified framework can be entirely implemented on graphics processing units and thus achieves interactive performance. For various fluid phenomena with different diffuse materials (e.g., spray, foam, and bubble), comprehensive experiments and evaluations have demonstrated its superiority in high‐fidelity fluid detail enhancement and its interaction with surrounding environment.
Heterogeneous Chitosan@Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Remote Trifluoromethylation of Aminoquinolines with the Langlois Reagent by Radical Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Shen Chao , Xu Jun , Ying Beibei , Zhang Pengfei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 23/2016 is provided by Dr. Shen and Prof. Zhang's group from Zhejiang Shuren University and Hangzhou Normal University. The image illustrates the first example of an heterogeneous catalyst Chitosan@Cu(OAc)2‐catalyzed remote trifluoromethylation of aminoquinolines at C5 position under mild conditions. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201601068.
Signal‐On Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor Amplified by Exciton Energy Transfer and Exonuclease‐Aided Target Recycling
Authors: Chen Jingjia , Fan Gao‐Chao , Shi Xiao‐Mei , Zhu Jun‐Jie 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was developed by coupling exciton energy transfer (EET) with exonuclease aided target recycling. Thrombin was selected as the target analyte. CdS quantum dots (QDs) as energy donors were first modified on the TiO2 film to form a TiO2/CdS heterostructure, and then complementary DNA (cDNA) of the thrombin aptamer probe (pDNA) was immobilized. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as energy acceptors were labeled at the 3′ end of pDNA to form AuNP‐pDNA composites. After pDNA hybridized with cDNA, the EET occurred and the photocurrent reduced evidently. When the mixture of thrombin and RecJ exonuclease was introduced, pDNA specifically bound with thrombin, leading to the separation of AuNP‐pDNA composites from the electrode. As RecJ exonuclease could cleave single‐strand pDNA from 5′–3′, the captured thrombin was set free and it recurrently binds with the rest of pDNA. As a result, the EET was broken, to a large extent, and the photocurrent clearly picked up. This signal‐on PEC aptasensor shows a low detection limit and good selectivity for target analysis.