bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trend Analysis of Bullying Victimization Prevalence in Spanish Adolescent Youth at School
Authors: Sánchez‐Queija Inmaculada , García‐Moya Irene , Moreno Carmen 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe analyze trends in bullying victimization prevalence in a representative sample of Spanish adolescent schoolchildren in 2006, 2010, and 2014.METHODSWe distinguish between reported bullying, which is assessed via the global question in the Revised Bully/Victim Questionnaire by Olweus, and observed bullying, which is a measure developed from the answers that the adolescents gave to specific items that refer to different types of bullying that have been codified as physical, verbal, and relational bullying.RESULTSFor 2006 and 2010/2014, the results show stability in the assessment of reported bullying and an increase in observed bullying, analyzed both globally and within the 3 categories: physical, verbal, and relational.CONCLUSIONSA valid, reliable, and accurate measure to detect cases of bullying is necessary, as is the importance of continuing efforts devoted to raising awareness and the prevention of this phenomenon.
Implementing a Nutrition and Physical Activity Curriculum in Head Start Through an Academic‐Community Partnership
Authors: Zahnd Whitney E. , Smith Tracey , Ryherd Susan J. , Cleer Melissa , Rogers Valerie , Steward David E. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools may be an effective avenue for interventions that prevent childhood obesity. I am Moving I am Learning/Choosy Kids© (IMIL/CK) is a curriculum recommended by Head Start (HS) for education in nutrition, physical activity, and healthy lifestyle habits.METHODSWe formed an academic‐community partnership (ACP), the Springfield Collaborative for Active Child Health, to promote prevention of childhood obesity, in part, to implement the IMIL/CK curriculum in local HS sites. The ACP included a medical school, HS program, public school district, and state health department.RESULTSCommunity‐based participatory research principles helped identify and organize important implementation activities: community engagement, curriculum support, professional teacher training, and evaluation. IMIL/CK was piloted in 1 school then implemented in all local HS sites. All sites were engaged in IMIL/CK professional teacher training, classroom curriculum delivery, and child physical activity assessments. Local HS policy changed to include IMIL/CK in lesson plans and additional avenues of collaboration were initiated. Furthermore, improvements in physical activity and/or maintenance or improvement of healthy weight prevalence was seen in 4 of the 5 years evaluated.CONCLUSIONSAn ACP is an effective vehicle to implement and evaluate childhood obesity prevention programming in HS sites.
School and Neighborhood Predictors of Physical Fitness in Elementary School Students
Authors: Kahan David , McKenzie Thomas L. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe assessed the associations of 5 school and 7 neighborhood variables with fifth‐grade students achieving Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) or Needs Improvement‐Health Risk (NI‐HR) on aerobic capacity (AC) and body composition (BC) physical fitness components of the state‐mandated FITNESSGRAM® physical fitness test.METHODSData for outcome (physical fitness) and predictor (school and neighborhood) variables were extracted from various databases (eg, Data Quest, Walk Score®) for 160 schools located in San Diego, California. Predictor variables that were at least moderately correlated (|r| ≥ .30) with ≥1 outcome variables in univariate analyses were retained for ordinary least squares regression analyses.RESULTSThe mean percentages of students achieving HFZ AC (65.7%) and BC (63.5%) were similar (t = 1.13, p = .26), while those for NI‐HR zones were significantly different (AC = 6.0% vs BC = 18.6%; t = 12.60, p < .001). Correlations were greater in magnitude for school than neighborhood demographics and stronger for BC than AC. The school variables free/reduced‐price lunch (negative) and math achievement (positive) predicted fitness scores. Among neighborhood variables, percent Hispanic predicted failure of meeting the HFZ BC criterion.CONCLUSIONSCreating school and neighborhood environments conducive to promoting physical activity and improving fitness is warranted.
An exploratory study into factors influencing development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis in the UK
Authors: Laws E. J. , Harcourt‐Brown T. R. , Granger N. , Rose J. H. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate whether the development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis is associated with various putative risk factors.Materials and MethodsRetrospective case–control study with conditional logistic regression analysis from a referral hospital population in theUKwhere controls were matched for year of presentation.ResultsForty‐three cases were identified with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis and 86 controls were selected. Jack Russell terriers and West Highland white terriers were found to have a significantly greater odds of developing acute canine polyradiculoneuritis compared to a mixed baseline group of dogs. The odds of developing acute canine polyradiculoneuritis were greater in the autumn and winter compared to spring. Vaccination, rural/urban habitation, sex, neuter status and age were not associated with development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis in our population of dogs.Clinical SignificanceBreed and season were associated with development of acute canine polyradiculoneuritis. However, this is a small sample and so this observation needs confirmation in further studies and other factors may also be involved. Nevertheless, these findings may be important in further understanding the aetiopathogenesis of this condition.
Shocked chromites in fossil L chondrites: A Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy study
Authors: Rout Surya S. , Heck Philipp R. , Zaluzec Nestor J. , Ishii Takayuki , Wen Jianguo , Miller Dean J. , Schmitz Birger 
Published: May 2017

AbstractChromites from Middle Ordovician fossil L chondrites and from matrix and shock‐melt veins in Catherwood, Tenham, and Coorara L chondrites were studied using Raman spectroscopy and TEM. Raman spectra of chromites from fossil L chondrites showed similarities with chromites from matrix and shock‐melt veins in the studied L chondrite falls and finds. Chromites from shock‐melt veins of L chondrites show polycrystallinity, while the chromite grains in fossil L chondrites are single crystals. In addition, chromites from shock‐melt veins in the studied L chondrites have high densities of planar fractures within the subgrains and many subgrains show intergrowths of chromite and xieite. Matrix chromite of Tenham has similar dislocation densities and planar fractures as a chromite from the fossil meteorite Golvsten 001 and higher dislocation densities than in chromite from the fossil meteorite Sextummen 003. Using this observation and knowing that the matrix of Tenham experienced 20–22 GPa and <1000° C, an upper limit for the P,T conditions of chromite from Golvsten 001 and Sextummen 003 can be estimated to be 20–22 GPa and 1000° C (shock stage S3–S6) and 20 GPa and 1000° C (S3–S5), respectively, and we conclude that the studied fossil meteorite chromites are from matrix.
Chemical activation of adenylyl cyclase Rv1625c inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on cholesterol and modulates intramacrophage signaling
Authors: Johnson Richard M. , Bai Guangchun , DeMott Christopher M. , Banavali Nilesh K. , Montague Christine R. , Moon Caroline , Shekhtman Alexander , VanderVen Brian , McDonough Kathleen A. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses a complex 3′, 5′‐cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling network to sense and respond to changing environments encountered during infection, so perturbation of cAMP signaling might be leveraged to disrupt Mtb pathogenesis. However, understanding of cAMP signaling pathways is hindered by the presence of at least 15 distinct adenylyl cyclases (ACs). Recently, the small molecule V‐58 was shown to inhibit Mtb replication within macrophages and stimulate cAMP production in Mtb. Here we determined that V‐58 rapidly and directly activates Mtb AC Rv1625c to produce high levels of cAMP regardless of the bacterial environment or growth medium. Metabolic inhibition by V‐58 was carbon source dependent in Mtb and did not occur in Mycobacterium smegmatis, suggesting that V‐58‐mediated growth inhibition is due to interference with specific Mtb metabolic pathways rather than a generalized cAMP toxicity. Chemical stimulation of cAMP production by Mtb within macrophages also caused down regulation of TNF‐α production by the macrophages, indicating a complex role for cAMP in Mtb pathogenesis. Together these studies describe a novel approach for targeted stimulation of cAMP production in Mtb, and provide new insights into the myriad roles of cAMP signaling in Mtb, particularly during Mtb's interactions with macrophages.
Does it Pay to Work for Free? Negative Selection and the Wage Returns to Volunteer Experience
Authors: Cozzi Guido , Mantovan Noemi , Sauer Robert M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper offers the first instrumental variables estimates of the wage returns to volunteer experience. The returns are substantial and differ considerably by gender. The results imply that the unequal valuation of volunteer experience by gender is more important in explaining the gender earnings gap than is the unequal valuation of part‐time paid work experience. The results also indicate negative selection into unpaid work. In a simple model of optimal volunteering, negative selection implies that a lower cost of volunteering would produce both an expanded and higher‐skilled pool of volunteers, and greater societal benefits from volunteer work.
Ambient Temperature and Risk of Preeclampsia: Biased Association?
Authors: Auger Nathalie , Siemiatycki Jack , Bilodeau‐Bertrand Marianne , Healy‐Profitós Jessica , Kosatsky Tom 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundPreeclampsia is associated with conception during warm months and delivery during cold months. We sought to determine whether season of conception and shorter gestation bias the associations.MethodsWe used hospital discharge summaries to identify 65 273 pregnancies with and 1 825 438 without preeclampsia in Quebec, Canada between 1989 and 2012. We obtained data on mean temperature for the month following conception and the month before hospital admission. We used cubic splines in log‐binomial models to estimate the association between temperature and preeclampsia (risk ratios, RR; 95% confidence interval, CI). To assess the potential for bias, we compared models progressively adjusted for baseline maternal characteristics, season of conception, and length of gestation at admission.ResultsWith adjustment for baseline maternal characteristics only, risk of preeclampsia was higher for hot temperatures at conception and cold temperatures at end of pregnancy. Adjusting for season at conception removed the association between preeclampsia and temperature at conception. Adjustment for length of gestation removed the association between preeclampsia and temperature at end of pregnancy.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that associations between ambient temperature and preeclampsia may be biased by short gestation, because preeclampsia commonly occurs earlier in pregnancy. Temperatures during gestation change with time for all women, and temperatures early in pregnancy frequently differ from temperatures later in pregnancy. Variation in temperature over gestation may lead to a coincidental association with preeclampsia.
Can Subjects Be Proper Parts of Subjects? The De‐Combination Problem
Authors: Miller Gregory 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGrowing concern with the panpsychist's ostensive inability to solve the ‘combination problem’ has led some authors to adopt a view titled ‘Cosmopsychism’. This position turns panpsychism on its head: rather than many tiny atomic minds, there is instead one cosmos‐sized mind. It is supposed that this view voids the combination problem, however I argue that it does not. I argue that there is a ‘de‐combination problem’ facing the cosmopsychist, which is equivalent to the combination problem as they are both concerned with subjects being proper parts of other subjects. I then propose two methods for both theorists to avoid the problem of subject‐subject proper parthood relations: a distinction between absolute and relative phenomenal unity, and a modification of the essential nature of subjects. Of these two options, I find the latter option wanting and propose that the first should be adopted.
Theorizing the radical right: Directions for social movements research on the right‐wing social movements
Authors: Kincaid John D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMost current social movement theory has been built by observing movements on the left. This poses a number of problems when we try to port those theories over to social movements on the right. This paper examines how existing social movement theory falls short in explaining the rise of right‐wing social movements and their profound influence in the Republican Party. This paper combines a critical literature review with an eye toward adapting and synthesizing existing theoretical frameworks on social movements in ways that account for the unique aspects of right‐wing movements.
An agenda for research on work and class in the postsocialist world
Authors: Morris Jeremy 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article reviews the scholarly treatment of work and class in postsocialist states. It traces how class discourses under socialism led to a lack of meaningful working class studies in the postsocialist academy. It offers as an agenda for future research three points of departure: (a) greater confrontation of the one‐sided discourse on class in these societies and the academy itself (class blindness of research). (b) The value in studying postsocialist societies both comparatively to global North and South, and as an intermediate positioning for worker exploitation and responses in global capitalism. (c) To achieve the first 2 agenda items, a more grounded methodological approach proceeding from the lived experience of class and work is proposed.Current research on social networks, memory studies and personhood, the informal economy, deindustrialization, and the “domestication” of neoliberalism show that empirically grounded work on postsocialist working classes can make important contributions to wider social science debates. Studying the “losers” of postcommunist transition can tell us much about populist politics, the rise of the global working class outside the global North and the nature of global capitalist exploitation more generally. In addition, this agenda serves as an important point of departure from the dominant middle class focus of research in postsocialism.
Women's status and global food security: An overview
Authors: Bhandari Aarushi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractScholars are increasingly examining how gender interacts with food security, with specific attention given to women. This is not surprising, given that women make up 43% of the global agricultural labor force and are responsible for producing almost half of the global agricultural food supply. Since women tend to be disproportionately responsible for taking care of household activities, including the production, purchase, preparation, and allocation of food‐based resources—particularly in the developing world—there is a scholarly consensus that an improvement in women's status has a positive impact on nutritional outcomes. Current scholarship on gender and food security is thus broadly divided into relationships between food security and women's economic freedoms, legal opportunities, and both formal and informal education via improved knowledge of agricultural procedures. In this review, I draw attention to the role that sociologists can play in engaging these topics, and I specifically highlight the need to conduct more cross‐national and longitudinal analyses of women's status and food security. Finally, I point towards recent studies that assess the impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on food security, and suggest the need to explicate the role of gender within such processes.
Effects of cropping systems under no‐till agriculture on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Argentinean Pampas
Authors: Noelia Cofré M. , Ferrari A. E. , Becerra A. , Domínguez L. , Wall L. G. , Urcelay C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHere, we compare arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and fatty acids in soils under different no‐till (NT) agricultural managements over two seasons in two consecutive years. Two NT practices with different agricultural managements were compared: crop rotation (CR) and soya bean monoculture (MC). Soils of natural grasslands (NGs) were used as a reference. Treatments were tested along a regional gradient (four geographical locations) across a 400‐km transect of the Argentinean Pampas. We identified 46 morphospecies. Several morphospecies occurred abundantly at all soils; others appeared to be restricted to specific situations. At the regional scale, CR maintained the same richness levels of AMF spores, whereas MC showed less richness, when compared with the NG. Although AMF spore density was clearly affected by cropping practices in the four locations, we could observe some changes in AMF species richness, and similar diversity under agricultural and natural soils. Fatty acid concentrations (whole‐cell, phospholipid and neutral lipid fatty acids) revealed differences between soil managements and showed similar patterns of variation in all locations. Spore density positively correlated with all soil lipids fractions. The results suggest that AMF spore communities and fatty acids in soils are suitable indicators of soil management involving different levels of crop rotation. Spore richness measured at a regional scale proved to be sensitive to different NT agricultural managements. Moreover, certain morphospecies could be good bioindicators for NT practices based on cropping systems on the Argentinean Pampas.
Seasonal variation in child mortality in rural Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Nielsen Bibi Uhre , Byberg Stine , Aaby Peter , Rodrigues Amabelia , Benn Christine Stabell , Fisker Ane Bærent 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesIn many African countries, child mortality is higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. We investigated the effect of season on child mortality by time periods, sex and age in rural Guinea‐Bissau.MethodsBandim health project follows children under‐five in a health and demographic surveillance system in rural Guinea‐Bissau. We compared the mortality in the rainy season (June to November) between 1990 and 2013 with the mortality in the dry season (December to May) in Cox proportional hazards models providing rainy vs. dry season mortality rate ratios (r/d‐mrr). Seasonal effects were estimated in strata defined by time periods with different frequency of vaccination campaigns, sex and age (<1 month, 1–11 months, 12–59 months). Verbal autopsies were interpreted using InterVa‐4 software.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2013, overall mortality was declined by almost two‐thirds among 81 292 children (10 588 deaths). Mortality was 51% (95% ci: 45–58%) higher in the rainy season than in the dry season throughout the study period. The seasonal difference increased significantly with age, the r/d‐mrr being 0.94 (0.86–1.03) among neonates, 1.57 (1.46–1.69) in post‐neonatal infants and 1.83 (1.72–1.95) in under‐five children (P for same effect <0.001). According to the InterVa, malaria deaths were the main reason for the seasonal mortality difference, causing 50% of all deaths in the rainy season, but only if the InterVa included season of death, making the argument self‐confirmatory.ConclusionThe mortality declined throughout the study, yet rainy season continued to be associated with 51% higher overall mortality.
Multidetector computed tomographic pulmonary angiography in a cat with fatal heartworm disease
Authors: Panopoulos Ioannis , Specchi Swan , Soubasis Nektarios , Papastefanou Anastasia , Brellou Georgia , Auriemma Edoardo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA 17‐month‐old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was referred for a computed tomographic (CT) study of the thorax due to respiratory distress. Multidetector CT angiography showed a multifocal interstitial ground glass opacity, tortuous and blunted pulmonary arteries consistent with thromboembolism with perivascular lung infiltration and hypoventilation in multiple lung lobes. A blood antigen test was positive for Dirofilaria immitis. The cat's clinical condition rapidly declined and the owners elected euthanasia. The histopathologic examination confirmed heartworm disease with parasitic pulmonary thromboembolism.
A comparison of two dose calculation algorithms—anisotropic analytical algorithm and Acuros XB—for radiation therapy planning of canine intranasal tumors
Authors: Nagata Koichi , Pethel Timothy D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlthough anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB (AXB) are both radiation dose calculation algorithms that take into account the heterogeneity within the radiation field, Acuros XB is inherently more accurate. The purpose of this retrospective method comparison study was to compare them and evaluate the dose discrepancy within the planning target volume (PTV). Radiation therapy (RT) plans of 11 dogs with intranasal tumors treated by radiation therapy at the University of Georgia were evaluated. All dogs were planned for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy using nine coplanar X‐ray beams that were equally spaced, then dose calculated with anisotropic analytical algorithm. The same plan with the same monitor units was then recalculated using Acuros XB for comparisons. Each dog's planning target volume was separated into air, bone, and tissue and evaluated. The mean dose to the planning target volume estimated by Acuros XB was 1.3% lower. It was 1.4% higher for air, 3.7% lower for bone, and 0.9% lower for tissue. The volume of planning target volume covered by the prescribed dose decreased by 21% when Acuros XB was used due to increased dose heterogeneity within the planning target volume. Anisotropic analytical algorithm relatively underestimates the dose heterogeneity and relatively overestimates the dose to the bone and tissue within the planning target volume for the radiation therapy planning of canine intranasal tumors. This can be clinically significant especially if the tumor cells are present within the bone, because it may result in relative underdosing of the tumor.