bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The modular nature of the β‐barrel assembly machinery, illustrated in Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Stubenrauch Christopher , Grinter Rhys , Lithgow Trevor 
Published: September 2016

SummaryDiderm bacteria have an outer membrane that provides defense against environmental factors including antibiotics. Understanding the process of outer membrane biogenesis is, therefore, of critical importance in order to envisage new treatments of these bacterial pathogens. Borrelia burgdorferi is the pathogen responsible for Lyme disease. Its outer membrane contains integral, β‐barrel proteins as well as swathes of externally exposed lipoproteins. Previous work has demonstrated that the β‐barrel assembly machine (BAM complex) in B. burgdorferi and other Spirochetes shares several similarities with the BAM complex in other bacterial lineages, such as the Proteobacteria that includes Escherichia coli. However, Iqbal et al. () have identified the inner membrane protein TamB as a subunit of the BAM complex in Spirochetes. This latest study highlights the modular nature of the BAM complex, and suggests that in some bacterial lineages the BAM complex and translocation and assembly module (the TAM) function as a single unit.
Support program for women suffering grief after termination of pregnancy: A pilot study
Authors: Sriarporn Punpilai , Turale Sue , Lordee Nuananong , Liamtrirat Sawanee , Hanpra Wasana , Kanthino Authid 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, we preliminarily examined the effects of the Informational and Emotional Support Program for Women after Pregnancy Termination in 30 Thai women. A literature review and House's theory of social support informed the program content, which consisted of the following elements: (i) an evaluation of grief; (ii) an analysis of the problems and needs of each woman; (iii) informational and emotional support tailored to individual problems and needs; (iv) telephone support; and (v) an exit phone interview. The Grief Questionnaire for Women after Pregnancy Termination was used to measure changes in the grief levels of participants. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the contingency coefficient. At the completion of the study, the participants' average grief score had decreased from the prior grief score and was in the moderate to low range. These preliminary findings indicate that the support program can be effective in real‐life situations in Thailand to assist women who are grieving after the termination of pregnancy. Our findings highlight the need for nursing and emotional support to be provided to help Thai women after the TOP.
Biostratigraphic and detrital zircon age constraints on the basement of the Himalayan Foreland Basin: Implications for a Proterozoic link to the Lesser Himalaya and cratonic India
Authors: Xiao Shuhai , Tang Qing , Hughes Nigel C. , McKenzie N. Ryan , Myrow Paul M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Himalayan Foreland Basin in the Ganga Valley is key to assessing the pre‐collision relationship between cratonic India and the Himalaya – the world's largest mountain chain. The subsurface Ganga Supergroup, representing the sedimentary basement of the Ganga Valley, has been interpreted as a northern extension of the Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup in cratonic India. This interpretation is contentious because the depositional age of the Ganga Supergroup is not resolved: whereas the lower Ganga Supergroup is widely regarded as Proterozoic, the upper Ganga Supergroup has been variously inferred to include Neoproterozoic, lower Palaeozoic, or Cretaceous strata. Here, we integrate biostratigraphic and detrital zircon data from drill cores to show that the entire Ganga Supergroup is likely Proterozoic and can be correlated with Proterozoic successions on the northern Indian craton and in the Lesser Himalaya. This helps redefine the first‐order stratigraphic architecture and indicates broad depositional continuity along the northern Indian margin during the Proterozoic.
Independent and combined effects of maternal smoking and solid fuel on infant and child mortality in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Akinyemi Joshua O. , Adedini Sunday A. , Wandera Stephen O. , Odimegwu Clifford O. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the independent and combined risks of infant and child mortality associated with maternal smoking and use of solid fuel in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsPooled weighted data on 143 602 under‐five children in the most recent demographic and health surveys for 15 sub‐Saharan African countries were analysed. The synthetic cohort life table technique and Cox proportional hazard models were employed to investigate the effect of maternal smoking and solid cooking fuel on infant (age 0–11 months) and child (age 12–59 months) mortality. Socio‐economic and other confounding variables were included as controls.ResultsThe distribution of the main explanatory variable in households was as follows: smoking + solid fuel – 4.6%; smoking + non‐solid fuel – 0.22%; no smoking + solid fuel – 86.9%; and no smoking + non‐solid fuel – 8.2%. The highest infant mortality rate was recorded among children exposed to maternal smoking + solid fuel (72 per 1000 live births); the child mortality rate was estimated to be 54 per 1000 for this group. In full multivariate models, the risk of infant death was 71% higher among those exposed to maternal smoking + solid fuel (HR = 1.71, CI: 1.29–2.28). For ages 12 to 59 months, the risk of death was 99% higher (HR = 1.99, CI: 1.28–3.08).ConclusionsCombined exposures to cigarette smoke and solid fuel increase the risks of infant and child mortality. Mothers of under‐five children need to be educated about the danger of smoking while innovative approaches are needed to reduce the mortality risks associated with solid cooking fuel.
IDL6‐HAE/HSL2 impacts pectin degradation and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: Wang Xin , Hou Shuguo , Wu Qiqi , Lin Minyan , Acharya Biswa R. , Wu Daoji , Zhang Wei 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPlant cell walls undergo dynamic structural and chemical changes during plant development and growth. Floral organ abscission and lateral root emergence are both accompanied by cell‐wall remodeling, which involves the INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA)‐derived peptide and its receptors, HAESA (HAE) and HAESA‐LIKE2 (HSL2). Plant cell walls also act as barriers against pathogenic invaders. Thus, the cell‐wall remodeling during plant development could have an influence on plant resistance to phytopathogens. Here, we identified IDA‐like 6 (IDL6), a gene that is prominently expressed in Arabidopsis leaves. IDL6 expression in Arabidopsis leaves is significantly upregulated when the plant is suffering from attacks of the bacterial Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. IDL6 overexpression and knockdown lines respectively decrease and increase the Arabidopsis resistance to Pst DC3000, indicating that the gene promotes the Arabidopsis susceptibility to Pst DC3000. Moreover, IDL6 promotes the expression of a polygalacturonase (PG) gene, ADPG2, and increases PG activity in Arabidopsis leaves, which in turn reduces leaf pectin content and leaf robustness. ADPG2 overexpression restrains Arabidopsis resistance to Pst DC3000, whereas ADPG2 loss‐of‐function mutants increase the resistance to the bacterium. Pst DC3000 infection elevates the ADPG2 expression partially through HAE and HSL2. Taken together, our results suggest that IDL6‐HAE/HSL2 facilitates the ingress of Pst DC3000 by promoting pectin degradation in Arabidopsis leaves, and Pst DC3000 might enhance its infection by manipulating the IDL6‐HAE/HSL2‐ADPG2 signaling pathway.
Extended microbiological characterization of Göttingen minipigs: porcine cytomegalovirus and other viruses
Authors: Morozov Vladimir A. , Plotzki Elena , Rotem Avi , Barkai Uriel , Denner Joachim 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundTo prevent transmission of zoonotic microorganisms from pig transplants to human recipients when performing xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, or organs, donor pigs have to be carefully characterized. Göttingen minipigs (GöMP) are often used for various biomedical investigations and are well characterized concerning the presence of numerous bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Recently, we studied the prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses and the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in GöMP. Here, we studied the presence of the porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV) and extended testing for hepatitis E virus (HEV).MethodsPCR, nested PCR, real‐time PCR, real‐time RT‐PCR, and Western blot analyses were used to estimate the prevalence of PCMV, PLHV‐1, PLHV‐2, PLHV‐3, and HEV.ResultsUsing different PCR methods, and different source materials, PCMV was found in 10 of 26 adult GöMP, which had been derived originally by cesarean section and kept under specified pathogen‐free conditions. Only highly sensitive methods gave positive results, not methods of lower sensitivity. The virus load in all positive animals was low (<100–200 copies per mL). PLHV‐1, PLHV‐2, and PLHV‐3 were not detected by PCR; however, an anti‐PLHV immune response was found in one of 10 animals tested by Western blot analyses. HEV was detected by RT‐PCR in two of nine tested animals, but no anti‐HEV immune response was observed.ConclusionUsing highly sensitive methods, PCMV, HEV, and PLHV were found in some GöMP, suggesting that these viruses may be introduced through the placenta. The results show that highly sensitive methods are required to characterize pigs to be used for xenotransplantation to prevent virus transmission.
Intermittent hypoxia in obese Zucker rats: cardiometabolic and inflammatory effects
Authors: Briançon‐Marjollet Anne , Monneret Denis , Henri Marion , Joyeux‐Faure Marie , Totoson Perle , Cachot Sandrine , Faure Patrice , Godin‐Ribuot Diane 
Published: September 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
This study addresses the relative impact of obesity and intermittent hypoxia in the pathophysiological process of obstructive sleep apnoea by investigating the metabolic, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of intermittent hypoxia in lean and obese Zucker rats.
What is the main finding and its importance?
We found that obesity and intermittent hypoxia have mainly distinct consequences on the investigated inflammatory and cardiometabolic parameters in Zucker rats. This suggests that, for a given severity of sleep apnea, the association of obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea may not necessarily be deleterious.
Obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with obesity with a high prevalence, and both co‐morbidities are independent cardiovascular risk factors. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is thought to be the main factor responsible for the obstructive sleep apnoea‐related cardiometabolic alterations. The aim of this study was to assess the respective impact of obesity and IH on the inflammatory and cardiometabolic state in rats. Lean and obese Zucker rats were exposed to normoxia or chronic IH, and we assessed metabolic and inflammatory parameters, such as plasma lipids and glucose, serum leptin and adiponectin, liver cytokines, nuclear factor‐κB activity and cardiac endothelin‐1 levels. Myocardial infarct size was also evaluated following in vitro ischaemia–reperfusion. Circulating lipids, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), leptin and adiponectin levels were higher in obese versus lean rats. Chronic IH did not have a significant impact on metabolic parameters in lean rats. In obese rats, IH increased glycaemia and HOMA‐IR. Liver interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α levels were elevated in lean rats exposed to IH; obesity prevented the increase in interleukin‐6 but not in tumour necrosis factor‐α. Finally, IH exposure enhanced myocardial sensitivity to infarction in both lean and obese rats and increased cardiac endothelin‐1 in lean but not obese rats. In conclusion, this study shows that the dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance induced by obesity of genetic origin does not enhance the deleterious cardiovascular response to IH and may even partly protect against IH‐induced inflammation.
Inspiratory modulation of sympathetic activity is increased in female rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia
Authors: Souza George Miguel P. R. , Bonagamba Leni G. H. , Amorim Mateus R. , Moraes Davi J. A. , Machado Benedito H. 
Published: September 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of the study?
There are sex differences in the respiratory network and in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Female rats develop hypertension after chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). In this context, we evaluated the respiratory‐related mechanism underlying the development of hypertension in CIH‐exposed female rats.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Female rats exposed to CIH develop changes in the respiratory pattern related to inspiration and sympathetic overactivity phase locked to the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle, which is different from CIH‐exposed male rats. These data suggest a specific respiratory mechanism for sympathetic overactivity in hypertensive CIH‐exposed female rats.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) induces sympathetic overactivity and hypertension in male rats. Enhanced respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity in juvenile male rats exposed to CIH occurs in the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle, characterizing changes in respiratory–sympathetic coupling. Different from other experimental models of hypertension, CIH induces an increase in arterial pressure in adult female rats similar to that observed in male rats. However, the mechanisms underlying the hypertensive phenotype in CIH‐exposed female rats remain to be elucidated. Moreover, several lines of evidence have documented sex differences in respiratory network activity in response to hypoxia. Considering that CIH‐exposed male rats present an increase in the respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity and there are sex differences in the respiratory network, we hypothesized that CIH‐exposed female rats develop an increase in the respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity different from CIH‐exposed male rats. In this study, we investigated sympathetic and respiratory activities in juvenile female rats exposed to CIH using an in situ working heart–brainstem preparation. The CIH‐exposed female rats developed changes in the respiratory pattern and changes in the respiratory–sympathetic coupling marked by sympathetic overactivity phase locked to inspiration, which was different from male rats exposed to CIH. This study revealed a specific respiratory‐related mechanism for sympathetic overactivity linked to inspiration that explains, at least in part, the hypertensive phenotype in female rats exposed to CIH.
Interpolations of Smoke and Liquid Simulations
Authors: Thuerey Nils 
Published: September 2016

We present a novel method to interpolate smoke and liquid simulations in order to perform data-driven fluid simulations. Our approach calculates a dense space-time deformation using grid-based signed-distance functions of the inputs.
A key advantage of this implicit Eulerian representation is that it allows us to use powerful techniques from the optical flow area. We employ a five-dimensional optical flow solve. In combination with a projection algorithm, and residual iterations, we achieve a robust matching of the inputs. Once the match is computed, arbitrary in-between variants can be created very efficiently. To concatenate multiple long-range deformations, we propose a novel alignment technique.
Our approach has numerous advantages, including automatic matches without user input, volumetric deformations that can be applied to details around the surface, and the inherent handling of topology changes. As a result, we can interpolate swirling smoke clouds, and splashing liquid simulations. We can even match and interpolate phenomena with fundamentally different physics: a drop of liquid, and a blob of heavy smoke.
Education Financing and Student Lending
Authors: Amromin Gene , Eberly Janice 
Published: September 2016

As the cost of education rises and student debt reaches new highs, more research has focused on financing the acquisition of human capital. Most research has had a positive focus, examining the effect of debt on student choices and outcomes. However, because education financing involves many public policy choices, normative questions have become more prominent. We discuss the trade-offs involved in these choices and propose simple models to help shape these questions. We first develop an overlapping generations framework of student debt to examine the macroeconomic impact of shifting from a parent-funded to a student debt–based financing system. We then consider a framework that includes the supply-side response to different funding regimes; that is, how do enrollment and tuition decisions of schools respond to changes in education financing? We show that shifting from parent-based funding to a student loan program can lower aggregate savings, although welfare still improves if education has a higher return than physical capital investment. A public student loan program also tends to promote enrollment at the cost of higher tuition at for-profit schools and deteriorating loan performance, paid for by taxpayers. Alternative contract designs, with school participation in the lending program, tend to ameliorate these issues.
BRCA1-Mutated Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer Shows BRCAness, Suggesting Sensitivity to Drugs Targeting Homologous Recombination Deficiency
Authors: Lips Esther H. , Debipersad Rashmie D. , Scheerman Caroline E. , Mulder Lennart , Sonke Gabe S. , van der Kolk Lizet E. , Wesseling Jelle , Hogervorst Frans B.L. , Nederlof Petra M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Purpose: As estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers arises at an older age with less aggressive tumor characteristics than ER-negative (ER−) BRCA1-mutated breast cancer, it has been suggested that these tumors are “sporadic” and not BRCA1 driven. With the introduction of targeted treatments specific for tumors with a nonfunctioning BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, the question whether the BRCA genes are impaired in the tumor is highly relevant. Therefore, we performed genomic profiling of BRCA1-mutated ER+ tumors.
Experimental Design: Genomic profiling, BRCA1 promoter methylation assessment, and loss of heterozygosity analysis were done on 16 BRCA1-mutated ER+ tumors. Results were compared with 57 BRCA1-mutated ER− tumors, 36 BRCA2-mutated ER+-associated tumors, and 182 sporadic ER+ tumors.
Results: The genomic profile of BRCA1-mutated ER+ tumors was different from BRCA1-mutated ER− breast tumors, but highly similar to BRCA2-mutated ER+ tumors. In 83% of the BRCA1-mutated ER+ tumors, loss of the wild-type BRCA1 allele was observed. In addition, clinicopathologic variables in BRCA1-mutated ER+ cancer were also more similar to BRCA2-mutated ER+ and sporadic ER+ breast cancer than to BRCA1-mutated ER− cancers.
Conclusions: As BRCA1-mutated ER+ tumors show a BRCAness copy number profile and LOH, it is likely that the loss of a functional BRCA1 protein plays a role in tumorigenesis in BRCA1-mutated ER+ tumors. Therefore, we hypothesize that these tumors are sensitive to drugs targeting the BRCA1 gene defect, providing new targeted treatment modalities for advanced BRCA-deficient, ER+ breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(5); 1236–41. ©2016 AACR.
Estrogen Drives Cellular Transformation and Mutagenesis in Cells Expressing the Breast Cancer–Associated R438W DNA Polymerase Lambda Protein
Authors: Nemec Antonia A. , Bush Korie B. , Towle-Weicksel Jamie B. , Taylor B. Frazier , Schulz Vincent , Weidhaas Joanne B. , Tuck David P. , Sweasy Joann B. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Repair of DNA damage is critical for maintaining the genomic integrity of cells. DNA polymerase lambda (POLL/Pol λ) is suggested to function in base excision repair (BER) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), and is likely to play a role in damage tolerance at the replication fork. Here, using next-generation sequencing, it was discovered that the POLL rs3730477 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) encoding R438W Pol λ was significantly enriched in the germlines of breast cancer patients. Expression of R438W Pol λ in human breast epithelial cells induces cellular transformation and chromosomal aberrations. The role of estrogen was assessed as it is commonly used in hormone replacement therapies and is a known breast cancer risk factor. Interestingly, the combination of estrogen treatment and the expression of the R438W Pol λ SNP drastically accelerated the rate of transformation. Estrogen exposure produces 8-oxoguanine lesions that persist in cells expressing R438W Pol λ compared with wild-type (WT) Pol λ–expressing cells. Unlike WT Pol λ, which performs error-free bypass of 8-oxoguanine lesions, expression of R438W Pol λ leads to an increase in mutagenesis and replicative stress in cells treated with estrogen. Together, these data suggest that individuals who carry the rs3730477 POLL germline variant have an increased risk of estrogen-associated breast cancer.
Implications: The Pol λ R438W mutation can serve as a biomarker to predict cancer risk and implicates that treatment with estrogen in individuals with this mutation may further increase their risk of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 14(11); 1068–77. ©2016 AACR.
The Role of Structural Change in the Economic Development of Asian Economies
Authors: Foster--McGregor Neil , Verspagen Bart 
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we combine data on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and sectoral employment shares to undertake a decomposition of GDP per capita growth for a sample of 43 Asian and non-Asian economies. We decompose income changes into three components: (i) changes in labor productivity within sectors, (ii) employment shifts across sectors (structural change), and (iii) changes in the intensity of employment participation. We then compare the decomposition results for the Asian economies that moved between different income levels of interest with those from a representative typical economy and other comparison economies. The results suggest that in most Asian economies labor productivity growth was the dominant source of gains in GDP per capita, with the observed gains in labor productivity often driven by changing labor productivity within sectors rather than by shifts in employment across sectors. This is not to diminish the role of structural change, which at lower income levels can explain a significant proportion of overall labor productivity growth.
Vico, Collingwood, and the Materiality of the Past
Authors: Kent James 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The project of this paper is a reconstruction of the philosophy of Giambattista Vico via its confrontation with that of R. G. Collingwood. The aims are twofold: the first part seeks to rescue Vico’s peculiar form of what I call philosophical ‘materiality’ from the later idealist universal histories that would subsume him, while the second explores Vico’s idea of divine providence, particularly his differentiation between it and fate. Materiality and divine providence are importantly linked. I argue that any ‘return’ to Vico and his interest in a philosophically charged reception history, represents a rejection of the Cartesian grounding of modern philosophy, in the name of another potentiality for philosophical reflection that is grounded in the notion of materiality and divine providence. Although unambiguously influenced by Hegelian and in particular Crocean idealism, the fundamental hopes of Collingwood’s philosophy – namely the staving off of modernity’s regression into barbarism – resonates with this Vichean potentiality.