bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does acute tobacco smoking prevent cue-induced craving?
Authors: Schlagintweit Hera E , Barrett Sean P 
Published: March 2016

Background: Smoking cessation aids appear to be limited in their ability to prevent craving triggered by exposure to smoking-associated stimuli; however, the extent to which cue-induced cravings persist following denicotinized or nicotine-containing tobacco smoking is not known. Methods: Thirty (17 male) ⩾12-hour abstinent dependent smokers completed two sessions during which they smoked a nicotine-containing or denicotinized cigarette. Instructions regarding the nicotine content of the cigarette varied across sessions, and all participants were exposed to a neutral cue followed by a smoking cue after cigarette consumption. Craving was assessed before and after cigarette consumption and cue exposure. Results: Reduced intentions to smoke were associated with both nicotine expectancy ( p<0.05) and nicotine administration ( p<0.01), while reduced withdrawal-related craving was uniquely associated with nicotine administration ( p<0.05). Smoking-associated stimuli increased craving regardless of nicotine expectancy or administration ( p-values<0.001). Conclusions: While both nicotine pharmacology and expectancy appear to contribute to craving reduction associated with acute tobacco smoking, neither smoking-related nicotine administration nor expectation prevents increases in craving following exposure to smoking-associated stimuli. These findings suggest that cue-induced craving may be resistant to various pharmacological and psychological interventions.
Retrospective Evaluation of ASCVD Risk and Statin Therapy Need in Nondiabetic Patients Based on the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guidelines
Authors: Koenigsfeld Carrie , Sayler Morgan , Smith Hayden L. , Meyer Kristin , Lehman Nicholas , Logemann Craig , Bottenberg Michelle , Bryant Ginelle , Obermark Molly 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Study goal was to assess the impact of the 2013 American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Cholesterol Guidelines on patients in the fourth statin benefit group which included patients aged 40 to 75 years, without diabetes or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and have an ASCVD score ≥7.5%. These patients could benefit from treatment interventions by a pharmacist. Methods: Patients were identified from electronic health records. A sample of 3503 patients was ascertained from having a lipid panel performed within the 12 months before November 1, 2013. Patients were excluded if we were unable to calculate 10-year ASCVD risk. Results: A total of 3203 patients were included, with 2008 not on statin therapy. Of those, 1507 (75%) had a 10-year ASCVD risk score <7.5% and 501 (25%) had a score > 7.5%. Patient characteristics leading to an increase in risk included advanced age, smoker, male, and hypertension treatment. Of 2008 nonstatin patients, there were 466 (23.2%) who fit criteria for initiation of moderate- or high-intensity statin. Conclusion: Widespread adoption of the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guidelines will expand prescribing rates of statins. Implementing screening strategies may help identify patients who require treatment in this fourth statin benefit group. A pharmacist can be vital in screening patients, educating patients regarding the need for medication therapy, and monitoring for adherence in these new regimens.
Evaluation of the TSL® Program for Parents of Children With Cancer
Authors: Choi Kwonho , Kim Jae Yop 
Published: March 2016

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of the Thank you–Sorry–Love (TSL®) program on posttraumatic growth (PTG) and cortisol level in parents of children with cancer. Methods: A total of 15 mothers of children with cancer were randomly assigned to the experimental group ( n = 7) with the TSL intervention or a control group ( n = 8) without any intervention. PTG and cortisol level were checked 3 times at the pretest, posttest, and 10-week follow-up. Results: PTG scores were significantly different between the two groups at the posttest and the follow-up test. Cortisol level was only significantly different between the two groups at the posttest. Conclusions: The TSL program may be a possible intervention for parents of children with cancer.
Survey of Patient Insurance Status on Access to Specialty Foot and Ankle Care Under the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Kim Chang-Yeon , Wiznia Daniel H. , Roth Alexander S. , Walls Raymond J. , Pelker Richard R. 
Published: March 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of insurance type (Medicaid, Medicare, and private insurance) on access to foot and ankle surgeons for total ankle arthroplasty. Methods: We called 240 foot and ankle surgeons who performed total ankle arthroplasty in 8 representative states (California, Massachusetts, Ohio, New York, Florida, Georgia, Texas, and North Carolina). The caller requested an appointment for a fictitious patient to be evaluated for a total ankle arthroplasty. Each office was called 3 times to assess the responses for Medicaid, Medicare, and BlueCross. From each call, we recorded appointment success or failure and any barriers to an appointment, such as need for a referral. Results: Patients with Medicaid were less likely to receive an appointment compared to patients with Medicare (19.8% vs 92.0%, P < .0001) or BlueCross (19.8% vs 90.4%, P < .0001) and experienced more requests for referrals compared to patients with Medicare (41.9% vs 1.6%, P < .0001) or BlueCross (41.9% vs 4%, P < .0001). Waiting periods were longer for patients with Medicaid compared to those with Medicare (22.6 days vs 11.7 days, P = .004) or BlueCross (22.6 days vs 10.7 days, P = .001). Reimbursement rates did not correlate with appointment success rate or waiting period. Conclusion: Despite the passage of the PPACA, patients with Medicaid continue to have difficulty finding a surgeon who will provide care, increased need for a primary care referral, and longer waiting periods for appointments. Level of Evidence: Level II, prognostic study.
Original Research: Diametric effects of hypoxia on pathophysiology of sickle cell disease in a murine model
Authors: Tan Fang , Ghosh Samit , Mosunjac Mario , Manci Elizabeth , Ofori-Acquah Solomon Fiifi 
Published: March 2016

Hypoxia causes erythrocyte sickling in vitro; however, its role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease is poorly understood. We report that hypoxia rapidly decreased oxygen saturation in transgenic sickle cell disease mice, but this effect was immediately buffered by a robust ventilatory response. The initial hypoxemia improved steadily throughout the duration of hypoxia without any detectable acute pulmonary adverse effect. Furthermore, the mice suffered acute anemia that ironically was associated with lowering of both plasma hemoglobin and heme. These results were corroborated by increased plasma haptoglobin and hemopexin levels. Markers of ischemic tissue injury increased spatiotemporally following repeated hypoxia exposures. This variation was supported by organ-specific induction of hypoxia-responsive genes. Our results show that hypoxia exerts diametric effects on sickle cell disease by promoting ischemic injury while enhancing the expression of hemolysis scavenger molecules. This phenomenon may help to understand the disparate clinical syndromes associated with hemolysis and vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease.
Effect of “add-on” interventions on exercise training in individuals with COPD: a systematic review
Authors: Camillo Carlos A. , Osadnik Christian R. , van Remoortel Hans , Burtin Chris , Janssens Wim , Troosters Thierry 
Published: March 2016

The aim of this review was to identify the effectiveness of therapies added on to conventional exercise training to maximise exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Electronic databases were searched, identifying trials comparing exercise training with exercise training plus “add-on” therapy. Outcomes included peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak), work rate and incremental/endurance cycle and field walking tests. Individual trial effects on exercise capacity were extracted and collated into eight subgroups and pooled for meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the stability of effect estimates across studies employing patient-centred designs and those deemed to be of “high” quality (PEDro score >5 out of 10).74 studies (2506 subjects) met review inclusion criteria. Interventions spanned a broad scope of clinical practice and were most commonly evaluatedviathe 6-min walking distance andV′O2peak. Meta-analysis revealed few clinically relevant and statistically significant benefits of “add-on” therapies on exercise performance compared with exercise training. Benefits favouring “add-on” therapies were observed across six different interventions (additional exercise training, noninvasive ventilation, bronchodilator therapy, growth hormone, vitamin D and nutritional supplementation). The sensitivity analyses included considerably fewer studies, but revealed minimal differences to the primary analysis.The lack of systematic benefits of “add-on” interventions is a probable reflection of methodological limitations, such as “one size fits all” eligibility criteria, that are inherent in many of the included studies of “add-on” therapies. Future clarification regarding the exact value of such therapies may only arise from adequately powered, multicentre clinical trials of tailored interventions for carefully selected COPD patient subgroups defined according to distinct clinical phenotypes.
Policy levers to increase jobs and increase income from work after the Great Recession
Authors: Neumark David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe depth of the Great Recession, the slow recovery of job creation, the downward trend in labor force participation, high long-term unemployment, stagnant or declining wages for low-to-medium skill jobs owing to adverse labor demand shifts, and a greater rebound in low-wage than mid- or higher-wage jobs raised concerns that the normal business cycle dynamics of recovery from the recession will be insufficient to offset the diminished labor market prospects of many workers. These concerns have spurred serious consideration of policies to encourage job creation and higher income from work beyond the more immediate countercyclical policies that were adopted in response to the Great Recession. Among the policies generating continuing or renewed interest are hiring credits, higher (sometimes much higher) minimum wages, and a more substantial earned income tax credit (EITC) for childless individuals. This paper discusses these policy options, what we know about their likely effects and trade-offs, and what the unanswered questions are; the focus is on US evidence.JEL codes:J2, J3, J6
Ethics Issues Arising in the Transition to Learning Health Care Systems: Results
from Interviews with Leaders from 25 Health Systems
Authors: Morain Stephanie R. , Kass Nancy E. 
Published: March 2016

Introduction: There is increased interest in transitioning to a “learning health
care system” (LHCS). While this transition brings the potential for significant
benefits, it also presents several ethical considerations. Identifying the ethical
issues faced by institutions in this transition is critical for realizing the goals of
learning health care so that these issues can be anticipated and, where possible,
resolved.Methods: 29 semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with leaders
within 25 health care institutions. Respondents were recruiting using purposive
sampling, targeting institutions considered as LHCS leaders. All interviews were
audiorecorded and transcribed. NVIVO10 software was used to support qualitative
analysis.Results: Respondents described seven ethical challenges: (1) ethical oversight
of learning activities; (2) transparency of learning activities to patients; (3)
potential tensions between improving quality and reducing costs; (4) data sharing and
data management; (5) lag time between discovery and implementation; (6) transparency to
patients about quality; and (7) randomization for quality improvement
initiatives.Discussion: To move towards LHCS, several ethical considerations require
further attention, including: the continued appropriateness of the research-treatment
distinction; policy frameworks for privacy and data sharing; informing patients about
learning activities; obligations to share data on quality; and the potential for
trade-offs between quality improvement and cost control.Conclusion: To our knowledge,
this is the first project to ask leaders from health care systems committed to ongoing
learning about the ethical issues they have faced in this effort. Their experiences can
provide guidance on relevant ethical issues, and what might be done to resolve
them.
On the density function on moduli spaces of toric 4-manifolds
Authors: Figalli Alessio , Pelayo Álvaro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe optimal density function assigns to each symplectic toric manifoldMa positive numberd ≤1 obtained by considering the ratio between the maximum volume ofMwhich can be filled by symplectically embedded disjoint balls and the total symplectic volume ofM. In the toric version,Mis toric and the balls need to be embedded respecting the toric action onM. We give a brief survey of toric symplectic manifolds and the recent constructions of moduli space structure on them, and then we recall how to define a natural density function on this moduli space. We review previous work which explains how the study of the density function can be reduced to a problem in convex geometry, and use this correspondence to to give a simple description of the regions of continuity of the maximal density function when the dimension is 4.
Inadvertent Perioperative Hypothermia: A Literature Review of an Old Overlooked Problem
Authors: Lotfi Fatemi Seyed Naser , Armat Mohammad Reza , Emami Zeydi Amir , Soleimani Aria , Hasanzadeh Kiabi Farshad 
Published: March 2016

Summary
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is a common anesthesia-related complication in patients undergoing surgery. This could possibly lead to several clinical consequences, which adversely affect the surgery outcome, particularly in high risk patient. The combination of anesthetic drugs and cold operating room environment are among the most common predisposing factors of perioperative hypothermia. The aim of this comprehensive literature review is to describe the importance, monitoring techniques, potential complications, appropriate pharmacologic interventions and modalities to manage perioperative hypothermia.
Morphometric Analysis of the Upper Premolars
Authors: Stošić Nenad , Dačić Stefan , Ranđelović Marina , Jovančić Andrijana , Đorđević Ivana , Cvetković Maja , Ilić Dušan , Petrović Aleksandra , Simonović Dragica Dačić 
Published: March 2016

Summary
Morphological and anatomical characteristics of the tooth are of great importance for clinical dentistry. These aspects of the tooth can be better conceptualized from the perspective of external and internal morphology of dental crowns and roots.
The aim of this study was to determine the average total length of the upper first and second premolars, the average length of crowns, the average length of roots and to determine the most common number of the roots and root canals of these teeth.
We used 41 first and 48 second extracted upper premolars.The length of these teeth was measured by a digital micrometer. The number of roots was determined visually, and each tooth was longitudinally dissected across the vestibular-palatal plane for determining the number of root canals.
The average total length of the upper first premolars was 22.5 mm, the average crown length was 8.8 mm, the mean root length was 13.7 mm. The upper first premolars usually have two roots in 53.7% and two root canals in 82.9%. The average total length of the upper second premolars was 22.5 mm. The average crown length was 8.4 mm and the mean root length was 14.1 mm. The upper second premolars usually have one root in 89.6% and one root canal in 79.2%.
The determined average values of the length of these teeth and the length of their crowns and roots were similar to the values of the same population reported by other authors.
How Likely Is It for a Nurse Student to Become a Competent Nurse? A Protocol for Scale Development and Validation Using a Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Heydari Abbas , Kareshki Hossein , Armat Mohammad Reza 
Published: March 2016

Summary
The aim of the paper was to develop and validate a scale for estimating the likelihood of a nurse student to become a competent nurse.
Admitting students to nursing schools without assessing their personal characteristics has led to serious consequences, including low quality of nursing care. Early detection of students who are at risk of attrition or becoming non-competent nurses can save the time, money, and energy devoted to educating and training the future nurses.
A mixed methods design will be employed. Using literature review and interviews with nurse students, clinical nurses, nurse experts, and nurse managers during the first qualitative phase, we will build a comprehensive item pool that has a focus on nurse students’ personal characteristics. To increase the trustworthiness of interview findings, we will distinguish competent versus incompetent nurses by measuring their competence levels. In the second quantitative phase, the Nurse Competence Predicting Scale will be developed and tested for psychometric properties.
We believe that Nurse Competence Predicting Scale may help in early identification of nurse students who are at risk of not acquiring expected nurse competencies on graduation or joining the workforce. In such cases, educational managers may take timely remedial interventions.
Effects of nitrogen and carbon sources on the production of inulinase from strain Bacillus sp. SG113
Authors: Gavrailov Simeon , Ivanova Viara 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The effects of the carbon and nitrogen substrates on the growth of Bacillus sp. SG113 strain were studied. The use of organic nitrogen sources (peptone, beef extract, yeast extract, casein) leads to rapid cellular growth and the best results for the Bacillus strain were obtained with casein hydrolysate. From the inorganic nitrogen sources studied, the (NH4) 2SO4 proved to be the best nitrogen source. Casein hydrolysate and (NH4) 2SO4 stimulated the invertase synthesis. In the presence of Jerusalem artichoke, onion and garlic extracts as carbon sources the strain synthesized from 6 to 10 times more inulinase.
Incident reporting to BfArM – regulatory framework, results and challenges
Authors: Seidel Robin , Stößlein Ekkehard , Lauer Wolfgang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMedical devices are manifold and one of the most innovative fields of technology. As technologies advance, former limits cease to exist and complex devices become reality. Medical devices represent a very dynamic field with high economic relevance. The manufacturer of a medical device is obliged to minimize product-related risks as well as to demonstrate compliance with the so-called “essential requirements” regarding safety and performance before placing the device on the market. Any critical incident in relation to the application of a medical device has to be reported to the competent authority for risk assessment, which in Germany is either the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) or the Paul Ehrlich Institute (PEI) depending on the type of device. In this article, the German regulatory framework for medical devices and the resulting tasks for BfArM are described as well as the topics of its recently installed research and development group on prospective risk identification and application safety for medical devices. Results of failure mode and root cause analyses of incident data are presented as well as further data on cases with the result “root-cause analysis not possible”. Finally an outlook is given on future challenges regarding risk assessment for medical devices.
Sequential separation of twin pregnancy electrocardiograms
Authors: Kotas M. , Leski J.M. , Wrobel J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We propose to tackle the problem of maternal abdominal electric signals decomposition with a combined application of independent component analysis and projective or adaptive filtering. The developed method is employed to process the four-channel abdominal signals recorded during twin pregnancy. These signals are complicated mixtures of the maternal ECG, the ECGs of the fetal twins and noise of various origin. Although the independent component analysis cannot separate the respective signals, the proposed combination of the methods deals with this task successfully. A simulation experiment confirms high efficiency of this approach.
The effect of rotation on the onset of electrohydrodynamic instability of an elastico-viscous dielectric fluid layer
Authors: Rana G.C. , Chand R. , Sharma V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper the combined effect of uniform rotation and AC electric field on the onset of instability in a horizontal layer of an elastico-viscous fluid stimulated by the dielectrophoretic force due to the variation of dielectric constant with temperature is studied. Walters’ (model B’) fluid model is used to describe rheological behaviour of an elastico-viscous fluid. The onset criterions for stationary and oscillatory convection are derived for the case of free-free boundaries. It is observed that Walters’ (model B’) fluid behaves like an ordinary Newtonian fluid and rotation has stabilizing influence whereas AC electric field has destabilizing influence on the stability of the system. The necessary condition for the occurrence of oscillatory convection is also obtained. The present results are in good agreement with the earlier published results.
A switched reluctance motor control method limiting the maximum dc source current in the low-speed range
Authors: Bogusz P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a proposal of a new control method of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) in the low-speed range. The proposed method limits the maximum value of SRM drive supply current. The application of this method results also in improvement of the drive efficiency compared to the classical current control method, so it can be applied to control switched reluctance motors designed to the electric vehicles drive. The method may be effective especially in congested traffic. Nowadays, the urban traffic is characterized by frequent occurrence of traffic jams in which cars move at low speeds. The sources of supply for electric vehicles are mainly electrochemical batteries. Reduction of the maximum value of supply current allows to extend the service life of batteries and improvement of the drive efficiency extends the vehicle range.
Approximate mechanical behavior analysis of a thick-wall metallic liner reinforced with composites, submitted to internal pressure
Authors: Vargas-Rojas E. , Palacios-Montúfar C. , Hernández-Moreno H. , González-Velázquez J.L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study aims to simulate and to analyze the elastic and the damage behavior of a reinforced metallic liner (RML) by means of a computational tool, in order to aid in the design of high specific-stiffness and -strength barrels for heavy-duty hydraulic applications. Case studies for the program validation are undertaken using an AISI 1026 or St52.3 steel tubing reinforced with a polymeric composite of glass fiber and epoxy resin, wound in a hoop pattern. The mechanical behavior of the RML under internal pressure with no-end effects is predicted by means of strain measurements at the outermost layer. The mathematical model is based on the Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) improved with kinematic relationships that allow to introduce curvature effects. Numerical results based on experimental measurements show that the reinforcement is effective, allowing to considerably augment the maximum bearable pressure with respect to a non-reinforced metallic liner (nRML), without important weight or cost increase.