bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of large‐scale forest restoration on socioeconomic status and local livelihoods: what we know and do not know
Authors: Adams Cristina , Rodrigues Sidney T. , Calmon Miguel , Kumar Chetan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractForests are sources of wood, non‐timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecosystem services and goods with conservation and development goals. But limited evidence indicates how large‐scale forest restoration could contribute to improving local livelihoods. Here, we present a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of large‐scale restoration on local livelihoods, and use it to review the scientific literature and reduce this knowledge gap. Most of the literature referred to case studies (89%), largely concentrated in China (49%). The main theme explored was income, followed by livelihoods diversification, off‐farm employment opportunities, poverty reduction, equity and the provision of timber and energy as ecosystem services. Nearly 60 percent of the papers discussed the importance of governance systems to socioeconomic outcomes. The reforestation/restoration programs and policies investigated in the studies had mixed socioeconomic effects on local livelihoods depending on other variables, such as availability of off‐farm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services. We conclude that the effects of large‐scale restoration initiatives on local livelihoods may vary due to several factors and is still not clear for many situations; therefore, monitoring over time with clear indicators is needed.
The potential for automating assisted natural regeneration of tropical forest ecosystems
Authors: Elliott Stephen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAssisted (or accelerated) natural regeneration (ANR) will play an important role in meeting the UN target to restore forest to 350 million hectares of degraded land, by 2030. However, since most accessible land is already used for agriculture, most of the sites, available for ANR, are far from roads and/or on difficult terrain, where implementing ANR with human labour is not practical. Therefore, this paper explores the potential of emerging technologies, such as low‐cost UAVs (drones) and new imaging devices, to automate ANR tasks, including site monitoring (to assess site potential for natural regeneration, plan interventions and assess progress), maintenance of natural regeneration (particularly weeding) and species enrichment through aerial seeding. The usefulness of existing technologies is reviewed and future innovations needed, to provide practicable support for ANR, are discussed. Intensive collaboration, among technologists and forest ecologists, will be essential to ensure that technological innovations are based firmly on sound restoration science.
Ecological outcomes and livelihood benefits of community‐managed agroforests and second growth forests in Southeast Brazil
Authors: de Souza Saulo E. X. Franco , Vidal Edson , Chagas Germano de Freitas , Elgar Amelia T. , Brancalion Pedro H. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Forest and Landscape Restoration movement has emerged as an approach to reconcile biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services provisioning and human well‐being in degraded landscapes, but little is known so far about the potential of different reforestation methods to achieve these objectives. Based on this gap, we assessed the ecological outcomes and local livelihood benefits of community‐managed agroforests and second growth forests to assist natural regeneration in the coastal Atlantic Forest of Brazil. We investigated and compared agroforests and secondary forests according to their structure and floristic composition in 51 circular plots of 314 m², their role in supporting local livelihoods (45 semi‐structured interviews) and the use and cultural importance of plant species (61 interviews). Agroforests and, more remarkably, managed secondary forests (1) re‐established a well‐developed forest structure, with a higher density of tree‐sized individuals and similar basal area compared to nearby old growth forests; (2) were composed by a rich array of native species, including five threatened species, but had lower species richness than old growth remnants; and (3) improved local livelihoods by supplying market valuable and culturally important plants, including 231 native ethnospecies. Overall, local production systems showed remarkable potential to engage smallholders of developing tropical countries in Forest and Landscape Restoration and contribute to achieve its overall goals. We advocate the promotion of these systems as effective Forest and Landscape Restoration approaches in multi‐scale programs and policies.
The role of natural regeneration to ecosystem services provision and habitat availability: a case study in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Strassburg Bernardo B. N. , Barros Felipe S. M. , Crouzeilles Renato , Iribarrem Alvaro , Santos Juliana Silveira dos , Silva Daniel , Sansevero Jerônimo B. B. , Alves‐Pinto Helena N. , Feltran‐Barbieri Rafael , Latawiec Agnieszka E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNatural regeneration provides multiple benefits to nature and human societies, and can play a major role in global and national restoration targets. However, these benefits are context specific and impacted by both biophysical and socioeconomic heterogeneity across landscapes. Here, we investigate the benefits of natural regeneration for climate change mitigation, sediment retention and biodiversity conservation in a spatially explicit way at very high resolution for a region within the global biodiversity hotspot of the Atlantic Forest. We classified current land‐use cover in the region and simulated a natural regeneration scenario in abandoned pasturelands, areas where potential conflicts with agricultural production would be minimized and where some early stage regeneration is already occurring. We then modeled changes in biophysical functions for climate change mitigation and sediment retention, and performed an economic valuation of both ecosystem services. We also modeled how land‐use changes affect habitat availability for species. We found that natural regeneration can provide significant ecological and social benefits. Economic values of climate change mitigation and sediment retention alone could completely compensate for the opportunity costs of agricultural production over 20 yr. Habitat availability is improved for three species with different dispersal abilities, although by different magnitudes. Improving the understanding of how costs and benefits of natural regeneration are distributed can be useful to design incentive structures that bring farmers’ decision making more in line with societal benefits. This alignment is crucial for natural regeneration to fulfill its potential as a large‐scale solution for pressing local and global environmental challenges.
Natural regeneration in the context of large‐scale forest and landscape restoration in the tropics
Authors: Chazdon Robin L. , Uriarte María 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLarge‐scale and long‐term restoration efforts are urgently needed to reverse historical global trends of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Restoration of forests within landscapes offers multiple social, economic, and environmental benefits that enhance lives of local people, mitigate effects of climate change, increase food security, and safeguard soil and water resources. Despite rapidly growing knowledge regarding the extent and feasibility of natural regeneration and the environmental and economic benefits of naturally regenerating forests in the tropics, tree planting remains the major focus of restoration programs. Natural regeneration is often ignored as a viable land‐use option. Here, we assemble a set of 16 original papers that provide an overview of the ecological, economic, and social dimensions of forest and landscape restoration (FLR), a relatively new approach to forest restoration that aims to regain ecological integrity and enhance human well‐being in deforested or degraded forest landscapes. The papers describe how spontaneous (passive) and assisted natural regeneration can contribute to achieving multiple social and ecological benefits. Forest and landscape restoration is centered on the people who live and work in the landscape and whose livelihoods will benefit and diversify through restoration activities inside and outside of farms. Given the scale of degraded forestland and the need to mitigate climate change and meet human development needs in the tropics, harnessing the potential of natural regeneration will play an essential role in achieving the ambitious goals that motivate global restoration initiatives.
Perverse Market Outcomes from Biodiversity Conservation Interventions
Authors: Lim Felix K. S. , Carrasco L. Roman , McHardy Jolian , Edwards David P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractConservation interventions are being implemented at various spatial scales to reduce the impacts of rising global population and affluence on biodiversity and ecosystems. While the direct impacts of these conservation efforts are considered, the unintended consequences brought about by market feedback effects are often overlooked. Perverse market outcomes could result in reduced or even reversed net impacts of conservation efforts. We develop an economic framework to describe how the intended impacts of conservation interventions could be compromised due to unanticipated reactions to regulations in the market: policies aimed at restricting supply could potentially result in leakage effects through external or unregulated markets. Using this framework, we review how various intervention methods could result in negative feedback impacts on biodiversity, including legal restrictions like protected areas, market‐based approaches, and agricultural intensification. Finally, we discuss how conservation management and planning can be designed to ensure the risks of perverse market outcomes are detected, if not overcome, and we address some knowledge gaps that affect our understanding of how market feedbacks vary across spatial and temporal scales, especially with teleconnectedness and increased international trade.
p38 MAPK pathway is essential for self‐renewal of mouse male germline stem cells (mGSCs)
Authors: Niu Zhiwei , Mu Hailong , Zhu Haijing , Wu Jiang , Hua Jinlian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesMale germline stem cells (mGSCs), also called spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), constantly generate spermatozoa in male animals. A number of preliminary studies on mechanisms of mGSC self‐renewal have previously been conducted, revealing that several factors are involved in this regulated process. The p38 MAPK pathway is widely conserved in multiple cell types in vivo, and plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and apoptosis. However, its role in self‐renewal of mGSCs has not hitherto been determined.Materials and methodsHere, the mouse mGSCs were cultured and their identity was verified by semi‐RT‐PCR, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining and immunofluorescence staining. Then, the p38 MAPK pathway was blocked by p38 MAPK‐specific inhibitor SB202190. mGSC self‐renewal ability was then analysed by observation of morphology, cell number, cell growth analysis, TUNEL incorporation assay and cell cycle analysis.ResultsResults showed that mouse mGSC self‐renewal ability was significantly inhibited by SB202190.ConclusionsThis study showed for the first time that the p38 MAPK pathway plays a key role in maintaining self‐renewal capacity of mouse mGSCs, which offers a new self‐renewal pathway for these cells and contributes to overall knowledge of the mechanisms of mGSC self‐renewal.
838. ACONITUM JAPONICUM subsp. JAPONICUM
Authors: Kadota Yuichi 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe name Aconitum japonicum Thunb. subsp. japonicum (syn. A. japonicum var. montanum Nakai; Japanese name, Yama‐torikabuto) is well known to botanists and horticulturists as a representative of Japanese monkshoods and is occasionally found even in the suburbs of Tokyo. However, this aconite is restricted to the mountains on the Pacific Ocean side of Honshu Island, central Japan. Although the geographical range of A. japonicum is rather narrow, it shows a wide range of morphological variation as a member of a tetraploid species group (2n = 4x = 32).
839. EUTREMA JAPONICUM
Authors: Iwashina Tsukasa 
Published: November 2016

SummaryEutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz. (syn. Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.) the rhizomes of which are known as the herb wasabi in Japanese restaurants, is described and illustrated. Its distribution, chemistry and cultivation are also discussed. A description of the genus Eutrema R. Br. is given, and the second Japanese species E. tenue (Miq.) Makino is illustrated.
843. GAULTHERIA ADENOTHRIX
Authors: Yonekura Koji 
Published: November 2016

SummaryGaultheria adenothrix (Miq.) Maxim. is one of three species of Gaultheria L. growing in Japan, and one of two endemic Gaultheria species in this country having vicarious species in North America. The taxonomic history, affinities, description of morphology and the ecology of the species are described.
Rosazea‐Management: Update über allgemeine Maßnahmen und topische Therapieoptionen
Authors: Schaller M , Schöfer H , Homey B , Hofmann M , Gieler U , Lehmann P , Luger TA , Ruzicka T , Steinhoff M 
Published: November 2016

ZusammenfassungObwohl bislang für die Rosazea keine kurative Therapie besteht, können verschiedene Optionen zur Behandlung der Symptome und zur Vorbeugung von Exazerbationen empfohlen werden. Neben Selbsthilfemaßnahme wie der Vermeidung von Triggerfaktoren und einer geeigneten Hautpflege sollte das Rosazea‐Management bei Patienten mit erythematöser und leichter bis schwerer papulopustulöser Rosazea die Anwendung topischer Präparate als First‐Line‐Therapie umfassen. Da Überlappungen der charakteristischen Rosazea‐Symptome im klinischen Alltag die Regel sind, sollte die medikamentöse Therapie auf die individuellen Symptome zugeschnitten werden; auch eine Kombinationstherapie kann erforderlich sein. Zu den für die Behandlung der Hauptsymptome der Rosazea zugelassenen Wirkstoffen gehören Brimonidin gegen das Erythem sowie Ivermectin, Metronidazol oder Azelainsäure gegen entzündliche Läsionen. Ihre Wirksamkeit wurde in zahlreichen validen, gut kontrollierten Studien belegt. Darüber hinaus existieren verschiedene nicht zugelassene topische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, deren Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit noch in größeren, kontrollierten Studien zu untersuchen ist.
A single‐algorithm ensemble approach to estimating suitability and uncertainty: cross‐time projections for four Malagasy tenrecs
Authors: Boria Robert A. , Olson Link E. , Goodman Steven M. , Anderson Robert P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimEcological niche models (ENMs) are used widely in ecology, evolution, global change biology, but model uncertainty remains an underappreciated issue. Generally, either a single model from one algorithm or an ensemble of single models from different algorithms is used to provide a prediction. In addition to variability among algorithms, recent studies have shown the need to consider variability within a single algorithm, for example optimizing model complexity by tuning model settings. We present an ensemble ENM using a single‐algorithm approach, while adjusting model settings to maximize performance.LocationMadagascar.MethodsWe used maxent, bioclimatic variables and occurrence records of four species of Malagasy tenrecs (Family Tenrecidae). We calibrated and evaluated preliminary models using a jackknife approach, tuning two model settings to estimate optimal model complexity. We chose a suite of top‐performing preliminary models and then generated a consensus prediction. Furthermore, we calculated the variability among predictions of the co‐optimal models to indicate variation in geography (i.e. uncertainty). We then did the same after projecting the predictions to climatic estimates for the Last Glacial Maximum and the year 2070.ResultsThe default settings were never identified as optimal for any of the four species. The model settings considered as the co‐optimal solutions essentially led to the same evaluation statistics; however, they showed high variation in their geographic predictions for three of the four species. Additionally, variation among such models was greater when transferred across time.Main conclusionsThis approach likely can provide better predictions for a single algorithm as well as quantifications of within‐algorithm uncertainty, qualities that are highly useful in interpreting reconstructed suitable areas or forecasts of potential range shifts under future climate change. Finally, this within‐algorithm uncertainty can be integrated into a larger framework that considers variability due to other factors (e.g. related to input data, alternate algorithms or various Global circulation models).
Four‐month‐old infants individuate and track simple tools following functional demonstrations
Authors: Stavans Maayan , Baillargeon Renée 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo experiments examined whether 4‐month‐olds (n = 120) who were induced to assign two objects to different categories would then be able to take advantage of these contrastive categorical encodings to individuate and track the objects. In each experiment, infants first watched functional demonstrations of two tools, a masher and tongs (Experiment 1) or a marker and a knife (Experiment 2). Next, half the infants saw the two tools brought out alternately from behind a screen, which was then lowered to reveal only one of the tools (different‐objects condition); the other infants saw similar events except that the same tool was shown on either side of the screen (same‐object condition). In both experiments, infants in the different‐objects condition looked reliably longer than those in the same‐object condition, and this effect was eliminated if the demonstrations involved similar but non‐functional actions. Together, these results indicate that infants (a) were led by the functional demonstrations they observed to assign the two tools to distinct categories, (b) recruited these categorical encodings to individuate and track the tools, and hence (c) detected a violation in the different‐objects condition when the screen was lowered to reveal only one tool. Categorical information thus plays a privileged role in individuation and identity tracking from a very young age.
Liraglutide as adjunct to insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes does not interfere with glycaemic recovery or gastric emptying rate during hypoglycaemia: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group study
Authors: Frandsen Christian S. , Dejgaard Thomas F. , Andersen Henrik U. , Holst Jens J. , Hartmann Bolette , Thorsteinsson Birger , Madsbad Sten 
Published: November 2016

AimGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) therapy is a potential treatment as adjunct to insulin in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, GLP‐1RAs inhibit glucagon secretion and delay the gastric emptying (GE) rate and may impair recovery from hypoglycaemia. We evaluated the effect of the GLP‐1RA liraglutide on counterregulatory responses and GE rate during hypoglycaemia in persons with T1D.Materials and methodsIn a 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 20 patients aged >18 years with T1D and HbA1c ≥8% (64 mmol/mol) were randomly assigned (1:1) to liraglutide 1.2 mg once daily or placebo as add‐on to insulin treatment. Before and at end of treatment a hypoglycaemic clamp (plasma glucose target 2.5 mmol/L) was carried out, followed by a liquid meal. Primary endpoint was change in GE rate (evaluated by area under the paracetamol curve and time to peak). Secondary endpoints included changes in glycaemic recovery, counter‐regulatory hormones, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), GLP‐1, blood pressure and heart rate.ResultsDuring the period June 2013 to October 2014, 20 patients were enrolled. After 12 weeks of treatment, changes in GE rates did not differ significantly between groups (
P
= .96), with no significant changes from baseline, whether evaluated from AUCs or time to peak. The secondary endpoints, glycaemic recovery, counter‐regulatory hormone responses, systolic blood pressure and GLP‐1 and PP responses, were also similar. Heart rate increased with liraglutide from 69 ± 4 to 80 ± 5 beats/min (
P
= .02).ConclusionsLiraglutide does not compromise glycaemic recovery, GE rate or counter‐regulatory hormone responses in T1D patients during hypoglycaemia. No treatment‐related safety issues were identified.
Skeletogenesis of Myiopsitta monachus (Psittaciformes) and sequence heterochronies in Aves
Authors: Carril Julieta , Tambussi Claudia P. 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYThe ossification sequence of Myiopsitta monachus was determined. Myiopsitta has a similar sequence to other altricial birds, with delayed skeletons compared to precocial species. The hindlimbs ossify before the forelimbs, a condition that could be linked to altriciality. To determine the stability of the sequences of ossification across birds, we selected species of different groups of Aves and used event‐pairing method and character mapping on a phylogeny. Our results show that the homogeneity in the development of birds was supported by 56.77% of the character states. Event‐pair cracking phylogenetic method was applied to identify sequence heterochronies. Results reveal a high number of heterochronies and show that the long bones in limbs may behave as modules. In Myiopsitta, the ossa ectethmoidale and mesethmoidale ossify early. These bones provide the origin site of the Psittaciformes’ novel adductor m. ethmomandibularis, associated with strong bite forces, and its acceleration in the sequence may correspond to the functional hypothesis. Also, the early appearance of some hyoid apparatus elements occurs, and could be related to the development of tongue in Psittaciformes and its role in handling food, and is in concordance with the functional and size hypothesis.
Morbidity and mortality following poliomyelitis – a lifelong follow‐up
Authors: Kay L. , Nielsen N. M. , Wanscher B. , Ibsen R. , Kjellberg J. , Jennum P. 
Published: November 2016

Background and purposeIn the world today 10–20 million people are still living with late effects of poliomyelitis (PM), but the long‐term consequences of the disease are not well known. The aim of this study was to describe lifelong morbidity and mortality among Danes who survived PM.MethodsData from official registers for a cohort of 3606 Danes hospitalized for PM in the period 1940–1954 were compared with 13 762 age‐ and gender‐matched controls.ResultsCompared with controls, mortality was moderately increased for both paralytic as well as non‐paralytic PM cases; Hazard Ratio, 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.18–1.44) and 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.19), respectively. Hospitalization rates were approximately 1.5 times higher among both paralytic and non‐paralytic PM cases as compared with controls. Discharge diagnoses showed a broad spectrum of diseases. There were no major differences in morbidities between paralytic and non‐paralytic PM cases.ConclusionsPoliomyelitis has significant long‐term consequences on morbidity and mortality of both paralytic and non‐paralytic cases.