bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles based on phenylalanine ethyl ester–alginate conjugate as vitamin B2 delivery system
Authors: Zhang Pei , Zhao Shi-Rui , Li Jun-Xia , Hong Liang , Raja Mazhar A , Yu Le-Jun , Liu Chen-Guang 
Published: February 2016

Phenylalanine ethyl ester (PAE)–alginate (Alg) conjugate (PAE–Alg, PEA) was synthesized and formation of an amide bond between PAE and Alg was confirmed by Fourier transformed-infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The degree of PAE substitution was 3.5–4.7 (PAE group per hundred sugar residues of Alg) which was determined by elemental analysis. The critical aggregation concentration values determined for PEA conjugates PEA1, PEA2, and PEA3 were 0.20, 0.12, and 0.10 mg/ml, respectively. The particle size of PEA nanoparticles (PEA-NPs) decreased from 425 nm to 226 nm with the increasing degree of PAE substitution. Vitamin B2 (VB2), as a model nutrient, was encapsulated into the nanoparticles. The drug-loading content increased with increasing degree of PAE substitution. The maximum VB2 loading capacity and loading efficiency of PEA3 nanoparticles were 3.53 ± 0.03% and 91.48 ± 0.80%, respectively. The in vitro release behavior of VB2 from the PEA-NPs showed a biphasic release profile with an initial burst release of about 40–50% of VB2 in the first 10 h followed by a steady and continuous release phase for the following 50 h in PBS, pH 7.4. The human colorectal carcinoma cell line was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of PEA-NPs. Our results showed that various concentrations of nanoparticles did not cause significant cytotoxicity against cell lines at normal concentrations.
MAOIs – does the evidence warrant their resurrection?
Authors: Menkes David , Bosanac Peter , Castle David 
Published: February 2016

Objective: The place of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in psychiatry is reviewed, and the question posed as to whether they are now justifiably disregarded by prescribers. Method: Multiple databases (PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane) were interrogated to provide an overview regarding the use, efficacy and toxicity of MAOIs. Data regarding funded use of these agents in New Zealand were obtained from PHARMAC. Results: Evidence supports the use of MAOIs in major depressive disorder, certain anxiety disorders and, to lesser extent, bipolar depression. Older non-selective agents, such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine, have distinctive efficacy in ‘atypical’ and treatment-resistant depression, but at the cost of serious tolerability problems. Their relegation and perception by clinicians as ‘last resort’ medications – if considered at all – has occurred in the context of various concerns, notably dietary restrictions, potential adverse drug interactions and the usual requirement for divided doses. Conclusions: Sufficient evidence supports consideration of MAOIs in treatment-refractory and atypical depressive disorders, and in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatrists in training need to gain experience in using these agents.
How can psychiatrists offer psychotherapeutic leadership in the public sector?
Authors: Cammell Paul , Amos Jackie , Baigent Michael 
Published: February 2016

Objective: This article reviews the forms that psychotherapeutic leadership can take for psychiatrists attempting to optimise outcomes for individuals receiving treatment in the public mental health sector. It explores a range of roles and functions that psychiatrists can take on as psychotherapy leaders, and how these can be applied in clinical, administrative and research contexts. Conclusions: Psychiatrists need to play an increasing role in clinical, administrative and academic settings to advance service provision, resource allocation, training and research directed at psychotherapies in the public health sector.
Histologic evaluation of Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 expression in feline mammary carcinoma
Authors: Silva Millena N , Leite Juliana S , Mello Marcela FV , Silva Kassia VGC , Corgozinho Katia B , de Souza Heloisa JM , Cunha Simone CS , Ferreira Ana MR 
Published: February 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate histopathologic aspects of, and the expression of Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 in, feline mammary carcinoma (FMC). Methods Feline mammary tumors were surgically obtained by mastectomy from 30 female cats and were fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. Four-micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathologic diagnosis. Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results Samples were histologically confirmed as FMC. Positive immunostaining was observed in all cancer samples for both nuclear Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3, with a mean positive staining percentage of 27.5% and 21.2%, respectively. No statistically significant correlations between Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 were observed within FMC. Conclusions and relevance A high proliferation index was found in feline mammary tumors. This is the first study evaluating cleaved caspase-3 expression in FMC.
Application of low injection rate and low contrast agent dose in three-dimensional rotational digital subtraction angiography of the intracranial aneurysm
Authors: Gao Zhimei , Zeng Yongming , Sun Jingkun , Yang Jingjie , Zhou Yang , Zhou Mi , Song Tingni 
Published: February 2016

Objective The objective of this article is to explore the feasibility of low injection rate and low contrast agent dose in three-dimensional rotational digital subtraction angiography (3D DSA) of the intracranial aneurysm. Materials and methods Fifty-one patients with suspected intracranial aneurysms were included. The catheter tip was kept within the internal carotid artery at the epistropheus level. Patients were divided into three groups randomly according to injection rate: group A (1.5 ml/s, n = 18), group B (2.0 ml/s, n = 18), and group C (3.0 ml/s, n = 15). The noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of C2, C6, M1, and A1 segments were calculated. The continuous subtraction images and reconstructed images were evaluated by two technicians. Results No significant differences were found in noise between groups A and B, and groups A and C. Significant differences were found in the SNR and CNR of M1 and A1 segments between groups A and B, and groups B and C, but for C2 and C6 segments, they were not significant. Significant differences were found in the SNR and CNR of all segments between groups A and C. Significant differences were found in the contrast agent dose between all three groups. No significant differences were found in scores evaluated by two physicians between the three groups. Conclusion The personalized injection protocol of low injection rate and low contrast agent dose in 3D DSA of the intracranial aneurysm is feasible. The application of this protocol can reduce the dose of iodine and obtain satisfactory images.
Dose reduction in cone-beam CT scanning for intracranial stent deployment before coil embolization of intracranial wide-neck aneurysms
Authors: Kuriyama Takumi , Sakai Nobuyuki , Niida Norimitsu , Sueoka Masaki , Beppu Mikiya , Dahmani Chihebeddine , Kojima Iwao , Sakai Chiaki , Imamura Hirotoshi , Masago Katsuhiro , Katakami Nobuyuki 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Flat panel detector (FD)-equipped angiography machines are increasingly used for neuro-angiographic imaging. During intracranial stent-assisted coil embolization procedures, it is very important to clearly and quickly visualize stent shape after deployment in the vessel. It is necessary to quickly visualize stents by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The aim of this study was to compare CBCTs at 10 and 20 s, and to confirm that this method is useful for neuro-endovascular treatment procedures. Materials and methods We treated 30 patients with wide-necked intracranial aneurysms with a flexible, self-expanding neurovascular stent and subsequent aneurysm embolization with platinum micro-coils. We performed the CBCT after stent deployment. We compared the 10 s and 20 s CBCTs, using the full width one-half maximum (FWHM) visualization. Results Accurate stent placement with subsequent coil occlusion of the aneurysms was feasible in all patients. Stent struts were clearly visualized on both 10 s and 20 s CBCTs. Importantly, 10 s CBCT can reduce the radiation dose by about 42%, compared with 20 s CBCT. Performing 10 s CBCT with a 14% dilution of the contrast medium may significantly improve image acquisition during stent-assisted coil embolization. Conclusions Reduced-dose, 10 s CBCT can visualize stents in clinical cases, while significantly reducing radiation exposure.
Blunt cardiac injury without external evidence of thoracic trauma: A report of two pediatric cases
Authors: Monroe Dustin E , Willert Jennifer , Saba Ziad , Rosenfeld Howard , Willis Brigham C 
Published: February 2016

Objective: To report two cases of cardiac injury following blunt thoracic trauma without external evidence of injury. Design: Case report and review of the literature. Setting: A 23-bed pediatric intensive care unit in an academic children’s hospital. Interventions: Two children presented following significant thoracic trauma without external evidence of injury. Cardiac injury was not initially suspected, and lack of definitive diagnostic evaluation led to a delay in diagnosis and definitive treatment. Results: A 4-year-old girl presented 6 months after initial injury and evaluation with massive right ventricular dilatation secondary to traumatic tricuspid regurgitation. The second patient, an 11-year-old boy, underwent a laparotomy for suspected abdominal pathology delaying diagnosis of his traumatic ventricular septal defect and definitive repair until clinical hemodynamic deterioration occurred. Conclusion: Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for cardiac injury in patients with a significant mechanism of thoracic trauma despite external evidence. Standard screening tests are often inadequate and echocardiography should be performed for any suspected cardiac trauma.
Zn-rich smectite from the Silver Coin Mine, Nevada, USA
Authors: Kaufhold S. , Färber G. , Dohrmann R. , Ufer K. , Grathoff G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMore than 100 minerals have been reported from the Silver Coin Mine, Nevada USA; five new minerals have been discovered here, due to the unusual geochemical environment. The present study reports on the investigation of a greenish clayey sample from the Silver Coin Mine. After the separation of a fine fraction to enrich the clay minerals, sauconite, a rare Zn-rich smectite, was found by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and was further characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA), infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Zn-rich smectite is accompanied by illite, minor kaolinite/halloysite and traces of gibbsite (as was indicated by the IR spectroscopy). The occurrence indicates an acidic environment probably caused by oxidation of sulfides.The determination of the structural formula, to further characterize the Zn-rich smectite, was difficult because of the multi-clay mineral assembly. However, different SEM-EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) approaches as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-EDX analysis helped to characterize the smectite as Al-rich sauconite with some exchangeable K+.
Characterization and distribution of fibrous tremolite and chrysotile minerals in the Eskişehir region of western Turkey
Authors: Kadіr S. , Erkoyun H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBecause of widespread tremolite and chrysotile minerals in Palaeozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic and Triassic ophiolitic units, respectively, in the Eskişehir region, Turkey, there is significant potential for development of cases of mesothelioma. Such occurrences in the Eskişehir region show a positive correlation with the concentration and dimension of tremolite crystals compared with those of chrysotile crystals. A detailed assessment of the mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of these materials has not been carried out to date; the present study was undertaken to fill that gap. The sharp diagnostic basal reflections at 8.14 Å, 3.09 Å and at 7.30 Å, 3.63 Å, well defined fibrous crystallinity, and ideal differential thermal analysis-thermal gravimetric and Raman curves suggest the development of well crystallized fibrous/acicular tremolite and chrysotile with the average structural formulae of: (Na0.07K0.03)(Ca1.68Mg0.18Mn0.01)(Fe0.42Mg4.55Ti0.01)(Si7.60Al0.24Fe0.16)O22(OH)2, and (Mg5.55Fe0.41 Mn0.006)(Si3.79Al0.13)O10(OH)8, respectively.Enrichment of light rare earth elements relative to medium rare earth elements and heavy rare earth elements in tremolite compared to that of chrysotile which exhibits no anomaly and negative anomalies for Ba, Sr, Ce, Nb, Yand Zr in the tremolite samples and chrysotile, are responses to the fractionation of feldspar, glaucophane, pyroxene and olivine under the high temperatures of hydrothermal-alteration processes during serpentinization and the high-pressure conditions of metamorphism. Based on H and O isotope data, the tremolite and chrysotile are thought to have developed from tectonically controlled magmatic and meteoric hydrothermal systems and the formation temperatures of the tremolite are higher than those of chrysotile.
Acquisition of a CD19-negative myeloid phenotype allows immune escape of MLL-rearranged B-ALL from CD19 CAR-T-cell therapy
Authors: Gardner Rebecca , Wu David , Cherian Sindhu , Fang Min , Hanafi Laïla-Aïcha , Finney Olivia , Smithers Hannah , Jensen Michael C. , Riddell Stanley R. , Maloney David G. , Turtle Cameron J. 
Published: February 2016

Key Points
CD19-targeted CAR-T-cell therapy of patients with MLL-rearranged B-ALL effectively induced marrow remission of B-ALL. Patients with MLL-rearranged B-ALL who attain CR after CD19 CAR-T-cell therapy may be at risk for relapse with clonally related AML.
Monitoring latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis and management in the Netherlands
Authors: Erkens Connie G.M. , Slump Erika , Verhagen Maurits , Schimmel Henrieke , de Vries Gerard , Cobelens Frank , van den Hof Susan 
Published: February 2016

Targeted diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) among persons with a high risk of exposure to TB or of developing TB when infected has been performed and monitored routinely in the Netherlands since 1993. We describe trends in target groups, diagnostic methods and treatment regimens, and explore determinants for treatment initiation, treatment completion and adverse events.In total, 37 729 persons were registered with LTBI from 1993 to 2013, of whom 28 931 (77%) started preventive treatment; 82% of those completed preventive treatment and 8% stopped preventive treatment due to adverse events. Two-thirds of the notified cases were detected through contact investigation.Increasing numbers of persons with immunosuppressive disorders, elderly persons and foreign-born persons were notified in recent years, due to policy changes and the introduction of the interferon-γ release assay. Children (96%) and the immunosuppressed (95%) were more likely to start preventive treatment. Children (93%) were also more likely to complete preventive treatment, as were persons treated with rifampicin or rifampicin/isoniazid regimens (91% and 92%, respectively). The latter groups were also 40% less likely to stop preventive treatment due to adverse events.Under these operational conditions, the estimated risk reduction on incident TB in the target population for LTBI management is 40–60%.
The feasibility of a modified shoe for multi‐segment foot motion analysis: a preliminary study
Authors: Halstead J. , Keenan A. M. , Chapman G. J. , Redmond A. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe majority of multi‐segment kinematic foot studies have been limited to barefoot conditions, because shod conditions have the potential for confounding surface‐mounted markers. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a shoe modified with a webbed upper can accommodate multi‐segment foot marker sets without compromising kinematic measurements under barefoot and shod conditions.MethodsThirty participants (15 controls and 15 participants with midfoot pain) underwent gait analysis in two conditions; barefoot and wearing a shoe (shod) in a random order. The shod condition employed a modified shoe (rubber plimsoll) with a webbed upper, allowing skin mounted reflective markers to be visualised through slits in the webbed material. Three dimensional foot kinematics were captured using the Oxford multi‐segment foot model whilst participants walked at a self‐selected speed.ResultsThe foot pain group showed greater hindfoot eversion and less hindfoot dorsiflexion than controls in the barefoot condition and these differences were maintained when measured in the shod condition. Differences between the foot pain and control participants were also observed for walking speed in the barefoot and in the shod conditions. No significant differences between foot pain and control groups were demonstrated at the forefoot in either condition.ConclusionsSubtle differences between pain and control groups, which were found during barefoot walking are retained when wearing the modified shoe. The novel properties of the modified shoe offers a potential solution for the use of passive infrared based motion analysis for shod applications, for instance to investigate the kinematic effect of foot orthoses.
Mcl-1 confers protection of Her2-positive breast cancer cells to hypoxia: therapeutic implications
Authors: Bashari Muhammad Hasan , Fan Fengjuan , Vallet Sonia , Sattler Martin , Arn Melissa , Luckner-Minden Claudia , Schulze-Bergkamen Henning , Zörnig Inka , Marme Frederik , Schneeweiss Andreas , Cardone Michael H. , Opferman Joseph T. , Jäger Dirk , Podar Klaus 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
Molecular mechanisms leading to the adaptation of breast cancer (BC) cells to hypoxia are largely unknown. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) is frequently amplified in BC; and elevated Mcl-1 levels have been correlated with poor prognosis. Here we investigated the pathophysiologic role of Mcl-1 in Her2-positive BC cells under hypoxic conditions.

Methods
RNA interference and a novel small molecule inhibitor, EU-5346, were used to examine the role of Mcl-1 in Her2-positive BC cell lines and primary BC cells (sensitive or intrinsically resistant to Her2 inhibitors) under hypoxic conditions (using a hypoxic incubation chamber). Mechanisms-of-action were investigated by RT-PCR, mitochondrial isolation, as well as immunoprecipitation/blotting analysis, and microscopy. The specificity against Mcl-1 of the novel small molecule inhibitor EU5346 was verified in Mcl-1Δ/nullversus Mcl-1wt/wt Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs). Proliferation, survival, and spheroid formation were assessed in response to Mcl-1 and Her2 inhibition.

Results
We demonstrate for a strong correlation between high Mcl-1 protein levels and hypoxia, predominantly in Her2-positive BC cells. Surprisingly, genetic depletion of Mcl-1 decreased Her2 and Hif-1α levels followed by inhibition of BC cell survival. In contrast, Mcl-1 protein levels were not downregulated after genetic depletion of Her2 indicating a regulatory role of Mcl-1 upstream of Her2. Indeed, Mcl-1 and Her2 co-localize within the mitochondrial fraction and form a Mcl-1/Her2- protein complex. Similar to genetically targeting Mcl-1 the novel small molecule Mcl-1 inhibitor EU-5346 induced cell death and decreased spheroid formation in Her2-positive BC cells. Of interest, EU-5346 induced ubiquitination of Mcl-1- bound Her2 demonstrating a previously unknown role for Mcl-1 to stabilize Her2 protein levels. Importantly, targeting Mcl-1 was also active in Her2-positive BC cells resistant to Her2 inhibitors, including a brain-primed Her2-positive cell line.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrate a critical role of Mcl-1 in Her2-positive BC cell survival under hypoxic conditions and provide the preclinical framework for the therapeutic use of novel Mcl-1- targeting agents to improve patient outcome in BC.
Essential Role of IGFIR in the Onset of Male Brown Fat Thermogenic Function: Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Differential Organ-Specific Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Viana-Huete Vanesa , Guillén Carlos , García-Aguilar Ana , García Gema , Fernández Silvia , Kahn C. R. , Benito Manuel 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Brown fat is a thermogenic tissue that generates heat to maintain body temperature in cold environments and dissipate excess energy in response to overfeeding. We have addressed the role of the IGFIR in the brown fat development and function. Mice lacking IGFIR exhibited normal brown adipose tissue/body weight in knockout (KO) vs control mice. However, lack of IGFIR decreased uncoupling protein 1 expression in interscapular brown fat and beige cells in inguinal fat. More importantly, the lack of IGFIR resulted in an impaired cold acclimation. No differences in the total fat volume were found in the KO vs control mice. Epididymal fat showed larger adipocytes but with a lower number of adipocytes in KO vs control mice at age 12 months. In addition, KO mice showed a sustained moderate hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia upon time and hepatic insulin insensitivity associated with lipid accumulation, with the outcome of a global insulin resistance. In addition, we found that the expression of uncoupling protein 3 in the skeletal muscle was decreased and its expression was increased in the heart in parallel with the expression of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Upon nonobesogenic high-fat diet, we found a severe insulin resistance in the liver and in the skeletal muscle, but unchanged insulin sensitivity in the heart. In conclusion, our data suggest that IGFIR it is not an essential growth factor in the brown fat development in the presence of the IR and very high plasma levels of IGF-I, but it is indispensable for full brown fat functionality.
A Prepregnancy Care Program for Women With Diabetes: Effective and Cost Saving
Authors: Egan Aoife M. , Danyliv Andriy , Carmody Louise , Kirwan Breda , Dunne Fidelma P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractContext:Only a minority of women with diabetes attend prepregnancy care service and the economic effects of providing this service are unclear.Objective:The objective of the study was to design, put into practice, and evaluate a regional prepregnancy care program for women with types 1 and 2 diabetes.Design:This was a prospective cohort and cost-analysis study.Setting:The study was conducted at antenatal centers along the Irish Atlantic Seaboard.Participants:Four hundred fourteen women with type 1 or 2 diabetes participated in the study.Intervention:The intervention for the study was a newly developed prepregnancy care program.Main Outcome Measures:The program was assessed for its effect on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The difference between program delivery cost and the excess cost of treating adverse outcomes in nonattendees was evaluated.Results:In total, 149 (36%) attended: this increased from 19% to 50% after increased recruitment measures in 2010. Attendees were more likely to take preconception folic acid (97.3% vs 57.7%, P &lt; .001) and less likely to smoke (8.7% vs 16.6%, P = .03) or take potentially teratogenic medications at conception (0.7 vs 6.0, P = .008). Attendees had lower glycated hemoglobin levels throughout pregnancy (first trimester glycated hemoglobin 6.8% vs 7.7%, P &lt; .001; third trimester glycated hemoglobin 6.1% vs 6.5%, P = .001), and their offspring had lower rates of serious adverse outcomes (2.4% vs 10.5%, P = .007). The adjusted difference in complication costs between those who received prepregnancy care vs usual antenatal care only is €2578.00. The average cost of prepregnancy care delivery is €449.00 per pregnancy.Conclusions:This regional prepregnancy care program is clinically effective. The cost of program delivery is less than the excess cost of managing adverse pregnancy outcomes.