bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Dose Distribution of an Ophthalmic 106Ru Irradiator with TLDs and an Eye Phantom
Authors: Binder W. , Chiari A. , Aiginger H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Two 106Ru applicators of the type CCB as manufactured by the Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung (Berlin, GDR) were investigated. The homogeneity of the relative dose distribution at the surface of the applicators was determined. For the evaluation of the data extremely small TLD crystals (2x1x1 mm3) had to be manufactured as well as an almost tissue-equivalent acrylic eye phantom. In order to ensure reproducibility of the applicator positioning, the plaque suture eyelets had to be placed on locating pins. 120 measurement points located within the active plaque area of 20 mm diameter were evaluated. The results show that the area to be used in tumour treatment is about 20 to 25% less than expected. One plaque shows a considerable inhomogeneity with respect to dose distribution (up to 40%). A modified eye phantom was used for the determination of the central axis depth dose distribution.
Uncertainties in Dose Estimation Under Emergency Conditions and ESR Dosimetry with Human Teeth
Authors: Nishiwaki Y. , Shimano T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
There are uncertainties in estimating dose-effect relationships under emergency conditions. There may be a number of other noxious effects such as infection, various toxic substances and non-ionising radiations, in addition to radiological uncertainties, and also mental aspects. Therefore, the possibility of the combined effects of all direct factors and the indirect factors must be considered in interpreting the effects of a radiation accident, instead of ascribing all the effects solely to ionising radiation. The exact dose to a particular person is difficult to estimate, but is is also necessary to have some direct measurement of individual dose in order to confirm dose-effect relationships due to radiation. As a method of confirming the individual dose under emergency conditions, ESR dosimetry of tooth enamel has been carried out, not only to estimate the dose, but also to estimate the incident angle of radiation.
Thermoluminescent Dust for Identification of Irradiated Spices
Authors: Göksu H.Y. , Regulla D.F. , Hietel B. , Popp G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
It is shown that most of the natural products contain minute amounts of wind blown or intruding dust which can be separated and used to identify irradiated spices by measuring its thermoluminescence (TL). The method has several advantages over the use of the whole grains of spices. There is no spurious signal due to oxidation of the organic components, therefore the samples can be heated to higher temperatures at which more stable TL peaks are accessible. As a consequence, the method provides (1) high reliability in indentification, (2) an access to a quantitative assessment of the administered dose even after some years, (3) determination of the time elapsed between the food irradiation and the TL readout. Thermoluminescent dust obtained from cumin, green pepper, sage, rosemary, mugwort, lovage, thyme, dill weed, oregano, savory, marjoram and basil is investigated.
Use of Thermoluminescence Detectors in National Radiation Protection Monitoring Programmes
Authors: Kraus W. , Will W. , Buchröder H. , Edelmann B. , Schwedt J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermoluminescence detectors have been used in national radiation surveillance programmes in the GDR for more than 15 years. The detectors and dosemeters used for individual monitoring (whole body or hand exposures), for selected workplace studies, for environmental monitoring and for monitoring of radon daughter product concentrations are described. Experience with the routine application of the dosimetric systems and prospects for further development, particularly of a microcomputer controlled automatic TL reader, are discussed.
Optical Absorption and Thermoluminescence in Natural Beryl
Authors: Blak A.R. , McKeever S.W.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) illumination of colourless beryl (goshenite) produces a single photo-induced TL peak centred at 150 oC which becomes prominent for illumination wavelengths between 230 and 240 nm. Optical absorption (OA) spectra have been measured from 350 to 190 nm. The effect of thermal treatments in the range 600 to 900 oC was monitored for both thermoluminescence (TL) and OA. In the OA spectra a general decrease in the absorption at all wavelengths was observed at the beginning of the treatments, with no further changes occurring for longer periods of time. Similar behaviour was observed for the TL curves. The sensitvity of the 150 oC goshenite glow peak is strongly enhanced when the sample, which was previously heated to 900 oC for less than 30 min, is exposed to UV light. For periods of time of more than one hour, the TL signal, for all the thermal treatments performed before UV illumination, becomes equally low. It is known from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements that atomic hydrogen in interstitial sites is produced in UV-illuminated goshenite from the dissociation of OH- ions. The free hydrogen diffuses through the lattice, being stabilised by traps. When the material is heated the trapped hydrogen atoms become free to move and are captured by oxygen atoms, which act as recombination centres. In this work an attempt is made to correlate the Ho EPR line and the TL peak. OA and TL measurements have also been carried out on pink beryl (morganite). Different TL and OA spectra from the goshenites are observed since these samples contain different amounts and types of impurities.
Ultra-Low Dose (100 nGy - 100 µGy) Response of Alpha-Al2O3:C
Authors: Moscovitch M. , Kaufman M.M. , Rodgers J.E. , Niroomand-Rad A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The thermoluminescence dose response of a-Al2O3:C at ultra-low dose levels (100 nGy - 100 µGy) has been measured. It has been shown that computerised glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) can be applied to the glow curve of a-Al2O3:C using two Gaussian peak shape functions, to fit the main peak, superimposed on a linear background term. The CGCD analysis interpolates the background signal under the main peaks, eliminating the need for second readout. It has been demonstrated that with the background subtraction and by eliminating any possibility of the material being exposed to light, dose measurements down to 300 nGy are possible.
TL Peak Structure of MgB4O7:Dy
Authors: Souza J.H. , Ferrari V.A. , de Freitas L.C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
MgB4O7:Dy is usually reported as having one dosimetric peak. Two sets of experimental studies followed by computer analysis of more than 200 glow curves indicate that a combination of at least 11 peaks of first order kinetics is necessary to describe the glow behaviour of MgB4O7:Dy. For a heating rate of 1 oC.s-1 the maximum intensity of the individual peaks are situated at the following temperatures: 101, 110, 126, 142, 155, 160, 173, 192, 224, 231 and 304 oC.
ESR Dosimetry
Authors: McLaughlin (INVITED) W.L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The demonstration 30 years ago that the amino acid, alanine, could serve as a solid dosemeter by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, has led to a fascinating success story. Radiation-induced paramagnetic centres, the de-aminated free radicals associated with unpaired electrons, are stable during and after irradiation. The free radical concentration proportional to the absorbed dose can be measured as the main peak-to-peak amplitude of the first derivative of the ESR absorption spectrum. In addition to alanine, other solids (e.g. certain sugars and polymers, quartz, bone) may be used to cover a broad range of absorbed dose, 10-108 Gy. Indeed, efforts proceed to improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of ESR dosimetry. Advantages include the ability to simulate biological tissues in terms of radiation absorption properties, small size (e.g. thin films and small pellets), the possibility of in vivo dosimetry, ruggedness, stability, and resistance to environmental and dose rate effects.
Application of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry in the Exploration for Oil and Gas Using Chinese GR-200 LiF (MG,Cu.P) TLD
Authors: Wang Z. , Qin D. , Zhuang G. , Zha Z. , Wang S. , Shen W. , Cai G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Radiometric methods have been used in exploration for oil and gas by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (IGGE) since 1984. More than 20,000 km2 of regional survey and 2,000 km2of detailed survey on the surface have been covered successively by this method. As a result, the distribution pattern of abnormal radiometric fields over oil and gas fields is confirmed by cavity gamma thermoluminescence dosimetry, which is an ideal radiometric accumulation measurement technique in searching for oil and gas. GR-200 LiF(Mg,Cu,P) dosemeters made in China are suitable detection elements. A thermoluminescence anomaly delineated survey over an oil field in comparison with drilling results, shows the advantages of this method in that 91% of dry holes or wells with water are outside the anomaly, and 61% of oil wells are inside the anomaly.
An Algorithm for Supralinearity Correction Applied to Radiation Therapy Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
Authors: Moscovitch M. , Taylor P.L. , Rodgers J.E. , McRae D.A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A dose calculation algorithm for correcting the supralinear response of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) at radiation fields and dose levels typical to radiation therapy applications was developed. The TL dose response of TLD-100 was measured at various tissue depths up to 100 Gy using both photons and electrons in the energy range 6 to 18 MeV. It has been shown that the supralinearity correction factor can be applied in all cases using a single parameter B as follows: D = D0/(1 + D0B); D0 is the uncorrected reported dose and D is the dose following supralinearity correction. The 'best-fit' values of B for the data at various radiation fields and depth are reported. The accuracy of the method has been demonstrated to be within 1.5-4.0%.
Thermoluminescence Dosimetry at High Temperature and High Doses
Authors: Barthe J. , Hickman C. , Heindl R. , Portal G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The increasingly wide spread use of electronuclear energy has led to the need for an improved knowledge of the radiation doses received by various structural materials. Dose rates are particularly high in regions in the vicinity of the core of a reactor, steam generators and the pool in which spent fuel elements are stored; high dose rates will also be encountered at high-level waste disposal sites. In most, involving gamma radiations resulting from the de-activation of fission products, thermal conditions can be problematic: temperatures as high as 300 oC can be reached inside the core or steam generators. Preliminary tests performed in high-level waste disposal environments suggest that similar temperatures are likely to be reached. Thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry can be employed if certain conditions are satisfied: the TL products must possess at least one deep trap and must also be sensitive over a sufficiently wide dynamic range. The following materials have been investigated for this purpose: dysprosium doped calcium sulphate powder, alumina and cerium doped ceramic glasses. The maximum dose measurable depends on the material employed and ranges from a fraction of a kilogray for alumina, to a few kilograys for calcium sulphate and cerium doped glasses. A comparative study of the various available products has been performed in order to define the limits and to optimise their use.
Study of TL Response in Heavily Irradiated Rock Salt
Authors: Ortega X. , Dies X. , de las Cuevas C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Within the framework of the CEC R&D Programme 'Management and Storage of Radioactive Waste', the study of the generation of radiation damage in heavily irradiated rock salt is being carried out. This work describes the experiments carried out for the validation of the TL techniqus, in the assessment of the phenomena related to the energy absorbed by the rock salt, due to the high levels of irradiation. The samples analysed are natural rock salt coming from the Sallent mine (Spain). The chemical composition of the rocks is, in all cases, higher than 90% NaCl, having small amounts of SO4, Mg, K, Br and Sr as major impurities. A first set of irradiations was performed at the laboratory with a source of 137Cs. The doses reached were lower than 20Gy. A second set of irradiations was performed at an industrial facility with a source of 60Co, achieving doses up to 2.5 MGy. Afterwards the irradiated samples were analysed with TL and optical absorption techniques. The results have facilitated a study of the glow curves, their evolution in time and the influence of the chemical composition, the absorbed dose, and the absorbed dose rate. These experiments have increased knowledge of the behaviour of heavily irradiated rock salt.
Solvent Effects on the Lyoluminescence of Saccharide Dosemeters
Authors: Pitt E. , Scharmann A. , Suprihadi T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Radiation-induced chemiluminescence (lyoluminescence, LL) of saccharides has been proposed as a method of dosimetry. Its accuracy is highly affected by solvent conditions, such as temperature, oxygen content and acidity. The basic mechanisms controlling LL have been investigated in order to reduce the statistical errors. Singlet oxygen released from disproportionation of peroxyl radicals was proposed as an energy carrier. Two singlet oxygen molecules combine their excitation energy. These collisional pairs are assumed to form the light emission centre. This model is supported by spectral analysis of luminescence emission, but a final decision on the emission process is still pending. The lifetime of singlet oxygen is known to be extended when H2O is replaced by D2O. As a consequence, enhanced LL output is expected. Experimental proof of this effect is reported. Consequences for the model of LL in saccharides are discussed.
Luminescence from Potassium Feldspars Stimulated by Infrared and Green Light
Authors: Duller G.A.T. , Bøtter-Jensen L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A series of experiments are reported which investigate stimulated luminescence from potassium feldspar. The aim is to provide a basic phenomenological description of the response of the material to stimulation by heat, infrared radiation (875 ? 80 nm) and a green light wavelength band from 515 to 560 nm. Two conclusions are drawn: firstly it is suggested that the majority of the trapped charge responsible for the infrared stimulated luminescence signal does not give rise to a thermoluminescence signal, and secondly that a large fraction of the two optically stimulated luminescence signals originate from common traps.
Geometric Domains in Cellular Radiobiology
Authors: Rossi H.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A joint consideration of experimental findings and microdosimetric facts leads to the conclusion that the biological effects of ionising radiations are determined by local concentration of absorbed energy at two types of sites that differ greatly in magnitude. They are of the scale of nanometres in primary DNA damage, and of micrometres in the especially deleterious combinations of damaged DNA fragments. Both kinds depend on LET; however, at the nanometre level the dependence is much smaller. Depending on the relative contribution of the two types, the RBE values for observed biological effects can vary considerably but they may be assumed to be larger for cell transformation than for cell killing.
Assimilation of a Cylindrical Geometry Inside a Rossi Counter
Authors: Hough J.H. , Binns P.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Single event distributions were measured in neutron fields of different energies to appraise the response of Rossi type proportional counters operating in helix mode. Spectra acquired with tissue-equivalent and carbon walled counters operating in conventional and helix modes exemplify the intrinsic differences in chord length distributions for sensitive volumes of different shapes. An active volume in the form of an elongated cylinder was empirically assessed for the helix mode of operation following exposure to a known dose. This volume definition enabled conversion of pulse height data to absorbed dose spectra in lineal energy. Calibration of spectra was possible by identifying cut-off-edges discerned for different particle species. The dosimetric data were consistent with those obtained when running the counters conventionally and demonstrate the suitability of helix mode for time resolved kerma assessments in high energy neutron fields.
Electron Spin Resonance Windows into the Nanometre Landscape
Authors: Izzo G. , Ettinger K.V. , Holowacz J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Ionising radiation leaves radicals and pairs of radicals in irradiated solids. The distance between observed radicals in a pair is between 0.3 and 1.0 nm. Pairs are identifiable by their electron spin resonance spectra and a method is described to calculate the distance between spins. Observations of pairs in dense polyethylene and thymine (at 77K) are described as a function of dose, for irradiations with ? rays and with 32 MeV protons.
Determination of Energy Deposited in Nanometre Sites from Ionisation Data
Authors: Bigildeev E.A. , Lappa A.V. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the ionisation method for determination of various characteristics of energy deposited in small sensitive sites of irradiated objects by ionising radiation. It is shown that traditional ionisation methods supposing the direct proportionality between energy deposited in a site and the number of ionisations in it fails to determine fluctuation characteristics in nanometre sized sites. The exact formulae connecting fluctuation characteristics of deposited energy and those of the number of ionisations, are proposed. The new radiation parameters are defined, in particular, fluctuation generalisations of W value; the most important of them are calculated for radiations of different quality using Monte Carlo techniques. The way to correct theoretical and experimental results obtained by a traditional ionisation method is proposed.
Numerical Calculation of the Radial Distribution of Dose Around the Path of a Heavy Ion
Authors: Zhang C.X. , Liu X.W. , Li M.F. , Luo D.L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The radial dose distribution around the path of a heavy ion has been calculated by numerical integration accounting for the ejection angles of secondary electrons on the basis of classical collision dynamics and the range-energy relationship of a logarithmic polynomial. This results in a single expression for the radial dose valid for all ion energies and in better agreement with the experimental data in the radial distance between 0.1 nm and 10 nm and penumbra radius compared with those calculated using a linear or power-law relationship in the electron range-energy formula.
Radiation Signatures and Radiation Markers
Authors: McGlynn S.P. , Rupnik K. , Varma M.N. , Klasinc L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The distribution of DNA molecular lesions is defined as the histogram of lesion occurrence probability versus lesion type and is termed a molecular lesion spectrum (MLS). The MLSs for 405 nm, 254 nm and ? ray electromagnetic radiations are investigated here, and it is shown that eight, five, four, three and two lesion sets function as very good radiation signatures; that is, MLSs based upon these lesion sets can be used to identify the causal electromagnetic radiation. The approach adopted is based on pattern recognition techniques couched in neural network formalism, the patterns being defined as vectors and their uniqueness described as a degree of vector orthogonality. The minimal lesion set for signature of the three radiations is found to consist of two lesions, thymine dimer (d) and locally multiply damaged site (lmds) lesions. This is a surprising finding, and it works only because the d lesion turns out to be a radiation marker for 254 nm radiation and the lmds lesion to be a radiation marker for ? rays. Since these findings about signatures and markers are important from safety, insurance and medical aspects, it is well to caution that only three radiations, all electromagnetic, have been investigated here. Work on particulate and other electromagnetic radiations is underway.
Indoor Radon Measurements in Anomalous Sites of Piedmont, Italy
Authors: Magnoni M. , Tofani S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This laboratory, responsible for the monitoring of radon environmental pollution in the Piedmont Region (total area 25,400 km2, population (4.5 million), decided to promote surveys in areas where the presence of high radon concentrations is expected. Indoor radon concentrations in houses in the village of Peveragno (CN) were studied. Peveragno is a small centre (400 inhabitants) in the western Alps where there was a uranium mine until the 1960s and where many water sources and wells with a high radon content were found. The measurement techniques employed were based on Kodak LR-115 type II etched track detectors. The number of houses monitored (during summer 1992) was 86, distributed throughout the Peveragno municipality. Usually, two dosimeters were employed for each house, one in the lower floor, the other in the higher. In special cases cellars were also measured. The radon content in public water supplies was also measured. High radon levels were found in many cases: about 13% of all houses monitored showed concentrations above the Reference Level of 400 Bq.m-3, with a maximum of over 24000 Bq.m-3. The results are presented and discussed.
Dosimetry of Non-Ionising Radiation
Authors: Oberhofer (INVITED) M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The increasing application of non-ionising radiations, such as radio- and microwaves, ultrasound, lasers and ultraviolet radiation, for example, requires more and more attention with regard to the dangers associated with their use. For this purpose studies are being performed on an increasing scale which correlate energy fluxes and/or absorption and temperature increases with biological effects. Techniques similar to the dosimetric methods in the field of ionising radiation are being developed which allow exposure limits to be measured. In some instances solid state detectors are utilised. An attempt is made to summarise worldwide efforts to measure non-ionising radiation quantitatively and to develop 'dosimetric' methods.
Estimation of TL Response of Phosphors to Beta Rays by Measuring Energy Spectrum of Absorbed Beta Particles
Authors: Koshijima T. , Nakajima T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The beta energy absorbed in the thermoluminescent (TL) phosphor was determined directly from the difference in the pulse height spectrum between incident and transmitted beta particles to and from the phosphor, in order to examine the sensitivity of commercially available powdered phosphors, LiF (TLD-100) and CaF2:Dy (TLD-200), to beta particles. A beta ray spectrometer equipped with plastic scintillator and GM tube was used, instead of an extrapolation chamber. The TL sensitivity of LiF powder to the beta particles emitted from sources of 45Ca, 204Tl, 90Sr/90Y, and 32P was found to be 0.18-0.22 Gy.µJ-1 per 5 mg of phosphor expressed in equivalent air kerma of 60Co gamma rays. The sensivity of CaF2:Dy powder to beta rays was approximately 8 times that of LiF. It is suggested that a beta dosemeter capable of estimating the beta energy or a two-element or multi-element dosemeter is necessary for measurement of beta dose in a deep skin.