bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SKI AND SNOWBOARD SCHOOL PROGRAMS: INCIDENCE OF GRADE-SPECIFIC INJURY
Authors: Djerboua Maya , Sran R , Mitra T , Russell K , White K , Goulet C , Emery CA , Hagel BE 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundParticipating in school sanctioned skiing and snowboarding programs is a great way to encourage physical activity in youth. However, there is little evidence on the rates of ski and snowboard injuries in school programs. This information is important to inform guidelines on appropriate activities for school physical education programs.ObjectiveTo evaluate incidence of grade group-specific ski and snowboard-related injuries.DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingSki and snowboard school programs hosted at a ski area in Southern Alberta, Canada.ParticipantsStudents partaking in skiing/snowboarding during the 2013–2014 season at a ski area in Southern Alberta (N=16260 visits).Assessment of Risk FactorsRisk factors observed include grade (1–3, 4–6, 7–12), ability (self-rated skill level), sex, activity and socioeconomic status (SES).Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury rates and injury severity. Injury information was extracted from Accident Report Forms completed by the ski patrol. Severe injuries were defined as patient final destination listed as hospital. Rate denominator data were obtained from school enrolment forms.ResultsForty of 107 (24%) injuries reported to the ski patrol were severe. Adolescents (grade 7–12) were found to have a higher crude rate of injury (91/10,000 visits) than children (grades 1–3: 25/10,000 visits; grades 4–6: 25/10,000 visits). When adjusted for other observed risk factors (sex, activity, ability and SES) no significant differences were found for rate of injury between the three grade groups (1–3, 4–6 and 7–12). No severe injuries were observed in the grade 1–3 group.ConclusionsResults indicate that participants in the grade 1–3 group had the lowest crude and adjusted rate of injury and did not sustain any severe injuries. Respectively, the grade 7–12 group had the highest rate of crude injury, both overall and severe. These results will help inform ski and snowboard programs and safety guidelines for physical activity programs in schools.
THE EFFECT OF REPETITIVE KICKING ON KNEE FLEXOR NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION
Authors: Duhig Steven , Williams Morgan , Minett Geoffrey , Opar David , Shield Anthony 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe primary mechanism for hamstring strain injury is high speed running however insults also occur during kicking in which they are more severe.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of 100 drop punt kicks on isokinetic knee flexor strength and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity of biceps femoris (BF) and medial hamstrings (MH).DesignRandomised control study.SettingCommunity level Australian football.ParticipantsThirty-six recreational footballers were recruited.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned to kicking or control groups. Dynamometry was conducted immediately before and after the kicking or 10 minutes of sitting (control).Main Outcome MeasurementsKnee flexor strength and biceps femoris and medial hamstring surface electromyography.ResultsEccentric strength declined more in the kicking than the control group (p<0.001;d=1.60), with greater reductions in eccentric than concentric strength after kicking (p=0.001;d=0.92). No significant between group differences in concentric strength change were observed (p=0.089;d=0.60). The decline in normalized eccentric hamstring sEMG (BF and MH combined) was greater in the kicking than the control group (p<0.001;d=1.78), while changes in concentric hamstring sEMG did not differ between groups (p=0.863;d=0.04). Post-kicking reductions in sEMG were greater in eccentric than concentric actions for both BF (p=0.008;d=0.77) and MH (p<0.001;d=1.11). In contrast, the control group exhibited smaller reductions in eccentric than concentric hamstring sEMG for BF (p=0.026;d=0.64) and MH (p=0.032;d=0.53). Reductions in BF sEMG were correlated with eccentric strength decline (R=0.645; p=0.007).ConclusionsReductions in knee flexor strength and hamstring sEMG are largely limited to eccentric contractions and this should be considered when planning training loads in Australian Football.
PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF AN ATHLETICS INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM ON INJURY COMPLAINTS WITH DECREASED PARTICIPATION IN ATHLETICS: A PILOT PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: EDOUARD Pascal , CUGY Emmanuelle , DOLIN Romain , MOREL Nicolas , STEFFEN Kathrin 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAthletics practice leads risk of injuries with negative consequences on participation. It is therefore important to develop and validate strategies to prevent it.ObjectiveTo determine whether an Athletics Injury Prevention Program (AIPP), targeting the most common athletic injury types (hamstring strain, achilles and patellar tendinopathy, low back pain, ankle sprain), can reduce the occurrence of injury complaints with decreased participation (IC) related to athletics practice.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingRegional- to international-level athletics athletes.ParticipantsA total of 63 athletes, with ≥75% of response rate to a questionnaire with weekly follow-up on AIPP adherence and IC, during one athletics season (43 weeks).InterventionsAn 8-exercise AIPP, addressing core stability, hamstrings and leg eccentric muscle strengthening and stretching, pelvis balance and stabilizing work.Main Outcome MeasurementsAdherence to AIPP, incidence of IC and prevalence of weeks with IC. Relative risks (RR) with 95% CI between two groups: “AIPP+” corresponding to athletes executing AIPP≥1/weekvs.“AIPP-” corresponding to athletes performing AIPP<1/week.ResultsAt short term (12 weeks, n=63 athletes), there was a significant lower incidence of IC in AIPP+ (n=33; 1.5±0.6 AIPP/week) compared to AIPP- (n=30; 0.5±0.3 AIPP/week) (6.1±2.8vs.11.3±4.0 IC per 1000 hours of practice; RR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.30–0.95). At long term (40 weeks, n=40 athletes), there werei)a significant reduction in number of weeks with IC in AIPP+ (n=11; 1.4±0.6 AIPP/week) compared to AIPP− (n=27; 0.6±0.3 AIPP/week) (8.0% vs. 16.4%; RR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.34–0.70), andii)a significant lower incidence of hamstring IC in AIPP+ compared to AIPP− (1.3±1.3 vs. 2.6±1.2 IC per 1000 hours of practice; RR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.02–0.97).ConclusionsAn 8-exercise prevention program, based on a scientific evidence and performed more than once a week, resulted in a protective effect on injury complaints with decreased sport participation at both short and long term.
INJURY RISK IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES DURING 14 INTERNATIONAL ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS
Authors: Edouard Pascal , Feddermann-demont Nina , Alonso Juan-Manuel , Branco Pedro , Junge Astrid 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundDuring top-level international Athletics championships, injury risk was about 100 injuries per 1000 athletes for outdoor championships, and about 63 injuries per 1000 athletes for indoors championships. However, it is unclear whether male or female athletes differ in risk and/or characteristics of injuries.ObjectiveTo compare the incidences and characteristics of injuries that occurred during international Athletics championships between female and male athletes.DesignProspective study.Setting14 international athletics championships from 2007 to 2014; Elite athletics level.ParticipantsA total of 17592 registered athletes.Main Outcome MeasurementsIncidences of all (time-loss) injuries in male and female athletes.ResultsThe rate of injuries per 1000 registered athletes was significantly higher in male (110.3±6.8) than in female (88.5±6.7) athletes (relative risk (RR)=1.25; 95% CI:1.13–1.37, small effect size). Male athletes incurred significantly more injuries in the thigh (RR=1.64; 95% CI:1.32–2.05, small), lower leg (RR=1.36; 95% CI:1.05–1.75, small) and hip/groin injuries (RR=2.26; 95% CI:1.31–3.88, moderate), more muscle strains (RR=1.64; 95% CI:1.33–2.04, small), cramps (RR=1.81; 95% CI:1.35–2.43, small), and especially more thigh strains (RR=1.66; 95% CI:1.25–2.19, small), but fewer stress fractures (RR=0.32; 95% CI:0.12–0.81, moderate) than female athletes. A higher injury risk of male than of female athletes was observed in sprints (RR=1.32; 95% CI:1.06–1.66, small), middle distance runs (RR=1.48; 95% CI:1.06–2.06, small), race walks (RR=2.55; 95% CI:1.27–5.10, moderate), and jumps (RR=2.13; 95% CI:1.53–2.97, moderate). No sex difference was found for cause and severity of injury.ConclusionsDuring 14 top-level international Athletics championships, male athletes had higher risk of injuries than female athletes. Moreover, injury incidences differed between sexes for location, type, and discipline. Males suffered more thigh strains than female athletes. Prevention strategies will likely need to take sex into account and where appropriate, be adapted to the differences in injury characteristics between female and male athletes.
THE EFFECT OF NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISE ON HAMSTRING INJURY IN PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION
Authors: Evans Kate , Williams Morgan 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe incidence of hamstring injuries (HSI) in professional rugby union is high. Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been utilised within HSI prevention programmes. To date, little is known about the effect of NHE on HSI in professional rugby.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of a HSI prevention programme on Nordic eccentric strength (NES), injury incidence and severity in professional rugby union.DesignProspective time series design that involved measures of NES obtained throughout the 2015–2016 rugby season whist undertaking a hamstring strengthening intervention.SettingProfessional rugby union.Patients (or Participants)50 professional male rugby union players.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)One session of 3 sets 3–6reps NHE in addition to normal posterior chain strengthening exercises weekly.Main Outcome MeasurementsNES was measured at 3 monthly intervals through the season using a commercial device. HSI incidence and severity (days lost) were compared between two seasons.ResultsFrom June 2015 to June 2016 NES remained stable (n=31; 5N; 95%CI=−52 to 42N; P=0.821; ES=0.06). Imbalance, however, reduced by 9% (95% CI=3 to 15% (n=31; P=0.005; ES=0.72). For season 2014–2015, number of HSI were 5.2/ 1000 match hours and 0.25/1000 training hours (total of 0.67/1000 hours). During the intervention season, HSI incidence was halved during match play (2.63/1000 match hours) yet, training HSI were 0.37/1000 hours giving a total incidence of 0.56/1000 hours. HSI severity reduced from 124 d in the 2014–2015 season to 99 d in the 2015–2016 season.ConclusionsOne weekly NHE session successfully reduced match incidence, overall incidence and severity of HSI in professional rugby union. NES remained stable through the intervention and imbalance demonstrated significant reductions. Retention testing at the end of the 4 week off-season period revealed NES had returned to baseline, however imbalance remained significantly reduced.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WEEKLY E-DIARY FOR SELF-REPORTED INJURIES AND ILLNESSES IN PARALYMPIC SPORTS: THE SPORTS-RELATED INJURIES AND ILLNESSES IN PARALYMPIC SPORT STUDY (SRIIPSS)
Authors: Fagher Kristina , Jacobsson Jenny , Timpka Toomas , Dahlström Örjan , Lexell Jan 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundFew studies have longitudinally assessed the epidemiology of sports-related injuries and illnesses in Paralympic sport (SRIIPS).ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to develop and test a weekly e-diary for self-reports of SRIIPS in an electronic system specifically adapted for Paralympic athletes with various impairments.DesignProspective cohort pilot study.SettingParalympic athletes.Patients (or Participants)Twenty-eight Swedish Paralympic athletes with vision (n=11), physical (n=15) and intellectual impairments (n=2) active in in 11 sports.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)The athletes were asked to self-report SRIIPS, pain, anxiety, training load and exposure weekly during 4 weeks.Main Outcome MeasurementsSystem usability indicators and SRIIPS.ResultsThe average weekly response rate was 95%. One athlete dropped out. There were few missing data and a majority could respond to all questions. The system worked well for athletes with physical and intellectual impairment. Some visually impaired athletes perceived it difficult to respond to multiple-choice questions. Ten of the athletes found it partly difficult to define a new injury. Fifteen new injuries and fourteen new illnesses were reported, giving a cumulative incidence of 1.8 injuries/100 hours and 1.7 illnesses/100 hours of athlete exposure. A total of 80% of the injuries were related to overuse. The typical injury severity was 1–3 days time loss of training. In 20% of the injuries and 21% of the illnesses the impairment was involved in the cause.ConclusionsThis is the first study of self-reported SRIIPS. Overall, the proposed method and variables worked satisfactory. The electronic data collection system needs to be adjusted to visually impaired athletes and injury definitions need to be explained in more detail and examples provided. Based on this, we prepare a prospective longitudinal study (1 year) with the aim to estimate the annual self-reported incidence of SRIIPS.
95% PREVALENCE OF ABNORMALITY ON HIP MRI IN ELITE ACADEMY LEVEL RUGBY UNION; A CLINICAL AND IMAGING STUDY OF HIP DISORDERS
Authors: Farrell Gareth , Wilson F , Denvir K , O'Connell B , Irwin E , Gissane C , McGrath F 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundHip disorders are common in field based athletes. To date there have been no studies profiling hips in elite level rugby.ObjectiveIdentify the prevalence of hip disorders (clinical and imaging) in elite academy rugby union players comparing to active controls.DesignCross-sectional, case-control study.SettingProfessional Rugby Union Club.Patients (or Participants)20 male professional Rugby Academy players and 20 age, activity and gender matched controls. Exclusion criteria were previous hip surgery, or hip, groin, or lumbar pathology within the previous six months.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Participants were assessed on a single day using a HAGOS questionnaire, clinical tests (FABER and Thomas Test) and range of motion of the hip. The rugby playing cohort underwent dedicated non-arthrographic 3T MRI of the hip in three plains. Images were blind reviewed by two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists. Controls were clinically tested only.Main Outcome MeasurementsPrevalence of hip Symptoms (HAGOS), clinical tests and range of motion of the hip and prevalence of abnormality on MRI.ResultsThe rugby cohort had significantly reduced hip rotation range, extension and FABER scores compared to the controls. Symptoms were reported by 65% of rugby players versus 15% in controls. There was a 95% prevalence of abnormality on MRI, 80% labral pathology, 60% CAM deformity and 25% had chondral wear.ConclusionsThere was a high prevalence of hip abnormality (95%) on MRI in rugby players (80% labral pathology, 60% CAM defect). The percentage reporting symptoms was lower at 65% although this was significantly higher than (non-rugby) matched controls at 15%. Rugby players demonstrated significantly reduced range of movement of the hip compared to controls. Further prospective research is required.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BACK PAIN IN SPORTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Fett Daniela , Trompeter Katharina , Platen Petra 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundBack pain (BP) is a frequent health problem in the general population resulting in enormous costs for the health care system. It is also one of the most frequently occurring complaints in sports.ObjectiveTo determine lifetime prevalence (LTP), 12-months prevalence (12-mP) and point prevalence (PP) of BP regarding the pain intensity and the localization at the spine in German elite athletes compared to an active control group (CG) and to identify potential risk factors for BP.DesignThe study was designed as a cross-sectional retrospective survey.SettingA validated online BP questionnaire (Kourinka, 1987; von Korff, 1992) was sent by the German Olympic Sports Confederation to approximately 4,000 athletes, and to a CG of 253 physically active but non-elite sports students.ParticipantsN=1114 athletes (m=46.5%, f=53.1%, 20.9±4.8 years, 176.5±11.5 cm, 71.0±10.3 kg) and 166 physically active students (m=74.7%, f=24.1%, 21.2±2.0 years, 180.0±8.0 cm, 74.0±14.5 kg) took part.Main Outcome MeasurementsLTP, 12-mP, PP and risk factors of BP were determined.ResultsLTP of BP was 88.5%, 12-mP was 81.1% and PP was 49.0%, compared with 80.7%, 70.0% and 42.8%, respectively in the CG. The LTP and 12-mP in athletes were significantly higher than in the CG. The most often occurred localization was the lower back. Regarding the sports disciplines individually LTP of BP ranged between 58–100%. High prevalence rates of 95–100% were found in fencing, rowing, water-polo, diving, shooting and dancing.ConclusionsFindings indicate that BP is a present problem in athletes. Especially sports with high mechanical loads on the spine seem to be affected. Athletes, physicians and coaches should be aware of this, and seek to identify specific prevention programs, especially in high-risk sports. These programs should be part of elite athletes' daily training.Acknowledgement:The study was supported by the Federal Institute for Sport Science, Germany (ZMVI1–080102A/11–18).
THE WOMEN'S INJURY SURVEILLANCE EXTENSION FOR AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL (FOOTYWISE)
Authors: Fortington Lauren , Donaldson Alex , Finch Caroline 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundFemale participation in Australian football (AF) has increased substantially over the last 5 years. Measures for reducing injury, whether through coaching, training or rules, are currently based on anecdotal injury experiences and research from male participants. To ensure the safety of female participants, consideration of their specific injury profile is required.ObjectiveTo provide the first understanding of injury in women's AF.DesignTwo approaches were used. [1] compilation of four data sources: hospital-admissions, emergency department presentations, insurance claims, club-based collection; [2] online self-report survey of the worst injury sustained in the previous season.SettingAustralia-widePatients (or Participants)Female AF participants.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Not applicable.Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury frequencies, injury types.ResultsThe survey provided information on 431 self-considered ‘worst’ injuries. Over half (55%) were lower limb injuries of which joint ligament tears/sprains (29%), muscle strains (18%) and fractures (13%) dominated. The knee (18%), hand/fingers (16%), and ankle (14%) were most common body parts injured. Concussion comprised 6% of all injuries. Upper limb injuries were featured in the hospital admissions (n=500 injuries in total) and emergency presentations (n=1879), 47% and 51% of all injuries, respectively. These were largely wrist/hand injuries (32% and 40%). Most (65%) insurance claim injuries (n=522) involved the lower limb, 27% for knee ligament damage. A high proportion of concussions (33%) were reported in the club collected data (n=49).ConclusionsThree injuries of particular significance were identified (knee joint ligament injuries, concussion, and wrist/hand/finger fractures, dislocations and sprains), which differ from key injuries identified in men's football where lower limb muscle strains are most prevalent, particularly hamstring/groin strains. A comprehensive prospective injury study in women's Australian football is now needed to support a robust collection of injury data, with a focus on identifying the cause and injury rates.
TIBIOFEMORAL LATERAL COMPARTMENT'S MORPHOLOGY AS A RISK FACTOR: A RADIOGRAPHIC COMPARISON BETWEEN ACL-RUPTURED AND NON-INJURED SUBJECTS
Authors: Andrade Renato , Vasta Sebastiano , Pereira Rogério , Leal Ana , Silva Luís , Saavedra Cátia , Bastos Ricardo , Rocha Rui , Monteiro Alberto , Sevivas Nuno , Papalia Rocco , Espregueira-Mendes João 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundTibiofemoral bone morphology has been proposed as a potential risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, with recent increasing interest in the lateral femoral condyle.ObjectiveInvestigate several tibiofemoral bone morphology measurements as risk factors for rupturing the ACL.DesignRetrospective case–control study.SettingClinical setting.Patients (or Participants)200 ACL-ruptured patients and 200 normal subjects without history of previous knee injuries, with a mean age of 24 years old.Main Outcome MeasurementsPresence or not of ACL rupture.Assessment of Risk FactorsRadiographic measurements of the distal epiphysis/diaphysis of the femur and proximal epiphysis of the tibia were performed, including: anteroposterior-flattened surface of the femur's lateral condyle; femur's diaphysis anteroposterior distance; anteroposterior distance of the femur's lateral condyle; height of the femur's lateral condyle; anteroposterior distance of the tibial plateaus; tibial slope. In addition, three morphological ratios were calculated.ResultsMost of the bone morphological parameters were different between genders (P<0.001). Similarly, there were significant differences between ACL-ruptured and control subjects (P<0.001), either for total sample or subgrouped by gender. Logistic regression model showed that 5 bone morphological parameters were significantly associated with ACL rupture (AUC=0.967, P<0.001). The calculated ratios showed significant accuracy in identifying individuals with higher risk of sustaining an ACL injury (P<0.001).ConclusionsSeveral tibiofemoral bone morphology radiographic measurements are associated with an ACL rupture. Morphological ratios based on these measurements seem to identify individuals at higher risk of sustaining an ACL rupture. These findings might contribute to health counselling on level of sports participation. Moreover, it may help to identify individuals who may benefit the most from secondary prevention programs, where the risk of new injury is very high.