bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Faces of Innovation Competition: Choosing the Framework for Horizontal Merger Assessment
Authors: Puccioni de Oliveira Lyra Marcos , Cabral Pires-Alves Camila 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article discusses the assessment of horizontal mergers and harm to innovation when there is innovation competition. The goal is to establish a methodology for selecting the appropriate analytical framework for each situation, outlining mechanisms for recognizing innovation competition, defining relevant markets, evaluating the competitive significance of firms, identifying suitable theories of harm, and gathering pertinent evidence for each scenario. We review the literature on Competition Policy and on Economics of Innovation and take examples from the US and European case law. We also briefly discuss the strategic management literature to provide insights for the assessment. Considering post-merger reductions on innovation incentives as harm to innovation, we find differences of traditional merger procedure adequacy and challenges to build evidence, considering three faces of innovation, including possible combinations of these faces within a same merger case: (i) continuous innovation efforts in the product market, (ii) ongoing innovation efforts for developing new products, and (iii) future innovation efforts. In instances where the conventional approach to mergers falls short, exploring a capabilities-based assessment is recommended. Given the gaps found in the existing literature, we provide insights to the analysis as steps towards an agenda of capabilities-based merger assessment.
The constellations of design: Architects’ practice modalities when working with embodied individuals and virtual collectives in later life facilities in the UK
Authors: Annandale Ellen , Nettleton Sarah , Martin Daryl , Buse Christina , Beynon-Jones Siân 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Architects’ practice is characterized by a narrative of progressive unease about lack of autonomy coupled with a recent steer from professional figureheads towards the benefits of connected ways of working with other occupations, such as contractors and developers, rather than boundary protection. We explore this through a study of UK architects working on residential facilities for later life, involving semi-structured interviews with architects and ethnographic fieldwork of two building projects followed over time. We show that architects experience key stakeholders in their intersection on two axes: as ‘virtual-embodied’ and ‘individual(s)-collective(s)’. Facility end-users (residents, staff) are encountered more commonly in virtual (abstract) than in embodied (tangible, visible) form, and as collectives rather than as individuals (as ‘virtual collectives’). In juxtaposition, they tend to encounter clients (facility owners, developers), building contractors, and planners in embodied rather than virtual form and as individuals rather than as collectives (as ‘embodied individuals’). We explore the consequences for architects’ ‘practice modalities’, broadly defined as how something happens, is done, or is experienced. We show that ‘embodied individuals’ foster a practice modality of ‘dependency and contingency’ where stakeholders tend to have more sway, whereas ‘virtual communities’ enable a practice modality of ‘autonomy and personal artistry’. However, ‘embodied individuals’ and ‘virtual collectives’ are mutually informing rather than independent sets of relationships; that is, they bear on each other during the architect’s work, sometimes in challenging, even conflicting, ways. An analysis of how architects navigate this helps to understand how a build evolves as it does from architects’ perspectives.
A noisy-input generalized additive model for relative sea-level change along the Atlantic coast of North America
Authors: Upton Maeve , Parnell Andrew , Kemp Andrew , Ashe Erica , McCarthy Gerard , Cahill Niamh 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We propose a Bayesian, noisy-input, spatial–temporal generalized additive model to examine regional relative sea-level (RSL) changes over time. The model provides probabilistic estimates of component drivers of regional RSL change via the combination of a univariate spline capturing a common regional signal over time, random slopes and intercepts capturing site-specific (local), long-term linear trends and a spatial–temporal spline capturing residual, non-linear, local variations. Proxy and instrumental records of RSL and corresponding measurement errors inform the model and a noisy-input method accounts for proxy temporal uncertainties. Results highlight the decomposition of regional RSL changes over 3,000 years along North America’s Atlantic coast. The physical process glacial isostatic adjustment prevailed before 1800 CE, with anthropogenic forcing dominating after 1900 CE.
Decoding the root lignification mechanism of Angelica sinensis through genome-wide DNA methylation analysis
Authors: Yuan Chengxiao , Li Lesong , Zhou Pinhan , Xiang Chunfan , Huang Chunli , Huang Guilin , Liu Guanze , Li Mengfei , Yang Shengchao , Liang Yanli , Zhao Yan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Angelica sinensis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with significant economic and medicinal value. Early bolting and flowering can occur during the second year of the vegetative growth period, rendering the roots unviable for medicinal use and resulting in substantial economic losses. Consequently, there is growing interest in studying the molecular mechanisms underlying early bolting and increased root lignification in A. sinensis. Here, we conducted whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and observed an increase in whole-genome DNA methylation levels after bolting. Comparative analysis revealed differential methylation patterns of genic regions and transposable elements in the upstream, gene body, and downstream regions in the context of CG, CHG, and CHH, suggesting a possible association between CHH-type methylation of promoters and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, combined analysis of transcriptomic and methylomics data revealed a positive correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression. We identified the hyperDMR gene in the CHH context within the promoter region of key gene AsCOMT1, which exhibits a dual catalytic activity and facilitates the synthesis of both ferulic acid and lignin. Enzyme kinetic analysis demonstrated that AsCOMT1 preferentially catalyses the synthesis of lignin monomer precursors. These findings highlight the important regulatory role of DNA methylation in bolting and the synthesis of secondary metabolites in A. sinensis, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanism.
Entry into the Market
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Baldwin Edward , Banet Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the challenges faced by independent power producers (IPPs) when entering new energy markets. It examines the differences between deregulating and regulated markets and outlines the hurdles IPPs encounter in gaining market access in both types of jurisdictions. It also stresses the importance of competition in deregulated markets and the regulatory tools used to address market power abuse. The chapter demonstrates how IPPs can participate in regulated markets through power purchase agreements (PPAs) and outlines the technical and financial prequalification processes involved. It describes the role of prequalification in international economic law and its relationship with local content requirements in renewable energy projects and points out the importance of conducting environmental and human rights due diligence in both deregulated and regulated markets.
Payment Terms and Financial Support Structures in Cost-of-service Markets
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Baldwin Edward , Banet Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter compares market design and financial support mechanisms in deregulated and cost-of-service markets for promoting renewable generation. While deregulated markets use these mechanisms alongside potential distortions like feed-in tariffs, the cost-of-service markets rely more on governmental control and view independent power producers (IPPs) as service providers. It details how deregulated and cost-of-service markets share overlaps in payment terms and face potential over-compensation issues. The chapter reviews the auction and tender processes, which were shown to be effective in both German deregulated and Brazilian cost-of-service markets. It considers renewable auctions as the best practice for setting renewable price terms and financial support in both deregulated and cost-of-service markets.
Construction of Renewable Power Projects
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Baldwin Edward , Banet Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the commercial aspects of how independent power producers construct renewable power projects. It addresses the commercial framework for constructing renewable energy projects, beginning with utility-scale solar as a model due to its common use of engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contracts. It also discusses smaller-scale solar and non-utility-scale projects that face different but equally fundamental construction challenges. Drawing from the open solar contracts of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the chapter serves as a model for commercial contracting in the renewables sector. It supports the goal of increasing global renewable energy penetration through both large utility-scale projects and smaller projects that provide electricity access to populations suffering from energy poverty.
Joint Operations in Renewable Energy Projects
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Baldwin Edward , Banet Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the operation of renewable energy projects involving multiple stakeholders, focusing on key commercial structuring concerns for financing and operation. It analyzes the regulatory context of operations and addresses the overlap between regulation and commercial concerns, particularly through the lens of joint operations. It outlines the economics of joint operations and explains why multiple parties might jointly operate a power project. Drawing from the open solar contracts initiative, the chapter considers relevant agreements like the operating and management agreement, the power purchase agreement, and the implementation agreement. It compares solutions in the renewables sector with those in the hydrocarbons sector, suggesting that the hydrocarbons experience can provide insights into resolving challenges of joint operations in renewables.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Regimes
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Baldwin Edward , Banet Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter highlights the significant and continuing impact of insolvency on renewable energy projects, sponsors, and lenders. It covers the renewable energy industry, which is characterized by rapid evolution and uncertainty that stems from both over-regulation and under-regulation. It also discusses insolvency risks that are compounded by the industry’s reliance on government support and technological challenges. The chapter looks at differences in insolvency rules among jurisdictions that can have profound effects on projects and emphasizes the importance of proactive risk management. It underscores the need for stakeholders to be vigilant and strategic in addressing the challenges posed by insolvency in renewable energy projects.
Conclusion
Authors: Sourgens Frédéric G , Baldwin Edward , Banet Catherine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses renewable energy’s global significance and proposes transnational principles for its governance, emphasizing the need to reduce risks in renewable energy projects through a transnational legal regime. It highlights the vital role of the global energy industry in the transition, given its expertise in developing new energy value chains around renewables. It also stresses the importance of global collaboration and innovation in navigating the energy transition successfully. The chapter challenges the notion of renewable energy as exclusive to clubs and market leaders, favouring a more egalitarian approach with a focus on independent power producers. It highlights the contributions of various states and companies to renewable energy development, suggesting a lasting shift towards renewables globally.
The complex landscape of immune dysregulation in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19
Authors: Guo Jing , Wang Lie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children are still under investigation. While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually mild in the paediatric population, some children develop severe clinical manifestations or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) after infection. MIS-C, typically emerging 2–6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, is characterized by a hyperinflammatory response affecting multiple organs. This review aims to explore the complex landscape of immune dysregulation in MIS-C, focusing on innate, T cell-, and B cell-mediated immunity, and discusses the role of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a superantigen in MIS-C pathophysiology. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving the management and outcomes for affected children.
Ultra-fast Digital DPC Yielding High Spatio-temporal Resolution for Low-Dose Phase Characterization
Authors: Bekkevold Julie Marie , Peters Jonathan J P , Ishikawa Ryo , Shibata Naoya , Jones Lewys 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the scanning transmission electron microscope, both phase imaging of beam-sensitive materials and characterization of a material’s functional properties using in situ experiments are becoming more widely available. As the practicable scan speed of 4D-STEM detectors improves, so too does the temporal resolution achievable for both differential phase contrast (DPC) and ptychography. However, the read-out burden of pixelated detectors, and the size of the gigabyte to terabyte sized data sets, remain a challenge for both temporal resolution and their practical adoption. In this work, we combine ultra-fast scan coils and detector signal digitization to show that a high-fidelity DPC phase reconstruction can be achieved from an annular segmented detector. Unlike conventional analog data phase reconstructions from digitized DPC-segment images yield reliable data, even at the fastest scan speeds. Finally, dose fractionation by fast scanning and multi-framing allows for postprocess binning of frame streams to balance signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution for low-dose phase imaging for in situ experiments.
Evaluation of Saccadic Component Measure on Smooth Pursuit Tests
Authors: King John E , Pape Marcy M , Keenan Justin , Zhang Dong 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Despite the advancement of eye-tracking technology for smooth pursuit (SP) eye movement evaluation, qualitative observation offers much information that is not captured by computers; hence, both objective and qualitative information should be utilized to evaluate SP. This study examined the consistency among our clinicians when evaluating SP using normal (N), grossly normal (GN), mildly abnormal (MA), and abnormal (AB) as classifications. We then evaluated the effect of combining GN and MA into a single subclinical (SUBC) category. We also evaluated the computerized percent saccade (PS) metric by determining its sensitivity and specificity in classifying SP.

Materials and Methods
Retrospective horizontal and vertical SP test videos and numerical data for 70 participants were obtained from the Neuro Kinetics Neuro-Otologic Test Center and de-identified. From this, eye-tracking videos, time plots of eye-tracking positional data, and tables of SP eye-tracking performance data were generated for 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 Hz in both horizontal and vertical planes, totaling 6 tests per subject. Three clinicians rated each subject’s SP performance as N, GN, MA, or AB for a total of 6 ratings (3 frequencies, horizontal and vertical). This process was repeated using N, SUBC, and AB as rating categories. Clinicians also provided an overall SP rating for each plane as follows: AB if the results were abnormal for 2 or more frequencies tested. Alternatively, if fewer than 2 frequencies presented with a rating of AB, then an overall rating of MA, GN, or N was determined at the respective clinician’s discretion.

Results
When the 3 clinicians were tasked with classifying SP videos using 4 clinical categories, fair overall agreement was demonstrated. However, when MA and GN categories were combined into an SUBC category, the overall agreement for the 3 clinicians improved slightly for both horizontal SP (HSP) and vertical SP (VSP). This pattern of agreement did not differ considerably when comparing HSP versus VSP, and good consistency and reliability was observed across clinicians. Again, inter-rater consistency was smaller for VSP versus HSP despite the reduction in clinical categories. Cut-off values were generated for the PS metric and demonstrated good specificity and sensitivity when they were exceeded for 2 or more frequencies in a particular plane when evaluating a subject’s SP test.

Conclusions
The Health of Children in U.S. Military Families: Evaluation of the 2020-21 National Survey of Children’s Health
Authors: Crouch Elizabeth , Bennett Kevin , Boswell Emma , Odahowski Cassie 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The health of children and adolescents, particularly children of military families, is instrumental for military departments; yet, there has not been an examination on the overall physical health status, or access to health care, among children of military families compared to children of civilian families.

Materials and Methods
This study used the 2020-2021 National Survey of Children’s Health, children aged 0–17 years, to examine the association between military status of the caregiver of the child and the child’s health status, financial stability, and health care access via health insurance coverage (n = 90,711 children). Bivariate analyses used Pearson’s chi-squared tests and were weighted to be nationally representative. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the association between military status and selected health outcomes.

Results
In unadjusted analyses, we found that children who had ever had a caregiver serve on active duty were overall more financially stable than children with a civilian caregiver, with children of military families less likely to reside below the federal poverty level and more likely to have continuous health insurance coverage. We also found that children with a caregiver who has ever been on active duty were more likely to have reported mental health needs and more likely to have special health care needs than their civilian counterparts. In adjusted analyses, children with a caregiver who has ever been on active duty were more likely to have special health care needs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.36) and mental health needs (aOR 1.22; 95% CI 1.10–1.35).

Conclusions
This is the first study, to our knowledge, to do a national examination of overall physical and mental health, as well as specific health conditions and access to health care, among children of military families compared to their civilian counterparts. The findings from this study may be instructive for policymakers and stakeholders in evaluating special needs and mental health resources for military families and improve continuity of health care access through insurance coverage to improve the health of all U.S. children and adolescents.
Evaluation of an in-house pan-Malassezia quantitative PCR in human clinical samples
Authors: Euzen Victor , Ghelfenstein-Ferreira Théo , Benhadid-Brahmi Yasmine , Teboul Alexandra , Dellière Sarah , Benderdouche Mazouz , Charlier Véronique , Desnos-Ollivier Marie , Hamane Samia , Alanio Alexandre 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Althought Malassezia spp. have been involved in various pathologies, they are an integral part of the cutaneous, gut, oral, ears, nose and throat (ENT) mycobiota. Since Malassezia are difficult to grow in culture, unexhaustive molecular biology methods have been developed to detect them. The aim of the study was to evaluate an in-house pan-Malassezia quantitative polymerase chain reaction (panM-qPCR) on various clinical human samples and determine Malassezia burden in various human mycobiota. The panM-qPCR was designed to target the repeated 28S rDNA gene from all Malassezia species. We used the assay to quantify the Malassezia burden on 361 samples from 161 subjects (80 skin swabs from 10 healthy volunteers (HV), 13 samples from 2 seborrheic dermatitis patients (SD), 90 skin samples from 19 burned patients, 119 stool samples from 89 immunocompromised patients, 59 ENT samples from 41 patients). For HV, the amount of Malassezia was different according to the swabbed areas. Quantification cycle (Cq) in SD is lower than in HV. In burned patients, Cq was significantly lower compared to HV. In stool samples, 6.7% were positive for Malassezia spp. with a high Cq. For the ENT area, a higher proportion of positive specimens were detected in ear samples than in nose samples. Our findings emphasized the importance of qPCR, confirming elevated Malassezia spp. levels on individuals' faces and scalps, increased burden in SD patients and in severely burnt patients than in HV. The pan-MqPCR appears to be a promising tool for studying Malassezia in various human mycobiota.
The effects of stellar and AGN feedback on the cosmic star formation history in the simba simulations
Authors: Scharré Lucie , Sorini Daniele , Davé Romeel 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
Using several variants of the cosmological simba simulations, we investigate the impact of different feedback prescriptions on the cosmic star formation history. Adopting a global-to-local approach, we link signatures seen in global observables, such as the star formation rate density (SFRD) and the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF), to feedback effects in individual galaxies. We find a consistent picture: stellar feedback mainly suppresses star formation below halo masses of $M_{\rm H} = 10^{12} \rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ and before $z = 2$, whereas AGN feedback quenches the more massive systems after $z = 2$. Among simba’s AGN feedback modes, AGN jets are the dominant quenching mechanism and set the shape of the SFRD and the GSMF at late times. AGN-powered winds only suppress the star formation rate in intermediate-mass galaxies ($M_{\rm \star } = 10^{9.5 - 10} \rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$), without affecting the overall stellar mass-assembly significantly. At late times, the AGN X-ray feedback mode mainly quenches residual star formation in massive galaxies. Our analysis reveals that this mode is also necessary to produce the first fully quenched galaxies before $z=2$, where the jets alone are inefficient. These initially highly star-forming galaxies contain relatively large black holes, likely strengthening the X-ray-powered heating and ejection of gas from the dense, central region of galaxies. Such extra heating source quenches the local star formation and produces a more variable accretion rate. More generally, this effect also causes the break down of correlations between the specific star formation rate, the accretion rate and the black hole mass.