bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
474 Longitudinal assessment of Salmonella enterica prevalence and concentration throughout the gastrointestinal tract of finishing beef steers with and without liver abscesses
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , Broadway Rand R , Line Dalton J , Hanratty Ashlee Noelle , Childress Kallie D , Thompson-Smith Aubrey , Manahan Jeff L , McDaniel Zach S , Canterbury Landon , Sanchez Nicole C Burdick , Galyean Michael , Hales Kristin E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our objective was to longitudinally assess the presence and quantity of Salmonella enterica throughout the gastrointestinal tract of finishing beef steers with and without liver abscesses (LA). Crossbred steers [n = 225; initial body weight (BW) = 353 ± 39 kg] were used in an observational case-control design with individual steer designated as the experimental unit. Nasal, ruminal fluid, and fecal samples were collected at feedlot arrival, 1 wk after adaptation to the finishing diet, and the day before harvest at a commercial abattoir. Healthy and abscessed liver tissue samples were collected at harvest. Steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet without tylosin phosphate. After harvest, LA prevalence was determined, and steers were sorted into those with and without LA. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Overall, LA prevalence was 18.7% (n = 42). Nasal Salmonella prevalence was 34.4% but did not differ between steers with or without LA (P = 0.73), and nasal Salmonella concentrations did not differ between treatments (P = 0.85) or collection day (P = 0.50). Ruminal fluid Salmonella prevalence was 73.7% but did not differ between treatments (P = 0.83). From feedlot arrival to harvest, ruminal fluid Salmonella concentration and prevalence decreased (P &lt; 0.01). Fecal Salmonella prevalence tended (P = 0.09) to be 6.4% greater in steers with LA. Conversely, fecal Salmonella concentration tended (P = 0.07) to be 5.9% greater in steers without LA. Fecal Salmonella prevalence was greatest after transition to the finishing diet (P &lt; 0.01), whereas fecal Salmonella concentration was greatest before harvest (P &lt; 0.01). Liver Salmonella prevalence was 9.8% and 6.5% for steers with and without LA, respectively, but did not differ between treatments (P = 0.47). Similarly, liver Salmonella concentrations did not differ in steers with or without LA (P = 0.18). Overall, these data suggest Salmonella concentration and prevalence were affected by time on feed, but not indicative of LA formation.
473 Evaluation of hematology outcomes as indicators of liver abscess formation in beef × dairy cross steers
Authors: Lawrence Macy T , Broadway Rand R , Sanchez Nicole C Burdick , Lawrence Ty , Nagaraja T G , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Galyean Michael , Hales Kristin E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate hematological measurements that could be indicative of liver abscesses (LA) in weaned beef × dairy cross steers. Beef × dairy cross steers [n = 40; initial body weight (BW) = 120 ± 12 kg] were sourced from a local dairy calf ranch and transported 166 km to the USDA-ARS Livestock Issues Research Unit Liberty Farm near Lubbock, TX (d -16). Calves were initially housed outside in soil-surfaced pens for 16 d with ad libitum access to water and high-forage receiving diet before being moved into individual pens within an environmentally controlled barn (d 0). While housed in the barn, calves were cycled between a high-forage diet (2 d) and a high-concentrate finishing diet (3 d) for 3 cycles. Additionally, calves were administered Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum (4.25 x 106 CFU in 100 mL) and Salmonella enterica serotype Lubbock (1.29 x 106 CFU in 100 mL) intraruminally on d 0, 5, and 10. Following the last inoculation on d 10, calves were fed the high concentrate finishing diet for the remainder of the study. Whole blood samples for measurement of complete blood counts were collected via jugular venipuncture on d 0, 10, 21 and 30. On d 31, calves were harvested to determine LA prevalence. Fifty percent of calves developed at least one LA. Complete blood count analysis revealed day effects (P ≤ 0.03) for all variables, with the exception of basophil percentage (P = 0.06; Table 1). Prevalence of a liver abscess was associated with increased (P &lt; 0.01) neutrophil count, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil percentage, concomitant with decreased (P ≤ 0.04) lymphocyte percentage, and monocyte percentage. Additionally, a tendency (P = 0.09) was observed for decreased red blood cells in calves with a LA compared with those without. These data suggest that changes in neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations within the blood may be indicative of LA prevalence in beef × dairy steer calves and hold potential as predictive markers for LA.
154 Forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef cows supplemented with a Bacillus-based probiotic
Authors: Marques Rodrigo , Limede Arnaldo C Cintra , Cruz Vinicius Alves , Ogg Makayla A , Cidrini Iorrano A , de Queiroz Amanda Caroliny Marques de Caroliny Marques , Cidrini Fernando , Farias Iasmin , Rodrigues Aline Naime Naime , motter Alarissa , Cappellozza Bruno Ieda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a Bacillus-based probiotic supplementation on intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation parameters of beef cows consuming a low-quality forage diet (7.0% CP, 60% NDF, 39% ADF, DM basis). Ruminally fistulated Angus × Hereford cows [n = 15; age = 6.1 ± 1 yr; body weight (BW) = 655 ± 57] were used in two identical complete randomized designs, housed in individual pens with water, and forage intake monitored daily. Treatments consisted of 1) 500 g of protein supplement (dry distillers grain + mineral mix) without probiotic (CON n = 15), and 2) 500 g of protein supplement + 3 g of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis (BOV; n = 15; 2.2 ×109 CFU of the mixture/g; Bovacillus, Novonesis, Hørsholm, Denmark). Each experimental period lasted 33 d, consisting of 21 d of adaptation, 12 d of collection, and 30 d of wash-out between periods. From d 22 to 26, fecal samples were collected to determine intake and nutrient digestibility using titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. On d 27, ruminal fluid was collected at h 0 (before feeding), 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 post-feeding to evaluate short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and N-NH3 concentration. From d 28 to 32, hay samples (4 g) were fitted in Dracon bags and incubated in the rumen for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h to determine nutrient digestibility. Cows receiving BOV had greater (P &lt; 0.001) dry matter intake compared with the CON group (Table 1). Also, cows supplemented with BOV had greater (P &lt; 0.02) dry matter and protein digestibility and a tendency (P ≤ 0.07) for greater NDF and ADF forage digestibility compared with CON. A tendency was also detected (P = 0.09) for the degradability of forage dry matter, which was improved in BOV vs. CON. No effects were observed on rumen fermentation characteristics (P ≥ 0.14; Table 2).). In conclusion, adding bacillus-based probiotics enhanced the intake, nutritional digestibility, and degradability of beef cows fed medium-quality forage diets.
157 Microbial inoculant effects on limpograss silage
Authors: Lazarin Joao V L , Vendramini Joao M B , Moriel Philipe , Cappellozza Bruno I , da silva Hiran , Miranda Andre , Sinisicalchi Debora 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Warm-season perennial grasses are the main forage sources preserved as silage or haylage by livestock producers in subtropical and tropical regions; however, the nutritive value and silage fermentation parameters are often less than desirable. Microbial inoculants have been used to improve grass silage nutritive value and fermentation characteristics with inconsistent results. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a microbial inoculant on nutritive value and fermentation parameters of ‘Gibtuck’ limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) silage. Treatments were silage treated with SiloSolve FC (68.1 billion CFU/g, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri) or control (no microbial inoculant) distributed in a complete randomized design with 10 replicates. The inoculant level used was 0.5 g/Mg of forage. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL in May 2023. Twenty 4 × 4 m plots of established limpograss were harvested at 15-cm stubble height with 58-d regrowth interval. The forage was chopped to a particle size ranging from 10 to 18 mm, placed into mini-silos (PVC pipes with rubber), and sealed immediately. The inoculant was applied with a hand sprayer before ensiling. The silos were opened after 60 d for analysis. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) between the inoculant and control treatments on DM concentration (25%), DM recovery (96%), NDF (67%), and NFC concentrations (14%); however, silage treated with inoculant had greater CP (8.5 vs. 8.0%; P = 0.03), IVTD (56 vs. 54%; P = 0.01), and NDFD (53 vs. 51%, P = 0.02) and lesser ADF concentrations (38 vs. 40%; P = 0.02) than control. The inoculant did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) silage pH (4.2) and lactic acid concentrations (1.5%) but resulted in greater acetic acid (2.5 vs. 2.0%; P = 0.01), propionic acid (1.6 vs. 1.0%, P &lt; 0.01), and total acid concentrations (5.6 vs. 5.0%; P = 0.04), and decreased butyric acid (0 vs. 0.2%; P &lt; 0.01), isobutyric acid (0.1 vs. 0.4%; P &lt; 0.01), and NH3-N concentrations (4.4 vs. 5.3% N; P &lt; 0.01). Aerobic stability (140 h), mold (1.1 log cfu/g) and yeast (2.2 log cfu/g) count were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the inoculant treatment. At the genus level, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in relative abundance of Lactobacillus (85%), Enterobacter (4.0%), Enterococcus (1.8%), and Weissella (0.2%) between inoculant and control, but silage treated with inoculant had less Clostridium (1.0 vs. 2.3%, P = 0.04), Pediococcus (0.2 vs. 0.3%, P = 0.03) and greater relative abundance of Lactococcus (2.8 vs. 0.5%, P &lt; 0.01) and Bacillus (0.2 vs. 0.1%, P = 0.01). At the species level, the inoculant was effective to increase the relative abundance of Lactococcus lactis (from 0.02 to 0.48, P = 0.002) and Lactobacillus buchneri (from 1.4 to 1.9, P = 0.03). SiloSolve FC is a promising microbial inoculant to be used in warm-season grass silage in subtropical and tropical regions.
127 Effects of maternal pre- and post-partum supplementation of a Bacillus-based DFM on plasma metabolome profile of Bos indicus-influenced heifers and their offspring
Authors: Izquierdo Vinicius S , Cappellozza Bruno I , Gonella-Diaza Angela M , Ashrafi Nadia , Mimi Romana A , Graham Stewart F , Vendramini Joao M B , Moriel Philipe 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation during pre- and postpartum of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on plasma metabolome of Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. On d 0, 72 pregnant Brangus crossbred beef heifers (20 to 22 mo of age) were stratified by their initial body weight (BW; 431 ± 31 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 6.0 ± 0.36), and randomly allocated into 1 of 12 bahiagrass pastures (1 ha and 6 heifers/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (6 pastures/treatment) and consisted of heifers supplemented with 1 kg/d of soybean hulls dry matter added (BAC) or not (CON) with a Bacillus-based DFM mixture (Bovacillus; Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark) from d 0 to 242 (139 ± 4 d prepartum to 104 ± 4 d postpartum). Calves were weaned on d 242 (96 ± 30 d of age) and then allocated into 1 of 12 drylot pens and limit-fed the same concentrate at 3.25% of BW until day 319. On d 271 and 287, calves were vaccinated against pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease and Clostridium. Blood samples were collected from all heifers on d 0 and 63 and from all calves on d 271, 274, and 287 to determine the plasma concentration of metabolites using liquid chromatography. The PLS-DA revealed a clear separation of plasma metabolome profile of BAC and CON heifers and offspring. For the heifer metabolome, 66.5% of the treatment separation on d 63 was explained using 3 components (R2 = 0.96), and BAC heifers had increased (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of 17 metabolites, including phosphatidylcholines and amino acids related classes, but decreased (P ≤ 0.05) plasma concentration of 4 metabolites from triglycerides class compared with CON heifers. For the calf metabolome, 45.6 (R2 = 0.95), 56.7 (R2 = 0.95), and 61.3% (R2 = 0.99) of the treatment separation on d 271, 274, and 287, respectively, were explained using 3 components. Plasma concentrations of 9, 10, and 28 metabolites associated with protein and fatty acid metabolism increased (P ≤ 0.05) in BAC vs. CON calves on d 271, 274, and 287, respectively. Compared with CON, BAC calves had increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentration of metabolites from phosphatidylcholines class all days, from amino acids related class on d 274 and 287, and from triglycerides class on d 287. Plasma concentrations of 3 and 6 metabolites from triglycerides class decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in BAC vs. CON calves on d 271 and 274, respectively. Thus, maternal supplementation of Bacillus-based DFM altered the plasma metabolome of heifers and their calves, leading to increased plasma concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and amino acids related classes in heifers and calves, but fluctuating effects on triglycerides class concentrations in calves.
156 Probiotics (direct fed microbials) and feed efficiency in dairy cows
Authors: Bach Alex 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Enhancing feed efficiency in dairy cattle is important because on one side it improves the utilization of natural resources, and thus reduces the environmental impact to produce milk; and on the other it may contribute to improve economic returns. Key factors modulating feed efficiency of cows include the fermentation process in the rumen as well as the digestion in both the small and large intestines, but also the way nutrients are metabolized and diverted to different body functions. These four aspects are influenced by the type and amounts of dietary nutrients, which in turn influence the rumen, as well as intestinal microbiomes. These four aspects can also be modulated by probiotics. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”, but a better word for this type of microorganisms is “direct fed microbials” (DFM), as they can confer benefits not associated to heath. Most DFM for dairy cows have focused on the rumen (to foster fiber degradation or reduce risk of rumen acidosis) and have mainly been yeast-based. But there is a poorly explored opportunity to use bacterial and also fungal DFM targeting not only the rumen but also the small and large intestines. Some DFM have been shown to modify nutrient digestion, pH of the digesta, and alter the microbiome and the metabolites it produces. However, inconclusive results are reported in the literature, mainly due to the type of DFM supplemented and the lack of a holistic approach to understand the potential alteration in the dynamics of the entire digestive microbiome. Microbes in the digestive system have a role in degrading some of the nutrients, but they also interact with the intestinal epithelium, altering its absorptive capacity, and may exert an effect in the metabolism of the gut wall, and even influence the metabolism of the host. Modifications in the digestive microbiome elicited by some DFM have resulted in drastic changes in gene expression in whole blood from cows. These changes in the gut microbiome may also facilitate rapid fluctuations in the metabolism of the host and help the cow to adapt to sudden environmental changes, such as heat waves. Many studies using DFM have focused on milk yield, with fewer evaluating consequences on feed efficiency and digestive function. Some DFM may play a role on methane returns to the environment by modulating hydrogen fate in both the rumen and hindgut, and these DFM may also have potential to increase feed efficiency as more carbons could be potentially retained in the digesta. A summary of current state-of-the-art will be provided along with possible future directions and opportunities with DFM in dairy cows.
150 Supplementing Bovacillus to high-risk cattle during a 90-d grazing period
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F , Mackey Shea , Pickett Autumn , Harvey Kelsey M , Karisch Brandi B , Cappellozza Bruno I 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This experiment compared performance, health, and physiological responses of high-risk beef cattle receiving a Bacillus-based probiotic during a 90-d grazing period in a study replicated over 2 yr. Angus-influenced steers (n = 120/yr) were obtained from an auction yard and transported to the experimental facility (150 km). Steer body weight (BW) was recorded at arrival (d -1), and this value was averaged with BW recorded on d 0 to represent initial BW (236.6 ± 1.5 kg). On d 0, steers were ranked by BW and allocated to 1 of 12 pastures (4-ha pastures; 10 steers/pasture). Pastures were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation with dried distillers grains at 1% of BW containing either: 1) Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis ingredient (BOV; 2 g/steer daily of Bovacillus; Novonesis, Horsholm, Denmark) or 2) no additive (CON). Cattle received treatments from d 0 to 90 while housed in pastures containing stockpiled native grass forage, as well as free-choice access to water and a commercial mineral + vitamin mix without ionophores. Steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily. Blood samples were collected, and BW recorded on d 0, 14, 28, 56, and 90. Shrunk BW was recorded on d 91 for average daily gain calculation. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.36) for glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin-like growth factor-1, or plasma concentrations of antibodies against BRD viruses. A treatment × day interaction was detected (P ≤ 0.05) for plasma haptoglobin concentration, which was greater for CON steers on d 14 and 28 (P ≤ 0.02). Although BRD incidence response lacked treatment differences (P = 0.97), steer mortality and removals for health complications were greater in CON compared with BOV steers (0.00 vs 5.04 %; P = 0.01). Body weight and average daily gain were not impacted by BOV supplementation (P ≥ 0.73). Total BW gain per pasture was greater in BOV compared with CON (643 vs. 496 kg BW change/pen; P = 0.02). Overall profit per pasture was increased in BOV steers compared with CON ($29.1 vs $-330; P = 0.03) resulting in a return on investment of 33:1 over the 90-d experimental grazing period. Despite lacking difference for incidences of BRD or most physiological responses, an increased number of BOV steers completed the trial. Hence, supplementation with a probiotic based on B. subtilis and B. licheniformis to high-risk beef steers increased overall production liveweight and investment return during a 90-d grazing period.
179 Charting the evolution of rumen microbial models from past to present
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O , Adams Jordan M , Lee Mingyung , O’Reilly Keara , Guarnido-Lopez Pablo , Batista Luiz Fernando Dias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This review delves into the intricate realm of ruminal microbes, shedding light on their complexity beyond previously recognized dimensions. Existing publications have probed the essential facets of these microorganisms on a finer scale than previously acknowledged. Mathematical models have emerged to simulate the behavior of approximately 200 distinct bacterial species, 25 genera of ciliate protozoa, and five genera of anaerobic fungi, constituting about 10% of the total viable bacteria in the rumen. However, the expansive diversity and density of rumen microbes challenge the complete characterization of species or genera in relation to substrates or end products. Consequently, continuous revision and re-engineering of mathematical models become imperative. In the context of ruminants, prevalent models often categorize bacteria into fiber-fermenting and nonfiber-fermenting groups. An additional subgroup featuring hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria has been proposed, but its explicit integration into nutrition models remains unexplored. Furthermore, incorporating a more mechanistic evaluation of protozoa and fungal growth may be warranted to improve nutrition models. The time horizon and intervals at which models are constructed present another critical consideration, with feed efficiency variations among ruminants believed to be closely tied to differences in the ruminal microbiota. Addressing immediate concerns, this review underscores the need for a comprehensive exploration of factors influencing microbial growth in the rumen. Several indices have been suggested and adopted to predict microbial efficiencies, but they may provide simplification for practical application. Thus, a mechanistic approach should be considered to remove dependencies between estimates and improve predictive accuracy and precision. While artificial intelligence holds promise in elucidating gaps within empirical and mechanistic models, the generation of accurate, vetted datasets is paramount. Furthermore, this review posits that factors such as recycled nitrogen, endotoxins, and microbial population dynamics (i.e., cross-feeding and competition) may be limiting our understanding of microbial growth, suggesting the necessity of modeling these intricacies concurrently to achieve a more nuanced comprehension. This multifaceted approach aims to propel the understanding of ruminal microbial dynamics into new frontiers, paving the way for more informed and effective modeling in the future.