bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Swarming: Depending on Concentration, an Amphiphilic Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complex Induces Cell Death via Two Different Mechanisms
Authors: Siewert Bianka , van Rixel Vincent H. S. , van Rooden Eva J. , Hopkins Samantha L. , Moester Miriam J. B. , Ariese Freek , Siegler Maxime A. , Bonnet Sylvestre 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe crystal structure and in vitro cytotoxicity of the amphiphilic ruthenium complex [3](PF6)2 are reported. Complex [3](PF6)2 contains a Ru−S bond that is stable in the dark in cell‐growing medium, but is photosensitive. Upon blue‐light irradiation, complex [3](PF6)2 releases the cholesterol–thioether ligand 2 and an aqua ruthenium complex [1](PF6)2. Although ligand 2 and complex [1](PF6)2 are by themselves not cytotoxic, complex [3](PF6)2 was unexpectedly found to be as cytotoxic as cisplatin in the dark, that is, with micromolar effective concentrations (EC50), against six human cancer cell lines (A375, A431, A549, MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231, and U87MG). Blue‐light irradiation (λ=450 nm, 6.3 J cm−2) had little influence on the cytotoxicity of [3](PF6)2 after 6 h of incubation time, but it increased the cytotoxicity of the complex by a factor 2 after longer (24 h) incubation. Exploring the unexpected biological activity of [3](PF6)2 in the dark elucidated an as‐yet unknown bifaceted mode of action that depended on concentration, and thus, on the aggregation state of the compound. At low concentration, it acts as a monomer, inserts into the membrane, and can deliver [1]2+ inside the cell upon blue‐light activation. At higher concentrations (>3–5 μm), complex [3](PF6)2 forms supramolecular aggregates that induce non‐apoptotic cell death by permeabilizing cell membranes and extracting lipids and membrane proteins.
Potent Glycosidase Inhibition with Heterovalent Fullerenes: Unveiling the Binding Modes Triggering Multivalent Inhibition
Authors: Abellán Flos Marta , García Moreno M. Isabel , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , García Fernández Jose Manuel , Nierengarten Jean‐Francois , Vincent Stéphane P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGlycosidases are key enzymes in metabolism, pathogenic/antipathogenic mechanisms and normal cellular functions. Recently, a novel approach for glycosidase inhibition that conveys multivalent glycomimetic conjugates has emerged. Many questions regarding the mechanism(s) of multivalent enzyme inhibition remain unanswered. Herein we report the synthesis of a collection of novel homo‐ and heterovalent glyco(mimetic)‐fullerenes purposely conceived for probing the contribution of non‐catalytic pockets in glysosidases to the multivalent inhibitory effect. Their affinities towards selected glycosidases were compared with data from homovalent fullerene conjugates. An original competitive glycosidase–lectin binding assay demonstrated that the multivalent derivatives and the substrate compete for low affinity non‐glycone binding sites of the enzyme, leading to inhibition by a “recognition and blockage” mechanism. Most notably, this work provides evidence for enzyme inhibition by multivalent glycosystems, which will likely have a strong impact in the glycosciences given the utmost relevance of multivalency in Nature.
Molybdenum Disulfide‐Coated Lithium Vanadium Fluorophosphate Anode: Experiments and First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Liu Zhaomeng , Peng Wenjie , Xu Zhenming , Shih Kaimin , Wang Jiexi , Wang Zhixing , Lv Xiaojun , Chen Jiangan , Li Xinhai 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo develop a new anode material to meet the increasing demands of lithium‐ion battery, MoS2 is used for the first time to modify the C/LiVPO4F anode to improve its lithium‐storage performance between 3 and 0.01 V. Morphological observations reveal that the MoS2‐modified C/LiVPO4F particles (M‐LVPF) are wrapped by an amorphous carbon as interlayer and layered MoS2 as external surface. Charge–discharge tests show that M‐LVPF delivers a high reversible capacity of 308 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1. After 300 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, a capacity retention of 98.7 % is observed. Moreover, it exhibits high rate capability with a specific capacity of 199 mAh g−1 at 1.6 A g−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests indicate that the lithium‐ion diffusion and charge‐exchange reaction at the surface of M‐LVPF are greatly enhanced. First‐principles calculations for the MoS2 (001)/C/LiVPO4F (010) system demonstrate that the absorption of MoS2 on C/LiVPO4F is exothermic and spontaneous and that the electron transfer at the MoS2‐absorbed C/LiVPO4F surface is enhanced.
High Performance and Cost‐Effective Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Fe‐N‐C Methanol‐Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Sebastián David , Serov Alexey , Artyushkova Kateryna , Gordon Jonathan , Atanassov Plamen , Aricò Antonino S. , Baglio Vincenzo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDirect methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) offer great advantages for the supply of power with high efficiency and large energy density. The search for a cost‐effective, active, stable and methanol‐tolerant catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is still a great challenge. In this work, platinum group metal‐free (PGM‐free) catalysts based on Fe‐N‐C are investigated in acidic medium. Post‐treatment of the catalyst improves the ORR activity compared with previously published PGM‐free formulations and shows an excellent tolerance to the presence of methanol. The feasibility for application in DMFC under a wide range of operating conditions is demonstrated, with a maximum power density of approximately 50 mW cm−2 and a negligible methanol crossover effect on the performance. A review of the most recent PGM‐free cathode formulations for DMFC indicates that this formulation leads to the highest performance at a low membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) cost. Moreover, a 100 h durability test in DMFC shows suitable applicability, with a similar performance–time behavior compared to common MEAs based on Pt cathodes.
The Role of “Momentum Removal” in Divertor Detachment
Authors: Kukushkin A. S. , Pacher H. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe role of “momentum removal” (the drag force on the plasma ion flow) in divertor detachment is considered and analysed in detail. This analysis of the 2D modelling results shows that the drag force cannot reduce the power and particle flux to the target directly. However, it is essential for creating the conditions for efficient radiation and volumetric plasma recombination, which in turn do the job. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of PSI on Momentum Input to Plasma‐Facing Material Surfaces
Authors: Takamura S. , Uesugi Y. , Kuwabara T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA comprehensive formulation for momentum input to plasma‐facing material surfaces is newly tried, including a momentum increase due to ion reflection on surfaces with a new definition of momentum reflection coefficient, a momentum due to reaction of evaporated atoms, an increase due to physical sputtering, and the effect of plasma flow. Experimentally observed momentum input is evaluated with a simple formula as well as a mechanical cantilever model. In addition, the measurement with dial tension gauge in off‐plasma condition gives a total force, the value of which is compared with the above two estimations. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transvenous stimulation of the phrenic nerve for the treatment of central sleep apnoea: 12 months' experience with the remedē® System
Authors: Jagielski Dariusz , Ponikowski Piotr , Augostini Ralph , Kolodziej Adam , Khayat Rami , Abraham William T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimsPatients with central sleep apnoea (CSA) often have poor quality of life and are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This study sought to evaluate the 12‐month clinical outcomes of patients with CSA treated with unilateral transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation in the prospective, multicentre, non‐randomized remedē® System pilot study.Methods and resultsForty‐seven patients with CSA were treated with the remedē® System (Respicardia Inc., Minnetonka, MN, USA) for a minimum of 3 months. Sleep‐disordered breathing parameters were evaluated by polysomnography (PSG) at 3, 6, and 12‐month follow‐up. Sleep symptoms and quality of life were also evaluated. Forty‐one patients completed all follow‐up PSGs and were included in the analysis. At 12 months, there was sustained improvement compared with baseline in the apnoea–hypopnoea index (49.9 ± 15.1 vs. 27.5 ± 18.3 events/h, P < 0.001) and central apnoea index (28.2 ± 15.0 vs. 6.0 ± 9.2 events/h, P < 0.001). Sustained improvement in the oxygen desaturation index (46.1 ± 19.1 vs. 26.9 ± 18.0 events/h, P < 0.001), rapid eye movement sleep (11.4 ± 6.1% vs. 17.1 ± 8.0%, P < 0.001), and sleep efficiency (69.3 ± 16.9% vs. 75.6 ± 17.1%, P = 0.024) were also observed. There were also continued favourable effects on sleepiness and quality of life. Three deaths unrelated to remedē® System therapy and five serious adverse events occurred over 12 months of follow‐up.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates that in patients with CSA, unilateral transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation is associated with sustained improvement in key sleep parameters, sleep symptoms, and quality of life over 12 months of follow‐up.
Template Synthesis of Alkyl‐Substituted Metal Isocorroles
Authors: Hoffmann Martin , Cordes Birte , Kleeberg Christian , Schweyen Peter , Wolfram Benedikt , Bröring Martin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Martin Bröring from the Technical University Braunschweig, Germany. The cover image shows the metal‐ion‐templated macrocyclization of linear tetrapyrroles for the synthesis of non‐aromatic porphyrinoids.
Electrochemical and Surface Analysis Studies on the Carbon Dioxide Corrosion of X‐65 Carbon Steel
Authors: Alam Muhammad Tanzirul , Chan Emilyn Wai Lyn , De Marco Roland , Huang Yanliang , Bailey Stuart 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA comprehensive study of the CO2 corrosion of carbon steel (X‐65) at low partial pressures of CO2 is reported in this paper. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), synchrotron radiation‐grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (SR‐GIXRD), and electrode kinetic studies have confirmed that chukanovite, magnetite and siderite are the main corrosion products at low partial pressures of CO2. Chukanovite forms predominantly in the presence of CO2, while magnetite was found to be the major corrosion product in the absence of CO2, although the majority of previous work based on conventional ex‐situ materials characterization techniques has implied that siderite is the main corrosion product. Here, it is shown that the nature of corrosion products is strongly dependent on the experimental conditions at low pressures of CO2, which has not been elucidated in previous studies. Accordingly, this study has made a significant contribution to identifying the true nature of corrosion scales formed at low partial pressures of CO2 allowing the development of effective anti‐corrosive agents for the control and prevention of carbon steel corrosion at low CO2 partial pressures.
Urea‐Based Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation
Authors: Xu Wei , Wu Zucheng , Tao Shanwen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUrea is a new member of hydrogen‐storage materials for low‐temperature fuel cells. It avoids issues of toxicity and safety compared to NH3 and hydrazine. The main limitation of urea‐based fuel cells is their relatively low power densities due to the sluggish anode reactions. Rapid advances in nanocatalysts used for urea electro‐oxidation have been achieved in lowering overpotential and improving activity. Urine, as a natural resource of urea, is also an environmental pollutant. Most technologies of treating urine with self‐generation electricity are based on microbial fuel cells. However, microbes are only able to utilize the organic substrates rather than urea in urine. Chemical fuel cells in contrast directly oxidize urea to nitrogen gas, removing it from urine. Thus, urea‐based fuel cells have been used as an alternative method to treat urine. In this Minireview, the progress in urea‐based fuel cells and electrocatalysts for urea oxidation is reviewed.
Heat Transfer from Confined Contaminated Bubbles to Power‐Law Liquids at Low to Moderate Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers
Authors: Kishore Nanda , Nalajala Venkata S 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this work combined effects of the wall confinement and the power‐law fluid viscosity on the heat transfer phenomena of contaminated bubbles are reported through numerical investigations. In order to delineate the effect of insoluble surfactants the spherical stagnant cap model is adopted. The solver is thoroughly validated by comparing the present results with their literature counterparts. Further, extensive new results are reported on the isotherm contours and average Nusselt numbers of confined contaminated bubbles in the range of conditions: Reynolds number, Re: 0.1 to 200; Prandtl number, Pr: 1 to 1000; power‐law index, n: 0.2 to 1.6 and stagnant cap angle, α: 0 to 180°. Briefly, results are indicative of the following observations. The temperature contours are increasingly sucked towards the rear end of the bubble with the increase in Reynolds number and/or with the increase in Prandtl number and/or with the decrease in power‐law index and/or with the decrease in stagnant cap angle. At Re ≤ 1 and Pr ≤ 10, the average Nusselt number is almost independent of power‐law indices and the stagnant cap angle. For Pe > 10, regardless of values of the confinement ratio and Reynolds number, for α ≥ 60 the average Nusselt number decreases with an increasing stagnant cap angle whereas for α < 60 the effect of contamination is found to be insignificant. The increase in the average Nusselt number with an increasing confinement ratio would occur only at moderate to large values of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers regardless of the values of the power‐law index provided that α ≥ 60°.
Homochirality of Organic Matter – Objective Law or Curious Incident?
Authors: Davankov Vadim A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOf the many hypotheses on the origin of biological homochirality on the Earth, the combination of the notion of subatomic particles composing a homochiral pool of primary matter, on the one hand, with the suggestion of the synthesis of chiral organic molecules in the plasma torch generated by super‐high‐velocity impacts (SHVI) of meteorites, on the other hand, was chosen as the working assumption.
Dithiothreitol (DTT) rescues mitochondria from nitrofurantoin‐induced mitotoxicity in rat
Authors: Omidi Mahmoud , Niknahad Hossein , Mohammadi‐Bardbori Afshin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNitrofurantoin (N‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furfurylidine) 1‐amino‐hydantoine; NIT) is mainly used for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. However, its administration can be associated with liver failure or cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether NIT is a mitochondrial toxicant, if so, what mechanism(s) is involved.The rat liver mitochondria were isolated and treated with different doses of NIT alone or in combination with a reagent of choice for protecting thiol groups, dithiothreitol (DTT). Several mitochondrial parameters, including succinate dehydrogenase activity (also called 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl) 2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay), lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, Reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and GSSG (oxidized glutathione) levels were determined. The results from this study showed that simultaneous treatment of mitochondria with NIT and DTT significantly reduces the toxicity. Here, we provide evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction followed by depletion of reduced glutathione can be reversed by DTT administration.
A118G Polymorphism in μ‐Opioid Receptor Gene and Interactions with Smoking and Drinking on Risk of Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Xu Xinfang , Mao Boneng , Wu Lingdong , Liu Lei , Rui Juping , Chen Guochang 
Published: July 2016

AimTo investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of A118G and its interaction with smoking and drinking on oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) risk.MethodsA total of 960 subjects (545 males and 415 females) with a mean age of 58.1 ± 13.4 years were selected, including 490 ESCC patients and 470 normal control subjects. A logistic regression model was used to examine the association between A118G and ESCC and its interaction with A118G and current smoking and drinking. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confident interval (95%CI) were calculated.ResultsThe frequency for the A allele of A118G was significantly higher in ESCC cases, OR (95%CI) = 1.22 (1.08–1.59). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between the A allele in A118G and increased ESCC risk. The ESCC risk was significantly higher in carriers of the A allele of the A118G polymorphism than those with GG (AG + AA vs. GG, adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.20 (1.05–1.53)). We found that current smokers with AG or AA of the A118G genotype have the highest ESCC risk compared with never smokers with a GG genotype; the OR (95%CI) was 2.57 (1.66–3.33). Current drinkers with AG or AA of the A118G genotype have the highest ESCC risk compared with not currently drinking subjects with the GG genotype, OR (95%CI) = 2.36 (1.47–3.25), after adjusting for covariates.ConclusionThe A allele of A118G and ESCC and additional interaction between the A allele of A118G and smoking or drinking were associated with increased ESCC risk.
An expedited approach for sustained delivery of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 to bone defects using gene activated fragments of subcutaneous fat
Authors: Betz Volker M. , Betz Oliver B. , Rosin Tom , Keller Alexander , Thirion Christian , Salomon Michael , Manthey Suzanne , Augat Peter , Jansson Volkmar , Müller Peter E. , Rammelt Stefan , Zwipp Hans 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundDelivery of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) to bone defects can be improved by applying gene transfer methods. However, traditional ex vivo gene therapy approaches are cumbersome and costly, requiring the extraction and culturing of cells. Therefore, we evaluated a novel, expedited ex vivo BMP‐7 gene transfer technology based on the use of fragments of subcutaneous fat tissue.MethodsWe created 5‐mm mid‐femoral bone defects in the right femora of 23 male, syngeneic Fischer 344 rats. Adipose tissue was harvested from the subcutaneous fat depot of two donor rats. Bone defects were treated with either unmodified fat (control group) or adenovirally BMP‐7 transduced fat fragments (treatment group). Healing of bone defects was assessed by radiographs, microcomputed tomography (μCT) and histology at 6 weeks after the implantation of fat tissue fragments.ResultsRadiographs, μCT‐imaging and histology revealed relevant bone formation in six out of 10 rats treated with BMP‐7 activated fat grafts. Two of the defects were bridged. By contrast, femora of the control group receiving unmodified fat did not display signs of osseous healing. BMP‐7 gene activated fat treatment led to a significantly higher bone volume (11.18 ± 9.48 mm3) than treatment with unmodified fat grafts (3.19 ± 1.68 mm3) (p = 0.008).ConclusionsImplantation of BMP‐7 gene activated fat tissue fragments can elicit regeneration of large bone defects in rats and could become a clinically expeditious strategy for in vivo bone tissue engineering. However, gene expression must be improved in order to reliably induce osseous bridging of critical‐size bone defects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐frequency variability and trends in centennial precipitation stations in southern South America
Authors: Saurral Ramiro I. , Camilloni Inés A. , Barros Vicente R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTSouthern South America (SSA), considered as the continental region south of 20°S, has experienced significant precipitation variability and trends in the last decades. This article uses monthly quality‐controlled precipitation data from rainfall stations with continuous observations during at least 100 years to quantify long‐term trends as well as interannual‐to‐centennial variability. Several statistical methods are applied to the data, primarily to detect jumps and look for changes due to relocation of the gauge stations, as well as to identify significant trends. Most of the regions have registered an increase in annual rainfall, largely attributable to changes in the warm season. On the other hand, during winter most stations in Argentina and Brazil do not have significant trends, although eastern Patagonia registered an increase in precipitation and Chile, a marked decrease in rainfall.In order to look into the physical mechanisms behind the observed variability, the changes in mean sea level pressure and precipitable water are quantified for different sub‐periods. Also explored is the variability related to the Hadley cell width and strength over the region around SSA. Results show that the Hadley cell has shrunk and shifted towards the equator in winter over the area, which has caused an enhancement of the sinking motion over much of Argentina, Chile and Brazil, while likely increasing the baroclinicity (and associated precipitation) over Patagonia. In summer, the strength of the subsidence decreased and this was associated with an increase of the low‐level moisture advection, favouring more rainfall. The observational evidence presented here suggests that the zonal asymmetry in the change of the Hadley cell position over SSA could be linked to the presence of the Andes Cordillera.
Influence of Sesbania Brown Manuring and Rice Residue Mulch on Soil Health, Weeds and System Productivity of Conservation Rice–Wheat Systems
Authors: Nawaz Ahmad , Farooq Muhammad , Lal Rattan , Rehman Abdul , Hussain Tasawar , Nadeem Asif 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe sustainability of rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) is threatened by increasing labor, water, and energy crises in the region. Conservation RWCSs offers an ecofriendly alternate option. This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded aerobic rice (DSAR) and of rice residue mulch in no‐tilled wheat (NTW) on soil health, weed dynamics and system productivity. The experiment was composed of five RWCS systems: (i) DSAR‐NTW; (ii) DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW; (iii) DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch; (iv) puddled transplanted flooded rice (PudTR)‐NTW; and (v) PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat. Sesbania brown manuring in direct‐seeded rice decreased the weed density and dry biomass 41–56% and 62–75%, respectively, than the sole direct‐seeded rice crop. At rice harvest, better soil health, in terms of total nitrogen (N), soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen, was noted with DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW. Rice residue mulch retention in NTW decreased weed density and dry weight by 60 and 69%, respectively, than those under NTW with no mulch. At wheat harvest, highest total N, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass carbon were recorded with DSAR‐NTW + rice residue mulch, followed by DSAR + sesbania brown manuring‐NTW. Overall, NTW grown after DSAR + sesbania brown manuring produced more grain yield than PudTR‐NTW and PudTR‐plow‐tilled wheat systems. In conclusion, sesbania brown manuring in DSAR and residue mulch retention in NTW may be opted to improve soil properties, suppress weeds, and to harvest better grain yield and achieve higher system productivity in conservation RWCSs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.