bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Ester‐ and Phosphonate‐Functionalized AuI–Imidazolylidene Chlorides through the Isonitrile Route
Authors: Wurm Thomas , Hornung Julius , O'Neill Matthew , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractStarting from DMSAuCl, isonitriles and functionalized propargylammonium salts in the presence of simple trimethylamine as auxiliary base, unsymmetrically substituted ester‐ and phosphonate‐functionalized AuI–imidazolylidene complexes were synthesized in an easy‐to‐use modular one‐pot template synthesis. In the course of the reaction, after the initial nucleophilic addition of the amine to the gold(I)‐activated isonitrile, a Michael addition closes the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ring. Then the remaining double bond migrates into the NHC ring, evidently a more stable position than the initial exocyclic double bond. These functional groups attached to the back bone of the NHC ligands represent ideal handles for a further modification of the system, for example an attachment to larger assemblies or heterogenization by an attachment to surfaces are conceivable.
ZONAL DIFFERENCES IN THERMOSPHERIC AIR DENSITIES AT MID‐LATITUDES
Authors: Hui WANG , Ke‐Deng ZHANG , Xin Wan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study investigated longitudinal differences in the thermospheric air mass density (ρ) during the solar minimum period from 2007 to 2009 at magnetic mid‐latitudes. Both observations by CHAMP satellite and model simulations using the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model were analyzed. It was found that ρ exhibited wave‐1 structure in its longitudinal profile (i.e., one peak and one trough), which was almost 180° out of phase between the two hemispheres. The phase of the wave changed with the local time, exhibiting a clear diurnal variation. The value of ρ exhibited few longitudinal variations in the eastern part of the northern hemisphere, where the electron density showed some longitudinal differences. The reason for this was that the variation in the electron density was too slight to affect ρ in the Europe‐Asia sector via ion drag. As confirmed by the simulation, the longitudinal difference in ρ was reduced by almost 40%∼50% in terms of the maximum value of the peak‐trough difference when ion drag was negligible. Thus, both the model and the observations confirmed the important role of ion drag in the longitudinal structure of neutral density. This study further indicated the obvious longitudinal difference in the solar heating at magnetic mid‐latitudes. The peak‐to‐trough difference in the solar zenith angle could reach 20°∼30°. The non‐uniformity of solar irradiation heating could be another cause of the longitudinal structure of the air mass density.
THE 3D TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FORWARD MODELING OF VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE ORE DEPOSITS
Authors: Rui‐Xue LI , He WANG , Zhen‐Zhu XI , Xia LONG , Hai‐Tao HOU , Yuan‐Yuan LIU , Huan JIANG 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe transient electromagnetic forward modeling of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposits is to calculate the eddy currents electromagnetic response of a three dimensional body in the full space of deep‐sea environment. We simulated the three dimensional transient electromagnetic response of the VMS deposits using full‐domain vector finite element method. The ore body was discretized with brick rectangular elements. The finite element equation was deduced in frequency domain by employing Galerkin procedure, and the conversion to time domain was by inverse Fourier transform. We confirmed the validity of the full‐domain vector finite element algorithm by comparing simulated results with analytical solutions of double half‐space model. The results have a good agreement with each other, which indicates that the vector finite element method is capable of solving whole space problem. In order to demonstrate the ability of the numerical method in calculating the response of VMS deposits containing complex boundary conditions, we compared vector finite element solution of a three dimensional electrical model with physical experiment results according to electromagnetic physical scale modeling rules. The comparison suggests that for the complex electromagnetic boundary of seawater, ore body and country rocks, the transient electromagnetic response of VMS deposits calculated by full‐domain vector finite element method has same features with the physical scale modeling result. The vector finite element method is simple and its results are precise with obvious and clear anomaly response.
Copper Catalyzed Iodosulfenylation of Styrenes by Dual C—H Oxidative Functionalization
Authors: Liu Yurong , Hu Bolun , Zhang Xingguo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of β‐iodoalkenyl sulfides via copper catalyzed difunctionalization of styrenes is described. The method allows the formation of two chemical bonds, a C—I bond and a C—S bond, in a single reaction. Using alkenes in place of alkynes to synthesize β‐iodoalkenyl sulfides is a significant advantage of this methodology for both synthetic and medicinal chemistry.
The rotation of mouse myoblast nuclei is dependent on substrate elasticity
Authors: Hickey Ryan , Pelling Andrew E. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe complex interplay of biochemical signaling and mechanical traction forces regulate the position of cellular nuclei. Although the phenomenon of nuclear rotation has been observed for many years, the influence of substrate elasticity was unknown. We discovered another layer of complexity to this phenomenon: nuclear rotation is dependent on substrate elasticity. Nuclear rotation is drastically reduced on physiologically relevant stiffnesses. Here, we studied nuclear rotation in mouse C2C12 myoblasts cultured on soft substrates designed to mimic resting tissue (∼26 kPa) and on hard glass substrates. We examined the roles of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton on the presence and dynamics of nuclear rotation in these two different microenvironments. We demonstrated the clear dependence of nuclear rotation dynamics on matrix stiffness. These results will have important implications for the design of future studies of nuclear rotation and our understanding of the phenomenon as a whole. Unnaturally, hard substrates do not only fail to mimic the in vivo microenvironment, but can also induce cellular processes that would not normally occur in the natural cellular environment.
Quantification of familial risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high‐incidence area
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Chang Ellen T. , Liu Qing , Cai Yonglin , Zhang Zhe , Chen Guomin , Huang Qi‐Hong , Xie Shang‐Hang , Cao Su‐Mei , Shao Jian‐Yong , Jia Wei‐Hua , Zheng Yuming , Liao Jian , Chen Yufeng , Lin Longde , Liang Liming , Ernberg Ingemar , Vaughan Thomas L. , Adami Hans‐Olov , Huang Guangwu , Zeng Yi , Zeng Yi‐Xin , Ye Weimin 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, no studies to date have explored familial risks of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in detail and quantified its lifetime risk in high‐incidence populations.METHODSThe authors conducted a population‐based case‐control study of 2499 NPC cases and 2576 controls randomly selected in southern China from 2010 through 2014. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) associated with a family history of NPC. In addition, the authors compiled a reconstructed cohort comprising 40,781 first‐degree relatives of cases and controls to calculate the lifetime cumulative risk of NPC.RESULTSIndividuals with a first‐degree family history of NPC were found to be at a >4‐fold risk of NPC (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 3.5‐6.1) compared with those without such a history, but had no excess risk of other malignancies. The excess risk was higher for a maternal than a paternal history and was slightly stronger for a sibling compared with a parental history, and for a sororal than a fraternal history. Among relatives of cases, the cumulative risk of NPC up to age 74 years was 3.7% (95% CI, 3.3%‐4.2%), whereas that among relatives of controls was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7%‐1.2%). Cumulative risk was higher in siblings than in parents among relatives of cases, whereas no such difference was noted among relatives of controls.CONCLUSIONSIndividuals with a family history of NPC have a substantially higher risk of NPC. These relative and cumulative risk estimates can guide the development of strategies for early detection and clinical consultation in populations with a high incidence of NPC. Cancer 2017;123:2716‐25. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
In Situ Electroluminescence Color Tuning by Thermal Deprotonation Suitable for Thermal Sensors and Anti‐fraud Labels
Authors: Giovanella Umberto , Cariati Elena , Lucenti Elena , Pasini Mariacecilia , Galeotti Francesco , Botta Chiara 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA novel and versatile approach to tune photoluminescence and electroluminescence by in situ controlled thermal deprotonation is presented. This methodology, based on a single organic π‐conjugated material (pyrene derivative), allows the manufacturing of organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) prototypes by solution methods with controlled tunable emission ranging from the orange (protonated form of the dye) to the blue (pristine or deprotonated form). While several protonation/deprotonation cycles can be performed on thin films, for the devices only one cycle is possible so that their use as anti‐fraud labels can be envisaged. OLEDs exhibit daylight visible brightness of 150 cd m−2 and device lifetime exceeding 30 hours of continuous operation. Thanks to the simplicity of both material design and device fabrication our approach opens new perspectives in the wide field of thermal sensors for customer care or risk perception.
Ligature‐associated bacterial profiles are linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a rat model and influenced by antibody treatment against TNF‐α or RAGE
Authors: Grauballe M.B. , Belstrøm D. , Østergaard J.A. , Paster B.J. , Schou S. , Flyvbjerg A. , Holmstrup P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThere is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). T2D may lead to ecological perturbations in the oral environment, which may facilitate an altered microbiota. However, previous studies have been inconclusive in determining the effect of T2D on oral bacterial profiles. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the influence of T2D on the ligature‐associated bacterial profile in a diabetic rat model with PD and investigated the impact of blocking inflammatory pathways with antibodies targeting either Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF‐α) or the receptor of advanced glycation end‐products (RAGE). A total of 62 Zucker obese rats (45 T2D) and 17 lean (non‐T2D) were divided into 4 treatment groups; lean with PD, obese with PD, obese with PD and anti‐TNF‐α treatment, and obese with PD with anti‐RAGE treatment. Periodontal disease was ligature induced. Ligature‐associated bacterial profiles were analyzed using Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Ligature‐associated bacterial profiles differed between lean and obese rats. Furthermore, treatment with antibodies against TNF‐α or RAGE had an impact on subgingival bacterial profiles. T2D phenotypes are associated with different ligature‐associated bacterial profiles and influenced by treatment with antibodies against TNF‐α or RAGE.
Specific gravity of woody tissue from lowland Neotropical plants: differences among forest types
Authors: Casas Luisa Fernanda , Aldana Ana María , Henao‐Diaz Francisco , Villanueva Boris , Stevenson Pablo R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWood density, or more precisely, wood specific gravity, is an important parameter when estimating aboveground biomass, which has become a central tool for the management and conservation of forests around the world. When using biomass allometric equations for tropical forests, researchers are often required to assume phylogenetic trait conservatism, which allows us to assign genus‐ and family‐level wood specific gravity mean values, to many woody species. The lack of information on this trait for many Neotropical plant species has led to an imprecise estimation of the biomass stored in Neotropical forests. The data presented here has information of woody tissue specific gravity from 2,602 individual stems for 386 species, including trees, lianas, and hemi‐epiphytes of lowland tropical forests in Colombia. This data set was produced by us collecting wood cores from woody species in five localities in the Orinoco and Magdalena Basins in Colombia. We found lower mean specific gravity values in várzea than in terra firme and igapó.
In vivo detection of lateral–ventral tier nigral degeneration in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Huddleston Daniel E. , Langley Jason , Sedlacik Jan , Boelmans Kai , Factor Stewart A. , Hu Xiaoping P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study was to measure neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI contrast changes in the lateral‐ventral tier of substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease (PD). Histopathological studies of PD have demonstrated both massive loss of melanized dopamine neurons and iron accumulation in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Neurodegeneration is most profound in the lateral‐ventral tier of this structure. We have previously shown in both healthy controls and individuals with PD that neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI and iron‐sensitive MRI contrast regions in substantia nigra overlap. This overlap region is located in the lateral‐ventral tier. Exploiting this area of contrast overlap for region of interest selection, we developed a semi‐automated image processing approach to characterize the lateral‐ventral tier in MRI data. Here we apply this approach to measure magnetization transfer contrast, which corresponds to local neuromelanin density, in both the lateral‐ventral tier and the entire pars compacta in 22 PD patients and 19 controls. Significant contrast reductions were seen in PD in both the entire pars compacta (P = 0.009) and in its lateral‐ventral tier (P = 0.0002); in PD contrast was significantly lower in the lateral‐ventral tier than in the entire pars compacta (P = 0.0008). These findings are the first in vivo evidence of the selective vulnerability of this nigral subregion in PD, and this approach may be developed for high impact biomarker applications. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2627–2634, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hippocampal‐cortical contributions to strategic exploration during perceptual discrimination
Authors: Voss Joel L. , Cohen Neal J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe hippocampus is crucial for long‐term memory; its involvement in short‐term or immediate expressions of memory is more controversial. Rodent hippocampus has been implicated in an expression of memory that occurs on‐line during exploration termed “vicarious trial‐and‐error” (VTE) behavior. VTE occurs when rodents iteratively explore options during perceptual discrimination or at choice points. It is strategic in that it accelerates learning and improves later memory. VTE has been associated with activity of rodent hippocampal neurons, and lesions of hippocampus disrupt VTE and associated learning and memory advantages. Analogous findings of VTE in humans would support the role of hippocampus in active use of short‐term memory to guide strategic behavior. We therefore measured VTE using eye‐movement tracking during perceptual discrimination and identified relevant neural correlates with functional magnetic resonance imaging. A difficult perceptual‐discrimination task was used that required visual information to be maintained during a several second trial, but with no long‐term memory component. VTE accelerated discrimination. Neural correlates of VTE included robust activity of hippocampus and activity of a network of medial prefrontal and lateral parietal regions involved in memory‐guided behavior. This VTE‐related activity was distinct from activity associated with simply viewing visual stimuli and making eye movements during the discrimination task, which occurred in regions frequently associated with visual processing and eye‐movement control. Subjects were mostly unaware of performing VTE, thus further distancing VTE from explicit long‐term memory processing. These findings bridge the rodent and human literatures on neural substrates of memory‐guided behavior, and provide further support for the role of hippocampus and a hippocampal‐centered network of cortical regions in the immediate use of memory in on‐line processing and the guidance of behavior.
Hippocampal neural activity reflects the economy of choices during goal‐directed navigation
Authors: Tryon Valerie L. , Penner Marsha R. , Heide Shawn W. , King Hunter O. , Larkin Joshua , Mizumori Sheri J. Y. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDistinguishing spatial contexts is likely essential for the well‐known role of the hippocampus in episodic memory. We studied whether types of hippocampal neural organization thought to underlie context discrimination are impacted by learned economic considerations of choice behavior. Hippocampal place cells and theta activity were recorded as rats performed a maze‐based probability discounting task that involved choosing between a small certain reward or a large probabilistic reward. Different spatial distributions of place fields were observed in response to changes in probability, the outcome of the rats' choice, and whether or not rats were free to make that choice. The degree to which the reward location was represented by place cells scaled with the expected probability of rewards. Theta power increased around the goal location also in proportion to the expected probability of signaled rewards. Furthermore, theta power dynamically varied as specific econometric information was obtained “on the fly” during task performance. Such an economic perspective of memory processing by hippocampal place cells expands our view of the nature of context memories retrieved by hippocampus during adaptive navigation.
Effect of on‐site training on the accuracy of blood loss estimation in a simulated obstetrics environment
Authors: Mbachu Ikechukwu I. , Udigwe Gerald O. , Ezeama Chukwuemeka O. , Eleje George U. , Eke Ahizechukwu C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of on‐site training on the accuracy of blood loss estimation in a simulated obstetrics environment.MethodsIn a tertiary hospital in Nigeria, clinical scenarios were created in April 2013 using known blood volumes in an objective structured clinical examination fashion. Doctors and nurses who worked in the obstetrics unit observed and recorded the blood volume at different clinical stations (first study stage). Subsequently, the actual amount of blood was revealed, followed by on‐site training on the volume capacities of the study instruments. Three weeks later, the second stage of the study was performed like the first stage but using different amounts of blood for all stations. The differences in the mean errors of blood loss estimation between the two stages were determined.ResultsThe analysis included 144 healthcare providers who completed both stages of the study. There were significant differences in the mean error of blood loss estimation before and after the training session for the following stations: delivery bed (P<0.001), sanitary pad 1 (P=0.001), sanitary pad 2 (P=0.001), delivery pad (P=0.001), floor (P<0.001), and laparotomy pad (P=0.001).ConclusionPeriodic education by simulation using clinical scenarios could improve the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation.
Anin vitroinvestigation of the marked impact of dendritic cell interactions with bone grafts
Authors: Zhang Lili , Ke Jin , Wang Yulan , Yang Shuang , Miron Richard J. , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe immune response to bone biomaterials plays a critical role during early inflammation and biomaterial‐induced osteogenesis. Dendritic cells (DCs) possess a significant impact during immune responses to biomaterials. While conventional strategies to evaluate the osteogenic potential of bone substitute materials focus mainly on osteoblast differentiation. Therefore the present study was to investigate the interactions DCs to porous β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) to investigate whether DCs participate in the material‐coordinated osteogenic process. DC maturation and function were investigated by detecting the expression of cell surface markers and inflammatory cytokines by RT‐PCR. DCs seeded on β‐TCP showed a decrease in co‐stimulatory molecules (CD86 and CD40) and pro‐inflammatory gene IFN‐γ but an increase in anti‐inflammatory genes including IL‐1ra, IL‐4, and IL‐10, as well as TGF‐β1. Thereafter, conditioned media was harvested from DCs seeded on standard tissue culture plastic and β‐TCP to be utilized with osteoblast cell cultures. It was found that conditioned media from DCs seeded on β‐TCP markedly promoted osteoblast differentiation by increasing the expression of osteogenic genes RUNX2, ALP, OCN as well as increased ALP activity and alizarin red stainingin vitro. In conclusion, the findings from the present study point to the potential crucial role of DCs in biomaterial‐induced osteogenesis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1703–1711, 2017.
Mentor suitability and mentoring relationship quality: Lessons from the Glasgow Intergenerational Mentoring Network
Authors: McArthur Katie , Wilson Alastair , Hunter Katie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInequality in educational attainment is a serious and increasing problem in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom, and youth mentoring is gaining popularity as an intervention to address this issue. However, evidence for the effectiveness of mentoring is weak, and research suggests that a large proportion of mentoring relationships end prematurely, which can be harmful to young people. This article draws on data from the Glasgow Intergenerational Mentoring Network, an ongoing research and development project facilitating mentoring for secondary school pupils in socially disadvantaged areas, employing retired professionals as volunteer mentors. Case material is presented to discuss the nature of mentoring and the role of the mentor. This article conceptualizes volunteer mentors as relational experts, relational learners, and nonrelational mentors. The implications of these categories are discussed in terms of recruitment, training, and support of mentors, to facilitate ethical and effective mentoring relationships.