bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MRI-Based Visualization of the Relaxation Times of Early Somatic Embryos
Authors: Mikulka J. , Hutova E. , Korinek R. , Marcon P. , Dokoupil Z. , Gescheidtova E. , Havel L. , Bartusek K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The large set of scientific activities supported by MRI includes, among others, the research of water and mineral compounds transported within a plant, the investigation of cellular processes, and the examination of the growth and development of plants. MRI is a method of major importance for the measurement of early somatic embryos (ESE) during cultivation, and in this respect it offers several significant benefits discussed within this paper. We present the following procedures: non-destructive measurement of the volume and content of water during cultivation; exact three-dimensional differentiation between the ESEs and the medium; investigation of the influence of ions and the change of relaxation times during cultivation; and multiparametric segmentation of MR images to differentiate between embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. An interesting technique consists in two-parameter imaging of the relaxation times of the callus; this method is characterized by tissue changes during cultivation at a microscopic level, which can be monitored non-destructively.
The Effects of Fluid Viscosity on the Orifice Rotameter
Authors: Jiang Wei , Zhang Tao , Xu Ying , Wang Huaxiang , Guo Xiaoli , Lei Jing , Sang Peiyong 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Due to the viscous shear stress, there is an obvious error between the real flow rate and the rotameter indication for measuring viscous fluid medium. At 50 cSt the maximum error of DN40 orifice rotameter is up to 35 %. The fluid viscosity effects on the orifice rotameter are investigated using experimental and theoretical models. Wall jet and concentric annulus laminar theories were adapted to study the influence of viscosity. And a new formula is obtained for calculating the flow rate of viscous fluid. The experimental data were analyzed and compared with the calculated results. At high viscosity the maximum theoretical results error is 6.3 %, indicating that the proposed measurement model has very good applicability.
Crystal structure of potassium (E)-5-oxo-4-((5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4(5H)-yl)diazenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-1-ide – (E)-4,4-diazene-1,2-diylbis(2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) – methanol (1/1/1), C9H11N16KO5
Authors: Zhao Benbo , Ge Zhen , Luo Yunjun 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
C9H11N16K1O5, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.983(2) Å, b = 9.731(2) Å, c = 12.300(4) Å, α = 84.689(9)°, β = 86.779(9)°, γ = 69.450(7)°, V = 890.5(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0396, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0878, T = 153 K.
Crystal structure of 2-ethyl-1-tert-butyl-2-((4-fluorophenyl)(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)methyl)-3-oxo-pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate, C24H33FN2O7
Authors: Makhathini Sifiso S. , Samipillai Marivel , Govender Thavendran , Naicker Tricia 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
C24H33FN2O7, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 11.0118(7) Å, b = 11.5684(7) Å, c = 11.7276(7) Å, α = 112.294(1)°, β = 100.557(1)°, γ = 105.775(2)°, V = 1259.56(13) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0411, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1050, T = 173 K.
Crystal structure of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxane-5-carboxylic acid, C13H15BrO4
Authors: Jia Guo-Kai , Yuan Lin , Zhang Min , Yuan Xian-You 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
C13H15BrO4, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 12.872(4) Å, b = 8.311(2) Å, c = 24.598(7) Å, β = 92.556(3)°, V = 2629.0(13) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt
(F) = 0.0357, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0932, T = 296(2) K.
The cartographic methods of presentation and GIS tool in analysis of historical data on the example of Great War cemeteries in southern Poland
Authors: Lisek Katarzyna , Nieścioruk Kamil 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The paper deals with the application of Geographic Information System software in cartographic data presentation in the field of historical data mining. Lists of soldiers buried in the I world war cemeteries near Jasło were used. The prepared database helped to create series of maps, mainly diagram maps, that serve as a useful statistical and demographic characteristics of the phenomena. The authors stressed advantages of the solution used and the usefulness of historical data in spatial database preparation process. The shortages of the GIS software itself were also pointed out, especially as long as cartographic editing and methodology principles are concerned.
Role of Air Cargo and Road Feeder Services for Regional Airports – Case Studies from the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Beifert Anatoli 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Although airports play an important role the global and European economies, according to the new guidelines of the EU Commission on the new state aid rules for a competitive aviation industry (EC, 2014), it will be more difficult for unprofitable airports, to get financial public subsidies in the future. The Commission noted that the majority of regional airports experience severe problems to cover their operative costs, resulting from among other things from overlapping of airports’ catchment areas. The main objective of the above mentioned measures is not to close the regional airports, but to motivate them to operate on cost efficient, profitable and more flexible basis, stating however that and that the most inefficient airports will be still closed. In order face upcoming challenges, the regional airports shall reconsider their future development plans. Traditionally, the airports including small and regional airports focus on the passenger traffic and thus, the possible benefits and opportunities of the air cargo market are totally underestimated or even completely ignored. Most regional airports in the Baltic Sea region act totally isolated and do not have a clear picture of the current situation on the international air cargo market today, its future perspectives and sustainable development plans remain basically hidden. There are some examples when trying to meet the market demand, the regional airports have made huge, but unfortunately unjustified investments, e.g. improving airport infrastructure, runways, etc. However, the airports’ infrastructural investments alone cannot fulfil the expected “remedy” role for the airports’ sustainability. This paper aims at investigating the positioning and the role of the regional airports in the current hub-and-spoke network, focusing on the relevance and potential of the air cargo sector for the regional airports development. The optional freight value proposition for the development of the regional airports and their possible participation in the air cargo market as a supplement instrument to generate additional revenue also by means of so-called “air trucking” services will be presented and discussed.
Logistics Controlling as a Tool of Performance Improvement at the Russian Enterprises
Authors: Sergeyev Victor 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The article discovers the methodical approaches to the study of logistic activities controlling at the Russian enterprises. There are defined the phases of the controlling research management and described the initial sample of the enterprises surveyed. The methodology of the logistics controlling research is based on the system analysis, the methods of economic cybernetics, operations research, mathematical statistics, the theory of optimal decision-making, and the management theory.
The article presents the main results of the research specifying the state of logistics controlling at the Russian enterprises. The study has conducted a systematic analysis of the status and trends of logistics controlling at the domestic enterprises specialized in the industry, trade and services fields. Top managers of logistics departments in the Russian enterprises were interviewed about the logistics controlling. The survey was undertaken in the form of written and online surveys. The results are documented and processed by a special technique.
Oil Pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea by Satellite Remote Sensing Data in 2004-2015
Authors: Bulycheva Elena V. , Krek Aleksander V. , Kostianoy Andrey G. , Semenov Aleksander V. , Joksimovich Aleksandar 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The results of satellite monitoring of oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2004-2015 are discussed in the paper. Interannual and seasonal variability of oil pollution is investigated. A steady decrease in total oil pollution was observed from 2004 to 2011. After a sharp increase of oil pollution in 2012, oil pollution level has established at 0.39 PI Index. Maximum of oil spills is observed in the spring and summer, which is probably due to favorable weather conditions for the detection of oil spills on radar images. According to the analysis of the shapes of the detected oil spills, it was concluded that the main polluters of the sea surface are vessels. No oil spills originated from the oil platform D-6 was detected in 2004-2015. Results of numerical experiments with the Seatrack Web oil spill model show that in the case of potential discharge of oil from the D-6 platform, oil will not reach the Curonian Spit beaches during 48 h after an accident.
Hyperglycemia and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) Inhibitors in Phase I Trials: Incidence, Predictive Factors, and Management
Authors: Khan Khurum H. , Wong Mabel , Rihawi Karim , Bodla Shankar , Morganstein Daniel , Banerji Udai , Molife Lulama R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background.
Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway is implicated in human cancer growth and progression. Agents targeting this pathway are associated with hyperglycemia due to interaction with the insulin-glucose regulatory axis. Identifying the predictive factors for hyperglycemia in patients treated with these agents may help direct future management.

Materials and Methods.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients treated consecutively with PI3K, AKT, or mTOR inhibitors in the Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden (RM) National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, between 2007 and 2012 were recorded. Baseline variables and their association with grade 3 hyperglycemia (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) were analyzed by using the chi-square test and Fisher exact test for categorical variables and binary logistic regression for continuous variables.

Results.
A total of 341 patients were treated in 12 phase I trials of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, and 298 patients (87.4%) developed hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was grade 1 in 217 (72.8%) and grade 2 in 61 (20.5%) patients, respectively. Grade ≥3 hyperglycemia was seen in 6.7% of patients (n = 20). According to the chi-square test, age &lt;65 years (p = .03), history of diabetes (p = .003), and treatment with AKT and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors (p &lt; .0005) predicted the occurrence of grade 3 hyperglycemia. Of 24 patients requiring intervention, 20 received metformin, 2 dietary advice, 1 insulin, and 1 both metformin and insulin. One patient required dose reduction. There were no permanent drug discontinuations, and no hyperglycemia-related dose-limiting toxicities were observed; thus, the recommended phase II dose was not affected by the hyperglycemia observed in our cohort.

Conclusion.
Hyperglycemia is common in patients treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors; however, it is manageable with conventional treatment. Predictive factors of age, history of diabetes, and administration of AKT and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors warrant prospective validation.
Land‐use intensification effects on functional properties in tropical plant communities
Authors: Carreño‐Rocabado Geovana , Peña‐Claros Marielos , Bongers Frans , Díaz Sandra , Quétier Fabien , Chuviña José , Poorter Lourens 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere is consensus that plant diversity and ecosystem processes are negatively affected by land‐use intensification (LUI), but, at the same time, there is empirical evidence that a large heterogeneity can be found in the responses. This heterogeneity is especially poorly understood in tropical ecosystems.We evaluated changes in community functional properties across five common land‐use types in the wet tropics with different land‐use intensity: mature forest, logged forest, secondary forest, agricultural land, and pastureland, located in the lowlands of Bolivia. For the dominant plant species, we measured 12 functional response traits related to their life history, acquisition and conservation of resources, plant domestication, and breeding. We used three single‐trait metrics to describe community functional properties: community abundance‐weighted mean (CWM) traits values, coefficient of variation, and kurtosis of distribution.The CWM of all 12 traits clearly responded to LUI. Overall, we found that an increase in LUI resulted in communities dominated by plants with acquisitive leaf trait values. However, contrary to our expectations, secondary forests had more conservative trait values (i.e., lower specific leaf area) than mature and logged forest, probably because they were dominated by palm species. Functional variation peaked at intermediate land‐use intensity (high coefficient of variation and low kurtosis), which included secondary forest but, unexpectedly, also agricultural land, which is an intensely managed system. The high functional variation of these systems is due to a combination of how response traits (and species) are filtered out by biophysical filters and how management practices introduced a range of exotic species and their trait values into the local species pool.Our results showed that, at local scales and depending on prevailing environmental and management practices, LUI does not necessarily result in communities with more acquisitive trait values or with less functional variation. Instead of the widely expected negative impacts of LUI on plant diversity, we found varying responses of functional variation, with possible repercussions on many ecosystem services. These findings provide a background for actively mitigating negative effects of LUI while meeting the needs of local communities that rely mainly on provisioning ecosystem services for their livelihoods.
Protected areas and their surrounding territory: socioecological systems in the context of ecological solidarity
Authors: Mathevet Raphaël , Thompson John D. , Folke Carl , Chapin F. Stuart 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe concept of ecological solidarity (ES) is a major feature of the 2006 law reforming national park policy in France. In the context of biodiversity conservation, the objectives of this study are to outline the historical development ofES, provide a working definition, and present a method for its implementation that combines environmental pragmatism and adaptive management. First, we highlight howESprovides a focus on the interdependencies among humans and nonhuman components of the socioecological system. In doing so, we identifyESwithin a framework that distinguishes ecological, socioecological, and sociopolitical interdependencies. In making such interdependencies apparent to humans who are not aware of their existence, the concept ofESpromotes collective action as an alternative or complementary approach to state‐ or market‐based approaches. By focusing on the awareness, feelings, and acknowledgement of interdependencies between actors and between humans and nonhumans, we present and discuss a learning‐based approach (participatory modeling) that allows stakeholders to work together to construct cultural landscapes for present and future generations. Using two case studies, we show how anESanalysis goes beyond the ecosystem management approach to take into account how human interactions with the environment embody cultural, social, and economic values and endorse an ethically integrated science of care and responsibility.ESrecognizes the diversity of these values as a practical foundation for socially engaged and accountable actions. Finally, we discuss howESenhances academic support for a socioecological systems approach to biodiversity conservation and promotes collaboration with decision‐makers and stakeholders involved in the adaptive management of protected areas and their surrounding landscapes.
Ecological equivalency as a tool for endangered species management
Authors: Searcy Christopher A. , Rollins Hilary B. , Shaffer H. Bradley 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe use of taxon substitutes for extinct or endangered species is a controversial conservation measure. We use the example of the endangered California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense; CTS), which is being replaced by hybrids with the invasive barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium), to illustrate a strategy for evaluating taxon substitutes based on their position in a multivariate community space. Approximately one‐quarter of CTS's range is currently occupied by “full hybrids” with 70% nonnative genes, while another one‐quarter is occupied by “superinvasives” where a specific set of 3/68 genes comprising 4% of the surveyed genome is nonnative. Based on previous surveys of natural CTS breeding ponds, we stocked experimental mesocosms with field‐verified, realistic densities of tiger salamander larvae and their prey, and used these mesocosms to evaluate ecological equivalency between pure CTS, full hybrids, and superinvasives in experimental pond communities. We also included a fourth treatment with no salamanders present to evaluate the community effects of eliminating Ambystoma larvae altogether. We found that pure CTS and superinvasive larvae were ecologically equivalent, because their positions in the multivariate community space were statistically indistinguishable and they did not differ significantly along any univariate community axes. Full hybrids were ecologically similar, but not equivalent, to the other two genotypes, and the no‐Ambystoma treatment was by far the most divergent. We conclude that, at least for the larval stage, superinvasives are adequate taxon substitutes for pure CTS and should probably be afforded protection under the Endangered Species Act. The proper conservation status for full hybrids remains debatable.
Phylogenetic signal in diatom ecology: perspectives for aquatic ecosystems biomonitoring
Authors: Keck François , Rimet Frédéric , Franc Alain , Bouchez Agnès 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiatoms include a great diversity of taxa and are recognized as powerful bioindicators in rivers. However using diatoms for monitoring programs is costly and time consuming because most of the methodologies necessitate species‐level identification. This raises the question of the optimal trade‐off between taxonomic resolution and bioassessment quality. Phylogenetic tools may form the bases of new, more efficient approaches for biomonitoring if relationships between ecology and phylogeny can be demonstrated. We estimated the ecological optima of 127 diatom species for 19 environmental parameters using count data from 2119 diatom communities sampled during eight years in eastern France. Using uni‐ and multivariate analyses, we explored the relationships between freshwater diatom phylogeny and ecology (i.e., the phylogenetic signal). We found a significant phylogenetic signal for many of the ecological optima that were tested, but the strength of the signal varied significantly from one trait to another. Multivariate analysis also showed that the multidimensional ecological niche of diatoms can be strongly related to phylogeny. The presence of clades containing species that exhibit homogeneous ecology suggests that phylogenetic information can be useful for aquatic biomonitoring. This study highlights the presence of significant patterns of ecological optima for freshwater diatoms in relation to their phylogeny. These results suggest the presence of a signal above the species level, which is encouraging for the development of simplified methods for biomonitoring survey.
Improved estimation of intrinsic growthrmaxfor long‐lived species: integrating matrix models and allometry
Authors: Dillingham Peter W. , Moore Jeffrey E. , Fletcher David , Cortés Enric , Curtis K. Alexandra , James Kelsey C. , Lewison Rebecca L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntrinsic population growth rate (rmax) is an important parameter for many ecological applications, such as population risk assessment and harvest management. However,rmaxcan be a difficult parameter to estimate, particularly for long‐lived species, for which appropriate life table data or abundance time series are typically not obtainable. We describe a method for improving estimates ofrmaxfor long‐lived species by integrating life‐history theory (allometric models) and population‐specific demographic data (life table models). Broad allometric relationships, such as those between life history traits and body size, have long been recognized by ecologists. These relationships are useful for deriving theoretical expectations forrmax, butrmaxfor real populations may vary from simple allometric estimators for “archetypical” species of a given taxa or body mass. Meanwhile, life table approaches can provide population‐specific estimates ofrmaxfrom empirical data, but these may have poor precision from imprecise and missing vital rate parameter estimates. Our method borrows strength from both approaches to provide estimates that are consistent with both life‐history theory and population‐specific empirical data, and are likely to be more robust than estimates provided by either method alone. Our method uses an allometric constant: the product ofrmaxand the associated generation time for a stable‐age population growing at this rate. We conducted a meta‐analysis to estimate the mean and variance of this allometric constant across well‐studied populations from three vertebrate taxa (birds, mammals, and elasmobranchs) and found that the mean was approximately 1.0 for each taxon. We used these as informative Bayesian priors that determine how much to “shrink” imprecise vital rate estimates for a data‐limited population toward the allometric expectation. The approach ultimately provides estimates ofrmax(and other vital rates) that reflect a balance of information from the individual studied population, theoretical expectation, and meta‐analysis of other populations. We applied the method specifically to an archetypical petrel (representing the genusProcellaria)and to white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the context of estimating sustainable fishery bycatch limits.