bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-native zoobenthic species at the Crimean Black Sea Coast
Authors: SHALOVENKOV N. N. 
Published: October 2017

More than 40 non-native species have been registered in the zoobenthos of the Black Sea. Only, five alien species, the Crustacea, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould, 1841) and Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould, 1841), and the Mollusca, Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846), Mya arenaria (Linne, 1758) and Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906), were recorded in the benthos on the Crimean shelf between 1999-2014. The blood-cockle A. kagoshimensis had settled on many sites of the Black Sea shelf in the past forty years. The first detection (1999) at the Crimean coast and the temporal variability of this mollusc’s population coincided with the tendency in variability of the water temperature in the area.The five alien species had spatial aggregation and their occurrence did not exceed 23 % in the boundaries of the distribution sites. An increasing trend for their abundance in the last five - seven years was observed. These years were characterized by temperature rise in the surface layer of coastal waters. Similar patterns have been observed in the interannual variability of the biomass and abundance ratio of aliens to native for all zoobenthic taxonomic groups, i.e. of dominance index of alien species.The low level of the dominance index of the introduced species is indicative of low impact on the diversity of the benthic communities of the Crimea coast, i.e. on the scale of the metacommunity. With the exception of the R. venosa, they exhibited lower biomass and abundance along the Crimean coast shelf as opposed to other areas of the Black Sea shelf. Occasionally, the dominance index for the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854) could be high, a fact attributed to the low biomass and abundance of other benthic species.
Reference-Dependent Utility, Product Variety, and Price Competition
Authors: Amaldoss Wilfred , He Chuan 
Published: October 2017

Products such as Nike running shoes, Gillette razors, and Gatorade sports drink serve as the standard against which consumers evaluate other members of the category. Empirical evidence suggests that consumers care about not only the consumption utility derived from a product, but also the gain–loss utility in comparison to the reference product of the category. This paper examines how reference-dependent utility affects price competition in a horizontally differentiated market where consumers’ tastes are diverse. When consumer valuations are low, the reference product is priced lower than a nonreference product. In contrast, when consumer valuations are high, the reference product is priced higher than a nonreference product. Moreover, loss aversion on the price dimension always intensifies competition among low-valuation goods, whereas loss aversion on the taste dimension softens competition among high-valuation goods only if consumer sensitivity to the difference in match quality is above a threshold. We also find that an increase in the diversity of consumers’ tastes reduces equilibrium profits if consumer valuation is low but has the opposite effect if consumer valuation is high. We further explore how an increase in the popularity of the reference product affects price competition. Finally, we assess the robustness of the findings by extending the model in different directions. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2834 . This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.
High-Powered Performance Pay and Crowding Out of Nonmonetary Motives
Authors: Huffman David , Bognanno Michael 
Published: October 2017

A previous literature cautions that paying workers for performance might crowd out nonmonetary motives to work hard. Empirical evidence from the field, however, has been based on between-subjects designs that are best suited for detecting crowding out due to low-powered incentives. High-powered incentives in the workplace tend to increase output, but it is unknown whether this masks crowding out. This paper uses a within-subject experimental design and finds evidence that crowding out also extends to high-powered incentives in a real work setting with paid workers. There is individual heterogeneity, however, with a minority of workers reporting crowding in of motivation. Thus, the impact of performance pay might depend on the mix of worker types. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2846 . This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Decentralized Clearing in Financial Networks
Authors: Csóka Péter , Jean-Jacques Herings P. 
Published: October 2017

We consider a situation in which agents have mutual claims on each other, summarized in a liability matrix. Agents’ assets might be insufficient to satisfy their liabilities, leading to defaults. In case of default, bankruptcy rules are used to specify the way agents are going to be rationed. A clearing payment matrix is a payment matrix consistent with the prevailing bankruptcy rules that satisfies limited liability and priority of creditors. Since clearing payment matrices and the corresponding values of equity are not uniquely determined, we provide bounds on the possible levels equity can take. Unlike the existing literature, which studies centralized clearing procedures, we introduce a large class of decentralized clearing processes. We show the convergence of any such process in finitely many iterations to the least clearing payment matrix. When the unit of account is sufficiently small, all decentralized clearing processes lead essentially to the same value of equity as a centralized clearing procedure. As a policy implication, it is not necessary to collect and process all the sensitive data of all the agents simultaneously and run a centralized clearing procedure. This paper was accepted by Yinyu Ye, optimization.
Continuing Professional Development: Prehospital management of severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Lilley Peter 
Published: October 2017

Overview This Continuing Professional Development (CPD) module will explain how to treat a patient with a traumatic brain injury, with reference to elements such as the intracranial compartment, cerebral blood flow, and a practical case study. From this, a paramedic may enhance their practice around stabilising a patient with severe head injuries in a pre-hospital setting. Learning Outcomes After completing this module the paramedic will be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Perform an assessment of a TBI patient and formulate a prehospital management plan. Formulate a prehospital treatment plan for a patient with a TBI. Demonstrate the ability to make transport decisions for patients with a TBI.
The Views of Teacher Candidates Attending the Pedagogical Formation Program Regarding the Teaching Practice Course
Authors: Dursun Fevzi , Kiraz Zafer 
Published: October 2017

<p style="text-align:justify">One of the important aspects that increase the efficiency of learning is well trained teacher. Besides, increasing quality and ensuring permanent learning is undoubtedly dependent on teacher’s effort to achieve these and active participation of student in the teaching process more actively and willingly. This study was conducted to review the views of teacher candidates for the practices they performed at relevant schools in the scope of teaching practice. In the study, it was aimed to determine what teachers have carried out for the teaching process to be more qualified. In the study, six open-ended questions were asked to 26 teacher candidates, working at central district of Tokat province during the spring semester of 2015-2016 academic year, received pedagogical formation, agreed voluntarily respond to the information on the form in pre-interview. The study conducted qualitatively. In the analysis of the data, descriptive analysis technique from qualitative data analysis techniques was used. According to findings, it is seen that participants experienced various problems during teaching practice. The participants found short haul and temporary solutions that they usually developed by themselves to overcome their problems that they experienced. The majority of the participants expressed that they benefited from teaching practice course in the topics of lecturing, addressing, recognizing students, communicating with students, classroom management and attracting attention. The majority of the participants stated that teaching practice satisfied their expectations from this practice. It was found that the participants didn’t have enough knowledge about the practice itself, so their expectations from this practice was low. The fact that participants' expectations were low and they didn’t have enough knowledge about the practice shows that the practice in question satisfied their expectations easier and faster. Regarding the participants' expectations about how teaching practice should be and what it should include; they expect for teaching staff and practice teacher to get more involved with participants and course; the lesson plans to be more planned and functional, the communication of instructors, and practice teachers at school to be better.</p>
Instrumented cervical spinal fusions in children: Indications and outcomes
Authors: Lastikka M. , Aarnio J. , Helenius I. 
Published: October 2017

Purpose To report indications, outcomes and complications of instrumented cervical spinal fusion in a consecutive series of children at major university hospitals. Methods A retrospective, single surgeon series identified 35 consecutive children with a mean follow-up (FU) of 2.5 years undergoing instrumented cervical spinal fusion between 2005 and 2015. Results The main indications were skeletal dysplasia and trauma associated cervical instability. Surgical complications were observed in 12 (34%) patients with multiple complications in four (11%). Four (11%) children required at least one revision surgery, three for nonunion and one for graft dislodgement. All were fused at FU. Surgical complications were more common in children undergoing occipitocervical (OC) fusion than in those avoiding fusion of the OC junction (60% versus 24%) (p = 0.043). Complications were found significantly more in children operated on under the age of ten years than above (50% versus 18%) (p = 0.004). The risk of complications was not dependent on the indications for surgery (skeletal dysplasia versus trauma) (p = 0.177), Conclusion Skeletal dysplasia associated cervical instability and cervical spine injuries represented the most common indications for instrumented cervical spinal fusion in children. Complications were observed in one-third of these children and 11% required revision surgery for complications. OC spinal fusion and spinal fusion before the age of ten years are associated with higher risk of surgical complications and increased mortality than non-OC fusions and cervical spinal fusions at an older age. We urge surgeons to employ caution to the patient, timing and procedure selection when treating paediatric cervical spine.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fernández Álvaro , Navitski Rielle , Thau Eric M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Cuban Cinema After the Cold War, Enrique García (2015) Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 222 pp., ISBN: 9780786499106, p/bk and e-book, $40
Sumergido: Cine Alternativo Cubano/Submerged: Alternative Cuban Cinema, Luis Duno-Gottberg and Michael J. Horswell (2013) Houston: Literal Publishing, 176 pp., ISBN: 9780977028771, p/bk, $19.95
The Hispanic Image in Hollywood: A Postcolonial Approach, Jorge Barrueto (2013) New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 210 pp., ISBN: 9781433117572, h/bk, $84.95
The immunogenicity and safety of the new, Indonesian DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the DTwP/HB vaccine given with the Hib vaccine
Authors: Bachtiar Novilia Sjafri , Rusmil Kusnandi , Sudigdoadi Sunarjati , Kartasasmita Cissy B , Hadyana Hadyana 
Published: October 2017

Background Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes infection with predominant manifestations of pneumonia, meningitis, and other invasive diseases, occurring primarily in children aged under 2 years, particularly in infants. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Indonesian Technical Advisory Group for Immunization recommend to include the Hib vaccine into the national immunization program. The newly developed DTwP-HB-Hib combination vaccine is anticipated to be the preferred choice for Hib vaccine introduction; it is efficient, simple, and has higher coverage.Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a new, combined Bio Farma DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine, compared to the registered Hib monovalent vaccine given simultaneously with the local DTwP-HB vaccine, when used as the primary vaccination of Indonesian infants.Methods A prospective, randomized, open-label, phase II study was conducted on the DTwP-HB-Hib vaccine compared to the Hib (registered) vaccine given simultaneously with the DTwP-HB vaccine, in Bandung from July 2011 to January 2012. Infants were serially vaccinated at 6-11, 10-15, and 14-19 weeks. Serological assessments were done prior to the first vaccine dose and 28 days after the third dose. Safety was assessed from the time of first injection until 1 month after the last injection.Results Of 220 healthy infants enrolled, 211 completed the study, with 105 receiving the combined vaccine and 106 the two separate vaccines. All vaccines were well tolerated. No differences in rates of local and systemic reactions were seen between the two methods of administration. No serious adverse events were considered to be related to the vaccines. In the DTwP-HB-Hib primary-vaccination group, at least 98% of the infants reached protective levels of antibodies (seropositivity) against the antigens employed in the vaccines while 96% in the control group.Conclusion The DTwP-HB-Hib combined vaccine is immunogenic and safe, as well as comparable to the Hib vaccine given simultaneously with to the DTwP-HB vaccine.
Early European Colonial Rule on the African Red Sea Littoral
Authors: Serels Steven 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This article proposes a new periodization of European colonial rule on the African Red Sea Littoral (ARSL). The ARSL is the arid and semi-arid region between the Red Sea and the Sudanese Nile and the Ethiopian/Eritrean highlands. The region is now divided among Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti. However, historically the ARSL was claimed by numerous pastoralist tribes and clans, including the Hadendowa, Bisharin, Amarar, Beni Amer, Habab, and Afar. This article demonstrates that the process of rendering these pastoralists into British, French, or Italian colonial subjects-i.e., of establishing European colonial rule-took decades. Though colonial officials laid their claims to the region at the end of the nineteenth century, it was not until the 1920s and 1930s that they began to exert meaningful forms of colonial control over these pastoralist communities. This article argues that this period of early colonial rule should be treated diffferently from the period of high colonial rule that follows. During the early period, the balance of power on the ground had not yet tipped in the favor of colonial officials. Though these officials were part of large imperial networks, they were not able to efffectively mobilize these networks to get access to the resources they needed to establish efffective administrations. At the same time, these officials did not command local resources, which, in general, remained in the hands of the local communities that continued to mobilize them to their advantage. These communities progressively lost access to the resources that allowed them to hold the colonial state at bay. In the case of the ARSL, this loss was only partially the result of actions taken by the emerging colonial state. Rather, the leading cause was the introduction of rinderpest, a disease that killed up to 90 percent of infected cattle in virgin herds. Following the initial epizootic impoverishment of the region, continuing poverty over time robbed pastoralists of their ability to protect themselves from adverse environmental conditions such as droughts. During the first third of the twentieth century, pastoralists were plagued by repeated famines that left them with no choice but to submit to the colonial state and gain access to the limited colonial food aid programs. This submission marks the end of early European colonial rule.
Morální distres učitelů – skrytý problém
Authors: Mareš Jiří 
Published: October 2017

Abstrakt: Přehledová studie se věnuje morální dimenzi učitelovy pedagogické činnosti. Text se soustřeďuje na ty kritické situace ve škole, které jsou vyvolány sociálními tlaky na učitele (ze strany nadřízených orgánů, komunity, vedení školy, členů učitelského sboru, rodičů apod.). Sociální tlaky staví učitele před morální dilemata a on je musí řešit. Musí se rozhodnout: buď se podvolí sociálnímu tlaku a přistoupí na rozhodnutí, s nímž vnitřně nesouhlasí, anebo riskuje, postaví se proti nátlaku a udělá to, co sám považuje za morálně správné. Celý výklad je strukturován do šesti částí. První část shrnuje dosavadní výzkumy etických aspektů činnosti učitelů v zahraničí i v České republice. Druhá část přibližuje základní pojmy typu morálka, etika, dilema. Třetí část rozebírá pojem kritická událost, neboť ta v řadě případů obsahuje etický konï¬ ikt, jehož výsledkem je morální distres učitele. Čtvrtá část charakterizuje klíčový pojem studie – morální distres â a přibližuje i obsah příbuzných pojmů. Výklad připomíná, že se distres mění v čase: rozlišuje prvotní morální distres a reaktivní morální distres, který nastupuje až s určitým odstupem. Přibližuje též model kumulování negativních dopadů distresu v čase, tj. narůstání morálních reziduí. Pátá část je věnována diagnostice morálního distresu u učitelů, zejména kvalitativnímu přístupu. Šestá část naznačuje možné intervenční postupy, které by mohly zmírnit či eliminovat morální distres u učitelů. Přehledová studie upozorňuje na skutečnost, že výzkumy morálního distresu u dvou pomáhajících profesí, které jsou si blízké, tj. učitelství a ošetřovatelství, probíhají zatím nezávisle. Přitom dopady zkoumaného jevu – morálního distresu – jsou obdobné: nespokojenost pracovníků v zaměstnání a zvažování odchodu na jiné pracoviště či odchodu z profese vůbec. Výzkumy u učitelů by se mohly inspirovat bádáním u zdravotnických pracovníků, zejména u zdravotních sester; to je totiž teoreticky i metodologicky pokročilejší. Klíčová slova: učitel, škola, sociální tlaky, kritická událost, morální dilema, morální distres, diagnostika, intervenceKey words: teacher, school, social pressures, critical incident, moral dilemma, moral distress, assessment, intervention
Curriculum for Excellence: kurikulum založené na kompetencích a zkušenosti z jeho implementace
Authors: Holec Jakub , Dvořák Dominik 
Published: October 2017

AbstraktDruh studie: Případová studie popisuje charakteristiky skotského kurikula všeobecného vzdělávání a vývoj za deset let od počátku kurikulární reformy.Hlavní téma: Skotské Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) je obecně považováno za modelový případ celosvětové proměny kurikulární praxe na počátku nového tisíciletí. Zdůrazněním obecných kompetencí, interdisciplinárního přístup a autonomie škol při dováření se podobá českým rámcovým vzdělávacím programům.Posloupnost výkladu: Jsou uvedena konceptuální východiska pro klasifikaci kurikula i odpovídající reformy a stručně je charakterizována metoda studie jedné země. Popisujeme vzdělávací systém Skotska, vznik nového kurikula, jeho strukturu, přijetí ve školách. Důraz klademe na vývoj kurikula a všeobecného školství od zahájení reformy a na současné diskuse i úpravy kurikulární politiky.Závěry: Skotská kurikulární reforma je odvážná a inovativní v celkových cílech, ale málo specifická v jejich monitorování a naplňování. Současné úpravy stavějí do popředí základní gramotnosti i celkovou pohodu dětí a posilují roli externího hodnocení výsledků žáků a škol.Klíčová slova: kurikulum, Curriculum for Excellence, klíčové kompetence, kurikulární reforma, Skotsko
Adaptační období pro začínající učitele
Authors: Janík Tomáš , Wildová Radka , Uličná Klára , Minaříková Eva , Janík Miroslav , Jašková Jana , Šimůnková Barbora 
Published: October 2017

Abstrakt: Předkládaná studie se soustředí na adaptační období pro začínající učitele jakožto příležitost pro podporu profesního rozvoje učitelů. Nejprve identifkuje výzvy, které se s tímto obdobím profesního života pojí, poté představuje zkušenosti z vybraných zemí, ve kterých je adaptační období realizováno, a nakonec diskutuje současné návrhy na implementaci adaptačního období pro začínající učitele v České republice. Se zázemím v řešení výzkumných projektů se tato studie pokouší jít vstříc současným aktivitám MŠMT spojeným se zaváděním kariérního systému pro pedagogické pracovníky a adaptačního období pro začínající učitele. Návrh novely zákona, který tyto systémové prvky podpory učitelů legislativně konstituuje, je v době vzniku tohoto textu projednáván na různých úrovních. Bude-li návrh schválen, otevírá se prostor pro dopracování a konkretizaci adaptačního období. V návaznosti na zahraniční zkušenosti a mezinárodní srovnávací studie se tento text pokusí identifkovat několik principů, jejichž naplnění se může jevit jako přínosné pro rozpracování adaptačního období. Tyto principy jsou spojeny s efektivností indukce pro začínající učitele. Klíčová slova: adaptační období, indukce, začínající učitel, karierní systém, profesionalizační kontinuum
Domain Specificity of Oculomotor Learning after Changes in Sensory Processing
Authors: Tsank Yuliy , Eckstein Miguel P. 
Published: October 2017

Humans visually process the world with varying spatial resolution and can program their eye movements optimally to maximize information acquisition for a variety of everyday tasks. Diseases such as macular degeneration can change visual sensory processing, introducing central vision loss (a scotoma). However, humans can learn to direct a new preferred retinal location to regions of interest for simple visual tasks. Whether such learned compensatory saccades are optimal and generalize to more complex tasks, which require integrating information across a large area of the visual field, is not well understood. Here, we explore the possible effects of central vision loss on the optimal saccades during a face identification task, using a gaze-contingent simulated scotoma. We show that a new foveated ideal observer with a central scotoma correctly predicts that the human optimal point of fixation to identify faces shifts from just below the eyes to one that is at the tip of the nose and another at the top of the forehead. However, even after 5000 trials, humans of both sexes surprisingly do not change their initial fixations to adapt to the new optimal fixation points to faces. In contrast, saccades do change for tasks such as object following and to a lesser extent during search. Our findings argue against a central brain motor-compensatory mechanism that generalizes across tasks. They instead suggest task specificity in the learning of oculomotor plans in response to changes in front-end sensory processing and the possibility of separate domain-specific representations of learned oculomotor plans in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanism by which humans adapt eye movements in response to central vision loss is still not well understood and carries importance for gaining a fundamental understanding of brain plasticity. We show that although humans adapt their eye movements for simpler tasks such as object following and search, these adaptations do not generalize to more complex tasks such as face identification. We provide the first computational model to predict where humans with central vision loss should direct their eye movements in face identification tasks, which could become a critical tool in making patient-specific recommendations. Based on these results, we suggest a novel theory for oculomotor learning: a distributed representation of learned eye-movement plans represented in domain-specific areas of the brain.