bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug information update. Lithium and chronic kidney disease: Debates and dilemmas
Authors: Gupta Sumeet , Khastgir Udayan 
Published: August 2017

SummaryLithium is an established treatment for bipolar disorder and an augmenting agent for treatment-resistant depression. Despite awareness of renal adverse effects, including chronic kidney disease, for the past five decades, there has been a lack of research evidence. This has led to debates around the existence and magnitude of the risk. This article discusses the current evidence base regarding the link between lithium and chronic kidney disease, monitoring of renal functions and its clinical implications.
Using spectral decomposition of the signals from laurdan-derived probes to evaluate the physical state of membranes in live cells
Authors: Mazeres Serge , Fereidouni Farzad , Joly Etienne 
Published: August 2017

Background:We wanted to investigate the physical state of biological membranes in live cells under the most physiological conditions possible.Methods:For this we have been using laurdan, C-laurdan or M-laurdan to label a variety of cells, and a biphoton microscope equipped with both a thermostatic chamber and a spectral analyser. We also used a flow cytometer to quantify the 450/530 nm ratio of fluorescence emissions by whole cells.Results:We find that using all the information provided by spectral analysis to perform spectral decomposition dramatically improves the imaging resolution compared to using just two channels, as commonly used to calculate generalized polarisation (GP). Coupled to a new plugin called Fraction Mapper, developed to represent the fraction of light intensity in the first component in a stack of two images, we obtain very clear pictures of both the intra-cellular distribution of the probes, and the polarity of the cellular environments where the lipid probes are localised.Our results lead us to conclude that, in live cells kept at 37°C, laurdan, and M-laurdan to a lesser extent, have a strong tendency to accumulate in the very apolar environment of intra-cytoplasmic lipid droplets, but label the plasma membrane (PM) of mammalian cells ineffectively. On the other hand, C-laurdan labels the PM very quickly and effectively, and does not detectably accumulate in lipid droplets.Conclusions:From using these probes on a variety of mammalian cell lines, as well as on cells fromDrosophilaandDictyostelium discoideum, we conclude that, apart from the lipid droplets, which are very apolar, probes in intracellular membranes reveal a relatively polar and hydrated environment, suggesting a very marked dominance of liquid disordered states. PMs, on the other hand, are much more apolar, suggesting a strong dominance of liquid ordered state, which fits with their high sterol contents.
BlobTools: Interrogation of genome assemblies
Authors: Laetsch Dominik R. , Blaxter Mark L. 
Published: July 2017

The goal of many genome sequencing projects is to provide a complete representation of a target genome (or genomes) as underpinning data for further analyses. However, it can be problematic to identify which sequences in an assembly truly derive from the target genome(s) and which are derived from associated microbiome or contaminant organisms. We present BlobTools, a modular command-line solution for visualisation, quality control and taxonomic partitioning of genome datasets. Using guanine+cytosine content of sequences, read coverage in sequencing libraries and taxonomy of sequence similarity matches, BlobTools can assist in primary partitioning of data, leading to improved assemblies, and screening of final assemblies for potential contaminants. Through simulated paired-end read dataset,s containing a mixture of metazoan and bacterial taxa, we illustrate the main BlobTools workflow and suggest useful parameters for taxonomic partitioning of low-complexity metagenome assemblies.
A contemporary update on ‘soft’ linings
Authors: McCord J Fraser , Donaldson Alan C , Lamont Thomas James 
Published: August 2017

This article presents a contemporary overview of soft or compliant denture lining materials. It does not focus on denture bases, which are intrinsically flexible, and suggests some clinical options which readers might wish to consider. Clinical Relevance: The aim of this article is to update clinicians on the types of compliant linings currently available and to advise on how some might be used.
Routine and emergency management guidelines for the dental patient with renal disease and kidney transplant part 1
Authors: Saif Imran , Adkins Angela , Kewley Victoria , Woywodt Alexander , Brookes Vanita 
Published: August 2017

The number of kidney patients is increasing in all developed countries, mainly due to the increase in patients with type II diabetes. These patients may be asked by their renal physician to attend their general dental practitioner for an oral review prior to undergoing further renal treatment. Dental surgeons working in the primary care setting will be required to manage patients who are at various stages of renal support, whether pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), dialysis patients, and also those who have had a kidney or kidney and pancreas transplant. In addition, dental practitioners may be faced with having to deal with the emergency management of such patients attending their practices in acute pain. Clinical Relevance: This paper aims to provide the general dental practitioner with the necessary knowledge to manage renal patients, and outlines the guidance regarding the criteria for referral, work up procedure and dental management of such patients.
Chronic periapical periodontitis containing mature human hair shaft: a case report
Authors: Sharif Mohammad Owaise , Yar Riaz , Oliver Richard 
Published: August 2017

A case is reported of a 44-year-old male who was referred with persistent pus discharge associated with his UL2 which had been root treated on two occasions. Radiographic examination revealed a radiolucency of approximately 8 mm diameter. An apicectomy was performed and histopathological examination revealed the presence of mature birefringent hair-shaft structures within a chronic periapical periodontitis. Clinical Relevance: This article presents a rare occurrence, the presence of human hair in the periapical tissues.
The ‘secret’ of success part 2
Authors: Busby Mike 
Published: August 2017

Practice success is defined across the four ‘dimensions’ of oral health, patient satisfaction, job satisfaction and financial profit. It is suggested that the ‘secret’ of success in dental practice is to make patient (customer) satisfaction the primary focus. Not a very earth shattering or surprising ‘secret’ perhaps! This is hardly a new idea, and not a concept restricted to dental practice. This principle applies to all businesses. This series of articles reviews evidence from across a broad spectrum of publications: from populist business publications through to refereed scientific papers, this ‘secret’ seems to be confirmed. The evidence for which aspects of our service are most important in achieving patient satisfaction (and therefore success) is explored. Clinical Relevance: Good oral health outcomes for patients are defined as the primary purpose of dental practice and, therefore, an essential dimension of success. The link between positive patient perceptions of general care and their own oral health to practice success is explored.
Bonded amalgams and their use in clinical practice
Authors: Bonsor Stephen J 
Published: August 2017

There has been a move in recent years for operative dentists to use the benefits of adhesive technology when placing dental amalgam restorations. This paper describes the potential advantages of the bonded amalgam technique. These benefits include decreased microleakage between the cavity wall and the restorative material. This, in turn, may decrease post-operative sensitivity, pulpal inflammation and the incidence of recurrent caries. Extra retention for the restoration may also be provided and the need for cavities to rely on traditional retention and resistance form may be decreased or even eliminated, thus conserving precious tooth tissue. If the restoration is bonded then flexure during function in teeth may be decreased and, in the case of teeth exhibiting a cracked cusp, this may alleviate or eliminate symptoms. Bonding may also provide support to weakened tooth tissue which otherwise would have to be removed, so rendering cavities more conservative, and may increase the fracture resistance of the tooth. Clinical examples are included to illustrate some of these benefits. Clinical Relevance: The use of adhesives to bond amalgam to tooth tissue offers potential advantages, although some of the current evidence is equivocal about their routine use.
The ‘secret’ of success part 3
Authors: Busby Mike 
Published: August 2017

Practice success is defined across the four ‘dimensions’ of oral health, patient satisfaction, job satisfaction and financial profit. It is suggested that the ‘secret’ of success in dental practice is to make patient (customer) satisfaction the primary focus. Not a very earth shattering or surprising ‘secret’ perhaps! This is hardly a new idea, and not a concept restricted to dental practice. This principle applies to all businesses. This series of articles reviews evidence from across a broad spectrum of publications: from populist business publications through to refereed scientific papers, this ‘secret’ seems to be confirmed. The evidence for which aspects of our service are most important in achieving patient satisfaction (and therefore success) is explored.Clinical Relevance: Good oral health outcomes for patients are defined as the primary purpose of dental practice and, therefore, an essential dimension of success. The link between positive patient perceptions of general care and his/her own oral health to practice success is explored.
The ‘secret’ of success part 4
Authors: Busby Mike 
Published: August 2017

Practice success is defined across the four ‘dimensions’ of oral health, patient satisfaction, job satisfaction and financial profit. It is suggested that the ‘secret’ of success in dental practice is to make patient (customer) satisfaction the primary focus. Not a very earth shattering or surprising ‘secret’ perhaps! This is hardly a new idea, and not a concept restricted to dental practice. This principle applies to all businesses. This series of articles reviews evidence from across a broad spectrum of publications: from populist business publications through to refereed scientific papers, this ‘secret’ seems to be confirmed. The evidence for which aspects of our service are most important in achieving patient satisfaction (and therefore success) is explored. Clinical Relevance: Good oral health outcomes for patients are defined as the primary purpose of dental practice and, therefore, an essential dimension of success. The link between positive patient perceptions of general care and their own oral health to practice success is explored.
Aesthetic smile evaluation - a non-invasive solution
Authors: Kovacs Boglarka O , Mehta Shamir B , Banerji Subir , Millar Brian J 
Published: August 2017

Enhancement of the aesthetic zone is a common reason for patients to seek dental care. This article describes a protocol for the examination, assessment and treatment planning for a patient seeking a solution to an aesthetic concern. The technique of undertaking an intra-oral ‘mock-up’ using resin composite as a diagnostic approach can be particularly helpful when planning for future prosthodontic rehabilitation. The latter can allow the operator and patient to visualize crudely what is aesthetically and functionally possible, given the constraints imposed by that patient. The patient has ultimately managed in a minimally invasive manner. Clinical Relevance: It can be very tempting for a dental operator to impose his/her concepts of the ‘artistic ideal’ when planning for care in the smile zone. Such ideals are largely based on established universal aesthetic principles of tooth colour, size, shape, form, position, symmetry and proportion. However, beauty is a very subjective matter. It is essential for the operator to listen attentively to his/her patient's concerns. Meticulous patient examination and assessment are absolutely critical factors in attempting to attain a successful outcome. The use of reversible, chairside intra-oral mock-up techniques can not only help with the transference of essential information to the dental technician when planning for restorative intervention in the smile zone, but can also allow the patient to gain an insight and indeed contribute his/her views to the possible restorative endpoint, respectively.
‘Simultaneous technique’ and a hybrid microseal/pacmac obturation
Authors: Malagnino Vito Antonio , Rossi-Fedele Giampiero , Passariello Paola , Canullo Luigi 
Published: August 2017

In these endodontic case reports we present a root canal preparation protocol using the Mtwo Ni-Ti rotary files according to the ‘simultaneous technique’ which is a ‘crown-down’ approach, where every instrument in the sequence is used to the full working length. A hybrid Microseal/PacMac obturation (consisting of three stages: master cone compaction, backfill with pre-plasticized gutta-percha and vertical compaction) is proposed in order to: maintain the obturation length control associated with the Microseal system; use preheated gutta-percha to backfill the canal rapidly with the PacMac condensor; and to reduce potential voids in the obturation material with the final vertical compaction. Clinical Relevance: The ‘simultaneous technique’ followed by apical preparation using Mtwo apical files allows obturation using the proposed hybrid Microseal/Pacmac method, aiming to overcome some of the shortcomings of the Microseal and Pacmac obturation methods, such as length control difficulty and sealer pooling.
Aesthetic resin onlay restorations: ‘rationale and methods’
Authors: Panchal Neel , Mehta Shamir B , Banerji Subir , Millar Brian J 
Published: August 2017

Resin composite restorations have gained increasing popularity over the past two decades. This has been largely driven by a patient-orientated demand for the use of aesthetic restorative materials. It has occurred concomitantly with an improvement in the mechanical properties of available materials, and advances in our knowledge of resin bonding. Onlay restorations are advocated for a plethora of clinical applications. This paper considers the role of adhesive onlay restorations fabricated in resin composite in contemporary restorative practice, including the presentation of two case reports. Clinical Relevance: This case report describes a minimally invasive, aesthetic solution to provide cuspal coverage by means of either a direct or indirect resin composite onlay restoration, respectively.
An in vitro investigation of the initial ph and titratable acidity of a selection of fruit smoothies
Authors: Blacker Suzanne M , Creanor Stephen L , Creanor Siobhan 
Published: August 2017

Four commercially-available fruit smoothie drinks were assessed for both initial/baseline pH and titratable acidity. A commercially-available smooth orange juice drink was used as a positive control. Baseline pH and titratable acidity were measured by titrating each fruit smoothie with 0.5 mL increments of 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and measuring the pH following the addition of each increment, until pH 7 and pH 10 were reached. Each of the fruit smoothies investigated demonstrated a low baseline pH and had relatively high titratable acidity. Owing to both their low pH and high titratable acidity, it would be advisable to limit the consumption of such fruit smoothies to meal times. Clinical Relevance: Fruit smoothies, which are made from pure fruit blended with 100% fruit juice, are a relatively new addition to the soft drinks market. It is recommended that they be consumed through a straw, similar to the advice given for other acidic soft drinks.
Infective endocarditis: the impact of the nice guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis
Authors: Thornhill Martin H 
Published: August 2017

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious, life-threatening disease and oral bacteria are implicated in 35-45% of cases. This has led to the development of guidelines recommending the use of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) prior to invasive dental procedures in patients at risk of IE. There is considerable controversy about the value of AP in preventing IE, resulting in guideline changes and different guidelines in different parts of the world. In March 2008, NICE recommended the complete cessation of AP prior to dental procedures in the UK. The effects of this controversial change were not entirely as anticipated and may provide important lessons about the role of AP in preventing IE. Clinical Relevance: The debate over the value of providing antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infective endocarditis in patients undergoing invasive dental procedures is of importance to dentists worldwide. The effect of the NICE guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis prescribing and incidence of infective endocarditis in the UK has contributed important new evidence to this ongoing debate.
Oral and dental management for head and neck cancer patients treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Authors: McCaul Lorna K 
Published: August 2017

The incidence of head and neck cancer is rising. The attendant oral complications of cancer management make oral health maintenance a lifelong challenge for these patients. Holistic management in the context of a core multidisciplinary team is essential in optimizing outcomes. Predicting the risk of adverse oral outcomes is difficult. Effective communication between healthcare professionals in the core and extended teams and with the patient is essential. Clinical Relevance: Primary care dental teams will be involved in the long-term management of oral care for head and cancer patients. A broad understanding of the management of head and neck cancer, consequences of treatment and the need for good communication is key to good quality patient care.
Tooth surface loss: tools and tips for management
Authors: Satterthwaite Julian D 
Published: August 2017

Tooth surface loss is becoming increasingly prevalent. Many cases can be managed with preventive measures, although there remain a number of patients for whom restorative intervention is indicated. Traditional treatment modalities have entailed extensive ‘full-mouth’ indirect restoration, although this approach has a number of disadvantages. Contemporary restorative techniques allow for a broader range of treatment options: this paper presents an overview of common issues and clinical techniques to overcome these. Clinical Relevance: Treatment options and guidance for managing patients who present with tooth surface loss.
Endodontic ‘solutions’ part 1: a literature review on the use of endodontic lubricants, irrigants and medicaments
Authors: Good M-L , Karim IA El , Hussey DL 
Published: August 2017

Endodontic lubricants, irrigants and medicaments help prepare and disinfect root canal systems (RCS) but primary and secondary cases involve different microbes and therefore it is unlikely that one protocol will be effective for both case types. Each individual ‘solution’ or sequence of ‘solutions’ could play a significant role in each case type, but there are no detailed published guidelines in existence. To help inform clinical practice it was decided to undertake a literature review followed by a UK and Republic of Ireland wide audit on current endodontic ‘solution’ usage within dental schools. The literature review was undertaken under the following headings: pre-op oral rinse; file lubricants; root canal irrigants and intracanal medicaments and provides an evidence base for protocol development for both primary and retreatment cases. The audit project and the protocols developed from the findings of both the literature review and audit will be presented in Part 2. Clinical Relevance: As our clinical practice should reflect evidence-based dentistry, it is important to be aware of the current literature on endodontic lubricant, irrigant and medicament use.
Interdisciplinary management in the paediatric patient: restoration of a complicated crown-root fracture
Authors: Hand Darren , Burbridge Lucy , Cole Ben OI 
Published: August 2017

Complicated crown-root fractures in permanent teeth present both patient-centred and restorative problems when treating the adolescent. This case highlights an alternative and conservative technique for the management of a traumatically involved maxillary left central incisor in a 12-year-old boy. The injury was successfully managed through an interdisciplinary approach using a combination of endodontics, minor oral surgery and orthodontics. The approach resulted in utilizing the patient's own tooth fragment to facilitate restoration back into successful function and aesthetics with the absence of any pathological changes. Clinical Relevance: Severely compromised teeth can be successfully managed by a combination of modern adhesive, endodontic and orthodontic treatment in the co-operative paediatric patient.
Ionizing radiation regulations and the dental practitioner: 3. quality assurance in dental radiography
Authors: Rout John , Brown Jackie 
Published: August 2017

This is the last in a series of three articles on X-ray dose reduction and covers aspects of quality assurance. The first outlined radiation physics and protection and the second the legislation relating to radiation safety. Clinical Relevance: Quality assurance is an essential part of dental radiography and is required to produce images of a consistently high standard, necessary for accurate diagnosis.
Dental local anaesthetics and latex: advice for the dental practitioner
Authors: McEntee Joanne 
Published: August 2017

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is present in many medical products, including disposable gloves, adhesive tape and bungs in medicine vials. People sensitized to NRL are at risk of developing allergic reactions, which can present with delayed symptoms such as a localized red itchy rash, or with immediate symptoms such as itching of the skin and eyes, sneezing, bronchospasm or anaphylactic shock. People sensitized to NRL should avoid contact with all products that contain it, either in the product itself, in the packaging or introduced during the manufacturing process or storage. This paper highlights the implications of latex allergy in patients for dental healthcare staff, and provides a list of local anaesthetic preparations used in dentistry in the UK which are latex free. Clinical Relevance: All dental staff need to be aware of latex allergy and know where to find information on latex content of dental local anaesthetics.
Layering composites for ultimate aesthetics in direct restorations
Authors: Beddis Hannah P , Nixon Peter J 
Published: August 2017

A number of modern materials are available which allow placement of highly aesthetic anterior restorations. However, some systems are complex and technique sensitive. The authors describe a layering technique for the provision of direct aesthetic anterior composite restorations suitable for a general practice setting. Clinical Relevance: Aesthetic restorations can be provided directly and in a conservative manner using composite resin, often avoiding the need for more destructive indirect techniques.