bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does increasing the size of bi-weekly samples of records influence results when using the Global Trigger Tool? An observational study of retrospective record reviews of two different sample sizes
Authors: Mevik Kjersti , Griffin Frances A , Hansen Tonje E , Deilkås Ellen T , Vonen Barthold 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the impact of increasing sample of records reviewed bi-weekly with the Global Trigger Tool method to identify adverse events in hospitalised patients.DesignRetrospective observational study.SettingA Norwegian 524-bed general hospital trust.Participants1920 medical records selected from 1 January to 31 December 2010.Primary outcomesRate, type and severity of adverse events identified in two different samples sizes of records selected as 10 and 70 records, bi-weekly.ResultsIn the large sample, 1.45 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.97) times more adverse events per 1000 patient days (39.3 adverse events/1000 patient days) were identified than in the small sample (27.2 adverse events/1000 patient days). Hospital-acquired infections were the most common category of adverse events in both the samples, and the distributions of the other categories of adverse events did not differ significantly between the samples. The distribution of severity level of adverse events did not differ between the samples.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that while the distribution of categories and severity are not dependent on the sample size, the rate of adverse events is. Further studies are needed to conclude if the optimal sample size may need to be adjusted based on the hospital size in order to detect a more accurate rate of adverse events.
Building better research partnerships by understanding how Aboriginal health communities perceive and use data: a semistructured interview study
Authors: Young Christian , Tong Allison , Sherriff Simone , Kalucy Deanna , Fernando Peter , Muthayya Sumithra , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the attitudes and beliefs of health professionals working in Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHS) towards the access, usage and potential value of routinely obtained clinical and research data.Design, setting and participantsFace-to-face, semistructured interviews were conducted with 35 health professionals from 2 urban and 1 regional ACCHS in New South Wales. The interviews were transcribed and themes were identified using an adapted grounded theory approach.ResultsSix major themes were identified: occupational engagement (day-to-day relevance, contingent on professional capacity, emphasising clinical relevance), trust and assurance (protecting ownership, confidence in narratives, valuing local sources), motivation and empowerment (engaging the community, influencing morale, reassuring and encouraging clients), building research capacity (using cultural knowledge, promoting research aptitude, prioritising specific data), optimising service provision (necessity for sustainable services, guiding and improving services, supporting best practice), and enhancing usability (ensuring ease of comprehension, improving efficiency of data management, valuing accuracy and accessibility).ConclusionsParticipants were willing to learn data handling procedures that could further enhance health service delivery and enable more ACCHS-led research, but busy workloads restrict these opportunities. Staff held concerns regarding the translation of research data into beneficial services, and believed that the outcome and purpose of data collection could be communicated more clearly. Promoting research partnerships, ensuring greater awareness of positive health data and the purposes of data collection, and communicating data in a user-friendly format are likely to encourage greater data use, build research capacity and improve health services within the Aboriginal community.
How accurate are the wrist-based heart rate monitors during walking and running activities? Are they accurate enough?
Authors: Stahl Sarah E , An Hyun-Sung , Dinkel Danae M , Noble John M , Lee Jung-Min 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundHeart rate (HR) monitors are valuable devices for fitness-orientated individuals. There has been a vast influx of optical sensing blood flow monitors claiming to provide accurate HR during physical activities. These monitors are worn on the arm and wrist to detect HR with photoplethysmography (PPG) techniques. Little is known about the validity of these wearable activity trackers.AimValidate the Scosche Rhythm (SR), Mio Alpha (MA), Fitbit Charge HR (FH), Basis Peak (BP), Microsoft Band (MB), and TomTom Runner Cardio (TT) wireless HR monitors.Methods50 volunteers (males: n=32, age 19–43 years; females: n=18, age 19–38 years) participated. All monitors were worn simultaneously in a randomised configuration. The Polar RS400 HR chest strap was the criterion measure. A treadmill protocol of one 30 min bout of continuous walking and running at 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, 8.0, and 9.6 km/h (5 min at each protocol speed) with HR manually recorded every minute was completed.ResultsFor group comparisons, the mean absolute percentage error values were: 3.3%, 3.6%, 4.0%, 4.6%, 4.8% and 6.2% for TT, BP, RH, MA, MB and FH, respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was observed: r=0.959 (TT), r=0.956 (MB), r=0.954 (BP), r=0.933 (FH), r=0.930 (RH) and r=0.929 (MA). Results from 95% equivalency testing showed monitors were found to be equivalent to those of the criterion HR (±10% equivalence zone: 98.15–119.96).ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that the wearable activity trackers provide an accurate measurement of HR during walking and running activities.
Topographic distribution of cerebral infarct probability in patients with acute ischemic stroke: mapping of intra-arterial treatment effect
Authors: Boers A M M , Berkhemer O A , Slump C H , van Zwam W H , Roos Y B W E M , van der Lugt A , van Oostenbrugge R J , Yoo A J , Dippel D W J , Marquering H A , Majoie C B L M 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundSince proof emerged that IA treatment (IAT) is beneficial for patients with acute ischemic stroke, it has become the standard method of care. Despite these positive results, recovery to functional independence is established in only about one-third of treated patients. The effect of IAT is commonly assessed by functional outcome, whereas its effect on brain tissue salvage is considered a secondary outcome measure (at most). Because patient and treatment selection needs to be improved, understanding the treatment effect on brain tissue salvage is of utmost importance.ObjectiveTo introduce infarct probability maps to estimate the location and extent of tissue damage based on patient baseline characteristics and treatment type.MethodsCerebral infarct probability maps were created by combining automatically segmented infarct distributions using follow-up CT images of 281 patients from the MR CLEAN trial. Comparison of infarct probability maps allows visualization and quantification of probable treatment effects. Treatment impact was calculated for 10 Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and 27 anatomical regions.ResultsThe insular cortex had the highest infarct probability in both control and IAT populations (47.2% and 42.6%, respectively). Comparison showed significant lower infarct probability in 4 ASPECTS and 17 anatomical regions in favor of IAT. Most salvaged tissue was found within the ASPECTS M2 region, which was 8.5% less likely to infarct.ConclusionsProbability maps intuitively visualize the topographic distribution of infarct probability due to treatment, which makes it a promising tool for estimating the effect of treatment.
Meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation and infection in Thoroughbred racehorses and veterinarians in Japan
Authors: Kuroda T. , Kinoshita Y. , Niwa H. , Shinzaki Y. , Tamura N. , Hobo S. , Kuwano A. 
Published: April 2016

Meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been confirmed in hospitalised Thoroughbred racehorses at the hospitals of two training centres in Japan since 2009. To investigate the source of infection, the authors examined the rate of nasal MRSA colonisation in 600 healthy Thoroughbred racehorses, 53 veterinarians and 16 office staff at the racehorse hospitals of the two training centres. MRSA was not isolated from healthy Thoroughbred racehorses or hospital office staff. However, MRSA was isolated from 16 veterinarians (30.1 per cent), and the colonisation rate was significantly higher in veterinarians than in the office staff of the same hospitals. Also, 10 of the 16 MRSA strains (62.5 per cent) isolated from veterinarians were classified as type II by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and ST5 by multilocus sequence typing. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that these 10 MRSA strains of SCCmec type II and ST5 were genetically identical or very similar to 9 MRSA strains isolated from infected horses hospitalised at these hospitals between 2009 and 2013. These results indicate that SCCmec type II and ST5 MRSA strains were probably transmitted between veterinarians and infected horses.
Effects of vanadium alloying on the microstructures and mechanical properties of hot-pressed tungsten material
Authors: Guo Wei , Arshad Kameel , Yuan Yue , Zhao Ming-Yue , Shu Xiao-Lin , Zhou Zhang-Jian , Zhang Ying , Lu Guang-Hong 
Published: April 2016

Tungsten and vanadium (W–V) alloys (with 1, 5 and 10 wt.% V) are fabricated by hot pressing (HP) at 1800[Formula: see text]C under 20 MPa for 2 h. The effects of V content on the microstructures and mechanical properties of W–V alloy are investigated. The results indicate that with increasing V content, (i) the formation of W–V alloying phase is enhanced and the grain size of W-matrix is significantly refined; (ii) the relative density gradually increases from 92.16% to 97.72% in the case of pure W to W-10 wt.% V; (iii) the hardness rises linearly while the bending strength decreases, which is related to the enhanced alloy phase formation.
An International Review of Ex-Post Project Evaluation Schemes in the Transport Sector
Authors: Nicolaisen Morten Skou , Driscoll Patrick A. 
Published: April 2016

There are a number of ex-post (or post-opening) project evaluation schemes used by national transportation authorities in, among others, England, Scotland, France, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Norway and the US. Additionally, many of the multilateral and bilateral lending institutions, such as the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank conduct ex-post project reviews of transport projects in the rail and road sectors. This paper presents a literature review of the various ex-post evaluation schemes in order to establish a state-of-the-art in ex-post road and rail project evaluation, develops an analytic typology of ex-post evaluation schemes and finally presents an in-depth case study of two ex-post evaluation schemes in Norway and England in order to provide a more detailed analysis of the process, structure and policy learning potential within ex-post project evaluation. In comparison to the extensive focus on ex-ante project appraisal, ex-post evaluations have received significantly less attention from academics and practitioners alike. The main findings are as follows: (1) Despite the widespread use globally of ex-post evaluation schemes in the transport sector, there remain significant differences in quality, coverage and comprehensiveness of the schemes. There is a striking lack of standardised methods of conducting ex-post evaluations at the national level, inhibiting the comparability and learning potential; (2) Even with legal mandates and decades of practice, data archiving and retrieval is a widespread problem for national transport planning agencies and (3) How to handle the counter-factual option (i.e. do-nothing/do-minimum/null option) is still very much an open question, which has significant impacts upon the forecasted and outturn benefit/cost ratios and environmental/social impacts.
Sustainability in earthen heritage conservation
Authors: Costa C. S. , Rocha F. , Velosa A. L. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Earth construction is the oldest building material known, with documented cases of the use of earth bricks since Mesopotamia around 10 000 BC. Earth construction exists throughout most of the world in different cultures, and for some countries it continues to be the main process of construction. Around 30% of the world's population lives in buildings made from earth materials. Earthen construction is an environmentally friendly technique with a social and cultural contribution; this advantage is increased when this type of construction is applied in developing countries where the material costs counterbalance the labour costs, and where other materials and techniques are not available. Studies of material characteristics are required in order to understand the composition and specific properties of earth buildings, their heterogeneity and their degradation mechanisms. Results from two different types of adobes that represent these material characteristics in Aveiro district are shown, owing to the importance of determining and acknowledging the main characteristics of adobe buildings in order to have sufficient information to initiate conservation and rehabilitation actions.
Wide Variability in the Time Required for Immunotoxins to Kill B Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells: Implications for Trial Design
Authors: Müller Fabian , Cunningham Tyler , Liu Xiu Fen , Wayne Alan S. , Pastan Ira 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurpose: Recombinant immunotoxins (rITs) targeting CD22 are highly active in hairy cell leukemia, but less so in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to understand the variable activity of an rIT against ALL toward improving responses in clinical application.Experimental Design: We determined in vitro activity of rITs by WST-8 assays and the time needed to kill ALL cell lines and patient-derived ALL blasts by flow cytometry. The findings were translated into two systemic ALL xenograft models. Differences in time needed to kill KOPN-8 cells for distinct rITs were addressed biochemically.Results: In vitro activity (IC50) of anti-CD22 rIT varied 210-fold from 0.02 to 4.6 ng/mL. Activity also varied greatly depending on the time ALL cells were exposed to immunotoxin from &lt; 30 minutes to &gt; 4 days. For KOPN-8, the difference in exposure time was related to intracellular rIT processing. We showed in newly developed ALL xenograft models, where immunotoxins have a short half-life, that the needed exposure time in vitro predicted the responses in vivo. By replacing bolus dose with small doses at frequent intervals or with continuous infusion, responses were substantially improved. We confirmed exposure time variability on patient-derived ALL samples and showed a correlation between exposure time needed to reach maximal cytotoxicity in vitro and their clinical response.Conclusions: The exposure time needed for rITs targeting CD22 to kill ALL cells varies widely. Our results suggest that ALL patients would have a better response rate to anti-CD22 immunotoxins if treated by continuous infusion rather than by bolus injections. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4913–22. ©2016 AACR.
The Discovery and Characterization of K-756, a Novel Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Inhibitor Targeting Tankyrase
Authors: Okada-Iwasaki Ryoko , Takahashi Yuichi , Watanabe Yasuo , Ishida Hiroshi , Saito Jun-ichi , Nakai Ryuichiro , Asai Akira 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a well-known oncogenic pathway. Its suppression has long been considered as an important challenge in treating cancer patients. Among colon cancer patients in particular, most patients carry an adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation that leads to an aberration of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. To discover the small molecule inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, we conducted high-throughput screening in APC-mutant colon cancer DLD-1 cells using a transcriptional reporter assay, which identified a selective Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, K-756. K-756 stabilizes Axin and reduces active β-catenin, and inhibits the genes downstream of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin. We subsequently identified that K-756 is a tankyrase (TNKS) inhibitor. TNKS, which belongs to the PARP family, poly-ADP ribosylates Axin and promotes Axin degradation via the proteasome pathway. K-756 binds to the induced pocket of TNKS and inhibits its enzyme activity. Moreover, PARP family enzyme assays showed that K-756 is a selective TNKS inhibitor. K-756 inhibited the cell growth of APC-mutant colorectal cancer COLO 320DM and SW403 cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. An in vivo study showed that the oral administration of K-756 inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colon cancer xenografts in mice. To further explore the therapeutic potential of K-756, we also evaluated the effects of K-756 in non–small cell lung cancer cells. Although a single treatment of K-756 did not induce antiproliferative activity, when K-756 was combined with an EGFR inhibitor (gefitinib), it showed a strong synergistic effect. Therefore, K-756, a novel selective TNKS inhibitor, could be a leading compound in the development of anticancer agents. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1525–34. ©2016 AACR.
Sighting of Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758) (Psittaciformes: Psittaculidae) from Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Authors: John Linda , Gopalan Sujith V. , Priyanka S. , Laladhas Krishna Panicker 
Published: April 2016

Red-breasted Parakeet is one among the most widespread parakeets of the world. The ‘Near Threatened’ bird has been in pet trade for long and is already known as a feral bird from major cities in India. The biodiversity of India has been threatened by many alien invasive species and some have been of a serious threat to native species pushing them to extinction. Though Red-breasted Parakeet with a limited population in many of the cities is of no immediate threat, an increase in population can be of serious threat to native bird species. In this paper, we report the new sighting of Red-breasted Parakeet from Vellayani-Punjakari wetlands, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and discuss the possible threats this particular species can impart to the native bird diversity.
Butterflies of Garhwal, Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India
Authors: Singh Arun P. , Sondhi Sanjay 
Published: April 2016

Thirty percent of butterfly species that occur in India are found in the Garhwal region of the western Himalaya, which comprise six districts of Uttarakhand State with five major vegetation types lying between the catchments of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. The annotated checklist compiled here for this region comprises 407 species and takes into account all the species recorded since 1899, when the first list of 323 species was prepared by Mackinnon & de Nicéville on the ‘butterflies of Mussoorie and its adjacent areas’. Over a 20 year period (1986–1990; 2000–June 2015) the present authors maintained detailed notes and were able personally to record 349 species. This information is presented in a checklist, together with details of the month, year and site of each record, relative abundance, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (IWPA) status, as well as references of earlier records made by other authors in Garhwal for those species that the authors were not able to record themselves. Forty-nine species recorded in the region have been placed under various schedules of IWPA; only one species, the Golden Emperor Dilipa morgiana Westwood, is listed in Schedule I Part IV, the others being mainly included under Schedule II Part II. The paper also discusses new range extensions and significant records (past and present), identifies major biotic factors that threaten butterfly diversity in Garhwal, and suggests the scope for butterfly ecotourism in the state as an option for long term conservation.
Oxygraphis delavayi Franchet (Ranunculaceae): a new generic record for Arunachal Pradesh and a new species record for India
Authors: Tiwari Umeshkumar L. 
Published: April 2016

Oxygraphis delavayi Franch. (Ranunculaceae) is an endemic plant species occurring in China. It is reported here for the first time from India. A detailed description, herbarium image and relevant notes are provided for its collection and identification.
Effectivness of the GnRH analogue deslorelin as a reversible contraceptive in a neotropical primate, the Common Marmoset Callithrix Jacchus (Mammalia: Primates: Callitrichidae)
Authors: Rosenfield Derek A. , Viau P. , Oliveira C. A. , Pizzutto Cristiane Schilbach 
Published: April 2016

Deslorelin is a synthetic GnRH analogue, which is being used as a contraceptive in animals by acting as a gonadal suppressant. The product Suprelorin (Virbac, Australia) contains deslorelin as a biocompatible, slow release subcutaneous implant. The continuous release of deslorelin provokes a down-regulation of GnRH receptors, and subsequently, inhibition of the synthesis and release of the gonadotropins FSH and LH, necessary for gonadal activities. The intention of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a subcutaneous deslorelin acetate implant (2,35mg) in suppressing ovarian cyclic activity and inhibiting ovulation in captive Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus, and investigate the reversibility of the treatment. Two experimental groups were formed, group deslorelin (D) with three couples and control group (C) with two couples. To monitor the effect of the implants, hormones indicating ovarian cyclic activity were monitored non-invasively by enzyme immunoassay (fecal monoclonal antibody anti-progesterone CL 425). Fecal samples were collected three times a week from all females during three trial phases (phase I: month 1,2,3 and 4; phase II: month: 5,6 and 7 and phase III: month 8,9 and 10). In contrast to expectations the results of this trial indicated that there was no suppression of the ovarian cyclic activity, nor inhibition of the ovulation after the application of the implants. The outcome of our trial can possibly be explained by the fact that the dosage of 2.35mg of deslorelin is not effective in C. jacchus. We confirmed significant changes (p<0.05) of P4 metabolites from phase I to phase II due to the treatment after the implantation of the GnRH analogue Deslorelin. The employed non-invasive fecal progesterone monitoring could be biologically validated and proved to be efficient in the detection of ovarian cyclic activity in this neotropical primate species, C. jacchus.