bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of the Antibiotic Resistance ofHelicobacter pyloriin Canada
Authors: Fallone Carlo A 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: The rate ofHelicobacter pyloriresistance to antibiotics determines the cure rate of treatment regimens containing such antibiotics. AIMS: To review the literature to determine the rates ofH pyloriresistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Canada, and whether these rates vary in different regions of Canada.METHODS: The literature was reviewed extensively for the prevalence of antibiotic-resistantH pyloriin Canada by searching MEDLINE from January 1980 to May 1999, as well as abstracts of the American Gastroenterology Association Digestive Disease Week, Canadian Digestive Disease Week and The EuropeanH pyloriStudy Group Meetings from January 1995 to May 1999.RESULTS: Eleven studies that estimatedH pyloriresistance to metronidazole resistance and nine that estimated resistance to clarithromycin in Canada were identified. Rates of resistance for metronidazole and clarithromycin varied from 11% to 48% and 0% to 12%, respectively. Studies that obtained their estimates using the E-test and those that did not clearly exclude patients who had undergone previous attempts atH pylorieradication had higher estimates of resistance, accounting for this variability in results.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of primaryH pyloriresistance in Canada appears to be 18% to 22% for metronidazole and less than 4% for clarithromycin. These rates appear to be consistent across the different regions studied in Canada, but many regions have not been studied.
Target Proteins in Human Autoimmunity: Cytochromes P450 and Udp-Glycoronosyltransferases
Authors: Obermayer-Straub Petra , Strassburg Christian Peer , Manns Michael Peter 
Published: April 2016

Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are targets of autoantibodies in several hepatic and extrahepatic autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies directed against hepatic CYPs and UGTs were first detected by indirect immunofluorescence as antiliver and/or kidney microsomal antibodies. In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) type 2, liver and/or kidney microsomal (LKM) type 1 autoantibodies are detected and are directed against CYP2D6. About 10% of AIH-2 sera further contain LKM-3 autoantibodies directed against family 1 UGTs. Chronic infections by hepatitis C virus and hepatitis delta virus may induce several autoimmune phenomena, and multiple autoantibodies are detected. Anti-CYP2D6 autoantibodies are detected in up to 4% of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and anti-CYP2A6 autoantibodies are detected in about 2% of these patients. In contrast, 14% of patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infections generate anti-UGT autoantibodies. In a small minority of patients, certain drugs are known to induce immune-mediated, idiosyncratic drug reactions, also known as ’drug-induced hepatitis’. Drug-induced hepatitis is often associated with autoantibodies directed against hepatic CYPs or other hepatic proteins. Typical examples are tienilic acid-induced hepatitis with anti-CYP2C9, dihydralazine hepatitis with anti-CYP1A2, halothane hepatitis with anti-CYP2E1 and anticonvulsant hepatitis with anti-CYP3A. Recent data suggest that alcoholic liver disease may be induced by mechanisms similar to those that are active in drug-induced hepatitis. Autoantibodies directed against several CYPs are further detected in sera from patients with the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. Patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 with hepatitis often develop anti-CYP1A2; patients with adrenal failure develop anti-CYP21, anti- CYP11A1 or CYP17; and patients with gonadal failure develop anti-CYP11A1 or CYP17. In idiopathic Addison disease, CYP21 is the major autoantigen.
Intrafamillial Clustering ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection in Saubi Arabia
Authors: Al-Knawy BA , Ahmed M-Elbagir K , Mirdad S , ElMekki A , Al-Ammari O 
Published: April 2016

AIM: To study the pattern ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection among family members in the Saudi population.METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based, seroepidemiological study of family members was undertaken in a Saudi population using salivaH pyloriimmunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies (Helisal kit).RESULTS: A total of 42 families comprising 271 children and 84 parents were studied (355 subjects; mean age 23 years, SD 19 years) The overall frequencies ofH pyloriIgG antibodies in mothers, fathers and children were 67%, 64% and 23%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the infection rate between mothers and fathers, or between boys and girls. The infection rate among children increased when one or both parents were seropositive, and the infection rate among parents was proportionally related to the number of infected children per family. The frequency ofH pyloriantibodies was significantly higher in spouses of seropositive parents than in spouses of seronegative parents (45% compared with 19.2%).CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that the intrafamilial clustering ofH pyloriinfection in Saudi Arabia occurs in a similar pattern to that described in the developed countries, and that living conditions and social conditions lead to person to person transmission ofH pyloriinfection.
Prospective, Controlled, Multicentre Study of Loperimide in Pregnancy
Authors: Einarson A , Mastroiacovo P , Arnon J , Ornoy A , Addis A , Malm H , Koren G 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Loperamide is a synthetic piperidine derivative used for the treatment of both acute and chronic diarrhea. Little is known about its safety and risk in pregnancy. Human data are limited to one surveillance study of Michigan Medicaid patients, with 108 women exposed in the first trimester. In this study there were six major birth defects, three of which were cardiovascular anomalies.OBJECTIVES: To determine whether loperamide use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of major malformations. The secondary end points were rates of minor malformations, spontaneous and therapeutic abortions, and premature births, and mean birth weights.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women counselled by five teratogen information centres on the safety and risk of loperamide in pregnancy were followed after delivery and compared with a similar group of women matched for age, smoking, alcohol and other exposures.RESULTS: One hundred and five follow-ups were completed; 89 of the women were exposed to loperamide in the first trimester of pregnancy. There were no statistically significant differences between the study group and the control group in any of the end points that were analyzed. However, of women who took loperamide throughout their pregnancy, 21 of 105 had babies who were 200 g smaller than babies in the control group.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the use of loperamide during pregnancy is not associated with an increased risk of major malformations.
Test-and-Treat Strategies forHelicobacter pyloriin Uninvestigated Dyspepsia: A Canadian Economic Anaylsis
Authors: Marshall John K , Armstrong David , O’Brien Bernie J 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Recognition of the pivotal role ofHelicobacter pyloriin the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease has revolutionized primary care approaches to dyspepsia. Decision analysis was used to compare the cost effectiveness of empirical ranitidine with a test and treat strategy using eitherH pyloriserology or the13carbon-urea breath test (13C-UBT).PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of patients under age 50 years presenting with uninvestigated dyspepsia was evaluated. Three initial strategies were compared with respect to direct medical costs and effectiveness in curingH pylori-related ulcers - empirical ranitidine,H pyloriserology and UBT. A one-year time horizon and third-party payer perspective were adopted in a Canadian health care setting.RESULTS: UBT was more costly than either serology or ranitidine but was the most effective strategy and required the fewest endoscopies. No strategy demonstrated dominance over another in the base case. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of serology versus ranitidine was $118/cure, and sensitivity analysis induced dominance of serology in several plausible scenarios. The baseline ICER of UBT versus serology was $885/cure but showed substantial variation in sensitivity analysis. Each ICER was highly sensitive to variation in the cost of the tests themselves. At a serology cost of $25, UBT became dominant when its cost fell to $39.CONCLUSIONS: In low risk patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, testing forH pyloriusing serology appears to be economically attractive.13C-UBT may be a cost effective alternative to serology if local conditions closely approximate the model parameters. Future changes in the costs of serology and13C-UBT may determine the optimal approach.
Enhanced Tumor Control with Combination mTOR and PD-L1 Inhibition in Syngeneic Oral Cavity Cancers
Authors: Moore Ellen C. , Cash Harrison A. , Caruso Andria M. , Uppaluri Ravindra , Hodge James W. , Van Waes Carter , Allen Clint T. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Significant subsets of patients with oral cancer fail to respond to single-agent programmed death (PD) blockade. Syngeneic models of oral cancer were used to determine if blocking oncogenic signaling improved in vivo responses to PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Anti–PD-L1 enhanced durable primary tumor control and survival when combined with mTOR (rapamycin), but not in combination with MEK inhibition (PD901) in immunogenic MOC1 tumors. Conversely, PD-L1 mAb did not enhance tumor control in poorly immunogenic MOC2 tumors. Rapamycin enhanced expansion of peripheral antigen-specific CD8 T cells and IFNγ production following ex vivo antigen stimulation. More CD8 T cells infiltrated and were activated after PD-L1 mAb treatment in mice with immunogenic MOC1 tumors, which were stable or increased by the addition of rapamycin, but suppressed when PD901 was added. Rapamycin increased IFNγ production capacity in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. In vivo antibody depletion revealed a CD8 T-cell–dependent, and not NK cell–dependent mechanism of tumor growth inhibition after treatment with rapamycin and PD-L1 mAb, ruling out significant effects from NK cell–mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Rapamycin also enhanced IFNγ or PD-L1 mAb treatment–associated induction of MHC class I expression on MOC1 tumor cells, an effect abrogated by depleting infiltrating CD8 T cells from the tumor microenvironment. These data conflict with traditional views of rapamycin as a universal immunosuppressant, and when combined with evidence of enhanced antitumor activity with the combination of rapamycin and PD-L1 mAb, suggest that this treatment combination deserves careful evaluation in the clinical setting. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(7); 611–20. ©2016 AACR.
Simultaneous measurement of thrombin generation and fibrin formation in whole blood under flow conditions
Authors: Kelchtermans Hilde , Pelkmans Leonie , Bouwhuis Anne , Schurgers Evelien , Lindhout Theo , Huskens Dana , Miszta Adam , Hemker H. , Lancé Marcus , de Laat Bas 
Published: April 2016

SummaryAssays based on the formation of thrombin and fibrin are frequently used, and results are considered exchangeable in research/clinical settings. However, thrombin generation and fibrin formation do not always go hand in hand and flow profoundly influences thrombus formation. We describe the technical/clinical evaluation of an assay to simultaneously measure thrombin generation and fibrin formation under conditions of flow. Introduction of a fluorometer into a ‘cone and base principle’-based rheometer allowed the measurement of thrombin generation (using a thrombin-sensitive substrate) and fibrin formation (changes in viscosity), while applying a linear shear flow. Increasing shear rates inversely related with thrombin generation and fibrin formation. Increasing fibrinogen concentrations in defibrinated plasma resulted in increased thrombin generation and fibrin formation. In pre-operative samples of 70 patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, fibrin formation and thrombin generation parameters correlated with fibrinogen content, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and whole blood Calibrated Automated Thrombinography (CAT) parameters, respectively. Upon dividing patients into two groups based on the median clot strength, a significant difference in perioperative/total blood loss was established. In conclusion, we clinically evaluated a method capable of simultaneously measuring thrombin generation and fibrin formation in plasma/whole blood under continuous flow, rendering our method one step closer to physiology. Importantly, our test proved to be indicative for the amount of blood loss during/after cardiothoracic surgery.
High-Precision Measurements of the Copolar Correlation Coefficient: Non-Gaussian Errors and Retrieval of the Dispersion Parameter μ in Rainfall
Authors: Keat W. J. , Westbrook C. D. , Illingworth A. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe copolar correlation coefficient ρhv has many applications, including hydrometeor classification, ground clutter and melting-layer identification, interpretation of ice microphysics, and the retrieval of raindrop size distributions (DSDs). However, the quantitative error estimates that are necessary if these applications are to be fully exploited are currently lacking. Previous error estimates of ρhv rely on knowledge of the unknown “true” ρhv and implicitly assume a Gaussian probability distribution function of ρhv samples. Frequency distributions of ρhv estimates are in fact shown to be highly negatively skewed. A new variable, = log10(1 − ρhv), is defined that does have Gaussian error statistics and a standard deviation depending only on the number of independent radar pulses. This is verified using observations of spherical drizzle drops, allowing, for the first time, the construction of rigorous confidence intervals in estimates of ρhv. In addition, the manner in which the imperfect collocation of the horizontal and vertical polarization sample volumes may be accounted for is demonstrated. The possibility of using L to estimate the dispersion parameter μ in the gamma drop size distribution is investigated. Including drop oscillations is found to be essential for this application; otherwise, there could be biases in retrieved μ of up to approximately 8. Preliminary results in rainfall are presented. In a convective rain case study, the estimates presented herein show μ to be substantially larger than 0 (an exponential DSD). In this particular rain event, rain rate would be overestimated by up to 50% if a simple exponential DSD is assumed.
On the Gravity Wave Forcing during the Southern Stratospheric Final Warming in LMDZ
Authors: Cámara Alvaro de la , Lott François , Jewtoukoff Valérian , Plougonven Riwal , Hertzog Albert 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The austral stratospheric final warming date is often predicted with substantial delay in several climate models. This systematic error is generally attributed to insufficient parameterized gravity wave (GW) drag in the stratosphere around 60°S. A simulation with a general circulation model [Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique zoom model (LMDZ)] with a much less pronounced bias is used to analyze the contribution of the different types of waves to the dynamics of the final warming. For this purpose, the resolved and unresolved wave forcing of the middle atmosphere during the austral spring are examined in LMDZ and reanalysis data, and a good agreement is found between the two datasets. The role of parameterized orographic and nonorographic GWs in LMDZ is further examined, and it is found that orographic and nonorographic GWs contribute evenly to the GW forcing in the stratosphere, unlike in other climate models, where orographic GWs are the main contributor. This result is shown to be in good agreement with GW-resolving operational analysis products. It is demonstrated that the significant contribution of the nonorographic GWs is due to highly intermittent momentum fluxes produced by the source-related parameterizations used in LMDZ, in qualitative agreement with recent observations. This yields sporadic high-amplitude GWs that break in the stratosphere and force the circulation at lower altitudes than more homogeneously distributed nonorographic GW parameterizations do.
Mean Structure of the North Atlantic Subtropical Permanent Pycnocline from In Situ Observations
Authors: Feucher Charlène , Maze Guillaume , Mercier Herlé 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA new objective algorithm for the characterization of the permanent pycnocline (OAC-P) in subtropical gyres is proposed. OAC-P is based on a pragmatic analysis of vertical density gradient features to identify the permanent pycnocline: OAC-P identifies the permanent pycnocline as the stratified layer found below surface mode waters. OAC-P provides the permanent pycnocline depth, unequivocally associated with a local maximum in the stratification, and top and bottom thicknesses, associated with upward and downward decreases in stratification, respectively. OAC-P uses half Gaussian curves as asymmetric nonlinear analytical models of the stratification peak. It is the first time that an algorithm is proposed to characterize objectively the permanent pycnocline for a region where handling the stronger stratification peak of the seasonal pycnocline is complex. A guideline for how to implement the OAC-P is given, with application to the North Atlantic Ocean Argo data as an example. OAC-P provides a detailed description of the mean structure of the North Atlantic subtropical permanent pycnocline. OAC-P detects a permanent pycnocline throughout the subtropical gyre north of the North Equatorial Current. The large-scale description of the permanent pycnocline depth structure as a classic bowl shape is captured however with much more detail. New regional information is provided. In particular, (i) there is only one region—the southern recirculation gyre of the Gulf Stream extension—where the permanent pycnocline is along an isopycnal surface and (ii) vertical asymmetries clearly discriminate one region from another.
Occupational therapy in primary care: Results from a national survey
Authors: Donnelly Catherine A. , Leclair Leanne L. , Wener Pamela F. , Hand Carri L. , Letts Lori J. 
Published: April 2016

Background. To support integration of occupational therapy in primary care and research in this area, it is critical to document examples of occupational therapy in primary care. Purpose. This study describes occupational therapy roles and models of practice used in primary care. Method. An electronic survey was sent to occupational therapists across Canada. Participants were identified using purposive and snowball sampling strategies. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings. Respondents ( n = 52) were almost exclusively working on interprofessional teams. Intervention was provided most frequently to individual clients, and services were provided both within the home/community and in the clinic. Occupational therapists offered a range of health promotion and prevention services, predominantly to adults and older adults. A number of supports and barriers to the integration of occupational therapy were identified. Implications. A growing number of occupational therapists are working in primary care providing a broad range of services across the life span.
Predicting Air Traffic Controller Workload
Authors: Corver Sifra Christina , Unger Dana , Grote Gudela 
Published: April 2016

Objective: Our study investigates whether trajectory uncertainty moderates the relationship between traffic conflict and workload. Furthermore, we examine if the indirect effect of traffic density on workload through traffic conflict is conditional on the presence of trajectory uncertainty. Background: Although it is widely accepted that uncertainty related to the future trajectory of an aircraft impacts air traffic controller decision making, little is known about how the presence of trajectory uncertainty impacts controller workload. A better understanding of the impact on controller workload can improve workload prediction models for en route air traffic control. Method: We collected data in a live operation environment, including workload ratings based on over-the-shoulder observations and real-time sector data. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: Trajectory uncertainty interacts with traffic conflict in such a way that the positive relationship between traffic conflict and workload is strongest in the presence of trajectory uncertainty. Furthermore, we found that the mediating effect of traffic density through traffic conflict is conditional on the presence of trajectory uncertainty. Conclusion: Our results indicate that workload prediction tools that do not incorporate trajectory uncertainty may underestimate workload under conditions of trajectory uncertainty, leading to possible overload situations of air traffic controllers. Application: Sources that generate trajectory uncertainty, as well as their interaction effects with dynamic complexity metrics, should be acknowledged in workload prediction models to increase the predictive power of these models. Implications for future air traffic management operations as envisioned by SESAR and NextGen are discussed.
School Discipline as a Turning Point
Authors: Mowen Thomas , Brent John 
Published: April 2016

Objectives: To examine how school discipline may serve as a negative turning point for youth and contribute to increased odds of arrest over time and to assess whether suspensions received across multiple years may present a “cumulative” increase in odds of arrest. Methods: Using four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we use a longitudinal hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) to explore how school suspensions contribute to odds of arrest across time while controlling for a number of theoretically important dimensions such as race, age, delinquency, and gender among others. Results: Results show that youth who are suspended are at an increased risk of experiencing an arrest across time relative to youth who are not suspended and that this effect increases across time. Further, with each subsequent year the youth is suspended, there is a significant increase in odds of arrest. Conclusion: Supporting prior work, we find that youth who receive a suspension are at an increased odds of contact with the criminal justice system, and increases in the number of suspensions received contribute to significant increases in odds of arrest. Findings demonstrate that suspensions present a form of cumulative effect over time.