bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust Second Order Rotatable Designs : Part I
Authors: Das Rabindra Nath 
Published: July 2017

In Panda and Das ( Cal. Statist. Assoc. Bull., 44, 1994, 83-101) a study of rotatable designs with correlated errors was initiated and a systematic study of first order rotatable designs was attempted. Various correlated structures of the errors were considered. This two-part article relates to a thorough study on robust second order rotatable designs (SORD's) under violation of the usual homoscedasticity assumption of the distribution of errors. Under a suitable autocorrelated structure of the dispersion matrix of the error components, we examine existence and construction of robust rotatable designs. In part I, general conditions for rotatability have been derived and special cases have been examined under autocorrelated structure of the errors. Starting with the usual SORD's (under the uncorrelated error setup), we have discussed a method of construction of SORD's with correlated errors under the autocorrelated structure. An illustrative example is given at the end. In part II,we propose to examine robustness of the usual SORD's with emphasis on properties such as weak rotatability, with due consideration as to the cost involved.
“Salicyluria”—A Recapitulation
Authors: Stevens H. M. 
Published: July 2017

The observance of a substance, which was chemically similar to salicylic acid, in urine samples submitted for alcohol determination led to an investigation of the urinary metabolites arising from the ingestion of aspirin. Three metabolites were isolated and identified as salicyluric, gentisic and salicylic acids. As an additional confirmation of salicyluric acid, the main metabolite, a synthetic sample of this substance was prepared from aspirin and glycine.
Operations on the Saccus Endolymphaticus and Vestibular Nerve: Have They Fulfilled Their Promise?
Authors: Smyth G. D. L. , Kerr A. G. , Primrose W. 
Published: July 2017

The rationale for operations on the saccus and vestlbular nerve in patients incapacitated by Meniere's disease as a replacement for total labyrinthectomy, has been the expectancy that less radical procedures will protect these patients from total auditory incapacity. Aware of postoperative hearing losses in some patients after 3 years, we have studied the results in 21 Shambaugh saccus decompression (SD) and 29 middle fossa vestibular nerve section (VNS) operations, in order to assess the claims made for these procedures. We found that while control of vertigo was similar to that reported elsewhere, worse hearing (AAOO criteria) developed in many cases. With SD this increased from 14% at 1 year to 58% at 10 years, and with VNS it increased from 17% at 1 year to 48% at 10 years, when the worse preoperative audiogram was used. Only 17% of SD and 11% VNS ears with serviceable best preoperative hearing had retained this at 10 years. Nineteen percent developed aud iometric evidence of contralateral disease during the first 10 postoperative years. It is concluded that although, regrettably, neither of these surgical therapies appears to have the capability of preventing the progress of hearing loss, the reallty of bllateral disease justifies the continued use of SD or VNS by adequately trained surgeons.
Cat‐Scratch Disease
Authors: Spires James R. , Smith Richard J.H. 
Published: July 2017

Cat‐scratch disease has been reported with increasing frequency since its initial description in 1931. It is now recognized as being so prevalent that it probably represents the most common cause of unilateral lymphadenopathy in children, once nonspecific viral diseases and cutaneous infections have been excluded. The cardinal feature of the disease is a subacute regional granulomatous lymphadenitis. Because of its relatively mild natural course, most cases are treated on an outpatient basis. Forty‐four children, representing the more seriously ill portion of the disease spectrum, were treated at Texas Children's Hospital from 1972 to 1984 and constitute the data base for this article. Most patients were symptomatic for nearly 1 month prior to admission, typically complaining of low‐grade fever and regional lymphadenopathy. The two most common sites of lymph node involvement were the axilla (54%) and the neck (46%). Although there is, at this time, no specifically recommended treatment, 80% of patients received antibiotics and 70% underwent a surgical procedure—usually total nodal excision. Nodal excision was followed by rapid resolution of symptoms. Because cat‐scratch disease is benign, surgery should be reserved for severe cases with signs of significant suppuration. Generally, symptomatic relief can be afforded by warm soaks and analgesics and recovery over the course of several weeks is uneventful.
Factors Predicting Practice Location and Outreach Consultation among University of Toronto Psychiatry Graduates
Authors: Hodges Brian , Rubin Ava , Cooke Robert G , Parker Sandy , Adlaf Edward 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To identify the determinants of practice location and of outreach consultation of recently graduated psychiatrists. Methods: We surveyed 153 psychiatrists who graduated from the University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry between January 1990 and June 2002 (response rate 51%), on the basis of a self-administered mail questionnaire. The survey assessed factors that influenced practice location and outreach consultation, such as demographics, links to practice communities, and outreach experiences, including rural or northern electives as a resident. Results: Professional variables were rated as the most important factors in choosing a practice location. Variables such as age or sex were not significantly associated with location. Nine percent reported working in communities of less than 100 000, and only 1% practised in Northern Ontario. Eighteen percent practised in the same location where they were born or raised. Forty-four percent had rural or northern experience as a resident but almost exclusively in the form of short, fly-in consultation electives. Twenty-four percent indicated that they provide outreach consultation. Psychiatry residents who participated in outreach electives were 10 times as likely as those who did not participate to continue outreach as a consultant. Conclusion: Although early exposure to rural or northern medicine leads to significantly greater continued involvement in outreach activities after graduation, our findings suggest the need for more long-term, on-site residency training opportunities in rural and remote areas.
Early Temperament Prospectively Predicts Anxiety in Later Childhood
Authors: Grant Valerie V , Bagnell Alexa L , Chambers Christine T , Stewart Sherry H 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To investigate the contribution of early childhood temperamental constructs corresponding to 2 subtypes of general negative emotionality—fearful distress (unadaptable temperament) and irritable distress (fussy–difficult temperament)—to later anxiety in a nationally representative sample. Method: Using multiple linear regression analyses, we tested the hypothesis that caregiver-reported child unadaptable temperament and fussy–difficult temperament scales of children aged 2 to 3 years (in 1995) would prospectively predict caregiver-reported child anxiety symptoms at ages 4 to 5, 6 to 7, 8 to 9, and 10 to 11 years, and child-reported anxiety at 10 to 11 years (controlling for sex, age, and socioeconomic status) in a nationally representative sample from Statistics Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (initial weighted n = 768 600). Results: Only fussy–difficult temperament predicted anxiety in children aged 6 to 7 years. In separate regressions, unadaptable temperament and fussy–difficult temperament each predicted anxiety at 8 to 9 years, but when both were entered simultaneously, only unadaptable temperament remained a marginal predictor. Temperament did not significantly predict caregiver- or child-reported anxiety at 10 to 11 years, suggesting that as children age, environmental factors may become more important contributors to anxiety than early temperament. Conclusion: Our results provide the first demonstration that early temperament is related to later childhood anxiety in a nationally representative sample.
Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To examine the extent to which neuroscience accounts for mental disorders. Method: Relevant literature on this problem was selectively reviewed. Results: Thus far, neuroscience research has contributed more to the understanding of the brain than to determining the causes of mental disorders. Its model is more appropriate to severe than to common mental disorders. A reductionistic approach cannot account for emergent phenomena occurring at the level of the mind. Conclusions: Mental disorders cannot be reduced to abnormalities in neuronal activity; psychiatric symptoms need to be understood at multiple levels.
Lifetime Prevalence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adults: Examining Variations in the Socioeconomic Gradient
Authors: Yallop Lauren , Brownell Marni , Chateau Dan , Walker John , Warren Michelle , Bailis Dan , LeBow Michael 
Published: July 2017

Objective: It has only recently been accepted that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood. Accordingly, less is known about adult diagnostic and treatment prevalence. We aimed to determine the lifetime prevalence of ADHD diagnosis and psychostimulant prescriptions for young adults in the province of Manitoba and to explore how diagnosis differs according to sociodemographic characteristics and age at diagnosis; and to investigate whether a socioeconomic gradient exists within young adults with a lifetime ADHD diagnosis, as well as the variables that moderate the gradient. Methods: Using the Manitoba Population Health Research Data Repository, our cross-sectional analysis used 24 fiscal years of data (1984/85 to 2008/09) and included all adults aged 18 to 29 during 2007/08 to 2008/09 in Manitoba ( n = 207 544) who had a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD ( n = 14 762). Regression analyses tested for differences in rates by sex, region, age, age at diagnosis, and socioeconomic status. Results: Lifetime prevalence for ADHD diagnosis (7.11%) and psychostimulant prescriptions (3.09%) differed according to sex, region, and age. In contrast to previous Manitoban research on childhood ADHD, the socioeconomic gradient for ADHD diagnosis was not found in young adulthood. When region was accounted for, a small negative gradient in the urban population and a positive gradient in the rural population were evident. People from the highest income quintile were significantly less likely to be diagnosed before age 18, compared with other income quintiles. Conclusions: Given the high lifetime prevalence of ADHD in Manitoban young adults and significant socioeconomic correlates for diagnosis, further investigation into the trajectory of this relatively unexplored population is recommended.
Deception in 2 × 2 Games
Authors: Brams Steven J. 
Published: July 2017

Deception, which involves the conscious misrepresentation by Deceiver of his preferences to Deceived in a game of incomplete information, is analyzed in 2 × 2 games in which the preferences of players are strictly ordered. The 78 distinct 2 × 2 games are divided into three mutually exclusive classes: 1. Deception-proof (27 percent): Not susceptible to deception by either player. 2. Deception-stable (51 percent): While susceptible to deception by at least one player, neither player can ensure himself of a better outcome through deception. 3. Deception-vulnerable (tacit) (22 percent): At least one player can ensure himself of a better outcome only through deception. In addition, a fourth class of games (35 percent of total). which cuts across classes 2 and 3 above, are shown to be vulnerable to Deceiver who “reveals” himself in the play of a game. Several theorems that characterize and interrelate the four classes and eleven finer categories of 2 × 2 games are proved. The theory is applied to the analysis of the Cuban missile crisis, in which it is suggested that the United States might, paradoxically, have benefited from being deceived by the Soviet Union.
Corporate Governance in Malaysia: A Glass Half Full?
Authors: Ng Sin Huei , Yeoh Ken Kyid 
Published: July 2017

It is believed that extensive political involvement in business fundamentally impacts the overall quality of both firm- and country-level corporate governance in a particular country. Using the corporate and institutional environment in Malaysia as our chosen example, we aim to show the profound influence that national government policies and approaches to the running of their respective capital markets has on the corporate governance practices and norms in a particular country. Specifically, we show that political conflicts of interest can and have caused controlling shareholders of publicly-listed corporations to have greater inclination to engage in the expropriation of their minority shareholders. This tendency is particularly prevalent amongst large business groups where the link between politics and the business groups is most clearly displayed. We conclude that a culture of good corporate governance is extremely difficult to cultivate without good public / political governance.
New Teachers' Workshop
Authors: Primas Jan , Primas Terry 
Published: July 2017

Scenario 1: It is August. Mrs. Reid is walking down Main Street in her small town. She is feeling good. Summer vacation has been relaxing and she and her family had a good trip out west. Mrs. Reid has been teaching second grade for 12 years, likes it, and is regarded as a master teacher. Part of the reason for that is that she is well organized and always knows what she is doing and what she is going to do. Mrs. Reid is an energetic, committed professional who likes her job. In fact, she has already been to school and her room is ready for school to start in 3 weeks, right down to finished bulletin boards. Mrs. Reid sees the Superintendent across the street and waves. He quickly crosses the street and they talk for a moment and then the Superintendent remarks, “By the way, we are going to have a gifted program this year and you're going to be the teacher.” Scenario 2: Mrs. Barnes is glad the year is almost over. She is tired and looking forward to a rest. She has been a learning disabilities teacher for 8 years and taught remedial reading for 15 years before that. She has her master's in special education and is not going to take any courses at college this summer. Her job requires a lot of patience, the tempo is not too fast, and she finds enough rewards. Mr. Black, the principal, calls Mrs. Barnes into his office. He informs her that the central office has decided to start a gifted program and it will be in his building. He would like her to teach it. Mrs. Barnes is flattered but isn't sure she wants to do it. Besides, why does he want her to teach the gifted program? “Well, you are used to working with small groups and individuals,” is his reply. Mrs. Barnes responds that she has no experience nor training in working with gifted students. No matter, she is it.
Comparison of Uterine Artery Blood Flow Parameters in Women with Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, Fibroids and Healthy Controls
Authors: Lakhani Kalpani P , Hardiman Paul 
Published: July 2017

Objective To assess uterine vascular resistance in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and to compare parameters of blood flow in women with menorrhagia due to uterine fibroids and healthy controls Design Longitudinal, prospective clinical study. Materials and methods Premenopausal women referred to the gynaecology department with a subjective complaint of menorrhagia. The subjects were 24 women with DUB (mean age 38.8 years; normal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy), 16 women (mean age 42.8 years) with at least one fibroid greater than 2.0cm on ultrasound examination and 18 healthy controls (mean age 37.3 years; no evidence of menstrual irregularity). None was taking any hormonal contraception or other medication which could influence vascular resistance. Ultrasound examination was performed using an ALOKA SSD 650 with a 5MHz transvaginal probe. Scans were performed on day 4 or 5 of menstrual cycle using pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Uterine vascular resistance was assessed on both sides using pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI). Results No significant difference in the PI or RI values was observed in women with DUB as compared to age matched healthy controls. Both PI and RI were significantly lower in women with menorrhagia associated with fibroids when compared with healthy controls. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated significant alteration in uterine vascular resistance in women with fibroids compared to women with DUB.
Educational Disadvantages and Indigenous Law Students: Barriers and Potential Solutions
Authors: Melville Angela 
Published: July 2017

Indigenous students are under-represented in Australian universities, including in law school, and have lower educational outcomes relative to non-Indigenous students. First, this article identifies systemic barriers that prevent Indigenous students from enrolling in law school, including entrenched educational disadvantage that prevents many Indigenous students from achieving the grades necessary for university entry. Indigenous students who overcome this disadvantage and enrol in law schools then face higher attrition rates relative to non-Indigenous law students. Indigenous students find law schools to be intimidating, unfamiliar and alienating environments. Law schools privilege a narrow Western model of legal education that continues to deny Indigenous understandings of the law. Second, this article identifies potential solutions that may assist in addressing these barriers. These include alternative entry schemes, building pathways between vocational training and universities and engaged outreach programmes for assisting Indigenous students into higher education. Academic, social and financial support is required to address attrition rates; however, solutions need to go deeper than the provision of additional assistance. This article argues for the need to Indigenize legal education, and for the curriculum to consider law as pluralistic and embedded in power relations, and to provide the focus on social justice which motivates many Indigenous students to study law in the first place.
A Tale of Two Bengals: A Comparative Analysis of 23 Indicators of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health
Authors: Ghosh Arabinda , Corsi Daniel J. , Subramanian S. V. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Bangladesh and the Indian State of West Bengal form a homogenous geographic and cultural region with distinct administrative and governance structures. Although social and economic indicators are generally better in West Bengal compared to Bangladesh, this article is the first to provide a detailed comparison of indicators of child mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, and coverage of key interventions in the two regions. Methodology/Findings: Using data from the 2005–2006 National Family Health Survey for West Bengal and the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (2007), we examined coverage, wealth and Hindu/Muslim inequalities in set of maternal, newborn and child health indicators. Performance across all indicators was broadly similar with comparatively better performance in West Bengal on coverage of antenatal care, postnatal care, and family planning while Bangladesh had higher rates of immunization coverage, vitamin A supplementation, and use of oral rehydration therapy. The nutritional status of children and rates of child mortality in the two Bengals were very similar. Access to improved sanitation was slightly higher in West Bengal with large inequalities by wealth observed in both regions. Rich–poor and educational based inequalities in stunting, wasting and underweight were higher in West Bengal. Conclusion: Our findings indicate relatively similar performance across a range of maternal and child health indicators in Bangladesh compared to West Bengal despite lower levels of income and levels of literacy in Bangladesh. The two regions share similarities in topography, demography, and culture. Further studies on programme implementation in Bangladesh may lead to the development of a replicable model for resource poor countries.
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease: prevalence, comorbidities, and surgical outcomes in California
Authors: Adesina Oyebimpe , Brunson Ann , Keegan Theresa H. M. , Wun Ted 
Published: July 2017

Key PointsIn sickle cell disease, ONFH incidence accelerates in early adulthood. Frequent hospitalizations and antecedent acute chest syndrome are independently associated with sickle cell–related ONFH.
Alantolactone, a natural sesquiterpene lactone, has potent antitumor activity against glioblastoma by targeting IKKβ kinase activity and interrupting NF-κB/COX-2-mediated signaling cascades
Authors: Wang Xun , Yu Zhenlong , Wang Chao , Cheng Wei , Tian Xiangge , Huo Xiaokui , Wang Yan , Sun Chengpeng , Feng Lei , Xing Jinshan , Lan Yulong , Sun Dongdong , Hou Qingjuan , Zhang Baojing , Ma Xiaochi , Zhang Bo 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most refractory and palindromic central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, and current treatments have poor effects in GBM patients. Hence, the identification of novel therapeutic targets and the development of effective treatment strategies are essential. Alantolactone (ATL) has a wide range of pharmacological activities, and its anti-tumor effect is receiving increasing attention. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-GBM activity of ATL remains poorly understood.

Methods
The biological functions of ATL in GBM cells were investigated using migration/invasion, colony formation and cell cycle/apoptosis assays. The localization of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p50/p65 and its binding to the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) promoter were determined using confocal immunofluorescence, a streptavidin-agarose pulldown assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. IKKβ kinase activity was determined using a cell IKKβ kinase activity spectrophotometry quantitative detection kit and a molecular docking study. LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to determine the ability of ATL to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of ATL was also analyzed in xenografted nude mice. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein expression levels.

Results
ATL significantly suppressed the growth of GBM in vivo and in vitro. ATL significantly reduced the expression of COX-2 by inhibiting the kinase activity of IKKβ by targeting the ATP-binding site and then attenuating the binding of NF-κB to the COX-2 promoter region. Furthermore, ATL induced apoptosis by activating the cytochrome c (cyt c)/caspase cascade signaling pathway. Moreover, ATL could penetrate the BBB.

Conclusions
ATL exerts its anti-tumor effects in human GBM cells at least in part via NF-κB/COX-2-mediated signaling cascades by inhibiting IKKβ kinase activity. ATL, which is a natural small molecule inhibitor, is a promising candidate for clinical applications in the treatment of CNS tumors.