Determinants of divestiture methods for US firms: asset sell-off versus equity carve-out
Authors: Pham Dung , Nguyen Thanh , Adhikari Hari 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine two different choices of corporate divestiture for US firms: selling off assets to public firms or issuing stocks in equity carve-outs. The authors identify industry-related, firm-specific, deal-related and market-timing factors that influence the choice between the two methods of divestiture.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the univariate tests, logistic regressions and buy-and-hold excess return computations to identify industry-related, firm-specific, deal-related and market-timing factors that influence the choice between the two methods of divestiture.

Findings
The results show that industry concentration, relative “hotness” of the equity carve-out market, market values of divested units and firm’s growth opportunities are all positively related to the probability of an equity carve-out selection. In contrast, firms in financial service industry, firms that divest smaller units and firms with higher asymmetric information mainly choose to divest assets through asset sell-offs. The findings also indicate that firms with higher leverage and/or higher cash flow constraint show a stronger likelihood for choosing either the equity carve-out option or asset sell-off with cash payment over asset sell-off with stock payment. In the long run, firms that sell-off their assets experienced better performance relative to firms that choose to carve-out.

Research limitations/implications
The authors recognize several limitations of this study. First, the findings use the data collected in the US market. These findings may not be necessarily true to non-US firms. Therefore, one possible extension of this paper is to further examine the determinants that drive the methods of divestiture for non-US firms. Second, the authors have not examined the association between the choices of divestiture and the subsequent long-term operating performance of the firms. This could be another interesting direction for research in the future.

Practical implications
The findings have some implication for the divestiture literature by providing a set of determinants which play important roles on firms’ choice between an asset sell-off and an equity carve-out. The findings also have important implications for a potential acquirer who is interested in buying a firm’s subsidiary. Specifically, by analyzing the aforementioned influencing factors, the acquirer might foresee the possibility of a carve-out method and plan its bidding offer accordingly. From investors’ perspective, knowing which factors affect firms’ divesting methods and their subsequent long-run stock performance is undoubtedly beneficial to their investment strategies.

Originality/value
Prior research has attempted to address the reasons why firms divest or the outcomes of those actions. This paper focuses on the factors that influence the choice of sell-off versus carve-out once the decision to divest has been made. In addition, the authors look at a wide range of factors including industry-related, firm-specific, deal-related and market timing.