bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relation between sleep duration and sedentary behaviours in European adults
Authors: Lakerveld J. , Mackenbach J. D. , Horvath E. , Rutters F. , Compernolle S. , Bárdos H. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. , Charreire H. , Rutter H. , Oppert J.‐M. , McKee M. , Brug J. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryToo much sitting, and both short and long sleep duration are associated with obesity, but little is known on the nature of the relations between these behaviours. We therefore examined the associations between sleep duration and time spent sitting in adults across five urban regions in Europe.We used cross‐sectional survey data from 6,037 adults (mean age 51.9 years (SD 16.4), 44.0% men) to assess the association between self‐reported short (<6 h per night), normal (6–8 h per night) and long (>8 h per night) sleep duration with self‐report total time spent sitting, time spent sitting at work, during transport, during leisure and while watching screens. The multivariable multilevel linear regression models were tested for moderation by urban region, age, gender, education and weight status. Because short sleepers have more awake time to be sedentary, we also used the percentage of awake time spent sedentary as an outcome.Short sleepers had 26.5 min day−1 more sedentary screen time, compared with normal sleepers (CI 5.2; 47.8). No statistically significant associations were found with total or other domains of sedentary behaviour, and there was no evidence for effect modification. Long sleepers spent 3.2% higher proportion of their awake time sedentary compared with normal sleepers.Shorter sleep was associated with increased screen time in a sample of European adults, irrespective of urban region, gender, age, educational level and weight status. Experimental studies are needed to assess the prospective relation between sedentary (screen) time and sleep duration.
Engineering of a modular and synthetic phosphoketolase pathway for photosynthetic production of acetone from CO2 in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 under light and aerobic condition
Authors: Chwa Jun‐Won , Kim Wook Jin , Sim Sang Jun , Um Youngsoon , Woo Han Min 
Published: February 2016

SummaryCapture and conversion of CO2 to valuable chemicals is intended to answer global challenges on environmental issues, climate change and energy security. Engineered cyanobacteria have been enabled to produce industry‐relevant chemicals from CO2. However, the final products from cyanobacteria have often been mixed with fermented metabolites during dark fermentation. In this study, our engineering of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 enabled continuous conversion of CO2 to volatile acetone as sole product. This process occurred during lighted, aerobic culture via both ATP‐driven malonyl‐CoA synthesis pathway and heterologous phosphoketolase (PHK)‐phosphotransacetylase (Pta) pathway. Because of strong correlations between the metabolic pathways of acetate and acetone, supplying the acetyl‐CoA directly from CO2 in the engineered strain, led to sole production of acetone (22.48 mg/L ± 1.00) without changing nutritional constraints, and without an anaerobic shift. Our engineered S. elongatus strains, designed for acetone production, could be modified to create biosolar cell factories for sustainable photosynthetic production of acetyl‐CoA‐derived biochemicals.
Lead Levels in Landfill Areas and Childhood Exposure: An Integrative Review
Authors: Kim M. Angela , Williams Kimberly A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveLandfills are high‐risk areas for environmental lead exposure for children living in poverty stricken areas in many countries. This review examines landfills and lead toxicity in children. The review discusses the effects of lead toxicity, provides evidenced based recommendations to reduce lead exposure, and identify gaps in the evidence.Design and SampleA database search was conducted of articles in English from 1985 to 2014. Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. The Whittemore and Knafl framework and the John Hopkins Research Evidence Appraisal Tool© were used for reviewing the data.ResultsElevated blood lead levels (BLLs) of children living near landfills were related to increased soil lead levels. Toxic effects of lead included adverse outcomes such as encephalopathy or death for children. Different approaches to decrease lead level include environmental surveillance, BLL screening, and soil abatement which are costly.ConclusionIncreased BLL through environmental exposure is connected with poor health outcomes and death among children. Evidence‐based prevention included monitoring and screening and costly soil abatement. It is recommended that future studies focus on community education for exposure avoidance for children living near landfill areas.
The role of top‐down spatial attention in contingent attentional capture
Authors: Huang Wanyi , Su Yuling , Zhen Yanfen , Qu Zhe 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is well known that attentional capture by an irrelevant salient item is contingent on top‐down feature selection, but whether attentional capture may be modulated by top‐down spatial attention remains unclear. Here, we combined behavioral and ERP measurements to investigate the contribution of top‐down spatial attention to attentional capture under modified spatial cueing paradigms. Each target stimulus was preceded by a peripheral circular cue array containing a spatially uninformative color singleton cue. We varied target sets but kept the cue array unchanged among different experimental conditions. When participants’ task was to search for a colored letter in the target array that shared the same peripheral locations with the cue array, attentional capture by the peripheral color cue was reflected by both a behavioral spatial cueing effect and a cue‐elicited N2pc component. When target arrays were presented more centrally, both the behavioral and N2pc effects were attenuated but still significant. The attenuated cue‐elicited N2pc was found even when participants focused their attention on the fixed central location to identify a colored letter among an RSVP letter stream. By contrast, when participants were asked to identify an outlined or larger target, neither the behavioral spatial cueing effect nor the cue‐elicited N2pc was observed, regardless of whether the target and cue arrays shared same locations or not. These results add to the evidence that attentional capture by salient stimuli is contingent upon feature‐based task sets, and further indicate that top‐down spatial attention is important but may not be necessary for contingent attentional capture.
Defensive activation to (un)predictable interoceptive threat: The NPU respiratory threat test (NPUr)
Authors: Schroijen Mathias , Fantoni Simona , Rivera Carmen , Vervliet Bram , Schruers Koen , van den Bergh Omer , van Diest Ilse 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPotentially life‐threatening interoceptive sensations easily engage the behavioral defensive system. Resulting fear and anxiety toward interoceptive threat are functionally distinct states that are hypothesized to play a prominent role in the etiology of panic disorder. The present study aimed to investigate whether fear‐ and anxiety‐potentiated startle responses occur to predictable and unpredictable interoceptive threat, respectively. Therefore, we modified the NPU threat test (Schmitz & Grillon, ) and replaced the aversive electrocutaneous stimulus with an aversive interoceptive stimulus (a breathing occlusion, making it briefly impossible to breathe). Healthy participants (N = 48) underwent three instructed conditions. A visual cue signaled the occlusion in the predictable condition (P), whereas another cue was unrelated to the occurrence of the occlusion in the unpredictable condition (U). The safe condition (N) also had a visual cue, but no occlusion. Both fear‐ and anxiety‐potentiated startle blink responses were observed in response to predictable and unpredictable respiratory threat, respectively. The current study presents and validates the NPU respiratory threat test (NPUr) as an ecologically valid paradigm to study both anxiety and fear in response to a panic‐relevant interoceptive threat. The paradigm allows future testing of contextual generalization, investigation of different clinical groups, and more explicit comparisons of defensive responding to interoceptive versus exteroceptive threats.
Cell cycle kinetics, apoptosis rates and gene expressions of MDR‐1, TP53, BCL‐2 and BAX in transmissible venereal tumour cells and their association with therapy response
Authors: Flórez M. M. , Fêo H. B. , da Silva G. N. , Yamatogi R. S. , Aguiar A. J. , Araújo J. P. , Rocha N. S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTransmissible venereal tumour (TVT) generally presents different degrees of aggressiveness, which makes them unresponsive to conventional treatment protocols. This implies a progressive alteration of their biological profile. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, cell survival, apoptosis and cell cycle alterations in TVT cell cultures subjected to treatment with vincristine. Similarly, it assessed possible implications of MDR‐1, TP53, BCL‐2, and BAX gene expressions in eight TVT primary cultures for both resistance to chemotherapy and biological behaviour. When comparing TVT cells receiving vincristine to those untreated, a statistical difference related to increased cytotoxicity and decreased survival rates, and alterations in G1 and S cell cycle phases were found but without detectable differences in apoptosis. Increased MDR‐1 gene expression was observed after treatment. The groups did not differ statistically in relation to the TP53, BAX and BCL‐2 genes. Although preliminary, the findings suggest that such augmented expression is related to tumour malignancy and chemotherapy resistance.
Diffuse leptomeningeal histiocytic sarcoma in the cerebrospinal fluid of 2 dogs
Authors: Cluzel Caroline , Aboulmali Abdelkerim Ahamat , Dugas Stéphanie , Pey Pascaline , Olive Julien , Gara‐Boivin Carolyn 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTwo adult male castrated dogs were evaluated for progressive paraparesis and ataxia. Neurologic examination showed severe ataxia, delayed proprioceptive placement in the pelvic limbs, pain upon palpation of the lumbar spine as well as facial paresis in one dog, and decreased withdrawal reflex of the pelvic limbs in the other dog. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in both dogs showed diffuse meningeal and intramedullary lesions. However, no evidence of a mass was found. Biopsies could not be performed safely due to the location of the lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed an inflammatory pleocytosis associated with increased protein concentration and numerous large atypical round cells, often multinucleated. Nuclear fragmentation, micronuclei, and rare atypical mitoses were observed. Immunocytochemistry revealedCD1+andCD11c+staining, which, in concert with the morphology confirmed the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma (HS). Euthanasia was elected due to poor prognosis. Histopathologic examination showed diffuse spinal and meningeal infiltration withCD18+neoplastic cells, without any evidence of mass formation, which completed the diagnosis of diffuse leptomeningeal HS involving the brain and the spinal cord. Canine central nervous system (CNS) HS has been seldom reported in the literature, with only isolated cases identified on CSF cytology. The cases reported here are remarkable in describing a diffuse CNS leptomeningeal HS associated with neoplastic cells in the CSF of dogs without a tumor mass. These cases emphasize the potential critical importance of CSF analysis in providing an antemortem diagnosis of neoplasia in neurologic patients.
A Study of Acoustic Wave Resonance in Water-Filled Tubes With Different Wall Thicknesses and Materials
Authors: Mokhtari Alireza , Chatoorgoon Vijay 
Published: February 2016

Acoustic resonance of a fluid-filled tube with closed and open outlet ends for zero and turbulent mean flows is investigated both experimentally and numerically for different wall materials and thicknesses. The main goal is to create a data bank of acoustic wave resonance in fluid-filled tubes at a frequency range of 20–500 Hz to validate and verify numerical prediction models used by the nuclear industry and to determine if there is a better method with existing technology. The experimental results show that there is a strong effect of turbulent flow, wall material, and wall thickness on resonant amplitudes at frequencies above ∼250  Hz. A numerical investigation is performed solving the linear wave equation with constant and frequency-dependent damping terms and a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code. Comparing the one-dimensional (1D) and CFD results shows that CFD solution yields better predictions of both resonant frequency and amplitude than the 1D solution without the need for simplified added damping methods, which are required by the 1D methodology. This finding is valid especially for frequencies higher than ∼300  Hz.
Extended prediction rule to optimise early detection of heart failure in older persons with non-acute shortness of breath: a cross-sectional study
Authors: van Riet Evelien E S , Hoes Arno W , Limburg Alexander , Landman Marcel A J , Kemperman Hans , Rutten Frans H 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThere is a need for a practical tool to aid general practitioners in early detection of heart failure in the elderly with shortness of breath. In this study, such a screening rule was developed based on an existing rule for detecting heart failure in older persons with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The original rule included a history of ischaemic heart disease, body mass index, laterally displaced apex beat, heart rate, elevated N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide and an abnormal ECG.DesignCross-sectional data were used to validate, update and extend the original prediction rule according to a standardised state-of-the-art stepwise approach.SettingPrimary care with 30 participating general practices.ParticipantsCommunity-dwelling people aged ≥65 years with shortness of breath on exertion.Methods and resultsValidation of the existing screening rule in our population showed satisfying discrimination with a concordance statistic of 0.84 (range 0.80–0.85), but poor calibration. Performance measures were most improved by adding the predictors age >75 years, peripheral oedema and systolic murmur, resulting in a concordance statistic of 0.88 (range 0.85–0.90) and a net reclassification improvement of 31%. A risk score was computed, which showed high accuracy with a negative predictive value of 87% and a positive predictive value of 73%. Evaluating the improved rule in the derivation set and an independent set of patients with type 2 diabetes aged 60 years or older showed satisfying generalisability of the rule.ConclusionsOur rule resulted in excellent prediction of heart failure in the large domain of the elderly with shortness of breath, and would help general practitioners to select those needing echocardiography.Trial registration numberNCT01202006.
Safety and efficacy of insulin glargine 300 u/mL compared with other basal insulin therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Freemantle Nick , Chou Engels , Frois Christian , Zhuo Daisy , Lehmacher Walter , Vlajnic Aleksandra , Wang Hongwei , Chung Hsing-wen , Zhang Quanwu , Wu Eric , Gerrits Charles 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of a concentrated formulation of insulin glargine (Gla-300) with other basal insulin therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).DesignThis was a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomised clinical trials of basal insulin therapy in T2DM identified via a systematic literature review of Cochrane library databases, MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE and PsycINFO.Outcome measuresChanges in HbA1c (%) and body weight, and rates of nocturnal and documented symptomatic hypoglycaemia were assessed.Results41 studies were included; 25 studies comprised the main analysis population: patients on basal insulin-supported oral therapy (BOT). Change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was comparable between Gla-300 and detemir (difference: −0.08; 95% credible interval (CrI): −0.40 to 0.24), neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH; 0.01; −0.28 to 0.32), degludec (−0.12; −0.42 to 0.20) and premixed insulin (0.26; −0.04 to 0.58). Change in body weight was comparable between Gla-300 and detemir (0.69; −0.31 to 1.71), NPH (−0.76; −1.75 to 0.21) and degludec (−0.63; −1.63 to 0.35), but significantly lower compared with premixed insulin (−1.83; −2.85 to −0.75). Gla-300 was associated with a significantly lower nocturnal hypoglycaemia rate versus NPH (risk ratio: 0.18; 95% CrI: 0.05 to 0.55) and premixed insulin (0.36; 0.14 to 0.94); no significant differences were noted in Gla-300 versus detemir (0.52; 0.19 to 1.36) and degludec (0.66; 0.28 to 1.50). Differences in documented symptomatic hypoglycaemia rates of Gla-300 versus detemir (0.63; 0.19to 2.00), NPH (0.66; 0.27 to 1.49) and degludec (0.55; 0.23 to 1.34) were not significant. Extensive sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of these findings.ConclusionsNMA comparisons are useful in the absence of direct randomised controlled data. This NMA suggests that Gla-300 is also associated with a significantly lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia compared with NPH and premixed insulin, with glycaemic control comparable to available basal insulin comparators.
Where do people live longer and shorter lives? An ecological study of old-age survival across 4404 small areas from 18 European countries
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Isabel , Krainski Elias Teixeira , Carvalho Marilia Sá , Pina Maria de Fátima de 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundFurther increases in life expectancy in high-income countries depend to a large extent on advances in old-age survival. We aimed to characterise the spatial distribution of old-age survival across small areas of Europe, and to identify areas with significantly high or low survivorship.MethodsThis study incorporated 4404 small areas from 18 European countries. We used a 10-year survival rate to express the proportion of population aged 75–84 years who reached 85–94 years of age (beyond average life expectancy). This metric was calculated for each gender using decennial census data (1991, 2001 and 2011) at small geographical areas. To address problems associated with small areas, rates were smoothed using a Bayesian spatial model. Excursion sets were defined to identify areas with significantly high (>95th centile) and low (<5th) survival.ResultsIn 2011, on average, 47.1% (range: 22.5–71.5) of the female population aged 75–84 years had reached 85–94 years of age, compared to 34.2% (16.4–49.6) of the males. These figures, however, hide important and time-persistent spatial inequalities. Higher survival rates were concentrated in northern Spain, Andorra and northeastern Italy, and in the south and west of France. Lower survival was found in parts of the UK, Scandinavia and the Netherlands, and in some areas of southern Europe. Within these regions, we detected areas with significantly high and low old-age survival.ConclusionsClear and persistent spatial inequalities in old-age survival exist, suggesting that European social unity is still to be accomplished. These inequalities could arise from a myriad of population health determinants (eg, poverty, unhealthy lifestyles), which merit further study.
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation—clinical and angiographic spectrum with management perspective: an institutional experience
Authors: Agarwal Himanshu , Sebastian Leve Joseph Devarajan , Gaikwad Shailesh B , Garg Ajay , Mishra Nalini K 
Published: February 2016

Background and purposeVein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare developmental intracranial vascular malformation. We analyzed the clinical presentations, imaging findings, angioarchitecture, management options, and outcome in a demographically heterogeneous set of VGAM patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed cases of VGAM from our departmental archive collected between 1988 and January 2015. Demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and follow-up details were obtained for each patient from the available records.ResultsWe identified 36 patients with VGAM including 6 neonates, 18 infants, 7 children aged 2–10 years, and 5 adults. Macrocrania was the commonest presenting feature. Type of fistulae was mural in 14 and choroidal in 18 patients while 4 had a thrombosed sac at presentation. In 3 cases the dilated venous sac had connection with the deep venous system. Bilateral jugular atresia and stenosis were seen in 9 and 6 patients, respectively. Giant venous sac (>4 cm) was significantly correlated with mural type (p=0.0001). Dural arterial recruitment was seen in 4 patients including 3 adults. Among the 23 patients treated by endovascular means, 14 had a good outcome, 5 had a poor outcome, and 4 died. A significant correlation was noted between jugular atresia and poor outcome (p=0.003).ConclusionsWe encountered a wide range of demographic, clinical, and angiographic features in VGAM. Mural type malformations were associated with giant venous sacs. Good outcome after embolization was seen in selected neonates and in most of the infants, children, and adults. Jugular atresia was significantly associated with poor outcome.
Six new mechanics corresponding to further shape theories
Authors: Anderson Edward 
Published: February 2016

In this paper, suite of relational notions of shape are presented at the level of configuration space geometry, with corresponding new theories of shape mechanics and shape statistics. These further generalize two quite well known examples: (i) Kendall’s (metric) shape space with his shape statistics and Barbour’s mechanics thereupon. (ii) Leibnizian relational space alias metric scale-and-shape space to which corresponds Barbour–Bertotti mechanics. This paper’s new theories include, using the invariant and group namings, (iii) Angle alias conformal shape mechanics. (iv) Area ratio alias e shape mechanics. (v) Area alias e scale-and-shape mechanics. (iii)–(v) rest respectively on angle space, area-ratio space, and area space configuration spaces. Probability and statistics applications are also pointed to in outline.(vi) Various supersymmetric counterparts of (i)–(v) are considered. Since supergravity differs considerably from GR-based conceptions of background independence, some of the new supersymmetric shape mechanics are compared with both. These reveal compatibility between supersymmetry and GR-based conceptions of background independence, at least within these simpler model arenas.