bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knockout of a P‐glycoprotein gene increases susceptibility to abamectin and emamectin benzoate in Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Zuo Y.‐Y. , Huang J.‐L. , Wang J. , Feng Y. , Han T.‐T. , Wu Y.‐D. , Yang Y.-H. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractP‐glycoprotein [P‐gp or the ATP‐binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1)] is an important participant in multidrug resistance of cancer cells, yet the precise function of this arthropod transporter is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of P‐gp for susceptibility to insecticides in the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene‐editing technology. We cloned an open reading frame (ORF) encoding the S. exigua P‐gp protein (SeP‐gp) predicted to display structural characteristics common to P‐gp and other insect ABCB1 transporters. A knockout line with a frame shift deletion of four nucleotides in the SeP‐gp ORF was established using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing system to test its potential role in determining susceptibility to chemical insecticides or insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Results from comparative bioassays demonstrate that knockout of SeP‐gp significantly increases susceptibility of S. exigua by around threefold to abamectin and emamectin benzoate (EB), but not to spinosad, chlorfenapyr, beta‐cypermethrin, carbosulfan indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, diafenthiuron, chlorfluazuron, chlorantraniliprole or two Bt toxins (Cry1Ca and Cry1Fa). Our data support an important role for SeP‐gp in susceptibility of S. exigua to abamectin and EB and imply that overexpression of SeP‐gp may contribute to abamectin and EB resistance in S. exigua.
Encouraging college student active engagement in learning: Student response methods and anonymity
Authors: Barr M.L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the role of anonymity in encouraging college students to be more cognitively engaged in lectures. Kinesiology majors from three universities were asked to respond to questions during two consecutive lectures using response methods of opposing degrees of anonymity, one using ‘clickers’ and the other using hand‐raising. Participation and comprehension rates were statistically significantly different following the use of the different response methods (*p = 0.000 and *p < 0.001, respectively). Participant survey responses revealed insight into student perceptions regarding the role of anonymity in encouraging their cognitive engagement during each of the lectures. From participant comments, four major dimensions emerged suggesting the anonymity of using clickers (a) increased participation; (b) influenced cognitive engagement; (c) allowed for normative comparisons and (d) allowed for more processing time.
Methods for (industrial) thawing of fish blocks: A review
Authors: Backi Christoph Josef 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe food processing industry is facing challenges when it comes to the thawing of fish and fish products. These challenges include most importantly the quality of the product to be thawed, the profitability of the operation and to some minor degree the environmental impact of the whole operation. Without doubt, thawing (and freezing) has a large impact on the structure and other quality factors of fish. In addition, both serve as bottlenecks in the production chain with direct effects on the profitability and hence also on the environment, for example, if the thawing process takes longer than necessary, energy is wasted and the quality of the product might suffer. In this concise review, several methods for (industrial) thawing of fish are presented and discussed, mainly with respect to their technical specifications and functional principles. These methods can be divided into two main principal types, namely the ones that provide heat to the frozen fish only via its boundary layers, and the ones that generate heat also in the frozen fish's inner spatial domain. Both types come with advantages and disadvantages; however, the latter types are generally not (yet) suitable for industrial large‐scale operation. The theory, functional principles and advantages/disadvantages will be highlighted in this work. In addition, an outlook on future developments as well as proposals for further research will be provided.Practical applicationsThawing of fish is a very important step in the production chain from catch to salable product. Freezing serves both as shelf‐life extension for large catches and as a possibility to dampen out seasonal fluctuations of different species to make them available all year round. However, a frozen headed and gutted fish cannot be processed further (e.g., filleted), it has to be thawed to perform further processing of the product.
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on preserving various types of fresh produce
Authors: Hyun Jeong‐Eun , Lee Sun‐Young 
Published: July 2017

AbstractModified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is an effective preservation method for extending the shelf‐life of various foods. This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of MAP for improving the food quality and safety of various fresh produce during refrigeration storage. Thirteen kinds of fresh produce were washed with 100 ppm chlorine and then packaged in three different types of packaging film using two different methods (air and 100% CO2 gas). Changes of the headspace gas composition, visual quality, microbial populations, and electrolyte leakage of the packaged samples were measured during storage at 4 ± 2 °C. MAP using CO2 gas resulted in lower levels of total mesophilic bacteria, Escherichia coli/coliform, and yeast/mold in the fresh produce compared than the air packaging. In particular, MAP using CO2 gas was effective at maintaining low levels of yeast and mold on grapes, soybean sprouts, and lotus roots during storage (p ≤ .05). However, the visual quality of some of the fresh produce (e.g., green vegetables) during storage was affected by MAP. Higher levels of electrolyte leakage were observed in fresh produce packaged under CO2 gas than that under air, except for grapes and lotus roots.Practical applicationsThese results suggest that although MAP may be useful for improving the shelf‐life of some root vegetables and fruits during storage, its application would be limited for certain types of fresh produce because of quality deterioration. The result of this study could be used for developing the effective preservation method for fresh produce.
IPL vs PDL in treatment of facial erythema: A split‐face study
Authors: Handler Marc Z , Bloom Bradley S , Goldberg David J 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBackgroundLasers and noncoherent intense pulse light sources effectively treat vascular lesions. Intense pulsed light (IPL), a nonablative treatment for photorejuvenation, uses a flashlamp which emits noncoherent light between 400 and 1400 nm. The light may be filtered to target a specific chromophore. The pulsed dye laser (PDL), at 595 nm, has been the historical standard of care in the treatment of facial erythema. We sought to determine whether IPL may be used in lieu of PDL in reducing facial erythema.ObjectivesTo determine whether IPL may be used to treat facial erythema with equal efficacy as PDL used at nonpurpuric settings.MethodsProspective investigation of a cohort of 15 subjects with unwanted bilateral facial erythema. Subjects presented for two treatments with an IPL (BBL™ BroadBand Light; Sciton, Palo Alto, CA) to one half of the face and PDL (Cynergy™; Cynosure, Westford, MA) to the other half.ResultsPatients with facial erythema may be successfully treated with IPL or PDL.ConclusionsIntense pulsed light and pulsed dye laser with nonpurpuric settings were equally effective in reducing facial erythema.
Development of genotyping method for functionally relevant variants of cytochromes P450 in cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Uno Y. , Osada N. , Sakurai S. , Shimozawa N. , Iwata T. , Ikeo K. , Yamazaki H. 
Published: July 2017

In cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), widely used in drug metabolism studies, CYP2C9, CYP2C76, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5, important drug‐metabolizing enzymes, are abundantly expressed in liver and metabolize cytochrome P450 substrates. CYP2C9 (c.334A>C), CYP2C76 (c.449TG>A), CYP2D6 (c.891A>G), CYP3A4 (IVS3 + 1G>del), and CYP3A5 (c.625A>T) substantially influence metabolic activity of enzymes, and thus are important variants in drug metabolism studies. In this study, a real‐time PCR method was developed for genotyping these variants. The validity of the methods was verified by genotyping two wild type, two heterozygous, and two homozygous DNAs and was used to genotype 41 cynomolgus macaques (from Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, or Vietnam) for the five variants, along with another important variant CYP2C19 (c.308C>T). The CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 variants were found only in Cambodian and Vietnamese animals, while the CYP2C76 and CYP2D6 variants were found only in Indonesian and Philippine animals. The CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants were not found in any of the animals analyzed. Mauritian animals, genotyped using next‐generation sequencing data for comparison, possessed the CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 variants, but not the other variants. These results indicated differences in prevalence of these important variants among animal groups. Therefore, the genotyping tool developed is useful for drug metabolism studies using cynomolgus macaques.
Idiosyncratic responses to climate‐driven forest fragmentation and marine incursions in reed frogs from Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands
Authors: Bell Rayna C. , Parra Juan L. , Badjedjea Gabriel , Barej Michael F. , Blackburn David C. , Burger Marius , Channing Alan , Dehling Jonas Maximilian , Greenbaum Eli , Gvoždík Václav , Kielgast Jos , Kusamba Chifundera , Lötters Stefan , McLaughlin Patrick J. , Nagy Zoltán T. , Rödel Mark‐Oliver , Portik Daniel M. , Stuart Bryan L. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Zassi‐Boulou Ange Ghislain , Zamudio Kelly R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOrganismal traits interact with environmental variation to mediate how species respond to shared landscapes. Thus, differences in traits related to dispersal ability or physiological tolerance may result in phylogeographic discordance among co‐distributed taxa, even when they are responding to common barriers. We quantified climatic suitability and stability, and phylogeographic divergence within three reed frog species complexes across the Guineo‐Congolian forests and Gulf of Guinea archipelago of Central Africa to investigate how they responded to a shared climatic and geological history. Our species‐specific estimates of climatic suitability through time are consistent with temporal and spatial heterogeneity in diversification among the species complexes, indicating that differences in ecological breadth may partly explain these idiosyncratic patterns. Likewise, we demonstrated that fluctuating sea levels periodically exposed a land bridge connecting Bioko Island with the mainland Guineo‐Congolian forest and that habitats across the exposed land bridge likely enabled dispersal in some species, but not in others. We did not find evidence that rivers are biogeographic barriers across any of the species complexes. Despite marked differences in the geographic extent of stable climates and temporal estimates of divergence among the species complexes, we recovered a shared pattern of intermittent climatic suitability with recent population connectivity and demographic expansion across the Congo Basin. This pattern supports the hypothesis that genetic exchange across the Congo Basin during humid periods, followed by vicariance during arid periods, has shaped regional diversity. Finally, we identified many distinct lineages among our focal taxa, some of which may reflect incipient or unrecognized species.
Hybrid zone formation and contrasting outcomes of secondary contact over transects in common toads
Authors: Arntzen Jan W. , de Vries Wouter , Canestrelli Daniele , Martínez‐Solano Iñigo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMuch progress in speciation research stems from documenting patterns of morphological and genetic variation in hybrid zones. Contrasting patterns of marker introgression in different sections of the contact can provide valuable insights on the relative importance of various evolutionary mechanisms maintaining species differences in the face of hybridization and gene flow and on hybrid zone temporal and spatial dynamics. We studied species interactions in the common toadsBufo bufoandB. spinosusin France and northwestern Italy using morphological and molecular data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in an extensive survey, including two independent transects west and east of the Alps. At both, we found sharp, coincident and concordant nuclear genetic transitions. However, morphological clines were wider or absent and mtDNAintrogression was asymmetric. We discuss alternative, nonexclusive hypotheses about evolutionary processes generating these patterns, including drift, selection, long‐distance dispersal and spatial shifts in hybrid zone location and structure. The distribution of intraspecific mtDNAlineages supports a scenario in whichB. bufoheld a local refugium during the last glacial maximum. Present‐day genetic profiles are best explained by an advance ofB. spinosusfrom a nearby Iberian refugium, largely superseding the localB. bufopopulation, followed by an advance ofB. bufofrom the Balkans, with prongs north and south of the Alps, drivingB. spinosussouthwards. A pendulum moving hybrid zone, first northwards and then southwards, explains the wide areas of introgression at either side of the current position of the contact zones.
Vertical differentiation in oligopoly and license fees when outside innovator can enter the market: Two‐step auction
Authors: Hattori Masahiko , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhen an outside innovating firm has a technology to produce a higher quality good than the good produced at present, it can sell licenses of its technology to incumbent firms, or enter the market and at the same time sell licenses, or enter the market without license. We examine the definitions of license fee in such a situation in an oligopoly with three firms under vertical product differentiation, one outside innovating firm and two incumbent firms, considering threat by entry of the innovating firm using a two‐step auction. We show that in the case of uniform distribution of consumers' taste parameter and zero cost when the quality improvement (the difference between the quality of the high‐quality good and the quality of the low‐quality good) is small (or large), the two‐step auction is (or is not) credible, and license to two firms without entry strategy (or entry without license strategy) is optimal depending on credibility of the two‐step auction.
The two‐component response regulator Skn7 belongs to a network of transcription factors regulating morphogenesis in Candida albicans and independently limits morphogenesis‐induced ROS accumulation
Authors: Basso Virginia , Znaidi Sadri , Lagage Valentine , Cabral Vitor , Schoenherr Franziska , LeibundGut‐Landmann Salomé , d'Enfert Christophe , Bachellier‐Bassi Sophie 
Published: July 2017

SummarySkn7 is a conserved fungal heat shock factor‐type transcriptional regulator. It participates in maintaining cell wall integrity and regulates the osmotic/oxidative stress response (OSR) in S. cerevisiae, where it is part of a two‐component signal transduction system. Here, we comprehensively address the function of Skn7 in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We provide evidence reinforcing functional divergence, with loss of the cell wall/osmotic stress‐protective roles and acquisition of the ability to regulate morphogenesis on solid medium. Mapping of the Skn7 transcriptional circuitry, through combination of genome‐wide expression and location technologies, pointed to a dual regulatory role encompassing OSR and filamentous growth. Genetic interaction analyses revealed close functional interactions between Skn7 and master regulators of morphogenesis, including Efg1, Cph1 and Ume6. Intracellular biochemical assays revealed that Skn7 is crucial for limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in filament‐inducing conditions on solid medium. Interestingly, functional domain mapping using site‐directed mutagenesis allowed decoupling of Skn7 function in morphogenesis from protection against intracellular ROS. Our work identifies Skn7 as an integral part of the transcriptional circuitry controlling C. albicans filamentous growth and illuminates how C. albicans relies on an evolutionarily‐conserved regulator to protect itself from intracellular ROS during morphological development.
Insecticide resistance, associated mechanisms and fitness aspects in two Brazilian Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) populations
Authors: VIANA‐MEDEIROS P. F. , BELLINATO D. F. , MARTINS A. J. , VALLE D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn Brazil, insecticide resistance in Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyrethroids and to the organophosphate (OP) temephos is disseminated. Currently, insect growth regulators (IGRs) and the OP malathion are employed against larvae and adults, respectively. Bioassays with mosquitoes from two northeast municipalities, Crato and Aracaju, revealed, in both populations, susceptibility to IGRs and malathion (RR95 ≤ 2.0), confirming the effectiveness of these compounds. By contrast, temephos and deltamethrin (pyrethroid) resistance levels were high (RR95 > 10), which is consistent with the use of intense chemical control. In Crato, RR95 values were > 50 for both compounds. Knock‐down‐resistant (kdr) mutants in the voltage‐gated sodium channel, the pyrethroid target site, were found in 43 and 32%, respectively, of Aracaju and Crato mosquitoes. Biochemical assays revealed higher metabolic resistance activity (esterases, mixed function oxidases and glutathione‐S‐transferases) at Aracaju. With respect to fitness aspects, mating effectiveness was equivalently impaired in both populations, but Aracaju mosquitoes showed more damaging effects in terms of longer larval development, decreased bloodmeal acceptance, reduced engorgement and lower numbers of eggs laid per female. Compared with mosquitoes in Crato, Aracaju mosquitoes exhibited lower OP and pyrethroid RR95, increased activity of detoxifying enzymes and greater effect on fitness. The potential relationship between insecticide resistance mechanisms and mosquito viability is discussed.
Reproducibility of assessing fecal microbiota in chronic constipation
Authors: Parthasarathy G. , Chen J. , Chia N. , O'Connor H. M. , Gaskins H. R. , Bharucha A. E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundWhile limited data suggest that the fecal microbiota in healthy people is stable over time, the intraindividual variability of the fecal microbiota in constipated patients is unknown.MethodsThis study evaluated the intraindividual reproducibility of fecal microbiota analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing in two stool samples collected without and after a laxative, respectively, in 25 healthy people and 25 constipated women. Participants completed a food record for 3 d before the stool collection. Colonic transit was measured with scintigraphy.Key ResultsThe constipated patients were older (48±15 vs 39±10 y, P=.02) than healthy participants but had a similar BMI. The total daily caloric intake was less (P=.005) in constipated (1265±350 kcal) than healthy participants (1597±402 kcal). Fourteen patients but only two controls (P<.005), had delayed colonic transit. For most measures of alpha (eg, Observed OTU number, Shannon index) and beta diversity (eg, Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity, UniFrac, phyla level abundance), the ICCs between two stool samples were high, indicating moderate or strong agreement, and similar in healthy people and constipated patients. The ICC for the weighted UniFrac distance, which is weighted by abundance, was lower than its unweighted counterpart, indicating that the unweighted measure is more robust and reproducible.Conclusions and InferencesThe intraindividual reproducibility of fecal microbiota in constipated patients is high and comparable to healthy participants. For most purposes, evaluating the fecal microbiota in a single stool sample should generally suffice in adequately powered studies of healthy and constipated patients.
Axiological Absolutism and Risk1
Authors: Lazar Seth , Lee‐Stronach Chad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConsider the following claim: given the choice between saving a life and preventing any number of people from temporarily experiencing a mild headache, you should always save the life. Many moral theorists accept this claim. In doing so, they commit themselves to some form of ‘moral absolutism’: the view that there are some moral considerations (like being able to save a life) that cannot be outweighed by any number of lesser moral considerations (like being able to avert a mild headache). In contexts of certainty, it is clear what moral absolutism requires of you. However, what does it require of you when deciding under risk? What ought you to do when there is a chance that, say, you will not succeed in saving the life? In recent years, various critics have argued that moral absolutism cannot satisfactorily deal with risk and should, therefore, be abandoned. In this paper, we show that moral absolutism can answer its critics by drawing on—of all things—orthodox expected utility theory.
Biphasic influence of Staphylococcus aureus on human epidermal tight junctions
Authors: Bäsler Katja , Galliano Marie‐Florence , Bergmann Sophia , Rohde Holger , Wladykowski Ewa , Vidal‐y‐Sy Sabine , Guiraud Beatrice , Houdek Pia , Schüring Germar , Volksdorf Thomas , Caruana Antony , Bessou‐Touya Sandrine , Schneider Stefan W. , Duplan Hélène , Brandner Johanna M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBacterial infections (e.g., with Staphylococcus aureus) are serious problems in skin with a compromised barrier, such as in patients with atopic dermatitis. Previously, it was shown that tight junction (TJ) proteins are influenced by staphylococcal infection, and TJ function is impaired after infection of the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. However, functional studies in cells or models more similar to human skin are missing. Therefore, we investigated bacterial colonialization and infection with live S. aureus in primary human keratinocytes and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). We show that short‐term inoculation results in increased TJ barrier function—which could not be seen in HaCaT cells—hinting at an early protective effect. This is accompanied by occludin phosphorylation and sustained localization of occludin and claudin‐4 at cell membranes. Long‐term incubation resulted in decreased presence of claudin‐1 and claudin‐4 at cell membranes and decreased TJ barrier function. The agr regulon of S. aureus plays a role in the increasing but not in the decreasing effect. Proinflammatory cytokines, which are produced as a result of S. aureus inoculation, influence both phases. In summary, we show here that S. aureus can have short‐term promoting effects on the TJ barrier, while in the long term it results in disturbance of TJs.