bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greenland Blocking Index 1851–2015: a regional climate change signal
Authors: Hanna Edward , Cropper Thomas E. , Hall Richard J. , Cappelen John 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTWe present an extended monthly and seasonal Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) from January 1851 to December 2015, which more than doubles the length of the existing published GBI series. We achieve this by homogenizing the Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 2c‐based GBI and splicing it with the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis‐based GBI. For the whole time period, there are significant decreases in GBI in autumn, October and November, and no significant monthly, seasonal or annual increases. More recently, since 1981 there are significant GBI increases in all seasons and annually, with the strongest monthly increases in July and August. A recent clustering of high GBI values is evident in summer, when 7 of the top 11 values in the last 165 years – including the two latest years 2014 and 2015 – occurred since 2007. Also, 2010 is the highest GBI year in the annual, spring, winter and December series but 2011 is the record low GBI value in the spring and April series. Moreover, since 1851 there have been significant increases in GBI variability in May and especially December. December has also shown a significant clustering of extreme high and low GBI values since 2001, mirroring a similar, recently identified phenomenon in the December North Atlantic Oscillation index, suggesting a related driving mechanism. We discuss changes in hemispheric circulation that are associated with high compared with low GBI conditions. Our GBI time series should be useful for climatologists and other scientists interested in aspects and impacts of Arctic variability and change.
Baseline cartilage quality is associated with voxel‐based T1ρ and T2 following ACL reconstruction: A multicenter pilot study
Authors: Russell Colin , Pedoia Valentina , Amano Keiko , Potter Hollis , Majumdar Sharmila ,   AF‐ACL Consortium
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this multi‐center study, voxel‐based relaxometry (VBR), a novel technique to automatically quantify localized cartilage change, was used to investigate T1ρ and T2 relaxation times of patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears at the time of injury and 6 months after reconstructive surgery. Sixty‐four ACL‐injured patients from three sites underwent bilateral 3T MR T1ρ and T2 mapping; 56 patients returned 6 months after surgery. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal VBR comparisons of relaxation times were calculated. Noyes Score (NS) clinical grades of cartilage lesions were noted at both times and correlated with relaxation times. Lastly, patients were divided into two groups based on baseline NS grades in the injured knee. T1ρ times of each group were assessed with VBR and compared. Results illustrate the feasibility of VBR for efficiently analyzing data from patients at different sites. Significant relaxation time elevations at baseline were observed in the injured knee compared to the uninjured, particularly in the posterolateral tibia (pLT). Longitudinally, a decrease was observed in the pLT and patella, while an increase was noted in the trochlea. Stratifying patients by baseline lesion presence revealed T1ρ increased more 6 months after surgery in patients with lesions. Such findings propose that the presence of cartilage lesions at baseline are associated with the longitudinal progression of T1ρ and T2 after ACL injury, and may contribute to early cartilage degeneration. Furthermore, the speed and localized specificity of automatic VBR analysis may translate well for clinical application, as seen in this multicenter study. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:688–698, 2017.
Use of quantum rods for display applications
Authors: Hasegawa Masaki , Hirayama Yuki 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe examined the use of quantum rods (QRs) in two configurations for display applications, including the backlight and emissive color pixels for liquid crystal and organic light‐emitting diode displays, respectively. For the backlight, we used an electrospun nanofiber sheet embedded with QRs, and found the nanofiber‐aligned sheet showed polarized emission with a very high outcoupling efficiency. We then fabricated emissive color pixels with QRs using an inkjet printer, and evaluated their optical properties. The color gamut area size was 82% of the BT2020 standard and the overlap with it was 69%.
Making Nonwoven Fibrous Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Constructs for Antimicrobial and Tissue Engineering Applications by Pressurized Melt Gyration
Authors: Xu Zewen , Mahalingam Sunthar , Basnett Pooja , Raimi‐Abraham Bahijja , Roy Ipsita , Craig Duncan , Edirisinghe Mohan 
Published: May 2016

A pressurized melt gyration process has been used for the first time to generate poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) fibers. Gyration speed, working pressure, and melt temperature are varied and these parameters influence the fiber diameter and the temperature enabled changing the surface morphology of the fibers. Two types of nonwoven PCL fiber constructs are prepared. First, Ag‐doped PCL is studied for antibacterial activity using Gram‐negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms. The melt temperature used to make these constructs significantly influences antibacterial activity. Neat PCL nonwoven scaffolds are also prepared and their potential for application in muscular tissue engineering is studied with myoblast cells. Results show significant cell attachment, growth, and proliferation of cells on the scaffolds.image
Protein biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: Focus on cerebrospinal fluid markers and synaptic proteins
Authors: Halbgebauer Steffen , Öckl Patrick , Wirth Katharina , Steinacker Petra , Otto Markus 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTDespite extensive research, to date, no validated biomarkers for PD have been found. This review seeks to summarize studies approaching the detection of biomarker candidates for PD and introduce promising ones in more detail, with special attention to synaptic proteins. To this end, we performed a PubMed search and included studies using proteomic tools (2‐dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis and/or mass spectrometry) for the comparison of samples from PD and control patients. We found 27 studies reporting more than 500 differentially expressed proteins in which a total of 28 were detected in 2 and 17 in 3 or more independent studies, including posttranslationally modified proteins. In addition, of these 500 proteins, 25 were found to be brain specific, and 14 were enriched in synapses. Special attention was given to the applicability of the biomarker regarding sampling procedures, that is, using CSF/serum material for diagnosis. Furthermore, presynaptic proteins involved in vesicle membrane fusion seem to be interesting candidates for future analyses. Nonetheless, even though such promising biomarker candidates for PD exist, validation of these biomarkers in large‐scale clinical studies is necessary to evaluate the diagnostic potential. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Phenethyl isothiocyanate and indole‐3‐carbinol from cruciferous vegetables, but not furanocoumarins from apiaceous vegetables, reduced PhIP‐induced DNA adducts in Wistar rats
Authors: Kim Jae Kyeom , Gallaher Daniel D. , Chen Chi , Gallaher Cynthia M. , Yao Dan , Trudo Sabrina P. 
Published: May 2016

ScopeWe previously showed that apiaceous but not cruciferous vegetables reduced DNA adducts formed by 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4, 5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) in rats. Here, we report the effects of the putative chemopreventive phytochemicals from these vegetables on PhIP metabolism and DNA adduct formation.Methods and resultsRats received three supplemented diets: P + I (phenethyl isothiocyanate and indole‐3‐carbinol), furanocoumarins (FC, 5‐methoxypsoralen, 8‐methoxypsoralen, and isopimpinellin), and combination (P + I and FC). Phytochemical supplementation matched the levels in vegetables fed in our previous study. After 6 days, rats were injected with PhIP (10 mg/kg body wt) and killed after 24‐h urine collection. Compared to the control, P + I increased activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 (10.1‐fold), CYP1A2 (3.62‐fold), and sulfotransferase 1A1 (2.70‐fold). The combination diet also increased CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activity. Urinary metabolomics revealed that PhIP metabolite profiles generally agreed with biotransformation enzyme activities. P + I and combination diets reduced PhIP‐DNA adducts by 43.5 and 24.1%, respectively, whereas FC had no effect on adducts, compared to the control diet.ConclusionEffects of phytochemicals on metabolic outcomes and markers of carcinogenesis might differ from fresh vegetables, thus limiting the inferences that one can draw from the effects of purified phytochemicals on the health benefits of the vegetables from which they derive.
Gene promoter DNA methylation patterns have a limited role in orchestrating transcriptional changes in the fetal liver in response to maternal folate depletion during pregnancy
Authors: McKay Jill A. , Adriaens Michiel , Evelo Chris T. , Ford Dianne , Mathers John C. 
Published: May 2016

ScopeEarly‐life exposures are critical in fetal programming and may influence function and health in later life. Adequate maternal folate consumption during pregnancy is essential for healthy fetal development and long‐term offspring health. The mechanisms underlying fetal programming are poorly understood, but are likely to involve gene regulation. Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, regulate gene expression and are modifiable by folate supply. We observed transcriptional changes in fetal liver in response to maternal folate depletion and hypothesized that these changes are concomitant with altered gene promoter methylation.Methods and resultsFemale C57BL/6J mice were fed diets containing 2 or 0.4 mg folic acid/kg for 4 wk before mating and throughout pregnancy. At 17.5‐day gestation, genome‐wide gene expression and promoter methylation were measured by microarray analysis in male fetal livers. While 989 genes were differentially expressed, 333 promoters had altered methylation (247 hypermethylated, 86 hypomethylated) in response to maternal folate depletion. Only 16 genes had both expression and methylation changes. However, most methylation changes occurred in genomic regions neighboring expression changes.ConclusionIn response to maternal folate depletion, altered expression at the mRNA level was not associated with altered promoter methylation of the same gene in fetal liver.
The maternal age‐related first trimester risks for trisomy 21, 18 and 13 based on Danish first trimester data from 2005 to 2014
Authors: Hartwig Tanja Schlaikjær , Sørensen Steen , Jørgensen Finn Stener 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesMost currently used age‐related risks of T21, T18 and T13 are based on estimates of the live‐birth prevalence, and describe an exponential increase of risk by increased maternal age. We investigated the first trimester prevalence of T21, T18 and T13 in a large population of Danish women.MethodsFrom the Danish Cytogenetic Central Registry we got the information of all pre‐ and postnatally diagnosed fetuses with T21, T18 or T13 between 2005 and 2014 in Denmark. Information on the total number of births and maternal age at birth were gathered from StatBank Denmark.ResultsThe total number of included women was 605 853. The total number of T21 cases was 1564, T18 cases was 401 and T13 cases was 157. The overall first trimester prevalence per 10 000 pregnancies was 25.8 for T21, 6.6 for T18 and 2.6 for T13. Boltzmann sigmoidal model (Y = Bottom + (top‐bottom / (1 − exp (V50 − X) / slope)) was found to best describe the age‐related risk of T21, T18 and T13.ConclusionWe found that the age‐related risks are better described by sigmoidal functions, contrary to the widely assumed exponential functions. Our results indicate a lower age‐related a priori risk of T21, T18 and T13 compared to widely used risk models. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die einfachste Eisenbahn der Welt
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Schlichting Jan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie einfachste Eisenbahn besteht aus einer Stabbatterie mit ferromagnetischen Polen. An diesen haftet durch magnetische Anziehung je ein Zylindermagnet, von dem jeweils derselbe Magnetpol von der Batterie weg nach außen weist. Schiebt man diese Achse in eine aus gut leitendem Draht gewickelte Spule, so werden die beiden elektrischen Pole via Magneten leitend miteinander verbunden. Der starke Strom erzeugt ein Magnetfeld, das an dem einen Magneten zu einer Abstoßung und an dem anderen zu einer Anziehung führt. Dadurch bewegt sich die magnetbewehrte Batterie wie eine Eisenbahn durch einen Tunnel.
Schnelles Schalten mit Licht
Authors: Krausz Ferenc , Schultze Martin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDas schnelle Schalten elektrischer Ströme ist die Grundlage der modernen Elektronik und Computertechnologie. Der mit dem Schaltprozess verbundene Energieverbrauch und die daraus resultierende Wärmeentwicklung ist zugleich der limitierende Faktor für die Erhöhung der Schaltfrequenzen. Experimente mit einer Zeitauflösung im Attosekundenbereich zeigen einen möglichen Ausweg. Mit dem starken elektrischen Feld ultrakurzer Laserimpulse lassen sich elektrische Ströme mit Lichtfrequenz bei gleichzeitig verschwindendem Energieverlust schalten. Diese physikalischen Prozesse erfordern noch ein tiefergehendes Verständnis. Davon könnte eine zukünftige “Lichtelektronik” profitieren, die wesentlich schnellere und leistungsfähigere Informationstechnologien hervorbringen könnte.
Der Hummelflug in Turbulenz
Authors: Engels Thomas , Sesterhenn Jörn , Kolomenskiy Dmitry , Schneider Kai , Lehmann Fritz‐Olaf 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFliegende Tiere im Allgemeinen und insbesondere Insekten schlagen mit den Flügeln, um ihren Vor‐ und Auftrieb zu erzeugen. Landläufiger Meinung zum Trotz können Hummeln erstaunlich gut fliegen. Mit Hilfe der bisher aufwändigsten Computersimulationen haben wir zeigen können, dass die aerodynamischen Mechanismen des Schlagfluges auch dann noch funktionieren, wenn das Insekt in starke Turbulenz gerät.
Schweinemedaillons im Differentialkalorimeter
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWerden Schweinemedaillons bei großer Hitze gebraten, geraten sie oft trocken, zäh und faserig. Hohe Temperaturen bekommen manchen Proteinen offenbar nicht besonders gut. Grund genug, sich das thermische Verhalten der relevanten Eiweiße im Lendenmuskel genauer anzusehen.
The experiences of caregivers of patients with delirium, and their role in its management in palliative care settings: an integrative literature review
Authors: Finucane Anne M. , Lugton Jean , Kennedy Catriona , Spiller Juliet A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the experiences of caregivers of terminally ill patients with delirium, to determine the potential role of caregivers in the management of delirium at the end of life, to identify the support required to improve caregiver experience and to help the caregiver support the patient.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched—PsychInfo, Medline, Cinahl and Scopus from January 2000 to July 2015 using the terms ‘delirium’, ‘terminal restlessness’ or ‘agitated restlessness’ combined with ‘carer’ or ‘caregiver’ or ‘family’ or ‘families’. Thirty‐three papers met the inclusion criteria and remained in the final review.ResultsPapers focused on (i) caregiver experience—distress, deteriorating relationships, balancing the need to relieve suffering with desire to communicate and helplessness versus control; (ii) the caregiver role—detection and prevention of delirium, symptom monitoring and acting as a patient advocate; and (iii) caregiver support—information needs, advice on how to respond to the patient, interventions to improve caregiver outcomes and interventions delivered by caregivers to improve patient outcomes.ConclusionHigh levels of distress are experienced by caregivers of patients with delirium. Distress is heightened because of the potential irreversibility of delirium in palliative care settings and uncertainty around whether the caregiver–patient relationship can be re‐established before death. Caregivers can contribute to the management of patient delirium. Additional intervention studies with informational, emotional and behavioural components are required to improve support for caregivers and to help the caregiver support the patient. Reducing caregiver distress should be a goal of any future intervention.© 2016 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Children with lower respiratory tract infections and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels: A case–control study
Authors: Velarde López Angel Alfonso , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Leonard Mary B. , Xie Dawei , Schinnar Rita , Strom Brian L. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundPneumonia is the leading cause of death in children under age of 5 years worldwide. The role of vitamin D in respiratory infections including pneumonia is unclear; therefore, we aimed to determine if children with lower respiratory tract infections had low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3.MethodsWe performed a case–control study of children ages 3–60 months from the Guatemala City metropolitan area, hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia between September and December 2012. Controls were selected from the well‐baby/care immunization clinics serving the population from which cases emerged. We analyzed serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and conducted parental interviews to assess subject age, sex, race, feeding type, vitamin D supplementation, frequency of sun exposure, and maternal education. Height and weight were ascertained from medical records. Complete information was available for 70 (83%) of 84 eligible cases and 68 (60%) of 113 eligible controls.ResultsThe median (IQR) serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration for cases was 23.2 ng/ml (14.4–29.9) compared to 27.5 ng/ml (21.4–32.3) in controls (P = 0.006). Multiple regression analysis using an a priori cut‐point for vitamin D of <20 ng/ml showed that children with lower respiratory tract infections were more likely to have low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels than controls (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.2, P = 0.02).ConclusionsChildren with lower respiratory tract infections in Guatemala had low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1080–1087. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anziehen von geschraubten Verbindungen nach Eurocode 3 und DIN EN 1090‐2
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Jungbluth Dominik , Hüller Volker , Machura Gregor 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMit der Einführung des Eurocodes 3 und der DIN EN 1090‐2 ist es in Deutschland unter anderem in Bezug auf die Ausführung von geschraubten Verbindungen in Stahltragwerken zu großen Verwirrungen gekommen. Diese beruhen im Wesentlichen – aber nicht nur – auf der Frage: Welches Vorspannkraftniveau darf bei welchem Verbindungstyp mit welchem Anziehverfahren angesetzt werden? Wo die Frage nach dem richtigen Anziehverfahren relativ schnell geklärt ist, da dieses über den Nationalen Anhang zur Bemessungsnorm für Stahlbauanschlüsse, der DIN EN 1993‐1‐8/NA, eindeutig an die Höhe des Vorspannkraftniveaus gekoppelt ist, führt die Frage nach dem “richtigen” Vorspannkraftniveau sowohl beim Tragwerksplaner als auch bei der ausführenden Stahlbaufirma immer wieder zu großen Diskussionen, da das in DIN EN 1090‐2 angebotene Mindestvorspannkraftniveau Fp,C in Deutschland nur mit dem in der nationalen Praxis zwar durchaus bekannten, aber absolut unüblichen Kombinierten Vorspannverfahren aufgebracht werden darf. Alternativ dazu wurde in DIN EN 1993‐1‐8/NA das niedrigere “alte” deutsche Regelvorspannkraftniveau Fp,C* mit Ausführungsregeln zum Anziehen mittels des modifizierten Drehmoment‐Vorspannverfahrens wieder definiert. Weitere praxisrelevante Fragestellungen betreffen exemplarisch das Anziehen von nicht vorgespannten Schraubverbindungen und den Einsatz von nicht CE‐gekennzeichneten Komponenten einer CE‐gekennzeichneten Schraubengarnitur. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Beitrags werden diese und weitere Fragestellungen zum Anziehen von geschraubten Verbindungen im Stahlbau zusammenfassend beantwortet.Tightening of bolted connections according to Eurocode 3 and DIN EN 1090‐2. With the introduction of Eurocode 3 and DIN EN 1090‐2, great confusions arise in Germany regarding the execution of bolted connections in steel structures. This is based essentially – but not exclusively – on the question: which preload level may be applied in which connection type with which tightening procedure? Where the question of the correct tightening procedure is resolved relatively quickly, since this is clearly linked via DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 / NA at the height of the applied preload level, yields the question of the “correct” preload level for both the structural engineer and the executive steel construction company to major discussions since DIN EN 1090‐2 offers the minimum preloading force Fp,C which is allowed to be applied in Germany only by the – although known, but absolutely unusual – combined method. Alternatively, the lower “old” German preloading force Fp,C* is defined in DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 / NA with execution rules for the modified torque method. Other practical questions relate to the tightening of non‐preloaded bolts and the use of non CE‐marked components of a CE‐marked bolt assembly. As part of this paper, these and other issues for the tightening of bolted connections in steel structures are answered.
RNA‐binding proteins in eye development and disease: implication of conserved RNA granule components
Authors: Dash Soma , Siddam Archana D. , Barnum Carrie E. , Janga Sarath Chandra , Lachke Salil A. 
Published: May 2016

The molecular biology of metazoan eye development is an area of intense investigation. These efforts have led to the surprising recognition that although insect and vertebrate eyes have dramatically different structures, the orthologs or family members of several conserved transcription and signaling regulators such as Pax6, Six3, Prox1, and Bmp4 are commonly required for their development. In contrast, our understanding of posttranscriptional regulation in eye development and disease, particularly regarding the function of RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs), is limited. We examine the present knowledge of RBPs in eye development in the insect model Drosophila as well as several vertebrate models such as fish, frog, chicken, and mouse. Interestingly, of the 42 RBPs that have been investigated for their expression or function in vertebrate eye development, 24 (~60%) are recognized in eukaryotic cells as components of RNA granules such as processing bodies, stress granules, or other specialized ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. We discuss the distinct developmental and cellular events that may necessitate potential RBP/RNA granule‐associated RNA regulon models to facilitate posttranscriptional control of gene expression in eye morphogenesis. In support of these hypotheses, three RBPs and RNP/RNA granule components Tdrd7, Caprin2, and Stau2 are linked to ocular developmental defects such as congenital cataract, Peters anomaly, and microphthalmia in human patients or animal models. We conclude by discussing the utility of interdisciplinary approaches such as the bioinformatics tool iSyTE (integrated Systems Tool for Eye gene discovery) to prioritize RBPs for deriving posttranscriptional regulatory networks in eye development and disease. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:527–557. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1355This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development