bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between pulmonary hyperinflation and dyspnoea severity during acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Nicholson Trevor T. , Barry Peter J. , Waterhouse Deirdre F. , Nolan Geraldine M. , McKone Edward F. , Gallagher Charles G. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveAcute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF) occur frequently throughout the course of the disease. Dyspnoea is the most common and distressing symptom experienced by patients during these episodes. We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary hyperinflation is an important determinant of dyspnoea severity during acute exacerbations.MethodsWe studied patients during an acute exacerbation of CF. Lung volumes, spirometry and dyspnoea scores were measured at Day 0, Day 7, at the end of treatment (EOT) and 14 days following the EOT.ResultsAt the start of treatment, mean residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC) was 54.9%, which decreased significantly with treatment, as did vital capacity (VC), inspiratory capacity (IC) and dyspnoea scores. IC was the only independent predictor of dyspnoea severity.ConclusionOur study demonstrates significant improvements in hyperinflation, spirometry and dyspnoea scores with treatment of acute exacerbations of CF. Hyperinflation, rather than airflow limitation, may contribute towards the increased dyspnoea during exacerbations.
A parameter uniform almost first order convergent numerical method for non-linear system of singularly perturbed differential equations
Authors: Raj Ishwariya , Johnson Princy Mercy , Miller John J.H , Sigamani Valarmathi 
Published: September 2016

In this paper an initial value problem for aВ non-linear system of two singularly perturbed first orderВ differential equations is considered on the interval (0,1].The components of the solution of this system exhibit initialВ layers at 0. A numerical method composed of a classicalВ finite difference scheme on a piecewise uniform ShishkinВ mesh is suggested. This method is proved to be almost firstВ order convergent in the maximum norm uniformly in theВ perturbation parameters.
Reconstruction of multiple‐pinhole micro‐SPECT data using origin ensembles
Authors: Lyon Morgan C. , Sitek Arkadiusz , Metzler Scott D. , Moore Stephen C. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe authors are currently developing a dual‐resolution multiple‐pinhole microSPECT imaging system based on three large NaI(Tl) gamma cameras. Two multiple‐pinhole tungsten collimator tubes will be used sequentially for whole‐body “scout” imaging of a mouse, followed by high‐resolution (hi‐res) imaging of an organ of interest, such as the heart or brain. Ideally, the whole‐body image will be reconstructed in real time such that data need only be acquired until the area of interest can be visualized well‐enough to determine positioning for the hi‐res scan. The authors investigated the utility of the origin ensemble (OE) algorithm for online and offline reconstructions of the scout data. This algorithm operates directly in image space, and can provide estimates of image uncertainty, along with reconstructed images. Techniques for accelerating the OE reconstruction were also introduced and evaluated.MethodsSystem matrices were calculated for our 39‐pinhole scout collimator design. SPECT projections were simulated for a range of count levels using the MOBY digital mouse phantom. Simulated data were used for a comparison of OE and maximum‐likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstructions. The OE algorithm convergence was evaluated by calculating the total‐image entropy and by measuring the counts in a volume‐of‐interest (VOI) containing the heart. Total‐image entropy was also calculated for simulated MOBY data reconstructed using OE with various levels of parallelization.ResultsFor VOI measurements in the heart, liver, bladder, and soft‐tissue, MLEM and OE reconstructed images agreed within 6%. Image entropy converged after ∼2000 iterations of OE, while the counts in the heart converged earlier at ∼200 iterations of OE. An accelerated version of OE completed 1000 iterations in <9 min for a 6.8M count data set, with some loss of image entropy performance, whereas the same dataset required ∼79 min to complete 1000 iterations of conventional OE. A combination of the two methods showed decreased reconstruction time and no loss of performance when compared to conventional OE alone.ConclusionsOE‐reconstructed images were found to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar to MLEM, yet OE also provided estimates of image uncertainty. Some acceleration of the reconstruction can be gained through the use of parallel computing. The OE algorithm is useful for reconstructing multiple‐pinhole SPECT data and can be easily modified for real‐time reconstruction.
Quantification of Training Load During Return to Play After Upper- and Lower-Body Injury in Australian Rules Football
Authors: Ritchie Dean , Hopkins Will G. , Buchheit Martin , Cordy Justin , Bartlett Jonathan D. 
Published: September 2016

Context:Training volume, intensity, and distribution are important factors during periods of return to play.Purpose:To quantify the effect of injury on training load (TL) before and after return to play (RTP) in professional Australian Rules football.Methods:Perceived training load (RPE-TL) for 44 players was obtained for all indoor and outdoor training sessions, while field-based training was monitored via GPS (total distance, high-speed running, mean speed). When a player sustained a competition time-loss injury, weekly TL was quantified for 3 wk before and after RTP. General linear mixed models, with inference about magnitudes standardized by between-players SDs, were used to quantify effects of lower- and upper-body injury on TL compared with the team.Results:While total RPE-TL was similar to the team 2 wk before RTP, training distribution was different, whereby skills RPE-TL was likely and most likely lower for upper- and lower-body injury, respectively, and most likely replaced with small to very large increases in running and other conditioning load. Weekly total distance and high-speed running were most likely moderately to largely reduced for lower- and upper-body injury until after RTP, at which point total RPE-TL, training distribution, total distance, and high-speed running were similar to the team. Mean speed of field-based training was similar before and after RTP compared with the team.Conclusions:Despite injured athletes’ obtaining comparable TLs to uninjured players, training distribution is different until after RTP, indicating the importance of monitoring all types of training that athletes complete.
Longitudinal changes in neurodevelopmental outcomes between 18 and 36 months in children with prenatal triptan exposure: findings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Authors: Wood Mollie E , Frazier Jean A , Nordeng Hedvig M E , Lapane Kate L 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveThis study sought to determine whether changes in neurodevelopmental outcomes between 18 and 36 months of age were associated with prenatal exposure to triptan medications, a class of 5-HT receptor agonists used in the treatment of migraine.MethodUsing data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, a prospective birth cohort that includes nearly 40% of all pregnancies in Norway from 1999 to 2008, we identified 50 469 mother–child dyads who met inclusion criteria and were present for at least one follow-up assessment at 18 or 36 months postpartum. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist, the Emotionality, Activity, and Shyness Questionnaire, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. We used generalised estimating equations to evaluate change from 18 to 36 months for children prenatally exposed to triptans, relative to contrast groups, and used marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights to address time-varying exposure and confounding as well as loss to follow-up.ResultsAmong eligible participants (n=50 469), 1.0% used a triptan during pregnancy, 2.0% used triptans prior to pregnancy only, 8.0% reported migraine without triptan use and 89.0% had no history of migraine. Children with prenatal triptan exposure had greater increases in emotionality (r-RR 2.18, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.53) and activity problems (r-RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.8) compared to children born to mothers who discontinued triptan use prior to pregnancy.ConclusionPrenatal triptan exposure was associated with changes over time in externalising-type behaviours such as emotionality and activity, but not with internalising-type behaviours.
Isolated attosecond pulses generation from coherent superposition state of helium ion in static electric fields and spatial nonhomogeneous fields
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhang Zhengzhong , Wu Yangjiang , Jiang Shicheng , Yu Chao 
Published: September 2016

We present a systematic study of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from helium ion with the initial state prepared as a coherent superposition of electronic ground state and an excited state. As a result, the conversion efficiency of the harmonic spectrum is significantly enhanced. When we add a static electric field in fundamental field, the supercontinuum region of the harmonic spectrum is distinctly extended and an isolated 100 as pulse can be generated. Moreover, we use a spatial nonhomogeneous field to increase the cutoff energy in high-order harmonic generation spectrum, which can be extended to about 700 eV, and an isolated 50 as pulse can be obtained directly by the superposition of the supercontinuum harmonics.
Molecular Evolution Patterns in Metastatic Lymph Nodes Reflect the Differential Treatment Response of Advanced Primary Lung Cancer
Authors: Um Sang-Won , Joung Je-Gun , Lee Hyun , Kim Hojoong , Kim Kyu-Tae , Park Jinha , Hayes D. Neil , Park Woong-Yang 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity influences the clinical outcome of patients with cancer, and the diagnostic method to measure the tumor heterogeneity needs to be developed. We analyzed genomic features on pairs of primary and multiple metastatic lymph nodes from six patients with lung cancer using whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing. Although somatic single-nucleotide variants were shared in primary lung cancer and metastases, tumor evolution predicted by the pattern of genomic alterations was matched to anatomic location of the tumors. Four of six cases exhibited a branched clonal evolution pattern. Lymph nodes with acquired somatic variants demonstrated resistance to the cancer treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that multiple biopsies and sequencing strategies for different tumor regions are required for a comprehensive understanding of the landscape of genetic alteration and for guiding targeted therapy in advanced primary lung cancer. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6568–76. ©2016 AACR.
Spotlight on unmet needs in stroke prevention: The PIONEER AF-PCI, NAVIGATE ESUS and GALILEO trials
Authors: Hemmrich Melanie , Peterson Eric , Thomitzek Karen , Weitz Jeffrey 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a major healthcare concern, being associated with an estimated five-fold risk of ischaemic stroke. In patients with AF, anticoagulants reduce stroke risk to a greater extent than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with ASA plus clopidogrel. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are now a widely-accepted therapeutic option for stroke prevention in non-valvular AF (NVAF). There are particular patient types with NVAF for whom treatment challenges remain, owing to sparse clinical data, their high-risk nature or a need to harmonise anticoagulant and antiplatelet regimens if co-administered. This article focuses on three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that are investigating the utility of rivaroxaban, a direct, oral, factor Xa inhibitor, in additional areas of stroke prevention where data for anticoagulants are lacking: oPenlabel, randomized, controlled, multicentre study explorIng twO treatmeNt stratEgiEs of Rivaroxaban and a dose-adjusted oral vitamin K antagonist treatment (PIONEER AF-PCI); New Approach riVaroxoban Inhibition of factor Xa in a Global trial vs Aspirin to prevenT Embolism in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (NAVIGATE ESUS); and Global study comparing a rivAroxaban-based antithrombotic strategy to an antipLatelet-based strategy after transcatheter aortIc vaLve rEplacement to Optimize clinical outcomes (GALILEO). Data from these studies present collaborative efforts to build upon existing registrational Phase III data for rivaroxaban, driving the need for effective and safe treatment of a wider range of patients for stroke prevention.
Hospital Variation in Home-Time After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: O’Brien Emily C. , Xian Ying , Xu Haolin , Wu Jingjing , Saver Jeffrey L. , Smith Eric E. , Schwamm Lee H. , Peterson Eric D. , Reeves Mathew J. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Maisch Lesley , Hannah Deidre , Lindholm Brianna , Olson DaiWai , Prvu Bettger Janet , Pencina Michael , Hernandez Adrian F. , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: September 2016

Background and Purpose—
Stroke survivors identify home-time as a high-priority outcome; there are limited data on factors influencing home-time and home-time variability among discharging hospitals.

Methods—
We ascertained home-time (ie, time alive out of a hospital, inpatient rehabilitation facility, or skilled nursing facility) at 90 days and 1-year post discharge by linking data from Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Registry patients (≥65 years) to Medicare claims. Using generalized linear mixed models, we estimated adjusted mean home-time for each hospital. Using linear regression, we examined associations between hospital characteristics and risk-adjusted home-time.

Results—
We linked 156 887 patients with ischemic stroke at 989 hospitals to Medicare claims (2007–2011). Hospital mean home-time varied with an overall unadjusted median of 59.5 days over the first 90 days and 270.2 days over the first year. Hospital factors associated with more home-time over 90 days included higher annual stroke admission volume (number of ischemic stroke admissions per year); South, West, or Midwest geographic regions (versus Northeast); and rural location; 1-year patterns were similar. Lowest home-time quartile patients (versus highest) were more likely to be older, black, women, and have more comorbidities and severe strokes. Home-time variation decreased after risk adjustment (interquartile range, 57.4–61.4 days over 90 days; 266.3–274.2 days over 1 year). In adjusted analyses, increasing annual stroke volume and rural location were associated with significantly more home-time.

Conclusions—
In older ischemic stroke survivors, home-time post discharge varies by hospital annual stroke volume, severity of case-mix, and region. In adjusted analyses, annual ischemic stroke admission volume and rural location were associated with more home-time post stroke.
Grit Is Associated with Structure of Nucleus Accumbens and Gains in Cognitive Training
Authors: Nemmi Federico , Nymberg Charlotte , Helander Elin , Klingberg Torkel 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
There is a long-standing interest in the determinants of successful learning in children. “Grit” is an individual trait, reflecting the ability to pursue long-term goals despite temporary setbacks. Although grit is known to be predictive of future success in real-world learning situations, an understanding of the underlying neural basis and mechanisms is still lacking. Here we show that grit in a sample of 6-year-old children (n = 55) predicts the working memory improvement during 8 weeks of training on working memory tasks (p = .009). In a separate neuroimaging analysis performed on a partially overlapping sample (n = 27), we show that interindividual differences in grit were associated with differences in the volume of nucleus accumbens (peak voxel p = .021, x = 12, y = 11, z = −11). This was also confirmed in a leave-one-out analysis of gray matter density in the nucleus accumbens (p = .018). The results can be related to previous animal research showing the role of the nucleus accumbens to search out rewards regardless of delays or obstacles. The results provide a putative neural basis for grit and could contribute a cross-disciplinary connection of animal neuroscience to child psychology.
Firing Variability of Frontal Pole Neurons during a Cued Strategy Task
Authors: Tsujimoto Satoshi , Genovesio Aldo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In previous reports, we described neuronal activity in the polar (PFp), dorsolateral (PFdl), and orbital (PFo) PFC as monkeys performed a cued strategy task with two spatial goals. On each trial, a cue instructed one of two strategies: Stay with the previous goal or shift to the alternative. A delay period followed each cue, and feedback followed each choice, also at a delay. Our initial analysis showed that the mean firing rate of a population of PFp cells encoded the goal chosen on a trial, but only near the time of feedback, not earlier in the trial. In contrast, PFdl cells encoded goals and strategies during the cue and delay periods, and PFo cells encoded strategies in those task periods. Both areas also signaled goals near feedback time. Here we analyzed trial-to-trial variability of neuronal firing, as measured by the Fano factor (FF): the ratio of variance to the mean. Goal-selective PFp neurons had two properties: (1) a lower FF from the beginning of the trial compared with PFp cells that did not encode goals and (2) a weak but significant inverse correlation between FF throughout a trial and the degree of goal selectivity at feedback time. Cells in PFdl and PFo showed neither of these properties. Our findings indicate that goal-selective PFp neurons were engaged in the task throughout a trial, although they only encoded goals near feedback time. Their lower FF could improve the ability of other cortical areas to decode its selected-goal signal.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Early and Interactive Symbol Access and Rule Processing in Retrieving and Combining Language Constructions
Authors: Lucchese Guglielmo , Hanna Jeff , Autenrieb Anne , Miller Tally McCormick , Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The human brain stores an immense repertoire of linguistic symbols (morphemes, words) and combines them into a virtually unlimited set of well-formed strings (phrases, sentences) that serve as efficient communicative tools. Communication is hampered, however, if strings include meaningless items (e.g., “pseudomorphemes”), or if the rules for combining string elements are violated. Prior research suggests that, when participants attentively process sentences in a linguistic task, syntactic processing can occur quite early, but lexicosemantic processing, or any interaction involving this factor, is manifest later in time (ca. 400 msec or later). In contrast, recent evidence from passive speech perception paradigms suggests early processing of both combinatorial (morphosyntactic) and storage-related (lexicosemantic) properties. A crucial question is whether these parallel processes might also interact early in processing. Using ERPs in an orthogonal design, we presented spoken word strings to participants while they were distracted from incoming speech to obtain information about automatic language processing mechanisms unaffected by task-related strategies. Stimuli were either (1) well-formed miniconstructions (short pronoun–verb sentences), (2) “unstored” strings containing a pseudomorpheme, (3) “ill-combined” strings violating subject–verb agreement rules, or (4) double violations including both types of errors. We found that by 70–210 msec after the onset of the phrase-final syllable that disambiguated the strings, interactions of lexicosemantic and morphosyntactic deviance were evident in the ERPs. These results argue against serial processing of lexical storage, morphosyntactic combination and their interaction, and in favor of early, simultaneous, and interactive processing of symbols and their combinatorial structures.
The ISAR Instrument Uncertainty Model
Authors: Wimmer Werenfrid , Robinson Ian S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMeasurements of sea surface temperature at the skin interface () made by an Infrared Sea Surface Temperature Autonomous Radiometer (ISAR) have been used for a number of years to validate satellite sea surface temperature (SST), especially high-accuracy observations such as made by the Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR). The ISAR instrument accuracy for measuring is ±0.1 K (Donlon et al.), but to satisfy Quality Assurance Framework for Earth Observation (QA4EO) principles and metrological standards (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology), an uncertainty model is required. To develop the ISAR uncertainty model, all sources of uncertainty in the instrument are analyzed and an uncertainty value is assigned to each component. Finally, the individual uncertainty components are propagated through the ISAR retrieval algorithm to estimate a total uncertainty for each measurement. The resulting ISAR uncertainty model applied to a 12-yr archive of measurements from the Bay of Biscay shows that 77.6% of the data are expected to be within ±0.1 K and a further 17.2% are within 0.2 K.
Hepatitis C virus core antigen assay: an alternative method for hepatitis C diagnosis
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Lv Hong , Zhang Guojun 
Published: September 2016

Background The study aimed to evaluate a fully automated chemiluminescent immunoassay and compared it with a quantitative RNA assay and anti-HCV assay to verify the utility of this automated Ag assay as an alternative method for hepatitis C diagnosis. Methods A total of 229 serum samples previously tested for anti-HCV concentrations by the Architect Anti-HCV assay, were selected for HCV RNA testing by real time RT-PCR kit (Shanghai ZJ Bio-Tec Co., Ltd) and 125 specimens were tested for HCV Ag by the Architect HCV core Antigen kit. Results The log10 HCVAg and HCV RNA concentrations were highly correlated [ r = 0.834); with HCV RNA as the comparator test, HCVAg had 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV) and 94.8% sensitivity. We found 1 pg/mL of total HCV core Ag is equivalent to approximately 6607HCV RNA international units (IU)/mL. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of HCV core Ag (0.989) was greater than HCV Ab (0.871). HCV Ag concentrations and RNA-to-Ag ratio of the groups for HCV RNA concentrations ≤105 and >105 IU/mL were both significantly different from each other ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The Architect HCV core Ag assay may be an alternative method for hepatitis C diagnosis, performed on the same analytical platform and sample as the anti-HCV assay, shortening the diagnostic window period, demonstrating good correlation with HCV RNA assay with high specificity and positive predictive value.