bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyphony
Authors: Edstrom Brent 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses polyphony, wherein multiple voices combine to create harmony. It examines strategies for organizing audio objects into polyphonic data structures before considering three approaches to note prioritization, a necessary feature in any synthesis architecture with a finite number of voices. The approach to polyphony is built around one of two data structures: SynthVoice or SimpleSynth. SynthVoice refers to an object that encapsulates the characteristics of a musical voice and works in conjunction with audio objects created in the Audio System Design Tool. Meanwhile, SimpleSynth is a container class that stores multiple voices and coordinates MIDI messages and other user input with the voices contained within the class.
Making Connections
Authors: Edstrom Brent 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into making connections with microcontroller I/O. Eurorack refers to a unique space inhabited by musicians, engineers, hobbyists, music technologists, and others alongside a strong DIY undercurrent evident in the many custom projects on the web. The chapter then details the strategies for taming the input and output signals that are typically encountered in Eurorack systems. It then introduces strategies to minimize the risk of damage that can occur when circuits are connected in unconventional ways. The key concepts of circuits provide a useful foundation for the Eurorack projects which provide an opportunity for innumerable creations ranging from custom synthesizer modules and effects processors to MIDI/CV converters.
Comparison of low-dose CT and MRI in enthesitis-related arthritis patients with sacroiliitis
Authors: Bayrak Yunus Emre , Özer Törehan , Anık Yonca , Şahin Nihal , Sönmez Hafize Emine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study investigated the utility of low-dose CT (ldCT) compared with MRI in diagnosing sacroiliitis in enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) patients.

Methods
Thirty patients diagnosed with ERA were evaluated, with a median follow-up of 1.47 years. Images from patients were examined by two paediatric radiologists. For each patient, we assessed the density changes on ldCT at corresponding locations, employing the signal intensity observed on MRI across each joint surface as a reference. While measurements in areas without oedema on MRI showed relatively high density, measurements in areas with oedema on MRI showed relatively low density.

Results
MRI revealed bilateral bone marrow oedema in 22 (73.3%) patients. During the ldCT evaluation of the right iliac crest, lower density was identified on ldCT in regions displaying heightened signal intensity on MRI in 20 (66.6%) patients. On the right sacral side, lower density was observed in the ldCT of 22 (73.3%) patients. Moving to the left iliac crest, 18 (60%) patients displayed a lower density. On the left sacral side, lower density was identified on ldCT in 22 (73.3%) patients. Erosion was detected in 23 patients on ldCT, whereas only 11 patients showed erosion on MRI.

Conclusions
This study suggests that ldCT is superior to MRI for early structural change detection. Pixel-based density evaluation in ldCT aligns with MRI for bone marrow oedema.

Advances in knowledge
The present study showed that ldCT is superior to MRI for early structural change detection. Pixel-based density evaluation in ldCT aligns with MRI findings for bone marrow oedema.
Prior EEG marks focused and mind-wandering mental states across trials
Authors: Nakatani Chie , Bernhard Hannah , van Leeuwen Cees 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Whether spontaneous or induced by a tedious task, the transition from a focused mental state to mind wandering is a complex one, possibly involving adjacent mental states and extending over minutes or even hours. This complexity cannot be captured by relying solely on subjective reports of mind wandering. To characterize the transition in a mind-wandering-inducing tone counting task, in addition we collected subjective reports of thought generation along with task performance as a measure of cognitive control and EEG measures, namely auditory probe evoked potentials (AEP) and ongoing 8-12 Hz alpha-band amplitude. We analyzed the cross-correlations between timeseries of these observations to reveal their contributions over time to the occurrence of task-focused and mind-wandering states. Thought generation and cognitive control showed overall a yoked dynamics, in which thought production increased when cognitive control decreased. Prior to mind wandering however, they became decoupled after transient increases in cognitive control-related alpha amplitude. The decoupling allows transitory mental states beyond the unidimensional focused/wandering continuum. Time lags of these effects were on the order of several minutes, with 4–10 min for that of alpha amplitude. We discuss the implications for mind wandering and related mental states, and for mind-wandering prediction applications.
The role of loss aversion in social conformity: psychological and neural representations
Authors: Li Yiman , Van Dam Nicholas T , Wang Zhihao , Zhou Jiali , Xu Pengfei , Luo Yuejia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The impact of others' choices on decision-making is influenced by individual preferences. However, the specific roles of individual preferences in social decision-making remain unclear. In this study, we examine the contributions of risk and loss preferences as well as social influence in decision-making under uncertainty using a gambling task. Our findings indicate that while both individual preferences and social influence affect decision-making in social contexts, loss aversion plays a dominant role, especially in individuals with high loss aversion. This phenomenon is accompanied by increased functional connectivity between the anterior insular cortex and the temporoparietal junction. These results highlight the critical involvement of loss aversion and the anterior insular cortex–temporoparietal junction neural pathway in social decision-making under uncertainty. Our findings provide a computational account of how individual preferences and social information collectively shape our social decision-making behaviors.
Six Alternatives to War, One Solution for Peace: The Pacifying Effect of Civil Society
Authors: Choi Seung-Whan , James Patrick 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Although civil society has significant implications for international peace, it has been overlooked and not given enough attention. Instead, existing studies focus on other factors that contribute to peace. In this study, we compare five prominent peace factors, namely, democratic peace, Cold War peace, contractualist peace, capitalist peace, and territorial peace, to a robust civil society. Our research presents a unique theoretical argument that a robust civil society can have a pacifying effect on international conflict. This is because it can organize a united front against belligerent leaders, solve collective action problems, and take immediate action against leaders’ war decisions in pursuit of a common peace agenda. We begin by building a canonical democratic peace model and then compare the results related to civil society and each of the five peace factors. Our findings provide supporting evidence that a robust civil society has a stronger pacifying effect compared to democratic, Cold War, contractualist, capitalist, and territorial peace, respectively. Our empirical results are significant for academics and policymakers, highlighting the importance of building a robust civil society in the pursuit of perpetual peace.
Algae-fungi symbioses and bacteria-fungi co-exclusion drive tree species-specific differences in canopy bark microbiomes
Authors: Freudenthal Jule , Dumack Kenneth , Schaffer Stefan , Schlegel Martin , Bonkowski Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
With over 3 trillion trees, forest ecosystems comprise nearly one-third of the terrestrial surface of the Earth. Very little attention has been given to the exploration of the above-ground plant microbiome of trees, its complex trophic interactions, and variations among tree species. To address this knowledge gap, we applied a primer-independent shotgun metatranscriptomic approach to assess the entire living canopy bark microbiome comprising prokaryotic and eukaryotic primary producers, decomposers, and various groups of consumers. With almost 1500 genera, we found a high microbial diversity on three tree species with distinct bark textures: oak (Quercus robur), linden (Tilia cordata), both with rough bark, and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) with smooth bark. Core co-occurrence network analysis revealed a rich food web dominated by algal primary producers, and bacterial and fungal decomposers, sustaining a diverse community of consumers, including protists, microscopic metazoans, and predatory bacteria. Whereas maple accommodated a depauperate microbiome, oak and linden accommodated a richer microbiome mainly differing in their relative community composition: Bacteria exhibited an increased dominance on linden, whereas co-occurring algae and fungi dominated on oak, highlighting the importance of algal-fungal lichen symbioses even at the microscopic scale. Further, due to bacteria-fungi co-exclusion, bacteria on bark are not the main beneficiaries of algae-derived carbon compounds as it is known from aquatic systems.
Association of vertebral fractures with worsening degenerative changes of the spine: a longitudinal study
Authors: Ye Carrie , Leslie William D , Bouxsein Mary L , Dufour Alyssa B , Guermazi Ali , Habtemariam Daniel , Jarraya Mohamed , Kiel Douglas P , Suri Pradeep , Samelson Elizabeth J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Vertebral compression fractures (VFs) and spinal degeneration are both common causes of back pain, particularly in older adults. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown a potential association between these entities, but there is limited evidence on the role of VFs in spinal degeneration. In this longitudinal study, we evaluated the association between prevalent VFs and the subsequent progression of facet joint osteoarthritis (FJOA) and intervertebral disc height narrowing (DHN), using data from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation Multi-Detector Computed Tomography study. Summary indices representing the total burden of each spinal parameter (VFs, DHN, and FJOA) were calculated for each individual. We hypothesized that prevalent VFs are associated with worsening spinal degeneration. Three hundred and seventy (31%) of 1197 participants had a baseline (prevalent) VF. The change in summary index of DHN over the follow-up period was significantly higher in those with vs without prevalent VF (difference in change in DHN 0.38, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.59, p&lt;.001), but the change in summary index of FJOA was similar between those with and without prevalent VF. However, once adjusted for age, sex, cohort, smoking status, BMI, and baseline DHN, the change in summary index of DHN did not differ by prevalent VF status. There was a modestly higher change in the FJOA summary index in those with prevalent VFs compared to those without in the fully adjusted model (difference in change in FJOA 0.62, 95% CI −0.01 to 1.24, p = .054), driven primarily by those with severe (grade 3) VF (difference in change in FJOA 4.48, 95% CI 1.99-6.97). Moreover, there was greater change in the summary index of FJOA with increasing severity of prevalent VF (linear trend p = .005). Beyond the established morbidity and mortality associated with VFs, our study suggests that VFs may also lead to worsening spine osteoarthritis.
Evaluating the relationship between glycemic control and bone fragility within the UK Biobank: observational and one-sample Mendelian randomization analyses
Authors: Ghatan Samuel , Koromani Fjorda , Trajanoska Katerina , van Velsen Evert F S , Kavousi Maryam , Zillikens M Carola , Medina-Gomez Carolina , Oei Ling , Rivadeneira Fernando 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We aimed to: (1) examine the relationship between glycemic control, BMD estimated from heel ultrasound (eBMD) and fracture risk in individuals with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and (2) perform a one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to explore potential causal associations between glycemic control, eBMD, and fractures. This study comprised 452 131 individuals from the UK Biobank with glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and eBMD levels. At baseline, 4078 participants were diagnosed with T1D and 23 682 with T2D. HbA1c was used to classify patients into “adequately-” (ACD; n = 17 078; HbA1c &lt; 7.0%/53 mmol/mol) and “inadequately-” (ICD; n = 10 682; HbA1c ≥ 7.0%/53 mmol/mol) controlled diabetes. In individuals with T1D, a 1% unit (11 mmol/mol) increase in HbA1c levels was associated with a 12% increase in fracture risk (HR: 1.12, 95% CI [1.05-1.19]). Fracture risk was highest in individuals with T1D and ICD (HR 2.84, 95%CI [2.53, 3.19]), followed by those with ACD (HR 2.26, 95%CI [1.91, 2.69]), as compared to subjects without diabetes. Evidence for a non-linear association between HbA1c and fracture risk was observed (F-test ANOVA p-value = 0.002) in individuals with T2D, with risk being increased at both low and high levels of HbA1c. Fracture risk between the T2D ACD and ICD groups was not significantly different (HR: 0.97, 95%CI [0.91-1.16]), despite increased BMD. In MR analyses genetically predicted higher HbA1c levels were not significantly associated with fracture risk (causal risk ratio: 1.04, 95%CI [0.95-1.14]). We did observe evidence of a non-linear causal association with eBMD (quadratic test p-value = 0.0002), indicating U-shaped relationship between HbA1c and eBMD. We obtained evidence that lower HbA1c levels will reduce fracture risk in patients with T1D. In individuals with T2D, lowering HbA1c levels can mitigate the risk of fractures up to a threshold, beyond which the risk may begin to rise again.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pancreatic cancer risk: target trial emulation using real-world data
Authors: Wang Lindsey , Wang QuanQiu , Li Li , Kaelber David C , Xu Rong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Data on the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on pancreatic cancer incidence are limited and inconsistent. Here we evaluate the association of GLP-1RAs, alone and in combinations, with incident pancreatic cancer risk in a real-world population, stratified by obesity and smoking status.

Methods
This retrospective cohort included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were prescribed GLP-1RAs or other nonglucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist antidiabetes medications between January 2013 and March 2019 and had no prior diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The incident (first-time) diagnosis of pancreatic cancer during a 5-year follow-up was compared between propensity-score matched cohorts of patients prescribed GLP-1RAs vs other nonglucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist antidiabetes medications. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients stratified by the status of obesity and tobacco use disorder. We also compared GLP-1RA combination therapies with monotherapies. Time-to-first-event analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, with the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval calculated.

Results
The study population comprised 1 636 056 eligible patients including 167 091 prescribed GLP-1RAs and 1 468 965 prescribed other antidiabetes medications. GLP-1RAs were associated with a statistically significant decreased risk for pancreatic cancer incidence compared with each of 6 nonglucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist antidiabetes medications with hazard ratios ranging from 0.42 to 0.82. The reduction was greater in patients with obesity and tobacco use disorder than in those without. GLP-1RA combination therapies were associated with lower pancreatic cancer risk compared with monotherapies.

Conclusions
GLP-1RAs were associated with reduced pancreatic cancer incidence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies and trials are needed to explore mechanisms and confirm causal effects.
The Vasicek distribution autoregressive time-series model for aggregated data of default and delinquency rates
Authors: Blümke Oliver 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Is it possible to analyse time series of aggregated data of default and delinquency rates with a simple model that includes both cross-sectional and serial dependence? To address this question, this paper proposes an autoregressive time-series model for Vasicek-distributed random variables. A direct result from the proposed model is that it leads to a novel out-of-time validation test for aggregated default and delinquency rates. The motivation for the model comes from an analysis of a time series of aggregated US credit card delinquencies, for which the Poisson or binomial distribution cannot be used. The proposed model can also be employed to analyse a time series of the average default probability of a portfolio.
JADES – the Rosetta stone of JWST-discovered AGN: deciphering the intriguing nature of early AGN
Authors: Juodžbalis Ignas , Ji Xihan , Maiolino Roberto , D’Eugenio Francesco , Scholtz Jan , Risaliti Guido , Fabian Andrew C , Mazzolari Giovanni , Gilli Roberto , Prandoni Isabella , Arribas Santiago , Bunker Andrew J , Carniani Stefano , Charlot Stéphane , Curtis-Lake Emma , de Graaff Anna , Hainline Kevin , Parlanti Eleonora , Perna Michele , Pérez-González Pablo G , Robertson Brant , Tacchella Sandro , Übler Hannah , Williams Christina C , Willott Chris , Witstok Joris 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
JWST has discovered a large population of active galactic nuclei (AGN) at high redshift, which are weak in the X-rays. Here we present the NIRSpec spectrum of the most extreme of these objects, GN-28074, an AGN at $z=2.26$ with prominent hydrogen and He i broad lines, and with the highest limit on the bolometric to X-ray luminosity ratio among all spectroscopically confirmed AGN in GOODS. This source is also characterized by a mid-IR excess, likely associated with the AGN torus’ hot dust. The high bolometric luminosity and moderate redshift of this AGN allow us to explore its properties more in depth relative to other JWST-discovered AGN. The NIRSpec spectrum reveals prominent, slightly blueshifted absorption of H$\alpha$, H$\beta$, and He i $\lambda$10830. The Balmer absorption lines require gas with densities of $n_{\rm H}\gt 10^8~{\rm cm}^{-3}$, consistent with clouds in the broad-line region (BLR). This finding suggests that part of the X-ray weakness is due to high (Compton-thick) X-ray absorption by clouds in the BLR, or in its outer regions. GN-28074 is also extremely radio-weak. The radio weakness can also be explained in terms of absorption, as the inferred density of the BLR clouds makes them attenuate the radio emission through free–free absorption. Alternatively, the nuclear magnetic field may be underdeveloped, resulting both in intrinsically weak radio emission and lack of hot corona, hence intrinsic X-ray weakness. Finally, we show that recently proposed scenarios, invoking hyper-dense outflows or Raman scattering to explain the broad H$\alpha$, are ruled out.
GA-NIFS: an extremely nitrogen-loud and chemically stratified galaxy at z ~ 5.55
Authors: Ji Xihan , Übler Hannah , Maiolino Roberto , D’Eugenio Francesco , Arribas Santiago , Bunker Andrew J , Charlot Stéphane , Perna Michele , Rodríguez Del Pino Bruno , Böker Torsten , Cresci Giovanni , Curti Mirko , Kumari Nimisha , Lamperti Isabella 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
We report the chemical abundance pattern of GS_3073, a galaxy hosting an overmassive active black hole at $z=5.55$, by leveraging observations from JWST/NIRSpec and Very Large Telescope/VIsible Multi-Object Spectrograph. Based on the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) emission lines, which trace high-density ($\sim 10^5~{\rm cm^{-3}}$) and highly ionized gas, we derive $\rm \log (N/O) = 0.42^{+0.13}_{-0.10}$. At an estimated metallicity of $0.2~Z_{\odot }$, this is the most extreme nitrogen-rich object found by JWST thus far. In comparison, the relative carbon abundance derived is $\rm \log (C/O) = -0.38^{+0.13}_{-0.11}$, which is not significantly higher than those in local galaxies and stars with similar metallicities. We also found potential detection of [Fe vii]$\lambda 6087$ and [Fe xiv]$\lambda 5303$, both blended with [Ca v]. We inferred a range of Fe abundances compatible with those in local stars and galaxies. Overall, the chemical abundance pattern of GS_3073 is compatible with enrichment by supermassive stars with $M_* \gtrsim 1000~M_\odot$, asymptotic giant branch stars, or Wolf–Rayet stars. Interestingly, when using optical emission lines that trace lower density ($\sim 10^3~{\rm cm}^{-3}$) and lower ionization gas, we found a sub-solar N/O ratio, consistent with local galaxies at the same metallicity. We interpret the difference in N/O derived from UV lines and optical lines as evidence for a stratified system, where the inner and denser region is both more chemically enriched and more ionized. Our results suggest that nitrogen loudness in high-z galaxies might be confined to the central, dense, and highly ionized regions of the galaxies, while the bulk of the galaxies evolves more normally.
JS04.4.A SHORTENING THE TURNAROUND TIME FROM SURGERY TO COMPLETE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Halldorsson S , Leske H , Nagymihaly R M , Patel A , Sahm F , Vik-Mo E O 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The neuropathological assessment of central nervous system (CNS) tumors often necessitates extensive molecular analyses to arrive at a diagnosis consistent with the WHO CNS classification (2021). Key diagnostic indicators include the epigenetic profile of the tumor, MGMT methylation status, gene amplifications, deletions, duplications, gene fusions, and point mutations. Achieving comprehensive classification typically involves multiple distinct analyses, including NGS gene panels, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), pyrosequencing, Sanger sequencing, and methylation bead arrays. The emergence of the nanopore long-read sequencing enables whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of a tumor sample, consolidating all diagnostically relevant information into a single analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
DNA from fresh-frozen tissue from 52 CNS tumors was sequenced retrospectively using nanopore Promethion flow cells. Basecalling, methylation calling and mapping to reference genome was performed during sequencing over a period of 72 hours. Once sequencing was completed, copy-number variations (CNVs), structural variants (SVs) and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were called using the Epi2me software suite. Methylation on CpG sites overlapping the EPIC 850K array were extracted and used for classification using the MNP-flex platform. All relevant findings were compared to results from the routine diagnostic work-up.

RESULTS
Nanopore WGS provided on average 35x coverage after 72 hours of sequencing on a single flow cell. The average turnaround time from obtaining a tumor biopsy to producing a report was five days. Classification based on the methylation profile was concordant with molecular pathology in 46 of 52 cases (88%). Three cases were classified as control tissue, characterized by low tumor-cell content, while four cases displayed discordance with the initial classification. All relevant gene-fusion events and amplifications were successfully identified in the nanopore data, with two additional relevant findings reported that had not been previously detected. Seventy-three clinically relevant SNVs were reported in the nanopore data matching previous findings while seven SNVs were unreported, six of which were from samples with low tumor content.

CONCLUSION
Nanopore whole-genome sequencing showed high concordance with traditional methods for CNS tumor classification. It holds potential for improving diagnostic accuracy and shortening the turnaround time from surgery to complete molecular diagnosis.