bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between Gutta-Percha and Resin-Coated Gutta-Percha using Different Obturation Techniques
Authors: Al-Afifi Nashwan A. , Abdullah Mariam , Al-Amery Samah M. , Abdulmunem Mohamed 
Published: May 2016

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the obturation quality between canals obturated with gutta-percha/AH Plus sealer (GP group) and resin-coated GP/EndoREZ® sealer (ER group). Methods A total sample of 90 mandibular premolar teeth was divided into 2 groups (2 × 45 canals): the GP group and ER group. Each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n = 15): cold lateral compaction (CLC), warm lateral compaction (WLC) and single cone (SC). The teeth were subsequently embedded in resin and sectioned horizontally at 1, 3, 6 and 9 mm. All sections were then viewed with a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. The area occupied by core filling materials was determined using Cell^D software. Results With CLC, the percentage of core filling materials in the ER group was significantly higher than in the GP group at the 1- and 3-mm levels. Similarly, with WLC, the percentage of core filling material in the ER group was significantly higher than in the GP group at the 1-, 3- and 9-mm levels. With SC, the percentage of core filling materials in the ER group was significantly higher than in the GP group at all levels. Conclusions It can be concluded that the resin-coated GP/EndoREZ® sealer is superior to the gutta-percha/AH Plus in the percentage of core filling material.
“What then is Right Action?”:Somerset Maugham's Ethical Parables
Authors: Adams Don 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article elucidates an argument running throughout Somerset Maugham's major fiction that distinguishes individualist ethics from social morality in a manner inspired by and consistent with the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. This argument becomes apparent when Maugham's work is read figuratively as ethical parables that exhort readers to fulfill their unique individual natures and that condemn social moral intolerance that prohibits the free expression of our natural and best selves. Maugham's commitment in his fiction to ethical exhortation and moral critique distinguishes his work from that of the Modernist authors who were his contemporaries, prompting its critical neglect.
Personalized Stem Cell Therapy to Correct Corneal Defects Due to a Unique Homozygous-Heterozygous Mosaicism of Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome
Authors: Barbaro Vanessa , Nasti Annamaria Assunta , Raffa Paolo , Migliorati Angelo , Nespeca Patrizia , Ferrari Stefano , Palumbo Elisa , Bertolin Marina , Breda Claudia , Miceli Francesco , Russo Antonella , Caenazzo Luciana , Ponzin Diego , Palù Giorgio , Parolin Cristina , Di Iorio Enzo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the p63 gene. To date, approximately 40 different p63 mutations have been identified, all heterozygous. No definitive treatments are available to counteract and resolve the progressive corneal degeneration due to a premature aging of limbal epithelial stem cells. Here, we describe a unique case of a young female patient, aged 18 years, with EEC and corneal dysfunction, who was, surprisingly, homozygous for a novel and de novo R311K missense mutation in the p63 gene. A detailed analysis of the degree of somatic mosaicism in leukocytes from peripheral blood and oral mucosal epithelial stem cells (OMESCs) from biopsies of buccal mucosa showed that approximately 80% were homozygous mutant cells and 20% were heterozygous. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses excluded genomic alterations, thus suggesting a de novo mutation followed by an allelic gene conversion of the wild-type allele by de novo mutant allele as a possible mechanism to explain the homozygous condition. R311K-p63 OMESCs were expanded in vitro and heterozygous holoclones selected following clonal analysis. These R311K-p63 OMESCs were able to generate well-organized and stratified epithelia in vitro, resembling the features of healthy tissues. This study supports the rationale for the development of cultured autologous oral mucosal epithelial stem cell sheets obtained by selected heterozygous R311K-p63 stem cells, as an effective and personalized therapy for reconstructing the ocular surface of this unique case of EEC syndrome, thus bypassing gene therapy approaches.

Significance
This case demonstrates that in a somatic mosaicism context, a novel homozygous mutation in the p63 gene can arise as a consequence of an allelic gene conversion event, subsequent to a de novo mutation. The heterozygous mutant R311K-p63 stem cells can be isolated by means of clonal analysis and given their good regenerative capacity, they may be used to successfully correct the corneal defects present in this unique case of ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome.
Electron traps as major recombination centers in n-GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Lee In-Hwan , Polyakov Alexander Y. , Smirnov Nikolai B. , Yakimov Eugene B. , Tarelkin Sergey A. , Turutin Andery V. , Shemerov Ivan V. , Pearton Stephen J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
For a group of n-GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using both straight MOCVD and epitaxial lateral overgrowth techniques (ELOG proper or pendeo overgrowth), the spectra of deep traps were measured by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) with electrical or optical injection (ODLTS). The results were compared with diffusion length measurement results obtained from electron-beam-induced current experiments. The results strongly indicate that deep electron traps near E
c − 0.56 eV could be the major recombination centers determining the diffusion length values in pendeo samples.
Prediction of Spontaneous Preterm Birth Among Nulliparous Women With a Short Cervix
Authors: Grobman William A. , Lai Yinglei , Iams Jay D. , Reddy Uma M. , Mercer Brian M. , Saade George , Tita Alan T. , Rouse Dwight J. , Sorokin Yoram , Wapner Ronald J. , Leveno Kenneth J. , Blackwell Sean C. , Esplin M. Sean , Tolosa Jorge E. , Thorp John M. , Caritis Steve N. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate whether demographic and sonographic factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth among nulliparous women with a cervical length of less than 30 mm could be combined into an accurate prediction model for spontaneous preterm birth.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of a trial of nulliparous women with a singleton gestation and a cervical length of less than 30 mm on transvaginal sonography between 16 and 22 weeks who lacked other risk factors for spontaneous (eg, prior cervical excisional procedure) or medically indicated (eg, chronic hypertension) preterm birth, who were randomized to either 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate treatment or a placebo. Risk factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth within the entire cohort were identified by univariable analysis. Factors significantly associated (P < .05) with spontaneous preterm birth were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine whether an accurate prediction model could be developed.ResultsOf the 657 randomized patients, 109 (16.6%) had spontaneous preterm birth before 37 weeks' gestation. Logistic regression analysis revealed only cervical length (odds ratio, 1.06 per 1‐mm decrease; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.10) to be associated with spontaneous preterm birth. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve based on this regression was low (0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–0.69). Results were similar for the outcome of spontaneous preterm birth before 34 weeks.ConclusionsAn accurate prediction model for spontaneous preterm birth among nulliparous women with a short cervix could not be developed.
Surface dynamics of crude and weathered oil in the presence of dispersants: Laboratory experiment and numerical simulation
Authors: Soloviev Alexander V. , Haus Brian. K. , McGauley Michael G. , Dean Cayla W. , Ortiz‐Suslow David G. , Laxague Nathan J. M. , Özgökmen Tamay M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMarine oil spills can have dire consequences for the environment. Research on their dynamics is important for the well‐being of coastal communities and their economies. Propagation of oil spills is a very complex physical‐chemical process. As seen during the Deepwater Horizon event in the Gulf of Mexico during 2010, one of the critical problems remaining for prediction of oil transport and dispersion in the marine environment is the small‐scale structure and dynamics of surface oil spills. The laboratory experiments conducted in this work were focused on understanding the differences between the dynamics of crude and weathered oil spills and the effect of dispersants. After deposition on the still water surface, a drop of crude oil quickly spread into a thin slick; while at the same time, a drop of machine (proxy for weathered) oil did not show significant evolution. Subsequent application of dispersant to the crude oil slick resulted in a quick contraction or fragmentation of the slick into narrow wedges and tiny drops. Notably, the slick of machine oil did not show significant change in size or topology after spraying dispersant. An advanced multi‐phase, volume of fluid computational fluid dynamics model, incorporating capillary forces, was able to explain some of the features observed in the laboratory experiment. As a result of the laboratory and modeling experiments, the new interpretation of the effect of dispersant on the oil dispersion process including capillary effects has been proposed, which is expected to lead to improved oil spill models and response strategies.
An optical system for detecting and describing major algal blooms in coastal and oceanic waters around India
Authors: Gokul Elamurugu Alias , Shanmugam Palanisamy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn optical system is developed with the aim to detect and monitor three major algal blooms (including harmful algal blooms “HABs”) over ecologically relevant scales around India and to strengthen algal forecasting system. This system is designed to be capable of utilizing remote sensing, in situ, and radiative transfer techniques to provide species‐specific data necessary for increasing capabilities of an algal forecasting system. With the ability to measure in‐water optical properties by means of remote sensing and in situ observations, the optical system developed infers the desired phytoplankton signal from spectral distributions and utilize these data in a numerical classification technique to generate species‐specific maps at given spatial and temporal scales. A simple radiative transfer model is adopted for this system to provide a means to optimally interpolate to regions with sparse in situ observation data and to provide a central component to generate in‐water optical properties from remotely sensed data. For a given set of inherent optical properties along with surface and bottom boundary conditions, the optical system potentially provides researchers and managers coverage at different locations and depths for tracking algal blooms in the water column. Three major algal blooms focused here include Noctiluca scintillans/miliaris, Trichodesmium erythraeum, and Cochlodinium polykrikoides, which are recurring events in coastal and oceanic waters around India. Because satellite sensors provide a synoptic view of the ocean, both spatially and temporally, our initial efforts tested this optical system using several MODIS‐Aqua images and ancillary data. Validation of the results with coincident in situ data obtained from either surface samples or depth samples demonstrated the robustness and potential utility of this approach, with an accuracy of 80–90% for delineating the presence of all three blooms in a heterogeneous phytoplankton community. Despite its limitation in detecting specific species during their prebloom phases and indicating whether a particular bloom is toxic or harmful, the proposed optical system will provide managers with the specific phytoplankton bloom maps to structure monitoring efforts and a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of algal blooms at various temporal and spatial scales.
Influences of upwind emission sources and atmospheric processing on aerosol chemistry and properties at a rural location in the Northeastern U.S.
Authors: Zhou Shan , Collier Sonya , Xu Jianzhong , Mei Fan , Wang Jian , Lee Yin‐Nan , Sedlacek Arthur J. , Springston Stephen R. , Sun Yele , Zhang Qi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractContinuous real‐time measurements of atmospheric aerosol with an Aerodyne high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectrometer coupled with a fast temperature‐stepping thermodenuder were carried out in summer 2011 at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL, 40.871°N, 72.89°W) during the Department of Energy Aerosol Life Cycle Intensive Operational Period campaign. BNL was frequently downwind of emissions from the New York metropolitan area and was exposed to various combinations of anthropogenic, biogenic, and marine emissions based on air mass history. The average concentration of submicrometer aerosol (PM1) during this study was 12.6 µg m−3 with 64% of the mass being organic. Organic aerosol (OA) at BNL was found to be overwhelmingly secondary, consisting of (1) a fresher, semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV‐OOA; oxygen‐to‐carbon ratio (O/C) = 0.54; 63% of OA mass) that was strongly influenced by transported urban plumes; (2) a regional, more aged, low‐volatility OOA (LV‐OOA; O/C = 0.97; 29% of OA mass) influenced by aqueous‐phase processing; and (3) a nitrogen‐enriched OA (NOA; nitrogen‐to‐carbon ratio (N/C) = 0.185; 8% of OA mass) likely composed of amine salts formed from acid‐base reactions in industrial emissions. Urban emissions from the New York metropolitan areas to the W and SW in particular led to elevated PM1 mass concentration and altered aerosol composition at BNL. Transported urban plumes and local biogenic emissions likely interacted to enhance secondary organic aerosol production, primarily represented by SV‐OOA. These results suggest an important role that urban anthropogenic emissions play in affecting ambient PM concentration, composition, and physical‐chemical properties at rural areas in the Northeast U.S.
Indicators for monitoring sustainable development goals: An application to oceanic development in the European Union
Authors: Rickels Wilfried , Dovern Jonas , Hoffmann Julia , Quaas Martin F. , Schmidt Jörn O. , Visbeck Martin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes a set of 17 sustainable development goals (SDG) with 169 specific targets. As such, it could be a step forward in achieving efficient governance and policies for global sustainable development. However, the current indicator framework with its broad set of individual indicators prevents straightforward assessment of synergies and trade‐offs between the various indicators, targets, and goals, thus, heightening the significance of policy guidance in achieving sustainable development. With our detailed analysis of SDG 14 (Ocean) for European Union (EU) coastal states, we demonstrate how the (complementary) inclusion of composite indicators that aggregate the individual indicators by applying a generalized mean can provide important additional information and facilitate the assessment of sustainable development in general and in the SDG context in particular. Embedded in the context of social choice theory, the generalized mean varies the specification of substitution elasticity and thus allows: (a) for a straightforward distinction between a concept of weak and strong sustainability and (b) for straightforward sensitivity analysis. We show that while in general the EU coastal states have a fairly balanced record at the SDG 14 level, certain countries like Slovenia and Portugal with a fairly balanced and a fairly unbalanced showing, respectively, rank very differently in terms of the two concepts of strong sustainability.
Quantifying the impact of submesoscale processes on the spring phytoplankton bloom in a turbulent upper ocean using a Lagrangian approach
Authors: Brody Sarah R. , Lozier M. Susan , Mahadevan Amala 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe spring phytoplankton bloom in the subpolar North Atlantic and the mechanisms controlling its evolution and onset have important consequences for marine ecosystems and carbon cycling. Submesoscale mixed layer eddies (MLEs) play a role in the onset of the bloom by creating localized stratification and alleviating phytoplankton light limitation; however, the importance of MLEs for phytoplankton in a turbulent surface mixed layer has not yet been examined. We explore the effect of MLEs on phytoplankton by simulating their trajectories with Lagrangian particles subject to turbulent vertical displacements in an MLE‐resolving model. By tracking the light exposure of the simulated phytoplankton, we find that MLEs can advance the timing of the spring bloom by 1 to 2 weeks, depending on surface forcing conditions. The onset of the bloom is linked with the onset of positive heat fluxes, whether or not MLEs are present.
Electron currents and heating in the ion diffusion region of asymmetric reconnection
Authors: Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Norgren C. , Vaivads A. , André M. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Marklund G. T. , Ergun R. E. , Paterson W. R. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. J. , Dorelli J. C. , Avanov L. A. , Lavraud B. , Saito Y. , Magnes W. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this letter the structure of the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause is investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. The ion diffusion region is characterized by a strong DC electric field, approximately equal to the Hall electric field, intense currents, and electron heating parallel to the background magnetic field. Current structures well below ion spatial scales are resolved, and the electron motion associated with lower hybrid drift waves is shown to contribute significantly to the total current density. The electron heating is shown to be consistent with large‐scale parallel electric fields trapping and accelerating electrons, rather than wave‐particle interactions. These results show that sub‐ion scale processes occur in the ion diffusion region and are important for understanding electron heating and acceleration.
Electron acceleration associated with the magnetic flux pileup regions in the near‐Earth plasma sheet: A multicase study
Authors: Tang C. L. , Zhou M. , Yao Z. H. , Shi F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUsing the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations, we study electron acceleration (<30 keV) in the magnetic flux pileup regions (FPRs) in the near‐Earth plasma sheet (X ~ –10 RE). We present three cases of FRPs associated with dipolarization fronts and substorm dipolarization. Based on the characteristics of the magnetic field, we defined the magnetic field enhancement region (MFER) as the magnetic field with significant ramp that is usually observed near the dipolarization front boundary layer. On the other side, the increased magnetic field without a significant ramp is the rest of a FPR. Our results show that betatron acceleration dominates for 10–30 keV electrons inside the MFER, whereas Fermi acceleration dominates for 10–30 keV electrons inside the rest of the FPR. Betatron acceleration is caused by the enhancement of the local magnetic field, whereas Fermi acceleration is related to the shrinking length of magnetic field line. These accelerated electrons inside the FPRs in the near‐Earth tail play a potentially important role in the evolution of the Earth's electron radiation belt and substorms.
Drug Delivery of Cisplatin to Breast Cancer by Polybutylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles
Authors: Koohi Moftakhari Esfahani Maedeh , Alavi Seyed Ebrahim , Shahbazian Shahedeh , Ebrahimi Shahmabadi Hasan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer and the second cause of cancer‐related death in women worldwide. Chemotherapy of disease is impeded by subsequent relapse and metastasis. Nanoparticles as drug carriers have been shown the promising results. Cisplatin‐loaded polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully constructed, and its efficacy and toxicity were evaluated on an orthotopic breast cancer model. Cisplatin‐loaded PBCA NPs were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization technique. NPs were characterized with photon correlation spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) and spectrophotometry techniques. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of nanodrug. To evaluate the efficacy of Cisplatin‐loaded PBCA NPs an orthotopic model of breast tumor was employed. The cell viability of nanodrug compared to that of the standard drug had a significant decrease by 75% at the first 24 h. In vivo studies showed that the number of mice treated with Cisplatin bound to PBCA NPs was significantly more than the standard drug receivers (8 against 5 mice). Considering the body weight loss as toxicity effects, nanodrug receivers were also shown significantly lesser body weight loss compared to drug receivers groups (20 against 26%).
Elevated basal glutamate and unchanged glutamine and GABA in refractory epilepsy: Microdialysis study of 79 patients at the yale epilepsy surgery program
Authors: Çavuş Idil , Romanyshyn Jonathan C. , Kennard Jeremy T. , Farooque Pue , Williamson Anne , Eid Tore , Spencer Susan S. , Duckrow Robert , Dziura James , Spencer Dennis D. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveAberrant glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission contribute to seizure generation and the epileptic state. However, whether levels of these neurochemicals are abnormal in epileptic patients is unknown. Here, we report on interictal levels of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA in epilepsy patients at seizure onset and nonepileptic sites, cortical lesions, and from patients with poorly localized neocortical epilepsies.MethodsSubjects (n = 79) were medically refractory epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalogram evaluation. Microdialysis probes (n = 125) coupled to depth electrodes were implanted within suspected seizure onset sites and microdialysis samples were obtained during interictal periods. Glutamate, glutamine, and GABA were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Probe locations were subsequently classified by consensus of expert epileptologists.ResultsGlutamate levels were elevated in epileptogenic (p = 0.03; n = 7), nonlocalized (p < 0.001), and lesional cortical sites (p < 0.001) when compared to nonepileptogenic cortex. Glutamate was also elevated in epileptogenic (p < 0.001) compared to nonepileptogenic hippocampus. There were no statistical differences in GABA or glutamine, although GABA levels showed high variability across patients and groups.InterpretationOur findings indicate that chronically elevated extracellular glutamate is a common pathological feature among epilepsies with different etiology. Contrary to our predictions, GABA and glutamine levels were not decreased in any of the measured areas. Whereas variability in GABA levels may in part be attributed to the use of GABAergic antiepileptic drugs, the stability in glutamine across patient groups indicate that extracellular glutamine levels are under tighter metabolic regulation than previously thought. Ann Neurol 2016;80:35–45