bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A vebleni hivalkodó fogyasztás elméletének továbbfejlődése és újszerű megnyilvánulásai
Authors: Kovács Kármen 
Published: July 2016

A tanulmány arra összpontosít, hogyan fejlesztették tovább a Thorstein Veblen által leírt hivalkodó fogyasztás elméletét a modern közgazdaságtan művelői. Ennek során rámutatok a státusz és a státuszjavak hivalkodó fogyasztáshoz való kapcsolódására. Kiemelem az ár többszörös szerepét, és hogy nem szükségszerűen helytálló a feltételezett pozitív irányú ár–keresett mennyiség viszony. Elemzem a hivalkodó fogyasztás sokrétű motivációit és következményeit. Végül, kiemelem a hivalkodó fogyasztás újszerű jellegét: a pazarlás helyett a kulturális tőke, az ízlés kerül a középpontba, a vagyon helyett pedig ajövedelemmel való összefüggések kapnak jelentőséget.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kódok: D11, Z13
A franchise mint irányítási forma szerepe a gazdaságban
Authors: Flaskár Anett 
Published: July 2016

A franchise egyre elterjedtebb irányítási formának tekinthető napjainkban. Népszerűsége azzal magyarázható, hogy ezen üzleti modell révén gyorsan terjedhet és fejlődhet egy vállalat, ami nemcsak az ötletgazda számára előnyös, hanem az egész gazdaságra pozitív hatást fejt ki – munkahelyteremtő képessége, a GDP-hez való hozzájárulása által. A tanulmány a franchise formában működő hálózatok gazdaságban betöltött szerepét mutatja be, a franchise szülőhazájának számító Egyesült Államokban, valamint az amerikai franchise hálózatok egyre népszerűbb célpiacaként számon tartott Európában.A Nemzetközi Franchise Szövetség, valamint az Európai Franchise Föderáció által közzétett felmérések a franchise hálózatok egységeinek számáról, a franchise vállalatoknak köszönhető munkahelyekről,jövedelmekről, a kibocsátás mértékéről, valamint a GDP-hez való hozzájárulás mértékéről adnak információt, ágazatonkénti bontásban. A számok arról tanúskodnak, hogy a franchise egyre nagyobb részt képvisel a gazdaságban, az egyéb vállalati formákhoz képest nagyobb fejlődést mutat, a munkalehetőségek fő forrásának és a gazdasági növekedés fő motorjának tekinthető.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kódok: D22, L14
Institutional Ownership and Corporate Tax Avoidance: New Evidence
Authors: Khan Mozaffar , Srinivasan Suraj , Tan Liang 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We provide new evidence on the agency theory of corporate tax avoidance (Slemrod 2004; Crocker and Slemrod 2005; Chen and Chu 2005) by showing that increases in institutional ownership are associated with increases in tax avoidance. Using the Russell index reconstitution setting to isolate exogenous shocks to institutional ownership, and a regression discontinuity design that facilitates sharper identification of treatment effects, we find a significant and discontinuous increase in tax avoidance following Russell 2000 inclusion. The tax avoidance involves the use of tax shelters, and immediate benefits include higher profit margins and likelihood of meeting or beating analyst expectations. Collectively, the results shed light on the effect of increased ownership concentration on tax avoidance.
Auditors and Client Investment Efficiency
Authors: Bae Gil Soo , Choi Seung Uk , Dhaliwal Dan S. , Lamoreaux Phillip T. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
This study examines the relation between auditors and their clients' investment efficiency. We hypothesize and find that auditor characteristics that proxy for an auditor's knowledge and resources are associated with higher client investment efficiency, after controlling for the auditor's effect on financial reporting quality. This result is consistent with auditors providing informational advantages to their clients in a generalized investment setting. We find that this auditor effect is more pronounced for clients who have a higher demand for information as measured by client size, industry competition, and client complexity. The effect is also more pronounced for clients of longer-tenured auditors. Overall, the results suggest that auditors may be one component to the management information environment and, as such, appear to influence capital investment behavior.
JEL Classifications: M4; M42.
Data Availability: All data are publicly available.
Effect of a brief emergency medicine education course on emergency department work intensity of family physicians
Authors: Vaillancourt Samuel , Schultz Susan E. , Leaver Chad , Stukel Thérèse , Schull Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Background:
Recently, many Canadian emergency departments (EDs) have struggled with physician staffing shortages. In 2006, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care funded a brief “emergency medicine primer” (EMP) course for family physicians to upgrade or refresh skills, with the goal of increasing their ED work intensity. We sought to determine the effect of the EMP on the ED work intensity of family physicians.

Methods:
A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted of the ED work of 239 family physicians in the 2 years before and after a minimum of 6 months and up to 2 years from completing an EMP course in 2006 to 2008 compared to non-EMP physicians. ED work intensity was defined as the number of ED shifts per month and the number of ED patients seen per month. We conducted two analyses: a before and after comparison of all EMP physicians and a matched cohort analysis matching each EMP physician to four non-EMP physicians on sex, year of medical school graduation, rurality, and pre-EMP ED work intensity.

Results:
Postcourse, EMP physicians worked 0.5 more ED shifts per month (13% increase, p = 0.027). Compared to their matched controls, EMP physicians worked 0.7 more shifts per month (13% increase, p = 0.0032) and saw 15 more patients per month (17% increase, p = 0.0008) compared to matched non-EMP physicians. The greatest increases were among EMP physicians who were younger, were urban, had previous ED experience, or worked in a high-volume ED. The effect of the EMP course was negligible for physicians with no previous ED experience or working in rural areas.

Conclusion:
The EMP course is associated with modest increases in ED work intensity among some family physicians, in particular younger physicians in urban areas. No increase was seen among physicians without previous ED experience or working in rural areas.
Understanding communication between emergency and consulting physicians: a qualitative study that describes and defines the essential elements of the emergency department consultation-referral process for the junior learner
Authors: Chan Teresa , Orlich Donika , Kulasegaram Kulamakan , Sherbino Jonathan 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:To define the important elements of an emergency department (ED) consultation request and to develop a simple model of the process.Methods:From March to September 2010, 61 physicians (21 emergency medicine [EM], 20 general surgery [GS], 20 internal medicine [IM]; 31 residents, 30 attending staff) were questioned about how junior learners should be taught about ED consultation. Two investigators independently reviewed focus group and interview transcripts using grounded theory to generate an index of themes until saturation was reached. Disagreements were resolved by consensus, yielding an inventory of themes and subthemes. All transcripts were coded using this index of themes; 30% of transcripts were coded in duplicate to determine the agreement.Results:A total of 245 themes and subthemes were identified. The agreement between reviewers was 77%. Important themes in the process were as follows: initial preparation and review of investigations by EM physician (overall endorsement 87% [range 70–100% in different groups]); identification of involved parties (patient and involved physicians) (100%); hypothesis of patient's diagnosis (75% [range 62–83%]) or question for the consulting physician (70% [range 55–95%]); urgency (100%) and stability (74% [range 62–80%]); questions from the consultant (100%); discussion/communication (98% [range 95–100%]); and feedback (98% [range 95–100%]). These components were reorganized into a simple framework (PIQUED). Each clinical specialty significantly contributed to the model (χ2= 7.9;pvalue = 0.019). Each group contributed uniquely to the final list of important elements (percent contributions: EM, 57%; GS, 41%; IM, 64%).Conclusions:We define important elements of an ED consultation with input from emergency and consulting physicians. We propose a model that organizes these elements into a simple framework (PIQUED) that may be valuable for junior learners.
Combination pretest probability assessment and D-dimer did not reduce outpatient imaging for venous thromboembolism in a tertiary care hospital emergency department
Authors: Ingber Sarah , Selby Rita , Lee Jacques , Geerts William , Brnjac Elena 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is difficult to diagnose yet potentially life threatening. A low-risk pretest probability (PTP) assessment combined with a negative Ddimer can rule out VTE in two-thirds of outpatients, reducing the need for imaging. Real-life implementation of this strategy is associated with several challenges.Methods:We evaluated the impact of introducing a standardized diagnostic algorithm including a mandatory PTP assessment and D-dimer on radiologic test use for VTE in our emergency department (ED). A retrospective review of all ED visits for suspected VTE in the year prior to and following the introduction of this algorithm was conducted. VTE diagnosis was based on imaging. Guideline compliance was also assessed.Results:ED visits were investigated for suspected VTE in the pre- and postintervention periods (n 5 1,785). Most D-dimers (95%) ordered were associated with a PTP assessment, and 50% of visits assigned a low PTP had a negative D-dimer. The proportion of imaging tests ordered for VTE in all ED visits was unchanged postintervention (1.9% v. 2.0%). The proportion of patients with suspected VTE in whom VTE was confirmed on imaging decreased postintervention (10.2% v. 14.1%).Conclusion:In spite of excellent compliance with our algorithm, we were unable to reduce imaging for VTE. This may be due to a lower threshold for suspecting VTE and an increase in investigation for VTE combined with a high false positive rate of our D-dimer assay in low–pretest probability patients. This study highlights two common real-life challenges with adopting this strategy for VTE investigation.
Tamsulosin for treatment of unilateral distal ureterolithiasis: a systematic review and metaanalysis
Authors: Malo Christian , Audette-Côté Jean-Sébastien , Émond Marcel , Turgeon Alexis F. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
The lifetime prevalence of ureterolithiasis is approximately 13% for men and 7% for women in the United States. Tamsulosin, an α-antagonist, has been used as therapy to facilitate the expulsion of lithiasis. Whether it is a good treatment for distal lithiasis remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of tamsulosin on the passage of distal ureterolithiasis.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central. Trial eligibility was evaluated by two investigators. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing tamsulosin to standard therapy or placebo for the treatment of a single distal ureterolithiasis ≤ 10 mm in adult patients with renal colic confirmed by radiographic imaging were included. Data extraction was conducted in duplicate. Primary outcome was the expulsion rate, and secondary outcomes were the mean time for ureterolithiasis expulsion, analgesic requirements, and side effects. Mantel-Haenszel random effect models were used, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Data were presented with relative risks (RRs).

Results:
The search strategy identified 685 articles, of which 22 studies were included. Combined results suggested a benefit for the expulsion of ureterolithiasis (≥ 10 mm) when tamsulosin was used compared to a standard treatment (RR 1.50 [95% CI 1.31–1.71], I2 = 70%). A decrease in the average time of expulsion of the ureterolithiasis of 3.33 days in favour of tamsulosin was observed (95% CI −4.23, −2.44], I2 = 67%).

Conclusion:
Tamsulosin increases the rate of spontaneous passage of distal ureterolithiasis (≤ 10 mm).
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis presenting to the emergency department with status epilepticus
Authors: Nolan Brodie , Plenk Katharina , Carr David 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a recently described and underdiagnosed entity that typically affects young, previously healthy individuals. Patients usually present in phases, which may include refractory seizures, psychosis, unresponsiveness, and autonomic
instability. The diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is challenging; however, prompt diagnosis and early treatment can lead to complete recovery. The incidence of anti-NMDAR encephalitis may be as high as four times that of encephalitis from herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and West Nile viruses; however, it remains an underrecognized disorder. Early initiation of immunotherapy in anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been found to improve patient outcomes. Because of this, emergency physicians must be vigilant and consider this diagnosis in patients with altered mental status in whom a toxicologic or other etiology is not suspected. Early consideration of this diagnosis can facilitate urgent neurology consultation and prevent diagnostic delays arising from psychiatric referrals. It is essential to consider this diagnosis in suspicious emergency department presentations, particularly young patients who present with altered mental status, psychosis, or new-onset seizure activity when other obvious causes are ruled out. Emergency physicians should discuss the possibility of empirical intravenous immunoglobulin administration with neurology consultants if anti-NMDAR encephalitis is suspected. We describe the case of a 20-year-old man with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who presented to the emergency department with status epilepticus.
Improved neurologic outcomes after cardiac arrest with combined administration of vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine compared to epinephrine alone
Authors: Botnaru Tudor , Altherwi Tawfeeq , Dankoff Jerrald 
Published: July 2016

Clinical questionIs a vasopressin, steroid, and epinephrine (VSE) protocol for in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation associated with better survival to hospital discharge with favourable neurologic outcome compared to epinephrine alone?Article chosenMentzelopoulos S, Malachias S, Konstantopoulos D, et al. Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310:270-9.ObjectiveTo determine if a VSE protocol during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with hydrocortisone administration in patients with postresuscitative shock at 4 hours after return of spontaneous circulation would improve survival to hospital discharge with favourable neurologic outcome.
Critically appraising noninferiority randomized controlled trials: a primer for emergency physicians
Authors: Al Deeb Mohammad , Azad Aftab , Barbic David 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNoninferiority (NI) trials aim to show that a new treatment or drug is not inferior to a standard, accepted treatment. The rapid proliferation of NI trials within the literature makes it imperative for emergency physicians to be able to read, interpret, and appraise critically this type of research study. Using several emergency medicine examples from the recent literature, this article outlines the key differences between traditional, superiority randomized controlled trials and NI trials. We summarize four important points that an emergency physician should consider when critically appraising an NI trial: 1) Does the new treatment have tangible benefits over the standard treatment? 2) Was the choice of the NI margin appropriate? 3) Was the effect of the standard treatment preserved? Does the trial have assay sensitivity? and 4) What type of analysis strategy was employed: intention-to-treat (ITT) or per protocol (PP)?
Do Probiotics have a role in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis? A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: Güvenç Işil Adadan , Muluk Nuray Bayar , Mutlu Fezan Şahin , Eşki Erkan , Altıntoprak Niyazi , Oktemer Tugba , Cingi Cemal 
Published: July 2016

Objective To investigate clinical evidence for the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods A systematic search was conducted to review the results of all randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. Primary outcome measurements were total nasal and ocular symptom scores (SS) and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. Secondary outcome measurements were individual nasal SS and immunologic parameters. Results Twenty-two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were included. Seventeen trials showed significant benefit of probiotics clinically, whereas eight trials showed significant improvement in immunologic parameters compared with placebo. All five studies with Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) strains demonstrated clinically significant improvements compared with placebo. Probiotics showed significant reduction in nasal and ocular SS (standardized mean difference [SMD], -1.23, p < 0.001; and SMD, -1.84, p < 0.001; respectively), total, nasal, and ocular QoL scores compared with placebo (SMD, -1.84, p < 0.001; SMD, -2.30, p = 0.006; and SMD, -3.11, p = 0.005; respectively). Although heterogeneity was high, in subgroup analysis, SMD for total nasal and ocular symptoms with patients with seasonal AR and for nasal QoL scores for studies with LP-33 strain were significant and homogenous. Scores of nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared with placebo. The meta-analysis studies SS the Japanese guidelines revealed a significant, homogenous SMD score of -0.34 for individual nasal SS, above the minimal important clinical difference value of 0.3. The T-helper 1 to T-helper 2 ratio was significantly lower in the probiotic group compared with placebo (SMD, -0.78; p = 0.045). Conclusion Despite high variability among the studies, synthesis of available data provided significant evidence of beneficial clinical and immunologic effects of probiotics in the treatment of AR, especially with seasonal AR and LP-33 strains. With the rising pool of studies, the most promising strains in specific allergies can be revealed and adjuvant therapy with probiotics can be recommended for the treatment of AR.
SPECT/CT study of bronchial deposition of inhaled particles
Authors: Ilic Vesna , Dunet Vincent , Le Pape Alain , Buchs Mikael , Kosinski Marek , Delaloye Angelika Bischof , Gerber Stefan , Prior John 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAims: Vaccination by aerosol inhalation can be used to efficiently deliver antigen against HPV to mucosal tissue, which is particularly useful in developing countries (simplicity of administration, costs, no need for cold chain). For optimal immunological response, vaccine particles should preferentially be delivered to proximal bronchial airways. We aimed at quantifying the deposition of inhaled particles in central airways and peripheral lung, and to assess administration biosafety. Participants, methods: 20 healthy volunteers (13W/7M, aged 24±4y) performed a 10-min free-breathing inhalation of 99mTc-stannous chloride colloid aerosol (450 MBq) in a buffer solution without vaccinal particles using an ultrasonic nebulizer (mass median aerodynamic diameter 4.2 μm) and a double mask inside a biosafety cabinet dedicated to assess environmental particle release. SPECT/CT and whole-body planar scintigraphy were acquired to determine whole-body and regional C/P distribution ratio (central-to-peripheral pulmonary deposition counts). Using a phantom, SPECT sensitivity was calibrated to obtain absolute pulmonary activity deposited by inhalation. Results: All participants successfully performed the inhalation that was well tolerated (no change in pulmonary peak expiratory flow rate, p = 0.9). It was environmentally safe (no activity released in the biosafety filter.) 1.3±0.6% (range 0.4–2.6%) of the total nebulizer activity was deposited in the lungs with a C/P distribution ratio of 0.40±0.20 (range 0.15–1.14). Conclusion: Quantification and regional distribution of inhaled particles in an aerosolized vaccine model is possible using radioactive particles. This will allow optimizing deposition parameters and determining the particles charge for active-particles vaccination.
Direct vs. indirect effects of whole‐genome duplication on prezygotic isolation inChamerion angustifolium: Implications for rapid speciation
Authors: Husband Brian C. , Baldwin Sarah J. , Sabara Holly A. 
Published: July 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The depiction of polyploid speciation as instantaneous implies that strong prezygotic and postzygotic isolation form as a direct result of whole‐genome duplication. However, the direct vs. indirect contributions of genome duplication to phenotypic divergence and prezygotic isolation are rarely quantified across multiple reproductive barriers.METHODS:We compared the phenotypic differences between diploid and both naturally occurring and synthesized tetraploids (neotetraploids) of the plantChamerion angustifolium. Using this information and additional published values for this species, we compared the magnitude of isolation (ecological, flowering, pollinator, and gametic) between diploids and natural‐occurring tetraploids to that between diploids and neotetraploids.KEY RESULTS:Differences among ploidy cytotypes were observed for eight of 12 vegetative and reproductive traits measured. Neotetraploids resembled diploids but differed from natural tetraploids with respect to four traits, including flowering time and plant height. Diploid–neotetraploid (2x–4xneo) experimental arrays exhibited lower pollinator fidelity to cytotype and seed set compared with 2x–4xnatarrays. Based on these results and published evidence, reproductive isolation between diploids and neotetraploids across all four life stages averaged 0.48 and deviated significantly from that between diploids and natural tetraploids (RI = 0.96).CONCLUSIONS:Genome duplication causes phenotypic shifts and contributes directly to prezygotic isolation for some barriers (gametic isolation) but cannot account for the cumulative isolation from diploids observed in natural tetraploids. Therefore, conditions for species formation through genome duplication are not necessarily instantaneous and selection to strengthen prezygotic barriers in young polyploids is critical for the establishment of polyploid species in sympatry.