bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiential avoidance and appraisals of voices as predictors of voice‐related distress
Authors: Varese Filippo , Morrison Anthony P. , Beck Rosie , Heffernan Suzanne , Law Heather , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesResearch has suggested that the extent to which voices (i.e., auditory verbal hallucinations) are experienced as distressing might be influenced by negative beliefs about voices as well as maladaptive metacognitive styles involving the negative appraisal and maladaptive control of mental experiences. This cross‐sectional study examined the contribution of both specific appraisals of voices and a metacognitive factor (i.e., experiential avoidance) to voice‐related distress.MethodsSelf‐report measurers of voice characteristics (voice frequency, duration as well as amount and intensity of voice‐related distress), experiential avoidance, and appraisals of voices were collected in a sample of 101 voice‐hearers.ResultsExperiential avoidance and negative beliefs about voices were associated with higher levels of voice‐related distress, but not to measures of voice frequency and duration. Experiential avoidance and negative ‘metaphysical’ beliefs about voices were significant predictors of voice‐related distress even after accounting for the effect of frequency and duration of voices, and explained similar proportions of unique variance in distress.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the appraisals of voices and experiential avoidance are predictive of voice‐related distress and that cognitive‐behavioural interventions targeting both voice‐specific appraisals and general maladaptive metacognitive processes could prove useful treatment approaches for clients with distressing voices.Practitioner points

Experiential avoidance (EA) and negative appraisals predict voice‐related distress caused by voices, but not their frequency and duration.

Interventions for voices should consider targeting EA and negative appraisals (e.g., cognitive‐behavioural therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) to ameliorate distress.
NADPH oxidases in oxidant production by microglia: activating receptors, pharmacology and association with disease
Authors: Haslund‐Vinding J , McBean G , Jaquet V , Vilhardt F 
Published: January 2016

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS and constitute a self‐sustaining population of CNS‐adapted tissue macrophages. As mononuclear phagocytic cells, they express high levels of superoxide‐producing NADPH oxidases (NOX). The sole function of the members of the NOX family is to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are believed to be important in CNS host defence and in the redox signalling circuits that shape the different activation phenotypes of microglia. NOX are also important in pathological conditions, where over‐generation of ROS contributes to neuronal loss via direct oxidative tissue damage or disruption of redox signalling circuits. In this review, we assess the evidence for involvement of NOX in CNS physiopathology, with particular emphasis on the most important surface receptors that lead to generation of NOX‐derived ROS. We evaluate the potential significance of the subcellular distribution of NOX isoforms for redox signalling or release of ROS to the extracellular medium. Inhibitory mechanisms that have been reported to restrain NOX activity in microglia and macrophages in vivo are also discussed. We provide a critical appraisal of frequently used and recently developed NOX inhibitors. Finally, we review the recent literature on NOX and other sources of ROS that are involved in activation of the inflammasome and discuss the potential influence of microglia‐derived oxidants on neurogenesis, neural differentiation and culling of surplus progenitor cells. The degree to which excessive, badly timed or misplaced NOX activation in microglia may affect neuronal homeostasis in physiological or pathological conditions certainly merits further investigation.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
Semiautomatic Evaluation of Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion from Two Dimensional Echocardiographic Images
Authors: Ramamurthy Senthil , Kelleman Michael S. , McGaughy Falon , Sachdeva Ritu 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundTricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) has emerged as a reliable marker of right ventricular (RV) systolic function. Recently, TAPSE derived using 2D images (2D‐TAPSE) was shown to correlate with M‐mode TAPSE (MM‐TAPSE). We have developed a novel technique for semiautomatic evaluation of TAPSE (SA‐TAPSE). The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of this novel technique and validate it on normal hearts and pulmonary hypertension (PH).MethodsA total of 110 patients (56 with normal heart and 54 with PH) were retrospectively identified for analysis. The semiautomatic algorithm tracked the lateral tricuspid valve hinge point (TVHP) and the apex in the apical 4‐chamber view. SA‐TAPSE was calculated as displacement of the TVHP in end‐diastole (ED) and end‐systole (ES). The same points were manually identified to derive 2D‐TAPSE.ResultsThe system was able to accurately identify ED and ES in 304/330 heartbeats within three cardiac frames. The automatically identified TVHP points were within 1.2 ± 0.7 mm from the manually identified points. Intra‐class correlation between SA‐TAPSE and 2D‐TAPSE was 0.96 (95% CI 0.93–0.98) for normal hearts and 0.92 (95% CI 0.87–0.96) for those with PH. Bland–Altman analysis showed a strong agreement between SA‐TAPSE and 2D‐TAPSE for normal hearts and those with PH.ConclusionUsing the novel custom‐made software, SA‐TAPSE could be measured in majority of our patients and was accurate when applied to normal hearts and those with PH. Future work will focus on fully automating the system for a rapid retrospective analysis of TAPSE.
Effects of Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean on mortality, development, and preference of brown marmorated stink bug
Authors: Rich Walter A. , Koch Robert L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), poses a new threat to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), production in the north central USA. As H. halys continues to spread and increase in abundance in the region, the interaction between H. halys and management tactics deployed for other pests must be determined. Currently, the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most abundant and damaging insect pest of soybean in the region. Aphid‐resistant soybean, mainly with the Rag1 gene, is commercially available for management of A. glycines. Here, experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean on the mortality, development, and preference of H. halys. In a no‐choice test, mortality of H. halys reared on Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean pods was significantly lower than when reared on aphid‐susceptible soybean pods (28 vs. 53%). Development time, adult weight, and proportion females of surviving adults did not differ when reared on Rag1 aphid‐resistant or aphid‐susceptible soybean pods. In choice tests, H. halys exhibited a preference for Rag1 aphid‐resistant over aphid‐susceptible soybean pods after 4 h, but not after 24 h. Halyomorpha halys exhibited no preference when tested with vegetative‐stage or reproductive‐stage soybean plants. The preference by H. halys for Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean pods and the decreased mortality when reared on these pods suggests that the use of Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean may favor this emerging pest in the north central USA.
Amylin receptor components and the leptin receptor are co‐expressed in single rat area postrema neurons
Authors: Liberini Claudia G. , Boyle Christina N. , Cifani Carlo , Venniro Marco , Hope Bruce T. , Lutz Thomas A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAmylin is a pancreatic β‐cell hormone that acts as a satiating signal to inhibit food intake by binding to amylin receptors (AMYs) and activating a specific neuronal population in the area postrema (AP). AMYs are heterodimers that include a calcitonin receptor (CTR) subunit [CTR isoform a or b (CTRa or CTRb)] and a member of the receptor activity‐modifying proteins (RAMPs). Here, we used single‐cell quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess co‐expression of AMY subunits in AP neurons from rats that were injected with amylin or vehicle. Because amylin interacts synergistically with the adipokine leptin to reduce body weight, we also assessed the co‐expression of AMY and the leptin receptor isoform b (LepRb) in amylin‐activated AP neurons. Single cells were collected from Wistar rats and from transgenic Fos‐GFP rats that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the Fos promoter. We found that the mRNAs of CTRa, RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3 were all co‐expressed in single AP neurons. Moreover, most of the CTRa+ cells co‐expressed more than one of the RAMPs. Amylin down‐regulated RAMP1 and RAMP3 but not CTR mRNAs in AMY+ neurons, suggesting a possible negative feedback mechanism of amylin at its own primary receptors. Interestingly, amylin up‐regulated RAMP2 mRNA. We also found that a high percentage of single cells that co‐expressed all components of a functional AMY expressed LepRb mRNA. Thus, single AP cells expressed both AMY and LepRb, which formed a population of first‐order neurons that presumably can be directly activated by amylin and, at least in part, also by leptin.
The synthetic progesterone Norgestrel is neuroprotective in stressed photoreceptor‐like cells and retinal explants, mediating its effects via basic fibroblast growth factor, protein kinase A and glycogen synthase kinase 3β signalling
Authors: Wyse Jackson Alice C. , Cotter Thomas G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe synthetic progesterone Norgestrel has been shown to have proven neuroprotective efficacy in two distinct models of retinitis pigmentosa: the rd10/rd10 (B6.CXBI‐Pde6brd10/J) mouse model and the Balb/c light‐damage model. However, the cellular mechanism underlying this neuroprotection is still largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the downstream signalling pathways associated with Norgestrel both in vitro and ex vivo. In this work, we identify the potential of Norgestrel to rescue stressed 661W photoreceptor‐like cells and ex vivo retinal explants from cell death over 24 h. Norgestel is thought to work through an upregulation of neuroprotective basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Analysis of 661W cells in vitro by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (rt‐PCR), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting revealed an upregulation of bFGF in response to Norgestrel over 6 h. Specific siRNA knockdown of bFGF abrogated the protective properties of Norgestrel on damaged photoreceptors, thus highlighting the crucial importance of bFGF in Norgestrel‐mediated protection. Furthermore, Norgestrel initiated a bFGF‐dependent inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) through phosphorylation at serine 9. The effects of Norgestrel on GSK3β were dependent on protein kinase A (PKA) pathway activation. Specific inhibition of both the PKA and GSK3β pathways prevented Norgestrel‐mediated neuroprotection of stressed photoreceptor cells in vitro. Involvement of the PKA pathway following Norgestrel treatment was also confirmed ex vivo. Therefore, these results indicate that the protective efficacy of Norgestrel is, at least in part, due to the bFGF‐mediated activation of the PKA pathway, with subsequent inactivation of GSK3β.
Getting back on the beat: links between auditory–motor integration and precise auditory processing at fast time scales
Authors: Tierney Adam , Kraus Nina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe auditory system is unique in its ability to precisely detect the timing of perceptual events and use this information to update motor plans, a skill that is crucial for language. However, the characteristics of the auditory system that enable this temporal precision are only beginning to be understood. Previous work has shown that participants who can tap consistently to a metronome have neural responses to sound with greater phase coherence from trial to trial. We hypothesized that this relationship is driven by a link between the updating of motor output by auditory feedback and neural precision. Moreover, we hypothesized that neural phase coherence at both fast time scales (reflecting subcortical processing) and slow time scales (reflecting cortical processing) would be linked to auditory–motor timing integration. To test these hypotheses, we asked participants to synchronize to a pacing stimulus, and then changed either the tempo or the timing of the stimulus to assess whether they could rapidly adapt. Participants who could rapidly and accurately resume synchronization had neural responses to sound with greater phase coherence. However, this precise timing was limited to the time scale of 10 ms (100 Hz) or faster; neural phase coherence at slower time scales was unrelated to performance on this task. Auditory–motor adaptation therefore specifically depends upon consistent auditory processing at fast, but not slow, time scales.
Determinants of local and regional communities in intermittent and perennial headwaters of the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Datry Thibault , Moya Nabor , Zubieta Jose , Oberdorff Thierry 
Published: January 2016

Summary

The effect of drying events on aquatic biodiversity is still overlooked in wet Neotropical systems. Yet, the responses of local communities and metacommunities in these biodiversity hotspots may differ from what is reported in other areas.

We addressed the effect of drying events on local and regional fish and macroinvertebrate communities in the headwaters of the Chipiriri River basin, in the wet Neotropical piedmont of Bolivia. According to current knowledge in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) ecology, we predicted that intermittent (INT) sites would harbour lower α‐diversity, but higher β‐diversity, than perennial (PER) sites, due to local, negative effect of drying combined with the existence of multiple recovery stages at the network scale.

Although habitat variables were similar between INT and PER sites, local and regional diversity patterns differed. Local invertebrate communities were not different between site types as soon as 4–6 weeks after flow resumption. The proximity of colonist sources and frequent rainfall probably enhanced persistence through dry periods and high resilience. In contrast, fish communities were still poorer at INT than PER sites, indicating they were still in the process of recolonising upstream INT reaches.

β‐diversity analyses confirmed that invertebrate and fish metacommunities were not at the same recovery stage because (i) β‐diversity of invertebrates was best explained by physical and environmental distances at both INT and PER sites, whereas that of fish was explained only by physical distances at INT sites; (ii) fish β‐diversity was higher at INT than at PER sites, but invertebrate β‐diversity was similar; and (iii) physical distances were correlated with the turnover component of invertebrate β‐diversity but with the nestedness component for fish.

Exploring regional community patterns in IRES and across biota with different dispersal abilities and modes can advance metacommunity theory and improve our ability to predict local community composition in dynamic ecosystems.
Microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction potential in Chocolate Pots hot spring, Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Fortney N. W. , He S. , Converse B. J. , Beard B. L. , Johnson C. M. , Boyd E. S. , Roden E. E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChocolate Pots hot springs (CP) is a unique, circumneutral pH, iron‐rich, geothermal feature in Yellowstone National Park. Prior research at CP has focused on photosynthetically driven Fe(II) oxidation as a model for mineralization of microbial mats and deposition of Archean banded iron formations. However, geochemical and stable Fe isotopic data have suggested that dissimilatory microbial iron reduction (DIR) may be active within CP deposits. In this study, the potential for microbial reduction of native CP Fe(III) oxides was investigated, using a combination of cultivation dependent and independent approaches, to assess the potential involvement of DIR in Fe redox cycling and associated stable Fe isotope fractionation in the CP hot springs. Endogenous microbial communities were able to reduce native CP Fe(III) oxides, as documented by most probable number enumerations and enrichment culture studies. Enrichment cultures demonstrated sustained DIR driven by oxidation of acetate, lactate, and H2. Inhibitor studies and molecular analyses indicate that sulfate reduction did not contribute to observed rates of DIR in the enrichment cultures through abiotic reaction pathways. Enrichment cultures produced isotopically light Fe(II) during DIR relative to the bulk solid‐phase Fe(III) oxides. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes from enrichment cultures showed dominant sequences closely affiliated with Geobacter metallireducens, a mesophilic Fe(III) oxide reducer. Shotgun metagenomic analysis of enrichment cultures confirmed the presence of a dominant G. metallireducens‐like population and other less dominant populations from the phylum Ignavibacteriae, which appear to be capable of DIR. Gene (protein) searches revealed the presence of heat‐shock proteins that may be involved in increased thermotolerance in the organisms present in the enrichments as well as porin–cytochrome complexes previously shown to be involved in extracellular electron transport. This analysis offers the first detailed insight into how DIR may impact the Fe geochemistry and isotope composition of a Fe‐rich, circumneutral pH geothermal environment.
An economically based evaluation index for perennial and short‐term ryegrasses in New Zealand dairy farm systems
Authors: Chapman D. F. , Bryant J. R. , Olayemi M. E. , Edwards G. R. , Thorrold B. S. , McMillan W. H. , Kerr G. A. , Judson G. , Cookson T. , Moorhead A. , Norriss M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGrazed pastures based on ryegrass species provide most of the feed for dairy cattle in New Zealand. There are many cultivars of perennial (Lolium perenne), annual and Italian (L. multiflorum), and hybrid (L. boucheanum) ryegrasses available for dairy farmers to use in pasture renewal. This study describes an index which ranks ryegrass cultivars relative to a genetic base according to the estimated economic value (EV) of seasonal dry matter (DM) traits. A farm system model was used to derive EVs ($ ha−1 calculated as change in operating profit divided by unit change of the trait) for additional DM produced in different seasons of the year in four regions. The EV of early spring DM was consistently high across all regions, whereas EV for late spring DM was moderate to low. Genotype × environment analysis revealed significant reranking of DM yield among ryegrass cultivars across regions. Hence, separate performance values (PVs) were calculated for two mega‐environments and then combined with the corresponding season and region EV to calculate the overall EV for twenty‐three perennial ryegrass and fifteen short‐term ryegrass cultivars. The difference in operating profit between the highest ranked and lowest ranked perennial ryegrass cultivar ranged from $556 ha−1 to $863 ha−1 year−1 depending on region. For short‐term ryegrasses used for winter feed, the corresponding range was $394 to $478 ha−1 year−1. Using PV for DM yield, it was estimated that plant improvement in perennial ryegrass has added $12–$18 ha−1 year−1 (depending on region) operating profit on dairy farms since the mid‐1960s.
Effect of low‐level laser therapy as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis induced in rats subjected to 5‐fluorouracil chemotherapy
Authors: Theodoro L. H. , Longo M. , Ervolino E. , Duque C. , Ferro‐Alves M. L. , Assem N. Z. , Louzada L. M. , Garcia V. G. 
Published: January 2016

Background and ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effect of multiple sessions of a low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) adjuvant to scaling and root planing (SRP) on the treatment of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats treated with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU).Material and MethodsA total of 120 rats were divided into five groups: no treatment (NT); treatment with 5‐FU (60 and 40 mg/kg) and no local periodontal treatment (5FU); treatment with 5‐FU and SRP (5FU‐SRP); treatment with 5‐FU, SRP and one LLLT session (660 nm; 0.035 W; 4.2 J; 120 s) (5FU‐SRP‐1LLLT); and treatment with 5‐FU, SRP and four LLLT sessions (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) (5FU‐SRP‐4LLLT). EP was induced in the mandibular molars through ligature placement. The alveolar bone loss (ABL) area in the furcation region was analysed histometrically. TRAP, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, RANKL, osteoprotegerin and activated caspase‐3 patterns were analysed by immunolabeling. Prostaglandin E2 was quantified using an ELISA, and tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin‐6 were assessed using the multiplex method. The prevalence rates of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were assessed using the PCR method. The data were subjected to statistical analysis (α = 5%).Results5FU, 5FU‐SRP and 5FU‐SRP‐1LLLT treatment groups showed higher ABL compared with the NT group (p < 0.05), whereas the 5FU‐SRP‐4LLLT group showed lower ABL compared with the 5FU group on day 7 and decreased RANKL immunolabeling (p < 0.05).ConclusionTreatment with 5‐FU worsened EP, and multiple LLLT sessions adjuvant to SRP seemed to improve periodontitis in rats subjected to 5‐FU chemotherapy.