bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixing states of light‐absorbing particles measured using a transmission electron microscope and a single‐particle soot photometer in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Adachi Kouji , Moteki Nobuhiro , Kondo Yutaka , Igarashi Yasuhito 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLight‐absorbing atmospheric aerosols such as carbonaceous particles influence the climate through absorbing sunlight. The mixing states of these aerosol particles affect their optical properties. This study examines the changes in the mixing states and abundance of strongly light absorbing carbonaceous particles by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single‐particle soot photometer (SP2), as well as of iron oxide particles, in Tokyo, Japan. TEM and SP2 use fundamentally different detection techniques for the same light‐absorbing particles. TEM allows characterization of the morphological, chemical, and structural features of individual particles, whereas SP2 optically measures the number, size, and mixing states of black carbon (BC). A comparison of the results obtained using these two techniques indicates that the peaks of high soot (nanosphere soot (ns‐soot)) concentration periods agree with those of the BC concentrations determined by SP2 and that the high Fe‐bearing particle fraction periods measured by TEM agree with that of high number concentrations of iron oxide particles measured using SP2 during the first half of the observation campaign. The results also show that the changes in the ns‐soot/BC mixing states primarily correlate with the air mass sources, wind speed, precipitation, and photochemical processes. Nano‐sized, aggregated, iron oxide particles mixed with other particles were commonly observed by using TEM during the high iron oxide particle periods. We conclude that although further quantitative comparison between TEM and SP2 data will be needed, the morphologically and optically defined ns‐soot and BC, respectively, are essentially the same substance and that their mixing states are generally consistent across the techniques.
Recurring slope lineae and chlorides on the surface of Mars
Authors: Mitchell J. L. , Christensen P. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecurring Slope Lineae (RSL) are dark streaks that appear on steep slopes on the Martian surface. While their apparent movement suggests liquid flow, remote sensing studies have not found evidence of fresh water. Some RSL have been observed at temperatures below the freezing point of water; if liquid water is present, therefore, it is likely in the form of a brine. In contrast to studies of other dissolved species such as perchlorates, this study explores the possibility of chloride as a dissolved component in RSL. Using Thermal Emission Imaging System decorrelation stretch products and High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images, the presence of chloride lag deposits at RSL sites was assessed on a global scale. Though faint potential chloride signatures were detected at two RSL sites, emissivity spectra showed no significant variation from surrounding geology. No other RSL showed indications of chlorides. Using a simple model, the upper limit of chloride required for positive detection is estimated to be ~30 ± 15 g/m2. The total brine required to produce a detectable lag deposit is ~80 ± 35 mL/m2 at a eutectic concentration of calcium chloride. Over the last climate cycle, brine production could be up to 8 ± 3 × 10−4 mL/m2‐yr without producing a detectable lag deposit. Based on these results, we conclude that chloride abundance is not the limiting factor for RSL generation. RSL could be produced by capillary wicking of chloride‐rich brines to the surface, where small amounts of brine produce lag deposits below the detection limits of currently orbiting instruments.
Shedding light on the extra thermal stability of thermophilic proteins
Authors: Pica Andrea , Graziano Giuseppe 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn entropic stabilization mechanism has recently gained attention and credibility as the physical ground for the extra thermal stability of globular proteins from thermophilic microorganisms. An empirical result, obtained from the analysis of thermodynamic data for a large set of proteins, strengthens the general reliability of the theoretical approach originally devised to rationalize the occurrence of cold denaturation [Graziano, PCCP 2014, 16, 21755–21767]. It is shown that this theoretical approach can readily account for the entropic stabilization mechanism. On decreasing the conformational entropy gain associated with denaturation, the thermal stability of a model globular protein increases markedly.
Metabolomic profiles delineate the effect of Sanmiao wan on hyperuricemia in rats
Authors: Jiang Tingwang , Qian Jianping , Ding Jiarong , Wang Guokun , Ding Xueyan , Liu Suxuan , Chen Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA serum metabolomic method based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was developed to characterize hyperuricemia‐related metabolic profiles and delineate the mechanism of Sanmiao wan (SMW), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in treating hyperuricemic rats. With partial least‐squares discriminant analysis for classification and selection of biomarkers, 13 potential biomarkers in mouse serum were identified in the screen, primarily involved in purine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, citrate cycle, phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Taking these potential biomarkers as screening indexes, SMW could reverse the pathological process of hyperuricemia through partially regulating the perturbed metabolic pathway except for glycerophospholipid metabolism. Our results showed that a metabolomic approach offers a useful tool to identify hyperuricemia‐related biomarkers and provides a new methodological cue for systematically dissecting the underlying efficacies and mechanisms of TCM in treating hyperuricemia.
An LC–MS/MS method for rapid and sensitive high‐throughput simultaneous determination of various protein kinase inhibitors in human plasma
Authors: Abdelhameed Ali S. , Attwa Mohamed W. , Kadi Adnan A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA reliable, high‐throughput and sensitive LC–MS/MS procedure was developed and validated for the determination of five tyrosine kinase inhibitors in human plasma. Following their extraction from human plasma, samples were eluted on a RP Luna®‐PFP 100 Å column using a mobile phase system composed of acetonitrile and 0.01 m ammonium formate in water (pH ~4.1) with a ratio of (50:50, v/v) flowing at 0.3 mL min−1. The mass spectrometer was operating with electrospray ionization in the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The proposed methodology resulted in linear calibration plots with correlation coefficients values of r2 = 0.9995–0.9999 from concentration ranges of 2.5–100 ng mL−1 for imatinib, 5.0–100 ng mL−1 for sorafenib, tofacitinib and afatinib, and 1.0–100 ng mL−1 for cabozantinib. The procedure was validated in terms of its specificity, limit of detection (0.32–1.71 ng mL−1), lower limit of quantification (0.97–5.07 ng mL−1), intra‐ and inter assay accuracy (−3.83 to +2.40%) and precision (<3.37%), matrix effect and recovery and stability. Our results demonstrated that the proposed method is highly reliable for routine quantification of the investigated tyrosine kinase inhibitors in human plasma and can be efficiently applied in the rapid and sensitive analysis of their clinical samples.
Metabolic profiles of the Flos Abelmoschus manihot extract by intestinal bacteria from the normal and CKD model rats based on UPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS
Authors: Du Le‐yue , Tao Jin‐hua , Jiang Shu , Qian Da‐wei , Guo Jian‐ming , Duan Jin‐ao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFlos Abelmoschus manihot is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in clinical practice to tackle chronic kidney disease (CKD) for thousands of years. Nowadays, many studies indicate that gut bacteria are closely related to the progression of CKD and CKD‐related complications. In this study, a UPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS method coupled with the MetaboLynx™ software was established and successfully applied to investigate the metabolites and metabolic profile of Flos A. manihot extract by intestinal bacteria from normal and CKD rats. Eight parent components and eight metabolites were characterized by their protonated ions. Among these compounds, 15 were detected in the two group samples while M16 was only determined in the CKD model samples. Compared with the quercetin‐type glycosides, fewer myricetin‐type and gossypetin‐type metabolites were obtained in the two group samples. These metabolites suggested that deglycosylation and methylation are the major metabolic pathways of Flos A. manihot extract. Few differences of metabolite classes were observed in the two group samples. However, the concentrations of aglycones such as quercetin, myricetin and gossypetin in the normal samples were notably higher than those in the CKD model samples. The results are important in unravelling the pharmacological effects of A. manihot and clarifying its mechanism of action in vivo.
A Comparative Study on Essential Oil Intraspecific and Seasonal Variations: Melissa romana Mill. and Melissa officinalis L. from Sardinia
Authors: Usai Marianna , Atzei Aldo Domenico , Marchetti Mauro 
Published: July 2016

Two species of Melissa are currently present in Sardinia: Melissa officinalis L. and Melissa romana Mill. Our research can only count on a few supported evidences (as reported in Flora Italiana and Moris) and some notes on new stations in Sardinia that give us some information about morphology, distribution, bioecological, and ethnobotanical characteristics of both species. In this paper, we present the results of the research about morphological aspects of M. romana vs. M. officinalis, and their essential oils in different stations at different phenological periods. Moreover, we compared the essential oil of M. romana with the one obtained from M. officinalis growing in the few naturalized stations still present in Sardinia. The most evident morphological differences between the two entities are the long‐stalked capitate glandular trichomes, shorts and inclined capitate trichomes, and peltate hairs. The chemical composition of essential oil presents several significant differences between the species. In fact, oils show that in none of the phenological stages, M. romana recalls in its composition M. officinalis. Major distinctions are also evident between dry and fresh plants, and among essential oils distilled in different seasons.
Antimicrobial Activity of Scabiosa arenaria Forssk. Extracts and Pure Compounds Using Bioguided Fractionation
Authors: Besbes Hlila Malek , Mosbah Habib , Majouli Kaouther , Ben Nejma Aymen , Ben Jannet Hichem , Mastouri Maha , Aouni Mahjoub , Selmi Boulbaba 
Published: July 2016

The emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens threatened the clinical efficacy of many existing antibiotics. This situation has been recognized globally as a serious concern and justifies further research to discover antimicrobial agents from natural origins including plant extracts. The aim of our work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Scabiosa arenaria Forssk. extracts and pure compounds using a bioguided fractionation, and try to explain some traditional use of this genus. The best antimicrobial activity‐guided fractionation was obtained by BuOH fractions of flowers, fruits and (stems and leaves) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 0.0195 to 5 mg/ml. Escherichia coli was the most affected bug, thus the MIC of fruits BuOH extract showed the best anti‐Escherichia coli activity (MIC = 0.0195 mg/ml), followed by the (stems and leaves) and flowers BuOH extracts; MIC = 0.078 and 0.15 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the subfractions obtained from these three mixed fractions showed also an important antimicrobial activity against the three microorganisms, with MIC values between 0.0195 and 0.312 mg/ml. The fractionation of the aerial part BuOH fraction led to the isolation of oleanolic acid (1) and luteolin 7‐O‐glucopyranoside (2) which are reported here for the first time from S. arenaria. Both compounds showed good antimicrobial activities with MIC values ranging from 170 to 683 μm and 86 to 347 μm, respectively. These results support the use of the Scabiosa genus to inhibit the growth of tested pathogenic bacteria and yeasts which may reduce illnesses associated with their exposure.
Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Daphne holosericea (Diels) Hamaya
Authors: Ma Qing‐Yun , Chen Yi‐Chun , Huang Sheng‐Zhuo , Kong Fan‐Dong , Zhou Li‐Man , Dai Hao‐Fu , Hua Yan , Zhao You‐Xing 
Published: July 2016

Two new compounds, one flavanol dimer dapholosericol A (1) and one tigliane diterpene dapholosericin A (2), together with ten known ones, were isolated from the AcOEt extract of Daphne holosericea (Diels) Hamaya. Their structures were elucidated by their spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate activities against acetylcholinesterase with inhibition ratio of 36% and 29% at a concentration of 100 μmol/l, respectively.
The Phenolics of the Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (Hyacinthaceae): Phytochemical and Ecological Characterization
Authors: Rat Milica M. , Gavaric Neda S. , Kladar Nebojsa V. , Andric Andrijana M. , Anackov Goran T. , Bozin Biljana N. 
Published: July 2016

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. is a widely distributed species in Europe, that exhibits considerable variability at ecological, morphological, anatomical, and karyological level. Previous reports of the chemical investigations among Ornithogalum species indicate significant diversity of the secondary metabolites, as well. Knowing that environment affects the phenolic composition in plants to a large extent, the main objective of the research was to define relationship between phytochemical and ecological characters. To estimate an environmental influence on these results, plant material was collected at four habitats that differ in ecological factors and belong to two biogeographical regions: the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plane. Measured phytochemical characters are yield of dry extract, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the presence of selected phenolic compounds as well as free‐radical scavenging activity (neutralization of DPPH and OH radicals). Results revealed that all analyzed phytochemical parameters differ between investigated O. umbellatum samples. The moisture level of habitat has the highest correlation, either positive or negative, with most of phytochemical characters, and is followed by temperature and soil reaction. Light intensity and nitrogen level have mostly moderate correlation coefficient with phytochemical characters. More complex correlation is revealed between ecological factors and nine phenolic compounds, with three observed patterns of relationship.
Aroma Profile of Rubus ulmifolius Flowers and Fruits During Different Ontogenetic Phases
Authors: Bandeira Reidel Rose Vanessa , Melai Bernardo , Cioni Pierluigi , Flamini Guido , Pistelli Luisa 
Published: July 2016

The chemical composition of spontaneous volatile emission from Rubus ulmifolius flowers and fruits during different stages of development was evaluated by HS‐SPME‐GC/MS. In total, 155 chemical compounds were identified accounting 84.6 – 99.4% of whole aroma profile of flowers samples and 92.4 – 96.6% for fruit samples. The main constituents were α‐copaene, β‐caryophyllene, germacrene D, (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, 1,7‐octadien‐3‐one,2‐methyl‐6‐methylene, tridecane, (E)‐2‐hexenol acetate, (E)‐3‐hexenol acetate and cyperene. The results give a chemotaxonomic contribution to the characterization of the VOCs emitted from flowers and fruits during their ontogenic development.
Luteolin and apigenin activate the Oct‐4/Sox2 signal via NFATc1 in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Liu Lu , Peng Zhengjun , Huang Haoquan , Xu Zhezhen , Wei Xi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIdentifying small molecules to activate the Oct‐4/Sox2‐derived pluripotency network represents a hopeful and safe method to pluripotency without genetic manipulation. Luteolin and apigenin, two major bioactive flavonoids, enhance reprogramming efficiency and increase expression of Oct‐4/Sox2/c‐Myc, albeit the detailed mechanism regulating pluripotency in dental‐derived cells remains unknown. In the present study, to elucidate the effect of luteolin/apigenin on pluripotency of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) through interaction with downstream signals, we examined cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, expression of Oct‐4/Sox2/c‐Myc, and multilineage differentiation of PDLCs with luteolin/apigenin treatment. Moreover, we profiled the differentially expressed pluripotency genes by PCR arrays. Our results demonstrated that luteolin/apigenin restrained cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and arrested PDLCs in G2/M and S phase. Luteolin and apigenin activated expression of Oct‐4, Sox2, and c‐Myc in a time‐ and dose‐dependent pattern, and repressed lineage‐specific differentiation. PCR arrays profiled multiple signals in PDLCs with luteolin/apigenin treatment, among which NFATc1 was the major upregulated gene. Notably, blocking of the NFATc1 signal with INCA‐6 significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of Oct‐4, Sox2, and c‐Myc in PDLCs with luteolin/apigenin treatment, indicating that NFATc1 may act as an upstream modulator of Oct‐4/Sox2 signal. Taken together, this study showed that luteolin and apigenin effectively maintain pluripotency of PDLCs through activation of Oct‐4/Sox2 signal via NFATc1.
Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction at p‐Type Copper(I) Iodide
Authors: Baran Tomasz , Wojtyła Szymon , Dibenedetto Angela , Aresta Michele , Macyk Wojciech 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA p‐type semiconductor, CuI, has been synthesized, characterized, and tested as a photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under UV/Vis irradiation in presence of isopropanol as a hole scavenger. Formation of CO, CH4, and/or HCOOH was observed. The photocatalytic activity of CuI was attributed to the very low potential of the conduction band edge (i.e., −2.28 V vs. NHE). Photocurrents generated by the studied material confirm a high efficiency of the photoinduced interfacial electrontransfer processes. Our studies show that p‐type semiconductors may be effective photocatalysts for CO2 reduction, even better than extensively studied n‐type titanium dioxide, owing to the low potential of the conduction band edge.
Reversible CO2 Capture by Conjugated Ionic Liquids through Dynamic Covalent Carbon–Oxygen Bonds
Authors: Pan Mingguang , Cao Ningning , Lin Wenjun , Luo Xiaoyan , Chen Kaihong , Che Siying , Li Haoran , Wang Congmin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe strong chemisorption of CO2 is always accompanied by a high absorption enthalpy, and traditional methods to reduce the absorption enthalpy lead to decreased CO2 capacities. Through the introduction of a large π‐conjugated structure into the anion, a dual‐tuning approach for the improvement of CO2 capture by anion‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) resulted in a high capacity of up to 0.96 mol

and excellent reversibility. The increased capacity and improved desorption were supported by quantum chemical calculations, spectroscopic investigations, and thermogravimetric analysis. The increased capacity may be a result of the strengthened dynamic covalent bonds in these π‐electron‐conjugated structures through anion aggregation upon the uptake of CO2, and the improved desorption originates from the charge dispersion of interaction sites through the large π‐electron delocalization. These results provide important insights into effective strategies for CO2 capture.
Nociceptive Alteration by High Sucrose Diet in Hypoestrogenic Wistar Rats
Authors: Jaramillo‐Morales Osmar Antonio , Espinosa‐Juárez Josué Vidal , Corona‐Ramos Janette Nallely , López‐Muñoz Francisco Javier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPreclinical ResearchObesity is a risk factor associated with alterations in pain perception. The aim of this study was to analyse a time‐course of nociceptive responses (plantar test) in hypoestrogenic rats after the induction of obesity. Animals (hypoestrogenic and naïve) received either a hypercaloric or regular diet for 24 weeks. Thermal nociception and body weight were measured during this period. At the 4th and 17th weeks after treatment, oral glucose tolerance, blood insulin levels, abdominal fat weight, and uric acid levels were measured. The hypoestrogenic rats on a high sucrose diet had higher body weight and abdominal fat weight than control rats. A biphasic response was observed in the ovariectomized group fed with sucrose with thermal latency being decreased in the fourth week. During weeks 12–18, thermal latency increased compared to that of the hypoestrogenic control. There were no differences in basal blood glucose levels at the 4th and 17th weeks; however, oral glucose tolerance, insulin, and uric acid levels were altered. This indicated that increased body weight and fat as well as alteration sin glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperuricemia, may be associated with the biphasic nociceptive response. Drug Dev Res 77 : 258–266, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
25C‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe metabolite studies in human hepatocytes, in vivo mouse and human urine with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Wohlfarth Ariane , Roman Markus , Andersson Mikael , Kugelberg Fredrik C. , Diao Xingxing , Carlier Jeremy , Eriksson Caroline , Wu Xiongyu , Konradsson Peter , Josefsson Martin , Huestis Marilyn A. , Kronstrand Robert 
Published: July 2016

25C‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe are potent hallucinogenic drugs that recently emerged as new psychoactive substances. To date, a few metabolism studies were conducted for 25I‐NBOMe, whereas 25C‐NBOMe metabolism data are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic profile of these compounds in human hepatocytes, an in vivo mouse model and authentic human urine samples from forensic cases.Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were incubated for 3 h with 10 μM 25C‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe; samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS) on an Accucore C18 column with a Thermo QExactive; data analysis was performed with Compound Discoverer software (Thermo Scientific). Mice were administered 1.0 mg drug/kg body weight intraperitoneally, urine was collected for 24 h and analyzed (with or without hydrolysis) by LC‐HRMS on an Acquity HSS T3 column with an Agilent 6550 QTOF; data were analyzed manually and with WebMetabase software (Molecular Discovery). Human urine samples were analyzed similarly.In vitro and in vivo results matched well. 25C‐NBOMe and 25I‐NBOMe were predominantly metabolized by O‐demethylation, followed by O‐di‐demethylation and hydroxylation. All methoxy groups could be demethylated; hydroxylation preferably occurred at the NBOMe ring. Phase I metabolites were extensively conjugated in human urine with glucuronic acid and sulfate. Based on these data and a comparison with synthesized reference standards for potential metabolites, specific and abundant 25C‐NBOMe urine targets are 5’‐desmethyl 25C‐NBOMe, 25C‐NBOMe and 5‐hydroxy 25C‐NBOMe, and for 25I‐NBOMe 2’ and 5’‐desmethyl 25I‐NBOMe and hydroxy 25I‐NBOMe. These data will help clinical and forensic laboratories to develop analytical methods and to interpret results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.