bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of coal pyrolysis with Tar and Gas products prediction
Authors: Sasongko Dwiwahju , Arifpin Nugraha Yohannes , Rasrendra Carolus Borromeus , Indarto Antonius 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCoal pyrolysis products can vary both in species and composition that are influenced by internal coal properties and process parameters, including temperature and heating rate during the pyrolysis process. In order to accurately predict the composition of the pyrolysis products, a mathematical model with correct formulation of heat transfer inside the coal particle is necessary to be developed. In this report, the inclusion of heat transfer term to the recent development of fragmentation and diffusion (FD) model is discussed and used to determine the coal pyrolysis products in various operating conditions. Derived from the model result, it concludes that the increment of reaction temperature led to higher rate of secondary reactions and suppress the production of tar. Taking the lignite‐type coal pyrolysis of Zap North Dakota (average particle radius of 30 µm) as the sample, at temperature of 600 °C, 96.4% of primary tar was produced by the primary reaction and diffused outward, while at temperature of 950 °C, 49.9% of primary tar undergo secondary reactions. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring deep Mediterranean rhodolith beds
Authors: Basso Daniela , Babbini Lorenza , Kaleb Sara , Bracchi Valentina A. , Falace Annalisa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

The protocols available for sampling and monitoring shallow subtidal rhodolith beds (RBs) are inadequate for the deep Mediterranean analogues, and need calibration in order to attain comparable results.
After reviewing the present knowledge of the specificities of Mediterranean RBs, and in the framework of the ongoing international effort for their conservation, a two‐step approach is suggested for their definition, identification, delimitation, description, and monitoring.
Regional mapping should be improved, and RBs should be identified and delimited as those areas of the sea floor with >10% cover of live rhodoliths over a minimum surface of 500 m2, on 1:10000 scale. More detailed scales (at least 1:1000) should be used for monitoring selected RBs, in order to detect significant changes through time.
Beside location and areal extent, the description of RBs should include the occurrence of macroscopic sedimentary structures of the sea floor, thickness of live cover, mean percentage cover of live thalli and surface live/dead ratio, cover of dominant morphologies of rhodoliths (simplified on a ternary diagram), and volumetrically important calcareous algal species.
For the purpose of assessment of the ecological status and the evaluation of human‐induced impacts, quantitative data about community composition are required. The comparative assessment of ecological status and the identification of RBs of high conservation value for special protection should consider the natural geographic and seasonal/annual variability of RBs.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reporting by‐catch and mortalities in targeted biological field surveys on fishes
Authors: Ellender Bruce R. , Wasserman Ryan J. , Ndaleni Phumza M. , Mofu Lubabalo , Wu Yu , Weyl Olaf L. F. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

There is a paucity of information on the mortality of fishes and the capture and mortality of non‐target by‐catch organisms during scientific fish research surveys.
To investigate the extent of by‐catch and reporting by biologists during fish surveys, a questionnaire survey of active field biologists in southern Africa was undertaken together with two case studies of field surveys from nine river systems in southern Africa.
The majority of researchers questioned record non‐target organisms only occasionally (40%), and very few collect additional biological information (15%) with some not recording any information at all (20%). The vast majority of researchers do not, however, present or publish by‐catch or mortality data despite this information having been collected. The case studies using fish field surveys show that while by‐catch is often low, non‐fish vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles and mammals) and invertebrates such as large crustaceans are often present. Fish surveys also resulted in unwanted mortality of both target and by‐catch organisms.
It is proposed that reporting by‐catch during field surveys of fishes can provide important information on distribution, abundance and population structures of certain non‐target fauna and that in addition to by‐catch considerations, indirect mortality associated with gear use should also be reported and recorded. Such information will aid in the assessment of risk of deploying certain gear types in certain environments.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of mole external genitalia: Setting the record straight
Authors: Sinclair Adriane Watkins , Glickman Stephen E. , Baskin Laurence , Cunha Gerald R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAnatomy of male and female external genitalia of adult mice (Mus musculus) and broad‐footed moles (Scapanus latimanus) was re‐examined to provide more meaningful anatomical terminology. In the past the perineal appendage of male broad‐footed moles has been called the penis, while the female perineal appendage has been given several terms (e.g. clitoris, penile clitoris, peniform clitoris and others). Histological examination demonstrates that perineal appendages of male and female broad‐footed moles are the prepuce, which in both sexes are covered externally with a hair‐bearing epidermis and lacks erectile bodies. The inner preputial epithelium is non‐hair‐bearing and defines the preputial space in both sexes. The penis of broad‐footed moles lies deep within the preputial space, is an “internal organ” in the resting state and contains the penile urethra, os penis, and erectile bodies. The clitoris of broad‐footed moles is defined by a U‐shaped clitoral epithelial lamina. Residing within clitoral stroma encompassed by the clitoral epithelial lamina is the corpus cavernosum, blood‐filled spaces and the urethra. External genitalia of male and female mice are anatomically similar to that of broad‐footed moles with the exception that in female mice the clitoris contains a small os clitoridis and lacks defined erectile bodies, while male mice have an os penis and a prominent distal cartilaginous structure within the male urogenital mating protuberance (MUMP). Clitori of female broad‐footed moles lack an os clitoridis but contain defined erectile bodies, while male moles have an os penis similar to the mouse but lack the distal cartilaginous structure. Anat Rec, 299:385–399, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
O6‐Alkylguanine DNA Alkyltransferase Repair Activity Towards Intrastrand Cross‐Linked DNA is Influenced by the Internucleotide Linkage
Authors: O'Flaherty Derek K. , Wilds Christopher J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOligonucleotides containing an alkylene intrastrand cross‐link (IaCL) between the O6‐atoms of two consecutive 2′‐deoxyguanosines (dG) were prepared by solid‐phase synthesis. UV thermal denaturation studies of duplexes containing butylene and heptylene IaCL revealed a 20 °C reduction in stability compared to the unmodified duplexes. Circular dichroism profiles of these IaCL DNA duplexes exhibited signatures consistent with B‐form DNA. Human O6‐alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT) was capable of repairing both IaCL containing duplexes with slightly greater efficiency towards the heptylene analog. Interestingly, repair efficiencies of hAGT towards these IaCL were lower compared to O6‐alkylene linked IaCL lacking the 5′‐3′‐phosphodiester linkage between the connected 2′‐deoxyguanosine residues. These results demonstrate that the proficiency of hAGT activity towards IaCL at the O6‐atom of dG is influenced by the backbone phosphodiester linkage between the cross‐linked residues.
Exploring the Effect of Co3O4 Nanocatalysts with Different Dimensional Architectures on Methane Combustion
Authors: Sun Yongnan , Liu Jingwei , Song Jianjun , Huang Shuangshuang , Yang Nating , Zhang Jun , Sun Yuhan , Zhu Yan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe fabricated Co3O4 catalysts with different spatial structures, such as zero‐dimensional (nanoparticles), one‐dimensional (nanorods), two‐dimensional (nanoplates), and three‐dimensional (mesoporous and microporous) structures, for methane combustion. The Co3O4 catalysts with different dimensional architectures demonstrated different activities for the breaking of the C−H bond of methane. In particular, Co3O4 with 2 D structure gave rise to the highest activity among all the samples, in which methane could be initially ignited below 200 °C and completely converted to CO2 at 375 °C. This activity is attributed to the collective contribution from all the exposed high‐index planes of 2 D Co3O4 and to more surface‐active species being formed on 2 D Co3O4.
Probing the Limits of Selectivity in a Recognition‐Mediated Reaction Network Embedded within a Dynamic Covalent Library
Authors: Kosikova Tamara , Mackenzie Harry , Philp Douglas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTwo recognition‐mediated reaction processes operating through reactive binary complexes drive resolution of a 24‐component dynamic covalent library, assembled from individual aldehydes and nucleophiles. The effectiveness of the library resolution and selective amplification of one recognition‐enabled species over another is limited by the difference in the rates of the recognition‐mediated reactive processes and the strength of the recognition processes employed in the dynamic system.
Different Spin‐State Behaviors in Isostructural Solvates of a Molecular Iron(II) Complex
Authors: Cook Laurence J. Kershaw , Kulmaczewski Rafal , Cespedes Oscar , Halcrow Malcolm A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe complex [FeL2][BF4]2 (1; L=4‐(isopropylsulfanyl)‐2,6‐di(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine) forms solvate crystals 1⋅solv (solv=MeNO2, MeCN, EtCN, or Me2CO). Most of these materials lose their solvent sluggishly on heating. However, heating 1⋅MeNO2 at 450 K, or storing 1⋅EtCN under ambient conditions, leads to single‐crystal to single‐crystal exchange of the organic solvent for atmospheric moisture, forming 1⋅H2O. Solvent‐free 1 (1⋅sf) can be generated in situ by annealing 1⋅H2O at 370 K in the diffractometer or magnetometer. The different forms of 1 are isostructural (P21/c, Z=4) and most of them exhibit spin‐crossover (SCO) at 141≤T
≤212 K, depending on their solvent content. The exception is the EtCN solvate, whose pristine crystals remain high‐spin between 3–300 K. The cooperativity of the spin‐transitions depends on the solvent, ranging from gradual and incomplete when solv=acetone to abrupt with 17 K hysteresis when solv=MeCN. Our previously proposed relationship between molecular structure and SCO explains some of these observations, but there is no single structural feature that correlates with SCO in all the 1⋅solv materials. However, changes to the unit cell dimensions during SCO differ significantly between the solvates, and correlate with the SCO cooperativity. In particular, the percentage change in unit cell volume during SCO for the most cooperative material, 1⋅MeCN, is 10 times smaller than for the other 1⋅solv crystals.
Recent Advances in the One‐Step Synthesis of Distally Fluorinated Ketones
Authors: Zeng Yuwen , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFluorinated ketones are intriguing compounds in synthetic chemistry and life science‐related fields. The development of efficient methodologies to obtain these compounds is of significant importance and has therefore attracted considerable attention. This Minireview highlights recent progress made in the synthesis of fluorine‐containing ketones, with an emphasis on those methods in which the construction of carbonyl groups is synergetic with distal (β‐, γ‐, δ‐, etc.) incorporation of fluorine atoms or fluorinated groups.
Design of Advanced MnO/N‐Gr 3D Walls through Polymer Cross‐Linking for High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Tran Ngoc Quang , Kang Bong Kyun , Tiruneh Sintayehu Nibret , Yoon Dae Ho 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThree‐dimensional, vertically aligned MnO/nitrogen‐doped graphene (3D MnO/N‐Gr) walls were prepared through facile solution‐phase synthesis followed by thermal treatment. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was strategically added to generate cross‐links to simultaneously form 3D wall structures and to incorporate nitrogen atoms into the graphene network. The unique wall features of the as‐prepared 3D MnO/N‐Gr hybirdes provide a large surface area (91.516 m2 g−1) and allow for rapid diffusion of the ion electrolyte, resulting in a high specific capacitance of 378 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1 and an excellent charge/discharge stability (93.7 % capacity retention after 8000 cycles) in aqueous 1 m Na2SO4 solution as electrolyte. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitors that were rationally designed by using 3D MnO/N‐Gr hybrids exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance in an organic electrolyte with an energy density of 90.6 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 437.5 W kg−1.
Stereodivergent Carbamate Synthesis by Selective in Situ Trapping of Organic Carbonate Intermediates
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Laserna Victor , Martin Eddy , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Kleij Arjan W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTrans carbamates have been prepared in a diastereoselective approach by a judicious one‐pot combination of organic carbonates, prepared in situ, and suitable amine reagents under appropriate reaction conditions. This unprecedented approach allows for stereodivergence from a single oxirane substrate with easy access to both cis and trans carbamate isomers with high stereoselectivity (>19:1 d.r.). Key to the control of the diastereoselective nature of the conversions that lead to the trans carbamates is the in situ formation of trans‐configured oligo/polycarbonates through Al catalysis, which provides the targeted products after aminolysis. The present results demonstrate the valorization of a renewable carbon‐based reagent (CO2) into new valuable scaffolds and an unusual stereocontrol exerted through carbonate intermediates. A series of control experiments support the proposed mechanistic rationale towards the trans carbamate products, which is based on the trapping of an in situ formed trans‐configured oligo/polycarbonate.
Indole Synthesis through Sequential Electrophilic N−H and C−H Bond Activation Using Iodine(III) Reactivity
Authors: Fra Laura , Muñiz Kilian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn intramolecular approach towards the regioselective construction of 2,3‐diarylated indoles is reported. The reaction follows an intramolecular electrophilic N−H and C−H bond functionalization between the aniline and acetylene. This methodology employs the concept of a traceless tether to provide access to the free 2,3‐diarylated indole products comprising a total of 18 examples. Hypervalent iodine reagents were identified as suitable promoters and four different protocols are provided, including stoichiometric and catalytic transformations.
Methane Dehydro‐Aromatization: Potential of a Mo/MCM‐22 Catalyst and Hydrogene‐Selective Membranes
Authors: Gao Kaidi , Yang Jianhua , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas , Hamel Christof 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe exploitation of methane to produce aromates is already seen for a long time as very attractive. Although investigated intensively, methane dehydro‐aromatization (MDA) is far from being applied industrially. MDA under non‐oxidative conditions is severely limited by thermodynamics and rapid catalyst deactivation. Mo/MCM‐22 was reported as a promising catalyst. Thus, kinetic experiments were performed to parametrize rate expressions and to identify trends regarding the selectivity‐conversion behavior including catalyst deactivation. Finally, mass transfer was described mathematically to evaluate the potential of hydrogen‐selective membranes within a membrane reactor of the extractor type. Such a removal would be beneficial to overcome the thermodynamic limitations.
Sweating: A Specific Predictor of ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Among the Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Sweating In Myocardial Infarction (SWIMI) Study Group
Authors: Gokhroo Rajendra K. , Ranwa Bhanwar L. , Kishor Kamal , Priti Kumari , Ananthraj Avinash , Gupta Sajal , Bisht Devendra 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundToday, cardiologists seek to minimize time from symptom onset to interventional treatment for the most favorable results.HypothesisIn the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptom complex, sweating can differentiate ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from non–ST‐segment elevation ACS (NSTE‐ACS) during early hours of infarction.MethodsThis single‐center, prospective, observational study compared symptoms of STEMI and NSTE‐ACS patients admitted from August 2012 to July 2014.ResultsOf 12 913 patients, 90.56% met ACS criteria. Among these, 22.51% had STEMI. Typical angina was the most common symptom (83.82%). On stepwise multiple regression, sweating (odds ratio: 97.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.16‐114.14, P < 0.0001) and typical angina (odds ratio: 2.72, 95% CI: 2.18‐3.38, P < 0.001) had significant association with STEMI. For diagnosis of STEMI, positive likelihood ratio (LR) and positive predictive value (PPV) were highest for typical angina with sweating (LR: 11.17, 95% CI: 10.31‐12.1; PPV: 76.09, 95% CI: 74.37‐77.75), followed by sweating with atypical angina (LR: 3.6, 95% CI: 3.07‐4.21; PPV: 50.61, 95% CI: 46.45‐54.76), typical angina (LR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.07; PPV: 22.97, 95% CI: 22.11‐23.84), and atypical angina (LR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69‐0.87; PPV: 18.09, 95% CI: 16.32‐19.97). C statistic values of 0.859 for typical angina with sweating and 0.519 for typical angina alone reflected high discriminatory value of sweating for STEMI prediction.ConclusionsPresence of sweating with ACS symptoms predicts probability of STEMI, even before clinical confirmation. Sweating in association with typical or atypical angina is a much better predictor of STEMI than NSTE‐ACS.
Role of race in oncogenic driver prevalence and outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma: Results from the Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium
Authors: Steuer Conor E. , Behera Madhusmita , Berry Lynne , Kim Sungjin , Rossi Michael , Sica Gabriel , Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Johnson Bruce E. , Kris Mark G. , Bunn Paul A. , Khuri Fadlo R. , Garon Edward B. , Ramalingam Suresh S. 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDThe discovery of oncogenic drivers has ushered in a new era for lung cancer, but the role of these mutations in different racial/ethnic minorities has been understudied. The Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium 1 (LCMC1) database was investigated to evaluate the frequency and impact of oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinomas in the racial/ethnic minority patient population.METHODSPatients with metastatic lung adenocarcinomas from 14 US sites were enrolled in the LCMC1. Tumor samples were collected from 2009 through 2012 with multiplex genotyping performed on 10 oncogenic drivers (KRAS, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements,ERBB2[formerly human epidermal growth factor receptor 2],BRAF,PIK3CA,METamplification,NRAS,MEK1, andAKT1). Patients were classified as white, Asian, African American (AA), or Latino. The driver mutation frequency, the treatments, and the survival from diagnosis were determined.RESULTSOne thousand seven patients were included. Whites represented the majority (n = 838); there were 60 AAs, 48 Asians, and 28 Latinos. Asian patients had the highest rate of oncogenic drivers with 81% (n = 39), and they were followed by Latinos with 68% (n = 19), whites with 61% (n = 511), and AAs with 53% (n = 32). For AAs, theEGFRmutation frequency was 22%, theKRASfrequency was 17%, and theALKfrequency was 4%. Asian patients were most likely to receive targeted therapies (51% vs 27% for AAs). There were no significant differences in overall survival.CONCLUSIONSDifferences were observed in the prevalence of oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinomas and in subsequent treatments among racial groups. The lowest frequency of drivers was seen for AA patients; however, more than half of AA patients had a driver, and those treated with targeted therapy had outcomes similar to those of other races.Cancer2016;122:766–772.©2015 American Cancer Society.
‘Do You Practice What You Preach?’ A Qualitative Exploration of Therapists' Personal Practice of Compassion Focused Therapy
Authors: Gale Corinne , Schröder Thomas , Gilbert Paul 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundTherapists' personal practice of therapy techniques can impact on a range of areas, including: empathy for the client, therapeutic understanding, therapist skills and self‐awareness. Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) draws extensively on personal practice during training, and on‐going personal practice is encouraged. However, the impact of this has not been examined.ObjectivesTo explore therapists' experiences of personal practice in relation to CFT, and the impact this has upon them and their therapeutic work.DesignA qualitative approach was adopted, using inductive thematic analysis.MethodsTen therapists, who had trained in CFT, took part in a semi‐structured interview to explore their experiences of personal practice.ResultsFive main themes were identified. These highlighted that: (1) experiences of personal practice often felt strange to start with but were surprisingly powerful; (2) with practice, the exercises became more automatic and could be adopted as a ‘way of life’; (3) personal practice was felt to increase both self‐compassion and compassion for others; (4) personal practice often helped participants to feel more present for their clients; and (5) participants were more aware of what they were bringing to therapy.ConclusionsThis exploratory study demonstrated that personal practice is an important part of CFT training and can have a positive impact upon therapists both personally and professionally. It is concluded that the results justify further research in order to establish the applicability of these findings with a larger sample. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

Personal practice facilitates experiential learning and is an important element of CFT training, which impacts on both personal and professional development.
CFT trainers need to ensure that sufficient time is provided for both personal practice and reflection.
CFT trainees should be aware that initial reactions to personal practice can be powerful and sometimes unsettling. As for therapy itself, working through fears, blocks and resistances is important.
Personal practice is a valuable self‐care strategy, and therapists are encouraged to engage in personal practice after training.