bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Méthodes, bilan provisoire et perspectives de recherches en cours sur les villes piémontaises (XIVe-XVe siècles)
Authors: Comba Rinaldo 
Published: February 2016

The sources available for the démographie study of medieval Piemont have remained little known and when such sources were employed they remained badly exploited. The renewed study concerned firstly the rural areas but now urban studies are beginning to develop. Such studies are based mainly on the lists obtained from the public registers and from time to time on the accounts of the local land-owners.
For this era, the analyses concern three small towns : Turin, Coni and Savillan. The importance of their demographic renewal due more to mortality than to emigration is shown. On the other hand, a great immigration was important.
Great importance is given over to the social aspects. This is due to demographic renewal being concerned more and more with marginals and with the floating population ; and because a thorough interprétation necessitates an allover view of the demographic, economic and social evolution of Piemont at the end of the Middle Ages.
Habitat specificity enhances genetic differentiation in two species of aquatic Podostemaceae in Japan
Authors: Katayama Natsu , Kato Masahiro , Imaichi Ryoko 
Published: February 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Species with habitat specificity show restricted distribution, and the limited dispersal provides opportunity for long‐term isolation. Aquatic Podostemaceae grow on rocks in river rapids, which are extreme habitats for angiosperms. To infer the diversification process of the podostemad species in such specific habitats, we investigated environmental factors shaping their distribution and the relationship between their distribution and genetic structure.METHODS:We used Hydrobryum japonicum and Cladopus doianus, which have contrasting distributions (i.e., narrower and wider, respectively) in southern Kyushu, Japan. Environmental factors contributing to their distribution were estimated by ecological niche modeling. Using polymorphisms in chloroplast DNA, we performed population genetic analyses of 13 H. japonicum populations occurring in nearby river basins and eight C. doianus populations in distant rivers.KEY RESULTS:Estimation of distribution probability showed great contributions of geology and temperature to the distribution of these populations, suggesting that the species grow on volcanic rocks in relatively warm areas. Genetic analyses revealed higher interpopulational genetic diversity than intrapopulational diversity and strong differentiation between rivers in both species. No correlation between genetic and geographic distances was detected among the C. doianus populations, in contrast to the significant correlation observed in the H. japonicum populations.CONCLUSIONS:The high‐level genetic differentiations among populations of the two species may result from their limited dispersal. Their restricted habitats, which are primarily characterized by volcanic rocks in rapids and lower temperatures in winter, may enhance isolation among populations in distant rivers.
INTERRUPTED BINARY MASS TRANSFER IN STAR CLUSTERS
Authors: Leigh Nathan W. C. , Geller Aaron M. , Toonen Silvia 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Binary mass transfer (MT) is at the forefront of some of the most exciting puzzles of modern astrophysics, including SNe Ia, gamma-ray bursts, and the formation of most observed exotic stellar populations. Typically, the evolution is assumed to proceed in isolation, even in dense stellar environments such as star clusters. In this paper, we test the validity of this assumption via the analysis of a large grid of binary evolution models simulated with the SeBa code. For every binary, we calculate analytically the mean time until another single or binary star comes within the mean separation of the mass-transferring binary, and compare this timescale to the mean time for stable MT to occur. We then derive the probability for each respective binary to experience a direct dynamical interruption. The resulting probability distribution can be integrated to give an estimate for the fraction of binaries undergoing MT that are expected to be disrupted as a function of the host cluster properties. We find that for lower-mass clusters (

), on the order of a few to a few tens of percent of binaries undergoing MT are expected to be interrupted by an interloping single, or more often binary, star, over the course of the cluster lifetime, whereas in more massive globular clusters we expect

to be interrupted. Furthermore, using numerical scattering experiments performed with the FEWBODY code, we show that the probability of interruption increases if perturbative fly-bys are considered as well, by a factor ∼2.
A Novel System for the Deployment and Retrieval of Trawl Gear from the Bow of a Small Research Vessel
Authors: Drews Kevin , W. Bouska Wesley , Doyle Wyatt 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Research vessel crews have increasingly applied trawling gear in a diversity of freshwater habitats, including river systems. Crews typically deploy and retrieve trawling gear by hand or with hydraulic winches. These methods are often labor intensive and require crews of three or more people to operate safely. Additionally, unless the research vessel has an inboard engine with power take-off capabilities, hydraulic winches will need to be powered by a generator, requiring additional maintenance and creating a loud work environment. We describe a new system for the deployment and retrieval of trawling gear that is suitable for smaller vessels where a hydraulic system may not be practical. This system utilizes electric line haulers mounted on davits at the bow of the boat. The line haulers are retrofitted with a novel mechanism for loading the trawl line into the line hauler pulley, allowing deployment and retrieval of many types of trawl gear by one deckhand and one boat operator. The electric trawl retrieval system is powered by a battery bank that charges from the boat motor, thereby reducing risk of hearing damage from generator noise. We have designed it to be interchangeable and portable amongst different research vessels, which increases sampling efficiency and reduces costs.
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS DAILY TASKS ON SEGMENTED TRUNK KINEMATICS
Authors: Breloff Scott P. , Chou Li-Shan 
Published: February 2016

Back pain can affect up to 65% of the American population and cost the health care system approximately fifty billion dollars each year. Due to the difficulty with recording spine/trunk movement, several methods and models exist. The myriad of methods and the need for understanding of spine/trunk motion has led to a lack in a ‘gold-standard’ of treatment for individuals with back pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different activities of daily living on the kinematics of individual trunk segments in young adults to determine how common ambulatory tasks will alter trunk motion compared to level walking. Young healthy adults completed, in a random order, four activities of daily living: level walking, obstacle crossing, stair ascent and descent using a previously validated model. Subjects were outfitted with a full body marker set which included a segmented trunk. Multi-segmented trunk angles between the three inferior segments, sacrum to lower lumbar [SLL], lower lumbar to upper lumbar [LLUL] and upper lumbar to lower thorax [ULLT], were calculated and compared between tasks. Peak flexion angles, instance of peak angle and range of motion were analyzed. The overall hypothesis that different spine levels will have altered kinematics during various activities of daily living was supported. Stair descent had smaller peak flexion angles than obstacle crossing and stair ascent. The instance of peak angle were different depending on trunk angle and daily task. The most inferior trunk angle — Sacrum-to-Lower Lumbar — had the largest range of motion during all four tasks in all three (sagittal, frontal and transverse) planes of motion. This study was able to show how various activities of daily living produce different motions in the three inferior segments of a multi-segmented trunk method. The results of this study are the first steps in understanding how the trunk responds on a daily basis and how those responses could lead to back pain.
High-resolution inventory of ammonia emissions from agricultural fertilizer in China from 1978 to 2008
Authors: Xu P. , Liao Y. J. , Lin Y. H. , Zhao C. X. , Yan C. H. , Cao M. N. , Wang G. S. , Luan S. J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is essential to the more accurate quantification of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, improved air quality and the assessment of ammonia-related agricultural policy and climate mitigation strategies. The quantity, geographic distribution and historical trends of these emissions remain largely uncertain. In this paper, a new Chinese agricultural fertilizer NH3 (CAF_NH3) emissions inventory has been compiled that exhibits the following improvements: (1) a 1  ×  1 km gridded map on the county level was developed for 2008; (2) a combined bottom-up and top-down method was used for the local correction of emission factors (EFs) and parameters; (3) the temporal patterns of historical time trends for 1978–2008 were estimated and the uncertainties were quantified for the inventories; and (4) a sensitivity test was performed in which a province-level disaggregated map was compared with CAF_NH3 emissions for 2008. The total CAF_NH3 emissions for 2008 were 8.4 TgNH3 yr−1 (a 6.6–9.8 Tg interquartile range). From 1978 to 2008, annual NH3 emissions fluctuated with three peaks (1987, 1996 and 2005), and total emissions increased from 3.2 to 8.4 Tg at an annual rate of 3.0 %. During the study period, the contribution of livestock manure spreading increased from 37.0 to 45.5 % because of changing fertilization practices and the rapid increase in egg, milk, and meat consumption. The average contribution of synthetic fertilizer, which has a positive effect on crop yields, was approximately 38.3 % (minimum: 33.4 %; maximum: 42.7 %). With rapid urbanization causing a decline in the rural population, the contribution of the rural excrement sector varied widely between 20.3 % and 8.5 %. The average contributions of cake fertilizer and straw returning were approximately 3.8 and 4.5 %, respectively, thus small and stable. Collectively, the CAF_NH3 emissions reflect the nation's agricultural policy to a certain extent. An effective approach to decreasing PM2.5 concentrations in China would be to simultaneously decrease NOx, SO2, and NH3 emissions.
Evaluation of VIIRS, GOCI, and MODIS Collection 6 AOD retrievals against ground sunphotometer observations over East Asia
Authors: Xiao Q. , Zhang H. , Choi M. , Li S. , Kondragunta S. , Kim J. , Holben B. , Levy R. C. , Liu Y. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Persistent high aerosol loadings together with extremely high population densities have raised serious air quality and public health concerns in many urban centers in East Asia. However, ground-based air quality monitoring is relatively limited in this area. Recently, satellite-retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at high resolution has become a powerful tool to characterize aerosol patterns in space and time. Using ground AOD observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks (DRAGON)-Asia Campaign, as well as from handheld sunphotometers, we evaluated emerging aerosol products from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP), the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) aboard the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite (COMS), and Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Collection 6) in East Asia in 2012 and 2013. In the case study in Beijing, when compared with AOD observations from handheld sunphotometers, 51 % of VIIRS Environmental Data Record (EDR) AOD, 37 % of GOCI AOD, 33 % of VIIRS Intermediate Product (IP) AOD, 26 % of Terra MODIS C6 3 km AOD, and 16 % of Aqua MODIS C6 3 km AOD fell within the reference expected error (EE) envelope (±0.05 ± 0.15 AOD). Comparing against AERONET AOD over the Japan–South Korea region, 64 % of EDR, 37 % of IP, 61 % of GOCI, 39 % of Terra MODIS, and 56 % of Aqua MODIS C6 3 km AOD fell within the EE. In general, satellite aerosol products performed better in tracking the day-to-day variability than tracking the spatial variability at high resolutions. The VIIRS EDR and GOCI products provided the most accurate AOD retrievals, while VIIRS IP and MODIS C6 3 km products had positive biases.
Ionospheric correction of GPS radio occultation data in the troposphere
Authors: Zeng Z. , Sokolovskiy S. , Schreiner W. , Hunt D. , Lin J. , Kuo Y.-H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. For inversions of the GPS radio occultation (RO) data in the neutral atmosphere, this study investigates an optimal transition height for replacing the standard ionospheric correction using the linear combination of the L1 and L2 bending angles with the correction of the L1 bending angle by the L1–L2 bending angle extrapolated from above. The optimal transition height depends on the RO mission (i.e., the receiver and firmware) and is different between rising and setting occultations and between L2P and L2C GPS signals. This height is within the range of approximately 10–20 km. One fixed transition height, which can be used for the processing of currently available GPS RO data, can be set to 20 km. Analysis of the L1CA and the L2C bending angles shows that in some occultations the errors of standard ionospheric correction substantially increase around the strong inversion layers (such as the top of the boundary layer). This error increase is modeled and explained by the horizontal inhomogeneity of the ionosphere.
More than a Mural: The Intersection of Public Art, Immigrant Youth, and Human Rights
Authors: Gutiérrez-Vicario Marissa A. 
Published: February 2016

“….What makes somebody an American is not just blood or birth, but allegiance to our founding principles and the faith in the idea that anyone from anywhere can write the next great chapter of our story.”-U.S. President Barack Obama, January 2013 I am most interested in exploring the idea of the construction of global citizenship and engagement around human rights education of young immigrant youth through the arts, particularly public art in the form of muralism. I will use some of the work of Art and Resistance Through Education (ARTE), an organization that engages young people around human rights through the arts, as a case study. Some questions that may be explored include:How can educators break down unfamiliar human rights jargon and demonstrate the relevance of human rights on both a local and global level to young immigrant youth? How can young people be galvanized into exploring the human rights of their home countries and the countries they have immigrated to, utilizing the arts?How can art be used to cultivate global understanding and human rights education among young people, most specifically through public art?In efforts for communities to construct more democratic public spaces, one often finds that these spaces manifest themselves as murals or similar forms of public art. What are more creative ways of building a more democratic form of community art? What are more creative ways for young immigrant youth to develop a sense of belonging through the arts? Overall, this proposal seeks to explore the intersection between public art, human rights education/global competency, and immigrant youth empowerment. The proposal will discuss the involvement of immigrant youth, predominately from Latin America, in various art projects, as they explore their own sense of identity and belonging in New York City.
Teaching Human Rights in Jail
Authors: Saxton Martha 
Published: February 2016

The essay discusses the differences between teaching human rights in an elite college and an elite graduate school compared with teaching the same matrial to incarcerated students. The latter experience the dramatic absence of rights, both in jail and often as well in their previous lives, which almost inevitably were marked by poverty and deprivation. The different life experiences of the majority of incarcerated students as compared with the majority of college and graduate students positions them very differently when they study human rights and think about the implications of particular rights. In jail, discussions end to be concrete, personal and sometimes transformative. In tradtional classrooms, the conversations are more theoretical, less personal, and more skeptical.
Affective Reading: Chaucer, Women, and Romance
Authors: Saunders Corinne 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Medieval thought emphasized the integration of thinking and feeling, an integration central to literary representations of mind, body, and emotion, and to the idea of reading as affective. Chaucer's romance writings are profoundly concerned with the power of affect on minds and bodies, particularly in relation to the psychology of love and loss. Such affect is treated extensively in the Book of the Duchess, the Knight's Tale, Troilus and Criseyde, and the Legend of Good Women, and is central to Chaucer's depiction of female subjects. This essay explores Chaucer's emphasis on the embodied nature of being in the world and his treatment of the relationship between thinking and feeling. It explores how ideas of mind, body, and affect resonate with women's literary culture and with the crucial roles of women as thinking and feeling subjects in Chaucer's works, and how women readers might have engaged with these representations.
“O der lady, be my help”: Women's Visionary Writing and the Devotional Literary Canon
Authors: Mcavoy Liz Herbert 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Focusing initially on the late pilgrimage of Margery Kempe to the Balkan states in 1433, this article presents this journey not only as a crucial catalyst for Kempe's own writing but also as a template for those journeys undertaken by the writings of other visionary writers, such as Mechtild of Hackeborn (d. 1298), often via Carthusian and trade networks. I explore the integral importance of Mechtild's visionary writing within late medieval devotional contexts and its widespread influence not only on English writers such as Kempe and the author of the lesser-known A Revelation of Purgatory (1422), but also on male writers working within more “canonical” contexts and producing works for male and female readers, religious and lay.
“The details of life and the pulsings of affect”: Virginia Woolf's Middle English Texts
Authors: Mitchell Marea 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
For Virginia Woolf, medieval literary culture is part of the fabric of “Englishness,” a space that can be contested for writers and ideas that are not part of the masculinist tradition she criticizes so strongly. By focusing on The Paston Letters and the Canterbury Tales, and in creating the character Joan Martyn, Woolf explores how the ordinary, the everyday, and the unexceptional become extraordinary and exceptional. For her, Middle English texts are full of what Ben Highmore calls “the details of life and the pulsings of affect.” In registering the importance of the everyday in these early texts, Woolf connects Middle English texts to life in the early twentieth century. In her reading of them and writing about them, she seeks to rebuild the concept of English literature, and she also manages to convey a new understanding of Chaucer's role in literary culture.
Busca autônoma por educação permanente e consolidação da identidade profissional crítica
Authors: Marcondes Nilsen Aparecida Vieira , Brisola Elisa Maria Andrade , Chamon Edna Maria Querido de Oliveira 
Published: February 2016

<p>Refletir acerca da educação permanente como possibilitadora de aprimoramento intelectual, na perspectiva da competência profissional e da consolidação da identidade profissional crítica do assistente social, emerge como necessidade no atual contexto histórico, no qual o dinamismo societário caminha apressadamente. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando-se da história oral, através de entrevista semiestruturada, alcançou-se conhecimento sobre as formas utilizadas pelos profissionais de Serviço Social na busca autônoma por educação permanente. Os resultados do estudo apontam que a totalidade dos entrevistados é unânime em afirmar que a qualificação continuada é de suma importância para a consolidação da identidade profissional crítica, potencialização das competências e das atribuições privativas dos assistentes sociais, contribuindo, assim, para a efetivação do Projeto Ético-Político da profissão, além de portar a tendência de se repercutir positivamente no alcance da qualidade dos serviços prestados.</p>
Early Empowerment Strategies Boost Self-Efficacy to Improve Cardiovascular Health Behaviors
Authors: Kashani Mariam , Eliasson Arn H , Walizer Elaine M , Fuller Clarie E , Engler Renata J , Villines Todd C , Vernalis Marina N 
Published: February 2016

<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Self-efficacy, defined as confidence in the ability to carry out behavior to achieve a desired goal, is considered to be a prerequisite for behavior change. Self-efficacy correlates with cardiovascular health although optimal timing to incorporate self-efficacy strategies is not well established. We sought to study the effect of an empowerment approach implemented in the introductory phase of a multicomponent lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular health outcomes.</p><p><strong>DESIGN:</strong> Prospective intervention cohort study.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> Patients in the Integrative Cardiac Health Project Registry, a prospective lifestyle change program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease were analyzed for behavioral changes by survey, at baseline and one year, in the domains of nutrition, exercise, stress management and sleep. Self-efficacy questionnaires were administered at baseline and after the empowerment intervention, at 8 weeks.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Of 119 consecutive registry completers, 60 comprised a high self-efficacy group (scoring at or above the median of 36 points) and 59 the low self-efficacy group (scoring below median). Self-efficacy scores increased irrespective of baseline self-efficacy but the largest gains in self-efficacy occurred in patients who ranked in the lower half for self-efficacy at baseline. This lower self-efficacy group demonstrated behavioral gains that erased differences between the high and low self-efficacy groups. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> A boost to self-efficacy early in a lifestyle intervention program produces significant improvements in behavioral outcomes. Employing empowerment in an early phase may be a critical strategy to improve self-efficacy and lower risk in individuals vulnerable to cardiovascular disease.</p>
Austerity in Civil Procedure
Authors: Owusu-Dapaa Ernest , Adjei Bediako Ebenezer 
Published: February 2016

Austerity in Civil Procedure
The demand for and availability of civil justice procedures for small claims can neither be disentangled nor extricated from the health of the economic climate of the relevant country concerned. In this article, it is argued that despite not being a developed country, Ghana was not completely insulated from the hardships or implementation of austerity measures that were triggered by the global economic meltdown. The inevitability of behavioural changes on the part of the Government of Ghana as lawmaker and provider of the machinery for civil justice on the one hand and small claims litigants as users of the civil procedure on the other hand are also explored in the article. After properly situating the exploration in the relevant economic context, the article makes recommendations regarding how to minimise the impact of the austerity measures on small claims litigants.