bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamma-Ray Blazars within the First 2 Billion Years
Authors: Ackermann M. , Ajello M. , Baldini L. , Ballet J. , Barbiellini G. , Bastieri D. , Gonzalez J. Becerra , Bellazzini R. , Bissaldi E. , Blandford R. D. , Bloom E. D. , Bonino R. , Bottacini E. , Bregeon J. , Bruel P. , Buehler R. , Buson S. , Cameron R. A. , Caragiulo M. , Caraveo P. A. , Cavazzuti E. , Cecchi C. , Cheung C. C. , Chiang J. , Chiaro G. , Ciprini S. , Conrad J. , Costantin D. , Costanza F. , Cutini S. , D’Ammando F. , Palma F. de , Desiante R. , Digel S. W. , Lalla N. Di , Mauro M. Di , Venere L. Di , Domínguez A. , Drell P. S. , Favuzzi C. , Fegan S. J. , Ferrara E. C. , Finke J. , Focke W. B. , Fukazawa Y. , Funk S. , Fusco P. , Gargano F. , Gasparrini D. , Giglietto N. , Giordano F. , Giroletti M. , Green D. , Grenier I. A. , Guillemot L. , Guiriec S. , Hartmann D. H. , Hays E. , Horan D. , Jogler T. , Jóhannesson G. , Johnson A. S. , Kuss M. , Mura G. La , Larsson S. , Latronico L. , Li J. , Longo F. , Loparco F. , Lovellette M. N. , Lubrano P. , Magill J. D. , Maldera S. , Manfreda A. , Marcotulli L. , Mazziotta M. N. , Michelson P. F. , Mirabal N. , Mitthumsiri W. , Mizuno T. , Monzani M. E. , Morselli A. , Moskalenko I. V. , Negro M. , Nuss E. , Ohsugi T. , Ojha R. , Omodei N. , Orienti M. , Orlando E. , Ormes J. F. , Paliya V. S. , Paneque D. , Perkins J. S. , Persic M. , Pesce-Rollins M. , Piron F. , Porter T. A. , Principe G. , Rainò S. , Rando R. , Rani B. , Razzano M. , Razzaque S. , Reimer A. , Reimer O. , Romani R. W. , Sgrò C. , Simone D. , Siskind E. J. , Spada F. , Spandre G. , Spinelli P. , Stalin C. S. , Stawarz L. , Suson D. J. , Takahashi M. , Tanaka K. , Thayer J. B. , Thompson D. J. , Torres D. F. , Torresi E. , Tosti G. , Troja E. , Vianello G. , Wood K. S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The detection of high-redshift (

) blazars enables the study of the evolution of the most luminous relativistic jets over cosmic time. More importantly, high-redshift blazars tend to host massive black holes and can be used to constrain the space density of heavy black holes in the early universe. Here, we report the first detection with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope of five γ-ray-emitting blazars beyond z = 3.1, more distant than any blazars previously detected in γ-rays. Among these five objects, NVSS J151002+570243 is now the most distant known γ-ray-emitting blazar at z = 4.31. These objects have steeply falling γ-ray spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and those that have been observed in X-rays have a very hard X-ray spectrum, both typical of powerful blazars. Their Compton dominance (ratio of the inverse Compton to synchrotron peak luminosities) is also very large (

). All of these properties place these objects among the most extreme members of the blazar population. Their optical spectra and the modeling of their optical-UV SEDs confirm that these objects harbor massive black holes (

). We find that, at

, the space density of

black holes hosted in radio-loud and radio-quiet active galactic nuclei are similar, implying that radio-loudness may play a key role in rapid black hole growth in the early universe.
Euler-type Relative Equilibria and their Stability in Spaces of Constant Curvature
Authors: Pérez-Chavela Ernesto , Manuel Sánchez-Cerritos Juan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe consider three point positivemasses moving onS2andH2. An Eulerian-relative equilibrium is a relative equilibrium where the three masses are on the same geodesic. In this paper we analyze the spectral stability of these kind of orbits where the mass at the middle is arbitrary and the masses at the ends are equal and located at the same distance from the central mass. For the case of S2, we found a positive measure set in the set of parameters where the relative equilibria are spectrally stable, and we give a complete classiûcation of the spectral stability of these solutions, in the sense that, except on an algebraic curve in the space of parameters, we can determine if the corresponding relative equilibriumis spectrally stable or unstable. OnH2, in the elliptic case, we prove that generically all Eulerian-relative equilibria are unstable; in the particular degenerate case when the two equal masses are negligible, we get that the corresponding solutions are spectrally stable. For the hyperbolic case we consider the system where the mass in the middle is negligible; in this case the Eulerian-relative equilibria are unstable.
Predicting rehabilitation treatment helpfulness to stroke patients: A supervised learning approach
Authors: Lo Chia-Lun , Tseng Hsiao-Ting 
Published: February 2017

Stroke (Cerebral vascular accident, CVA) is a common and serious disease. Most of the survivals would be disabled after their illness recovery, causes serious burden on caregivers. It is said that rehabilitation could help functional recovery of stroke patients, regain independence after stroke. Due to the long course of stroke, how to prevent survivals from recurrence is an important issue. This study attempts to examine the relationship between stroke recurrence and strength of rehabilitation, and build a stroke recurrence prediction model utilizing a number of supervised learning techniques to assist physicians with making clinical decisions.In the past, most of the related work used the samples from a single hospital as a sample, but it cannot fully catch all the clinic information of the patients. Therefore, this study used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2010 of the NHIRD as the data source, to examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation.In terms of accuracy rate of all classifiers, we get the best effectiveness (78%) while adopting the inpatient admission dataset and C4.5 to predict recurrence. We also find physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy treatments during inpatient admission are the key factors to decrease the chance to recrudesce in the rehabilitation periods. The higher strength and frequency rehabilitation treatment is also the key influence variables in our high accuracy prediction model which means that is useful to lower the recurrence rate of stroke patients.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 6, No. 2
Authors: Smith Wendy 
Published: February 2017

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 2 Bibi Abdelouahab, University Mentouri Constantine, AlgeriaCarla J. Thompson, University of West Florida, USAChin-Shang Li (Editor-in-Chief), University of California, USADouglas Lorenz, University of Louisville, USAFarida Kachapova, The Auckland University of Technology, New ZealandGabriel A. Okyere, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, GhanaGane Samb Lo, University Gaston Berger, SENEGALGennaro Punzo, University of Naples Parthenope, ItalyGerardo Febres, Universidad Simon Bolívar, VenezuelaHui Zhang, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, USAJacek Białek, University of Lodz, PolandJorge M. Mendes, NOVA University of Lisbon, PortugalKassim S. Mwitondi, Sheffield Hallam University, UKKrishna K. Saha, Central Connecticut State University, USAMan Fung LO, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongNahid Sanjari Farsipour, Alzahra University, IranNicolas MARIE, ESME Sudria Paris, FrancePhilip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USASajid Ali, Bocconi University, ItalyShatrunjai Pratap Singh, John Hancock Financial Services, USASohair F. Higazi, University of Tanta, EgyptSubhradev Sen, Alliance University, IndiaTewfik Kernane, University of Sciences and Technology USTHB, AlgeriaZaixing Li, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), China Wendy SmithOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and ProbabilityCanadian Center of Science and Education
A Qualitative, Interview-Based Study of the Health Policy Fellowship’s Osteopathic Identity
Authors: Skinner Daniel , Franz Berkeley 
Published: February 2017

AbstractContext: Since 1993, the Health Policy Fellowship (HPF) has trained osteopathic professionals in health policy and leadership. Although almost 250 fellows have graduated from the program, many of whom have assumed leadership roles within the osteopathic medical profession, the HPF has, to the authors’ knowledge, never been subjected to scholarly analysis.Objective: To understand the HPF’s professional significance as a health policy and leadership training program that has enrolled mostly osteopathic physicians.Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with graduates supplemented by interviews with other professionals involved with the HPF. Using an inductive grounded theory approach, we coded interviews for major themes.Results: Forty-three interviews were conducted, 38 of which were with graduates of the program and 5 of which were with HPF staff. The data suggest that although the content of the HPF is applicable to all medical professionals, the program’s language and structure are designed to accommodate specific needs of osteopathic professionals. Specifically, the language of the fellowship emphasizes the “high ground” (considering multiple perspectives on an issue), and the structure of the fellowship allows fellows to continue in their jobs but travel to several COMs and to Washington, DC, throughout the year.Conclusion: Closer examination of the HPF helped convey the relevance of this program, and perhaps programs like it, for a minority medical profession still finding its voice within the policy climate of US health care.
(Meta)Theoretical gateways in studies on assessment and documentation in preschool – a research review with a Scandinavian focus
Authors: Vallberg Roth Ann-Christine 
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this article is to describe and collate search results and analysis of research with a focus on (meta)theoretical gateways in assessment and documentation in Scandinavian preschools between 2006 and 2014, supplemented by delimited international research mainly from 2013-2014. The intention is also to highlight what the research indicates about assessment competence in relation to the (meta)theoretical gateways. The final search results include 153 national and international studies from sources including the Nordic Base of Early Childhood Education and Care (NB-ECEC, 2006-2012). The results indicate that research into assessment in preschool is still a relatively young and undeveloped field, while the field of documentation, and pedagogical documentation in particular, has a significantly higher standing. As more and more different forms of assessment and documentation assume their place in preschools, it becomes increasingly important to gain knowledge and awareness of the potential benefits, limitations and consequences of various forms and practices for assessment and documentation. Theoretical gateways vary, as do the forms of assessment and documentation used. The analysis indicates that assessment competence can include professional assessment based on a variety of scientific grounds. Regarding the expanded documentation and evaluation task and the preschool’s complex assessment and documentation practices, there is a need for both expanded research and expanded competence, which can focus on a multi-voiced assessment competence.
Skillful spring forecasts of September Arctic sea ice extent using passive microwave sea ice observations
Authors: Petty A. A. , Schröder D. , Stroeve J. C. , Markus T. , Miller J. , Kurtz N. T. , Feltham D. L. , Flocco D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate skillful spring forecasts of detrended September Arctic sea ice extent using passive microwave observations of sea ice concentration (SIC) and melt onset (MO). We compare these to forecasts produced using data from a sophisticated melt pond model, and find similar to higher skill values, where the forecast skill is calculated relative to linear trend persistence. The MO forecasts shows the highest skill in March–May, while the SIC forecasts produce the highest skill in June–August, especially when the forecasts are evaluated over recent years (since 2008). The high MO forecast skill in early spring appears to be driven primarily by the presence and timing of open water anomalies, while the high SIC forecast skill appears to be driven by both open water and surface melt processes. Spatial maps of detrended anomalies highlight the drivers of the different forecasts, and enable us to understand regions of predictive importance. Correctly capturing sea ice state anomalies, along with changes in open water coverage appear to be key processes in skillfully forecasting summer Arctic sea ice.
Constraining modern‐day silicon cycling in Lake Baikal
Authors: Panizzo V. N. , Swann G. E. A. , Mackay A. W. , Vologina E. , Alleman L. , André L. , Pashley V. H. , Horstwood M. S. A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractConstraining the continental silicon cycle is a key requirement in attempts to understand both nutrient fluxes to the ocean and linkages between silicon and carbon cycling over different time scales. Silicon isotope data of dissolved silica (δ30SiDSi) are presented here from Lake Baikal and its catchment in central Siberia. As well as being the world's oldest and voluminous lake, Lake Baikal lies within the seventh largest drainage basin in the world and exports significant amounts of freshwater into the Arctic Ocean. Data from river waters accounting for ~92% of annual river inflow to the lake suggest no seasonal alteration or anthropogenic impact on river δ30SiDSi composition. The absence of a change in δ30SiDSi within the Selenga Delta, through which 62% of riverine flow passes, suggests a net balance between biogenic uptake and dissolution in this system. A key feature of this study is the use of δ30SiDSi to examine seasonal and spatial variations in DSi utilization and export across the lake. Using an open system model against deepwater δ30SiDSi values from the lake, we estimate that 20–24% of DSi entering Lake Baikal is exported into the sediment record. While highlighting the impact that lakes may have upon the sequestration of continental DSi, mixed layer δ30SiDSi values from 2003 and 2013 show significant spatial variability in the magnitude of spring bloom nutrient utilization with lower rates in the north relative to south basin.
The export and fate of organic matter in the ocean: New constraints from combining satellite and oceanographic tracer observations
Authors: DeVries Tim , Weber Thomas 
Published: February 2017

The ocean's biological pump transfers carbon from the surface euphotic zone into the deep ocean, reducing the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Despite its climatic importance, there are large uncertainties in basic metrics of the biological pump. Previous estimates of the strength of the biological pump, as measured by the amount of organic carbon exported from the euphotic zone, range from about 4 to 12 Pg C yr−1. The fate of exported carbon, in terms of how efficiently it is transferred into the deep ocean, is even more uncertain. Here we present a new model of the biological pump that assimilates satellite and oceanographic tracer observations to constrain rates and patterns of organic matter production, export, and remineralization in the ocean. The data‐assimilated model predicts a global particulate organic carbon (POC) flux out of the euphotic zone of ∼9 Pg C yr−1. The particle export ratio (the ratio of POC export to net primary production) is highest at high latitudes and lowest at low latitudes, but low‐latitude export is greater than predicted by previous models, in better agreement with observed patterns of long‐term carbon export. Particle transfer efficiency (Teff) through the mesopelagic zone is controlled by temperature and oxygen, with highest Teff for high‐latitude regions and oxygen minimum zones. In contrast, Teff in the deep ocean (below 1000 m) is controlled by particle sinking speed, with highest deep ocean Teff below the subtropical gyres. These results emphasize the utility of both remote sensing and oceanographic tracer observations for constraining the operation of the biological pump.
Modeling the impact of melt on seismic properties during mountain building
Authors: Lee Amicia L. , Walker Andrew M. , Lloyd Geoffrey E. , Torvela Taija 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInitiation of partial melting in the mid/lower crust causes a decrease in P wave and S wave velocities; recent studies imply that the relationship between these velocities and melt is not simple. We have developed a modeling approach to assess the combined impact of various melt and solid phase properties on seismic velocities and anisotropy. The modeling is based on crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) data measured from migmatite samples, allowing quantification of the variation of seismic velocities with varying melt volumes, shapes, orientations, and matrix anisotropy. The results show nonlinear behavior of seismic properties as a result of the interaction of all of these physical properties, which in turn depend on lithology, stress regime, strain rate, preexisting rock fabrics, and pressure‐temperature conditions. This nonlinear behavior is evident when applied to a suite of samples from a traverse across a migmatitic shear zone in the Seiland Igneous Province, Northern Norway. Critically, changes in solid phase composition and CPO, and melt shape and orientation with respect to the wave propagation direction can result in huge variations in the same seismic property even if the melt fraction remains the same. A comparison with surface wave interpretations from tectonically active regions highlights the issues in current models used to predict melt percentages or partially molten regions. Interpretation of seismic data to infer melt percentages or extent of melting should, therefore, always be underpinned by robust modeling of the underlying geological parameters combined with examination of multiple seismic properties in order to reduce uncertainty of the interpretation.
Active microwave observations of diurnal and seasonal variations of canopy water content across the humid African tropical forests
Authors: Konings Alexandra G. , Yu Yifan , Xu Liang , Yang Yan , Schimel David S. , Saatchi Sassan S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA higher frequency of severe droughts under warmer temperatures is expected to lead to large impacts on global water and carbon fluxes and on vegetation cover—including possible widespread mortality. Monitoring the hydraulic state of vegetation as represented by the canopy water content will allow rapid assessment of vegetation water stress. Here we show the potential of active microwave backscatter observations at Ku band for monitoring the diurnal and seasonal variations of top‐of‐canopy water content. We focus on the humid tropical forests of Central Africa and examine spatiotemporal variations of radar backscatter from QuikSCAT (2001–2009) and RapidScat (2014–2016). Diurnal variations in RapidScat backscatter demonstrate the occurrence of widespread midday stomatal closure in this region. Increases in backscatter during the dry seasons in humid forests could be explained by both dry season leaf flushing (as supported by canopy structure) and vapor pressure deficit‐driven increases in evapotranspiration rates.
Theoretical modeling insights into elastic wave attenuation mechanisms in marine sediments with pore‐filling methane hydrate
Authors: Marín‐Moreno H. , Sahoo S. K. , Best A. I. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe majority of presently exploitable marine methane hydrate reservoirs are likely to host hydrate in disseminated form in coarse grain sediments. For hydrate concentrations below 25–40%, disseminated or pore‐filling hydrate does not increase elastic frame moduli, thus making impotent traditional seismic velocity‐based methods. Here, we present a theoretical model to calculate frequency‐dependent P and S wave velocity and attenuation of an effective porous medium composed of solid mineral grains, methane hydrate, methane gas, and water. The model considers elastic wave energy losses caused by local viscous flow both (i) between fluid inclusions in hydrate and pores and (ii) between different aspect ratio pores (created when hydrate grows); the inertial motion of the frame with respect to the pore fluid (Biot's type fluid flow); and gas bubble damping. The sole presence of pore‐filling hydrate in the sediment reduces the available porosity and intrinsic permeability of the sediment affecting Biot's type attenuation at high frequencies. Our model shows that attenuation maxima due to fluid inclusions in hydrate are possible over the entire frequency range of interest to exploration seismology (1–106 Hz), depending on the aspect ratio of the inclusions, whereas maxima due to different aspect ratio pores occur only at sonic to ultrasound frequencies (104–106 Hz). This frequency response imposes further constraints on possible hydrate saturations able to reproduce broadband elastic measurements of velocity and attenuation. Our results provide a physical basis for detecting the presence and amount of pore‐filling hydrate in seafloor sediments using conventional seismic surveys.
Integrating puffing and explosions in a general scheme for Strombolian‐style activity
Authors: Gaudin Damien , Taddeucci Jacopo , Scarlato Piergiorgio , del Bello Elisabetta , Ricci Tullio , Orr Tim , Houghton Bruce , Harris Andrew , Rao Sandro , Bucci Augusto 
Published: February 2017

AbstractStrombolian eruptions are among the most common subaerial styles of explosive volcanism worldwide. Distinctive features of each volcano lead to a correspondingly wide range of variations of magnitude and erupted products, but most papers focus on a single type of event at a single volcano. Here, in order to emphasize the common features underlying this diversity of styles, we scrutinize a database from 35 different erupting vents, including 21 thermal infrared videos from Stromboli (Italy), Etna (Italy), Yasur (Vanuatu), and Batu Tara (Indonesia), from puffing, through rapid explosions to normal explosions, with variable ejection parameters and relative abundance of gas, ash, and bombs. Using field observations and high‐speed thermal infrared videos processed by a new algorithm, we identify the distinguishing characteristics of each type of activity and how they may relate and interact. In particular, we record that ash‐poor normal explosions may be preceded and followed by the onset or the increase of the puffing activity, while ash‐rich explosions are emergent, i.e., with inflation of the free surface followed directly by emission of increasingly large gas pockets. Overall, we see that all Strombolian activities form a continuum arising from a common mechanism and are modulated by the combination of two well‐established controls: (1) the length of the bursting gas pocket with respect to the vent diameter and (2) the presence and thickness of a high‐viscosity layer in the uppermost part of the volcanic conduit.