bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the Kinetics and Transformation Products of Sulfur Mustard Sulfoxide and Sulfur Mustard Sulfone in Various Reaction Media
Authors: Popiel Stanisław , Nawała Jakub , Dziedzic Daniel , Gordon Diana , Dawidziuk Barbara 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTConsidering postulates of the Chemical Weapons Convention, this article is an attempt to improve the decontamination methods of mustard gas (HD) and studying its products of decontamination. It is widely known that mustard gas sulfoxide (HDO; O═S(CH2CH2Cl)2) and sulfone (HDO2; O2═S(CH2CH2Cl)2) undergo further transformations to another compounds, but so far kinetics of these processes have not yet been investigated neither carefully nor thoroughly. This study is focused on determination of kinetics and mechanisms of transformation of HD oxidation products. The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of selected factors on the kinetics of the HCl elimination reaction and to determine the conditions in which cyclization reactions of divinyl sulfoxide and sulfone proceed. The HDO and HDO2 decay kinetics were monitored in an aqueous solution of the desired pH. The rate of HCl elimination from HDO and HDO2 is strongly dependent on pH. For example, with pH increasing from 9 to 12 the rate of HCl elimination from HDO increased over 1200 times. In solutions of pH 9, HDO loses hydrogen chloride at approximately 100 times slower compared to HDO2, and the difference is reduced with increasing pH. In pH 12 solutions, the rate of hydrogen chloride loss from HDO2 is only 20 times higher than the HCl loss from HDO. Divinyl sulfoxide and sulfone undergo a further transformation in a strongly alkaline environment, leading to cyclization and formation of 1,4‐thioxane sulfoxide and sulfone, respectively. Elimination of HCl from HDO and HDO2 goes with a rapidly increasing rate with increasing pH if alkalinity of the reaction medium is relatively very high (the range of pH 9–12). Furthermore, the conversion of divinyl sulfone and sulfoxide to sulfoxide and sulfone thioxane, respectively, occurs at a measurable rate when the pH of the solution is in the range of 12–14.
Kinetics of the Production of Castor Oil Maleate through the Autocatalyzed Thermal Reaction and the Free Radical Reaction
Authors: H. Maia Dayanne L. , Alves Filho Elenilson G. , Barros Junior Antonino F. , N. Fernandes Fabiano A. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTCastor oil maleate is used in drying oils, water‐soluble paints, healthcare products, synthetic lubricants, and as a monomer in several polymers. This maleate can be produced by a direct autocatalyzed reaction between castor oil and maleic anhydride. However, the reaction rate can be increased using a free radical catalyst. In this work, the influence of the concentration of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and temperature in the kinetics and productivity of castor oil maleate was studied. The optimal operating condition was found at 120°C, 1 mol of maleic anhydride/mol of castor oil, and 0.003 mol of BPO/mol of castor oil, yielding 90.0% of castor oil maleate in 90 min. A kinetic model was developed, and the model parameters were estimated both for the thermal autocatalyzed reaction and the free radical reaction.
Cycling Efficiency During Incremental Cycle Ergometry After 24 Hours of Overfeeding or Fasting
Authors: Vinales Karyne L. , Schlögl Mathias , Reinhardt Martin , Thearle Marie S. , Krakoff Jonathan , Piaggi Paolo 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine whether net cycling efficiency (NET) is altered by 24‐hour fasting or overfeeding and whether it correlates with dietary‐related energy expenditure (EE) and future weight change.MethodsIn a crossover design, healthy subjects fasted or were overfed for 24 hours while in a whole‐room calorimeter using five diets with doubled energy needs: standard, high‐carbohydrate (75%), high‐fat (60%), high‐protein (30%), and low‐protein (3%) diets. Graded cycling exercise at low power outputs (10‐25‐50 W) was performed the day before and after each dietary intervention.ResultsNET did not change following any dietary intervention (allP > 0.05 vs. 0). Individual changes in NET did not correlate with EE responses to dietary interventions. However, the change in NET after low‐protein overfeeding was inversely correlated with baseline body fat (r = −0.60,P = 0.01); that is, NET increased in lean but decreased in overweight subjects (Δ = 0.010 ± 0.010 vs. −0.013 ± 0.009,P = 0.0003). Increased NET following the low‐protein diet was associated with weight gain after 6 months (r = 0.60,P = 0.05).ConclusionsDespite no substantial effect of acute overfeeding or fasting on NET, the change in NET following low‐protein overfeeding depends on adiposity and may influence weight change, suggesting that increased efficiency in a setting of protein scarcity is an adaptive response that may ultimately lead to weight gain.
Association of Peripheral Blood Pressure with Grey Matter Volume in 19- to 40-Year-Old Adults
Authors: Schaare H. Lina , Masouleh Shahrzad Kharabian , Beyer Frauke , Kumral Deniz , Uhlig Marie , Reinelt Janis D. , Reiter Andrea M.F. , Lampe Leonie , Babayan Anahit , Erbey Miray , Roebbig Josefin , Schroeter Matthias L. , Okon-Singer Hadas , Müller Karsten , Mendes Natacha , Margulies Daniel S. , Witte A. Veronica , Gaebler Michael , Villringer Arno 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo test whether elevated blood pressure (BP) relates to grey matter volume (GMV) changes in young adults who had not previously been diagnosed as hypertensive (systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP)≥140/90 mmHg).MethodsWe associated BP with GMV from structural 3 Tesla T1-weighted MRI of 423 healthy adults between 19-40 years (mean age=27.7±5.3 years, 177 women, SBP/DBP=123.2/73.4±12.2/8.5 mmHg). Data originated from four previously unpublished cross-sectional studies conducted in Leipzig, Germany. We performed voxel-based morphometry on each study separately and combined results in image-based meta-analyses (IBMA) to assess cumulative effects across studies. Resting BP was assigned to one of four categories: (1) SBP<120 and DBP<80 mmHg, (2) SBP 120-129 or DBP 80-84 mmHg, (3) SBP 130-139 or DBP 85-89 mmHg, (4) SBP≥140 or DBP≥90 mmHg.ResultsIBMA yielded: (a) lower regional GMV was correlated with higher peripheral BP; (b) lower GMV with higher BP when comparing individuals in sub-hypertensive categories 3 and 2, respectively, to those in category 1; (c) lower BP-related GMV was found in regions including hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, frontal and parietal structures (e.g. precuneus).ConclusionsBP≥120/80 mmHg was associated with lower GMV in regions that have previously been related to GM decline in older individuals with manifest hypertension. Our study shows that BP-associated GM alterations emerge continuously across the range of BP and earlier in adulthood than previously assumed. This suggests that treating hypertension or maintaining lower BP in early adulthood might be essential for preventing the pathophysiological cascade of asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease to symptomatic end-organ damage, such as stroke or dementia.
SAKE (Single-cell RNA-Seq Analysis and Klustering Evaluation) Identifies Markers of Resistance to Targeted BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma Cell Populations
Authors: Ho Yu-Jui , Anaparthy Naishitha , Molik David , Aicher Toby , Patel Ami , Hicks James , Hammell Molly 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSingle-cell RNA-Seq’s (scRNA-Seq) unprecedented cellular resolution at a genome wide scale enables us to address questions about cellular heterogeneity that are inaccessible using methods that average over bulk tissue extracts. However, scRNA-Seq datasets also present additional challenges such as high transcript dropout rates, stochastic transcription events, and complex population substructures. Here, we present SAKE (Single-cell RNA-Seq Analysis and Klustering Evaluation): a robust method for scRNA-Seq analysis that provides quantitative statistical metrics at each step of the scRNA-Seq analysis pipeline including metrics for: the determination of the number of clusters present, the likelihood that each cell belongs to a given cluster, and the association of each gene marker in determining cluster membership. Comparing SAKE to multiple single-cell analysis methods shows that most methods perform similarly across a wide range cellular contexts, with SAKE outperforming these methods in the case of large complex populations. We next applied the SAKE algorithms to identify drug-resistant cellular populations as human melanoma cells respond to targeted BRAF inhibitors. Single-cell RNA-Seq data from both the Fluidigm C1 and 10x Genomics platforms were analyzed with SAKE to dissect this problem at multiple scales. Data from both platforms indicate that BRAF inhibitor resistant cells can emerge from rare populations already present before drug application, with SAKE identifying both novel and known markers of resistance. In addition, we compare integrated genomic and transcriptomic markers to show that resistance can arise stochastically within multiple distinct clonal populations.
Binding of a pathogen effector to rice Exo70 proteins tethered to the NOI/RIN4 integrated domain of the NLR receptor Pii2 confers immunity against fungi
Authors: Fujisaki Koki , Abe Yoshiko , Sugihara Yu , Nemoto Keiichiro , Ito Kazue , Kanzaki Eiko , Ishikawa Kazuya , Iwai Mari , Utsushi Hiroe , Saitoh Hiromasa , Takagi Hiroki , Takeda Takumi , Abe Akira , Zheng Shuan , Bialas Aleksandra , Banfield Mark J , Kamoun Sophien , Terauchi Ryohei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs much as 10% of plant immune receptors from the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family carry integrated domains (IDs) that can directly bind pathogen effectors. However, it remains unclear whether direct binding to effectors is a universal feature of ID-containing NLRs given that only a few NLR-IDs have been functionally characterized. Here we show that the rice (Oryza sativa) sensor NLR-ID Pii2 confers resistance to strains of the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe oryzaethat carry the effector AVR-Pii without directly binding this protein. First, we show that AVR-Pii binds the exocyst subunit OsExo70F2 in rice (Oryza sativa) to dissociate preformed complexes of OsExo70F2 with host RPM1 INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4) at the conserved NOI motif, facilitating a possible virulence function. Second, we show that in its resting state, Pii2 binds OsExo70F2 and OsExo70F3, essential components ofPii-mediated resistance, through its integrated NOI domain. Remarkably, AVR-Pii binding to OsExo70F2/F3 leads to dissociation of the Pii2–OsExo70F2 and Pii2–OsExo70F3 complexes, destabilization of Pii2, and activation of immunity. These findings support a novel conceptual model in which an NLR-ID monitors alterations of tethered host proteins targeted by pathogen effectors, providing insight into pathogen recognition mechanisms.Significance statementPlant diseases diminish crop yields by over 20% each year, and deploying resistant crops is the most effective way to combat them. Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type receptors are the major player in plant resistance against pathogens, with a subset of NLRs containing unconventional domains called integrated domains (ID) derived from host proteins. Previous studies suggest that pathogen avirulence (AVR) effectors directly bind or modify NLR-IDs before they are recognized by the host. Here, we reveal that the rice NLR-ID receptor Pii2 indirectly recognizes AVR-Pii when the effector dissociates Pii2 from the host Exo70 proteins tethered to Pii2. We propose a new model of how NLRs can recognize pathogens, expanding our understanding of plant immunity.
In vivoconfocal microscopy for detection of subconjunctivalOnchocerca lupiinfection in a dog
Authors: Edelmann Michele L. , Jager Mason , Espinheira Filipe , Ledbetter Eric C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA seven‐year‐old male castrated mixed‐breed dog was diagnosed with bilateral subconjunctival masses.In vivoconfocal microscopy facilitated visualization ofOnchocerca lupiadult nematodes and their characteristic cuticular morphology. Long, thin, white nematodes were extracted during excisional biopsy. Histopathologic and parasitologic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis ofO. lupi. In addition to surgical debulking of the parasitic granulomas, the dog received systemic doxycycline, prednisone, and ivermectin therapy.In vivoconfocal microscopy was repeated one year after initial diagnosis, and no remaining nematodes were visible. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of use ofin vivoconfocal microscopy as a noninvasive diagnostic and monitoring tool for canine onchocerciasis.
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases hepatic macrophage content, liver growth, and lipid accumulation in neonatal rats
Authors: Pridans Clare , Sauter Kristin A. , Irvine Katharine M. , Davis Gemma M. , Lefevre Lucas , Raper Anna , Rojo Rocio , Nirmal Ajit J. , Beard Philippa , Cheeseman Michael , Hume David A. 
Published: December 2017

Signaling via the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) controls the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of macrophages. Mutations in CSF1 or CSF1R in mice and rats have pleiotropic effects on postnatal somatic growth. We tested the possible application of pig CSF1-Fc fusion protein as a therapy for low birth weight (LBW) at term, using a model based on maternal dexamethasone treatment in rats. Neonatal CSF1-Fc treatment did not alter somatic growth and did not increase the blood monocyte count. Instead, there was a substantial increase in the size of liver in both control and LBW rats, and the treatment greatly exacerbated lipid droplet accumulation seen in the dexamethasone LBW model. These effects were reversed upon cessation of treatment. Transcriptional profiling of the livers supported histochemical evidence of a large increase in macrophages with a resident Kupffer cell phenotype and revealed increased expression of many genes implicated in lipid droplet formation. There was no further increase in hepatocyte proliferation over the already high rates in neonatal liver. In conclusion, treatment of neonatal rats with CSF1-Fc caused an increase in liver size and hepatic lipid accumulation, due to Kupffer cell expansion and/or activation rather than hepatocyte proliferation. Increased liver macrophage numbers and expression of endocytic receptors could mitigate defective clearance functions in neonates.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is based on extensive studies in mice and pigs of the role of CSF1/CSF1R in macrophage development and postnatal growth. We extended the study to neonatal rats as a possible therapy for low birth weight. Unlike our previous studies in mice and pigs, there was no increase in hepatocyte proliferation and no increase in monocyte numbers. Instead, neonatal rats treated with CSF1 displayed reversible hepatic steatosis and Kupffer cell expansion.
GABAergic contribution to the muscle mechanoreflex-mediated heart rate responses at the onset of exercise in humans
Authors: Teixeira André L. , Ramos Plinio S. , Samora Milena , Sabino-Carvalho Jeann L. , Ricardo Djalma R. , Colombari Eduardo , Vianna Lauro C. 
Published: December 2017

Previous studies have indicated that central GABAergic mechanisms are involved in the heart rate (HR) responses at the onset of exercise. On the basis of previous research that showed similar increases in HR during passive and active cycling, we reasoned that the GABAergic mechanisms involved in the HR responses at the exercise onset are primarily mediated by muscle mechanoreceptor afferents. Therefore, in this study, we sought to determine whether central GABA mechanisms are involved in the muscle mechanoreflex-mediated HR responses at the onset of exercise in humans. Twenty-eight healthy subjects (14 men and 14 women) aged between 18 and 35 yr randomly performed three bouts of 5-s passive and active cycling under placebo and after oral administration of diazepam (10 mg), a benzodiazepine that produces an enhancement in GABAA activity. Beat-to-beat HR (electrocardiography) and arterial blood pressure (finger photopletysmography) were continuously measured. Electromyography of the vastus lateralis was obtained to confirm no electrical activity during passive trials. HR increased from rest under placebo and further increased after administration of diazepam in both passive (change: 12 ± 1 vs. 17 ± 1 beats/min, P < 0.01) and active (change: 14 ± 1 vs. 18 ± 1 beats/min, P < 0.01) cycling. Arterial blood pressure increased from rest similarly during all conditions ( P > 0.05). Importantly, no sex-related differences were found in any variables during experiments. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the GABAergic mechanisms significantly contribute to the muscle mechanoreflex-mediated HR responses at the onset of exercise in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that passive and voluntary cycling evokes similar increases in heart rate and that these responses were enhanced after diazepam administration, a benzodiazepine that enhances GABAA activity. These findings suggest that the GABAergic system may contribute to the muscle mechanoreflex-mediated vagal withdrawal at the onset of exercise in humans.
Effect of velocity distribution on red cell distribution in capillary blood vessels
Authors: Yen R. T. , Fung Y. C. 
Published: December 2017

Through the use of simulated model experiments, data on blood cell distribution into a bifurcating capillary blood vessel are obtained. The results show that the movement of red blood cells at a bifurcation point is influenced by the difference in velocities of flow in the daughter branches. If the velocity of flow in one branch is slower than that in the other, the hematocrit decreases in the slower branch and increases in the faster branch. For velocity ratios sufficiently smaller than a certain critical value, the hematocrit ratio can be expressed by a linear relationship, (H1/H2) − 1 = a[(v1/v2) −1], in which v1, v2 and H1, H2 denote the particle velocities and tube hematocrits in the branches 1 and 2, respectively, and a is a dimensionless constant dependent upon a number of factors, the most important of which are the ratio of cell diameter to tube diameter, the shape and rigidity of the pellets, and the hematocrit in the feeding tube. For velocity ratios beyond a critical value, nearly all the cells flow into the faster branch. The smaller the feeding-tube hematocrit is, the smaller is the critical velocity ratio at which this phenomenon occurs. model experiment; critical velocity ratio; hematocrit: tube, feed-tube, discharge; velocity: particle, mean flow Submitted on August 15, 1977 Accepted on March 2, 1978
Mass-balance approach for estimating transcapillary fluid and protein movement
Authors: Friedman J. J. , Szwed J. J. , Johns B. L. 
Published: December 2017

This study assesses the applicability of a procedure based on mass conservation to estimate transcapillary protein transport (PT) in patients. In a tissue that exhibits net transcapillary protein transport, total transcapillary fluid movement (FMT) is defined according to the law of mass conservation as: FMT = FA (CV − CA)/CV + PT/CV where FA is arterial plasma flow and CV and CA are respectively venous and arterial protein concentration. The first term above (FMO) was estimated from changes in venous plasma oncotic pressure. The second term was estimated both from the rate of tissue accumulation of 125I-albumin and from the mass-balance relationship as (FMT − FMO). FMT was determined in a jejunal segment as the sum of the changes in tissue weight, fluid secretion, and lymph flow. Increasing venous pressure by 10 and 20 mmHg produced changes in FMT and PT which, as estimated by the two methods, were not significantly different. Thus PT can be estimated from the mass-balance relationship without employing either radioactive labels or noxious tissue manipulation; such an approach should be suitable for clinical application. cat; jejunal segment; plasma oncotic pressure Submitted on December 12, 1980 Accepted on September 16, 1981
Defining the mechanical border zone: a study in the pig heart
Authors: Sakai Kikuo , Watanabe Kozo , Millard Ronald W. 
Published: December 2017

Page H88: Kikuo Sakai, Kozo Watanabe, and Ronald W. Millard. “Defining the mechanical border zone: a study in the pig heart.” Page H94: the acknowledgments were omitted and are as follows. We are grateful to Dr. Arnold Schwartz, Dept. of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Dr. Mootomi Nakamura, Angiocardiology and Cardiovascular Clinic, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, for their support and encouragement. The expert technical assistance of Victoria Rapien and John Erickson was invaluable. This study was supported in part by Grant P01-HL-22619 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Preliminary findings of this study were first reported at the Annual Scientific Session of the American Heart Association held at Anaheim, CA, November 1983. An abstract of this work has appeared ( Circulation 68, Suppl. III: 194, 1983).
Chronic measurement of cardiac output in unanesthetized rats using miniature thermocouples
Authors: Osborn J. W. , Barber B. J. , Quillen E. W. , Abram R. J. , Cowley A. W. 
Published: December 2017

Page H1365: J. W. Osborn, Jr., B. J. Barber, E. W. Quillen, Jr., R. J. Abram, and A. W. Cowley, Jr. “Chronic measurement of cardiac output in unanesthetized rats using miniature thermocouples.” Page H1367: Substitute correct Fig. 2. (See PDF)
Chronic measurement of cardiac output in unanesthetized rats using miniature thermocouples
Authors: Osborn J. W. , Barber B. J. , Quillen E. W. , Abram R. J. , Cowley A. W. 
Published: December 2017

Page H1365: J. W. Osborn, Jr., B. J. Barber, E. W. Quillen, Jr., R. J. Abram, and A. W. Cowley, Jr. “Chronic measurement of cardiac output in unanesthetized rats using miniature thermocouples.” Page H1367: corrected Fig. 2 should be substituted. (See PDF)
Hypoxia, bradykinin, and prostaglandins stimulate ischemically sensitive visceral afferents
Authors: Longhurst J. C. , Dittman L. E. 
Published: December 2017

Page H556: J. C. Longhurst and L. E. Dittman. “Hypoxia, bradykinin, and prostaglandins stimulate ischemically sensitive visceral afferents.” Replace Figs. 2 B, 5 B, and 8 with the following. (See PDF) (See PDF) (See PDF)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACCURACY OF THE THERMOSTROMUHR
Authors: Gregg D. E. , Pritchard W. H. , Eckstein R. W. , Shipley R. E. , Rotta A. , Dingle J. , Steege T. W. , Wearn J. T. 
Published: December 2017

The authors of the paper "Observations on the Accuracy of the Thermostromuhr" beginning on page 250 of no. 2 of this volume (136) desire to record the following corrections: p. 256. Delete sentence beginning line 9 and substitute: "In the right coronary flow is frequently always forward but the appearance of back flow components is not uncommon." In line 13 after the words "can appear" insert reference (5). p. 261. Under "References" correct to read as follows: (2) Gregg, D. E., A. Rotta, R. W. Eckstein, R. E. Shipley and J. T. Wearn. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 49: 267, 1942. (4) Eckstein, R. W., D. Book and D. E. Gregg. This Journal 135: 772, 1942. (5) Pritchard, W. H., A. S. Weisberger, E. F. Schroeder, R. E. Shipley and D. E. Gregg. To be published.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON THE OXYHEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
Authors: Roughton F. J. W. , Darling R. C. 
Published: December 2017

On page 19 of the current volume (Vol. 141) figures 1 and 2 for the paper "The Effect of Carbon Monoxide on the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve" by F. J. W. Roughton and R. C. Darling were inadequately reproduced. Below these figures are again reproduced with satisfactory legibility. (See PDF)
CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY: RATE OF TRANSCAPILLARY EXCHANGE OF IRON ADDED TO PLASMA AS RADIOACTIVE FERRIC BETA1-GLOBULINATE
Authors: Flexner Louis B. , Vosburgh Gilbert J. , Cowie Dean B. 
Published: December 2017

Volume 153, page 508. Line 5: The designation C+0 should read C*0. Line 10: The equation should read C*t = C*0e–Rt.