bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pensamiento reflexivo del estudiante de enfermería en su prácticum clínico
Authors: Rivera Álvarez Luz Nelly 
Published: January 2017

<p><strong>Objetivos:</strong> Describir cómo emergen los procesos de pensamiento reflexivo del estudiante de enfermería en su práctica clínica; y describir la experiencia de la estudiante delante de situaciones clínicas, donde integra la práctica reflexiva, el razonamiento clínico y la ética del cuidado. <strong>Método</strong>: Investigación cualitativa, hermenéutico-fenomenológica, realizada en las asignaturas Practicum Hospitalario II y Estades Clíniques II durante las prácticas clínicas de once estudiantes de enfermería de una Facultad de Enfermería y un Hospital Universitario de Barcelona (España), de febrero de 2011 a febrero de 2012. Las estrategias de recogida de datos fueron: observación participante, conversación informal, entrevista en profundidad y materiales escritos. Para el análisis de la información se empleó el método de comparaciones constantes de Strauss y Corbin. <strong>Resultados:</strong> El eje cualitativo emergente fue: Convergencia de significados entre estudiante y enfermera respecto al cuidar competente en enfermería; y la metacategoría resultante fue: Pensamiento reflexivo del estudiante, con las subsiguientes categorías: capacidad perceptiva y consciencia situada de las necesidades del otro; curiosidad epistemológica; atención operativa; la anticipación: conversación reflexiva en la acción; e imitación reflexiva. <strong>Conclusiones</strong>: La observación deliberativa, la atención operativa, la conversación reflexiva en y sobre la acción, la curiosidad epistemológica, la experimentación insitu e imitación reflexiva, emergen de manera gradual y acorde a la calidad en la continuidad e interacción del estudiante con los diferentes elementos de su prácticum clínico; estos procesos reflexivos propician en el estudiante la posibilidad de reflexionar, interpretar y significar su propia práctica.</p>
Phylogenetic relationships and a new classification of the family Cyclopteridae (Perciformes: Cottoidei)
Authors: OKU KANAMI , IMAMURA HISASHI , YABE MAMORU 
Published: January 2017

Phylogenetic relationships of the family Cyclopteridae were reconstructed based on osteological and external characters. The monophyly of the family was strongly supported by 47 commonly recognized synapomorphies, including six autapomorphies (plus one additional autapomorphy, presence of a dorsal process on the pelvis, recognized after the phylogenetic analysis) among the suborder Cottoidei. As a result of the cladistic analysis, a single most parsimonious phylogeny was obtained, based on characters in 32 transformation series. A new classification of Cyclopteridae based on reconstructed relationships, including three subfamilies [Liparopsinae, Cyclopterinae and Eumicrotreminae (newly established)] and four genera (Aptocyclus, Cyclopsis, Cyclopterus and Eumicrotremus), is proposed.
Exploring the Sensitivity of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Resistance Parameters in a Land Surface Model
Authors: Jefferson Jennifer L. , Maxwell Reed M. , Constantine Paul G. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Land surface models, like the Common Land Model component of the ParFlow integrated hydrologic model (PF-CLM), are used to estimate transpiration from vegetated surfaces. Transpiration rates quantify how much water moves from the subsurface through the plant and into the atmosphere. This rate is controlled by the stomatal resistance term in land surface models. The Ball–Berry stomatal resistance parameterization relies, in part, on the rate of photosynthesis, and together these equations require the specification of 20 input parameters. Here, the active subspace method is applied to 2100 year-long PF-CLM simulations, forced by atmospheric data from California, Colorado, and Oklahoma, to identify which input parameters are important and how they relate to three quantities of interest: transpiration, stomatal resistance from the sunlit portion of the canopy, and stomatal resistance from the shaded portion. The slope (mp) and intercept (bp) parameters associated with the Ball–Berry parameterization are consistently important for all locations, along with five parameters associated with ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)- and light-limited rates of photosynthesis [CO2 Michaelis–Menten constant at 25°C (kc25), maximum ratio of oxygenation to carboxylation (ocr), quantum efficiency at 25°C (qe25), maximum rate of carboxylation at 25°C (vcmx25), and multiplier in the denominator of the equation used to compute the light-limited rate of photosynthesis (wj1)]. The importance of these input parameters, quantified by the active variable weight, and the relationship between the input parameters and quantities of interest vary seasonally and diurnally. Input parameter values influence transpiration rates most during midday, summertime hours when fluxes are large. This research informs model users about which photosynthesis and stomatal resistance parameters should be more carefully selected. Quantifying sensitivities associated with the stomatal resistance term is necessary to better understand transpiration estimates from land surface models.
Evaluating Stochastic Precipitation Generators for Climate Change Impact Studies of New York City’s Primary Water Supply
Authors: Acharya Nachiketa , Frei Allan , Chen Jie , DeCristofaro Leslie , Owens Emmet M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWatersheds located in the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York State contribute about 90% of the water to the New York City water supply system. Recent studies show that this region is experiencing increasing trends in total precipitation and extreme precipitation events. To assess the impact of this and other possible climatic changes on the water supply, there is a need to develop future climate scenarios that can be used as input to hydrological and reservoir models. Recently, stochastic weather generators (SWGs) have been used in climate change adaptation studies because of their ability to produce synthetic weather time series. This study examines the performance of a set of SWGs with varying levels of complexity to simulate daily precipitation characteristics, with a focus on extreme events. To generate precipitation occurrence, three Markov chain models (first, second, and third orders) were evaluated in terms of simulating average and extreme wet days and dry/wet spell lengths. For precipitation magnitude, seven models were investigated, including five parametric distributions, one resampling technique, and a polynomial-based curve fitting technique. The methodology applied here to evaluate SWGs combines several different types of metrics that are not typically combined in a single analysis. It is found that the first-order Markov chain performs as well as higher orders for simulating precipitation occurrence, and two parametric distribution models (skewed normal and mixed exponential) are deemed best for simulating precipitation magnitudes. The specific models that were found to be most applicable to the region may be valuable in bottom-up vulnerability studies for the watershed, as well as for other nearby basins.
Snow-Level Estimates Using Operational Polarimetric Weather Radar Measurements
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Cifelli Robert , White Allen , Coleman Timothy 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Scanning polarimetric measurements from the operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) systems are evaluated for the retrievals of snow-level (SL) heights, which are located below the 0°C isotherm and represent the altitude within the melting layer (ML) where snow changes to rain. The evaluations are conducted by intercomparisons of the SL estimates obtained from the Beale Air Force Base WSR-88D unit (KBBX) during a wet season 6-month period (from October 2012 to March 2013) and robust SL height measurements hSL from a high-resolution vertically pointing Doppler snow-level profiler deployed near Oroville, California. It is shown that a mean value height measurement hL3 between the estimates of the ML top and bottom, which can be derived from the WSR-88D level-III (L3) ML products, provides relatively unbiased estimates of SL heights with a standard deviation of about 165 m. There is little azimuthal variability in derived values of hL3, which is, in part, due to the use of higher radar beam tilts and azimuthal smoothing of the level-III ML products. Height estimates hrho based on detection of the ML minima of the copolar cross-correlation coefficient ρhv calculated from the WSR-88D level-II products are slightly better correlated with profiler-derived SL heights, though they are biased low by about 113 m with respect to hSL. If this bias is accounted for, the standard deviation of the ρhv minima–based SL estimates is generally less than 100 m. Overall, the results of this study indicate that, at least for closer radar ranges (up to ~13–15 km), the operational radar polarimetric data can provide snow-level estimates with a quality similar to those from the dedicated snow-level radar profilers.
Criteria for Human Performance Research
Authors: Uhlaner J. E. , Drucker A. J. 
Published: January 2017

The heart of human factors performance research is the development of an appropriate criterion or effectiveness measure. Typical criteria employed in research from 1941 to 1963 by the U.S. Army Personnel Research Office have included grades, ratings, and situational performance measures, each selected for use according to critical methodological, operational, and administrative considerations. Emphasis is placed upon predicting individual effectiveness. Today's military manager desires an evaluation of a system or subsystem as a totality and is likely to give more wholehearted acceptance to that research product expressed in quantitative units reflecting his goals and mission. Examples are given of the roles human factors scientists play today in helping develop the systems output criterion, similar to human factors performance criteria in some respects but which requires more attention to the need for simulation and to decisions with respect to laboratory vs. field experimentation. A framework of human factors oriented systems research is presented.
A Historical Review of Petroleum Exploration in New Zealand
Authors: Katz H.R. 
Published: January 2017

Active exploration for petroleum in New Zealand is over 120 years old. While some sporadic, commercial production was obtained already in the earliest part of this century, exploration until 1920 was entirely guided by the occurrence of natural seepages. 1925–1944 was the first period of scientifically-oriented exploration, spurred particularly by the requirements of the second World War. In 1955 began the present period of more intensified prospecting, which in 1965 extended to New Zealand's very large ofshore area. The onshore Kapuni gas/condensate field was discovered in 1959, and the giant offshore Maui field in 1969. Production started in 1970 and 1979, respectively. Exploration enormously increased and expanded all over the country in the late 1960's and early 1970's, with concession holdings reaching a record high in 1970/71:131,673 km2 onshore and 1,003,669 km2 offshore. But a sharp decline followed in the mid-late 1970's, which was partly Government-induced and political, partly due to a prolonged lack of success. A change of Government policy in 1980 started a new cycle of intense exploration, with enthusiasm rapidly fuelled by a string of new, though small discoveries in Taranaki onshore, and, in 1986/87, by what is believed to be a large oil and gas discovery in Taranki offshore. Drilling activity has reached record levels over the last years, while exploration in general is branching out again to many other areas and basins, outside Taranaki. Total production in 1986 amounted to 4,546 million m3 of gas (plus 744 million m3 re-injected), 1.208 million m3 of condensate, 186,700 m3 of LPG and smaller amounts of natural gasoline and butane, and 0.501 million m3 of oil.
Reconnaissance 3-D Seismic as a Modern Exploration Tool
Authors: Norris D.J. 
Published: January 2017

TCPL has recently carried out ‘reconnaissance or exploration’ 3-D surveys, in three different blocks, each designed to solve a different type of problem. In each case a considerable improvement in data quality and the resulting structural/stratigraphic interpretation was achieved. The Kupe South structure is a wrench-induced feature cross-cut by numerous small-medium faults. Stratigraphic changes across the prospect produce a variable quality seismic event at the top reservoir level. The Pataka Prospect comprises a narrow horst block trend within the Oakura fault zone, offshore New Plymouth. Accurate determination of potential reserves required a reliable interpretation of the fault configuration, and the amount of displacement of the reservoir horizon by the critical faults. The Waitara Prospect is affected by a ‘no-data’ zone possibly associated with volcanics in the near surface. It was necessary to define the extent and nature of the no-data zone and to calculate the effect of the interpreted volcanics on the time structure map. Prior to the surveys we modelled the effects of such critical parameters as sail-line separation, final interpolation spacing and the dimensions of the 3-D grids using existing 2-D data. Good results were obtained with a wider line spacing than is strictly required for true 3-D. Whilst the Reconnaissance 3-D method has not removed all of the difficulties with interpretation, a considerable improvement was obtained in data quality and ease of interpretation.
Characterization of Hydrous Zirconia Gels: Adsorption and Related Studies
Authors: Ragai Jehane 
Published: January 2017

A series of zirconia gels has been prepared at different pH values by the addition of aqueous ammonia to aqueous solutions of zirconyl chloride. The gels were air dried at 110°C and their surface characteristics and structure studied with the aid of infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and simultaneous DTA, TGA and DTG methods. Infrared studies suggest the formation of compounds of the type ZrO2 · xH2O · yNH3. Preparation pH values of 8.02 and 10.01 produced high area gels with considerable pore volumes, whereas pH values of 4.50 and 7.01 led to unpredictable areas with ill-defined textures reflecting the metastability of the systems. Differential thermal analysis curves revealed two distinctive endotherms allowing the separate identification of interstitial and cordinatively bound water. As the pH of precipitation increased, the amount of coordinated water decreased.
Electrokinetic Properties of Cassiterite and Quartz Particles in the Presence of Cationic, Anionic and Non-ionogenic Surfactants
Authors: Taha Fouad , Saleh M.B. , Attyia K.M.E. , Khalaf M.M.R. 
Published: January 2017

The surface charge properties of cassiterite and quartz particles in primary amine hydrochloride, sodium oleate, sodium dodecyl sulphate, phenyl disodium orthophosphate, 4-nitrophenyl disodium orthophosphate and starch solutions have been monitored using particle microelectrophoresis. The zeta potentials of the oxides and their isoelectric points (IEPs) were determined as a function of pH in the presence of different surfactant concentrations. In general, cassiterite and quartz particles acquired a negative charge in the various aqueous solutions and were dramatically influenced by both pH and the presence of surfactants. The magnitude of the surface charge varied considerably and could adopt positive or negative values. The IEPs also varied depending on the solution properties.
Preclinical Principles of the Investigation of New Drugs
Authors: Sanen F J 
Published: January 2017

From this presentation it becomes apparent that preclinical investigation of new drugs is a multi-disciplinary endeavour. The need for close team work between the various scientists is necessary to meet this complex research challenge successfully. With the development of an ever-increasing number of potent drugs, it is mandatory that the physician responsible for monitoring new drug trials broaden his understanding of preclinical investigations. In doing so, he will soon learn the need for consistent interplay between the preclinical scientist and clinician.
Anxiety with Depressed Mood in General Practice: A survey of 3,000 Patients treated with Benzoctamine: A Report of a Monitored Release Study
Authors: Forrest W A 
Published: January 2017

A total of 3,000 patients in general practice, with a diagnosis of moderate to severe anxiety with depressive overtones were treated with benzoctamine 10 mg tid for two weeks. During this period 75 % of the group obtained symptomatic relief, and 45 % were symptom free after two weeks. The profile of patients responding significantly well to this treatment was studied in detail. In this group of patients the drug was well tolerated, 11 % of the patients reporting no side effects. Drowsiness was the most commonly reported adverse reaction with an incidence of 9 %.
Effects of Oxypertine and Chlordiazepoxide on Human Motor Co-Ordination
Authors: Berry P A , Grubb D J 
Published: January 2017

The performance of six normal healthy male volunteers in three simple co-ordination tests has been used to assess the effects of three doses of oxypertine and one dose of chlordiazepoxide. In the first part of the study, single doses of oxpyertine ( 10 and 20 mg) and chlordiazepoxide 10 mg were compared, in the second part of the study, two doses of oxypertine 5 and 10 mg given four hours apart were compared. The tests employed were—braking reaction time in a motor car simulator, spatial co-ordination and pursuit rotor performance. In the first part of the study, oxypertine ( 10 and 20 mg) produced initial improvements in performance in the braking test, followed by deterioration. Performance four hours after 10 mg of oxypertine was normal when compared with the placebo response. Chlordiazepoxide 10 mg produced a deterioration in performance. Statistical analysis of the braking reaction times revealed large subject to subject variations, and in only one case was a statistically significant difference between treatments demonstrated. The second part of the study failed to confirm the improvements in performance noted in the earlier study. No statistically significant changes in performance were detected following the first capsules of oxypertine ( 5 or 10 mg). Three and four hours after consuming the second 5 or 10 mg capsule, significant changes in braking performances were recorded at the 1% and 5% levels of significance respectively. Performance in the pursuit rotor test was enhanced following the ingestion of 5 mg of oxypertine, but was depressed after 10 mg of the drug, these observations were not statistically significant. Dose related drowsiness was detected following dosage with oxypertine and although less obvious outwardly in later studies, it was still apparent in the performance scores of the subjects, particularly those who had consumed the higher ( 20 mg) dose of oxypertine. The braking reaction time experiments suggest that dosage with oxypertine at a frequency of 10 mg every four hours or less, may result in an accumulation of drug and lead to significant motor inco-ordination. It seems unlikely that prolonged dosage with the 5 mg dose of oxypertine will lead to accumulation of the drug.
The Clinical Importance of the Neuroleptic Threshold and its Fine Motor Determination by the Handwriting Test
Authors: Haase H J , Floru L 
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the present state of investigations concerning the concepts of ‘neuroleptic threshold’ and fine motor extrapyramidal inhibition. The publication also includes reports on studies carried out by thirty-one collaborators from the Haase work-team based on over 50,000 handwriting tests. The main results of the following studies are presented and discussed: Investigations effected by fourteen authors on 328 cases of schizophrenia proving the close relationship between crossing the neuroleptic threshold and onset of the anti-psychotic effect. By a gradual increase of dosage a neuroleptic-anti-psychotic action was obtained in the days following the crossing of the neuroleptic threshold for a total of 87% of cases, 52% of which took place in the first three days, another 16% within the following three days and the rest after a longer interval. In another series of investigations the actions of a neuroleptic drug above and under the neuroleptic threshold were systematically compared in twenty-four cases of chronic schizophrenia. Concerning the action of anti-parkinson drugs on motor and psychic neuroleptic efficiency, results are reported on two series of investigations. Furthermore, the concepts of ‘neuroleptic-therapeutic range’ and ‘neuroleptic potency’ are defined and the problem of different individual predispositions to the neuroleptic threshold is discussed. Fine motor extrapyramidal handwriting symptomatology was quantified by means of Haase's handwriting test and evaluated according to the following degrees: mild, moderate and severe. The relevancy of determining the impressive character of handwriting was proved by the work of three different independent investigators, each separately assessing the samples resulting from the same 300 handwriting tests. Two measuring procedures were evolved for the planimetric evaluation of handwriting. The application of handwriting tests in the therapy of long-term neuroleptics is discussed, viz. in determining duration of activity, in controlling cumulative tendency and in studies on under-threshold neuroleptic action. This paper stresses the clinical and practical importance of these results.
A Comparison between Maprotiline (Ludiomil) and Amitriptyline in the Treatment of Depressive Reaction in General Practice
Authors: Murphy J E , Forrest W A 
Published: January 2017

In this trial in depressive reaction in general practice, maprotiline and amitriptyline, in a fixed dosage regime of 50 mg three times daily for three weeks, were equally effective therapeutic agents; all but two of the patients improving during the trial. Thirteen patients (16% of the group) withdrew from the study due to the severity of side-effects, predominantly because of drowsiness. In those patients who completed the trial both compounds were relatively well tolerated. The general pattern of side-effects ('mild’ drowsiness and dry mouth) was similar for both treatments, although maprotiline appeared to cause more dizziness than amitriptyline.
Non-Pharmacological Factors in Drug Therapy—The Inter-Action of Doctor, Patient and Tablet Appearance in the Treatment of Anxiety/Depressive Syndromes
Authors: Schiff A A , Murphy J E , Anderson J A 
Published: January 2017

The degree to which placebo response is involved in an active treatment situation in normal clinical practice, and the factors comprising the placebo response, have been analyzed in a study on patients with anxiety/depressive syndromes. Four tablet preparations of different appearance but identical pharmacological activity were used over a three week period, and a comparison of therapeutic benefits between ‘treatments', doctors, and doctor—patient groupings was made, in addition to an analysis of the relationship of patients' self-assessments with their physicians' ratings. The results showed that although direct pharmacological effect was paramount in determining therapeutic outcome, detailed differences were related to various placebo factors. The similarity between physicians' and patients' ratings tends to decrease during the course of treatment, and possible reasons for this are reviewed in the light of previous work.