bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the drivers of population structure in a highly urbanized landscape to inform conservation planning
Authors: Thomassen Henri A. , Harrigan Ryan J. , Semple Delaney Kathleen , Riley Seth P. D. , Serieys Laurel E. K. , Pease Katherine , Wayne Robert K. , Smith Thomas B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the environmental contributors to population structure is of paramount importance for conservation in urbanized environments. We used spatially explicit models to determine genetic population structure under current and future environmental conditions across a highly fragmented, human‐dominated environment in Southern California to assess the effects of natural ecological variation and urbanization. We focused on 7 common species with diverse habitat requirements, home‐range sizes, and dispersal abilities. We quantified the relative roles of potential barriers, including natural environmental characteristics and an anthropogenic barrier created by a major highway, in shaping genetic variation. The ability to predict genetic variation in our models differed among species: 11–81% of intraspecific genetic variation was explained by environmental variables. Although an anthropogenically induced barrier (a major highway) severely restricted gene flow and movement at broad scales for some species, genetic variation seemed to be primarily driven by natural environmental heterogeneity at a local level. Our results show how assessing environmentally associated variation for multiple species under current and future climate conditions can help identify priority regions for maximizing population persistence under environmental change in urbanized regions.
Miniaturization of sebaceous glands: A novel histopathological finding in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus of the scalp
Authors: Sar‐Pomian Marta , Czuwara Joanna , Rudnicka Lidia , Olszewska Malgorzata 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundIntraepidermal acantholysis is a characteristic histopathological feature of pemphigus. The histopathology of scalp biopsies in pemphigus has not been widely discussed in the literature, although the scalp is commonly involved in pemphigus.MethodsA total of 32 consecutive patients with scalp involvement (17 with pemphigus vulgaris [PV] and 15 with pemphigus foliaceus [PF]) were enrolled into the study. The histopathological examination of scalp biopsies was performed in all patients. Tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.ResultsAcantholysis extended down the entire length of the outer root sheath of the hair follicle in 12 of 17 (70.6%) patients with PV. Follicular acantholysis in PF was restricted to the infundibulum and occurred in 12 of 15 (80.0%) patients. Acantholysis in the vellus hair follicles was observed in 12 of 17 (70.6%) and 9 of 15 (60.0%) cases, respectively. The miniaturization of sebaceous glands was seen in 14 of 17 (82.4%) and 12 of 15 (80.0%) patients, respectively.ConclusionsFollicular acantholysis is a common histopathological feature of pemphigus. It may serve as a clue to the diagnosis of pemphigus subtypes, as PV and PF differ in the depth of follicular acantholysis. The miniaturization of sebaceous glands is a common histopathological feature observed in scalp specimens of patients with pemphigus.
Experiences of closed‐loop insulin delivery among pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Farrington C. , Stewart Z. A. , Barnard K. , Hovorka R. , Murphy H. R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimsTo explore the experiences of pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes, and the relationships between perceptions of glucose control, attitudes to technology and glycaemic responses with regard to closed‐loop insulin delivery.MethodsWe recruited 16 pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes [mean ± sd age 34.1 ± 4.6 years, duration of diabetes 23.6 ± 7.2 years, baseline HbA1c 51±5 mmol/mol (6.8 ± 0.6%)] to a randomized crossover trial of sensor‐augmented pump therapy vs automated closed‐loop therapy. Questionnaires (Diabetes Technology Questionnaire, Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey) were completed before and after each intervention, with qualitative interviews at baseline and follow‐up.ResultsWomen described the benefits and burdens of closed‐loop systems during pregnancy. Feelings of improved glucose control, excitement and empowerment were counterbalanced by concerns about device visibility, obsessive data checking and diminished attentiveness to hyper‐ and hypoglycaemia symptoms. Responding to questionnaires, eight participants felt less worry about overnight hypoglycaemia and that diabetes ‘did not run their lives’; however, five reported that closed‐loop increased time thinking about diabetes, and three felt it made sleep and preventing hyperglycaemia more problematic. Women slightly overestimated their glycaemic response to closed‐loop therapy. Most became more positive in their technology attitudes throughout pregnancy. Women with more positive technology attitudes had higher degrees of overestimation, and poorer levels of glycaemic control.ConclusionsWomen displayed complex psychosocial responses to closed‐loop therapy in pregnancy. Perceptions of glycaemic response may diverge from biomedical data.
Financial inclusion through a public works programme: Does left‐wing extremism make a difference?
Authors: Ghosh Saibal 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUsing district‐level household data, the study investigates the impact of left wing extremism (LWE) violence on financial inclusion in India. Exploiting the staggered roll‐out of a major public works programme, we find that the programme has the potency to improve financial inclusion, notwithstanding the deleterious effects of higher LWE violence. These findings are, however, different in the post‐Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (Prime Minister's People Money Scheme) phase, especially in the short run wherein there is an increase in both access to and use of finance. The findings are consistent with the citizen support model and suggest that demonstrable government commitment in the form of spending on public works has the capacity to raise financial inclusion, even if the programme occurs in LWE‐affected districts.
Richness‐dependence of phylogenetic diversity indices
Authors: Sandel Brody 
Published: June 2017

Phylogenetic diversity indices are widely used to characterize the structure and diversity of ecological communities. Most indices are based on a metric that is expected to vary with species richness, so they are standardized to remove this richness‐dependence. With this standardization, values of 0 are consistent with random phylogenetic structure, while phylogenetic clustering is associated with either negative or positive values (depending on the index). One common interpretation of phylogenetic clustering is that it indicates some combination of environmental and biological filtering that restricts the species that can be present in a community. Increasingly, studies are comparing phylogenetic indices along environmental gradients to infer differences in the factors structuring communities. This comparison implicitly assumes that index values are comparable among communities with different numbers of species.Using a set of simulations, I show here that this assumption is incorrect. Holding the strength of filtering constant, communities composed of more species show larger absolute index values. This problem is most pronounced when the environmental filter favors a moderate‐sized clade strongly over others and when using the net relatedness index (NRI) to measure clustering. This bias potentially casts doubt on studies studying phylogenetic index patterns along gradients where richness also varies. Fortunately, the arising generality that more stressful environments have lower species richness and stronger clustering is opposite to this bias and therefore robust. I also show that a simple rarefaction can remove the richness‐dependence of these indices, at the expense of increased error.
Clinical outcomes of HLA‐DPB1 mismatches in 10/10 HLA‐matched unrelated donor‐recipient pairs undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant
Authors: Moyer Ann M. , Hashmi Shahrukh K. , Kroning Cynthia M. , Kremers Walter K. , De Goey Steven R. , Patnaik Mrinal , Litzow Mark , Gastineau Dennis A. , Hogan William J. , Jacob Eapen K. , Kreuter Justin D. , Wakefield Laurie L. , Gandhi Manish J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveHLA‐DPB1 matching may impact allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) outcomes; however, this locus is not in linkage disequilibrium with the remainder of the HLA genes. After classifying HLA‐DPB1 mismatches based on T‐cell epitope, avoiding non‐permissive mismatches may impact survival. We tested this hypothesis at a single academic institution.MethodsRetrospective HLA‐DPB1 genotyping was performed on 153 adult patients who underwent ASCT and unrelated donors matched for HLA‐A, B, C, DRB1, and DQB1 loci (10/10). Using the ImMunoGeneTics/HLA T‐cell epitope matching algorithm, mismatch status was classified as permissive or non‐permissive.ResultsOf 153 donor‐recipient pairs, 22 (14.4%) were HLA‐DPB1 matches, 64 (42.8%) permissive mismatches, and 67 (43.8%) non‐permissive mismatches. DPB1 mismatch increased risk of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD; RR 2.89 [1.19‐9.53], P=.016) compared with DPB1‐matched transplants, but there were no differences in overall mortality, risk of relapse, or acute GVHD (aGVHD). Combining matches and permissive mismatches and comparing to non‐permissive mismatches, there was no significant difference in overall survival or relapse; however, patients receiving non‐permissive mismatched transplants experienced greater risk of aGVHD overall and severe aGVHD (RR 1.66 [1.13‐2.44], P=.010 and RR 1.97 [1.10‐3.59], P=.024, respectively).ConclusionIn this single‐center study, HLA‐DPB1 matching influenced outcomes of patients undergoing ASCT for hematologic malignancy.
Photosensitivity is an early marker of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 disease
Authors: Specchio Nicola , Bellusci Marcello , Pietrafusa Nicola , Trivisano Marina , de Palma Luca , Vigevano Federico 
Published: June 2017

SummaryObjectiveThis study aimed to identify early clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2) disease to enable early diagnosis, thus providing the key to early treatment, and optimized care and outcomes.MethodsRetrospective clinical chart review of a series of patients diagnosed with CLN2 disease from 2005 to 2015 at a single center in Italy. Clinical, MRI, and EEG findings were reviewed.ResultsA total of 14 patients were included. For the whole group, median (range) age at disease onset was 3.0 (2.0–3.8) years. Epilepsy was the most commonly reported presenting symptom (in 50% [seven of 14] of patients), occurring at the age of 3.2 (2.6–3.8) years. First seizure was myoclonic in 36% (five of 14) of patients, followed by generalized tonic–clonic in 29% (4 of 14), atonic in 22% (three of 14), and focal with motor signs in 14% (two of 14). All patients walked independently at the age of 12.0 (11.0–18.0) months, but delayed speech or regression of acquired verbal skills was present in 100% of patients at 3 years. EEGs revealed a photoparoxysmal response (PPR) on intermittent photic stimulation in 93% (13 of 14) of patients. PPR was present from the first EEG, which was performed at 3.6 (3.1–4.0) years, in 43% (six of 14) of patients; it was documented at low (1–3 Hz) stimulation frequencies in 69% (nine of 13) and took the form of a flash‐per‐flash response in 69% (nine of 13). First brain MRI at the age of 3.8 (3.0–5.1) years revealed cerebellar atrophy in 100% (14 of 14) of patients and alteration of the periventricular white matter signal in the posterior hemispheric region in 79% (11 of 14).SignificanceEarly photosensitivity (typically PPR at low stimulation frequencies of 1–3 Hz) is a hallmark of CLN2 disease. This diagnosis should be considered in a child presenting with any type of seizure, and particularly if it is accompanied by delayed speech and/or ataxia or MRI abnormalities (posterior white matter signal alteration or cerebellar atrophy).
Surgical excision of large melanocytic tumours in grey horses: 38 cases (2001–2013)
Authors: Groom L. M. , Sullins K. E. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryMelanocytic tumours are common in grey horses. Large tumours can obstruct the rectum, or prepuce, inhibit food intake and impinge upon the upper airway. Surgical excision is locally curative, but is controversial for large or confluent tumours. Limited information on outcome following surgical excision of large melanomas is available. The objective of this study was to report outcome following surgical excision of large (≥4 cm) melanocytic tumours in horses. Our hypothesis was that surgical excision of large (≥4 cm) single and coalescing melanomas would be locally curative. Medical records were reviewed and cases that underwent excision of a single or coalescing melanoma, with at least one lesion ≥4 cm in diameter, included. Follow‐up information was obtained a minimum of 12 months post‐surgery from owners and referring veterinarians via telephone interviews, questionnaire, or direct examination. A total of 48 cases were identified; 38 horses with follow‐up were included in the study. Tumours involved the parotid, perianal or mid‐cervical regions, ventral tail base, prepuce, penis, ear, or thoracic inlet. There were no cases of tumour regrowth following excision. Post‐operative complications occurred in five cases and were easily resolved in all but one. Continued or new growth of distant melanocytic tumours occurred in 50% of cases. Results suggest that excision of large melanocytic tumours in horses is a viable treatment option that is locally curative with minimal complications.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in stream food webs – high dissimilarity among producers and consumers
Authors: Guo Fen , Bunn Stuart E. , Brett Michael T. , Kainz Martin J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Streams and rivers provide crucial sources of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA, a subset of PUFA with ≥20 C in their acyl chains) for freshwater and terrestrial animals. LC‐PUFA are primarily produced by particular algal taxa and are subsequently transferred to fish and higher consumers, including humans. Although research on the trophic transfer of LC‐PUFA in streams is very limited, studies on the PUFA composition of organisms at various trophic levels within stream food webs are well documented. Here, we systematically analyze the literature to synthesise LC‐PUFA distribution and retention in stream ecosystems.

In general, stream food webs are highly enriched in omega‐3 LC‐PUFA, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3). Algae from temperate rivers had more EPA compared with algae from subtropical rivers. Stream invertebrates from both temperate and subtropical rivers preferentially retain algal EPA and their PUFA tend to vary with algal PUFA. Invertebrates may be capable of regulating their fatty acid (FA) composition, but this ability is limited, to the extent that they must obtain physiologically important LC‐PUFA primarily from algae.

DHA is selectively and highly retained in all fish taxa irrespective of their feeding sites (i.e. temperate or subtropical rivers). However, DHA content is variable among stream fish taxa and is likely linked to resource utilisation and their endogenous metabolism. Freshwater salmonids have a very high DHA content, which suggests they preferentially retain this FA or biosynthesise it from EPA. The PUFA profiles of other fish taxa more closely reflect their dietary PUFA supply. However, so far very few studies have considered the differences in the PUFA biosynthesis of fish taxa in rivers or compared the dietary PUFA effect on different fish taxa.

The supply of LC‐PUFA from streams and rivers is known to be affected by altered light availability, greater nutrient inputs and other anthropogenic activities, and any decrease in algal LC‐PUFA production will negatively affect the consumers that are nutritionally dependent on these molecules. Further investigations are needed to understand how environmental changes affect LC‐PUFA production and retention in stream ecosystems, and how to protect streams from threats to this essential ecosystem service.
Beta diversity of stream fish assemblages: partitioning variation between spatial and environmental factors
Authors: Zbinden Zachery D. , Matthews William J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractStudies that analyse the structure of assemblages across relevant spatial scales can ascertain generalisable patterns and be used to guide efforts that allocate resources meant to conserve regional biodiversity. Beta diversity can shed light on the underlying factors that drive variation in assemblage structure including spatial and environmental influences. The purpose of this study was to address two questions: (1) Which is more important for the structuring of fish assemblages, spatial or environmental factors? (2) What is the dominant pattern underlying species turnover between fish assemblages, species addition (i.e. nestedness) or species replacement (i.e. spatial turnover)?We examined fish beta diversity in southeastern Oklahoma by sampling 65 wadeable stream reaches and measuring 30 environmental factors at each sampling location across the Muddy Boggy River drainage. Variation in fish assemblage structure was partitioned between environmental and spatial predictors using partial redundancy analysis. Overall species turnover was calculated and separated into its two additive components of spatial turnover and nestedness to determine which of these two accounted for the most turnover across the drainage.Spatial and environmental factors combined accounted for 25.5% of fish beta diversity. Environmental factors alone accounted for 20.1%, while spatial factors alone only accounted for 3.5% of the variation among assemblages.Nine environmental factors were significantly related to fish beta diversity: (1) elevation; (2) stream order; (3) stream width; (4) % riffle habitat; (5) water temperature; (6) conductivity; (7) turbidity; (8) % gravel substrate and (9) current velocity.Overall species turnover was driven mostly by spatial turnover rather than nestedness. This pattern was found to be the same across multiple spatial scales (entire drainage, sub‐drainages, mainstems) and despite several techniques used to extract turnover coefficients.These results suggest that fish assemblages—particularly in headwater streams—are structured by environmental filtering and that these assemblages tend to be compositionally distinct, rather than being nested derivatives of one another.
Ulva rigida in the future ocean: potential for carbon capture, bioremediation and biomethane production
Authors: Gao Guang , Clare Anthony S. , Rose Craig , Caldwell Gary S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractUlva species have been considered as ideal candidates for carbon capture, bioremediation and biofuel production. However, little is known regarding the effects of simultaneous ocean warming, acidification and eutrophication on these capacities. In this study, Ulva rigida was cultivated under two levels of: temperature (14 °C (LT) and 18 °C (HT)); pH (8.10 and 7.70) by controlling pCO2 (LC, HC respectively); and nutrients (low (LN) – 50 μm N and 2.5 μm P and high (HN) – 1000 μm N and 50 μm P) for 6 weeks. During the first week of cultivation, HT, HC and HN increased biomass by 38.1%, 17.1% and 20.8%, respectively, while the higher temperature led to negative growth in weeks 2, 4 and 6 due to reproductive events. By the end of the cultivation, biomass under HTHCHN was 130.4% higher than the control (LTLCLN), contributing to a higher carbon capture capacity. Although the thalli at HT released nutrients to seawater in weeks 2, 4 and 6, the HTHCHN treatment increased the overall nitrate uptake rate over the cultivation period by 489.0%. The HTHCHN treatment also had an increased biochemical methane potential and methane yield (47.3% and 254.6%, respectively). Our findings demonstrate that the capacities for carbon and nutrient capture, and biomethane production of U. rigida in the future ocean may be enhanced, providing important insight into the interactions between global change and seaweeds.
From smiling to smirking? 3D printing, upgrading and the restructuring of global value chains
Authors: REHNBERG MÄRTHA , PONTE STEFANO 
Published: June 2017

Abstract3D printing (3DP) has been heralded as a revolutionary technology that can alter the way production is organized across time and space – with important redistributive effects on geography and size of production activities. In this article, we examine the impacts that a widespread adoption of 3DP could have on restructuring, upgrading and distributing value added along manufacturing global value chains (GVC) – with brief examples from the aerospace and automotive industries. We highlight two possible scenarios for GVCs – a complementarity scenario of 3DP and traditional manufacturing overlapping, which would reproduce power relations in GVCs and the current distribution of value added in a ‘smiling curve’; and a substitution scenario of 3DP partly or fully superseding traditional manufacturing, which would have more transformational effects in terms of ‘rebundling’ activities, regionalizing or localizing GVCs, and flattening the smiling curve into a ‘smirk’.
The effects of Biodentine/polycaprolactone three‐dimensional‐scaffold with odontogenesis properties on human dental pulp cells
Authors: Ho C.‐C. , Fang H.‐Y. , Wang B. , Huang T.‐H. , Shie M.‐Y. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimTo determine the feasibility of using three‐dimensional printed Biodentine/polycaprolactone composite scaffolds for orthopaedic and dental applications. The physicochemical properties and the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were investigated.MethodologyBiodentine was well‐suspended in ethanol and dropped slowly into molten polycaprolactone with vigorous stirring. The Biodentine/polycaprolactone composite scaffolds were then fabricated into controlled macropore sizes and structures using an extrusion‐based three‐dimensional (3D) printer. The mechanical properties, bioactivity, and the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) cultured on the scaffolds were evaluated.ResultsBiodentine/polycaprolactone scaffolds had uniform macropores 550 μm in size with established interconnections and a compressive strength of 6.5 MPa. In addition, the composite scaffolds exhibited a good apatite‐forming ability and were capable of supporting the proliferation and differentiation of hDPCs.ConclusionThe composite scaffolds fabricated by an extrusion‐based 3D printing technique had similar characteristics to Biodentine cement, including bioactivity and the ability to promote the differentiation of hDPCs. These results indicate that the composite scaffold would be a candidate for dental and bone regeneration.
New route to improve the flexural strength of silicon nitride ceramics by introducing tungsten carbide nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhu Tianbin , Xie Zhi‐Peng , Wu Weiwei 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSilicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics containing various tungsten carbide (WC) content were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) with Al2O3and Y2O3as sintering aids, andWCnanoparticles were introduced via the mechanical ball milling method in the present work. The influence ofWCnanoparticles’ content on the densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of such ceramics was investigated. The results showed that the incorporation ofWCnanoparticles promoted the densification of Si3N4ceramics and the growth of β‐Si3N4grains. In comparison with the specimen withoutWCnanoparticles (879.9MPa), the flexural strength of the specimens containingWCnanoparticles increased markedly; a maximum flexural strength of 1367.7MPa can be achieved at the sintering temperature of 1550°C and the milling time of 36 hours.