bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of NiCo2S4 Nanocages as Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials
Authors: Wang Zhenghua , He Bowen , Kong Wei , Lu Chenchen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this work, NiCo2S4 nanocages are successfully fabricated by a template‐engaged route for pseudocapacitor applications. The NiCo2S4 nanocages exhibit a high capacitance (1635 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and a good rate capability (50 % capacitance retention at 16 A g−1). The superior electrochemical performances can be attributed to the high conductivity of NiCo2S4 as well as the hollow structure. This effective strategy shows the feasibility of designing and fabricating metal sulfides with hollow structures as electrode materials for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Invitro Bioactivity and Osteogenic Activity Study of Solid State Synthesized Nano‐Hydroxyapatite using Recycled Eggshell Bio–waste
Authors: Ingole Vijay H. , Hussein Kamal H. , Kashale Anil A. , Gattu Ketan P. , Dhanayat Swapnali S. , Vinchurkar Aruna , Chang Jia‐Yaw , Ghule Anil V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractResearch on hydroxyapatite is experiencing a remarkable increase during the recent years due to its potential biological and biomedical applications. Herein, we have synthesized nano‐hydroxyapatite (HAp) by solid state reaction (SSR), wherein recycled eggshell bio‐waste as Ca precursor on processing is reacted with synthetic ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate to form hydroxyapatite (SSHAp). The solid state synthesis reaction is studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology and crystal structure of SSHAp nanoparticles is characterized and found to be spherical and free of aggregation with average crystallite size ∼ 10 nm. The SSHAp nanoparticles show large surface area (9.64 m2g−1). Furthermore, the invitro bioactivity and osteogenic activity of SSHAp is investigated. The osteogenic activity is evaluated by incubating the SSHAp with hFOB cells. The SSHAp is observed to promote appreciable cell attachment and proliferation unlike in control material. While hFOB cells is found to express higher level of osteocalcin, osteopontin, collagen I, osteonectin, BMP‐2 and GAPDH on the SSHAp bone graft. The results show that SSHAp nanoparticles graft is bioactive, nontoxic and osteogenic, and has the potential to promote bone therapy applications. The HAp is synthesized using recycled bio‐waste contributing to green chemistry, addressing the environmental concerns of recycle and reuse.
Gender and Facebook motives as predictors of specific types of Facebook use: A latent growth curve analysis in adolescence
Authors: Frison Eline , Eggermont Steven 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTDespite increasing evidence that specific types of Facebook use (i.e., active private, active public, and passive Facebook use) are differently related to adolescents' well‐being, little is known how these types function over the course of adolescence and whether gender and Facebook motives may predict the initial level and changes in these types over time. To address these gaps, Flemish adolescents (ages 12–19) were questioned at three different time points, with six months in between (NTime1 = 1866). Latent growth curve models revealed that active private Facebook use increased over the course of adolescence, whereas public Facebook use decreased. Passive Facebook use, however, remained stable. In addition, gender and Facebook motives were related to initial levels of specific types of Facebook use, and predictive of dynamic change in specific types of Facebook use over time. The discussion focuses on the understanding and implications of these findings.
Captopril pretreatment protects the lung against severe acute pancreatitis induced injury via inhibiting angiotensin II production and suppressing Rho/ROCK pathway
Authors: Yu Qi‐Hong , Guo Jie‐Fang , Chen Yan , Guo Xiao‐Rong , Du Yi‐Qi , Li Zhao‐Shen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAcute pancreatitis (AP) usually causes acute lung injury, which is also known as acute pancreatitis associated lung injury (APALI). This study aimed to investigate whether captopril pretreatment was able to protect lung against APALI via inhibiting angiotensin II (Ang II) production and suppressing Rho/ROCK (Rho kinase) pathway in rats. Severe AP (SAP) was introduced to rats by bile–pancreatic duct retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate. Rats were randomly divided into three groups. In the sham group, sham operation was performed; in the SAP group, SAP was introduced; in the pre‐cpl + SAP group, rats were intragastrically injected with 5 mg/kg captopril 1 hour prior to SAP induction. Pathological examination of the lung and pancreas, evaluation of pulmonary vascular permeability by wet/dry ratio and Evans Blue staining, detection of serum amylase, Western blot assay for Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1), RhoA, ROCK (Rho kinase), and MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) were performed after the animals were sacrificed at 24 hours. After the surgery, characteristic findings of pancreatitis were observed, accompanied by lung injury. The serum amylase, Ang II, and lung expression of AT1, RhoA, ROCK, and MLCK increased dramatically in SAP rats. However, captopril pretreatment improved the histological changes, reduced the pathological score of the pancreas and lung, inhibited serum amylase and Ang II production, and decreased expression of AT1, RhoA, ROCK, and MLCK in the lung. These findings suggest that captopril pretreatment is able to protect the lung against APALI, which is, at least partially, related to the inhibition of Ang II production and the suppression of the Rho/ROCK pathway.
Profiling the dynamics of CSF and plasma Aβ reduction after treatment with JNJ‐54861911, a potent oral BACE inhibitor
Authors: Timmers Maarten , Van Broeck Bianca , Ramael Steven , Slemmon John , De Waepenaert Katja , Russu Alberto , Bogert Jennifer , Stieltjes Hans , Shaw Leslie M. , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Moechars Dieder , Mercken Marc , Liu Enchi , Sinha Vikash , Kemp John , Van Nueten Luc , Tritsmans Luc , Streffer Johannes Rolf 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesSafety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a novel β‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitor, JNJ‐54861911, were assessed after single and multiple dosing in healthy participants.MethodsTwo randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind studies were performed using single and multiple ascending JNJ‐54861911 doses (up to 14 days) in young and elderly healthy participants. Regular blood samples and frequent CSF samples, up to 36 hours after last dose, were collected to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (Aβ, sAPPα,β,total levels) profiles of JNJ‐54861911.ResultsJNJ‐54861911 was well‐tolerated, adverse events were uncommon and unrelated to JNJ‐54861911. JNJ‐54861911 showed dose‐proportional CSF and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Plasma‐ and CSF‐Aβ and CSF‐sAPPβ were reduced in a dose‐dependent manner. Aβ reductions (up to 95%) outlasted exposure to JNJ‐54861911. APOE ε4 carrier status and baseline Aβ levels did not influence Aβ/sAPPβ reductions.ConclusionJNJ‐54861911, a potent brain‐penetrant BACE1 inhibitor, achieved high and stable Aβ reductions after single and multiple dosing in healthy participants.
Frontiers of Power and Prosperity: Explaining Provincial Boundary Disputes in Postapartheid South Africa
Authors: Mavungu Eddy Mazembo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:Territorial reforms in South Africa, undertaken in order to address the legacy of apartheid, have proven to be a contested terrain. This article considers three case studies and argues that in order to understand these territorial disputes, it is important to pay attention to the material conditions of the affected communities, disparities between provinces in terms of resources and governance efficiency, and perceptions that the preferred province is better positioned to serve the interests of the community. The article highlights the role of party political interests and also reflects on the relevance of the South African experience to other African countries.
Rethinking the Making and Breaking of Traditional and Statutory Institutions in Post-Nkrumah Ghana
Authors: Stacey Paul 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:This article examines a complex dispute over the jurisdictions of traditional and statutory institutions that traversed shifts in forms of government in Ghana for nearly a decade following the ousting of Kwame Nkrumah in February 1966. The analysis emphasizes underlying processes of continuity and seeks to add nuance to familiar conceptualizations that view this period in terms of state weakness, crisis, and rupture. The article explores, in particular, a powerful category of chieftaincy defined in opposition to state logics that have escaped empirical investigation. It therefore invites a rethinking of the notion that the post-Nkrumah era heralded a state-initiated revival of traditional institutions.
Re-viewing Studies on Africa, #Black Lives Matter, and Envisioning the Future of African Studies
Authors: Adomako Ampofo Akosua 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:This article considers what African Studies needs to look like in order for it to retain its disciplinary relevance for the next generation and in the larger context of the Black Lives movement globally. It asks questions about where we have come from in terms of race consciousness in our discipline and why this issue matters today. It begins by tracing the development of African Studies’ epistemic journey, and follows this with an examination of the recent Black student movements in South Africa and the U.S. It concludes by suggesting where we should be going.
“We Are Not a Failed State, We Make the Best Passports”: South Sudan and Biometric Modernity
Authors: Markó Ferenc David 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:In January 2012, six months after the declaration of independence, South Sudan introduced a state-of-the-art biometric identity management system to handle its citizenship and passport databases. Scholars have shown that despite the remarkable failures of biometric schemes, states maintain their belief in high-modernist technologies. This article argues that South Sudan introduced biometrics to convey an image of a “non-failed” state to the international community, while effectively doubling the bureaucracy to keep all important decisions about inclusion and exclusion in the hands of the military elites. This duplication of the office reveals a great deal about the fundamental nature of the South Sudanese state. Citizens of any state tend to imagine the nation through their relations to bureaucracy, and identity documents act as a new kind of evidence of a successful negotiation between them and state agents. This situation creates a constant state of citizenship limbo for the South Sudanese.
High-Amplitude Atlantic Hurricanes Produce Disparate Mortality in Small, Low-Income Countries
Authors: Dresser Caleb , Allison Jeroan , Broach John , Smith Mary-Elise , Milsten Andrew 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesHurricanes cause substantial mortality, especially in developing nations, and climate science predicts that powerful hurricanes will increase in frequency during the coming decades. This study examined the association of wind speed and national economic conditions with mortality in a large sample of hurricane events in small countries.MethodsEconomic, meteorological, and fatality data for 149 hurricane events in 16 nations between 1958 and 2011 were analyzed. Mortality rate was modeled with negative binomial regression implemented by generalized estimating equations to account for variable population exposure, sequence of storm events, exposure of multiple islands to the same storm, and nonlinear associations.ResultsLow-amplitude storms caused little mortality regardless of economic status. Among high-amplitude storms (Saffir-Simpson category 4 or 5), expected mortality rate was 0.72 deaths per 100,000 people (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16–1.28) for nations in the highest tertile of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) compared with 25.93 deaths per 100,000 people (95% CI: 13.30–38.55) for nations with low per capita GDP.ConclusionsLower per capita GDP and higher wind speeds were associated with greater mortality rates in small countries. Excessive fatalities occurred when powerful storms struck resource-poor nations. Predictions of increasing storm amplitude over time suggest increasing disparity between death rates unless steps are taken to modify the risk profiles of poor nations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:832–837)
Standardized Infection Ratio for Surgical Site Infection after Colon Surgery: Discord in Models Measuring Healthcare Quality
Authors: Chinn Raymond , Lempp Jason M. , Huang Susan S. , Murthy Rekha , Torriani Francesca J. , Daley Jacqueline , Dekker Elaine , Goss-Bottorff Barbara , Kaler Wendy , Meyer Karen , Myers Frank , Nichols Amy , Kathleen Quan  , Birnbaum David 
Published: August 2016

The government publishes 3 different public report surgical site infection (SSI) metrics, all called standardized infection ratios (SIRs), that impact perceived hospital quality. We conducted a non-random cross-sectional observational pilot study of 20 California hospitals that voluntarily submitted colon surgery and SSI data. Discordant SIR values, leading to contradictory conclusions, occurred in 35% of these hospitals.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;1–5
Holocene landscape evolution of an estuarine wetland in relation to its human occupation and exploitation: Waasland Scheldt polders, northern Belgium
Authors: Missiaen T. , Jongepier I. , Heirman K. , Soens T. , Gelorini V. , Verniers J. , Verhegge J. , Crombé Ph. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper describes the landscape evolution of the Waasland Scheldt polders in the north of Belgium from the Late Glacial – early Holocene to the present time, and the effects of this changing landscape on the human settlement. The regional landscape evolution has been visualised in a series of palaeogeographical maps for successive time frames. Two different map series were produced: a series of Holocene palaeogeographical reconstructions (11,000–950 cal BP) based on geotechnical, geological and archaeological data, and a series of post-Medieval landscape reconstructions (16th- to 19th-century) based on historical maps, land registers and soil data. Additional palaeoenvironmental information from fossil pollen and plant remains allowed reconstruction of the vegetation and wetland changes, particularly for the middle to late Holocene. Peat growth was the main key to understanding the landscape evolution of the Waasland Scheldt polders. Whereas the landscape evolution during the Holocene was mainly sea-level driven, the transformation of the landscape during the last millennium was largely due to human interventions.
Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum
Authors: Marcus Ezra S , Dee Michael W , Ramsey Christopher Bronk , Higham Thomas F G , Shortland Andrew J 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPapyri 10012A and 10012B from Illahun, Egypt, provide the earliest astro-chronological datum in history and, while calculated to various years in the 19th century BCE, have never been independently verified. As this datum enables the Middle Kingdom (MK) section of Egyptian historical chronology to be anchored in absolute time, it establishes the principal calendrical timeline for the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. AMS radiocarbon measurements of Papyrus 10012B establish its date range to 1886–1750 BCE, confirming the astronomical calculations and the essential reliability of Egyptian historical chronology for this period. Furthermore, all three leading estimates for the calendar year attribution of the document are supported by this analysis, with the role of a possible growing season effect determining which is most favored.
Medicolegal aspects of rhinology practice
Authors: Apaydin N , Çomoğlu S , Özer Y , Avci H , Eş H , Orhan K S 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective:To investigate rhinology-related malpractice claims with the aim of optimising safe practice.Methods:The database of the National Institute of Forensic Medicine was reviewed. In total, 241 otorhinolaryngology malpractice case reports dating from 2005 to 2012 were evaluated, and 83 malpractice cases related to rhinology treatments were separated.Results:There was no significant difference between the number of male (n = 42) and female (n = 41) claimants. The mean patient age was 32.07 ± 10.53 years (range, 10–75 years). Seventy-nine cases involved surgical treatment in rhinology. The most common complaints were: unsatisfactory cosmetic results (n = 30), optic nerve injury (n = 10), septal perforation (n = 9) and intracranial penetration (n = 4). Malpractice was detected in 21 cases (25.3 per cent). No delinquency was found in 62 cases (74.7 per cent).Conclusion:Physicians should be aware of legal consequences related to rhinology practice. Further study is needed on this topic, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration, to ensure best practices and to avoid litigation.
Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing ofCryptosporidiumevolution and its hosts
Authors: GARCIA-R JUAN C. , HAYMAN DAVID T. S. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYProtozoan parasites of the genusCryptosporidiuminfect all vertebrate groups and display some host specificity in their infections. It is therefore possible to assume thatCryptosporidiumparasites evolved intimately aside with vertebrate lineages. Here we propose a scenario ofCryptosporidium–Vertebrata coevolution testing the hypothesis that the origin ofCryptosporidiumparasites follows that of the origin of modern vertebrates. We use calibrated molecular clocks and cophylogeny analyses to provide and compare age estimates and patterns of association between these clades. Our study provides strong support for the evolution of parasitism ofCryptosporidiumwith the rise of the vertebrates about 600 million years ago (Mya). Interestingly, periods of increased diversification inCryptosporidiumcoincides with diversification of crown mammalian and avian orders after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, suggesting that adaptive radiation to new mammalian and avian hosts triggered the diversification of this parasite lineage. Despite evidence for ongoing host shifts we also found significant correlation between protozoan parasites and vertebrate hosts trees in the cophylogenetic analysis. These results help us to understand the underlying macroevolutionary mechanisms driving evolution inCryptosporidiumand may have important implications for the ecology, dynamics and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis disease in humans and other animals.
Rethinking the role of invertebrate hosts in the life cycle of the amphibian chytridiomycosis pathogen
Authors: BETANCOURT-ROMÁN CLARISSE M. , O'NEIL COLIN C. , JAMES TIMOTHY Y. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYThe amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has recently emerged as a primary factor behind declining global amphibian populations. Much about the basic biology of the pathogen is unknown, however, such as its true ecological niche and life cycle. Here we evaluated invertebrates as infection models by inoculating host species that had previously been suggested to be parasitized in laboratory settings: crayfish (Procambarus alleni) and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans). We found neither negative effects on either host nor evidence of persistent infection despite using higher inoculum loads and more pathogen genotypes than tested in previous studies. In contrast, addition of Bd to C. elegans cultures had a slight positive effect on host growth. Bd DNA was detected on the carapace of 2/34 crayfish 7 weeks post-inoculation, suggesting some means of persistence in the mesocosm. These results question the role of invertebrates as alternative hosts of Bd and their ability to modulate disease dynamics.
Establishment of a murine model of cerebral malaria in KunMing mice infected withPlasmodium bergheiANKA
Authors: DING YAN , XU WENYUE , ZHOU TAOLI , LIU TAIPING , ZHENG HONG , FU YONG 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYMalaria remains one of the most devastating diseases. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication ofPlasmodium falciparuminfection resulting in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Analysis of precise mechanisms of CM in humans is difficult for ethical reasons and animal models of CM have been employed to study malaria pathogenesis. Here, we describe a new experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model withPlasmodium bergheiANKA infection in KunMing (KM) mice. KM mice developed ECM after blood-stage or sporozoites infection, and the development of ECM in KM mice has a dose-dependent relationship with sporozoites inoculums. Histopathological findings revealed important features associated with ECM, including accumulation of mononuclear cells and red blood cells in brain microvascular, and brain parenchymal haemorrhages. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) examination showed that BBB disruption was present in infected KM mice when displaying clinical signs of CM.In vivobioluminescent imaging experiment indicated that parasitized red blood cells accumulated in most vital organs including heart, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and brain. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 were all remarkably increased in KM mice infected withP. bergheiANKA. This study indicates thatP. bergheiANKA infection in KM mice can be used as ECM model to extend further research on genetic, pharmacological and vaccine studies of CM.
Eating Human Beings: Varieties of Cannibalism and the Heterogeneity of Human Life
Authors: Burley Mikel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPhilosophy as well as anthropology is a discipline concerned with what it means to be human, and hence with investigating the multiple ways of making sense of human life. An important task in this process is to remain open to diverse conceptions of human beings, not least conceptions that may on the face of it appear to be morally alien. A case in point are conceptions that are bound up with cannibalism, a practice sometimes assumed to be so morally scandalous that it probably never happens, at least in a culturally sanctioned form. Questioning this assumption, along with Cora Diamond's contention that the very concept of a human being involves a prohibition against consuming human flesh, the present article explores how cannibalism can have an intelligible place in a human society – exemplified by the Wari’ of western Brazil. By coming to see this, we are enabled to enlarge our conception of the heterogeneity of possible ways of being human.