bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of ozonation process for removal of micropollutants in urban wastewater
Authors: Thanh Phan Lam , Schaar Heidemarie , Saracevic Ernis , Krampe Jörg , Thanh Kim Phan Loan , Kreuzinger Norbert 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aims to extend the existing theoretical knowledge to the practical application of ozonation in advanced wastewater treatment. Urban wastewater from a WWTP in a European developed country (Austria) was treated by ozonation technology with different specific doses, varying from 0 g O3 to 1.0 g O3/g dissolved organic carbon (DOC), observing an abatement of micropollutants and bromate formation. Based on the ozonation, micropollutants were categorised into 3 groups, namely highly-reactive, medium-reactive, and non-reactive. For ozonation, micropollutants were removed at >80% for three groups at various ozone doses of 0.6 - 1.0 g O3/g DOC. The results showed that different bromate formations were observed in accordance with different ozone doses and varying between the investigated effluent samples. Bromate formation ranged between 0.65 ± 0.28 and 11.22 ± 9.85 μg/L. The value of ozone dose was regulated by WHO for drinking water (10 μg/L) was only exceeded at > 0.88 ± 0.05 g O3/g DOC, which is higher than normal applied doses for micropollutant removal (0.6 - 0.7 g O3/g DOC).
Developing a circular economy from plastic waste and identifying microplastics in domestic water supplies in Ho Chi Minh City and the Southeastern provinces
Authors: Phu Huynh , Thi Ngoc Han Huynh , Thi Hue Nguyen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
While humans are struggling to deal with plastic waste, the plastic decomposition products, namely microplastics, have silently infiltrated almost all environmental states. This study examines the feasibility of a circular economy approach for addressing plastic waste and reducing microplastics in source water in Southeastern provinces. Of the 400 households surveyed, there were 200 households in Ho Chi Minh, 50 households in Dong-naiand 150 households in Binh Duong, only 10% of household plastic waste is recycled, 33% of them are sold as scrap and 57% of them are completely processed. Out of the remaining 57% of waste, it can be the starting material to produce later stage products and create income opportunities of hundreds of billions of VND per month for Ho Chi Minh and Binh Duong province. The process of breaking down plastic waste into microplastics in the Sai Gon River and Dong Nai River has resulted in the emergence of microplastic polymers such as Polypropylene (27.1%), Polyethylene (51.2%), Polyvinyl Chloride (13.4%), and 8.3% of other plastics. These microplastics pose a significant threat to human health. The SWOT analysis identifies opportunities and challenges for implementing a circular economy approach to minimize plastic waste and microplastics in the study area.
Quantifying the Co-benefits of Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas emission mitigation by operating Metro Line 1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Ho Bang , Vu Khue , Nguyen Tam , Nguyen Hang , Huynh Nguyen , Tran Hien , Hoa La , Fukuda Koji , Shirakawa Yasuki , Le Phu Vo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Motorcycles, cars, and buses in urban areas contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollutants. Particularly, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has the highest vehicle traffic intensity in Vietnam. To improve the traffic system, HCMC has implemented urban railway projects, and this research aims to quantify the co-benefits of these public transport systems. The study used the EMISENS model and the TAMP-EARMOD simulation model system to assess the current situation and to predict the GHG and air pollution emissions when Metro Line 1 (Ben Thanh – Suoi Tien) operates stably. The reduction of air pollution and GHG is calculated to identify the co-benefits when a part of personal transport means is substituted by Metro Line 1. The results show that, if Metro Line 1 is put into operation and reaches 80% of its transport capacity, the air emissions on the route parallel to Metro Line 1 decrease 429.94 tons/year, 13,639.32 tons/year, 11.36 tons/year, 1,137.84 tons/year, 24.27 tons/year for NOx, CO, SO2, NMVOC, and PM2.5, respectively. Importantly, the emission of CO2eq reduces above 49.6 million tons per year, equivalent to 25.4%. Based on these results, the study proposes measures to optimize the deployment of Metro Line 1 to maximize the attainment of co-benefits.
Life cycle assesment on water treatment: Case study in Cau Do water treatment plant – Da Nang city - VietNam
Authors: Thi Thuy Duong Mai , Ngoc Duong Vo , Thi Viet Nga Tran 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Production, transportation, use, and disposal consumes resources, energy, and chemicals and causes emissions and waste, contributing to various impacts on the environment, such as heat, global warming, and acidification. Applying the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method can identify environmental impacts, to have solutions to control energy use and reduce waste.
Research applied at Cau Do water supply plant - Da Nang city with an exploitation flow of 290,000 m3/day shows the results that the plant’s water treatment system has impacts within the allowable limits for with the geological environment in the area, but exploitation requires strict assessment to prevent possible unusual impacts. Assess the environmental impact of using electricity and chemicals in the system by estimating CO2 emissions from the electricity and chemical production process, which indirectly contribute to global warming. Direct sources of greenhouse gases come from the treatment of sludge and wastewater. The impacts discussed in this study are Global Warming, Acidification, depletion of fossil resources and Water Consumption. The amount of electricity consumed at Cau Do plant in 2018 was 16,742,752 kWh/year. The results of the analysis using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, show that the largest impact on the environment is Water Consumption 1.101 m3/m3 clean water, followed by Global Warming 0.158 kg CO2 eq/m3 Acidification 1.06 × 10−3 kg SO2 eq/m3.
Measures toward effective management of hazardous solid waste at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
Authors: Quoc Thao Tran , Thi Huynh Nhu Nguyen , Nhat Huy Nguyen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Hazardous waste (HW) management poses significant challenges in Vietnam, particularly within higher education institutions (HEIs), despite regulatory advancements. This study focuses on the effective management of HW at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), considering the risks posed by HW generation and the need for sustainable practices. This research aims to explore and propose comprehensive strategies for HW categorization, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal within HEIs, emphasizing sustainable management practices to mitigate adverse health and environmental impacts. Adopting an Environmental Systems Analysis framework, this study employs expert interviews and a SWOT analysis to assess the current state of HW management at HCMUT. Structured interviews probe experts on key challenges, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, providing insights for strategic interventions. The investigation reveals critical issues in HW management at HCMUT, including commendable execution of procedures but persisting ambiguities in regulations, financial challenges, and difficulties in controlling input data. The SWOT analysis identifies internal strengths, weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats, guiding proposed solutions. Addressing identified challenges, this study proposes a tailored HW management process integrating educational initiatives and a structured Handbook on Hazardous Solid Waste Management for HCMUT. These recommendations aim to enhance awareness, compliance, and sustainability in HW management, contributing to effective risk mitigation and sustainable practices within HEIs.
Solutions to enhance the accuracy of UAV’s images for creating extremely large-scale maps in urban area
Authors: Ngoc Huyen Trang Tran , Van Trung Le , Le Phu Vo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ho Chi Minh City, the largest urban agglomeration in Vietnam, is at the forefront of enabling the government’s efforts and advocating for smart city initiatives in the coming decades. To facilitate this advancement, the implementation of solutions to support the collection, construction, and updating of spatial databases is crucial. These databases serve as the foundational platform for effective urban management practices. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have witnessed significant growth across various domains, particularly in spatial data collection. However, challenges arise when acquiring and processing UAV images in urban areas. These challenges include orthomosaic distortion in certain regions, insufficient accuracy for creating extremely large-scale maps (e.g., 1:200 or 1:500), and unclear boundaries between adjacent objects. The objective of this paper is to present flight tests conducted at varying altitudes, with different shooting angles, and varying layouts of Ground Control Points (GCPs), both with and without the UAV’s RTK receiver mode. In order to improve the accuracy of UAV’s images, the results suggest that the precision of orthomosaic, Digital Surface Model (DSM) and point clouds in the context of 3D mapping depends on various factors, including: the determination of the optimal flight altitude, optimizing number of GCPs, selecting an appropriate level of image processing, capturing images from varied angles, and using UAVs with RTK or PPK data acquisition modes to mitigate image distortion.
Parenting Young Adults and Letting Go
Authors: Kurz Demie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 addresses the task of letting go as it takes shape in later adolescence and young adulthood. Young adults remain dependent on their parents for financial and other support as they attend college, enroll in training programs, or look for work. Many parents provide financial support as they are able during this time, some ask themselves how long they can or should support their young adults financially and in other ways, and at what point they should let go so that their young adults take on significant responsibility for their own lives. After they turn 21, some young adults are able to get jobs and start supporting themselves. Some may pursue postgraduate training. Some benefit substantially from financial support from parents and grandparents. Other young adults, however, particularly those who have not received more education or training after high school, may have difficulty finding a place in a competitive, uncertain economy.
Article 101(1)
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 101(1) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which prohibits agreements, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices that restrict competition. It begins by explaining the meaning of ‘undertakings’ and ‘associations of undertakings’. It then considers what is meant by the terms ‘agreements’, ‘decisions’ and ‘concerted practices’, as well as what is meant by the phrase ‘have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction, and distortion of competition’. The chapter then deals with the de minimis doctrine, before explaining the requirement of an effect on trade between Member States. The chapter concludes with a checklist of agreements that, for a variety of reasons, normally fall outside Article 101(1).
Articles 101 and 102: public enforcement by the European Commission and national competition authorities under Regulation 1/2003
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the public enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 by European Commission and the national competition authorities under Regulation 1/2003. It begins by describing the Commission’s powers of investigation and enforcement, including its power to accept commitments, its leniency programme, the cartel settlement procedure and its power to impose financial penalties. It then discusses the operation of Regulation 1/2003 in practice, with particular reference to the European Competition Network (‘the ECN’) that brings together the Commission and the national competition authorities of the Member States (‘the NCAs’) and the ECN+ Directive that strengthens the powers of the NCAs. The chapter concludes by providing a brief account of judicial review of the Commission’s decisions.
Competition Act 1998 and the cartel offence: public enforcement and procedure
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the system of public enforcement under the Competition Act 1998. It begins with a consideration of the way in which inquiries and investigations are carried out under the Competition Act. After a section on complaints, the chapter examines the extent to which it may be possible to receive guidance from the CMA on the application of the Act. Section 5 describes the enforcement of the Competition Act. Section 6 deals with the criminal law cartel offence and section 7 with company director disqualification, a tool that the CMA has used several times in recent years. Section 8 deals with the sectoral regulators’ concurrent powers, with the CMA, to apply the Chapter I and Chapter II prohibitions in the Competition Act in the sectors for which they are responsible. Section 9 describes the system of appeals under the Competition Act. The chapter incorporates the amendments to the Competition Act made by the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024.
Vertical agreements
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how vertical agreements are dealt with by EU and UK competition law. It begins with a discussion of distribution chains in the modern economy, looking at the various ways in which producers market their goods or services to consumers; these have been enormously enhanced by the emergence of e-commerce and the digital economy. Producers may choose to carry on their own distribution function: ‘vertical integration’ is briefly discussed in section 3. Another route to customers is via commercial agency: the competition law considerations of agency are considered in section 4, which also briefly considers vertical sub-contracting relationships. Sections 5 to 9 deal with the application of Article 101 to vertical agreements. Section 5 considers vertical agreements from a policy perspective. Section 6 explains the application of Article 101 to different types of vertical agreement in the light of the case-law of the EU Courts and the Commission’s guidelines on the application of Article 101 to vertical agreements. Section 7 discusses the block exemption for vertical agreements, Regulation 2022/720. Section 8 deals with the individual application of Article 101(3) to vertical agreements. This will be followed by a short section on Regulation 461/2010 on motor vehicle distribution.
Mergers (3): UK
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses UK law on the control of mergers. UK law on the control of mergers is contained in Part 3 of the Enterprise Act 2002, which was amended by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 and by the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024. Section 2 provides an overview of the domestic system of merger control. Section 3 explains the procedure of the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) when determining whether a merger should be referred for an in-depth ‘Phase 2’ investigation and when deciding to accept ‘undertakings in lieu’ of a reference. Section 4 describes how Phase 2 investigations are conducted and Section 5 discusses the ‘substantially lessening competition’ (‘SLC’) test. Section 6 explains the enforcement powers in the Enterprise Act 2002, including the remedies that the CMA can impose in merger cases. Various supplementary matters are dealt with in section 7. Section 8 considers how the merger control provisions work in practice and contains a table of the Phase 2 decisions under the Enterprise Act to have been published on the website of the CMA since the tenth edition of this book. Section 9 explains the provisions for certain mergers in digital markets introduced by the DMCCA. Section 10 briefly describes the provisions on public interest cases, other special cases and mergers in the water industry. Section 11 concludes by explaining the provisions of the National Security and Investment Act 2021, which confers on the Secretary of State powers to scrutinise and intervene in certain acquisitions of control on national security grounds.
Ectopic Nasal Septum Neuroglial Tissue: A Case Review
Authors: Sayegh Odai , Jumei’an Ala’ , Ababneh Hamza , Azaizeh Alhareth , Alnaser Mutaz , Aljader Mutaz , Ellati Riyad , Al Bdour Mohammad 
Published: September 2024

Summary:
Ectopic neuroglial tissue, or heterotopic brain tissue, presents a rare congenital condition characterized by the presence of benign neuroglial cells outside the central nervous system. Diagnosing neuroglial heterotopia solely based on clinical examination and radiological tests can be challenging, necessitating confirmation through histopathologic examination. These lesions may mimic other conditions such as dermoid cysts, pilar cysts, or lipomas. Here, we report a case of a 19-month-old boy with a mass lesion on the dorsum of the nose since birth. The lesion was initially suspected to be a congenital dermoid cyst, and the patient underwent surgical excision under general anesthesia. However, histopathological examination revealed it as an isolated nasal septum neuroglial heterotopia.
Hump Rasping Using Powered Instruments: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Aldosari Badi F. , Alhajress Rafeef I. , Bogari Ahmad O. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Nasal hump reduction, a common procedure in rhinoplasty, aims to create a harmonious nasal appearance with smooth dorsal lines. An alternative to traditional osteotomes is the carbide-tip nasal rasp, effective in eliminating modest contour deformities. However, the broad movements and physical forces of manual rasping can significantly weaken the osseocartilaginous vault. Power-assisted instruments have been used to reduce soft tissue trauma. Although long-term clinical outcomes of power-assisted instrumentation are pending, initial reports have been positive.

Methods:
This retrospective chart review encompassed 220 consecutive rhinoplasty cases conducted by the senior author, all involving women aged 19–37 years. Excluding 80 cases that did not involve bone reduction, the analysis concentrated on 140 patients who underwent bone reduction procedures. The success of nasal hump reduction was evaluated based on the joint satisfaction of both the patient and the surgeon with the surgical improvement.

Results:
The open rhinoplasty approach was predominantly used for surgical exposure to minimize inadvertent rasping of the nasal cartilage. Among the 140 patients undergoing power-assisted bone removal, all but five achieved an initially satisfactory refinement of the bony nasal contour. Notably, no serious complications were observed throughout the study. Unfortunately, one patient did not comply with the monthly steroid injections, leading to the necessity of revision surgery for the removal of regenerated bone.

Conclusion:
The integration of power-assisted instrumentation in rhinoplasty procedures represents a promising advancement, addressing challenges associated with traditional methods.
Three-Dimensional Microarchitecture of Lamina Cribrosa Pores in High and Normal Tension Glaucoma Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Bastelica Paul , Labbé Antoine , Hamard Pascale , Rossant Florence , Urien Hélène , Sublime Jérémie , Claudel Hélène , Ding Nan , Paques Michel , Baudouin Christophe 
Published: September 2024

Précis:
The lamina cribrosa (LC) pores of patients with high-tension glaucoma (HTG) appear to take a more tortuous pathway than the LC pores of patients with non-glaucomatous (NG).

Objective:
To compare the LC pore microarchitecture in patients with HTG, normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and NG, by reconstructions of the LC made from tomographic images.

Patients and Methods:
Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography images of 52 eyes (18 NG, 18 HTG, and 16 NTG) of 29 patients were analyzed. Pores were traced using segmentation software. Pore length, tortuosity, and verticality were the 3 quantitative parameters compared among the 3 groups. Correlation analyses were performed to determine the effects of covariates on the 3 quantitative parameters.

Results:
Pore tortuosity in HTG (1.419 ± 0.093) was significantly higher (P = 0.011) than in NG (1.347 ± 0,034) but did not differ from that of NTG eyes (P = 0.251). In addition, NTG had significantly shorter pores (P = 0.005) than NG. No difference in pore tortuosity or verticality was found between NG and NTG (P = 0.587 and P = 0.120, respectively). Pore verticality and length in HTG eyes did not significantly differ from that of NG eyes (P = 0.049 and P = 0.033, respectively) and NTG eyes (P = 0.827 and P = 0.968, respectively). All of the quantitative parameters measured were not correlated with age but were associated with glaucoma severity (Visual Field Index, mean deviation, retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell complex), except for pore verticality, which was not correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer.

Conclusion:
The LC pores of patients with HTG appear to be more tortuous than the pores of patients with NG, and the pores of patients with NTG are shorter than those of patients with NG. Changes in pore parameters appear to be associated with the severity of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
Orbital Myeloma and Plasmacytoma: An Australian Study
Authors: Xiong Jessica , Tong Jessica Y. , Hyer Jonathan , O’Donnell Brett , Selva Dinesh , Hardy Thomas , McNab Alan , Sullivan Timothy J. , Taylor Simon , Figueira Edwin , Allende Alexandra , Tumuluri Krishna 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to provide Australian data on the clinical and radiological features and outcomes in patients with orbital plasmacytomas.

Methods:
Multicentre retrospective review of orbital plasmacytoma and orbital involvement in multiple myeloma (MM) from 2005 to 2022 in Australia.

Results:
Twenty-one participants were identified. The median age was 62 years (range 34–88 years), and 11 (52%) were females. Eighteen (84%) had a known diagnosis of MM prior to their orbital presentation, with all patients eventually being diagnosed with systemic MM. Thirteen (72%) were receiving active treatment for systemic myeloma on presentation, while 3 (17%) were in remission. All but 1 had unilateral orbital involvement (n = 20, 95%). Common presenting symptoms and signs were decreased visual acuity (n = 13, 62%), proptosis (n = 11, 52%), limited motility (n = 15, 71%), and optic neuropathy (n = 5, 24%). Radiologically, 15 (71%) involved the superotemporal orbit, 7 (33%) inferotemporal orbit, and 16 (76%) involved ≥1 extraocular muscle. Sixteen (76%) were biopsied and confirmed orbital plasmacytoma on histopathology. Treatment modalities included intravenous and oral steroids (n = 7, 33%), chemotherapy (n = 9, 43%), radiotherapy (n = 13, 62%), stem cell transplant (n = 3, 14%), and surgical debulking and decompression (n = 3, 14%). Mortality was high, with 15 (71%) having MM-related mortality.

Conclusions:
This is the largest cohort of Australian data on orbital plasmacytomas. Most patients have a diagnosis of systemic MM at presentation. It is crucial to recognize and treat these patients early due to a poor systemic prognosis.