bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dam-1 Molecular Sieve Forms, Fibers and Films
Authors: Coutinho Decio , Madhugiri Sudha , Balkus Paul Pantano Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe evolution of new molecular sieves and associated applications has generated a greater demand for new ways to manipulate and configure nanoporous materials. The required form of a molecular sieve may involve dramatically different length scales, ranging from shaped particles to fibers and continuous coatings. Various examples of these forms based on Dallas Amorphous Materials one (DAM-1), which was synthesized using a water soluble Vitamin E TPGS as the template, will be illustrated. In addition to potential drug delivery applications for this inorganic/organic composite, the hierarchical forms of DAM-1 may be employed in areas ranging from catalysis to sensors. The morphogenesis of DAM-1 shaped particles and its applications in molecular recognition and optical sensing will be described along with a novel process for spinning DAM-1 molecular sieve fibers. Additionally, our patented method for the fabrication of zeolite membranes, using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) will be discussed.
〈100〉 Dislocation Loop Formation and Characterization in Ferritic Materials: Comparison between Experiments and Modeling
Authors: Marian Jaime , Wirth Brian D. , Schäublin Robin , Perlado J. Manuel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of irradiated ferritic materials reveals the existence of large, interstitial dislocation loops with Burgers vectors ½ 〈111〉 and 〈100〉. These loops cause hardening of the material by pinning dislocations and impeding their glide during deformation. However, numerous molecular dynamics simulations of collision cascades in α-Fe have evidenced the exclusive formation of small, highly mobile, ½ 〈111〉 clusters. Additionally, continuum dislocation theory and atomistic simulations have shown that ½ 〈111〉 loops are energetically favored. This introduces the need to explain the mechanisms of formation and growth of 〈100〉 loops from small, cascade-produced clusters. The understanding of the physics underlying these phenomena is important for the development of solid damage accumulation models in ferritic materials that are being considered for fusion applications. In this work we propose a comprehensive set of dislocation reactions that explain the nucleation of 〈100〉 loops from ½ 〈111〉 clusters. The growth up to TEM visible sizes of 〈100〉 loops through absorption of one-dimensionally migrating ½ 〈111〉 clusters is also assessed. Finally, a direct comparison of TEM experimental micrographs with atomistic simulation-derived images is presented to show an example of how to help close the gap that exists between modeling and experiments.
Control of Primary Particle Size and the Onset of Aggregate Formation: The Effect of Energy Release in Nanoparticle Collision and Coalescence Processes
Authors: Lehtinen Karl E.J. , Zachariah Michael R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDuring coalescence, the surface area of the particle decreases, resulting in a heat release associated with the resulting lower surface energy. In a growth process particle heating competes with heat transfer by conduction to the cooler carrier gas and radiation. This temperature increase can be extremely important and should be accounted for when modeling collision/coalescence processes. The heat release associated with particle coalescence may reduce the coalescence time by as much as a few orders of magnitude. In addition, under some conditions there is insufficient time for the particles to cool to the gas temperature before another collision event takes place. It is shown that accounting for energy release and heat transfer effects have a dramatic effect on primary particle formation and the onset of aggregate formation. The results of the work indicate that to grow the largest primary particles one should operate at low pressures and high volume loadings.
Size Effect and Geometrical Effect of Polycrystals and Thin Film/Substrate System in Micro-indentation Test
Authors: Wei Y. , Zhao M. , Wang X. , Tang S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMicro-indentation test at scales on the order of sub-micron has shown that the measured hardness increases strongly with decreasing indent depth or indent size, which is frequently referred to as the size effect. Simultaneously, at micron or sub-micron scale, the material microstructure size also has an important influence on the measured hardness. This kind of effect, such as the crystal grain size effect, thin film thickness effect, etc., is called the geometrical effect. In the present research, in order to investigate the size effect and the geometrical effect, the micro-indentation experiments are carried out respectively for single crystal copper and aluminum, for polycrystal aluminum, as well as for a thin film/substrate system, Ti/Si3N4. The size effect and geometrical effect are displayed experimentally. Moreover, using strain gradient plasticity theory, the size effect and the geometrical effect are simulated. Through comparing experimental results with simulation results, the length-scale parameter appearing in the strain gradient theory for different cases is predicted. Furthermore, the size effect and the geometrical effect are interpreted using the geometrically necessary dislocation concept and the discrete dislocation theory.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Commensurate-Incommensurate Phases in Hexamethylenetetramine Suberate
Authors: Pan Yuansheng , Brown David , Chapuis Gervais 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIncommensurate structure of Hexamethylenetetramine suberate (C6H12N4)(HOOC-(CH2)6-COOH) has been solved from single crystal x-ray diffraction data. A molecular dynamics simulation of this system was carried out from 15 K to 580K. A second-generation consistent forcefield (CFF) and a compensating pressure tensor field were used to describe the interactions between atoms and to account for deficiencies in the forcefield. Starting from the experimental 298K structure, the phase transitions were investigated over an extended temperature range. A high symmetry commensurate structure exists at temperatures between 410K and 290K. For temperatures lower than 290K, a new periodicity appears in the structure. The system reaches a low symmetry lock-in phase at about 150K. An incommensurate structure appears between the high and low symmetry phases between 290K and 150K. The new periodicity associated with the incommensurate modulation is due to the appearance of additional long range ordering of the carbon chains. The present simulation not only reproduces well the experimental x-ray diffraction results but also gives new insight into the origin of the incommensurate behavior.
Reprogrammed Cell?based Therapy for Liver Disease: From Lab to Clinic
Authors: Mehdizadeh Amir , Darabi Masoud 
Published: February 2017

A large number of patients are affected by liver dysfunction worldwide. Liver transplantation is the only efficient treatment in a variety of enduring liver disorders including inherent and end-stage liver diseases. The generation of human functional hepatocytes in high quantities for liver cell therapy is an important goal for ongoing therapies in regenerative medicine. Reprogrammed cells are considered as a promising and unlimited source of hepatocytes, mainly because of their expected lack of immunogenicity and minimized ethical concerns in clinical applications. Despite gained advances in the reprogramming of somatic cells to functional hepatocytes in vitro, production of primary adult hepatocytes that can proliferate in vivo still remains inaccessible. As part of efforts toward translation of cell reprogramming science into clinical practice, more careful cell selection strategies should be integrated into improvement of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation protocols, especially in precision medicine where gene correction is needed. Furthermore, advances in cellular reprogramming highlight the need for developing and evaluating novel standards addressing clinical research interests in this field.
Clinico pathological study of cervical lymphadenopathy
Authors: Melkundi Renuka S. , Melkundi Sateesh 
Published: February 2017

<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study was carried out with a broad objective of assessing relative diagnostic efficacy of the clinical evaluation, fine needle aspiration biopsy and open biopsy. The objective was to study the confirmatory diagnosis of the underlying pathological variants, the incidence of the malignancies, presenting with cervical lymphadenitis and also to diagnose various etiologies of cervical lymphadenitis in all age groups.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Patients attending the ENT and surgery OPD of BTGH and General hospital, Gulbarga, of all age groups and both genders having the neck swelling for more than three weeks were subjected for the study.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> This study has shown that the incidence of tubercular lymphadenitis is more in the age group of 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> decade and in low socioeconomic status while secondaries are more common in the elderly age group. </p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> From this study it can be concluded that in cervical lymphadenopathy clinical evaluation followed by FNAC is most reliable diagnostic tool, which is easy to perform, cost effective, speedy results can be obtained and accurate. The main requirement for this is the specialist input.</p>
Клінічна ефективність застосування піперациліну/тазобактаму в лікуванні інфекційно-запальних уражень сечовивідної системи у дорослих
Authors: Samburg Ya.Yu. , Vlasenko O.M. , Magdalits T.I. , Butikova O.O. 
Published: February 2017

Робота присвячена оцінці ефективності та безпечності комбінації піперациліну/­тазобактаму, її впливу на клініко-лабораторні прояви та перебіг неускладненого гострого пієлонефриту та загострення хронічного пієлонефриту зі збереженою функцією нирок у дорослих. В дослідження були включені 36 пацієнтів з інфекцією сечових шляхів. Усім пацієнтам проводились дослідження мікробіологічного спектра сечі з його кількісною оцінкою та стандартні лабораторні дослідження. Були виявлені етіологічно значущі збудники пієлонефриту (E.сoli — у 56 % хворих, E.faecalis — у 14 %, Klebsiella pneumoniае — в 11 %) з високою чутливістю до піпераціліну/тазобактаму та резистентністю до ко-тримоксазолу і цефтріаксону. На третю добу лікування відмічено вірогідне зниження гіпертермії (р < 0,05), вираженості дизуричних явищ (р < 0,05) та інтенсивності больових відчуттів (р < 0,05), лейкоцитурії (р < 0,05). На шосту добу від початку лікування показники лейкоцитурії відповідали референтним значенням локальної лабораторії (р < 0,01). Отримані результати довели високу клінічну ефективність та безпечність застосування піперациліну/тазобактаму в дозі 12/1,5 г на добу у пацієнтів з неускладненим перебігом гострого або загостренням хронічного пієлонефриту.
Designing Institutions and Mechanisms for the Implementation and Enforcement of the Constitution: Changing Perspectives in Africa
Authors: Fombad Charles Manga 
Published: February 2017

Until fairly recently, the issue of constitutional implementation has surprisingly received little attention both in constitutional theory and practice. Yet it is a crucial aspect of constitutional effectiveness. Without a carefully thought-out strategy for implementing and enforcing a constitution, its practical effectiveness in promoting constitutionalism, respect for the rule of law, and good governance may be quite limited. The Kenyan 2010 Constitution provides a backdrop against which this article examines certain critical issues in designing institutions and mechanisms for ensuring that a constitution is properly implemented and enforced. The article starts by briefly considering the importance of and challenges in implementing and enforcing constitutions. It then uses the evidence from recent developments in constitution-making to identify some of the core constitutional implementation and enforcement institutions. The article then looks at the Kenyan example which, in Africa, presently provides the best example of a carefully thought-out and well-designed constitutional implementation strategy. Based on this, the article then considers some of the key elements in designing an effective constitutional implementation framework. In concluding, the article argues that incorporating and entrenching effective constitutional implementation mechanisms must be made one of the top priorities in designing constitutions. Furthermore, designing any constitutional institution to oversee, supervise, and monitor the implementation of the constitution must also now be recognised as one of the critical elements for entrenching constitutionalism and respect for the rule of law.
Trendi pretokov rek jadranskega povodja v Sloveniji brez Posočja // Discharge trends of the Adriatic Sea basin rivers in Slovenia, excluding the Soča river basin
Authors: Kovačič Gregor 
Published: February 2017

V prispevku so obravnavani trendi značilnih letnih in mesečnih pretokov rek jadranskega povodja v Sloveniji brez Posočja. Z uporabo Senovega naklona smo potrdili statistično značilne trende: zmanjševanje skupne letne višine padavin 36–61 mm/desetletje, naraščanje povprečne letne temperature zraka 0,32–0,34 oC/desetletje ter povečevanje skupne letne višine izhlapevanja 29–49 mm/desetletje. Omenjeni dejavniki podnebnih sprememb vplivajo na zmanjševanje srednjih letnih pretokov Rižane, Badaševice, Drnice, Dragonje in Reke na vodomerni postaji Cerkvenikov mlin. Padajoči trend je statistično značilen zgolj za Rižano (480 l/s na desetletje) in Dragonjo (160 l/s na desetletje). Naraščajoča trenda srednjega letnega pretoka Reke na vodomerni postaji Trnovo (360 l/s na desetletje) in Bistrice (60 l/s na desetletje) nista statistično značilna.The article deals with trends in characteristic annual and monthly discharges of the Adriatic Sea basin rivers in Slovenia, excluding the Soča river basin. Using the non-parametric Sen’s slope test, statistically significant trends were determined for: i) decreasing annual precipitation (36–61 mm per decade); ii) increasing mean annual air temperature (0.32–0.34oC per decade); and iii) increasing annual evapotranspiration (29-49 mm per decade). These climate change factors are reflected in decreasing mean annual discharges of the Rižana, Badaševica, Drnica, Dragonja and Reka (the Cerkvenikov mlin gauging station) rivers. The decreasing trend is statistically significant only for the Rižana (480 l/s per decade) and the Dragonja (160 l/s per decade) rivers. The increasing trends in the mean annual discharge of the Reka river at the Trnovo gauging station (360 l/s per decade) and of the Bistrica river (60 l/s per decade) are not statistically significant.
Air‐sea gas transfer in high Arctic fjords
Authors: Andersson A. , Falck E. , Sjöblom A. , Kljun N. , Sahlée E. , Omar A. M. , Rutgersson A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn Arctic fjords and high‐latitude seas, strong surface cooling dominates during a large part of the year, generating water‐side convection (w* w) and enhanced turbulence in the water. These regions are key areas for the global carbon cycle; thus, a correct description of their air‐sea gas exchange is crucial. CO2 data were measured via the eddy covariance technique in marine Arctic conditions and reveal that water‐side convection has a major impact on the gas transfer velocity. This is observed even at wind speeds as high as 9 m s−1, where convective motions are generally thought to be suppressed by wind‐driven turbulence. The enhanced air‐sea transfer of CO2 caused by water‐side convection nearly doubled the CO2 uptake; after scaled to open‐sea conditions the contribution from w* w to the CO2 flux remained as high as 34%. This phenomenon is expected to be highly important for the total carbon uptake in marine Arctic areas.
Variability of D and H in the Martian upper atmosphere observed with the MAVEN IUVS echelle channel
Authors: Clarke J. T. , Mayyasi M. , Bhattacharyya D. , Schneider N. M. , McClintock W. E. , Deighan J. I. , Stewart A. I. F. , Chaufray J.‐Y. , Chaffin M. S. , Jain S. K. , Stiepen A. , Crismani M. , Holsclaw G. M. , Montmessin F. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe MAVEN IUVS instrument contains an echelle spectrograph channel designed to measure D and H Ly α emissions from the upper atmosphere of Mars. This channel has successfully recorded both emissions, which are produced by resonant scattering of solar emission, over the course of most of a martian year. The fundamental purpose of these measurements is to understand the physical principles underlying the escape of H and D from the upper atmosphere into space, and thereby to relate present‐day measurements of an enhanced HDO/H2O ratio in the bulk atmosphere to the water escape history of Mars. Variations in these emissions independent of the solar flux reflect changes in the density and/or temperature of the species in the upper atmosphere. The MAVEN measurements show that the densities of both H and D vary by an order of magnitude over a martian year, and not always in synch with each other. This discovery has relevance to the processes by which H and D escape into space. One needs to understand the controlling factors to be able to extrapolate back in time to determine the water escape history from Mars at times when the atmosphere was thicker, when the solar flux and solar wind were stronger, etc. Further measurements will be able to identify the specific controlling factors for the large changes in H and D, which likely result in large changes in the escape fluxes of both species.
Tracer‐based characterization of hyporheic exchange and benthic biolayers in streams
Authors: Knapp Julia L. A. , González‐Pinzón Ricardo , Drummond Jennifer D. , Larsen Laurel G. , Cirpka Olaf A. , Harvey Judson W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractShallow benthic biolayers at the top of the streambed are believed to be places of enhanced biogeochemical turnover within the hyporheic zone. They can be investigated by reactive stream tracer tests with tracer recordings in the streambed and in the stream channel. Common in‐stream measurements of such reactive tracers cannot localize where the processing primarily takes place, whereas isolated vertical depth profiles of solutes within the hyporheic zone are usually not representative of the entire stream. We present results of a tracer test where we injected the conservative tracer bromide together with the reactive tracer resazurin into a third‐order stream and combined the recording of in‐stream breakthrough curves with multidepth sampling of the hyporheic zone at several locations. The transformation of resazurin was used as an indicator of metabolism, and high‐reactivity zones were identified from depth profiles. The results from our subsurface analysis indicate that the potential for tracer transformation (i.e., the reaction rate constant) varied with depth in the hyporheic zone. This highlights the importance of the benthic biolayer, which we found to be on average 2 cm thick in this study, ranging from one third to one half of the full depth of the hyporheic zone. The reach‐scale approach integrated the effects of processes along the reach length, isolating hyporheic processes relevant for whole‐stream chemistry and estimating effective reaction rates.
Retracted: The influence of NaCl concentration on salt precipitation in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Bergstad Mina , Or Dani , Withers Philip J. , Shokri Nima 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEvaporation of saline solutions from porous media is governed by the complex interactions between the transport properties of the porous media, the evaporating solution, and the external boundary conditions. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of salt concentration on the evaporation process from porous media in the presence of a sharp textural discontinuity, a common heterogeneity in natural porous media formed due to the weathering or formation of soil horizons, wind deposition, and erosion. We have conducted a comprehensive series of macroscale and microscale experiments to delineate how the precipitation pattern is modified as salt concentration varies from relatively low values to a concentration close to the solubility limit. For concentrations much less than the solubility limit, the precipitation begins at the coarse‐textured part of the heterogeneous porous media (which is a counter‐intuitive result considering the preferential evaporation of water from the fine‐textured part of the heterogeneous surface). However, when the concentration is close to the solubility limit, precipitation initiates preferentially at the fine‐textured part of the heterogeneous porous surface. This behavior results from the interaction between the transport properties of the porous media and the properties of the evaporating solution which must be considered. Additionally, using pore‐scale images obtained by X‐ray microcomputed tomography (CT), we have visualized the dynamics of precipitation in the presence of heterogeneity at high spatial and temporal resolution. The pore‐scale results corroborate the mechanisms controlling the precipitation patterns in the presence of textural discontinuities inferred from the macroscale experiments.
Uniform high‐molecular‐weight polylactide nanofibers electrospun from a solution below its entanglement concentration
Authors: Li Shuai , Lv Ruihua , Liu Hesheng , Na Bing , Zhou Haiying , Ge Lin 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report the effects of the molecular weight on the electrospinnability of polylactide (PLA) solutions under identical conditions. Only above the entanglement concentration could uniform fibers be generated for PLA with a low molecular weight. However, electrospinning from a solution below its entanglement concentration produced uniform nanofibers when a high‐molecular‐weight PLA was adopted. The slow relaxation of high‐molecular‐weight PLA was expected to preserve chain interconnectivity in the highly stretched liquid jets during electrospinning. Correspondingly, rapid cold crystallization and a high modulus were exhibited by the resulting PLA nanofibers because of their remarkable molecular alignment.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44853.
Long-term symptom control of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 12 years after laparoscopic Nissen or 180° anterior partial fundoplication in a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Roks D J , Broeders J A , Baigrie R J 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Laparoscopic 180° anterior fundoplication has been shown to achieve similar reflux control to Nissen fundoplication, with fewer side-effects, up to 5 years. However, there is a paucity of long-term follow-up data on this technique and antireflux surgery in general. This study reports 12-year outcomes of a double-blind RCT comparing laparoscopic Nissen versus 180° laparoscopic anterior fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).

Methods
Patients with proven GORD were randomized to laparoscopic Nissen or 180° anterior fundoplication. The 12-year outcome measures included reflux control, dysphagia, gas-related symptoms and patient satisfaction. Measures included scores on a visual analogue scale, a validated Dakkak score for dysphagia and Visick scores.

Results
Of the initial 163 patients randomized (Nissen 84, anterior 79), 90 (55·2 per cent) completed 12-year follow-up (Nissen 52, anterior 38). There were no differences in heartburn, dysphagia, gas-related symptoms, patient satisfaction or surgical reintervention rate. Use of acid-suppressing drugs was less common after Nissen than after 180° anterior fundoplication: four of 52 (8 per cent) and 11 of 38 (29 per cent) respectively (P = 0·008). The proportion of patients with absent or only mild symptoms was slightly higher after Nissen fundoplication: 45 of 50 (90 per cent) versus 28 of 38 (74 per cent) (P = 0·044).

Conclusion
The two surgical procedures provided similar control of heartburn and post-fundoplication symptoms, with similar patient satisfaction and reoperation rates on long-term follow-up.