bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insurance status and mortality among patients with AIDS
Authors: Jabs AW , Jabs DA , Van Natta ML , Palella FJ , Meinert CL ,   the Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate risk factors for mortality, including health care insurance status, among patients with AIDS in the era of modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).MethodsThis study was part of the prospective, multicentre, observational Longitudinal Study of the Ocular Complications of AIDS (LSOCA). Patients were classified as having private health care insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or no insurance. Hazard ratios (HRs) for death were calculated using proportional hazards regression models and staggered entries, anchored to the AIDS diagnosis date.ResultsAmong 2363 participants with AIDS, 97% were treated with cART. At enrolment, 31% of participants had private insurance, 29% had Medicare, 24% had Medicaid, and 16% were uninsured. Noninfectious, age‐related diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and renal disease, were more frequent among persons with Medicare than among those with private insurance. Compared with those who were privately insured, mortality was greater among participants with Medicare [adjusted HR (HRadj) 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.67; P = 0.008]. Among participants with a suppressed HIV viral load, compared with those who were privately insured, HRadj values for mortality were 1.93 (95% CI 1.08–3.44; P = 0.02) for those with Medicare and 2.09 (95% CI 1.02–4.27; P = 0.04) for those with Medicaid. Mortality among initially uninsured participants was not significantly different from that for privately insured participants, but these participants typically obtained ART and insurance during follow‐up. Compared with privately insured participants, time‐updated HRadj values for mortality were 1.34 (95% CI 1.05–1.70; P = 0.02) for those with Medicare, 1.34 (95% CI 1.01–1.80; P = 0.05) for those with Medicaid, and 1.35 (95% CI 0.97–1.88; P = 0.05) for those who were uninsured.ConclusionsIn persons with AIDS, compared with those with private insurance, those with public insurance had increased mortality, possibly as a result of a greater burden of noninfectious, age‐related diseases.
Predictors of operative time during radical retropubic prostatectomy and robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy
Authors: Simon Ross M , Howard Lauren E , Moreira Daniel M , Terris Martha K , Kane Christopher J , Aronson William J , Amling Christopher L , Cooperberg Matthew R , Freedland Stephen J 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesTo better predict operative time using patient/surgical characteristics among men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy or robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy in order to achieve more efficient operative scheduling and potentially decrease costs in the Veterans Health System.MethodsWe analyzed 2619 men treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy (n = 2005) or robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (n = 614) from 1993 to 2013 from six Veterans Affairs Hospitals in the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database. Age, body mass index, race, biopsy Gleason, prostate weight, undergoing a nerve‐sparing procedure or lymph node dissection, and hospital surgical volume were analyzed in multivariable linear regression to identify predictors of operative time and to quantify the increase/decrease observed.ResultsIn men undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy, body mass index, black race, prostate weight and a lymph node dissection all predicted longer operative times (all P ≤ 0.004). In men undergoing robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, biopsy Gleason score and a lymph node dissection were associated with increased operative time (P ≤ 0.048). In both surgical methods, a lymph node dissection added 25–40 min to the operation. Also, in both, each additional operation per year per center predicted a 0.80–0.89‐min decrease in operative time (P ≤ 0.001).ConclusionsOverall, several factors seem to be associated with quantifiable changes in operative time. If confirmed in future studies, these findings can allow for a more precise estimate of operative time, which could decrease the overall cost to the patient and hospital by aiding in operating room time management.
Recognizing syndromic hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of the literature
Authors: Gasparic J. , Theut Riis P. , Jemec G.B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin disease causing painful inflammation and suppuration. It may occur in rare syndromes: follicular occlusion, Bazex–Dupré–Christol, Down's, KID, PAPASH, PASS, PASH, and SAPHO syndromes, as well as Dowling‐Degos disease. An overview of syndromic HS may inform the search for aetiological factors in HS. PubMed, Ovid and Web of Science were systematically searched using ‘(hidradenitis OR acne invers*) AND (syndrome OR KID OR PASS OR PAPA OR PASH OR SAPHO OR bazex‐dupre OR ‘dowling degos’ OR triad OR tetrad)’ and Cochrane Library using ‘hidradenitis OR acne invers*’. A total of 82 articles were included in the final review. We summarize 134 cases collected from the 82 included articles. The syndromes are discussed, focusing on etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and treatment. This study is based on case reports; therefore, conclusions may be subject to the selection bias. These syndromes are rare; however, it is important to recognize them, as treating them may require a different approach. Three subtypes of syndromic hidradenitis are suggested: syndromes with known genetic abnormalities, syndromes characterized by follicular plugging or structural defects, and syndromes with possible autoinflammatory pathogenesis. There was no universally effective treatment for syndromic HS, and treatment was individualized.
The Relationship between Pain Catastrophizing and Headache‐Related Disability: The Mediating Role of Pain Intensity
Authors: Mortazavi Nasiri Fereshte Sadat , Pakdaman Shahla , Dehghani Mohsen , Togha Mansoureh 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMigraine is one of the most frequent types of headache that impacts patients’ function significantly and might be disabling. The purpose of this research was to test the effects of pain catastrophizing along with the mediating role of pain intensity on headache‐related disability in migraine patients. This study was descriptive–correlational research. To implement it, 178 patients with migraine selected through convenience sampling filled out three questionnaires: the Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS). To test the mediating role of pain intensity in the relationship between catastrophizing and headache‐related disability, regression analysis was employed. Pain catastrophizing was positively correlated with headache‐related disability and pain intensity. The proposed model showed that more frequent catastrophizing was associated with higher headache‐related disability in patients with migraine, and pain intensity mediated this association. According to our results, there seems to be a high rate of pain intensity and catastrophizing as a maladaptive coping strategy among migraine patients with headache‐related disability. Therefore, these variables should be considered in researches and specifically in treatment procedures.
Annual Burden of Occupationally‐Acquired Influenza Infections in Hospitals and Emergency Departments in the United States
Authors: Jones Rachael M. , Xia Yulin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractInfections among health‐care personnel (HCP) occur as a result of providing care to patients with infectious diseases, but surveillance is limited to a few diseases. The objective of this study is to determine the annual number of influenza infections acquired by HCP as a result of occupational exposures to influenza patients in hospitals and emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. A risk analysis approach was taken. A compartmental model was used to estimate the influenza dose received in a single exposure, and a dose–response function applied to calculate the probability of infection. A three‐step algorithm tabulated the total number of influenza infections based on: the total number of occupational exposures (tabulated in previous work), the total number of HCP with occupational exposures, and the probability of infection in an occupational exposure. Estimated influenza infections were highly dependent upon the dose–response function. Given current compliance with infection control precautions, we estimated 151,300 and 34,150 influenza infections annually with two dose–response functions (annual incidence proportions of 9.3% and 2.1%, respectively). Greater reductions in infectious were achieved by full compliance with vaccination and IC precautions than with patient isolation. The burden of occupationally‐acquired influenza among HCP in hospitals and EDs in the United States is not trivial, and can be reduced through improved compliance with vaccination and preventive measures, including engineering and administrative controls.
Single‐center experience of antifungal prophylaxis for coccidioidomycosis in heart transplant recipients within an endemic area
Authors: Lohrmann Graham M. , Vucicevic Darko , Lawrence Romy , Steidley D. Eric , Scott Robert L. , Kusne Shimon , Blair Janis E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn endemic regions, coccidioidomycosis causes substantial morbidity and mortality for patients receiving solid organ transplants. We aimed to demonstrate the effect of antifungal coccidioidal prophylaxis in heart transplant (HT) recipients. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic health records of all patients who received HTs between October 19, 2005, and December 13, 2014. We collected information regarding antifungal regimens and determined whether patients subsequently developed infections. Our 174‐person cohort all received antifungal prophylaxis for at least 6 months (mean follow‐up, 53.8 months). One proven and one probable coccidioidal infection (each, 0.6%) occurred during the study period. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis was 0.6% at 1 year and 2.3% at 5 years. No cases of proven coccidioidomycosis occurred within 2 years after transplantation. No patients developed disseminated disease, and no sentinel events were attributed to coccidioidomycosis. Both fluconazole and voriconazole were well tolerated. In the absence of intolerance or contraindication, we suggest continuing a universal antifungal prophylactic regimen with fluconazole for at least 6‐12 months in HT recipients residing in a coccidioidomycosis‐endemic area.
Combination Therapy with Isavuconazole and Micafungin for Treatment of Experimental Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Petraitis Vidmantas , Petraitiene Ruta , McCarthy Matthew W. , Kovanda Laura L. , Zaw Myo H. , Hussain Kaiser , Shaikh Naima , Maung Bo Bo W. , Sekhon Navjot K. , Hope William W. , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We hypothesized that simultaneous inhibition of biosynthesis of ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan in the cell wall, respectively, by the antifungal triazole isavuconazole (ISA) and the echinocandin micafungin (MFG) may result in improved outcomes in experimental IPA in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Treatments included ISA at 20 mg/kg of body weight/day (ISA20), 40 mg/kg/day (ISA40), and 60 mg/kg/day (ISA60); MFG at 2 mg/kg/day (MFG2); combinations of ISA20 and MFG2, ISA40 and MFG2, and ISA60 and MFG2; and no treatment (untreated controls [UC]). The galactomannan index (GMI) and (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels in serum were measured. The residual fungal burden (number of CFU per gram) was significantly reduced in ISA20-, ISA40-, ISA60-, ISA20-MFG2-, ISA40-MFG2-, and ISA60-MFG2-treated rabbits compared with that in MFG2-treated or UC rabbits (
P
< 0.01). Measures of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, lung weights, and pulmonary infarct score were lower in ISA40-MFG2-treated rabbits than in rabbits treated with ISA40 or MFG2 alone (
P
< 0.01). Survival was prolonged in ISA40-MFG2-treated rabbits in comparison to those treated with ISA40 or MFG2 alone (
P
< 0.01). These outcome variables correlated directly with significant declines in GMI and serum (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels during therapy. The GMI correlated with measures of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, lung weights (
r
= 0.764;
P
< 0.001), and pulmonary infarct score (
r
= 0.911;
P
< 0.001). In summary, rabbits receiving combination therapy with isavuconazole and micafungin demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in the residual fungal burden, decreased pulmonary injury, prolonged survival, a lower GMI, and lower serum (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels in comparison to rabbits receiving isavuconazole or micafungin as a single agent.
Comparison of Omadacycline and Tigecycline Pharmacokinetics in the Plasma, Epithelial Lining Fluid, and Alveolar Cells of Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Gotfried Mark H. , Horn Karolyn , Garrity-Ryan Lynne , Villano Stephen , Tzanis Evan , Chitra Surya , Manley Amy , Tanaka S. Ken , Rodvold Keith A. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe steady-state concentrations of omadacycline and tigecycline in the plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and alveolar cells (AC) of 58 healthy adult subjects were obtained. Subjects were administered either omadacycline at 100 mg intravenously (i.v.) every 12 h for two doses followed by 100 mg i.v. every 24 h for three doses or tigecycline at an initial dose of 100 mg i.v. followed by 50 mg i.v. every 12 h for six doses. A bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed once in each subject following the start of the fifth dose of omadacycline at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 h and after the start of the seventh dose of tigecycline at 2, 4, 6, or 12 h. The value of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 24 h postdosing (AUC0–24) (based on mean concentrations) in ELF and the ratio of the ELF to total plasma omadacycline concentration based on AUC0–24values were 17.23 mg · h/liter and 1.47, respectively. The AUC0–24value in AC was 302.46 mg · h/liter, and the ratio of the AC to total plasma omadacycline concentration was 25.8. In comparison, the values of the AUC from time zero to 12 h postdosing (AUC0–12) based on the mean concentrations of tigecycline in ELF and AC were 3.16 and 38.50 mg · h/liter, respectively. The ratio of the ELF and AC to total plasma concentrations of tigecycline based on AUC0–12values were 1.71 and 20.8, respectively. The pharmacokinetic advantages of higher and sustained concentrations of omadacycline compared to those of tigecycline in plasma, ELF, and AC suggest that omadacycline is a promising antibacterial agent for the treatment of lower respiratory tract bacterial infections caused by susceptible pathogens.
Differential Regulation of Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor X2-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation by Antimicrobial Host Defense Peptides and Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Gupta Kshitij , Idahosa Chizobam , Roy Saptarshi , Lee Donguk , Subramanian Hariharan , Dhingra Anuradha , Boesze-Battaglia Kathleen , Korostoff Jonathan , Ali Hydar 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTPorphyromonas gingivalisis a keystone pathogen that contributes to periodontal pathogenesis by disrupting host-microbe homeostasis and promoting dysbiosis. The virulence ofP. gingivalislikely reflects an alteration in the lipid A composition of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the penta-acylated (PgLPS1690) to the tetra-acylated (PgLPS1435/1449) form. Mast cells play an important role in periodontitis, but the mechanisms of their activation and regulation remain unknown. The expression of epithelium- and neutrophil-derived host defense peptides (HDPs) (LL-37 and human β-defensin-3), which activate mast cells via Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), is increased in periodontitis. We found that MRGPRX2-expressing mast cells are present in normal gingiva and that their numbers are elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, HDPs stimulated degranulation in a human mast cell line (LAD2) and in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing MRGPRX2 (RBL-MRGPRX2).PgLPS1690caused substantial inhibition of HDP-induced mast cell degranulation, butPgLPS1435/1449had no effect. A fluorescently labeled HDP (FAM-LL-37) bound to RBL-MRGPRX2 cells, andPgLPS1690inhibited this binding, butPgLPS1435/1449had no effect. These findings suggest that low-level inflammation induced by HDP/MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell degranulation contributes to gingival homeostasis but that sustained inflammation due to elevated levels of both HDPs and MRGPRX2-expressing mast cells promotes periodontal disease. Furthermore, differential regulation of HDP-induced mast cell degranulation byPgLPS1690andPgLPS1435/1449may contribute to the modulation of disease progression.
Bacteroides fragilis Enterotoxin Induces Formation of Autophagosomes in Endothelial Cells but Interferes with Fusion with Lysosomes for Complete Autophagic Flux through a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-, AP-1-, and C/EBP Homologous Protein-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Ko Su Hyuk , Jeon Jong Ik , Myung Hyun Soo , Kim Young-Jeon , Kim Jung Mogg 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Bacteroides fragilis
enterotoxin (BFT), a virulence factor of enterotoxigenic
B. fragilis
(ETBF), plays an essential role in mucosal inflammation. Although autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse infectious diseases, little is known about autophagy in ETBF infection. This study was conducted to investigate the role of BFT in the autophagic process in endothelial cells (ECs). Stimulation of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) with BFT increased light chain 3 protein II (LC3-II) conversion from LC3-I and protein expression of p62, Atg5, and Atg12. In addition, BFT-exposed ECs showed increased indices of autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes such as LC3–lysosome-associated protein 2 (LAMP2) colocalization and the percentage of red vesicles monitored by the expression of dual-tagged LC3B. BFT also upregulated expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and inhibition of CHOP significantly increased indices of autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes. BFT activated an AP-1 transcription factor, in which suppression of AP-1 activity significantly downregulated CHOP and augmented autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes. Furthermore, suppression of Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) significantly inhibited the AP-1 and CHOP signals, leading to an increase in autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes in BFT-stimulated ECs. These results suggest that BFT induced accumulation of autophagosomes in ECs, but activation of a signaling pathway involving JNK, AP-1, and CHOP may interfere with complete autophagy.
Temporal changes in predicted risk of type 2 diabetes in Germany: findings from the German Health Interview and Examination Surveys 1997–1999 and 2008–2011
Authors: Paprott Rebecca , Mensink Gert B M , Schulze Matthias B , Thiele Silke , Mühlenbruch Kristin , Scheidt-Nave Christa , Heidemann Christin 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveOver time, prevalence changes in individual diabetes risk factors have been observed for Germany and other European countries. We aimed to investigate the temporal change of a summary measure of type 2 diabetes risk in Germany.DesignComparison of data from two cross-sectional surveys that are about 12 years apart.SettingTwo nationwide health examination surveys representative for the non-institutionalised population aged 18–79 years in Germany.ParticipantsThe study included participants without diagnosed diabetes from the national health examination surveys in 1997–1999 (n=6457) and 2008–2011 (n=6095).Outcome measuresPredicted 5-year type 2 diabetes risk was calculated using the German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS), which considers information on age, anthropometry, lifestyle factors, hypertension and family history of diabetes.ResultsBetween the two survey periods, the overall age- and sex-standardised predicted 5-year risk of type 2 diabetes decreased by 27% from 1.5% (95% CI 1.4% to 1.6%) to 1.1% (1.0% to 1.2%). The decrease in red meat intake and waist circumference had the highest impact on the overall decrease in diabetes risk. In stratified analyses, diabetes risk decreased among both sexes and within strata of age and body mass index. Diabetes risk also decreased among highly educated persons, but remained unchanged among persons with a middle or low educational level.ConclusionsMonitoring type 2 diabetes risk by a summary measure such as the GDRS could essentially contribute to interpret the dynamics in diabetes epidemiology.
A systematic review of the worldwide prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis reported in 31 studies
Authors: Jones Kelly M , Balalla Shivanthi , Theadom Alice , Jackman Gordon , Feigin Valery L 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundAccurate prevalence figures estimating the number of survivors of poliomyelitis (disease causing acute flaccid paralysis) following poliovirus infection are not available. We aim to undertake a systematic review of all literature concerning the prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis.MethodsElectronic databases were searched from 1900 up to May 2016 for peer-reviewed studies using a population-based approach witha defined denominator and some form of diagnostic or clinical verification of polio. Exclusion criteria were any prevalence data that were unable to be extracted or calculated and studies reporting on incidence only. The quality of each included study was assessed using an existing tool modified for use in prevalence studies. Average crude prevalence rates were used to calculate worldwide estimates.ResultsThirty-one studies met criteria with 90% of studies conducted in low-income to lower middle-income countries. Significant variability in the prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis was revealed, in low- income to lower middle-income (15 per 100 000 in Nigeria to 1733 in India) and upper-middle to high-income countries (24 (Japan) to 380 per 100 000 (Brazil). The total combined prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis for those studies at low to moderate risk of bias ranged from 165 (high-income countries) to 425 (low-income to lower middle-income countries) per 100 000 person-years. Historical lameness surveys of children predominated, with wide variation in case definition and assessment criteria, and limited relevance to current prevalence given the lack of incidence of poliovirus infection in the ensuing years.ConclusionsThese results highlight the need for future epidemiological studies of poliomyelitis to examine nationally representative samples, including all ages and greater focus on high-income countries. Such efforts will improve capacity to provide reliable and more robust worldwide prevalence estimates.