bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost efficiency benchmarking of urban water supply utilities: The case of an Indian state
Authors: Vishwakarma Amit , Kulshrestha Mukul , Amulya Nyathikala Sai , Kulshreshtha Mudit 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn most developing countries like India, benchmarking of water supply utilities is rarely carried out as these services are not run on professional lines to ensure profitability, even as social goals of making provision for all, including the poor, take priority over profitability. When performances of these services are not measured, efforts to improve these services remain directionless and arbitrary. Urban water supplies in India, therefore, suffer a self‐inflicted fate, wherein city municipalities remain mired in mundane issues, leading to large dissatisfaction and inefficiencies. This paper attempts to evolve a framework for evaluating cost efficiencies of water supply services and applies stochastic frontier analysis to 18 urban centres in India through six models. The results indicate large relative inefficiencies and a scope of savings of 24.5% of average current operating and maintenance costs even with existing levels of resource inputs. The results are discussed from a regulatory and policy‐making perspective.
Exploring Factors Regarding Transit-related Walking and Walking Duration
Authors: Yu Chia-Yuan , Lin Hsien-Chang 
Published: August 2016

Background:Transit-related walking provides a potential opportunity to promote general walking behavior, yet few studies have examined this issue. Since people’s decisions tend to vary as they walk between home and transit and between transit and destination, this study separated trips made in each direction.Purpose:This study identified the associations between sociodemographics and the 2-step process of transit-related walking: 1) whether transit users walked for home-transit trip or transitdestination trip, and 2) the walking duration for home-transit trip or transit-destination trip among those who walked.Methods:This cross-sectional study used the 2009 National Household Travel Survey and used the Heckman 2-step selection model by including 4042 respondents (10,105 trips) who walked all portions for home-transit trip and 3756 (8075 trips) for transitdestination trip.Results:The mean walking duration for home-transit trips (7.60 minutes) was shorter than transit-destination trips (7.87 minutes). Hispanics were more likely to walk for both directions and had higher walking durations than did whites. Respondents living in low-income households were more likely to walk for home-transit trip, but not for transit-destination trips.Conclusions:This study illustrated several implications regarding to transit-related walking, such as creating short home-transit distances and targeting whites in promoting transit-related walking.
A Role for Nuclear F-Actin Induction in Human Cytomegalovirus Nuclear Egress
Authors: Wilkie Adrian R. , Lawler Jessica L. , Coen Donald M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Herpesviruses, which include important pathogens, remodel the host cell nucleus to facilitate infection. This remodeling includes the formation of structures called replication compartments (RCs) in which herpesviruses replicate their DNA. During infection with the betaherpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), viral DNA synthesis occurs at the periphery of RCs within the nuclear interior, after which assembled capsids must reach the inner nuclear membrane (INM) for translocation to the cytoplasm (nuclear egress). The processes that facilitate movement of HCMV capsids to the INM during nuclear egress are unknown. Although an actin-based mechanism of alphaherpesvirus capsid trafficking to the INM has been proposed, it is controversial. Here, using a fluorescently-tagged, nucleus-localized actin-binding peptide, we show that HCMV, but not herpes simplex virus 1, strongly induced nuclear actin filaments (F-actin) in human fibroblasts. Based on studies using UV inactivation and inhibitors, this induction depended on viral gene expression. Interestingly, by 24 h postinfection, nuclear F-actin formed thicker structures that appeared by super-resolution microscopy to be bundles of filaments. Later in infection, nuclear F-actin primarily localized along the RC periphery and between the RC periphery and the nuclear rim. Importantly, a drug that depolymerized nuclear F-actin caused defects in production of infectious virus, capsid accumulation in the cytoplasm, and capsid localization near the nuclear rim, without decreasing capsid accumulation in the nucleus. Thus, our results suggest that for at least one herpesvirus, nuclear F-actin promotes capsid movement to the nuclear periphery and nuclear egress. We discuss our results in terms of competing models for these processes.

IMPORTANCE
The mechanisms underlying herpesvirus nuclear egress have not been fully determined. In particular, how newly assembled capsids move to the inner nuclear membrane for envelopment is uncertain and controversial. In this study, we show that HCMV, an important human pathogen, induces actin filaments in the nuclei of infected cells and that an inhibitor of nuclear F-actin impairs nuclear egress and capsid localization toward the nuclear periphery. Herpesviruses are widespread pathogens that cause or contribute to an array of human diseases. A better understanding of how herpesvirus capsids traffic in the nucleus may uncover novel targets for antiviral intervention and elucidate aspects of the nuclear cytoskeleton, about which little is known.
Nanoscale deformation twinning in xenotime, a new shocked mineral, from the Santa Fe impact structure (New Mexico, USA)
Authors: Cavosie Aaron J. , Montalvo Pedro E. , Timms Nicholas E. , Reddy Steven M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Shock microstructures in refractory accessory minerals such as zircon and monazite provide crucial evidence for deciphering impact-related deformation in a wide variety of planetary materials. Here we describe the first occurrence of shock deformation in xenotime, YPO4, from a shocked quartz–bearing shatter cone in granite at the Santa Fe impact structure (New Mexico, USA). Backscattered electron imaging shows that shocked xenotime grains near the surface of a shatter cone contain multiple orientations of closely spaced planar fractures. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction mapping reveals that some of the planar microstructures in {112} contain deformation twin lamellae that range from 50 nm to 200 nm in width on the polished surface and occur in up to three crystallographic orientations. Other features attributed to impact, such as planar low-angle boundaries and planar deformation bands, record crystal-plastic deformation. Shatter cone formation and co-existing shocked quartz constrain minimum shock pressure experienced by the xenotime grains to 5–10 GPa. An upper limit of 20 GPa is tentatively assigned based on the absence of YPO4 polymorphs and shock twins in co-existing zircon. We propose that {112} deformation twins in xenotime constitute a diagnostic record of shock metamorphism, similar to {112} twins in zircon; they have not previously been reported in nature and occur in a rock with conspicuous evidence of shock deformation. Documentation of deformation twins in xenotime, a widely applied U-Pb geochronometer, can be used to identify hypervelocity deformation in shocked rocks, detrital grains, and other materials, and may be particularly ideal for recording low-pressure (&lt;20 GPa) impact conditions that do not produce diagnostic shock microstructures in zircon.
Palliative chemotherapy among people living in poverty with metastasised colon cancer: facilitation by primary care and health insurance
Authors: Gorey Kevin M , Bartfay Emma , Kanjeekal Sindu M , Wright Frances C , Hamm Caroline , Luginaah Isaac N , Zou Guangyong , Holowaty Eric J , Richter Nancy L , Balagurusamy Madhan K 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundMany Americans with metastasised colon cancer do not receive indicated palliative chemotherapy. We examined the effects of health insurance and physician supplies on such chemotherapy in California.MethodsWe analysed registry data for 1199 people with metastasised colon cancer diagnosed between 1996 and 2000 and followed for 1 year. We obtained data on health insurance, census tract-based socioeconomic status and county-level physician supplies. Poor neighbourhoods were oversampled and the criterion was receipt of chemotherapy. Effects were described with rate ratios (RR) and tested with logistic regression models.ResultsPalliative chemotherapy was received by less than half of the participants (45%). Facilitating effects of primary care (RR=1.23) and health insurance (RR=1.14) as well as an impeding effect of specialised care (RR=0.86) were observed. Primary care physician (PCP) supply took precedence. Adjusting for poverty, PCP supply was the only significant and strong predictor of chemotherapy (OR=1.62, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.56). The threshold for this primary care advantage was realised in communities with 8.5 or more PCPs per 10 000 inhabitants. Only 10% of participants lived in such well-supplied communities.ConclusionsThis study's observations of facilitating effects of primary care and health insurance on palliative chemotherapy for metastasised colon cancer clearly suggested a way to maximise Affordable Care Act (ACA) protections. Strengthening America's system of primary care will probably be the best way to ensure that the ACA's full benefits are realised. Such would go a long way towards facilitating access to palliative care.
The PARP Inhibitor AZD2461 Provides Insights into the Role of PARP3 Inhibition for Both Synthetic Lethality and Tolerability with Chemotherapy in Preclinical Models
Authors: Oplustil O'Connor Lenka , Rulten Stuart L. , Cranston Aaron N. , Odedra Rajesh , Brown Henry , Jaspers Janneke E. , Jones Louise , Knights Charlotte , Evers Bastiaan , Ting Attilla , Bradbury Robert H. , Pajic Marina , Rottenberg Sven , Jonkers Jos , Rudge David , Martin Niall M.B. , Caldecott Keith W. , Lau Alan , O'Connor Mark J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The PARP inhibitor AZD2461 was developed as a next-generation agent following olaparib, the first PARP inhibitor approved for cancer therapy. In BRCA1-deficient mouse models, olaparib resistance predominantly involves overexpression of P-glycoprotein, so AZD2461 was developed as a poor substrate for drug transporters. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of this compound against olaparib-resistant tumors that overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, AZD2461 was better tolerated in combination with chemotherapy than olaparib in mice, which suggests that AZD2461 could have significant advantages over olaparib in the clinic. However, this superior toxicity profile did not extend to rats. Investigations of this difference revealed a differential PARP3 inhibitory activity for each compound and a higher level of PARP3 expression in bone marrow cells from mice as compared with rats and humans. Our findings have implications for the use of mouse models to assess bone marrow toxicity for DNA-damaging agents and inhibitors of the DNA damage response. Finally, structural modeling of the PARP3-active site with different PARP inhibitors also highlights the potential to develop compounds with different PARP family member specificity profiles for optimal antitumor activity and tolerability. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6084–94. ©2016 AACR.
Interleukin-30 Promotes Breast Cancer Growth and Progression
Authors: Airoldi Irma , Cocco Claudia , Sorrentino Carlo , Angelucci Domenico , Di Meo Serena , Manzoli Lamberto , Esposito Silvia , Ribatti Domenico , Bertolotto Maria , Iezzi Laura , Natoli Clara , Di Carlo Emma 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe inflammatory tissue microenvironment that promotes the development of breast cancer is not fully understood. Here we report a role for elevated IL30 in supporting the breast cancer cell viability and invasive migration. IL30 was absent in normal mammary ducts, ductules, and acini of histologically normal breast and scanty in the few stromal infiltrating leukocytes. In contrast, IL30 was expressed frequently in breast cancer specimens where it was associated with triple-negative and HER2+ molecular subtypes. In stromal leukocytes found in primary tumors or tumor-draining lymph nodes, which included mainly CD14+ monocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD33+/CD11b+ myeloid cells, IL30 levels increased with disease stage and correlated with recurrence. A negative correlation was determined between IL30 expression by nodal stromal leukocytes and overall survival. In vitro studies showed that human recombinant IL30 upregulated expression of a pro-oncogenic program, including especially IL6 in both triple-negative and HER2+ breast cancer cells. In triple-negative breast cancer cells, IL30 boosted a broader program of proliferation, invasive migration, and an inflammatory milieu associated with KISS1-dependent metastasis. Silencing of STAT1/STAT3 signaling hindered the regulation of the primary growth and progression factors in breast cancer cells. IL30 administration in vivo fostered the growth of triple-negative breast cancer by promoting proliferation and vascular dissemination of cancer cells and the accumulation of intratumoral CD11b+/Gr1+ myeloid cell infiltrates. Overall, our results show how IL30 regulates breast cancer cell viability, migration, and gene expression to promote breast cancer growth and progression and its impact on patient outcome. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6218–29. ©2016 AACR.
VEGF Neutralization Plus CTLA-4 Blockade Alters Soluble and Cellular Factors Associated with Enhancing Lymphocyte Infiltration and Humoral Recognition in Melanoma
Authors: Wu Xinqi , Giobbie-Hurder Anita , Liao Xiaoyun , Lawrence Donald , McDermott David , Zhou Jun , Rodig Scott , Hodi F. Stephen 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Immune recognition of tumor targets by specific cytotoxic lymphocytes is essential for the effective rejection of tumors. A phase I clinical trial of ipilimumab (an antibody that blocks CTLA-4 function) in combination with bevacizumab (an antibody that inhibits angiogenesis) in patients with metastatic melanoma found favorable clinical outcomes were associated with increased tumor endothelial activation and lymphocyte infiltration. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we sought features and factors that changed as a function of treatment in patients. Ipilimumab plus bevacizumab (Ipi-Bev) increased tumor vascular expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1. Treatment also altered concentrations of many circulating cytokines and chemokines, including increases of CXCL10, IL1α, TNFα, CXCL1, IFNα2, and IL8, with decreases in VEGF-A in most patients. IL1α and TNFα induced expression of E-selectin, CXCL1, and VCAM1 on melanoma tumor-associated endothelial cells (TEC) in vitro and promoted adhesion of activated T cells onto TEC. VEGFA inhibited TNFα-induced expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 and T-cell adhesion, which was blocked by bevacizumab. CXCL10 promoted T-cell migration across TEC in vitro, was frequently expressed by melanoma cells, and was upregulated in a subset of tumors in treated patients. Robust upregulation of CXCL10 in tumors was accompanied by increased T-cell infiltration. Ipi-Bev also augmented humoral immune responses recognizing targets in melanoma, tumor endothelial, and tumor mesenchymal stem cells. Our findings suggest that Ipi-Bev therapy augments immune recognition in the tumor microenvironment through enhancing lymphocyte infiltration and antibody responses. IL1α, TNFα, and CXCL10, together with VEGF neutralization, contribute to Ipi-Bev–induced melanoma immune recognition. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(10); 858–68. ©2016 AACR.
Simulated Connections between ENSO and Tropical Cyclones near Guam in a High-Resolution GFDL Coupled Climate Model: Implications for Seasonal Forecasting
Authors: Zhang Wei , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Villarini Gabriele , Murakami Hiroyuki , Delworth Thomas , Jia Liwei , Gudgel Richard , Zeng Fanrong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This study aims to assess the connections between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tropical cyclones near Guam (GuamTCs) using the state-of-the-art Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution version of CM2.5 (FLOR). In observations, more (fewer) GuamTCs occur in El Niño (La Niña) years, and the ENSO–GuamTC connections arise from TC genesis locations in ENSO phases. The observed ENSO–GuamTC connections are realistically simulated in the two control experiments that use two versions of FLOR: the standard version and another with flux adjustments (FLOR-FA). The ENSO–GuamTC connections in FLOR-FA are closer to observations than those in FLOR because of a better representation of TC genesis during ENSO phases. The physical mechanisms underlying the observed ENSO–GuamTC connections are further supported in the long-term control experiments with FLOR and FLOR-FA. The ENSO–GuamTC connections in sea surface temperature (SST)- and sea surface salinity (SSS)-restoring experiments with FLOR 1990 strongly resemble the observations, suggesting the ENSO–GuamTC connections arise substantially from the forcing of SST. The prediction skill of FLOR-FA for GuamTC frequency is quite promising in terms of correlation and root-mean-square error and is higher than that of FLOR for the period 1980–2014. This study shows the capability of global climate models (FLOR and FLOR-FA) in simulating the linkage between ENSO and TC activity near a highly localized region (i.e., Guam) and in predicting the frequency of TCs at the subbasin scale.
A Unique Surgical Technique for Tracheostomy in Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Cheng Esther , Thorpe Eric 
Published: August 2016

Objective: To describe a technique for tracheostomy in heterotopic ossification that has not yet been described in the literature. Methods: We report a case of difficult tracheostomy while using conventional techniques in a 68-year-old patient who underwent mitral valve replacement requiring warfarin therapy three months prior. Imaging revealed heterotopic ossification overlying the trachea. A literature review was performed to identify similar cases or techniques. Results: Extensive surgical planning was pursued after the initial attempted tracheostomy failed, and the airway was eventually accessed using a lighted intubation stylet for guidance and a drill. Heterotopic ossification has been described after orthopedic and abdominal surgeries. We identified one case report in the literature of tracheostomy performed in the setting of heterotopic ossification by an unspecified mechanism. There are few reported cases of tracheobronchial calcification in cardiac patients receiving warfarin therapy; however, these patients had characteristic imaging findings that were not consistent with those of our patient. Conclusions: We illustrate a safe and effective technique for tracheostomy in heterotopic ossification that has not been reported. Coordination with the anesthesia service was paramount for a successful operation.
Health Literacy Assessment in an Otolaryngology Clinic Population
Authors: Megwalu Uchechukwu C. , Lee Jennifer Y. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo assess health literacy in an adult tertiary care otolaryngology clinic population and to explore potential determinants of inadequate health literacy.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingTertiary care otolaryngology clinic.Subjects and MethodsThe study population included all adult patients treated at 3 of Stanford University’s adult otolaryngology clinic sites between March 1 and 11, 2016. Data were collected via an anonymous questionnaire. Health literacy was assessed with the Brief Health Literacy Screen.ResultsTen percent of patients had inadequate health literacy. White race (odds ratio [OR], 0.23) and having English as the primary language (OR, 0.12) were associated with adequate health literacy, while high school or lower level of education (OR, 3.2) was associated with inadequate health literacy. Age, sex, and Hispanic ethnicity were not associated with health literacy.ConclusionOur study highlights the need for health literacy screening in the otolaryngology clinic setting and identifies sociodemographic risk factors for inadequate health literacy. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of health literacy on patient outcomes and to test specific interventions to address health literacy and health outcomes.
Triple rule-out CT angiography protocol with restricting field of view for detection of pulmonary thromboembolism and aortic dissection in emergency department patients: simulation of modified CT protocol for reducing radiation dose
Authors: Kim Hyun Su , Kim Sung Mok , Cha Min Jae , Kim Yoo Na , Kim Hae Jin , Choi Jin-Ho , Choe Yeon Hyeon 
Published: August 2016

Background Triple rule-out computed tomography (TRO CT) is a CT protocol designed to simultaneously evaluate the coronary, aorta, and pulmonary arteries. Purpose To evaluate potential diagnostic performance of TRO CT with restricted volume coverage for detection of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and aortic dissection (AD). Material and Methods This study included 1224 consecutive patients with acute chest pain who visited the emergency department and underwent TRO CT using a 128-slice dual-source CT. Image data were reconstructed according to the display field of view (DFOV) of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) and TRO CT protocols in each patient. The presence of PTE and AD was evaluated by independent observers in each DFOV. The radiation dose was calculated to evaluate the potential benefits by restricting z-axis coverage to cardiac scan range instead of the whole thorax. Results Among all patients, 22 cases with PTE (1.9%) and nine cases with AD (0.8%) were found. Except for one PTE case, all cases were detected on both DFOV of TRO CT and CCTA. Mean effective dose for evaluation of entire thorax and cardiac scan coverage were 5.9 ± 1.1 mSv and 3.5 ± 0.7 mSv, respectively. Conclusion Isolated PTE and AD outside the CCTA DFOV rarely occur. Therefore, modified TRO CT protocol using cardiac scan coverage can be adopted to detect PTE and AD with reduced radiation dose.