bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science, society, and the coastal groundwater squeeze
Authors: Michael Holly A. , Post Vincent E. A. , Wilson Alicia M. , Werner Adrian D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCoastal zones encompass the complex interface between land and sea. Understanding how water and solutes move within and across this interface is essential for managing resources for society. The increasingly dense human occupation of coastal zones disrupts natural groundwater flow patterns and degrades freshwater resources by both overuse and pollution. This pressure results in a “coastal groundwater squeeze,” where the thin veneers of potable freshwater are threatened by contaminant sources at the land surface and saline groundwater at depth. Scientific advances in the field of coastal hydrogeology have enabled responsible management of water resources and protection of important ecosystems. To address the problems of the future, we must continue to make scientific advances, and groundwater hydrology needs to be firmly embedded in integrated coastal zone management. This will require interdisciplinary scientific collaboration, open communication between scientists and the public, and strong partnerships with policymakers.
Risks and Damages Caused in Ice Navigation
Authors: Bridges Robert 
Published: April 2017

AbstractNavigation in ice poses a number of hazards, which may have significant consequences if not addressed. Ships navigating ice covered waters and in low air temperatures, need to be adapted to the environment, through additional hull strengthening and specialised navigation equipment, as well as operated with experienced crew. However, despite this, the harsh and rapidly changing environment can lead to unexpected conditions and situations that may have severe consequences, even potentially leading to disastrous incidents. This article outlines some of the hazardous situations that may occur during ice navigation, illustrates the potential consequences, and explores some of the elements for the risk management necessary for safe navigation in ice. The article also reviews a number of incidents to highlight the inherent risks and provide some considerations for future ship design, construction, and operations.
Ice Class Rules and International Regulations
Authors: Kämäräinen Jorma , Riska Kaj 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTraditionally, ice class rules and regulations for ships sailing in ice have been developed by nations whose fairways are blocked by ice in winter. Strengthening of ships for sailing in ice‐covered waters has not been regulated by international treaties, but coastal states have imposed requirements for ships to be ice strengthened when entering their ports or sailing in their coastal waters. Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted new energy efficiency regulations for new ships, where the special needs of ice‐strengthened ships have been taken into account. IMO has also developed a mandatory code for ships operating in polar waters. The code contains safety regulations, including ice strengthening, and regulations covering prevention of pollution of the Arctic and Antarctic marine environment by ships.It is evident that ships sailing in ice conditions require special consideration, especially when international regulations for protection of the environment from pollution by ships are developed. In this document, the most important ice class rules are described. The energy efficiency regulations of IMO and the development of the Polar Code are discussed briefly, with emphasis placed on how the special needs of ships designed to sail in ice conditions have been taken into account in IMO regulations.
Simulator Training
Authors: Manning Daniel J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
When one reflects on simulator training in the maritime environment, initial thoughts often turn to large, expensive bridge and engine room simulators. However, when one steps back and views the training requirements of the professional mariner, one sees that nearly every aspect of his/her training involves the use of simulators. Simulators and their use have been part of maritime education for decades. The role of the simulator is to place students into a scenario, which they may face and provide learning outcomes on completion of the task. Ships and offshore platforms are now very complex places to work. They require an interface with crews, who have to be highly trained and qualified in a number of specialties. In this modern era of shipping, where crews are faced with reduced manning, quick turnaround times, and lack of sleep, the opportunities to carry out onboard training on the vessel or on an offshore platform are curtailed. Simulator training is a vital tool when training cadets and senior officers in nontechnical skills and allows lecturers to give immediate constructive feedback to students.
Pilotage
Authors: Constable Kevin , Wild Richard 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Marine pilots provide an essential frontline service, providing the initial link between the vessel and the port stakeholders during port arrivals and departures. Pilots use their in‐depth local navigational knowledge and ship‐handling experience to safely and efficiently navigate vessels in and out of ports and through the approach channels. As with any profession that is practiced internationally, professional standards and skill sets can vary dramatically. International training standards for pilots are not compulsory unlike the requirement to use pilots in the majority of commercial ports around the world. Pilots act in the public interest by protecting the environment and port infrastructure; however, while onboard act as a servant to the shipowner, and as such the shipowner becomes vicariously liable for any acts or omissions by the pilot. Pilotage is an interesting area within the marine industry, however due to the varied nature of pilotage, the status of pilots, and liability issues; knowledge of the subject should be seen as essential to those involved in shipping.
Propeller‐ and Thruster‐Induced Noise and Vibration
Authors: Ræstad Arnt Egil , Gjestland Tormod 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPropellers are often the root cause for inboard noise and vibration, causing discomfort for crew and passengers. In some cases, propeller‐induced vibrations may even be large enough to cause fatigue damages to the ship structure. The pressure field induced by the propellers is transmitted through the surrounding water and may cause disturbance to marine life. Several norms and standards exist for inboard ship noise, vibration, and waterborne noise emission. The vibratory forces and noise from the propellers can be divided into two main parts according to path of transmission. The shaft forces are transmitted from the propeller to the propeller shaft system, while the hull surface forces are a result of the pressure field transmitted from the propeller through the water to the hull surface. Vibratory shaft forces are caused by the fluctuating load on the propeller blades due to the spatial variation in the wake field. The hull surface forces mainly originate from transient cavitation on the propeller blades. There are several ways of predicting forces and induced pressure field from propellers. Theoretical models are becoming more advanced as the computational capacity increases. It is now feasible to apply more general viscous flow solvers to compute most features related to vibratory forces from propellers. These methods are expected to replace the traditional ship model tests in the future. Ship vibration resulting from the propeller excitation forces depend on the response of the vessel to the applied forces; henced, the magnitude of the excitation should always be evaluated with respect to the vibration level it causes. The same evaluation should also be made when addressing the propeller as a noise source. Reduction of vibratory forces and noise from propellers may be in conflict with the efficiency of the propulsion system. Consequently, it is important to have a good way to control the on‐board vibrations and noise to find the best compromise between fuel consumption and onboard comfort level.
Propulsion Model Testing
Authors: Mehmel Manfred , Heinke Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Propulsion model testing as a technical science has its roots in the similitude theory and so there is a short overview over the most important laws of similitude for a better understanding of the testing business (an extensive treatment is provided in
Ship Performance Prediction
). Other essentials are the facilities and measurement devices, which are under permanent development. The different procedures of ship model and propulsion system testing are described and the key figures are explained. The backgrounds for them are the procedures, guidelines, and the symbols and terminology of the International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC).

Special attention is drawn to cavitation tests in a wake field of the ship because in these kinds of tests the pressure fluctuations are measured and subsequently extrapolated for full scale operations. In addition, nominal wake field measurements are illustrated and the methods of flow visualization tests are pictured. Finally, the quasi steady testing in open water and in propulsion tests is outlined.
History of Deep‐Ocean Mining
Authors: Yamazaki Tetsuo , Brockett Frank H. (Ted) 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDeep‐sea manganese nodules have been of interest as future metal sources for copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn). R&D efforts of the mining technologies from the 1970s until the 2000s by international consortia and national programs are summarized. The historical trend of the mining technologies is evaluated. Seafloor massive sulfides highlighted from the 1990s through the 2000s for a recovery of gold (Au), silver (Ag), and Cu are introduced. Historical environmental approaches for impact assessments of the nodule mining are summarized and environmental approaches necessary for the sulfide mining are presented. Economic feasibility analyses of deep‐ocean mining are introduced.
Coursekeeping and Maneuvering in Waves
Authors: Hudson Dominic A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGeneral equations of motion for a ship coursekeeping and maneuvering in waves are presented. The principal theoretical methods developed to analyze a vessel maneuvering in waves, namely, two‐time scale and hybrid approaches together with computational fluid dynamics methods, are introduced and discussed, with particular regard to the inclusion of wave actions on the vessel. The article also introduces experimental methods for determining vessel tracks while performing maneuvering in waves. The special case of a vessel losing directional stability in following seas, or “broaching,” is also briefly discussed.
CFDMethods in Ship Hydrodynamics
Authors: Bensow Rickard E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article gives a brief overview of which ship hydrodynamic problems that are currently investigated using numerical methods, both in academia and in industry, and comments on the reliability in predictions that we see today. For brevity, emphasis has been put on applications related to resistance and propulsion predictions. The article is primarily based on the documentation of four relatively recent major events within the community, the conclusions of the Gothenburg 2010 Workshop in Ship CFD, the proceedings of the 30th Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, the Report of the Specialist Committee on CFD in Marine Hydrodynamics of the 27th ITTC, and the 4th International Symposium on Marine Propulsors. First, it is described how CFD can be used as a design tool to predict ship performance, then the possibility and need to assess scale effects with computational tools are discussed, and finally the potential for improved understanding of flow physics of importance to ship design and performance brought forward with detailed simulations is touched upon. Also, some general comments on current and future trends will be presented.
Common Marine Alloys
Authors: Francis Roger 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article describes the common metal groups used in the marine environment, along with their typical compositions, mechanical properties, and general comments about their corrosion resistance. The groups covered in this article are steels and irons, stainless steels, nickel alloys, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys. Common uses of all these metals in the marine environment are included in each section.
Modes of Fracture
Authors: Michael G. Burns P. E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhile it may seem that humanity has embarked on a never‐ending quest to find new and innovative ways to break things, as a point of fact, metals only break in a limited number of ways—ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fatigue, creep, and environmentally assisted cracking, the last being the most common. Each of these, however, must be carefully considered in the design stage lest the aforementioned destructive creativity of the human race or the relentless attack of nature finds a new and creative, or at least unanticipated, way of breaking your particular structure, vessel, or piece of equipment.
Materials for Arctic Environments
Authors: Singh Ramesh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes some of the essential mechanical tests that are conducted to establish the properties and limitations of materials used in the design and construction and several marine and offshore structures.
The tests are conducted to asses such material properties like Hardness, ductility, tensile strength, toughness at various temperature conditions, ability to resists impact etc., with some specific tests that are commonly conducted on line pipe material.
Maneuvering and Coursekeeping Characteristics
Authors: Molland Anthony F. , Hudson Dominic A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFor a ship to operate safely it must have adequate control capability to be able to maintain and alter course at its service speed and to maneuver satisfactorily at slow speeds. The principal maneuvering and coursekeeping characteristics of ships are described. Directional stability is described, together with a description of rudder action, including the forces acting on a turn and the heel angle due to the rudder. The equations of motion representing the horizontal motion of the ship when coursekeeping or maneuvering are described. Methods of assessing maneuverability are described, including the turning circle, zig‐zag, spiral, and pull‐out tests. A description is given of the methods of predicting maneuvering characteristics and experimental and numerical simulations, together with an outline of the International Maritime Organization required standards for maneuverability.
Combat Systems
Authors: Gates Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA combat system provides a warship with its offensive and defensive capability through weapons (guns, missiles, and torpedoes). Apart from self‐defense guns and missiles, warships are also equipped with decoys and other means to deflect incoming weapons. The combat system includes a range of sensors that allow threats to be identified. Data about potential threats is passed to the Combat Information Centre, a complex of workstations that allow members of the command team to analyze and appreciate the situation and to fire the weapons. The sophisticated electronics of the combat system's sensors and weapons is matched by the advanced technology of the workstations and computers that support the command functions of the combat system. The combat system's external communications equipment allows the team to exchange data with the headquarters and other assets, thus contributing to force‐wide engagements.The combat system may also affords a defensive capability protecting ships in company from attack.The combat systems equipment has a profound impact on the design of the warship, especially the weather deck.
A Brief Review of Structural Health Monitoring with Special Focus on Damage Detection and Sensor Optimization
Authors: Fang Sam Maopeng , Niedzwecki John Michael , Ozbey Memhet Cem , Cummis Travis John 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe process of implementing a damage identification strategy for aerospace, civil, mechanical, and offshore infrastructure is referred to as structural health monitoring (SHM). As a subject, it has been developed and refined over the past three decades and the research in the area has accelerated in multiple subtopics in recent years. This article provides a brief review of damage detection strategies and sensor optimization.Damage detection strategies include global methods or localized methods, where the former uses changes in vibration responses of a structure before and after damage occurs to detect the damage, identify its location, and evaluate its severity, if possible. The latter uses localized geometrical changes or material changes to identify the damage. The review focuses on academia and industry experiences of modal‐based damage detection methodologies, where changes in modal frequency, mode shapes, modal shape curvatures, and modal strain energy are used as damage indicators.In a structural health monitoring system, sensor optimization is in the central position connecting data acquisition, signal processing, data analysis and structural health evaluation output. Sensor optimization aims to minimize the number of sensors to be used and to identify the optimal locations to deploy them. Many optimization techniques have been applied in sensor optimization, and the application of those methodologies is reviewed in this article.
Corrosion
Authors: Sun Li 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWith increasing oil and gas exploration and production operations shift towards offshore, challenges imposed by the subsea environment on material integrity and stability also increase. In hostile subsea environment, material corrosion is often difficult to evaluate but significantly influences the safety, longevity and cost of any oil and gas project. It is of great importance to understand fundamental corrosion mechanisms as the unique subsea environment impact on oil and gas facilities. Such development also provides great opportunities for academia and industry collaboration to tackle both the scientific and technological important questions in materials science, physical chemistry, manufacturing, and instrumentation as an integrated part of the engineering problem.
Compliant Towers
Authors: Llorente Carlos , Marshall Peter 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCompliant towers seek to avoid sea wave resonance problems by having sway natural periods that are at least twice that of the design wave. Cyclic peak wave forces are de‐amplified, and strength design is dominated more by long‐term wind, current, and wave drift forces. Fatigue design is dominated by dynamic excitation of the higher bending modes.
Management of the Hazards Associated with a Jack‐Up Rig Deployment
Authors: Hunt Rupert J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSince the early days of jack‐up rig operations in the 1950's, the average rig casualty rate has stubbornly remained at approximately two losses per year. The demands made on the design of a self‐elevating (jack‐up) offshore structure are such that there are some phases of its deployment where it is particularly vulnerable to damage. The design may have also been optimized to the extent that there is only limited damage tolerance, so that localised “component” failure may soon be followed by “system” failure unless immediate and effective action is taken. The identification and management of the hazards associated with a jack‐up rig deployment are believed to be essential to a successful operation offshore, with the emphasis on the onshore preparations.In this article the three key phases of a jack‐up rig deployment are defined. The hazards associated with each phase are identified and then hazard management roles and responsibilities are assigned. Hazard management activities are recommended as part of a rig selection schedule. These activities are then matured during the subsequent deployment phases. Assurance roles and responsibilities are summarized.
Mooring Systems
Authors: Kwan Chi‐Tat T. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Mooring system is one of the most important elements for floating structures such as FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading), TLP, Semisubmersible and Spar. It keeps the floating structure on location to allow drilling or production operations under normal operating environments and to ensure survival of the floating structure in storms. This article presents the fundamentals of mooring systems for floating drilling and production operations and covers the following five areas: (i) Overview of mooring systems, including mooring system type, mooring line type, and mooring pattern. (ii) Mooring hardware, including chain, wire rope, fiber rope, winching equipment, and anchor system. (iii) Mooring strength analysis, covering mooring analysis conditions, methods, and procedures. (iv) Mooring fatigue analysis, covering fatigue analysis methodology and approach, and example fatigue design curves. (v) Mooring standards including design standards, component specifications, and in‐service inspection standard.
LNG/LPG Subsea Loading Lines
Authors: Prescott Clifford N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCryogenic pipelines are emerging technologies that are essential for the new generation of offshore LNG (liquid natural gas) and LPG (liquid petroleum gas) loading and receiving terminals. For locations with sufficient deep water access close to the coast, terminals may consist of jetty structures and breakwaters, where tankers can be moored, and offloading can take place via the standard loading arms.Several LNG/LPG facilities have the jetty terminal connected to an onshore facility by a short trestle structure, which supports the product and utility piping and may in some cases support vehicular access to the terminal. As terminals move further offshore, there is a need to develop longer runs of insulated rigid pipeline transfer systems.As an alternate to the trestle‐supported piping, subsea pipelines may be considered. A subsea pipeline can be used to transport the product from/to an offshore terminal thereby eliminating the need and cost for a connecting trestle.The interest and rapid development in the transportation of LNG and LPG worldwide have prompted a fresh look at how these fuels transferred to/from a carrier that may be moored offshore in various locations. Cryogenic subsea loading lines are emerging technologies that are critical to a new generation of offshore LNG and LPG loading and unloading terminals. A comparison of the various subsea pipeline configurations being developed and available for use is discussed.
Green Ship of the Future
Authors: Chryssakis Christos 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Shipping is the most energy efficient mode of transport, but there is still significant room for improvement with regards to energy efficiency and associated emissions. There is also a view that the industry should more readily embrace technologies implemented in other industries in order to improve shipping's performance and environmental footprint. This will result in growing numbers of vessels being designed to offer superior energy efficiency through measures such as improved hydrodynamics and advanced hybrid power generation systems, with energy storage for optimization of performance and operations. New, increasingly effective solutions to reduce water and air pollution will become available. Diversification of the fuel mix should also be expected, with an increasing share of distillate fuels as well as scrubbers for compliance with upcoming low‐sulfur requirements. Alternative fuels have the potential to play a more important role, with LNG introduced in large ocean‐going vessels, and grid electricity becoming standard for cold ironing in ports.