bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Community Needs Assessment of the Physical Activity and Food Environment in a Predominantly Hispanic U.S. City
Authors: Lebron Cynthia , Stoutenberg Mark , Portacio Francia , Zollinger Terrell W. 
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Hispanics suffer disproportionately compared with non-Hispanic Whites from health conditions that are affected by physical inactivity and poor dietary habits. Method: A needs assessment was conducted in Hialeah, Florida, the largest enclave of Cubans in the United States, to assess the perspectives of community stakeholders and members regarding the roles of physical activity and nutrition environments. Interviews were performed with community stakeholders ( n = 21), and responses were grouped into major themes. Surveys were conducted with community members ( n = 85). Descriptive analyses were used to categorize responses and potential differences across responses were explored. Results: Both community members and stakeholders reported that the local park system was a major asset to healthy living in Hialeah and agreed that traffic issues and a lack of walkability were major barriers to being physically active; however, there was variability in the response to the quality of the food environment. Conclusion: The perspectives of the community members and stakeholders will be valuable in highlighting pathways to enhancing the health and wellness of the residents of Hialeah.
In sickness and in health: The strains and gains of caring for a chronically ill or disabled spouse
Authors: Solomi Victoria L , Casiday Rachel E 
Published: August 2016

Objectives To examine the subjective experiences of spousal carers, focusing on positive, negative, and relational aspects of this role. Methods Mixed-methods exploratory study involving questionnaires ( N = 40) and in-depth interviews ( N = 8) with spousal carers in the southwest of England. Results Participants used a combination of negative and positive terms to describe their experiences, with the cared-for spouse's mental acuity, behavior towards the carer, and amount of care required, impacting on carers' subjective experience. Women were more likely to report neglecting their own health because of being a carer ( p = 0.02). The marital relationship itself was highly significant, and many carers took special measures to maintain and develop their marital bonds. Carers adapted to their roles in various ways, with those finding acceptance of their situation and accessing support appearing to cope best with the demands of the role. Discussion This study, though based on a small and geographically restricted sample, offers insight into the positive, negative, and relational experiences of spousal carers. Support that encourages carers to engage in health-promoting activities, and ideally provides opportunities for both partners to be involved in such activities together, may be particularly beneficial.
Shoulder impingement syndrome: a systematic review of clinical trial participant selection criteria
Authors: Watts Amy R. , Williams Ben , Kim Susan W. , Bramwell Donald C. , Krishnan Jeganath 
Published: August 2016

Background Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a common diagnosis for patients with pain and dysfunction of the shoulder. Variations in the signs and symptoms might lead to uncertainty regarding the definition of SIS. The aim of this review is to explore the participant selection criteria used in the literature when investigating SIS and to assess differences in criteria among treating professions. Methods This is a PRISMA systematic review of publications from 2009 to 2014 from MEDLINE, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL. Results Ninety-seven articles met inclusion criteria for this review. Twenty-five different surgical and nonsurgical treatments were investigated. Impingement-specific index tests were used in all studies. Exclusion index tests were used in 62% of studies. Twenty index tests were identified. Radiological investigations were reported in 53% of all studies, of which a further 53% reported using two or more radiological investigations. Conclusions This systematic review has illustrated that studies investigating SIS test for various signs and symptoms, which is in keeping with describing the condition as a ‘syndrome’. However, there are inconsistencies in participant selection criteria between health disciplines, highlighting a need for harmonization of the selection criteria in the form of an international editorial consensus.
Change in Health-Related Quality-of-Life at Group and Individual Levels Over Time in Patients Treated for Chronic Myofascial Neck Pain
Authors: Brodsky Marc , Spritzer Karen , Hays Ron D. , Hui Ka-Kit 
Published: August 2016

Background. This study evaluated change in health-related quality of life at the group and individual levels in a consecutive series of patients with chronic myofascial neck pain. Methods. Fifty patients with chronic neck pain self-administered the Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36 v2) before treatment and 6 weeks later. Internal consistency reliability was estimated for the 8 scale scores and Mosier’s formula was used to estimate reliability of the physical and mental health composite scores. Significance of group-level change was estimated using within-group t statistics. Significance of individual change was evaluated by reliable change index. Results. Statistically significant ( P < .05) group mean improvement over time was found for all SF-36 scores. At the individual level, 20% of the possible changes were statistically significant (17% improvement, 3% decline). Conclusions. Estimating the significance of individual change in health-related quality of life adds important information in comparing different treatment modalities for chronic myofascial neck pain.
Docosahexaenoic acid causes rapid pulmonary arterial relaxationviaKCa channel-mediated hyperpolarisation in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Nagaraj Chandran , Tang Bi , Nagy Bence M. , Papp Rita , Jain Pritesh P. , Marsh Leigh M. , Meredith Andrea L. , Ghanim Bahil , Klepetko Walter , Kwapiszewska Grazyna , Weir E. Kenneth , Olschewski Horst , Olschewski Andrea 
Published: August 2016

Cardioprotective benefits of ω-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are well established, but the regulatory effect of DHA on vascular tone and pressure in pulmonary hypertension is largely unknown.As DHA is a potent regulator of K+channels, we hypothesised that DHA modulates the membrane potential of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) through K+channels and thus exerts its effects on pulmonary vascular tone and pressure.We show that DHA caused dose-dependent activation of the calcium-activated K+(KCa) current in primary human PASMCs and endothelium-dependent relaxation of pulmonary arteries. This vasodilation was significantly diminished in KCa–/–(Kcnma1–/–) mice.In vivo, acute DHA returned the right ventricular systolic pressure in the chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension animal model to the level of normoxic animals. Interestingly, in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension the KCa channels and their subunits were upregulated. DHA activated KCa channels in these human PASMCs and hyperpolarised the membrane potential of the idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension PASMCs to that of the PASMCs from healthy donors.Our findings indicate that DHA activates PASMC KCa channels leading to vasorelaxation in pulmonary hypertension. This effect might provide a molecular explanation for the previously undescribed role of DHA as an acute vasodilator in pulmonary hypertension.
Topology-aware illumination design for volume rendering
Authors: Zhou Jianlong , Wang Xiuying , Cui Hui , Gong Peng , Miao Xianglin , Miao Yalin , Xiao Chun , Chen Fang , Feng Dagan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background
Direct volume rendering is one of flexible and effective approaches to inspect large volumetric data such as medical and biological images. In conventional volume rendering, it is often time consuming to set up a meaningful illumination environment. Moreover, conventional illumination approaches usually assign same values of variables of an illumination model to different structures manually and thus neglect the important illumination variations due to structure differences.

Results
We introduce a novel illumination design paradigm for volume rendering on the basis of topology to automate illumination parameter definitions meaningfully. The topological features are extracted from the contour tree of an input volumetric data. The automation of illumination design is achieved based on four aspects of attenuation, distance, saliency, and contrast perception. To better distinguish structures and maximize illuminance perception differences of structures, a two-phase topology-aware illuminance perception contrast model is proposed based on the psychological concept of Just-Noticeable-Difference.

Conclusions
The proposed approach allows meaningful and efficient automatic generations of illumination in volume rendering. Our results showed that our approach is more effective in depth and shape depiction, as well as providing higher perceptual differences between structures.
Trends in CPAP adherence over twenty years of data collection: A flattened curve
Authors: Rotenberg Brian W. , Murariu Dorian , Pang Kenny P. 
Published: August 2016

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder, and continuous airway positive pressure (CPAP) is considered to be the gold standard of therapy. CPAP however is known to have problems with adherence, with many patients eventually abandoning the device. The purpose of this paper is to assess secular trends in CPAP adherence over the long term to see if there have been meaningful improvements in adherence in light of the multiple interventions proposed to do so. Methods A comprehensive systematic literature review was conducted using the Medline-Ovid, Embase, and Pubmed databases, searching for data regarding CPAP adherence over a twenty year timeframe (1994–2015). Data was assessed for quality and then extracted. The main outcome measure was reported CPAP non-adherence. Secondary outcomes included changes in CPAP non-adherence when comparing short versus long-term, and changes in terms of behavioral counseling. Results Eighty-two papers met study inclusion/exclusion criteria. The overall CPAP non-adherence rate based on a 7-h/night sleep time that was reported in studies conducted over the twenty year time frame was 34.1 %. There was no significant improvement over the time frame. Behavioral intervention improved adherence rates by ∼1 h per night on average. Conclusions The rate of CPAP adherence remains persistently low over twenty years worth of reported data. No clinically significant improvement in CPAP adherence was seen even in recent years despite efforts toward behavioral intervention and patient coaching. This low rate of adherence is problematic, and calls into question the concept of CPAP as gold-standard of therapy for OSA.
A Pseudomonas aeruginosa hepta-acylated lipid A variant associated with cystic fibrosis selectively activates human neutrophils
Authors: SenGupta Shuvasree , Hittle Lauren E , Ernst Robert K , Uriarte Silvia M , Mitchell Thomas C 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease causes airway neutrophilia and hyperinflammation without effective bacterial clearance. We evaluated the immunostimulatory activities of lipid A, the membrane anchor of LPS, isolated from mutants of PA that synthesize structural variants, present in the airways of patients with CF, to determine if they correlate with disease severity and progression. In a subset of patients with a severe late stage of CF disease, a unique hepta-acylated lipid A, hepta-1855, is synthesized. In primary human cell cultures, we found that hepta-1855 functioned as a potent TLR4 agonist by priming neutrophil respiratory burst and stimulating strong IL-8 from monocytes and neutrophils. hepta-1855 also had a potent survival effect on neutrophils. However, it was less efficient in stimulating neutrophil granule exocytosis and also less potent in triggering proinflammatory TNF-α response from monocytes. In PA isolates that do not synthesize hepta-1855, a distinct CF-specific adaptation favors synthesis of a penta-1447 and hexa-1685 LPS mixture. We found that penta-1447 lacked immunostimulatory activity but interfered with inflammatory IL-8 synthesis in response to hexa-1685. Together, these observations suggest a potential contribution of hepta-1855 to maintenance of the inflammatory burden in late-stage CF by recruiting neutrophils via IL-8 and promoting their survival, an effect presumably amplified by the absence of penta-1447. Moreover, the relative inefficiency of hepta-1855 in triggering neutrophil degranulation may partly explain the persistence of PA in CF disease, despite extensive airway neutrophilia.
Initiation and duration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prescribing over time: UK cohort study
Authors: McCrea Rachel L. , Sammon Cormac J. , Nazareth Irwin , Petersen Irene 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundRecent media reports have focused on the large increase in antidepressants dispensed in England. We investigated this, focusing on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).AimsTo examine the rate of initiation of SSRIs over time and changes over time in the duration of prescribing episodes.MethodWe estimated initiation and duration of SSRI prescribing from 7 025 802 individuals aged over 18 years and registered with a general practice that contributed data to The Health Improvement Network.ResultsRates of SSRI initiation increased from 1.03 per 100 person-years in 1995 to 2.15 in 2001, but remained stable from then to 2012. The median duration of prescribing episodes increased from 112 to 169 days for episodes starting in 1995 to 2010.ConclusionsDespite media reports describing an increasing rate of antidepressant prescribing, SSRI initiation rates have stabilised since 2001. However, our results suggest that individuals who take SSRIs are receiving treatment for longer.
Prognostic association of cardiac anxiety with new cardiac events and mortality following myocardial infarction
Authors: Van Beek Maria H. C. T. , Zuidersma Marij , Lappenschaar Martijn , Pop Gheorghe , Roest Annelieke M. , Van Balkom Anton J. L. M. , Speckens Anne E. M. , Oude Voshaar Richard C. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundGeneral anxiety and depressive symptoms following a myocardial infarction are associated with a worse cardiac prognosis. However, the contribution of specific aspects of anxiety within this context remains unclear.AimsTo evaluate the independent prognostic association of cardiac anxiety with cardiac outcome after myocardial infarction.MethodWe administered the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) during hospital admission (baseline, n = 193) and 4 months (n = 147/193) after discharge. CAQ subscale scores reflect fear, attention, avoidance and safety-seeking behaviour. Study end-point was a major adverse cardiac event (MACE): readmission for ischemic cardiac disease or all-cause mortality. In Cox regression analysis, we adjusted for age, cardiac disease severity and depressive symptoms.ResultsThe CAQ sum score at baseline and at 4 months significantly predicted a MACE (HRbaseline = 1.59, 95% CI 1.04–2.43; HR4-months = 1.77, 95% CI 1.04–3.02) with a mean follow-up of 4.2 (s.d. = 2.0) years and 4.3 (s.d. = 1.7) years respectively. Analyses of subscale scores revealed that this effect was particularly driven by avoidance (HRbaseline = 1.23, 95% CI 0.99–1.53; HR4-months = 1.77, 95% CI 1.04–1.83).ConclusionsCardiac anxiety, particularly anxiety-related avoidance of exercise, is an important prognostic factor for a MACE in patients after myocardial infarction, independent of cardiac disease severity and depressive symptoms.
Effect of psychotherapy for depression on quality of life: meta-analysis
Authors: Kolovos Spyros , Kleiboer Annet , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundSeveral meta-analyses have shown that psychotherapy is effective for reducing depressive symptom severity. However, the impact on quality of life (QoL) is as yet unknown.AimsTo investigate the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression on global QoL and on the mental health and physical health components of QoL.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of 44 randomised clinical trials comparing psychotherapy for adults experiencing clinical depression or elevated depressive symptoms with a control group. We used subgroup analyses to explore the influence of various study characteristics on the effectiveness of treatment.ResultsWe detected a small to moderate effect size (Hedges'g= 0.33, 95% CI 0.24–0.42) for global QoL, a moderate effect size for the mental health component (g= 0.42, 95% CI 0.33–0.51) and, after removing an outlier, a small but statistically significant effect size for the physical health component (g= 0.16, 95% CI 0.05–0.27). Multivariate meta-regression analyses showed that the effect size of depressive symptoms was significantly related to the effect size of the mental health component of QoL. The effect size of depressive symptoms was not related to global QoL or the physical health component.ConclusionsPsychotherapy for depression has a positive impact on the QoL of patients with depression. Improvements in QoL are not fully explained by improvements in depressive symptom severity.
Clonidine Does Not Reduce Pain or Opioid Consumption After Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Turan Alparslan , Babazade Rovnat , Kurz Andrea , Devereaux Phillip J. , Zimmerman Nicole M. , Hutcherson Matthew T. , Naylor Amanda J. , Ali Sakr Esa Wael , Parlow Joel , Gilron Ian , Honar Hooman , Salmasi Vafi , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:
Clonidine is an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, which has analgesic properties. However, the analgesic efficacy of perioperative clonidine remains unclear. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that clonidine reduces both pain scores and cumulative opioid consumption during the initial 72 hours after noncardiac surgery.

METHODS:
Six hundred twenty-four patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery under general and spinal anesthesia were included in this substudy of the PeriOperative ISchemia Evaluation-2 trial. Patients were randomly assigned to 0.2 mg oral clonidine or placebo 2 to 4 hours before surgery, followed by 0.2 mg/d transdermal clonidine patch or placebo patch, which was maintained until 72 hours after surgery. Postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption were assessed for 72 hours after surgery.

RESULTS:
Clonidine had no effect on opioid consumption compared with placebo, with an estimated ratio of means of 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.70–1.38); P = 0.92. Median (Q1, Q3) opioid consumption was 63 (30, 154) mg morphine equivalents in the clonidine group, which was similar to 60 (30, 128) mg morphine equivalents in the placebo group. Furthermore, there was no significant effect on pain scores, with an estimated difference in means of 0.12 (95% confidence interval, −0.02 to 0.26); 11-point scale; P = 0.10. Mean pain scores per patient were 3.6 ± 1.8 for clonidine patients and 3.6 ± 1.8 for placebo patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
Clonidine does not reduce opioid consumption or pain scores in patients recovering from noncardiac surgery.
Lidocaine Impairs Proliferative and Biosynthetic Functions of Aged Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Bentov Itay , Damodarasamy Mamatha , Spiekerman Charles , Reed May J. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:
The aged are at increased risk of postoperative wound healing complications. Because local anesthetics are infiltrated commonly into the dermis of surgical wounds, we sought to determine whether local anesthetics adversely affect proliferative and biosynthetic functions of dermal fibroblasts. We also evaluated the effect of local anesthetics on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), growth factors that are important regulators of wound healing.

METHODS:
Human dermal fibroblasts (HFB) from aged and young donors were exposed to local anesthetic agents at clinically relevant concentrations. We screened the effects of lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and ropivacaine on proliferation of HFB. Lidocaine was most detrimental to proliferation in HFB. We then evaluated the effect of lidocaine on expression and function of the growth factors, IGF-1 and TGF-β1. Lastly, concurrent exposure to lidocaine and IGF-1 or TGF-β1 was evaluated for their effects on proliferation and expression of dermal collagens, respectively.

RESULTS:
Lidocaine and mepivacaine inhibited proliferation in aged HFB (for lidocaine 88% of control, 95% confidence interval [CI], 80%–98%, P = .009 and for mepivacaine 90% of control, 95% CI, 81%–99%, P = .032) but not in young HFB. Ropivacaine and bupivacaine did not inhibit proliferation. Because of the clinical utility of lidocaine relative to mepivacaine, we focused on lidocaine. Lidocaine decreased proliferation in aged HFB, which was abrogated by IGF-1. Lidocaine inhibited transcripts for IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in fibroblasts from aged donors (IGF-1, log2 fold-change −1.25 [42% of control, 95% CI, 19%–92%, P = .035] and IGF1R, log2 fold-change −1.00 [50% of control, 95% CI, 31%–81%, P = .014]). In contrast, lidocaine did not affect the expression of IGF-1 or IGF1R transcripts in the young HFB. Transcripts for collagen III were decreased after lidocaine exposure in aged and young HFB (log2 fold-change −1.28 [41% of control, 95% CI, 20%–83%, P = .022] in aged HFB and log2 fold-change −1.60 [33% of control, 95% CI, 15%–73%, P = .019] in young HFB). Transcripts for collagen I were decreased in aged HFB (log2 fold-change −1.82 [28% of control, 95% CI, 14%–58%, P = .006]) but not in the young HFB. Similar to the transcripts, lidocaine also inhibited the protein expression of collagen III in young and aged HFB (log2 fold-change −1.79 [29% of control, 95% CI, 18%–47%, P = .003] in young HFB and log2 fold-change −1.76 [30% of control, 95% CI, 9%–93%, P = .043] in aged HFB). The effect of lidocaine on the expression of collagen III protein was obviated by TGF-β1 in both young and aged HFB.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results show that lidocaine inhibits processes relevant to dermal repair in aged HFB. The detrimental responses to lidocaine are due, in part, to interactions with IGF-1 and TGF-β1.