bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'héritage libertin dans le matérialisme des Lumières
Authors: Bloch Olivier 
Published: June 2016

The libertin tradition in enlightenment materialism.
The libertin tradition is one of the most important roots of Enlightenment materialism. It can be seen in the common sources which they both draw on, the links between texts and authors who continue a traditional process marked by the primacy of erudition, the persistence of ways of writing and reading, the themes and trends involved in this literary and erudite preoccupation. All these traits, which particularly characterise early 18th-century materialism, nevertheless persist and can still be seen at the end of the century.
La Mettrie et le «Système d'Épicure»
Authors: Comte-Sponville André 
Published: June 2016

La Mettrie and his Système d'Épicure.
La Mettrie often claims to be a disciple of Epicurus and Lucretius, but his Epicureanism, which is often rather vague, can be particularly seen in connection with four themes : the materiality of the soul ; the universality of death ; the value of pleasure ; and the rejection of finalism. This last theme is the main subject of his Système d'Épicure, in which he shows a resolute but non dogmatic materialism. In La Mettrie's thought, materialism is what destroys dogmatism, which is what distinguishes him from Epicurus, despite his claim to follow him.
Psychologie et physiologie de l'entendement chez Condillac
Authors: Paganini Gianni 
Published: June 2016

Condillacs psychology and physiology of the understanding.
Despite his decision to treat the cognitive process only from a strictly psychological point of view, Condillac refers to the dominant neurophysiological model of his time. In his Essay, the use of this model is rooted in the causal theory of knowledge in which the mechanical description of the "impression" affirms either the dependence of knowledge on the external object or the latter's independent existence. It is interesting that this physiological pattern, considered as an "unfounded hypothesis" in the Traité des systèmes and almost absent from the Traité des sensations, is taken up again in his Logique, where Condillac rehabilitates to some extent the physical in order to combat materialistic tendencies on their own ground, without abandoning the spiritual primacy of consciousness.
La notion d'autorité chez Hume
Authors: Cléro Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Hume's notion of authority.
Hume's extension of certain legal notions, and particularly of authority, indicates that he is part of a current of thought with its distant origins in Hobbes, which certainly was to influence Bentham, who tried to elaborate a "theory of fictions". It is not very easy to discover the reason for this inflation of legal terms in unexpected fields, but one of its functions is perhaps to disguise materialism. For Hume, authority in any field usually means the relationship between representation and the physical and psychical forces underlying it. If representation appeared as a fictitious product of this interplay of forces, it would allow us to pinpoint some important elements of materialism in Hume's philosophy.
L'athéisme de d'Holbach à la lumière de Hegel
Authors: Bourdin Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

D'Holbachs atheism as seen by Hegel.
Despite the central importance of atheism in d'Holbach's materialistic system, it is clear that Hegel's reading of d'Holbach's thought in his Lessons on the Philosophy of History, although original, does not mention it. The reasons for this silence can be easily deduced from what he considered to be the tasks of philosophy in relation to religion, namely to ensure their reconciliation which is conceptually mastered as it realizes the programme of the Christian spiritual world. Atheism could only appear as an irrelevant philosophy, which is why Hegel did not even bother to refute it. Nevertheless we can show that in his criticism of the doctrine of "immediate knowledge" and of religious sentimentalism, Hegel provides a way of justifying philosophically the Baron's atheism by presenting it as the "result" of sentimentalism and the consequence of a religious thought that finitizes its content.
Varennes ou la subversion cérémonielle
Authors: Coquard Olivier 
Published: June 2016

Varennes or ceremonial subversion.
The flight to Varennes is here studied in its symbolic meaning. The actions and words of the King and his family, from their departure to their return, show the progressive abdication of all the symbols of their royalty. At the same time other actors, patriots or deputies, discover the extent of the royal fall, and immediately after the king's arrest take the initiative to fill the political vacuum. Already on the long road, home struggles break out for the control of these initiatives, between true royalists like Dampierre, constitutionals like Barnave and Jacobins like Pétion. In these struggles popular intervention plays a complex and contradictory role. The historiography of Varennes in the 19th and 20th Centuries, which has reflected these struggles, has painted the picture of a dignified and solemn return, which is contradicted by the newspapers and images of 1791.
La notion de naturalisme, ou Warburton contre Bolingbroke et Hume
Authors: Carrive Paulette 
Published: June 2016

The notion of naturalism, or Warburton against Bolingbroke and Hume.
The first important occurrence of the term naturalism is to be found in a letter from Warburton to Richard Hurd, Bishop of Worcester, in 1738. With this new term, Warburton is condemning the thought of both Bolingbroke and Hume. He is referring to a theological system that recognizes only the physical attributes, not the moral attributes, of God. The accusation of "naturalism" is as serious as that of "Spinozism". In addition, in his Remarks on the Natural History of Religion, Warburton accuses Hume of insinuating that religion originates in the imagination and the passions, in other words in what Hume understands by "origin in human nature".
L'Europe des académies
Authors: McClellan III James E. 
Published: June 2016

James E. McLellan : The Europe of academies.
Eighteenth-century academies formed the institutional basis of the famous Republic of Letters, and they provided a sensitive indicator of the reality of Enlightenment Europe. Tapping a developed historiography, this paper surveys factors drawing European institutions together and factors pulling them apart. Common historical roots, organizational forms, correspondence and membership networks, and collective projects did create a real European and world-wide system of academies. On the other hand, economic factors, nationalism, provincial/regional identities, and religious and language divisions served to fragment such unity as existed. The latter factors are seen as more useful in explaining the phenomena of the academies and the Republic of Letters.
Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski, «homme européen»
Authors: Libera Zdzislaw 
Published: June 2016

Zdzislaw Libera : Stanislas-Augustus Poniatowski, a "European man".
When qualifying king Stanislas-Augustus Poniatowski as a European, we are thinking of his opinions on literature and art, and his attitude towards religion, political problems and education. The study of his memoirs and of his private correspondence with Mme Geoffrin, Mr Glayre and I. Krasicki, or the opinions of foreigners who knew him, all show that the King represented the ideals of the European Enlightenment. He was known for his humanity and tolerance, he was interested in literature, painting and architecture, he had visited different European countries and spoke several languages. As a politician, he considered that the situation in Poland was a problem of European politics.
Trois lettres inédites de Crébillon fils
Authors: Brisebois Michel 
Published: June 2016

Crébillon fils : Three unpublished letters, presented by Michel Brise-bois.
The complete transcription of three letters by Crébillon fils is published here for the first time. The letter dating from February 1751, probably to De Brosses, mainly concerns his move to Sens and a request about his father ; the second letter (February 1755), to La Beaumelle, concerns the refusal of a printer in Sens to take his book and mentions Montesquieu's death. The last one (August 1755), not listed by Funke, to Baron d'Aigaliers in Montauban, deals at length with Crébillon's problems as a Censor and severely criticizes contemporary literature.
L'Aveugle, un proverbe inédit de Jean Potocki
Authors: Triaire Dominique 
Published: June 2016

Jean Potocki : L'Aveugle. An unpublished one-act play presented by Dominique Triaire.
Jean Potocki (1761-1815) was always interested in the theatre, and his Parades (1792) and a short play called Les Bohémiens d'Andalousie (1794) are already known. The rich Ukraine archives in Kiev contain a 14-page holograph manuscript of a proverb, L'Aveugle which had never been noticed before. It was probably written in the Ukraine between 1798 and 1803 and staged in a family theatre ; there were many private theatres on the lands of the Potockis and their friends. These few pages reflect Potocki's feeling for dialogue, his vivacious style and his taste for short pieces.
L'histoire dans les projets éducatifs français au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Gerbod Paul 
Published: June 2016

Paul Gerbod : History in French educational projects during the enlightenment.
During the second half of the 18th century, there were numerous reforming projects for creating a national education in France (Diderot, La Chalotais, Guyton de Morveau, d'Aguesseau, Roland d'Erceville). The role of history teaching is far from being neglected in these projects which gave rise to a group of coherent and modern proposals. This teaching should be national ; that is, while not rejecting Classical history, it should include French history and even, for some of the authors, world history. It should not be restricted to rulers and their wars, but should also be concerned with the material and moral life of peoples, and it should be useful as, by distinguishing good and evil, it should help to teach public morality to human societies.
La « French connection » : influences françaises sur l'économie politique britannique
Authors: Groenewegen Peter 
Published: June 2016

Peter Groenewegen : The "French connection". Some case studies of French
influences on british economics in the 18th century.
This article examines French influences on British economics in the 18th Century by means of three case studies covering the early decades of the Century (Richard Cantillon), the 1730s and 40s (David Hume) and the 1750s and 60s (Sir James Steuart and Adam Smith). They reveal a growing spread of French influence in line with the bibliographical evidence suggesting that France was the major producer of economic literature from 1754 to 1768. Apart from a general discussion of the potential influences on these four authors indicated by their citation practices, the article suggests the hypothesis that criticism of Melon may have been a major source of Hume's inspiration to write his economic essays in the late 1740s.
Fondements et développements de l'économie publique
Authors: Hebert Robert F. 
Published: June 2016

Robert F. Hébert : The foundations and development of public economics.
In 18th-century France, two important analytical traditions in economics developed more or less side by side : on the one hand, political economy was developed by Quesnay and his followers ; on the other, public economics (which began as inquiries into transport economics) was pioneered by engineers who had intellectual ties to the École des Ponts et Chaussées. This article traces the development of the second tradition, which was separated from the first by professional and institutional considerations. This tradition of public economics had a progenitor in Vauban, a theoretical catalyst in Saint-Pierre, a pedagogical entrepreneur in Perronet and a vigorous defender in Mirabeau.
La fable du troc
Authors: Servet Jean-Michel 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Michel Servet : The barter myth.
Before Smith, Beccaria and Turgot developed the myth of barter in the mid-18th Century, money was considered as a vital element of the social and royal order, like blood in the human body. The myth of barter demonstrates, firstly, that the original counting units of the value of goods were not introduced by the prince, but were natural units in terms of utility of labour. In addition, without the existence of money as a means of payment decreed by the prince, certain forms of the division of labour can develop. Thus, as economics was emerging as an autonomous social science, the myth of barter was an important innovation.
La liberté du commerce : le marché des grains
Authors: Steiner Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Philippe Steiner : Free trade and the grain market
This article studies the way in which during the 18th Century French economics developed the theoretical arguments necessary to defend free trade ; the two important arguments concern the self-regulatory working of the market and the interdependence between different markets. But these arguments were resisted, in particular when it came to freeing the grain market. The questions which arose particularly in the debate between Turgot and Necker concern the arguments used in the second half of the century about this particular market and how competition could work in this special case. These questions allow us to emphasize the importance of institutional conditions, defined widely. This last point is studied in detail through an analysis of the problem posed by the reputation of merchants.
Libéralisme, corporatisme et dérogeance : à propos des édits sur le commerce de 1701 et 1765
Authors: Cheminade Christian 
Published: June 2016

Christian Cheminade : Liberalism, corporatism and derogation. On the commercial edicts of 1701 and 1765.
In 1700-1 the Counsel on Trade was favourable to a liberal demand from the trading gentry, but dared not attack openly the limits on trade imposed by corporations' charters. This contradiction can be seen in the 1701 Edict, intended to liberalise wholesale trade, but which finally only abolished the "law of deroga¬ tion". To remove this ambiguity, the trading deputies launched another liberal campaign in 1754, which led to a text establishing a link between the ending of the derogation and complete freedom for wholesale trade. But opposition from the Six Paris Guilds prevented the Edict from being promulgated for ten years. It was finally published in 1765, with no reference to derogation whose abolition had in the mean time become the battle cry of the defenders of corporatism. But the Six Guilds ensured that the Edict would not be applied in the capital.
Louis XVI morigéné par ses ancêtres en 1790 : Les Entretiens des Bourbons
Authors: Duprat Annie 
Published: June 2016

Annie Duprat : Louis XVI criticised by his ancestors in 1790. Les entretiens
des Bourbons
Between August and October 1790, royalists tried to slow down the course of the Revolution by attacking the Duke of Orleans, accused of having organised the events of 5-6 October 1789. Eleven anonymous pamphlets featured dialogues between Louis XVI and his ancestors Louis XIV, Henry IV and Louis IX, with two engravings to illustrate the text. The general tone is violent ; his ancestors advise the King to repress the Assembly and the patriots, and reveal Orleans's duplicity. Thanks to the police, who seized many of these works, and re-use of one of the engravings (only the letter is modified) in April 1792, we can evaluate the Royalists' activism in 1790. This article indicates methods for the combined analysis of political writings and illustrations.
«Qui peut définir les femmes ?». L'idée de la «nature féminine» au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte 
Published: June 2016

Lieselotte Steinbrugge : Who can define woman ? The idea of feminine nature
in the Enlightenment.
For 18th-century thinkers, the nature of woman was the subject of medical, historiographical, anthropological, philosophical and literary discourse, some com mon aspects of which are outlined here. The Encyclopédie (faithful to the 17th-century tradition of Poulain de la Barre) reflects the transition from en egalitarian position to a discourse that treats the relationship between the sexes in terms of difference. Around the mid-century the shift from rationalism to sensualism had profound effects on female anthropology. This is shown in Dr Pierre Roussel' s Système physique et moral de la femme (1775) which claims that woman, because of her physical constitution, is intellectually inferior to man. Through an analysis of the 5th chapter of Emile in the context of the two Discours, the author aims at showing that for Rousseau the image of woman is linked to the idea of rationality and to his anthropological system.
Billardon de Sauvigny et l'innonce perdue du premier âge
Authors: Fougère Éric 
Published: June 2016

Éric Fougère : Billardon de Sauvigny and the lost innocence of the first
ages.
This article only deals with the aspects of Louis-Edme Billardon de Sauvigny' s uneventful career that are linked to the emergence of republican ideology. Whether from opportunism or conviction, his work combines an outdated faithfulness to the pastoral mode with an interest in political Utopia that became stronger as history accelerated. From the narrative L'innocence du premier âge en France (1768) to plays like Hirza ou les Illinois (1767) and Washington ou la liberté du nouveau monde (1791), he remained faithful to an exemplary, if ambiguous scenario : a young stranger possessing all the virtues brings to a dying or emerging society the promise of a new or revived Alliance under the aegis of virtue. Billardon's work, starting from political preoccupations, repressed, and hid behind mytha history that was being overtaken by the Revolution.
Loaisel de Tréogate, romancier féministe ?
Authors: Jalliet Aline 
Published: June 2016

Aline Jalliet : Was Loaisel de Treogate a feminist ?
Women occupy a central position in the novels of Loaisel de Tréogate (1752-1812) and in his heroes' adventures. Although the author often expresses traditional male chauvinist prejudices, he also goes beyond this conventional view by presenting couples in which true exchange between the partners is essential to the man's happiness. In addition, the woman is given a subversive discourse that, by uncovering man's age-old usurpation, is the first shot in a necessary war of the sexes. He is, thanks to his belief in equality, a novelist of the mythical, fraternal married couple, but his attempts to define the essence and the role of women link him to 18th-century debates on women's identity and place in society.
État des recherches et tendances actuelles. La source est un miroir
Authors: Flamarion Édith , Volpilhac-Auger Catherine 
Published: June 2016

Edith Flamarion and Catherine Volpilhac-Auger : Present state of
research and current trends : the source as a mirror.
Where and how is research currently being conducted on the presence of classical Antiquity in the 18th Century ? This article looks at current research trends, the policy of different centres and research teams and the methods adopted, and the authors discern two main approaches : one of them studies the remnants of Antiquity in a particular period, while the other concentrates on how the reference to Antiquity worked ; it was remodelled by the Enlightenment in its own image and in return helped to shape the Enlightenment as we know it.
L'interprétation alchimique de la mythologie
Authors: Matton Sylvain 
Published: June 2016

Sylvain Matton : Alchemical interpretation of mythology.
In the 18th Century, scientists' acceptance of a "reasonable chemistry" which no longer drew its legitimacy from its antiquity but from its rationality alone made the debate on its origins obsolete ; Suidas' s affirmation that the Golden Fleece was not what fables said but a parchment book teaching how to make gold by alchemy had played an important role in this debate, as it justified a "chemical" reading of Greco-Egyptian myths which filled the gap left by the Ancients' silence concerning this art. However, although mocked by specialists in mythology such as Banier, the alchemical interpretation of ancient mythology, mentioned by G.-F. Venel in the Encyclopédie article CHYMIE, did not disappear in the 18th Century. It subsisted even with university professors such as G. W. We-del and J. Frick and was developed by amateurs such as J. Vauquelin des Yveteaux, Philothaume or E. Libois, but especially Dom Pernety who revived its popularity with Les Fables égyptiennes et grecques dévoilées (1758).
L'Antiquité pour la modernité dans l'inspiration d'André Chénier
Authors: Guitton Edouard 
Published: June 2016

Édouard Guitton : Antiquity for modernity in André Chénier's inspira¬ tion.
The latent finalism in this formula refers to a paradox and a dialectic in André Chénier's inspiration. He goes beyond the simplistic concepts of imitation and invention and aims to link Antiquity to post-Enlightenment syncretism. Despising the old distinctions (Faguet's "manners" and "programmes"), he places the poet's fragmentary and unfinished work under the banner of unity and totality. The appeal to Antiquity, which is rooted in a fundamental sensuality and which Chénier, who was "Greek" by his mother, pushed to its paroxysm, seems an impulse which acts retroactively on present inspiration in order to regenerate it, for the two impulses constitute a couple of complementary forces. Chénier's materialistic "panaesthesis" is most fully seen and displays all its energy in relation to Laplace's mathematical physics and at the turning-point of a dual conception of (iterative and irreversible) time.
Raynal au printemps 1793 d'après deux documents inédits
Authors: Brot Muriel 
Published: June 2016

Muriel Brot : Raynal in the Spring of 1793 according to two unpublished documents.
This article presents unknown documents sent by Raynal to a certain Serres on April 12th 1793. The first is a request for a permit to leave French territory to go to Switzerland to meet his debtors and the second is a letter addressed personally to Serres in which Raynal asks him to present the request to the appropriate tribunal. The difference in tone between the letter and the request indicates that the financial problems referred to by Raynal were mainly a pretext to flee the revolutionary turmoil. Even though the letter's recipient and the tribunal concerned cannot be identified with certainty, these documents show us Raynal' s state of mind concerning revolutionary events in the spring of 1793.
Le christianisme au miroir de l'islam dans le Nazarenus de John Toland
Authors: Lurbe Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Lurbe : John Toland's Nazarenus.
Toland's Nazarenus (1718) needs to be understood in the context of the dispute concerning the status of Islam in relation to Christianity. Taking as his starting-point the supposed discovery of the apocryphal gospel of Barnabus in Amsterdam in 1709, Toland tries to demonstrate that the work, which originated in Judeo-Christian or Nazarean circles, was also the source of the religion of the Moslems. And since the Nazareans were Christ's contemporaries and first disciples, then their teaching on both Christ and the Church must correspond to the truth. To the extent that these doctrines were adopted by Islam, it is therefore not absurd to recognise the Moslems as the direct heirs of authentic original Christianity.