bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Socio-technical Approach to Preventing, Mitigating, and Recovering from Ransomware Attacks
Authors: Singh Hardeep , Sittig Dean 
Published: June 2016

SummaryRecently there have been several high-profile ransomware attacks involving hospitals around the world. Ransomware is intended to damage or disable a user’s computer unless the user makes a payment. Once the attack has been launched, users have three options: 1) try to restore their data from backup; 2) pay the ransom; or 3) lose their data. In this manuscript, we discuss a socio-technical approach to address ransomware and outline four overarching steps that organizations can undertake to secure an electronic health record (EHR) system and the underlying computing infrastructure. First, health IT professionals need to ensure adequate system protection by correctly installing and configuring computers and networks that connect them. Next, the health care organizations need to ensure more reliable system defense by implementing user-focused strategies, including simulation and training on correct and complete use of computers and network applications. Concomitantly, the organization needs to monitor computer and application use continuously in an effort to detect suspicious activities and identify and address security problems before they cause harm. Finally, organizations need to respond adequately to and recover quickly from ransomware attacks and take actions to prevent them in future. We also elaborate on recommendations from other authoritative sources, including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Similar to approaches to address other complex socio-technical health IT challenges, the responsibility of preventing, mitigating, and recovering from these attacks is shared between health IT professionals and end-users.
Citation: Sittig DF, Singh H. A socio-technical approach to preventing, mitigating, and recovering from ransomware attacks.
Reviews and syntheses: Four decades of modeling methane cycling in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Yuan Fengming , Hanson Paul J. , Wullschleger Stan D. , Thornton Peter E. , Riley William J. , Song Xia , Graham David E. , Song Changchun , Tian Hanqin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Over the past 4 decades, a number of numerical models have been developed to quantify the magnitude, investigate the spatial and temporal variations, and understand the underlying mechanisms and environmental controls of methane (CH4) fluxes within terrestrial ecosystems. These CH4 models are also used for integrating multi-scale CH4 data, such as laboratory-based incubation and molecular analysis, field observational experiments, remote sensing, and aircraft-based measurements across a variety of terrestrial ecosystems. Here we summarize 40 terrestrial CH4 models to characterize their strengths and weaknesses and to suggest a roadmap for future model improvement and application. Our key findings are that (1) the focus of CH4 models has shifted from theoretical to site- and regional-level applications over the past 4 decades, (2) large discrepancies exist among models in terms of representing CH4 processes and their environmental controls, and (3) significant data–model and model–model mismatches are partially attributed to different representations of landscape characterization and inundation dynamics. Three areas for future improvements and applications of terrestrial CH4 models are that (1) CH4 models should more explicitly represent the mechanisms underlying land–atmosphere CH4 exchange, with an emphasis on improving and validating individual CH4 processes over depth and horizontal space, (2) models should be developed that are capable of simulating CH4 emissions across highly heterogeneous spatial and temporal scales, particularly hot moments and hotspots, and (3) efforts should be invested to develop model benchmarking frameworks that can easily be used for model improvement, evaluation, and integration with data from molecular to global scales. These improvements in CH4 models would be beneficial for the Earth system models and further simulation of climate–carbon cycle feedbacks.
Forecasting auroras from regional and global magnetic field measurements
Authors: Kauristie Kirsti , Myllys Minna , Partamies Noora , Viljanen Ari , Peitso Pyry , Juusola Liisa , Ahmadzai Shabana , Singh Vikramjit , Keil Ralf , Martinez Unai , Luginin Alexej , Glover Alexi , Navarro Vicente , Raita Tero 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. We use the connection between auroral sightings and rapid geomagnetic field variations in a concept for a Regional Auroral Forecast (RAF) service. The service is based on statistical relationships between near-real-time alerts issued by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center and magnetic time derivative (dB∕dt) values measured by five MIRACLE magnetometer stations located in Finland at auroral and sub-auroral latitudes. Our database contains NOAA alerts and dB∕dt observations from the years 2002–2012. These data are used to create a set of conditional probabilities, which tell the service user when the probability of seeing auroras exceeds the average conditions in Fennoscandia during the coming 0–12 h. Favourable conditions for auroral displays are associated with ground magnetic field time derivative values (dB∕dt) exceeding certain latitude-dependent threshold values. Our statistical analyses reveal that the probabilities of recording dB∕dt exceeding the thresholds stay below 50 % after NOAA alerts on X-ray bursts or on energetic particle flux enhancements. Therefore, those alerts are not very useful for auroral forecasts if we want to keep the number of false alarms low. However, NOAA alerts on global geomagnetic storms (characterized with Kp values  >  4) enable probability estimates of  >  50 % with lead times of 3–12 h. RAF forecasts thus rely heavily on the well-known fact that bright auroras appear during geomagnetic storms. The additional new piece of information which RAF brings to the previous picture is the knowledge on typical storm durations at different latitudes. For example, the service users south of the Arctic Circle will learn that after a NOAA ALTK06 issuance in night, auroral spotting should be done within 12 h after the alert, while at higher latitudes conditions can remain favourable during the next night.
Improving the WRF model's (version 3.6.1) simulation over sea ice surface through coupling with a complex thermodynamic sea ice model (HIGHTSI)
Authors: Yao Yao , Huang Jianbin , Luo Yong , Zhao Zongci 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Sea ice plays an important role in the air–ice–ocean interaction, but it is often represented simply in many regional atmospheric models. The Noah sea ice scheme, which is the only option in the current Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version 3.6.1), has a problem of energy imbalance due to its simplification in snow processes and lack of ablation and accretion processes in ice. Validated against the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) in situ observations, Noah underestimates the sea ice temperature which can reach −10 °C in winter. Sensitivity tests show that this bias is mainly attributed to the simulation within the ice when a time-dependent ice thickness is specified. Compared with the Noah sea ice model, the high-resolution thermodynamic snow and ice model (HIGHTSI) uses more realistic thermodynamics for snow and ice. Most importantly, HIGHTSI includes the ablation and accretion processes of sea ice and uses an interpolation method which can ensure the heat conservation during its integration. These allow the HIGHTSI to better resolve the energy balance in the sea ice, and the bias in sea ice temperature is reduced considerably. When HIGHTSI is coupled with the WRF model, the simulation of sea ice temperature by the original Polar WRF is greatly improved. Considering the bias with reference to SHEBA observations, WRF-HIGHTSI improves the simulation of surface temperature, 2 m air temperature and surface upward long-wave radiation flux in winter by 6, 5 °C and 20 W m−2, respectively. A discussion on the impact of specifying sea ice thickness in the WRF model is presented. Consistent with previous research, prescribing the sea ice thickness with observational information results in the best simulation among the available methods. If no observational information is available, we present a new method in which the sea ice thickness is initialized from empirical estimation and its further change is predicted by a complex thermodynamic sea ice model. The ice thickness simulated by this method depends much on the quality of the initial guess of the ice thickness and the role of the ice dynamic processes.
Climate and soil factors influencing seedling recruitment of plant species used for dryland restoration
Authors: Muñoz-Rojas Miriam , Erickson Todd E. , Martini Dylan C. , Dixon Kingsley W. , Merritt David J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Land degradation affects 10–20 % of drylands globally. Intensive land use and management, large-scale disturbances such as extractive operations, and global climate change, have contributed to degradation of these systems worldwide. Restoring these damaged environments is critical to improving ecosystem services and functions, conserve biodiversity, and contribute to climate resilience, food security, and landscape sustainability. Here, we present a case study on plant species of the mining intensive semi-arid Pilbara region in Western Australia that examines the effects of climate and soil factors on the restoration of drylands. We analysed the effects of a range of rainfall and temperature scenarios and the use of alternative soil materials on seedling recruitment of key native plant species from this area. Experimental studies were conducted in controlled environment facilities where conditions simulated those found in the Pilbara. Soil from topsoil (T) stockpiles and waste materials (W) from an active mine site were mixed at different proportions (100 % T, 100 % W, and two mixes of topsoil and waste at 50 : 50 and 25 : 75 ratios) and used as growth media. Our results showed that seedling recruitment was highly dependent on soil moisture and emergence was generally higher in the topsoil, which had the highest available water content. In general, responses to the climate scenarios differed significantly among the native species which suggest that future climate scenarios of increasing drought might affect not only seedling recruitment but also diversity and structure of native plant communities. The use of waste materials from mining operations as growth media could be an alternative to the limited topsoil. However, in the early stages of plant establishment successful seedling recruitment can be challenging in the absence of water. These limitations could be overcome by using soil amendments but the cost associated to these solutions at large landscape scales needs to be assessed and proven to be economically feasible.
Revisiting the Origin of the Administrative versus Critical Research Debate
Authors: Katz Elihu , Katz Ruth 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This scholarly essay by Elihu and Ruth Katz recounts the story of the “high moment” of the original debate between administrative and critical theory. The tensions between the Frankfurt and Vienna schools of immigrant scholars of the 1930s are captured in the conflict between Paul Lazarsfeld, who engaged with the then-new commercial model of media research, and Theodor Adorno, a critical scholar, who disdained it, over the Princeton Radio Research Project (1937–1944). In the end, they conclude that something of the other's model rubbed off on each of them.
US Communications Policy Research and the Integration of the Administrative and Critical Communication Research Traditions
Authors: Napoli Philip M. , Friedland Lewis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article argues that many of the traditional distinctions used to distinguish critical from administrative research do not hold up well within the context of communications policy research. This argument is illustrated through an analysis of early communications policy research literature that sought to define the contours and objectives of the field, as well as through an assessment of developments in the field over the past 30 years. This article then uses the recent controversy surrounding the FCC's abandoned critical information needs research as a case study for exploring the prospects for a more integrated critical administrative research tradition.
Tumores neoplásicos de cães e gatos diagnosticados no laboratório de patologia veterinária da Universidade Federal do Paraná
Authors: Sprenger Lew Kan , Risolia Larissa Wunsche , Gabardo Lorran , Molento Marcelo Beltrão , Da Silva Antônio Waldir Cunha , De Sousa Renato Silva 
Published: June 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência dos tumores neoplásicos de cães e gatos examinados pelo Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. Foram pesquisados os protocolos de biópsia dos animais de companhia, no período de janeiro de 1984 a dezembro de 2008. Os dados utilizados foram diagnóstico morfológico, sexo, idade e raça. Dos 1910 registros analisados, 1764 (92,4%) eram de cães e 146 (7,6%) de gatos. Em cães, 1148/1764 (65,1%) dos animais acometidos eram fêmeas, 614/1764 (34,8%) machos e 2/1764 (0,1%) não informado. Os tumores mais prevalente foram: mastocitoma 273/1746 (15,5%); adenocarcinoma 268/1764 (15,2%) e adenoma 112/1764 (6,3%). A faixa etária variou de 25 dias a 20 anos, com média de 7,8 anos. As raças mais afetadas foram: SRD 503/1764 (28,5%); Boxer 186/1764 (10,5%); Pastor Alemão 179/1764 (10,1%); Poodle 128/1764 (7,3%) e Rottweiler 113/1764 (6,4%). No caso dos gatos, 101/146 (69,2%) eram fêmeas, 43/146 (29,5%) machos e 2/146 (1,3%) não informado. Os neoplasmas mais prevalente foram: carcinoma 35/146 (24%); carcinoma espinocelular 34/146 (23,3%) e fibrossarcoma 15/146 (10,3%). A faixa etária variou entre 4 meses a 16 anos, com média de 8,8 anos. As raças afetadas foram: SRD 78/146 (53,4%); Persa 36/146 (24,7%); Siamês 22/146 (15,1%); Maine Coon 6/146 (4,1%) e Bengal 4/146 (2,7%). É fundamental o estudo epidemiológico sobre neoplasias, devido ao escasso número destes e da grande importância dessa área em medicina veterinária.
Acute ophthalmoplegia without ataxia associated with anti-GQ1b antibody in a Chinese Gentleman
Authors: Yip Helen LK , Kwan MC , Cheng WK , Lau WY 
Published: June 2016

Miller Fisher first described three patients who suffered from acute neurological illness characterized by ophthalmoplegia, areflexia and ataxia. It is considered to be a subtype of Guillain Barre Syndrome. While another subtype of GBS without ataxia was first described by Chiba et al. and is associated with isolated acute ophthalmoplegia with raised anti-GQ1b Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in early phase of illness. We report a Chinese patient who presented with acute ophthalmoplegia without ataxia nor limb weakness with strongly positive anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. His neurological symptoms improved after a course of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy.
Contrastive analysis of Turkish and English in Turkish EFL learners’ spoken discourse
Authors: Yildiz Mustafa 
Published: June 2016

<p>The present study aimed at finding whether L1 Turkish caused interference errors on Turkish EFL learners’ spoken English discourse. Whether English proficiency level had any effect on the number of errors learners made was further investigated. The participants were given the chance to choose one of the two alternative topics to speak about. The entire videotaped speaking session was further transcribed to analyze the spoken errors. The results indicated that prepositional, lexical, and grammatical errors were the most frequently encountered errors, in descending order. Also, independent samples t-test was applied to the data to determine whether English proficiency level had any effect on the number of errors made by two different English proficiency groups. It was found that there was no significant difference between two different English proficiency groups with regard to the number of errors they made.</p>
Anglicisms and calques in upper social class in pre-revolutionary Cuba (1930–1959): A sociolinguistic analysis
Authors: Sánchez Jose Antonio 
Published: June 2016

<p>The geographical proximity and socioeconomic dependence on the United States brought about a deep rooted anglicization of the Cuban Spanish lexis and social strata, especially throughout the Neocolonial period (1902–1959). This study is based on the revision of a renowned newspaper of that time, Diario de la Marina, and the corresponding elaboration of a corpus of English-induced loanwords. Diario de la Marina particularly targeted upper social class, and only crónicas sociales (society pages’ columns) and print advertising were revised because of their fully descriptive texts, which encoded the ruling class ideology and consumerism. The findings show that there existed a high number of lexical and cultural anglicisms in the sociolect in question, and that the sociolinguistic anglicization was openly embraced by the upper socioeconomic stratum, entailing a differentiating sign of sophistication and social stratification. Likewise, a number of the anglicisms collected, particularly those related with social events, are unused in contemporary Cuban Spanish, which suggests a major semantic shifting in this sociolect after 1959.</p>
Travailleuses, gestionnaires, syndicat. Trois perspectives sur la conciliation travail-famille au sein de marchés d’alimentation et de restaurants au Québec
Authors: Lefrançois Mélanie , Des Rivières-Pigeon Catherine , Fortin Sylvie 
Published: June 2016

Non seulement les horaires de travail « non standards » propres aux marchés d’alimentation et aux restaurants posent d’énormes défis à la conciliation travail-famille (CTF), mais ils influent sur la santé physique et mentale des personnes employées. Cette étude qualitative vise la compréhension des pratiques, des difficultés et des stratégies de CTF présentes dans ces deux milieux de travail. Quarante-deux entretiens semi-dirigés ont été menés auprès de travailleuses, de gestionnaires et de représentantes et représentants syndicaux. Une analyse thématique nous a permis de saisir la complexité de l’articulation entre les aspects formels et informels des pratiques de conciliation, ainsi que les différents facteurs qui contribuent à l’invisibilité des enjeux auxquels doivent faire face les travailleuses de ces milieux. Plus particulièrement, l’inégalité entre les postes occupés par les femmes et par les hommes a émergé des données, notamment la précarité importante vécue par les caissières. L’ampleur des difficultés de conciliation rapportées et la faible ouverture des milieux de travail aux enjeux de CTF pourraient expliquer la résignation des travailleuses et l’impression partagée par tous les acteurs que les conditions de ces milieux ne peuvent être changées.
The Argument for Teaching Financial Literacy at Higher-Education Institutions
Authors: GEDDES SHERI , STEEN TODD 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Evidence suggests that financial decisions have a substantial impact on human flourishing. This paper examines the arguments for higher-education institutions to take a role in the provision of financial education for their students, families and alumni, who often incur substantial debt and make other sacrifices to obtain a postsecondary education. It also analyzes the current state of financial education at 322 higher-education institutions. While many postsecondary institutions have embraced some aspects of financial education, other higher-education institutions appear reluctant to infuse this multidisciplinary topic into their academic programs. Colleges and universities should consider developing robust programs that boost financial literacy and improve lifelong economic well-being.
Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, and the Writing of History
Authors: MORAN SEÁN FARRELL 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Contemporary professional history does not train its practitioners to write works of genuine innovation. The commitment to archive-driven research and the need to establish a niche for one's research discourages originality. It also denies the validity of history which reveals the emotional engagement of the writer or appeals beyond the narrow confines of the professional historian. Johann Huizinga's work, especially his magnum opus The Waning of the Middle Ages, serves to remind us of how breathtaking and bold history can be. In print for eight decades, Huizinga's great book is loved outside of the halls of academe despite its inadequacies and stands as one of the most influential works of the past century.
First-principles study of crystalline silicon hyperdoped with cobalt at a concentration exceeding the Mott limit
Authors: Dong Xiao , Wang Yongyong , Song Xiaohui , Wang Jinfeng , Li Xueping 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We systematically studied the properties of Co-hyperdoped silicon using first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory. A series of more complex configurations, such as quasi-substitutional and paired-Co-doped structures, are considered in our study. Our calculational results indicate that the quasi-substitutional and paired-Co-doped structures can introduce several intermediate bands (IBs) in the band gap and lead to the sub-band gap absorption. The quasi-substitutional and paired-Co-doped structures exhibit red-shift in their sub-band gap absorption spectra when compared to the substitutional structure. The formation energy calculations imply that the material would exhibit thermal stability of absorption in the infrared wavelength.
Spin Hall magnetoresistance in Ta/CoFe2O4 nanostructures
Authors: Hui Ya-Juan , Cheng Wei-Ming , Zhang Zhao-Bing , Ji Hong-Kai , Cheng Xiao-Min , You Long , Miao Xiang-Shui 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) has been investigated in Ta/CoFe2O4 nanostructures grown on different substrates. Spin currents in CoFe2O4 films are electrically detected in adjacent Ta layers owing to inverse spin Hall effects. The sign of the magnetic-field-dependent resistivity signal shows different polarities along different axes, showing different spin-dependent electron transports. A cosinelike curve of the angular dependence signal with opposite polarity is observed in two orthogonal magnetization planes, whereas a basic line is observed in another plane, revealing the spin accumulation phenomenon. The roughness of the CoFe2O4 surface tuned by substrate strains is responsible for the extent of spin accumulations and the strength of the SMR signal in the nanostructures.
Insulator-to-metal transition of WO3 epitaxial films induced by electrochemical Li-ion intercalation
Authors: Yoshimatsu Kohei , Soma Takuto , Ohtomo Akira 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We investigated the systematic evolution of the structural and electronic properties of Li
x
WO3 films induced by Li-ion electrochemical reactions. Chronoamperometric Li-ion intercalation could control the Li content up to x ∼ 0.5. The resistivity decreased abruptly with increasing x, and the films underwent an insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) within a range of 0.2 < x < 0.24, which was consistent with the IMT of cubic Na
x
WO3. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed the coexistence of tetragonal and cubic phases across the IMT, suggesting that the alkaline ion content was the primary factor in the metallic conductivity of the ReO3-type WO3 system.