bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome Revisited
Authors: Sahani Mandeep M. , Daoud Tarek M. , Sam Ramin , Andrews Jerry , Cheng Yuk Lun , Kjellstrand Carl M. , Ing Todd S. 
Published: September 2016

An aggressive dialysis in a grossly azotemic patient, especially one with severe metabolic acidosis, can lead to dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS). Mild forms present as nausea, vomiting, restlessness, and headache. Severe manifestations include seizures, obtundation, coma, and even death.This clinical picture is caused by cerebral edema induced by one or more of the following mechanisms:

“Reverse urea effect” ‐ Dialysis removes urea faster from the blood than from the brain; consequently, water enters the brain.
“Cerebrospinal fluid acidosis” ‐ Correction of systemic acidosis engenders the condition due to a lowering of brain pH.
“Idiogenic osmoles” ‐ As a response to blood hyperosmolar state, osmoles are produced in the brain. As blood osmolality decreases under relatively quick dialysis, idiogenic osmoles tend to induce brain edema.

Because the symptoms of DDS can be life‐threatening, preventive measures in patients with severe uremia are important. The first strategy relies on raising blood osmolality by introducing solutes (osmoles) into the blood. The second approach, which is the most common, decreases the efficiency of the dialysis treatment by shortening the duration of a dialysis run to 25% – 30% of normal, by lowering dialyzer blood flow or dialysate flow rate, by using a less efficient dialyzer, or by a combination of these maneuvers. Dialysis frequency is increased instead. Anticonvulsant drugs are needed in cases where the preventive measures have not been used or have been unsuccessful.
Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis in Pregnancy
Authors: Krane N. Kevin 
Published: September 2016

Management of women who require dialysis during pregnancy is an unusual and challenging clinical problem for both the nephrologist and the obstetrician. More than 200 pregnancies have been reported in women requiring hemodialysis, and more than 50 pregnancies in women on peritoneal dialysis. Surveys from several countries of pregnancy in dialysis patients provide data regarding management and outcomes. Conception rates are significantly lower in women on dialysis, and when these women do become pregnant, the spontaneous abortion rate usually exceeds 40%. However, in the pregnancies that continue, as many as 71% result in surviving infants.Pregnant women require longer, more intense hemodialysis, and enough experience has been reported to support the use of peritoneal dialysis as well as hemodialysis during pregnancy. The patients typically experience anemia, hypertension, and premature delivery. Most infants are small for gestational age, and the stillbirth rate is as high as 12%. While the potential problems are many, sufficient data has been accumulated to provide clinicians with guidelines to help them manage pregnant women on dialysis and to achieve successful outcomes.
Cardioprotection in the ESRD Population: How Do We Get There?
Authors: Petrulis Alice Stollenwerk , Holmes Kristen J. , Weber Rachel E. , Harris Meghan B. 
Published: September 2016

Cardiovascular mortality for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is about 30 times the risk in the general population. About 30% of ESRD patients have hyperlipidemia. The 1998 National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease recommends implementation of effective measures to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease in this population.Our intent was to evaluate the extent of use of cardioprotective drugs in ESRD patients through a quality improvement project. Twenty‐eight dialysis facilities throughout Ohio volunteered for this project. Data regarding use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐I) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in heart failure, beta‐blockers in myocardial infarction (MI), aspirin in coronary artery disease, and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) were collected using chart abstraction for the period March through May 2000. The results were compared to Ohio hospital discharges from July through September 2000. This latter population was comprised of non‐‐ESRD patients. Dialysis facilities were visited and interviews were conducted with staff members. Information was gathered regarding facility infrastructure, quality improvement process, and existing protocols.27% of ESRD patients with a history of heart failure were on ACE‐I, compared to 75.7% of non‐ESRD patients. 34.8% of ESRD patients with a previous MI were taking beta‐blockers, compared with 68.0% of non‐ESRD patients with a prior MI. Aspirin use in ESRD patients with a previous MI was 52.8%, compared to 88% in non‐ESRD patients with a prior MI. 17.3% of ESRD patients were on statins. Hyperlipidemia is found in 30% to 50% of ESRD patients.The use of cardioprotective drugs in the Medicare ESRD patient is lower than in the Medicare non‐dialysis counterpart. Reasons for this are related to fragmentation of health care arising from communication and infrastructure issues. Until these issues are addressed and resolved, efforts at initiation of cardioprotective strategies will be slowed.
Comparison of Preventive Care Provided to Dialysis Patients by Nephrologists and to Patients Followed in General Medical Clinics: Compliance with American College of Physicians Guidelines
Authors: Hamad Abdullah , Lakshmi Kameswari , Khedr Mohammad , Ibrahim Hisham , Cantelmo Laurette , Ward Laurie 
Published: September 2016

Most end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients do not have primary‐care providers, and preventive medicine often is provided by their nephrologists. Little has been written about their success in providing this care. We studied all patients on dialysis at our hospital and compared their preventive care to a control group followed in the general medical clinic. The general medical group showed higher compliance with Pap smears (89% vs 48%), mammography (87% vs 62%), fecal occult blood testing (75% vs 50%), and pneumococcal vaccination (55% vs 28%). The ESRD group had better compliance with influenza vaccination (70% vs 55%) and lipid profile (100% vs 75%).When the subgroup of patients on hemodialysis (HD) was compared with patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), it was shown that HD patients were more likely than PD patients to receive preventive care. We also compared diabetes‐specific care. The ESRD group had a higher rate of HbA 1C (100% vs 78%) and lipid monitoring (100% vs 76%), diabetes education (100% vs 84%), and podiatry visits (70% vs 38%). There was no difference in ophthalmologic examination or influenza vaccination. We found that nephrologists provide preventive care to ESRD patients with success approximately equal to primary‐care physicians in our institution, although in different parameters. Ready access to dialysis patients and their blood and unit‐specific policies contribute to compliance that is above national averages. Further improvements can be made by additional preventative measures policies, by physician and patient education, and by monitoring primary‐care compliance in the chart.
An alternative mode ofCD43 signal transduction activates pro‐survival pathways of T lymphocytes
Authors: Bravo‐Adame Maria Elena , Vera‐Estrella Rosario , Barkla Bronwyn J. , Martínez‐Campos Cecilia , Flores‐Alcantar Angel , Ocelotl‐Oviedo Jose Pablo , Pedraza‐Alva Gustavo , Rosenstein Yvonne 
Published: September 2016

SummaryCD43 is one of the most abundant co‐stimulatory molecules on a T‐cell surface; it transduces activation signals through its cytoplasmic domain, contributing to modulation of the outcome of T‐cell responses. The aim of this study was to uncover new signalling pathways regulated by this sialomucin. Analysis of changes in protein abundance allowed us to identify pyruvate kinase isozyme M2 (PKM2), an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, as an element potentially participating in the signalling cascade resulting from the engagement ofCD43 and the T‐cell receptor (TCR). We found that the glycolytic activity of this enzyme was not significantly increased in response toTCR+CD43 co‐stimulation, but thatPKM2 was tyrosine phosphorylated, suggesting that it was performing moonlight functions. We report that phosphorylation of both Y105ofPKM2 and of Y705of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was induced in response toTCR+CD43 co‐stimulation, resulting in activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway.ERK5 and thecAMPresponse element binding protein (CREB) were activated, and c‐Myc and nuclear factor‐κB (p65) nuclear localization, as well as Bad phosphorylation, were augmented. Consistent with this, expression of humanCD43 in a murine T‐cell hybridoma favoured cell survival. Altogether, our data highlight novel signalling pathways for theCD43 molecule in T lymphocytes, and underscore a role forCD43 in promoting cell survival through non‐glycolytic functions of metabolic enzymes.
The interaction of pillars in multi‐pillar pension systems: A comparison of Canada, Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden
Authors: Sørensen Ole Beier , Billig Assia , Lever Marcel , Menard Jean‐Claude , Settergren Ole 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCanada, Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden have advanced multi‐pillar pension systems. Using micro‐simulations, this article presents a close examination of the interaction of pillars in these countries. The relative importance and the role of the different pension pillars vary from country to country, and according to age, income, gender and socio‐economic dimensions as well as between generations. A further area of investigation is the mitigation capacity of the four pension systems. On the one hand, adverse labour careers lead to lower life‐time earnings and lower private pension accruals. On the other hand, these effects are mitigated through the design of pillars and their interaction. Mitigation is important to income security and stability in retirement and to post‐retirement income distribution. However, mitigation mechanisms come at the cost of incentives. Moreover, in many countries, the generosity of public benefits is set to decrease – increasing the importance of private pensions. This will shift risk and uncertainty from employers and pension institutions to individuals. Thus, risks and uncertainties related to private pensions will become more important, raising questions about the division of responsibilities between public and private pensions, and about the potential of mitigating such risk through pillar interaction. These concerns are further reinforced by labour market changes. Although a pension system free of distortions is inconceivable, this article seeks to contribute to addressing how mitigation should be designed, and how mitigation and risk sharing should be balanced against incentives, challenges which are as much political as technical.
Stability of core language skill across the first decade of life in children at biological and social risk
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Hahn Chun‐Shin , Putnick Diane L. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundCommand of language is a fundamental skill, a cornerstone of multiple cognitive and socioemotional aspects of development, and a necessary ingredient of successful adjustment and functioning in society. Little is known about the developmental stability of language in at‐risk youth or which biological and social risk factors moderate stability.MethodsThis four‐wave 10‐year prospective longitudinal study evaluated stability of core language skill in 1,780 children in varying categories of biological and social risk in a multiage, multidomain, multimeasure, and multireporter framework.ResultsStructural equation modeling supported loadings of diverse age‐appropriate measures of child language on single latent variables of core language skill at 15 and 25 months and 5 and 11 years, respectively. Core language skill was stable over the first decade of life; significant and comparable stability coefficients were obtained for children with diverse biological and social risks, including poor health, welfare status, teen motherhood, ethnicity, gender, birth order, and families that changed in income and maternal education over the study period; stability in language was strong even accounting for child nonverbal intelligence and social competence, maternal education and language, and the family home environment.ConclusionsCore language skill varies in stability with age but is robustly stable in children regardless of multiple biological and social risk factors.
Restoration of miR‐1305 relieves the inhibitory effect of nicotine on periodontal ligament‐derived stem cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Liu Hui‐Li 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundNicotine hinders the regenerative potentials of human periodontal ligament‐derived stem cells (PDLSCs) and delays the healing process of periodontal diseases, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. miR‐1305 upregulation and its potential target RUNX2 downregulation exist in the PDLSCs exposed to nicotine. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether nicotine inhibits PDLSC proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation by increasing miR‐1305 level and decreasing RUNX2 level.MethodsQuantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and Western blot assays were performed to detect the expression levels of miR‐1305 and RUNX2 in the PDLSCs exposed to nicotine, respectively. PDLSCs with miR‐1305 overexpression, low expression, or RUNX2 overexpression were constructed by lipofectin transfection. MTT, migration, and Western blot assays were applied to assess the effect of miR‐1305 on PDLSC proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation, respectively. Target prediction and luciferase reporter assays were performed to investigate the targets of miR‐1305.ResultsNicotine promoted miR‐1305 expression and inhibited RUNX2 expression in PDLSCs. Cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation detection showed that nicotine suppressed proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, and restoration of miR‐1305 relieved the inhibitory effect of nicotine on PDLSCs. Moreover, we identified and validated that RUNX2 was a direct target of miR‐1305, and upregulation of RUNX2 had similar effects with the downregulation of miR‐1305 on relieving the inhibitory effect of nicotine on PDLSCs.ConclusionNicotine suppresses proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, and restoration of miR‐1305 relieves the inhibitory effect of nicotine on PDLSCs depending on its target RUNX2.
p53 and ki67 as biomarkers in determining response to chemoprevention for oral leukoplakia
Authors: Nagao Toru , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Sakuma Hidenori , Miyabe Satoru , Hasegawa Shogo , Machida Junichiro , Suzuki Koji , Fukano Hideo , Shimozato Kazuo , Hashimoto Shuji 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundWe performed a randomized controlled chemoprevention trial of oral leukoplakia by administrating a low dose of beta‐carotene and vitamin C supplements. 17% of subjects in the experimental arm (4/23) demonstrated clinical remission (complete or partial response) at completion of the trial. The objective of this study was to determine whether baseline expression of p53 and ki67 demonstrated any differences between those responding or not responding to our intervention. A secondary objective was to elucidate any relationship between dietary factors and clinical responses.MethodsFor this biomarker study, we included all subjects in the experimental group (n = 23) who were non‐smokers. Among 16 who completed the trial for 1 year of supplementation, there were four responders and 12 non‐responders at 1‐year follow‐up. Following immuno‐staining for p53 and ki67, the percentage of positive cell nuclei were analyzed as labeling index (LI).ResultsExpression of p53 was greater in basal layers than in para‐basal layers. Mean para‐basal LI of p53 was higher in non‐responding (26.0) than in responding subjects (11.2) (P = 0.028). ki67 LIs were not significantly different in the two groups.ConclusionsExpression of p53 was inversely related to clinical response to the supplements. Other biomarkers that may recognize subject's responsiveness to chemoprevention require further study.
The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime when used as a combination chewable parasiticide for dogs
Authors: Letendre L. , Harriman J. , Drag M. , Mullins A. , Malinski T. , Rehbein S. 
Published: September 2016

The pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime (A3 and A4 forms) in dogs were evaluated following the oral administration ofNexGard Spectra®(Merial), a fixed combination chewable formulation of these two active pharmaceutical ingredients. Absorption of actives was rapid at levels that provide the minimum effective doses of 2.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime, respectively. The time to maximum afoxolaner plasma concentrations (tmax) was 2–4 h. The milbemycintmaxwas 1–2 h. The terminal plasma half‐life (t1/2) and the oral bioavailability were 14 ± 3 days and 88.3% for afoxolaner, 1.6 ± 0.4 days and 80.5% for milbemycin oxime A3 and 3.3 ± 1.4 days and 65.1% for milbemycin oxime A4. The volume of distribution (Vd) and systemic clearance (Cls) were determined following anIVdose of afoxolaner or milbemycin oxime. The Vdwas 2.6 ± 0.6, 2.7 ± 0.4 and 2.6 ± 0.6 L/kg for afoxolaner, milbemycin oxime A3 and milbemycin oxime A4, respectively. The Cls was 5.0 ± 1.2, 75 ± 22 and 41 ± 12 mL/h/kg for afoxolaner, milbemycin oxime A3 and milbemycin oxime A4, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profile for the combination of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime supports the rapid onset and a sustained efficacy for afoxolaner against ectoparasites and the known endoparasitic activity of milbemycin oxime.
National survey: Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease after the development of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Changsirikulchai Siribha , Sangthawan Pornpen , Janma Jirayut , Sripaiboonkij Nintita , Rattanamongkolgul Suthee , Thinkhamrop Bandit 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the achievement in controlling the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsThe DMHT dataset from 2011 to 2012, which was the cross‐sectional study of the national survey in Thai patients with T2DM was analyzed.ResultsThere were 1254 of 15 149 diabetic patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 that had developed CVD for more than 12 months. The prevalence of CVD was 8.3%. The mean age in years was 68.2 with a standard deviation (SD) of 8.7. Males and females were 38.7 and 61.3%, respectively. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.5 (SD 0.2) years. The mean body mass index was 25.5 (SD 4.4) kg/m2. The percentage of patients with the target level of blood pressure control at ≤130/80 mm Hg was 47.1%. The percentage of patients who received angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) was 58.9%. The percentage of patients with the target level of LDL control at <70 mg/dL was 17.2%. The percentage of patients with the target level of HbA1C at 7% was 39.2%. There were 63 (5.0%) patients having recurrent CVD.ConclusionsMost Thai patients with T2DM and CKD with eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 could not achieve the therapeutic goals after the development of CVD. The national health policy should be planned to improve the quality of care to increase the number of patients who achieve the recommended goals.
A fast generation cycling system for oat and triticale breeding
Authors: Liu Hui , Zwer Pamela , Wang Haibo , Liu Chunji , Lu Zhanyuan , Wang Yanxia , Yan Guijun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA fast generation cycling system (FGCS) was developed in oat and triticale, allowing the production of pure line populations of the crops within 1‐year timeframe. Twelve oat and 12 triticale cultivars were tested using the FGCS, and most of them completed a generation cycle within 48–61 days under the system achieving up to seven generations a year. This system involves growing plants under stressed conditions to promote reproduction and in vitro culture of immature embryos bypassing full seed maturation. The developed system could be widely adopted in breeding and genetic studies of crops for producing desired segregating pure line populations, which could significantly shorten the breeding cycles.
Oligogenic control of resistance to soil‐borne viruses SBCMV and WSSMV in rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Erath Wiltrud , Bauer Eva , Kastirr Ute , Schmidt Malthe , Korzun Viktor , Schmiedchen Brigitta , Wilde Peer , Schön Chris‐Carolin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRye production in European growing areas is constrained by the soilborne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) and the wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV). To date, no European rye cultivars are known to exhibit resistance against these viruses. In this study, we pursued a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping strategy to identify genomic regions for resistance to SBCMV and WSSMV in rye. Three populations, each comprising 100 lines segregating for resistance to SBCMV and/or WSSMV, were evaluated for disease response at two years in three locations in Germany where soils are naturally infested with SBCMV and WSSMV. In the combined analysis across environments, one QTL for SBCMV resistance on chromosome 5R explained 31.9% of the phenotypic variation in one of the populations. For WSSMV resistance, one QTL explaining up to 64.0% of the phenotypic variation was detected on chromosome 7R in each of the three populations. On the Triticeae homoeologous group 5, we found evidence for synteny of the major QTL for SBCMV resistance between the wheat and rye genomes.
Drosophila ezoana uses an hour‐glass or highly damped circadian clock for measuring night length and inducing diapause
Authors: Vaze Koustubh M. , Helfrich‐Förster Charlotte 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInsects inhabiting the temperate zones measure seasonal changes in day or night length to enter the overwintering diapause. Diapause induction occurs after the duration of the night exceeds a critical night length (CNL). Our understanding of the time measurement mechanisms is continuously evolving subsequent to Bünning's proposal that circadian systems play the clock role in photoperiodic time measurement (Bünning, 1936). Initially, the photoperiodic clocks were considered to be either based on circadian oscillators or on simple hour‐glasses, depending on ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ responses in Nanda–Hamner and Bünsow experiments (Nanda & Hammer, 1958; Bünsow, 1960). However, there are also species whose responses can be regarded as neither ‘positive’, nor as ‘negative’, such as the Northern Drosophila species Drosophila ezoana, which is investigated in the present study. In addition, modelling efforts show that the ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ Nanda–Hamner responses can also be provoked by circadian oscillators that are damped to different degrees: animals with highly sustained circadian clocks will respond ‘positive’ and those with heavily damped circadian clocks will respond ‘negative’. In the present study, an experimental assay is proposed that characterizes the photoperiodic oscillators by determining the effects of non‐24‐h light/dark cycles (T‐cycles) on critical night length. It is predicted that there is (i) a change in the critical night length as a function of T‐cycle period in sustained‐oscillator‐based clocks and (ii) a fixed night‐length measurement (i.e. no change in critical night length) in damped‐oscillator‐based clocks. Drosophila ezoana flies show a critical night length of approximately 7 h irrespective of T‐cycle period, suggesting a damped‐oscillator‐based photoperiodic clock. The conclusion is strengthened by activity recordings revealing that the activity rhythm of D. ezoana flies also dampens in constant darkness.