bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐translational control of ABA signalling: the roles of protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination
Authors: Yang Wenqi , Zhang Wei , Wang Xiaoxue 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe plant phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays significant roles in integrating environmental signals with embryogenesis, germination, seedling establishment, the floral transition and the adaptation of plants to stressful environments by modulating stomatal movement and stress‐responsive gene expression. ABA signalling consists of ABA perception, signal transduction and ABA‐induced responses. ABA receptors such as members of the PYR/PYL family, group A type 2C protein phosphatases (as negative regulators), SnRK2 protein kinases (as positive regulators), bZIP transcription factors and ion channels are key components of ABA signalling. Post‐translational modifications, including dephosphorylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play important roles in regulating ABA signalling. In this review, we focus on the roles of post‐translational modifications in ABA signalling. The studies presented provide a detailed picture of the ABA signalling network.
Physiological and neural correlates of worry and rumination: Support for the contrast avoidance model of worry
Authors: Steinfurth Elisa C. K. , Alius Manuela G. , Wendt Julia , Hamm Alfons O. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe current experiments tested neural and physiological correlates of worry and rumination in comparison to thinking about neutral events. According to the avoidance model—stating that worry is a strategy to reduce intense emotions—physiological and neurobiological activity during worried thinking should not differ from activation during neutral thinking. According to the contrast avoidance model—stating that worry is a strategy to reduce abrupt shifts of emotions—activity should be increased. To test these competing models, we induced worry and neutral thinking in healthy participants using personal topics. A rumination condition was added to investigate the specificity of changes induced by the mental process. Two experiments were conducted assessing the effects on different response levels: (1) neural activation using fMRI, and (2) physiological response mobilization using startle and autonomic measures. During worry, participants showed a potentiated startle response and BOLD activity indicative of emotional network activation. These data partly support the contrast avoidance model of worry. Both mental processes showed elevated activity in a common network referred to as default network indicating self‐referential activity.
Why we fight: Understanding the counter‐jihad movement
Authors: Lee Benjamin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis survey article deals with a network that can be loosely described as the “counter‐jihad movement” (CJM). CJM activists are a loose collection of bloggers, political parties, street movements, think tanks, campaign groups, and pundits across several countries, all united by the shared belief that, to some degree, the “Muslim world” is at war with the “West.” Overall, the CJM shares a great deal with right wing extremism more broadly. However, the movement is varied enough that not all components sit easily alongside traditional conceptions of right wing extremism. Occasionally, the CJM have been indirectly implicated in violence. In July 2011, 77 people, the majority members of the left‐wing Workers Youth League, were murdered in Norway in attacks carried out by Anders Behring Breivik. Breivik attempted to justify his attacks in a compendium of political thought that drew heavily on the writings of CJM sources. This article attempts to provide an overview of the CJM and highlight some of the key research debates in the area, including the potential rhetorical relationship between state‐backed counterterrorism and the CJM, links to violence, and the similarities and contrasts between the CJM and traditional far‐right narratives.
Mullā Ṣadrā's philosophical arguments for the necessity of the imamate
Authors: Meisami Sayeh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis is a study of Mullā Ṣadrā's arguments for the necessity of the imamate based on a chapter from his commentary onal‐Uṣūl al‐kāfī, one of the earliest canonical collections of the Shīʿī traditions (ḥadīth). After an overview and brief literature review of the subject, the paper shows Mullā Ṣadrā's use of philosophical teachings to prove the most pivotal doctrine of his Shīʿī faith. It summarizes the philosopher's arguments under the two categories of knowledge and existence. At the level of knowledge, the unrivaled access of the Imam/ḥujjato true knowledge after the Prophet makes him the only one who can reach the depth of the Qurʾan, hence the necessity of his existence in every age. As for the existential aspect of the imamate, Mullā Ṣadrā argues that there are intermediaries through whose existence the hierarchical ladder of creation unfolds, and he considers the Imams to be such intermediaries without whom nothing would exist.
Clinical significance of differentiating post‐intubation and post‐tracheostomy tracheal stenosis
Authors: Shin Beomsu , Kim Kang , Jeong Byeong‐Ho , Eom Jung Seop , Song Won Jun , Kang Hyung Koo , Kim Hojoong 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectivePost‐intubation tracheal stenosis (PITS) and post‐tracheostomy tracheal stenosis (PTTS) are serious complications in mechanically ventilated patients. Although the aetiologies and mechanisms of PITS and PTTS are quite different, little is known about the clinical impact of differentiating one from the other.MethodsWe retrospectively conducted a chart review of 117 patients with PITS and 88 patients with PTTS who were treated with interventional bronchoscopy at Samsung Medical Center between January 2004 and December 2013.ResultsCompared to patients with PITS, patients with PTTS had a lower BMI, poorer performance status and more frequent neurological aetiologies, mid‐to‐lower tracheal lesions, total obstruction and mixed stenosis types. Although there were no differences in the number of patients who received silicone stents between the two groups, Montgomery T‐tubes were more frequently used in the PTTS group than in the PITS group. The final success rate without surgery, mortality or tracheostomy in situ was higher in the PITS group than in the PTTS group (76.9% vs 63.6%, P = 0.043). Additionally, airway prosthesis removal was achieved in 46.2% of patients in the PITS group and in 33.0% of the PTTS group (P = 0.063).ConclusionThere were significant differences between PITS and PTTS in terms of patient and stenosis characteristics, treatment modalities and clinical outcomes. Therefore, PITS and PTTS should be considered two different entities.
The Repayment of Unsecured Debt by European Households
Authors: Grant Charles , Padula Mario 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe existing literature that estimates the incidence of arrears relies on either household survey data or administrative data derived from the lender's records of their borrowers. But estimates based on these different sources will give different estimates of arrears. Moreover, the estimates are not useful for policy analysis or for a bank's lending decision, since they ignore the fact that some households do not borrow. The paper discusses the selection issues that are involved in using either source of data and is the first paper to bound the estimate of the household's underlying propensity to repay. To demonstrate the methodology, it uses data from the European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions survey for 2008 to estimate the factors that affect repayment among Eurozone households.
Estimating the settling velocity of bioclastic sediment using common grain‐size analysis techniques
Authors: Cuttler Michael V. W. , Lowe Ryan J. , Falter James L. , Buscombe Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMost techniques for estimating settling velocities of natural particles have been developed for siliciclastic sediments. Therefore, to understand how these techniques apply to bioclastic environments, measured settling velocities of bioclastic sedimentary deposits sampled from a nearshore fringing reef in Western Australia were compared with settling velocities calculated using results from several common grain‐size analysis techniques (sieve, laser diffraction and image analysis) and established models. The effects of sediment density and shape were also examined using a range of density values and three different models of settling velocity. Sediment density was found to have a significant effect on calculated settling velocity, causing a range in normalized root‐mean‐square error of up to 28%, depending upon settling velocity model and grain‐size method. Accounting for particle shape reduced errors in predicted settling velocity by 3% to 6% and removed any velocity‐dependent bias, which is particularly important for the fastest settling fractions. When shape was accounted for and measured density was used, normalized root‐mean‐square errors were 4%, 10% and 18% for laser diffraction, sieve and image analysis, respectively. The results of this study show that established models of settling velocity that account for particle shape can be used to estimate settling velocity of irregularly shaped, sand‐sized bioclastic sediments from sieve, laser diffraction, or image analysis‐derived measures of grain size with a limited amount of error. Collectively, these findings will allow for grain‐size data measured with different methods to be accurately converted to settling velocity for comparison. This will facilitate greater understanding of the hydraulic properties of bioclastic sediment which can help to increase our general knowledge of sediment dynamics in these environments.
Functions of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury Are Differentially Associated with Suicide Ideation and Past Attempts among Childhood Trauma Survivors
Authors: Roley‐Roberts Michelle E. , Zielinski Melissa J. , Hurtado Gabriela , Hovey Joseph D. , Elhai Jon D. 
Published: October 2016

Research into factors for suicide has revealed relations between trauma exposure and suicidality (e.g., Bridge, Goldstein, & Brent, ; Joiner, Sachs‐Ericson, Wingate, Brown, Anestis, & Selby, ) wherein painful and provocative experiences (e.g., nonsuicidal self‐injury [NSSI]) are an important link (e.g., Van Orden, Witte, Cukrowicz, Braithwaite, Selby, & Joiner, ; Smith, ). No prior research has assessed the relationship between functions of NSSI and suicidality among childhood trauma survivors. Participants who endorsed childhood trauma exposure (N = 121; Mage = 18.69, range 18–22) completed measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, NSSI, and suicidality. Multiple regressions assessing whether the four functions of NSSI predicted suicide ideation and past attempts after controlling for PTSD symptom severity found that only social negative reinforcement was associated with SI ( = .304, SE = .243, t = 2.23, p = .028), while only automatic negative reinforcement was associated with past attempts ( = .470, SE = .066, t = 2.25, p = .028). Findings highlight the importance of assessing NSSI functions when assessing suicidality among trauma survivors.
Active integration of glutamatergic input to the inferior olive generates bidirectional postsynaptic potentials
Authors: Garden Derek L. F. , Rinaldi Arianna , Nolan Matthew F. 
Published: October 2016

Key points
We establish experimental preparations for optogenetic investigation of glutamatergic input to the inferior olive.
Neurones in the principal olivary nucleus receive monosynaptic extra‐somatic glutamatergic input from the neocortex.
Glutamatergic inputs to neurones in the inferior olive generate bidirectional postsynaptic potentials (PSPs), with a fast excitatory component followed by a slower inhibitory component.
Small conductance calcium‐activated potassium (SK) channels are required for the slow inhibitory component of glutamatergic PSPs and oppose temporal summation of inputs at intervals ≤ 20 ms.
Active integration of synaptic input within the inferior olive may play a central role in control of olivo‐cerebellar climbing fibre signals.
AbstractThe inferior olive plays a critical role in motor coordination and learning by integrating diverse afferent signals to generate climbing fibre inputs to the cerebellar cortex. While it is well established that climbing fibre signals are important for motor coordination, the mechanisms by which neurones in the inferior olive integrate synaptic inputs and the roles of particular ion channels are unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that neurones in the inferior olive actively integrate glutamatergic synaptic inputs. We demonstrate that optogenetically activated long‐range synaptic inputs to the inferior olive, including projections from the motor cortex, generate rapid excitatory potentials followed by slower inhibitory potentials. Synaptic projections from the motor cortex preferentially target the principal olivary nucleus. We show that inhibitory and excitatory components of the bidirectional synaptic potentials are dependent upon AMPA (GluA) receptors, are GABAA independent, and originate from the same presynaptic axons. Consistent with models that predict active integration of synaptic inputs by inferior olive neurones, we find that the inhibitory component is reduced by blocking large conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels with iberiotoxin, and is abolished by blocking small conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels with apamin. Summation of excitatory components of synaptic responses to inputs at intervals ≤ 20 ms is increased by apamin, suggesting a role for the inhibitory component of glutamatergic responses in temporal integration. Our results indicate that neurones in the inferior olive implement novel rules for synaptic integration and suggest new principles for the contribution of inferior olive neurones to coordinated motor behaviours.
PETRONAS Gas Bhd Experiences in Accreditation of ISO 9002 Quality Assurance Standard for its Pipeline Operations Division in Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Muhamed Ali Hashim 
Published: October 2016

Some companies seek ISO 9000 registration for competitive reasons or because customers require it. PETRONAS Gas Bhd, pipeline division company TOD or Transmission Operations Division, seek ISO 9000 registrations purely for the benefits since the management believes that a well designed and well implemented quality system has a process which tends to be lean, sensitive to customers needs, highly reactive and efficient.
This paper informs how TOD sets out to put ISO 9002 international quality system to work in its operations. A Quality Steering Council was formed in Feb. 1994 and the HSE and Quality Management Manager was appointed as management representative. The current working system was first assessed. Next, an implementation plan was prepared. Training was provided and the quality manual prepared followed by all the necessary work procedures and instructions. Finally there was trial implementation and actual “live” implementation. In January 1995 TOD ISO 9002 registration was approved.
Effectiveness of U.S. and International Pipeline Regulations With Regard to Land Use Planning
Authors: Dresnack Robert , Golub Eugene , Greenfeld Joshua , Griffis F. H. (Bud) , Pignataro Louis J. 
Published: October 2016

The transmission pipeline incident in Edison, New Jersey in March, 1994 raised public concerns about the safety of siting of transmission pipelines in proximity to populated areas. One of the responses to this incident was the issuance of a contract by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) to the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) to study this and other issues with regard to pipeline safety.
The research performed by NJIT included a review of current USDOT regulations and policy with regard to siting of pipelines and related land use; a review of regulations of major industrialized countries related to same; an analysis of the USDOT’s incident database vis-à-vis proximity to neighboring land uses; and a review of local land use regulations related to proximity to transmission pipelines.
The basic findings were as follows:
1. The U.S. Pipeline regulations are appropriate to minimizing risk while maintaining the viability of the pipeline industry.
2. All the regulations reviewed (i.e., US and international) approach the siting and regulation of pipelines in urban areas in a similar fashion.
3. Analysis of the USDOT incident database indicates that, in general, pipelines are sited in rural or underdeveloped areas, and damage resulting from an incident in highly developed areas is generally less then in rural areas due to the regulations restricting the allowable operating stresses in more densely populated areas.
Pipeline Hydrocarbon Transportation: Some Operating Concerns and R&D Trends
Authors: Fernández M. L. , Tapanes E. E. , Zelitskaya P. V. 
Published: October 2016

This paper describes R&D efforts and trends and possible application of new technologies to improve on pipeline construction and operations. The paper also identifies possible solutions for some operating concerns related to pipeline integrity and safety. Safety is defined as protection for humans, the environment and materials/equipment. As in other industries, the oil & gas business too is driven by events; a typical example is the current interest on Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). Accordingly, there are technical concerns related to the influence of SCC and aging on pipeline integrity and the consequent financial concerns regarding possible pipeline upgrading, derating, abandonment and possible retrieval.
Potential new solutions include a proposed flexible tube (currently under development) made out of fibre glass composites. This patented innovation could reduce pipeline construction and operating costs. This tube could also eliminate some problems typically associated with metal corrosion.
Also included is the application of Fibre Optic Sensor (FOS) technology to the monitoring and evaluation of pipeline integrity. FOS technology may be utilized to study SCC because of its high resolution, and its insensitivity to electro-magnetic interference, and its real time availability. This cost effective technology is currently utilized in the monitoring and evaluation of a variety of structures such as airplanes, engines, generators, bridges and along highways. Optical fibres have the ability to detect a wide range of physical, mechanical, chemical and biological parameters, as:
• frequency
• temperature
• pressure
• strain-stress
• residual-strain
• vibration
• damage
• impact
• displacement
• deformation
• acoustic-emission
• wear
• electric-fields
• acceleration
• rotation
• voltage
• chemical-species
• refractive-index
• chemical-reactions
• load
• liquidlevels
• cracking
If a fibre optic cable acting as a sensor can be applied to a pipeline system in a practical manner, it may be possible to monitor the performance and conditions of a pipeline over its operating life.
Control of Internal Pipeline Corrosion Based Upon an Evaluation of Risk: A Case for Change
Authors: Richardson David J. 
Published: October 2016

Pipeline failures attributed to internal corrosion are increasing throughout the oil and gas producing industry(1) suggesting that commonly accepted practices continue to allow failures to occur. The article describes a “Maintenance Management System” for prevention of internal corrosion of pipelines that provides advances compared with conventional management strategies. The “System” recognizes and addresses root-cause issues that contribute to internal pipeline damage and failures. It provides a genuine improvement in pipeline confidence to the Management of operating companies, and the Regulatory bodies.
The “System” combines pipeline hydraulic simulation technology with corrosion engineering science to assess the severity of the operational hazards within each pipeline segment. Besides providing a numerical ranking of the operational risk, the “System” generates a maintenance schedule appropriate to the assessment. What is more important, the day-to-day schedule is updated immediately upon any change in the corrosion hazard profile.
By means of a Case Study, the article demonstrates how, in our opinion, improvements in both information management, and scheduling of maintenance activities can narrow the scope of investigative projects, while at the same time provide enhanced confidence in pipeline integrity.
A New Approach to Pipeline Risk Assessment and Integrity Management
Authors: Feil Wayne H. , King Graeme G. 
Published: October 2016

The goal of pipeline integrity management is to reduce risks associated with pipeline failures to the lowest level possible within given budgetary constraints. A traditional method of deciding where to allocate resources most effectively begins with the assessment of risks for all pipelines within the system. The pipelines are then ranked in order of risk to decide which pipelines should be given attention first. This “worst-first” approach has many benefits but it requires a large quantity of accurate data to rank the pipelines in the correct order, and it does not readily reveal the integrity maintenance activities that are required first by the pipelines at the top of the list.
A new approach is presented that focuses on prioritizing integrity management activities rather than ranking pipelines. This is more straightforward because it is only the activities that can be directly controlled by integrity managers. The new approach also involves a change in purpose. Instead of assessing risks to find the “worst” pipelines, the new approach helps integrity managers to design a well-balanced program with uniform system-wide integrity.
System-wide rules are used that consider pipeline systems as a collection of many different integrity components such as pipe walls, pipe coatings, cathodic protection systems, chemical inhibition systems, signs, and fences rather than a collection of pipelines. Each different integrity component has its own specialized inspection, maintenance and repair activities that keep it in good operating condition. The new method schedules these integrity activities for each individual component of each pipeline in the system. It also provides a practical way to minimize the amount of data that is required to successfully administer the integrity program.
After integrity activities have been scheduled and implemented, the new approach can be used to manage them effectively. A new concept of exposure rather than risk is proposed. It provides clear and measurable statement of goals for integrity management. It is useful for prioritizing activities and for deciding which projects can be postponed in order to stay within budgetary limitations.