bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sizes and albedos of Mars-crossing asteroids from WISE/NEOWISE data
Authors: Alí-Lagoa V. , Delbo’ M. 
Published: May 2017

Context.Mars-crossing asteroids (MCs) are a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations. Characterising the physical properties of a large sample of MCs can help to understand the original sources of many near-Earth asteroids, some of which may produce meteorites on Earth.Aims.Our aim is to provide diameters and albedos of MCs with available WISE/NEOWISE data.Methods.We used the near-Earth asteroid thermal model to find the best-fitting values of equivalent diameter and, whenever possible, the infrared beaming parameter. With the diameter and tabulated asteroid absolute magnitudes we also computed the visible geometric albedos.Results.We determined the diameters and beaming parameters of 404 objects observed during the fully cryogenic phase of the WISE mission, most of which have not been published elsewhere. We also obtained 1572 diameters from data from the 3-Band and posterior non-cryogenic phases using a default value of beaming parameter. The average beaming parameter is 1.2 ± 0.2 for objects smaller than 10 km, which constitute most of our sample. This is higher than the typical value of 1.0 found for the whole main belt and is possibly related to the fact that WISE is able to observe many more small objects at shorter heliocentric distances, i.e. at higher phase angles. We argue that this is a better default value for modelling Mars-crossing asteroids from the WISE/NEOWISE catalogue and discuss the effects of this choice on the diameter and albedo distributions. We find a double-peaked distribution for the visible geometric albedos, which is expected since this population is compositionally diverse and includes objects in the major spectral complexes. However, the distribution of beaming parameters is homogeneous for both low- and high-albedo objects.
Solid Organozinc Pivalates: A New Class of Zinc Organometallics with Greatly Enhanced Air- and Moisture-Stability
Authors: Chen Yi-Hung , Ellwart Mario , Malakhov Vladimir , Knochel Paul 
Published: May 2017

Organozinc species are powerful reagents for performing carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond-forming reactions in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst. However, extended applications of zinc reagents have been hampered by their moderate air- and moisture­-stability. This short review presents our recent developments on the preparation of solid aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, allyl zinc pivalates and zinc amide enolate reagents with greatly enhanced stability toward to air and moisture.1	Introduction2	Preparation of Organozinc Pivalates2.1	Using Organic Halides as Substrates2.2	Using a Directed Metalation on Functionalized Arenes and Heteroarenes2.3	Preparation of Solid Allylic Zinc Pivalates3	General Reactivity Patterns of Organozinc Pivalates3.1	General Aspects3.2	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings3.3	Other Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions Using Organozinc Pivalates3.4	Preparation and Reactions of Solid, Salt-Stabilized Zinc Amide Enolates as New, Convenient Reformatsky Reagents4	Conclusion
Can Recombinant Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Modulate Inflammatory Response in Extreme Low Gestational Age Newborns?: Effect of rhG-CSF on Cytokines in ELGAN
Authors: Kocherlokata Prabhakar , Crow Mary , Vakkalanka Radhakrihna , La Gamma Edmund 
Published: May 2017

Background Elevated levels of cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are common in critically ill neonates, and may contribute to organ-based injury during acute illness contributing to neurodevelopmental delay. In both animals and human adults, recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) is associated with a reduction in TNF-α blood levels.
Objective We aim to determine whether rhG-CSF treatment affects the blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 or the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 in extremely-low-gestational age neonates (ELGANs) compared with conventional medical management.
Methods The study included three groups of ELGANs between 2 and 4 days of age as subjects. Control group (n = 5); treated, nonseptic group (n = 10); and treated, septic group (n = 5) neonates were treated with conventional measures. In addition, the test subjects were treated with 10 μg/kg/d of rhG-CSF intravenously for 3 consecutive days. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured before and 24 hours after completion of the study.
Results The average TNF-α levels increased after birth in control subjects but did not rise in rhG-CSF treated subjects. A nonsignificant decrease of IL-6 and IL-10 blood levels was noted in all the subjects independent of the drug treatment.
Conclusion The use of rhG-CSF is associated with lower TNF-α levels in ELGANs.
Speculation During critical illness or sepsis, rhG-CSF may have unanticipated benefits as a drug that can elevate neutrophil number and function in neonates while simultaneously limiting collateral injury due to TNF-α.
Salivary Cortisol, Perceived Stress, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Matched Case-Control Study in Female Shift Workers
Authors: Garcez Anderson , Weiderpass Elisabete , Canuto Raquel , Lecke Sheila , Spritzer Poli , Pattussi Marcos , Olinto Maria 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlthough the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is complex and multifactorial, there is limited information if psychological factors, such as stress exposure, are involved in the etiology of MetS. Therefore, this study investigated the associations between MetS and cortisol levels and perceived stress levels among women shift workers in Southern Brazil. A matched case-control study was conducted, including 50 cases of MetS and 200 age-matched controls (±3 years, 4 for each case). Salivary cortisol levels were evaluated immediately after waking and one upon returning home from work. Perceived stress levels were measured by the Perceived Stress Scale with 10 items (PSS-10). Multivariate-adjusted associations between MetS and salivary cortisol levels and perceived stress levels were assessed by conditional logistic regression. Means±standard deviations of salivary cortisol levels were not signiﬁcantly different between cases and controls either immediately after waking (5.37±4.10 vs. 6.03±5.39 nmol/l; p = 0.53) or after work (2.74±2.87 vs. 2.78±2.85 nmol/l; p = 0.93). There was no significant difference in perceived stress level between cases and controls (14.2±5.9 vs. 15.5±5.6; p = 0.15). No independent association was observed in the multivariate model between MetS and salivary cortisol level or perceived stress level after these exposures were stratified into tertiles. Overall, there was no difference between women with or without MetS in regard to the free salivary cortisol and perceived stress. Our results do not support an association between stress exposure and MetS among women shift workers.
2017 GPOH Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Neuroblastic Tumors
Authors: Simon Thorsten , Hero Barbara , Schulte Johannes , Deubzer Hedwig , Hundsdoerfer Patrick , von Schweinitz Dietrich , Fuchs Jörg , Schmidt Matthias , Prasad Vikas , Krug Barbara , Timmermann Beate , Leuschner Ivo , Fischer Matthias , Langer Thorsten , Astrahantseff Kathy , Berthold Frank , Lode Holger , Eggert Angelika 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe clinical course of neuroblastoma is more heterogeneous than any other malignant disease. Most low-risk patients experience regression after limited or even no chemotherapy. However, more than half of high-risk patients die from disease despite intensive multimodal treatment. Precise patient characterization at diagnosis is key for risk-adapted treatment. The guidelines presented here incorporate results from national and international clinical trials to produce recommendations for diagnosing and treating neuroblastoma patients in German hospitals outside of clinical trials.
Topical lidocaine inhibits spasm during colonoscopy: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (with video)
Authors: Nemoto Daiki , Utano Kenichi , Isohata Noriyuki , Endo Shungo , Kumamoto Kensuke , Koshimizu Taka-aki , Lefor Alan , Togashi Kazutomo 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Background and study aims Topical peppermint oil prevents intestinal spasm, but can cause rebound spasm. Lidocaine hydrochloride, a local anesthetic, may work as an antispasmodic by blocking Na + channels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of topical lidocaine on the inhibition of colonic spasm during colonoscopy, compared with peppermint oil.
Patients and methods A randomized, controlled double-blind trial was conducted in an academic endoscopy unit. Patients requiring endoscopic resection were randomly allocated to colonoscopy with topical administration of lidocaine (n = 30) or peppermint oil (n = 30). Similar vials containing different solutions were randomly numbered. Allocation was made based on the vial number. The solution used and the vial number were not revealed during the study. Two endoscopists performed all procedures using midazolam, without anticholinergic agents. When a pre-selected lesion was identified, the solution in the assigned vial was dispersed and the bowel observed for 5 minutes. The primary endpoint was the duration of spasm inhibition, and a secondary endpoint was the occurrence of rebound spasm stronger than before dispersion.
Results There were no significant differences in patient demographics. Spasm was inhibited in almost all patients in both groups, with a similar median duration (lidocaine 227 sec vs. peppermint 212.5 sec, P = 0.508). In contrast, rebound spasm occurred less frequently in the lidocaine group (lidocaine 7 % vs. peppermint 47 %, P = 0.001). There were no adverse events or symptoms associated with administration of the solutions.
Conclusions The inhibitory effect of lidocaine is not superior to peppermint oil. However, lidocaine significantly decreases the frequency of rebound spasms.
Preparation and Characterization of Copolymeric Polymersomes for Protein Delivery
Authors: Nomani Alireza , Nosrati Hamed , Manjili Hamidreza , Khesalpour Leila , Danafar Hossein 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBiodegradable copolymeric polymersomes have been used for controlled drug delivery of proteins. These polymersomes important areas to overcome formulation associated problems of the proteins. The aim of this study was to develop polymersomes using biodegradable copolymers for delivery of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Encapsulated BSA by mPEG-PCL polymersomes led to formation of BSA-loaded mPEG-PCL polymersomes. The polymersomes synthesized with the protein-polymer ratio of 1:4 at 15 000 rpm gave maximum loading, minimum polydispersion with maximally sustained protein release pattern, among the prepared polymersomes. Investigation on FTIR and DSC results revealed that such a high encapsulation efficiency is due to strong interaction between BSA and the copolymer.The particles size and their morphology of polymersomes were determined by DLS and AFM.The encapsulation efficiency of BSA was 91.02%. The results of AFM showed that the polymersomes had spherical shapes with size of 49 nm.The sizes of BSA-loaded polymersomes ranged from 66.06 nm to 84.97 nm. The results showed that polymersomes exhibited a triphasic release, for BSA. Overall, the results indicated that mPEG–PCL polymersomes can be considered as a promising carrier for proteins.
S2k-Leitlinie Idiopathische Lungenfibrose – Update zur medikamentösen Therapie 2017
Authors: Behr Jürgen , Günther Andreas , Bonella Francesco , Geißler Klaus , Koschel Dirk , Kreuter Michael , Prasse Antje , Schönfeld Nicolas , Sitter Helmut , Müller-Quernheim Joachim , Costabel Ulrich 
Published: May 2017

ZusammenfassungDie idiopathische Lungenfibrose (idiopathische pulmonale Fibrose, IPF) ist eine schwerwiegende Lungenerkrankung, die häufig innerhalb von zwei bis vier Jahren nach Diagnosestellung zum Tod führt. Seit Veröffentlichung der deutschen IPF-Leitlinie im Jahr 2013 liegen neue Therapiestudien vor, die eine Neubewertung der Behandlungsstrategien erfordern. Abweichend von der Vorgängerleitlinie wurde in der aktuellen Überarbeitung nicht mehr das GRADE-System sondern die Oxford Evidenzsystematik mit drei Empfehlungsgraden (A, B, C) verwendet, weil dieses System eine differenziertere Betrachtung erlaubt. Folgende Medikamente wurden mit dem Empfehlungsgrad A und dem Evidenzgrad 1-b als nicht geeignet für die Behandlung der IPF klassifiziert: Triple-Therapie aus Prednisolon, Azathioprin und Acetylcystein; Antikoagulation mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten; Imatinib; Ambrisentan; Bosentan; Macitentan. Weniger eindeutig ist die negative Bewertung des Phosphodiesterase-5-Inhibitors Sildenafil und der Acetylcystein-Monotherapie (Empfehlungsgrad B, Evidenzgrad 2-b). Eindeutig positiv fiel die Empfehlung für Nintedanib und Pirfenidon zur Behandlung von IPF-Patienten aus (Empfehlungsgrad A, Evidenzgrad 1-a). Mit Empfehlungsgrad C und Evidenzgrad 4 wurde der generelle Einsatz von Antazida zur Behandlung der IPF als nicht zu empfehlen bewertet, da die Datenlage widersprüchlich ist; hier weicht die deutsche Leitlinie auch am deutlichsten von der internationalen Leitlinie ab. Am Ende der Leitlinie wird aus Expertensicht zu offenen Fragen in der Therapie der IPF Stellung genommen, für die bisher keine ausreichende Evidenzbasis existiert.
Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Bendamustine and its Active Metabolite, γ-Hydroxybendamustine in Small Volume Mice and Dog Plasma and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Mice and Dogs
Authors: Chandrashekar Devaraj , Suresh Ponnayyan , Kumar Rajnish , Bhamidipati Ravi , Mullangi Ramesh , Richter Wolfgang , Srinivas Nuggehally 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA highly sensitive, specific and rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of bendamustine (BM) and γ-hydroxybendamustine (HBM) in small volume (20 µL) mice and dog plasma using phenacetin as an internal standard (IS) as per regulatory guidelines. Both the analytes and IS were extracted from mice and dog plasma using a liquid-liquid extraction method. Chromatography was achieved on Atlantis dC18 column using an isocratic mobile phase (0.2% formic acid:acetonitrile, 25:75) at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. The total chromatographic run time was 3.0 min and the elution of BM, HBM and IS occurred at ~1.2, 1.2 and 2.0 min, respectively. A linear response function was established 0.11–518 ng/mL for both the analytes in mice and dog plasma. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precisions were in the range of 3.46–12.9 and 3.63–8.23%; 1.15–9.00 and 7.86–9.49% for BM and HBM, respectively in mice plasma and 2.15–6.49 and 1.73–13.1%; 4.35–13.9 and 4.33–10.5% for BM and HBM, respectively in dog plasma. This novel method has been applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice and dogs.
Oral Administration of (S)-Allyl-l-Cysteine and Aged Garlic Extract to Rats: Determination of Metabolites and Their Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Park Taehoon , Oh Ju-Hee , Lee Joo Hyun , Park Sang , Jang Young , Lee Young-Joo 
Published: May 2017

Abstract(S)-Allyl-l-cysteine is the major bioactive compound in garlic. (S)-Allyl-l-cysteine is metabolized to (S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine, and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide after oral administration. An accurate LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and its metabolites in rat plasma, and the feasibility of using it in pharmacokinetic studies was tested. The analytes were quantified by multiple reaction monitoring using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. Because significant quantitative interference was observed between (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine as a result of the decomposition of N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine at the detector source, chromatographic separation was required to discriminate (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and its metabolites on a reversed-phase C18 analytical column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. The calibration curves of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine, (S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine, and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide were linear over each concentration range, and the lower limits of quantification were 0.1 µg/mL [(S)-allyl-l-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine] and 0.25 µg/mL [(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide and N-acetyl-(S)-allyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide]. Acceptable intraday and inter-day precisions and accuracies were obtained at three concentration levels. The method satisfied the regulatory requirements for matrix effects, recovery, and stability. The validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully used to determine the concentration of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine and its metabolites in rat plasma samples after the administration of (S)-allyl-l-cysteine or aged garlic extract.
Identifying Organisms
Authors: Napier Stephen 
Published: May 2017

Defenders of human, embryonic, destructive stem-cell research and early abortion typically argue for their position by showing that you and I do not come into existence at conception but rather at some point after. Eugene Mills has provided an ingenious argument that you and I could not have come into existence at conception. I argue against Mills's argument on two counts: first, his argument depends upon a cursory limning of human conception, and when fuller details are considered, a premise in his argument is undercut. Second, Mills's argument invites us to ask questions about how to identify individual organisms. Given a fuller description of human conception and some plausible metaphysical principles, I argue that Mills should hold instead that you and I do in fact come into being at conception. Summary One way to argue that early abortions are permissible is to argue against the view that you and I come into existence at conception. Most abortion rights defenders argue for this conclusion by noting that in order for you and I to exist, there must be developed psychological capacities. Eugene Mills takes a different route and argues that you and I could not come into existence at conception because that would mean being identical to an egg – which he rightly notes we cannot be. I argue against Mills in this article.
Using Voice Recognition Software to Collect Fisheries Biodata: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Sitar Shawn P. , Traynor Daniel J. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Biological data collection and processing involves numerous steps, is time consuming, and is error prone. We developed the Voice Data Recording System (VDRS) that eliminates multiple steps in the traditional process by integrating voice recognition software with a normalized, relational database to capture data onto a laptop computer. We compared traditional and VDRS methods and report efficiency and error rates based on Lake Superior Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush survey data collected during 2000–2016. Efficiency was measured by data collection rate and processing duration. Data collection rates were not different between methods. Processing duration for the traditional method averaged 200 staff hours per year, whereas the VDRS has no data processing. Error rates measured for the traditional data method averaged 5% and the VDRS had 0% error. We found that the VDRS is more efficient and less error prone than the traditional method of data collection and provides substantial cost and time savings.
Selection and Evaluation of Indexes Commonly Used to Determine Contamination with T-2 Toxin in Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by the Grey Relational Method
Authors: Lu Pengli , Wang Yaling , Dai Zhe , Sun Lijun , Xu Defeng , Liu Ying , Ye Riying , Gooneratne Ravi , Bi Siyuan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the mycotoxin T-2 toxin in feed on muscle performance in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluate indexes of physiological variables that indicate T-2 toxin contamination in the shrimp using the grey relational method, and determine the dose–response relationships between T-2 toxin and the indexes. Of the 6 physical, 7 biochemical, and 17 nutritional indexes examined, the values of the grey relational coefficients were highest for the hepatopancreas: body weight ratio (HBR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and serine (SER) content (0.83, 0.68, and 0.82, respectively). Therefore, the HBR, ALT activity, and SER content were selected as appropriate indexes for contamination of Pacific white shrimp muscle with T-2 toxin. Based on their dose–response relationship curves, mean effective doses of 1.45, 1.69, and 1.33 mg of T-2 toxin/kg of feed were obtained for the HBR, ALT activity, and SER content, respectively. These results offer technical reference points for the evaluation and control of T-2 toxin in shrimp feed.
Received April 28, 2016 accepted April 9, 2017 Published online July 26, 2017
Validity and reliability of the Moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise
Authors: Crum E. M. , O'Connor W. J. , Van Loo L. , Valckx M. , Stannard S. R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroduction: The Moxy is a novel, cutaneously placed muscle oxygen monitor which claims to measure local oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total haemoglobin (THb) using near‐infrared spectroscopy. If shown to be reliable, its data storage and telemetric capability will be useful for assessing localised O2 usage during field‐based exercise. This study investigated the reliability of the Moxy during cycling and assessed the correlations between its measurements, whole‐body O2 consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR). Methods: Ten highly trained cyclists performed an incremental, step‐wise cycling protocol on two occasions while wearing the Moxy. SmO2, THb, VO2 and HR were recorded in the final minute of each five‐minute stage. Data were analysed using Spearman's Order‐Rank Coefficient (SROC), Intraclass Correlation (ICC), and Coefficient of Variance (COV). Significance was set at p ≤ .05. Results: SmO2 showed a ‘strong’ or ‘very large’ correlation between trials (SROC: r = 0.842–0.993, ICC: r = 0.773–0.992, p ≤ .01) and was moderately correlated with VO2 and HR (r = −0.71–0.73, p ≤ .01). SmO2 showed a moderate to high reliability at low intensities, but this decreased as relative exercise intensity increased. THb showed poor correlations between tests and with the other measured variables, but was highly reliable at all power outputs. Conclusions: The Moxy is a reliable device to measure SmO2 at low to moderate intensities, but at higher intensities, greater variation in measurements occurs, likely due to tissue ischaemia or increased movement artefacts due to more frequent muscular contractions. THb has low variation during exercise, and does not appear to be a valid indicator of muscle oxygenation.
From Common Market to European Union
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The EEC Treaty said that the common market should be established gradually over a transitional period comprising three stages. When the transitional period expired in 1969, the common market was still far from complete. ‘From Common Market to European Union’ explains how in February 1986, the Member States signed a new treaty called the Single European Act committing them to establishing the internal market by the end of 1992. At the same time, the Member States began to explore widening the remit of the EEC to embrace additional policy areas. In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty on European Union was signed, giving birth to a new legal entity: the European Union.