bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contours of urban diversity and coexistence
Authors: Ye Junjia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe celebration of co‐presence within city life has a long history in urban studies, beginning with analyses of contact with subjects different from ourselves. As new diversities arising from migration continue to both enrich and complicate the dynamics of urban community, there has been a renewed interest in the potential of the everyday intercultural encounter in shared spaces. This paper identifies two key strands of geographical imaginations in the growing fields of urban diversity and coexistence. I first review the geography of togetherness through the sharing of space before moving on to discuss the spatialities of structured and structuring practices that can enclose these micro‐publics. Consequently, I then highlight the work of difference‐making that is done at both policy and everyday level that generates, filters, sorts, and organizes diversity. What emerges is the need for more attention to the impact of governance and management of diversity and the contingent effects of the characteristics and histories of migrant populations and the local politics of place.
An improved method for the measurement of 3‐monochloropropanediol esters by matrix solid‐phase dispersion supported liquid–liquid extraction
Authors: Jiao Bo , Hu Hui , Shi Aimin , Liu Hongzhi , Liu Li , Wang Qiang , Fu Wusheng , Adhikari Benu 
Published: September 2017

Summary3‐Monochloropropanediol (3‐MCPD) esters are contaminants produced from the high‐temperature processing of edible oils. The accurate measurement of 3‐MCPD using an easy‐to‐follow and reliable method that uses a readily available instrument is important. Here, we report an acid transesterification heptafluorobutyrylimidazole (HFBI) derivatisation method for the accurate measurement of 3‐MCPD esters in edible oils. We developed a dispersed matrix solid‐phase supported liquid–liquid extraction (DMSP‐SLE) system to remove impurities. Both the transesterification and DMSP‐SLE conditions were optimised. A good linear relationship was obtained within the range of 0.05–10 mg kg−1 (R2 ≥ 0.999) in both blank solvent and an oil sample. The limit of detection was 20.36 μg kg−1. The average recovery of the 3‐MCPD esters spiked at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg kg−1 into a blank oil matrix was in a range from 105.09 ± 2.77% to 120.16 ± 10.88%. The method we developed was further confirmed by performing detection on a Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) sample.
Comparison of vacuum impregnation and soaking techniques for addition of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus to minimally processed melon
Authors: de Oliveira Patrícia Martins , Ramos Afonso Mota , Martins Eliane Maurício Furtado , Vieira Érica Nascif Rufino , Soares Ariana de Souza , de Noronha Marcel Cardoso 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the vacuum impregnation (VI) and soaking methods in the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilusLA‐3 to minimally processed melon (MPM). The melons were washed, sanitised in chlorine solution (200 mg L−1), peeled and cutted into cubes. Lactobacillus acidophilusLA‐3 (1.4 × 1010 CFU g−1) were added to the MPM through both techniques. The L. acidophilusLA‐3 count in MPM was similar to those commonly found in dairy products having probiotic claim, but VI was more efficient than soaking in maintaining the viability (8.61 and 7.98 Log CFU g−1, respectively). The pH, acidity and soluble solids were not affected by probiotic culture and the incorporation technique; however, the VI affected the firmness of fruit. The MPM was within Brazilian standards for their microbiological characteristics. MPM may be used as a carrier of probiotic bacteria, being one more alternative for individuals who consume probiotic products.
Effect of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) fructooligosaccharide purification technique using activated charcoal or ion exchange fixed bed column on recovery, purity and sugar content
Authors: Campos David , Mescua Lilid , Aguilar‐Galvez Ana , Chirinos Rosana , Pedreschi Romina 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA rich in FOS and simple sugar yacon extract was clarified and decoloured and subsequently purified in an activated charcoal column at 25 and 40 °C using two or three stepwise elution with yields of 72.0–86.7% and 90–92.4% purity. Best results were obtained at 25 °C and two stepwise elution, with yield and purity of 81.5% and 92% but 9% sucrose and no glucose and fructose. Different cationic exchange resins on a clarified and demineralised extract at 25 and 60 °C had yields and purity of 73.1–99.4% and 75.0–88.2%, respectively. Best results were obtained with Diaion UBK530Na at 60 °C (99.4% yield and 88.2% purity) but 1.6, 2.7 and 7.5% of fructose, glucose and sucrose. The by‐product was rich in sugars (59–60.1% fructose, 28.3–32.8% glucose, 7.2–8.4% sucrose) and could be used by the feed and food industry.
Outcomes of endovascular treatment for acute large‐vessel ischaemic stroke more than 6 h after symptom onset
Authors: Motyer R. , Kok H. K. , Asadi H. , O'Hare A. , Brennan P. , Power S. , Looby S. , Nicholson P. , Williams D. , Murphy S. , Hill M. D. , Goyal M. , McManus J. , O'Brien P. , Thornton J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBenefit from endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for large‐vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is well demonstrated. Furthermore, emerging evidence supports efficacy in appropriately selected patients treated beyond current recommendations of 6 h. We evaluated clinical outcomes in patients undergoing late EVT at our institution.MethodsRetrospective review of prospectively collected clinical database on 355 patients who underwent EVT for LVO AIS. Data collected consisted of patient demographics, radiological findings and outcome details. Outcomes, including 90‐day functional status, recanalization, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) and 90‐day mortality, for patients undergoing EVT <6 h, >6 h, and >7.3 h, were compared.ResultsA total of 355 patients underwent EVT for LVO AIS at our institution during the review period, with 74 (21%) patients treated ≥6 h from symptom onset. Successful recanalization was achieved in 285 (80%) patients, with 228 (81%) achieving a mTICI ≥2b in the <6 h group, and 57 (77%) in the >6 h group (P = 0.429). Ninety‐day functional independence (mRS 0–2) was achieved in 162 (46%) patients, with 130 (46%) achieving a mRS of 0–2 in the <6 h group, and 32 (43%) in the >6 h group (P = 0.643). No significant differences were found in rates of sICH or 90‐day mortality. No significant differences in functional independence, recanalization rates, sICH or mortality were identified in patients treated with EVT >7.3 h compared to <7.3 h.ConclusionsIn appropriately selected patients, EVT >6 h was associated with comparable outcomes to those treated <6 h. These data support a physiological approach to patient selection.
Bullying and HIV Risk Among High School Teenagers: The Mediating Role of Teen Dating Violence
Authors: Okumu Moses , Mengo Cecilia , Ombayo Bernadette , Small Eusebius 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTeen dating violence (TDV), bullying, and HIV risk behaviors are public health concerns that impact adolescents in the United States. National estimates reveal high rates of these risk behaviors among high school students. Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, we hypothesized that experiencing teen dating violence (sexual and physical) would mediate the impact of bullying on HIV risk.METHODSData were from the 2013 National Youth Behavior Risk Surveillance Survey (YRBSS) among students who answered questions on bullying, TDV, and HIV risk (N = 13,571). The YRBSS is conducted biennially among 9th‐ to 12th‐grade students nationally. We used multiple regression analysis and Hayes' SPSS process macro to examine the 2 study hypotheses.RESULTSFindings from bivariate analysis suggest an association between bullying and HIV risk. The study also found associations between physical, sexual teen dating violence and HIV risk. Results also indicate that both physical and sexual teen dating violence mediate the association between bullying and HIV risk.CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest that multidimensional interventions should be developed to reduce the rate of teen dating violence and combat bullying as a preventative method for HIV risk among high school students.
A Scoping Review to Address the Culture of Concussion in Youth and High School Sports
Authors: Sarmiento Kelly , Donnell Zoe , Hoffman Rosanne 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn 2013, the National Academy of Sciences emphasized the need to develop, implement, and evaluate effective large‐scale educational strategies to improve the culture of concussion in youth and high school sports. In support of this recommendation, in this article we summarize research on factors that contribute to the culture of concussion.METHODSWe conducted the literature search using 7 electronic databases. We used a scoping review method to identify studies that addressed knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, use of educational resources, and interventions related to concussion among young athletes, coaches, and parents.RESULTSOf the 33 articles identified, most focused on concussion education (N = 15), followed by knowledge (N = 13), behaviors (N = 13), and attitudes (N = 5). Three studies addressed multiple study populations.CONCLUSIONSThe rapid spread of concussion education and awareness efforts has outpaced research on effective strategies to improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors that contribute to the culture of concussion. Further research is critical to inform the development and implementation of large‐scale educational efforts. This research should incorporate rigorous study designs; be inclusive of diverse ages, socioeconomic status, and racial/ethnic groups; and examine opportunities to improve behavioral outcomes around concussion prevention, reporting, and management.
Accuracy of indirect method in detection of false intent
Authors: Ulatowska Joanna 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTwo studies were conducted to assess of the accuracy of an indirect method used to detect lies about past behaviour and intentions.MethodsIn Experiment 1, participants (N = 123) assessed the veracity (direct condition) or cognitive effort (indirect condition) of interviewees who had planned or taken part in mock academic misconduct and then lied or told the truth about their intentions or past activities. In Experiment 2, 33 participants assessed the veracity of interviews on true and false intentions answering a direct question and three indirect questions.ResultsAs predicted, the indirect method was equally effective in detecting lies about past activities and intentions. The accuracy of this method was not reduced by asking direct and indirect questions together.ConclusionsThe experiments provided further evidence that the indirect method of detecting deception is accurate and can also be used to detect lies about intent.
Fine‐tuning the ‘plant domestication‐reduced defense’ hypothesis: specialist vs generalist herbivores
Authors: Gaillard Mickaël D. P. , Glauser Gaétan , Robert Christelle A. M. , Turlings Ted C. J. 
Published: September 2017

Summary

Domesticated plants are assumed to have weakened chemical defenses. We argue, however, that artificial selection will have maintained defense traits against specialized herbivores that have coexisted with the crops throughout their domestication.

We assessed the performance of eight species of insect herbivores from three feeding guilds on six European maize lines and six populations of their wild ancestor, teosinte. A metabolomics approach was used in an attempt to identify compounds responsible for observed differences in insect performance.

Insects consistently performed better on maize than on teosinte. As hypothesized, this difference was greater for generalist herbivores that are normally not found on teosinte. We also found clear differences in defense metabolites among the different genotypes, but none that consistently correlated with differences in performance. Concentrations of benzoxazinoids, the main chemical defense in maize, tended to be higher in leaves of teosinte, but the reverse was true for the roots.

It appears that chemical defenses that target specialized insects are still present at higher concentrations in cultivated maize than compounds that are more effective against generalists. These weakened broad‐spectrum defenses in crops may explain the successes of novel pests.
The miR156‐SPL4 module predominantly regulates aerial axillary bud formation and controls shoot architecture
Authors: Gou Jiqing , Fu Chunxiang , Liu Sijia , Tang Chaorong , Debnath Smriti , Flanagan Amy , Ge Yaxin , Tang Yuhong , Jiang Qingzhen , Larson Preston R. , Wen Jiangqi , Wang Zeng‐Yu 
Published: September 2017

Summary

Grasses possess basal and aerial axillary buds. Previous studies have largely focused on basal bud (tiller) formation but scarcely touched on aerial buds, which may lead to aerial branch development.

Genotypes with and without aerial buds were identified in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a dedicated bioenergy crop. Bud development was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Microarray, RNA‐seq and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) were used to identify regulators of bud formation. Gene function was characterized by down‐regulation and overexpression.

Overexpression of miR156 induced aerial bud formation in switchgrass. Various analyses revealed that SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE4 (SPL4), one of the miR156 targets, directly regulated aerial axillary bud initiation. Down‐regulation of SPL4 promoted aerial bud formation and increased basal buds, while overexpression of SPL4 seriously suppressed bud formation and tillering. RNA‐seq and RT‐qPCR identified potential downstream genes of SPL4.

Unlike all previously reported genes acting as activators of basal bud initiation, SPL4 acts as a suppressor for the formation of both aerial and basal buds. The miR156‐SPL4 module predominantly regulates aerial bud initiation and partially controls basal bud formation. Genetic manipulation of SPL4 led to altered plant architecture with increased branching, enhanced regrowth after cutting and improved biomass yield.
Governance gaps in eradicating forced labor: From global to domestic supply chains
Authors: Crane Andrew , LeBaron Genevieve , Allain Jean , Behbahani Laya 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA growing body of scholarship analyzes the emergence and resilience of forced labor in developing countries within global value chains. However, little is known about how forced labor arises within domestic supply chains concentrated within national borders, producing products for domestic consumption. We conduct one of the first studies of forced labor in domestic supply chains, through a cross‐industry comparison of the regulatory gaps surrounding forced labor in the United Kingdom. We find that understanding the dynamics of forced labor in domestic supply chains requires us to conceptually modify the global value chain framework to understand similarities and differences across these contexts. We conclude that addressing the governance gaps that surround forced labor will require scholars and policymakers to carefully refine their thinking about how we might design operative governance that effectively engages with local variation.
World society and the natural environment
Authors: Shorette Kristen , Henderson Kent , Sommer Jamie M. , Longhofer Wesley 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe review the world society approach to explaining macrohistorical change generally and as it relates to the natural environment specifically. Our review includes work describing the rise of the environmental world society as well as empirical evidence of the consequences of national ties to world society for policy adoption, practices, and individual attitudes at the national level. Additionally, we suggest the application of world society theory to state and substate structures. Throughout the review, we situate the world society literature in relationship to work in the fields of cross‐national comparative and environmental sociology from a variety of other perspectives. We take a forward‐looking approach to our review of theoretical and empirical work in the field and consider the implications for normative change and resistance to prevailing world cultural norms. We conclude with a discussion of the resurgence of nationalism especially as it relates to antienvironmentalism.
Evaluation of the analgesic and pharmacokinetic properties of transdermally administered fentanyl in goats
Authors: Burke Megan J. , Soma Lawrence R. , Boston Raymond C. , Rudy Jeffery A. , Schaer Thomas P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveEvaluate the analgesic properties and pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl patches (TFPs) in goats.DesignProspective, randomized study.SettingPreclinical Testing Facility at a University Teaching Hospital.AnimalsThirty‐four adult female Boer‐cross goats.InterventionsGoats underwent surgery as part of a concurrent orthopedic research study. Twelve hours prior to surgery, each goat received a TFP (target dosage of 2.5 μg/kg/h), or a placebo patch with analgesia provided by buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg, IM, q 6 h). Patches were removed after 72 hours. Blood was sampled at specified intervals, up to 84 hours following TFP placement. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl (FEN) were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Postoperative pain assessments were performed by two independent blinded observers.Measurements and Main ResultsTFPs were applied at a mean (± standard deviation, SD) dose of 2.54 ± 0.36 μg/kg/h. No adverse events occurred. Pain scores between TFP and BUP groups were not significantly different at any time point. Mean plasma FEN concentration (± SD) 2 hours following patch application was 1.06 ± 0.85 ng/mL, and remained above 0.5 ng/mL for 40 hours. Maximum mean plasma FEN concentration (Cmax) was 1.84 (ranging from 0.81 to 3.35) ng/mL with average time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of 12 hours after patch application.ConclusionsTFP resulted in consistent FEN absorption and plasma concentrations within the human and ovine therapeutic ranges. Pain scores for goats administered TFP were not different than those administered buprenorphine. Ease of administration, duration of analgesia, and decreased dosing frequency make TFPs an attractive option for pain management in goats.
Efficacy of a New Recrystallized Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride-Dihydrate against Leptospirosis in a Hamster Model
Authors: Carrascosa Alma , Gutierrez Lilia , De la Peña Alejandro , Candanosa Irma E. , Tapia Graciela , Sumano Hector 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

A trial on Syrian hamsters (
Mesocricetus auratus
) infected with
Leptospira interrogans
serovar
Canicola
was established to compare treatment efficacies of daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of either 10 mg/kg of 5% enrofloxacin (Baytril [BE]; Bayer Animal Health, Mexico) or the same dose of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate (enro-C). Hamsters were experimentally infected via the oral submucosa with 400 microorganisms/animal, in a sequential time schedule aligned to the initial treatment day, and were treated in groups as follows: a group treated with 5% enrofloxacin daily for 7 days after 24 h of infection (group BE
24
); a group treated as described for group BE
24
but with enro-C (enro-C
24
); a group also treated with 5% enrofloxacin but starting at 72 h after infection (BE
74
); a group treated as described for group BE
74
but with injection of enro-C (enro-C
74
). An untreated-uninfected control group (group CG
−
) and an infected-untreated control group (group CG
+
) were assembled (
n
= 18 in all groups). Weights and temperatures of the hamsters were monitored daily for 28 days. After hamsters were euthanatized or following death, necropsy, histopathology, macroscopic agglutination tests (MAT), bacterial culture, and PCR were performed. The mortality rates were 38.8% in group BE
24
and 100% in group BE
74
. No mortality was observed in group enro-C
24
, and 11.1% mortality was recorded in group enro-C
74
. The mortality rates in groups CG
+
and CG
−
were 100% and zero, respectively. Combined necropsy and histopathologic findings revealed signs of septicemia and organ damage in groups BE
24
, BE
72
, and CG
+
. Groups enro-C
24
and CG
−
showed no lesions. Moderated lesions were registered in 3 hamsters in group enro-C
72
. MAT results were positive in 83.3% of BE
24
hamsters (83.3%) and 100% of BE
72
and CG
+
hamsters; MAT results were positive in 16.7% in group Enro-C
24
and 38.9% in group enro-C
72
. Only 4/18 were PCR positive in group enro-C
72
and only 1 in group enro-C
24
(
P
< 0.05). It can be concluded that enro-C may be a viable option to treat leptospirosis in hamsters and that this may be the case in other species.
N
-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase, WecA, as a Validated Drug Target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Huszár Stanislav , Singh Vinayak , Polčicová Alica , Baráth Peter , Barrio María Belén , Lagrange Sophie , Leblanc Véronique , Nacy Carol A. , Mizrahi Valerie , Mikušová Katarína 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

The mycobacterial phosphoglycosyltransferase WecA, which initiates arabinogalactan biosynthesis in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, has been proposed as a target of the caprazamycin derivative CPZEN-45, a preclinical drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this report, we describe the functional characterization of mycobacterial WecA and confirm the essentiality of its encoding gene in
M. tuberculosis
by demonstrating that the transcriptional silencing of
wecA
is bactericidal
in vitro
and in macrophages. Silencing
wecA
also conferred hypersensitivity of
M. tuberculosis
to the drug tunicamycin, confirming its target selectivity for WecA in whole cells. Simple radiometric assays performed with mycobacterial membranes and commercially available substrates allowed chemical validation of other putative WecA inhibitors and resolved their selectivity toward WecA versus another attractive cell wall target, translocase I, which catalyzes the first membrane step in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. These assays and the mutant strain described herein will be useful for identifying potential antitubercular leads by screening chemical libraries for novel WecA inhibitors.
High-Level Resistance to Colistin Mediated by Various Mutations in the
crrB
Gene among Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Jayol Aurélie , Nordmann Patrice , Brink Adrian , Villegas Maria-Virginia , Dubois Véronique , Poirel Laurent 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Mutations in
crrAB
genes encoding a two-component regulator involved in modifications of lipopolysaccharide were searched for among a collection of colistin-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates. Four isolates, respectively, producing carbapenemases NDM-1, OXA-181, or KPC-2 showed mutated CrrB proteins compared with those in wild-type strains. Complementation assays with a wild-type CrrB protein restored the susceptibility to colistin in all cases, confirming the involvement of the identified substitutions in the resistance phenotype.