bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saussure et la temporalité
Authors: Chidichimo Alessandro 
Published: August 2016

I analyse the occurrence of time terminology in the texts and manuscripts of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) up until the beginning of his Geneva years in 1891. This is an interesting period with regard to Saussure’s terminological research on time and language. For instance, the word diachronie doesn’t appear until 1891. I draw conclusions about this Saussurean research based on the explicit use of the term and its contexts. I survey the occurrences of the terms by analysing the corpus following a chronological criterion. Finally, I provide a hypothesis on the apparition and origins of the terms.
Genetic Status and Conservation of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in Glacier National Park
Authors: Muhlfeld Clint C. , D'Angelo Vincent S. , Downs Christopher , Powell John , Amish Stephen , Luikart Gordon , Kovach Ryan , Boyer Matthew , Kalinowski Steven 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInvasive hybridization is one of the greatest threats to the persistence of Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi. Large protected areas, where nonhybridized populations are interconnected and express historical life history and genetic diversity, provide some of the last ecological and evolutionary strongholds for conserving this species. Here, we describe the genetic status and distribution of Westslope Cutthroat Trout throughout Glacier National Park, Montana. Admixture between Westslope Cutthroat Trout and introduced Rainbow Trout O. mykiss and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout O. clarkii bouvieri was estimated by genotyping 1,622 fish collected at 115 sites distributed throughout the Columbia, Missouri, and South Saskatchewan River drainages. Currently, Westslope Cutthroat Trout occupy an estimated 1,465 km of stream habitat and 45 lakes (9,218 ha) in Glacier National Park. There was no evidence of introgression in samples from 32 sites along 587 km of stream length (40% of the stream kilometers currently occupied) and 17 lakes (2,555 ha; 46% of the lake area currently occupied). However, nearly all (97%) of the streams and lakes that were occupied by nonhybridized populations occurred in the Columbia River basin. Based on genetic status (nonnative genetic admixture ≤ 10%), 36 Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations occupying 821 km of stream and 5,482 ha of lakes were identified as “conservation populations.” Most of the conservation populations (N = 27; 736 km of stream habitat) occurred in the Columbia River basin, whereas only a few geographically restricted populations were found in the South Saskatchewan River (N = 7; 55 km) and Missouri River (N = 2; 30 km) basins. Westslope Cutthroat Trout appear to be at imminent risk of genomic extinction in the South Saskatchewan and Missouri River basins, whereas populations in the Columbia River basin are widely distributed and conservation efforts are actively addressing threats from hybridization and other stressors. A diverse set of pro‐active management approaches will be required to conserve, protect, and restore Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations in Glacier National Park throughout the 21st century.Received September 10, 2015; accepted March 30, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Regional and Temporal Variation in Size at Maturity of Female Blue Crabs in Texas Coastal Waters
Authors: Olsen Zachary , Wagner Tom , Sutton Glen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFrom 2006 to 2014, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) personnel collected size and maturity data from female blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in all bays along the Texas coast as part of a routine fishery‐independent monitoring program. Logistic regression revealed that coastwide size at maturity was negatively impacted by salinity but that temperature had no effect. More specifically, the model estimated that coastwide size at 50% maturity was 130.5 mm at 0‰, 124.4 mm (122.7–126.0) at 10‰, 118.2 mm (117.1–119.3) at 20‰, and 112.1 mm (110.6–113.5) at 30‰. Size at maturity was found to vary substantially among bay systems in addition to the impact of environmental variables on this relationship. Finally, the logistic curve for size at maturity was found to significantly differ from a similar study (conducted by TPWD personnel; 1984 to 1987) due to higher proportions of mature crabs at smaller size‐classes in the 2006 to 2014 data set. This had a small effect on the size at 50% maturity metric, which was found to have decreased 4 mm between these two eras. Regardless of the driver behind these trends, the present analysis and explicit comparison of these results to a previous study suggests that blue crabs along the Texas coast are highly plastic in terms of size at maturity, especially spatially. Coupled with decadal declines in blue crab populations, these results may justify conservative regulation by state management agencies in terms of female spawner protection.Received December 21, 2015; accepted April 26, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Trends in Relative Abundance and Early Life Survival of Atlantic Menhaden during 1977–2013 from Long‐Term Ichthyoplankton Programs
Authors: Simpson Cara A. , Wilberg Michael J. , Bi Hongsheng , Schueller Amy M. , Nesslage Geneviève M. , Walsh Harvey J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, a commercially important clupeid, supports one of the oldest and largest commercial fisheries on the U.S. East Coast. Despite recent increases in adult biomass, juvenile indices have declined coastwide and have remained particularly low in Chesapeake Bay. In order to understand the underlying causes of this decline, knowledge of larval recruitment is essential. We developed an index of larval abundance by using larval data collected from two large‐scale ichthyoplankton sampling programs that occurred from Nova Scotia, Canada, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, during 1977–1987 and 1999–2013. Larval abundance data were standardized to a day‐0 age by applying an age–length key from a study of larval ingress into Chesapeake Bay; a delta‐lognormal model was used to account for spatial and temporal changes in sampling. We found that Atlantic Menhaden larval abundance increased from 1977 to 2013 and was highest in the winter; most individuals were detected at nearshore stations. Over our time series, larval abundance corresponded closely to adult spawning stock biomass. Due to the lack of a direct relationship between our larval abundance estimates and a coastwide juvenile index, we examined several environmental factors (temperature, Chesapeake Bay discharge, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation [AMO], wind speed, and wind direction) for potential effects on the relative survival of larvae. Larval abundance had a significant negative effect on relative survival. Temperature and to a lesser extent wind speed and AMO appeared to exert the greatest effects on the early life survival of Atlantic Menhaden: cooler temperatures, intermediate wind speeds, and negative‐phase AMO were the most favorable for survival. Our findings suggest that the observed reduction in recruitment is not a problem of larval supply but rather is limited by survival between the larval and juvenile stages.Received December 17, 2015; accepted May 31, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use of Potamodromous Rainbow Trout Across a Complex Alaska Riverscape
Authors: Fraley Kevin M. , Falke Jeffrey A. , Yanusz Richard , Ivey Sam 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPotamodromous Rainbow TroutOncorhynchus mykissare an important ecological and recreational resource in freshwater ecosystems of Alaska, and increased human development, hydroelectric projects, and reduced escapement of Chinook SalmonOncorhynchus tshawytschamay threaten their populations. We used aerial and on‐the‐ground telemetry tracking, a digital landscape model, and resource selection functions to characterize seasonal movements and habitat use of 232 adult (>400 mm FL) Rainbow Trout across the complex, large (31,221 km2) Susitna River basin of south‐central Alaska during 2003–2004 and 2013–2014. We found that fish overwintered in main‐stem habitats near tributary mouths from November to April. After ice‐out in May, fish ascended tributaries up to 51 km to spawn and afterward moved downstream to lower tributary reaches, assumedly to intercept egg and flesh subsidies provided by spawning salmonids in July and August. Fish transitioned back to main‐stem overwintering habitats at the onset of autumn when salmonid spawning waned. Fidelity to tributaries where fish were initially tagged varied across seasons but was high (>0.75) in three out of four drainages. Model‐averaged resource selection functions suggested that Rainbow Trout habitat use varied seasonally; fish selected low‐gradient, sinuous, main‐stem stream reaches in the winter, reaches with suitably sized substrate during spawning, larger reaches during the feeding season prior to the arrival of spawning salmonids, and reaches with high Chinook Salmon spawning habitat potential following the arrival of adult fish. We found little difference in movement patterns between males and females among a subset of fish for which sex was determined using genetic analysis. As most Rainbow Trout undertake extensive movements within and among tributaries and make use of a variety of seasonal habitats to complete their life histories, it will be critical to take a basinwide approach to their management (i.e., habitat protection and angling bag limits) in light of anticipated land‐use changes.Received February 11, 2016; accepted June 7, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Genetic structure of colline and montane populations of an endangered plant species
Authors: Maurice Tiphaine , Matthies Diethart , Muller Serge , Colling Guy 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDue to land-use intensification, lowland and colline populations of many plants of nutrient-poor grasslands have been strongly fragmented in the last decades, with potentially negative consequences for their genetic diversity and persistence. Populations in mountains might represent a genetic reservoir for grassland plants, because they have been less affected by land-use changes. We studied the genetic structure and diversity of colline and montane Vosges populations of the threatened perennial plant Arnica montana in western central Europe using AFLP markers. Our results indicate that in contrast to our expectation even strongly fragmented colline populations of A. montana have conserved a considerable amount of genetic diversity. However, mean seed mass increased with the proportion of polymorphic loci, suggesting inbreeding effects in low diversity populations. At a similar small geographical scale, there was a clear IBD pattern for the montane Vosges but not for the colline populations. However, there was a strong IBD-pattern for the colline populations at a large geographical scale suggesting that this pattern is a legacy of historical gene flow, as most of the colline populations are today strongly isolated from each other. Genetic differentiation between colline and montane Vosges populations was strong. Moreover, results of a genome scan study indicated differences in loci under selection, suggesting that plants from montane Vosges populations might be maladapted to conditions at colline sites. Our results suggest caution in using material from montane populations of rare plants for the reinforcement of small genetically depauperate lowland populations.
The role of three lifestyle risk factors in reducing educational differences
in ischaemic heart disease mortality in Europe
Authors: Kulhánová Ivana , Menvielle Gwenn , Hoffmann Rasmus , Eikemo Terje A , Kulik Margarete C , Toch-Marquardt Marlen , Deboosere Patrick , Leinsalu Mall , Lundberg Olle , Regidor Enrique , Looman Caspar W N , Mackenbach Johan P ,   for the EURO-GBD-SE Consortium
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with a higher risk of dying among people with a lower socioeconomic status. We investigated the potential for reducing educational differences in IHD mortality in 21 European populations based on two counterfactual scenarios—the upward levelling scenario and the more realistic best practice country scenario. Methods: We used a method based on the population attributable fraction to estimate the impact of a modified educational distribution of smoking, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity on educational inequalities in IHD mortality among people aged 30–79. Risk factor prevalence was collected around the year 2000 and mortality data covered the early 2000s. Results: The potential reduction of educational inequalities in IHD mortality differed by country, sex, risk factor and scenario. Smoking was the most important risk factor among men in Nordic and eastern European populations, whereas overweight and obesity was the most important risk factor among women in the South of Europe. The effect of physical inactivity on the reduction of inequalities in IHD mortality was smaller compared with smoking and overweight/obesity. Although the reduction in inequalities in IHD mortality may seem modest, substantial reduction in IHD mortality among the least educated can be achieved under the scenarios investigated. Conclusion: Population wide strategies to reduce the prevalence of risk factors such as smoking, and overweight/obesity targeted at the lower socioeconomic groups are likely to substantially contribute to the reduction of IHD mortality and inequalities in IHD mortality in Europe.
Health information exchange associated with improved emergency department care through faster accessing of patient information from outside organizations
Authors: Everson Jordan , Kocher Keith E , Adler-Milstein Julia 
Published: August 2016

Objective: To assess whether electronic health information exchange (HIE) is associated with improved emergency department (ED) care processes and utilization through more timely clinician viewing of information from outside organizations.Materials and Methods: Our data included 2163 patients seen in the ED of a large academic medical center for whom clinicians requested and viewed outside information from February 14, 2014, to February 13, 2015. Outside information requests w.ere fulfilled via HIE (Epic’s Care Everywhere) or fax/scan to the electronic health record (EHR). We used EHR audit data to capture the time between the information request and when a clinician accessed the data. We assessed whether the relationship between method of information return and ED outcomes (length of visit, odds of imaging [computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiographs] and hospitalization, and total charges) was mediated by request-to-access time, controlling for patient demographics, case mix, and acuity.Results: In multivariate analysis, there was no direct association between return of information via HIE vs fax/scan and ED outcomes. HIE was associated with faster outside information access (58.5 minutes on average), and faster access was associated with changes in ED care. For each 1-hour reduction in access time, visit length was 52.9 minutes shorter, the likelihood of imaging was lower (by 2.5, 1.6, and 2.4 percentage points for CT, MRI, and radiographs, respectively), the likelihood of admission was 2.4 percentage points lower, and average charges were $1187 lower (P ≤ .001 for all).Conclusion: The relationship between HIE and improved care processes and reduced utilization in the ED is mediated by faster accessing of information from outside organizations.
NGC 5252: a pair of radio-emitting active galactic nuclei?
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Yang Jun , Paragi Zsolt , Liu Xiang , An Tao , Bianchi Stefano , Ho Luis C. , Cui Lang , Zhao Wei , Wu Xiaocong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The X-ray source CXO J133815.6+043255 has counterparts in the UV, optical, and radio bands. Based on the multiband investigations, it has been recently proposed by Kim et al. as a rarely seen off-nucleus ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) source with a black hole mass of ≥104 M⊙ in the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 5252. To explore its radio properties at very high angular resolution, we performed very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.7 GHz. We find that the radio counterpart is remarkably compact among the known ULXs. It does not show a resolved structure with a resolution of a few milliarcsecond (mas), and the total recovered flux density is comparable to that measured in earlier sub-arcsecond-resolution images. The compact radio structure, the relatively flat spectrum, and the high radio luminosity are consistent with a weakly accreting supermassive black hole in a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus. The nucleus of NGC 5252 itself has similar radio properties. We argue that the system represents a relatively rare pair of active galactic nuclei, where both components emit in the radio.
Role of the Middle Lumbar Fascia on Spinal Mechanics
Authors: Ranger Tom A. , Newell Nicolas , Grant Caroline A. , Barker Priscilla J. , Pearcy Mark J. 
Published: August 2016

Study Design.
Biomechanical experiment.

Objective.
The aims of the present study were to test the effect of fascial tension on lumbar segmental axial rotation and lateral flexion and the effect of the angle of fascial attachment.

Summary of Background Data.
Tension in the middle layer of lumbar fascia has been demonstrated to affect mechanical properties of lumbar segmental flexion and extension in the neutral zone. The effect of tension on segmental axial rotation and lateral flexion has, however, not been investigated.

Methods.
Seven unembalmed lumbar spines were divided into segments and mounted for testing. A 6 degree-of-freedom robotic testing facility was used to displace the segments in each anatomical plane (flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation) with force and moment data recorded by a load cell positioned beneath the test specimen. Tests were performed with and without a 20 N fascia load and the subsequent forces and moments were compared. In addition, forces and moments were compared when the specimens were held in a set position and the fascia loading angle was varied.

Results.
A fascial tension of 20 N had no measurable effect on the forces or moments measured when the specimens were displaced in any plane of motion (P > 0.05). When 20 N of fascial load were applied to motion segments in a set position small segmental forces and moments were measured. Changing the angle of the fascial load did not significantly alter these measurements.

Conclusion.
Application of a 20 N fascial load did not produce a measureable effect on the mechanics of a motion segment, even though it did produce small measurable forces and moments on the segments when in a fixed position. Results from the present study are inconsistent with previous studies, suggesting that further investigation using multiple testing protocols and different loading conditions is required to determine the effects of fascial loading on spinal segment behavior.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Hospital Contributions to Variability in the Use of ICUs Among Elderly Medicare Recipients
Authors: Admon Andrew J. , Wunsch Hannah , Iwashyna Theodore J. , Cooke Colin R. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
Hospitals vary widely in ICU admission rates across numerous medical diagnoses. The extent to which variability in ICU use is specific to individual diagnoses or is a function of the hospital, regardless of disease, is unknown.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
A total of 1,120 acute care hospitals with ICU capabilities.

Patients:
Medicare beneficiaries 65 years old or older admitted for five medical diagnoses (acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and a surgical diagnosis (hip fracture treated with arthroplasty) in 2010.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We used multilevel models to calculate risk- and reliability-adjusted ICU admission rates, examined the correlation in ICU admission rates across diagnosis and calculated intraclass correlation coefficients and median odds ratios to quantify the variability in ICU admission rate that was attributable to hospitals. We also examined the ability of a high ICU–use hospital for one condition to predict high ICU use for other conditions. We identified 348,462 patients with one of the eligible conditions. ICU admission rates were positively correlated within hospitals for included medical diagnoses (r range, 0.38–0.59; p < 0.01). The top hospital quartile of ICU use for congestive heart failure had a sensitivity of 50–60% and specificity of 79–81% for detecting top quartile hospitals for each other conditions. After adjustment for patient and hospital characteristics, hospitals accounted for 17.6% (95% CI, 16.2–19.1%) of variability in ICU admission, corresponding to a median odds ratio of 2.3, compared to 25.8% (95% CI, 24.5–27.1%) and median odds ratio 2.8 for diagnosis. This suggests a patient with median baseline risk of ICU admission would more than double his/her odds of ICU admission if moving to a higher utilizing hospital.

Conclusions:
Hospitals account for a significant proportion of variation independent of measured patient and hospital characteristics, suggesting the need for further work to evaluate the causes of variation at the hospital level and potential consequences of variation across hospitals.