bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compendium of photovoltaic degradation rates
Authors: Jordan Dirk C. , Kurtz Sarah R. , VanSant Kaitlyn , Newmiller Jeff 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPublished data on photovoltaic (PV) degradation measurements were aggregated and re‐examined. The subject has seen an increased interest in recent years resulting in more than 11 000 degradation rates in almost 200 studies from 40 different countries. As studies have grown in number and size, we found an impact from sampling bias attributable to size and accuracy. Because of the correlational nature of this study we examined the data in several ways to minimize this bias. We found median degradation for x‐Si technologies in the 0.5–0.6%/year range with the mean in the 0.8–0.9%/year range. Hetero‐interface technology (HIT) and microcrystalline silicon (µc‐Si) technologies, although not as plentiful, exhibit degradation around 1%/year and resemble thin‐film products more closely than x‐Si. Several studies showing low degradation for copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) have emerged. Higher degradation for cadmium telluride (CdTe) has been reported, but these findings could reflect a convolution of less accurate studies and longer stabilization periods for some products. Significant deviations for beginning‐of‐life measurements with respect to nameplate rating have been documented over the last 35 years. Therefore, degradation rates that use nameplate rating as reference may be significantly impacted. Studies that used nameplate rating as reference but used solar simulators showed less variation than similar studies using outdoor measurements, even when accounting for different climates. This could be associated with confounding effects of measurement uncertainty and soiling that take place outdoors. Hotter climates and mounting configurations that lead to sustained higher temperatures may lead to higher degradation in some, but not all, products. Wear‐out non‐linearities for the worst performing modules have been documented in a few select studies that took multiple measurements of an ensemble of modules during the lifetime of the system. However, the majority of these modules exhibit a fairly linear decline. Modeling these non‐linearities, whether they occur at the beginning‐of‐life or end‐of‐life in the PV life cycle, has an important impact on the levelized cost of energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis and photoactive properties of cyclic amphiphilic polymers with azobenzene in main chain
Authors: Jiang Ganquan , Li Lishan , Xu Xiaofei , Lu Jinjie , Zhu Xing , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhou Nianchen , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe cyclic amphiphilic polymers with azobenzene in main chain, cyclic azobenzene tetraethylene glycol polystyrene (cyclic‐Azo‐TEG‐PS) with different molecular weights, were successfully synthesized by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and Cu (I)‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry were used to prove the complete conversion from linear polymers to cyclic ones. The thermal properties and photoisomerization behaviors of obtained cyclic polymers have been investigated by comparison with the linear analogues. The cyclic polymer displayed a higher glass transition temperature compared with the linear one, measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found that the trans‐to‐cis and cis‐to‐trans isomerization of cyclic polymers was both slower than that of their respective linear counterparts upon irradiation by UV/visible light. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1834–1841
Constituent analysis of stress memory in semicrystalline polyurethane
Authors: Narayana Harishkumar , Hu Jinlian , Kumar Bipin , Shang Songmin 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTSimilar to shape memory, the stress in a stimulus responsive polymer can also be programmed, stored, and retrieved reversibly upon an external stimulus, and known as stress memory. Herein, the stress analysis in a semicrystalline polyurethane is investigated to unveil the total stress–strain components of the memory polymer. The evolution of stress under different temperature and strain levels is determined experimentally. A constitutive model based on phase transition was further used to predict and characterize the individual stress components during the thermomechanical process. In contrast to earlier models, a new approach of using relaxed modulus (RM) has been proposed to predict the stress components in tensile programming condition. The predicted results are having significant agreement with the experimental data. The quantitative stress analysis can help in engineering the products more precisely, where the controllable stimulus responsive stress is needed in multidisciplinary arenas such as pressure garments, massage devices, and artificial muscles etc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 941–947
Phosphor‐converted white light from blue‐emitting InGaN microrod LEDs
Authors: Schimpke Tilman , Mandl Martin , Stoll Ion , Pohl‐Klein Bianca , Bichler Daniel , Zwaschka Franz , Strube‐Knyrim Johanna , Huckenbeck Barbara , Max Benjamin , Müller Marcus , Veit Peter , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Hartmann Jana , Waag Andreas , Lugauer Hans‐Jürgen , Strassburg Martin 
Published: February 2016

A uniform array of gallium nitride core‐shell microrod (MR) light‐emitting diode (LED) structures was grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Defects and the quantum well (QW) luminescence in an individual rod were investigated by scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STEM) and STEM cathodoluminescence. Luminescence with different wavelength was detected from the quantum wells on the semipolar tip facets and the nonpolar sidewalls of the MRs. Furthermore, the MR array is processed into LED chips. The electro‐optical characteristics of the devices are analyzed. Two separate emission bands are distinguished, which are attributed to the QWs on the semipolar tip facets and the nonpolar sidewalls, respectively. To obtain white LEDs, micrograin phosphors were developed which fit in between individual MRs. By using electrophoretic particle deposition, these phosphors are deposited onto the MR LED chips. Color coordinates, color temperature, and device efficiency are evaluated.Blue (top) and phosphor‐converted white (bottom) microrod LEDs on 4″ wafer.
Dopant‐free complementary metal oxide silicon field effect transistors
Authors: Fischer Sergej , Kremer Hauke Ingolf , Berghoff Birger , Maß Tobias , Taubner Thomas , Knoch Joachim 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbstractauthoren We present a dopant‐free CMOS technology where n‐ and p‐type semiconductor contacts are realized exclusively based on ultrathin silicon nitrides and metals with appropriate work function. Ellipsometry and FTIR measurements are applied to characterize the thermally grown nitride layers. Unipolar behavior and ohmic contact behavior are accomplished showing that with an appropriate nitride thickness dangling bonds as well as metal‐induced gap states can be suppressed, thus yielding a depinning of the Fermi level. n‐type and –for the first time – p‐type MOSFETs using low‐ and high‐work‐function metals such as aluminum, nickel, or platinum are successfully presented. In contrast to (metal–silicon) Schottky‐barrier MOSFETs, the fabricated devices exhibit on/off ratios larger than .
Fortschrittliche Verfahren zum Innenkorrosionsschutz und zur Begehung von Brücken mit modernen Hohlkasten‐Querschnitten
Authors: Wagner Peter 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIm Stahl‐ und Verbundbrückenbau haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten Querschnittsausbildungen unter Verwendung von ein‐ oder mehrzelligen Stahlhohlkästen allgemein durchgesetzt, da diese Bauweise technisch‐wirtschaftliche Vorteile aufweist und dank ihrer glatten und geschlossenen Außenflächen sehr gute Prüfungs‐ und Unterhaltungsmöglichkeiten von außen bietet. Um auch die Innenflächen von begehbaren Hohlkästen ausreichend gegen Korrosion zu schützen und eine Prüfung und Unterhaltung der Innenräume zu ermöglichen, kam hierbei in der Regel ein dreilagiger Innenanstrich zur Ausführung und es wurden umfangreiche stationäre oder auch bewegliche Begehungseinrichtungen installiert.Beide Maßnahmen führen zu einem relativ hohen Kostenaufwand sowohl bei der Herstellung als auch bei der laufenden Wartung und Unterhaltung des Brückenbauwerks. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die in jüngster Zeit verstärkten Bemühungen, einerseits neue Querschnittsformen zu entwickeln und andererseits fortschrittliche und auf diese Querschnitte abgestimmte Verfahren zum Innenkorrosionsschutz und zur Begehung von derartigen Brücken einzusetzen.Advanced methods for the inside protection against corrosion and the accessibility of bridges with advanced box‐girder design. Steel‐ and composite bridges with single‐ or multi‐cell box girder designs have succeeded during the last decades because these bridge types show important technical and economical advantages. Furthermore they could offer excellent conditions for the inspection and maintenance of the outside of the structure due to their plain and closed steel surfaces. In order to secure proper protection against corrosion of the inside of the box girders as well and to enable a good accessibility for reasons of inspection and maintenance, there has usually been applied a painting system consisting of three coats and there have been installed permanent gangways and/or movable inspection gantries inside the box girders.Both measures naturally imply relatively high costs both for the original implementation and the running inspection and maintenance of the inside of the box girders. As a consequence, nowadays has been made every effort to develop advanced cross section designs on the one hand and to implement progressive methods for the inside protection against corrosion on the other hand which could fit in perfectly to these new cross sections. This paper will describe the new developments in the field of inside protection against corrosion in connection with advanced bridge designs.
Bau der Weinberg‐Brücke in Rathenow für die Bundesgartenschau 2015 in Deutschland
Authors: Watzl Bernhard , Angerer Jürgen , Wall Christian E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractÜber die Havel verläuft in Rathenow eine neue 350 m lange Brücke für Fußgänger und Radfahrer. Die S‐förmige Weinberg‐Brücke war das zentrale Highlight der Bundesgartenschau 2015 in der Havelregion. Die Gartenschau fand im Land Brandenburg in den Städten Brandenburg/Havel, Premnitz, Rathenow und Rhinow/Stölln sowie in Havelberg in Sachsen‐Anhalt statt.Die Brücke besteht aus zwei Bogenbrücken, der eine führt über die Havel und der andere über das Gewässer Hellers Loch, mit jeweils nach außen geneigten Bögen sowie einem einseitig aufgehängten Deck, das sich zur Bogenmitte hin aufweitet und einen Verweilbereich mit Bänken schafft. Die einseitige Seilaufhängung ermöglicht ungehinderte Blicke über die Gewässer und Baumkronen in die Umgebung.Durch die neue Brücke ist eine dauerhafte Verbindung zwischen der Kulisse Schwedendamm und dem Weinberg geschaffen worden. Sie ist der wichtigste Baustein für die touristische Entwicklung der Stadt Rathenow und des Optikparks.Construction of the Weinberg‐Bridge in Rathenow for the Federal Garden Show 2015 in Germany. In Rathenow, a new 350 m long bicycling and footbridge spans the river Havel. The ogee Weinberg‐Bridge was the main highlight of the Federal Garden Show 2015 in the Havelland. The horticultural show was located in the cities of Brandenburg/Havel, Premnitz, Rathenow and Rhinow/Stölln of the region of Brandenburg as well as in the city of Havelberg in Saxony‐Anhalt.Over the two waters (Havel and Hellers Loch), the construction consists of two arch bridges with slanted archs, an unilaterally jointed bridge deck, which enlarges until the middle of the arch and offers benches for a stay on the bridge. The unilateral connection of the ropes enables unimpeded views over the waters and the trees in the surrounding area of the bridge.The permanent connection between the scenery of the Schwedendamm and the Weinberg is the most important part of the touristic development process of the city and the Optikpark.
Das Ottendorfer Viadukt – Entwurf und Ausführung einer außergewöhnlichen Stahlbogenbrücke
Authors: Teich Stephan , Otto Jens , Bösche Thomas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAufgrund des schlechten Bauzustandes der alten Gewölbebrücke Ottendorfer Viadukt wurde zum Erhalt der Streckenverfügbarkeit der Bahnstrecke Riesa–Chemnitz die Erneuerung der Eisenbahnüberführung erforderlich. Entsprechend den gestalterischen und funktionalen Vorgaben wurde der Ersatzneubau als rahmenversteiftes Bogentragwerk mit einer Gesamtlänge von 90,95 m und einer Bogenstützweite von 74,95 m konzipiert. Den zentralen Bereich bildet ein Stabbogen mit einer an Flachstahlhängern aufgehängten Fahrbahn. Der Bogen durchdringt die Versteifungsträger und bildet mit ihm und den nach unten verlängerten Bogenstielen ein zusätzlich tragendes Rahmensystem. Aufgrund dieser komplexen Tragwirkung handelt es sich um ein außergewöhnliches Ingenieurbauwerk. Die ausgeführte Form des Bogentragwerkes wurde bei der Deutschen Bahn zum ersten Mal ausgeführt und präsentiert im Ottendorfer Tal eine äußerst ästhetische Landschaftsmarke. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die Konstruktion, die bauliche Umsetzung sowie ausgewählte statische Details des Brückenbauwerkes.The Ottendorfer Viadukt – Design and execution of an exceptional steel arch bridge. Due to the bad condition of the old railway arch bridge Ottendorfer Viaduct at the route Riesa–Chemnitz and to obtain the route availability the renewal of the railway overpass was required. According to the shape and functional specifications the bridge was designed as an arch structure stiffened by a framed substructure with a total length of 90.95 m and an arch width of 74.95 m. The central structure is formed by a bridge beam suspended from flat steel hangers connected with the overrunning arch. The arch is going through the bridge beams and forms with his stalks an additional supporting framed substructure. Because of this complex structural behavior the bridge is an exceptional engineering object. The special structure was carried out at the Deutsche Bahn for the first time and presents the Ottendorfer Valley with a highly aesthetic landscape mark. This paper reports on the design, the execution and selected static details of the bridge building.
Conditions for diamond and graphite formation from iron carbide at the P-T parameters of lithospheric mantle
Authors: Bataleva Yu.V. , Palyanov Yu.N. , Borzdov Yu.M. , Bayukov O.A. , Sobolev N.V. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
To estimate conditions for the stability of iron carbide under oxidation conditions and to assess the possibility of formation of elemental carbon by interaction between iron carbide and oxides, experimental modeling of redox interaction in the systems Fe3C–Fe2O3 and Fe3C–Fe2O3–MgO–SiO2 was carried out on a “split-sphere” high-pressure multianvil apparatus at 6.3 GPa and 900–1600 °C for 18–20 h. During carbide–oxide interaction in the system Fe3C–Fe2O3, graphite crystallizes in assemblage with Fe3+-containing wüstite. Graphite forms from carbide carbon mainly by cohenite oxidation: Fe3C + 3Fe2O3 → 9FeO + C0 and FeO + Fe3C → (Fe2+,Fe3+)O + C0. At above-solidus temperatures (≥1400 °C), when metal–carbon melt is oxidized by wüstite, graphite and diamond crystallize by the redox mechanism and form the Fe3+-containing wüstite + graphite/diamond assemblage. Interaction in the system Fe3C–Fe2O3–MgO–SiO2 results in the formation of Fe3+-containing magnesiowüstite–olivine–graphite assemblage. At ≥1500 °C, two melts with contrasting fO2 values are generated: metal–carbon and silicate–oxide; their redox interaction leads to graphite crystallization and diamond growth. Under oxidation conditions, iron carbide is unstable in the presence of iron, silicon, and magnesium oxides, even at low temperatures. Iron carbide–oxide interaction at the mantle temperatures and pressures leads to the formation of elemental carbon; graphite is produced from carbide carbon mainly by redox reactions of cohenite (or metal–carbon melt) with Fe2O3 and FeO as well as by interaction between metal–carbon and silicate–oxide melts. The results obtained suggest that cohenite can be a potential source of carbon during graphite (diamond) formation in the lithospheric mantle and the interaction of iron carbide with iron, silicon, and magnesium oxides, during which carbon is extracted can be regarded as a process of the global carbon cycle.
24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in SWEDDs Patients With Parkinsonism
Authors: Kang Seok-Jae , Ahn Jin Young , Kim Joong-Seok , Cho Jin Whan , Kim Ji Young , Choi Yun Young , Kim Hee-Tae 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground: Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) on clinics who subsequently turn out to have normal dopamine transporter images have been referred to as scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficits (SWEDDs) patients. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction has frequently been reported in PD. In this study, we determined the similarities and differences in cardiac autonomic dysfunction between SWEDDs and PD patients. This study investigated whether 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24-hour ABPM) can help identify possible cases with SWEDDs. Methods: We enrolled 28 SWEDDs patients, 46 patients with PD, and 30 healthy controls. To evaluate cardiac autonomic function, 24-hour ABPM was performed on all subjects. Cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy was performed on the SWEDDs and PD subjects. Results: The percentage nocturnal decline in blood pressure differed significantly among SWEDDs patients, PD patients, and controls (p<0.05). In addition to the abnormal nocturnal BP, regulation (nondipping and reverse dipping) was significantly higher in SWEDDs and PD subjects than in the control subjects (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the % nocturnal blood pressure reduction and parameters of cardiac MIBG uptake ratio. However, orthostatic hypotension was significant correlated with the nocturnal blood pressure dip (%), nocturnal blood pressure patterns, and the cardiac MIBG uptake ratio (early and late) in combined SWEDDs and PD subjects. Conclusions: Pathologic nocturnal blood pressure regulation and nocturnal hypertension, known characteristics of PD, are also present in SWEDDs. Moreover, cardiac sympathetic denervation should not be attributed to cardiac autonomic dysfunction in SWEDDs patients. As with PD patients, the SWEDDs patients studied here tended to have cardiac autonomic dysfunction.
The Aeneid
Authors: Williams R. D. 
Published: February 2016

We know that Virgil, like Milton, spent many preliminary years in planning an epic poem, turning over the possibilities, practising his skill and techniques on other genres before undertaking the most ambitious of all the literary types. He tells us himself at the beginning of the sixth eclogue that when he wished to sing of kings and battles, Apollo warned him to keep to pastoral poetry; and in the proem toGeo.iii he promises to make a temple of song whose shrine shall be Caesar’s, and on the doors will be pictures of the conquering Romans and of their glorious ancestors.He did not in the end sing of Alban kings, nor yet (directly) of the battles of Caesar: he selected instead a subject which offered wide scope within his chosen area of interest.
Agriculture, American expertise, and the quest for global data: Leon Estabrook and the First World Agricultural Census of 1930
Authors: Ribi Forclaz Amalia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article provides a history of the First World Agricultural Census of 1930, an ambitious international attempt to evaluate world agricultural resources through the compilation of global statistics on crops, livestock, and agricultural production. Based on primary archival material, it explores how the census emerged from the connections between American and international institutions at a time when food security and the need to address problems of trade and competition appeared as central economic concerns of interstate relations. The article focuses on the role played by the American agricultural expert Leon Estabrook (1869–1937) and a related network of scientists and economists in the preparation and implementation of the statistical survey. By examining how Estabrook’s vision of economic development and scientific planning was shaped by his national background and redefined by his transnational engagement, the article sheds light on the global dominance and limitations of American scientific knowledge and agricultural practices in the interwar years. It uncovers the political manoeuvrings and negotiations that were necessary to move forward with the project, and assesses the survey’s outcome against the backdrop of the global economic downturn of the 1930s.
Working together: new directions in global labour history
Authors: Lucassen Leo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe aim of this article is to show the added value of global history that puts labour and labour relations as independent variables in the centre and uses structured long-term data by collaborating closely with historians in various parts of the world. The first part focuses primarily on the global labour relations approach, within the broader debate on social inequality and migration. The second part illustrates the potential of labour as an independent variable by reflecting on recent innovative work pertaining to labour-intensive industrializations in East Asia and Europe. The third part employs the perspective of migration to show the interrelated nature of labour relations and labour. Using the insights from the global labour relations approach and by taking labour seriously, the article will help to address core questions in labour history in a more structural way: why has work been valued and compensated in very different ways over the past five centuries? And how have people individually or collectively influenced these conditions? To find answers, it is crucial to make use of standardized empirical data, structured global comparisons, and more intensive collaborations.
Former Ottomans in the ranks: pro-Entente military recruitment among Syrians in the Americas, 1916–18
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor half a million ‘Syrian’ Ottoman subjects living outside the empire, the First World War initiated a massive political rift with Istanbul. Beginning in 1916, Syrian and Lebanese emigrants from both North and South America sought to enlist, recruit, and conscript immigrant men into the militaries of the Entente. Employing press items, correspondence, and memoirs written by émigré recruiters during the war, this article reconstructs the transnational networks that facilitated the voluntary enlistment of an estimated 10,000 Syrian emigrants into the armies of the Entente, particularly the United States Army after 1917. As Ottoman nationals, many Syrian recruits used this as a practical means of obtaining American citizenship and shedding their legal ties to Istanbul. Émigré recruiters folded their military service into broader goals for ‘Syrian’ and ‘Lebanese’ national liberation under the auspices of American political support.