bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Measurement of the Adhesion Moment of a Particle‐Wall Contact on the Atomic Scale
Authors: Haarmann Alexander , Schmidt Eberhard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIf a particle in contact with a wall gets stressed by an external force and the contact breaks, the particle will start an evasive movement. In many cases, the evasive movement with the smallest force to overcome is rolling. The resistive force – or better, resistive moment – that holds the particle in place was observed. To do so, a computer‐based simulation was developed to calculate this adhesion moment for two contact cases: a smooth spherical particle on a wall in a gaseous environment and another spherical particle with an also spherical roughness. These calculated values can now be compared to experimental data, since an apparatus to measure the adhesion moment was installed at an environmental scanning electron microscope.
Engaging Copper(III) Corrole as an Electron Acceptor: Photoinduced Charge Separation in Zinc Porphyrin–Copper Corrole Donor–Acceptor Conjugates
Authors: Ngo Thien H. , Zieba David , Webre Whitney A. , Lim Gary N. , Karr Paul A. , Kord Scheghajegh , Jin Shangbin , Ariga Katsuhiko , Galli Marzia , Goldup Steve , Hill Jonathan P. , D'Souza Francis 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAn electron‐deficient copper(III) corrole was utilized for the construction of donor–acceptor conjugates with zinc(II) porphyrin (ZnP) as a singlet excited state electron donor, and the occurrence of photoinduced charge separation was demonstrated by using transient pump–probe spectroscopic techniques. In these conjugates, the number of copper corrole units was varied from 1 to 2 or 4 units while maintaining a single ZnP entity to observe the effect of corrole multiplicity in facilitating the charge‐separation process. The conjugates and control compounds were electrochemically and spectroelectrochemically characterized. Computational studies revealed ground state geometries of the compounds and the electron‐deficient nature of the copper(III) corrole. An energy level diagram was established to predict the photochemical events by using optical, emission, electrochemical, and computational data. The occurrence of charge separation from singlet excited zinc porphyrin and charge recombination to yield directly the ground state species were evident from the diagram. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy studies provided spectral evidence of charge separation in the form of the zinc porphyrin radical cation and copper(II) corrole species as products. Rates of charge separation in the conjugates were found to be of the order of 1010 s−1 and increased with increasing multiplicity of copper(III) corrole entities. The present study demonstrates the importance of copper(III) corrole as an electron acceptor in building model photosynthetic systems.
Design, Synthesis, and Structural Analysis of Divalent NI Compounds and Identification of a New Electron‐Donating Ligand
Authors: Bharatam Prasad V. , Arfeen Minhajul , Patel Neha , Jain Priyanka , Bhatia Sonam , Chakraborti Asit K. , Khullar Sadhika , Gupta Vijay , Mandal Sanjay K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe dative‐bond representation (L→E) in compounds with main group elements (E) has triggered extensive debate in the recent past. The scope and limits of this nonclassical coordination bond warrant comprehensive exploration. Particularly compounds with (L→N←L′)+ arrangement are of special interest because of their therapeutic importance. This work reports the design and synthesis of novel chemical species with the general structural formula (L→N←L′)+ carrying the unusual ligand cyclohexa‐2,5‐diene‐4‐(diaminomethynyl)‐1‐ylidene. Four species belonging to the (L→N←L′)+ class carrying this unconventional ligand were synthesized. Quantum chemical and X‐ray diffraction analyses showed that the electronic and geometric parameters are consistent with those of already reported divalent NI compounds. The molecular orbital analysis, geometric parameters, and spectral data clearly support the L→N and N←L′ interactions in these species. The newly identified ligand has the properties of a reactive carbene and high nucleophilicity.
Cyclic Tetramers of Zinc Chlorophylls as a Coupled Light‐Harvesting Antenna–Charge‐Separation System
Authors: Shinozaki Yoshinao , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Sugawa Kosuke , Otsuki Joe 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA coupled light‐harvesting antenna–charge‐separation system, consisting of self‐assembled zinc chlorophyll derivatives that incorporate an electron‐accepting unit, is reported. The cyclic tetramers that incorporated an electron acceptor were constructed by the co‐assembly of a pyridine‐appended zinc chlorophyll derivative, ZnPy, and a zinc chlorophyll derivative further decorated with a fullerene unit, ZnPyC60. Comprehensive steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic studies were conducted for the individual tetramers of ZnPy and ZnPyC60 as well as their co‐tetramers. Intra‐assembly singlet energy transfer was confirmed by singlet–singlet annihilation in the ZnPy tetramer. Electron transfer from the singlet chlorin unit to the fullerene unit was clearly demonstrated by the transient absorption of the fullerene radical anion in the ZnPyC60 tetramer. Finally, with the co‐tetramer, a coupled light‐harvesting and charge‐separation system with practically 100 % quantum efficiency was demonstrated.
Cytomorphological features of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm on FNA and cerebrospinal fluid cytology: A review of 6 cases
Authors: Ferreira Joana , Gasparinho Maria Gabriela , Fonseca Ricardo 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDBlastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematopoietic tumor that was once believed to be derived from natural killer cells and is now recognized as originating from precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. It generally involves the skin and has an aggressive clinical course. Due to its highly malignant behavior, a fast and accurate diagnosis of this condition is of the utmost importance.METHODSSix cytology specimens from 5 patients diagnosed with BPDCN were reviewed as well as their clinical records. Findings were compared with 3 previously published cases.RESULTSTwo exfoliative cytology specimens (cerebrospinal fluid) and 4 fine‐needle aspiration specimens (3 lymph node specimens and 1 cutaneous specimen) were reviewed. The cytomorphological aspects were similar in all cases. The smears were hypercellular with a monotonous population of intermediate‐sized cells, dispersed singly or arranged in loose aggregates. The cells had round to oval nuclei, with fine chromatin and prominent nucleoli; the cytoplasm was generally scant, without visible granules. Intracytoplasmic microvacuoles were found in the majority of cases. Four cases were also characterized by flow cytometry, which revealed expression of CD 123, CD56 and/or CD4. Fine‐needle aspiration was used in 1 case for primary diagnosis. Histological confirmation was available in all cases.CONCLUSIONSBPDCN is a highly malignant neoplasm with a poor outcome. Cytology, in association with flow cytometry immunophenotyping and clinical history, is a reliable method with which to establish the diagnosis. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:196–202. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Triage of ASC‐H: A meta‐analysis of the accuracy of high‐risk HPV testing and other markers to detect cervical precancer
Authors: Xu Lan , Verdoodt Freija , Wentzensen Nicolas , Bergeron Christine , Arbyn Marc 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDWomen with a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H) are usually immediately referred for colposcopy. However, triage may reduce the burden of the diagnostic workup and prevent overtreatment.METHODSA meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the accuracy of high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing and testing for other molecular markers for the detection of grade 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (CIN2+) or grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (CIN3+) in women with ASC‐H. An additional question that was assessed was whether triage would be useful in light of the relatively high pretriage probability of underlying precancer.RESULTSThe pooled absolute sensitivity and specificity of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay for CIN2 + (derived from 19 studies) were 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89%‐95%) and 45% (95% CI, 41%‐50%), respectively. p16INK4a staining (only 3 studies) had similar sensitivity (93%; 95% CI, 75%‐100%) but superior specificity (specificity ratio, 1.69) to HC2 for CIN2+. Testing for paired box 1 gene methylation (only 1 study) showed a superior specificity of 95% (specificity ratio, 2.08). The average pretest risk was 34% for CIN2 + and 20% for CIN3+. A negative HC2 result decreased this to 8% and 5%, respectively, whereas a positive result upgraded the risk to 47% and 28%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSBecause of the high probability of precancer with a diagnosis of ASC‐H, the utility of triage is limited. The usual recommendation for referring women with ASC‐H for colposcopy is not altered by a positive triage test, whatever test is used. A negative hrHPV DNA or p16INK4a test may allow repeat testing, but this recommendation will depend on local decision thresholds for referral. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:261–72. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Characterization, detection, and counting of metal nanoparticles using flow cytometry
Authors: Zucker Robert M. , Ortenzio Jayna N.R. , Boyes William K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThere is a need to accurately detect, characterize, and quantify nanoparticles in suspensions. This study helps to understand the complex interactions between similar types of nanoparticles. Before initiating a study of metal nanoparticles, five submicron PS beads with sizes between 200 nm and 1 µm were used to derive a reference scale that was useful in evaluating the flow cytometer for functionality, sensitivity, resolution, and reproducibility. Side scatter intensity (SSC) from metal nanoparticles was obtained simultaneously from 405 nm and 488 nm lasers. The 405 nm laser generally yielded histogram distributions with smaller CVs, less side scatter intensity, better separation indices between beads and decreased scatter differences between different sized particles compared with the 488 nm laser. Submicron particles must be diluted to 106and 107particles/mL before flow cytometer analysis to avoid coincidence counting artifacts. When particles were too concentrated the following occurred: swarm, electronic overload, coincidence counting, activation of doublet discrimination and rejection circuitry, increase of mean SSC histogram distributions, alterations of SSC and pulse width histogram shape, decrease and fluctuations in counting rate and decrease or elimination of particulate water noise and 1 µm reference bead. To insure that the concentrations were in the proper counting range, the nanoparticle samples were mixed with a known concentration of 1µm counting beads. Sequential dilutions of metal nanoparticles in a 1 µm counting bead suspension helped determine the diluted concentration needed for flow cytometer analysis. It was found that the original concentrated nanoparticle samples had to be diluted, between 1:10,000 and 1:100,000, before characterization by flow cytometry. The concentration of silver or gold nanoparticles in the undiluted sample were determined by comparing them with a known concentration (1.9 × 106beads/mL) of 1 µm polystyrene reference beads. Published 2015Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of ISAC
Electrokinetic injection of samples into a short electrophoretic capillary controlled by piezoelectric micropumps
Authors: Opekar František , Nesměrák Karel , Tůma Petr 
Published: November 2015

Electrokinetic sample injection using two piezoelectric micropumps has been proposed for electrophoresis in short capillaries. The sample is brought to the injection end of the capillary using one of them. Then, the high‐voltage source is turned on and the sample is injected electrokinetically for a defined time. The injection is terminated by removal of the sample zone by the flowing separation electrolyte pumped by the second piezoelectric micropump. The RSD value, expressing the repeatability of the injection, does not exceed 4%. The injection apparatus does not contain any mobile mechanical components, there is no movement of the capillary and both its ends remain constantly in the solution during both the sample injection and separation. Thus, the micropumps replace the six‐way injection valve and linear pump in similar types of injection apparatuses. The injection was tested in the separation and determination of ammonium and potassium ions in two samples of mineral fertilizers. The separation was performed in background electrolyte containing 500 mM of acetic acid + 20 mM Tris + 2 mM 18‐crown‐6 (pH 3.3) in a capillary with id 50 μm and total length/length to the contactless conductivity detector of 10.5/8 cm. The injection and separation took place at a voltage of 5 kV and the separation time equaled 20 s. The measured values of the analyte contents corresponded to the value declared by the manufacturer within the reliability interval, where RSD equaled between 3.5 and 4.7%.
Women are not less field independent than men—the role of stereotype threat
Authors: Drążkowski Dariusz , Szwedo Jakub , Krajczewska Aleksandra , Adamczuk Anna , Piątkowski Krzysztof , Jadwiżyc Marcin , Rakowski Adam 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPrior research has shown that females are less field independent (FI) than males. However, when gender identity is salient, performance on tests assessing constructs similar to FI may be hindered, because of stereotype threat. This study examined the impact of stereotype threat on gender differences in FI. We expected that (a) reporting one's own gender prior to FI testing and (b) having an opposite‐gender experimenter would activate stereotype threat, and in turn result in lower performance on a test of FI among females. Overall, 170 participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions in a between‐participants design varying the participant's gender, experimenter's gender and timing of the gender question (before vs. after test). Results showed that reporting one's gender before the FI test led to lower FI performance among females. Furthermore, females achieved higher FI when experimenters were females and gender questions were administered after the FI test.
Measurement of oxygen transfer from air into organic solvents
Authors: Ramesh Hemalata , Mayr Torsten , Hobisch Mathias , Borisov Sergey , Klimant Ingo , Krühne Ulrich , Woodley John M 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe use of non‐aqueous organic media is becoming increasingly important in many biotechnological applications in order to achieve process intensification. Such media can be used, for example, to directly extract poorly water‐soluble toxic products from fermentations. Likewise many biological reactions require the supply of oxygen, most normally from air. However, reliable online measurements of oxygen concentration in organic solvents (and hence oxygen transfer rates from air to the solvent) has to date proven impossible due to limitations in the current analytical methods.RESULTSFor the first time, online oxygen measurements in non‐aqueous media using a novel optical sensor are demonstrated. The sensor was used to measure oxygen concentration in various organic solvents including toluene, THF, isooctane, DMF, heptane and hexane (which have all been shown suitable for several biological applications). Subsequently, the oxygen transfer rates from air into these organic solvents were measured.CONCLUSIONThe measurement of oxygen transfer rates from air into organic solvents using the dynamic method was established using the solvent resistant optical sensor. The feasibility of online oxygen measurements in organic solvents has also been demonstrated, paving the way for new opportunities in process control. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Biorenewable Thermoplastic Elastomeric Triblock Copolymers Containing Salicylic Acid‐Derived End‐Blocks and a Fatty Acid‐Derived Midblock
Authors: Wang Shu , Ding Wenyue , Yang Guozhen , Robertson Megan L. 
Published: November 2015

A sustainable triblock copolymer thermoplastic elastomer is developed containing a fatty acid‐derived midblock and salicylic acid‐derived endblocks. The rubbery midblock, poly(lauryl methacrylate), is chosen for its low glass transition temperature, hydrophobicity, and degradation resistance. Poly(acetylsalicylic ethyl methacrylate), derived from salicylic acid, abundantly encountered in plant products such as fruit and vegetable components, is developed as a biorenewable alternative for the glassy endblocks of the triblock copolymer. The acetylsalicylic ethyl methacrylate monomer offers advantages of the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, readily functionalized to acrylate or methacrylate groups, appropriate for controlled radical polymerization, and rigid aromatic rings which impart a high glass transition temperature to the polymer. The synthesis and characterization of poly(acetylsalicylic ethyl methacrylate‐block‐lauryl methacrylate‐block‐acetylsalicylic ethyl methacrylate) (ALA) triblock copolymers are presented. The ALA triblock copolymer exhibits microphase separated domains and is processable at elevated temperatures through compression molding. Tensile testing reveals elastomeric behavior at room temperature.
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Metrological analysis of a gravimetric calibration system for tipping‐bucket rain gauges
Authors: Santana Márcio A. A. , Guimarães Patrícia L. O. , Lanza Luca G. , Vuerich Emanuele 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe monitoring of hydro‐meteorological variables for operational and research purposes requires accurate measurements. The reliability of such measurements varies depending on the need to meet different requirements in several sectors, including aviation, agriculture, civil protection, entertainment and weather forecast. In the case of rain gauges, many factors and variables affect the measurement of liquid and solid precipitation in the field. Calibration is a primary tool for quality control and requires suitable infrastructure to perform the tests, and is done by using properly evaluated testing methods and procedures. The current study presents the analysis of a typical calibration system for tipping‐bucket rain gauges, using the gravimetric method, in accordance with the recommendations and requirements of both meteorology and metrology. As a result, the uncertainty contribution of each component of the system and an assessment of the resulting overall uncertainty budget are obtained.
The Tinel sign has no diagnostic value for nerve entrapment or neuropathy in the legs
Authors: Datema Mirjam , Hoitsma Elske , Roon Krista I. , Malessy Martijn J.A. , Van Dijk J. Gert , Tannemaat Martijn R. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe presence of a Tinel sign in leg nerves has been proposed as a criterion for decompressive surgery in polyneuropathy. We investigated the diagnostic yield of the Tinel sign for nerve entrapment and for distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN).MethodsWe prospectively tested for the Tinel sign at 3 sites of possible nerve entrapment per leg in 91 patients. Entrapment was defined using nerve conduction data. We also investigated whether the number of sites at which the Tinel sign was present identified patients with DSPN.ResultsSensitivity of the Tinel sign for nerve entrapment was low (29%, 44%, and 17%) for the 3 sites, and specificity was moderate (86%, 75%, and 81%). In the subgroup with DSPN, sensitivity was extremely low (0%, 20%, and 8%), and specificity was moderate (91%, 79%, and 73%). The number of sites with a Tinel sign did not identify patients with DSPN.ConclusionThe Tinel sign does not reliably indicate nerve entrapment or DSPN. Muscle Nerve 54: 25–30, 2016
Providing Cultural Context for ‘Sacrifice of the Social Outcasts’
Authors: Scott A. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn ‘Sacrifice of the Social Outcasts’, C.L. Kieffer proposes that the disabled formed a socially marginal group that might have been preferentially targeted for human sacrifice in ancient Maya society. Extensive ethnohistoric and iconographic evidence exists that the disabled and deformed held high status in pre‐contact Mesoamerica precisely because of their physical disabilities and played well‐defined social roles. Several incidences of the sacrifice of these individuals are produced, but they are associated with extraordinary events. The actual cultural context suggests that the sacrifice of a disabled individual may have larger social implications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review on first trimester three‐dimensional placental volumetry predicting small for gestational age infants
Authors: Farina Antonio 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveA systematic review and pooled analysis was carried out to estimate (i) the reference values and (ii) the potential value of measuring the first‐trimester 3D‐placental volume (PV) for predicting small for gestational age (SGA) infants.MethodA comprehensive literature search for relevant studies was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases. A simulation model was generated to calculate the detection rate (DR) of the PV for SGA infants. A random variable was generated having the same number of cases, and the same means and standard deviation as those reported in the articles considered for the analysis.ResultsFor the evaluation of the normal values of PV, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four also produced an equation for PV estimation at 11 to 14 weeks. The weighted mean PV [±standard error of mean (SEM)] of 7519 cases was 59.40 ± 1.533 mL. For the estimation of PV performance in predicting SGA, five studies were included. The DR of the PV was 24.7% (19.3–30.1) at a 10% false–positive rate.ConclusionThe mean PV estimation of the studies analyzed was burdened by a high degree of heterogeneity. Instead, discordant results were reported for the possible prediction of SGA infants using PV. Surprisingly, just two articles reported the DR for SGA infants and also had proper statistical power. The discriminatory ability of using PV alone for predicting SGA appears to be modest, but could successfully be integrated into a multivariable screening method for SGA infants. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Faraday Fading Rate for Nearly Transversal Propagation
Authors: Mass Jonathan 
Published: November 2015

The Faraday fading of a satellite signal has a fairly constant rate, except when the signal propagates through the ionosphere perpendicularly to the earth's magnetic field. At that instant, one notes a sudden slowing down of the fading rate. This usually occurs at receiving stations of low geomagnetic latitude.In this note, the duration of this sharp change in fading rate is calculated from the AppletonHartree formula for the refractive index (without collisions), near the transverse propagation conditions. Examples are given of amplitude records showing the “rate anomaly.”