bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MBSE Analysis &amp; Update of U.S. Infrastructure Data Taxonomy (IDT) Using U.S. National Critical Functions (NCFs)
Authors: Adebonojo Anthony A. , Moen Kirk A. , Russell Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we will demonstrate the application of Model&dash;Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tools and techniques we have used to assist the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) / Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) in analysis of open&dash;source Infrastructure Data Taxonomy (IDT) data to analyze and contribute to the updates required for their IDT. We will show how we have used Functional Analysis, Logical Structure Taxonomies, and MBSE tools to analyze the IDT alongside the DHS National Critical Functions (NCFs) to recommend and improve these updates for their IDT. We have also proposed updates to the NCFs themselves where obvious improvements could be made. Our future recommendations are to continue this effort as a team of INCOSE Critical Infrastructure Protection and Recovery (CIPR) team members, along with other INCOSE Working Groups (WGs), and to explore other use cases based on this model data, as well as inviting other Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) to assist in the enhancements. This modeling effort demonstrated the use of these MBSE tools while working together with other organizations to enable improvements to the Critical Infrastructure (CI) space leveraging systems theory &amp; thought leadership. We will outline further avenues for exploration using this provided MBSE capability in multiple areas that could be useful to the DHS, and will discuss a potential longer&dash;term engagement with DHS in an annual challenge. This challenge similar to those led by multiple other projects will include collaborations with universities and other CI / CIPR entities interested in this modeling of the CI space. Other opportunities to extend the model further include, but are not limited to security / cybersecurity, operational, and services modeling use cases, involving Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and much more. We have shown how these tools are effective and efficient for use in the water / wastewater sector, but will also yield similar benefits when applied across all identified sectors and across the international community as well (i.e., transportation, telecommunications, etc.). Interestingly we have seen in our initial analyses that the various taxonomies across sectors, subsectors, segments, subsegments, and assets vary slightly between regions and countries internationally for various reasons.
Application of SysMLv1 vs SysMLv2 in the Scope of the MagicGrid Framework
Authors: Aleksandraviciene Aiste , Strolia Zilvinas , Jankauskas Osvaldas 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper aims to assess the impact of the next generation Systems Modeling Language, SysMLv2, on MagicGrid, an established framework for the model‐based systems engineering (MBSE). The research involves the parallel application of SysMLv1 and SysMLv2 to build two models of the problem domain definition by following the steps defined by the framework. The paper compares the modeling concepts of both languages used to create the model, discloses differences, and assesses advantages and disadvantages over each other. While SysMLv2 offers both textual and graphical notations, this study primarily focuses on the graphical representation. The paper concludes with a comprehensive summary of distinctions observed in the application of SysMLv2 versus SysMLv1. As anticipated, SysMLv2 was found a completely fresh modeling language. Significant alterations has been observed in the use case specification and functional analysis. Additionally, the absence of explicit guidelines on the utilization of definitions and usages was identified.
Towards UAF Implementation in SysML V2
Authors: Morkevicius Aurelijus , Krisciuniene Gintare 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe ongoing transformation in the industry from a document‐based systems engineering to a model‐based systems engineering approach reveals gaps in existing modeling standards. Evolution of standards is inevitable. A de facto standard modeling language, SysML (Systems Modeling Language), is undergoing a major transformation in its evolution, with the introduction of SysML version 2, which is a complete redesign of the language architecture. With the major update of SysML, all related standards need to be redesigned. The Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) is not an exception. UAF version 2 is a future version of the standard to be based on SysML V2. Currently, the development of UAF based on SysML V2 is in the very early stages, and various organizations involved in its development are independently researching the way forward. This paper describes one of the research projects to test the feasibility of SysML V2 to address UAF community needs.
MIGRATING TO ARP4754A: TAILORING OF ARCHITECTURE AND SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION PROCESSES IN THE ROTORCRAFT INDUSTRY
Authors: Fabbroni Davide , Casella Guido , Ward David 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRotorcrafts are very complex systems that require a huge systems engineering effort to design, implement and integrate. A successful aircraft design is a matter of good integration between engineering disciplines and suppliers just as much as it is about finding a good technical solution to the customers' expectations. This issue is well understood within the industry and competent authorities. Companies now face the challenge of transitioning from integrating complex systems to make an aircraft (as per ARP4754) to engineering and collating a complex aircraft system as per ARP4754A: in other words, the focus shifted to a more holistic view to the aircraft development, a game changer in all respects. Leonardo Helicopters is tailoring its internal processes to reflect this change and challenge. While the ideal process can be defined today, the transition takes time and a significant change in culture and organization needs to take place. To support the transition, the authors have developed a hybrid approach to the aircraft architecture and system requirements definition process. This new approach leverages existing expertise at a system level to facilitate the integration between systems and the subsequent migration to bridge the gap with the aircraft engineering activities required by the ARP4754A.
Logical Architecture Optimization via a Markov chain based Hierarchical Clustering Method
Authors: Melani Beatrice , Fabbroni Davide , Manieri Lucrezia , Falsone Alessandro , Prandini Maria 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDue to the growing complexity of engineering systems, optimization of logical architectures is becoming fundamental in the economy of the Systems Engineering process. Clusters of functions that are highly interacting with each other should be identified, while minimizing dependencies across the resulting modules. To this purpose, one can consider the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) describing relation between functions and permute its rows and columns to recover a block‐diagonal structure with single or double border, with blocks corresponding to clusters of functions and borders to bus‐like elements. This paper proposes a method to achieve this by partitioning the nodes of an undirected graph representation of the DSM. More precisely, starting from the DSM structure, a Markov chain is introduced by associating probabilities to transitions between nodes, which are then clustered based on the similarity among the probability distributions originating from them using a hierarchical clustering scheme. Interestingly, the method does not require any prior knowledge of system structure (e.g. the number of clusters), and it is computationally less demanding than competing algorithms.
Leveraging Large Language Models for Direct Interaction with SysML v2
Authors: DeHart John K. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper examines the potential integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with the Systems Modeling Language version 2 (SysML v2), proposing a novel methodology for systems engineering by capitalizing on the enhanced readability and human‐friendly syntax of SysML v2. Given the emergent sophistication of LLMs and the coincidental development of SysML v2—‐an endeavor that presents a pivot toward naturally articulated model interaction—‐we explore the possibilities and implications of such an intersection. Our investigation posits that LLMs can serve not only as an interpretive layer, allowing for the syntactically simplified manipulation of system models, but also as a catalyst for a knowledge‐driven design approach.We highlight the efficiencies gained by deploying LLMs for SysML v2 interactions, which reduce the dependency on technical expertise traditionally needed for API navigation and model management. Through case studies and analysis, we demonstrate that the conversational engagement with system models facilitated by LLMs can lead to a democratized and accelerated design process. However, this advent is tempered by a critical awareness of potential pitfalls, such as automation bias and overreliance on automated systems—‐underscoring the need for continued human oversight and the examination of ethical considerations.Emphasizing the chance of SysML v2 being inherently English‐based and the parallel maturation of LLMs, this paper suggests that the collaborative utilization of these concurrent advancements may offer an opportune fusion, potentially revolutionizing the way systems are modeled and managed. Future work involves the empirical validation of these approaches and a deeper investigation into interoperability with existing and future systems engineering ecosystems. The ultimate goal is to ensure that this fusion not only complements human expertise but also propels systems engineering into a new era of innovation and holistic design.
Addressing Cross‐Domain Interoperability between Automotive and Smart Grid Architecture Models
Authors: Gross Jounes‐Alexander , Polanec Katharina , Vereno Dominik , Binder Christoph , Neureiter Christian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe rapid advancement and diversification of technical domains, particularly in automotive and smart grid sectors, are pivotal in driving the emerging energy revolution. This evolution is instrumental in governing the future of smart cities, characterized by escalating complexity and diversity within these domains. Such a landscape necessitates seamless collaboration among various domain experts, a task often complicated by the prevalent use of domain‐specific languages and tools tailored to specific engineering needs. This poses a significant challenge towards cross‐domain interoperability.Addressing this challenge, our research introduces a novel approach leveraging abstraction layers inspired by the Software Platform Embedded Systems (SPES) methodology. This approach aims to enhance the compatibility of domain‐specific frameworks, with a focus on the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) and the Automotive Reference Architecture Model (ARAM). By applying these SPES‐inspired abstraction layers, our work facilitates the reconciliation of varying levels of detail across different domains.The paper culminates in a proof of concept that demonstrates the practical implementation of this approach, showcasing a method to achieve effective cross‐domain interoperability. This implementation not only underscores the feasibility of our proposed solution but also illuminates a pathway for managing the intricate interplay of systems in the rapidly evolving landscape of smart cities.
Introducing a Three‐Layer Model Taxonomy to Facilitate System‐of‐Systems Co‐Simulation
Authors: Vereno Dominik , Polanec Katharina , Gross Jounes‐Alexander , Binder Christoph , Neureiter Christian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe growing demand for efficient, resilient, and sustainable electricity infrastructure has led to the emergence of smart grids as cyber‐physical systems of systems. Co‐simulation has proven an effective tool for their analysis and validation by coordinating independent subsystem simulations. However, the reuse and integration of diverse models in co‐simulation poses challenges, requiring compatibility and integration efforts. In response, this paper proposes a model taxonomy with the purpose of facilitating co‐simulation; it comprises three layers: concrete‐instance models, abstract‐instance models, and type models. The taxonomy contributes to the creation of independently developed models that can be seamlessly integrated into a coupled co‐simulation. Furthermore, it reflects the emergence of digital twins in smart grid engineering by the explicit distinction of abstract and concrete instances. The three‐layer taxonomy was derived and validated through a case study on co‐simulation of electric‐vehicle charging infrastructure. The research further analyzes and formalizes three modeling‐and‐simulation challenges framed through the lens of the taxonomy: the integration of models across all three layers, the merging of layers, and the consolidation of instance models to craft joint co‐simulation scenarios. Finally, three concrete recommendations for research and industrial practice are given. Thereby, the study contributes to the efficient and effective model‐based validation of cyber‐physical systems of systems using co‐simulation.
Application of Model‐Based Systems Engineering Within the Automotive Industry —‐ a Current State
Authors: Brenk Daniel , Seiffert Sebastian , Rauh Artur 
Published: September 2024

AbstractModel‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has been utilized within the automotive industry for several years. Increasing complexity due to highly automated, connected vehicles demands methods of coping with this complexity. In most cases, currently, only specific partial aspects or single methods of MBSE are used, which even varies across different companies. This paper aims to examine the current implementation of MBSE based on samples collected from companies acting within the automotive industry. Various aspects are explored, including the scope of application throughout the product life cycle, the use of simulation methods and the collaboration with other disciplines within product development. In the end, an evaluation discusses the reasons for the current state, and recommendations are given.
Implementation of a Technical Peer Review Process: Principles, Policy, and Cultural Change
Authors: Alvarez Francisco , Britt Leslie , Trujillo Jon 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe complex scientific and engineering work performed at Sandia National Laboratories is supported by a comprehensive system of reviews that include design, gate, and peer reviews. A recent exercise revealed a need to change how technical peer reviews are conducted. Building on industry standards, best practices, current standard internal practices and other previous work, Sandia has developed a continuous improvement process to institutionalize technical peer review in the design lifecycle of products. The approach focuses on translating customer and leadership expectations, utilizing current established practices, simplifying planning and execution, and providing resources to project teams to guide them and ensure that rigorous and consistent technical peer reviews are performed. This paper presents the process used by Sandia to improve the technical peer review process, the factors that affect implementation of a peer review process, the simplified three‐step process implemented, the tools and resources generated, and the sustainment plan adopted to increase the institution‐wide use of peer review as a tool to improve product delivery.
Truly Modular and Open System Design is Difficult
Authors: Hetherington David 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIn the United States, major defense acquisition programs must implement a modular open systems approach (MOSA) as required by U.S. law. (Defense Standardization Program, 2016). Some in the defense community have focused on MOSA as a checklist compliance activity. However, designing economically and operationally competitive system platforms that are truly modular is extremely challenging. Many such modular system platform efforts fail to meet early expectations for convenience, cost, and community uptake. Open standards are challenging as well. If a highly successful, stable, well‐documented, appropriate open standard is available for an interface, then leveraging such a standard can be fairly straightforward. However, often there is no obvious or adequate open standard available and the system platform owners have to organize a community to bring such a standard into existence.This paper will review three concrete examples of such MOSA efforts. The three cases cover both commercial and defense applications as well as covering both hardware and software. The two systems that focused on hardware modularity did eventually go into production but did not completely fulfill early expectations for their programs. The software system used an out‐of‐the‐box approach and achieved a best‐in‐class result in terms of economic effectiveness, time to market, and stakeholder satisfaction. This paper will discuss underlying challenges that seem to be common to all such efforts, review the results of the three cases, and offer some simple guidelines for increasing the probability of success for such a program.
Context‐Based Systems Engineering
Authors: Bredin Johan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper proposes an innovative problem/system decomposition approach. Unlike the conventional method, where stakeholder requirements are transformed into system requirements for the system‐of‐interest (SOI), the new approach involves decomposing stakeholder requirements into specifications for modified context subsystems. These subsystems comprise elements from both the SOI and its surrounding context.The new approach offers two key strengths. Firstly, an enhanced contextual relationship. The approach naturally establishes a relationship between the SOI and its context across various abstraction levels. This contextual linkage fosters modularity and agility within the system. Secondly the new approach enables precise functionality definition. Unlike mere declarations, the new approach allows for explicit functionality definition at all levels. Consequently, we can formulate executable requirements, enabling system simulation across all system levels. Very early integration, verification, and validation become possible as a result.
Systems Perspective Outcomes from Aerospace Failure Investigations
Authors: Matranga Elizabeth , Fong Calvin , DeTurris Dianne , Flumerfelt Shannon 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMany tools are available for managing complexity in the development of large aerospace systems. Complexity manifests in components, software and so many possible human interactions that all the operational states of the system are not predicted ahead of time. System behaviors are seemingly unexpected, unpredictable, and often unwanted. However, finding these failure modes before they happen can be done by techniques that are qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods, used situationally, as needed for each particular circumstance. Through studies of failure investigations from NASA and the aerospace industry, recommendations coalesce on using a systems perspective to increase communication and reduce the risk of failure. Overall, a consistent outcome of these investigations is the suggestion to listen to as many value‐added perspectives as possible. Preventing failures in operation is managed by improving collaboration within and among teams, which is an effective way to reveal those perspectives, through both formal and informal communication techniques properly contextualized.
DATA ELEMENT MAPPING AND ANALYSIS (DEMA) TO ENABLE SYSTEMATIC MODEL CREATION USING SYSML
Authors: Ledford Allison , Askew Susan , Huang Edward 
Published: September 2024

AbstractData Element Mapping and Analysis (DEMA) represents a new and systematic methodology for the standardized capture, mapping, and analysis of data threads essential for comprehending digital systems and their architecture. This research studies the synergies between DEMA and Systems Modeling Language (SysML). The study aims to enable the systematic creation of digital artifacts using SysML. The results show that DEMA can serve as a complementary tool, enhancing the creation of SysML models by improving knowledge capture and verification processes. The prototype DEMA to SysML framework presented in this work provides the foundation for a systematic methodology to enable the systematic creation of models using SysML.
A Framework to Use Bifurcation Analysis for Insight into Complex Systems Resilience
Authors: Otalvaro Rogelio Gracia , Watson Bryan C. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe increasing complexity and integration of systems present challenges in understanding and managing these systems, as highlighted by the INCOSE Systems Engineering Vision for 2035. This complexity risks system failures due to insufficient understanding. Resilience Engineering is a field that focuses on system behavior in the face of disruptions. However, existing methods to measure resilience, such as probability‐based measures and linear recovery models, are limited by the non‐linear and dynamic nature of modern systems. Bifurcation Analysis, a mathematical system dynamics technique, offers a different perspective by examining how systems behave under changing conditions. This approach, developed in ecology and traditionally applied in fields including power systems and neural networks, can provide insights into the resilient characteristics of non‐linear systems. Despite its promise, Bifurcation Analysis is not usually associated with Resilience Engineering. This paper proposes using Bifurcation Analysis to understand system resilience better and support Resilience Engineering practitioners. It aims to bridge the gap between the two fields, offering a framework for integrating both approaches. This framework is then applied to a model system to demonstrate its potential to enhance the understanding of system resilience. Contributions are an overview of current Resilience Engineering and Bifurcation Analysis, a general‐use framework for practitioners, and an application of this framework. Future work will focus on applying the new framework to more cases, allowing for improved Resilience Engineering, and improving the framework to make it more accessible, versatile, and reliable.
SoS ‐ Global Solutions to Global Problems Using UAF
Authors: Carroll Kristina , Lyle Allison , Lewark Rae , Medina Casey , Morkevičius Aurelijus 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper applies Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) to a case study which defines the global copper market as an enterprise comprising a diverse set of stakeholders and independently operating businesses and industries, with the goal to understand how they might evaluate, execute, or modify their behaviors in response to the diminishing global copper supply. Specifically, we sought to determine if the framework viewpoints, modeling language, and workflow guidance provided in the UAF specification could support the analysis. In a true System of Systems (SoS), the solution (or any improvement) relies on the cooperation of a multitude of independent and unrelated businesses and industries. Several viewpoints of UAF were evaluated to model the SoS, which reveal how certain entities may be motivated to implement solutions, and how those decisions may impact others within the SoS. We also provide observations from the analysis which may serve to improve the utility of UAF in other applications.