bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors on cytokine production and differentiation in keratinocytes
Authors: DeTemple Viola , Satzger Imke , Walter Antje , Schaper Katrin , Gutzmer Ralf 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRisk factors for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) include ultraviolet radiation and immunosuppression. In particular, solid organ transplant recipients show a high incidence of cSCC, depending on the immunosuppressive regimen. While azathioprine or calcineurin inhibitors increase the risk of cSCC development, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors decreases this risk. At the moment, the mechanisms behind this protective effect of mTOR inhibitors are not fully understood. We evaluated effects of the mTOR inhibitors sirolimus and everolimus on keratinocytes, cSCC cell lines and an organotypic skin model in vitro in regard to proliferation, cytokine secretion and differentiation. We show that mTOR inhibitors block keratinocyte proliferation and alter cytokine and cytokeratin production: in particular, mTOR inhibition leads to upregulation of interleukin‐6 and downregulation of cytokeratin 10. Therefore, mTOR inhibitors have effects on keratinocytes, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of cSCC.
Can people change the ecological rules that appear general across space?
Authors: Šizling A. L. , Pokorný P. , Juřičková L. , Horáčková J. , Abraham V. , Šizlingová E. , Ložek V. , Tjørve E. , Tjørve K. M. C. , Kunin W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimProjections of human impact on the environment and biodiversity patterns are crucial if we are to prevent their destruction. Such projections usually involve the assumption that the same human activities always affect biodiversity in the same way, either in geographically distant areas within the same time‐scale or in the same areas in different periods. In this paper, plant and snail fossils from central Europe that cover the last 12,000 years provide evidence against this assumption.LocationCentral Europe.MethodsWe examined fossil data on central European plants and snails and extracted time‐series of (1) local species richness (alpha diversity) at a scale of approximately 300 m × 300 m and decays of (2) the Jaccard index and (3) Simpson's beta with increasing distance (up to approximately 400 km) through time.ResultsWe show that two vital biodiversity patterns follow neither oxygen‐isotope nor borehole temperature proxies, but instead vary between archaeologically known periods, with the most noticeable and irreversible breaks (1) when arable agriculture was introduced into central Europe, (2) when the Roman Empire collapsed, and (3) during the event known as the 12th‐century colonization in central Europe. The patterns computed from data across time sometimes contradicted the patterns computed across space.Main conclusionsWe therefore infer that people can, and sometimes have, contributed to temporal changes in ecological rules that are seemingly general across space. Our findings indicate that the changes in ecological rules are so substantial that efforts to project future biodiversity based on space‐for‐time substitution might fail, unless we gain knowledge about how these general rules are altered.
The Management of Workplace Conflict: Contrasting Pathways in the HRM Literature
Authors: Currie Denise , Gormley Tom , Roche Bill , Teague Paul 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper reviews the human resource management literature on the management of workplace conflict. It suggests that workplace conflict is commonly viewed in the literature as a symptom of management failure: the notion that conflict may be intrinsic to the nature of work because employees and managers have hard‐to‐reconcile competing interests is given short‐shrift. At the same time, the paper identifies important differences in the literature, which the authors call ‘pathways’, about the best methods to manage problems at the workplace. It is argued that four contrasting pathways can be detected in the literature with regard to how organizations approach workplace conflict management practices. Each pathway is examined fully and their respective strengths and weaknesses are assessed.
Government Surveillance and Why Defining Privacy Matters in a Post‐Snowden World
Authors: Macnish Kevin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere is a long‐running debate as to whether privacy is a matter of control or access. This has become more important following revelations made by Edward Snowden in 2013 regarding the collection of vast swathes of data from the Internet by signals intelligence agencies such as NSA and GCHQ. The nature of this collection is such that if the control account is correct then there has been a significant invasion of people's privacy. If, though, the access account is correct then there has not been an invasion of privacy on the scale suggested by the control account.I argue that the control account of privacy is mistaken. However, the consequences of this are not that the seizing control of personal information is unproblematic. I argue that the control account, while mistaken, seems plausible for two reasons. The first is that a loss of control over my information entails harm to the rights and interests that privacy protects. The second is that a loss of control over my information increases the risk that my information will be accessed and that my privacy will be violated. Seizing control of another's information is therefore harmful, even though it may not entail a violation of privacy. Indeed, seizing control of another's information may be more harmful than actually violating their privacy.
Commentary: Networks of peers, genes, and explanations – reflections on Szekely et al. (2016)
Authors: O'Connor Thomas G. 
Published: May 2016

Much has been learned about the origins and effects of peer relationships on the health and well‐being of children, adolescents, and adults. This commentary on Szekely et al. examines the role of genetics research on peer relationships, and the arising methodological and conceptual questions. Research findings on the genetics of peer networks illustrate how genetic influences may shape complex and dynamic phenotypes. Equally complex is the application of these findings for theory and practice.
Detection and quantification of Aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissue by real‐time PCR
Authors: Bartkova S , Kokotovic B , Skall H F , Lorenzen N , Dalsgaard I 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFurunculosis, a septicaemic infection caused by the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, currently causes problems in Danish seawater rainbow trout production. Detection has mainly been achieved by bacterial culture, but more rapid and sensitive methods are needed. A previously developed real‐time PCR assay targeting the plasmid encoded aopP gene of A. salmonicida was, in parallel with culturing, used for the examination of five organs of 40 fish from Danish freshwater and seawater farms. Real‐time PCR showed overall a higher frequency of positives than culturing (65% of positive fish by real‐time PCR compared to 30% by a culture approach). Also, no real‐time PCR‐negative samples were found positive by culturing. A. salmonicida was detected by real‐time PCR, though not by culturing, in freshwater fish showing no signs of furunculosis, indicating possible presence of carrier fish. In seawater fish examined after an outbreak and antibiotics treatment, real‐time PCR showed the presence of the bacterium in all examined organs (1–482 genomic units mg−1). With a limit of detection of 40 target copies (1–2 genomic units) per reaction, a high reproducibility and an excellent efficiency, the present real‐time PCR assay provides a sensitive tool for the detection of A. salmonicida.
THE 4/2 STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL: A UNIFIED APPROACH FOR THE HESTON AND THE 3/2 MODEL
Authors: Grasselli Martino 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe introduce a new stochastic volatility model that includes, as special instances, the Heston (1993) and the 3/2 model of Heston (1997) and Platen (1997). Our model exhibits important features: first, instantaneous volatility can be uniformly bounded away from zero, and second, our model is mathematically and computationally tractable, thereby enabling an efficient pricing procedure. This called for using the Lie symmetries theory for partial differential equations; doing so allowed us to extend known results on Bessel processes. Finally, we provide an exact simulation scheme for the model, which is useful for numerical applications.
Esophageal acid sensitivity and mucosal integrity in patients with functional heartburn
Authors: Weijenborg P. W. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPatients with functional heartburn (FH) experience troublesome heartburn that is not related to gastroesophageal reflux. The etiology of the heartburn sensation in FH patients is unknown. In patients with reflux disease, esophageal hypersensitivity seems associated with impaired mucosal integrity. We aimed to determine esophageal sensitivity and mucosal integrity in FH and non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients.MethodsIn this prospective experimental study, we performed an acid perfusion test and upper endoscopy with biopsies in 12 patients with NERD and nine patients with FH. Mucosal integrity was measured during endoscopy using electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy and biopsy specimens were analyzed in Ussing chambers for transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial permeability.Key ResultsLag time to heartburn perception was significantly longer in FH patients (median 12 min) than in NERD patients (median 3 min). Once perceived, intensity of heartburn was scored equal with median visual analog scale 6.5 and 7.1 respectively. Esophageal mucosal integrity was also comparable between FH and NERD patients, both in vivo extracellular impedance and ex vivo transepithelial resistance and permeability were similar.Conclusions & InferencesPatients with FH did not show acid hypersensitivity as seen in patients with NERD. However, once perceived, intensity of heartburn is similar. Esophageal mucosal integrity is similar between NERD and FH patients, and is therefore unlikely to be the underlying cause of the observed difference in esophageal acid perception.
Compounds released by disturbed adults of the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): behavioural effects of single compounds and binary mixtures
Authors: Palottini Florencia , Manrique Gabriel 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAdults of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans Klug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), possess paired exocrine glands: the metasternal and Brindley's glands. Both glands are discharged by disturbed adults, releasing an alarm pheromone that elicits an escape response of larvae. The present study analyzes the individual (or combined) effects of some of the volatiles of the whole pheromone blend released under disturbance, searching for active compounds and for possible interactions (e.g. synergism, additive effects) between them. Using an experimental arena, different doses of components emitted by disturbed adults are tested against larvae. Larvae show escape responses to some of the acids, as well as to one alcohol, but no response to ketones. This is observed with certain doses of compounds from Brindley's glands (isobutyric, butyric and acetic acid; 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol), although the compounds tested in the present study that are produced by metasternal glands are shown to evoke random responses, suggesting that mainly Brindley's glands are involved in the alarm context. Two combinations of two individually repellent compounds (2‐methyl‐1‐butanol with acetic or isobutyric acid) evoke escape responses, although other combinations make the individual effect disappear. A different mixture of two individually repellent compounds (butyric and isobutyric acid) evokes attraction, although these are also host odours. The potential use of the active compounds released by disturbed adults to monitor triatomine populations is discussed.
How We Teach Introductory Bible Courses: A Comparative and Historical Sampling
Authors: Cornell Collin , LeMon Joel M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study identifies the dominant modes of biblical interpretation being taught in introductory Bible courses through a qualitative analysis of course syllabi from three institutional contexts: evangelical Christian colleges, private colleges, and public universities. Despite a proliferation of methods and scholarly approaches to the Bible, this study reveals that historical‐critical approaches continue to predominate in pedagogical contexts, especially private colleges and public universities. In Christian colleges, theological approaches appear more frequently, usually alongside historical criticism and rarely supplanting it. The study also shows that teachers have been deploying social scientific and ideological approaches with increasing frequency over the past decade. Additionally, the study tracked instruments of student assessment in these courses. Public universities showed a particularly high level of pedagogical conservatism in this regard, while Christian colleges exhibit the greatest diversity with respect to course assignments and evaluations. See also “Response to ‘How We Teach Introductory Bible Courses’” by Caryn A. Reeder, Tat‐siong Benny Liew, Jane S. Webster, Alicia J. Batten, and Chris Frilingos, published in this issue of the journal. The complete data set is included in an extended Appendix at the end of the article, and is also available electronically on the “Supporting Information” tab of the article's webpage and at the Wabash Center (http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/pdfs/AppendixCornellandLeMon.pdf).
Circulating Gut-Homing (α
4
β
7
+
) Plasmablast Responses against Shigella Surface Protein Antigens among Hospitalized Patients with Diarrhea
Authors: Sinha Anuradha , Dey Ayan , Saletti Giulietta , Samanta Pradip , Chakraborty Partha Sarathi , Bhattacharya M. K. , Ghosh Santanu , Ramamurthy T. , Kim Jae-Ouk , Yang Jae Seung , Kim Dong Wook , Czerkinsky Cecil , Nandy Ranjan K. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Developing countries are burdened with
Shigella
diarrhea. Understanding mucosal immune responses associated with natural
Shigella
infection is important to identify potential correlates of protection and, as such, to design effective vaccines. We performed a comparative analysis of circulating mucosal plasmablasts producing specific antibodies against highly conserved invasive plasmid antigens (IpaC, IpaD20, and IpaD120) and two recently identified surface protein antigens,
p
an-

S

higella
s
urface
p
rotein antigen 1 (PSSP1) and PSSP2, common to all virulent
Shigella
strains. We examined blood and stool specimens from 37 diarrheal patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases & Beliaghata General Hospital, Kolkata, India. The etiological agent of diarrhea was investigated in stool specimens by microbiological methods and real-time PCR. Gut-homing (α
4
β
7
+
) antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were isolated from patient blood by means of combined magnetic cell sorting and two-color enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. Overall, 57% (21 of 37) and 65% (24 of 37) of the patients were positive for
Shigella
infection by microbiological and real-time PCR assays, respectively. The frequency of α
4
β
7
+
IgG ASC responders against Ipas was higher than that observed against PSSP1 or PSSP2, regardless of the
Shigella
serotype isolated from these patients. Thus, α
4
β
7
+
ASC responses to Ipas may be considered an indirect marker of
Shigella
infection. The apparent weakness of ASC responses to PSSP1 is consistent with the lack of cross-protection induced by natural
Shigella
infection. The finding that ASC responses to IpaD develop in patients with recent-onset shigellosis indicates that such responses may not be protective or may wane too rapidly and/or be of insufficient magnitude.
Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses to Surface and Virulence-Associated Chlamydiaabortus Proteins in Ovine and Human Abortions by Use of a Newly Developed Line Immunoassay
Authors: Hagemann Jürgen Benjamin , Simnacher Ulrike , Longbottom David , Livingstone Morag , Maile Julia , Soutschek Erwin , Walder Gernot , Boden Katharina , Sachse Konrad , Essig Andreas 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The obligate intracellular bacterium
Chlamydia
abortus
is the causative agent of enzootic abortion of ewes and poses a significant zoonotic risk for pregnant women. Using proteomic analysis and gene expression library screening in a previous project, we identified potential virulence factors and candidates for serodiagnosis, of which nine were scrutinized here with a strip immunoassay. We have shown that aborting sheep exhibited a strong antibody response to surface (MOMP, MIP, Pmp13G) and virulence-associated (CPAF, TARP, SINC) antigens. While the latter disappeared within 18 weeks following abortion in a majority of the animals, antibodies to surface proteins persisted beyond the duration of the study. In contrast, nonaborting experimentally infected sheep developed mainly antibodies to surface antigens (MOMP, MIP, Pmp13G), all of which did not persist. We were also able to detect antibodies to these surface antigens in
C
.
abortus
-infected women who had undergone septic abortion, whereas a group of shepherds and veterinarians with occupational exposure to
C
.
abortus
-infected sheep revealed only sporadic immune responses to the antigens selected. The most specific antigen for the serodiagnosis of human
C
.
abortus
infections was Pmp13G, which showed no cross-reactivity with other chlamydiae infecting humans. We suggest that Pmp13G-based serodiagnosis accomplished by the detection of antibodies to virulence-associated antigens such as CPAF, TARP, and SINC may improve the laboratory diagnosis of human and animal
C
.
abortus
infections.
Gender Differences in the Neural Response to Acupuncture: Clinical Implications
Authors: Yeo Sujung , Rosen Bruce , Bosch Peggy , van den Noort Maurits , Lim Sabina 
Published: May 2016

Objective To examine gender differences and similarities in the psychophysical and brain responses to acupuncture at GB34, a point that is frequently used to treat motor function issues in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Methods Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation in response to acupuncture at GB34 (on the right) in 19 healthy participants (9 male, 10 female). De qi sensations were rated to measure their psychophysical responses. Results Overall de qi scores did not differ by gender, although females reported greater intensity of aching (p=0.04). Acupuncture activated the hippocampus, thalamus, globus pallidus, caudate body, claustrum, cingulate gyrus, and culmen in males, and the middle and inferior frontal gyrus, precuneus, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal gyrus, caudate body, insula, fusiform gyrus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus in females. The middle/medial frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, thalamus, globus pallidus, caudate body, uvula, and cerebellar tonsil were activated when data from all subjects were combined. Relative to males, females exhibited greater brain activation in the right-sided postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, precuneus, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, declive, middle occipital gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. Conclusions The neural effects of GB34 acupuncture might differ between males and females because different brain structures were modulated in response to acupuncture. This potential gender effect should be taken into account in future clinical research. We also revealed that the caudate body was activated by GB34 acupuncture in both males and females and may represent a major target of GB34 acupuncture. Trial Registration Number KMC IRB 0861-06.
Qualitative study investigating the commissioning process for older people's services provided by third sector organisations: SOPRANO study protocol
Authors: Sands Gina , Chadborn Neil , Craig Chris , Gladman John 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe commissioning of third sector services for older people may influence the quality, availability and coordination of services for older people. The SOPRANO study aims to understand the relationships between and processes of commissioning bodies and third sector organisations providing health and social care services for older people.Methods and analysisThis qualitative study will be based in the East Midlands region of England. An initial scoping survey of commissioners will give an overview of services to maintain the health and well-being of older people in the community that are commissioned. Following this, semistructured interviews will be conducted with 4 sample groups: health and social care commissioners, service provider managers, service provider case workers and older service users. A sample size of 10–15 participants in each of the 4 groups is expected to be sufficient to reach data saturation, resulting in a final expected sample size of 40–60 participants. Informed consent will be gained from all participants, and those unable to provide informed consent will be excluded. The interview data will be analysed by 2 researchers using framework content analysis.Ethics and disseminationApproval for the study has been gained from the University of Nottingham School of Medicine ethical review board, and the relevant approvals have been gained from the National Health Service (NHS) research and development departments for interviewing NHS staff. Early engagement with a wide range of stakeholders will ensure that the research findings are extensively disseminated to relevant stakeholders (including commissioners and third sector providers) in an accessible format using the extensive communication networks available to the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care CLAHRCs (applied health research organisations covering all of England). The study will also be disseminated through academic routes such as conference presentations and journal papers.