bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy development: An analysis of disability inclusion in a selection of African Union policies
Authors: Lang Raymond , Schneider Marguerite , Kett Maria , Cole Ellie , Groce Nora 
Published: July 2017

AbstractContemporary debates in international development discourse are concerned with the non‐tokenistic inclusion and participation of marginalized groups in the policy‐making process in developing countries. This is directly relevant to disabled people in Africa, which is the focus of this article. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities delineates the principles of inclusion in society. Furthermore, the African Union (AU) plays a key role in advising its Member States about disability issues, and this advice should be reflected in disability‐inclusive policies. This article analyses nine policy or strategy documents produced by the AU, covering the policy domains of education, health, employment and social protection that are crucial to the inclusion of disabled people in international development. These were analysed according to seven discrete elements (rights, accessibility, inclusivity, implementation plans, budgetary allocations, enforcement mechanisms or disaggregated management information systems) using a rating scale of one to four, with four being the highest level of inclusion. The process (for example, level of consultation), the context (for example, the Sustainable Development Goals) and actors involved in the policy development were reviewed as far as was possible from the documents. None of the policies reached even 50% of the total possible score, indicating poor levels of genuine inclusion. Rights scored a highest rating, but still at a low level. This suggests that there is recognition of the rights of disabled people to inclusion, but this is not generally integrated within inclusive implementation plans, budgetary allocations, enforcement mechanisms or disaggregated management information systems for monitoring. The limited socio‐economic inclusion of disability within AU policies is a lost opportunity that should be reviewed and rectified. The findings have broader ramifications for the non‐tokenistic and genuine involvement of poor and marginalized groups in the international policy‐making arena.
Bone marrow harvest from unrelated donors—up‐to‐date methodology
Authors: Pruszczyk Katarzyna , Skwierawska Kamila , Król Małgorzata , Moskowicz Albert , Jabłoński Dariusz , Torosian Tigran , Piotrowska Iwona , Urbanowska Elżbieta , Wiktor‐Jędrzejczak Wiesław , Snarski Emilian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivesBone marrow harvesting is one of the essential sources of stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We describe here the current “up‐to‐date” standard of the bone marrow harvest in unrelated stem cell donors.MethodsWe analyzed medical data of 187 unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors who underwent bone marrow harvest without previous peripheral blood stem collection at the center between 2011 and 2015.The methodology of marrow collection includes multiple cells aimed at safety of the procedure, for example, educational movie, modified skin disinfection protocol, cell enumeration during the procedure, reduction of the contamination surfaces, and ongoing monitoring of the quality of work of the doctors.ResultsThe total nucleated cell count over 2×108 per kg of recipient has been reached in 93.6% of harvests. All of the donors harvested more than 1×108 per kg of the recipient. There were no donors who required transfusions or had serious adverse events during and after the harvest.ConclusionWe describe here the current up‐to‐date standard of bone marrow harvest, which leads to excellent results in majority of donors without causing significant complications during the donation.
Proliferation of elastic fibres in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a whole‐slide image analysis and comparison with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis
Authors: Kinoshita Yoshiaki , Watanabe Kentaro , Ishii Hiroshi , Kushima Hisako , Fujita Masaki , Nabeshima Kazuki 
Published: July 2017

AimsWe occasionally encounter patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) who have similar imaging patterns to those of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) in the upper lung fields but are not diagnosed as having PPFE clinically. The aim of this study is to identify the clinicopathological features and intrapulmonary distribution of elastic fibres and collagen fibres in these patients.Methods and resultsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with a clinical diagnosis of IPF, and selected consecutive patients who underwent autopsy or pneumonectomy for lung transplantation. Patients with histologically confirmed PPFE were also reviewed for comparison. We quantified the collagen fibres and elastic fibres in each lobe as a percentage of the non‐aerated lung area (collagen fibre score and elastic fibre score, respectively) in histological specimens by using whole‐slide image analysis, and compared these scores between IPF and PPFE patients. In a total of 55 patients (IPF, 48; PPFE, 7), there were no significant differences in the collagen fibre scores between IPF and PPFE patients. The elastic fibre scores in the upper lobe in PPFE patients were significantly higher than those in IPF patients (23.5 versus 10.3, P = 0.005). However, it is of note that, in 12 of 48 IPF patients, the elastic fibre scores of the upper lobes were above the first quartile of those in PPFE patients.ConclusionsIPF occasionally shows intense elastosis in the upper lobes, and such cases are histologically indistinguishable from PPFE. There seem to be histologically borderline cases between PPFE and IPF.
Identification of odorant‐binding and chemosensory protein genes and the ligand affinity of two of the encoded proteins suggest a complex olfactory perception system in Periplaneta americana
Authors: He P. , Li Z.‐Q. , Zhang Y.‐F. , Chen L. , Wang J. , Xu L. , Zhang Y.‐N. , He M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is an urban pest with a precise chemosensory system that helps it achieve complex physiological behaviours, including locating food and mating. However, its chemosensory mechanisms have not been well studied. Here, we identified 71 putative odorant carrier protein genes in P. americana, including 57 new odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) and 11 chemosensory proteins (CSPs). To identify their physiological functions, we investigated their tissue expression patterns in antennae, mouthparts, legs, and the remainder of the body of both sexes, and determined that most of these genes were expressed in chemosensory organs. A phylogenetic tree showed that the putative pheromone‐binding proteins of P. americana were in different clades from those of moths. Two genes, PameOBP24 and PameCSP7, were expressed equally in antennae of both sexes and highly expressed amongst the OBPs and CSPs. These genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and the resultant proteins were purified. The binding affinities of 74 common odorant compounds were tested with recombinant PameOBP24 and PameCSP7. Both proteins bound a variety of ligands. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into the chemosensory mechanisms of P. americana and help in identifying potential target genes for managing this pest.
Immunogenomic approaches to understand the function of immune disease variants
Authors: Glinos Dafni A. , Soskic Blagoje , Trynka Gosia 
Published: July 2017

SummaryMapping hundreds of genetic variants through genome wide association studies provided an opportunity to gain insights into the pathobiology of immune‐mediated diseases. However, as most of the disease variants fall outside the gene coding sequences the functional interpretation of the exact role of the associated variants remains to be determined. The integration of disease‐associated variants with large scale genomic maps of cell‐type‐specific gene regulation at both chromatin and transcript levels deliver examples of functionally prioritized causal variants and genes. In particular, the enrichment of disease variants with histone marks can point towards the cell types most relevant to disease development. Furthermore, chromatin contact maps that link enhancers to promoter regions in a direct way allow the identification of genes that can be regulated by the disease variants. Candidate genes implicated with such approaches can be further examined through the correlation of gene expression with genotypes. Additionally, in the context of immune‐mediated diseases it is important to combine genomics with immunology approaches. Genotype correlations with the immune system as a whole, as well as with cellular responses to different stimuli, provide a valuable platform for understanding the functional impact of disease‐associated variants. The intersection of immunogenomic resources with disease‐associated variants paints a detailed picture of disease causal mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies that combine these approaches to identify disease vulnerable pathways.
Neurofilament light as an immune target for pathogenic antibodies
Authors: Puentes Fabiola , van der Star Baukje J. , Boomkamp Stephanie D. , Kipp Markus , Boon Louis , Bosca Isabel , Raffel Joel , Gnanapavan Sharmilee , van der Valk Paul , Stephenson Jodie , Barnett Susan C. , Baker David , Amor Sandra 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAntibodies to neuronal antigens are associated with many neurological diseases including paraneoplastic neurological disorders, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Immunization with neuronal antigens such as neurofilament light (NF‐L), a neuronal intermediate filament in axons, has been shown to induce neurological disease and spasticity in mice. Also, although antibodies to NF‐L are widely used as surrogate biomarkers of axonal injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis, it remains to be elucidated if antibodies to NF‐L contribute to neurodegeneration and neurological disease. To address this, we examined the pathogenic role of antibodies directed to NF‐L in vitro using spinal cord co‐cultures and in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and optic neuritis animal models of multiple sclerosis. Here we show that peripheral injections of antibodies to NF‐L augmented clinical signs of neurological disease in acute EAE, increased retinal ganglion cell loss in experimental optic neuritis and induced neurological signs following intracerebral injection into control mice. The pathogenicity of antibodies to NF‐L was also observed in spinal cord co‐cultures where axonal loss was induced. Taken together, our results reveal that as well as acting as reliable biomarkers of neuronal damage, antibodies to NF‐L exacerbate neurological disease, suggesting that antibodies to NF‐L generated during disease may also be pathogenic and play a role in the progression of neurodegeneration.
Drought stress‐induced changes in starch yield and physiological traits in potato
Authors: Rudack K. , Seddig S. , Sprenger H. , Köhl K. , Uptmoor R. , Ordon F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDrought stress is an important limitation for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production as potato depends on appropriate water availability for high yields of good quality. Therefore, especially in the background of climate change, it is an important goal in potato breeding to improve drought stress tolerance. In this study, 34 European starch potato cultivars were evaluated for drought stress tolerance by growing under well‐watered and long‐term drought stress conditions in rainout shelters in 2 years’ pot trials. Besides yield, six physiological traits, that is free proline content, osmolality, total soluble sugar content, chlorophyll content (SPAD), cell membrane stability and crude protein content, were determined in leaves sampled during vegetative growth and during flowering to investigate their association with drought tolerance. ANOVA revealed significant treatment effects for all physiological traits and increased genotypic effects at flowering. The sensitivity of physiological traits to drought was significantly higher during flowering than during vegetative growth. Drought stress decreased starch yield significantly (p < .001), on average by 55%. Starch yield was significantly influenced by genotype and genotype × treatment interactions. Stress tolerance index (STI) calculated from starch yield ranged from 0.26 (sensitive) to 0.76 (tolerant) with significant genotype effects (p ≤ .001). STI correlated positively with cell membrane stability (r = .59) and crude protein content (r = .38) and negatively with osmolality (r = −.57) and total soluble sugar content (r = −.71). These contrary correlations suggest a dual adaptation strategy in potato under long‐term drought stress conditions including increased membrane stability combined with an increased osmolality due to an increased soluble sugar content.
A historical review of the key bacterial and viral pathogens of Scottish wild fish
Authors: Wallace I S , McKay P , Murray A G 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThousands of Scottish wild fish were screened for pathogens by Marine Scotland Science. A systematic review of published and unpublished data on six key pathogens (Renibacterium salmoninarum, Aeromonas salmonicida, IPNV, ISAV, SAV and VHSV) found in Scottish wild and farmed fish was undertaken. Despite many reported cases in farmed fish, there was a limited number of positive samples from Scottish wild fish, however, there was evidence for interactions between wild and farmed fish. A slightly elevated IPNV prevalence was reported in wild marine fish caught close to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms that had undergone clinical IPN. Salmonid alphavirus was isolated from wild marine fish caught near Atlantic salmon farms with a SAV infection history. Isolations of VHSV were made from cleaner wrasse (Labridae) used on Scottish Atlantic salmon farms and VHSV was detected in local wild marine fish. However, these pathogens have been detected in wild marine fish caught remotely from aquaculture sites. These data suggest that despite the large number of samples taken, there is limited evidence for clinical disease in wild fish due to these pathogens (although BKD and furunculosis historically occurred) and they are likely to have had a minimal impact on Scottish wild fish.
Delta‐like protein 1 in the pituitary‐adipose axis in the adult male mouse
Authors: Bello A. R. , Puertas‐Avendaño R. A. , González‐Gómez M. J. , González‐Gómez M. , Laborda J. , Damas C. , Ruiz‐Hidalgo M. , Diaz C. 
Published: July 2017

With the aim of studying delta‐like protein 1 (DLK1) with respect to the relationship between adipocyte leptin and adenohypophyseal hormones, we carried out an immunohistochemical study analysing the presence of receptors for these hormones in the pituitary and adipose cells of male wild‐type (WT) mice (Dlk1+/+) compared to knockout (KO) mice (Dlk1−/−). ThemRNAexpression of these molecules was also determined using the reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The results obtained showed that, in WT adipose cells, all of the adenohypophyseal hormone receptors were present, with a highermRNAexpression for growth hormone (GH) receptorand thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. Of the total cells in the anterior pituitary lobe, 17.09±0.9% were leptin receptor (LEPR) immunoreactive (‐IR), mainly inGH‐IR and prolactin (PRL)‐IR cells (41.5±3.8%; 13.5±1.7%, respectively). InDlk1−/−mice, adipocyte cells showed a significant increase in theTSH receptor mRNAexpression level. Moreover, the percentage ofLEPR‐IRGHcells showed a statistically significant increase compared to controls, from 41.5±3.8% to 53.1±4.0%. By contrast, only 3.0±0.6% ofLEP‐IR anterior pituitary cells were detected in Dlk1 KO mice, as opposed to 6.8±1.1% observed inWTmice. The results suggest that relationships exist between adipocytes and pituitaryGH,PRLandTSHcells, in addition to an influence with respect to the synthesis and release of pituitary leptin, particularly inPRLcells.
Evidence for plical support of the patella
Authors: Geraghty Robert M. , Spear Michelle 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThere is a consensus that there is no overt anterior joint capsule in the knee. However, other anterior structures act in lieu of a joint capsule: the quadriceps tendon and patellar retinacular fibres. In the absence of a capsule, the synovium forms the suprapatellar pouch. Other synovial structures, the plicae, are more controversial. They are often described as embryonic remnants with no function, despite surrounding the patella. We aimed to identify plical anatomy and histology on cadaveric dissection and to examine their embryology using the human virtual embryo website. Plicae were identified by two independent observers. Plical histology was examined using a panel of stains: H&E, Ab H&E, EVG and MSB trichrome. Embryonic knees were examined from Carnegie stages 20–23. Each knee had a suprapatellar plica and mediopatellar plica (MPP). The lateropatellar plica (LPP) appeared as a band in 5/10 cadavers, and as a ridge in the remainder. The overall impression, consistent across all specimens, was that the plicae formed a continuous band of synovial tissue around the proximal three‐quarters of the patella. The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) surrounded the remainder. Histologically, the plicae and IFP consisted of three layers (in order): a synovial layer, an undulated collagenous layer, and an adipose or areoloadipose layer. The subsynovial collagenisation is normally associated with the synovio‐capsular boundary. Embryologically, plicae were not seen in either knee at any level for any given Carnegie stage. We suggest that plicae, along with the dynamic IFP, provide internal support to the patella mirroring the external support of retinacular fibres. Thus, the plicae complete the tissue complex acting in lieu of an anterior joint capsule. Evidence of plical functionality lends credence to the theory that the plicae are anatomical structures not functionless embryonic remnants.
Granulomatous reaction to hyaluronic acid filler material in oral and perioral region: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Alcântara Carlos Eduardo P , Noronha Mariana S , Cunha Joanna F , Flores Isadora L , Mesquita Ricardo A 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe use of cosmetic fillers agents in orofacial region has become more often used for esthetic concern. Although adverse effects are rare, some patients may develop foreign body reaction to such fillers. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a biomaterial in the spotlight, because it is normally present in several tissues of human body. The aim of this study was to report a case of a 54‐year‐old white woman with granulomatous reaction to the HA located in the lips. In addition, a review of the English‐language literature of all previously described cases of this condition in oral and perioral region was performed. The location, clinical features, symptoms, time between injection and reaction, type of treatment and treatment outcome of 17 cases were summarized. The clinical and histopathological examination along with a detailed history about this condition is very important to management of patients with nodular lesions in maxillofacial region.
Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in pregnant women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Ono Yosuke , Shiozaki Arihiro , Yoneda Noriko , Yoneda Satoshi , Yoshino Osamu , Saito Shigeru 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPlatelet counts increase after eradication of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in non‐pregnant patients with Hp‐associated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); however, improvement in pregnant patients has not yet been reported. We treated four pregnant women for Hp‐positive ITP after Hp eradication. In three of four cases, platelet counts increased to levels exceeding 10 × 109/L two weeks after eradication, and these levels were maintained until delivery. Vaginal deliveries were uncomplicated, and no excessive blood loss occurred in any of the cases. There were no remarkable side effects of Hp eradication in pregnant women or fetuses. In pregnant women with Hp‐associated ITP, Hp eradication might be worthwhile prior to considering steroid administration.
Safety and dose‐finding trial of tadalafil administered for fetal growth restriction: A phase‐1 clinical study
Authors: Kubo Michiko , Tanaka Hiroaki , Maki Shintaro , Nii Masafumi , Murabayashi Nao , Osato Kazuhiro , Kamimoto Yuki , Umekawa Takashi , Kondo Eiji , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimWe designed a safety and dose‐finding trial of tadalafil administered for fetal growth restriction (FGR).MethodsThree cases were initially commenced on 10 mg/day and monitored for major adverse events. Should a major adverse event be observed in one or more of the three cases, an examination into its relation with tadalafil would be conducted by a safety evaluation committee. If one or more of these new cases exhibited the same adverse event, the trial would be stopped completely. If there were no harmful side‐effects, the trial would be extended to three cases at 20 mg/day, and the protocol would continue as in the 10‐mg/day dose. The 40‐mg/day dosage was tried in six cases as the dosage was considered to be high.ResultsThe study population consisted of pregnant women with FGR. Maternal adverse events in all doses were recorded as least one grade 1 adverse events, as tadalafil was considered acceptable from the viewpoint of the mothers. However, a dose of 40 mg/day increased the number of grade 1 adverse events. The only fetal adverse event was a case of intrauterine fetal death related to the velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord. Neonatal adverse events showed no correlation to tadalafil dose, but were found more frequently in preterm births and, therefore, were correlated to infant prematurity.ConclusionThis safety and dose‐finding trial showed that tadalafil had a favorable safety profile for pregnant women and fetuses with FGR.
Drug use and phylogenetic clustering of hepatitis C virus infection among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada: A latent class analysis approach
Authors: Jacka B. , Bray B. C. , Applegate T. L. , Marshall B. D. L. , Lima V. D. , Hayashi K. , DeBeck K. , Raghwani J. , Harrigan P. R. , Krajden M. , Montaner J. S. G. , Grebely J. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThis study estimated latent classes (ie, unobserved subgroups in a population) of people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada, and examined how these classes relate to phylogenetic clustering of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV antibody‐positive people who use drugs from two cohorts in Vancouver, Canada (1996‐2012), with a Core‐E2 sequence were included. Time‐stamped phylogenetic trees were inferred, and phylogenetic clustering was determined by time to most common recent ancestor. Latent classes were estimated, and the association with the phylogenetic clustering outcome was assessed using an inclusive classify/analyse approach. Among 699 HCV RNA‐positive participants (26% female, 24% HIV+), recent drug use included injecting cocaine (80%), injecting heroin (70%), injecting cocaine/heroin (ie, speedball, 38%) and crack cocaine smoking (28%). Latent class analysis identified four distinct subgroups of drug use typologies: (i) cocaine injecting, (ii) opioid and cocaine injecting, (iii) crack cocaine smoking and (iv) heroin injecting and currently receiving opioid substitution therapy. After adjusting for age and HIV infection, compared to the group defined by heroin injecting and currently receiving opioid substitution therapy, the odds of phylogenetic cluster membership was greater in the cocaine injecting group (adjusted OR [aOR]: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.73, 5.42) and lower in the crack cocaine smoking group (aOR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.48). Combining latent class and phylogenetic clustering analyses provides novel insights into the complex dynamics of HCV transmission. Incorporating differing risk profiles associated with drug use may provide opportunities to further optimize and target HCV treatment and prevention strategies.