bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rates of Delirium Diagnosis Do Not Improve with Emergency Risk Screening: Results of the Emergency Department Delirium Initiative Trial
Authors: Arendts Glenn , Love Jennefer , Nagree Yusuf , Bruce David , Hare Malcolm , Dey Ian 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether a bundled risk screening and warning or action card system improves formal delirium diagnosis and person‐centered outcomes in hospitalized older adults.DesignProspective trial with sequential introduction of screening and interventional processes.SettingTwo tertiary referral hospitals in Australia.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older presenting to the emergency department (ED) and not requiring immediate resuscitation (N = 3,905).InterventionFormal ED delirium screening algorithm and use of a risk warning card with a recommended series of actions for the prevention and management of delirium during the subsequent admissionMeasurementsDelirium diagnosis at hospital discharge, proportion discharged to new assisted living arrangements, in‐hospital complications (use of sedation, falls, aspiration pneumonia, death), hospital length of stay.ResultsParticipants with a positive risk screen were significantly more likely (relative risk = 6.0, 95% confidence interval = 4.9–7.3) to develop delirium, and the proportion of at‐risk participants with a positive screen was constant across three study phases. Delirium detection rate in participants undergoing the final intervention (Phase 3) was 12.1% (a 2% absolute and 17% relative increase from the baseline rate) but this was not statistically significant (P = .29), and a similar relative increase was seen over time in participants not receiving the interventionConclusionA risk screening and warning or action card intervention in the ED did not significantly improve rates of delirium detection or other important outcomes.
Finding genes and lineages under selection in speciation
Authors: Hart Michael W. , Guerra Vanessa 
Published: July 2017

What are the genes and traits that respond to selection and cause prezygotic reproductive isolation between species? This question has been hard to answer because genomes are large, the targets of selection may be scattered across the genome (Sabeti et al., ) and different genes may respond to the same selective pressure in different populations (Scheinfeldt et al., ). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Weber et al. () use a clever comparative approach and leading‐edge transcriptomic methods to identify the species and genes under positive selection for divergence between brittle stars (the echinoderm class Ophiuroidea) in the Ophioderma longicauda species complex. They found convincing evidence of positive or diversifying selection acting on two genes encoding ion channels that form part of the signal transduction cascade within the sperm in response to pheromones. Evidence for selection was concentrated in genes from one species (called C5, with internal fertilization and female parental care of brooded juveniles and not in the other species (called C3, with more conventional broadcast spawning and planktonic development of embryos and larvae). That analysis greatly extends the range of taxa, life history traits and molecules that are associated with positive selection in speciation. It also illustrates some of the current limitations on the application of RNAseq methods in the search for the targets of selection in nonmodel organisms like brittle stars. From both points of view, the new work by Weber et al. () has important implications for our understanding of speciation in the ocean.
Resveratrol derivatives as a pharmacological tool
Authors: Biasutto Lucia , Mattarei Andrea , Azzolini Michele , La Spina Martina , Sassi Nicola , Romio Matteo , Paradisi Cristina , Zoratti Mario 
Published: July 2017

AbstractProdrugs of resveratrol are under development. Among the long‐term goals, still largely elusive, are (1) modulating physical properties (e.g., water‐soluble derivatives bearing polyethylene glycol chains), (2) changing distribution in the body (e.g., galactosyl derivatives restricted to the intestinal lumen), (3) increasing absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., derivatives imitating the natural substrates of endogenous transporters), and (4) hindering phase II metabolism (e.g., temporarily blocking the hydroxyls), all contributing to (5) increasing bioavailability. The chemical bonds that have been tested for functionalization include carboxyester, acetal, and carbamate groups. A second approach, which can be combined with the first, seeks to reinforce or modify the biochemical activities of resveratrol by concentrating the compound at specific subcellular sites. An example is provided by mitochondria‐targeted derivatives. These proved to be pro‐oxidant and cytotoxic in vitro, selectively killing fast‐growing and tumor cells when supplied in the low micromolar range. This suggests the possibility of anticancer applications.
Regulatory behavior and frontal activity: Considering the role of revised‐BIS in relative right frontal asymmetry
Authors: Gable Philip A. , Neal Lauren B. , Threadgill A. Hunter 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEssential to human behavior are three core personality systems: approach, avoidance, and a regulatory system governing the two motivational systems. Decades of research has linked approach motivation with greater relative left frontal‐cortical asymmetry. Other research has linked avoidance motivation with greater relative right frontal‐cortical asymmetry. However, past work linking withdrawal motivation with greater relative right frontal asymmetry has been mixed. The current article reviews evidence suggesting that activation of the regulatory system (revised Behavioral Inhibition System [r‐BIS]) may be more strongly related to greater relative right frontal asymmetry than withdrawal motivation. Specifically, research suggests that greater activation of the r‐BIS is associated with greater relative right frontal activity, and reduced r‐BIS activation is associated with reduced right frontal activity (greater relative left frontal activity). We review evidence examining trait and state frontal activity using EEG, source localization, lesion studies, neuronal stimulation, and fMRI supporting the idea that r‐BIS may be the core personality system related to greater relative right frontal activity. In addition, the current review seeks to disentangle avoidance motivation and r‐BIS as substrates of relative right frontal asymmetry.
Risk Prioritization in the Food Domain Using Deliberative and Survey Methods: Differences between Experts and Laypeople
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Hübner Philipp , Hartmann Christina 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study examined how experts and laypeople using both a deliberative and a survey method prioritized 28 hazards related to food and everyday items. To enable them to make deliberative decisions, participants received detailed descriptions of the hazards. The participants prioritized the hazards before and after a group discussion, in which the group's average prioritization was discussed. The rankings of the hazards before and after the group discussion were highly correlated. However, laypeople and experts differed significantly in their rankings for 18 of the 28 hazards. Trust and confidence were important predictors for laypeople's risk rankings. To test the influence of the deliberative method (e.g., providing detailed information about each hazard), data from a second group of laypeople were collected with a no‐information survey. This group did not receive specific information about the hazards. The risk rankings of the laypeople who received information were highly correlated with the risk rankings of laypeople who did not receive information. Overall, the results suggest that deliberative methods of risk‐ranking or no‐information survey methods with no information about hazards provide similar results among laypeople. The conclusion is that government agencies should not only base their risk prioritization on evidence from risk assessments but also need to consider laypeople's hazard rankings. This procedure may result in an efficient and publicly accepted risk management strategy.
Formation of bed‐scale spatial patterns in dolomite abundance during early dolomitization: Part I. Mechanisms and feedbacks revealed by reaction–transport modelling
Authors: Budd David A. , Park Anthony J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDolomites of varied ages exhibit metre‐scale nested patterns of lateral periodic variation in permeability and porosity and, by inference, dolomite abundance as most examples are 100% dolomite. Two‐dimensional reaction–transport modelling simulations of bed‐scale dolomitization were used to assess whether those patterns in dolomite abundance could form during near‐surface replacement dolomitization. Simulations used a 2 m high and 18 m long model domain, a low‐Mg calcite grainstone precursor and an evaporated Mississippian seawater brine (430 parts per thousand salinity) as the dolomitizing fluid. The domain was initially populated with random variations in porosity and/or grain size. Results reveal that spatial patterns in dolomite abundance emerge when there is as little as 1% dolomite formed, with similarities between the modelled patterns and outcrop‐documented patterns. The nested patterns include a near‐random component that constitutes ≤40% of the total variance, short‐range correlation ranging from 1·5 to 3·3 m and a longer‐range periodic trend with a wavelength up to 6·5 m. The emergence of pattern in dolomite abundance is the result of an autogenic self‐organizing phenomenon. It is triggered by variation in initial calcite reactive surface area that occurs due to the random heterogeneities in initial porosity and/or grain sizes. The pattern develops due to a combination of kinetic disequilibrium reactions (dolomite precipitation and calcite dissolution) and positive feedbacks between dolomite growth, calcite dissolution and fluid flow. Flow is around loci of higher dolomite, lower porosity and higher reactive surface areas, but through loci of lower dolomite, higher porosity and lower reactive surface areas. The resulting less porous/more dolomite and more porous/less dolomite structures at the metre‐scale arise from those localized interactions. This self‐organizing mechanism for pattern formation constitutes a new model for geochemical self‐organization during dolomitization and is the only self‐organization model that is proven applicable to the formation of metre‐scale patterns during early, near‐surface dolomitization.
Association of perceived physical health and physical fitness in two Swedish national samples from 1990 and 2015
Authors: Olsson S. J. G. , Ekblom‐Bak E. , Ekblom B. , Kallings L. V. , Ekblom Ö. , Börjesson M. 
Published: July 2017

Perceived health and physical fitness have been shown to correlate, and low levels of either variable increase the risk for future illness and mortality. However, risk factors and their interrelationship may vary between societies and over time. In this study, the associations of physical fitness and perceived health were therefore assessed in two Swedish national samples 25 years apart. Perceived physical health, dichotomized as “good” or “bad,” maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), counter movement jump (CMJ), balance (one‐legged 60 second stance), and self‐reported demographics and lifestyle were recorded in two cross‐sectional samples (sample size, number of eligible participants) of Swedish adults, aged 20‐65 years, in 1990‐1991 (2203, 1365), and 2013‐2015 (3357, 422). The odds for good perceived physical health increased by 5% per mL·kg−1·min−1 of VO2max, 3% per cm CMJ height, and decreased by 4% per 1 time of overbalancing, in both samples. Mutually adjusted regression models showed that perceived physical health was best predicted by VO2max and chronic illness in 1990 and by age, BMI, and educational level in 2015. Conclusion: Perceived physical health was related to physical fitness in two samples of Swedish adults from 1990 and 2015. However, multivariate and mutually adjusted models indicate that the most important covariates of perceived physical health may have changed from VO2max and chronic illness in 1990, to age, BMI, and educational level in 2015.
Kinematic chain‐related risk factors in the development of lower extremity injuries in women: A prospective study
Authors: Verrelst R. , Van Tiggelen D. , De Ridder R. , Witvrouw E. 
Published: July 2017

The link between dynamic range of motion (dROM) parameters within the kinematic chain and the development of lower extremity (LE) injury has gained attention; however, very few longitudinal studies have been conducted. Therefore, we wanted to prospectively determine dROM‐related risk factors for the development of LE injury. Within this study, 90 female physical education students aged 19.33±0.87 years were tested. Full‐body kinematic and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) parameters were measured during a triple hop jump (THJ). Cox regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for the development of LE injury. The injury follow‐up was assessed using a weekly online questionnaire and a tri‐monthly retrospective control questionnaire. Lower extremity injury was diagnosed by an experienced medical doctor. During the follow‐up, 39 percent of the participants were diagnosed with a LE injury. Decreased dROM of the pelvic segment (P=.043) and increased dROM of the knee and ankle joint (P=.041 and P=.028, respectively) in the sagittal plane during landing phase were identified as predictive parameters for the development of LE injury in women. No VGRF parameters were identified as predictive variables. It can be concluded that an altered dROM within the LE kinematic chain was observed within the group at risk for LE injury. More specifically, this group showed reduced proximal dROM that was coupled with increased dROM in the distal segments during a THJ. The THJ can be seen as a practical screening tool for LE injury.
Situating interventions to bridge the intention–behaviour gap: A framework for recruiting nonconscious processes for behaviour change
Authors: Papies Esther K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper presents a situated cognition framework for creating social psychological interventions to bridge the intention–behaviour gap and illustrates this framework by reviewing examples from the domains of health behaviour, environmental behaviour, stereotyping, and aggression. A recurrent problem in behaviour change is the fact that often, intentions are not translated into behaviour, causing the so‐called intention–behaviour gap. Here, it is argued that this happens when situational cues trigger situated conceptualizations, such as habits, impulses, hedonic goals, or stereotypical associations, which can then guide behaviour automatically. To be effective in changing such automatic effects, behaviour change interventions can attempt to change situational cues through cueing interventions such as priming, nudging, upstream policy interventions, or reminders of social norms. Alternatively, behaviour change interventions can attempt to change the underlying situated conceptualizations through training interventions, such as behavioural inhibition training, mindfulness training, or implementation intentions. Examples of situated behaviour change interventions of both types will be discussed across domains, along with recommendations to situate interventions more strongly and thus enhance their effectiveness to change automatic behaviour. Finally, the discussion addresses the difference between tailoring and situating interventions, issues of generalization and long‐term effectiveness, and avenues for further research.
Selves in contact: how integrating perspectives on sociocultural selves and intergroup contact can inform theory and application on reducing inequality
Authors: Brannon Tiffany N. , Taylor Valerie Jones , Higginbotham Gerald D. , Henderson Kyshia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractResearch within cultural psychology and intergroup relations represent two, often separate and distinct, approaches to examining social groups—including outcomes and experiences that define and distinguish group membership and its consequences. Often, social group membership (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, and social class) is tied to persistent and pervasive divides—separations that mark the difference in who attends college, stays in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, and even views personal and societal events (e.g., microaggressions, police‐involved shootings) as involving bias. Addressing such complex and often divisive issues, psychological science has contributed theoretical and applied insights to mitigate social differences and inequalities experienced by historically disadvantaged social groups. The present paper integrates research on cultural psychology and intergroup relations by (a) reviewing empirical findings on sociocultural selves and intergroup contact and (b) considering how merging approaches from these literatures, using a selves in contact framework, can inform and elaborate theoretical perspectives and applications aimed at reducing inequality.
Elementary methods for computation of quartiles
Authors: Žerovnik Janez , Rupnik Poklukar Darja 
Published: July 2017

SummaryQuartiles are usually introduced early, often in primary school together with box‐and‐whisker plots. Various methods are used, and in lack of explanation in many textbooks at elementary level, this leads to unnecessary confusion. We discuss some elementary methods that are consistent with the most common definition and are also easy to understand.
Production and characterization of the mechanical and thermal properties of expanded polystyrene with recycled material
Authors: Barrera Castro Gina Paola , Olaya Florez John Jairo , Ocampo Carmona Luz Marina 
Published: July 2017

<p>Three materials were made with mixtures of virgin expanded polystyrene (EPS) grade S3 and recycled material from multipurpose EPS packaging. The latter was subjected to washing and grinding in a blade mill, with percentages by weight of recycled material 10, 15, and 20%. The mechanical properties of these materials were evaluated by testing compressive strength and flexural, impact, and thermal properties using the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Hot plate and steady state temperature profiles in a non-steady state were simulated with Octave 3.6.4. The results obtained for the three mixtures showed little variation in the properties of compression, impact, glass transition, and thermal diffusivity with respect to the reference material. The regularity of the decline in mass loss as a function of temperature evidences homogeneity in the samples. The flexural strength decreased the maximum failure load compared to the virgin material, and the thermal conductivity exceeded 0.06W/mK, reducing their insulating capacity. These materials can be industrially manufactured in order to produce packaging, caissons, and spheres, among other things.</p>
Influence of Mitochondrial Genetics on the Mitochondrial Toxicity of Linezolid in Blood Cells and Skin Nerve Fibers
Authors: Garrabou G. , Soriano À. , Pinós T. , Casanova-Mollà J. , Pacheu-Grau D. , Morén C. , García-Arumí E. , Morales M. , Ruiz-Pesini E. , Catalán-Garcia M. , Milisenda J. C. , Lozano E. , Andreu A. L. , Montoya J. , Mensa J. , Cardellach F. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
The antibiotic linezolid is a ribosomal inhibitor with excellent efficacy. Although the administration period has been reduced to 28 days, side effects, usually of hematologic or neuropathic origin, are still reported due to secondary inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Susceptibility to linezolid toxicity remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gain an understanding of clinical heterogeneity in response to identical linezolid exposures through exhaustive examination of the molecular basis of tissue-dependent mitotoxicity, consequent cell dysfunction, and the association of mitochondrial genetics with adverse effects of linezolid administered for the recommended period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and skin nerve fibers from 19 and 6 patients, respectively, were evaluated before and after a 28-day linezolid treatment in order to assess toxic effects on mitochondria and cells. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ribosomal sequences where linezolid binds to mitochondrial ribosomes were also analyzed to investigate their genetic contributions. We found that linezolid reduced mitochondrial protein levels, complex IV activity, and mitochondrial mass in PBMC and was associated with a trend toward an increase in the rate of apoptosis. In skin tissue, mitochondrial mass increased within nerve fibers, accompanied by subclinical axonal swelling. Mitochondrial haplogroup U, mutations in 12S rRNA, and the m.2706A→G, m.3197T→C, and m.3010G→A polymorphisms in 16S rRNA showed a trend toward an association with increased mitochondrial and clinical adverse effects. We conclude that even when linezolid is administered for a shorter time than formerly, adverse effects are reported by 63% of patients. Linezolid exerts tissue-dependent mitotoxicity that is responsible for downstream cellular consequences (blood cell death and nerve fiber swelling), leading to adverse hematologic and peripheral nervous side effects. Multicentric studies should confirm genetic susceptibility in larger cohorts.
OXA-244-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates, a Challenge for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories
Authors: Hoyos-Mallecot Yannick , Naas Thierry , Bonnin Rémy A. , Patino Rafael , Glaser Philippe , Fortineau Nicolas , Dortet Laurent 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

OXA-244 is a single-point-mutant derivative of OXA-48 displaying reduced carbapenemase activity. Here, we report the microbiological features of seven OXA-244-producing
Escherichia coli
isolates. Only one isolate grew on ChromID Carba Smart medium (bioMérieux), but six of the seven isolates grew on ChromID extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) medium (bioMérieux), as they coproduced an ESBL and/or a plasmid-encoded cephalosporinase. The production of a carbapenemase was detected in 57.1%, 71.4%, 71.4%, and 100% of the
E. coli
isolates using the Carba NP test, the Rapidec Carba NP test (bioMérieux), a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) hydrolysis assay (Bruker), and the OXA-48 K-SeT assay (Coris BioConcept), respectively. Our results indicate that OXA-244-producing
E. coli
isolates are difficult to detect, which may lead to their silent spread.
Antibody-Mediated Catalysis in Infection and Immunity
Authors: Bowen Anthony , Wear Maggie , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThe existence of catalytic antibodies has been known for decades. Natural antibodies capable of cleaving nucleic acid, protein, and polysaccharide substrates have been described. Although the discovery of catalytic antibodies initially aroused great interest because of their promise for the development of new catalysts, their enzymatic performance has been disappointing due to low reaction rates. However, in the areas of infection and immunity, where processes often occur over much longer times and involve high antibody concentrations, even low catalytic rates have the potential to influence biological outcomes. In this regard, the presence of catalytic antibodies recognizing host antigens has been associated with several autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, naturally occurring catalytic antibodies to microbial determinants have been correlated with resistance to infection. Recently, there has been substantial interest in harnessing the power of antibody-mediated catalysis against microbial antigens for host defense. Additional work is needed, however, to better understand the prevalence, function, and structural basis of catalytic activity in antibodies. Here we review the available information and suggest that antibody-mediated catalysis is a fertile area for study with broad applications in infection and immunity.