bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning from the Battlefield: Information, Domestic Politics, and Interstate War Duration
Authors: Weisiger Alex 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhat drives leaders’ decisions about whether to continue or end an ongoing war? The private information explanation for war holds that leaders fight because they believe that doing so will advance national interests, and they settle hostilities when new information reduces their optimism about the possibility of long-term success. Yet significant theoretical disagreement exists about both the extent to which and the manner in which new information, especially battlefield information, promotes settlement. This article unpacks the logic of the informational mechanism, arguing that settlement will be more likely when there has been more extensive fighting and that countries are more likely to make concessions to end wars when battlefield results have deteriorated; short-term spikes in war intensity by contrast do not promote settlement. Moreover, building on work on leadership turnover and settlement, I show that leader replacement is sometimes part of the information-updating process, especially in autocracies: new leaders without political ties to the person in power at the start of the war are more likely both to come to power when war is going poorly and to end wars once in office. Tests of these arguments make use of new participant-level data on the timing of battle deaths for all Correlates of War interstate wars, which allows me to examine the effects of changing battlefield developments across a wide range of cases in a manner that was previously impossible.
Determinants of spring barley yield in a high-yield potential environment
Authors: KENNEDY S. P. , BINGHAM I. J. , SPINK J. H. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYThe literature suggests that grain number largely determines and as such limits yield in barley. Many of the reported studies were conducted in relatively low-yielding environments and it is unclear if grain number is also a limiting factor in high-yield potential climates. Nor is it known with certainty what physiological or morphological traits must be targeted in order to increase grain number. A detailed programme of assessments was carried out on replicated field plots of a two-row spring barley variety (Hordeum vulgare L. cvar Quench) at three sites (Carlow, Wexford and Cork) in Ireland from 2011 to 2013. Plots were managed for high yield potential as per current best farm practice. Destructive sampling and in-field assessments were carried out at approximately weekly intervals from emergence onwards to gather growth, development and yield component data. Across nine site/seasons, grand means of 8·52 t/ha for yield, 18 419 for grain number/m2 and 46·41 mg for mean grain weight were achieved. Grain number/m2 accounted for most of the variation in yield and ear number/m2 accounted for most of the variation in grain number/m2. Early-season maximum shoot number/m2 had little influence on harvest ear number/m2. The period over which final ear number was determined was more flexible than the literature suggests, where the phases of tiller production and senescence varied considerably. Significant post-anthesis re-tillering occurred following the initial phase of shoot mortality at two out of nine site/seasons, but this appeared to contribute little to yield. Yield was positively associated with the proportion of shoots surviving from an early season maximum to a mid-season minimum (R2 = 0·62). Shoot size and weight at the beginning of stem extension had the largest influence on shoot survival, indicating that crop condition and hence growth and development pre-stem extension may be more important for shoot survival than growth and development during the stem extension period. Achieving high shoot numbers of adequate size and weight at the beginning of stem extension may be an appropriate target for establishing a high-yield potential crop.
Explaining premunition with Kin selection using Haemonchus contortus
Authors: KETZIS JENNIFER K. , FOGARTY ELIZABETH A. , MARTTINI KARYNA , BOWMAN DWIGHT D. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYPremunition is the state in a disease where an existing infection protects the host from reinfection with the same species. The cause of premunition is not clearly understood. In this study, we hypothesized that kin-selection might be a contributing factor in premunition. To test this theory, sheep were infected either once with a linguiform or smooth vulval morphotype of Haemonchos contortus, twice with the same morphotype or twice with different morphotypes. All infections resulted in a similar number of adult parasites. However, there were differences in the morphotypes recovered providing potential evidence of kin selection. Negative interference competition might also contribute to the reduction of the incoming population. Allelopathic or physical interactions between the parasites may be the mechanism behind the observed phenomena.
AFTER #[unassigned]: an Interview with James Saunders
Authors: Lash Dominic , Saunders James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractI have long been intrigued by the way James Saunders’ music is at home both in the more canonical new music contexts (such as the Darmstädter Ferienkurse, Donaueschinger Musiktage or Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival) and in more underground, fugitive contexts. This may be because – unlike so many composers who tip the scales to one side or another – Saunders is equally interested in relationships between sounds and relationships between people. The following text explores the ways Saunders’ work has balanced these interests; it originated in an interview initiated by Simon Reynell to accompany the CD release of Saunders’ composition assigned #15, performed by Apartment House, on Reynell's Another Timbre label. We subsequently followed up with a second interview extending the discussion to more recent work.
Erotic asceticism: the razor's edge observance (asidhārāvrata) and the early history of tantric coital ritual
Authors: Hatley Shaman 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis essay examines shifting representations of theasidhārāvrata(lit. “sword's edge observance”) across a range of Sanskrit literary and religious texts. Originally a Brāhmaṇical ascetic discipline, an observance (vrata) by this name is the earliest ritual involving sexual contact documented in the corpus of Śaivatantras. In its tantric adaptation, an orthodox practice for the cultivation of sensory restraint was transformed into a means for supernatural attainment (siddhi). Diachronic study of the observance in three early Śaiva texts – theNiśvāsatattvasaṃhitā, Mataṅgapārameśvara, andBrahmayāmala– reveals changes in ritual emphases, women's roles, and the nature of engagement in eroticism. Analysis of theasidhārāvratathus sheds light on the early history of tantric sexual rituals, which by the end of the first millennium had become highly diverse. It is argued that the observance became increasingly obsolete with the rise of Śaiva sexual practices more magical, ecstatic, or gnostic in orientation.
The shifting salience of democratic governance: Evidence from the United Nations General Assembly General Debates
Authors: Hecht Catherine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHow has the salience of democratic governance varied as an issue and as a basis of social status in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) over time? International Relations (IR) scholars typically assume a high salience of democratic governance in international society after the Cold War, yet evidence suggests important fluctuations and that these assumptions should be qualified. This article presents quantitative and qualitative results of a manually-coded content analysis of the UNGA General Debates between 1992 and 2014, with comparison to 1982, illustrating variation in the frequency and content of state representatives’ references to democracy and the use of democratic governance as a symbol of status. What factors influence the salience of a given dimension of social status in an international organisation? Explanations supplement IR approaches with insights from social psychology, including the relevance of high and low identifiers, accessibility, fit, current and anticipated group status, and regional status concerns. The article analyses trends in states’ support for principles underpinning international order, which have broader implications for literature on global governance and status in world politics as well as for international democracy support.
Seasonal and Weather Effects on Older Drivers’ Trip Distances
Authors: Smith Glenys A. , Porter Michelle M. , Cull Andrew W. , Mazer Barbara L. , Myers Anita M. , Naglie Gary , Bédard Michel , Tuokko Holly A. , Vrkljan Brenda H. , Gélinas Isabelle , Marshall Shawn C. , Rapoport Mark J. 
Published: April 2016

RÉSUMÉLe but de cette étude a été de déterminer si la saison ou la météo, mesurées objectivement, ont affecté les distances des trajets parcourus par les conducteurs âgés (≥ 70 ans, n = 279) à travers sept sites canadiens. Pendant l’hiver, pour tous les voyages effectués, la distance était de 7 pour cent plus court, lors du contrôle pour le site et si le voyage a eu lieu pendant la journée. En outre, pour les déplacements effectués dans les limites de la ville, la distance était de 1 pour cent plus courte en hiver et 5 pour cent plus en cas de pluie, par rapport à aucune précipitation, tout en contrôlant pour le temps (ou la saison, respectivement), le moment de la journée, et le site. La nuit, contrairement à toute attente, la distance des voyages était d’environ 30 pour cent plus, lors de la commande pour la saison et le site (et la météo). Pris ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que les conducteurs canadiens âgés modifient leurs distances de déplacement basé sur la saison, les conditions météorologiques, et l’heure de la journée, mais pas toujours dans le sens attendu.
Testing noninterference, quickly
Authors: HRIŢCU CĂTĂLIN , LAMPROPOULOS LEONIDAS , SPECTOR-ZABUSKY ANTAL , AZEVEDO DE AMORIM ARTHUR , DÉNÈS MAXIME , HUGHES JOHN , PIERCE BENJAMIN C. , VYTINIOTIS DIMITRIOS 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInformation-flow control mechanisms are difficult both to design and to prove correct. To reduce the time wasted on doomed proof attempts due to broken definitions, we advocate modern random-testing techniques for finding counterexamples during the design process. We show how to use QuickCheck, a property-based random-testing tool, to guide the design of increasingly complex information-flow abstract machines, leading up to a sophisticated register machine with a novel and highly permissive flow-sensitive dynamic enforcement mechanism that is sound in the presence of first-class public labels. We find that both sophisticated strategies for generating well-distributed random programs and readily falsifiable formulations of noninterference properties are critically important for efficient testing. We propose several approaches and evaluate their effectiveness on a collection of injected bugs of varying subtlety. We also present an effective technique for shrinking large counterexamples to minimal, easily comprehensible ones. Taken together, our best methods enable us to quickly and automatically generate simple counterexamples for more than 45 bugs. Moreover, we show how testing guides the discovery of the sophisticated invariants needed for the noninterference proof of our most complex machine.
My Conscience May Be My Guide, but You May Not Need to Honor It
Authors: LAFOLLETTE HUGH 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:A number of healthcare professionals assert a right to be exempt from performing some actions currently designated as part of their standard professional responsibilities. Most advocates claim that they should be excused from these duties simply by averring that they are conscientiously opposed to performing them. They believe that they need not explain or justify their decisions to anyone, nor should they suffer any undesirable consequences of such refusal.Those who claim this right err by blurring or conflating three issues about the nature and role of conscience, and its significance in determining what other people should permit them to do (or not do). Many who criticize those asserting an exemption conflate the same questions and blur the same distinctions, if not expressly, by failing to acknowledge that sometimes a morally serious agent should not do what she might otherwise be expected to do. Neither side seems to acknowledge that in some cases both claims are true. I identify these conflations and specify conditions in which a professional might reasonably refuse to do what she is required to do. Then I identify conditions in which the public should exempt a professional from some of her responsibilities. I argue that professionals should refuse far less often than most advocates do . . . and that they should be even less frequently exempt. Finally, there are compelling reasons why we could not implement a consistent policy giving advocates what they want, likely not even in qualified form.
Measurements of Oxychlorine species on Mars
Authors: Sutter B. , Quinn R. C. , Archer P. D. , Glavin D. P. , Glotch T. D. , Kounaves S. P. , Osterloo M. M. , Rampe E. B. , Ming D. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMars landed and orbiter missions have instrumentation capable of detecting oxychlorine phases (e.g. perchlorate, chlorate) on the surface. Perchlorate (~0.6 wt%) was first detected by the Wet Chemistry Laboratory in the surface material at the Phoenix Mars Landing site. Subsequent analyses by the Thermal Evolved Gas Analyser aboard the same lander detected an oxygen release (~465°C) consistent with the thermal decomposition of perchlorate. Recent thermal analysis by the Mars Science Laboratory's Sample Analysis at Mars instrument has also indicated the presence of oxychlorine phases (up to 1.2 wt%) in Gale Crater materials. Despite being at detectable concentrations, the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray diffractometer has not detected oxychlorine phases. This suggests that Gale Crater oxychlorine may exist as poorly crystalline phases or that perchlorate/chlorate mixtures exist, so that individual oxychlorine concentrations are below CheMin detection limits (~1 wt%). Although not initially designed to detect oxychlorine phases, reinterpretation of Viking Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer data also suggest that oxychlorine phases are present in the Viking surface materials. Remote near-infrared spectral analyses by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument indicate that at least some martian recurring slope lineae (RSL) have spectral signatures consistent with the presence of hydrated perchlorates or chlorates during the seasons when RSL are most extensive. Despite the thermal emission spectrometer, Thermal Emission Imaging System, Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité and CRISM detection of hundreds of anhydrous chloride (~10–25 vol%) deposits, expected associated oxychlorine phases (>5–10 vol%) have not been detected. Total Cl and oxychlorine data sets from the Phoenix Lander and the Mars Science Laboratory missions could be used to develop oxychlorine versus total Cl correlations, which may constrain oxychlorine concentrations at other locations on Mars by using total Cl determined by other missions (e.g. Viking, Pathfinder, MER and Odyssey). Development of microfluidic or ‘lab-on-a-chip’ instrumentation has the potential to be the next generation analytical capability used to identify and quantify individual oxychlorine species on future landed robotic missions to Mars.
The interchange of immunophilins leads to parallel pathways and different intermediates in the assembly of Hsp90 glucocorticoid receptor complexes
Authors: Ebong Ima-obong , Beilsten-Edmands Victoria , Patel Nisha A , Morgner Nina , Robinson Carol V 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHormone receptors require participation of the chaperones Hsp40/Hsp70 to form client-transfer complexes with Hsp90/Hop. Interaction with the co-chaperone p23 releases Hop and Hsp70, and the immunophilin FKBP52 mediates transfer of the Hsp90-receptor complex to the nucleus. Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transport by FKBP51, but not by FKBP52, has been observed at the cellular level, but the subunit composition of the intermediates involved has not been deduced. Here we use mass spectrometry to show that FKBP51/52 form analogous complexes with GR/Hsp90/Hop/Hsp70/ATP, but differences emerge upon addition of p23 to client-transfer complexes. When FKBP51 is present, a stable intermediate is formed (FKBP51)1(GR)1(Hsp90)2(p23)2 by expulsion of Hsp70 and Hop. By contrast, in the presence of FKBP52, ejection of p23 also takes place to form the nuclear transfer complex (FKBP52)1(GR)1(Hsp90)2. Our results are therefore consistent with pathways in which FKBP51/52 are interchangeable during the early assembly reactions. Following interaction with p23, however, the pathways diverge with FKBP51 sequestering GR in a stable intermediate complex with p23. By contrast, binding of FKBP52 occurs almost concomitantly with release of p23 to form a highly dynamic transfer complex, primed for interaction with the dynactin transport machinery.
Evolutionary tradeoffs in cellular composition across diverse bacteria
Authors: Kempes Christopher P , Wang Lawrence , Amend Jan P , Doyle John , Hoehler Tori 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
One of the most important classic and contemporary interests in biology is the connection between cellular composition and physiological function. Decades of research have allowed us to understand the detailed relationship between various cellular components and processes for individual species, and have uncovered common functionality across diverse species. However, there still remains the need for frameworks that can mechanistically predict the tradeoffs between cellular functions and elucidate and interpret average trends across species. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of how cellular composition changes across the diversity of bacteria as connected with physiological function and metabolism, spanning five orders of magnitude in body size. We present an analysis of the trends with cell volume that covers shifts in genomic, protein, cellular envelope, RNA and ribosomal content. We show that trends in protein content are more complex than a simple proportionality with the overall genome size, and that the number of ribosomes is simply explained by cross-species shifts in biosynthesis requirements. Furthermore, we show that the largest and smallest bacteria are limited by physical space requirements. At the lower end of size, cell volume is dominated by DNA and protein content—the requirement for which predicts a lower limit on cell size that is in good agreement with the smallest observed bacteria. At the upper end of bacterial size, we have identified a point at which the number of ribosomes required for biosynthesis exceeds available cell volume. Between these limits we are able to discuss systematic and dramatic shifts in cellular composition. Much of our analysis is connected with the basic energetics of cells where we show that the scaling of metabolic rate is surprisingly superlinear with all cellular components.
A barrier to homologous recombination between sympatric strains of the cooperative soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Wielgoss Sébastien , Didelot Xavier , Chaudhuri Roy R , Liu Xuan , Weedall Gareth D , Velicer Gregory J , Vos Michiel 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus glides through soil in search of prey microbes, but when food sources run out, cells cooperatively construct and sporulate within multicellular fruiting bodies. M. xanthus strains isolated from a 16 × 16-cm-scale patch of soil were previously shown to have diversified into many distinct compatibility types that are distinguished by the failure of swarming colonies to merge upon encounter. We sequenced the genomes of 22 isolates from this population belonging to the two most frequently occurring multilocus sequence type (MLST) clades to trace patterns of incipient genomic divergence, specifically related to social divergence. Although homologous recombination occurs frequently within the two MLST clades, we find an almost complete absence of recombination events between them. As the two clades are very closely related and live in sympatry, either ecological or genetic barriers must reduce genetic exchange between them. We find that the rate of change in the accessory genome is greater than the rate of amino-acid substitution in the core genome. We identify a large genomic tract that consistently differs between isolates that do not freely merge and therefore is a candidate region for harbouring gene(s) responsible for self/non-self discrimination.
Engineered kinesin motor proteins amenable to small-molecule inhibition
Authors: Engelke Martin F. , Winding Michael , Yue Yang , Shastry Shankar , Teloni Federico , Reddy Sanjay , Blasius T. Lynne , Soppina Pushpanjali , Hancock William O. , Gelfand Vladimir I. , Verhey Kristen J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe human genome encodes 45 kinesin motor proteins that drive cell division, cell motility, intracellular trafficking and ciliary function. Determining the cellular function of each kinesin would benefit from specific small-molecule inhibitors. However, screens have yielded only a few specific inhibitors. Here we present a novel chemical-genetic approach to engineer kinesin motors that can carry out the function of the wild-type motor yet can also be efficiently inhibited by small, cell-permeable molecules. Using kinesin-1 as a prototype, we develop two independent strategies to generate inhibitable motors, and characterize the resulting inhibition in single-molecule assays and in cells. We further apply these two strategies to create analogously inhibitable kinesin-3 motors. These inhibitable motors will be of great utility to study the functions of specific kinesins in a dynamic manner in cells and animals. Furthermore, these strategies can be used to generate inhibitable versions of any motor protein of interest.
Giant photostriction in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites
Authors: Zhou Yang , You Lu , Wang Shiwei , Ku Zhiliang , Fan Hongjin , Schmidt Daniel , Rusydi Andrivo , Chang Lei , Wang Le , Ren Peng , Chen Liufang , Yuan Guoliang , Chen Lang , Wang Junling 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAmong the many materials investigated for next-generation photovoltaic cells, organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have demonstrated great potential thanks to their high power conversion efficiency and solution processability. Within a short period of about 5 years, the efficiency of solar cells based on these materials has increased dramatically from 3.8 to over 20%. Despite the tremendous progress in device performance, much less is known about the underlying photophysics involving charge–orbital–lattice interactions and the role of the organic molecules in this hybrid material remains poorly understood. Here, we report a giant photostrictive response, that is, light-induced lattice change, of >1,200 p.p.m. in methylammonium lead iodide, which could be the key to understand its superior optical properties. The strong photon-lattice coupling also opens up the possibility of employing these materials in wireless opto-mechanical devices.