bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just One Click Away: The Politics of E‐Commerce Sales Tax Policy
Authors: Bjorklund Eric 
Published: September 2016

E‐commerce has altered the relationship between consumers, businesses, and U.S. states. E‐retailers are not required to collect sales tax from their customers, thus depriving fiscally insecure states of tax revenue, and providing a competitive advantage for e‐retailers, like Amazon Inc., in their struggle for market share with brick‐and‐mortar stores, like Walmart. Attempts at e‐commerce sales tax policy by state legislators and brick‐and‐mortar lobbyists failed until 2008 when New York successfully passed legislation. A subsequent wave of legislation ensued, and between 2008 and 2012, e‐commerce sales tax legislation left committee in fourteen states, each experiencing various levels of success. Existing explanatory efforts have not fully accounted for the combinatorial effect of political–institutional structure and market contestation in U.S. state‐level policy creation, as well as the likelihood of multiple pathways to passage. Embracing this framework, I use fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to uncover three sufficient pathways for successful passage of e‐commerce sales tax policy. Two paths highlight the confluence of large retailer pressure and a conductive political–institutional structure facing fiscal stress, while the third path reflects political–institutional forces. These findings corroborate, as well as build upon, our knowledge of fiscal sociology, policy domains, and corporate power in American politics.
Remarks on the Parameters of Argument Ellipsis: A New Perspective from Colloquial Singapore English
Authors: Sato Yosuke 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I investigate the nature of parameters responsible for the distribution of argument ellipsis (AE) from the perspective of Colloquial Singapore English (CSE). One recent theory by Saito (2007) suggests that this process, technically analyzed through LF‐Copy, is blocked by ϕ‐feature agreements of T with subject DPs and v with object DPs, respectively. I provide evidence from Case marking, VP‐ and CP‐ellipsis, and Exceptional Case‐Marking constructions that in CSE both functional heads possess abstract ϕ‐feature agreement, as in Standard English. The agreement theory predicts that neither the null subject nor null object position should permit AE in CSE. The fact, however, is that AE is blocked in subject positions but permitted in object positions. I propose that AE in CSE is controlled, instead, by the presence of an operator–variable topic chain, formed to reflect the language's topic‐prominent profile, as manifested in its definite subject preference. This analysis is supported by the observation that the null subject position allows AE in CSE as long as it is not linked to the topic position, as in the case of the hanging topic construction. The alternative analysis suggests that the cross‐linguistic distribution of AE is conditioned by (at least) two parameters: agreement and topichood.
Effects of planned, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies on the use of prenatal health services in sub‐Saharan Africa: a multicountry analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data
Authors: Amo‐Adjei Joshua , Anamaale Tuoyire Derek 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesWe analysed the extent of planned, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies and how they predict optimal use of prenatal (timing and number of antenatal) care services in 30 African countries.MethodsWe pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 30 African countries between 2006 and 2015. We described the extent of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies and further used mixed effects logistic and Poisson regression estimation techniques to examine the impacts of planned, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies on the use of prenatal health services.ResultsIn total, 73.65% of pregnancies in all countries were planned. Mistimed pregnancy ranged from 7.43% in Burkina Faso to 41.33% in Namibia. Unwanted pregnancies were most common in Swaziland (39.54%) and least common in Niger (0.74%). Timely (first trimester) initiation of ANC was 37% overall in all countries; the multicountry average number of ANC visits was optimal [4.1; 95% CI: 4.1–4.2] but with notable disparities between countries. Overall, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies were strongly associated with late ANC attendance and fewer visits women made in the pooled analysis.ConclusionsUnintended pregnancies are critical risks to achieving improved maternal health in respect of early and optimal ANC coverage for women in Africa. Programmes targeted at advancing coverage of ANC in Africa need to deploy contextually appropriate mechanisms to prevent unintended pregnancies.
Implementing the ISO 15746 Standard for Chemical Process Optimization
Authors: Shao Guodong , Denno Peter , Jones Albert , Lu Yan 
Published: September 2016

This paper proposes an approach to integrating advanced process control solutions with optimization (APC-O) solutions, within any factory, to enable more efficient production processes. Currently, vendors who provide the software applications that implement control solutions are isolated and relatively independent. Each such solution is designed to implement a specific task such as control, simulation, and optimization — and only that task. It is not uncommon for vendors to use different mathematical formalisms and modeling tools that produce different data representations and formats. Moreover, instead of being modeled uniformly only once, the same knowledge is often modeled multiple times — each time using a different, specialized abstraction. As a result, it is extremely difficult to integrate optimization with advanced process control.
We believe that a recent standard, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15746, describes a data model that can facilitate that integration. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method of integrating advanced process control using ISO 15746 with numerical optimization. The demonstration is based on a chemical-process-optimization problem, which resides at level 2 of the International Society of Automation (ISA) 95 architecture. The inputs to that optimization problem, which are captured in the ISO 15746 data model, come in two forms: goals from level 3 and feedback from level 1. We map these inputs, using this data model, to a population of a meta-model of the optimization problem for a chemical process. Serialization of the metamodel population provides input to a numerical optimization code of the optimization problem. The results of this integrated process, which is automated, provide the solution to the originally selected, level 2 optimization problem.
Evaluating Rigid and Semi-Flexible Fiber Orientation Evolution Models in Simple Flows
Authors: Lambert Gregory M. , Baird Donald G. 
Published: September 2016

As American vehicle fuel efficiency requirements have become more stringent due to the CAFE standards, the auto industry has turned to fiber reinforced polymer composites as replacements for metal parts to reduce weight while simultaneously maintaining established safety standards. Furthermore, these composites may be easily processed using established techniques such as injection molding and compression molding. The mechanical properties of these composites are dependent on, among other variables, the orientation of the fibers within the part.
Several models have been proposed to correlate fiber orientation with the kinematics of the polymer matrix during processing, each using various strategies to account for fiber interactions and fiber flexing. However, these all require the use of empirical fitting parameters. Previous work has obtained these parameters by fitting to orientation data at a specific location in an injection-molded part. This ties the parameters to the specific mold design used. Obtaining empirical parameters is not a trivial undertaking and adds significant time to the entire mold design process. Considering that new parameters must be obtained any time some aspect of the part or mold is changed, an alternative technique that obtains model parameters independent of the mold design could be advantageous.
This paper continues work looking to obtain empirical parameters from rheological tests. During processing, the fiberpolymer suspension is subjected to a complex flow with both shear and extensional behavior. Rather than use a complex flow, this study seeks to isolate and compare the effects of shear and extension on two orientation models. To this end, simple shear and planar extension are employed and the evolution of orientation from a planar random initial condition is tracked as a function of strain.
Simple shear was imparted using a sliding plate rheometer designed and fabricated in-house. A novel rheometer tool was developed and fabricated in-house to impart planar extension using a lubricated squeeze flow technique, where a low viscosity Newtonian lubricant is applied to the solid boundaries to minimize the effect of shearing due to the no-slip boundary condition. The Folgar-Tucker model with a strain reduction factor is used as a rigid fiber model and compared against a Bead-Rod model (a semi-flexible model) proposed by Ortman. Both models are capable of predicting the data, with the Bead-Rod model performing slightly better. Orientation occurs at a much faster rate under startup of planar extension, and also attains a much higher degree of flow alignment when compared with startup of steady shear.
Solution and Aging Treatments of Inconel 718/TiC Nanocomposite From Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Wang Yachao , Shi Jing , Lu Shiqiang , Wang Yun 
Published: September 2016

Fabricating metal matrix composites (MMCs) through laser assisted additive manufacturing (LAAM) has attracted much attention in recent years. This is because the traditional metal components produced by LAAM are usually inferior to the counterparts produced by conventional manufacturing processes, reflected by porosity, lower density, and thus poorer mechanical properties and service performance. Adding reinforcements to metal matrix in LAAM process can alleviate the challenge. Also, for components produced by LAAM processes, post treatment is often required to further strengthen the material, reduce residual stress, or clean off surface for dimensional accuracy. However, research regarding how post treatment affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of LAAM-produced MMCs is still very rare in literature.
In this study, a nano-TiC reinforced Inconel 718 composite is prepared using selective laser melting (SLM) technique. Various post heat treatment processes have been adopted to investigate their effect on final product properties. The motivation is that Inconel 718 is a Ni-based superalloy, whose full potential is explored in heat treatment after manufacturing processes. A composite with 0.5 wt.% nano-TiC addition is prepared. Three levels of solution temperatures at 940, 980, and 1020 °C (for 1 hr) or one level of annealing temperature at 1100 °C (for 1 hr) are adopted for the treatment, combined with the standard two-step aging (720 °C, 8 h, furnace cooling + 620 °C, 8 h, air cooling) on both the MMC and unreinforced Inconel 718 materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation is conducted to analyze the microstructure of the composite and understand the reinforcing mechanism. Tensile tests are conducted to evaluate the tensile properties. It is discovered that compared with the pure Inconel 718 by SLM, the Inconel 718-TiC MMC exhibits improved ultimate tensile strength for both as-built and solution/annealing treated conditions. Microscopy observation shows that the dendritic structures of Inconel 718 is remarkably refined by the TiC particles in as-built samples, and grain coarsening is largely inhibited by the TiC particles for solution/annealing treated samples. For both reinforced and unreinforced Inconel 718, dissolving of Laves phase and precipitation of δ phase is observed, but annealing at 1100 °C is not favorable for the formation of δ phase. Aging treatment significantly increases the UTS values for both type of material. Moreover, the strengthening effect of added nano particles becomes less significant in the aged condition, due to the precipitation of γ′ and γ″. Future work includes the process parameter optimization, and further evaluation of other mechanical properties.
Electrically Assisted Global Springback Elimination in AMS-T-9046 Titanium After Single Point Incremental Forming
Authors: Grimm Tyler J. , Roth John T. , Ragai Ihab 
Published: September 2016

Incremental Forming (IF) is a new type of sheet metal forming method being investigated by many because of its great potential in the manufacturing industry. The IF method forms sheet metal by use of a hemispherically shaped tool which follows a specified path that gradually forms the material as it traverses across the material. No dies are needed for this process, which is where the potential lies.
IF is currently being researched in order to reduce the drawbacks of the process. These drawbacks include a maximum formable wall angle, degraded surface finish, low part accuracy, and local and global springback. This research focuses on the reduction of global springback, which arises from the stresses induced in the workpiece.
This research approaches the problem with the use of electrical paths ran through the residual stress concentrations. The stress concentrations were mapped using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and multiple tests were done to see which path had the greatest effect on springback.
It was concluded that the best paths to apply electrical current through in order to reduce springback in an incrementally formed truncated pyramid are: along the formed corners from top to bottom, across the upper section of the formed corner, and along each side of the inner formed square. In addition, it was found that the path the electricity takes has a greater effect on the amount of springback reduction than the amount of paths applied. It is hypothesized that this is due to the stiffening effects of certain stresses.
Sensorless Monitoring of Cutting Force Variation With Fractured Tool Under Heavy Cutting Condition
Authors: Yamada Yuki , Kakinuma Yasuhiro , Ito Takamichi , Fujita Jun , Matsuzaki Hirohiko 
Published: September 2016

Cutting force is widely regarded as being the one of the most valuable information for tool condition monitoring. Considering sustainability, sensorless cutting force monitoring technique using inner information of machine tool attracts attention. Cutting force estimation based on motor current is one of the example, and it is applicable to detection of tool breakage with some signal processing technique. However, current signal could not capture fast variation of cutting force. By improving monitoring performance of cutting force, the hidden tool condition information is more accessible.
In this study, monitoring performance of cutting force variation due to tool fracture was enhanced by using multi-encoder-based disturbance observer (MEDOB) and simple moving average. Friction force and torque which deteriorate monitoring performance was eliminated by moving average. First, monitoring accuracy of cutting force was verified through end milling test. Next, local peak value of estimated cutting force was extracted and the ratio of neighboring peak value was calculated to capture the tool fracture. Estimated value using MEDOB could capture the variation resulting from tool fracture.
Development of a PET/OMRI combined system for simultaneous imaging of positron and free radical probes for small animals
Authors: Yamamoto Seiichi , Watabe Tadashi , Ikeda Hayato , Kanai Yasukazu , Ichikawa Kazuhiro , Nakao Motonao , Kato Katsuhiko , Hatazawa Jun 
Published: September 2016

PurposePositron emission tomography (PET) has high sensitivity for imaging radioactive tracer distributions in subjects. However, it is not possible to image free radical distribution in a subject by PET. Since free radicals are quite reactive, they are related to many diseases, including but not limited to cancer, inflammation, strokes, and heart disease. The Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OMRI) is so far the only method that images free radical distribution in vivo. By combining PET and OMRI, a new hybrid imaging modality might be developed that can simultaneously image the radioactive tracer and free radical distributions. For this purpose, the authors developed a PET/OMRI combined system for small animals.MethodsThe developed PET/OMRI system used an optical fiber‐based PET system combined with a permanent magnet‐based OMRI system. The optical fiber‐based PET system uses flexible optical fiber bundles. Eight optical fiber‐based block detectors were arranged in a 56 mm diameter ring to form a PET system. The LGSO blocks were located inside the field‐of‐view (FOV) of the OMRI, and the position sensitive photomultiplier tubes were positioned behind the OMRI to minimize the interference between the PET and the OMRI. The OMRI system used a 0.0165 T permanent magnet. The system has an electron spin resonance coil to enhance the MRI signal using the Overhauser effect to image the free radical in the FOV of the PET/OMRI system.ResultsThe spatial resolution and sensitivity of the optical fiber‐based PET system were 1.2 mm FWHM and 1.2% at the central FOV, respectively. The OMRI system imaged the distribution of a nitroxyl radical (NXR) solution. The interference between PET and OMRI was small. Simultaneous imaging of the positron radiotracer and the NXR solution was successfully conducted with the developed PET/OMRI system for phantom and small animal studies.ConclusionsThe authors developed a PET/OMRI combined system with the potential to provide interesting new results in molecular imaging research, such as in vivo molecular and free radical distributions.
History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations
Authors: Thèves Catherine , Crubézy Eric , Biagini Philippe 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Smallpox is considered among the most devastating of human diseases. Its spread in populations, initiated for thousands of years following a probable transmission from an animal host, was concomitant with movements of people across regions and continents, trade and wars. Literature permitted to retrace the occurrence of epidemics from ancient times to recent human history, smallpox having affected all levels of past society including famous monarchs. The disease was officially declared eradicated in 1979 following intensive vaccination campaigns.
Paleomicrobiology dedicated to variola virus is restricted to few studies, most unsuccessful, involving ancient material. Only one recent approach allowed the identification of viral DNA fragments from lung tissue of a 300-year-old body excavated from permafrost in Eastern Siberia; phylogenetic analysis revealed that this ancient strain was distinct from those described during the 20th century.
Human Lice in Paleoentomology and Paleomicrobiology
Authors: Drali Rezak , Mumcuoglu Kosta , Raoult Didier 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Lice are a classic example of cospeciation. Human lice confirm this cospeciation with lice specialized in hominids which differ from those of gorillas and chimpanzees. Head lice and body lice seem to belong to closely related species with different ecotypes and a different geographical distribution which may reflect population movements. Paleo-entomology allows us in some cases to trace the migrations of archaic human populations. The analysis of lice found on mummies in Egypt and South America has clarified a certain number of these migrations, also the study of lice and the diseases they transmit has shed a new light on the epidemics of the past.
Ancient Resistome
Authors: Olaitan Abiola Olumuyiwa , Rolain Jean-Marc 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Antibiotic resistance is an ancient biological mechanism in bacteria, although its proliferation in our contemporary world has been amplified through antimicrobial therapy. Recent studies conducted on ancient environmental and human samples have uncovered numerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. The resistance genes that have been reported from the analysis of ancient bacterial DNA include genes coding for several classes of antibiotics, such as glycopeptides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, and macrolides. The investigation of the resistome of ancient bacteria is a recent and emerging field of research, and technological advancements such as next-generation sequencing will further contribute to its growth. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from this research will help us to better understand the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and will also be used in drug design as a proactive measure against antibiotic resistance.
Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy
Authors: Spigelman Mark , Rubini Mauro 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

The use of paleomicrobiological techniques in leprosy has the potential to assist paleopathologists in many important aspects of their studies on the bones of victims, solving at times diagnostic problems. With
Mycobacterium leprae
, because of the unique nature of the organism, these techniques can help solve problems of differential diagnosis. In cases of co-infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, they can also suggest a cause of death and possibly even trace the migratory patterns of people in antiquity, as well as explain changes in the rates and level of infection within populations in antiquity.
Cholera
Authors: Lippi Donatella , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Caini Saverio 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Cholera is an acute disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by
Vibrio cholerae
. Cholera was localized in Asia until 1817, when a first pandemic spread from India to several other regions of the world. After this appearance, six additional major pandemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries, the latest of which originated in Indonesia in the 1960s and is still ongoing. In 1854, a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, was investigated by the English physician John Snow (1813 to 1858). He described the time course of the outbreak, managed to understand its routes of transmission, and suggested effective measures to stop its spread, giving rise to modern infectious disease epidemiology. The germ responsible for cholera was discovered twice: first by the Italian physician Filippo Pacini during an outbreak in Florence, Italy, in 1854, and then independently by Robert Koch in India in 1883, thus favoring the germ theory over the miasma theory of disease. Unlike many other infectious diseases, such as plague, smallpox, and poliomyelitis, cholera persists as a huge public health problem worldwide, even though there are effective methods for its prevention and treatment. The main reasons for its persistence are socioeconomic rather than purely biological; cholera flourishes where there are unsatisfactory hygienic conditions and where a breakdown of already fragile sanitation and health infrastructure occurs because of natural disasters or humanitarian crises.