bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of ash properties from IASI measurements
Authors: Ventress Lucy J. , McGarragh Gregory , Carboni Elisa , Smith Andrew J. , Grainger Roy G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. A new optimal estimation algorithm for the retrieval of volcanic ash properties has been developed for use with the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). The retrieval method uses the wave number range 680–1200 cm−1, which contains window channels, the CO2 ν2 band (used for the height retrieval), and the O3 ν3 band.Assuming a single infinitely (geometrically) thin ash plume and combining this with the output from the radiative transfer model RTTOV, the retrieval algorithm produces the most probable values for the ash optical depth (AOD), particle effective radius, plume top height, and effective radiating temperature. A comprehensive uncertainty budget is obtained for each pixel. Improvements to the algorithm through the use of different measurement error covariance matrices are explored, comparing the results from a sensitivity study of the retrieval process using covariance matrices trained on either clear-sky or cloudy scenes. The result showed that, due to the smaller variance contained within it, the clear-sky covariance matrix is preferable. However, if the retrieval fails to pass the quality control tests, the cloudy covariance matrix is implemented.The retrieval algorithm is applied to scenes from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010, and the retrieved parameters are compared to ancillary data sources. The ash optical depth gives a root mean square error (RMSE) difference of 0.46 when compared to retrievals from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument for all pixels and an improved RMSE of 0.2 for low optical depths (AOD < 0.1). Measurements from the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) flight campaigns are used to verify the retrieved particle effective radius, with the retrieved distribution of sizes for the scene showing excellent consistency. Further, the plume top altitudes are compared to derived cloud-top altitudes from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument and show agreement with RMSE values of less than 1 km.
The effect of therapeutic pleural drainage on the short- and long-term sequelae of tuberculous pleural effusions
Authors: Wilken E , Fengels H , Swart F , Maree D , Bruwer J W , Batubara E M , Irusen E M , Koegelenberg C F N 
Published: November 2016

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a common cause of pleural exudates in many parts of the globe. Pleural fibrosis with restriction is a well-known complication of tuberculous pleuritis. Current evidence suggests that pleural drainage offers little benefit over and above anti-TB treatment in improving pulmonary function.</p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>We enrolled 20 patients with proven tuberculous pleural effusions (mean age 32.7 years, 10 males, 12 HIV-positive), and performed therapeutic pleural drainage in 10 randomly selected cases. Pulmonary function testing (PFT), chest radiography and transthoracic ultrasound were performed on all patients before treatment and at 7 - 10 days, 3 months and 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results. </strong>Complete therapeutic drainage was achieved in only 4 of the 10 patients randomised to undergo drainage. No significant immediate benefit was achieved in the 10 patients assigned to intervention. However, compared with the non-intervention group, the intervention group showed significant changes in several functional parameters at 6 months, including changes in forced vital capacity from baseline (1.40 L v. 0.65 L; <em>p</em>&lt;0.001), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (1.37 L v. 0.60 L; <em>p</em>=0.002), total lung capacity (1.76 L v. 0.88 L; <em>p</em>=0.034) and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (7.42 v. 2.19 mL/min/mmHg, <em>p</em>=0.013). No difference was observed in the change in 6-minute walking distance (113.4 m v. 126 m; <em>p</em>=0.798) compared with the control group at 6 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Therapeutic drainage may offer additional medium- and long-term functional benefits to patients with pleural TB, in addition to anti-TB drug therapy alone, as evident in the improvement in PFT results.</p>
Conductivity control of Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 thin films grown on sapphire substrates
Authors: Akaiwa Kazuaki , Kaneko Kentaro , Ichino Kunio , Fujita Shizuo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We achieved the successful fabrication of Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 thin films with higher electron mobility and wider conductivity controls by improving the crystal quality. α-Ga2O3 films showed n-type conductivity with a maximum electron mobility of 24 cm2 V−1 s−1. The carrier concentration was successfully controlled in the range of 1017–1019 cm−3. Crystal defects such as dislocations severely compensate the free carriers in α-Ga2O3 films and restrict the mobility at low carrier concentrations. Therefore, to achieve further conductivity control and higher mobility, improving the crystallinity of α-Ga2O3 films is necessary.
Visibility deterioration and hygroscopic growth of biomass burning aerosols over a tropical coastal city: a case study over Singapore's airport
Authors: Lee Shao‐Yi , Gan Christopher , Chew Boon Ning 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBiomass burning in the Maritime Continent frequently results in region‐wide haze pollution, causing concerns for aviation and maritime navigation. Indonesian peat smoke is high in sulfates and water soluble organic carbon, and we show that in Singapore, particle hygroscopic growth results in a strongly non‐linear relationship between visibility and aerosol concentration under humid conditions. Thus, even for a tropical coastal city, the consideration of ambient relative humidity is desirable when forecasting for visibility deterioration caused by haze aerosols.
Identifying the Active Sites on N‐doped Graphene toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Kong Xiangkai , Liu Qiangchun , Chen Debao , Chen Guilin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIdentifying and generating more active sites with high activity on N‐doped graphene for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are challenging in the renewable energy conversion and storage technologies. However, the local electronic/chemical environment on graphene surface is significantly influenced and can be controlled by doping with foreign atoms, which will contribute to its improved catalytic performance. Henceforth, different N‐doping formats, diverse N distributions and concentrations, as well as the edge effect are investigated on the basis of density functional theory, to discover the ideal N‐doping condition for high OER behavior. By analyzing the free‐energy‐change diagrams, adsorbed interactions of reactant intermediates, electrostatic potential surfaces, and other obtained data, it is suggested that graphitic N with low doping concentration and N atoms distributed near edge sites is the ideal candidate for high OER activity, which is efficient as a carbon‐based electrocatalyst for water splitting and metal–air batteries applications.
Assessing variation across 8 established East Asian loci for type 2 diabetes mellitus in American Indians: Suggestive evidence for new sex‐specific diabetes signals in GLIS3 and ZFAND3
Authors: Muller Yunhua L. , Piaggi Paolo , Chen Peng , Wiessner Gregory , Okani Chidinma , Kobes Sayuko , Knowler William C. , Bogardus Clifton , Hanson Robert L. , Baier Leslie J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundEight new loci for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were identified in an East Asian genome‐wide association study meta‐analysis. We assess tag SNPs across these loci for associations with T2DM in American Indians.MethodsA total of 435 SNPs that tag (R2 ≥ .85) common variation across the 8 loci were analyzed for association with T2DM (n = 7710), early onset T2DM (n = 1060), body mass index (n = 6839), insulin sensitivity (n = 555), and insulin secretion (n = 298).ResultsTag SNPs within FITM2‐R3HDML‐HNF4A, GLIS3, KCNK16, and ZFAND3 associated with T2DM after accounting for locus‐wide multiple testing. The T2DM association in FITM2‐R3HDML‐HNF4A (rs3212183; P = .0002; OR = 1.19 [1.09‐1.30]) was independent from the East Asian lead SNP (rs6017317), which did not associate with T2DM in American Indians. The top signals in GLIS3 (rs7875253; P = .0004; OR = 1.23 [1.10‐1.38]) and KCNK16 (rs1544050; P = .002; OR = 1.16 [1.06‐1.27]) were attenuated after adjustment for the East Asian lead SNPs (rs7041847 in GLIS3; rs1535500 in KCNK16), both of which also associated with T2DM in American Indians (P = .02; OR = 1.11 [1.01‐1.21]; P = .007; OR = 1.19 [1.05‐1.36] respectively). The top SNP in ZFAND3 (rs9470794; P = .002; OR = 1.43 [1.14‐1.80]) was the identical East Asian lead SNP. Additional SNPs in GLIS3 (rs180867004) and ZFAND3 (rs4714120 and rs9470701) had significant genotype × sex interactions (P ≤ .008). The GLIS3 SNP (rs180867004) associated with T2DM only in men (P = .00006, OR = 1.94 [1.40‐2.68]). The ZFAND3 SNPs (rs4714120 and rs9470701) associated with T2DM only in women (P = .0002, OR = 1.35 [1.16‐1.59]; P = .0003, OR = 1.37 [1.16‐1.63] respectively).ConclusionsReplication of lead T2DM SNPs in GLIS3, KCNK16, and ZFAND3 was observed in American Indians. Sex‐specific T2DM signals in GLIS3 and ZFAND3, which are distinct from the East Asian GWAS signals, were also identified.
Noninvasive hepatic fibrosis staging using mr elastography: The usefulness of the bayesian prediction method
Authors: Ichikawa Shintaro , Motosugi Utaroh , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Matsuda Masanori , Onishi Hiroshi 
Published: November 2016

PurposeTo evaluate the usefulness of the Bayesian method for hepatic fibrosis staging with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE).Materials and MethodsThe sample of this retrospective study comprised patients with chronic liver disease (n = 309), in whom histopathological fibrosis staging and MRE using either a 1.5T (n = 214) or a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (n = 95) had been performed. The optimal cutoff stiffness value was determined and used to calculate the discrimination ability of fibrosis staging by the cutoff method. The Bayesian method calculated post‐MRE probability of each fibrosis stage, yielding MRE‐based fibrosis staging without a cutoff value as well as the confidence of staging. We compared the discrimination ability in all patients and in a subgroup of patients with high (≥90%) posterior probability.ResultsThe discrimination ability for hepatic fibrosis staging was comparable between the Bayesian method and the cutoff method in all patients because the accuracy of staging with the Bayesian method and the cutoff method in all patients was not different (P = 1.0000). However, in patients with high posterior probability by the Bayesian method, the accuracy of staging with the Bayesian method was significantly improved compared with that of the cutoff method in all patients; for discriminating stage ≥F2 from F0–F1 (98.9% vs. 94.8%, P = 0.0069); for ≥F3 (99.6% vs. 92.6%, P < 0.0001); and for F4 (100% vs. 94.2%, P = 0.0002).ConclusionThe Bayesian method has a highly accurate discrimination ability for noninvasive hepatic fibrosis staging using MRE, if the posterior probability is high.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:375–382
Measuring the ICD‐11 adjustment disorder concept: Validity and sensitivity to change of the Adjustment Disorder – New Module questionnaire in a clinical intervention study
Authors: Bachem Rahel , Perkonigg Axel , Stein Dan J. , Maercker Andreas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAdjustment disorder (AjD) is a frequent but under‐researched diagnosis due in part to a lack of specific symptom criteria and adequate tools of measurement. The ICD‐11 for the first time proposes a positive symptom catalogue to define AjD. This study presents a validation of the Adjustment Disorder – New Module (ADNM), the first symptom severity measure for AjD according to the ICD‐11 concept. Validity and sensitivity to change were investigated in a sample of 190 individuals with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of AjD. The ADNM scales demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity for anxiety symptoms (Hamilton Anxiety Scale; psychic anxiety r = 0.18–0.31), functional impairment (Sheehan Disability Scale; r = 0.18–0.47), and depression (Montgomery–Asberg Depression Scale; r = 0.13–0.30). At baseline 78% of the individuals with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of AjD were also classified so by the ADNM. Repeated‐measures ANOVA indicated significant ADNM‐symptom decrease during treatment, replicating the patterns of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Sheehan Disability Scale, and Clinical Global Impression Scale. This article presents the first use of the ADNM as a measure for ICD‐11 AjD in a randomized‐controlled intervention study of AjD. It provides support for the construct validity and sensitivity to symptom change of this scale during pharmacological treatment.
Semi‐decentralized nonlinear cooperative control strategies for a network of heterogeneous autonomous underwater vehicles
Authors: Enayat Maria , Khorasani Khashayar 
Published: November 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we develop nonlinear distributed or semi‐decentralized cooperative control schemes for a team of heterogeneous autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The objective is to have the network of AUVs follow a desired trajectory, while the agents maintain a desired formation when there is a virtual leader whose position information is only available and known to a very small subset of the agents. The virtual leader does not receive any feedback and information from the other agents and the agents only communicate with their nearest neighboring agents. It is assumed that the model parameters associated with each vehicle/agent is different, although the order of the agents is the same. The developed and proposed nonlinear distributed cooperative control schemes are based on the dynamic surface control methodology for a network of heterogeneous autonomous vehicles with uncertainties. The development and investigation of the dynamic surface control methodology for a team of cooperative heterogenous multi‐agent nonlinear systems is accomplished for the first time in the literature. Simulation results corresponding to a team of six AUVs are provided to demonstrate and illustrate the advantages and superiority of our proposed cooperative control strategies as compared to the methods that are available in the literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Privacy‐preserving outsourced gene data search in encryption domain
Authors: Fengxiao Huang , Zhangjie Fu , Xingming Sun , Ching‐Nung Yang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHuman genome project is a grand scale scientific work, which aims at measuring three billion base pairs in human chromosomes (haploid). It brings a great challenging task to store and utilize these gene sequences (GS) securely and effectively. With the development of the cloud computing, the storage of gene information can be out of consideration. However, their secure utilization still puzzles data owners and data users. One popular way is to encrypt these GS and construct searchable indexes for secure retrieval. In this paper, we first define and solve the problem of privacy‐preserving outsourced gene data search in encryption domain. We transfer GS into numerical vectors by reasonable mapping for ease of similarity calculation. We employ secure KNN algorithm to encrypt the query, index, and gene data and compute relevance scores securely. We test our scheme through a real‐world dataset: plant GS from National Center of Biotechnology Information. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actuality Entailments: When the Modality is in the Presupposition
Authors: Mari Alda 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn natural language, modals are not implicative. However, when the modality is combined with the perfective, it shows an implicative (or factive) behavior. This phenomenon is called ‘actuality entailment’. We show that actuality entailments arise with goal-oriented modality only and endorse Belnap’s view of that goal-oriented modals use historical accessibility with a fixed past and an open future. This modal-theoretic assumption allows us to spell out the precise modal-temporal configuration in which the actuality entailment arises and our predictions are borne out by the data, cross-linguistically. We also show that, when any assumption about the identity of worlds at branching point is leveled - which appears to be the case with generic deontic and opportunity modals, the actuality entailments disappear. We also predict that the entailment disappears with prospectivity. Finally, we argue that modal sentences giving rise to actuality entailments are informative, insofar as the contribution of the modality survives as a presupposition that the modal base is non-homogeneous.
Context Update for Lambdas and Vectors
Authors: Muskens Reinhard , Sadrzadeh Mehrnoosh 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVector models of language are based on the contextual aspects of words and how they co-occur in text. Truth conditional models focus on the logical aspects of language, the denotations of phrases, and their compositional properties. In the latter approach the denotation of a sentence determines its truth conditions and can be taken to be a truth value, a set of possible worlds, a context change potential, or similar. In this short paper, we develop a vector semantics for language based on the simply typed lambda calculus. Our semantics uses techniques familiar from the truth conditional tradition and is based on a form of dynamic interpretation inspired by Heim’s context updates.
A Compositional Semantics for ‘If Then’ Conditionals
Authors: Vidal Mathieu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the first compositional semantics for if then conditionals. The semantics of each element are first examined separately. The meaning of if is modeled according to a possible worlds semantics. The particle then is analyzed as an anaphoric word that places its focused element inside the context settled by a previous element. Their meanings are subsequently combined in order to provide a formal semantics of if A then C conditionals, which differs from the simple if A, C form. This semantics has the particularity of validating contraposition for the first type but invalidating it for the second type. Finally, a detailed examination of the sentences presented in the literature opposing this schema of reasoning shows that these counterexamples do not generally concern if then conditionals but, rather, even if conditionals and that contraposition is therefore a valid means of reasoning with regard to if then conditionals in natural language, as this system predicts.
On Classical Nonassociative Lambek Calculus
Authors: Buszkowski Wojciech 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCNL, intoduced by de Groote and Lamarche [11], is a conservative extension of Nonassociative Lambek Calculus (NL) by a De Morgan negation $$^{\sim }$$

∼

, satisfying $$A^{\sim }/B\Leftrightarrow A\backslash B^{\sim }$$

A
∼

/
B
⇔
A
\

B
∼

. [11] provides a fine theory of proof nets for CNL and shows cut elimination and polynomial decidability. Here the purely proof-theoretic approach of [11] is enriched with algebras and phase spaces for CNL. We prove that CNL is a strongly conservative extension of NL, CNL has the strong finite model property, the grammars based on CNL (also with assumptions) generate the context-free languages, and the finitary consequence relation for CNL is decidable in polynomial time.
Proof Assistants for Natural Language Semantics
Authors: Chatzikyriakidis Stergios , Luo Zhaohui 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper we discuss the use of interactive theorem provers (also called proof assistants) in the study of natural language semantics. It is shown that these provide useful platforms for NL semantics and reasoning on the one hand, and allow experiments to be performed on various frameworks and new theories, on the other. In particular, we show how to use Coq, a prominent type theory based proof assistant, to encode type theoretical semantics of various NL phenomena. In this respect, we can encode the NL semantics based on type theory for quantifiers, adjectives, common nouns, and tense, among others, and it is shown that Coq is a powerful engine for checking the formal validity of these accounts as well as a powerful reasoner about the implemented semantics. We further show some toy semantic grammars for formal semantic systems, like the Montagovian Generative Lexicon, Type Theory with Records and neo-Davidsonian semantics. It is also explained that experiments on new theories can be done as well, testing their validity and usefulness. Our aim is to show the importance of using proof assistants as useful tools in natural language reasoning and verification and argue for their wider application in the field.
Compositional Event Semantics in Pregroup Grammars
Authors: Gaudreault Gabriel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA derivational approach to event semantics using pregroup grammars as syntactic framework is defined. This system relies on three crucial components: the explicit introduction of event variables which are linked to the basic types of a lexical item’s grammatical type; the unification of event variables following a concatenation of two expressions and the associated type contraction; and the correspondence between pregroup orderings and the change of the available event variables associated to a lexical item, which the meaning predicates take scope over.
Soft 3D-Printed Phantom of the Human Kidney with Collecting System
Authors: Adams Fabian , Qiu Tian , Mark Andrew , Fritz Benjamin , Kramer Lena , Schlager Daniel , Wetterauer Ulrich , Miernik Arkadiusz , Fischer Peer 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOrgan models are used for planning and simulation of operations, developing new surgical instruments, and training purposes. There is a substantial demand for in vitro organ phantoms, especially in urological surgery. Animal models and existing simulator systems poorly mimic the detailed morphology and the physical properties of human organs. In this paper, we report a novel fabrication process to make a human kidney phantom with realistic anatomical structures and physical properties. The detailed anatomical structure was directly acquired from high resolution CT data sets of human cadaveric kidneys. The soft phantoms were constructed using a novel technique that combines 3D wax printing and polymer molding. Anatomical details and material properties of the phantoms were validated in detail by CT scan, ultrasound, and endoscopy. CT reconstruction, ultrasound examination, and endoscopy showed that the designed phantom mimics a real kidney’s detailed anatomy and correctly corresponds to the targeted human cadaver’s upper urinary tract. Soft materials with a tensile modulus of 0.8–1.5 MPa as well as biocompatible hydrogels were used to mimic human kidney tissues. We developed a method of constructing 3D organ models from medical imaging data using a 3D wax printing and molding process. This method is cost-effective means for obtaining a reproducible and robust model suitable for surgical simulation and training purposes.