bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence diversity patterns suggesting balancing selection in partially sex‐linked genes of the plant Silene latifolia are not generated by demographic history or gene flow
Authors: Guirao‐Rico Sara , Sánchez‐Gracia Alejandro , Charlesworth Deborah 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDNA sequence diversity in genes in the partially sex‐linked pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the sex chromosomes of the plant Silene latifolia is higher than expected from within‐species diversity of other genes. This could be the footprint of sexually antagonistic (SA) alleles that are maintained by balancing selection in a PAR gene (or genes) and affect polymorphism in linked genome regions. SA selection is predicted to occur during sex chromosome evolution, but it is important to test whether the unexpectedly high sequence polymorphism could be explained without it, purely by the combined effects of partial linkage with the sex‐determining region and the population's demographic history, including possible introgression from Silene dioica. To test this, we applied approximate Bayesian computation‐based model choice to autosomal sequence diversity data, to find the most plausible scenario for the recent history of S. latifolia and then to estimate the posterior density of the most relevant parameters. We then used these densities to simulate variation to be expected at PAR genes. We conclude that an excess of variants at high frequencies at PAR genes should arise in S. latifolia populations only for genes with strong associations with fully sex‐linked genes, which requires closer linkage with the fully sex‐linked region than that estimated for the PAR genes where apparent deviations from neutrality were observed. These results support the need to invoke selection to explain the S. latifolia PAR gene diversity, and encourage further work to test the possibility of balancing selection due to sexual antagonism.
High levels of diversity and population structure in the potato late blight pathogen at the Mexico centre of origin
Authors: Wang Jianan , Fernández‐Pavía Sylvia P. , Larsen Meredith M. , Garay‐Serrano Edith , Gregorio‐Cipriano Rosario , Rodríguez‐Alvarado Gerardo , Grünwald Niklaus J. , Goss Erica M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlobally destructive crop pathogens often emerge by migrating out of their native ranges. These pathogens are often diverse at their centre of origin and may exhibit adaptive variation in the invaded range via multiple introductions from different source populations. However, source populations are generally unidentified or poorly studied compared to invasive populations. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is one of the most costly pathogens of potato and tomato worldwide. Mexico is the centre of origin and diversity of P. infestans and migration events out of Mexico have enormously impacted disease dynamics in North America and Europe. The debate over the origin of the pathogen, and population studies of P. infestans in Mexico, has focused on the Toluca Valley, whereas neighbouring regions have been little studied. We examined the population structure of P. infestans across central Mexico, including samples from Michoacán, Tlaxcala and Toluca. We found high levels of diversity consistent with sexual reproduction in Michoacán and Tlaxcala and population subdivision that was strongly associated with geographic region. We determined that population structure in central Mexico has contributed to diversity in introduced populations based on relatedness of U.S. clonal lineages to Mexican isolates from different regions. Our results suggest that P. infestans exists as a metapopulation in central Mexico, and this population structure could be contributing to the repeated re‐emergence of P. infestans in the United States and elsewhere.
Genetic basis of octanoic acid resistance inDrosophila sechellia: functional analysis of a fine‐mapped region
Authors: Andrade López J. M. , Lanno S. M. , Auerbach J. M. , Moskowitz E. C. , Sligar L. A. , Wittkopp P. J. , Coolon J. D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDrosophila sechelliais a species of fruit fly endemic to the Seychelles islands. Unlike its generalist sister species,D. sechelliahas evolved to be a specialist on the host plantMorinda citrifolia. This specialization is interesting because the plant's fruit contains secondary defence compounds, primarily octanoic acid (OA), that are lethal to most other Drosophilids. Although ecological and behavioural adaptations to this toxic fruit are known, the genetic basis for evolutionary changes inOAresistance is not. Prior work showed that a genomic region on chromosome 3R containing 18 genes has the greatest contribution to differences inOAresistance betweenD. sechelliaandD. simulans. To determine which gene(s) in this region might be involved in the evolutionary change inOAresistance, we knocked down expression of each gene in this region inD. melanogasterwithRNAinterference (RNAi) (i) ubiquitously throughout development, (ii) during only the adult stage and (iii) within specific tissues. We identified three neighbouring genes in theOsirisfamily,Osiris 6(Osi6),Osi7andOsi8, that led to decreasedOAresistance when ubiquitously knocked down. Tissue‐specificRNAi, however, showed that decreasing expression ofOsi6andOsi7specifically in the fat body and/or salivary glands increasedOAresistance. Gene expression analyses ofOsi6andOsi7revealed that while standing levels of expression are higher inD. sechellia,Osi6expression is significantly downregulated in salivary glands in response toOAexposure, suggesting that evolved tissue‐specific environmental plasticity ofOsi6expression may be responsible forOAresistance inD. sechellia.
Analysis of [SWI+] formation and propagation events
Authors: Du Zhiqiang , Goncharoff Dustin Kenneth , Cheng Xudong , Li Liming 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, harbors several prions that are transmitted as altered, heritable protein conformations. [SWI+] is one such prion whose determinant is Swi1, a subunit of the evolutionarily conserved chromatin‐remodeling complex SWI/SNF. Despite the importance of Swi1, the molecular events that lead to [SWI+] prionogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we have constructed floccullin‐promoter‐based URA3 reporters for [SWI+] identification. Using these reporters, we show that the spontaneous formation frequency of [SWI+] is significantly higher than that of [PSI+] (prion form of Sup35). We also show that preexisting [PSI+] or [PIN+] (prion form of Rnq1), or overproduction of Swi1 prion‐domain (PrD) can considerably promote Swi1 prionogenesis. Moreover, our data suggest a strain‐specific effect of overproduction of Sse1 – a nucleotide exchange factor of the molecular chaperone Hsp70, and its interaction with another molecular chaperone Hsp104 on [SWI+] maintenance. Additionally, we show that Swi1 aggregates are initially ring/ribbon‐like then become dot‐like in mature [SWI+] cells. In the presence of [PSI+] or [PIN+], Swi1 ring/ribbon‐like aggregates predominantly colocalize with the Sup35 or Rnq1 aggregates; without a preexisting prion, however, such colocalizations are rarely seen during Swi1‐PrD overproduction‐promoted Swi1 prionogenesis. We have thus demonstrated a complex interacting mechanism of yeast prionogenesis.
High‐resolution electrical mapping of porcine gastric slow‐wave propagation from the mucosal surface
Authors: Angeli T. R. , Du P. , Paskaranandavadivel N. , Sathar S. , Hall A. , Asirvatham S. J. , Farrugia G. , Windsor J. A. , Cheng L. K. , O'Grady G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundGastric motility is coordinated by bioelectrical slow waves, and gastric dysrhythmias are reported in motility disorders. High‐resolution (HR) mapping has advanced the accurate assessment of gastric dysrhythmias, offering promise as a diagnostic technique. However, HR mapping has been restricted to invasive surgical serosal access. This study investigates the feasibility of HR mapping from the gastric mucosal surface.MethodsExperiments were conducted in vivo in 14 weaner pigs. Reference serosal recordings were performed with flexible‐printed‐circuit (FPC) arrays (128‐192 electrodes). Mucosal recordings were performed by two methods: (i) FPC array aligned directly opposite the serosal array, and (ii) cardiac mapping catheter modified for gastric mucosal recordings. Slow‐wave propagation and morphology characteristics were quantified and compared between simultaneous serosal and mucosal recordings.Key ResultsSlow‐wave activity was consistently recorded from the mucosal surface from both electrode arrays. Mucosally recorded slow‐wave propagation was consistent with reference serosal activation pattern, frequency (P≥.3), and velocity (P≥.4). However, mucosally recorded slow‐wave morphology exhibited reduced amplitude (65‐72% reduced, P<.001) and wider downstroke width (18‐31% wider, P≤.02), compared to serosal data. Dysrhythmias were successfully mapped and classified from the mucosal surface, accorded with serosal data, and were consistent with known dysrhythmic mechanisms in the porcine model.Conclusions & InferencesHigh‐resolution gastric electrical mapping was achieved from the mucosal surface, and demonstrated consistent propagation characteristics with serosal data. However, mucosal signal morphology was attenuated, demonstrating necessity for optimized electrode designs and analytical algorithms. This study demonstrates feasibility of endoscopic HR mapping, providing a foundation for advancement of minimally invasive spatiotemporal gastric mapping as a clinical and scientific tool.
Safety and Efficacy of a Pharmacist‐Managed Patient‐Controlled Analgesia Service in Postsurgical Patients
Authors: McGonigal Katrina H. , Giuliano Christopher A. , Hurren Jeff 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPurposeTo compare the safety and efficacy of a pharmacist‐managed patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) service with physician/midlevel provider‐managed (standard) PCA services in postsurgical patients.MethodsThis was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study performed at 3 major hospitals in the Detroit, Michigan, metropolitan area. Postsurgical patients from October 2012 to December 2013 were included. The primary outcome compared the pain area under the curve adjusted for time on PCA (AUC/T) of patients receiving pharmacist‐managed PCA services vs. standard care, up to 72 hours after initiation of PCA. Secondary outcomes included initial opioid selection, programmed PCA settings, duration of PCA use, frequency of adjunct analgesia utilization, and frequency of breakthrough analgesia utilization. Safety outcomes were assessed as a composite safety endpoint and individually.ResultsTotal pain AUC/T scores did not differ between the pharmacist‐managed and standard‐managed groups (3.25 vs. 3.25, respectively; P = 0.98). Adjunct pain medications were given with similar frequency in the 2 groups; however, significantly fewer patients required breakthrough pain medication in the pharmacist‐managed group (11% vs. 36%, respectively; P < 0.0001). A composite endpoint of any adverse event occurring was found to be greater in the pharmacist‐managed group. This was driven by a higher proportion of patients requiring antiemetic use (46% vs. 32%; P = 0.04).ConclusionA pharmacist‐managed PCA service provided no difference in pain control compared to standard management. The requirement for breakthrough analgesia was decreased in the pharmacist group, while the need for antiemetic use was increased. Further research should be conducted to evaluate different PCA management strategies.
Does empowerment mediate the effects of psychological factors on mental health, well‐being, and recovery in young people?
Authors: Grealish Annmarie , Tai Sara , Hunter Andrew , Emsley Richard , Murrells Trevor , Morrison Anthony P. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesThere is consensus that empowerment is key to recovery from mental health problems, enabling a person to take charge of their life and make informed choices and decisions about their life. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which empowerment affects mental health in young people. The current study involved young people aged 16–29 years and examined empowerment as a potential mediator of the relationship between psychological factors (psychosocial, cognition, coping, and control) and mental health, well‐being, and recovery from personal problems.MethodsA cross‐sectional, Internet‐based questionnaire study recruited 423 young people aged between 16 and 29 attending universities in England (n = 336) and Ireland (n = 87). Psychological factors, mental well‐being, empowerment, and recovery from personal problems were measured using self‐report measures.ResultsMediation analysis in both the single and one over‐arching mediator models revealed that empowerment mediates the relationship between psychological factors (psychosocial, self‐efficacy, thinking style, coping, and control) and mental health, well‐being, and recovery from general life problems.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the importance of empowerment, showing that it mediates the relationship between psychological processes and mental health, well‐being, and recovery in young people. Clinical implications for working with young people within mental health services, and facilitating their empowerment are discussed.Practitioner points

Empowerment is currently a poorly defined concept. This study demonstrates how empowerment mediates the relationship between psychological processes and mental health, well‐being, and recovery in young people.

Clinicians working with young people might benefit from a structured means of understanding and assessing the different ways in which individuals manage their thinking styles.

Empowerment in young people is influenced by the manner in which clinicians facilitate them in establishing social networks in support of employment, education, family/social relations and to encourage young people to take an assertive role in their own care.
Effects of NaCl stress on seed germination and seedling development of Brassica insularis Moris (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Santo A. , Mattana E. , Frigau L. , Marzo Pastor A. , Picher Morelló M. C. , Bacchetta G. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Brassica insularis is a protected plant that grows on both coastal and inland cliffs in the western Mediterranean Basin. The objective of this study was to test if any variability exists in the salt stress response during seed germination and seedling development in this species relative to its provenance habitat.

Variability among three populations in the salt stress effects on seed germination and recovery under different temperatures was evaluated. The effect of nebulisation of a salt solution on seedling development was evaluated between populations growing at different distances from the sea.

Seeds of B. insularis could germinate at NaCl concentrations up to 200 mm. Seed viability was negatively affected by salt, and recovery ability decreased with increasing temperature or salinity. Inter‐population variability was detected in salt response during the seed germination phase, as well as in seedling salt spray tolerance. The inland population seedlings had drastically decreased survival and life span and failed to survive to the end of the experiment. In contrast, at least 90% of the coastal seedlings survived, even when sprayed at the highest frequency with salt solution.

This study allowed investigation of two natural factors, soil salinity and marine aerosols, widely present in the B. insularis habitat, and provided the first insights into ecology of this protected species and its distribution in the Mediterranean. These results might be useful in understanding the actual distributions of other species with the same ecology that experience these same abiotic parameters.
JC polyomavirus nephropathy, a rare cause of transplant dysfunction: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Yang Doyle , Keys Brandon , J. Conti David , Foulke Llewellyn , Stellrecht Kathleen , Cook Linda , Lopez‐Soler Reynold I. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractJC polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy (JC‐PVAN) is a rare but challenging cause of renal dysfunction. We report JC‐PVAN in a renal allograft recipient and highlight the obstacles in definitive diagnosis of this disease entity. A deceased‐donor renal transplant recipient was diagnosed with JC polyomavirus nephritis 4 years after transplantation. Immunosuppressive agents were subsequently reduced, resulting in an initial stabilization of renal function. We present this interesting case and discuss the challenges with diagnosing and treating this rare entity.
The internal representation of head orientation differs for conscious perception and balance control
Authors: Dalton Brian H. , Rasman Brandon G. , Inglis J. Timothy , Blouin Jean‐Sébastien 
Published: December 2016

Key points
We tested perceived head‐on‐feet orientation and the direction of vestibular‐evoked balance responses in passively and actively held head‐turned postures.
The direction of vestibular‐evoked balance responses was not aligned with perceived head‐on‐feet orientation while maintaining prolonged passively held head‐turned postures. Furthermore, static visual cues of head‐on‐feet orientation did not update the estimate of head posture for the balance controller.
A prolonged actively held head‐turned posture did not elicit a rotation in the direction of the vestibular‐evoked balance response despite a significant rotation in perceived angular head posture.
It is proposed that conscious perception of head posture and the transformation of vestibular signals for standing balance relying on this head posture are not dependent on the same internal representation. Rather, the balance system may operate under its own sensorimotor principles, which are partly independent from perception.
AbstractVestibular signals used for balance control must be integrated with other sensorimotor cues to allow transformation of descending signals according to an internal representation of body configuration. We explored two alternative models of sensorimotor integration that propose (1) a single internal representation of head‐on‐feet orientation is responsible for perceived postural orientation and standing balance or (2) conscious perception and balance control are driven by separate internal representations. During three experiments, participants stood quietly while passively or actively maintaining a prolonged head‐turned posture (>10 min). Throughout the trials, participants intermittently reported their perceived head angular position, and subsequently electrical vestibular stimuli were delivered to elicit whole‐body balance responses. Visual recalibration of head‐on‐feet posture was used to determine whether static visual cues are used to update the internal representation of body configuration for perceived orientation and standing balance. All three experiments involved situations in which the vestibular‐evoked balance response was not orthogonal to perceived head‐on‐feet orientation, regardless of the visual information provided. For prolonged head‐turned postures, balance responses consistent with actual head‐on‐feet posture occurred only during the active condition. Our results indicate that conscious perception of head‐on‐feet posture and vestibular control of balance do not rely on the same internal representation, but instead treat sensorimotor cues in parallel and may arrive at different conclusions regarding head‐on‐feet posture. The balance system appears to bypass static visual cues of postural orientation and mainly use other sensorimotor signals of head‐on‐feet position to transform vestibular signals of head motion, a mechanism appropriate for most daily activities.
Complete Genome Sequence of Rothia aeria Type Strain JCM 11412, Isolated from Air in the Russian Space Laboratory Mir
Authors: Nambu Takayuki , Tsuzukibashi Osamu , Uchibori Satoshi , Yamane Kazuyoshi , Yamanaka Takeshi , Maruyama Hugo , Wang Pao-Li , Mugita Naho , Morioka Hiroki , Takahashi Kazuya , Komasa Yutaka , Mashimo Chiho 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we present the complete genome sequence of
Rothia aeria
type strain JCM 11412, isolated from air in the Russian space laboratory Mir. Recently, there has been an increasing number of reports on infections caused by
R. aeria
. The genomic information will enable researchers to identify the pathogenicity of this organism.
Why septal motion is a marker of right ventricular failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension: mechanistic analysis using a computer model
Authors: Palau-Caballero Georgina , Walmsley John , Van Empel Vanessa , Lumens Joost , Delhaas Tammo 
Published: December 2016

Rapid leftward septal motion (RLSM) during early left ventricular (LV) diastole is observed in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). RLSM exacerbates right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction and impairs LV filling. Increased RV wall tension caused by increased RV afterload has been suggested to cause interventricular relaxation dyssynchrony and RLSM in PAH. Simulations using the CircAdapt computational model were used to unravel the mechanism underlying RLSM by mechanistically linking myocardial tissue and pump function. Simulations of healthy circulation and mild, moderate, and severe PAH were performed. We also assessed the effects on RLSM when PAH coexists with RV or LV contractile dysfunction. Our results showed prolonged RV shortening in PAH causing interventricular relaxation dyssynchrony and RLSM. RLSM was observed in both moderate and severe PAH. A negative transseptal pressure gradient only occurred in severe PAH, demonstrating that negative pressure gradient does not entirely explain septal motion abnormalities. PAH coexisting with RV contractile dysfunction exacerbated both interventricular relaxation dyssynchrony and RLSM. LV contractile dysfunction reduced both interventricular relaxation dyssynchrony and RLSM. In conclusion, dyssynchrony in ventricular relaxation causes RLSM in PAH. Onset of RLSM in patients with PAH appears to indicate a worsening in RV function and hence can be used as a sign of RV failure. However, altered RLSM does not necessarily imply an altered RV afterload, but it can also indicate altered interplay of RV and LV contractile function. Reduction of RLSM can result from either improved RV function or a deterioration of LV function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel approach describes the mechanism underlying abnormal septal dynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Change in motion is not uniquely induced by altered right ventricular afterload, but also by altered ventricular relaxation dyssynchrony. Extension or change in motion is a marker reflecting interplay between right and left ventricular contractility.