bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Answering to Future People: Responsibility for Climate Change in a Breaking World
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOur everyday notions of responsibility are often driven by our need to justify ourselves to specific others – especially those we harm, wrong, or otherwise affect. One challenge for contemporary ethics is to extend this interpersonal urgency to our relations with those future people who are harmed or affected by our actions. In this article, I explore our responsibility for climate change by imagining a possible ‘broken future’, damaged by the carbon emissions of previous generations (including ourselves), and then asking what its inhabitants might think of our current behaviour, our moral thinking, and our excuses. In particular, I will focus on a simplified scenario where present people can only avoid a broken future by sacrificing Rawlsian favourable conditions. Suppose we refuse to avoid a broken future, on the grounds that we cannot be expected to make such great sacrifices. If the broken future lacks favourable conditions, will its inhabitants accept our excuses? Will they hold us responsible for things we regard as excusable? If so, should we be guided by their judgements or by our own?
Integrative Approach for the Reliable Detection and Specific Identification of the Microsporidium Loma morhua in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Frenette Aaron P. , Eydal Matthías , Hansen Haakon , Burt Michael D.B. , Duffy Michael S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMicrosporidia are fungal parasites that infect diverse invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Finfish aquaculture supports epizootics due to high host density and the high biotic potential of these parasites. Reliable methods for parasite detection and identification are a necessary precursor to empirical assessment of strategies to mitigate the effects of these pathogens during aquaculture. We developed an integrative approach to detect and identify Loma morhua infecting Atlantic cod. We show that the spleen is more reliable than the commonly presumed gills as best organ for parasite detection in spite of substantial morphological plasticity in xenoma complexes. We developed rDNA primers with 100% sensitivity in detecting L. morhua and with utility in distinguishing some congeneric Loma species. ITS sequencing is necessary to distinguish L. morhua from other congeneric microsporidia due to intraspecific nucleotide variation. 64% of L. morhua ITS variants from Atlantic cod have a 9‐nucleotide motif that distinguishes it from Loma spp. infecting non‐Gadus hosts. The remaining 36% of ITS variants from Atlantic cod are distinguished from currently represented Loma spp., particularly those infecting Gadus hosts, based on a 14‐nucleotide motif. This research approach is amenable to developing templates in support of reliable detection and identification of other microsporidian parasites in fishes.
Surplus Ore Potential as a Scarcity Indicator for Resource Extraction
Authors: Vieira Marisa D. M. , Ponsioen Thomas C. , Goedkoop Mark J. , Huijbregts Mark A. J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe importance of increase in the scarcity of resources can be assessed using different approaches. Here, we propose a method that is based on the amount of extra ore mined to assess the importance of the extraction of resources. The surplus ore potential (SOP) indicator quantifies the extra amount of ore mined per additional unit of resource extracted by applying log‐logistic cumulative grade‐tonnage relationships and reserve estimates. We derived SOPs for 18 resources (17 metals including uranium and phosphorus) with 5 orders of magnitude difference (between 4.1 × 10−1 kilograms [kg] of extra ore per kg of manganese extracted and 5.5 × 104 kg of extra ore per kg of gold extracted). The sensitivity of the SOP values to the choice of reserve estimates (reserves vs. ultimate recoverable resource) are within a factor of 3 of each other. Combining the SOP values with the 2012 global extraction rates of these 18 resources resulted in a 236 to 372 kgore/capita surplus ore extracted. Iron, phosphorus, copper, gold, and aluminium were the largest contributors. The large variation in SOP values we observed between resources emphasizes the potential relevance of including resource‐specific SOP values to assess the contribution to resource scarcity by specific products and technologies.
Beneficial roles of melanoma cell adhesion molecule in spinal cord transection recovery in adult zebrafish
Authors: Liu Chun‐Jie , Xie Lin , Cui Chun , Chu Min , Zhao Hou‐De , Yao Li , Li Yu‐Hong , Schachner Melitta , Shen Yan‐Qin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMelanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is a multifunctional protein involved in miscellaneous processes, including development and tumor angiogenesis. Here, spinal cord transection in adult zebrafish was used to investigate the effects of MCAM on spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequent recovery. Expression of MCAM mRNA increased and co‐localized with motoneurons in the spinal cord after SCI. With MCAM morpholino treatment, inhibition of MCAM retarded both axon regrowth and locomotor recovery in the spinal cord injured zebrafish. Furthermore, MCAM mRNA expression was also observed in fli1a:EGFP transgenic zebrafish, which specifically show labeled blood vessels. Inhibition of MCAM down‐regulated the expression of angiogenesis‐related factors, such as VEGFR‐2, p‐p38 and p‐AKT, and the inflammatory factors TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐8. Taken together, these data suggest that MCAM may have a beneficial role in the recovery from SCI, via the promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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In the context of adult zebrafish spinal cord injury, we proved that Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is beneficial to the recovery, possibly via mechanisms of angiogenensis and inflammation. MCAM promotes angiogenesis by adjusting VEGFR‐2, p‐p38 and p‐AKT. MCAM affects inflammatory factors such as TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐8. Our results extend the beneficial role of MCAM in the regeneration of central nervous system.
Psychometric Properties of the Italian Adaptation of a Quality of Life Instrument as Applied to Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Bertelli Marco O. , Bianco Annamaria , Piva Merli Micaela , Scuticchio Daniela , Lassi Stefano , Lorenzoni Lorenzo , Carbone Viviani Dominga , Brown Ivan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the field of intellectual disability (ID) generic quality of life (G‐QoL) has been reported to be much more useful than health‐related QoL. Despite this, Italian‐language tools with validated assessment of G‐QoL in people with ID are lacking. The authors undertook a study to test the psychometric properties of the BASIQ, an Italian adaptation of the Quality of Life Instrument Package developed at the Centre for Health Promotion, University of Toronto, Canada, in the early 1990s. This instrument package integrates qualitative and quantitative measures and subjective and objective approaches in assessing nine domains of QoL using a direct interview (DI), a proxy questionnaire (PQ), and an external assessor questionnaire (EAQ). Using BASIQ, the study assessed the QoL of a sample of 281 adults with ID (47 DI by 11 raters, 260 PQ by 23 proxies, and 69 EAQ by 5 physicians) drawn randomly from a three services populations in central Italy. The adults, 69% men and 31% women, ranged in age from 16 to 86 (X = 41.57); most (67.6%) functioned in the mild and moderate ranges of ID. QoL assessments were carried out in Italian, and were completed by specially trained disability professionals. The instrument had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.990) and satisfactory inter‐rater reliability (Cohen's K > 0.7). For each of the DI and the PQ, all nine domains correlated positively (p < .05), and this was also the case for most domains of the EAQ. Post hoc analyses found no differences in QoL on any of the three scales for gender or co‐occurrence of mental or physical problems, but revealed some differences for level of disability. Overall, the authors present evidence for considering the BASIQ to be a valid instrument to assess QoL and put it forward as a useful tool to use in practice and policy development.
Microsatellite markers and cytoplasmic sequences reveal contrasting pattern of spatial genetic structure in the red algae species complex Mazzaella laminarioides
Authors: Guillemin Marie‐Laure , Valero Myriam , Morales Collio Kennia , Pinochet Sanchez Ramona , Henríquez Espinosa Miguel , Silva Andrea X. 
Published: June 2016

Mazzaella laminarioides is a common haploid‐diploid red alga that forms dense beds. This alga has a wide distributional range, covering 3,500 km of the Chilean coast, but is restricted to high rocky intertidal zones. Recently, the existence of three highly divergent genetic lineages was demonstrated for this taxon, and two cytoplasmic markers were used to determine that these lineages are distributed in strict parapatry. Here, using 454 next‐generation sequencing, we developed polymorphic microsatellite loci that cross amplify in all three cytoplasmic lineages. Six sites (i.e., two sites within each lineage) were analyzed using nine microsatellite loci. Our work shows that, although substantial cytoplasmic differentiation occurs within M. laminarioides, the microsatellite loci did not retrieve three nuclear genetic clusters as expected. Indeed, while the northernmost and southernmost cytoplasmic lineages form two strongly divergent nuclear groups characterized by diagnostic alleles, the third cytoplasmic lineage did not form a third nuclear independent group. It is possible that inter‐lineage gene exchange has occurred, particularly at sites along the contact zone between the different cytoplasmic lineages. This nuclear‐cytoplasmic incongruence in M. laminarioides could be explained by incomplete lineage sorting of the nuclear genes or asymmetric introgressive hybridization between the lineages. Finally, highly significant heterozygote deficiencies (suggesting occurrence of intergametophytic selfing) were observed in the three small northernmost sites while the large southernmost sites generally approached panmixia.
Insufficient resolving power of mitogenome data in deciphering deep phylogeny of Holometabola
Authors: Song Nan , An Shi‐Heng , Yin Xin‐Ming , Zhao Te , Wang Xin‐Yu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is one of the most widely used markers for phylogenetic analysis. Compared with whole‐genome data, mitogenome data are less expensive to obtain and easier to manipulate. However, compositional bias and accelerated evolutionary rate reduce the effectiveness of the mitogenome in determining insect phylogeny. This study shows that mitogenome data are not suitable to reconstruct deep holometabolan evolution, even with a most comprehensive data coding scheme and the more realistic CAT model. For the deep levels of divergence within Holometabola, protein‐coding genes only retain weak phylogenetic signals, leading to peculiar interordinal relationships. Consensus relationships in the Holometabola phylogeny, such as the monophyly of Holometabola, the most basal position of Hymenoptera, and the sister group relationship between the Strepsiptera and Coleoptera were rarely resolved in our analyses. The relationships of the holometabolan groups as inferred by mitogenomes are highly vulnerable to gene types, data coding regimes, model choice, and optimality criteria, and no consistent alternative hypothesis of Holometabola's relationships is supported. Thus, we suggest that the slowly evolving nuclear genes or genome‐scale approaches may be better options for resolving deep‐level phylogeny of Holometabola.
Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Poapolathep S. , Giorgi M. , Hantrakul S. , Klangkaew N. , Sanyathitiseree P. , Poapolathep A. 
Published: June 2016

To evaluate the fate and disposition of marbofloxacin (MBF) in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis), MBF was administered either intravenously (i.v.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) at a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg body weight. The concentrations of MBF in plasma were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. The concentrations of MBF in the plasma were measurable up to 144 h after i.v. and i.m. administration. After the first 45 min, the mean pharmacokinetic profiles produced by the two administration routes were almost identical. No statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the groups were observed. The half‐life was long (about 2.5 days), the volume of distribution was large (about 1.44 L/kg), λz was small (0.01 h−1), and the clearance was slow (22.6 mL/h/kg). The absolute i.m. bioavailability (F%) was 105.36%. The dose of MBF administered in this study seems to produce appropriate PK‐PD parameters that predict antibacterial success for disease caused by susceptible bacteria. More studies are warranted to evaluate the likely residues after administration of multiple doses.
Effects of Dietary Fish Oil Replacement with Palm Oil on the Growth, Feed Utilization, Biochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Status of Juvenile Chu's Croaker, Nibea coibor
Authors: Huang Yisheng , Wen Xiaobo , Li Shengkang , Li Wenjia , Zhu Dashi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA 56‐d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical composition, and antioxidant status of chu's croaker, Nibea coibor (12.6 ± 0.1 g) in net pens fed diets supplemented with various levels of crude palm oil: 0% fish oil (FO), 20% palm oil (2PO), 40% (4PO), 60% (6PO), 80% (8PO), and 100% (10PO). Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly lower in fish fed 8PO and 10PO diets. The increase of PO levels did not affect fish survival, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Feeding diet 10PO led to significantly higher lipid content in the liver, but not the whole body and dorsal muscle, than diets FO and 2PO. PO supplementation led to increased α‐tocopherol, but decreased thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 HUFA), and n‐3/n‐6 fatty acid ratio, in both the liver and muscle. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly higher in fish fed 10PO diet than FO diet. Polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum SGR was obtained at 24.2% crude PO. Results of this study suggested that PO could replace up to 60% of FO without adverse effect on growth performance or nutritional quality of fish.
Effects of Bacillus coagulans on Growth Performance, Disease Resistance, and HSP70 Gene Expression in Juvenile Gibel Carp, Carassius auratus gibelio
Authors: Yu Yebing , Lv Fu , Wang Changhai , Wang Aimin , Zhao Weihong , Yang Wenping 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe studied the effects of Bacillus coagulans on growth, nonspecific immune parameters, and disease resistance in juvenile gibel carp. The fish were randomly divided into five groups: a control group fed a basic diet and four treated groups fed the basic diet supplemented with 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg B. coagulans, respectively, for 8 wk. Growth; plasma lysozyme activity; respiratory burst activity of phagocytes (RBAP); and the activity of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and antioxidant enzymes were determined. The group that received 250 mg/kg B. coagulans showed an improved protein efficiency ratio, plasma lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and heat shock protein (HSP70) gene expression compared with the control group. Moreover, the 250 mg/kg B. coagulans group had a reduced feeding rate, feed conversion ratio, and plasma malondialdehyde content compared with the control group. The weight gain rate, protein efficiency ratio, plasma lysozyme, RBAP, TNF‐α, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and HSP70 gene expression were significantly increased, whereas the feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced, in the group supplemented with 500 mg/kg B. coagulans compared with the control. Artificial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila revealed a cumulative mortality in the control group that was higher than that in the 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg B. coagulans groups. The results suggest that feed supplementation with 250–500 mg/kg B. coagulans has the potential to stimulate immunity, increase resistance against pathogenic infection, and promote growth in gibel carp.
Evaluating the Effects of a Short‐Term Feed Restriction Period on the Behavior and Welfare of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, parr Using Social Network Analysis and Fin Damage
Authors: Cañon Jones Hernán Alberto , Noble Chris , Damsgård Børge , Pearce Gareth P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSocial network analysis (SNA) was used to quantify the role of behavioral interactions on the frequency and severity of fin damage in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr subjected to a short feed restriction period of 10 d. Dorsal fin erosion was observed in both feed‐restricted (FR) and control (C) groups of fish, but was significantly more frequent and severe in FR groups. FR fish had a significantly lower weight, length, and poorer body condition in comparison to C groups. Social networks based on aggressive interactions showed significantly higher overall degree‐centrality, clustering coefficients, out and in‐degree centralities in FR groups. This led to the formation of clusters of fish into initiators and receivers of aggression. Only the receivers of aggression exhibited dorsal fin damage, while initiators did not. Initiators and receivers of aggression in FR groups retained their roles even after control conditions were restored, suggesting that short periods of feed restriction can lead to permanent modifications in aggressive behavior. This study demonstrates the applied value of using SNA to investigate the longer term effects that aggressive behavioral interactions have on fin damage and welfare in Atlantic salmon.
Radiotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis in a hepatitis B endemic area
Authors: Im Jung Ho , Yoon Sang Min , Park Hee Chul , Kim Jong Hoon , Yu Jeong Il , Kim Tae Hyun , Kim Jun Won , Nam Taek‐Keun , Kim Kyubo , Jang Hong Seok , Kim Jin Hee , Kim Mi‐Sook , Yoon Won Sup , Jung Inkyung , Seong Jinsil 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsThis nationwide, multicenter study investigated treatment outcomes as well as the optimal radiotherapeutic strategy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of 985 patients who received radiotherapy (RT) for PVTT. The median equivalent RT dose was 48.75 Gy. Combined treatment, defined as liver‐directed treatments performed within a month of RT, was administered to 657 patients (66.7%). The PVTT and primary tumour were irradiated in 413 patients (41.9%), and PVTT only was targeted in 572 patients (58.1%).ResultsThe response rate of the PVTT was 51.8%, and RT responders had a significantly longer survival than non‐responders (15.2 vs. 6.9 months). Equivalent RT dose and combined treatment predicted response of PVTT. The median overall survival (OS) was 10.2 months. Multivariate analysis revealed the equivalent RT dose ˃45 Gy and combined treatment as significant positive factors for OS. In the propensity score matching analysis, the combined treatment group had better OS than the no combined treatment group, whereas the OS of the PVTT + primary tumour group did not differ significantly from that of the PVTT only group.ConclusionThe equivalent RT dose ˃45 Gy, given in combination with other treatments, provided better PVTT control and OS. The optimal RT volume is suggested for either PVTT + primary or PVTT only. Taken together, multimodal treatment with equivalent RT dose higher than 45 Gy is recommended for patients with HCC and PVTT.
Contrasting support for alternative models of genomic variation based on microhabitat preference: species‐specific effects of climate change in alpine sedges
Authors: Massatti Rob , Knowles L. Lacey 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDeterministic processes may uniquely affect codistributed species’ phylogeographic patterns such that discordant genetic variation among taxa is predicted. Yet, explicitly testing expectations of genomic discordance in a statistical framework remains challenging. Here, we construct spatially and temporally dynamic models to investigate the hypothesized effect of microhabitat preferences on the permeability of glaciated regions to gene flow in two closely related montane species. Utilizing environmental niche models from the Last Glacial Maximum and the present to inform demographic models of changes in habitat suitability over time, we evaluate the relative probabilities of two alternative models using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) in which glaciated regions are either (i) permeable or (ii) a barrier to gene flow. Results based on the fit of the empirical data to data sets simulated using a spatially explicit coalescent under alternative models indicate that genomic data are consistent with predictions about the hypothesized role of microhabitat in generating discordant patterns of genetic variation among the taxa. Specifically, a model in which glaciated areas acted as a barrier was much more probable based on patterns of genomic variation in Carex nova, a wet‐adapted species. However, in the dry‐adapted Carex chalciolepis, the permeable model was more probable, although the difference in the support of the models was small. This work highlights how statistical inferences can be used to distinguish deterministic processes that are expected to result in discordant genomic patterns among species, including species‐specific responses to climate change.
Justification of full width panoramic radiography in Oral Surgery
Authors: Bell G.W. , Donaldson K.J. , Walton R.L. , Morrison J.L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveHow much of a full width panoramic radiograph is required for diagnosis and treatment planning in Oral Surgery?Study designIn this retrospective study, the panoramic radiograph was divided into five equal vertical segments and assessed as to the number of segments required for diagnosis and treatment planning in relation to their initial referral. Incidental findings outside the areas required were investigated as to whether or not they influenced treatment planning.ResultsFrom images of 823 patients; over half (56.5%) required only one segment of the image for diagnostic purposes in relation to their referral. The posterior mandible and temporomandibular joint areas were required least (5.3%), followed by the midline segment (10.0%). The segments required most often were the molar and premolar regions bilaterally (84.7%). In 15.8%, incidental findings were observed outside of the segments requested, but these only influenced treatment planning in 2.9% of cases.ConclusionIn this study of patients attending an oral surgery service, a full width panoramic tomograph was not required in most instances. Referrals for segmental panoramic imaging should be regarded as regular rather than unusual practice.