bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I TRIED A BUNCH OF THINGS: THE DANGERS OF UNEXPECTED OVERFITTING IN CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Powell Michael , Hosseini Mahan , Collins John , Callahan-Flintoft Chloe , Jones William , Bowman Howard , Wyble Brad 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTMachine learning is a powerful set of techniques that has enhanced the abilities of neuroscientists to interpret information collected through EEG, fMRI, and MEG data. With these powerful techniques comes the danger ofoverfitting of hyper-parameterswhich can render results invalid, and cause a failure to generalize beyond the data set. We refer to this problem as‘over-hyping’and show that it is pernicious despite commonly used precautions. In particular, over-hyping occurs when an analysis is run repeatedly with slightly different analysis parameters and one set of results is selected based on the analysis. When this is done, the resulting method is unlikely to generalize to a new dataset, rendering it a partially, or perhaps even completely spurious result that will not be valid outside of the data used in the original analysis. While it is commonly assumed that cross-validation is an effective protection against such spurious results generated through overfitting or overhyping, this is not actually true. In this article, we show that both one-shot and iterative optimization of an analysis are prone to over-hyping, despite the use of cross-validation. We demonstrate that non-generalizable results can be obtained even on non-informative (i.e. random) data by modifying hyper-parameters in seemingly innocuous ways. We recommend a number of techniques for limiting over-hyping, such as lock-boxes, blind analyses, pre-registrations, and nested cross-validation. These techniques, are common in other fields that use machine learning, including computer science and physics. Adopting similar safeguards is critical for ensuring the robustness of machine-learning techniques in the neurosciences.
Comparative Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Different Polymyxin B Components
Authors: Manchandani Pooja , Dubrovskaya Yanina , Gao Song , Tam Vincent H. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Polymyxin B is increasingly used as a treatment of last resort for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Despite being available as a mixture of several structurally related analogues, the properties are commonly reported as an aggregate of the individual components. We compared the pharmacokinetics of individual polymyxin B components in an animal model and in humans. There were no considerable differences observed in the pharmacokinetics among major components of polymyxin B. Combining different components for pharmacokinetic analysis appeared reasonable.
Comparing the effectiveness of a crowdsourced video and a social marketing video in promoting condom use among Chinese men who have sex with men: a study protocol
Authors: Liu Chuncheng , Mao Jessica , Wong Terrence , Tang Weiming , Tso Lai Sze , Tang Songyuan , Zhang Ye , Zhang Wei , Qin Yilu , Chen Zihuang , Ma Wei , Kang Dianming , Li Haochu , Liao Meizhen , Mollan Katie , Hudgens Michael , Bayus Barry , Huang Shujie , Yang Bin , Wei Chongyi , Tucker Joseph D 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionCrowdsourcing has been used to spur innovation and increase community engagement in public health programmes. Crowdsourcing is the process of giving individual tasks to a large group, often involving open contests and enabled through multisectoral partnerships. Here we describe one crowdsourced video intervention in which a video promoting condom use is produced through an open contest. The aim of this study is to determine whether a crowdsourced intervention is as effective as a social marketing intervention in promoting condom use among high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender male-to-female (TG) in China.MethodWe evaluate videos developed by crowdsourcing and social marketing. The crowdsourcing contest involved an open call for videos. Entries were judged on capacity to promote condom use, to be shareable or ‘go viral’ and to give value to the individual. 1170 participants will be recruited for the randomised controlled trial. Participants need to be MSM age 16 and over who have had condomless anal sex in the last 3 months. Recruitment will be through an online banner ad on a popular MSM web page and other social media platforms. After completing an initial survey, participants will be randomly assigned to view either the social marketing video or the crowdsourcing video. Follow-up surveys will be completed at 3 weeks and 3 months after initial intervention to evaluate condomless sex and related secondary outcomes. Secondary outcomes include condom social norms, condom negotiation, condom self-efficacy, HIV/syphilis testing, frequency of sex acts and incremental cost.Ethics and disseminationApproval was obtained from the ethical review boards of the Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STI Control, UNC and UCSF. The results of this trial will be made available through publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT02516930.
Identifying different typologies of experiences and coping strategies in men with rheumatoid arthritis: a Q-methodology study
Authors: Flurey Caroline A , Hewlett Sarah , Rodham Karen , White Alan , Noddings Robert , Kirwan John R 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo identify typologies of experiences and coping strategies of men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).DesignQ-methodology (a qualitative and quantitative approach to grouping people according to their subjective opinion). Men with RA sorted 64 statements relating to their experience of living with RA according to level of agreement across a normal distribution grid. Data were examined using Q-factor analysis.SettingRheumatology outpatient departments in the UK.Participants30 of 65 invited men with RA participated in this study (46%).ResultsAll participants ranked highly the need to be well informed about their medication and the importance of keeping a positive attitude. 2 factors describing the experiences and coping strategies of male patients living with RA were identified: factor A: ‘acknowledge, accept and adapt’ (n=14) take a proactive approach to managing the impact of RA and find different ways of doing things; while factor B: ‘trying to match up to a macho ideal’ (n=8) are determined to continue with their pre-RA lives, and therefore push themselves to carry on even if this causes them pain. They are frustrated and angry due to the impact of RA but they internalise this rather than directing it at others.ConclusionsWhile some men adapt to their RA by renegotiating their masculine identity, others struggle to relinquish their traditional masculine roles. Further research is needed to identify whether the finding that there are 2 distinct groups of men with RA can be generalised, and if so whether the differences can be explained by clinical, social or psychological factors, which may inform different therapeutic approaches.
Assessment for the possibility of a first night effect for wrist actigraphy in adolescents
Authors: Arora Teresa , Omar Omar M , Taheri Shahrad 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesEvidence of a ‘first night effect’ has been documented for polysomnography. The possibility of this has not been previously assessed in wrist actigraphy, yet may have important implications for the study design of future sleep research. We sought to examine potential evidence of a ‘first night effect’ for wrist actigraphy in adolescents across weekdays and weekend nights for multiple sleep outcomes.Design3-year prospective cohort study (Midlands Adolescent Schools Sleep Education Study).Setting8 secondary schools in the Midlands region of the UK.ParticipantsAdolescents (aged 11–13 years at baseline) were recruited to the study and were requested to wear a wrist actigraph for 7 consecutive days/nights at baseline and then annually for 2 years during the second term of the academic year.Primary outcome measuresWe compared multiple sleep outcomes (total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, number of awakenings, length of awakenings, sleep onset time) when the device was worn on a weekday and weekend and compared these to other nights to identify possible evidence of a ‘first night effect’ for wrist actigraphy.ResultsNo significant differences were found between any sleep outcomes when the first night of wrist actigraphy was on a weekday compared with other weekdays. When the first night was measured on a weekend (Friday), average total sleep time was significantly greater (486±5 min) compared with the second night (Saturday; 469±6 min), p=0.01.ConclusionsWe found no evidence to support a ‘first night effect’ for wrist actigraphy in our adolescent sample. The first night of actigraphy data should not be disregarded in future studies that deploy this technique to measure sleep over prolonged time periods.
Association between occupational physical activity and myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Johnsen Anna M , Alfredsson Lars , Knutsson Anders , Westerholm Peter J M , Fransson Eleonor I 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveRecommendations regarding physical activity typically include both leisure time and occupational physical activity. However, the results from previous studies on occupational physical activity and the association with myocardial infarction have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate if occupational physical activity is associated with the risk of myocardial infarction.DesignProspective cohort study.ParticipantsData from the Swedish Work, Lipids and Fibrinogen (WOLF) study was used, comprising 9961 employees (6849 men, 3112 women, mean age 42.7 years) having no history of myocardial infarction. The participants were categorised into 3 groups according to their level of occupational physical activity.OutcomeData regarding incident myocardial infarction were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Cox proportional hazard regression was used for estimation of HRs for different levels of occupational physical activity in relation to the risk of myocardial infarction.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 13.1 years, 249 cases of incident myocardial infarction were identified. In analyses adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status, participants standing and walking more than 50% of their working day had an HR of 1.13 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.54), compared with participants seated more than 50% of their working day. The corresponding HR for participants whose work included lifting or carrying was 0.86 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.24). Further adjustment did not alter the results. Stratified analyses resulted in a significantly decreased risk for young people whose work included lifting or carrying, HR 0.37 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.84), compared with younger persons who sat most of their working day.ConclusionsNo significant association between occupational physical activity and the risk of myocardial infarction was observed in the total group of employees in this study. Based on the results from this study, occupational physical activity in general does not seem to be enough for reducing the risk of myocardial infarction.
The Baby Moves prospective cohort study protocol: using a smartphone application with the General Movements Assessment to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2 years for extremely preterm or extremely low birthweight infants
Authors: Spittle AJ , Olsen J , Kwong A , Doyle LW , Marschik PB , Einspieler C , Cheong JLY 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionInfants born extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks' gestation) and/or with extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g birth weight) are at increased risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, it is challenging to predict those EP/ELBW infants destined to have long-term neurodevelopmental impairments in order to target early intervention to those in most need. The General Movements Assessment (GMA) in early infancy has high predictive validity for neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. However, access to a GMA may be limited by geographical constraints and a lack of GMA-trained health professionals. Baby Moves is a smartphone application (app) developed for caregivers to video and upload their infant's general movements to be scored remotely by a certified GMA assessor. The aim of this study is to determine the predictive ability of using the GMA via the Baby Moves app for neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born EP/ELBW.Methods and analysisThis prospective cohort study will recruit infants born EP/ELBW across the state of Victoria, Australia in 2016 and 2017. A control group of normal birth weight (>2500 g birth weight), term-born (≥37 weeks' gestation) infants will also be recruited as a local reference group. Parents will video their infant's general movements at two time points between 3 and 4 months' corrected age using the Baby Moves app. Videos will be scored by certified GMA assessors and classified as normal or abnormal. Parental satisfaction using the Baby Moves app will be assessed via survey. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years' corrected age includes developmental delay according to the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III and cerebral palsy diagnosis.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Human Research and Ethics Committees at the Royal Children's Hospital, The Royal Women's Hospital, Monash Health and Mercy Health in Melbourne, Australia. Study findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.
Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenicEscherichia colimarker genes in diarrhoeic stools in a New Zealand catchment area
Authors: Thomas Rowan R , Brooks Heather J L , O'Brien Rory 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundShiga toxin-producing (STEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC)Escherichia coliare gastrointestinal pathogens causing diarrhoeal and extraintestinal disease. Due to lack of EPEC screening and use of Sorbitol-MacConkey (SMAC) agar in faecal screening, the true prevalence of EPEC and non-O157 STEC in New Zealand diarrhoeal cases is unknown.MethodsDiarrhoeic stools sourced from Dunedin hospital were pre-enriched, DNA extracted with Chelex-100 resin and screened using a multiplex TaqMan quantitative PCR assay amplifyingstx1,sxt2and EPEC (eae) gene markers.ResultsOf the 522 diarrhoeic samples surveyed, 8 (1.53%) were PCR positive forstx1/stx2and 23 (4.41%) were positive foreae. Six (75%) of thestx+samples were uncommon non-O157 serotypes, and the remainder were found to be positive for both O103 and O157 STEC somatic antigens.ConclusionsResults revealed shortcomings in current screening protocols for pathogenicE. coli; SMAC is not sufficiently discriminatory to detect emergent STEC serotypes and EPEC likely has an unappreciated role in cases of diarrhoea in New Zealand.
Associations with resident physicians’ early adoption of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation
Authors: Egnot Eric , Jordan Kim , Elliott John O 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundUse of the electronic cigarette for nicotine delivery has increased dramatically in recent years. Information continues to emerge on its role as a smoking cessation aid, but little is known about resident physician use of the device in clinical practice.MethodsIn 2015, an electronic survey was administered to resident physicians in one healthcare system in Columbus, Ohio. The survey included questions about personal smoking exposure, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes about electronic cigarettes and early adoption of electronic cigarettes with patients. Data were dichotomised based on a ‘stages of change’ model that assessed resident physician adoption of electronic cigarettes for therapeutic use. Data were analysed through χ2 tests and logistic regression using ORs and 95% CIs.ResultsOf 338 residents, 142 (42%) responded. Of all residents, 25 (17.7%) reported that they have been recommending electronic cigarettes to their patients for the past 6 months or longer. In the multivariate model, residents ≥postgraduate year (PGY)-3 (OR=3.68, 95% CI 1.20 to 11.29), peer-reviewed article exposure (OR=6.65, 95% CI 1.56 to 28.38) and the view that addictive potential is definitely or somewhat less than traditional cigarettes (OR=5.05, 95% CI 1.48 to 17.24) were associated with recommendation of electronic cigarettes.ConclusionsFew residents report recommending electronic cigarettes to patients who smoke. These residents consider the electronic cigarette less addicting than traditional cigarettes, supporting harm reduction strategies over strict abstinence. Most residents require further evidence-based education on efficacy and long-term safety of electronic cigarettes before recommending to their patients.
CODEX: Mapping Co-Created Data for Speculative Geographies
Authors: Corby Tom , Baily Gavin , de Sabbata Stefano 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This article discusses a series of artworks named CODEX, produced by the authors as part of a collaborative research project between the Centre for Research in Education, Art and Media (CREAM), University of Westminster and the Oxford Internet Institute. Taking the form of experimental maps, large-scale installations and prints, the series shows how big data can be employed to reflect upon social phenomena through the formulation of critical, aesthetic and speculative geographies.
Biokinesis: A Soft Kinetic Architectural
Skin
Authors: Park Jae Wan , Kim Ju Yeon 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This article proposes a soft kinetic architectural skin that represents natural, formative intelligence. Biokinesis is an interactive kinetic installation that performs soft, dynamic movements through morphological transformations based on a genetic algorithm. In this article, the authors present new possibilities for the kinetic skin by interpreting mechanical movements as holistic, biological dynamics.
Heirloom: Living Portraits of and for the
Artist’s Daughters Created out of Their Own Cultured Cells
Authors: Czarnecki Gina , Hunt John 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This article presents the artwork Heirloom created by artist Gina Czarnecki and scientist John Hunt. Heirloom grows living portraits of Gina Czarnecki’s daughters from their own cells cultured from buccal swabs. The resulting artwork is an ongoing exploration in “culture,” “nurture” and “media” from the scientific, parental and artistic perspectives. The experiment is ongoing as new methods for sustaining life outside the lab have been developed for this work, potentially facilitating future DIY biotechnology for others and helping with maxillofacial reconstruction in the future. Heirloom has been presented within Trust Me, I’m an Artist, an EU Creative Europe supported project.
Displaying the Researched Body: Growing Cell Portraits in a Medical Museum
Authors: Whiteley Louise , Tybjerg Karin , Pedersen Bente Vinge 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In Heirloom, artist Gina Czarnecki and scientist John Hunt grow portraits of the artist’s daughters from the daughters’ own cells onto glass casts of their faces. This required the development of novel scientific techniques to allow the growth of human cells in a gallery. Heirloom was exhibited at Medical Museion as a part of the EU Creative Europe project Trust Me, I’m an Artist. Here, the authors discuss three key issues raised by the artwork and its curation; (1) consent and ownership with regard to bodily materials, (2) biological portraiture and identity, and (3) DIY and depicting the future.
Effect of Liraglutide Treatment on Jejunostomy Output in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome: An Open‐Label Pilot Study
Authors: Hvistendahl Mark , Brandt Christopher Filtenborg , Tribler Siri , Naimi Rahim Mohammad , Hartmann Bolette , Holst Jens Juul , Rehfeld Jens Frederik , Hornum Mads , Andersen Jens Rikardt , Henriksen Birthe Merete , Brøbech Mortensen Per , Jeppesen Palle Bekker 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground: An impaired hormonal “ileo‐colonic brake” may contribute to rapid gastric emptying, gastric hypersecretion, high ostomy losses, and the need for parenteral support in end‐jejunostomy short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients with intestinal failure (IF). Liraglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may reduce gastric hypersecretion and dampen gastric emptying, thereby improving conditions for intestinal absorption. Materials and Methods: In an 8‐week, open‐label pilot study, liraglutide was given subcutaneously once daily to 8 end‐jejunostomy patients, aged 63.4 ± 10.9 years (mean ± SD) and with small bowel lengths of 110 ± 66 cm. The 72‐hour metabolic balance studies were performed before and at the end of treatment. Food intake was unrestricted. Oral fluid intake and parenteral support volume were kept constant. The primary end point was change in the ostomy wet weight output. Results: Liraglutide reduced ostomy wet weight output by 474 ± 563 g/d from 3249 ± 1352 to 2775 ± 1187 g/d (P = .049, Student t test). Intestinal wet weight absorption tended to increase by 464 ± 557 g/d (P = .05), as did urine production by 765 ± 759 g/d (P = .02). Intestinal energy absorption improved by 902 ± 882 kJ/d (P = .02). Conclusion: Liraglutide reduced ostomy wet weight output in end‐jejunostomy patients with SBS‐IF and increased their intestinal wet weight and energy absorption. If larger, randomized, placebo‐controlled studies confirm these effects, it adds to the hypothesis that many ileo‐colonic brake hormones in conjunction may be involved in the process of intestinal adaptation. By identification of key hormones and addressing their potential synergistic effects, better treatments may be provided to patients with SBS‐IF. This trial was registered at clinicaltrialsregister.eu as 2013‐005499‐16.
The Utility of Assessing Neck Acne
Authors: Desai Karishma , Frey Marc Philip , Tan Jerry 
Published: October 2016

Background: Acne grading is an essential component in establishing treatment options, but little is known on how neck acne should be incorporated into grading scales. Objective: Our objective was to explore the prevalence of neck acne and determine if its own severity category on an acne global grading scale was warranted. Methods: Acne severity was assessed in 6 categories: face, chest, back, anterior upper (AUN), anterior lower neck (ALN), and posterior neck (PN). Results: The overall prevalence of neck acne was 49%. Of these, 44% had AUN acne, 18.5% had ALN acne, and 19.8% had PN acne. AUN and facial acne had a significant correlation ( r = 0.37, P < .05). No correlation was seen amongst other areas. Males presented with a significantly higher severity of AUN (mean [SD], 1.37 [1.09]) than females (mean [SD], 0.52 [0.91]), on average. Conclusions: While neck acne has proven to be common amongst those with acne on other areas of the body, facial acne can be used as a proxy for classification, as neck severity is usually milder.
Lymphatic dysfunction after ligation surgery for varicose vein
Authors: Hara Hisako , Mihara Makoto , Hasegawa Kyoko , Yamanaka Kazuko 
Published: October 2016

Objective: Although the lymphatic complications such as lymphocele sometimes occur after surgery for varicose veins, the lymphatic function of such patients has not been evaluated. In this case report, we present a case of lymphocele after ligation surgery for varicose vein. We also detected subclinical dysfunction in lower limb using indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography. Case report: A 76 year- old female underwent ligation surgery for right lower leg varicose vein, and she noticed the squashy lesion in the medial side of the right knee. Three years later, she consulted our clinic and we performed ICG lymphography. We observed dermal backflow around the mass, which indicated lymphatic dysfunction. After injecting additional ICG around the knee, we punctured and drained the clear, yellow fluid from the mass and it was contrasted with ICG during the examination and the involvement of the lymphatic system was proven.