bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
St John ou Crèvecœur ? L'ambiguïté des Lettres d'un cultivateur américain
Authors: Aubéry Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Aubéry : St. John or Crèvecœur ? The Ambiguity of the Letters
from an American Farmer.
M. G. J. de Crèvecœur, born in Caen in 1735 wrote, under the pen-name of J. Hector St. John, the Letters from an American Farmer, which, adapted by the author himself, became Lettres d'un cultivateur américain. Far better known and appreciated in America than Europe, this work is famous for the answer it gives to the question : " What is an American ? " This article attempts to assess whether its success was due to its documentary content, style, composition, to the essential questions posed about the identity and ideology of Americans, or to the attraction and curiosity of Europe for the New World, where humanity was making a new start. The author concludes that it is basically a literary exercise, drawing more on Rousseau and Raynal than on the author's own experience.
État présent des études sur Rétif de la Bretonne
Authors: Testud Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Testud : The present State of Studies on Rétif de La Bretonne.
Ten years after the last review, by Angus Martin, P. Testud here surveys recent publications and the present state of research on Rétif de la Bretonne. In spite of an upsurge of interest, few studies of importance have appeared recently and the large majority of Rétifs works remain generally unavailable. Listing publications of his works, the author shows how almost exclusive concentration on one or two works has reinforced misinterpretations. He emphasizes the need for historical and bibliographical research and for exploitation of manuscript sources. He discusses recent interpretations of aspects of Rétifs work in France and abroad, gives information on work in progress, and reviews translations of his works into various languages.
Le Néo-classicisme autour de 1800
Authors: Pariset François-Georges 
Published: June 2016

François-Georges Pariset : Neoclassicism Around 1800 : Three Exhibitions.
The author reviews three exhibitions held in France in 1974-5 : Neoclassical drawings and From David to Delacroix in Paris, and Revolutionary festivals, held in Clermont-Ferrand. He emphasizes the richness and variety of these exhibitions, corresponding to that of the art of the time.
Georges Gusdorf et le Siècle des Lumières
Authors: Arénilla Louis 
Published: June 2016

Louis Arénilla : G. Gusdorf and the Enlightenment.
This article discusses the works of G. Gusdorf devoted to the origins of the human sciences : six volumes, of which the last three deal with the Enlightenment. According to G. G., the 18th Century, although rationalising and naturalising the Galilean revolution which had rejected transcendental causation, did not completely exclude the religious dimension (seen in its Deism), nor retreat into a sterile intellectualism. Its empiricism fostered humanitarianism and gave birth to the ideas of well-being, happiness and philanthropy. The natural and human sciences contributed to the understanding, as well as the creation, of a better world. But G. G. insists that these developments were not the result of economic and social forces ; instead they are to be understood in terms of an eternal spirituality — his notion of ' mental space '.
Les anecdotes inédites des Mémoires de Trévoux (1720-1744)
Authors: Sgard Jean , Weil Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard, Françoise Weil : Anecdotes of the «mémoires de trévoux » (1720-1744).
An unpublished document concerning the least-known period in the history of the M.T. : a report by Castel in 1743 on the crisis which had affected the journal under Thoubeau, Hongnant, Rouillé and Souciet. He thereby pro¬ vides an internal history which, although partial, is vivid and well-informed. He also analyses the causes of the crisis, describes the functioning of the journal and proposes a general reform.
Les Mémoires de Trévoux et l'événement, ou Jean-Jacques Rousseau vu par les Jésuites
Authors: Garagnon Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Garagnon : J. -J. Rousseau as seen by the jesuits.
The M. T., in its opposition to the Enlightenment, manifests a conception of history based on immobility and eternity, in which nothing new can happen. This conception proved an effective weapon, by depriving Enlightenment writers of their most dangerous characteristic, their very novelty. The example of their treatment of Rousseau demonstrates how the journal attempts to exorcise the idea of history and change. This article lists the main devices it uses to deny the possibility of an intellectual event.
Documents sur l'histoire du 18e siècle conservés aux archives des Jésuites de la Province de Paris
Authors: Dehergne Joseph 
Published: June 2016

Joseph Dehergne : 18th-century documents in the archives of the province OF PARIS.
The principal sources extant concern the suppression of the Society, Chinese documents (Jews of K'aifeng, etc.), Canada and Guyana, and the papers of Barruel, Brotier, Clorivière and Grou. The author indicates the necessity for collective work on China : for a critical edition of the Lettres édifiantes, of the Correspondences of Bouvet, Fontaney, Parrenin, Prémare, and for the publication of the Correspondance littéraire et scientifique with Bertin.
Sur l'établissement de la Régence : mémoire inédit du chancelier de Pontchartrain
Authors: Picciola André 
Published: June 2016

André Picciola : Pontchartrain's «mémoire sur l'établissement de la Régence».
This Mémoire, drafted in 1712 by the Chancellor Pontchartrain and hitherto unpublished, aims to prevent the troubles accompanying kings' minorities and to enforce such clauses of royal wills. His proposals restrict the king's power, by envisaging government by a council, meeting regularly, with the power to summon the States General. The States, convened before Louis XIV's death, were to give judicial assent to the clauses dealing with the Regency, by a decree to take effect during the king's lifetime.
Voltaire : Trois lettres sur des rentes viagères à Mannheim. Présentation
Authors: Voss Jürgen 
Published: June 2016

Jürgen Voss : Three Unpublished letters of voltaire concerning his investments at Mannheim.
Three letters from Voltaire to Charles Theodore, Prince-Elector of the Palatinate, whose court at Mannheim was in the 18th Century one of the cultural centres of Southern Germany. After his visit to the court in 1753, V. remained in contact with Charles Theodore and, as can be seen from the letters, dating from 1759, invested part of his money at Mannheim.
Censure royale et censure épiscopale : le conflit de 1702
Authors: Woodbridge John 
Published: June 2016

John Woodbridge : Royal and episcopal censorship. The conflict of 1702.
On 25th November 1702, the Chancellor Pontchartrain and the Archbishop of Paris, Noailles, settled a dispute, arising from Bossuet's attempts to censor R. Simon's work, over the censorship of books on religion and morality ; henceforth they could not be published without a royal privelege, and thus Noailles' claim that bishops should control such books was defeated. As a result the Philosophes' works faced censorship by the State, not the Church. The background to this conflict is reviewed, and its implications analysed.
Empire et patrie. Politique et esthétique comparées de Hume, Gibbon et Rousseau
Authors: Baridon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Baridon : Empire and nation. The relation of aesthetics to politics in Hume, Gibbon and Rousseau.
With the triumph of Harringtonian " Antick balance" over the contract theory of government re-cast by Locke, Britain became a "New Rome in the West", spreading classical values which could be circulated by existing art forms. After 1750 a split occurred among the Philosophes due to the emergence of the peasant class in France and the American crisis. While Hume and Gibbon remained Ciceronians, Rousseau revived the contract theory, played nation against Empire and association against reason. He associated patriotism with a definite horizon and promoted art forms which answered the needs of revolutionary Europe.
Sur les Œuvres complètes de Diderot. Une réponse qui s'impose
Authors: Dieckmann Herbert , Proust Jacques , Varloot Jean 
Published: June 2016

Herbert Dieckmann, Jacques Proust, Jean Varloot : on the «œuvres complètes de Diderot».
This reply to an attack in Studies on Voltaire, vol. CXLIII, 1975, gives a history of the edition of Diderot's Works and of the problems posed — order of texts, attribution, modernisation of the text, organisation. It evokes H. Dieckmann 's initiation of the project and gives extracts from Jean Fabre's report on method. It includes a review by J. Proust (1969) of Écrits inédits de D. published by Th. Besterman in 1974, ed. by J. de Booy, criticising in particular the lack of proofs of attribution. Finally, problems of transcription are consi dered, notably the importance of punctuation.
Des organismes problématiques
Authors: Delaporte François 
Published: June 2016

François Delaporte : Problem organisms.
This article discusses the problem of the distinction between animality and vegetality which preoccupied many 18th-century scientists, in particular Peyssonnel, Tremblay, Reaumur and Bonnet. They were attempting to construct a coherent image of the ladder of beings by analysing their characteristics, but the problem was compounded by the nature of the criteria they had chosen. As a result they were forced to reduce the role attributed to zoophytes, which enabled them to gain a clearer picture of nature.
La représentation des interdits et la poétique du malsain
Authors: Martinon Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Pierre Martinon : The representation of the forbidden and the literature of the unhealthy.
This article discusses the links between the description of places in certain 18th-century literary texts, and the opposition between the healthy and the unhealthy. This is to be seen both in the actions of the characters and in the descriptions of imaginary places impregnated with contradictory connotations, not only in connection with mental and physical hygiene, but also with sexuality. In particular, texts in the Nouvelle Hèloïse concerning «natural » gardens represent physical and moral health in sentimental and sexual relations with others. In the works of Sade, on the contrary, cellars, vaulted rooms, labyrinths, oozing water, shadows, indicate the unhealthy side of erotic relations. This analysis must be accompanied by methodological reflection on the literary text as representation of the dichotomy clean /unclean, healthy/sick, mind/body.
L'hygiène et l'État selon Montyon
Authors: Coleman William 
Published: June 2016

William Coleman : Hygiene and the state according to Montyon.
The populationist programme contained in Montyon 's Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France was essentially sociopolitical. But behind his call for action lay a conception of man's nature and his interaction with the environment based on the ancient medical doctrine of the influence on human well-being of the «six things non-natural ». In turn, the non-naturals provided a vocabulary and a theoretical framework for exploring and expressing factors which the state might use to increase its population. Montyon's bold demographic investigation was thus heavily invested with contemporary medical belief, at precisely the point where his discussion passed from analysis of population movement to considerations of action intended to direct that movement.
Un Mémoire sur les hôpitaux de Condorcet
Authors: Tzonis Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

Condorcet : An unpublished report on hospitals.
This report by Condorcet is part of a debate in the Académie des Sciences before the Revolution concerning the replacement of the Hôtel-Dieu. Con-dorcet's propositions are highly original. His hospital planning is presented within the framework of an optimisation problem based on data selected through an empirical process. Instead of a single structure, he recommended breaking up the hospital into smaller neighbourhood units designed by a mul-tidisciplinary team of architects, mathematicians, surgeons, «political scientists » and other specialists. In addition, this is probably the first text to propose community participation in the design decision-making process.
Du «médico-topographique» à Lyon en 1783
Authors: Favre Robert 
Published: June 2016

Robert Favre : «Medico-topography » in lyon in 1783.
The growing medical concern for the problems of urban police and administration accounts for Berthelet de Barbot's Topographie médicale of Lyon. This forgotten work provides information on the conditions of the «workers » (as distinct from the «Lyonnais »). The proposed remedies for improving conditions in a town subject to both floods and epidemics indicate a lucid but timid mind. He demonstrates the dangers of overcrowding, urban burials and the state of the roads, he wisely recommends the rational paving of the streets (studied by the Lyon doctor Bertholon in 1786) and the construction of thoroughfares between the Saône and the Rhône. But with surprising reticence he proposes merely sops to improve the habitat, despite the engineer Perrache's transformation of the town, and he seems ignorant of the debate among Lyon doctors since the Royal Ordonnance of 1776, concerning the best burial place.
Espaces et commodités dans la Lisbonne de Pombal
Authors: França José-Augusto 
Published: June 2016

José-Augusto Fran ça : Space and amenities in pombal's lisbon.
Lisbon, destroyed by an earthquake on 1st November 1757, was reconstructed following a plan discussed with the Marquis of Pombal, in the style of «Enlightened Europe ». It became a rationally planned, functional town, entirely different from the old city, a labyrinth of winding alleyways. Open spaces and public hygiene were the particular concerns of «Pombalian » urbanists ; wide streets and huge squares were laid out, in which air and light were the new criteria. The introduction of pavements, the attention paid to drains and street-cleaning, the idea of water conduits to every house, the creation of obligatory cemeteries, were the basic principles integrated into the plans for the new city by a government whose main concern was public health.
Une lettre à Voltaire sur «La Ligue»
Authors: Raynaud Jean-Michel 
Published: June 2016

J.-M. Raynaud : A letter to Voltaire on «la ligue ».
A letter from a certain la Bruyère in Amiens concerning Voltaire's poem la Ligue. This letter, published in the Journal historique in 1724, had been sent (according to the editors' note) to Voltaire, who had not replied. Contrary to what la Bruyère wrote to the Mercure de France in 1731, his criticism had no part in Voltaire's alterations to his poem.
Beccaria traduit par Morellet
Authors: Pandolfi Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Pandolfi : Beccaria translated by Morellet.
Beccaria's Dei delitti e delle pene was published in July 1764, by Guiseppe Au-bert at Livorno ; Morellet's translation appeared in Paris in December 1765. This article studies the genesis of this publication among the Encyclopédistes, analyses the translation itself and Morellet's modifications, such as the reo-ganisation of the work, the reordering of the chapters and their contents. The reasons for these modifications, which are significant, are considered. This translation gave rise to a wide debate, involving Grimm, Diderot and d'Alembert, which can be seen as a microcosm of the philosophical debates of the second half of the 18th Century.
Style et anti-style dans l'œuvre de Dom Deschamps
Authors: Strugnell Anthony 
Published: June 2016

Anthony Strugnell : style and anti-style in the works of Dom Deschamps.
Despite Dom Deschamps' attempts to convey philosophical truth in a pure, impersonal language, his tortuous style is immediately recognisable. But his correspondance indicates that, when dealing with non-philosophical matters, his writing can be witty and elegant. The dominant stylistic barbarity of his philosophical writings is determined by the requirements of a rigorous metaphysics which identifies language and truth, and seeks to produce a discours free from the corruption suffered by language in a state of laws. The anti-style thus created failed to convince because of the inadequate mechanistic psychology of language on which it was based.
Dom Deschamps et la fin du politique
Authors: Barthel Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Barthel : Dom Deschamps and the end of politics.
The ameliorations proposed by the «philosophes » remained within the essence of politics and simply exasperated the problems. It is both illusory and dangerous to expect the political authorities to justify themselves before the tribunal of reason. For Dom Deschamps, politics is a perpetual movement between total disunion and total union. It is therefore necessary to find a form of society to translate the non-necessity of politics into a systems which prevents its return, to found a metaphysics which will reveal the true nature of politics, and be at the same time the True System which will put an end to politics.
Quinze années d'études rousseauistes
Authors: Trousson Raymond 
Published: June 2016

Raymond Trousson : Fifteen years of Rousseau studies.
A survey of Rousseau studies during the fifteen years since the bicentenary of the Social Contract in 1962. This article discusses in turn the different fields of research : editions, biography, general studies, political, relitious and educational thought, novels, writings on art, studies of influence and reputation. It also analyses the main lines of study as well as new directions of research and indicates the most overcrowded sectors, together with those in which research still needs to be carried out.
Lumières reflétées ou les origines du dilemme canadien de la liberté
Authors: Tichoux Alain 
Published: June 2016

Alain Tichoux : Canada and freedom : a dilemma.
New France, after fighting to retain its freedom, then appears to have lost all taste for it. She stood by while America won its independence and helped the British keep American freedom out of Canada. Historians have ascribed this turnabout to loyalty to the sovreign, to a liking for British rule, or even to a natural penchant for dependency. Recently French-Canadian historians have shown that it was merely resignation to the lesser of two evils. The English speaking settlers soon introduced «freedom» in the form of govern¬ ment by popular assemblies of the Protestant population, excluding French Canadians. Later the American invasion showed that accepting the revolution from the South brought the same result. Canada would rather have been free and French but, realising the impossibility of achieving this, she preferred a remote and relatively tolerant government rather than deliver herself into the hands of the bearers of a militantly Protestant freedom.
Les Provinces-Unies et les Lumières
Authors: Bots Hans , De Vet Jan 
Published: June 2016

Hans Bots and Jan De Vet : The united provinces and the enlightenment.
The chronological limits of the Enlightenment in the U.P. are not those of England or France. «Enlightened » ideas circulated earlier, due tho the Revolt ; the bourgeois Revolution took place in the 1780s but the old structures of government were not removed until 1795. In addition, the particular charac¬ ter of the Enlightenment here is due to the fact the the optimistic faith in the perfectibility of man and society was accompanied by a belief in Christian revelation. The authors insist on the continuity of 16th-century Biblical humanism which inspired 18th-century tolerance, on the important mystical current, on the defenders of liberalism and the development of philosophy and literature ; on the role of learned societies and academies and the important part played by the U.P. in the diffusion of Enlightened ideas. The authors also emphasize the large extent to which this movement extended to all categories of society and was inspired by their rational Christian faith. The resulting hostility to materialism and free thought gave this Enlightenment its special character which is still to be studied in depth.
Les Lumières dans les Pays-Bas français
Authors: Trenard Louis 
Published: June 2016

Louis Trenard : The enlightenment in the french low countries.
A review of different aspects of the Enlightenment in the French Netherlands, particularly in Lille. The activity of the editor C.J. Panckoucke and Lille-based periodicals, the theatre, muscial activity, learned societies and Freemasonry spread the new ideas and created a cultural climate which encouraged Voltaire to stay in Lille, where Mahomet was first performed. This article goes on to consider the development of education, the foundation of professional schools and colleges, as well as the extent of alphabétisation among the population, which indicates the urban nature of the Enlightenment. It is also clear that is was connected with the development of the French language and limited to an élite, often clerical ; it contributed to a weakening of traditional local culture and thus to the uniformisation of French culture.
Les Lumières en Pologne
Authors: Jedryka Zygmunt 
Published: June 2016

Zygmunt Jedryka : The enlightenment in Poland.
This article reviews the reforms and the development of a new spirit in Poland, in particular after the accession of Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski in 1764. In the field of government he attempted to remove the abuses of the liberum veto to enable the introduction of necessary reforms. Education was reformed with the introduction of elementary public schooling and the Ordonances of 1753 which modernised the syllabus and favoured the creation of en educated élite. The development of the arts, a national literature and theatre together with foreign influences and their political importance, are also studied.
Deux facéties inédites du baron d'Holbach
Authors: Lizé E. 
Published: June 2016

Émile Lizé : two unpublished texts of d'Holbach.
The Moscow manuscript of the Correspondance littéraire by Grimm and with an eloquent farewell to Catherine. In his introduction, E.L. suggests that Diderot must have originally intended to leave Russia by the end of 1773, which would explain the existence of two written farewells to the Empress, one in December 1773 and the other in February-March 1774. Meister reveals here two further light-hearted essays, which were selected by Meister in 1790-91 from d'Holbach's papers after his death. In these amusing pieces, the atheist Baron ridicules the hypocrisy of man, who justifies his despotism under the guise of religion.
Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur Morelly. Biographie, accueil et fortune de l'œuvre
Authors: Wagner Nicolas 
Published: June 2016

Nicolas Wagner : Morelly : present state of research.
Although little known and superficially read, Morelly has nevertheless been enlisted by critics among the Utopians and precursors of socialism. It is neces¬ sary above all to return to the author himself, as far as possible, and to the manuscript sources, which are listed here for the first time. Their interest is briefly explained (personal documents, Ferme Générale, editors, protectors, police). There is also an important corpus of 18th-century reviews of Morelly's works, which enables us to place him in his political and ideological context (1743-1754). Thus we can evaluate more concretely the significance and literary value of his work, and in particular of the Code.