bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA Computing Systems Activated by Electrochemically‐triggered DNA Release from a Polymer‐brush‐modified Electrode Array
Authors: Gamella Maria , Zakharchenko Andrey , Guz Nataliia , Masi Madeline , Minko Sergiy , Kolpashchikov Dmitry M. , Iken Heiko , Poghossian Arshak , Schöning Michael J. , Katz Evgeny 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn array of four independently wired indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes was used for electrochemically stimulated DNA release and activation of DNA‐based Identity, AND and XOR logic gates. Single‐stranded DNA molecules were loaded on the mixed poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brush covalently attached to the ITO electrodes. The DNA deposition was performed at pH 5.0 when the polymer brush is positively charged due to protonation of tertiary amino groups in PDMAEMA, thus resulting in electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged DNA. By applying electrolysis at −1.0 V(vs. Ag/AgCl reference) electrochemical oxygen reduction resulted in the consumption of hydrogen ions and local pH increase near the electrode surface. The process resulted in recharging the polymer brush to the negative state due to dissociation of carboxylic groups of PMAA, thus repulsing the negatively charged DNA and releasing it from the electrode surface. The DNA release was performed in various combinations from different electrodes in the array assembly. The released DNA operated as input signals for activation of the Boolean logic gates. The developed system represents a step forward in DNA computing, combining for the first time DNA chemical processes with electronic input signals.
Pore Network Modeling of Compressed Fuel Cell Components with OpenPNM
Authors: Tranter T. G. , Gostick J. T. , Burns A. D. , Gale W. F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPore network modeling is used to model water invasion and multiphase transport through compressed PEFC gas diffusion layers. Networks are created using a Delaunay tessellation of randomly placed base‐points setting the pore locations and its compliment, the Voronoi diagram, is used to define the location of fibers and resultant pore and throat geometry. The model is validated in comparison to experimental capillary pressure curves obtained on compressed and uncompressed materials. Primary drainage is simulated with an invasion percolation algorithm that sequentially invades pores and throats separately with excellent agreement to experimental data, but required a slight modification to account for the higher aspect ratio of compressed pores. Compression is simulated by scaling the through‐plane coordinates in a uniform manner representing a GDL wholly beneath the current‐collector land. The relative permeability and diffusivity show some dependence on uniform compression. In‐plane porosity variations introduced by land‐channel compression are also investigated which have a marked effect on the limiting current. Saturation at breakthrough does not appear to be dependent on compression. However, a more important parameter, namely the peak saturation, is shown to influence the fuel cell performance and is dependent on the percolation inlet conditions.
Endogenous Technology Adoption and Medical Costs
Authors: Lamiraud Karine , Lhuillery Stephane 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite the claim that technology has been one of the most important drivers of healthcare spending growth over the past decades, technology variables are rarely introduced explicitly in cost equations. Furthermore, technology is often considered exogenous.Using 1996–2007 panel data on Swiss geographical areas, we assessed the impact of technology availability on per capita healthcare spending covered by basic health insurance whilst controlling for the endogeneity of health technology availability variables. Our results suggest that medical research, patent intensity and the density of employees working in the medical device industry are influential factors for the adoption of technology and can be used as instruments for technology availability variables in the cost equation. These results are similar to previous findings: CT and PET scanner adoption is associated with increased healthcare spending, whilst increased availability of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty facilities is associated with reductions in per capita spending. However, our results suggest that the magnitude of these relationships is much greater in absolute value than that suggested by previous studies that did not control for the possible endogeneity of the availability of technologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes and variability of precipitation and temperature in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna River Basin based on global high‐resolution reanalyses
Authors: Khandu  , Awange Joseph L. , Kuhn Michael , Anyah Richard , Forootan Ehsan 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTPrevious studies suggest that climate change impacts significantly on the hydro‐climatic processes within the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) River Basin (RB). This study examines the observed climate characteristics and potential strengths and limitations of three global high‐resolution reanalyses and satellite remote‐sensing products over the GBM RB for period 1980–2013 by (1) estimating trends and interannual variations of precipitation and temperature, and (2) isolating precipitation variations likely associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The surface temperature trends show widespread warming across the basin with a maximum increase of 0.6 °C decade−1 over western Nepal and southern Tibet from 1980 to 2013. Rainfall changes from 1980 to 2013 indicate pronounced decline over high rainfall regions of northeast India, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh, especially from 1998 to 2013. Basin‐wide averaged trends show rainfall decline of up to 39 mm decade−1 in June–August in the Brahmaputra–Meghna RB from 1998 to 2013. Temperature variability based on Principal Component Analysis indicates that the first mode is associated with sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Arabian Sea and the western tropical Pacific Ocean, while the second mode appears to be significantly correlated to SST anomalies in the western (eastern) tropical Indian (Pacific) Ocean. ENSO and IOD events are found to significantly influence rainfall variability contributing to about 10–20% (ENSO) and 8–10% (IOD) of the annual rainfall, mainly over Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and north‐eastern India. Among the three reanalysis products: European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) retrospective analysis (ERA‐Interim), Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), ERA‐Interim (and MERRA) agrees well with the observed precipitation (temperature) data sets while, CFSR shows the least skills in representing the spatio‐temporal variations of precipitation and temperature.
Identification of design related distortion of gear base bodies by experimental investigations
Authors: Lübben T. , Surm H. , Hoffmann F. , Zoch H.‐W. 
Published: August 2016

The economic and ecological need for reduced weight of automobiles leads to increasing activities in recent years. One way to achieve this aim is to use modified designs for components with a high weight. Here the gear box and especially the gears have a potential for significant weight reduction. But besides the functional behavior of the components under consideration the manufacturing processes must be able to produce them with high accuracy and without increasing costs. Focussing on manufacturing lines of gears, it is known on the one hand that distortion after final heat treatment can depend on gear geometry, one of the most important carriers of distortion potential. On the other hand no design rules for lightweight gears exist. Therefore in this paper first results of a research project are presented. The manufacturing line was kept constant to continuously cast steel, rolling the square blooms to semi‐finished material, forming of forging blanks with constant dimensions, annealing, turning of different shaped gear base bodies, and case hardening by low pressure carburizing in combination with high pressure gas quenching. The resulting size and shape changes as function of geometry modifications with a maximum weight reduction of 20 % will be shown and discussed.
Numerical simulation of the quicksand phenomenon by a 3D coupled Discrete Element ‐ Lattice Boltzmann hydromechanical model
Authors: Mansouri Mouloud , El Youssoufi Moulay Said , Nicot François 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis paper deals with the numerical simulation of the quicksand phenomenon using a coupled Discrete Elements – Lattice Boltzmann hydromechanical model. After the presentation of the developed numerical model, simulations of ascending fluid flow through granular deposits are performed. The simulations show that the quicksand actually triggers for a hydraulic gradient very close to the critical hydraulic gradient calculated from the global analysis of classical soil mechanics, that is, when the resultant of the applied external pressure balances submerged weight of the deposit. Moreover, they point out that the quicksand phenomenon does not occur only for hydraulic gradients above the critical hydraulic gradient, but also in some cases with slightly lower gradients. In such cases, a more permeable zone is first gradually built at the bottom of the deposit through a grain rearrangement, which increases the hydraulic gradient in the upper zones and triggers the phenomenon. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial Force Induced Reaction Method for Systematic Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Sameera W. M. C. , Kumar Sharma Akhilesh , Maeda Satoshi , Morokuma Keiji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNowadays, computational studies are very important for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms and selectivity of complex reactions. However, traditional computational methods usually require an estimated reaction path, mainly driven by limited experimental implications, intuition, and assumptions of stationary points. However, the artificial force induced reaction (AFIR) method in the global reaction route mapping (GRRM) strategy can be used for unbiased and automatic reaction path searches for complex reactions. In this account, we highlight applications of the AFIR method to a variety of reactions (organic, organometallic, enzymatic, and photochemical) of complex molecular systems. In addition, the AFIR method has been successfully used to rationalise the origin of stereo‐ and regioselectivity. The AFIR method can be applied from small to large molecular systems, and will be a very useful tool for the study of complex molecular problems in many areas of chemistry, biology, and material sciences.
image
Soil‐nutrient availability and the nutrient‐use efficiencies of forests along an altitudinal gradient on Yakushima Island, Japan
Authors: Mukai Mana , Aiba Shin‐ichiro , Kitayama Kanehiro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe vegetation on Yakushima Island, Japan, grows on soils derived from Akahoya volcanic ash, released from the Kikai Caldera about 7300 years ago. The eruption was devastating and it is believed that primary succession and soil formation reinitiated across all altitudes at this point. We hypothesize that the concentrations of soil total phosphorus (P) and labile P fractions increase with increasing altitude because the soil formation has progressed less in upslope areas as a result of the cooler temperature and because of the ample P source of the volcanic ash. Conversely, we hypothesize that the concentration of soil inorganic nitrogen (N) decreases with increasing altitude. Available soil P and N would result in increasing P limitation downslope and increasing N limitation upslope, respectively. We studied soil P fractions and soil inorganic N, and P‐ and N‐use efficiencies of the seven forests on Yakushima along an elevation gradient (170–1550 m a.s.l.). Contrary to our hypotheses, soil total P, labile soil P fractions, and inorganic N decreased with increasing altitude. The P‐ and N‐use efficiencies of the forests were negatively correlated with the concentration of soil total active P (total P minus occluded P) and inorganic N, respectively. We suggest that progressive soil acidity and slower decomposition under cooler and wetter environments upslope must have dissolved the P contained in volcanic ash and accelerated P leaching. Forest ecosystems on Yakushima that show a distinct altitudinal zonation are, therefore, characterized by increasing P and N shortage with increasing altitude.
Determination of Double Bond Positions and Geometry of Methyl Linoleate Isomers with Dimethyl Disulfide Adducts by GC/MS
Authors: Shibamoto Shigeaki , Murata Tasuku , Yamamoto Kouhei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) adduct method is one of the convenient and effective methods for determining double bond positions of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) except conjugated FAME. When analyzed using gas chromatography/electron ionization‐mass spectrometry (GC/EI‐MS), unsaturated FAME with DMDS added to the double bonds yields high intensity MS spectra of characteristic ions. The MS spectra of characteristic ions can then be used to easily confirm double bond positions. Here we explore the GC/EI‐MS analysis of the DMDS adducts of methyl linoleate geometrical isomers isolated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a silver nitrate column. For C18:2‐c9, c12 and C18:2‐t9, t12, DMDS randomly formed adducts with double bonds at either carbon 9–10 or carbon 12–13, but not both at the same time due to steric hindrance. For C18:2‐c9, t12 and C18:2‐t9, c12, however, DMDS only formed adducts with the double bond in the cis configuration. Consequently, when analyzing fatty acids with methylene interrupted double bonds, with one double bond in the cis and one in the trans configuration, double bond positions cannot be completely confirmed.
Adolescent harm avoidance as a longitudinal predictor of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation in adulthood: The mediating role of inhibitory control
Authors: Izadpanah Shahrzad , Schumacher Maren , Arens Elisabeth A. , Stopsack Malte , Ulrich Ines , Hansenne Michel , Grabe Hans Jörgen , Barnow Sven 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe current study investigates the effect of adolescent harm avoidance (HA) on maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (mCER) in early adulthood. The mediating role of inhibitory control and the moderating effect of gender on this link were also examined. Longitudinal data from 261 adolescents (147 female) were collected in three phases (T0, T1 and T2) over approximately 10 years. Results revealed that, after controlling for HA in adulthood (T2), female adolescents' HA (T0) significantly predicted mCER strategies after 10 years (T2), whereas male adolescents' HA only predicted catastrophizing. In addition, attentional impulsivity (T1) significantly mediated the relation between HA and mCER, though only among women. There was no significant indirect effect for emotional interference and stop‐signal reaction time. Results revealed gender and measure specific associations between HA and inhibitory control and suggest that HA could induce inhibitory deficits leading to mCER.
Defining risk groups of patients with cancer of unknown primary site and cervical nodal metastases by F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging
Authors: Su Yung‐Yueh , Chen Shih‐Shin , Hsieh Chia‐Hsun , Liao Chun‐Ta , Lin Chien‐Yu , Kang Chung‐Jan , Yen Tzu‐Chen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe sought to investigate the clinical utility of F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) in Taiwanese patients with cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) and cervical nodal metastases. We also aimed to study the impact of F‐18 FDG PET/CT on clinical treatment priority in this patient group. Between September 2006 and May 2014, patients with CUP and cervical nodal metastases who underwent F‐18 FDG PET/CT imaging study were retrospectively identified. The clinicopathological risk factors and PET parameters were analyzed in relation to 2‐year overall survival (OS) rates using univariate and multivariate analyses. Two‐year OS curves were plotted with the Kaplan–Meier method. Of the eligible patients (n = 54), 12 (22.2%) had distant metastases (DM) at presentation. A total of 13 (24.1%) and 15 (27.8%) primary tumors were identified by FDG PET/CT imaging and an additional triple biopsy, respectively. The results of multivariate analysis identified smoking [p = 0.033, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.197−40.342], a maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of cervical nodes ≥ 14.2 (p = 0.035, 95% CI = 1.134−28.029), and DM at presentation (p = 0.031, 95% CI = 1.257−114.854) as independent predictors of 2‐year OS. Specifically, patients who carried ≥ 2 risk factors showed poorer outcomes (70.3% vs. 11.8%, p < 0.001). Fifteen study patients (27.8%) had their treatment modified by FDG PET/CT findings. We conclude that FDG PET/CT is clinically useful in CUP patients not only for tumor staging, but also for modifying treatment regimens.
Physicochemical parameters of crystallization of melts in intermediate suprasubduction chambers (by the example of Tolbachik and Ichinskii Volcanoes, Kamchatka Peninsula)
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Simonov V.A. , Kotlyarov A.V. , Kulakov R.Yu. , Karmanov N.S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In study of plagioclases, amphiboles, and melt inclusions, we have determined the physicochemical parameters of crystallization of melts in the intermediate suprasubduction chambers of volcanoes representing different types of subduction magmatism on the Kamchatka Peninsula: the young basaltic systems of Tolbachik Volcano (Klyuchevskaya group) and ancient Ichinskii Volcano (Sredinnyi Ridge) with alternating basaltic and felsic eruptions. For Tolbachik Volcano, we have found that plagioclase lapilli formed from basaltic melts at 1075–1115 °C and low (≤1 kbar) pressures at depths of 2–3 km. Andesite minerals crystallized within a wider range of temperatures and pressures (1220–1020 °C and 3.3–1.6 kbar) in an intermediate chamber at depths of ≤10 km. The melts were generated in basaltic magma chambers (detected well by geophysical methods at depths of 18–20 km) with minimum temperatures of ~1290 °C. For Ichinskii Volcano, three levels of intermediate chambers are distinguished. Andesites formed at depths of ≤23 km at ≤1225 °C. Dacitic melts were generated from an intermediate chamber (14 km) at 1135–1045 °C as a result of differentiation of andesitic magmas. Dacites formed in the uppermost horizons (9–3 km) at 1130–1030 °C. Despite the similarity between differentiation processes in the intermediate chambers of the Kamchatka volcanoes, each volcano is characterized by specific magmatism. The lavas of basaltic volcanoes (Tolbachik) and those of andesitic volcanoes (Ichinskii) differ in genesis and differentiation.
Pompeii AD 79: A Natural Bone Diagenesis Experiment
Authors: Zazzo Antoine , Lepetz Sébastien 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study aims at comparing the reliability of different types of apatite fractions for which collagen cannot be dated. We focused on the remains of individuals found at the necropolis of Porta Nocera near Pompeii, and for which the date of burial can be assessed independently. The dated human samples range between 1805±49 and 5570±120 14C yr BP and can display a large (up to 1200 14C yr) intra-individual age variability. We show that while a marine diet or an old-wood effect could explain the smallest age shifts, they are not able to explain the largest ones, and propose diagenesis as the main cause. The 14C depletion is likely due to the influence of the 14C-free CO2 emissions of the nearby Vesuvius volcano and the Campi Flegrei volcanic system on the age of secondary carbonate incorporated into the bone and enamel crystallites during diagenesis. This study demonstrates that in volcanic contexts, a large deviation from expected age can be measured, even in calcined apatites. Our calculations indicate that while the absolute amount of contamination is lower in calcined bones than in burnt bone and enamel apatite, its impact on the 14C age of the sample can be much higher due to the low carbon content of calcined bones.
Radiocarbon Age of Soil Organic Matter Fractions Buried by Tephra in Alaska
Authors: Cherkinsky Alexander , Wallace Kristi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRadiocarbon ages were determined on different fractions extracted from buried paleosols in south-central Alaska as an experiment to establish best practices for analysis of low-organic-matter paleosols. Seven samples were collected from directly beneath tephra deposits to determine the eruption frequency of Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska. Soil development near the volcano is poor due to the high-latitude climate and frequent burial of soil surfaces by tephra. Contamination of soils by local wind-blown material is a concern. The humic acid 14C ages are consistently younger than both the bulk soil and residue after extraction ages. The difference in ages between the humic acid extract and bulk soil range from 60–1130 14C yr BP and 180–4110 14C yr BP, respectively, for residue. Previous observations from dating different soil fractions show that residue ages are typically younger than humic acid extracts presumably because they contain a fraction of younger plant material including roots. We attribute the older ages to contamination by old carbon from eolian charcoal particles. This study supports the use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating of the humic acid fraction in order to estimate the age of soil that presumably marks the age of burial and avoids suspected contamination by old carbon.
Bimetallism
Authors: Reeve G. M. 
Published: August 2016

The subject of Bimetallism is not a burning question now as it was some few years ago, but it is worth while to consider the arguments used for and against, as it is possible thereby to obtain an idea of the principles underlying currency problems.1. Alleged evils—(a) A great fall in gold prices, causing(1) A disturbance of the standard of value,(2) Increased burden on debtors,(3) Discouragement of industry.
Income Tax and the Basis of Assessment of Insurance Offices.
Authors: Recknell G. H. 
Published: August 2016

The first Income Tax proper was the Income Tax Act of 1799 imposed by Pitt as a more or less temporary measure intended to finance the war with France.Subsequent amending Acts were passed in 1803, 1805 and 1806. In 1816—just after Waterloo—the Tax was abolished and remained in oblivion for 26 years. In 1842 it was resuscitated by Sir Robert Peel, who was responsible for the Income Tax Act of 1842, and the Tax has remained in force ever since as a permanent and increasingly important part of our financial system. Of the Acts subsequent to 1842 the most important is the Act of 1853 when Gladstone left his mark on the Tax in several important particulars.Up till 1860 the annual Act by which the Tax is imposed was known as the Income Tax Act. From that time onwards—in order to make it more difficult for the House of Lords to exercise their constitutional right to reject money bills—the Tax, along with several others, was incorporated into one Act called the Customs and Inland Revenue Act. In 1894 the title was changed to the Finance Act, by which name it has been known ever since.