bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coarse climate change projections for species living in a fine‐scaled world
Authors: Nadeau Christopher P. , Urban Mark C. , Bridle Jon R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccurately predicting biological impacts of climate change is necessary to guide policy. However, the resolution of climate data could be affecting the accuracy of climate change impact assessments. Here, we review the spatial and temporal resolution of climate data used in impact assessments and demonstrate that these resolutions are often too coarse relative to biologically relevant scales. We then develop a framework that partitions climate into three important components: trend, variance, and autocorrelation. We apply this framework to map different global climate regimes and identify where coarse climate data is most and least likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments. We show that impact assessments for many large mammals and birds use climate data with a spatial resolution similar to the biologically relevant area encompassing population dynamics. Conversely, impact assessments for many small mammals, herpetofauna, and plants use climate data with a spatial resolution that is orders of magnitude larger than the area encompassing population dynamics. Most impact assessments also use climate data with a coarse temporal resolution. We suggest that climate data with a coarse spatial resolution is likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments the most in climates with high spatial trend and variance (e.g., much of western North and South America) and the least in climates with low spatial trend and variance (e.g., the Great Plains of the USA). Climate data with a coarse temporal resolution is likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments the most in the northern half of the northern hemisphere where temporal climatic variance is high. Our framework provides one way to identify where improving the resolution of climate data will have the largest impact on the accuracy of biological predictions under climate change.
Chronic Daily Headache: Ten Steps for Primary Care Providers to Regain Control
Authors: Sheeler Robert D. , Garza Ivan , Vargas Bert B. , O'Neil Angela E. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundChronic daily headache (CDH) affects 2% to 4% of the North American and European population. Various pathways lead to this condition, although chronification of migraine and the occurrence of central sensitization in tension headache are the 2 most common. Medication overuse headaches complicate a substantial portion of other primary headaches that have become chronic and often make their treatment more complex and less successful.Methods/ResultsA 10‐step process to help primary care providers evaluate and treat CDH patients begins with excluding secondary headache disorders, then moves on to classification of the primary underlying headache disorder. Next, the exacerbating factors, as well as relevant comorbid conditions, are identified. The patient's current acute therapy is examined, and attempts are made to identify and resolve medication overuse if present. Past preventive therapies are reviewed, allowing for thoughtful design of a headache action plan with preventive, acute, and lifestyle components. Patients are asked to keep a headache diary, used to initiate a cycle of continuous improvement in a patient's response to acute and preventive therapeutic approaches.ConclusionsA systematic approach and partnership with patients often make it possible to convert CDH to episodic headache that is responsive to both acute and preventive therapies.
Universities Conducting STEM Outreach: a Conceptual Framework
Authors: Eilam Efrat , Bigger Stephen W. , Sadler Kirsten , Barry Fiachra , Bielik Tom 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses the positioning of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) outreach programmes within universities’ operations. Though universities in many respects form a rather homogenous international community, there is wide diversity in regard to the provision of STEM outreach by different institutions. To explain this diversity, a conceptual framework was developed by using the Theory of Legitimacy as an organising concept. The framework considers two opposing scenarios that form a continuum between them, namely: ‘top‐down’ initiative by the university governance versus ‘bottom‐up’ grass‐roots initiative. Using the Theory of Legitimacy, internal and external outreach relationships are characterised and explained under the two scenarios. The framework was applied to two settings chosen due to their essential differences in outreach provision, namely, Australia and Israel. The differences that were found in internal and external legitimacy provide a useful lens for examining the low‐performing, fragile system in Australia as compared with the high‐performing, thriving system in Israel.
Factors influencing participation in colorectal cancer screening—a qualitative study in an ethnic and socio‐economically diverse inner city population
Authors: Dharni Nimarta , Armstrong David , Chung‐Faye Guy , Wright Alison J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundEthnic and socio‐economic inequalities have been reported in the uptake of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. This study aimed to explore the factors affecting CRC screening participation in an ethnically and socio‐economically diverse inner city population.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 50 people aged 55–74 years, recruited from GP practices in south‐east London. Participants were from Black African (n=13), Black Caribbean (n=15), White British (n=17), Black other (n=2) and White other (n=3) backgrounds. Participants' socio‐economic status (SES) was assessed using a combined measure of educational attainment, housing tenure and car ownership. Participants' SES varied although there were more participants from less deprived backgrounds than those from more deprived backgrounds. The interview topic guide was informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using framework analysis.FindingsLack of awareness of CRC screening was a barrier for all participants. There were also some notable group differences by ethnicity and SES. Cancer fear was a barrier for White British participants of varying SES. Misunderstanding instructions for completing the guaiac faecal occult blood test (gFOBt) was a barrier for people of low SES regardless of ethnicity. For Black African and Black Caribbean participants, of any SES, religious faith and a perceived civic duty to participate in screening encouraged participation.Discussion and conclusionsThis is the first study to provide detailed information on the separate views of Black African and Black Caribbean participants about screening. Consideration of ethnicity and SES together also allowed us to identify pertinent barriers for particular groups that can be targeted to improve access to screening for those who wish to take part.
The significance of seed food in chick development re‐evaluated by tracking day‐to‐day dietary variation in the nestlings of a granivorous passerine
Authors: Orłowski Grzegorz , Wuczyński Andrzej , Karg Jerzy , Grzesiak Wojciech 
Published: August 2016

The dietary adjustment of nestlings of granivorous birds to a seed diet and the different morphological characteristics of ingested food have rarely been examined in natural conditions. It has been suggested that the provision of cereal grains to nestlings of some seed‐eating bird species in modern agroecosytems is the result of poor food conditions after agricultural intensification. We analysed the abundance of invertebrate prey in the main foraging habitat of parent birds, daily changes (from hatching to fledging) in the efficiency of cereal seed digestion, and the dietary characteristics, diet composition and prey type delivered to nestlings of the Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella. Analysis of faecal sacs from nests located in breeding habitat with an abundant invertebrate fauna revealed no relationship between the proportion of cereal seeds in the diet of nestlings and the food supply in the main foraging sites of the parents. Neonate nestlings (1 day old) exclusively received weakly chitinized invertebrate prey (arachnids and flies), but from the second day of life the nestlings were fed a variety of highly chitinized invertebrate prey, the percentage biomass of which did not change for the remainder of the nesting period. Cereal grains started to be delivered to 3‐day‐old nestlings and were already efficiently digested, and the percentage biomass of this food type increased progressively with nestling age. We suggest that the provisioning of cereal grains to nestlings is not forced by external factors, such as modern agricultural intensification; rather, it is an intentional behaviour of parent birds aimed at achieving physiological adjustment to seed food in the early stages of ontogeny.
Introduction of New South Wales adult subcutaneous insulin‐prescribing chart in a tertiary hospital: its impact on inpatient glycaemic control
Authors: Wong V. W. , Ho A. , Fiakos E. , Lau N. S. , Russell H. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundErratic blood glucose levels (BGL) are commonly observed amongst patients with diabetes mellitus during hospital admission. Patients on insulin therapy often do not have their doses titrated adequately by their team doctors during admission, and insulin is well known to be a high‐risk medication prone to administration error.AimTo assess the impact of a state‐wide adult subcutaneous insulin‐prescribing chart (ASCIPC) on glycaemic control and insulin‐prescribing pattern in a tertiary hospital.MethodsAn audit on the clinical records of inpatients who were on subcutaneous insulin therapy in the first week of July 2014 (prior to ASCIPC, n = 56) and in the first week of July 2015 (10 months after introducing ASCIPC, n = 62) was conducted at Liverpool Hospital.ResultsFollowing the introduction of ASCIPC, fewer BGL readings were missed (9.1 vs 11.6%, P = 0.032), and medical officers were more likely to adjust insulin dosage (71.0 vs 42.6%, P = 0.002) when compared to baseline. Glycaemic control improved, with lower mean BGL (9.4 ± 2.0 vs 10.4 ± 2.6 mmol/L, P = 0.021) and a greater proportion of BGL within the normal range of 5–10 mmol/L (56.2 vs 47.7%, P = 0.041). Omission of insulin doses after ASCIPC remained common, with over 40% of patients having at least one dose of insulin omitted during the audit week.ConclusionOur study showed that the introduction of ASCIPC had positive impacts on glycaemic management for patients on subcutaneous insulin therapy during admission. More work is required to reduce the rate of insulin omission and to improve further glycaemic control for inpatients.
Trends and outcomes of chronic kidney disease in intensive care: a 5‐year study
Authors: Ngu K. , Reid D. , Tobin A. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in Australia and is independently associated with a higher risk of hospitalisation and death. Australian data may be useful in guiding improved hospital management of this growing cohort of patients.AimTo assess and compare the trends and outcomes of CKD patients requiring hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission at a tertiary referral hospital and state public hospitals.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of all acute care admissions to St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and all Victorian public hospitals using the Victorian Admitted Episodes Data Set (VAED) for the years 2010–2014 to determine CKD prevalence, demographic and outcome associations. The Elixhauser ICD‐10 comorbidity classification of renal failure was used to identify CKD (ElixRF). Chi‐squared test, Kruskal–Wallis test and logistic regression were used for analysis.ResultsA total of 101 817 patients was included from our institution, with 6.4% classified as having ElixRF. ELixRF increased from 5.2% in 2010 to 8.6% in 2014 for all hospital admissions and from 8.3% to 13.3% for ICU admissions. ElixRF was associated with longer hospital and ICU length of stay, male gender, older age, higher comorbidity and independently with increased mortality. The VAED contained 2 044 507 episodes for the same period with similar trends and associations.Conclusions
CKD prevalence amongst patients admitted to hospital and ICU is increasing and is associated with worse outcomes. ElixRF may be a useful administrative flag for nephrologist involvement in care and for prompting consideration of advanced care planning.
Commercializing Citizenship in Crisis EU: The Case of Immigrant Investor Programmes
Authors: Parker Owen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractImmigrant investor programmes (IIPs) – aimed at attracting investment in return for residency or citizenship for wealthy foreigners – have proliferated in EU Member States in recent years. Such schemes constitute part of a much broader commercialization of citizenship, which has intensified during the crisis. They have been particularly controversial in the EU because they rely for their attractiveness in part on the reality of EU citizenship and the rights of mobility and residence that it entails. The European Commission, among others, has presented them as threat to national citizenship and yet the EU at once champions a ‘post‐national’ citizenship and is arguably culpable in the very commercialization of citizenship of which investor schemes are a stark manifestation. This paper unpacks the tensions in the theory and politics of investor migration in the recent EU context, arguing that they reveal what is termed a ‘quadrilemma’ at the heart of a multi‐level citizenship.
Prescription of oral hypoglycemic agents for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study using a Japanese hospital database
Authors: Tanabe Makito , Motonaga Ryoko , Terawaki Yuichi , Nomiyama Takashi , Yanase Toshihiko 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionIn treatment algorithms of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Western countries, biguanides are recommended as first‐line agents. In Japan, various oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) are available, but prescription patterns are unclear.Materials and MethodsData of 7,108 and 2,655 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in study 1 and study 2, respectively, were extracted from the Medical Data Vision database (2008–2013). Cardiovascular disease history was not considered in study 1, but was in study 2. Initial choice of OHA, adherence to its use, effect on glycated hemoglobin levels for 2 years and the second choice of OHA were investigated.ResultsIn study 1, α‐glucosidase inhibitor, glinide and thiazolidinedione were preferentially medicated in relatively lower glycated hemoglobin cases compared with other OHAs. The two most prevalent first prescriptions of OHAs were biguanides and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, and the greatest adherence was for α‐glucosidase inhibitors. In patients treated continuously with a single OHA for 2 years, improvement in glycated hemoglobin levels was greatest for dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors. As a second OHA added to the first OHA during the first 2 years, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors were chosen most often, especially if a biguanide was the first OHA. In study 2, targeting patients with a cardiovascular disease history, a similar tendency to study 1 was observed in the first choice of OHA, adherence and the second choice of OHA.ConclusionsEven in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, a Western algorithm seems to be respected to some degree. The OHA choice does not seem to be affected by a cardiovascular disease history.
Variation in the Presence of Simple Home Modifications of Older Americans: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Meucci Marissa R. , Gozalo Pedro , Dosa David , Allen Susan M. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between sociodemographic and economic factors and the presence of simple home modifications (HMs) among older adults in the United States.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingNational Health and Aging Trends Study (2011, Round 1).ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling Medicare enrollees aged 65 and older (N = 6,628).MeasurementsThe primary dependent variable was the reported presence or absence of simple HMs (grab bars in the shower or near the toilet, shower seats, raised toilet seats).ResultsOf the individuals sampled, 60.7% reported having at least one HM of interest. Black (odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68–0.91) and Hispanic (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.45–0.78) respondents were less likely than white, non‐Hispanic respondents to have HMs. Those with more education (high school graduate: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01–1.42; >high school: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.14–1.62) and larger social networks (≥4 people; OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.12–1.89) were more likely to have at least one HM, whereas being divorced (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.43–0.74) was associated with lower likelihood. Income (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.97–1.05), Medicaid enrollment (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.77–1.25), and living alone (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.85–1.23) were not significantly associated with the presence of HMs.ConclusionMinorities, individuals with less education, and those with less social support are less likely to have HMs. Awareness of these disparities and the shortcomings of the HM delivery system is important to clinicians and policy‐makers who seek to prevent falls and facilitate aging in place for all older Americans.
Associations Between Serum Inflammatory Markers and Hippocampal Volume in a Community Sample
Authors: Schmidt Mike F. , Freeman Kevin B. , Windham Beverly G. , Griswold Michael E. , Kullo Iftikhar J. , Turner Stephen T. , Mosley Thomas H. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo quantify associations between inflammatory biomarkers and hippocampal volume (HV) and to examine effect modification according to sex, race, and age.DesignCross‐sectional analyses using generalized estimating equations to account for familial clustering; standardized β‐coefficients adjusted for age, sex, race, and education.SettingCommunity cohorts in Jackson, Mississippi and Rochester, Minnesota.ParticipantsThe Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy study.MeasurementsC‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 (sTNFR‐1) and 2 (sTNFR‐2) from peripheral blood were measured in a sample of 773 non‐Hispanic whites (61% women, aged 60.2 ± 9.8) and 514 African Americans (70% women, aged 63.9 ± 8.1) who also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Biomarkers were standardized and compared according to sex, race and age with HV.ResultsIn the full sample, higher sTNFR‐1 and sTNFR‐2 were associated with smaller HV. Each standard deviation (SD) increase in sTNFR‐1 was associated with 59.1 mm3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = −101.4 to −16.7 mm3) smaller HV and each SD increase in sTNFR‐2 associated with 48.8 mm3 (95% CI = −92.2 to −5.3 mm3) smaller HV. Relationships were stronger for sTNFR‐2 in men (HV = −116.6 mm3 for each SD increase, 95% CI = −201.0 to −32.1) than women (HV = −26.0 per SD increase, 95% CI = −72.4–20.5) and sTNFR‐1 in non‐Hispanic whites (HV = −84.7 mm3 per SD increase, 95% CI = −142.2 to −27.1) than African Americans (HV = −14.1 mm3 per SD increase, 95% CI = −78.3–50.1). Associations between IL‐6 or CRP and HV were not supported.ConclusionHigher levels of sTNFRs were associated cross‐sectionally with smaller hippocampi. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether these biomarkers may help to identify risk of late‐life cognitive impairment.
Sibling sexual abuse: why don't we talk about it?
Authors: Yates Peter 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore two hypotheses for explaining why there is little written about sibling sexual abuse and to raise awareness of the subject in order better to protect children and to facilitate sensitive patient care.BackgroundWhile there is no universal agreement over its definition, sibling sexual abuse is acknowledged internationally as a prevalent form of child sexual abuse but tends not to be recognised by health professionals. It is also under‐represented within the literature in comparison with other forms of intrafamilial sexual abuse. Understanding why this is may help to illuminate the potential barriers to effective professional responses. Two explanations which emerge strongly are the existence of a sibling incest taboo and a prevailing belief that sibling sexual behaviour is largely harmless.DesignDiscursive position paper.MethodThe paper examines the two hypotheses through exploration of the extant literature on sibling incest and sibling sexual abuse.ConclusionsSibling sexual abuse accounts for a significant minority of child sexual abuse and has the potential to be as harmful as sexual abuse by a parent. An abhorrence at the thought of sibling sexual activity and a prevailing view of its harmlessness may hinder nurses’ detection of and appropriate responses to sibling sexual abuse, but do not provide convincing explanations for the dearth of literature. Instead, a deeply held perspective of sibling relationships as non‐abusive offers a more profound explanation.Relevance to clinical practiceA knowledge of sibling sexual abuse and its consequences are important both for the effective protection of children and the sensitive and appropriate treatment of patients who present with a variety of physical and mental health concerns. A perspective that sibling relationships are non‐abusive provides a deeper level of understanding of the powerful obstacles to raising awareness of and responding appropriately to this form of abuse.
Dietary advice on prescription: experiences with a weight reduction programme
Authors: Bräutigam‐Ewe Marie , Lydell Marie , Månsson Jörgen , Johansson Gunnar , Hildingh Cathrine 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo describe overweight persons’ experiences with weight reduction and participation in the dietary advice on prescription.BackgroundApproximately 20% of overweight individuals are able to successfully lose weight. Experiences from earlier weight reduction programmes indicate that those who succeed typically manage to avoid overeating to handle stress and have high motivation to lose weight. Those who fail have low self‐control and engage in negative health behaviours such as eating when experiencing negative emotions and stress.DesignThe study used a descriptive qualitative design and was conducted at a Primary Health Care Centre in south‐west Sweden.MethodsThe first nineteen study participants who completed the weight reduction programme in two years responded in writing to five open questions about their experiences with the programme. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.ResultsThe participants appreciated the face‐to‐face meetings with the nurse because they felt seen and listened to during these sessions. They also felt their life situations and self‐discipline had an impact on how well they were able to follow the programme. Dietary advice on prescription advice was considered to be helpful for achieving behavioural changes and losing weight. People who succeeded in sustainably losing weight described the importance of support from partners or close friends.ConclusionsTo achieve sustainable weight reduction, it is important to individualise the programme in order to address each person's life situation and the unique difficulties they may encounter.Relevance to clinical practiceMotivational interviewing appears to be a good technique for developing a successful relationship between the nurse and the patient. The dietary advice on prescription advice was perceived to be a good way to improve food habits and can easily be used at many Primary Health Care Centres. Patient's partners should also be offered the opportunity to participate in the programme.