bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afloat Stability of Jack‐Ups
Authors: Rousseau Joseph H. , Breuer J. Andrew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The understanding of stability of conventional vessels has been enriched by a great number of publications and text books. This article does not dwell on the well‐documented aspects of vessel stability but focuses on the unique aspects of the stability of self‐elevating units (jack‐ups), including the specific differences from conventional merchant vessel stability that must be contemplated in the design and construction of such units as well as the information that must be generated for the crew to undertake afloat operations within the stability limits. This includes developing stability calculations in intact and damage conditions under the relevant standards, determining lightweight and center of gravity, and documenting loading conditions and limits for the operating personnel. The importance of watertight integrity is highlighted, and proper monitoring of in‐service modifications is also discussed.
Offshore Pipeline Design Technology
Authors: Bomba John G. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Offshore pipeline design encompasses all types of pipelines: from waste water outfall lines that extend seaward for shore, continental shelf pipelines (0–600 ft or 200 m), oil and gas production pipelines, some of which terminate onshore, and others that end at another offshore facility; deepwater oil, gas, and water injection lines in depths from 600 ft/200 m out to 10,000 ft/3300 m; and ultradeep pipelines, 10,000 ft and deeper.
Waste water outfall lines are excluded in this text as the design of these generally requires a different mindset for the designer. While a 48′‐diameter oil or gas pipeline is considered large, an outfall line may be 4 or 5 times larger, and is usually a concrete pipe. Steel pipe, in diameters between 4″ (102 mm) and 24″ (610 mm), will accommodate most of the deepwater pipeline scenarios likely to be encountered by the offshore pipeline designer. Steel pipe diameters up to 60″ (1524 mm) have been designed and used in shallower water, notably for tanker loading/discharge pipelines.
Since the subject of this article is virtually limitless in depth, knowing what to cover and what to leave out was difficult. Many books would be required to completely cover all aspects of offshore pipeline systems. Some very good books have been written, recently at a somewhat accelerated pace, that are worth reading. Rather than including a précis of these books, technical papers, and articles published in trade journals, a reference list is included to help the reader investigate each topic beyond the presented scope. Regarding presentation, this article focuses on the engineering principles used for designing and optimizing offshore pipeline systems rather than in‐depth theories. Derivation of mathematical models is beyond the scope of this encyclopedia.
Offshore Pipeline Stability Analysis
Authors: Nash Ian , Haine Mark 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA submarine pipeline has to be stable under wave and current actions. Put simply, it has to be heavy enough so that it will not float or be damaged by movement under wave and current actions. To achieve stability, it is a common practice to add weight in the form of a weight coat to the outside of the pipeline. This article describes how to design a stable pipeline using a simplified quasi‐static force balance method. The limitations of the simplified method are identified and suitable refinements are described.
Pipeline Spanning
Authors: Sun Jason , Huang Shawn 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Pipeline free spanning can be established when the contact between the pipeline and seabed has not achieved for a certain length. The common causes are the seabed undulation which can be significant in some local areas, and when a pipeline crosses the existing pipeline(s), cable(s), or other subsea structure(s). Pipeline spans can also be created on a flat sandy seabed by tidal currents' washing or scouring.
Spanning pipeline strength failures are caused by the unsupported self‐weight, hydrodynamic loads from waves and currents, and the lateral imposed loads from anchor dragging or fishing gear pulling. The on‐bottom current which can be partly induced by the surface wave, flows across a pipeline, the flow separates, vortices are shed, and a periodic wake is formed. Such spanning led oscillation can fatigue the pipeline and eventually result in catastrophic failure, like hydrocarbon leak at the weak spot which is generally the pipe joining girth weld.
The procedures of allowable span length calculation and detailed fatigue analysis are described in this section along with the mitigation options, such as vortex induced vibration suppression strakes and mechanical supports.
Fracture Mechanics Models for Fatigue Assessment of Jack‐Up Tubular Joints
Authors: Chiew Sing P. , Lee Chi K. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

In this article, a comprehensive summary is given on the development of facture mechanics models for fatigue assessment of jack‐up tubular joints. This summary is largely based on the research works conducted by the authors together with their research students when they were working at the Nanyang Technological University (
NTU
), Singapore. These studies embraced a number of experimental and numerical studies on many types of welded tubular joints that are commonly found in offshore jack‐up structures. The main research efforts were focused on the development of research methodologies, new modeling, and assessment tools that are applicable to different types of tubular joints. On the basis of the key findings obtained from the studies, suitable fracture mechanics models for fatigue assessments are established and those parameters that critically affect the fatigue performance of tubular joints are identified.
Seafloor Massive Sulfide Resources
Authors: Jamieson John W. , Hannington Mark D. , Petersen Sven 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSeafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits form on and just below the seafloor along submarine tectonic plate boundaries. The deposits form from seawater that circulates through the underlying crust, is heated, leaches metals and sulfur from the surrounding rock, and then ascends and vents at the seafloor, forming sulfide mineral accumulations rich in Cu, Zn, Pb, Au, and Ag. Hydrothermal circulation through the crust is driven by shallow magmatic heat sources along the plate boundaries. Although high temperature “black smoker” chimneys and the unique ecosystems that they support are the most recognizable features of these vent sites, the mineral deposits can take on a variety of forms, from individual chimneys of less than a meter tall to large mounds with diameters of several hundred meters. The description of the deposits as “massive” refers to the high proportion (typically over 60%) of sulfide minerals that make up the deposits. Other minerals that commonly occur in SMS deposits are sulfates (barite and anhydrite), amorphous silica, and clay minerals. At the time of writing, more than 500 sites of high temperature seafloor hydrothermal systems and related mineral deposits have been found of the seafloor.
Selection of cobaltite and effect of preparation method of NiCo2O4 for catalytic oxidation of CO–CH4 mixture
Authors: Trivedi S. , Prasad R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCNG is used as a green‐fuel for automobiles. However, it is a source of CO and CH4 emissions, causing an adverse impact on human‐health and climate‐change. Therefore, to reduce tailpipe emissions, this work aims to select the best cobaltite catalyst for the oxidation of a lean mixture of CO‐CH4 in air. The cobaltite catalysts i.e. (MCo2O4, M=Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cu) were prepared by co‐precipitation method, calcined in the reactive CO‐air mixture and characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, SEM, SEM‐EDX and TPR. Among studied catalysts, NiCo2O4 showed the highest activity for total oxidation of CO‐CH4 mixture at the lowest temperature of 350 °C, reported so far in the literature. The performance order of catalysts is as follows: NiCo2O4>CoCo2O4>MnCo2O4>CuCo2O4>FeCo2O4. To examine the effect of preparation methods on activity, the best‐selected NiCo2O4 were prepared by different methods i.e. sol‐gel, reactive grinding (RG) of nitrates and of metal oxides. The catalyst prepared by co‐precipitation method showed the best performance for the oxidation of CO‐CH4 mixture in comparison to others. The order of the preparation method as per activity of the catalysts is as follows: Co‐ppt>RG of nitrates>RG of oxides>Sol‐gel. The spinel phase confirmed in all catalysts except one prepared by RG of metal oxides. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do Board's Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy and Orientation Influence Environmental Sustainability Disclosure? UK Evidence
Authors: Helfaya Akrum , Moussa Tantawy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe environmental implications of corporate economic activities have led to growing demands for firms and their boards to adopt sustainable strategies and to disseminate more useful information about their activities and impacts on environment. This paper investigates the impact of board's corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy and orientation on the quantity and quality of environmental sustainability disclosure in UK listed firms. We find that effective board CSR strategy and CSR‐oriented directors have a positive and significant impact on the quality of environmental sustainability disclosure, but not on the quantity. Our findings also suggest that the existence of a CSR committee and issuance of a stand‐alone CSR report are positively and significantly related to environmental sustainability disclosure. When we distinguish between firms with high and low environmental risk, we find that the board CSR/sustainability practices that affect the quantity (quality) of environmental sustainability disclosure appear to be driven more by highly (lowly) environmentally sensitive firms. These results suggest that the board CSR/sustainability practices play an important role in ensuring a firm's legitimacy and accountability towards stakeholders. Our findings shed new light on this under‐researched area and could be of interest to companies, policy‐makers and other stakeholders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Click‐Chemistry‐Mediated Rapid Microbubble Capture for Acute Thrombus Ultrasound Molecular Imaging
Authors: Wang Tuantuan , Yuan Chuxiao , Dai Bingyang , Liu Yang , Li Mingxi , Feng Zhenqiang , Jiang Qing , Xu Zhihong , Zhao Ningwei , Gu Ning , Yang Fang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBioorthogonal coupling chemistry has been studied as a potentially advantageous approach for molecular imaging because it offers rapid, efficient, and strong binding, which might also benefit stability, production, and chemical conjugation. The inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction between a 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and trans‐cyclooctene (TCO) is an example of a highly selective and rapid bioorthogonal coupling reaction that has been used successfully to prepare targeted molecular imaging probes. Here we report a fast, reliable, and highly sensitive approach, based on a two‐step pretargeting bioorthogonal approach, to achieving activated‐platelet‐specific CD62p‐targeted thrombus ultrasound molecular imaging. Tetrazine‐modified microbubbles (tetra‐MBs) could be uniquely and rapidly captured by subsequent click chemistry of thrombus tagged with a trans‐cyclooctene‐pretreated CD62p antibody. Moreover, such tetra‐MBs showed great long‐term stability under physiological conditions, thus offering the ability to monitor thrombus changes in real time. We demonstrated for the first time that a bioorthogonal targeting molecular ultrasound imaging strategy based on tetra‐MBs could be a simple but powerful tool for rapid diagnosis of acute thrombosis.
Raman Under Water – Nonlinear and Nearfield Approaches for Electrochemical Surface Science
Authors: Martín Sabanés Natalia , Domke Katrin F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractElectrochemistry is re‐gaining attention among scientists because the complex interplay between electronic and chemical interfacial processes lies at the bottom of a broad range of important research disciplines like alternative energy conversion or green catalysis and synthesis. While rapid progress has been made in recent years regarding novel technological applications, the community increasingly recognizes that the understanding of the molecular processes that govern macroscopic device properties is still rather limited – which hinders a systematic and more complete exploration of novel material and functionality space. Here, we discuss advanced Raman spectroscopies as valuable analysis tools for electrochemists. The chemical nature of a material and its interaction with the environment is contained in the label‐free vibrational fingerprint over a broad energy range so that organic species, solid‐state materials, and hybrids thereof can be investigated alike. For surface studies, the inherently small Raman scattering cross sections can be overcome with advanced nonlinear or nearfield‐based approaches that provide signal enhancements between three and seven orders of magnitude, sufficient to detect few scatterers in nano‐confined spaces or adsorbate (sub)monolayers. Our article highlights how advanced Raman techniques with extreme chemical, spatial and temporal resolution constitute valuable alternative surface analysis tools and provide otherwise inaccessible information about complex interfacial (electro)chemical processes.
A Statistical Approach to Fine Mapping for the Identification of Potential Causal Variants Related to Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Greenbaum Jonathan , Deng Hong-Wen 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Although genomewide association studies (GWASs) have been able to successfully identify dozens of genetic loci associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis-related traits, very few of these loci have been confirmed to be causal. This is because in a given genetic region there may exist many trait-associated SNPs that are highly correlated. Although this correlation is useful for discovering novel associations, the high degree of linkage disequilibrium that persists throughout the genome presents a major challenge to discern which among these correlated variants has a direct effect on the trait. In this study we apply a recently developed Bayesian fine-mapping method, PAINTOR, to determine the SNPs that have the highest probability of causality for femoral neck (FNK) BMD and lumbar spine (LS) BMD. The advantage of this method is that it allows for the incorporation of information about GWAS summary statistics, linkage disequilibrium, and functional annotations to calculate a posterior probability of causality for SNPs across all loci of interest. We present a list of the top 10 candidate SNPs for each BMD trait to be followed up in future functional validation experiments. The SNPs rs2566752 (WLS) and rs436792 (ZNF621 and CTNNB1) are particularly noteworthy because they have more than 90% probability to be causal for both FNK and LS BMD. Using this statistical fine-mapping approach we expect to gain a better understanding of the genetic determinants contributing to BMD at multiple skeletal sites. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The natural history of subjective tinnitus in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of no‐intervention periods in controlled trials
Authors: Phillips John S. , McFerran Don J. , Hall Deborah A. , Hoare Derek J. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTinnitus is a prevalent condition, but little has been published regarding the natural history of the condition. One technique for evaluating the long‐term progression of the disease is to examine what happens to participants in the no‐intervention control arm of a clinical trial. The aim of this study was to examine no‐intervention or waiting‐list data reported in trials, in which participants on the active arm received any form of tinnitus intervention.Data SourcesCINAHL, PsychINFO, EMBASE, ASSIA, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO Host, and Cochrane.MethodsInclusion criteria followed the PICOS principles: Participants, adults with tinnitus; Intervention, none; Control, any intervention for alleviating tinnitus; Outcomes, a measure assessing tinnitus symptoms using a multi‐item patient‐reported tinnitus questionnaire. Secondary outcome measures included multi‐item patient‐reported questionnaires of mood and health‐related quality of life and measures that quantified change in tinnitus loudness; Study design, randomized controlled trials or observational studies utilizing a no‐intervention or waiting‐list control group. Data were extracted and standardized mean difference was calculated for each study to enable meta‐analysis.ResultsThe evidence strongly favored a statistically significant decrease in the impact of tinnitus over time, though there was significant heterogeneity and clinical significance cannot be interpreted. Outcome data regarding secondary measures did not demonstrate any clinically significant change.ConclusionsParticipants allocated to the no‐intervention or waiting‐list control arm of clinical trials for a tinnitus intervention show a small but significant improvement in self‐reported measures of tinnitus with time; the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. There is, however, considerable variation across individuals. These findings support previous work and can cautiously be used when counseling patients. Laryngoscope, 128:217–227, 2018
Signaling complexes control the chemotaxis kinase by altering its apparent rate constant of autophosphorylation
Authors: Pan Wenlin , Dahlquist Frederick W. , Hazelbauer Gerald L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAutophosphorylating histidine kinase CheA is central to signaling in bacterial chemotaxis. The kinase donates its phosphoryl group to two response regulators, CheY that controls flagellar rotation and thus motility and CheB, crucial for sensory adaptation. As measured by coupled CheY phosphorylation, incorporation into signaling complexes activates the kinase ∼1000‐fold and places it under control of chemoreceptors. By the same assay, receptors modulate kinase activity ∼100‐fold as a function of receptor ligand occupancy and adaptational modification. These changes are the essence of chemotactic signaling. Yet, the enzymatic properties affected by incorporation into signaling complexes, by chemoreceptor ligand binding or by receptor adaptational modification are largely undefined. To investigate, we performed steady‐state kinetic analysis of autophosphorylation using a liberated kinase phosphoryl‐accepting domain, characterizing kinase alone, in isolated core signaling complexes and in small arrays of core complexes assembled in vitro with receptors contained in isolated native membranes. Autophosphorylation in signaling complexes was measured as a function of ligand occupancy and adaptational modification. Activation by incorporation into signaling complexes and modulation in complexes by ligand occupancy and adaptational modification occurred largely via changes in the apparent catalytic rate constant (kcat). Changes in the autophosphorylation kcat accounted for most of the ∼1000‐fold kinase activation in signaling complexes observed for coupled CheY phosphorylation, and the ∼100‐fold inhibition by ligand occupancy or modulation by adaptational modification. Our results indicate no more than a minor role in kinase control for simple sequestration of the autophosphorylation substrate. Instead they indicate direct effects on the active site.
Natural History of MEN1 GEP‐NET: Single‐Center Experience After a Long Follow‐Up
Authors: Giudici Francesco , Cavalli Tiziana , Giusti Francesca , Gronchi Giorgio , Batignani Giacomo , Tonelli Francesco , Brandi Maria Luisa 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome (MEN1) natural history is poorly evaluated, and few single‐institution experiences about hereditary gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP‐NET) are reported. Our purpose is to analyze the role of GEP‐NET in MEN1‐related death, as well as the behavior of these lesions during follow‐up.MethodsThe study population consists of 77 patients diagnosed with MEN1 GEP‐NET, regularly followed up since 1990. Extensive clinical data were prospectively recorded. Statistical analysis was performed both on the whole population of 77 patients and on two subgroups including patients who, during the long lasting study period, underwent GEP‐NET surgery (50 pts) and who did not (27 pts), respectively.ResultsTwenty‐five males (32.5%) and 52 females (67.5%) were enrolled. Sixty‐four patients had MEN1 family history (83.1%), and genetic mutation was detected in 67 cases (87%). The mean age at GEP‐NET diagnosis was 41.4 years (SD = 13.6); 16 patients (20.8%) had GEP‐NET diagnosed before age 30 and 12 cases (15.6%) before 1996. The mean interval time between MEN1 diagnosis and GEP‐NET detection was 5.7 years (range −11/37; SD = 8.1 years). Overall, the mean follow‐up time from MEN1 diagnosis was 15.8 years (SD = 9.7 years) and from GEP‐NET diagnosis was 9.6 years (SD = 6.9 years). Gastrinoma was the most frequent functioning GEP‐NET and pancreatoduodenectomy the most adopted surgery. GEP‐NET progression affected 12 patients within the non‐surgical group, while 18 subjects developed progression after surgery.ConclusionsOur single‐center data provide information on epidemiologic, clinical and pathological features of GEP‐NET in MEN1 making possible to clarify their natural history.
LIMITED EPISTOCRACY AND POLITICAL INCLUSION
Authors: Jeffrey Anne 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTIn this paper I defend a form of epistocracy I call limited epistocracy – rule by institutions housing expertise in non-political areas that become politically relevant. This kind of limited epistocracy, I argue, isn't a far-off fiction. With increasing frequency, governments are outsourcing political power to expert institutions to solve urgent, multidimensional problems because they outperform ordinary democratic decision-making. I consider the objection that limited epistocracy, while more effective than its competitors, lacks a fundamental intrinsic value that its competitors have; namely, political inclusion. After explaining this challenge, I suggest that limited epistocracies can be made compatible with robust political inclusion if specialized institutions are confined to issuing directives that give citizens multiple actionable options. I explain how this safeguards citizens’ inclusion through rational deliberation, choice, and contestation.
Out-patient flexible carbon dioxide laser surgery for benign laryngopharyngeal pathologies via transnasal flexible laryngo-oesophagoscopy
Authors: Mohammed H , Masterson L , Nassif R 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjective:To assess the feasibility and outcomes of flexible carbon dioxide laser surgery in a clinic-based setting.Methods:A prospective study was conducted in a tertiary centre. Clinical indications, clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction were assessed in patients treated with flexible carbon dioxide laser surgery via transnasal endoscopy and followed up over a period of up to nine months. Patients who were not fit for general anaesthesia or those with lesions that cannot be accessed by micro-laryngoscopy were included.Results:A total of 13 patients (14 procedures) were included. Clinical indications for surgery were small-to-medium sized benign pathologies in the upper aero-digestive tract. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a validated questionnaire.Conclusion:Early data suggest that flexible carbon dioxide laser is a versatile and feasible instrument with potential applications for a range of benign pathologies in the upper aero-digestive tract.