bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Micellization, Interfacial Behavior and Wettability Alteration of Aqueous Solution of Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Mandal Ajay 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The present work deals with the physiochemical properties of polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (polysorbates), which are commonly known under the trade name Tween. Thermodynamics of micellization and adsorption at air-water interface for these nonionic surfactants solutions have been studied over a broad range of temperature. As the temperature of the surfactant solutions increases, the surface tension decreases whereas the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each surfactant solution initially decreases and then increases. The free Gibb free energies of the micelle formation

Δ

G
m
o

$\Delta {\rm{G}}_{\rm{m}}^{\rm{o}}$

, and the surfactant adsorption

Δ

G

ads

o

$\Delta {\rm{G}}_{{\rm{ads}}}^{\rm{o}}$

, are calculated for the CMC of each surfactant at different temperatures. The surface or expanding pressure (Πcmc), minimum area per molecule (Amin), maximum surface excess (Γmax) are also calculated. The interfacial tension (IFT) between the aqueous surfactant solutions and the crude oil are measured at different concentrations of the surfactants using a spinning drop tensiometer. The contact angles are determined on an oil wet quartz surface to investigate the wettability alteration in the presence of Tween surfactants with varying salinity. FTIR analysis of quartz at dry and oil wet state, crude oil and COBRS (crude oil-brine-rock-surfactant) combinations are performed to identify the associated functional groups and their mutual interactions.
The Role of Fatty Acids Functional Group in Morinda citrifolia L. on Surface Tension and Diffusion Performance into Ink Particles
Authors: Trismawati Trismawati , Wardana I. N. G. , Hamidi Nurkholis , Sasongko Mega Nur 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The interaction of fatty acid of Morinda citrifolia L. (FAMC) with ink was studied using Hele Shaw Cells. The interaction is compared to that of fatty acid derivates of synthetic surfactant. These interactions are modeled and explained through micro diffusion and its viscous fingering character. The results show that the molecule structure and the number of double bonds have a special effect on the surface tension and the micro diffusion character. FAMC at six-hour extraction has the highest speed of interaction and highest perimeter of diffusion among synthetic surfactants and other fatty acids in Morinda citrifolia L.
Phase Behavior and Solubilization of Microemulsions Containing C16mimBr with Different Oil-Water Ratios
Authors: Chen Lusheng , Pan Jin , Sun Bin , Zhang Xiaoyu , Cui Xiaocui , Lu Jianjun , Chai Jinling 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The effects of oil-water ratios (α) on the composition of the balanced interfacial layer and the optimum solubilization of microemulsions C16mimBr/butan-1-ol/oil (octane, decane, dodecane)/5% NaCl solution were investigated. As α increases, the alcohol solubility in water and oil phases (Sa) in the microemulsions also tends to increase. The reason is the relatively high solubility of the alcohol in the oil phase compared to the solubility in water. When α increases, the number of surfactant (

n
s
s

${\rm{n}}_{\rm{s}}^{\rm{s}}$

) and co-surfactant (

n
a
s

${\rm{n}}_{\rm{a}}^{\rm{s}}$

) molecules required to balance the interface layer and the proportion of alcohol in the interfacial layer (AS) increase but the solubilization capacity (SP*) decreases. When the total mass of water and oil is unchanged, the solubilization capacity of the microemulsion systems is lower the higher the relative content of oil is. The effects of different oils, salinity and temperature on the composition of the balanced interfacial layer and the solubilization of microemulsions were also investigated.
Surface Activities and Quantum Chemical Calculations for Different Synthesized Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Authors: El-Shamy Omnia A. A. , Nessim Maher I. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Three series of cationic gemini surfactants were prepared and characterized using elemental analysis and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The surface properties of them, critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (Γmax) and minimum surface area per molecule (Amin) were evaluated via surface tension measurements. Quantum chemical parameters, such as the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EH), the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital EL, the energy gap (ΔEg), dipole moment (μ), electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), electrophilicity (ω), hydrophobicity (Log P), approximated surface area (A) and the total energy of the optimized structure (ΔET), were theoretically calculated using the MNDO method.
Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices by Rural Mothers of Bangladesh
Authors: Saizuddin Md , Hasan Md Shaidul 
Published: September 2017

Background: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices play vital role for the growth & development in the early months of life. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine and to identify the patterns and influencing factors of feeding practices in infant and young children of 0-2 years old in Bangladesh. Methodology: A descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out to assess the pattern of infant & young child feeding practices by the rural mothers of Bangladesh with a sample size of 450 during the months of January to December of 2015.Result: Out of 450 children, 51.1% are female & 48.9% are male. The proportions of infants with early initiation of breastfeeding (13.6%) and exclusive breastfeeding fewer than six months (57.3%) and infants who received complementary feeding at the age of 68 months (55.7%) were low. It showed that 90.4% of mothers have knowledge on exclusive breast feeding but only 57.3% of them have practiced it for 4-6 months. It further revealed that only 8.4% of mothers & 13.6 % of fathers were illiterate. The main problems revealed from the study were late initiation of breastfeeding, low rates of exclusive breastfeeding, and inappropriate complementary feeding practices. It further revealed that 69.3% of the respondents had two or less children and 30.7% had three or more children.Conclusion: Majority of the respondents have the knowledge on complementary feeding, knowledge on preparation of complementary feeding, knowledge on preparation of food by grains, knowledge on preparation of food by milk and milk products and knowledge on preparation of food by meat, fish, poultry, liver.Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2016;2(1):19-25
Scientific Production about the Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Oliveira Regina Célia De , Moraes Danielle Chianca De Andrade , Santos Cleytiane Stephany Silva , Monteiro Gicely Regina Sobral Da Silva , Cabral Juliana Da Rocha , Beltrão Roberta Andrade , Silva Carlos Roberto Lyra Da 
Published: September 2017

Objective: To identify the elite of authors about the subject adherence to antiretroviral therapy; to identify the journals turned to publishing articles about adherence to antiretroviral therapy; and to identify and analyze the most commonly used words in abstracts of articles about adherence to antiretroviral therapy.
Method: A bibliometric study conducted through the Scopus base. We used articles published between 1996 and 2014, after application of the eligibility criteria, there were composed the sample with 24 articles. The data were analyzed descriptively. Were used the laws of bibliometric (Lotka, Bradford and Zipf) and the conceptual cloud map of words, through the program Cmap tools.
Results: Lotka's Law identified the 5 authors more productive (46% of the total published). Bradford is impaired in this study. Concerning Zipf, 3 zones were determined, 31.47% of the words with in the first zone, 26.46% in the second and 42.06% in the third. In the conceptual map, the words/factors that positively and negatively influence adherence were emphasized, among them the need for more research in the health services.
Conclusion: There are few publications about the accession to antiretroviral therapy, and the scientific production is in the process of maturation. One can infer that the theme researched is not yet an obsolete topic. It should be noted that the Bibliometric was a relevant statistic tool to generate information about the publications about the antiretroviral therapy.
Descriptors: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Medication Adherence; Bibliometric; HIV; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
A Magellan M2FS Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies at 5.5 < z < 6.8: Program Overview and a Sample of the Brightest Lyα Emitters
Authors: Jiang Linhua , Shen Yue , Bian Fuyan , Zheng Zhen-Ya , Wu Jin , Oyarzún Grecco A. , Blanc Guillermo A. , Fan Xiaohui , Ho Luis C. , Infante Leopoldo , Wang Ran , Wu Xue-Bing , Mateo Mario , Bailey John I. , Crane Jeffrey D. , Olszewski Edward W. , Shectman Stephen , Thompson Ian , Walker Matthew G. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present a spectroscopic survey of high-redshift, luminous galaxies over four square degrees on the sky, aiming to build a large and homogeneous sample of Lyα emitters (LAEs) at

z
≈
5.7

and 6.5, and Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at

5.5
<
z
<
6.8

. The fields that we choose to observe are well studied, such as by the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey and COSMOS. They have deep optical imaging data in a series of broad and narrow bands, allowing for the efficient selection of galaxy candidates. Spectroscopic observations are being carried out using the multi-object spectrograph M2FS on the Magellan Clay telescope. M2FS is efficient enough to identify high-redshift galaxies, owing to its 256 optical fibers deployed over a circular field of view

30
′

in diameter. We have observed ∼2.5 square degrees. When the program is completed, we expect to identify more than 400 bright LAEs at

z
≈
5.7

and 6.5, and a substantial number of LBGs at

z
≥
6

. This unique sample will be used to study a variety of galaxy properties and to search for large protoclusters. Furthermore, the statistical properties of these galaxies will be used to probe cosmic reionization. We describe the motivation, program design, target selection, and M2FS observations. We also outline our science goals, and present a sample of the brightest LAEs at

z
≈
5.7

and 6.5. This sample contains 32 LAEs with Lyα luminosities higher than 1043 erg s−1. A few of them reach ≥3 × 1043 erg s−1, comparable to the two most luminous LAEs known at

z
≥
6

, “CR7” and “COLA1.” These LAEs provide ideal targets to study extreme galaxies in the distant universe.
Modeling Emission of Heavy Energetic Neutral Atoms from the Heliosphere
Authors: Swaczyna Paweł , Bzowski Maciej 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Observations of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) are a fruitful tool for remote diagnosis of the plasma in the heliosphere and its vicinity. So far, instruments detecting ENAs from the heliosphere were configured for observations of hydrogen atoms. Here, we estimate emissions of ENAs of the heavy chemical elements helium, oxygen, nitrogen, and neon. A large portion of the heliospheric ENAs is created in the inner heliosheath from neutralized interstellar pick-up ions (PUIs). We modeled this process and calculated full-sky intensities of ENAs for energies 0.2–130 keV/nuc. We found that the largest fluxes among considered species are expected for helium, smaller for oxygen and nitrogen, and smallest for neon. The obtained intensities are 50–106 times smaller than the hydrogen ENA intensities observed by IBEX. The detection of heavy ENAs will be possible if a future ENA detector is equipped with the capability to measure the masses of observed atoms. Because of different reaction cross-sections among the different species, observations of heavy ENAs can allow for a better understanding of global structure of the heliosphere as well as the transport and energization of PUIs in the heliosphere.
The Arrow of Time in the Collapse of Collisionless Self-gravitating Systems: Non-validity of the Vlasov–Poisson Equation during Violent Relaxation
Authors: Beraldo e Silva Leandro , Pedra Walter de Siqueira , Sodré Laerte , Perico Eder L. D. , Lima Marcos 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The collapse of a collisionless self-gravitating system, with the fast achievement of a quasi-stationary state, is driven by violent relaxation, with a typical particle interacting with the time-changing collective potential. It is traditionally assumed that this evolution is governed by the Vlasov–Poisson equation, in which case entropy must be conserved. We run N-body simulations of isolated self-gravitating systems, using three simulation codes, NBODY-6 (direct summation without softening), NBODY-2 (direct summation with softening), and GADGET-2 (tree code with softening), for different numbers of particles and initial conditions. At each snapshot, we estimate the Shannon entropy of the distribution function with three different techniques: Kernel, Nearest Neighbor, and EnBiD. For all simulation codes and estimators, the entropy evolution converges to the same limit as N increases. During violent relaxation, the entropy has a fast increase followed by damping oscillations, indicating that violent relaxation must be described by a kinetic equation other than the Vlasov–Poisson equation, even for N as large as that of astronomical structures. This indicates that violent relaxation cannot be described by a time-reversible equation, shedding some light on the so-called “fundamental paradox of stellar dynamics.” The long-term evolution is well-described by the orbit-averaged Fokker–Planck model, with Coulomb logarithm values in the expected range

10
–
12

. By means of NBODY-2, we also study the dependence of the two-body relaxation timescale on the softening length. The approach presented in the current work can potentially provide a general method for testing any kinetic equation intended to describe the macroscopic evolution of N-body systems.
Le développement comme champ de bataille
Authors: Bono Irene , Hibou Béatrice 
Published: September 2017

Le développement et le conflit sont habituellement compris et présentés comme deux phénomènes antinomiques. Certaines auto-évidences causales – tels le fait que les lacunes de développement sont à l’origine de conflits, ou inversement que les conflits sociaux et politiques constituent un obstacle majeur au développement – ont connu un regain de faveur dans les débats sur les « Printemps arabes » et ont orienté les projets de développement dans la région MENA. Cette introduction explore une perspective radicalement différente. Nous appréhendons le développement comme une relation sociale complexe, impliquant une vaste constellation d’acteurs, d’intérêts, de logiques, d’espaces, de causalités et de temporalités, et le conflit dans sa pluralité de sens, comme l’expression de luttes, de formes de concurrences, de tensions, de résistances, d’oppositions et de critiques. Ainsi conçus, le conflit et le développement sont moins opposés que liés entre eux de multiples manières. Dans cette introduction, nous analysons trois configurations particulières qui caractérisent le développement comme « champ de bataille » : le conflit créateur de consensus ; le consensus comme expression du conflit ; la définition du conflit légitime. Une attention particulière est portée sur l’imbrication des temporalités qui caractérisent la formation de l’Etat et les transformations du capitalisme, et sur les conséquences du développement sur la société, sur l’affirmation de la souveraineté, sur la définition de l’ordre social et le façonnement des conduites de vie. L’étude des liens qui unissent le développement et le conflit renouvelle le regard posé sur l’injustice, les inégalités et les modes de gouvernement, mais aussi sur les façons de comprendre et d’être dans la société politique, bien au-delà de la seule région MENA.
Une exception néolibérale ? Le projet de turquification de l’armement
Authors: Côrte Réal-Pinto Anouck Gabriela 
Published: September 2017

Présentée à la fois comme un exemple, une preuve, voire une condition du développement économique, technologique, politique et sécuritaire de la Turquie, la turquification de l’industrie de la défense se situe au cœur de la légitimité gouvernementale. En suivant une approche sociohistorique, ce chapitre vise à comprendre comment ce grand projet, indissociable de la formation continue de l’État et d’une bourgeoisie nationale qui lui est organiquement liée, s’est reconfiguré sous l’ère néolibérale non pas malgré la globalisation mais bien à partir d’elle, notamment à travers une marchandisation de la solidarité musulmane et de la protection militaire. Ce projet apparaît ainsi constituer un instrument d’extraversion « nationalibéral » participant à une recherche hégémonique instable, traversée par de nombreux conflits.
Screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthcare workers and students and its susceptibility to mupirocin in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India
Authors: Tiewsoh Jutang Babat Ain , Dias Meena 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus is the most common pathogen causing infection in hospitals. They also colonize the healthcare workers who serve as reservoir of infection. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a burning issue throughout the world contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Use of mupirocin to eradicate the carrier state is the need of the hour.
OBJECTIVES: To screen healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students for MRSA and to know the susceptibility of mupirocin in this group.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 432 students, nursing staff, doctors and house-keeping staff were screened for MRSA for 4 months. The MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS) isolates were then tested for mupirocin resistance.
RESULTS: Out of 432 samples, 24 (5.55%) were MRSA and 104 (24.07%) were MRCoNS. Only 4.16% (n = 1) showed high-level resistance to mupirocin among the MRSA isolates, while resistance among MRCoNS was higher at 6.7% (n = 7) for low-level resistance and 17.30% (n = 18) for high-level resistance.
CONCLUSION: MRSA colonization of HCWs may serve as a source of infection and mupirocin resistance should be screened for all whether working in Intensive Care Units or not and if detected, alternative treatment should be used which will result in appropriate use of this antibiotic for decolonization.
Evaluation of different phenotypic tests for detection of metallo-β-lactamases in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Sachdeva Rohit , Sharma Babita , Sharma Rajni 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
PURPOSE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a wide spectrum of infections including bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, etc., Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing P. aeruginosa is an emerging threat and cause of concern as they have emerged as one of the most feared resistance mechanisms. This study was designed to know the prevalence of MBL production in P. aeruginosa and to evaluate the four phenotypic tests for detection of MBL production in imipenem-resistant clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
METHODS: Totally, 800 isolates of P. aeruginosa isolated from various clinical samples were evaluated for carbapenem resistance and MBL production. All imipenem-resistant strains were tested for carabapenemase production by modified Hodge test. Screening for MBL production was done by double-disc synergy test and combined disc test (CDT). Confirmation of MBL production was done by the E-test (Ab BioDisk, Solna, Sweden).
RESULTS: Out of the 800 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 250 isolates were found resistant to imipenem. Based on the results of E-test, 147 (18.37%) isolates of P. aeruginosa were positive for MBL production. The CDT has the highest sensitivity and specificity for the detection of MBL production as compared to other tests.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study are indicative that MBL production is an important mechanism of carbapenem resistance among P. aeruginosa. Use of simple screening test like CDT will be crucial step toward large-scale monitoring of these emerging resistant determinants. Phenotypic test for MBL production has to be standardized, and all the isolates should be routinely screened for MBL production.
Histopathological study with immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in placentas of hyperglycemic and diabetic women
Authors: Bhattacharjee Debashish , Mondal Santosh Kumar , Garain Pratima , Mandal Palash , Ray Rudra Narayan , Dey Goutam 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Spectrum of hyperglycemia in pregnancy includes gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), mild hyperglycemia, and overt diabetes. Many authors have worked on morphological changes of the placenta in diabetes, but few studies have correlated histopathological changes with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoexpression. The aim of this study was to detect different histopathological changes in various groups of diabetic placentas and to correlate with VEGF immunoexpression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pregnant women were screened for diabetes. They were subsequently divided into normoglycemic (12 cases), GDM (33 cases), mild hyperglycemic (13 cases), and overt diabetes (18 cases). Placentas collected were subjected to histopathological examination. VEGF expressions were studied by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Overt diabetic placenta displayed villous immaturity (44.4%), villous edema (38.9%), chorangiosis (61.1%), fibrinoid substance deposition (38.9%), and Hofbauer cell hyperplasia in 44.4% cases. GDM placentas displayed villous immaturity (45.5%), villous edema (45.5%), chorangiosis (42.4%), and fibrinoid substance deposition in 75.6% cases. Mild hyperglycemic placentas displayed villous immaturity (38.5%), chorangiosis (61.5%), and fibrinoid substance deposition in 61.5% cases. VEGF immunoexpression in GDM placentas was absent in all placental components except syncytiotrophoblast. VEGF expression in overt diabetic placentas was increased in syncytiotrophoblast and capillary endothelium compared to normoglycemic placentas. Mild hyperglycemic placentas expressed similar VEGF expression in all components when compared to normoglycemic controls. However, it displayed weak expression in vessel endothelium.
CONCLUSION: Histopathological changes in diabetic placentas might be a consequence of altered or abnormal VEGF expression in diabetic placentas. Pathogenesis and VEGF expression in GDM placentas are significantly different from overt diabetic placentas.