bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of camel disease on human welfare in East Africa.
Authors: Plummer P. J. , Coatney J. W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Despite being relatively neglected as a livestock species in most of the world, the dromedary camel is highly valued in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa - especially East Africa. This paper reviews the ways in which camel diseases impact human welfare in East Africa by discussing how diseases adversely affect the purposes for which East Africans use camels in light of the most pertinent and recent research. It begins with a brief examination of the camel's adaptability and resilience in extreme conditions. This adaptability of camels, as a livestock species, during changing climatic conditions directly impacts the resilience and food security of the pastoralist and consequently their welfare and survival. It then examines diseases that affect camel reproduction and calf viability, as these issues play a significant role in herd maintenance, growth and assurance of young replacement. Regardless of the primary use of camels by a given group of people, these measures are critical for maintaining the benefit derived by humans from owning the camels. Next, it looks at how various diseases affect production generally, since diseases that affect overall health will impact all purposes that benefit people. It discusses how diseases affect specific uses such as food, transportation and economy. Finally, it notes zoonotic diseases that may be a cause for concern for human health of individuals in contact with the camels or consuming their products.
Intrinsic volumes of Sobolev balls with applications to Brownian convex hulls
Authors: Kabluchko Zakhar , Zaporozhets Dmitry 
Published: February 2016

A formula due to Sudakov relates the first intrinsic volume of a convex set in a Hilbert space to the maximum of the isonormal Gaussian process over this set. Using this formula we compute the first intrinsic volume of some infinite-dimensional convex compact sets including unit balls with respect to Sobolev-type seminorms and ellipsoids in the Hilbert space. We relate the distribution of the random one-dimensional projections of these sets to the distributions

S
1

,

S
2

,

C
1

,

C
2

S_1,S_2,C_1,C_2

studied by Biane, Pitman, Yor [Bull. AMS 38 (2001)]. We show that the

k
k

-th intrinsic volume of the set of all functions on

[
0
,
1
]

[0,1]

which have Lipschitz constant bounded by

1
1

and which vanish at

0
0

(respectively, which have vanishing integral) is given by
\[

V
k

=

π

k

/

2

Γ

(

3
2

k
+
1
)

,
respectively

V
k

=

π

(
k
+
1
)

/

2

2
Γ

(

3
2

k
+

3
2

)

.

V_k = \frac {\pi ^{k/2}}{\Gamma \left (\frac 32 k +1 \right )}, \text { respectively } V_k = \frac {\pi ^{(k+1)/2}}{2\Gamma \left (\frac 32 k +\frac 32\right )}.

\]
This is related to the results of Gao and Vitale [Discrete Comput. Geom. 26 (2001); Elect. Comm. Probab. 8 (2003)], who considered a similar question for functions with a restriction on the total variation instead of the Lipschitz constant. Using the results of Gao and Vitale we give a new proof of the formula for the expected volume of the convex hull of the

d
d

-dimensional Brownian motion which is due to Eldan [Elect. J. Probab. 19 (2014)]. Additionally, we prove an analogue of Eldan’s result for the Brownian bridge. Similarly, we show that the results on the intrinsic volumes of the Lipschitz balls can be translated into formulae for the expected volumes of zonoids (Aumann integrals) generated by the Brownian motion and the Brownian bridge. Also, these results have discrete versions for Gaussian random walks and bridges. Our proofs exploit Sudakov’s and Tsirelson’s theorems which establish a connection between the intrinsic volumes and the isonormal Gaussian process.
The brighter galaxies reionized the Universe
Authors: Sharma Mahavir , Theuns Tom , Frenk Carlos , Bower Richard , Crain Robert , Schaller Matthieu , Schaye Joop 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Hydrogen in the Universe was (re)ionized between redshifts z ≈ 10 and z ≈ 6. The nature of the sources of the ionizing radiation is hotly debated, with faint galaxies below current detection limits regarded as prime candidates. Here, we consider a scenario in which ionizing photons escape through channels punctured in the interstellar medium by outflows powered by starbursts. We take account of the observation that strong outflows occur only when the star formation density is sufficiently high, and estimate the galaxy-averaged escape fraction as a function of redshift and luminosity from the resolved star formation surface densities in the eagle cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We find that the fraction of ionizing photons that escape from galaxies increases rapidly with redshift, reaching values of 5–20 per cent at z &gt; 6, with the brighter galaxies having higher escape fractions. Combining the dependence of escape fraction on luminosity and redshift with the observed luminosity function, we demonstrate that galaxies emit enough ionizing photons to match the existing constraints on reionization while also matching the observed ultraviolet-background post-reionization. Our findings suggest that galaxies above the current Hubble Space Telescope detection limit emit half of the ionizing radiation required to reionize the Universe.
Molecular and Culture-Based Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Testing for the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis
Authors: Tan Susanna K. , Burgener Elizabeth B. , Waggoner Jesse J. , Gajurel Kiran , Gonzalez Sarah , Chen Sharon F. , Pinsky Benjamin A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background.  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, with CMV pneumonitis among the most severe manifestations of infection. Although bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples are frequently tested for CMV, the clinical utility of such testing remains uncertain.
Methods.  Retrospective analysis of adult patients undergoing BAL testing via CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR), shell vial culture, and conventional viral culture between August 2008 and May 2011 was performed. Cytomegalovirus diagnostic methods were compared with a comprehensive definition of CMV pneumonitis that takes into account signs and symptoms, underlying host immunodeficiency, radiographic findings, and laboratory results.
Results.  Seven hundred five patients underwent 1077 bronchoscopy episodes with 1090 BAL specimens sent for CMV testing. Cytomegalovirus-positive patients were more likely to be hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (26% vs 8%, P &lt; .0001) and less likely to have an underlying condition not typically associated with lung disease (3% vs 20%, P &lt; .0001). Histopathology was performed in only 17.3% of CMV-positive bronchoscopy episodes. When CMV diagnostic methods were evaluated against the comprehensive definition, the sensitivity and specificity of PCR, shell vial culture, and conventional culture were 91.3% and 94.6%, 54.4% and 97.4%, and 28.3% and 96.5%, respectively. Compared with culture, PCR provided significantly higher sensitivity and negative predictive value (P ≤ .001), without significantly lower positive predictive value. Cytomegalovirus quantitation did not improve test performance, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic curve with an area under the curve of 0.53.
Conclusions.  Cytomegalovirus PCR combined with a comprehensive clinical definition provides a pragmatic approach for the diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis.
Montaigne on Justice and Law
Authors: Dionne Valérie M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This article examines the distinction that Montaigne makes between law and justice, between the words of the law and the ideal of justice. In refuting the concepts of divine justice and natural law, he demystifies justice and hopes to humanize law. He does not criticize the force of the law, but he condemns violence in the name of justice, and illustrates that justice as an ideal is problematic because impartial judgment is all but impossible to attain. Courts must not imagine that they operate in the image of God as purveyor of an absolute justice. Rather the authority of the law derives from usage alone. Judges must therefore uphold human dignity by recognizing the impossibility of judicial certainty and moderate the severity of their sentences accordingly. Montaigne lays the groundwork for modern views of alternative solutions to punishment, and for understanding the fallibility of the ideal of justice.
Montaigne on Health and Death
Authors: Heitsch Dorothea 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The Essays contain a number of well-known gems with regard to early modern medical knowledge (II, 37), healthy living (III, 13), and death and dying (I, 20). That Montaigne treats notions concerning health, sickness, and potential cures as interpretable opinions and considers all medical belief as dependent on individual corporeal and mental givens has been less discussed. That these givens are grounded in notions of a material soul and a thinking body, due to a reversal of hierarchies that is prevalent in the essayist’s writing, is less known. This chapter shows how Montaigne assesses personal health and sickness and the means he suggests to preserve good health. The essayist’s interest in one particularly common medical practice–purging–is reviewed within the context of humoral theory. A discussion of death and dying, as exemplified in the passing of family members and the author’s best friend Étienne de La Boétie, ending in Montaigne’s thoughts concerning suicide, the afterlife, and his own approaching end, ensues.
Robert Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory
Authors: MacGilvray Eric 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Democracy can be understood as a mechanism for making decisions and as an ideal of social life. The defense of “polyarchy” that Robert Dahl provides in A Preface to Democratic Theory takes a negative position on both dimensions. It is not concerned with enabling “the people” to decide political outcomes, but rather with ensuring that no one has unchecked decision-making power. Nor is it concerned with developing people’s capacities to the fullest, but rather with harnessing their competitive energies so that no one can impose their will unilaterally on the whole. Ironically, the moral underpinnings of this approach lie in the Madisonian system that Dahl rejects. Like Madison, Dahl focuses on the republican aim of preventing the arbitrary exercise of power rather than the democratic aim of securing popular control over elected officials. Unlike Madison, Dahl argues that the success of this project depends on social rather than constitutional factors.
Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue
Authors: Wallach John R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This essay discusses the contribution of Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue (1981) to a generation of moral theory. Pitched as a critique of liberal individualism (e.g., Rawls), modernity (e.g., amoral bureaucracies), and the antagonism toward the history of moral theory evinced by analytical philosophers, MacIntyre’s book urges a return toward moral traditions embedded in local communities as the best route to avoid what he regards as the soullessness of modernity and the abyss of Nietzschean philosophy. But his failure to reflect on the political valence of traditions in general or the Aristotelian and Thomist ones he values, seriously compromises his complaints about modernity and his suggestions for ways out.
G. A. Cohen, Karl Marx’s Theory of History—A Defence
Authors: Dietsch Peter 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cohen’s book is one of the founding publications of Analytical Marxism, aiming to reconstruct and in some cases reformulate some of Marx’s core claims using the rigorous tools of contemporary philosophy. The first part of the chapter analyzes Cohen’s defense of the controversial idea of historical materialism. Can the idea that history follows some underlying law of progress, which is central to Marx’s writing, stand up to scrutiny? This part of the chapter discusses, first, the radical challenges to historical materialism formulated by rational choice Marxists such as Elster; second, a series of objections against functionalist explanation in the social sciences more generally; and, finally, some modifications Cohen made to his account of historical materialism in his later writings and in response to these critiques. The second part of the chapter analyzes Cohen’s conception of exploitation to illustrate the theoretical potential of Analytic Marxism more generally.
Neonatal Gallstones Serendipitously Discovered by Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Damman Jennifer , Doniger Stephanie J. , Atigapramoj Nisa 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Cholelithiasis in children was once thought to be uncommon, but the prevalence has increased in recent years. We present a case of a 3-month-old infant brought to the pediatric emergency department for vomiting and increased fussiness. A point-of-care ultrasound was performed to rule out pyloric stenosis but revealed multiple stones within the gallbladder. Ultrasound findings and a review of technique for ultrasound of the gallbladder are presented.
Effects of Exercise and Sertraline on Measures of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Major Depression: Results From the SMILE-II Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sherwood Andrew , Blumenthal James A. , Smith Patrick J. , Watkins Lana L. , Hoffman Benson M. , Hinderliter Alan L. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
To assess the effects of supervised and home-based aerobic exercise training, and antidepressant pharmacotherapy (sertraline) on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in a sample of participants with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods
The Standard Medical Intervention versus Long-term Exercise (SMILE)-II study randomized 202 adults (153 women, 49 men) diagnosed as having MDD to one of four interventions, each of 4-month duration: supervised exercise, home-based exercise, antidepressant medication (sertraline, 50–200 mg daily), or placebo pill. Patients underwent a structured clinical interview for depression and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. CHD risk factors included brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima-media thickness, serum lipids, and 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.

Results
Compared with placebo, active treatment of depression (supervised exercise, home-based exercise, sertraline therapy) was associated with an improvement in CHD risk factors (improved flow-mediated dilation [p = .032], reduced progression of intima-media thickness [p = .037], and a reduction in 10-year ASCVD [p = .049]). The active treatments did not differ from each other in their effects on the CHD risk outcomes.

Conclusions
Both exercise and antidepressant medication improved CHD risk factors and lowered ASCVD risk in patients with MDD. Because MDD is associated with increased risk for CHD events, treatment of depression with exercise or sertraline may reduce the risk of developing CHD in patients with MDD.

Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Government Identifier: NCT-00331305.
Linking Daily Stress Processes and Laboratory-Based Heart Rate Variability in a National Sample of Midlife and Older Adults
Authors: Sin Nancy L. , Sloan Richard P. , McKinley Paula S. , Almeida David M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study evaluates the associations between people's trait-like patterns of stress in daily life (stressor frequency, perceived stressor severity, affective reactivity to stressors, and negative affect) and laboratory-assessed heart rate variability (HRV).

Methods
Data were collected from 909 participants aged 35 to 85 years in the Midlife in the United States Study. Participants reported negative affect and minor stressful events during telephone interviews on 8 consecutive evenings. On a separate occasion, HRV was measured from electrocardiograph recordings taken at rest during a laboratory-based psychophysiology protocol. Regression models were used to evaluate the associations between daily stress processes and three log-transformed HRV indices: standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDRR), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and high-frequency power (high-frequency HRV [HF-HRV]). Analyses were adjusted for demographics, body mass index, comorbid conditions, medications, physical activity, and smoking.

Results
Stressor frequency was unrelated to HRV (r values ranging from −0.04 to −0.01, p values >.20). However, people with greater perceived stressor severity had lower resting SDRR (fully adjusted B [standard error {SE}] = −0.05 [0.02]), RMSSD (−0.08 [0.03]), and HF-HRV (−0.16 [0.07]). Individuals with more pronounced affective reactivity to stressors also had lower levels of all three HRV indices (SDRR: B [SE] = −0.28 [0.14]; RMSSD: −0.44 [0.19]; HF-HRV: −0.96 [0.37]). Furthermore, aggregated daily negative affect was linked to reduced RMSSD (B [SE] = −0.16 [0.08]) and HF-HRV (−0.35 [0.15]).

Conclusions
In a national sample, individual differences in daily negative affect and responses to daily stressors were more strongly related to cardiovascular autonomic regulation than the frequency of such stressors.
Intriguing density dependence but problematic birth rates in Greaver et al.’s study of a black-rhinoceros population
Authors: Law Peter R , Linklater Wayne L. , Gedir Jay V. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGreaver et al. (2014) presented evidence for density dependence in the Ithala population of black rhinoceros. Finding that they did not place their regression-based evidence in a modelling context, we recast their result as an example of the ramp model of density dependence that underlies black rhinoceros meta-population management. Greaver et al. concluded that the Ithala population did not reach carrying capacity, a conclusion we consider unwarranted since they did not conduct any analyses of trends in demographic parameters with population density. Our interpretation implies that the Ithala population did indeed reach carrying capacity. Where relevant, we compared their results for the Ithala population with those for another southern African black-rhinoceros population in order to provide a broader basis for evaluating black rhinoceros demography. We detail inconsistent presentation of data in their paper that plagued our efforts to understand their results and also draw attention to possible errors in some analyses. In particular, we argue that the results on birth rates reported by Greaver et al. appear dubious. Greaver et al. have presented important evidence for density dependence in a population of black rhinoceros but we suggest they have underutilized their data in interpreting this density dependence while misanalysing birth data.
Detecting Horizontal Gene Transfer by Mapping Sequencing Reads Across Species Boundaries
Authors: Trappe Kathrin , Marschall Tobias , Renard Bernhard Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a fundamental mechanism that enables organisms such as bacteria to directly transfer genetic material between distant species. This way, bacteria can acquire new traits such as antibiotic resistance or pathogenic toxins. Current bioinfor-matics approaches focus on the detection of past HGT events by exploring phylogenetic trees or genome composition inconsistencies. However, this normally requires the availability of finished and fully annotated genomes and of sufficiently large deviations that allow detection. Thus, these techniques are not widely applicable. Especially in an outbreak scenario where new HGT mediated pathogens emerge, there is need for fast and precise HGT detection. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can facilitate swift analysis of unknown pathogens but, to the best of our knowledge, so far no approach uses NGS data directly to detect HGTs.We present Daisy, a novel mapping-based tool for HGT detection directly from NGS data. Daisy determines HGT boundaries with split-read mapping and evaluates candidate regions relying on read pair and coverage information. Daisy can successfully detect HGT regions with base pair resolution in both simulated and real data, and outperforms alternative approaches using a genome assembly of the reads. We see our approach as a powerful complement for a comprehensive analysis of HGT in the context of NGS data. Daisy is freely available fromhttp://github.com/ktrappe/daisy.
Framework for a dynamic and responsive
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Kulkarni Makarand S 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– Armies around the world face the dilemma of reaching the right size of the logistics chain, without compromising the effectiveness of it. The stocking of spares for maintaining the equipment and the vehicles of the army is done with just in case philosophy which results in huge inventories that have associated holding and carrying costs. Material managers of the army must learn lessons from the industry about rightsizing their inventories. Concepts like lean and agile must find place in managing spares of army. Both these concepts have their inherent positives which must be exploited by making use of them at the opportune time. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper starts with discussing the case study of spare parts supply of army. The paper then presents a framework where both lean and agile methods of managing inventory can be used in army. The paper also brings out salient aspects of both these concepts as relevant to spares management in army. The paper also proposes use of automation incorporating MIMOSA database and Ontology-based knowledge repositories.

Findings
– The paper brings out the fact that both lean and agile supply chains can be used for spares replenishment in army. The paper also gives out a framework to implement the concept.

Originality/value
– This concept has been used in the field of healthcare, however, this paper is original in its approach to use it for the army spare parts replenishment. Use of Ontology and MIMOSA as proposed in the paper is also an original attempt.