bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALK Immunohistochemistry for ALK Gene Rearrangement Screening in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pyo Jung-Soo , Kang Guhyun , Sohn Jin Hee 
Published: June 2016

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ALK gene rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through systematic review, meta-analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review. Methods The current study included 11,806 NSCLC cases in 42 eligible studies. We performed concordance analyses between ALK IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The diagnostic accuracy of ALK IHC was analyzed based on ALK IHC criteria and antibodies. Results The overall ALK IHC results were positive in 13.2%. The overall concordance rate between ALK IHC and FISH was 0.950 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.927-0.966). In the ALK IHC-positive and negative groups, the concordance rates were 0.805 (95% CI 0.733-0.861) and 0.985 (95% CI 0.978-0.990), respectively. The ALK FISH-positive rates were 0.009 (95% CI 0.004-0.023), 0.378 (95% CI 0.217-0.572), 0.628 (95% CI 0.420-0.796) and 0.900 (95% CI 0.840-0.939) in the ALK IHC 0, 1+, 2+ and 3+ groups, respectively. In diagnostic test accuracy review for ALK IHC, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.94) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio and the area under the curve on the summary receiver operating characteristic curve were 266.56 (95% CI 110.83-641.14) and 0.983, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggested that ALK IHC equivocal (score 1+ and 2+) cases should not be considered as IHC-negative in screening for ALK gene rearrangement. Additional detailed criteria for ALK IHC equivocal cases are necessary to determine how to best apply this approach in daily practice.
Sentinel lymph Node Detection during Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: Current Evidence and Results of Our Experience
Authors: Marchioro Giansilvio , Gontero Paolo , De Angelis Paolo , Volpe Alessandro , Frea Bruno , Terrone Carlo 
Published: June 2016

Purpose A sentinel lymph node (SNL) is the primary landing zone of cancer cells that spreads through the lymphatic vessels. The rational of the detection of sentinel node (SLN) during radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa) is the removal of the first nodal stations to provide a restriction of the template of node dissection. A review of the outcomes of SNL detection during RP for PCa was performed. Materials and methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted, searching on PubMed and Web of Science, using the following keywords: lymph node dissection, prostatic neoplasm, sentinel node. Results Twenty articles were selected and analyzed including over 2000 PCa patients. Although promising and technically feasible, many points remain to be clarified before clinical application can be recommended. Conclusions The technique of SNL detection is feasible and provides a higher sensitivity and detection rate than standard lymphadenectomy, especially for organ-confined tumors. Larger series and long-term follow-up data are mandatory to assess the oncologic effectiveness of the detection of SNL for PCa.
A Virtual Vertical File: How Librarians Utilize Pinterest
Authors: Eckert Kate 
Published: June 2016

Past presidents of ALSC—some of whom have been interviewed recently by ALSC’s Oral History Committee—probably would not be surprised at how much children’s services have changed since the 1940s, when ALA formed a Division for Children and Young People (a precursor name to ALSC). But what may surprise many is how computers and the Internet have become omnipresent virtual tools to help children’s librarians with everything from selection to services. Social media—and all its iterations and segments—is a huge part of who librarians are and can be today. Here’s a brief, non-scientific look at how some of our colleagues use one of these tools, Pinterest.
Differentiation and Characterization of Dopaminergic Neurons From Baboon Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Grow Douglas A. , Simmons DeNard V. , Gomez Jorge A. , Wanat Matthew J. , McCarrey John R. , Paladini Carlos A. , Navara Christopher S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The progressive death of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the principal cause of symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cells have potential therapeutic use in replacing these cells and restoring function. To facilitate development of this approach, we sought to establish a preclinical model based on a large nonhuman primate for testing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based transplantation. To this end, we differentiated baboon fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) into dopaminergic neurons with the application of specific morphogens and growth factors. We confirmed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons resemble those found in the human midbrain based on cell type-specific expression of dopamine markers TH and GIRK2. Using the reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we also showed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons express PAX6, FOXA2, LMX1A, NURR1, and TH genes characteristic of this cell type in vivo. We used perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology to demonstrate that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons fired spontaneous rhythmic action potentials and high-frequency action potentials with spike frequency adaption upon injection of depolarizing current. Finally, we showed that biPSC-derived neurons released catecholamines in response to electrical stimulation. These results demonstrate the utility of the baboon model for testing and optimizing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD.

Significance
Functional dopamine neurons were produced from baboon induced pluripotent stem cells, and their properties were compared to baboon midbrain cells in vivo. The baboon has advantages as a clinically relevant model in which to optimize the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Baboons possess crucial neuroanatomical and immunological similarities to humans, and baboon pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into functional neurons that mimic those in the human brain, thus laying the foundation for the utility of the baboon model for evaluating stem cell therapies.
Can slip heterogeneity be linked to earthquake recurrence?
Authors: Chen Kate Huihsuan , Chen Iyin , Kim Ahyi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe rupture process of two M4 repeating earthquake sequences in eastern Taiwan with contrasting recurrence behavior is investigated to demonstrate a link between slip heterogeneity and earthquake recurrence. The M3.6–3.8 quasiperiodic repeating earthquakes characterized by 3 years recurrence interval reveal overlapped slip concentrations. Inferred slip distribution for each event illustrates two asperities with peak slip of 47.7 cm and peak stress drop of 151.1 MPa. Under the influence of nearby M6.9 event, the M4.3–4.8 repeating earthquakes separated only by 6–87 min, however, reveal an aperiodic manner. There is a distinct rupture characteristic without overlap in the slip areas, suggesting that shortening of the recurrence interval by the nearby large earthquake may change the slip heterogeneity in a repeatedly ruptured asperity. We conclude that the inherent heterogeneity of stress and strength could influence the distribution of coseismic slip, which is strongly tied to the recurrence behavior.
Rapid enhancement of low‐energy (<100 eV) ion flux in response to interplanetary shocks based on two Van Allen Probes case studies: Implications for source regions and heating mechanisms
Authors: Yue Chao , Li Wen , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Zong Qiugang , Ma Qianli , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. , Kletzing Craig A. , Wygant John R. , Nicolls Michael J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInteractions between interplanetary (IP) shocks and the Earth's magnetosphere manifest many important space physics phenomena including low‐energy ion flux enhancements and particle acceleration. In order to investigate the mechanisms driving shock‐induced enhancement of low‐energy ion flux, we have examined two IP shock events that occurred when the Van Allen Probes were located near the equator while ionospheric and ground observations were available around the spacecraft footprints. We have found that, associated with the shock arrival, electromagnetic fields intensified, and low‐energy ion fluxes, including H+, He+, and O+, were enhanced dramatically in both the parallel and perpendicular directions. During the 2 October 2013 shock event, both parallel and perpendicular flux enhancements lasted more than 20 min with larger fluxes observed in the perpendicular direction. In contrast, for the 15 March 2013 shock event, the low‐energy perpendicular ion fluxes increased only in the first 5 min during an impulse of electric field, while the parallel flux enhancement lasted more than 30 min. In addition, ionospheric outflows were observed after shock arrivals. From a simple particle motion calculation, we found that the rapid response of low‐energy ions is due to drifts of plasmaspheric population by the enhanced electric field. However, the fast acceleration in the perpendicular direction cannot solely be explained by E × B drift but betatron acceleration also plays a role. Adiabatic acceleration may also explain the fast response of the enhanced parallel ion fluxes, while ion outflows may contribute to the enhanced parallel fluxes that last longer than the perpendicular fluxes.
Challenges associated with near‐Earth nightside current
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. , Ganushkina Natalia Y. , Ilie Raluca , Welling Daniel T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEvery magnetic field of solar and planetary space environments is associated with a current of differentially flowing charged particles. Electric potential patterns in geospace and near other planets are also closely linked with currents. Close to the Earth, particularly in the near‐Earth nightside magnetosphere, several current systems wax and wane during periods of space weather activity. The velocity‐dependent drift, energization, and loss processes in this region complicate current system evolution. There is a discrepancy about the magnitude, timing, and location of these currents, however, and this Commentary pitches the case for a concerted community effort to resolve this issue.
On theories dealing with the interaction of surface waves and ocean circulation
Authors: Mellor George 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe classic theory for the interaction of surface gravity waves and the general ocean circulation entails the so‐called wave radiation stress terms in the phase‐averaged momentum equation. The equations of motion are for the combined Eulerian current and Stokes drift. On the other hand, a more recent approach includes the so‐called vortex force term in the momentum equation wherein the only wave property is Stokes drift. The equations of motion are for the Eulerian current. The idea has gained traction in the ocean science community, a fact that motivates this paper. A question is: can both theories be correct? This paper answers the question in the negative and presents arguments in favor of the wave radiation theory. The vortex force approach stems from an interesting mathematical construct, but it does stand up to physical or mathematical scrutiny as described in this paper. Although not the primary focus of the paper, some discussion of Langmuir circulation is included since the vortex force was first introduced as the basis of this oceanic cellular phenomenon. Finaly the paper explains the difference in the derivation of the radiation stress theory and the vortex force theory: the later theory entails errors related to its use of curl and reverse‐curl [or uncurl] processes.
Isentropic transport and the seasonal cycle amplitude of CO2
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Parazoo Nicholas , Orbe Clara , Denning A. Scott 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCarbon‐concentration feedbacks and carbon‐climate feedbacks constitute one of the largest sources of uncertainty in future climate. Since the beginning of the modern atmospheric CO2 record, seasonal variations in CO2 have been recognized as a signal of the metabolism of land ecosystems, and quantitative attribution of changes in the seasonal cycle amplitude (SCA) of CO2 to ecosystem processes is critical for understanding and projecting carbon‐climate feedbacks far into the 21st Century. Here the impact of surface carbon fluxes on the SCA of CO2 throughout the Northern Hemisphere troposphere is investigated, paying particular attention to isentropic transport across latitudes. The analysis includes both a chemical transport model GOES‐Chem and an idealized tracer in a gray‐radiation aquaplanet. The results of the study can be summarized by two main conclusions: (1) the SCA of CO2 roughly follows surfaces of constant potential temperature, which can explain the observed increase in SCA with latitude along pressure surfaces and (2) increasing seasonal fluxes in lower latitudes have a larger impact on the SCA of CO2 throughout most of the troposphere compared to increasing seasonal fluxes in higher latitudes. These results provide strong evidence that recently observed changes in the SCA of CO2 at high northern latitudes (poleward of 60°N) are likely driven by changes in midlatitude surface fluxes, rather than changes in Arctic fluxes.
Decentralized prescribed performance adaptive tracking control for Markovian jump uncertain nonlinear systems with input saturation
Authors: Chang Ru , Fang Yiming , Liu Le , Li Jianxiong 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA decentralized prescribed performance adaptive tracking control problem is investigated for Markovian jump uncertain nonlinear interconnected large‐scale systems. The considered interconnected large‐scale systems contain unknown nonlinear uncertainties, unknown control gains, actuator saturation, and Markovian jump signals, and the Markovian jump subsystems are in the form of triangular structure. First, by defining a novel state transformation with the performance function, the prescribed performance control problem is transformed to stabilization problem. Then, introducing an intermediate control signal into the control design, employing neural network to approximate the unknown composite nonlinear function, and based on the framework of the backstepping control design and adaptive estimation method, a corresponding decentralized prescribed performance adaptive tracking controller is designed. It is proved that all the signals in the closed‐loop system are bounded, and the prescribed tracking performances are guaranteed. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory of the Robin quantum wall in a linear potential. I. Energy spectrum, polarization and quantum‐information measures
Authors: Olendski O. 
Published: June 2016

Information‐theoretical concepts are employed for the analysis of the interplay between a transverse electric field applied to a one‐dimensional surface and Robin boundary condition (BC), which with the help of the extrapolation length Λ zeroes at the interface a linear combination of the quantum mechanical wave function and its spatial derivative, and its influence on the properties of the structure. For doing this, exact analytical solutions of the corresponding Schrödinger equation are derived and used for calculating energies, dipole moments, position and momentum quantum information entropies and their Fisher information and and Onicescu information energies and counterparts. It is shown that the weak (strong) electric field changes the Robin wall into the Dirichlet, (Neumann, ), surface. This transformation of the energy spectrum and associated waveforms in the growing field defines an evolution of the quantum‐information measures; for example, it is proved that for the Dirichlet and Neumann BCs the position (momentum) quantum information entropy varies as a positive (negative) natural logarithm of the electric intensity what results in their field‐independent sum . Analogously, at and the position and momentum Fisher informations (Onicescu energies) depend on the applied voltage as () and its inverse, respectively, leading to the field‐independent product (). Peculiarities of their transformations at the finite nonzero Λ are discussed and similarities and differences between the three quantum‐information measures in the electric field are highlighted with the special attention being paid to the configuration with the negative extrapolation length.
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A new nano‐Fe3O4‐supported organocatalyst based on 3,4‐dihydroxypyridine: an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Pirhayati Mozhgan , Kakanejadifard Ali , Veisi Hojat 
Published: June 2016

A simple and practical strategy for the synthesis of a novel nano‐Fe3O4‐supported organocatalyst system based on 3,4‐dihydroxypyridine (Fe3O4/Py) has been developed. The prepared catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Accordingly, the Fe3O4/Py nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property with a saturation magnetization of 61 emu g−1, indicating potential application in magnetic separation technology. Our experimental results reveal that the pyridine‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles are an efficient base catalyst for the domino condensation of various aromatic aldehydes, Meldrum's acid and 5‐methylpyrazol‐3‐amine under very mild reaction condition and in the presence of ethanol solvent. Moreover, the synthesized catalyst was used for one‐pot, three‐component condensation of aromatic aldehydes with barbituric acid and malononitrile to produce 7‐amino‐2,4‐dioxo‐5‐phenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐carbonitriles. All reactions are completed in short times and all products are obtained in good to excellent yields. Also, notably, the catalyst was reused five times without significant degradation in catalytic activity and performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guns and Violence in the International Arena
Authors: Volkan Vamık D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper illustrates how psychoanalyst should consider an interdisciplinary approach in examining the gun violence in the United States. Besides offering individualized and shared psychological causes it is necessary to understand environmental, cultural, and historical influences. By providing examples for other countries, this paper describes how grasping on one's large‐group identity and being exposed to entitlement ideologies and malignant propaganda influence people to commit murders.
Going, going, gone? Loss of genetic diversity in two critically endangered Australian freshwater fishes, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis and Chlamydogobius squamigenus, from Great Artesian Basin springs at Edgbaston, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Faulks Leanne K. , Kerezsy Adam , Unmack Peter J. , Johnson Jerald B. , Hughes Jane M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Artesian springs are particularly sensitive freshwater ecosystems, characterized by specialized flora and fauna which, owing to their isolation, are often endemic. Thus, protection of spring habitats and endemic spring biota is important for biodiversity conservation, particularly because human impacts such as invasive species, habitat destruction, and fragmentation can have such devastating effects.
This study investigated the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic diversity and structure of two critically endangered (IUCN) freshwater fish species: red‐finned blue‐eye Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and Edgbaston goby Chlamydogobius squamigenus, with the aim of assisting management agencies to establish relocated populations that conserve the genetic integrity and evolutionary potential of both species.
2862 bp from multiple mtDNA genes were amplified from 111 red‐finned blue‐eye individuals (17 from the 1990s and 94 from 2010), and a 660 bp segment of mtDNA cytochrome b was amplified from 111 Edgbaston goby individuals (from 2010). In total, 14 concatenated mtDNA haplotypes were identified in red‐finned blue‐eye and three cytb haplotypes were identified in Edgbaston goby.
Overall assessment of the genetic diversity and structure of the endemic fish fauna from the Edgbaston springs revealed low levels of diversity in both species and a loss of haplotypes in red‐finned blue‐eye over time. In addition, both species displayed significant genetic structure: at the spring scale for red‐finned blue‐eye and at the spring group scale for Edgbaston goby. It is concluded that without the appropriate management of relocated populations, such as considering genetic structure and diversity and selecting high quality habitats, these species are at a severe risk of losing evolutionary potential and becoming extinct. This study provides a valuable example for conservation managers of the contribution that population genetic studies can make regarding the adaptive management of endangered species.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical Properties of the Peripheral Neurons Projecting to the Pig Bulbospongiosus Muscle
Authors: Botti Maddalena , Ragionieri Luisa , Cacchioli Antonio , Panu Rino , Gazza Ferdinando 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTRetrograde neuronal tracing and single labelling immunofluorescence methods were used to define the neurochemical content of the peripheral autonomic and sensitive neurons projecting to the male pig striated bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM). The retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the left bulbospongiosus muscle of four intact impuberal pigs. After a 10‐day survival time, the ipsilateral sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG), and the sacral spinal ganglia (SGs) were collected from each animal. In FB+ neurons of these ganglia, the presence of cathecolamine‐ (tyrosine hydroxylase‐TH), acetylcholine‐ (vesicular acetylcholine transporter‐VChAT), or nitric oxide‐synthesizing (neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase‐nNOS) enzymes and of some biologically active peptides (calcitonine gene‐related peptide‐CGRP, Leu‐Enkephaline‐LENK, Neuropeptide Y‐NPY, Substance P‐SP and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide‐VIP) were studied. The ipsilateral STGs FB+ neurons showed immunoreactivity principally for TH and NPY and in decreasing order for VIP, VChAT, SP, CGRP, nNOS, and LENK. The left CMG FB+ neurons were immunoreactive to TH and NPY, and in smaller proportions for VIP, LENK, VChAT, CGRP, nNOS, and SP. The ipsilateral SGs FB+ neurons resulted immunoractive for CGRP, LENK, NPY, nNOS, SP, and VChAT. The heterogeneous neurochemical content of the peripheral neurons projecting to the pig BSM allows us to hypothesize the involvement of autonomic ganglia in the activity of both blood vessels and striated fibers of the muscle and the involvement of sensory ganglia in the afferent transmission from the muscle to spinal cord and in antidromic mechanisms that causes the relaxation of the BSM blood vessels. Anat Rec, 299:1192–1202, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.