bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1993
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
On 23 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-20 ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal sprays were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 30 Mar; 6, 14, 20-21, 27 Apr; 4, 11, 25, May; 1, 8, 15 and 22 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 90 gpa the next three sprays (6 nozzles) and 120 gpa for the remaining four sprays (8 nozzles). All plots were sprayed weekly with Javelin (1 lb/acre) for control of armyworm larvae. Every plant was inspected weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle virus, a geminivirus transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. On 4 and 18 Jun, the numbers of small (&lt;0.5 inch long) and large leafmines (&gt;0.5 inch long) were counted in a 2 minute whole plant search. On 7 and 18 Jun, the numbers of leafmines and leaf rolls of the tomato pinworm were counted in a 4 min. whole plant search. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants on 14, 21 and 28 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupae exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly and the numbers of tomato pinworm leafmines and leafrolls were counted. All counts data were totalled over all dates (last two dates only for tomato pinworm counts on laboratory foliage samples) for analysis. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 3, 14, 22 and 28 Jun and the fruit were separated as to the presence of tomato pinworm damage and were counted and weighed.
Apple, Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control Tactics, 1993
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 12-15 tree plots in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of alternating trees of ‘Yorking’, and ‘Golden Delicious’. These trees were spaced 18 × 25 ft apart and were 14 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.4 mph, except for the second Lorsban plus Lannate treatment which received 50 gpa at 2.8 mph. Applications timings were based on accumulated degree days following various biofix points (i.e., 1st egg hatch). Degree day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 45°F and 91°F, respectively. The first table contains a listing of treatments, degree day calculations and percent hatch estimates for each brood of TABM. All applications were complete sprays, except where noted. A routine schedule of fungicides (Penncozeb 80WP, Rubigan 1EC, Captan 50WP and Benlate 50DF) was maintained throughout the experiment. Alternate row middle (ARM) applications of Vendex 4L at 0.5 lb Al/acre on 19 and 27 May and of Omite 30WP at 1.2 lb Al/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) on 6 Jul were applied for mite control and ARM of Swat 8E at 0.625 and 0.75 lb Al/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) were applied on 24 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively for control of the spirea aphid. The effect of the sprays on the WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mites around the periphery of the trees (cv. Yorking) at the end of the second generation flight. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting these mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree (cv. Yorking), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the same trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all dropped apples on 12 and 24 Aug and 25 apples on 22 Sep and an at harvest sample on 27 Sep of 75 fruit per tree from each of two trees for ‘Golden Delicious’. For ‘Yorking’ injury was assessed on all dropped fruit on 12 and 24 Aug and 50 dropped fruit from each of two trees on 18 Oct and a harvest sample of 125 fruit/tree from 4 trees in the center of each replicate from 18 Oct to 22 Oct. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Onions, 1993
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Anciso Juan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A small plot test was conducted in a commercial onion field near Donna, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides for efficacy against the western flower thrips. Plots measured one row (40 in.) by 25 feet, with one row buffers between plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a total volume of 50 gal per acre. Nozzle arrangement consisted of three 10× nozzles with one nozzle over the row and two on drops (one on each side of the row). Treatments were applied 27 Feb and 8, 16 and 19 Mar. Thrips were monitored by random selection of 3 (first sample) or 5 (all other samples) plants per plot and counting all thrips present.
Grasshopper Control in Alfalfa, 1993
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Boetel B. A. , Jenson J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A cage (1.0 × 1.0 by 1.5 m) study to determine the efficacy of Imidan 2.5 EC vs. Sevin XLR 4L on grasshoppers was conducted in alfalfa at Sinai, SD. Alfalfa (ca. 8 inch height) had recently (ca. 3 wk) been cut and regrowth was present. Treatments were arranged in a CRBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer at 20 gpa delivery. Two days after application of insecticides, 20 laboratory-reared 3rd-instar M. sanguinipes were placed into each cage. A follow-up (24 h) assessment of grasshopper survival was made (all living grasshoppers were removed). Subsequently, cages were reinfested at 6 DAT, and mortality was recorded following a 24-h exposure period. The objective of having 2 separate infestations was to determine residual control. Data were subjected to the General Linear Models procedure (SAS 1985), and means were compared with DMRT. Significant differences were detected between compounds. However, both compounds reduced grasshopper numbers to below economic levels (8 per m2) at both 2 and 7 DAT.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1993
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Twidwell E. K. , Gallenberg D. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Alfalfa weevil control was evaluated at 2 locations near Rapid City and I location near Gregory. Treatments consisted of various cultural methods and insecticides applied in a final spray volume of 20 gal per acre at 35 psi using a hand-held sprayboom consisting of 4, 8002S nozzles on 19 inch centers. Insecticide applications were made on 9 Jun at both Rapid City locations and 10 Jun at the Gregory location. Plots were 30 ft × 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications per treatment. Early harvest was made on the insecticide application date at all locations. Cultivation treatments were made at the time of alfalfa green up and consisted of a single pass with a spring-tooth harrow at the Rapid City location 1 and a single pass with a tandem disc at the Gregory location. Flaming treatment at Gregory consisted of a single pass over plots with a tractor-mounted propane flamer at the time of initial alfalfa growth. Alfalfa weevil density was evaluated prior to insecticide treatments and 7 and 14 DAT by taking 10 sweeps from each plot using a standard 15 inch sweep net. Larval densities are expressed as mean number of alfalfa weevil larvae per 10 sweeps. Yield was determined from a 45 ft2 area in the center of each plot.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1993
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The plots, 34 ft × 34 ft, were in a 2-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied on 27 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 3, 8, 10, 14 and 17 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made 3 and 8 DAT in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1993
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Thirty-one insecticides were applied for control of WCR larvae in no-till and conventional tillage corn. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 7 May in a RBD with 3 replicates of no-till and 3 replicates of conventional tillage. Individual plots consisted on single rows, 8 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All plots received Accent 75WDG (0.0313 lb [AI]/acre) on 14 Jun. All insecticide treatments were applied at planting except the 2 Furadan 4F treatments, which were broadcast and banded, respectively on 25 May. Number of lodged plants per plot was recorded 28 Jul. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was less than 45°. Root damage ratings were evaluated on 29 Jun by examining 3 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 system. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s test.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1993
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twelve insecticides were evaluated for control of 1st generation ECB larvae. The test plot was planted in a second-year corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette County on 7 May as a randomized block design with 3 replicates. Individual plots consisted of 2 rows, 24 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Plants within each plot were artificially infested with newly hatched 1st instar ECB. Larvae were mixed with corn cob grits and delivered into the whorls by Bazooka applicator at a rate of 40 larvae per plant on 21 Jun. M-Peril 5G, Pounce 1.5G, and the 4 Lorsban 15G granular formulations were applied in a band over the whorl stage corn using a Noble applicator driven by electric motor and mounted on a high-clearance tractor. Liquid insecticides were applied using a Solo-backpack sprayer at 20 psi and 33 gpa. All treatments were applied 24 Jun. Ten stalks were removed from each plot, split and the numbers of ECB caused cavities recorded on 14 Jul. Data were subjected to ANOVA and treatment means were compared to the control by LSD.
Second Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1993
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Wildman L. , Sloderbeck P. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center, Finney County, KS. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows, (10 ft) wide and 50 ft long, with a 4 row border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley at each end. The ECB treatments were made on 6 and 7 Aug. The simulated chemigation applications of insecticides were made using 3 Delavan 100/140, 0.75-inch raindrop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height between rows. This system was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.21 inches irrigation on the 2 center rows (5730 gal/acre). The standard insecticide treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one on each side of the row on 16 inch drop hoses directed at the ear zone and a 3rd nozzle directed at the top of the plant). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/ acre at 2 mph and 40 psi. ECB control was evaluated by dissecting 15 plants per plot between 8-16 Sep to determine the number of larvae and length of tunneling per plant. Grain yield was determined by machine harvesting 2 rows per plot and correcting to 15% moisture.
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1992
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Granular insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in west central NE. ‘Pioneer 3394’ hybrid field corn was ridge-planted in Field 1 with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 11 May. Insecticides were applied at planting with insecticide boxes attached to the planter. Three replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. T-band applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide in front of the press wheel. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. All insecticides were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Field 2 was ridge-planted to ‘Fontanelle 4435’ and ‘Fontanelle 6240’ hybrid field corn with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 6 May. With the exception of 4 strips, 12 rows in width, Counter 15G was applied at planting with insecticide boxes on the planter at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. A granular and a liquid insecticide were applied to untreated strips in Field 2 immediately prior to cultivation on 15 Jun. The field corn plants were in the early whorl stage (growth stage 2) of development at the time of application. The granular application was applied over the whorl of the plants with insecticide boxes attached to a tool bar. The liquid insecticide was applied in a 7 inch band to the base of the plants in total volume of 120 liter/ha at 206,786 Pa (30 psi). Cultivation treatments were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Each treatment in Field 2 was applied to 10 × 4 m plots which were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCB design. Two blocks of treatments were applied to ‘Fontanelle 4435’ hybrid field corn plants and 2 blocks of treatments were planted to ‘Fontanelle 6240’ hybrid field corn plants. Treatments in both fields were evaluated 13 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa Root Damage Rating Scale, of 4 plants from each replicate.
Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control in Pennsylvania, 1992
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Rebarchak P. B. , Spangler S. M. , Roth G. W. , Hoffman L. , Lueloff S. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Thirteen corn rootworm granular soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rock Springs, PA, during 1992. A RCBD with 5 replications was used. Insecticides and rates were applied in-furrow or as a T-band application. Plots were 39 ft × 5 ft wide (2 rows). Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter on 20 May. T-band applications were applied in 7 inch bands over the row and into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into furrow in front of the press wheel.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm, European Corn Borer and Boll Worm on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted in a Wagram loamy sand on 10 May near Richlands, NC. The fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 10 ft alleys. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied via a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal total volume per acre at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Initial treatment was based upon exceeding a threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals, with the 2nd application 5 d later. The 3rd and 4th applications were triggered by meeting a larval threshold of 3 percent BW or FAW in fruit. Application dates were 22 and 27 Jul and 10 and 19 Aug. Twenty-five bolls per plot were inspected for live caterpillars and damage on 17 Aug and 15 Sep. Yields were picked with a 1 row John Deere mechanical harvester. Insect and yield data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Bt’S in Combination with Larvin
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan A. M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 15 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County, AR. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Counts were made on 28 Jun, 22 Jul 2, and 13 Aug. These counts were taken approximately 4 days after applications were made.
Efficacy of Pirate Against Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm, and Beet Armyworm, 1993
Authors: Klein C. D. , Slaymaker P. H. , Tugwell N. P. , Wall M. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 28 May at the Southeast Branch Experiment Station in Rowher, AR. Plots consisted of 4 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 3 and 9 Sep with a CO2 backpack sprayer mounted on a four-wheeler. Total volume was 8.77 gal/acre at 30 psi and 3 mph using Teejet 8002VS nozzles on 38 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 5 and 10 DAT by whole plant examination of 6 row ft on the center 2 rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Pirate 3 SC Against Boll Worm-Tobacco Budworm in Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. , White C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 2 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (40 in centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD and replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 45 psi. Insecticide treatments were applied on 4, 9, 20, 31 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.33 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to all plots on 24 and 28 Aug to reduce boll weevil infestations. Efficacy was determined by examining 50 plant terminals and squares per plot on 6, 13, 23 Aug and 2 Sep for evidence of damage and the presence of bollworm-tobacco budworm larvae. The data reported for bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage are a summary of trial means across sample dates. High numbers of soybean looper and beet armyworm larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were estimated to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower Vi of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower Vi and middle Vi of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 17 and 24 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 2.0 inches rainfall on 6 Aug, 0.5 inch on 20 Aug, and 0.3 inch on 28 Aug. Supplemental moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation "as needed" during the season but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Control of Boll Weevil and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Martin S. H. , Graves J. B. , White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against BW and TPB in irrigated cotton planted 15 Apr at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a RBD with 4 replications of 5 row (1.02 m centers) × 15.2 m plots. The test was treated on 2, 6, 9, 12 and 15 Jul. All treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer and CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 56.1 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through two TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were evaluated on 6, 9, 12, 15 and 19 Jul by visually examining 50 randomly picked squares per plot for BW damage. Treatments were evaluated for TPB control on 19 Jul with a standard 38 cm diam sweep net by counting the number of adults and nymphs in two-25 sweep samples/plot. The plots received 1.9 cm irrigation with overhead sprinklers on 14 Jul.
Late-Season Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex in Cotton, 1993
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fifteen treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling a heavy infestation of the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex (primarily tobacco budworm) on late-planted cotton. The experiment was a RCBD with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 1 Jul and plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). No bollworm-tobacco budworm control applications were made to the test area prior to the start of this trial. Treatments were applied on 27 Aug, and 2 and 8 Sep. Infestations of larvae and square damage were monitored 2-5 d following each application by examining 25 squares/plot.
Evaluation of Condor of Against Boll Worm-Tobacco Budworm, 1993
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E. , Martin S. H. , Graves J. B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Condor OF was evaluated against bollwormtobacco budworm at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Plots consisted of 3 rows (1.02 m centers) x 15.2 m of cotton planted 1 Jul. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. All treatments were applied on 30 Aug with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2 through two TX-10 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were evaluated on 3 Sep by visually examining 100 randomly picked squares per plot for damage and live boll worm-tobacco budworm larvae. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Grasshopper Control in Pasture, 1993
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Boetel B. A. , Jenson J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A cage (1 × 1 × 1.5 m) study to determine the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of grasshoppers in a (simulated) pasture setting was conducted in Brookings, SD on Kentucky bluegrass. Insecticides were applied to plots at 10 gpa using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were arranged in a CRD with 4 replications. Three days after application of insecticides, 20 laboratory-reared 3rd-instar MG were placed in each cage. Survival was assessed following a 24-h exposure period. Data were subjected to the General Linear Models procedure (SAS 1985), and means were compared using DMRT. No significant differences were detected between compounds or the rates of Decis. All compounds proved highly effective in reducing grasshopper densities.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Insecticides for Rice Water Weevil Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Grigarick A. A. , Oraze M. J. , Hesler L. S. , Smith K. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A RCBD with 5 replications was used to compare RWW larval control among 4 insecticide treatments and an untreated control. Rice plants were grown in a greenhouse in 1 liter plastic pots (10 cm diam) filled to 50% capacity with Stockton clay loam. Soil had been sifted through a 3.2-mm mesh screen and steam sterilized. Ammonium sulfate (0.5 g/pot) was added and lightly incorporated into the soil surface with forceps. Pots were flooded to a depth of 5 cm