bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Update on Demonstrating "Reliable Technology" - Where are We Now?
Authors: Sidle Rod , Lee W. John 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a study of how the oil and gas industry has approached the demonstration of a "Reliable Technology" since the emergence of this as a formal reserves term in the US Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) modernized reserves regulations in late 2008. The paper summarizes the different technologies and the approach to reliability demonstration described in recent technical literature. It also investigates the target element of the reserves estimation procedure, such as expanding the Proved Area.
Through a review of published technical papers and other documents, this paper examines the industry's different views of demonstrating a "reliable technology." Sidle and Lee (2010a) proposed the scientific method as an approach to demonstrating the criteria were satisfied. Industry literature examples of seismic technology (to determine Proved Area) and numerical reservoir simulation (to determine recovery factor) are analyzed. Additionally, we examine the SPEE Monograph 3 (2010) procedure to understand the logic used to support reliability and compare it to the scientific method approach. This examination includes how the demonstration of analogy is important to estimate the resulting PUD reserves when technologies to define Proved Area are being considered. This is then compared to other examples of predictable commercial productivity of undrilled areas that do not meet the SPEE Monograph 3 (2010) requirements.
As industry seeks new technologies and approaches to demonstrating reliability, the status of how others have addressed these issues is valuable guidance. In providing both recent demonstration approaches and proposed technology, this paper provides a good reference on both what is currently being done to establish a proposed reliable technology and how this technology can be validated.
Uncertainty in Proved Reserves Estimates by Decline Curve Analysis
Authors: Apiwatcharoenkul W. , Lake L. W. , Jensen J. L. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Reserves estimation is crucial to the petroleum business as it involves all financial aspects of the petroleum companies. Among reserves classification, proved reserves always capture the most attention because most value is attached to it. By the SPE definition, proved reserves must be estimated by reliable methods that have a high-at least a 90% probability (P90) - that the actual quantities recovered will equal or exceed the estimate.
Decline curve analysis (DCA) is one of the most commonly used methods for proved reserves estimation throughout the industry. Through the DCA, a production history is fitted with a trend line, then the line will be extrapolated to an economic limit for the reserves estimation. If linear regression is used, the line is the "best estimate" that represents the performance, which corresponds to the 50th percentile value (P50). This practice, therefore, conflicts with the proved reserves definition.
In this paper a method is derived to estimate the variation of the reserves spread (the difference between P50 and P90). Compared to Monte Carlo, the method gives good results. The analytical solution is then used to study the sensitivity analysis of the spread and a field application. The study covers all decline models (exponential, hyperbolic and harmonic models) and both cases where the decline exponent is known and unknown.
Sewer Water: An Alternate Water Source for a CO2 EOR Project
Authors: Flanders W. A. , Grahmann N. , Green G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Water is utilized in oil field operations to increase oil recovery by conventional water flood and is increasingly being used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology. In many areas there is not a sufficient supply of water form subsurface salt water formations. Shallow fresh water sands have been used in the past as an alternative source when the fresh water was compatible with the reservoir water and formation. Use of the fresh water is not practical in many areas. An extreme strain has been placed on the limited fresh water supply by its use for the general population and agricultural irrigation. Effluent from municipal sewer plants can be used an an alternate source of water for the oil field.
Sewer water is being utilized successfully as the water source for the water injection requirements in the Hansford Marmaton CO2 EOR project. The source of water for the project is a portion of the 10,000 barrels of water per day available from the effluent of the water treatment plant in the small city of Spearman, Texas, population 3,800. Prior to injection, the water must be deoxidized, bacteria must be killed, and the suspended oil and grease must be removed. This paper reviews how these processes are being accomplished for the Hansford Marmaton Project. Additionally the problems encountered in installing the system, how they were resolved, the cost to implement and operate the water injection system are reviewed.
Species Pairing and Edge Effects on Biomass Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Perennial Alley Cropping Systems
Authors: Gamble Joshua D. , Johnson Gregg , Current Dean A. , Wyse Donald L. , Sheaffer Craig C. 
Published: April 2016

Perennial biomass production in agroforestry systems has been promoted as a strategy to increase productivity and ecosystem services from marginal agricultural lands. However, little is known about appropriate species combinations and production potential for such systems. We measured biomass yield, nutrient uptake, and edge effects on productivity in alley cropping agroforestry systems consisting of four herbaceous perennial crops and two short‐rotation woody crops (SRWC) at three sites in Minnesota. After 4 yr, we found that alley system yield was 23 and 35% greater for NM6 poplar (Populus maximowiczii A. Henry × P. nigra L. ‘NM6’) than Fish Creek willow (Salix purpurea L.‘Fish Creek’) alley cropping systems at Empire and Granada, irrespective of herbaceous crop type. Nutrient uptake was consistently among the highest in NM6 poplar–native polyculture and prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link) systems at these sites, though at Empire the NM6 poplar–intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey ‘Rush’) system was similar. Yields were similar for all systems at Fairmont, but nutrient uptake was highest in Fish Creek willow alley systems at this site. Crop yields were similar in poplar and willow alleys, and were greatest for prairie cordgrass and the native polyculture. At Empire, yield of all herbaceous crops declined with proximity to SRWC rows. Edge effects on SRWC productivity were not consistent across sites and species, but were an important consideration for accurately quantifying yield. Appropriate species combinations for maximizing yield and nutrient uptake vary based on site characteristics.Core Ideas

NM6 poplar alley systems had greater yield and nutrient uptake than Fish Creek willow systems at two of three sites.
Prairie cordgrass and a native polyculture were the highest yielding herbaceous crops, but intermediate wheatgrass showed the greatest potential for nutrient uptake.
Herbaceous biomass crops yielded similarly in NM6 poplar and Fish Creek willow alleys.
Competition with SRWC reduced crop yield at Empire in 2013, but not in other years or at other sites.
THE STELLAR MASS FUNDAMENTAL PLANE AND COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES AT z < 0.6
Authors: Zahid H. Jabran , Damjanov Ivana , Geller Margaret J. , Hwang Ho Seong , Fabricant Daniel G. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We examine the evolution of the relation between stellar mass surface density, velocity dispersion, and half-light radius—the stellar mass fundamental plane (MFP)—for quiescent galaxies at z < 0.6. We measure the local relation from galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the intermediate redshift relation from ∼500 quiescent galaxies with stellar masses 10 ≲ log(M
*/M
⊙) ≲ 11.5. Nearly half of the quiescent galaxies in our intermediate redshift sample are compact. After accounting for important selection and systematic effects, the velocity dispersion distribution of galaxies at intermediate redshifts is similar to that of galaxies in the local universe. Galaxies at z < 0.6 appear to be smaller (≲0.1 dex) than galaxies in the local sample. The orientation of the stellar MFP is independent of redshift for massive quiescent galaxies at z < 0.6 and the zero-point evolves by ∼0.04 dex. Compact quiescent galaxies fall on the same relation as the extended objects. We confirm that compact quiescent galaxies are the tail of the size and mass distribution of the normal quiescent galaxy population.
GAMMA–GAMMA ABSORPTION IN THE BROAD LINE REGION RADIATION FIELDS OF GAMMA-RAY BLAZARS
Authors: Böttcher Markus , Els Paul 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The expected level of γγ absorption in the Broad Line Region (BLR) radiation field of γ-ray loud Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) is evaluated as a function of the location of the γ-ray emission region. This is done self-consistently with parameters inferred from the shape of the spectral energy distribution (SED) in a single-zone leptonic EC-BLR model scenario. We take into account all geometrical effects both in the calculation of the γγ opacity and the normalization of the BLR radiation energy density. As specific examples, we study the FSRQs 3C279 and PKS 1510-089, keeping the BLR radiation energy density at the location of the emission region fixed at the values inferred from the SED. We confirm previous findings that the optical depth due to γγ absorption in the BLR radiation field exceeds unity for both 3C279 and PKS 1510-089 for locations of the γ-ray emission region inside the inner boundary of the BLR. It decreases monotonically, with distance from the central engine and drops below unity for locations within the BLR. For locations outside the BLR, the BLR radiation energy density required for the production of GeV γ-rays rapidly increases beyond observational constraints, thus making the EC-BLR mechanism implausible. Therefore, in order to avoid significant γγ absorption by the BLR radiation field, the γ-ray emission region must therefore be located near the outer boundary of the BLR.
Simuler les activités pour développer les pratiques professionnelles : le cas de la formation à la manutention des patients
Authors: Malet Dorothée , Benchekroun Tahar-Hakim 
Published: April 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à la formation et au développement des pratiques de manutention des patients basée sur le concept de « soin de manutention » et non sur une approche biomécanique. Cette formation est fondée sur une pédagogie socioconstructiviste et intègre la simulation avec jeu de rôles comme outil d’apprentissage et de développement des pratiques professionnelles. Elle propose aux professionnels de construire et de tester des modes opératoires sans risque pour le patient, autorisant ainsi l’expression de la créativité dans le soin. La liberté offerte à l’expression des uns et des autres lors des debriefing donne la possibilité de mettre en débat le métier, mais également d’évoquer la réalité professionnelle. Si la simulation est appréciée par les soignants comme un intermède dans le travail réel, elle est également un outil pertinent pour favoriser l’expression sur l’action, socle de l’analyse réflexive. Les moments d’échanges et de débats nourrissent le sens du métier et se révèlent un outil de construction du collectif. Cette approche didactique peut favoriser la transformation des pratiques professionnelles et devenir source de développement pour les individus et les organisations.
Assembly and Expression of Shark Ig Genes
Authors: Hsu Ellen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Sharks are modern descendants of the earliest vertebrates possessing Ig superfamily receptor–based adaptive immunity. They respond to immunogen with Abs that, upon boosting, appear more rapidly and show affinity maturation. Specific Abs and immunological memory imply that Ab diversification and clonal selection exist in cartilaginous fish. Shark Ag receptors are generated through V(D)J recombination, and because it is a mechanism known to generate autoreactive receptors, this implies that shark lymphocytes undergo selection. In the mouse, the ∼2.8-Mb IgH and IgL loci require long-range, differential activation of component parts for V(D)J recombination, allelic exclusion, and receptor editing. These processes, including class switching, evolved with and appear inseparable from the complex locus organization. In contrast, shark Igs are encoded by 100–200 autonomously rearranging miniloci. This review describes how the shark primary Ab repertoire is generated in the absence of structural features considered essential in mammalian Ig gene assembly and expression.
Examining Carrier Selection with Situational Choice Models
Authors: Garver Michael 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Carrier selection is one of the most important decisions in logistics and supply chain management. Academic researchers have suggested that carrier selection is best explained by choice modeling research methods. This research study puts forth a new approach to choice modeling that is better aligned with how shippers actually select carriers. The results suggest that the shipping situation has a significant impact on customer preferences and carrier selection and thus should be included into choice models and the resulting market simulations. Simulating marketplace reactions to different proposed offerings is helpful for practitioners. Demonstrated in this article, market simulations using data from this choice model estimate what percentage of the customer base will opt for a faster transit time at a large price premium and what percentage of their customer base will opt for a slower transit time for a small price discount. As a result, the carrier can prepare their network to handle the changes in demand for different transit times, along with optimizing financial performance.
DENERVAÇÃO ACETABULAR NO TRATAMENTO DA DISPLASIA COXOFEMORAL CANINA: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE DUAS ABORDAGENS CIRÚRGICAS
Authors: FRANÇA JESSÉA DE FÁTIMA , CALLADO DE OLIVEIRA DÉBORA MARIA MARQUES , RIBAS CRISTINA RAUEN , DO PRADO ANTONIA MARIA BINDER , DORNBUSCH PAMELA TAPIA CARREÑO , DORNBUSCH PETERSON TRICHES 
Published: April 2016

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma das alterações articulares mais frequentes em cães. A denervação acetabular é um procedimento cirúrgico utilizado em cães com sensibilidade dolorosa na articulação do quadril atribuída à DCF. Este artigo tem por objetivo comparar os resultados do procedimento de denervação acetabular por acesso lateral e ventral à articulação coxofemoral em 24 cães. Foram avaliados os seguintes aspectos: grau de claudicação, atrofia muscular, crepitação, dor e tendência à luxação da cabeça femoral à manobra de Ortolani, imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico e após 14, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório. A qualidade de vida também foi avaliada após 60 e 360 dias de pós-operatório. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas dos parâmetros avaliados entre as abordagens cirúrgicas. Houve melhora significativa do grau de claudicação a partir de 60 dias de pós-operatório e da qualidade de vida sob a ótica dos proprietários após 60 e 360 dias. Concluiu-se que ambas as abordagens cirúrgicas são factíveis para a denervação acetabular em cães, com decréscimo significativo da claudicação após 60 dias e aumento da qualidade de vida em 60 e 360 dias de pós-operatório.
1.48-kV enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors fabricated on 6-in. silicon by fluoride-based plasma treatment
Authors: Yeh Chih-Tung , Wang Wei-Kai , Shen Yi-Siang , Horng Ray-Hua 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) were fabricated on a Si substrate by fluorine plasma treatment without pre-etching. The threshold voltage shifted from −8 to 2.3 V, effectively converting the depletion-mode HEMT to the enhancement-mode HEMT. The leakage current was reduced by two orders of magnitude by CF4 plasma treatment. The device exhibited a superior performance with a maximum drain saturation current of 210 mA/mm at V
GS = 10 V and a peak gain of 44.1 mS/mm. A low off-state gate leakage current of 10−6 mA/mm, I
ON/I
OFF ratio of approximately 108, and high breakdown voltage of 1480 V were obtained.
A UK general practice population cohort study investigating the association between lipid lowering drugs and 30-day mortality following medically attended acute respiratory illness
Authors: Joshi Roshni , Venkatesan Sudhir , Myles Puja R. 
Published: April 2016

Background.Cholesterol lowering drugs HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and PPARαactivators (fibrates) have been shown to reduce host inflammation via non-disease specific immunomodulatory mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that commonly prescribed drugs in general practice, statins and fibrates, may be beneficial in influenza-like illness related mortality. This retrospective cohort study examines the association between two lipid lowering drugs, statins and fibrates, and all-cause 30-day mortality following a medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI).Methods.Primary care patient data were retrospectively extracted from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) database. The sample comprised 201,179 adults aged 30 years or older experiencing a MAARI episode. Patient exposure to statins or fibrates was coded as separate dichotomous variables and deemed current if the most recent GP prescription was issued in the 30 days prior to MAARI diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox regression were used for analyses. Adjustment was carried out for chronic lung disease, heart failure, metformin and glitazones, comorbidity burden, socio-demographic and lifestyle variables such as smoking status and body mass index (BMI). Statistical interaction tests were carried out to check for effect modification by gender, body mass index, smoking status and comorbidity.Results.A total of 1,096 (5%) patients died within the 30-day follow up period. Of this group, 213 (19.4%) were statin users and 4 (0.4%) were fibrate users. After adjustment, a significant 35% reduction in odds [adj OR; 0.65 (95% CI [0.52–0.80])] and a 33% reduction in the hazard [adj HR: 0.67 (95% CI [0.55–0.83])] of all-cause 30-day mortality following MAARI was observed in statin users. A significant effect modification by comorbidity burden was observed for the association between statin use and MAARI-related mortality. Fibrate use was associated with a non-significant reduction in 30-day MAARI-related mortality.Conclusion.This study suggests that statin use may be associated with a reduction in 30-day mortality following acute respiratory illness that is severe enough to merit medical consultation. Findings from this study support and strengthen similar observational research while providing a strong rationale for a randomised controlled trial investigating the potential role of statins in acute respiratory infections.
Modeling the diurnal variability of respiratory fluxes in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM)
Authors: Badawy Bakr , Arora Vivek K. , Melton Joe R. , Nassar Ray 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) coupled to the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) is a dynamic vegetation model that incorporates photosynthesis and respiration submodules among many other physiological processes of the terrestrial biosphere. While the photosynthesis and leaf respiration submodules of CTEM operate at a time step of 30 min, other respiratory fluxes are estimated at a daily time step using the daily‐averaged values of canopy and soil temperature, and soil moisture content. Here we modify CTEM to be able to simulate the diurnal variation of ecosystem respiratory fluxes caused by the diurnal variation in the driving climate data. Simulating respiration at a 30 min time step changed the equilibrium states of primary carbon pools and fluxes. This required changes to some of the model's parameters in order to realistically simulate the equilibrium values of carbon pools and fluxes. The resulting estimated daily and annual carbon fluxes from the modified and original CTEM are similar with small relative differences. The similar annual cycles of daily values of primary CO2 fluxes confirm that modeling the respiratory fluxes at a subdaily time step does not affect the annual cycles of these fluxes. We also demonstrate that the modified version of the model is able to simulate the diurnal cycle of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 fluxes that are broadly comparable to observation‐based estimates at two flux tower sites and exhibit realistic seasonal patterns. Limitations remain in the modeled diurnal patterns of primary land‐atmosphere CO2 fluxes which will form the basis of further model improvements.
The inverse microconglomerate test: Further evidence for the preservation of Hadean magnetizations in metasediments of the Jack Hills, Western Australia
Authors: Cottrell Rory D. , Tarduno John A. , Bono Richard K. , Dare Matthew S. , Mitra Gautam 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe introduce a new paleomagnetic test, applicable to metamorphosed terrains, that assesses the recording fidelity of a metasediment. Magnetic mineral carriers with unblocking temperatures lower than the peak metamorphic temperature should record a common remagnetization direction, whereas those with higher unblocking temperatures should be randomly distributed if a primary magnetization has been preserved on a sedimentary grain scale. We call this an inverse microconglomerate test. Application to metasediments of the Jack Hills (JH), Western Australia, reveals that the chrome mica fuchsite records a well‐grouped secondary magnetization at unblocking temperatures between ∼270 and 340°C, in contrast to the random distribution of in situ directions held by zircons isolated at unblocking temperatures >550°C. This positive test further supports JH zircons as hosts of primary Hadean magnetizations. More generally, the new test can aid in understanding the timing of peak metamorphism and deformation in complex terrains.
Does Providing Prompts During Retrieval Practice Improve Learning?
Authors: Smith Megan A. , Blunt Janell R. , Whiffen Joshua W. , Karpicke Jeffrey D. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe purpose of this investigation was to identify ways to prompt retrieval practice to make recall even more effective at producing meaningful learning. In two experiments, subjects read educational texts and practiced retrieval across two periods. During prompted retrieval, subjects were cued to explain and describe concepts from the text, whereas during free recall, subjects recalled as much of the material from the text as they could. A reading control condition was also included. Learning was assessed using both verbatim and higher‐order questions 1 week later. Practicing retrieval improved learning relative to the control on both types of questions; however, whether subjects practiced free or prompted retrieval did not matter for learning. Subjects rated prompted retrieval as less enjoyable and interesting than the other retrieval conditions. Results demonstrate practicing retrieval promoted meaningful learning, and that subjects' initial retrieval success was highest when they used their own retrieval strategies during recall. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.