bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges to a Cure for HBV Infection
Authors: Testoni Barbara , Levrero Massimo , Zoulim Fabien 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCurrent first-choice treatments for chronic hepatitis B are able to efficiently induce viral suppression in the majority of patients, but life-long therapy is needed to maintain infection under control due to their inability to eliminate the virus from infected hepatocytes. The residual viral replication and antigen production in most patients under treatment substantially contributes to the residual risk of hepatocarcinogenesis. New therapeutic approaches are needed to overcome hepatitis B virus persistence in the infected cells, or at least to control its transcriptional and replicative activity. In this review, the authors discuss the key points of the viral life cycle and host immune responses that need to be addressed to achieve a “functional cure,” or even a “complete cure,” allowing a finite duration of treatment and preventing virus reactivation and liver disease progression in a significantly higher number of patients than what is currently attained.
Is Propensity Score Analysis a Valid Surrogate of Randomization for the Avoidance of Allocation Bias?
Authors: Ríos José , Saez-Peñataro Joaquín , Pontes Caridad , Torres Ferran 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRandomized clinical trials are the gold standard when experimental designs are feasible. Randomization allows the handling of allocation bias for known and unknown confounders. Specific tools such as blocking, stratification, and dynamic allocation provide additional guarantees to simple randomization. When an experimental design is not feasible, the propensity score (PS) has been shown to produce greater benefit than traditional methods (i.e., restriction, stratification, matching and adjusting). There appears to be a hierarchy in terms of the effectiveness of balancing for PS techniques: matching or weighting above stratification above covariate adjustment (which is discouraged due to its drawbacks). Instrumental variable analysis and its variants might provide added value because they aim to balance for unknown confounders as well, thus mimicking randomization, but at present, are considered more useful for sensitivity rather than primary analyses.
Learning the Roles of the Hepatic Adaptive Immune System in Hepatocellular Carcinoma—Nature's Guide for Successful Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Heikenwälder Mathias , Pikarsky Eli 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe different roles of the adaptive immune system in cancer are beginning to unfold. The dramatic responses to immune check point drugs in some tumors generated an accelerated need for understanding the complex set of interactions between tumor and immune cells. In view of the major pathophysiological role of immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma, it is not surprising that malignant hepatocytes interact extensively with adaptive immune cells, resulting in both protumor immunopathology and antitumor protective immunity. Identifying potential responders to drugs that target the adaptive immune system, monitoring their immune response to the tumor, and devising the best treatment combinations depends on understanding the complex set of interactions taking place within the tumor and in the adjacent hepatic parenchyma.
Anconeus Epitrochlearis Muscle as a Cause of Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Elbow
Authors: Cannoni Luiz , Haddad Luciano 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUlnar nerve entrapment is the second most common compressive neuropathy in the upper limb, after carpal tunnel syndrome (Dellon, 1986). One of the causes that must be considered is the accessory anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, which is present in 4% to 34% of the general population (Husarik et al, 2010; Vanderpool et al, 1968; Nellans et al, 2014).We describe a patient with symptoms of compression of the left ulnar nerve at the elbow and the result of the surgical treatment.The patient presented with hypoesthesia in the fourth and fifth fingers of the left hand, and reduction of strength in the fifth finger abduction. No alterations were found in the thumb adduction.Initially, the treatment was conservative (splint, physiotherapy, analgesics); surgical treatment was indicated due to the continuity of the symptoms.The ulnar nerve was surgically released and transposed, with complete recovery after 6 months of follow-up.Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is not common, but it must not be ignored (Chalmers, 1978). Ultrasonography (Jung et al, 2013; Bargalló et al, 2010), elbow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Jeon, 2005), and electromyography (Byun, 2011) can help establish the proper diagnosis.
An Algorithm for Sellar Reconstruction Following the Endoscopic Endonasal Approach: A Review of 300 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Kuan Edward , Yoo Frederick , Patel Pratik , Su Brooke , Bergsneider Marvin , Wang Marilene 
Published: August 2017

Objectives/Hypotheses The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is the workhorse endoscopic procedure for sellar and parasellar pathology. Various reconstruction techniques have been reported following EEA surgery, ranging from no reconstruction to vascularized flaps. We review our institution's experience with sellar reconstruction following EEA and propose an evidence-based algorithm.
Design Retrospective review.
Setting Tertiary academic medical center.
Participants Patients who underwent endoscopic EEA surgery for sellar or parasellar pathology between March 1, 2013 and August 31, 2016.
Main Outcome Measures Patient demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected. Outcome measures included intraoperative and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rates and extent of resection (gross or subtotal).
Results Three hundred consecutive patients were included. Depending on the presence and grade of intraoperative CSF leak, cases were reconstructed using either a free mucosal graft (FMG) or nasoseptal flap (NSF). Intraoperative and postoperative CSF leak rates were 30.7% and 2.3%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression found that intraoperative CSF leak was associated with recurrent disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.47, p = 0.004), with no apparent predictors of postoperative CSF leak.
Conclusions Based on this large series, we propose the following algorithm for sellar reconstruction: FMG for no CSF leak; fat graft + FMG ± rigid fixation for low-grade leaks; and fat graft + NSF ± rigid fixation for high-grade leaks.
Esthesioneuroblastoma and Olfactory Preservation: Is it Reasonable to Attempt Smell Preservation?
Authors: Gompel Jamie , Janus Jeffrey , Hughes Joshua , Stokken Janalee , Moore Eric , Ryan Tarek , Price Daniel , Link Michael 
Published: August 2017

Objective Olfactory preservation after resection of esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) has been reported, however, the ability to predict tumor involvement of the olfactory system is critical to this surgical strategy. This study aims to answer the question: Can a surgeon predict, based on preoperative imaging, whether there is unilateral involvement of the olfactory system allowing for safe attempt of olfactory preservation?
Methods This is a retrospective review of post-resection ENB meeting inclusion criteria of having bilateral olfactory tracts and bulbs submitted at the time of primary resection for pathologic margins. Five board-certified skull base surgeons blinded to the pathology individually reviewed the preoperative MRI scans to predict degree of tumor involvement.
Results Olfactory bulb involvement occurred in both bulbs in 35% of cases and unilateral in 39% of cases, and there was no involvement in 26% of cases sampled. When comparing physician prediction of involved tracts or bulbs, involvement was appropriate or over-called (i.e., called positive when pathology was in fact negative) in 96% of cases.
Conclusion This study demonstrates unilateral or no pathologic olfactory involvement of the olfactory system in 65% of cases. Our ability to predict this involvement, which may allow for a management strategy that attempts to preserve olfactory function, was accurate at 96%. Therefore, interpretation of imaging and proceeding with smell preservation in ENB appears reasonable in this cohort.Level of Evidence: Level 2b.
Predicting Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) during Cesarean Delivery Using the Leicester PPH Predict Tool: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dunkerton Suzanna , Jeve Yadava , Walkinshaw Neil , Breslin Eamonn , Singhal Tanu 
Published: August 2017

Objective The aim of the present study was to develop a toolkit combining various risk factors to predict the risk of developing a postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) during a cesarean delivery.
Study Design A retrospective cohort study of 24,230 women who had cesarean delivery between January 2003 and December 2013 at a tertiary care teaching hospital within the United Kingdom serving a multiethnic population. Data were extracted from hospital databases, and risk factors for PPH were identified. Hothorn et al recursive partitioning algorithm was used to infer a conditional decision tree. For each of the identified combinations of risk factors, two probabilities were calculated: the probability of a patient producing ≥1,000 and ≥ 2,000 mL blood loss.
Results The Leicester PPH predict score was then tested on the randomly selected remaining 25% (n = 6,095) of the data for internal validity. Reliability testing showed an intraclass correlation of 0.98 and mean absolute error of 239.8 mL with the actual outcome.
Conclusion The proposed toolkit enables clinicians to predict the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. As a result, preventative measures for postpartum hemorrhage could be undertaken. Further external validation of the current toolkit is required.
Die Erforschung molekularer Aspekte homöopathischer Arzneiwirkungen
Authors: Khuda-Bukhsh Anisur Rahman 
Published: August 2017

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn der Homöopathie werden Mikrodosen, die nach pharmazeutischer Vorschrift verdünnt wurden, häufig mit großem Nutzen für Patienten eingesetzt, auch wenn es theoretisch höchst unwahrscheinlich ­erscheint, dass in solchen Verdünnungen physikalisch auch nur noch ein einziges Molekül der Originalsubstanz vorhanden ist. Kontrollierte biologische ­Experimente deuten darauf hin, dass homöopathische Hochverdünnungen einen spezifischen Effekt aufweisen.
Transtrapezoidale Luxation: Ein Fallbericht
Authors: Latz David , Gehrmann Sebastian Viktor , Jungbluth Pascal , Grassmann Jan , Schiffner Erik , Windolf Joachim 
Published: August 2017

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Frakturen und Luxationen der distalen Handwurzelreihe sind seltene Verletzungen, die in der Regel Folge schwerer
Distorsions-, Stauchungs- oder Quetschtraumata sind. Insbesondere die transtrapezoidale Luxation ist selten und nur wenige Fallberichte sind
in der Literatur beschrieben.
Fallbericht Im vorliegenden Fall zog sich ein 50-jähriger Patient im Rahmen eines Arbeitsunfalls eine schwere Quetschverletzung der
linken Hand zu, bei der es zu einer transtrapezoidalen Luxation des Os trapezoideum und des Os metakarpale II im
Skaphotrapeziotrapezoidalgelenk nach dorsal kam. Es erfolgte die notfallmäßige Reposition und Kompartmentspaltung sowie die perkutane
Stabilisierung mittels drei K-Drähten. Nach sechs Wochen erfolgten die Materialentfernung und die Einleitung einer intensiven
physiotherapeutischen Behandlung. Nach drei Monaten zeigte sich ein kraftvoller, vollständiger Faustschluß (Stärke 75 %, links: 45 kg,
rechts: 60 kg) und eine zur Gegenseite nur gering verminderte Beweglichkeit (Handgelenkextension/-flexion: links: 30–0-60°, rechts:
40–0-60°, Opposition: vollständig (Kapandji-Index 9/10)).
Schlussfolgerung Die transtrapezoidale Luxation stellt eine Rarität dar. In den beschriebenen Fällen einer dorsalen Luxation des Os
trapezoideum im Skaphotrapeziotrapezoidalgelenk kam es zu einer stets verspäteten Diagnosesicherung nach Tagen oder Wochen. In dem
vorliegenden Fall konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine frühzeitige operative Intervention ein sehr gutes funktionelles Ergebnis ergibt.
Incorporation of Fluorinated Pyridine in the Side Chain of 4-Aminoquinolines: Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Ranjbar-Karimi Reza , Poorfreidoni Alireza 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA series of hybrid of 4-aminoquinoline and fluorinated pyridine derivatives were synthesized and their chemical structure were confirmed by 19F-NMR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FT-IR. All compounds were tested against one Gram-positive and one Gram-negative bacteria to assess their in vitro antibacterial activity. Compounds 10a, 10b, 11a and 12b showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus.
Pneumokokken-Konjugatimpfstoffe – Modellierung der Kosteneffektivität zur Säuglingsimpfung
Authors: Bretzke Pascal 
Published: August 2017

Kuhlmann A, Graf von der Schulenburg JM. Modeling the cost-effectiveness of infant vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in
Germany. Eur J Health Econ 2017; 18: 273–292
Im Jahr 2009 hat die Europäische Arzneimittelagentur zwei weitere Pneumokokken-Impfstoffe für die Impfung von Säuglingen zugelassen. Diese
Studie zielt darauf ab, die Kostenwirksamkeit der universellen Säuglingsimpfung (<2 Jahre alt) mit einem 13-wertigen
Pneumokokken-Konjugatimpfstoff (PCV13) im Vergleich zu einem 10-wertigen Pneumokokken-Konjugatimpfstoff (PCV10) zur Prävention von
Pneumokokken-Erkrankungen zu bewerten.
Genomsequenzierung – Was ist Patienten die personalisierte
Medizin wert?
Authors: Potempa Christoph 
Published: August 2017

Marshall DA et al. Estimating Preferences for Complex Health Technologies:
Lessons Learned and Implications for Personalized Medicine. Value Health 2017;
20: 32–39
Die Autoren Marshall et al. untersuchen in ihrer Arbeit die Möglichkeiten zur
Ermittlung von Patientenpräferenzen im Zusammenhang mit komplexen
Gesundheitstechnologien am Beispiel der vollständigen Genomsequenzierung
(WGS) und verweisen neben der Bedeutung ihrer Erkenntnisse auch auf
Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit der Evaluierung von vergleichbaren
Technologien aus dem Bereich der personalisierten Medizin.
Saliva versus Plasma Bioequivalence of Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide in Humans: Validation of Classes II and IV Drugs of the Salivary Excretion Classification System
Authors: Idkaidek Nasir , Agha Haneen , Arafat Tawfiq 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Aim The aim of this study is to investigate the robustness of using non-invasive saliva instead of plasma for bioequivalence of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in humans based on Salivary Excretion Classification System (SECS).
Methods Plasma and resting saliva samples were collected over 24 h after oral administration of single dose 160 mg valsartan and 12.5 mg HCT to 12 healthy male volunteers after 10 h overnight fasting. Plasma and saliva concentrations were determined by validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. WinNonlin program V5.2 was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and bioequivalence metrics. Moreover, optimized effective intestinal permeability was estimated using PK-Sim/Mobi program V5.6.
Results and Discussion Valsartan is SECS class IV drug due of low permeability and high protein binding and hence didn’t appear in saliva. However, HCT is SECS class II drug due to low permeability and low protein binding. No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters in both plasma matrix and saliva matrix (P˃0.05). The 90% confidence intervals did not pass in all parameters due to the high intra-subject variability and small sample size used in this study. Saliva to plasma ratios of HCT were low, yet with high correlation coefficient of 0.96–0.98. So saliva can be used as alternative to plasma sample in pharmacokinetic studies and in bioequivalence when adequate sample size is used.
Z-scores-based methods and their application to biological monitoring: an example in professional soccer players
Authors: Saulière Guillaume , Dedecker Jérôme , Marquet Laurie-Anne , Rochcongar Pierre , Toussaint Jean-Francois , Berthelot Geoffroy 
Published: August 2017

Summary
The clinical and biological follow-up of individuals, such as the biological passport for athletes, is typically based on the individual and longitudinal monitoring of hematological or urine markers. These follow-ups aim to identify abnormal behavior by comparing the individual’s biological samples to an established baseline. These comparisons may be done via different ways, but each of them requires an appropriate extra population to compute the significance levels, which is a non-trivial issue. Moreover, it is not necessarily relevant to compare the measures of a biomarker of a professional athlete to that of a reference population (even restricted to other athletes), and a reasonable alternative is to detect the abnormal values by considering only the other measurements of the same athlete. Here we propose a simple adaptive statistic based on maxima of Z-scores that does not rely on the use of an extra population. We show that, in the Gaussian framework, it is a practical and relevant method for detecting abnormal values in a series of observations from the same individual. The distribution of this statistic does not depend on the individual parameters under the null hypothesis, and its quantiles can be computed using Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed method is tested on the 3-year follow-up of ferritin, serum iron, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit markers in 2577 elite male soccer players. For instance, if we consider the abnormal values for the hematocrit at a 5% level, we found that 5.57% of the selected cohort had at least one abnormal value (which is not significantly different from the expected false-discovery rate). The approach is a starting point for more elaborate models that would produce a refined individual baseline. The method can be extended to the Gaussian linear model, in order to include additional variables such as the age or exposure to altitude. The method could also be applied to other domains, such as the clinical patient follow-up in monitoring abnormal values of biological markers.
De novo PacBio long-read and phased avian genome assemblies correct and add to reference genes generated with intermediate and short reads
Authors: Korlach Jonas , Gedman Gregory , Kingan Sarah B. , Chin Chen-Shan , Howard Jason T. , Audet Jean-Nicolas , Cantin Lindsey , Jarvis Erich D. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Reference-quality genomes are expected to provide a resource for studying gene structure, function, and evolution. However, often genes of interest are not completely or accurately assembled, leading to unknown errors in analyses or additional cloning efforts for the correct sequences. A promising solution is long-read sequencing. Here we tested PacBio-based long-read sequencing and diploid assembly for potential improvements to the Sanger-based intermediate-read zebra finch reference and Illumina-based short-read Anna's hummingbird reference, 2 vocal learning avian species widely studied in neuroscience and genomics. With DNA of the same individuals used to generate the reference genomes, we generated diploid assemblies with the FALCON-Unzip assembler, resulting in contigs with no gaps in the megabase range, representing 150-fold and 200-fold improvements over the current zebra finch and hummingbird references, respectively. These long-read and phased assemblies corrected and resolved what we discovered to be numerous misassemblies in the references, including missing sequences in gaps, erroneous sequences flanking gaps, base call errors in difficult-to-sequence regions, complex repeat structure errors, and allelic differences between the 2 haplotypes. These improvements were validated by single long-genome and transcriptome reads and resulted for the first time in completely resolved protein-coding genes widely studied in neuroscience and specialized in vocal learning species. These findings demonstrate the impact of long reads, sequencing of previously difficult-to-sequence regions, and phasing of haplotypes on generating the high-quality assemblies necessary for understanding gene structure, function, and evolution.
Sleep Disorders Among Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Lurie Ido 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
After World War II, traumatic after effects often caused persistent sleep disorders for Holocaust survivors (HSs). This is a review of studies reporting on sleep disturbances and nightmares (as primary or secondary outcomes) among HSs between 1939 and 2015, conducted in various countries and contexts (clinical settings, pension claims, community surveys, sleep laboratories). Most studies revealed various sleep disturbances among HSs. Some studies found those disturbances in the absence of clinical disorders. Both men and women reported similar frequencies of sleep disturbances, although posttraumatic stress disorder and depression were more frequent in women. Sleep laboratory studies provided the single most direct and detailed sources of information. Findings included a) long-standing changes in sleep architecture, for example, decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and b) contrasting patterns of dreaming and recall among better versus poorly adjusted survivors. These results are of importance to both HSs and their families and for medical and mental health professionals.
Superficial Radial Nerve Transection Improves Sensory Outcomes in First Dorsal Metacarpal Artery Flaps
Authors: Feng Shi-Ming , Sun Qing-Qing , Cheng Jian , Wang Ai-Guo , Li Cheng-Kun 
Published: August 2017

Background:
This article reports the operative technique and clinical effect of repairing thumb pulp defects using a modified first dorsal metacarpal artery flap method. In this method, the dorsal branches of the radial and ulnar proper digital nerves of the index finger were preserved but the superficial branches of the radial nerve were transected.

Methods:
Data obtained from 121 patients with thumb pulp defects who were admitted to the authors’ hospital from June of 2011 to December of 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether the superficial branches of the radial nerve were transected. The dorsal branches of the radial and ulnar proper digital nerves of the index finger and the proper digital nerves in the wound were coapted using the end-to-end style. Static two-point discrimination, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament scores, pain, cold intolerance of the reconstructed finger, allachesthesia, and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.

Results:
The authors observed significant differences in static two-point discrimination, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament flap score, pain of finger pulp, allachesthesia duration, and patient satisfaction (p < 0.05). The transection group presented slightly better discriminatory sensation in the flap and higher patient satisfaction. In addition, the duration of allachesthesia in the transection group was significantly shorter than that in the preservation group.

Conclusion:
In the repair of thumb pulp defects using a modified first dorsal metacarpal artery flap carrying the dorsal branches of the radial and ulnar proper digital nerves of the index finger, transecting the superficial branches of the radial nerve achieved better clinical outcome compared with preserving them.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.