bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free editors and peers: squeezing the lemon dry
Authors: Teixeira da Silva Jaime A. , Katavić Vedran 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this opinion piece, some of the practices of academic publication in the biomedical field related to the rewarding, or the lack thereof, of peer reviewers are described and discussed. The role and possibly exploitative relationship of mainstream, established publishers of prestigious journals towards their contributors (authors), and peer reviewers is considered. In addition, the role and accountability of publishers and contributors in “predatory” journals is assessed. Professionals who are recruited by the publishing industry, especially the for-profit industry, either as peer reviewers or editors, to complete a professional task, should be rewarded financially as professionals, as for other sectors of the economy, and not simply exploited for free. Points systems or discounts off a publisher’s products do not constitute sufficient, or fair, compensation.
Vaclav Havel’s Levinas: Timely remarks on humanism
Authors: Brennan Daniel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe paper explores Václav Havel’s encounter with Emmanuel Levinas’ essay ‘Without Identity’, which Havel read while in prison. The discussion of this encounter will demonstrate the importance of this encounter for solidifying the humanist elements of Havel’s thought, whilst also demonstrating the pre-existing humanism in Havel, evidence itself of his large debt to Czechoslovak humanist thought. What emerges is a demonstration of the richness and timeliness of Havel’s writing on responsibility. The paper makes a case for rejecting popular Heideggerian interpretations of Havel’s oeuvre. Havel’s deep affinity for Levinas’ thinking demonstrates that Havel’s humanism, informed as it is from the Czech tradition as well as through his encounter with Levinas, is at odds with Heidegger’s essential anti-humanism.
Moritz Schlick – ethics from a meta-theoretical perspective
Authors: Mihina František 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Moritz Schlick was the leader of an influential group of scientists, logicians and philosophers. The content of his book “Problems of Ethics” is the application of the method of logical analysis of language to some of traditional ethical problems. Schlick offers many topics in his book Problems of Ethics – what are the motives of human conduct, what is egoism, what is the meaning of “moral”, etc. In this article, focus will be on the explanation of only one of many areas of Schlick’s ethics – the meta-theoretical perspective describing the main aims of his ethical magnum opus – Problems of Ethics.
Ethics for everyday heroes – from Utilitarianism to Effective Altruism
Authors: Synowiec Jakub 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Effective Altruism is a very new discipline. The first steps towards creating a community were made in 2009. Although the movement is young, it has already changed lives of many people and its popularity continues to rise. The idea of effective altruism is deeply rooted in philosophy, hence to understand it better an attempt will be made to reconstruct and present the philosophical framework of Effective Altruism. This part is intended to show the development of utilitarian thought that led to Effective Altruism. I intentionally limited this reconstruction to the views of Peter Singer, as his philosophy inspired many effective altruists, especially at the beginning of the movement. I have tried to show that his earliest works were the first steps on the way to effective altruism. In the second part selected details of the idea will be referred to in order to show the current state of development of this branch of utilitarianism. In the last part, selected doubts and critical remarks will be presented that might be inspiration to adapt Effective Altruism to specific conditions of Central and Eastern Europe. It will be argued that advocacy for Effective Altruism is a fair way for effective altruists in countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Assessment of the usefulness of selected media used in the rooting process of lavender cotton shoot cuttings
Authors: Szczepaniak Stanisława , Guzikowski Zdzisław , Henschke Monika 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lavender cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.) shoot cuttings, obtained from two-year-old mother plants, were rooted in five different media under an unheated foil tunnel. Two ready-made and widely recommended media were used: Hartmann peat substrate and Ceres peat-coconut substrate, as well as three prepared mixtures: high peat + mineral soil, high peat + perlite and high peat + sand. The influence of medium type on the number of rooted cuttings and the quality of the root system was assessed for two cultivation times during a three-year study after eight weeks from the date of cutting. As far as the ready-made rooting substrates are concerned, Ceres peat-coconut substrate turned out to be better when compared with the Hartmann substrate. The number of high quality rooted cuttings was larger when media containing high peat mixed with either mineral soil or sand were used in comparison with the mixture of high peat and perlite.
Den normative ortografi og udtalen. Skitse til en typologi
Authors: Jacobsen Henrik Galberg 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The paper deals with the relations between Danish pro­nunciation and the so-called ‘normative orthography’, i.e. the official Danish writing rules as laid down by the authorities in orthographic directives since 1889. The specific aim of the paper is to suggest a model for defining and describing the different kinds of normative orthography and their mutual relations. The criteria used for placing the orthographic rules in the model are (a) whether the rule is dependent on pronunciation or not, and (b) whether the resulting orthography (i.e. the prescribed letters) are linguistic signs (inflectional endings, morphemes) or non-signs. The model thus consists of four types of normative orthography, i.e. autonomous expression orthography (Danish: autonom udtryksortografi), autonomous content orthography (Danish: autonom indholdsortografi), mirrored expression orthography (Danish: spejlet udtryksortografi) and mirrored content orthography (Danish: spejlet indholdsortografi). Among these, mirrored expression orthography constitutes the core domain, followed by mirrored content orthography, which has been a growing domain after the 1889-directives, and autonomous content orthography, which is a potentially growing domain.
Wirklichkeitsnah oder stereotyp? Das Bild von Dänemark und den Dänen in ausgewählten deutschen Lehrbüchern für Dänisch als Fremdsprache
Authors: Jarosz Józef 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The contemporary teaching of foreign languages assumes the development of the ability to use a foreign language in different communication situations. Apart from language competence, also the cultural competence is developed as it is a necessary component of communication. A successful transfer of knowledge and language skills in the process of foreign language learning is determined by a textbook (in addition to other factors). The goal of this article is to analyze the content and assess three Danish textbooks, which were published in Germany in the years 2008-2010. The textbooks are examined in terms of knowledge about Danish life and institutions, the transfer of intercultural competence and the presence of stereotypes. The textbooks were studied based on the list of criteria and it resulted in stating that the textbooks fulfill the objective of providing the knowledge about the country to a great degree. The intercultural component and the issue of stereotypes are dealt with in a different manner.
Til lykke
Authors: Jarvad Pia 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this article I give semantic and historical explanations of some selected lexical areas that may cause problems for non-native speakers of Danish. I describe some important developments in a historical perspective, showing how new words shift the semantics of old words.
I also deal with how many new words are continuously recorded and the vast majority of new words are occasional formations. They show the creativity in Danish language. I have selected two new words from each year since 1946 to honor the 70-year-old professor in Danish.
Om diminutivet i norsk
Authors: Skommer Grzegorz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The article offers a concise overview of diminution in Norwegian. Diminutives belong to the domain of evaluation and are produced by means of various derivational processes that are studied under the label ‘evaluative morphology’ (Körtvélyessy, 2015). Some languages exhibit elaborated systems of evaluative markers (e.g. Polish, Italian or Dutch), whereas other (Norwegian, Swedish or Danish) have weak evaluative morphology. The article explores the possibilities for prefixal and suffixal diminutive derivation in Norwegian and discusses the semantics of evaluative morphology with reference to the works by Jurafsky (1996) and Dressler/Merlini Barberesi (1994). Periphrasis, a diminutivizing device in Norwegian that requires further study, is briefly mentioned.
Content of Chemical Elements in Wood-Destroying Fungi
Authors: Strapáč I. , Baranová M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the content of chemical elements in the dried fruiting bodies of edible wood decaying fungi such as Honey mushrooms (Armillaria mellea), Shiitakes (Lentinus edodes) and Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). Powdered samples of fungi were mineralized in a microwave digestion. Twenty-one (21) chemical elements were detected in the plasma of the device ICP-MS AGILENT 7500c by accredited methods with the aid of calibration curves. The content of individual elements varied within a considerable range. The highest contents of K, Mn, Cu and Cd were found in the fruiting bodies of Honey mushrooms (Armillaria mellea). Shiitakes (Lentinus edodes) had the highest content of B and Mo. Significant differences were found in the content of elements in the Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) from Slovakia, Hungary and China. The highest content of Al was found in the Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) from Hungary. The Chinese oysters had a maximum contents of Ca, Mg, Co, Pb, As and U. The Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) from Lemešany (Slovakia) had the highest contents of Na, Zn, Fe, Se, Ag, Hg and Cr. The difference of chemical element content could be influenced by the genotype of the fungus and by the composition of substrate on which mushroom grow up.
Behaviour Problems of Cats Reared Individually or in Coexistence with other Animals (Cats, Dog)
Authors: Kmecová N. , Weissová T. , Vdoviaková K. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether behaviour problems in indoor cats depend on the number of cats in a household or rearing one or more cats in a household together with a dog. The study was carried out on animals which were divided for the purpose of this study into 4 groups: (1) households with one cat; (2) households with two cats; (3) households with three or more cats; (4) households with one or more cats and a dog. Altogether 91 cats were included in the study. The practical part of this investigation was based on a questionnaire. It was observed that the probability of behaviour problems was not related unambiguously to the number of cats in a household or the company of a dog. The percentage of the occurrence of changed behaviour did not differ significantly between the groups.
Lipid Based Formulations of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II Drugs: Strategy, Formulations, Methods and Saturation
Authors: Šoltýsová I. , Toropilová D. , de Vringer T. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Active ingredients in pharmaceuticals differ by their physico-chemical properties and their bioavailability therefore varies. The most frequently used and most convenient way of administration of medicines is oral, however many drugs are little soluble in water. Thus they are not sufficiently effective and suitable for such administration. For this reason a system of lipid based formulations (LBF) was developed. Series of formulations were prepared and tested in water and biorelevant media. On the basis of selection criteria, there were selected formulations with the best emulsification potential, good dispersion in the environment and physical stability. Samples of structurally different drugs included in the Class II of the Biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) were obtained, namely Griseofulvin, Glibenclamide, Carbamazepine, Haloperidol, Itraconazol, Triclosan, Praziquantel and Rifaximin, for testing of maximal saturation in formulations prepared from commercially available excipients. Methods were developed for preparation of formulations, observation of emulsification and its description, determination of maximum solubility of drug samples in the respective formulation and subsequent analysis. Saturation of formulations with drugs showed that formulations 80 % XA and 20 % Xh, 35 % XF and 65 % Xh were best able to dissolve the drugs which supports the hypothesis that it is desirable to identify limited series of formulations which could be generally applied for this purpose.
Structurization of mining companies
Authors: Kudełko Jan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A structure is defined as a combination of organizational units and business processes by technological, organizational, hierarchical and other bonds. It is one of the management tools. Mining companies are characterized by a dynamic and static structure. A dynamic structure includes technological processes, which are determined by mining technology, the organization of mining works and a work system. The static structure consists of technological processes infrastructure and includes a group of organizational units connected by the specific standards and processes of their operation.
The type of the structure, particularly in its static part, is defined considering the hierarchy and organizational units classification. Taking the hierarchy into account, we distinguish: linear, functional, linear-staff and matrix structures. Considering organizational units classification, we distinguish: functional, divisional, processing and mixed structures. Each structure can be described by the following features: specialization, hierarchization, centralization and formalization. The features mentioned above have a significant impact on the mining company activity.
The dynamic structure of a mining company, considering basic and support technological processes, is described in the paper. Concerning static structures, special attention was paid to functional structures in the one-unit mining company, as well as on divisional structures of the multi-unit mining enterprise. Analyses of organizational structures of selected mining companies indicate that functional structures are suitable for small or one-unit mines. In the case of large mining companies, which through the dynamic development become the global operators of several mines/projects localized in different geographical regions or countries, their organizational structure should change from functional toward divisional.
The suitability of polish ortho-lignite deposits for clean coal technologies
Authors: Bielowicz Barbara 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The article presents the suitability of polish lignite deposits for clean coal technologies, mainly fluidized bed gasification and underground gasification. One of the key elements in this study, is a detailed diagnosis of the resource base, its analysis on the basis of the established verification criteria and -as a result - the achievement of a reliable assessment of suitability for highly efficient production of fuels and electric energy through lignite gasification in both surface and underground installations, taking into account both sozological conditions and protected geological sites.
The analysis has shown that only 10 out of from 166 lignite deposit meet the criteria for the potential development of process underground gasification.
The trade of energy commodities between the European Union and the United States – crude oil and natural gas
Authors: Olkuski Tadeusz , Szurlej Adam , Tora Barbara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe trend towards globalization can be observed for many years. It is reflected by the ongoing elimination of trade barriers between countries and the introduction of a system of mutual recognition of quality standards. The best example is the European Union, where a common market for many industries has been developed. Such a common market has already existed before in the United States of America and that this is why the negotiations on the merger of the largest and most developed economies in the world started in 2013. The currently negotiated agreement, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is designed to eliminate barriers to trade and capital flows between the two mentioned markets. The article attempts to evaluate the trade of energy commodities, namely crude oil and natural gas, between the European Union and the United States. The estimates for the next years are based on historical data and the current state. The dynamics of natural gas and crude oil production in the European Union and the United States, as well as changes in the import and export of these energy resources, have been shown. The volume of gas production from the largest North American deposits was also subjected to analysis. Special attention was paid to natural gas from unconventional deposits, as its production is expected to grow continuously until 2040. Meanwhile, the production of gas from conventional deposits is expected to decrease. The rest of the paper is focused on the balance sheets of cash for oil and natural gas. It was pointed out that the market situation for both commodities is different. In the EU, the production and consumption of both crude oil and natural gas gradually decreases, while in the United States this trend is reversed. On the other hand, some similarities can be seen in the refining industry. In recent years, many refineries were closed both in the European Union and in the United States. However, though this trend was more pronounced in Europe. In the case of liquefied gas (LNG), the expansion of US gas to Europe can be expected. Currently, the United States is building about 30 export terminals and production surpluses will certainly be exported to Europe. Judging by the pace of development of export terminals, it can be assumed that the power of condensation can reach up to 110 million tons in the near future and, as a consequence, natural gas in the form of LNG will be supplied to the European market.
Methodology of statistical study of the chemical composition of by-products of coal mining to assess their suitability as materials for reclamation
Authors: Mucha Jacek , Klojzy-Karczmarczyk Beata , Mazurek Janusz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The results of the research presented in earlier works with the participation of the authors (Klojzy-Karczmarczyk et al. 2016a, b, c) indicate the possibility of the use of mining waste from Janina Coal Mine (Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland, TAURON Wydobycie S.A.) or products (aggregates) produced on the basis of gangue for technical reclamation. It is essential for this process to obtain a material with low total sulfur, and it has been shown that the best quality parameters are obtained for the material subjected to modification by the rejection of fine fractions. In this work, the lower limit of the material’s fraction was determined using statistical analysis, wherein with the predetermined but low probability of error, the content of contaminants (sulfur, as well as other elements) does not exceed the allowable limit (reference value). To solve this task, 3 different statistical methods were used: evaluation of guaranteed contents (the maximum for a given degree of probability) of the polluting components, the results of statistical hypotheses testing and analysis of correlation and regression. The applied statistical methods produce results very proximate to each other. In the presented case study for the Janina coal mine based on the results of a statistically small sample (<30 observations) rock material fraction> 20 mm may be considered as safe for the purposes of reclamation, and the material fraction >25 mm as very safe. It cannot be ruled out, however, that this limit may be reduced to a diameter of 16 mm. The content analysis of 11 elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn determined as total content in the secondary samples for the fraction 10-200 mm (the fraction >200 mm was not present) showed that they are lower than the allowable limits specified by relevant legal regulations. For this fraction, exceedance of the limit values of sulfur content is, however, highly probable. For this reason, the primary criterion for determining the suitability of the waste material for the purposes of reclamation should be the total sulfur content, and the determination of the lower limits of the material fraction that meets the environmental requirements should be conducted using statistical methods based on the results of experimental sampling of rock remaining after coal preparation. The use of advanced methods of statistical analysis may facilitate the design of technological processes, leading to obtain industrial quantities of high quality, appropriately graded reclamation material.
Core recovery criterion – a new optimization method of geological information quality in the geological conditions of the Grodziec Syncline Area
Authors: Janc Daniel , Wiśniowski Rafał , Stryczek Stanisław 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The increasing requirements for the quality and amount of geological information induce the development of new technological solutions. The authors present the optimization of the coring method for a newly defined criterion of maximum geological information quality. It enables the efficiency of works to be improved without investing in new specialist and expensive equipment. The statistical classification methods commonly used in medicine and the economy were used for analyzing the homogeneity of the drilled rocks. The quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) and the Naive Bayes classifier method turned out to be most efficient, therefore they were selected from among other methods differing in the way the classification rules are built. The newly defined criterion of maximum geological information quality and the mathematical model of maximum core recovery allowed the amount and the quality of recovered rock material in the geologic conditions of the Grodziec Syncline to be incresed. The control of the process relied on detecting phenomena responsible for core damaging, i.e. erosiveness of drilling mud, mechanical damaging due to jamming in the core barrel and unstable operation of the core bit downhole. The analysis revealed that the main factor influencing the lower recovery of cores is mechanical damaging due to jamming in the core barrel. For the sake of controlling the core recovery, the authors defined and used the jamming index which defines the effect of weight on bit on momentary rate of penetration. The efficiency of this method was proved by a test performed in industrial conditions while drilling a successive wellbore in the Grodziec Syncline.
This paper was written on the basis of own experience and analyses performed by the authors while conducting works in the Grodziec Syncline in the South West Poland.