bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les doctrines organicistes et la figuration des entités collectives
Authors: Baume Sandrine 
Published: July 2017

Les doctrines organicistes de l’État et la figuration des entités collectives Les théories organicistes de l’État sont remarquables par leur diffusion dans le temps, dans l’espace et par la diversité de leurs usages doctrinaux. Elles s’épanouissent particulièrement à la fin du 19e siècle et au début du 20e siècle, chez des auteurs d’obédiences très diverses, qui n’ont parfois en commun que leur adhésion à l’organicisme. Cette contribution s’organise autour de deux interrogations principales. Premièrement, qu’elles sont les raisons qui sous-tendent l’étonnant et vaste succès de l’organicisme ? Deuxièmement, qu’est-ce qui a précipité l’irrémédiable déclin des doctrines organicistes et pour quelles raisons épistémologiques et idéologiques l’organicisme ne permet plus aujourd’hui de penser les entités collectives ?
Identification of pre-accident situations faced by french cyclists in urban environments: an on-road study
Authors: Navarro Jordan , Aupetit Samuel , Allain Gaël , Hilaire Christophe , Rogé Joceline 
Published: July 2017

Le nombre grandissant de cyclistes et les évolutions des aménagements routiers associés induisent de nouvelles interactions entre cyclistes et autres usagers de la route. Compte tenu des enjeux sécuritaires, l’objectif poursuivi ici était de mieux comprendre les situations accidentogènes impliquant les cyclistes via une analyse détaillée de ces situations avec une méthodologie ergonomique fondée sur l’analyse de l’activité. Les différentes situations de pré-accident jugées comme risquées par vingt cyclistes lors de leur pratique habituelle ont été collectées et classées selon leur fréquence d’occurrence relative. Les résultats indiquent que près d’un tiers des situations de pré-accident rapportées résultent de l’interaction entre cyclistes et piétons. Après quoi et par ordre de fréquence, les situations étaient liées à des interactions avec des automobilistes (a) entrant ou quittant le stationnement, (b) interférant avec les cyclistes en tournant à droite, (c) interférant avec les cyclistes en venant de la droite à une intersection, (d) ou encore dépassant les cyclistes de trop près. Lorsque l’intérêt s’est porté plus spécifiquement sur les situations où la visibilité des cyclistes était engagée, des résultats similaires ont été obtenus exception faite des catégories (c) véhicule venant de la droite et coupant la trajectoire du cycliste et (d) dépassant les cyclistes de trop près qui tendent à disparaître. Ces situations (c & d) étaient majoritairement associées à des comportements délibérés des automobilistes. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats permettent de classer par fréquence d’apparition les situations de pré-accident rapportées par les cyclistes et pointent la nécessitée d’une meilleure intégration des usagers cyclistes en zone urbaine.
Histoire et culture
Authors: Delprat François 
Published: July 2017

Calibán, apuntes sobre la cultura de nuestra América, du Cubain Roberto Fernández Retamar, est publié en 1971, quand l’auteur dirigeait Casa de las Américas, organe culturel de la Révolution castriste. Le personnage du sauvage, dans la pièce de Shakespeare, La Tempête, était emblème de l’être primitif, tout animalité et désordre, et que Prospéro, souverain de l’île où l’a conduit un naufrage, tente de civiliser. Ce pourquoi il obtient l’aide d’Ariel, son serviteur, empressé à instaurer le monde de l’esprit inculqué par son maître. L’essai étudié montre que ce thème est dérivé de la conception platonicienne qui oppose matière et idéal, réinterprété à travers une lecture colonialiste de l’histoire. Roberto Fernández Retamar énonce une lecture marxiste léniniste de l’histoire en opérant un renversement de valeurs : Caliban symbolise l’authentique culture de l’homme dans ses rapports naturels avec le monde, son droit à définir le chemin et à s’accomplir en ses propres besoins et selon le milieu qui lui appartient. Cette thèse s’accorde avec l’esprit révolutionnaire, dans le sens du matérialisme historique. L’essai paraît au moment où l’affaire Padilla déclenche de grandes polémiques et où le gouvernement révolutionnaire castriste lance les nouvelles consignes concernant les intellectuels.
Sauvages d’Argentine sous des plumes françaises
Authors: Larrue Christophe 
Published: July 2017

Au milieu du xixe siècle, d’immenses territoires de l’actuelle République argentine sont encore contrôlés par des tribus indiennes non soumises, qu’il est courant de désigner comme « sauvages ». Cet article propose de dégager les grandes caractéristiques de la vision de ces populations par les textes de voyageurs français de la seconde moitié du siècle. Nous verrons dans un premier temps ce qui définit ces « sauvages » de l’espace argentin, ce qui les distingue, et comment ils sont perçus comme repoussants ou bien dignes d’un intérêt scientifique qui les réduit à un statut d’objet ; dans un second temps, nous verrons que, selon les rapports de force, les relations avec les « civilisés » peuvent s’inverser et que ces mêmes voyageurs acceptent aussi bien de reconnaître qu’ils partagent une même condition humaine.
Pragmatic Language Outcomes of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder After Therapist- and Parent-Delivered Play-Based Interventions: Two One-Group Pretest–Posttest Studies With a Longitudinal Component
Authors: Wilkes-Gillan Sarah , Munro Natalie , Cordier Reinie , Cantrill Alycia , Pearce Wendy 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The pragmatic language outcomes of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were explored across two feasibility studies.
METHOD. Five children with ADHD (ages 6–11 yr), their parents, and 5 typically developing peers completed an assessment 18 mo after a therapist-delivered intervention (Study 1). Participants then completed a parent-delivered intervention (Study 2). Blinded ratings of peer-to-peer play interactions documented changes in children’s pragmatic language 18 mo after the Study 1 intervention and before, immediately after, and 1 mo after the Study 2 intervention. Nonparametric statistics and Cohen’s d were used to measure change.
RESULTS. Children’s pragmatic language outcomes were maintained 18 mo after the therapist-delivered intervention and significantly improved from before to 1 mo after the parent-delivered intervention.
CONCLUSION. Interventions involving occupational therapist and speech–language pathologist collaboration, play, and parent and peer involvement may facilitate children’s pragmatic language skills.
Carbon dioxide and methane measurements from the Los Angeles Megacity Carbon Project – Part 1: calibration, urban enhancements, and uncertainty estimates
Authors: Verhulst Kristal R. , Karion Anna , Kim Jooil , Salameh Peter K. , Keeling Ralph F. , Newman Sally , Miller John , Sloop Christopher , Pongetti Thomas , Rao Preeti , Wong Clare , Hopkins Francesca M. , Yadav Vineet , Weiss Ray F. , Duren Riley M. , Miller Charles E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We report continuous surface observations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from the Los Angeles (LA) Megacity Carbon Project during 2015. We devised a calibration strategy, methods for selection of background air masses, calculation of urban enhancements, and a detailed algorithm for estimating uncertainties in urban-scale CO2 and CH4 measurements. These methods are essential for understanding carbon fluxes from the LA megacity and other complex urban environments globally. We estimate background mole fractions entering LA using observations from four extra-urban sites including two marine sites located south of LA in La Jolla (LJO) and offshore on San Clemente Island (SCI), one continental site located in Victorville (VIC), in the high desert northeast of LA, and one continental/mid-troposphere site located on Mount Wilson (MWO) in the San Gabriel Mountains. We find that a local marine background can be established to within  ∼  1 ppm CO2 and  ∼  10 ppb CH4 using these local measurement sites. Overall, atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane levels are highly variable across Los Angeles. Urban and suburban sites show moderate to large CO2 and CH4 enhancements relative to a marine background estimate. The USC (University of Southern California) site near downtown LA exhibits median hourly enhancements of  ∼  20 ppm CO2 and  ∼  150 ppb CH4 during 2015 as well as  ∼  15 ppm CO2 and  ∼  80 ppb CH4 during mid-afternoon hours (12:00–16:00 LT, local time), which is the typical period of focus for flux inversions. The estimated measurement uncertainty is typically better than 0.1 ppm CO2 and 1 ppb CH4 based on the repeated standard gas measurements from the LA sites during the last 2 years, similar to Andrews et al. (2014). The largest component of the measurement uncertainty is due to the single-point calibration method; however, the uncertainty in the background mole fraction is much larger than the measurement uncertainty. The background uncertainty for the marine background estimate is  ∼  10 and  ∼  15 % of the median mid-afternoon enhancement near downtown LA for CO2 and CH4, respectively. Overall, analytical and background uncertainties are small relative to the local CO2 and CH4 enhancements; however, our results suggest that reducing the uncertainty to less than 5 % of the median mid-afternoon enhancement will require detailed assessment of the impact of meteorology on background conditions.
Mind the Gap Methods: Steps to making Participatory Action Analysis with Citizen Collaborators Work
Authors: Price Amy , Liew Su May , Kirkpatric Jo , Price Jasmin , Lopreto Taylor , Nelkin Yasmin 
Published: July 2017

Background, aims and objectives: Participants in health research want to be involved in the research. Researchers struggle with how to approach citizens as co-researchers, train them, tactfully reduce contributions that are less useful and what to do about compensation and where to include citizen input in a manuscript. The aim of this study was to use participatory action research to prioritize the research question and to explore projected solutions as citizens and researchers with equal voices in research. In the first section of this paper we provide an introductory explanation of Participatory Action. In the second section we discuss our findings. Methods: The research explored the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in clinical trials as represented through online communications. In this follow-up analysis we share learning points for successful research involvement. Researchers and citizens worked in a participatory research framework. They searched the Internet using key words to locate social media conversations and Internet interviews about clinical trials over 4 months until a saturation point was reached. Data were de-identified and coded into a SWOT analysis and further coded into themes and analyzed. The findings and solutions were discussed using a circle chart for problem solving. The data were prioritized by consensus and the process is reported here.Results: Investigators and participant researchers were not conflicted in assigning themes because the data were clearly stated and the same sentiments were repeated consistently. The teams reached consensus about which quotes to include to support the findings. These themes ranged from supportive researcher-to-participant and participant-peer relationships to experiences of shame, research disparity, intimidation and personal loss.Conclusions: This research engages citizen participants as equal partners in all aspects of this study. Public and patient involvement as co-production in research can be used to identify and suggest resolutions in research. The use of participatory action in research can improve consistency, communication, innovation and quality in clinical trials.
La participación de las familias en Educación Infantil
Authors: Parra Joaquín , Gomariz María-Ángeles , Hernández-Prados María-Ángeles , García-Sanz Mari-Paz 
Published: July 2017

Los beneficios que aporta la implicación familiar en el proceso educativo de los hijos y su repercusión en la calidad de la educación son hechos ampliamente demostrados. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer posibles agrupamientos de familias, cuyos hijos cursan la etapa de Educación Infantil, configurados a partir de una serie de variables de participación familiar y sociodemográficas. Para ello, se contó con 1.953 familias españolas, a las que se les aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc de 66 ítems, con alta fiabilidad. Tras realizar un análisis clúster, los resultados ofrecieron cuatro perfiles familiares: 1) perfil participativo no normativo, 2) perfil no participativo de nacionalidad no española, 3) perfil participativo normativo y 4) perfil no normativo de nacionalidad española. El perfil más difuso es el 2, no hallándose diferencias significativas del resto con este perfil. Asimismo, la magnitud de las diferencias entre algunos perfiles no queda totalmente definida.
High risk of loss to follow‐up among South African children on ART during transfer, a retrospective cohort analysis with community tracing
Authors: Teasdale Chloe A. , Sogaula Nonzwakazi , Yuengling Katharine A. , Peters Zachary J. , Mutiti Anthony , Pepeta Lungile , Abrams Elaine J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Decentralization of HIV care for children has been recommended to improve paediatric outcomes by making antiretroviral treatment (ART) more accessible. We documented outcomes of children transferred after initiating ART at a large tertiary hospital in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.Methods: Electronic medical records for all children 0–15 years initiating ART at Dora Nginza Hospital (DNH) in Port Elizabeth, South Africa January 2004 to September 2015 were examined. Records for children transferred to primary and community clinics were searched at 16 health facilities to identify children with successful (at least one recorded visit) and unsuccessful transfer (no visits). We identified all children lost to follow‐up (LTF) after ART initiation: those LTF at DNH (no visit >6 months), children with unsuccessful transfer, and children LTF after successful transfer (no visit >6 months). Community tracing was conducted to locate caregivers of children LTF and electronic laboratory data were searched to measure reengagement in care, including silent transfers.Results: 1,582 children initiated ART at median age of 4 years [interquartile range (IQR): 1–8] and median CD4+ of 278 cells/mm3 [IQR: 119–526]. A total of 901 (57.0%) children were transferred, 644 (71.5%) to study facilities; 433 (67.2%) children had successful transfer and 211 (32.8%) had unsuccessful transfer. In total, 399 children were LTF: 105 (26.3%) from DNH, 211 (52.9%) through unsuccessful transfer and 83 (20.8%) following successful transfer. Community tracing was conducted for 120 (30.1%) of 399 children LTF and 66 (55.0%) caregivers were located and interviewed. Four children had died. Among 62 children still alive, 8 (12.9%) were reported to not be in care or taking ART and 18 (29.0%) were also not taking ART. Overall, 65 (16.3%) of 399 children LTF had a laboratory result within 18 months of their last visit indicating silent transfer and 112 (28.1%) had lab results from 2015 to 2016 indicating current care.Conclusion: We found that only two‐thirds of children on ART transferred to primary and community health clinics had successful transfer. These findings suggest that transfer is a particularly vulnerable step in the paediatric HIV care cascade.
Ion escape rates from Mars: Results from hybrid simulations compared to MAVEN observations
Authors: Ledvina Stephen A. , Brecht Stephen H. , Brain David A. , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDaily averaged heavy ion escape rates from HALFSHEL hybrid simulations of the solar wind interaction with the Martian ionosphere are compared to the ion escape rates reported by Brain et al. (2015). The simulation rates are found to be in agreement with the rates measured by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN). When the simulation rates are adjusted for known variability in the Martian system, the ion escape rates are within 40% of the MAVEN results. The ion escape rate is found to vary linearly with the solar wind speed. Using the simulation results to scale the MAVEN ion escape rate to include ions of all kinetic energies, we predict a total heavy ion escape rate of 1.2 × 1025 ions/s. The assumptions used to derive the total ion escape by Brain et al. (2015) are tested against the simulation results and are found to be excellent.
On the relative importance of thermal and chemical buoyancy in regular and impact‐induced melting in a Mars‐like planet
Authors: Ruedas Thomas , Breuer Doris 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe ran several series of two‐dimensional numerical mantle convection simulations representing in idealized form the thermochemical evolution of a Mars‐like planet. In order to study the importance of compositional buoyancy of melting mantle, the models were set up in pairs of one including all thermal and compositional contributions to buoyancy and one accounting only for the thermal contributions. In several of the model pairs, single large impacts were introduced as causes of additional strong local anomalies, and their evolution in the framework of the convecting mantle was tracked. The models confirm that the additional buoyancy provided by the depletion of the mantle by regular melting can establish a global stable stratification of the convecting mantle and throttle crust production. Furthermore, the compositional buoyancy is essential in the stabilization and preservation of local compositional anomalies directly beneath the lithosphere and offers a possible explanation for the existence of distinct, long‐lived reservoirs in the Martian mantle. The detection of such anomalies by geophysical means is probably difficult, however; they are expected to be detected by gravimetry rather than by seismic or heat flow measurements. The results further suggest that the crustal thickness can be locally overestimated by up to ∼20 km if impact‐induced density anomalies in the mantle are neglected.
A multiscalar Palmer drought severity index
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhu Ye , Ren Liliang , Singh Vijay P. , Yang Xiaoli , Yuan Fei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe limitation of the fixed time scale in the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) family has long been criticized in drought literatures. By modifying the algorithm of duration factors estimation of the self‐calibrating PDSI (SC‐PDSI), this paper proposed a new approach that could extend the time scale in a wide range. The properties of these newly derived SC‐PDSI variants (denoted as SC‐PDSIx) at short, medium, and long time scales, respectively, were evaluated through comparisons with the multiscalar standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) over 134 meteorological sites in China. Results show that new SC‐PDSIx generally inherits the advantages of original SC‐PDSI with a rather stable behavior in aspects of drought frequency and other statistical characteristics. Besides, the spatiotemporal pattern of the 2011 drought reflected by matched SC‐PDSIx and SPEI is very similar, indicating that the multiscalar SC‐PDSI could be a useful alternative to monitor droughts at different time scales.
Projected drought risk in 1.5°C and 2°C warmer climates
Authors: Lehner Flavio , Coats Sloan , Stocker Thomas F. , Pendergrass Angeline G. , Sanderson Benjamin M. , Raible Christoph C. , Smerdon Jason E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe large socioeconomic costs of droughts make them a crucial target for impact assessments of climate change scenarios. Using multiple drought metrics and a set of simulations with the Community Earth System Model targeting 1.5°C and 2°C above preindustrial global mean temperatures, we investigate changes in aridity and the risk of consecutive drought years. If warming is limited to 2°C, these simulations suggest little change in drought risk for the U.S. Southwest and Central Plains compared to present day. In the Mediterranean and central Europe, however, drought risk increases significantly for both 1.5°C and 2°C warming targets, and the additional 0.5°C of the 2°C climate leads to significantly higher drought risk. Our study suggests that limiting anthropogenic warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C, as aspired to by the Paris Climate Agreement, may have benefits for future drought risk but that such benefits may be regional and in some cases highly uncertain.
Entrainment rate diurnal cycle in marine stratiform clouds estimated from geostationary satellite retrievals and a meteorological forecast model
Authors: Painemal David , Xu Kuan‐Man , Palikonda Rabindra , Minnis Patrick 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe mean diurnal cycle of cloud entrainment rate (we) over the northeast Pacific region is for the first time computed by combining, in a mixed‐layer model framework, the hourly composited GOES‐15 satellite‐based cloud top height (HT) tendency, advection, and large‐scale vertical velocity (w) during May to September 2013, with horizontal winds and w taken from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The tendency term dominates the magnitude and phase of the we diurnal cycle, with a secondary role of w, and a modest advective contribution. The peak and minimum in we occur between 20:00–22:00 LT and 9:00–11:00 LT, respectively, in close agreement with the diurnal cycle of turbulence driven by cloud top longwave cooling. Uncertainties in HT and ECMWF fields are assessed with in situ observations and three meteorological reanalysis data sets. This study provides the basis for constructing nearly global climatologies of we by combining a suite of well‐calibrated geostationary satellites.
Ionospheric anomalies immediately before Mw7.0–8.0 earthquakes
Authors: He Liming , Heki Kosuke 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRecent observations suggested that ionospheric anomalies appear immediately before large earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) of 8.2 or more. Do similar phenomena precede smaller earthquakes? Here we answer this question by analyzing vertical total electron contents (VTEC) observed near the epicenters before and after 32 earthquakes with Mw7.0–8.0 using data from nearby Global Navigation Satellite Systems stations. To detect anomalies, we defined the reference curves to fit the observed VTEC and considered the departure from the curves as anomalies. In estimating the reference curves, we excluded time windows, prescribed for individual earthquakes considering Mw, possibly affected by earthquakes. We validated the method using synthetic VTEC data assuming both preseismic, coseismic, and postseismic anomalies. Out of the 32 Mw7.0–8.0 earthquakes, eight earthquakes showed possible preseismic anomalies starting 10–20 min before earthquakes. For earthquakes of this Mw range, we can observe preseismic ionospheric changes probably when the background VTEC is large, say 50 TECU (total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) or more.