bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frameworks compiled from declarations: a language‐independent approach
Authors: van der Walt Paul , Consel Charles , Balland Emilie 
Published: June 2016

SummaryProgramming frameworks are an accepted fixture in the object‐oriented world, motivated by the need for code reuse, developer guidance and restriction. A new trend is emerging where frameworks require domain experts to provide declarations using a domain‐specific language, influencing the structure and behaviour of the resulting application. These mechanisms address concerns such as user privacy. Although many popular open platforms such as Android are based on declaration‐driven frameworks, current implementations provide ad hoc and narrow solutions to concerns raised by their openness to non‐certified developers. Most widely used frameworks fail to address serious privacy leaks and provide the user with little insight into application behaviour. To address these shortcomings, we show that declaration‐driven frameworks can limit privacy leaks, as well as guide developers, independently from the underlying programming paradigm. To do so, we identify concepts that underlie declaration‐driven frameworks and apply them systematically to an object‐oriented language, Java and a dynamic functional language, Racket. The resulting programming framework generators are used to develop a prototype mobile application, illustrating how we mitigate a common class of privacy leaks. Finally, we explore the possible design choices and propose development principles for developing domain‐specific language compilers to produce frameworks, applicable across a spectrum of programming paradigms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Anwendung des Eurocode 3 Teil 1‐2 für die Heißbemessung und Anregungen für dessen Novellierung
Authors: Hörenbaum Christoph , Laumann Jörg , Prokop Ines 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDie Eurocodes werden bis zum Jahr 2020 im Europäischen Komitee für Normung (CEN), Technisches Komitee TC 250, überarbeitet. In Vorbereitung auf die Eurocode‐Novellierung haben engagierte Ingenieure im Rahmen der Initiative PraxisRegeln Bau (PRB) die für die praktische Anwendung häufig genutzten Teile des Eurocode 3 untersucht. Mit dem Ziel, die Praxistauglichkeit des Eurocode 3 für die Heißbemessung zu verbessern, wurden die bestehende Norm EN 1993 Teil 1‐2 insbesondere in Bezug auf die Anwenderfreundlichkeit analysiert und Vorschläge für die europäische Novellierung erarbeitet. Die Analysen zeigen, dass durch Umstrukturierungen und durch die Einführung von Tabellen die Verständlichkeit und Anwenderfreundlichkeit der Regeln für die Heißbemessung bedeutend erhöht werden können.On the application of Eurocode 3 Part 1‐2 for structural fire design and suggestions for amendment. The Eurocodes will be revised in the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Technical Committee (TC) 250, up to 2020. In preparation on the Eurocode amendment engaged engineers have examined the most frequently used parts of Eurocode 3 within the Initiative PraxisRegeln Bau (Practice‐oriented Rules in Building Construction – PRB). With the aim to improve the user‐friendliness and ease of use of EN 1993‐1‐2 for structural fire design the existing norm was analysed and proposals were compiled for the European amendment. The analyses show that restructuring and new tables can enhance comprehensibility and ease of use of the rules for structural fire design of steel structures considerably.
Schweißnahtbewertung basierend auf 3D‐Laserscanning
Authors: Lang Robert , Lener Gerhard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDie Sichtprüfung von Schweißnähten ist die einfachste und am häufigsten durchgeführte Art der Schweißnahtprüfung. Neben laufenden Soll‐Kontrollen durch das Schweißpersonal während der Fertigung ist für alle Ausführungsklassen abschließend eine vollumfängliche Sichtprüfung nach EN 1990‐2 [1] durchzuführen. Dabei können direkte und indirekte Prüfmethoden angewendet werden, zu denen auch die Geometrieerfassung durch Laserscanning zu zählen ist. In diesem zweiten Teil des Beitrages wird die Anwendung eines mobilen Laserscansystems für den klassifizierenden Vergleich zur rein rechnerischen Ermittlung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit erläutert (Teil 1 s. Stahlbau, H. 5, S. 336–343).Assessment of welds based on 3D laser scanning. Practical application of a mobile laser scan system for the surface assessment of welds – Part 2. The visual examination of welds is a simple and frequently used method for weld inspections. Besides the comparison between a target and performance state executed by the technical staff during the production process, a final visual inspection of the welds for all execution classes is demanded by EN 1990‐2 [1]. According to this standard, direct or indirect methods can be applied. An example for an indirect method is the scanning of the real geometry of the weld using laser scan technology. In this second part of this article the application of a mobile laser scan system is used as a base to quantify and compare the fatigue limits of scanned specimens with numerical methods only.
Mechanisms involved in reproductive toxicity caused by nickel nanoparticle in female rats
Authors: Kong Lu , Gao Xiaojie , Zhu Jiaqian , Cheng Keping , Tang Meng 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTNickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) are associated with reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity are unclear. Our goal was to explore further reproductive toxicity induced by nickel nanoparticle and mechanisms involved in this process, including the role of oxidative stress and apoptosis. According to the one‐generation reproductive toxicity standard, rats were exposed to nickel nanoparticles by gavage and we selected indicators including ultrastructural, reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidant and antioxidant enzymes, and cell apoptosis‐related factors. Ultrastructural results of ovaries showed mitochondrion swelling, disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, and enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum in the exposure groups. NiNPs had significantly decreased the activity of SOD and CAT, and had increased the levels of ROS, MDA, and NO in comparison with the control groups. The mRNA expressions of caspase‐3, caspase‐8, and caspase‐9 and the expressions of Fas, Cyt c, Bax, and Bid protein on the ovaries significantly increased. At the same time, the expressions of Bcl‐2 protein were significantly decreased. Based on these results, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis may play the important roles in inducing reproductive toxicity after NiNPs treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1674–1683, 2016.
Overexpression of the genes PDC1 and ADH1 activates glycerol conversion to ethanol in the thermotolerant yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha
Authors: Kata Iwona , Semkiv Marta V. , Ruchala Justyna , Dmytruk Kostyantyn V. , Sibirny Andriy A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractConversion of byproduct from biodiesel production glycerol to high‐value compounds is of great importance. Ethanol is considered a promising product of glycerol bioconversion. The methylotrophic thermotolerant yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha is of great interest for this purpose as the glycerol byproduct contains methanol and heavy metals as contaminants, and this yeast utilizes methanol and is relatively resistant to heavy metals. Besides, O. polymorpha shows robust growth on glycerol and produces ethanol from various carbon sources. The thermotolerance of this yeast is an additional advantage, allowing increased fermentation temperature to 45–48 °C, leading to increased rate of the fermentation process and a fall in the cost of distillation. The wild‐type strain of O. polymorpha produces insignificant amounts of ethanol from glycerol (0.8 g/l). Overexpression of PDC1 coding for pyruvate decarboxylase enhanced ethanol production up to 3.1 g/l, whereas simultaneous overexpression of PDC1 and ADH1 (coding for alcohol dehydrogenase) led to further increase in ethanol production from glycerol. Moreover, the increased temperature of fermentation up to 45 °C stimulated the production of ethanol from glycerol used as the only carbon source up to 5.0 g/l, which exceeds the data obtained by methylotrophic yeast strains reported so far. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phoma herbarum, a soil fungus able to grow on natural lignin and synthetic lignin (DHP) as sole carbon source and cause lignin degradation
Authors: Bi Ran , Lawoko Martin , Henriksson Gunnar 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The fungus Phoma herbarum isolated from soil showed growth on highly pure lignin extracted from spruce wood and on synthetic lignin (DHP). The lignin remaining after cultivation was shown to have a lower molecular weight. The reduction in the numbers of ether linkages of the extracted lignins was also observed by derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) in combination with 31P NMR studies. The fungal strain showed an ability to degrade synthetic lignin by extracellular catalysts. GC–MS was applied to study the evolution of low molar mass adducts, e.g., monolignols and it was shown that a reduced coniferyl alcohol product was produced from DHP in a cell-free environment. The work has demonstrated the ability of soil microbes to grow on lignin as sole carbon source. The potential impact is in the production of low molar mass renewable phenols for material application.
Engineered biosynthesis of biodegradable polymers
Authors: Jambunathan Pooja , Zhang Kechun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAdvances in science and technology have resulted in the rapid development of biobased plastics and the major drivers for this expansion are rising environmental concerns of plastic pollution and the depletion of fossil-fuels. This paper presents a broad view on the recent developments of three promising biobased plastics, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), well known for their biodegradability. The article discusses the natural and recombinant host organisms used for fermentative production of monomers, alternative carbon feedstocks that have been used to lower production cost, different metabolic engineering strategies used to improve product titers, various fermentation technologies employed to increase productivities and finally, the different downstream processes used for recovery and purification of the monomers and polymers.
Association between Achilles tightness and lower extremity injury in children
Authors: Liu Raymond W. , Xie Katherine K. 
Published: June 2016

Background It is unclear whether isolated gastroc/soleus tightness can increase the risk of lower extremity injury in an otherwise healthy child. Questions/Purposes (1) Is there a difference in gastroc/soleus tightness, as represented by ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended, in children presenting with upper versus lower extremity complaints? (2) Is there a difference in gastroc/soleus tightness in children presenting with atraumatic versus traumatic lower extremity complaints? Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 206 consecutive walking age children presenting to a county orthopedic clinic with new upper or lower extremity complaints. Passive ankle dorsiflexion was measured based on the lateral border of the foot versus the anterior lower leg with the knee fully extended and the foot in inversion. Results Average age was 10.0 ± 4.5 years. In the 117 patients presenting with upper extremity complaints, ankle dorsiflexion was 15.0° ± 11.6°. Of the lower extremity patients, 40 presented without trauma, with dorsiflexion of 11.8° ± 14.5°, while 49 presented with trauma, with dorsiflexion of 6.5° ± 12.0°. Multiple regression analysis found significantly decreased ankle dorsiflexion with increasing age and in the lower extremity trauma group. Twelve percent of upper extremity patients had 0° or less of dorsiflexion, as compared to 25% of lower extremity nontrauma patients and 41% of lower extremity trauma patients. Conclusions Patients presenting with lower extremity trauma had significantly more gastroc/soleus tightness in their well leg than patients presenting with upper extremity complaints. Gastroc/soleus tightness may present a simple target for reducing lower extremity injury rates in children.
Nonossifying fibromas of the distal tibia: Possible etiologic relationship to the interosseous membrane
Authors: Muzykewicz David A. , Goldin Amanda , Lopreiato Nicholas , Fields Katie , Munch John , Dwek Jerry , Mubarak Scott J. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose Nonossifying fibromas (NOFs) present in a characteristic pattern in the distal tibia. Their predilection to this region and etiology remain imprecisely defined. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients between January 2003 and March 2014 for distal tibial NOFs. We then reviewed radiographs (XRs), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for specific lesion characteristics. Results We identified 48 distal tibia NOFs in 47 patients (31 male, 16 female; mean age 12.3 years, range 6.9–17.8). This was the second most common location in our population (30 % of NOFs), behind the distal femur (42 %). Thirty-four lesions had CT and nine had MRI. Thirty-one percent were diagnosed by pathologic fracture. Ninety-six percent of lesions were located characteristically in the distal lateral tibia by plain radiograph, in direct communication with the distal extent of the interosseous membrane on 33 of the 34 (97 %) lesions with CT available for review and all nine (100 %) with MRI. The remaining two lesions occurred directly posterior. Conclusions The vast majority of distal tibial NOFs occur in a distinct anatomic location at the distal extent of the interosseous membrane, which may have etiologic implications. Level of evidence IV (case series).
Correlating blood levels of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine to hOGG1 genotypes and the incidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jin Yu , Qiu Chun‐Guang , Zheng Qiang‐Sun , Ding Shi‐Fang , Jiang Qi‐Jun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe measured the serum levels of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and investigated whether these levels correlate with incidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), and whether these levels correlate with underlying oxidative stress in patients with ICM. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of the Ser/Cys polymorphism in the human 8‐oxoguanine glycosylase (hOGG1) gene. We analyzed the samples from 246 ICM cases (the ICM group) and another 246 age‐ and sex‐matched volunteers with normal coronary artery function (the control group). Levels of 8‐OHdG in participants' blood samples were 6.7 ± 1.7 and 3.0 ± 0.8 in the ICM and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Although there were no differences in allele frequency (p = 0.140), significant differences were present in the genotype distributions (p = 0.002). The Cys/Cys genotype correlated strongly with the risk of developing ICM (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–3.3). Treating the Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys genotypes as members of the same group increased the predicted ICM risk for patients carrying the Cys/Cys genotype (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.9). The serum level of 8‐OHdG in the ICM group was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05) and significantly increased in those carrying the Cys/Cys genotype (8.7 ± 1.7 for the Cys/Cys group, and 4.5 ± 0.8 for the Ser/Ser+Ser/Cys group; p < 0.05). Patients carrying the Cys/Cys genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing ICM. Serum levels of 8‐OHdG were significantly increased in patients with ICM.
Autenticidad y calidad en la investigación educativa cualitativa: multivocalidad
Authors: Varela Ruiz Margarita , Vives Varela Tania 
Published: June 2016

Resumen La investigación con enfoque cuantitativo es el paradigma dominante en el campo de la educación médica, y sus criterios de validez son ampliamente aceptados por la comunidad científica, en tanto que la investigación de tipo cualitativo enfrenta el reto de defender la credibilidad y el rigor de sus métodos. El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar en torno a los criterios de autenticidad o calidad en el proceso de elaboración de un estudio cualitativo. Para ello se revisan las diferencias paradigmáticas entre los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo. Se describen tres momentos en el camino que ha seguido la investigación cualitativa para establecer sus criterios de rigor científico: 1) convencionales, 2) paralelos y 3) paradigmáticos propios. Desde los inicios de la investigación cualitativa a la época actual se han presentado múltiples perspectivas teóricas y epistemológicas. Se han descrito más de 20 tipos de investigación cualitativa.Se presentan múltiples voces, diferencias y propuestas para entender el rigor de la investigación cualitativa. Se realiza una guía reflexiva de criterios de autenticidad en torno a la fundamentación epistemológica, al método, a las voces que se escuchan, a la implicación en la acción, a los aspectos éticos y al investigador. El momento presente del enfoque cualitativo es de debate, diálogo y controversias marcadas por la multivocalidad. Hay una tendencia a los valores ecológicos y de justicia; de respeto al ambiente y a las comunidades; de considerar en los textos todas las voces, incluyendo las marginadas, para que sus historias se representen con imparcialidad y equidad.
Aerodynamic optimisation of the rear wheel fairing of the land speed record vehicle BLOODHOUND SSC
Authors: Townsend J. , Evans B. , Tudor T. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the design optimisation study used to aerodynamically optimise the fairings that cover the rear wheels of the Land Speed Record vehicle, BLOODHOUND SuperSonic Car (SSC). Initially, using a Design of Experiments approach, a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were performed on a set of parametric geometries, with the goal of identifying a fairing geometry that was aerodynamically optimised for the target speed of 1,000 mph. Several aerodynamic properties were considered when deciding what design objectives the fairings would be optimised to achieve; chief amongst these was the minimisation of aerodynamic drag. A parallel, finite-volume Navier–Stokes solver was used on unstructured meshes in order to simulate the complex aerodynamic behaviour of the flow around the vehicle’s rear wheel structure, which involved a rotating wheel, and shockwaves generated close to a supersonic rolling ground plane. It was found that the simple response surface fitting approach did not sufficiently capture the complexities of the optimisation objective function across the high-dimensional design space. As a result, a Nelder–Mead optimisation approach was implemented, coupled with Radial Basis Function design space interpolation to find the final optimised fairing design. This paper presents the results of the optimisation study as well as indicating the likely impact this optimisation will have on the ultimate top speed of this unique vehicle.
SUNZIVERSUSXUNZI: TWO VIEWS OFDECEPTION AND INDIRECTION
Authors: Raphals Lisa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines two views of the ethics and efficacy of deception. TheSunziis famous for its praise of deception and indirect strategy in warfare. This explicit praise of deception distinguishes it from other Militarist texts, which either reject deception or advocate it only as a practical and important strategic tool. TheXunzirejects deception and indirection in both civil and military contexts. TheSunziandXunzi's attitudes toward deception and indirection thus represent opposite poles within Chinese philosophical thought.
Influences of Ignition Timing, Spark Plug and Intake Port Locations on the Combustion Performance of a Simulated Rotary Engine
Authors: Hwang P.-W. , Chen X.-C. , Cheng H.-C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to study the flow field of the combustion chamber in a simulated rotary engine by using a computational approach. A dynamic mesh technique is employed to overcome the moving and shape varying computational domain inside the combustion chambers as the rotor is spinning. The key parameters include spark plug timing, leading side spark plug location and intake port location, which are used to investigate their influences on flow field and combustion performance of a rotary engine. It was discovered, with a dual spark plug configuration, that better flame propagation could be obtained through the change of ignition timing. In addition, to change the leading side spark plug location, it was also found that combustion efficiency is improved by shortening the distance from the top dead center (TDC) center line, which is consistent with available experimental results. This research also discovered that the intake port should be properly located in order to prevent pressure loss in the combustion chamber during the compression stroke.
Stability Analysis on the Algorithm of Constitutive Relation in Viscoplastic Materials
Authors: Liu M.-T. , Li Y.-C. , Hu X.-Z. , Zhang J. , Tang T.-G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe numerical stability of the explicit precise algorithm, which was developed for the viscoplastic materials, was analyzed. It was found that this algorithm is not absolutely stable. A necessary but not sufficient condition for the numerical stability was deduced. It showed that the time step in numerical calculation should be less than a certain value to guarantee the stability of explicit precise algorithm. Through a series of numerical examples, the stability analysis on the explicit precise algorithm was proved to be reliable. At last, an iterative algorithm was presented for viscoplastic materials. Both of the theoretical and numerical results showed that the iterative algorithm is unconditionally stable and its convergence rate is rapid. In practice, the explicit precise algorithm and iterative algorithm can be combined to obtain reliable results with the minimum computing costs.
Sliding velocity fluctuations and subglacial hydrology over the last two decades on Argentière glacier, Mont Blanc area
Authors: VINCENT CHRISTIAN , MOREAU LUC 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe subglacial observatory beneath the Argentière glacier provides a rare opportunity to study the interactions between glacier sliding velocity and subglacial runoff. The sliding velocity has been monitored in this cavity almost continuously since 1997 and the resulting data indicate a decrease in annual sliding velocities over the last two decades. We found close relationships between annual surface velocity, sliding velocity and ice thickness. These relationships indicate that the ice-flow velocity changes do not depend on subglacial water runoff changes at the annual timescale. The seasonal magnitudes of sliding also show a decrease over the last two decades. At the seasonal timescale, sliding velocity increases before or simultaneously with the large runoff increase in May, indicating a distributed drainage system. Conversely, at the end of the melt season, sliding velocity continues to decrease after the runoff returns to low winter values. The simultaneous increases of runoff and sliding velocity occur mainly before the spring transition. Later, sliding velocity generally appears not to be related to water inputs coming from the surface, except for some large accelerations after midAugust that are always associated with periods of rapidly increasing water inputs to the subglacial drainage system.