bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teilnahmeverweigerungen in Betriebsbefragungen / Unit-Nonresponse in Establishments Surveys
Authors: Janik Florian 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The aim of this paper is to analyze unit-nonresponse for establishments surveyed for the first time in the IAB Establishment Panel. This is not only useful to understand nonresponse in this particular survey but to increase knowledge about nonresponse in business surveys overall. Therefore a theoretical framework is presented which helps to explain these processes in establishment surveys. To test this theory additional data from the federal employment agency about the establishments and data about the conducting interviewers is used. Empirical results mainly confirm the theoretical framework. If the respondent has the authority to provide relevant information and is able to give reliable answers to the questions with a justifiable amount of effort, participation is less frequently refused. Both aspects are highly correlated with establishment size and the complexity of the firm. It can also be shown that experienced and professional interviewers are more successful in recruiting firms to take part in the survey. The findings can be used to improve the study design in organizational surveys.
The Role of Extensive Margins of Exports in The Great Export Recovery in Germany, 2009/2010
Authors: Wagner Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper contributes to the literature by documenting for the first time the contribution of adding (and dropping) goods and destination countries to the sharp increase in exports of goods in the German economy as a whole during the Great Export Recovery in 2009/2010. The empirical investigation finds that firms that exported in both 2009 and 2010 are much more important for the export dynamics than export starters and export stoppers. Firms that increased their exports (and that were the drivers of the export boom) exported on average more goods and to more destination countries in 2009 than firms that decreased their exports, and they increased both extensive margins of exports on average while firms with decreased exports reduced both the number of goods exported and the number of countries exported to.
The Estimation of Reservation Wages: A Simulation-Based Comparison
Authors: Leppin Julian S. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper examines the predictive power of different estimation approaches for reservation wages. It applies stochastic frontier models for employed persons and the approach from Kiefer and Neumann (1979b) for unemployed persons. Furthermore, the question of whether or not reservation wages decrease over the unemployment period is addressed. This is done by a simulated panel with known reservation wages which uses data from the Socio-Economic Panel as a basis. The comparison of the estimators is carried out by a Monte Carlo simulation. In case of employed persons, the cross-sectional stochastic frontier model shows the best performance. The Kiefer-Neumann approach for unemployed persons is able to predict decreasing reservation wages but the rise of the mean reservation wage in case of a constant simulated reservation wage went undetected. In general, the Kiefer-Neumann approach overestimates the reservation wage.
Firm Growth and the Spatial Impact of Geolocated External Factors
Authors: Duschl Matthias , Schimke Antje , Brenner Thomas , Luxen Dennis 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper studies the relationship between firm growth and external factors. Externalities from related economic, public research and higher educational activities are traced back to specific locations in space. The spatial characteristics of their impact are examined within a distancebased, micro-founded approach. Applying quantile regression techniques on a large sample of German firms, we empirically disentangle the complex interplay between internal factors (firm size), external factors and their spatial extent. In particular, we find that the larger firms are, the more diverse are the activities they benefit from and that the geographical meaning of “nearby” depends on the kind of activity.
Reconciling Normative and Behavioral Economics: An Application of the “Naturalistic Approach” to the Adaptation Problem
Authors: Schubert Christian , Binder Martin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
While standard economic theory takes individual preferences as stable and “given”, i.e., independent of situational context, real-world preferences tend to vary with changing opportunity sets. This is exemplified by Aesop’s fable of the fox and the sour grapes. This phenomenon of “adaptive preference formation” poses a vexing problem for normative economics: preferences which constitute the measuring rod for welfare are in turn shaped by the (economic) situation of the individual, leading to problems epitomized by Amartya Sen’s “hopeless beggar” dilemma: The beggar, enduring objectively miserable circumstances, nonetheless claims to have all his preferences satisfied, which would lead orthodox welfare economics to establish a high level of well-being. For those who find this counterintuitive, different solutions for the “adaptation problem” have been proposed in the literature, typically centering on highly demanding rationality and information requirements. We argue that, in order to cope with this and related problems of preference endogeneity, welfare economics rather needs to account for recent psychological insights into the mechanisms that drive preference formation and change. We then use these insights to suggest and apply a procedural criterion of autonomous preference formation.
Global Warming: Technology, Preferences and Policy
Authors: Birchenhall Chris , Windrum Paul 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Global warming is a market failure in that the market prices of goods do not reflect the externality imposed on us all by the green house gases (GHGs) emitted in their production. To date global politics has not provided an effective agreement on how to abate these emissions. Over and above market failure there is political failure. A proper understanding of this fundamental institutional failure requires us to consider the interaction between producers, consumers and politics. We aim to offer a brief introduction to some of the issues involved and point to an evolutionary analysis in which technology, preferences and policies coevolve.
Naturalizing Institutions: Evolutionary Principles and Application on the Case of Money
Authors: Herrmann-Pillath Carsten 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In recent extensions of Darwinism into economics, the replicator-interactor duality looms large. I propose a naturalistic approach to this duality in the context of the theory of institutions, which means that its use is necessarily dependent on identifying a physical realization. I introduce a general framework, which synthesizes Searle’s and Aoki’s theories, especially with regard to the role of public representations (signs) in the coordination of actions, and the function of cognitive processes that underlie rule-following as a behavioural disposition. Institutions are causal circuits that connect the population-level dynamics of interactions with cognitive phenomena on the individual level which ultimately root in neuronal structures. I propose a new conceptualization of the replicator in the context of institutions: the replicator is a causal conjunction between (physical) signs and neuronal structures which undergirds the dispositions that generate rule-following actions. Signs, in turn, are outcomes of population-level interactions. I apply this framework on the case of money, analysing the emotions that go along with the use of money, and presenting a stylized account of the emergence of money in terms of the naturalized Searle-Aoki model. In this view, money is a neuronally anchored sign for emotions relating with social exchange and reciprocity. The money replicator is physically realized in a causal conjunction of money artefacts and money emotions.
On the Rationality of Medium-Term Tax Revenue Forecasts: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Breuer Christian 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper examines tax revenue projections in Germany for the period 1968 to 2012 with a focus on forecasting rationality. It is shown that tax revenue forecasts for the medium-term are upward biased. Overoptimistic revenue projections are particularly pronounced after the German reunification and reflect upward-biased GDP projections in this period. The predicted tax-GDP-ratio appears to be upward biased, as well. The forecasts are likely to overestimate tax revenues if the predicted tax-GDP-ratio exceeds its structural level of approximately 22½ percentage points. The results also indicate that forecast errors of short-term projections for the current year exhibit serial correlation. It is conceivable that the non-rational behaviour can be traced back to the specific institutional setting of revenue forecasting and budgetary planning in Germany.
Family Background and Educational Attainment – Are there Birth Order Effects in Germany?
Authors: Eschelbach Martina 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of children’s human capital by analyzing the effects of birth order in Germany. These effects are typically attributed to sibling rivalry for parental resources. For our analysis we use data collected as part of the German Life History Study on birth cohorts 1946-1977. We find a substantial positive impact of being first born on the probability of completing higher secondary education. Analyzing gender differences, we find stronger effects for boys. Furthermore, birth order effects are more prevailing in small families. The results are discussed against the background of equal opportunities in the German educational system.
Averaging Across Asset Allocation Models
Authors: Schanbacher Peter 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Combination of asset allocation models is rewarding if (i) the applied risk function is concave and (ii) there is no dominating model. We show that most common risk functions are either concave or at least concave in common applications. In a comprehensive empirical study using standard asset allocation models we find that there is no constantly dominating model. The ranking of the models depends on the data set, the risk function and even changes over time. We find that a simple average of all asset allocation models can outperform each individual model. Our contribution is twofold. We present a theory why the combined model is expected to dominate most individual models. In a comprehensive empirical study we show that model combinations perform exceptionally well in asset allocation.
Literaturbeitrag / Review Paper. Macroeconometric Models – From “Little Science” to “Big Science”
Authors: Heilemann Ullrich 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This is a fine, useful book on the history and structure of macroeconometric models. Its perspective is “applied” and has a “positivistic bias”. It gives a good (or not so good) picture of the state of the art. The problems of the now “Big Science” deserve more attention than the modelling community (and Welfe) so far has been willing to pay. The trend towards ever larger policy-relevant models will continue. However, few of them are accessible to third parties. “Transparency”, a major goal models had once started to increase, continues to get out of sight.
Group Decision Making in a Corruption Experiment: China and Germany Compared
Authors: Frank Björn , Li Sha , Bühren Christoph , Qin Haiying 
Published: April 2016

SummaryMuch hope is put into the ‘‘four eyes principle’’ as an anti corruption device in many countries. However, as recent cases have shown, entire groups of decision makers can be corrupt as well. This paper reports on an experimental investigation of individual versus group decision making in a corruption experiment.We find that the group decisions, as compared to individual decisions, lead to a higher level of corruption, for bribers and for bribees, and in China as well as in Germany. Only German women are less corrupt in a group decision context than when deciding individually.Further differences between Germany and China with respect to the effect of the teams’ gender composition were found. In Germany, groups that consist only of females are the most honest and the male groups are the most corrupt, whereas in China the groups with mixed gender combination have shown a higher inclination to make corrupt decisions than the groups that are homogenous with respect to gender.
Mitigating Extortive Corruption? Experimental Evidence
Authors: Khachatryan Elina , Kube Sebastian , Vollan Björn 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Extortive petty corruption takes place when a public official elicits small bribes from citizens for providing public services that the citizens are legally entitled to receive. We implement a novel experimental design that mimics this phenomenon and explores bottom-up approaches for its mitigation. In different setups we examine how monitoring by citizens affects public official’s tendency to demand bribes and whether citizens are more willing to engage in monitoring if they can recommend rather than report. Our results are mixed. Recommendations seem to perform better in environments with personal and repeated interactions, where reports might cause discontent and further disadvantaged treatment by public officials. In contrast, reports and the sanctions these potentially cause are more likely to deter public officials from extortive behavior in settings similar to the stranger matching protocol. Regarding citizen’s monitoring involvement, we find a strong preference for recommendations over reports, even among stranger matching treatments. Moreover, independent of the matching protocol and the endogenous monitoring mechanism, we find that agents in both roles are sensitive to monitoring and detection rate variations: public officials in their decision to demand a bribe and citizens in their decision to monitor.
Employment Effects of Technological and Organizational Innovations: Evidence Based on Linked Firm-Level Data for Austria
Authors: Falk Martin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper investigates the impact of technological and organizational innovations on subsequent employment growth using a standard labour demand model. The main novelty of the paper is the use of a unique dataset, which merges the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) 2006 for Austria with structural business statistics from 2006-2008, resulting in 3,070 firm observations. For manufacturing firms, quantile regressions show that product innovations lagged two-years have a significantly positive but decreasing impact on employment growth over the conditional distribution given the impact of output and wage growth. For service firms, the positive employment effect of product innovations can only be observed for firms with high conditional employment growth rates. Results are robust with respect to the measurement of product innovations (e.g. market novelties or new to firm products). Process innovations exhibit a negative impact at the higher quantiles indicating that process innovations lead to an increase in labour productivity at the expense of employment. Furthermore organizational and marketing innovations do not have a significant impact on subsequent employment growth across the different quantiles.
Internal Validation of Temporal Disaggregation: A Cloud Chamber Approach
Authors: Müller-Kademann Christian 
Published: April 2016

SummaryTemporal disaggregation is a recurrent problem in applied econometrics. This paper proposes a novel test approach for checking internal consistency of the disaggregation procedure. This test can serve as a substitute for external validations which deems useful when disaggregating under data poor conditions. The test builds on Chow and Lin’s 1971 disaggregation model and rests on the known parameter decay triggered by the temporal aggregation. A simulation study shows that the test indeed provides useful information. Temporal disaggregation of Swiss GDP figures illustrate the approach.
Ersatzraten in der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung / Replacement Rates in the German Statutory Pension System
Authors: Kluth Sebastian , Gasche Martin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper aims to find an adequate concept to evaluate the replacement rate of the latest retiree generation of 2010. Classic replacement rates fail to provide meaningful conclusions because they can only be calculated for around half the retirees. This paper proposes an alternative figure, the so-called life cycle replacement rate, which relates individuals’ pension payments to the average real income over their whole working history. In sum, work history related characteristics like marital status, income or retirement age strongly influence individuals’ replacement rates. Furthermore, women’s replacement rates particularly benefit from non-contribution based pension entitlements, e.g. for periods of child-raising.
Growth Regressions, Principal Components Augmented Regressions and Frequentist Model Averaging
Authors: Wagner Martin , Hlouskova Jaroslava 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In this paper we consider frequentist model averaging for principal components augmented regressions illustrated with the Fernandez et al. (2001) data set on economic growth determinants. We compare and contrast our method and findings with the WALS approach of Magnus et al. (2010).
Intergenerational Transmission of Unemployment – Evidence for German Sons
Authors: Mäder Miriam , Riphahn Regina T. , Schwientek Caroline , Müller Steffen 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper studies the association between the unemployment experience of fathers and their sons. Based on German survey data that cover the last decades we find significant positive correlations. Using instrumental variables estimation and the Gottschalk (1996) method we investigate to what extent fathers’ unemployment is causal for offsprings’ employment outcomes. In agreement with most of the small international literature we do not find a positive causal effect for intergenerational unemployment transmission. This outcome is robust to alternative data structures and to tests at the intensive and extensive margin of unemployment.
Youth Unemployment After Apprenticeship Training and Individual, Occupation, and Training Employer Characteristics
Authors: Zwick Thomas , Mohrenweiser Jens 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper analyses the risk of unemployment, unemployment duration, and the risk of longterm unemployment immediately after apprenticeship graduation. Unemployed apprenticeship graduates constitute a large share of unemployed youth in Germany but unemployment incidence within this group is unequally distributed. Our paper extends previous research in three dimensions. It shows that (i) individual productivity assessment of the training firm, (ii) initial selection into high reputation training firms and occupations, and (iii) adverse selection of employer moving graduates are correlated with unemployment after apprenticeship graduation. The empirical evidence is obtained from the second longitudinal version of the linked employer-employee panel data from the IAB (LIAB). This large data set allows us to calculate the exact unemployment spell length of apprenticeship graduates. In addition, we can include individual, employer, occupation as well as industrial relation characteristics before and after apprenticeship graduation into our list of explanatory variables for unemployment risk. We show in several robustness checks that our results are remarkably stable when we vary the employees included in the sample, the definition of unemployment, and the list of explanatory variables.
Are there Long-Term Earnings Scars from Youth Unemployment in Germany?
Authors: Möller Joachim , Umkehrer Matthias 
Published: April 2016

SummaryWe analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earning potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings.
Crystal structure of (N,N′-bis(2-(((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino)methyl)phenyl)benzene-1,2-diamido-κ4
O,O′,O′′,O′′′)oxidovanadium(IV), C44H48N4OV
Authors: Ji Xiangdong , Gao Wei , Mu Ying 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
C44H48N4O1V, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 9.0540(10) Å, b = 10.5416(11) Å, c = 20.148(2) Å, α = 91.115(2)°, β = 95.150(2)°, γ = 99.630(2)°, V = 1887.1(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0618, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1553, T = 185 K.
Zu den (Un)Höflichkeitsaspekten der „Öffentlichen Online-Beschwerde“ im Deutschen und im Arabischen. Eine linguistische Analyse
Authors: Massud Abdel-Hafiez 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper deals with the public electronic complaint in German and in Arabic which is defined in this paper as “macro-speech act”. The Contribution aims to explore the aspects of politeness, impoliteness which may accompany this speech act in both languages. The paper understands politeness and impoliteness in complaints as a “discourse strategy” to achieve certain goals. Politeness and impoliteness cannot stand on its own, but always as part of a discourse. The base of my contribution is fifty complaints in German and fifty others in Arabic. The analysis of the corpus depends on the face theory of Brown and Levinson, the theory of speech act of Austin and Searle, the theory of “interactional justice” as well as the cooperation maxims of Grice. The results show that the speech act “public electronic complaint” is by nature a threatening speech act for the negative face. The special use of the linguistic devices in a given context can decide, if it has also a threatening impact on the positive face of the addressee. Yet, there are some differences between this speech act in German and its counterpart in Arabic which stem from the differences of both cultures. The findings of this paper should contribute to the improvement of cross culture communication and foreign language pedagogy.
Strafrecht und Soziologie. Einleitung zum Themenschwerpunkt / Penal law and sociology. Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Lautmann Rüdiger 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
In einem Überblick werden einige der thematischen Orte skizziert, an denen sich Soziologie und Rechtswissenschaft bei der Analyse des Strafrechts begegnen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Fragen nach der Genese und Gestalt des Strafrechts. Im Einzelnen werden behandelt: Geltung und Symbole des Strafrechts, Devianz Irritation der sozialen Ordnung Strafbarkeit der Korporation, Punitivität und Expression, die strafrechtsgenerierenden Diskurse über Si­cherheit - Opfer - Gender - Menschenrechte sowie Grenzen und Durchsetzung des Strafrechts. Für jedes dieser Schlüsselthemen enthält das Themenheft einen oder mehrere Artikel.