bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Playing and Never Testing: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among App-Using MSM in Southeast Asia
Authors: Weiss Kevin M. , Jonas Kai J. , Guadamuz Thomas E. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Little is known about mobile application (app)-based behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Thailand. A cross-sectional online assessment of app users in Bangkok found that more than a quarter have never tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 1 in 3 never tested for sexually transmitted infections (STI). STI testing patterns and HIV testing frequency were highly associated with each other in multinomial logistic regression. In the midst of an escalating epidemic where HIV incidence among MSM is highest in Asia, apps can serve to engage those least likely to be reached by traditional methods of recruitment and outreach in Thailand.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women in 2 US Cities, 2012–2014
Authors: Gorbach Pamina M. , Cook Ryan , Gratzer Beau , Collins Thomas , Parrish Adam , Moore Janell , Kerndt Peter R. , Crosby Richard A. , Markowitz Lauri E. , Meites Elissa 
Published: April 2017

Background
Since 2011, in the United States, quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been recommended for boys aged 11 to 12 years, men through age 21, and men who have sex with men (MSM) through age 26. We assessed HPV vaccination coverage and factors associated with vaccination among young MSM (YMSM) and transgender women (TGW) in 2 cities.

Methods
During 2012–2014, 808 YMSM and TGW aged 18 to 26 years reported vaccination status in a self-administered computerized questionnaire at 3 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Los Angeles and Chicago. Associations with HPV vaccination were assessed using bivariate and multivariable models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
Few of the diverse participants (Hispanic/Latino, 38.0%; white, 27.0%; and black/African American, 17.9%) reported receiving 1 or more HPV vaccine doses (n = 111 [13.7%]) and even fewer reported 3 doses (n = 37 [4.6%]). A multivariable model found associations between vaccination and having a 4-year college degree or higher (aOR, 2.83; CI, 1.55–5.17) and self-reported STDs (aOR, 1.21; CI, 1.03–1.42). In a model including recommendation variables, the strongest predictor of vaccination was a health care provider recommendation (aOR, 11.85; CI, 6.70–20.98).

Conclusions
Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage was low among YMSM and TGW in this 2–US city study. Our findings suggest further efforts are needed to reach YMSM seeking care in STD clinics, increase strong recommendations from health care providers, and integrate HPV vaccination with other clinical services such as STD testing.
Coping With Staff Burnout and Work-Related Posttraumatic Stress in Intensive Care*
Authors: Colville Gillian A. , Smith Jared G. , Brierley Joe , Citron Kim , Nguru Noreen M. , Shaunak Priyanka D. , Tam Olivia , Perkins-Porras Linda 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
To examine the associations with symptoms of 1) burnout and 2) work-related posttraumatic stress, in adult and pediatric intensive care staff, focusing on the particular contributions of resilience and coping strategies.

Design:
Point prevalence cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Three adult ICUs and four PICUs.

Subjects:
Three hundred seventy-seven ICU staff.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Brief Resilience Scale, abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory, Trauma Screening Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Prevalence of burnout (defined as high emotional exhaustion or high depersonalization) was 37%. Prevalence of clinically significant posttraumatic stress symptoms was 13%. There was a degree of overlap between burnout and other measures of distress, most notably for anxiety (odds ratio, 10.56; 95% CI, 4.12–27.02; p < 0.001). Hierarchical logistic regression demonstrated that self-reported resilience was strongly associated with decreased likelihood of meeting criteria for both forms of work-related distress (burnout: odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36–0.74; p < 0.001 and posttraumatic stress: odds ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.16–0.46; p < 0.001) and that physicians were twice as likely as nurses to be at risk of reporting burnout (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.18–3.78; p = 0.012). After controlling for resilience, profession, and setting, the following coping strategies were independently associated with outcomes: attending debriefing reduced risk of burnout (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21–0.95; p = 0.036), whereas the odds of posttraumatic stress were less if staff used talking to seniors (odds ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.20–0.92; p = 0.029) or hobbies (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.23–0.93; p = 0.030) to cope with stress at work. Venting emotion (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.12–3.31; p = 0.018) and using alcohol (odds ratio, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.26–4.20; p = 0.006) were associated with a doubling in risk of reporting burnout.

Conclusions:
The use of particular coping strategies was systematically associated with symptoms of burnout and work-related posttraumatic stress in this group of intensive care staff, even after controlling for resilience and other factors. More research on how best to promote adaptive coping is needed in these challenging settings.
An International Survey of Corticosteroid Use for the Management of Low Cardiac Output Syndrome*
Authors: Flores Saul , FitzGerald Michael R. , Iliopoulos Ilias , Daily Joshua A. , Rodriguez Marco , Nelson David P. , Wong Hector R. , Menon Kusum , Cooper David S. 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
Limited evidence exists on use of corticosteroids in low cardiac output syndrome following cardiac surgery. We sought to determine physicians’ practices and beliefs with regard to corticosteroids therapy for low cardiac output syndrome.

Design:
Multinational internet-based survey.

Setting:
Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society member database.

Subjects:
Pediatric cardiac intensive care physicians.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We received 188 responses from 85 centers throughout the world including 57 U.S. congenital heart centers, eight Canadian centers, and 20 international centers. The majority of respondents (51%) reported performing at least 200 bypass cases per year and had separate dedicated cardiac ICUs (57%). Most physicians (89%) rarely or never prescribe corticosteroids for mild low cardiac output syndrome (single vasoactive agent and mildly decreased perfusion), whereas 94% of those surveyed sometimes or always administer corticosteroids to patients with severe low cardiac output syndrome (two or more vasoactive agents and persistent hypotension). Hydrocortisone was the most commonly used corticosteroids (88%), but there was no consensus on dosage used. There was a variable approach to cortisol level measurement and cortisol stimulation testing to inform therapy with corticosteroids. A majority of respondents (75%) stated that they would be willing to randomize patients with severe low cardiac output syndrome into a trial of corticosteroids efficacy.

Conclusions:
Our survey demonstrates considerable practice variability with regard to the type of patients in whom corticosteroids are administered, adrenal axis testing is performed, and dosage of hydrocortisone used. The majority of physicians, however, stated their willingness to randomize patients with severe low cardiac output syndrome in a corticosteroids trial. This survey identified multiple areas for future research on use of corticosteroids for low cardiac output syndrome.
A Novel Weaning Protocol for High-Flow Nasal Cannula in the PICU
Authors: Betters Kristina A. , Hebbar Kiran B. , McCracken Courtney , Heitz David , Sparacino Stephanie , Petrillo Toni 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
High-flow nasal cannula use in the PICU continues to increase; however, a protocol for weaning patients has yet to be published. This study aimed to create an efficient and safe protocol for weaning high-flow nasal cannula.

Design:
A Respiratory Assessment Score was created using two validated scoring systems. A protocol was established for set “holidays” off high-flow nasal cannula, where nasal cannula flow was reduced to age-based low-flow nasal cannula rates if Respiratory Assessment Scores met certain criteria.

Setting:
The PICU at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston, a quaternary level hospital affiliated with Emory University.

Patients:
Patients treated in the PICU with high-flow nasal cannula from August 2013 to March 2014. Exclusions included apnea, heliox therapy, oxygen saturations less than 92% with a Fio
2 greater than 50%, admitted to PICU less than 6 hours, progression to intubation prior to scoring, or those ordered by physician to not receive holidays based on clinical status.

Interventions:
Patients who qualified for a “holiday” based on Respiratory Assessment Score were trialed off high-flow nasal cannula and rescored afterwards to assess tolerance.

Measurements and Main Results:
One hundred thirty-three patients were treated with high-flow nasal cannula, with the most common diagnosis being bronchiolitis (43%). Of these 133 patients, 119 (89.5%) successfully weaned to low-flow nasal cannula within four holiday attempts. Eighty-three patients (70%) weaned with only one attempt. Fourteen patients (10.5%) failed to wean. Reasons for failure were reintubation, increasing flow on high-flow nasal cannula, too high of Respiratory Assessment Score to meet weaning criteria, or slow weaning after failed attempts. Holidays did not precipitate clinical deterioration or lead to immediate intubation.

Conclusions:
Our study suggests that a high-flow nasal cannula “holiday” protocol is a safe and effective way to successfully wean PICU patients off high-flow nasal cannula. Additional investigation including validation of the scoring system used is warranted.
Vision Loss and Symmetric Basal Ganglia Lesions in Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Mercuri Matthew A. , White Halina , Oliveira Cristiano 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:
A 30-year-old woman with progressive vision loss was found to have asymptomatic, bilateral, and symmetric basal ganglia lesions on MRI and was later diagnosed with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). The rare occurrence of basal ganglia changes on MRI in patients with LHON is discussed.
10-Month-Old Infants Are Sensitive to the Time Course of Perceived Actions: Evidence From a Study Combining Eye-tracking and EEG
Authors: Bache Cathleen , Springer Anne , Noack Hannes , Stadler Waltraud , Kopp Franziska , Lindenberger Ulman , Werkle-Bergner Markus 
Published: April 2017

AbstractResearch has shown that infants are able to track a moving target efficiently – even if it is transiently occluded from sight. This basic ability allows prediction of when and where events happen in everyday life. Yet, it is unclear whether, and how, infants internally represent thetime courseof ongoing movements to derive predictions. In this study, 10-month-old crawlers observed the video of a same-aged crawling baby that was transiently occluded and reappeared in either a temporallycontinuousor non-continuous manner (i.e.,delayedby 500 ms vs.forwardedby 500 ms relative to the real-time movement). Eye movement and rhythmic neural brain activity (EEG) were measured simultaneously. Eye movement analyses showed that infants were sensitive to slight temporal shifts in movement continuation after occlusion. Furthermore, brain activity related to sensorimotor rather than mnemonic processing differed between observation of continuous and non-continuous movements. Early sensitivity to an action’s timing may hence be explained within the internal real-time simulation account of action observation. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that 10-month-old infants are well prepared for internal representation of the time course of observed movements that are within the infants’ current motor repertoire.
A heuristic method to identify runs of homozygosity associated with reduced performance in livestock
Authors: Howard J.T. , Tiezzi F. , Huang Y. , Gray K.A. , Maltecca C. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTWhile for the most part genome-wide metrics are currently employed in managing livestock inbreeding, genomic data offer, in principle, the ability to identify functional inbreeding. Here we present a heuristic method to identify haplotypes contained within a run of homozygosity (ROH) associated with reduced performance. Results are presented for simulated and swine data. The algorithm comprises 3 steps. Step 1 scans the genome based on marker windows of decreasing size and identifies ROH genotypes associated with an unfavorable phenotype. Within this stage, multiple aggregation steps reduce the haplotype to the smallest possible length. In step 2, the resulting regions are formally tested for significance with the use of a linear mixed model. Lastly, step 3 removes nested windows. The effect of the unfavorable haplotypes identified and their associated haplotype probabilities for a progeny of a given mating pair or an individual can be used to generate an inbreeding load matrix (ILM). Diagonals ofILMcharacterize the functional inbreeding load of individual (IIL). We estimated the accuracy of predicting the phenotype based on ILL. We further compared the significance of the regression coefficient for IIL on phenotypes to genome-wide inbreeding metrics. We tested the algorithm using simulated scenarios (n =12) combining different levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and number of loci impacting a quantitative trait. Additionally, we investigated 9 traits from two maternal purebred swine lines. In simulated data, as the LD in the population increased the algorithm identified a greater proportion of the true unfavorable ROH effects. For example, the proportion of highly unfavorable true ROH effects identified raised from 32 to 41 % for the low to the high LD scenario. In both simulated and real data the haplotypes identified were contained within a much larger ROH (9.12-12.1 Mb). The IIL prediction accuracy was greater than zero across all scenarios for simulated data (high LD scenario mean (95% confidence interval): 0.49 (0.47-0.52)) and for nearly all swine traits (mean ± SD: 0.17±0.10). On average across simulated and swine datasets the IIL regression coefficient was more closely related to progeny performance than any genome-wide inbreeding metric. A heuristic method was developed that identified ROH genotypes with reduced performance and characterized the combined effects of ROH genotypes within and across individuals.
Structural basis of STAT2 recognition by IRF9 reveals molecular insights into ISGF3 function
Authors: Rengachari Srinivasan , Groiss Silvia , Devos Juliette , Caron Elise , Grandvaux Nathalie , Panne Daniel 
Published: April 2017

SummaryCytokine signalling is mediated by the activation of distinct sets of structurally homologous JAK and STAT signalling molecules, which control nuclear gene expression and cell fate. A significant expansion in the gene regulatory repertoire controlled by JAK/STAT signalling has arisen by the selective interaction of STATs with IRF transcription factors. Type I interferons (IFN), the major antiviral cytokines, trigger the formation of the ISGF3 complex containing STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9. ISGF3 regulates the expression of IFN–stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGF3 assembly depends on selective interaction between IRF9, through its IRF–association domain (IAD), with the coiled–coil domain (CCD) of STAT2. Here, we report the crystal structures of the IRF9–IAD alone and in a complex with STAT2–CCD. Despite similarity in the overall structure among respective paralogs, the surface features of the IRF9–IAD and STAT2– CCD have diverged to enable specific interaction between these family members, thus enabling ISGF3 formation and expression of ISGs.
Coalescent models for populations with time-varying population sizes and arbitrary offspring distributions
Authors: Fraser Christophe , Li Lucy M 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe coalescent has been used to infer from gene genealogies the population dynamics of biological systems, such as the prevalence of an infectious disease. The offspring distribution affects the relationship between population dynamics and the genealogy, and for infectious diseases, the offspring distribution is often highly overdispersed. Here, we provide a general formula for the coalescent rate for populations with time-varying sizes and any offspring distribution. The formula is valid in the same large population limit as Kingman’s original derivation. By relating our derivation to existing formulations of the coalescent, we show that differences in the coalescent rate derived for many population models may be explained by differences in the offspring distribution. The coalescent derivations presented here could be used to quantify the overdispersion in the offspring distribution of infectious diseases, which is useful for accurate modelling disease outbreaks.
Induction of Reproductive Behaviors by Exogenous Hormones in Captive Southern Rocky Mountain Boreal Toads,Anaxyrus boreas boreas
Authors: Calatayud Natalie Emma , Mullen Amanda Kathryn , Langhorne Cecilia Jane 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTLoss of reproductive viability, physiologically and/or behaviorally, can have profound effects on the fitness of a captive population and conservation efforts. The southern rocky mountain (SRM) population of the boreal toad has declined over the past 35 years, making captive breeding necessary to protect and augment the species in the wild. In recent years, a notable reduction in the incidence of amplexus and viable offspring from the captive breeding population has been observed. Hormone treatment protocols to stimulate gamete release in males and females are established in this species andin vitrofertilization has been performed successfully. However, successful hormone stimulation of reproductive behaviors and natural fertilization has not been well documented. During the breeding season of 2012, 24 males and 24 female toads were selected from a population of over 600 captive animals. Both sexes were treated with Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Females were primed twice with 3.7IU/g hCG and then injected with an ovulatory dose (OvD) of 13.5 IU/ g BW (Body weight) hCG and 0.4 μg/ g BW GnRH. Males were injected a single time with 10 IU/g BW hCG and 0.4 μg/ g BW GnRH, 12 h after females received their OvD. In 2013, knowing the approximate time when females oviposited after hormone treatments, we tested the best time to induce amplexus and spermiation. Males were divided into 4 groups and injected at 4 different times: (a) 12 h before females OvD; (b) at the same time as OvD; (c) 12 h after OvD; (d) control injected with PBS. Results from 2012 indicated that oviposition was solely dependent on females receiving hormone treatments not males. However, in 2013 we found that the duration of amplexus significantly influenced oviposition (P>0.05), and males injected 12 h prior to females spent more time in amplexus than males injected at the same time or 12 h after the females received hormones. Promoting reproductive behaviors and synchronizing gamete deposition continues to be imprecise and may require more than exogenous hormones. The complexity of promoting breeding behaviors may require a closer assessment of the captive environment.
Visual Response Properties in the Three Layer Turtle Visual Cortex
Authors: Hoseini Mahmood S. , Pobst Jeff , Wright Nathaniel C. , Clawson Wesley , Shew Woodrow , Wessel Ralf 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTTurtle dorsal cortex provides us with unique insights into cortical processing. It is known to share many features with the mammalian hippocampus and olfactory cortex as well as geniculo-cortical areas in stem amniotes from which mammals evolved. To this end, we have used data from extracellular recordings from microelectrode arrays to study spatial and temporal patterns of responses to visual stimuli as seen in both local field potential and action potentials. We discovered surprisingly large receptive fields, responsiveness to a broad range of stimuli, and high correlation between distant neural ensembles across recording array. Moreover, we found significant response variability regarding latency and strength in the presence of adaptation to both ongoing and visually evoked activity.
Mid-infrared free-electron laser-evoked discharge of crayfish compound eyes
Authors: Shishikura Fumio , Zen Heishun , Hayakawa Ken , Komatsuzaki Yoshimasa , Hayakawa Yashushi , Sakai Takeshi , Kii Toshiteru , Ohgaki Hideaki 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTLight perception is an intriguing subject, and it has been demonstrated that some animals can perceive wavelengths beyond human vision. However, it is still controversial whether animals can see mid-infrared radiation. A combination of two free-electron laser (FEL) facilities, LEBRA-FEL (Nihon University) and KU-FEL (Kyoto University), can provide light sources with high peak power and spatially coherent monochromatic wavelengths that are continuously tuneable from 400 nm to 20 μm. We show that the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) compound eye responds to pulsed mid-infrared FELs (1 Hz for KU-FEL; 2 Hz for LEBRA-FEL) from 3 to 17 μm. Our finding provides insight into the animal’s visual sensing of mid-infrared radiation, and that the sensing does not depend on thermal effects. Although the behavioural reason for vision in this wavelength range and the mechanism are still under investigation, understanding this type of visual sensing may lead to applications other than photophysical applications.
Myotis rufonigerGenome Sequence and Analyses:M. rufoniger’s Genomic Feature and the Decreasing Effective Population Size ofMyotisBats
Authors: Bhak Youngjune , Jeon Yeonsu , Jeon Sungwon , Chung Oksung , Jho Sungwoong , Jun JeHoon , Kim Hak-Min , Cho Yongsoo , Yoon Changhan , Lee Seungwoo , Kang Jung-Hoon , Lim Jong-Deock , An Junghwa , Cho Yun Sung , Ryu Doug-Young , Bhak Jong 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMyotis rufonigeris a vesper bat in the genusMyotis. Here we report the whole genome sequence and analyses of theM. rufoniger. We generated 124 Gb of short-read DNA sequences with an estimated genome size of 1.88 Gb at a sequencing depth of 66× fold. The sequences were aligned toM. brandtiibat reference genome at a mapping rate of 96.50% covering 95.71% coding sequence region at 10× coverage. The divergence time ofMyotisbat family is estimated to be 11.5 million years, and the divergence time betweenM. rufonigerand its closest speciesM. davidiiis estimated to be 10.4 million years. We found 1,239 function-alteringM. rufonigerspecific amino acid sequences from 929 genes compared to otherMyotisbat and mammalian genomes. The functional enrichment test of the 929 genes detected amino acid changes in melanin associatedDCT,SLC45A2,TYRP1, andOCA2genes possibly responsible for theM. rufoniger’s red fur color and a general coloration inMyotis.N6AMT1gene, associated with arsenic resistance, showed a high degree of function alteration inM. rufoniger. We further confirmed thatM. rufonigeralso has bat-specific sequences withinFSHB,GHR,IGF1R,TP53, MDM2,SLC45A2,RGS7BP,RHO,OPN1SW, andCNGB3genes that have already been published to be related to bat’s reproduction, lifespan, flight, low vision, and echolocation. Additionally, our demographic history analysis found that the effective population size ofMyotisclade has been consistently decreasing since ∼30k years ago.M. rufoniger’s effective population size was the lowest inMyotisbats, confirming its relatively low genetic diversity.