bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformational leadership and proactive work behaviour: A moderated mediation model including work engagement and job strain
Authors: Schmitt Antje , Den Hartog Deanne N. , Belschak Frank D. 
Published: January 2016

This study explores the role of work engagement as an affective–motivational mechanism through which transformational leadership may relate to proactive behaviour. In line with a resource‐based approach (Hobfoll, ), we hypothesize that employees only invest resources provided through work engagement into proactivity when job strain is low. Under conditions of high job strain, work engagement is less likely to translate into proactive behaviours. In contrast, for core task‐related job performance, we expect work engagement to be positively related to core job performance regardless of job strain. The hypotheses were tested in a multisource field study among 148 employee–colleague dyads. Focal employees self‐rated their work engagement, job strain, and their supervisor's transformational leadership. Employee proactivity (personal initiative and voice behaviour) and core job performance were rated by colleagues. The findings support the moderated mediation model. Transformational leadership related positively to work engagement and in turn to proactivity in terms of both personal initiative and voice. Low job strain formed a necessary precondition for work engagement to translate into higher proactivity, whereas the relationship between work engagement and core job performance was independent from job strain.Practitioner points

Organizations need to avoid high stress that might evoke strain in employees and thereby prevent work engagement from translating into proactivity. This can be achieved, for instance, through training interventions based on a cognitive‐behavioural approach and through organizational interventions aimed at increasing employees’ job autonomy and decision‐making, as well as the implementation of rest periods.

Organizations can improve transformational leadership skills in supervisors to increase employee proactivity. Transformational leadership skills can be developed through education, training, and coaching interventions that are based on action‐oriented methods and are aimed at fostering self‐reflection in supervisors.
Effect of Trajectories of Friends' and Parents' School Involvement on Adolescents' Engagement and Achievement
Authors: Im Myung Hee , Hughes Jan N. , West Stephen G. 
Published: January 2016

In a sample of 527 academically at‐risk youth, we investigated trajectories of friends' and parents' school involvement across ages 12–14 and the joint contributions of these trajectories to adolescents' age 15 school engagement and academic achievement. Girls reported higher levels of friends' and parents' school involvement than boys. Both parents' and friends' school involvement declined across ages 12–14. Combined latent growth models and structural equation models showed effects of the trajectories of friends' and parents' school involvement on adolescents' age 15 school engagement and academic achievement, over and above adolescents' prior performance. These effects were additive rather than interactive. Strategies for enhancing parent involvement in school and students' affiliation with peers who are positively engaged in school are discussed.
Formononetin upregulates nitric oxide synthase in arterial endothelium through estrogen receptors and MAPK pathways
Authors: Sun Tao , Cao Lei , Ping Na-Na , Wu Yue , Liu Dong-Zheng , Cao Yong-Xiao 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Formononetin, a phytoestrogen, can improve arterial endothelial cell function by upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The estrogen receptor plays an important role in the regulation of eNOS. This study investigated the hypothesis that formononetin upregulates eNOS through estrogen receptors and MAPK pathways.

Methods
The rat superior mesenteric arteries were cultured with formononetin or formononetin plus inhibitors for 24 h. The isometric tension of the arteries was measured using a myograph system. The mRNA and protein expression levels of eNOS were determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

Key findings
Acetylcholine (ACh) relaxed the mesenteric arteries precontracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine. This relaxation could be enhanced by formononetin. The removal of endothelium or incubation with l-NAME (a NOS inhibitor) completely abolished the formononetin-enhanced relaxation induced by ACh, suggesting that the formononetin-enhanced vasodilatation is dependent on endothelium and NO pathway. The estrogen receptor inhibitor ICI 182780 attenuated the formononetin-enhanced vasodilatation induced by ACh, suggesting that the formononetin-enhanced arterial relaxation is mediated by the estrogen receptor. Formononetin increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of eNOS. ICI 182780, U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) prevented the increases in arterial relaxation and eNOS levels.

Conclusions
Formononetin upregulates eNOS expression in mesenteric arteries via estrogen receptors, ERK1/2 and JNK pathways.
The extracytoplasmic function σ factor σC regulates expression of a branched quinol oxidation pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Toyoda Koichi , Inui Masayuki 
Published: January 2016

SummaryBacteria modify their expression of different terminal oxidases in response to oxygen availability. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a facultative anaerobic bacterium of the phylum Actinobacteria, possesses aa3‐type cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome bd‐type quinol oxidase, the latter of which is induced by oxygen limitation. We report that an extracytoplasmic function σ factor, σC, is responsible for the regulation of this process. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with microarray analysis detected eight σC‐binding regions in the genome, facilitating the identification of a consensus promoter sequence for σC recognition. The promoter sequences were found upstream of genes for cytochrome bd, heme a synthesis enzymes and uncharacterized membrane proteins, all of which were upregulated by sigC overexpression. However, one consensus promoter sequence found on the antisense strand upstream of an operon encoding the cytochrome bc1 complex conferred a σC‐dependent negative effect on expression of the operon. The σC regulon was induced by cytochrome aa3 deficiency without modifying sigC expression, but not by bc1 complex deficiency. These findings suggest that σC is activated in response to impaired electron transfer via cytochrome aa3 and not directly to a shift in oxygen levels. Our results reveal a new paradigm for transcriptional regulation of the aerobic respiratory system in bacteria.
A quorum sensing‐defective mutant of Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. brasiliense 1692 is attenuated in virulence and unable to occlude xylem tissue of susceptible potato plant stems
Authors: Moleleki Lucy Novungayo , Pretorius Rudolph Gustav , Tanui Collins Kipngetich , Mosina Gabolwelwe , Theron Jacques 
Published: January 2016

SummaryPectobacterium carotovorum ssp. brasiliense 1692 (Pcb1692) is an important emerging pathogen of potatoes causing blackleg in the field and soft rot during post‐harvest storage. Blackleg diseases involve the bacterial colonization of vascular tissue and the formation of aggregates, also known as biofilms. To understand the role of quorum sensing in vascular colonization by Pcb1692, we generated a Pcb1692ΔexpI mutant strain. Inactivation of expI led to the reduced production of plant cell wall‐degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), the inability to produce acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) and reduced virulence in potato tubers and stems. Complementation of the mutant strain with the wild‐type expI gene in trans successfully restored AHL and PCWDE production as well as virulence. Transmission electron microscopy and in vitro motility assays demonstrated hyperpiliation and loss of flagella and swimming motility in the mutant strain compared with the wild‐type Pcb1692. Furthermore, we noted that, in the early stages of infection, Pcb1692 wild‐type cells had intact flagella which were shed at the later stages of infection. Confocal laser microscopy of PcbΔexpI‐inoculated plants showed that the mutant strain tended to aggregate in intercellular spaces, but was unable to transit to xylem tissue. On the contrary, the wild‐type strain was often observed forming aggregates within xylem tissue of potato stems. Gene expression analyses confirmed that flagella are part of the quorum sensing regulon, whereas fimbriae and pili appear to be negatively regulated by quorum sensing. The relative expression levels of other important putative virulence genes, such as those encoding different groups of PCWDEs, were down‐regulated in the mutant compared with the wild‐type strain.
Isolation and identification of Malassezia species from Chinese and Korean patients with seborrheic dermatitis and in vitro studies on their bioactivity on sebaceous lipids and IL‐8 production
Authors: Kim Soo Young , Kim Se Hyun , Kim Su Na , Kim Ah‐Reum , Kim Yu Ri , Kim Min Jung , Park Won‐Seok , Lee John Hwan , Jung Won Hee , Lee Yang Won , Choe Yong Beom , Ahn Kyu Joong 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWe investigated the distribution of Malassezia yeast in 120 Chinese (20 patients from each of six cities) and 20 Korean patients with scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and dandruff (SD/D) using ITS1 and ITS2 polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. Bioactivity was studied by quantifying sebum lipid production by human primary sebocytes and inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) production was studied by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes with extracts of five standard Malassezia strains; M. globosa, M. restricta, M. sympodialis, M. dermatis and M. slooffiae. M. restricta and M. globosa were the most frequently encountered species from both Chinese and Korean patients. These two Malassezia species also promoted neutral lipid synthesis although the result was not statistically significant and induced significant increase in IL‐8 production among the five Malassezia species studied. The study suggests a possible role of these organisms in the pathogenesis of SD/D.
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger‐heterozygote knockout mice display increased relaxation in gastric fundus and accelerated gastric transit in vivo
Authors: Azuma Y. T. , Hayashi S. , Nishiyama K. , Kita S. , Mukai K. , Nakajima H. , Iwamoto T. , Takeuchi T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundFor the contraction and relaxation of gastric smooth muscles to occur, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration must be increased and decreased, respectively. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a plasma membrane transporter that is involved in regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.MethodsTo determine the role of NCX in gastrointestinal tissues, we examined electric field stimulation (EFS)‐induced relaxations in the circular muscles of the gastric fundus in NCX1 and NCX2 heterozygote knockout mice (HET).Key ResultsThe myenteric plexus layers and the longitudinal and circular muscle layers in the gastric fundus of wild‐type mice (WT) were strongly immunoreactive to NCX1 and NCX2. EFS induced a transient relaxation that was apparent during the stimulus and a sustained relaxation that persisted after the end of the stimulus. The amplitudes of EFS‐induced transient relaxation and sustained relaxation were greater in NCX1 HET and NCX2 HET than in WT. When an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase was added following the EFS, neither NCX1 HET nor NCX2 HET exhibited transient relaxation, similar to WT. Furthermore, when a PACAP antagonist was added following the EFS, sustained relaxation in NCX1 HET and NCX2 HET was not observed, similar to WT. Next, we examined the effect of NCX heterozygous deficiency on relaxation in response to NO and PACAP in smooth muscles. The magnitude of NOR‐1‐ and PACAP‐induced relaxations in NCX1 HET and NCX2 HET was similar to that of WT.Conclusions & InferencesIn this study, we demonstrate that NCX1 and NCX2 expressed in neurons regulate the motility in the gastric fundus.
Natural extracellular matrix scaffolds recycled from human salivary digests: a morphometric study
Authors: Lilliu MA , Seo YJ , Isola M , Charbonneau AM , Zeitouni A , El‐Hakim M , Tran SD 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveA challenge in engineering tissues is to supply parenchymal cells with suitable scaffolds which ideally reproduce the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study tested the hypothesis of preserving the ‘residual connective tissue’ remaining after mechanical and enzymatic release of cells from human submandibular gland biopsies (that we named ‘natural ExtraCellular Matrix scaffolds’, nECMsc) to be used as recycled natural scaffolds. The objective was to test whether nECMsc and native salivary tissue were comparable morphologically, in ECM proteins composition, and in cell seeding efficiency.MethodsFollowing cell isolation procedures, nECMsc were kept, either fresh or frozen (sectioned into 12‐μm‐thick slices), and examined with high‐resolution electron microscopy (HRSEM) for its three‐dimensional structure, and with picrosirius red staining and immunogold staining for ECM protein composition and distribution, respectively. nECMsc were seeded with human epithelial cells and fibroblasts to assess cell attachment and proliferation in short‐term experiments.ResultsUnder HRSEM, nECMsc had comparable fiber arrangement to original glands. Histochemical and immunogold‐labeling examinations revealed the presence of collagen types I, III, and IV. Seeded epithelial cells and fibroblasts attached, proliferated (14–55%), and were alive (86–99%) after 4–8 days of culture.ConclusionsnECMsc retained native ECM proteins and maintained their distribution. Seeded cells remained viable on nECMsc.
Creative writing and dementia care: ‘making it real’
Authors: Bailey Catherine , Jones Romi , Tiplady Sue , Quinn Isabel , Wilcockson Jane , Clarke Amanda 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundHealth professionals continue to seek ways to promote positive communication and self‐worth when supporting people living with dementia. The value of creative writing techniques as part of reflective practice in nursing and caring for older people with dementia needs further exploration.AimTo introduce creative writing techniques to health professionals as part of dementia‐related reflective practice.MethodA local experienced author facilitated creative writing workshops with nine preregistration nursing students (general and mental health), one family carer and five care professionals working with people with dementia.FindingsThe student nurses reported that the creative writing exercises felt more ‘real’ than the reflective practice models they had used in their academic and practical studies. Workshop participants also reported they had learnt some creative writing techniques to reduce work‐related stress and anxiety. They also saw the impact of writing activities with people living with dementia, which can enable creativity and ‘alleviate the common symptoms of depression and anxiety’.ConclusionCreative writing techniques can support insightful, reflective dementia focused practice.Implications for practiceCreative writing, as a tool in reflective practice, may enable health professionals and family carers to become confident and creative partners in older people's care. The added value, time and investment needed to introduce creative writing need to be articulated and acknowledged from within supervision and staffing teams.
Changes in job stress and coping skills among caregivers after dementia care practitioner training
Authors: Takizawa Takeya , Takahashi Megumi , Takai Michiko , Ikeda Taichiro , Miyaoka Hitoshi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundDementia care practitioner training is essential for professional caregivers to acquire medical knowledge and care skills for dementia patients. We investigated the significance of training in stress management by evaluating caregivers' job stress and coping style before and after they have completed training.MethodsThe subjects included 134 professional caregivers (41 men, 93 women) recruited from participants in training programmes held in Kanagawa Prefecture from August 2008 to March 2010. A survey using a brief job stress questionnaire and a coping scale was carried out before and after they completed their training. A t‐test and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of the training.ResultAfter the training, the scores of modifiers on the job stress scale and of the coping scale increased, whereas the scores of stress reactions on the job stress scale decreased. However, there were no changes in participants' subjective cognition concerning their workplace environment. Furthermore, the change in stress reaction score tended to correlate with the change in consultation score in all participants and with the change in problem‐solving and consultation in male participants. Among female participants, the change in stress reaction score tended to correlate with change in support from superiors and colleagues as modifiers. The factors that correlated to the change in stress reaction score differed between genders.ConclusionThe findings suggest that training caregivers improves their stress reaction and coping skills.
A preliminary study on how hypohydration affects pain perception
Authors: Bear Tracey , Philipp Michael , Hill Stephen , Mündel Toby 
Published: January 2016

AbstractChronic pain is a prevalent health issue with one in five people suffering from some form of chronic pain, with loss of productivity and medical costs of chronic pain considerable. However, the treatment of pain can be difficult, as pain perception is complex and can be affected by factors other than tissue damage. This study investigated the effect of hypohydration (mild, voluntary dehydration from ∼24 h of limiting fluid intake, mimicking someone drinking less than usual) on a person's pain perception. Seventeen healthy males (age 27 ± 5 years) visited the laboratory on three occasions, once as a familiarization and then twice again while either euhydrated (urine specific gravity: 1.008 ± 0.005) or hypohydrated (urine specific gravity: 1.024 ± 0.003, and −1.4 ± 0.9% body mass). Each visit, they performed a cold pressor test, where their feet were placed in cold water (0–3°C) for a maximum of 4 min. Measures of hydration status, pain sensitivity, pain threshold, and catastrophization were taken. We found that hypohydration predicted increased pain sensitivity (β = 0.43), trait pain catastrophizing, and baseline pain sensitivity (β = 0.37 and 0.47, respectively). These results are consistent with previous research, and suggest that a person's hydration status may be an important factor in their perception of acute pain.
Import Security: Assessing the Risks of Imported Food
Authors: Welburn Jonathan , Bier Vicki , Hoerning Steven 
Published: January 2016

We use data on food import violations from the FDA Operational and Administrative System for Import Support (OASIS) to address rising concerns associated with imported food, quantify import risks by product and by country of origin, and explore the usefulness of OASIS data for risk assessment. In particular, we assess whether there are significant trends in violations, whether import violations can be used to quantify risks by country and by product, and how import risks depend on economic factors of the country of origin. The results show that normalizing import violations by volume of imports provides a meaningful indicator of risk. We then use regression analysis to characterize import risks. Using this model, we analyze import risks by product type, violation type, and economic factors of the country of origin. We find that OASIS data are useful in quantifying food import risks, and that the rate of refusals provides a useful decision tool for risk management. Furthermore, we find that some economic factors are significant indicators of food import risk by country.
Changes of synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by using Fasudil
Authors: Yu Jie‐Zhong , Chen Chan , Zhang Qiong , Zhao Yong‐Fei , Feng Ling , Zhang Hai‐Fei , Meng Jian , Ma Cun‐Gen , Xiao Bao‐Guo 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe ROCK signaling pathway is involved in numerous fundamental cellular functions such as cell migration, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and neurite outgrowth. Previous studies demonstrate that Fasudil exhibited therapeutic potential of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) possibly through immune‐modulation and anti‐inflammation. In this study, we observed the effect of Fasudil on synaptic protection of EAE mice. Fasudil ameliorated the clinical severity of EAE and inhibited Rho kinase (ROCK), especially ROCK II, in brain and spinal cord of EAE mice. Protein extracts from spinal cord of Fasudil‐treated EAE mice promoted the formation of neurite outgrowth when co‐cultured with primary neurons, indicating that peripheral administration of Fasudil can enter the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibited its biological effect on the formation of neurite outgrowth. Synapse‐related molecule synaptophysin was enhanced, and CRMP‐2, AMPA receptor, and GSK‐3β were declined in spinal cord of Fasudil‐treated mice. Neurotrophic factor BDNF and GDNF as well as immunomodulatory cytokine IL‐10 in spinal cord were elevated in Fasudil‐treated mice, while inflammatory cytokine IL‐17, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were obviously inhibited, accompanied by the decrease of inflammatory M1 iNOS and the increase of anti‐inflammatory M2 Arg‐1, providing a microenvironment that contributes to synaptic protection. Our results indicate that Fasudil treatment protected against synaptic damage and promoted synaptic formation, which may be related with increased neurotrophic factors as well as decreased inflammatory microenvironment in the CNS of EAE mice.
What Registered Nurses Do and Do Not in the Management of Pediatric Peripheral Venous Catheters and Guidelines: Unpacking the Outcomes of Computer Reminders
Authors: Eldh Ann Catrine , Tollne AnnaMaria , Förberg Ulrika , Wallin Lars 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundClinical practical guidelines (CPGs) may enhance evidence‐based practice, but require implementation. Computer reminders have previously shown various effects in supporting implementation; in a concomitant study, we found no effect on complications in peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) or registered nurses’ (RNs) adherence to a CPG in pediatric care. Yet, there is a need to determine how reminders operate in particular contexts.AimTo depict if, in what context, and how computer reminders regarding evidence‐based management of PVC in pediatric care are applied according to RNs’ actions and experience.MethodsQualitative data from nonparticipant observations and interviews with 18 RNs in four intervention units at a pediatric hospital were analyzed with content analysis.FindingsAttention given to the computer reminders varied; the RNs noticed them in units where there was an agreement about the management and recording of PVCs, but not elsewhere. Rather, computer reminders did not facilitate adherence to the PVC‐CPG where the CPG was not acknowledged from the start. RNs who knew how to manage PVCs had peer support and received additional reminders, which suggested that the computer reminders added to the significance of PVCs in pediatric care.Linking Evidence to ActionWhile the computer reminders alone did not support CPG implementation, they further increased the attention to PVCs in contexts where there was a readiness to change along with a supportive culture. We suggest further studies tailoring implementation strategies to include electronic means if there is a beneficial context.