bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhodium Enolate Complexes as Synthons and Catalysts in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Metal enolates are versatile nucleophilic reagents in organic synthesis, and are applicable to reactions with various electrophiles. The reactivity of transition metal enolates differs from that of enolates derived from main‐group elements, although such reaction is rare other than for palladium and copper enolates. The focus in this chapter is formation and reaction of rhodium enolates, the following features of which are notable: (i) rhodium can assume various oxidation states and coordination modes; (ii) O‐bound rhodium enolates have a low RhO bond polarity, because the difference in electronegativity between rhodium and oxygen is considerably smaller than that between lithium and oxygen, and the compounds show less basisity but modest nucleophilicity; (iii) oxidative addition and reductive elimination can be employed to form, react, and regenerate rhodium enolates; (iv) modest reactivity allows the use of various methods to control the reactivity and includes tolerance for various cosubstrates and metal reagents; (v) regeneration of rhodium enolates allows catalysis; (vi) use of chiral ligands allows applications to asymmetric reactions. Therefore, rhodium enolates react with various reagents, such as aldehydes, water, perfluoroalkyl iodides, perfluorobenzenes, arylboranes, aryltitaniums, disulfides, α‐organothioketones, and ketones. Rhodium enolates can become important synthetic intermediates possessing diverse of reactivities in organic synthesis.
Open to All: Architectural Education
Authors: Schmidt Freek 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt is as difficult to determine what constituted the education of “the” architect in the eighteenth century, as it is to define the architect. TheBuilder's Dictionaryof 1734 describes the architect as “a Master Workman in a Building, he who designs the Model, or draws the Plot, Plan or Draught of the whole Fabrick; whose Business it is to consider the whole Manner and Method of Building; and also to compute the Charge and Expence.” This differs from Colvin's “modern architect”: “a professional man set aside from the building trade by education and specialized training. His architectural expertise is acquired by academic instruction rather than by practical experience, and his approach to design is theoretical rather than empirical. When he designs a building he envisages it as a whole and works it out in detail on paper before transmitting the drawings to the executant builder.” In the eighteenth century, we encounter both the workman architect and the modern architect. What separates them is their education. This chapter attempts to look at the availability of architectural knowledge and how it fueled the professional formation of individuals from different backgrounds who, in retrospect, have come to be identified as architects. It will mention more traditional trajectories and new developments, without claiming to be exhaustive or do justice to the wide range of possibilities on offer throughout Europe. The opportunities and initiatives presented here are loosely tied by the idea of Enlightenment as a pan‐European process of rationalization and secularization that emerged in the later seventeenth and continued all through the eighteenth century. Exemplary cases and familiar names from England and France that have been studied extensively by Anglo‐Saxon scholars, alternate with less well‐known figures in other areas, to illustrate some unique initiatives as well as hint at numerous parallels in the creation, transmission, and appropriation of architectural knowledge, and our often still incomplete grasp of it.
Merging Iron Catalysis and Biocatalysis—Iron Carbonyl Complexes as Efficient Hydrogen Autotransfer Catalysts in Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions
Authors: El‐Sepelgy Osama , Alandini Nurtalya , Rueping Magnus 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA dual catalytic iron/lipase system has been developed and applied in the dynamic kinetic resolution of benzylic and aliphatic secondary alcohols. A detailed study of the Knölker‐type iron complexes demonstrated the hydrogen autotransfer of alcohols to proceed under mild reaction conditions and allowed the combination with the enzymatic resolution. Different racemic alcohols were efficiently converted to chiral acetates in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Polyethyleneimine‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles: Straightforward Preparation of Efficient DNA Delivery Nanocarriers
Authors: Ortega‐Muñoz Mariano , Giron‐Gonzalez M. Dolores , Salto‐Gonzalez Rafael , Jodar‐Reyes Ana Belen , De Jesus Samantha E. , Lopez‐Jaramillo F. Javier , Hernandez‐Mateo Fernando , Santoyo‐Gonzalez Francisco 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA novel one‐pot method for the synthesis of polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuPEI‐NPs) that combines the reductant–stabilizer properties of PEI with microwave irradiation starting from hydrogen tetrachloroaurate acid (HAuCl4) and branched PEI 25 kDa (b25kPEI) was explored. The method was straightforward, green, and low costing, for which the Au/PEI ratio (1:1 to 1:128 w/w) was a key parameter to modulate their capabilities as DNA delivery nanocarriers. Transfection assays in CHO‐k1 cells demonstrated that AuPEI‐NPs with 1:16 and 1:32 w/w ratios behaved as effective DNA gene vectors with improved transfection efficiencies (twofold) and significantly lower toxicity than unmodified b25kPEI and Lipofectamine 2000. The transfection mediated by these AuPEI‐NP–DNA polyplexes preferentially used the caveolae‐mediated route for intracellular internalization, as shown by studies performed by using specific internalization inhibitors as well as colocalization with markers of clathrin‐ and caveolae‐dependent pathways. The AuPEI‐NP polyplexes preferentially used the more efficient caveolae internalization pathway to promote transfection, a fact that supports their higher transfection efficiency relative to that of Lipofectamine 2000. In addition, intracellular trafficking of the AuPEI‐NPs was studied by transmission electron microscopy.
Steric‐Structure‐Dependent Gel Formation, Hierarchical Structures, Rheological Behavior, and Surface Wettability
Authors: Cao Xinhua , Zhao Na , Li Ruohan , Lv Haiting , Zhang Zongwen , Gao Aiping , Yi Tao 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA series of bicholesteryl‐based gelators with different central linker atoms C, N, and O (abbreviated to GC, GN, and GO, respectively) have been designed and synthesized. The self‐assembly processes of these gelators were investigated by using gelation tests, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, field‐emission transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, rheology, and contact‐angle experiments. The gelation ability, self‐assembly morphology, rheological, and surface‐wettability properties of these gelators strongly depend on the central linker atom of the gelator molecule. Specifically, GC and GN can form gels in three different solvents, whereas GO can only form a gel in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). Morphologies from nanofibers and nanosheets to nanospheres and nanotubes can be obtained with different central atoms. Gels of GC, GN, and GO formed in the same solvent (DMF) have different tolerances to external forces. All xerogels gave a hydrophobic surface with contact angles that ranged from 121 to 152°. Quantum‐chemical calculations indicate that the GC, GN, and GO molecules have very different steric structures. The results demonstrate that the central linker atom can efficiently modulate the molecular steric structure and thus regulate the supramolecular self‐assembly process and properties of gelators.
Inhibitory Effect of Multivalent Rhamnobiosides on Recombinant Horseshoe Crab Plasma Lectin Interactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
Authors: Herczeg Mihály , Mező Erika , Molnár Nikolett , Ng Sim‐Kun , Lee Yuan‐Chuan , Dah‐Tsyr Chang Margaret , Borbás Anikó 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the molecular interaction of recombinant horseshoe crab plasma lectin (rHPL) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, multivalent rhamnobioside derivatives were designed. Eight rhamnoclusters with three or four α(1–3)‐rhamnobiosides attached to different central cores, such as methyl gallate, pentaerythritol, and N‐Boc Tris, through either an ethylene glycol or a tetraethylene glycol linker, were assembled in two consecutive azide–alkyne cycloaddition click reactions. The synthetic method embraced the preparation of two α(1–3)‐rhamnobiosides with different linker arms and their conjugation, in stoichiometric or substoichiometric amounts, to propargyl ether‐functionalized tri‐ or tetravalent scaffolds. A divalent derivative and two self‐assembling rhamnobiosides were also prepared. The different architectures and valences of the rhamnoclusters provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of topology and valency on the binding properties toward rHPL. Inhibitory ELISA data showed that all covalently linked rhamnoclusters could inhibit P. aeruginosa PAO1 recognition activity of rHPL with high efficacy. Trivalent rhamnobiosides showed a stronger inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa PAO1 binding, and the more flexible clusters on a pentaerythritol or a Tris core were superior to the less flexible methyl gallate‐based clusters. Interestingly, the length of the linker arms had a very low impact on the binding ability of the rhamnoclusters. Herein, the two trivalent derivatives on an N‐Boc protected Tris central core were the best inhibitors. The self‐assembling amphiphilic rhamnobioside derivatives were found to display no multivalent effect.
Screening mammography: sparing the emperor's blushes
Authors: Niraula Saroj 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDiffering interpretations about evidence on benefits and harms of screening mammography has led to conflicting recommendations among different jurisdictions that range from intensive screening starting at age 40 to no screening at all. Despite broad attention of scientific and nonscientific media, evidence suggests substantial discrepancy between real and perceived benefits of screening mammography among women. In this commentary, underlying concept of mammographic screening, limitations in primary evidence, results from secondary evidence, and existing misunderstandings are underscored with a critical gaze at available information.
Geraniol suppresses prostate cancer growth through down‐regulation of E2F8
Authors: Lee Sanghoon , Park Yu Rang , Kim Su‐Hwa , Park Eun‐Jung , Kang Min Ji , So Insuk , Chun Jung Nyeo , Jeon Ju‐Hong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGeraniol, an acyclic dietary monoterpene, has been found to suppress cancer survival and growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the antitumor action of geraniol has not been investigated at the genome‐wide level. In this study, we analyzed the microarray data obtained from geraniol‐treated prostate cancer cells. Geraniol potently altered a gene expression profile and primarily down‐regulated cell cycle‐related gene signatures, compared to linalool, another structurally similar monoterpene that induces no apparent phenotypic changes. Master regulator analysis using the prostate cancer‐specific regulatory interactome identified that the transcription factor E2F8 as a specific target molecule regulates geraniol‐specific cell cycle signatures. Subsequent experiments confirmed that geraniol down‐regulated E2F8 expression and the knockdown of E2F8 was sufficient to suppress cell growth by inducing G2/M arrest. Epidemiological analysis showed that E2F8 is up‐regulated in metastatic prostate cancer and associated with poor prognosis. These results indicate that E2F8 is a crucial transcription regulator controlling cell cycle and survival in prostate cancer cells. Therefore, our study provides insight into the role of E2F8 in prostate cancer biology and therapeutics.
Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Compounds from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. according to Compound Classes, Plant Organs and Senegalese Sample Locations
Authors: Tine Yoro , Diop Abdoulaye , Diatta William , Desjobert Jean‐Marie , Boye Cheikh Saad Bouh , Costa Jean , Wélé Alassane , Paolini Julien 
Published: September 2016

The chemical diversity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides growing wild in Senegal was studied according to volatile compound classes, plant organs and sample locations. The composition of fruit essential oil was investigated using an original targeted approach based on the combination of gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) both coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The volatile composition of Z. zanthoxyloides fruits exhibited relative high amounts of hydrocarbon monoterpenes (24.3 – 55.8%) and non‐terpenic oxygenated compounds (34.5 – 63.1%). The main components were (E)‐β‐ocimene (12.1 – 39%), octyl acetate (11.6 – 21.8%) and decanol (9.7 – 15.4%). The GC and GC/MS profiling of fruit essential oils showed a chemical variability according to geographical locations of plant material. The LC/MS/MS analysis of fruit oils allowed the detection of seven coumarins in trace content. The chemical composition of fruit essential oils was compared with volatile fractions of leaves and barks (root and trunk) from the same plant station. Hexadecanoic acid, germacrene D and decanal were identified as the major constituents of leaves whereas the barks (root and trunk) were dominated by pellitorine (85.8% and 57%, respectively), an atypic linear compound with amide group. The fruit essential oil exhibited interesting antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, particularly the alcohol fraction of the oil.
Chemical Composition and Allelopathic Potential of Essential Oils from Citharexylum spinosum L. Grown in Tunisia
Authors: El Ayeb‐Zakhama Asma , Sakka‐Rouis Lamia , Flamini Guido , Ben Jannet Hichem , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia 
Published: September 2016

Citharexylum spinosum L. (Verbenaceae) also known as Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq. or Citharexylum fruticosum L. is an exotic tree introduced many years ago in Tunisia, specially used as a street and park ornamental tree. Essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydrodistillation of the different parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits; drupes) collected from trees grown in the area of Monastir (Tunisia). In total, 84 compounds, representing 90.1 – 98.4% of the whole oil composition, were identified by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root EO was distinguished by its high content in monoterpene hydrocarbons (α‐phellandrene; 30.8%) whereas that obtained from stems was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (cuparene; 16.4%). The leaf oil was rich in an apocarotenoid derivative (hexahydrofarnesylacetone; 26%) and an aliphatic hydrocarbon (nonadecane; 14.5%). Flowers oil was rich in esters (2‐phenylethyl benzoate; 33.5%). Finally, drupes oil was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (β‐eudesmol; 33.1%). Flowers oil showed a significant phytotoxic effect against lettuce seeds germination, it induces a total inhibition when tested at 1 mg/ml. Root and shoot elongation seemed to be more affected than germination. The inhibition of the shoot length varied from 3.6% to 100% and that of the root from 16.1% to 100%. The highest inhibition of 100% was detected for flower oil tested at 1 mg/ml. Our in vitro studies suggest a possible and new alternative use of C. spinosum EOs in herbicidal formulations, further experiments involving field conditions are necessary to confirm its herbicidal potential.
Supraventricular tachycardias: differential diagnosis at bedside and in the electrophysiology laboratory
Authors: Katritsis D. G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractClinical and electrophysiologic criteria used for the differential diagnosis of regular supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) are presented. Although several electrocardiographic clues may assist differential diagnosis, this is usually accomplished at electrophysiology study and, most often, is between atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia due to a concealed accessory pathway, and atrial tachycardia. Atrial and, mainly, ventricular pacing maneuvers during sinus rhythm or tachycardia have been used with variable success rate. In clinical practice, these techniques cannot be applied to all cases, and multiple criteria have to be used for the differential diagnosis of narrow complex tachycardias with atypical characteristics.Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/4469457/Activity.aspx
Removal of Pertechnetate‐Related Oxyanions from Solution Using Functionalized Hierarchical Porous Frameworks
Authors: Banerjee Debasis , Elsaidi Sameh K. , Aguila Briana , Li Baiyan , Kim Dongsang , Schweiger Michael J. , Kruger Albert A. , Doonan Christian J. , Ma Shengqian , Thallapally Praveen K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEfficient and cost‐effective removal of radioactive pertechnetate anions from nuclear waste is a key challenge to mitigate long‐term nuclear waste storage issues. Traditional materials such as resins and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were evaluated for their pertechnetate or perrhenate (the non‐radioactive surrogate) removal capacity, but there is room for improvement in terms of capacity, selectivity and kinetics. A series of functionalized hierarchical porous frameworks were evaluated for their perrhenate removal capacity in the presence of other competing anions.
Quantum‐Transport Characteristics of a p–n Junction on Single‐Layer TiS3
Authors: Iyikanat Fadil , Senger Ramazan T. , Peeters Francois M. , Sahin Hasan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBy using density functional theory and non‐equilibrium Green′s function‐based methods, we investigated the electronic and transport properties of a TiS3 monolayer p–n junction. We constructed a lateral p–n junction on a TiS3 monolayer using Li and F adatoms. An applied bias voltage caused significant variability in the electronic and transport properties of the TiS3 p–n junction. In addition, the spin‐dependent current–voltage characteristics of the constructed TiS3 p–n junction were analyzed. Important device characteristics were found, such as negative differential resistance and rectifying diode behaviors for spin‐polarized currents in the TiS3 p–n junction. These prominent conduction properties of the TiS3 p–n junction offer remarkable opportunities for the design of nanoelectronic devices based on a recently synthesized single‐layered material.
Contrasting patterns of selection between MHC I and II across populations of Humboldt and Magellanic penguins
Authors: Sallaberry‐Pincheira Nicole , González‐Acuña Daniel , Padilla Pamela , Dantas Gisele P. M. , Luna‐Jorquera Guillermo , Frere Esteban , Valdés‐Velásquez Armando , Vianna Juliana A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe evolutionary and adaptive potential of populations or species facing an emerging infectious disease depends on their genetic diversity in genes, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In birds, MHC class I deals predominantly with intracellular infections (e.g., viruses) and MHC class II with extracellular infections (e.g., bacteria). Therefore, patterns of MHC I and II diversity may differ between species and across populations of species depending on the relative effect of local and global environmental selective pressures, genetic drift, and gene flow. We hypothesize that high gene flow among populations of Humboldt and Magellanic penguins limits local adaptation in MHC I and MHC II, and signatures of selection differ between markers, locations, and species. We evaluated the MHC I and II diversity using 454 next‐generation sequencing of 100 Humboldt and 75 Magellanic penguins from seven different breeding colonies. Higher genetic diversity was observed in MHC I than MHC II for both species, explained by more than one MHC I loci identified. Large population sizes, high gene flow, and/or similar selection pressures maintain diversity but limit local adaptation in MHC I. A pattern of isolation by distance was observed for MHC II for Humboldt penguin suggesting local adaptation, mainly on the northernmost studied locality. Furthermore, trans‐species alleles were found due to a recent speciation for the genus or convergent evolution. High MHC I and MHC II gene diversity described is extremely advantageous for the long‐term survival of the species.
Using regional bird community dynamics to evaluate ecological integrity within national parks
Authors: Ladin Zachary S. , Higgins Conor D. , Schmit John Paul , Sanders Geoffrey , Johnson Mark J. , Weed Aaron S. , Marshall Matthew R. , Campbell J. Patrick , Comiskey James A. , Shriver W. Gregory 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how biological communities respond to global change is important for the conservation of functioning ecosystems as anthropogenic environmental threats increase. National parks within the United States provide unique ecological and cultural resources that can help conserve biodiversity and maintain ecological integrity, especially in heavily urbanized environments. Parks within the National Capital Region (NCRN) and Mid‐Atlantic (MIDN) Networks, representing federally protected areas located within a mixed landscape of rural to urban areas, have been monitoring forest and grassland birds annually to evaluate long‐term trends in bird community dynamics. Given increasing rates of decline in forest‐ and grassland‐breeding songbirds in North America, understanding community‐level trends in parks will help their preservation for future generations. We used point count data collected between 2007 and 2015 from 640 sampling locations to calculate a bird community index (BCI) to infer relative estimates of ecological integrity. Our objectives were to (1) quantify BCI in 17 national parks in the mid‐Atlantic region, (2) test for relationships between BCI and the proportion of forest and developed land cover types, (3) assess temporal variation in BCI, and (4) additionally test for differences in estimates of species detection probability between volunteer citizen scientists and paid observers. Mean BCI scores and ecological integrity ranks among parks ranged between 33.5 (low integrity) and 58.3 (high integrity), while the majority of parks had BCI scores ranging between 40.1 and 52.0 (medium integrity). For both networks, we found that BCI was positively related to the extent of forest cover, and for NCRN, the more heavily urbanized network, we found that BCI was negatively related to developed land cover. Assessment of temporal changes in BCI within parks indicated that BCI was stable for 12 parks, increased in four parks, and decreased in one park within our study. Lastly, we detected no differences in species detection probability between citizen scientist‐ and paid observer‐collected data which lends support for the future comparison of bird monitoring data in regional analyses across NPS I&M Networks. The continued evaluation of ecological integrity, through measuring bird community dynamics at regional scales, is important for conserving biological diversity.
Urgent need for a data sharing platform to promote ecological research in china
Authors: Deng Xiangzheng 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
China has fallen behind in data sharing. A scientific data sharing platform is needed in China to create a big data pool for large‐scale comprehensive ecological research by providing undisrupted flow and sharing of data resources. To meet the increasing demand for more data‐intensive ecological research, the data sharing platform should improve the quality of both data and services and handle data heterogeneity across disciplines at a higher level. As data transparency and insecurity have been major barriers to data sharing and exchange, data confidentiality and security have to be taken into consideration by governmental organizations for building a comprehensive data sharing platform. In addition, it is necessary to enhance the efficiency of data sharing among the field or laboratory ecologists in China and beyond.