bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Biochar‐Straw on Soil Aggregation, Organic Carbon Distribution, and Wheat Growth
Authors: Ji Qiang , Zhao Shi‐Xiang , Li Zhong‐Hui , Ma Yuan‐Yuan , Wang Xu‐Dong 
Published: August 2016

Exogenous C application can improve the physicochemical properties and fertility of soil. This study was conducted to determine whether the application of biochar (BC) was better than straw for improving soil structure and crop growth. The short‐term effects of exogenous C application on the size distribution of water‐stable aggregates, organic C sequestration, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated on a silty clay loam soil in the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. Biochar and straw were applied at equal C rates: 1, 3, and 10% in straw treatments (Str1.0, Str3.0, and Str10.0, respectively) and 0.8, 2.4, and 8% in BC treatments (BC0.8, BC2.4, and BC8.0, respectively). No‐C treatment (CK) was used as the control. The mass proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) was increased by 16.9% in BC2.4 and 45.8% in BC8.0, and soil organic carbon (SOC) was increased by 13.2 to 155.1% on average in the BC treatments when compared with CK. A small quantity of BC (0.8 and 2.4%) increased microbial biomass C content but decreased dissolved organic C content, while a large quantity of BC (8%) had the reverse effects. Wheat yields were increased by 14.9 and 19.1% in BC0.8 and BC2.4, respectively, while they were decreased by 37.3 and 90.1% in Str3.0 and Str10.0, respectively, when compared with CK. Moderately heavy soil BC amendment (e.g., applied rate, 2.4%) is beneficial to soil structure improvement and wheat growth and effective for harmless disposal of excess plant residues in the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China.Core Ideas

Biochar addition enhanced macroaggregate formation and microaggregate agglomeration.
Biochar particles mostly existed in the macroaggregate (>0.25 mm) fractions.
Low and moderate biochar application at 0.8% and 2.4% increased microbial biomass C and wheat yield.
Heavy straw application at 3% and 10% inhibited wheat growth and yield increase.
Training and Organization Programs Increases Maize Yield and Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency in Smallholder Agriculture in China
Authors: Zhao Pengfei , Cao Guoxin , Zhao Yi , Zhang Hongyan , Chen Xinping , Li Xiaolin , Cui Zhengling 
Published: August 2016

The knowledge and technologies to achieve both high yield and high N‐use efficiency in northern China already existed; however, there has been little progress in their implementation. We hypothesized that their adoption could be improved by offering farmers training programs (TPs, two trainings a year) and organizational and training programs (OTPs, besides training, which also provide in‐ field guidance and the cooperative purchase of seeds and fertilizers by groups of smallholder farmers.). In this study we evaluated maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N application rates, N‐use efficiency (partial factor productivity), net economic gains (defined as the difference between economic return of maize and N fertilizer cost), and technology adoption rate by farmers in a county who were assigned to TP and OTP groups vs. those following conventional farming practices (FPs) during the years 2009 to 2013. For TP and OTP groups of 1668 farmers, maize yield increased significantly by 10 and 18%, respectively, compared with the FP group, as did N‐use efficiency (22 and 37%, respectively). This led to significant increase in economic gains of 11 and 20%, in the TP and OTP groups, respectively. The adoption rate of formulated fertilizers, maize hybrid cultivars, and optimized planting density differed significantly between the FP (31, 52, and 43%, respectively), TP (57, 56, and 65%, respectively), and OTP (83, 90, and 78%, respectively) groups. These results demonstrate that innovation and agronomic participatory approaches are essential to improvement of both yield and N‐use efficiency in smallholder agriculture in China.Core Ideas

Maize yield and N‐use efficiency was significantly increased by offering farmer training program and organizational and training program.
Adoption rate of the technology package was improved by farmers who attended the training program and the organizational and training program.
These results demonstrated that innovation and participatory approaches in agronomic and management practices are essential to improve both grain yield and N‐use efficiency in the smallholder agriculture.
Evidence for the Ability of Active‐Optical Sensors to Detect Sulfur Deficiency in Corn
Authors: Franzen David W. , Sharma Lakesh K. , Bu Honggang , Denton Anne 
Published: August 2016

Prediction of S deficiency is difficult due to poor soil test relationship to crop response. The purpose of this article is to provide evidence that the use of an N‐sufficient area established for use as a standard for active‐optical (AO) sensor directed in‐season N application could also serve to detect S deficiency in corn (Zea mays L.). Nitrogen rate experiments at Oakes and Arthur, ND, exhibited corn upper‐leaf yellowing in high N treatments while control treatments (0 N) were greenest. Two AO sensors were utilized to record red normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and red edge NDVI values. The high‐N treatment had the lowest NDVI readings, and the control treatments had the highest NDVI readings. Within 24 h, an application of gypsum containing 22 kg S ha−1 was applied. Seven days following S application, the sites were revisited. The AO sensors were again used to record red NDVI and red edge NDVI. At both sites, the high N treatment had the highest NDVI readings and the control treatment had the lowest NDVI readings. These experiments indicate that high N treatment can increase the severity of S deficiency in corn. If a lower NDVI reading is recorded in a high N application area than in the surrounding area, S deficiency may be present.Core Ideas

Sulfur deficiency in corn is difficult to anticipate using soil analysis.
When N availability is low, the affect of S deficiency in corn is minimized.
When N availability is high, the affect of S deficiency is intensified.
Active‐optical sensors can be used along with an N‐sufficient area to reveal S deficiency.
Visual Assessment of Sulfate Reduction to Identify Hydric Soils
Authors: Vaughan Karen L. , Miller Florence , Navarro Nico , Appel Christopher 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
Iron monosulfides determine the presence of highly reduced conditions.
Visual sulfate reduction on IRIS surfaces can be used to identify hydric soils.
Greater S content in saturated soils results in greater monosulfide formation.
Some hydric soils present a unique set of problems associated with their identification, including morphological features not reflective of current hydrology and/or masked redoximorphic features. A simple, reliable tool to identify reduced soil environments is IRIS (Indicator of Reduction in Soil) tubes and panels. In saturated, anaerobic soils with substantial sulfur (S) contents, a commonly observed phenomenon is the reduction of S to form black iron monosulfides (FeS). The objective of this experiment was to document S reduction on polyvinylchloride surfaces coated with synthesized iron (Fe) oxides to simplify the identification of hydric soils wetlands containing moderate to high S concentrations. The IRIS panels were installed in soil mesocosms containing varying concentrations of sulfate and saturated for 11 wk. Oxidation–reduction potential and pH were measured weekly throughout the study. At the termination of the experiment, the IRIS panels were removed and analyzed quantitatively for percentage of oxidized iron (Fe3+) remaining, reduced iron (Fe2+) removed, and reduced S (FeS) precipitated onto the panel. When IRIS panels displayed 2% FeS precipitate, 77% of the panels met the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soil criteria using reduced Fe removal from IRIS panels, and 100% of the panels met the criteria established using measured oxidation–reduction potential. The strong visual observation of FeS is a simple, quick determination of highly reduced conditions. Wetlands are a valuable natural resource that can be challenging to delineate, and the incorporation of a visual S reduction criteria on IRIS surfaces is beneficial for the timely and accurate identification of hydric soils.
The Definitions of Net Income and Comprehensive Income and Their Implications for Measurement
Authors: Nishikawa Ikuo , Kamiya Takao , Kawanishi Yasunobu 
Published: August 2016

SYNOPSIS:
Historically, accounting standard-setters have not been successful in defining net income. Nor have they been successful in justifying the use of other comprehensive income (OCI) and recycling. This paper proposes the definitions of net income and comprehensive income and an approach to measurement based on the proposed definitions. Net income and comprehensive income should be defined as two separate elements of financial statements, with OCI being the linkage factor that reconciles the two elements. Recycling of all OCI items is required for both elements to have the characteristic of all-inclusiveness. Net income should represent the irreversible outcomes of an entity's business activities, and it follows that the measurement basis of current value should be used from the perspective of reporting an entity's financial performance only when an asset (or a liability) is readily converted to cash (or settled) and the entity's business activity does not legally, contractually, or economically restrict the entity's opportunity to convert the asset to cash (or settle the liability).
Mechanochemical synthesis of CaMoO4 nanoparticles: kinetics and characterization
Authors: Hoseinpur Arman , Bezanaj Malihe Mohammadi , Khaki Jalil Vahdati 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This research introduces the mechanosynthesis process for CaMoO4 nanoparticles by using MoO3 and CaO as initial reactants. An empirical model was developed to describe the kinetics of the reaction. X-ray diffraction was used at each step of the milling to evaluate the developed model. The experimental data and the results from the model are in good agreement. The synthesized powders in this research were characterized using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, dynamic laser scattering, and photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques. Photoluminescence characterizations revealed that the synthesized CaMoO4 generated two photoluminescence emissions, at 377 nm (violet) and 515 nm (green). It was also observed that further milling of the synthesized powders changed the photoluminescence properties of the product. After 12 h of milling, the synthesized CaMoO4 generated a novel photoluminescence emission at 564 nm. The results of this research indicate that mechanical milling can be employed to control the photoluminescent properties of CaMoO4.
Response of Broccoli (<i>Brassica oleracia</i> L.) to Different Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Hussain M J , Rannu R P , Razzak M A , Ahmed R , Sheikh M H R 
Published: August 2016

The study was conducted at the experimental field of Horticulture Research Centre, BARI, Gazipur during Rabi seasons in three years (2012 to 2015) to investigate the response of broccoli (cv. Premium crop) under different irrigation regimes. The experiment was conducted in RCBD with five replications. There were four treatments: I1=Irrigation up to FC at 5 days interval after plant establishment (PE), I2= Irrigation up to FC at 10 days interval after PE, I3 = Irrigation up to FC at 15 days interval after PE and I4= Irrigation up to FC at 20 days interval after PE. A significant response of broccoli to different irrigation levels was observed. Among the different treatments, I2 (irrigation at 10 days interval) was significantly better yielding (19.98 t/ha, 20.63 t/ha and 16.24 t/ha in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year, respectively). The lowest yields were observed from the treatment I4 each in all 3 years. The highest seasonal water (382.30 mm, 296.58 mm and 305.00 mm in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year) were used in treatment I1 and the lowest (204.60 mm, 185.66 mm and 179.77mm in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd year) were used in treatment I4, I3 and I3, respectively. The results suggest that irrigation at 10 days interval (I2) might be optimum irrigation schedule for broccoli production on the basis of gross return. But in respect of economic profitability, the highest marginal rate of return is obtained from treatment I3.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(1) 98-106
FIVE PLANETS TRANSITING A NINTH MAGNITUDE STAR
Authors: Vanderburg Andrew , Becker Juliette C. , Kristiansen Martti H. , Bieryla Allyson , Duev Dmitry A. , Jensen-Clem Rebecca , Morton Timothy D. , Latham David W. , Adams Fred C. , Baranec Christoph , Berlind Perry , Calkins Michael L. , Esquerdo Gilbert A. , Kulkarni Shrinivas , Law Nicholas M. , Riddle Reed , Salama Maïssa , Schmitt Allan R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The Kepler mission has revealed a great diversity of planetary systems and architectures, but most of the planets discovered by Kepler orbit faint stars. Using new data from the
K2
mission, we present the discovery of a five-planet system transiting a bright (V = 8.9, K = 7.7) star called HIP 41378. HIP 41378 is a slightly metal-poor late F-type star with moderate rotation (v sin i ≃ 7

km

s

−
1

) and lies at a distance of 116 ± 18 pc from Earth. We find that HIP 41378 hosts two sub-Neptune-sized planets orbiting 3.5% outside a 2:1 period commensurability in 15.6 and 31.7 day orbits. In addition, we detect three planets that each transit once during the 75 days spanned by
K2
observations. One planet is Neptune-sized in a likely ∼160 day orbit, one is sub-Saturn-sized, likely in a ∼130 day orbit, and one is a Jupiter-sized planet in a likely ∼1 year orbit. We show that these estimates for the orbital periods can be made more precise by taking into account dynamical stability considerations. We also calculate the distribution of stellar reflex velocities expected for this system, and show that it provides a good target for future radial velocity observations. If a precise orbital period can be determined for the outer Jovian planets through future observations, this system will be an excellent candidate for follow-up transit observations to study its atmosphere and measure its oblateness.
THE TURBULENT ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW AND SPIN MISALIGNMENT IN MULTIPLE STAR SYSTEMS
Authors: Offner Stella S. R. , Dunham Michael M. , Lee Katherine I. , Arce Héctor G. , Fielding Drummond B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The protostellar outflows of wide-separation forming binaries frequently appear misaligned. We use magneto-hydrodynamic simulations to investigate the alignment of protostellar spin and molecular outflows for forming binary pairs. We show that the protostellar pairs, which form from turbulent fragmentation within a single parent core, have randomly oriented angular momentum. Although the pairs migrate to closer separations, their spins remain partially misaligned. We produce 12CO(2-1) synthetic observations of the simulations and characterize the outflow orientation in the emission maps. The CO-identified outflows exhibit a similar random distribution and are also statistically consistent with the observed distribution of molecular outflows. We conclude that the observed misalignment provides a clear signature of binary formation via turbulent fragmentation. The persistence of misaligned outflows and stellar spins following dynamical evolution may provide a signature of binary origins for more evolved multiple star systems.
AN IMAGING STUDY OF A COMPLEX SOLAR CORONAL RADIO ERUPTION
Authors: Feng S. W. , Chen Y. , Song H. Q. , Wang B. , Kong X. L. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Solar coronal radio bursts are enhanced radio emission excited by energetic electrons accelerated during solar eruptions. Studying these bursts is important for investigating the origin and physical mechanism of energetic particles and further diagnosing coronal parameters. Earlier studies suffered from a lack of simultaneous high-quality imaging data of the radio burst and the eruptive structure in the inner corona. Here we present a study on a complex solar radio eruption consisting of a type II burst and three reversely drifting type III bursts, using simultaneous EUV and radio imaging data. It is found that the type II burst is closely associated with a propagating and evolving CME-driven EUV shock structure, originated initially at the northern shock flank and later transferred to the top part of the shock. This source transfer is coincident with the presence of shock decay and enhancing signatures observed at the corresponding side of the EUV front. The electron energy accelerated by the shock at the flank is estimated to be ∼0.3 c by examining the imaging data of the fast-drifting herringbone structure of the type II burst. The reverse-drifting type III sources are found to be within the ejecta and correlated with a likely reconnection event therein. The implications for further observational studies and relevant space weather forecasting techniques are discussed.
Leukotriene B4 Receptor 2 Is Critical for the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Allergen-Stimulated Mast Cells
Authors: Lee A-Jin , Ro MyungJa , Kim Jae-Hong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Mast cells are among the principal effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In allergic reactions, allergen (Ag)-induced cross-linking of IgE bound to FcεRI on mast cells results in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is essential for the initiation and development of the allergic response. Despite the central role of VEGF in allergic asthma, the signaling events responsible for the production of VEGF remain unclear, particularly in Ag-stimulated mast cells. In the present study, we observed that blocking leukotriene B4 receptor 2 (BLT2) completely abrogated the production of VEGF in Ag-stimulated bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs). The synthesis of BLT2 ligands (leukotriene B4 and 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) was also required for VEGF production, suggesting a mediating role of an autocrine BLT2 ligands–BLT2 axis in the production of VEGF in mast cells. The NADPH oxidase 1–reactive oxygen species–NF-κB cascade is downstream of BLT2 during Ag signaling to VEGF synthesis in mast cells. Furthermore, the level of VEGF synthesis in genetically mast cell–deficient Kit(W/Wv) mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice in the OVA-induced asthma model, suggesting that mast cells play a critical role in the synthesis of VEGF in OVA-induced allergic asthma. Importantly, VEGF production was restored to the levels observed in wild-type mice after adoptive transfer of normal BMMCs into Kit(W/Wv) mice but was not restored in BLT2−/− BMMC-reconstituted Kit(W/Wv) mice in the OVA-induced asthma model. Taken together, our results suggest that BLT2 expression in mast cells is essential for the production of VEGF in OVA-induced allergic asthma.
N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication in tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma patients having seizures - A pilot study
Authors: Adole Prashant S. , Kharbanda Parampreet S. , Sharma Sadhna 
Published: August 2016

Background & objectives:
Simultaneous administration of phenytoin and isoniazid (INH) in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma patients with seizures results in higher plasma phenytoin level and thus phenytoin intoxication. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme catalyses two acetylation reactions in INH metabolism and NAT2 gene polymorphism leads to slow and rapid acetylators. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of allelic variants of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene as a predisposing factor for phenytoin toxicity in patients with TBM or tuberculoma having seizures, and taking INH and phenytoin simultaneously.

Methods:
Sixty patients with TBM or tuberculoma with seizures and taking INH and phenytoin simultaneously for a minimum period of seven days were included in study. Plasma phenytoin was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. NAT2 gene polymorphism was studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele specific PCR.

Results:
The patients were grouped into those having phenytoin intoxication and those with normal phenytoin level, and also classified as rapid or slow acetylators by NAT2 genotyping. Genotypic analysis showed that of the seven SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of NAT2 gene studied, six mutations were found to be associated with phenytoin intoxication. For rs1041983 (C282T), rs1799929 (C481T), rs1799931 (G857A), rs1799930 (G590A), rs1208 (A803G) and rs1801280 (T341C) allelic variants, the proportion of homozygous mutant was higher in phenytoin intoxicated group than in phenytoin non-intoxicated group.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Homozygous mutant allele of NAT2 gene at 481site may act as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication among TBM or tuberculoma patients having seizures.
Image guided versus palpation guided core needle biopsy of palpable breast masses
Authors: Hari Smriti , Kumari Swati , Srivastava Anurag , Thulkar Sanjay , Mathur Sandeep , Veedu Prasad Thotton 
Published: August 2016

Background & objectives:
Biopsy of palpable breast masses can be performed manually by palpation guidance or under imaging guidance. Based on retrospective studies, image guided biopsy is considered more accurate than palpation guided breast biopsy; however, these techniques have not been compared prospectively. We conducted this prospective study to verify the superiority and determine the size of beneficial effect of image guided biopsy over palpation guided biopsy.

Methods:
Over a period of 18 months, 36 patients each with palpable breast masses were randomized into palpation guided and image guided breast biopsy arms. Ultrasound was used for image guidance in 33 patients and mammographic (stereotactic) guidance in three patients. All biopsies were performed using 14 gauge automated core biopsy needles. Inconclusive, suspicious or imaging-histologic discordant biopsies were repeated.

Results:
Malignancy was found in 30 of 36 women in palpation guided biopsy arm and 27 of 36 women in image guided biopsy arm. Palpation guided biopsy had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 46.7, 100, 100, 27.3 per cent, respectively, for diagnosing breast cancer. Nineteen of 36 women (52.8%) required repeat biopsy because of inadequate samples (7 of 19), suspicious findings (2 of 19) or imaging-histologic discordance (10 of 19). On repeat biopsy, malignancy was found in all cases of imaging-histologic discordance. Image guided biopsy had 96.3 per cent sensitivity and 100 per cent specificity. There was no case of inadequate sample or imaging-histologic discordance with image guided biopsy.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our results showed that in palpable breast masses, image guided biopsy was superior to palpation guided biopsy in terms of sensitivity, false negative rate and repeat biopsy rates.