bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution ranges and spring phenology explain late frost sensitivity in 170 woody plants from the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Muffler Lena , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Aas Gregor , Jentsch Anke , Schweiger Andreas H. , Zohner Constantin , Kreyling Juergen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimCold events determine the distributional range limits of woody species. Despite global warming, the magnitude of late frost events in boreal and temperate regions is not expected to change. Hence, the risk for late spring frost damage of woody species may increase with an earlier onset of the growing season. Here, we investigated biogeographical, phenological and phylogenetic effects on late frost sensitivity.LocationEcological‐Botanical Gardens Bayreuth, Germany (49°55′45″ N, 11°35′10″ E).MethodsWe inspected 170 woody species in the Ecological‐Botanical Gardens from across the entire Northern Hemisphere for frost damage after an extreme late frost event in May 2011 (air temperature −4.3 °C after leaf unfolding of all species). Distribution range characteristics, climatic parameters of place of origin and phenological strategy were linked to sensitivity to the late frost event.ResultsThe northern distribution limit and the range in continentality across the distributional ranges correlated negatively with a taxon's late frost sensitivity (pseudo‐R2 = 0.42, pseudo‐R2 = 0.33, respectively). Sensitivity to the late frost event was well explained by the climatic conditions within species’ native ranges (boosted regression trees; receiver operating characteristic 0.737). Average (1950–2000) May minimum temperature in species’ native ranges was the main explanatory variable of late frost sensitivity (51.7% of explained variance). Phylogenetic relatedness explained additional variance in sensitivity to the late frost event. Sensitivity to the late frost event further correlates well with species phenological strategy. Frost‐tolerant species flushed on average 2 weeks earlier than frost‐sensitive species.Main conclusionsRange characteristics and the prevalent climatic parameters across species native ranges are strongly related to their susceptibility to late spring frost damage. Further, more late frost‐sensitive species unfolded their leaves later than more tolerant species and late frost tolerance is phylogenetically conserved. Thus, late frost sensitivity may challenge natural and human‐assisted migration of woody species under global warming.
Diagnostic phrasing is independently correlated with the decision to treat for graft‐versus‐host disease: retrospective review of colon biopsies with rare apoptosis
Authors: Rowan Daniel J , Hartley Christopher P , Carrillo‐Polanco Luis F , Oshima Kiyoko , Hagen Catherine E 
Published: May 2016

AimsThe risks of immunosuppression and the non‐specific nature of rare crypt apoptosis has led to debate over the lower threshold for histological diagnosis of colonic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). A recent study proposed the diagnostic category of indeterminate for GVHD (iGVHD) for cases with six or fewer apoptotic bodies per 10 crypts. Our aim was to assess colon biopsies with iGVHD histology to determine whether the diagnosis was retrospectively predictive of the decision to treat, and to correlate these findings with endoscopic and clinical findings.Methods and resultsA retrospective search was performed for colonic biopsies taken to evaluate for GVHD from 2008 to 2014. Biopsies were blindly reviewed for the maximum number of apoptotic bodies per 10 contiguous crypts, evidence of crypt dropout, and ulceration. Clinical information was collected through chart review. One hundred and twenty‐two biopsies from 84 transplant patients were included. Forty‐seven cases met the histological criteria for iGVHD. Patients with an original diagnosis of iGVHD were more likely to be managed conservatively than those with a diagnosis of grade 1 GVHD (25% versus 0%). Eight symptomatic patients reclassified as iGVHD had resolution of symptoms without increased immunosuppression. A clinicopathologically similar group of 10 patients with iGVHD histology, normal or subtle endoscopic findings and no evidence of GVHD at other organ sites were treated with increased immunosuppression. On multivariate analysis, the original diagnostic category was the most significant predictor of the decision to treat.ConclusionThe use of the diagnostic category iGVHD alerts clinicians to the presence of minimal crypt apoptosis, and allows treatment based on clinical judgement.
Optimisation of antioxidant hydrolysate production from sweet potato protein and effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Zhang Miao , Mu Tai‐Hua 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimise antioxidant hydrolysate production from sweet potato protein (SPP). The effects of enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio, pH value and reaction temperature on ·OH radical scavenging activity and Fe2+‐chelating activity of antioxidant hydrolysates from SPP were investigated. The maximum ·OH radical scavenging activity (40.10%) and Fe2+‐chelating activity (74.37%) of SPP hydrolysates (SPPH) were obtained at an enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio of 4%, pH value of 7.8 and reaction temperature of 57 °C, which was in agreement with the predicted value (40.11% and 74.83%, respectively) estimated by RSM. The simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) dramatically modified molecular weights distribution, increased peptide (<3 kDa) concentration and highly retained antioxidant activity of SPPH, indicating potentially utilisation of SPPH as a functional supplement in food system.
Mid‐upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying children with obesity: a 12‐country study
Authors: Chaput J.‐P. , Katzmarzyk P. T. , Barnes J. D. , Fogelholm M. , Hu G. , Kuriyan R. , Kurpad A. , Lambert E. V. , Maher C. , Maia J. , Matsudo V. , Olds T. , Onywera V. , Sarmiento O. L. , Standage M. , Tudor‐Locke C. , Zhao P. , Tremblay M. S. ,   for the ISCOLE Research Group
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundNo studies have examined if mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) can be an alternative screening tool for obesity in an international sample of children differing widely in levels of human development.ObjectiveOur aim is to determine whether MUAC could be used to identify obesity in children from 12 countries in five major geographic regions of the world.MethodsThis observational, multinational cross‐sectional study included 7337 children aged 9–11 years. Anthropometric measurements were objectively assessed, and obesity was defined according to the World Health Organization reference data.ResultsIn the total sample, MUAC was strongly correlated with adiposity indicators in both boys and girls (r > 0.86, p < 0.001). The accuracy level of MUAC for identifying obesity was high in both sexes and across study sites (overall area under the curve of 0.97, sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 90%). The MUAC cut‐off value to identify obesity was ~25 cm for both boys and girls. In country‐specific analyses, the cut‐off value to identify obesity ranged from 23.2 cm (boys in South Africa) to 26.2 cm (girls in the UK).ConclusionsResults from this 12‐country study suggest that MUAC is a simple and accurate measurement that may be used to identify obesity in children aged 9–11 years. MUAC may be a promising screening tool for obesity in resource‐limited settings.
Novel strategy for cystitis glandularis: Oral treatment with cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor
Authors: Takizawa Nae , Matsuzaki Tomoaki , Yamamoto Teppei , Mishima Takao , Miyasaka Chika , Tanaka Susumu , Kinoshita Hidefumi , Uemura Yoshiko , Yamada Hisao , Matsuda Tadashi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCystitis glandularis, a proliferative disease of the bladder, is resistant to antibiotics, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, anti‐allergy drugs and transurethral resection. Cystectomy or partial cystectomy is occasionally required for refractory cystitis glandularis. It has not been defined if cystitis glandularis is a premalignant lesion. We experienced a case of remission from cystitis glandularis after combination of oral treatment with selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, celecoxib and transurethral resection. Immunohistochemistry showed positive signals of cyclooxygenase‐2 in the epithelium of pretreatment specimens, suggesting the pathophysiological role of cyclooxygenase‐2 in cystitis glandularis. Here, we show the effectiveness of celecoxib against cystitis glandularis for the first time. Celecoxib could be one of the therapeutic strategies for cystitis glandularis.
Marine wildlife entanglement and the Seal the Loop initiative: a comparison of two free‐choice learning approaches on visitor knowledge, attitudes and conservation behaviour
Authors: Mellish S. , Pearson E. L. , Sanders B. , Litchfield C. A. 
Published: May 2016

Marine debris poses a significant threat to marine wildlife. Given human action is responsible for this litter, reducing debris in the marine environment and rates of marine wildlife entanglement (MWE) (i.e. marine animals that are trapped in debris, such as fishing nets or plastic) rests on public education and action. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Seal the Loop (STL) initiative at Melbourne Zoo, Australia, which was designed to meet these aims. The research used visitor surveys following a visit to a fur‐seal exhibit and/or educational fur‐seal show experience (n = 180 visitors). The findings from this study suggest that participants understand the causes and effects of MWE after visiting the fur‐seal exhibit and/or watching the STL show, with both groups accurately appraising that MWE presents a significant risk to marine wildlife (mean = 84·28/100, sd = 17·97, and mean = 88·61/100, sd = 13·39, respectively). However, between‐group differences also emerged, with show visitors more likely to report learning something new, more likely to be familiar with the STL programme and its aims, displaying more positive attitudes towards marine animals and their conservation, and reporting both a higher willingness to change their future behaviour to support marine conservation (P = 0·052) and a higher perception that their individual action could make a difference (P < 0·05). This study adds to the literature regarding how interactive shows with storytelling can complement traditional static displays, as well as informing our understanding of the interplay between public knowledge/attitudes/behaviours in relation to marine debris and marine‐conservation issues. It is hoped this research will contribute to the ongoing development of education initiatives at zoos and aquariums to enable them to achieve their conservation missions.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the water swallow test for screening aspiration in stroke patients
Authors: Chen Po‐Cheng , Chuang Ching‐Hui , Leong Chau‐Peng , Guo Su‐Er , Hsin Yi‐Jung 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the water swallow test for screening aspirations in stroke patients.BackgroundThe water swallow test is a simple bedside screening tool for aspiration among stroke patients in nursing practice, but results from different studies have not been combined before.DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to provide a synthetic and critical appraisal of the included studies.Data sourcesElectronic literature inMEDLINE,EMBASE,CINAHLand other sources were searched systemically in this study. Databases and registers were searched from inception up to 30 April 2015.Review methodsThis systematic review was conducted using the recommendations from Cochrane Collaboration for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. Bivariate random‐effects models were used to estimate the diagnostic accuracy across those studies. The tool named Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies.ResultsThere were 770 stroke patients in the 11 studies for the meta‐analysis. The water swallow test had sensitivities between 64‐79% and specificities between 61‐81%. Meta‐regression analysis indicated that increasing water volume resulted in higher sensitivity but lower specificity of the water swallow test.ConclusionsThis systematic review showed that the water swallow test was a useful screening tool for aspiration among stroke patients. The test accuracy was related to the water volume and a 3‐oz water swallow test was recommended for aspiration screening in stroke patients.
Do student nurses experience Imposter Phenomenon? An international comparison of Final Year Undergraduate Nursing Students readiness for registration
Authors: Christensen Martin , Aubeeluck Aimee , Fergusson Diana , Craft Judy , Knight Jessica , Wirihana Lisa , Stupple Ed 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe transition shock or Imposter Phenomena sometimes associated with moving from student to Registered Nurse can lead to feelings of self‐doubt and insecurity especially with the increased expectations and responsibilities that registration brings.AimThe aim of this study was to examine the extent at which imposter phenomenon is evident in four final year nursing student cohorts in Australia, New Zealand and the UK.DesignA survey design.SettingsThe study took place at four higher education institutes – two metropolitan campuses and two regional campuses between October 2014 – February 2015 in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. A sample of 223 final year nursing students undertaking nationally accredited nursing programmes were approached.ResultsEach cohort exhibited mild to moderate feelings of Imposter Phenomena. A positive weak correlation between imposter phenomena and preparedness for practice was found. The New Zealand cohort scored higher than both the Australian and UK cohorts on both feelings of imposterism and preparedness for practice.ConclusionsNursing students possess internalized feelings which suggest their performance and competence once qualified could be compromised. There is some speculation that the respective curriculums may have some bearing on preparing students for registration and beyond. It is recommended that educational programmes designed for this student cohort should be mindful of this internal conflict and potential external hostility.
Private School, College Admissions and the Value of Education
Authors: Shields Liam 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this article, I defend a proposal to cap the proportion of students admitted to elite colleges who were educated at elite, often private, schools to not more than the proportion of students who attend such schools in society as a whole. In order to defend this proposal, I draw on recent debates that pit principles of equality against principles of adequacy, and I defend the need for a pluralist account of educational fairness that includes both elements. I argue that while equality best captures our convictions about unfairness in access to the instrumental and positional benefits of education, such as job prospects and college admission, adequacy best captures our convictions about unfairness in stunting the development of human talent and the intrinsic benefits of education. The proposal to cap the proportion of private school students at elite universities advances both of these, usually conflicting, principles because it permits unequal but efficient talent development through the vehicle of private tuition and elite schooling, and yet promises to seriously curtail the unfair positional instrumental benefits of private or elite schooling by having those students compete against each other and not students who did not attend elite schools. The policy also achieves its aim consistent with preserving some attractive aspects of parental choice. Towards the end of the article I consider a number of practical objections and an alternative proposal.
Facsimiles of Flesh
Authors: Fischer Bob , Ozturk Burkay 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEd Gein was a serial killer, grave robber, and body snatcher who made a lampshade from human skin. Now consider the detective who found that lampshade. Let's suppose that he would never want to own it; however, he does find that he wants a synthetic one just like it – a perfect replica. We assume that there is something morally problematic about the detective having such a replica. We then argue that, given as much, we can reach the surprising conclusion that it's morally problematic to consume realistic fake‐meat products. After explaining why we might the detective's replica lampshade morally problematic, we clarify the analogy between the replica and fake meat products. Then, we defend it against a number of objections, the most notable one being we can sever any association between fake meat and the real stuff without moral cost. We conclude by pointing out that our argument generalises: if it works, then there is something morally problematic about many fake animal products, including fake leather and fur.
Analysis of competition performance in dressage and show jumping of Dutch Warmblood horses
Authors: Rovere G. , Ducro B.J. , van Arendonk J.A.M. , Norberg E. , Madsen P. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryMost Warmblood horse studbooks aim to improve the performance in dressage and show jumping. The Dutch Royal Warmblood Studbook (KWPN) includes the highest score achieved in competition by a horse to evaluate its genetic ability of performance. However, the records collected during competition are associated with some aspects that might affect the quality of the genetic evaluation based on these records. These aspects include the influence of rider, censoring and preselection of the data. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of rider effect, censoring and preselection on the genetic analysis of competition data of dressage and show jumping of KWPN. Different models including rider effect were evaluated. To assess the impact of censoring, genetic parameters were estimated in data sets that differed in the degree of censoring. The effect of preselection on variance components was analysed by defining a binary trait (sport‐status) depending on whether the horse has a competition record or not. This trait was included in a bivariate model with the competition trait and used all horses registered by KWPN since 1984. Results showed that performance in competition for dressage and show jumping is a heritable trait (h2 ~ 0.11–0.13) and that it is important to account for the effect of rider in the genetic analysis. Censoring had a small effect on the genetic parameter for highest performance achieved by the horse. A moderate heritability obtained for sport‐status indicates that preselection has a genetic basis, but the effect on genetic parameters was relatively small.
Enhanced differentiation of human amniotic fluid‐derived stem cells into insulin‐producing cells in vitro
Authors: Mu Xu‐Peng , Ren Li‐Qun , Yan Hao‐Wei , Zhang Xin‐Min , Xu Tian‐Min , Wei An‐Hui , Jiang Jin‐Lan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo investigate the ability of human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) to differentiate into insulin‐producing cells.Materials and MethodshAFSCs were induced to differentiate into pancreatic cells by a multistep protocol. The expressions of pancreas‐related genes and proteins, including pancreatic and duodenal homeobox‐1, insulin, and glucose transporter 2, were detected by polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. Insulin secreted from differentiated cells was tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultshAFSCs were successfully isolated from amniotic fluid that expressed the pluripotent markers of embryonic stem cells, such as Oct3/4, and mesenchymal stem cells, such as integrin β‐1 and ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase. Here, we first obtained the hAFSCs that expressed pluripotent marker stage‐specific embryonic antigen 1. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that pancreatic and duodenal homeobox‐1, paired box gene 4 and paired box gene 6 were expressed in the early phase of induction, and then stably expressed in the differentiated cells. The pancreas‐related genes, such as insulin, glucokinase, glucose transporter 2 and Nkx6.1, were expressed in the differentiated cells. Immunofluorescence showed that these differentiated cells co‐expressed insulin, C‐peptide, and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox‐1. Insulin was released in response to glucose stimulation in a manner similar to that of adult human islets.ConclusionsThe present study showed that hAFSCs, under selective culture conditions, could differentiate into islet‐like insulin‐producing cells, which might be used as a potential source for transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Pathogenesis and neuroimaging of cerebral large and small vessel disease in type 2 diabetes: A possible link between cerebral and retinal microvascular abnormalities
Authors: Umemura Toshitaka , Kawamura Takahiko , Hotta Nigishi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiabetes patients have more than double the risk of ischemic stroke compared with non‐diabetic individuals, and its neuroimaging characteristics have important clinical implications. To understand the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke in diabetes, it is important to focus not only on the stroke subtype, but also on the size and location of the occlusive vessels. Specifically, ischemic stroke in diabetes patients might be attributed to both large and small vessels, and intracranial internal carotid artery disease and small infarcts of the posterior circulation often occur. An additional feature is that asymptomatic lacunar infarctions are often seen in the basal ganglia and brain stem on brain magnetic resonance imaging. In particular, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), including lacunar infarctions, white matter lesions and cerebral microbleeds, has been shown to be associated not only with stroke incidence, but also with the development and progression of dementia and diabetic microangiopathy. However, the pathogenesis of cerebral SVD is not fully understood. In addition, data on the association between neuroimaging findings of the cerebral SVD and diabetes are limited. Recently, the clinical importance of the link between cerebral SVD and retinal microvascular abnormalities has been a topic of considerable interest. Several clinical studies have shown that retinal microvascular abnormalities are closely related to cerebral SVD, suggesting that retinal microvascular abnormalities might be pathophysiologically linked to ischemic cerebral SVD. We review the literature relating to the pathophysiology and neuroimaging of cerebrovascular disease in diabetes, and discuss the problems based on the concept of cerebral large and small vessel disease.