bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A spiral, bi-planar gradient coil design for open magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Zhang Peng , Shi Yikai , Wang Wendong , Wang Yaohui 
Published: December 2017

PURPOSE: To design planar gradient coil for MRI applications without discretization of continuous current density and loop-loop connection errors. METHODS: In the new design method, the coil current is represented using a spiral curve function described by just a few control parameters. Using a proper parametric equation set, an ensemble of spiral contours is reshaped to satisfy the coil design requirements, such as gradient linearity, inductance and shielding. RESULTS: In the given case study, by using the spiral coil design, the magnetic field errors in the imaging area were reduced from 5.19% (non-spiral design) to 4.47% (spiral design) for the transverse gradient coils, and for the longitudinal gradient coil design, the magnetic field errors were reduced to 5.02% (spiral design). The numerical evaluation shows that when compared with conventional wire loop, the inductance and resistance of spiral coil was reduced by 11.55% and 8.12% for x gradient coil, respectively. CONCLUSION: A novel spiral gradient coil design for biplanar MRI systems, the new design offers better magnetic field gradients, smooth contours than the conventional connected counterpart, which improves manufacturability.
Innovations techniques et transformations sociales : le cas des perles au Cameroun et ses environs
Authors: Buratti Mathilde 
Published: December 2017

L’étude des données archéologiques montre un bouleversement majeur au cours du xvie siècle dans les objets perlés africains. L’origine des perles, leur nombre et la proportion des matériaux changent : perles de verre européennes et cauris prennent un essor considérable au détriment des perles minérales et des pâtes de verre provenant d’Inde. L’objectif de cet article est double : identifier dans un premier temps les raisons de cette révolution matérielle, puis en second lieu, observer les répercussions de ce changement sur les populations africaines. Afin de donner des exemples précis, nous nous focaliserons sur le Cameroun, surnommé « l’Afrique en miniature » et ses alentours.
Évolution des schémas iconographiques en Iran du Sud-Ouest, de la fin du IIIe au milieu du IIe millénaire avant notre ère : un « réveil identitaire » illustré par la glyptique
Authors: Paladre Clélia 
Published: December 2017

La fin du IIIe et le début du IIe millénaire avant notre ère est une période clé pour l’Iran du Sud-Ouest. Il va s’émanciper de la domination mésopotamienne effective depuis près d’un millénaire et l’on assiste à la mise en place d’une entité politique et culturelle dont la longévité et l’importance au sein de l’Histoire du Proche Orient vont être considérables : l’Élam. Aucune révolution brutale ou subite ne vient accompagner cette mise en place, au contraire, tout semble s’opérer au travers d’évolutions discrètes mais réellement refondatrices.Afin d’étudier cette période charnière, notre choix s’est porté sur un support glyptique bien particulier : le sceau cylindre. Dans ce monde iranien où les données stratigraphiques sont rares, où les artefacts sont en grande partie issus du marché de l’art et en des périodes aussi reculées où l’écriture, tout comme la lecture, sont des luxes réservés à une infime partie de la population, l’image retrouve véritablement une place centrale. Le sceau cylindre, vecteur principal de l’iconographie proche-orientale, devient alors un support d’étude privilégié. En outre, par leur fonction administrative, les sceaux cylindres véhiculent des informations liées à la gestion politique et sociale d’une région d’une grande richesse.En partant du postulat que l’évolution des schémas iconographiques se fait l’écho d’évolutions culturelle, politique et sociétale, nous nous sommes attardés sur les changements, les ruptures ou, au contraire, les continuitésiconographiques afin de révéler les réalités cachées derrière les images, de comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de ce « réveil identitaire » et ses conséquences à court et long termes.
Les transformations de la Galerie dorée du comte de Toulouse
Authors: Manas Arnaud 
Published: December 2017

La Galerie dorée de l’hôtel de Toulouse, conçue par Robert de Cotte et sculptée par François-Antoine Vassé, a longtemps été considérée comme la manifestation ostentatoire des charges de grand amiral et de grand veneur et la pure manifestation de son commanditaire, Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, fils naturel du roi Louis XIV et de Mme de Montespan. Cependant l’analyse des décors laisse apparaître un revirement iconographique important en 1717-1718 lorsque le comte de Toulouse fut privé de son rang de prince du sang après la querelle des princes légitimes contre les princes légitimés. Les éléments héraldiques laissèrent notamment la place à la représentation de Diane et de ses compagnes. À cette occasion, les quatre continents qui devaient occuper les niches aux coins de la galerie cédèrent très probablement la place à quatre compagnes de Diane issues de Marly. Par ailleurs, de nombreux éléments de décor liés aux colonies du Canada et de Guyane évoquent les exploits militaires du comte de Toulouse. Au cours de la Révolution et de l’Empire, la galerie connut d’autres transformations.
Immunoregulatory Activity of the Natural Product Laminarin Varies Widely as a Result of Its Physical Properties
Authors: Smith Alyson J. , Graves Bridget , Child Robert , Rice Peter J. , Ma Zuchao , Lowman Douglas W. , Ensley Harry E. , Ryter Kendal T. , Evans Jay T. , Williams David L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ligation of Dectin-1 by fungal glucans elicits a Th17 response that is necessary for clearing many fungal pathogens. Laminarin is a (1→3, 1→6)-β-glucan that is widely reported to be a Dectin-1 antagonist, however, there are reports that laminarin is also a Dectin-1 agonist. To address this controversy, we assessed the physical properties, structure, purity, Dectin-1 binding, and biological activity of five different laminarin preparations from three different commercial sources. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that all of the preparations contained laminarin although their molecular mass varied considerably (4400–34,400 Da). Two of the laminarins contained substantial quantities of very low m.w. compounds, some of which were not laminarin. These low m.w. moieties could be significantly reduced by extensive dialysis. All of the laminarin preparations were bound by recombinant human Dectin-1 and mouse Dectin-1, but the affinity varied considerably, and binding affinity did not correlate with Dectin-1 agonism, antagonism, or potency. In both human and mouse cells, two laminarins were Dectin-1 antagonists and two were Dectin-1 agonists. The remaining laminarin was a Dectin-1 antagonist, but when the low m.w. moieties were removed, it became an agonist. We were able to identify a laminarin that is a Dectin-1 agonist and a laminarin that is Dectin-1 antagonist, both of which are relatively pure preparations. These laminarins may be useful in elucidating the structure and activity relationships of glucan/Dectin-1 interactions. Our data demonstrate that laminarin can be either a Dectin-1 antagonist or agonist, depending on the physicochemical properties, purity, and structure of the laminarin preparation employed.
<i>Sutherlandia frutescens</i> (Fabaceae) extracts used for treating tuberculosis do not have high activity against <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i>
Authors: Mabusa Itumeleng H. , Howard Rachmond , Masoko Peter 
Published: December 2017

Sutherlandia frutescens (L) R. Br. contains several essential, bioactive compounds with clinically proven pharmacological activities. Sutherlandia is prescribed for people with tuberculosis but it is still not known what compounds in this plant act against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its mode of action. This study is aimed at determining if S. frutescens extracts contain antimycobacterial compounds. Aerial parts of S. frutescens were dried, ground and extracted with ethanol, dichloromethane: methanol 1:1 (v/v) and water. The chemical profiling was done using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). TLC plates were developed in butanol:acetic acid:water (BAW) to the ratio of 21:6:3; chloroform:methanol:water:formic acid (CMWF1) [60:15:2:1] and (CMWF2) [21:9:1:0.3]. Qualitative antioxidant activity was done, using 2.2-diphenylpacryl-1-hydrazyl (DPPH). Antimycobacterial activity of the plant extracts was evaluated, using micro-dilution and bioautographic methods against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Low antimycobacterial activity against M. smegmatis was observed on the bioautograms. The ethanol extracts contained more compounds compared to water extracts on HPLC-MS chromatographic profiles. The average Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the extracts were 0.61 mg/mL units and the DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract had the lowest MIC value of 0.28 mg/mL. The results showed that the plant could be further explored for possible antimycobacterial agents. Low activity was observed, possibly due to low replication of bacilli and non-replicating organisms. The study provides preliminary scientific validation of the traditional medicinal use of this plant. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive compounds in the DCM:MeOH 1:1 extract which showed significant antimycobacterial activities. Research correlation: This article is the original version, of which an Afrikaans translation was made available to provide access to a larger readership, available here: https://doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v36i1.1494
<i>Tecoma stans</i> (Bignoniaceae), leaf extracts, fractions and isolated compound have promising activity against fungal phytopathogens
Authors: Meelah Moraba M. , Mdee Ladislaus K. , Eloff Jacobus N. 
Published: December 2017

Plant pathogenic fungi are a major cause of reduced plant production and post-harvest losses of plant produce. The control of these fungi by some synthetic fungicides is complicated by human and environmental toxicity, the development of resistance by some fungi and high costs, thus prompting the investigation of other means of fungal control. Plant secondary metabolites have a good potential as antifungal agents. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of Tecoma stans as a plant-derived fungicide by determining the antifungal activity of extracts, isolating the bioactive compound and testing the toxicity of both the extract and the isolated compound. In bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaves of the Tecoma stans dichloromethane (DCM) extract contained one major compound that was isolated and characterised as oleanolic acid. The DCM extract and oleanolic acid were active against 10 tested plant fungal pathogens (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Collectotrichum gloeosporoides, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillum expansum, Penicillum janthinellum, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora nicotiana, Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizoctonia solani) with an average minimal inhibitory concentration of 130 μg/mL. The DCM extract and oleanolic acid were toxic to Vero cells with an LC50 of 0.413 mg/mL and 0.129 mg/mL respectively, when compared with berberine, a toxic compound with LC50 of 15.48 µg/mL. Oleanolic acid was more toxic than the crude extract, supporting the potential use of plant extracts for controlling plant fungal pathogens. The selectivity indices of 20 with several fungi indicated that extracts could possibly be used under controlled conditions against infections of certain fungal pathogens, even on edible plants. The large quantities available of this invasive plant species could lead to a commercially useful product in controlling plant fungal pathogens. Research correlation: This article is the translated version, made available to provide access to a larger readership, of which the original English article is available here: https://doi. org/10.4102/satnt.v36i1.1496
VB-Courant Algebroids, E-Courant Algebroids and Generalized Geometry
Authors: Lang Honglei , Sheng Yunhe , Wade Aïssa 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we first discuss the relation between VB-Courant algebroids and E-Courant algebroids, and we construct some examples of E-Courant algebroids. Then we introduce the notion of a generalized complex structure on an E-Courant algebroid, unifying the usual generalized complex structures on even-dimensional manifolds and generalized contact structures on odd-dimensional manifolds. Moreover, we study generalized complex structures on an omni-Lie algebroid in detail. In particular, we show that generalized complex structures on an omni-Lie algebra gl(V) ⊕ V correspond to complex Lie algebra structures on V.
La Tecnosocialidad: El papel de las TIC en las relaciones sociales
Authors: Sabater Fernández Carmen , Martínez Lorea Ion , Santiago Campión Raúl 
Published: December 2017

Wellman, en su modelo de individualismo en red, describe cómo, desde la revolución industrial, el aumento del transporte público y los sistemas de telecomunicaciones han permitido un cambio en la naturaleza de las relaciones sociales. En este contexto, las redes sociales se presentan como tres modelos diferenciados: con la misma naturaleza de las relaciones personales, como complemento de la comunicación directa o con características diferenciales. Metodología: El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar en qué medida la comunicación realizada mediante TIC (Internet y telefonía móvil) influye en el tipo e intensidad de relaciones personales directas que tienen hoy en día los jóvenes. Para este fin, utilizado el cuestionario como instrumento de recogida de información con una muestra de 430 alumnos/as universitarios de primer curso. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los jóvenes mantienen redes estables en sus relaciones sociales y utilizan las TIC para ampliar la frecuencia e intensidad de sus interacciones con su círculo más íntimo (amigos/as, familia y compañeros/as de clase) por lo que las redes sociales representan un complemento de las relaciones personales directas.
Application of unsupervised pattern recognition approaches for exploration of rare earth elements in Se-Chahun iron ore, central Iran
Authors: Sarparandeh Mohammadali , Hezarkhani Ardeshir 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The use of efficient methods for data processing has always been of interest to researchers in the field of earth sciences. Pattern recognition techniques are appropriate methods for high-dimensional data such as geochemical data. Evaluation of the geochemical distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) requires the use of such methods. In particular, the multivariate nature of REE data makes them a good target for numerical analysis. The main subject of this paper is application of unsupervised pattern recognition approaches in evaluating geochemical distribution of REEs in the Kiruna type magnetite–apatite deposit of Se-Chahun. For this purpose, 42 bulk lithology samples were collected from the Se-Chahun iron ore deposit. In this study, 14 rare earth elements were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pattern recognition makes it possible to evaluate the relations between the samples based on all these 14 features, simultaneously. In addition to providing easy solutions, discovery of the hidden information and relations of data samples is the advantage of these methods. Therefore, four clustering methods (unsupervised pattern recognition) – including a modified basic sequential algorithmic scheme (MBSAS), hierarchical (agglomerative) clustering, k-means clustering and self-organizing map (SOM) – were applied and results were evaluated using the silhouette criterion. Samples were clustered in four types. Finally, the results of this study were validated with geological facts and analysis results from, for example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP-MS and optical mineralogy. The results of the k-means clustering and SOM methods have the best matches with reality, with experimental studies of samples and with field surveys. Since only the rare earth elements are used in this division, a good agreement of the results with lithology is considerable. It is concluded that the combination of the proposed methods and geological studies leads to finding some hidden information, and this approach has the best results compared to using only one of them.
A Framework for Aligning Data from Multiple Institutions to Conduct Meaningful
Analytics
Authors: Knowlton Jay , Belnap Tom , Patelesio Bonnie , Priest Elisa L. , Von Recklinghausen Friedrich , Taenzer Andreas H. 
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Health systems can be supported by collaborative networks focused on
data sharing and comparative analytics to identify and rapidly disseminate promising
care practices. Standardized data collection, quality assessment, and cleansing is a
necessary process to facilitate meaningful analytics for operations, quality
improvement, and research. We developed a framework for aligning data from health care
delivery systems using the High Value Healthcare Collaborative central
registry.Framework: The centralized data registry model allows for multiple layers of
data quality assessment. Our framework uses an iterative approach, starting with clear
specifications, maintaining ongoing dialogue with diverse stakeholders, and regular
checkpoints to assess data conformance, completeness, and plausibility. Lessons Learned:
We found that an iterative communication process is critical for a central registry to
ensure: 1) clarity of data specifications, 2) appropriate data quality, and 3) thorough
understanding of data source, purpose, and context. Engaging teams from all
participating institutions and incorporating diverse stakeholders of clinicians,
information technologists, data analysts, operations managers, and health services
researchers in all decision making processes supports development of high quality
datasets for comparative analytics across multiple institutions.Conclusion: A standard
data specification and submission process alone does not guarantee aligned data for a
collaborative registry. Implementing an iterative data quality improvement framework
with extensive communication proved to be effective for aligning data from multiple
institutions to support meaningful analytics.
Archeologický výzkum slavkovské šibenice u Křenovic
Authors: Unger Josef 
Published: December 2017

Slavkovská šibenice byla umístěna na dobře viditelném místě na rozhraní slavkovského a křenovického katastru. Na zkoumané ploše se podařilo vypreparovat půdorys zděné stavby mírně lichoběžníkového tvaru o vnější délce stran přibližně 6 m. Uvnitř stavby se nacházely vrstvy suti, místy proložené humusovitou mezivrstvou s četnými lidskými kostmi v neanatomické poloze. Podle různých typologických schémat se jednalo o šibenici studničního typu na čtyřbokém půdorysu, které se stavěly od 16. stol. Při odkryvu pozůstatků šibenice se našly nepříliš četné zlomky keramiky především datovatelné do 17. a 18. stol. Záponky sestávající z drátěného háčku a očka, nalezené v areálu slavkovské šibenice byly běžnou součástí oděvů. Hřebíky, podkova a železný kruh souvisely s provozem na místě. Dva zlomky skla pocházejí z lahví datovatelných do druhé poloviny 17. až první poloviny 18. stol. Stříbrná mince – grešle, nalezená v okolí, byla ražena roku 1696 ve slezském knížectví Württemberg – Olešnice knížetem Christianem Ulrichem (1664-1704). Po skončení výzkumu bylo místo upraveno na památník související s naučnou cestou, připomínající existenci šibenice.
«Modicæ fidei quare dubitasti?» Una lectura del pontificado de Calixto III (1455-†1458) a partir de las imágenes monetales
Authors: Aguilera Alberto 
Published: December 2017

Resumen: El presente artículo analiza el pontificado de Calixto III (1455-†1458) a partir de la función propagandística y la dimensión comunicacional de las imágenes y leyendas que figuran en la moneda pontificia, señalando tanto los puntos de continuidad con la amonedación de sus predecesores en el solio de San Pedro, como las novedades que se introdujeron en relación a la cruzada proyectada contra el Islam. Palabras clave: Calixto III, Numismática, Medallística, cecas pontificias, propaganda. Abstract: This article studies the pontificate of Calixtus III (1455-†1458) from the propaganda function and communicational dimension of the images and inscriptions appearing on papal coinage. Attention is paid to points of continuity with the monetary issues of his predecessors on the throne of St. Peter, as well as novelties introduced in relation to the planned crusade against Islam. Keywords: Calixtus III, Numismatics, Medals, pontifical mints, propaganda
Los Borja en la narrativa: Apuntes para su historia
Authors: Huertas Antonio 
Published: December 2017

Resumen: Las presentes páginas pretenden constituirse como una guía útil para el estudio de la novela sobre los Borja de autor español, aunque no exclusivamente, publicada en los últimos veinticinco años. La ingente producción, nacional e internacional, centrada en la insigne familia valenciana imposibilita abarcar en un trabajo de estas características un panorama totalizador, que dejamos para un futuro, si bien podemos ofrecer unas claves interpretativas. Y es que, si bien el periplo de los Borja es absolutamente extraordinario, también lo es su continua re-escritura, que obliga casi a trazar cada cierto tiempo un statu quo de su presencia en las diferentes artes. Palabras clave: familia Borja, novela histórica, narrativa española, leyenda negra, novela contemporánea Abstract: I would like these pages to become a useful guide to study fiction focused on Borgian lineage and written especially, but not exclusively, by Spanish authors throughout the last 25 years. Due to the huge amount of works about the famous Valencian family, both from national and international origin, it is indeed impossible for me at this moment to offer an exhausting panorama. I settle for presenting some interpretative keys. Borgian periplus is as extraordinary as its continuous re-writing, that forces us to devise a periodical statu quo of its presence in different arts. Keywords: Borgia family, historical novel, Spanish narrative, black legend, contemporary novel
Passive protection against anthrax in mice with plasma derived from horses hyper-immunized againstBacillus anthracisSterne strain
Authors: Caldwell Marc , Hathcock Terri , Brock Kenny V. 
Published: December 2017

In this study, equine source polyclonal anti-Bacillus anthracisimmunoglobulins were generated and utilized to demonstrate passive protection of mice in a lethal challenge assay. Four horses were hyper-immunized withB. anthracisSterne strain for approximately one year. The geometric mean anti-PA titer in the horses at maximal response following immunization was 1:77,936 (Log2 mean titer 16.25, SEM ± 0.25 95% CI [15.5 –17.0]). The geometric mean neutralizing titer at maximal response was 1:128 (Log2 mean titer 7, SEM ± 0.0, 95% CI 7). Treatment with hyper-immune plasma or purified immunoglobulins was successful in passively protecting A/J mice from a lethalB. anthracisSterne strain challenge. The treatment of mice with hyper-immune plasma at time 0 h and 24 h post-infection had no effect on survival, but did significantly increase mean time to death (p < 0.0001). Mice treated with purified immunoglobulins at time 0 h and 24 h post-infection in showed significant increase in survival rate (p < 0.001). Bacterial loads in lung, liver and spleen tissue were also assessed and were not significantly different in mice treated with hyper-immune plasma from placebo treated control mice. Mice treated with purified antibodies demonstrated mean colony forming units/gram tissue fourfold less than mice receiving placebo treatment (p < 0.0001). Immunotherapeutics harvested from horses immunized againstB. anthracisSterne strain represent a rapidly induced, inexpensive and effective expansion to the arsenal of treatments against anthrax.