bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Cognitive Function Over 96 Weeks in Naive Patients Randomized to Darunavir–Ritonavir Plus Either Raltegravir or Tenofovir–Emtricitabine: A Substudy of the NEAT001/ANRS143 Trial
Authors: Winston Alan , Stöhr Wolfgang , Antinori Andrea , Amieva Helene , Perré Philippe , De Wit Stephane , Reynes Jacques , Gompels Mark , d'Arminio Monforte Antonella , Gatell Jose-Maria , Grarup Jesper , Pozniak Anton , Babiker Abdel , Raffi François , Richert Laura ,   for the NEAT 001/ANRS 143 Study Group
Published: October 2016

Background:Improvements in cognitive function are described after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), with sparse data on differences between cART strategies.Methods:We assessed changes in cognition, over 96 weeks, in therapy-naive HIV-positive adults randomized to darunavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg once daily) with either raltegravir (400 mg twice daily, Arm1) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (245/200 mg once daily, Arm2). Seven cognitive tests were administered at baseline and week (W) 96. Changes from baseline in individual cognitive test scores and composite score (NPZ) were assessed. Comparisons between treatment arms were by intention to treat and associations with immunological and virological parameters by regression models.Findings:Of 343 subjects enrolled, 208 completed the W96 cognitive assessment. Baseline median (interquartile range) CD4+count and plasma HIV RNA were 348 (282–398) cells per microliter and 4.7 (4.2–5.1) log10copies per milliliter, respectively. At W96, numbers with plasma HIV RNA undetectable and remaining on randomized cART were 85 (92%) and 110 (96%), and 84 (90%) and 107 (93%) in Arm1 and Arm2, respectively. Overall performance significantly improved by W96 in 5 of 7 individual tests and in NPZ. Mean changes in NPZ were 0.28 versus 0.21 for Arm1 and 2, respectively (P= 0.37). No statistically significant differences between study treatment arms were observed in individual cognitive domains apart from attention (greater improvement in Arm1,P= 0.0499). At W96, NPZ score increase was associated with increase in CD4+(P= 0.001) but not HIV RNA area under curve (P= 0.60).Interpretation:Subsequent to the initiation of cART, immunological recovery rather than type of antiretroviral therapy is the major driver of changes in cognitive function.
Retroviral restriction: nature's own solution
Authors: Jones Christopher E. , McKnight Áine 
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review
The present review will discuss recent advances in the development of anti-HIV therapies inspired by studies of the mechanisms of host restriction factor-mediated resistance to HIV infection.

Recent findings
Manipulating the interplay between host cell restriction factors and viral accessory factors that overcome them can potentially be therapeutically useful. Preliminarily successful therapies – some of which are entering clinical trials – either inhibit the ability of virus to evade restriction factor-mediated immunity, or promote intracellular levels of restriction factors. These aims are achieved by multiple means, which are discussed.

Summary
Many restriction factors appear to provide potentially useful targets for anti-HIV therapies, so time and interest should be invested in investigating ways to successfully therapeutically manipulate restriction factor-mediated immunity.
Transcriptome from saffron (Crocus sativus) plants in Jammu and Kashmir reveals abundant soybean mosaic virus transcripts and several putative pathogen bacterial and fungal genera
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSaffron (Crocus sativus) is a spice with immense economic and medicinal relevance, due to its anticancer and chemopreventive properties. Although the genomic sequence of saffron is not publicly available, the RNA-seq based transcriptome of saffron from Jammu and Kashmir provides several, yet explored, insights into the metagenome of the plant from that region. In the current work, sequence databases were created in the YeATS suite from the NCBI and Ensembl databases to enable faster comparisons. These were used to determine the metagenome of saffron. Soybean mosaic virus, a potyvirus, was found to be abundantly expressed in all five tissues analyzed. Recent studies have highlighted that issues arising from latent potyvirus infections in saffron is severely underestimated. Bacterial and fungal identification is made complex due to symbiogenesis, especially in the absence of the endogenous genome. Symbiogenesis results in transcripts having significant homology to bacterial genomes and eu-karyotic genomes. A stringent criterion based on homology comparison was used to identify bacterial and fungal transcripts, and inferences were constrained to the genus level.Leifsonia,ElizabethkingiaandStaphylococcuswere some of the identified bacteria, whileMycosphaerellaandPyrenophorawere among the fungi detected. Among the bacterial genera,L. xyliis the causal agent for ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane, whileE. meningosepticaandS. haemolyticus, having acquired multiresistance against available antimicrobial agents, are important in clinical settings.MycosphaerellaandPyrenophoraincorporate several pathogenic species. It is shown that a transcript from heat shock protein of the fungiCladosporium cladosporioideshas been erroneously annotated as a saffron gene. The detection of these pathogens should enable proper strategies for ensuring better yields. The functional annotation of proteins in the absence of a genome is subject to errors due to the existence of significantly homologous proteins in organisms from different branches of life.
Emerging Risk Factors for Recurrent Vascular Events in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Authors: Ueno Yuji , Yamashiro Kazuo , Tanaka Ryota , Kuroki Takuma , Hira Kenichiro , Kurita Naohide , Urabe Takao , Hattori Nobutaka 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose—
Underlying embolic causes diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography could be implicated in mechanisms of embolic stroke of undetermined source. We aimed to explore factors, including underlying embolic causes, related to recurrent vascular events in embolic stroke of undetermined source.

Methods—
Patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for embolic stroke of undetermined source and whose potential embolic sources were examined by transesophageal echocardiography were included. Recurrent vascular events, including ischemic stroke, cardiovascular and peripheral artery diseases, and vascular death, were retrospectively analyzed. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to explore factors, including clinical characteristics, embolic causes on transesophageal echocardiography, and the Calcification in the Aortic Arch, Age, Multiple Infarction score (CAM), based on the degree of aortic arch calcification on chest radiograph (0–3 points), age (≥70 years; 1 point), and multiple infarctions on magnetic resonance imaging (multiple infarcts in 1, 2, or ≥3 territories of large intracranial arteries, 1, 2, or 3 points) associated with recurrent vascular events.

Results—

A total of 177 patients (age, 64.1±14.2 years; 127 men) were enrolled. Thirty-one patients had recurrent vascular events (follow-up, 3.5±2.7 years; annualized rate, 5.0% per person-year). Among embolic causes on transesophageal echocardiography, incidence of recurrent vascular events was high in patients with large aortic arch plaques (7.5% per person-year). Diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio, 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–5.32;
P
=0.012) and CAM score grade (hazard ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–4.72;
P
=0.026) predicted recurrent vascular events.

Conclusions—
History of diabetes mellitus and the CAM score could be novel risk factors for recurrent vascular events in embolic stroke of undetermined source.
Determination of proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 in Turkish freshwater resources
Authors: Öksüz Abdullah , Mazlum Yavuz 
Published: October 2016

This research was conducted to evaluate the nutrient content ofAstacus leptodactylusin various populations in the lakes Iznik and Egirdir, as well as in Hirfanlı Dam Lake and Keban Dam Lake, all in Turkey. Crayfish meat yield ranged from a minimum of 11.3% to a maximum of 16.3% of wet weight in specimens from Keban and Iznik, respectively. Meat yield was significantly different, depending on the living environment. The protein content of the meat ofA. leptodactylusranged from 15.4 to 17.5%. The moisture content of crayfish was significantly lower in the high lipid containing Iznik Lake’s crayfish. Crayfish lipids were poor in saturated fatty acids, but rich in PUFA’s and in particular EPA, DHA and ARA. In all groups, the major saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid and myristic acid. Among the omega-6 fatty acid series, a high level of ARA was observed in crayfish meat.EPA may be considered as the major omega-3 fatty acid in crayfish lipids. There was no single fatty acid indicating regional differences in crayfish specimens.
Concepts of the Legal Status of the Arctic
Authors: Pushkareva Elvira 
Published: October 2016

Recently the Arctic has become a highly contested area between a number of countries.2 Rising prices and increased trade flows in Eurasia and North America have made the North Passages a potentially attractive alternative to the established trade routes. Available research suggests that the Arctic contains huge deposits of natural gas, oil, minerals, fish and other resources. Besides, the Arctic is a polar region and its sensitive environment is of great value for the international community.
The de facto Arctic Ocean regime is not fully based on the de jure norms of the law of the sea. Gaps in the international and regional agreements on shipping, scientific research, protection of the Arctic environment; the lack of comprehensive protection for this region compared to the equally remote, though uninhabited Antarctic region; the need to incorporate principles of sustainability and innovative features recognizing the nature of society and economy in the Arctic, all point to a need to update the existing Arctic legal regime.
There is a need to establish a unified international regulation in the Arctic. This may entail either acknowledgement and enforcement of the existing law of the sea norms in the Arctic, or adoption of a separate comprehensive legal document on the Arctic Ocean.
In this regard the problem of excessive generation of concepts on the legal status of the Arctic is worth mentioning. There have been five concepts so far: the historic title concept, the sector approach concept, the ice formations status concept, the concept of the Arctic States’ exceptional rights, and the concept of an international regime for the Arctic. All of them (except for the last one just recently proposed) are interrelated in a way, or have been established on the basis of each other.
Self-Determination during the Cold War: UN General Assembly Resolution 1514 (1960), the Prohibition of Partition, and the Establishment of the British Indian Ocean Territory (1965)
Authors: Kattan Victor 
Published: October 2016

This article uses the history of partition to assess when self-determination became a rule of customary international law prohibiting partition as a method of decolonization. In so doing it revisits the partitions of Indochina, Korea, India, Palestine, Cyprus, South Africa, and South West Africa, and explains that UN practice underwent a transformation when the UN General Assembly opposed the United Kingdom’s partition proposals for Cyprus in 1958. Two years later, the UN General Assembly condemned any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country in Resolution 1514 (1960).
The illegality of partition under customary international law was raised during the second phase of the South West Africa Cases (1960–1966) in respect of South Africa’s homelands policy, but the International Court of Justice (ICJ) infamously did not address the merits of those cases. The illegality of partition was also raised in the arbitration between the United Kingdom and Mauritius over the establishment of the British Indian Ocean Territory in 1965. Like the ICJ in the South West Africa Cases, the Arbitral Tribunal decided that it did not have jurisdiction to address the legality of the British excision of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, even though the legality of the excision was argued at length between counsels for Mauritius and the United Kingdom in their oral pleadings and written statements.
However, in their joint dissenting opinion, Judge Rüdiger Wolfrum and Judge James Kateka expressed their opinion that self-determination had developed before 1965, and that consequently the partition was unlawful. This paper agrees that selfdetermination prohibited the partition of Mauritius to establish the British Indian Ocean Territory, a new colony, in 1965 although self-determination probably did not emerge as a rule of customary international law until the adoption of the human rights covenants in 1966, after the excision of the Chagos Archipelago in 1965, but before the passage of the Mauritius Independence Act in 1968.
Comparison of the anti-duck hepatitis A virus activities of phosphorylated and sulfated Astragalus polysaccharides
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Chen Yun , Du Hongxu , Yang Jingjing , Ming Ke , Song Meiyun , Liu Jiaguo 
Published: October 2016

Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) (Picornaviridae) causes an infectious disease in ducks which results in severe losses in duck industry. However, the proper antiviral supportive drugs for this disease have not been discovered. Polysaccharide is the main ingredient of Astragalus that has been demonstrated to directly and indirectly inhibit RNA of viruses replication. In this study, the antiviral activities of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) and its derivatives against DHAV were evaluated and compared. APS was modified via the sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate (STMP-STPP) method and chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method to obtain its phosphate (pAPS) and sulfate (sAPS), respectively. The infrared structures of APS, pAPS, and sAPS were analyzed with the potassium bromide disc method. Additionally, the antiviral activities were evaluated with the MTT ((4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) method in vitro and the artificial inoculation method in vivo. The clinical therapy effects were evaluated by mortality rate, liver function-related biochemical indicators, and visual changes in pathological anatomy. The anti-DHAV proliferation effects of APS, pAPS, and sAPS on the viral multiplication process in cell and blood were observed with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. The results revealed that pAPS inhibited DHAV proliferation more efficiently in the entire process of viral multiplication than APS and sAPS. Moreover, only pAPS significantly improved the survival rate to 33.5% and reduced the DHAV particle titer in the blood as well as liver lesions in clinical trials. The results indicated that pAPS exhibited greater anti-DHAV activity than APS and sAPS both in vitro and in vivo.
A new form measurement system based on subaperture stitching with a line-scanning interferometer
Authors: Laubach Sören , Ehret Gerd , Riebeling Jörg , Lehmann Peter 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A new optical form measurement system for almost rotational symmetric surfaces has been set up. It is based on an interferometric line sensor applying sinusoidal path length modulation in combination with a movement system. With this system, ring-shaped subapertures of the specimens are measured. The system is especially suitable for measuring spheres and aspheres with a broad range of radii (r>50 mm). The individual subapertures are stitched together to yield the full 3D topography. Because the rotation of the specimen by more than 360° has to yield the same results, inherent consistency tests are possible. Example measurements of a sphere are shown and discussed. Reproducibility measurements for one ring scan performed with the system show a standard deviation of 14 nm. The system can be set up at a moderate price as off-the-shelf mechanical and optoelectronic devices can be used. Future improvements of the system are discussed.
An integro-differential inequality related to the smallest positive eigenvalue of p(x)-Laplacian Dirichlet problem
Authors: Wiśniewski Damian , Bodzioch Mariusz 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe consider the eigenvalue problem for the p(x)-Laplace-Beltrami operator on the unit sphere. We prove same integro-differential inequalities related to the smallest positive eigenvalue of this problem.
Affine analogues of the Sasaki-Shchepetilov connection
Authors: Robaszewska Maria 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFor two-dimensional manifold M with locally symmetric connection ∇ and with ∇-parallel volume element vol one can construct a flat connection on the vector bundle TM ⊕ E, where E is a trivial bundle. The metrizable case, when M is a Riemannian manifold of constant curvature, together with its higher dimension generalizations, was studied by A.V. Shchepetilov [J. Phys. A: 36 (2003), 3893-3898]. This paper deals with the case of non-metrizable locally symmetric connection. Two flat connections on TM ⊕ (ℝ × M) and two on TM ⊕ (ℝ2 × M) are constructed. It is shown that two of those connections – one from each pair – may be identified with the standard flat connection in ℝN, after suitable local affine embedding of (M,∇) into ℝN.
Evaluation of Mixing and Mixing Rate in a Multiple Spouted Bed by Image Processing Technique
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhong Wenqi , Rui Xiao , Jin Baosheng , Liu Hao 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Mixing efficiency is one of the most significant factors, affecting both performance and scale-up of a gas-solid reactor system. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the particle mixing in a multiple spouted bed. Image processing technique was used to extract the real-time information concerning the distribution of particle components (bed materials and tracer particles). A more accurate definition of the tracer concentration was developed to calculate the mixing index. According to the visual observation and image analysis, the mixing mechanism was revealed and the mixing rate was evaluated. Based on these results, the effects of operation parameters on the mixing rate were discussed in terms of the flow patterns. It is found that the detection of the pixel distribution of each component in RGB images is not affected by the interference of air void, thus maintaining good measurement accuracy. Convective transportation controls the particle mixing in the internal jet and spout, while shear dominants the particle mixing in the dense moving region. Global mixing takes place only when the path from one spout cell to the other is open. This path can be formed either by the bubbles or particle circulation flows. The mixing rate is linked to the bubble motion and particle circulation. Provided that there are interactions between the spout cells, any parameters promoting the bubble motion and circulation can increase the mixing rate. Finally, a mixing pattern diagram was constructed to establish the connection between the flow structure and mixing intensity.
What usage can do: The effect of language dominance on simultaneous bilinguals’ morphosyntactic processing
Authors: Caffarra Sendy , Zimnukhova Svetlana , Mancini Simona 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEven when bilinguals learn both languages from birth and achieve high levels of proficiency, they rarely use their languages to the same degree. Recent findings suggest that individual differences in bilingual profile such as the usage of the bilingual’s different languages could affect the way they retrieve and analyse linguistic information, with greater use of linguistic mechanisms from the dominant language. One of the linguistic areas where a wide variety of bilingual performance has been reported is morphosyntax. The present study tests whether language usage can account for a certain amount of the individual variability in morphosyntactic feature extraction. Basque-Spanish simultaneous bilinguals with a range of language dominance profiles were asked to judge the grammatical gender of Spanish nouns the ending of which could provide a reliable cue to gender (i. e., transparent) or not (i. e., opaque). Results showed that the more bilinguals used Basque (i. e., an agglutinative language) on a daily basis, the faster they were at detecting the presence of transparent morphemes relative to opaque nouns. These findings suggest that simultaneous bilinguals have different ways of retrieving grammatical gender depending on their language profile. Language usage can contribute to explaining the presence of individual differences in morphosyntactic feature retrieval.
Psycholinguistics and variation in language processing
Authors: Boland Julie E , Kaan Edith , Valdés Kroff Jorge , Wulff Stefanie 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This Special Collection includes a number of articles published together on the topic of Psycholinguistics and Variation and identified by the keyword “PsychLingVar” The collection reflects our view that variation in language processing is both important and ubiquitous, and that such variation presents challenges that psycholinguists have long ignored. In this article, we provide a brief overview of current psycholinguistic research on variation, including the articles featured in the collection. While quite diverse, this collection of articles is united by the common goal of investigating variation in language processing.
Natural Abundance Nitrogen-15 NMR in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals With Cyano-Group
Authors: Jackalin Lukas , Dvinskikh Sergey V. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present natural abundance nitrogen-15 (NAN15) NMR spectroscopy in thermotropic liquid crystals. It is demonstrated that high resolution NAN15 NMR spectra in mesophases can be accurately recorded in non-spinning samples with a high orientational molecular order and strong anisotropic spin interactions. In this technique, due to low demand on radio-frequency decoupling power, standard solution-state probes can be used, which generally provide superior sensitivity and spectroscopic resolution in comparison to solid-state probes. We show that15N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) can be used as a sensitive probe of molecular orientational dynamics in liquid crystals. This method is exploited here to measure the orientational molecular order parameter of the nematic 4-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). Since the nitrogen spectra are obtained from the molecules constituting the mesophase rather than from probe molecules, the information is direct and the analysis and interpretation is straightforward. Nitrogen CSA of immobilized molecules, required in the analysis, is obtained using a DFT calculation. The approach provided consistent results for the order parameter in the nematic 5CB in the whole temperature range, in good agreement with literature data.