bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling light quality and intensity can reduce N2O and CO2 emissions of mature aging rice
Authors: Xu Shengguang , Li Bing , Xia Yujie , Yu Lei , Lin Li , Chen Zebin , Li Yuwu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractN2O, CO2, and CH4 are important greenhouse gases (GHGs) in paddy fields, and rice plants play an important role in GHG emissions in paddy fields. However, the relationship between light and rice plant GHG emissions is unclear. In this study, we monitored N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions of mature aging rice under different light qualities and intensities. The results showed that (i) under natural sunlight, the rice phyllosphere N2O emission rate was 22.94 μg pot–1 h–1, accounting for 60% of the whole rice plant total N2O‐N evaporation loss. The CO2 emission rates from the phyllosphere and the root system were 27.82 mg pot–1 h–1 and 8.02 mg pot–1 h–1, respectively. However, no CH4 net emission effects were observed. (ii) Under a constant LED monocolor light intensity (1600 Lux), red, blue, and white light can inhibit N2O and CO2 emissions from the rice phyllosphere, resulting in lower emissions than yellow light. White light can also inhibit N2O and CO2 emissions from rice roots. (iii) Within the range of 0‒6000 Lux, increases in light intensity can reduce rice phyllosphere CO2 emissions, but such increases also promote N2O emissions from the rice phyllosphere and the roots. In contrast, natural sunlight can promote rice phyllosphere N2O and CO2 emissions and can inhibit root N2O emissions. The measure of light control may be the key to low‐carbon technology for GHG emission reductions in mature paddy ecosystems. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effects of soap–water wash on human epidermal penetration
Authors: Zhu Hanjiang , Jung Eui‐Chang , Phuong Christina , Hui Xiaoying , Maibach Howard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSkin decontamination is a primary interventional method used to decrease dermal absorption of hazardous contaminants, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides and industrial pollutants. Soap and water wash, the most common and readily available decontamination system, may enhance percutaneous absorption through the “wash‐in effect.” To understand better the effect of soap–water wash on percutaneous penetration, and provide insight to improving skin decontamination methods, in vitro human epidermal penetration rates of four C14‐labeled model chemicals (hydroquinone, clonidine, benzoic acid and paraoxon) were assayed using flow‐through diffusion cells. Stratum corneum (SC) absorption rates of these chemicals at various hydration levels (0–295% of the dry SC weights) were determined and compared with the results of the epidermal penetration study to clarify the effect of SC hydration on skin permeability. Results showed accelerated penetration curves of benzoic acid and paraoxon after surface wash at 30 min postdosing. Thirty minutes after washing (60 min postdosing), penetration rates of hydroquinone and benzoic acid decreased due to reduced amounts of chemical on the skin surface and in the SC. At the end of the experiment (90 min postdosing), a soap–water wash resulted in lower hydroquinone penetration, greater paraoxon penetration and similar levels of benzoic acid and clonidine penetration compared to penetration levels in the non‐wash groups. The observed wash‐in effect agrees with the enhancement effect of SC hydration on the SC chemical absorption rate. These results suggest SC hydration derived from surface wash to be one cause of the wash‐in effect. Further, the occurrence of a wash‐in effect is dependent on chemical identity and elapsed time between exposure and onset of decontamination. By reducing chemical residue quantity on skin surface and in the SC reservoir, the soap–water wash may decrease the total quantity of chemical absorbed in the long term; however, the more immediate accelerated absorption of chemical toxins, particularly chemical warfare agents, may be lethal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular dichroism induced by Fano resonances in planar chiral oligomers
Authors: Hopkins Ben , Poddubny Alexander N. , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Kivshar Yuri S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present a general theory of circular dichroism in planar chiral nanostructures with rotational symmetry. It is demonstrated, analytically, that the handedness of the incident field's polarization can control whether a nanostructure induces either absorption or scattering losses, even when the total optical loss (extinction) is polarization‐independent. We show that this effect is a consequence of modal interference so that strong circular dichroism in absorption and scattering can be engineered by combining Fano resonances with planar chiral nanoparticle clusters.image
Development of Polyurethane‐Based Solid Propellants Using Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Ahmed The late Abd El‐Shafey I. , Ali Amged A. , El‐Masry Ahmed M. , Tawfik Sayed M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMechanically‐activated nanocomposites (MANCs) of nano‐aluminum (nAl)/X (X=Cu, Ni, Zn, Mg, and graphite) were used as replacements for reference nAl powder and as catalytic ingredients in polyurethane (PU) propellants. The effects of their use on combustion heat, burning rate, and thermal decomposition were investigated. It was found that MANCs have catalytic effects and the modified propellants have enhanced the released heat, burning rate, and thermal decomposition properties. MANCs‐based propellants have improved the processing and the mechanical properties with acceptable safety aspects. They can be used for catalytic applications in solid propellants to improve their energetic, burning rate, and thermal decomposition characteristics.
High Rate of Organ/Space Surgical Site Infection After Hepatectomy with Preexisting Bilioenteric Anastomosis
Authors: Matsumura Masaru , Saiura Akio , Inoue Yosuke , Ishizawa Takeaki , Mise Yoshihiro , Takahashi Yu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical course of hepatectomy in patients with preexisting bilioenteric anastomosis (BEA) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of preexisting BEA on organ/space surgical site infection (SSI) after hepatectomy.MethodsWe analyzed consecutive hepatectomies performed between March 2005 and January 2015. Patients’ background, operative results, and complications were compared between hepatectomies with and without preexisting BEA.ResultsTwenty‐two hepatectomies with preexisting BEA were identified among 1745 hepatectomies. The rate of organ/space SSI was much higher in hepatectomies with preexisting BEA than in those without preexisting BEA (40.9 vs. 6.4 %, P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses identified four variables as independent factors associated with organ/space SSI: liver‐directed chemotherapy [odds ratio 5.06 (95 % confidence interval 2.29–10.54), P < 0.001], operative time ≥ 300 min [2.40 (1.30–4.54), P = 0.006], estimated blood loss ≥ 500 ml [2.34 (1.26–4.31), P < 0.001], and preexisting BEA [12.08 (4.54–31.32), P < 0.001]. A higher rate of organisms from intestinal flora was detected in organ/space SSI after hepatectomies with preexisting BEA (77.8 vs. 21.3 % without BEA, P = 0.002). Analysis of hepatectomies with preexisting BEA identified selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis as the sole risk factor for organ/space SSI (P = 0.049 for cefazolin versus other antibiotics targeting intestinal flora).ConclusionsPreexisting BEA is an independent risk factor for the development of organ/space SSI after hepatectomy. Antibiotics targeting intestinal flora are strongly recommended for prophylaxis of infectious complications.
CLA‐Rich Chocolate Bar and Chocolate Paste Production and Characterization
Authors: Mayfield Sarah , Van de Walle Davy , Delbaere Claudia , Shinn Sara E. , Proctor Andrew , Dewettinck Koen , Patel Ashok 
Published: November 2015

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an 18‐carbon fatty acid with multiple health benefits, including anti‐obesity and anti‐carcinogenic properties. CLA‐rich soy oil (CLARSO) can be produced through a heterogeneous catalysis process, and this oil was previously used to produce CLA‐rich margarines and shortenings. The objectives of this study were to produce CLA‐rich chocolate bars and pastes by replacing a portion of the fat with CLARSO and compare the rheological, textural, and thermal properties of these pastes/bars to controls made with either soy oil or traditional fats. CLARSO was used to prepare bars/pastes. Rheology, firmness, and thermal behavior of the pastes and fracturability, hardness, and thermal behavior of the bars were determined. The CLARSO chocolate pastes/bars contained no additional saturated fat relative to soy oil controls but the pastes had more solid‐like rheology and were firmer and the bars had a higher fracture force relative to soy oil controls. Relative to non‐soy controls, CLARSO pastes had similar rheology and CLARSO bars had similar fracturability, despite containing less saturated fat. The fat crystals of all samples were in the same polymorphic form. Therefore, it was successfully demonstrated that CLARSO has the ability to produce chocolate pastes/bars with similar physical properties as traditional products containing more saturated fat.
Bioactive Compounds and Stability of Organic and Conventional Vitislabrusca Grape Seed Oils
Authors: Assumpção Carolina Fagundes , Nunes Itaciara Larroza , Mendonça Tácila Alcântara , Bortolin Rafael Calixto , Jablonski André , Flôres Simone Hickmann , de Oliveira Rios Alessandro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the differences between organic and conventional grape seed oils extracted from different grapes (Bordô and Isabel). The physicochemical quality, bioactive compounds and oxidative stability of the oils were investigated. The organic samples exhibited the best color parameters, and all samples were within the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius regarding their quality parameters. Only Bordô grape seed oils presented lutein and the best results regarding α‐ and β‐carotene and α‐tocopherol contents. All samples exhibited the same antioxidant activity results, but the Bordô ones exhibited higher oxidative stability. Overall, the results from this study suggest no differences between organic and conventional grape seed oils but between the grape varieties.
Soy Protein–Gum Karaya Conjugate: Emulsifying Activity and Rheological Behavior in Aqueous System and Oil in Water Emulsion
Authors: Shekarforoush Elhamalsadat , Mirhosseini Hamed , Sarker Md Zaidul Islam , Kostadinović Sanja , Ghazali Hasanah Mohd , Muhamad Kharidah , Samaram Shadi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of mixing and conjugation of soy protein isolate (SPI) with gum karaya on the characteristics of the hybrid polymer (protein–gum) in both aqueous systems and oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. It was hypothesized that the covalent linkage of gum karaya with SPI would improve the emulsifying activity and rheological properties of both polymers. Conjugation occurred under controlled conditions (i.e., 60 °C and 75 % relative humidity, 3 days). The conjugated hybrid polymer produced smaller droplet with better uniformity, higher viscosity and stronger emulsifying activity than native gum karaya, suggesting the conjugated polymer provided a bulkier secondary layer with more efficient coverage around oil droplets, thereby inducing stronger resistance against droplet aggregation and flocculation. Emulsions containing the native gum karaya produced the largest droplet size among all prepared emulsions (D3,2 = 8.6 μm; D4,3 = 22.4 μm); while the emulsion containing protein–gum conjugate (1:1 g/g) had the smallest droplet size (D3,2 = 0.2 μm; D4,3 = 0.7 μm) with lower polydispersity. The protein–gum conjugate (1:1 g/g) also showed the highest elastic and viscous modulus, the lowest polydispersity (span) and the highest emulsifying activity among all native, mixed and conjugated polymers. Therefore, the percentage of gum karaya used for production of O/W emulsion can be decreased by partially replacing it with the conjugated gum.
Subannular tube insertion: anatomical considerations
Authors: Guidera A K , Benoiton L , McManus L , Dawes P J D 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectives:To assess the distance between the bony groove created during subannular tubes placement and the chorda tympani, and examine the depth of the hypotympanum and retrotympanum.Method:Grooves drilled in cadaver temporal bones at two levels were imaged to measure: the distance between the chorda tympani nerve and the tympanic sulcus, and the depth of the hypotympanum and the retrotympanum relative to the annulus.Results:The chorda tympani was between 0 and 5 mm from the groove cut across the annulus. The hypotympanum average depth was 2 mm (0.44–6.40 mm) and the retrotympanum average depth was 1 mm (0–2.53 mm).Conclusion:Grooves drilled across the tympanic sulcus should be placed at a point 20 per cent of the height of the tympanic membrane or lower; this will ensure least risk of injury to the chorda tympani nerve. The depth of the hypotympanum and retrotympanum dictates that the posteroinferior part of a subannular tube flange should be approximately 2 × 1 mm.
Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk: review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kraan T. , Velthorst E. , Koenders L. , Zwaart K. , Ising H. K. , van den Berg D. , de Haan L. , van der Gaag M. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundPrevious research has established the relationship between cannabis use and psychotic disorders. Whether cannabis use is related to transition to psychosis in patients at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to review the existing evidence on the association between cannabis use and transition to psychosis in UHR samples.MethodA search of PsychInfo, Embase and Medline was conducted from 1996 to August 2015. The search yielded 5559 potentially relevant articles that were selected on title and abstract. Subsequently 36 articles were screened on full text for eligibility. Two random-effects meta-analyses were performed. First, we compared transition rates to psychosis of UHR individuals with lifetime cannabis use with non-cannabis-using UHR individuals. Second, we compared transition rates of UHR individuals with a current DSM-IV cannabis abuse or dependence diagnosis with lifetime users and non-using UHR individuals.ResultsWe found seven prospective studies reporting on lifetime cannabis use in UHR subjects (n = 1171). Of these studies, five also examined current cannabis abuse or dependence. Lifetime cannabis use was not significantly associated with transition to psychosis [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.856–1.524, p = 0.37]. A second meta-analysis yielded an OR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.135–2.710, p = 0.01), indicating a significant association between current cannabis abuse or dependence and transition to psychosis.ConclusionsOur results show that cannabis use was only predictive of transition to psychosis in those who met criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence, tentatively suggesting a dose–response relationship between current cannabis use and transition to psychosis.
An epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated withClostridium perfringens, North East of England, 2012–2014
Authors: DOLAN G. P. , FOSTER K. , LAWLER J. , AMAR C. , SWIFT C. , AIRD H. , GORTON R. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYAn anecdotal increase inC. perfringensoutbreaks was observed in the North East of England during 2012–2014. We describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. All culture-positive (>105c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the North East Health Protection Team from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2014 were included. Epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle of infection), environmental (deficiencies in food preparation or hygiene practices and suspected vehicle of infection) and microbiological investigations are described. Forty-six outbreaks were included (83% reported from care homes). Enterotoxin (cpe) gene-bearerC. perfringenswere detected by PCR in 20/46 (43%) and enterotoxin (by ELISA) and/or enterotoxigenic faecal/food isolates with indistinguishable molecular profiles in 12/46 (26%) outbreaks. Concerns about temperature control of foods were documented in 20/46 (43%) outbreaks. A suspected vehicle of infection was documented in 21/46 (46%) of outbreaks (meat-containing vehicle in 20/21). In 15/21 (71%) identification of the suspected vehicle was based on descriptive evidence alone, in 5/21 (24%) with supporting evidence from an epidemiological study and in 2/21 (10%) with supporting microbiological evidence.C. perfringens-associated illness is preventable and although identification of foodborne outbreaks is challenging, a risk mitigation approach should be taken, particularly in vulnerable populations such as care homes for the elderly.
“MARKING WHITENESS” FOR CROSS-RACIAL SOLIDARITY
Authors: Snyder Greta Fowler 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe dramatic difference in typical Black and White lifeworlds—or sets of “cultural givens” assumed by Black and White Americans and used to interpret experience—impedes the development of a cross-racial solidarity oriented toward racial justice. If such a cross-racial solidarity is to be realized, actors must reorient the average White lifeworld in ways that make Whites more receptive to Black claims. I identify, theorize, and assess a particular strategy for transforming the dominant White lifeworld, and thus facilitating cross-racial solidarity, that directly confronts contemporary Whiteness: “marking Whiteness.” The idea of “marking Whiteness” is abstracted from three different texts—the blog-turned-bookStuff White People Like, a satiric essay entitled “I Am a Martyr (And So Can You!): A Guide to White Male Victimhood” published inEsquiremagazine, and the sketch comedy phenomenonChappelle’s Show. Interventions that “mark Whiteness” make Whiteness hyper-visible—as is characteristic of “marked” groups—and portray average White behavior and ideas as integral to the systemic reproduction of racial injustice. “Marking Whiteness” renders the racial polity visible, and makes contemporary Whites’ complicity in racial injustice undeniable. While there are good reasons to be skeptical of the progressive credentials of any mass cultural product and popular texts are often subject to misinterpretation, popular culture should be recognized as an important site in lifeworld and solidarity construction and reconstruction.
MAKING A CIVIL RIGHTS CLAIM FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Authors: Berrey Ellen 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe politics of affirmative action are currently structured as a litigious conflict among elites taking polarized stances. Opponents call for colorblindness, and defenders champion diversity. How can marginalized activists subvert the dominant terms of legal debate? To what extent can they establish their legitimacy? This paper advances legal mobilization theory by analytically foregrounding the field of contention and the relational production of meaning among social movement organizations. The case for study is two landmark United States Supreme Court cases that contested the University of Michigan’s race-conscious admissions policies. Using ethnographic data, the paper analyzes BAMN, an activist organization, and its reception by other affirmative action supporters. BAMN had a marginalized allied-outsider status in the legal cases, as it made a radical civil rights claim for a moderate, elite-supported policy: that affirmative action corrects systemic racial discrimination. BAMN activists pursued their agenda by passionately defending and, at once, critiquing the university’s policies. However, the organization’s militancy remained a liability among university leaders, who prioritized the consistency of their diversity claims. The analysis forwards a scholarly understanding of the legacy of race-conscious policies.
Comprehensive functional characterization of cancer–testis antigens defines obligate participation in multiple hallmarks of cancer
Authors: Maxfield Kimberly E. , Taus Patrick J. , Corcoran Kathleen , Wooten Joshua , Macion Jennifer , Zhou Yunyun , Borromeo Mark , Kollipara Rahul K. , Yan Jingsheng , Xie Yang , Xie Xian-Jin , Whitehurst Angelique W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTumours frequently activate genes whose expression is otherwise biased to the testis, collectively known as cancer–testis antigens (CTAs). The extent to which CTA expression represents epiphenomena or confers tumorigenic traits is unknown. In this study, to address this, we implemented a multidimensional functional genomics approach that incorporates 7 different phenotypic assays in 11 distinct disease settings. We identify 26 CTAs that are essential for tumor cell viability and/or are pathological drivers of HIF, WNT or TGFβ signalling. In particular, we discover that Foetal and Adult Testis Expressed 1 (FATE1) is a key survival factor in multiple oncogenic backgrounds. FATE1 prevents the accumulation of the stress-sensing BH3-only protein, BCL-2-Interacting Killer (BIK), thereby permitting viability in the presence of toxic stimuli. Furthermore, ZNF165 promotes TGFβ signalling by directly suppressing the expression of negative feedback regulatory pathways. This action is essential for the survival of triple negative breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, CTAs make significant direct contributions to tumour biology.
Structural basis for cpSRP43 chromodomain selectivity and dynamics in Alb3 insertase interaction
Authors: Horn Annemarie , Hennig Janosch , Ahmed Yasar L. , Stier Gunter , Wild Klemens , Sattler Michael , Sinning Irmgard 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCanonical membrane protein biogenesis requires co-translational delivery of ribosome-associated proteins to the Sec translocase and depends on the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SR). In contrast, high-throughput delivery of abundant light-harvesting chlorophyll a,b-binding proteins (LHCPs) in chloroplasts to the Alb3 insertase occurs post-translationally via a soluble transit complex including the cpSRP43/cpSRP54 heterodimer (cpSRP). Here we describe the molecular mechanisms of tethering cpSRP to the Alb3 insertase by specific interaction of cpSRP43 chromodomain 3 with a linear motif in the Alb3 C-terminal tail. Combining NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and biochemical analyses, we dissect the structural basis for selectivity of chromodomains 2 and 3 for their respective ligands cpSRP54 and Alb3, respectively. Negative cooperativity in ligand binding can be explained by dynamics in the chromodomain interface. Our study provides a model for membrane recruitment of the transit complex and may serve as a prototype for a functional gain by the tandem arrangement of chromodomains.