bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-21/IL-21R signaling suppresses intestinal inflammation induced by DSS through regulation of Th responses in lamina propria in mice
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Jiang Xuefeng , Zhu Junfeng , Dan Yue  , Zhang Xiaoqing , Wang Xiao , You Yong , Wang Biao , Xu Ying , Lu Changlong , Sun Xun , Yoshikai Yasunobu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSerum level of IL-21 is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), suggesting that IL-21/IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. However, the role of IL-21/IL-21 receptor signaling plays in the pathogenesis of IBD is not very clear. In this study, using IL-21R.KO mice, we tested the role of IL-21/IL-21R signaling in the regulation of T helper cell responses during intestinal inflammation. Here we found that IL-21R.KO mice were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis as compared with C57BL/6 mice. The spontaneous inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages in LP of colon were significantly increased and Th2, Th17 and Treg responses were down-regulated markedly. However, Th1 responses were significantly up-regulated in IL-21R.KO mice. Meanwhile, the population of CD8+CD44+IFN-γ+ T cells was markedly elevated in LP of inflammatory intestine of IL-21RKO mice. In vivo, after disease onset, DSS-induced intestinal inflammation was ameliorated in C57BL/6 mice treated with rIL-21. Our results demonstrate that IL-21/IL-21R signaling contributes to protection against DSS-induced acute colitis through suppression of Th1 and activation of Th2, Th17 and Treg responses in mice. Therefore, therapeutic manipulation of IL-21/IL-21R activity may allow improved immunotherapy for IBD and other inflammatory diseases associated with Th cell responses.
A rock-salt-type Li-based oxide, Li3Ni2RuO6, exhibiting a chaotic ferrimagnetism with cluster spin-glass dynamics and thermally frozen charge carriers
Authors: Upadhyay Sanjay Kumar , Iyer Kartik K. , Rayaprol S. , Paulose P. L. , Sampathkumaran E. V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe area of research to discover new Li containing materials and to understand their physical properties has been of constant interest due to applications potential for rechargeable batteries. Here, we present the results of magnetic investigations on a Li compound, Li3Ni2RuO6, which was believed to be a ferrimagnet below 80 K. While our neutron diffraction (ND) and isothermal magnetization (M) data support ferrimagnetism, more detailed magnetic studies establish that this ferrimagnetic phase exhibits some features similar to spin-glasses. In addition, we find another broad magnetic anomaly around 40–55 K in magnetic susceptibility (χ), attributable to cluster spin-glass phenomenon. Gradual dominance of cluster spin-glass dynamics with a decrease of temperature (T) and the apparent spread in freezing temperature suggest that the ferrimagnetism of this compound is a chaotic one. The absence of a unique freezing temperature for a crystalline material is interesting. In addition, pyroelectric current (Ipyro) data reveals a feature in the range 40–50 K, attributable to thermally stimulated depolarization current. We hope this finding motivates future work to explore whether there is any intriguing correlation of such a feature with cluster spin-glass dynamics. We attribute these magnetic and electric dipole anomalies to the crystallographic disorder, intrinsic to this compound.
The Strong Family Program: an innovative model to engage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth and Elders with reproductive and sexual health community education
Authors: Duley P. , Botfield J. R. , Ritter T. , Wicks J. , Brassil A. 
Published: August 2016

Issue addressedAboriginal youth in Australia often experience high rates of intimate partner violence (family violence) and poorer reproductive and sexual health than their non‐Aboriginal counterparts. To address some of the disparities, the Strong Family Program was developed to deliver reproductive and sexual health education to Aboriginal communities in New South Wales.MethodsDevelopment of the program was based on an extensive consultation process with Aboriginal communities. It was implemented in three communities, with two groups from each hosting Aboriginal youth and Elders in a yarning circle within the culturally respectful frameworks of ‘men and boys’’ and ‘women and girls’’ business. An evaluation was conducted to measure reproductive and sexual health knowledge and attitude changes upon program completion, using pre‐ and post‐program surveys and yarning (focus group discussions).ResultsProgram participants comprised 48 females and 28 males. Overall, mean knowledge and attitude scores improved upon completion of the program (from 77% to 82% and from 4.15 to 4.32 out of 5, respectively). Among participants aged 20 years and under (the youngest participant was 13 years), there was an increase in knowledge (P = 0.034); among participants aged over 20 years (the oldest participant was 78 years), there was an increase in positive attitudes (P = 0.001). Participants perceived the information provided to be useful and relevant, with many reporting improved knowledge and attitudes around rights and respectful relationships.ConclusionsReproductive and sexual health education in Aboriginal communities should be based on community consultations and carried out within a culturally appropriate framework to promote greater success. Continued implementation of the Strong Family Program will promote increased understanding of respectful relationships and improved health outcomes for Aboriginal young people.So what?The Strong Family Program was based on an extensive consultative process that ensured leadership and involvement from Aboriginal communities, with program content and delivery based on Aboriginal pedagogy and reflecting Aboriginal cultural values. Reproductive and sexual health promotion in Aboriginal communities should be based on community consultations and carried out within a culturally appropriate framework to promote greatest success.
The main agricultural insect and disease pests of China and implications for the use of remote sensing for their management.
Authors: Cock M. J. W. , Tang Rui Tang Rui , Liu Zhi Liu Zhi , Wan HuanHuan Wan HuanHuan , McGillivray L. A. , Thomas S. E. , Cameron K. H. , Zhang Feng Zhang Feng 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This review selects the major agricultural insect and disease pests of agriculture in China, and discusses the implications for developing the use of remote sensing to improve their management. The most important crops were selected as those, which contribute more than 5% nationally in terms of total agricultural land occupied, total weight of agricultural produce or total value of agricultural produce: i.e. rice, wheat, maize, potato, sugarcane and brassica crops (for which Chinese cabbage was used as an exemplar). Our approach to selecting the most important pests on these crops was to compile lists for each crop of the pests that are primary pests on that crop, and either have at least 20 papers published regarding their occurrence on that crop in China, or occur in at least 17 of the 34 provincial-level administrative districts. Based on these factors, we identified 3-6 major pests for each crop. These selections were then discussed with national IPM experts to assess their appropriateness, and minor adjustments made. This gave us a list of 29 major insect and disease pests for China. We also identified those pests of our selected major crops in neighbouring countries that presented a quarantine risk, or might be expected to threaten China as climate changes, i.e., (i) those pests present in central Asia (and further west), which could spread to China without climate change and (ii) pests which are more tropical in distribution, but could spread north with climate warming. Tables were compiled on symptoms, thresholds for action and options for pest management responses. These are discussed in terms of the scope for remote sensing of these pests in China and how the information generated or forecast would be used to improve pest management in the context of the existing agricultural extension service. Recommendations are made for future work.
Residual stress analysis of machined lead-free and lead-containing brasses
Authors: Tam P. L. , Schultheiss F. , Ståhl J. -E. , Nyborg L. 
Published: August 2016

Legislations demand low lead content in drinking water and low lead leaching from the water supply facilities. Lead-free brass (LFB) can fit in. The benefits of such alloy are acknowledged in both functional and environmental points of view. The relatively high strength of LFB means that the process condition and residual stress generation can be different as compared to the conventional brass. In this study, residual stress generation for a LFB (CuZn21Si3P) and a lead-containing brass (CuZn39Pb3) in a face-turning experiment is studied. Besides stress analysis, structural characterisation is also conducted. Stress generation in the feed and cutting directions of two brasses is depicted. Machined topography is measured to evaluate the surface integrity in connection with the machining conditions. This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Brass Alloys.
Anatomy of the pelvis and perineum
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The roof of the abdominopelvic cavity is the diaphragm and the floor is the pelvic diaphragm. It is conventional to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into two regions: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The two are continuous with each other through the pelvic brim. Below the pelvic floor lies the perineum. Surgical conditions involving pelvic viscera and structures in the perineum account for a very considerable part of surgical and gynaecological practice. A clear understanding of pelvic and perineal anatomy is fundamental to the proper clinical management of these conditions. The perineum refers to the lowest part of the trunk. It lies immediately below the pelvic floor (levator ani) and is flanked by the inner aspects of the proximal ends of the thighs and also by the inferior aspects of the buttocks. The perineum may be pictured as lying within a diamond-shaped outline. The perineum is divisible anatomically into two regions: the urogenital triangle anteriorly and a posterior region termed the anal triangle.
Introduction to Section 1.2: ‘Applied surgical physiology’
Authors: Adams David A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Knowledge of normal structure and function is essential when trying to understand the consequences of disease. This chapter acts as an introduction to the other ten chapters in Section 1.2, which describe general physiological principles considered to be important in surgical practice. This chapter introduces the topics covered in the following chapters: ‘Metabolic pathways, nutrition, and abnormalities’ (Chapter 1.2.2), ‘Blood loss, hypovolaemic shock, and septic shock’ (Chapter 1.2.3), ‘Fluid and electrolyte balance and replacement acid–base balance’ (Chapter 1.2.4), ‘Haemostasis and thrombosis’ (Chapter 1.2.5), ‘Cardiovascular’ (Chapter 1.2.6), ‘Respiratory’ (Chapter 1.2.7), ‘Gastrointestinal’ (Chapter 1.2.8), ‘Urinary’ (Chapter 1.2.9), ‘Endocrine’ (Chapter 1.2.10), and ‘Neurology’ (Chapter 1.2.11).
Neurology
Authors: Jeevaratnam Kamalan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The nervous system remains one of the most widely studied systems yet much is still unknown about the intricate workings of this system. The nervous system spans the entire body and works through a set of afferent and efferent nerves. Input is generally received by sensory receptors and transmitted to the central nervous system via various ascending pathways. Appropriate responses are sent back via the descending motor pathways. Many of these activities occur at the conscious level but there are equally significant functions that occur below the level of consciousness which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The nervous system also plays an important role in pain perception as well as the interpretation of sensory information from our special senses such as the eyes and ears.
Essential pharmacology for surgeons
Authors: Brearton Chris 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The legal ability to prescribe any medication is still one of the major differences between the medically qualified practitioner and other providers of healthcare within the multidisciplinary team. Lack of knowledge of the basic science behind drug action will not prevent drugs from working, but lack of basic knowledge can increase the risk to our patients and does not fit with the duty of care which we owe to them. A working knowledge of the basic principles of pharmacology such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics allows understanding of their action and interaction within the body. Drugs including analgesics, antimicrobials, and anticoagulants are used very commonly in the perioperative period and so are discussed in detail. General and local anaesthetic agents are key to surgical procedures and knowledge of their pharmacology, interactions, and limitations allows for a more accurate risk assessment in the perioperative period.
Sepsis
Authors: Raza Muhammad 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Sepsis occurs in patients in both surgical and medical specialties and is caused by a variety of bacteria. It comprises of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, with evidence or signs of infection. Study of its pathophysiology informs that sepsis involves most of the organs/systems in the body in a process characterized by derangement of vascular endothelium and organ parenchyma, driven by bacterial toxins and the inflammatory process. Sepsis can vary in its presentation based on severity and owing to individual polymorphism. Because of the variations in individual responses, it has been difficult to put together a completely consistent approach advising on management. Early clinical suspicion, rigorous diagnostic measures, aggressive initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, comprehensive supportive care, and measures aimed at reversing predisposing causes are the cornerstones of successful management. Measures to prevent acquisition or spread of infection in critically ill patients is of paramount importance
Essential interventional radiology for surgeons
Authors: Kusumawidjaja Daniel , Gaines Peter A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Interventional radiology refers to minimally invasive image-guided procedures that are often therapeutic but can also be diagnostic. Imaging modalities employed include fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, used either singly or in combination. While the majority of interventional radiology procedures involve the vasculature (termed ‘endovascular’ procedures), other body systems are also frequently treated. In this chapter, brief outlines of the principles and potential indications of commonly performed and surgically relevant interventional procedures are discussed. These include trauma, gastrointestinal (embolization for bleeding, gastrointestinal stents, gastrostomy), arterial (angioplasty and stenting, therapies for acute emboli and stent grafting), venous (deep venous thrombosis therapies, inferior vena cava filters, superior vena cava stenting), vascular malformations (embolization, sclerotherapy), oncological (transarterial chemoembolization, radioembolization, ablation), hepatobiliary (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, percutaneous biliary procedures), renal/urological (dialysis fistula techniques, nephrostomy, varicocele embolization), and other relevant procedures (image-guided drainage and biopsies, central venous access).
Assessing the acute abdomen
Authors: Wiggins Tom , Crinnion James N. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The rapid diagnosis and treatment of abdominal emergencies will save lives. Therefore, all practising surgeons irrespective of their specialty must have the skills to be able to competently assess a patient with acute abdominal pain. The emergency general surgical take will typically consist of a mixture of patients, of which a few will require surgical treatment but many can be managed conservatively. A number of patients in the latter group have pain of uncertain aetiology, which can clearly be managed non-operatively. This cohort of patients is often labelled as having ‘non-specific abdominal pain’. The small group of patients who require urgent operative intervention will usually present with either clinical signs of peritonitis, or a distended abdomen due to bowel obstruction. These worrying clinical features must be promptly recognized, investigated, and treated if a favourable outcome is to be achieved. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and assessment of acute abdominal pain. It also provides an overview of the management of the broad clinical presentations of peritonitis, abdominal distension, and non-specific abdominal pain.
Chronic arterial insufficiency
Authors: Butler Christopher M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Chronic arterial insufficiency (CAI) is a common condition affecting predominantly older patients. It normally involves the lower limbs and is usually due to progressive furring up and hardening of the arteries due to atherosclerosis. It typically presents with intermittent claudication (IC) and calf pain on walking, relieved by rest. A relatively small number of patients presenting with IC will progress to the more serious condition of critical limb ischaemia (CLI). Several modifiable risk factors for CAI have been demonstrated, including smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and lipid problems. Management of IC includes risk factor modification, supervised exercise training, and antiplatelet agents. Patients with severe IC and all those with CLI should be investigated under the supervision of a multidisciplinary team with a view to revascularization of the affected limb. Interventions may include angioplasty and/or vascular surgery. Prognosis for patients presenting with CLI remains poor with only 45% being alive with two legs a year after presentation. Of the remainder, 30% will be alive having had a major amputation, and 25% will have died.
Venous and lymphatic disease
Authors: Darvall Katy A. L. , Bradbury Andrew W. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Varicose veins (VV) are common and are part of a spectrum of disease known as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), with the more severe manifestations of CVI being skin changes and chronic venous ulceration (CVU). The relationship between symptoms and VV is complex. Duplex ultrasound allows a ‘map’ of the abnormal veins to be obtained to guide treatment. Treatment has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive options such as endothermal ablation and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy. CVU has a prevalence of around 1%, frequently recurs, impairs quality of life, and has a significant health and social care cost. The mainstay of treatment remains graduated multilayer compression bandaging (having excluded arterial disease) and ablation of superficial venous reflux. There are several causes of a chronically swollen limb, the most common being CVI and lymphoedema. Lymphoedema can be primary or secondary. Lymphoedema is incurable and managed conservatively with skin care, massage, and compression.
Aneurysms
Authors: Davies Robert , Sayers Robert 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An arterial aneurysm is defined as a 50% or greater increase in the diameter of a vessel. The infrarenal aorta and popliteal artery are the commonest locations for arterial aneurysms accounting for more than 12 000 hospital admissions per year in England. The majority of arterial aneurysms are asymptomatic at the time of presentation having been identified incidentally during routine health checks or investigations for other pathologies.
Ear pain and hearing loss
Authors: Hawthorne Maurice 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The pitfall for the non-ear specialist is to think that ear symptoms can only be due to ear disease—this is far from the case. Due to its complex nerve supply, pain and paraesthesia often have an origin away from the ear but symptoms are referred to the ear; consequently earache in the presence of a normal eardrum is due to a malignancy until proven otherwise. In additional to referral to the ear of symptoms from regional disease, systemic disease can also present with earache, a good example of which is Wegener’s granulomatosis and the painless deafness associated with vitamin D deficiency. While unrelenting pain with aural discharge can be a presenting symptom of life-threatening condition such as osteitis of the skull base or a malignancy of the ear, unrelenting discharge without pain can also be a sign of life-threatening disease such as cholesteatoma, tuberculosis, and tertiary syphilis. Assessment of the patient with an ear problem should include a thorough history to include symptoms of systemic and regional disease as well as auditory and neural symptoms. Examination should include the ear but also the head and neck and upper respiratory mucosal surfaces as well as looking for signs of systemic disease. Investigation should include assessment of the hearing, search for systemic conditions and local imaging of the head and neck. Treatment of hearing loss is not just confined to hearing aids but advice should be given on prevention, and the use of environmental aids or surgery considered.
Endocrine surgery
Authors: Fraser Sheila , Lansdown Mark 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
As well as an understanding of the principles of endocrine surgery, the MRCS requires a sound knowledge of endocrinology and of the impact of endocrine disorders as co-morbidities affecting the preparation of patients for theatre and their recovery from surgery. Symptoms associated with overfunction or underfunction of an endocrine gland may be classic or suggestive, but none are pathognomonic. Patients may go for many years with mild symptoms before a diagnosis is made. This chapter focuses primarily on surgery of the endocrine glands, for the control of abnormal function and tumours of these glands, which may, or may not, themselves be functional.
Principles of surgical oncology
Authors: Gomez Dhanny , Malik Hassan Z. , Fenwick Stephen , Poston Graeme J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Surgery is the oldest and remains the most effective treatment for solid cancers. Sixty per cent of people cured of cancer are cured by surgery alone. Furthermore, the surgeon is frequently the first point of contact for the patient thought to have cancer and, frequently is the key clinician in establishing the diagnosis and initial staging assessment prior to commencement of treatment. Surgery increasingly also plays a major role in the management of advanced (metastatic cancer) and also in symptom control for incurable disease. In order to be effective in cancer management, surgeons must have a sound working grasp of cancer biology, how cancers spread (and the principles of staging) and the complementary roles of systemic (chemo- and biological) and radiation (external beam and targeted) therapies in the management of the cancer patient.
Anastomoses, stomas, and drains
Authors: Burke Dermot 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter outlines the basic approach to the construction of anastomoses, stomas, and the use of drains. Careful surgical technique is vital to the success, or failure, of an anastomosis. The types of anastomosis, the materials used, and the configurations applied vary considerably between surgeons. Complications that might arise from an anastomosis are presented and discussed. The ability to create an effective stoma is an essential component of the practicing acute abdominal surgeon. The classification of stomas, their uses, the techniques used for their creation and the complications that may arise, despite a careful surgical technique, are described in an attempt to make progress in this sensitive area. The correct use of drains is another area in which judgement and experience is required in undertaking acute surgery. The different types of available drains, together with their potential complications are presented.