bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing the Evidence for Public Health Systems to Battle Vaccine Preventable Disease at the Local Level: Data Challenges and Strategies for Advancing Research
Authors: Bekemeier Betty , Pantazis Athena , Yip Michelle Pui-Yan , Kwan-Gett Tao 
Published: October 2016

Context:
Generally decreasing local health department (LHD) resources devoted to immunization programs and changes in LHD roles in immunization services represent major shifts in a core LHD service.

Objective:
Within a rapidly changing immunization landscape and emerging vaccine preventable disease outbreaks, our objective was to examine how LHD immunization expenditures are related to county-level immunization coverage and pertussis rates.

Design:
We used a practice-based approach in which we collaborated with practice partners and uniquely detailed LHD immunization expenditure data. Our analyses modeled the ecologic relationship between LHD immunization expenditures and LHD system performance and health outcomes.

Setting:
This study was launched through a consortium of public health Practice-Based Research Network states as part of a suite of studies examining the relationship between various LHD service-related expenditures and health outcomes.

Participants:
We investigated and sought to include all LHDs in the states of Florida, New York (except New York City's LHD), and Washington.

Outcome Measures:
With LHD immunization expenditures as our independent variable, our outcomes were 1 year of jurisdiction-level rates of toddler immunization completeness, to measure immunization system performance, and 11 years of annual jurisdiction-level numbers of pertussis cases per 100 000 population, to measure related health outcomes.

Results:
Immunization completeness and pertussis rates varied greatly, but our models did not produce significant results despite numerous analytic approaches and while controlling for other factors.

Conclusion:
While our study was part of a suite of studies using similar methods and producing significant results, this study was instead challenged by serious data limitations and highlighted the gap in consistent, standardized data that can support critically needed evidence regarding immunization rates and disease. With LHDs at the epicenter of reducing vaccine preventable disease, it is vital to utilize emerging opportunities to understand the nature of their efforts in immunization coverage and disease prevention.
Supporting Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Adolescents: Perspectives From Commercial and Medicaid Health Plans
Authors: Ng Judy H. , Sobel Katherine , Roth Lindsey , Byron Sepheen C. , Lindley Megan C. , Stokley Shannon 
Published: October 2016

Context:
An estimated 79 million Americans are infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Vaccination can reduce the burden of infection and HPV-associated cancers; yet, vaccination rates remain low. Little is known about why some health plans achieve higher vaccination rates.

Objective:
This study sought to identify strategies used by higher-performing health plans to support HPV vaccination.

Design:
We used 2013 data from the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for Female Adolescents measure to identify high-performing plans. The measure examines the percentage of female adolescent plan members who received 3 doses of HPV vaccine by their 13th birthday. High performers were defined as the subset of commercial plans with the top 10 rates and the subset of Medicaid plans with the top 10 rates. An interview guide was developed to assess activities related to providing HPV vaccination. Interviews were conducted with selected plans and audio-recorded. Transcripts were reviewed independently by 2 interviewers and analyzed by hand to identify key themes.

Participants:
Staff members representing 10 plans agreed to be interviewed, representing a diversity of plan size (range, 5500 to >2.7 million members); plan type (about half were commercial, half were Medicaid plans); patient population, from predominantly white to predominantly nonwhite; and geographic region.

Results:
Plans Participants highlighted multiple strategies that support HPV vaccination, particularly the “normalizing” of the vaccine. Plans' efforts highlighted patient and provider education, reminders, feedback loops, community collaborations, immunization registries, and use of medical home concepts—including team-driven efforts and coordination.

Implications:
There is an important need to improve the uptake of HPV vaccination. As health coverage expands to more organizations and individuals, it will be critical for health plans to consider the strategies implemented by higher-performing organizations.

Conclusion:
Although HPV immunization rates are low nationally, health plans can employ multiple efforts to encourage vaccination by implementing activities that involve the patient, the provider, and the community.
Cost-effectiveness of Community-Based Minigrants to Increase Physical Activity in Youth
Authors: Moore Justin B. , Heboyan Vahé , Oniffrey Theresa M. , Brinkley Jason , Andrews Sara M. , Kolbe Mary Bea 
Published: October 2016

Context:
American youth are insufficiently active, and minigrant programs have been developed to facilitate implementation of evidence-based interventions in communities. However, little is known about the cost-effectiveness of targeted minigrant programs for the implementation of physical activity (PA) promoting strategies for youth.

Objective:
To determine the cost-effectiveness of a minigrant program to increase PA among youth.

Design:
Twenty community grantees were pair-matched and randomized to receive funding at the beginning of year 1 (2010-2011) or year 2 (2011-2012) to implement interventions to increase PA in youth. Costs were calculated by examining financial reports provided by the granting organization and grantees.

Setting:
Twenty counties in North Carolina.

Participants:
A random sample of approximately 800 fourth- to eighth-grade youth (per year) from the approximately 6100 youth served by the 20 community-based interventions.

Main Outcome Measure:
Cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) were calculated at the county and project levels to determine the cost per child-minute of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) increased by wave. Analyses were conducted utilizing cost data from 20 community grantees and accelerometer-derived PA from the participating youth.

Results:
Of the 20 participating counties, 18 counties displayed increased youth MVPA between at least 2 waves of observation. Of those 18 counties, the CER (US dollars/MVPA minutes per day) ranged from $0.02 to $1.86 (n = 13) in intervention year 1, $0.02 to $6.19 (n = 15) in intervention year 2, and $0.02 to $0.58 (n = 17) across both years.

Conclusion:
If utilized to implement effectual behavior change strategies, minigrants can be a cost-effective means of increasing children's MVPA, with a low monetary cost per minute of MVPA.
Root Cause Analysis: An Examination of Odontogenic Origins of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis in Both Immunocompetent & Immunocompromised Patients
Authors: McCarty Jennifer L. , David Ryan M. , Lensing Shelly Y. , Samant Rohan S. , Kumar Manoj , Van Hemert Rudy L. , Angtuaco Edgardo J.C. , Fitzgerald Ryan T. 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose
Dental and periodontal diseases represent important but often overlooked causes of acute sinusitis. Our goal was to examine the prevalence of potential odontogenic sources of acute maxillary sinusitis according to immune status and their associations with sinusitis.

Materials and Methods
A retrospective review of maxillofacial computed tomography studies from 2013 to 2014 was performed. Each maxillary sinus and its ipsilateral dentition were evaluated for findings of acute sinusitis and dental/periodontal disease.

Results
Eighty-four patients (24 immunocompetent, 60 immunocompromised) had 171 maxillary sinuses that met inclusion criteria for acute maxillary sinusitis. Inspection of dentition revealed oroantral fistula in 1%, periapical lucencies in 16%, and projecting tooth root(s) in 71% of cases. Immunocompromised patients were more likely to have bilateral sinusitis than immunocompetent patients (67% vs 33%, P = 0.005). A paired case-control analysis in a subset of patients with unilateral maxillary sinusitis (n = 39) showed a higher prevalence of periapical lucency in association with sinuses that had an air fluid level—29% of sinuses with a fluid level had periapical lucency compared with 12% without sinus fluid (P = 0.033).

Conclusions
Potential odontogenic sources of acute maxillary sinusitis are highly prevalent in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, although the 2 patient populations demonstrate no difference in the prevalence of these potential odontogenic sources. Periapical lucencies were found to be associated with an ipsilateral sinus fluid level. Increased awareness of the importance of dental and periodontal diseases as key components of maxillofacial computed tomography interpretation would facilitate a more appropriate and timely treatment.
Assessment of Diastolic Function in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy by Computed Tomography–Derived Analysis of Left Ventricular Filling
Authors: Ghersin Itai , Ghersin Eduard , Abadi Sobhi , Runco Therrien Jennifer E. , Tanawuttiwat Tanyanan , Aronson Doron , Lessick Jonathan 
Published: October 2016

Objectives
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, which is difficult to assess by noninvasive methods. We hypothesized that measurement of simultaneous left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) volume changes by cardiac computed tomography would be useful in the assessment of diastolic function in HCM.

Methods
We studied 21 patients with HCM and 21 age-matched controls. The LA and LV volumes were calculated and early and late diastolic volume changes derived.

Results
The HCM patients had significantly larger LA volumes and reduced LA total emptying fraction (30 ± 7% vs 42 ± 6%; P < 0.0001). Conduit volume was increased (30 ± 6 vs 22 ± 4 mL/m2; P < 0.0001) and contributed a significantly higher proportion of total LV diastolic filling, suggesting that passive filling of the LV compensates for LA dysfunction, but at the expense of increased pulmonary filling pressure.

Conclusions
This study suggests that simultaneous depiction of computed tomography–derived LV and LA volume changes can characterize diastolic dysfunction in HCM.
A microRNA family exerts maternal control on sex determination inC. elegans
Authors: McJunkin Katherine , Ambros Victor 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGene expression in early animal embryogenesis is in large part controlled post-transcriptionally. Maternally-contributed microRNAs may therefore play important roles in early development. We have elucidated a major biological role of the nematodemir-35family of maternally-contributed, essential microRNAs. We show that this microRNA family regulates the sex determination pathway at multiple levels, acting both upstream and downstream ofher-1to prevent aberrantly activated male developmental programs in hermaphrodite embryos. The predicted target genes that act downstream of themir-35family in this process,sup-26andnhl-2, both encode RNA binding proteins, thus delineating a previously unknown post-transcriptional regulatory subnetwork within the well-studied sex determination pathway ofC. elegans. Genome-wide profiling of SUP-26 binding targets reveals 775 mRNAs, most of which have no known role in sex determination, suggesting that themir-35family may modulate numerous other pathways via regulation ofsup-26. Since sex determination inC. elegansrequires zygotic gene expression to read the sex chromosome karyotype, early embryos must remain gender-naïve; our findings show that themir-35family microRNAs act in the early embryo to function as a developmental timer that preserves naïveté and prevents premature deleterious developmental decisions.
Single cell analysis of lincRNA expression during human blastocyst differentiation identifiesTERT(+)multi-lineage precursor cells
Authors: Durruthy-Durruthy Jens , Wossidlo Mark , Sebastiano Vittorio , Glinsky Gennadi 
Published: October 2016

SummaryChromosome instability and aneuploidies occur very frequently in human embryos, impairing proper embryogenesis and leading to cell cycle arrest, loss of cell viability, and developmental failures in 50-80% of cleavage-stage embryos. This high frequency of cellular extinction events represents a significant experimental obstacle challenging analyses of individual cells isolated from human preimplantation embryos. Here, we carried out single cell expression profiling analyses of 241 individual cells recovered from 32 human embryos during the early and late stages of viable human blastocyst differentiation. Classification of embryonic cells was performed solely based on expression patterns of human pluripotency-associated transcripts (HPAT), which represent a family of transposable element-derived lincRNAs highly expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and regulating nuclear reprogramming and pluripotency induction. We then validated our findings by analyzing 1,708 individual embryonic cells recovered from more than 100 human embryos and 259 mouse embryonic cells at different stages of preimplantation embryogenesis. Our experiments demonstrate that segregation of human blastocyst cells into distinct sub-populations based on single-cell expression profiling of just threeHPATs(HPAT-21; -2;and-15) appears to inform key molecular and cellular events of naïve pluripotency induction and accurately captures a full spectrum of cellular diversity during human blastocyst differentiation.HPAT’s expression-guided spatiotemporal reconstruction of human embryonic development inferred from single-cell expression analysis of viable blastocyst differentiation enabled identification ofTERT(+)sub-populations, which are significantly enriched for cells expressing key naïve pluripotency regulatory genes and genetic markers of all three major lineages created during human blastocyst differentiation. Results of our analyses suggest that during early stages of preimplantation embryogenesis putative immortal multi-lineage precursor cells (iMPCs) are created, which then differentiate into trophectoderm, primitive endoderm and pluripotent epiblast lineages. We propose that cellular extinction events in cleavage-stage embryos are triggered by premature activation of HPAT lincRNAs reflecting failed iMPC’s creation attempts.HighlightsSingle cell analysis of 1,949 human & 259 mouse embryonic cellsIdentification of 5 most abundant HPAT lincRNAs in viable human blastocystsExpression profiling of just 3 lincRNAs captures cellular diversity of human blastocystsIdentification & characterization ofTERT(+)multi-lineage precursor cellsMTTH/HPATlincRNAs regulatory axis of naïve pluripotency inductionin vivo
Genomic diagnosis for children with intellectual disability and/or developmental delay
Authors: Bowling Kevin M. , Thompson Michelle L. , Amaral Michelle D. , Finnila Candice R. , Hiatt Susan M. , Engel Krysta L. , Cochran J. Nicholas , Brothers Kyle B. , East Kelly M. , Gray David E. , Kelley Whitley V. , Lamb Neil E. , Lose Edward J. , Rich Carla A. , Simmons Shirley , Whittle Jana S. , Weaver Benjamin T. , Nesmith Amy S. , Myers Richard M. , Barsh Gregory S. , Bebin E. Martina , Cooper Gregory M. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundDevelopmental disabilities have diverse genetic causes that must be identified to facilitate precise diagnoses. We describe genomic data from 371 affected individuals, 309 of which were sequenced as proband-parent trios.MethodsWhole exome sequences (WES) were generated for 365 individuals (127 affected) and whole genome sequences (WGS) were generated for 612 individuals (244 affected).ResultsPathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were found in 100 individuals (27%), with variants of uncertain significance in an additional 42 (11.3%). We found that a family history of neurological disease, especially the presence of an affected 1stdegree relative, reduces the pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant identification rate, reflecting both the disease relevance and ease of interpretation ofde novovariants. We also found that improvements to genetic knowledge facilitated interpretation changes in many cases. Through systematic reanalyses we have thus far reclassified 15 variants, with 11.3% of families who initially were found to harbor a VUS, and 4.7% of families with a negative result, eventually found to harbor a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant. To further such progress, the data described here are being shared through ClinVar, GeneMatcher, and dbGAP.ConclusionOur data strongly support the value of large-scale sequencing, especially WGS within proband-parent trios, as both an effective first-choice diagnostic tool and means to advance clinical and research progress related to pediatric neurological disease.
Corporate governance and earnings conservatism in Malaysia
Authors: Madah Marzuki Marziana , Abdul Wahab Effiezal Aswadi , Haron Hasnah 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate whether the revised Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance in 2007 enhances earnings conservatism. In addition, the authors examine the relationship between board of directors’ expertise and conservatism. The third objective is to investigate the relationship between audit committee characteristics and earnings conservatism.Design/methodology/approachThe sample of this study is based on 3,183 firm-year observations for a period of 2004-2009. The authors hand collected the corporate governance variables, whereas the remaining data were extracted from Compustat Global. The authors used two measures of conservatism. The first is the market-based model by Basu’s (1997), and the second measure is the accrual-based measure by Ball and Shivakumar (2005).FindingsThe authors find that the revision of Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance 2007 results in improving earnings conservatism. The authors find two audit committee characteristics, namely, audit committee financial expertise and independence increase earnings conservatism, after 2007. However, the authors could not find support whether board financial expertise mix affect conservatism.Research limitations/implicationsThis study did not consider other possible corporate governance variables that could influence earnings conservatism, as it would be a difficult task to gather them.Originality/valueThe authors provide evidence on the role of corporate governance and earnings conservatism in Malaysia.
Choice of governance structure and earnings quality
Authors: Kent Pamela , Kent Richard Anthony , Routledge James , Stewart Jenny 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of voluntary governance mechanisms in Australia.Design/methodology/approachThis study identifies similar choices of corporate governance by Australian firms and tests the effectiveness of the choices made based on the earnings quality of reported firms. Cluster analysis is conducted using governance best practice variables, firm size and an earnings quality variable.FindingsThis paper’s results support the voluntary governance approach for smaller firms, but suggest that mandatory governance requirements could be beneficial for larger firms. Evidence suggests that a benefit accrues for larger firms with the adoption of governance best practice. Cluster analysis indicates that larger firms tend to exhibit higher levels of adoption of governance best practice than smaller firms.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the literature by providing important information regarding the suitability of adoption of voluntary governance mechanisms in Australia.
Frozen child: schema therapy for a forensic patient in a service for men with a diagnosis of severe personality disorder
Authors: Lah Asad Ul , Saradjian Jacqui 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Schema therapy has gone through various adaptations, including the identification of various schema modes. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that there may be a further dissociative mode, the “frozen child” mode, which is active for some patients, particularly those that have experienced extreme childhood trauma.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is participant observer case study which is based on the personal reflections of a forensic patient who completed a treatment programme which includes schema therapy.

Findings
The proposed mode, “frozen child”, is supported by theoretical indicators in the literature. It is proposed that patients develop this mode as a protective strategy and that unless recognised and worked with, can prevent successful completion of therapy.

Research limitations/implications
Based on a single case study, this concept is presented as a hypothesis that requires validation as the use of the case study makes generalisation difficult.

Practical implications
It is suggested that if validated, this may be one of the blocks therapists have previously encountered that has led to the view that people with severe personality disorder are “untreatable”. Suggestions are made as to how patients with this mode, if validated, can be treated with recommendations as to the most appropriate processes to potentiate such therapy.

Originality/value
The suggestion of this potential “new schema mode” is based on service user initiative, arising from a collaborative enterprise between service user and clinician, as recommended in recent government policies.
The impact of uncertainty on payout policy
Authors: Walkup Brian 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of market-level uncertainty on dividend and repurchase decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a large data set over a nearly 50-year period, the author examines the choice to pay dividends and repurchase shares using logit and multinomial logit regressions.

Findings
Market-level uncertainty (measured by a GARCH estimate of volatility, as well as the Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index) is shown to have a statistically significant impact on firms’ payout policy decisions. This impact is different for dividends and repurchases as well as for firms with differing levels of cash flows. As market uncertainty increases, firms with low cash flow levels tighten dividend policy to conserve cash while firms with high cash flow levels become opportunistic through the use of share repurchases.

Practical implications
The findings allow investors to better understand the connection between shifts in market-level uncertainty and corporate payout policy, specifically through the differing use of dividends and repurchases.

Originality/value
While prior literature on payout policy has focused on firm-level determinants, this study demonstrates that market-level uncertainty impacts firms’ payout policy decisions uniquely. Furthermore, this is, to the author’s knowledge, the first study to differentiate by relative cash flow level, demonstrating that not all cash flow levels react in the same manner.