bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuing difference? Experiences in two clinical environments
Authors: Wilson Martin 
Published: January 2016

<p>What do most people think of a law degree – plentiful amounts of hard work, boundless reading, an expensive Legal Practice Course or Bar Vocational Course followed by an extremely competitive application process to secure a job in the graduate’s respective field of work? What if students were given the opportunity to work in another jurisdiction, such as Australia, for one month in a student run law office, during the summer, with £1000 to get them on their way? ‘Sounds good’, I thought. ‘So what do I have to do to get the chance’? And then the one catch is divulged – the students must complete a compulsory piece of coursework and achieve one of the top 10 marks in their year. (The writer expects a few raised eyebrows at this stage!)</p>
The Current and Projected Taxpayer Shares of US Health Costs
Authors: Himmelstein David U. , Woolhandler Steffie 
Published: January 2016

Objectives. We estimated taxpayers’ current and projected share of US health expenditures, including government payments for public employees’ health benefits as well as tax subsidies to private health spending. Methods. We tabulated official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services figures on direct government spending for health programs and public employees’ health benefits for 2013, and projected figures through 2024. We calculated the value of tax subsidies for private spending from official federal budget documents and figures for state and local tax collections. Results. Tax-funded health expenditures totaled $1.877 trillion in 2013 and are projected to increase to $3.642 trillion in 2024. Government’s share of overall health spending was 64.3% of national health expenditures in 2013 and will rise to 67.1% in 2024. Government health expenditures in the United States account for a larger share of gross domestic product (11.2% in 2013) than do total health expenditures in any other nation. Conclusions. Contrary to public perceptions and official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates, government funds most health care in the United States. Appreciation of government’s predominant role in health funding might encourage more appropriate and equitable targeting of health expenditures.
Operational Challenges and Monitoring of a Polymer Pilot, Matzen Field, Austria
Authors: Lüftenegger Markus , Kadnar Rainer , Puls Christoph , Clemens Torsten 
Published: January 2016

SummaryFour main areas of uncertainty can be described in polymer-injection projects:Are we able to deliver the polymer solutions at the required quality to the wellhead? Are we able to inject polymers at the required quantity and quality? Are we producing sufficient incremental oil? Are we able to separate and treat oil and water cost-effectively after polymer breakthrough?The monitoring program that was developed for the polymer-injection pilot aims to reduce the uncertainty and quickly identify operational difficulties, as described in the following:Polymer quality at the wellhead: The polymer concentration and viscosity of the “source” solution and injected polymer solution were measured at various locations in the surface facilities. A quality check of the delivered polymer (including a filter ratio test of the dissolved polymer) was performed, the biological activity monitored, iron content measured, and polymer solution investigated for “fish eyes.” The monitoring program enabled us to identify challenges related to shearing the polymers after changing the operating envelope, to identify problems related to biological activity, and to ensure data quality for interpretation of the pilot. Injectivity and degradation: Monitoring involved wellhead- and bottomhole-pressure measurements, repeated falloff tests, and visual observation of the polymer solutions in the well. The results showed the mobility reduction of the polymer solutions and an indication of induced fractures. Combining the various measurements led to identification of an operational issue—the injectivity decreased more than expected from polymer rheology and prepilot water-quality assessment. The reason was the combination of fines and small oil droplets existing in the injection water with polymer- and biological-generated mass that plugged the pores during injection. Incremental oil: Accurate measurement of the produced-water cut, especially for those wells producing at water cuts greater than 90%, is key for reporting accurate incremental oil. In addition, water salinity at the producing wells was measured, and a repeated tracer program was instituted. The results have been used to assess the reservoir architecture and incremental oil related to polymer injection. The challenges in the interpretation of the pilot conformance could be resolved by use of these data. Polymer, oil, water treatment: The surface facilities are monitored constantly for separation efficiency and plugging owing to back-produced polymers. Operating challenges are seen in all treatment steps for full-field polymer-injection implementation because of both oil/water separation and handling of the polymers in water-treatment facilities.
Influence of Conditioning Time of Universal Adhesives on Adhesive Properties and Enamel-Etching Pattern
Authors: Cardenas AM , Siqueira F , Rocha J , Szesz AL , Anwar M , El-Askary F , Reis A , Loguercio A 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARY
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of application protocol in resin–enamel microshear bond strength (μSBS), in situ degree of conversion, and etching pattern of three universal adhesive systems.
Methods and Materials: Sixty-three extracted third molars were sectioned in four parts (buccal, lingual, and proximals) and divided into nine groups, according to the combination of the main factors—Adhesive (Clearfil Universal, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Tokyo, Japan; Futurabond U, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany; and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA)—and enamel treatment/application time (etch-and-rinse mode [ER], self-etch [SE] application for 20 seconds [SE20], and SE application for 40 seconds [SE40]). Specimens were stored in water (37°C/24 h) and tested at 1.0 mm/min (μSBS). The degree of conversion of the adhesives at the resin–enamel interfaces was evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05).
Results: In general, the application of the universal adhesives in the SE40 produced μSBS and degree of conversion that were higher than in the SE20 (p&lt;0.01) and similar to the ER mode. The deepest enamel-etching pattern was obtained in the ER mode, followed by the SE40.
Conclusions: The active and prolonged application of universal adhesives in the SE mode may be a viable alternative to increase the degree of conversion, etching pattern, and resin–enamel bond strength.
Elongation determination using finite element and boundary element method
Authors: Kisała Piotr , Wójcik Waldemar , Smailov Nurzhigit , Kalizhanova Aliya , Harasim Damian 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an application of the finite element method and boundary element method to determine the distribution of the elongation. Computer simulations were performed using the computation of numerical algorithms according to a mathematical structure of the model and taking into account the values of all other elements of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. Experimental studies were confirmed by elongation measurement system using one uniform FBG.
Evaluation of growth traits of Aceh cattle at the breeding station in Indrapuri District of Indonesia
Authors: Putra WPB , Sumadi M , Hartatik T , Saumar H 
Published: January 2016

The present study was conducted using records on four breeding bulls maintained at the Indrapuris Breeding and Forages Center (IBFC) of Aceh Cattle, Indrapuri district, Indonesia and 52 of their progeny born from 2010 to 2014 through natural mating. Family selection was practiced in this breeding station. Traits included in this study were birth weight at 0 day (BWc), weaning weight at 205 days of age (WWc), yearling weight at 365 days of age (YWc) and final weight at 550 days of age (FWc) of their progeny. The variance and covariance components were estimated by the Paternal Half-sib Correlation method with the Excel sheets of Microsoft office computer program. The mean body weights of the animals were BWc (13.25+1.18 kg), WWc (47.80+10.00 kg), YWc (73.97+16.79 kg) and FWc (101.87+23.91 kg). Estimated heritability (h2) for BWC was low (h2 < 0.10) and the other traits were high (h2>0.30). Higher standard error (SE) value than h2 caused by less number of calves observation. Research showed that best relative accuracy value (RA>1.00) reached in BWC. but its trait was not effective as selection criterion because of lower h2 value. It was concluded that WWC could be used as selection criterion for breeding bulls based on the similar estimated breeding value (EBV) rank and high h2 value. The EBV of WWC from breeding bull ID: 0752 was calculated and ranked accordingly. The EBVs of three top bulls ID were 100412 (10.32 kg), 100520 (9.38 kg) and 100317 (6.75 kg) and three top heifers were 100526 (9.65 kg), 100408 (7.04 kg) and 100807 (5.20 kg). It can be concluded that these top ranking three bulls and heifers can be selected and used in the breeding programs.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44(2): 85-91
Des arrangements féminins ambivalents Musiques actuelles en Suisse romande
Authors: Perrenoud Marc , Chapuis Jérôme 
Published: January 2016

Cet article s’intéresse aux musiciennes sur la scène suisse des musiques actuelles. Nous montrons que les rares femmes qui parviennent à exister dans le milieu professionnel sont réduites à un ensemble très limité d’arrangements stratégiques avec la domination masculine, entre dépendance (jouer en couple), figure maternante (être « leader ») et isolement (jouer en solo). Lorsqu’elles s’affirment comme femmes instrumentistes dans un milieu largement masculin, voire qu’elles cherchent à subvertir le genre en jouant avec les codes et les apparences, les musiciennes se trouvent marginalisées dans l’espace professionnel, sauf dans les rares cas d’un usage stratégique de la féminité sexualisée qui produit une « émancipation » pour le moins ambivalente.
New Graduate RNs' Perceptions of Transitioning to Professional Practice After Completing Ontario's New Graduate Guarantee Orientation Program
Authors: Guay Jo'Anne , Bishop Susan E. , Espin Sherry 
Published: January 2016

Background:
By 2022, Canada will be short 60,000 RNs. Contributing to this shortage are difficulties experienced by new graduate RNs (NGRNs) transitioning to professional practice.

Method:
This grounded theory study explored NGRNs' transition experiences in the 12 months after completing Ontario's New Graduate Guarantee orientation program. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 NGRNs on the Nursing Resource Team in one urban Ontario academic hospital network.

Results:
Discovering Professional Self described NGRNs' transition as progressive, with transitory setbacks. In the early part of the transition, NGRNs experienced Surviving Without a Safety Net, which involved Experiencing Fear, Figuring It Out, and Learning on the Job. In the later part of transition, the NGRNs experienced Turning of the Tables, which involved Being Trusted, Gaining Confidence, and Feeling Comfortable in their professional role.

Conclusion:
Recommendations focus on educational strategies to enhance the NGRNs' transition experience.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(1):37–44.
In Vivo Synthesis of Cyclic-di-GMP Using a Recombinant Adenovirus Preferentially Improves Adaptive Immune Responses against Extracellular Antigens
Authors: Alyaqoub Fadel S. , Aldhamen Yasser A. , Koestler Benjamin J. , Bruger Eric L. , Seregin Sergey S. , Pereira-Hicks Cristiane , Godbehere Sarah , Waters Christopher M. , Amalfitano Andrea 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
There is a compelling need for more effective vaccine adjuvants to augment induction of Ag-specific adaptive immune responses. Recent reports suggested the bacterial second messenger bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) acts as an innate immune system modulator. We recently incorporated a Vibrio cholerae diguanylate cyclase into an adenovirus vaccine, fostering production of c-di-GMP as well as proinflammatory responses in mice. In this study, we recombined a more potent diguanylate cyclase gene, VCA0848, into a nonreplicating adenovirus serotype 5 (AdVCA0848) that produces elevated amounts of c-di-GMP when expressed in mammalian cells in vivo. This novel platform further improved induction of type I IFN-β and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells early after administration into mice as compared with control vectors. Coadministration of the extracellular protein OVA and the AdVCA0848 adjuvant significantly improved OVA-specific T cell responses as detected by IFN-γ and IL-2 ELISPOT, while also improving OVA-specific humoral B cell adaptive responses. In addition, we found that coadministration of AdVCA0848 with another adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing the HIV-1–derived Gag Ag or the Clostridium difficile–derived toxin B resulted in significant inhibitory effects on the induction of Gag and toxin B–specific adaptive immune responses. As a proof of principle, these data confirm that in vivo synthesis of c-di-GMP stimulates strong innate immune responses that correlate with enhanced adaptive immune responses to concomitantly administered extracellular Ag, which can be used as an adjuvant to heighten effective immune responses for protein-based vaccine platforms against microbial infections and cancers.
Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein on Giuseppe Castiglione`s Art
Authors: VAMPELJ SUHADOLNIK Nataša 
Published: January 2016

Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein (1703–1774) (Chinese name Liu Songling) was a Slovenian Jesuit, astronomer and mathematician who made an important contribution to the development of science and astronomy in 18th century China. He arrived in Beijing in 1739, and in 1746 was appointed to succeed Ignatius Kogler as Head of the Imperial Board of Astronomy, a position he would hold until his own death nearly 30 years later. Throughout his four decades in China, Hallerstein maintained a rich correspondence with family members, other Jesuits in Europe, and even with the Queen of Portugal, Maria Anna. He was also a corresponding member of the Royal Societies of London, Paris and St. Petersburg. His letters have only recently been collected and edited.The present paper will focus on Hallerstein’s letters and what they tell us about the life and art of the celebrated Jesuit painter, Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–766), especially during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong (1711–799). After a brief introduction on Hallerstein’s life and work, by means of comparative analyses and using an interdisciplinary approach, the paper will explore a) Hallerstein’s views on Castiglione and his art, and b) Chinese court painting and Castiglione’s position at the court. It will conclude with new evidence concerning Castiglione’s artistic achievements.
A Comparative Evaluation of Chemically Activated, Lightactivated and Laser-activated Tooth Bleaching Systems on Whitening Efficacy and Effect on Enamel Surface Texture: An in vitro Study
Authors: Sabnis Aditi Chintamani 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundTooth bleaching systems can be classified as chemically activated, light-activated and laser-activated depending on activation mechanism. There is no unanimity of opinion with respect to the whitening efficacy and effect on enamel surface texture of these three types of systems. So, the present study was carried out to comparatively evaluate their whitening efficacy and effect on enamel surface texture.Materials and MethodsThirty-three extracted human anterior teeth were stained using coffee decoction for 7 days. Pre-bleaching color was evaluated with VITAPAN classical shade guide and a spectrophotometer. Samples were divided in three groups of 11 each namely: group I—chemically activated, group II— light activated, group III—laser activated. Post-bleaching color was evaluated with the same previous methods and difference in color pre- and postbleaching, dE, was calculated. Three samples, one per group, were subjected to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluation both pre- and post-bleaching to study effect on enamel surface texture. Half the labial surface of these samples was covered using polytetrafluoroethylene tape so that half the surface was bleached and remaining half was unbleached acted at control. Photomicrographs were obtained pre- and post-bleaching.ResultsClinically, improvement of color was observed in all three groups. On statistical analysis, there was significant difference in dE between group II and III. On SEM evaluation, laser activation produced minimal effects on enamel surface texture.ConclusionsIt was found that laser activated system was more effective in terms of whitening efficacy and it produced least effect on enamel surface texture.How to cite this articleSabnis AC, Ram SM. A Comparative Evaluation of Chemically Activated, Light-activated and Laseractivated Tooth Bleaching Systems on Whitening Efficacy and Effect on Enamel Surface Texture: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(2):69-75.
A Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution by Three Different Designs of Prefabricated Metal Posts on Endodontically Treated Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Study
Authors: Nadgere Jyoti , Mengal Ganesh Pandurang 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPurpose of the study: This study intends to evaluate and compare the stress distribution by three designs of prefabricated metal posts, parallel post (EG post), parallel post with coronal flare (i-post) and a tapered post (Filpost) in endodontically treated permanent maxillary central incisor. This study will help the dentists to choose the post that would generate the least stress in endodontically treated teeth.ProcedureThree-dimensional (3D) finite element models were developed. The physical models include composite resin core material, dentin, endodontic post, luting cement and guttapercha. They were subjected to compressive load of 100 N at 135° angle with respect to longitudinal axis of tooth, above the level of cingulum, simulating the load condition in oral cavity and the effects of three posts on stress distribution, in endodontically treated maxillary central incisor was evaluated.ResultsStress distribution was found to be better in the models having parallel post and parallel post with the coronal flare. Coronal flare has an added advantage of better fit in the root canal.ConclusionIt was found that the stresses in maxillary central incisor with the parallel post with coronal flare were well distributed.How to cite this articleMengal GP, Nadgere J, Ram SM, Shah N. A Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution by Three Different Designs of Prefabricated Metal Posts on Endodontically Treated Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):123-130.
An Anthropometric Correlation of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and Linear Ear Length in Dentulous Subjects
Authors: Sethuraman Rajesh , Naveen YG , Prajapati Paranjay , Patel Jayanti 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Anthropometric measurements have often been used for determining vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). However, most of them seem to be subjective. This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between length of the ear and VDO in dentulous subjects.

Materials and Methods
Two hundred participants (mean age 24.7) were included in the study. Vertical length was measured from the superior most point of the helix to the inferior most point of the lobule of external ear. Vertical dimension of occlusion was measured between two points on the base of nose and the most prominent point of the chin. All measurements were made with digital vernier caliper with a least count of 0.01 mm by two calibrated investigators. Mean readings were correlated using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results
An r-value of 0.640 was found to exist between the two variables measured. Correlation was more with respect to the male gender (r = 0.750) as compared to females (r = 0.570).

Conclusion
The linear vertical length of the external ear was found to be positively correlated to the VDO. With the help of regression equation one can know the VDO if ear length is known.

How to cite this article
Prajapati P, Sethuraman R, Naveen YG, Patel J. An Anthropometric Correlation of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and Linear Ear Length in Dentulous Subjects. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):131-135.
Influence of Five Different Root Canal Sealers on Root Fracture Susceptibility
Authors: Bayram Emre , Bayram Hüda Melike 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAimThe purpose of the study was to compare the fracture resistance of roots filled with one of the following five root canal sealers: AH Plus, EndoRez, RealSeal, MTA Fillapex, and AcroSeal. The null hypothesis was that the type of root canal sealer would not influence the fracture resistance of root-filled teeth.MethodsSixty-five maxillary central incisors were sectioned 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to obtain roots 14 mm in length. Roots were subjected to chemomechanical preparation using the rotary instruments of the Profile system. The obturation of root canals was performed with the following filling materials (n = 12): group I: AH Plus and gutta-percha (GP), group II: EndoRez and GP, group III: RealSeal and GP, group IV: MTA Fillapex and GP, group V: AcroSeal and GP, group VI: roots were instrumented but not filled (control; n = 5). After the appropriate setting time, each root was embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were then subjected to fracture resistance testing using an Instron testing machine at 1 mm/min.ResultsThe Mann-Whitney test indicated no significant differences (p > 0.05) among groups I (379.10 ± 57.64 N), II (374.32 ± 101.61 N), III (309.06 ± 87.10N), IV (305.99 ± 76.67 N), V (362.91 ± 91.23 N) and VI (213.711 ± 51.85 N). Groups I to V were all significantly better than the control, but no difference between them.ConclusionAll of the root canal sealers used in this study increased the fracture resistance of instrumented root canals.How to cite this articleBayram E, Bayram HM. Influence of Five Different Root Canal Sealers on Root Fracture Susceptibility. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):165-167.
Reliability and Validity of the Brazilian Version of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument
Authors: Morgani de Almeida Maria Helena , Toldrá Rosé Colom , Batista Marina Picazzio Perez , Fagundes Souto Ana Cristina 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We evaluated the test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the Brazilian version of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument.
METHOD. A sample of 118 older adults provided data for testing construct validity and internal consistency, and 14 provided data for testing test–retest reliability. Factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to assess construct validity.
RESULTS. The Function component had excellent test–retest and total internal consistency reliability. Factor analysis revealed that the Upper Extremity Function and Advanced Lower Extremity Function domains were similar to the original analysis. The Disability component showed adequate to excellent test–retest reliability, except in the Management role; total internal consistency was excellent. Factor analysis revealed that its domains were similar to the original analysis, except for some items.
CONCLUSION. The Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument is recommended for assessment of Brazilian community-dwelling older adults who are functionally independent and who do not require mobility assistance.