bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM): A Case Study of Durlung Watershed, Bagmati Zone, Nepal
Authors: Khanna Sabita Aryal , Shrestha Kundan Lal , Maskey Ramesh Kumar , Lamsal Alaka , Pyakurel Keshab , Poudyal Manisha , Ranjit Manish , Karki Drishtant , Aryal Ranjan , Shrestha Ashish 
Published: March 2016

Water in Nepal is a key strategic natural resource, which has the potential to lead the all round development and economic growth of the country. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is a holistic management approach, integrating land water interaction, socio economic groups, upstream downstream relations, indigenous knowledge, and institutions built up, along the temporal dimensions based on an agreed set of principles. It is a bottom-up decentralized approach for the management of water resources. IWRM is a challenge to conventional practices, attitudes and professional certainties. It confronts entrenched sectoral interest & requires that the water resources are managed holistically for the benefits of all.The broad objective of the multidisciplinary study was to assess the possibilities of Human Dimensions of water resource development and its management. Water resource accounting is done by the collection of water resources data through participatory group formation. Scientific data of hydro and metrological stations was also acquired. Hydrological modeling tools were also used. Feasibility of hydropower plant and potential of power production in the basin was readily estimated.Total daily discharge of the Durlung Watershed was estimated on an average of 157 Million Liters. Rivers of the watershed are turbulent, unsteady & flowing with very high current, which can be utilized by local people for low cost drinking water, tourism, irrigation & hydropower generation. Micro-hydropower production possibilities in Ratan and Deuta rivers have shown multidimensional positive impacts on socio-economic development of the region. Level of community partnership in IWRM and synchronization with the local, district & national level institutional framework for Basin Management was observed to be satisfactory. Participatory research was carried to identify water resource base with school & community partnership. Community motives, their difficulties and gaps in community level organization were identified. For capabilities of community to take over the responsibilities of IWRM concept, there is a lot more need of training and capacity building for now. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -47 to 54
Phytochemically evaluation and net anti-oxidant activity of Tunisian <i>Melia azedarach</i> leaves extract from their ProAntidex parameter
Authors: Akacha Maroua , Lahbib Karima , Boughanmi Néziha Ghanem 
Published: March 2016

<p>Phytotherapy is a discipline which is interested in the design, the preparation and the interpretation of structure activity relationship of the natural bioactive molecules. In this context, ethanolic leaves extract of <em>Melia azedarach</em> L. was phytochemically analysed on the bases of HPLC and by GC–MS. Extract wase tested for his in vitro antioxidant activities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Power (FRP) and Ferrous ion chelating abilities methods. The antioxidant activity of the extract was analyzed simultaneously with their pro-oxidant capacity. The ratio of pro-oxidant to the antioxidant activity (ProAntidex) represents a useful index of the net free radical scavenging potential of the synthesized compounds. Tested extract showed significant antioxidant activity with a moderate ProAntidex.</p><p><strong>Video clips:</strong></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/FkqJ-qAoyNI">Ferrous ion chelating ability (FIC) 1</a></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/LiZIYq54-ms">Ferrous ion chelating ability (FIC) 2</a></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/dTNWTEQf8Hs">Ferrous ion chelating ability (FIC) 3</a></p><p> </p>
THE DENSE MATTER EQUATION OF STATE FROM NEUTRON STAR RADIUS AND MASS MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Özel Feryal , Psaltis Dimitrios , Güver Tolga , Baym Gordon , Heinke Craig , Guillot Sebastien 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive study of spectroscopic radius measurements of twelve neutron stars obtained during thermonuclear bursts or in quiescence. We incorporate, for the first time, a large number of systematic uncertainties in the measurement of the apparent angular sizes, Eddington fluxes, and distances, in the composition of the interstellar medium, and in the flux calibration of X-ray detectors. We also take into account the results of recent theoretical calculations of rotational effects on neutron star radii, of atmospheric effects on surface spectra, and of relativistic corrections to the Eddington critical flux. We employ Bayesian statistical frameworks to obtain neutron star radii from the spectroscopic measurements as well as to infer the equation of state from the radius measurements. Combining these with the results of experiments in the vicinity of nuclear saturation density and the observations of

neutron stars, we place strong and quantitative constraints on the properties of the equation of state between

times the nuclear saturation density. We find that around

the preferred equation of state predicts radii between 10.1 and 11.1 km. When interpreting the pressure constraints in the context of high density equations of state based on interacting nucleons, our results suggest a relatively weak contribution of the three-body interaction potential.
COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FROM CMB MAPS WITHOUT LIKELIHOOD APPROXIMATION
Authors: Racine B. , Jewell J. B. , Eriksen H. K. , Wehus I. K. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We propose an efficient Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for estimating cosmological parameters from cosmic microwave background (CMB) data without the use of likelihood approximations. It builds on a previously developed Gibbs sampling framework that allows for exploration of the joint CMB sky signal and power spectrum posterior,

, and addresses a long-standing problem of efficient parameter estimation simultaneously in regimes of high and low signal-to-noise ratio. To achieve this, our new algorithm introduces a joint Markov chain move in which both the signal map and power spectrum are synchronously modified, by rescaling the map according to the proposed power spectrum before evaluating the Metropolis–Hastings accept probability. Such a move was already introduced by Jewell et al., who used it to explore low signal-to-noise posteriors. However, they also found that the same algorithm is inefficient in the high signal-to-noise regime, since a brute-force rescaling operation does not account for phase information. This problem is mitigated in the new algorithm by subtracting the Wiener filter mean field from the proposed map prior to rescaling, leaving high signal-to-noise information invariant in the joint step, and effectively only rescaling the low signal-to-noise component. To explore the full posterior, the new joint move is then interleaved with a standard conditional Gibbs move for the sky map. We apply our new algorithm to simplified simulations for which we can evaluate the exact posterior to study both its accuracy and its performance, and find good agreement with the exact posterior; marginal means agree to ≲0.006σ and standard deviations to better than ∼3%. The Markov chain correlation length is of the same order of magnitude as those obtained by other standard samplers in the field.
Gαi2 and Gαi3 Differentially Regulate Arrest from Flow and Chemotaxis in Mouse Neutrophils
Authors: Kuwano Yoshihiro , Adler Micha , Zhang Hong , Groisman Alex , Ley Klaus 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to inflammation sites progresses in a multistep cascade. Chemokines regulate multiple steps of the cascade, including arrest, transmigration, and chemotaxis. The most important chemokine receptor in mouse neutrophils is CXCR2, which couples through Gαi2- and Gαi3-containing heterotrimeric G proteins. Neutrophils arrest in response to CXCR2 stimulation. This is defective in Gαi2-deficient neutrophils. In this study, we show that Gαi3-deficient neutrophils showed reduced transmigration but normal arrest in mice. We also tested Gαi2- or Gαi3-deficient neutrophils in a CXCL1 gradient generated by a microfluidic device. Gαi3-, but not Gαi2-, deficient neutrophils showed significantly reduced migration and directionality. This was confirmed in a model of sterile inflammation in vivo. Gαi2-, but not Gαi3-, deficient neutrophils showed decreased Ca2+ flux in response to CXCR2 stimulation. Conversely, Gαi3-, but not Gαi2-, deficient neutrophils exhibited reduced AKT phosphorylation upon CXCR2 stimulation. We conclude that Gαi2 controls arrest and Gαi3 controls transmigration and chemotaxis in response to chemokine stimulation of neutrophils.
The Co-annihilating-ideal Graphs of Commutative Rings
Authors: Akbari Saeeid , Alilou Abbas , Amjadi Jafar , Mahmoud Sheikholeslami Seyed 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLetRbe a commutative ring with identity. The co-annihilating-ideal graph ofR, denoted byAR, is a graph whose vertex set is the set of all non-zero proper ideals ofRand two distinct verticesIandJare adjacent whenever Ann(I) ∩ Ann(J) = {0}. In this paper we initiate the study of the co-annihilating ideal graph of a commutative ring and we investigate its properties.
Top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, China
Authors: Fang Xuekun , Shao Min , Stohl Andreas , Zhang Qiang , Zheng Junyu , Guo Hai , Wang Chen , Wang Ming , Ou Jiamin , Thompson Rona L. , Prinn Ronald G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Benzene (C6H6) and toluene (C7H8) are toxic to humans and the environment. They are also important precursors of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols and contribute substantially to severe air pollution in urban areas in China. Discrepancies exist between different bottom-up inventories for benzene and toluene emissions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Hong Kong (HK), which are emission hot spots in China. This study provides top-down estimates of benzene and toluene emissions in the PRD and HK using atmospheric measurement data from a rural site in the area, Heshan, an atmospheric transport model, and an inverse modeling method. The model simulations captured the measured mixing ratios during most pollution episodes. For the PRD and HK, the benzene emissions estimated in this study for 2010 were 44 (12–75) and 5 (2–7) Gg yr−1 for the PRD and HK, respectively, and the toluene emissions were 131 (44–218) and 6 (2–9) Gg yr−1, respectively. Temporal and spatial differences between the inversion estimate and four different bottom-up emission estimates are discussed, and it is proposed that more observations at different sites are urgently needed to better constrain benzene and toluene (and other air pollutant) emissions in the PRD and HK in the future.
Reviving the Ganges Water Machine: potential
Authors: Amarasinghe Upali Ananda , Muthuwatta Lal , Surinaidu Lagudu , Anand Sumit , Jain Sharad Kumar 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Ganges River basin faces severe water challenges related to a mismatch between supply and demand. Although the basin has abundant surface water and groundwater resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch between supply and demand as well as flooding. Water availability and flood potential is high during the 3–4 months (June–September) of the monsoon season. Yet, the highest demands occur during the 8–9 months (October–May) of the non-monsoon period. Addressing this mismatch, which is likely to increase with increasing demand, requires substantial additional storage for both flood reduction and improvements in water supply. Due to hydrogeological, environmental, and social constraints, expansion of surface storage in the Ganges River basin is problematic. A range of interventions that focus more on the use of subsurface storage (SSS), and on the acceleration of surface–subsurface water exchange, has long been known as the Ganges Water Machine (GWM). The approach of the GWM for providing such SSS is through additional pumping and depleting of the groundwater resources prior to the onset of the monsoon season and recharging the SSS through monsoon surface runoff. An important condition for creating such SSS is the degree of unmet water demand. The paper shows that the potential unmet water demand ranging from 59 to 124 Bm3 year−1 exists under two different irrigation water use scenarios: (i) to increase irrigation in the Rabi (November–March) and hot weather (April–May) seasons in India, and the Aman (July–November) and Boro (December–May) seasons in Bangladesh, to the entire irrigable area, and (ii) to provide irrigation to Rabi and the hot weather season in India and the Aman and Boro seasons in Bangladesh to the entire cropped area. However, the potential for realizing the unmet irrigation demand is high only in 7 sub-basins in the northern and eastern parts, is moderate to low in 11 sub-basins in the middle, and has little or no potential in 4 sub-basins in the western part of the Ganges basin. Overall, a revived GWM plan has the potential to meet 45–84 Bm3year−1 of unmet water demand.
Tilt error in cryospheric surface radiation measurements at high latitudes: a model study
Authors: Bogren Wiley Steven , Burkhart John Faulkner , Kylling Arve 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We have evaluated the magnitude and makeup of error in cryospheric radiation observations due to small sensor misalignment in in situ measurements of solar irradiance. This error is examined through simulation of diffuse and direct irradiance arriving at a detector with a cosine-response fore optic. Emphasis is placed on assessing total error over the solar shortwave spectrum from 250 to 4500 nm, as well as supporting investigation over other relevant shortwave spectral ranges. The total measurement error introduced by sensor tilt is dominated by the direct component. For a typical high-latitude albedo measurement with a solar zenith angle of 60°, a sensor tilted by 1, 3, and 5° can, respectively introduce up to 2.7, 8.1, and 13.5 % error into the measured irradiance and similar errors in the derived albedo. Depending on the daily range of solar azimuth and zenith angles, significant measurement error can persist also in integrated daily irradiance and albedo. Simulations including a cloud layer demonstrate decreasing tilt error with increasing cloud optical depth.
Validity of Bispectral Index Monitoring in Controlled Hypotensive Anesthesia
Authors: Taha A. M. R. , Hassan M. 
Published: March 2016

In a single blind study of 20 ASA 1 patients undergoing rhinoplastic surgery under controlled hypotensive anesthesia in Rumailah Hospital, Qatar, on reaching the steady state of anesthesia the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was adjusted to the lower accepted limit (40-50 mm.Hg) using esmolol infusion. The MAP and bispectral index (BIS) were continuously recorded together with all essential monitoring perioperatively. A significant correlation was observed between the MAP and BIS at mean blood pressure below 45 mm.Hg.
Conclusion: BIS is a multivariant derived EEG device designed to monitor the state of consciousness under different hypnotic agents and could be a useful monitor during hypotensive anesthesia.
Uterine Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids Early Experience in Hamad Medical Corporation and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Al Muzrakchi A. , Szmigielski W. 
Published: March 2016

Uterine artery embolisation has been introduced recently as an alternative treatment for fibroids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial results of uterine artery embolisation in the treatment of symptomatic muterine leiomyomata in HMC and review the data from the literature.On the basis of clinical and ultrasonographic examinations, four women aged between 35 to 44 years with severe fibroid-related menorrhagia were referred for uterine artery embolisation. In allfour cases bilateral embolisation of the uterine arteries was carried out using particles of polyvinyl alcohol (Ivalon, 500-750jum) under local anaesthesia and fluoroscopy I digital subtraction angiography control. Complete occlusion of the arteries supplying the fibroids was achieved resulting in restoration of normal menstrual bleeding. Three patients did not develop any complications, except short post-embolisation discomfort lasting only a few hours. In one case with large fibroids, a post-embolisation syndrome (abdominal pain, sweating, vomiting and increased blood pressure) lasting 48 hours was observed. All the patients expressed satisfaction with the treatment.Data from the literature indicate that uterine artery embolisation has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids, particularly in patients wishing to avoid total hysterectomy or blood transfusion, although hysteroscopic resection, myolysis and laparoscopic myomectomy remain alternative methods of treatment.
Corruption and Controls
Authors: De Benedetto Maria 
Published: March 2016

Corruption and Controls
Anti-corruption is a relatively recent policy which calls for controls. They represent the most effective means in rebalancing institutions which are not fully informed: ‘secrecy’, in fact, characterizes infringements and corrupt behaviour.Alongside criminal investigation, administrative controls and administrative investigation should be considered crucial because they intervene at early stages, when corruption has been developing, allowing real prevention.This article analyses some points that we should remember in order to connect controls and corruption correctly: first of all, controls have a hybrid nature: not only are they a way to combat or prevent corruption but also they are real occasions for corrupt transactions; furthermore, controls are a cost and administrative capacity of control is limited; moreover, planning controls is not a simple task; and finally, sanctions following controls must be effective in order to deter.The article also analyzes what is needed in matters of corruption controls, with special reference to good rules (aiming at a legal system with fewer but better rules, rules which work as incentives, rules capable of designing good institutions). There is also a need for good practices (in order to improve the understanding of corruption processes, to reduce controls, to cooperate in investigating cases of corruption).Finally, the article warns about the fact that corruption controls produce more bureaucracy and that early detection of corruption would mean, in this perspective, to make a diagnosis of ‘corruptibility’ starting from rules.
Financial Crime Prevention and Control
Authors: De Pascalis Francesco 
Published: March 2016

Financial Crime Prevention and Control: The Reforms of a ‘Unique’ Jurisdiction under EU Law and International Standards
Between 2011 and 2014, the Vatican City State (VCS) experienced a reform process which dramatically changed its financial system. The process is still ongoing, and its goal is to establish an anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing (AML/CTF) system. Importantly, this system will be based on the AML/CTF EU legislation and international standards. These facts are noteworthy. First, the reforms cast light on the main Vatican financial institutions against the background of the secrecy that has always characterized their functioning and business operations. Accordingly, there is now more transparency and information about the Vatican financial system. Second, the relevant EU law and international standards are tools through which the VCS can, for the first time, join an international network of countries, sharing and applying the same rules against money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF). This is of extraordinary importance for a jurisdiction like the VCS, which has never referred to European or international principles in its rule-making. In particular, the openness to EU law and international standards stimulates investigating the reasons behind these changes and the impact that these sources of law are having on a jurisdiction regarded as ‘unique’ in the world.
Characterization and Optimization of Biosynthesis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Produced by Streptomyces sp. 8812
Authors: RAJNISZ ALEKSANDRA , GUŚPIEL ADAM , POSTEK MAGDALENA , ZIEMSKA JOANNA , LASKOWSKA ANNA , RABCZENKO DANIEL , SOLECKA JOLANTA 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The nutritional requirements and environmental conditions for a submerged culture of Streptomyces sp. 8812 were determined. Batch and fed-batch Streptomyces sp. 8812 fermentations were conducted to obtain high activity of secondary metabolites. In the study several factors were examined for their influence on the biosynthesis of the active metabolites-7-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,3,4,6-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxyl acid (C10H9NO4) and N-acetyl-3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (C11H13NO5): changes in medium composition, pH of production medium, various growth phases of seed culture, amino acid supplementation and addition of anion exchange resin to the submerged culture. Biological activities of secondary metabolites were examined with the use of dd-carboxypeptidase 64–575 and horseradish peroxidase. Streptomyces sp. 8812 mycelium was evaluated under fluorescent microscopy and respiratory activity of the strain was analyzed. Moreover, the enzymatic profiles of the strain with the use of Api®ZYM test were analyzed and genetic analysis made. Phylogenetic analysis of Streptomyces sp. 8812 revealed that its closest relative is Streptomyces capoamus JCM 4734 (98%), whereas sequence analysis for 16S rRNA gene using NCBI BLAST algorithm showed 100% homology between these two strains. Biosynthetic processes, mycelium growth and enzyme inhibitory activities of these two strains were also compared.
Usefulness of CHROMagar Candida Medium, Biochemical Methods – API ID32C and VITEK 2 Compact and Two MALDI-TOF MS Systems for Candida spp. Identification
Authors: STEFANIUK ELŻBIETA , BARANIAK ANNA , FORTUNA MONIKA , HRYNIEWICZ WALERIA 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study was conducted to compare of the yeasts identification results obtained with two new systems using the MALDI-TOF MS technique with the ones obtained using the routine identification methods of Candida spp. in clinical microbiology laboratories. All 124 Candida spp. isolates were recovered from the routine examination of clinical specimens in microbiological laboratories and collected in the Centre of Quality Control in Microbiology in Warsaw (Poland). Our findings confirm the high agreement (98%) of fungal identification using the standard, biochemistry laboratory methods and mass spectrometry technique.