bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Langues de travail et pratiques langagières dans les enquêtes statistiques
Authors: Françoise Rouard , Moatty Frédéric 
Published: March 2016

Cet article dresse un inventaire des résultats disponibles concernant les langues et les pratiques langagières au travail dans les enquêtes statistiques. Il s’intéresse aux situations de travail qui nécessitent de parler ou d’écrire une autre langue que le français ainsi qu’aux pratiques de l’écrit au travail, en lecture et écriture. Au-delà, il examine les déterminants des pratiques des langues et de l’écrit.	L’article montre ce que l’analyse des situations de travail apporte à la connaissance des pratiques langagières. Il souligne le primat de l’activité dans les pratiques langagières et la nécessité d’une entrée par l’activité dans les enquêtes statistiques. Sur un autre plan, il montre que la fréquentation de l’écrit n’exclut pas les difficultés langagières.	L’article passe ensuite en revue les limites de ces enquêtes sur le travail. Il identifie comment les dimensions langagières y sont questionnées et formule des préconisations pour de futures enquêtes .
Contextualisation d’un instrument et apprentissages pour l’action collective
Authors: Vitry Chloé , Chia Eduardo 
Published: March 2016

En 2000 l’État met en place le Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale pour inciter les communes à créer des politiques d’aménagement à l’échelle d’intercommunalités. Ces dernières se sont saisies de l’instrument de façon différenciée, faisant du SCOT un simple instrument ou le transformant en dispositif. Partant de l’idée que les instruments ont un fort potentiel pour produire des apprentissages, nous nous sommes intéressés à la façon dont le SCOT a permis à une Communauté de Commune d’apprendre à construire l’action collective, à travers une étude de cas centrée sur l’étude du processus de contextualisation de l’instrument. Si le SCOT a fait l’objet de beaucoup de réticences au départ il est devenu, par le travail d’enrôlement de certains porte-paroles, un dispositif politique. Mais le SCOT n’a pas été le seul à être transformé, les acteurs aussi. Ce processus a favorisé des apprentissages individuels et collectifs – sensemaking, instrument-seizing – qui ont permis aux acteurs engagés dans « la situation de gestion » créée par le SCOT de participer à la gouvernance territoriale. À travers cette analyse, nous montrons que les instruments sont loin d’être neutres et qu’en plus de structurer le comportement des acteurs ils contribuent à la production des apprentissages et du sens – langage et projet commun – nécessaires à l’action collective.
Écrire sur la pierre, écrire sur le papier (Amazonie du Nord-Ouest)
Authors: Hugh-Jones Stephen 
Published: March 2016

Ma contribution porte sur le mode de structuration et de mise en mémoire de la mytho-histoire de l’Amazonie du Nord-Ouest et sur la manière dont ce dernier peut apparaître à la fois dans de formes verbales et non verbales. Je m’intéresse aussi à la continuité entre ces formes traditionnelles et les documents écrits contemporains.Ce chapitre examine les liens entre différents types de discours ou de musique amérindienne, tels que les récits, les chants rituels, les formules chamaniques, les chansons de danse et la musique instrumentale, et diverses formes iconographiques. Ces dernières incluent les pétroglyphes, les façades peintes des maisons cérémonielles et les motifs de vanneries, mais aussi des éléments du paysage comme les rapides et les rochers, entre autres, qui sont également interprétés en termes graphiques.Je m’inspire du travail de Carlo Severi, tout en discutant des limites du principe chimérique en tant qu’explication générale de la saillance et de la mémorisation des éléments iconographiques. Comme c’est le cas en Europe, je propose en outre d’élargir la notion d’« iconographie » et d’arts amérindiens de la mémoire pour y inclure des caractéristiques de l’architecture et du paysage.Plutôt que d’adopter des distinctions rigides entre des formes narratives comme le mythe et l’histoire, entre ce qui est ou non une « vraie écriture » ou d’établir une séparation stricte entre les peuples avec ou sans écriture, il me semble plus intéressant et fructueux de comprendre comment les divers systèmes mnémoniques, envisagés au sens large comme des « écritures », coopèrent avec différentes formes narratives qui peuvent s’insérer dans la catégorie globale du « mythe ».Selon cette optique, les concepts d’« écriture » et de « mythe » correspondent alors plus étroitement aux notions amérindiennes. Cette approche permet en outre d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur les documents écrits contemporains produits par des auteurs amérindiens.De tels documents regroupent des compilations de récits sacrés, des manuels scolaires, des cartes, des calendriers et des schémas produits par les Indiens Tukano – ainsi que par les auteurs de langue arawak. Produits dans le cadre de programmes de recherche et d’éducation visant à revitaliser la culture amérindienne et à étayer les revendications territoriales, ces documents hybrides présentent à la fois des caractéristiques des « écritures » amérindiennes et des formes occidentales plus conventionnelles.
Image-mot
Authors: Gonçalves Marco Antonio 
Published: March 2016

Poème écrit et publié sous forme de livret dans la région du Nordeste, au Brésil, le cordel soulève dans sa construction des questions intéressantes pour qui s’attache à réfléchir sur ce que sont l’oralité, l’écrit et l’image. Plutôt que d’envisager ces champs comme séparés ou antagoniques, il propose d’établir entre eux une relation d’interdépendance. Il y a en effet entre mot et image un lien mental, quelque chose dont on peut considérer qu’il ne restreint pas les mots à une « oralité » conçue en opposition à l’écrit ou comme sa négation de l’écrit (Severi, 2007, p. 19). Le cordel est d’abord un objet plutôt qu’un livre, au sens où il permet de construire une tradition iconographique déterminée (Severi, 2010, p. 38), ou même de la recréer dans sa forme et dans son contenu au moyen des images et des mots. Ce qui peut paraître individualisé et improvisé à l’extrême participe d’une tradition plus que centenaire, et insiste sur le savoir et la transmission d’une technique d’énonciation, de chant et de récitation mais aussi sur la connaissance des qualités formelles propres à la création poétique. Derrière toute la diversité thématique du cordel il y a une forme, un savoir-faire dont l’aquisition est difficile et suppose un apprentissage, une initiation à cet art de la mémoire et de la production poétique.En partant de la recherche en cours réalisée auprès de poètes cordelistes de la région du Cariri Cearense (Juazeiro do Norte, Crato et Barbalha), nous présenterons dans un premier temps les questions plus conceptuelles portant sur la poétique du cordel et sa puissance d’évocation d’une cosmologie, pour ensuite, traiter spécifiquement de la perception des poètes et des xylograveurs qui, en consolidant la production d’images par des mots, démontrent la force de cette poétique qui ver-sifie (dans le sens de donner à « voir ») un monde.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Survival and Function Are Regulated by the Transcription Factor Nrf2
Authors: Beury Daniel W. , Carter Kayla A. , Nelson Cassandra , Sinha Pratima , Hanson Erica , Nyandjo Maeva , Fitzgerald Phillip J. , Majeed Amry , Wali Neha , Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) contribute to immune suppression in tumor-bearing individuals and are a major obstacle to effective immunotherapy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the mechanisms used by MDSC to suppress T cell activation. Although ROS are toxic to most cells, MDSC survive despite their elevated content and release of ROS. NF erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates a battery of genes that attenuate oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that MDSC resistance to ROS may be regulated by Nrf2. To test this hypothesis, we used Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2−/− BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice bearing 4T1 mammary carcinoma and MC38 colon carcinoma, respectively. Nrf2 enhanced MDSC suppressive activity by increasing MDSC production of H2O2, and it increased the quantity of tumor-infiltrating MDSC by reducing their oxidative stress and rate of apoptosis. Nrf2 did not affect circulating levels of MDSC in tumor-bearing mice because the decreased apoptotic rate of tumor-infiltrating MDSC was balanced by a decreased rate of differentiation from bone marrow progenitor cells. These results demonstrate that Nrf2 regulates the generation, survival, and suppressive potency of MDSC, and that a feedback homeostatic mechanism maintains a steady-state level of circulating MDSC in tumor-bearing individuals.
Assessment of panoral radiograph quality in a dental treatment center
Authors: Abdul-Wahab Hana , Ferguson Donald J. , Abou-Kheir Nadia 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
The quality of orthopantogram (OPG) images is primarily a function of patient positioning during image capture. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the quality of digital panoral radiographic images obtained by using the same imaging device in a large dental treatment center on the basis of the radiography technician operator securing the image.

Materials and Methods
Three hundred OPGs radiographs taken on a Kodak 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric System device in a large dental treatment center comprised the sample. The most recent OPGs beginning at May 2010 through 2007 were selected for three radiography technicians until subgroups of 100 OPGs per technician were obtained. Each panoral was evaluated by two investigators for 21 OPG image errors.

Results
Mean panoral total score was 14.71 and mean grade was 2.41 for the entire sample indicating a “good” quality. Significant differences were found among technicians for 3 of 21 panoral fault variables. The relative contribution to inferior OPG quality was greatest for the following positioning faults in rank order: Gazebo effect (11.3%), condyles pushed out (11.0%), unclear nasal structures (10.0%), airspace over U6s (9.5%), and condyles image top (9.0%).

Conclusions
There were no significant differences among technicians for overall quality indicators (total score and grade). However, statistically significant differences among the three technicians were found for image error wide anterior teeth, Gazebo effect, and unclear nasal structures.
Root resorption following periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics
Authors: Donald J. Ferguson , Machado Irelia , Wilcko M. Thomas , Wilcko William M. 
Published: March 2016

Background
Literature evidence suggests that root resorption, an adverse side effect of orthodontic therapy, may be decreased under conditions of alveolar osteopenia, a condition characterized by diminished bone density and created secondary to alveolar corticotomy (Cort) surgery.

Purpose
To compare root resorption of the maxillary central incisors following nonextraction orthodontic therapy with and without Cort surgery.

Materials and Methods
The sample comprised two groups, with and without Cort and was matched by age and gender: Cort-facilitated nonextraction orthodontics with 27 subjects, 53 central incisors of mean age 24.8 ± 10.2 years, and conventional (Conv) nonextraction orthodontics with 27 subjects, 54 incisors with mean age of 19.6 ± 8.8 years. All periapical radiographs were taken with the paralleling technique; total tooth lengths of the right and left central incisors were measured by projecting and enlarging the periapical radiographs exactly 8 times.

Results
t-tests revealed a significant decrease in treatment time in the Cort group (6.3 ± 8.0 vs. 17.4 ± 20.2 months,P = 0.000). Pretreatment root lengths were not significantly different (P = 0.11), but Conv had significantly shorter roots at posttreatment when compared with Cort (P = 0.03). Significant root resorption (P < 0.01) occurred in both Cort (0.3 mm) and Conv (0.7 mm), but the increment of change was significantly greater in Conv (P < 0.03). The variable SNA increased significantly in the Cort (P = 0.001) group and decreased significantly in the Conv group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Based on the conditions of this study, it may be concluded that Cort-facilitated nonextraction orthodontic therapy results in less root resorption and enhanced alveolar support within a significantly reduced clinical service delivery time frame. Rapid orthodontic treatment and reduced apical root resorption are probably due to the transient osteopenia induced by the Cort surgery and inspired by regional acceleratory phenomenon.
Transport pathways from the Asian monsoon anticyclone to the stratosphere
Authors: Garny Hella , Randel William J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Transport pathways of air originating in the upper-tropospheric Asian monsoon anticyclone are investigated based on three-dimensional trajectories. The Asian monsoon anticyclone emerges in response to persistent deep convection over India and southeast Asia in northern summer, and this convection is associated with rapid transport from the surface to the upper troposphere and possibly into the stratosphere. Here, we investigate the fate of air that originates within the upper-tropospheric anticyclone from the outflow of deep convection, using trajectories driven by ERA-interim reanalysis data. Calculations include isentropic estimates, plus fully three-dimensional results based on kinematic and diabatic transport calculations. Isentropic calculations show that air parcels are typically confined within the anticyclone for 10–20 days and spread over the tropical belt within a month of their initialization. However, only few parcels (3 % at 360 K, 8 % at 380 K) reach the extratropical stratosphere by isentropic transport. When considering vertical transport we find that 31 % or 48 % of the trajectories reach the stratosphere within 60 days when using vertical velocities or diabatic heating rates to calculate vertical transport, respectively. In both cases, most parcels that reach the stratosphere are transported upward within the anticyclone and enter the stratosphere in the tropics, typically 10–20 days after their initialization at 360 K. This suggests that trace gases, including pollutants, that are transported into the stratosphere via the Asian monsoon system are in a position to enter the tropical pipe and thus be transported into the deep stratosphere. Sensitivity calculations with respect to the initial altitude of the trajectories showed that air needs to be transported to levels of 360 K or above by deep convection to likely (≧ 50 %) reach the stratosphere through transport by the large-scale circulation.
Mediterranean irrigation under climate change: more efficient irrigation needed to compensate for increases in irrigation water requirements
Authors: Fader M. , Shi S. , von Bloh W. , Bondeau A. , Cramer W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Irrigation in the Mediterranean is of vital importance for food security, employment and economic development. This study systematically assesses how climate change and increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect irrigation requirements in the Mediterranean region by 2080–2090. Future demographic change and technological improvements in irrigation systems are taken into account, as is the spread of climate forcing, warming levels and potential realization of the CO2-fertilization effect. Vegetation growth, phenology, agricultural production and irrigation water requirements and withdrawal were simulated with the process-based ecohydrological and agro-ecosystem model LPJmL (Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land) after an extensive development that comprised the improved representation of Mediterranean crops. At present the Mediterranean region could save 35 % of water by implementing more efficient irrigation and conveyance systems. Some countries such as Syria, Egypt and Turkey have a higher savings potential than others. Currently some crops, especially sugar cane and agricultural trees, consume on average more irrigation water per hectare than annual crops. Different crops show different magnitudes of changes in net irrigation requirements due to climate change, the increases being most pronounced in agricultural trees. The Mediterranean area as a whole may face an increase in gross irrigation requirements between 4 and 18 % from climate change alone if irrigation systems and conveyance are not improved (4 and 18 % with 2 °C global warming combined with the full CO2-fertilization effect and 5 °C global warming combined with no CO2-fertilization effect, respectively). Population growth increases these numbers to 22 and 74 %, respectively, affecting mainly the southern and eastern Mediterranean. However, improved irrigation technologies and conveyance systems have a large water saving potential, especially in the eastern Mediterranean, and may be able to compensate to some degree for the increases due to climate change and population growth. Both subregions would need around 35 % more water than today if they implement some degree of modernization of irrigation and conveyance systems and benefit from the CO2-fertilization effect. Nevertheless, water scarcity may pose further challenges to the agricultural sector: Algeria, Libya, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Serbia, Morocco, Tunisia and Spain have a high risk of not being able to sustainably meet future irrigation water requirements in some scenarios. The results presented in this study point to the necessity of performing further research on climate-friendly agro-ecosystems in order to assess, on the one hand, their degree of resilience to climate shocks and, on the other hand, their adaptation potential when confronted with higher temperatures and changes in water availability.
Oportunidades existentes para proyectos de intervención socio-educativa en Nicaragua
Authors: Téllez Ana Teodora 
Published: March 2016

Considero que Nicaragua en los últimos treinta años ha cambiado sustancialmente en los diferentes ámbitos: social, económica, política, ecológica y espiritualmente. El período del neoliberalismo, del capitalismo salvaje, de los años 90 y parte de los 2000 sólo favorecía a la clase empresarial, pues su economía estaba pensada para hacer más pobres a los pobres y más ricos a los ricos.
Developing Psychological Well-Being Scale for Preschool Children
Authors: Abed Nazanin , Pakdaman Shahla , Heidari Mahmood , Tahmassian Karineh 
Published: March 2016

<p>The aim of this research was to develop a scale in order to measure psychological well-being in preschool children. Three hundred and seventy five to six year old children participated in the research from 5 regions of Tehran, using accidental sampling method. The participants were individually interviewed with the Well-Being in Preschool Children Scale, and their teachers completed Rutter’s Child Behavior Questionnaire about each of them. Data was analyzed with both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods using WLSMV and GEOMIN oblique rotation, to examine factorial structure. <em>Samejima’s</em> graded response model was used to access psychometric features of the items. Test-retest reliability was measured and Pearson’s correlation was also used to assess divergent and convergent validity. Findings revealed that this scale has 3 main factors: self-concept, life satisfaction and resilience. The validity and reliability of the scale is also satisfactory. The well-being indicators in this scale are consistent with previous research on components of well-being in children. In addition there is a negative correlation between psychological well-being and behavioral problems, which is also illustrated in previous research. </p>
Regime shift in a phytoplankton–phosphorus model with vertical structure and seasonality
Authors: Ikeda Kota , Miki Takeshi 
Published: March 2016

Many ecological systems are influenced by positive feedbacks between organisms and abiotic environments, which generates multiple stable equilibria of a mathematical model with a hysteresis structure. In addition, discontinuous shifts of system at equilibrium is predicted, which is often called regime shift in ecosystem sciences. This hysteresis structure is unfavorable from environmental management point of view, because the reconstruction of original equilibrium state requests much lower levels of external forcing. Mathematical models proposed in previous works are simple and mathematically tractable ([7],[2]).However, it is difficult to extrapolate from such simple models the occurrence likelihood of regime shift in natural environments since temporally dynamic features in ecology and physico-chemical environments, and spatial dimension are less explored in those models. In this study, we construct a realistic but mathematically tractable model of interaction between phytoplankton and phosphorus, which incorporates (1) 1-dimensional vertical structure of lake ecosystem and (2) seasonal periodic cycle of water mixing. We aim to understand the impact of changes in seasonality in various types of lakes on the occurrence of multiple attractors (periodic solution) and hysteresis structure.
Evaluation of Measuring Devices Packaged With Prescription Oral Liquid Medications
Authors: Johnson Anthony , Meyers Rachel 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVES: The US Food and Drug Administration industry guidelines for manufacturers of oral, over-the-counter, liquid medications recommend that these products be packaged with dosage-delivery devices. This study describes the prevalence of these devices and instructions packaged with prescription, oral, liquid medications.METHODS: This was a descriptive study of prescription oral-liquid medications dispensed during a 6-month period at a community pharmacy. Product information was obtained from the National Library of Medicine's DailyMed database and from the products themselves. Endpoints included provision of a measuring device, the type of device, the maximum dose measurable and intervals on the provided device, and inclusion of instructions to the pharmacist.RESULTS: A total of 382 liquid prescription medications were included in the study. Forty-nine of the 382 products (12.8%) were packaged with a measuring device. The most commonly provided device was a calibrated dropper (n = 18; 36.7%), followed by an oral syringe with a bottle adaptor (n = 9, 18.4%). Specific instructions on proper use of the provided measuring device were included with 20 products (40.8%). Among the products that did not provide a measuring device, only 70 of the 333 package inserts (21%) included instructions to the pharmacist regarding counseling the patient on proper administration.CONCLUSIONS: Packaging of prescription oral-liquid medications is inconsistent and leaves room for vast variability in patient or parent administration practices. In the future, patterns of actual dispensing practices among pharmacies and pharmacists would help determine the true incidence of dispensing of measuring devices.
“L’Europe est dans un état de civilisation avancée: je veux dire qu’elle est très malade”. Crise et régénération d’un mythe chez Artaud
Authors: Martina Della Casa  
Published: March 2016

This article analyzes the image of Europe in Artaud’s Mexican writings. The first and the second parts set the purpose and the basis of this study: despite the critical attitude towards Europe, its culture and its civilization, which emerges from an insistent comparison with ancient and modern Mexico, this specific set of writings, strictly related to Artaud’s journey to the country, underlines a complementary and utopic vision of Europe that organizes his discourse. The third part focuses on the writer’s negative perception and image of Europe, while the fourth shows that this image is associated with that of a sick organism that can and needs to be cured. Through an analysis of the different plans and results of the comparison between Mexico and Europe, the fifth part analyzes the ideal Europe that emerges from these writings: a cured and renewed one. The sixth and last part states the conclusion: having gone to Mexico to discover its ancient myths, Artaud seems to have pursued a European one as well.