bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismicity During the Initial Stages of the Guy‐Greenbrier, Arkansas, Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Yoon Clara E. , Huang Yihe , Ellsworth William L. , Beroza Gregory C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe analyze the background seismicity, initiation, and earliest stages of the Guy‐Greenbrier, Arkansas, earthquake sequence, which was potentially induced by wastewater injection starting in July 2010, during the 3 month time period 1 June to 1 September 2010. High‐resolution observations of low‐magnitude seismicity, and the high‐quality Arkansas public well database, facilitate detailed analysis of spatial and temporal correlations between earthquakes, wastewater injection, and hydraulic fracturing. We detected 14,604 earthquakes, with magnitudes −1.5≤ML≤2.9, using two sensitive, waveform similarity‐based event detection methods in parallel: Fingerprint And Similarity Thresholding, and template matching. We located the 1,740 largest earthquakes that form 16 spatially compact clusters, using P and S phases from 3 stations with the double‐difference relocation algorithm and an improved velocity model constrained by the location of quarry blasts. We enhanced the temporal resolution of these event clusters by assigning smaller unlocated events to a cluster based on waveform similarity. Most clustered earthquakes during this time were both spatially and temporally correlated with hydraulic fracturing stimulation at several production wells. For one cluster, microseismicity was correlated with individual stages of stimulation. Many other wells had no detectable nearby seismicity during stimulation. We found a smaller number of events located on the Guy‐Greenbrier Fault that were likely induced by wastewater injection. The concurrent presence of seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing and wastewater injection presents a challenge for attribution and seismic hazard characterization, but the combination of precision seismology and high‐quality well information allows us to disentangle the effects of these two processes.
The Climate Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Can Be Tailored Using Multiple Injection Locations
Authors: MacMartin Douglas G. , Kravitz Ben , Tilmes Simone , Richter Jadwiga H. , Mills Michael J. , Lamarque Jean‐Francois , Tribbia Joseph J. , Vitt Francis 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBy injecting different amounts of SO2 at multiple different latitudes, the spatial pattern of aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be partially controlled. This leads to the ability to influence the climate response to geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols, providing the potential for design. We use simulations from the fully coupled whole‐atmosphere chemistry climate model CESM1(WACCM) to demonstrate that by appropriately combining injection at just four different locations, 30°S, 15°S, 15°N, and 30°N, then three spatial degrees of freedom of AOD can be achieved: an approximately spatially uniform AOD distribution, the relative difference in AOD between Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and the relative AOD in high versus low latitudes. For forcing levels that yield 1–2°C cooling, the AOD and surface temperature response are sufficiently linear in this model so that the response to different combinations of injection at different latitudes can be estimated from single‐latitude injection simulations; nonlinearities associated with both aerosol growth and changes to stratospheric circulation will be increasingly important at higher forcing levels. Optimized injection at multiple locations is predicted to improve compensation of CO2‐forced climate change relative to a case using only equatorial aerosol injection (which overcools the tropics relative to high latitudes). The additional degrees of freedom can be used, for example, to balance the interhemispheric temperature gradient and the equator to pole temperature gradient in addition to the global mean temperature. Further research is needed to better quantify the impacts of these strategies on changes to long‐term temperature, precipitation, and other climate parameters.
Stratospheric Dynamical Response and Ozone Feedbacks in the Presence of SO2 Injections
Authors: Richter Jadwiga H. , Tilmes Simone , Mills Michael J. , Tribbia Joseph J. , Kravitz Ben , MacMartin Douglas G. , Vitt Francis , Lamarque Jean‐Francois 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInjections of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere are among several proposed methods of solar radiation management. Such injections could cool the Earth's climate. However, they would significantly alter the dynamics of the stratosphere. We explore here the stratospheric dynamical response to sulfur dioxide injections ∼5 km above the tropopause at multiple latitudes (equator, 15°S, 15°N, 30°S and 30°N) using a fully coupled Earth system model, Community Earth System Model, version 1, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component (CESM1(WACCM)). We find that in all simulations, the tropical lower stratosphere warms primarily between 30°S and 30°N, regardless of injection latitude. The quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of the tropical zonal wind is altered by the various sulfur dioxide injections. In a simulation with a 12 Tg yr−1 equatorial injection, and with fully interactive chemistry, the QBO period lengthens to ∼3.5 years but never completely disappears. However, in a simulation with specified (or noninteractive) chemical fields, including O3 and prescribed aerosols taken from the interactive simulation, the oscillation is virtually lost. In addition, we find that geoengineering does not always lengthen the QBO. We further demonstrate that the QBO period changes from 24 to 12–17 months in simulations with sulfur dioxide injections placed poleward of the equator. Our study points to the importance of understanding and verifying of the complex interactions between aerosols, atmospheric dynamics, and atmospheric chemistry as well as understanding the effects of sulfur dioxide injections placed away from the Equator on the QBO.
Examining the Impact of Smoke on Frontal Clouds and Precipitation During the 2002 Yakutsk Wildfires Using the WRF‐Chem‐SMOKE Model and Satellite Data
Authors: Lu Zheng , Sokolik Irina N. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn 2002, an enormous amount of smoke has been emitted from Yakutsk wildfires. In this study, we examine the impact of smoke on cloud properties and precipitation associated with frontal systems using the WRF‐Chem‐SMOKE model and satellite data. The smoke emissions are computed using the fire radiative power technique. Smoke particles are represented as an internal mixture of organic matter (OM), black carbon (BC), and other inorganic matter, and their microphysical and radiative effects are explicitly modeled. After examining the fire activities, we identified two fire periods (FP1 and FP2). During FP1, in the cloud deck with the high cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), but the relatively small amount of ice nuclei (IN), the rain and snow water contents (RWC and SWC) were strongly reduced, because of suppressed collision‐coalescence and riming processes. The cloud cells acquired the longer lifetime and traveled farther downwind. During FP2, in the cloud deck with relatively high CDNC and IN, RWC was reduced; however, the large amounts of IN triggered the glaciation indirect effect and leaded to increased SWC. Due to the competing effects of CDNC and IN, changes in the cloud lifetime were small. Consequently, smoke‐induced changes in the total cloudiness cause a dipole feature. After the smoke was nearly consumed during FP1, the large‐scale dynamics of the frontal system was altered by smoke. The onset of the precipitation was delayed by 1 day. In FP2, the onset of the precipitation was not delayed but occurred at different locations, and the area‐averaged precipitation was slightly reduced (~0.5 mm/day).
Improving Global Gross Primary Productivity Estimates by Computing Optimum Light Use Efficiencies Using Flux Tower Data
Authors: Madani Nima , Kimball John S. , Running Steven W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn the light use efficiency (LUE) approach of estimating the gross primary productivity (GPP), plant productivity is linearly related to absorbed photosynthetically active radiation assuming that plants absorb and convert solar energy into biomass within a maximum LUE (LUEmax) rate, which is assumed to vary conservatively within a given biome type. However, it has been shown that photosynthetic efficiency can vary within biomes. In this study, we used 149 global CO2 flux towers to derive the optimum LUE (LUEopt) under prevailing climate conditions for each tower location, stratified according to model training and test sites. Unlike LUEmax, LUEopt varies according to heterogeneous landscape characteristics and species traits. The LUEopt data showed large spatial variability within and between biome types, so that a simple biome classification explained only 29% of LUEopt variability over 95 global tower training sites. The use of explanatory variables in a mixed effect regression model explained 62.2% of the spatial variability in tower LUEopt data. The resulting regression model was used for global extrapolation of the LUEopt data and GPP estimation. The GPP estimated using the new LUEopt map showed significant improvement relative to global tower data, including a 15% R2 increase and 34% root‐mean‐square error reduction relative to baseline GPP calculations derived from biome‐specific LUEmax constants. The new global LUEopt map is expected to improve the performance of LUE‐based GPP algorithms for better assessment and monitoring of global terrestrial productivity and carbon dynamics.
The Northern Gulf of Mexico During OAE2 and the Relationship Between Water Depth and Black Shale Development
Authors: Lowery Christopher M. , Cunningham Robert , Barrie Craig D. , Bralower Timothy , Snedden John W. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDespite their name, Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) are not periods of uniform anoxia and black shale deposition in ancient oceans. Shelf environments account for the majority of productivity and organic carbon burial in the modern ocean, and this was likely true in the Cretaceous as well. However, it is unlikely that the mechanisms for such an increase were uniform across all shelf environments. Some, like the northwest margin of Africa, were characterized by strong upwelling, but what might drive enhanced productivity on shelves not geographically suited for upwelling? To address this, we use micropaleontology, carbon isotopes, and sedimentology to present the first record of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) from the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf. Here OAE2 occurred during the deposition of the well‐oxygenated, inner neritic/lower estuarine Lower Tuscaloosa Sandstone. The overlying organic‐rich oxygen‐poor Marine Tuscaloosa Shale is entirely Turonian in age. We trace organic matter enrichment from the Spinks Core into the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, where wireline log calculations and public geochemical data indicate organic enrichment and anoxia throughout the Cenomanian‐Turonian boundary interval. Redox change and organic matter preservation across the Gulf of Mexico shelf were driven by sea level rise prior to the early Turonian highstand, which caused the advection of nutrient‐rich, oxygen‐poor waters onto the shelf. This results in organic matter mass accumulation rates 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than upwelling sites like the NW African margin, but it likely occurred over a much larger geographic area, suggesting that sea level rise was an important component of the overall increase in carbon burial during OAE2.
Model Averaging
Authors: Claeskens Gerda 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A model‐averaged estimator is composed of estimators, each obtained from a different model, that are weighted and summed. There are different ways of setting the weights. The weights can be deterministic or random. Frequentist methods for the weights may be based on the values of an information criterion or may be the result of some optimization procedure. Fully Bayesian methods for model averaging incorporate prior information on the models and the parameters therein. Model averaging is used to avoid choosing a single estimator or improve individual estimators' performances.
G‐Estimation
Authors: Moodie Erica E.M. , Stephens David A. , Wallace Michael P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractG‐estimation is a tool for estimating structural nested models, which offer causal parameters for the effect of time‐dependent exposures under the assumption of no unmeasured confounding. Similar to traditional regression models, structural nested models are typically conditional rather than marginal. G‐estimation has seen relatively little uptake in the statistical and applied literature, perhaps because it was originally presented for time‐to‐event outcomes with estimates traditionally found using grid search methods. However, G‐estimation gained some popularity in the context of dynamic treatment regimes and is, in fact, straightforward to understand and implement. It can also be shown to be equivalent to the familiar approach of propensity score regression under linear structural nested models.
Modeling of Seed Dormancy
Authors: Allen Phil S. , Benech‐Arnold Roberto L. , Batlla Diego , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTypes and Phenology of Seed DormancyEnvironmental Control of DormancyApproaches to Modeling Seed DormancyExamples of Seed Dormancy ModelsPopulation‐Based Threshold Models of Seed DormancyConclusions and Future Directions
A Merging of Paths: Abscisic Acid and Hormonal Cross‐Talk in the Control of Seed Dormancy Maintenance and Alleviation
Authors: Feurtado J. Allan , Kermode Allison R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAbscisic AcidGibberellinLight InteractionsEthyleneAuxin and CytokininBrassinosteroidsG‐Protein Signaling Reveals Integration ofGA,BR,ABA, and Sugar ResponsesProfiling of Hormone Metabolic Pathways inArabidopsisMutants Reveals Cross‐TalkSummary and Future Directions
De‐Repression of Seed Germination byGASignaling
Authors: Steber Camille M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionControl of Germination byGASignalingThe Role of the Ubiquitin–Proteasome Pathway inGASignalingIsRGL2a ‘Master Regulator’ of Seed Germination?Sleepy1is a Positive Regulator of Seed Germination inArabidopsisDoDELLAProteins Have a Conserved Role in Seed Germination?Future Directions
Mechanisms and Genes Involved in GerminationSensu Stricto
Authors: Nonogaki Hiroyuki , Chen Feng , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionImbibition and Water Relations of Seed GerminationTesta/Endosperm Restraint and Embryo Growth PotentialApproaches to Identify Additional Genes Involved in Germination
Sugar and Abscisic Acid Regulation of Germination and Transition to Seedling Growth
Authors: Dekkers Bas J.W. , Smeekens Sjef C.M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionABASignaling during Germination and Early Seedling GrowthSugar Signaling Represses Germination and the Transition to Vegetative GrowthConclusionsAcknowledgments
Structural Proteomics
Authors: Wrobel Russell L. , Bingman Craig A. , Jeon Won Bae , Song Jikui , Vinarov Dmitriy A. , Frederick Ronnie O. , Aceti David J. , Sreenath Hassan K. , Zolnai Zsolt , Vojtik Frank C. , Bitto Eduard , Fox Brian G. , Phillips George N. , Markley John L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionProject Data Handling:SesameORFCloningE.coli Cell‐Based Protein Production PipelineWheat Germ Cell‐Free Protein ProductionMass Spectrometry of Purified Proteins for Quality Assurance and AnalysisCrystallomics andX‐Ray Structure DeterminationNMRScreening and Structure DeterminationIllustrative Structures and Functional ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Proteomics of Plant Mitochondria
Authors: Bykova Natalia V. , Møller Ian M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areMitochondria as Attractive Targets for Subcellular ProteomicsMethods and Approaches Briefly for Identification of ProteinsMitochondrial Proteins IdentifiedStress‐Responsive Proteins and Redox RegulationProtein Phosphorylation and Signal TransductionConcluding Remarks
Chromatin‐Associated ArchitecturalHMGAandHMGBProteins Assist Transcription Factor Function
Authors: Grasser Klaus D. , Launholt Dorte 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHMGAProteinsHMGBProteinsDynamic Interaction of HistoneH1andHMGProteins with ChromatinHMGAandHMGBProteins as Architectural Assistant FactorsAcknowledgements
A model for predicting the dose to the parotid glands based on their relative overlapping with planning target volumes during helical radiotherapy
Authors: Millunchick Cheryl H. , Zhen Heming , Redler Gage , Liao Yixiang , Turian Julius V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sparing of the parotid glands in the treatment of head and neck cancers is of clinical relevance as high doses to the salivary glands may result in xerostomia. Xerostomia is a major cause of decreased quality of life for head and neck patients. This paper explores the relationship between the overlap of the target volumes and their expansions with the parotid glands for helical delivery plans and their ability to be spared. Various overlapping volumes were examined, and an overlap with a high statistical relevance was found. A model that predicts exceeding tolerance parotid mean dose based on its fractional overlapping volume with PTVs was developed. A fractional overlapping volume of 0.083 between the parotid gland and the high dose PTV plus 5 mm expansion – was determined to be the threshold value to predict parotid Dmean > 26 Gy for parotids that overlap with the high dose PTV plus 5 mm expansion. If the parotid gland only overlaps with the intermediate dose target (and/or low dose target) and the overlapping volume of the parotid gland and the intermediate dose target is less than 25%, the parotid mean dose is likely less than 26 Gy. If the parotid overlaps with the low dose target only then the mean dose to the parotid is likely to be less than 26 Gy. This finding will prove as a very useful guide for the physicians and planners involved in the planning process to know prior whether the parotid glands will be able to be spared with the current set of target volumes or if revisions are necessary. This work will serve as a helpful guide in the planning process of head and neck target cases.
Reversible Switching of Spiropyran Molecules in Direct Contact With a Bi(111) Single Crystal Surface
Authors: Nickel Fabian , Bernien Matthias , Kraffert Kai , Krüger Dennis , Arruda Lucas M. , Kipgen Lalminthang , Kuch Wolfgang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPhotochromic molecular switches immobilized by direct contact with surfaces typically show only weak response to optical excitation, which often is not reversible. In contrast, here, it is shown that a complete and reversible ring‐opening and ring‐closing reaction of submonolayers of spironaphthopyran on the Bi(111) surface is possible. The ring opening to the merocyanine isomer is initiated by ultraviolet light. Switching occurs in a two‐step process, in which after optical excitation, an energy barrier needs to be overcome to convert to the merocyanine form. This leads to a strong temperature dependence of the conversion efficiency. Switching of the merocyanine isomer back to the closed form is achieved by a temperature increase. Thus, the process can be repeated in a fully reversible manner, in contrast to previously studied nitrospiropyran molecules on surfaces. This is attributed to the destabilization of the merocyanine isomer by the electron‐donating nature of the naphtho group and the reduced van der Waals interaction of the Bi(111) surface. The result shows that molecules designed for switching in solutions need to be modified to function in direct contact with a surface.
Photoelectrochemically Active and Environmentally Stable CsPbBr3/TiO2 Core/Shell Nanocrystals
Authors: Li Zhi‐Jun , Hofman Elan , Li Jian , Davis Andrew Hunter , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu , Zheng Weiwei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInherent poor stability of perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) is the main impediment preventing broad applications of the materials. Here, TiO2 shell coated CsPbBr3 core/shell NCs are synthesized through the encapsulation of colloidal CsPbBr3 NCs with titanium precursor, followed by calcination at 300 °C. The nearly monodispersed CsPbBr3/TiO2 core/shell NCs show excellent water stability for at least three months with the size, structure, morphology, and optical properties remaining identical, which represent the most water‐stable inorganic shell passivated perovskite NCs reported to date. In addition, TiO2 shell coating can effectively suppress anion exchange and photodegradation, therefore dramatically improving the chemical stability and photostability of the core CsPbBr3 NCs. More importantly, photoluminescence and (photo)electrochemical characterizations exhibit increased charge separation efficiency due to the electrical conductivity of the TiO2 shell, hence leading to an improved photoelectric activity in water. This study opens new possibilities for optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications of perovskites‐based NCs in aqueous phase.
Fast Setting Silk Fibroin Bioink for Bioprinting of Patient‐Specific Memory‐Shape Implants
Authors: Costa João B. , Silva‐Correia Joana , Oliveira Joaquim M. , Reis Rui L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe pursuit for the “perfect” biomimetic and personalized implant for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration remains a big challenge. 3D printing technology that makes use of a novel and promising biomaterials can be part of the solution. In this study, a fast setting enzymatic‐crosslinked silk fibroin (SF) bioink for 3D bioprinting is developed. Their properties are fine‐tuned and different structures with good resolution, reproducibility, and reliability can be fabricated. Many potential applications exist for the SF bioinks including 3D bioprinted scaffolds and patient‐specific implants exhibiting unique characteristics such as good mechanical properties, memory‐shape feature, suitable degradation, and tunable pore architecture and morphology.
Plasmonic Metalens for Narrowband Dual‐Focus Imaging
Authors: Williams Calum , Montelongo Yunuen , Wilkinson Timothy D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA new type of metalens with the capability to selectively focus narrowband light is reported at different focal planes depending on polarization. Two zone planes with two different focal lengths are spatially multiplexed and encoded in the subwavelength regime with arrays of orthogonal silver nanostructures, which are designed to exhibit strong wavelength‐ and polarization‐dependent scattering profiles. Using this principle, imaging under white‐light illumination with independent focal planes is experimentally demonstrated for each polarization at the narrowband resonant wavelength. Furthermore, each focal plane can be dynamically controlled with an output polarizer. In contrast to conventional refractive and diffractive optical elements, functional metalenses allow additional control over wavelength and polarization properties of light for a wide range of applications.