bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classifying carnivore tracks using dimensions that control for snow conditions
Authors: M c Cann Nicholas P. , Zollner Patrick A. , Gilbert Jonathan H. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTSnow‐tracking is important for elucidating patterns of carnivore behavior, but misclassifying tracks reduces the accuracy of snow‐tracking studies. Quantitative methods improve accuracy by distinguishing between similar tracks left by different carnivores. American marten (Martes americana) and fisher (Pekania pennanti) tracks are difficult to distinguish. We studied martens and fishers in northern Wisconsin, USA, during winter 2008–2010, to determine whether dimensions of tracks left in snow differed by snow conditions, and if marten and fisher tracks could be accurately classified by analyzing track dimensions that controlled for snow conditions. Snow depth, snow compaction, and crust depth correlated strongly with fisher step depth. Classification trees accurately classified marten and fisher tracks, and were 5–14% more accurate when track dimensions controlled for snow conditions. Species‐only classifications were 91–96% accurate. Trees that classified sex and species were 75–89% accurate, indicating that snow‐tracking can be used to estimate sex‐specific marten and fisher habitat selection, distribution, and abundance. Controlling for snow conditions improves track classification accuracy for martens and fishers, and would likely improve classification accuracy for other carnivores. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
The Poetry of W.B. Yeats
Authors: Michael Faherty 
Published: April 2017

As W. H. Auden said to the ghost of Yeats in his famous elegy, when he died ‘he became his admirers’. Not even Auden could have imagined just how prophetic that phrase would become. The battle over both Yeats’ life and his poetry began almost immediately after his death, with some sides proudly claiming him as one of their very own, while others insisted he had never really been one of them at all.
To what tradition does Yeats belong? To what culture? Was he Irish or Anglo-Irish, or even English? Was he a Romantic, Symbolist or Modernist poet? A nationalist, fascist or a postnationalist? This Guide follows the often heated debates on who Yeats was and what kind of poetry he wrote. Michael Faherty offers selections from the leading voices in these debates, setting them in the context of Irish cultural and political history.
Effectiveness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Non‐emergency Cholecystectomy Using Data from a Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Vohra Ravinder S. , Hodson James , Pasquali Sandro , Griffiths Ewen A. ,   CholeS Study Group and West Midlands Research Collaborative
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackground
There is a variation in the administration of antibiotics prophylaxis to reduce the perceived risk of SSI in patients undergoing non‐emergency cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis following non‐emergency cholecystectomy to prevent 30‐day superficial surgical site infections (SSIs) using non‐selected, nationally collected, prospective data.MethodsData were extracted from the CholeS study, which examined and independently validated the outcomes on consecutive patients following non‐emergency cholecystectomy across 166 hospitals in the UK and Ireland. Patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis were exact matched to those who did not on variables associated with antibiotic prophylaxis. The primary outcome of interest was superficial SSI, and secondary outcomes included deep SSI, readmissions, complications and re‐interventions within 30 days.ResultsOut of a total of 7327 patients included in the study, 4468 (61%) received antibiotic prophylaxis. These were matched to patients who did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis on a range of demographic and surgical factors, leaving 1269 pairs of patients for analysis. Within this cohort, patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis had significantly lower rates of superficial SSI (0.7% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.001) and all‐cause complications (5.8 vs. 8.0%, p = 0.031), but similar rates of deep SSI (1.0 vs. 1.4%, p = 0.473), readmissions (5.2 vs. 6.2%, p = 0.302) and re‐interventions (2.6 vs. 3.7%, p = 0.093). The number needed to treat to prevent one superficial SSI was 45 (95% confidence interval 24–662).ConclusionsAntibiotics appear effective at reducing SSI after non‐emergency cholecystectomy. However, due to the high number needed to treat it is unclear whether they provide a worthwhile clinical benefit to patients.
Compartment Pressure Monitoring After Thyroid Surgery: A Possible Method to Detect a Rebleeding
Authors: von Ahnen Thomas , von Ahnen Martin , Militz Sonja , Preußer Dana , Wirth Ulrich , Schardey Hans Martin , Schopf Stefan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative rebleeding after thyroid surgery is a rare but a serious complication. The aim of this study was to ascertain the extent to which postoperative pressure could be used as detector for rebleeding after thyroid surgery.MethodsThirty‐two patients with thyroidectomy or hemithyroidectomy were considered prospectively. In the course of surgery, a pressure microsensor (3PN Probe Spiegelberg) was implanted into the postoperative cavity and data were collected for special activities and stress situations over the first 48 h postoperatively. Additional endpoint was the influence of drains on the determined values.ResultsThe overall mean pressure (MP) at rest on both postoperative days for all patients with and without drain was 0.36 ± 2.84 mmHg (range −6.7 to 6.7). The MP in all activity and stress situations on the first day was with 0.23 ± 3.71 mmHg, and on the second day, the MP was 1.33 ± 4.50. 92.13% of our values were below 7 mmHg. One patient had a hemorrhage. The pressure increases continuously up to 36 mmHg, before the patient was transferred to the operating theater.ConclusionsThis is the first pilot study to consider continuous pressure measurement to be a potential tool for early detection of a postoperative rebleeding in thyroid surgery. In the strictest sense, postoperative intra‐cervical pressure at rest ranges from subatmospheric to 7 mmHg. The elevation of pressure in case of a rebleeding up to 36 mmHg differs dramatically from normal postoperative pressure. The collected data will warrant further validation to be able to recommend threshold values for an early treatment decisions in rebleeding.
Hidden power of the Big Three? Passive index funds, re-concentration of corporate ownership, and new financial risk
Authors: Fichtner Jan , Heemskerk Eelke M. , Garcia-Bernardo Javier 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSince 2008, a massive shift has occurred from active toward passive investment strategies. The passive index fund industry is dominated by BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street, which we call the “Big Three.” We comprehensively map the ownership of the Big Three in the United States and find that together they constitute the largest shareholder in 88 percent of the S&P 500 firms. In contrast to active funds, the Big Three hold relatively illiquid and permanent ownership positions. This has led to opposing views on incentives and possibilities to actively exert shareholder power. Some argue passive investors have little shareholder power because they cannot “exit,” while others point out this gives them stronger incentives to actively influence corporations. Through an analysis of proxy vote records we find that the Big Three do utilize coordinated voting strategies and hence follow a centralized corporate governance strategy. However, they generally vote with management, except at director (re-)elections. Moreover, the Big Three may exert “hidden power” through two channels: First, via private engagements with management of invested companies; and second, because company executives could be prone to internalizing the objectives of the Big Three. We discuss how this development entails new forms of financial risk.
Characterization of Carbon Monoxide Exposure During Hurricane Sandy and Subsequent Nor’easter
Authors: Schnall Amy , Law Royal , Heinzerling Amy , Sircar Kanta , Damon Scott , Yip Fuyuen , Schier Josh , Bayleyegn Tesfaye , Wolkin Amy 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveCarbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas produced by fossil fuel combustion. On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy moved ashore near Atlantic City, New Jersey, causing widespread morbidity and mortality, $30 to $50 billion in economic damage, and 8.5 million households to be without power. The combination of power outages and unusually low temperatures led people to use alternate power sources, placing many at risk for CO exposure.MethodsWe examined Hurricane Sandy–related CO exposures from multiple perspectives to help identify risk factors and develop strategies to prevent future exposures. This report combined data from 3 separate sources (health departments, poison centers via the National Poison Data System, and state and local public information officers).ResultsResults indicated that the number of CO exposures in the wake of Hurricane Sandy was significantly greater than in previous years. The persons affected were mostly females and those in younger age categories and, despite messaging, most CO exposures occurred from improper generator use.ConclusionsOur findings emphasize the continued importance of CO-related communication and ongoing surveillance of CO exposures to support public health response and prevention during and after disasters. Additionally, regional poison centers can be a critical resource for potential on-site management, public health promotion, and disaster-related CO exposure surveillance. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:562–567)
LAW BEYOND GOD AND KANT: A PRAGMATIST PATH
Authors: Anderson John P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe liberal principle of reciprocity requires that states maintain neutrality with respect to their citizens’ competing comprehensive worldviews (both religious and secular) while officially justifying the law and while adjudicating under it. But the very possibility of such liberal neutrality has come under attack in a post-Enlightenment world in which even foundational arguments for the principle of reciprocity itself are no longer taken for granted. This article offers a pragmatist path to the resolution of this liberal dilemma. It recommends a “default and challenge” model for legal justification and legitimation that is rooted in social-linguistic practice. By rooting justification and legitimation in practice, it is argued liberal neutrality can be preserved without need for appeals to controversial foundational commitments at any level of public political justification. The article closes with a fictional case study concerning abortion to show how politicians and courts can apply this method to preserve liberal neutrality while addressing even the most controversial issues.
Consolidating International Investment Law: The Mega-Regionals as a Pathway towards Multilateral Rules
Authors: VOON TANIA 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPessimism abounds in international economic law. The World Trade Organization (WTO) faces an uncertain future following its Ministerial Conference in Nairobi in 2015. International investment law is under attack in countries around the world, while mega-regional agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership are beset by world events, from the United States’ federal election to the unexpected Brexit outcome. Yet the appetite of numerous States to continue forging plurilateral trade and investment deals provides some cause for hope. Viewed alongside other institutional developments including consensus-building work at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the potential arguably now exists for credible movement towards multilateral rules in investment law. While the WTO's current negotiating stalemate highlights the difficulties in reaching agreement among 164 Members, international trade law offers lessons for working towards multilateralism in the international investment law field. Alongside informal discussions about a world investment court, mega-regionals provide a vehicle for future multilateral investment rules, particularly through the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership currently under negotiation in Asia.
Introduction: Bargaining on constitutions – Political settlements and constitutional state-building
Authors: BELL CHRISTINE 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:This article considers the relationship between constitutions and political settlements and locates the special issue articles within this wider discussion. The article points to the apparently paradoxical connection between disillusionment with internationalised state-building techniques on one hand, and increased international faith in constitution-making as a state-building tool on the other. Using understandings of the relationship of the constitution to political settlement which draws on conventional constitutional theory, it argues that the current context of negotiated transitions requires constitution-making to be approached with an eye to the distinctive dilemmas of statecraft that pertain in contemporary transitions. The most central dilemma concerns how power-balances between political/military elites can be broadened to ensure the constitution’s capacity to fulfil its normative role in restraining power and delivering broader social inclusion. The pieces which make up this special issue draw together development and legal discourses. This article suggests how constitutional theory provides a resource for those seeking to promote constitutionalism as a tool for reaching political settlements capable of resolving conflict. It also argues that those who seek to rely on constitutions for conflict resolution need to understand this enterprise as just as political and fraught as all other institution-building efforts.
The alchemists: Courts as democracy-builders in contemporary thought
Authors: DALY TOM GERALD 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:Can courts really ‘build’ democracy in a state emerging from undemocratic rule? In contemporary thought, courts are perceived as central components in any political settlement aimed at achieving a functioning democratic order in a previously authoritarian state (this piece, unlike others in the special collection, does not specifically address post-conflict contexts). The past four decades have witnessed an increasing tendency in post-authoritarian states to place significant faith in courts as guardians of the new democratic dispensation – a trend replicated in contemporary democracy-building projects (e.g. Tunisia). Constitutional courts (including supreme courts) are expected not only to breathe life into the paper promises of the democratic constitutional text, but also, increasingly, to guard and build democracy itself by policing political adherence to emerging transnational norms of democratic governance. Outside the state, regional human rights courts have also been cast as democracy-builders, acting as a support, backup mechanism, and even surrogate for domestic courts. Yet, despite this ‘court obsession’, our understanding of courts as democracy-builders remains critically underdeveloped. This article argues that while it has been assumed that courts have a central role to play in democracy-building, this assumption is based on rather slim evidence and undermined by yawning gaps in existing research.
mTORC1 regulates mannose-6-phosphate receptor transport and T-cell vulnerability to regulatory T cells by controlling kinesin KIF13A
Authors: Ahmed Khawaja Ashfaque , Xiang Jim 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) that facilitates cellular uptake of M6P-bearing proteins, including serine-protease granzyme-B (Gzm-B) has an important role in T-cell activation, migration and contraction. However, molecular mechanisms controlling M6PR expression in T cells remain poorly understood. Here, we show that M6PR expression on T cells is distinctively controlled by two common γ-chain cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7, and the differential M6PR expression is not caused by an altered synthesis of M6PR protein, but is a result of distinct regulation of kinesin-3 motor-protein KIF13A that transport M6PR onto cell surfaces. Using signaling pathway-specific inhibitors, we determine that IL-2 and IL-7 distinctly regulate KIF13A and β1-adaptin and cell-surface M6PR by controlling a kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1). Inflammatory cytokine IL-2 and prosurvival cytokine IL-7 induce strong and weak activation of mTORC1, leading to up- and downregulation of motor-protein KIF13A and KIF13A-motorized M6PR on T cells, and formation of IL-2 and IL-7 effectors with M6PRhigh and M6PRlow cell-surface expression, respectively. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin reduces T-cell expression of KIF13A and cell-surface M6PR, and increases T-cell survival in Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. Using regulatory T (Treg)-cell-enriched mouse tumor model, we determine that M6PRhigh IL-2 effectors but not M6PRlow IL-7 effectors adoptively transferred into tumors are vulnerable to Treg Gzm-B-mediated cell apoptosis. Inhibition of mTORC1 or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KIF13A or M6PR renders IL-2 effectors refractory to Treg Gzm-B lethal hit. Overall, our data offer novel mechanistic insights into T-cell M6PR regulation, and Treg-resistant/Treg-susceptible phenomenon. Furthermore, regulation of T-cell fate vis-à-vis Treg suppression via the mTORC1-KIF13A-M6PR axis provides a proof of concept for therapeutic strategies to target cancer, infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Visible light guided manipulation of liquid wettability on photoresponsive surfaces
Authors: Kwon Gibum , Panchanathan Divya , Mahmoudi Seyed Reza , Gondal Mohammed A. , McKinley Gareth H. , Varanasi Kripa K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPhotoresponsive titania surfaces are of great interest due to their unique wettability change upon ultraviolet light illumination. However, their applications are often limited either by the inability to respond to visible light or the need for special treatment to recover the original wettability. Sensitizing TiO2 surfaces with visible light-absorbing materials has been utilized in photovoltaic applications. Here we demonstrate that a dye-sensitized TiO2 surface can selectively change the wettability towards contacting liquids upon visible light illumination due to a photo-induced voltage across the liquid and the underlying surface. The photo-induced wettability change of our surfaces enables external manipulation of liquid droplet motion upon illumination. We show demulsification of surfactant-stabilized brine-in-oil emulsions via coalescence of brine droplets on our dye-sensitized TiO2 surface upon visible light illumination. We anticipate that our surfaces will have a wide range of applications including microfluidic devices with customizable wettability, solar-driven oil–water clean-up and demulsification technologies.
An extra-uterine system to physiologically support the extreme premature lamb
Authors: Partridge Emily A. , Davey Marcus G. , Hornick Matthew A. , McGovern Patrick E. , Mejaddam Ali Y. , Vrecenak Jesse D. , Mesas-Burgos Carmen , Olive Aliza , Caskey Robert C. , Weiland Theodore R. , Han Jiancheng , Schupper Alexander J. , Connelly James T. , Dysart Kevin C. , Rychik Jack , Hedrick Holly L. , Peranteau William H. , Flake Alan W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn the developed world, extreme prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity due to a combination of organ immaturity and iatrogenic injury. Until now, efforts to extend gestation using extracorporeal systems have achieved limited success. Here we report the development of a system that incorporates a pumpless oxygenator circuit connected to the fetus of a lamb via an umbilical cord interface that is maintained within a closed ‘amniotic fluid’ circuit that closely reproduces the environment of the womb. We show that fetal lambs that are developmentally equivalent to the extreme premature human infant can be physiologically supported in this extra-uterine device for up to 4 weeks. Lambs on support maintain stable haemodynamics, have normal blood gas and oxygenation parameters and maintain patency of the fetal circulation. With appropriate nutritional support, lambs on the system demonstrate normal somatic growth, lung maturation and brain growth and myelination.
Preparing for genomic medicine: a real world demonstration of health system change
Authors: Gaff Clara L. , M. Winship Ingrid , M. Forrest Susan , P. Hansen David , Clark Julian , M. Waring Paul , South Mike , H. Sinclair Andrew 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOrganisations and governments seeking to implement genomics into clinical practice face numerous challenges across multiple, diverse aspects of the health care system. It is not sufficient to tackle any one aspect in isolation: to create a system that supports genomic medicine, they must be addressed simultaneously. The growing body of global knowledge can guide decision-making, but each jurisdiction or organisation needs a model for genomic (or personalised) medicine that is tailored to its unique context, its priorities and the funds available. Poor decisions could greatly reduce the benefits that could potentially arise from genomic medicine. Demonstration projects enable models to be tested, providing valuable evidence and experience for subsequent implementation. Here, we present the Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance demonstration project as an exemplar of a collaborative, holistic approach to phased implementation of genomics across multiple autonomous institutions. The approach and lessons learned may assist others in determining how best to integrate genomics into their healthcare system.
Gene expression profiling describes the genetic regulation of Meloidogyne arenaria resistance in Arachis hypogaea and reveals a candidate gene for resistance
Authors: Clevenger Josh , Chu Ye , Arrais Guimaraes Larissa , Maia Thiago , Bertioli David , Leal-Bertioli Soraya , Timper Patricia , Holbrook C. Corley , Ozias-Akins Peggy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractResistance to root-knot nematode was introgressed into cultivated peanut Arachis hypogaea from a wild peanut relative, A. cardenasii and previously mapped to chromosome A09. The highly resistant recombinant inbred RIL 46 and moderately resistant RIL 48 were selected from a population with cv. Gregory (susceptible) and Tifguard (resistant) as female and male parents, respectively. RNA-seq analysis was performed on these four genotypes using root tissue harvested from root-knot nematode infected plants at 0, 3, 7 days after inoculation. Differential gene expression analysis provides evidence that root-knot nematodes modulate biological pathways involved in plant hormone, defense, cell signaling, cytoskeleton and cell wall metabolism in a susceptible reaction. Corresponding to resistance reaction, an effector-induced-immune response mediated by an R-gene was identified in Tifguard. Mapping of the introgressed region indicated that 92% of linkage group A09 was of A. cardenasii origin in Tifguard. RIL46 and RIL 48 possessed 3.6% and 83.5% of the introgression on A09, respectively. Within the small introgressed region carried by RIL 46, a constitutively expressed TIR-NBS-LRR gene was identified as the candidate for nematode resistance. Potential defense responsive pathways include effector endocytosis through clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking, defense signaling through membrane lipid metabolism and mucilage production.