bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative research
Authors: Maher Lisa , Dertadian George 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsThis narrative review aims to highlight key insights from qualitative research on drug use and drug users by profiling a selection of classic works.MethodsConsensus methods were used to identify and select four papers published in 1938, 1969, 1973 and 1984 considered to be classics.ResultsThese landmark qualitative studies included the first account of addiction as a social process, demonstrating that people have meaningful responses to drug use that cannot be reduced to their pharmacological effects; the portrayal of inner‐city heroin users as exacting, energetic and engaged social agents; identification of the interactive social learning processes involved in becoming a drug user; the application of the ‘career’ concept to understanding transitions and trajectories of drug use over time; and the articulation of a framework for understanding drug use that incorporates the interaction between pharmacology, psychology and social environments.ConclusionsThese classic sociological and anthropological studies deployed qualitative research methods to show how drug use is shaped by complex sets of factors situated within social contexts, viewing drug users as agents engaged actively in social processes and worlds. Their findings have been used to challenge stereotypes about drug use and drug users, develop a deeper understanding of drug use among hidden, hard‐to‐research and under‐studied populations, and provide the foundations for significant developments in scientific knowledge about the nature of drug use. They continue to retain their relevance, providing important correctives to biomedical and behaviourist paradigms, reminding us that drug use is a social process, and demonstrating how the inductive approach of qualitative research can strengthen the way we understand and respond to drug use and related harms.
E‐cigarette use in pregnancy: a human rights‐based approach to policy and practice
Authors: van der Eijk Yvette , Petersen Anne Berit , Bialous Stella A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe health risks associated with e‐cigarette use in pregnancy are mostly unknown. Guidelines by the World Health Organization and national health agencies warn women against using e‐cigarettes in pregnancy; however, in the UK, a recent multiagency guideline takes a different approach by not discouraging e‐cigarette use in pregnancy. Furthermore, e‐Voke™, an e‐cigarette, has been approved for use in pregnancy in the UK. We analyze United Nations human rights treaties to examine how they might inform best practice recommendations for e‐cigarette use in pregnancy. These treaties oblige Parties to adopt policies that protect children's and women's right to health, appropriate pregnancy services, and health education. We argue that clinical practice guidelines related to use of e‐cigarettes in pregnancy should consider both evidence and human rights principles, and ensure that healthcare providers and patients are given clear, accurate messages about the known and potential risks associated with e‐cigarette use in pregnancy.
The moult cycle of the terrestrial isopodArmadillo officinalisDuméril, 1816 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea)
Authors: Montesanto Giuseppe , Cividini Sofia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe present work focuses on the moult cycle ofArmadillo officinalis. For a 100‐day period, 134 animals were observed and routinely examined with the aim of detecting distinctive morphological characters in the several stages and substages of the moult cycle and of disclosing their duration. Statistical tests and Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were used to investigate differences and relationships between moult and the size and gender of the animals. The appearance of the calcium carbonate deposits on the pereon sternites during the premoult stage was documented in detail, and three main substages were identified. The average duration of the premoult and of the biphasic ecdysis was about 12 and 1.5 days, respectively. This observation period, however, did not allow to establish a determined average duration of the intermoult stage, which was extremely variable. This stage lasted for 2 months or more in most of the cases observed, but about 1‐month‐long intermoult stages were also recorded. No statistically significant association was found between the number of moults and gender and size of the animals.
Human organisms begin to exist at fertilization
Authors: Miller Calum , Pruss Alexander 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEugene Mills has recently argued that human organisms cannot begin to exist at fertilization because the evidence suggests that egg cells persist through fertilization and simply turn into zygotes. He offers two main arguments for this conclusion: that ‘fertilized egg’ commits no conceptual fallacy, and that on the face of it, it looks as though egg cells survive fertilization when the process is watched through a microscope. We refute these arguments and offer several reasons of our own to think that egg cells do not survive fertilization, appealing to various forms of essentialism regarding persons, fission cases, and a detailed discussion of the biological facts relevant to fertilization and genetics. We conclude that it is plausible, therefore, that human organisms begin to exist at fertilization – or, at the very least, that there are grounds for thinking that they existed as zygotes which do not apply to the prior egg cells. While this does not entail that human persons begin to exist at this point, it nevertheless has considerable significance for this latter question.
A tale of two communication tools: Discussion‐forum and mobile instant‐messaging apps in collaborative learning
Authors: Sun Zhong , Lin Chin‐Hsi , Wu Minhua , Zhou Jianshe , Luo Liming 
Published: August 2017

AbstractComputer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL) has shown considerable promise, but thus far the literature has tended to focus on individual technological tools, without due regard for how the choice of one such tool over another impacts CSCL, either in outline or in detail. The present study, therefore, directly compared the learning‐related uses of an online discussion forum against such use of a mobile instant‐messaging app by the same group of 78 upper‐division undergraduate pre‐service teachers in China. The participants were asked to use one of the two communication tools during the first of three learning activities, then to switch to the other during the second, and to choose their preferred tool for the third. Based on the results of content analysis, social‐network analysis and a survey of the students' attitudes, it was found that while both tools facilitated collaborative learning, they appeared to have different affordances. Specifically, using the online discussion forum resulted in more communication aimed at knowledge construction, while using the mobile instant‐messaging app resulted in more social interactions.
Dexamethasone, rituximab and cyclophosphamide for relapsed and/or refractory and treatment‐naïve patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Authors: Paludo Jonas , Abeykoon Jithma P. , Kumar Shaji , Shreders Amanda , Ailawadhi Sikander , Gertz Morie A. , Kourelis Taxiarchis , King Rebecca L. , Reeder Craig B. , Leung Nelson , Kyle Robert A. , Buadi Francis K. , Habermann Thomas M. , Dingli David , Witzig Thomas E. , Dispenzieri Angela , Lacy Martha Q. , Go Ronald S. , Lin Yi , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Warsame Rahma , Lust John A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Ansell Stephen M. , Kapoor Prashant 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe management of Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) relies predominantly on small trials, one of which has demonstrated activity of dexamethasone, rituximab and cyclophosphamide (DRC) in the frontline setting. We report on the efficacy of DRC, focusing on relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients. Ibrutinib, a recently approved agent in WM demonstrated limited activity in patients with MYD88WT genotype. Herein, we additionally report on the activity of DRC based on the MYD88L265P mutation status. Of 100 WM patients evaluated between January 2007 and December 2014 who received DRC, 50 had R/R WM. The overall response rate (ORR) was 87%. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) and time‐to‐next‐therapy (TTNT) were 32 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15–51) and 50 (95% CI: 35–60) months, respectively. In the previously untreated cohort (n = 50), the ORR was 96%, and the median PFS and TTNT were 34 months (95% CI: 23–not reached [NR]) and NR (95% CI: 37–NR), respectively. Twenty‐five (86%) of 29 genotyped patients harbored MYD88L265P. The response rates and outcomes were independent of MYD88 mutation status. Grade ≥3 adverse effects included neutropenia (20%), thrombocytopenia (7%) and infections (3%). Similar to the frontline setting, DRC is an effective and well‐tolerated salvage regimen for WM. In contrast to ibrutinib, DRC offers a less expensive, fixed‐duration option, with preliminary data suggesting efficacy independent of the patients’ MYD88 status.
Specialist perioperative allergy clinic services in the UK 2016: Results from the Royal College of Anaesthetists Sixth National Audit Project
Authors: Egner W. , Cook T. , Harper N. , Garcez T. , Marinho S. , Kong K. L. , Nasser S. , Thomas M. , Warner A. , Hitchman J. , Floss K. ,   Sixth national audit project (NAP6) steering & Case Review panel, RCoA
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundGuidelines for investigation of perioperative drug allergy exist, but the quality of services is unknown. Specialist perioperative anaphylaxis services were surveyed through the Royal College of Anaesthetists 6th National Audit Project.ObjectivesWe compare self‐declared UK practice in specialist perioperative allergy services with national recommendations.MethodsA SurveyMonkey™ questionnaire was distributed to providers of allergy services in the UK. Responses were assessed for adherence to the best practice recommendations of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI), the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidance on Drug Allergy—CG183.ResultsOver 1200 patients were evaluated in 44 centres annually. Variation in workload, waiting times, access, staffing and diagnostic approach was noted. Paediatric centres had the longest routine waiting times (most wait >13 weeks) in contrast to adult centres (most wait <12 weeks). Service leads are allergists/immunologists (91%) or anaesthetists (7%).Potentially important differences were seen in: testing repertoire [10/44 (23%) lacked BSACI compliant neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) panels and 17/44 (39%) lacked a NAP6‐defined extended panel; many failed to screen all cases for chlorhexidine 19/44 (43%) or latex 21/44 (48%)], staffing [only 26/44 (59%) had specialist nurses and 18/44 (41%) an anaesthetist] and provision of information [18/44 (41%) gave immediate information in clinic and 5/44 (11%) sign‐posted support groups].Most centres were able to provide diagnostic challenges to antibiotics [40/44 (91%]) and local anaesthetics [41/44 (93%)].Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceDiagnostic testing is not harmonized, with marked variability in the NMBA panels used to identify safe alternatives. Chlorhexidine and latex are not part of routine testing in many centres.Poor access to services and patient information provision require attention. Harmonization of diagnostic approach is desirable, particularly with regard to a minimum NMBA panel for identification of safe alternatives.
Allergic sensitization to laboratory animals is more associated with asthma, rhinitis, and skin symptoms than sensitization to common allergens
Authors: Simoneti C. S. , Ferraz E. , de Menezes M. B. , Bagatin E. , Arruda L. K. , Vianna E. O. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundWorkers exposed to laboratory animals have a high risk of developing laboratory animal allergy (LAA). Atopy seems to be the main risk factor for LAA. We hypothesized that occupational sensitization is a better predictor for the development of asthma, rhinitis, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) than common sensitization.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between occupational sensitization to laboratory animals and clinical outcomes.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study performed at two universities on students and employees dealing with small rodents. The subjects were allocated in groups: non‐sensitized, common sensitization, or occupational sensitization, according to the results of the skin prick test (SPT). All subjects answered a questionnaire about animal exposures, symptoms, allergic diseases, and underwent spirometry and bronchial challenge test with mannitol. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR).ResultsData from 453 volunteers were analysed. Non‐sensitized group comprised 237 subjects; common sensitization group, 142 subjects; and occupational sensitization group, 74 subjects. Occupational sensitization was associated with greater risk for all outcomes studied. When the common sensitization group was reference, skin symptoms had PR of 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01‐1.85; wheezing had PR of 1.75, CI 95%: 1.21‐2.53; rhinitis had PR of 1.25, 95%: 1.11‐1.40; nocturnal dyspnoea had PR of 2.40, 95% CI: 1.31‐4.40; bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) had PR of 2.47, 95% CI: 1.50‐4.09; and confirmed asthma had PR of 2.65, 95% CI: 1.45‐4.85. In addition, the overlap of asthma, rhinitis, and skin symptoms in a same subject was significantly more prevalent in the occupational sensitization group, 16.2% versus 4.9% in the common sensitization group.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceOccupational sensitization is associated with allergic symptoms and respiratory diseases. SPT with occupational allergens along with other parameters may contribute to detection of risk for allergic and respiratory diseases associated with exposure to laboratory animals.
Coffin‐Siris syndrome and cardiac anomaly with a novel SOX11 mutation
Authors: Okamoto Nobuhiko , Ehara Eiji , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Miyake Noriko , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTCoffin‐Siris syndrome (CSS) is characterized by growth deficiency, intellectual disability, microcephaly, dysmorphic features, and hypoplastic nails of the fifth fingers and/or toes. Variants in the genes encoding subunits of the BAF complex as well as in SOX11 encoding the transcriptional factor under the control of BAF complex are associated with CSS. We report a new patient with a novel SOX11 mutation. He showed the CSS phenotype and coarctation of the aorta. Sox11 is known to be associated with cardiac outflow development in mouse studies. Therefore, cardiac anomalies might be an important complication in patients with SOX11 mutations.
Angiogenesis on coronary angiography is a marker for accelerated cardiac allograft vasculopathy as assessed by intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Cheng Richard , Kransdorf Evan P. , Wei Janet , Patel Jignesh K. , Kobashigawa Jon A. , Azarbal Babak 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundErrant neovascularization and coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are frequently observed after cardiac transplantation. The relationship between angiographic neovascularization/CAF and coronary plaque progression is unknown.MethodsAngiography and intravascular ultrasound were routinely performed at 4‐6 weeks and 1‐year post‐transplant. Pts were divided into three groups: no angiographic angiogenesis (Group 1), neovascularization only (Group 2), and CAF (Group 3). First‐year changes in maximal intimal thickness (MIT), maximal intimal area (MIA), and percent atheroma volume (PAV) were compared between groups.ResultsThe 106 pts were included, 40/106 in Group 1, 42/106 in Group 2, and 24/106 in Group 3. Respectively, first‐year ΔMIT was 0.14 ± 0.13 mm, 0.32 ± 0.26 mm, and 0.50 ± 0.34 mm, P < .001. ΔMIA was 0.6 ± 0.6 mm2, 1.7 ± 1.8 mm2, and 3.0 ± 2.6 mm2, P < .001. ΔPAV was 2.3 ± 2.5%, 6.0 ± 5.1%, and 9.6 ± 9.0%, P < .001. Rapid plaque progression occurred in 1/40 (2.5%) pts in Group 1, 12/42 (28.6%) in Group 2, and 12/24 (50%) in Group 3, P < .001. Multivariate analysis identified both antithymocyte globulin and presence of CAF as independently associated with rapid plaque progression: OR 0.29 (P = .038) and 4.04 (P = .014).ConclusionNeovascularization and CAF are commonly present on surveillance angiography after cardiac transplantation and may signify amplified angiogenesis. Their presence is associated with accelerated coronary plaque progression by IVUS.
Cerebellar lesions are associated with TSC2 mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex: a retrospective record review study
Authors: Boronat Susana , Thiele Elizabeth Anne , Caruso Paul 
Published: August 2017

AimCerebellar lesions are present in approximately 30% of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Although several prior studies have characterized these lesions, our study provides the first description of the specific distribution of these lesions within the cerebellum and the first genotype–phenotype correlation yet to be published.MethodWe retrospectively reviewed magnetic resonance images from 220 paediatric and adult patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (95 males, 125 females; mean age 22.7y, range 9mo–81y). Sex, age, and genotype of patients with cerebellar lesions were recorded and specific characteristics, including signal intensity, number, shape, presence of enhancement, calcification or haemorrhage, and location within the cerebellar lobules were noted.ResultsFifty‐eight patients (26.4%) had 106 cerebellar lesions (62 right, 44 left). The mean number of cerebellar lesions per patient was 1.8 (range 1–6). Enhancement was present in 42.4% of lesions and folial retraction in 84%. Calcification was detected in 86.8% of lesions. Patients with calcified lesions were older (mean age 21.6y) than patients without calcification (11.5y). TSC2 mutations were detected in 41/42 (97.6%) of patients with cerebellar tubers who had genetic testing and one patient had no mutation identified. None of the patients had TSC1 mutation.InterpretationWe provide new information regarding cerebellar lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex: cerebellar lesions are significantly much more frequent in patients with TSC2 mutations than TSC1 mutations or patients with no mutation identified, and Crus II is the most frequent location of cerebellar lesions. New studies are needed to assess the clinical significance of these lesions.
Long‐term field study of transgenic hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica in a forest setting
Authors: Double M. L. , Nuss D. L. , Rittenour W. R. , Holásková I. , Short D. P. G. , Kasson M. T. , MacDonald W. L. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryTransgenic hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, engineered to contain a chromosomally integrated full‐length infectious cDNA copy of virulence‐attenuating hypoviruses, differ from natural hypovirulent strains in the ability to transmit hypoviruses to ascospore progeny and with 100% efficiency through asexual spores. We report the results of a long‐term field study that examined whether these properties result in enhanced hypovirulence establishment, dissemination and persistence under field conditions. Informed by previous field results using a severe hypovirus, this study that employed 144 American chestnut trees was designed to provide improved inoculum formulation and delivery and to include the use of a mild hypovirus isolate (less debilitating) CHV‐1/Euro7 in an attempt to increase dissemination. Isogenic transgenic hypovirulent (TG), non‐transgenic cytoplasmic hypovirulent (CH) or virus‐free virulent (V) treatment strains were applied to artificially initiated and natural C. parasitica cankers three times each year for 7 years. Reservoirs of treatment inoculum also were initiated and refreshed annually for the first 6 years of the study. Sampling of 111,000 individual ascospores from 4,500 perithecia confirmed hypovirus‐containing spermatia successfully transmitted TG hypoviruses to ascospore progeny under field conditions. Surprisingly, TG ascospore progeny were recovered 3 years after the last annual application of treatment inoculum. Repeated sampling of over 440 cankers revealed dissemination of both CH and TG hypovirulent strains. However, no significance differences in establishment or dissemination were observed for the two hypovirulent strains. The results are discussed in terms of the contribution of ascospore progeny to infection, competition by endemic virulent C. parasitica, size of inoculated trees and the biological control potential of TG hypovirulent strains.
Orthodontically induced osteocyte apoptosis under different force magnitudes in rats: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Kassem Hassan E. , Talaat Iman M. , El‐Sawa Afaf , Ismail Hanan , Zaher Abbas 
Published: August 2017

We investigated the effect of different force magnitudes on osteocyte apoptosis in a model of orthodontic tooth movement. Forty‐nine male Sprague Dawley rats (7–9 wk of age) were divided into light‐ and heavy‐force groups (n = 21 each group) and a control group (n = 7). A coil spring delivered pressure (either 10–15 g or 20–25 g) to the left maxillary first molar. The rats were sacrificed 1, 3, or 5 d after placement of the appliance. Sections of the maxillary first molars were immunostained for caspase‐3. Upon force application, the number of apoptotic osteocytes significantly increased in the pressure side at 1 d and remained the same at 3 d and 5 d. However, there was no significant difference in the number of apoptotic osteocytes between the two force groups. We conclude that osteocyte apoptosis appears to increase under orthodontic loading, reaching a plateau after 1 d. However, osteocyte apoptosis seems to be independent of the magnitude of orthodontic forces tested.