bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Associated Gas Sweetening Process in a Steam Injection Project Using Fluid Simulation
Authors: Elias Ramon , Medizade Mason M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present in the natural gas that is produced from most steam injection thermal enhanced recovery projects. Unlike the natural gas that is produced from non-thermal oil recovery processes, the gas contains high amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and condensable C7+ hydrocarbons. It has a low BTU content (e.g. 400 – 700 Btu/scf) and is not suitable for selling. Instead, it is usually incinerated through flaring or commingled with the steam generator fuel gas stream. In either case, all of the H2S that is present must be removed so that sulfur products of combustion are not released to the atmosphere with the flare or steam generator exhaust gas.
A term used for H2S removal is natural gas "sweetening." Among the various effective sweetening methods is the flow of natural gas through a bed of wood chips impregnated with iron oxide within a reactor called an iron sponge. The H2S in the produced natural gas reacts with the iron oxide to produce insoluble iron sulfide and water. The reaction renders the natural gas free of H2S. But, the reaction is impeded when the bed is contacted by hydrocarbon liquids. This is because a thin film of the liquid forms over the iron oxide and blocks the reaction from occurring. Hydrocarbon liquids form when the feed gas pressure and temperature go beyond the gas mixture's dew point and cross into the PVT phase equilibrium envelope. The capacity for H2S removal by the iron sponge is reduced as hydrocarbon liquids precipitate from the flowing gas.
In this study, fluid simulation software is used to calculate the effects of different fluid compositions on the produced gas dew point. Understanding this behavior enables one to pick suitable temperature and pressure-operating points that promote high H2S removal by avoiding hydrocarbon liquid precipitation. Phase envelopes, from which the dew point is obtained, change depending on gas composition. Relative amounts of light and heavy hydrocarbons were found to have the most significant effects.
The gas compositions used in this study correspond to that measured at Santa Maria Energy's (SME) cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) project located in the Orcutt oil field in northern Santa Barbara County, California. Corresponding phase equilibrium envelopes were calculated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state. This paper provides a range of practical operating pressures and temperatures for improving the performance of SME's iron sponge H2S removal system. This discussion follows an overview of the iron sponge sweetening process and the phase envelope calculation results for the project's produced gas.
Optimizing the Utilization of Miscible Injectant at the Greater Prudhoe Bay Fields
Authors: Ning S. X. , Jhaveri B. S. , Fueg E. M. , Stechauner G. , Jemison J. L. , Hoang T. A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Miscible injectant (MI) has been injected at Prudhoe Bay and its satellite fields for over 30 years. Since 1982, more than three trillion cubic feet of MI has been injected and over 300 million barrels of oil has been produced through this enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. Since MI is a finite resource, the allocation of MI across all the fields in the Greater Prudhoe Bay (GPB) area, as well as the distribution of MI to various injection patterns in each field, must be managed methodically to optimize oil recovery.
This paper provides an overview of all EOR projects at GPB and presents the process and methodology for MI allocation to these projects and to individual injection patterns. A new approach is used to determine the amount of MI allocated to each project based on predicted marginal MI utilization per barrel of EOR oil. The marginal MI utilization of each project is predicted using a COBRA model. COBRA is a full-field scale-up tool for predicting MI performance based on type pattern simulation model results. This paper will discuss the allocation approach used to compare the marginal MI utilization among various projects to determine the optimum MI allocation. The volume of MI allocated to each project is then distributed to the various injection patterns following a pattern ranking process. A new ranking index is proposed to combine a pattern's maturity and efficiency, so that a single indicator can be used to rank injection patterns in order to optimize the utilization of the limited MI resource.
The Polarity of Crude Oil Fractions Affects the Asphaltenes Stability
Authors: Punase Abhishek , Prakoso Andreas , Hascakir Berna 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Asphaltenes and resins are the polar and saturates and aromatics are the nonpolar fractions of the crude oil. The mutual interaction within crude oil fractions results in different overall polarity. With the onset asphaltene precipitation, the overall polarity starts to change drastically and this change affects the asphaltene stability more. This study investigates the crude oil fractions polarity and their individual impact on asphaltene precipitation.
Two crude oil samples with different asphaltene content, API gravity, and viscosity were divided into their Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes (SARA) fractions. The crude oils and their SARA fractions were characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy. The polarity of crude oils and their SARA fractions were determined through dielectric constant measurements by in-house-built capacitance.
The polarity of the individual fractions and bulk crude oil samples were analyzed together to understand how the mutual interaction of crude oil fractions affects the asphaltene stability. The overall polarity of the crude oil is the key to asphaltene stability. Resins and asphaltenes are the polar components of crude oil, thus, resins to asphaltenes ratio affects the overall stability of the asphaltenes. Asphaltenes are soluble in aromatic solvents and insoluble in normal alkanes, thus, while the increase in the saturates fraction in crude oil decreases the asphaltene stability, the increase in the aromatics fraction in crude oil reestablishes the stabilization. The solvent power of saturates and aromatics fractions are controlled by the impurities in saturates and aromatics fractions. Because while saturates and aromatics are known as nonpolar fractions of crude oils, the impurity content of those fractions results in polar sides in both saturates and aromatics fractions. The polar side of those fractions makes the interaction with asphaltenes more pronounced and affect the stability of asphaltenes considerably.
The holistic understanding of the asphaltene stability is achieved by analyzing the polarity of asphaltenes alone and within crude oil. These results are very useful in preventing the asphaltene precipitation and modelling its stability.
Quad-Lateral Success Story in a Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Livingston E. , Lee D. , Werner M. , Tejo B. , Wibisono K. , Redman S. , Callis D. , Bostick C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper documents the success story of the first quad-lateral completion for an Alaskan operator using stacked, rotatable, level 3 junction systems. This well is also the first in the world where the junction system is stacked more than twice in a single well.
This quad-lateral completion design is the product of targeting multiple formation layers from a single wellbore by use of open-hole horizontals with slotted liners. The rotatable, multi-lateral junction system has evolved since the first successful installation on Alaska's North Slope in 2007; it accommodates the increased number of laterals necessary for continued economic exploitation of the West Sak heavy oil reservoir. Diligent communication and preparation were required by the operator and the service provider to successfully execute the installation of this complex completion design. Other keys to success were extensive equipment QA/QC performed prior to mobilization to the rig site and appropriate personnel from the operator and the service provider on location during installation to assist rig personnel.
The quad-lateral completion with stacked junction systems was installed nearly flawlessly from both a time and cost perspective. This successful installation paves the way for the operator's future heavy oil development plans, which include penta-lateral completions using the same stacked junction systems.
This quad-lateral completion design with stacked, rotatable, junction systems is a first globally. This success story will provide insight to other operators faced with similar challenges.
Vapor Phase Combustion in Accelerating Rate Calorimetry for Air-Injection EOR Processes
Authors: Bhattacharya S. , Mallory D. G. , Moore R. G. , Ursenbach M. G. , Mehta S. A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) is unique for its versatility of operation and application - reliability, validity, and accuracy of results - due to very high adiabaticity. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry is one of the screening tests employed to determine the suitability of a reservoir for air- injection Enhanced Oil Recovery. The ARC is well suited for investigating the reaction mechanisms in the Low-Temperature Range, Negative Temperature Gradient Region, and High-Temperature Range. The ARC provides full time-temperature, time-pressure, and self-heat rate-inverse absolute temperature profiles. An experimental and simulation study was carried out to expand knowledge and interpretation of the data derived from high pressure closed ARC tests. Athabasca bitumen was used for the experimental study in a closed ARC at an initial pressure of 13.8 MPag (2,000 psig) to identify the nature of the oxidation reactions occurring over the different temperature ranges.
The simulation component of the study focused on the development of a numerical model that captured the elements of the ARC test. The model incorporated solubility of oxygen and diffusion to control the transfer of oxygen in the liquid oil phase. Mass transfer was found to play an important role at low temperatures up to the temperature where chemical interaction starts to control the distribution of oxygen within the liquid bitumen.
Likewise, vaporization of oil and generation of vapor by cracking reactions are also believed to play an important role in air injection processes. Therefore, a vapor phase combustion reaction was integrated into the traditional Belgrave s kinetic model. This modified model predicted the combustion of vaporized oil in the gas phase by flammable limits and rate of diffusion of the vaporized component in the gas phase to become flammable.
The results of this study indicated that with the addition of mass transfer to the traditional kinetic model, it was possible to predict the negative temperature gradient region. The result showed solubility and diffusion of oxygen played an important role up to a temperature of 125°C where chemical reactions started to control the distribution of oxygen within the liquid bitumen. The results also showed that vapor phase combustion created a temperature gradient between the gas and bitumen phases when vaporized components became flammable. This showed that the ARC could be an effective tool for understanding liquid and vapor phase reaction and their relative importance in different temperature regimes.
Building and Applying a Physics-Based Production and Associated Gas Lift Model to Better Optimize Prudhoe Bay's West End
Authors: Boman Wade 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The westernmost wellpads of Alaska's Prudhoe Bay field, known collectively as the "West End," operate under two primary constraints: gas lift supply pressure and a shared production line velocity limitation. Comprised of four primary wellpads with close to 100 operable wells, the West End produces ~38,000 bopd, approximately 12% of Prudhoe Bay's daily output. These wells have the lowest gas-oil ratio of all Prudhoe wells – a field generally considered gas handling limited – making them all the more important to have online and optimized. In the past, production sorts (rankings) based on total gas-oil ratio, rules of thumb, and adjustments to individual well gas lift rates were the answer to production optimization. However, over time, production changes occurred that went unexplained, or at least unproven, under certain operational conditions. Additionally, it was never known if the wells were optimized as one congruent system.
To address this uncertainty, an industry proven physics based multiphase flow simulator was used to construct two models, one representing the production system and the other representing the gas lift system. The two were then coupled, creating a dual model that allows for the production and gas lift halves to work in tandem and respond to one another. The combined model is now an integral piece of an overarching production model built by BP to model and optimize the vast production system – from sandface to first stage separation – of Prudhoe's surface kit of 47 wellpads and seven production facilities.
The model is used on a weekly basis to help optimize West End production and in pipeline replacement studies. Additionally, the model has been used to show that the overall offtake rate along the gas lift supply line is less important than the offtake locations. Using the model, operating limits are being defined for the field operations personnel and production engineers to stay within during certain field condition scenarios which would affect gas lift supply pressures.
Such a model could be useful for any production system that is constrained by gas lift supply pressures. It is the aim of this paper to describe the building of a model that successfully captures changes in production to a very large set of interconnected gas lifted wells due to fluctuations in gas lift supply pressure, how it is applied, its successes, its limitations, and its future improvements.
Decline Curve Analysis on the Woodford Shale and Other Major Shale Plays
Authors: Bashir Muhammad Omer 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Decline curve analysis (DCA) is the most common method to forecast future production and to estimate ultimate recovery and reserves/well. The traditional form of DCA proposed by Arps is however restricted to boundary-dominated flow regimes. In unconventional shale plays, it is however likely that the transient flow regime may occur for the first few months or years of production. Consequently, the applicability of the traditional forms of DCA to early-time production data may not be appropriate.
This work is divided in to two main sections. In the first section, we apply some of the more recent decline curve models proposed for shale wells to production data acquired from the Woodford shale in Oklahoma. A comparison is then made between the different decline curve models in terms of their ability to replicate production history in a forecast mode. In the second section, we extend earlier work performed by other authors to compare well performance across different shale plays and over different time periods. The DCA presented in the earlier work utilizes a simple Arps decline; in this work, we utilize a composite decline curve that works for the linear transient flow regime and subsequent boundary dominated flows. Our work indicates that while the Arps decline curve analysis approach may be erroneous, in comparison to a more rigorous DCA, the errors are less than 20% in predicting EUR.
A Novel Testing Facility for Coiled Tubing Fatigue Evaluation Under Deep Drilling Conditions
Authors: Perozo N. , Paz C. A. , Teodoriu C. , Holzmann J. , Grijalva O. , Oppelt J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Over the last 30 years, Coiled Tubing (CT) has become one of the most important tool for wellbore interventions, completions and even drilling. The success of this technology lies in its high degree of flexibility which is based on the conscious destruction of its own working material – the Coiled Tubing itself – caused by low cycle fatigue. The current standards and best practices for the fatigue simulation are based on testing frames that are as old as the coiled tubing itself.
In a working environment such as the oil and gas industry, where safety of operation is a key parameter, a reliable fatigue model that allows to track the fatigue damage and to stop using a pipe before it breaks becomes critical.
Therefore, this paper provides a discussion of the existing fatigue testing setups and an inside of the prediction models. The second part of the paper will focus on discussing the true loads of a coiled tubing used for drilling applications.
Finally a newly built for purpose testing facility is presented, showing the latest developments in accurate testing of coiled tubing used for deep drilling applications. The experimental tests have shown a good compatibility with existing testing setups, but the new added capabilities exceed the actual performance, and allow the development of a new coiled tubing fatigue prediction model.
Developing a Hydrologic Monitoring Network in Data‐Scarce Regions Using Open‐Source Arduino Dataloggers
Authors: Hund Silja V. , Johnson Mark S. , Keddie Tom 
Published: April 2016

Core Ideas
An innovative low‐cost open‐source Arduino‐based datalogger was developed.
The datalogger was deployed for hydrologic monitoring in tropical watersheds.
Arduino datalogger performance was robust after overcoming initial challenges.
The system has great potential for automated continuous environmental monitoring.
Continuous hydrologic monitoring is limited in many regions of the world, creating serious knowledge gaps for water resources managers and scientists. Recent advances in open‐source software and hardware technologies, such as the Arduino project, show potential for the development of low‐cost (∼$100) automated dataloggers required for continuous data collection. We developed an Arduino‐based datalogger (the Ecohydro Logger) coupled with water sensors providing digital output to establish a hydrologic monitoring network in the data‐scarce wet‐dry tropics of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. While we experienced some challenges with a first iteration of our Arduino‐based datalogger, an improved version was robust and able to capture long periods of high‐frequency stream discharge data. Integration of the monitoring program into the local community was also key to successful deployment, allowing exchange of local knowledge and support. The accessible and low‐cost nature of Arduino‐based dataloggers can provide a means to extend continuous environmental monitoring into data‐scarce regions.
English Participial Clauses Aand The Strategies Applied In Their Indonesian Translations
Authors: Winiharti Menik 
Published: April 2016

This study analyses the English participial clauses and how they are translated into Indonesian as appearing in Sidney Sheldon’s novel Morning, Noon and Night (1995) which is translated by Hendarto Setiadi as Pagi, Siang dan Malam (1996). This study tries to find out the distribution of the types and the syntactic functions of the participial clauses appearing in the novel and answer the question of what the strategies applied in the translations are. To reach these objectives, this study employs an exploratory-interpretive design since the data are collected nonexperimentally, the type of data collected is qualitative, and the type of analysis is interpretive.
Eksistensi Shinto dalam Shogatsu
Authors: Handayani Ratna , Felicia Felicia , Syah Sonya Munadir 
Published: April 2016

Shinto as one of traditional beliefs of Japanese people unconsciously gives much influence in the cultural activities of Japanese people. Therefore, the authors had examined the existence of Shinto in Shogatsu by distributing questionnaires to the 20 respondents of Osaka University students. The article clarifies the intensity level and purpose of Japanese people in carrying out Shogatsu, in relation to the Shinto as a traditional belief of Japanese people. By use of the library research, analytical descriptive, and questionnaire method, it can be concluded that the majority of Japanese people do the activity of Shogatsu as a custom or tradition, without understanding the real purpose of Shogatsu. Actually, Shogatsu is highly associated to Shinto elements in it.
The Narrative Art of Contemplator: An Analysis on Milan Kundera’s Works
Authors: Feng Ma 
Published: April 2016

Article presented a narrative theoretical analysis on Milan Kundera’s works. Its emphasis point lied on the unity of the theory and the practical explanation to the text. Kundera’s works joined the unique ponder art and the narrative artistic together, which had led to the work a possible implication that would be much richer. Based on a macroscopic angle, this article used the relative theory, including theories on classic and latter classic narrates study. Then, based on the microscopic angle, this article mainly utilized the narrative theory about “the intervention” as well as the acceptable aesthetic theory. What’s more, the article did not only carry on a careful narrative analysis on Kundera’s creation, but also discussed the profound effect with which the narration brought. This article offered some careful and profound discussions respectively on the narrator’s and reader’s intervenes. The narrator intervenes stressed that the narrator’s “narration person, narration method and the narration identity” in the work, and discussed the narrator “we”, illusion narration, parenthesis replenishment narration as well as the Polyphony and reliability which were brought by the narration method and narrator’s identity. The reader intervene stressed the reader’s strategy during the connoisseurship and the acceptance process, and also evaluated reader’s identity during the reading process, and concerned about the lost readers in the “garden paths phenomenon and jungle for explanation”.
Globalization Goes Local: Nationalism in Indonesian Jazz
Authors: Wishnoebroto Wishnoebroto 
Published: April 2016

Article presented how Jazz, as a product of American popular culture, can be very local in Indonesia. Nationalism, in this case, refers to how Indonesian jazz artists translate and create a kind of ‘dialogue’ between jazz and local Indonesian culture. The study used library research by finding what values that jazz had in order to create such dialogue, and how Indonesian nationalism could be transformed in jazz. The evolution of Jazz in Indonesia and the attitude of Indonesian jazz audience were discussed to see the position of jazz in Indonesian popular culture mainstream. It can be concluded that Jazz seems to deconstruct the common notion that music should be understood to be enjoyed. In jazz, the irrational and sometimes absurd combination between jazz and other indigenous culture, has created a specific kinds of the music itself. Jazz in Indonesia has gone through its own cycle of evolution where the western and the eastern culture has created its own art and nobody knows the direction of jazz in the future.