bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Organic Nutrient Sources on Nutrient, Quality and Yield Parameters of Vegetable Cluster Bean
Authors: Kumar Ammaladinne Tharun , Somasundaram E. , Thavaprakaash N. , Ganesan K. , Thingalmani K. Shoba 
Published: September 2024

Aim: The experiment was taken up to study the influence of various organic nutrient sources on soil nutrient availability and their uptake and also on quality parameters of vegetable cluster bean.
Place and Duration of Study: the study was conducted at irrigated wetland farms, TNAU, Coimbatore during the year 2018.
Methodology: The RBD (randomized complete block design) design was adopted and replicated thrice. The total number of treatments were 12 with various basal applications of organic manures namely farm yard manure, vermicompost, humic acid, ghanjeevamrutham and also foliar spray combinations namely panchagavya and banana pseudo stem sap. The standard recommended cultural practices of organic farming were followed for all treatments except fertilizer application and synthetic chemical use.
Results: The data revealed that soil chemical properties viz., pH, EC and organic carbon were not significantly influenced by various organic nutrient sources. Significantly, higher values of N, P and K availability in soil and their uptake by cluster bean crop and crude protein content, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, moistures percentage in cluster bean pods were recorded with 100 % recommended dose of fertilizer and 2% foliar spray of TNAU pulse wonder. However, organic treatments were on par with inorganic treatments for all the nutrient, quality and yield parameters.
Conclusion: Organic treatments like organic farmers practice and FYM along with Panchagavya were recommended to improve nutrient use efficiency and quality of yield, eventually to benefit farmers and complete agricultural ecosystem in terms of profit and sustainability, respectively.
Weed Management with New Generation Herbicides in Rabi Lentil in Sub-mountainous Area of Reasi District
Authors: Koushal Sanjay , Devi Okram Ricky , Laishram Bibek , Barman Dipankar , Singh Bhim 
Published: September 2024

In rabi, 2017–18, a field study was carried out at KVK, Reasi, SKUA&T, Jammu & Kashmir to assess the effectiveness of five herbicides applied alone, in combination with mechanical weeding (MW), or in sequence to study the effects of the herbicides on weed control and production economics of lentil variety L4147 (Pusa Ageti). Three replications of the experiment were conducted using completely randomized block design having six treatments with three replications. The treatments included T1:Weedy check (control), T2: Weed free, T3: Hand Weeding at 30 DAS and 45 DAS (Khurpi), T4: Quizalofop-p-ethyl 5% EC @ 50 g ai /ha at 40 DAS, T:5 Imazethapyr 10% SL at 40 DAS @ 37.5 g ai /ha, T6: Chlorimuron ethyl 25% WP (PPI) @ 4 g ai/ha and T7: Pendimethalin 30% EC (PE) @ 1 kg ai/ha. The most successful approach for controlling weeds, after weed free, was two hand weeding (HAND WEEDING), according to the results. However, at 60 DAS, two hand weedings at 30 DAS and 45 DAS produced the dry matter accumulation and lowest density of all weed species, followed by pendimethalin and Imazethapyr (post-emergence/POE). Under two hand weeding, the highest weed control efficiency of 83% was attained, and this was followed by Imazethapyr at 40 DAS. But under weed-free conditions, the maximum yield (1365 kg /ha) as well as the highest pods per plant (66.07), seeds per pod (1.94) and nodules per plant (8.20) were observed. Two hand weeding was then applied at 25 and 40 DAS. Pendimethalin greatly lowered broad leaved weeds but only moderately controlled grasses and sedges, while it was still better than control when applied alone. In contrast, Imazethapyr significantly suppressed both broad and grasses. When it came to the economic component, two-hand weeding outperformed all other treatments, including control, with the highest net returns, benefit cost ratio (~42294.49 /ha and 2.8), and lowest weed index (2.8). It was discovered that this combined treatment was the most profitable and long-lasting weed control method for lentils.
Information‐rich spectral channels for simulated retrievals of partial column‐averaged methane
Authors: Su Zhan , Xi Xi , Natraj Vijay , Li King‐Fai , Shia Run‐Lie , Miller Charles E. , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: December 2015

Space‐based remote sensing of the column‐averaged methane dry air mole fraction (XCH4) has greatly increased our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns in the global methane cycle. The potential to retrieve multiple pieces of vertical profile information would further improve the quantification of CH4 across space‐time scales. We conduct information analysis for channel selection and evaluate the prospects of retrieving multiple pieces of information as well as total column CH4 from both ground‐based and space‐based near‐infrared remote sensing spectra. We analyze the degrees of freedom of signal (DOF) in the CH4 absorption bands near 2.3 μm and 1.6 μm and select ∼1% of the channels that contain >95% of the information about the CH4 profile. The DOF is around 4 for fine ground‐based spectra (resolution = 0.01 cm−1) and 3 for coarse space‐based spectra (resolution = 0.20 cm−1) based on channel selection and a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 300. The DOF varies from 2.2 to 3.2 when SNR is between 100 and 300, and spectral resolution is 0.20 cm−1. Simulated retrieval tests in clear‐sky conditions using the selected channels reveal that the retrieved partial column‐averaged CH4 values are not sensitive to the a priori profiles and can reflect local enhancements of CH4 in different partial air columns. Both the total and partial column‐averaged retrieval errors in all tests are within 1% of the true state. These simulated tests highlight the possibility to retrieve up to three to four pieces of information about the vertical distribution of CH4 in reality.
Compositional variation and 226Ra‐230Th model ages of axial lavas from the southern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 8°48′S
Authors: Haase K. M. , Brandl P. A. , Devey C. W. , Hauff F. , Melchert B. , Garbe‐Schönberg D. , Kokfelt T. F. , Paulick H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe present geological observations and geochemical data for the youngest volcanic features on the slow spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 8°48′S that shows seismic evidence for a thickened crust and excess magma formation. Young lava flows with high sonar reflectivity cover about 14 km2 in the axial rift and were probably erupted from two axial volcanic ridges each of about 3 km in length. Three different lava units occur along an about 11 km long portion of the ridge, and lavas from the northern axial volcanic ridge differ from those of the southern axial volcanic ridge and surrounding lava flows. Basalts from the axial rift flanks and from a pillow mound within the young flows are more incompatible element depleted than those from the young volcanic field. Lavas from this volcanic area have 226Ra‐230Th disequilibria model ages of 1000 and 4000 years whereas the older lavas from the rift flank and the pillow mound, but also some of the lava field, are older than 8000 years. Glasses from the northern and southern ends of the southern lava unit indicate up to 100°C cooler magma temperatures than in the center and increased assimilation of hydrothermally altered material. The compositional heterogeneity on a scale of 3 km suggests small magma batches rising vertically from the mantle to the surface without significant lateral flow and mixing. The observations on the 8°48′S lava field support the model of low‐frequency eruptions from single ascending magma batches that has been developed for slow spreading ridges.
Effect of solar zenith angle specification in models on mean shortwave fluxes and stratospheric temperatures
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , Hirahara Shoji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMany weather and climate models call their radiation schemes only every 3 h, which we show can lead to a stratospheric temperature overestimate of 3–5 K and wavenumber 8 fluctuations in top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) net shortwave flux around the tropics of amplitude 1.6 W m−2. Solving this problem while retaining a 3h radiation time step requires careful treatment of the cosine of the solar zenith angle, μ0, which appears twice in the calculation of shortwave fluxes, scaling the following: (1) TOA incident flux and (2) the path length of the direct solar beam through the atmosphere. If μ0 is calculated as the average over the radiation time step, rather than at the central time, then the fluctuations are removed, but the stratosphere is still too warm by 2–3 K. It is only if the second μ0 is averaged only over the sunlit part of the radiation time step that the temperature bias is removed.
Tracking the Hercules 265 marine gas well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Romero Isabel C. , Özgökmen Tamay , Snyder Susan , Schwing Patrick , O'Malley Bryan J. , Beron‐Vera Francisco J. , Olascoaga Maria J. , Zhu Ping , Ryan Edward , Chen Shuyi S. , Wetzel Dana L. , Hollander David , Murawski Steven A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOn 23 July 2013, a marine gas rig (Hercules 265) ignited in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The rig burned out of control for 2 days before being extinguished. We conducted a rapid‐response sampling campaign near Hercules 265 after the fire to ascertain if sediments and fishes were polluted above earlier baseline levels. A surface drifter study confirmed that surface ocean water flowed to the southeast of the Hercules site, while the atmospheric plume generated by the blowout was in eastward direction. Sediment cores were collected to the SE of the rig at a distance of ∼0.2, 8, and 18 km using a multicorer, and demersal fishes were collected from ∼0.2 to 8 km SE of the rig using a longline (508 hooks). Recently deposited sediments document that only high molecular weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the rig suggesting higher pyrogenic inputs associated with the blowout. A similar trend was observed in the foraminifera Haynesina germanica, an indicator species of pollution. In red snapper bile, only HMW PAH metabolites increased in 2013 nearly double those from 2012. Both surface sediments and fish bile analyses suggest that, in the aftermath of the blowout, increased concentration of pyrogenically derived hydrocarbons was transported and deposited in the environment. This study further emphasizes the need for an ocean observing system and coordinated rapid‐response efforts from an array of scientific disciplines to effectively assess environmental impacts resulting from accidental releases of oil contaminants.
Water renewals in the Saguenay Fjord
Authors: Belzile Mélany , Galbraith Peter S. , Bourgault Daniel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWater renewals and renewal times of the Saguenay Fjord are investigated and classified according to their intrusion depth. Renewal dynamics are controlled by a shallow sill (∼20 m) at the fjord mouth, by large tides that are a distinguishing feature of the Saguenay Fjord and by large vertical mixing inside the inner basin (
). A mooring was deployed in the inner basin of the fjord to provide a clearer quantitative understanding of the complexity and seasonality of water renewals in this seasonally ice‐covered fjord. The mooring provided information on currents over nearly the entire water column, along with temperature‐salinity at a few discrete depths. Hydrographic temperature and salinity transects spanning multiple seasons and years as well as turbulence profiles were also collected. The observations show that the fjord dynamics are more complex than previously hypothesized, with large changes in renewal event depths leading to three different renewal regimes. Part of this renewal depth variability may be explained by the seasonality of the St. Lawrence estuarine circulation. Because of the large turbulence within the inner basin bottom layer, the density decreases over time such that new deep renewals can occur every year. The mechanisms behind the large vertical mixing cannot yet be clearly identified but a statistically significant correlation (
) suggests that internal wave breaking may be a significant contributor to deep turbulence mixing in the inner basin. The renewal time of the inner basin waters is estimated to be between 1 and 6 months.
Tidally discontinuous ocean forcing in bar‐built estuaries: The interaction of tides, infragravity motions, and frictional control
Authors: Williams M. E. , Stacey M. T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractShallow, bar‐built estuaries on wave‐dominated coasts in Mediterranean climates experience an intermittent connection to the ocean. In the presence of low streamflow, their inlets may completely close as a result of nearshore sand transport, but even in the open condition, these inlets remain constricted. Extensive field measurements in the highly salt‐stratified Pescadero estuary in northern California show that the shallow mouth causes these estuaries to experience discontinuous tidal forcing. While the ocean and estuary are fully connected with near‐equal water levels, tidal velocities are slow but infragravity motions in the nearshore induce large velocity oscillations within the estuary. As the ocean tide falls, infragravity forcing is cut off, because the estuarine mouth is perched above the low tide ocean water level, and ebbing velocities are set by bed friction. Observations reveal this oscillation between ocean‐forced and frictionally controlled conditions characterizes and sets estuarine hydrodynamics. Additional wave setup of the lagoon emphasizes the dependence of these estuaries on nearshore ocean conditions, but the diurnal or semidiurnal retreat of the ocean below the mouth cuts off this nearshore influence so it too is tidally varying. Here we present detailed observations and a framework for understanding hydrodynamics in small, shallow bar‐built estuaries.
Characteristics of a negative lightning with multiple‐ground terminations observed by a VHF lightning location system
Authors: Sun Zhuling , Qie Xiushu , Liu Mingyuan , Jiang Rubin , Wang Zhichao , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPropagation characteristics of a negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning with four leader‐return stroke sequences exhibiting four ground terminations, referred to as multiple termination flash, are analyzed using a two‐dimensional mapping system of lightning radiation sources in VHF band along with broadband electric field change records. The four stepped leader‐stroke sequences were produced from two different branches of the preliminary breakdown process inside the cloud, and the time intervals between each adjacent two leader‐stroke sequences were 82.9 ms, 81.4 ms, and 152.2 ms, respectively. The first two stroke sequences were multiple termination strokes (MTSs), and each MTS showed two different ground terminations induced by two leader branches. The corresponding electric field changes exhibited two fast‐rising waveforms separated by 1.5 ms and 2.7 ms, respectively, and the second peak was 3–4 times smaller than the first. The second grounding branch in each MTS occurred when its channel was in poor connection conditions to the main stroke channel. The third and fourth leader‐stroke sequences connected to the ground with one of the different grounded channels of the second MTS. The dart leaders before these two strokes exhibited chaotic pulse trains (CPTs) with significant slow electric field variations accompanying strong and continuous VHF radiations. The CPTs only occurred in the dart leader stage which propagated with a speed in an order of 107 m/s. Different from dart leader, attempted leader was associated with regular pulse trains and propagated at a speed order of 106 m/s along the previous channel.
In utero TNF‐α treatment induces telomere shortening in young adult mice in an ATF7‐dependent manner
Authors: Liu Binbin , Maekawa Toshio , Chatton Bruno , Ishii Shunsuke 
Published: December 2015

Epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to stress during intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomeres in young adulthood, and a correlation between telomere length in early life and lifespan has been suggested. However, empirical studies evaluating these phenomena have not been performed, and the mechanism of stress‐induced telomere shortening remains unknown. Since the level of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) in peripheral blood cells is increased by various psychological stresses, the effect of TNF‐α administration to pregnant mice on telomere length in adulthood was examined in the present study. In utero TNF‐α treatment‐induced telomere shortening in adult mice. Telomere shortening was observed in certain tissues such as the bone marrow, spleen, and lung, and was detected at specific age ranges during adulthood. Telomere shortening was not observed in mice lacking the stress‐responsive transcription factor ATF7, which contributes to heterochromatin formation in the absence of stress. The present study identified the conditions under which in utero TNF‐α treatment induces telomere shortening in adulthood.
Biological aging and physical fitness in men aged 20–70 years fromKraków,Poland
Authors: Gołąb Stanisław , Woronkowicz Agnieszka , Kryst Łukasz 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe increasing problem of population aging requires appropriate economic and health‐related measures to mitigate its negative effects. The aim was to categorize the biological age of men between 20 and 70 years of age and assess its relationship to their physical activity and fitness.MethodsData included morphological variables, total body water, the results of five Eurofit motor tests and the percentage of maximum heart rate (HR%), during a cardiovascular test of more than 1,400 20–70 year‐old men living in Kraków. Biological age was estimated with regression equations.ResultsThere were significant and consistent differences in physical fitness profiles between the three established groups of relations between biological and chronological age (biologically younger, equal, and older). These three categories of biological age were generally consistent with the regression analysis of physical fitness results, although declared physical activity seemed to be an independent factor.ConclusionsThe selected morphological variables represent a set of characteristics useful for the determination of the biological age. The existing relationship between physical activity and biological age indicates that physical activity may contribute to the inhibition of involutional changes, even if it had only been performed regularly in the past. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:503–509, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reductive Amination/Cyclization of Keto Acids Using a Hydrosilane for Selective Production of Lactams versus Cyclic Amines by Switching of the Indium Catalyst
Authors: Ogiwara Yohei , Uchiyama Takuya , Sakai Norio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDescribed herein is that the catalytic construction of N‐substituted five‐ and six‐membered lactams from keto acids with primary amines by reductive amination, using an indium/silane combination. This relatively benign and safe catalyst/reductant system tolerates the use of a variety of functional groups, especially ones that are reduction‐sensitive. A direct switch from synthesizing lactams to synthesizing cyclic amines is achieved by changing the catalyst from In(OAc)3 to InI3. This conversion occurs by further reduction of the lactam using the indium/silane pair.
Curing BiVO4 Photoanodes with Ultraviolet Light Enhances Photoelectrocatalysis
Authors: Li Tengfei , He Jingfu , Peña Bruno , Berlinguette Curtis P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExposure of BiVO4 photoanodes to ultraviolet (UV) radiation for extended time periods (e.g., 20 h) produces a morphological change and concomitant improvement in photo‐electrocatalytic (PEC) efficiency for driving water splitting directly by sunlight. The ∼230 mV cathodic shift in onset potential and doubling of the photocurrent at 1.23 V vs. RHE after UV curing are comparable to the effects engendered by the presence of a secondary catalyst layer. PEC measurements and absorption spectra indicate that the cathodic shift after UV curing corresponds to a suppression of charge recombination and a greater photovoltage generation caused by the shift of the flat‐band potential, and not an improvement in electrocatalytic activity or light absorption. Spectroscopic surface analysis suggests that surface defect sites, which are eliminated by UV curing, for the differences in observed charge recombination.
Comparison of the Lumbosacral Plexus Nerves Formation in Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and Crab‐Eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Relationship to Plexus Model in Dogs
Authors: Lorenzão Caio José , Zimpel Aline Veiga , Novakoski Eduardo , da Silva Aline Alves , Martinez‐Pereira Malcon Andrei 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the spinal nerves that constitute the lumbosacral plexus (LSP) were dissected in two species of South American wild canids (pampas fox—Pseudalopex gymnocercus, and crab‐eating fox—Cerdocyon thous). The nerves origin and distribution in the pelvic limb were examined and compared with the LSP model of the dog described in the literature. The LSP was formed by whole ventral branches of L5 at L7 and S1, and a contribution of a one branch from S2, divided in three trunks. The trunk formed by union from L5‐6 and S1 was divided into the cranial (cutaneus femoris lateralis nerve) medial (femoralis nerve) and lateral branches (obturatorius nerve). At the caudal part of the plexus, a thick branch, the ischiadicus plexus, was formed by contributions from L6‐7 and S1‐2. This root gives rise to the nerve branches which was disseminated to the pelvic limb (nerves gluteus cranial and gluteus caudal, cutaneus femoris caudalis and ischiadicus). The ischiadicus nerve was divided into fibularis communis and tibialis nerves. The tibialis nerve emits the cutaneus surae caudalis. The fibularis communis emits the cutaneus surae lateralis, fibularis superficialis and fibularis profundus. The pudendus nerve arises from S2 with contributions of one branch L7‐S1 and one ramus of the cutaneus femoris lateralis. Still, one branch of S2 joins with S3 to form the rectales caudales nerve. These data provides an important anatomical knowledge of a two canid species of South American fauna, besides providing the effective surgical and clinical care of these animals. Anat Rec, 299:361–369, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gain‐Scheduled Control via Switching of LTI Controllers and State Reset
Authors: Masubuchi Izumi , Ishii Shota , Ohta Yuzo , Saeki Masami 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper proposes a synthesis method of gain‐scheduled control systems that switch linear time‐invariant controllers according to hysteresis of the scheduling parameter. Stability and L2‐gain analysis and synthesis methods for switched systems are applied to the switched gain‐scheduled control synthesis using reset of the controller state, where also the reset law is computed via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In addition to optimization of an upper bound of L2‐gain, we reduce jumps of control input via an auxiliary optimization. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the switched gain‐scheduled controller.