bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Greatest Show in Rockville”
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
After three months of drug raids in the Montgomery County public schools, parents and students were demanding that the school district respond. The Board of Education had visited Brian Berthiaume’s Other Way therapeutic school, and Berthiaume proposed a similar program that would be more narrowly focused on drugs. The politics driving the board vote were intense, occurring in an election year in which the balance of power had shifted. The new board voted to end superintendent Charles Bernardo’s contract on the same day the police department fired Robert di Grazia—two of the main figures in the drug raid saga. During a raucous board meeting featuring a debate over a Black culture course and a gallery filled with followers of Meher Baba, the board approved a pilot program that would be the first recovery high school run by a school district.
Evaluation
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
After two years, the Phoenix School was evaluated by two groups, and the findings were mixed. The Montgomery County Department of Educational Accountability produced an internal report in February 1981 that profiled twelve students. A second evaluation by the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation was released in December 1981, and its sample included ten Phoenix students and a matched sample of nine similar students not at Phoenix. Limited as they may have been, the data were negative enough to cause concern, essentially showing students were still using drugs. In response, the Phoenix Parents Advisory Committee compiled a report of supportive letters from over fifty students, parents, and staff. Their report was so positive, the board renewed the Phoenix budget and also received a request from the superintendent to expand the program with a second campus.
Phoenix II
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The demand for the Phoenix School had grown, but space and philosophy limited its enrollment. Brian Berthiaume had long felt Phoenix needed another site, and, in June 1982, the superintendent had gone on the record in support of expanding the program. Sally Eller, a middle school special education teacher, was hired to run the second campus, which opened in Gaithersburg in January 1983. This chapter provides Eller’s background and explains how she helped give the Phoenix II program its own distinct culture, including the creation of a drug education class, outdoor experiential activities, required abstinence, and mutual aid meeting attendance. In 1989, Phoenix II moved into a new site built by MCPS construction trades students, an event commemorated with a letter from First Lady Nancy Reagan. The chapter culminates with a description of the annual Thanksgiving gratitude celebration.
Sparks
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The burgeoning drug war, the Just Say No campaign, media pieces on the Phoenix schools, and efforts to promote Phoenix I and II did not translate into rapid expansion of other recovery high schools. This chapter explores other high schools focused on substance use that opened during the 1980s. In the four years following the start of Phoenix II in January 1983, recovery high schools opened in Texas, Missouri, and Washington state. Each, however, was an isolated case, and the growth resembled kindling sparks rather than a massive movement. The chapter describes some of those schools and notes that while their seeds of influence can be seen in schools that came later, none, including the Phoenix schools, were closely associated with the expansion of recovery high schools that occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Peers Enjoying a Sober Education
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter profiles early students at Holos, including their experiences in treatment and the therapeutic communities where they lived. The evolution of the school, its daily routines, and its nonprofit organization are explored. The school prioritized accessibility and inclusivity, hoping to have a diverse enrollment, which led to them never charging tuition, and building an advisory board that would not only help with funding, but also with identifying students from diverse sources. The board included representatives from city government, the juvenile court, and Black Educators of the Twin Cities. Anticipating Holos would have multiple programs besides the school, the first students were asked to change the name of the school. They eventually agreed upon Peers Enjoying a Sober Education (P.E.A.S.E.) Academy, in part because its acronym resembled peace, which was what they experienced at the school.
Epilogue
Authors: Finch Andrew J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The focus of the book is on the origin of the recovery high school movement. This epilogue, though, explores what happened to the recovery high schools profiled in the book. While Freedom Road in South Carolina and the PDAD GED School in Texas did not have long histories, the two Phoenix schools in Maryland, and Sobriety High and P.E.A.S.E. Academy in Minnesota lasted for decades—P.E.A.S.E. Academy is still operating today. The six schools described in this book are the ones that sparked and launched the recovery high school movement, and this chapter provides an account of their fate.
An Ancient Grammar of Animation and Technē
Authors: De Groot Jean 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper provides a descriptive grammar of imitation (mimēsis), especially imitation of living things, in antiquity. I first survey ancient philosophical notions of what constitutes life. Then, fundamental aspects of mimēsis are distingushed—similarity, iteration, duplication, and participation. Analysis of Plato’s Forms (R. E. Allen and David Sedley) and Aristotle’s On Memory and Recollection show that Plato and Aristotle had already charted the philosophical mistakes connected with understanding iteration and imitation. Their analyses are relevant to our own understanding of imitation. The aim of the paper is to understand the level of conviction (pistis) an ancient viewer had that the crafted images of living things they saw were alive. The thesis of the paper is that the human viewer (theatēs) is the one who ‘animates’ mechanical imitations by his cognitional participation in a theatrical display. Story is central to the viewer’s participation. Conviction on the viewer’s part was nevertheless incomplete. They did not take mechanized figures as living. The uncanny was likely one attraction of mechanized figures of living things and miniature theatre in antiquity.
Strange Loops
Authors: Roby Courtney 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Hero of Alexandria’s Automata describes the design and construction of theatrical automata. These elaborate devices could be mechanically programmed to perform a variety of activities, including rolling around the floor on any of several predetermined paths, sparking a group of dancing figurines to life, or even presenting a multiscene play with changing backdrops and puppet actors. Hero presents his automata as mechanical systems shaped by an iterative dynamic between craftsman and machine: the craftsman begins with a plan for the automaton, but the automaton’s own material complications ‘reprogramme’ the plan in various ways throughout the construction process. These ancient automata are driven by stubbornly material, mechanical components, and yet the iterative process of designing and fitting the automaton to play out its ‘programme’ turns out to resemble the day-to-day work of constructing algorithms like those that guide modern automated systems more than the cleanly finished products might suggest. In this paper, I explore the material complications of Hero’s automata, the extent to which his automata aim for realism, and the ways in which Hero’s instructions to a reader-builder appeal to the kind of looped ‘respecification’ modern algorithms require as their designs are gradually refined by the complications of the world in which they operate.
From ‘Dolls’ to Puppets
Authors: Muratov Maya 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Although Moses Finley referred to ancient pottery as ‘the curse of archaeology’ because of the ‘indestructability of pots’, clay is not considered a durable medium, well suited for production of movable objects. However, terracotta figurines with articulated body parts represent a class common all over the Greek and Roman world during all periods. As the movable objects made from metal, wood, and other perishable materials have not survived, articulated clay figurines abound. This paper discusses two categories of objects. The first group of articulated figurines, often referred to as ‘dolls’, most commonly found in sanctuaries and graves, always sports articulated legs (and, occasionally, arms). Invariably, there is a perforation on the head for suspension—a state that ensures that the figurines could move as if on their own while dangling. In order for the objects in the second category to be set in motion, direct involvement of humans is required; they do not require suspension and usually have one or more body parts that could be moved by pulling a string. The paper investigates not only technological aspects of the different kinds of the string-pulling mechanisms; by drawing iconographic comparisons from other types of objects, it also explores the importance and possible significance of motion in a variety of contexts.
Manufacturing Movement in Aristotle’s Motion of Animals
Authors: Webster Colin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a well-known, but misunderstood, simile in On the Motion of Animals, in which Aristotle compares the sinews and bones of the body to the ‘twisted cords’ and wooden parts of an automaton and a device called ‘the little wagon’ (τὸ ἁμάξιον). Much of the confusion has emerged because scholars assume that Aristotle, like we moderns, attributes animal motions to the contraction of muscles, which pulls the bones. This, however, is incorrect. Aristotle thinks that animal motion is driven by the natural elasticity of tendons and sinews, which are clustered around the joints. Acknowledging this fact supports a second argument, namely, that scholars have misidentified the devices to which Aristotle refers, insofar as they have characterized the little wagon as a child’s pushcart and the automaton as a counterweight-driven theatrical device. This chapter argues that Aristotle is instead describing mechanisms powered by hysplenx torsion springs, which were invented only a few decades prior. Hysplenx springs were made from twisted animal sinews, which were wound around a wooden ‘arm’. When the tightened spring was released, it would forcefully push the arm, which could be used to power starting gates, catapults, or automata of various configurations. This chapter suggests that in On the Motion of Animals Aristotle is explaining how sinews function in the body by examining how contemporary craftspeople use sinews to produce motion in their machines. It thereby outlines the complicated and recursive relationship between anatomy, physiology, and technical devices in this text.
Technolarynges in Classical Antiquity
Authors: Gerolemou Maria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the realm of artificial voice and speech as indicators of animacy, highlighting the intricate challenges posed by technological reproduction in contrast to natural voice and speech in antiquity. While the latter is inherently tied to the biological apparatus of lungs, larynx, and other organs found exclusively in humans and animals, the replication of voice and speech through technology necessitates the simulation of a body environment, be it human or animal. However, technological reproduction tends to focus solely on mimicking the physical aspects of voice and articulation, overlooking the complexity of rational speech. Unlike mere vocalization, rational speech encompasses the nuanced functions of signification and subjectivity, characteristics intrinsic to humans and gods. Interestingly, non-technical sources depict talking machines capable of rational speech, attributing their believability to the application of pneumatic principles and tools. This juxtaposition underscores the divergence between technological replication and the rich, multifaceted nature of rational speech, shedding light on the intricate interplay between artificial and natural forms of communication in antiquity.
Speaking Doors
Authors: Wessels Antje 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In ancient cultures, inanimate things are often considered to be living beings with their own will and personality. This applies specifically to doors. Doors are able to structure and restructure (existing) spaces, such as, for example, the boundaries between the public and the private spheres, and they succeed in (temporarily) linking spaces, while at the same time emphasizing the differences between these spaces. Unlike bridges and windows, doors signal their potential to permit access to what otherwise would be closed, and they can demonstrate rejection by being closed or even locked. Doors ‘speak’. In ancient literature, they do so not only in a metaphorical, but also in a literal sense. They are presented as speakers with a human voice, and sometimes even as human beings who are able to reflect on their own history. This paper explores the material aspects of doors and their parts (such as bars, hinges, and the like). To what extent do the material features of a door have an impact on the conceptualization of doors and their ability to have a voice?
Dead or Alive? Giving Life to Bronze
Authors: Mattusch Carol C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To produce a bronze statue, clay, wax, and bronze are modelled and literally poured into being, transformed by means of wax from solid to liquid and back again to solid. The metamorphosis of materials is the essence of the process; the finished product can make a statue seem to be a living being. Inlaid stone eyes, copper lips, silver fingernails, gave life to the metal, as did light moving across a polished bronze body. Ancient testimonia reveal a fascination with the lifelike appearance of bronzes. Odysseus sees in the palace of Alkinoos ‘golden youths (χρύςειοι κοῡροι), holding in their hands blazing torches, and standing on the strong-compounded bases, to shed a gleam through the house by night, and to shine on the banqueters’ (Homer Odyssey 7.100–102). In Rome, Lucretius scorned his contemporaries who had ‘golden images of boys (aurea simulacra) holding flaming torches in their right hands to light banquets that last into the night’ (De rerum natura 2.24–26.15). There are also reports of statues actually coming alive: at Olympia, a boxer who was defeated by Theagenes of Thasos beat up the victor’s statue every night, until eventually the statue fell on him and killed him. The man’s sons sued the statue for murder, and the Thasians threw the statue in the sea, whereupon their crops failed. The oracle of Apollo at Delphi made them recover the statue: fishermen recovered it, the statue was reinstated, and all was well (Pausanias 6.11.5–9).
Trains and Boats and Planes
Authors: Ruffel Isabel A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Processions involving ships are a feature of a number of festivals, not least the Athenian Anthesteria (or Dionysia) and Panathenaea, and the Dionysia at Smyrna. It is only a short step to have such ships progress from direct haulage to have the ships’ motion be mediated mechanically. This chapter considers the evidence for such mechanical ships at the Panathenaea, their relationship to the traditional methods of locomotion of such devices, to the wider role of mechanical devices (including alleged automata) in other festival contexts, and to attested forms of naval machinery in a non-festive context. It will consider on the one hand the likely technological solutions to puzzles posed by enigmatic testimonia, not least drawing a ship up the Panathenaic Way, and on the other the motivation for technical animation of ships in these contexts.
The Importance of the Construct
Authors: Bur Tatiana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Objects were technologically animated in a variety of religious contexts in the Graeco-Roman world—in procession, temples, theatrical performance, divinatory settings, for example. This chapter focuses on the issue of viewership, probing the relationship between the divine, the object, the human worshipper, and human technician. It explores the examples of rotating wheels displayed or used in temples known largely from pneumatic texts, a pair of epigrams that describe technologically animated votives, and considers the perspective of the mechanician through use of Hero of Alexandria’s On Automata. Far from suggesting that a blind naivety on the ancient audience’s behalf rendered these animated technologies ‘magical’, the chapter argues for a nuanced understanding of how visible, technical elements of construction were key to the success of the animation, and thus to the religious effectiveness of the objects.
Introduction
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Introduction sets the perspective for the book by starting from the assumption that social life is defined by collective struggles. Such struggles, it argues, are about exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. These processes originate from the global dynamics of neoliberalism, global capitalism, and settler colonialism. To transcend a Western-centred or Europe-centred sociological reasoning, it argues in favour of a relational perspective that takes seriously the relations of the West and the Rest by considering a historical perspective of the intrinsic relation. In reminding of the almost forgotten idea of social closure, it argues that a fundamentally new theoretical approach to it allows for analysing and explaining these processes. It discusses the critical aspects of such an approach, clarifies its methodological relational perspective, and outlines the argument of the book.
Beyond Max Weber
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter consolidates the results of the discussion on Weber’s conceptual and empirical approach. It summarizes the merits of Weber’s work while also paving the way for a new theory of social closure that necessarily must extend beyond Weber’s ideas. The chapter contends that to address social closure struggles—manifestations of asymmetric social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination—a new approach must reject Weber’s methodological individualism. Instead, this chapter argues in favour of a relational perspective and suggests the development of new concepts of group action, power, and life chances for closure theory.
The Explanatory Logic of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter summarizes the advantages of a new explanatory approach to social closure, emphasizing its relational character. It explains how the social mechanisms of denial of access and intervention into community closure operate within social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. The chapter highlights, again, how the same mechanisms function consistently across different contexts but result in varied outcomes. It also argues that determining which strategy and which resource of power is dominant at any given time is always an empirical question, not one that follows a derivative logic. Additionally, the chapter explains that the new approach is meant to analyse in detail dynamics and processes that help to understand the strategies of the excluders, exploiters, and eliminators, while noting that analysis of counterstrategies within these relations lies beyond the scope of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCausal inquiry, when properly understood, has a vital role to play in the study of world politics, yet in the discipline of International Relations (IR), important aspects of causal inquiry are widely misunderstood. As outlined in this Introduction, Causal Inquiry in International Relations aims to: (i) demonstrate and rectify some deeply entrenched misunderstandings about causation, causal inference, and causal explanation, among other closely related subjects; (ii) provide a more adequate account of the basic logic of causal inquiry that underlies all causal research, irrespective of the particular methods applied; and (iii) enhance collective understanding of the contribution that causal inquiry can make to empirically rich and critically aware scholarship about world politics and highlight some of the challenges that are likely to arise, even in high-quality work, when conducting causal inquiries in IR.
Introduction
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In order to test Max Weber’s approach to the development of bureaucracy one needs a workable definition of its main characteristics. Four main features are the structural differentiation, monocracy, professionalism, and formalism of officialdom. Weber’s approach further suggests that bureaucratization is a long-term development trend, that it is revolutionary and is the tool of the powerful in maintaining their ‘dominion’. These arguments will be developed in an examination of six territories (Hungary, England, Spain, Germany, France, and Sweden) in five different time periods (the ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, and eighteenth centuries and the period from the mid-twentieth to the early twenty-first century). The analysis will look not only at the higher administrative levels, termed ‘secretariat officialdom’, but also at ‘territorial’ and (especially neglected) ‘service’ officialdom.
Twelfth-century feudal officialdom
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Government in the twelfth century is often described as ‘feudal’, albeit this is a controversial term. It does point to the fragmentation of political authority among a variety of different ‘lordships’ within a territory. Alongside this fragmentation, the period witnesses significant elaboration of forms of administrative organization consistent with Weber’s argument, above all in the elaboration of forms of service officialdom. In this period, it is possible to detect a strengthening power of royal government especially through the development of forms of territorial government with powers of supervision over other regional and local forms of administration. Yet this was not a move towards bureaucratization through creating monocratic forms of administration. The role of territorial officialdom was concerned with supervising and giving account rather than establishing command and direction.
Growing intensity in the fifteenth century
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Using the notion of growing governmental ‘intensity’, referring to a more visible presence of government among communities, a growing integration between wider area and local forms of government, as well as a growing popular involvement in governmental institutions, this chapter examines levels of professionalism and organizational differentiation in later medieval government, more marked in service officialdom such as municipal government, as well as the tendency for ‘bureaucratic’ features, including above all organizational differentiation and professionalization, to develop more strongly the greater the remoteness of officials from the main source of authority,. The notion that these developments can be characterized as ‘centralization’, still less a product of state-led reforms, can be challenged.