bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of a multicentre UK‐wide retrospective study evaluating the efficacy of pixantrone in relapsed, refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Eyre Toby A. , Linton Kim M. , Rohman Phillipa , Kothari Jaimal , Cwynarski Kate , Ardeshna Kirit , Bailey Chris , Osborne Wendy L. , Rowntree Clare , Eden Dewi , Shankara Paneesha , Eyre David W. , Jasani Parag , Chaidos Aristeidis , Collins Graham P. , Hatton Chris S. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryRelapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in those unfit or ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation is associated with a poor outcome and new treatment approaches are needed. Pixantrone is a novel aza‐anthracenedione which is structurally similar to anthracyclines and is licenced in R/R DLBCL and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)‐approved following the PIX301 trial. No data exist post‐NICE approval. We performed a UK‐wide retrospective multi‐centre study of 92 R/R DLBCL who received pixantrone. Eighty‐five per cent had refractory disease and 72% had an international prognostic index (IPI) 3–5 at commencement of pixantrone. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 2·0 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–2·4) and the median overall survival was 3·4 months (95% CI 2·7–4·5). The overall response rate was 24% (complete response 10%; partial response 14%). We demonstrate that pixantrone has limited activity in a cohort of high risk, predominantly refractory DLBCL. Multivariate Cox regression revealed that patients who relapsed >12 months after first line treatment, those with fewer prior lines of therapy and relapsed (non‐refractory) DLBCL had improved PFS. The major population of unmet need are those with refractory DLBCL who are poorly represented within trials and in whom pixantrone appears less efficacious compared to relapsed DLBCL.
Brine formation recorded by stable isotopes of Recent benthic foraminifera in Storfjorden, Svalbard: palaeoceanographical implications
Authors: Mackensen Andreas , Schmiedl Gerhard 
Published: March 2016

We discuss water oxygen isotopes (δ18Ow) and carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) of brine‐enriched shelf water (BSW) from Storfjorden (southern Svalbard) in comparison to Recent benthic foraminiferal δ18Oc and δ13Cc calcified in the same water. We determined relatively high δ18Ow values of 0.15±0.03‰ VSMOW in BSW below sill depth at temperatures below −1.8 °C, and high δ18Oc values of 3.90±0.18‰ VPDB. Such high BSW δ18Ow cannot significantly deplete 18Ow contents of Arctic Ocean deep water; furthermore, such high δ18Oc cannot be distinguished from δ18Oc values of 3.82±0.12‰, calcified in warmer Arctic and Nordic seas intermediate and deeper waters. Today, in Storfjorden low benthic δ13Cc and high δ18Oc reflect the low δ13CDIC and relatively high δ18Ow of BSW. High benthic δ18Oc is in contrast to expected low δ18Oc as brine rejection is widely thought to predominantly take place in surface water diluted by meteoric water with very low δ18Ow. Low epibenthic δ13Cc values of 0.50±0.12‰ partly reflect low δ13CDIC caused by enhanced uptake of atmospheric low δ13CCO2 decreased by anthropogenic activities. An adjustment for preindustrial higher values would increase δ13Cc by about 0.6‰. Therefore, in Storfjorden brine formed before the industrial era would be characterized by both high δ13Cc as well as high δ18Oc values of benthic foraminiferal calcite. Our data may cast doubt on scenarios that explain negative excursions in benthic foraminiferal stable isotope records from the Atlantic Ocean during cold stadials in the last glacial period by enhanced brine formation in Nordic seas analogously to modern processes in Storfjorden.
Gingival recession and oral health‐related quality of life: a population‐based cross‐sectional study in Brazil
Authors: Wagner Tassiane P. , Costa Ricardo S. A. , Rios Fernando S. , Moura Mauricio S. , Maltz Marisa , Jardim Juliana J. , Haas Alex N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the association between gingival recession (GR) and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a Brazilian population of adults.MethodsA representative sample from Porto Alegre city was drawn in 2011 using a multistage probability sampling strategy. For this study, 740 individuals, 35–59 years of age and with ≥6 teeth, were included. GR was assessed by two calibrated examiners at four sites in all present teeth. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) was used to assess OHRQoL. OHIP‐14 was dichotomized using ‘fairly often’ as the cutoff point for a negative impact. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to define which descriptors of GR were associated with the dichotomous outcome of OHIP‐14, including dentine hypersensitivity in separate models, adjusting for age, gender, socioeconomic status, smoking, dental care, and missing teeth.ResultsMean OHIP was significantly higher for individuals with ≥1 tooth with GR ≥2, ≥3, ≥4, and ≥5 mm. Individuals with ≥1 tooth with GR ≥2 mm had approximately two times higher chance of having a negative impact than individuals without GR of this threshold [odds ratio (OR) = 1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–3.78]. When buccal and proximal sites were analyzed separately, the presence of GR was significantly associated with worst quality of life only in anterior and not in posterior teeth. GR in the lower arch had no impact on OHRQoL. GR ≥2 mm affected only physical pain (OR = 2.61; 95% CI 1.06–6.42), whereas GR ≥4 mm affected functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical and psychological disabilities, with ORs ranging from 1.43 to 1.91. Dentine hypersensitivity alone was not associated with OHRQoL, but it modified the association between GR and OHIP when present concomitantly with GR, mainly in buccal sites.ConclusionsOHRQoL is poorer in this adult population in the presence of GR, mainly in upper and anterior teeth. Dentine hypersensitivity and esthetics were found to be factors linking GR to OHRQoL.
Unmasking alpha diversity, cladogenesis and biogeographical patterning in an ancient panarthropod lineage (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Opisthopatus cinctipes) with the description of five novel species
Authors: Daniels Savel R. , Dambire Charlene , Klaus Sebastian , Sharma Prashant P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpeciation and biogeographical patterning in the velvet worm Opisthopatus cinctipes was examined under a null hypothesis that numerous discrete lineages are nested within the species. A total of 184 O. cinctipes specimens, together with a single specimen of each of the two congeneric point endemic sister species (O. roseus and O. herbertorum), were collected throughout the forest archipelago in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu‐Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. All specimens were sequenced for two partial mitochondrial DNA loci (COI and 12S rRNA), while a single specimen from each locality was sequenced for the nuclear 18S rRNA locus. Evolutionary relationships were assessed using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian inferences, while divergence time estimations were conducted using BEAST. A Bayesian species delimitation approach was undertaken to explore the number of possible novel lineages nested within Opisthopatus, while population genetic structure was examined for the COI locus using ARLEQUIN. Phylogenetic results revealed that O. cinctipes is a species complex comprising seven geographically discrete and statistically well‐supported clades. An independent statistical approach to species delimitations circumscribed ca. 67 species. Results from divergence time estimation and rate constancy tests revealed near constant net diversification occurring throughout the Eocene and Oligocene with subdivision of ranges during the Miocene. Gross morphological characters such as leg pair number within O. cinctipes were invariant, while dorsal and ventral integument colour was highly polymorphic. However, scanning electron microscopy revealed considerable differences both between and within clades. The caveats associated with both morphological and algorithmic delineation of species boundaries are discussed. The five novel Opisthopatus species are described.
Canker disease of willow and poplar caused by Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis recorded in China
Authors: Ma R. , Zhu Y.‐F. , Fan X.‐L. , Tian C.‐M. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryA new canker disease of Salix alba and Populus alba has been observed in Xinjiang, China. Black circular spots on dead branches and stems are the symptoms of the disease. Sixty‐seven isolates recovered from Salix matsudana, S. alba and Populus alba were identified as Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis based on morphological features and multigene phylogeny. Pathogenicity tests were performed on S. alba and P. alba stems using the C. pullmanensis isolates. Cankers on and Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis of C. pullmanensis from the stems fulfilled Koch's postulates and confirmed C. pullmanensis as the causal agent of the canker disease. C. pullmanensis is characterized by its yellow stromatic tissue surrounded by a black conceptacle with regularly arranged multiple locules sharing common walls and hyaline, allantoid, aseptate conidia (mean size 7.42 × 1.72 μm). This is the first report of C. pullmanensis causing Cryptosphaeria canker in China, and S. alba and P. alba are new host records for C. pullmanensis.
Evolution of drug‐tolerant nematode populations in response to density reduction
Authors: Reynolds Alan , Lindström Jan , Johnson Paul C. D. , Mable Barbara K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractResistance to xenobiotics remains a pressing issue in parasite treatment and global agriculture. Multiple factors may affect the evolution of resistance, including interactions between life‐history traits and the strength of selection imposed by different drug doses. We experimentally created replicate selection lines of free‐living Caenorhabditis remanei exposed to Ivermectin at high and low doses to assess whether survivorship of lines selected in drug‐treated environments increased, and if this varied with dose. Additionally, we maintained lines where mortality was imposed randomly to control for differences in density between drug treatments and to distinguish between the evolutionary consequences of drug‐treatment versus ecological processes due to changes in density‐dependent feedback. After 10 generations, we exposed all of the selected lines to high‐dose, low‐dose and drug‐free environments to evaluate evolutionary changes in survivorship as well as any costs to adaptation. Both adult and juvenile survival were measured to explore relationships between life‐history stage, selection regime and survival. Intriguingly, both drug‐selected and random‐mortality lines showed an increase in survivorship when challenged with Ivermectin; the magnitude of this increase varied with the intensity of selection and life‐history stage. Our results suggest that interactions between density‐dependent processes and life history may mediate evolved changes in susceptibility to control measures.
Alternative method to facilitate resolution of paraphimosis after penile trauma in the horse
Authors: De Brouwer E. , Ribera T. , Climent F. , Prades M. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryInflammation associated with traumatic injury to the penis is characterised by pain, heat and oedema. Ensuing penile swelling interferes with retraction of the penis into the prepuce, resulting in paraphimosis. This report describes the use of a 5 l capacity pressure infusion bag to reduce penile oedema in three horses. This technique provided complete resolution of oedema and associated paraphimosis in approximately 1 h. The use of the bag, along with an abdominoinguinal bandage, a plastic funnel suspensory device, or a penile repulsion device (Probang) to avoid recurrence, offers a novel treatment that may be performed with the horse sedated.
Racecourse fracture management. Part 3: Emergency care of specific fractures
Authors: Wright I. M. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryIn consideration of first aid of appendicular fractures in the horse, the literature is inconsistent and in some cases wrong or misleading. This in large part is due to misunderstanding of fracture mechanics and this paper aims to give a contemporary review of the subject. It is particularly relevant for fractures that occur on the racecourse or in horses in training which, due to their aetiopathogenesis, have substantial site and configuration commonality. However, the techniques discussed are frequently also applicable to non‐racing injuries. Clinical features are important in assessing horses on the racecourse when imaging techniques are limited. This paper highlights these in order to guide decision making.
Unpacking the mechanisms captured by a correlative species distribution model to improve predictions of climate refugia
Authors: Briscoe Natalie J. , Kearney Michael R. , Taylor Chris A. , Wintle Brendan A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractClimate refugia are regions that animals can retreat to, persist in and potentially then expand from under changing environmental conditions. Most forecasts of climate change refugia for species are based on correlative species distribution models (SDMs) using long‐term climate averages, projected to future climate scenarios. Limitations of such methods include the need to extrapolate into novel environments and uncertainty regarding the extent to which proximate variables included in the model capture processes driving distribution limits (and thus can be assumed to provide reliable predictions under new conditions). These limitations are well documented; however, their impact on the quality of climate refugia predictions is difficult to quantify. Here, we develop a detailed bioenergetics model for the koala. It indicates that range limits are driven by heat‐induced water stress, with the timing of rainfall and heat waves limiting the koala in the warmer parts of its range. We compare refugia predictions from the bioenergetics model with predictions from a suite of competing correlative SDMs under a range of future climate scenarios. SDMs were fitted using combinations of long‐term climate and weather extremes variables, to test how well each set of predictions captures the knowledge embedded in the bioenergetics model. Correlative models produced broadly similar predictions to the bioenergetics model across much of the species' current range – with SDMs that included weather extremes showing highest congruence. However, predictions in some regions diverged significantly when projecting to future climates due to the breakdown in correlation between climate variables. We provide unique insight into the mechanisms driving koala distribution and illustrate the importance of subtle relationships between the timing of weather events, particularly rain relative to hot‐spells, in driving species–climate relationships and distributions. By unpacking the mechanisms captured by correlative SDMs, we can increase our certainty in forecasts of climate change impacts on species.
Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, breastfeeding and childhood overweight at age 2 years
Authors: Bider‐Canfield Z. , Martinez M. P. , Wang X. , Yu W. , Bautista M. P. , Brookey J. , Page K. A. , Buchanan T. A. , Xiang A. H. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryBackgroundMaternal obesity, excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and breastfeeding are four important factors associated with childhood obesity.ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to assess the interplay among these four factors and their independent contributions to childhood overweight in a cohort with standard clinical care.MethodsThe cohort included 15 710 mother–offspring pairs delivered in 2011. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between maternal exposures and childhood overweight (body mass index >85th percentile) at age 2 years.ResultsMothers with pre‐pregnancy obesity or overweight were more likely to have EGWG, GDM and less likely to breastfeed ≥6 months. Mothers with GDM had 40–49% lower EGWG rates and similar breastfeeding rates compared with mothers without GDM. Analysis adjusted for exposures and covariates revealed an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) associated with childhood overweight at age 2 years of 2.34 (2.09–2.62), 1.50 (1.34–1.68), 1.23 (1.12–1.35), 0.95 (0.83–1.10) and 0.76 (0.69–0.83) for maternal obesity, overweight, EGWG, GDM and breastfeeding ≥6 months vs. <6 months, respectively.ConclusionsIn this large clinical cohort, GDM was not associated with, but maternal pre‐pregnancy obesity or overweight and EGWG were independently associated with an increased risk, and breastfeeding ≥6 months was associated with a decreased risk of childhood overweight at age 2 years.
Development of a TaqMan Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection and Quantification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in Soil
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Hua , Tsai Rong‐Tzong , Vallad Gary E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), is an important disease of tomato. Pathogenicity and vegetative compatibility tests, although reliable, are laborious for the identification of FOL isolates and cannot efficiently quantify population densities of FOL in the soil. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, sensitive and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting and quantifying FOL in soil. An inexpensive and relatively simple method for soil DNA extraction and purification was developed based on bead‐beating and a silica‐based DNA‐binding method. A TaqMan probe and PCR primers were designed using the DNA sequence of the species‐specific virulence gene SIX1, which is only present in isolates of FOL, not in isolates of other formae speciales or non‐pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum. The real‐time PCR assay successfully amplified isolates of three races of FOL used in this study and quantified FOL DNA in soils, with a detection limit of 0.44 pg of genomic DNA of FOL in 20 μl of the real‐time PCR. A spiking test performed by adding different concentrations of conidia to soil showed a significant linear relationship between the amount of genomic DNA of FOL detected by the real‐time PCR assay and the concentration of conidia added. In addition, the real‐time PCR assay revealed a significant quadratic regression for a glasshouse experiment between disease severity and DNA concentration of FOL. The soil DNA extraction method and real‐time PCR assay developed in this study could be used to determine population densities of FOL in soil, develop threshold models to predict Fusarium wilt severity, identify high‐risk fields and measure the impact of cultural practices on FOL populations in soils.
A Strobilurin Fungicide Relieves Bipolaris oryzae‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Rice
Authors: Debona Daniel , Rodrigues Fabrício A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAlthough strobilurins are one of the most effective and broad spectrum classes of systemic fungicides, they may also increase plant stress tolerance by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes. To address this issue, the effect of azoxystrobin (Az) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and on the concentrations of antioxidant metabolites and oxidative stress‐related compounds was studied in rice plants (cv. Metica‐1) either inoculated or not with Bipolaris oryzae, the causal agent of brown spot (BS). The Az minimally affected the enzyme activities, but consistently increased the glutathione reduced (GSH) concentrations in the noninoculated plants. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione‐S‐transferase were increased upon B. oryzae infection, but such increases were greatly limited in the Az‐sprayed plants. Catalase activity decreased in the inoculated plants compared to the noninoculated plants regardless of fungicide treatment. The GSH concentration increased in response to the B. oryzae infection, and the Az‐sprayed plants sustained higher levels of GSH at advanced stages of fungal infection than did the nonsprayed plants. The inoculated plants exhibited an extensive oxidative stress as evidenced by higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde compared to the noninoculated plants, but lower and later increases were recorded in the Az‐sprayed plants than in the nonsprayed plants. Therefore, Az greatly reduces B. oryzae‐induced oxidative stress by limiting BS development rather than by activating antioxidant enzymes. The GSH, however, seems to be Az‐modulated, and this may partially explain the constrained oxidative stress observed in the Az‐sprayed plants.
Estimating spatially specific demand and supply of dental services: a longitudinal comparison in Northern Germany
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Jäger Ralf , Hoffmann Wolfgang , Jordan Rainer A. , van den Berg Neeltje 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesAssessing the spatial distribution of oral morbidity‐related demand and the workforce‐related supply is relevant for planning dental services. We aimed to establish and validate a model for estimating the spatially specific demand and supply. This model was then applied to compare demand‐supply ratios in 2001 and 2011 in the federal state of Mecklenburg–Vorpommern (Northern Germany).MethodsThe spatial units were zip code areas. Demand per area was estimated by linking population‐specific oral morbidities to working times via insurance claim data. Estimated demand was validated against the provided demand in 2001 and 2011. Supply was calculated for both years using cohort data from the dentist register. The ratio of demand and supply was geographically mapped and its distribution between areas assessed using the Gini coefficient.ResultsBetween 2001 and 2011, a significant decrease of the general population (−7.0 percent), the annual demand (−13.1 percent), and the annual supply (−12.9 percent) was recorded. The estimated demands were nearly (2001: −4 percent) and completely (2011: ±0 percent) congruent with provided demands. The average demand‐supply‐ratio did not change significantly between 2001 and 2011 (P > 0.05), but was increasingly unequally distributed. In both years, few areas were over‐serviced, while many were under‐serviced.ConclusionsThe established model can be used to estimate spatially specific demand and supply.