bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain negativity as an indicator of predictive error processing: the contribution of visual action effect monitoring
Authors: Joch Michael , Hegele Mathias , Maurer Heiko , Müller Hermann , Maurer Lisa Katharina 
Published: April 2017

The error (related) negativity (Ne/ERN) is an event-related potential in the electroencephalogram (EEG) correlating with error processing. Its conditions of appearance before terminal external error information suggest that the Ne/ERN is indicative of predictive processes in the evaluation of errors. The aim of the present study was to specifically examine the Ne/ERN in a complex motor task and to particularly rule out other explaining sources of the Ne/ERN aside from error prediction processes. To this end, we focused on the dependency of the Ne/ERN on visual monitoring about the action outcome after movement termination but before result feedback (action effect monitoring). Participants performed a semi-virtual throwing task by using a manipulandum to throw a virtual ball displayed on a computer screen to hit a target object. Visual feedback about the ball flying to the target was masked to prevent action effect monitoring. Participants received a static feedback about the action outcome (850 ms) after each trial. We found a significant negative deflection in the average EEG curves of the error trials peaking at ~250 ms after ball release, i.e., before error feedback. Furthermore, this Ne/ERN signal did not depend on visual ball-flight monitoring after release. We conclude that the Ne/ERN has the potential to indicate error prediction in motor tasks and that it exists even in the absence of action effect monitoring. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we are separating different kinds of possible contributors to an electroencephalogram (EEG) error correlate (Ne/ERN) in a throwing task. We tested the influence of action effect monitoring on the Ne/ERN amplitude in the EEG. We used a task that allows us to restrict movement correction and action effect monitoring and to control the onset of result feedback. We ascribe the Ne/ERN to predictive error processing where a conscious feeling of failure is not a prerequisite.
Human primary somatosensory cortex is differentially involved in vibrotaction and nociception
Authors: Lenoir Cédric , Huang Gan , Vandermeeren Yves , Hatem Samar Marie , Mouraux André 
Published: April 2017

The role of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in vibrotaction is well established. In contrast, its involvement in nociception is still debated. Here we test whether S1 is similarly involved in the processing of nonnociceptive and nociceptive somatosensory input in humans by comparing the aftereffects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of S1 on the event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by nonnociceptive and nociceptive somatosensory stimuli delivered to the ipsilateral and contralateral hands. Cathodal HD-tDCS significantly affected the responses to nonnociceptive somatosensory stimuli delivered to the contralateral hand: both early-latency ERPs from within S1 (N20 wave elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of median nerve) and late-latency ERPs elicited outside S1 (N120 wave elicited by short-lasting mechanical vibrations delivered to index fingertip, thought to originate from bilateral operculo-insular and cingulate cortices). These results support the notion that S1 constitutes an obligatory relay for the cortical processing of nonnociceptive tactile input originating from the contralateral hemibody. Contrasting with this asymmetric effect of HD-tDCS on the responses to nonnociceptive somatosensory input, HD-tDCS over the sensorimotor cortex led to a bilateral and symmetric reduction of the magnitude of the N240 wave of nociceptive laser-evoked potentials elicited by stimulation of the hand dorsum. Taken together, our results demonstrate in humans a differential involvement of S1 in vibrotaction and nociception. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whereas the role of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in vibrotaction is well established, its involvement in nociception remains strongly debated. By assessing, in healthy volunteers, the effect of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over S1, we demonstrate a differential involvement of S1 in vibrotaction and nociception.
<b>Livestock and wild herbivores in the western Himalaya: competition or co-existence?</b>
Authors: Syed Zarreen , Khan Mohd Shahnawaz 
Published: April 2017

Pastoralism is among the major land use practices in the Himalaya and the main source of livelihood for local communities. In naturally occurring herbivore populations, the co-occurrence of native species has evolved through evolutionary processes over millions of years which has enabled coexistence. In the modern scenario, however, the intrusion of livestock into the wild habitats impose additional pressure on the limited resources, given that there has been insufficient time for resource partitioning to evolve. Realizing the need to develop a better understanding of wild herbivores and livestock interactions, the present review was compiled. The review demonstrates that a group of similar species using similar habitats and feeding on similar foods leads to more competition. Also, goat/sheep impose a potential threat to the resource of wild herbivores and such resource exploitation by livestock is not compatible with their conservation. Further, wild herbivores shift their habitat to avoid the risk of being exposed to competition or predation. Livestock grazing and associated activities affect the wild herbivores’ habitat use and foraging behaviour, and these are changes that may also affect their survival in the future. There is a prime need to find out the threshold of livestock population which can sustain itself without compromising livestock production and wildlife. High conflict areas need to be identified and compensatory mechanisms should evolve. It is also necessary for ecology to be integrated with an understanding of the social dynamics that influence the status of the resources.
<b>A new record of Gunther’s Waspfish <I>Snyderina guentheri</I> (Boulenger, 1889) (Scorpaeniformes: Tetrarogidae) from Visakhapatnam, India</b>
Authors: Naranji Muddula Krishna , Kandula Sujatha 
Published: April 2017

Gunther's waspfish, Snyderina guentheri (Boulenger, 1889) was caught depth range of 300 m in the trawl net operated from Visakhapatnam, India. A total of thirty five specimens of length range 85-164 mm TL were collected. It is caught from deeper waters at depths of 300 meters along with members of family Triglidae. This species is characterized by the following morphological characters and colour pattern of this species.
Circulating MicroRNAs in Delayed Cerebral Infarction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Lu Gang , Wong Man Sze , Xiong Mark Zhi Qiang , Leung Chi Kwan , Su Xian Wei , Zhou Jing Ye , Poon Wai Sang , Zheng Vera Zhi Yuan , Chan Wai Yee , Wong George Kwok Chu 
Published: April 2017

Background

Delayed cerebral infarction (
DCI
) is a major cause of morbidities after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (
SAH
) and typically starts at day 4 to 7 after initial hemorrhage. Micro
RNA
s (mi
RNAs
) play an important role in posttranscriptional gene expression control, and distinctive patterns of circulating mi
RNA
changes have been identified for some diseases. We aimed to investigate mi
RNA
s that characterize
SAH
patients with
DCI
compared with those without
DCI
.

Methods and Results

Circulating mi
RNA
s were collected on day 7 after
SAH
in healthy,
SAH
‐free controls (n=20),
SAH
patients with
DCI
(n=20), and
SAH
patients without
DCI
(n=20). We used the LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) method of regression analysis to characterize mi
RNA
s associated with
SAH
patients with
DCI
compared with those without
DCI
. In the 28 dysregulated mi
RNA
s associated with
DCI
and
SAH
, we found that a combination of 4 mi
RNA
s (miR‐4532, miR‐4463, miR‐1290, and miR‐4793) could differentiate
SAH
patients with
DCI
from those without
DCI
with an area under the curve of 100% (95%
CI
1.000–1.000,
P
<0.001). This 4‐mi
RNA
combination could also distinguish
SAH
patients with or without
DCI
from healthy controls with areas under the curve of 99.3% (95%
CI
0.977–1.000,
P
<0.001) and 82.0% (95%
CI
0.685–0.955,
P
<0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

We found a 4‐mi
RNA
combination that characterized
SAH
patients with
DCI
. The findings could guide future mechanistic study to develop therapeutic targets.
Delayed Reconciliation and Transitional Justice in Korea
Authors: Chun Ja-hyun , Han Jung-Sun 
Published: April 2017

The Jeju April 3rd Incident of 1948, which resulted in the largest number of casualties in modern Korean history other than in war, was a national tragedy. The complexity of the incident and its importance in Korean history explain the failure to discuss it publicly until the late 1980s. For this reason, existing studies have largely focused on uncovering the truth about this incident. Even though national reconciliation is an important topic in South Korea, a more structured study from a transitional justice perspective has not been undertaken of this violent event that led to a divided country. Thus, this study provides a theoretical framework for the conditioning of the institutionalisation, national narratives and psychological healing that are required to establish national reconciliation. The paper, then, applies this framework to the Jeju April 3rd Incident. Finally, it evaluates the limitations and challenges of national reconciliation in South Korea.
A Multimodel Intercomparison of an Intense Typhoon in Future, Warmer Climates by Four 5-km-Mesh Models
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Takemi Tetsuya , Kato Masaya , Yamasaki Shota , Fudeyasu Hironori , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Arakawa Osamu , Takayabu Izuru 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntense tropical cyclones (TCs) sometimes cause huge disasters, so it is imperative to explore the impacts of climate change on such TCs. Therefore, the authors conducted numerical simulations of the most destructive historical TC in Japanese history, Typhoon Vera (1959), in the current climate and a global warming climate. The authors used four nonhydrostatic models with a horizontal resolution of 5 km: the cloud-resolving storm simulator, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) operational nonhydrostatic mesoscale model, and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Initial and boundary conditions for the control simulation were provided by the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis dataset. Changes between the periods of 1979–2003 and 2075–99 were estimated from climate runs of a 20-km-mesh atmospheric general circulation model, and these changes were added to the initial and boundary conditions of the control simulation to produce the future climate conditions.Although the representation of inner-core structures varies largely between the models, all models project an increase in the maximum intensity of future typhoons. It is found that structural changes only appeared around the storm center with sudden changes in precipitation and near-surface wind speeds as the radius of maximum wind speed (RMW) contracted. In the future climate, the water vapor mixing ratio in the lower troposphere increased by 3–4 g kg−1. The increased water vapor allowed the eyewall updrafts to form continuously inside the RMW and contributed to rapid condensation in the taller and more intense updrafts.
Prediction of structural parameters and air permeability of cotton woven fabric
Authors: Zhu Guocheng , Fang Yuan , Zhao Lianying , Wang Jinfeng , Chen Weilai 
Published: April 2017

Air permeability is a very important property influencing the performance of clothing comfort and technical textiles particularly in applications for protective products, including airbags, parachutes, and tents. Several analytical models for predicting air permeability have been made by considering porosity and pore diameter or porous area. However, the connection between fabric structure and air permeability with analytical models has not been well reported as yet. In this work, the diameter of cotton yarn was predicted by considering yarn count, twist, and packing density. Subsequently, the pore area and equivalent pore diameter of fabric were predicted after finding the warp and the weft densities of fabric. The predicted values had very good agreement with the experimental results in yarn diameter and other structural parameters of fabric. The air permeability of fabrics was measured and several well-known analytical models for predicting air permeability were compared. The results revealed that the Hagen–Poiseuille equation had much better prediction than other models and also had good agreement with the experimental results, especially when it was applied for tight fabrics at low pressure drop (≤60 Pa). The Hagen–Poiseuille equation could be improved by considering the Reynolds number, interfiber interstices, and the deformation of pores under higher pressure drop.
Association Between Women’s Empowerment and Maternal and Child Nutrition in Kalalé District of Northern Benin
Authors: Alaofè Halimatou , Zhu Min , Burney Jennifer , Naylor Rosamond , Douglas Taren 
Published: April 2017

Background: Evidence on effectiveness of women’s empowerment (WE) to reduce undernutrition is limited in sub-Sahara Africa, and few studies incorporate multidimensional measures of WE. Objective: To examine whether a WE status, in sum and across leadership, decision-making, mobility, economic security, male involvement in housework, and nonfamily group domains, is associated with women and their children nutritional status in Kalalé district of northern Benin. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2014 Solar Market Garden baseline study: 767 paired reproductive-age women aged 15 to 49 years and children 6 to 59 months old. Exploratory principal component (cross-validate with confirmatory) factor analysis was first conducted to identify the structure of empowerment. Then, using a new survey-based index, regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between WE measures and maternal dietary diversity score (DDS) and body mass index (BMI), as well as their child’s DDS, height-for-age z score (HAZ), weight-for-height z score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z score (WAZ). Results: Positive associations were observed between women’s composite empowerment, leadership, maternal DDS and BMI, and female child’s DDS. However, opposite signs were found between economic security and child’s DDS. Mobility was positively associated with female children’s WHZ and male children’s HAZ and WAZ, while decision-making was correlated with male child’s WHZ and female children’s WAZ. Conclusions: Women’s empowerment can be associated with undernutrition. Efforts to improve nutrition may benefit from empowerment initiatives that promote women’s self-confidence and decision-making in Benin. However, additional qualitative and longitudinal research may enhance understanding of WE in the present area.
Some Side Effects of High Dosage Chlorpromazine Treatment
Authors: Solyom L. 
Published: April 2017

During the course of high dosage chlorpromazine treatment, the following complications were observed in a group of 43 chronic schizophrenic patients. 1. Epileptic seizures in 23% of the patients related to a high daily and total dosage, but unrelated to blood pressure changes, to liver tests or other side effects. 2. Pyramidal tract lesion in 13% of the patients occurring again at a high daily dosage and receding after discontinuation of the treatment. 3. 75% of the group manifested mild to severe forms of Parkinsonism; neither of the 2 lobotomized patients was thus affected. 4. Vasoconstriction of the retinal vessels and increased blood pressure was found in several cases at the height of the treatment. 5. Leukopenia and erysipelas were encountered; the former more frequently than the latter. Both were related to a high daily dosage.
Le Service, Unité De Traitement Et D'enseignement
Authors: Lemieux R. R. 
Published: April 2017

It is long established that teaching and treatment get along well together. It is also definite that the treatment of emotional disturbances, severe enough to warrant hospitalization, is best accomplished on a ward basis. The ward becomes for everyone concerned staff and patients a new environment that can be therapeutic for the patient and a learning experience for the staff. On the ward, even if each patient has his own doctor, he is also treated by multiple therapists, each member of the staff, in his role, being therapeutic or the contrary. Groups have always existed, structured or not, in hospitals. Modern psychiatrists have not invented groups: they have used them for diagnosis, therapeutic and teaching purposes. The service has for its primary function to observe, understand, communicate, interpret behaviour of all those who interact on the ward be they doctors, nurses or patients. This situation, as far as the teaching programme is concerned, has the main advantage of reducing the subjective distance between normal and pathological behaviour. As far as the treatment programme is concerned, this situation multiplies the emotional experience of personal relationships that can be corrective of past difficulties in this field. Insight as we know is hard to gain, strong defence mechanisms are at play, patterns of behaviour are entrenched, resistances operate against interpretation and insight, both for the patient and the student. In a person to person relationship, interpretation is often crude, if we may say, too verbal, leaving too little way out for the individual self pride. Group techniques have the immense advantage of eliciting repetitive patterns of behaviour worthy of interpretation, of relying mostly on non-verbal interpretations prior and preparatory to verbal ones, of allowing time, possible escape and limited acting-out in the way of increased motor activity to help patient and student digest his new experience in dealing with others and profiting of same. Oftentimes, we came to realize that if, in the past, ward therapy had dwindled in its efficiency, the reason was that it was not prolonged enough, the staff was not integrated enough, a single personality (chief of service mostly) was influential in maintaining the group, while interchangeability of roles, equal participation in the group (each in his—or her specific function), maintenance of a core of stable personnel, reliance on all patients rather than on a very verbal one, were factors of success.
Psychologue et Psychiatre Ou “Le Mariage Force”
Authors: Boulanger J. B. 
Published: April 2017

An attempt is made to differentiate clinical psychology from both psychiatry and applied psychology. Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are considered as autonomous disciplines requiring specific training.The clinical psychologist has little to gain by identifying his particular field of endeavour with that of psychotherapy. A psychologist's clinical work follows a set of standards and a frame of reference which are not identical, though not incompatible, with clinical psychiatry.Owing to his particular qualifications, the psychologist seems to be eminently suited for research and basic theory in the behavioural sciences.
Social Class: Historical Origins and Psychological Influences
Authors: Parkin Alan 
Published: April 2017

Human culture is viewed historically as passing through three great stages, from savagery through barbarism to civilization, the transitions being stimulated, first, by the Agricultural Revolution and, later, by the Urban Revolution. The class structure appears with the stage of civilization and is the social response to the changed conditions of residence resulting chiefly from the rise of the city.The psychological characteristics responsible for the passage of culture from savagery to civilization, those resulting from the capacity for instinctual renunciation, are found mainly within the upper classes of a society. From this springs the differences between the social classes with regard to character formation, types of mental disorder, and motivation and capacity for personal change. This cultural variability, in interaction with a similar variability of psychiatric nosology and criteria of “cure”, requires the abandonment of the traditional view of mental disorder as “illness” and of mutative intervention as “treatment”.
L'affaire Shortis and the Valleyfield Murders
Authors: Greenland Cyril 
Published: April 2017

The case is presented because it provides a fresh opportunity to examine in a dispassionate way apparently irreconcilable views on Capital Punishment. Valentine Shortis at 22, an immigrant from Ireland, was tried in Montreal, found guilty of murder and condemned to die on January 3, 1896. The diagnosis of all but one of the examining psychiatrists was moral imbecility. The crimes were committed without apparent motive, malice or remorse. The defence pleaded insanity at the time of the killings. Despite public pressure the Governor General refused to sign the Death Warrant and the Sentence was commuted to Life Imprisonment. In French Canada feeling ran high because Louis Riel had been executed in 1885 although he was clearly insane. Shortis remained in custody for 42 years in various mental hospitals. During all this time he retained his personality well, was able to take responsibility and was highly regarded by staff and patients alike. He showed no signs of the deterioration which might have been expected. He was released at the age of 60 and died suddenly, a free man, six years later.
Evaluation of Perphenazine in the Treatment of Haitian Psychotics
Authors: Bordeleau Jean M. , Lazure Denis , Desrosiers Max , Douyon Lamarque , Morin Luc 
Published: April 2017

The Centre de Psychiatrie in Haiti admitted 430 patients during its second year of operation; 123 of these were inpatients of whom 28 were readmissions. Pharmacological treatment was used for 80 percent. Therapy was evaluated in 91 patients, of whom 81 received perphenazine alone or in combination with other agents. Improvement was graded on a scale of 0 to + + +. Grade 2 improvement (disappearance of psychotic and neurotic symptoms) or Grade 3 improvement (sufficient for resumption of normal activities) was noted in 80 percent of the patients who received perphenazine alone and in 58.5 percent of those who received combination therapy; however, illness in the latter group was more severe. Extrapyramidal reactions were the major side effects.