bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vagal interactions on brain stem neurons receiving input from the proximal stomach in cats
Authors: Barber William D. , Yuan Chun-Su , Cammarata Brian J. 
Published: December 2017

Gastric vagal fibers on the proximal stomach that join the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks were electrically stimulated to localize and evaluate brain stem neuronal interactions in anesthetized cats. The brain stem responses were located in nucleus tractus solitarius in the dorsomedial, caudal region of the medulla oblongata. There was no significant difference in the mean latency of the gastric vagally evoked brain stem response between the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks. The responses consisted of single or multiple spikes with a mean latency of ap290 ± 50 (SD) ms. Forty-one percent, or 168 unitary responses of the 406 total responses recorded, showed convergence of proximal gastric vagal input from both the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks on the same recording site or on the same cell. Of those unitary responses that received convergent proximal gastric vagal input, 95 unitary responses (57%) showed convergence of input to the same area, on different cells at the same recording site during a single trial. Seventy-three single units (43%) received convergent input from proximal gastric vagal afferent fibers in both the dorsal and ventral trunks. Fifty-two, or 7l%, of the single unit convergent responses were excitatory in nature, whereas the remaining 29% were inhibitory. These data demonstrated that proximal gastric vagal afferent fibers that join the dorsal and ventral trunks converged on a significant number of single neurons in the brain stem. The convergent response was synaptically secure and exerted an identifiable biasing effect on the response of the brain stem neuron. These convergent interactions may play an important role in reflex mechanisms concerned with adaptive relaxation to accommodate the ingested content by the proximal stomach. gastric; proximal gastric vagal; ventral vagus; dorsal vagus; nucleus tractus solitarius; vagal brain stem interactions Submitted on March 14, 1988 Accepted on September 19, 1989
Stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis by thrombin in rabbits with ancrod-induced afibrinogenemia
Authors: Alving Barbara M. , Evatt Bruce L. , Bell William R. 
Published: December 2017

The effect of intravenous infusions of thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis was evaluated in rabbits rendered afibrinogenemic by ancrod. Fibrinogen production and catabolism were measured simultaneously with 75Se-labeled selenomethionine (75SeM) and with 125I-labeled fibrinogen injected 5, 12, 18, or 26 h after ancrod. In normal rabbits the infusion of ancrod (2 U/kg body mass during 1 h) did not alter fibrinogen synthesis nor did it affect the rate of fibrinogen catabolism measured during a period of 5–120 h after ancrod administration. Normal rabbits that received purified bovine thrombin (100 U/kg body mass during 1 h) exhibited a twofold stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 75SeM injected 5 h after thrombin. Rabbits made afibrinogenemic by infusion of ancrod 5 h before thrombin also showed a twofold increase in fibrinogen synthesis, as did animals that received ancrod immediately after thrombin. These experiments show that ancrod alone has no effect on fibrinogen production, and that thrombin stimulates fibrinogen synthesis in afibrinogenemic rabbits to the same extent as in controls fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products; fibrinogen catabolism Submitted on March 29, 1977
Dependence of pial arteriolar response to hypercapnia on vessel size
Authors: Wei Enoch P. , Kontos Hermes A. , Patterson John L. 
Published: December 2017

The responses of pial arterioles to changes in PaCOCO2 were studied in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows for the observation of the pial microcirculation. The percentile increase in vessel caliber induced by hypercapnia was size dependent, with the smaller vessels responding more vigorously than the larger ones. In contrast, the vasoconstrictor responses to arterial hypocapnia were size independent. Following topical application of phentolamine (10−5 M), or after ipsilateral extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion, the increase in arteriolar caliber caused by moderate hypercapnia (5% CO2 inhalation) in the larger arterioles (>100 μm in diameter) increased and became equal to that of the smaller arterioles (<100 μm in diameter). The response to hypocapnia was not affected by phentolamine. The results indicate that a major reason for the greater responsiveness of smaller vessels to moderate hypercapnia is the fact that the response of the larger vessels is limited by neurogenic vasoconstriction resulting from increased activity of adrenergic nerves originating from the cervical sympathetic chain. The absence of an influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the responses to hypocapnia is explained by the lack of significant resting neurogenic vasoconstrictor tone in pial arterioles of anesthetized cats. cat; phentolamine; adrenergic nerves; neurogenic control of cerebral vessels Submitted on July 20, 1979 Accepted on January 4, 1980
Development of bronchiolar epithelium in rats
Authors: Massaro Gloria D. , Massaro Donald 
Published: December 2017

Page R783: Gloria D. Massaro and Donald Massaro. “Development of bronchiolar epithelium in rats.” Pages R785–R786: the values for the nuclear numerical density in Fig. 1 and Tables 1 and 2 of the original article should be multiplied by 4. The error does not effect in any way the statistical calculations or the conclusions. Corrected Fig. 1 and Tables 1 and 2 should be substituted. (See PDF)
Reanalysis of the rat proestrous LH surge by deconvolution analysis
Authors: Veldhuis J. D. , Johnson M. L. , Gallo R. V. 
Published: December 2017

Pages R240–R245: J. D. Veldhuis, M. L. Johnson, and R. V. Gallo. “Reanalysis of the rat proestrous LH surge by deconvolution analysis.” Page R244: Reference 7 was inadvertently dropped from the reference list by the printer. It should read: 7. Gallo, R. V. Pulsatile LH release during periods of low level LH secretion in the rat estrous cycle. Biol. Reprod. 24: 771–777, 1981.
Mechanism of diuresis during negative pressure breathing
Authors: Boylan John W. , Antkowiak Dorothy E. 
Published: December 2017

The diuresis associated with negative pressure breathing in moderately hydrated man is found to be due chiefly to an increase in the excretion of free water; solute excretion rises slightly and consistently. Simultaneous clearance studies do not reveal a characteristic pattern in renal hemodynamics for diuresis is observed to attend an increase, decrease or absence of change in RPF and GFR. There is, moreover, no effect on the peripheral venous hematocrit nor on the osmolar concentration of the plasma. Negative pressure breathing is without effect on urine flow when performed during maximal water diuresis or during the antidiuresis produced by infused Pitressin. These observations are in accord with the theory that the effective mechanism for the diuresis of negative pressure breathing is a reflex inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion. Submitted on September 19, 1958
Relationship between nonprotein sulfhydryl concentration of seminal fluid and motility of spermatozoa in man
Authors: Haag Fritz M. , MacLeod John 
Published: December 2017

The nonprotein sulfhydryl content of human seminal fluid was measured and an inverse correlation between the -SH titer and the motility of the spermatozoa in the fluid over a 5-hour period was found. The same inverse correlation, with less significance, was shown between the -SH titer and the percentage of active cells, semen quality and volume of ejaculates. No correlation between the -SH concentration and the sperm count was detectable. The nonprotein -SH titer was identified qualitatively and quantitatively as ergothioneine. The concentration in human seminal fluid is 1.5 mg %, a value close to that found in human blood. Submitted on July 17, 1958
Physiologic, biochemical, immunologic and pathologic changes following ozone exposure
Authors: Scheel Lester D. , Dobrogorski Olga J. , Mountain John T. , Svirbely Joseph L. , Stokinger Herbert E. 
Published: December 2017

A detailed study of physiologic, biochemical, immunologic and pathologic changes resulting from acute and repeated acute injuries due to inhalation of ozone is reported. This study defines the primary chemical reaction of ozone with constituents of the body, the response of the body to the presence of the toxic substance, the physiologic functional alterations produced by acute and repeated acute injuries due to inhalation of this gas and the pathology produced by these injuries in rabbits, mice and rats. The data presented show that ozone reacts with the proteins of lung tissue to produce a severe cellular irritation which alters cell wall permeability and leads to severe pulmonary edema. Repeated acute injuries are shown to cause the development of fibrosis of the bronchioles and alveolar ducts, which limits the reserve capacity of the lung by causing the Hering-Breuer reflex to stop inspiration before complete inhalation can take place. Immunologic and biochemical changes observed which are characteristic of this type of injury are reported. It has been shown that ozone reacts in a random fashion with proteins to produce a heterogeneous antigen which will stimulate an antibody response in rabbits. The antigen created was shown to have characteristics similar to denatured protein. The severe limitation of pulmonary function by reduced tidal volume and edema and the resulting pathologic changes are reported and discussed. Submitted on July 7, 1958
Failure of manual respiration
Authors: Safar Peter 
Published: December 2017

The tidal volumes moved during performance of the BPAL and CPAL methods in 29 curarized, anesthetized, apneic adults were measured with a spirometer through an oronasal mask (with and without an artificial oropharyngeal airway in place) and through a tracheal tube. With the conventional BPAL method without an artificial airway the average tidal volume was zero, or less than dead space air in 12 of 15 subjects studied. The failure was mainly due to pharyngeal obstruction by the relaxed tongue, occurring when the neck was flexed and the mandible was not supported. An artificial oropharyngeal airway only slightly improved the tidal exchange. A modified BPAL method, which consisted of the head being tilted backward, increased the tidal volume and decreased the incidence of obstruction. With the conventional CPAL method the tidal volumes likewise depended mainly on the position of the head and neck. A modified CPAL method, which consisted of maintaining the head tilted backward by elevating the shoulders, was compared in 10 subjects with the modified BPAL method. The tidal volumes were greater and the incidence of upper airway obstruction was lower with the modified CPAL method. With a tracheal tube in place, tidal volumes of 260–840 ml were moved without signs of airway obstruction. The low values occurred in short and obese patients with reduced lung-thorax compliance. Submitted on August 28, 1958
Anatomical subdivisions of the volume of respiratory dead space and effect of position of the jaw
Authors: Nunn J. F. , Campbell E. J. M. , Peckett B. W. 
Published: December 2017

The mean volume of the extrathoracic respiratory tract in six cadavers was found to be 72 ml (BTPS), (S.D. ±32). Expressed as a fraction of body weight in pounds this amounted to 0.55. The intrathoracic anatomical dead space was measured in three intubated subjects. The mean value was 66 ml (BPTS), (S.D. ±29) or 0.43 times the body weight in pounds. The influence of the position of the jaw on the dead space was studied in the six cadavers and three conscious subjects. Depression of the jaw with flexion of the neck produced a mean decrease in the dead space of 31.4 ml while a protrusion of the jaw with extension of the neck increased the dead space by 39.7 ml. Submitted on July 28, 1958
Uneven ventilation of normal and diseased lungs studied by an open-circuit method
Authors: Briscoe William A. , Cournand Andre 
Published: December 2017

The uneven ventilation of the lungs of six normal, four emphysematous and four other subjects was studied by an open-circuit method, using 11% helium in air as the indicator gas. The volume and ventilation of two groups of alveoli, one more and one less ventilated, were assessed in most cases. A new graphic method of dealing with open-circuit mixing data is presented. The results are discussed and compared with those of others. Normal lungs can be said to behave as if about half their volume was half as well ventilated as the rest of the lung. Emphysematous lungs can be said to behave as if three-quarters of the lung was only about one-fifth to one-tenth as well ventilated as the remaining quarter. Submitted on October 3, 1958
Temperature thresholds for cutaneous pain
Authors: Neisser Ulric 
Published: December 2017

Thresholds for pricking pain, as well as withdrawal points and endurance limens, were measured in 40 untrained subjects. The measurements were made in terms of the instantaneous temperature of the skin during thermal irradiation. The thresholds were lower and more variable for these subjects than for highly trained ones. They varied with the region of skin stimulated, ranging from 40.8℃ on the palm to 42.2℃ on the forehead, and were about 1℃ higher on skin blackened with India ink than on normal skin. Adaptation to pain occurred regularly, sensitivity being decreased in repeated measurements. Implications for pain threshold measurements in general are discussed. Submitted on March 31, 1958
Reproducibility of cardiac output measurements in the dog
Authors: Howell Charles D. , Horvath Steven M. 
Published: December 2017

Studies were performed on dogs to determine the constancy of the cardiac output during a 4-hour period beginning from the moment the animal was anesthetized. The cardiac output fell to varying quantities during the first hour but finally became stabilized at approximately 50–75% of the values obtained within the first 2–3 minutes following induction. Considerable variability in this response among different animals was noted. Similar studies on other animals, beginning approximately 1 hour following induction, indicated a similar pattern, i.e. that relatively stable cardiac outputs could be anticipated after this time period. Submitted on July 16, 1958
Relationship between endoesophageal and intrathoracic pressure variations in dog
Authors: Milic-Emili G. , Petit J. M. 
Published: December 2017

In two dogs, intrathoracic and endoesophageal pressure were simultaneously recorded. Between intrathoracic and endoesophageal pressure variations a difference of magnitude was found, depending upon a) the elastance of the esophageal walls and b) the volume/pressure coefficient of the measuring equipment of the endoesophageal pressure. Knowing a) and b) from endoesophageal pressure measurements, intrathoracic pressure variations may be calculated. Submitted on December 15, 1958
Sodium and potassium content of brain and muscle of rats subjected to high acceleration
Authors: Burgess Benjamin F. , Gell Charles F. , Cranmore Doris 
Published: December 2017

Male Albino (Wistar) rats were subjected to a radial acceleration stress on an eight-foot centrifuge. Each centrifugation of 20 positive g (head to foot) lasted 20 seconds followed by a 1-minute rest period. The stress pattern consisted of 40 exposures to this sublethal stress in approximately 1 hour. The entire brain and a section of the rectus femoris muscle were removed and analyzed for their sodium and potassium content. There was a significant decrease in muscle and brain potassium and a significant increase in muscle sodium; brain sodium remained unchanged. In one series of rats a sublethal intraperitoneal injection of sodium amytal was given 3 minutes prior to decapitation. In contrast to the unanesthetized series, this group showed an increase in brain potassium in the stress animals. Submitted on January 14, 1959
Partial extracorporeal circulation in closed-chest dogs
Authors: Galletti Pierre M. , Salisbury Peter F. 
Published: December 2017

In anesthetized dogs a fraction of the venous blood flow was diverted into a heart-lung machine (gas exchange bag) and from there infused by gravity into the arterial circulation. During such a partial heart-lung bypass an increase in extracorporeal perfusion rate resulted in a long lasting bradycardia and a decrease of right ventricular pressure and pulmonary blood flow. The decline of the aortic pressure caused by this maneuver could be compensated by adjustment of the infusion pressure into the arterial system. The external work of the heart was reduced thereby without compromising tissue perfusion. The procedure was compatible with survival of the animals. Submitted on February 24, 1959
Circulating levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid in prolonged hypothermia
Authors: Barlow George , Spurr G. B. , Bowe Robert L. 
Published: December 2017

Thirty nonsurgically stressed dogs, anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, were subjected to hypothermia induced by surface cooling. Plasma volumes, plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations and circulating amounts of corticoid were measured at rectal temperatures of 33°, 30°, 28°, 25° and, after 2 and 4 hours, at 25℃. No significant differences were encountered with respect to the plasma concentration of 17-hydroxycorticoid. Plasma volumes were significantly reduced in every instance. Adrenal cortical responsiveness was tested with exogenous ACTH in four dogs. It is concluded that hypothermia in the pentobarbitalized dog does not evoke adrenal cortical response as measured by peripheral arterial blood levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. Submitted on August 21, 1958
Relation of body temperature and restraint to altitude tolerance in the rat
Authors: Bartlett R. G. , Altland P. D. 
Published: December 2017

A comparison of the altitude tolerance of restrained and nonrestrained adult male (225–300 gm) and adult female (150–225 gm) Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to an altitude of 33,500 ft. at various rates of ascent with various prealtitude exposure treatments was made. Animals restrained immediately before altitude exposure with rapid ascent (2000 ft/min) to altitude die significantly sooner than do nonrestrained control animals. Slow stepwise ascent to altitude (2 ½ –4 hr. to reach terminal altitude) increased the altitude tolerance of both the restrained and nonrestrained animals but much more for the restrained animals. When body temperatures were dropped to 25℃ before altitude exposure there were no deaths (up to 6 hr.) in either the restrained or nonrestrained animals. A lesser body temperature fall provided less protection. It appears that restraint may affect altitude tolerance in the rat by hastening the body temperature fall ordinarily associated with altitude exposure and by increasing the oxygen requirements as a result of the struggling to escape restraint. Since the former increases altitude tolerance and the latter reduces it, restraint may significantly increase or significantly decrease altitude tolerance, depending on the experimental procedure. Submitted on March 4, 1959
Influence of ureteral obstruction (hydronephrosis) on renal function in man
Authors: Edvall Carl Anker 
Published: December 2017

Ten cases of pelvic dilatation due to obstruction of urinary flow are presented. They were investigated by means of selective clearances for the separate kidneys. GFR (clearance of inulin), ERPF (clearance of PAH) and maximal tubular excretory capacity (TmPAH) were determined, together with the extraction ratio of PAH (EPAH). In four additional cases the changes in the functional pattern of each kidney were studied after the removal of the existing obstruction to urine outflow. The results indicate that partial obstruction to the urinary flow results in lowered CIn/CPAH ratios and generally elevated CPAH/TmPAH ratios, indicating ‘relative renal hyperemia.’ The TmPAH and EPAH did not seem to be primarily affected by the obstruction. The lowered CIn/PAH ratios seemed to be due to diminished GFR or increased ERPF or both. Upon removal of the obstruction the decreased renal activities rapidly recovered simultaneously with a disappearance of the compensatory hyperfunction of the other kidney. The determination of selective clearances offers a possible method for establishing whether or not calculi or strictures obstruct urinary outflow. Submitted on October 6, 1958
Fat, water and tissue solids of the whole body less its bone mineral
Authors: Allen T. H. , Welch B. E. , Trujillo T. T. , Roberts J. E. 
Published: December 2017

Except for bone mineral, the body is shown to belong to the same water:fat:protein system as its soft tissues. Hence, an equation verified with a variety of freshly isolated tissues can be used to estimate the body fat and the so-called total tissue solids. On the average, there are 0.784 kg of water/kg of body weight less bone mineral and fat. However, this water content probably fluctuates between extremes of 0.816 and 0.752, in accordance with the time elapsing since imbibing much water. This causes the density of the tissues in the fat-free, bone mineral-free body to range from 1.050 to 1.071. Combined simultaneous measurements of water, density and bone mineral, therefore, are required for the estimation of fat and tissue solids. Bone mineral occurs in the proportion of about one part to three parts of tissue solids, irrespective of ranges in quantities of fat and water among 30 healthy persons. Submitted on June 15, 1959
Psychogalvanic response as a pain reaction component
Authors: McKenna A. E. 
Published: December 2017

Psychogalvanic responses (PGR) were measured in human subjects as response to cutaneous stimulation by thermal radiation. There were 37 subjects of both sexes, aged 18–40 years and there were 2054 presentations. An apparatus for recording PGR on an EEG tracing is described. Based on physical intensity of stimulus there is a complete overlap of pain-nonpain categories—from 35Ð to 55ÐC end temperature in irradiated skin. Plotting magnitude of PGR against physical intensity of stimulus for pain and nonpain categories reveals that intensity of reaction in pain is not determined by physical intensity of stimulus. When magnitude of reaction is compared as between pain and nonpain responses on the basis of the same stimulus intensities, it is found to be greater for pain to a highly significant extent; on the same basis, duration of response is longer for pain, but not at a high level of significance. The PGR is shown to be an accurate discriminator of the subjective pain sensation threshold. When electrocortical are compared to electrodermal reactions, both are found to be triggered in a consistent manner by the common stimulus, which consistency is reduced when the subject judges the stimulus painful. Effects of habituation are examined and shown not to be causal to results. Implications of the findings for the pain experience in the true life situation are discussed. Submitted on October 20, 1958