bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF TEARING AND INTERMITTENCY IN CORONAL JETS
Authors: Wyper P. F. , DeVore C. R. , Karpen J. T. , Lynch B. J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Observations of coronal jets increasingly suggest that local fragmentation and intermittency play an important role in the dynamics of these events. In this work, we investigate this fragmentation in high-resolution simulations of jets in the closed-field corona. We study two realizations of the embedded-bipole model, whereby impulsive helical outflows are driven by reconnection between twisted and untwisted field across the domed fan plane of a magnetic null. We find that the reconnection region fragments following the onset of a tearing-like instability, producing multiple magnetic null points and flux-rope structures within the current layer. The flux ropes formed within the weak-field region in the center of the current layer are associated with “blobs” of density enhancement that become filamentary threads as the flux ropes are ejected from the layer, whereupon new flux ropes form behind them. This repeated formation and ejection of flux ropes provides a natural explanation for the intermittent outflows, bright blobs of emission, and filamentary structure observed in some jets. Additional observational signatures of this process are discussed. Essentially all jet models invoke reconnection between regions of locally closed and locally open field as the jet-generation mechanism. Therefore, we suggest that this repeated tearing process should occur at the separatrix surface between the two flux systems in all jets. A schematic picture of tearing-mediated jet reconnection in three dimensions is outlined.
FRIENDS OF HOT JUPITERS. IV. STELLAR COMPANIONS BEYOND 50 au MIGHT FACILITATE GIANT PLANET FORMATION, BUT MOST ARE UNLIKELY TO CAUSE KOZAI–LIDOV MIGRATION
Authors: Ngo Henry , Knutson Heather A. , Hinkley Sasha , Bryan Marta , Crepp Justin R. , Batygin Konstantin , Crossfield Ian , Hansen Brad , Howard Andrew W. , Johnson John A. , Mawet Dimitri , Morton Timothy D. , Muirhead Philip S. , Wang Ji 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Stellar companions can influence the formation and evolution of planetary systems, but there are currently few observational constraints on the properties of planet-hosting binary star systems. We search for stellar companions around 77 transiting hot Jupiter systems to explore the statistical properties of this population of companions as compared to field stars of similar spectral type. After correcting for survey incompleteness, we find that

of hot Jupiter systems have stellar companions with semimajor axes between 50 and 2000 au. This is 2.9 times larger than the field star companion fraction in this separation range, with a significance of

. In the 1–50 au range, only

of hot Jupiters host stellar companions, compared to the field star value of

, which is a

difference. We find that the distribution of mass ratios for stellar companions to hot Jupiter systems peaks at small values and therefore differs from that of field star binaries which tend to be uniformly distributed across all mass ratios. We conclude that either wide separation stellar binaries are more favorable sites for gas giant planet formation at all separations, or that the presence of stellar companions preferentially causes the inward migration of gas giant planets that formed farther out in the disk via dynamical processes such as Kozai–Lidov oscillations. We determine that less than 20% of hot Jupiters have stellar companions capable of inducing Kozai–Lidov oscillations assuming initial semimajor axes between 1 and 5 au, implying that the enhanced companion occurrence is likely correlated with environments where gas giants can form efficiently.
Les discours sur la nature à Madagascar, dans le sillage du teny baiko
Authors: Rakoto Ramiarantsoa Hervé , Mellac Marie , André-Lamat Véronique , Amelot Xavier 
Published: July 2016

Cet article propose une lecture critique de discours sur la nature, dans un contexte de domination par les Occidentaux des modalités de définition des politiques environnementales malgaches. Après une présentation de ces politiques, puis du dispositif d’enquête, nous nous intéressons aux mots, aux formulations et aux références mobilisés par divers gestionnaires de l’environnement, pour qualifier les notions de nature et d’environnement. Quelles influences extérieures, quels rapports de domination anciens ou nouveaux, réappropriés ou rejetés, peut-on y lire ? L’analyse porte ensuite sur la façon dont ces acteurs expriment leur positionnement spécifique dans la construction des relations à la nature qu’ils proposent. Quelle distanciation ou non, les discours traduisent-ils vis-à-vis de la société, des bailleurs de fonds, des ONG, de l’État ?
NADPH Oxidase–Derived Superoxide Provides a Third Signal for CD4 T Cell Effector Responses
Authors: Padgett Lindsey E. , Tse Hubert M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Originally recognized for their direct induced toxicity as a component of the innate immune response, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can profoundly modulate T cell adaptive immune responses. Efficient T cell activation requires: signal 1, consisting of an antigenic peptide–MHC complex binding with the TCR; signal 2, the interaction of costimulatory molecules on T cells and APCs; and signal 3, the generation of innate immune-derived ROS and proinflammatory cytokines. This third signal, in particular, has proven essential in generating productive and long-lasting immune responses. Our laboratory previously demonstrated profound Ag-specific hyporesponsiveness in the absence of NADPH oxidase–derived superoxide. To further examine the consequences of ROS deficiency on Ag-specific T cell responses, our laboratory generated the OT-II.Ncf1m1J mouse, possessing superoxide-deficient T cells recognizing the nominal Ag OVA323–339. In this study, we demonstrate that OT-II.Ncf1m1J CD4 T cells displayed a severe reduction in Th1 T cell responses, in addition to blunted IL-12R expression and severely attenuated proinflammatory chemokine ligands. Conversely, IFN-γ synthesis and IL-12R synthesis were rescued by the addition of exogenous superoxide via the paramagnetic superoxide donor potassium dioxide or superoxide-sufficient dendritic cells. Ultimately, these data highlight the importance of NADPH oxidase–derived ROS in providing a third signal for adaptive immune maturation by modulating the IL-12/IL-12R pathway and the novelty of the OT-II.Ncf1m1J mouse model to determine the role of redox-dependent signaling on effector responses. Thus, targeting ROS represents a promising therapeutic strategy in dampening Ag-specific T cell responses and T cell–mediated autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes.
DNA Sensing via TLR-9 Constitutes a Major Innate Immunity Pathway Activated during Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Authors: Dias André A. , Silva Camila O. , Santos João Pedro S. , Batista-Silva Leonardo R. , Acosta Chyntia Carolina D. , Fontes Amanda N. B. , Pinheiro Roberta O. , Lara Flávio A. , Machado Alice M. , Nery José Augusto C. , Sarno Euzenir N. , Pereira Geraldo M. B. , Pessolani Maria Cristina V. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The chronic course of lepromatous leprosy may be interrupted by acute inflammatory episodes known as erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Despite its being a major cause of peripheral nerve damage in leprosy patients, the immunopathogenesis of ENL remains ill-defined. Recognized by distinct families of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, endogenous and pathogen-derived nucleic acids are highly immunostimulatory molecules that play a major role in the host defense against infections, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation. The aim of this work was to investigate whether DNA sensing via TLR-9 constitutes a major inflammatory pathway during ENL. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis showed significantly higher TLR-9 expression in ENL when compared with nonreactional lepromatous patients, both locally in the skin lesions and in circulating mononuclear cells. The levels of endogenous and pathogen-derived TLR-9 ligands in the circulation of ENL patients were also higher. Furthermore, PBMCs isolated from the ENL patients secreted higher levels of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β in response to a TLR-9 agonist than those of the nonreactional patients and healthy individuals. Finally, E6446, a TLR-9 synthetic antagonist, was able to significantly inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by ENL PBMCs in response to Mycobacterium leprae lysate. Our data strongly indicate that DNA sensing via TLR-9 constitutes a major innate immunity pathway involved in the pathogenesis and evolution of ENL. Thus, the use of TLR-9 antagonists emerges as a potential alternative to more effectively treat ENL aiming to prevent the development of nerve injuries and deformities in leprosy.
Evaluating the Evaluators: Implementation of a Multi-Source Evaluation Program for Graduate Medical Education Program Directors
Authors: Goldhamer Mary Ellen J. , Baker Keith , Cohen Amy P. , Weinstein Debra F. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Multi-source evaluation has demonstrated value for trainees, but is not generally provided to residency or fellowship program directors (PDs).

Objective
To develop, implement, and evaluate a PD multi-source evaluation process.

Methods
Tools were developed for PD evaluation by trainees, department chairs, and graduate medical education (GME) leadership. Evaluation questions were based on PD responsibilities, including Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements. A follow-up survey assessed the process.

Results
Evaluation completion rates were as follows: trainees in academic year 2012–2013, 53% (958 of 1824), and in academic year 2013–2014, 42% (800 of 1898); GME directors in 2013–2014, 100% (95 of 95); and chairs/chiefs in 2013–2014, 92% (109 of 118). Results of a follow-up survey of PDs (66%, 59 of 90) and chairs (74%, 48 of 65) supports the evaluations' value, with 45% of responding PDs (25 of 56) and 50% of responding chairs (21 of 42) characterizing them as “extremely” or “quite” useful. Most indicated this was the first written evaluation they had received (PDs 78%, 46 of 59) or provided (chairs 69%, 33 of 48) regarding the PD role. More than 60% of PD (30 of 49) and chair respondents (24 of 40) indicated trainee feedback was “extremely” or “quite” useful, and nearly 50% of PDs (29 of 59) and 21% of chairs (10 of 48) planned changes based on the results. Trainee response rates improved in 2014–2015 (52%, 971 of 1872) and 2015–2016 (69%, 1276 of 1837).

Conclusions
In our institution, multi-source evaluation of PDs was sustained over 4 years with acceptable and improving evaluation completion rates. The process and assessment tools are potentially transferrable to other institutions.
The unrest of the San Miguel volcano (El Salvador, Central America): installation of the monitoring network and observed volcano-tectonic ground deformation
Authors: Bonforte Alessandro , Hernandez Douglas Antonio , Gutiérrez Eduardo , Handal Louis , Polío Cecilia , Rapisarda Salvatore , Scarlato Piergiorgio 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. On 29 December 2013, the Chaparrastique volcano in El Salvador, close to the town of San Miguel, erupted suddenly with explosive force, forming a column more than 9 km high and projecting ballistic projectiles as far as 3 km away. Pyroclastic density currents flowed to the north-northwest side of the volcano, while tephras were dispersed northwest and north-northeast. This sudden eruption prompted the local Ministry of Environment to request cooperation with Italian scientists in order to improve the monitoring of the volcano during this unrest. A joint force, made up of an Italian team from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and a local team from the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, was organized to enhance the volcanological, geophysical and geochemical monitoring system to study the evolution of the phenomenon during the crisis. The joint team quickly installed a multiparametric mobile network comprising seismic, geodetic and geochemical sensors (designed to cover all the volcano flanks from the lowest to the highest possible altitudes) and a thermal camera. To simplify the logistics for a rapid installation and for security reasons, some sensors were colocated into multiparametric stations. Here, we describe the prompt design and installation of the geodetic monitoring network, the processing and results. The installation of a new ground deformation network can be considered an important result by itself, while the detection of some crucial deforming areas is very significant information, useful for dealing with future threats and for further studies on this poorly monitored volcano.
Chronic Vomiting in Cats: Etiology and Diagnostic Testing
Authors: Hauck Shannon Ryan , Gisselman Kelly , Cordner Amy , Nicholson Angela Gasser 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Chronic vomiting in cats is a common presenting problem seen in veterinary practice today. The initial step when presented with a vomiting patient is to differentiate between vomiting and regurgitation or dysphagia. There are numerous causes for chronic vomiting in cats, and therefore a detailed and comprehensive patient history and a systematic diagnostic approach are key steps in determining the cause for vomiting and the most appropriate treatment plan. Common causes for chronic vomiting in cats may include inflammatory bowel disease, food allergy, gastrointestinal motility disorders, neoplasia, and extra-gastrointestinal diseases, such as renal disease, hepatobiliary disease, and hyperthyroidism.
Palliative Epineurotomy for Focal Radial Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Dog
Authors: Gibson Andrew David , Davies Emma , Lara-Garcia Ana , Lafuente Pilar 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThis case report describes the diagnosis of a peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the deep branch of the radial nerve distal to the elbow in a dog. The lesion was identified using computed tomography and ultrasonography and confirmed as sarcoma on histopathological analysis of incisional biopsies. Clinical signs dramatically improved following surgical biopsy before recurring three months later. Repeat epineurotomy of the deep branch of the radial nerve resulted in clinical improvement for a further month before signs once again returned. Epineurotomy as a palliative treatment for peripheral nerve sheath tumors has not been previously described, but may have a place in palliation of clinical signs in specific cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in which limb amputation is not an option.
2016/19 Reference in a termination letter to ‘retirement’ can cost the employer dearly (GE)
Authors: Schreiner Paul , Hellenkemper Dagmar 
Published: July 2016

2016/19 Reference in a termination letter to ‘retirement’ can cost the employer dearly (GE)
In businesses employing fewer than ten employees, the rules on unfair dismissal do not apply. However, those on discrimination do. This fact made it possible for the 63 year-old employee in this case to claim damages, effectively for unfair dismissal. She had been dismissed following a reduction in the available work. She was selected for redundancy because she was less qualified than her colleagues. However, her termination letter mentioned that she had become “eligible for retirement”. This remark created a presumption of age discrimination, which the employer was not able to rebut.
2016/23 Are employers obliged to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave? (UK)
Authors: Hayes Catherine 
Published: July 2016

2016/23 Are employers obliged to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave? (UK)
An employee challenged whether her employer’s refusal to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave was discriminatory. The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) determined, somewhat tentatively, that where childcare vouchers are provided through a salary sacrifice scheme, it is not discriminatory for employers to cease to provide childcare vouchers during maternity leave.
2016/29 Prohibition on dismissing union leaders, even for reasons unrelated to union activity, is unconstitutional (RO)
Authors: Suciu Andreea 
Published: July 2016

2016/29 Prohibition on dismissing union leaders, even for reasons unrelated to union activity, is unconstitutional (RO)
Article 60(1)(g) of the Romanian Labour Code does not allow an employer to dismiss trade union leaders for reasons other than disciplinary misconduct or judicial reorganisation, dissolution or bankruptcy of the employer. The Constitutional Court has recently ruled that Article 60(1)(g) is unconstitutional.
Multi‐wall carbon nanotube supported Co (II) Schiff base complex: an efficient and highly reusable catalyst for synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives
Authors: Rakhtshah Jamshid , Salehzadeh Sadegh 
Published: August 2016

An immobilized Co (II) Schiff base complex supported on multi‐wall carbon nanotubes was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was shown that the supported complex is a facile, eco‐friendly, recyclable, reusable and green catalyst for three‐component condensation of 2‐naphthol and acetamide with various aldehydes for the synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol derivatives under solvent‐free conditions. Also, in a further study, the catalytic application was studied in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives via the condensation reaction of malononitrile and dimedone with several aromatic aldehydes. The procedures suggested here for the synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol and tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives offer several advantages, such as stability, recyclability and eco‐friendliness of the catalyst, simple experimental conditions, short reaction times, high to excellent yields and easy work‐up.
Effects of Physical Exercise on the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats Submitted to a Hypothalamic Obesity Condition
Authors: Gomes J.R. , Freitas J.R. , Grassiolli S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe small intestine plays a role in obesity as well as in satiation. However, the effect of physical exercise on the morphology and function of the small intestine during obesity has not been reported to date. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on morphological aspects of the rat small intestine during hypothalamic monosodium glutamate (MSG)‐induced obesity. The rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Exercised (E), and Exercised Monosodium Glutamate (EMSG). The MSG and EMSG groups received a daily injection of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg) during the 5 first days after birth. The S and E groups were considered as control groups and received injections of saline. At weaning, at 21 days after birth, the EMSG and E groups were submitted to swimming practice 3 times a week until the 90th day, when all groups were sacrificed and the parameters studied recorded. Exercise significantly reduced fat deposits and the Lee Index in MSG‐treated animals, and also reduced the thickness of the intestinal wall, the number of goblet cells and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. However, physical activity alone increased the thickness and height of villi, and the depth of the crypts. In conclusion, regular physical exercise may alter the morphology or/and functions of the small intestine, reducing the prejudicial effects of hypothalamic obesity. Anat Rec, 299:1389–1396, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AVO INVERSION WITH THE INVERSE OPERATOR ESTIMATION ALGORITHM
Authors: Xing-Yao YIN , Wei DENG , Zhao-Yun ZONG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeismic inversion is generally implemented with certain optimization algorithm. However, the inverse operator estimation algorithm proposed in this study is to perform the inversion of data matrix directly under the hypothesis that the inverse mapping exists in the empirically constrained subspaces. The key point of the proposed approach is to search those subspaces instead of searching for the solution indirectly as optimization algorithms do and it's more efficient. AVO/AVA (amplitude variation with offset or angle) inversion is widely utilized in exploration geophysics, and the inversion process is restricted by the quality of seismic data. L1 norm is applied in the construction of the kernel function of inversion by combining the constraint from initial models, which is helpful in enhancing the efficiency and stability of the inversion. Model and field data examples indicate that the proposed AVO inversion algorithm based on inverse operator estimation is more accurate and reliable.
On the design of a secure user authentication and key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kumari Saru , Das Ashok Kumar , Wazid Mohammad , Li Xiong , Wu Fan , Choo Kim‐Kwang Raymond , Khan Muhammad Khurram 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA wireless sensor network (WSN) typically consists of a large number of resource‐constrained sensor nodes and several control or gateway nodes. Ensuring the security of the asymmetric nature of WSN is challenging, and designing secure and efficient user authentication and key agreement schemes for WSNs is an active research area. For example, in 2016, Farash et al. proposed a user authentication and key agreement scheme for WSNs. However, we reveal previously unpublished vulnerabilities in their scheme, which allow an attacker to carry out sensor node spoofing, password guessing, user/sensor node anonymity, and user impersonation attacks. We then present a scheme, which does not suffer from the identified vulnerabilities. To demonstrate the practicality of the scheme, we evaluate the scheme using NS‐2 simulator. We then prove the scheme secure using Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of P‐TEFb disrupts global transcription, oocyte maturation, and embryo development in the mouse
Authors: Oqani Reza K. , Lin Tao , Lee Jae Eun , Kim So Yeon , Sa Soo Jin , Woo Je Seok , Jin Dong Il 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPositive transcription elongation factor b (P‐TEFb) is an RNA polymerase II kinase that phosphorylates Ser2 of the carboxyl‐terminal domain and promotes the elongation phase of transcription. Despite the fact that P‐TEFb has role in many cellular processes, the role of this kinase complex remains to be understood in early developmental events. In this study, using immunocytochemical analyses, we find that the P‐TEFb components, Cyclin T1, CDK9, and its T‐loop phosphorylated form, are localized to nuclear speckles, as well as in nucleoli in mouse germinal vesicle oocytes. Moreover, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we show that in absence of CDK9 activity, nucleolar integration, as well as production of 28S rRNA is impaired in oocytes and embryos. We also present evidence indicating that P‐TEFb kinase activity is essential for completion of mouse oocyte maturation and embryo development. Treatment with CDK9 inhibitor, flavopiridol resulted in metaphase I arrest in maturing oocytes. Inhibition of CDK9 kinase activity did not interfere with in vitro fertilization and pronuclear formation. However, when zygotes or 2‐cell embryos were treated with flavopiridol only in their G2 phase of the cell cycle, development to the blastocyst stage was impaired. Inhibition of the CDK9 activity after embryonic genome activation resulted in failure to form normal blastocysts and aberrant phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II CTD. In all stages analyzed, treatment with flavopiridol abrogated global transcriptional activity. Collectively, our data suggest that P‐TEFb kinase activity is crucial for oocyte maturation, embryo development, and regulation of global RNA transcription in mouse early development.