bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Load sharing in series configuration
Authors: Krivtsov Vasiliy , Amari Suprasad , Gurevich Vladimir 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn reliability engineering, load sharing is typically associated with a system in parallel configuration. Examples include bridge support structures, electric power supply systems, and multiprocessor computing systems. We consider a reliability maximization problem for a high‐voltage commutation device, wherein the total voltage across the device is shared by the components in series configuration. Here, the increase of the number of load‐sharing components increases component–level reliability (as the voltage load per component reduces) but may decrease system–level reliability (because of the increased number of components in series). We provide the solution for the 2 popular life‐load models: the proportional hazard and the accelerated failure time models with the underlying exponential and Weibull distributions for both a single and dual failure modes.
Recovery Mechanism of Degraded Black Phosphorus Field‐Effect Transistors by 1,2‐Ethanedithiol Chemistry and Extended Device Stability
Authors: Kwak Do‐Hyun , Ra Hyun‐Soo , Yang Jinhoon , Jeong Min‐Hye , Lee A‐Young , Lee Wonki , Hwang Jun Yeon , Lee Joo‐Hyoung , Lee Jong‐Soo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) has drawn enormous attention for both intriguing material characteristics and electronic and optoelectronic applications. In spite of excellent advantages for semiconductor device applications, the performance of BP devices is hampered by the formation of phosphorus oxide on the BP surface under ambient conditions. It is thus necessary to resolve the oxygen‐induced degradation on the surface of BP to recover the characteristics and stability of the devices. To solve this problem, it is demonstrated that a 1,2‐ethanedithiol (EDT) treatment is a simple and effective way to remove the bubbles formed on the BP surface. The device characteristics of the degraded BP field‐effect transistor (FET) are completely recovered to the level of the pristine cases by the EDT treatment. The underlying principle of bubble elimination on the BP surface by the EDT treatment is systematically analyzed by density functional theory calculation, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. In addition, the performance of the hexagonal boron nitride‐protected BP FET is completely retained without changing device characteristics even when exposed to 30 d or more in air. The EDT‐induced recovering effect will allow a new route for the optimization of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on BP.
The Respiratory Rate: A Neglected Triage Tool for Pre‐hospital Identification of Trauma Patients
Authors: Yonge John D. , Bohan Phillip Kemp , Watson Justin J. , Connelly Christopher R. , Eastes Lynn , Schreiber Martin A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundUnder‐triaged trauma patients have worse clinical outcomes. We evaluated the capability of four pre‐hospital variables to identify this population at the lowest level trauma activation (level 3).MethodsA retrospective review of adult trauma activations from 2004 to 2014 was completed. Pre‐hospital vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale were converted to categorical variables. Patients were under‐triaged based on meeting current level 1 or 2 criteria, or requiring a pre‐defined critical intervention. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between the pre‐hospital variables and under‐triaged patients. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for a comprehensive model, grouping all causes of under‐triage as a single unit, and 16 individual models, one for each under‐triage criterion. A new level 2 criterion was generated and internally validated.ResultsIn total, 12,332 activations occurred during the study period. Four hundred and sixty‐six (5.9%) patients were under‐triaged. Compared to patients with a normal respiratory rate (RR), tachypneic patients were more likely to be under‐triaged for any reason, OR 1.7 [1.3–2.1], p < 0.001. In the individual event analysis, tachypneic patients were more likely to have flail chest, OR 22 [2.9–168.3], p = 0.003; require a chest tube, OR 3 [1.8–4.9], p < 0.001; or require emergent intubation, OR 1.6 [1.1–2.8], p = 0.04, compared to patients with a normal RR. The data‐driven triage modification was tachypnea with suspected thoracic injury which reduced the under‐triage rate by 1.2%.ConclusionTachypnea with suspected thoracic injury is the strongest level 2 triage modification to reduce level 3 under‐triage.
Paenibacillus sp. A59 GH10 and GH11 Extracellular Endoxylanases: Application in Biomass Bioconversion
Authors: Ghio Silvina , Ontañon Ornella , Piccinni Florencia E. , Marrero Díaz de Villegas Rubén , Talia Paola , Grasso Daniel H. , Campos Eleonora 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The cost-efficient degradation of xylan to fermentable sugars is of particular interest in second generation bioethanol production, feed, food, and pulp and paper industries. Multiple potentially secreted enzymes involved in polysaccharide deconstruction are encoded in the genome of Paenibacillus sp. A59, a xylanolytic soil bacterium, such as three endoxylanases, seven GH43 β-xylosidases, and two GH30 glucuronoxylanases. In secretome analysis of xylan cultures, ten glycoside hydrolases were identified, including the three predicted endoxylanases, confirming their active role. The two uni-modular xylanases, a 32-KDa GH10 and a 20-KDa GH11, were recombinantly expressed and their activity on xylan was confirmed (106 and 85 IU/mg, respectively), with differences in their activity pattern. Both endoxylanases released mainly xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3) from xylan and pre-treated biomasses (wheat straw, barley straw, and sweet corn cob), although only rGH10XynA released xylose (X1). rGH10XynA presented optimal conditions at pH 6, with thermal stability at 45–50 °C, while rGH11XynB showed activity in a wider range of pH, from 5 to 9, and was thermostable only at 45 °C. Moreover, GH11XynB presented sigmoidal kinetics on xylan, indicating possible cooperative binding, which was further supported by the structural model. This study provides a detailed analysis of the complete set of carbohydrate-active enzymes encoded in Paenibacillus sp. A59 genome and those effectively implicated in hemicellulose hydrolysis, contributing to understanding the mechanisms necessary for the bioconversion of this polysaccharide. Moreover, the two main free secreted xylanases, rGH10XynA and rGH11XynB, were fully characterized, supporting their potential application in industrial bioprocesses on lignocellulosic biomass.
Metamaterial-based graphene thermal emitter
Authors: Shi Cheng , Mahlmeister Nathan H. , Luxmoore Isaac J. , Nash Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA thermal emitter composed of a frequency-selective surface metamaterial layer and a hexagonal boron nitride-encapsulated graphene filament is demonstrated. The broadband thermal emission of the metamaterial (consisting of ring resonators) was tailored into two discrete bands, and the measured reflection and emission spectra agreed well with the simulation results. The high modulation frequencies that can be obtained in these devices, coupled with their operation in air, confirm their feasibility for use in applications such as gas sensing.
Injury patterns in road traffic victims comparing road user categories: Analysis of 811 consecutive cases in the emergency department of a level I institution in a low-income country
Authors: Chichom-Mefire A. , Palle-Ngunde J. , Fokam P.G. , Mokom-Awa A. , Njock R. , Ngowe-Ngowe M. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
More than a million people die every day on world's roads and according to current estimates traffic related injuries will become the 5th highest killer in the world by 2030. Low and middle-income countries carry over 90% of this burden with substantial socio-economic consequences. Policies to reduce this burden are currently centered on preventive measures and the care of the injured is still neglected. This study aims at describing the crash characteristics and pattern of injuries in an urban area of a middle-income country with particular emphasis on the differential analysis of various road user categories.

Methods:
in this prospective cohort analysis conducted over a period of 5 months in the casualty department of the largest hospital in the city of Douala in Cameroon, all patients admitted after sustaining a traffic related injury were analyzed for crash characteristics, pattern and severity of injury and final outcome after a maximum follow-up period of 1 week. The analysis compared various user categories for different variables.

Results:
a total of 811 cases could be analyzed. These included 586 (72.2%) males for a sex-ratio of 2.6/1. Motorized two-wheelers and pedestrians represented overall over 80% of all victims and the most frequent collision involved a motorcycle and a tourist car. Over 95% of victims did not use a protective device. Most patients sustained external soft tissue lesions frequently involving the limbs and face. A total of 280 patients (34.52%) sustained a limb fracture. The most frequently fractured bones were the tibia, fibula and femur. Most injury cases were minor or moderate and collision between a motorcycle and a truck resulted in a significantly more severe injury. Motorized two-wheelers and pedestrian were significantly more exposed to external injuries while car occupants were more exposed to chest and spine injuries.

Conclusion:
crash characteristics in Douala are greatly influenced by the popularization of motorized two-wheelers who are exposed to collision with tourist cars. Victims mostly tend to develop external lesions resulting in minor injuries. However, there is need to emphasize on the need to associate to current preventive measures an appropriate policy of management of the injured.

Highlights:
Mulberry anthocyanins improves thyroid cancer progression mainly by inducing apoptosis and autophagy cell death
Authors: Long Hou‐Long , Zhang Feng‐Feng , Wang Hong‐Ling , Yang Wen‐Shi , Hou Hai‐Tao , Yu Jing‐Kui , Liu Bin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDietary anthocyanin compounds have multiple biological effects, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐atherosclerotic characteristics. The present study evaluated the anti‐tumor capacity of mulberry anthocyanins (MA) in thyroid cancer cells. Our data showed that MA suppressed SW1736 and HTh‐7 cell proliferation in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Meanwhile, flow cytometry results indicated that MA significantly increased SW1736 and HTh‐7 cell apoptosis. We additionally observed that SW1736 and HTh‐7 cell autophagy was markedly enhanced after MA treatment. Importantly, anthocyanin‐induced cell death was largely abolished by 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) or chloroquine diphosphate salt (CQ) treatment, suggesting that MA‐induced SW1736 and HTh‐7 cell death was partially dependent on autophagy. In addition, activation of protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 (S6) were significantly suppressed by anthocyanin exposure. In summary, MA may serve as an adjunctive therapy for thyroid cancer patients through induction of apoptosis and autophagy‐dependent cell death.
Artemisia capillaris inhibited enterovirus 71‐induced cell injury by preventing viral internalization
Authors: Yen Ming‐Hong , Huang Ching‐I. , Lee Min‐Sheng , Cheng Ya‐Ping , Hsieh Chia Jung , Chiang Lien‐Chai , Chang Jung‐San 
Published: December 2017

AbstractArtemisia capillaris (A. capillaris) is a common herbal drug used for thousands years in ancient China. A. capillaris has been empirically used to manage hand‐foot‐mouth disease (HFMD), which is commonly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71). EV71 can cause meningoencephalitis with mortality and neurologic sequelae without effective management. It is presently unknown whether A. capillaris is effective against EV71 infection. To test the hypothesis that it could protect cells from EV71‐induced injury, a hot water extract of A. capillaris was tested in human foreskin fibroblast cells (CCFS‐1/KMC) and human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells) by plaque reduction assay and flow cytometry. Inhibition of viral replication was examined by reverse quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). Its effect on translations of viral proteins (VP0, VP1, VP2, protease 2B and 3AB), and apoptotic proteins were examined by western blot. A. capillaris was dose‐dependently effective against EV71 infection in both CCFS‐1/KMC cells and RD cells by inhibiting viral internalization. However, A. capillaris was minimally effective on viral attachment, VP2 translation, and inhibition of virus‐induced apoptosis. Further isolation of effective molecules is needed. In conclusion, A. capillaris has anti‐EV71 activity mainly by inhibiting viral internalization. A. capillaris would be better to manage EV71 infection in combination with other agents.
Functional Impairments in a Patient with Morvan Syndrome: A Case Presentation
Authors: Tow Stephanie , Carozza Desi , Barker Kim 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA 48‐year‐old man with lung squamous cell carcinoma was admitted to acute care with cognitive impairment after recent chemotherapy. He developed myoclonus, ataxia, agitation, and visual hallucinations. Morvan syndrome, a rare voltage‐gated potassium channel antibody disorder characterized by neuromyotonia with central nervous system dysfunction, was eventually diagnosed. He received plasmapheresis and was admitted to inpatient rehabilitation, where he safely participated in therapies. By focusing on neuromuscular rehabilitation, balance training, fine motor skills, and cognitive retraining emphasizing skills relevant to the patient's premorbid cognitive activities, the patient demonstrated significant functional improvement, decreasing the burden of care of his caregivers.Level of EvidenceV
The Archean formation of the Sarmatian continental crust
Authors: Lobach-Zhuchenko S.B. , Ryborak M.V. , Saltykova T.E. , Sergeev S.A. , Lokhov K.I. , Bobrova E.M. , Sukach V.V. , Skublov S.G. , Berezhnaya N.G. , Al’bekov A.Yu. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Based on our new U–Pb isotope data (SHRIMP-II) for the Voronezh Crystalline Massif (VCM) and on published U–Pb data for the Archean rocks of the Ukrainian Shield (USh), we have substantiated the main stages of the Archean evolution of the Sarmatian crust, a fragment of the basement of the East European Platform. New data have been obtained for 20 indicative rocks of the Kursk block (KB) of the VCM. We compared the Eoarchean and Paleoarchean KB rocks (mafic rocks and tonalites of the Oboyan’ complex), orthogneisses of the USh Dniester–Bug province (Bug granulite complex), and tonalites and mafic rocks of the USh Azov Province and have established the existence of ancient continental crust (3.75–3.60 Ga) in Sarmatia. The presence of Paleoarchean xenogenic zircons in younger intrusions indicates a wide spread of Paleoarchean rocks in the deep VCM crust section. In the Mesoarchean (3.2–3.0 Ga), eastern Sarmatia (KB and Azov and Middle Dnieper provinces) was a single granite–greenstone terrain. Two stages of felsic magmatic activity have been dated: 3.15–3.10 Ga (volcanics in the greenstone belts and tonalite–trondhjemite granites in the VCM and USh) and 3.05–3.00 Ga (volcanics and tonalite–trondhjemite granites in the USh and granites in the VCM KB). Magmatic and tectono-metamorphic processes (2.95–2.85 Ga) have been established throughout the eastern part of Sarmatia. The latest Mesoarchean endogenic activity (2.85–2.80 Ga) testifies to the tectonic differentiation of the area. Mafic and felsic magmatism, deformations, metamorphism, and ultrametamorphism under amphibolite and granulite facies conditions took place in the most part of the KB and in the Azov and Bug areas. It is shown that ultrametamorphic granites formed from an ancient (3.0–3.5 Ga) protolith. The USh Middle Dnieper province had a different tectonic position. Here, intrusion of post-tectonic granites and formation of mature sediments proceeded at 2.81–2.86 Ga. Our geochronological data show that most of the Sarmatian continental crust formed in the Mesoarchean as a result of both the intrusion of juvenile material and the reworking of the older protolith rocks. Neoarchean events (2.8–2.5 Ga) are weakly expressed in Sarmatia in contrast to Baltia, another large fragment of the East European Platform basement, where endogenic processes at 2.65–2.75 Ga were the major crust-forming geologic events.
New methods of assessment, structure, and development of oil and gas resources of mature petroleum provinces (Volga–Ural province)
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Livshits V.R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study describes a new method for quantification of hypothetical oil and gas resources, which is considered to be an alternative to conventional estimates by analogy to geologically similar plays and is most appropriate for maturely explored provinces. This method is based on the size–frequency distribution of oil accumulations in sedimentary basins and has never been applied to petroleum exploration. The new approach makes it possible to assess the oil resources concentrated in small and smallest oil fields, which may become the main targets for petroleum exploration. This study reviews the discovery and exploration history of the Volga–Ural province and provides estimates of initial and hypothetical oil resources and the size distribution of undiscovered field and the number of their pools. It was shown that given the volume of exploratory drilling of 500–550 thousand m per year, it is expected that more than three billion tons of oil would be produced from small and smallest fields of this province by the mid-21st century, with a stable annual production of 40–50 million tons. It was shown that the development of small and smallest oil fields is performed by small and medium-sized oil companies, which can be delivered through a dedicated government program.
Feasibility and efficacy data from a ketogenic diet intervention in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Taylor Matthew K. , Sullivan Debra K. , Mahnken Jonathan D. , Burns Jeffrey M. , Swerdlow Russell H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe assessed the feasibility and cognitive effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) in participants with Alzheimer's disease.MethodsThe Ketogenic Diet Retention and Feasibility Trial featured a 3‐month, medium‐chain triglyceride–supplemented KD followed by a 1‐month washout in clinical dementia rating (CDR) 0.5, 1, and 2 participants. We obtained urine acetoacetate, serum β‐hydroxybutyrate, food record, and safety data. We administered the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale and Mini–Mental State Examination before the KD, and following the intervention and washout.ResultsWe enrolled seven CDR 0.5, four CDR 1, and four CDR 2 participants. One CDR 0.5 and all CDR 2 participants withdrew citing caregiver burden. The 10 completers achieved ketosis. Most adverse events were medium‐chain triglyceride–related. Among the completers, the mean of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale score improved by 4.1 points during the diet (P = .02) and reverted to baseline after the washout.DiscussionThis pilot trial justifies KD studies in mild Alzheimer's disease.
Inorganic phosphate induces cementogenic/osteogenic gene expression and mineralization in dental follicle cells in vitro
Authors: Yamamoto Yuri , Toyosawa Satoru , Sato Sunao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Phosphate is an essential factor in skeletal mineralization. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an important regulator of various genes in osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and dental pulp cells. However, the effects of Pi on the precursor cells of periodontal cells remain unknown. The present study aimed to assess the effects of Pi on dental follicle cells that contribute to periodontium formation as precursor cells.Material and methods: Murine dental follicle cells (SVF4) were treated with Pi, and the corresponding effects on mineralization and gene expression were observed. Mineralized nodule formation during SVF4 differentiation was assayed by alizarin red S staining. Expression of genes associated with differentiation and mineralization was analyzed by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Results: Treatment of SVF4 cells with 3mM Pi induced mineral nodule formation after 2 weeks. In addition, treatment with 3mM Pi upregulated the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and osteopontin and downregulated the mRNA expression of noggin. The effects of Pi on SVF4 were blocked by treatment with phosphonoformic acid, also known as foscarnet, which is the competitive inhibitor of Na‐Pi transport.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that Pi enhanced dental follicle cell differentiation by upregulating cementogenic/osteogenic gene expression.
Recasting the Threat of Chemical Terrorism in the EU: the Issue of Returnees from the Syrian Conflict
Authors: MCLEISH Caitríona 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChemical terrorist attacks by non-state actors have traditionally been characterised as low probability events; however, the apparent normalisation of chemical weapons use, including by terrorists, in the ongoing conflict in Syria is causing some in the international security community to question whether it will remain low probability. For Europe there is an additional potential concern, namely the numbers of EU citizens who are “foreign fighters” and whose return from the conflict zone might also result in “importing” chemical weapons use. This article examines the rise of the “chemical weapons-returning foreign fighter” narrative and considers aspects of the European response. These responses predate the current concerns and include important efforts to create a robust public health response, such as early alert and communication systems, so that the attractiveness of these weapons being used within a European context might be reduced. Although there are limitations as to how far one can transfer what happens in a Syrian context to Europe, the suggestion is made that some of the framing assumptions within this response architecture may be now inadvertently limiting the potential to identify and respond to chemical attacks.
Jean Grave and French Anarchism: A Relational Approach (1870s–1914)
Authors: Bantman Constance 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article proposes a biographical approach to the study of anarchist activism, applied to the French journalist, editor, theorist, novelist, educator, and campaigner Jean Grave, one of the most influential figures in the French and international anarchist movement between the late 1870s and World War I. Adopting a relational approach delineating Grave’s formal and informal connections, it focuses on the role of print in Grave’s activism, through the three papers he edited between 1883 and 1914, and highlights his transnational connections and links with progressive circles in France. Due to the central place of both Grave and his publications in the French anarchist movement, this biographical and relational approach provides a basis to reassess the functioning and key strategic orientations of French anarchist communism during its “heroic period” (1870s–1914), by stressing its transnational ramifications and links beyond the anarchist movement.