bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SINGLE-O-SHELTER HUNA (Cherax albertisi) AND REDCLAW (C. quadricarinatus) CULTURE
Authors: Ahmad Taufik , Sofiarsih Lilis , Nuriadi Nuriadi , Apriyana G. 
Published: October 2016

<p>Many hatcheries successfully produced and sold cherax as ornamental crayfish. The attempt to culture cherax in earthen pond to produce consumable size yabbies facing the fact that cherax is a good hole digger and usually escapes through the hole in dyke. Single-o-shelter meant to provide shelter for every single spawner as well as hideout for the juvenile produced. The shelter for spawner was a 25 inches long and 2.0 inches diameter PVC pipe randomly spread on pond bottom. Aquatic weed (Vallisneria torta) grew in the shallow part of pond to provide hiding place for juvenile. The species stocked is huna and redclaw, each at density of 2 and 6 sets of spawner. One set of spawner consists of 3 males and 5 females weighing averagely around 20 g each. The experimental units are randomly selected to facilitate random block design in 2 rearing period as replicate. The pond dimension is 10 m x 10 m, divide into 3 compartments i.e. feeding, ground, nursery ground and harvest ditch. Water depth at nursery ground was 30 cm and at the other compartments at 60 cm. Follow gravity force, the water in ponds flows at 50—100 L minute-1. Self-made diet distributed into pond twice a day to meet 3% daily feeding ration. Survival rate and specific growth rate of spawner as well as juvenile produced and number of gravid female checked at the end of each rearing period or every 3 months. After 6 months, average weight of redclaw and huna reaching 146.12 ± 34.47 g and 103.7 ± 29.83 g, respectively. Redclaw produced progeny of 5 size groups and huna produced only 2 groups. Respective to the species, average weight of the first offspring batch was 39.03 ± 5.33 and 26.83 ± 2.09 g. Redclaw at 2 sets of spawner and male grow faster than of 6 sets of spawner and female. No survival rate significant difference among ponds indicates that single–o-shelter technique provides sufficient shelter for spawner to grow and reproduce. Male monosex redclaw culture in earthen pond seems to be more promising than mixed-sex and female monosex culture for consumable size production of either huna or redclaw.</p>
SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENERA OF PANGASIIDAE (SILURIFORMES, OSTARIOPHYSI)
Authors: Gustiano Rudhy , Pouyaud Laurent 
Published: October 2016

The family Pangasiidae belongs to the suborder Siluroidei, order Siluriformes, and suborder Ostariophysi. Since the groups were established as Pangasiini Bleeker, 1858; its content and classification have been greatly changed. Judging from the literature, the main constraint to cultivate wild species and to optimize the production of cultured species is needed to the poorly documented systematics of this family. Therefore the objective of the present study is to provide the diagnostic characters and the keys for identification the genera of Pangasiidae. The results clearly demonstrate that biometrically four natural groups can be distinguished. They are the genus Helicophagus, Pangasianodon, Pteropangasius, and Pangasius. The diagnosis of the family, the identification key of the genera and the description are given.
SURVEY OF VIRAL DISEASES OF PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, Litopenaeus vannamei IN INDONESIA
Authors: Taukhid Taukhid , Supriyadi Hambali , Koesharyani Isti 
Published: October 2016

Penaeid shrimp culture is a major contributor to foreign exchange earning in Indonesia. It has significant impact on economic development of fisheries sector, and leads to be one of prime mover to improve social prosperity. However, shrimp industry particularly black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has been facing unpredictable situation due to disease problem. The main constrain in correlation to the development of shrimp industry is disease outbreak, especially caused by viral agents. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) occurred in 1994, causing mass mortality of black tiger shrimp almost in all of the middle and western part of Indonesia. Due to the disease problem, it is estimated that in year 2000, more than 50% of shrimp pond were idle. Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) or “udang vanamei” was introduced to Indonesia at the end of 1999, and released officially in July, 2001. Response of shrimp farmers to the shrimp rapidly accepted and distributed to many provinces in the country. At the end of 2006, distribution of white shrimp culture was encountered in more than 15 provinces. The seeds are mainly produced from hatcheries located in East Java and Lampung. The information of TSV in Indonesia was reported firstly from East Java at the end of 2002, without a clear history. Since then, survey of TSV distribution was conducted intensively in white shrimp production areas. Beside TSV, population of white shrimp coming to Indonesia also susceptible to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) infection. A survey with the aim to know significant viral diseases of white shrimp is needed to set up an alternative strategy to control them. The survey was conducted, firstly in the main production centers of white shrimp; and planned to be continued throughout the country. Samples collection, diagnostic method and data compiled in this study were collected from both active and passive surveillance. Diagnosis of viral diseases infecting white shrimp in this study was focused on TSV, WSSV, and IHHNV agents. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test has been used as a major diagnostic technique in this study. Progress report of the study showed that TSV spreading limited in controlled areas. The study proved that WSSV and IHHNV have been found in cultured white shrimp. All of the diseases mentioned above tend to be a significant constrain of future white shrimp industry in Indonesia, and special attention should be given in order to protect wide-spread of particular disease from infected to uninfected ones. Also, briefly current status of white shrimp culture development in the country will be discussed in this paper.
Streptococcus agalactiae INFECTION ON TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) IN CIRATA RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA
Authors: Lusiastuti Angela Mariana , Gardenia Lila , Mufidah Tatik , Aryati Yani 
Published: October 2016

Streptococcosis is one of bacterial diseases in the culture of Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and has caused significant economic losses. Streptococcus iniae, is known as pathogen to marine and freshwater fishes whereas Streptococcus agalactiae is known as pathogen to Tilapia. The isolation and characterization of four isolates of S. agalactiae, were described from an infected Tilapia from Cirata Reservoir, West Java, in July 2008. Conventional and rapid identification systems were used to determine isolates of S. agalactiae from brain and kidney tissues. In this paper, we have characterized S. agalactiae and this was the first isolation of this bacteria from fish. The isolates were gram positive, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative,  haemolytic cocci colonies on blood agar. All of the of isolates were biochemically characterized with the API 20 Strep System (bioMerieux). Bacterial chromosomal DNA used in PCR assay was extracted by heating method. The forward primer is Sdi 61: 5’-AGGAAACCTGCCATTTGCG-3’ and the reverse primer is Sdi 252: 5’-CAATCTATTTCTAGATCGTGG-3’ with gene target 16S intergenic spacer and it has 192 bp in length. These primers were designed by Alpha DNA (Montreal, Quebec). The biochemical patterns of four isolates were rather different although almost all traits were similar with the exception of pyroglutamic acid (pyra) and L-arginin (ADH), for which we observed negative and positive reaction in this study. Therefore, some of the biochemical characteristics of the four isolates did not fit 100% with the typical patterns of S. agalactiae. However, the PCR result showed that this PCR assay is an effective tool for rapid and specific detection of S. agalactiae, the main pathogens involved in warm-water streptococcosis, obtained from pure culture of naturally infected fish. Therefore, it could be a useful alternative for culture-based routine diagnosis of warm-water streptococcal infections in fish.
PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC PERFORMANCES OF BLACK TIGER SHRIMP, Penaeus monodon HAVING FAST GROWTH TRAITS
Authors: Haryanti Haryanti , Muzaki Ahmad , Wardana Ida Komang , Fachrudin Fachrudin , Sembiring Sari Budi Moria , Permana I Gusti Ngurah 
Published: October 2016

Shrimp breeding research focusing on fast growth traits is important to develop better phenotypic and genotypic characters of shrimp spawners. The aim of this research was to evaluate shrimp breeding technology to produce fry having fast growth traits. Selection was initiated from the breeding of wild shrimp spawners (F-0) based on full sib mating, probiotics, biosecurity, and viral diseases diagnosis. Viral disease diagnoses were performed using 7 viruses (TSV, WSSV, IHHNV, YHV, BP, MBV, and HPV) provided in the IQ-2000 kit. The result showed that 11 families of the first generation (F-1) shrimp were phenotypically varied (big, regular and small size). Number of fry from the first generation resulted from phenotypic selection that have fast growth trait ranged between 1.99% and 4.49% of the total fry population. Genotypic performance of the shrimp broodstock (F-0) and the first generation (F-1) showed different genetic variations. Heterozigosity values were 0.2872±0.0047 (female) and 0.5487±0.0103 (male) for shrimp broodstock (F-0), 0.704±0.0261 for the first generation (F-1) having fast growth trait, and 0.6224±0.023 for F-1 having slow growth. Gene markers of fast growth trait were indicated by the genes with molecular weights of 1,025; 1,280; and 1,325 basepairs and having different DNA sequences compared to that of slow growth shrimp.
NON-CLOTTING HAEMOLYMPH OF WSSV-INFECTED SHRIMP: IS IT A FACTOR IN INFECTION PROCESSES?
Authors: Soetrisno Coco Kokarkin 
Published: October 2016

White spot syndrome virus is recognized as the most prominent pathogen of penaeid shrimp and has been affecting this shrimp farming industry around the world. The virus may reduce the shrimp’s immune response and alter enzymatic and biochemical composition of tissues. Similar to other environmental stressed or other pathogeninfected shrimp, in late stages of WSSV infection, shrimp will fail to clot the haemolymph, so any minor injury will lead to increased haemolyph loss. A series of experiments to determine the effect of non-clotting haemolymph on WSSV infection were carried out in controlled facilities in Indonesia. The preliminary test showed that normal clotting time was 13.3 seconds while WSSV-injected shrimp mostly failed to clot their haemolymph 16 hours post infection (hpi). Some other clinical signs such as abnormal swimming, red discoloration, white spots and mortality were consistent with those observed by previous studies. Three shrimp species: banana shrimp (P. merguiensis) 9 g , white leg shrimp (P. vannamei) 7 g and the tiger shrimp (P. monodon) 16.5 g were water-borne-challenged with non-clotting, WSSV-infected haemolymph (NCH) from tiger shrimp donor in duplicate tanks each with 12 shrimp. The control were tiger shrimps fed with WSSV-infected tissue at the rate of 40% of bodyweight (BW) and other tiger shrimps were used as negative controls fed with commercial feed only.The study revealed that NCH dosages of 1.46%; 2.03%; and 2.06% (v/v) for eachspecies were sufficient to infect and kill all shrimps in less than two days comparedto eight days for the shrimps fed on infected tissue. The WSSV in non-clottedhaemolymph eventuallyattaches into the living tissues of healthy shrimp. This modeof infection is likely more difficult to control by the ordinary fine mesh screeningmethod.
SATELLITE-MEASURED SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHLOROPHYLL-A VARIABILITY IN THE GULF OF TOMINI, SULAWESI
Authors: Radiarta I Nyoman 
Published: October 2016

Chlorophyll-a concentration, an index of phytoplankton biomass, is an important parameter for fisheries resources and marine aquaculture development. Spatial and temporal variability of surface cholophyll-a (chl-a) concentration and water condition in the Gulf of Tomini were investigated using monthly climatologies the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS), sea surface temperature (SST), and wind data from January 2000 to December 2007. The results showed seasonal variation of chla and SST in the Gulf of Tomini. High chl-a concentrations located in the eastern part of the gulf were observed during the southeast monsoon in August. During the northwest monsoon, chl-a concentrations were relatively low (<0.2 mg m-3) and distributed uniformly throughout most of the region. Chl-a concentrations peaked in August at every year, and chl-a concentrations were observed low in November at every year from 2000 to 2007. SSTs were relatively high (> 28oC) during the northwest monsoon, but low during the southeast monsoon. High wind speed was coincided with high chl-a concentrations. Local forcing such as sea surface heating and wind condition are the mechanisms that controlled the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll concentrations.
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE AND RESISTANCE OF Litopenaeus vannamei FED WITH NUCLEOTIDE, β-GLUCAN, AND PROTAGEN DIETS
Authors: Manoppo Henky , Sukenda Sukenda , Djokosetiyanto Daniel , Sukadi Mochamad Fatuchri , Harris Enang 
Published: October 2016

The objective of this research was to evaluate the nonspecific immune response and resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with nucleotide, β–glucan, and protagen diets. Shrimp juveniles with an average weight of 5.39±0.56 g were reared in glass aquaria at a density of 15 shrimps/aquarium. Shrimps were fed three times a day for four weeks at a feeding rate of 3%/bw/day. Treatment diets consisted of A: basal diet (without immunostimulant), B: β–glucan, C: protagen, and D: nucleotide, each with three replicates. At the end of feeding period, the shrimps were intramuscularly injected with Vibrio harveyi 0.1 x 106 cfu.shrimp-1. Total haemocyte count (THC) of shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet was significantly different compared to that of control shrimp (p=0.01), but not different compared to shrimp fed with protagen-diet. PO activity also increased significantly in shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet (p=0.02). β–glucan diet could also increase THC and PO activity, but compared to the control, the increase was not significantly different. Overall, PO activity of shrimp fed with nucleotide, β–glucan, and protagen diets was high (>0.35). Oral administration of nucleotide, β–glucan, and protagen for four consecutive weeks significantly increased resistance of shrimp to disease (<0.01) where the highest resistance rate was observed on shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet. Growth of shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet was significantly different compared to that of control shrimp (p<0.01), as well as to β–glucan, and protagen-treated shrimp. As a conclusion, supplementation of nucleotide into shrimp pellet enhanced nonspecific immune response and growth performance better than β-glucan, and protagen.
MICROSATELLITE GENETIC VARIATION IN CULTURED POPULATIONS OF AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) IN INDONESIA
Authors: Imron Imron , Sunandar Dadan , Tahapari Evi 
Published: October 2016

African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is one of economically important farmed species in Indonesia. To support the development of aquaculture industry, high genetic quality of both broodstock and seeds is required and breeding program is considered as viable option. Information on genetic variation of the populations being considered to form a base population may give insight toward the appropriate strategy to be implemented in breeding program. This study was aimed to assess genetic variation in farmed populations of catfish in Indonesia using microsatellite markers with special emphasis on their use to develop breeding program. Three populations of farmed catfish, namely Dumbo, Paiton, and Sangkuriang were collected. Fifteen individuals representing each population were screened for microsatellite variability using seven primer sets (cga01, cga02, cga03, cga05, cga06, cga09, cga10). Results found that with exception of two loci (cga01 and cg02) which had a slight increase, the other four loci showed reduction in the number of alleles ranging from 35% to 80% depending on loci. Farmed populations also showed heterozygote deficient and inbreeding level, being the highest was found in Sangkuriang and the least was observed in Dumbo population. Individuals within populations contributed most (95%) while interpopulation variation accounted for only 5% of the total genetic variation. Populations of Dumbo and Sangkuriang were genetically similar while populations of Paiton were genetically different from both Dumbo and Sangkuriang. Viewed from genetic perspective, by combining all information emerging from this study, the best possible strategy to establish a base population with broad genetic base and less inbreeding would be to combine all the populations into a synthetic base population.
CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO AND NITROGENOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION IN THE INTENSIVE CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) CULTURE
Authors: Gunadi Bambang , Harris Enang , Supriyono Eddy , Sukenda Sukenda , Budiardi Tatag 
Published: October 2016

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum C/N ratio for heterotrophic bacteria (biofloc) growth in order to control nitrogenous waste accumulation in the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture. Twenty fish with an initial individual size of about 50 g were stocked in fiberglass tanks which were filled with 200 L of water. Fish were fed with commercial floating fish feed with a protein level of 31%-33% (manufacturer label). The daily feeding rate was 2.5% of the fish biomass. The inoculation of commercial Bacillus sp. isolates was applied in the first day of the experiment after fish stocking in order to obtain a bacterial density in water of 106 cfu/L. Molases was suplemented daily to the tanks to adjust C/N ratio in water. Four C/N ratios, i.e. 0, 7, 14, and 21, were applied as treatments in this experiment. The results showed that molasses suplementation up to C/N ratio 14 to 21 were able to support the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and to inhibit the accumulation of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite in water therefore increase water quality for better growth of cultured catfish.
PERFORMANCE OF RED TILAPIA IN THREE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SALINITY
Authors: Ariyanto Didik , Muslikhin Muslikhin 
Published: October 2016

Tilapias are indigeneous species to Africa, but interest in their aquaculture potential has led to nearly worldwide distribution of the species within the past fifty years. The most popular species of tilapias cultured in the world is Oreochromis niloticus. Red tilapia, one of tilapia varieties, is a highly valued commodity in global market. Based on this reason, red tilapia culture should be developed to supply the market demand. Tilapias can be culturred in brackishwater ponds due to its tolerant ability to saline water. This study was carried out to know the potential of tilapia especially the NIFI red tilapia cultured in saline water. The seeds of NIFI red tilapia were reared in three levels of salinity, i.e. 10, 20, and 30 ppt with 0 ppt as the control population. The experiment was conducted in wet laboratory for 56 days. The results showed that the difference of salinity level did not affect the performance of NIFI red tilapia, including specific growth rate, survival rate, total biomass, and food conversion ratios. Based on these results, it is suggested that NIFI red tilapia can be cultured in saline waters.
INFLUENCE OF FISH MEAL REDUCTION, ALGAE ADDITION, AND ENZYME USE IN SHRIMP FEEDS ON THE TISSUE COMPOSITION OF Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Kaspers Sebastian , Kunzmann Andreas 
Published: October 2016

At the Leibniz-Center for Tropical Marine Ecology in Bremen, Germany, shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed feeds with reduced fish meal content, algae and enzyme additions were analysed for their tissue composition. Contents of protein, glycogen, total lipid, linoleic acid (LA), alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of the shrimp abdomen and of the respective feeds were determined. Reduction of fish meal (FM) content in shrimp feed and its substitution with “mash” (grain distillery waste-”Schlempe”), corn gluten, pea or coarse colza meal did not influence the tissue composition. Additional inclusion of an algae mixture out of Spirulina spp., Phaeodactylum spp., and Tetraselmis spp. to shrimp feeds as well as the single inclusions of Phaeodactylum spp. or Spirulina spp. had no effect on the tissue composition. Furthermore no improvement of the quality of the shrimps due to an enhanced digestibility of mash by enzymes (mixture of corolase, phytase, xylanase) could be detected. In contrast the quality of shrimps seemed to be negatively affected by enzymes in this study. These findings could contribute to making shrimp aqua farming more economic as reduction of feed costs without reduction of the quality of the shrimps would be a large benefit.
DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF ENLARGED CELLS DERIVED FROM GROUPER SLEEPY DISEASE IRIDOVIRUS (GSDIV) INFECTED HUMPBACK GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis
Authors: Mastuti Indah , Mahardika Ketut 
Published: October 2016

Characteristic of Megalocytivirus infection has been known to produce formation of inclusion body bearing cells (IBCs) on internals organs of fish predominantly on spleen and kidney. Megalocytivirus that infected grouper is known as Grouper Sleepy Disease Iridovirus (GSDIV). This study was conducted to answer the effect of entry sites of GSDIV on distribution of enlarged cells formed on the internal organs of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis. Enlarged cells were observed histologically under the light microscope on spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, gill, heart, stomach, intestine, muscle and brain. Entry sites were designated to intramuscularly injection, intraperitoneally injection, dipped gill and inoculum added feed. Enlarged cells were formed on spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, gill, heart, stomach, muscle, except on intestine and brain. All the entry sites resulted in formation of enlarged cells on spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, heart. Spleen and head kidney were the most frequent observed organ. These results suggested that distribution of enlarged cells were not affected by the entry site of GSDIV.
VERTICAL-HORIZONTAL WATER QUALITY PROFILES OF BATUR LAKE, BANGLI DISTRICT, BALI SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE LAKE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Sagala Sophia , Radiarta I Nyoman 
Published: October 2016

Batur Lake located in Bangli District is one of fisheries-basedregions in Bali with niletilapia as the main cultured species. Monitoring on environmental conditions of the lake was carried out to get the vertical and horizontal water quality profiles of the lake. Climatology condition of the area was also presented in the study. The study area were between 8o13’-8o18’ S and 115o22’-115o26’ E. Field survey was done with random and transect sampling points distribution. The water quality monitored in the lake essential ly covers important parameters such as depth, transparency, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate), sulfide, chlorophyll, and planktonic composition. Results of spatial analysis (vertically and horizontal ly) of water quality indicated that oxygen concentration up to 10 m deep is still appropriate for nile tilapia culture. Nutrient (phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite) contents of the lake meet the standard levels set by Ministry of Environment of Indonesia, and were still suitable for aquaculture operation at depth 710 m. From climatology point of view, it is known that the extreme climate occurred in June-August resulting in water mass changes, thus, affecting aquaculture sustainability in the lake.