bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MRCZ – A proposed fast compressed MRC file format and direct detector normalization strategies
Authors: McLeod Robert A. , Diogo Righetto Ricardo , Stewart Andy , Stahlberg Henning 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe introduction of high-speed CMOS detectors is fast marching the field of transmission electron microscopy into an intersection with the computer science field of big data. Automated data pipelines to control the instrument and the initial processing steps are imposing more and more onerous requirements on data transfer and archiving. We present a proposal for expansion of the venerable MRC file format to combine integer decimation and lossless compression to reduce storage requirements and improve file read/write times by >1000 % compared to uncompressed floating-point data. The integer decimation of data necessitates application of the gain normalization and outlier pixel removal at the data destination, rather than the source. With direct electron detectors, the normalization step is typically provided by the vendor and is not open-source. We provide robustly tested normalization algorithms that perform at-least as well as vendor software. We show that the generation of hot pixels is a highly dynamic process in direct electron detectors, and that outlier pixels must be detected on a stack-by-stack basis. In comparison, the low-frequency bias features of the detectors induced by the electronics on-top of the active layer, are extremely stable with time. Therefore we introduce a stochastic-based approach to identify outlier pixels and smoothly filter them, such that the degree of correlated noise in micrograph stacks is reduced. Botha priorianda posteriorigain normalization approaches that are compatible with pipeline image processing are discussed. Thea prioriapproach adds a gamma-correction to the gain reference, and thea posterioriapproach normalized by a moving average of time-adjacent stacks, with the current stack being knocked-out, known as the KOMA (knock-out moving average) filter. The combination of outlier filter and KOMA normalization over ~25 frames can reduce the correlated noise in movies to nearly zero. Sample libraries and a command-line utility are hosted atgithub.com/em-MRCZand released under the BSD license.
Cross—reactivity of antibodies against microbial proteins to human tissues as basis of Crohn’s disease and other autoimmune diseases
Authors: Zhang Peilin , Minardi Lawrence M. , Todd Kuenstner J. , Zekan Stephen M. , Zhu Feng , Hu Yinling , Kruzelock Rusty 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundAutoimmune disease is generally a systemic inflammatory response with production of autoantibodies. In this study, we investigated the anti-microbial antibodies in circulation in cases of Crohn’s disease (CD), Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) and other autoimmune disease and their roles in the pathogenesis of these autoimmune diseases.Material and methodsWestern blot was used to determine the reactivity of human plasmas from patients with CD and SS as the primary antibodies against the whole microbial extracts. The microbial proteins reactive to patients’ plasma were further identified and the modified sandwich ELISA assays were used to determine the blood levels of antibodies against these microbial proteins in patients with CD and SS. Antibodies against the microbial proteins are used for immunohistochemical staining of normal human tissue.ResultsA group of 7 microbial proteins was identified reactive to the plasmas of patients with CD and SS including DNA-directed RNA polymerase B (RPOB), and elongation factor G (EF-G) fromStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(S. aureusandS. pseudintermedius), ATP synthase alpha (ATP5a) and heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) fromMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP), elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and outer membrane porin C (ompC) fromEscherichia Coli(E. coli). Anti-microbial antibodies can cross-react to normal human tissues. The levels of antibodies against the microbial proteins are significantly elevated in the patients with CD and SS.ConclusionThe levels of antibodies against the microbial proteins are significantly elevated in CD and SS. The cross-reactivity of the anti-microbial antibodies to human tissue provides a new mechanism of pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as CD and SS.
Private haplotype barcoding facilitates inexpensive high-resolution genotyping of multiparent crosses
Authors: Skelly Daniel A. , McCusker John H. , Stone Eric A. , Magwene Paul M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractInexpensive, high-throughput sequencing has led to the generation of large numbers of sequenced genomes representing diverse lineages in both model and non-model organisms. Such resources are well suited for the creation of new multiparent populations to identify quantitative trait loci that contribute to variation in phenotypes of interest. However, despite significant drops in per-base sequencing costs, the costs of sample handling and library preparation remain high, particularly when many samples are sequenced. We describe a novel method for pooled genotyping of offspring from multiple genetic crosses, such as those that that make up multiparent populations. Our approach, which we call "private haplotype barcoding” (PHB), utilizes private haplotypes to deconvolve patterns of inheritance in individual offspring from mixed pools composed of multiple offspring. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach by applying the PHB method to whole genome sequencing of 96 segregants from 12 yeast crosses, achieving over a 90% reduction in sample preparation costs relative to non-pooled sequencing. In addition, we implement a hidden Markov model to calculate genotype probabilities for a generic PHB run and a specialized hidden Markov model for the yeast crosses that improves genotyping accuracy by making use of tetrad information. Private haplotype barcoding holds particular promise for facilitating inexpensive genotyping of large pools of offspring in diverse non-model systems.
Striation effect in induction heating: myths and reality
Authors: Nemkov Valentin , Goldstein Robert 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
Effect of unstable “wavy” temperature distribution on the part surface during the process of induction heating of ferromagnetic materials was observed and reported by two Russian scientists in 1940 (Babat and Lozinskii, 1940). They reported that under certain conditions, one can observe periodical or quasi-periodical bright stripes on the part surface when its temperature passes through the Curie point. In time, these stripes expand and merge, forming a normal temperature pattern. They called this phenomenon “polosatiy nagrev” (striation heating). Let us call it the “zebra effect” for simplicity. It can exist for a relatively long time, from several seconds to several tens of seconds. Several explanations of the zebra effect were proposed with not very convincing arguments. The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of this effect.

Design/methodology/approach
Wider spreading of induction technology and use of computer simulation of induction processes create a demand and open new possibilities for study of the zebra effect. This study provides an overview of the available information about the zebra effect and gives new explanation of this phenomenon based on existing experimental data and new results of simulation. Conditions for zebra occurrence and its technological importance or limitations are discussed.

Findings
Computer simulation using the Flux 2D program allows to demonstrate the striation (zebra) effect that can appear in the process of heating magnetic materials and reproduce main experimental findings related to this effect. Simulation provides a great opportunity to investigate the zebra phenomenon in virtual reality, providing qualitatively correct results. Results of simulation show that the zebra effect can appear in a relatively narrow range of material properties and operating conditions. The main factor is a big enough gradient of permeability near the Curie point. At present, it is difficult to expect high quantitative accuracy of simulation due to multiple assumptions in simulation algorithms and insufficient or inaccurate information about the material properties near the Curie point.

Originality/value
Several explanations of the zebra effect were proposed with not very convincing arguments. There were concerns that the zebra effect could set significant limits on the use of induction heating for surface hardening due to non-uniform temperature distribution along the part (Babat and Lozinskii, 1940; Babat, 1965; Lozinskii, 1949, 1969). However, it did not happen. There were no complaints from scientists or practitioners regarding any negative effect of the zebra phenomenon. Moreover, the authors of this paper did not find any original publications on this issue for more than half a century. Only few old induction experts confirm that they observed the zebra effect or something similar, whereas a great majority of induction community members never heard about it.
Mapping of magnetic properties for simulations of high-temperature electromagnetic applications
Authors: Akujärvi Ville , Cedell Tord , Frogner Kenneth , Andersson Mats 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the added value of using temperature-dependent electric and magnetic properties in high-temperature electromagnetic simulations.

Design/methodology/approach
In this work, the electromagnetic properties of Domex 420, SSAB, have been characterized as a function of the temperature, from room temperature to 900°C. The measurement of the electric and magnetic properties was performed inside a vacuum furnace at a number of discrete temperature steps, with particularly small intervals around the Curie temperature. A simple transient multi-physics model was used to investigate the impact of the measured properties in three different representations.

Findings
In certain intervals, a simplified approximation of the properties produces accurate results, while fully parametric representation is beneficial when heating above the Curie temperature.

Originality/value
Temperature-dependent electromagnetic properties are rarely found, especially in an easy-to-use form. Using parameterized temperature-dependent approximation of key properties shows noteworthy differences in the outcome of high-temperature electromagnetic modeling.
Design and simulation of the electromagnetic heating of a biological tissue
Authors: Ostroushko Mykola , Buchau André , Rucker Wolfgang 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the design and the numerical calculation of the electromagnetic heating system for the ablation therapy. Hence, the heating of the tumor cells must be processed very carefully to achieve a localized coagulative necrosis and to avoid too high temperatures inside the tissue.

Design/methodology/approach
The non-invasive method of the ablation therapy is implemented due to the inductive power transmission between the generator and implant. The ferromagnetic implant has a small size and can be placed intravenously into tumor cells. High-frequency driving currents are necessary to obtain high induced eddy currents within the ferromagnetic implant.

Findings
Finite element analysis has been used for the design and numerical calculation of the electromagnetic heating system. The electromagnetic analysis is done in the time domain due to the nonlinearity of the ferromagnetic implant. Magnetic fields are computed based on a magnetic vector potential formulation. The thermal analysis is done in the time domain as well. The temperature computation in biological tissue is based on a heat balance equation.

Research limitations/implications
This paper is focused on the design and simulation of the inductive system for the ablation therapy.

Practical implications
The designed system can be practically implemented. It can be used for the clinical study of the immune response by the thermal ablation therapy.

Originality/value
The common method of thermal ablation is combined with an inductive power transmission. It enables a repetitive application of this method to study the immune response.
Influence of SEN depth and port angle on vertical electromagnetic brake effects in continuous casting mould
Authors: Li Zhuang , Wang Engang , Xu Yu , Xu Lin 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
To effectively control the molten steel flow and the stability of free surface in continuous casting mould, this paper aims to propose a new type electromagnetic brake technique, namely, vertical electromagnetic brake (V-EMBr). Its brake effect under special processing parameters such as submerged entry nozzle (SEN) depth and port angle is evaluated by the numerical simulation methods.

Design/methodology/approach
A couple three-dimensional mathematical model of fluid flow and static magnetic field was developed to investigate the behaviour of molten steel flow and steel/slag interface in the continuous casting mould, and a volume of fluid model is used to track the interfacial behaviour of molten steel and liquid slag by solving the continuity equation of the phase volume fraction.

Findings
The simulation results showed that the application of V-EMBr can significantly reduce the flow intensity in upper recirculation zone and decrease the meniscus height and the flow velocity of molten steel in the vicinity of narrow side of mould, which is beneficial to reduce the possibility of mould flux entrapment. Especially, the brake effect of V-EMBr has a little affected by the SEN depth and port angle, which is helpful for V-EMBr to better adapt the actual continuous casting process.

Originality/value
Compared to the conventional-level EMBr, the new proposed V-EMBr has the advantage to effectively control the molten steel flow and steel/slag interfacial fluctuation in the vicinity of narrow side of mould with a pair of magnetic fields, and its brake effect is less affected by the changes in continuous casting processing parameters.
Integrating multiculturalism in education for the 2020 classroom
Authors: Childs Kamshia 
Published: March 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to take a brief glance at the past of multicultural education in classrooms and discusses the ever-changing “melting pot” of cultures expected to continue to grow even more diverse in the USA in the next few years. It seeks to identify ideas and approaches that will help integrate multiculturalism into the curriculum and classroom practices in the future.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explores and challenges the importance of understanding multiculturalism’s role in the classroom by sharing the relevance of moving beyond surface approaches to teach about different cultures. It delves into the need to dig deeper to make multicultural perspectives and contributions a part of curriculum and classroom environments on a daily basis.FindingsThe author concludes that due to the rapidly changing demographics of the population of students, it is a necessity to address concepts such as inclusion of underrepresented cultures and ethnic backgrounds in curriculum materials, educator preparation and diversifying teacher educators.Originality/valueThis paper shares a unique perspective as goes beyond sharing multiculturalism with students as recognition or a celebration or a festival. It details how curriculum practices and classroom environments should strive to make differences a part of the general curriculum and become a shared culture – not a separate culture.
Climate adaptation strategies: cohesion policy 2014-2020 and prospects for Greek regions
Authors: Thoidou Elisavet 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the framework of the EU cohesion policy 2014-2020 with respect to its potential to secure not only the resources necessary for climate action in EU regions but also an integrated climate adaptation approach. It also examines the prospects for Greek regions with respect to climate adaptation.

Design/methodology/approach
Using the regional policy approach as it is generally formulated and applied in the context of the EU cohesion policy, this paper seeks to identify the policy objectives, the funding opportunities and the conditionalities for climate adaptation action. It also examines the above-mentioned elements for Greek regions.

Findings
The context of the EU cohesion policy constitutes a necessary but not sufficient condition for developing and implementing successful regional adaptation strategies. The process and content of regional policies are of significant importance in order for this context to be fully exploited.

Research limitations/implications
Since this is the first time that climate adaptation at the regional level is directly addressed by cohesion policy, there is not much evidence on this issue, at least for Greek regions.

Practical implications
The approach followed in this paper may constitute a useful contribution to the formulation of regional adaptation strategies. This is of particular importance as climate adaptation, together with risk prevention, is one of the key thematic objectives of the EU cohesion policy 2014-2020.

Originality/value
This paper makes an original contribution by introducing and explaining a new challenging issue for the regional policies agenda, namely, the climate adaptation strategy, and stresses the need for a comprehensive approach to it, especially for Greek regions.
Polluting till death and beyond
Authors: Daramola Oluwole 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine residents’ perception on the polluting effects of the disposal of the dead in Ile-Ife, a traditional African city. This came about based on the recognition of the disposal of corpses and carcasses as sources of environmental pollution in the built environment. The perception study becomes imperative since introduction of perception is adjudged a tool for proffering solution to different problems in the different human endeavours and a method of getting policy information from the people that will be eventual subjects of the policy.

Design/methodology/approach
The study used household survey through questionnaire administration. The city of Ile-Ife was stratified into residential zones comprising the traditional zone, the transition zone and the peripheral zone. Across the zones, a total of 306 residents were systematically sampled on which the designed questionnaires were administered.

Findings
Dumping was the commonest method of the disposal of carcasses and burial was the commonest for corpses. The practices of the disposal of dead in the city were without consideration for its polluting effect and public health concern.

Research limitations/implications
The study is capable of generating hypotheses for future research in the area of environmental studies, especially in the global south.

Practical implications
The findings and recommendations of this study can provide information on future policy making, review and implementation on the disposal of the dead and other related issues in environmental studies both in the city and others with similar setting.

Originality/value
This paper is based on primary data from a survey of residents of Ile-Ife, Nigeria in March 2015. Its value lies in its capacity to suggest policy response for enhanced liveable environment through a study on residents’ perception, a bottom-up approach to policy making.
Aquifer vulnerability to pollution of Oum El-Bouaghi region in North East of Algeria
Authors: Zair Nadjet , Chaab Salah , Bertrand Catherine 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the vulnerability of the aquifer using two models of analysis (DRASTIC and GOD) that were applied in practice in the regions of Bir Chouhada, Souk Naamane and Ouled Zouai in the district of Oum El-Bouaghi.

Design/methodology/approach
This study aims to determine the most adequate methods to ensure the protection of the Bir Chouhada, Souk Naamane and Ouled Zouai aquifer from pollution using vulnerability assessment. The application of the DRASTIC and GOD models made this evaluation possible.

Findings
The analysis of the both maps of vulnerability, resulting from the application of the two methods (DRASTIC and GOD), has revealed several classes of vulnerability that are no-, low-, medium- and high-vulnerable area. High DRASTIC vulnerability values vary between 145 and 178, and those of GOD vary between 0.07 and 0.57. It is observed that vulnerability increases from the center toward the eastern part of the plain; this is confirmed by the repartition of nitrate contents. The impact of the hydraulic conductivity on vulnerability to pollution is more significant than those of the vadose zone and the aquifer media. This is well observed when considering the single-parameter sensitivity analysis.

Originality/value
The text deepens the understanding of the vulnerability assessment and quality of the aquifer and the groundwater. The present study can be used for the assessment and the management of groundwater.
The balanced scorecard as a tool for environmental management
Authors: Monteiro Sónia , Ribeiro Verónica 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the different possibilities set out in the literature for the integration of environmental issues into the balanced scorecard (BSC), not only in the private sector but also in the public sector, emphasizing the need to adapt the original model of the BSC to public entities.

Design/methodology/approach
Literature review, both theoretical and empirical.

Findings
As in the private sector, the literature is not unanimous regarding the integration of environmental indicators into an independent perspective. The implementation of Kaplan and Norton’s model in the public sector, taking into consideration the environmental variable, requires double attention: on the one hand, because it is necessary to adapt it to the specificities of public entities, and on the other hand, because its environmental aim is different from and wider than that of the private sector

Originality/value
This study adds to the international research on environmental management by providing the state of the art of the integration of environmental issues into the BSC, particularly in the public sector, where literature review and empirical evidence is still relatively limited.
Organizational cynicism in policing
Authors: Enciso Georgina , Maskaly Jon , Donner Christopher M. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine organizational cynicism (OC) among new police officers. Specifically, this paper investigates what factors are predictive of baseline levels of OC among police recruits and the growth of cynicism over time in these young officers.

Design/methodology/approach
The data for this study are drawn from Phase I of the National Police Research Platform. Latent growth curve modeling is used to analyze data on 760 police recruits across five geographically diverse training academies within three distinct time periods (first day of academy, just before graduation, and six months post-graduation) to assess the development of OC in new police officers.

Findings
Several variables, including gender, race, and relations in policing exerted significant effects on a baseline level of OC and on growth in cynicism over time.

Practical implications
OC is an important topic for police administrators. Cynicism among employees can lead to undesirable organizational outcomes such as low job morale and satisfaction. Thus, it is important for police administrators to better understand the development and growth of OC in its personnel, particularly in new police officers.

Originality/value
This study builds on previous research and investigates an understudied topic in the literature by assessing the development and growth of OC among new police officers.