bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time interval measurement module implemented in SoC FPGA device
Authors: Grzęda Grzegorz , Szplet Ryszard 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We presents the design and test results of a picosecond-precision time interval measurement module, integrated as a System-on-Chip in an FPGA device. Implementing a complete measurement instrument of a high precision in one chip with the processing unit gives an opportunity to cut down the size of the final product and to lower its cost. Such approach challenges the constructor with several design issues, like reduction of voltage noise, propagating through power lines common for the instrument and processing unit, or establishing buses efficient enough to transport mass measurement data. The general concept of the system, design hierarchy, detailed hardware and software solutions are presented in this article. Also, system test results are depicted with comparison to traditional ways of building a measurement instrument.
Operator o and analysis of harmonic distortion
Authors: Borys Andrzej 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
It has been shown that the description of mildly nonlinear circuits with the use of an operator o introduced by Meyer and Stephens in their paper published more than forty years ago was flawed. The problem now with their incorrect and imprecise definition is that it is still replicated in one or another form, as, for example, in publications of Palumbo and Pennisi on harmonic distortion calculation in integrated CMOS amplifiers or an article of Shrimali and Chatterjee on nonlinear distortion analysis of a three-terminal MOS-based parametric amplifier. Here, we discuss the versions of o operator presented in the works mentioned above and show points, where mistakes were committed. Also, we derive the correct forms of nonlinear circuit descriptions that should be used.
Understanding of Meyer and Stephens’s operator o as a multi-operational one
Authors: Borys Andrzej 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the idea of an extended operator o introduced in the literature on modelling weakly nonlinear circuits by Meyer and Stephens is revisited. The mathematically precise definitions of this operator for the successive Volterra series terms are given. Furthermore, the exhaustive formal and illustrative descriptions of these definitions are also presented. Finally, the possibility of a reverse formulation for the convolution operations occurring in descriptions of weakly nonlinear circuits is reported.
Re-assessing the Evidentiary Regime of the International Court of Justice: A Case for Codifying Its Discretion to Exclude Evidence
Authors: Chen Siyuan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLike many international tribunals, the International Court of Justice subscribes heavily to the principle of free admissibility of evidence. Neither its statute nor rules impose substantive restrictions on the admissibility of evidence, whether by way of exclusionary rules or an exclusionary discretion. Instead, the court’s practice has been to focus on evaluating and weighing the evidence after it has been admitted. There are certainly features of the ICJ that sets it apart from domestic courts and arguably justify such an approach: the ICJ is for settling disputes between sovereign states; it does not use a typical fact-finding system; its rules and practices reflect a mix of civil and common law traditions; and traditional exclusionary rules were not conceived with inter-state dispute resolution in mind. Yet for any judgment to have legitimacy, the evidential foundations must be strong and there should be a coherent and principled mechanism to sieve out problematic evidence at an early stage. Having this mechanism can also ensure that resources are not wasted and rights protected. Through an examination of the court’s rules and jurisprudence and the rules and practices of other international tribunals, this article makes the case for the codification of a provision that gives the ICJ an exclusionary discretion.
Investigating the transverse optical structure of spider silk micro-fibers using quantitative optical microscopy
Authors: Little Douglas J. , Kane Deb M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The transverse optical structure of two orb-weaver (family Araneidae) spider dragline silks was investigated using a variant of the inverse-scattering technique. Immersing the silks in a closely refractive index-matched liquid, the minimum achievable image contrast was greater than expected for an optically homogeneous silk, given what is currently known about the optical absorption of these silks. This “excess contrast” indicated the presence of transverse optical structure within the spider silk. Applying electromagnetic scattering theory to a transparent double cylinder, the minimum achievable irradiance contrast for the Plebs eburnus and Argiope keyserlingi dragline silks was determined to be consistent with step index refractive index contrasts of 1−4×10−4 and 6–7×10−4, respectively, supposing outer-layer thicknesses consistent with previous TEM studies (50 nm and 100 nm, respectively). The possibility of graded index refractive index contrasts within the spider silks is also discussed. This is the strongest evidence, to date, that there is a refractive index contrast associated with the layered morphology of spider silks and/or variation of proportion of nanocrystalline components within the spider silk structure. The method is more generally applicable to optical micro-fibers, including those with refractive index variations on a sub-wavelength scale.
CFD Modeling of Syngas Combustion and Emissions for Marine Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Ammar Nader R. , Farag Ahmed I. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Strong restrictions on emissions from marine power plants will probably be adopted in the near future. One of the measures which can be considered to reduce exhaust gases emissions is the use of alternative fuels. Synthesis gases are considered competitive renewable gaseous fuels which can be used in marine gas turbines for both propulsion and electric power generation on ships. The paper analyses combustion and emission characteristics of syngas fuel in marine gas turbines. Syngas fuel is burned in a gas turbine can combustor. The gas turbine can combustor with swirl is designed to burn the fuel efficiently and reduce the emissions. The analysis is performed numerically using the computational fluid dynamics code ANSYS FLUENT. Different operating conditions are considered within the numerical runs. The obtained numerical results are compared with experimental data and satisfactory agreement is obtained. The effect of syngas fuel composition and the swirl number values on temperature contours, and exhaust gas species concentrations are presented in this paper. The results show an increase of peak flame temperature for the syngas compared to natural gas fuel combustion at the same operating conditions while the NO emission becomes lower. In addition, lower CO2 emissions and increased CO emissions at the combustor exit are obtained for the syngas, compared to the natural gas fuel.
Fault Risk Assessment of Underwater Vehicle Steering System Based on Virtual Prototyping and Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: He Deyu , Hu Niaoqing , Hu Lei , Chen Ling , Guo YiPing , Chen Shaoshan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Assessing the risks of steering system faults in underwater vehicles is a human-machine-environment (HME) systematic safety field that studies faults in the steering system itself, the driver’s human reliability (HR) and various environmental conditions. This paper proposed a fault risk assessment method for an underwater vehicle steering system based on virtual prototyping and Monte Carlo simulation. A virtual steering system prototype was established and validated to rectify a lack of historic fault data. Fault injection and simulation were conducted to acquire fault simulation data. A Monte Carlo simulation was adopted that integrated randomness due to the human operator and environment. Randomness and uncertainty of the human, machine and environment were integrated in the method to obtain a probabilistic risk indicator. To verify the proposed method, a case of stuck rudder fault (SRF) risk assessment was studied. This method may provide a novel solution for fault risk assessment of a vehicle or other general HME system.
Children with Language Disorders or Late Bloomers – the problem of differential diagnosis
Authors: Czaplewska Ewa 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Communication problems are often the first noticeable symptom of developmental abnormalities. About 15% of children at the age of 2 years demonstrate a lower level of speech expression than their peers. Speech development disorders may constitute either symptoms of global developmental delay or only isolated difficulties. One of the main challenges for professionals dealing with early development support is recognizing whether a child whose linguistic competence differs significantly from that of their peers suffers from a specific language impairment, or whether they belong to the group of ‘late bloomers’ who at some point, without the intervention of a specialist, will achieve an appropriate level of communication skills.
Although a differential diagnosis can be extremely difficult, the analysis of the literature leads to the conclusion that there are some markers that can aid a specialist in establishing an accurate diagnosis.
Personality predictors of anger. The role of FFM traits, shyness, and self-esteem
Authors: Bak Waclaw 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The present study was designed to verify hypothesized predictor effects for five anger-related variables, i.e. trait anger, anger expression-out, anger expression-in, anger control-out, and anger-control-in. A sample of 138 students completed measures for FFM personality traits (NEO-FFI), self-esteem (SES), shyness (RCBS), and anger (STAXI-2). The study confirmed the effects of neuroticism and agreeableness as being the chief personality predictors of anger; however, for the domain of anger expression-in, an unexpected role of extraversion was revealed. Furthermore, introducing self-esteem and shyness changed some effects of FFM traits. Entering self-esteem as an additional predictor improved the predictability of anger control-in. Additionally, a mediation effect of shyness was revealed for the relation between extraversion and anger expression-in.
Growth differentiation factor 15 increases following oral glucose ingestion: effect of meal composition and obesity
Authors: Schernthaner-Reiter Marie Helene , Kasses Dominik , Tugendsam Christina , Riedl Michaela , Peric Slobodan , Prager Gerhard , Krebs Michael , Promintzer-Schifferl Miriam , Clodi Martin , Luger Anton , Vila Greisa 
Published: October 2016

Objective
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cardiovascular biomarker belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Increased GDF15 concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. We investigated the physiological effects of meal composition and obesity on the regulation of systemic GDF15 levels.

Design
Lean (n = 8) and obese (n = 8) individuals received a carbohydrate- or fat-rich meal, a 75 g oral glucose load (OGTT) or short-term fasting. OGTTs were performed in severely obese patients (n = 6) pre- and post-bariatric surgery.

Methods
Circulating serum GDF15 concentrations were studied in lean and obese individuals in response to different meals, OGTT or short-term fasting, and in severely obese patients pre- and post-bariatric surgery. Regulation of GDF15 mRNA levels and protein release were evaluated in the human hepatic cell line HepG2.

Results
GDF15 concentrations steadily decrease during short-term fasting in lean and obese individuals. Carbohydrate- and fat-rich meals do not influence GDF15, whereas an OGTT leads to a late increase in GDF15 levels. The positive effect of OGTT on GDF15 levels is also preserved in severely obese patients, pre- and post-bariatric surgery. We further studied the regulation of GDF15 mRNA levels and protein release in HepG2, finding that glucose and insulin independently stimulate both GDF15 transcription and secretion.

Conclusion
In summary, high glucose and insulin peaks upregulate GDF15 transcription and release. The nutrient-induced increase in GDF15 levels depends on rapid glucose and insulin excursions following fast-digesting carbohydrates, but not on the amount of calories taken in.
Pasen als paradigmawisseling (Easter as paradigm change)
Authors: Grube Dirk-Martin 
Published: October 2016

Our discourse section (in Dutch) reflects something of the conversation that took place at a symposium on â€œPasen als paradigmawisselingâ€ (Easter as Paradigm Change) at the VU University, Amsterdam following the publication of Dirk-Martin Grubeâ€™s bookÂ Ostern als Paradigmenwechsel. Eine wissenschaftstheoretische Untersuchung zur Entstehung des Urchristentums und deren Konsequenzen fÃ¼r die ChristologieÂ (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 2012). After Grubeâ€™s opening remarks about his book, the rest of this section presents responses by Peerbolte, Benjamins and Van den Brink, followed by Grubeâ€™s brief reply to his interlocutors.
Letramento científico e consciência metacognitiva de grupos de professores em formação inicial e continuada: um estudo exploratório
Authors: Gomes Ana Silvia Alves , Almeida Ana Cristina Pimentel Carneiro de 
Published: October 2016

Este trabalho buscou investigar as habilidades de letramento científico e o perfil metacognitivo de grupos de professores de educação básica e estudantes de cursos de licenciatura, utilizando dois instrumentos recentemente produzidos: o teste de habilidades de letramento científico – TOSLS, abreviatura em inglês de Test of Scienti?c Literacy Skills (GORMALLY et al, 2012) e o Inventário de Consciência Metacognitiva – MAI – abreviatura em inglês de Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (SCHRAW, e DENNISON,1994). Especificamente foram investigadas possíveis correlações entre habilidades metacognitivas e de letramento científico, aferindo e comparando diferentes tipos de habilidades metacognitivas e de letramento científico em grupos de professores em formação inicial e em formação continuada, além de avaliar as qualidades psicométricas e possíveis aperfeiçoamentos dos instrumentos utilizados. O trabalho fundamenta-se em pesquisas contemporâneas sobre letramento científico e metacognição, em particular, estudos que visaram investigar como essas habilidades são desenvolvidas por professores de ciências e matemática. Os resultados, obtidos com a aplicação dos instrumentos em um grupo de vinte três licenciandos e vinte professores em exercício, indicam que 74% dos sujeitos dos grupos pesquisados ainda não possui um nível adequado de letramento científico, apesar de declarar que utilizam frequentemente diferentes estratégias metacognitivas para estudar e planejar aulas. Também não foram encontradas correlações estatísticas significativas entre os escores do TOSLS e MAI, ou seja, habilidades metacognitivas e habilidades de letramento científico não se mostraram correlacionadas. Apresenta-se o detalhamento das principais habilidades com menores índices de acerto, discutindo a respeito de suas possíveis causas e medidas de mitigação para os problemas identificados, além de sugerir possibilidades de pesquisas futuras utilizando os instrumentos em questão.
Primeiros banquetes dos surdos-mudos no surgimento do esporte silencioso 1834-1924: por uma história política das mobilizações coletivas dos surdos
Authors: Benvenuto Andrea , Séguillon Didier 
Published: October 2016

Esse artigo mostra o aparecimento das primeiras formas de resistência e organização coletiva dos surdos desde as primeiras décadas do século XIX. Os surdos assumiram firmaram sua posição no âmbito público e político após sua luta pelo direito à afirmação de sua inteligência e à expressão em língua de sinais. Os” banquetes surdos-mudos” realizados inicialmente em Paris desde 1834 e depois em toda a França, o advento do esporte silencioso no início do século XX, bem como outros espaços e conexões criados por surdos ao longo do século XIX constituem um campo privilegiado de investigação que permanece praticamente inexplorado. Esse artigo se apoiará nos registros sobre os banquetes, periódicos e arquivos de associações, bem como nos raros estudos contemporâneos sobre o assunto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE : Banquetes dos surdos-mudos. História política. Mobilizações coletivas dos surdos. Surdos. Esporte silencioso.
Accessibilité et égalité des chances aux micro-communautés des sourds brésiliens : vers la reconnaissance des langues des signes pratiquées par les sourds de Soure (Île de Marajó) et Fortalezinha-PA et Porto de Galinhas-PE
Authors: Carliez Maria Luizete Sampaio Sobral , Formigosa Ellen , Cruz Eder Barbosa 
Published: October 2016

Les Langues des Signes (LS) pratiquées par les sourds brésiliens habitant dans les microcommunautés sourdes sont considérés par la société et les politiques publiques comme des gestes iconiques ne méritant pas d’être introduits dans les procédures pédagogiques de l’éducation des sourds établies par l’Éducation Nationale. Dans cet article notre objectif c’est de montrer que la reconnaissance de leur mode visuel-gestuel de communication joue un rôle important dans les notions d’accessibilité et d’égalité des chances pour les populations sourdes dans leur environnement socio-culturel. Un corpus des LS pratiqués à Soure, à Fortalezinha et à Porto de Galinhas a été recueilli, ce qui nous a permis de constater : l’authenticité de ces registres des LS en tant qu’objet linguistique à part entière ; le rapport entre leur langues des signes et leurs référentiels de culture et les enjeux sociaux et politiques de cette nonreconnaissance des LS pratiquées au sein des ces microcommunautés sourdes.MOTS CLÉ: Accessibilité. Microcommunautés des sourds. Langues des Signes Emergentes.
Collecte des langues des signes des sourds de Soure (Île de Marajó): un parcours méthodologique (2008/2013), les enjeux sociaux et politiques de la non reconnaissance des langues des signes émergentes pratiquées par ces sourds
Authors: Carliez Maria Luizete Sampaio Sobral , Fusellier Ivani 
Published: October 2016

Le présent article est le résultat d’une expérience de collecte des langues des signes (LS) pratiquées par les sourds de Soure/Île de Marajó-PA, entre les années de 2008 et 2013, selon l’approche linguistique des LS de l’Université Vincennes Saint Denis – Paris 8, où j’ai fait un stage postdoctoral sur la méthodologie de la collecte en LS. Dans une première étape, nous faisons un aperçu historique dont le parcours illustre la motivation sur notre choix thématique et comment nos observations empiriques ont évolués vers un travail plus structuré. Cette recherche vise ainsi exposer les acheminements méthodologiques de la collecte des LS des sourds de Soure, d’après un regard social et politique de cette communication gestuelle et visuelle intrinsèquement ancrée dans leur culture.MOTS CLÉ : Langues des signes émergentes. Méthodologie. Collecte. Culture.
L'enseignement bilingue pour sourds en France vu sous l'angle de la didactique des langues
Authors: Gefroy Véronique , Le Roux François 
Published: October 2016

En France, il existe un dispositif particulier d’enseignement dans lequel toutes les fonctions de l’école sont assurées et qui donne accès aux programmes nationaux officiels grâce à une autre langue que le français : ce sont les classes immersives en langue régionale. La même démarche peut être appliquée à la LSF. En effet, l’accès au français seul suppose une dépense cognitive considérable pour les enfants déficients auditifs, pour leur famille et même pour les enseignants.En faire une condition d’accès à l’écrit détourne le passage par l’école de ses fonctions essentielles : la transmission des connaissances, l'accompagnement métacognitif, la socialisation et la régulation des échanges, diverses activités langagières dont le travail métalinguistique indispensable à la lecture, etc. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de regarder la scène scolaire avec l’éclairage de la didactique des langues, et de faire en sorte que la rééducation du français ne soit pas le seul projecteur allumé dans la scolarité des enfants sourds.Mot clés : enseignement bilingue, LSF, classes immersives, oralisme, langue d’enseignement, langue première, sourd, déficience auditive
Synchrotron‐based X‐Ray Spectroscopy Studies for Redox‐based Remediation of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Mine Waste Materials
Authors: Karna Ranju R. , Hettiarachchi Ganga M. , Newville Matthew , Sun ChengJun , Ma Qing 
Published: October 2016

Several studies have examined the effect of submergence on the mobility of metals present in mine waste materials. This study examines the effect of organic carbon (OC) and sulfur (S) additions and submergence time on redox‐induced biogeochemical transformations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) present in mine waste materials collected from the Tri‐State mining district located in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma. A completely randomized design, with a two‐way treatment structure, was used for conducting a series of column experiments. Two replicates were used for each treatment combination. Effluent samples were collected at several time points, and soil samples were collected at the end of each column experiment. Because these samples are highly heterogeneous, we used a variety of synchrotron‐based techniques to identify Pb, Zn, and Cd speciation at both micro‐ and bulk‐scale. Spectroscopic analysis results from the study revealed that the addition of OC, with and without S, promoted metal‐sulfide formation, whereas metal carbonates dominated in the nonamended flooded materials and in mine waste materials only amended with S. Therefore, the synergistic effect of OC and S may be more promising for managing mine waste materials disposed of in flooded subsidence mine pits instead of individual S or OC treatments. The mechanistic understanding gained in this study is also relevant for remediation of waste materials using natural or constructed wetland systems.Core Ideas
In situ treatment additions promoted metal sulfide formation in submerged mine waste materials.
The addition of organic C with and without S was capable of inducing metal sulfide formation.
Agreement between micro‐ and bulk‐scale XAS metal speciation increased with time of submergence.
Mechanistic understanding gained is relevant for remediation of waste materials using natural or CWTS.
Ecological and economical balance of the area of Auliekol district of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its natural protection
Authors: Kovalchuk Alena Yuryevna 
Published: October 2016

The relevance of the work due to the need to assess areas of Auliekol district to identify land with a low coefficient of natural protection areas. The purpose of the work is to evaluate ecological and economic balance of Auliekol district of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author applied a method of assessment of environmental and economic balance taking into account the anthropogenic load. To study the state of the object on a regional scale choice as the basis of analysis of the structure of land seems the most adequate, since it is a device of land use objectively reflects the current state of industrial, agricultural, and recreational impacts. The complex assessment of ekologo-economic balance of the territory of Auliekol area ratio of the major categories of land use, taking into account the intensity of anthropogenic load. Coefficient of natural protected areas and analyzed emerging trends in the changing ecological and economic condition. The calculations show that the status of the research area at the moment in General, can be defined as moderately transformed, but clearly there is a tendency the increase of negative phenomena – is the increment of the land subjected to anthropogenic impact