bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smile Reanimation after Unilateral Facial Palsy by Lengthening Temporalis Myoplasty: Objective and Subjective Evaluation on 25 Cases
Authors: Foirest Claire , Granger Benjamin , Gatignol Peggy , Bernat Isabelle , Nguyen Yann , Lamas Georges , Tankere Frederic 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Comparison of functional results of lengthening temporalis myoplasty relies in current practice on subjective scales. The goal of this study was to define a simple, reproducible, objective scale validated through a comparison with a subjective scale for smile symmetrization results after temporal muscle myoplasty.

Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted on 25 patients having a unilateral facial palsy and rehabilitated with lengthening temporalis myoplasty. Evaluation consisted of objective measures: smile horizontal symmetry between left and right sides, vertical symmetry, and smile width on healthy and paretic sides on preoperative and postoperative photographs. Subjective scales were also used (i.e., a numeric scale and the Terzis and Noah scale) by a jury (four professionals and four nonprofessionals) and the patient himself or herself. Each evaluation was performed in three conditions: at rest, at intermediary smile, and at maximum smile.

Results:
Comparison of objective measures on the impaired side showed a postoperative improvement in the three conditions evaluation. Reproducibility of the numeric scale was weak for evaluation at rest and fair for maximum smile evaluation (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.57). The Terzis and Noah scale was not reproducible from one observer to another. At maximum smile, a correlation between smile symmetry in the vertical plane, smile symmetry in the horizontal plane, and professional evaluation with the numeric scale on the one hand and global patient satisfaction on the other hand was observed.

Conclusion:
Postoperative smile horizontal symmetry between left and right sides, and smile vertical symmetry, are good indicators with which to assess postoperative results of facial palsy rehabilitation.
Biased phylodynamic inferences from analysing clusters of viral sequences
Authors: Dearlove Bethany L. , Xiang Fei , Frost Simon D. W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPhylogenetic methods are being increasingly used to help understand the transmission dynamics of measurably evolving viruses, including HIV. Clusters of highly similar sequences are often observed, which appear to follow a ‘power law’ behaviour, with a small number of very large clusters. These clusters may help to identify subpopulations in an epidemic, and inform where intervention strategies should be implemented. However, clustering of samples does not necessarily imply the presence of a subpopulation with high transmission rates, as groups of closely related viruses can also occur due to non-epidemiological effects such as over-sampling. It is important to ensure that observed phylogenetic clustering reflects true heterogeneity in the transmitting population, and is not being driven by non-epidemiological effects.We quantify the effect of using a falsely identified ‘transmission cluster’ of sequences to estimate phylodynamic parameters including the effective population size and exponential growth rate. Our simulation studies show that taking the maximum size cluster to re-estimate parameters from trees simulated under a randomly mixing, constant population size coalescent process systematically underestimates the overall effective population size. In addition, the transmission cluster wrongly resembles an exponential or logistic growth model 95% of the time. We also illustrate the consequences of false clusters in exponentially growing coalescent and birth-death trees, where again, the growth rate is skewed upwards. This has clear implications for identifying clusters in large viral databases, where a false cluster could result in wasted intervention resources.
Mechanism of Nuclear Movements in a Multinucleated Cell
Authors: Gibeaux Romain , Politi Antonio Z. , Philippsen Peter , Nédélec François 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTMultinucleated cells are important in many organisms but the mechanisms governing the movements of nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm are not understood. In the hyphae of the plant pathogenic fungusAshbya gossypii,nuclei move back and forth, occasionally bypassing each other, and, preventing the formation of nuclear clusters, this is essential for genetic stability. These movements depend on cytoplasmic microtubules emanating from the nuclei, that are pulled by dynein motors anchored at the cortex. Using 3D stochastic simulations with parameters constrained by the literature, we predict the cortical anchors density from the characteristics of nuclear movements. Altogether, the model accounts for the complex nuclear movements seenin vivo,using a minimal set of experimentally determined ingredients. Interestingly, these ingredients power the oscillations of the anaphase spindle in budding yeast, but inA. gossypiithis system is not restricted to a specific nuclear cycle stage, possibly as a result of adaptation to hyphal growth and multinuclearity.
The coefficient of determinationR2and intra-class correlation coefficient from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded
Authors: Nakagawa Shinichi , Johnson Paul C. D. , Schielzeth Holger 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe coefficient of determinationR2quantifies the proportion of variance explained by a statistical model and is an important summary statistic of biological interest. However, estimatingR2for generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) remains challenging. We have previously introduced a version ofR2that we calledR2GLMMfor Poisson and binomial GLMMs, but not for other distributional families. Similarly, we earlier discussed how to estimate intra-class correlation coefficients ICC using Poisson and binomial GLMMs. In this article, we expand our methods to all other non-Gaussian distributions, in particular to negative binomial and gamma distributions that are commonly used for modelling biological data. While expanding our approach, we highlight two useful concepts for biologists, Jensen’s inequality and the delta method, both of which help us in understanding the properties of GLMMs. Jensen’s inequality has important implications for biologically meaningful interpretation of GLMMs, while the delta method allows a general derivation of variance associated with non-Gaussian distributions. We also discuss some special considerations for binomial GLMMs with binary or proportion data. We illustrate the implementation of our extension by worked examples from the field of ecology and evolution in the R environment. However, our method can be used across disciplines and regardless of statistical environments.
Re-conceiving time in reference and information services work: a qualitative secondary analysis
Authors: Bossaller Jenny , Burns Christopher Sean , VanScoy Amy 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use the sociology of time to understand how time is perceived by academic librarians who provide reference and information service (RIS).Design/methodology/approachThis study is a qualitative secondary analysis (QSA) of two phenomenological studies about the experience of RIS in academic libraries. The authors used QSA to re-analyze the interview transcripts to develop themes related to the perception of time.FindingsThree themes about the experience of time in RIS work were identified. Participants experience time as discrete, bounded moments but sometimes experience threads through these moments that provide continuity, time is framed as a commodity that weighs on the value of the profession, and time plays an integral part of participants’ narratives and professional identities.Research limitations/implicationsGiven that the initial consent processes vary across organizations and types of studies, the researchers felt ethically compelled to share only excerpts from each study’s data, rather than the entire data set, with others on the research team. Future qualitative studies should consider the potential for secondary analysis and build data management and sharing plans into the initial study design.Practical implicationsMost discussions of time in the literature are presented as a metric – time to answer a query, time to conduct a task – The authors offer a more holistic understanding of time and its relationship to professional work.Social implicationsThe methodology taken in this paper makes sense of the experiences of work in RIS for librarians. It identifies commonalities between the experience of time and work for RIS professionals and those of other professionals, such as physicians and software engineers. It suggests revising models for RIS, as well as some professional values.Originality/valueThis paper contributes a better understanding of time, understudied as a phenomenon that is experienced or perceived, among RISs providers in academic libraries. The use of secondary qualitative analysis is an important methodological contribution to library and information science studies.
Sex‐dependent carry‐over effects on timing of reproduction and fecundity of a migratory bird
Authors: Saino Nicola , Ambrosini Roberto , Caprioli Manuela , Romano Andrea , Romano Maria , Rubolini Diego , Scandolara Chiara , Liechti Felix 
Published: December 2016

SummaryLife of many organisms flows as a sequence of annual cycles. Timing of cyclical events is shaped by natural selection also via the domino effects that any life history stage has on the stages that follow. Such ‘carry‐over effects’ have major consequences for evolutionary, ecological and demographic processes, but the causes that generate their individual‐level variation, including the effect of sex, are poorly understood.We used light‐level geolocators to study carry‐over effects on the year‐round life cycle of the long‐distance migratory barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and sex‐dependent variation in their strength.Correlation analyses showed that timing of breeding influenced departure time for autumn migration in females but not in males. In addition, strong, time‐mediated carry‐over effects of timing of departure from the wintering areas in sub‐Saharan Africa for spring migration on timing of arrival to the breeding grounds in Italy and Switzerland operated in both sexes. However, carry‐over effects of spring migration phenology on breeding date and seasonal fecundity were observed among females but not among males.We used partial least squares path modelling to unveil the complex carry‐over effects of phenology during the non‐breeding season in combination with the ecological conditions experienced by individual swallows in the wintering area, as gauged by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values (NDVI), on breeding performance. Phenology during the non‐breeding season combined withNDVIduring wintering accounted for as much as 65–70% of variation in subsequent seasonal fecundity in females, while such carry‐over effects on breeding success of males were weaker.Intense, sex‐specific carry‐over effects can have impacted on evolutionary processes, including sexual selection, and affected phenological response to climate change, causing the large population decline observed in this species.
Hypoxia‐inducible factors as neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ashok Ben Sundra , Ajith Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan , Sivanesan Senthilkumar 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBeta amyloid (Aβ)‐42 peptide and phosphorylated tau protein have been demonstrated as the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A gradual decline of oxygen and glucose supply to the brain during aging or hypoxia was manifested as a contributing factor to hypometabolism. The brain regions susceptible to hypometabolism are the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and cognition‐associated neocortical regions like parietal, temporal and frontal cortex. In AD patients, the brain regions with hypometabolism can trigger overexpression of amyloid precursor protein and decrease the clearance of Aβ. Aβ and hypoxia can evoke inflammation, oxidative stress and finally neuronal cell death. Among the transcription factors involved in the compensatory mechanism, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α) has a major role in the cellular adaptation by inducing the expression of several proteins, including vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Therefore, maintaining the HIF‐1α level by inhibiting the prolyl 4‐hydroxylase was effective to attenuate the nerve damage during hypoxia and postpone the incidence of AD. Agents such as iron chelators, and heavy metals like cobalt and nickel were demonstrated to be effective in maintaining the HIF‐1α level in the nerve. This review article discusses the possible role of HIF‐1α as a neuroprotector in AD and the future perspectives.
Waging War for the Righteous: William Eaton on Enlightenment, Empire, and Coup d'état in the First Barbary War, 1801–1805
Authors: BOW C. B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Ottoman provinces of Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis, and the independent sultanate of Morocco, known as Barbary States, terrorized merchant ships with piracy of cargoes and enslavement of their sailors throughout the early modern period. Barbary privateers, known as corsairs, justified their selective targeting of ‘kafir’ or ‘infidel’ merchant ships as waging ‘sea jihad’. Agents of empire struggled to reconcile principles of ‘just war’ in the natural law tradition with the negotiated payment of Barbary tributes for unobstructed passage through the Mediterranean. Resolving this Barbary threat by way of war or tribute involved American interests after 1783. This article examines the ways in which William Eaton, as the United States Consul for Tunis, intervened between Enlightenment and imperial responses to Barbary piracy. Eaton defied Thomas Jefferson's foreign policies by engineering the first American attempt at coup d’état in a foreign government. In doing so, Eaton's strategy of military interventionism offered an alternative to perennial Enlightenment and imperial designs for war and peace in the Islamic world.
The Rhinoceros and the Chatham Railway: Taxidermy and the Production of Animal Presence in the ‘Great Indoors’
Authors: JONES KAREN 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article considers the practice of taxidermy and its relationship to the ‘golden age’ of big game hunting, the science of natural history and the dramaturgical codes of empire by looking at the collecting exploits of one man, Major Percy Powell‐Cotton (1866–1940), and his attempts to preserve the spoils of the hunt in the ‘great indoors’. As various scholars have pointed out, taxidermy offers up a vivid and striking ‘afterlife’ of the animal with a unique (and some might say unsavoury) ability to elucidate our environmental and cultural relations with other species. As such, the reanimated animals of empire, posed on the walls of the country estate or arrested in museum cases, represent valuable historical artefacts ripe for unstitching. Drawing on the work of Garry Marvin, Sam Alberti and Merle Patchett, this article stalks Powell‐Cotton's taxidermic project across various sites of capture, production and display (what I call necrogeographies) to illuminate the sinuous contours of imperial natural history and the stories of pursuit, production and performance lurking beneath the skin of the reanimated animal.
Awareness of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in Malaysia
Authors: Yen Steven T. , Tan Andrew K.G. , Mustapha Feisul I. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundPolicy interventions for cardiovascular diseases require individual awareness of ailments. Such awareness is also key to individuals making changes to their lifestyle and dietary habits. The present study investigated the association of sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle factors with the awareness and prevalence of three ailments: diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.MethodsData were obtained from the Malaysia Non‐Communicable Disease Surveillance‐1. Logistic regressions were estimated and odds ratios of exposure variables calculated.ResultsDiabetes awareness was associated with work hours, age, family history of illnesses, and ethnicity. Individuals with diminished hypertension awareness included those who were younger, without family history of illnesses, not obese, working more hours, and not adhering to a healthy diet. Low awareness of hypercholesterolemia was associated with younger age, lower education level, living in rural areas, female gender, no family history of illnesses, non‐obesity, and minority ethnic background. Prevalence generally had the same pattern of association with the exposure variables.ConclusionsVarious sociodemographic and health and lifestyle characteristics were associated with diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia awareness in Malaysia, albeit with varying outcomes. Therefore, programs focusing on lifestyle improvements should be targeted at high‐risk subgroups, such as individuals working longer hours and young adults, who are less likely to be aware of their health risk factors.
Validation of International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision codes for atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hsu D. Y. , Dalal P. , Sable K. A. , Voruganti N. , Nardone B. , West D. P. , Silverberg J. I. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundEvaluation of large‐scale data sets is needed to better understand the epidemiology, cost, and burden of atopic dermatitis (AD). We sought to validate the use of ICD‐9‐CM codes for identifying AD.MethodsPatients from a large metropolitan quaternary care medical center with a diagnostic code of either 691.8 (AD) or 692.9 (eczema and contact dermatitis) were queried. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, Hanifin & Rajka (H&R) and United Kingdom Working Party (UKWP) criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (PPV) of the codes were calculated.ResultsOf 43 278 patients identified with associated ICD‐9 codes of 691.8 or 692.9, 519 and 253 with 691.8 and 692.9 were randomly selected for chart review. There was extensive overlap: 34.3% had ≥1 occurrences of 691.8 and 692.9 and 25.6% had multiple occurrences of both codes. Among patients with ≥1 occurrence of 691.8, 29.9% and 30.8% met the H&R and UKWP criteria, respectively. Similarly, among patients with ≥1 occurrence of 692.9, 33.7% and 32.2% met the H&R and UKWP criteria. Increased PPV was associated with concomitant diagnoses of asthma, hay fever, and food allergy and increased disease severity.ConclusionsIn the outpatient setting, the ICD‐9‐CM codes 691.8 and 692.9 alone have poor PPV. Incorporation of diagnoses of asthma, hay fever, and food allergy improves PPV and specificity. In the inpatient setting, a primary discharge diagnosis of 691.8 had excellent PPV. Although ICD‐10 has been adopted in Europe and more recently in the USA, the same systematic errors would likely occur unless providers standardize their coding.
Cholesterol metabolism: a potential therapeutic target in Mycobacteria
Authors: Abuhammad Areej 
Published: December 2016

Tuberculosis (TB), although a curable disease, is still one of the most difficult infections to treat. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects 10 million people worldwide and kills 1.5 million people each year. Reactivation of a latent infection is the major cause of TB. Cholesterol is a critical carbon source during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl‐CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into lipid virulence factors. The M. tuberculosis genome contains a large regulon of cholesterol catabolic genes suggesting that the microorganism can utilize host sterol for infection and persistence. The protein products of these genes present ideal targets for rational drug discovery programmes. This review summarizes the development of enzyme inhibitors targeting the cholesterol pathway in M. tuberculosis. This knowledge is essential for the discovery of novel agents to treat M. tuberculosis infection.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro‐organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc
Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production
Authors: Feldman S. , Kasjanski R. , Poposki J. , Hernandez D. , Chen J. N. , Norton J. E. , Suh L. , Carter R. G. , Stevens W. W. , Peters A. T. , Kern R. C. , Conley D. B. , Tan B. K. , Shintani‐Smith S. , Welch K. C. , Grammer L. C. , Harris K. E. , Kato A. , Schleimer R. P. , Hulse K. E. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundB cells play many roles in health and disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms that drive B cell responses in the airways, especially in humans. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the upper airways that affects 10% of Europeans and Americans. A subset of CRS patients develop nasal polyps (NPs), which are characterized by type 2 inflammation, eosinophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). We have reported that NP contain elevated levels of B cells and antibodies, making NP an ideal system for studying B cells in the airways.ObjectiveWe sought to determine the mechanisms that drive B cell activation and antibody production during chronic airway inflammation.MethodsWe analysed B cells from NP or tonsil, or after ILC2 coculture, by flow cytometry. Antibody production from tissue was measured using Luminex assays and the frequency of antibody‐secreting cells by ELISpot. Formation of B cell clusters was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Expression of genes associated with B cell activation and class switch recombination was measured by qRT‐PCR.ResultsNP contained significantly elevated frequencies of plasmablasts, especially those that expressed the extrafollicular marker Epstein–Barr virus‐induced protein 2 (EBI2), but significantly fewer germinal centre (GC) B cells compared with tonsil. Antibody production and the frequency of antibody‐secreting cells were significantly elevated in NP, and there was evidence for local class switch recombination in NP. Finally, ILC2s directly induced EBI2 expression on B cells in vitro.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceOur data suggest there is a unique B cell activation environment within NP that is distinct from classic GC‐mediated mechanisms. We show for the first time that ILC2s directly induce EBI2 expression on B cells, indicating that ILC2s may play an important role in B cell responses. B cell‐targeted therapies may provide new treatment options for CRSwNP.