bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal vitamin B6 deficient or supplemented diets on expression of genes related to GABAergic, serotonergic, or glutamatergic pathways in hippocampus of rat dams and their offspring
Authors: Almeida Mara Ribeiro , Mabasa Lawrence , Crane Courtney , Park Chung S , Venâncio Vinícius Paula , Bianchi Maria Lourdes Pires , Antunes Lusânia Maria Greggi 
Published: March 2016

ScopeVitamin B6 plays crucial roles on brain development and its maternal deficiency impacts the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic systems in offspring. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these neurological changes are not well understood. Thus, we aimed at evaluating which components of those neurotransmitter metabolism and signaling pathways can be modulated by maternal vitamin B6‐deficient or B6‐supplementated diets in the hippocampus of rat dams and their offspring.Methods and resultsFemale Wistar rats were fed three different diets: control (6 mg vitamin B6/kg), supplemented (30 mg vitamin B6/kg) or deficient diet (0 mg vitamin B6/kg), from 4 weeks before pregnancy through lactation. Newborn pups (10 days old) from rat dams fed vitamin B6‐deficient diet presented hyperhomocysteinemia and had a significant increase in mRNA levels of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (Gad1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2), and glutamate‐ammonia ligase (Glul), while glutaminase (Gls) and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) mRNAs were downregulated. Vitamin B6 supplementation or deficiency did not change hippocampal global DNA methylation.ConclusionA maternal vitamin B6‐deficient diet affects the expression of genes related to GABA, glutamate, and serotonin metabolisms in offspring by regulating Gad1, Glul, Gls, and Tph1 mRNA expression.
Preconditioning techniques for an image deblurring problem
Authors: Chen Ke , Fairag Faisal , Al‐Mahdi Adel 
Published: March 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we consider the solution of a large linear system of equations, which is obtained from discretizing the Euler–Lagrange equations associated with the image deblurring problem. The coefficient matrix of this system is of the generalized saddle point form with high condition number. One of the blocks of this matrix has the block Toeplitz with Toeplitz block structure. This system can be efficiently solved using the minimal residual iteration method with preconditioners based on the fast Fourier transform. Eigenvalue bounds for the preconditioner matrix are obtained. Numerical results are presented. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aqueous Terminalia arjuna extract modulates expression of key atherosclerosis‐related proteins in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit: A proteomic‐based study
Authors: Rather Riyaz Ahmad , Malik Vivek Singh , Trikha Dimple , Bhat Owais , Dhawan Veena 
Published: March 2016

PurposeThe present study evaluates the effect of an aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna (aqTAE) on protein expression in aortic plaques of hypercholesterolemic rabbits using a proteomic approach.Experimental designThirty male New Zealand rabbits (n = 6) were employed as Gp1 (stock diet); Gp2 (high‐fat diet [HFD]); Gp3 (stock diet + aqTAE); Gp4 (HFD + aqTAE); and Gp5 (HFD + atorvastatin) and followed for 6 months. Protein lysates of aortic tissues were separated by 2DE and proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF/MS.ResultsSerum lipids were found to be significantly increased by an HFD and reduced by aqTAE both at 3 and 6 months (Gp4 vs. Gp2; p < 0.05). Total 79 spots were differentially expressed, among which 60 individual proteins were identified, 31 grouped as atherosclerosis‐related proteins and 29 classified as others. aqTAE significantly attenuated the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase‐2, MMP‐9, HSP60, ICAM‐5, Endothelin‐3, Vimentin, Protein S100‐A9 besides others. Many of the observed proteins are known to be consistently associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, plaque rupture, and immune imbalance.Conclusions and clinical relevanceStrong hypolipidemic effects of aqTAE and attenuation of these signature atherogenic biomarkers using proteomics highlights the fact that aqTAE may be useful in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis.
Peculiarities of CdS nanocrystal formation at annealing of a Langmuir‐Blodgett matrix
Authors: Svit Kirill , Protasov Dmitry , Teys Sergey , Sveshnikova Larisa , Maksim Yakushev , Zhuravlev Konstantin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFormation and assembling of CdS nanocrystals (NC) on highly‐ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and on oxidized silicon substrates have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). NC were initially formed within a Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) matrix of cadmium behenate. The LB matrix was then removed by annealing in an ammonia atmosphere. It is shown that the NC self‐assembling is mainly determined by the LB matrix wetting properties. In case of wettable HOPG substrate homogeneous matrix evaporation occurs that leads to coarsening of the NC arrays as the main self‐assembly process. Otherwise, NC prepared on non‐wettable SiO2‐Si substrate demonstrate arrays formation determined by the LB matrix dewetting process. For the both cases, the influence of kinetic limitations connected with matrix evaporation rate on the self‐assembly process is observed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative studies of CdSe/ZnSe quantum dot structures epitaxially grown with or without a sub‐monolayer CdTe stressor
Authors: Rakhlin M. V. , Belyaev K. G. , Sedova I. V. , Sorokin S. V. , Gronin S. V. , Usikova A. A. , Sitnikova A. A. , Brunkov P. N. , Ivanov S. V. , Toropov A. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report on comparative studies of the emission properties of CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy either with or without predeposition of a sub‐monolayer CdTe stressor, and in the latter case, either with or without in‐situ thermal annealing. The emission of a limited number of QDs was registered in all samples by micro‐photoluminescence confocal spectroscopy through 500‐nm‐size round apertures opened in a non‐transparent gold mask by ball assisted etching technique. The measurements reveal the lowest density of emitting QDs in the sample grown with the in‐situ annealing that is attributed to both ripening of the CdSe QDs and strain relaxation in the largest QDs, followed by formation of defects serving as centres of nonradiative recombination. The employment of the CdTe stressor causes narrowing of the total QDs emission band and simultaneous broadening of the single‐QD lines that is consistent with the formation of a relatively homogeneous dense array of type‐I CdSe/ZnSe QDs adjoining type‐II Zn(Cd)Te/ZnSe nanostructures. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Representation of fatigue for wind turbine control
Authors: Barradas‐Berglind J. J. , Wisniewski Rafael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFatigue is a critical factor in structures such as wind turbines exposed to harsh operating conditions, both in the design stage and in the control during their operation. In the present paper, the most recognized approaches to estimate the damage caused by fatigue in the component level are discussed and compared. The aim of this paper is to address the applicability of those fatigue damage estimation methods to control of wind turbines. Accordingly, for our discussion and comparison, we categorize fatigue estimation methods in a macroscopic scale as counting, spectral, stochastic and hysteresis operator methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Too close for comfort: spatial patterns in acorn barnacle populations
Authors: Hooper Rebecca C. , Eichhorn Markus P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpatial patterns in aggregations form as a result of the interplay between costs and benefits experienced by individuals. Such self‐organisation of aggregations can be explained using a zonal model in which a short‐range zone of repulsion and longer‐range zone of attraction surrounding individuals leads to emergent pattern properties. The signal of these processes can be detected using spatial pattern analyses. Furthermore, in sessile organisms, post‐settlement mortality reveals the relative costs and benefits of positions within the aggregation. Acorn barnacles are known to require contact with conspecifics for reproduction and are therefore believed to aggregate for this purpose; isolated individuals may also be more susceptible to abiotic stress and predation. At short distances, however, competition for space and resources is likely to occur. In this study spatial patterns of barnacles (Semibalanus balanoidesL.) were analysed using pair‐correlation functions. Individuals were dispersed at distances below 0.30 cm, but peak relative density occurred at a distance of 0.36 cm from conspecifics. This is much closer than required for reproductive access, implying a strong aggregative drive, up to the point of physical contact with neighbours. Nevertheless, analysis of dead barnacles illustrated that such proximity carries a cost as barnacles with many neighbours were more likely to have died. The inferences obtained from these patterns are that barnacles aggregate as closely as they can, and that local neighbourhood competition is a powerful determinant of mortality. These processes give rise to the observed pattern properties.
Effects of leaf litter on inter‐specific competitive ability of the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata
Authors: Dai Zhi‐Cong , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Qi Shan‐Shan , Cai Hong‐Hong , Sun Jian‐Fan , Huang Ping , Du Dao‐Lin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAllelochemicals released by invasive plants contribute to the successful invasion of new habitats. However, the relationship between allelopathic effects and competitive ability of invasive plants has not been characterized. We quantified the neighbor effects of Wedelia trilobata (family: Asteraceae) and the allelopathic effects of its leaf litter on two Asteraceae competitor species (invasive Eupatorium catarium and non‐invasive Lactuca sativa) and on its own ramet growth. The seed germination rate and seedling biomass of the two competitor species decreased following treatment with W. trilobata leaf extracts. When co‐cultured with W. trilobata, the total biomass of the two competitor species significantly decreased regardless of whether leaf extracts were present. Under low plant density co‐culture conditions, W. trilobata leaf extracts enhanced the inhibitory effects on E. catarium. In contrast, W. trilobata leaf extracts promoted the growth of W. trilobata adventitious roots, resulting in increased competitive ability. Therefore, W. trilobata growth was promoted by its own allelochemicals in leaf extracts, whereas the growth of the invasive and non‐invasive competitors was inhibited by the same chemicals. These responses facilitated the invasion by W. trilobata. Our study demonstrates that leaf litter of invasive plants may inhibit the growth of neighboring species to enhance the competitive ability of the invasive plants during the early stages of invasion.
Direct Repair of the Superior Band of Bigelow's Ligament after Hip Arthroplasty: A Surgical Technique
Authors: Liu Joseph , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Christ Alexander B. , Dzenis Peteris , Healey John H. 
Published: March 2016

Background The posterolateral approach is one of the most common approaches used during hip arthroplasty. A posterior soft tissue repair is necessary to limit the risk of postoperative dislocation. For a trapezoidal capsulotomy, the proximal limb divides the superior band of the iliofemoral ligament (Bigelow's ligament). A transosseous repair frequently leaves a defect in this region, which may elevate the risk for dislocation. The purpose of this article is to describe a simple, rational technique for reinforcing the posterior capsular repair. Description of Technique A meticulous exposure of the hip capsule is performed during the posterolateral surgical approach. A trapezoidal capsulotomy is performed. After implantation of the arthroplasty implants, retractors are placed to expose the superior capsule. Prior to transosseous repair of the capsule and short external rotator tendons, the proximal limb of the capsulotomy is reapproximated anatomically and repaired with non-absorbable sutures. If anatomical repair is not possible, leg length and femoral offset should be reassessed carefully. Discussion The described modification may further minimize the risk of dislocation following hip arthroplasty, as the superior band of Bigelow's ligament is an additional checkrein to internal and external rotation. This repair provides a secondary intraoperative assessment of leg length and femoral offset to ensure proper biomechanical reconstruction of the hip joint. It is the authors’ preferred technique of all hip hemiarthroplasties and total hip arthroplasties, whenever possible.
Vein of Galen malformation, a rare cause of epilepsy
Authors: Sayadnasiri Mohammad 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVein of Galen malformation (VOGM) is a rare congenital cerebral vascular malformation characterized by an aneurysmally dilated midline deep venous structure, fed by abnormal arteriovenous communication. Most patients develop severe congestive heart failure at neonatal period that is fatal if left untreated. Rarely, patients with low-flow fistula present with headache, seizure, or focal neurological sign at adulthood. A 28-year-old female with VOGM-related epilepsy was introduced in this brief report.
From governance to government: The strengthened role of state bureaucracies in forest and agricultural certification
Authors: Giessen Lukas , Burns Sarah , Sahide Muhammad Alif K , Wibowo Agung 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPrivate institutions for third-party (eco-)labelling of food and wood products has been a lively field of empirical research, peaking in the conception of certification as a “non-state market-driven governance system,” which is gaining rule-making authority domestically and internationally as a private governance institution and a transnational regime. Recent findings, however, suggest that state actors also play a decisive role in private certification governance. Questions relating to who within the state, however, so far remain unaddressed. Very recent empirical trends in the fields of timber and palm oil certification in Indonesia suggest that it is distinct public bureaucracies who start reclaiming certification authority through state-led mandatory schemes, challenging the private and transnational certification institutions in support of government-driven international certification regimes. Against this background, the objective of this paper is to substantiate the trend from transnational private to international state-driven governance by analyzing the role of distinct state bureaucracies in the emergence, diffusion, and reshaping of private natural resource governance systems. To achieve these objectives, we develop our propositions by combining insights from political certification studies, regime theory, as well as bureaucratic politics theory. Methodologically, we employ a qualitative case study design on recent developments in forest, timber, and palm oil certification systems in Argentina and Indonesia. Our results substantiate the observation that distinct state actors play a key role in private governance systems and, in the case of Indonesia, even re-claim labelling authority from private institutions by attempting to outcompete them through employing their exclusive regulatory power. The results further indicate a strong, self-interested support from domestic state bureaucracies to state-driven international rather than to transnational certification regimes, supporting the temporary governance hypothesis. We discuss and conclude on our results in light of literatures on private governance, policy sectors as well as international relations theory on the emergence of international and transnational regimes.
The behaviour of Tollmien–Schlichting waves undergoing small-scale localised distortions
Authors: Xu Hui , Sherwin Spencer J. , Hall Philip , Wu Xuesong 
Published: March 2016

This paper is concerned with the behaviour of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves experiencing small localised distortions within an incompressible boundary layer developing over a flat plate. In particular, the distortion is produced by an isolated roughness element located at $\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}=440\,000$. We considered the amplification of an incoming TS wave governed by the two-dimensional linearised Navier–Stokes equations, where the base flow is obtained from the two-dimensional nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations. We compare these solutions with asymptotic analyses which assume a linearised triple-deck theory for the base flow and determine the validity of this theory in terms of the height of the small-scale humps/indentations taken into account. The height of the humps/indentations is denoted by $h$, which is considered to be less than or equal to $x_{c}\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}^{-5/8}$ (corresponding to $h/{\it\delta}_{99}<6\,\%$ for our choice of $\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}$). The rescaled width $\hat{d}~(\equiv d/(x_{c}\mathit{Re}_{x_{c}}^{-3/8}))$ of the distortion is of order $\mathit{O}(1)$ and the width $d$ is shorter than the TS wavelength (${\it\lambda}_{TS}=11.3{\it\delta}_{99}$). We observe that, for distortions which are smaller than 0.1 of the inner deck height ($h/{\it\delta}_{99}<0.4\,\%$), the numerical simulations confirm the asymptotic theory in the vicinity of the distortion. For larger distortions which are still within the inner deck ($0.4\,\%<h/{\it\delta}_{99}<5.5\,\%$) and where the flow is still attached, the numerical solutions show that both humps and indentations are destabilising and deviate from the linear theory even in the vicinity of the distortion. We numerically determine the transmission coefficient which provides the relative amplification of the TS wave over the distortion as compared to the flat plate. We observe that for small distortions, $h/{\it\delta}_{99}<5.5\,\%$, where the width of the distortion is of the order of the boundary layer, a maximum amplification of only 2 % is achieved. This amplification can however be increased as the width of the distortion is increased or if multiple distortions are present. Increasing the height of the distortion so that the flow separates ($7.2\,\%<h/{\it\delta}_{99}<12.8\,\%$) leads to a substantial increase in the transmission coefficient of the hump up to 350 %.
When are Stereotypes about Black Candidates Applied? An Experimental Test
Authors: Karl Kristyn L. , Ryan Timothy J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPast research shows that candidates' racial identities influence the assumptions that voters draw about how they will behave in office. In a national survey experiment examining televised candidate advertisements, we find evidence that stereotypes differ both in their potency and how vulnerable they are to disconfirmation. Consistent with previous work, black candidates are broadly assumed to be more liberal than white candidates, although the effect is notably small in magnitude. Yet when it comes to more specific stereotypes—how black candidates will behave on individual issues—effects are not only much larger, but also more contingent on what information is available. We find that by providing a small bit of ideological information, black candidates can overcome the assumption that they will enact liberal policies as concerns taxation and non-racialized aspects of social welfare policy. But it is much more difficult for them to overturn the assumption that they will prioritize aid to minorities while in office.
A new stemmed echinoderm from the Furongian of China and the origin of Glyptocystitida (Blastozoa, Echinodermata)
Authors: ZAMORA SAMUEL , SUMRALL COLIN D. , ZHU XUE-JIAN , LEFEBVRE BERTRAND 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Furongian (late Cambrian) is an extremely poorly sampled time in the history of echinoderms, with only few localities yielding complete specimens. Here, we document an exquisitely preserved stemmed echinoderm from the Furongian Sandu Formation in South China that provides important new data illuminating the origin of Glyptocystitida, a common Palaeozoic clade of echinoderms. Sanducystis sinensis n. gen. n. sp. displays an organized theca bearing three circlets of plates (basal, infralateral and lateral), a laterally positioned periproct in the CD interray, a lack of respiratory pectinirhombs and a stem divided in two parts, with expanded inner and outer columnals proximally and narrow, elongate, homeomorphic columnals distally. A phylogenetic analysis places Sanducystis more derived than the columnal-bearing ‘eocrinoid’ Ridersia and sister group of a clade encompassing Macrocystella-like glyptocystitoid rhombiferans from the Furongian onwards. By filling in an important morphological gap, Sanducystis provides a clear understanding of character evolution within Glyptocystitida.
Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis – rodent models of Strongyloides infection
Authors: VINEY MARK , KIKUCHI TAISEI 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYStrongyloides spp. are common parasites of vertebrates and two species, S. ratti and S. venezuelensis, parasitize rats; there are no known species that naturally infect mice. Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis overlap in their geographical range and in these regions co-infections appear to be common. These species have been widely used as tractable laboratory systems in rats as well as mice. The core biology of these two species is similar, but there are clear differences in aspects of their within-host biology as well as in their free-living generation. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that S. ratti and S. venezuelensis are the result of two independent evolutionary transitions to parasitism of rats, which therefore presents an ideal opportunity to begin to investigate the basis of host specificity in Strongyloides spp.
Integrating serological and genetic data to quantify cross-species transmission: brucellosis as a case study
Authors: VIANA MAFALDA , SHIRIMA GABRIEL M. , JOHN KUNDA S. , FITZPATRICK JULIE , KAZWALA RUDOVICK R. , BUZA JORAM J. , CLEAVELAND SARAH , HAYDON DANIEL T. , HALLIDAY JO E. B. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYEpidemiological data are often fragmented, partial, and/or ambiguous and unable to yield the desired level of understanding of infectious disease dynamics to adequately inform control measures. Here, we show how the information contained in widely available serology data can be enhanced by integration with less common type-specific data, to improve the understanding of the transmission dynamics of complex multi-species pathogens and host communities. Using brucellosis in northern Tanzania as a case study, we developed a latent process model based on serology data obtained from the field, to reconstruct Brucella transmission dynamics. We were able to identify sheep and goats as a more likely source of human and animal infection than cattle; however, the highly cross-reactive nature of Brucella spp. meant that it was not possible to determine which Brucella species (B. abortus or B. melitensis) is responsible for human infection. We extended our model to integrate simulated serology and typing data, and show that although serology alone can identify the host source of human infection under certain restrictive conditions, the integration of even small amounts (5%) of typing data can improve understanding of complex epidemiological dynamics. We show that data integration will often be essential when more than one pathogen is present and when the distinction between exposed and infectious individuals is not clear from serology data. With increasing epidemiological complexity, serology data become less informative. However, we show how this weakness can be mitigated by integrating such data with typing data, thereby enhancing the inference from these data and improving understanding of the underlying dynamics.