bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Background for Alloy 617 Time Dependent Allowable Stresses
Authors: Wright J. K. , Lybeck N. J. , Swindeman R. W. , Jetter R. I. , Sham T.-L. , Wright R. N. 
Published: October 2017

Alloy 617 (UNS N06617) 52Ni-22Cr-13Co-9Mo is the leading candidate material for the intermediate heat exchanger for the very high temperature reactor (VHTR). An ASME Task Group on Alloy 617 Qualification has drafted a Code Case for Alloy 617 to allow construction of components conforming to the requirements of Section III, Division 5, Subsection HB, Subpart B “Elevated Temperature Service” for service when Service Loading temperatures exceed the temperature limits established in Subsection HB, Subpart A.
There are two categories of allowable stress levels in Division 5, Subsection HB, Subpart B. The first category, identified as So, applies to Design Loadings and the second category, identified as Smt, applies to Service Loadings. Both categories are based on the lesser of time dependent and time independent properties. The time dependent properties control at higher temperatures where creep effects are significant.
The Design condition time-independent allowable stresses are determined per the criteria given in Appendix 5 of Section II, Part D and are based on extrapolated 100,000-hour creep properties. The time dependent allowable stress values for Service Loadings, St, as a function of time and temperature, up to the maximum design lifetime and use temperature, are required for the applications of the Service condition limits. The criteria for establishing St for base metal for each specified time, t, are based on the lesser of
1. 100% of the average stress required to obtain 1% total strain
2. 80% of the minimum stress to cause the initiation of tertiary creep, 67% of the minimum stress to cause rupture
3. Minimum stress-to-rupture curves are also required in the applications of the Service condition limits.
In this paper, the technical background for time dependent allowable stress values for Alloy 617 is presented. These values are being recommended to the ASME Code committees for approval, but are subject to change upon feedback from Code committees.
Exploratory Analysis to Estimate Axial Fracture Toughness for Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes Using Test Data From Small Curved Compact Specimens
Authors: Xu Steven X. , Wallin Kim 
Published: October 2017

Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes are in-core, primary coolant containment of CANDU(1) nuclear reactors. Technical requirements for in-service evaluation of pressure tubes are provided in the Canadian Standards Associate (CSA) N285.8. These requirements include the evaluation of service conditions for protection against fracture of operating pressure tubes and demonstration of leak-before-break. Axial fracture toughness for pressure tubes is a key input in the evaluation of fracture protection and leak-before-break. The 2015 Edition of CSA N285.8 provides a pressure tube axial fracture toughness prediction model that is applicable to pressure tubes late life conditions. The fracture toughness prediction model in CSA N285.8-15 is based on rising pressure burst tests performed on pressure tube sections with axial cracks under simulated pressure tube late life conditions.
Due to the associated high cost of testing and high consumption of pressure tube material, it is not practical to perform a large number of fracture toughness burst tests. On the other hand, more fracture toughness data is required to improve the existing pressure tube axial fracture toughness prediction model. There is strong motivation to estimate pressure tube axial fracture toughness using test data from small specimens. The estimated pressure tube fracture toughness using test data from small specimens can fill the gaps in the burst test toughness data, as well as provide information on material variability and data scatter. Against this background, an exploratory analysis of estimating pressure tube axial fracture toughness using test data from small curved compact specimens has been performed and is described in this paper. The estimated values of pressure tube axial fracture toughness using the test data from small curved compact specimens are compared with the measured toughness from burst tests of pressure tube sections with axial cracks to check the feasibility of this approach.
Low Cycle Fatigue Tests With the Use of Miniaturized Test Specimens
Authors: Dzugan Jan , Prochazka Radek , Konopik Pavel 
Published: October 2017

Determination of mechanical properties with the use of sub-sized specimens is topic a high interest nowadays. The application of the sub-sized samples is quite wide for all cases where only limited amount of the experimental material is available such as evaluation of additively manufactured products properties, residual life of in-service components, properties determination of developed nano-structured materials, assessment of dilatometric samples used for thermal and thermo-mechanical treatment development, local properties of components, weld joints and so on. Concerning this large application field it would be very useful to prepare standard for small size samples especially for the most demanded material properties: tensile properties, notch impact transition temperature, fatigue properties, fracture toughness and creep.
Current paper is going to deal with the low fatigue (LCF) properties assessment with the use of miniaturized specimens’. There were proposed specimen geometries with the use of FEM analysis and testing procedures for considered mini-specimens tests were developed. In the case of strain controlled LCF tests, contactless testing system had to be established for testing of small sized specimens, where it is not possible to apply standard mechanical extensometers for test control. Moreover, LCF procedure for high temperature tests was also successfully established here. The LCF results were subsequently used for Manson-Coffin parameters determination. Results of low cycle tests for several steels are confronted with the results of standard sized specimens with very good agreement for all considered conditions.
Method for Unified Safety Assessment With Respect to Plastic Collapse in Design and In-Service Defect Analyses
Authors: von Unge Petter , Brickstad Björn 
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this work is to establish a method for safety assessment with respect to plastic collapse, which is consistent for design assessment in accordance with Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and assessment of in-service defects.
In the Swedish nuclear power industry, a procedure is used for assessment of in-service defects that is based on failure assessment diagrams according to the R6-method combined with a safety evaluation system corresponding to Section III and XI of the ASME Code. The Swedish procedure was originally based on R6 Revision 3 combined with the 1995 edition of the ASME Code. In recent years the procedure has been updated to correspond to current versions of R6 and ASME. These updates include a transition to the updated definition of flow stress as well as structural factors against plastic collapse that was included in the 2002 Addenda of ASME 2001 Section XI.
Following these updates, discrepancies were found between plastic collapse analyses made in accordance with Section III and assessments of in-service defects. Due to this, a project was initiated to make the procedure for assessment of in-service defects consistent with Section III analyses. An in-depth study of the flow stress definitions and structural factors in Section XI was initiated. This study found that the structural factors are based on approximations to get material independence. These approximations uses mean values based on a number of materials which was found to be quite inaccurate for many materials used in the Swedish nuclear power industry and can differ up to about 15 % compared to Section III analyses.
A method has been developed to calculate material specific structural factors that gives a near perfect match between plastic collapse according to Section III and the Swedish procedure for assessment of cracks. The method is based on the methodology for structural factors in Section XI, but excludes the assumptions made to get material independent structural factors. The method is presented and comparisons show the agreement to Section III and highlight cases of large discrepancies in Section XI.
VBA APP for the Calculation of Optimal Tightening Sequences for Ring Type Joints
Authors: Coria Ibai , Abasolo Mikel , Aguirrebeitia Josu , Heras Iker 
Published: October 2017

For pressure vessels gasketed joints, obtaining a uniform bolt load distribution is mandatory in order to ensure leak-free service of the joint. However, due to the elastic interaction phenomenon, it is difficult to achieve a uniform bolt load distribution. To address this difficulty, standards recommend tightening sequences that have shown good performance. However, these sequences have to be carried out in several passes; in addition, the standards point out that each assembler should develop its particular tightening sequences.
In order to overcome these disadvantages, it is possible to find methods that provide a particular tightening sequence with which a uniform bolt load is obtained in a single pass tightening sequence. The most popular method is the Elastic Interaction Coefficients Method (EICM).
In previous works [1,2], a new methodology called Tetraparametric Assembly Method (TAM) was developed for ASME Ring Type Joints (RTJ). In comparison with the EICM, the TAM provides very accurate results with much lower cost. In this work, the TAM has been implemented in Microsoft Excel (programmed in Visual Basic for Application), to obtain in a few seconds an optimal tightening sequence for most RTJ (NPS, Class and SCHD) for any target load and any assembly pattern using one or two passes.
Analytical Modelling of Elastic Interaction in Bolted Flange Gasketed Joints
Authors: Zhu Linbo , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim , Hong Jun 
Published: October 2017

Bolted flange joints are widely used in the fossil and nuclear power plants and other industrial complex. During their assembly, it is extremely difficult to achieve the target bolt preload and tightening uniformity due to elastic interaction. In addition to the severe service loadings the initial bolt load scatter increases the risk of leakage failure.
The objective of this paper is to present an analytical model to predict the bolt tension change due to elastic interaction during the sequence of initial tightening. The proposed analytical model is based on the theory of circular beams on linear elastic foundation. The elastic compliances of the flanges, the bolts, and the gasket due to bending, twisting and axial compression are involved in the elastic interaction. The developed model can be used to optimize the initial bolt load tightening to obtain a uniform final preload under minimum number of tightening passes. The approach is validated using finite element analysis and experimental tests conducted on a NPS 4 class 900 weld neck bolted flange joint.
Nuclear Power Plant Fires and Explosions: Part IV — Water Hammer Explosion Mechanisms
Authors: Leishear Robert A. 
Published: October 2017

Water hammers, or fluid transients, compress flammable gasses to their autognition temperatures in piping systems to cause fires or explosions. While this statement may be true for many industrial systems, the focus of this research are reactor coolant water systems (RCW) in nuclear power plants, which generate flammable gasses during normal operations and during accident conditions, such as loss of coolant accidents (LOCA’s) or reactor meltdowns. When combustion occurs, the gas will either burn (deflagrate) or explode, depending on the system geometry and the quantity of the flammable gas and oxygen. If there is sufficient oxygen inside the pipe during the compression process, an explosion can ignite immediately. If there is insufficient oxygen to initiate combustion inside the pipe, the flammable gas can only ignite if released to air, an oxygen rich environment. This presentation considers the fundamentals of gas compression and causes of ignition in nuclear reactor systems. In addition to these ignition mechanisms, specific applications are briefly considered. Those applications include a hydrogen fire following the Three Mile Island meltdown, hydrogen explosions following Fukushima Daiichi explosions, and on-going fires and explosions in U.S nuclear power plants. Novel conclusions are presented here as follows.
1. A hydrogen fire was ignited by water hammer at Three Mile Island.
2. Hydrogen explosions were ignited by water hammer at Fukushima Daiichi.
3. Piping damages in U.S. commercial nuclear reactor systems have occurred since reactors were first built. These damages were not caused by water hammer alone, but were caused by water hammer compression of flammable hydrogen and resultant deflagration or detonation inside of the piping.
Example of monitoring measurements in a virtual eye clinic using ‘big data’
Authors: Jones Lee , Bryan Susan R , Miranda Marco A , Crabb David P , Kotecha Aachal 
Published: October 2017

AimTo assess the equivalence of measurement outcomes between patients attending a standard glaucoma care service, where patients see an ophthalmologist in a face-to-face setting, and a glaucoma monitoring service (GMS).MethodsThe average mean deviation (MD) measurement on the visual field (VF) test for 250 patients attending a GMS were compared with a ‘big data’ repository of patients attending a standard glaucoma care service (reference database). In addition, the speed of VF progression between GMS patients and reference database patients was compared. Reference database patients were used to create expected outcomes that GMS patients could be compared with. For GMS patients falling outside of the expected limits, further analysis was carried out on the clinical management decisions for these patients.ResultsThe average MD of patients in the GMS ranged from +1.6dB to −18.9dB between two consecutive appointments at the clinic. In the first analysis, 12 (4.8%; 95% CI 2.5% to 8.2%) GMS patients scored outside the 90% expected values based on the reference database. In the second analysis, 1.9% (95% CI 0.4% to 5.4%) GMS patients had VF changes outside of the expected 90% limits.ConclusionsUsing ‘big data’ collected in the standard glaucoma care service, we found that patients attending a GMS have equivalent outcomes on the VF test. Our findings provide support for the implementation of virtual healthcare delivery in the hospital eye service.
Musculoskeletal injury profiles in professional Women’s Tennis Association players
Authors: Dakic Jodie G , Smith Belinda , Gosling Cameron M , Perraton Luke G 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveThe physical demands of professional tennis combined with high training/match loads can contribute to musculoskeletal injury. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the type, location and severity of injuries sustained during a 12-month tennis season in a cohort of professional female tennis players on the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) tour and (2) prospectively investigate associations between training/match loads and injury.Methods52 WTA players competing at the Australian Open (2015) consented to participate. Injuries reported to WTA medical staff were classified using tennis-specific guidelines. Individual match exposure data were collected for all matches played at international level in 2015 and expressed per 1000 hours of WTA competition matchplay (MP) and 1000 match exposures (MEs). Variables associated with the number of injuries in the season and loss of time from competition were identified with regression analysis.ResultsThe injury incidence rate (IR) was 56.6 (95% CI: 49.5 to 64.6) per 1000 hours of MP or 62.7 (95% CI: 54.8 to 71.6) per 1000 MEs, although the IR of injuries resulting in loss of time from competition was lower (12.8 per 1000 hours of MP, 92 injuries/100 players). Lower limb (51%) and muscle/tendon (50%) injuries were the most common site and type of injury. Common specific injury site subcategories were the thigh, shoulder/clavicle, ankle and knee in order of frequency. Various measures of match load were significantly associated with injury.ConclusionThis study prospectively analysed injury profiles, including severity across an entire season of professional tennis, and investigated the relationship between training/match loads and injury. These data may help medical professionals develop injury risk identification and prevention programmes.
Cognitive complexity of clients and counsellors during motivation-based treatment for smoking cessation: an observational study on occasional smokers in a US college sample
Authors: Conway Lucian Gideon , Harris Kari Jo , Catley Delwyn , Gornick Laura Janelle , Conway Kathrene Renee , Repke Meredith A , Houck Shannon C 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveMotivational interviewing (MI) is a widely used and promising treatment approach for aiding in smoking cessation. The present observational study adds to other recent research on why and when MI works by investigating a new potential mechanism: integrative complexity.SettingThe study took place in college fraternity and sorority chapters at one large midwestern university.ParticipantsResearchers transcribed MI counselling sessions from a previous randomised controlled trial focused on tobacco cessation among college students and subsequently scored clients’ and counsellors’ discussions across four counselling sessions for integrative complexity.InterventionsThis is an observational secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial that tested the effectiveness of MI. We analysed the relationship between integrative complexity and success at quitting smoking in the trial.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSuccess in quitting smoking:Participants were categorised into two outcome groups (successful quitters vs failed attempters), created based on dichotomous outcomes on two standard variables: (1) self-reported attempts to quit and (2) number of days smoked via timeline follow-back assessment procedures that use key events in participants’ lives to prompt their recall of smoking.ResultsWe found (1) significantly higher complexity overall for participants who tried to quit but failed compared with successful quitters (standardised β=0.36, p<0.001, (Lower Confidence Interval.)LCI=0.16, (Upper Confidence Interval)UCI=0.47) and (2) the predictive effect of complexity on outcome remains when controlling for standard motivational and demographic variables (partialr(102)=−0.23, p=0.022).ConclusionsTaken together, these results suggest that cognitive complexity is uniquely associated with successful quitting in MI controlled trials, and thus may be an important variable to more fully explore during treatment.
Sex differences in survival of patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care (ZODIAC-50)
Authors: Hendriks Steven H , van Hateren Kornelis J J , Groenier Klaas H , Landman Gijs W D , Maas Angela H E M , Bilo Henk J G , Kleefstra Nanne 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate sex differences in survival of primary care treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the Netherlands.SettingPrimary care.ParticipantsA total of 1815 patients who participated in a prospective observational cohort study (Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes Project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC)) were included of which 56% was female. Inclusion took place in 1998, 1999 and 2001. Vital status was assessed in 2013.Main outcome measureRelative survival of men and women with T2D. The relative survival rate was expressed as the ratio of observed survival of patients divided by the survival of the general population in the Netherlands with comparable age.ResultsAfter 14 years, 888 (49%) patients had died. The relative survival rate was 0.88 (0.81–0.94) for men and 0.82 (0.76–0.87) for women with T2D after 14 years (p value for difference between sexes=0.169). In patients without a history of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the relative survival was 0.99 (0.94–1.05) in men and 0.92 (0.87–0.97) in women (p value for difference between sexes=0.046).ConclusionsThe survival of men and women with T2D was 12% and 18% lower, respectively, after 14 years of follow-up compared with men and women in the general population. This corresponds to a decrease in median survival of 2.2 and 3.5 years in men and women, respectively. Only for patients with T2D without a history of CVD, a significantly lower relative survival in women compared with men with T2D was found.
Bridging knowledge, policies and practices across the ageing and disability fields: a protocol for a scoping review to inform the development of a taxonomy
Authors: Nalder Emily Joan , Putnam Michelle , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Spindel Andria , Batliwalla Zinnia , Lenton Erica 
Published: October 2017

IntroductionBridging is a term used to describe activities, or tasks, used to promote collaboration and knowledge exchange across fields. This paper reports the protocol for a scoping review which aims to identify and characterise peer reviewed evidence describing bridging activities, between the ageing and disability fields. The purpose is to clarify the concepts underpinning bridging to inform the development of a taxonomy, and identify research strengths and gaps.MethodsA scoping review will be conducted. We will search Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts and the Cochrane Library, to identify peer reviewed publications (reviews, experimental, observational, qualitative designs and expert commentaries) describing bridging activities. Grey literature, and articles not published in English will be excluded. Two investigators will independently complete article selection and data abstraction to minimise bias. A data extraction form will be iteratively developed and information from each publication will be extracted: (1) bibliographic, (2) methodological, (3) demographic, and (4) bridging information. Qualitative content analysis will be used to describe key concepts related to bridging.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this will be the first scoping review to describe bridging of ageing and disability knowledge, services and policies. The findings will inform the development of a taxonomy to define models of bridging that can be implemented and further evaluated to enable integrated care and improve systems and services for those ageing with disability.Ethics and disseminationEthics is not required because this is a scoping review of published literature. Findings will be disseminated through stakeholder meetings, conference presentations and peer reviewed publication.