bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Skin Dose with TSEE From BeO
Authors: Aoki M. , Okabe S. , Nishikawa M. , Nishikawa T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A commercial ceramic BeO disc (Thermalox 995) and a ZnO thin film were used as TSEE specimens. The ß ray sensitive surface layer of a TSEE specimen acts as a very thin absorbed dosemeter. The absorbed dose of ß rays was measured using an extrapolation ionisation chamber. The experimental value of the conversion factor between the number of exoelectrons emitted from a Thermalox 995 TSEE specimen and the absorbed dose in the thin surface layer of the same specimen was about 84 pGy per exoelectron, and the value for a ZnO thin film was about 96 µGy per exoelectron. By covering a TSEE specimen with a tissue-equivalent material layer of 7 mg.cm-2 thickness, an easy measurement of the individual dose equivalent, superficial, Hs(0.07), is possible without any information on ß ray irradiation energy.
Comparative Study of Trapping Parameters of LiF (TLD-100) from Different Production Batches
Authors: Bos A.J.J. , Piters T.M. , de Vries W. , Hoogenboom J.E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Computerised glow curve analysis has been used to determine the trapping parameters of the main peaks of the thermoluminescent (TL) material LiF(TLD-100). The TL material (solid state chips) originated from six different production batches with at least 19 chips per batch. The maxima of glow peaks 2 to 5 are found at the same temperature within very small limits. The activation energy and frequency factor of the main glow peak (peak 5) of TLD-100 originating from two batches differ significantly from those of the other four investigated batches. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of glow peak 5 is more or less the same for all batches. The trapping parameters of glow peaks 2 to 4 of TLD-100 vary little from batch to batch. The measured half-life of peak 2 differed strongly from batch to batch. For all investigated peaks no correlation has been found between glow peak sensitivity and trapping parameters. The results of this study suggest that both defect concentration and nature of the trapping centres vary from batch to batch. It would appear that as a consequence of selection by the manufacturer, the differences between the batches in terms of total light output are small.
Generalized Leaky Integrate-And-Fire Models Classify Multiple Neuron Types
Authors: Teeter Corinne , Iyer Ramakrishnan , Menon Vilas , Gouwens Nathan , Feng David , Berg Jim , Cain Nicholas , Koch Christof , Mihalas Stefan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the mammalian neocortex, there is a high diversity of neuronal types. To facilitate construction of system models with multiple cell types, we generate a database of point models associated with the Allen Cell Types Database. We construct a series of generalized integrate-and-fire (GLIF) models of increasing complexity aiming to reproduce the spiking behaviors of the recorded neurons. We test the performance of these GLIF models on data from 771 neurons from 14 transgenic lines, with increasing model performance for more complex models. To answer how complex a model needs to be to reproduce the number of electrophysiological cell types, we perform unsupervised clustering on the parameters extracted from these models. The number of clusters is smaller for individual model types, but when combining all GLIF parameters 18 clusters are obtained, while 11 clusters are obtained using 16 electrophysiological features. Therefore, these low dimensional models have the capacity to characterize the diversity of cell types without the need for a priori defined features.
Structures and thermal stability of the α-LiNH4SO4 polytypes doped with Er3+ and Yb3+
Authors: Sabalisck N. P. , Guzmán-Afonso C. , González-Silgo C. , Torres M. E. , Pasán J. , del-Castillo J. , Ramos-Hernández D. , Hernández-Suárez A. , Mestres L. 
Published: February 2017

In order to clarify the polymorphism in the lithium sulfate family, LiRE
x
(NH4)1 − x
SO4 (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 4.0 mol%, nominal value; RE = Er3+, Yb3+ and Dy3+) crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation between 298 and 313 K. The doping of the samples allowed us to obtain two polymorphic forms, α and β, of LiNH4SO4 (LAS). By means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in single crystals, we determined the crystal structures of two new α-polytypes, which we have named α1- and α2-LAS. They present the same space group P21/c and the following relation among their lattice parameters: a
2 = −c
1, b
2 = −b
1, c
2 = −2a
1 − c
1. In order to evaluate the stability of the new α-polytypes, we performed thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy on single crystals and polycrystalline samples over the cyclic temperature range: 190 → 575 → 190 K. The results obtained by all the techniques used in this study demonstrate that α-polytypes are stable across a wide range of temperatures and they show an irreversible phase transition to the paraelectric β-phase above 500 K. In addition, a comparative study of α- and β-polytypes shows that both polymorphic structures have a common axis, with a possible intergrowth that facilitates their coexistence and promotes the reconstructive α → β transition. This intergrowth was related to small anomalies detected between 240 and 260 K, in crystals with an α-habit.
Land registration and landownership security
Authors: Abdulai Raymond Talinbe , Ochieng Edward 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
The assertion that land registration guarantees landownership security is common knowledge. Thus, efforts at securing landownership in particularly, the developing world have concentrated on the formulation and implementation of land registration policies. However, over the years, whilst some studies claim that land registration assures security, a lot of other studies have established that security cannot be guaranteed by land registration. Also, there is evidence from research that has shown that land registration can be a source of ownership insecurity in some cases. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the underpinning principles of land registration and their application in order to establish whether or not land registration can actually guarantee ownership security.

Design/methodology/approach
It is a literature review paper that looks at the existing literature on landownership, security and land registration systems. The land registration principles that have been subjected to critical analysis are the publicity function of land registration, the legality of ownership emanating from land registration and the warranty provided by the State in land registration, specifically, under the Torrens system.

Findings
An analysis of the underpinning principles of land registration shows that land registration per se cannot guarantee ownership security and this helps to explain the findings of the numerous studies, which have established that landownership security cannot be assured by land registration. The paper concludes by identifying the right role of land registration as well as a mechanism that can effectively protect or secure landownership.

Practical implications
Land registration policies and programmes in the developing world are often funded by the international donor community and the findings provide useful insights regarding the actual role of land registration and for policy change in terms of what can secure landownership.

Originality/value
Even though there are two schools of thought regarding research on the link between land registration on one hand, and landownership security on the other, none of the studies has made an attempt to consider the nexus by critically examining the principles that underpin land registration to support their arguments.
Phylogenetic composition of host plant communities drives plant‐herbivore food web structure
Authors: Volf Martin , Pyszko Petr , Abe Tomokazu , Libra Martin , Kotásková Nela , Šigut Martin , Kumar Rajesh , Kaman Ondřej , Butterill Philip T. , Šipoš Jan , Abe Haruka , Fukushima Hiroaki , Drozd Pavel , Kamata Naoto , Murakami Masashi , Novotny Vojtech 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Insects tend to feed on related hosts. The phylogenetic composition of host plant communities thus plays a prominent role in determining insect specialization, food web structure, and diversity. Previous studies showed a high preference of insect herbivores for congeneric and confamilial hosts suggesting that some levels of host plant relationships may play more prominent role that others.

We aim to quantify the effects of host phylogeny on the structure of quantitative plant‐herbivore food webs. Further, we identify specific patterns in three insect guilds with different life histories and discuss the role of host plant phylogeny in maintaining their diversity.

We studied herbivore assemblages in three temperate forests in Japan and the Czech Republic. Sampling from a canopy crane, a cherry picker and felled trees allowed a complete census of plant‐herbivore interactions within three 0·1 ha plots for leaf chewing larvae, miners, and gallers. We analyzed the effects of host phylogeny by comparing the observed food webs with randomized models of host selection.

Larval leaf chewers exhibited high generality at all three sites, whereas gallers and miners were almost exclusively monophagous. Leaf chewer generality dropped rapidly when older host lineages (5–80 myr) were collated into a single lineage but only decreased slightly when the most closely related congeneric hosts were collated. This shows that leaf chewer generality has been maintained by feeding on confamilial hosts while only a few herbivores were shared between more distant plant lineages and, surprisingly, between some congeneric hosts. In contrast, miner and galler generality was maintained mainly by the terminal nodes of the host phylogeny and dropped immediately after collating congeneric hosts into single lineages.

We show that not all levels of host plant phylogeny are equal in their effect on structuring plant‐herbivore food webs. In the case of generalist guilds, it is the phylogeny of deeper plant lineages that drives the food web structure whereas the terminal relationships play minor roles. In contrast, the specialization and abundance of monophagous guilds are affected mainly by the terminal parts of the plant phylogeny and do not generally reflect deeper host phylogeny.
Organization and Decision‐Making in Enforced Networks: The River Groups in Northern Sweden
Authors: Olausson Pär M. , Nyhlén Jon 
Published: February 2017

This article examines the Swedish experience of network governance in managing flooding and high water flows. The aim was to study the regional responsibility for coordinating risk awareness and risk analysis in terms of information, prevention and actions. The focus was on differences between the Swedish river groups from the coordinators perspective, including their organization and approaches to decision‐making. The conclusions reached here are based on interviews with the coordinators of county administrative boards. We argue that the absence of central guidelines in the organization of the river groups and the fact that they are enforced by the government rather than spontaneously formed have had implications for the networks’ effectiveness and for exchanges of experience among the networks.
A Comparative Taphonomic Analysis of 24 Trophy Skulls from Modern Forensic Cases,
Authors: Yucha Josephine M. , Pokines James T. , Bartelink Eric J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCranial remains retained from fallen enemies are commonly referred to as “trophy skulls,” and many such crania were acquired as souvenirs by U.S. servicemembers during WWII and the Vietnam conflict. These remains increasingly have become the subject of forensic anthropological analysis as their possessors, typically veterans or their relatives, try to discard or repatriate them. The present research uses a qualitative analytical approach to review 24 cases of reported trophy skulls (14 previously unpublished cases and 10 from the literature) to determine which perimortem and postmortem characteristics are most useful for generating a taphonomic profile. Overall, the taphonomic signature of trophy remains includes traits relating to acquisition and preparation, ornamental display, and subsequent curation. Contextual evidence and the biological profile also are considered when determining the possible origin of human cranial remains as a trophy skull. Thorough taphonomic analysis will aid in identifying these types of remains as trophy skulls.
Assessment of the Effects Exerted by Acid and Alkaline Solutions on Bone: Is Chemistry the Answer?
Authors: Amadasi Alberto , Camici Arianna , Porta Davide , Cucca Lucia , Merli Daniele , Milanese Chiara , Profumo Antonella , Rassifi Nabila , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe treatment of corpses with extremely acid or basic liquids is sometimes performed in criminal contexts. A thorough characterization by chemical analysis may provide further help to macroscopic and microscopic analysis; 63 porcine bone samples were treated with solutions at different pH (1–14) for immersion periods up to 70 days, as well as in extremely acidic sulfuric acid solutions (9 M/18 M) and extremely basic sodium hydroxide. Inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES)/plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that only the sulfuric acid solution 18 M was able to completely dissolve the sample. In addition, chemical analysis allowed to recognize the contact between bone and substances. Hydrated calcium sulfate arose from extreme pH. The possibility of detecting the presence of human material within the residual solution was demonstrated, especially with FT‐IR, ICP‐OES, and EDX.
Low T3 syndrome is a strong prognostic predictor in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Gao Rui , Liang Jin‐Hua , Wang Li , Zhu Hua‐Yuan , Wu Wei , Wu Jia‐Zhu , Xia Yi , Cao Lei , Fan Lei , Yang Tao , Li Jian‐Yong , Xu Wei 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic effect of low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome on patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A hundred and eighty‐eight patients with detailed thyroid hormone levels at diagnosis of DLBCL were enrolled. Low T3 syndrome was defined as a low serum free T3 (FT3) level with low or normal serum free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen prognostic factors associated with progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Receiver‐operator characteristic curves and the corresponding areas under the curve were calculated to assess the predictive accuracy of International Prognostic Index (IPI) and low T3 syndrome. Twenty‐four patients were diagnosed with low T3 syndrome, which was associated with worse PFS and OS in the rituximab era. It was an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS, especially for those with IPI 0−2, extranodal sites ≤1 and stage III−IV. Synchronously low FT3 and FT4 had poorer survival outcome compared to only low FT3 and adding criterion of low T3 syndrome improved the prognostic capacity of IPI for predicting PFS and OS in DLBCL. Low T3 syndrome was found to be a strong prognostic predictor in DLBCL.
Cost‐effectiveness of diabetes screening initiated through a dental visit
Authors: Neidell Matthew , Lamster Ira B. , Shearer Barbara 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the cost‐effectiveness of a screening programme and follow‐up interventions for persons with dysglycemia who are identified during a dental visit.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis utilizing data from two relevant publications. Those studies identified persons with dysglycemia who were seen in a dental school clinic for routine dental care and determined compliance with a recommendation to seek medical care. The response site was 59.4%. The Archimedes disease simulation model was utilized to simulate the effect of a weight loss programme for identified subjects on several outcomes.ResultsTwo scenarios for weight loss programmes were considered: a 10% permanent loss in body weight and a 10% loss that decays over time. Both diabetes and prediabetes were analysed. The decay path costs $21 243 per quality adjusted life year (QALY) with 3 years required to achieve the weight reduction. This cost decreases to $6655 if only 1 year is needed to achieve the weight goal. Without decay, the cost per QALY is $15 873 with 20 years of intervention, vs $647 per QALY with 10 years of intervention. For individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the cost per QALY is $48 604 to $56 207 depending on adherence. With the addition of oral medication (a sulfonylurea), the cost is three times higher.ConclusionsUnder the conditions described here, identification of persons with dysglycemia in the dental office for initiating prediabetic care is a cost‐effective means of identifying and treating affected individuals.
Neurological manifestations of 2q31 microdeletion syndrome
Authors: Okamoto Nobuhiko , Kimura Sadami , Shimojima Keiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMicrodeletion of 2q31 involving the HOXD gene cluster is a rare syndrome. The deletion of the HOXD gene cluster is thought to result in skeletal anomalies in these patients. HOX genes encode highly conserved transcription factors that control cell fate and the regional identities along the primary body and limb axes. We experienced a new patient with 2q31 microdeletion encompassing the HOXD gene cluster and some neighboring genes including the ZNF385B. The patient showed digital anomalies, growth failure, epileptic seizures, and intellectual disability. Magnetic resonance imaging showed delayed myelination and low signal intensity in the basal ganglia. The ZNF385B is a zinc finger protein expressed in brain. Disruption of ZNF385B was suspected to be responsible for the neurological features of this syndrome.
Erythrocyte‐bound apolipoprotein B in atherosclerosis and mortality
Authors: de Vries Marijke A. , van Santen Selvetta S. , Klop Boudewijn , van der Meulen Noëlle , van Vliet Marjolein , van de Geijn Gert‐Jan M. , van der Zwan‐van Beek Ellen M. , Birnie Erwin , Liem Anho H. , de Herder Wouter W. , Castro Cabezas Manuel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe binding of apolipoprotein (apo) B‐containing lipoproteins to circulating erythrocytes (ery‐apoB) is associated with a decreased prevalence of atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated ery‐apoB as a possible prognostic factor in cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality, in a prospective cohort study.Materials and methodsEry‐apoB was measured by flow cytometry in subjects with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). The primary endpoint was the cardiovascular event rate. Secondary endpoints were all‐cause mortality and the combined endpoint of all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular events (any event rate). A Cox regression analysis with univariate and multivariate analyses and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed.ResultsFollow‐up data were available of 384 subjects. Subjects were divided according to high (> 2·0 au, n = 60), intermediate (0·2–2·0 au, n = 274) or low (< 0·2 au, n = 50) ery‐apoB. Median follow‐up was 1767 days (IQR 1564–2001). In univariate analysis, low ery‐apoB was associated with increased all‐cause mortality [HR 9·9 (1·2–79·0), P = 0·031] and any event rate [HR 3·4 (95% CI 1·3–8·7), P = 0·012]. In a Cox regression analysis, only a history of CVD was significantly associated with any event rate [HR 3·6 (1·6–8·0), P = 0·002], while low ery‐apoB showed a trend [HR 2·4 (0·9–6·4), P = 0·07]. In a subgroup analysis, in subjects with a history of CVD, ery‐apoB was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality (log rank P = 0·021) and any event rate (log rank P = 0·009).ConclusionsLow ery‐apoB is associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular risk, especially in patients with a prior history of CVD. These subjects may benefit from more aggressive secondary prevention treatment.
Predictability in community dynamics
Authors: Blonder Benjamin , Moulton Derek E. , Blois Jessica , Enquist Brian J. , Graae Bente J. , Macias‐Fauria Marc , McGill Brian , Nogué Sandra , Ordonez Alejandro , Sandel Brody , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe coupling between community composition and climate change spans a gradient from no lags to strong lags. The no‐lag hypothesis is the foundation of many ecophysiological models, correlative species distribution modelling and climate reconstruction approaches. Simple lag hypotheses have become prominent in disequilibrium ecology, proposing that communities track climate change following a fixed function or with a time delay. However, more complex dynamics are possible and may lead to memory effects and alternate unstable states. We develop graphical and analytic methods for assessing these scenarios and show that these dynamics can appear in even simple models. The overall implications are that (1) complex community dynamics may be common and (2) detailed knowledge of past climate change and community states will often be necessary yet sometimes insufficient to make predictions of a community's future state.
LOCAL LABOR MARKETS AND NATURAL RESOURCES: A SYNTHESIS OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Marchand Joseph , Weber Jeremy 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA primary way that natural resources affect a locality is through the demand for labor, with greater extraction requiring more workers. Shifts in labor demand can be measured through changes in employment and earnings, the main labor market outcomes, or through changes in the population and income, more generally. These changes may spillover into the nonresource economy, leading to greater overall effects or possibly crowd out; be spread unequally across the population, thereby altering the distribution of income and the poverty rate; or influence educational attainment, as people choose between additional schooling and work. In this review, the literature linking natural resources to local labor markets is synthesized by organizing existing studies according to their resource measurement and the outcomes that they consider. This synthesis provides an accessible guide to a literature that has boomed in recent years. It also identifies promising avenues for future research and lays a foundation to further generalize the evidence through an eventual meta‐analysis.