bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Double Life of Development: Empowerment, USAID and the Maoist Uprising in Nepal
Authors: Paudel Dinesh 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe geographies of developmental empowerment and subaltern rebellion have unexpectedly overlapped and expanded rapidly in recent years, especially in peasant societies in the global South. By examining the relationship between the long history of development programmes and the emergence of the Maoist revolution in Nepal in the 1990s, this article demonstrates how developmental ideas, particularly the notion of empowerment, can be articulated politically. The author argues that development has a double life in which development subjectivities are reproduced through the simultaneous processes of enrolment and othering, generating the conditions of subordination for development's own reproduction. Development can generate the possibility of rebellion by creating negative consciousness of the process of othering. This article contributes to the growing literature on rebellion and development by showing how development, while striving for hegemony, continuously produces fissures in geographically specific ways that can become portals for the emergence of rebellious possibilities.
Increased liver fat and glycogen stores after consumption of high versus low glycaemic index food: A randomized crossover study
Authors: Bawden Stephen , Stephenson Mary , Falcone Yirga , Lingaya Melanie , Ciampi Elisabetta , Hunter Karl , Bligh Frances , Schirra Jörg , Taylor Moira , Morris Peter , Macdonald Ian , Gowland Penny , Marciani Luca , Aithal Guruprasad P. 
Published: September 2016

AimTo investigate the acute and longer‐term effects of low (LGI) versus high glycaemic index (HGI) diets on hepatic fat and glycogen accumulation and related blood measures in healthy volunteers.MethodsEight healthy men (age 20.1 ± 0.4 years, body mass index 23.0 ± 0.9 kg/m2) attended a test day before and after a 7‐day macronutrient‐ and energy‐matched HGI or LGI diet, followed by a minimum 4‐week wash‐out period, and then returned to repeat the intervention with the alternative diet. During test days, participants consumed either an HGI or an LGI test meal corresponding to their diet week, and liver fat [
1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)], glycogen (
13C MRS) and gastric content volume (MRI) were measured. Blood samples were obtained regularly throughout the test day to assess plasma glucose and insulin levels.ResultsPlasma glucose and insulin peak values and area under the curve were significantly greater after the HGI test meal compared with the LGI test meal, as expected. Hepatic glycogen concentrations increased more after the HGI test meal (
P
< .05) and peak levels were significantly greater after 7 days of HGI dietary intervention compared with those at the beginning of the intervention (
P
< .05). Liver fat fractions increased significantly after the HGI dietary intervention compared with the LGI dietary intervention (two‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance
P
≤ .05).ConclusionsCompared with an LGI diet, a 1‐week HGI diet increased hepatic fat and glycogen stores. This may have important clinical relevance for dietary interventions in the prevention and management of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Plant species richness as the main driver of moth metacommunities
Authors: MORENO CAROLINA , LANDEIRO VICTOR L. , FERRO VIVIANE G. 
Published: September 2016

1. Ecologists have recognised several factors that may explain the distribution of species in a metacommunity. These factors may be related to the dispersal of individuals among the patches and environmental conditions.2. Here, we attempted to determine which of the four different metacommunity frameworks (patch dynamics, mass effect, neutral processes, and species sorting) explain the distribution of Arctiinae moths in Brazilian savanna areas with different tree species richness.3. The Arctiinae moths were categorised as habitat specialists or generalists, common or rare, and belonging to the tribes Arctiini and Lithosiini. We hypothesized that environmental variables best explain the abundance and occurrence of habitat specialist species, common species, and members of Lithosiini; whereas spatial processes are more closely related to habitat generalists, rare species, and members of Arctiini.4. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the species sorting (mainly dictated by the species richness of trees) best explained the variation in abundance and occurrence of the majority of species groups. Spatial processes (more related to patch dynamics, mass effect, and neutral), although they were significantly related to some species groups, were not strong enough to explain the distribution of these species in the study area.5. The plant species richness was the most important environmental condition, related to moth species niches. Therefore, species sorting best explained the distribution of the species of Arctiinae in the Brazilian savanna.
Divergent life histories of invasive round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) in Lake Michigan and its tributaries
Authors: Kornis Matthew S. , Weidel Brian C. , Vander Zanden M. Jake 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRound gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) have invaded benthic habitats of the Laurentian Great Lakes and connected tributary streams. Although connected, these two systems generally differ in temperature (Great Lakes are typically colder), food availability (Dreissenid mussels are more prevalent in Great Lakes), and system size and openness. Here, we compare round goby life histories from inshore Lake Michigan and adjacent tributary systems—an uncommon case study of life‐history differences between connected systems. Tributary round gobies grew much faster (average length‐at‐age of 122.3 vs. 65.7 mm for Age 2 + round gobies), appeared to have shorter life spans (maximum observed age of 2 vs. 5) and had lower age‐at‐50% maturity (1.6 vs. 2.4 years; females only) compared to gobies from Lake Michigan. In addition, tributary gobies had greater fecundity at Ages 1–2 than lake gobies, but had fewer eggs for a given body size prior to the first spawning event of the summer. We were not able to determine the cause of the observed life‐history differences. Nonetheless, the observed differences in growth, maturation and longevity were consistent with known effects of water temperature, as well as predictions of life‐history theory for animals at invasion fronts exposed to novel environmental conditions. The high degree of phenotypic plasticity in connected populations of this invasive species has implications for our understanding of invasive species impacts in different habitats.
Is autonomous motivation the key to maintaining an active lifestyle in first‐episode psychosis?
Authors: Vancampfort Davy , De Hert Marc , Broderick Julie , Lederman Oscar , Firth Joseph , Rosenbaum Simon , Probst Michel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimPhysical activity has the potential to improve the health of patients with first‐episode psychosis (FEP), yet many patients with FEP remain inactive. Exploring the theoretical basis of the motivational processes linked to the adoption and maintenance of physical activity behaviours in FEP patients can assist with the design and delivery of physical activity interventions. Within the self‐determination theory and the transtheoretical model (stages of change) frameworks, we investigated motives for physical activity adoption and maintenance in FEP.MethodsOverall 56 FEP patients (20♀) (24 ± 4 years) completed the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 to assess exercise motives, and the Patient‐Centred Assessment and Counselling for Exercise to determine stage of change. Gender and setting differences in motives for physical activity were compared with unpaired t‐tests. The relationship between motives for physical activity and stage of change was investigated using anova with post‐hoc Scheffe tests.ResultsNo significant differences were found according to gender and setting. Multivariate analyses found significantly higher levels of amotivation and lower levels of autonomous motivation in the earlier stages of change.ConclusionsOur results suggest that in FEP patients, autonomous regulations may play an important role in the adoption and maintenance of physical activity behaviours. The study provides a platform for future research to investigate the importance of autonomous motivation within physical activity interventions for this population.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of epilepsy surgery in a controlled cohort of adult patients with intractable partial epilepsy: A 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Picot Marie‐Christine , Jaussent Audrey , Neveu Dorine , Kahane Philippe , Crespel Arielle , Gelisse Philippe , Hirsch Edouard , Derambure Philippe , Dupont Sophie , Landré Elizabeth , Chassoux Francine , Valton Luc , Vignal Jean‐Pierre , Marchal Cécile , Lamy Catherine , Semah Franck , Biraben Arnaud , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Petit Jérôme , Thomas Pierre , Macioce Valérie , Dujols Pierre , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: September 2016

SummaryObjectiveDespite its well‐known effectiveness, the cost‐effectiveness of epilepsy surgery has never been demonstrated in France. We compared cost‐effectiveness between resective surgery and medical therapy in a controlled cohort of adult patients with partial intractable epilepsy.MethodsA prospective cohort of adult patients with surgically remediable and medically intractable partial epilepsy was followed over 5 years in the 15 French centers. Effectiveness was defined as 1 year without a seizure, based on the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. Clinical outcomes and direct costs were compared between surgical and medical groups. Long‐term direct costs and effectiveness were extrapolated over the patients’ lifetimes with a Monte‐Carlo simulation using a Markov model, and an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) was computed. Indirect costs were also evaluated.ResultsAmong the 289 enrolled surgery candidates, 207 were operable—119 in the surgical group and 88 in the medical group—65 were not operable and not analyzed here, 7 were finally not eligible, and 10 were not followed. The proportion of patients completely seizure‐free during the last 12 months (ILAE class 1) was 69.0% in the operated group and 12.3% in the medical group during the second year (p < 0.001), and it was respectively 76.8% and 21% during the fifth year (p < 0.001). Direct costs became significantly lower in the surgical group the third year after surgery, as a result of less antiepileptic drug use. The value of the discounted ICER was 10,406 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10,182–10,634) at 2 years and 2,630 (CI 95% 2,549–2,713) at 5 years. Surgery became cost‐effective between 9 and 10 years after surgery, and even earlier if indirect costs were taken into account as well.SignificanceOur study suggests that in addition to being safe and effective, resective surgery of epilepsy is cost‐effective in the medium term. It should therefore be considered earlier in the development of epilepsy.
Longing for a House in Ghana: Ghanaians’ Responses to the Dignity Threats of Elder Care Work in the United States
Authors: Coe Cati 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHome health care is a growing occupation in the United States which calls for significant emotional labor. On the basis of interviews and participant observation with home health workers from Ghana, this article argues that home health work is different from other kinds of emotional labor in that living and working in the client's house are central to the conditions of work and the dignity assaults of workers’ experience. Among their strategies for responding to these dignity threats is to long for a house and to direct their energy toward an alternative social field through house construction “at home” in Ghana. Thus, the dignity threats experienced by immigrant home health workers raise concerns about the occupation's ability to retain workers as well as immigrants’ sense of worth and belonging in the United States.
Competing Etiologies of Trauma and the Mediation of Political Suffering: The Disengagement from the Gaza Strip and West Bank in Secular and Religious Therapeutic Narratives
Authors: Plotkin Amrami Galia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe forced evacuation of Jewish Israeli settlers from the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank in August 2005 (known as the Disengagement) was an extremely controversial political event in Israeli public discourse. This article seeks to explore how political differences in the public sphere were reflected in the professional narratives of mental health practitioners. Based on my field notes documenting the processes of the narration of the Disengagement within various professional settings of Israeli mental health experts, I compare the narratives produced by practitioners who hold different ideological positions vis‐à‐vis the settlement project. I contend that the political views of practitioners expressed in causal explanations of the Disengagement experience and in the modes of mediation of this experience in order to mobilize empathy with evacuated settlers. By focusing on the professional narration and mediation of the experience of a controversial group of sufferers (“the bad victims,” as they might be called), this research highlights the importance of the anthropological perspective on therapeutic empathy as a socially mediated reflection of the moral experience of health practitioners.
Suffering Peacefully: Experiences of Infancy Death in Contemporary Zambia
Authors: Smørholm Sesilie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn Ng'ombe Township in Lusaka, the death of a baby is often met with silence. Based on long‐term ethnographic fieldwork, this article explores how the bereaved mother's silence is guided by wider cultural norms and values associated with death, by complex notions of what it means to be a person, and by local perceptions of mental health and well‐being. To enhance the complexity of the mother's silences, it also explores how structures of poverty manifest in mothers’ experiences of loss and how silence may hold feelings of inadequacy but also of care and compassion. Finally, the article aims to provide a counterweight to the predominant assumption that mothers in poor communities, who experience high levels of infant mortality, fail to mourn the death of their babies, as well as to psychological theories that assumes verbal expressions as vital for the mourner's mental recovery after loss.
Despite Adults: Learning Experiences on the Tapajós River Banks
Authors: Medaets Chantal 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this article, I analyze learning practices that take place in the everyday life (outside of school or other institutional setting) of two villages in the Amazonian region of the Tapajós River basin in Brazil. These practices closely match the main attributes of what has been referred to as a “learning through intent participation” (Rogoff et al. 2003), or “learning as progressive participation in communities of practice” (Lave and Wenger 1991) model—with one important difference. While the child learners may be keen participant observers, the experts display little interest in collaborating with novices or evince much empathy for them. I will describe and analyze the relationship between the rather disengaged experts and the eager novices, showing that this process can only be understood if we consider broader aspects of social relationships among peoples of the Tapajós.
The sensitivity of soil respiration to soil temperature, moisture, and carbon supply at the global scale
Authors: Hursh Andrew , Ballantyne Ashley , Cooper Leila , Maneta Marco , Kimball John , Watts Jennifer 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSoil respiration (Rs) is a major pathway by which fixed carbon in the biosphere is returned to the atmosphere, yet there are limits to our ability to predict respiration rates using environmental drivers at the global scale. While temperature, moisture, carbon supply, and other site characteristics are known to regulate soil respiration rates at plot scales within certain biomes, quantitative frameworks for evaluating the relative importance of these factors across different biomes and at the global scale require tests of the relationships between field estimates and global climatic data. This study evaluates the factors driving Rs at the global scale by linking global datasets of soil moisture, soil temperature, primary productivity, and soil carbon estimates with observations of annual Rs from the Global Soil Respiration Database (SRDB). We find that calibrating models with parabolic soil moisture functions can improve predictive power over similar models with asymptotic functions of mean annual precipitation. Soil temperature is comparable with previously reported air temperature observations used in predicting Rs and is the dominant driver of Rs in global models; however, within certain biomes soil moisture and soil carbon emerge as dominant predictors of Rs. We identify regions where typical temperature‐driven responses are further mediated by soil moisture, precipitation, and carbon supply and regions in which environmental controls on high Rs values are difficult to ascertain due to limited field data. Because soil moisture integrates temperature and precipitation dynamics, it can more directly constrain the heterotrophic component of Rs, but global‐scale models tend to smooth its spatial heterogeneity by aggregating factors that increase moisture variability within and across biomes. We compare statistical and mechanistic models that provide independent estimates of global Rs ranging from 83 to 108 Pg yr−1, but also highlight regions of uncertainty where more observations are required or environmental controls are hard to constrain.
Global patterns of root dynamics under nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Peng Yunfeng , Guo Dali , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimRoot production and turnover play a key role in regulating carbon (C) flow in terrestrial ecosystems. However, a general pattern reflecting the responses of roots to increasing nitrogen (N) input has yet to be described.LocationGlobal terrestrial ecosystems.MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis to assess the central tendencies of root production, turnover rate and standing crop with respect to the experimental addition of N. We evaluated the effect of the form of N, root diameter and climatic (mean annual temperature, MAT; mean annual precipitation, MAP), biotic (ecosystem type, plant type and forest stand age) and forcing factors (experimental duration, N addition rate and cumulative amount of N) on the variations in root response.ResultsGlobally, the addition of N significantly decreased root production and turnover rate but had only a minor impact on root standing crop. In different ecosystems, the three root variables exhibited heterogeneous responses to N enrichment. Additionally, root production and turnover rate responded distinctly to diverse forms of N. The responses of root production and turnover rate to the addition of N were generally positively correlated with MAT and MAP but negatively related to forest stand age and experimental duration. The response pattern of root standing crop was negatively affected by MAT, MAP and forest stand age. However, none of the three root parameters had any obvious correlations with N addition rate or cumulative amount of N.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate that, on aggregate, the addition of N decreased root production and turnover rate at the global scale. These root response patterns and the regulatory factors can be incorporated into earth system models to improve the prediction of belowground C dynamics.
After the ‘World City’ has Globalised: Four Agendas Towards a More Nuanced Framework for Global Urban Research
Authors: Sigler Thomas J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWorld Cities (or Global Cities) research has formed one of the most widely circulated strands of literature relating to contemporary urbanisation. It has been explored from increasingly diverse geographical perspectives and fortified by a range of theoretical and methodological positions. In the recent past, however, critical theorists have questioned the ‘World City’ concept's value, mustering a range of arguments pertaining to the reification of particular cities and structurally deterministic modes of thinking. In the same time frame, however, the concept has been widely appropriated in policy circles, leading to a host of political platforms positioning cities as ‘global’ through neoliberally oriented fast policy. This presents a curious divergence in which the policy community has placed increasing faith in the concept based on the perceived economic benefits of ‘global’ policy, while the academic community concurrently realises that new ways of understanding cities in a global context are necessary for complex international systems to be properly theorised. This paper addresses this juxtaposition, offering an ontology of four discrete agendas within the realm of World Cities. These are as follows: as a hypothesis for understanding the role of cities in the contemporary economy; as a label for cities with certain characteristics; as a new (meta) geography of cities; and as sites for understanding and studying globalisation. The purpose of this article is to delineate these so as to guide scholars and practitioners alike who find themselves inundated with publications that may in fact be discussing divergent concepts with the selfsame language. Within each respective agenda, new language is needed to guide policy conversations that are productive and specific and draw from new theory rather than relatively antiquated and generic ideals.
Pharmaceuticals and the Global South: A Healthy Challenge for Development Theory?
Authors: Horner Rory 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlthough the pharmaceutical industry does not usually feature prominently in overviews of research on development, the sector has considerable significance for both health and economic development. This article reviews research on the pharmaceutical industry in the global South, identifying some broader themes that echo with prominent debates in the wider realm of development studies. In research in the 1970s and early 1980s, the pharmaceutical industry seemed to represent a near‐classic illustration of the power and influence of large, Northern‐based multinational companies, producing dependent development. Later research focused on patent issues in relation to the debate over the TRIPs Agreement, with policy developments in the sector being used to highlight institutional monocropping within global governance. More recently again, research on access to medicines, patent policymaking and local pharmaceutical production has highlighted complementarities between industry and health. Increasingly bridging an oft‐present dichotomy, which is also manifest within geographical research, between economic and social aspects of development, recent research on pharmaceuticals challenges some conventional aspects of development theory.
Resilience, Political Ecology, and Power: Convergences, Divergences, and the Potential for a Postanarchist Geographical Imagination
Authors: Mullenite Joshua 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOver the past three decades, resilience has emerged as an ecological concept that has transformed the way international development is conceptualized. However, it is only recently that the topic has been approached within the geography literature. In this article, I trace the linkages between resilience as an ecological concept and an emerging framework in political geography, its relationship to the field of political ecology, and the potential of a postanarchist geography in bridging the extant gap between these areas of study. To do this, I focus on the different conceptualizations of power prevalent in resilience scholarship and political ecology and offer a postanarchist conceptualization as a potential bridging point that can address the concerns of both of the fields.