bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐history differences of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha across rearing locations in the Shasta River, California
Authors: Roddam Meiling , Ward Darren M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSalmon from different locations in a watershed can have different life histories. It is often unclear to what extent this variation is a response to the current environmental conditions an individual experiences as opposed to local‐scale genetic adaptation or the environment experienced early in development. We used a mark–recapture transplant experiment in the Shasta River, CA, to test whether life‐history traits of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha varied among locations, and whether individuals could adopt a new life history upon encountering new habitat type. The Shasta River, a Klamath River tributary, has two Chinook salmon spawning and juvenile rearing areas, a lower basin canyon (river km 0–12) and upper basin spring complex (river km 40–56), characterised by dramatically different in‐stream habitats. In 2012 and 2013, we created three experimental groups: (i) fish caught, tagged and released in the upper basin; (ii) fish caught at the river mouth (confluence with the Klamath River, river km 0), tagged and released in the upper basin; and (iii) fish caught at the river mouth, tagged and released in the lower basin. Fish released in the upper basin outmigrated later and at a larger size than those released in the lower basin. The traits of fish transplanted to the upper basin were similar to fish originating in the upper basin. Chinook salmon juvenile life‐history traits reflected habitat conditions fish experienced rather than those where they originated, indicating that habitat modification or transportation to new habitats can rapidly alter the life‐history composition of populations.
The extremely broad odorant response profile of mouse olfactory sensory neurons expressing the odorant receptor MOR256‐17 includes trace amine‐associated receptor ligands
Authors: Tazir Bassim , Khan Mona , Mombaerts Peter , Grosmaitre Xavier 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe mouse olfactory system employs ~1100 G‐protein‐coupled odorant receptors (ORs). Each mature olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is thought to express just one OR gene, and the expressed OR determines the odorant response properties of the OSN. The broadest odorant response profile thus far demonstrated in native mouse OSNs is for OSNs that express the OR gene SR1 (also known as Olfr124 and MOR256‐3). Here we showed that the odorant responsiveness of native mouse OSNs expressing the OR gene MOR256‐17 (also known as Olfr15 and OR3) is even broader than that of OSNs expressing SR1. We investigated the electrophysiological properties of green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ OSNs in a MOR256‐17‐IRES‐tauGFP gene‐targeted mouse strain, in parallel with GFP+ OSNs in the SR1‐IRES‐tauGFP gene‐targeted mouse strain that we previously reported. Of 35 single chemical compounds belonging to distinct structural classes, MOR256‐17+ OSNs responded to 31 chemicals, compared with 10 for SR1+ OSNs. The 10 compounds that activated SR1+ OSNs also activated MOR256‐17+ OSNs. Interestingly, MOR256‐17+ OSNs were activated by three amines (cyclohexylamine, isopenthylamine, and phenylethylamine) that are typically viewed as ligands for chemosensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium that express trace amine‐associated receptor genes, a family of 15 genes encoding G‐protein‐coupled receptors unrelated in sequence to ORs. We did not observe differences in membrane properties, indicating that the differences in odorant response profiles between the two OSN populations were due to the expressed OR. MOR256‐17+ OSNs appear to be at one extreme of odorant responsiveness among populations of OSNs expressing distinct OR genes in the mouse.
Directional selection for flowering time leads to adaptive evolution in Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild radish)
Authors: Ashworth Michael B. , Walsh Michael J. , Flower Ken C. , Vila‐Aiub Martin M. , Powles Stephen B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHerbicides have been the primary tool for controlling large populations of yield depleting weeds from agro‐ecosystems, resulting in the evolution of widespread herbicide resistance. In response, nonherbicidal techniques have been developed which intercept weed seeds at harvest before they enter the soil seed bank. However, the efficiency of these techniques allows an intense selection for any trait that enables weeds to evade collection, with early‐flowering ecotypes considered likely to result in early seed shedding. Using a field‐collected wild radish population, five recurrent generations were selected for early maturity and three generations for late maturity. Phenology associated with flowering time and growth traits were measured. Our results demonstrate the adaptive capacity of wild radish to halve its time to flowering following five generations of early‐flowering selection. Early‐maturing phenotypes had reduced height and biomass at maturity, leading to less competitive, more prostrate growth forms. Following three generations of late‐flowering selection, wild radish doubled its time to flowering time leading to increased biomass and flowering height at maturity. This study demonstrates the potential for the rapid evolution in growth traits in response to highly effective seed collection techniques that imposed a selection on weed populations within agro‐ecosystems at harvest.
Capillary seal capacity of faults under hydrodynamic conditions
Authors: Underschultz J. , Strand J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMany fault bound traps are underfilled despite the top seal capacity being secure. The hydrocarbon sealing performance of faults themselves can be compromised either by mechanical or capillary process. Capillary process can be important either due to juxtaposition or to fine‐grained clay or cataclastic material within the fault zone itself. There is debate about how important each of these mechanisms is over geological timescales of hydrocarbon trapping. Recent work has provided insights into fine‐tuning capillary‐related fault seal calibration methodologies. Over the last 15 years, vigorous scientific debate with multiple published laboratory experiments and modelling studies has led some researchers and industry technologists to theorise that for water‐wet conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, the relative water permeability in the reservoir (towards the top of the hydrocarbon column) may become very small, but in practice never reach zero. While not advocating for either side in this debate, the importance of accounting for hydrodynamic conditions regardless of the capillary sealing mechanism is demonstrated. Additionally, it is noted that nonzero relative water permeability has implications on how a seal's capillary threshold pressure for the nonwetting hydrocarbon phase is estimated from field data. In the particular case where there are pressure differences between unproduced hydrocarbon reservoirs on either side of a fault, then the hydrocarbon saturation must be discontinuous across the fault. For hydrocarbon leakage to occur across the entire thickness of the fault zone, the hydrocarbon pressure must exceed the threshold pressure on the side of the fault zone with the highest formation water hydraulic head. This approach to estimating across‐fault pressure difference will result in an improved calibration data set used for predrill estimation of capillary fault seal capacity.
Germination responses of the halophyte Chloris virgata to temperature and reduced water potential caused by salinity, alkalinity and drought stress
Authors: Lin J. , Shao S. , Wang Y. , Qi M. , Lin L. , Wang Y. , Yan X. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractChloris virgata is considered a useful grass species for grassland restoration in northern China. However, little information exists concerning the germination responses of this species to temperature and water potential caused by stress conditions. Experiments were conducted in growth chambers to assess the effect of temperature, salinity, alkalinity, drought and the interactions of temperature and stress on seed germination. Seeds were germinated at three diurnal temperature regimes, with four water potentials in NaCl, NaHCO3 and PEG solutions. Results showed that optimal germination under stress occurred at 15–25 °C, and germination percentages and rates were inhibited by either an increase or decrease in temperature from the optimal temperature. The inhibitory effects of the low water potential caused by salinity and drought on germination were greater at 25–35 °C, but seeds were subjected to more stress despite the relatively higher water potential because of the alkalinity at this temperature. The recovery percentage under salinity was highest at −1·2 MPa at 15–25 °C, and more than 80% of seeds also germinated at this water potential after they were transferred from drought stress. However, seeds lost their viability in higher alkalinities under all temperatures, and at 25–35 °C, there was lower recovery percentage under stress. Results suggest that salinity, alkalinity and drought stress have different impacts on seed germination, and the tolerance to stress of C. virgata seeds is affected by the interactions of temperature and water potential caused by salinity, alkalinity and drought. Chloris virgata shows potential utility as a promising grass species in salinity–alkalinity and drought‐stressed environments.
Prognostic prediction of male recipients selected for liver transplantation: With special attention to neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
Authors: Wang Wei , Ye Yufu , Wang Ting , Zhang Feng , Geng Lei , Yu Jun , Zhou Lin , Yan Sheng , Zheng Shusen 
Published: December 2015

AimNeutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammatory biomarker that has a close relationship with tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of NLR in the prognosis of male candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing liver transplantation (LT).MethodsWe analyzed the clinical data of 248 male HCC candidates who underwent LT in our Liver Transplantation Center between 2002 and 2012. All risk factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox analysis and survival rates were calculated by Kaplan–Meier log–rank test.ResultsNLR was proved to be an independent risk factor affecting overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001) and tumor‐free survival (TFS) (P = 0.003) of male candidates with HCC following LT. Additionally, our study showed that elevated NLR (>4) was associated with early tumor recurrence by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Furthermore, we established Model_OS and Model_TFS to predict prognosis based on multivariate Cox analysis. Our study showed that male candidates with HCC who exceeded the Milan criteria but within Model_OS could achieve similar OS as those within the Milan criteria (P = 0.220). Similarly, male patients who exceeded the Milan criteria but within Model_TFS could achieve similar TFS as those within the Milan criteria (P = 0.197).ConclusionProper inflammatory response may effectively reduce tumor recurrence after LT. Elevated NLR (>4) within a certain range is associated with early tumor recurrence. NLR‐based models are efficient and safe for prognostic prediction among male candidates with HCC for LT.
Mode of drinking fluoridated milk: effect on intraoral fluoride concentrations
Authors: Whitford Gary M. , Riley Danielle V. , Schafer Tara E. , Looney Stephen W. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of the mode of drinking fluoridated milk on salivary and plaque fluoride concentrations.MethodsFluoridated milk was ingested by 32 children in three ways: (a) directly from the container (1.0 and 5.0 mg F/litre), (b) through a straw with the tip between the lips (5.0 mg F/litre), and (c) with the tip deep in the oral cavity (5.0 mg F/litre). Saliva was collected at baseline and 2, 15, and 40 min and plaque at baseline and 20 min after drinking. Fluoride concentrations were determined using the electrode after HMDS‐facilitated diffusion.ResultsThe mode of drinking did not affect fluoride concentrations in saliva or plaque. The average 2‐min salivary concentrations were 65 ng F/mL for the 1.0 mg F/litre group and 276 ng F/mL for the three 5.0 mg F/litre groups (P < 0.01). The average of the 15‐ and 40‐min salivary concentrations was 22 ng F/mL for the 1.0 mg F/litre group and 41 ng F/mL for the 5.0 mg F/litre groups (P < 0.01). Plaque concentrations showed the same patterns as in saliva, that is, they were higher in the three 5.0 mg F/litre groups than in the 1.0 mg F/litre group and the differences among the 5.0 mg F/litre groups were not statistically significant.ConclusionSalivary and plaque fluoride concentrations were independent of the mode of drinking but directly related to milk fluoride concentrations.
Towards a consensus on how to diagnose and quantify female pattern hair loss – The ‘Female Pattern Hair Loss Severity Index (FPHL‐SI)’
Authors: Harries M. , Tosti A. , Bergfeld W. , Blume‐Peytavi U. , Shapiro J. , Lutz G. , Messenger A. , Sinclair R. , Paus R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundFemale pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a common non‐scarring alopecia characterized by widening of the midline hair part at the crown (vertex). In 1977, Ludwig developed a scale that graded the degree of visible vertex hair thinning from I (least severe) to III (most severe). However, by the time patients exhibit the full manifestations of ‘Ludwig I’, they have already lost a significant volume of hair. Although current therapies may realistically halt progression of hair loss, improvements in hair density is often more limited. Identification and grading of FPHL at an earlier stage is desirable to institute appropriate therapy before significant hair loss has occurred and to enable monitoring over time.AimTo generate consensus guidance for the recognition and quantification of FPHL that can be used in the clinic.MethodsNine clinicians from Europe, North America and Australia experienced in the management of FPHL developed this scale by consensus.ResultsWe propose a three‐point severity scale (termed the FPHL Severity Index (FPHL‐SI)) that combines validated measures of hair shedding, midline hair density and scalp trichoscopy criteria to produce a total FPHL‐SI score (maximum score = 20). The score is designed to grade FPHL severity over time, while being sufficiently sensitive to identify early disease. A score of 0–4 makes FPHL unlikely; a score of 5–9 would indicate early‐stage FPHL, with higher scores indicating greater disease severity.ConclusionsAs a starting point for further public debate, we employ criteria already used in clinical practice to generate a pragmatic FPHL grading system (FPHL‐SI) of sufficient sensitivity to identify and monitor early FPHL changes. This may have to be further optimized after systematic validation in clinical practice.
The entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana has epiphytic and endophytic activity against the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta
Authors: Klieber J. , Reineke A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe recent introduction and rapid spread of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) throughout Europe, Africa and the Middle East poses a severe threat to future cultivation of tomato and other Solanaceae. Among the best practicable means for effective and sustainable control of this invasive insect pest are entomopathogenic fungi, which can either prevent a further spread of this insect to new areas or keep population densities below an economic threshold level. Here, we report on the efficacy of a commercially available mycoinsecticide based on the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against all four larval stages of T. absoluta. In bioassays, high mortality rates and significantly reduced longevity of larvae were obvious when larvae had fed for a period of around 15 days on leaves with B. bassiana propagules present on the surface as an epiphyte with mortality values corrected for variance in control mortality of 90–100%. In addition, a second mode of action of B. bassiana against T. absoluta larvae was evident in bioassays in the form of an endophytic establishment of this fungus in treated tomato plants. Longevity of T. absoluta L4 larvae was significantly lower in individuals which had fed on surface‐sterilized tomato leaves obtained from plants treated 18 days before the bioassay with a B. bassiana suspension compared to larvae feeding on control plants treated with water. Corrected mortality reached values between 30% and 50% for all larval instars. Growth of tomato plants was not inhibited due to colonization by endophytic B. bassiana and a weak systemic translocation of fungal propagules in non‐treated leaves was evident in the assays. Accordingly, entomopathogenic fungi like B. bassiana express different modes of action again target insect pests, which is of particular relevance for the design of efficient management strategies for invasive pests like T. absoluta.
3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine increases excitability in the dentate gyrus: role of 5HT2A receptor‐induced PGE2 signaling
Authors: Collins Stuart A. , Huff Courtney , Chiaia Nicolas , Gudelsky Gary A. , Yamamoto Bryan K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely abused psychostimulant, which causes release of serotonin in various forebrain regions. Recently, we reported that MDMA increases extracellular glutamate concentrations in the dentate gyrus, via activation of 5HT2A receptors. We examined the role of prostaglandin signaling in mediating the effects of 5HT2A receptor activation on the increases in extracellular glutamate and the subsequent long‐term loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the dentate gyrus caused by MDMA. Administration of MDMA into the dentate gyrus of rats increased PGE2 concentrations which was prevented by coadministration of MDL100907, a 5HT2A receptor antagonist. MDMA‐induced increases in extracellular glutamate were inhibited by local administration of SC‐51089, an inhibitor of the EP1 prostaglandin receptor. Systemic administration of SC‐51089 during injections of MDMA prevented the decreases in parvalbumin interneurons observed 10 days later. The loss of parvalbumin immunoreactivity after MDMA exposure coincided with a decrease in paired‐pulse inhibition and afterdischarge threshold in the dentate gyrus. These changes were prevented by inhibition of EP1 and 5HT2A receptors during MDMA. Additional experiments revealed an increased susceptibility to kainic acid‐induced seizures in MDMA‐treated rats, which could be prevented with SC51089 treatments during MDMA exposure. Overall, these findings suggest that 5HT2A receptors mediate MDMA‐induced PGE2 signaling and subsequent increases in glutamate. This signaling mediates parvalbumin cell losses as well as physiologic changes in the dentate gyrus, suggesting that the lack of the inhibition provided by these neurons increases the excitability within the dentate gyrus of MDMA‐treated rats.
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We hypothesized that the widely abused psychostimulant MDMA causes a loss of parvalbumin (PV) cells and increases excitability in the dentate gyrus. MDMA increases serotonin (5HT) release and activates 5HT2A receptors. The increased activation of 5HT2A receptors promotes the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and subsequent activation of EP1 receptors in the dentate gyrus. EP1 receptor activation leads to eventual excitotoxicity and loss of PV interneurons resulting in reduced inhibition and lowered seizure threshold resulting in increased seizure susceptibility.
Limited sampling pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ondansetron in healthy geriatric cats, cats with chronic kidney disease, and cats with liver disease
Authors: Fitzpatrick R. L. , Wittenburg L. A. , Hansen R. J. , Gustafson D. L. , Quimby J. M. 
Published: December 2015

Ondansetron, a 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist, is an effective anti‐emetic in cats. The purpose of this study was to compare pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous (SQ) ondansetron in healthy geriatric cats to cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or liver disease using a limited sampling strategy. 60 cats participated; 20 per group. Blood was drawn 30 and 120 min following one 2 mg (mean 0.49 mg/kg, range 0.27–1.05 mg/kg) SQ dose of ondansetron. Ondansetron concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Drug exposure represented as area under the curve (AUC) was predicted using a limited sampling approach based on multiple linear regression analysis from previous full sampling studies, and clearance (CL/F) estimated using noncompartmental methods. Kruskal–Wallis anova was used to compare parameters between groups. Mean AUC (ng/mL·h) of subcutaneous ondansetron was 301.4 (geriatric), 415.2 (CKD), and 587.0 (liver). CL/F (L/h/kg) of SQ ondansetron was 1.157 (geriatric), 0.967 (CKD), and 0.795 (liver). AUC was significantly higher in liver and CKD cats when compared to geriatric cats (P < 0.05). CL/F in liver cats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to geriatric cats. In age‐matched subset analysis, AUC and CL/F in liver cats remained significantly different from geriatric cats.
Population differentiation and behavioural association of the two ‘personality’ genesDRD4andSERTin dunnocks (Prunella modularis)
Authors: Holtmann B. , Grosser S. , Lagisz M. , Johnson S. L. , Santos E. S. A. , Lara C. E. , Robertson B. C. , Nakagawa S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuantifying the variation in behaviour‐related genes within and between populations provides insight into how evolutionary processes shape consistent behavioural traits (i.e. personality). Deliberate introductions of non‐native species offer opportunities to investigate how such genes differ between native and introduced populations and how polymorphisms in the genes are related to variation in behaviour. Here, we compared the genetic variation of the two ‘personality’ genes,DRD4andSERT, between a native (United Kingdom,UK) and an introduced (New Zealand,NZ) population of dunnocks,Prunella modularis. TheNZpopulation showed a significantly lower number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared to theUKpopulation. StandardizedF’stestimates of the personality genes and neutral microsatellites indicate that selection (anthropogenic and natural) probably occurred during and post the introduction event. Notably, the largest genetic differentiation was found in the intronic regions of the genes. In theNZpopulation, we also examined the association between polymorphisms inDRD4andSERTand two highly repeatable behavioural traits: flight‐initiation distance and mating status (promiscuous females and cobreeding males). We found 38 significant associations (for different allele effect models) between the two behavioural traits and the studied genes. Further, 22 of the tested associations showed antagonistic allele effects for males and females. Our findings illustrate how introduction events and accompanying ecological changes could influence the genetic diversity of behaviour‐related genes.