bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the theme issue outcomes
Authors: Sheresheva Marina , Kopiski John , Teare Richard 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
This study aims to profile the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) issue “What are the main trends, challenges and success factors in the Russian hospitality and tourism market in the experience economy era?” with reference to the experiences of the theme editors, contributors from industry and academia and the theme issue outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses structured questions to enable the theme editors to reflect on the rationale for their theme issue question, the starting point, the selection of the writing team and material and the editorial process.

Findings
This study provides a framework to facilitate discussion between all stakeholders in Russia’s tourism and hospitality industry; it identifies ways of improving competitiveness as a tourist destination and contributes to thinking about sustainable development.

Practical implications
Reports on dialogue between Russian academics and industry practitioners related to the challenges, opportunities and success factors that are important for the development of the tourism and hospitality industry in Russia.

Originality/value
This is the first detailed assessment of the opportunities and mechanisms for creating memorable tourist experiences in Russia. The theme issue also identifies the main problems relating to the development of tourism and hospitality, the implications for industry and the solutions needed to address them.
Short‐term climate change manipulation effects do not scale up to long‐term legacies: effects of an absent snow cover on boreal forest plants
Authors: Blume‐Werry Gesche , Kreyling Juergen , Laudon Hjalmar , Milbau Ann 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Despite time‐lags and nonlinearity in ecological processes, the majority of our knowledge about ecosystem responses to long‐term changes in climate originates from relatively short‐term experiments.

We utilized the longest ongoing snow removal experiment in the world and an additional set of new plots at the same location in northern Sweden to simultaneously measure the effects of long‐term (11 winters) and short‐term (1 winter) absence of snow cover on boreal forest understorey plants, including the effects on root growth and phenology.

Short‐term absence of snow reduced vascular plant cover in the understorey by 42%, reduced fine root biomass by 16%, reduced shoot growth by up to 53% and induced tissue damage on two common dwarf shrubs. In the long‐term manipulation, more substantial effects on understorey plant cover (92% reduced) and standing fine root biomass (39% reduced) were observed, whereas other response parameters, such as tissue damage, were observed less. Fine root growth was generally reduced, and its initiation delayed by c. 3 (short‐term) to 6 weeks (long‐term manipulation).

Synthesis. We show that one extreme winter with a reduced snow cover can already induce ecologically significant alterations. We also show that long‐term changes were smaller than suggested by an extrapolation of short‐term manipulation results (using a constant proportional decline). In addition, some of those negative responses, such as frost damage and shoot growth, were even absolutely stronger in the short‐term compared to the long‐term manipulation. This suggests adaptation or survival of only those individuals that are able to cope with these extreme winter conditions, and that the short‐term manipulation alone would overpredict long‐term impacts. These results highlight both the ecological importance of snow cover in this boreal forest, and the value of combining short‐ and long‐term experiments side by side in climate change research.
Context Effects in Forensic Entomology and Use of Sequential Unmasking in Casework
Authors: Archer Melanie S. , Wallman James F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractContext effects are pervasive in forensic science, and are being recognized by a growing number of disciplines as a threat to objectivity. Cognitive processes can be affected by extraneous context information, and many proactive scientists are therefore introducing context‐minimizing systems into their laboratories. Forensic entomologists are also subject to context effects, both in the processes they undertake (e.g., evidence collection) and decisions they make (e.g., whether an invertebrate taxon is found in a certain geographic area). We stratify the risk of bias into low, medium, and high for the decisions and processes undertaken by forensic entomologists, and propose that knowledge of the time the deceased was last seen alive is the most potentially biasing piece of information for forensic entomologists. Sequential unmasking is identified as the best system for minimizing context information, illustrated with the results of a casework trial (n = 19) using this approach in Victoria, Australia.
Choroidal melanoma treated with stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy and prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab: The Dunedin Hospital experience
Authors: Haji Mohd Yasin Nur Azri Bin , Gray Andrew R , Bevin Tui H , Kelly Lyndell E , Molteno Anthony C 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionChoroidal melanoma (CM) is the most common primary ocular malignancy in adults. This study reviewed the Dunedin Hospital (DH) experience in the treatment of CM with stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy (SRT) and the outcome of prophylactic use of intravitreal injection bevacizumab (PIB) in preventing radiation retinopathy (RR).MethodsA retrospective study was conducted of patients at DH who underwent SRT for CM with and without PIB from 1 January 2001 to 31 January 2012. In DH, some patients who had SRT following the introduction of intravitreal bevacizumab in December 2006 were also treated with PIB with the expectation that this might reduce the risk of developing RR, although the evidence of its effectiveness in this respect is not clear. The primary outcome measure was local progression as monitored with regular ultrasound. Secondary outcome measures were metastatic progression incidence, enucleation incidence, no functional vision incidence, overall survival, disease‐specific mortality, incidence of RR, and radiotherapy to clinical diagnosis of RR time.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients who were followed up at DH were reviewed after a mean follow‐up of 5.1 years (range 0.4–12.6). Fourteen patients received PIB. The local progression, metastatic progression and enucleation rate were 4%, 8% and 11%, respectively. The no functional vision (hand movements or less) rate was 62%. Overall survival was 63%, but only three (11%) deaths were due to metastatic choroidal melanoma. Incidence of RR was 57% and 54% for those that received PIB and those who did not, respectively. PIB did not reduce the rate of RR (P = 1.00).ConclusionThis study reaffirmed that SRT achieves very good local control and eye retention rates. PIB did not appear to reduce the radiation retinopathy rate in this study, and more studies are required especially Phase II and III trials to determine PIB efficacy in preventing RR.
Audit of CT reporting standards in cases of intracerebral haemorrhage at a comprehensive stroke centre in Australia
Authors: Barras Christen D , Asadi Hamed , Phal Pramit M , Tress Brian M , Davis Stephen M , Desmond Patricia M 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionMultiple CT‐derived biomarkers that are predictive of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) growth and outcome have been described in the literature, but the extent to which these appear in imaging reports of ICH is unknown. The aim of this retrospective process audit was to determine which of the known predictors of ICH outcome was recorded in reports of the disease, with a view to providing reporting recommendations, as appropriate.MethodWe examined the initial CT report of patients diagnosed with ICH presenting to a metropolitan comprehensive stroke centre and meeting inclusion criteria during the audit period between 1 March 2013 and 28 February 2014. Each report was assessed for the inclusion of the following ICH characteristics: the number of measurement dimensions; volume; location; hydrocephalus; shape; density; ‘CTA spot sign’ (where CTA was performed).ResultsA total of 100 patients met audit inclusion criteria. At least one ICH dimension was recorded in 90% of reports; however, 39% did not include the measurements in three dimensions and volume was reported in just 6%. No ICH dimension was recorded in 10% of reports. With the exception of density and shape, reporting of other CT features exceeded 95%. Where CTA was performed (58%), 14 (24%) of 58 reported the ‘CTA spot sign’ status.ConclusionIn this audit, volume was the most under‐reported of the established ICH characteristics predictive of ICH outcome. Readily calculated from multiplanar reformats using the ABC/2 technique, the routine reporting of ICH volume is recommended. More reporting attention to ICH density heterogeneity and shape irregularity is encouraged, given their emerging importance. Where acute CTA is performed, the presence of any dynamic haemorrhage (CTA spot sign) should be reported.
Revisiting Brownian motion as a description of animal movement: a comparison to experimental movement data
Authors: Bearup Daniel , Benefer Carly M. , Petrovskii Sergei V. , Blackshaw Rod P. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCharacterization of patterns of animal movement is a major challenge in ecology with applications to conservation, biological invasions and pest monitoring. Brownian random walks, and diffusive flux as their mean field counterpart, provide one framework in which to consider this problem. However, it remains subject to debate and controversy. This study presents a test of the diffusion framework using movement data obtained from controlled experiments.Walking beetles (Tenebrio molitor) were released in an open circular arena with a central hole and the number of individuals falling from the arena edges was monitored over time. These boundary counts were compared, using curve fitting, to the predictions of a diffusion model. The diffusion model is solved precisely, without using numerical simulations.We find that the shape of the curves derived from the diffusion model is a close match to those found experimentally. Furthermore, in general, estimates of the total population obtained from the relevant solution of the diffusion equation are in excellent agreement with the experimental population. Estimates of the dispersal rate of individuals depend on how accurately the initial release distribution is incorporated into the model.We therefore show that diffusive flux is a very good approximation to the movement of a population ofTenebrio molitorbeetles. As such, we suggest that it is an adequate theoretical/modelling framework for ecological studies that account for insect movement, although it can be context specific. An immediate practical application of this can be found in the interpretation of trap counts, in particular for the purpose of pest monitoring.
Renal recovery and long‐term survival following acute kidney injury after coronary artery surgery: a nationwide study
Authors: Helgadottir S. , Sigurdsson M. I. , Palsson R. , Helgason D. , Sigurdsson G. H. , Gudbjartsson T. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a relatively common complication following CABG and is associated with adverse outcomes. Nonetheless, we hypothesized that the majority of patients make a good long‐term recovery of their renal function. We studied the incidence and risk factors of AKI together with renal recovery and long‐term survival in patients who developed AKI following CABG.MethodsThis nationwide study examined AKI among 1754 consecutive patients undergoing CABG in 2001–2013. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO criteria.ResultsPostoperatively 184 (11%) patients developed AKI; 121 (7%), 27 (2%), and 36 (2%) at stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. AKI was an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and AKI patients had worse post‐operative outcomes. Lower pre‐operative glomerular filtration rate, higher EuroSCORE and BMI, diabetes, reoperation, and units of red blood cells transfused were independent risk factors of AKI. At post‐operative day 10, renal recovery rates, defined as serum creatinine ratio <1.25 of baseline, were 96 (95% CI 91–99%), 78 (95% CI 53–90%), and 94% (95% CI 77–98%) for AKI stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Long‐term survival was predicted by AKI with 10‐year survival of patients without AKI being 76% and those with AKI stages 1, 2, and 3 being 63%, 56%, and 49%, respectively (P < 0.001).ConclusionDepending on the severity of the initial AKI, 78–97% of patients made good recovery of their kidney function. However, AKI was significantly linked to progression to CKD and long‐term survival remained markedly affected by the severity of the initial kidney injury.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander oral health and its impact among adults: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Schluter PJ , Askew DA , Spurling GK , Lee M , Hayman N 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundRobust oral health epidemiological information for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults is scant. Set within a large urban population, this study describes self‐reported oral health behaviours, status and impact assessed through computerized health checks (HC), stratified by age groups and sex, and identifies associations with dental appearance satisfaction.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults (aged ≥20 years) attending the Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015 who had HC and provided research consent.ResultsThere were 945 patients, 466 (49.3%) female, with an average age of 41.3 years (range, 20–82). Overall, 97.3% owned a toothbrush and 56.2% brushed two or more times/day. Despite self‐reporting a significant oral health burden, only 28.8% visited a dentist within 12 months, mostly due to problems (84.3%). Surprisingly, only 28.4% reported dental appearance dissatisfaction, likely a result of community normalization whereby people are resigned to poor oral health.ConclusionsUnder‐utilization of dental services remains problematic for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. To close the oral heath gap, culturally appropriate, acceptable and safe integrated primary health systems, with co‐located dental services, demand consideration.
Information processing strategies and framing effects in developing country choice experiments: results from rice farmers in India
Authors: Ortega David L. , Ward Patrick S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study explores the effect of various information processing strategies specifically related to attribute nonattendance in stated choice experiments. Our approach includes two forms of stated choice task nonattendance, each derived from separately framed questions asked immediately following the completion of each choice task. We also evaluate a measure of inferred serial nonattendance based on the posterior distributions of random coefficient estimates. We find that choice task nonattendance question framing statistically impacts marginal utility coefficients and, to a lesser degree, willingness‐to‐pay estimates. While direct questions addressing attribute attendance or nonattendance affect these estimates, inferred indicators of serial nonattendance suggest that many attributes are not likely ignored as often as respondents may indicate. Further research is needed to assess inferred versus stated approaches to modeling respondent information processing strategies.
Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta‐analysis
Authors: Hemilä Harri , Petrus Edward J. , Fitzgerald James T. , Prasad Ananda 
Published: July 2016

AimsThe aim of this study was to determine whether the allergy status and other characteristics of common cold patients modify the effects of zinc acetate lozenges.MethodsWe had available individual patient data for three randomized placebo‐controlled trials in which zinc acetate lozenges were administered to common cold patients. We used both one stage and two stage meta‐analysis to estimate the effects of zinc lozenges.ResultsThe total number of common cold patients was 199, the majority being females. Eighty percent of them fell into the age range 20–50 years. One third of the patients had allergies. The one stage meta‐analysis gave an overall estimate of 2.73 days (95% CI 1.8, 3.3 days) shorter colds by zinc acetate lozenge usage. The two stage meta‐analysis gave an estimate of 2.94 days (95% CI 2.1, 3.8 days) reduction in common cold duration. These estimates are to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in the three trials. The effect of zinc lozenges was not modified by allergy status, smoking, baseline severity of the common cold, age, gender or ethnic group.ConclusionSince the effects of zinc acetate lozenges were consistent between the compared subgroups, the overall estimates for effect seemed applicable over a wide range of common cold patients. While the optimal composition of zinc lozenges and the best frequency of their administration should be further investigated, given the current evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be encouraged to try zinc lozenges for treating their colds.
The pan‐Kv7 (KCNQ) Channel Opener Retigabine Inhibits Striatal Excitability by Direct Action on Striatal Neurons In Vivo
Authors: Hansen Henrik H. , Weikop Pia , Mikkelsen Maria D. , Rode Frederik , Mikkelsen Jens D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCentral Kv7 (KCNQ) channels are voltage‐dependent potassium channels composed of different combinations of four Kv7 subunits, being differently expressed in the brain. Notably, striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission is strongly suppressed by systemic administration of the pan‐Kv7 channel opener retigabine. The effect of retigabine likely involves the inhibition of the activity in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons projecting to the striatum, but whether Kv7 channels expressed in the striatum may also play a role is not resolved. We therefore assessed the effect of intrastriatal retigabine administration on striatal neuronal excitability in the rat determined by c‐Fos immunoreactivity, a marker of neuronal activation. When retigabine was applied locally in the striatum, this resulted in a marked reduction in the number of c‐Fos‐positive neurons after a strong excitatory striatal stimulus induced by acute systemic haloperidol administration in the rat. The relative mRNA levels of Kv7 subunits in the rat striatum were found to be Kv7.2 = Kv7.3 = Kv7.5 > >Kv7.4. These data suggest that intrastriatal Kv7 channels play a direct role in regulating striatal excitability in vivo.
The LZIP: A Bayesian Latent Factor Model for Correlated Zero-Inflated Counts
Authors: Neelon Brian , Chung Dongjun 
Published: July 2016

Summary
Motivated by a study of molecular differences among breast cancer patients, we develop a Bayesian latent factor zero-inflated Poisson (LZIP) model for the analysis of correlated zero-inflated counts. The responses are modeled as independent zero-inflated Poisson distributions conditional on a set of subject-specific latent factors. For each outcome, we express the LZIP model as a function of two discrete random variables: the first captures the propensity to be in an underlying “at-risk” state, while the second represents the count response conditional on being at risk. The latent factors and loadings are assigned conditionally conjugate gamma priors that accommodate overdispersion and dependence among the outcomes. For posterior computation, we propose an efficient data-augmentation algorithm that relies primarily on easily sampled Gibbs steps. We conduct simulation studies to investigate both the inferential properties of the model and the computational capabilities of the proposed sampling algorithm. We apply the method to an analysis of breast cancer genomics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas.
NCRI phase II study of CHOP in combination with ofatumumab in induction and maintenance in newly diagnosed Richter syndrome
Authors: Eyre Toby A. , Clifford Ruth , Bloor Adrian , Boyle Lucy , Roberts Corran , Cabes Maite , Collins Graham P. , Devereux Stephen , Follows George , Fox Christopher P. , Gribben John , Hillmen Peter , Hatton Chris S. , Littlewood Tim J. , McCarthy Helen , Murray Jim , Pettitt Andrew R. , Soilleux Elizabeth , Stamatopoulos Basile , Love Sharon B. , Wotherspoon Andrew , Schuh Anna 
Published: July 2016

Richter syndrome (RS) is associated with chemotherapy resistance and a poor historical median overall survival (OS) of 8–10 months. We conducted a phase II trial of standard CHOP‐21 (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone every 21 d) with ofatumumab induction (Cycle 1: 300 mg day 1, 1000 mg day 8, 1000 mg day 15; Cycles 2–6: 1000 mg day 1) (CHOP‐O) followed by 12 months ofatumumab maintenance (1000 mg given 8‐weekly for up to six cycles). Forty‐three patients were recruited of whom 37 were evaluable. Seventy‐three per cent were aged >60 years. Over half of the patients received a fludarabine and cyclophosphamide‐based regimen as prior CLL treatment. The overall response rate was 46% (complete response 27%, partial response 19%) at six cycles. The median progression‐free survival was 6·2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 4·9–14·0 months) and median OS was 11·4 months (95% CI 6·4–25·6 months). Treatment‐naïve and TP53‐intact patients had improved outcomes. Fifteen episodes of neutropenic fever and 46 non‐neutropenic infections were observed. There were no treatment‐related deaths. Seven patients received platinum‐containing salvage at progression, with only one patient obtaining an adequate response to proceed to allogeneic transplantation. CHOP‐O with ofatumumab maintenance provides minimal benefit beyond CHOP plus rutuximab. Standard immunochemotherapy for RS remains wholly inadequate for unselected RS. Multinational trials incorporating novel agents are urgently needed.
GBT440 increases haemoglobin oxygen affinity, reduces sickling and prolongs RBC half‐life in a murine model of sickle cell disease
Authors: Oksenberg Donna , Dufu Kobina , Patel Mira P. , Chuang Chihyuan , Li Zhe , Xu Qing , Silva‐Garcia Abel , Zhou Chengjing , Hutchaleelaha Athiwat , Patskovska Larysa , Patskovsky Yury , Almo Steven C. , Sinha Uma , Metcalf Brian W. , Archer David R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA major driver of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is polymerization of deoxygenated haemoglobin S (HbS), which leads to sickling and destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) and end‐organ damage. Pharmacologically increasing the proportion of oxygenated HbS in RBCs may inhibit polymerization, prevent sickling and provide long term disease modification. We report that GBT440, a small molecule which binds to the N‐terminal α chain of Hb, increases HbS affinity for oxygen, delays in vitro HbS polymerization and prevents sickling of RBCs. Moreover, in a murine model of SCD, GBT440 extends the half‐life of RBCs, reduces reticulocyte counts and prevents ex vivo RBC sickling. Importantly, oral dosing of GBT440 in animals demonstrates suitability for once daily dosing in humans and a highly selective partitioning into RBCs, which is a key therapeutic safety attribute. Thus, GBT440 has the potential for clinical use as a disease‐modifying agent in sickle cell patients.