bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender & Society
(Journal)
Authors: Heston Laura V. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Gender & Society
is a peer‐reviewed academic journal on the study of gender, which has published many articles on the study of families since its founding in 1987. As a top‐ranked journal in the fields of both sociology and women's studies,
Gender & Society
is an influential outlet for empirical work developed by scholars across the social sciences.
Men's Roles in Families
Authors: Bowman Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe individual expression of the male role in the family may vary somewhat across cultures, but men often occupy similar family roles throughout the life span, despite variation in context. The male role in families is continually reified by men as they model gender norms and adult sexuality, provide resources, offer nurturance and support, and manage and maintain the family unit. Each of these primary male sex roles empower – and often constrain – male behavior within a family unit.
Journal of Family Studies
Authors: Bixby Monica Sue 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The Journal of Family Studies
is an interdisciplinary peer‐reviewed journal that focuses on families and relationships within the family. The journal's mission is to promote studies of pragmatic and professional significance, focusing on the transitions of families and the well‐being of both parents and children throughout these transitions. Published by eContent Management Pty Ltd,
The Journal of Family Studies
is an international journal that is published three times a year. Two of the annual issues focus on broad topics relevant to the study of the family. The third issue is topic based, underscoring a specific theme within the scope of family studies. The journal encourages a wide array of submissions including both qualitative and quantitative original research, book reviews, and policy analyses.
Journal of Aging Studies
Authors: Gubrium Jaber F. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Aging Studies (JAS)
was founded in 1986 to provide a forum for border‐crossing, innovative research related to the aging experience. The journal publishes critical, empirical, or theoretical contributions from around the globe. Articles deal with topics such as intergenerational relations and transfers, marriage and remarriage in later life, grandparenthood, dual‐career retirement, and care and caregiving, among many others.
Homogamy
Authors: Arosio Laura 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term homogamy refers to marriages in which the partners share the same socially relevant characteristics, including social class, education, professional standing, age, religion, nationality and ethnic/territorial background. Homogamy is still the most common pattern of marriage in contemporary societies. The level of homogamy is a measure of the degree of openness of a society: high levels are indicative of closure, low levels of a more open social structure. The bias towards homogamy is favoured by the social forces that influence the choice of partner. Complying with the ideal of homogamy diminishes the social pressure felt by the couple and enhances the degree to which the marriage is socially acceptable, favouring the stability and duration of the marriage. Looking to the future, increasing territorial mobility, speed of communications and the growth of new matrimonial markets such as the Internet could lead to different levels of homogamy to those found in contemporary societies.
Social Class and Childrearing
Authors: Peoples Clayton D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Social class has a significant impact on childrearing patterns in the United States. Parents in the lower/working class tend to value conformity, which, in turn, impacts the way in which they raise their children. They typically employ a more authoritarian style of parenting, where obedience to rules/authority is expected of children and nonconformity is met with punishment (including, in some cases, spanking). Parents in the middle/upper class, on the other hand, tend to value self‐direction. As a result, they typically use a more permissive style of parenting and encourage their children to negotiate rules and question authority. These differences are important in that they not only impact parent–child relationships, but, also, they likely impact the sorts of occupations children pursue in adulthood, which may affect intergenerational mobility and limit upward movement among children of lower‐ and working‐class parents.
Courtship
Authors: Schon Jennifer 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCourtship processes vary widely across cultures. In westernized cultures, the more casual form, dating, is commonplace. The diversity of individuals involved in dating grew significantly in the last few decades of the twentieth century, as interracial, homosexual, and older couples began to date more publicly. However, contemporary heterosexual dating still largely follows traditional gender roles. Several factors are influential in predicting whom a person will date: proximity, perceived similarity, and physical attractiveness. Cellular phones and other modern technologies have influenced both how couples meet and how they maintain their relationships. Courtship has negative aspects as well, including rejection, breakup, infidelity, abuse, and health risks.
Female Infanticide
Authors: Wagner Phillip E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFemale infanticide is the deliberate and intentional act of aborting female fetuses or killing young female children on the sole basis of their biological sex. While the practice of female infanticide has been documented since antiquity, recent trends in specific geographic regions suggest that it is a continuing and pervasive threat to human rights and the well‐being of the global population.
Cross‐Cousin Marriage
Authors: McKendry‐Smith Emily 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The term “cross‐cousin” marriage refers to marriage between the children of two opposite‐sex siblings, such as the child of one's mother's brother or father's sister. This type of marriage is further divided into three subtypes: matrilateral cross‐cousin marriage, patrilateral cross‐cousin marriage, and bilateral cross‐cousin marriage. Research has suggested a number of advantages stemming from this practice for the groups who practice it, although these vary across cultures and there is no consensus among scholars as to the meanings and motivations for this practice.
Teen Pregnancy
Authors: Isaacs Alyssa M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Though teen pregnancy rates are on a decline, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate compared to other industrialized nations. The ramifications of such pregnancies extend far beyond the teen parents. Factors affecting teen pregnancy rates range from broad environmental and demographic variables including socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity to social and familial variables including parental monitoring and family closeness to individual variables such as school performance and substance use. Teen pregnancy prevention programs are being implemented at several different levels including governmental policies, mass media campaigns, community‐based programs, and school‐based programs. Though many of these programs lack rigorous evaluation, one of the most promising programs is comprehensive sex education in schools, as evidenced by Kirby's (2007) extensive review.
Assortative Mating
Authors: Pauley Perry M. , Veluscek Alaina M. , Harrison Kathryn E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Assortative mating is the process whereby traits, both social and genetic, influence individuals' mate preferences. Studies have consistently demonstrated that individuals prefer to partner with others who are similar insofar as social attributes – for example education level, religious preference, even personality traits – are concerned. Recent studies have suggested that social factors are more significant in the mate selection process than genetic compatibility.
HIV
and Families
Authors: Amutah Ndidiamaka , Rodriguez Andrea A. , Nellum April L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), as of 2013, there were approximately 16 million women and 3.2 million children living with HIV worldwide. Complex issues triggered by HIV infection – including illness, poverty, stigma, and secrecy – reflect a need to understand HIV in the family setting. Given the primary role families play in responding to the epidemic, strengthening the capacity of families through targeted initiatives can be an important strategy in preventing the spread, and mitigating the debilitating effects, of HIV/AIDS.
Mobility, Social
Authors: Farnicka Marzanna A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Social mobility is a phenomenon describing changes in social structure with relation to a selected reference group. It used to refer to social position, income, and prestige, but nowadays it is also agreed to refer to lifestyles and the manner of life organization (intergenerational and intragenerational mobility). This entry describes various meanings ascribed to social mobility, as well as its consequences. Mobility is necessitated by economic and social transformations, whose speed forces adaptation on individuals. Lack of social mobility may result in social maladjustment.
Journal of Family Theory & Review
Authors: Milardo Robert M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Family Theory & Review
is owned by the National Council on Family Relations (NCFR) and published quarterly by Wiley‐Blackwell. The journal publishes original theory, methodology, meta‐analyses, narrative reviews, and book reviews, and seeks to advance the integration and growth of the multidisciplinary and international domains of the behavioral and social sciences that define contemporary family studies.
Authoritarian Parenting
Authors: van Vleet Bethany L. , Bodman Denise Ann 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Authoritarian parenting refers to a strict parenting style originally identified by developmental psychologist and parenting researcher Diana Baumrind (1967). Baumrind classified parenting styles based on two dimensions (warmth/support and control) and identified three key styles of parenting as antecedents to children's behavior: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. The authoritarian parenting style is characterized by parental use of high levels of control behaviors and showing low levels of warmth and support. Authoritarian parents tend to be restrictive, allow little input from children, and provide little reasoning behind rules and regulations. However, research has found a lack of consistency in negative outcomes across culture and subcultures.
Women's Roles in Families
Authors: Galick Aimee 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Women are responsible for a variety of roles in families. Women are performing roles that have typically been delegated to men in the past, such as income earner. This has led to increased pressure on women because they are still typically seen as primarily responsible for family. Many factors influence how women respond to this increase in responsibility including the larger social context, family policy, and cultural values.
Journal of Child and Family Studies
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Child and Family Studies
is an international journal that provides a forum for topical issues pertaining to the development and well‐being of children, adolescents, and their families. It publishes basic research, with an emphasis on translating the latest research results into practical applications for clinicians and health care practitioners. In addition, it publishes applied research that broadly covers various aspects of developmental psychopathology, including issues associated with identification, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention, as well as family and parenting issues.
Singlehood
Authors: Laplant Katie M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Single adults make up a substantial part of the population, with half of Americans currently identifying as single. There are three categories of singles, those who never marry, who are single through divorce, and who are single through widowhood. Many singles in the United States face stigma and pressure to become married and follow the ideal life course. Remaining single also plays a significant role in identity for many single individuals. There are some advantages to being single such as skill development and self‐reliance and also some disadvantages such as decreased sexual satisfaction, and for never married singles there is less integration into the community.
Nuclear Families
Authors: Bryant Leah E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Nuclear families, a term used interchangeably with traditional families, for example, are generally considered to include a set of parents and their offspring. Historically, as men and women left their extended family networks sparked by the Industrial Revolution, they created nuclear family structures that are considered the normative family structure today. However, census data show that two‐parent families have precipitously declined as more people divorce or decide not to marry. Nuclear families are the standard by which all other family forms are evaluated, which has far‐reaching implications.
Journal of
GLBT
Family Studies
Authors: Galupo M. Paz 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of GLBT Family Studies
is a peer‐review interdisciplinary journal focusing on the unique experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. The journal publishes original research, as well as theoretical and review papers on topics exploring the impact of sexual orientation and gender identity on all aspects of family.
Sexuality
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jacki , Yianitsas Samantha K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The term
sexuality
reflects individuals' perceptions of their gender identities and engagement in physical behaviors to achieve pleasure, intimacy, and/or reproduction. Sexuality is influenced, but not necessarily dictated by physical/biological characteristics (e.g., genitalia). Rather, it is also influenced by sociological factors (e.g., politics, religion, medical advances, social media) that reflect beliefs/attitudes during particular time periods. Thus, sexuality is an emergent process that changes for individuals and US society over time.
Marital Rape
Authors: Troshynski Emily I. , Dirks Danielle 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Also known as spousal rape, marital rape is nonconsensual sex where the offender is the victim's spouse or intimate partner. The legal history of marital rape includes notions of property, obligation, and standards of “wifely duties.” Because of its unique sociolegal history, popular culture considers marital rape less serious than rapes committed by a stranger. However, research indicates that it typically involves ongoing physical and sexual abuse. Future research should continue to demystify the reality and prevalence of marital rape.
Date and Acquaintance Rape
Authors: Dirks Danielle , Troshynski Emily I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDate and acquaintance rape are among the most underreported violent crimes in the United States, not least because of myths that blame the victim or suggest that it is less serious than “real rape.” Decades of research show that acquaintance rape is commonplace in the lives of young women and that it has unique and severe deleterious effects on survivors. Victims hesitate to report because they are fearful of not being believed, suffering reprisal, or experiencing traumatic treatment by medical, criminal justice, or legal officials. Feminists and activists seek to disrupt the broader rape culture that supports perpetrators of acquaintance rape. National media attention, policy initiatives, and legislative reform all represent successes.
Journal of Family Social Work
Authors: Conway Pat , Uhrich Jenny 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTheJournal of Family Social Work, whose purpose is to increase access to current research, theory, and practice regarding families in order to improve family outcomes, has been published since the early 1990s. Its goals are to: increase understanding of the couple and family through clinicians' and researchers' innovative methods of inquiry; promote collaboration among academics, clinicians, and researchers; and create a better understanding of the interplay between and among the effects of the sociopolitical and temporal contexts of the self or the clinician and social work practice with couples and families.
Parental Discipline
Authors: Larzelere Robert E. , Kuhn Brett R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry summarizes scientific information about three aspects of parental discipline: nurturance as a foundation for discipline, preventive strategies, and appropriate responses to misbehavior. A conditional sequence model integrates contradictory recommendations about disciplinary responses into a comprehensive overview consistent with an authoritative parenting balance of love and appropriate limit‐setting. That authoritative‐parenting balance has been shown to have much better long‐term child outcomes than either the extreme of authoritarian parenting (limits without love) or the extreme of overly permissive parenting (love without limit‐setting).
S
haria Law
Authors: Al‐Hamdi Mohaned , Schumm Walter R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sharia represents the Islamic jurisprudence that deals with all aspects of life for Muslims, including many detailed aspects of family life. However, Sharia is subject to a variety of interpretations, based on different Muslim schools of reasoning. In contemporary societies, Sharia is frequently adapted to secular laws. Sharia represents one example of the tension experienced by all societies, religions, and families, as social systems, in trying to apply more general or abstract moral principles to very specific situations across different times, cultures, and types of families.
Marital Power
Authors: Treas Judith , Kim Julie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Marital power, defined as a partner's ability to have his/her will prevail in the marriage relationship, is a useful concept for examining partner dynamics. Because power itself cannot always be observed, it is often measured as decision‐making outcomes. While economic and functionalist approaches emphasize efficiency and co‐operation, structural explanations regard power as perpetuating marital inequality. However, with the increase in women's participation in employment and men's growing contribution to housework, there is support for bargaining theory – that is, partners' relative resources determining their power relations. Macro‐level factors such as national contexts and the family institution also influence how much power one partner has over the other. Despite movement toward equal decision‐making, female disadvantages continue.
Stepparenting
Authors: Kang Young Jin , Ganong Lawrence H. , Russell Luke T. , Coleman Marilyn 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Stepparenting occurs when adults marry or cohabit with a partner who has a child or children from a previous relationship or relationships. Many adults become stepparents after having experienced multiple marital or relational transitions (e.g., marriage, divorce, cohabitation) and their stepchildren also may have had multiple family transitions. Some stepparents function as replacements for missing biological parents, whereas others perform roles as supplemental parental figures to their stepchildren. There are many factors that affect the complexity of stepparenting and stepparent–stepchild relationships, such as marital status, family history, residential status, gender, and age.
H
enry
J
.
K
aiser Family Foundation
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Henry J. Kaiser Family foundation is a nonprofit organization that conducts and disseminates research on health‐related issues. While the foundation has been in existence since 1948, the incarnation of the foundation that is known as of the mid‐2010s has been active since 1991. The mission, goals, research, and contributions of the foundation are discussed in this entry.
Social Construction
Authors: Barry David M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A social construction, or social construct, is an important methodological tool used when investigating social phenomena. It is a general term referring to the idea that social phenomena are best understood as products of social interaction. The concept is also related to phenomenological theories of knowledge such as social constructionism, social constructivism, and the social construction of reality. Reference to phenomena as social constructs or constructions is commonplace in many (sub)disciplines across the social sciences.
W
illiams Institute
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Williams Institute, founded in 2001, is an interdisciplinary think tank that is affiliated with the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law. It was formed to provide reliable and accurate research to key players who are responsible for making decisions on issues pertaining to the lesbian and gay communities in the United States. The mission, goals, and efforts of the institute are discussed in this entry.
P
ew Research Center
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Pew Research Center is a US‐based think tank originating in 1990 that conducts nonpartisan research on public policy, demographics, and opinions. The original project was implemented to collect public opinion polls on politics and policy. As these polls were meant to be collected on a regular basis, the notion of establishing a research center that would maintain regular records and polls was put forth and that led to the Pew Research Center that exists in the mid‐2010s. The history, research, and projects of the Pew Research Center are discussed in this entry.
Media Representations of Sexuality
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Media representations are often thought to be reflections of reality; however, we know that the depictions of sexuality that we are exposed to often diverge far from the norm. The representations that are put forth for consumption often set unrealistic expectations for behavior and pleasure. These expectations are also different for men and women in terms of what is considered to be acceptable or morally right. Depictions of sexuality are often heteronormative and may not address variations in sexual orientations and sexual expressions. This entry discusses historical and current representations of sexuality in media, differences in portrayals of male and female sexuality, representations of alternative sexualities and sexual orientations, and current and future directions of media representations of sexuality and their analysis.
Marriage Laws in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Henderson Tammy L. , Douglas Jonathan R. , Daniel Annie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The US Supreme Court deems marriage to be one of the most important relationships in society. Marriage is a fundamental right woven into the US constitutional “zone of privacy” and centers on liberty of choice and personal autonomy. It has been argued that there should be limited government intrusion in the fundamental right to marry; however, some states have placed restrictions on the right to marriage that range from age and licensure requirements to medical examinations. In addition to traditional marriage, some states recognize common‐law marriages and provide some protection to same‐sex couples. The US Supreme Court has given limited protection to intergenerational households that function like a traditional family. To a significant degree, contemporary marriage laws in the United States have not kept pace with family development. This entry considers the right to marriage, restrictions on the right to marriage, and other protected relationships.