bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High resolution iridocorneal angle imaging system by axicon lens assisted gonioscopy
Authors: Perinchery Sandeep Menon , Shinde Anant , Fu Chan Yiu , Jeesmond Hong Xun Jie , Baskaran Mani , Aung Tin , Murukeshan Vadakke Matham 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDirect visualization and assessment of the iridocorneal angle (ICA) region with high resolution is important for the clinical evaluation of glaucoma. However, the current clinical imaging systems for ICA do not provide sufficient structural details due to their poor resolution. The key challenges in achieving high quality ICA imaging are its location in the anterior region of the eye and the occurrence of total internal reflection due to refractive index difference between cornea and air. Here, we report an indirect axicon assisted gonioscopy imaging probe with white light illumination. The illustrated results with this probe shows significantly improved visualization of structures in the ICA including TM region, compared to the current available tools. It could reveal critical details of ICA and expected to aid management by providing information that is complementary to angle photography and gonioscopy.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase regulates hepatitis C virus replication
Authors: Jung Gwon-Soo , Jeon Jae-Han , Choi Yeon-Kyung , Jang Se Young , Park Soo Young , Kim Sung-Woo , Byun Jun-Kyu , Kim Mi-Kyung , Lee Sungwoo , Shin Eui-Cheol , Lee In-Kyu , Kang Yu Na , Park Keun-Gyu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDuring replication, hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes macromolecules produced by its host cell. This process requires host cellular metabolic reprogramming to favor elevated levels of aerobic glycolysis. Therefore, we evaluated whether pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), a mitochondrial enzyme that promotes aerobic glycolysis, can regulate HCV replication. Levels of c-Myc, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PDK1, PDK3, glucokinase, and serine biosynthetic enzymes were compared between HCV-infected and uninfected human liver and Huh-7.5 cells infected with or without HCV. Protein and mRNA expression of c-Myc, HIF-1α, and glycolytic enzymes were significantly higher in HCV-infected human liver and hepatocytes than in uninfected controls. This increase was accompanied by upregulation of serine biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting cellular metabolism was altered toward facilitated nucleotide synthesis essential for HCV replication. JQ1, a c-Myc inhibitor, and dichloroacetate (DCA), a PDK inhibitor, decreased the expression of glycolytic and serine synthetic enzymes in HCV-infected hepatocytes, resulting in suppressed viral replication. Furthermore, when co-administered with IFN-α or ribavirin, DCA further inhibited viral replication. In summary, HCV reprograms host cell metabolism to favor glycolysis and serine biosynthesis; this is mediated, at least in part, by increased PDK activity, which provides a surplus of nucleotide precursors. Therefore, blocking PDK activity might have therapeutic benefits against HCV replication.
High-density lipoprotein inhibits ox-LDL-induced adipokine secretion by upregulating SR-BI expression and suppressing ER Stress pathway
Authors: Song Guohua , Wu Xia , Zhang Pu , Yu Yang , Yang Mingfeng , Jiao Peng , Wang Ni , Song Haiming , Wu You , Zhang Xiangjian , Liu Huaxia , Qin Shucun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in adipocytes can modulate adipokines secretion. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced ERS-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway-mediated adipokine secretion. Our results showed that serum adipokines, including visfatin, resistin and TNF-α, correlated inversely with serum HDL cholesterol level in patients with abdominal obesity. In vitro, like ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), HDL inhibited ox-LDL- or tunicamycin (TM, an ERS inducer)-induced increase in visfatin and resistin secretion. Moreover, HDL inhibited ox-LDL-induced free cholesterol (FC) accumulation in whole cell lysate and in the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, like PBA, HDL inhibited ox-LDL- or TM-induced activation of ERS response as assessed by the decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase-like ER kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and reduced nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6 as well as the downregulation of Bip and CHOP. Furthermore, HDL increased scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expression and SR-BI siRNA treatment abolished the inhibitory effects of HDL on ox-LDL-induced FC accumulation and CHOP upregulation. These data indicate that HDL may suppress ox-LDL-induced FC accumulation in adipocytes through upregulation of SR-BI, subsequently preventing ox-LDL-induced ER stress-CHOP pathway-mediated adipocyte inflammation.
Kilowatt‐level power amplifier in a single‐ended architecture at 352 MHz
Authors: Haapala L. , Eriksson A. , Hoang Duc L. , Dancila D. 
Published: July 2016

The feasibility and very good performance of a kilowatt‐level power amplifier in a single‐ended architecture, intended for energy systems are demonstrated. The prototype is designed at 352 MHz for the ESS LINAC and delivers 1250 W with 71% efficiency in pulsed operation with a duty cycle of 5%, 3.5 ms pulse at 14 Hz repetition.
Of rats and pathogens: pathogens transmitted by urban rats with an emphasis on hantaviruses.
Authors: Pépin M. , Dupinay T. , Zilber A. L. , McElhinney L. M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Rats (brown- or Norway- and black:
Rattus norvegicus
and
Rattus rattus
, respectively) are very invasive rodents. They are originated from Southeast Asia and are present now everywhere in the world, exploiting their extraordinary capacity to proliferate in close contact with human populations. Rats, and particularly the brown rat, take advantage of conditions raised by overpopulation in cities, lack of hygiene and poverty. Beside the significant damage caused by their presence in rural and urban ecosystems, rats are also dangerous carriers of numerous pathogens transmissible to humans. Among these pathogens, leptospira and hantaviruses (particularly Seoul virus or SEOV) are the most important. Seoul virus belongs to the virus family
Bunyaviridae
and genus Hantavirus, has a worldwide distribution, and causes haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Leptospira and particularly
Leptospira interrogans
, serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, are zoonotic bacteria very frequently borne and excreted by rats and cause severe disease - leptospirosis - both in humans and domestic animals. Next-generation sequencing confirmed that rats can carry many other microbes and parasites for which the zoonotic capacity is not always determined. The importance of rats as pests and carriers of numerous pathogens demands the fight against their proliferation, especially in urban environments. The use of rodenticides such as anticoagulants is one pillar of prevention. However, increasing levels of rodenticide resistance can often render this means of control as ineffective. The second and absolutely necessary pillar of prevention involves the control of all environmental factors, which favour the establishment and proliferation of rats: age of housing, density of dwellings, defective drains/sewers, poor structural maintenance, proximity to food sources and poor hygiene.
Mammalian wildlife diversity in rubber and oil palm plantations.
Authors: Harich F. K. , Treydte A. C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

In the face of globally diminishing natural habitats in biodiversity-rich regions, agricultural landscapes around protected areas have increasingly gained importance as extended habitat for wildlife species. Rubber (
Hevea brasiliensis
) and oil palm (
Elais guineensis
) plantations are two of the dominant land-use systems in Southeast Asia that have seen a tremendous expansion over the last decades. Despite far-reaching ecological consequences of these intensively cropped monocultures on natural ecosystems, relatively little is known about their utilization by wildlife populations. With this review we want to give an overview of mammalian diversity in rubber and oil palm plantations with reference to human-wildlife conflicts occurring as a result of overlapping resource use. We searched the literature for studies on wild mammalian diversity in rubber and oil palm plantations and found 17 publications. We considered 29 additional publications that provided information on single species in such plantations. We discuss the potential of 'wildlife-friendly' farming for mammalian assemblages in plantations and its importance in the case of rubber and oil palm production. Our review showed that most wild mammal species found in these plantations were likely to be visitors that use cultivated landscapes as fringe habitat but some adapted well to plantations and few even became resident. We conclude that although plantations in the tropics and subtropics cannot substitute for forests and the preservation of natural habitats is indispensable, the reality of ongoing forest degradation and transformation into plantations will make wildlife-friendly farming a key strategy in maintaining mammalian diversity, particularly in land-use matrices surrounding natural habitats.
Preliminary Findings for a Relationship between Instream Flow and Shoal Chub Recruitment in the Lower Brazos River, Texas
Authors: Rodger Anthony W. , Mayes Kevin B. , Winemiller Kirk O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSeasonal flow pulses in rivers facilitate spawning, dispersal, and early life stage survival of many fish species. To evaluate the effectiveness of current flow standards to sustain threatened fish populations, we investigated the relationship between hydrology and recruitment of the Shoal Chub Macrhybopsis hyostoma, a broadcast‐spawning minnow in the Brazos River, Texas. From March 2013 to March 2014, we collected metalarval and juvenile Shoal Chub bimonthly at night using arrays of stationary drift nets. Otoliths were examined to estimate age, and the relationship between hatch date and discharge was analyzed. Shoal Chub recruited under both base‐flow and pulse‐flow conditions, including intervals of increasing, decreasing, and stable discharge. However, hatch dates of surviving fish indicated greater levels of recruitment during flow pulses, particularly on the rising limb. Greatest recruitment occurred during flow pulses of a magnitude defined as two per season according to the method of hydrological analysis adopted by the state's environmental flow program. Our findings imply that the state's current environmental flow standards for the lower Brazos River may be insufficient to sustain Shoal Chub populations and additional research on this issue is warranted.Received October 11, 2015; accepted March 30, 2016 Published online July 28, 2016
Arctic Grayling Movements through a Nature‐Like Fishpass in Northern Canada
Authors: Cahill Christopher L. , Howland Kimberly L. , Hulsman Mark F. , Noddin Fred , Tonn William M. , Courtice Gregory , Zhu David Z. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUsing a PIT detection system and two in‐stream, swim‐through antennas, we examined the movements of Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus through a low‐gradient (<1%), nature‐like fishpass that connected two small lakes in the Barrenlands region of northern Canada. We used an ensemble of generalized linear mixed models to evaluate whether passage events (1) were related to fish FL, water depth in the fishpass, and/or temperature in the fishpass; and (2) exhibited any diel patterns. During two seasons, passage events were not related to fish FL or fishpass water temperature; however, the probability of a passage event occurring increased with increases in fishpass depth, which likely served as a proxy for velocity and/or discharge. Most notably, 95% (n = 193/204) of Arctic Grayling passages occurred at night (1800–0559 hours) throughout our study. Although the cause(s) of this diel pattern were not examined directly, we hypothesized that it represented a response to avian predation given the shallow depth of the fishpass and given our observations of daytime avian predation events on Arctic Grayling in the littoral zones of the study lakes. Our results offer novel insights into correlates of Arctic Grayling passage through a fishpass and lay the foundation for future studies to address the hypotheses supported herein with well‐designed experiments to determine the mechanisms behind the patterns we observed.Received September 8, 2015; accepted April 7, 2016 Published online July 28, 2016
Determinants of approval of the work of truth commissions in the southern cone: a comparative study / Determinantes de la aprobación del trabajo realizado por las Comisiones de Verdad y Reconciliación en el cono sur: un estudio comparativo
Authors: Cárdenas Manuel , Zubieta Elena , Páez Darío , Arnoso Maitane , Espinosa Agustín 
Published: July 2016

The socio-demographic and psychosocial approval determinants of the work conducted by the truth and reconciliation commissions (TRC) are analysed based on original survey data from Chilean, Argentinian and Peruvian samples ( N = 2,947). A linear multiple regression analysis was carried out ( R 2 between .28 and .44; f 2 between .45 and .78) which reveals the positive effect of commission functions perceived achievement, mainly the knowledge of truth (β = .28), justice (β = .15) and the contribution in creating a common history (β = .15). An analysis by country reveals in Chile salient variables such as institutional trust, political ideas, institutional apologies and hope and sadness emotions. In Argentina, together with TRC functions, the degree of information about the work of the commission and the perception of a negative social climate appear as relevant predictors. As regards Peru, the degree of exposure to violence appears as a good predictor of TRC’s work support. The results show the relevance of TRC functions’ fulfillment, as well as the role of institutional variables in the approval of the work they have done.
A MHD invariant and the confinement regimes in a tokamak
Authors: Spineanu F. , Vlad M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Fundamental Lagrangian, frozen-in and topological invariants can be useful to explain systematic connections between plasma parameters. At high plasma temperature the dissipation is small and the robust invariances are manifested. We invoke a frozen-in invariant which is an extension of Ertel’s theorem, and connects the vorticity of the large scale motions with the profile of the safety factor and of particle density. Assuming ergodicity of the small scale turbulence we consider the approximative preservation of the invariant for changes of the vorticity in an annular region of finite radial extension (i.e. poloidal rotation). We find that the ionization-induced rotation triggered by a pellet requires a reversed-q profile. In the H-mode, the invariance requires an accumulation of the current density in the rotation layer. Then this becomes a vorticity-current sheet which may explain experimental observations related to the penetration of the resonant magnetic perturbation and the filamentation during the edge localized modes.
Fast particle loss channels in Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Faustin J.M. , Cooper W.A. , Graves J.P. , Pfefferlé D. , Geiger J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
One of the main goals of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) is to demonstrate the fast particle confinement properties of the quasi-isodynamic stellarator concept. Fast particle populations will be produced either by Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) or by minority Ion Cyclotron Resonant Heating (ICRH). A fraction of these particles are expected to be lost (even without collisions), despite the optimisation procedure used for the W7-X design. Confinement properties of NBI particles in W7-X were presented in the paper of Drevlak et al (2014 Nucl. Fusion
54 073002). A detailed study is presented here where the loss patterns of an NBI population are described. In particular, focussing on a high-mirror equilibrium, the confinement of fast ions with varying energy injection is studied under collisional conditions. It is found that collisions are not only responsible for classical transport losses but also enhance drift induced losses caused by trapped particles. Moreover, an asymmetry is found in the toroidal position of particle losses which can be explained by local variation in the equilibrium field. The effects of a neoclassically resolved radial electric field are also investigated. Fast particle confinement is significantly improved by the associated

E
×
B

drift. In particular, an increasing radial electric field helps to reduce and even stop the losses due to the 3D equilibrium structure for times comparable to slowing down time.
To Invest or Sell? The Impacts of Ontario’s Greenbelt on Farm Exit and Investment Decisions
Authors: Li Na , Vyn Richard J. , McEwan Ken 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines the impact that Ontario’s Greenbelt legislation, a farmland preservation policy implemented in 2005 that permanently protects over 1.8 million acres of land from non‐agricultural development, has on farmers’ exit and investment decisions. There are conflicting hypotheses regarding the impacts that farmland preservation could have on farmers’ management decisions with respect to investment or disinvestment, and there is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding the nature of such impacts. To address this issue, this article uses a farm‐level panel data set to estimate the impacts of the Greenbelt policy on farm exit and on farm investment. The Greenbelt policy is found to have influenced both farm exit and farm investment decisions, with the impact varying depending on location within the Greenbelt. In particular, the results indicate evidence of a negative impact on farm investment, which is contrary to one of the objectives of the Greenbelt policy.
Reduced Efficacy of Praziquantel Against Schistosoma mansoni Is Associated With Multiple Rounds of Mass Drug Administration
Authors: Crellen Thomas , Walker Martin , Lamberton Poppy H. L. , Kabatereine Narcis B. , Tukahebwa Edridah M. , Cotton James A. , Webster Joanne P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Background.  Mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa. The effectiveness of this strategy is dependent on the continued high efficacy of praziquantel; however, drug efficacy is rarely monitored using appropriate statistical approaches that can detect early signs of wane.
Methods.  We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study, examining children infected with Schistosoma mansoni from 6 schools in Uganda that had previously received between 1 and 9 rounds of MDA with praziquantel. We collected up to 12 S. mansoni egg counts from 414 children aged 6–12 years before and 25–27 days after treatment with praziquantel. We estimated individual patient egg reduction rates (ERRs) using a statistical model to explore the influence of covariates, including the number of prior MDA rounds.
Results.  The average ERR among children within schools that had received 8 or 9 previous rounds of MDA (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 88.23%–93.64%) was statistically significantly lower than the average in schools that had received 5 rounds (95% BCI, 96.13%–99.08%) or 1 round (95% BCI, 95.51%–98.96%) of MDA. We estimate that 5.11%, 4.55%, and 16.42% of children from schools that had received 1, 5, and 8–9 rounds of MDA, respectively, had ERRs below the 90% threshold of optimal praziquantel efficacy set by the World Health Organization.
Conclusions.  The reduced efficacy of praziquantel in schools with a higher exposure to MDA may pose a threat to the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control programs. We call for the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs used in MDA to be closely monitored.
Currency, Conversation, and Control: Political Discourse and the Coinage in Mid-Tudor England
Authors: Bishop Jennifer 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In 1542, Henry VIII authorised the first of a series of debasements of the English silver coinage which would collectively come to be known as the ‘great debasement’ of the mid-sixteenth century. The debasement was accompanied by a period of inflation and political change, and for contemporary observers these phenomena were inextricably linked. The coinage became the subject of a growing critical discourse, and governors feared that popular discontent threatened to spill over into riot and disorder—and perhaps even the subversion of the commonwealth. Moving away from the details of mint policy and quantitative assessments of the circulating medium that have previously occupied historians, this article explores the coinage as a topic of political discourse in the mid-Tudor period. As a matter of state, the coinage was a topic on which ordinary subjects were supposed to be silent and even Crown agents had to be circumspect, as criticising the coinage could be classed as sedition and mishandling it was a treasonous offence. But because of its status as common currency, the coinage was always in the public sphere, and was subject to the vagaries of popular opinion. This article recovers a range of contemporary perceptions and discussions of the coinage, from royal proclamations, government documents, and formal treatises, to correspondence, diary entries, court cases, and rumours. In so doing, it shows that the Crown’s efforts to control the coinage were consonant with its attempts to control political discourse and the discussion of matters of state in the mid-sixteenth century.
Deuteronomy
Authors: Levinson Bernard 
Published: July 2016

Deuteronomy, the fifth book of the Bible and last book of the Pentateuch, presents itself as a valedictory address by Moses, spoken to the Israelites forty years after their escape from slavery in Egypt, just as Moses is about to die, and just as the Israelites are about to enter the promised land of Canaan without him. In a series of three speeches, Moses reminisces about the Israelites’ collective past, expounds upon their laws, and instructs them about the importance of loyalty to God. He also swears the nation to uphold this combination of law and theological instruction as a covenant upon the plains of Moab, one that supplements the covenant previously sworn at Horeb. In literary terms, the core of Deuteronomy is found in the legal corpus (chapters 12–26), which contains a blend of religious, political, civil, and criminal law. That legislation is embedded in a literary frame, in which chapters 1–11 recall the events of the Exodus, including the proclamation of the Ten Commandments, or Decalogue (Ten Words). Following the legal corpus, chapters 27–34 conclude with ceremonies to ratify Israel’s covenant with God, the commissioning of Joshua as the successor of Moses, a poetic blessing by Moses of the twelve tribes of Israel, and a prose account of Moses’ death. Striking similarities exist between the distinctive religious and legal requirements of Deuteronomy and the account in 2 Kings 22–23 of a religious reform carried out by King Josiah in 622 bce. Josiah restricted all sacrificial worship of God to Jerusalem, removed foreign elements from the system of sacrificial worship (technically, the “cultus”), and ordered the celebration of the first nationally centralized Passover at the Temple in Jerusalem. According to the narrative, Josiah’s reform was inspired by the discovery in the Temple of a “book of the law” (2 Kings 22:8). So strongly do these royal initiatives correspond to the distinctive requirements of Deuteronomy that scholars have long identified the “book [or more accurately, scroll] of the law” discovered in Josiah’s temple as Deuteronomy. The implications of this conclusion for the Origin, Purpose, and Dating and the Composition and Redaction of Deuteronomy, as well as its relation to Near Eastern literature, remain issues for ongoing scholarly debate.