bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stress Causes Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase Solubilization from the Thylakoid Membranes in Methyl Viologen-Treated Plants
Authors: Palatnik J. F. , Valle E. M. , Carrillo N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The flavoenzyme ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) is a member of the cellular defense barrier against oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. We evaluated the responses of chloroplast FNR to methyl viologen, a superoxide radical propagator, in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants and chloroplasts. Treatments with the herbicide showed little effect on the levels of FNR protein or transcripts, indicating that expression of this reductase is not up-regulated by oxidants in plants. Viologens and peroxides caused solubilization of active FNR from the thylakoids into the stroma, converting the enzyme from a membrane-bound NADPH producer to a soluble NADPH consumer. This response appeared specific for FNR, since other thylakoid proteins were unaffected by the treatments. The reductase-binding protein was released together with FNR, suggesting that it might be the target of oxidative modification. Stromal accumulation of a functional NADPH reductase in response to oxidative stress is formally analogous to the induction of FNR synthesis observed in E. coli under similar conditions. FNR solubilization may be playing a crucial role in maintaining the NADPH/NADP+ homeostasis of the stressed plastid. The unchecked accumulation of NADPH might otherwise increase the risks of oxidative damage through a rise in the Mehler reaction rates and/or the production of hydroxyl radicals.
Arabidopsis thalianaResponses to Mechanical Stimulation Do Not Require ETR1 or EIN21
Authors: Johnson Keith A. , Sistrunk Melissa L. , Polisensky Diana H. , Braam Janet 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPlants exposed to repetitive touch or wind are generally shorter and stockier than sheltered plants. These mechanostimulus-induced developmental changes are termed thigmomorphogenesis and may confer resistance to subsequent stresses. An early response of Arabidopsis thaliana to touch or wind is the up-regulation ofTCH (touch) gene expression. The signal transduction pathway that leads to mechanostimulus responses is not well defined. A role for ethylene has been proposed based on the observation that mechanostimulation of plants leads to ethylene evolution and exogenous ethylene leads to thigmomorphogenetic-like changes. To determine whether ethylene has a role in plant responses to mechanostimulation, we assessed the ability of two ethylene-insensitive mutants, etr1–3 and ein2–1, to undergo thigmomorphogenesis and TCH gene up-regulation of expression. The ethylene-insensitive mutants responded to wind similarly to the wild type, with a delay in flowering, decrease in inflorescence elongation rate, shorter mature primary inflorescences, more rosette paraclades, and appropriate TCH gene expression changes. Also, wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis responded to vibrational stimulation, with an increase in hypocotyl elongation and up-regulation of TCH gene expression. We conclude that the ETR1 and EIN2 protein functions are not required for the developmental and molecular responses to mechanical stimulation.
Participation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Photorespiration1
Authors: Raghavendra Agepati S. , Reumann Sigrun , Heldt Hans W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this study the interplay of mitochondria and peroxisomes in photorespiration was simulated in a reconstituted system of isolated mitochondria and peroxisomes from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. The mitochondria oxidizing glycine produced serine, which was reduced in the peroxisomes to glycerate. The required reducing equivalents were provided by the mitochondria via the malate-oxaloacetate (OAA) shuttle, in which OAA was reduced in the mitochondrial matrix by NADH generated during glycine oxidation. The rate of peroxisomal glycerate formation, as compared with peroxisomal protein, resembled the corresponding rate required during leaf photosynthesis under ambient conditions. When the reconstituted system produced glycerate at this rate, the malate-to-OAA ratio was in equilibrium with a ratio of NADH/NAD of 8.8 × 10−3. This low ratio is in the same range as the ratio of NADH/NAD in the cytosol of mesophyll cells of intact illuminated spinach leaves, as we had estimated earlier. This result demonstrates that in the photorespiratory cycle a transfer of redox equivalents from the mitochondria to peroxisomes, as postulated from separate experiments with isolated mitochondria and peroxisomes, can indeed operate under conditions of the very low reductive state of the NADH/NAD system prevailing in the cytosol of mesophyll cells in a leaf during photosynthesis.
Nuclear-Gene Mutations Suppress a Defect in the Expression of the Chloroplast-Encoded Large Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase1
Authors: Hong Seokjoo , Spreitzer Robert J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant 76–5EN lacks photosynthesis because of a nuclear-gene mutation that specifically inhibits expression of the chloroplast gene encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39). Photosynthesis-competent revertants were selected from mutant 76–5EN to explore the possibility of increasing Rubisco expression. Genetic analysis of 10 revertants revealed that most arose from suppressor mutations in nuclear genes distinct from the original 76–5EN mutant gene. The revertant strains have regained various levels of Rubisco holoenzyme, but none of the suppressor mutations increased Rubisco expression above the wild-type level in either the presence or absence of the 76–5EN mutation. One suppressor mutation, S107–4B, caused a temperature-conditional, photosynthesis-deficient phenotype in the absence of the original 76–5EN mutation. The S107–4B strain was unable to grow photosynthetically at 35°C, but it expressed a substantial level of Rubisco holoenzyme. Whereas the 76–5EN gene encodes a nuclear factor that appears to be required for the transcription of the Rubisco large-subunit gene, the S107–4B nuclear gene may be required for the expression of other chloroplast genes.
Estimating Photosynthesis and Concurrent Export Rates in C3 and C4 Species at Ambient and Elevated CO21,2
Authors: Grodzinski Bernard , Jiao Jirong , Leonardos Evangelos D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The ability of 21 C3 and C4 monocot and dicot species to rapidly export newly fixed C in the light at both ambient and enriched CO2 levels was compared. Photosynthesis and concurrent export rates were estimated during isotopic equilibrium of the transport sugars using a steady-state 14CO2-labeling procedure. At ambient CO2 photosynthesis and export rates for C3 species were 5 to 15 and 1 to 10 μmol C m−2 s−1, respectively, and 20 to 30 and 15 to 22 μmol C m−2 s−1, respectively, for C4 species. A linear regression plot of export on photosynthesis rate of all species had a correlation coefficient of 0.87. When concurrent export was expressed as a percentage of photosynthesis, several C3 dicots that produced transport sugars other than Suc had high efflux rates relative to photosynthesis, comparable to those of C4 species. At high CO2photosynthetic and export rates were only slightly altered in C4 species, and photosynthesis increased but export rates did not in all C3 species. The C3 species that had high efflux rates relative to photosynthesis at ambient CO2 exported at rates comparable to those of C4species on both an absolute basis and as a percentage of photosynthesis. At ambient CO2 there were strong linear relationships between photosynthesis, sugar synthesis, and concurrent export. However, at high CO2 the relationships between photosynthesis and export rate and between sugar synthesis and export rate were not as strong because sugars and starch were accumulated.
The Diageotropica Gene Differentially Affects Auxin and Cytokinin Responses throughout Development in Tomato1
Authors: Coenen Catharina , Lomax Terri L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The interactions between the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin throughout plant development are complex, and genetic investigations of the interdependency of auxin and cytokinin signaling have been limited. We have characterized the cytokinin sensitivity of the auxin-resistantdiageotropica (dgt) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in a range of auxin- and cytokinin-regulated responses. Intact, etiolated dgtseedlings showed cross-resistance to cytokinin with respect to root elongation, but cytokinin effects on hypocotyl growth and ethylene synthesis in these seedlings were not impaired by thedgt mutation. Seven-week-old, green wild-type anddgt plants were also equally sensitive to cytokinin with respect to shoot growth and hypocotyl and internode elongation. The effects of cytokinin and the dgt mutation on these processes appeared additive. In tissue culture organ regeneration fromdgt hypocotyl explants showed reduced sensitivity to auxin but normal sensitivity to cytokinin, and the effects of cytokinin and the mutation were again additive. However, although callus induction from dgt hypocotyl explants required auxin and cytokinin, dgt calli did not show the typical concentration-dependent stimulation of growth by either auxin or cytokinin observed in wild-type calli. Cross-resistance of thedgt mutant to cytokinin thus was found to be limited to a small subset of auxin- and cytokinin-regulated growth processes affected by the dgt mutation, indicating that auxin and cytokinin regulate plant growth through both shared and separate signaling pathways.
Rate-Limiting Steps in Selenium Assimilation and Volatilization by Indian Mustard1
Authors: de Souza Mark P. , Pilon-Smits Elizabeth A.H. , Lytle C. Mel , Hwang Seongbin , Tai Jenny , Honma Todd S.U. , Yeh Lucretia , Terry Norman 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Se can be accumulated by plants and volatilized to dimethylselenide, providing an attractive technology for Se phytoremediation. To determine the rate-limiting steps in Se volatilization from selenate and selenite, time- and concentration-dependent kinetics of Se accumulation and volatilization were studied in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Time-dependent kinetic studies showed that selenate was taken up 2-fold faster than selenite. Selenate was rapidly translocated to the shoot, away from the root, the site of volatilization, whereas only approximately 10% of the selenite was translocated. For both selenate- and selenite-supplied plants, Se accumulation and volatilization increased linearly with external Se concentration up to 20 μm; volatilization rates were also linearly correlated with root Se concentrations. Se-volatilization rates were 2- to 3-fold higher from plants supplied with selenite compared with selenate. Se speciation by x-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that selenite-supplied plants accumulated organic Se, most likely selenomethionine, whereas selenate-supplied plants accumulated selenate. Our data suggest that Se volatilization from selenate is limited by the rate of selenate reduction, as well as by the availability of Se in roots, as influenced by uptake and translocation. Se volatilization from selenite may be limited by selenite uptake and by the conversion of selenomethionine to dimethylselenide.
Spermine Is a Salicylate-Independent Endogenous Inducer for Both Tobacco Acidic Pathogenesis-Related Proteins and Resistance against Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection
Authors: Yamakawa Hiromoto , Kamada Hiroshi , Satoh Masaya , Ohashi Yuko 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Intercellular spaces are often the first sites invaded by pathogens. In the spaces of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected and necrotic lesion-forming tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves, we found that an inducer for acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins was accumulated. The induction activity was recovered in gel-filtrated fractions of low molecular mass with a basic nature, into which authentic spermine (Spm) was eluted. We quantified polyamines in the intercellular spaces of the necrotic lesion-forming leaves and found 20-fold higher levels of free Spm than in healthy leaves. Among several polyamines tested, exogenously supplied Spm induced acidic PR-1 gene expression. Immunoblot analysis showed that Spm treatment increased not only acidic PR-1 but also acidic PR-2, PR-3, and PR-5 protein accumulation. Treatment of healthy tobacco leaves with salicylic acid (SA) caused no significant increase in the level of endogenous Spm, and Spm did not increase the level of endogenous SA, suggesting that induction of acidic PR proteins by Spm is independent of SA. The size of TMV-induced local lesions was reduced by Spm treatment. These results indicate that Spm accumulates outside of cells after lesion formation and induces both acidic PR proteins and resistance against TMV via a SA-independent signaling pathway.
Direct Measurement of Calcium Transport across Chloroplast Inner-Envelope Vesicles
Authors: Roh Michael H. , Shingles Richard , Cleveland Michael J. , McCarty Richard E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The initial rate of Ca2+movement across the inner-envelope membrane of pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts was directly measured by stopped-flow spectrofluorometry using membrane vesicles loaded with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorophore fura-2. Calibration of fura-2 fluorescence was achieved by combining a ratiometric method with Ca2+-selective minielectrodes to determine pCa values. The initial rate of Ca2+ influx in predominantly right-side-out inner-envelope membrane vesicles was greater than that in largely inside-out vesicles. Ca2+ movement was stimulated by an inwardly directed electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane vesicles, an effect that was diminished by the addition of valinomycin in the presence of K+. In addition, Ca2+ was shown to move across the membrane vesicles in the presence of a K+ diffusion potential gradient. The potential-stimulated rate of Ca2+ transport was slightly inhibited by diltiazem and greatly inhibited by ruthenium red. Other pharmacological agents such as LaCl3, verapamil, and nifedipine had little or no effect. These results indicate that Ca2+ transport across the chloroplast inner envelope can occur by a potential-stimulated uniport mechanism.
Characterization and Immunolocalization of a Cytosolic Calcium-Binding Protein from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis Pollen1
Authors: Rozwadowski Kevin , Zhao Ruohong , Jackman Lisa , Huebert Terry , Burkhart William E. , Hemmingsen Sean M. , Greenwood John , Rothstein Steven J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two low-molecular-weight proteins have been purified from Brassica napus pollen and a gene corresponding to one of them has been isolated. The gene encodes an 8.6-kD protein with two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs and is a member of a small gene family inB. napus. The protein is part of a family of pollen allergens recently identified in several evolutionarily distant dicot and monocot plants. Homologs have been detected in Arabidopsis, from which one gene has been cloned in this study, and in snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), but not in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Expression of the gene in B. napus was limited to male tissues and occurred during the pollen-maturation phase of anther development. Both the B. napus and Arabidopsis proteins interact with calcium, and the potential for a calcium-dependent conformational change was demonstrated. Given this affinity for calcium, the cloned genes were termed BPC1 and APC1(B. napus andArabidopsis pollen calcium-binding protein 1, respectively). Immunolocalization studies demonstrated that BPC1 is found in the cytosol of mature pollen. However, upon pollen hydration and germination, there is some apparent leakage of the protein to the pollen wall. BPC1 is also concentrated on or near the surface of the elongating pollen tube. The essential nature of calcium in pollen physiology, combined with the properties of BPC1 and its high evolutionary conservation suggests that this protein plays an important role in pollination by functioning as a calcium-sensitive signal molecule.
The Mechanism of Synthesis of a Mixed-Linkage (1→3),(1→4)β-d-Glucan in Maize. Evidence for Multiple Sites of Glucosyl Transfer in the Synthase Complex1
Authors: Buckeridge Marcos S. , Vergara Claudia E. , Carpita Nicholas C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We examined the mechanism of synthesis in vitro of (1→3),(1→4)β-d-glucan (β-glucan), a growth-specific cell wall polysaccharide found in grasses and cereals. β-Glucan is composed primarily of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units linked by single (1→3)β-linkages. The ratio of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units in the native polymer is strictly controlled at between 2 and 3 in all grasses, whereas the ratios of these units in β-glucan formed in vitro vary from 1.5 with 5 μm UDP-glucose (Glc) to over 11 with 30 mmsubstrate. These results support a model in which three sites of glycosyl transfer occur within the synthase complex to produce the cellobiosyl-(1→3)-d-glucosyl units. We propose that failure to fill one of the sites results in the iterative addition of one or more cellobiosyl units to produce the longer cellodextrin units in the polymer. Variations in the UDP-Glc concentration in excised maize (Zea mays) coleoptiles did not result in wide variations in the ratios of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units in β-glucan synthesized in vivo, indicating that other factors control delivery of UDP-Glc to the synthase. In maize sucrose synthase is enriched in Golgi membranes and plasma membranes and may be involved in the control of substrate delivery to β-glucan synthase and cellulose synthase.
Identification of BFN1, a Bifunctional Nuclease Induced during Leaf and Stem Senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pérez-Amador Miguel A. , Abler Michael L. , De Rocher E. Jay , Thompson Debrah M. , van Hoof Ambro , LeBrasseur Nicole D. , Lers Amnon , Green Pamela J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Nuclease I enzymes are responsible for the degradation of RNA and single-stranded DNA during several plant growth and developmental processes, including senescence. However, in the case of senescence the corresponding genes have not been reported. We describe the identification and characterization of BFN1 of Arabidopsis, and demonstrate that it is a senescence-associated nuclease I gene. BFN1 nuclease shows high similarity to the sequence of a barley nuclease induced during germination and a zinnia (Zinnia elegans) nuclease induced during xylogenesis. In transgenic plants overexpressing the BFN1 cDNA, a nuclease activity of about 38 kD was detected on both RNase and DNase activity gels. Levels of BFN1 mRNA were extremely low or undetectable in roots, leaves, and stems. In contrast, relatively highBFN1 mRNA levels were detected in flowers and during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1 nuclease activity was also induced during leaf and stem senescence. The strong response of theBFN1 gene to senescence indicated that it would be an excellent tool with which to study the mechanisms of senescence induction, as well as the role of the BFN1 enzyme in senescence using reverse genetic approaches in Arabidopsis.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of ATP-Phosphoribosyl Transferase from Arabidopsis, a Key Enzyme in the Histidine Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Ohta Daisaku , Fujimori Ko , Mizutani Masaharu , Nakayama Yumiko , Kunpaisal-Hashimoto Rosarin , Münzer Silvia , Kozaki Akiko 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have characterized two isoforms of ATP-phosphoribosyl transferase (ATP-PRT) from Arabidopsis (AtATP-PRT1 [accession no.AB025251] and AtATP-PRT2), catalyzing the first step of the pathway of hisidine (His) biosynthesis. The primary structures deduced from AtATP-PRT1 and AtATP-PRT2cDNAs share an overall amino acid identity of 74.6% and contain N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide sequences. DNA-blot analyses indicated that the ATP-PRTs in Arabidopsis are encoded by two separate genes with a closely similar gene structural organization. Both gene transcripts were detected throughout development, and protein-blot analysis revealed predominant accumulation of the AtATP-PRT proteins in Arabidopsis leaves. The His auxotrophy of a his1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was suppressed by the transformation with AtATP-PRT1 andAtATP-PRT2 cDNAs, indicating that both isoforms are functionally active ATP-PRT enzymes. The K mvalues for ATP and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate of the recombinant AtATP-PRT proteins were comparable to those of the native ATP-PRTs from higher plants and bacteria. It was demonstrated that the recombinant AtATP-PRTs were inhibited by l-His (50% inhibition of initial activity = 40–320 μm), suggesting that His biosynthesis was regulated in plants through feedback inhibition byl-His.
Identification of a New Glucosinolate-Rich Cell Type in Arabidopsis Flower Stalk
Authors: Koroleva Olga A. , Davies Andrew , Deeken Rosalia , Thorpe Michael R. , Tomos A. Deri , Hedrich Rainer 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Distribution of K, Ca, Cl, S, and P in freeze-dried sections of Arabidopsis flower stalk was analyzed by energy dispersive x-ray imaging. Concentrations of these elements in different cell types were quantified by microanalysis of single-cell samples and phloem exudates. Results showed a differential pattern of distribution for all five elements. K concentration was found to be highest in the parenchymatous tissue around vascular bundles. Ca and Cl were present mainly in the central part of the flower stalk. P was largely located in the bundles and in the parenchyma surrounding them. S signal was extraordinary high in groups of cells (S-cells) situated between the phloem of every vascular bundle and the endodermis. Enzymatic hydrolysis by thioglucosidase of cell sap collected from S-cells using a glass microcapillary resulted in the release of glucose, indicating that these cells contain glucosinolates at high (&gt; 100 mm) concentration, which is consistent with the concentration of S (&gt; 200 mm) estimated by x-ray analysis of cell sap samples. Since their position outside of the phloem is ideally suited for protecting the long-distance transport system from feeding insects, the possible roles of these cells as components of a plant defense system are discussed.
Hydrogen Peroxide Yields during the Incompatible Interaction of Tobacco Suspension Cells Inoculated with Phytophthora nicotianae
Authors: Able Amanda J. , Guest David I. , Sutherland Mark W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Rates of H2O2 production by tobacco suspension cells inoculated with zoospores from compatible or incompatible races of the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae were followed by direct measurement of oxygen evolution from culture supernatants following catalase addition. Rates of HO2 ./O2 −production were compared by following the formation of the formazan of sodium, 3′-[1-[phenylamino-carbonyl]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate. In the incompatible interaction only, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced by the cultured host cells in a minor burst between 0 and 2 h and then in a major burst between 8 and 12 h after inoculation. Absolute levels of H2O2 could not be accurately measured due to its metabolism by host cells, but results are consistent with the majority of H2O2 being formed via dismutation of HO2 ./O2 −. The effects of inhibitors of endogenous Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (diethyldithiocarbamate) and catalase (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and salicylic acid) were also examined. Yields of ROS in the presence of the inhibitors diphenylene iodonium, allopurinol, and salicylhydroxamic acid suggest that ROS were generated in incompatible host responses by more than one mechanism.