bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Premenstrual Dysphoria: An Illustrative Example of How Serotonin Modulates Sex-Steroid—Related Behavior
Authors: Eriksson Elias , Andersch Björn , Ho Hoi-Por , Landén Mikael , Sundblad Charlotta , Yonkers Kimberly , Steiner Meir 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPremenstrual dysphoria (PMD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome, causing a marked reduction in the quality of life for about 5% of all women of fertile age. The cardinal symptoms are irritability and anger, which surface regularly between ovulation and menstruation and disappear completely within a few days after the onset of menstruation. Other frequent symptoms are depressed mood, affect lability, tension, and carbohydrate craving. In placebo-controlled trials, the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) clomipramine, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, and citalopram have proven very effective for PMD, with a response rate of 60% or higher; in contrast, nonserotonergic antidepressants are not effective. The onset of action of SRIs is rapid, allowing for intermittent administration during luteal phases only. The impressive effect of SRIs for PMD is probably not equivalent to the antidepressant effect of these drugs, but is more likely to be a manifestation of the well-established influence of serotonin on aggression and irritability. It strongly reinforces the assumption that a major function of serotonergic neurons in the brain is to modulate sex-steroid—driven behavior.
Beyond Control of Acute Exacerbation: Enhancing Affective and Cognitive Outcomes
Authors: Meltzer Herbert Y. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTFrom the perspective of efficacy, the main advantages of the group of new antipsychotic drugs, including ziprasidone, clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, are their ability to improve cognitive function. Other advantages are more selective, eg, clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, while the advantages for positive and negative symptoms in neuroleptic responsive patients are modest and sometimes difficult to demonstrate. The advantage for cognitive function is important because of abundant evidence that cognitive function is a key predictor of work and social function acquisition. The drug-induced cognitive improvement can synergize with typical rehabilitation programs and more experimental cognitive retraining programs to optimize these areas of improvement. Improved cognition also has implications for better compliance and decreased caretaker burden. It is also important to consider the efficacy of antipsychotics to improve mood and negative symptoms and to provide a biological framework for their ability to achieve these advantages over typical neuroleptic drugs. This article will provide new data on efficacy of this class of drugs relative to each other and to typical neuroleptics. Current theories linking efficacy in cognition to unique effects on cortical dopaminergic and cholinergic function and improved patterns of connectivity in the brain during cognitive task performance will be discussed. Finally, pharmacologic strategies to augment affect and cognitive improvements due to the new antipsychotic drug therapies will be discussed.
Potential Noradrenergic Targets for Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia
Authors: Friedman Joseph I. , Stewart Daniel G. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSubstantial evidence suggests that alterations in noradrenergic function contribute to the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. Activation of post-junctional α2a-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex by the α2a-selective agonist guanfacine has demonstrated some preliminary benefit in subjects with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics. α1-drenergic receptor activity may be less important in mediating the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia, β-adrenergic receptors may serve as another potential target for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. However, the potential increase in memory consolidation in schizophrenia patients produced by β-adrenergic agonists may be outweighed by the impairment in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning produced by α-adrenergic agonists. Finally, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, such as atomoxetine, hold promise as potential cognitive enhancers in schizophrenia because of their ability to indirectly but selectively increase extracellular dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex.
Brain Injury Associated With Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Ragan Paul W. , Singleton Charles K. , Martin Peter R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlcoholism can result in a number of severe consequences to the central nervous system, including Korsakoff's psychosis, delusions, delirium, Wernicke's encephalopathy, and cerebellar degeneration. Many of these disorders have a substantially higher prevalence than had been previously believed. Neuropathologic and neuroimaging studies have been instrumental in identifying the changes undergone by the alcoholic brain and the factors that may contribute to alcohol-induced brain damage. Biologic differences appear to make women especially susceptible to central nervous system insult from alcohol abuse. The damage caused by alcohol may be associated, in part, with thiamine deficiency, neuronal excitotoxicity, and magnesium wasting.
Psychiatry and Molecular Genetics
Authors: Pato Michele T. , Nicolini Humberto , Pato Carlos N. 
Published: August 2016

Molecular genetic studies of complex disorders require a number of parallel strategies. Many of the more familial psychiatric syndromes are highly prevalent and may represent a collection of a number of distinct genetic subtypes and possibly a number of nongenetic subtypes. A nongenetic form of illness may appear clinically indistinguishable from a genetic form. These nongenetic subtypes of a syndrome would be considered phenocopies. In this and the subsequent issue of CNS Spectrums, a number of papers are presented that review the current state of psychiatric genetics of major disorders. Clinical strategies to narrow phenotypes and better define study populations are paired with laboratory and statistical strategies to optimize both candidate gene and genome scanning methods.In this issue, Kennedy and colleagues focus on a review of the genetics of schizophrenia, highlighting genome scans already completed and studies on special populations. Schindler and colleagues present a unique and efficient method for defining the homogeneity of a study population, surname analysis, and the importance of population selection in the design of genetic studies. Macedo and colleagues demonstrate the study of anticipation in bipolar mood disorder. Genetic anticipation is the observation of an earlier age of onset and greater disease severity in younger generations. This pattern has been associated with dynamic repeat expansions in the DNA in several neuropsychiatric disorders, and represents a good example of a unique genetic mechanism causing a unique phenotypic pattern. Nicolini and colleagues present work done to date on obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Identification of a Highly Homogenous Population for Genetic Study of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Schindler Kim M. , Torre Camille Dalla , Bauer Amy , Medeiros Helena , Carvalho Celia , Fernandes Luis Filipe , Pato Michele T. , Pato Carlos N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany psychiatric disorders are influenced by genetic factors, but the genetic components of complex diseases may not follow clear inheritance patterns. Although the patients may share a common clinical phenotype, the cause of the syndrome may consist of a heterogeneous collection of both genetic and/or environmental components. One method to minimize genetic heterogeneity in studies of complex disorders is to select a very homogenous study population. The average number of families with the same last name, when corrected for population size, is an excellent marker for the degree of homogeneity. We used surname analysis to evaluate the homogeneity of the Portuguese population of Madeira, comparing it with previous data on the homogeneity of populations of mainland Portugal, the Azores, and both rural and urban US populations. The average number of families with the same last name corrected for population size was 33.84 in Madeira, 30.88 in the Azores, and 21.42 in Coimbra (mainland Portugal) compared with 1.13 in rural and 0.38 in urban United States. This surname analysis supports the premise that the Portuguese population is a highly homogenous population, with the highest homogeneity in Madeira and the Azores, making it a good study population for molecular genetic analyses.
Sexual Disorders Not Otherwise Specified: Compulsive, Addictive, or Impulsive?
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Black Donald W. , Pienaar Willie 
Published: August 2016

AbstractParaphilias are recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects. These paraphilias cause the suffering or humiliation of the patient or patient's partner, or children, or other nonconsenting persons. However, in many patients symptoms involve more culturally acceptable patterns (eg, repetitive masturbation, Internet pornography); such hypersexual symptoms have been labeled as compulsive, addictive, or impulsive. Growing evidence supports the existence of a discrete syndrome characterized by recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving patterns that fall outside the definition of paraphilia. There is, however, high comorbidity with paraphilia. While such symptoms have been labeled as sexual compulsion or addiction, these terms are problematic in this context. Modern nosology has neglected this entity, although the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), category of sexual disorders not otherwise specified includes hypersexual behaviors as an example. We suggest that the DSM-IV category of sexual disorders be modified to include explicitly diagnostic criteria for a disorder characterized by hypersexual symptoms involving patterns that fall outside of the current definition of paraphilia. The disorder might be classified as one of the paraphilias, or as paraphilia-related. In the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder, we suggest that it simply be termed hypersexual disorder.
Cavum Septi Pellucidi in First-Episode Patients and Young Relatives at Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: Keshavan Matcheri S. , Jayakumar Perambur N. , Diwadkar Vaibhav A. , Singh Amitabh 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTStudies on schizophrenia (SZ) have documented an increased presence of cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) in individuals suffering from the illness. Moreover, the presence of CSP has been cited in support of the early neurodevelopmental hypothesis in SZ. Our objective was to assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of first-episode patients and healthy controls to evaluate the frequency of CSP. The presence and the size of CSP were visually assessed on the MRI scans of 40 first-episode SZ patients, 19 nonpsychotic child and high-risk adolescent offspring of patients with SZ or schizoaffective disorder, and 59 controls. Our analysis revealed an absence of statistically significant differences in the occurrence of CSP between SZ patients, high-risk subjects, and controls. Even when the analysis was restricted to large CSP, no differences were found. Furthermore, no association between CSP and sex or handedness was observed. The absence of CSP abnormalities in first-episode SZ subjects might indicate that SZ is not characterized by developmentally mediated alterations in CSP. Also, family history of SZ might not increase likelihood for CSP.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Supporting Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Hambrick James P. , Weeks Justin W. , Harb Gerlinde C. , Heimberg Richard G. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe present paper examines the role of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). A cognitive-behavioral model of SAD is first presented. Different modalities of CBT for SAD are then described, including exposure, cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, and social skills training, and evidence supporting their efficacy is reviewed. The comparative and combined impact of CBT and pharmacotherapeutic interventions is also explored. CBT appears to be an efficacious treatment for SAD. However, the overall efficacy CBT may be increased by closer examination of the active ingredients of treatment. Such analyses may also enable more successful integration of the different CBT techniques and of CBT and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of SAD.
Effectiveness Trials in Mood Disorders
Authors: Rush A. John 
Published: August 2016

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has embarked upon a new venture—effectiveness trials, large-scale trials to test more than one treatment option for individuals affected with diverse major mental disorders. The launch follows a recent report by the NIMH National Advisory Mental Health Council, which emphasized the failure within routine clinical care to widely implement findings of randomized, controlled efficacy trials (RCTs)—perhaps, in part, because of reduced generalizability that leaves real-world application unclear.Efficacy trials do not answer a number of key clinical questions, including: (1) Are the treatments as effective and safe in representative patient groups? (2) How does the new treatment fit within the treatment armamentarium? (3) When should the new treatment be combined with existing interventions? (4) What are the long-term benefits? (5) Do treatments differ regarding their effectiveness in patients with comorbid general medical or psychiatric disorders? (6) How do these newer treatments affect costs of routine care? Effectiveness trials can address a number of these issues and incorporate a broad range of outcomes, including symptom reduction, day-to-day function, side effect burden, and patient satisfaction.With a major aim of effectiveness trials being increased generalizability, selection of participants is crucial. Since symptomatic volunteers, who are typically used in efficacy RCTs for major depressive disorder, may be more responsive to either the nonspecific aspects of treatment or to the treatment itself than self-declared patients with concomitant comorbidities, setting minimal exclusion criteria, recruiting large samples of patients from representative practices, and excluding symptomatic volunteers assures that patients are representative, while protecting the internal validity of the trial. In addition, treatments must be reasonably well delivered so that outcomes can be attributed to the treatment per se and not to improper implementation of an otherwise effective treatment. Frequent clinic visits, patient/family educational efforts, universal access to all protocol recommended treatments (including psychotherapy), and adequate provider compensation can ensure that treatments are reasonably well delivered.
Emotional Reactivity and Risk for Psychopathology Among Adolescents
Authors: Pine Daniel S. , Cohen Patricia , Brook Judith S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractVarious aspects of personality or dispositional style predict risk for psychiatric disorders among adults. In particular, signs of neuroticism, emotional reactivity, or sensitivity to stress are strong predictors of later mood or anxiety disorders. The current report extends this literature to adolescents. An epidemiologic sample of 776 young people living in upstate New York received psychiatric assessments based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised, (DSM-III-R) and a self-report assessment of personality style in 1983 and 1985. Psychopathology was again assessed in 1992. The current study first examined demographic correlates of emotional reactivity. The study then considered the predictive relationship between emotionally reactive personality style at one study wave and psychopathology at later waves. In middle but not early adolescence, girls showed higher levels of emotional reactivity than boys. In turn, high levels of emotional reactivity predicted a range of psychiatric disorders at follow-up. The most consistent associations emerged for major depression and fearful spells, a term the authors use to describe a subclinical form of panic attacks. As in adults, midadolescent girls rate themselves as more emotionally reactive than midadolescent boys. Moreover, adolescents who rate themselves as emotionally reactive face a high risk for mood and anxiety disorders. High levels of emotional reactivity may represent a manifestation of underlying neurobiologic risk for mood and anxiety disorders.
Psychiatric Symptoms During HIV Disease: Physiologic Mechanisms and Potential Treatments
Authors: Cruess Dean G. , Evans Dwight L. 
Published: August 2016

We are pleased to introduce this special issue of CNS Spectrums on neuropsychiatry and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The study of psychiatric manifestations of HIV has been at the forefront of research since the early 1980s. Although information has accumulated in the past 20 years, there is still a great deal to be learned. This issue includes four comprehensive reviews of the literature in the area of HIV research. The first two papers outline the prior research examining the prevalence and effects of psychiatric symptoms in HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals. The other papers summarize the research examining the effectiveness of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions in treating these psychiatric symptoms. All four articles consider the impact of these psychiatric symptoms (or their treatments) on both the psychological and physical health of HIV+ individuals. They also help delineate some of the underlying physiologic mechanisms involved in this process that perhaps may subsequently influence the course of HIV disease.Jane Leserman, PhD, reviews and evaluates the literature on the impact of stressors, depression, and the use of specific adverse coping strategies on alterations in immune function and disease progression among HIV+ individuals. Leserman describes a number of findings generated from the Coping in Health and Illness Project and points out that there is substantial evidence that stressful life events, depressive symptoms, and passive coping strategies can lead to immune impairments during HIV disease. She discusses some of the underlying physiological mechanisms, particularly alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which might mediate the relationship between psychosocial factors, immune system functioning, and disease status. The author concludes that by further understanding the impact of stress, depression, adverse coping strategies, and alterations in hormonal systems on immune function, researchers will develop a greater account of how these important factors may influence HIV progression and survival.
Heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integrated microsystems
Authors: Yoo S. J. Ben , Guan Binbin , Scott Ryan P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe continuing trend of exponential growth in data communications and processing are driving the need for large-scale heterogeneous integration. Similar to the trend we have observed in electronic integrated circuit development, we are witnessing a growing trend in 3D photonic integrated circuits (PICs) development in addition to that in 2D PICs. There are two main methods for fabricating 3D PICs. The first method, which utilizes ultrafast laser inscription (ULI), offers freeform shaping of waveguides in arbitrary contours and formations. The second method, which utilizes multilayer stacking and coupling of planar PICs, exploits relatively mature 2D PIC fabrication processes applied to each layer sequentially. Both the fabrication methods for 3D PICs have advantages and disadvantages such that certain applications may favor one method over the other. However, a joining of 2D PICs with 3D PICs can help develop integrated microsystems with new functionalities such as non-mechanical beam steering, space-division multiplexing (SDM), programmable arbitrary beam shaping, and photonic signal processing. We discuss examples of 3D PICs and 2D/3D integrated PICs in two applications: SDM via orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) multiplexing/demultiplexing and optical beam steering using optical phased arrays. Although a 2D PIC by itself can function as an OAM multiplexer or demultiplexer, it has limitations in supporting both polarizations. Alternatively, a 3D PIC fabricated by ULI can easily support both polarizations with low propagation loss. A combination of a 3D PIC and a 2D PIC designed and fabricated for OAM applications has successfully multiplexed and demultiplexed 15 OAM states to demonstrate polarization-diversified SDM coherent optical communications using multiple OAM states. Coherent excitation of multi-ring OAM states can allow highly scalable SDM utilizing Laguerre–Gaussian modes or linearly polarized (LP) modes. The preliminary fabrication of multi-ring OAM multiplexers and demultiplexers using the multilayer 3D PIC method and the ULI 3D PIC method has also been pursued. Large-scale (for example, 16×16 optical phased array) 3D PICs fabricated with the ULI technique have been demonstrated. Through these examples, we show that heterogeneous 2D/3D photonic integration retains the advantages of 2D PICs and 3D waveguides, which can potentially benefit many other applications.
Peptides interfering with protein-protein interactions in the ethylene signaling pathway delay tomato fruit ripening
Authors: Bisson Melanie M. A. , Kessenbrock Mareike , Müller Lena , Hofmann Alexander , Schmitz Florian , Cristescu Simona M. , Groth Georg 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe plant hormone ethylene is involved in the regulation of several processes with high importance for agricultural applications, e.g. ripening, aging and senescence. Previous work in our group has identified a small peptide (NOP-1) derived from the nuclear localization signal of the Arabidopsis ethylene regulator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE-2 (EIN2) C-terminal part as efficient inhibitor of ethylene responses. Here, we show that NOP-1 is also able to efficiently disrupt EIN2-ETR1 complex formation in tomato, indicating that the NOP-1 inhibition mode is conserved across plant species. Surface application of NOP-1 on green tomato fruits delays ripening similar to known inhibitors of ethylene perception (MCP) and ethylene biosynthesis (AVG). Fruits treated with NOP-1 showed similar ethylene production as untreated controls underlining that NOP-1 blocks ethylene signaling by targeting an essential interaction in this pathway, while having no effect on ethylene biosynthesis.
The number of α-synuclein proteins per vesicle gives insights into its physiological function
Authors: Fakhree Mohammad A. A. , Zijlstra Niels , Raiss Christian C. , Siero Carolus J. , Grabmayr Heinrich , Bausch Andreas R. , Blum Christian , Claessens Mireille M. A. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough it is well established that the protein α-synuclein (αS) plays an important role in Parkinson’s disease, its physiological function remains largely unknown. It has been reported to bind membranes and to play a role in membrane remodeling processes. The mechanism by which αS remodels membranes is still debated; it may either affect its physical properties or act as a chaperone for other membrane associated proteins. To obtain insight into the role of αS in membrane remodeling we investigated the number of αS proteins associated with single small vesicles in a neuronal cell model. Using single-molecule microscopy and photo-bleaching approaches, we most frequently found 70 αS-GFPs per vesicle. Although this number is high enough to modulate physical membrane properties, it is also strikingly similar to the number of synaptobrevins, a putative interaction partner of αS, per vesicle. We therefore hypothesize a dual, synergistic role for αS in membrane remodeling.