bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterozygous mutation toChd8causes macrocephaly and widespread alteration of neurodevelopmental transcriptional networks in mouse
Authors: Gompers Andrea L. , Su-Feher Linda , Ellegood Jacob , Stradleigh Tyler W. , Zdilar Iva , Copping Nycole A. , Pride Michael C. , Schaffler Melanie D. , Riyadh M. Asrafuzzaman , Kaushik Gaurav , Mannion Brandon , Plajzer-Frick Ingrid , Afzal Veena , Visel Axel , Pennacchio Len A. , Dickel Diane , Lerch Jason P. , Crawley Jacqueline N. , Zarbalis Konstantinos S. , Silverman Jill L. , Nord Alex S. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe chromatin remodeling geneCHD8represents a central node in early neurodevelopmental gene networks implicated in autism. We examined the impact of heterozygous germlineChd8mutation on neurodevelopment in mice. Network analysis of neurodevelopmental gene expression revealed subtle yet strongly significant widespread transcriptional changes inChd8+/−mice across autism-relevant networks from neurogenesis to synapse function.Chd8+/−expression signatures included enrichment of RNA processing genes and a Chd8-regulated module featuring altered transcription of chromatin remodeling, splicing, and cell cycle genes.Chd8+/−mice exhibited increased proliferation during brain development and neonatal increase in cortical length and volume. Structural MRI confirmed regional brain volume increase in adultChd8+/−mice, consistent with clinical macrocephaly. AdultChd8+/−mice displayed normal social interactions, and repetitive behaviors were not evident. Our results show thatChd8+/−mice exhibit neurodevelopmental changes parallelingCHD8+/−humans and show thatChd8is a global genomic regulator of pathways disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Genome-wide association study of HIV whole genome sequences validated using drug resistance
Authors: Power Robert A. , Davaniah Siva , Derache Anne , Wilkinson Eduan , Tanser Frank , Gupta Ravindra K. , Pillay Deenan , de Oliveira Tulio 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have considerably advanced our understanding of human traits and diseases. With the increasing availability of whole genome sequences (WGS) for pathogens, it is important to establish whether GWAS of viral genomes could reveal important biological insights. Here we perform the first proof of concept viral GWAS examining drug resistance (DR), a phenotype with well understood genetics.We performed a GWAS of DR in a sample of 343 HIV subtype C patients failing 1stline antiretroviral treatment in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The majority and minority variants within each sequence were called using PILON, and GWAS was performed within PLINK. HIV WGS from patients failing on different antiretroviral treatments were compared to sequences derived from individuals naive to the respective treatment.GWAS methodology was validated by identifying five associations on a genetic level that led to amino acid changes known to cause DR. Further, we highlighted the ability of GWAS to identify epistatic effects, identifying two replicable variants within amino acid 68 of the reverse transcriptase protein previously described as potential fitness compensatory mutations. A possible additional DR variant within amino acid 91 of the matrix region of the Gag protein was associated with tenofovir failure, highlighting the ability of GWAS to identify variants outside classical candidate genes. Our results also suggest a polygenic component to DR.These results validate the applicability of GWAS to HIV WGS data even in relative small samples, and emphasise how high throughput sequencing can provide novel and clinically relevant insights. Further they suggested that for viruses like HIV, population structure was only minor concern compared to that seen in bacteria or parasite GWAS. Given the small genome length and reduced burden for multiple testing, this makes HIV an ideal candidate for GWAS.
Domain-general brain regions do not track linguistic input as closely as language-selective regions
Authors: Blank Idan , Fedorenko Evelina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLanguage comprehension engages a cortical network of left frontal and temporal regions. Activity in this network is language-selective, showing virtually no modulation by non-linguistic tasks. In addition, language comprehension engages a second network consisting of bilateral frontal, parietal, cingulate, and insular regions. Activity in this “Multiple Demand (MD)” network scales with comprehension difficulty, but also with cognitive effort across a wide range of non-linguistic tasks in a domain-general fashion. Given the functional dissociation between the language and MD networks, their respective contributions to comprehension are likely distinct, yet such differences remain elusive. Critically, given that each network is sensitive to some linguistic features, prior research has assumed – implicitly or explicitly – that both networks track linguistic input closely, and in a manner consistent across individuals. Here, we used fMRI to directly test this assumption by comparing the BOLD signal time-courses in each network across different people listening to the same story. Language network activity showed fewer individual differences, indicative of closer input tracking, whereas MD network activity was more idiosyncratic and, moreover, showed lower reliability within an individual across repetitions of a story. These findings constrain cognitive models of language comprehension by suggesting a novel distinction between the processes implemented in the language and MD networks.Significance StatementLanguage comprehension recruits both language-specific mechanisms and domain-general mechanisms that are engaged in many cognitive processes. In the human cortex, language-selective mechanisms are implemented in the left-lateralized “core language network”, whereas domain-general mechanisms are implemented in the bilateral “Multiple Demand (MD)” network. Here, we report the first direct comparison of the respective contributions of these networks to naturalistic story comprehension. Using a novel combination of neuroimaging approaches we find that MD regions track stories less closely than language regions. This finding constrains the possible contributions of the MD network to comprehension, contrasts with accounts positing that this network has continuous access to linguistic input, and suggests a new typology of comprehension processes based on their extent of input tracking.
Extraction of ultrashort DNA molecules from herbarium specimens
Authors: Gutaker Rafal M. , Reiter Ella , Furtwängler Anja , Schuenemann Verena J. , Burbano Hernán A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDNA extracted from herbarium specimens is highly fragmented and decays at a faster rate than DNA from ancient bones. Therefore, it is crucial to utilize extraction protocols that retrieve short DNA molecules. Improvements in extraction and library preparation protocols for animal remains have allowed efficient retrieval of molecules shorter than 50 bp. We adapted those improvements to extraction protocols for herbarium specimens and evaluated their performance by shotgun sequencing, which allows an accurate estimation of the distribution of fragment lengths. Extraction with PTB buffer decreased median fragment length by 35% when compared to CTAB. Modifying the binding conditions of DNA to silica allowed for an additional decrease of 10%. We did not observe a further decrease in length when we used single-stranded instead of double-stranded library preparation methods. Our protocol enables the retrieval of ultrashort molecules from herbarium specimens and will help to unlock the genetic information stored in herbaria.
Global oligopolistic competition and foreign direct investment
Authors: Hansen Michael W. , Hoenen Anne 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to re-visit and re-invigorate the oligopolistic industry perspective on multinational corporations (MNC) strategy.Design/methodology/approachBased on insights from the industrial organization tradition and strategic management, the paper brings the original insights of the oligopolistic industry perspective into a modern context by outlining a conceptual framework that may guide future international business (IB) research on MNC strategy in oligopolistic industries.FindingsThis paper demonstrates how contemporary IB literature pays little attention to a key insight of the early IB literature, namely, that foreign direct investment (FDI) often is driven by strategic interaction among MNCs in oligopolistic industries. Instead, the contemporary IB literature focuses on the FDI as a way to reduce transaction costs and/or as a way to leverage and build capabilities across borders. The paper argues that progressing global concentration in many industries warrants a rediscovery of the oligopolistic perspective on FDI.Originality/valueThe paper provides a comprehensive and unique literature review of the literature on MNC strategy in oligopolistic industries. Based on this review, the paper develops a novel conceptual framework that may inspire future IB research on MNC strategy in oligopolistic industries.
The status of intervention research in HRD
Authors: Kalis Lindsay Elizabeth , Garza Natalie M. , Chermack Thomas J. , Dzirasa Victor A. , Hutt Mark J. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to determine the quantity, nature and frequency of intervention research published in Human Resource Development (HRD) journals.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology for this study was a literature review, analysis and synthesis with specific attention to locating intervention research in HRD journals.

Findings
Based on the results of this study, it seems clear that intervention research is not a fundamental research method for HRD professionals and is not being consistently conducted across the HRD field. This raises potential questions about the extent to which HRD professionals are integrating research and practice. The presence and conduct of intervention research applied to HRD-related problems may provide another means for practitioners and scholars to work together toward optimal, practical solutions with evidence to support them.

Originality/value
Creating a community of professionals who assess and/or evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions and disseminate the information that lean toward causal claims is critical. Intervention research could represent a cultural shift for the HRD discipline because it lends weight to claims of causality and practical recommendations. Under these circumstances, HRD intervention research could be used with confidence by HRD practitioners to inform, shape or evaluate the content of their management and leadership training programs, including the training and development of coaching managers and coaching leaders.
Guest editorial
Authors: Nimon Kim , Robinson Daniel H. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the special issue, “The Quest for Scientific Discipline in HRD Research: Designs that Support Causal Inference”.

Design/methodology/approach
This special issue presents seven papers that consider human resource development (HRD) research though the lens of scientific rigor, as well as techniques and considerations that researchers might use to strengthen claims of causality.

Findings
Based on the research reported in this special issue, it appears that the field of HRD is not necessarily distinct from educational research in the level of scientific rigor used in studies as reported in a group of HRD journals.

Originality/value
The seven papers provide practical advice for researchers who wish to move their research up the hierarchy of evidence and conduct rigorous research that answers “what works” questions.
Workplace spirituality and employee well-being: an empirical examination
Authors: Pawar Badrinarayan Shankar 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The existing literature suggests that employee well-being is an important concern for organizations. The purpose of this paper is to carry out an empirical examination to assess whether employee experience of workplace spirituality has positive relationships with multiple forms of employee well-being.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper focussed on four forms of employee well-being, namely: emotional well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, and spiritual well-being. It specified and empirically tested, using a survey design, four hypotheses, each proposing a positive relationship between workplace spirituality and one of the four forms of employee well-being.

Findings
All four hypotheses were supported indicating that workplace spirituality has a positive relationship with emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being.

Research limitations/implications
This paper may encourage future research to assess whether various forms of employee well-being result from specific dimensions of workplace spirituality.

Practical implications
Organizations may implement workplace spirituality for simultaneously enhancing multiple forms of employee well-being.

Social implications
As employee well-being is a matter of social concern, the findings of this study indicating a positive association between workplace spirituality and employee well-being have a social relevance.

Originality/value
To the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between workplace spirituality and four forms of employee well-being, namely; emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. As employee well-being is an important concern for organizations, the contribution of the study findings is that workplace spirituality implementation can simultaneously enhance multiple forms of employee well-being.
The “knowledge front”, women, war and peace
Authors: Horne Julia 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the idea of the “knowledge front” alongside ideas of “home” and “war” front as a way of understanding the expertise of university-educated women in an examination of the First World War and its aftermath. The paper explores the professional lives of two women, the medical researcher, Elsie Dalyell, and the teacher, feminist and unionist, Lucy Woodcock. The paper examines their professional lives and acquisition and use of university expertise both on the war and home fronts, and shows how women’s intellectual and scientific activity established during the war continued long after as a way to repair what many believed to be a society damaged by war. It argues that the idea of “knowledge front” reveals a continuity of intellectual and scientific activity from war to peace, and offers “space” to examine the professional lives of university-educated women in this period.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is structured as an analytical narrative interweaving the professional lives of two women, medical researcher Elsie Dalyell and teacher/unionist Lucy Woodcock to illuminate the contributions of university-educated women’s expertise from 1914 to the outbreak of the Second World War.

Findings
The emergence of university-educated women in the First World War and the interwar years participated in the civic structure of Australian society in innovative and important ways that challenged the “soldier citizen” ethos of this era. The paper offers a way to examine university-educated women’s professional lives as they unfolded during the course of war and peace that focuses on what they did with their expertise. Thus, the “knowledge front” provides more ways to examine these lives than the more narrowly articulated ideas of “home” and “war” front.

Research limitations/implications
The idea of the “knowledge front” applied to women in this paper also has implications for how to analyse the meaning of the First World War-focused university expertise more generally both during war and peace.

Practical implications
The usual view of women’s participation in war is as nurses in field hospitals. This paper broadens the notion of war to see war as having many interconnected fronts including the battle front and home front (Beaumont, 2013). By doing so, not only can we see a much larger involvement of women in the war, but we also see the involvement of university-educated women.

Social implications
The paper shows that while the guns may have ceased on 11 November 1918, women’s lives continued as they grappled with their war experience and aimed to reassert their professional lives in Australian society in the 1920s and 1930s.

Originality/value
The paper contains original biographical research of the lives of two women. It also conceptualises the idea of “knowledge front” in terms of war/home front to examine how the expertise of university-educated career women contributed to the social fabric of a nation recovering from war.
Universities, war and the professionalization of dentistry
Authors: Pietsch Tamson 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to bring together the history of war, the universities and the professions. It examines the case of dentistry in New South Wales, detailing its divided pre-war politics, the role of the university, the formation and work of the Dental Corps during the First World War, and the process of professionalization in the 1920s.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on documentary and archival sources including those of the University of Sydney, contemporary newspapers, annual reports and publication of various dental associations, and on secondary sources.FindingsThe paper argues that both the war and the university were central to the professionalization of dentistry in New South Wales. The war transformed the expertise of dentists, shifted their social status and cemented their relationship with the university.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine dentistry in the context of the histories of war, universities and professionalization. It highlights the need to re-evaluate the changing place of the professions in interwar Australia in the light both of the First World War and of the university’s involvement in it.
British academics, liberalism, and the First World War
Authors: Sherington Geoffrey 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the War on two prominent academic liberal historians.

Design/methodology/approach
The research is based on a narrative of their lives and careers before and during the War.

Findings
The findings include an analysis of how the War engaged these academic liberals in the pursuit of the War effort.

Originality/value
By the end of the War, both sought to reaffirm much of their earlier academic liberalism despite the political and social changes in the post-war world.
Portrait of an artist as an ex-war surgeon
Authors: Stephen Ann 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
To examine how art is shaped by war, outside of the official commemorative projects of the First World War. The purpose of this paper is to examine the experience of a surgeon/artist who knew first-hand the horror of industrial scale of destruction. It speculates on how his medical education and surgical knowledge in the treatment of the casualties informed his art and considers how such scientific discourses may have contributed to a new modernist language.

Design/methodology/approach
The double career of J.W. Power – a surgeon then an artist – provides a case study to probe such questions. The paper speculates about the connections between these different careers, and considers the implications of becoming an artist for someone who had pre-war university-training, medical expertise and experience as a war surgeon. In particular, consideration is given to how surgical knowledge and contemporary medical debates may have informed a group of later paintings.

Findings
A group of J.W. Power’s late paintings stand apart from his other subjects as they suggest states of physical or psychological damage. Indeed by the 1930s shell shock was recognised as a war-related psychological injury. These paintings then may not only be an act of remembrance, but also potentially a reflection on that new discourse.

Research limitations/implications
It remains a compelling idea that by the 1930s Power had found a modern abstract language capable of revisiting the traumatic subject of his hospital sketches. The implications of the war-time surgery on his art was delayed and remains highly ambiguous, however it invites, indeed encourages, such speculation.

Originality/value
The paper is the first to examine the cultural impact of the medical career of the artist J.W. Power. His medical training and experience as a war-time surgeon is shown to have been significant to his later painting, for he knew the regenerative powers of modern surgery, of how such knowledge had the power to repair and to heal.
Human resource management in a healthcare environment: framework and case study
Authors: Ramadevi D. , Gunasekaran Angappa , Roy Matthew , Rai Bharatendra K. , Senthilkumar S.A. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for the improvement of healthcare services through an effective human resource management system. The case study highlights a need to analyze human resource management processes that exist in healthcare sector and suggests better ways to achieve higher levels of patient satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology consists of first developing a conceptual framework for human resource management in healthcare industry. The proposed framework comprises of three parts: inputs which include determining employee competencies, HR planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, compensation benefits, pay/rewards, labor and employee relations; processes (training and development) focus on healthcare systems; and outputs which include quality, cost, technology, and responsiveness leading to patient satisfaction. Then, the framework has been studied with help of a case study conducted in a hospital in India.FindingsThe most important skill required for healthcare workforce to deliver high-quality care to patients is the human resource development. By appropriate workforce development, healthcare organizations can provide high-quality services to patients. Finally, it derives a set of conclusions from the case study research. Further research would be needed to validate the framework through empirical data.Originality/valueThis research is a new attempt as there is a limited research done earlier on the framework of human resource management in healthcare system and services. It is designed to facilitate training and development at both the individual and at organizational levels, advocating a balance between “healthcare employee” and “healthcare system.”
Assessment of factors for e-learning: an empirical investigation
Authors: Agrawal Vivek , Agrawal Akash , Agarwal Sucheta 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The growth of internet, cloud technology, and mobile usage in the present scenario has spread in every aspect of human life. The usage of e-learning (electronic-learning) has been stretching wings in every sector and creating many opportunities. The education market has significantly developed over the past few years and e-learning has emerged as a major contributor toward the development of the education sector. The purpose of this paper is to study the perception of students of different universities in Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Region (India) toward e-learning usage.

Design/methodology/approach
With the help of exploratory factor analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis, factors of e-learning were explored through a survey of 298 students involved in the e-learning process.

Findings
Six factors were explored and validated. These six factors are: supportive factors, system quality, learners’ perspective, instructor perspective, information quality, and service quality.

Practical implications
Policymakers and future researchers need to focus on the facilitation of e-learning in rural and urban areas of India.

Originality/value
Results will be useful in the implementation of e-learning applications.