bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peace Perceptions Of Prospective Teachers For Promoting Peace Activities For School Settings In Pakistan
Authors: Yousuf Muhammad Imran , Sarwar Muhammad , Dart Gareth , Naseer-ud-Din Muhmmad 
Published: March 2016

Peace has been recognized as a matter of education and to be promoted at the initial level. The present study attempts to generate a profile of activities toward peace education among prospective teachers. The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was used by selecting fifteen prospective teachers as a Nominal Group (NG). NGT was applied under a sequence of stages (idea generating, selection, listing, clarification, ranking and consensus stages). Results generated from the NGT were organized into three categories of student-related activities, teacher-focused activities, and administration and community- related activities. Participants’ preferences were higher for activities that included individual practical participation. Participation in the Action Research process was ranked at the bottom. Tentative conclusions are drawn with regard to teacher education and peace studies.
Staff Development Needs In Pakistan Higher Education
Authors: Ullah Muhammad Hameed , Khan Muhammad Naeem Ullah , Murtaza Ali , Din Muhammad Naseer Ud 
Published: March 2016

Staff development is very significant for the achievement of overall goals of higher education in Pakistan. The success of innovations depends largely upon the skills of instructors; but in Pakistan, the people with a simple masters degree (without any pedagogical training) are inducted as teaching staff at the university level, so it is time to explore whether or not the inducted teachers feel the need for training. Further to be explored are areas in which they are interested in being trained. Therefore, the objectives of study were 1) to explore the training needs for university teaching staff, 2) to identify the areas in which development is needed by the teaching staff of the universities in Pakistan, and 3) formulation of recommendations for staff development in Pakistan to improve education at the higher level. The sample comprised of 20% randomly-selected teaching staff of ten selected universities, degree-awarding institutions from the public sector, and 40% teaching staff of ten selected universities from the private sector. A self-developed questionnaire, consisting of 41 items to be responded to on a five-point Likert scale and two open-ended questions, was used to collect data. The principal researcher approached all the respondents personally by repeated visits and got the completed questionnaires, so this questionnaire also served the purpose of an interview. The analysis of data revealed that the university teachers need training in the following areas: philosophy of education, Islamic philosophy of education, educational psychology, research techniques, professional trends, professional competencies, professional attitude, professional ethics ,global innovations in teaching strategies, classroom management, counselling and guidance, student discipline, communication skills, learning theories, and supervision. Therefore, it is recommended that they may be included in the training curriculum of university teachers.
Suitability of Cocopeat as a Transplanting Media in the Polytube of Magnolia elegans (Blume.) H. Keng Seedlings
Authors: Irawan Arif , Hidayah Hanif Nurul 
Published: March 2016

This study aims to determine the suitability of using cocopeat as planting media at transplanting containers in the polytube of the cempaka seedlings growth. The method used in this research was implementing a trial use of cocopeat as transplanting media in the polytube and being compared to the growth of cempaka seedlings in polytubes and polybags containing topsoil. The parameters observed included percent survival (%), height (cm), and diameter (cm) of the plants. Through the t-test it was shown that the parameters of diameter, height, and percent survival of the cempaka seedlings using cocopeat as a transplanting media were significantly different than those using top soil as a transplanting media.
Health Disparities in Drug- and Alcohol-Use Disorders: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths After Detention
Authors: Welty Leah J. , Harrison Anna J. , Abram Karen M. , Olson Nichole D. , Aaby David A. , McCoy Kathleen P. , Washburn Jason J. , Teplin Linda A. 
Published: March 2016

Objectives. To examine sex and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of 9 substance-use disorders (SUDs)—alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogen or PCP, opiate, amphetamine, inhalant, sedative, and unspecified drug— in youths during the 12 years after detention. Methods. We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youths randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, starting in 1995 and reinterviewed up to 9 times in the community or correctional facilities through 2011. Independent interviewers assessed SUDs with Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 2.3 (baseline) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule version IV (follow-ups). Results. By median age 28 years, 91.3% of males and 78.5% of females had ever had an SUD. At most follow-ups, males had greater odds of alcohol- and marijuana-use disorders. Drug-use disorders were most prevalent among non-Hispanic Whites, followed by Hispanics, then African Americans (e.g., compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites had 32.1 times the odds of cocaine-use disorder [95% confidence interval = 13.8, 74.7]). Conclusions. After detention, SUDs differed markedly by sex, race/ethnicity, and substance abused, and, contrary to stereotypes, did not disproportionately affect African Americans. Services to treat substance abuse—during incarceration and after release—would reach many people in need, and address health disparities in a highly vulnerable population.
Environmental Nutrition: A New Frontier for Public Health
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Harwatt Helen , Soret Samuel 
Published: March 2016

Food systems must operate within environmental constraints to avoid disastrous consequences for the biosphere. Such constraints must also take into account nutritional quality and health outcomes. Given the intrinsic relationships between the environmental sciences and nutritional sciences, it is imperative that public health embraces environmental nutrition as the new frontier of research and practice and begins a concerted focus on the new discipline of environmental nutrition, which seeks to comprehensively address the sustainability of food systems. We provide an overview to justify our proposition, outline a research and practice agenda for environmental nutrition, and explore how the complex relationships within food systems that affect public health could be better understood through the environmental nutrition model.
Community Health Workers Versus Nurses as Counselors or Case Managers in a Self-Help Diabetes Management Program
Authors: Kim Kim B. , Kim Miyong T. , Lee Hochang B. , Nguyen Tam , Bone Lee R. , Levine David 
Published: March 2016

Objectives. To confirm the effectiveness of community health workers’ involvement as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in 2009 to 2014. Methods. Our open-label, randomized controlled trial determined the effectiveness of a self-help intervention among Korean Americans aged 35 to 80 years in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. We measured and analyzed physiological and psychobehavioral health outcomes of the community health worker–counseled (n = 54) and registered nurse (RN)–counseled (n = 51) intervention groups in comparison with the control group (n = 104). Results. The community health workers’ performance was comparable to that of the RNs for both psychobehavioral outcomes (e.g., self-efficacy, quality of life) and physiological outcomes. The community health worker–counseled group showed hemoglobin A1C reductions from baseline (–1.2%, −1.5%, −1.3%, and −1.6%, at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively), all of which were greater than reductions in the RN-counseled (−0.7%, −0.9%, −0.9%, and −1.0%) or the control (−0.5%, −0.5%, −0.6%, and −0.7%) groups. Conclusions. Community health workers performed as well as or better than nurses as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in a Korean American community.
Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Heavy Drinking and Anxiety and Mood Disorders Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Canadians
Authors: Pakula Basia , Shoveller Jean , Ratner Pamela A. , Carpiano Richard 
Published: March 2016

Objectives. To investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of heavy drinking, anxiety, and mood disorders among Canadians who self-identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual. Methods. Pooled data from the 2007 to 2012 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (n = 222 548) were used to fit logistic regression models controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results. In adjusted logistic regression models, gay or lesbian respondents had greater odds than heterosexual respondents of reporting anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety–mood disorders. Bisexual respondents had greater odds of reporting anxiety disorders, mood disorders, anxiety–mood disorders, and heavy drinking. Gay or lesbian and bisexual respondents had greater odds than heterosexuals of reporting co-occurring anxiety or mood disorders and heavy drinking. The highest rates of disorders were observed among bisexual respondents, with nearly quadruple the rates of anxiety, mood, and combined anxiety and mood disorders relative to heterosexuals and approximately twice the rates of gay or lesbian respondents. Conclusions. Members of sexual minority groups in Canada, in particular those self-identifying as bisexual, experience disproportionate rates of anxiety and mood disorders, heavy drinking, and co-occurring disorders.
Numerical Analysis of the Source of Excessive Na+ and Cl- Species in Flowback Water From Hydraulically Fractured Shale Formations
Authors: Seales Maxian B. , Dilmore Robert , Ertekin Turgay , Wang John Yilin 
Published: March 2016

Summary
Fracture fluid is composed of fresh water, proppant, and a small percentage of other additives, which support the hydraulic-fracturing process. Excluding situations in which flowback water is recycled and reused, the total dissolved solids in fracture fluid is limited to the fluid additives, such as potassium chloride (1 to 7 wt% KCL), which is used as a clay stabilizer to minimize clay swelling and clay-particle migration. However, the composition of recovered fluid, especially as it relates to the total dissolved solids (TDS), is always substantially different from the injected fracture fluid.
The ability to predict flowback-water volume and composition is useful when planning for the management or reuse of this aqueous byproduct stream. In this work, an ion-transport and halite-dissolution model was coupled with a fully implicit, dual-porosity, numerical simulator to study the source of the excess solutes in flowback water and to predict the concentration of both Na+ and Cl− species seen in recovered water. The results showed that mixing alone, between the injected fracture fluid and concentrated in-situ formation brine, could not account for the substantial rise in TDS seen in flowback water. Instead, the results proved that halite dissolution is a major contributor to the change in TDS seen in fracture fluid during injection and recovery. Halite dissolution can account for as much as 81% of Cl− and 86.5% of Na+ species seen in 90-day flowback water; mixing, between the injected fracture fluid and in-situ concentrated brine, accounts for approximately 19% of Cl− and 13% of Na+.
Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides by carbon doped-TiO2 coated on zeolites under solar light irradiation
Authors: An Ye , de Ridder David Johannes , Zhao Chun , Schoutteten Klaas , Bussche Julie Vanden , Zheng Huaili , Chen Gang , Vanhaecke Lynn 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
To evaluate the performance of zeolite-supported carbon-doped TiO2 composite catalysts toward target pollutants under solar light irradiation, the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of 18 pharmaceuticals and pesticides with distinguishing features (molecular size and volume, and photolysis) were investigated using mordenite zeolites with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 18 and 240. Different quantities of carbon-doped TiO2 were coated on the zeolites, and then the finished composite catalysts were tested in demineralized, surface, and hospital wastewater samples, respectively. The composite photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and surface area and porosity analyses. Results showed that a dispersed layer of carbon-doped TiO2 is formed on the zeolite surface; this layer blocks the micropores of zeolites and reduces their surface area. However, these reductions did not significantly affect adsorption onto the zeolites. Our results demonstrated that zeolite-supported carbon-doped TiO2 systems can effectively degrade 18 pharmaceuticals and pesticides in demineralized water under natural and simulated solar light irradiation. In surface and hospital wastewaters, zeolite-supported carbon-doped TiO2 systems present excellent anti-interference capability against radical scavengers and competitive organics for pollutants removal, and higher pollutants adsorption on zeolites evidently enhances the removal rate of target pollutants in surface and hospital wastewater samples with a complicated matrix.
Lengthening Over an Existing Intramedullary Nail In Cases of Post-traumatic Femoral Shortening. Technical Note. Case Series Study
Authors: Boutsiadis Achilleas , Iosifidou Eirini , Nikolaos Xilouris , Hatzokos Ippokratis 
Published: March 2016

Background:Intramedullary (IM) nailing is the method of choice for the treatment of most femoral shaft fractures. However, despite successful solid union, great initial fracture comminution can lead to significant leg length discrepancy affecting normal gait mechanics. Femoral osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis over the pre-existing IM nail could restore this limb inequality.Methods:Five patients with an average post-traumatic femoral shortening of 3.83 cm were presented in our department with the nailin situ. Limb lengthening was achieved with the application of a distal hybrid external rail frame over the pre-existing nail. We assumed that the choice of a distal external fixator ring with wires could facilitate the procedure and minimize the possibility of friction–contact problems with the large diameter nail.Results:The amount of length discrepancy, calculated preoperatively, was restored in all patients. The mean time in frame was 57.6 days and the external fixator index 16.978 d/cm. The mean time of total healing was 152.6 days and the average bone-healing index 44.9d/cm. No deep infection or hardware loosening was observed. One superficial pin track infection was treated successfully with oral antibiotics.Conclusion:This technique utilizes the principles and advantages of lengthening over an IM nail, avoids the necessity of nail removal and minimizes the complication rates and the overall time for complete recovery.
Glial Cell–Elicited Activation of Brain Microvasculature in Response to Brucella abortus Infection Requires ASC Inflammasome–Dependent IL-1β Production
Authors: Miraglia M. Cruz , Costa Franco Miriam M. , Rodriguez Ana M. , Bellozi Paula M. Q. , Ferrari Carina C. , Farias Maria I. , Dennis Vida A. , Barrionuevo Paula , de Oliveira Antonio C. P. , Pitossi Fernando , Kim Kwang Sik , Delpino M. Victoria , Oliveira Sergio Costa , Giambartolomei Guillermo H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Blood–brain barrier activation and/or dysfunction are a common feature of human neurobrucellosis, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown. In this article, we describe an immune mechanism for inflammatory activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) in response to infection with Brucella abortus. Infection of HBMEC with B. abortus induced the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, and the upregulation of CD54 (ICAM-1), consistent with a state of activation. Culture supernatants (CS) from glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) infected with B. abortus also induced activation of HBMEC, but to a greater extent. Although B. abortus–infected glial cells secreted IL-1β and TNF-α, activation of HBMEC was dependent on IL-1β because CS from B. abortus–infected astrocytes and microglia deficient in caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD failed to induce HBMEC activation. Consistently, treatment of CS with neutralizing anti–IL-1β inhibited HBMEC activation. Both absent in melanoma 2 and Nod-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 are partially required for caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion, suggesting that multiple apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD–dependent inflammasomes contribute to IL-1β–induced activation of the brain microvasculature. Inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion in glial cells depends on TLR2 and MyD88 adapter-like/TIRAP. Finally, neutrophil and monocyte migration across HBMEC monolayers was increased by CS from Brucella-infected glial cells in an IL-1β–dependent fashion, and the infiltration of neutrophils into the brain parenchyma upon intracranial injection of B. abortus was diminished in the absence of Nod-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 and absent in melanoma 2. Our results indicate that innate immunity of the CNS set in motion by B. abortus contributes to the activation of the blood–brain barrier in neurobrucellosis and IL-1β mediates this phenomenon.
Aging Converts Innate B1a Cells into Potent CD8+ T Cell Inducers
Authors: Lee-Chang Catalina , Bodogai Monica , Moritoh Kanako , Chen Xin , Wersto Robert , Sen Ranjan , Young Howard A. , Croft Michael , Ferrucci Luigi , Biragyn Arya 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
B cell dysregulation in aging is thought to mostly occur in conventional B2 cells without affecting innate B1 cells. Elderly humans and mice also accumulate 4-1BBL+ MHC class-IHi CD86Hi B cells of unknown origin. In this article, we report that these cells, termed 4BL cells, are activated murine and possibly human B1a cells. The activation is mediated by aging human monocytes and murine peritoneal macrophages. They induce expression and activation of 4-1BBL and IFN-γR1 on B1a cells to subsequently upregulate membrane TNF-α and CD86. As a result, activated B1a/4BL cells induce expression of granzyme B in CD8+ T cells by targeting TNFR2 via membrane TNF-α and providing costimulation with CD86. Thus, for the first time, to our knowledge, these results indicate that aging affects the function of B1a cells. Upon aging, these cells lose their tumor-supporting activity and become inducers of potentially antitumor and autoimmune CD8+ T cells.
CD83 Modulates B Cell Activation and Germinal Center Responses
Authors: Krzyzak Lena , Seitz Christine , Urbat Anne , Hutzler Stefan , Ostalecki Christian , Gläsner Joachim , Hiergeist Andreas , Gessner André , Winkler Thomas H. , Steinkasserer Alexander , Nitschke Lars 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
CD83 is a maturation marker for dendritic cells. In the B cell lineage, CD83 is expressed especially on activated B cells and on light zone B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction. The function of CD83 during GC responses is unclear. CD83−/− mice have a strong reduction of CD4+ T cells, which makes it difficult to analyze a functional role of CD83 on B cells during GC responses. Therefore, in the present study we generated a B cell–specific CD83 conditional knockout (CD83 B-cKO) model. CD83 B-cKO B cells show defective upregulation of MHC class II and CD86 expression and impaired proliferation after different stimuli. Analyses of GC responses after immunization with various Ags revealed a characteristic shift in dark zone and light zone B cell numbers, with an increase of B cells in the dark zone of CD83 B-cKO mice. This effect was not accompanied by alterations in the level of IgG immune responses or by major differences in affinity maturation. However, an enhanced IgE response was observed in CD83 B-cKO mice. Additionally, we observed a strong competitive disadvantage of CD83-cKO B cells in GC responses in mixed bone marrow chimeras. Furthermore, infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi revealed a defect in bacterial clearance of CD83 B-cKO mice with a shift toward a Th2 response, indicated by a strong increase in IgE titers. Taken together, our results show that CD83 is important for B cell activation and modulates GC composition and IgE Ab responses in vivo.
HIV-1–Specific CD8 T Cells Exhibit Limited Cross-Reactivity during Acute Infection
Authors: Du Victor Y. , Bansal Anju , Carlson Jonathan , Salazar-Gonzalez Jesus F. , Salazar Maria G. , Ladell Kristin , Gras Stephanie , Josephs Tracy M. , Heath Sonya L. , Price David A. , Rossjohn Jamie , Hunter Eric , Goepfert Paul A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated that HIV-1–specific CD8 T cells can cross-recognize variant epitopes. However, most of these studies were performed in the context of chronic infection, where the presence of viral quasispecies makes it difficult to ascertain the true nature of the original antigenic stimulus. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated the extent of CD8 T cell cross-reactivity in patients with acute HIV-1 clade B infection. In each case, we determined the transmitted founder virus sequence to identify the autologous epitopes restricted by individual HLA class I molecules. Our data show that cross-reactive CD8 T cells are infrequent during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, in the uncommon instances where cross-reactive responses were detected, the variant epitopes were poorly recognized in cytotoxicity assays. Molecular analysis revealed that similar antigenic structures could be cross-recognized by identical CD8 T cell clonotypes mobilized in vivo, yet even subtle differences in a single TCR-accessible peptide residue were sufficient to disrupt variant-specific reactivity. These findings demonstrate that CD8 T cells are highly specific for autologous epitopes during acute HIV-1 infection. Polyvalent vaccines may therefore be required to provide optimal immune cover against this genetically labile pathogen.
La formación de pasivas en español: análisis en términos de la Estructura de Qualia y la Estructura Eventiva
Authors: De Miguel Elena 
Published: March 2016

La formación de pasivas es un fenómeno que ha interesado siempre a los gramáticos de las distintas lenguas, sea cual fuere el modelo teórico o la escuela en la que hayan inscrito su investigación, hasta el punto de que la bibliografía existente sobre el tema es amplísima y muy variada en cuanto a concepciones y en cuanto al tipo de datos que se manejan. El interés de la disciplina hacia la pasiva ha de estar forzosamente relacionado con el hecho especial de que, entendida como construcción, se corresponde siempre con una oración activa correspondiente1 y, entendida como proceso, resulta lo suficientemente regular y productivo como para despertar las ganas de sistematizarlo, describirlo o explicarlo.
Cervantes y la medicina
Authors: Osterc Lúdovik 
Published: March 2016

A Cervantes le tocó vivir los comienzos difíciles del nacimiento de las ciencias modernas. Al papel importante que España representó durante el Medioevo, como depositaria del saber de Grecia y Roma, interpretándolo, comentándolo y esparciéndolo por Europa, siguió el rol nada glorioso, de oponerse a la entrada de los nuevos conocimientos científicos que ya empezaban a florecer en los demás países europeos. Y así, de innovadora, España se fue convirtiendo en renuente a cualquier innovación que no hubiese partido de las mismas raíces de la tradición. Esto no es de extrañar, pues es sabido con cuantas dificultades ha contado el progreso español, no sólo en el terreno puramente cultural y científico, sino también en el humano, en general, y médico, en particular.