bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification of High Salinity Brine by Multi-Stage Ion Concentration Polarization Desalination
Authors: Kim Bumjoo , Kwak Rhokyun , Kwon Hyukjin J. , Pham Van Sang , Kim Minseok , Al-Anzi Bader , Lim Geunbae , Han Jongyoon 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere is an increasing need for the desalination of high concentration brine (>TDS 35,000 ppm) efficiently and economically, either for the treatment of produced water from shale gas/oil development, or minimizing the environmental impact of brine from existing desalination plants. Yet, reverse osmosis (RO), which is the most widely used for desalination currently, is not practical for brine desalination. This paper demonstrates technical and economic feasibility of ICP (Ion Concentration Polarization) electrical desalination for the high saline water treatment, by adopting multi-stage operation with better energy efficiency. Optimized multi-staging configurations, dependent on the brine salinity values, can be designed based on experimental and numerical analysis. Such an optimization aims at achieving not just the energy efficiency but also (membrane) area efficiency, lowering the true cost of brine treatment. ICP electrical desalination is shown here to treat brine salinity up to 100,000 ppm of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) with flexible salt rejection rate up to 70% which is promising in a various application treating brine waste. We also demonstrate that ICP desalination has advantage of removing both salts and diverse suspended solids simultaneously, and less susceptibility to membrane fouling/scaling, which is a significant challenge in the membrane processes.
Lanthanum regulates the reactive oxygen species in the roots of rice seedlings
Authors: Liu Dongwu , Zheng Shengnan , Wang Xue 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this study, the effects of La3+ on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant metabolism were studied in the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Shengdao 16) exposed to increasing concentrations of La3+ (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM). The level of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondialdehyde was increased by 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM La3+ and the activity of catalase and peroxidase was increased by 0.05 and 0.1 mM La3+. However, La3+ treatments stimulated superoxide dismutase activity in the roots of rice seedlings at all tested concentrations. In addition, the probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) was used to investigate the instantaneous change of ROS in the root cells with the laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The result indicated that ROS level was declined after treated with 0.05 mM La3+. The results showed that the appropriate concentration of La3+ decreased the level of ROS and hormetic effects on the antioxidant metabolism were found in the roots of rice exposed to 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM La3+.
Analysis and modeling of Fano resonances using equivalent circuit elements
Authors: Lv Bo , Li Rujiang , Fu Jiahui , Wu Qun , Zhang Kuang , Chen Wan , Wang Zhefei , Ma Ruyu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFano resonance presents an asymmetric line shape formed by an interference of a continuum coupled with a discrete autoionized state. In this paper, we show several simple circuits for Fano resonances from the stable-input impedance mechanism, where the elements consisting of inductors and capacitors are formulated for various resonant modes and the resistor represents the damping of the oscillators. By tuning the pole-zero of the input impedance, a simple circuit with only three passive components e.g. two inductors and one capacitor, can exhibit asymmetric resonance with arbitrary Q-factors flexiblely. Meanwhile, four passive components can exhibit various resonances including the Lorentz-like and reversely electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) formations. Our work not only provides an intuitive understanding of Fano resonances, but also pave the way to realize Fano resonaces using simple circuit elements.
BDE47 induces rat CYP3A1 by targeting the transcriptional regulation of miR-23b
Authors: Sun Zhenzhen , Zhang Zhan , Ji Minghui , Yang Hongbao , Cromie Meghan , Gu Jun , Wang Chao , Yang Lu , Yu Yongquan , Gao Weimin , Wang Shou-Lin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the liver and is involved in the metabolism of over 50% of xenobiotics. Our previous studies revealed that 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) could induce rat CYP3A1 expression, but the molecular basis remains unclear. Using in silico analysis, we identified a potential miR-23b recognition element (MRE23b) in the 3′-UTR region of CYP3A1 mRNA, which was verified by the luciferase assay. The miR-23b mimic and inhibitor significantly down- and up-regulated the expression of CYP3A1, respectively. Additionally, BDE47 significantly down-regulated the expression of miR-23b in rats and in hepatic H4IIE cells. Induction or blockage of CYP3A1 by a miR-23b inhibitor or mimic could correspondingly alter BDE47-induced expression of CYP3A1 and cytotoxicity in H4IIE cells. Furthermore, LV-anti-miR-23b significantly decreased endogenous levels of miR-23b and increased the expression and activity of CYP3A1 in rat liver. LV-anti-miR-23b also significantly increased the hydroxylated metabolites of BDE47 (3-OH-BDE47, 4-OH-BDE42, and 4′-OH-BDE49) in rat serum. In conclusion, we first found that BDE47 induced rat CYP3A1 expression by targeting the transcriptional regulation of miR-23b. This study helps provide a better understanding of CYP3A regulation and offers novel clues for the role of miRNAs in the metabolism and distribution of environmental pollutants.
Phosphorus in agriculture, a limited resource.
Authors: Reijnders L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a non-substitutable agricultural nutrient. Traditionally, agriculture was underpinned by natural processes leading to the release of phosphates which are available to crops, phosphate deposition from flooding and air, and often also by the recycling of organic residues. In parts of the world, these traditional P resources came to be viewed as a limiting factor to agricultural production in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Feeding the current world population is dependent on these traditional P resources plus phosphate rock, which is the product of slow geological processes. Current practices are characterized by substantial P losses from agricultural soils, limited P use efficiency and limited recycling of organic residues to such soils. Continuation of such practices at current agricultural production levels will lead to a depletion of phosphate rock resources. Other potential P resources, such as P in steelmaking slags and landfills, seem relatively small if compared with phosphate rock resources. Phosphorus resources are limited but estimates regarding the timespan for depletion of phosphate rock resources vary much: between about 80 and about 1800 years at the current rate of mining. Phosphorus resources can be conserved by increased recycling of P to agricultural soils, reducing losses from agricultural soils and by improving the efficiency of P use in agriculture.
ECIL guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Maertens Johan , Cesaro Simone , Maschmeyer Georg , Einsele Hermann , Donnelly J. Peter , Alanio Alexandre , Hauser Philippe M. , Lagrou Katrien , Melchers Willem J. G. , Helweg-Larsen Jannik , Matos Olga , Bretagne Stéphane , Cordonnier Catherine 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe 5th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-5) meeting aimed to establish evidence-based recommendations for the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV-infected patients with an underlying haematological condition, including allogeneic HSCT recipients. Recommendations were based on the grading system of the IDSA. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole given 2–3 times weekly is the drug of choice for the primary prophylaxis of PCP in adults (A-II) and children (A-I) and should be given during the entire period at risk. Recent data indicate that children may benefit equally from a once-weekly regimen (B-II). All other drugs, including pentamidine, atovaquone and dapsone, are considered second-line alternatives when trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is poorly tolerated or contraindicated. The main indications of PCP prophylaxis are ALL, allogeneic HSCT, treatment with alemtuzumab, fludarabine/cyclophosphamide/rituximab combinations, >4 weeks of treatment with corticosteroids and well-defined primary immune deficiencies in children. Additional indications are proposed depending on the treatment regimen.
Anatomy of the abdomen
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The trunk of the human body comprises the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Of the three, the abdomen is the largest. While the abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, there is no physical partition between the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The abdominal cavity is bounded anteriorly and laterally by the relatively pliant anterior abdominal wall, and posteriorly, by the more rigid posterior abdominal wall. The abdominal cavity is lined by a serous membrane, the peritoneum. The peritoneum is reflected over the abdominal viscera. The part of the peritoneum which lines the abdominal walls is termed the parietal peritoneum while the part which covers the viscera is termed the visceral peritoneum. The parietal and visceral parts of the peritoneum are of course continuous with each other. The retroperitoneum refers to the area that lies behind the peritoneal cavity and in front of the posterior abdominal wall. The abdominal viscera may be classified broadly into (a) those that are derived embryologically from the gut tube, and (b) those that are derived from the genitourinary ridge.
Anatomy of the limbs and spine
Authors: Mahadevan Vishy 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
While the upper and lower limbs differ strikingly from each other in size and shape, there are, nevertheless, many functional similarities between the two in addition to shared features of structural design. Thus each limb may be pictured as a multijointed lever, with a freely mobile, ball-and-socket synovial joint at its proximal end whereby the limb articulates with the axial skeleton by means of a girdle. Each limb (upper and lower) is made up of three segments: arm, forearm, and hand in the upper limb, and thigh, leg, and foot in the lower limb. Each limb contains what one may term ‘junctional areas’ (or zones). In the upper limb, these are the axilla, cubital fossa, and carpal tunnel while in the lower limb, they are the femoral triangle, gluteal region, popliteal fossa, and tarsal tunnel. The vertebral column or spine (known colloquially as the backbone) forms the central axis of the body’s skeleton.
Urinary
Authors: Bradford Aidan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the overall functions of the kidney, the general principles of filtration, absorption, secretion, and urine formation, and the structural characteristics associated with these processes such as the afferent and efferent arterioles, the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, thick ascending limb, macula densa, distal tubule, collecting duct, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta. The mechanisms involved in the control of renal blood flow through autoregulation are explained (i.e. the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback involving the macula densa). The mechanisms involved in the generation of a concentrated medullary interstitium are detailed such as the countercurrent multiplier and the countercurrent exchanger of the vasa recta. Glomerular filtration rate and the Starling forces involved in filtration at the renal corpuscle are defined along with the concept of clearance and its measurement using creatinine. The role of the kidneys in extracellular fluid homeostasis is explained in relation to sodium, potassium, water, and acid–base balance. The roles of renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide are outlined and some of the causes of hyponatraemia, hypernatraemia, hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia, overhydration, and underhydration are given. The mechanism of bicarbonate absorption by the renal tubular cell is detailed along with the mechanism of formation of titratable acid and ammonium in the urine and the effects of metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis on this process are explained. The chapter concludes with a brief characterization of the pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure.
Healthcare-associated infection
Authors: Sykes Allison 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) can develop either as a direct result of healthcare interventions such as medical or surgical treatment, or from being in contact with a healthcare setting. These infections have a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality in addition to being an immense drain on the financial resources of health services. Surgical site infections account for approximately 14% of all HCAIs. However, many of these can be prevented through consistent implementation of evidence-based practices. The first step is a comprehensive preoperative assessment of risk factors which must then be followed by adherence to preventative strategies. These include preoperative MRSA screening and decolonization, appropriate hair removal, adherence to standard precautions, maintenance of asepsis, maintenance of normothermia, glucose control, use of protective dressings, administration of prophylactic antimicrobials, and implementation of appropriate isolation precautions.
Asepsis
Authors: Hall Louise 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Theatre personnel must adhere to the basic principles of aseptic technique to prevent contamination of the operative site. Staff must achieve and maintain a sterile field during surgery, protecting the site from the adjacent non-sterile, physical environment. All personnel should understand the decontamination life cycle and the differences between sterile and non-sterile items. Patients undergoing surgical procedures must be cared for in a safe, clean environment which reduces the risk of contamination and protects from harm. It is essential that the design and fabric of the operating theatre facilitates good infection prevention and control practice and where possible, surfaces should be smooth, non-porous, and water-resistant. All parts of the environment must be accessible for cleaning, disinfection, and maintenance. The design of the ventilation system is crucial in maintaining optimal air quality, appropriate number of air changes, and environmental temperature.
Plain film radiology for surgeons
Authors: Spratt Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
X-rays were put to diagnostic use only a year after their discovery, before realization of the dangers of ionizing radiation. Today, the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations define the legal standards and aims of the justification process for analysis of the risk/benefit ratio to radiation exposure. The plain abdominal film has an ever narrowing application in the acute general surgical admissions unit; the most useful role is in the diagnosis of bowel obstruction, extraluminal gas, and renal tract calculi under protocoled use but there remains a significant role in neonates and infants due to a lower lifetime cancer induction risk compared with computed tomography. There is no role for skull series in the investigation of head-injured patients and there is a decreasing reliance on plain films in major spinal and body trauma. A continuing central role of plain film examination remains in the diagnosis of bone trauma and tumours and in following up urinary tract calculi and stent placement.
Abdominal wall and hernias
Authors: Sedman Peter 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Hernia repairs comprise a significant proportion of the general surgeon’s workload in both elective and emergency practice and present a variety of challenges in their treatment. The treatment of herniae is evolving, with continuing improvements in technique. The decision on which herniae should be treated surgically depends on their natural history, particularly their risk of strangulation. Herniae in different locations lend themselves to differing techniques for repair. A thorough understanding of the relevant anatomy is essential for both the diagnosis and the treatment of herniae. For many herniae there is a choice of using open or laparoscopic techniques. The different types of mesh available for hernia repair are discussed in this chapter, with their advantages and limitations.
Colorectal
Authors: Kimble Adam , Hosie Kenneth B. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Colorectal surgery as a specialty deals with malignant and benign diseases of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract including the small bowel, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus. Acute disease of the lower GI tract contributes substantially to the work of the emergency general surgeon, and so it is important for the non-colorectal specialist to be aware of the principles of assessment, resuscitation, and management of lower GI pathology to ensure optimum patient care. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United Kingdom and its presentation is determined by the anatomical site of the tumour. Guidelines help identify patients presenting to primary care as either high or low risk of CRC, warranting either urgent referral and investigation in secondary care, or expectant management. Many common and benign perianal and rectal conditions also present with changes in bowel habit, rectal bleeding, and intestinal obstruction, and merit specialist treatment once malignancy has been excluded.
Clinical assessment and management of benign breast diseases
Authors: Goyal Amit , Reed Malcolm W. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The vast majority of the lesions that occur in the breast are benign. Although only 5% to 10% of new patients seen in the breast clinic will be diagnosed with breast cancer, it is essential that all are seen promptly and thoroughly assessed and those without breast cancer are reassured and managed appropriately to relieve symptoms and anxiety. The initial consultation should include clinical assessment, breast imaging, and biopsy as appropriate. This process is known as triple assessment and is the cornerstone of the diagnostic process. The term ‘benign breast diseases’ encompasses a heterogeneous group of lesions that may present a wide range of symptoms or may be detected as incidental microscopic findings. The incidence of benign breast lesions begins to rise during the second decade of life and peaks in the fourth and fifth decades, as opposed to malignant diseases, for which the incidence continues to increase after menopause. This chapter reviews triple assessment, common benign breast diseases, and their management.
Breast cancer treatment
Authors: Goyal Amit , Reed Malcolm W. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Breast cancer is the commonest form of malignancy in females affecting over 40 000 women annually in the United Kingdom. Survival has increased significantly in the past 20 years due to the combination of earlier diagnosis and improvements in treatment with the vast majority of patients receiving combined therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy including chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Many countries utilize mammographic screening on a population basis and this results in earlier stage diagnosis and improved survival along with the risk of overdiagnosis and over-treatment. Management of breast cancer is via a multidisciplinary team including surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists along with clinical nurse specialists. New approaches to surgery including oncoplastic techniques aim to provide an optimal cosmetic and oncological outcome and this may be combined with the use of primary chemotherapy or endocrine therapy in an increasing proportion of patients.
Non-surgical treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Alzouebi Mymoona , Hatton Matthew Q. F. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Breast cancer has been the most common cancer in the United Kingdom since 1997 and is the commonest malignant disease in women with an annual incidence of nearly 50 000 new cases in the United Kingdom. One woman in nine will develop breast cancer during her lifetime and it is the leading cause of death from malignant disease in Western women. Surgery is key in the management of the primary tumour in early breast cancer. The main aim is to ensure adequate control of locoregional disease. However, with increased understanding that patients with breast cancer die not from uncontrolled local disease but from blood-borne metastases, there is now much greater emphasis on additional pre- and postoperative therapies to reduce risk of recurrence and improve long-term survival. These treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormones, and molecular-targeted therapies. This chapter discusses different treatment modalities for breast cancer and their indications.
Transient ischaemic attack and stroke
Authors: Naylor A. Ross 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Stroke is the third commonest cause of death and is the main cause of permanent neurological disability in the United Kingdom. About 20% of all strokes are haemorrhagic. Of ischaemic strokes, 80% affect the carotid territory and about half of these follow thromboembolism from the internal carotid artery. Key points for managing recently symptomatic patients include rapid referral, rapid investigation with non-invasive imaging, rapid implementation of medical therapy, and performing a carotid intervention (where indicated) as soon as possible after onset of symptoms. This move towards a more urgent approach to treating transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients (i.e. on a par with myocardial infarction) follows awareness that the 7-day risk of stroke after a TIA is 10% (i.e. much higher than was previously thought). Evidence suggests that the ABCD2 scoring system can be used to fast-track high-risk patients to TIA clinics. For now, carotid endarterectomy remains the intervention of choice in the hyperacute period after onset of symptoms (&lt; 14 days), as carotid stenting is associated with a significantly higher stroke risk during this time. The management of asymptomatic patients remains controversial, primarily because there is growing evidence that the risk of stroke on medical therapy has been decreasing over the last decade. In the United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that stenting should not be offered to asymptomatic patients outside the ongoing randomized trials.
Cardiac surgery
Authors: Leslie Hamilton J. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Cardiac surgery for acquired heart disease encompasses surgery of the heart, pericardium, and great vessels. It has been in a state of constant change since it emerged as a specialty in the 1960s. Developments in both our understanding of the physiology of cardiopulmonary bypass and the technology of the circuit have led to rapid expansion in what is possible. Valve replacements have led to valve repairs and venous bypass grafts led on to the use of arteries as conduits. Transplantation of both heart and lungs has become standard practice, limited only by number of donors. Recent technological advances have made implantable ventricular assist devices a reality for patients with heart failure and the first generation of a fully implantable artificial heart is now in clinical trials.