bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey on Different Samsung with Nokia Smart Mobile Phones in the Specific Absorption Rate Electrical Field of Head
Authors: Fakhri Yadolah , Alinejad Azim , Kramatee Hassan , Bay Abotaleb , Awazpoor Moayed , Zandsalimi Yahya , Moradi Bigard , Rasouli Amirhajeloo Leila , Mirzaei Maryam 
Published: February 2016

<p>The use of smart phones is increasing in the world. This excessive use, especially in the last two decades, has created too much concern on the effects of emitted electromagnetic fields and specific absorption rate on human health. In this descriptive-analytical study of the electric field resulting from smart phones of Samsung and Nokia by portable measuring device, electromagnetic field, Model HI-3603-VDT/VLF, were measured. Then, head absorption rate was calculated in these two mobiles by ICNIRP equation. Finally, the comparison of specific absorption rate, especially between Samsung and Nokia smart phones, was conducted by T-Test statistics analysis. The mean of electric field for Samsung and Nokia smart mobile phones was obtained 1.8 ±0.19 v/m and 2.23±0.39 v/m , respectively, while the range of the electric field was obtained as 1.56-2.21 v/m and 1.69-2.89 v/m for them, respectively. The mean of specific absorption rate in Samsung and Nokia was obtained 0.002 ± 0.0005 W/Kg and 0.0041±0.0013 W/Kg at the frequency of 900 MHz and 0.004±0.001 W/Kg and 0.0062±0.0002 W/Kg at the frequency of 1800 MHz respectively. The ratio of mean electronic field to guidance in the Samsung mobile phone at the frequency of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz was 4.36% and 3.34%, while was 5.62% and 4.31% in the Nokia mobile phone, respectively. The ratio of mean head specific absorption rate in smart mobile phones of Samsung and Nokia in the guidance level at the frequency of 900 was 0.15% and 0.25%, respectively, while was 0.23 %and 0.38% at the frequency of 1800 MHz, respectively. The rate of specific absorption of Nokia smart mobile phones at the frequencies of 900 and 1800 MHz was significantly higher than Samsung (p value &lt;0.05). Hence, we can say that in a fixed period, health risks of Nokia smart phones is higher than Samsung smart mobile phone.</p>
Cutting Corners or Enhancing Efficiency?
Authors: Brosh Ehud 
Published: February 2016

Cutting Corners or Enhancing Efficiency?
Israel was spared the worst of the world financial crisis of 2008-2009. However, austerity concerns are by no means invisible in the developments in the field of civil procedure. These concerns correlate heavily with the long-standing Israeli preoccupation with ‘speeding up’ justice. An array of simplified procedural tracks, aimed at addressing the perceived inadequacy of ‘standard’ procedure, have been developed in Israel over the years. The importance of simplified procedures in the Israeli system cannot be overestimated. Their development illustrates the dialectical tension between the values of ‘efficiency’ and ‘quality’ in the administration of justice. During periods of austerity, the scales are easily (or easier) tipped in favour of efficiency and general or particular simplification of procedure. In times of prosperity, on the other hand, concerns over ‘quality’, access to justice, and truth discovery predominate, and attempts at promoting efficiency and/or simplification at their expense tend to be bogged down. Such attempts also tend to lose their extrinsic legitimacy and are widely viewed as ‘cutting corners’. This is evident in the recent Israeli experience with civil procedure reform.
Politiek primaat achter een juridisch schild
Authors: Van Lochem P.J.P.M. 
Published: February 2016

Politiek primaat achter een juridisch schild. Een kanttekening bij de verantwoordelijkheidsverdeling tussen Kamerleden en wetgevingsjuristen
De auteur bespreekt een door het Kamerlid Zijlstra ingediende motie, waarin hij oproept om juristen de opdracht te geven positief te adviseren over veiligheidsmaatregelen vanwege (dreigend) terrorisme. De wetgevingsjurist dient zich niet af te vragen of iets mogelijk is, maar te zorgen dat het mogelijk is. De auteur bespreekt welke juridische argumentaties er zijn om veiligheidsoverwegingen boven juridische overwegingen te laten gaan. Wel is het de vraag of het van een wetgevingsjurist kan worden verwacht dat hij zelf een afweging tussen veiligheidsoverwegingen en juridische overwegingen maakt. In feite maakt hij dan niet alleen een juridische afweging, maar ook een beleidsmatige afweging. De vraag is waarom wetgevingsjuristen zich kennelijk gedwongen voelen zich in dergelijke bochten te wringen. Het feit dat de Tweede Kamer zich weinig actief bemoeit met het waarborgen van rechtsstatelijke normen kan daar mede aan ten grondslag liggen. In die zin verbergen Kamerleden zich achter het schild van het juridisch advies.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb from Sediment, Followed by FAAS and GFAAS Analysis
Authors: Mimura Aparecida M S , Oliveira Marcone A L , Ciminelli Virginia S T , Silva Julio C J 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
An ultrasound method for simultaneous extraction of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb from sediment, and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was proposed. The experimental results obtained using analytical curves and the method of standard additions agreed at a confidence level of 95% for all the analytes, as determined by FAAS and GFAAS, indicating no significant matrix effects. Recoveries ranged from 80.1 to 93.7% (certified reference material) and from 89 to 107% (spike tests). The LOD and LOQ results from the method were consistent with the techniques used (FAAS and GFAAS), with high analytical throughput. The proposed method was then used to determine Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in river sediment samples from Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results indicated levels below those permitted by Brazilian legislation for all the analytes, with the exception of Cr.
Review: Approaches to the Viral Extraction, Detection, and Identification of Hepatitis Viruses, HAV and HEV, in Foods
Authors: Papafragkou Efstathia , Kulka Michael 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Although the incidence rate of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has been on the decline in developed countries, in part due to immunization availability, high profile outbreaks continue to be reported. Hepatitis E virus has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. While associated with waterborne illnesses, particularly in undeveloped countries, several animal species have been identified as reservoirs for the virus. Consequently, the potential of zoonotic transmission exists as a function of the consumption of infected animals. In this review we provide a comparative overview of these two virus species with regard to their known virus properties, discuss extraction methodologies, and describe some basic principles and methodology applied toward the isolation of these viruses (as particles or their isolated genomes) from food commodities. We also discuss the challenges that remain as experimental hurdles to extraction of such viruses from food. As HAV has been the most extensively studied with regard to virus detection in foods, it often serves as a model virus for current and future development of sample preparation methodology for foodborne virus detection. Lastly, we discuss the application and role of current and developing technologies in the post-extraction detection and identification of these viruses from foods.
Single-Laboratory Validation Study of a Method for Screening and Identification of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors in Dietary Ingredients and Supplements Using Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole–Orbital Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry: First Action 2015.12
Authors: Vaclavik Lukas , Schmitz John R , Halbardier Jean-Francois , Mastovska Katerina 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation study of a method for screening and identification of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in dietary ingredients and supplements is described. PDE5 inhibitors were extracted from the samples using a 50:50 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and water and centrifuged. Supernatant was diluted, filtered, and analyzed by LC–high-resolution MS. Data were collected in MS acquisition mode that combined full-scan MS experiment with all-ion fragmentation and data-dependent MS/MS product from the ion scan experiment. This approach enabled collection of MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) data for both targeted and nontargeted PDE5 inhibitors in a single chromatographic run. Software-facilitated identification of targeted analytes was performed based on the retention time, accurate mass, and isotopic pattern of pseudomolecular ions, and accurate masses of fragment ions using an in-house compound database. Detection and identification of other PDE5 inhibitors and novel analogs were performed by retrospective evaluation of MS and MS/MS experimental data. The method validation results obtained for evaluated matrixes fulfilled the probability of identification requirements and probability of detection requirements (for the pooled data) set at 90% (95% confidence interval) in the respective AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements for identification and screening methods for PDE5 inhibitors. Limited data demonstrating the quantification capability of the method were also generated. Mean recovery and repeatability obtained for the evaluated PDE5 inhibitors were in the range 69–90% and 0.4–1.8%, respectively.
Validation of the Peel Plate™ AC for Detection of Total Aerobic Bacteria in Dairy and Nondairy Products
Authors: Salter Robert S , Durbin Gregory W , Bird Patrick , Fisher Kiel , Crowley Erin , Hammack Thomas , Chen Yi , Clark Dorn , Ziemer Wayne 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Peel Plate™ AC (aerobic count) is a low-profile plastic 47 mm culture dish with adhesive top that contains a dried standard plate count medium with oxidation/reduction indicator triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) that turns red with dehydrogenase enzyme activity of growing aerobic bacteria. The method provides a conventional quantitative count with simple rehydration and incubation for 48 ± 3 h at 35 ± 1°C for most food matrixes and 32 ± 1°C for 48 ± 3 h for dairy products. Dairy matrixes claimed and supported with total aerobic count data are whole milk, skim milk, chocolate milk (2% fat), light cream (20% fat), pasteurized whole goat milk, ultra-high temperature pasteurized milk, nonfat dried milk, lactose-reduced milk, strawberry milk, raw cow milk, raw goat milk, raw sheep milk, condensed skim milk, and vanilla ice cream. Food matrixes claimed for aerobic count detection are raw ground beef, environmental sponge of stainless steel, raw ground turkey, dry dog food, liquid whole pasteurized eggs, milk chocolate, poultry carcass rinse, and large animal carcass sponge. The method has been independently evaluated for aerobic count in dairy products: whole milk, skim milk, chocolate milk, and light cream. The method was also independently evaluated for aerobic count in food matrixes: ground beef and sponge rinse from stainless steel surfaces. In the matrix study, each matrix was assessed separately at each contamination level in comparison to an appropriate reference method. Colony counts were determined for each level and then log10-transformed. The transformed data were evaluated for repeatability, mean comparison between methods with 95% confidence interval (CI), and r2. A CI range of (−0.5, 0.5) on the mean difference was used as the acceptance criterion to establish significant statistical differences between methods. The evaluations demonstrate that the Peel Plate AC provides no statistical differences across most of the matrixes with r2 &gt; 0.96. In the case of skim milk, there were significant differences that may be explained by a matrix-related stress on the spiked organisms but were not repeated in subsequent experiments. Within method repeatability of Peel Plate AC was similar to reference method with relative standard deviations in the ranges of 2 to 5% when log10 means were ≥1.5. Quality control data support that Peel Plate AC is stable for at least 1 year refrigerated. Incubation temperature ranges 30–36°C and times 45 –51 h were not significantly different.
Los contenidos transmedia en la ficción de los canales generalistas en España
Authors: Formoso Barro María Josefa 
Published: February 2016

Los contenidos audiovisuales tras la digitalización se han convertido en elementos imprescindibles para la evolución del sector ya que permiten un avance en las posibilidades narrativas y en la extensión a diferentes medios. En los últimos años los contenidos de ficción han pasado a ser los vertebradores de las parrillas de programación de los canales de televisión. La ficción es un género que permite trabajar la diversidad narrativa y aproximar los contenidos a diferentes soportes comunicativos. En este trabajo se analiza la narrativa transmedia que los operadores de televisión de contenidos generalistas utilizan en España para atraer la atención de los espectadores y conseguir así el alcance y la repercusión necesarios para mantener la audiencia. Para ello, se investiga la extensión a otras plataformas de las series programadas por los operadores de televisión nacionales (Mediaset, Atresmedia, RTVE) con producción propia y que se han estrenado en 2014 y el primer semestre de 2015. Los resultados de la investigación indican que los programas de ficción generan contenidos transmedia que les permite mantener atento al espectador y que la evolución indica que la interacción con el espectador es importante para conseguir este objetivo.
Crystal phase transition to green emission wurtzite AlInP by crystal structure transfer
Authors: Hiraya Yoshihiro , Ishizaka Fumiya , Tomioka Katsuhiro , Fukui Takashi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We grew AlInP on two types of GaN substrate in order to transfer the wurtzite (WZ) structure to grown layers. An AlInP epitaxial layer grown on GaN

with high-density stacking faults was obtained. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering analyses indicate that the dominant crystal structure of the AlInP layer grown on GaN

was WZ. Cathode luminescence measurements at 35 K revealed strong green emissions from the WZ AlInP layer, suggesting an energy band gap change from indirect to direct. These results demonstrate the potential of WZ AlInP as a new candidate for high-efficiency green emission material.
Metal-induced low-temperature crystallization of electrodeposited Ge thin film
Authors: Uchida Yasutaka , Funayama Tomoko , Kogure Yoshiaki , Yeh Wenchang 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Metal-induced crystallization was applied to an electrodeposited Ge film on an insulator. It was confirmed that crystallization occurred at 150 °C for 1 h in ambient N2 and that Cu, which was used as an electrode for plating, started diffusing into the Ge film even at 100 °C. The diffused Cu was distributed uniformly in the film, and the ratio of Cu to Ge was ∼2.5. A fine particulate pattern, attributed to the effect of the Cu diffusion, was observed on the surface by scanning electron microscopy. We considered that the crystallization of the electrodeposited Ge occurred because of the diffusion of Cu from the electroplate electrode. Consequently, (220)-oriented Ge was obtained. The maximum grain size of the crystallized 120-nm-thick Ge film was 240 nm.
P wave velocity structure below India and Tibet incorporating anisotropic delay time effects
Authors: Mohanty Debasis D. , Singh Arun , O'Driscoll Leland J. , Ravi Kumar M. , Srinagesh D. , Humphreys Eugene D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe incorporate the effects of anisotropy to refine the continental‐scale 3‐D isotropic velocity model previously produced for India and Tibet by inverting 52,050 teleseismic P wave residuals. We have exploited a total of 1648 individual SKS splitting parameters to calculate the P wave travel time corrections due to azimuthal anisotropy. Our results suggest that anisotropy affects the P wave delays significantly (−0.3 to +0.5 s). Integration of these corrections into the 3‐D modeling is achieved in two ways: (a) a priori adjustment to the delay time vector and (b) inverting only for anisotropic delays by introducing strong damping above 80 km and below 360 km depths and then subtracting the obtained anisotropic artifact image from the isotropic image, to get the corrected image. Under the assumption of azimuthal anisotropy resulting from lattice preferred orientation (LPO) alignment due to horizontal flow, the bias in isotropic P wave tomographic images is clear. The anisotropy corrected velocity perturbations are in the range of ±1.2% at depths of around 150 km and reduced further at deeper levels. Although the bias due to anisotropy does not affect the gross features, it does introduce certain artifacts at deeper levels.
Plio‐Pleistocene paleomagnetic secular variation and time‐averaged field: Ruiz‐Tolima volcanic chain, Colombia
Authors: Sánchez‐Duque A. , Mejia V. , Opdyke N. D. , Huang K. , Rosales‐Rivera A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPaleomagnetic results obtained from 47 Plio‐Pleistocene volcanic flows from the Ruiz‐Tolima Volcanic Chain (Colombia) are presented. The mean direction of magnetization among these flows, which comprise normal (n = 43) and reversed (n = 4) polarities, is Dec = 1.8°, Inc = 3.2°, α95 = 5.0°, and κ = 18.4. This direction of magnetization coincides with GAD plus a small persistent axial quadrupolar component (around 5%) at the site‐average latitude (4.93°). This agreement is robust after applying several selection criteria (α95 < 10º; α95 < 5.5º; polarities: normal, reversed, and tentatively transitional). The data are in agreement with Model G proposed by McElhinny and McFadden (1997) and the fit is improved when sites tentatively identified as transitional (two that otherwise have normal polarity) are excluded from the calculations. Compliance observed with the above mentioned time‐averaged field and paleosecular variation models, is also observed for many recent similar studies from low latitudes, with the exception of results from Galapagos Islands that coincide with GAD and tend to be near sided.
A discrete‐domain description of multiphase flow in porous media: Rugged energy landscapes and the origin of hysteresis
Authors: Cueto‐Felgueroso Luis , Juanes Ruben 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe propose a discrete‐domain model to describe mesoscale (many pore) immiscible displacements in porous media. We conceptualize the porous medium and fluid system as a set of weakly connected multistable compartments. The overall properties of the system emerge from the small‐scale compartment dynamics. Our model aims at capturing the rugged energy landscape of multiphase porous media systems, emphasizing the role of metastability and local equilibria in the origin of hysteresis. Under two‐phase displacements, the system behaves hysteretically, but our description does not rely on past saturations, turning points, or drainage/imbibition labels. We characterize the connection between micrometastability and overall system behavior, and elucidate the different nature of pressure‐controlled and rate‐controlled immiscible displacements in porous media.
Cassini observations of Saturn's southern polar cusp
Authors: Arridge C. S. , Jasinski J. M. , Achilleos N. , Bogdanova Y. V. , Bunce E. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Fazakerley A. N. , Khurana K. K. , Lamy L. , Leisner J. S. , Roussos E. , Russell C. T. , Zarka P. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K. , Jones G. H. , Krimigis S. M. , Krupp N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe magnetospheric cusps are important sites of the coupling of a magnetosphere with the solar wind. The combination of both ground‐ and space‐based observations at Earth has enabled considerable progress to be made in understanding the terrestrial cusp and its role in the coupling of the magnetosphere to the solar wind via the polar magnetosphere. Voyager 2 fully explored Neptune's cusp in 1989, but highly inclined orbits of the Cassini spacecraft at Saturn present the most recent opportunity to repeatedly study the polar magnetosphere of a rapidly rotating planet. In this paper we discuss observations made by Cassini during two passes through Saturn's southern polar magnetosphere. Our main findings are that (i) Cassini directly encounters the southern polar cusp with evidence for the entry of magnetosheath plasma into the cusp via magnetopause reconnection, (ii) magnetopause reconnection and entry of plasma into the cusp can occur over a range of solar wind conditions, and (iii) double cusp morphologies are consistent with the position of the cusp oscillating in phase with Saturn's global magnetospheric periodicities.
Evolution of bubble size distribution from gas blowout in shallow water
Authors: Zhao Lin , Boufadel Michel C. , Lee Kenneth , King Thomas , Loney Norman , Geng Xiaolong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGas is often emanated from the sea bed during a subsea oil and gas blowout. The size of a gas bubble changes due to gas dissolution in the ambient water and expansion as a result of a decrease in water pressure during the rise. It is important to understand the fate and transport of gas bubbles for the purpose of environmental and safety concerns. In this paper, we used the numerical model, VDROP‐J to simulate gas formation in jet/plume upon release, and dissolution and expansion while bubble rising during a relatively shallow subsea gas blowout. The model predictions were an excellent match to the experimental data. Then a gas dissolution and expansion module was included in the VDROP‐J model to predict the fate and transport of methane bubbles rising due to a blowout through a 0.10 m vertical orifice. The numerical results indicated that gas bubbles would increase the mixing energy in released jets, especially at small distances and large distances from the orifice. This means that models that predict the bubble size distribution (BSD) should account for this additional mixing energy. It was also found that only bubbles of certain sizes would reach the water surfaces; small bubbles dissolve fast in the water column, while the size of the large bubbles decreases. This resulted in a BSD that was bimodal near the orifice, and then became unimodal.
Household response to environmental incentives for rain garden adoption
Authors: Newburn David A. , Alberini Anna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA decentralized approach to encourage the voluntary adoption of household stormwater management practices is increasingly needed to mitigate urban runoff and to comply with more stringent water quality regulations. We analyze the household response to a hypothetical rebate program to incentivize rain garden adoption using household survey data from the Baltimore‐Washington corridor. We asked respondents whether the household would adopt a rain garden without a rebate or when offered a randomly assigned rebate. An interval‐data model is used to estimate household demand on the willingness to pay (WTP) for a rain garden as a function of demographic factors, gardening activities, environmental attitudes, and other household characteristics. Estimation results indicate that mean WTP for a rain garden in our sample population is approximately $6.72 per square foot, corresponding to almost three‐fourths of the installation cost. The expected adoption rate more than tripled when comparing no rebate versus a government rebate set at one‐third of the installation cost, indicating that economic incentives matter. There is substantial heterogeneity in the WTP among households. Higher levels of WTP are estimated for households with higher environmental concern for the Chesapeake Bay and local streams, garden experience, higher income, and non‐senior citizen adults. We conclude that a cost‐share rebate approach is likely to significantly affect household adoption decisions, and the partial contributions paid by households can assist with lowering the substantial compliance costs for local governments to meet water quality requirements.