bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cell analysis in primary immunodeficiency
Authors: Bigley Venetia , Barge Dawn , Collin Matthew 
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review
Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells which link innate and adaptive immunity, through recognition and presentation of antigen to T cells. Although the importance of dendritic cells has been demonstrated in many animal models, their contribution to human immunity remains relatively unexplored in vivo.
Given their central role in infection, autoimmunity, and malignancy, dendritic cell deficiency or dysfunction would be expected to have clinical consequences.

Recent findings
Human dendritic cell deficiency disorders, related to GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) and interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) mutations, have highlighted the importance of dendritic cells and monocytes in primary immunodeficiency diseases and begun to shed light on their nonredundant roles in host defense and immune regulation in vivo. The contribution of dendritic cell and monocyte dysfunction to the pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiency disease phenotypes is becoming increasingly apparent. However, dendritic cell analysis is not yet a routine part of primary immunodeficiency disease workup.

Summary
Widespread uptake of dendritic cell/monocyte screening in clinical practice will facilitate the discovery of novel dendritic cell and monocyte disorders as well as advancing our understanding of human dendritic cell biology in health and disease.
Subjective and Objective Measurement of Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Workload
Authors: Dye Eva , Wells Nancy 
Published: October 2016

Background:
Neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) workload is not well studied, and metrics specific to NNP practice are lacking. Factors such as changes in resident duty hours, increasing neonatal intensive care unit admissions, and a shortage of NNPs contribute to NNP workload. Increased workload has been shown to be detrimental to providers and can affect quality of care.

Purpose:
This study quantified NNP workload using a subjective workload metric, the NASA Task Load Index, and a newly developed objective workload metric specific to NNP practice.

Methods:
The NNP group at a level IV academic medical center was studied. The sample included 22 NNPs and 47 workload experiences.

Results:
A comparison of scores from the NASA Task Load Index and objective workload metric showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.503). Mental demand workload scores had the highest contribution to workload. Feelings of frustration also contributed to workload.

Implications for Practice:
The NASA Task Load Index can be utilized to measure the workload of NNPs. The objective workload metric has potential to quantify NNP workload pending further validation studies and is a simple, straightforward tool.

Implications for Research:
Additional research is needed regarding NNP workload and methods to quantify workload. Larger studies are needed to validate the objective workload metric.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Location of Articular Malreductions of the Tibial Plateau
Authors: Meulenkamp Brad , Martin Ryan , Desy Nicholas M. , Duffy Paul , Korley Rob , Puloski Shannon , Buckley Richard 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:
To define the incidence, risk factors, and anatomic location of articular malreductions in operatively treated lateral tibial plateau fractures.

Design:
Prospective Cohort Study.

Setting:
Academic Level 1 Trauma Centre.

Patients/Participants:
Study subjects were patients entered into a prospective cohort study of tibial plateau fractures.

Interventions:
Surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures and postoperative computed tomographies (CTs).

Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome was incidence of articular malreduction. Secondary outcomes included risk factors for malreduction and a descriptive analysis of malreduction location.

Results:
Sixty-five postoperative CTs were reviewed. Twenty-one reductions (32.3%) had a step or gap more than 2 mm. The frequency of malreductions in patients undergoing submeniscal arthrotomy or fluoroscopic-assisted reduction alone was 16.6% and 41.4%, respectively (P = 0.0021). Age, body mass index, OTA/AO fracture type, operative time, use of bone graft or bone graft substitute, and use of locking plates were not predictive of malreduction. Malreductions were heavily weighted to the posterior quadrants of the lateral tibial plateau.

Conclusions:
When examined using cross-sectional imaging the rate of articular malreductions was high at 32.3%. Fluoroscopic reduction alone was a predictor for articular malreduction. Most malreductions were located in the posterior quadrants of the lateral plateau.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Keratectasia After Presbyopia Treatment With INTRACOR
Authors: Lun Katherine , Ray Manotosh 
Published: October 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of keratectasis of a patient underwent INTRACOR presbyopic treatment 5 years ago.

Methods:
Case Report.

Results:
Fifty-eight-year-old gentleman had presented with deteriorating vision in his left eye. He reported undergoing INTRACOR presbyopic treatment in that eye 5 years ago. At presentation, his best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40. Slit-lamp examination of the left eye showed an ectatic cornea with concentric corneal scars. Corneal topography revealed marked keratectasia, with significant anterior and posterior elevations. The area of maximal corneal thinning coincided with the site of maximal elevation. Patient was fitted with hybrid contact lenses as a temporary treatment option and his best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/30.

Conclusions:
INTRACOR is one of the newer modalilities to correct presbyopia. One must be aware of the complication such as corneal ectasia after this presbyopic treatment.
Effects of Probiotics on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Famouri Fatemeh , Shariat Zainab , Hashemipour Mahin , Keikha Mojtaba , Kelishadi Roya 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:This study aims to evaluate the effects of some probiotics on sonographic and biochemical nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods:This randomized triple‐blind trial was conducted among 64 obese children with sonographic NAFLD. They were randomly allocated to receive probiotic capsule (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC B3208, 3 × 109 colony forming units [CFU]; Bifidobacterium lactis DSMZ 32269, 6 × 109 CFU; Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC SD6576, 2 × 109 CFU; Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSMZ 21690, 2 × 109 CFU) or placebo for 12 weeks.Results:After intervention, in the probiotic group the mean levels of alanine aminotransferase decreased from 32.8 (19.6) to 23.1 (9.9) U/L (P = 0.02) and mean aspartate aminotransferase decreased from 32.2 (15.7) to 24.3 (7.7) U/L (P = 0.02). Likewise the mean cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐C, and triglycerides as well as waist circumference decreased in the intervention group, without significant change in weight, body mass index, and body mass index z score. After the trial, normal liver sonography was reported in 17 (53.1%) and 5 (16.5%) of patients in the intervention and placebo groups, respectively.Conclusions:The present findings suggest that a course of the abovementioned probiotic compound can be effective in improving pediatric NAFLD.
Liver Transplantation for Children With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Jossen Jacqueline , Annunziato Rachel , Kim Hee‐Sung , Chu Jaime , Arnon Ronen 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are progressive immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases that may require liver transplant (LT). Outcomes in children undergoing LT for these diseases are poorly studied in the pediatric end‐stage liver disease era. We aimed to characterize the outcome of LT in children with AIH and PSC.Methods:Children 18 years or younger with PSC or AIH who had a first, isolated LT from 2002 to 2012 were identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Graft and patient outcomes were studied.Results:A total of 174 children with AIH and 113 with PSC were transplanted in the study period. One‐year patient survival was 95.4% for AIH and 97.3% for PSC. Five‐year patient survival was 91.4% for AIH and 92.9% for PSC. Patient survival was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Forty‐four (25.2%) children with AIH were listed as status 1 for transplant (fulminant hepatic failure at presentation or acute‐on‐chronic disease). Patients transplanted as status 1 had significantly lower patient survival compared with patients transplanted with AIH and end‐stage liver disease. The one‐ and five‐year graft survival rates were not significantly different between patients with AIH and PSC.Conclusion:Children with AIH transplanted as status 1 had significantly lower patient survival rates but similar graft survival rates to children with chronic AIH. Children transplanted for AIH versus PSC showed no significant differences in patient or graft survival at both 1 and 5 years.
Hemifacial Spasm From Lyme Disease: Antibiotic Treatment Points to the Cause
Authors: LeWitt Tessa M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A wide range of etiologies can cause hemifacial spasm (HFS), including infection. In this case report, a 44-year-old woman developed HFS and was explored surgically 7 years later. No abnormalities were found. Afterward, treatment of a surgical wound infection with an oral cephalosporin resulted in a temporary HFS remission that had never occurred previously. This antibiotic experience prompted further workup for an underlying infection, which ultimately led to diagnosis of Lyme disease. Presentation of HFS due to Lyme disease has not been reported. Because its diagnosis can be occult and antibiotic therapy can be both diagnostic and therapeutic, Lyme disease should be a consideration for cases of HFS.
Linking gene expression to unilateral pollen-pistil reproductive barriers
Authors: Broz Amanda K. , Guerrero Rafael F. , Randle April M. , Baek You Soon , Hahn Matthew W. , Bedinger Patricia A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnilateral incompatibility (UI) is an asymmetric reproductive barrier that unidirectionally prevents gene flow between species and/or populations. UI is characterized by a compatible interaction between partners in one direction, but in the reciprocal cross fertilization fails, generally due to pollen tube rejection by the pistil. Although UI has long been observed in crosses between different species, the underlying molecular mechanisms are only beginning to be characterized. The wild tomato relativeSolanum habrochaitesprovides a unique study system to investigate the molecular basis of this reproductive barrier, as populations within the species exhibit both interspecific and interpopulation UI. Here we used a transcriptomic approach to identify genes in both pollen and pistil tissues that may be probable key players in UI. We confirmed UI at the pollen-pistil level between a self-incompatible population and a self-compatible population ofS. habrochaites. A comparison of gene expression between pollinated styles exhibiting the incompatibility response and unpollinated controls revealed only a small number of differentially expressed transcripts. Many more differences in transcript profiles were identified between UI-competent versus UI-compromised reproductive tissues. A number of intriguing candidate genes were highly differentially expressed, including a putative pollen arabinogalactan protein, a stylar Kunitz family protease inhibitor, and a stylar peptide hormone Rapid Alkalinization Factor. Our data also provide transcriptomic evidence that fundamental processes including reactive oxygen species signaling are likely key in UI pollen-pistil interactions between both populations and species. Our transcriptomic analysis highlighted specific genes, including those in ROS signaling pathways that warrant further study in investigations of UI. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify candidate genes involved in unilateral barriers between populations of the same species.
A simple modification of library length for highly divergent gene capture
Authors: Chen Xing , Ni Gang , He Kai , Ding Zhao-Li , Li Gui-Mei , Adeola Adeniyi C. , Murphy Robert W. , Wang Wen-Zhi , Zhang Ya-Ping 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHybridization capture is considered very cost- and time-effective method for enriching a massive amount of target loci distributed separately in a whole genome. However, divergent loci are difficult to enrich for the sequence mismatch between probes and target DNA. After analysis the distributional pattern of divergent loci in mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), we notice that the relatively variable regions are intercept by the relatively conservative regions. We propose to extend the length of library to overcome the problem. By using a home-made probe set to bait amphibian mitogeneomes DNA, we demonstrate that using 2 kb DNA libraries generate high sequence coverage in the highly variable regions than using 400 bp DNA libraries. These suggest that longer fragments in the library generally contain both relatively variable regions and relatively conservative regions. The divergent part DNA along with conservative part DNA is captured during hybridization. We present a protocol that allows users to overcome the gap problem for highly divergent gene capture.
Chironomus riparius(Diptera) genome sequencing reveals the impact of minisatellite transposable elements on population divergence
Authors: Oppold Ann-Marie , Schmidt Hanno , Rose Marcel , Hellmann Sören Lukas , Dolze Florian , Ripp Fabian , Weich Bettina , Schmidt-Ott Urs , Schmidt Erwin , Kofler Robert , Hankeln Thomas , Pfenninger Markus 
Published: October 2016

AbstractActive transposable elements (TEs) may result in divergent genomic insertion and abundance patterns among conspecific populations. Upon secondary contact, such divergent genetic backgrounds can theoretically give rise to classical Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities (DMI), a way how TEs can contribute to the evolution of endogenous genetic barriers and eventually population divergence. We investigated whether differential TE activity created endogenous selection pressures among conspecific populations of the non-biting midgeChironomus riparius,focussing on aChironomus-specific TE, the minisatellite-likeCla-element, whose activity is associated with speciation in the genus. Using an improved and annotated draft genome for a genomic study with five naturalC. ripariuspopulations, we found highly population-specific TE insertion patterns with many private insertions. A highly significant correlation of pairwise population FSTfrom genome-wide SNPs with the FSTestimated from TEs suggests drift as the major force driving TE population differentiation. However, the significantly higherCla-elementFSTlevel due to a high proportion of differentially fixedCla-elementinsertions indicates that segregating, i.e. heterozygous insertions are selected against. With reciprocal crossing experiments and fluorescent in-situ hybridisation ofCla-elementsto polytene chromosomes, we documented phenotypic effects on female fertility and chromosomal mispairings that might be linked to DMI in hybrids. We propose that the inferred negative selection on heterozygousCla-elementinsertions causes endogenous genetic barriers and therefore acts as DMI amongC. ripariuspopulations. The intrinsic genomic turnover exerted by TEs, thus, may have a direct impact on population divergence that is operationally different from drift and local adaptation.
Integrated Genomic Analysis of Mitochondrial RNA Processing in Human Cancers
Authors: Idaghdour Youssef , Hodgkinson Alan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAlterations to mitochondrial function and mutations in mitochondrial genes have been reported for a wide variety of cancers, however the mitochondrial transcriptome remains largely unexplored in cancer despite an emerging appreciation of the role that post-transcriptional regulation plays in the etiology of these diseases. Here, we quantify and assess changes to mitochondrial RNA processing in human cancers using integrated genomic analysis of RNA Sequencing and genotyping data from 1226 samples across 12 different cancer types. We find significant changes to m1A and m1G post-transcriptional methylation rates at functionally important positions in mitochondrial tRNAs in tumor tissues across all cancers. Pathways of RNA processing are strongly associated with methylation rates in normal tissues (P=2.85×10-27), yet these associations are lost in tumors. Furthermore, we report 18 gene-by-disease-state interactions where altered methylation rates occur under cancer status conditional on genotype, implicating genes associated with mitochondrial function or cancer (e.g.CACNA2D2, LMO2andFLT3) and suggesting that nuclear genetic variation can potentially modulate an individual’s ability to maintain unaltered rates of mitochondrial RNA processing under cancer status. Finally, we report a significant association between the magnitude of methylation rate changes in tumors and patient survival outcomes. These results highlight mitochondrial post-transcriptional events as a clinically relevant mechanism and as a theme for the further investigation of cancer processes, biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
Devolution in England—Is the Genie out of the Lamp?
Authors: Cox Ed 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article explores the extent to which devolution within England can address the general malaise that is often described as ‘the English Question’. It considers how far the devolution genie might be considered out of the lamp. It takes as its basis three broad arguments for devolution—an economic case, a case concerning public service reform and a democratic argument for the decentralisation of power—and for each of these three it explores the theoretical underpinnings for the argument, how things are currently playing out in the current political context and what we might expect to see in the future. The article concludes with some suggestions as to how debates about the English Question might play out in the years ahead.
Consumer Acceptability of Fresh‐Market Muscadine Grapes
Authors: Brown Kelly , Sims Charles , Odabasi Asli , Bartoshuk Linda , Conner Patrick , Gray Dennis 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe objective of this research was to investigate the acceptability of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) genotypes (cultivars and selections) and to correlate overall liking to other quality measurements to determine the main drivers of liking. Twenty‐two genotypes grown at the Univ. of Georgia–Tifton Campus were evaluated. Four retail commercial grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera and “Concord”) were also evaluated for comparison. Panelists familiar with muscadine grapes used the hedonic general labeled magnitude scale (HgLMS, –100 = strongest disliking of any kind ever experienced, +100 = strongest liking of any kind ever experienced) to rate overall liking and the liking of appearance, flavor, pulp texture, and skin texture. Puncture testing was done to assess grape berry texture, and compositional attributes soluble solids and pH were also measured. The sensory results indicated that the grapes were variable with overall liking scores from 12.2 to 39.6. The factors highly correlated with overall liking scores were muscadine flavor, pulp and skin liking, while a significant negative correlation was found between skin liking and skin texture and mechanical texture measures. The muscadine grapes with the highest overall liking scores were Ga. 5‐1‐34 and Ga. 2‐8‐21. Principal component analysis confirmed that grapes with a thinner skin and a higher pH tended to group around overall liking and flavor points. These results indicate that even among panelists familiar with muscadine grapes, skin thickness is a negative characteristic. Breeding for thinner skins may be a positive step in muscadines gaining a more widespread appeal in the fresh fruit market.
The Nitrite‐Scavenging Properties of Catechol, Resorcinol, and Hydroquinone: A Comparative Study on Their Nitration and Nitrosation Reactions
Authors: Lu Yunhao , Dong Yanzuo , Li Xueli , He Qiang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe nitration and nitrosation reactions of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone (0.05 mmol/L) with sodium nitrite (0.05 mmol/L) at pH 3 and 37 °C were studied by using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) and atom charge analysis, which was aimed to provide chemical insight into the nitrite‐scavenging behavior of polyphenols. The 3 benzenediols showed different mechanisms to scavenge nitrite due to their differences in hydroxyl position. Catechol was nitrated with 1 NO2 group at the hydroxyl oxygen, and resorcinol was nitrosated with 2 NO groups at the C2 and C4 (or C6) positions of the benzene ring. Hydroquinone could scavenge nitrite through both nitration and nitrosation mechanisms. The nitrated hydroquinone had 1 NO2 group at the hydroxyl oxygen in the molecule, while the nitrosated 1 containing 2 NO groups at the benzene ring might have 3 structure probabilities. The results may provide a structure‐activity understanding on the nitrite‐scavenging property of polyphenols, so as to promote their application in the food industry for the removal of possibly toxic nitrites found in many vegetables and often in processed meat products.
Accurate tissue characterization in low‐dose CT imaging with pure iterative reconstruction
Authors: Murphy Kevin P , McLaughlin Patrick D , Twomey ‎Maria , Chan Vincent E , Moloney Fiachra , Fung Adrian J , Chan Faimee E , Kao Tafline , O'Neill Siobhan B , Watson Benjamin , O'Connor Owen J , Maher Michael M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe assess the ability of low‐dose hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) and ‘pure’ model‐based IR (MBIR) images to maintain accurate Hounsfield unit (HU)‐determined tissue characterization.MethodsStandard‐protocol (SP) and low‐dose modified‐protocol (MP) CTs were contemporaneously acquired in 34 Crohn's disease patients referred for CT. SP image reconstruction was via the manufacturer's recommendations (60% FBP, filtered back projection; 40% ASiR, Adaptive Statistical iterative Reconstruction; SP‐ASiR40). MP data sets underwent four reconstructions (100% FBP; 40% ASiR; 70% ASiR; MBIR). Three observers measured tissue volumes using HU thresholds for fat, soft tissue and bone/contrast on each data set. Analysis was via SPSS.ResultsInter‐observer agreement was strong for 1530 datapoints (rs > 0.9). MP‐MBIR tissue volume measurement was superior to other MP reconstructions and closely correlated with the reference SP‐ASiR40 images for all tissue types. MP‐MBIR superiority was most marked for fat volume calculation – close SP‐ASiR40 and MP‐MBIR Bland–Altman plot correlation was seen with the lowest average difference (336 cm3) when compared with other MP reconstructions.ConclusionsHounsfield unit‐determined tissue volume calculations from MP‐MBIR images resulted in values comparable to SP‐ASiR40 calculations and values that are superior to MP‐ASiR images. Accuracy of estimation of volume of tissues (e.g. fat) using segmentation software on low‐dose CT images appears optimal when reconstructed with pure IR.