Abstract P2-01-39: Axillary reverse mapping using fluorescence imaging in the surgical treatment for breast cancer patients
Authors: Liu J , Li J , Zhou J , Cui H , Xiang J , Jia P , Xiang A , Chen H 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background: Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is the standard surgical treatment for breast cancer patients who have axillary nodal metastasis but do not meet the criteria of Z0011 trial. Arm lymphedema is one of the most common and serious complications of ALND. Based on the hypothesis that the lymphatic system of the upper extremity may be separate from that of the breast, the axillary reverse mapping (ARM) technique has been developed to identify the axillary lymph nodes and lymphatics that receive the lymph from the upper limb, and to preserve them during ALND in order to prevent arm lymphedema. However, it is difficult to keep the arm lymphatic system intact because of the lack of full understanding of anatomical variations of the ARM nodes and lymphatics in the axilla, the inconsistency of different ARM techniques in identifying the axillary ARM nodes, and the potentially high rate of ARM nodal metastases in breast cancer patients. The aims of this study was to know (1) the identification rate of ARM with fluorescence imaging (2) the distribution of these ARM nodes and (3) whether it's safe to spare the ARM nodes in breast cancer patients during SLNB or ALND.
Method: Forty female patients of primary invasive breast cancer between 28 to 69 years old were included in the prospective study. Patients who had bilateral breast cancer, the history of axillary surgery, or the history of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Methylene blue dye was used in the SLNB procedure. The ARM procedure was carried out to all the patients with a subcutaneous injection of the fluorescent dye indocyanine green into the medial bicipital sulcus in the upper arm about 15 minutes before SLNB or ALND. During surgery, photodynamic eye was used to detect the fluorescent nodes in the axilla. The fluorescent ARM nodes in the surgical region were removed and sent for pathological examination of node metastasis.
Results: ARM was successful in 8 out of the 35 patients who underwent SLNB + ARM, in 3 out of the 5 patients who underwent ALND + ARM and in 25 out of the 35 patients who underwent ALND following SLNB + ARM. The ARM identification rate was 22.9%(8/35) in SLNB, and was 93.3%(28/30) in ALND. Totally, 119 fluorescent ARM nodes were detected, and 57.1 % (68/119) of them were located under the axillary vein, above the 2nd intercostobrachial nerve, and in the lateral of thoracic dorsal neurovascular bundle. Six out of 35 patients were found to have ARM-SLN crossover during SLNB+ARM procedure. Two out of 24 patients were found to have the ARM nodal metastases, with the pathological node stage being pN2, pN3 respectively.
Conclusion: ARM with fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green was sensitive for identification of ARM nodes in ALND with a high success rate; ARM nodes had a certain distribution pattern in the axilla; ARM should not be performed to the patients with multiple nodal metastases in the axilla.
Citation Format: Liu J, Li J, Zhou J, Cui H, Xiang J, Jia P, Xiang A, Chen H. Axillary reverse mapping using fluorescence imaging in the surgical treatment for breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-39.