bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales
Authors: Chan Melissa K. Y. , Bhatti Henna , Meader Nick , Stockton Sarah , Evans Jonathan , O'Connor Rory C. , Kapur Nav , Kendall Tim 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundPeople with a history of self-harm are at a far greater risk of suicide than the general population. However, the relationship between self-harm and suicide is complex.AimsTo undertake the first systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of risk factors and risk assessment scales to predict suicide following self-harm.MethodWe conducted a search for prospective cohort studies of populations who had self-harmed. For the review of risk scales we also included studies examining the risk of suicide in people under specialist mental healthcare, in order to broaden the scope of the review and increase the number of studies considered. Differences in predictive accuracy between populations were examined where applicable.ResultsTwelve studies on risk factors and 7 studies on risk scales were included. Four risk factors emerged from the metaanalysis, with robust effect sizes that showed little change when adjusted for important potential confounders. These included: previous episodes of self-harm (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.68, 95% CI 1.38–2.05,K= 4), suicidal intent (HR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.91–3.81,K= 3), physical health problems (HR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.16–3.43,K= 3) and male gender (HR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.70–2.46,K= 5). The included studies evaluated only three risk scales (Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) and Scale for Suicide Ideation). Where meta-analyses were possible (BHS, SIS), the analysis was based on sparse data and a high heterogeneity was observed. The positive predictive values ranged from 1.3 to 16.7%.ConclusionsThe four risk factors that emerged, although of interest, are unlikely to be of much practical use because they are comparatively common in clinical populations. No scales have sufficient evidence to support their use. The use of these scales, or an over-reliance on the identification of risk factors in clinical practice, may provide false reassurance and is, therefore, potentially dangerous. Comprehensive psychosocial assessments of the risks and needs that are specific to the individual should be central to the management of people who have self-harmed.
Recent advances in understanding ichthyosis pathogenesis
Authors: Marukian Nareh V. , Choate Keith A. 
Published: June 2016

The ichthyoses, also known as disorders of keratinization (DOK), encompass a heterogeneous group of skin diseases linked by the common finding of abnormal barrier function, which initiates a default compensatory pathway of hyperproliferation, resulting in the characteristic clinical manifestation of localized and/or generalized scaling. Additional cutaneous findings frequently seen in ichthyoses include generalized xerosis, erythroderma, palmoplantar keratoderma, hypohydrosis, and recurrent infections. In 2009, the Ichthyosis Consensus Conference established a classification consensus for DOK based on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and mode of inheritance. This nomenclature system divides DOK into two main groups: nonsyndromic forms, with clinical findings limited to the skin, and syndromic forms, with involvement of additional organ systems. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have allowed for more rapid and cost-effective genetic analysis, leading to the identification of novel, rare mutations that cause DOK, many of which represent phenotypic expansion. This review focuses on new findings in syndromic and nonsyndromic ichthyoses, with emphasis on novel genetic discoveries that provide insight into disease pathogenesis.
Nuclear DNA Content and Ploidy Level of Apple Cultivars Including Polish ones in Relation to Some Morphological Traits
Authors: Podwyszyńska Małgorzata , Kruczyńska Dorota , Machlańska Aleksandra , Dyki Barbara , Sowik Iwona 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Apple species and cultivars differ in nuclear (2C) DNA content and ploidy level. The majority of these genotypes are diploids, but there are some triploids and a few tetraploids. Nuclear DNA content is a specific feature and its flow cytometric evaluation can be helpful in differentiating taxa. For many apple genotypes – including all the Polish ones, these characteristics are not known. 2C DNA was evaluated in relation to leaf, flower, fruit, pollen grain and stomata sizes as well as to the flowering time for seventy genotypes (including 46 Polish cultivars) gathered in the gene bank of the Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland. For standard cultivars with the known chromosome number, 2C value was 1.71 pg for diploid cultivar ‘Alwa’ (2n=2x=34), 2.55 pg for triploid ‘Boskoop’ (3x=51), and 3.37 pg for tetraploid genome (4x=68) of mixoploid ‘McIntosh 2x+4x’. In 61 cultivars (including 41 Polish ones), the nuclear DNA content ranged from 1.58 to 1.78 pg indicating their diploid chromosome number. Five cultivars were identified as triploids (‘Bursztówka Polska’, ‘Pagacz’, ‘Rapa Zielona’, ‘Rarytas Śląski’ and ‘Witos’) owing to their nuclear DNA amount ranging between 2.42 and 2.58 pg. Leaf, flower, fruit, stomata and pollen grain sizes were on average significantly larger in triploids. Thus, in 3x plants the mean leaf surface was 49.1 cm2, flower diameter – 52.4 mm, fruit weight – 204.7 g, stomata length – 32.1 μm and pollen grain diameter – 33.7 μm, whereas in diploids – 36.0 cm2, 46.1 mm, 162.7 g, 28.4 μm and 30.7 μm, respectively. Pollen grain viability was on average significantly higher in diploids (75.6%), compared to triploids (22%). These results confirm that in apple, as in many other plant species, the higher ploidy level of triploids is generally associated with increased sizes of pollen grains, stomata, flowers, fruits and leaves but decreased pollen viability. No clear correlation between ploidy level and flowering time was found. In the case of mixoploid apple genotypes possessing diploid and tetraploid genomes, some phenotype observation is helpful in describing the ploidy level of the histogenic layers, L1 and L2. Small stomata sizes (similar to diploid) indicate diploid L1 and larger leaf sizes, compared to diploid counterparts, show tetraploid L2. The results will be used for breeding, in which it is important to determine maternal and paternal genotypes as well as the direction of the crossing that is of great importance in obtaining seeds and materials for further selection.
Shrinkage Porosity Criterion and Its Application to A 5.5 Ton Steel Ingot
Authors: Zhang C. , Bao Y. , Wang M. , Zhang L. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In order to predict the distribution of shrinkage porosity in steel ingot efficiently and accurately, a criterion R√L and a method to obtain its threshold value were proposed. The criterion R√L was derived based on the solidification characteristics of steel ingot and pressure gradient in the mushy zone, in which the physical properties, the thermal parameters, the structure of the mushy zone and the secondary dendrite arm spacing were all taken into consideration. The threshold value of the criterion R√L was obtained with combination of numerical simulation of ingot solidification and total solidification shrinkage rate. Prediction of the shrinkage porosity in a 5.5 ton ingot of 2Cr13 steel with criterion R√L>0.21 m · °C1/2 · s−3/2 agreed well with the results of experimental sectioning. Based on this criterion, optimization of the ingot was carried out by decreasing the height-to-diameter ratio and increasing the taper, which successfully eliminated the centreline porosity and further proved the applicability of this criterion.
Mechanical Stresses Induced by Compression in Castings of the Load-carrying Grate
Authors: Słowik J. , Drotlew A. , Piekarski B. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The main aim of this study was to examine the compression-induced state of stress arising in castings of the guide grates during operation in pusher-type furnaces for heat treatment. The effect of grate compression is caused by its forced movement in the furnace. The introduction of flexible segments to the grate structure changes in a significant way the stress distribution, mainly by decreasing its value, and consequently considerably extends the lifetime of the grates. The stress distribution was examined in the grates with flexible segments arranged crosswise (normal to the direction of the grate compression) and lengthwise (following the direction of force). A regression equation was derived to describe the relationship between the stress level in a row of ribs in the grate and the number of flexible segments of a lengthwise orientation placed in this row. It was found that, regardless of the distribution of the flexible segments in a row, the stress values were similar in all the ribs included in this row, and in a given row of the ribs/flexible segments a similar state of stress prevailed, irrespective of the position of this row in the whole structure of the grate and of the number of the ribs/flexible segments introduced therein. Parts of the grate responsible for the stress transfer were indicated and also parts which play the role of an element bonding the structure.
Abrasion Wear Behavior of High-chromium Cast Iron
Authors: Pokusová M. , Brúsilová A. , Šooš Ľ. , Berta I. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
High-chromium cast irons are used as abrasion resistant materials. Their wear resistance depends on quantity of carbides and the matrix supporting these carbides. The paper presents the results of cast irons of chemical composition (in wt. %) 19–22 Cr and 2–4.5 C alloyed by 1.7 Mo + 5 Ni + 2 Mn to improve their toughness, which were tested in working conditions of ferroalloys crushing. Tests showed that these as-cast chromium cast irons with mostly austenitic matrix achieved the hardness of 38-45 HRC, but their relative abrasion resistance Ψ ranged from 1.3 to 4.6, was higher comparing to the tool made from the X210Cr12 steel heat treated on hardness 61 HRC. The transformation of austenite into martensite occurs not only at the worn strained areas (on a surface of scratch) but also in their neighbourhood. Due to the work hardening of relatively large volumes of transformed austenite the cast iron possesses high abrasion resistance also on the surfaces where low pressures are acting. The tough abrasion-resistant cast iron well proved for production of dynamic and wear stressed castings e.g., crusher hammers, cutting tools for ceramic etc.
Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters on the Toughness of Unalloyed Ausferritic Ductile Iron
Authors: Guzik E. , Sokolnicki M. , Nowak A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine the effect of heat treatment parameters on the plastic properties of unalloyed ausferritic ductile iron, such as the elongation and toughness at ambient temperature and at – 60 °C. The effect of austenitizing temperature (850, 900 and 950°C) and ausferritizing time (5 - 180 min.) at a temperature of 360°C was also discussed. The next step covered investigations of a relationship that is believed to exist between the temperature (270, 300, 330, 360 and 390 °C) and time (5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 min.) of the austempering treatment and the mechanical properties of unalloyed ausferritic ductile iron, when the austenitizing temperature is 950°C. The “process window” was calculated for the ADI characterized by high toughness corresponding to the EN-GJS-800-10-RT and EN-GJS-900-8 grades according to EN-PN 1564 and to other high-strength grades included in this standard. Low-alloyed cast iron with the nodular graphite is an excellent starting material for the technological design of all the ausferritic ductile iron grades included in the PN-EN-1624 standard. The examined cast iron is characterized by high mechanical properties stable within the entire range of heat treatment parameters.
Risk Prediction Models for Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Role of 12-Lead Electrocardiography
Authors: Angeli Fabio , Angeli Enrica , D’Antonio Antonella , Poltronieri Cristina , Ambrosio Giuseppe 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Hypertensive disorders represent the most common medical complications of pregnancy, affecting 6 to 8 percent of gestations. They may lead to severe maternal and fetal complications.
Several observational studies have highlighted that weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, obtained at antenatal visit prior to 16 weeks, may be suitable to stratify the risk of developing hypertensive disorders during pregnancy.
Recently, however, other markers have been proposed as potential predictors of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. In this context, some electrocardiographic changes have shown significant power in refining risk stratification. Specifically, changes during pregnancy in QT interval and P wave morphology improved the accuracy of multivariable models for the prediction of hypertensive disorders. In particular, the presence of left atrial abnormalities at ECG seems to be associated with a marked increase in the risk of developing hypertensive disorders, and when included in a multivariable model taking into account some maternal features, it may discriminate between women who will develop hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and women who will remain normotensive. This prediction model was also able to identify pregnant women at increased risk for the occurrence of fetal/neonatal complications.
The aim of the present overview is to discuss the available data supporting the evidence that specific ECG patterns occurring early in pregnancy may have clinical relevance for risk prediction of hypertensive disorders.
Fluid Resuscitation and Massive Transfusion Protocol in Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Marjanović Vesna , Budić Ivana 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children due to the occurrence of hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock and its consequences, anemia and hypovolemia, decrease oxygen delivery, due to which appropriate transfusion and volume resuscitation are critical. Guidelines for massive transfusion, in the pediatric trauma, have not been defined yet. Current data indicate that early identification of coagulopathy and its treatment with RBSs, plasma and platelets in a 1:1:1 unit ratio, and limited use of crystalloids may improve survival in pediatric trauma patients.
Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Parameters of Breast Milk, Starter Infant Formulas and Commercial Cow Milks in Serbia
Authors: Sunarić Slavica , Jovanović Tatjana , Spasić Ana , Denić Marko , Kocić Gordana 
Published: June 2016

Summary
Data on the physical properties of cow milk and infant formulas are important since they indicate the differences in physicochemical and rheological characteristics and compatibility with natural breast milk. This fact is important not only for quality control but also for the use of these commercial products as infant diet supplements or as complete breast milk substitutes. This study was undertaken to determine refractive index, surface tension, pH, electrical conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity of the UHT cow milk, starter infant formulas and breast milk of Serbian mothers in order to compare commercial milk formulations with natural human milk. The paper also presents the measured data of some physical parameters of human milk about which there is little information in the literature. It has been also demonstrated how these parameters were changed by freezing and prolonged storage of breast milk.
In this study, 8 commercial cow milks, 6 starter infant formulas and 15 different samples of colostrum, transition and mature breast milk were included. The titratable acidity, pH, electrical conductivity, refractive index, viscosity and surface tension were measured by using standardized techniques. It has been found that infant formulas available on the Serbian market differ in physicochemical parameters compared to breast milk. Regarding these parameters, none of the analyzed formulas fully corresponded to breast milk. It has been also shown that measurement of physical parameters is simple and inexpensive way to monitor the milk shelf-life which is important for human milk banks.
Possibilities of Using Waste after Pressing Oil from Oilseeds for Energy Purposes
Authors: Kachel-Jakubowska Magdalena , Kraszkiewicz Artur , Krajewska Marta 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Currently, many countries are establishing goals for substituting fossil fuels with biomass. This global trade in solid biofuels, which is to some extent already taking place, will have a major impact not only on other commodity markets like vegetable oils or animal fodder but also on the global land use change and on environmental impacts. It demonstrates the strong but complex link between biofuels production and the global food market, it unveils policy measures as the main drivers for production and use of biofuels and it analyzes various sustainability indicators and certification schemes for biofuels with respect to minimizing the adverse effects of biofuels. Biomass is seen as a very promising option for fulfilling the environmental goals defined by the European Commission as well as various national governments. We have measured selected physicochemical properties of several the most common oilseeds and the residue materials in the form of cakes, moisture, fat, heat of combustion, the calorific value and ash content. The results showed that the considered plants and waste derived therefrom can be a good energy source. Examples include sunflower oilcake, sesame, pumpkin and rapeseed cake, for which the calorific value amounted to respectively: 28.17; 27.77; 26.42 and 21.69 MJ·kg−1.
The Impact of Infrasounds Generated by Wind Power Stations on a Human Being
Authors: Romański Leszek , Bieniek Jerzy , Bukowski Przemysław , Kobel Przemysław 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In some opinion-forming environments the problem of noise emitted by wind power stations is very controversial. It is even suggested that they negatively affect the quality and length of human life. Based on the review of domestic and foreign publications an analysis of the impact of the low-frequency noise on a human being was carried out. Wind power stations operating in groups (farms) constituted the source of noise. It was proved that the level of acoustic pressure with G weighting does not exceed the value of 85 dB. The value of the admissible burdensome noise (102 dB) was exceeded in the bus cabins which were driving with the speed exceeding 30 km·h−1. The opinion of the Ministry of Health confirms the findings. It proves that the present knowledge does not allow a clear indication of the relation between the wind farms and their negative impact on the human health.
Evaluation of recent Earth’s global gravity field models with terrestrial gravity data
Authors: Karpik Alexander P. , Kanushin Vadim F. , Ganagina Irina G. , Goldobin Denis N. , Kosarev Nikolay S. , Kosareva Alexandra M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the context of the rapid development of environmental research technologies and techniques to solve scientific and practical problems in different fields of knowledge including geosciences, the study of Earth’s gravity field models is still important today. The results of gravity anomaly modelling calculated by the current geopotential models data were compared with the independent terrestrial gravity data for the two territories located in West Siberia and Kazakhstan. Statistical characteristics of comparison results for the models under study were obtained. The results of investigations show that about 70% of the differences between the gravity anomaly values calculated by recent global geopotential models and those observed at the points in flat areas are within ±10 mGal, in mountainous areas are within ±20 mGal.
Building Impact Businesses through Hybrid Financing
Authors: Martin Maximilian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe paper shows how social enterprises can be funded efficiently, and in ways that are compatible with their underlying business models, by combining both grants and different forms of investment capital. Financial sustainability remains one of the most pressing issues facing the social enterprise sector, despite rapid development over the past few decades. The paper sheds light on select funding instruments revealing how hybrid financing strategies can enable and enhance the organic growth of social enterprises and drive greater impact.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Ni20Cr Micro-wires with Abnormal Plastic Deformation
Authors: Zhou Xiuwen , Liu Xudong , Qi Yidong , Wu Weidong 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Ni80Cr20 (Ni20Cr, wt%) micro-wires were fabricated by the cold-drawing method with single die. Abnormal engineering strains were approximately 17.3–46.6 % for each pass. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructures of Ni20Cr micro-wires were investigated under different engineering strains and annealing conditions. Experiment results indicate that the as-drawn NiCr micro-wires present obviously brittle fractures. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) significantly increases from 781 to 1,147 MPa and the elongation decreases from 17.2 % to 1 % with engineering strains increasing. The deformed microstructures of Ni20Cr micro-wire were analyzed in detail including two-phase (solid solution/amorphous phase), edge dislocations and twins. With the annealing temperature increasing, specimens had experienced three stages and their mechanical properties were improved. After annealing at 890 °C (with 6.5 g stress) for 7.3 s in N2, the Ni20Cr micro-wires benefited for the second drawing pass. The results are very importance in fabricating Ni20Cr micro-wire with the diameter from 25 to 10 μm.
Französische Berichte von einer „Studienreise“ über das preußische Militär im Jahre 1786
Authors: Deflers Isabelle 
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung
Nach der traumatisierenden Niederlage der französischen Truppen durch die preußische Armee unter Friedrich dem Großen bei Roßbach am 5. November 1757 entwickelte sich seit 1763 nach Beendigung des Siebenjährigen Krieges ein regelrechter Militärtourismus nach Preußen. Die französische Öffentlichkeit erholte sich nicht von der Kränkung, die die Nachfahren des glorreichen Ludwigs XIV. einem König gegenüber erlitten, dessen Stern stets aufstieg, während die Aura Frankreichs immer mehr abnahm. Zahlreiche französische Offiziere machten sich deshalb auf den Weg nach Potsdam, Berlin und Schlesien, um die Geheimnisse der militärischen Erfolge Friedrichs II. vor Ort zu studieren, in der Hoffnung, daraus Reformprogramme zur Verbesserung ihrer eigenen Armee entwerfen zu können. Somit erhofften sie sich, den verlorenen Glanz des französischen Heeres und dessen ersten Rang in Europa wiederherzustellen. In diesem Kontext fand 1786, im letzten Lebensjahr des „roi connétable“, die Reise von Hippolyte-Jean-René d'Emskerque, Marquis de Toulongeon statt. Der Reisebericht und insbesondere die darin enthaltene militärische Expertise bilden ein typisches Beispiel sowohl für die Bereiche, für die sich französische Offiziere interessierten, als auch für ihre Vergleichsanalyse beider Militärsysteme. Dabei fiel es ihnen schwer, Preußen als ein Vorbild anzusehen, das dazu beitragen sollte, ihre eigene Armee zu verbessern. Der Reisebericht des Marquis de Toulongeon illustriert einen bestimmten Typus der Zirkulation des militärischen Wissens zwischen Frankreich und Preußen in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts sowie die Grenzen eines effektiven Transfers dieses Wissens.