bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selecting predictors to maximize the transferability of species distribution models: lessons from cross‐continental plant invasions
Authors: Petitpierre Blaise , Broennimann Olivier , Kueffer Christoph , Daehler Curtis , Guisan Antoine 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimNiche‐based species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used to predict impacts of global change on biodiversity, but the reliability of these predictions in space and time depends on their transferability. We tested how the strategy used to choose predictors impacts the transferability of SDMs at a cross‐continental scale.LocationNorth America, Eurasia and Australia.MethodWe used a systematic approach including 50 Holarctic plant invaders and 27 initial predictor variables, considering 10 different strategies for variable selection, accounting for the proximality, multicollinearity and climate analogy of predictors. We compared the average performance of each strategy, some of which used a large number of predictor combinations. Next, we looked for the single best model for each species across all the predictor combinations retained in the analysis. Transferability was considered as the predictive success of SDMs calibrated in the native range and projected onto the invaded range.ResultsTwo strategies showed better SDM transferability on average: a set of predictors known for their ecologically meaningful effects on plant distribution, and the two first axes of a principal component analysis calibrated on all predictor variables (Spc2). From the more than 2000 combinations of predictors per species across strategies, the best set of predictors yielded SDMs with good transferability for 45 species (90%). These best combinations consisted of eight randomly assembled (39 species) or uncorrelated predictors (6 species) and Spc2 (5 species). We also found that internal cross‐validation was not sufficient to give full information about the transferability of a SDM to a distinct range.Main conclusionTransferring SDMs at the macroclimatic scale, and thus anticipating invasions, is possible for the large majority of invasive plants considered in this study, but the accuracy of the predictions relies strongly on the choice of predictors. From our results, we recommend including either proximal and state‐of‐the‐art variables or a reduced and orthogonalized set to obtain robust SDM projections.
Stepfamilies in Early Modern Europe: Paths of Historical Inquiry
Authors: Warner Lyndan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany of the circumstances of the early modern stepfamily after remarriage by a widowed parent elude us. In historiography on the early modern family, widowhood, mothers' roles as guardians and the opportunities to remain widowed or to remarry have been well studied, but the consequences of a remarriage have not. When historical information emerges on the stepfamily in the European past, it is often more by accident through the study of widowhood, remarriage or inheritance practices than by design. But the stepfamily was a common family form experienced by many in early modern Europe and precisely because stepfamilies were ever‐present they feature intermittently in the works of leading historians. These complex families of stepbrothers and stepsisters, half‐brothers or half‐sisters deserve to be the focus of attention. This article suggests paths of inquiry into stepfamilies and blended families in Europe from the 1400s to 1700s, from considering the famously wicked reputation of the stepmother to seeking out the little known stepfather. The essay also explores questions about the residence of children of the first marriage and subsequent unions as well as the relationships between stepsiblings and half‐siblings.
Transatlantic Indians in the Early Modern Era
Authors: Holly Nathaniel F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany American Indians – as captives and of their own free will – crossed the Atlantic during the early modern period. Far too frequently, however, historians have been caught up in cataloging experiences – answering questions about what these indigenous travelers did when they were abroad. More penetrating questions about why transatlantic Indians embarked on these crossings or how these journeys affected their subsequent lives remain largely unasked. This essay will not only outline the chronologically long, but substantively limited historiography of transatlantic Indians, it will also argue for a more focused, contextually thorough, and ethnohistory‐centric approach to the examination of these voyagers. Such a shift in methodology, moreover, will help the “Red Atlantic” congeal as a legitimate means of historical analysis.
Dataset for reporting of thymic epithelial tumours: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR)
Authors: Nicholson Andrew G , Detterbeck Frank , Marx Alexander , Roden Anja C , Marchevsky Alberto M , Mukai Kiyoshi , Chen Gang , Marino Mirella , den Bakker Michael A , Yang Woo‐Ick , Judge Meagan , Hirschowitz Lynn 
Published: October 2016

AimsThe International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) is a not‐for‐profit organization formed by the Royal Colleges of Pathologists of Australasia and the United Kingdom, the College of American Pathologists, the Canadian Association of Pathologists–Association Canadienne des Pathologists in association with the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, and the European Society of Pathology. Its goal is to produce standardized, internationally agreed, evidence‐based datasets for use throughout the world.Methods and resultsThis article describes the development of a cancer dataset by the multidisciplinary ICCR expert panel for the reporting of thymic epithelial tumours. The dataset includes ‘required’ (mandatory) and ‘recommended’ (non‐mandatory) elements, which are validated by a review of current evidence and supported by explanatory text. Seven required elements and 12 recommended elements were agreed by the international dataset authoring committee to represent the essential information for the reporting of thymic epithelial tumours.ConclusionsThe use of an internationally agreed, structured pathology dataset for reporting thymic tumours provides all of the necessary information for optimal patient management, facilitates consistent and accurate data collection, and provides valuable data for research and international benchmarking. The dataset also provides a valuable resource for those countries and institutions that are not in a position to develop their own datasets.
Comparative evaluation of microwave‐assisted extraction and preheated solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from a plant material: a case study with cabbages
Authors: Sookjitsumran Watsapol , Devahastin Sakamon , Mujumdar Arun S. , Chiewchan Naphaporn 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPreheated solvent extraction (PSE) was evaluated via the analysis of the extraction kinetics, microstructure of extracted samples and energy consumption as alternative to microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE). Cabbage outer leaves and ethanol were used as test material and extraction solvent, respectively. MAE was first optimised in terms of glucosinolates and phenolics yields; total antioxidant activity of the extracts was also assessed. MAE at a specific absorbed power of 0.37 W g−1 for 9 min was selected as optimum condition to extract glucosinolates and phenolics, while PSE was optimised at 6 min of the extraction. The highest normalised total glucosinolates and phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained via MAE were not significantly different from those obtained via PSE. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed no significant differences in cabbage cell damages rendered by MAE and PSE. PSE nevertheless exhibited slightly higher specific energy consumption than MAE.
Using an Outdoor Learning Space to Teach Sustainability and Material Processes in HE Product Design
Authors: Firth Richard , Stoltenberg Einar , Jennings Trent 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis ‘case study’ of two jewellery workshops, used outdoor learning spaces to explore both its impact on learning outcomes and to introduce some key principles of sustainable working methodologies and practices. Using the beach as the classroom, academics and students from a Norwegian and Scottish (HE) product design exchange programme collaborated on this international research project. Participants made models from disposable packaging materials, which were cast in pewter, directly into the sand, using found timber to create a heat source for melting the metal. Practical ‘learning by making skills’ created a hands on learning experience that also aimed to contribute to the debate around the concern of the loss of workshop facilities in HE education, and as a consequence a demise in teaching traditional object‐making skills and material experimentation.
An Artist's Anthropological Approach to Sustainability
Authors: Mackinnon‐Day Patricia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecent studies of sustainability draw attention to the impact art and culture have on communities. The Earth Charter, which originated in 1968, fostered the idea of ‘a sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace’. This article supports the idea that art can make a difference to society and examines four case studies which explore the infra‐ordinary within the immensity of social, political, historical and physical non‐art places. The stance adopted is that of an artist, anthropologist and storyteller casting light onto a cultural landscape that is so ordinary as to be not noticed at all. Whilst the methodology is slow and often undramatic, this meticulous approach is essential in that it allows the artist to develop a respect for both people and place or, as explained by Kuspit : ‘to recover a sense of human purpose in art making, engaging with the realities of life as it is actually lived’. Whereas All in the Mind was an investigation into the internal and external conflicts and structures within mental institutions and their impact on individual patients’ lives, High Riser questioned central government's approach to housing asylum seekers in Sighthill flats in Glasgow which depersonalised the individuals involved. Sojourn and Inland Waters illuminated the social demographics of a working shipyard environment. Making Visible the Invisible explores the role as a lead artist, involved in the planning stages of an urban development project, as a creative thinker rather than object maker.
Does Branch Religiosity Influence Bank Risk‐Taking?
Authors: Chircop Justin , Fabrizi Michele , Ipino Elisabetta , Parbonetti Antonio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUsing branch‐level data on public and private US banking institutions, we investigate the importance of branch religiosity in shaping bank risk‐taking behavior. Our results show robust evidence that branch religiosity is negatively related to bank risk‐taking. This effect persists after controlling for several bank‐level and county‐level variables that might correlate with religiosity. Moreover, this result is robust to controlling for headquarter religiosity, suggesting that the effect of branch religiosity is additive and not washed out by headquarter religiosity. Overall, our findings document that headquarter religiosity does not capture the full effect of religiosity on bank behavior, as claimed by previous research, but that the religiosity of the geographic area in which the bank operates significantly influences bank behavior.
Differentiation in the marbled white butterfly species complex driven by multiple evolutionary forces
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Vila Roger , Vodă Raluca , Husemann Martin , Schmitt Thomas , Dapporto Leonardo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimGenetic and phenotypic data may show convergent or contrasting spatial patterns. Discrepancies between markers may develop in response to different evolutionary forces. In this study we analyse inter‐ and intraspecific differentiation of closely related taxa in the marbled white butterfly species group. Based on genetic and phenotypic characters we test for potential evolutionary drivers and propose a taxonomic revision.LocationWestern Palaearctic (including north‐western Africa).MethodsWe compared distributions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences, of several allozyme loci, and of the shape of wings and genitalia obtained by applying landmark‐based techniques for the three butterfly species Melanargia galathea (central and eastern Europe), M. lachesis (Iberia) and M. lucasi (North Africa).ResultsAll studied markers showed a strong spatial structure, although discordance among their patterns was detected. COI sequences, wing shape and genitalia indicated a main split between M. galathea and M. lucasi. A lower differentiation between M. galathea and M. lachesis was found in wing shape and reflected in two mutations of the COI gene, while allozymes indicated a strong divergence. Within M. galathea, allozyme data and COI, but not morphology, revealed the existence of a slightly differentiated lineage in the Italian Peninsula, France and Switzerland. Based on COI, Melanargia lucasi was split into two subgroups, a western and an eastern Maghreb lineage.Main conclusionsLong‐term isolation of Melanargia populations between North Africa and Europe led to divergence between M. galathea and M. lucasi. This was followed by a recent differentiation among populations isolated during the cold periods of the Pleistocene, such as M. lachesis in Iberia. These lineages are characterized by a tendency not to overlap in secondary sympatry. The different patterns of the four markers may arise from divergent evolutionary processes and pressures: wings may be mainly affected by natural selection, genital structures by sexual selection, whereas long‐term isolation and drift may have driven divergence of mitochondrial DNA and allozymes.
No evidence for larger leaf trait plasticity in ecological generalists compared to specialists
Authors: Dostál Petr , Fischer Markus , Chytrý Milan , Prati Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimPhenotypic plasticity is hypothesized to contribute to a species’ capacity to occupy broader ranges of conditions and to optimally exploit resource‐rich environments. Although this is supported by case studies of individual species, we do not know whether larger plasticity in functional traits is generally associated with ecological characteristics of species such as their niche breadth or niche position. Here, we test whether there is such a relationship for plasticity in leaf functional traits.LocationCentral Europe.MethodsWe surveyed 110–132 grassland plant species for plasticity in five leaf traits [leaf thickness, leaf greenness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and plant height] and for biomass changes in response to experimental fertilization, shading and waterlogging. Trait plasticity and changes in biomass were compared with species niche characteristics along three environmental axes (light, nutrient and soil moisture) derived from a vegetation‐plot database.ResultsAlthough response of several traits to experimental treatments correlated with niche position and breadth (change in leaf thickness, greenness and biomass in response to fertilization; change in LDMC due to shading; and change in plant height and biomass due to waterlogging), we did not find evidence that species with broader niches or species from resource‐rich environments are more plastic. Ecological generalists even turned out to be less plastic in some traits, including leaf thickness after fertilization and waterlogging. Generalists also displayed smaller plastic response averaged across all five traits (‘composite plasticity’), though the relationship was not statistically significant. This composite plasticity was positively related to absolute change in biomass in all experimental treatments.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that larger species‐level plasticity in leaf traits is not necessarily associated with a capacity to occupy a broader range of environments or with growth in resource‐rich habitats; rather, it may indicate species’ sensitivity to environmental changes.
Rafting spiders or drifting islands? Origins and diversification of the endemic trap‐door spiders from the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean
Authors: Mora Elisa , Paspati Angeliki , Decae Arthur E. , Arnedo Miquel A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimTo unravel the origins and to infer the processes of diversification in the low‐vagility nemesiid trap‐door spiders of the Balearic Islands. The specific goals were: (1) to determine whether nemesiid spiders colonized the islands by oversea dispersal, or whether they are the result of the fragmentation of a once continuous distribution by continental drift, and (2) to test whether the Balearic lineages have undergone local diversification processes.LocationsBalearic Islands, Iberian Peninsula, Western Mediterranean.MethodsMultilocus molecular phylogenetic inference using parsimony and model‐based methods, and divergence time estimation with relaxed clocks and informed substitution rate priors, and biogeographical ancestral reconstruction inferred in a Bayesian framework.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses revealed the monophyly of the generaIberesiaandNemesia. Four independent clades were recovered for the Balearic fauna. One of the clades included a formerly unknown species from Minorca. The Balearic clades split from their continental relatives in the early Tortonian, except forIberesia brauni, which dates to the Messinian‐Zanclean. The biogeographical reconstruction indicated that the Balearic fauna probably originated in the Betic region of the Iberian Peninsula.Main conclusionsThe presence ofNemesiaon the Balearic Islands was explained by fragmentation of an ancestral distribution range that included the Betic region and the islands in the Early Tortonian. The arrival ofIberesiato the islands, however, was the result of a secondary range expansion that was facilitated by the emergence of land bridges with the continent during the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). Similarly, the drops in the sea level that occurred during theMSCand subsequently in the Quaternary glacial cycles established land passages between Majorca and Minorca.
Food fussiness and food neophobia share a common etiology in early childhood
Authors: Smith Andrea D. , Herle Moritz , Fildes Alison , Cooke Lucy , Steinsbekk Silje , Llewellyn Clare H. 
Published: October 2016

Background‘Food fussiness’ (FF) is the tendency to be highly selective about which foods one is willing to eat, and emerges in early childhood; ‘food neophobia’ (FN) is a closely related characteristic but specifically refers to rejection of unfamiliar food. These behaviors are associated, but the extent to which their etiological architecture overlaps is unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to variation inFFandFNin early childhood; and to establish the extent to which they share common genetic and environmental influences.MethodParticipants were 1,921 families with 16‐month‐old twins from the Gemini birth cohort. Parents completed the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire which included threeFFitems and fourFNitems. Bivariate quantitative genetic modeling was used to quantify: (a) genetic and environmental contributions to variation inFFandFN; and (b) the extent to which genetic or environmental influences onFFandFNare shared across the traits.ResultsFood fussiness andFNwere strongly correlated (r = .72,p < .001). Proportions of variation inFFwere equally explained by genetic (.46; 95%CI: 0.41–0.52) and shared environmental influences (.46; 95%CI: 0.41–0.51). Shared environmental effects accounted for a significantly lower proportion of variation inFN(.22; 95%CI: 0.14–0.30), but genetic influences were not significantly different from those onFF(.58, 95%CI: 0.50–0.67).FFandFNlargely shared a common etiology, indicated by high genetic (.73; 95%CI: 0.67–0.78) and shared environmental correlations (.78; 95%CI: 0.69–0.86) across the two traits.ConclusionsFood fussiness andFNboth show considerable heritability at 16 months but shared environmental factors, for example the home environment, influenced more interindividual differences in the expression ofFFthan inFN.FFandFNlargely share a common etiology.
Defective synthesis and release of astrocytic thrombospondin‐1 mediates the neuronal TDP‐43 proteinopathy, resulting in defects in neuronal integrity associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy: in vitro studies
Authors: Jayakumar Arumugam Radhakrishnan , Tong Xiao Y. , Shamaladevi Nagarajarao , Barcelona Stephanie , Gaidosh Gabriel , Agarwal Apeksha , Norenberg Michael D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTransactivating DNA‐binding protein‐43 (TDP‐43) inclusions and the accumulation of phosphorylated and ubiquitinated tau proteins (p‐tau) have been identified in postmortem brain specimens from patients with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). To examine whether these proteins contribute to the development of CTE, we utilized an in vitro trauma system known to reproduce many of the findings observed in humans and experimental animals with traumatic brain injury. Accordingly, we examined the role of TDP‐43 and Tau in an in vitro model of trauma, and determined whether these proteins contribute to the defective neuronal integrity associated with CNS trauma. Single or multiple episodes of trauma to cultured neurons resulted in a time‐dependent increase in cytosolic levels of phosphorylated TDP‐43 (p‐TDP‐43). Trauma to cultured neurons also caused an increase in levels of casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε), and ubiquitinated p‐TDP‐43, along with a decrease in importin‐β (all factors known to mediate the “TDP‐43 proteinopathy”). Defective neuronal integrity, as evidenced by a reduction in levels of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, and in PSD95, along with increased levels of phosphorylated tau were also observed. Additionally, increased levels of intra‐ and extracellular thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) (a factor known to regulate neuronal integrity) were observed in cultured astrocytes at early stages of trauma, while at later stages decreased levels were identified. The addition of recombinant TSP‐1, conditioned media from cultured astrocytes at early stages of trauma, or the CK1ε inhibitor PF4800567 hydrochloride to traumatized cultured neurons reduced levels of p‐TDP‐43, and reversed the trauma‐induced decline in NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and PSD95 levels. These findings suggest that a trauma‐induced increase in TDP‐43 phosphorylation contributes to defective neuronal integrity, and that increasing TSP‐1 levels may represent a useful therapeutic approach for the prevention of the neuronal TDP‐43 proteinopathy associated with CTE.
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