bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birds in the Dark: Complementary and Partial Information
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Night-time poses exacting problems for vision, resolution inevitably falls and colour vision is not possible as light levels decrease to those of natural night time. Furthermore, light levels are highly variable depending upon whether there is moonlight, and night length changes dramatically in the annual cycle according to latitude. Few birds exploit the resources available at night. Those that do rely upon information received from vision complemented by information from other senses (hearing, olfaction, and touch), and upon highly specialized and restricted behaviours. However, many birds occasionally exploit night-time, e.g. during migration, arriving and departing from nests, and occasional night feeding. Some seabirds dive to such depths that they experience night-time light levels when foraging. Truly nocturnal species such as owls, kiwi, and oilbirds are highly sedentary, and this is essential to allow them to interpret correctly the partial information that is available to them.
Birds Underwater: A Paucity of Information
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Entering beneath the water surface produces a radical change in perceptual challenges. The eye is no longer able to focus adequately and, with increasing depth, light levels decrease and the spectral properties of ambient light narrows with the result that visual resolution decreases rapidly and colour cues are lost. Diving to depth is rapid which means that perceptual challenges change constantly. This results in a paucity of visual information and olfaction and hearing cannot be used to complement this loss. Amphibious foragers must rely upon minimal cues and very specialized foraging behaviours; some ducks may forage for sessile prey using touch sensitivity in the bill, cormorants use a technique in which they trigger an escape response from a fish which they catch at very short range, while penguins and auks may rely upon minimal cues from photophores on fish and random encounters with prey.
The Sensory Ecology of Collisions and Entrapment
Authors: Martin Graham R. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Collisions of birds with human artefacts (power lines, wind turbines, glass sheets, etc.) are major source of bird mortality. Many birds are also killed by entrapment in fishing nets. A sensory ecology perspective on this problem shows that collision and entrapment occur because these hazards present perceptual tasks that are beyond the capacities of the birds; birds are carrying out tasks where a hazard would not be predicted; or birds perceive the hazard but make an inappropriate categorical response. Birds that fly into power lines and turbines may be simply not looking ahead or are flying in conditions in which their resolution is very low. Reducing collisions requires far more than attempting to make hazards more conspicuous to humans. It requires recognition of the birds’ perceptual limitations and their distraction away from hazard sites. This requires taking account of the particular ecological requirements and sensory capacities of each target species.
Income precarity and the financial crisis
Authors: Nau Michael , Soener Matthew 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAmerican families have become less economically secure in recent decades, and this process accelerated during the 2008 financial crisis and its immediate aftermath. This study investigates how the crisis apportioned income precarity among families compared to pre-crisis years. We use the Survey of Consumer Finances and find that working families suffered the preponderance of income losses from the crisis, although the crisis shifted income losses towards more privileged working families. In fact, middle-income working families now have the same level of income precarity as the working poor, and families in the top income quintile continue to have elevated precarity levels. This result indicates that the middle class continues to bear a growing share of economic risk and that all working families are experiencing heightened insecurity in the post-crisis era.
Implementation of Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus for the Maintenance of Labor Analgesia
Authors: Carvalho B. , George R.B. , Cobb B. , McKenzie C. , Riley E.T. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2016;123(4):965–971)
Patients can still experience breakthrough pain under patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with continuous epidural infusion (CEI). An alternative to PCEA with or without CEI is programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) of epidural analgesia. In the present study, the authors reviewed the potential for PIEB to improve maintenance of labor analgesia and discussed the current evidence for improving labor analgesia outcomes as well as considerations for the implementation of PIEB.
The Effect of Combined Spinal-Epidural Versus Epidural Analgesia in Laboring Women on Nonreassuring Fetal Heart Rate Tracings: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hattler J. , Klimek M. , Rossaint R. , Heesen M. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2016;123(4):955–964)
Studies have reported that combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia is associated with a higher incidence of fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities. However, recent trials have not corroborated this finding. Consequently, the authors of the present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the incidence of nonreassuring FHR tracings in parturients who received labor analgesia initiated by the CSE versus epidural analgesia technique. In this study, primary outcomes were nonreassuring FHR tracings and fetal bradycardia; the secondary outcome was the incidence of cesarean delivery performed for nonreassuring FHR tracing.
Observed Rate of Down Syndrome in Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Sparks T.N. , Norton M.E. , Flessel M. , Goldman S. , Currier R.J. 
Published: May 2017

(Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):1127–1133)
The risk of Down syndrome in twin pregnancies is not well established, although some studies suggest that it may be lower. The authors of the present study designed a large retrospective cohort study and compared the observed incidence of Down syndrome in women with twins with the incidence expected based on zygosity and maternal age-matched singletons.
Incidence of and Risk Indicators for Vasa Praevia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ruiter L. , Kok N. , Limpens J. , Derks J.B. , de Graaf I.M. , Mol B.W.J. , Pajkrta E. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123:1278–1287)
Vasa previa (VP) is a rare but serious condition of fetal blood vessels lying over the cervical os. As the presenting part descends, the vessels can be compressed leading to fetal heart rate abnormalities. There is also the potential for rupture of the vessels and fetal hemorrhage with rupture of membranes. Thus, there is increased risk for neonatal morbidity or mortality in the setting of VP. Prenatal identification of VP via ultrasound could prevent neonatal death and morbidity by prompting elective cesarean delivery, thereby avoiding rupture of the fetal vessels. However, ultrasound examination of the umbilical cord insertion site is not routine. This meta-analysis was undertaken to determine the occurrence and risk indicators of VP with the goal of identifying the at-risk population that should receive ultrasound screening.
Risk Factors and Newborn Outcomes Associated With Maternal Deaths in the UK From 2009 to 2013: A National Case-control Study
Authors: Nair M. , Knight M. , Kurinczuk J.J. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123:1654–1662)
Studies have identified several factors associated with the progression of serious pregnancy complications to maternal death, including medical comorbidities, inadequate antenatal care, and sociodemographic factors. However, identification of differences between the normal pregnant population and those who die from complications during pregnancy or childbirth could be valuable when working to update and improve current pregnancy care pathways focused on the management and/or prevention of risks and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. This current study aimed to determine the risk factors for maternal deaths from direct and indirect causes in the UK between 2009 and 2013 as well as any adverse fetal and newborn outcomes associated with the deaths.
Why Women With Previous Caesarean and Eligible for a Trial of Labour Have an Elective Repeat Caesarean Delivery? A National Study in France
Authors: Bartolo S. , Goffinet F. , Blondel B. , Deneux-Tharaux C. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123(10):1664–1673)
Cesarean section (CS) rates have increased worldwide resulting in a concurrent increase in the percentage of pregnant women with a history of previous CS. In the United States in 2013, 15% of all births occurred in women with a previous CS. Likewise in France in 2010, women with a previous CS accounted for 11% of all deliveries. This is cause for concern because these women are at greater risk for certain high-risk conditions such as placenta accreta and uterine rupture along with associated increases in maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. For these women, it is important to discuss plans regarding the mode of delivery—elective repeat cesarean delivery (ERCD) or a trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC). For the majority of women, national guidelines recommend TOLAC. However, in the United States and Europe, the ERCD rates are much higher than would be expected if guidelines regarding recommended delivery plan were followed. The objective of this study performed in France was to identify the characteristics of patients and maternity units when ERCD was performed in women who were eligible for TOLAC.
Incidence of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Eclamptic and Patients With Preeclampsia With Neurological Symptoms
Authors: Mayama M. , Uno K. , Tano S. , Yoshihara M. , Ukai M. , Kishigami Y. , Ito Y. , Oguchi H. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 215(2):239.e1–239.e5)
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has been reported numerous times in patients with eclampsia, but has also been occasionally reported in patients with preeclampsia. PRES is a syndrome in which the affected patients are observed to have reversible vasogenic brain edema in addition to acute neurological symptoms such as seizures, impaired consciousness, and visual disturbances. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of PRES in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia and establish any pathophysiological backgrounds they may share through a comparison of clinical and radiologic characteristics.
General Anesthesia Causes Epigenetic Histone Modulation of c-Fos and Brain-derived Neurotrophic: Factor, Target Genes Important for Neuronal Development in the Immature Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Dalla Massara L. , Osuru H.P. , Oklopcic A. , Milanovic D. , Joksimovic S.M. , Caputo V. , DiGruccio M.R. , Ori C. , Wang G. , Todorovic S.M. , Jevtovic-Todorovic V. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesthesiology. 2016;124(6):1311–1327)
Research studies have shown that general anesthesia (GA) exposure among young animals causes cognitive impairments in not only first generation offspring but also nonexposed second generation offspring born to dams. Studies on rodents have revealed that GA exposure in utero has proven this to be true, thus confirming that transient GA exposure during a critical period of neuronal remodeling does result in changes that become embedded in the genetic information thus causing cognitive impairments. This study hypothesized that during critical stages of synaptogenesis, transient exposure to GA results in epigenetic changes in chromatin with adverse effects on transcription of target genes which are important for proper synapse formation and cognitive development.
A Population-based Study Evaluating the Association Between Surgery in Early Life and Child Development at Primary School Entry
Authors: O’Leary J.D. , Janus M. , Duku E. , Wijeysundera D.N. , To T. , Li P. , Maynes J.T. , Crawford M.W. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesthesiology. 2016;125:272–279)
Surgery in childhood warrants the administration of anesthetics or sedatives. Earlier studies have indicated a significant correlation between anesthetic exposure in childhood and neurodevelopment, as evaluated by academic performance indicators or behavioral outcomes. The present population-based cohort study aimed to analyze the impact of anesthesia and surgery in early childhood on child development.
Anesthetic Neurotoxicity Meets Big Data: Reasons to Be Cheerful?
Authors: Kalkman C.J. , Eriksson L.I. 
Published: May 2017

(Anesthesiology. 2016;125(2):263–265)
The potential risk to the developing human brain of general anesthetic exposure has been a topic of interest to both anesthesiologists and the public. Several research endeavors in addition to those by the public/private International Anesthesia Research Society/US Food and Drug Administration initiative SMARTTots (http://www.smarttots.org) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology-sponsored (Brussels, Belgium) EuroStar” consortium (http//www.esahq.org/research/research-groups/eurostar) have been undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the effects of anesthesia and keep parents informed as they make decisions regarding surgery and anesthesia in their infants and young children.
The Effect of Labour Induction on the Risk of Caesarean Delivery: Using Propensity Scores to Control Confounding by Indication
Authors: Danilack V.A. , Dore D.D. , Triche E.W. , Muri J.H. , Phipps M.G. , Savitz D.A. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123(9):1521–1529)
Labor induction is sometimes undertaken when it is determined there may be potential benefit over expectant management for the mother or fetus, such as situations of preeclampsia, postterm pregnancy, oligohydramnios, or intrauterine growth restriction. Several research studies have been undertaken to understand the relationship between labor induction and an increased risk of cesarean delivery (CD). However, effect estimates for labor induction are often considered to be biased due to confounding by indication. This means the medical reason the patient underwent induction, such as preeclampsia, also increases the risk of CD. Thus, although induction might be found to be associated with an increased risk of CD, it might be the underlying condition, not the induction, accounting for this association. Propensity scores can be used to determine an individual’s predicted probability to be induced versus not to be induced. The present study aimed to limit the effect of confounding by indication in determining the association between labor induction and CD by using 2 propensity score methods, namely matching and adjustment.
A Postpartum Haemorrhage Package With Condom Uterine Balloon Tamponade: A Prospective Multicenter Case Series in Kenya, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Nepal
Authors: Burke T.F. , Ahn R. , Nelson B.D. , Hines R. , Kamara J. , Oguttu M. , Dulo L. , Achieng E. , Achieng B. , Natarajan A. , Maua J. , Kargbo S.A.S. , Altawil Z. , Tester K. , de Redon E. , Niang M. , Abdalla K. , Eckardt M.J. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123:1532–1540)
Uncontrolled postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Several interventions have been developed and studied to manage uncontrolled PPH. However, several of these are not available in resource-limited settings. The authors of this study have developed a PPH package that includes an ultra-low cost (<US$5) condom uterine balloon tamponade kit called Every Second Matters for Mothers and Babies TM-UBT (ESM-UBT). They had previously used the kit in the South Sudan. They undertook the current multicenter prospective trial in Kenya, Sierra Leone, Senegal, and Nepal to assess the efficacy and safety of the ESM-UBT pack.
Prolonged Latency of Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis
Authors: Drassinower D. , Friedman A.M. , Običan S.G. , Levin H. , Gyamfi-Bannerman C. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123(10):1629–1635)
Neurodevelopmental delay is multifactorial and can result from a variety of disturbances to the developing fetal brain. Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) that leads to spontaneous preterm birth is often associated with inflammation and infection. As PPROM and neurodevelopmental delay are both associated with inflammation and infection, it has been suggested that prolonged PPROM could be an independent risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay, separate from the increased risk associated with preterm birth. This study aimed to investigate whether prolonged exposure of the fetus in utero to PPROMs was associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay.
Correlation of Probability Scores of Placenta Accreta on Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Hemorrhagic Morbidity
Authors: Lim G. , Horowitz J.M. , Berggruen S. , Ernst L.M. , Linn R.L. , Hewlett B. , Kim J. , Chalifoux L.A. , McCarthy R.J. 
Published: May 2017

(J Clin Anesth. 2016;34:261–269)
Owing to increases in both cesarean delivery rates and maternal age, the incidence of placenta accreta is rising. Placenta accreta is an abnormal form of placentation with increased depth of placental invasion that is associated with maternal hemorrhage and is an important cause of maternal death. The objective of this study was to assess whether routine stratification of antepartum magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of abnormal placentation correlated with severe maternal hemorrhage and blood product requirements with the goal of appropriately identifying and preparing patients at risk for these outcomes.
Cesarean Section Rates and Adverse Neonatal Outcomes After Induction of Labour Versus Expectant Management in Women With an Unripe Cervix: A Secondary Analysis of the HYPITAT and DIGITAT Trials
Authors: Bernardes T.P. , Broekhuijsen K. , Koopmans C.M. , Boers K.E. , van Wyk L. , Tajik P. , van Pampus M.G. , Scherjon S.A. , Mol B.W. , Franssen M.T. , van den Berg P.P. , Groen H. 
Published: May 2017

(BJOG. 2016;123(9):1501–1508)
Between 20% and 25% of pregnancies involve induction of labor (IOL), with the intervention indicated when conditions exist where a better outcome for mother and/or child would be expected if the pregnancy is not further prolonged. However, the effectiveness of IOL is debatable, especially in the setting of an unripe cervix, with studies indicating an associated high rate of cesarean section (CS). The objective of this study was to evaluate CS and adverse neonatal outcome rates for IOL versus expectant management in women with an unripe cervix at or near term, using a secondary analysis of data from 2 previously completed randomized trials.
Fetal Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Wohlmuth C. , Gardiner H.M. , Diehl W. , Hecher K. 
Published: May 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95(6):664–671)
Research has shown that about 10% to 15% of monochorionic-diamniotic pregnancies are complicated by the twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). TTTS arises because of the unbalanced transfer of fluid and vasoactive mediators from 1 twin to the other via placental anastomoses.
Timing of Delivery and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Feghali M.N. , Caritis S.N. , Catov J.M. , Scifres C.M. 
Published: May 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215:243.e1–243.e7)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can lead to other pregnancy-related adverse effects such as macrosomia and birth trauma. To prevent these maternal and neonatal risks, labor is usually induced at term in women with GDM. However, the risks and benefits of induction of labor (IOL) have been inadequately analyzed. The objective of this study was to assess the correlation between IOL, gestational age and rates of cesarean delivery (CD) in women who have GDM.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With a History of Previable, Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes
Authors: Monson M.A. , Gibbons K.J. , Esplin M.S. , Manuck T.A. 
Published: May 2017

(Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):976–982)
About one third of preterm births is caused by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), which is a complication that occurs in about 3% to 4.5% of all pregnancies. The objective of this study was to describe subsequent pregnancy outcomes among women who had a history of PPROM at <24 weeks of gestation. The study also evaluated the use of various prophylaxis modalities during preterm birth.
IV Paracetamol as an Adjunct to Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia With Levobupivacaine and Fentanyl in Labour: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Gupta K. , Mitra S. , Kazal S. , Saroa R. , Ahuja V. , Goel P. 
Published: May 2017

(Br J Anaesth. 2016;117:617–622)
Neuraxial techniques are the accepted gold standard for intrapartum labor analgesia but adjunctive agents may help to provide a dose-sparing effect. Paracetamol is an effective antipyretic and analgesic medication with established tolerability and a favorable safety profile. However, very few studies have assessed its intrapartum use, and no study has evaluated intravenous (IV) paracetamol as an adjunct analgesic agent for labor analgesia regimens. The authors of the present study thus evaluated the efficacy of a 1000 mg IV. infusion of paracetamol as an adjunct and its sparing effect on total levobupivacaine and fentanyl consumption.
Ephedrine Versus Ondansetron in the Prevention of Hypotension During Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
Authors: Nivatpumin P. , Thamvittayakul V. 
Published: May 2017

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016;27:25–31)
Maternal hypotension is a common complication of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. This can lead to bothersome side effects such as nausea and vomiting as well as more serious consequences like fetal hypoxia and acidosis. Phenylephrine and ephedrine are typically administered for the prevention and/or treatment of spinal-induced hypotension. However, some studies in the past few years have shown that ondansetron, a serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, was effective at preventing spinal-induced hypotension. It has been hypothesized that ondansetron prevents hypotension by inhibition of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. This current randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy of ephedrine and ondansetron for the prevention of maternal hypotension in parturients receiving spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery.
Pencil-point Needle Bevel Direction Influences ED50 of Isobaric Ropivacaine With Fentanyl in Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Prospective, Double-blind Sequential Allocation Study
Authors: Stroumpoulis K. , Stamatakis E. , Koutroumanis P. , Loukeri A. , Valsamidis D. 
Published: May 2017

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24:225–229)
There are few studies on the effect of bevel direction on the quality of spinal anesthesia when using a pencil-point spinal needle. The authors’ clinical experience suggested a lower local anesthetic dose was needed to achieve satisfactory anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD) when the distal aperture of a Whitacre spinal needle was oriented cephalad. Their present double-blind study used the minimum local analgesic dose model to investigate if the median effective dose (ED50) of isobaric ropivacaine for CD spinal anesthesia varied based on the distal aperture direction of a Whitacre pencil-point needle.
Lesbian and Bisexual Women’s Likelihood of Becoming Pregnant: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hodson K. , Meads C. , Bewley S. 
Published: May 2017

(Abstracted from BJOG 2017;124:393–402)
Few studies have examined the prevalence of pregnancy among adolescents and adult lesbian and bisexual (LB) women. There are few data on success of assisted reproduction and comparative fecundity in these women and how factors such as sexuality and access to sperm affect their fecundity.