bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient–Practitioner Relationship
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract:The patient–practitioner relationship is a critical component in creating a patient-centered approach that prioritizes the patient’s best interests in accordance with the patient’s reasonable goals, values, and priorities. Autonomy is fundamental to this relationship because the patient should be empowered to make informed treatment decisions. Trust and reflective understanding in the practitioner are crucial for building this relationship, and ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence guide the practitioner’s actions to maximize the patient’s best interests. Public policy of justice also plays a role because patient abandonment is considered a form of healthcare malpractice and can result in legal consequences. To maintain the trust of the healthcare community and ensure patient well-being, proper instructions and healthcare records information must be transferred if the patient–practitioner relationship is terminated. Understanding the importance of this relationship is essential for all healthcare providers.
Practitioner Disagreements
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract:The attending practitioner holds ultimate responsibility and is legally liable for the patient’s care, whereas the resident is part of the interprofessional healthcare team under the attending’s supervision. The resident must follow institutional policies and procedures for dealing with disagreements and bring any disputes to the attending’s attention. The healthcare record is not for debating disagreements but, rather, for documenting patient management. If harm or error occurs, the resident must learn how to analyze and report it while being honest and open with the patient to maximize the patient’s best interests. Legal liability laws strengthen the healthcare profession and the patient–practitioner relationship. Following the proper process for dealing with disagreements is a professional obligation based on standards of care.
Referrals and Fee Splitting
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Conflicts of interest in healthcare practice, such as self-referral and fee splitting, have far-reaching effects on patients, practitioners, and public policy. At the core of healthcare ethics, the practitioner’s main priority must be to act in the patient’s best interest, guided by the patient’s reasonable goals, values, and priorities. Referrals to other healthcare services should be based on evidence-based reasoning, and practitioners must comply with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act laws. Conflicts of interest are incompatible with essential ethical principles, undermining patient autonomy through informed consent and violating the principles of beneficence (do good) and nonmaleficence (do no harm) for the practitioner. Through mechanisms such as the federal Stark law, public policy is critical in ensuring justice by prohibiting self-referral, protecting individual rights, implementing fair procedures, and distributing social goods equitably.
Structural Injustice
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Structural injustice has significant effects on healthcare disparities. Structural injustice refers to social, political, and institutional practices that result in unequal effects on individuals due to their membership in a certain social group. It is strongly linked to group identity and can manifest in inequalities in education, opportunity, wealth, political representation, and access to healthcare. It is imperative that society and healthcare practitioners recognize the unity of humanity in combating structural injustice. The patient–practitioner relationship is also impacted by structural injustice, which can affect informed consent and the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence in healthcare practice. The importance of the principle of justice and the role of a democratic constitutional republic in promoting fairness and structural alignment in government cannot be overstressed. The principles of biomedical ethics, like a democratic constitutional republic, require structural checks and balances to ensure ethical practice.
Testimonials and Quackery
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The use of patient testimonials in healthcare marketing can have both positive and negative effects. Testimonials can provide social proof of a practitioner’s skills and services, but they can also be deceptive and unprofessional. Quackery, the act of making exaggerated claims for financial gain, is a concern, and patients are vulnerable to its seduction, especially in times of stress and pain. Requesting a testimonial from a vulnerable patient may not be a violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, but it is considered a form of coercion and violates the patient-centered nature of the patient–practitioner relationship. The practitioner’s obligation is to provide patient-centered care and never compromise the relationship for financial gain. Making exaggerated claims is unprofessional and illegal, and asking for a testimonial from a vulnerable patient is unethical. Practitioners must maintain focus on patient-centered care and not engage in deceptive practices.
Torture
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The healthcare profession prohibits any association with torture or enhanced interrogation techniques. Practitioners have a professional, legal, and moral obligation to oppose, expose, and report these practices, and practitioners must never cross the boundary of participating in torture or enhanced interrogation. When practitioners treat those injured by torture, they must not do so for the purpose of further torture. The healthcare profession holds practitioners accountable for reporting abuse, including in legal war zones or under the orders of superiors. Practitioners have a legal obligation to report possible torture as a violation of human rights. Failure to report abuse is considered the same as failure to report child or elder abuse and can result in legal liability. The healthcare profession will never deviate from its stance against torture or enhanced interrogation techniques.
Cultural factors in suicide
Authors: Watson Cameron , Bhugra Dinesh , Ventriglio Antonio 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Suicide, as a phenomenon, is ubiquitous across all cultures. The reported rates of suicide are often an underestimate, as in many societies, the act of suicide is still illegal and punishable by law. Cultural factors such as gender roles, religion, sexual orientation, poverty, unemployment, economic downturn, and other factors can play a significant role in contributing to the incidence rates of suicide. The form of society and its impact on the rates of suicide were first described by Durkheim in the nineteenth century. Social determinants do influence the rates of psychiatric disorders and suicide. Different cultures have different patterns and types of suicide, as seen in Japan and India. Cultural values and mores can contribute to suicidal ideation and acts of deliberate self-harm across cultures. In clinical assessments and management, it is critical to be cognizant of cultural factors and the role that culture can play in suicide.
Genetic aspects of suicide
Authors: Giegling Ina , Maul Stephan , Hartmann Annette M. , Rujescu Dan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Suicidal behaviour is a major health risk responsible for more than 1 million deaths per year worldwide. The risk of suicide-related behaviour is presumed to be the result of a complex interplay between sociocultural factors, psychiatric history, personality traits (impulsivity, anger, aggression, and neuroticism), and genetic, as well as neurobiological, vulnerability. Suicidal behaviour, associated personality-derived endophenotypes, and accompanying mental illness show intrinsic heritability. Genes implicated in suicidal behaviour and partially overlapping genetic backgrounds are beginning to emerge, as sample sizes increase in candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, and polygenic risk score predictions are conducted, although no conclusive results can be given at present. Sample sizes of all ethnicities, harmonization of phenotypes and their assessment, and consideration of environmental influences on gene expression and interaction need to be improved in further studies.
Suicide among Asian migrants in Hong Kong: A case study
Authors: Wong Anna , Yip Paul 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Migration is linked directly or indirectly to the quest for decent work opportunities and Asia plays a major role in global migration patterns. Yet, despite research and theory development on migrants’ well-being, there is still a lack of understanding about suicide prevalence and risk and protective factors among Asian migrants. Using Hong Kong as a case study, this chapter examines the hypothesis that Asians who migrate and subsequently identify as ethnic minorities or migrants are at increased risk of suicide. The underlying assumption is that the challenges often experienced by ethnic minorities and migrants in the migration destination, together with the stigma rooted in the culture of their original country, make them more vulnerable to the risk of suicide. Coroner suicide records and relevant data on four major migrant groups were examined to determine whether or not Asians who migrate and subsequently identify as ethnic minorities or migrants are at increased risk of suicide, and why.
Suicidality in Black and further non-white communities
Authors: Lazaridou Felicia Boma , Schouler-Ocak Meryam 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a theoretical and conceptual overview of suicidality in Black and further non-white communities, a hitherto rather neglected vulnerable group that suffers particularly from racism and other forms of discrimination—interpersonally, institutionally, and structurally. Therefore, social justice approaches are urgently needed to address inequities in complex social meta-problems such as suicidality. Furthermore, the cumulativeness and complexity of social stress as a risk factor for suicidality are highlighted. The association with centring the thwarted social belongingness of racism’s structural exclusion as suicide risk factor is also discussed. Prevention programmes tailored to Black and further non-white communities are discussed.
The influence of religion on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
Authors: Savani Shahnaz , Arora Anil , Brown Marcus , Ma Ying , Gearing Robin Edward 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The increasing relevance of research on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in the context of terminal illnesses, unresolved pain, palliative care, and significant deterioration in quality of life has emerged in the recent literature. The importance of patient autonomy, the right to die with dignity, self-determination, and the right to end pain and suffering have gained traction among patients and professionals in the medical community. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the association and influence of religion on the perspectives on, and attitudes towards, euthanasia and PAS across five of the dominant world religions, specifically Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism.
Suicide during the global COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wasserman Danuta , Iosue Miriam , Carli Vladimir 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter on suicide during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the world discusses the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal thoughts and behaviour in different countries and regions of the world. It reviews trends in suicide rates during the different phases of the pandemic in four World Health Organization regions. It also examines variations in suicide-related emergency department visits and data on self-reported suicidal thoughts and behaviour. Trends in suicide rates during previous epidemics and outbreaks are also discussed, as well as findings on risk and protective factors. Finally, it considers the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and suicidality among migrants and indigenous people.
Structures
Authors: Cyna Allan M. , Andrew Marion I. , Tan Suyin G.M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As anaesthetists, we encounter patients at their most vulnerable and stressed, with some resigned to whatever is required and others not so ready to hand over control of their most vital functions. Dealing with this spectrum of reactions presents challenges, particularly if patients hold different, and sometimes, seemingly illogical realities. Consideration of language structure offers insights into the important role conscious and subconscious communication has in influencing patients’ perceptions, experience, and behaviour. This chapter introduces the ‘LAURS’ and ‘GREAT’ structures which feature as the recurring communication frameworks in the multiple contexts explored in this book. With this understanding and using these structures we begin to see how we can work with different realities to build previously elusive rapport and stronger therapeutic relationships.
How words hurt
Authors: Lang Elvira V. , Burgoyne Laura L. , Cyna Allan M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Negative suggestions are ubiquitous in hospital practice. Clear evidence from both observational and randomized controlled trials shows that negative suggestions increase pain and anxiety, a phenomenon termed the nocebo effect. For example, asking about pain scores may increase requests for analgesia postoperatively and warning patients about pain can reverse the analgesic effect of local anaesthetic cream. Likewise, the side effects of propofol may be exaggerated if patients are advised that propofol ‘will sting’ or ‘hurt’ during injection. Alternative communications could be that propofol, ‘is a powerful and effective anaesthetic’ during its administration. Anaesthetists need to be mindful that their communications may have nocebo effects when negative perceptual language is used. Providing meaningful information such as, ‘the local anaesthetic will numb the skin to allow us to finish positioning your drip more comfortably’, rather than ‘Sting coming!’ can help generate positive outcomes such as decreased pain and anxiety.
Language and the subconscious
Authors: Cyna Allan M. , Andrew Marion I. , Tan Suyin G.M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As anaesthetists we pride ourselves on our cognitive capabilities with information and reasoning at the core of our practice. Much of our discussion with patients about anaesthesia is conscious. Yet it is the subconscious mind that drives much of what humans do, especially when stressed. Patient anxiety, fear, suffering, and even anger often fail to respond to logical explanations alone since these emotional subconscious responses arise from hidden knowledge and prior experiences. In this chapter we invite a shift in thinking and focus on the subconscious, its functions, and its influence on our perceptions and behaviour. The chapter explores learnable techniques and language structures including imagery, double binds, ‘Yes sets’, and time distortion, that act as gateways to access helpful non-volitional responses. Incorporation of these ‘below the radar’ communication techniques into anaesthetic practice offers a skillset that supports patient and anaesthetist in achieving their goals.
Aneurysms
Authors: Davies Robert , Russell Terri-Ann 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
An arterial aneurysm is defined as a 50% or greater increase in the diameter of a vessel. The infrarenal aorta and popliteal artery are the commonest locations for arterial aneurysms. The longevity of the benefits of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) does not seem to endure, as the initial mortality advantage observed in the EVAR-1 trial is not sustained in long-term studies. Despite the increasing use of EVAR in the treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms, meta-analyses of trials on aortic aneurysm rupture fail to demonstrate a mortality benefit of EVAR over open repair. The majority of arterial aneurysms are asymptomatic at the time of presentation having been identified incidentally during routine health checks or investigations for other pathologies.
Periodicity significance testing with null-signal templates: reassessment of PTF’s SMBH binary candidates
Authors: Robnik Jakob , Bayer Adrian E , Charisi Maria , Haiman Zoltán , Lin Allison , Seljak Uroš 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
Periodograms are widely employed for identifying periodicity in time series data, yet they often struggle to accurately quantify the statistical significance of detected periodic signals when the data complexity precludes reliable simulations. We develop a data-driven approach to address this challenge by introducing a null-signal template (NST). The NST is created by carefully randomizing the period of each cycle in the periodogram template, rendering it non-periodic. It has the same frequentist properties as a periodic signal template, and we show with simulations that the distribution of false positives is the same as with the original periodic template, regardless of the underlying data. Thus, performing a periodicity search with the NST acts as an effective simulation of the null (no-signal) hypothesis, without having to simulate the noise properties of the data. We apply the NST method to the supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHB) search in the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), where Charisi et al. had previously proposed 33 high signal-to-noise candidates utilizing simulations to quantify their significance. Our approach reveals that these simulations do not capture the complexity of the real data. There are no statistically significant periodic signal detections above the non-periodic background. To improve the search sensitivity, we introduce a Gaussian quadrature based algorithm for the Bayes Factor with correlated noise as a test statistic. We show with simulations that this improves sensitivity to true signals by more than an order of magnitude. However, the Bayes Factor approach also results in no statistically significant detections in the PTF data.
Radial velocity analysis of stars with debris discs
Authors: Bisht Deepak , Jones Hugh R A 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
This study aims to identify potential exoplanet signals from nearby stars with resolved debris discs. However, the high activity of many stars with debris discs limits the detection of periodic signals. Our study is constrained to a sample of 29 stars that have appropriate radial velocity data and debris disc measurements sufficient to resolve their inclination. Our results confirm and update previous findings for exoplanets around HD 10647, HD 115617, HD 69830, GJ 581, HD 22049, and HD 142091, and we identify long-term activity signals around HD 207129 and HD 202628. We utilize the inclination angles of the debris discs, assuming co-planarity between debris disc and exoplanet orbit, to determine the ‘disc-aligned’ masses of radial velocity exoplanets in this study. The ‘disc-aligned’ masses of HD 69830 b, HD 69830 c, and 61 Vir b suggests that they may be classified as ‘hot’ or ‘warm’ Jupiters and so might be nearby examples of planets that have undergone recent type-II disc migration.
Widespread Adaptive Introgression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes across Vertebrate Hybrid Zones
Authors: Gaczorek T , Dudek K , Fritz U , Bahri-Sfar L , Baird S J E , Bonhomme F , Dufresnes C , Gvoždík V , Irwin D , Kotlík P , Marková S , McGinnity P , Migalska M , Moravec J , Natola L , Pabijan M , Phillips K P , Schöneberg Y , Souissi A , Radwan J , Babik W 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Interspecific introgression is a potentially important source of novel variation of adaptive significance. Although multiple cases of adaptive introgression are well documented, broader generalizations about its targets and mechanisms are lacking. Multiallelic balancing selection, particularly when acting through rare allele advantage, is an evolutionary mechanism expected to favor adaptive introgression. This is because introgressed alleles are likely to confer an immediate selective advantage, facilitating their establishment in the recipient species even in the face of strong genomic barriers to introgression. Vertebrate major histocompatibility complex genes are well-established targets of long-term multiallelic balancing selection, so widespread adaptive major histocompatibility complex introgression is expected. Here, we evaluate this hypothesis using data from 29 hybrid zones formed by fish, amphibians, squamates, turtles, birds, and mammals at advanced stages of speciation. The key prediction of more extensive major histocompatibility complex introgression compared to genome-wide introgression was tested with three complementary statistical approaches. We found evidence for widespread adaptive introgression of major histocompatibility complex genes, providing a link between the process of adaptive introgression and an underlying mechanism. Our work identifies major histocompatibility complex introgression as a general mechanism by which species can acquire novel, and possibly regain previously lost, variation that may enhance defense against pathogens and increase adaptive potential.