bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic effect of pre- and post-admission antibiotic treatment in paediatric acute mastoiditis
Authors: Carmel E , Curotta J H , Cheng A T 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effect of pre- and post-admission antibiotic treatment in paediatric acute mastoiditis.Design:Retrospective study.Method:Eighty-eight children with acute mastoiditis, from 2003 to 2012, were studied to investigate the effect of antibiotic therapy on short and long-term sequelae.Results:The median period of antibiotic therapy immediately following hospital discharge was 10 days (range, 5–49 days; standard deviation = 7.46). There were no sequelae within the fortnight following antibiotic therapy completion, but 14 of 40 patients had significant sequelae thereafter, including recurrent otorrhoea, acute otitis media and ventilation tube insertion requirement. Complication rates were significantly higher among patients who had pre-admission antibiotic therapy (52 per cent), compared to patients previously untreated (27 per cent).Conclusion:Paediatric acute mastoiditis patients treated with antibiotic therapy prior to admission are at higher risk for complication development. The advised time period for oral antibiotic therapy following hospital discharge remains as 10 days in all cases of uncomplicated acute mastoiditis.
Usefulness of gel filtration fraction as potential biomarker for neurocysticercosis in serum: towards a new diagnostic tool
Authors: NUNES D. S. , GONZAGA H. T. , RIBEIRO V. S. , CUNHA-JÚNIOR J. P. , COSTA-CRUZ J. M. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThere is an increasing interest in improving neurocysticercosis (NCC) diagnosis through the search of new and alternative antigenic sources, as those obtained from heterologous antigens. The aim of this study was to obtain potential biomarkers for NCC diagnosis after gel filtration chromatography [gel filtration fraction (GFF)] from the total saline extract (SE) from Taenia saginata metacestodes, followed by protein identification and application in immunodiagnostic. SE and GFF proteic profiles were characterized in gel electrophoresis, and diagnostic performance was verified by testing 160 serum samples through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and other diagnostic parameters were calculated. Polypeptides of interest in the diagnosis of human NCC present at GFF were analysed by mass spectrometry (MS) and B-cell epitopes were predicted. GFF had the best diagnostic parameters: Se 93·3%; Sp 93%; AUC 0·990; LR+ = 13·42 and LR− = 0·07, and proved to be useful reacting with serum samples in immunoblotting. Proteic profile ranged from 64 to 68 kDa and enolase and calcium binding protein calreticulin precursor were identified after MS. The enolase and calcium-binding protein calreticulin precursor showed 18 and 10 predicted B-cell epitopes, respectively. In conclusion we identified important markers in the GFF with high efficiency to diagnose NCC.
Spectral tomographic analysis of Bremsstrahlung X-rays generated in a laser-produced plasma
Authors: Rhee Y.J. , Nam S.M. , Peebles J. , Sawada H. , Wei M. , Vaisseau X. , Sasaki T. , Giuffrida L. , Hulin S. , Vauzour B. , Santos J.J. , Batani D. , McLean H.S. , Patel P.K. , Li Y.T. , Yuan D.W. , Zhang K. , Zhong J.Y. , Fu C.B. , Hua N. , Li K. , Zhang Y. , Zhu J.Q. , Kim I.J. , Jeon J.H. , Jeong T.M. , Choi I.W. , Lee H.W. , Sung J.H. , Lee S.K. , Nam C.H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA new approach is proposed to analyze Bremsstrahlung X-rays that are emitted from laser-produced plasmas (LPP) and are measured by a stack type spectrometer. This new method is based on a spectral tomographic reconstruction concept with the variational principle for optimization, without referring to the electron energy distribution of a plasma. This approach is applied to the analysis of some experimental data obtained at a few major laser facilities to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Slope temperatures of X-rays from LPP are determined with a two-temperature model, showing different spectral characteristics of X-rays depending on laser properties used in the experiments.
Optimistic expectations about communication explain children's difficulties in hiding, lying, and mistrusting liars
Authors: MASCARO OLIVIER , MORIN OLIVIER , SPERBER DAN 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe suggest that preschoolers’ frequent obliviousness to the risks and opportunities of deception comes from a trusting stance supporting verbal communication. Three studies (N = 125) confirm this hypothesis. Three-year-olds can hide information from others (Study 1) and they can lie (Study 2) in simple settings. Yet when one introduces the possibility of informing others in the very same settings, three-year-olds tend to be honest (Studies 1 and 2). Similarly, four-year-olds, though capable of treating assertions as false, trust deceptive informants (Study 3). We suggest that children's reduced sensitivity to the opportunities of lying, and to the risks of being lied to might help explain their difficulties on standard false belief tasks.
Reframing community forest governance for food security in Nepal
Authors: KHATRI DIL , SHRESTHA KRISHNA , OJHA HEMANT , PAUDEL GOVINDA , PAUDEL NAYA , PAIN ADAM 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThe growing challenge of food insecurity in the Global South has called for new research on the contribution of forests to food security. However, even progressive forest management institutions such as Nepal's community forestry programme have failed to address this issue. We analyse Nepal's community forestry programme and find that forest policies and local institutional practices have historically evolved to regulate forests either as sources of timber or as a means of biodiversity conservation, disregarding food security outcomes for local people. Disciplinary divisions between forestry and the agriculture sector have limited the prospect of strengthening forest–food security linkages. We conclude that the policy and legislative framework and formal bureaucratic practices are influenced by ‘modern forestry science’, which led to community forestry rules and practices not considering the contribution of forests to food security. Furthermore, forestry science has a particularly narrow focus on timber production and conservation. We argue for the need to recognise the importance of local knowledge and community practices of using forests for food. We propose adaptive and transformational approaches to knowledge generation and the application of such knowledge in order to support institutional change and policy reform and to enable landscape-specific innovations in forest–food linkages.
Coffee monoculture trends in tropical agroforested landscapes of Western Ghats (India)
Authors: GAUCHEREL CÉDRIC , ALET JULIE , GARCIA CLAUDE 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYAgainst the backdrop of the competing demands of agricultural productivity and biodiversity conservation, understanding land-use changes is critical. We studied the past, current and future landscape–dynamic scenarios for coffee and rice-coupled crops at a village scale in the Western Ghats (southern India) by integrating three levels of organization (patch, farm and soils). The village structures and dynamics from 1950 to 2010 were modelled with the Dynamic Patch Landscape (DYPAL) modelling platform and analysed with Comparison Map Profile (CMP) spatial analysis in order to assess environmental trends. Our model, combined with mathematical formalizations and multiscale analyses, was also used to project future land-use sustainability. Our findings highlight significant environmental issues affecting the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, which is also subject to increasing and differential demands for other crops that are dependent on farm production systems. Intensive coffee cultivation, with conversion of the forest cover into Grevillea robusta monoculture and ongoing paddy abandonment, have had a strong impact on the region's landscape (+30% G. robusta) and biodiversity (from –3% to –13% in the already-reduced forest cover).
“Could We Hold Hands?” Older Lesbian and Gay Couples’ Perceptions of Long-Term Care Homes and Home Care
Authors: Furlotte Charles , Gladstone James W. , Cosby Robert F. , Fitzgerald Kerri-Ann 
Published: October 2016

RÉSUMÉCette étude qualitative décrit les attentes, les préoccupations et les besoins en matière de services de soins de longue durée et de soins à domicile de 12 couples de lesbiennes et de gais plus âgés qui habitent au Canada. Nos résultats reflètent quatre grands thèmes: la discrimination, l’identité, les dépenses d’énergie, et les soins nuancés. Discrimination a été caractérisée par des préoccupations concernant une discrimination déguisée; perte d’amortisseurs sociaux lorsque l’on vieillit; diminution de la capacité de plaider pour soi-même et l’autre conjoint. Les questions d’identité ont inclus le risque prévu sur la divulgation de son identité sexuelle; l’importance centrale d’être identifié comme un partenaire dans une relation couplée; et l’importance d’avoir accès à des groupes de référence constitués d’autres aînés gais. Nous concluons que les partenaires sont accablés par le travail émotionnel de dépenser de l’énergie à cacher une partie de leur identité, l’évaluation de leurs environnements de discrimination et d’apaiser autres. Les participants suggèrent que les soins nuancéssont nécessaires, ce qui implique sentir à l’aise avec les fournisseurs de soins de santé; ayant fournisseurs sentir à l’aise avec eux; et une dualité de nécessité entre vouloir être considéré comme le même, tout en même temps également reconnu comme unique. Ces thèmes informent ententes de services de soins et de soins à domicile à long terme pour les couples lesbiens et gais plus âgés.
Climate Change and Atoll Island States: Pursuing a ‘Family Resemblance’ Account of Statehood
Authors: WILLCOX SUSANNAH 
Published: October 2016

Abstract‘Climate change inundation’ – the process whereby climate change-related impacts like rising sea levels, higher storm surges, and changing rainfall patterns interact with and exacerbate existing vulnerabilities like poverty, isolation, resource scarcity, and inadequate infrastructure – presents a unique challenge to the territorial, legal, and political infrastructure of low-lying coral atoll island states. This article uses the example of climate change inundation to illustrate some of the shortcomings of the mainstream ‘minimum threshold’ account of statehood. It then proposes an alternative account of the criteria of statehood as a set of overlapping similarities or relationships between state-like entities, drawing on Wittgenstein's concept of ‘family resemblances’. Although problematic in some respects, this family resemblance account provides a broader conceptual space for assessing the merits of alternative forms of statehood.
Environmental drivers of benthic communities and habitat heterogeneity on an East Antarctic shelf
Authors: Post Alexandra L. , Lavoie Caroline , Domack Eugene W. , Leventer Amy , Shevenell Amelia , Fraser Alexander D. ,   the NBP 14-02 SCIENCE TEAM
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study presents the first analysis of benthic megafauna and habitats from the Sabrina Coast shelf, encompassing a proposed Marine Protected Area. Sea bed imagery indicated an abundant benthic fauna compared to other parts of the Antarctic shelf, dominated by brittle stars, polychaete tubeworms, and a range of other sessile and mobile taxa. The distribution of taxa was related (ρ=0.592, P<0.001) to variations in water depth, latitude, substrate type and phytodetritus. High phytodetritus cover was associated with muddy/sandy sediments and abundant holothurians and amphipods, while harder substrates hosted abundant brachiopods, hard bryozoans, polychaete tubeworms, massive and encrusting sponges, and sea whips. Brittle stars, irregular urchins and anemones were ubiquitous. Variations in substrate largely reflected the distribution of dropstones, creating fine-scale habitat heterogeneity. Several taxa were found only on hard substrates, and their broad regional distribution indicated that the density of dropstones was sufficient for most sessile invertebrates to disperse across the region. The hexactinellid sponge Anoxycalyx joubini and branching hydrocorals exhibited a more restricted distribution, probably related to water depth and limited dispersal capability, respectively. Dropstones were associated with significant increases in taxa diversity, abundance and biological cover, enhancing the overall diversity and biomass of this ecosystem.
Polyallylamine as an Adhesion Promoter for SU-8 Photoresist
Authors: Chatterjee Shiladitya , Major George H. , Lunt Barry M. , Kaykhaii Massoud , Linford Matthew R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractResist lithography is an important microfabrication technique in the electronics industry. In this, patterns are transferred by irradiation onto a photosensitive polymer. SU-8 has emerged as a favorite photoresist for High Aspect Ratio (HAR) lithography, showing high chemical and mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Unfortunately, its poor adhesion to substrates is a drawback, with possible solutions being the use of low-viscosity SU-8, surface modification with a low molecular weight adsorbate like hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), or a commercial adhesion promotion reagent. However, HMDS and the commercial reagent require surface dehydration and/or curing, and a modified form of SU-8 is not always desirable. Here, we demonstrate the use of a water-soluble, amine-containing polymer, polyallylamine (PAAm), which spontaneously adsorbs to silica surfaces, as a simple, easy-to-apply, and reactive adhesion promoter for SU-8. Conditions for the use of PAAm are explored, and the resulting materials are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and wetting.
IBN SĪNĀ ON REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM
Authors: HODGES WILFRID 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIbn Sīnā (11th century, greater Persia) proposed an analysis of arguments by reductio ad absurdum. His analysis contains, perhaps for the first time, a workable method for handling the making and discharging of assumptions in a formal proof. We translate the relevant text of Ibn Sīnā and put his analysis into the context of his general approach to logic.
State-of-the-art in studies of glacial isostatic adjustment for the British Isles: a literature review
Authors: Stockamp Julia , Bishop Paul , Li Zhenhong , Petrie Elizabeth J , Hansom Jim , Rennie Alistair 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the effects of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) of the British Isles is essential for the assessment of past and future sea-level trends. GIA has been extensively examined in the literature, employing different research methods and observational data types. Geological evidence from palaeo-shorelines and undisturbed sedimentary deposits has been used to reconstruct long-term relative sea-level change since the Last Glacial Maximum. This information derived from sea-level index points has been employed to inform empirical isobase models of the uplift in Scotland using trend surface and Gaussian trend surface analysis, as well as to calibrate more theory-driven GIA models that rely on Earth mantle rheology and ice sheet history. Furthermore, current short-term rates of GIA-induced crustal motion during the past few decades have been measured using different geodetic techniques, mainly continuous GPS (CGPS) and absolute gravimetry (AG). AG-measurements are generally employed to increase the accuracy of the CGPS estimates. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) looks promising as a relatively new technique to measure crustal uplift in the northern parts of Great Britain, where the GIA-induced vertical land deformation has its highest rate. This literature review provides an in-depth comparison and discussion of the development of these different research approaches.
In vivo continuous evolution of genes and pathways in yeast
Authors: Crook Nathan , Abatemarco Joseph , Sun Jie , Wagner James M. , Schmitz Alexander , Alper Hal S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDirected evolution remains a powerful, highly generalizable approach for improving the performance of biological systems. However, implementations in eukaryotes rely either on in vitro diversity generation or limited mutational capacities. Here we synthetically optimize the retrotransposon Ty1 to enable in vivo generation of mutant libraries up to 1.6 × 107 l−1 per round, which is the highest of any in vivo mutational generation approach in yeast. We demonstrate this approach by using in vivo-generated libraries to evolve single enzymes, global transcriptional regulators and multi-gene pathways. When coupled to growth selection, this approach enables in vivo continuous evolution (ICE) of genes and pathways. Through a head-to-head comparison, we find that ICE libraries yield higher-performing variants faster than error-prone PCR-derived libraries. Finally, we demonstrate transferability of ICE to divergent yeasts, including Kluyveromyces lactis and alternative S. cerevisiae strains. Collectively, this work establishes a generic platform for rapid eukaryotic-directed evolution across an array of target cargo.
Phytoplankton size-diversity mediates an emergent trade-off in ecosystem functioning for rare versus frequent disturbances
Authors: Smith S. Lan , Vallina Sergio M. , Merico Agostino 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBiodiversity is known to be an important determinant of ecosystem-level functions and processes. Although theories have been proposed to explain the generally positive relationship between, for example, biodiversity and productivity, it remains unclear which mechanisms underlie the observed variations in Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function (BEF) relationships. Using a continuous trait-distribution model for a phytoplankton community of gleaners competing with opportunists, and subjecting it to differing frequencies of disturbance, we find that species selection tends to enhance temporal species complementarity, which is maximised at high disturbance frequency and intermediate functional diversity. This leads to the emergence of a trade-off whereby increasing diversity tends to enhance short-term adaptive capacity under frequent disturbance while diminishing long-term productivity under infrequent disturbance. BEF relationships therefore depend on both disturbance frequency and the timescale of observation.
A large-scale chloroplast phylogeny of the Lamiaceae sheds new light on its subfamilial classification
Authors: Li Bo , Cantino Philip D. , Olmstead Richard G. , Bramley Gemma L. C. , Xiang Chun-Lei , Ma Zhong-Hui , Tan Yun-Hong , Zhang Dian-Xiang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLamiaceae, the sixth largest angiosperm family, contains more than 7000 species distributed all over the world. However, although considerable progress has been made in the last two decades, its phylogenetic backbone has never been well resolved. In the present study, a large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction of Lamiaceae using chloroplast sequences was carried out with the most comprehensive sampling of the family to date (288 species in 191 genera, representing approximately 78% of the genera of Lamiaceae). Twelve strongly supported primary clades were inferred, which form the phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae. Six of the primary clades correspond to the current recognized subfamilies Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, and Symphorematoideae, and one corresponds to a portion of Viticoideae. The other five clades comprise: 1)AcrymiaandCymaria; 2)Hymenopyramis,Petraeovitex,Peronema, andGarrettia; 3)Premna,Gmelina, andCornutia; 4)Callicarpa; and 5)Tectona. Based on these results, three new subfamilies—Cymarioideae, Peronematoideae, and Premnoideae—are described, and the compositions of other subfamilies are updated based on new findings from the last decade. Furthermore, our analyses revealed five strongly supported, more inclusive clades that contain subfamilies, and we give them phylogenetically defined, unranked names: Cymalamiina, Scutelamiina, Perolamiina, Viticisymphorina, and Calliprostantherina.
Cumulative radiation exposure from imaging procedures and associated lifetime cancer risk for patients with lymphoma
Authors: Fabritius Grete , Brix Gunnar , Nekolla Elke , Klein Stefan , Popp Henning D. , Meyer Mathias , Glatting Gerhard , Hagelstein Claudia , Hofmann Wolf K. , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Henzler Thomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the cumulative radiation exposure and the associated lifetime-cancer-risk from diagnostic imaging in patients with Hodgkin-lymphoma-(HL) or diffuse-large-B-cell-lymphoma (DLBCL). 99 consecutive patients (53-males) diagnosed with HL or DLBCL were included in the study and followed. Based on the imaging reports, organ and effective-doses-(ED) were calculated individually for each patient and the excess lifetime risks were estimated. The average ED in the first year after diagnosis was significantly different for men (59 ± 33 mSv) and women (744 ± 33 mSv)-(p < 0.05). The mean cumulative ED in each of the following 5 years was 16 ± 16 mSv without significant differences between men and women-(p > 0.05). Over all years, more than 90% of the ED resulted from CT. The average cumulative radiation risk estimated for the first year was significantly lower for men (0.76 ± 0.41%) as compared to women (1.28 ± 0.54%)-(p < 0.05). The same was found for each of the subsequent 5-years (men-0.18 ± 0.17%; women-0.28 ± 0.25%)-(p < 0.05). In conclusion, for HL and DLBCL patients investigated in this study, a cumulative radiation risk of about 1 excess cancer per 100 patients is estimated for diagnostic imaging procedures performed during both the first year after diagnosis and a follow-up period of 5 years.
Decline of recent seabirds inferred from a composite 1000-year record of population dynamics
Authors: Xu Liqiang , Liu Xiaodong , Wu Libin , Sun Liguang , Zhao Jinjun , Chen Lin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBased on three ornithogenic sediment profiles and seabird subfossils therein from the Xisha Islands, South China Sea, the relative population size of seabirds over the past 1000 years was reconstructed using reflectance spectrum. Here we present an apparent increase and subsequent decline of seabirds on these islands in the South China Sea. Seabird populations peaked during the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400–1850 AD), implying that the cool climate during the LIA appears to have been more favorable to seabirds on the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea. Climate change partly explains the recent decrease in seabird populations over the past 150 years, but the significant decline and almost complete disappearance thereof on most of the Xisha Islands is probably attributable to human disturbance. Our study reveals the increasing impact of anthropogenic activities on seabird population in recent times.