bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and determinants of stunting and anaemia in children aged 6–23 months: A multilevel analysis from rural Ethiopia
Authors: Guja Habtamu , Belgiu Mariana , Baye Kaleab , Stein Alfred 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLow‐ and middle‐income countries shoulder the greatest burden of stunting and anaemia in children. This calls for prompt and effective intervention measures, while the contributing factors are not fully understood. This study evaluates determinants spanning from individual‐, household‐ and community levels including agroecology and antinutrients as unique sets of predictors. Primary data were collected from 660 rural households representing the midland (ML), highland, and upper highland (UHL) agroecological zones from northern Ethiopia. The study relates several predictors to stunting and anaemia in children aged 6–23 months. We found 49.1% and 49.7% of children were stunted and anaemic, respectively. Children living in the ML are approximately twice more likely to be stunted adjusted odds ratio (AOR: 1.869; 95% CI: 1.147–3.043) than in the UHL. The risk of stunting increases by 16.3% and 41.9% for every unit increase in phytate‐to‐zinc and phytate‐to‐iron molar ratios, respectively. A 10% increase in mean aggregated crop yield was observed to reduce the likelihood of stunting occurrence by 13.6%. Households lacking non‐farm income‐generating opportunities, travel longer time to access the marketplace and poor health service utilisation were associated with increased risk of stunting. Low diversity of child's diet, age of the child (18–23 months) and mothers at a younger age are significantly associated with stunting. Risk of anaemia in children is high amongst households with unimproved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, younger age (6–11 months) and mostly occurs amongst boys. Children in the ML had a 55% reduced risk of being anaemic (AOR: 0.446; 95% CI: 0.273–0.728) as compared to the UHL. Therefore, the influence of these factors should be considered to tailor strategies for reducing undernutrition in children of 6–23 months in rural Ethiopia. Interventions should go beyond the administrative boundaries into targeting agroecological variation.
Effects of opium tincture on gastrointestinal function and motility in healthy volunteers: A magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Mark Esben Bolvig , Okdahl Tina , Kahlke Daniel Gerdt , Hansen Line Elise Møller , Krogh Klaus , Frøkjær Jens Brøndum , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundOpioids inhibit motility and secretion of the gut and have been used for antidiarrheal treatment for centuries. However, the underlying mechanisms of opium tincture are not evident.AimTo investigate the effects of opium tincture on gastrointestinal motility, intestinal volumes, and water content of different gut segments assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsTwenty healthy volunteers were included in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover study of 9 days of treatment with 30 drops of opium tincture per day. MRI was performed on day 1 (before treatment) and day 9 (during treatment). Measurements included assessments of gastric volume, gastric emptying, gastric motility, small bowel volume, small bowel water content, small bowel motility, colon volume, colon water content, and whole gut transit.Key ResultsOpium tincture delayed gastric emptying by a mean difference of 5.6 min [95% CI: 1.8–9.4], p = 0.004, and increased postprandial gastric meal volume (17–21%, p = 0.02). Small bowel endpoints did not change. Opium tincture delayed whole gut transit time (p = 0.027) and increased ascending colon volume by 59 mL [95% CI: 15–103], p = 0.004, and transverse colon volume by 48 mL [95% CI: 4–92], p = 0.027. T1‐relaxation time of the descending colon chyme was decreased during opium treatment, indicating dryer feces (difference: −173 ms [95% CI: −336 ‐11], p = 0.03).Conclusion and InferencesOpium tincture induced changes in the stomach and colon in healthy volunteers. An improved understanding of how opioids affect gut functions may lead to a better understanding and optimized management of diarrhea.
Desmoplastic Fibroma of the Gnathic Bones—A Systematic Review
Authors: Loureiro Felippe José Almeida , Nogueira Wictor Rodrigues , Dutra Mateus José , Stelter Grazielle Oliveira , Schuch Lauren Frenzel , Silveira Felipe Martins , Wagner Vivian Petersen , Martins Manoela Domingues , Martins Marco Antônio Trevizani 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo summarize published information about the desmoplastic fibroma of the gnathic bones into a descriptive analysis of the main features of this condition.Material and MethodsA systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Electronic search was performed in four databases and in the gray literature. Case reports and case series were included. Frequencies were obtained for descriptive analysis.ResultsWe identified 66 articles, for a total of 96 cases. Female patients (55.8%) in the first decade of life (40.6%) with a mean age of 18.2 years were more affected. The mandible was the most affected bone with 81.2% of the cases. The main clinical feature was painless swelling (54.2%). Most of the imaging examinations (radiological, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance) showed well‐defined radiolucencies (65.4%) lesions. The treatment was surgical removal in all cases. The recurrence rate was 10.8% and all in the posterior mandible. Spindle cell fibroblasts in a collagenized stroma were often described in the histopathological features. Vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and β‐catenin were common immunohistochemical markers.ConclusionDesmoplastic fibroma is a locally aggressive lesion that commonly affects the jaws in children. Histopathology is essential for diagnosis, and the pathogenesis of this tumor should be further investigated.
Examining the Safety of Dorsogluteal and Ventrogluteal Sites for Intramuscular Injection in Older Adults
Authors: Yalcin Atar Nurdan , Altan Melis Deniz , Kaymaz Erhan 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundMuscle, subcutaneous tissue and total tissue thicknesses are important factors in successful intramuscular injection. Muscle mass decreases and subcutaneous tissue increases with age. This may negatively affect the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular injection in older adults by increasing the risk of bone contact and subcutaneous drug administration. Intramuscular injection sites should be evaluated in this respect, but no previous study has evaluated the most appropriate sites for safe and effective intramuscular injection in older adults.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the safety of dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal injection sites in older adults.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 171 older adults who presented to the radiology clinic of a hospital between November 2022 and February 2023. We collected the study data using a descriptive characteristics form and an ultrasonographic measurement form. To complete the descriptive characteristics form, we interviewed the participants and measured their waist circumference, hip circumference, weight and height. Muscle, subcutaneous tissue and total tissue thicknesses at the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites were determined by ultrasonography. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline.ResultsAt the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites, respectively, total tissue thicknesses were 59.43 ± 11.21 and 48.78 ± 9.68 mm, subcutaneous tissue thicknesses were 20.07 ± 6.64 and 22.97 ± 7.40 mm and muscle thicknesses were 40.13 ± 5.59 and 25.61 ± 4.30 mm. Tissue thicknesses at both sites differed according to sex, weight, hip circumference and waist circumference (p < 0.05). Although both sites were acceptable according to the tissue thickness thresholds for intramuscular injection given in the literature (subcutaneous tissue < 25 mm, total tissue > 35 mm), the ventrogluteal site was more advantageous in terms of greater muscle thickness and lower subcutaneous tissue thickness.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicated that both the ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal sites are safe for intramuscular injections in older adults in terms of tissue thickness. However, the ventrogluteal site may be safer for older adults because of the lower risk of bone contact and subcutaneous injection. Further studies are needed on this subject.Implications for PracticeThis study is important in terms of determining the safe and effective gluteal site for IM injection in older people aged 65 and over, preventing complications that may arise from site selection, and developing nursing policies that consider older people as a special group in the selection of IM injection sites.
Deprivation and NHS General Ophthalmic Service sight testing activity in England in 2022–2023
Authors: Harper Robert A. , Hooper Jeremy , Parkins David J. , Fenerty Cecilia H. , Roach James , Bowen Michael 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPurposeSocioeconomic deprivation is associated with an increased incidence of sight‐loss. To inform potential developments in eyecare, General Ophthalmic Service (GOS) sight‐testing activity was explored in relation to deprivation for GOS contractors submitting National Health Service (NHS) claims in England.MethodsData on NHS sight‐test claims for the financial year 2022–2023 were sought from NHS England (NHSE), including number of sight‐tests by GOS contractors, their unique Organisation Data Service codes and postcodes and age‐bands of patients accessing sight‐testing. Deprivation scores were assigned to contractor practices using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) and the average number of sight‐tests for all contractors within each IMD decile calculated, allowing rate of sight‐testing per 1000 population per decile of deprivation to be estimated using Office of National Statistics (ONS) Lower Layer Super Output Area mid‐year population estimates. Inequality was examined using the Odds Ratio (OR) and slope and relative index of inequality measures (SSI and RII).ResultsOverall, 12.94 million NHS sight‐tests were provided by 5622 GOS contractors in England in 2022–2023. Most affluent decile GOS contractors undertook an average ~2200 NHS sight‐tests, while in the most deprived decile, average NHS sight‐tests per contractor was ~1100. Rate of sight‐testing per 1000 population in the most deprived decile was one quarter of that in the most affluent, with an OR of 5.29 (95% CI 5.27–5.30), indicating those in the most affluent areas were ~five times more likely to access NHS sight‐tests. Overall, SII and RII were 333.5 (95% CI 333.52–333.53) and 6.4 (95% CI 6.39–6.40), respectively, findings reflective of substantial inequality in uptake.ConclusionThere remains substantial unwarranted variation in uptake of NHS sight‐testing, with those in more affluent areas accessing sight‐testing substantially more than those in more deprived areas. Strategies are required to facilitate primary care optometry to provide more equitable access to eyecare.
Subjective quasi‐vector‐based refraction with a conventional phoropter
Authors: Albero Moreno Jose Ricardo , Albarrán Diego Cesar , Micó Vicente 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPurposeTo introduce a novel methodology for subjective refraction based on power vectors with a conventional phoropter.MethodsA conventional phoropter was used to measure power vector components of refraction (M, J0 and J45) directly by using the sphere power (for M measurement) and the cylinder power combined with the Jackson cross‐cylinders (for J0 and J45 measurements). Conventional subjective refraction was also performed, and this result was mathematically transformed into power vector notation for comparison purposes. Visual acuities with the conventional prescription and the quasi‐vector‐based prescription were compared.ResultsRefractive error from 40 healthy participants was measured by conventional and quasi‐vector‐based subjective refraction. No differences were found between methods for any of the power vector components of refraction (p > 0.21 in all cases). The visual acuity achieved with the prescriptions yielded similar values (p = 0.85).ConclusionsSubjective refraction can be measured directly in power vector notation using a conventional phoropter without any additional adaptation and computation.
Revealing the use of dental indices to infer taxonomic variation in sauropod dinosaurs
Authors: Frauenfelder Timothy G. , Birch Sienna A. , Bell Phil R. , Campione Nicolás E. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSauropod teeth are commonly categorized taxonomically by two well‐established measurement indices: slenderness index (SI; apicobasal height/mesiodistal width), which quantifies breadth, and compression index (CI; labiolingual width/mesiodistal width), which quantifies cross‐sectional circularity. Although both indices are used to infer high‐level taxonomic affinities, little is known about the linear relationships between the constituent measurements or how the indices vary intra‐cranially and at lower taxonomic levels. Here, we evaluate these relationships using a novel dataset of sauropod teeth (N = 898) spanning all major sauropod groups. Results for both indices indicate significant differential scaling within Sauropodomorpha, both in slope and elevation. Broad‐crowned sauropods mostly display positive allometry in SI compared to isometry in narrow‐crowned sauropods. However, this distinction is less clear with CI as most sauropods display isometry, whilst non‐sauropod sauropodomorphs (e.g. Plateosauridae) display positive allometry. An anova reveals SI varies significantly with genus and tooth position. Specifically, jaw type (maxilla and dentary) is significant within Plateosauridae, whilst tooth position is significant within titanosaurs. Overall, variation within CI is restricted to genus. Our findings reveal that whilst indices have taxonomic utility, there are caveats. The measurements used to calculate the indices exhibit significant allometry, indicating that index values are size‐dependent. Furthermore, the indices may not accurately reflect size heterodont conditions present among early‐branching sauropodomorphs. Our study highlights the importance of quantifying taxonomic relationships of measurement data, which can be used to inform hypotheses regarding the physiological and palaeoecological drivers influencing tooth shape evolution.
Clinical and imaging correlates of hyperorality in syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Altomare Daniele , Bracca Valeria , Premi Enrico , Micheli Anna , Cotelli Maria Sofia , Gasparotti Roberto , Alberici Antonella , Borroni Barbara 
Published: October 2024

AimEmpirical research investigating hyperorality in syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is limited. The present study aims to assess and describe hyperorality and its clinical and imaging correlates in patients with FTLD‐associated syndromes.MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal study included consecutive patients with FTLD who underwent a clinical, cognitive, and behavioral assessment. The presence and severity of hyperorality was assessed using the Frontal Behavior Inventory.ResultsA total of 712 patients with FTLD were included in the study. Hyperorality was reported by 29% (204 of 712 [95% CI: 25–32%]) of patients; was more frequent in those with severe dementia than in those with prodromal or mild to moderate dementia (P < 0.05); was associated with younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96 [95% CI: 0.94–0.99]), (P = 0.003) and positive family history for dementia (OR = 2.03 [95% CI: 1.18–3.49], P = 0.010); was overall more probable in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and frontotemporal dementia with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotypes, and less probable in other language or motor phenotypes; and was associated with higher severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms (OR = 1.08 [95% CI: 1.06–1.10], P < 0.001) and with the presence of several behavioral symptoms (P < 0.05). Moreover, hyperorality severity increased over time only in patients with bvFTD (β = +0.15, P = 0.011) or semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (β = +0.34, P = 0.010). Finally, the presence of hyperorality was significantly associated with greater atrophy in the right anterior insula and right orbitofrontal region (false discovery rate–corrected P < 0.05).ConclusionHyperorality is common in certain FTLD‐associated syndromes. Understanding its correlates can help clinicians define pharmacological and educational interventions and clarify related anatomical circuits.
Identification and characterization of NHX gene family for their role under salt stress in Vigna mungo
Authors: Kumar Kuldeep , Jha Sudhir Kumar , Kumar Vaibhav , Sagar Pritee , Tripathi Sandhya , Rathore Meenal , Singh Awnindra Kumar , Soren Khela Ram , Dixit Girish Prasad 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn the current study, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of the Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger (NHX) gene family in Vigna mungo, and a total of 44 NHX genes were identified. A bimodal distribution based on domains, gene structure and phylogenetic analysis was evident. All intronpoor and intron‐rich genes were clustered in clades I and II, respectively. Interestingly, all genes of subclade IIb were localized to vacuoles and possess only the NHX domain. The isoelectric point and trans‐membrane domain analysis reflect the wide distribution of the NHX genes. Interestingly, Vm_NHX2 and Vm_NHX3 lacked trans‐membrane domain but were found to interact with other NHX genes as well as vital salinity pathway genes, including calcium‐mediated salt‐responsive genes. The comparison of the mRNA sequences with that of V. marina, a halophytic species, reflects their independent evolution, majorly supporting the convergent evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio reflects the abundance of purifying selection supporting their conserved function during evolution. In our analysis, several abiotic stress and hormone‐responsive elements and transcription factor binding sites were present in the promoter of the NHX genes. Further, the ion partitioning of a tolerant (K90) and a susceptible (K49) variety of V. mungo suggested that K90 managed the Na+/K+ ratio more affluently, which was also supported by profiling of superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, phenol, peroxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity. From the expression, we identified five candidate Vm_NHX genes, four of which, i.e. Vm_NHX16, Vm_NHX17, Vm_NHX29 and Vm_NHX33, were localized to the vacuolar and lysosomal membrane.
Metaphors Realized in Narrative: A New Direction for Biblical Metaphor
Authors: Brownsmith Esther 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTAn insight of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is that metaphor is more than a mere literary device; it influences readers through cognitive connections. Yet biblical metaphors have most often been studied in poetic, theological contexts and within linguistic rhetorical devices like “YHWH is my shepherd.” In contrast, some of the most ideologically powerful metaphors are those that shape the Hebrew Bible's prose stories. These metaphors reify cultural constructs and experiences, making them seem “natural.” The study of realized metaphor—metaphor embodied as a literal narrative feature—offers a new pathway for applying CMT to narrative texts, even those without overt linguistic metaphors. This article surveys the history of realized metaphors in literary theory, then provides some brief examples of biblical texts where a CMT approach reveals metaphors embedded in the fabric of the narrative. It concludes with a challenge: how can we extend metaphor theory to the full range of biblical texts, poetry and prose alike, in order to understand how metaphor shapes human perception in the past and the present?
Deviance, Discourses, and Everyday Rationalities of Sports Betting in Singapore
Authors: Tan Manfred , Antolihao Lou 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTMore liberal regulations and technological advances have spurred the growth of sports betting around the world. Given its long‐standing association with various social ills, how do sports bettors justify their gambling activities? This paper looks into the guiding principles and everyday practices of sports betting participants in Singapore. Based on qualitative research, it argues that sports bettors distinguish their activities by following a distinctive rationality that we call “benevolent play.” This concept refers to gambling practices where goodwill and charity serve as a justification for the potential of losing their bets and for their continued participation in sports betting. Apart from latching on the use of regulated gambling by state‐affiliated agencies to support development programs and charitable causes, benevolent play also emphasizes the sense of agency (football knowledge) and emotional investment (“play”) that sports bettors wage on their teams and communities. Generally, this study will contribute to the understanding of gambling culture and the larger discussions on deviance and social control.
Public Rights Orientations and Views on Long‐Term Care Options for Children in the Child Protection System: An Analysis of Representative Samples of Adults in California, USA and Norway
Authors: Berrick Jill Duerr , Helland Hege Stein , Skivenes Marit 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThis study examines a representative sample of adults in California (USA) and Norway, and their attitudes toward adoption versus foster care in a child protection case. The results show that a majority of people favour adoption for a child who has been removed due to maltreatment and cannot be reunified with birth parents. The study examines if people's rights orientation, favouring children or adults, or favouring birth parents or adoptive parents, or their institutional context explain their preferences about long‐term care options. Data material consist of representative samples of the population in California (USA) and Norway (n = 2222), using a vignette survey design. Findings suggest that individuals with a child rights position favour adoption, but attitudes about birth parents' and adoptive parents' rights are not related to care option choices. Institutional context, anchored in policy feedback literature, partly explains the preference for adoption and the population's rights orientation. Further studies are necessary to confirm the role of rights attitudes and institutional context.