bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training Anchoring and Representativeness Bias Mitigation Through a Digital Game
Authors: Lee Yu-Hao , Dunbar Norah E. , Miller Claude H. , Lane Brianna L. , Jensen Matthew L. , Bessarabova Elena , Burgoon Judee K. , Adame Bradley J. , Valacich Joseph J. , Adame Elissa A. , Bostwick Eryn , Piercy Cameron W. , Elizondo Javier , Wilson Scott N. 
Published: August 2016

Objective. Humans systematically make poor decisions because of cognitive biases. Can digital games train people to avoid cognitive biases? The goal of this study is to investigate the affordance of different educational media in training people about cognitive biases and to mitigate cognitive biases within their decision-making processes. Method. A between-subject experiment was conducted to compare a digital game, a traditional slideshow, and a combined condition in mitigating two types of cognitive biases: anchoring bias and representativeness bias. We measured both immediate effects and delayed effects after four weeks. Results. The digital game and slideshow conditions were effective in mitigating cognitive biases immediately after the training, but the effects decayed after four weeks. By providing the basic knowledge through the slideshow, then allowing learners to practice bias-mitigation techniques in the digital game, the combined condition was most effective at mitigating the cognitive biases both immediately and after four weeks.
Effect of Chemical Thromboprophylaxis on the Rate of Venous Thromboembolism After Treatment of Foot and Ankle Fractures
Authors: Zheng Xin , Li Dong-Ya , Wangyang Yufan , Zhang Xing-Chen , Guo Kai-Jin , Zhao Feng-Chao , Pang Yong , Chen Yi-Xin 
Published: August 2016

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-documented complication in patients with lower limb fractures, but management guidelines for its prevention in isolated foot and ankle fracture patients are conflicting. The aim of this study was to conduct a multicenter, prospective cohort study to define the prevalence of VTE in patients with isolated foot and ankle fractures and determine whether routine prophylaxis is necessary in these patients. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, consecutive patients in 3 hospitals who met our criteria were enrolled. After randomization, patients received either thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin units (LMWH group) or placebo (placebo group) for a period of 2 weeks. All patients underwent routine ultrasonography 1 day preoperatively, 1 week postoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively. Demographic parameters were then collected and compared. Results: Of the 814 patients who met our criteria, 19 patients (2.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0%-31.9%) were found to have objectively confirmed VTE, but none of the patients were symptomatic. Of the 411 patients in the LMWH group, 2 developed VTEs preoperatively and 4 postoperatively; of the 403 patients in the placebo group, 5 developed VTEs preoperatively and 8 postoperatively. The overall incidence of asymptomatic postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was 0.98% (95% CI 0%-20.3%) in the LMWH group and 2.01% (95% CI 0%-29.5%) in the placebo group without significant difference. Advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.050, 95% CI 1.014-1.088, P = .007) and high body mass index (OR 1.201, 95% CI 1.034-1.395, P = .016) were identified as risk factors in predicting occurrence of DVT. No fatal pulmonary emboli or major bleeding complication occurred in either group. Conclusion: Routine anticoagulant prophylaxis was not found to be necessary for patients with foot and ankle fractures, although further investigation with a properly powered study design is required to definitively determine which foot and ankle patients are best served by anticoagulation and which ones are not. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative study.
Symptom Resolution and Patient-Perceived Recovery Following Ankle Arthroplasty and Arthrodesis
Authors: Pinsker Ellie , Inrig Taucha , Daniels Timothy R. , Warmington Kelly , Beaton Dorcas E. 
Published: August 2016

Background: Patients’ perception of outcomes is not always defined by the absence of limitations/symptoms (resolution), but can also be characterized by behavioral adaptation and cognitive coping arising in cases with residual deficits. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) are designed to measure levels of function or symptoms, largely missing whether patients are coping with ongoing limitations. This study aimed to broaden the conventional definition of a “satisfactory” outcome following ankle reconstruction by comparing patient-reported outcomes of patients with and without residual symptoms and limitations. Methods: The study consisted of a cross-sectional survey of ankle arthroplasty (n = 85) and arthrodesis (n = 15) patients. Outcome measures included the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale, Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, Short Form-12, and EuroQol-5 Dimension. Patients also completed measures of pain (0-10), stiffness (0-10), satisfaction (0-3), and ability to complete activities of daily living (ADL) (0-6). Based on a self-reported question regarding recovery and coping, patients were categorized as “Recovered-Resolved” (better with no symptoms or residual effects), “Recovered, not Resolved” (RNR, better with residual effects), or “Not Recovered” (not better). Recovery groups were compared across measures. Results: Only 15% of patients were categorized Recovered-Resolved. Most were RNR (69%), leaving 14% Not Resolved. Recovered-Resolved experienced lower rates of pain (1.4 ± 2.3), stiffness (1.1 ± 2.6), and difficulty performing ADLs (0.9 ± 1.2). Overall, outcome measure scores were high (ie, better health) for Recovered-Resolved patients, midrange for RNR patients, and low for Not Recovered patients, thus confirming predefined hypotheses. Recovered-Resolved and RNR patients had similarly high satisfaction summary scores (3.0 ± 0.0 vs 2.6 ± 0.6). Conclusion: Most patients reported positive outcomes, but few (15%) experienced resolution of all symptoms and limitations. Current PROs focus on achieving low levels of symptoms and limitations, but miss an important achievement when patients are brought to a level of residual deficits with which they can cope. Patients’ perceptions of satisfactory outcomes were not predicated on the resolution of all limitations; thus, the conventional definition of “satisfactory” outcomes should be expanded accordingly. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective cohort study.
Effect of Custom Orthosis and Rehabilitation Program on Outcomes Following Ankle and Subtalar Fusions
Authors: Sheean Andrew J. , Tennent David J. , Owens Johnny G. , Wilken Jason M. , Hsu Joseph R. , Stinner Daniel J. ,   Skeletal Trauma Research Consortium (STReC)
Published: August 2016

Background: Fractures of the distal tibia, ankle, and foot sustained through a high-energy mechanism can be extremely debilitating, and ankle and/or subtalar fusion may be indicated if the limb is deemed salvageable. Functional outcomes among this population are often poor. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of an advanced rehabilitation program combined with the use of a custom ankle-foot orthosis for patients with ankle or subtalar fusion on selected physical performance measures and patient-derived outcome measures and to determine if the response to treatment was predicated upon the type of fusion. Methods: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal, observational, cohort study composed of 23 active duty Service Members treated for lower extremity trauma. Patients were separated into 2 groups: group 1 was composed of 12 patients who underwent isolated ankle fusion or ankle fusion combined with ipsilateral subtalar fusion, group 2 was composed of 11 patients who underwent subtalar fusion only. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures and physical performance measures were recorded at baseline and at the conclusion of the rehabilitation program. Results: Significant improvements in both groups were seen in each of the 4 physical performance measures. Only group 2 showed significant improvements in all domains of the Veteran’s Rand 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) at all points during the course of rehabilitation. Conclusion: Among a subset of patients treated for severe lower extremity trauma with ankle and/or subtalar fusion, an integrated orthotic and rehabilitation initiative improved physical performance and PRO measures over an 8-week course. Level of Evidence: Level III, prospective comparative series
Long-term results of single-stage reduction surgery for the treatment of macrodactyly
Authors: Lee H.-J. , Kim P.-T. , Lee S.-J. , Kim H.-J. , Jeon I.-H. , Seo I. 
Published: August 2016

We report the long-term results of a single-stage reduction procedure for the treatment of macrodactyly. Six patients (eight cases) were included. These patients underwent a single-stage operation that included debulking with resection of the hypertrophied digital nerve and distal interphalangeal joint fusion or corrective osteotomy. Plain radiographs and functional parameters were assessed. Aesthetic improvement was achieved in all patients. The mean ratios of the lengths and circumference differences between the affected digit and the corresponding normal digit on the other hand were 1:1 and 1:1, respectively. The mean range of motion in the proximal interphalangeal joint was 76°. A sensory deficit in the lateral pulp of the distal phalangeal area was observed in three fingers. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score ranged from 0 to 9 (mean 4). The long-term results of the single-stage reduction procedure were satisfactory, as demonstrated by the excellent adjustment of the length and acceptable circumference of the affected digits. Level of evidence: IV
Sports Ultrasound
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T. , Ray Jeremiah , Corrado Gianmichael , Kerkhof Deanna , Hill John 
Published: August 2016

Background: Traditionally, ultrasound has been used to evaluate musculoskeletal injuries in athletes; however, ultrasound applications extend well beyond musculoskeletal conditions, many of which are pertinent to athletes. Evidence Acquisition: Articles were identified in PubMed using the search terms ultrasound, echocardiogram, preparticipation physical examination, glycogen, focused assessment with sonography of trauma, optic nerve, and vocal cord dysfunction. No date restrictions were placed on the literature search. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Several potential applications of nonmusculoskeletal ultrasound in sports medicine are presented, including extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (eFAST), limited echocardiographic screening during preparticipation physical examinations, assessment of muscle glycogen stores, optic nerve sheath diameter measurements in athletes with increased intracranial pressure, and assessment of vocal cord dysfunction in athletes. Conclusion: Ultrasound can potentially be used to assist athletes with monitoring their muscle glycogen stores and the diagnosis of multiple nonmusculoskeletal conditions within sports medicine.
Relationship of amniotic fluid index (AFI) in third trimester with fetal weight and gender in a southeast Nigerian population
Authors: Agwu Emeka John , Ugwu Anthony C , Shem Samuel L , Abba Muhammed 
Published: August 2016

Background Amniotic fluid (AF) is one of the major determinants of fetal biophysical profile and can predict pregnancy outcome. Abnormal value of amniotic fluid index (AFI) may indicate fetal and maternal disorders. Purpose To establish reference standards for AFI for this population after 28 weeks of pregnancy and evaluate the relationship between AFI, the estimated fetal weight (EFWT), and fetal gender. Material and Methods A prospective cross-sectional estimation of AFI and FWT was done in 385 apparently healthy pregnant women in the gestational age range of 28–42 weeks. General scanning in longitudinal, transverse, and oblique directions of the abdomen was done to assess the fetal wellbeing and determine the fetal gender for each participant. AF was measured in each of the quadrants of the abdomen. The four values of the AF were summed to get the AFI. Measurement of the head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femoral length of the fetus were obtained. The EFWT was calculated using Hadlock’s formula. The data were divided into five groups: 28–30 weeks 6 days; 31–33 weeks 6 days; 34–36 weeks 6 days; 37–39 weeks 6 days; and 40–42 weeks. AFI for the different gestational age group studied and their percentiles were obtained. Results AFI normogram for the local population was established. Positive and significant correlations of AF and EFWT were seen in all the gestational age groups of the women. No significant correlations between AF and EFWT was seen in male fetuses. Regression equations of EFWT and AFI were obtained for female fetuses. Conclusion The normal range for AFI values for the third trimester was established and could be used to evaluate AFI in the studied population. Established fetal weight should be taken into account when interpreting AFI for female fetuses but this need not be applied for male fetuses.
RNA polymerase II pausing modulates hematopoietic stem cell emergence in zebrafish
Authors: Yang Qiwen , Liu Xiuli , Zhou Ting , Cook Jennifer , Nguyen Kim , Bai Xiaoying 
Published: August 2016

Key PointsPol II pausing is required for HSC emergence in zebrafish embryos. TGFβ and IFN-γ signaling are oppositely regulated by Pol II pausing to regulate HSC emergence.
Systematic identification of genes involved in metabolic acid stress resistance in yeast and their potential as cancer targets
Authors: Shin John J. , Aftab Qurratulain , Austin Pamela , McQueen Jennifer A. , Poon Tak , Li Shu Chen , Young Barry P. , Roskelley Calvin D. , Loewen Christopher J. R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
A hallmark of all primary and metastatic tumours is their high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis. A consequence of the glycolytic phenotype is the accumulation of metabolic acid; hence, tumour cells experience considerable intracellular acid stress. To compensate, tumour cells upregulate acid pumps, which expel the metabolic acid into the surrounding tumour environment, resulting in alkalization of intracellular pH and acidification of the tumour microenvironment. Nevertheless, we have only a limited understanding of the consequences of altered intracellular pH on cell physiology, or of the genes and pathways that respond to metabolic acid stress. We have used yeast as a genetic model for metabolic acid stress with the rationale that the metabolic changes that occur in cancer that lead to intracellular acid stress are likely fundamental. Using a quantitative systems biology approach we identified 129 genes required for optimal growth under conditions of metabolic acid stress. We identified six highly conserved protein complexes with functions related to oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III and IV), mitochondrial tRNA biosynthesis [glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex], histone methylation (Set1C–COMPASS), lysosome biogenesis (AP-3 adapter complex), and mRNA processing and P-body formation (PAN complex). We tested roles for two of these, AP-3 adapter complex and PAN deadenylase complex, in resistance to acid stress using a myeloid leukaemia-derived human cell line that we determined to be acid stress resistant. Loss of either complex inhibited growth of Hap1 cells at neutral pH and caused sensitivity to acid stress, indicating that AP-3 and PAN complexes are promising new targets in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, our data suggests that tumours may be genetically sensitized to acid stress and hence susceptible to acid stress-directed therapies, as many tumours accumulate mutations in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes required for their proliferation.
Development of Shelf-Stable Reagents for Fluoro-Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Shibata Norio 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
It is highly probable that the first impression that organic chemists would have of fluorine, F, is that it is “dangerous”. Elemental fluorine, F2, is a gas that reacts with all elements quickly and violently. The oxidation power of F2 is extraordinarily strong and even the noble gases such as Kr and Xe react with F2 forming the corresponding fluorides. Fortunately, the receptiveness to fluorine chemistry by synthetic chemists has gradually changed in the late 20th century with the development of shelf-stable reagents for fluorination and trifluoromethylation reactions. In this account, I introduce our recent contributions to the development of shelf-stable reagents for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds. Electrophilic reagents for fluorination, mono-, di-, and trifluoromethylation, and trifluoromethylthiolation are discussed. Nucleophilic reagents for monofluoromethylation are also described including enantioselective reactions.
Synthesis and Properties of Stable 3-Hexylthiophene and Triphenylamine Copolymers
Authors: Nakashita Takuya , Sugimoto Ryuichi , Hai Thien An Phung 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The copolymerization of 3-hexylthiophene (3HT) and triphenylamine (TPA) was carried out by using FeCl3. The incorporation of TPA and 3HT into the resultant polymer main chain was clarified by NMR and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis suggests that the copolymers show excellent thermal stability.
Does Evasion Invalidate the Welfare Sufficiency of the ETI?
Authors: Gillitzer Christian , Slemrod Joel 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In an influential article, Raj Chetty (2009, “Is the Taxable Income Elasticity Sufficient to Calculate Deadweight Loss? The Implications of Evasion and Avoidance.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 1 (2):31–52) argues that in the presence of tax evasion the elasticity of taxable income (ETI) is no longer a sufficient statistic for the marginal efficiency cost of funds (MECF). We show that, under Chetty’s (2009, “Is the Taxable Income Elasticity Sufficient to Calculate Deadweight Loss? The Implications of Evasion and Avoidance.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 1 (2):31–52) risk-neutrality assumption, correctly measuring the standard MECF only requires adding detected evasion inclusive of penalties. In the more general case of risk aversion, it further requires amending the formula to address the private risk-bearing cost of tax evasion.
Grid Integration of Single Stage Solar PV System using Three-level Voltage Source Converter
Authors: Hussain Ikhlaq , Kandpal Maulik , Singh Bhim 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a single stage solar PV (photovoltaic) grid integrated power generating system using a three level voltage source converter (VSC) operating at low switching frequency of 900 Hz with robust synchronizing phase locked loop (RS-PLL) based control algorithm. To track the maximum power from solar PV array, an incremental conductance algorithm is used and this maximum power is fed to the grid via three-level VSC. The use of single stage system with three level VSC offers the advantage of low switching losses and the operation at high voltages and high power which results in enhancement of power quality in the proposed system. Simulated results validate the design and control algorithm under steady state and dynamic conditions.
Ernährung und Essen im Fokus von Public Health – eine thematische Übersicht
Authors: Kroke Anja 
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung:
Ernährung und Essen sind allgegenwärtig, alle Menschen betreffend und sind in eng mit dem Erhalt von Gesundheit und der Entstehung von Erkrankungen verbunden. Neben Problemstellungen bezüglich einer notwendigen alimentären Versorgung stehen gesundheitsförderliche und präventive, insbesondere im Hinblick auf nicht-übertragbare, ernährungsassoziierte chronische Erkrankungen, im Fokus. Dazu wird ein orientierender Blick auf die diesbezüglichen Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts geworfen, wobei zunächst eine globale und dann eine auf Deutschland fokussierte Betrachtung vorgenommen wird.
Ernährungsmuster von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund: Ergebnisse der KiGGS-Studie
Authors: Schenk Liane , Anton Verena , Baer Nadja-Raphaela , Schmitz Roma 
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung:
Kinder und Jugendliche mit beidseitigem Migrationshintergrund/MH weisen signifikant häufiger ungünstige Ernährungsmuster auf als jene ohne bzw. mit einseitigem MH, so die Ergebnisse einer Ernährungsmusteranalyse anhand von KiGGS-Daten. Der Sozialstatus erklärt nur einen Teil dieses Zusammenhangs. Die ungesünderen Ernährungsweisen nehmen mit der Verweildauer der zugewanderten Familien zu. Weiterhin beeinflussen Herkunftsland, Alter und Geschlecht (un-)günstigere Ernährungsmuster.
Technological tattletales and constitutional black holes: communications intermediaries and constitutional constraints
Authors: Austin Lisa M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this Article I argue that the emerging public/private nexus of surveillance involves the augmentation of state power and calls for new models of constitutional constraint. The key phenomenon is the role played by communications intermediaries in collecting the information that the state subsequently accesses. These intermediaries are not just powerful companies engaged in collecting and analyzing the information of users and the information they hold are not just business records. The key feature of these companies is that, through their information practices and architecture, they mediate other relationships. I argue that this mediating function, and its underlying technological form, interacts with legal and social norms in ways that can lead to the erosion of constraints on state power. This Article maps two stories of erosion, rooted in two kinds of community displacement. The first involves the displacement of community participation in law enforcement and the emergence of “technological tattletales” where intermediaries cooperate with the state. Unlike citizen cooperation, this practice augments state power and undermines more traditional informal modes of constraint on state power. The second involves the displacement of national legal and political community. Communications intermediaries are often large multinational companies that operate in multiple jurisdictions and move their data to various datacenters across the world even as the individual data subject remains in one geographical location. Laws that treat nonresident aliens differently from residents and citizens can create “constitutional black holes” where the communications data of an individual is not protected by any constitutional constraints.
Thoughts on techno-social engineering of humans and the freedom to be off (or free from such engineering)
Authors: Frischmann Brett 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis Article examines a constitutional problem that largely goes unnoticed and unexamined by legal scholars — the problem of technosocial engineering of humans. After defining terms and explaining the nature of the problem, I explain how techno-social engineering of humans is easily ignored, as we perform constrained cost-benefit analyses of incremental steps without contemplating the path we are on. I begin with two nonfiction stories, one involving techno-social engineering of human emotions and a second involving technosocial engineering of children’s preferences. The stories highlight incremental steps down a path. Then, through plausible fictional extensions, I explore steps further down the path. The Article ends with a fact pattern familiar to every reader. It explains how the electronic contracting environment we experience regularly online is an example of techno-social engineering of humans with the (un) intended consequence of nudging humans to behave like machines — perfectly rational, predictable, and ultimately programmable.