bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histomorphometric analysis of the healing process after the replantation of rat teeth maintained in bovine milk whey and whole milk
Authors: Corrêa Ana Paula S. , Ferreira Pedro Henrique S. G. , Panzarini Sônia R. , Sonoda Celso K. , Caliente Eliana A. , Poi Wilson R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackground/AimIn cases of tooth avulsion, a minimal extra‐alveolar dry storage period or the use of a suitable storage medium is crucial to maintaining the vitality of the periodontal ligament. Whey has similar properties to milk and has therefore been investigated as a storage medium for avulsed teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repair process after replantation of rat teeth kept in whey and whole milk.Materials and MethodsThirty‐six male rats were divided into four groups of nine animals. The upper right incisor was extracted under general anesthesia. In Group I, the teeth were immediately replanted without treatment (positive control). In Group II, the teeth were stored in 50 mL of sweet whey. In Group III, the teeth were kept in 50 mL of long‐shelf‐life whole milk (UHT, Parmalat®). In Group IV, the teeth were kept dry (negative control). After 60 minutes, the teeth in Groups II, III, and IV were replanted into their sockets. The animals were subjected to euthanasia 60 days after replantation. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histomorphometric analysis.ResultsThe organization of the periodontal ligament in Group II (whey) was similar to that in Groups I (immediate replantation) and III (whole milk) (P > .05). However, some specimens in this group exhibited periodontal fibers inserted into the bone and cementum throughout the entire length of the periodontal ligament. This occurred in the group submitted to immediate replantation, whereas this histological aspect was not seen in whole milk group. Group IV (late replantation) had a higher rate of root resorption. Regarding the root repair process, it was expected that Group I (immediate) would demonstrate more favorable repair than the other groups. However, Group III (whole milk) had better results when compared to Groups II (whey) and IV (late) (P < .05).ConclusionWhey and whole milk achieved similar results and were adequate storage media for avulsed teeth.
Minimal group membership biases early neural processing of emotional expressions
Authors: Gamond Lucile , Vilarem Emma , Safra Lou , Conty Laurence , Grèzes Julie 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMere affiliation with a social group alters people's perception of other individuals. One suggested mechanism behind such influence is that group membership triggers divergent visual facial representations for in‐group and out‐group members, which could constrain face processing. Here, using electroencephalography (EEG) under functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) during a group categorization task, we investigated the impact of mere affiliation to an arbitrary group on the processing of emotional faces. The results indicate that in‐ and out‐group members trigger differential event‐related potential activity, appearing 150 ms after presentation of group membership information, which correlated with medial prefrontal fMRI activity. Additionally, EEG activity in the earliest stages of face processing (30–100 ms after expression onset) dissociated unexpected group‐related emotions (in‐group anger and out‐group joy) from expected ones and correlated with temporo‐parietal junction fMRI activity. We discuss the possibility that such dissociation may result from top‐down influences from divergent representations for in‐group and out‐group members. Taken together, the present results suggest that mere membership in an arbitrary group polarized expectations which constrain the first steps of face processing.
Developmental origin of long‐range neurons in the superficial dorsal spinal cord
Authors: Nishida Kazuhiko , Ito Seiji 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe dorsal spinal cord, which is essential for somatosensory transmission, comprises a heterogeneous population of neurons with distinct axonal lengths and projection patterns. Although the developmental origin of local‐circuit interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord has been well characterized, that of long‐range neurons extending axons over a long distance such as supraspinal projection neurons and propriospinal neurons is largely unknown. In this study, we performed birthdate and lineage analyses of these long‐range neurons in the mouse dorsal spinal cord. Unilateral injection of a retrograde neuronal tracer, cholera toxin B, into the brain or spinal cord efficiently labeled supraspinal projection neurons localized in Rexed's lamina I and the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) and long‐range propriospinal neurons localized in the DLF, all of which had ipsi‐ and contralaterally projecting populations. Most of these neurons were born between E9.5 and E10.5, much earlier than in the case of the neurogenesis of local‐circuit neurons. Lineage analysis using an Lbx1‐Cre mouse line demonstrated that most long‐range neurons were derived from Lbx1‐positive neuronal progenitors, except in the case of the contralaterally projecting propriospinal neurons. Characterization of their neurotransmitter identity revealed that almost all of the supraspinal projection neurons were excitatory, whereas the long‐range propriospinal neurons comprised both excitatory and inhibitory populations. These results suggest that the supraspinal projection neurons were derived from the early‐born dI5 progenitor domain and that the long‐range propriospinal ones arose from several early‐born progenitor domains.
Sustained cell body reactivity and loss of NeuN in a subset of axotomized bulbospinal neurons after a chronic high cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Darlot Fannie , Vinit Stéphane , Matarazzo Valéry , Kastner Anne 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFollowing central nervous system lesion, the ability of injured axons to regrowth may depend on the level and duration of the injured cell body response (CBR). Therefore, to investigate whether axotomized brainstem neurons maintain a durable growth‐competent state after spinal cord injury, we studied the effect of a chronic C2 hemisection in rats on the expression of various CBR markers involved in axon regeneration, such as c‐Jun, ATF‐3, HSP27, NO synthase (NOS), and also of the neural mature phenotype marker NeuN, in the bulbospinal respiratory neurons as compared to the gigantocellularis nucleus. Both at 7 and 30 days post‐lesion (DPL), c‐Jun and HSP27 were present in, respectively, ~60 and ~20% of the axotomized respiratory neurons, whereas the apoptotic factor caspase 3 was not detected in these cells. NOS appeared belatedly, and it was detected in ~20% of the axotomized respiratory neurons at 30DPL. At 30DPL, these different CBR markers were strongly colocalized in a sub‐population of axotomized respiratory neurons and also in a sub‐population of injured neurons within the gigantocellularis nucleus. Such CBR was also accompanied by a sustained alteration of the neural mature phenotype, as indicated by a loss of NeuN immunoreactivity selectively in HSP27+ bulbospinal neurons at 7DPL and 30DPL. Altogether, this study shows that a subset of axotomized medullary respiratory neurons remains in a growth‐competent state after a chronic injury, suggesting that they may play a preferential role in long‐lasting respiratory neuroplasticity processes.
Climate change impacts on the conservation outlook of populations on the poleward periphery of species ranges: A case study of Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)
Authors: Stephens Tara , Wilson Sian C. , Cassidy Ffion , Bender Darren , Gummer David , Smith Des H. V. , Lloyd Natasha , McPherson Jana M. , Moehrenschlager Axel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGiven climate change, species' climatically suitable habitats are increasingly expected to shift poleward. Some imperilled populations towards the poleward edge of their species' range might therefore conceivably benefit from climate change. Interactions between climate and population dynamics may be complex, however, with climate exerting effects both indirectly via influence over food availability and more directly, via effects on physiology and its implications for survival and reproduction. A thorough understanding of these interactions is critical for effective conservation management. We therefore examine the relationship between climate, survival and reproduction in Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs, a threatened keystone species in an imperilled ecosystem at the northern edge of the species' range. Our analyses considered 8 years of annual mark–recapture data (2007–2014) in relation to growing degree days, precipitation, drought status and winter severity, as well as year, sex, age and body mass. Survival was strongly influenced by the interaction of drought and body mass class, and winter temperature severity. Female reproductive status was associated with the interaction of growing degree days and growing season precipitation, with spring precipitation and with winter temperature severity. Results related to body mass suggested that climatic variables exerted their effects via regulation of food availability with potential linked effects of food quality, immunological and behavioural implications, and predation risk. Predictions of future increases in drought conditions in North America's grassland ecosystems have raised concerns for the outlook of Canadian black‐tailed prairie dogs. Insights gained from the analyses, however, point to mitigating species management options targeted at decoupling the mechanisms by which climate exerts its negative influence. Our approach highlights the importance of understanding the interaction between climate and population dynamics in peripheral populations whose viability might ultimately determine their species' ability to track climatically suitable space.
Odour of King Penguin feathers analysed using direct thermal desorption discriminates between individuals but not sexes
Authors: Gabirot Marianne , Buatois Bruno , Müller Carsten T. , Bonadonna Francesco 
Published: October 2017

The role and use of olfactory cues by penguins is largely under‐investigated, with only a few studies suggesting that odours are involved in prey detection, orientation and for interspecific communication. This also applies to King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus where little is known about their chemoreception abilities and, subsequently, the role of odours in their behavioural ecology. Here, we investigated the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from feathers of King Penguins in the Kerguelen Archipelago and their potential to carry information on identity and sex. We analysed VOCs using direct thermal desorption, a novel approach for extracting volatile compounds directly from solid matrices. We were only able to test at desorption temperatures of 70 and 100 °C to optimize conditions for VOC analysis. We found a profile of 26 VOCs present in most individuals, which varied significantly between individuals but not between sexes. Results suggested that VOCs could possibly be used by King Penguins to locate the colony and recognize individuals, if similar VOCs are also present at ambient conditions. Further studies and behavioural experiments are encouraged to explore olfactory‐based communication in this species.
Finite element modeling on the effect of intra‐granular porosity on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 MLCCs
Authors: Dale Graham , Strawhorne Maureen , Sinclair Derek C. , Dean Julian S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe effect of porosity on the electrical properties of BaTiO3‐based Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs) is studied. A dense ceramic prepared via powder from a solid‐state processing route is compared against a ceramic that contains intra‐granular pores from powder prepared via hydrothermal processing. Finite element models are created to contain intra‐granular pores, solved and analyzed to show an increase in the electric field and current density surrounding the pores. For single‐pore and two intra‐pore arrangements, the electric field is enhanced by a factor of ~1.5 and 2.5, respectively, when compared to a fully dense (pore‐free) material. For ceramics with equivalent density, the number of pores dramatically alters the electrical response. For a system containing 100 pores, the electric field can increase at least fourfold, therefore facilitating a possible starting route for electrical breakdown of the grain. These results are compared to the Gerson‐Marshall model, typically used in the literature for the calculation of the breakdown strength due to porosity. The results highlight the need to include the effect of adjacent pore interactions. Although studied here for BaTiO3‐based MLCC's the results are applicable to other devices based on ceramics containing porosity.
Evolutionary dynamics of the leaf phenological cycle in an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient
Authors: Firmat C. , Delzon S. , Louvet J.‐M. , Parmentier J. , Kremer A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIt has been predicted that environmental changes will radically alter the selective pressures on phenological traits. Long‐lived species, such as trees, will be particularly affected, as they may need to undergo major adaptive change over only one or a few generations. The traits describing the annual life cycle of trees are generally highly evolvable, but nothing is known about the strength of their genetic correlations. Tight correlations can impose strong evolutionary constraints, potentially hampering the adaptation of multivariate phenological phenotypes. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary, genetic and environmental components of the timing of leaf unfolding and senescence within an oak metapopulation along an elevation gradient. Population divergence, estimated from in situ and common‐garden data, was compared to expectations under neutral evolution, based on microsatellite markers. This approach made it possible (1) to evaluate the influence of genetic correlation on multivariate local adaptation to elevation and (2) to identify traits probably exposed to past selective pressures due to the colder climate at high elevation. The genetic correlation was positive but very weak, indicating that genetic constraints did not shape the local adaptation pattern for leaf phenology. Both spring and fall (leaf unfolding and senescence, respectively) phenology timings were involved in local adaptation, but leaf unfolding was probably the trait most exposed to climate change‐induced selection. Our data indicated that genetic variation makes a much smaller contribution to adaptation than the considerable plastic variation displayed by a tree during its lifetime. The evolutionary potential of leaf phenology is, therefore, probably not the most critical aspect for short‐term population survival in a changing climate.
Percutaneous Feeding Tubes in Individuals with Advanced Dementia: Are Physicians “Choosing Wisely”?
Authors: Gieniusz Marzena , Sinvani Liron , Kozikowski Andrzej , Patel Vidhi , Nouryan Christian , Williams Myia S. , Kohn Nina , Pekmezaris Renee , Wolf‐Klein Gisele 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate physician knowledge and perceptions about the American Board of Internal Medicine/American Geriatrics Society (ABIM/AGS) Choosing Wisely recommendations regarding percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in individuals with advanced dementia.DesignMulticenter, mixed‐mode, anonymous questionnaire.SettingThree tertiary and four community hospitals in New York.ParticipantsInternal medicine physicians (N = 168).MeasurementsPhysician knowledge and perceptions regarding PEG tubes in individuals with advanced dementia.ResultsNinety‐nine percent of physicians reported having cared for someone with advanced dementia; 95% had been involved in the PEG decision‐making process; 38% were unsure whether the ABIM/AGSChoosing Wisely recommendations advise for or against PEG tubes in advanced dementia. Physicians who agreed that there is enough evidence to recommend against PEG placement for individuals with advanced dementia were more likely to know the ABIM/AGSChoosing Wisely recommendations (71% vs 28%, P < .001). Fifty‐two percent felt in control of the PEG placement decision, and 27% expressed concerns about potential litigation. The most common factor influencing physicians was patient or decision‐maker request (70%); 63% stated that families request PEG placement even when physician would not recommend it. Only 4% of the physicians would choose to have a PEG tube if they had advanced dementia.ConclusionDespite the scientific evidence supporting the ABIM/AGSChoosing Wisely recommendations against the use of PEG tubes in individuals with advanced dementia, numerous incentives for placement complicate the decision for PEG placement. In today's healthcare environment, it is incumbent upon healthcare practitioners to be aware of the available evidence and to provide leadership to guide this complex decision‐making process to promote true person‐centered care.
The low affinity neurotensin receptor antagonist levocabastine impairs brain nitric oxide synthesis and mitochondrial function by independent mechanisms
Authors: Lores‐Arnaiz Silvia , Karadayian Analía G. , Gutnisky Alicia , Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz Georgina 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNeurotensin is known to inhibit neuronal Na+, K+‐ATPase, an effect that is rescued by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition. However, whether the neurotensinergic and the nitrergic systems are independent pathways, or are mechanistically linked, remains unknown. Here, we addressed this issue and found that the administration of low affinity neurotensin receptor (NTS2) antagonist, levocabastine (50 μg/kg, i.p.) inhibited NO synthase (NOS) activity by 74 and 42% after 18 h in synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions isolated from the Wistar rat cerebral cortex, respectively; these effects disappeared 36 h after levocabastine treatment. Intriguingly, whereas neuronal NOS protein abundance decreased (by 56%) in synaptosomes membranes, it was enhanced (by 86%) in mitochondria 18 h after levocabastine administration. Levocabastine enhanced the respiratory rate of synaptosomes in the presence of oligomycin, but it failed to alter the spare respiratory capacity; furthermore, the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes I–IV activities were severely diminished by levocabastine administration. The inhibition of NOS and MRC complexes activities were also observed after incubation of synaptosomes and mitochondria with levocabastine (1 μM) in vitro. These data indicate that the NTS2 antagonist levocabastine regulates NOS expression and activity at the synapse, suggesting an interrelationship between the neurotensinergic and the nitrergic systems. However, the bioenergetics effects of NTS2 activity inhibition are likely to be independent from the regulation of NO synthesis.
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Economic determinants of breastfeeding in Haiti: The effects of poverty, food insecurity, and employment on exclusive breastfeeding in an urban population
Authors: Lesorogol Carolyn , Bond Caitlin , Dulience Sherlie Jean Louis , Iannotti Lora 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThere is limited and inconsistent empirical evidence regarding the role of economic factors in breastfeeding practices, globally. Studies have found both negative and positive associations between low income and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Employment, which should improve household income, may reduce EBF due to separation of mother and infant. In the context of a randomized controlled study of lipid‐based complementary feeding in an urban slum in Cap Haitien, Haiti, we examined the economic factors influencing breastfeeding practices using mixed methods. Findings demonstrate relationships between urban context, economic factors, and breastfeeding practices. Poverty, food insecurity, time constraints, and limited social support create challenges for EBF. Maternal employment is associated with lower rates of EBF and less frequent breastfeeding. Extreme food insecurity sometimes leads to increased exclusive breastfeeding among Haitian mothers, what we call “last resort EBF.” In this case, women practice EBF because they have no alternative food source for the infant. Suggested policies and programs to address economic constraints and promote EBF in this population include maternal and child allowances, quality child care options, and small‐scale household urban food production.
Who knows what: An exploration of the infant feeding message environment and intracultural differences in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti
Authors: Fox Elizabeth L. , Pelto Gretel H. , Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Debrosse Marie Guerda , Rouzier Vanessa A. , Pape Jean William , Pelletier David L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWorldwide, mothers with young children receive many messages about infant feeding. Some messages are generated by health providers and others by the households, communities, and social contexts in which women live. We aimed to determine the scope of infant feeding messages in urban Haiti and to examine intracultural differences in salience of these messages and their alignment with international guidelines. We applied the method of free listing with 13 health workers and 15 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected and 15 HIV‐uninfected mothers with infants 0–6 months old at Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti. Participants listed all messages women receive about infant feeding and specifically about HIV and infant feeding. Message salience was determined by frequency of mention and recall order; messages were coded for key themes. For all groups, the World Health Organization infant feeding recommendations were salient, especially those related to exclusive breastfeeding. Messages across all groups focused on infant health outcomes, with less emphasis on maternal outcomes. Cultural beliefs were also elicited and showed higher salience for mothers than health workers, particularly for consequences of poor maternal nutrition. Health workers' free lists were poorly correlated to those of mothers, whereas those of mothers were highly correlated, regardless of HIV status. Inasmuch as many salient messages were culturally generated, and differences existed between mothers and health workers, we conclude that it is important for health workers to acknowledge the broader infant feeding message environment, and discrepancies within that environment, to address successes and failures in the messages reaching mothers, given potential consequences for mothers' breastfeeding behaviours.