bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal coupling of field potentials and action potentials in the neocortex
Authors: Watson Brendon O. , Ding Mingxin , Buzsáki György 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe local field potential (LFP) is an aggregate measure of group neuronal activity and is often correlated with the action potentials of single neurons. In recent years, investigators have found that action potential firing rates increase during elevations in power high‐frequency band oscillations (50–200 Hz range). However, action potentials also contribute to the LFP signal itself, making the spike–LFP relationship complex. Here, we examine the relationship between spike rates and LFP in varying frequency bands in rat neocortical recordings. We find that 50–180 Hz oscillations correlate most consistently with high firing rates, but that other LFP bands also carry information relating to spiking, including in some cases anti‐correlations. Relatedly, we find that spiking itself and electromyographic activity contribute to LFP power in these bands. The relationship between spike rates and LFP power varies between brain states and between individual cells. Finally, we create an improved oscillation‐based predictor of action potential activity by specifically utilizing information from across the entire recorded frequency spectrum of LFP. The findings illustrate both caveats and improvements to be taken into account in attempts to infer spiking activity from LFP.
Biome stability in South America over the last 30 kyr: Inferences from long‐term vegetation dynamics and habitat modelling
Authors: Costa Gabriel C. , Hampe Arndt , Ledru Marie‐Pierre , Martinez Pablo A. , Mazzochini Guilherme G. , Shepard Donald B. , Werneck Fernanda P. , Moritz Craig , Carnaval Ana Carolina 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimThe aim was to examine the links between past biome stability, vegetation dynamics and biodiversity patterns.LocationSouth America.Time periodLast 30,000 years.Major taxa studiedPlants.MethodsWe classified South America into major biomes according to their dominant plant functional groups (grasses, trees and shrubs) and ran a random forest (RF) classification with data on current climate. We then fitted the algorithm to predict biome distributions for every 1,000 years back to 21,000 yr BP and estimated biome stability by counting how many times a change in climate was predicted to shift a grid cell from one biome to another. We compared our model‐based stability map with empirical estimates from selected pollen records covering the past 30 kyr in terms of vegetation shifts, changes in species composition and time‐lag of vegetation responses.ResultsWe found a strong correlation between our habitat stability map and regional vegetation dynamics. Four scenarios emerged according to the way forest distribution shifted during a climate change. Each scenario related to specific regional features of biome stability and diversity, allowing us to formulate specific predictions on how taxonomic, genetic and functional components of biodiversity might be impacted by modern climate change.Main conclusionsOur validated map of biome stability provides important baseline information for studying the impacts of past climate on biodiversity in South America. By focusing exclusively on climatic changes of manifested relevance (i.e., those resulting in significant habitat changes), it provides a novel perspective that complements previous datasets and allows scientists to explore new questions and hypotheses at the local, regional and continental scales.
Management of high risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients in Australia
Authors: Kuss Bryone J. , Tam Constantine S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundChronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) frequently responds to chemoimmunotherapy combining cytotoxic chemotherapy and monoclonal antibodies. However, CLL is associated with significant genetic heterogeneity, and some high‐risk forms are known to be chemo‐resistant and associated with early relapse.AimsTo review the current treatment paradigm of patients with high‐risk disease, in particular those with del(17p) and TP53 variants.ResultsA ‘watch and wait’ approach is recommended for all patients who are asymptomatic. When symptomatic, fluorescence in situ hybridisation testing should be performed and gene sequencing considered subsequently to identify del(17p) and TP53 variants respectively. In the front‐line setting, treatment within a clinical trial is the preferred option. In the relapsed or refractory setting, patients with del(17p) or TP53 aberrations should be offered treatment with a novel agent, such as ibrutinib, idelalisib‐rituximab or venetoclax. However, of note, at the date of this publication venetoclax is not PBS reimbursed, and ibrutinib will not be reimbursed until 1 December 2017.ConclusionTesting for del(17p) and TP53 variants identifies high‐risk CLL that requires specialist management.
Suppression of inflammation and acquired immunity by IL‐37
Authors: Cavalli Giulio , Dinarello Charles A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIL‐37 is a unique member of the IL‐1 family of cytokines, which functions as a natural suppressor of inflammatory and immune responses. Immune and non‐immune cells produce IL‐37 precursor following pro‐inflammatory stimuli. Following activating cleavage by caspase‐1, mature IL‐37 translocates to the nucleus, where it suppresses transcription of pro‐inflammatory genes. Both precursor and mature IL‐37 are also secreted in the extracellular space, where they bind IL‐18Rα and recruit the IL‐1R8 (formerly TIR8 or SIGIRR), which transduces anti‐inflammatory signals by suppressing NF‐kB and MAPK and by activating Mer‐PTEN‐DOK pathways. During inflammation, IL‐37 restores the metabolism of the cell by reducing succinate, inhibiting mTOR, and activating AMPK. Transgenic mice expressing human IL‐37 and wild type mice treated with recombinant human IL‐37 are protected from several experimental models of inflammation, including endotoxin shock, colitis, lung and spinal cord injury, coronary artery disease, arthritis and inflammation‐induced fatigue, while also exhibiting reduced adaptive immune responses. In humans, IL‐37 likely functions to limit excessive inflammation: accordingly, IL‐37 levels are abnormal in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery and biology of IL‐37, and discuss the potential for development of this cytokine as a therapeutic agent.
The intra‐ and extracellular functions of ASC specks
Authors: Franklin Bernardo S , Latz Eicke , Schmidt Florian Ingo 
Published: December 2017

SummaryInflammasomes are the central signaling hubs of the inflammatory response. They process cytosolic evidence of infection, cell damage, or metabolic disturbances, and elicit a pro‐inflammatory response mediated by members of the interleukin‐1 family of cytokines and pyroptotoic cell death. On the molecular level, this is accomplished by the sensor‐nucleated recruitment and oligomerization of the adapter protein ASC. Once a tunable threshold is reached, cooperative assembly of ASC into linear filaments and their condensation into macromolecular ASC specks promotes an all‐or‐none response. These structures are highly regulated and provide a unique signaling platform or compartment to control the activity of caspase‐1 and likely other effectors. Emerging evidence indicates that ASC specks are also released from inflammasome‐activated cells and accumulate in inflamed tissues, where they can continue to mature cytokines or be internalized by surrounding cells to further nucleate ASC specks in their cytosol. Little is known about the mechanisms governing ASC speck release, uptake, and endosomal escape, as well as its contribution to inflammation and disease. Here, we describe the different outcomes of inflammasome activation and discuss the potential function of extracellular ASC specks. We highlight gaps in our understanding of this central process of inflammation, which may have direct consequences on the modulation of host responses and chronic inflammation.
Function and regulation of IL‐1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer
Authors: Malik Ankit , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe interleukin (IL)‐1 family of cytokines is currently comprised of 11 members that have pleiotropic functions in inflammation and cancer. IL‐1α and IL‐1β were the first members of the IL‐1 family to be described, and both signal via the same receptor, IL‐1R. Over the last decade, much progress has been made in our understanding of biogenesis of IL‐1β and its functions in human diseases. Studies from our laboratory and others have highlighted the critical role of nod‐like receptors (NLRs) and multi‐protein complexes known as inflammasomes in the regulation of IL‐1β maturation. Recent studies have increased our appreciation of the role played by IL‐1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, the mechanisms that regulate the production of IL‐1α and its bioavailability are relatively understudied. In this review, we summarize the distinctive roles played by IL‐1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. We also discuss our current knowledge about the mechanisms that control IL‐1α biogenesis and activity, and the major unanswered questions in its biology.
The role of the interleukin‐1 family in trained immunity
Authors: Moorlag Simone J.C.F.M. , Röring Rutger Jan , Joosten Leo A.B. , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryImmunological memory was long considered a trait exclusive to cells of the adaptive immune system. However, recent studies have shown that after activation of the innate immune system, innate immune cells may undergo long‐term functional reprogramming characterized by the ability to mount either a stronger or attenuated inflammatory response upon reactivation. This phenomenon, which has been termed trained immunity and is a de facto innate immune memory, is regulated by a network of integrated metabolic and epigenetic rewiring. The endogenous mediators that modulate trained immunity in the host are only partially understood, but increasing evidence supports the concept that the interleukin (IL)‐1 family of cytokines plays an important role. In this review, we will highlight key findings from studies that provide insight into the multifaceted roles of members of the IL‐1 family for trained immunity. Finally, we will discuss how the recent advances of our understanding on the role of IL‐1 cytokines in this field may lead to new therapeutic strategies for treatment of common conditions, such as IL‐1‐driven autoinflammatory diseases.
Differential root responses in two cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to elevated ozone concentration under fully open‐air field conditions
Authors: Kou T.‐J. , Yu W.‐W. , Lam S. K. , Chen D.‐L. , Hou Y.‐P. , Li Z.‐Y. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe effect of elevated tropospheric ozone concentration [O3] on root processes in wheat systems of different O3 sensitivity is not well understood. Two wheat cultivars (cv. Y15 and YN19) with contrasting O3 tolerance were grown in a fully open‐air O3 enrichment platform for one season. We found that elevated O3 (EO3) (50% above the ambient O3) significantly decreased the total biomass at all key growth stages and the yield of the O3‐sensitive cultivar YN19 but did not affect those of the O3‐tolerant cultivar Y15. EO3 significantly decreased the root biomass of two wheat cultivars at the jointing and grain‐filling stages. EO3 significantly decreased the root length, length density, surface area and volume of the two cultivars at the jointing stage but increased those of YN19 at the grain‐filling stage. EO3 significantly increased the root activities (specific root respiration rates) of Y15 and YN19 at the jointing, heading and grain‐filling stages. EO3 significantly decreased the contribution of fresh root respiration to soil respiration (CRS) of YN19 at the jointing stage but increased it at the heading stage; however, it did not change the CRS of Y15 at any growth stages. This study indicates that the effects of EO3 on root morphology and activity varied among wheat cultivars, and suggest that we can breed O3‐tolerant cultivars to maintain crop yield under higher [O3] scenarios.
Lead‐free (K,Na)NbO3‐based ceramics with high optical transparency and large energy storage ability
Authors: Chai Qizhen , Yang Dong , Zhao Xumei , Chao Xiaolian , Yang Zupei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHighly transparent lead‐free (1‐x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3–xSr(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (KNN–xSZN) ferroelectric ceramics have been synthesized via a conventional pressureless sintering method. All samples are optically clear, showing high transmittance in the visible and near‐infrared regions (~70% and ~80% at 0.5 mm of thickness, respectively). This exceptionally good transmittance is due to the pseudo‐cubic phase structure as well as the dense and fine‐grained microstructure. In addition, a high energy storage density of 3.0 J/cm3 has been achieved for the 0.94K0.5Na0.5NbO3–0.06Sr(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics with submicron‐sized grains (~136 nm). The main reason is likely to be the typical relaxor‐like behavior characterized by diffuse phase transition, in addition to the dense and fine‐grained microstructure. This study demonstrates that the 0.94K0.5Na0.5NbO3–0.06Sr(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramic is a promising candidate of lead‐free transparent ferroelectric ceramics for new areas beyond transparent electronic device applications.
Determinants of college students' use of online collaborative help‐seeking tools
Authors: Ding Lu , Er Erkan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResearch has noted the effectiveness of online tools (e.g., discussion boards) for supporting help seeking among class members. However, help seeking is not necessarily warranted via online learning tools because some factors (e.g., low Internet self‐efficacy) may influence students' intention to use them. This study aims to identify the determinants of students' use of a web‐based help‐seeking tool called EchoLu. For this purpose, a structural model was developed based on technology acceptance model and tested using a structural equation modelling approach. According to the data analysis results, general Internet self‐efficacy, information‐search self‐efficacy, web‐based learning self‐efficacy, and EchoLu‐specific self‐efficacy play a significant role in students' intentions to use online help‐seeking tools. Contrary to the previous research, no statistically significant relationship was found between general Internet self‐efficacy and EchoLu‐specific self‐efficacy, and between web‐based learning self‐efficacy and perceived usefulness. Implications of the findings for guiding practitioners in supporting effective help‐seeking are presented. Limitations of the study and future research prospects are discussed as well.
Participation in school‐related activities that require hand use for children with and without developmental disabilities
Authors: Cho M. , Rodger S. , Copley J. , Chien C.‐W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundChildren with developmental disabilities (DD) may experience limited participation in school activities. Little is known about whether school participation of children with DD who attend special schools is impacted. This study specifically focused on physical engagement in school‐related activities that require hand use for the comparison between this group of children with DD and typically developing children.MethodsThe sample consisted of 97 children with DD who attended special schools (mean age 8.2 ± 2.9 years; 60 boys and 37 girls) and 105 typically developing children who attended mainstream schools/kindergartens (mean age 8.6 ± 2.4 years; 48 boys and 57 girls). Parents completed the Children's Assessment of Participation with Hands, one of the domains of which captures participation in eight school‐related activities involving hand use.ResultsParents of children with DD reported that their children participated less, in terms of the number (χ2 = 8.45–14.97, P ≤ 0.004) and frequency (t = 4.00–6.47, P < 0.001), in four activities than typically developing children. Parents of children with DD also reported that more assistance was needed for their children's participation in all activities (t = 6.93–11.92, P < 0.001), and they wanted their children to participate in most activities more often and more independently (χ2 = 18.46–59.34, P < 0.001).ConclusionsDifferences in participation in school‐related activities requiring hand use between children with DD and typically developing children were revealed generally across all participation dimensions (does participate, frequency, independence, and desired change). This study provides information on the areas in which greater efforts are needed to support children's school participation.
Increased acetylcholine and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex following intranasal orexin‐A (hypocretin‐1)
Authors: Calva Coleman B. , Fayyaz Habiba , Fadel Jim R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOrexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area are integrators of physiological function. Previous work from our laboratory and others has shown the importance of orexin transmission in cognition. Age‐related reductions in markers of orexin function further suggest that this neuropeptide may be a useful target for the treatment of age‐related cognitive dysfunction. Intranasal administration of orexin‐A (OxA) has shown promise as a therapeutic option for cognitive dysfunction. However, the neurochemical mechanisms of intranasal OxA administration are not fully understood. Here, we use immunohistochemistry and in vivo microdialysis to define the effects of acute intranasal OxA administration on: (i) activation of neuronal populations in the cortex, basal forebrain, and brainstem and (ii) acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 rats. Acute intranasal administration of OxA significantly increased c‐Fos expression, a marker for neuronal activation, in the PFC and in subpopulations of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of acute intranasal OxA on neurotransmitter efflux in the PFC and found that intranasal OxA significantly increased both ACh and glutamate efflux in this region. These findings were independent from any changes in c‐Fos expression in orexin neurons, suggesting that these effects are not resultant from direct activation of orexin neurons. In total, these data indicate that intranasal OxA may enhance cognition through activation of distinct neuronal populations in the cortex and basal forebrain and through increased neurotransmission of ACh and glutamate in the PFC.
image
Possible role of interleukin‐17 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in cutaneous warts
Authors: El‐Hamd Mohammed Abu , Assaf Hanan A , Nada Essam A 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBackground/ObjectivesCutaneous warts (CW), or verrucae, are benign proliferation of skin that result from infection with human papilloma viruses. Cellular immune reactivity plays a significant role in wart regression. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular immune status of patients with CW through measurements of their serum levels of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF,) and, identify the possible role of IL‐17 and MIF in CW. We assessed serum IL‐17 and MIF levels in patients with different forms of CW and compare the results with controls.Patient and methodsSerum levels of IL‐17 and MIF were measured using commercially available ELISA assay kits in 60 patients with CW and 20 healthy controls.ResultsSerum levels of IL‐17 and MIF were significantly lower in patients with CW when compared with the controls (P‐value <.01, <.05, respectively). There was nonsignificant correlation between IL‐17 and MIF.ConclusionLow IL‐17 and MIF levels may have a contributory role in occurrence, maintenance, severity, and recurrence of different types of CW which depend mainly on the defect of cell‐mediated immunity. This may shed new light on nontraditional strategies for the future medical treatments of CW through regulation of IL‐17 and MIF.
Outcomes after drug‐coated balloon treatment for patients with calcified coronary lesions
Authors: Ito Ryuta , Ueno Katsumi , Yoshida Tamami , Takahashi Hiroshi , Tatsumi Tomohiko , Hashimoto Yasumasa , Kojima Yoshinobu , Kitamura Tomoya , Morita Norihiko 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate the efficacy of drug‐coated balloon (DCB) for calcified coronary lesions.BackgroundCalcified coronary lesions is associated with poor clinical outcomes after revascularization. Recently, DCB is emerging as an alternative strategy for de novo coronary lesions. However, reports describing the efficacy of DCB for calcified coronary lesions are limited.MethodsA total of 81 patients (96 lesions) who electively underwent DCB treatment for de novo coronary lesions were enrolled: 46 patients (55 lesions) in the calcified group and 35 patients (41 lesions) in the non‐calcified group. Angiographic follow‐up data and clinical outcomes after the procedure were evaluated.ResultsThe diameter of the DCB used was 2.5 ± 0.5 mm. No bail‐out stenting was observed after DCB treatment. Rotational atherectomy was used in 82% of lesions in the calcified group. Follow‐up angiography (median, 6.5 months after intervention) was performed for 59 patients (30 in the calcified group and 29 in the non‐calcified group). Late lumen loss and rates of restenosis were comparable between the groups (0.03 mm in the calcified group vs −0.18 mm in the non‐calcified group, P = 0.093 and 13.9% vs 3.03%, P = 0.095, respectively). The survival rates for target lesion revascularization free survival and major adverse cardiac events at 2 years were comparable between the groups (85.3% vs 93.4%, P = 0.64 and 81.4% vs 88.5%, P = 0.57, respectively).ConclusionCalcified coronary lesions might dilute the effect of DCB. However, clinical outcomes in the calcified group were similar to those in the non‐calcified group.
A Note on Quality Disclosure and Competition
Authors: Jansen Jos 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCompetitive pressure is lower in markets where goods are more differentiated. I analyze how a change in the degree of horizontal product differentiation affects the incentives of duopolists to disclose quality information. If disclosure is costly, then a firm discloses high qualities but conceals low qualities in equilibrium. The higher the disclosure cost, the higher the equilibrium threshold below which firms conceal quality information. I show that the effect of product differentiation on quality disclosure depends on the cost of disclosure. For low (high) disclosure costs, a firm discloses more (respectively, less) quality information if goods become more differentiated.
Tying in Two‐Sided Markets with Multi‐Homing: Corrigendum and Comment
Authors: Choi Jay Pil , Jullien Bruno , Lefouili Yassine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe identify two issues in Choi's [2010] paper on tying in two‐sided markets published in this Journal, and provide solutions to both of them. First, we point out that the equilibrium in the absence of tying requires more restrictive conditions and does not satisfy a natural equilibrium refinement criterion. We offer an alternative timing structure that validates the equilibrium derived in Choi [2010] under the conditions provided there. Second, we show that his equilibrium analysis with tying ignores a profitable deviation. We rectify this analysis under our alternative timing structure and derive the (mixed‐strategy) equilibrium with tying. We also show by means of simulations that tying is welfare‐enhancing whenever it is profitable, which is consistent with the main finding in Choi [2010].