bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Structural Conductor Design and Execution of Jetting Operations for Ultra-Deepwater Wells in Brunei
Authors: Syazwan M , Shafei A , Paimin M Razali , Su'if M Zyden , Abidin Hj Zainal , Ismail Yussof , Natarajan S.. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Structural casing or conductor pipe provides a foundation for deepwater well and is designed to withstand the expected axial and bending loads. A very conservative design approach with worst case scenario is usually adopted for structural casing in exploration wells because the lack of information and high risk associated to deepwater operations cannot be underrated.
This paper will present the evolution from a conservative to a fit-for-purpose engineering design approach. A design review with the latest interpretation of regional geological understanding derived from actual drilling experience was performed to quantify the associated uncertainties in the design phase. The result was compared with an independent analysis and validated during the actual installation performed by rig contractor. The project team supplemented this paper with a case study by sharing the conductor installation results from the jetting operation.
In the early stage of deepwater exploration wells in Southeast Asia (SEA) region, many operators set their first string or structural /conductor pipe at around «80 m below mudline. This is a normal industry practice adopted from experiences in the GOM deepwater operation or operators' own experience in their deepwater field. This structural casing is generally jetted down with internal jetting BHA and drilled in riserless mode to the predetermined depth. This first string will not be cemented, and a subsequent surface casing will be installed and cemented to seabed. These two (2) strings will provide the foundation for a deepwater well to withstand the expected load, which are axial loads and bending loads. The conservative design generally uses a large size structural pipe like 36 in. OD with wall thickness from 1.5 in. to 2.0 in. WT. The second surface casing typically uses a large size pipe like 20 in. OD with moderate wall thickness. A weld-on connector are generally used for both structural and surface casings to accommodate the expected axial and bending load resulting from the installation of BOP and marine riser. The paper will describe the progression and transformation from the conservative to a fit-for-purpose design by optimizing the structural casing setting depth, its wall thickness and employing slim well architecture specifically for shallow well objectives below mudline. The most significant finding is that the slim design has proven to be suitable and was successfully installed in three (3) ultra- deepwater exploration wells in Brunei. This paper also will share the Company's experience and observation during the structural conductor installations to achieve efficient execution during jetting operations.
The novelty of the fit-for-purpose design is in the ability to change the design norm resulting in substantial cost savings to the company and meeting the well objectives.
Deepwater HTHP Drilling Fluid Development and Field Applications in Western South China Sea
Authors: Liu Hexing , Li Zhong , Huang Yi , Fang Manzong , Liu Zhiqin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Dozens of deepwater wells have been drilled in western South China Sea with about 30 percent have characteristics of high temperature and high pressure, which brought a series of difficulties and challenges to field operations. After incorporating the analysis of engineering and geological environment for deepwater HTHP wells in Lingshui block of western South China Sea, it is suggested that the solution of drilling problems for deepwater HTHP wells should start from drilling fluid. Several major technical problems are required to be addressed by drilling fluid, such as co-exist of low temperature and high temperature that lead to difficulty of drilling fluid maintenance and narrow density margin caused by deepwater and high pressure. Based on the above problems, combining with geological features of HTHP wells, researchers developed a novel water based drilling fluid system compatible with deepwater HTHP wells in Lingshui block on the basis of conventional HEM drilling fluid and further optimization. It has been recently applied in three wells and as can be seen from the application results, this system greatly reduced the incidence of complex situations in deepwater HTHP wells and gives consideration to the conflict of high temperature and low temperature. It can also be compatible with temperature difference and increase holding pressure.
Overcoming Challenges in Pore Pressure Prediction and Wellbore Stability in Brunei Ultra Deepwater Exploration Well Campaign
Authors: Omar M Mizuar , Rasli M Faiz , Paimin M Razali , Maulana Herry , Ghosh Amitava , Abidin M Zyden 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Pore pressure prediction and geomechanical modelling play a very important role in well planning and is one of the many challenges facing the oil industry today, as exploration focus worldwide is moving more and more into the deep-water environment. Pressure related problems in deepwater wells are mainly associated with narrow operating window resulting in severe well control incidents, sometimes even leading to early abandonment. A better understanding of the prevalent pore pressure regimes in terms of generating mechanisms along with pressure maintenance and dissipation through geologic time offers invaluable insight and perception about these challenges and also on our ability to predict and mitigate or minimize them. Borehole instability related problems like excessive wellbore breakout can result hole cleaning issues, stuck pipe, setting casing earlier or potentially losing the wellbore. It is important to analyze these challenges and develop an understanding of the same, prior to drilling so that, various plans and mitigation systems can be put in place.
A substantial amount of non-productive time (NPT) was associated during the initial phases of drilling campaigns in the Brunei deepwater. Accurate mud weight window prediction using regional scale pore pressure prediction and geomechanical modeling clearly demonstrated a significant reduction in nonproductive times over the different phases of drilling campaigns till date. This also includes a regular update or refinement of the model as soon as new data or information becomes available.
This paper presents some of the methodologies used during well planning and construction of deepwater and ultra-deepwater wells. It also discusses the work refinement throughout each drilling campaigns, which resulted in improvement on geological and geomechanical model. It is imperative to note that the intent is to document and share experiences and lessons learned in Brunei deepwater wells within the industry. This would enable the execution workflow and well design to be continuously improved for a safe and cost-efficient delivery of the wells.
Tests to Compare the Performance of Zinc and Steel Big Hole Charges: First of its Kind in an HP/HT Setting
Authors: Haggerty D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Using the upgraded capabilities of the perforation flow laboratory, and after some trial and error, tests were successfully conducted designed to compare zinc and steel-cased big hole (BH) shaped charges at bottomhole conditions. In the past, conducting perforation performance tests that included wellbore control were limited to matching reservoir pressures up to 5,000 psi. These tests were conducted at conditions representative of a Gulf of Mexico (GOM) reservoir exhibiting 17,200 psi overburden stress, 9,100 psi pore pressure, and a temperature of 210°F. Completion plans include setting the wellbore pressure at 10,550 psi before perforating to create a static overbalance of 1,450 psi. Aligned with American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 19B (2006) Section 4 (Rev. 2014), the tests were conducted to closely match the perforating portion of the completion design in the oil-producing field to provide an effective physical simulation. The outcome provides useful perforation performance data, including flow into and out of the perforation.
Many design modifications from previous ambient, limited pressure Section 4 tests were necessary to successfully conduct the tests at the higher GOM reservoir pressure and 210°F. This paper discusses the difficulties encountered during testing and how workable solutions were achieved to perform such tests. Reinforcing the integrity of the soft, producing formation analog core without reducing the effective stress was the most significant challenge encountered during this study. Sustaining steady flow at pressures higher than the limits of the available high-accuracy pressure transducers and flow meters also required a new approach. The net result of this effort revealed that penetration depth differed less that previously assumed between the zinc-cased charge and the steel-cased charge at the experimental conditions and setup used in the tests.
The development of perforation testing laboratories has allowed the capability to shoot any shaped charge in a simulated wellbore environment at elevated temperatures and high pressures, matching virtually any reservoir in the world.
Method for Deliverability Prediction of Well in Gas Storage Converted from Gas Reservoir in China
Authors: Ligen Tang , Guosheng Ding , Shasha Sun , Lidong Mi , Honglin Qi , Kai Guo , Jieming Wang , Fengjuan Bai 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In view of the gap between well deliverability forecasted by the traditional method and actual value, the reason why this question was raised was found as that the permeability might change when gas reservoir was converted into storage. Then, to discover the extent of permeability change, several experiments focusing on different areas of storage reservoir were deployed and carried out. As a result of experiments above, one parameter describing the law of permeability changing was proposed, based on this new parameter, traditional pseudo pressure was modified and traditional method for deliverability prediction was transformed into one that taking permeability changing into account. Moreover, this newly modified method was verified by example analysis.
Experimental Investigation of Gas Diffusion in Coal – Comparison Between Crushed and Intact Core Samples
Authors: Sander Regina , Pan Zhejun , Connell Luke D , Camilleri Michael , Heryanto Deasy 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
To forecast gas production from coal and other dual-porosity reservoirs, the reservoir specific diffusion properties must be estimated. Diffusion properties can be determined in the laboratory as part of adsorption or desorption isotherm measurements. Typically, such experiments are performed on crushed coal rather than intact core samples, which can reduce the experimental run time from months or weeks to days. We investigated the relationship between crushed coal and intact core samples by performing two sets of diffusion experiments on two Bowen Basin coals of different rank, Coal#1 (low volatile bituminous) and Coal#2 (medium volatile bituminous). Core samples were analysed in the Triaxial Multicomponent Gas Rig in CSIRO's Unconventional Gas Laboratory. Measurements on crushed coal with a particle size range of 0.6 – 1 mm and 0.5 – 1 mm prepared from off-cuts of Coal#1 and Coal#2 respectively were performed in CSIRO's Isotherm Rig. The diffusion kinetics of the two coals were measured with respect to three gases: methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. These gases are commonly present in coal seams and are associated with primary and enhanced coal seam gas production.
The observations from the adsorption and desorption experiments on crushed and intact core sample highlight significant differences in diffusion kinetics between the different coal forms. For the crushed coals, the diffusion process was significantly accelerated and the effective diffusivities were typically an order of magnitude higher than for the core samples. The diffusion kinetics on crushed and core sample may be relatable through the diffusion path length, which requires further investigation.
Both crushed and core samples adsorb CO2 preferentially. The differences between the slower diffusing CH4 and N2 were small, though we found that the sorption preference towards CH4 and N2 was different for the core and the crushed coal samples. The observed difference could be caused by sample heterogeneity, as the crushed coal is prepared from off-cuts rather than the coal cores themselves.
The observed diffusion behaviour can be fitted by a bidisperse model. Two fractions, a ‘fast’ and a ‘slow’ fraction, were necessary to match the experimental data. While Coal#2 is characterised by a partitioning of approximately 70% ‘fast’ fraction and 30% ‘slow’ fraction, for Coal#1 the fractions were not uniform across the different gases and sample forms.
Subsea Cooling; Passive, Active or Sea Current Controlled?
Authors: Winge Rudh Mattias Gillis , Fritz Jahnsen Ove , Hasan Zahidul 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Subsea cooling in oil and gas production might seem to be opposite to the usual flow assurance challenge, maintaining a high enough flowing temperature of the produced stream in order to ensure problem free transport of the crude from well to the host. During FEED and detailed design, particular focus is aimed at maintaining a required temperature with insulation and even electrical heating are employed in order to achieve this. Hydrate formation, wax and asphaltene deposits are challenges that are connected with too low temperature, and considerable effort is spent in quantifying acceptable temperature, and cool down times of subsea equipment. So one might ask why and where is the need for subsea cooling? It turns out that there are situations where the well fluids are very warm and reduction in the temperature is required for profitable development of a field. For example, where an expensive flow line material would render the installation too costly, a reduction in temperature might make the investment evaluations look attractive, or where heat is generated subsea by for instance a subsea gas compressor. The temperature greatly affects the corrosion rate, and by changing the temperature, chemical dosage can be optimized, which further strengthens the financial analysis of a field development. This paper focuses on active subsea coolers, i.e. subsea cooling systems that are equipped with adjustable means, and attempts to analyze and benchmark four different subsea cooler types using a generic wet gas production case. A recent development involving a sea current controlled active cooler is introduced and compared with three other active cooler types and how they operate with a given set of operation and turndown conditions are presented. A comparison of weight, size, auxillary equipment and required topside scope is also included.
Research on the Dynamic Granulation Viscosity Reduction Technology for Venezuela' S Ultra Heavy Oil
Authors: Lipeng He , Bin Ding , Baoliang Peng , Jianhui Luo , Xiangfei Geng , Pingmei Wang 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Based on the physico-chemical property of Venezuela ultra heavy oil, active macromolecule viscosity reducer (CVR) was designed and prepared. Viscosity reduction system of Venezuela ultra heavy oil was prepared using active macromolecule viscosity reducer assisted by ultrasonic. The laboratory experimental results indicated that the active macromolecule viscosity reducer has good viscosity reducing ability on the Venezuela ultra heavy oil. Under the conditions of viscosity reducer (0.3%), oil-water volume ratio (10:3), the viscosity reduction system displays good dispersion and the initial apparent viscosity keeps less than 200 mPa·s. Viscosity reduction system displayed well stability, the apparent viscosity of oil/water dispersion is still less than 500 mPa·s after 28 days static placed. Ultrasonic has a significant effect on the viscosity reduction system, which can effectively reduce the mixing time 50% and the viscosity reducer usage about 30%. The ultrasonic attenuation method was able to characterize the particle size and particle size distributions of Venezuela heavy oil/water dispersion. The particle size distribution of the oil/water dispersion is uniform and the average particle size is about 100μm. Whereby 80% particle size of the system is between 60μm~178μm and only less than 10% of the particle size is more than 180μm or less than 55μm. Moreover, the measurement tendencies of ultrasonic attenuation method are consistent with the changing trend of apparent viscosity.
Overview of Jansz-Io Field, Upstream Gorgon Project Start-up Results and Integrated Tabletop Planning Process
Authors: Affinito Ralph , Boxall John , Clough Jonathan , Coletta Angelina , Frontczak John , Morrison Alan , Pradhan Vijay , Robinson William 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Integrated subsurface and facilities management, along with asset integrity and reliability, is a "must win" for flawless start-up and early operations. This consists of understanding and closing the value loop around the subsurface and facilities of an asset or connected set of assets. One of the tools Chevron Australia (Chevron) used to successfully start-up the Jansz field under the Gorgon project was an upstream integrated planning process.
An upstream integrated tabletop process evaluates and tests all plans and procedures that are in place for start-up and the early operating life of the asset, from the sand-face of the reservoir to the inlet facilities (for an upstream focus). This process aims to eliminate the gap between a flawless start-up, defined as reaching target performance as early and safely as possible, and what could be a troubled start-up. Start-up plans are presented based on the underpinning objectives, challenges and strategies from each of the key stakeholder groups. A suitably wide range of credible scenarios, targeting those with the greatest potential to cause significant upsets, are considered and tested to ensure that procedures and mitigation measures are both suitably understood by the relevant stakeholders and are in place. The process also helps define roles/responsibilities and build relationships between the subsurface, subsea, facilities and operation teams starting up the project.
The integrated tabletop process has a significant focus on reservoir management. Early production, staggered well start-ups and well planned production ramp-up activities can provide insight into completion efficiency, performance prediction, reservoir connectivity and reserves assessment. Operation’s objectives, especially for a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant (successive start-ups, minimum intervention) are often at odds with reservoir management. The tabletop process enables alternatives to be evaluated striving for a balanced, value added start-up plan.
This paper goes through an overview of some of the key concepts required for a successful integrated tabletop process and results of the Jansz field and upstream system start-up. Integrated planning involving subsurface, subsea, flow assurance and facilities resulted in a flawless start-up of the field. Highlights of the results for each of these areas will help support future start-up efforts.
Utilising Managed Pressure Drilling to Drill Shale Gas Horizontal Well in Fuling Shale Gas Field
Authors: Wang G. , Zhou H. , Fan H. , Si N. , Liu J. , Ma D. , Pang W. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The SINOPEC Fuling shale gas field is the first large-scale commercial development shale gas field of China, which have been built as a productivity of 5 billion shale gas field until 2015. The problems faced in this location is narrow margin between pore (or collapse)and fracture pressure, therefore the mud loss, collapsing and gas kick are very common problem encountered while drilling, the ROP decreases greatly and the cost of drilling operation increases rapidly. With falling oil and natural gas prices, greater efficiency and excellence in well construction is called for, the MPD related theoretical model and successful use of MPD techniques for improving ROP, controlling gas kick and mud loss, reducing drilling cost for the shale gas horizontal well drilling in Fuling is described.
Firstly, a new utility gas kick detect method based on real-time WHP analysis through the theoretical and model analysis was established, in which the WHP variation caused by the tripping, ROP and flow rate variation were taken into account, through which the gas kick can accurately detected as soon as quickly. Secondly, for improving the pressure control precision, a three-layer feedback control method was established and programmed in the controller, through which the bottom hole pressure (BHP) can be adjusted very stable. Moreover, integrated software that combined MPD design and gas kick control simulation was developed based on which the best pressure control procedure and kick initial response can be obtained easily.
The MPD technique has been applied in several wells in Fuling shale gas field of SINOPEC, based on the integrated software, the BHP, flow rate, WHP, mud density, and others drilling parameters were all obtained. And through MPD, the drilling results show that the ROP of there wells were improved about 13.9-82%, the outage time have reduced more than 60%. Moreover, through using the low-density drilling mud, the mud loss has been successfully prevented, and also reduced the mud cost.
This study will presented the utility theoretical model for MPD gas kick detection, three-layer feedback pressure control method, and the MPD application in shale gas drilling. Through the application of the MPD, the results show that the ROP in shale gas horizontal well drilling has been improved obviously, the optimal oil based drilling mud density was designed has successfully prevented the mud loss and reduced the drilling cost.
The Relationship Between Health Management and Information Behavior Over Time: A Study of the Illness Journeys of People Living With Fibromyalgia
Authors: Chen Annie T 
Published: October 2016

Background
Over the course of a chronic illness, patients face many challenges, including understanding what is happening to them and developing an effective strategy for managing illness. While there is existing literature concerning how people seek health-related information and cope with chronic illnesses, there is a need for additional research on how information affects patients’ understandings of their illness, and how changes in this understanding affect their health management strategies over time.

Objective
This study examined how health management, information seeking, and information consumption and use processes are related throughout an illness.

Methods
A diversified recruitment strategy involving multiple media channels was used to recruit participants for an interview study. During the interviews, participants were asked to draw an “illness journey” timeline. The data were analyzed using a qualitative approach drawn from Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Grounded Theory.

Results
The study identified four main health management features of illness journeys: onset, progression toward diagnosis, acceptance, and development of an effective management strategy. The study then focused on how information seeking changes over illness journeys, particularly in terms of a transition from active information seeking to monitoring with intermittent focused searching. Last, the paper describes the information consumption and use processes that patients engaged in throughout their journey.

Conclusions
This study makes three important contributions to the field. First, it presents an integrated conceptualization of how health management and information behaviors are related on illness journeys. Second, it adds to our existing knowledge on health literacy and self-management of chronic illness. Third, the study has implications for health interface design.