bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing sexual behaviour between tourists and tourism employees: A systematic review
Authors: Simkhada Padam P , Sharma Aditi , Van Teijlingen Edwin R , Beanland Rachel L 
Published: March 2016

Background: Increased travel abroad has a significant impact on the incidence and prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Previous reviews have focused on the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of tourists and acquisition of STIs. Less is known about the impact on tourism operators in countries visited by tourists. The aim of this review is to ascertain factors influencing sexual behaviour between workers in the tourism industry and tourists; exploring the prevalence of sexual behaviour between the two populations, their perceptions of sexual risk while engaging in sexual activities and the knowledge of tourism operators regarding STIs.Methods: A systematic review was conducted. Database searches were performed in Medline/Ovid, EMBASE, Cochrane library and CINAHL for studies published between 2000 and March 2016. Grey literature searches were completed in the NHS database and Google Scholar between 2000 and December 2013. Papers were independently selected by two researchers. Data were extracted and critically appraised using a pre-designed extraction form and adapted CASP checklist.Results: The search identified 1,602 studies and 16 were included after review of the full text. Studies were conducted in nine countries. Findings suggest that STI knowledge, attitude and practice were fairly good among tourists and tourism workers, but there is a need for pre-travel advice for travellers, especially those travelling to low and middle-income countries. Greater importance was given to tourists than to tourism operators and locals interacting with tourists. Studies suggest that as a group both tourist and tourist workers were likely to engage in sexual activities. Overall, both condom use and STI screening were low, among tourists as well as tourism operators. Furthermore, studies reported links between drug and alcohol use and sexual behaviour and risk taking.Conclusion: Although less research appeared to have been conducted among tourism workers than tourists, it does demonstrate the need for education, training and promotion of travel medicine. STI screening, pre-travel advice, travel history in terms of contracting STIs and safe-sex awareness-raising are needed. More and better sexual health education and relevant tourism policies are needed globally.
La défectivité du TAM dans les énoncés de sens figuré
Authors: Tournadre Nicolas , Cadiot Pierre 
Published: March 2016

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que les expressions figuratives sont soumises à des contraintes aspecto-temporelles. Nous montrons en particulier que les énoncés figuratifs sont souvent interprétés comme statifs et que la perte du trait dynamique a des conséquences sur le comportement aspectuel. Ainsi les aspects « accompli » et « progressif » ne sont pas en général compatibles avec les expressions figuratives. Jusqu’à présent, ces types d’interaction sont largement passés inaperçus. L’article est illustré par des exemples concrets en français, toutefois il est clair que ces interactions et ces contraintes ont une dimension universelle. Le cadre aspecto-temporel utilisé dans cette description est le modèle « configuration et perspective » qui correspond à une approche typologique. L’un de ses avantages est qu’il ne présume en aucune façon d’équivalences aspectuelles entre les langues. Un aspect lexical (ou Aktionsart ) dans une langue donnée peut parfaitement correspondre à un aspect grammatical dans une autre langue.
Les constructions modales comparatives faire mieux de , valoir mieux et falloir mieux
Authors: Patard Adeline 
Published: March 2016

Résumé Dans la littérature récente, plusieurs articles ont été consacrés à l’étude de constructions modales comparatives (CMC) dans les langues germaniques, notamment l’anglais, le néerlandais et l’allemand. Toutefois, les CMC n’existent pas que dans l’aire germanique mais sont aussi attestées dans les langues romanes, par exemple en français. Le présent article porte ainsi sur trois CMC du français : faire mieux de , valoir mieux et falloir mieux . L’objectif est double. Il s’agit d’abord de donner une description linguistique de ces CMC : sur la base d’une analyse de corpus, nous donnons une caractérisation morphosyntaxique de ces constructions en synchronie, nous retraçons leur développement diachronique, puis nous proposons une analyse de leur sémantique. De plus, l’étude vise à définir le degré de grammaticalisation de ces CMC, ce qui permettra de conclure sur leur statut d’auxiliaire modal du français.
La modulation de l’assertion par to omou et to omowareru en japonais. Approche contrastive japonais / français
Authors: Tuchais Simon 
Published: March 2016

Résumé On peut identifier en japonais aussi bien qu’en français un ensemble d’outils linguistiques signalant une opinion personnelle et partageant un certain nombre de caractéristiques sémantiques, syntaxiques et énonciatives. La notion de modalité joue un rôle central dans l’analyse de leur fonctionnement, dans la mesure où ils renseignent sur la source de la validation du contenu asserté par l’énoncé. Cette étude examine particulièrement deux expressions japonaises, to omou et to omowareru , afin de montrer ce qu’elles révèlent sur la modalité dans cette langue, puis de confronter les faits observés avec le français en vue de mettre en lumière les choix qu’offre chacune des deux langues. Tandis qu’en français c’est le rapport entre la source de validation – la subjectivité individuelle du locuteur – et le type de jugement exprimé – objectif ou subjectif – qui déterminera ce choix, en japonais, c’est la variation de la source de validation elle-même : on observe une opposition entre to omowareru , qui implique une source de validation incluant le locuteur, mais n’étant pas limitée à celui-ci, et to omou qui a pour fonction de limiter la source au seul locuteur, participant ainsi à la construction du MOI dans le discours.
Les verbes modaux sont-ils polysémiques ? Données d’ eye tracking en lecture
Authors: Barbet Cécile 
Published: March 2016

Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d’une expérience d’ eye tracking en lecture réalisée afin d’apporter des éléments de réponse à la question de la représentation en mémoire des verbes modaux devoir et pouvoir . La nature – homonymique, polysémique ou monosémique / sous-spécifiée – des modaux français est testée grâce à la manipulation du sens radical ou épistémique du verbe modal et du caractère neutre ou favorable au sens du contexte précédant le verbe. La lecture des phrases contenant devoir est plus facile quand il apparaît dans son sens radical que quand il apparaît dans son sens épistémique. Cet effet de fréquence relative, le sens radical étant le sens dominant des verbes modaux français, concorde avec l’hypothèse de la polysémie : si les sens sont représentés en mémoire, on s’attend en effet à ce que le sens dominant soit le plus facile d’accès et le plus facile à traiter. En revanche, un effet de la fréquence relative n’apparaît pas avec pouvoir . Au contraire, la première lecture du verbe même est facilitée par le sens épistémique, soit le sens non dominant, et la lecture générale des phrases contenant pouvoir est facilitée par les contextes favorables au sens. Les résultats obtenus avec les phrases contenant pouvoir s’accordent mieux avec l’hypothèse monosémique de la sous-spécification, postulant un sens unique sous-spécifié stocké en mémoire proche du sens épistémique, sens épistémique de pouvoir par ailleurs en réalité plus aléthique qu’épistémique comme nous essayons de le montrer. Les deux verbes modaux français sont traditionnellement étudiés ensemble car on part du principe que l’un est le pendant de l’autre dans son propre domaine modal – possibilité ou nécessité. Cette étude remet en question cet a priori .
Rapporti familiari a ‘Mutina’ e nel suo agro tra III e V secolo d.C.: considerazioni alla luce della documentazione epigrafica
Authors: Mongardi Manuela 
Published: March 2016

The paper focuses on the collection and analysis of the epigraphic evidence in Mutina dating from the 3century AD to the 5century AD, with particular attention to funerary inscriptions. For the period between the half of the 3century AD and the half of the 4century AD it can be noted a significant presence of military officers and exponents of the bureaucracy, who often reused ancienter proconnesian marble sarcophagi for themselves or their relatives. Almost all the inscriptions contain an explicit indication of the family relationships among the persons mentioned so it is possible to reconstruct family units which sometimes include ancestors until the second generation. An interesting case is that of the, for whom epigraphic documents allow to reconstruct more than a family unit. In fact there are three inscriptions which have been traditionally related toand mention three different wifes (XI 831, 832, 1017); in particular two of them surely concern thewhereas the third one could be attributed to a namesake relative.
Il marito ‘dominus’ e la violenza coniugale nella società tardoantica (a partire da una costituzione di Teodosio II)
Authors: Neri Valerio 
Published: March 2016

The research starts from a law of Theodosius II (C. 5.17.8) which allows the divorce to the wives subjected to flogging by husbands, declaring that this coercive form is unworthy of a free person. The law proposed a significant number of legitimate reasons for divorce changing the closed situation, especially for women, imposed by the Emperor Constantine. The author investigates the spread in late antiquity of a conception of the submission of the wife,in relation to her husband, which in some texts, especially of Augustine, justifies or at least tolerates the use by the husband of bodily coercive forms, including flogging and sometimes praises and preaches the need and the opportunity of patience on the part of wives. In Bible texts that support Christian authors in this conception of the marital relationship the translation ofwhich indicate in the greek text the role of husbands withaccentuates the absolute power of the husband over the wife asunlike the greekdesignates the power of theon the slaves. Church fathers as Ambrose and John Chrysostom and indeed the Emperor Theodosius II express a thought contrary to this trend.
The predominance of post‐wildfire erosion in the long‐term denudation of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico
Authors: Orem Caitlin A. , Pelletier Jon D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWildfires can dramatically increase erosion rates over time scales on the order of several years, yet few data firmly constrain the relative importance of post‐wildfire erosion in the long‐term denudation of landscapes. We tested the hypothesis that wildfire‐affected erosion is responsible for a large majority of long‐term denudation in the uplands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, by quantifying erosion rates in wildfire‐affected and non‐wildfire‐affected watersheds over short (~100–101 years) time scales using suspended sediment loads, multitemporal terrestrial laser scanning, and airborne laser scanning and over long (~103–106 years) time scales using 10Be inventories and incision into a dated paleosurface. We found that following the Las Conchas fire in 2011, mean watershed‐averaged erosion rates were more than 1000 µm yr−1, i.e., ~103–105 times higher than nearby unburned watersheds of similar area, relief, and lithology. Long‐term denudation rates are on the order of 10–100 µm yr−1. Combining data for wildfire‐affected and non‐wildfire‐affected erosion rates into a long‐term denudation rate budget, we found that wildfire‐affected erosion is responsible for at least 90% of denudation over geologic time scales in our study area despite the fact that such conditions occur only at a small fraction of the time. Monte Carlo analyses demonstrate that this conclusion is robust with respect to uncertainties in the rates and time scales used in the calculations.
Carving intracrater layered deposits with wind on Mars
Authors: Day M. , Anderson W. , Kocurek G. , Mohrig D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCrater basins on Mars host thick sedimentary sequences, which record the environments of early Mars. These basin fills commonly exhibit mound morphologies thought to arise from aeolian erosion of initially crater filling strata. This study presents transport‐based models explaining how mounds could be carved by wind. Wind tunnel experiments generated morphologies similar to those observed on Mars, and numerical modeling of flow over a crater using large‐eddy simulation (LES) demonstrated a positive feedback between topographic focusing of flow and erosion potential. Observations of yardangs, dunes, and wind streaks, all proxies for wind direction, largely agree with model results. Where mound strata origins have been interpreted, basal subaqueous deposits are overlain by aeolian deposits. This stratigraphic progression, culminating in wind‐driven excavation, is consistent with a global desiccation event. The occurrence of sedimentary mounds only on Noachian terrain argues that this event was related to late Noachian climatic change.
First airborne samples of a volcanic plume for δ13C of CO2 determinations
Authors: Fischer Tobias P. , Lopez Taryn M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVolcanic degassing is one of the main natural sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. Carbon isotopes of volcanic gases enable the determination of CO2 sources including mantle, organic or carbonate sediments, and atmosphere. Until recently, this work required sample collection from vents followed by laboratory analyses. Isotope ratio infrared analyzers now enable rapid analyses of plume δ13C‐CO2, in situ and in real time. Here we report the first analyses of δ13C‐CO2 from airborne samples. These data combined with plume samples from the vent area enable extrapolation to the volcanic source δ13C. We performed our experiment at the previously unsampled and remote Kanaga Volcano in the Western Aleutians. We find a δ13C source composition of −4.4‰, suggesting that CO2 from Kanaga is primarily sourced from the upper mantle with minimal contributions from subducted components. Our method is widely applicable to volcanoes where remote location or activity level precludes sampling using traditional methods.
Coordinated observations of F region 3 m field‐aligned plasma irregularities associated with medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances
Authors: Lin F. F. , Wang C. Y. , Su C. L. , Shiokawa K. , Saito S. , Chu Y. H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThree meter field‐aligned irregularities (3 m FAIs) associated with medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) that occurred on 5 February 2008 were observed by using the Chung‐Li 52 MHz coherent scatter radar. Interferometry measurements show that the plasma structures responsible for the 3 m FAI echoes are in a clumpy shape with a horizontal dimension of about 10–78 km in a height range of 220–300 km. In order to investigate the dynamic behaviors of the plasma irregularities at different scales in the bottomside of F region, the VHF radar echo structures from the 3 m FAIs combined with the 630 nm airglow images provided by the Yonaguni all‐sky imager are compared and analyzed. The results show that the radar echoes were located at the west edge of the depletion zones of the 630 nm airglow image of the MSTIDs. The bulk echo structures of the 3 m FAIs drifted eastward at a mean trace velocity of about 30 m/s that is in general agreement with the zonal trace velocity of the MSTIDs shown in the 630 nm airglow images. These results suggest that the observed F region 3 m FAIs for the present case can be regarded as the targets that are frozen in the local region of the MSTIDs. In addition, the radar‐observed 3 m FAI echo intensity and spectral width bear high correlations to the percentage variations of the 630 nm emission intensity. These results seem to suggest that through the nonlinear turbulence cascade process, the MSTID‐associated 3 m FAIs are very likely generated from the kilometer‐scale plasma irregularities with large amplitude excited by the gradient drift instability.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Chiral Compounds with Quaternary Centers by Organocatalytic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Tian Li , Luo Yong‐Chun , Hu Xiu‐Qin , Xu Peng‐Fei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractQuaternary carbon stereocenters are present in a wide variety of organic compounds and drug molecules. Highly enantioselective construction of such quaternary carbon stereocenters has received considerable attention owing to the great challenges in their syntheses. With the development of asymmetric organocatalytic cascade reactions, several efficient methods for the construction of optically pure compounds with quaternary carbon centers have been developed. This focused review highlights the asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds with quaternary centers through organocatalytic cascade reactions.
Patient knowledge and expectations in endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Neubauer Paul D. , Tabaee Abtin , Schwam Zachary G. , Francis Fayanne K. , Manes R. Peter 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe potential for patient misconceptions about endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has implications for the informed consent process. An understanding of patients’ baseline knowledge and sources of information regarding ESS would improve surgeons’ ability to counsel patients preoperatively and provide effective educational materials.MethodsA prospective patient survey was performed at 2 independent tertiary care medical centers. Patients who were offered ESS as part of routine rhinology care were queried about expectations, knowledge, and sources of information regarding ESS before preoperative counseling.ResultsOf the 30 patients who completed the survey, 70% of patients reported doing research on ESS before the visit. The most common sources of information were friends and family (40%), YouTube (30.0%), and WebMD (26.7%). The most important factors researched included risks (95%), benefits (85%), and recovery related issues (70%). Patients in the younger group used healthcare and physician rating websites whereas none of the patients older than the median age of 44 years reported using them (33.3% vs 0%, p = 0.028). The older group more often relied upon healthcare providers than the younger group (71.5% vs 18.8%, p = 0.011). A range of responses were noted regarding early postoperative symptoms and recovery time.ConclusionThis study identified a varied understanding of ESS including significant misconceptions about risks, anesthesia, and need for ongoing therapy, among others. Patients obtain their information from a variety of sources including peers, other doctors, and the Internet. Awareness of the gaps in patient knowledge and the sources of information will improve preoperative counseling.
Recombinant Cyanobacteria for the Asymmetric Reduction of C=C Bonds Fueled by the Biocatalytic Oxidation of Water
Authors: Köninger Katharina , Gómez Baraibar Álvaro , Mügge Carolin , Paul Caroline E. , Hollmann Frank , Nowaczyk Marc M. , Kourist Robert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA recombinant enoate reductase was expressed in cyanobacteria and used for the light‐catalyzed, enantioselective reduction of C=C bonds. The coupling of oxidoreductases to natural photosynthesis allows asymmetric syntheses fueled by the oxidation of water. Bypassing the addition of sacrificial cosubstrates as electron donors significantly improves the atom efficiency and avoids the formation of undesired side products. Crucial factors for product formation are the availability of NADPH and the amount of active enzyme in the cells. The efficiency of the reaction is comparable to typical whole‐cell biotransformations in E. coli. Under optimized conditions, a solution of 100 mg prochiral 2‐methylmaleimide was reduced to optically pure 2‐methylsuccinimide (99 % ee, 80 % yield of isolated product). High product yields and excellent optical purities demonstrate the synthetic usefulness of light‐catalyzed whole‐cell biotransformations using recombinant cyanobacteria.
Discovery of a Promiscuous Non‐Heme Iron Halogenase in Ambiguine Alkaloid Biogenesis: Implication for an Evolvable Enzyme Family for Late‐Stage Halogenation of Aliphatic Carbons in Small Molecules
Authors: Hillwig Matthew L. , Zhu Qin , Ittiamornkul Kuljira , Liu Xinyu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe elucidation of enigmatic enzymatic chlorination timing in ambiguine indole alkaloid biogenesis led to the discovery and characterization of AmbO5 protein as a promiscuous non‐heme iron aliphatic halogenase. AmbO5 was shown capable of selectively modifying seven structurally distinct ambiguine, fischerindole and hapalindole alkaloids with chlorine via late‐stage aliphatic C−H group functionalization. Cross‐comparison of AmbO5 with a previously characterized aliphatic halogenase homolog WelO5 that has a restricted substrate scope led to the identification of a C‐terminal sequence motif important for substrate tolerance and specificity. Mutagenesis of 18 residues of WelO5 within the identified sequence motif led to a functional mutant with an expanded substrate scope identical to AmbO5, but an altered substrate specificity from the wild‐type enzymes. These observations collectively provide evidence on the evolvable nature of AmbO5/WelO5 enzyme duo in the context of hapalindole‐type alkaloid biogenesis and implicate their promise for the future development of designer biocatalysis for the selective late‐stage modification of unactivated aliphatic carbon centers in small molecules with halogens.
Performance of palm oil‐based dihydroxystearic acid as ionizable molecule in waterborne polyurethane dispersions
Authors: KosheelaDevi P. P. , Tuan Noor Maznee T. I. , Hoong S. S. , Nurul 'Ain H. , Mohd. Norhisham S. , Norhayati M. N. , Srihanum A. , Yeong S. K. , Hazimah A. H. , Sendijarevic V. , Sendijarevic A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWaterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs) containing a renewable palm oil‐based 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) as an isocyanate‐reactive compound bearing ionizable carboxylic group to incorporate hydrophilic groups into the polymer chain have been successfully prepared. The WPUDs were prepared by using polyether and polyester polyols of 2000 molecular weight, DHSA and its traditional petroleum‐based counterpart 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐propionic acid (DMPA), and an aliphatic diisocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI). A comparison was made between the properties of WPUDs obtained using blends of DHSA and DMPA at different molar ratios and a reference WPUD based on DMPA. The particle size of polyester type WPUDs containing DHSA was reduced at a 0.5 to 0.5 molar ratio of DMPA to DHSA. A lower initial temperature was used in the preparation of NCO‐prepolymers with DHSA as compared to DMPA and this eased the preparation of WPUDs. The effect of molar ratio of DMPA to DHSA on the properties of films and coatings prepared with WPUDs was evaluated. The best properties were obtained with WPUDs prepared with a 0.5 to 0.5 molar ratio of DMPA to DHSA. The incorporation of renewable palm oil‐based DHSA into WPUDs improved water resistance (lower water uptake) and exhibited good combination of properties including hardness, adhesion strength, tensile strength, and elasticity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43614.