bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of mandatory corporate social responsibility policy on accounting conservatism
Authors: Cheng Chia-Ling , Kung Fan-Hua 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate whether government-mandated corporate social responsibility (CSR) engenders conservative financial reporting in emerging markets. It is expected that CSR plays a substitute role for governance mechanisms in reducing information asymmetry.Design/methodology/approach– The C-Score developed by Khan and Watts (2007) was adopted to measure the degree of firm-year specific accounting conservatism. This study uses the CSR rating established by the Shanghai National Accounting Institute.Findings– Empirical evidence indicates that the government-mandated CSR policy may be sufficient to induce conservative financial reporting. However, due perhaps to political affiliations, the evidence to support this claim is weaker for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than for non-SOEs.Originality/value– The findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential role of CSR in firms. The results also provide evidence on the dynamics between CSR activities and the reporting behavior of managers. These findings have important implications for investors, analysts and regulators.
The banality of bad leadership and followership
Authors: Solas John 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to highlight the loss of moral capital incurred by an organization from indifferent or deferential followers of bad leaders. Despite the proliferation of codes of conduct and ethics and compliance programs throughout the business community, the prevalence of malevolence and malfeasance in organizations continues to rise. While a good deal is known about bad leadership, far less is known about bad followership.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on recent and seminal research from moral theory, organizational behavior and clinical and social psychology, in analyzing and responding to the collusion and passivity of followers.Findings– The paper provides critical insights into the complementary relationship between bad leadership and followership, and agues that followers in particular have a serious moral case to answer for their complicity. Suggestions are offered for strengthening their capacity to respond.Research limitations/implications– Although research on followership is growing, it is still comparatively newer and more slender than on either management or leadership. Much less is known about the moral behavior of followers, and even less so in relation to its contribution to organizational mischief. Drawing attention to the moral dimension of this facet of organizational deviancy represents both the novelty and limitation of this paper. A more comprehensive account of the immorality of followers awaits further investigation.Practical implications– The paper offers a way of invoking and strengthening private conscience as an effective countermeasure against corporate crime and corruption.Social implications– Wrongdoing is a fact of organizational life. However, it is not confined to life in organizations, and similar dynamics apply in situations where its impact is both low (non-violent) and high (physically violent). Bystanders are faced with the same moral questions whenever the context demands an active response.Originality/value– While both workers and bosses may engage in unethical and unlawful behavior, neither would succeed without followers. Strategies designed to curtail their support serve to reduce the incidence of crime and corruption in the office and elsewhere.
Bringing value to waste in developing countries
Authors: Degobert Muriel , Brangeon Samantha 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyse the link that exists between “waste” and “resource” in two developing nations where waste is widely available in the public realm and where economic opportunities are scarce. Over the past few decades, researchers, businesses and policymakers have become increasingly interested in analysing the link that exists between “waste” and “resource”. In developing nations, this link is particularly strong, as waste is widely available in the public realm and economic opportunities are scarce.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper is the result of two pieces of research carried out simultaneously at Paris Dauphine University. Field data were collected through interviews with different stakeholders involved in the value chain (businesses, scavengers, local authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), etc.), as well as observations as a result of time spent by the researchers living and working in these countries. The limits to the methodology used in this paper are linked to the changing economic and political contexts of these countries, which may affect the nature of the obstacles identified in the value chain.

Findings
– This research has led the authors to identify different types of economic and social “value” which generate and represent waste in developing countries. The authors have analysed waste as a means for value generation for various stakeholders in a given society, as well as an object that can increase in value throughout the recycling process. However, this process of adding value – for those who benefit from the waste, as well as to the waste itself – is, in the case of Haiti and Vanuatu, limited. The authors have attempted to understand some of these limits, which represent a lost opportunity for these countries.

Originality/value
– In this paper, the authors have chosen to analyze this link between “waste” and “resource” in two island countries (Haiti and Vanuatu), which share similar geographical, economic and social characteristics, and to attempt to understand the various types of value that waste offers at different social levels.
An apprenticeship to pleasure: aesthetics dynamics in organizational learning
Authors: Moriceau Jean-Luc , Paes Isabela 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show what we can learn from an aesthetics perspective on organizational learning, and especially about some power dynamics unseeable with other perspectives.Design/methodology/approach– An exploratory ethnographic study based on the turn-to-affect on the case of a theatre play in which many of the bearings that usually guide theatrical creation were removed.Findings– Analysis highlights that an a priori distribution of the sensible that locks routines, representations and roles is seldom questioned in organizational learning programs; the motion enabling organizational learning is less likely to be brought about by a change in power distribution than with the removal of some elements of power that freeze situations; organizational learning diffusion does not only go through norms, rules, values and repositories, but also through affects; and learning runs through a fragile communication of movements, always under the threat of becoming major knowledge and power distribution.Research limitations/implications– This paper is based on a single case.Practical implications– A too tight and close management of organizational learning is likely to thwart and limit its very learning possibilities.Originality/value– Several findings are in contradiction to technological or too managerial approaches to organizational learning. The study hopes to contribute by providing a supplement of complexity in our analysis of organizational learning, notably advocating for taking into account the role of affects, sensibility and the politics of aesthetics.
Beyond the leader-centric approach
Authors: Beau Gaelle 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to go beyond the leader-centric approach to highlight the shared leadership phenomena happening in organizations where there is no head leader. Seeing interactions between the orchestra members through the lens of aesthetics is a useful way of understanding leadership phenomena.

Design/methodology/approach
– The different approaches used are interviews, participant observation, analysis of video, photo materials and journalist review.

Findings
– The managerial evidence says that without a head leader nothing is possible in organizations with a high level of complexity is not proved in a conductorless orchestra. The orchestra without a conductor shows that leadership is an aesthetic phenomenon. The conductorless orchestra is enhancing the sensitivity of organizational practices in a situation where beauty is a common goal to achieve. Studying leadership through the aesthetic lens is very relevant to understand this phenomenon, and shows that leadership is a co-construction between leaders and followers (and therefore negotiated).

Research limitations/implications
– It has to be compared to a non “amateur” orchestra where power struggles are maybe more visible.

Originality/value
– No study has been done on aesthetics and the no-conductor orchestra.
Integrating the pace‐of‐life syndrome across species, sexes and individuals: covariation of life history and personality under pesticide exposure
Authors: Debecker Sara , Sanmartín‐Villar Iago , de Guinea‐Luengo Miguel , Cordero‐Rivera Adolfo , Stoks Robby 
Published: February 2016

Summary

The pace‐of‐life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis integrates covariation of life‐history traits along a fast–slow continuum and covariation of behavioural traits along a proactive–reactive personality continuum. Few studies have investigated these predicted life‐history/personality associations among species and between sexes. Furthermore, whether and how contaminants interfere with POLS patterns remains unexplored.

We tested for covariation patterns in life history and in behaviour, and for life‐history/personality covariation among species, among individuals within species and between sexes. Moreover, we investigated whether pesticide exposure affects covariation between life history and behaviour and whether species and sexes with a faster POLS strategy have a higher sensitivity to pesticides.

We reared larvae of four species of Ischnura damselflies in a common garden experiment with an insecticide treatment (chlorpyrifos absent/present) in the final instar. We measured four life‐history traits (larval growth rate during the pesticide treatment, larval development time, adult mass and life span) and two behavioural traits (larval feeding activity and boldness, each before and after the pesticide treatment).

At the individual level, life‐history traits and behavioural traits aligned along a fast–slow and a proactive–reactive continuum, respectively. Species‐specific differences in life history, with fast‐lived species having a faster larval growth and development, a lower mass at emergence and a shorter life span, suggested that time constraints in the larval stage were predictably driving life‐history evolution both in the larval stage and across metamorphosis in the adult stage. Across species, females were consistently more slow‐lived than males, reflecting that a large body size and a long life span are generally more important for females. In contrast to the POLS hypothesis, there was only little evidence for the expected positive coupling between life‐history pace and proactivity. Pesticide exposure decreased larval growth rate and affected life‐history/personality covariation in the most fast‐lived species.

Our study supports the existence of life‐history and behavioural continua with limited support for life‐history/personality covariation. Variation in digestive physiology may explain this decoupling of life history and behaviour and provide valuable mechanistic insights to understand and predict the occurrence of life‐history/personality covariation patterns.
A Call for Consensus on Methodology and Terminology to Improve Comparability in the Study of Preventable Prehospital Trauma Deaths: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Oliver Govind J. , Walter Darren P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe study of preventable deaths is essential to trauma research for measuring service quality and highlighting avenues for improving care and as a performance indicator. However, variations in the terminology and methodology of studies on preventable prehospital trauma death limit the comparability and wider application of data. The objective of this study was to describe the heterogeneity in terminology and methodology.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review and report this using the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted using PubMed (including Medline), Ovid, and Embase databases. Studies, with a full text available in English published between 1990 and 2015, meeting the following inclusion criteria were included: analysis of 1) deaths from trauma, 2) occurring in the prehospital phase of care, and 3) application of criteria to ascertain whether deaths were preventable. One author screened database results for relevance by title and abstract. The full text of identified papers was reviewed for inclusion. The reference list of included papers was screened for studies not identified by the database search. Data were extracted on predefined core elements relating to preventability reporting and definitions using a standardized form.ResultsTwenty‐seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified: 12 studies used two categories to assess the preventability of death while 15 used three categories. Fifteen variations in the terminology of these categories and combination with death descriptors were found. Eleven different approaches were used in defining what constituted a preventable death. Twenty‐one included survivability of injuries as a criterion. Methods used to determine survivability differed and eight variations in parameters for categorization of deaths were used. Nineteen used panel review in determining preventability with six implementing panel blinding. Panel composition varied greatly by expertise of personnel. Separation of prehospital deaths differed with 10 separating those dead at scene (DAS) and dead on arrival, three excluding those DAS, three excluding deaths prior to EMS arrival, and 11 not separating prehospital deaths.ConclusionsThe heterogeneity in methodology, terminology, and definitions of “preventable” between studies render data incomparable. To facilitate common understanding, comparability, and analysis, a commonly agreed ontology by the prehospital research community is required.
Differential effect of lithium on cell number in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in adult mice: a stereological study
Authors: Rajkowska Grazyna , Clarke Gerard , Mahajan Gouri , Licht Camilla MM , van de Werd Henri JJM , Yuan Peter , Stockmeier Craig A , Manji Husseini K , Uylings Harry BM 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesNeuroimaging studies have revealed lithium‐related increases in the volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Postmortem human studies have reported alterations in neuronal and glial cell density and size in the PFC of lithium‐treated subjects. Rodents treated with lithium exhibit cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. However, it is not known whether hippocampal and PFC volume are also increased in these animals or whether cell number in the PFC is altered.MethodsUsing stereological methods, this study estimated the total numbers of neurons and glia, and the packing density of astrocytes in the DG and PFC of normal adult mice treated with lithium, and evaluated the total volume of these regions and the entire neocortex.ResultsLithium treatment increased the total numbers of neurons and glia in the DG (by 25% and 21%, respectively) and the density of astrocytes but did not alter total numbers in the PFC. However, the volumes of the hippocampus and its subfields, the PFC and its subareas, and the entire neocortex were not altered by lithium.ConclusionsBoth neuronal and glial cells accounted for lithium‐induced cell proliferation in the DG. That the numbers of neurons and glia were unchanged in the PFC is consistent with the view that this region is not a neurogenic zone. Further studies are required to clarify the impact of lithium treatment on the PFC under pathological conditions and to investigate the dissociation between increased cell proliferation and unchanged volume in the hippocampus.
Impact of brief self‐affirmation manipulations on university students' reactions to risk information about binge drinking
Authors: Knight Rebecca , Norman Paul 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesBinge drinking is associated with an array of negative health consequences and is particularly prevalent in university students. Health‐risk messages about alcohol may fail to change such behaviour because they are dismissed or derogated. The present study sought to compare the effect of three brief self‐affirmation manipulations on message processing, message acceptance, and subsequent alcohol‐related behaviour in university students.DesignParticipants (N = 307) were randomly allocated to condition (kindness questionnaire, values essay, attributes questionnaire, control questionnaire) before reading a health‐risk message about binge drinking.MethodsAfter reading the message, participants completed measures of message processing (message reactance, message evaluation, counter‐arguing) and message acceptance (perceived risk, intention, plans) as well as a manipulation check. Alcohol consumption was assessed 1 week later.ResultsParticipants in all three self‐affirmation conditions scored significantly higher than participants in the control condition on the manipulation check measure. All other self‐affirmation effects were non‐significant.ConclusionsWhile the three self‐affirmation manipulations were found to be self‐affirming, they failed to impact on measures of message processing, message acceptance, or subsequent behaviour. The findings concur with previous research that questions the use of self‐affirmation to reduce alcohol consumption in university students. Current self‐affirmation manipulations may not be strong enough to overcome defensive processing of health‐risk messages about alcohol in students and/or prime social goals that are related to the domain under threat (i.e., alcohol consumption), thereby nullifying any positive self‐affirmation effects.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Health‐risk messages to reduce alcohol consumption (e.g., binge drinking) in university students may fail due to defensive processing (e.g., message derogation).

Self‐affirmation has been proposed as a technique to bolster one's self‐integrity and promote open‐minded processing of health‐risk messages.

Most previous studies that have presented health‐risk messages about alcohol to university students have used a values essay to self‐affirm participants with equivocal results.

What does this study add?

There are few studies that have directly compared different self‐affirmation manipulations.

All three self‐affirmation manipulations were found by participants to be self‐affirming, consistent with the idea that there are multiple ways individuals can self‐affirm, but had no significant effects on message processing, message acceptance, or behaviour.

Self‐affirmation manipulations may lead individuals to reflect on interpersonal values that are related to alcohol consumption in students and may therefore prime the very cognitions and behaviour that they seek to reduce.
Incidence of Extrafloral Nectaries and Their Relationship with Growth and Survival of Lowland Tropical Rain Forest Trees
Authors: Muehleisen Andrew , Queenborough Simon A. , Alvia Pablo , Valencia Renato , Fiala Brigitte 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMutualistic relationships between organisms have long captivated biologists, and extrafloral nectaries, or nectar‐producing glands, found on many plants are a good example. The nectar produced from these glands provides food for ants, which may defend the plant from potential herbivores in turn. However, relatively little is known about their impact on the long‐term growth and survival of plants that produce them. To better understand the ecological significance of extrafloral nectaries, we examined their incidence on lowland tropical rain forest trees in Yasuní National Park in Amazonian Ecuador, and collated data from two other tropical lowland forest sites (Barro Colorado Island, Panamá and Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia). At Yasuní, extrafloral nectaries were found on 137 of 1123 species censused (12.2%), widely distributed among different angiosperm families. This rate of incidence is high but consistent with other tropical locations. Furthermore, this study adds 18 new genera and two new families (Urticaceae and Caricaceae) to the list of taxa exhibiting extrafloral nectaries. Using demographic data from long‐term forest dynamics plots at each site, we compared the growth and mortality rates of species with extrafloral nectaries to those without. After controlling for phylogeny, no general relationship between extrafloral nectary presence and demographic rates could be detected, suggesting little demographic signal from any community‐wide ecological effects.
Less than human: a qualitative study into the experience of parents involved in the child protection system
Authors: Smithson Rosie , Gibson Matthew 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper reports on the findings from a qualitative study into the experiences of parents who were involved in the English child protection system in 2013. Seventeen in‐depth interviews were conducted involving 19 parents and/or partners, and a framework approach was used to analyse the data. There were positive experiences of individual social workers and some positive experiences of the child protection system. However, the overwhelming theme of the parents' experiences was that the system was uncaring, inflexible and for some harmful to both themselves and their children. Despite being included in the child protection process, parents felt they were not afforded the same rights as a participant, as a decision‐maker or as a partner in seeking to improve the situation. The threat of consequences silenced parents who felt unable to speak out or challenge the things they disagreed with or coerced others into signing agreements they did not agree to. Such experiences related to a sense that they were being treated as ‘less than human’. These findings are considered within the context of recent reforms within the English child protection system.
“It's like he just goes off, BOOM!”: mothers and grandmothers make sense of child‐to‐parent violence
Authors: Williams Megan , Tuffin Keith , Niland Patricia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChild to parent violence (CPV) involves continual and cumulative abusive actions perpetrated by children and adolescents towards their parents or caregivers. This abuse produces short‐term distress and ongoing long‐term harmful consequences for parents and their families. Practitioners, researchers and policy‐makers are increasingly challenged to identify, conceptualize and respond to this form of family violence. A major challenge is that parents and caregivers under‐report this abuse so there is a lack of awareness and understanding of their psychological experiences in relation to CPV. This research adopts an interpretative phenomenological approach to explore the psychological experience of CPV. Interviews were conducted with six New Zealand mothers and two grandmothers who all experienced CPV. This abuse was experienced as an ‘emotional bloody roller coaster’ of unconditional love through to hatred; as ‘judgement’ – self‐blame and others' blame of their parenting skills; and the ‘absent father’ in their adolescents' lives was drawn on as an explanation for the abuse. Taken together, these psychological experiences identify the silencing of CPV is related to parents' conflicting emotions towards their children, their thoughts and feelings about themselves and how other people view them, and the impact of an absent father figure in their children's everyday lives.