bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central nervous system regulation of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Taher Jennifer , Farr Sarah , Adeli Khosrow 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is an important determinant of fasting dyslipidemia and the development of fatty liver disease. Although endocrine factors like insulin have known effects on hepatic lipid homeostasis, emerging evidence also supports a regulatory role for the central nervous system (CNS) and neuronal networks. This review summarizes evidence implicating a bidirectional liver–brain axis in maintaining metabolic lipid homeostasis, and discusses clinical implications in insulin-resistant states.

Recent findings
The liver utilizes sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent fibers to communicate with key regulatory centers in the brain including the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides signal to the liver via neuronal networks to modulate lipid content and VLDL production. In addition, peripheral hormones such as insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like-peptide-1 exert control over hepatic lipid by acting directly within the CNS or via peripheral nerves. Central regulation of lipid metabolism in other organs including white and brown adipose tissue may also contribute to hepatic lipid content indirectly via free fatty acid release and changes in lipoprotein clearance.

Summary
The CNS communicates with the liver in a bidirectional manner to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and lipoprotein production. Impairments in these pathways may contribute to dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in insulin-resistant states.

Video abstract:
http://links.lww.com/COL/A13
Noncirrhotic Portal Fibrosis in Pediatric Population
Authors: Sood Vikrant , Lal Bikrant B. , Khanna Rajeev , Rawat Dinesh , Bihari Chhagan , Alam Seema 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) has been classically described as a disease of young to middle age with limited literature regarding its occurrence, onset, or clinical presentation in children. We hereby present a series of 19 patients diagnosed and managed as NCPF in pediatric age group.Methods:A retrospective review of all the patients presenting to the pediatric hepatology department (age <18 years) and diagnosed as NCPF was done and data were evaluated.Results:A total of 19 patients were diagnosed as NCPF with median age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis as 10 years and 13.8 years respectively. Majority presented with left upper quadrant discomfort or mass. Laboratory parameters showed hypersplenism in majority with preserved liver synthetic functions. Median values for hepatic venous pressure gradient and liver stiffness measurement were 13.5 mmHg and 10.6 kPa, respectively. Classical hepatic histopathological features seen were maintained lobular architecture, atretic portal tracts, approximation of portal‐portal and portal‐central areas, and aberrant peripheral portal channels. During follow‐up, majority of the patients did not show disease progression.Conclusions:NCPF is not an uncommon entity in pediatric population with age of onset in early second decade. Hepatic histopathology must be used to exclude cirrhosis and to confirm the diagnosis. Hepatic venous pressure gradient and liver stiffness measurement values, in some cases, may overlap with those in patients with cirrhosis and may not be diagnostic in isolation. Any patient presenting with evidence of portal hypertension with preserved hepatic functions, irrespective of the age, should be evaluated for possible NCPF.
Meeting People “Where They Are”
Authors: Harkey Jane , Sortedahl Charlotte , Crook Michelle M. , Sminkey Patrice V. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
The propose of this discussion is to explore the role of the case manager to empower and motivate clients, especially those who appear “stuck” or resistant to change. Drawing upon the experiences of case managers across many different practice settings, the article addresses how case managers can tap into the individual's underlying and sometimes deep-seated desires in order to foster buy-in for making even small steps toward achieving their health goals. The article also addresses how motivational interviewing can be an effective tool used by case managers to uncover blocks and barriers that prevent clients from making changes in their health or lifestyle habits.

Primary Practice Settings:
This discussion applies to case management practices and work settings across the full continuum of health care.

Implications for Case Management Practice:
The implication for case managers is deeper understanding of the importance of motivation to help clients make positive steps toward achieving their health goals. This understanding is especially important in advocating for clients who appear to be unmotivated or ambivalent, but who are actually “stuck” in engrained behaviors and habits because of a variety of factors, including past failures. Without judgment and by establishing rapport, case managers can tap into clients' desires, to help them make incremental progress toward their health goals.
Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Is Not Associated With Risky Sexual Behavior Among Heterosexual Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Persons in Serodiscordant Partnerships
Authors: Mujugira Andrew , Celum Connie , Ngure Kenneth , Thomas Katherine K. , Katabira Elly , Baeten Jared M. 
Published: November 2016

Background
Few prospective studies have assessed whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) use is associated with changes in sexual risk behavior of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected persons in known HIV-serodiscordant partnerships.

Methods
We conducted a longitudinal analysis of HIV-infected persons with known uninfected partners enrolled in the Partners Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Study in Kenya and Uganda. Antiretroviral therapy use and self-reported sexual behavior were ascertained every 3 months. We assessed the effect of ART on sexual risk behaviors using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Primary outcomes were condomless vaginal sex acts, pregnancy incidence and new sexually transmitted infection diagnoses.

Results
We followed 1817 HIV-infected persons (58% women) for 864 person-years before ART initiation and 771 person-years after ART. Median CD4 and plasma viral load at ART initiation were 277 cells/μL and 4.18 log10 copies/mL. Antiretroviral therapy use was associated with a significant decrease in condomless vaginal sex acts with HIV-uninfected partners (0.65 vs 0.39 per month; rate ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.75; P < 0.001), but not condomless vaginal sex acts with nonprimary partners (1.30 vs 1.04 per month; rate ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.94–1.20; P = 0.62). Pregnancy incidence was lower after ART (13.2 vs 8.4 per 100 person-years; HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60–0.84; P < 0.001). Incident sexually transmitted infection diagnoses were similar (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.86–1.29; P = 0.63).

Conclusions
Substantial risk compensation did not occur after ART initiation among East African HIV-infected persons with known HIV-uninfected partners. These data inform modelling studies of ART for HIV prevention by suggesting that risky sexual behavior did not appear to offset decreased HIV infectiousness in this key population.
Utilization of the Cepheid Xpert® CT/NG Sample Adequacy Control to Determine the Influence of the Urethral Swab on Cellular Content in Post-Swab versus Pre-Swab Urine
Authors: Jordan Stephen J. , Van Der Pol Barbara , Hook Edward W. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae assay performance in males is typically determined using post-swab urine, though pre-swab urine is used in practice. We collected swabs and urine from men and used the Cepheid Xpert® CT/NG sample adequacy control to determine the effect of swab collection on urine cellular content. No difference was observed.
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection in South African Men With and Without Symptoms of Urethritis
Authors: le Roux Marie Cecilia , Hoosen Anwar Ahmed 
Published: November 2016

Background
This study was done to diagnose Mycoplasma genitalium infection based on bacterial load in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men.

Methods
Urine specimens from 94 men with visible urethral discharge, 206 with burning on micturition and 75 without symptoms presenting to a family practitioner were tested for M. genitalium as well as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis by transcription-mediated amplification assays. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine the bacterial load for all specimens in which M. genitalium was the only organism detected.

Results
Among the 375 specimens collected, M. genitalium was detected in 59 (15.7%) men (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) using the transcription-mediated amplification assay, and in 45 (12.0%) of the total population, it was the only pathogen detected. One or more pathogens were detected in 129 (43%) of the symptomatic men, with N. gonorrhoeae in 50 (16.7%); C. trachomatis in 37 (12.3%) and T. vaginalis present in 24 (8.0%) patients. Among the 17 patients where mixed infections were detected, M. genitalium with N. gonorrhoeae was the most common (11/17; 64.7%). Patients with visible urethral discharge had significantly higher M. genitalium concentrations than those with burning on micturition. The median M. genitalium load in symptomatic men was significantly higher than that in asymptomatic men.

Conclusions
This study confirms the high prevalence of M. genitalium among men with urethritis in South Africa and demonstrates that there is a strong association with M. genitalium bacterial load and clinical urethritis. As the number of organisms increased, the severity of the symptoms increased, an indication of the role that the organism plays in disease progression.
Intra- and inter-specific variations of gene expression levels in yeast are largely neutral
Authors: Yang Jian-Rong , Maclean Calum , Park Chungoo , Zhao Huabin , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTIt is commonly, although not universally, accepted that most intra- and inter-specific genome sequence variations are more or less neutral, whereas a large fraction of organism-level phenotypic variations are adaptive. Gene expression levels are molecular phenotypes that bridge the gap between genotypes and corresponding organism-level phenotypes. Yet, it is unknown whether natural variations in gene expression levels are mostly neutral or adaptive. Here we address this fundamental question by genome-wide profiling and comparison of gene expression levels in nine yeast strains belonging to three closely related Saccharomyces species and originating from five different ecological environments. We find that the transcriptome-based clustering of the nine strains approximates the genome sequence-based phylogeny irrespective of their ecological environments. Remarkably, only ∼0.5% of genes exhibit similar expression levels among strains from a common ecological environment, no greater than that among strains with comparable phylogenetic relationships but different environments. These and other observations strongly suggest that most intra- and inter-specific variations in yeast gene expression levels result from the accumulation of random mutations rather than environmental adaptations. This finding has profound implications for understanding the driving force of gene expression evolution, genetic basis of phenotypic adaptation, and general role of stochasticity in evolution.
The evolutionary history of bears is shaped by gene flow across species
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Lammers Fritjof , Bidon Tobias , Pfenninger Markus , Kolter Lydia , Nilsson Maria A. , Janke Axel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBears are iconic mammals with a complex evolutionary history. Natural bear hybrids and studies of few nuclear genes indicate that gene flow among bears may be more common than expected and not limited to the closely related polar and brown bears. Here we present a genome analysis of the bear family with representatives of all living species. Phylogenomic analyses of 869 mega base pairs divided into 18,621 genome fragments yielded a well-resolved coalescent species tree despite signals for extensive gene flow across species. However, genome analyses using three different statistical methods show that gene flow is not limited to closely related species pairs. Strong ancestral gene flow between the Asiatic black bear and the ancestor to polar, brown and American black bear explains numerous uncertainties in reconstructing the bear phylogeny. Gene flow across the bear clade may be mediated by intermediate species such as the geographically wide-spread brown bears leading to massive amounts of phylogenetic conflict. Genome-scale analyses lead to a more complete understanding of complex evolutionary processes. The increasing evidence for extensive inter-specific gene flow, found also in other animal species, necessitates shifting the attention from speciation processes achieving genome-wide reproductive isolation to the selective processes that maintain species divergence in the face of gene flow.
Structural covariance networks across the lifespan, from 6-94 years of age
Authors: DuPre Elizabeth , Spreng R. Nathan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStructural covariance examines covariation of grey matter morphology between brain regions and across individuals. Despite significant interest in the influence of age on structural covariance patterns, no study to date has provided a complete lifespan perspective—bridging childhood with early, middle, and late adulthood—on the development of structural covariance networks. Here, we investigate the lifespan trajectories of structural covariance in six canonical neurocognitive networks: default, dorsal attention, frontoparietal control, somatomotor, ventral attention, and visual. By combining data from five open access data sources, we examine the structural covariance trajectories of these networks from 6-94 years of age in a sample of 1580 participants. Using partial least squares, we show that structural covariance patterns across the lifespan exhibit two significant, age-dependent trends. The first trend is a stable pattern whose integrity declines over the lifespan. The second trend is an inverted-U that differentiates young adulthood from other age groups. Hub regions, including posterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, appear particularly influential in the expression of this second age-dependent trend. Overall, our results suggest that structural covariance provides a reliable definition of neurocognitive networks across the lifespan and reveal both shared and network-specific trajectories.
The greening of organizational culture: revisited fifteen years later
Authors: Porter Tracy H. , Gallagher Vickie Coleman , Lawong Diane 
Published: November 2016

PurposeOrganizations have viewed sustainability as a societal problem and unrelated to business. To recognize sustainability as an organizational issue requires companies to deal with the challenge of transforming into environmentally sustainable enterprises. This requires institutions to align mission statements with values. The purpose of this paper is to replicate previous research in sustainability and the cultural facets which impact the process.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study method was used to analyze 25 organizations within the US Midwest with various contexts to determine how their respective cultures impacted their change initiatives. Specifically, the authors spoke to sustainability change agents with regard to their leadership and culture, and the factors that are conducive to (or barriers to) implementing sustainability initiatives.FindingsThe original study demonstrated the presence of seven contextual conditions which are important in the process of imbedding sustainability within the institution. This research found the same dimensions to be present; however, they manifested differently 15 years later.Practical implicationsThe original research offered a somewhat dark picture of the sustainability change initiatives within organizations. The current study however; offers a much more positive perspective which demonstrates organizations appear to have progressed with regard to sustainability.Originality/valueThis is a replication study whereby we discovered similar themes as to the nature of contextual factors that can hinder or advance sustainability initiatives; however, the findings 15 years later show a marked difference in the current state of affairs and the ability to implement sustainability initiatives.
How to use C-OAR-SE to design optimal standard measures
Authors: Rossiter John R. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to extend Rossiter’s C-OAR-SE method of measure design (IJRM, 2002, p. 19, p. 4, pp. 305-335; EJM, 2011, p. 45, p. 11, p. 12, pp. 1561-1588) by proposing five distinct construct models for designing optimally content-valid multiple-item and single-item measures.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper begins by dismissing convergent validation, the core procedure in Nunnally’s (1978) and Churchill’s (1979) psychometric method of measure design which allows alternative measures of the same construct. The method of dismissal is the mathematical demonstration that an alternative measure, no matter how highly its scores converge with those from the original measure, will inevitably produce different findings. The only solution to this knowledge-threatening problem is to agree on an optimal measure of each of our major constructs and to use only that measure in all future research, as is standard practice in the physical sciences. The paper concludes by proposing an extension of Rossiter’s C-OAR-SE method to design optimal standard measures of judgment constructs, the most prevalent type of construct in marketing.

Findings
The findings are, first, the mathematical dismissal of the accepted practice of convergent validation of alternative measures of the same construct, which paves the way for, second, the proposal of five new C-OAR-SE-based construct models for designing optimal standard measures of judgment constructs, three of which require a multiple-item measure and two of which a single-item measure.

Practical implications
The common practice of accepting alternative measures of the same construct causes major problems for the social sciences: when different measures are used, it becomes impossible, except by remote chance, to replicate findings; meta-analyses become meaningless because the findings are averaged over different measures; and empirical generalizations cannot be trusted when measures are changed. These problems mean that we cannot continue to accept alternative measures of the constructs and that, for each construct, an optimal standard measure must be found.

Originality/value
The ideas in this paper, which have untold value for the future of marketing as a legitimate science, are unique to Rossiter’s C-OAR-SE method of measure design.
Measurement in the social sciences: where C-OAR-SE delivers and where it does not
Authors: Salzberger Thomas , Sarstedt Marko , Diamantopoulos Adamantios 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to critically comment Rossiter’s “How to use C-OAR-SE to design optimal standard measures” in the current issue of EJM and provides a broader perspective on Rossiter’s C-OAR-SE framework and measurement practice in marketing in general.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is conceptual, based on interpretation of measurement theory.

Findings
The paper shows that, at best, Rossiter’s mathematical dismissal of convergent validity applies to the completely hypothetical (and highly unlikely) situation where a perfect measure without any error would be available. Further considerations cast serious doubt on the appropriateness of Rossiter’s concrete object, dual subattribute-based single item measures. Being immunized against any piece of empirical evidence, C-OAR-SE cannot be considered a scientific theory and is bound to perpetuate, if not aggravate, the fundamental flaws in current measurement practice. While C-OAR-SE indeed helps generate more content valid instruments, the procedure offers no insights as to whether these instruments work properly to be used in research and practice.

Practical implications
This paper concludes that great caution needs to be exercised before adapting measurement instruments based on the C-OAR-SE procedure, and statistical evidence remains essential for validity assessment.

Originality/value
This paper identifies several serious conceptual and operational problems in Rossiter’s C-OAR-SE procedure and discusses how to align measurement in the social sciences to be compatible with the definition of measurement in the physical sciences.
Post-visit and pre-visit tourist destination image through eWOM sentiment analysis and perceived helpfulness
Authors: González-Rodríguez M. Rosario , Martínez-Torres Rocio , Toral Sergio 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the image of travel destinations after the visit by analysing sentiment orientation of the online reviews, and how this orientation, as well as other electronic word of mouth (eWOM)’s credibility sources, can affect the perceived helpfulness of shared opinions measured through the helpfulness score.

Design/methodology/approach
Tourist destinations are increasingly affected by travel-related information shared through the Web. More and more people first check the previous travel experiences of other people to build their own destination image and to help them in their choice of destination. This paper analyses the shared opinions related to the city of Barcelona in a well-known eWOM website. The reviewers’ opinion and the credibility sources of eWOM are extracted from the web using a webscraper, while the sentiment score to analyse the discourse orientation (positive vs negative) is calculated using computer-based sentiment analysis techniques.

Findings
Online reviews’ users are reluctant to provide extreme polar opinions (very negative, very positive) to any travel subcategory (hotel, restaurant, attractions and night-life) of a tourist destination. The results obtained also reveal that eWOM’s perceived helpfulness grows with the expertise of the reviewer. However, the helpfulness score given to the reviews posted is not influenced by the sentiment orientation of the author’s opinion.

Research limitations/implications
This research is limited to the case study of Ciao, which is a well-known consumer platform, and the city of Barcelona, which is a top touristic destination. However, the approach proposed can be easily extended to other similar consumer platforms and cities using the same methodology.

Practical implications
Understanding the information posted in the media environment is a major concern in the field of marketing destination planning. Positive and negative eWOM offers potential consumers a clear picture on the tourist destination, and this information can be used by Destination Marketing Organisations to meet customers’ needs and expectations. The perceived helpfulness of reviews analysed in this paper can also help practitioners and scholars to understand those factors that make reviews more trustable.

Originality/value
From a methodological point of view, the main contribution of this research is the utilisation of an unstructured approach to the measurement of the destination image based on the sentiment analysis of shared opinions. From a theoretical point of view, the study relates the post-visit destination image with the pre-visit image formation process, using the sentiment orientation of the former and the perceived helpfulness of the latter.