bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are All Children Equal? Causative Factors of Child Labour in Selected Districts of South Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Haider Syed Zubair , Qureshi Ayesha 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The present study investigates the causative factors of child labour in selected districts of South Punjab, Pakistan. As member of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Pakistan has a responsibility to stamp out child labour from its regions. Our sample was selected from seven working environments (workshops, hotels, tea stalls, households, etc.) through purposive sampling. The data were collected via a questionnaire which was completed by a sample of 547 working children. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) explored four factors from the research. Multilevel analyses were calculated to pinpoint the causative factors of child labour. The study results revealed that, due to family responsibilities, a lack of educational opportunities for children from low-income families, and increasing poverty, children develop an interest in working to earn their livelihood at the cost of their education. The children are involved in labour because their parents cannot meet their personal and educational requirements.
Web 2.0 for the invigoration and participation of families and communities
Authors: Marín Díaz Verónica , Sampedro Requena Begoña Esther 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The societies of the 21st century have experienced a technological and societal transformation that calls for the precise collaboration between families and education centers, as well as the inclusion of new professionals to invigorate this cooperation to favor a type of education that is adapted to today’s needs. This article presents the more significant results of a research study that tried to determine the ratings manifested by the students in the Social Educator degree of eleven Web 2.0 tools for the educational intervention in the area of invigoration and participation of the family and the community in educational centers. The results show that the social networks and learning environments were the best-rated technological resources for their application in the area of education by the participants of the study. Likewise, the rating was conditioned by factors such as the device used, the degree year or the temporal frequency of internet access.
Evaluation and development of digital competence in future primary school teachers at the University of Murcia
Authors: Gutiérrez Porlán Isabel , Serrano Sánchez José Luis 
Published: January 2016

Resumen
This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in the academic year 2014–2015 at the faculty of Education of the University of Murcia with first year degree students in Primary Education studying Research and ICT. The study started with the application of the DIGCOM questionnaire to analyze the digital competences of 134 students. The questionnaire served as an initial task to help students reflect on their digital competences. The subject was developed around tasks which adopted a transversal approach and used the nature of the contents itself to direct and improve students’ digital competencies. Finally, the initial questionnaire was reformulated and run in order to ascertain the students’ self-perception of their improvement in these competencies through the tasks they had performed.
Below we present the tasks carried out, the organization of each subject and the most relevant data regarding the self-perception of digital competencies of the future primary school teachers enrolled at the University of Murcia. The data reveal, on the one hand, that the students participating consider themselves to be competent in the most basic aspects of digital competencies and, on the other, their perception that the work done in the subject has helped them quite a lot in improving their competencies.
Promoting digital competence in secondary education: are schools there? Insights from a case study
Authors: Sancho Gil Juana M. , Padilla Petry Paulo 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In recent years, a large number of educational systems, following the recommendations of international organisations, have introduced a competence-based emphasis into their traditionally subject-based curriculum. This move, beyond what any document can deal with, does not seem to find its way into everyday school practice easily or with instant results. This paper explores encounters and clashes between policy and practice regarding a competence-based curriculum framework. We refer firstly to the notions about information processing and digital competence held by international organisations and the Spanish and Catalan Ministry of Education, and the implications of said notions for teaching. Then, from evidence collected through class observations, interviews with students and teachers, and documents analysis in a case study, we draw on four teaching and learning scenarios where ICT is regularly used. Promoting students’ digital competence is one of the key competences prescribed in the curriculum; however, our study showed that the backgrounds and educational views of teachers, as well as the teaching culture and organisation of schools, should be deeply challenged to foster this competence.
Reconstructing input for artificial neural networks based on embedding theory and mutual information to simulate soil pore water salinity in tidal floodplain
Authors: Zheng Fawen , Wan Yongshan , Song Keunyea , Sun Detong , Hedgepeth Marion 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSoil pore water salinity plays an important role in the distribution of vegetation and biogeochemical processes in coastal floodplain ecosystems. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to simulate the pore water salinity of a tidal floodplain in Florida. We present an approach based on embedding theory with mutual information to reconstruct ANN model input time series from one system state variable. Mutual information between system output and input was computed and the local minimum mutual information points were used to determine a time lag vector for time series embedding and reconstruction, with which the mutual information weighted average method was developed to compute the components of reconstructed time series. The optimal embedding dimension was obtained by optimizing model performance. The method was applied to simulate soil pore water salinity dynamics at 12 probe locations in the tidal floodplain influenced by saltwater intrusion using 4 years (2005–2008) data, in which adjacent river water salinity was used to reconstruct model input. The simulated electrical conductivity of the pore water showed close agreement with field observations (RMSEand), suggesting the reconstructed input by the proposed approach provided adequate input information for ANN modeling. Multiple linear regression model, partial mutual information algorithm for input variable selection,k‐NN algorithm, and simple time delay embedding were also used to further verify the merit of the proposed approach.
Net community production and calcification from 7 years of NOAA Station Papa Mooring measurements
Authors: Fassbender Andrea J. , Sabine Christopher L. , Cronin Meghan F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeven years of near‐continuous observations from the Ocean Station Papa (OSP) surface mooring were used to evaluate drivers of marine carbon cycling in the eastern subarctic Pacific. Processes contributing to mixed layer carbon inventory changes throughout each deployment year were quantitatively assessed using a time‐dependent mass balance approach in which total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon were used as tracers. By using two mixed layer carbon tracers, it was possible to isolate the influences of net community production (NCP) and calcification. Our results indicate that the annual NCP at OSP is 2 ± 1 mol C m−2 yr−1 and the annual calcification is 0.3 ± 0.3 mol C m−2 yr−1. Piecing together evidence for potentially significant dissolved organic carbon cycling in this region, we estimate a particulate inorganic carbon to particulate organic carbon ratio between 0.15 and 0.25. This is at least double the global average, adding to the growing evidence that calcifying organisms play an important role in carbon export at this location. These results, coupled with significant seasonality in the NCP, suggest that carbon cycling near OSP may be more complex than previously thought and highlight the importance of continuous observations for robust assessments of biogeochemical cycling.
Mercury presence and speciation in the South Atlantic Ocean along the 40°S transect
Authors: Bratkič Arne , Vahčič Mitja , Kotnik Jože , Obu Vazner Kristina , Begu Ermira , Woodward E. Malcolm S. , Horvat Milena 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMercury (Hg) natural biogeochemical cycle is complex and a significant portion of biological and chemical transformation occurs in the marine environment. To better understand the presence and abundance of Hg species in the remote ocean regions, waters of South Atlantic Ocean along 40°S parallel were investigated during UK‐GEOTRACES cruise GA10. Total mercury (THg), methylated mercury (MeHg), and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentrations were determined. The concentrations were very low in the range of pg/L (femtomolar). All Hg species had higher concentration in western than in eastern basin. THg did not appear to be a useful geotracer. Elevated methylated Hg species were commonly associated with low‐oxygen water masses and occasionally with peaks of chlorophyll a, both involved with carbon (re)cycling. The overall highest MeHg concentrations were observed in the mixed layer (500 m) and in the vicinity of the Gough Island. Conversely, DGM concentrations showed distinct layering and differed between the water masses in a nutrient‐like manner. DGM was lowest at surface, indicating degassing to the atmosphere, and was highest in the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, where the oxygen concentration was lowest. DGM increased also in Antarctic Bottom Water. At one station, dimethylmercury was determined and showed increase in region with lowest oxygen saturation. Altogether, our data indicate that the South Atlantic Ocean could be a source of Hg to the atmosphere and that its biogeochemical transformations depend primarily upon carbon cycling and are thereby additionally prone to global ocean change.
Annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass in the subarctic Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
Authors: Westberry Toby K. , Schultz Patrick , Behrenfeld Michael J. , Dunne John P. , Hiscock Michael R. , Maritorena Stephane , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Siegel David A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHigh‐latitude phytoplankton blooms support productive fisheries and play an important role in oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In the subarctic North Atlantic Ocean, blooms are a recurrent feature each year, while in the eastern subarctic Pacific only small changes in chlorophyll (Chl) are seen over the annual cycle. Here we show that when evaluated using phytoplankton carbon biomass (Cphyto) rather than Chl, an annual bloom in the North Pacific is evident and can even rival blooms observed in the North Atlantic. The annual increase in subarctic Pacific phytoplankton biomass is not readily observed in the Chl record because it is paralleled by light‐ and nutrient‐driven decreases in cellular pigment levels (Cphyto:Chl). Specifically, photoacclimation and iron stress effects on Cphyto:Chl oppose the biomass increase, leading to only modest changes in bulk Chl. The magnitude of the photoacclimation effect is quantified using descriptors of the near‐surface light environment and a photophysiological model. Iron stress effects are diagnosed from satellite chlorophyll fluorescence data. Lastly, we show that biomass accumulation in the Pacific is slower than that in the Atlantic but is closely tied to similar levels of seasonal nutrient uptake in both basins. Annual cycles of satellite‐derived Chl and Cphyto are reproduced by in situ autonomous profiling floats. These results contradict the long‐standing paradigm that environmental conditions prevent phytoplankton accumulation in the subarctic Northeast Pacific and suggest a greater seasonal decoupling between phytoplankton growth and losses than traditionally implied. Further, our results highlight the role of physiological processes in shaping bulk properties, such as Chl, and their interpretation in studies of ocean ecosystem dynamics and climate change.
Temperature fluctuation of the Iceland mantle plume through time
Authors: Spice Holly E. , Fitton J. Godfrey , Kirstein Linda A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe newly developed Al‐in‐olivine geothermometer was used to find the olivine‐Cr‐spinel crystallization temperatures of a suite of picrites spanning the spatial and temporal extent of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP), which is widely considered to be the result of a deep‐seated mantle plume. Our data confirm that start‐up plumes are associated with a pulse of anomalously hot mantle over a large spatial area before becoming focused into a narrow upwelling. We find that the thermal anomaly on both sides of the province at Baffin Island/West Greenland and the British Isles at ∼61 Ma across an area ∼2000 km in diameter was uniform, with Al‐in‐olivine temperatures up to
above that of average mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) primitive magma. Furthermore, by combining our results with geochemical data and existing geophysical and bathymetric observations, we present compelling evidence for long‐term (>107 year) fluctuations in the temperature of the Iceland mantle plume. We show that the plume temperature fell from its initial high value during the start‐up phase to a minimum at about 35 Ma, and that the mantle temperature beneath Iceland is currently increasing.
Geochemical behavior of dissolved manganese in the East China Sea: Seasonal variation, estuarine removal, and regeneration under suboxic conditions
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Wei , Ren Jing‐Ling , Jiang Shuo , Liu Su‐Mei , Xuan Ji‐Liang , Zhang Jing 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTo better understand the geochemical cycle of dissolved manganese (Mn) in the East China Sea (ECS), the distribution of dissolved Mn across the ECS was investigated during three field studies in 2011 (May, August, and November). The concentration of dissolved Mn decreased across the ECS with distance from the coast. Mn‐rich ECS shelf waters could export to the Kuroshio Waters, and had the potential to influence the northwest Pacific Ocean as well as the Japan Sea. The Kuroshio Waters were devoid of dissolved Mn, so its incursion could be tracked as it entered the ECS continental shelf region (approximately 50 m isobath). Seasonal variations of dissolved Mn in the ECS were significant, with the highest concentrations occurring in summer. Dissolved Mn in the Changjiang Estuary was nonconservative, and significant quantities were removed by net sorption onto suspended particulate matter. A model describing the sorption processes was applied to data for the Changjiang Estuary. Regeneration of dissolved Mn took place in near‐bottom waters of the suboxic zone in August 2011, following extensive consumption of oxygen. The benthic flux of dissolved Mn was estimated based on Mn concentrations in the overlying waters and the near‐bottom waters. A preliminary box model was established to develop a dissolved Mn budget for the ECS. Based on the dissolved Mn content in the ECS and the total input flux, a residence time of 76–350 days for dissolved Mn in the ECS was inferred.
CO2 flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity
Authors: Jácome Paz Mariana P. , Taran Yuri , Inguaggiato Salvatore , Collard Nathalie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe CO2 flux from El Chichón crater in the period from 2014 to 2015 increased by a factor of 3 (from ~260 t d−1 to ~800 t d−1) compared to the 2007–2008 data. The mechanism triggering the CO2 flux from the lake surface has changed from being dominantly diffusive to mainly advective (bubbling). The Cl concentration was steadily decreasing during the last two decades in the Na‐Cl boiling springs feeding the lake. Since 2013, for both lake and SP springs, the Cl concentration has increased up to the 2005 Cl concentration levels. A large degassing spot in the middle of the lake was found in April 2015 with a CO2 flux of more than 10,000 g m−2 d−1. These observations are the evidence of the onset of a new stage of activity within the volcano‐hydrothermal system of El Chichón volcano associated most probably with changes in the magmatic activity at depth.
Complex force history of a calving‐generated glacial earthquake derived from broadband seismic inversion
Authors: Sergeant Amandine , Mangeney Anne , Stutzmann Eléonore , Montagner Jean‐Paul , Walter Fabian , Moretti Laurent , Castelnau Olivier 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe force applied to the Earth by the calving of two icebergs at Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland, has been quantified. The source force history was recovered by inversion of regional broadband seismograms without any a priori constraint on the source time function, in contrast with previous studies. For periods 10–100 s, the three‐component force can be obtained from distant stations alone and is proportional to the closest station seismograms. This inversion makes it possible to quantify changes of the source force direction and amplitude as a function of time and frequency. A detailed comparison with a video of the event was used to identify four forces associated with collision, then bottom‐out and top‐out rotation of the first and second icebergs, and ice mélange motion. Only the two iceberg rotations were identified in previous studies. All four processes are found here to contribute to the force amplitude and variability. Such a complete time‐frequency force history provides unique dynamical constraints for mechanical calving models.
Fault mirrors in seismically active fault zones: A fossil of small earthquakes at shallow depths
Authors: Kuo Li‐Wei , Song Sheng‐Rong , Suppe John , Yeh En‐Chao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFault mirrors (FMs) are naturally polished and glossy fault slip surfaces that can record seismic deformation at shallow depths. They are important for investigating the processes controlling dynamic fault slip. We characterize FMs in borehole samples from the hanging wall damage zone of the active Hsiaotungshi reverse fault, Taiwan. Here we report the first documented occurrence of the combination of silica gel and melt patches coating FMs, with the silica gel resembling those observed on experimentally formed FMs that were cataclastically generated. In addition, the melt patches, which are unambiguous indicators of coseismic slip, suggest that the natural FMs were produced at seismic rates, presumably resulting from flash heating at asperities on the slip surfaces. Since flash heating is efficient at small slip, we propose that these natural FMs represent fossils of small earthquakes, formed in either coseismic faulting and folding or aftershock deformation in the active Taiwan fold‐and‐thrust belt.
Slow slip event within a gap between tremor and locked zones in the Nankai subduction zone
Authors: Takagi Ryota , Obara Kazushige , Maeda Takuto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report on two small long‐term slow slip events (SSEs) within a gap between tremor and locked zones in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan. The SSEs were detected by subtracting the steady state component and postseismic effects of large earthquakes from long‐term and high‐density Global Navigation Satellite System data. Both SSEs occurred in adjacent regions of the Bungo channel following long‐term SSEs in the Bungo channel in 2003 and 2010. The estimated slip was 1–5 cm/year that lasted at least 1–2 years after 2004 and 2011, partly accommodating plate convergence. As the low‐frequency tremor in the downdip region is activated at the same time as the Bungo channel long‐term SSE, a spatiotemporal correlation was observed between the detected SSEs and long‐term tremor activity in the downdip region. This correlation indicates along‐dip interaction of the slips on the subducting plate interface.
On the influence of cold‐water coral mound size on flow hydrodynamics, and vice versa
Authors: Cyr Frédéric , van Haren Hans , Mienis Furu , Duineveld Gerard , Bourgault Daniel 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUsing a combination of in situ observations and idealistic 2‐D nonhydrostatic numerical simulations, the relation between cold‐water coral (CWC) mound size and hydrodynamics is explored for the Rockall Bank area in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that currents generated by topographically trapped tidal waves in this area cause large isopycnal depressions resulting from an internal hydraulic control above CWC mounds. The oxygen concentration distribution is used as a tracer to visualize the flow behavior and the turbulent mixing above the mounds. By comparing two CWC mounds of different sizes and located close to each other, it is shown that the resulting mixing is highly dependent on the size of the mound. The effects of the hydraulic control for mixing, nutrient availability, and ecosystem functioning are also discussed.
Is there a geomorphic expression of interbasin groundwater flow in watersheds? Interactions between interbasin groundwater flow, springs, streams, and geomorphology
Authors: Frisbee Marty D. , Tysor Elizabeth H. , Stewart‐Maddox Noah S. , Tsinnajinnie Lani M. , Wilson John L. , Granger Darryl E. , Newman Brent D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInterbasin groundwater flow (IGF) can play a significant role in the generation and geochemical evolution of streamflow. However, it is exceedingly difficult to identify IGF and to determine the location and quantity of water that is exchanged between watersheds. How does IGF affect landscape/watershed geomorphic evolution? Can geomorphic metrics be used to identify the presence of IGF? We examine these questions in two adjacent sedimentary watersheds in northern New Mexico using a combination of geomorphic/landscape metrics, springflow residence times, and spatial geochemical patterns. IGF is expressed geomorphically in the landscape placement of springs and flow direction and shape of stream channels. Springs emerge preferentially on one side of stream valleys where landscape incision has intercepted IGF flow paths. Stream channels grow toward the IGF source and show little bifurcation. In addition, radiocarbon residence times of springs decrease and the geochemical composition of springs changes as the connection to IGF is lost.
Effects of sulfate aerosol forcing on East Asian summer monsoon for 1985–2010
Authors: Kim Minjoong J. , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Park Rokjin J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe examine the effect of anthropogenic aerosol forcing on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1.1. One control and two sensitivity model experiments were conducted in order to diagnose the separate roles played by sea surface temperature (SST) variations and anthropogenic sulfate aerosol forcing changes in East Asia. We find that the SST variation has been a major driver for the observed weakening of the EASM, whereas the effect of the anthropogenic aerosol forcing has been opposite and has slightly intensified the EASM over the recent decades. The reinforcement of the EASM results from radiative cooling by the sulfate aerosol forcing, which decelerates the jet stream around the jet's exit region. Subsequently, the secondary circulation induced by such a change in the jet stream leads to the increase in precipitation around 18–23°N. This result indicates that the increase in anthropogenic emissions over East Asia may play a role in compensating for the weakening of the EASM caused by the SST forcing.