bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4. On the Dimensions of Cast Iron at various Temperatures, with more especial reference to the Phenomena of the Solid floating on the Molten Metal
Authors: Millar W. J. 
Published: June 2016

1. In experimenting from time to time on the floating of solid metal on molten metal, the author has observed various phenomena, of which the present paper is descriptive, and this more especially with regard to cast iron and the well-known property of the solid floating on the molten iron as frequently witnessed in foundry ladles.Some years ago the author made a number of experiments with pieces of cast iron of different shapes and sizes, which were placed on the surface of a large ladleful of molten cast iron, the results obtained being as follows:—Several pieces of pig iron were first tried; these at first sank and a rush of hot metal took place upwards, but after a few seconds they rose to the surface, and floated with very little of their bulk above the molten metal.
2. Notice of the Solar Eclipse of the 17th May, with Remarks on the Calculation
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The eclipse of the 31st December 1880 was not seen here, and thus we lost the opportunity of comparing the computed with the observed times.In the daily papers at that time expression was given to a feeling of dissatisfaction that any computation should have been added to that recorded in the Nautical Almanac. And therefore, while laying before the Society the results at which I have arrived in regard to the coming eclipse, it may be proper for me to explain how such an investigation comes to be needed.
Preliminary Note on Observations of the Minor Planet Victoria in 1889
Authors: Gill D. 
Published: June 2016

The object of the work was—1st, To determine the mean solar horizontal parallax.2nd, To compare the tabular and observed motion of the planet, with a view to ascertain whether any periodic perturbations of short period occur,—such, for example, as would be accounted for by an error in the adopted value of the lunar equation.The results depend on the following series of observations :—A. Meridian observations of the comparison stars and of the planet made at twenty-one different observatories during the opposition of 1889.
On the Variation of Resistance in a Steady Magnetic Field observed in Nickel, Antimony, and Tellurium Plates
Authors: Beattie J. C. 
Published: June 2016

Whether the variation of resistance in conductors in a steady magnetic field depends on the field strength, on the magnetisation, or on both, does not seem to be definitely settled. The various experimental methods as yet used are fundamentally similar in principle, and have the disadvantage that the experiments are difficult to perform.A method where the experimental difficulties are very few is to be found in the comparison of the variation of resistance for any given field-strength with some other phenomenon whose dependence on the field-strength or on the magnetisation is already known, and whose exact determination offers no experimental difficulties.
Systems of Plane Curves whose Orthogonals form a Similar System
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

While tracing the lines of motion and the meridian sections of their orthogonal surfaces for an infinite mass of perfect fluid disturbed by a moving sphere :—the question occurred to me “When are such systems similar?” In the problem alluded to, the equations of the curves are, respectively,It was at once obvious that any sets of curves such asare orthogonals. But they form similar systems only whenHence the only sets of similar orthogonal curves, having equations of the above form, are (a) groups of parallel lines and (b) their electric images (circles touching each other at one point).
Tree products, food security and livelihoods: a household study of Burkina Faso
Authors: POOLE NIGEL , AUDIA CAMILLA , KABORET BARTÉLÉMY , KENT REBECCA 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThis paper examines the contribution of products derived from baobab (Adansonia digitata), shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) to rural livelihoods in Burkina Faso. A survey was conducted in northern and southern regions to identify and understand the social and environmental factors influencing the utilization of tree products by rural households for home consumption and commercialization, and to explore the contribution of tree products to food security. Emphasis was placed on the roles and responsibilities of women for tree product utilization. Inter- and intra-household relationships governing tree foods were found to vary between regions and tree species, and with gender and household composition. Collection and utilization of tree products differed between north and south because of contrasting ecological contexts and evolving social mores. Household decision making processes were negotiated and consensual in both regions. The results suggest that domestication and dissemination of planting and regeneration technologies, and product processing and marketing initiatives, need a gendered and tree-specific approach in order to build on local norms and capacities. Measures for the conservation and management of tree resources are most important where ecological constraints are most severe but dependence is greatest for sustaining food security.
The Fight Against the Islamic State andJus in Bello
Authors: KOUTROULIS VAIOS 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines several questions relating to international humanitarian law (jus in bello) with respect to the conflicts against the Islamic State. The first question explored is the classification of conflicts against the Islamic State and the relevant applicable law. The situation in Iraq is a rather classic non-international armed conflict between a state and a non-state actor with third states intervening alongside governmental forces. The situation in Syria is more controversial, especially with respect to the coalition's airstrikes against the Islamic State on Syrian territory. If the Syrian government is considered as not having consented to the coalition's operations, then, according to this author's view, the coalition is involved in two distinct armed conflicts: an international armed conflict with the Syrian government and a non-international armed conflict with the Islamic State. The second question analyzed in the article bears on the geographical scope of application of international humanitarian law. In this context, the article examines whether humanitarian law applies: in the entire territory of the state in whose territory the hostilities take place, in the territories of the intervening states, and in the territory of a third state.
Phages rarely encode antibiotic resistance genes: a cautionary tale for virome analyses
Authors: Enault François , Briet Arnaud , Bouteille Léa , Roux Simon , Sullivan Matthew B , Petit Marie-Agnès 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are pervasive in gut microbiota, but it remains unclear how often ARGs are transferred, particularly to pathogens. Traditionally, ARG spread is attributed to horizontal transfer mediated either by DNA transformation, bacterial conjugation or generalized transduction. However, recent viral metagenome (virome) analyses suggest that ARGs are frequently carried by phages, which is inconsistent with the traditional view that phage genomes rarely encode ARGs. Here we used exploratory and conservative bioinformatic strategies found in the literature to detect ARGs in phage genomes, and experimentally assessed a subset of ARG predicted using exploratory thresholds. ARG abundances in 1181 phage genomes were vastly overestimated using exploratory thresholds (421 predicted vs 2 known), due to low similarities and matches to protein unrelated to antibiotic resistance. Consistent with this, four ARGs predicted using exploratory thresholds were experimentally evaluated and failed to confer antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Reanalysis of available human- or mouse-associated viromes for ARGs and their genomic context suggested that bona fide ARG attributed to phages in viromes were previously overestimated. These findings provide guidance for documentation of ARG in viromes, and reassert that ARGs are rarely encoded in phages.
Activated desorption at heterogeneous interfaces and long-time kinetics of hydrocarbon recovery from nanoporous media
Authors: Lee Thomas , Bocquet Lydéric , Coasne Benoit 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHydrocarbon recovery from unconventional reservoirs (shale gas) is debated due to its environmental impact and uncertainties on its predictability. But a lack of scientific knowledge impedes the proposal of reliable alternatives. The requirement of hydrofracking, fast recovery decay and ultra-low permeability—inherent to their nanoporosity—are specificities of these reservoirs, which challenge existing frameworks. Here we use molecular simulation and statistical models to show that recovery is hampered by interfacial effects at the wet kerogen surface. Recovery is shown to be thermally activated with an energy barrier modelled from the interface wetting properties. We build a statistical model of the recovery kinetics with a two-regime decline that is consistent with published data: a short time decay, consistent with Darcy description, followed by a fast algebraic decay resulting from increasingly unreachable energy barriers. Replacing water by CO2 or propane eliminates the barriers, therefore raising hopes for clean/efficient recovery.
Redox-freezing and nucleation of diamond via magnetite formation in the Earth’s mantle
Authors: Jacob Dorrit E. , Piazolo Sandra , Schreiber Anja , Trimby Patrick 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDiamonds and their inclusions are unique probes into the deep Earth, tracking the deep carbon cycle to >800 km. Understanding the mechanisms of carbon mobilization and freezing is a prerequisite for quantifying the fluxes of carbon in the deep Earth. Here we show direct evidence for the formation of diamond by redox reactions involving FeNi sulfides. Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction identifies an arrested redox reaction from pyrrhotite to magnetite included in diamond. The magnetite corona shows coherent epitaxy with relict pyrrhotite and diamond, indicating that diamond nucleated on magnetite. Furthermore, structures inherited from h-Fe3O4define a phase transformation at depths of 320–330 km, the base of the Kaapvaal lithosphere. The oxidation of pyrrhotite to magnetite is an important trigger of diamond precipitation in the upper mantle, explaining the presence of these phases in diamonds.
Reaction–diffusion theory explains hypoxia and heterogeneous growth within microbial biofilms associated with chronic infections
Authors: Stewart Philip S , Zhang Tianyu , Xu Ruifang , Pitts Betsey , Walters Marshall C , Roe Frank , Kikhney Judith , Moter Annette 
Published: June 2016

AbstractReaction–diffusion models were applied to gain insight into the aspects of biofilm infection and persistence by comparing mathematical simulations with the experimental data from varied bacterial biofilms. These comparisons, including three in vitro systems and two clinical investigations of specimens examined ex vivo, underscored the central importance of concentration gradients of metabolic substrates and the resulting physiological heterogeneity of the microorganisms. Relatively simple one-dimensional and two-dimensional (2D) models captured the: (1) experimentally determined distribution of specific growth rates measured in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells within sputum from cystic fibrosis patients; (2) pattern of relative growth rate within aggregates of streptococcal biofilm harboured in an endocarditis vegetation; (3) incomplete penetration of oxygen into a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm under conditions of exposure to ambient air and also pure oxygen; (4) localisation of anabolic activity around the periphery of P. aeruginosa cell clusters formed in a flow cell and attribution of this pattern to iron limitation; (5) very low specific growth rates, as small as 0.025 h−1, in the interior of cell clusters within a Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm in a complex 2D domain of variable cell density.
Taxonomy, diversity, temporal and geographical distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia: A retrospective study
Authors: Ramírez Juan David , Hernández Carolina , León Cielo M. , Ayala Martha S. , Flórez Carolina , González Camila 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLeishmaniases are tropical zoonotic diseases, caused by kinetoplastid parasites from the genus Leishmania. New World (NW) species are related to sylvatic cycles although urbanization processes have been reported in some South American Countries such as Colombia. Currently, few studies show the relative distribution of Leishmania species related to cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in South America due to the lack of accurate surveillance and public health systems. Herein, we conducted a systematic estimation of the Leishmania species causing CL in Colombia from 1980 to 2001 via molecular typing and isoenzymes. A total of 327 Leishmania isolates from humans, sandflies and reservoirs were typed as L. panamensis 61.3% (201), L. braziliensis 27.1% (88), L. lainsoni 0.6% (2), L. guyanensis 0.9% (3), L. infantum chagasi 4% (12), L. equatoriensis 0.6% (2), L. mexicana 2.1% (8), L. amazonensis 2.8% (9) and L. colombiensis 0.6% (2). This is the first report of two new Leishmania species circulating in Colombia and suggests the need to convince the Colombian government about the need to deploy and standardize tools for the species identification to provide adequate management to individuals suffering this pathology.
Stroke in Traditional Korean Medicine: A Nine-Year Multicentre Community-Based Study in South Korea
Authors: Ko Mi Mi , Lee Ju Ah , Cha Min Ho , Kang Byoung-Kab , Lee Myeong Soo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn Korea, patients with stroke are commonly treated using traditional Korean medicine (TKM). The aim of this study was to provide information on the clinical characteristics of the pattern identification (PI) of stroke used in TKM. Stroke patients admitted to 15 TKM university hospitals from April 2005 through December 2013 were evaluated. The measured variables included the following factors as they related to the PI: (a) stroke etiology; (b) distribution of symptoms/signs; (c) physical characteristics and lifestyle parameters; (d) medical history; and (e) stroke-related laboratory results. Among 4912 stroke patients, 3466 patients received the same PI by two experts with the following distribution: Qi-Deficiency pattern (n = 810), Fire-Heat (FH) pattern (n = 1031), Dampness-Phlegm (DP) pattern (n = 1127), and Yin-Deficiency pattern (n = 498). Approximately 89.9% of subjects enrolled in this study had cerebral infarction. Some of specific symptoms were related to each type of PI, and obese phenotypes and blood lipids were significantly related to DP and FH. These results showed the characteristics of each type of PI and should lead to the standardization of diagnosis for stroke in TKM.
Comparative proteomic study of Arabidopsis mutants mpk4 and mpk6
Authors: Takáč Tomáš , Vadovič Pavol , Pechan Tibor , Luptovčiak Ivan , Šamajová Olga , Šamaj Jozef 
Published: June 2016

AbstractArabidopsis MPK4 and MPK6 are implicated in different signalling pathways responding to diverse external stimuli. This was recently correlated with transcriptomic profiles of Arabidopsis mpk4 and mpk6 mutants and thus it should be reflected also on the level of constitutive proteomes. Therefore, we performed a shot gun comparative proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis mpk4 and mpk6 mutant roots. We have used bioinformatic tools and propose several new proteins as putative MPK4 and MPK6 phosphorylation targets. Among these proteins in the mpk6 mutant were important modulators of development such as CDC48A and phospholipase D alpha 1. In the case of the mpk4 mutant transcriptional reprogramming might be mediated by phosphorylation and change in the abundance of mRNA decapping complex VCS. Further comparison of mpk4 and mpk6 root differential proteomes showed differences in the composition and regulation of defense related proteins. The mpk4 mutant showed altered abundances of antioxidant proteins. The examination of catalase activity in response to oxidative stress revealed that this enzyme might be preferentially regulated by MPK4. Finally, we proposed developmentally important proteins as either directly or indirectly regulated by MPK4 and MPK6. These proteins contribute to known phenotypic defects in the mpk4 and mpk6 mutants.
Numerical investigation of band gaps in 3D printed cantilever-in-mass metamaterials
Authors: Qureshi Awais , Li Bing , Tan K. T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this research, the negative effective mass behavior of elastic/mechanical metamaterials is exhibited by a cantilever-in-mass structure as a proposed design for creating frequency stopping band gaps, based on local resonance of the internal structure. The mass-in-mass unit cell model is transformed into a cantilever-in-mass model using the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory. An analytical model of the cantilever-in-mass structure is derived and the effects of geometrical dimensions and material parameters to create frequency band gaps are examined. A two-dimensional finite element model is created to validate the analytical results and excellent agreement is achieved. The analytical model establishes an easily tunable metamaterial design to realize wave attenuation based on locally resonant frequency. To demonstrate feasibility for 3D printing, the analytical model is employed to design and fabricate 3D printable mechanical metamaterial. A three-dimensional numerical experiment is performed using COMSOL Multiphysics to validate the wave attenuation performance. Results show that the cantilever-in-mass metamaterial is capable of mitigating stress waves at the desired resonance frequency. Our study successfully presents the use of one constituent material to create a 3D printed cantilever-in-mass metamaterial with negative effective mass density for stress wave mitigation purposes.
Dazl is a critical player for primordial germ cell formation in medaka
Authors: Li Mingyou , Zhu Feng , Li Zhendong , Hong Ni , Hong Yunhan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe DAZ family genes boule, daz and dazl have conserved functions in primordial germ cell (PGC) migration, germ stem cell proliferation, differentiation and meiosis progression. It has remained unknown whether this family is required for PGC formation in developing embryos. Our recent study in the fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) has defined dnd as the critical PGC specifier and predicted the presence of additional factors essential for PGC formation. Here we report that dazl is a second key player for medaka PGC formation. Dazl knockdown did not prevent PGC formation even in the absence of normal somatic structures. It turned out that a high level of Dazl protein was maternally supplied and persisted until gastrulation and hardly affected by two antisense morpholino oligos targeting the dazl RNA translation. Importantly, microinjection of a Dazl antibody remarkably reduced the number of PGCs and even completely abolished PGC formation without causing detectable somatic abnormality. Therefore, medaka PGC formation requires the Dazl protein as maternal germ plasm component, offering first evidence that dazl is a critical player in PGC formation in vivo. Our results demonstrate that antibody neutralization is a powerful tool to study the roles of maternal protein factors in PGC development in vivo.
Ultra-broadband achromatic imaging with diffractive photon sieves
Authors: Zhao Xiaonan , Hu Jingpei , Lin Yu , Xu Feng , Zhu Xiaojun , Pu Donglin , Chen Linsen , Wang Chinhua 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDiffractive optical elements suffer from large chromatic aberration due to the strong wavelength-dependent nature in diffraction phenomena and therefore, diffractive elements can work only at a single designed wavelength, which significantly limits the applications of diffractive elements in imaging. Here, we report on a demonstration of a wavefront coded broadband achromatic imaging with diffractive photon sieves. The broadband diffraction imaging is implemented with a wavefront coded pinhole pattern that generates equal focusing power for a wide range of operating wavelength in a single thin-film element without complicated auxiliary optical system. Experimental validation was performed using an UV-lithography fabricated wavefront coded photon sieves. Results show that the working bandwidth of the wavefront coded photon sieves reaches 28 nm compared with 0.32 nm of the conventional one. Further demonstration of the achromatic imaging with a bandwidth of 300 nm is also performed with a wavefront coded photon sieves integrated with a refractive element.
Neil3-dependent base excision repair regulates lipid metabolism and prevents atherosclerosis in Apoe-deficient mice
Authors: Skarpengland Tonje , Holm Sverre , Scheffler Katja , Gregersen Ida , Dahl Tuva B. , Suganthan Rajikala , Segers Filip M. , Østlie Ingunn , Otten Jeroen J. T. , Luna Luisa , Ketelhuth Daniel F. J. , Lundberg Anna M. , Neurauter Christine G. , Hildrestrand Gunn , Skjelland Mona , Bjørndal Bodil , Svardal Asbjørn M. , Iversen Per O. , Hedin Ulf , Nygård Ståle , Olstad Ole K. , Krohg-Sørensen Kirsten , Slupphaug Geir , Eide Lars , Kuśnierczyk Anna , Folkersen Lasse , Ueland Thor , Berge Rolf K. , Hansson Göran K. , Biessen Erik A. L. , Halvorsen Bente , Bjørås Magnar , Aukrust Pål 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that oxidative DNA damage accumulates in atherosclerosis. Recently, we showed that a genetic variant in the human DNA repair enzyme NEIL3 was associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Here, we explored the role of Neil3/NEIL3 in atherogenesis by both clinical and experimental approaches. Human carotid plaques revealed increased NEIL3 mRNA expression which significantly correlated with mRNA levels of the macrophage marker CD68. Apoe−/−Neil3−/− mice on high-fat diet showed accelerated plaque formation as compared to Apoe−/− mice, reflecting an atherogenic lipid profile, increased hepatic triglyceride levels and attenuated macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity. Apoe−/−Neil3−/− mice showed marked alterations in several pathways affecting hepatic lipid metabolism, but no genotypic alterations in genome integrity or genome-wide accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. These results suggest a novel role for the DNA glycosylase Neil3 in atherogenesis in balancing lipid metabolism and macrophage function, potentially independently of genome-wide canonical base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage.
Optical simulation of a Popescu-Rohrlich Box
Authors: Chu Wen-Jing , Zong Xiao-Lan , Yang Ming , Pan Guo-Zhu , Cao Zhuo-Liang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt is well known that the fair-sampling loophole in Bell test opened by the selection of the state to be measured can lead to post-quantum correlations. In this paper, we make the selection of the results after measurement, which opens the fair- sampling loophole too and thus can lead to post-quantum correlations. This kind of result-selection loophole can be realized by pre- and post-selection processes within the “two-state vector formalism” and a physical simulation of Popescu-Rohrlich (PR) box is designed in linear optical system. The probability distribution of the PR has a maximal CHSH value 4, i.e. it can maximally violate CHSH inequality. Because the “two-state vector formalism” violates the information causality, it opens the locality loophole too, which means that this kind of results selection within “two-state vector formalism” leads to both fair- sampling loophole and locality loophole, so we call it a comprehensive loophole in Bell test. The comprehensive loophole opened by the results selection within “two-state vector formalism” may be another possible explanation of why post-quantum correlations are incompatible with quantum mechanics and seem not to exist in nature.