bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and serological dynamics ofChlamydia pecoruminfection in a longitudinal study of prime lamb production
Authors: Bommana Sankhya , Walker Evelyn , Desclozeaux Marion , Jelocnik Martina , Timms Peter , Polkinghorne Adam , Carver Scott 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundChlamydia pecorumis a globally significant livestock pathogen causing pathology and production losses. The on-farm infection and serological dynamics and the relevance of existing diagnostic tools for diagnosingC. pecorumin livestock remains poorly characterized. In this study, we characterized the antigen and antibody dynamics of this pathogen in a longitudinal study of prime lamb production, utilizing the infection focusedC. pecorum-specific 16S rRNA qPCR assay and serology based chlamydial Complement fixation Test (CFT).MethodsThe study consisted of 76 Border Leicester mixed sex lambs (39 females and 37 males) that were sampled bimonthly from 2–10 months of age in a commercial farm operating in Central NSW, Australia. Blood/plasma was analysed for CFT antibodies, and swabs from conjunctival, rectal and vaginal sites were analysed forC. pecorumshedding using qPCR. We assessed the temporal and overall dynamics ofC. pecorumin lambs, including detailed description and comparison of qPCR and CFT, the timing of first detection by either diagnostic method, the lag between infection and antibody response; and the distribution of qPCR load and CFT antibody titre over time.ResultsOver the study period,C. pecorumwas highly prevalent (71.0% by qPCR, 92.1% by CFT, 96.0% by both), with 21.1% (16/76) lambs shedding ≥1, 000 qPCR copies/µl (denoted as high shedders).C. pecorumshedding (as evidence of infection) were first observed at two months of age (14.4%) with a significant peak of infection occurring at six months of age (34.2%), whereas seroconversions peaked at eight months of age (81.5%). 52.6% ofC. pecorumqPCR and CFT positive lambs became qPCR negative by 10 months of age, indicating clearance of chlamydial infection. Although CFT is utilised for on-farm detection of active infection, we confirm that it lagged behind qPCR detection (average lag 1.7 ± 2.1 months) and that the proportion of qPCR positives simultaneously identified by CFT was low with 2/11 (18.1%), 0/13, 17/25 (68.0%), 5/7 (71.4%) and 1/10 (10.0%) concurrent seroconversions occurring at two, four, six, eight and 10 months of age, respectively.DiscussionThis work reveals rapid rates ofC. pecoruminfection and widespread exposure during lamb production. The comparison of molecular and serological diagnostic agreement longitudinally, supports the use of qPCR as an important ancillary tool for the detection of active infections in conjunction with chlamydial CFT for routine veterinary diagnostics. Development of rapid Point-of-Care (POC) tools for diagnosing active infection would be valuable for producers and veterinarians.
Arctic Ice‐Ocean Coupling and Gyre Equilibration Observed With Remote Sensing
Authors: Dewey Sarah , Morison James , Kwok Ronald , Dickinson Suzanne , Morison David , Andersen Roger 
Published: January 2018

AbstractModel and observational evidence has shown that ocean current speeds in the Beaufort Gyre have increased and recently stabilized. Because these currents rival ice drift speeds, we examine the potential for the Beaufort Gyre's shift from a system in which the wind drives the ice and the ice drives a passive ocean to one in which the ocean often, in the absence of high winds, drives the ice. The resultant stress exerted on the ocean by the ice and the resultant Ekman pumping are reversed, without any change in average wind stress curl. Through these curl reversals, the ice‐ocean stress provides a key feedback in Beaufort Gyre stabilization. This manuscript constitutes one of the first observational studies of ice‐ocean stress inclusive of geostrophic ocean currents, by making use of recently available remote sensing data.
How Do Microphysical Processes Influence Large‐Scale Precipitation Variability and Extremes?
Authors: Hagos Samson , Ruby Leung L. , Zhao Chun , Feng Zhe , Sakaguchi Koichi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConvection permitting simulations using the Model for Prediction Across Scales‐Atmosphere (MPAS‐A) are used to examine how microphysical processes affect large‐scale precipitation variability and extremes. An episode of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation is simulated using MPAS‐A with a refined region at 4‐km grid spacing over the Indian Ocean. It is shown that cloud microphysical processes regulate the precipitable water (PW) statistics. Because of the non‐linear relationship between precipitation and PW, PW exceeding a certain critical value (PWcr) contributes disproportionately to precipitation variability. However, the frequency of PW exceeding PWcr decreases rapidly with PW, so changes in microphysical processes that shift the column PW statistics relative to PWcr even slightly have large impacts on precipitation variability. Furthermore, precipitation variance and extreme precipitation frequency are approximately linearly related to the difference between the mean and critical PW values. Thus observed precipitation statistics could be used to directly constrain model microphysical parameters as this study demonstrates using radar observations from DYNAMO field campaign.
Whole Atmosphere Simulation of Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Solomon Stanley C. , Liu Han‐Li , Marsh Daniel R. , McInerney Joseph M. , Qian Liying , Vitt Francis M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe simulated anthropogenic global change through the entire atmosphere, including the thermosphere and ionosphere, using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended. The basic result was that even as the lower atmosphere gradually warms, the upper atmosphere rapidly cools. The simulations employed constant low solar activity conditions, to remove the effects of variable solar and geomagnetic activity. Global mean annual mean temperature increased at a rate of +0.2 K/decade at the surface and +0.4 K/decade in the upper troposphere but decreased by about −1 K/decade in the stratosphere‐mesosphere and −2.8 K/decade in the thermosphere. Near the mesopause, temperature decreases were small compared to the interannual variation, so trends in that region are uncertain. Results were similar to previous modeling confined to specific atmospheric levels and compared favorably with available measurements. These simulations demonstrate the ability of a single comprehensive numerical model to characterize global change throughout the atmosphere.
Fate of Ice Grains in Saturn's Ionosphere
Authors: Hamil O. , Cravens T. E. , Reedy N. L. , Sakai S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt has been proposed that the rings of Saturn can contribute both material (i.e., water) and energy to its upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Ionospheric models require the presence of molecular species such as water that can chemically remove ionospheric protons, which otherwise are associated with electron densities that greatly exceed those from observation. These models adopt topside fluxes of water molecules. Other models have shown that ice grains from Saturn's rings can impact the atmosphere, but the effects of these grains have not been previously studied. In the current paper, we model how ice grains deposit both material and energy in Saturn's upper atmosphere as a function of grain size, initial velocity (at the “top” of the atmosphere, defined at an altitude above the cloud tops of 3,000 km), and incident angle. Typical grain speeds are expected to be roughly 15–25 km/s. Grains with radii on the order of 1–10 nm deposit most of their energy in the altitude range of 1,700–1,900 km, and can vaporize, depending on initial velocity and impact angle, contributing water mass to the upper atmosphere. We show that grains in this radius range do not significantly vaporize in our model at initial velocities lower than about 20 km/s.
Using Kappa Distributions to Identify the Potential Energy
Authors: Livadiotis G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper reports on the properties of kappa distributions in the presence of a potential energy. The constructed phase space kappa distribution leads to a polytropic relationship between the local density and temperature. The kappa and polytropic indices are connected via a characteristic and universal relationship: their sum is a constant depending specifically on the potential features. Determining this constant comprises a method essential for revealing the functional form and understanding the nature of the particle potential energy. The method is applied to the solar wind proton plasma at 1 AU. It is shown that a satisfactory physical interpretation of the potential affecting solar wind protons can be given by the interplanetary radial electric field.
GPS Vertical Land Motion Corrections to Sea‐Level Rise Estimates in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Montillet J.‐P. , Melbourne T. I. , Szeliga W. M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe construct coastal Pacific Northwest profiles of vertical land motion (VLM) known to bias long‐term tide‐gauge measurements of sea‐level rise (SLR) and use them to estimate absolute sea‐level rise with respect to Earth's center of mass. Multidecade GPS measurements at 47 coastal stations along the Cascadia subduction zone show VLM varies regionally but smoothly along the Pacific coast and inland Puget Sound with rates ranging from + 4.9 to −1.2 mm/yr. Puget Sound VLM is characterized by uniform subsidence at relatively slow rates of −0.1 to −0.3 mm/yr. Uplift rates of 4.5 mm/yr persist along the western Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington State and decrease southward becoming nearly 0 mm/yr south of central coastal Washington through Cape Blanco, Oregon. South of Cape Blanco, uplift increases to
mm/yr, peaks at 4 mm/yr near Crescent City, California, and returns to zero at Cape Mendocino, California. Using various stochastic noise models, we estimate long‐term (
yr) relative sea‐level rise rates at 18 coastal Cascadia tide gauges and correct them for VLM. Uncorrected SLR rates are scattered, ranging between −2 mm/yr and + 5 mm/yr with mean
mm/yr, whereas correcting for VLM increases the mean value to 1.99 mm/yr and reduces the uncertainty to
mm/yr, commensurate with, but approximately 17% higher than, twentieth century global mean.
Steepest Ascent Low/Non‐Low‐Frequency Ratio in Empirical Mode Decomposition to Separate Deterministic and Stochastic Velocities From a Single Lagrangian Drifter
Authors: Chu Peter C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSOund Fixing And Ranging (RAFOS) floats deployed by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in the California Current system from 1992 to 2001 at depth between 150 and 600 m (http://www.oc.nps.edu/npsRAFOS/) are used to study 2‐D turbulent characteristics. Each drifter trajectory is adaptively decomposed using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with corresponding specific scale for each IMF. A new steepest ascent low/non‐low‐frequency ratio is proposed in this paper to separate a Lagrangian trajectory into low‐frequency (nondiffusive, i.e., deterministic) and high‐frequency (diffusive, i.e., stochastic) components. The 2‐D turbulent (or called eddy) diffusion coefficients are calculated on the base of the classical turbulent diffusion with mixing length theory from stochastic component of a single drifter. Statistical characteristics of the calculated 2‐D turbulence length scale, strength, and diffusion coefficients from the NPS RAFOS data are presented with the mean values (over the whole drifters) of the 2‐D diffusion coefficients comparable to the commonly used diffusivity tensor method.
The Impact of Air‐Sea Interactions on the Representation of Tropical Precipitation Extremes
Authors: Hirons L. C. , Klingaman N. P. , Woolnough S. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe impacts of air‐sea interactions on the representation of tropical precipitation extremes are investigated using an atmosphere‐ocean‐mixed‐layer coupled model. The coupled model is compared to two atmosphere‐only simulations driven by the coupled‐model sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs): one with 31 day running means (31 d), the other with a repeating mean annual cycle. This allows separation of the effects of interannual SST variability from those of coupled feedbacks on shorter timescales. Crucially, all simulations have a consistent mean state with very small SST biases against present‐day climatology. 31d overestimates the frequency, intensity, and persistence of extreme tropical precipitation relative to the coupled model, likely due to excessive SST‐forced precipitation variability. This implies that atmosphere‐only attribution and time‐slice experiments may overestimate the strength and duration of precipitation extremes. In the coupled model, air‐sea feedbacks damp extreme precipitation, through negative local thermodynamic feedbacks between convection, surface fluxes, and SST.
Mining the Smartness of Insect Ultrastructures for Advanced Imaging and Illumination
Authors: Chung Taerin , Lee Youngseop , Yang Sung‐Pyo , Kim Kisoo , Kang Byoung‐Hoon , Jeong Ki‐Hun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBiological wonders, found in insects such as antireflecting moth eyes, compound eyes in a honey bee, firefly lanterns, and iridescent butterfly wings, inspire human beings for advanced light imaging and illumination technologies. Dazzling advances of micro‐ and nanofabrication technologies allow insect‐inspired structures, for example, artificial compound eyes with a wide field of view and low aberration, bioinspired light‐emitting diode lenses, and structural coloration templates, featuring miniaturization. Besides, plasmonics and metamaterials offer an unprecedented approach that overcomes the diffraction limit and unveils unknown optical phenomena in ultrastructures inspired by insects. Here, insect‐inspired photonic structures for light imaging, light extraction, and structural coloration are reviewed, and photonic functions and structure fabrications inspired by insects that can be applied in advanced imaging and illumination applications are discussed.
Edge‐Grafted Molecular Junctions between Graphene Nanoplatelets: Applied Chemistry to Enhance Heat Transfer in Nanomaterials
Authors: Bernal Maria Mar , Di Pierro Alessandro , Novara Chiara , Giorgis Fabrizio , Mortazavi Bohayra , Saracco Guido , Fina Alberto 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe edge‐functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) is carried out exploiting diazonium chemistry, aiming at the synthesis of edge decorated nanoparticles to be used as building blocks in the preparation of engineered nanostructured materials for enhanced heat transfer. Indeed, both phenol functionalized and dianiline‐bridged GnP (GnP‐OH and E‐GnP, respectively) are assembled in nanopapers exploiting the formation of non‐covalent and covalent molecular junctions, respectively. Molecular dynamics allow to estimate the thermal conductance for the two different types of molecular junctions, suggesting a factor 6 between conductance of covalent vs noncovalent junctions. Furthermore, the chemical functionalization is observed to drive the self‐organization of the nanoflakes into the nanopapers, leading to a 20% enhancement of the thermal conductivity for GnP‐OH and E‐GnP while the cross‐plane thermal conductivity is boosted by 190% in the case of E‐GnP. The application of chemical functionalization to the engineering of contact resistance in nanoparticles networks is therefore validated as a fascinating route for the enhancement of heat exchange efficiency on nanoparticle networks, with great potential impact in low‐temperature heat exchange and recovery applications.
Supramolecular Nanofibers of Curcumin for Highly Amplified Radiosensitization of Colorectal Cancers to Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Xu Huae , Wang Tingting , Yang Chengbiao , Li Xiaolin , Liu Guan , Yang Zhimou , Singh Pankaj Kumar , Krishnan Sunil , Ding Dan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDevelopment of highly efficient radiosensitizers is urgently desirable for addressing the resistance of cancer cells to ionizing radiation, which is the main reason for the failure of radiotherapy. Here, it is reported for the first time that supramolecular nanomaterials can serve as an excellent nanoplatform for developing superior radiosensitizers. A new curcumin‐based supramolecular nanofiber (Cur‐SNF) by virtue of a self‐assembling short peptide is developed, which greatly boosts the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancers to ionizing radiation. The drug–peptide conjugate Curcumin‐FFE‐CS‐EE is synthesized and can self‐assemble into small‐molecule hydrogel containing Cur‐SNFs triggered by reductant. In vitro and in vivo radiosensitization studies reveal that as compared to free curcumin Cur‐SNFs show much better performance as a radiosensitizer to sensitize colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation thanks to the supramolecular nanostructure. Due to the exceptionally high radiosensitization efficacy, Cur‐SNFs in combination with radiation realize significant reduction in tumor volume in vivo. Besides, the molecular mechanism studies demonstrate that Cur‐SNFs promote the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells through inhibiting radiation‐induced nuclear factor kappa B activation. Cur‐SNF achieves an ultralarge sensitizer enhancement ratio at 10% cell survival value of 2.01, the highest among currently reported curcumin‐based radiosensitizers.
Hierarchical Design of Tissue Regenerative Constructs
Authors: Rose Jonas C. , De Laporte Laura 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe worldwide shortage of organs fosters significant advancements in regenerative therapies. Tissue engineering and regeneration aim to supply or repair organs or tissues by combining material scaffolds, biochemical signals, and cells. The greatest challenge entails the creation of a suitable implantable or injectable 3D macroenvironment and microenvironment to allow for ex vivo or in vivo cell‐induced tissue formation. This review gives an overview of the essential components of tissue regenerating scaffolds, ranging from the molecular to the macroscopic scale in a hierarchical manner. Further, this review elaborates about recent pivotal technologies, such as photopatterning, electrospinning, 3D bioprinting, or the assembly of micrometer‐scale building blocks, which enable the incorporation of local heterogeneities, similar to most native extracellular matrices. These methods are applied to mimic a vast number of different tissues, including cartilage, bone, nerves, muscle, heart, and blood vessels. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made in the last decade, it remains a hurdle to build biomaterial constructs in vitro or in vivo with a native‐like structure and architecture, including spatiotemporal control of biofunctional domains and mechanical properties. New chemistries and assembly methods in water will be crucial to develop therapies that are clinically translatable and can evolve into organized and functional tissues.
Well‐Controlled Cell‐Trapping Systems for Investigating Heterogeneous Cell–Cell Interactions
Authors: Kamiya Koki , Abe Yuta , Inoue Kosuke , Osaki Toshihisa , Kawano Ryuji , Miki Norihisa , Takeuchi Shoji 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMicrofluidic systems have been developed for patterning single cells to study cell–cell interactions. However, patterning multiple types of cells to understand heterogeneous cell–cell interactions remains difficult. Here, it is aimed to develop a cell‐trapping device to assemble multiple types of cells in the well‐controlled order and morphology. This device mainly comprises a parylene sheet for assembling cells and a microcomb for controlling the cell‐trapping area. The cell‐trapping area is controlled by moving the parylene sheet on an SU‐8 microcomb using tweezers. Gentle downward flow is used as a driving force for the cell‐trapping. The assembly of cells on a parylene sheet with round and line‐shaped apertures is demonstrated. The cell–cell contacts of the trapped cells are then investigated by direct cell–cell transfer of calcein via connexin nanopores. Finally, using the device with a system for controlling the cell‐trapping area, three different types of cells in the well‐controlled order are assembled. The correct cell order rate obtained using the device is 27.9%, which is higher than that obtained without the sliding parylene system (0.74%). Furthermore, the occurrence of cell–cell contact between the three cell types assembled is verified. This cell‐patterning device will be a useful tool for investigating heterogeneous cell–cell interactions.
Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Porous Network Microstructures for Fabricating Super‐Slippery Surfaces with Excellent Liquid Repellence and Anti‐Cell Proliferation
Authors: Yong Jiale , Huo Jinglan , Yang Qing , Chen Feng , Fang Yao , Wu Xingjuan , Liu Lin , Lu Xiaoyun , Zhang Jingzhou , Hou Xun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this paper, it is demonstrated that one‐step femtosecond laser ablation can be used to directly fabricate porous network microstructures on various polymer surfaces, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polylactic acid. Taking PET as an example, following femtosecond laser ablation, the PET surface is fully covered by large numbers of interconnected pores with a diameter of several hundred nanometers. The chemical treatment of the porous surface for further lowering of its surface free energy and infusion with lubricating liquid led to the successful fabrication of a slippery surface. The as‐synthesized slippery surface showed excellent liquid‐repellent ability; various liquids are demonstrated to freely slide down such a surface. Compared to previously reported slippery surfaces, the femtosecond laser‐induced slippery surface consists of a porous layer and substrate layer that are inherently one material. Furthermore, it is found that the use of the original laser‐induced porous PET surface as a culture substrate is able to promote the growth of C6 glioma cells, while the slippery PET surface completely inhibits C6 glioma cell growth. It is revealed that femtosecond laser direct writing can be used as a general method to form porous microstructures on various polymer surfaces.
Active Control of Photon Recycling for Tunable Optoelectronic Materials
Authors: Xu Yunlu , Tennyson Elizabeth M. , Kim Jehyung , Barik Sabyasachi , Murray Joseph , Waks Edo , Leite Marina S. , Munday Jeremy N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOptoelectronic materials are the backbone of today's high‐tech industry. To customize their response, one can directly modify the atomic arrangement, chemical composition, lattice strain, or doping of the semiconductor. However, these processes frequently cause undesirable effects resulting from induced defects. Here, a novel concept is demonstrated to actively tune the optoelectronic response of a material through tailored photon recycling. Without altering the material's intrinsic structure, doping, or temperature, the reabsorption of emitted photons within GaAs is modulated to control its carrier density. This approach is used to create a diode that can change its emission wavelength, a solar cell with improved open‐circuit voltage, and an actively controlled, gate‐free current modulator. These results represent a new platform to enable materials with tailored optoelectronic response based on photonic manipulation rather than semiconductor engineering.