bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allometric scaling of flow‐mediated dilation: is it always helpful?
Authors: McLay K. M. , Nederveen J. P. , Koval J. J. , Paterson D. H. , Murias J. M. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryFlow‐mediated dilation (FMD) is calculated as the greatest percent change in arterial diameter following an ischaemic challenge. This Traditional %FMD calculation is thought to have statistical bias towards baseline diameter (Dbase), which is reduced by allometric scaling. This study examined whether allometric scaling FMD influenced the difference between a group of healthy young and older adults compared to the Traditional %FMD, and to determine whether a New (allometric) scaling %FMD improved the ability to obtain individually scaled FMD. Popliteal artery FMD was assessed in 18 young (26 ± 3 years) and 17 older adults (77 ± 5 years). ‘Corrected’ mean FMD was generated from a log‐linked ANCOVA model. Individual %FMD was evaluated using three calculations: (1) Traditional %FMD calculation; (2) Atkinson (allometric) scaling %FMD (peak diameter ); and (3) New scaling %FMD . Traditional %FMD was significantly larger in young (5·82 ± 2·58%) versus old (3·72 ± 1·26%). ‘Corrected’ FMD means (Y: 5·97 ± 2·12%; O: 3·98 ± 2·06%) were similar to Traditional %FMD; however, the logarithmic transformation prevents statistical interpretation of group differences. Individually scaled %FMD using the Atkinson scaling resulted in values that were corrected for variations in Dbase but that were twofold to threefold larger than those of the Traditional calculation. New scaling %FMD resulted in values that were similar to values expected (Y: 6·21 ± 2·75%; O: 3·98 ± 1·36%); however, it did not effectively correct for variation in Dbase. Recommendations regarding the advantages of allometrically scaling %FMD should be made with caution until research clearly establishes the benefits of this approach.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of mental health service use in people who report psychotic experiences
Authors: Bhavsar Vishal , McGuire Philip , MacCabe James , Oliver Dominic , Fusar‐Poli Paolo 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundSelf‐reported psychotic experiences (PEs) are associated with psychopathology of all kinds, not just psychoses. However, systematic reviews on the relevance of this for health services are unavailable. Furthermore, whether association with service use is confounded by other psychopathology is unknown, and is relevant to prevention and treatment.ObjectivesLiterature examining associations between PEs and service use was systematically reviewed. Study quality and the direction and extent of any associations were assessed, and meta‐analysis conducted.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis was carried out as per PRISMA guidelines. A search of electronic databases was performed based on free‐text and structured terms. Included studies were evaluated by two raters using a structured tool and estimates extracted for reporting.ResultsThirteen studies were returned. We found two prospective studies, and a minority of studies accounted for concurrent psychopathology, limiting our ability to test our main hypotheses. Five studies reported associations by different types of service use. Almost all studies assessed service use by self‐report. Meta‐analysis suggested that people who reported PEs were around twice as likely to report service use compared to those who did not (pooled OR for all included studies: 2.20,95% confidence intervals (95%CI): 1.66,2.91).ConclusionsThere was consistent evidence of association between PEs and mental health service use at the general population level. However, evidence for causation was poor due to a limited number of studies. Whether increased service use in this group is solely attributable to PEs, and therefore whether interventions aimed at limiting/preventing PEs might be effective, requires studies focusing on the relationships between PEs, psychopathology and service use.
Defending Nietzsche's Constructivism about Objects
Authors: Remhof Justin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNietzsche appears to adopt a radical Kantian view of objects called constructivism, which holds that the existence of all objects depends essentially on our practices. This essay provides a new reconstruction of Nietzsche's argument for constructivism and responds to five pressing objections to reading Nietzsche as a constructivist that have not been addressed by commentators defending constructivist interpretations of Nietzsche.
Rapid‐Guessing Behavior: Its Identification, Interpretation, and Implications
Authors: Wise Steven L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe rise of computer‐based testing has brought with it the capability to measure more aspects of a test event than simply the answers selected or constructed by the test taker. One behavior that has drawn much research interest is the time test takers spend responding to individual multiple‐choice items. In particular, very short response time—termed rapid guessing—has been shown to indicate disengaged test taking, regardless whether it occurs in high‐stakes or low‐stakes testing contexts. This article examines rapid‐guessing behavior—its theoretical conceptualization and underlying assumptions, methods for identifying it, misconceptions regarding its dynamics, and the contextual requirements for its proper interpretation. It is argued that because it does not reflect what a test taker knows and can do, a rapid guess to an item represents a choice by the test taker to momentarily opt out of being measured. As a result, rapid guessing tends to negatively distort scores and thereby diminish validity. Therefore, because rapid guesses do not contribute to measurement, it makes little sense to include them in scoring.
Fragility of epidermis: acne and post‐procedure lesional skin
Authors: Fabbrocini G. , Rossi A.B. , Thouvenin M.‐D. , Peraud C. , Mengeaud V. , Bacquey A. , Saint Aroman M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract‘Fragile skin’, or skin with lower resistance to aggressors, can be broadly classified into four causal categories: constitutional (age‐dependent or associated with specific vulnerable locations on the body, e.g. eyelids), pathological (related to disease), circumstantial (related to environmental or internal factors, e.g. stress) and iatrogenic (caused by medical interventions or treatments). In this supplement, we focus on the fourth category, the iatrogenic origin of fragile skin and the role that dermo‐cosmetics can have in restoring the natural protective function of the skin following treatments for skin diseases and medical interventions. We present epidemiological data on the prevalence of fragile skin in three different geographical regions, and the results of two randomized controlled studies investigating the efficacy and tolerability of dermo‐cosmetics in combination with topical acne treatment and following physical skin damage. Overall, we found that prevalence across the three regions (23% in Germany, 41% in UAE, 56% in Taiwan) reflected previous global estimates (24–53%) across skin types, with significant associations found with environmental and lifestyle factors, such as stress, humidity and pollution. The iatrogenic effects of topical acne treatments can result in poor compliance or use of over‐the‐counter moisturizers, which may reduce treatment efficacy. Dermo‐cosmetics were found to aid in restoration of fragile skin caused by the acne topical retinoid treatment adapalene 0.1% gel, by reducing transepidermal water loss and improving skin hydration, as well as reducing the side‐effects such as skin irritation that are frequently associated with topical retinoids. Additionally, dermo‐cosmetic products were found to accelerate wound closure following skin damage in a laser ablation model and reduced the duration of post‐procedural side‐effects such as itching and burning.
Challenges and Resources for Nurses Participating in a Hurricane Sandy Hospital Evacuation
Authors: VanDevanter Nancy , Raveis Victoria H. , Kovner Christine T. , McCollum Meriel , Keller Ronald 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeWeather‐related disasters have increased dramatically in recent years. In 2012, severe flooding as a result of Hurricane Sandy necessitated the mid‐storm patient evacuation of New York University Langone Medical Center. The purpose of this study was to explore, from the nurses’ perspective, what the challenges and resources were to carrying out their responsibilities, and what the implications are for nursing education and preparation for disaster.DesignThis mixed‐methods study included qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of nurses and an online survey of nurses who participated in the evacuation.MethodsThe interviews explored prior disaster experience and training, communication, personal experience during the evacuation, and lessons learned. The cross‐sectional survey assessed social demographic factors, nursing education and experience, as well as potential challenges and resources in carrying out their disaster roles.FindingsQualitative interviews provided important contextual information about the specific challenges nurses experienced and their ability to respond effectively. Survey data identified important resources that helped nurses to carry out their roles, including support from coworkers, providing support to others, personal resourcefulness, and leadership. Nurses experienced considerable challenges in responding to this disaster due to limited prior disaster experience, training, and education, but drew on their personal resourcefulness, support from colleagues, and leadership to adapt to those challenges.ConclusionsDisaster preparedness education in schools of nursing and practice settings should include more hands‐on disaster preparation exercises, more “low‐tech” options to address power loss, and specific policies on nurses’ disaster roles.Clinical RelevanceNurses play a critical role in responding to disasters. Learning from their disaster experience can inform approaches to nursing education and preparation.
Kierkegaard's Critique of Eudaimonism: A Reassessment
Authors: Webb Carson 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInterpreters are less univocal than one might think in assessing Søren Kierkegaard's attitude toward eudaimonism. Through an analysis of several key texts from across Kierkegaard's authorship, I argue that existing interpretations do not convincingly address the relationship between Kierkegaard's critique of eudaimonism and his mid‐nineteenth‐century context, which was dominated by post‐Kantian idealists. While I am sympathetic to aspects of deontological and aretaic interpretations, a contextual reading shows that his critique centers on what he diagnoses as the enclosure of the modern self. This puts his critique of eudaimonism in the purview of his moral psychology and in continuity with his critique of romanticism.
Islamic Bioethics and Animal Research: The Case of Iran
Authors: Tappan Robert 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDespite growing interest in Islamic bioethics, little work has been done on research ethics in Islam, and even less on animal research ethics. This essay explores religious and scientific insights into the lives of animals used as research subjects, particularly in Iran. The inner lives of animals and their relationship to their Creator as relayed by the Qur'an, ethological research on animal minds, and neuroethical reflection on painience (the ability to feel and process pain as noxious [injurious] and explicitly hurtful) are brought together to question the current, relatively unrestricted use of research animals in Iran. The essay concludes that Islamic sources and the desire of Iranian clinicians to treat laboratory animals in line with them could poise Muslims to take the lead in developing alternatives to animal research. Further, recent suggestions that human and animal research guidelines and protections should be brought closer together are examined in light of these findings.
Petrogenesis and shock metamorphism of the enriched lherzolitic shergottite Northwest Africa 7755
Authors: Wang Shu‐Zhou , Zhang Ai‐Cheng , Pang Run‐Lian , Chen Jia‐Ni , Gu Li‐Xin , Wang Ru‐Cheng 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 7755 is a newly found enriched lherzolitic shergottite. Here, we report its detailed petrography and mineralogy. NWA 7755 contains both poikilitic and non‐poikilitic lithologies. Olivine has different compositional ranges in the poikilitic and non‐poikilitic lithologies, Fa30–39 and Fa37–40, respectively. Pyroxene in the non‐poikilitic lithology is systematically Fe‐richer than that in the poikilitic lithology. The chromite grains in non‐poikilitic lithology are highly Ti‐richer than those in the poikilitic lithology. The chemical variations of olivine, pyroxene, and chromite between the poikilitic and non‐poikilitic lithologies support a two‐stage formation model of lherzolitic shergottites. Besides planar fractures and strong mosaicism in olivine and pyroxene, shock‐induced melt veins and pockets are observed in NWA 7755. Olivine grains within and adjacent to melt veins and/or pockets have either transformed to ringwoodite, amorphous phase, or dissociated to bridgmanite plus magnesiowüstite. Merrillite in melt veins has completely transformed to tuite; however, apatite only has partially transformed to tuite, indicating a relatively sluggish transformation rate. The partial transformation from apatite to tuite resulted in fractional devolatilization of Cl and F in apatite. The fine‐grained mineral assemblage in melt veins consists mainly of bridgmanite, minor magnesiowüstite, Fe‐sulfide, Fe‐phosphide, and Ca‐phosphate minerals. The coexistence of bridgmanite and magnesiowüstite in these veins indicates a shock pressure of >~24 GPa and a temperature of 1800–2000 °C. Coesite and seifertite are probably present in NWA 7755. The presence of these high‐pressure minerals indicates that NWA 7755 has experienced a more intense shock metamorphism than other enriched lherzolitic shergottites.
Healing and Transformation: Lonergan, Girard and Buddhism
Authors: Dadosky John 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper presents some comparative themes examining the anthropologies of Bernard Lonergan, René Girard and the four noble truths in Buddhism. It also engages some specific aspects from the Tibetan lineage of Buddhism represented by Pema Chödron (Canada), following her teacher Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche.The approach of the paper invokes the structure of John Thatamanil'sThe Immanent Divine: diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, prescription (solution) as an organizational way of presenting material on such diverse thinkers. Following an overview of these thinkers, I will highlight some of the themes such as suffering, violence, healing, compassion, and the role of affectivity in its relation to desire. It should become clear that such a practical approach to Buddhist-Christian dialogue provides a fruitful starting point and underscores the value of learning other religious traditions.
Explaining Attitudes Toward U.S. Energy Extraction: Offshore Drilling, the Keystone XL Pipeline, and Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Ceccoli Stephen 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveThis research develops and tests several individual‐level explanations of citizen attitudes toward offshore drilling, the Keystone XL pipeline, and hydraulic fracturing.MethodsUsing survey data from the Pew Research Center, logistic regression models analyze the effects of partisan and ideological considerations, presidential approval, affect for various levels of government, and a number of demographic considerations.ResultsFindings indicate that partisan, ideological, and core value considerations are highly influential in shaping individual sentiment toward the energy policies. Further, evidence for the affect heuristic suggests important empirical divides are also found with respect to patterns of citizen orientation to President Obama, his energy policies, and to federal and local governments.ConclusionThese results are important in the context of previous assertions that energy policy and its regulatory character have changed over time and remain highly partisan and politically polarized. Additionally, citizen patterns of orientation, including measures of affect as encapsulated by the affect heuristic, also provide citizens with important shortcuts when developing attitudes toward the three policies.
Moralizing to the Choir: The Moral Foundations of American Clergy*
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Friesen Amanda 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveIn order to understand the role of clergy in shaping Americans’ moral worldviews, we examine whether the structure of clergy values varies in systematic ways according to contextual factors, such as disagreement in the congregation.MethodIn early 2014 (February), clergy from a variety of Protestant denominations were contacted by email and invited to complete a survey online, which included a 20‐item moral foundations (MFs) battery as well as a variety of attitudinal, behavioral, and relational measures.ResultsClergy MFs resemble average citizens’, they look to preserve their autonomy by emphasizing individualizing foundations when they are in disagreement with their congregation, and emphasize MFs that align with their religious beliefs, especially their views on religious authority.ConclusionWe reject a special religious emphasis on binding foundations. While clergy take moral positions that reflect their theological commitments, we find evidence of contextualizing in how they weight moral positions.
Particulate Matter Exposure and Stress Hormone Levels
Authors: Li Huichu , Cai Jing , Chen Renjie , Zhao Zhuohui , Ying Zhekang , Wang Lin , Chen Jianmin , Hao Ke , Kinney Patrick L. , Chen Honglei , Kan Haidong 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes, but potential mechanisms are largely unknown. Metabolomics represents a powerful approach to study global metabolic changes in response to environmental exposures. We therefore conducted this study to investigate changes in serum metabolites in response to the reduction of PM exposure among healthy college students.

Methods:
We conducted a randomized, double-blind crossover trial in 55 healthy college students in Shanghai, China. Real and sham air purifiers were placed in participants’ dormitories in random order for 9 days with a 12-day washout period. Serum metabolites were quantified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Between-treatment differences in metabolites were examined using orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis and mixed-effect models. Secondary outcomes include blood pressure, corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Results:

The average personal exposure to PMs with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm was 24.3 μg/m
3
during the real purification and 53.1 μg/m
3
during the sham purification. Metabolomics analysis showed that higher exposure to PMs with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm led to significant increases in cortisol, cortisone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Between-treatment differences were also observed for glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and lipids. We found significantly higher blood pressure, hormones, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation among individuals exposed to higher PMs with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that higher PM may induce metabolic alterations that are consistent with activations of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes, adding potential mechanistic insights into the adverse health outcomes associated with PM. Furthermore, our study demonstrated short-term reductions in stress hormone following indoor air purification.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02712333.
Factors Associated with the Climate Change Vulnerability and the Adaptive Capacity of People with Disability: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gaskin Cadeyrn J. , Taylor Davina , Kinnear Susan , Mann Julie , Hillman Wendy , Moran Monica 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
People with disability experience multidimensional inequalities, which heighten their vulnerability to climate change. An understanding of the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of people with disability can be gained through considering how they have fared during the types of events associated with climate change, such as droughts, floods, heat waves, hurricanes, and wildfires. A systematic review was conducted to identify factors associated with climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity of people with disability. Papers were sourced from 12 electronic databases, the Google search engine, the websites of 21 organizations, and the reference lists of included papers; 34 papers (relating to 28 studies) met the selection criteria. Most studies were located in the United States, and almost half were focused on hurricane events. Factors contributing to vulnerability included personal factors (e.g., female gender, uncoupled or living alone, nonwhite ethnicity, and low income), environmental factors (commonly, limited practical support from government agencies and disability organizations), bodily impairments (cognitive impairments, hearing impairments, progression of impairments, relapse/exacerbation of symptoms, and thermoregulation difficulties), and activity limitations and participation restrictions (limited preparedness, difficulties with evacuation, and difficulties reassembling individual accommodations and repairing or replacing adaptive equipment). Factors relating to their adaptive capacity included personal factors (e.g., formal education), environmental factors (practical support from mainstream organizations, disability organizations, family, and friends), and activities and participation (emergency planning, keeping an emergency pack, and seeking information). People with disability are vulnerable to climate change largely due to inequalities and their exclusion from adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Related factors of outcomes of pharyngeal foreign bodies in children
Authors: Huang Zhenghua , Li Peng , Xie Lisheng , Li Jing , Zhou Honggen , Li Qi 
Published: August 2017

Objective: This study aimed to identify factors related to outcomes of the pharyngeal foreign bodies in children and to improve the management protocol of this disease. Methods: The medical records of 131 children with pharyngeal foreign bodies hospitalized in the hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Significant differences were observed between the two groups (dislodgement and removal group) with respect to location of pharyngeal foreign bodies and age, while sex, time of pharyngeal foreign bodies, and nature of pharyngeal foreign bodies had no significant differences. Moreover, results suggested that location of pharyngeal foreign bodies and nature of pharyngeal foreign bodies were risk factors correlated with complications. Conclusion: Pharyngeal foreign body in children has a high rate of dislodgement (>50%). Foreign bodies in the oropharynx were more likely to dislodge compared with the foreign bodies in the laryngopharynx. Younger children were more likely to dislodge compared with older children. Although the risk of complications was very low, attention needs to be paid to the potential risks: local infection, deep abscess, and migration of foreign bodies. Because the possibility of complications caused by bone fragments and foreign bodies in the laryngopharynx increase obviously, hence, it is suggested to remove these kinds of foreign bodies as soon as possible to prevent complications.