bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscular Contraction following rapid Electrical Stimulation of Central Nervous System
Authors: Haycraft John Berry 
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)Kronecker, Hall, Schäfer, Horsley, and others have found, when stimulating the spinal cord with rapid induced currents (ten, twenty, thirty, forty times per second), that the muscles always responded by giving a curve showing oscillations of one invariable period, no matter what the period of the stimulation may have been. With rapid stimulation, the muscles in the hands of the first named observers gave oscillations of twenty a second, in the hands of the latter observers of ten a second. These results are to be explained in the following way. When the central nervous system is stimulated, the muscles contract but never smoothly, for local fascicular movement, as the author has elsewhere shown, always occurring. These cause the registering apparatus to oscillate at its own period, just as any swinging body may be kept in motion by occasional disturbances. We can thus explain how each observer obtained the same number of oscillations every time he stimulated the nervous system; it was because he used the same recording apparatus each time. We can also see that the different periods observed by different observers are due to the fact that they each used a different recording apparatus. The author finds that on changing the recording apparatus (lever or tambour) the tracing obtained can be changed at will, and is practically a tracing of the oscillating period of the instrument used.
A New Method for Determining Phosphorus in Organic Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Letts E. A. , Blake R. F. 
Published: June 2016

In the phosphines and their derivatives, which we have investigated from, time to time, considerable uncertainty has always attended the determinations of phosphorus by the ordinary methods recommended for the purpose. In fact, we never felt any confidence in the result, for no matter how carefully the determinations were made, duplicate analyses led to different numbers.The uncertainty depends partly upon the difficulty of oxidising the phosphorus in such compounds to phosphoric acid. For, as a rule, in any dry combustion process which may be employed, volatile oxidation products, containing phosphorus, are formed of great stability, which frequently pass over the red-hot oxidising mixture almost unchanged. Moreover, the glass of the tube is attacked by the oxidising mixture, and this undoubtedly leads to inaccuracies, probably of considerable magnitude.
Equation of the Glissette of the Two-term Oval , and Cognate Curves
Authors: M'Laren  
Published: June 2016

The first step is to find an expression for the distances λ, μ, of the centre of the oval from the guides. These distances are to be found separately, beginning with λ.For this purpose it is indifferent whether we consider the oval as moving in contact with the guides, or whether we consider the guides as variable tangents moving round the circumference of the oval. On the latter supposition, the extremity of λ is evidently the locus of the foot of the perpendicular on the tangent of the oval, whose equation is given in the title.
On the Temperature of the Salt and Fresh Water Lochs of the West of Scotland, at Different Depths and Seasons, during the Years 1887 and 1888
Authors: Murray John 
Published: June 2016

The temperature observations recorded in this communication were all taken from the yacht “Medusa,” except those in Loch Morar, which were made from a small rowing-boat, but the sameinstruments and the same methods were used as in the other lochs.All observations beneath the surface were made by means of Messrs Negretti & Zambra's reversing thermometer in the Scottish frame. The readings are published as they were observed, except that the instrumental correction is applied. The readings may, as a rule, be taken as exact to one-tenth of a degree when the sea was smooth, and when the temperature of water and air had a range less than six degrees. Experiments have shown that if a thermometer be reversed in water at 40°·0, and then brought to the temperature of 46°·0, it would change its indication slightly, and would read 40°·1. At first sight it would appear sufficient to subtract 0°·1 from the reading for each 6° of excess of air temperature over that registered by the instrument, and to add similarly in case the air temperature should be lower. This has not been done, because it was believed that, in summer at least, the cooling caused by evaporation from the wet instrument would reduce its temperature very considerably, and probably enough to make no correction necessary.
Molecular Dynamics of a Crystal
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. The object of this communication is to partially realise the hope expressed at the end of my paper of July 1 and July 15, 1889, on the “Molecular Constitution of Matter”:—“The mathematical investigation must be deferred for a future communication, when I hope to give it with some further developments.” The italics are of present date.Following the ideas and principles suggested in §§ 14–20 of that paper (referred to henceforth for brevity as M. C. M.), let us first find the work required to separate all the atoms of a homogeneous assemblage of a great number n of molecules to infinite distances from one another. Each molecule may be a single atom, or it may be a group of i atoms (similar to one another or dissimilar, as the case may be) which makes the whole assemblage a group of i assemblages, each of n single atoms.
On the General Scalar Function of a Vector
Authors: Maclagan-Wedderburn J. H. 
Published: June 2016

The general scalar function of a vector ρ may evidently be written in the formwhere α1 … αn are constant vectors, each term being homogeneous in ρ. If the factors of each term of any one of the brackets be permuted in every possible way, i.e., in |r ways (where r is the degree of the set of terms chosen), it can be written in the formwhere φρr−1 is a vector function of ρ of the (r − l)th degree, the index (r − 1) serving merely to indicate the degree of the function. This notation will be found to lead to no confusion, and to have great advantages. Since the variable ρ occurs in φ along with each vector α, and also these vectors have been arranged in every possible way, it follows that, if in each term of φ we replace s of the ρ's by any other vector σ in such a way that the order of occurrence of the ρ's and the σ's is the same in each term, then the final result is independent of that order; that is to say,
On the Equation of a Pair of Tangents to a Conic
Authors: Anglin A. H. 
Published: June 2016

The equation to the pair of tangents from the point (x′, y′) to the conic φ(x, y) = 0 is usually obtained in the formwhere T = 0 is the equation to the chord of contact. This equation admits of reduction; and we propose to obtain the reduced form independently, and to supply its geometrical interpretation.
Seiches observed in Loch Ness
Authors: Maclagan-Wedderburn E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe first observations on seiches in Scotland were made last summer by members of the Lake Survey, the differences in level having been measured by a foot-rule. A Sarasin limnograph was procured by the Survey and was set up at Fort Augustus on Loch Ness in June of this year, and has been recording since then, with only a few stoppages. The biggest seiche so far recorded had an amplitude of about 9 cm. The boat-house of St Benedict's Abbey, kindly put at Sir John Murray's disposal by the Lord Abbot, gave shelter to the instrument both from wind and waves.
Effect of Transverse Magnetization on the Resistance of Nickel at High Temperatures
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn a previous communication it was pointed out that the effect of transverse magnetization on the resistance of nickel wire was inappreciable in fields below 500 C.G.S. units, thereby differing from the case of longitudinal magnetization, in which the effect was easily measurable in fields below 20. The reason of this is no doubt to be referred to the thinness of the wire in the direction of the magetizing force. To measure the effect of transverse magnetization it was necessary to form a fiat coil and insert it between the poles of a powerful electro-magnet. Considerable difficulty was experienced in winding this coil with interwound asbestos insulation, for great care had to be taken that no part of the wire cut the lines of force obliquely, otherwise there would be a resolved component of longitudinal effect, which in certain cases might altogether mask the effect looked for. The coil used in the final experiments was suitable in all respects. It was coiled between glass plates, the successive coils being separated by threads of asbestos. Round the coil another coil (of Beacon wire) was wound anti-inductively, so that any current passing through it would have no magnetic action upon the nickel wire inside. By varying the current in this external coil I was able to heat the nickel to any desired temperature up to 400° C. In any one experiment the final temperature came to a steady state, and not till this state was reached was it possible to begin the observations on the resistance change. This was measured in the manner already described in my paper on the effect of longitudinal magnetization, and it will suffice meanwhile to call attention to a remarkable result obtained when the temperature approached that at which nickel ceases to be strongly magnetic.
The Sum of the Signed Primary Minors of a Determinant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) The fundamental propositions in regard to the sum of the signed primary minors of a determinant are—(A) An expression for the negative sum of the signed primary minors of any determinant is got by taking a determinant of the next higher order whose first element is zero with the given determinant for complementary minor, and whose remaining elements are units all positive or all negative.
XX.—On Energy Accelerations and Partition of Energy
Authors: Follet C. W. 
Published: June 2016

In the volume of the Arch. Néerlandaises for 1900, Dr Bryan discussed the investigation of the distribution of the velocities of a dynamical system for a stationary state from probability considerations.He suggested the method of obtaining expressions for the second differential coefficients with respect to the time of squares and products of velocities such as enter into the expression for the kinetic energy, and finding from them equations of energy equilibrium, as well as conditions of stability for the stationary state.He applied the method to a few simple examples, and indicated in these the preponderance of conditions for non-equipartition of energy.
XXVII.—On the Effect of Internal Friction in Cases of Compound Stress
Authors: Gulliver G. H. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe minimum resistance to deformation, and the inclination of the surfaces of sliding, are given for any system of stress in a body, supposing internal friction to be operative.The effect of internal friction in various cases of combined loading, and the value of the coefficient have been calculated from experimental data. The results do not allow of a definite value being assigned to μ for steel.Certain differences in the behaviour of ductile and of brittle bodies, when loaded, are pointed out.An expression for the equivalent bending moment of a shaft submitted to simultaneous bending and twisting, when internal friction is allowed for, is given.
XI.—Note on a Continuant of Cayley's of the Year 1874
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) In a “Note sur une formule d'intégration indéfinie” of the year 1874, Cayley has occasion to use a determinant of a very peculiar structure, whose value when of the (n + l)th order is[a]r in the development of this standing for
XII.—On the Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part IV. Restorations of the Vascular Cryptogams, and discussion of their bearing on the General Morphology of the Pteridophyta and the Origin of the Organisation of Land-Plants. Part V. The Thallophyta occurring in the Peat Bed; the Succession of the Plants throughout a Vertical Section of the Bed, and the Conditions of Accumulation and Preservation of the Deposit
Authors: Kidston R. , Lang W. H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPART IV.—This paper concludes the authors’ account of the Vascular Cryptogams found in the Rhynie deposit. Restorations of the four plants, Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani, R. major, Hornea Lignieri, and Asteroxylon Mackiei, are given. A few additional features, supplementary to the descriptions of these plants in the preceding papers of the series, are described and illustrated. The hemispherical projections of Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani are shown to have originated underneath stomata. A comparison is made between them and certain intumescences in existing plants. Areas of necrosis and marked wound-reactions of the tissues around them are described for both species of Rhynia. The apex of a stem of R. major is figured. For Asteroxylon additional figures are given of a large rhizome, of the leaf-arrangement and immature structure of the stem in the region of a shoot-apex, and of the longitudinal markings on the epidermal cells resembling those found in Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani. The discussion summarises the authors’ views on the main bearings of the facts described in Parts 1–4 on various problems in plant morphology.PART V.—The Thallophyta occurring in the peat bed; the succession of the plants throughout a vertical section of the bed, and the conditions of accumulation and preservation of the deposit.
XVI.—Note on Conditions for Mirage on the Queensferry Road
Authors: Ramage Alex. G. 
Published: June 2016

The surface of the Queensferry Road, from about the bend above Blackhall, past Marchfield, and on towards Cramond Bridge, was remade in the spring 1919.It was made in the modern fashion for a motoring road, with road metal and liberal supplies of bitumen, and small pieces of quartz scattered on top of the bitumen, the whole being rolled by steam roller.
On the Law of Elastic Fatigue
Authors: Peddie W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper a discussion of the mode of description of the linear paths in the (log b, n) diagram—described in previous papers—was given. It was shown that the assumption that fatigue was induced by oscillation of a wire enabled one, in almost all cases, to predict accurately the mode of description of these paths. In a few cases, however, when the condition of the wire was such that the critical angle fell within the range of experimentally observed angles of oscillation, the mode of description of the linear paths agreed with the supposition that oscillation diminished fatigue. The truth of this supposition seemed also to be confirmed by the observed rate of decrease of oscillations in these cases; but further experimental evidence is required to fully test the point.
Contributions to the Craniology of the People of India. Part II.—The Aborigines of Chútá Nágpúr, of the Central Provinces and the people of Orissa
Authors: Turner William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis part of my memoir on the crania of the people of India is especially occupied with a description of the hill tribes in the Lower provinces of Bengal and the Central provinces. It is based on an examination of a number of crania, the majority of which were placed at my disposal by the authorities of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Some belonged to tribes speaking dialects of the Kolarian group of languages; others of the Dravidian group.
Note on a Proposition given by Jacobi in his “De determinantibus functionalibus.”
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) The proposition in question is stated as follows:— “Ponamus (enim) inter quantitates, x, x1, …, xndatas esse totidem aequationesin quibus α, α1 … sint Constantes: dico Determinansnon mutare valorem si functiones f, f1, …, fn varias subeant mutationes quales per aequationes propositas subire possunt, ita tamen ut funetioni alicui fi transmutandae non ipsa adhibeatur aequatio f1 = aj.”
VI.—A Further Study of the Diets of Labouring Class Families in Glasgow in War Time
Authors: Ferguson Margaret I. H. 
Published: June 2016

Throughout 1915 and 1916 a study was made of the dietaries of forty-seven labouring class families in Glasgow, and in February 1917, shortly after the publication of the Devonport Voluntary Ration, ten of the original families were investigated for a second time. The results of all these studies were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxxvii, p. 117, 1917.In November 1917, after nine months of voluntary rationing, after the price of bread had been reduced from to per 2 lbs., and just before the introduction of the Rhondda Voluntary Ration, the diets of eight of the families were studied for a third time.
XVIII.—Sunset and Twilight Curves, and Related Phenomena.
Authors: Sommerville D. M. Y. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1.THE objects of the present paper are, first, to describe certain curves which approximate to the graphs of the time of sunset (or sunrise) and end of twilight (or daybreak) all the year round for various latitudes; second, to tabulate the yearly phenomena of light and darkness for different latitudes under various conditions.The time of sunset depends upon the latitude and the sun's declination,and the extent of its variations depends upon the obliquity of the ecliptic. The extent of the variations of twilight depends also upon a certain angle a, which is the maximum depression of the sun's centre below the horizon for which the light reflected by the upper strata of the atmosphere is sensible.
XXX.—On the Theory of the Leaking Microbarograph; and on some Observations made with a Triad of Dines-Shaw Instruments.
Authors: Chrystal  
Published: June 2016

THE minor fluctuations of the atmospheric pressure are now engaging the close attention of meteorologists, and my own attention has been drawn to them on account of their connection with the oscillations of lake-surfaces generally known since Forel's investigations under the name of seiches.As these fluctuations often do not exceed a millimetre or two of water, they are not shown by the ordinary self-registering apparatus. In order to record them we may use a specially sensitive form of barograph, such as the Richard statoscope, which is delicate enough to show these small fluctuations, and yet can be brought back to a momentary zero whenever the indicator threatens to go off the scale or beyond the limits of safety. There are, however, two objections to this method of measurement.
XXXII.—On the Effects on the Metabolism of Chloroform Administered by Different Channels.
Authors: Paton D. Noël 
Published: June 2016

DEATH under the administration of chloroform as an anæsthetic is an accident which, although fortunately rare, is well known to all; but the occurrence of a late poisoning, sometimes manifesting itself several days after the administration of the drug, is less well recognised. This too is rare, but its occurrence indicates the very profound effect which such a drug may exercise upon living tissues.A very large amount of work has been done upon the immediate influence of chloroform upon the nervous system and upon the circulatory and respiratory mechanisms, but few observations on its more lasting effects upon the general metabolism have been recorded.
V.—Solution in Multiple Series of a Type of Generalised Hypergeometric Equation
Authors: MacRobert T. M. 
Published: June 2016

The differential equationwhere θ denotes the operator xd/dx has p + 1 solutions valid for | x | < 1.These may be denoted byandwhere r = 1, 2, …, p, and the asterisk signifies that the expression ρr − ρr + 1 is omitted.
XIII.—Expressions for Generalised Hypergeometric Functions in Multiple Series
Authors: MacRobert T. M. 
Published: June 2016

In a recent paper (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. lix, 1939, pp. 49–54) expressions in multiple series with argument 1 – z were found for Generalised Hypergeometric Functions of the typewhere p > 1. These formulæ are generalisations of known formulæ for the ordinary hypergeometric function F(α, β; ρ; z), and they are established by induction. The same method will be here employed to obtain generalisations of other known formulæ, these generalisations being in the form of multiple series.
XV.—On Non-Associative Combinations
Authors: Etherington I. M. H. 
Published: June 2016

Numerous combinatory problems arise in connection with a set of elements subject to a non-associative process of composition—let us say of multiplication—commutative or non-commutative.Non-associative products may be classified according to their shape. By the shape of a product I mean the manner of association of its factors without regard to their identity. Shapes will be called commutative or non-commutative according to the type of multiplication under consideration. Thus if multiplication is non-commutative, the products (AB.C)D and (BA.C)D are distinct but have the same shape, while D(AB.C) has a different shape. The three expressions, however, have the same commutative shape. I confine attention to products (like these) in which the factors are combined only two at a time.
IV.—Note on a Perforated Silica Plate for excluding Flame Gases from a Crucible during Ignition
Authors: Cumming Alexander Charles 
Published: June 2016

The device shown in the accompanying sketch has been in use in the Chemistry Department of the University of Edinburgh for some time. It consists of a silica plate, 5 inches square, with a hole bored in it of such size as to admit a crucible to one-half of its depth. The silica plate is held in an inclined position by a clamp.By this means the flame gases are excluded from the interior of the crucible during an ignition. With this device calcium carbonate in a platinum crucible is quickly reduced to oxide with a good bunsen burner, while with a Mecker burner the reduction is complete in a few minutes even when a porcelain crucible is used. The device is also useful for cases such as the ignition of nickel oxide, where there is a danger of reduction. For the estimation of sulphur in coal some such device is absolutely necessary to exclude the flame gases.
VII.—The Absorption of Light by Inorganic Salts. No. V.: Copper and the Alkali Metals
Authors: Houstoun R. A. 
Published: June 2016

The research described in this article was undertaken with the double purpose of testing new apparatus and of making a rapid survey of the absorption of light by salts of the first periodic group.The results described in the previous articles were obtained by three separate methods, viz. the thermopile in the infra-red, the spectrophotometer in the visible spectrum, and the photographic spectrophotometer in the ultra-violet. It would be a great simplification if the same apparatus could be used throughout the whole spectrum, and I therefore first of all devoted my attention to seeing if this were practicable.
XXIX.—On Novel Illustrations of Gyrostatic Action
Authors: Gray James G. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper are described some new spinning-tops, gyrostatic apparatus, and illustrations of gyrostatic action devised by the author in the course of the last nine months. The apparatus has been built in the workshops of the Natural Philosophy Institute of the University of Glasgow, and has been employed in illustrating the lectures on rotational motion delivered in the Natural Philosophy classes in the course of the session just closed.Fig. 1 shows a model aeroplane fitted with a small gyrostat in the position of the propeller. The gyrostat is therefore fixed on the front of the aeroplane with the plane of its flywheel at right angles to the length of the machine. The flywheel of the gyrostat, so fitted, represents exactly the rotor of the engine and the propeller of an actual aeroplane.