bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kola Nut as a Symbol of Welcome Among the Igede of Benue State
Authors: Adega Andrew Philips 
Published: October 2016

The concepts hospitality and welcome are closely related if not synonymous. Both concepts connote friendly behaviours to guests or a person who has just arrived one’s place on a short or long term visit. Thus, if a host is happy with a visit, he/she is normally glad and expresses his/her gladness by the manner the guest is treated. As such, someone who is welcome is gladly accepted in a place. The fact that Africans are hospitable and welcome guests in their midst and abode is uncontestable. Various ethnic nationalities in Africa have different ways of saying welcome to their guests/visitors. For the Tiv of Central Nigeria, any of a piece of roasted yam, groundnuts, ginger, garden eggs, water and smoking pipe (for smokers) symbolises welcome. To the Idoma and Igala of Central Nigeria, it is Kunu (gruel) and water respectively. The paper established that for the Igede of Oju and Obi Local Government Areas of Benue State, Kola nut symbolises welcome. Therefore, the Igede way of expressing greetings to guests and showing that such guests are accepted is to offer them kola nut. This clearly depicts that the Igede are glad that such a visitor has come. Also, the Igede gives kola nuts in odd numbers to their guest because even numbers are reserved for royalties (kings/chiefs). The paper also established that palm wine, soft drinks and any other form of alcoholic drinks accompany the kola to “wash” it down the throat. This paves the way for fruitful discussions and cross-fertilization of ideas. The Igede belief that only the elders can break kola nut hence they are the only ones by virtue of the wisdom, who understand the language of kola nut and the spirits. Thus, Kola nut has both social and religious implications. The paper calls for the preservation of African cultural values on hospitality for the maintenance of peace, growth and developing of African societies.Key Words: symbol, kola nut, Igede
Appointment Lead Time Policy Development to Improve Patient Access to Care
Authors: Bach Sarah , Huang Yu-Li 
Published: October 2016

Summary
Background Patient access to care has been a known and continuing struggle for many health care providers. In spite of appointment lead time policies set by government or clinics, the problem persists. Justification for how lead time policies are determined is lacking.
Objectives This paper proposed a data-driven approach for how to best set feasible appointment target lead times given a clinic’s capacity and appointment requests.
Methods The proposed approach reallocates patient visits to minimize the deviation between actual appointment lead time and a feasible target lead time. A step-by-step algorithm was presented and demonstrated for return visit (RV) and new patient (NP) types from a Pediatric clinic excluding planned visits such as well-child exam and the same day urgent appointments. The steps are: 1. Obtain appointment requests; 2. Initialize a target lead time; 3. Set up an initial schedule; 4. Check the feasibility based on appointment availability; 5. Adjust schedule backward to fill appointment slots earlier than the target; 6. Adjust schedule forward for appointments not able to be scheduled earlier or on target to the later slots; 7. Trial different target lead times until the difference between earlier and later lead time is minimized.
Results The results indicated a 59% lead time reduction for RVs and a 45% reduction for NPs. The lead time variation was reduced by 75% for both patient types. Additionally, the opportunity for the participating clinic to achieve their organization’s goal of a two-week lead time for RVs and a twoday lead time for NPs is discussed by adjusting capacity to increase one slot for NP and reduce one slot for RV.
Conclusions The proposed approach and study findings may help clinics identify feasible appointment lead times.
Citation: Huang Y, Bach SM. Appointment lead time policy development to improve patient access to care.
Orbital control on the timing of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous
Authors: Batenburg Sietske J. , De Vleeschouwer David , Sprovieri Mario , Hilgen Frederik J. , Gale Andrew S. , Singer Brad S. , Koeberl Christian , Coccioni Rodolfo , Claeys Philippe , Montanari Alessandro 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The oceans at the time of the Cenomanian–Turonian transition were abruptly perturbed by a period of bottom-water anoxia. This led to the brief but widespread deposition of black organic-rich shales, such as the Livello Bonarelli in the Umbria–Marche Basin (Italy). Despite intensive studies, the origin and exact timing of this event are still debated. In this study, we assess leading hypotheses about the inception of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world by providing a 6 Myr long astronomically tuned timescale across the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. We procure insights into the relationship between orbital forcing and the Late Cretaceous carbon cycle by deciphering the imprint of astronomical cycles on lithologic, physical properties, and stable isotope records, obtained from the Bottaccione, Contessa and Furlo sections in the Umbria–Marche Basin. The deposition of black shales and cherts, as well as the onset of oceanic anoxia, is related to maxima in the 405 kyr cycle of eccentricity-modulated precession. Correlation to radioisotopic ages from the Western Interior (USA) provides unprecedented age control for the studied Italian successions. The most likely tuned age for the base of the Livello Bonarelli is 94.17 ± 0.15 Ma (tuning 1); however, a 405 kyr older age cannot be excluded (tuning 2) due to uncertainties in stratigraphic correlation, radioisotopic dating, and orbital configuration. Our cyclostratigraphic framework suggests that the exact timing of major carbon cycle perturbations during the Cretaceous may be linked to increased variability in seasonality (i.e. a 405 kyr eccentricity maximum) after the prolonged avoidance of seasonal extremes (i.e. a 2.4 Myr eccentricity minimum). Volcanism is probably the ultimate driver of oceanic anoxia, but orbital periodicities determine the exact timing of carbon cycle perturbations in the Late Cretaceous. This unites two leading hypotheses about the inception of oceanic anoxia in the Late Cretaceous greenhouse world.
Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de magisterio y sus creencias acerca de la educación preventiva
Authors: Fernández Cruz Manuel , Gijón Puerta José , Lizarte Simón Emilio Jesús 
Published: October 2016

ResumenLa realización de programas escolares de prevención de consumo de drogas se ha demostrado eficaz en el control de hábitos de adicción en la población juvenil. El éxito de los programas preventivos descansa, en buena parte, en la capacitación de los docentes que los desarrollan y sus propias creencias sobre el consumo de drogas. Otro factor que puede estar relacionado con el éxito de los programas, es la experiencia del propio docente en el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. En este artículo se explora la relación entre hábitos de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas ilegales de futuros docentes (estudiantes de magisterio de la Universidad de Granada) y las creencias falsas sobre prevención de la drogadicción en la escuela que mantienen. AbstractConducting educational programs to prevent drug use has proven effective in controlling addiction habits among young people. The success of prevention programs rests largely on the training of teachers and their own beliefs about drug use. Another factor that may be related to the success of the programs is teacher's own experience in the use of psychoactive substances. In this article we explore the relationship between tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs consumption habits of future teachers (education students at the University of Granada) and the false beliefs about drug prevention at schools they have.
Oncostatin M-Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Paracrine Effects of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Authors: Lan Ying-Wei , Theng Si-Min , Huang Tsung-Teng , Choo Kong-Bung , Chen Chuan-Mu , Kuo Han-Pin , Chong Kowit-Yu 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely considered for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis based on the anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiapoptotic, and regenerative properties of the cells. Recently, elevated levels of oncostatin M (OSM) have been reported in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a pulmonary fibrosis animal model and in patients. In this work, we aimed to prolong engrafted MSC survival and to enhance the effectiveness of pulmonary fibrosis transplantation therapy by using OSM-preconditioned MSCs. OSM-preconditioned MSCs were shown to overexpress type 2 OSM receptor (gp130/OSMRβ) and exhibited high susceptibility to OSM, resulting in upregulation of the paracrine factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Moreover, OSM-preconditioned MSCs enhanced cell proliferation and migration, attenuated transforming growth factor-β1- or OSM-induced extracellular matrix production in MRC-5 fibroblasts through paracrine effects. In bleomycin-induced lung fibrotic mice, transplantation of OSM-preconditioned MSCs significantly improved pulmonary respiratory functions and downregulated expression of inflammatory factors and fibrotic factors in the lung tissues. Histopathologic examination indicated remarkable amelioration of the lung fibrosis. LacZ-tagged MSCs were detected in the lung tissues of the OSM-preconditioned MSC-treated mice 18 days after post-transplantation. Taken together, our data further demonstrated that HGF upregulation played an important role in mediating the therapeutic effects of transplanted OSM-preconditioned MSCs in alleviating lung fibrosis in the mice.
Affordability of adult HIV/AIDS treatment in developing countries: modelling price determinants for a better insight of the market functioning
Authors: Sagaon‐Teyssier Luis , Singh Sauman , Dongmo‐Nguimfack Boniface , Moatti Jean‐Paul 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionThis study aims to provide a landscape of the global antiretroviral (ARV) market by analyzing the transactional data on donor‐funded ARV procurement between 2003 and 2015, and the ARV price determinants.DesignThe data were obtained from the Global Price Reporting Mechanism (GPRM) managed by the AIDS Medicines and Diagnostics Service of the WHO, and it consists of information that covers approximately 80% of the total donor‐funded adult ARV transactions procurement.MethodsExWorks prices and procured quantities were standardized according to the guidelines in terms of yearly doses. Descriptive statistics on quantities and prices show the main trends of the ARV market. Ordinary least squares estimation was carried out for the whole sample, then stratified according to the type of supplier (originator and generic) and controlled for time and geographical fixed‐effects. Given that analyses were carried out on a public dataset on ARV transactional prices from the GPRM, ethics are respected and consent was not necessary.ResultsOriginator medicines are on average the least expensive in the sub‐Saharan Africa region, where at the same time, generic medicines are on average the most expensive. By contrast, originator medicines are the most expensive in Europe and Central Asia, and generic medicines are the least expensive. In fact, the data suggest mixed strategies by ARV suppliers to exploit opportunities for profit maximization and to adapt to the specific conditions of market competition in each region. Our results also suggest that the expiration of patents is not sufficient to boost additional developments in generic competition (at least in the ARV market) and that formal or informal agreements between generic firms may de facto slow down or even reverse long‐term trends towards price decreases.ConclusionsOur findings provide an improved understanding of the ARV market that can help countries strengthen policy measures to increase their bargaining power in price negotiations and the use of TRIPS flexibilities, with a special emphasis on negotiations with generic manufacturers.
Ways to Open Science. Open Research Infrastructures and the role of repositories
Authors: Blumesberger Susanne 
Published: October 2016

Watch the VIDEO of the presentation.The Way to Open Science contains many components. One of these components would be open repositories based on open source software with free access to researchers. Open access policies are essential, as are open infrastructures and open contents. Repositories can support this openness by offering open licenses, open metadata , the possibility to use open formats and open thesauri. Another principal point is transparency. Open peer review should be possible, and the description of processes should also be transparent. Of course, an open license should provide all data types and metadata as well.It is important to help researchers to make their results visible and accessible and to encourage them to publish in OA-Journals and use repositories for the underlying data. Open Access Policies are supporting these efforts. Open data can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose. In order to do so, Open Licenses are required.Also Metadata are important components of the Way to Open Science. Metadata are data about data which should be free of all restrictions on access, structured and based on standards.Open formats are defined by a published specification and are not restricted in their use. They are mainly used by open-source software. Open Thesauruses are freely accessible for everyone without costs and with a free license.Open Processes should be documented, transparent, repeatable and reusable.An open peer review process is also a step forward to Open Science. Authors and referees are no longer anonymous. The whole process and the decision letters are open.Of course Open licenses allow the reuse of any work or data without any restrictions.The lecture will deal with various aspects of open science and focus on the role of repositories – with all chances and challenges.
Residency in white-eared hummingbirds (Hylocharis leucotis) and its effect in territorial contest resolution
Authors: Mendiola-Islas Verónica , Lara Carlos , Corcuera Pablo , Valverde Pedro Luis 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundTerritory owners usually defeat intruders. One explanation for this observation is the uncorrelated asymmetry hypothesis which argues that contests might be settled by an arbitrary convention such as “owners win.” We studied the effect of territorial residency on contest asymmetries in the white-eared hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) in a fir forest from central Mexico.MethodsTwenty white-eared male adult hummingbird territories were monitored during a winter season, recording the territorial behavior of the resident against intruding hummingbirds. The size and quality of the territory were related to the probability that the resident would allow the use of flowers by the intruder. Various generalized models (logistical models) were generated to describe the probabilities of victory for each individual resident depending on the different combinations of three predictor variables (territory size, territory quality, and intruder identity).ResultsIn general, small and low quality territory owners tend to prevent conspecific intruders from foraging at a higher rate, while they frequently fail to exclude heterospecific intruders such as the magnificent hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) or the green violetear hummingbird (Colibri thalassinus) on any territory size. Our results showed that the identity of the intruder and the size and quality of the territory determined the result of the contests, but not the intensity of defense.DiscussionInitially, the rule that “the resident always wins” was supported, since no resident was expelled from its territory during the study. Nevertheless, the resident-intruder asymmetries during the course of a day depended on different factors, such as the size and quality of the territory and, mainly, the identity of the intruders. Our results showed that flexibility observed in contest tactics suggests that these tactics are not fixed but are socially plastic instead and they can be adjusted to specific circumstances.
Stretched exponential relaxation of viscous remanence and magnetic dating of erratic boulders
Authors: Sato T. , Nakamura N. , Nagahama H. , Minoura K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractViscous remanence continuously increases with the duration of reorientation of rocks, and the remanence gets partially overprinted in rocks parallel to the Earth's magnetic field. This overprinted viscous remanence is unblocked at a certain temperature that enables the estimation of the time required for the rock to acquire the magnetism, by assuming the exponential law of Néel's single‐domain theory. However, previous results of dating the rocks by the exponential law have shown older ages than radiometric or cosmogenic exposure ages. Néel's exponential decay law is applicable to a system whose magnetic grains have an identical relaxation time. However, in real systems, the expected behavior is not usually observed because relaxation times vary for individual grains. Moreover, the variation of viscous remanence with the logarithmic law for a distribution of relaxation times is predicted to be concave downward. Here we found that the stretched exponential law, exp{−(t/τ)1 − n} with 0 ≤ n < 1, explains previously published data on viscous decay. The observed stretched exponential relaxation can be interpreted in terms of the global relaxation of a system containing many relaxing species, each of which decays exponentially in time with a specific fixed relaxation rate. Using this law, we derived an extended time‐temperature relationship of magnetite involving the Néel's exponential decay law with n = 0 and a system containing many relaxing times with variable n. The extended time‐temperature relationship shows that the age of a coral tsunami boulder with high anomalous unblocking temperatures can be fitted with an assigned radiometric age.
Vertical overlap of probability density functions of cloud and precipitation hydrometeors
Authors: Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Lim Kyo‐Sun Sunny , Larson Vincent E. , Wong May , Thayer‐Calder Katherine , Ghan Steven J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCoarse‐resolution climate models increasingly rely on probability density functions (PDFs) to represent subgrid‐scale variability of prognostic variables. While PDFs characterize the horizontal variability, a separate treatment is needed to account for the vertical structure of clouds and precipitation. When subcolumns are drawn from these PDFs for microphysics or radiation parameterizations, appropriate vertical correlations must be enforced via PDF overlap specifications. This study evaluates the representation of PDF overlap in the Subgrid Importance Latin Hypercube Sampler (SILHS) employed in the assumed PDF turbulence and cloud scheme called the Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB). PDF overlap in CLUBB‐SILHS simulations of continental and tropical oceanic deep convection is compared with overlap of PDF of various microphysics variables in cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations of the same cases that explicitly predict the 3‐D structure of cloud and precipitation fields. CRM results show that PDF overlap varies significantly between different hydrometeor types, as well as between PDFs of mass and number mixing ratios for each species—a distinction that the current SILHS implementation does not make. In CRM simulations that explicitly resolve cloud and precipitation structures, faster falling species, such as rain and graupel, exhibit significantly higher coherence in their vertical distributions than slow falling cloud liquid and ice. These results suggest that to improve the overlap treatment in the subcolumn generator, the PDF correlations need to depend on hydrometeor properties, such as fall speeds, in addition to the currently implemented dependency on the turbulent convective length scale.
Moisture sorption isotherm characteristics and Taguchi analysis of rice bran extraction parameters
Authors: Chen Hua‐Wei , Hong Gui‐Bing , Chen Zong‐Jiang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis work determined the moisture sorption isotherm of rice bran and investigated the effects of the pre‐treatment method, solvent type, solid–liquid ratio and soaping temperature on extract yield, total phenolic content, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activity assay and 2,2′‐azino‐bis antioxidant capacity assay of rice bran extract. The Taguchi method and L9 (34) orthogonal array were employed in this study. The sorption isotherms of rice bran showed a sigmoidal pattern and displayed type II of van der Waals adsorption. Adsorption and desorption data on rice bran were best fitted using the Henderson model among the six models tested at three temperatures. The net isosteric heat of desorption was higher than the net isosteric heat of adsorption. Based on the analysis of the signal‐to‐noise ratio, solvent selection effected the largest contribution to the overall performance. Confirmation experiments showed that the optimal combination that contained the four quality attributes was appropriate (error margin <5%) and reproducible. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic and staging implications of mandibular canal invasion in lower gingival squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Okura Masaya , Yanamoto Souichi , Umeda Masahiro , Otsuru Mitsunobu , Ota Yoshihide , Kurita Hiroshi , Kamata Takahiro , Kirita Tadaaki , Yamakawa Nobuhiro , Yamashita Tetsuro , Ueda Michihiro , Komori Takahide , Hasegawa Takumi , Aikawa Tomonao ,   Japan Oral Oncology Group
Published: October 2016

AbstractA multi‐institutional study was undertaken to determine whether mandibular canal (MC) invasion and mandibular medullary bone invasion are independent factors in lower gingival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A total of 345 patients with lower gingival SCC were retrospectively reviewed. Mandibular bone invasion was categorized into three types; no bone invasion; invasion through cortical bone (medullary); and MC invasion. The overall survival rate and factors affecting local, regional, and distant failures were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier estimates. Bone invasion was present in 201 (58%) patients, of whom 107 (31%) had medullary invasion and 94 (27%) had MC invasion. Using the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) system, 171 (50%) patients were classified as T4a. When the bone invasion criteria were excluded from the UICC/AJCC system definition, 152 T4a tumors were downstaged and reclassified to T1 in 12 (3%), to T2 in 98 (28%), and to T3 in 42 (12%). In Cox multivariate analysis, MC invasion was an independent predictor of overall survival but medullary bone invasion was not. Medullary bone invasion was an independent variable for distant control. The current T staging system has restricted prognostic utility. The authors recommend a modified T staging system, whereby tumors with MC invasion instead of medullary bone invasion are classified as T4a, and tumors are first classified as T1 to T3 based on size and then upstaged by one T classification in the presence of medullary invasion.