bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive policing: politiewerk aan de hand van voorspellingen
Authors: de Vries A. , Smit S. 
Published: July 2016

From predictive policing to prescriptive policing
Law enforcement around the world, including the Netherlands, is currently experimenting with predictive policing: policing based on crime predictions. Big Data on past crimes and the help of sophisticated machine learning enable police to use reliable predictions about when and where the next offense will take place. If the effectiveness of policing actions is stored in the system, it can also predict which intervention is most effective. This is called prescriptive policing. The authors explain how these methods work, how reliable and effective they are and which associated risks can be identified. The authors emphasize that legal, ethical and organizational safeguards are necessary for a responsible implementation.
Technologie voor opsporing en handhaving
Authors: Custers B. , Vergouw B. 
Published: July 2016

Promising policing technologies. Experiences, obstacles and police needs regarding law enforcement technologies
Police forces and law enforcement agencies in many countries are continuously trying to optimize the use of technologies in policing and law enforcement. Efforts are being made to remove existing technological, legal and organizational obstacles to create more opportunities of promising technologies, both existing and new. This contribution describes the results of a survey among 46 police forces and other law enforcement agencies in eleven countries. Their experiences with policing technologies and their needs and preferences in this regard are described. The prevalence and satisfaction of existing technologies, including wiretapping, fingerprints, DNA research, database coupling, data mining and profiling, camera surveillance and network analyses were investigated. Legal, technological and organizational obstacles for the use of technology in policing were mapped and the extent to which policing technologies are evaluated and yield success stories was investigated. The main obstacles, according to the respondents, are insufficient financial resources and insufficient availability of technology. One in four organizations is lacking any clear, appealing success stories and half of the respondents indicated they were not performing any evaluations on the effectiveness of using particular technologies in policing. As a result, the information available on whether technologies in policing are actually working is very limited.
Reflecties op het verantwoord gebruik van kunstmatige intelligentie
Authors: Dignum M.V. , van den Hoven J. 
Published: July 2016

Reflections on the responsible use of artificial intelligence
The potential perils of robots and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI) have been a subject for discussion since the 1950s. Nevertheless it seems that society is still not prepared for the great impact of the rapid advancement of AI in the last decennium and the many ethical dilemmas involved. How can moral, social and legal values be integrated in the designing process of AI technologies? Is it imaginable that these AI systems would ever be considered as ethical entities? How to control these systems? The authors argue that we should not only analyze these problems, but also reflect on ethics itself. AI has the potential to change the way we live and work. But it is important to introduce restrictions and controls to guarantee our freedom, autonomy and fundamental human rights.
O imperativo da cultura digital: entre novas tecnologias e estudos culturais
Authors: Bortolazzo Sandro Faccin 
Published: July 2016

artigo investiga a produção de uma Cultura Digital atuando como imperativa e articula conceitos que envolvem comunicação e tecnologias. Esta investigação chama atenção para a presença de um regime tecnológico digital considerado imperativo e, muitas vezes, indispensável. Os achados do estudo apontam também para uma Cultura Digital que invade os diversos espaços de sociabilidade, instituindo a integração das tecnologias às diversas atividades cotidianas.Palavras chave: Cultura Digital; Tecnologias Digitais; Estudos Culturais.El imperativo de la cultura digital:entre las nuevas tecnologías y los estudios culturalesResumen: el artigo investiga la producción de una cultura digital que actúa como imperativa y articula conceptos que se relacionan con la comunicación y las tecnologías. Esta investigación pone en relieve la presencia de un régimen tecnológico digital considerado imprescindible e indispensable. Los hallazgos del estudio también apuntan una cultura digital que invade los diferentes espacios de sociabilidad, forjando e instituyendo la integración de las tecnologías en las diversas actividades diarias.Palabras Clave: Cultura Digital; Tecnologias Digitales; Estudios Culturales.The imperative of digital culture Between new technologies and cultural studiesAbstract: the article investigates the production of a Digital Culture acting as imperative and articulates concepts involving communication and technologies. This research draws attention to the presence of a digital technological regime considered imperative and indispensable. The study findings also point to a Digital Culture that invades the different spaces of sociability, forging and instituting the integration of technologies into daily activities.Keywords: Digital Culture; Digital Technologies; Cultural Studies.
Spontaneous In Vivo Chondrogenesis of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells by Blocking Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling
Authors: Marsano Anna , Medeiros da Cunha Carolina M. , Ghanaati Shahram , Gueven Sinan , Centola Matteo , Tsaryk Roman , Barbeck Mike , Stuedle Chiara , Barbero Andrea , Helmrich Uta , Schaeren Stefan , Kirkpatrick James C. , Banfi Andrea , Martin Ivan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can be induced by presenting morphogenetic factors or soluble signals but typically suffers from limited efficiency, reproducibility across primary batches, and maintenance of phenotypic stability. Considering the avascular and hypoxic milieu of articular cartilage, we hypothesized that sole inhibition of angiogenesis can provide physiological cues to direct in vivo differentiation of uncommitted MSCs to stable cartilage formation. Human MSCs were retrovirally transduced to express a decoy soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 (sFlk1), which efficiently sequesters endogenous VEGF in vivo, seeded on collagen sponges and immediately implanted ectopically in nude mice. Although naïve cells formed vascularized fibrous tissue, sFlk1-MSCs abolished vascular ingrowth into engineered constructs, which efficiently and reproducibly developed into hyaline cartilage. The generated cartilage was phenotypically stable and showed no sign of hypertrophic evolution up to 12 weeks. In vitro analyses indicated that spontaneous chondrogenic differentiation by blockade of angiogenesis was related to the generation of a hypoxic environment, in turn activating the transforming growth factor-β pathway. These findings suggest that VEGF blockade is a robust strategy to enhance cartilage repair by endogenous or grafted mesenchymal progenitors. This article outlines the general paradigm of controlling the fate of implanted stem/progenitor cells by engineering their ability to establish specific microenvironmental conditions rather than directly providing individual morphogenic cues.SignificanceChondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) is typically targeted by morphogen delivery, which is often associated with limited efficiency, stability, and robustness. This article proposes a strategy to engineer MSCs with the capacity to establish specific microenvironmental conditions, supporting their own targeted differentiation program. Sole blockade of angiogenesis mediated by transduction for sFlk-1, without delivery of additional morphogens, is sufficient for inducing MSC chondrogenic differentiation. The findings represent a relevant step forward in the field because the method allowed reducing interdonor variability in MSC differentiation efficiency and, importantly, onset of a stable, nonhypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype.
Wide-angle KTa1−
xNbxO3 deflector for swept light source using DC charge technique
Authors: Akiyama Tatsuhiro , Shinagawa Mitsuru , Ueno Masahiro , Sasaki Yuzo , Toyoda Seiji , Sakamoto Tadashi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A 5-pass KTa1−

x
Nb
x
O3 (KTN) deflector based on a DC charge technique for the swept light source of an optical coherence tomography system is proposed. The DC charge technique used in a 3-pass KTN deflector enables us to obtain the long-term stability of the optical power without any degradation of the important features of the swept light source. Experimental results confirm that the coherence length of a swept light source with the 5-pass KTN deflector using the DC charge technique is almost equal to that using a precharge technique reported previously. This means that the DC charge technique does not degrade the coherence length. There are limitation values for applied voltage, the KTN electrode gap, relative dielectric constant, and sweep frequency of the KTN deflector in terms of obtaining long coherence length. We believe that a 7-pass KTN deflector is effective for obtaining a longer coherence length.
Do submesoscale frontal processes ventilate the oxygen minimum zone off Peru?
Authors: Thomsen S. , Kanzow T. , Colas F. , Echevin V. , Krahmann G. , Engel A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Peruvian upwelling system encompasses the most intense and shallowest oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the ocean. This system shows pronounced submesoscale activity like filaments and fronts. We carried out glider‐based observations off Peru during austral summer 2013 to investigate whether submesoscale frontal processes ventilate the Peruvian OMZ. We present observational evidence for the subduction of highly oxygenated surface water in a submesoscale cold filament. The subduction event ventilates the oxycline but does not reach OMZ core waters. In a regional submesoscale‐permitting model we study the pathways of newly upwelled water. About 50% of upwelled virtual floats are subducted below the mixed layer within 5 days emphasizing a hitherto unrecognized importance of subduction for the ventilation of the Peruvian oxycline.
Coseismic slip and early afterslip of the 2015 Illapel, Chile, earthquake: Implications for frictional heterogeneity and coastal uplift
Authors: Barnhart William D. , Murray Jessica R. , Briggs Richard W. , Gomez Francisco , Miles Charles P. J. , Svarc Jerry , Riquelme Sebastian , Stressler Bryan J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGreat subduction earthquakes are thought to rupture portions of the megathrust, where interseismic coupling is high and velocity‐weakening frictional behavior is dominant, releasing elastic deformation accrued over a seismic cycle. Conversely, postseismic afterslip is assumed to occur primarily in regions of velocity‐strengthening frictional characteristics that may correlate with lower interseismic coupling. However, it remains unclear if fixed frictional properties of the subduction interface, coseismic or aftershock‐induced stress redistribution, or other factors control the spatial distribution of afterslip. Here we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar and Global Position System observations to map the distribution of coseismic slip of the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel, Chile, earthquake and afterslip within the first 38 days following the earthquake. We find that afterslip overlaps the coseismic slip area and propagates along‐strike into regions of both high and moderate interseismic coupling. The significance of these observations, however, is tempered by the limited resolution of geodetic inversions for both slip and coupling. Additional afterslip imaged deeper on the fault surface bounds a discrete region of deep coseismic slip, and both contribute to net uplift of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. A simple partitioning of the subduction interface into regions of fixed frictional properties cannot reconcile our geodetic observations. Instead, stress heterogeneities, either preexisting or induced by the earthquake, likely provide the primary control on the afterslip distribution for this subduction zone earthquake. We also explore the occurrence of coseismic and postseismic coastal uplift in this sequence and its implications for recent hypotheses concerning the source of permanent coastal uplift along subduction zones.
From Treatment to Empowerment: New Approaches to Youth Mentoring
Authors: Schwartz Sarah E.O. , Rhodes Jean E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTraditional approaches to formal youth mentoring have focused primarily on improving the lives of “at‐risk” youth through the assignment of individual mentors who are typically disconnected from youth's communities. Similarly, research in the field of formal mentoring has emphasized the dyadic relationship between the mentor and the mentee, with less attention paid to the broader relational contexts in which such relationships unfold. The current paper proposes a new framework that expands the scope of mentoring interventions to include approaches that build on and cultivate informal supports and empower youth to identify and reach out to networks of potential supportive adults, thus increasing the reach of youth mentoring.
Long‐term evolution of multiple sclerosis disability in the treatment era
Authors:   University of California, San Francisco MS‐EPIC Team:, Cree Bruce A. C. , Gourraud Pierre‐Antoine , Oksenberg Jorge R. , Bevan Carolyn , Crabtree‐Hartman Elizabeth , Gelfand Jeffrey M. , Goodin Douglas S. , Graves Jennifer , Green Ari J. , Mowry Ellen , Okuda Darin T. , Pelletier Daniel , von Büdingen H.‐Christian , Zamvil Scott S. , Agrawal Alisha , Caillier Stacy , Ciocca Caroline , Gomez Refujia , Kanner Rachel , Lincoln Robin , Lizee Antoine , Qualley Pamela , Santaniello Adam , Suleiman Leena , Bucci Monica , Panara Valentina , Papinutto Nico , Stern William A. , Zhu Alyssa H. , Cutter Gary R. , Baranzini Sergio , Henry Roland G. , Hauser Stephen L. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo characterize the accrual of long‐term disability in a cohort of actively treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to assess whether clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data used in clinical trials have long‐term prognostic value.MethodsThis is a prospective study of 517 actively managed MS patients enrolled at a single center.ResultsMore than 91% of patients were retained, with data ascertained up to 10 years after the baseline visit. At this last assessment, neurologic disability as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was stable or improved compared to baseline in 41% of patients. Subjects with no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) by clinical and MRI criteria during the first 2 years had long‐term outcomes that were no different from those of the cohort as a whole. 25‐OH vitamin D serum levels were inversely associated with short‐term MS disease activity; however, these levels had no association with long‐term disability. At a median time of 16.8 years after disease onset, 10.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.2–14%) of patients reached an EDSS ≥ 6, and 18.1% (95% CI = 13.5–22.5%) evolved from relapsing MS to secondary progressive MS (SPMS).InterpretationRates of worsening and evolution to SPMS were substantially lower when compared to earlier natural history studies. Notably, the NEDA 2‐year endpoint was not a predictor of long‐term stability. Finally, the data call into question the utility of annual MRI assessments as a treat‐to‐target approach for MS care. Ann Neurol 2016;80:499–510
Simultaneous Identification of Spectral Properties and Sizes of Multiple Particles in Solution with Subnanometer Resolution
Authors: Karabudak Engin , Brookes Emre , Lesnyak Vladimir , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander , Walter Johannes , Segets Doris , Peukert Wolfgang , Wohlleben Wendel , Demeler Borries , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report an unsurpassed solution characterization technique based on analytical ultracentrifugation, which demonstrates exceptional potential for resolving particle sizes in solution with sub‐nm resolution. We achieve this improvement in resolution by simultaneously measuring UV/Vis spectra while hydrodynamically separating individual components in the mixture. By equipping an analytical ultracentrifuge with a novel multi‐wavelength detector, we are adding a new spectral discovery dimension to traditional hydrodynamic characterization, and amplify the information obtained by orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the power of this technique by characterizing unpurified CdTe nanoparticle samples, avoiding tedious and often impossible purification and fractionation of nanoparticles into apparently monodisperse fractions. With this approach, we have for the first time identified the pure spectral properties and band‐gap positions of discrete species present in the CdTe mixture.
N‐Doped Sub‐3 nm Co Nanoparticles as Highly Efficient and Durable Aerobic Oxidative Coupling Catalysts
Authors: Han Junxing , Gu Feifei , Li Yuchao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA nano‐coating associated with sulfuric acid leaching protocol was developed to prepare N‐doped sub‐3 nm Co‐based nanoparticle catalyst (Co−N/C) using melamine–formaldehyde resin as the N‐containing precursor, active carbon as the support, and Co(NO3)2 as the Co‐containing precursor. By thermal treatment under nitrogen atmosphere at 800 °C and leached with sulfuric acid solution, a stable and highly dispersive Co−N coordination structure was uniformly dispersed on the formed Co−N/C catalyst with a Co loading of 0.47 wt % and Co nanoparticle size of 2.55 nm. The Co−N/C catalyst was characterized with XRD, XPS, Raman, SEM, TEM, ICP, and elemental analysis. The Co−N/C catalyst showed extremely high catalytic efficiency with a TON of 257 for the aerobic oxidative coupling of aldehydes with methanol to directly synthesize methyl esters with molecular oxygen as the final oxidant. The Co−N/C catalyst also showed broad substrate range and stable recyclability. After recycling for 7 times, no obvious deactivation was detected. It was confirmed that the sub‐3 nm Co−N coordination structure formed between metallic Co nanoparticles and pyridinic nitrogen doping into graphitic layers functions as the active site to activate molecular oxygen for the β‐H elimination from generated hemiacetal intermediates to produce methyl esters. The nano‐coating associated with acid leaching protocol provides a novel strategy to prepare highly efficient non‐precious metal‐based catalysts.
Standardizing and monitoring the delivery of surgical interventions in randomized clinical trials
Authors: Blencowe N S , Mills N , Cook J A , Donovan J L , Rogers C A , Whiting P , Blazeby J M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
The complexity of surgical interventions has major implications for the design of RCTs. Trials need to consider how and whether to standardize interventions so that, if successful, they can be implemented in practice. Although guidance exists for standardizing non-pharmaceutical interventions in RCTs, their application to surgery is unclear. This study reports new methods for standardizing the delivery of surgical interventions in RCTs.

Methods
Descriptions of 160 surgical interventions in existing trial reports and protocols were identified. Initially, ten reports were scrutinized in detail using a modified framework approach for the analysis of qualitative data, which informed the development of a preliminary typology. The typology was amended with iterative sequential application to all interventions. Further testing was undertaken within ongoing multicentre RCTs.

Results
The typology has three parts. Initially, the overall technical purpose of the intervention is described (exploration, resection and/or reconstruction) in order to establish its constituent components and steps. This detailed description of the intervention is then used to establish whether and how each component and step should be standardized, and the standards documented within the trial protocol. Finally, the typology provides a framework for monitoring the agreed intervention standards during the RCT. Pilot testing within ongoing RCTs enabled standardization of the interventions to be agreed, and case report forms developed to capture deviations from these standards.

Conclusion
The typology provides a framework for use during trial design to standardize the delivery of surgical interventions and document these details within protocols. Application of this typology to future RCTs may clarify details of the interventions under evaluation and help successful interventions to be implemented.
Enhancing the Activity of Platinum‐Based Nanocrystal Catalysts for Organic Synthesis through Electronic Structure Modification
Authors: Kim Minjune , Kim Yena , Kim Yeonjoon , Kwon Yongmin , Ham Kyungrok , Kim Woo Youn , Han Sang Woo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report a systematic study on the correlation of the modified electronic structure of nanocrystal catalysts with the adsorption properties of the substrate and the resultant catalytic activity by using Baeyer–Villiger oxidation catalyzed by composition‐controlled Pt‐based nanocubes (NCs) as a model heterogeneous catalysis reaction. The incorporation of 3d transition metals into Pt to form PtM (M=Zn, Co, and Ni) alloy NCs allowed fine‐tuning of the electronic structure of Pt. PtM NCs with a higher‐lying d band center exhibited higher catalytic performance owing to the enhanced initial activation of the carbonyl group of the substrate. This work emphasizes the importance of fine‐tuning the electronic structure of heterogeneous catalysts to advance their catalytic function.
ChemInform Abstract: Elaboration, Structural Study, and CHARDI and BVS Analysis of a New β‐Na9Cr(MoO4)6 Variant of Alluandite Type.
Authors: Sonni Manel , Marzouki Riadh , Zid Mohamed Faouzi , Souilem Amira 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a mixture of NaNO3, Cr(NO3)3, and (NH4)6Mo7O24 in the molar ratio Na:Cr:Mo = 6:1:4 (973 K, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of NaMgFe(MoO4)3.
Authors: Mhiri Manel , Badri Abdessalem , Ben Amara Mongi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCrystals of the title compound are prepared from HNO3 solutions containing NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, and (NH4)6Mo7O24 with an atomic ratio Na:Mg:Fe:Mo = 5:1:1:7, which are evaporated to dryness followed by heating in air (Pt crucible, 673 K for 24 h, and 1123 K for 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Ir‐Polyoxometalate Cluster Using a Continuous Flow Apparatus and STM Investigation of Its Coassembly Behavior on HOPG Surface.
Authors: Zhang Junyong , Chang Shaoqing , Suryanto Bryan H. R. , Gong Chunhua , Zeng Xianghua , Zhao Chuan , Zeng Qingdao , Xie Jingli 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBlack needle‐like crystals of K12Na2H2 [IrCl8P2W20O72] ·37H2O are prepared in a continuous‐flow reactor from aqueous solutions of IrCl3, Na8[HPW9O34], NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, KCl, and HCl (60 °C, 13% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes Catalyzed by o‐Xylylene‐Type Chiral 1,4‐Amino Alcohols with an Aminal Structure.
Authors: Asami Masatoshi , Hasome Ayano , Yachi Naoyuki , Hosoda Naoya , Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Ito Suguru 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe title reaction affords the corresponding chiral secondary alcohols (III) in high enantioselectivities, especially in reactions using aromatic aldehydes, e.g. (Ia‐c).