bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in spatial and temporal trends in wet, dry, warm and cold spell length or duration indices in Kansas, USA
Authors: Anandhi Aavudai , Hutchinson Stacy , Harrington John , Rahmani Vahid , Kirkham Mary B. , Rice Charles W. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTExtended periods with excessive or no rainfall or high or low temperatures have important implications on the water cycle, can stress ecosystems and can be detrimental to the economy of a region. These periods are generally studied using spell length indicators or duration indices (SDIs). Fourteen SDIs are calculated to study the changes in wet/dry/warm/cold spells using daily precipitation and maximum and minimum air temperature from 23 centennial weather stations spread across Kansas during four time periods (through 1920, 1921–1950, 1951–1980 and 1981–2009) and two temporal scales (annual and seasonal). Among the SDIs, 3 represent wet spells [wet spell length (WetSL); AvWetSL; MaxWetSL]; 3 for dry spells [dry spell length (DrySL); AvDrySL; MaxDrySL]; 4 for warm spells [warm spell length (WarmSL); average warm spell length (AvWarmSL); maximum warm spell length (MaxWarmSL); WarmSDI] and 4 are for cold spells [cold spell length (ColdSL); average cold spell length (AvColdSL); maximum cold spell length (MaxColdSL); ColdSDI]. In general, we observe that Kansas has 57–64 days year−1 in a wet spell; 302–309 days year−1 in a dry spell; ∼47 days year−1 in each warm and cold spells. The average length of a wet/dry spell is ∼1.5 days, while the warm/cold spells are for 2 days. The maximum length of a wet spell is ∼4.4 days, a dry spell is ∼35 days and warm/cold spells is ∼6 days. We found the number of wet days increasing annually. Interestingly, the warm days during winter are increasing with an overall decrease in the days in warm and cold spells across both temporal scales.
T2* mapping of subtalar cartilage: Precision and association between anatomical variants and cartilage composition
Authors: Van Ginckel Ans , De Mits Sophie , Bennell Kim L. , Bryant Adam L. , Witvrouw Erik E. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTHindfoot arthritis is an important contributor to foot pain and physical disability. While the subtalar joint (STJ) is most frequently affected, anatomical variants such as facet configuration were suggested to further STJ cartilage deterioration. T2* mapping enables detection of ultra‐structural cartilage change, particularly in thin cartilage layers, but its feasibility in the STJ has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate segmentation consistency and inter‐scan short‐term precision error of T2* mapping of talocalcaneal cartilage and to investigate the relationship between facet configuration and STJ T2* values. Using 3Tesla morphological magnetic resonance imaging, STJ configuration was categorized according to the degree of fusion between anterior, medial, or posterior facets. Subsequently, two repeats of multi‐echo gradient recalled echo sequences were performed to obtain T2* maps with repositioning. Segmentation consistency of T2* values attained an ICC of 0.90 (95%CI 0.69–0.99). Precision errors comprised a coefficient of variation (CV) ranging 0.01–0.05, corresponding to a root mean square CV of 0.03–0.04. A 2‐joint configuration type (i.e., fused anterior‐medial facets) was significantly associated with a decrease in posterior facet T2* values (β = −0.6, p = 0.046). STJ T2* mapping is a reliable method requiring at least a 4% difference within people to enable detection of significant change. Anatomical variants in STJ configuration were associated with T2* values with the more stable 3‐joint types exhibiting more favorable cartilage outcomes. Longer‐term larger‐scaled studies focusing on arthritis pathology are needed to further support the use of T2* mapping in hindfoot disease monitoring. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1969–1976, 2016.
Health‐promoting bioactivities of betalains from red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton and Rose) peels as affected by carbohydrate encapsulation
Authors: Rodriguez Evelyn B , Vidallon Mark Louis P , Mendoza David Joram R , Reyes Charisse T 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundBetalains, which are red‐purple and yellow pigments, are ideal alternatives to synthetic colorants as they possess strong coloring potential and excellent health‐contributing properties. However, the instability of betalains toward normal storage and biological conditions, in addition to the limited number of betalain sources, impedes their food application and diminishes their bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the health‐promoting bioactivities of betalains from red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton and Rose) peels as affected by encapsulation in maltodextrin–gum Arabic and maltodextrin–pectin matrices.ResultsEncapsulation in maltodextrin–gum Arabic and maltodextrin–pectin matrices afforded dry betalain powders after lyophilization. Optical microscopy imaging showed that the betalain powders consisted of matrix‐type and shard‐like microparticles. ABTS antioxidant assay revealed that maltodextrin–gum Arabic–betalain (MGB) and maltodextrin–pectin–betalain (MPB) microparticles possessed higher antioxidant capacities (195.39 ± 8.63 and 201.76 ± 4.06 µmol Trolox g−1 microparticles respectively) than the non‐encapsulated betalain extract (151.07 ± 2.57 µmol Trolox g−1 extract). Duck embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vascular irritation assay showed that the anti‐inflammatory activity of encapsulated betalains was five‐ to six‐fold higher than that of non‐encapsulated betalains (P ≤ 0.05). Antiangiogenic activity, as evaluated by duck embryo CAM assay, was enhanced two‐ to four‐fold by carbohydrate encapsulation. Glutathione S‐transferase (GST)‐inducing activity of betalains was likewise improved four‐ to five‐fold.ConclusionThe study showed that the antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiangiogenic and GST‐inducing activities of betalains from red dragon fruit peels were enhanced through carbohydrate encapsulation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Glucosinolate composition of Colombian accessions of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón), structural elucidation of the predominant glucosinolate and assessment of its antifungal activity
Authors: Martín Jenny Carolina , Higuera Blanca Ligia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe content of individual and total glucosinolates in 65 mashua tuber accessions (Tropaeolum tuberosum) from the germplasm bank at Universidad Nacional de Colombia was determined by reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography on enzymatically desulfated extracts. The predominant glucosinolate was identified and the possible structure of the glucosinolate present in lower proportion was postulated from evidence obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and bi‐dimensional experiments. The biological action of the hydrolysis products generated from the glucosinolates in the accessions that showed a higher content of these compounds was assessed in the presence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora infestans.RESULTSThe total content of glucosinolates ranged between >3.00 × 10−1 and 25.8 µmol g−1 dry matter. p‐Methoxybenzyl glucosinolate was identified as the predominant glucosinolate in Colombian mashua accessions; besides, the possible presence of p‐hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate was postulated. In vitro assays established an important fungal growth inhibition of the potato pathogen P. infestans.CONCLUSIONThe biological action from p‐methoxybenzyl glucosinolate and p‐hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate found in Colombian mashua accessions depends on their concentration, with the Tt30 accession, characterized for showing the highest content of glucosinolates, being the most promising to control the assessed pathogens. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Emotion Regulation in Sexually Abused Preschoolers: The Contribution of Parental Factors
Authors: Langevin Rachel , Hébert Martine , Allard‐Dansereau Claire , Bernard‐Bonnin Anne‐Claude 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChild sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with emotion regulation deficits in childhood. Parents play a crucial role in the development of emotion regulation in their children, especially at younger ages. Close to 50% of mothers of sexually abused children report having been sexually victimized themselves as children. They are consequently at risk of experiencing significant distress following the disclosure of sexual abuse of their child. Parents' distress could interfere with their ability to provide support and to foster development of emotion regulation in their children. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship of parental factors (history of sexual victimization in childhood and the current level of distress) to sexually abused preschoolers’ emotion regulation competencies. Emotion regulation was assessed in 153 preschoolers by their parents with the Emotion Regulation Checklist; 75 of these children were abused (14 boys); 78 were not abused (21 boys) and were part of a comparison group. Parents reported their level of distress using the Psychiatric Symptom Index. Results indicated that parental factors contributed to some dimensions of preschoolers' emotion regulation (namely displays of underregulation of emotion) above and beyond children's victimization status and gender (Cohen's ƒ2 = .15). Identifying parental distress and history of sexual victimization as positively associated with emotional dysregulation in preschool children victims of CSA has important research and clinical implications.
Comparing the Performance of Three Land Models in Global C Cycle Simulations: A Detailed Structural Analysis
Authors: Rafique Rashid , Xia Jianyang , Hararuk Oleksandra , Leng Guoyong , Asrar Ghassem , Luo Yiqi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLand models are valuable tools to understand the dynamics of global carbon (C) cycle. Various models have been developed and used for predictions of future C dynamics but uncertainties still exist. Diagnosing the models' behaviors in terms of structures can help to narrow down the uncertainties in prediction of C dynamics. In this study three widely used land surface models, namely CSIRO's Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) with 9 C pools, Community Land Model (version 3·5) combined with Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CLM‐CASA) with 12 C pools and Community Land Model (version 4) (CLM4) with 26 C pools were driven by the observed meteorological forcing. The simulated C storage and residence time were used for analysis. The C storage and residence time were computed globally for all individual soil and plant pools, as well as net primary productivity (NPP) and its allocation to different plant components' based on these models. Remotely sensed NPP and statistically derived HWSD, and GLC2000 datasets were used as a reference to evaluate the performance of these models. Results showed that CABLE exhibited better agreement with referenced C storage and residence time for plant and soil pools, as compared with CLM‐CASA and CLM4. CABLE had longer bulk residence time for soil C pools and stored more C in roots, whereas, CLM‐CASA and CLM4 stored more C in woody pools because of differential NPP allocation. Overall, these results indicate that the differences in C storage and residence times in three models are largely because of the differences in their fundamental structures (number of C pools), NPP allocation and C transfer rates. Our results have implications in model development and provide a general framework to explain the bias/uncertainties in simulation of C storage and residence times from the perspectives of model structures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of potential nitrogen‐fixing, green sulfur bacteria in the skeleton of reef‐building coral Isopora palifera
Authors: Yang Shan‐Hua , Lee Sonny T. M. , Huang Chang‐Rung , Tseng Ching‐Hung , Chiang Pei‐Wen , Chen Chung‐Pin , Chen Hsing‐Ju , Tang Sen‐Lin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMicrobial endoliths, which inhabit interior pores of rocks, skeletons and coral, are ubiquitous in terrestrial and marine environments. In this study, various colored layers stratified the endolithic environment within the skeleton of Isopora palifera; however, there was a distinct green‐pigmented layer in the skeleton (beneath the living coral tissue). To characterize diversity of endolithic microorganisms, 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was used to investigate bacterial communities in the green layer of eight I. palifera coral colonies retrieved from two locations on Green Island, Taiwan. The dominant bacterial group in the green layer belonged to the bacterial phylum Chlorobi, green sulfur bacteria capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. Specifically, bacteria of the genus Prosthecochloris were dominant in this green layer. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a detailed profile of endolithic bacteria in coral and to determine the prevalence of Prosthecochloris in the green layer. Based on our findings, we infer that these bacteria may have an important functional role in the coral holobiont in the nutrient‐limited coral reef ecosystem.
The contribution of denitrification and burial to the nitrogen budgets of three geomorphically distinct Australian estuaries: Importance of seagrass habitats
Authors: Eyre Bradley D. , Maher Damien T. , Sanders Christian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNitrogen (N) loss from different benthic habitats via net denitrification and burial was quantified, and first‐order N budgets were constructed, for three geomorphically distinct shallow warm temperate South‐East Australian barrier estuaries. Seagrass communities were the most important benthic habitats for N loss via net denitrification due to a combination of their area and high denitrification rates. Similarly, the largest N loss via burial occurred in the seagrass communities in the Hastings River Estuary and Wallis Lake, but in contrast, the largest annual loss of N via burial in the Camden Haven occurred in the subtidal muds due to their large area. N inputs to the river‐dominated Hasting River Estuary were dominated by diffuse sources from the catchment. Budget deficits in Camden Haven and Wallis Lake suggest that the largest input of N may have been from the ocean, although missing N‐fixation and/or groundwater cannot be excluded. Export to the ocean was the largest loss of N in the Hasting River Estuary followed by net denitrification and then burial. Net denitrification was the largest loss of N in the Camden Haven and Wallis Lake followed by burial. As the systems mature (evolve) the burial of N per m2, the loss of N via denitrification per m2 and the % of the total N load that is removed as fish per m2, all decrease. Overall N loss via denitrification for a given residence time may be higher in shallow and oligotrophic coastal systems with extensive seagrass habitats than deeper temperate systems.
Pressure distribution in small hydrodynamic journal bearings considering cavitation: a numerical approach based on the open‐source CFD code OpenFOAM®
Authors: Concli Franco 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHydrodynamic journal bearings are traditionally designed using the half‐Sommerfeld theory. This consists in a semi‐analytical solution of the continuity and momentum conservation equations substituting negative pressures with the ambient pressure. This hypothesis provides acceptable results, but a better understanding of the phenomena considering the effective pressure distribution including 3D and cavitation effects can be achieved only by using numerical methods. For this reason, some different solvers and cavitation models were applied to different geometries for which literature provides experimental data. Once the numerical model was validated, a parametric analysis was performed in order to better understand the influence of the rotational speed and the relative eccentricity on the attitude angle, the reaction forces, the pressure distribution and the power losses of a small journal bearing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposition of plant‐sourced carbon compounds by heterotrophic betaproteobacteria isolated from a tropical Costa Rican bromeliad
Authors: Klann Jane , McHenry Alexandra , Montelongo Carin , Goffredi Shana K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBetaproteobacteria were the most common isolates from the water‐filled tank of a Costa Rican bromeliad. Isolates included eight species from the orders Neisseriales and Burkholderiales, with close relatives recovered previously from tropical soils, wetlands, freshwater, or in association with plants. Compared to close relatives, the isolates displayed high temperature and comparatively low pH optima, reflecting the tropical, acidic nature of the bromeliad tank. Bromeliad‐associated bacteria most closely related to Chromobacterium, Herbaspirillum, and Aquitalea were all isolated exclusively at pH 6, while Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, and three species of Burkholderia were isolated mostly at pH 4. Activity profiles for the isolates suggest pervasive capabilities for the breakdown of plant‐sourced organics, including d‐galacturonic acid, mannitol, d‐xylose, and l‐phenylalanine, also reflecting a niche dominated by decomposition of leaves from the overlying canopy, which become entrained in the tanks. Metabolic activity profiles were overlapping between the Burkholderiales, isolated at pH 4, and the Neisseriales, isolated at pH 6, suggesting that plant material decomposition, which is presumably the underlying process sustaining the tank community and possibly the plant itself, occurs in the tanks at both pH extremes. These results suggest that bromeliad‐associated betaproteobacteria may play an important role in the cycling of carbon in this unusual aquatic habitat.
Neuro‐QoL health‐related quality of life measurement system: Validation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nowinski Cindy J. , Siderowf Andrew , Simuni Tanya , Wortman Catherine , Moy Claudia , Cella David 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuro‐QoL is a multidimensional patient‐reported outcome measurement system assessing aspects of physical, mental, and social health identified by neurology patients and caregivers as important. One of the first neurology‐specific patient‐reported outcome measure systems created using modern test development methods, Neuro‐Qol enables brief, yet precise, assessment and the ability to conduct both PD‐specific and cross‐disease comparisons. We present results of Neuro‐QoL clinical validation using a sample of PD patients.MethodsA total of 120 PD patients recruited from academic medical centers were assessed at baseline, 1 week, and 6 months. Assessments included Neuro‐QoL and general and PD‐specific validity measures.ResultsParticipants were 62% male and 95% white (average age = 66); H & Y stages were 1 (16%), 2 (61%), 3 (18%), and 4 (5%). Internal consistency and test‐retest reliability of Neuro‐QoL ranged from Cronbach's alphas = 0.81 to 0.94 with intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.66 to 0.80. Pearson's correlations between Neuro‐QoL and legacy measures were generally moderate and in expected directions. UPDRS Part 2 was moderately correlated with Neuro‐QoL Upper Extremity and Mobility, respectively (r's = −0.44; −0.59). Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 and Neuro‐QoL measures of similar constructs showed strong‐to‐moderate correlations (r's = 0.70–0.44). Neuro‐QoL measures of fatigue, mobility, positive emotion, and emotional/behavioral control showed responsiveness to self‐reported change.ConclusionsNeuro‐QoL is valid for use in PD clinical research. Reliability for all but two measures is sufficient for group comparisons, with some evidence supporting responsiveness to change. Neuro‐QoL possesses characteristics, such as brevity, flexibility in administration, and suitability, for cross‐disease comparisons that may be advantageous to users in a variety of settings. © 2016 Movement Disorder Society
Scapular osteocutaneous free flap for total lower lip and mandible reconstruction
Authors: Jacobson Lia , Dedhia Raj , Kokot Niels , Chalian Ara 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTotal lower lip and mandible defects following tumor resection present challenging reconstructions. The use of dual free flaps leads to increased donor‐site morbidity and risk of flap failure. We present a single scapular free flap approach with unique use of osteotomies for lip reconstruction in a small series of patients. Methods: A case series was conducted from 2007 to 2012 on three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity requiring large resection. Patients ranged in age from 34 to 64 years. A scapular free flap was used for reconstruction of mandible, floor of mouth, total lower lip and chin defects ranging in size from 7 × 4 cm to 11 × 7 cm. Harvested bone was extended medially beyond the lateral border of scapula. Osteotomies were oriented to support the soft tissue flap to rebuild lip height and restore oral competence. Results: Skin paddles ranged in size from 10‐11 cm × 18‐25 cm. Bone flap size was not reported but vertical height of osteotomies ranged from 3‐4 cm. All flaps survived microvascular transfer. One patient suffered from shoulder dysfunction and sialorrhea necessitating a second procedure. A second patient developed exposed hardware after radiation. Follow‐up ranged from 10 to 36 months. All patients achieved good oral competence and cosmesis by 9 months post‐operative. Conclusions: This single‐flap approach may provide an alternative to dual free flap reconstruction of total lower lip and mandible. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:480–484, 2016.
Echo time optimization for J‐difference editing of glutathione at 3T
Authors: Chan Kimberly L. , Puts Nicolaas A.J. , Snoussi Karim , Harris Ashley D. , Barker Peter B. , Edden Richard A.E. 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo investigate the echo time (TE) dependence of J‐difference editing of glutathione and to determine the optimal TE for in vivo measurements at 3T.MethodsSpatially resolved density‐matrix simulations and phantom experiments were performed at a range of TEs to establish the spatial and TE modulation of glutathione signals in editing‐on, editing‐off, and difference spectra at 3T. In vivo data were acquired in five healthy subjects to compare a TE of 68 ms and a TE of 120 ms. At the longer TE, high‐bandwidth, frequency‐modulated, slice‐selective refocusing pulses were also compared with conventional amplitude‐modulated pulses.ResultsSimulations and relaxation‐corrected phantom experiments suggest that the maximum edited signal occurs at TE 160 ms, ignoring transverse relaxation. Considering in vivo T2 relaxation times of 67–89 ms, the optimal in vivo TE is estimated to be 120 ms. In vivo measurements showed that this TE yielded 15% more signal than TE 68 ms. A further gain of 57% resulted from using improved slice‐selective refocusing pulses.ConclusionJ‐difference editing of glutathione using TE 120 ms delivers increased signal due to improved editing efficiency that more than offsets T2 losses. The additional TE also allows for use of improved slice‐selective refocusing pulses, which results in additional signal gains. Magn Reson Med 77:498–504, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine