bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are LIGO's Black Holes Made from Smaller Black Holes?
Authors: Fishbach Maya , Holz Daniel E. , Farr Ben 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
One proposed formation channel for stellar mass black holes (BHs) is through hierarchical mergers of smaller BHs. Repeated mergers between comparable mass BHs leave an imprint on the spin of the resulting BH since the final BH spin is largely determined by the orbital angular momentum of the binary. We find that for stellar mass BHs forming hierarchically the distribution of spin magnitudes is universal, with a peak at

and little support below

. We show that the spin distribution is robust against changes to the mass ratio of the merging binaries, the initial spin distribution of the first generation of BHs, and the number of merger generations. While we assume an isotropic distribution of initial spin directions, spins that are preferentially aligned or antialigned do not qualitatively change our results. We also consider a “cluster catastrophe” model for BH formation in which we allow for mergers of arbitrary mass ratios and show that this scenario predicts a unique spin distribution that is similar to the universal distribution derived for major majors. We explore the ability of spin measurements from ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors to constrain hierarchical merger scenarios. We apply a hierarchical Bayesian mixture model to mock GW data and argue that the fraction of BHs that formed through hierarchical mergers will be constrained with

LIGO binary black hole detections, while with

detections we could falsify a model in which all component BHs form hierarchically.
Observing Formation of Flux Rope by Tether-cutting Reconnection in the Sun
Authors: Xue Zhike , Yan Xiaoli , Yang Liheng , Wang Jincheng , Zhao Li 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Tether-cutting reconnection is considered as one mechanism for the formation of a flux rope. It has been proposed for more than 30 years; however, so far, direct observations of it are very rare. In this Letter, we present observations of the formation of a flux rope via tether-cutting reconnection in NOAA AR 11967 on 2014 February 2 by combining observations with the New Vacuum Solar Telescope and the Solar Dynamic Observatory. The tether-cutting reconnection occurs between two sets of highly sheared magnetic arcades. Comprehensive observational evidence of the reconnection is as follows: changes of the connections between the arcades, brightenings at the reconnection site, hot outflows, formation of a flux rope, slow-rise motion of the flux rope, and flux cancelation. The outflows are along three directions from the reconnection site to the footpoints with the velocities from 24 ± 1 km s−1 to 69 ± 5 km s−1. Additionally, it is found that the newly formed flux rope connects far footpoints and has a left-handed twisted structure with many fine threads and a concave-up-shape structure in the middle. All the observations are in agreement with the tether-cutting model and provide evidence that tether-cutting reconnection leads to the formation of the flux rope associated with flux shear flow and cancelation.
Early Emergence of CD19-Negative Human Antibody-Secreting Cells at the Plasmablast to Plasma Cell Transition
Authors: Arumugakani Gururaj , Stephenson Sophie J. , Newton Darren J. , Rawstron Andy , Emery Paul , Doody Gina M. , McGonagle Dennis , Tooze Reuben M. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Long-lived human plasma cells (PCs) play central roles in immunity and autoimmunity and are enriched among the subpopulation of CD19neg human PCs. However, whether human CD19neg PCs are necessarily aged cells that have gradually lost CD19 expression is not known. Assessing peripheral blood samples at steady-state and during the acute response to influenza vaccination in healthy donors, we identify the presence of phenotypic CD19neg plasmablasts, the proliferative precursor state to mature PCs, and demonstrate by ELISPOT that these are Ab-secreting cells (ASCs). During the acute response to influenza vaccination, CD19pos, CD19low, and CD19neg ASCs secrete vaccine-specific Abs and show linked IGHV repertoires. To address precursor/product relationships, we use in vitro models that mimic T-dependent and T-independent differentiation, finding that the CD19neg state can be established at the plasmablast to PC transition, that CD19neg PCs increase as a percentage of surviving PCs in vitro, and that CD19neg and CD19pos PCs can be maintained independently. These data provide proof-of-principle for the view that newly generated ASCs can acquire a mature PC phenotype that is accompanied by loss of CD19 expression at an early stage of differentiation and that aging is not an obligate requirement for a CD19neg state to be established.
Analysis of the Tangjiaxi landslide-generated waves in the Zhexi Reservoir, China, by a granular flow coupling model
Authors: Huang Bolin , Yin Yueping , Wang Shichang , Tan Jianmin , Liu Guangning 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. A rocky granular flow is commonly formed after the failure of rocky bank slopes. An impulse wave disaster may also be initiated if the rocky granular flow rushes into a river with a high velocity. Currently, the granular mass–water body coupling study is an important trend in the field of landslide-induced impulse waves. In this paper, a full coupling numerical model for landslide-induced impulse waves is developed based on a non-coherent granular flow equation, i.e., the Mih equation. In this model, the Mih equation for continuous non-coherent granular flow controls movements of sliding mass, the two-phase flow equation regulates the interaction between sliding mass and water, and the renormalization group (RNG) turbulence model governs the movement of the water body. The proposed model is validated and applied for the 2014 Tangjiaxi landslide of the Zhexi Reservoir located in Hunan Province, China, to analyze the characteristics of both landslide motion and its following impulse waves. On 16 July 2014, a rocky debris flow was formed after the failure of the Tangjiaxi landslide, damming the Tangjiaxi stream and causing an impulse wave disaster with three dead and nine missing bodies. Based on the full coupling numerical analysis, the granular flow impacts the water with a maximum velocity of about 22.5 m s−1. Moreover, the propagation velocity of the generated waves reaches up to 12 m s−1. The maximum calculated run-up of 21.8 m is close enough to the real value of 22.7 m. The predicted landslide final deposit and wave run-up heights are in a good agreement with the field survey data. These facts verify the ability of the proposed model for simulating the real impulse wave generated by rocky granular flow events.
Momentum to Distance Education Initiative at Africa University Zimbabwe
Authors: Jagero Nelson , Logan B. Ikubolajeh , Fotsin Richard , Magunje Caroline G. N. , Daudi Edna L. 
Published: May 2017

To spearhead the Distance Education (DE) initiative at AU, the DE and ICT units under the instigation of the Deputy Vice Chancellor held a Distance Education and E-learning Symposium from the 30th to the 31st of January 2014. The symposium was meant to bring momentum to the distance education initiative and ensure that we are all geared and ready for online distance education. The research designs used were Ex post Facto and correlational research designs. Data was analysed using qualitative technique such as coding and quantitative technique, including descriptive and inferential statistics. The major draw backs to the momentum to distance education initiative included; technical problems in accessing the virtual classroom, lack of theoretical and pedagogical knowledge of teaching and learning to effectively engage with students in on line learning. From the inferential statistics, the most important factor that can lead to adoption of technology is to change the views of academic staff about the relevance and importance of distance education and e-learning.
The Ether Theory Unifying the Relativistic Gravito-Electromagnetism Including also the Gravitons and the Gravitational Waves
Authors: Zareski David 
Published: May 2017

In previous publications, we showed that Maxwell’s equations are an approximation to those of General Relativity when V<<c, where V is the velocity of the particle submitted to the electromagnetic field. This was demonstrated by showing that the Lienard-Wiechert potential four-vector A_u created by an electric charge is the equivalent of the gravitational four-vector G_u created by a massive neutral point when V<<c. In the present paper, we generalize these results for V non-restricted to be small. To this purpose, we show first that the exact Lagrange-Einstein function of an electric charge q submitted to the field due an immobile charge q_0 is of the same form as that of a particle of mass m submitted to the field created by an immobile particle of mass m_0. Maxwell’s electrostatics is then generalized as a case of the Einstein’s general relativity. In particular, it appears that an immobile q_0 creates also an electromagnetic horizon that behaves like a Schwarzschild horizon. Then, there exist ether gravitational waves constituted by gravitons in the same way as the electromagnetic waves are constituted by photons. Now, since A_u and G_u, are equivalent, and as we show, G_u produces the approximation, for V<<c, of g_u4 created by m_0 mobile, where the g_uv are the components of Einstein’s fundamental tensor, it follows that A_u+u_u produces the approximation, for V<<c, of Bet_u4 , where the Bet_uv created by m_0 and by q_0, generalize the g_uv.
Onmaatschappelijkheidsbestrijding en de cultuur van volksbuurten in Brabant
Authors: Tops P. 
Published: May 2017

The approach of antisocial behavior and the culture of marginal neighborhoods
‘Volksbuurten’ (marginal neighborhoods) in Brabant emerged from poverty and backwardness, but have developed their own way to deal with it. ‘Deviant behavior’, including forms of illegal and criminal activity, is important in there. That behavior gradually gets sustainable features. These neighborhoods are usually the result of conscious and active government policy; in particular the approach of ‘antisocial behavior’ in the forties and fifties of the last century has been important. In this article the author first sketches the outlines of this particular ‘volksbuurten’ culture, to focus then on the history of a particular street in one of those neighborhoods and its culture around 1960: the Ruisvoornstraat in Tilburg. Knowledge of the history of these neighborhoods is one of the keys to understanding the specifics of the history of Brabant and its partial intertwining with a culture of acting illegally and criminally.
Cultureel erfgoed én crimineel probleem: over de subcultuur van woonwagenbewoners
Authors: Witte R. , Moors H. 
Published: May 2017

Cultural heritage and criminal problem: On the subculture of ‘travelers’
Within the Province of Noord-Brabant, the ‘traveler community’ possesses a specific position, coloring the developments in crime throughout the region and being a main focus for major concern among policymakers and professionals. The authors reflect on the historical development of the ‘traveler community’ and their perceived subculture as well as on state response to these developments. Along this, the attempts of social work to contribute to social climbing of ‘travelers’ outside criminality in the 1980s and 1990s are portrayed. The contribution rounds up with some reflections on the present call for a ‘multi-agency approach’ towards organized and undermining crime in which again, and increasingly so, the importance of the so-called ‘soft side of crime prevention and repression’ is underlined.
Ions in Wine and Their Relation to Electrical Conductivity Under Ultrasound Irradiation
Authors: Yan Yan-Ying , Zhang Qing-An , Li Er-Chun , Zhang Ya-Feng 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Change in electrical conductivity is considered apotential indicator for the on-line monitoring of wine aging accelerated by ultrasound, as determined inour previous study; however, the exact mechanism of change is currently unclear. In this study, the ion content and the total ionic strength were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography to investigate the change mechanism of the electrical conductivity of wineunder ultrasound irradiation. The results indicate that the changes in wine electrical conductivity during ultrasound treatment correlate with the changes in the cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NH4+) and in the anions from the organic acids (malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid) and inorganic acids (Cl−, SO42−, and PO43−), especially for the ionic strength of the wine. Overall, electrical conductivity may be used to reflect the chemical reactions related to wine aging to a certain extent becausethe reactions can be initiated by the conversion of cations and by the degradation or auxiliary functionof organic acids.
EDUCAÇÃO, BARBÁRIE E SEMIFORMAÇÃO: APORTES DA TEORIA CRÍTICA E DO PENSAMENTO ADORNIANO PARA ANALISE DA PRÁTICA EDUCATIVA
Authors: Oliveira Thiago Luiz Santos 
Published: May 2017

<p>Neste artigo procurar-se-á abordar a relevância dos conceitos de educação barbárie e semiformação, a partir do pensamento crítico de Theodor Adorno para o entendimento da prática educativa. Dentro dessa perspectiva buscar-se-á evidenciar a importância da educação para a superação dos processos de dominação e para a formação de sujeitos realmente plenos, capazes da reflexão autônoma. É importante frisar no entanto que Adorno e os fundadores da matriz da Teoria Critica, posteriormente conhecida como Escola de Frankfurt não eram especificamente teóricos da educação. Mesmo assim é possível e pertinente a utilização do arcabouço teórico adorniano nas reflexões acerca da pratica educativa. Ora, sendo a educação enquanto campo de pesquisa social pautada pela pluralidade de análises e pela interdisciplinaridade faz-se importante o entendimento epistemológico dos preceitos principais que norteiam a Teoria Crítica, que podem de fato ser utilizados para a análise sociológica da pratica pedagógica.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>In this article we will try to approach the relevance of barbarism education concepts and erudition, from critical thinking Theodor Adorno to the understanding of educational practice. Within this perspective will be sought to evidence the importance of education to overcome the domination of processes and the formation of subjects really full, capable of independent thought. It is important to note however that Adorno and the founding mother of Critical Theory, later known as the Frankfurt School were not specifically educational theorists. Yet the use of Adorno's theoretical framework in the reflections of the educational practice is possible and relevant. Now, with education as a social search field guided by the plurality of analysis and the interdisciplinarity is an important epistemological understanding of the key principles that guide the Critical Theory, which can in fact be used for sociological analysis of pedagogical practice.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Critical Theory. Education. Cultural Industry. Barbarism. Formation.</p>
A POLÍTICA DE CARIDADE, ASSISTÊNCIA E PROTEÇÃO À INFÂNCIA DESVALIDA EM BELÉM DO PARÁ: DO IMPÉRIO À REPÚBLICA
Authors: Alves Laura Maria Silva Araújo 
Published: May 2017

<p>O objetivo deste artigo é trazer a lume a política de caridade, assistência e proteção à infância desvalida em Belém do Pará, do período que se estende do Império à República. No século XIX, a infância deveria ser assistida na capital do Pará em decorrência da política idealizada e implementada pela elite paraense. Assim, a infância que precisava ser assistida era designada de “órfã” e “exposta”. A primeira, dizia respeito, também, à criança que tinha perdido um dos pais, e a segunda, chamada, também, “enjeitada” ou “desvalida”, correspondia à criança que alguém não quis cuidar ou receber. Este artigo está divido em três partes. Na primeira, situo a cidade de Belém do Pará, em termos políticos, econômicos e sociais, no cenário do Brasil República, em interface com a infância. Na segunda parte, destaco as políticas assistenciais e filantrópicas no atendimento à infância no Pará e o ideário higienista. E, por fim, na terceira, trago à cena algumas instituições que foram criadas em Belém do Pará, no período do Império à República, para abrigar a criança órfã e desvalida.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The objective of this article is to bring to light the charity, assistance and protection policy for disfavored childhood in Belém-PA, from the period of the Empire to the Brazilian Republic. In the 19th century, children should be assisted in the capital of the state of Pará as a result of the political idealization implemented by this state’s elite. Therefore, the ones who needed to be assisted were designated as “orphans” or “exposed”. The former ones, not exclusively, were the children who had lost one of their parents; the latter ones, also referred to as “rejected” or “disfavored”, corresponded to the children none would look after or welcome. This article is divided into three parts. In the first, the city of Belém is situated in political, economic and social terms, interfaced with childhood, in the scenario of the Brazilian Republic. In the second, the assistance and philanthropic policies for childhood care, as well as the hygienist ideas, are highlighted. Finally, institutions created to shelter orphan and disfavored children in Belém, from the period of the Empire to the Republic, are brought to centre stage.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Grão Pará. Childhood. Disfavored Children. Hygienism. Welfarism. Philantropy.</p>
CONTRIBUTO DAS TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE COMPETÊNCIAS DO SÉCULO XXI EM UMA AULA INVERTIDA
Authors: Silva Adelina 
Published: May 2017

<p>O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma reflexão sobre a forma como as tecnologias digitais contribuem para o desenvolvimento das competências para o aluno do século XXI, relacionando-as com a produção de conhecimento na escola, por meio da implementação de uma prática pedagógica, na modalidade de aula invertida. Partindo do pressuposto que os alunos estão enquadrados no conceito de "nativo digital", reflete-se sobre as competências, nos vários domínios, que se espera que o aluno atinja, detenha e alcance, na sala de aula, com recurso a tecnologias digitais e a ferramentas da Web 2.0. Para cumprir esse objetivo e o desafio educativo de uma escola em mudança, serão apresentadas 3 ferramentas aplicadas em sala de aula: uma plataforma educativa de partilha de conteúdo (Edmodo), um jogo (kahoot) e uma plataforma de avaliação de conhecimentos (Socrative).</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>The purpose of this article is to produce a reflection on how digital technologies contribute to the development of skills of the 21st century student, linking them to knowledge production in school, through the implementation of a pedagogical practice in the classroom known as flipped classroom. Assuming that students are "digital natives", this article focus on the skills in various areas that students are expected to accomplish and hold as well as how to achieve them in a classroom, using digital technologies and Web 2.0 tools. To achieve this goal and the educational challenge of an ever changing school, three tools were applied in the classroom: an educational platform for sharing content (Edmodo), a game (Kahoot) and a knowledge evaluation platform (Socrative).</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> 21st century skills; Flipped classroom; Digital technologies; Web 2.0.</p>
Les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire : un portrait de famille
Authors: Charron Mathieu 
Published: May 2017

Les francophones du Canada vivent dans des environnements linguistiques diversifiés et doivent donc composer avec des contraintes et des conditions spécifiques. Ces particularités impliquent une variété de situations et proscrivent l’application d’un projet unique de développement des communautés. L’article propose une classification des communautés francophones qui tient compte des nombreuses réalités vécues. S’appuyant sur les données du recensement, une typologie de sept catégories est proposée : communautés traditionnelles, diversifiées, assimilées, volatiles, globales, cosmopolites et anglophones. Les spécificités statistiques et les distributions géographiques de chacune des catégories y sont présentées.
Which psychological, social and physical environmental characteristics predict changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviors during early retirement? A longitudinal study
Authors: Van Dyck Delfien , Cardon Greet , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse 
Published: May 2017

Background
In the context of healthy ageing, it is necessary to identify opportunities to implement health interventions in order to develop an active lifestyle with sufficient physical activity and limited sedentary time in middle-aged and older adults. The transition to retirement is such an opportunity, as individuals tend to establish new routines at the start of retirement. Before health interventions can be developed, the psychological, social and physical environmental determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviors during early retirement should be identified, ideally with longitudinal studies. The aim of this paper was first to examine whether psychological, social and physical environmental factors at the start of retirement predict longitudinal changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviors during the first years of retirement. Second, moderating effects of gender and educational levels were examined.

Methods
This longitudinal study was conducted in Flanders, Belgium. In total, 180 recently retired (>1 month, <2 years at baseline) adults completed a postal questionnaire twice (in 2012–2013 and two years later in 2014–2015). The validated questionnaire assessed socio-demographic information, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and psychological, social and physical environmental characteristics. Multiple moderated hierarchic regression analyses were conducted in SPSS 22.0.

Results
Higher perceived residential density (p < 0.001) and lower aesthetics (p = 0.08) predicted an increase in active transportation (adjusted R2 = 0.18). Higher baseline self-efficacy was associated with an increase in leisure-time physical activity (p = 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.13). A more positive perception of old age (p = 0.04) and perceiving less street connectivity (p = 0.001) were associated with an increase in screen time (adjusted R2 = 0.06). Finally, higher baseline levels of modeling from friends (p = 0.06) and lower perceived land use mix access (p = 0.09) predicted an increase in car use (adjusted R2 = 0.06). A few moderating effects, mainly of educational level, were found.

Discussion
Walkability characteristics (perceived residential density) and self-efficacy at the start of retirement are the most important predictors of longitudinal changes in active transportation and leisure-time physical activity. Few moderating effects were found, so health interventions at the start of retirement focusing on self-efficacy and specific walkability characteristics could be effective to increase physical activity in recently retired adults. No firm conclusions can be drawn on the importance of the examined predictors to explain change in car use and screen time, possibly other factors like the home environment, or automatic processes and habit strength are more important to explain sedentary behaviors.