bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antiallodynic Effects of Nefopam Are Mediated by the Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel in a Neuropathic Pain Model
Authors: Koh Won Uk , Shin Jin Woo , Bang Ji-Yeon , Kim Sae Gyeol , Song Jun-Gol 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND:
Nefopam hydrochloride is a centrally acting compound that induces antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic properties in neuropathic pain models. Previous reports have shown that activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive and calcium-activated potassium (KATP and KCa2+) channels has antiallodynic effects in neuropathic pain. In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between potassium channels and nefopam to determine whether the antiallodynic effects of nefopam are mediated by potassium channels in a neuropathic pain model.

METHODS:
Mechanical allodynia was induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats, and the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was evaluated by the use of von Frey filaments. Nefopam was administered intraperitoneally before or after SNL. We assessed the relationship between nefopam and intrathecal injection of the KCa2+ channel antagonists apamin and charybdotoxin, and the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide to assess their abilities to reverse the antiallodynic effects of nefopam. In addition, we evaluated whether the KATP channel opener pinacidil had antiallodynic effects and promoted the antiallodynic effects of nefopam.

RESULTS:
Administration of nefopam before and after SNL induced significant antiallodynic effects (P < .01, respectively), which were significantly reduced by glibenclamide (P < .01). Pinacidil improved the antiallodynic effects of nefopam (P < .01); however, apamin and charybdotoxin had little effects on the antiallodynic properties of nefopam.

CONCLUSIONS:
The antiallodynic effects of nefopam are increased by a KATP channel agonist and reversed by a KATP channel antagonist. These data suggest that the KATP channel is involved in the antiallodynic effects of nefopam in a neuropathic pain model.
Kinectin-dependent ER transport supports the focal complex maturation required for chemotaxis in shallow gradients
Authors: Ng Inn Chuan , Pawijit Pornteera , Teo Lee Ying , Li Huipeng , Lee Shu Ying , Yu Hanry 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Chemotaxis in shallow gradients of chemoattractants is accomplished by preferential maintenance of protrusions oriented towards the chemoattractant; however, the mechanism of preferential maintenance is not known. Here, we test the hypothesis that kinectin-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transport supports focal complex maturation to preferentially maintain correctly oriented protrusions. We knocked down kinectin expression in MDA-MB-231 cells using small interfering RNA and observed that kinectin contributes to the directional bias, but not the speed, of cell migration. Kymograph analysis revealed that the extension of protrusions oriented towards the chemoattractant was not affected by kinectin knockdown, but that their maintenance was. Immunofluorescence staining and live-cell imaging demonstrated that kinectin transports ER preferentially to protrusions oriented towards the chemoattractant. ER then promotes the maturation of focal complexes into focal adhesions to maintain these protrusions for chemotaxis. Our results show that kinectin-dependent ER distribution can be localized by chemoattractants and provide a mechanism for biased protrusion choices during chemotaxis in shallow gradients of chemoattractants.
Substituent Effect of Formyl Group on Photochemical Properties of 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)Benzazole Derivative
Authors: Honda Takuya , Ishida Yuka , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Introduction of a formyl group greatly increased the fluorescence emission of the tautomer produced via intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer reaction of 2-hydroxybenzazole (HBX) derivatives.
Formation and Development of Functional and Cost Analysis in HR Management
Authors: Веретехина  , Veretekhina Svetlana , Кириллов  , Kirillov Andrey 
Published: May 2016

The article describes the formation and development of the method of functional cost analysis (FCA). From the point of view of history the fi rst use of the method is
considered: functional model – perfect fi nal version. The article considers works of domestic and foreign designers that use the DAF method to reduce costs at each
stage of the life cycle of high technology products. It is determined that the result of increasing the effi ciency of the organization is to improve the activity of
managerial staff . The basic problem, which is solved using the FCA to manage. The basic directions of activity of the enterprise when conducting a functional cost
analysis are identifi ed. It justifi es expediency of use of the software in case of partial transfer of auxiliary functions to automated systems. The authors suggest ways
to improve the FSA in personnel management. The total economic impact functional cost analysis in HR management is summed. Prospects for further development
of FCA are identifi ed. Main benefi ts of the use of functional cost analysis are found. The ways of improvement of functional cost analysis in the domestic management
of the personnel are determined, which give the total economic eff ect not only in terms of money in terms of cost savings, but also to provide a new, more qualitative
approach in the processes of personnel management.
Application of Non-Standard Forms of Employment at Modern Labor-Market
Authors: Абдулхаирова  , Abdulkhairova E. 
Published: May 2016

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the problem of infl uence of information technologies on the emergence of non-traditional forms of employment.
The advantages and disadvantages of new forms of employment, the problems that they cause in the fi eld of social-labor relations are defi ned. The basic problems
of formation and development of non-standard forms of employment on the Russian labour market. Assesses the present state of non-standard employment in the
Russian Federation. The authors come to the conclusion that non-standard employment in Russia has many specifi c characteristics and problems. The state has
to play the role of a catalyst of cooperation and collaboration between employers, trade unions, local authorities in ensuring maximum and eff ective employment.
This approach will allow using the most positive aspects of non-standard employment, such as fl exibility, adaptability to changes in technology and methods
of production and so on.
Developing the Complex System of Labour Effi ciency Management Indices at Food Retails
Authors: Нагибина  , Nagibina N. 
Published: May 2016

The labour effi ciency in food retails can be only evaluated by the system of indices which characterize various aspects of labour management. Developing the system
of labour efficiency management includes defi ning the aims and valuation objects, choosing the indices structure, methodology, methods and tools of their
measurements. The proposed approach to the development of labour efficiency indices system in food retails is based on the M. Hammer and L. Hershman model
which consists of the result indices and factor indices such as time consumption, work quality and cost of merchanting service within standards of a particular
trading format of food retails. A list of labour efficiency indices has been made based on the public reports of the leading food retails. To evaluate the indices data,
the“Traffi c Light” model is suggested. A number of requirements for making labour efficiency reports have been presented.
Smart Education As a Perspective for Systemic Change of the School in the Digital Era
Authors: Цветкова  , Tsvetkova Marina 
Published: May 2016

The new concept of “digital education” and “smart education” is debated, but there is an important material for International Studies, which is
summarized in publications on the offi cial website IITE http://ru.iite.unesco.org/publications/. The problem of digital education deployment in diff erent
countries, including Russia, has already approaches and solutions, which can be described as digital pedagogy - pedagogy of the information society.
Influence of Regional Labour Market on the Professional Identity of Students
Authors: Пахомова  , Pakhomova E. 
Published: May 2016

The article considers the problems of infl uence of labour market on the professional identity of students, cooperation of social partners and educational
institutions for youth employment providing. The problem of youth fall in unemployment on the basis of including in small and medium enterprises is
discussed, the importance of theoretical training in correlation with practical activity at an enterprise is determined.
FISSION-PRODUCT RELEASES FROM A PHWR TERMINAL DEBRIS BED
Authors: Brown M.J. , Bailey D.G. 
Published: May 2016

During an unmitigated severe accident in a pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) with horizontal fuel channels, the core may disassemble and relocate to the bottom of the calandria vessel. The resulting heterogeneous in-vessel terminal debris bed (TDB) would likely be quenched by any remaining moderator, and some of the decay heat would be conducted through the calandria vessel shell to the surrounding reactor vault or shield tank water. As the moderator boiled off, the solid debris bed would transform into a more homogeneous molten corium pool located between top and bottom crusts. Until recently, the severe accident code MAAP-CANDU assumed that unreleased volatile and semi-volatile fission products remained in the TDB until after calandria vessel failure, due to low diffusivity through the top crust and the lack of gases or steam to flush released fission products from the debris. However, national and international experimental results indicate this assumption is unlikely; instead, high- and medium-volatility fission products would be released from a molten debris pool, and their volatility and transport should be taken into account in TDB modelling. The resulting change in the distribution of fission products within the reactor and containment, and the associated decay heat, can have significant effects upon the progression of the accident and fission-product releases to the environment. This article describes a postulated PHWR severe accident progression to generate a TDB and the effects of fission-product releases from the terminal debris, using the simple release model in the MAAP-CANDU severe accident code. It also provides insights from various experimental programs related to fission-product releases from core debris, and their applicability to the MAAP-CANDU TDB model.
Political Support and Civil Disobedience: A Social Interaction Approach
Authors: Lipatov Vilen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPeople may express their opposition to government policies by adopting different measures of civil disobedience. Tax compliance is an example of an economic decision that may be affected by anti-government sentiment. Embedding the interdependence between social policies, political opposition and tax compliance in a dynamic social interaction process, we characterize a unique stable steady state of such a process. We find that social interaction may be a very important factor shaping government policies, at times reverting conventional relations between social spending and government support.
Evidence for the proposed merger of Pseudobryopsis papillata with Pseudobryopsis myura (Bryopsidaceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Wynne Michael J. , Hoffman Razy 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Evidence is presented that the marine macroalga Pseudobryopsis papillata Nasr (Bryopsidaceae, Chlorophyta), described by Nasr in 1944 from the Red Sea, is conspecific with the Mediterranean generitype Pseudobryopsis myura (J. Agardh) Berthold in Oltmanns. Although Ps. myura was originally depicted as having non-papillate gametangia, recent and past collections of this species in the Mediterranean clearly show papillate gametangia, thus erasing the primary reason for distinguishing it from Red Sea populations. In addition, similar branch patterns and thallus lengths support the synonymization of these two species.
Lack of genomic diversity in the SLC47A1 gene within the indigenous Xhosa population
Authors: Jacobs Clifford , Pearce Brendon , Hoosain Nisreen , Benjeddou Mongi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background: Multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) is an organic cation/H+ exchanger, localized in the apical membrane of proximal renal tubules, which mediates the cellular elimination of organic cations into the renal lumen. These organic cations include clinically important drugs such as metformin, oxaliplatin and cimetidine. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms of SLC47A1, the pharmacogenetically relevant gene encoding human MATE1, have been implicated in reduced transport or accumulation to cytotoxic levels of these drugs in vitro. However, little or no information is available on the minor allele frequency distribution of known SLC47A1 coding SNPs in the sub-Saharan African populations.

Methods: Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the baseline minor allele frequency distribution of 20 known coding SNPs in the SLC47A1 gene of 148 Xhosa individuals residing in Cape Town, South Africa.

Results: This study did not identify any of these known SLC47A1 coding SNPs in the Xhosa individuals who participated in this study.

Conclusions: It is anticipated that whole genome or exome sequencing may reveal novel SNPs in the Xhosa and other sub-Saharan African populations, which may have been missed with the current genotyping strategy.
Investigation on Burden Particle Softening and Melting Process under High Reduction Potential Condition
Authors: Guo Wentao , Xue Qingguo , Liu Yingli , She Xuefeng , Wang Jingsong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe present study using a single-particle softening under a load equipment was designed to better understand the softening and melting process of pellet, sinter and a mixture of both under a high reduction potential condition. Additionally, the experiment was interrupted at different shrinkage stages, and the evolvement of particle structure was analyzed. The softening and melting behavior of ferrous burden in high reduction potential compared with the general conditions was ascertained. In comparison with the general case, the thickness of the iron shell and the fineness of the metallic iron phase increased in high reduction potential. In the general condition the melting process is impacted by the low melting point of the slag with wustite outflow from the metallic iron shell, while in high reduction potential, the higher melting point of the slag without wustite exuded from the metallic iron phase. Under high reduction potential, the liquid slag was distributed in the metallic iron phase, which hindered the interaction between pellet and sinter. Thus, the temperature of interaction in high reduction potential is obviously higher than that in the general condition. The thicker iron shell and the higher melting point of slag lead to the improvement of the softening behavior under high reduction potential.
Investigation of Key Factors and Their Interactions in MTO Reaction by Statistical Design of Experiments
Authors: Masoumi Shima , Rahimi Kobra , Towfighi Jafar 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The effects of templating agent [i. e., tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), triethylamine (TEA) and morpholine (MOR)] and molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 and H2O/Al2O3 over SAPO-34 catalysts in methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction were studied systematically. The exact effect of main factors and their interaction were studied by response surface methodology (RSM) applying central composite design (CCD). Two empirical models for two systems, based on these preparation variables for the yield of ethylene and propylene were constructed in two CCD studies and ultimately these models showed as counter and three-dimensional (3D) diagrams. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) applied for investigating the significance of the variables indicated that TEA and SiO2/Al2O3 content were the most significant variables in the case (1) and case (2), respectively. The maximum predicted ethylene and propylene yield was 58.57 wt. % and 30.22 wt. %, for catalyst with TEA = 0.2, TEAOH = 0.38 in case (1). For case (2), catalyst with SiO2/Al2O3 = 0.17, H2O/Al2O3 = 101.18 showed the maximum ethylene and propylene yield of 49.87 wt. % and 20.58 wt. %, respectively.
Prevalence of psychosocial morbidity in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a survey from Northern India
Authors: Agrawal Jyoti , Kumar Rakesh , Malhi Prahbhjot , Dayal Devi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background:
Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are on intensive treatment regimen with the stress of maintaining normal sugars which may predispose them to psychological problems. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychosocial problems and to study their correlates in children with T1DM in India.

Methods:
The study was conducted on 97 T1DM children (59 boys and 38 girls) between 4 and 15 years of age with at least 6 months of illness. Psychosocial problems were assessed using childhood psychopathological measurement schedule (CPMS) questionnaire. Information regarding glucose control and various demographic factors was recorded. Factors significantly associated with psychosocial problems were further analysed using multiple linear regression.

Results:
Mean age of patients was 9.6 years. The prevalence of psychosocial problems was found to be 20%. Most common problems were conduct disorders (24.5%), special symptoms (24%), physical illness (23%), anxiety (10%) and depression (7%). Depression had the strongest correlation (r=0.316 and p=0.002) with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), followed by behavioural problems/low intelligence (r=0.236 and p=0.02). CPMS score had a strong positive correlation with number of hyperglycaemic episodes, number of hospitalisations in last 6 months and HbA1c value. HbA1c over last 6 months and total number of hospitalisations were significant independent predictors in determining psychosocial problems.

Conclusions:
Psychosocial problems were seen in 20% children with T1DM from India. Poor glycaemic control and increased number of hospitalisations are significantly associated with increased psychosocial problems in T1DM.
Naturgeschichte und Soziologie - Parks „natural history“ als qualitative Methodologie
Authors: Bühler-Niederberger Doris 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der „natural-history“-Zugang, so wie ihn die Chicago-Schule verstand, soll qualitativen Sozialforschern näher gebracht werden. Die heutigen Soziologen dürften ihn, wenn überhaupt, nur als sequentielle Datenorganisation kennen - mit obskurer Bezeichnung. Um seine Möglichkeiten auszuschöpfen, muß man ihn zuerst als Element einer umfassenderen Methodologie und Gesellschaftstheorie begreifen. Zwar zeigt sich dann, daß das ambitiöse (evolutionstheoretische) Programm, in das ihn seine soziologischen Väter gestellt hatten, nicht einzulösen war. Die Fehlannahme, die zu seiner Propagierung in der Soziologie führte, war dennoch produktiv. Es entstanden Untersuchungen, die nach einer Balance zwischen naturkundlicher Liebe zum Detail und universellen Aussagen strebten. Zwischen diesen Polen haben sie zum Teil eine beachtliche Spannweite erreicht - und originelle Einsichten. Sie haben verschiedenste Phänomene als kollektives Verhalten konzipiert; die sequentiellen Modelle verliehen dieser Sicht Plausibilität.
Verläufe von Arbeitslosigkeit und ihre Folgen für die Wohlfahrt von Haushalten und Individuen
Authors: Landua Detlef 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von einer allgemeinen Darstellung der Entwicklung der Arbeitslosigkeit in der Bundesrepublik werden mittels der Daten des „Sozio-ökonomischen Panel“ Verlaufsformen und Typen von Arbeitslosigkeit betrachtet. Arbeitslosigkeit wird nicht nur als Einschnitt individueller Lebensverläufe verstanden, sondern primär in der Konstellation eines Haushalts mit seinen einzelnen Mitgliedern. Im Rahmen dieser Kontextanalyse zeigt sich, daß haushaltsspezifische Typen von Arbeitslosigkeit bzw. von Arbeitslosen identifizierbar sind, die sich durch unterschiedliche Verlaufsformen kennzeichnen lassen. Auch die Folgen der Arbeitslosigkeit (Einkommenseinbußen, Zufriedenheitsdefizite) gestalten sich nicht einheitlich, sondern sind konkret darauf zu beziehen, welche Personen innerhalb eines Haushalts arbeitslos werden und welche Kompensationsmöglichkeiten sich der Haushaltsgemeinschaft bieten. Die Resultate weisen insgesamt auf die Notwendigkeit einer nach bestimmten Typen bzw. Verlaufsformen unterschiedenen Betrachtung des Arbeitslosenproblems hin und bestätigen die Vorteilhaftigkeit eines haushaltsbezogenen Untersuchungskonzepts.
Der Einfluß schulischer Bildung und die Auswirkungen der Bildungsexpansion auf das Heiratsverhalten
Authors: Diekmann Andreas 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
In der vorliegenden empirischen Studie wird der Einfluß schulischer Bildung, der Geburtskohortenzugehörigkeit und weiterer sozialdemographischer Merkmale auf das Alter bei Erstheirat untersucht. Die empirische Analyse basiert auf den Daten von ca. 6000 Haushalten der „Allgemeinen Bevölkerungsumfrage“ unter Verwendung multivariater Übergangsratenmodelle. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dabei der Frage nach geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden in der Verzögerungswirkung der Bildung auf den Zeitpunkt der Eheschließung. Es zeigt sich, daß die Bildung von Frauen in stärkerem Maße zur Verschiebung der Erstheirat beiträgt als die Bildung der Männer. Mit Hilfe des zugrunde gelegten log-logistischen Übergangsratenmodells werden abschließend die Auswirkungen der Bildungsexpansion auf den Anstieg des Heiratsalters abgeschätzt.
Der Doppelpaß als soziales System
Authors: Esser Hartmut 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Das Phänomen „Doppelpaß“ (beim Fußballspiel) wird einer systemtheoretischen Analyse unterzogen. Es zeigt sich, daß - den Erkenntnissen der Theorie autopoietischer sozialer Systeme folgend - Doppelpässe weder sinnlos sein können, noch daß ihr Mißlingen möglich wäre. Diese Eigenschaften teilen sie - aufgrund des Prinzips der wechselseitigen Selbstreferentialität von Systemtheorie und ihrem Gegenstand - mit der Systemtheorie selbst. Einige Betrachtungen zur Individualität fußballspielender psychischer Systeme in der Post-Moderne beschließen den Beitrag.
Das ,Volk‘
Authors: Hoffmann Lutz 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die politische Sprache unterstellt, das ,Volk‘, (die ,Nation‘, die ,Ethnie‘) sei eine soziale Einheit. Diesem Sprachgebrauch folgend beschreiben auch Sozialwissenschaftler das ,Volkes‘ oft als eine objektiv gegebene Realität. Die Analyse hat jedoch unter ,Volk‘ zunächst eine subjektive Vorstellung oder Idee zu verstehen. Diese hat die Funktion, die persönliche Identität von Menschen auszulegen. Erst durch die subjektive Vorstellung von Gemeinsamkeiten konstituiert sich das ,Volk‘ als die Summe aller Menschen mit derselben Volkszugehörigkeit. Die objektiven Merkmale, auf die sich diese Vorstellung beruft, begründen diese nicht, sondern werden von dieser als ihre sekundären Objektivationen hervorgebracht. Indem eine Gesellschaft als ,Volk‘ zu einem Begriff von sich selbst gelangt, bekommt der Volksbegriff eine politische Funktion. Weil dadurch Abgrenzungen und Ordnungen legitimiert werden, unterliegt die konkrete Definition des jeweiligen ,Volkes‘ stets Interessen. Obwohl das ,Volk‘ vordergründig als ein partikularistisches Phänomen erscheint, ist es eine Schöpfung des modernen Universalismus. Dieser kann nicht das ,Volk‘, wohl aber mythologische Elemente seiner sekundären Objektivationen kritisieren.