bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good little movers: molecular motors
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: April 2017

Abstract‘Good little movers: molecular motors’ examines molecular motors in cells, before looking at the field of nanotechnology. There are many types of movement in the human body powered by motor proteins. Dynein and kinesin are used to beat respiratory cilia and move items around cells. More visibly, the sliding filament theory explains how actin, myosin, and tropomyosin control muscle contraction. The smallest mechanical motors currently made by humans dwarf these systems. Nanotechnology may provide a means to control motion at the molecular level and enable precise chemical synthesis, but it may be easier to use existing protein motors than to construct them from scratch.
Warrior: Alexander’s army
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Warrior: Alexander's Army’ describes Alexander's military campaigning, which he continued throughout his reign and for which he is perhaps most famous. The title of ‘Undefeated’ is deservedly attached to him. Despite the fact that much has been written about Alexander's generalship, the evidence on which these accounts and plans are based is not easy to use; there is much about his achievements that remains a matter of guesswork. The ancient accounts of Alexander's battles and sieges were less concerned with the details of military formations and command structures, and more interested in illustrating the less obvious aspects of war.
Commander: Alexander and the Greeks
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Commander: Alexander and the Greeks’ describes what is known about Alexander's treatment of the Greek cities. The narrative accounts of Alexander's life tell us a great deal about how Alexander dealt with the Greek cities. Ancient orators and modern scholars have analysed the question of whether Alexander was a liberator or an oppressor. A better understanding of the issues can be found by looking at the inscriptions put up by the cities themselves at the time. These tell us a great deal about Alexander's actions and their impact. There are two central issues that are important for understanding Alexander's relationship with the Greek cities: the meaning of the word autonomia and the existence of factionalism and rivalry.
Traveller: Alexander in Afghanistan and Pakistan
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Traveller: Alexander in Afghanistan and Pakistan’ considers Alexander's five-year tour away from Persepolis from the Spring of 330 onwards. This journey to the East attracted more unusual stories, and more moralizing commentary, than any other aspect of his career. It is a time in his life that we are still fascinated with. For modern scholars, Alexander's difficulty in dealing with insurgency in Afghanistan and the surrounding areas is the earliest evidence of the impossibility of governing that country. For ancient writers, he was seduced by the idea of luxury in the East. Until recently, there existed little firm evidence to show what Alexander's eastern campaign involved.
Water, water everywhere …
Authors: Finney John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Water (H2O) is the most abundant compound on the Earth’s surface and occurs naturally in gas, liquid, and solid forms. It is estimated that there are 1.9 billion billion tonnes of water on our planet with even more in the Earth’s mantle. ‘Water, water everywhere …’ outlines how water arose from the Big Bang, how it got to Earth, and describes how scientists deciphered its molecular structure. But why do we need it? Water maintains our climate, keeps all living things alive, is a major influence in forming the surface topography of the planet, and is also critical in what happens in planetary interiors, as well as in the location and eruptive style of volcanoes.
The anomalies explained
Authors: Finney John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The anomalies explained’ considers why water behaves differently from most other liquids and why this is so important chemically, biologically, and environmentally. Ice contracts on melting; a normal liquid expands. Below 4°C liquid water contracts on heating; a normal liquid expands. Between the melting point and 46°C, water’s compressibility falls as temperature increases; for a normal liquid it increases. Water’s viscosity at or below about 30°C falls as pressure increases from 1 to 1,000 atmospheres; it increases for a normal liquid. The local intermolecular geometry is responsible for these ‘anomalies’. The electrical properties of the water molecule result in other distinct properties: water is a very powerful solvent and it conducts electricity.
Why believe in God?
Authors: Bowker John 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Why believe in God?’ provides some examples of the many different answers that have been given to that question. Change and reliability in understanding God and the universe are considered. There are many hypotheses about God and many different characterisations of God in the different religions, even among those that are based on what is believed to be Revelation—as, for example, in Bible, Quran or Veda. What is important for many believers is the consequence of God in life and in experience. What that experience means and how it is related to recent research in the neurosciences is then explored.
The climate change debate
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The climate change debate’ describes the combination of factors that led to recognition and acceptance of climate change, including that it was anthropogenic, beginning with climate change science research carried out in the 1950s and early 1960s. The next stages of research into this area came later in the 1980s: the observed upturn in the global temperature data set; the increased knowledge of past climate change; significant advances in global climate modelling; the emergence of global environmental awareness; increased media interest in the confrontational nature of the debate; and finally politicians and economists taking the climate change threat seriously since the late 1990s.
Envisioning the future
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Envisioning the future’ considers some of the deep questions of why humanity seems unable to deal with the question of pollution. The challenge of climate change must be seen within the current dominant political and economic landscape. Only by understanding the fundamental societal and economic causes of carbon emission can we hope to be able to build systems that can rapidly reduce them. In doing so we may also provide solutions to global environmental degradation, poverty, and security. Future policies and international agreements need to provide win-win solutions that deal with the biggest challenges which face humanity in the 21st century.
In the beginning: North America’s women to 1750
Authors: Ware Susan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘In the beginning: North America's women to 1750’ starts with the indigenous peoples who were living in America before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the white settlements in Jamestown in 1607, and the Pilgrims' landing at Plymouth in 1620. It describes the story of Pocohontas from the Powhatan people and the vital and significant roles that women played in Native cultures. The lives of white colonial women are also described. The contact between Indian and European cultures involved war, upheaval, and disease, as well as interaction, negotiation, and adaptation, and gender was central to the story. The “consumer revolution” of c.1700 and the thriving Atlantic trade changed women's lives considerably.
Tuberculosis
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, emerged in Africa about seventy thousand years ago. It accompanied modern humans on their migrations out of Africa, across the Indian Ocean, and then into Eurasia. Tuberculosis affects almost all parts of the body. Its most common and deadly form, carried in tiny droplets through the air from person to person and highly infectious, is pulmonary tuberculosis. It thrives in densely packed places. ‘Tuberculosis’ outlines the spread of the disease, early attempts to combat it, Robert Koch’s identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882, the development of the BCG vaccine in 1908, the use of antibiotics, and the growing multi-drug-resistant TB problem.
Complex adaptive systems (CAS)
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Complex adaptive systems (CAS) are composed of elements, called agents, that learn or adapt in response to interactions with other agents. ‘Complex adaptive systems’ shows that all CAS exhibit lever points, points where a small directed action causes large predictable changes in aggregate behaviour. All CAS agents have three levels of activity: performance (moment-by-moment capabilities), credit-assignment (rating the usefulness of available capabilities), and rule-discovery (generating new capabilities). The behaviour of a CAS is always generated by the adaptive interactions of its components; and the hierarchical structure characteristic of CAS is also generated—particular combinations of agents at one level become agents at the next higher level.
Specialization and diversity
Authors: Holland John H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A multi-celled organism consists of specialized cells organized into a variety of communities. ‘Specialization and diversity’ shows that community-based organization extends both downward and upward from the level of organisms, giving rise to the hierarchies that characterize complex adaptive systems. Diverse specialist agents attend to, and process, selected signals. The diversity is sustained by a combination of boundaries, signals, and signal-processing. A characteristic of this signal-processing is that relatively small parts of signals—tags—route the signals through the boundaries. This tag-based control allows cells to exist in a diverse range of conditions by activating only genes that are relevant to the current situation.
Iran and the West
Authors: Ansari Ali M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Iran and the West’ charts the relationship between Iran and the West beginning in the 16th and 17th centuries with increased contact with Western rulers eager to secure both economic opportunities and political advantage. In the 18th century, as Europe embarked on Enlightenment and scientific revolution, Iran entered a period of prolonged political and economic turmoil—the collapse of the Safavid state and then the rise of the Qajar dynasty. The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 profoundly altered the political and social direction of the country and laid the foundations for much that was to follow. Twentieth-century politics and the profound effects of the 1979 Islamic Revolution are also described.
How hormones work
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What is a hormone? ‘How hormones work’ defines a hormone as a chemical signal which enables an event in one part of the body to have an effect somewhere else. Hormones make up one of the two great physiological control systems—the other being the nervous system—which keep the functions of the body working together. There are strong, multifunctional connections between the nervous and endocrine systems. As well as only operating inside the body, hormones are affected by internal stimuli and by external events detected by the senses. The endocrine system comprises several interlinked sub-systems, including five main axes centred on the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary gland. The processes of hormone transport and action through these systems are described.
The thyroid gland
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The thyroid gland’ illustrates how the thyroid takes up iodine from the blood and stores it in a concentrated form attached to a protein, thyroglobulin. When stimulated by a pituitary gland hormone, thyroid cells build up thyroglobulin but also turn some of it into the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones speed up a cell’s use of oxygen and so accelerate metabolism in most tissues and organs. This increased metabolism extends to processes like immunity, growth, and reproduction, which is why the right level of thyroid activity is important for development and health. Thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism and goitre, are relatively common medical conditions, but are also easily detected and treated.
Light and dark
Authors: Luck Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Many of the body’s rhythms reflect the circadian cycle, but how do they interact? ‘Light and dark’ describes a network of systems involving the senses, parts of the brain, the activation and inactivation of genes, biochemical reactions, and cellular responses, all coordinated by complex hormonal cycles. Melatonin, a hormone from the pineal gland, tracks darkness: concentrations are high at night and low during the day. Melatonin cycles affect reproduction and many other physiological changes in animals and it can also slow the division of cancer cells. The circadian connection to the important hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the hormone cortisol is also explained.
Viruses
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Viruses’ explains that millions of people die from interacting with viruses every year, but beyond the effects of viruses on human health, the lives of all organisms and the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere depend upon the activities of viruses. Viruses control populations of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes and this destructive power liberates massive quantities of nutrients in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Viruses are organized into seven groups based upon the type of genome and its mechanism of replication. Viral genomes are encoded in single-stranded and double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules. The expression of viral genes occurs within infected cells utilizing the molecular machinery of the host.
Pressures on reef ecosystems
Authors: Sheppard Charles 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A fundamental character of a coral reef is the enormous number of interlocking connections between components, which is a consequence of an extremely high biodiversity. ‘Pressures on reef ecosystems’ shows that changes in any of these components can transform the reef ecosystem. Local pressures such as sewage and runoff; landfill, dredging, and sediments; and the impact of chemicals, metals, and oil are discussed. The impact of coral diseases and invasive species can be catastrophic. The ‘services’ provided by coral reefs to humankind have been numerous, from when people first settled beside them thousands of years ago. They supply food, coastal protection, and shoreline stabilization. Coral reef fishing now needs to be managed more carefully.
Doing something about it
Authors: Sheppard Charles 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A quarter of the world’s reef system is already dead, and a further half is affected to varying degrees. ‘Doing something about it’ proposes two groups of measures to address this situation. First, the overall human impact on reefs, such as fishing intensity and pollution, needs to be managed. Second, some protected marine areas need to be demarcated, instead of all areas being used in sourcing food in haphazard and decreasingly effective ways. This would mirror systems already in place on land. The continued rise in the worldwide human population has put additional pressure on the reefs as a place to procure food. This means that reef degradation is no longer a just a scientific problem, but is now also a political and social one.
Accounting as control
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
How does budgeting work, and how is it useful? What are standard costs and how do they help in controlling production? How can a balanced scorecard improve control? ‘Accounting as control’ looks at some ways in which accounting can be used by managers to control their organizations. The two main high-level purposes of budgeting are to optimize the use of the economic resources within the firm in order to maximize profit, and to help the firm to achieve its overall strategic objectives. Six aspects of budgeting are considered: planning, motivation, delegation, communication/coordination, control, and performance evaluation. Cash flow forecasts, flexible budgeting, zero-base budgeting, standard costings, and balanced scorecards are also explained.
Epilogue
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The ‘Epilogue’ takes an overview of accounting and considers some high level questions. How important has accounting been in the history of the world? It is clear that some sophisticated record-keeping system is necessary for larger and complex international organizations and double-entry bookkeeping serves well in this function, which is why it has gradually replaced other systems around the world. Can we rely on accounting? There are now fairly detailed rules on what to disclose and how to measure, plus monitoring and enforcement have been strengthened around the world. Did accounting cause the global financial crisis? Is financial reporting as good as it can get? And can we trust the auditors?
Big Brother: journalism and the altered state
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Big Brother: journalism and the altered state’ discusses the role of the state in journalism. Russia has retightened its grip on television and newspaper journalism despite its constitutional guarantee of press freedom. In China, a separate Chinese Internet has been created that allows a certain level of freedom, but which is contained and free from foreign intervention. The ‘Arab Spring’ of 2010 was triggered in part by social media activism, and Western news media are facing their own questions of neutrality. What does this all mean for journalism now set in a world of corporate media ambition, telecommunications regulation, and global Internet governance?
Murder is my meat: the ethics of journalism
Authors: Hargreaves Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Journalism is a domain of high-velocity moral choices and tense emotional situations. The ethic of truthfulness, or more modestly accuracy, lies at the heart of journalism. Without it, journalism devalues its own civic currency by undermining trust. Industry codes and the law of the land have a part to play in setting the necessary standards, but this does not necessarily eliminate serious wrongdoing. ‘Murder is my meat: the ethics of journalism’ considers the ethical issues and reflects upon the UK phone-hacking scandal, which resulted in the appointment of a judicial inquiry into the culture, practices, and ethics of the press: the Leveson inquiry in 2011.
Introduction
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Christianity, one of the world’s most successful religions, has endured over two thousand years and, despite setbacks, has enjoyed its greatest growth and spread in the modern period. The Introduction describes Christianity as a powerful religion that contains vast resources for shaping life and death. It is flexible because it works with abstract concepts along with narratives, symbols, and rituals. But are there limitations to what Christianity can offer an individual? Three main types of Christianity—the Church, Mystical, and Biblical—are distinguished in terms of how they understand and embody authority and power, both human and divine, and how this plays out in their own structures and stances towards wider society.
Jesus: the God-man
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Jesus: the God-man’ outlines the ways in which Jesus has been interpreted, and the role these understandings play in setting the boundaries of Christian thought and possibility. Christians agree that Jesus Christ has unique significance, yet they differ over how to explain it. Is he the human figure who teaches, inspires, and dies for the cause in which he believes? Or the divine figure who performs miracles, fulfils prophecies, rises from the dead, and is God. The orthodox position is that he is the God-man—both human and divine. The battles between these different understandings of Jesus, and the communities and institutions established around them, have shaped the course of Christianity.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Christianity has endured longer than the greatest empires and had more influence than the grandest cultural achievements. Its texts still shape lives and many of its institutions still function. The Conclusion shows that a major reason for this success is the religion’s variety and potential for adaptation. The confluences and divergences between Church, Biblical, and Mystical Christianity are one aspect of Christian history, their interrelations with varied social contexts the other. In our contemporary world, Christianity is as vibrant—and as deeply divided—as at any point in its history. Attempts to forge unity between its various parts have largely been abandoned. How will liberalism and popular participation develop Christianity in its third millennium?
Amateurs and professionals
Authors: Cronin Mike 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The vast majority of people who play sport are amateurs who take part for a variety of reasons relating to their social lives, health, and for the pure pleasure of it. ‘Amateurs and professionals’ describes the difference between amateurism and professionalism in sport that emerged in the 19th century. The amateur was someone who stood for a clearly outlined set of values and money was seen as a corrupting force. Sports such as horse racing, cricket, golf, and boxing, which had organized themselves in the 18th century, became professionalized and commercialized rapidly. Others fought professionalism for much longer—rugby union only abandoned its amateur-only rule in 1995.
The inter-war years
Authors: Weinberg Gerard L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘The inter-war years’ looks at the period after the First World War when the victorious powers were drafting peace treaties with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the successor of the Ottoman Empire. The fundamental issue was how to reorganize Europe and territories elsewhere as the basic assumption of territoriality shifted from the dynastic to the national principle. The treaty with Germany had numerous aspects including provisions for war crime trials, the demilitarization of Germany's western border, reparations, and limitations on Germany's military, which were deeply resented by the German people. Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933 and the increasing disregard for the peace treaty brought a Second World War closer.
Transmission at different scales
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The term ‘transmission’ defines infectious disease. Respiratory viruses such as influenza are airborne; diseases such as HIV and hepatitis are transmitted through direct, usually sexual, exchange of bodily fluids; water-borne diseases such as cholera can survive in the environment; and vector-borne pathogens have evolved to use other organisms, especially blood-sucking insects and mites, to travel from one host to another. ‘Transmission at different scales’ considers the filters for encounter and compatibility, mathematical modelling of epidemic dynamics, and the key factors of virulence, resistance, and tolerance.