bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Almost all $S$-integer dynamical systems have many periodic points
Authors: WARD T. B. 
Published: July 2002

We show that for almost every ergodic $S$-integer dynamical system the radius of convergence of the dynamical zeta function is no larger than $\exp(-\frac{1}{2}h_{\rm top})<1$. In the arithmetic case almost every zeta function is irrational.We conjecture that for almost every ergodic $S$-integer dynamical system the radius of convergence of the zeta function is exactly $\exp(-h_{\rm top})<1$ and the zeta function is irrational.In an important geometric case (the $S$-integer systems corresponding to isometric extensions of the full $p$-shift or, more generally, linear algebraic cellular automata on the full $p$-shift) we show that the conjecture holds with the possible exception of at most two primes $p$.Finally, we explicitly describe the structure of $S$-integer dynamical systems as isometric extensions of (quasi-)hyperbolic dynamical systems.
PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS OF SHELTERED HOUSING
Authors: Clapham David 
Published: July 2002

Alex Marsh and Moyra Riseborough, Making Ends Meet: Older
People, Housing Association Costs and the Affordability of Rented Housing,
National Federation of Housing Associations, London, 1995, 93 pp.,
no price, ISBN 0 862 97307 4.Anthea Tinker, Fay Wright and Hannah Zeilig, Difficult to Let
Sheltered Housing, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1995,
174 pp., £17.50, ISBN 0 113 21964 4.Moyra Riseborough (ed.), Opening-up the Resources of Sheltered Housing
to the Wider Community, Anchor Studies 3, Anchor Housing
Association, Oxford, 1995, 32 pp., £7.50, ISBN 0 906 17827 4.Bill Randall, Staying Put: The Best Move I'll Never Make, Anchor
Housing Association, Oxford, 1995, unpaginated, £5.99,
ISBN 0 906 17829 0.For the last twenty years sheltered housing has dominated debates about
housing and old age in Britain. There have recently been signs that its pre-eminent position may be threatened by the wider agenda stimulated by the
community care reforms. But just when we thought the whole debate had run
out of steam, back comes sheltered housing to dominate the policy debate and
to re-capture the attention of housing officers. The nature of the debate now
differs: gone are the heated discussions over whether sheltered housing is the
answer to all our problems; rather, the key question is what to do with the
increasing number of ‘difficult-to-let’ sheltered housing
flats. Does this mean
that the sceptics (including myself) were right all along and that sheltered
housing really was ill-thought out and over-provided? After all, the main
defence against these charges was that it was popular. Have older people
turned against it too?
(Im)possible universalism: reading human rights in world politics
Authors: PIN-FAT VÉRONIQUE 
Published: July 2002

Tony Evans (ed.), Human Rights Fifty Years On: A Reappraisal (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998)Robin Holt, Wittgenstein, Politics and Human Rights (London: LSE/Routledge, 1997)Peter Van Ness (ed.), Debating Human Rights: Critical Essays from the United States and Asia (London: Routledge, 1999)Questions concerning the linkage, or lack of it, between theory and practice are perennial in International Relations (IR). This is particularly acute in the case of studies of universal human rights in world politics. Problems associated with universal human rights are familiar; what are their foundations?, what are their origins?, do they exist in all cultures?, why, when it comes to implementation, do we see such failure and inconsistency across the globe and the persistence of human wrongs?, why does power seem to play such a large role in stifling ‘progress’? All these questions appear in one form or another in the books under review here and readers will, perhaps, take comfort from their familiarity as old, difficult friends.
Review Article: Household, family and
welfare: past, present and future
Authors: HARRIS BERNARD 
Published: July 2002

J. Robin, From childhood to middle age: cohort analysis in Colyton,
1851–1891. (Cambridge: Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social
Structure, Working Paper Series, no. 1, n.d.). Pages
iv+83. £2.50.H. Cunningham and P. P. Viazzo (eds.), Child labour in historical
perspective, 1800–1985: case studies from Europe, Japan and Colombia.
(Florence: United Nations Children's Fund, International Child
Development Centre, 1996.) Pages 105. US$9.00.L. Marks, Metropolitan maternity: maternal and infant welfare services in
early-twentieth century London. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996.) Pages
xxii+344.A. Walker (ed.), The new generational contract: intergenerational relations,
old age and welfare. (London: UCL Press, 1996). Pages xiii+241.These four publications vary significantly in their geographical coverage
and general subject matter, but it is still possible to identify a number of
common themes. They are particularly important for what they reveal
about the links between formal welfare provision, protective legislation,
family care, and the standard of living. They also yield many individual
insights into such matters as family reconstitution, migration, child
labour, working conditions, municipal welfare services, the decline of
infant and maternal mortality, and the possible existence of a demographic
threat to the viability of modern welfare states.
Biodiversity in fresh waters – an issue of species preservation or system functioning?
Authors: MOSS BRIAN 
Published: July 2002

Fresh waters offer intricate diversity, from small hot springs to huge floodplain systems, from temporary pools to big lakes, each containing significant proportions of the world's stock of inland water. In this collection is a great diversity of organisms, and of interesting relationships amongst them and with traditional peoples. There is thus every reason to value the diversity of freshwater systems and reasons for conserving them, from the ethical to the economic, can be listed no less than for terrestrial systems.The approaches currently used to conserve the diversity of terrestrial systems, however, may be counter-productive for the conservation of freshwater systems. These approaches include emphasis on individual, often charismatic species, or on areas of high quality that can be boundaried and protected (fortress conservation) and rest on arguments that all species must be maintained for the system to function. The current decline in world biodiversity under our increasing impact suggests that these are failing approaches even for terrestrial systems. They may be disastrous for freshwater ones.
Variations in the prevalence of antibody to brucella infection in

cattle by farm, area and district in Kenya
Authors: KADOHIRA M. , McDERMOTT J. J. , SHOUKRI M. M. , KYULE M. N. 
Published: July 2002

Variations in the sero-prevalence of antibody to brucella

infection by cow, farm and area factors were investigated for three

contrasting districts in Kenya: Samburu, an arid and pastoral

area; Kiambu, a tropical highland area; and Kilifi, a typical

tropical coastal area. Cattle were selected by a two-stage cluster

sampling procedure and visited once between August 1991 and 1992.Schall's algorithm, a statistical model suitable for

multi-level analysis was used. Using this model, older age, free

grazing and large herd size ([ges ] 31) were associated with higher

seroprevalence. Also, significant farm-to-farm, area-to-area and

district-to-district variations were estimated. The patterns of high

risk districts and areas seen were consistent with known animal

husbandry and movement risk factors, but the larger than expected

farm-to-farm variation within high risk areas and districts could not

be explained. Thus, a multi-level method provided additional

information beyond conventional analyses of sero-prevalence data.
Implications of hypoxia for the brain size and gill morphometry of mormyrid fishes
Authors: Chapman Lauren J. , Hulen Kevin G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mormyrids are well known for their remarkable electrogenic and electrolocation capabilities and exceptionally large cerebellum that may account for much of their total oxygen consumption. Mormyrids living in oxygen‐deficient waters may use oxygen efficiently, protecting the brain from hypoxia damage; and/or brain size may be reduced. This study compares the TFL, gill lamellar density, gill lamellar area, total gill surface area, and brain size of two species of mormyrids from extremely hypoxic waters in Uganda (Gnathonemus victoriae and Petrocephalus catostoma) to two open‐water species (Mormyrus kannume and Gnathonemus longibarbis) from the same region. In addition, interdemic variation was considered by comparing swamp populations of G. victoriae and P. catostoma to open‐water populations of the same species. Total gill surface area of all species fell within the upper range for freshwater fishes. However, there were both intraspecific and interspecific differences in gill characters. Interdemic comparisons showed larger gill size in swamp‐dwelling populations. Brain size varied among species; larger brains were characteristic of species from well‐oxygenated waters. Large gill surface area may permit survival of mormyrids in oxygen‐stressed environments; however, mechanisms compensating for hypoxia seem to be inadequate to support a brain size as large as that seen in fish from well‐oxygenated waters.
Facts and fiction about long‐term survival in tardigrades
Authors: Jönsson K. Ingemar , Bertolani Roberto 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTardigrades have achieved a widespread reputation for an ability to survive more than a century in an inactive, ametabolic state called cryptobiosis. However, a closer look at the empirical evidence provides little support for the claim that tardigrades are capable of century‐long survival. Instead, current evidence suggests that a decade may more realistically represent the upper limit of cryptobiotic survival in the most resistant tardigrades.
Effects of piscivory on the fatty acid profiles and antioxidants of avian yolk: studies on eggs of the gannet, skua, pelican and cormorant
Authors: Surai Peter F. , Bortolotti Gary R. , Fidgett Andrea L. , Blount Jonathan D. , Speake Brian K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPiscivorous birds consume diets which are rich in highly‐polyunsaturated n‐3 fatty acids; these play vital roles in embryonic development but are very susceptible to oxidative damage. The effects of such diets on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant content of the yolk were investigated in the northern gannet Morus bassanus, the great skua Catharacta skua, the American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos and the double‐crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus. The phospholipid fraction of the eggs of these four species contained high proportions of the n‐3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, which formed 7.5–11.3% (w/w) of the fatty acids of this fraction. The presence of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids also contributed to the total n‐3 content of the phospholipid. The n‐6 polyunsaturate, arachidonic acid, formed between 8% and 19% (w/w) of the phospholipid fatty acids. For the pelican and cormorant, this is consistent with the consumption of freshwater fishes in which arachidonic acid may be a significant acyl constituent. This finding is, however, more difficult to explain for the gannet and skua which largely consume marine fish with a low arachidonic acid content. The yolks of all four species contained relatively high concentrations of vitamin E (90.2–302.3 μg g−1 wet yolk) which was mainly present as α‐tocopherol. The eggs of the pelican and cormorant were especially enriched in carotenoids (150.9 and 115.7 μg g−1 wet yolk, respectively).
Skin disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Vaughan Jones SA , Black MM 
Published: July 2002

During pregnancy there are profound metabolic, endocrine and vascular changes which are tolerated for a short period of time. As the skin represents the largest organ of the body, these changes are also reflected in the appearance of the skin both by the improvement or exacerbation of pre-existing skin disease and by the development of new dermatoses. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy are a group of disorders which only occur in the pregnant state.This review will discuss the physiological effects of pregnancy on the appearance and function of normal skin, and other cutaneous diseases affected by pregnancy (including intrahepatic cholestasis). The latter part of the review will discuss important aspects of the specific dermatoses of pregnancy.
Mesoscale analyses and diagnostic parameters for deep convection nowcasting
Authors: Calas C , Ducrocq V , Sénési S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe study the contribution of surface data to convection nowcasting over regions of modest orography and under weak synoptic forcing. Hourly mesoscale analyses are performed using the CANARI optimal interpolation analysis scheme, which combines first‐guess fields from the fine mesh (10 km) ALADIN model with hourly routine observations arising from a mesonet of automated ground stations. These analyses then allow the computation of diagnostic parameters that quantify convective instability, low‐level lifting processes and moisture supply: these are the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the moisture convergence (MOCON). A tuning of the analysis scheme is needed first for it to fit the meso‐β‐scale. Then, the skill of the computed diagnostics for convection nowcasting is evaluated by comparing their fields with radar reflectivities observed between one and four hours after the analysis time. This is done for four selected convective situations. With regard to thunderstorm triggering, results show that this usually happens over areas of persistently high values of CAPE which undergo convergence continuously from four to one hour before the event; on the other hand, areas of persistent divergence are never associated with convective developments. In addition, the proposed criteria allow a significant reduction in the areal extent of predicted thunderstorms (i.e. decreasing the false‐alarm rate) compared with what can be currently done on an operational basis, while maintaining a low non‐detection rate. As to convection monitoring, we find that the organization of convective systems into a reflectivity line is preceded by a similar organization in the MOCON field from one to three hours ahead. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Point and areal PMP estimates for durations of two and three days in India
Authors: Rakhecha P R , Clark C 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe risk of dam failure in India, coupled with better analysis of extreme storm events, has led to the estimation of revised one‐day probable maximum precipitation (PMP). For some water conservation projects where the catchment area is very large, there is a need to have estimates of PMP for durations of both two and three days. These are provided in this paper. It was found that the two‐day PMP over the Indian region varied from 100 cm over the central peninsula to over 290 cm in eastern India. For a duration of three days the corresponding values are 120 cm and 370 cm. For water management projects which include impounding reservoirs, an estimate has been made of the probable maximum flood (PMF) based on the new PMP estimates. The results of the design flood estimates were compared with existing estimates at the same sites and in most cases were found to be considerably higher. A comparison of the revised estimates of PMF and recorded floods in India shows that the trend of the rates of runoff in relation to catchment area differ by an average of 38% for an area of 1000 km2 and 46% for an area of 10 000 km2. These results show that some dams in India may be unsafe in the event of the probable maximum flood. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Neural network retrieval of wind velocity profiles from satellite data
Authors: Cogan J , Gutman W , Measure E , Bustamante D , Vaucher G 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA method has been developed for retrieval of wind velocity profiles from satellite sounder radiances using a neural network technique. Each wind velocity represents a mean value for a layer approximately centred at that standard height or pressure level. The neural network input vector includes sounder radiances from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), plus ancillary information such as latitude and longitude. A set of ‘co‐incident’ rawinsonde soundings provide the ‘truth’ data set. In the initial results root mean square errors for the standard levels from 850 to 300 hPa have about the same magnitude as those for current methods such as tracking of moisture features in GOES imagery. As with more traditional methods, the largest root mean square error occurs near the tropopause. Although the results to date appear highly promising, considerable further work is needed before we have an operationally capable technique. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
The Met Office upper air winds: Prediction and verification in the context of commercial aviation data
Authors: Rickard G J , Lunnon R W , Tenenbaum J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe properties of the upper air winds used by the commercial aviation community are investigated. Analysis of the spectra shows that the forecasts have errors in both power and phase. However, the constant multiplier presently applied at The Met Office to the forecast winds before they are sent to the airlines remains best for remedying the speed underestimates characteristic of the forecast winds relative to those observed. We provide evidence for the success of this multiplier including the existence of a systematic negative speed bias as a function of the forecast wind speed. A constant multiplier greater than one (presently set at 1.04) always produces reductions in the traditional speed and vector wind rms scores, as well as an aviation specific rms relative flight time error. The investigations reveal that the constant multiplier is also optimal given the verification measures used; it must therefore remain integral to the operational processing of the forecast winds before transmission to the aviation community, at least for the foreseeable future. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Air quality modelling: a technical review of mathematical approaches
Authors: Collett Richard S , Oduyemi Kehinde 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA short review paper is presented for the subject area of air quality modelling. The paper is geared towards equipping new researchers and workers with a basic appreciation for the technical aspects of their field, providing a staging point for further investigation, and highlighting useful source materials. The paper is introduced through a discussion of the philosophical and practical implications regarding mathematical air quality modelling. A critique of relevant mathematical modelling techniques is presented and includes a treatment of Box, Gaussian, Eulerian, Lagrangian and Particle modelling approaches. Conclusions on the future of mathematical air quality modelling are drawn. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Different predictions by two NWP models of the surface pressure field east of Iceland
Authors: Ólafsson Haraldur 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn February and March 1996, the French NWP model Arpège was run to give operational forecasts five days ahead. These forecasts were a part of preparations for FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment), whose field phase took place in 1997. The extensive collection and availability of model output during this period gave an excellent opportunity to study in real time the behaviour of different NWP models during the period of the year when strong winds and rapid changes in weather conditions are frequent. In this paper, we study a case where the ECMWF model predicted an incorrect pressure gradient at Northeast Iceland, while Arpège correctly simulated the gradient. The model errors are connected to anomalies in the mid‐tropospheric vorticity field, which is in general quite different in the two models. The differences in the vorticity fields are discussed in relation to orographic effects. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Sequence and Analysis of Chromosome I of the Amitochondriate Intracellular Parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Microspora)
Authors: Peyret Pierre , Katinka Michael D. , Duprat Simone , Duffieux Francis , Barbe Valérie , Barbazanges Martin , Weissenbach Jean , Saurin William , Vivarès Christian P. 
Published: July 2002

A DNA sequencing program was applied to the small (<3 Mb) genome of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an amitochondriate eukaryotic parasite of mammals, and the sequence of the smallest chromosome was determined. The ∼224-kb E. cuniculichromosome I exhibits a dyad symmetry characterized by two identical 37-kb subtelomeric regions which are divergently oriented and extend just downstream of the inverted copies of an 8-kb duplicated cluster of six genes. Each subtelomeric region comprises a single 16S–23S rDNA transcription unit, flanked by various tandemly repeated sequences, and ends with ∼1 kb of heterogeneous telomeric repeats. The central (or core) region of the chromosome harbors a highly compact arrangement of 132 potential protein-coding genes plus two tRNA genes (one gene per 1.14 kb). Most genes occur as single copies with no identified introns. Of these putative genes, only 53 could be assigned to known functions. A number of genes from the transcription and translation machineries as well as from other cellular processes display characteristic eukaryotic signatures or are clearly eukaryote-specific.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession no. AL 391737.]
A Plant Gene Up-Regulated at Rust Infection Sites
Authors: Ayliffe Michael A. , Roberts James K. , Mitchell Heidi J. , Zhang Ren , Lawrence Gregory J. , Ellis Jeffrey G. , Pryor Tony J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Expression of the fis1 gene from flax (Linum usitatissimum) is induced by a compatible rust (Melampsora lini) infection. Infection of transgenic plants containing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under the control of the fis1 promoter showed that induction is highly localized to those leaf mesophyll cells within and immediately surrounding rust infection sites. The level of induction reflects the extent of fungal growth. In a strong resistance reaction, such as the hypersensitive fleck mediated by the L6resistance gene, there is very little fungal growth and a microscopic level of GUS expression. Partially resistant flax leaves show levels of GUS expression that were intermediate to the level observed in the fully susceptible infection. Sequence and deletion analysis using both transient Agrobacterium tumefaciens expression and stable transformation assays have shown that the rust-induciblefis1 promoter is contained within a 580-bp fragment. Homologs of fis1 were identified in expressed sequence tag databases of a range of plant species including dicots, monocots, and a gymnosperm. Homologous genes isolated from maize (Zea mays; mis1), barley (Hordeum vulgare; bis1), wheat (Triticum aestivum; wis1), and Arabidopsis encode proteins that are highly similar (76%–82%) to the FIS1 protein. The Arabidopsis homologue has been reported to encode a Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase that is involved in the catabolism of proline to glutamate. RNA-blot analysis showed that mis1 in maize and the bis1homolog in barley are both up-regulated by a compatible infection with the corresponding species-specific rust. The rust-induced genes homologous to fis1 are present in many plants. The promoters of these genes have potential roles for the engineering of synthetic rust resistance genes by targeting transgene expression to the sites of rust infection.