bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome After Reperfusion Therapies in Patients With Large Baseline Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Stroke Lesions
Authors: Gautheron Vincent , Xie Yu , Tisserand Marie , Raoult Hélène , Soize Sébastien , Naggara Olivier , Bourcier Romain , Richard Sébastien , Guillemin Francis , Bracard Serge , Oppenheim Catherine 
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose—

Stroke patients with large diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) volumes are often excluded from reperfusion because of reckoned futility. In those with DWI
volume
>70 mL, included in the THRACE trial (Mechanical Thrombectomy After Intravenous Alteplase Versus Alteplase Alone After Stroke), we report the associations between baseline parameters and outcome.

Methods—
We examined 304 patients with anterior circulation stroke and pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging. Variables were extracted from the THRACE database, and DWI volumes were measured semiautomatically.

Results—

Among 53 patients with DWI
volume
>70 mL, 12 had favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, ≤2) at 3 months; they had less coronary disease (0/12 versus 12/38;
P
=0.046) and less history of smoking (1/10 versus 12/31;
P
=0.013) than patients with modified Rankin Scale score >2. None of the 8 patients >75 years of age reached modified Rankin Scale score ≤2. Favorable outcome occurred in 12 of 37 M1-occluded patients but in 0 of 16 internal carotid-T/L–occluded patients (
P
=0.010). Favorable outcome was more frequent (6/13) when DWI lesion was limited to the superficial middle cerebral artery territory than when it extended to the deep middle cerebral artery territory (6/40;
P
=0.050).

Conclusions—
Stroke patients with DWI lesion >70 mL may benefit from reperfusion therapy, especially those with isolated M1 occlusion or ischemia restricted to the superficial middle cerebral artery territory. The benefit of treatment seems questionable for patients with carotid occlusion or lesion extending to the deep middle cerebral artery territory.
Mating system, male territoriality and agility as predictors of the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae)
Authors: Nuñez-Rosas L. , Arizmendi M.C. , Cueva del Castillo R. , Serrano-Meneses M.A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMale and female animals often exhibit differences in body size; this difference is known as sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Hummingbirds are an excellent model system to test functional hypotheses of SSD because they exhibit a wide range of body sizes and reproductive behaviour between the sexes. Here, using phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested whether mating system, male territoriality and agility predicted the evolution of SSD in this avian family. Our results first suggest that evolutionary increases in male-biased SSD are related to increases in lekking behaviour. Second, we found that male agility is positively related to increases in male biased-SSD albeit this is only likely to occur in males of territorial species. Finally, we found an allometric pattern for SSD consistent with Rensch’s rule that was not explained by our estimates of male competition and agility.
The effect of storage time and temperature on the population dynamics and vitality of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers
Authors: Teklu Misghina G. , Schomaker Corrie H. , Been Thomas H. 
Published: January 2018

Summary
The population densities of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers stored at 4, 8 and 12°C after 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 days of storage were assessed. Compared to day 0, storage temperatures of 4 and 8°C reduced population densities to 9 and 35%, respectively, after 240 days of storage, while nematode numbers in tubers stored at 12°C increased 2.5 times. The maximum hatching rate of nematodes from tubers stored at 8 and 12°C increased linearly with storage time. At 4°C it remained constant. The time required for the hatching process to reach the maximum number of second-stage juveniles (J2) decreased with increasing storage temperature. Recovered juveniles of M. chitwoodi from tubers after 180 and 240 days of storage at all three temperatures were still infective and able to multiply on ‘Desiree’ with estimates of the maximum multiplication rate (a) and the maximum population density (M) of 63.6 and 70.8 J2 (g dry soil)−1, respectively.
Influence of Midlatitude Surface Thermal Anomalies on the Polar Midtroposphere in an Idealized Moist Model
Authors: Fajber Robert , Kushner Paul J. , Laliberté Frédéric 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Evidence from models and observations suggests that the vertical distribution of entropy in the extratropical troposphere reflects the horizontal distribution of entropy at the surface. This isentropic linkage, which is accomplished through moist isentropic mass transport driven by extratropical waves, becomes more apparent when the effect of latent heat release by condensing moist parcels is accounted for. This study focuses on the stratification of the Arctic troposphere, which is connected by moist isentropes to the midlatitude surface. A relatively simple moist general circulation model without radiative feedbacks involving water vapor or clouds is used to study the linkage between the midlatitude surface and the Arctic midtroposphere. Zonally symmetric midlatitude thermal perturbations switched on at the surface drive a moist potential temperature response in the Arctic midtroposphere with a lag of about 2 weeks. This response increases the gross moist vertical stability in the Arctic while generally decreasing it, or increasing it only weakly, in the midlatitudes. The moist isentropic streamfunction is shifted poleward owing to the poleward entropy flux response and is shifted upward (i.e., to higher entropy) owing to the zonal-mean entropy response. The results suggest a potential novel mechanism by which the midlatitudes might influence polar lapse rates and their associated radiative feedbacks.
Roles of Shallow Convective Moistening in the Eastward Propagation of the MJO in MIROC6
Authors: Hirota Nagio , Ogura Tomoo , Tatebe Hiroaki , Shiogama Hideo , Kimoto Masahide , Watanabe Masahiro 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study examines the roles of shallow convection in the eastward propagation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) using new and old versions of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, versions 6 and 5 (MIROC6 and MIROC5), respectively. A major modification of MIROC6 from its previous version, MIROC5, is the implementation of the shallow convection scheme following Park and Bretherton. The MJO representation in MIROC6 is improved compared to MIROC5. The MJO convective envelopes that occur over the Indian Ocean, which decay too early over the western Pacific in MIROC5, propagate farther into the eastern Pacific in MIROC6. In the initial stage of the MJO development, the shallow convection transports boundary layer moisture upward forming an important moisture source for the lower free troposphere in MIROC6. In the mature stage of the MJO, the deep convection becomes increasingly active with the large amount of moisture in the free troposphere. Accordingly, the moisture anomalies associated with the MJO show an upward- and westward-tilted structure, as in the observations. Conversely, MIROC5 exhibits a dry bias in the lower free troposphere, suggesting that the shallow convective activity is underestimated. A parameter perturbation experiment, modifying the intensity of shallow convection, confirms that enhanced shallow convection reduces the moisture bias in the lower free troposphere and improves the simulation of the MJO in MIROC6.
Trends in U.S. Hourly Precipitation Variance 1949–2009
Authors: Canel L. M. , Katz J. I. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Drawing from a NOAA database of hourly precipitation data from 5995 stations in the contiguous United States over the period 1949–2009, the authors investigate possible trends in the variance of the hourly precipitation, averaged over the diurnal and annual cycles and normalized by the square of the mean precipitation at that site. This normalized variance is a measure of storminess, distinct from increases in precipitation attributable to warming. For the 1722 stations surviving quality control with data on at least 80% of days in at least 30 years, the authors compute the rate of change of the logarithm of the normalized variance at each station and set bounds on its mean (over stations) trend. The logarithmic function weights the trends at calm stations equally to those at stormy stations and enhances the statistical power of the mean. The authors find a logarithmic rate of change of the mean normalized variance of yr−1 (). The upper bounds on any continentally averaged trend, increasing or decreasing, are about 0.001 yr−1 (doubling or halving times &gt; 1000 years). It is found that the normalized variance in the Los Angeles basin has increased at a statistically significant rate. This may be attributable to a decrease in the number of aerosol condensation nuclei. Upper bounds are set on any effect of the 11-yr solar cycle.
Comparison of the Vertical Distributions of Cloud Properties from Idealized Extratropical Deep Convection Simulations Using Various Horizontal Resolutions
Authors: Huang Wei , Bao J.-W. , Zhang Xu , Chen Baode 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
The authors coarse-grained and analyzed the output from a large-eddy simulation (LES) of an idealized extratropical supercell storm using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with various horizontal resolutions (200 m, 400 m, 1 km, and 3 km). The coarse-grained physical properties of the simulated convection were compared with explicit WRF simulations of the same storm at the same resolution of coarse-graining. The differences between the explicit simulations and the coarse-grained LES output increased as the horizontal grid spacing in the explicit simulation coarsened. The vertical transport of the moist static energy and total hydrometeor mixing ratio in the explicit simulations converged to the LES solution at the 200-m grid spacing. Based on the analysis of the coarse-grained subgrid vertical flux of the moist static energy, the authors confirmed that the nondimensional subgrid vertical flux of the moist static energy varied with the subgrid fractional cloudiness according to a function of fractional cloudiness, regardless of the box size. The subgrid mass flux could not account for most of the total subgrid vertical flux of the moist static energy because the eddy-transport component associated with the internal structural inhomogeneity of convective clouds was of a comparable magnitude. This study highlights the ongoing challenge in developing scale-aware parameterizations of subgrid convection.
A note on estimating income inequality across countries using PPP exchange rates
Authors: Ghosh Jayati 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe use of exchange rates based on Purchasing Power Parities to compare incomes across countries and over time has now become standard practice. But there are reasons to believe that this could lead to excessively inflated incomes for poorer countries and in some cases also inflate the extent of real changes over time. Estimates of gross domestic product growth in the Chinese and Indian economies in recent years provide examples of this.
Irbesartan prevents sodium channel remodeling in a canine model of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wang Xuewen , Li Guangping 
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in atrial electrical remodeling (AER). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of irbesartan on cardiac sodium current (INa) in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Materials and methods: Eighteen dogs were randomized into sham, pacing or pacing+irbesartan groups ( n = 6 in each group). The dogs in the pacing and irbesartan group were paced at 500 bpm for two weeks. Irbesartan (60 mg·kg−1·d−1) was administered orally in the pacing+irbesartan groups. INa was recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp technique from canine atrial myocytes. The expressions of cardiac Na+ channels (Nav1.5) mRNA were semi-quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Our results showed that INa density and Nav1.5 mRNA expression in the pacing group decreased significantly ( p < 0.05 vs. sham). However, rapid atrial pacing had no effects on the half-activation voltage (V1/2act) and half-inactivation voltage (V1/2inact) of INa ( p > 0.05 vs. sham). Irbesartan significantly increased INa densities and gene expression and hyperpolarized V1/2act without concomitant changes in V1/2inact. Conclusions: Irbesartan significantly increased INa densities, which contributed to improving intra-atrial conduction and prevented the induction and promotion of AF in atrial pacing dogs.
Application of dermal chlorhexidine antisepsis is ineffective at reducing Proprionibacterium acnes colonization in shoulder surgery
Authors: MacLean Simon B. M. , Phadnis Joideep , Ling Chi M. , Bain Gregory I. 
Published: January 2018

Background Chlorhexidine as a skin surface antiseptic has been shown to be ineffective with respect to reducing Proprionibacterium acnes colonization within the dermis. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the application of aqueous chlorhexidine solution to the dermal layer decreased P. acnes colonization during open shoulder surgery. Methods The present study enrolled 50 patients who were undergoing open shoulder surgery. Patients received standard antimicrobial preparation. Three dermal swabs were taken from each patient: swab 1 following skin incision; swab taken 2 minutes to 5 minutes post-application of aqueous chlorhexidine to the dermis; and swab 3 taken 60 minutes post-application. Results Mean age was 57.5 years (22 males, 28 females). There were 21 patients (42%) with P. acnes present on any dermal swab. There were significantly more P. acnes positive cultures identified at swab 3 compared to swab 1 ( p = 0.043). In nine patients with positive P. acnes at cultures swab 1, eight also isolated P. acnes after at swabs 2 or 3. Males were significantly more likely to have P. acnes on any swab ( p < 0.001). Positive P. acnes cultures were significantly more common in patients ≤50 years ( p < .001). None of the patients had any clinical signs of infection at a minimum of 1 year following surgery. Conclusions Dermal application of aqueous chlorhexidine during open shoulder surgery fails to eradicate or reduce P. acnes on deep cultures.
Endoscopic management and follow‐up of patients with a submucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Künzli HT , Belghazi K , Pouw RE , Meijer SL , Seldenrijk CA , Weusten BLAM , Bergman JJGHM 
Published: January 2018

IntroductionThe risk of lymph node metastases (LNM) in submucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients is subject to debate. These patients might be treated endoscopically if the risk of LNM appears to be low.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to evaluate the outcome of patients who underwent an endoscopic resection (ER) and subsequent endoscopic follow‐up for a submucosal EAC.MethodsAll patients who underwent ER for submucosal EAC between January 2012 and August 2016 and were subsequently managed with endoscopic follow‐up were retrospectively identified. Primary outcome was the number of patients diagnosed with LNM; secondary outcomes included intraluminal recurrences.ResultsThirty‐five patients (median age 68 years) were included: 17 low‐risk (submucosal invasion <500 microns, G1–G2, no lymphovascular invasion (LVI)), and 18 high‐risk (submucosal invasion >500 microns, and/or G3–G4, and/or LVI, and/or a tumor‐positive deep resection margin (R1)) EACs. After a median follow‐up of 23 (IQR 15–43) months, in which patients underwent a median of six (IQR 4–8) endoscopies and a median of four (IQR 2–8) endoscopic ultrasound procedures, none of the included patients were diagnosed with LNM. Five (14%) patients developed a local intraluminal recurrence a median of 18 (IQR 11–21) months after baseline ER that were treated endoscopically.ConclusionsIn 35 patients with a submucosal EAC, no LNM were found during a median follow‐up of 23 months. Endoscopic therapy may be an alternative for surgery in selected patients with a submucosal EAC.
The prevalence of human papillomavirus in pediatric tonsils: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Wojtera Monika , Paradis Josee , Husein Murad , Nichols Anthony C. , Barrett John W. , Salvadori Marina I. , Strychowsky Julie E. 
Published: January 2018

Background HPV-related head and neck cancer rates have been increasing in recent years, with the tonsils being the most commonly affected site. However, the current rate of HPV infection in the pediatric population remains poorly defined. The objective of this study was to systematically review and evaluate the prevalence and distribution of HPV in the tonsils of pediatric patients undergoing routine tonsillectomy. Methods and Results The literature was searched using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global databases (inception to December 2017) by two independent review authors. Inclusion criteria included articles which evaluated the prevalence of HPV in a pediatric cohort without known warts or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, those which used tonsil biopsy specimens for analysis, and those with six or more subjects and clear outcomes reported. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Using the Oxford Clinical Evidence-based Medicine (OCEBM) guidelines, two reviewers appraised the level of evidence of each study, extracted data, and resolved discrepancies by consensus. The systematic review identified 11 articles ( n = 2520). Seven studies detected HPV in the subject population, with prevalence values ranging from 0 to 21%. The level of evidence for all included studies was OCEBM Level 3. Conclusions HPV may be present in pediatric tonsillectomy specimens; however, the largest included study demonstrated a prevalence of 0%. Future testing should be performed using methods with high sensitivities and specificities, such as reverse transcript real-time PCR or digital droplet PCR.
Resolution of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in a pediatric patient with a severe phenotype of Muckle-Wells syndrome treated with Anakinra: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Marchica Cinzia , Zawawi Faisal , Basodan Dania , Scuccimarri Rosie , Daniel Sam J. 
Published: January 2018

Background Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) is a rare auto-inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of recurrent urticaria, deafness and amyloidosis. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is reported to occur in up to 85% of patients occurring in the second and third decades and as early as the first decade in patients with a more severe phenotype, thus potentially having a significant impact on a child's development. IL-1 inhibitors, such as Anakinra, have been described to improve systemic inflammation, and stabilize or improve hearing status as well. However, complete resolution of hearing loss has been rarely reported. The objective of this article is to highlight the clinical presentation of a pediatric patient with a severe form of MWS and report on the complete resolution of SNHL with the use of Anakinra. Case presentation A 3-year-old boy was referred to our hospital to assess for the possibility of MWS given a history of hives and recurrent episodes of fever with a family history of MWS in his mother. Of note, the patient's history was significant for conductive hearing loss, speech delay, as well as recurrent acute otitis media episodes. Genetic analysis was performed and diagnosis of MWS was confirmed due to the presence of a NLRP3 gene mutation. Further work-up demonstrated the presence of papilledema and elevation of systemic inflammatory markers for which Canakinumab was initiated. Despite initiation of this treatment, audiogram evaluation demonstrated a new right-sided SNHL. Lumbar puncture also revealed aseptic meningitis. Canakinumab was eventually discontinued and Anakinra initiated. Within 7 months of treatment with Anakinra at 5 mg/kg sc daily, resolution of the SNHL was observed. With further escalation of the Anakinra dose, there was also complete resolution of the aseptic meningitis. Conclusions Progressive hearing loss is a significant finding in patients with MWS. Early screening as well as initiation of Anakinra can lead to complete resolution of SNHL even in a patient with a severe spectrum of MWS. However, as this case demonstrates, longer treatment duration and higher doses of Anakinra may be required to achieve this.
Completed audit cycle to explore the use of the STOPP/START toolkit to optimise medication in psychiatric in-patients with dementia
Authors: Aziz Victor M. , Hill Natalie , Kumar Sugandha 
Published: January 2018

Aims and methodTo explore the use of the STOPP/START toolkit in older psychiatric in-patients with dementia. Clinical records and current drug charts were reviewed against STOPP/START criteria for all in-patients (n = 86) on six specialist dementia wards.ResultsBenzodiazepines, antipsychotics and opiates were most commonly prescribed inappropriately. The most common unprescribed medication groups were statins, calcium supplements and vitamin D supplements. There was an overall reduction of 7% in comorbidities and 8% in the number of prescriptions. t-test showed a significant drop in average comorbidities between both audits, t(1) = 23.920, P = 0.027, and in average prescriptions per patient, t(1) = 28.808, P = 0.022. There was no difference in the number of patients receiving polypharmacy, t(1) = 7.500, P = 0.084, or receiving medication with a high risk of adverse drug reactions, t(1) = 6.857, P = 0.092.Clinical implicationsThe STOPP/START toolkit highlighted the importance of collaborative working between doctors, clinical pharmacists and nursing staff, and could provide old age psychiatrists with a structured tool to identify inappropriate prescribing of non-psychiatric medications.Declaration of interestsNone.
Antidepressants in paediatric depression: do not look back in anger but around in awareness
Authors: Brent David A. , Gibbons Robert D. , Wilkinson Paul , Dubicka Bernadka 
Published: January 2018

SummaryIn this paper, we summarise and critique a network meta-analysis (NMA) of antidepressant efficacy and tolerability for paediatric depression and an accompanying editorial. Although we agree that many of the extant studies are flawed, this meta-analysis showed clear efficacy of fluoxetine in the NMA, and for sertraline and escitalopram in pairwise analyses. Consequently, these papers underestimate the benefits of antidepressants for paediatric depression, and provide support for current practice guideline, which recommends the use of an antidepressant if the patient does not respond to psychotherapy. In these circumstances, fluoxetine should be the first choice, with escitalopram and sertraline as alternatives.Declaration of interestD.A.B. receives royalties from Guilford Press, has or will receive royalties from the electronic self-rated version of the C-SSRS from eResearch Technology, Inc., is on the editorial board of UpToDate, and is a reviewer for Healthwise. R.D.G. serves as an expert witness for the US Department of Justice, Pfizer, Wyeth and GSK; and is the founder of Adaptive Testing Technologies. P.W. receives personal fees from Lundbeck and Takeda. B.D. reports a licensing agreement with Lundbeck for a psychosocial treatment manual for depression. No other disclosures were reported.