bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of housing on pig health
Authors: Smith W. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWithin typical pig buildings highly specialized sub-units have been created, each design to cater for a different age group or function, or both. These systems of housing have been developed from a desire by the farmer to overcome welfare problems as they have arisen and also for sound economic reasons. Unfortunately, although new housing systems have solved some problems they have created others. Pig health may be influenced in a direct simple way by housing but more often by the outcome of complex interactions between organisms, the pig and its environment. Examples of typical problems which may arise because of the influence of housing systems on the pig are outlined and discussed.
Climate control systems and equipment — heating, energy conservation and system failure
Authors: Jamieson M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConventionally heat consumption forms a small proportion (about 002) of the total cost of producing finishing pigs. Heating costs are incurred from farrowing to about 20 kg live weight and generally represent about 0–05 of production costs to this stage.Apart from the incorporation of adequate insulation in the building structure, the main means of restricting heating costs is by good control of minimum ventilation rate. Efficient control systems are available but operators do not always fully understand how they are intended to work, so effective training is as important as clear operating instructions.Techniques exist for the reduction of fossil fuel consumption but all involve the expenditure of additional capital and have running costs of their own. In relation to the current low costs of fossil fuels, oil and propane, even the simplest of these methods are difficult to justify in commercial practice. They include: heat recovery by static recuperator from ventilation exhaust air; and heat recovery by heat pump from low temperature sources such as aerobically treated slurry, ground water and exhaust air.Alternative non-fossil fuels include biogas and straw. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion of slurry is expensive in capital and is only feasible where the slurry must be treated for other reasons, such as odour control. Heat production from straw may be economical where the straw is available at low cost and simple stoking aids (e.g. existing tractor fore-loaders) are used.Fail-safe equipment to protect stock in the event of forced ventilation system breakdown must be carefully designed and installed to be reliable. Methods are available to suit the range of ventilation and housing systems. Failure of natural ventilation systems is less likely to cause problems, and indications to the stockman of abnormal temperature conditions should be sufficient to prevent loss of stock.
Improving the quality of lamb meat — taste, fatness and consumer appeal
Authors: Wood J. D. , Fisher A. V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLamb has some positive attributes so far as consumers are concerned i.e. high levels of tenderness and flavour, a low incidence of quality problems (such as PSE muscle in pigs) and a ‘natural’ image. However, a major reduction in fatness of the meat on display in supermarkets is seen as essential to maintain sales in the UK and increase them abroad. Analyses of lamb cuts on retail sale shows that insufficient trimming is or can be done to produce a lean product. An increase in carcass weight would allow more scope for new methods of butchery and presentation. Changes in the way that lamb is marketed are essential in order to reduce carcass fatness. More use of carcass classification and an objective scheme can provide the basis for grading which penalizes over-fat carcasses. Tenderness and flavour can both be modified by changes on the farm and in processing. Chilling rate and ageing/conditioning are major factors controlling tenderness and diet is important in producing desirable flavour. There is considerable scope for improving eating characteristics by ensuring that the factors which affect them are at appropriate levels. However, the major factor in increasing consumer appeal remains a reduction in the fat content of lamb.
Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Brinar Vesna 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is a complex process involving T cell mediated autoimmunity at initial stage of disease. A long standing view that Th1 cells are critical for early inflammatory development of lesions is challenging by recent findings that Th1 helper cells with Th17 phenotype are even more important. A complex autoimmunity of MS is further complicated with evidence that CD8 cells, regulatory T cells, clonal expansion of B cells, cells of myelin lineage, antibodies and complement, as well as process intrinsic to central nervous system contribute to the tissue destruction. Although there are a lot of evidences about inflammatory phase of MS, far less is known about mechanisms involved in degenerative phase of disease. It is not known weather quantitative, or qualitative differences in inflammatory response contributes to destruction of the tissue, or as it was shown experimentally demyelination may sometimes occur independent of T cells.Understanding of immunopathogenesis of MS especially regarding various stages of disease is necessary for clinicians in choosing optimal therapy of MS in individual patients. Influences of immunomodulatory treatment on various stages of MS immuno-pathogenesis are presented.
Clinical and neurochemical characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis – CSF analysis as knowledge base for differential diagnosis and pathophysiology
Authors: Rostasy Kevin , Reiber Hansotto 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system affecting young adults. Although adults and children share important features of the disease, they also differ in some clinical, radiological and laboratory aspects. This review focuses on the neuroimmunological findings in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with MS pointing out that there is already at earliest time of clinical manifestation a neuroimmunological pattern, which differs only in intensity of the humoral immune response but not in frequency and does not support a neuroimmunological difference between early onset from adult onset MS. The humoral immune response with intrathecal IgG and IgM class response and the polyspecific production of antibodies against a wide range of antigens (MRZ antibody response) further helps to differentiate childhood MS from ADEM as the main differential diagnostic challenge.
Toxicology and the vulnerable brain
Authors: Uges D.R.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryToxicology is one of the eldest areas of special attention in medicine and pharmacy. In the past, forensic toxicology was the most important part, but nowadays, at least in the Netherlands, the clinical, occupational and environmental toxicology have the centre of attention.The brain plays its own role in the clinical toxicology. There the intoxication can take place, it can be the basis of the peripheral symptoms of the intoxication or it can be the cause of the intoxication, e.g. at a suicidal attempt or the hospital addiction syndrome.The somatic treatment of an intoxicated patient includes in the first place the stabilization of the patient (cardio-vascular, ventilation and central effects); then the removal of the poison from the surroundings and out of the patient by different suitable methods and finally the symptomatic treatment, sometimes with antidotes.In the Netherlands, hardly any intoxication is fatal, when the patient arrives in the hospital in time, or euthanasia took place on purpose.
Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of social phobia
Authors: Boer Den J.A. , Vliet I.M. Van , Westenberg H.G.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe last two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the interest in anxiety disorders. Much research effort has been dedicated to panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. However, it is only very recently that we have begun to understand some of the basic principles about the psychopharmacology of social phobia. Drug classes so far studied include beta-blockers, non-selective and irreversible MAO-inhibitors (MAOI's) and benzodiazepinen. Beta-blockers appear to be of use in specific social phobias, like public speaking. There is considerable evidence suggesting that MAOI's are effective in reducing both social anxiety as well as social avoidance. A disadvantage of the conventional irreversible MAOI's is their risk for hypertensive crises when combined with dietary tyramine.So far only a small number of studies with selective MAOI-A inhibitors such as moclobemide and brofaromine have been conducted in social phobia, and the results indicate that both compounds are effective.Drugs exerting selective and specific actions on certain components of e.g. the serotonergic system can now be studied and it is hoped that the role of serotonin and other neuronal systems in social phobia can be elucidated.In order to gain more information about selective serotonergic drugs the first double blind placebo-controlled study with fluvoxamine in social phobia is here reported. Preliminary results indicate a reduction of social anxiety.Finally the role of peptides in the treatment of social phobia is critically reviewed. The MSH/ACTH analog Org 2766 was investigated in patients suffering from social phobia. No anxiolytic effects of this peptide could be observed.
Central 5-HT2 antagonists: A preclinical evaluation of a therapeutic potential
Authors: Meert T.F. , Awouters F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA preclinical evaluation is presented of the serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists ritanserin and risperidone. Whereas ritanserin is a relative selective 5-HT2 antagonist, risperidone is a potent 5-HT2 and catecholamine antagonist. The pharmacological differences between both drugs are also observed in the drug discrimination test procedure. Using DOM, d-amphetamine and cocaine. Ritanserin was found active in animal models of anxiety using natural aversive stimuli; and in animal models of depression. Clear differences were observed between ritanserin and the benzodiazepines and between ritanserin and the tricyclic antidepressants. Risperidone was active in animal models of psychosis. Risperidone has, as opposed to classical neuroleptics such as haloperidol, less risks of inducing a dopamine D2 overblockade. Clinically, ritanserin is described as a thymostenic agent.Risperidone is an antipsychotic with therapeutic effects on both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and with a reduced risk of extrapyramidal side-effects.
Psychofarmakologika XI
Authors: Korf J. 
Published: July 2016

InleidingIn deze rubriek zal worden ingegaan op recente observaties betreffende de psychofarmakologie in de breedst mogelijke zin. Vaak zullen zaken uit de literatuur worden behandeld. De gekozen onderwerpen dienen altijd klinische relevantie te hebben. Ook zal deze rubriek gaan over gewoontes die in psychofarmakologische behandeling of in onderzoek zijn geslopen die volgens de auteur lang niet altijd logisch zijn. Soms zal deze rubriek een oproep bevatten om te reageren op een bijdrage gepubliceerd in dit of in een ander tijdschrift. Ook zal de lezer worden aangemoedigd hier zijn eigen ervaringen mee te delen. Het is niet de bedoeling in deze rubriek onderzoeken uitvoerig te rapporteren. Daarvoor staan andere pagina's van de Acta Neuropsychiatrica voor u open.
Neuropeptides and anxiety disorders
Authors: van Megen H.J.G.M. , den Boer J.A. , Westenberg H.G.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this review article four neuropeptides: adrenocorticotrope hormone (ACTH), corticotrope releasing hormone (CRH), neuropeptide- Y(NPY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are discussed with respect to their possible role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. First the presumable working mechanism of these peptides in the brain is mentioned. In addition, the relationship of these peptides and anxiety is outlined using neuroanatomical and electrophysiological research data. Subsequently, animal experiments and human research findings are discussed. Most of the research findings so far are obtained from animal data. Only with respect to CCK, there is increasing evidence, also from human studies, that this peptide might play a role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. The putative role of the other peptides remains to be estab lished in future research.
Neuropeptides as psychotropic drugs
Authors: de Wied D. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNeuropeptides are endogenous substances present in nerve cells and involved in nervous system functions. Neuropeptides are synthetized in large precursor proteins and several are formed in the same precursor. Neuropeptides affect learning and memory processes, social, sexual and maternal behavior, pain and addiction, body temperature, food and water intake e.a. In addition, neuropeptides possess trophic influences on the nervous system, neuroleptic-like andpsychostimulant-like activities. Disturbances in classical neurotransmitter activity as found in Parkinson's disease, psychoses, and dementia, may also be caused by disturbances in neuropeptide activity. In fact, alterations in the concentration of a number of neuropeptides in schizophrenia, depression, and dementia have been found.Much work has been done during the last decade on the influence of neuropeptides in schizophrenia, autism, depression, and in various disorders associated with memory disturbances. These studies concern neuropeptides related to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), vasopressin- and endorphin-type neuropeptides, thyrotropic releasing hormone (TRH), and the C-terminal part of oxytocin Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG). Several of these exert positive effects but in not more than 25% the response is clinically relevant. This may have to do with the severity of the disease and its chronicity. The modest effects may also be caused by the poor bioavailability of peptides and insufficient pharmacotherapeutic experience regarding dose, and duration of treatment.
Psychomotor retardation in depression, a pilot study
Authors: Hoof J.J.M. van , van Bavel L.P. , van den Berg A.J.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySeveral studies have demonstrated that psychomotor retardation is an important sign of the major depressive episode, both from a diagnostic point of view and as a predictor of treatment outcome. However, it is uncertain to what extent psychomotor retardation is specific for the major depressive episode. A heterogeneous group of psychiatric patients (n=26) was studied using a rating scale developed specifically to assess psychomotor retardation (RRS). The 13 patients suffering from a major depressive episode had a significantly higher RRS score than patients with another diagnosis. Furthermore, in the depressive subjects the severity of the depression (measured by means of Hamilton's depression rating scale) appeared to correlate with the severity of the psychomotor retardation. Cognitive features of psychomotor retardation were mainly responsible for the more severe psychomotor retardation in the depressive patients. Surprisingly. Hamilton's depression scale which was used in this study does not pay much attention to these aspects.
Sleep and wake disorders in shift workers. Part I: Prevalence, clinical phenomena and pathogenesis
Authors: Roeck J. De , Steenkiste M. Van , Cluydts R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe present review summarizes the prevalence, clinical phenomena, and pathogenesis of sleep and wake disorders in shift workers. Insomnia and hyper-somnolence occur in more than 50% of shift workers, mainly in association with the night shift. Circadian rhythm disruption is the major determinant of these disorders. Furthermore they are frequently associated with psycho-social problems and somatic diseases. In more than 20% of the shift workers problems are so pronounced, that they fail to adapt to the rotating schedules. This is defined as ‘shift maladaptation syndrome’.
Sleep and wake disorders in shift workers. Part II: Prevention and treatment strategies
Authors: Roeck J. De , Cluydts R. , Leroy B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe present review deals with preventive and treatment strategies for sleep and wake disorders, and the other problems of shift workers. Management must take into account the direction, speed and other parameters of the rotation schedule. Good sleep-wake hygiene may alleviate the problems. Further, additional napping may compensate – at least partially – for sleep deprivation and fatigue. Hypnotics must be avoided as much as possible. Finally, new techniques for manipulation of circadian rhythms are discussed: light, melatonin and benzodiazepines.
Psychobiological research on Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): A methodological note
Authors: Merckelbach H. , Rasquin S. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYBackground: To a large extent, discussions about dissociative identity disorder (DID) revolve around the way in which identity states (alters) that are thought to be typical for this condition should be interpreted: are they metaphors or are they genuine actors? Recent literature offers some fine examples of studies demonstrating that alters differ in their physiological profile. On the basis of this type of evidence, some authors have concluded that alters are more than just metaphors.Objective: Drawing upon an experimental example, we argue that such a line of reasoning is highly problematic.Method & Results: Our example demonstrates that normal subjects are perfectly able to simulate alters such that these alters are accompanied by different physiological profiles.This is especially true for subjects scoring high on fantasy proneness.Conclusions: Psychobiological research on DID should include normal controls, preferably controls who are fantasy prone. Unless such a strategy is adopted, psychobiological research on alter activity will not be very informative.
Descriptive diagnostic assessment of depression Categorical diagnosis, dimensional assessment, and instruments
Authors: Schotte C.K.W. , Maes M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe descriptive diagnostics constitute the first step, the base and the prerequisite for the psychodiagnostic process and the treatment of depression. Within the descriptive diagnostics, two approaches are distinguished, namely (1) the differentiation between dimensional and categorical levels of measurement and (2) the consideration of the influence of the applied method: questionnaire versus interview. Departing from these approaches, a review of the most widely used instruments on depression is given, with a focus on the reliability and validity of the dimensional depression instruments, based on the findings of our research group. The importance of the differentiation between dimensional and categorical levels of measurement can also be recognised within the discussion on quantitative/dimensional versus qualitative/categorical taxonomic views on depression. The Integrated Threshold Model, which integrates both the quantitative and the qualitative view on the classification of depressive disorders, is considered. By way of conclusion, a diagnostic multi level/modality/method strategy is discussed and a specific test battery, which can be particularly useful within a research context, is presented.
Psychiatric complications of drug treatment of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lemey L. , Godderis J. , van den Ameele H. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYDrug-induced psychiatric conditions are a common and severe problem in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. Psychotic symptoms are the most frequent reason for nursing home placement of patients with Parkinson's disease. The psychotic symptoms seem to present themselves in a continuum where alterations in dreaming patterns often precede visual hallucinations, which often progress into delusional syndromes and, finally, into confusional organic syndromes. When evaluating a patient on dopaminergic treatment, it is important to inquire systematically about abnormal sleep related phenomena, for these are important clues in the early detection of psychotic symptoms. The pathogenesis of the psychotic symptoms is not yet fully understood but complex adaptations of various neurotransmitter systems seem to be involved. In the treatment of these drug-induced psychotic symptoms, the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine plays an important role. Drug-induced mania, hypersexuality and anxiety, although less frequent than the psychotic symptoms, also occur as a complication of dopaminergic treatment. Depressive symptoms, although common in Parkinson's disease, are less likely to occur as a side effect of the drug treatment.
Efficacy of risperidone, olanzapine and clozapine in the treatment of therapy resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Wardenier M. , Slooff C.J. , Arends J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYTherapy-resistance for positive symptoms is one of the most important problems that occurs with the medical treatment of schizophrenia. In the past years, clozapine has proven its effectiveness in this area and has been included in the treatment protocols and guidelines. Because of the risk of agranulocytosis with this compound and the intensive laboratory controls to be done, several studies have been performed with the new antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine as alternative treatments. A review of the literature suggests that both drugs are as effective as the classic antipsychotics for therapy-resistant patients. A switch to risperidone or olanzapine possibly would be a alternative for those patients who have favourable effects on a low dose of clozapine. Furthermore the new antipsychotics have less side effects and ameliorating effects on negative and cognitive symptoms, so contributing to overall improvement in chronic schizophrenic disorders. However, in case of persistent positive symptopathology, clozapine remains the golden standard. The new antipsychotics should be included in treatment protocols before clozapine.
The epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder; a review of the literature and introduction to work in progress
Authors: Lloyd T. , Jones P.B. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe past 20 years have seen much research into affective disorders, reflecting advances in both pharmacological and psychological treatments. However, there has been little basic epidemiological research into bipolar illness. This is particularly apparent regarding its basic occurrence and possible epigenetic causes. This presentation will attempt to bring together and integrate the available evidence regarding the basic epidemiology of bipolar disorder, define areas where further research is needed, and outline a large epidemiological study including bipolar affective disorder that has been supported by the Stanley Foundation.
Antidepressieve onderhoudsbehandeling na elektroconvulsieve therapie Een overzicht van de recente literatuur en een enquête onder de Nederlandse ECT-centra
Authors: Hilderink P.H. , Hodiamont P.P.G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe different forms of antidepressive continuation therapy, used in the Netherlands, to prevent relapse after electroconvulsive therapy, were examined by sending a questionaire to all ECT centers. Common practice is in agreement with the results of current research. However, recent studies suggest that pharmacological continuation therapy is less usefull to prevent relapse when pharmacotherapeutic resistance has been proven in the past. In these cases ECT-continuation therapy might bring a solution. On the effect of ECT-continuation therapy are few valid research results available.