bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatic Profile of the Elite Boulderers in Poland
Authors: Ozimek Mariusz , Krawczyk Marcin , Zadarko Emilian , Barabasz Zbigniew , Ambroży Tadeusz , Stanula Arkadiusz , Mucha Dawid K. , Jurczak Adam , Mucha Dariusz 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Ozimek, M, Krawczyk, M, Zadarko, E, Barabasz, Z, Ambroży, T, Stanula, A, Mucha, DK, Jurczak, A, and Mucha, D. Somatic profile of the elite boulderers in Poland. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 963–970, 2017—The study was designed to determine the values of selected somatic characteristics, body proportions, and the somatotype of elite bouldering climbers in Poland and to establish the relationships between the values of the somatic characteristics and climber's performance in bouldering. The study was conducted in a group of elite sport climbers (n = 10) who were ranked by the Polish Mountaineering Association in 2011, 2012, and 2013. The anthropometric measurements were made according to the relevant rules and standards. The results were used to calculate the values of somatic variables and body proportion indices for the climbers and to establish their somatotype. The results were compared with the data on untrained students (n = 165). The boulderers were found to differ significantly from the controls regarding body height (p < 0.01), body mass (p ≤ 0.05), body density (p < 0.01), fat mass percentage (FM%) (p < 0.01), fat mass (FMkg) (p < 0.01), lean body mass (p ≤ 0.05), arm span (p ≤ 0.05), and leg length (p < 0.01). Body proportions in the groups significantly differed in the arm length index (p < 0.01), arm-to-leg length ratio (p < 0.01), and in the indices of the forearm (p < 0.01), thigh (p < 0.01), and lower leg (p ≤ 0.05) muscles. With regard to the somatotypes of the analyzed groups, the biggest differences were observed for the levels of mesomorphy (NS) and endomorphy, the latter being statistically significant (p < 0.01). The strongest and significant correlations between the competitive level of the climbers and the values of their somatic characteristics were established for FM% (r = −0.81), fat mass (in kilograms) (r = −0.82), body density (r = 0.81), endomorphy (r = −0.74), arm length (r = 0.77), and the arm length index (r = 0.80). The results of linear regression showed that the competitive level of a bouldering climber was significantly explained (p < 0.01) by fat mass (in kilograms) and the value of the arm length index. A high level of performance in bouldering is related to small stature (an ecto-mesomorph somatotype) and a low body fat percentage (low endomorphy). Regarding body proportions, greater than average arm length to body height ratio and well-developed musculature of the limbs are required for a boulderer to perform on a competitive level. High arm length index and low body fat percentage represent the strongest determinants of performance in bouldering. It can be assumed that arm length index has a high diagnostic value for recruitment and selection of climbers.
The Science of Strength: Reflections on the National Strength and Conditioning Association and the Emergence of Research-Based Strength and Conditioning
Authors: Shurley Jason P. , Todd Janice S. , Todd Terry C. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Shurley, JP, Todd, JS, and Todd, TC. The science of strength: reflections on the National Strength and Conditioning Association and the emergence of research-based strength and conditioning. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 517–530, 2017—The National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) formed in 1978 when a group of 76 strength and conditioning coaches banded together to start an organization whose goal was to facilitate the exchange of ideas on strength training for sports. At the time, very little research existed regarding strength training protocols or their effects. Members clamored for scientific information, however, and by the group's second meeting, they moved to establish a research committee and a professional journal. In the years that followed, more members with experience both as practitioners of strength coaching and training and as scientists joined the organization. As membership demographics shifted, the NSCA's mission changed from exchanging ideas about strength training to creating research on its effects. The group sought to “bridge the gap” between scientists and practitioners, and to that end, the NSCA Journal published features like the “Sport Performance Series” and “Roundtable” articles containing applied science and investigations of claims made by strength equipment manufacturers about the efficacy of their products. In 1987, a second journal, The Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, was established to provide more access to research-based publications, now renamed the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. With over 400 articles published in the JSCR in 2014 alone, the science of strength has advanced dramatically since the NSCA's founding.
Analysis of Relationships Between Three-Dimensional Magnetic Memory Signals and Artificial Defects Under Tensile Load
Authors: Li C. , Dong L. , Wang H. , Xu B. , Li G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper mainly discusses the relationships between three-dimensional magnetic memory signals and artificial defects under different load levels. The correlations between the defect signal characteristic parameters and applied stress were analyzed. The magnetic signals at the surface of FV520B steels were measured by a 3D magnetic sensor. It has been concluded that three-dimensional magnetic signals had different detection sensitivity to the defects in different directions, and the defects can be accurately recognized based on the distinctive signal features. Additionally, the peak value of the tangential component and the peak-to-peak value of the normal component (i.e., Bxp and Bzp-p) presented different characteristics in elastic and plastic deformation stages with the increase of applied stress. The amplitude changes of the tangential component and maximum gradient value of the normal component (i.e., ΔBx and KG) were capable of estimating the mechanical damage degree of ferromagnetic materials.
Finite Modeling Updating Effects on the Dynamic Response of Building Models
Authors: Günaydin M. , Adanur S. , Altunişik A. C. , Sevım B. , Bayraktar A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
An improved finite element model was used to obtain more accurate modeling of engineering structures. The main goal of this paper was to determine how this improved modeling procedure affects the dynamic response of buildings based on experimental modal parameters such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. For experimental assessment, three small, one-story, two-bay, reinforced concrete buildings with raft foundation were constructed under laboratory conditions. The initial three -dimensional finite element models, built with the ANSYS software, were used to analytically identify modal parameters, including natural frequencies and mode shapes. Following the analytical study, the ambient vibration tests were performed to obtain modal parameters, experimentally. The enhanced frequency domain decomposition method and the stochastic subspace identification method were used to identify the modal parameter. The analytical and experimental modal parameters were compared and then initial finite element models were updated to minimize the differences by changing of some uncertain parameters such as materials properties. With model updating, the maximum difference between the measured and initially obtained frequency was reduced from 28.47 to 4.88 %. To show the model updating effect on dynamic response of building models, dynamic analysis with the experimental computed damping ratios and 5 % damping ratio were carried out using 1992 Erzincan earthquake ground motion record. For the experimental damping ratios, the maximum differences in the displacements and stresses between the initial and updated models were obtained as 23 and 32 %, respectively. These differences were calculated as 43 and 15 % for the 5 % damping ratio. Comparisons of dynamic analyses results for the initial and updated model show that the finite element model updating affects the dynamic response of the buildings considerably.
Development of a Slip Hazard: Partially Wetted Floors and Film Formation
Authors: Dee S. J. , Ogle R. A. , Cox B. L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSlip and fall hazards on wetted surfaces represent a substantial safety concern both in the home and workplace. In the presence of liquid contaminants, the hazards associated with potential slip and fall accidents are greatly increased. However, it is unclear at what point a partially wetted floor transitions from being a slip-resistant surface to a slip hazard. The presented work examines the relationship between film formation and slip hazards on flooring surfaces. First, a theoretical model was developed to predict the approximate onset of film formation for liquid droplets deposited uniformly across a surface. Then, the slip hazard of wetted flooring samples at various liquid contaminant surface densities was determined using a British Pendulum skid tester and an English XL tribometer. These experimental results were then compared with the theoretical model in an effort to further understand the role film formation plays in forming slip hazards on partially wetted floors. Using the combined approach, the minimum surface density loading required for a potential slip and fall hazard on a partially wetted surface was determined. This threshold value can inform safety professions of the potential injury risk of floors as they transition between dry to wet conditions.
Analysis of a Casting Fracture and Identification of Fatigue From Tire Track Markings
Authors: Bagnall C. , Holp C. R. , Moorhead W. J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Knuckle connectors on railcars are required to sustain thousands of cyclic stress events. Manufacturers continue to develop, test, and improve the life of these castings, which are now designed to exceed 400,000 cycles when subjected to tests involving cumulative cyclic sinusoidal load range settings varying between 6800 and 127,000 kgf at room temperature. This paper addressed real-world difficulties of differentiating between component failures due to overload and casting defects, and those that result from fatigue damage. Fatigue fractures in castings are rarely planar and comprise areas where solidification kinetics are different, and locations where porosity or large inclusions are present. The cumulative effect these factors have on fracture is to generate a rough topography, which may exhibit no beachmarks or other outward sign by which a fatigue fracture is commonly recognized. In this paper, an advantage was gained over a field failure because the fracture was produced in a laboratory test. Cycles to failure was recorded and details of the applied cyclic stress were also known. The difficulty regarding scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was that classic fatigue features normally visible to the naked eye, such as beachmarks, thumbnail initiation sites and planar areas, were not evident on the fracture face. In addition to documentation of numerous defect features on the fracture surface, SEM analysis revealed a rare but proof-positive form of evidence for propagation of the early stages of fracture by fatigue. The feature has been described in the literature as “tire tracks,” alluding to their similarity to ATV tire impressions or Lunar Rover tracks on the moon. A brief review of earlier literature examples of tire track features is provided, and the generally accepted mechanism for their formation is assessed.
Porcentaje de captura de Sigmodon hirsutus en El Ingenio El Palmar, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
Authors: Barrantes-Chaves Marco , Saborío-Montero Alejandro , Herrera-Ruíz Karolina 
Published: October 2016

Porcentaje de captura de Sigmodon hirsutus en el Ingenio El Palmar, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el porcentaje y distribución de captura de la rata cañera (Sigmodon hirsutus) en el Ingenio el Palmar, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Se evaluaron tres parcelas de caña de azúcar, con diferente tipo de colindancia (colindancia con caminos = CC, colindancia con bosques = CB, y ausencia de colindancia = AC). El estudio se realizó durante un periodo de ocho meses (diciembre 2013 a julio 2014).Se colocaron treinta trampas de golpe en cuatro ocasiones, de manera bimensual en cada parcela (n = 360) y se estimó la proporción hembra: macho por medio de inspección genital. Las trampas se colocaron en la tarde y se recolectaron a la mañana siguiente utilizando un sistema de posicionamiento global. Sesenta y nueve ratas fueron capturadas durante el estudio y el porcentaje de captura difirió (p < 0,05) entre las parcelas CC y CB. Los porcentajes de captura promedio fueron 34,2; 5,8 y 17,5 para CC, CB y AC, respectivamente. La proporción hembra: macho general fue de 1:1. Estos resultados indican una mayor captura en secciones colindantes con caminos en relación a parcelas colindantes a bosques.
Ecological challenges to ethics
Authors: Zuziak Władysław 
Published: October 2016

This article is an attempt to shed new light on the environmental challenges of ethics related to over­‑exploitation of the world by humanity. This article aims to formulate guidelines for the project of new ethics that will be able to respond to these challenges, to appreciate the intrinsic value of the world without diminishing the value of human being. The starting point of the analysis is the increase of ecological awareness, observable both among scientists and politicians as well as among citizens and the Church. In the next part of the article, contemporary ecological ethics are compared with traditional anthropocentric ethics. The paper presents the diagnosis of the reasons for the exploitation of nature resulting with ecological crisis and offers a method of overcoming the crisis. It argues in favour of anthropocentrism, but rejects its radical version. In the last part of the paper there is a proposal to create a new ethics, appropriate for us and the world, which would be an extension and refinement of Christian ethics in dialogue with contemporary secular trends.
Kwestie bioetyczne w encyklice „Laudato si’” papieża Franciszka
Authors: Muszala Andrzej 
Published: October 2016

Artykuł podejmuje refleksję nad wątkami bioetycznymi zawartymi w ostatniej encyklice papieża. W punkcie pierwszym analizuje modele filozoficzne we współczesnej bioetyce, szczególnie rozpowszechnione w ostatnich latach, takie jak: scjentyzm, utylitaryzm, model absolutnej autonomii i personalizm. W punkcie tym ukazano również ocenę tych sposobów filozofowania dokonaną przez papieża Franciszka i jego wniosek, że jedynie model personalistyczny jest adekwatny do właściwego rozwiązania kwestii ekologicznej i bioetycznej.W punkcie drugim opisane są trzy modele ekologiczne: model antropocentryczny, biocentryczny i partnerski. Ukazana jest także refleksja Franciszka w tej kwestii: relacja człowieka do przyrody powinna mieć charakter partnerski i uwzględniać fakt odpowiedzialności człowieka przed Bogiem za działania wobec przyrody. Człowiek powinien być nie władcą tego świata, lecz sługą mającym na celu dobro stworzeń i winien szanować nadane przez Boga prawa.W trzeciej części omówiono kazusy bioetyczne poruszone w encyklice Laudato si’. Dotyczą one początków życia człowieka (status embrionu ludzkiego, aborcja), przemocy wobec dzieci, godności osoby cierpiącej i starszej oraz bioetyki ekologicznej (zadawanie cierpień zwierzętom i żywność GMO).
Modular structurality and emergent functionality within knowledge representation systems
Authors: Fedyniuk Adam 
Published: October 2016

There are various approaches to ontology metamodelling, and the notion of biologically inspired modular knowledge representation systems can provide insight in the workings of such phenomena as emergent properties of network structures. What is more relevant from knowledge engineering standpoint, such approach could provide innovation and enhancement of the level of expression as well as overall functionality of modular ontologies. To do so, one needs to find biological structures that would be the basis for modularity on different levels of hierarchy within the artificial system. Network analysis tools as well as systems biology and biocomputing provide a framework for research in this field.
Recenzja „Seven brief lessons in physics”
Authors: Krzanowski Roman M. 
Published: October 2016

Zajmował się informatyką i telekomunikacją przez 30 lat. Obecnie koncentruje się na filozofii informatyki i w ramach pracy doktorskiej z filozofii na zagadnieniu istoty informacji. Doktorat uzyskał na Uniwersytecie w Londynie na podstawie dysertacji o przestrzennych algorytmach genetycznych. Opublikował kilka książek na temat sztucznej inteligencji, telekomunikacji i filozofii Tao.
Nachweis von Nidoviren bei lebenden Pythons und Boas
Authors: Kolesnik Ekaterina , Marschang Rachel E. 
Published: October 2016

ZusammenfassungGegenstand: Nidoviren wurden vor kurzem als mögliche Ursache schwerer respiratorischer Erkrankungen bei Pythons in den USA und Europa nachgewiesen. Ziel dieser Studie war, eine konventionelle PCR für den Nachweis von Nidoviren aus Proben lebender Tiere zu etablieren und die Liste der für diese Viren empfänglichen Spezies zu erweitern. Material und Methoden: Eingesetzt wurde eine PCR, die einen Teil des ORF1a der Python-Nidoviren nachweist, um Nidoviren in diagnostischen Proben von lebenden Boas und Pythons zu detektieren. Getestet wurden vor allem Rachenabstriche und Blut von 95 Pythons, 84 Boas und 22 Schlangen unbekannter Spezies. Ergebnisse: Nidoviren ließen sich bei 27,4% der Pythons und bei 2,4% der Boas nachweisen. Am häufigsten wurden sie bei Königspythons (Python [P.] regius) und Tigerpythons (P. molurus) gefunden, daneben aber auch bei anderen Pythonspezies inklusive Morelia spp. und bei Abgottschlangen (Boa constrictor). Rachenabstriche waren am häufigsten positiv. Schlussfolgerung: Die hier beschriebene PCR kann zum Nachweis von Nidoviren in Rachenabstrichen lebender Schlangen eingesetzt werden. Diese Viren scheinen bei in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen Schlangen in Europa relativ häufig vorzukommen und ihr Nachweis sollte bei klinischen Untersuchungen in Erwägung gezogen werden. Klinische Relevanz: Nidoviren gelten als bedeutende Ursa che respiratorischer Erkrankungen bei Pythons, können aber auch Boas infizieren. Der jetzt mögliche Nachweis dieser Viren am lebenden Tier kann bei erkrankten Schlangen, aber auch während einer Quarantäne klinisch relevant sein.
CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA, INOVAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO: PROSPECTANDO CENÁRIOS PARA A SERRA DO FUTURO 2012-2032
Authors: Monteiro Rogério , Brasil Gutemberg Hespanha , Monteiro Eloisa Souza Fia 
Published: October 2016

Municípios brasileiros adotam a "Agenda 21" como um programa prospectivo e de orientação para os planos futuros. Este é o caso do município da Serra, estado do Espírito Santo/Brasil, com população estimada em 485.376 e o Espírito Santo em 3.929.911 habitantes (IBGE, 2015). O município da Serra é o mais populoso do Espírito Santo. O processo de construção da Agenda do município da Serra/ES, denominada "Serra do Futuro 2012-2032", iniciou-se com diagnóstico da educação e de outras áreas e com o estabelecimento de condicionantes de futuro, seguida da verificação das incertezas críticas, da elaboração de cenários prospectivos e estratégias de ação, finalizando com o estabelecimento de metas de futuro. A partir da análise de cenários e estratégias, construiu-se um caminho denominado "Serra com Educação 2012-2032". O objetivo principal deste artigo é a análise e a descrição do tema Educação na Agenda 21 da Serra/ES, entendendo os condicionantes de futuro, cenários, projetos prioritários e metas de futuro. Dentre os traços marcantes desse padrão de gestão destacam-se: (i) Participação dos agentes na gestão escolar com conteúdos mais definidos; (ii) Mecanismos de avaliação que induzem à responsabilização das escolas por seus resultados; (iii) Redefinição de papéis no nível central, visando à maior descentralização de responsabilidades; e, (iv) Produtividade, eficiência e desempenho como ingredientes importantes do sucesso. Três projetos prioritários foram propostos: 1. Excelência de Gestão na Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Serra; 2. Programa Qualidade do Ensino; e, 3. Sistema de Avaliação de Serviços Educacionais e da Gestão da Qualidade.
Oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant status of blood and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Ostałowska Alina , Koczy Bogdan , Słowińska Ludmiła , Kasperczyk Aleksandra , Dobrakowski Michał , Błaszczyk Urszula , Stołtny Tomasz , Birkner Ewa , Kasperczyk Sławomir 
Published: October 2016

WstępW patogenezie reumatoidalnego zapalenia stawów jednym z mechanizmów uszkadzających struktury stawu są reakcje z udziałem reaktywnych form tlenu (RFT).Materiał i metodyU 178 pacjentów z RZS oraz 27 zdrowych ochotników oznaczono we krwi i płynie stawowym aktywność enzymów antyoksydacyjnych: izoenzymów dysmutazy ponadtlenkowej manganowej (MnSOD) i cynkowo--miedziowej (CuZnSOD), katalazy (CAT), peroksydazy glutationowej (GPX), reduktazy glutationowej (GR) i transferazy-S-glutationowej (GST) oraz stężenie dialdehydu malonowego (MDA).WynikiWe krwi i płynie stawowym pacjentów z RZS dochodzi do pobudzenia układu antyoksydacyjnego ze wzrostem aktywności enzymów antyoksydacyjnych, zwiększonym stężeniem MDA oraz spadkiem lepkości płynu stawowego.WnioskiZależność między nasileniem zmian w układzie antyoksydacyjnym a aktywnością zapalenia stawów po-twierdza udział RFT w patogenezie i przebiegu RZS.
Document Type Profiles in Nature, Science, and PNAS: Journal and Country Level
Authors: Ding Jielan , Ahlgren Per , Yang Liying , Yue Ting 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Purpose
In this contribution, we want to detect the document type profiles of the three prestigious journals Nature, Science, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) with regard to two levels: journal and country.

Design/methodology/approach
Using relative values based on fractional counting, we investigate the distribution of publications across document types at both the journal and country level, and we use (cosine) document type profile similarity values to compare pairs of publication years within countries.

Findings

Nature and Science mainly publish Editorial Material, Article, News Item and Letter, whereas the publications of PNAS are heavily concentrated on Article. The shares of Article for Nature and Science are decreasing slightly from 1999 to 2014, while the corresponding shares of Editorial Material are increasing. Most studied countries focus on Article and Letter in Nature, but on Letter in Science and PNAS. The document type profiles of some of the studied countries change to a relatively large extent over publication years.

Research limitations
The main limitation of this research concerns the Web of Science classification of publications into document types. Since the analysis of the paper is based on document types of Web of Science, the classification in question is not free from errors, and the accuracy of the analysis might be affected.

Practical implications
Results show that Nature and Science are quite diversified with regard to document types. In bibliometric assessments, where publications in Nature and Science play a role, other document types than Article and Review might therefore be taken into account.

Originality/value
Results highlight the importance of other document types than Article and Review in Nature and Science. Large differences are also found when comparing the country document type profiles of the three journals with the corresponding profiles in all Web of Science journals.