bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae facilitate rhizobia dispersal and nodulation in legumes
Authors: He Jiadong , Zhang Lin , Van Dingenen Judith , Desmet Sandrien , Goormachtig Sofie , Calonne-Salmon Maryline , Declerck Stéphane 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In soil ecosystems, rhizobia occupy the rhizosphere of legume roots to form nodules, a process triggered by microbial recognition of specific root-derived signals (i.e. flavonoids). However, soil conditions can limit bacterial motility, restricting signal perception to the area directly influenced by roots. Legumes, like most plants of agricultural interest, associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, whose hyphae develop extensively in the soil, potentially providing an effective dispersal network for rhizobia. We hypothesized that mycelial networks of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play a role in signal transmission and act as a highway, enabling rhizobia to migrate from distant soil to the roots of leguminous plants. Using in vitro and greenhouse microcosm systems, we demonstrated that Rhizophagus irregularis helps Shinorhizobium meliloti to migrate towards the legume Medicago truncatula, triggering nodulation, a mechanism absent without the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Metabolomics analysis revealed eight flavonoids unique to the compartment containing extraradical hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus linked to M. truncatula roots, associated with Sinorhizobium meliloti growth and nod gene expression. Rhizobia plated on the extraradical hyphae connecting two plants (the legume M. truncatula and non-legume Solanum tuberosum) by a common mycelium network, showed preference for the legume, suggesting the chemoattraction by specific signals transported by the fungus connected to the legume. Simultaneously, S. meliloti stimulated the cytoplasmic/protoplasmic flow in the hyphae, likely increasing the release of nutrients and signals. Our results highlight the importance of extraradical hyphae (i.e. the mycorrhizal pathway) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the migration of rhizobia over long distances to the roots, leading to nodulation.
Hidden syndinian and perkinsid infections in dinoflagellate hosts revealed by single-cell transcriptomics
Authors: Cooney Elizabeth C , Leander Brian S , Keeling Patrick J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Free-living core dinoflagellates are commonly infected by members of two parasitic clades that are themselves closely related to dinoflagellates, the marine alveolates and perkinsids. These parasites are abundant and ecologically important, but most species have been difficult to observe directly or cultivate, so our knowledge of them is usually restricted to environmental 18S rRNA gene sequences, as genome-scale molecular data are not available for most species. Here, we report the finding of several of these parasites infecting free-living dinoflagellates. Of the 14 infected host cells collected, only five were identified as containing parasites via light microscopy at the time of collection. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing yielded relatively high transcriptomic coverage for parasites as well as their hosts. Host and parasite homologs were distinguished phylogenetically, allowing us to infer a robust phylogenomic tree based on 192 genes. The tree showed one parasite belongs to an undescribed lineage that is sister to perkinsids, whereas the remainder are members of the syndinian clade within the marine alveolates. Close relatives of all these parasites have been observed in 18S rRNA gene surveys, but until now none had been linked to a specific host. These findings illustrate the efficacy of single-cell isolation and transcriptome sequencing as strategies for gaining deeper insights into the evolutionary history and host relationships of hidden single-celled parasites.
Pathogen non-planktonic phases within the urinary tract impact early infection and resistance evolution
Authors: Raatz Michael , de Azevedo-Lopes Amanda , Drabik Karolina , Traulsen Arne , Waclaw Bartlomiej 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Treatment of urinary tract infections and the prevention of their recurrence is a pressing global health problem. In a urinary infection, pathogenic bacteria not only reside in the bladder lumen but also attach to and invade the bladder tissue. Planktonic, attached, and intracellular bacteria face different selection pressures from physiological processes such as micturition, immune response, and antibiotic treatment. Here, we use a mathematical model of the initial phase of infection to unravel the effects of these different selective pressures on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of urinary infections. We explicitly model planktonic bacteria in the bladder lumen, bacteria attached to the bladder wall, and bacteria that have invaded the epithelial cells of the bladder. We find that the presence of non-planktonic bacteria substantially increases the risk of infection establishment and affects evolutionary trajectories leading to resistance during antibiotic treatment. We also show that competitive inoculation with a fast-growing non-pathogenic strain can reduce the pathogen load and increase the efficacy of an antibiotic, but only if the antibiotic is used in moderation. Our study shows that including different compartments is essential to create more realistic models of urinary infections, which may help guide new treatment strategies.
Canadian female perspectives on training in the boys club: advanced therapeutic endoscopy
Authors: Jain Avni , Barker Madeleine , Telford Jennifer 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Unequal female representation in the field of advanced therapeutic endoscopy (ATE) has been recently highlighted in the United States. Previous attempts to determine the barriers to entry into the career have reported a lack of mentorship, patriarchy, inflexible hours/calls and exposure to fluoroscopy. Canadian trainee exposure to ATE and differences in experience between men and women is unknown.

Objectives
We sought to determine the barriers to pursuing a career in ATE, specifically focussing on the perspectives of Canadian female gastroenterology fellows.

Methods
An online survey was developed and distributed to Canadian gastroenterology fellows enrolled in Royal College-accredited programs in 2021-2022

Results
Responses were received from gastroenterology fellows at 12 of the 14 Canadian programs. The response rate was 46% (n = 42, 16 female respondents and 26 male respondents). An equal proportion of male (42%, n = 11) and female (38%, n = 6) trainees indicated interest in a career in ATE. Thirty-eight per cent (n = 6) of female trainees felt that they had inadequate mentorship opportunities/role models within ATE, in comparison to 4% (n = 1) of males (P = .004). Furthermore, 19% (n = 3) of females felt that this lack of mentorship/role models was a primary deterrent from pursuing ATE as a career, in comparison to 0% of males (P = .02). There was equal self-perceived competency surrounding ATE knowledge between both men and women.

Conclusions
Female gastroenterology fellows in Canada lack mentorship and role models in ATE, which seems to be a primary deterrent from pursuing it as a career when compared to their male counterparts. Recognizing and addressing the lack of female leadership and visibility is necessary to improve parity and encourage women to train in the male-dominated field of ATE.
Commentary on Integrative Critical Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology
Authors: Steingard Sandra 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
‘Commentary on Integrative Critical Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology’ is Sandra Steingard’s commentary on Awais Aftab’s chapter ‘Psychiatry and the Critical Landscape’. Steingard views integrative critical psychiatry as a welcome and valuable innovation that joins the long tradition of psychiatric critique. While acknowledging the conceptual difficulties around the distinction between disease-centred and drug-centred models of psychopharmacology, she explains why she still finds value in Moncrieff’s drug-centred paradigm. She sees common ground in the recognition that medications often work in ways that are independent of any ‘disease’ process, and she reaffirms the importance of identifying iatrogenic consequences such as medication withdrawal. She notes that these issues remain poorly appreciated in current psychiatric practice. Steingard explains why she is drawn to open dialogue and need-adapted treatment as approaches that offer ways to engage in transparent and complex discussions with individuals and their families, and believes that values espoused by these approaches are aligned with the spirit of Aftab’s integrative critical psychiatry.
Weaving Conceptual and Empirical Work in Psychiatry
Authors: Aftab Awais , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, is Banks Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Professor of Human Genetics at Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University. He is one of the two editors of the journal Psychological Medicine. He played an active role in the development of DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and DSM-5 (where he chaired the Scientific Review Committee), and he is currently Vice-Chair of the APA DSM Steering Committee. While Kendler is internationally renowned and highly respected for his work in psychiatric genetics, he has been further catapulted into fame through his widely read commentaries on the philosophical foundations of psychiatry. This interview discusses his views on psychiatric classification, the biopsychosocial model, explanatory pluralism, the DSM notion of dysfunction, the multicausal nature of psychiatric disorders, and epistemic iteration.
Social Constructionism Meets Aging and Dementia
Authors: Aftab Awais , Whitehouse Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Peter Whitehouse, MD, PhD, a neurologist and transdisciplinarian, is Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry, Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Organizational Behavior at Case Western Reserve University. His main foci of interest are ecopsychosocial models of brain health and aging, as well as the role of the arts and humanities in health. He considers himself a wising-up, intergenerative, transdisciplinary, action-oriented scholar, and an emerging artist. He is the author of The Myth of Alzheimer’s (co-written with Daniel George, St Martin’s Press, 2008) and American Dementia: Brain Health in an Unhealthy Society (co-written with Daniel George, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2021). This interview explores issues such as the conceptualization of Alzheimer’s as a disease process distinct from aging, the fascinating early history of Alzheimer’s disease, ecopsychosocial perspectives on brain aging, social construction in medicine, the value of transdisciplinarity, and looping effects between constructs and behaviours.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jennette Kyle J. , Soble Jason R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60%–80% of all diagnoses. The risk of developing AD roughly doubles every decade after age 65, increasing to 30%–50% by age 85. The pathognomonic hallmark is the accumulation of neurotoxic extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles that lead to neuronal degeneration/death. Neuroimaging plays a key role in diagnosis, when incorporated with appropriate clinical data, and often shows progressive atrophy in the entorhinal cortex, temporal lobes, and hippocampal formation and broader limbic system, before advancing into the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. Clinically, AD is characterized by prominent, amnestic memory impairment (“rapid forgetting”) that progresses to more global cognitive deterioration and neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., loss of awareness, apathy, sundowning). Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation is important in assisting with diagnosis in milder disease states, as well as monitoring cognitive/functional change over time and assisting with long-term care planning.
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Authors: Polsinelli Angelina J. , Korinek Dale , Vernon Elizabeth K. , Wang Sophia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) refers to the diverse neuropathologies that are the primary causes of frontotemporal dementias (FTD). FTD refers to a spectrum of progressive dementia syndromes that can be broadly grouped into behavioral (behavioral variant FTD), language (primary progressive aphasias), and motor (FTD-motor neuron disease, corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome) variants. This chapter covers the pathological and genetic basis of FTD, provides an overview of the epidemiology, and reviews the clinical syndrome of each FTD. Case examples are provided, and details of the diagnostic workup—particularly differential diagnosis—are reviewed. Finally, the authors discuss interventions for FTD. Currently, nonpharmacological interventions—including psychoeducation for families, behavioral modification, and environmental management—are first-line treatments. Off-label use of psychotropics may be appropriate in some cases but should be used with caution.
Rare and Rapidly Progressive Dementias
Authors: Kamper Joel E. , VanDerBleek Emily N. , Bailey Erin K. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for acquired neurocognitive dysfunction, with older adults at a relatively higher risk of developing delirium, dementia, and other common syndromes. While knowledge of high-base rate etiologies like Alzheimer’s disease is certainly critical, practitioners working with older adults should also have familiarity with a number of rare and rapidly progressing neurobehavioral syndromes. This chapter highlights the clinical presentation, management, and prognosis of several of these disease processes. These include prion diseases, neuroinvasive infections and their sequalae, paraneoplastic and autoimmune neuropsychiatric syndromes, neurocognitive disorders associated with substance use, and genetic disorders. While uncommon, working knowledge of these syndromes is crucial for robust differential diagnosis of cognitive and behavioral changes in older adults.
The Belmont Report—Abridged
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: Principlism is an ethical framework used in healthcare decision-making based on four principles: autonomy (informed consent), beneficence (do good), nonmaleficence (do no harm), and justice (be fair). These principles are widely accepted as common ground for moral decision-making and are reflected in federal law for human subjects research (45 Code of Federal Regulations 46). The Belmont Report outlines the differences between healthcare practice and research and the application of these principles, such as the importance of informed consent, favorable risk–benefit assessment, and fair selection of research subjects. By adhering to these principles, healthcare professionals can ensure ethical conduct, protect patient rights, and promote a morally sound healthcare environment.
The Hippocratic Oath
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: The Hippocratic Oath is an early statement on bioethics believed to have originated and developed between the sixth century bce and the first century ce. It emphasizes the responsibilities of a practitioner, including respect for professional boundaries, confidentiality, and moral principles. The Oath requires practitioners to prioritize their patients’ well-being and maintain their knowledge and skills throughout their careers. It also calls for the practitioner to uphold certain ethical standards, such as avoiding harm, injustice, and impropriety, and to keep patient information confidential. The original Oath is not widely used today because it is considered outdated and controversial, but it remains an important historical document and symbol of traditional bioethics.
Assisted Suicide
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: Practitioner-assisted death is legal in 11 U.S. jurisdictions but prohibited by state law in 48 states and the District of Columbia. There is a distinction between practitioner-assisted death and assisted suicide, but the healthcare profession views both as fundamentally incompatible with the practitioner’s role as a healer and that both pose serious societal risks. The American Medical Association and the American College of Physicians do not support the legalization of practitioner-assisted suicide. The healthcare profession defines itself as a healing art and prohibits any healthcare options that violate this definition, such as a practitioner’s participation in assisted suicide, which goes against the principles of doing good and not causing harm. Public trust is essential for a patient-centered profession, and assisted suicide is not a standard of care, regardless of whether it is legally permissible.
Death with Dignity and Assisted Dying
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract:“Death with dignity” laws are legal in 11 jurisdictions in the United States and allow individuals to make end-of-life decisions. The central issue surrounding these laws is whether or not practitioner participation in assisted dying is compatible with the healthcare profession’s code of ethics, core tenets, and patient trust. The American College of Physicians considers euthanasia, which is the direct causation of death by a practitioner, to be fundamentally incompatible with the practitioner’s role as a healer. However, death with dignity, which involves the patient self-administering lethal medication with a prescription, is argued to be different. The question is raised about whether medicine should only be a healing art or whether the art of dying should also be part of healthcare practice.
The Doctrine of Double Effect
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: The doctrine of double effect is a medieval natural law tradition in Catholic moral theology which states that an action is morally permissible if a good outcome is intended and a harmful effect is foreseen but unintended. The moral permissibility of an action is determined by the intention of the agent rather than the consequences. The doctrine was created to justify certain actions within Catholic theology, but it precedes moral recognition of patient autonomy and only focuses on the practitioner’s intention. In modern bioethics, the four principles of bioethics—autonomy (informed consent), beneficence (do good), nonmaleficence (do no harm), and justice (be fair)—are used instead of the doctrine of double effect. The four principles are specified and balanced to determine accepted moral actions and hold practitioners legally, professionally, and morally accountable for the consequences of the action performed with the patient’s informed consent, independent of the practitioner’s intentions.
Email and Electronic Communication
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: Integrating electronic communication, such as email and text messaging, into the healthcare system is an important contemporary reality. Although these forms of communication have advantages, such as convenience and speed, they also come with increased responsibilities to protect patient confidentiality. Patients must be informed of the risks and limitations of electronic communications, and practitioners must get written consent before using these forms of communication. It is imperative to use encryption in all electronic communications to ensure the privacy and security of protected health information, avoid any Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act privacy violations, and maintain professional boundaries.
Futile Treatment
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: The concept of futile treatment refers to treatments that lack evidence of benefiting the patient or achieving desired healthcare outcomes. Patient autonomy is a crucial aspect of informed consent based on a shared decision-making process between the patient and practitioner. The practitioner is responsible for informing the patient of the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment options, benefits, and risks and answering any questions. The practitioner is expected to provide treatment options that comply with standards of care, and futile treatments should not be part of the patient’s decision-making options. If a patient chooses a futile treatment, the practitioner should discuss the reasons for making this choice and correct any misinformation that the patient may have. The practitioner has a professional obligation of beneficence (do good) and nonmaleficence (do no harm) to only provide treatment options that will benefit the patient and minimize harm.
Lifelong Learning
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract:To act in the patient’s best interest and reduce the risk of harm, practitioners must engage in lifelong learning. States require practitioners to earn a minimum of lifelong learning and continuing professional development credits per year. This includes, but is not limited to, continuing healthcare education credits, continuing nursing education credits, continuing pharmacy education credits, continuing dental education credits, continuing education units, maintenance of certification points, performance improvement continuing healthcare education, continuing professional development points, and quality improvement points. Lifelong learning is a healthcare and legal requirement; failure to comply can result in losing a healthcare license. Practitioners must embrace continuous learning to fulfill their responsibilities as educators, learners, and quality healthcare providers.
Malpractice
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: Healthcare malpractice occurs when a practitioner’s actions or omissions deviate from standards of care to the point of being considered negligent, causing injury to the patient. Negligent acts or omissions occur when there is a breach of standards of care based on the hypothetical practice of a reasonably competent practitioner in the same community. Healthcare malpractice injuries can include physical harm, pain, and financial burden. The intention of the practitioner is not relevant in a healthcare malpractice case. Healthcare malpractice compensation is awarded to the patient as a matter of justice (be fair) to balance the unfair social distribution of burdens caused by injury and to motivate the healthcare profession and institutions to perform a root cause analysis to identify what, how, and why a negligent adverse event occurred and implement proactive measures to avert any potential future negligence.
Minor Patients
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract: The healthcare treatment for minors involves a complex three-way relationship encompassing the minors, their parents or legal guardians, and healthcare practitioners. This relationship navigates the minor’s autonomy (informed consent), the right to informed assent (informed agreement), and the practitioner’s responsibility to ensure confidentiality and privacy. Guided by beneficence (do good) and nonmaleficence (do no harm), practitioners must explore minors’ reluctance to disclose information to parents, providing guidance toward appropriate social resources. Conflicts may necessitate institutional ethics consultation, although decisions ultimately rest with the parties involved. Legal protections override parental autonomy in cases of healthcare neglect. The practitioner’s professional and social obligations extend to providing essential healthcare for minors, including emergencies, treatment for sexually transmitted infections, access to contraception, prenatal care, and substance abuse treatment.