Abstract 2478: Tumor hypoxia promotes Ewing sarcoma metastases in a mouse xenograft model
Authors: Tilan Jason U. , Hong Sung-Hyeok , Galli Susana , Acree Rachel , Connors Katherine , Horton Meredith , Mahajan Akanksha , Wietlisbach Larissa , Lee Yi-Chien , Rodriguez Olga , Albanese Christopher , Kitlinska Joanna 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a pediatric tumor induced by EWS-ETS fusion proteins, most often EWS-FLI1. While the presence of metastases is the single most powerful adverse prognostic factor for ES patients, the mechanisms underlying their development remain unclear. Tumor hypoxia is one of the few factors implicated in ES progression. In ES patients, the presence of nonperfused areas within tumor tissue was associated with poor prognosis. In vitro, hypoxia increases invasiveness of ES cells and triggers expression of pro-metastatic genes via changes in transcriptional activity of the EWS-FLI1 gene. However, despite this line of evidence, no direct proof for this hypoxia-induced ES progression and spread has been provided. Moreover, the mechanisms by which hypoxia could exert such effects are unknown. To fill this gap, we created an in vivo model of hypoxia in ES and tested its effect on tumor metastasis. SK-ES1 ES cells were injected into gastrocnemius muscles of SCID/beige mice. Once the tumors reached a volume of 250mm3, they were either excised (control) or subjected to femoral artery ligation (FAL) for 72h prior to excision, inducing ischemia of the lower hindlimb, thus creating tumor hypoxia. Then, the mice were monitored for metastases. The extent of the metastatic disease was assessed and compared between experimental groups based on periodic MRI, necropsy and histopathology findings. FAL resulted in profound tumor hypoxia, as evidenced by inhibition of primary tumor growth, severe tissue necrosis and positive staining for a hypoxyprobe, pimonidazole. However, despite the impaired growth of primary tumors, xenografts subjected to FAL were more metastatic. The involvement of hypoxic cells in metastases was evidenced by the accumulation of pimonidazole-positive cells (hypoxic at the time of FAL) in areas of tissue invasion and intravasation. Consequently, mice bearing FAL-treated tumors exhibited a decreased latency of metastases formation and an increase in their number from an average of 0.9 to 2.3 metastases per mouse in control and FAL groups, respectively. We also observed a change in the pattern of metastases, as FAL-treated tumors metastasized more often to distant organs (average of 0.3 organ metastases per mouse in control and 1.3 in FAL group). The hypoxia-induced metastases were most often observed in adrenal gland and spine (50% and 42% of mice in FAL group, respectively), while no such metastases were observed in the control group. Moreover, 100% of FAL-treated mice had signs of bone marrow invasion, while no tumor cells were detectable in bone marrow of control mice. This data provides the first-ever direct evidence for tumor hypoxia as a driver of ES metastases. Moreover, our model of tumor hypoxia in vivo provides an excellent opportunity to identify hypoxia-induced pathways involved in ES metastatic progression that subsequently may become novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
Citation Format: Jason U. Tilan, Sung-Hyeok Hong, Susana Galli, Rachel Acree, Katherine Connors, Meredith Horton, Akanksha Mahajan, Larissa Wietlisbach, Yi-Chien Lee, Olga Rodriguez, Christopher Albanese, Joanna Kitlinska. Tumor hypoxia promotes Ewing sarcoma metastases in a mouse xenograft model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2478.