bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le transport ferroviaire interurbain de passagers en Californie : un laboratoire du renouveau ferroviaire aux États-Unis ?
Authors: Schorung Matthieu 
Published: November 2017

Le transport ferroviaire interurbain de passagers aux États-Unis connaît depuis la fin des années 1990 une progression continue de sa fréquentation, bien que sa part modale demeure très modeste. Cette redécouverte du train est encouragée par un contexte favorable lié à l’engagement ferroviaire de l’administration Obama, à une congestion croissante des réseaux autoroutiers et aériens et à une prise de conscience des enjeux de l’écomobilité. Certains territoires apparaissent comme particulièrement favorables à un renouveau du mode ferroviaire notamment le Nord-Est et la Californie. Cet État est aujourd’hui très engagé, politiquement et financièrement, dans le transport ferroviaire de passagers : lignes régionales d’Amtrak, chantier de ligne à grande vitesse, planification de nombreux projets, projet de réseau intégré à l’échelle de l’État. Tous ces éléments conduisent à envisager la Californie comme un laboratoire du renouveau ferroviaire pouvant inspirer d’autres États. Malgré une organisation complexe du secteur ferroviaire aux États-Unis et un enchevêtrement d’acteurs, l’État de Californie est parvenu à construire une nouvelle stratégie visant à faire du train une alternative crédible à la voiture et à l’avion. Il met pour cela en œuvre une stratégie diversifiée et globale, s’adaptant à différents contextes territoriaux et institutionnels, et allant même jusqu’à la mise en place de formes de gouvernance innovantes.
Économie circulaire acritique et condition post-politique : analyse de la valorisation des déchets en France
Authors: Desvaux Pierre 
Published: November 2017

Cet article se penche sur les reconfigurations des politiques de valorisation des déchets au regard du développement de l’économie circulaire comme un cadrage institutionnel. Le bouclage des flux nécessaire à la réinjection des déchets recyclés dans les sphères de production nécessite en effet pour les pouvoirs publics de repenser les circulations de matières et pour permettre un découplage entre croissance économique et consommation de ressources. Toutefois, la mise en place du cadre législatif européen et national est fortement marquée par le lobbying de grands industriels et tend à les présenter comme solutions privilégiées, constituant en cela un cadre excluant, au détriment de lectures et de pratiques alternatives de l’économie circulaire à plusieurs niveaux. L’article cherchera à questionner cette situation au regard de ce que certains auteurs qualifient de « condition post-politique ». Il s’agira donc de montrer comment la constitution du cadre législatif fait la part belle aux industriels et d’étudier les conséquences de ces choix sur les pratiques de valorisation des déchets mainstream et alternatives dans l’agglomération lyonnaise.
Les civils et la présence militaire britannique sur le front du Pays de l’Allœu (octobre 1914-avril 1918)
Authors: Lecomte Bertrand 
Published: November 2017

Après avoir souffert d’une courte et brutale invasion allemande en octobre 1914, la population du Pays de l’Allœu, au sud-ouest de Lille, subit jusqu’en avril 1918 la stabilisation du front à Laventie et Fleurbaix. En dépit du danger permanent et des efforts menés par l’armée britannique pour procéder à l’évacuation totale des civils, un peu plus de 50 % des habitants n’ont pas encore fui le territoire en 1917 et plusieurs familles vivent à quelques centaines de mètres des tranchées. Jusqu’à l’offensive allemande de 1918, les présences civile et militaire alliées sont donc entremêlées. Cette cohabitation, dans un milieu dangereux, a permis d’établir des relations amicales ponctuées d’élans de solidarité mais a aussi provoqué de nombreux conflits entre les deux groupes. Ces incidents découlent principalement de l’usage du territoire où les besoins militaires et les nécessités de la guerre entrent en concurrence avec les aspirations de la population. D’autres tensions, entre civils et soldats mais également à l’intérieur du groupe des habitants, sont induites par les indemnités financières et les activités lucratives générées par la présence militaire alliée.
Optimización en Tiempo Real utilizando la Metodología de Adaptación de Modificadores
Authors: Rodríguez-Blanco T. , Sarabia D. , De Prada C. 
Published: November 2017

<div data-canvas-width="1001.46043128">La gestión óptima de las plantas de proceso normalmente se lleva a cabo en una capa de optimización en tiempo real (Real Time Optimization, RTO) que actúa sobre la capa de control y que toma decisiones considerando objetivos económicos en base a un modelo del proceso, normalmente estacionario. Sin embargo, dicha operación óptima no está garantizada debido a la presencia de incertidumbre entre el modelo usado para la toma de decisiones y el proceso real. Con la idea de conducir el proceso a su punto de operación óptimo usando un modelo que se sabe incierto o erróneo, surge la metodología de adaptación de modificadores (Modifier Adaptation o MA). En dicha metodología, el problema de optimización económica de la capa RTO es modificado mediante unos términos correctores, conocidos como modificadores, estimados a partir de medidas de la planta, con el objetivo de conducir el proceso a su punto de operación óptimo. El presente artículo hace una revisión de las técnicas desarrolladas hasta el momento dentro de la metodología MA analizando sus características y modos de implementación.</div>
Viagem ao centro de si mesmo: exílio, busca da identidade e autoria em A chave de casa e Opisanie Swiata
Authors: Fontes Erica Rodrigues 
Published: November 2017

<p><strong>Resumo</strong></p><p>O artigo examina os romances <em>A chave de casa</em>,<em> </em>de Tatiana Salem Levy e <em>Opisanie Swiata</em>, de Veronica Stigger, duas obras recentes da Literatura Brasileira cujo foco é o deslocamento de protagonistas que previamente já passaram pela experiência de desenraizamento. As narrativas salientam a necessidade de uma nova viagem para os dois personagens. No primeiro romance o avô da protagonista sugere a ela que vá até a sua casa em Esmirna, Turquia, entregando-lhe a chave da porta da frente da residência. Na segunda obra, Natanael, filho brasileiro do protagonista polonês solicita a ele, através de carta, uma visita em seu leito de morte, o que faz o pai, Opalka, vir de navio da Europa até a América do Sul. No entanto o propósito das viagens é alterado ainda antes do destino final. Os protagonistas têm seus objetivos iniciais frustrados, mas também experimentam uma epifania causada pelo próprio ato de se deslocar. Descobrem-se pessoas diferentes daquelas que iniciaram a viagem. Essa experiência é uma clara ilustração do que defende Michel Onfray no seu <em>Teoria da viagem</em>: “a viagem nos faz saber de nós mesmos”. (p. 75). Ir à Esmirna e à Amazônia brasileira é uma forma tanto de intensificar quanto de amenizar as feridas do exílio anterior que nunca poderão ser, de fato, esquecidas. É, acima de tudo, uma tentativa de reconexão, de profunda ligação consigo mesmo, com a família e a sociedade ao redor. </p>
O romance A casa da água e a representação dos afro-brasileiros na África em finais do século XIX
Authors: Pereira Édimo De Almeida 
Published: November 2017

<p><strong>RESUMO:</strong> No ano de [1889]1900 ocorreu a viagem de retorno da ex-escravizada africana Catarina Pereira Chaves, e de seus familiares brasileiros à cidade nigeriana de Lagos. Esta viagem foi recriada pelo escritor Antonio Olinto, nas linhas do romance<strong> A casa da água </strong>(1988). Nesta obra, a narrativa da experiência de brasileiros descendentes de ex-escravizados, na condição de estrangeiros na África, envolve temáticas como a estranheza, a hospitalidade e os conflitos decorrentes do ingresso desses indivíduos na ordem social, política e econômica das cidades da Costa dos Escravos, de onde anteriormente haviam sido trasladados, durante a diáspora, os seus ascendentes. Em Lagos, a comunidade brasileira organizou-se em torno dos seus grandes homens, negociantes ricos com quem se abasteciam e de quem dependiam as famílias mais desfavorecidas, constituindo uma rede de clientela, cujo sentido de unidade veio a resultar na organização e na ocupação de um bairro brasileiro denominado <em>Brazilian Quarter.</em> Nesse sentido, abordamos a relação entre os afro-brasileiros e os africanos que os receberam, sob o ponto de vista do binômio estranheza/hospitalidade. Tal abordagem se dá com base nos apontamentos de Jacques Derrida, a partir das noções de hospitalidade e de “hos-ti-pitalidade”,<em> </em>termo criado pelo filósofo para<em> </em>se referir às circunstâncias em que a hospitalidade é pervertida pela hostilidade. Com base nesses elementos, a partir da narrativa da mencionada obra olintiana, discorremos sobre os percursos de brasileiros na cidade de Lagos.</p>
Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers)
Authors: MacKenzie Kenneth J. D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractConventional inorganic polymers, otherwise known as geopolymers, are aluminosilicates with the desirable properties of ceramics (durability, strength) but which harden at ambient temperatures without the need for processing at high temperatures. They are commonly formed by the action of alkalis or phosphoric acid on aluminosilicate minerals such as dehydroxylated clays and consist of randomly arranged three‐dimensional assemblages of silicate and aluminate units into an X‐ray amorphous structure. The presence of charge‐balancing ions such as Na+or K+within this structure gives them useful ion‐exchange properties similar to zeolites. Analogous inorganic polymers are known in which the silicate is partially replaced by germinate units, and the aluminate units are replaced by gallate, phosphate, or borate units, giving a range of materials with a variety of properties and potential applications. The physical properties of the inorganic polymers can be manipulated by the introduction of fibers, whereas their chemistry allows the introduction of bone‐forming elements, drugs and carbon nanotubes, providing them with porosity, bioactivity, or electronic functionality. Inorganic polymers with catalytic, photocatalytic, and fluorescent functionality can also be produced. This article covers the synthesis and structure of clay‐based inorganic polymers and discusses a number of their more specialized applications. Although inorganic polymers are a subclass of alkali‐activated materials that can also be formed by a range of materials other than dehydroxylated clays (fly ash, volcanic ash, blast furnace slag), geopolymers formed from these materials are outside the scope of this article, and are not discussed here.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanocomposites
Authors: Nandi Arun K. , Manna Swarup 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article overviews the current research trends in the field of electroactive polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites with various nanofillers, such as clay, carbon nanotube, graphene, and inorganic nanoparticles. Here we give a concise account on the preparation and properties of different nanocomposites, highlighting some of their applications. Important aspects such as PVDF nanocomposite properties, morphology, structure, thermal stability, mechanical properties, phase transitions, crystallinity, conductivity, dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric polymorph formation, electromagnetic induction shielding etc. are discussed. Particular emphasis is given on the piezoelectric β‐phase formation and the subsequent improvement of mechanical properties, conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and electromagnetic shielding, which are of interest in the application of PVDF nanocomposites in both commodity and technological fields. Apart from the binary nanocomposites, ternary nanocomposites containing two nanofillers and their synergistic effect on PVDF properties are also discussed.
Helical Foldamers from Aromatic Polymers
Authors: Zhang Dan‐Wei , Wang Hui , Li Zhan‐Ting 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Foldamers are synthetic linear molecules or macromolecules that adopt confined conformations induced by noncovalent forces. Conjugated polymers have relatively high rigidity. They can be induced by noncovalent interactions to fold into well‐predictable helical conformations. Backbones that have been developed for the formation of such polymeric helices include those composed of
m
‐arylene ethynylene, aromatic amide, hydrazide, urea, trizole, and axodiazole segments. Noncovalent interactions typically used as driving forces for the formation of such helical conformations include solvophobicity and intra‐ and/or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. In general, polymeric foldamers possess a tubular cavity with a well‐defined diameter. Their length or depth is defined by the degree of polymerization. Such polymeric foldamers are conformationally dynamic and can exhibit unique twist‐sense bias tuned by side‐chain chirality or by chiral guest induction. Moreover, such hollow unimacromolecular helices can function as efficient tubular receptors for discrete guests and as transmembrane channels for transporting different ions. This article summarizes the studies of helical foldamers formed by aromatic polymers and their properties and functions.
Polymer Synthesis: Copper‐Catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Li Kewen , Oderinde Olayinka , Liu Shunli , Yao Fang , Fu Guodong 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is one of the most widely employed “click” chemistry processes due to its ability to produce functional polymers and various architectures of polymers. Some unique properties of CuAAC include high selectivity, near‐perfect reliability, high yields, and exceptional tolerance toward a wide range of functional groups and reaction conditions. Furthermore, CuAAC is an extremely chemoselective reaction, which forms triazole; therefore, it can be used for functional polymer materials and also for modifying highly functional biomolecules such as polypeptides, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. The application of CuAAC ‘‘clicking’’ in polymer chemistry is increasing exponentially, leading to fabrication of a growing family of well‐defined polymer materials with novel properties.
Injectable Hydrogels: Properties and Applications
Authors: Park Kyung Min , Park Ki Dong 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In situ
forming hydrogels have been widely used as therapeutic implants and vehicles for a broad range of biomedical applications, including tissue regenerative medicine and drug delivery because of their biocompatibility and multitunable properties. These hydrogel materials have received considerable attention as injectable matrices because of easy encapsulation of the therapeutic agents during the hydrogel network formation as well as their minimally invasive injection into the target sites. In addition, the injectable hydrogel has also the advantage of an easy application to irregular defect sites. Furthermore, it is widely used as an artificial extracellular matrix because of its structural similarity with the native extracellular matrix of the human body and its multitunable properties. Various synthetic, natural, and bioinspired materials have been developed as injectable hydrogels by using different cross‐linking strategies. In this article, we discuss how the functional hydrogels are created with tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties. In particular, we focus on emerging techniques used to apply advanced hydrogel materials for tissue regenerative medicine.
The Importance of Splat Events to the Spatiotemporal Structure of Near‐Bed Fluid Velocity and Bed Load Motion Over Bed Forms: Laboratory Experiments Downstream of a Backward Facing Step
Authors: Leary K. C. P. , Schmeeckle M. W. 
Published: November 2017

Flow separation/reattachment on the lee side of alluvial bed forms is known to produce a complex turbulence field, but the spatiotemporal details of the associated patterns of bed load sediment transported remain largely unknown. Here we report turbulence‐resolving, simultaneous measurements of bed load motion and near‐bed fluid velocity downstream of a backward facing step in a laboratory flume. Two synchronized high‐speed video cameras simultaneously observed bed load motion and the motion of neutrally buoyant particles in a laser light sheet 6 mm above the bed at 250 frames/s downstream of a 3.8 cm backward facing step. Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) were used to characterize fluid turbulent patterns, while manual particle tracking techniques were used to characterize bed load transport. Octant analysis, conducted using ADV data, coupled with Markovian sequence probability analysis highlights differences in the flow near reattachment versus farther downstream. Near reattachment, three distinct flow patterns are apparent. Farther downstream we see the development of a dominant flow sequence. Localized, intermittent, high‐magnitude transport events are more apparent near flow reattachment. These events are composed of streamwise and cross‐stream fluxes of comparable magnitudes. Transport pattern and fluid velocity data are consistent with the existence of permeable “splat events,” wherein a volume of fluid moves toward and impinges on the bed (sweep) causing a radial movement of fluid in all directions around the point of impingement (outward interaction). This is congruent with flow patterns, identified with octant analysis, proximal to flow reattachment.
Agreement of CMIP5 Simulated and Observed Ocean Anthropogenic CO2 Uptake
Authors: Bronselaer Benjamin , Winton Michael , Russell Joellen , Sabine Christopher L. , Khatiwala Samar 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPrevious studies found large biases between individual observational and model estimates of historical ocean anthropogenic carbon uptake. We show that the largest bias between the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble mean and between two observational estimates of ocean anthropogenic carbon is due to a difference in start date. After adjusting the CMIP5 and observational estimates to the 1791–1995 period, all three carbon uptake estimates agree to within 3 Pg of C, about 4% of the total. The CMIP5 ensemble mean spatial bias compared to the observations is generally smaller than the observational error, apart from a negative bias in the Southern Ocean and a positive bias in the Southern Indian and Pacific Oceans compensating each other in the global mean. This dipole pattern is likely due to an equatorward and weak bias in the position of Southern Hemisphere westerlies and lack of mode and intermediate water ventilation.
Flood Runoff in Relation to Water Vapor Transport by Atmospheric Rivers Over the Western United States, 1949–2015
Authors: Konrad Christopher P. , Dettinger Michael D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) have a significant role in generating floods across the western United States. We analyze daily streamflow for water years 1949 to 2015 from 5,477 gages in relation to water vapor transport by ARs using a 6 h chronology resolved to 2.5° latitude and longitude. The probability that an AR will generate 50 mm/d of runoff in a river on the Pacific Coast increases from 12% when daily mean water vapor transport, DVT, is greater than 300 kg m−1 s−1 to 54% when DVT > 600 kg m−1 s−1. Extreme runoff, represented by the 99th quantile of daily values, doubles from 80 mm/d at DVT = 300 kg m−1 s−1 to 160 mm/d at DVT = 500 kg m−1 s−1. Forecasts and predictions of water vapor transport by atmospheric rivers can support flood risk assessment and estimates of future flood frequencies and magnitude in the western United States.
Case Studies of Low‐Visibility Forecasting in Falling Snow With WRF Model
Authors: Huang Haibo , Zhang Guangxing 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAccurate low‐visibility forecasts in falling snow are critical to the safety and efficiency of air traffic. The Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) model successfully captured two unusual snowstorms occurred in Urumqi. On this basis, the quality of 15 parameterizations for predicting visibility in snow is evaluated, using both observations and forecasts of the meteorological variables from WRF model. The parameterizations are mainly based on the relations between the extinction efficient (β) or visibility (Vis) and the snowfall rate (S). Comprehensive evaluations show that most of these parameterizations (13 of 15) are skillful as well as having the ability to predict low visibilities to some extent. Among them, the parameterization Vis = 0.62S−0.59 performs the best, followed by the approach of Stoelinga and Warner. It is also found that the visibility forecasts based on the observations always have considerably higher quality than the visibility forecasts from WRF model. The results suggest that more than one parameterization is promising if the WRF model is able to provide accurate predictions of the relevant meteorological variables. Furthermore, the forecast accuracy of low visibilities strongly depends on the accurate predictions of snowfall rate of greater than or equal to 1.0 mm h−1.
Diagnosing Cloud Biases in the GFDL AM3 Model With Atmospheric Classification
Authors: Evans Stuart , Marchand Roger , Ackerman Thomas , Donner Leo , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Seman Charles 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe define a set of 21 atmospheric states, or recurring weather patterns, for a region surrounding the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains site using an iterative clustering technique. The states are defined using dynamic and thermodynamic variables from reanalysis, tested for statistical significance with cloud radar data from the Southern Great Plains site, and are determined every 6 h for 14 years, creating a time series of atmospheric state. The states represent the various stages of the progression of synoptic systems through the region (e.g., warm fronts, warm sectors, cold fronts, cold northerly advection, and high‐pressure anticyclones) with a subset of states representing summertime conditions with varying degrees of convective activity. We use the states to classify output from the NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM3 model to test the model's simulation of the frequency of occurrence of the states and of the cloud occurrence during each state. The model roughly simulates the frequency of occurrence of the states but exhibits systematic cloud occurrence biases. Comparison of observed and model‐simulated International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project histograms of cloud top pressure and optical thickness shows that the model lacks high thin cloud under all conditions, but biases in thick cloud are state‐dependent. Frontal conditions in the model do not produce enough thick cloud, while fair‐weather conditions produce too much. We find that increasing the horizontal resolution of the model improves the representation of thick clouds under all conditions but has little effect on high thin clouds. However, increasing resolution also changes the distribution of states, causing an increase in total cloud occurrence bias.