bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjectives and adverbs in the Grande grammaire du français
Authors: Abeillé Anne , Bonami Olivier , Godard Danièle , Noailly Michèle 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The distinction between adjectives and adverbs is a traditional issue in French grammars:

many adverbs are derived from adjectives, usually with a -ment suffix (facile ‘easy’ > facilement ‘easily’) but not always (juste > juste ‘just’)

many adjectives may modify verbs without being inflected (voir clair ‘see clear’) with a manner or result interpretation.

We show how the principles of the Grande grammaire du français (Abeillé & Godard 2012, to appear) allows one to draw a strict division, based on morphosyntactic criteria, for modern French:

only adjectives may vary in gender and number

only adverbs may occur between the auxiliary and the past participle (a clairement/*clair vu ‘has clearly seen’), or before the infinitive (*clair voir), with an integrated prosody.
Are intrapredicative adjectives adverbs?
Authors: Van Raemdonck Dan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Traditionally, the adjective/adverb opposition is part of a larger structural framework, where these parts of speech are differentiated by the type of parts of speech with which they have a relationship of dependency. The adjective is said to be related to the noun, and the adverb to the adjective, the verb or another adverb, and each time in relationships systematically described as T1 ← T2, where T2 is related to T1.
In this paper we investigate in French the case of intrapredicative adjectives, i.e. adjectives within the predicate which, counter to prevailing assumptions, appear to be related to the verb. We will try to shape a coherent functional system within which all the different uses of intrapredicative adjectives take place.
Adverb agreement in the dialects of the Lausberg Area
Authors: Silvestri Giuseppina 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper brings uncharted evidence to the phenomenon of adverb agreement in Italo-Romance. Among southern Italian dialects, manner adverbs are not morphologically distinguished from adjectives and, in certain varieties, may agree with a referring nominal. The patterns of agreement are discussed and analysed by assessing and describing novel data retrieved from the upper southern Italian dialects of north-western Calabria. In these varieties adverbs agree with Undergoer/Patient arguments. The semantic entailments of the adverb agreement in transitive and unaccusative clauses disclose the availability of true and pseudo-resultative predicates. Moreover, agreeing adverbs influence the past participle agreement, which normally displays alternative patterns depending of the morpholexical properties of the participle (± metaphonic).
Historical overview of the Romanian adverb
Authors: Chircu Adrian 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of adverbs in the diachrony of the Romanian language with data from the 16th–18th century. The analysis starts from the stock of adverbs inherited from Latin: primary adverbs, adverbs derived from other parts of speech, especially adjectives, or borrowed adjective-adverbs. The striking fact is the lack of adverbs ending in -mente. The presence of this suffix in Western Romance languages is due to the influence of Late Latin. Being only influenced by Slavic languages at the beginning of its existence, the Romanian language started to use the suffix -eşte, the equivalent of -mente. However, short adverbial forms rarely combine with suffixes. This indicates that old forms are resistant to derivation, which differentiates Romanian from other Romance languages.
Descriptive and functional analysis of the solo-solamente adverbial pair in spoken Mexican Spanish
Authors: Medina Gómez Lorena Y. , Alarcón Neve Luisa Josefina 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This study analyzes the solo-solamente adverbial pair’s syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic distribution and frequency. The data stem from two sociolinguistic corpora of spoken Spanish, the Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México (CSCM) and the Corpus del Habla de Monterrey (CHDM). The objective is to determine the different meanings that this adverbial pair has regarding to information structure and pragmatic implications. It is shown that both units are used as focus operators. Both units come close to synonymy, but solo tends to mark exclusion, while solamente is more often used for simply nuancing.
Question tags in translation
Authors: Buysse Lieven 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCanonical question tags feature prominently in spoken English, where they display great versatility. At face value they are meant to elicit a response from a co-participant in the form of (dis)agreement with the proposition to which the tag has been added. Their pragmatic scope is, however, considerably broader: they serve as politeness strategies but also emphasize the speaker’s convictions or mark accusations. Like many other languages, Dutch does not have a similar structure, which raises questions as to what devices Dutch employs to serve the same purpose as question tags. This contrastive study examines such correspondents in a parallel corpus of English novels and their Dutch translations. Three structures can be identified: pragmatic markers, clause-final parentheticals and combinations of these. The data indicate a preference for pragmatic markers (most notablyhèandtoch), which predominantly appear either as invariant tags or clause-medially, indicating subtle shifts in utterance interpretation.
Motivating an English-German contrast in word-formation
Authors: Haas Florian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGerman has a set of nouns which are derived from a combination of a preposition and the reciprocal pronouneinander‘one another’. Compounds of this type are strikingly absent from English, although all the components that enter the German formations are available in English, as well. This paper takes a closer look at the relevant word-formation patterns, focusing on compounding and different types of conversion, also taking into account the diachrony of reciprocal pronouns (einanderin German andeach other/one anotherin English) and the role of morphological schemas. It will be argued that for explaining the lack of English nouns corresponding to the German nouns under discussion contrasts in the history and the grammar of reciprocals are less relevant than (i) the availability of well-entrenched word-formation patterns, and (ii) the more significant role of ‘syntactic conversion’ in German.
Malaria and Chikungunya Detected Using Molecular Diagnostics Among Febrile Kenyan Children
Authors: Waggoner Jesse , Brichard Julie , Mutuku Francis , Ndenga Bryson , Heath Claire Jane , Mohamed-Hadley Alisha , Sahoo Malaya K. , Vulule John , Lefterova Martina , Banaei Niaz , Mukoko Dunstan , Pinsky Benjamin A. , LaBeaud A. Desiree 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background
In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is frequently overdiagnosed as the cause of an undifferentiated febrile illness, whereas arboviral illnesses are presumed to be underdiagnosed.

Methods
Sera from 385 febrile Kenyan children, who presented to 1 of 4 clinical sites, were tested using microscopy and real-time molecular assays for dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), malaria, and Leptospira.

Results
Malaria was the primary clinical diagnosis for 254 patients, and an arboviral infection (DENV or CHIKV) was the primary diagnosis for 93 patients. In total, 158 patients (41.0%) had malaria and 32 patients (8.3%) had CHIKV infections. Compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction, microscopy demonstrated a percent positive agreement of 49.7%. The percentage of malaria cases detected by microscopy varied significantly between clinical sites. Arboviral infections were the clinical diagnosis for patients on the Indian Ocean coast (91 of 238, 38.2%) significantly more often than patients in the Lake Victoria region (2 of 145, 1.4%; P &lt; .001). However, detection of CHIKV infections was significantly higher in the Lake Victoria region (19 of 145 [13.1%] vs 13 of 239 [5.4%]; P = .012).

Conclusions
The clinical diagnosis of patients with an acute febrile illness, even when aided by microscopy, remains inaccurate in malaria-endemic areas, contributing to inappropriate management decisions.
Cerebral Epidural Abscess Secondary to Blastomyces Masquerading as an Epidermoid Tumor
Authors: Doberstein Cody , Noor Abass , Choi David , Smith Jacob , Groh Darren , Mermel Leonard , Doberstein Curtis 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
There have been infrequent reports of isolated central nervous system blastomycosis. We report a case of intracranial epidural abscess secondary to Blastomyces dermatitidis in a patient residing in Rhode Island with a history of remote travel to an endemic area. The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of this unique case are reviewed.
Opportunities and obstacles for deep learning in biology and medicine
Authors: Ching Travers , Himmelstein Daniel S. , Beaulieu-Jones Brett K. , Kalinin Alexandr A. , Do Brian T. , Way Gregory P. , Ferrero Enrico , Agapow Paul-Michael , Zietz Michael , Hoffman Michael M. , Xie Wei , Rosen Gail L. , Lengerich Benjamin J. , Israeli Johnny , Lanchantin Jack , Woloszynek Stephen , Carpenter Anne E. , Shrikumar Avanti , Xu Jinbo , Cofer Evan M. , Lavender Christopher A. , Turaga Srinivas C. , Alexandari Amr M. , Lu Zhiyong , Harris David J. , DeCaprio Dave , Qi Yanjun , Kundaje Anshul , Peng Yifan , Wiley Laura K. , Segler Marwin H.S. , Boca Simina M. , Swamidass S. Joshua , Huang Austin , Gitter Anthony , Greene Casey S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDeep learning, which describes a class of machine learning algorithms, has recently showed impressive results across a variety of domains. Biology and medicine are data rich, but the data are complex and often ill-understood. Problems of this nature may be particularly well-suited to deep learning techniques. We examine applications of deep learning to a variety of biomedical problems—patient classification, fundamental biological processes, and treatment of patients—and discuss whether deep learning will transform these tasks or if the biomedical sphere poses unique challenges. We find that deep learning has yet to revolutionize or definitively resolve any of these problems, but promising advances have been made on the prior state of the art. Even when improvement over a previous baseline has been modest, we have seen signs that deep learning methods may speed or aid human investigation. More work is needed to address concerns related to interpretability and how to best model each problem. Furthermore, the limited amount of labeled data for training presents problems in some domains, as do legal and privacy constraints on work with sensitive health records. Nonetheless, we foresee deep learning powering changes at both bench and bedside with the potential to transform several areas of biology and medicine.
The microbiota of diapause: How host–microbe associations are formed after dormancy in an aquatic crustacean
Authors: Mushegian Alexandra A. , Walser Jean‐Claude , Sullam Karen E. , Ebert Dieter 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

A critical question in symbiosis research is where and how organisms obtain beneficial microbial symbionts in different ecological contexts. Microbiota of juveniles are often derived directly from their mother or from the immediate environment. The origin of beneficial symbionts, however, is less obvious in organisms with diapause and dispersal stages, such as plants with dormant seeds and animals in ephemeral or strongly seasonal habitats. In these cases, parents and offspring are separated in time and space, which may affect opportunities for both vertical and horizontal transmission of symbionts.

The planktonic crustacean Daphnia produces long‐lasting resting eggs to endure winter freezing and summer droughts and requires microbiota for growth and reproduction. It is unknown how hatchlings from resting stages form associations with microbial consorts after diapause.

Using natural samples of D. magna resting eggs after several years of storage, we show that the total bacterial community derived from both the exterior and interior of the eggs’ ephippial cases is sufficiently beneficial to ensure normal Daphnia functioning in otherwise bacteria‐free conditions. We do not find direct evidence that the required bacteria are of maternal origin, though sequencing reveals that the resting stage is accompanied by bacterial taxa previously found in association with adult animals.

These findings suggest that although Daphnia are strongly dependent on environmental bacteria for normal functioning, host‐bacteria associations are somewhat general and availability of specific bacteria is not a strong constraint on host ecology. Nevertheless, animals and microbes may be ecologically linked through co‐dispersal.
Reorganization of interaction networks modulates the persistence of species in late successional stages
Authors: Saavedra Serguei , Cenci Simone , del‐Val Ek , Boege Karina , Rohr Rudolf P. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Ecological interaction networks constantly reorganize as interspecific interactions change across successional stages and environmental gradients. This reorganization can also be associated with the extent to which species change their preference for types of niches available in their local sites. Despite the pervasiveness of these interaction changes, previous studies have revealed that network reorganizations have a minimal or insignificant effect on global descriptors of network architecture, such as connectance, modularity and nestedness. However, little is known about whether these reorganizations may have an effect on community dynamics and composition.

To answer the question above, we study the multi‐year dynamics and reorganization of plant–herbivore interaction networks across secondary successional stages of a tropical dry forest. We develop new quantitative tools based on a structural stability approach to estimate the potential impact of network reorganization on species persistence. Then, we investigate whether this impact can explain the likelihood of persistence of herbivore species in the observed communities.

We find that resident (early‐arriving) herbivore species increase their likelihood of persistence across time and successional stages. Importantly, we demonstrate that, in late successional stages, the reorganization of interactions among resident species has a strong inhibitory effect on the likelihood of persistence of colonizing (late‐arriving) herbivores.

These findings support earlier predictions suggesting that, in mature communities, changes of species interactions can act as community‐control mechanisms (also known as priority effects). Furthermore, our results illustrate that the dynamics and composition of ecological communities cannot be fully understood without attention to their reorganization processes, despite the invariability of global network properties.
Antiarrhythmic properties of ivabradine in an experimental model of Short‐QT‐ Syndrome
Authors: Frommeyer Gerrit , Weller Jan , Ellermann Christian , Kaese Sven , Kochhäuser Simon , Lange Philipp S , Dechering Dirk G , Eckardt Lars 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe If channel inhibitor ivabradine is recommended for treatment of chronic heart failure. However, ivabradine also inhibits human ether‐a‐go‐go (hERG) mediated potassium currents. The aim of the present study was to assess the electrophysiologic effects of ivabradine in an experimental model of short‐QT‐syndrome. Twelve rabbit hearts were isolated and Langendorff‐perfused. After obtaining baseline data, pinacidil, an IK‐ATP channel opener, was infused (1 μmol/L). Eight endo‐ and epicardial monophasic action potentials and a 12‐lead ECG showed a significant abbreviation of QT interval (−32 ms, P<.05) and shortening of action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90; −22 ms, P<.05). The shortening of ventricular repolarization was accompanied by a reduction of effective refractory period (ERP; −20 ms, P<.05). Thereafter, hearts were additionally treated with ivabradine (5 μmol/L) leading to an increase of QT interval (+31 ms, P<.05), APD90 (+15 ms, P<.05) as well as of ERP (+38 ms, P<.05) and post‐repolarization refractoriness (PRR, +33 ms, P<.05) as compared with sole pinacidil infusion. Under baseline conditions, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was inducible by a standardized pacing protocol including programmed stimulation and burst stimulation in 3 of 12 hearts (6 episodes). After application of 1 μmol/L pinacidil, 6 of 12 hearts were inducible (22 episodes). Additional infusion of 5 μmol/L ivabradine led to a significant suppression of VF. Only two episodes could be induced in 1 of 12 hearts. In the present study ivabradine reversed the electrophysiologic effects of pharmacologically simulated short‐QT syndrome. Ivabradine demonstrated antiarrhythmic properties based on an increase of both ERP and PRR.
Dexmedetomidine protects mice against myocardium ischaemic/reperfusion injury by activating an AMPK/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway
Authors: Sun Yanjun , Jiang Chuan , Jiang Jun , Qiu Lisheng 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAcute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (MIR) injury leads to severe arrhythmias and has a high rate of lethality. In the present study, we aim to determine the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on heart injury parameters following MIR surgery. We examined the effects of Dex on heart function parameters and infarct size following MIR surgery. Proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative products and anti‐oxidative enzymes in the myocardium were measured to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative effects of Dex. The role of the adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/phosphatidylino‐sitol 3‐kinase (PI3k)/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway was investigated using their inhibitors. The alteration of haemodynamic parameters, histopathological results, and infarct size caused by MIR was attenuated by Dex. The interleukine‐1 beta (IL‐1β), IL‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐a (TNF‐α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were all significantly decreased. Anti‐oxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were restored by Dex. Oxidative products8‐OHdG, MDA and protein carbonyl were all decreased by Dex (P<.05). Dex activated AMPK expression, eNOS and Akt phosphorylation. The influence of Dex on cardiac function was reversed by the inhibitors of the eNOS, AMPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. These results indicate that Dex protected the cardiac functional, histological changes, inflammation and oxidative stress induced by MIR. Our results present a novel signalling mechanism that Dex protects MIR injury by activating an AMPK/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway.
Time–Temperature Management Along the Food Cold Chain: A Review of Recent Developments
Authors: Mercier Samuel , Villeneuve Sebastien , Mondor Martin , Uysal Ismail 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe cold chain is responsible for the preservation and transportation of perishable foods in the proper temperature range to slow biological decay processes and deliver safe and high‐quality foods to consumers. Studies show that the efficiency of the cold chain is often less than ideal, as temperature abuses above or below the optimal product‐specific temperature range occur frequently, a situation that significantly increases food waste and endangers food safety. In this work, field studies on time–temperature conditions at each critical stage of the cold chain are reviewed to assess the current state of commercial cold chains. Precooling, ground operations during transportation, storage during display at retail and in domestic refrigerators, and commercial handling practices are identified and discussed as the major weaknesses in the modern cold chain. The improvement in efficiency achieved through the measurement, analysis, and management of time–temperature conditions is reviewed, along with the accompanying technical and practical challenges delaying the implementation of such methods. A combination of prospective experimental and modeling research on precooling uniformity, responsive food inventory management systems, and cold chains in developing countries is proposed for the improvement of the cold chain at the global scale.
Genetic engineering of Trichoderma reesei cellulases and their production
Authors: Druzhinina Irina S. , Kubicek Christian P. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryLignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery products. The industrial use of plant biomass involves mechanical milling or chipping, followed by chemical or physicochemical pretreatment steps to make the material more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereby the cost of enzyme production still presents the major bottleneck, mostly because some of the produced enzymes have low catalytic activity under industrial conditions and/or because the rate of hydrolysis of some enzymes in the secreted enzyme mixture is limiting. Almost all of the lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails needed for the hydrolysis step are produced by fermentation of the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales). For this reason, the structure and mechanism of the enzymes involved, the regulation of their expression and the pathways of their formation and secretion have been investigated in T. reesei in considerable details. Several of the findings thereby obtained have been used to improve the formation of the T. reesei cellulases and their properties. In this article, we will review the achievements that have already been made and also show promising fields for further progress.
Scale‐up/Scale‐down of microbial bioprocesses: a modern light on an old issue
Authors: Delvigne Frank , Noorman Henk 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe bio‐economy is in transit from innovation to commercialization. The bioprocess industry is expected to increasingly deliver bio‐products to the market, in large amounts, at high quality and at competitive cost levels. This requires flawless start‐up of new large‐scale bioprocesses and continuous improvement of running processes. Fermentation scale‐up and operation can benefit from recent advances in three areas: 1. computation‐driven design of scale‐down simulators, 2. omics‐driven metabolic engineering and 3. sensing and understanding of population heterogeneity. Integration of these fields requires a unified computational approach, linked to big data and simulated reality frameworks, of which the contours are becoming visible today.