bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination of sleep states using continuous cerebral bedside monitoring (amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography) compared to polysomnography in infants
Authors: Bennet Laura , Fyfe Karinna L. , Yiallourou Stephanie R. , Merk Henriette , Wong Flora Y. , Horne Rosemary S. C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimLimited two‐channel electroencephalography (EEG) and amplitude‐integrated EEG (aEEG) monitorings are being increasingly used; however, these measurements have not been compared with polysomnographic monitoring, the gold standard for determining infant sleep states. We aimed to determine the accuracy of two‐channel EEG and aEEG recordings in defining sleep states and wakefulness in term infants compared to polysomnographic monitoring.MethodsSleep was assessed in eight healthy term born infants (mean: 34 ± 3 days), using simultaneous polysomnography (Compumedics S‐Series) and a two‐channel EEG monitor (Brainz BRM2). EEG intensity, 90% spectral edge frequency (SEF), aEEG amplitude frequency bands were analysed in 30‐second epochs during quiet sleep, active sleep and awake as determined by polysomnography.ResultsBRM2‐recorded EEG accurately identified quiet sleep from active sleep for EEG intensity (p = 0.003), SEF (p = 0.001) and aEEG amplitude (p = 0.003) and quiet sleep from awake, but not active sleep from awake. Frequency band analysis showed that wake could be identified by changes in absolute power (p = 0.015) and frequency as a percentage of total power (p = 0.03).ConclusionWe demonstrate that limited two‐channel EEG monitoring can distinguish quiet sleep from active sleep and may be suitable for investigating the development of sleep in infants in the neonatal intensive care setting.
Performance and safety of collagenated xenogeneic bone block for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and staged implant placement. A monocenter, prospective single‐arm clinical study
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Mihatovic Ilja , Ghanaati Shahram , Becker Jürgen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the clinical safety and performance of collagenated xenogeneic bone block (CXBB) for lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and two‐stage implant placement.Material & MethodsIn ten patients exhibiting a single‐tooth gap, the surgical procedure included the preparation of mucoperiosteal flaps, a rigid fixation of CXBB (Geistlich Bio‐Graft®) using an osteosynthesis screw, and contour augmentation. After 24 weeks of submerged healing, the primary endpoint was defined as the final ridge width sufficient to place an adequately dimensioned titanium implant at the respective sites. Secondary outcomes included, for example, the gain in ridge width (mm). Clinical parameters (e.g., bleeding on probing – BOP, probing depth – PD, mucosal recession – MR) were assessed immediately after the cementation of the crown and at the final visit.ResultsAt 24 weeks, implant placement could be achieved in 8 of 10 patients exhibiting a mean gain in ridge width (mean ± SD) of 3.88 ± 1.75 mm. Histological analysis has pointed to a homogeneous osseous organization of CXBB. The changes of mean BOP, PD, and MR values at the final visit amounted to 16.62 ± 32.02%, 0.04 ± 0.21 mm, and −0.04 ± 0.12 mm, respectively.ConclusionsCXBB may be successfully used to support lateral alveolar ridge augmentation and two‐stage implant placement.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic lesions. An 8‐year analysis of single institution material focusing on efficacy and learning progress
Authors: Dušková J. , Krechler T. , Dvořák M. 
Published: September 2016

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and the learning curve of the endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS‐FNAB) diagnostics of pancreatic lesions over 8 years (2007–2014).
Material and methods
EUS‐FNAB using a Linear Echoendoscope Olympus was performed in 531 patients, mostly without rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE). Smears plus cytoblock sections were used routinely. Immunocytochemistry was utilised as indicated.
Results
The average, satisfactory sampling rate increased from the 61.2% in the first 3‐year period to 72.9% in the last 3‐year period (P = 0.008). The availability of the material for cytoblocks increased from 36.4% in the first period to 75.3% in the last period (P = 0.017). The efficacy of cytoblocks increased from 39.6% to 46.2% (P = 0.086). Comparing the first and last 3‐year periods, the indication for immunocytochemistry did not rise substantially (5.2% and 8.5% respectively), but the predictive value of immunocytochemistry rose from 56.3% to 100.0% (P = 0.001). The most frequent diagnostic result was malignancy confirmation – both primary (41.2%) and metastatic (2.1%). In cases with representative samples and follow‐up information, the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and accuracy were high from the beginning. The negative predictive value decreased slightly in the last 3‐year period.
Conclusion
The pancreatic EUS‐FNAB without ROSE represents a suboptimal arrangement conditioned with our staff/time/location reality. Nevertheless, within the last 3 years of our activity, nearly three‐quarters of patients profit from the diagnostic contribution of this procedure.
Difficulties in auditory organization as a cause of reading backwardness? An auditory neuroscience perspective
Authors: Leong Victoria , Goswami Usha 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOver 30 years ago, it was suggested that difficulties in the ‘auditory organization’ of word forms in the mental lexicon might cause reading difficulties. It was proposed that children used parameters such as rhyme and alliteration to organize word forms in the mental lexicon by acoustic similarity, and that such organization was impaired in developmental dyslexia. This literature was based on an ‘oddity’ measure of children's sensitivity to rhyme (e.g. wood,book, good) and alliteration (e.g. sun, sock,rag). The ‘oddity’ task revealed that children with dyslexia were significantly poorer at identifying the ‘odd word out’ than younger children without reading difficulties. Here we apply a novel modelling approach drawn from auditory neuroscience to study the possible sensory basis of the auditory organization of rhyming and non‐rhyming words by children. We utilize a novel Spectral‐Amplitude Modulation Phase Hierarchy (S‐AMPH) approach to analysing the spectro‐temporal structure of rhyming and non‐rhyming words, aiming to illuminate the potential acoustic cues used by children as a basis for phonological organization. The S‐AMPHmodel assumes that speech encoding depends on neuronal oscillatory entrainment to the amplitude modulation (AM) hierarchy in speech. Our results suggest that phonological similarity between rhyming words in the oddity task depends crucially on slow (delta band) modulations in the speech envelope. Contrary to linguistic assumptions, therefore, auditory organization by children may not depend on phonemic information for this task. Linguistically, it is assumed that ‘book’ does not rhyme with ‘wood’ and ‘good’ because the final phoneme differs. However, our auditory analysis suggests that the acoustic cues to this phonological dissimilarity depend primarily on the slower amplitude modulations in the speech envelope, thought to carry prosodic information. Therefore, the oddity task may help in detecting reading difficulties because phonological similarity judgements about rhyme reflect sensitivity to slow amplitude modulation patterns. Slower amplitude modulations are known to be detected less efficiently by children with dyslexia.
Where Will the ‘Silver Money’ Go?
Authors: Park Na Young 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUsing international country‐level data, this paper shows that demographic ageing is likely to significantly expand the insurance industry. This expansion is driven by the increased need to secure earnings for post‐retirement consumption, the desire to hedge against risks associated with increasing age, and the older generations risk aversion increasing the demand for safer assets such as insurance and pension products. Moreover, such an expansion of the insurance industry is particularly apparent in financially liberalised countries. This is because risk and asset management associated with insurance and pension products could be facilitated and more effective in liberalised financial markets.
A global analysis of traits predicting species sensitivity to habitat fragmentation
Authors: Keinath Douglas A. , Doak Daniel F. , Hodges Karen E. , Prugh Laura R. , Fagan William , Sekercioglu Cagan H. , Buchart Stuart H. M. , Kauffman Matthew 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimElucidating patterns in species responses to habitat fragmentation is an important focus of ecology and conservation, but studies are often geographically restricted, taxonomically narrow or use indirect measures of species vulnerability. We investigated predictors of species presence after fragmentation using data from studies around the world that included all four terrestrial vertebrate classes, thus allowing direct inter‐taxonomic comparison.LocationWorld‐wide.MethodsWe used generalized linear mixed‐effect models in an information theoretic framework to assess the factors that explained species presence in remnant habitat patches (3342 patches; 1559 species, mostly birds; and 65,695 records of patch‐specific presence–absence). We developed a novel metric of fragmentation sensitivity, defined as the maximum rate of change in probability of presence with changing patch size (‘Peak Change’), to distinguish between general rarity on the landscape and sensitivity to fragmentation per se.ResultsSize of remnant habitat patches was the most important driver of species presence. Across all classes, habitat specialists, carnivores and larger species had a lower probability of presence, and those effects were substantially modified by interactions. Sensitivity to fragmentation (measured by Peak Change) was influenced primarily by habitat type and specialization, but also by fecundity, life span and body mass. Reptiles were more sensitive than other classes. Grassland species had a lower probability of presence, though sample size was relatively small, but forest and shrubland species were more sensitive.Main conclusionsHabitat relationships were more important than life‐history characteristics in predicting the effects of fragmentation. Habitat specialization increased sensitivity to fragmentation and interacted with class and habitat type; forest specialists and habitat‐specific reptiles were particularly sensitive to fragmentation. Our results suggest that when conservationists are faced with disturbances that could fragment habitat they should pay particular attention to specialists, particularly reptiles. Further, our results highlight that the probability of presence in fragmented landscapes and true sensitivity to fragmentation are predicted by different factors.
Post‐instrumentation pain after the use of either Mtwo or the SAF system: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Saumya‐Rajesh P. , Krithikadatta J. , Velmurugan N. , Sooriaprakas C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThis randomized controlled trial compared the incidence of post‐instrumentation pain associated with Mtwo rotary NiTi files and the self‐adjusting file system following canal shaping and cleaning.MethodologyFollowing sample size estimation, a total of 130 patients were randomized into two groups based on selection criteria [group Mtwo and group SAF (self‐adjusting file)]. Root canal treatment was carried out in two appointments. The teeth were endodontically treated with the appropriate allotted systems following the similar clinical parameters. Patients were asked to rate the intensity of pre‐instrumentation and post‐instrumentation pain (at 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 h) using the VAS score. The Kruskal–Wallis test was carried out for the overall comparisons of the two systems. The Friedman test was used to compare between time‐points with each system. Subgroup analyses for independent variables (gender, pulp status and diagnosis) used the Mann–Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test (P < 0.05).ResultsNo significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to post‐instrumentation pain. Teeth with pulpal necrosis had significant pain at 8 h compared with teeth with vital pulps (P = 0.04). Teeth with vital pulps in the SAF group had significantly less post‐instrumentation pain compared with those in the Mtwo group at 6 h (P = 0.042). Patients who had teeth with nonvital pulps in the SAF group experienced more post‐instrumentation pain at 8 h (P = 0.017) and 24 h (P = 0.005).ConclusionThe incidence of post‐instrumentation pain at different time intervals in patients undergoing root canal treatment was similar for both the self‐adjusting file and Mtwo file systems.
Tecnología, deslocalización y tareas definitorias de las ocupaciones en el Reino Unido
Authors: AKÇOMAK Semih , KOK Suzanne , ROJAS‐ROMAGOSA Hugo 
Published: September 2016

ResumenLos autores analizan los cambios de las tareas definitorias (margen intensivo) y de los niveles de empleo (margen extensivo) de las ocupaciones en el Reino Unido de 1997 a 2006 con datos de la Encuesta nacional sobre calificaciones (Skills Survey). Encuentran que las tareas definitorias de las ocupaciones cambiaron significativamente, y que la magnitud del cambio fue similar a la encontrada en el margen extensivo. Según sus resultados econométricos, este cambio de las tareas definitorias puede explicarse por los avances tecnológicos, pero no por la deslocalización.
Prevalence of systemic anticancer therapy for patients within the last 30 days of life: experience in a private hospital oncology group
Authors: Wein L. , Rowe C. , Brady B. , Handolias D. , Lipton L. , Pook D. , Stanley R. , Haines I. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of cancer treatments that have become available. However, it has remained difficult to choose the most appropriate time to cease active therapy in individual patients.AimsTo determine the proportion of patients being treated with palliative intent who received systemic anticancer treatment in the last 30 days of life.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study conducted within the Melbourne Oncology Group at Cabrini Hospital. Patients managed with palliative intent who died between 1 January 2014 and 30 June 2014 were included. Outcomes measured were the percentage of patients who received systemic anticancer treatment in the last 30 days of life, palliative care referral status, Emergency Department presentations, hospital admissions and place of death.ResultsA total of 80 patients was included in the study. Of these patients, 21 (26%) received systemic anticancer treatment in the last 30 days of life. There was no statistically significant difference between patients who received treatment in the last month of life and those who did not in terms of the number of patients who were referred to palliative care, presented to an Emergency Department, were admitted to hospital or died in an acute ward.ConclusionAlthough over a quarter of patients dying from advanced cancer received anticancer treatment in the last month of life, these patients did not present acutely to hospital more often and had the same extent of palliative care team involvement.
Entering the field in qualitative field research: a rite of passage into a complex practice world
Authors: Chughtai Hameed , Myers Michael D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe concept of ‘the field’ is significant in ethnographic research as well as qualitative research methods more generally. However, how a field researcher enters the field is usually taken for granted after gaining access to the field. We suggest that entrance is a distinct phase of fieldwork that differs from negotiating access. Entrance is not a trivial event; rather, it is a rite of passage into a complex practice world and marks a critical field moment. Drawing on our ethnography and insights from hermeneutics and anthropology, we show that a practical understanding of the field represents a fusion of horizons where a fieldworker is thrown. The concept of thrownness highlights the fact that the fieldworkers' own historicity and prejudices affect their entrance into the field; hence, entrance into the field orientates an ethnographer in the field and influences the entire period of fieldwork that follows. Our theorizing is intended as a contribution towards advancing the discussion of qualitative research methods.
The Desire for Sovereignty – An Explanation of EU Attitudes in the Arab World
Authors: Isani Mujtaba , Schlipphak Bernd 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA growing body of survey research shows that the European Union (EU) has a relatively benign image around the world, except among Arab populations. What informs Arab citizens' sceptical attitudes toward the European Union (EU)? Combining literature on Arab public opinion and perceptions of the EU, we argue that Arab citizens' feelings about the EU are influenced most prominently by their desire for sovereignty. Moreover, traditional utilitarian and cue‐taking mechanisms should also impact Arab EU attitudes. We empirically test our argument using data from the third wave of the Arab Barometer (AB). Our findings confirm that Arab citizens' EU views seem to be informed by their desire for sovereignty, as well as economic considerations and trust in domestic elites. Having provided evidence on Arab opinions about the EU, we discuss relevant theoretical and methodological directions for future research.
Patient‐reported outcomes and aesthetic evaluation of root coverage procedures: a 12‐month follow‐up of a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Stefanini Martina , Jepsen Karin , de Sanctis Massimo , Baldini Nicola , Greven Björn , Heinz Bernd , Wennström Jan , Cassel Björn , Vignoletti Fabio , Sanz Mariano , Jepsen Søren , Zucchelli Giovanni 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimTo assess patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), aesthetics and stability of root coverage procedures from a previous 6‐month RCT after 1 year.Material & MethodsForty‐five patients (90 recessions) had received a coronally advanced flap (CAF = control) only or a xenogeneic collagen matrix in addition (CAF + CMX = test). Visual analogue scales (VAS) and questionnaires were used for PROMs and the root coverage aesthetic score (RES) for professional aesthetic evaluations.ResultsVAS scores (patient satisfaction) amounted to 8.58 ± 1.86 (test) versus 8.38 ± 2.46 (control). Six patients preferred CAF + CMX concerning surgical procedure and aesthetics, six preferred CAF and 29 were equally satisfied. RES was 7.85 ± 2.42 for the test group versus 7.34 ± 2.90 for the controls. Root coverage (RC) was 76.28% for test and 75.05% for control defects. The mean increase in keratinized tissue width was higher in test (from 1.97 to 3.02 mm) than in controls (from 2.00 to 2.64 mm) (p = 0.0413). Likewise, test sites showed more gain in gingival thickness (0.52 mm) than control sites (0.27 mm) (p = 0.0023). Compared to 6 months, clinical outcomes were stable.ConclusionsResults for PROMs, RES and RC did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Thickness and width of keratinized tissue were enhanced following CAF + CMX compared to CAF alone.
A model for perception‐based identification of sensitive skin
Authors: Richters R.J.H. , Uzunbajakava N.E. , Hendriks J.C.M. , Bikker J.‐W. , van Erp P.E.J. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundWith high prevalence of sensitive skin (SS), lack of strong evidence on pathomechanisms, consensus on associated symptoms, proof of existence of ‘general’ SS and tools to recruit subjects, this topic attracts increasing attention of research.ObjectiveTo create a model for selecting subjects in studies on SS by identifying a complete set of self‐reported SS characteristics and factors discriminatively describing it.MethodsA survey (n = 3058) was conducted, comprising questions regarding socio‐demographics, atopy, skin characteristics, personal care, degree of self‐assessed SS and subjective and objective reactions to endogenous and exogenous factors. Exploratory factor analysis on 481 questionnaires was performed to identify underlying dimensions and multivariate logistic regression to find contributing variables to the likelihood of reporting SS.ResultsThe prevalence of SS was found to be 41%, and 56% of SS subjects reports a concomitant atopic condition. The most discriminative were the eliciting factors toiletries and emotions, and not specific skin symptoms in general.ConclusionTriggers of different origins seem to elicit SS, it is not defined by concomitant skin diseases only, suggesting existence of ‘general’ SS. A multifactorial questionnaire could be a better diagnostic than a one‐dimensional provocative test.
The Energy Structure of the Canadian Economy
Authors: Kennedy Christopher A. , Bachmann Christian 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe developed a model of a national economy in which the phenomena of supply, demand, economic growth, and international trade are represented in terms of energy flows. In examining the structure of the economy, we distinguish between the energy embodied in capital assets used in the production and distribution of energy and that embodied in capital assets and goods that consume energy. Sources used to quantify the energy flows include: end‐use energy data by economic sector; International Energy Agency–style national energy balances, and national input‐output tables. As an example, the Canadian economy for 2008 produced 16.97 exajoules (EJ) of energy, which after net export of 6.16 EJ and other adjustments left a total primary energy consumption of 10.61 EJ. The energy supply and distribution sectors used close to 32% (3.36 EJ) of total primary consumption. Analysis of primary energy consumption shows that 25.14% was embodied in household consumption, 22.85% was consumed directly by households, 7.88% was embodied in government services, and 34.07% was embodied in exports. Of significance to economic growth, 7.14% was embodied in capital in energy demanding sectors, 1.25% in energy consuming personal assets, and 1.52% in supply sector capital. The energy return on energy investment was relatively constant, averaging 5.14 between 1990 and 2008. Capital investments required to decouple the Canadian economy from its dependence on fossil fuels are discerned.
Additive Technology: Update on Current Materials and Applications in Dentistry
Authors: Barazanchi Abdullah , Li Kai Chun , Al‐Amleh Basil , Lyons Karl , Waddell J. Neil 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdditive manufacturing or 3D printing is becoming an alternative to subtractive manufacturing or milling in the area of computer‐aided manufacturing. Research on material for use in additive manufacturing is ongoing, and a wide variety of materials are being used or developed for use in dentistry. Some materials, however, such as cobalt chromium, still lack sufficient research to allow definite conclusions about the suitability of their use in clinical dental practice. Despite this, due to the wide variety of machines that use additive manufacturing, there is much more flexibility in the build material and geometry when building structures compared with subtractive manufacturing. Overall additive manufacturing produces little material waste and is energy efficient when compared to subtractive manufacturing, due to passivity and the additive layering nature of the build process. Such features make the technique suitable to be used with fabricating structures out of hard to handle materials such as cobalt chromium. The main limitations of this technology include the appearance of steps due to layering of material and difficulty in fabricating certain material generally used in dentistry for use in 3D printing such as ceramics. The current pace of technological development, however, promises exciting possibilities.