bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the distribution of trace element concentrations in multiple bone elements in 10 Danish medieval and post‐medieval individuals
Authors: Lund Rasmussen Kaare , Skytte Lilian , D'imporzano Paolo , Orla Thomsen Per , Søvsø Morten , Lier Boldsen Jesper 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe differences in trace element concentrations among 19 different bone elements procured from 10 archaeologically derived human skeletons have been investigated. The 10 individuals are dated archaeologically and some by radiocarbon dating to the medieval and post‐medieval period, an interval from ca. AD 1150 to ca. AD 1810. This study is relevant for two reasons. First, most archaeometric studies analyze only one bone sample from each individual; so to what degree are the bones in the human body equal in trace element chemistry? Second, differences in turnover time of the bone elements makes the cortical tissues record the trace element concentrations in equilibrium with the blood stream over a longer time earlier in life than the trabecular. Therefore, any differences in trace element concentrations between the bone elements can yield what can be termed a chemical life history of the individual, revealing changes in diet, provenance, or medication throughout life.MethodsThorough decontamination and strict exclusion of non‐viable data has secured a dataset of high quality. The measurements were carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (for Fe, Mn, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, Ba, Sr, Zn, Pb and As) and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (for Hg) on ca. 20 mg samples.ResultsTwelve major and trace elements have been measured on 19 bone elements from 10 different individuals interred at five cemeteries widely distributed in medieval and renaissance Denmark. The ranges of the concentrations of elements were: Na (2240–5660 µg g−1), Mg (440–2490 µg g−1), Al (9–2030 µg g−1), Ca (22‐36 wt. %), Mn (5–11450 µg g−1), Fe (32–41850 µg g−1), Zn (69–2610 µg g−1), As (0.4–120 µg g−1), Sr (101‐815 µg g−1), Ba (8‐880 µg g−1), Hg (7–78730 ng g−1), and Pb (0.8–426 µg g−1).ConclusionsIt is found that excess As is mainly of diagenetic origin. The results support that Ba and Sr concentrations are effective provenance or dietary indicators. Migrating behavior or changes in diet have been observed in four individuals; non‐migratory or non‐changing diet in six out of the 10 individuals studied. From the two most mobile (most changing diet) individuals in the study, it is deduced that the fastest turnover is seen in the trabecular tissues of the long bones and the hands and the feet, and that these bone elements have higher turnover rates than centrally placed trabecular bone tissue, such as from the ilium or the spine. Comparing Sr and published bone turnover times, it is concluded that the differences seen in Sr concentrations are not caused by diagenesis, but by changes of diet or provenance. Finally, it is concluded that there can be two viable interpretations of the Pb concentrations, which can either be seen as an indicator for social class or a temporal development of increased Pb exposure over the centuries.
A Bis(silylene)‐Substituted ortho‐Carborane as a Superior Ligand in the Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Arenes
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Peng , Raoufmoghaddam Saeed , Szilvási Tibor , Driess Matthias 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe synthesis and structure of the first 1,2‐bis(NHSi)‐substituted ortho‐carborane [(LSi:)C]2B10H10 (termed SiCCSi) is reported (NHSi=N‐heterocyclic silylene; L=PhC(NtBu)2). Its suitability to serve as a reliable bis(silylene) chelating ligand for transition metals is demonstrated by the formation of [SiCCSi]NiBr2 and [SiCCSi]Ni(CO)2 complexes. The CO stretching vibration modes of the latter indicate that the SiII atoms in the SiCCSi ligand are even stronger σ donors than the PIII atoms in phosphines and CII atoms in N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Moreover, the strong donor character of the [SiCCSi] ligand enables [SiCCSi]NiBr2 to act as an outstanding precatalyst (0.5 mol % loading) in the catalytic aminations of arenes, surpassing the activity of previously known molecular Ni‐based precatalysts (1–10 mol %).
Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinolines from Propargyl Silyl Ethers and Anthranils through the Umpolung of a Gold Carbene Carbon
Authors: Jin Hongming , Tian Bin , Song Xinlong , Xie Jin , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA gold‐catalyzed cascade annulation of propargylic silyl ethers with anthranils proceeds through a sequential ring opening/1,2‐H‐shift/protodeauration/Mukaiyama aldol cyclization. This method offers a regiospecific and modular access to 2‐aminoquinolines and other quinoline derivatives under mild conditions and with a broad functional‐group tolerance. The conversion is possible on a gram scale, which underlines the synthetic practicability of this methodology. The versatility of the obtained scaffold has been demonstrated by useful postfunctionalization.
Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase on a carbon paste electrode modified with microsphere‐attached l‐glycine
Authors: Donmez Soner , Arslan Fatma , Sarı Nurşen , Hasanoğlu Özkan Elvan , Arslan Halit 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the present study, a novel biosensor that is sensitive to glucose was prepared using the microspheres modified with (4‐formyl‐3‐methoxyphenoxymethyl)polystyrene (FMPS) with l‐glycine. Polymeric microspheres having Schiff bases were prepared from FMPS using the glycine condensation method. Glucose oxidase enzyme was immobilized onto modified carbon paste electrode by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde. Oxidation of enzymatically produced H2O2 (+0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) was used for determination of glucose. Optimal temperature and pH were found as 50 °C and 8.0, respectively. The glucose biosensor showed a linear working range from 5.0 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−2 M, R2 = 0.999. Storage and operational stability of the biosensor were also investigated. The biosensor gave perfect reproducible results after 20 measurements with 3.3% relative standard deviation. It also had good storage stability.
Adverse outcome of coarctation stenting in patients with Turner syndrome
Authors: van den Hoven Allard T. , Duijnhouwer Anthonie L. , Eicken Andreas , Aboulhosn Jamil , de Bruin Christiaan , Backeljauw Philippe F. , Demulier Laurent , Chessa Massimo , Uebing Anselm , Veldtman Gruschen R. , Armstrong Aimee K. , van den Bosch Annemien E. , Witsenburg Maarten , Roos‐Hesselink Jolien W. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesThis study examines the outcome and procedural outcomes of percutaneous stent angioplasty for aortic coarctation in patients with Turner syndrome (TS).BackgroundTS occurs in 1 in 2,500 live‐born females and is associated with aortic coarctation.MethodsIn this multicenter, retrospective cohort study, all patients with TS and a coarctation of the aorta, treated with percutaneous stent implantation were included. The procedural strategies were dictated by local protocols. Adverse events at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up and qualitative parameters concerning the stent implantation were assessed.ResultsIn the largest study to date of TS patients receiving aortic stents, a total of 19 patients from 10 centers were included. Twelve patients were treated for native and 7 for recurrent coarctation. Age at intervention was 16.9 (7–60) years (median; min–max). The coarctation diameter increased significantly from 8.0 mm (2–12) pre‐intervention to 15.0 mm (10–19) post‐intervention (P < 0.001). Three (15.8%) adverse events occurred within 30 days of the procedure, including two dissections despite the use of covered stents, one resulting in death. At long‐term follow‐up (6.5 years, min–max: 1–16), two additional deaths occurred not known to be stent‐related.ConclusionsThough percutaneous treatment of aortic coarctation in TS patients is effective, it is associated with serious morbidity and mortality. These risks suggest that alternative treatment options should be carefully weighed against percutaneous stenting strategies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Responsive Systems for Catalytic Function
Authors: Vlatković Matea , Collins Beatrice S. L. , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractResponsive systems have recently gained much interest in the scientific community in attempts to mimic dynamic functions in biological systems. One of the fascinating potential applications of responsive systems lies in catalysis. Inspired by nature, novel responsive catalytic systems have been built that show analogy with allosteric regulation of enzymes. The design of responsive catalytic systems allows control of catalytic activity and selectivity. In this Review, advances in the field over the last four decades are discussed and a comparison is made amongst the dynamic responsive systems based on the principles underlying their catalytic mechanisms. The catalyst systems are sorted according to the triggers used to achieve control of the catalytic activity and the distinct catalytic reactions illustrated.
Water‐Soluble Triarylborane Chromophores for One‐ and Two‐Photon Excited Fluorescence Imaging of Mitochondria in Cells
Authors: Griesbeck Stefanie , Zhang Zuolun , Gutmann Marcus , Lühmann Tessa , Edkins Robert M. , Clermont Guillaume , Lazar Adina N. , Haehnel Martin , Edkins Katharina , Eichhorn Antonius , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille , Meinel Lorenz , Marder Todd B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThree water‐soluble tetracationic quadrupolar chromophores comprising two three‐coordinate boron π‐acceptor groups bridged by thiophene‐containing moieties were synthesised for biological imaging applications. Compound 3 containing the bulkier 5‐(3,5‐Me2C6H2)‐2,2′‐(C4H2S)2‐5′‐(3,5‐Me2C6H2) bridge is stable over a long period of time, exhibits a high fluorescence quantum yield and strong one‐ and two‐photon absorption (TPA), and has a TPA cross section of 268 GM at 800 nm in water. Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy studies in live cells indicated localisation of the chromophore at the mitochondria; moreover, cytotoxicity measurements proved biocompatibility. Thus, chromophore 3 has excellent potential for one‐ and two‐photon‐excited fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial function in cells.
On the Ambiphilic Reactivity of Geometrically Constrained Phosphorus(III) and Arsenic(III) Compounds: Insights into Their Interaction with Ionic Substrates
Authors: Robinson Thomas P. , Lo Siu‐Kwan , De Rosa Daniel , Aldridge Simon , Goicoechea Jose M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe ambiphilic nature of geometrically constrained Group 15 complexes bearing the N,N‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenolate)amide pincer ligand (ONO3−) is explored. Despite their differing reactivity towards nucleophilic substrates with polarised element–hydrogen bonds (e.g., NH3), both the phosphorus(III), P(ONO) (1 a), and arsenic(III), As(ONO) (1 b), compounds exhibit similar reactivity towards charged nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactions of 1 a and 1 b with KOtBu or KNPh2 afford anionic complexes in which the nucleophilic anion associates with the pnictogen centre ([(tBuO)Pn(ONO)]− (Pn=P (2 a), As (2 b)) and [(Ph2N)Pn(ONO)]− (Pn=P (3 a), As (3 b)). Compound 2 a can subsequently be reacted with a proton source or benzylbromide to afford the phosphorus(V) compounds (tBuO)HP(ONO) (4 a) and (tBuO)BzP(ONO) (5 a), respectively, whereas analogous arsenic(V) compounds are inaccessible. Electrophilic substrates, such as HOTf and MeOTf, preferentially associate with the nitrogen atom of the ligand backbone of both 1 a and 1 b, giving rise to cationic species that can be rationalised as either ammonium salts or as amine‐stabilised phosphenium or arsenium complexes ([Pn{ON(H)O}]+ (Pn=P (6 a), As (6 b)) and [Pn{ON(Me)O}]+ (Pn=P (7 a), As (7 b)). Reaction of 1 a with an acid bearing a nucleophilic counteranion (such as HCl) gives rise to a phosphorus(V) compound HPCl(ONO) (8 a), whereas the analogous reaction with 1 b results in the addition of HCl across one of the As−O bonds to afford ClAs{(H)ONO} (8 b). Functionalisation at both the pnictogen centre and the ligand backbone is also possible by reaction of 7 a/7 b with KOtBu, which affords the neutral species (tBuO)Pn{ON(Me)O} (Pn=P (9 a), As (9 b)). The ambiphilic reactivity of these geometrically constrained complexes allows some insight into the mechanism of reactivity of 1 a towards small molecules, such as ammonia and water.
Cross‐Coupling of Organolithium with Ethers or Aryl Ammonium Salts by C−O or C−N Bond Cleavage
Authors: Yang Ze‐Kun , Wang Dong‐Yu , Minami Hiroki , Ogawa Hiroyuki , Ozaki Takashi , Saito Tatsuo , Miyamoto Kazunori , Wang Chao , Uchiyama Masanobu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVarious aryl‐, alkenyl‐, and/or alkyllithium species reacted smoothly with aryl and/or benzyl ethers with cleavage of the inert C−O bond to afford cross‐coupled products, catalyzed by commercially available [Ni(cod)2] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) catalysts with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Furthermore, the coupling reaction between the aryllithium compounds and aryl ammonium salts proceeded under mild conditions with C−N bond cleavage in the presence of a [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] catalyst. These methods enable selective sequential functionalizations of arenes having both C−N and C−O bonds in one pot.
Influence of Intermolecular Interactions on Valence Tautomeric Behaviors in Two Polymorphic Dinuclear Cobalt Complexes
Authors: Li Guo‐Ling , Kanegawa Shinji , Yao Zi‐Shuo , Su Sheng‐Qun , Wu Shu‐Qi , Huang You‐Gui , Kang Soonchul , Sato Osamu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTwo polymorphic structures have been well determined in a valence tautomeric (VT) dinuclear cobalt complex. These polymorphs showed distinct thermal‐ and photomagnetic behavior, and are thus ideal for studying the “pure” intermolecular factors to VT transitions. In polymorph 1A, the VT cations are arranged head‐to‐waist with their neighbors and exhibit weak π⋅⋅⋅π interactions, resulting in a gradual and incomplete thermal VT transition. In contrast, the cations in polymorph 1B are arranged head‐to‐tail and exhibit relatively strong π⋅⋅⋅π interactions, leading to an abrupt and complete thermal VT transition with adjustable hysteresis loop at around room temperature. The VT process for both polymorphs can be induced by light, but the light‐excited state of 1B⋅2H2O has a higher thermal relaxation temperature than that of 1A⋅3H2O.
Chromones: A Promising Ring System for New Anti‐inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Silva Carlos F. M. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe quest for safer anti‐inflammatory drugs is still the focus of several medicinal chemistry programs. Chromones (4H‐chromen‐4‐ones) are a group of naturally occurring compounds ubiquitous in plants, and the chromone core has proven to be a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Herein we provide an overview of the relevance of chromones as anti‐inflammatory agents, specifically as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX), interleukin‐5 (IL‐5), and nitric oxide (.NO) production. Numerous structure–activity relationships and mechanisms of action are discussed. This review is therefore intended to provide a foundation for the design and synthesis of novel chromone‐based compound libraries for further development into safer and more efficient anti‐inflammatory agents.
In Situ Solid‐State Synthesis of a AgNi/g‐C3N4 Nanocomposite for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Bhandary Nimai , Singh Aadesh P. , Kumar Sandeep , Ingole Pravin P. , Thakur Gohil S. , Ganguli Ashok K. , Basu Suddhasatwa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) polymer matrix was embedded with AgNi alloy nanoparticles using a simple and direct in situ solid‐state heat treatment method to develop a novel AgNi/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst. The characterization confirms that the AgNi alloy particles are homogeneously distributed throughout the g‐C3N4 matrix. The catalyst shows excellent photoelectrochemical activity for water splitting with a maximum photocurrent density of 1.2 mA cm−2, which is the highest reported for doped g‐C3N4. Furthermore, a detailed experimental study of the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye using doped g‐C3N4 showed the highest reported degradation efficiency of approximately 95 % after 90 min. The electronic conductivity increased upon incorporation of AgNi alloy nanoparticles on g‐C3N4 and the material showed efficient charge carrier separation and transfer characteristics, which are responsible for the enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance under visible light.
Elemental Mapping of Perovskite Solar Cells by Using Multivariate Analysis: An Insight into Degradation Processes
Authors: Cacovich Stefania , Divitini Giorgio , Ireland Christopher , Matteocci Fabio , Di Carlo Aldo , Ducati Caterina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe technology of perovskite‐based solar cells is evolving rapidly, reaching certified power conversion efficiency values now exceeding 20 %. One of the main drawbacks hindering progress in the field is the long‐term stability of the cells: the mixed halide perovskites used in most devices are sensitive to humidity and degrade on a timescale varying from hours to weeks. The degradation mechanisms are poorly understood, but likely arise from combined physical and chemical modifications at the nanometer scale. The characterization of pristine and degraded materials is difficult owing to their complex chemical and physical structure and their relatively poor stability. In this work, we investigated the changes in local composition and morphology of a standard device after 2 months of air exposure in the dark, using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with nanometer resolution for imaging and analysis. Because of a state‐of‐the‐art technique that combines STEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and the use of different decomposition algorithms for multivariate analysis, we highlighted the migration of elements across the interfaces between the layers comprising the device. We also noticed a morphological degradation of the hole‐transporting layer (HTL), representing one of the main factors enabling the infiltration of moisture in the device, which results in reduced performance.
Dopant‐Free Zinc Chlorophyll Aggregates as an Efficient Biocompatible Hole Transporter for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Mengzhen , Li Yue , Sasaki Shin‐ichi , Song Jiaxing , Wang Chen , Tamiaki Hitoshi , Tian Wenjing , Chen Gang , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Wang Xiao‐Feng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractChlorophylls (Chls) are abundant, naturally occurring pigments that play key roles in light‐harvesting and electron/energy transfer in natural photosynthetic apparatus. To demonstrate the idea that Chls are suitable hole transporters, we employed two Chl derivatives, Chl‐1 and Chl‐2, which self‐assembled readily into π‐stacking aggregates through a simple spincasting process, in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The Chl aggregate films exhibit an ultra‐smooth film surface, high hole mobility, appropriate energy levels, and efficient hole injection efficiencies that are all key characteristics for efficient hole transporters in PSCs. CH3NH3PbI3−xClx‐based PSCs with these Chls as hole transporters were fabricated and compared with P3HT as a standard hole transporter. PSCs based on Chl‐1 and Chl‐2 without the use of typical additives, such as 4‐tert‐butylpyridine and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfinyl)imide, gave power conversion efficiencies of 11.44 and 8.06 %, respectively. This research provides a unique way to incorporate low‐cost and environmentally friendly natural photosynthetic materials in the development of highly efficient photovoltaic devices.
Evaluating the liquid path stability of a flow cytometer
Authors: Zhang Wenchang , Zhu Lianqing , Zhang Fan , Lou Xiaoping , Liu Chao , Meng Xiaochen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrecision in flow cytometry depends on many factors, the first of which is accurate and stable positioning of the hydrodynamically focused cells. However, no method exists to evaluate the stability of laminar flow and single‐cell flow in the flow chamber of the flow cytometer directly because of the small size of the rectangular channel of the flow chamber. In this paper, a method of high‐speed particle image velocimetry is proposed to solve this problem. The velocity stability of the particles in the flow chamber is used to evaluate the flow stability of the fluid path of the flow cytometer. The side scattering images of particles are obtained by a high‐speed camera. Upon exposure, cells were imaged at random positions in the flow cell, resulting in four different types of the images: blank, inadequate, normal, or overlapped. Normal images were identified utilizing a grey cluster analysis algorithm based on trapezoid whitenization weight functions. A mid‐point method is applied to determine the length of the particle track at a fixed exposure time. The variation of the trajectory lengths of the normal images are used to evaluate the stability of the liquid path. Experiments are carried out to verify the feasibility of our method in which different diameter microspheres at different flow rates. The results indicate that the standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the trajectory lengths can be used as the evaluation indices of the liquid path stability of the flow cytometer. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Do movement behaviors identify reproductive habitat sampling for wild turkeys?
Authors: Conley Mason D. , Yeldell Nathan A. , Chamberlain Michael. J. , Collier Bret A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSelection of habitats has regularly been suggested to influence species demography at both local and broad scales. The expectation is that selection behaviors have positive benefits via greater fitness or increased survival. The current paradigm of habitat selection theory suggests a hierarchical process, where an individual first selects where they choose to live (e.g., range) and then searches and selects locations within this range meeting life history needs. Using high‐frequency GPS data collected from reproductively active Rio Grande (n = 21) and Eastern (n = 23) wild turkeys, we evaluated a long‐standing theory for ground‐nesting galliformes, in that movements during the prenesting period are behaviorally focused on sampling available habitats to optimize the selection of nesting sites. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence that reproductively active females engage in habitat sampling activities. Although most nest sites (>80% for both subspecies) fell within the prenesting range, the average minimum daily distance from nest sites for Rio Grande and Eastern wild turkey females was large [1636.04 m (SE = 1523.96) and 1937.42 m (SE = 1267.84), respectively] whereas the average absolute minimum distance from the nest site for both Rio Grande and Eastern wild turkey females was 166.46 m (SE = 299.34) and 235.01 m (SE = 337.90), respectively, and showed no clear temporal reduction as laying approached. Overall, predicted probability that any female movements before laying were initiated intersected with her nesting range (area used during incubation) was <0.25, indicating little evidence of habitat sampling. Our results suggest that the long‐standing assumption of hierarchical habitat selection by wild turkeys to identify nest sites may be incorrect. As such, habitat selection may not be the proximate driver of nest success and hence population‐level fitness. Rather, based on our results, we suggest that wild turkeys and other ground‐nesting species may be fairly plastic with regard to the selection of reproductive habitats, which is appropriate given the stochasticity of the environments they inhabit.