bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real‐Time Ambulatory ECG Does Not Expedite Care
Authors: Feuerborn Melissa , Torre Michael , Lyons Ann , Bunch Thomas Jared , Steinberg Benjamin A. 
Published: October 2024

Background
Ambulatory ECG (AECG) monitoring is pivotal to the diagnosis of arrhythmias and can be performed with near “real‐time” notification of abnormalities. There are limited data on the relative benefit of real‐time monitoring compared with traditional Holter monitoring.

Methods and Results

This is a retrospective observational analysis of University of Utah Health patients who underwent ambulatory ECG studies from 2010 to 2022. The study cohort was stratified by patients with an ambulatory ECG that provides real‐time event notification (non‐Holter) versus those who do not (Holter). The outcomes were cardiac implantable electronic device procedure, ablation procedure, emergency department/hospitalization visit, and initiation of anticoagulation out to 6 months. We identified 20 259 patients, 16 650 with non‐Holter studies and 3609 with Holter studies. Holter patients were younger (mean 52 versus 55,
P
<0.001), more often women (60.2% versus 57%,
P
<0.001), and had lower mean CHADS
2
‐VA
2
Sc scores (1.7 versus 2.1,
P
<0.001). The median time to ablation procedure was 74 versus 72 (
P
=0.5), for Holter versus non‐Holter, respectively. Median days to new cardiac implantable electronic device implantation was 54 days versus 52 (
P
=0.6); initiation of anticoagulation among patients not already treated was 42 versus 31 days (
P
=0.03). Time to first emergency department visit or hospitalization was 63 versus 57 (
P
=0.6). In multivariable models, there were no significant differences in time to intervention between Holter and non‐Holter for each outcome.

Conclusions
Real‐time monitoring demonstrates mixed results in terms of reducing time to intervention, with the significant benefit limited to oral anticoagulation initiation. It is time to revisit clinical scenarios where real‐time ambulatory monitoring may not improve health care efficiency.
Functional localization of the human auditory and visual thalamus using a thalamic localizer functional magnetic resonance imaging task
Authors: Williams John C. , Tubiolo Philip N. , Zheng Zu Jie , Silver-Frankel Eilon B. , Pham Dathy T. , Haubold Natalka K. , Abeykoon Sameera K. , Abi-Dargham Anissa , Horga Guillermo , Van Snellenberg Jared X. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the auditory and visual sensory systems of the human brain is an active area of investigation in the study of human health and disease. The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are key thalamic nuclei involved in the processing and relay of auditory and visual information, respectively, and are the subject of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI studies of neural activation and functional connectivity in human participants. However, localization of BOLD fMRI signal originating from neural activity in MGN and LGN remains a technical challenge, due, in part, to the poor definition of boundaries of these thalamic nuclei in standard T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Here, we report the development and evaluation of an auditory and visual sensory thalamic localizer (TL) fMRI task that produces participant-specific functionally-defined regions of interest (fROIs) of both MGN and LGN, using 3 Tesla multiband fMRI and a clustered-sparse temporal acquisition sequence, in less than 16 minutes of scan time. We demonstrate the use of MGN and LGN fROIs obtained from the TL fMRI task in standard resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) fMRI analyses in the same participants. In RSFC analyses, we validated the specificity of MGN and LGN fROIs for signals obtained from primary auditory and visual cortex, respectively, and benchmarked their performance against alternative atlas- and segmentation-based localization methods. The TL fMRI task and analysis code (written in Presentation and MATLAB, respectively) have been made freely available to the wider research community.
The Mechanisms and Neural Signature of Time-averaged Numerosity Perception
Authors: Togoli Irene , Collignon Olivier , Bueti Domenica , Fornaciai Michele 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The animal brain is endowed with an innate sense of number allowing to intuitively perceive the approximate quantity of items in a scene, or “numerosity.” This ability is not limited to items distributed in space, but also to events unfolding in time and to the average numerosity of dynamic scenes. How the brain computes and represents the average numerosity over time, however, remains unclear. Here, we investigate the mechanisms and EEG signature of the perception of average numerosity over time. To do so, we used stimuli composed of a variable number (3–12) of briefly presented dot arrays (50 msec each) and asked participants to judge the average numerosity of the sequence. We first show that the weight of different portions of the stimuli in determining the judgment depends on how many arrays are included in the sequence itself: the longer the sequence, the lower the weight of the latest arrays. Second, we show systematic adaptation effects across stimuli in consecutive trials. Importantly, the EEG results highlight two processing stages whereby the amplitude of occipital ERPs reflects the adaptation effect (∼300 msec after stimulus onset) and the accuracy and precision of average numerosity judgments (∼450–700 msec). These two stages are consistent with processes involved with the representation of perceived average numerosity and with perceptual decision-making, respectively. Overall, our findings provide new evidence showing how the visual system computes the average numerosity of dynamic visual stimuli, and support the existence of a dedicated, relatively low-level perceptual mechanism mediating this process.
The Suppression Mechanisms of Passive Memory in Visual Working Memory: The Evidence from Electroencephalography
Authors: Li Ziyuan , Guo Wenjin , Zhao Na , Liu Qiang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Recent studies of visual working memory (VWM) underscore a structured hierarchy of storage states. Memories that are not immediately relevant to the task at hand but are essential for later use are transferred to a passive state, which operates independently of actively maintaining and manipulating current memories. Note that stimulating passive memory forcefully can reactivate it into an active state, resulting in a competition with active memory. Thus, to remain stable representations for both states within VWM, passive memory might involve sustained suppression during activity-silent maintenance to prevent reactivation from disrupting the current active storage. To investigate this, we analyzed lateralized EEG signals while human participants (both women and men) were engaged in a sequential presentation memory task across two experiments. The results revealed positive contralateral delayed activity components and lateralized alpha enhancement for passive memory, neural indicative of suppression on passive storage. In addition, the suppression effect was independent of the memory load in both the active and the passive states. These findings support the notion of sustained suppression during activity-silent maintenance of passive memory, facilitating the stable maintenance of distinct storage states and advancing our understanding of the dynamic coding framework in VWM.
Hobbes is Not Who We Think He Is
Authors: Hillani Allan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This contribution to a symposium on Samantha Frost’s Lessons From a Materialist Thinker discusses its groundbreaking approach to Hobbes’s thought and raises two questions that are still to be answered by future scholars: what does a materialist politics or a materialist ethics look like, and how can we understand juridical relations from a materialist standpoint?
Reconceptualizing Security and Political Economy in the Modern Middle East
Authors: Moore Pete , Yom Sean 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We prioritize reorienting prevailing concepts of security within the contemporary Middle East and North Africa through a critical political economy framework. The practices of both waging war and preparing for war – that is, war-making – generate profound consequences for regional societies, but they also remain poorly understood. We advance a more reflexive paradigm that emphasizes how political actors define notions of security on their own terms, and then make appropriate choices based upon their own understandings. In turn, those choices can generate long-term implications, which must be carefully understood by exploring how governments and social communities respond to conflict.
Syrian War Economies
Authors: Dahi Omar S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Accounts of the Syrian conflict tend to emphasize “top-down” geopolitics or “bottom-up” local-national conflict dynamics. As a contribution to this roundtable on rethinking war economies, I argue that political economy and comparative approaches can help explain the connections between global-regional processes and domestic institutional transformations brought by war. Institutional development under Asad left a contradictory legacy: the Syrian regime was incapable of compromise with domestic opposition in 2011, but it proved resilient in the ensuing devastating war that subjected the government to international sanctions, external interventions, and territorial fragmentation. The Syrian regime responded to these shocks by reconfiguring its elite networks of power, which further blurred the lines between formal and informal institutions. As its financial resources dropped, the regime initiated new economic policies, but these attempts were refracted through the distortions of the war, and either became predatory or were paradoxically blocked by the elite networks crafted earlier as a survival strategy.
Reflections on Researcher’s Positionality and the Evolving Role of Research Participants
Authors: Stepaniuk Nataliia , Niazi Golrokh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this piece, we reflect on the unforeseen conditions and interactions that shaped our research experiences, bringing into focus the fluidity of one’s positionality and the evolving role of research participants across the research continuum. By drawing on ethnographic fieldnotes, Nataliia Stepaniuk (Ukrainian-Canadian) reflects on returning to her home country of Ukraine in 2015 to study civilian mobilization amidst the Donbas war, highlighting multiple roles of her interlocutors in molding her research. Next, Golrokh Niazi (Iranian-Canadian) discusses conducting fieldwork in 2016–2017 in post-revolutionary Tunisia while being confronted with the complexities of her shifting “insider/outsider” status, as well as the central role of her local network in guiding the trajectory of her project towards a new line of inquiry. Jointly, these reflections offer insights into the fundamental role of research participants and the importance of our interpersonal relationships in successfully navigating the field and generating ethnographic findings.
The Fortress State: Extreme Militarization in Jordan
Authors: Yom Sean , Moore Pete 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Jordan is one of the most militarized states in the world. Why? Traditional explanations hold that the kingdom’s bloated armed forces and security institutions reflect authoritarian dynamics and frequent regional wars. However, such popular arguments falter. Jordan has not been a primary combatant to any major conflict for a half-century, and it is no more authoritarian than other Arab autocracies. This essay instead suggests that militarization begets militarization. In political terms, Jordan’s coercive apparatus underpins the tribal coalitional bargain that sustains the Hashemite monarchy. It also paradoxically breeds the very domestic insecurity that it purports to prevent. By exhausting the economy, extreme militarization has spawned public unrest spurred by high unemployment and fiscal crises. And by necessitating a pro-Western foreign policy, it has attracted regional terrorism and triggered further domestic dissent. In sum, Jordanian militarization persists not from exogenous structural forces, but the deliberate choices of its political architects.
Long Term Cardiovascular Outcomes Between Sleep Surgery and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Authors: Martin Ann M. , Elliott Zachary , Mastrolonardo Eric , Wu Richard , Mease Joshua , Boon Maurits , Huntley Colin 
Published: October 2024

Objectives: Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) suffer from a multitude of concurrent morbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited data exists comparing long term cardiovascular disease (CVD) clinical outcomes for patients treated with surgical intervention versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The purpose of this study was to compare CVD outcomes at multiple time points comparing those treated with sleep surgery versus CPAP alone. Methods: A research database was used to assess outcomes: death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, essential hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension at 5, 8, and 20 years for patients with OSA treated with surgical interventions (upper airway stimulation [UAS], uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [UPPP], and tonsillectomy) or CPAP alone. Subjects were identified using ICD and CPT codes and analyses were conducted with and without propensity score matching for age, sex, race, BMI, myocardial infarction (MI), essential hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure. Results: All surgical interventions demonstrated benefit over CPAP alone at most time points for most surgical interventions. At 8 years, for all sleep surgeries (UAS or UPPP or tonsillectomy) (n = 6627) versus treatment with CPAP alone (n = 6627), matched subjects demonstrated decreased risk (odds ratios) and superior survival (hazard ratios and log ranks tests) for death (OR = 0.49 [0.39, 0.62] P ≤ .0001, HR = 0.29 [0.23, 0.37], χ2 = 109.58 P ≤ .0001), myocardial infarction (OR = 0.67 [0.54, 0.84] P = .0005*, HR = 0.48 [0.38, 0.60], χ2 = 42.40 P ≤ .0001), atrial fibrillation (OR = 0.70 [0.59, 0.83] P ≤ .0001, HR = 0.54 [0.45, 0.64], χ2 = 51.53 P ≤ .0001), heart failure (OR = 0.55 [0.47, 0.64] P ≤ .0001, HR = 0.41 [0.35, 0.47], χ2 = 137.416 P ≤ .0001), essential hypertension (OR = 0.88 [0.82, 0.94] P = .0002, HR = 0.78 [0.74, 0.82], χ2 = 76.38 P ≤ .0001), and pulmonary hypertension (OR = 0.51 [0.40, 0.65] P ≤ .0001, HR = 0.38 [0.29, 0.48], χ2 = 60.67 P ≤ .0001) where P ≤ .00037 indicated statistical significance*. Conclusion: This investigation suggests surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea may contribute to the mitigation of long-term clinical CVD morbidity.
Comparative Analysis of the Portfolio-balance Models of Exchange Rate Determination
Authors: Bhattacharyya Karnikaa , Deb Kaveri 
Published: October 2024

The current study conducts a comparative analysis of Portfolio-Balance Models (PBM) developed by Branson, Kouri and Dornbusch to assess the role of expectations and time horizons in determining and forecasting the India–US exchange rate over the period 1996:Q2–2019:Q3. Notably, it improves the original models by integrating microstructure theory into their framework. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Error-Correction Model (ARDL-ECM) is used to investigate both short run and long run behaviour of the models. Additionally, the study assesses out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of the modified models against the Random Walk Model (RWM) using the root mean square error metric. The estimation results reveal that models based on rational expectations are better than the static expectations model. Notably, the microeconomic determinant is counterintuitively significant only in the long run across all models. Furthermore, these modified models demonstrate superior out-of-sample forecasting abilities compared to RWM for alternative forecasting horizons. However, forecasting results over a 6-month period is better with short run models. Over 1-year and 2-year horizons, rational expectations models outperform the static expectations model. This study challenges the Meese–Rogoff puzzle, ensuring that PBM, when modified to incorporate microstructure theory, is valid and yields superior forecasting results compared to RWM. JEL Codes: F31, F32, C22
Profiles of refugee-related trauma exposure and depression among North Korean refugees in South Korea: A latent class analysis
Authors: Um Mee Young , Kim Hee Jin , Kim Hye Jin 
Published: October 2024

Background: North Korean refugees (NKRs) exhibit alarmingly high levels of depression prior to or immediately after entering South Korean society, which is likely attributable to their pre-migration traumatic experiences. However, prior research on NKRs has simply examined the cumulative effect of trauma on depression. Despite calls for research identifying trauma exposure patterns that co-occur among refugees, to date, no study has investigated distinct profiles of NKRs’ pre-migration trauma exposure and their associations with depression in this high-risk population. To better understand the unique mental health needs of NKRs and provide them with tailored care, it is imperative to identify meaningful subgroups of NKRs with distinct profiles of trauma exposure. Aims: Using latent class analysis (LCA), which is a person-centered approach, this study aimed to identify subgroups of NKRs based on trauma exposure and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics and depression levels. Methods: A sample of NKRs ( N = 405) in South Korea were assessed for depression, pre-migration trauma, and sociodemographic covariates through a self-administered survey. LCA was conducted to identify trauma exposure classes and multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis was performed to examine associations between trauma exposure classes and depression. Results: The prevalence of clinically significant depression was 47.2% for our study sample. Three classes of trauma were identified: deprivation trauma and witnessing death (59.3%), complex and pervasive trauma (23.7%), and low exposure (17.0%). Members in the complex and pervasive trauma class demonstrated very high probabilities of exposure to all traumatic events and had the strongest association with elevated depression. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of identifying subgroups of NKRs to unravel heterogeneity in trauma exposure and provide more nuanced explanations for different risk profiles regarding depression. These findings also provide evidence for a framework for clinicians to provide individualized resources and trauma-informed services to NKRs.
Licochalcone A Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Fan Yun , Ling Yun , Zhou Xibin , Li Kai , Zhou Chunxiang 
Published: October 2024

Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced neurodegeneration has been considered an underlying cause of Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we investigated the beneficial effects of licochalcone A (Lico A), a valuable flavonoid of the root of the Glycyrrhiza species, against cognitive impairment in AD by regulating ER stress. Methods The triple transgenic mouse AD models were used and were administrated 5 or 15 mg/kg Lico A. Cognitive deficits, Aβ deposition, ER stress, and neuronal apoptosis were determined using Morris Water Maze test, probe trial, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and TUNEL staining. To investigate the mechanisms of how Lico A exerts anti-AD effects, primary hippocampal neurons were isolated from the AD model mice and treated with Lico A, salubrinal, an eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor, ML385, a Nrf2 inhibitor, or LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of Lico A (15 mg/kg) in AD mice were evaluated. Results We found that Lico A improved cognitive impairment, decreased Aβ plaques, inhibited ER stress, and reduced neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mice. Treatment with Lico A in primary hippocampal neurons exerted the same effects as it did in vivo. Additionally, cotreatment with ML385 or LY294002 significantly impeded the effects of Lico A against ER stress. Moreover, 15 mg/kg Lico A had a good bioavailability and low toxicity in AD mice. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that Lico A ameliorates ER stress-induced neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling, suggesting the therapeutic potential of Lico A in AD treatment.
An altered deal? Examining industry perspectives of post-COVID higher education internships in Australia
Authors: Naqvi Jeffrey 
Published: October 2024

COVID necessitated a shift in how industry, higher education, and students collaborated on work integrated learning (WIL) initiatives, specifically internships. In a post-pandemic environment, how has this shift altered the traditional dynamics of the WIL internship? This study examined the experiences of 165 industry supervisors of undergraduate student internships undertaken in Australia over 3 years (2021-2023). It explored how such experiences differed across three defined modes. The study aimed to identify implications for higher education institutions and whether such WIL experiences – and the relationships which underpin them – need recalibrating in the ‘new normal’ post-pandemic environment. Results show that students experience similar outcomes in terms of workplace productivity, irrespective of internship mode. The results suggest allocated tasks differed across the three internship modes. There is a lack of willingness for organisations to extend offers of employment to students undertaking WIL via online modes as compared to in-person. This has implications for the tripartite relationship between student, higher education institution, and industry as one of the primary motivators for organisations participating in such programs is to access a pipeline of future talent. Do these dynamics alter the long-standing deal between industry and higher education?.
Spanish Terms for Cleft Lip Within the United States
Authors: Munday John H. , Brinton Fujiki Robert , Thibeault Susan L. 
Published: October 2024

To examine Spanish terms used for “cleft lip” within the United States. Perceived acceptability of these terms was also considered. An online survey was distributed to Spanish-speaking medical interpreters, clinicians, and parents of children with cleft lip. Survey questions probed demographics, language use, preferred term for “cleft lip,” and perceived acceptability of terms for cleft lip. There were 158 respondents. Significant differences were observed with profession ( P < .001) as 62.5% of medical providers used labio hendido, while 71.8% of interpreters preferred labio leporino. Perceived acceptability of terms was consistent with the term use patterns reported by respondent groups. Significant differences were also observed with geographical region ( P = .001) as 90% of respondents from the Northeast United States employed labio leporino, compared to 60% to 70% of respondents from other regions. Selection and perception of Spanish terms for “cleft lip” may differ across regions and professions. Cleft teams should invite stakeholders to discuss what terms best suit their community.