bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Mild Casualties in Mass-Casualty Incidents: Lessons Learned from an Aborted Terrorist Attack
Authors: Bloch Yuval H. , Leiba Adi , Veaacnin Nurit , Paizer Yohanan , Schwartz Dagan , Kraskas Ahuva , Weiss Gali , Goldberg Avishay , Bar-Dayan Yaron 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Mildly injured and “worried well” patients can have profound effects on the management of a mass-casualty incident. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics and lessons learned from an event that occurred on 28 August 2005 near the central bus station in Beer-Sheva, Israel. The unique profile of injuries allows for the examination of the medical and operational aspects of the management of mild casualties.Methods:Data were collected during and after the event, using patient records and formal debriefings.They were processed focusing on the characteristics of patient complaints, medical response, and the dynamics of admission.Results:A total of 64 patients presented to the local emergency department, including two critical casualties. The remaining 62 patients were mildly injured or suffered from stress. Patient presentation to the emergency department was bi-phasic; during the first two hours following the attack (i.e., early phase), the rate of arrival was high (one patient every three minutes), and anxiety was the most frequent chief complaint.During the second phase, the rate of arrival was lower (one patient every 27 minutes), and the typical chief complaint was somatic. Additionally, tinnitus and complaints related to minor trauma also were recorded frequently.Psychiatric consultation was obtained for 58 (91%) of the patients. Social services were involved in the care of 47 of the patients (73%).Otolaryngology and surgery consultations were obtained for 45% and 44%, respectively. The need for some medical specialties (e.g., surgery and orthopedics) mainly was during the first phase, whereas others, mainly psychiatry and otolaryngology, were needed during both phases. Only 13 patients (20%) needed a consultation from internal medicine.Conclusions:Following a terrorist attack, a large number of mildly injured victims and those experiencing stress are to be expected, without a direct relation to the effectiveness of the attack. Mildly injured patients tend to appear in two phases. In the first phase, the rate of admission is expected to be higher. Due to the high incidence of anxiety and other stress-related phenomena, many mildly injured patients will require psychiatric evaluation. In the case of a bombing attack, many of the victims must be evaluated by an otolaryngologist.
Simple Triage and Rapid Decontamination of Mass Casualties with Colored Clothes Pegs (STARDOM-CCP) System against Chemical Releases
Authors: Okumura Tetsu , Kondo Hisayoshi , Nagayama Hitomi , Makino Toshiro , Yoshioka Toshiharu , Yamamoto Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe efficiency and speed with which first responders, paramedics, and emergency physicians respond to an event caused by the release of a chemical is an important concern in all modern cities worldwide. A system for the initial triage and decontamination of victims of a chemical release was developed using colored clothes pegs of the following seven colors: red, yellow, green, black, white, and blue. Red indicates the need for emergency care, yellow for semi-emergency care, green for non-emergency care, black for expectant, white for dry decontamination, and blue for wet decontamination. The system can be employed as one of the techniques directed at improving the efficiency of decontamination in countries where there is a risk of chemical releases. It is recommended that this system should be adopted internationally and used for both drills and actual events.
Mission Failure: Emergency Medical Services Response to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Events
Authors: Phelps Scot 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Only 4% of the United States Homeland Security funding for public safety terrorism preparedness is allotted to emergency medical services (EMS), despite the primary threat from a mass-terrorism chemical weapons attack (MTCWA) being personal injury. This study examines the preparedness of the EMS torespond to, treat, and transport victims of such attacks.Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that US EMS agencies lack the necessary equipment to mitigate large-scalemorbidity and mortality from a MTCWA.Methods:Seventy after-action reports from full-scale, chemical weapons exercises conducted in large cities across the US were examined by the Office of Domestic Preparedness, Chemical Weapons Improved Response Program to ascertain if EMS responders had personal protective equipment sufficient to operate at the scene of aMTCWA.Results:Of the 50 after action reports that mentioned EMS personal protective equipment, only six (12%) EMS agencies equipped their staff with personal protective equipment.Conclusions:Results indicate that EMS responders are not prepared to safely respond to MTCWAs, which mayresult in a significant loss of life of victims and responders.
Jānibak al-Ṣūfī, sultan al-Ashraf Barsbāy, and the story of a social network in the Mamluk Anatolian frontier zone, 1435–1438 – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: ADRIAENSSENS VEERLE , VAN STEENBERGEN JO 
Published: August 2016

The authors and the Journal apologise for the following errors in this article:The coloured cartouches mentioned under the map on the 24th page have been deleted.The reference to Figure 1 on the 23rd page pertains to the Map on the 24th page.
A comparison of pasture grazing and storage feeding, and the effects of sward surface height and concentrate supplementation from 5 to 10 months of age on the lifetime performance and carcass composition of bulls
Authors: Steen R. W. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA 3-year experiment was carried out to compare systems of bull beef production involving continuous housing or pasture grazing from 5 to 10 months of age and to examine the effects of herbage allowance and concentrate supplementation on lifetime performance and carcass quality. Animals were either set-stocked at pasture to maintain nominal sward heights of 7, 9 and 11 cm or were offered grass silage (700 g digestible organic matter per kg dry matter (DM)) supplemented with 1·5 and 3·0 kg barley-based concentrates (183 g crude protein per kg DM) per head daily. Half of the animals grazed at each sward height were given 1·5 kg concentrates per head daily while the remainder received no supplement. A total of 160 continental X Friesian and 48 Friesian calves which were initially 197 kg live weight were used. From 10 months of age until slaughter at about 17 months all animals were given grass silage ad libitum and supplemented with 3·0 (year 1) or 3·75 (years 2 and 3) kg cereal-based concentrates per head daily.Animals which grazed the 9- and 11-cm swards produced carcasses of similar weight to those given silage and 3·0 kg concentrates per day, while those grazing the 6·7-cm swards produced carcasses of similar weight to those given silage supplemented with 1·5 kg concentrates. Reducing sward surface height from 11·0 to 9·3 cm did not affect performance but further reductions to 7·9 (year 1) and 6·7 (years 2 and 3) cm reduced live-weight gain by 0·13 and 0·32 kg/day respectively. Concentrate supplementation did not affect the performance of animals grazing swards which were 7·9 cm or taller but increased live-weight gain by 93 and 193 g/kg concentrates for those grazing the 6·7 cm swards and those receiving silage respectively. Differences in live weight at 10 months of age due to the feeding treatments imposed from 5 to 10 months of age were largely retained until slaughter at 17 months as there was little compensatory growth during the residual period. The treatments did not affect carcass composition when the data were adjusted to a constant carcass weight, or meat quality which was satisfactory for all treatments.
The effect of GnRH agonist (buserelin) treatment on day 12 post mating on the reproductive performance of ewes
Authors: Beck N. F. G. , Peters A. R. , Williams S. P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to determine the effects of treatment with the GnRH agonist buserelin on day 12 post mating on the reproductive performance of ewes. There was a non-significant (P > 0·05) increase in nonreturn rate (control 0·76 v. buserelin 0·83) and litter size (control 1·51 v. buserelin 1·77) in three flocks. However, there was a significant (P < 0·05) increase in the number of twin lambs born (control 20 v. buserelin 40) and litter size (control 1·44 v. buserelin 1·68) in the yearling flock. There was no effect of buserelin on oestrous cycle length, although there was a tendency for treated animals to have a longer gestation length and heavier lambs. In a ewe lamb flock there was no effect of buserelin on non-return rate or litter size assessed post slaughter on day 31 of pregnancy. However, ovulation rate tended to be greater in the treated animals, which suggests that buserelin may have induced the formation of accessory corpora lutea. These results indicate that buserelin treatment improves embryo survival and that this effect is particularly evident in yearling ewes.
Supplementation of maize stover for Ethiopian Menz sheep: effects of cottonseed, noug (Guizotia abyssinica) or sunflower cake with or without maize on the intake, growth, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and excretion of purine derivatives
Authors: Osuji P. O. , Sibanda S. , Nsahlai I. V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThirty-six male Ethiopian Menz sheep (9 to 22 months old, average live weight 15·8 (s.d. 1·84) kg), given maize stover (1·5 timesad libitum) supplemented with either 75 g cottonseed cake (CSC), 114 g noug cake (NGC;Guizotia abyssinica) or 112 g sunflower cake (SFC) with or without maize grain, were used in an 88-day study comprising growth and balance trials. The trials were undertaken according to a randomized-block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement.There were no significant interactions (P&gt; 0·05). Sheep consumed significantly more stover when supplemented with CSC compared with NGC and SFC (P&lt; 0·05). Maize grain significantly increased organic matter intake (P&lt; 0·001). Although CSC tended to support lower live-weight gains, the effect of protein was not significant. Maize grain increased live-weight gains (P&lt; 0·01).Urinary nitrogen (N) excretions were similar between CSC and SFC but about 0·22 higher with NGC (P&gt; 0·05). The faecal N output was 0·33 (P&lt; 0·01) and 0·18 (P&lt; 0·05) higher with CSC than with NGC and SFC respectively. Maize grain had no effect on any of the N-balance measurements.Cottonseed cake supported lower daily production of purine derivatives (PD) (P&lt; 0·01), microbial purine (P &lt; 0·01) and microbial protein (P&lt; 0·01) than either NGC or SFC. Maize grain increased the daily excretion of total PD (P&lt; 0·05), microbial purine (P&lt; 0·05) and microbial protein (P&lt; 0·05). Neither the protein source nor maize grain affected the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. It was concluded that SFC was utilized more effectively both in terms of rumen microbial N synthesis, N retention and growth. The addition of a small amount of energy as crushed maize grain increased microbial N synthesis, N retention and live-weight gain.
The donkey as a draught power resource in smallholder farming in semi-arid western Zimbabwe: 2. Performance compared with that of cattle when ploughing on different soil types using two plough types
Authors: Nengomasha E.M. , Pearson R.A. , Smith T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe work performance of two teams of four donkeys (heavy, 680 kg and light, 460 kg) and one pair of Jersey crossbred oxen (646 kg) was compared when they ploughed 4 hi day on four types of soil (clay, redsoil, sandy soil and sandy clay) using two types of plough, a conventional ox plough (40 kg) and a lighter prototype, the ‘Walco’ plough (32 kg) on an experimental farm. Work parameters were also measured with farmers’ cattle and donkey teams ploughing on f arms in Matobo and Nkayi districts. Working speed, power and effective field capacity (ETC) were higher for the ox-team (1·03 m/s, 920 W and 14·5 h/ha for the conventional plough and 0·99 m/s, 745 W and 13·9 h/hafor the Walco plough) and the heavier donkey team (0·87 m/s, 689 W and 14·2 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·87 m/s, 787 W and 17·3 h/hafor the Walco plough) than for the lighter donkey team (0·59 m/s, 461 W and 22·1 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·64 m/s, 445 W and 23·4 h/hafor the Walco plough). Expressed as a proportion of live weight or metabolic live weight there were no significant differences in draught forces exerted between teams but power output per unit live weight was greater in the ox-team than in the light donkey team but similar to that in the heavy donkey team. The Walco plough required a lower force (742 N) to operate than the conventional plough (816 N) but apart from this did not have any marked advantages over the conventional plough. On-farm, team sizes of donkeys varied from three to seven animals (team weight 340 kg to 1007 kg) and cattle team sizes from two to four animals (team weights 558 to 1709 kg). Regardless of team number, the heavier teams tended to out-perform the lighter teams (speed range 0·63 to 1·08 m/s, power 395 to 1136 W, EFC 9·1 to 25 h/ha)) with one exception, a well trained team of two oxen (team weight 879 kg, speed 1·02 m/s, power 775 W, EFC 9·1 h/ha). Donkeys tended to plough at a slower pace than oxen, with a lower power output, although when weight differences between teams were equalized (four heavy donkeys compared with two oxen), then there was little to chose between the species. Results suggested that teams of three or more donkeys can effectively be used for ploughing on the soils tested. The results highlighted the importance that team live weight and training/experience have in determining work performance.
Crossbreeding cattle for dairy production in the tropics: effects of genetic
and environmental factors on the performance of improved genotypes on the Cameroon
highlands
Authors: Tawah C. L. , Mbah D. A. , Messine O. , Enoh M. B. , Tanya V. N. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Three hundred and thirty (330) records from 363 lactations and 104 cows born
between 1979 and 1991 from crossbreeding Holstein-Friesian (H) bulls with H,
Ngaoundere Gudali (G) and Holstein × Gudali F1 (H1G1) cows, Montbeliard (M) bulls
with G and Montbeliard × Gudali Fl (M1G1) cows and M1G1 bulls with M1G1 cows and
raised in the Dairy Herd Unit of the Wakwa Animal and Veterinary Research Station
in the sub-humid highlands of Cameroon were analysed to investigate the effects of
genotype and environment on lactation and reproductive traits. Fixed effects of
genotype season and year of calving parity and age of cow at calving were studied.
Lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), annualized milk production
(AMP), calving interval (C1), dry period (DP) and age at first calving (AFC) were
amongst the traits analysed. F1 crosses (H1G1, M1G1),
backcrosses (¾ Holstein — ¼ Gudali; ¾ Montbeliard — ¼ Gudali) (H3G1, M3G1) and
F2 crosses (MGF2) were compared. Results showed that H1G1
cows were proportionately 0·49 and 0·23 better than their corresponding backcross
in LMY and AMP, respectively, while M1G1 cows were proportionately 0·12 and 0·24
inferior to M3G1 in these traits. M1G1 were proportionately superior to MGF2 in
LMY (0·05), AMP (-0·04) and AFC (-0·14). M3G1 were superior (0·18 to 0·19) to MGF2
in LMY and AMP. H1G1 were consistently superior to M1G1 for most traits,
suggesting that H1G1 may be better than M1G1 for dairy production.
A comparison of five methods that estimate meal criteria for cattle
Authors: Tolkamp B. J. , Kyriazakis I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn data collected for feeding behaviour analysis, feeding events are generally separated by many very short to very long intervals during which no feeding occurs. When feeding is clustered in bouts, a meal criterion (that is the longest non-feeding interval accepted as part of a meal) must be estimated before events can be grouped into meals. Until recently, three methods that estimate quantitative meal criteria were available. These methods consist of fitting a ‘broken-stick’ (two straight intersecting lines, both with a negative slope) to the frequency distribution (method 1), the loge-transformed cumulative frequency distribution (the log-survivorship curve; method 2) or the loge-transformed frequency distribution (method 3) of intervals between events. Recently, new methods have been proposed that fit either two (method 4) or three (method 5) Gaussians to the frequency distribution of loge-transformed interval length (log-normal models). We compare the estimates obtained with these five methods when applied to a data set of 79575 intervals between visits to food dispensers. These were recorded with 16 lactating cows during an average period of 156·6 (s.d. 51·5) days per cow. Meal criteria were estimated as 1·9, 6·0, 7·5, 32·4 and 49·1 min by methods 1 to 5, respectively. Estimated daily number of meals ranged from 5·7 to 12·1 per cow and estimated average meal size from 4·0 to 8·4 kg. The observed probabilities of cows initiating feeding in relation to time since feeding last showed best agreement with the predictions of the log-normal models. We conclude that the first three methods do not, while log-normal models do, have an adequate biological basis for a clear interpretation of the estimated meal criteria. Log-normal models are, therefore, the most promising for estimating meal criteria in cattle and probably in other species as well.
Genetic parameters for daily live-weight gain, live fleshiness and bone thinness in station-tested Piemontese young bulls
Authors: Albera A. , Mantovani R. , Bittante G. , Groen A. F. , Carnier P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEstimates of genetic parameters for beef production traits were obtained for Piemontese cattle. Data were from 988 young bulls station-tested from 1989 till 1998. Bulls entered the station at 6 to 8 weeks of age and, after an adaptation period of 3 months, were tested for growth, live fleshiness and bone thinness. Length of test was 196 days. Growth traits considered were gain at farm, gain during the adaptation period, gain on test and total gain at the station. Six different fleshiness traits and bone thinness were scored on live animals at the end of the test using a linear system. Live evaluations of fleshiness were adjusted for the weight at scoring in order to provide an assessment of conformation independent of body size. Genetic parameters were estimated using animal models. Heritability of live-weight gain ranged from 0·20 in the adaptation period to 0·60 for total gain at the station. Genetic correlations between gains at station in different periods were high (from 0·63 to 0·97). Residual correlation between gain during the adaptation period and gain during test was negative, probably due to the occurrence of compensatory growth of the animals.Live fleshiness traits and bone thinness were of moderate to high heritability (from 0·34 to 0·55) and highly correlated indicating that heavy muscled bulls also have thin bones. Accuracy of breeding values and therefore response to selection were improved by multiple trait analysis of the live fleshiness traits and bone thinness. Overall weight gain at the station had a moderate negative genetic correlation with all live fleshiness traits and bone thinness (from –0·11 to –0·39).
Genetic control of resistance to gastro-intestinal parasites in crossbred cashmere-producing goats: responses to selection, genetic parameters and relationships with production traits
Authors: Vagenas D. , Jackson F. , Russel A. J. F. , Merchant M. , Wright I. A. , Bishop S. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the genetic control of the resistance of goats to nematode parasites, and relationships between resistance and production traits. The data set comprised faecal egg counts (FECs) measured on 830 naturally challenged (predominant species Teladorsagia circumcincta), crossbred cashmere-producing goats over 5 years (1993-1997) and production traits (fibre traits and live weight) on 3100 goats from the same population in Scotland, over 11 years (1987-1997). Egg counts comprised repeated measurements (4 to 11) taken at 12 to 18 months of age and production traits, i.e. live weight and fibre traits, were measured at approximately 5 months of age. The goats for which FECs were available were subdivided into a line selected for decreased FECs, using the geometric mean FEC across the measurement period and goats not selected on the basis of FECs, acting as controls. The selected line had significantly lower FECs, compared with the control, in 4 out of 5 years (back transformed average proportional difference of 0·23). The heritability of a single FEC measurement (after cubic root transformation) was 0·17 and the heritability of the mean FEC was 0·32. The heritabilities of the fibre traits were moderate to high with the majority in excess of 0·5. The heritability of live weight was 0·22. Genetic correlations between FECs and production traits were slightly positive but not significantly different from zero. Phenotypic and environmental correlations were very close to zero with the environmental correlations always being negative. It is concluded that selection for reduced FEC is possible for goats. Benefits of such selection will be seen when animals are kept for more than 1 year of productive life.
Rumen metabolism and nitrogen flow to the small intestine in steers offeredLolium perennecontaining different levels of water-soluble carbohydrate
Authors: Lee M. R. F. , Harris L. J. , Moorby J. M. , Humphreys M. O. , Theodorou M. K. , MacRae J. C. , Scollan N. D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEight Hereford ✕ Friesian steers were used to investigate the effect of feeding Lolium perenne (L) forage containing elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) on rumen metabolism and nitrogen (N) absorption from the small intestine. The steers were offered ad libitum access to one of two varieties with matched heading dates (Ba11353, high WSC, HS; AberElan, intermediate WSC, control) cut at different times of the day to accentuate WSC differentials, zero-grazed for 21 days. This was followed by a 14-day period where the animals were on grass silage to provide a covariate intake. Although the total N concentration was similar for the two grasses, all other measured values were significantly different. The dry matter (DM) concentration of HS was greater than that of the control (202 v. 167 g DM per kg; P 0·01). WSC and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were 243 and 161 g/kg DM, and 0·61 and 0·56 for HS and control, respectively. In contrast, acid- and neutral-detergent fibre were 251 and 296 g/kg DM and 480 and 563 g/kg DM for HS compared with control, respectively. DM intake was increased (9·3 v. 6·7 kg/day; P 0·001) for HS animals and this contributed significantly towards higher flows of non-ammonia N to the duodenum as well as increased absorption of amino acids from the small intestine. This DM intake response was partly due to the elevation in DM concentration of HS. However fresh weight intake was increased proportionately by ca. 0·15 (P 0·05) in animals on HS compared with control. Rumen ammonia levels were lower (14·0 and 26·4 mg N per l; P 0·001) and concentrations of rumen propionate higher (P 0·01) and acetate lower (P 0·01; increasing the glucogenic: lipogenic volatile fatty acid ratio) in animals on HS compared with control. However, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (15·9 and 17·8 g microbial nitrogen per kg organic matter apparently digested) and flow of N to the duodenum per unit N intake (0·84 and 0·93) for HS and control, respectively, were similar across both diets.