bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions to the Geology of Gloucestershire, intended chiefly for the use of Students
Authors: Brodie P. B. 
Published: March 2016

We think it may prove useful and interesting to the geological student if, from time to time, we give a brief sketch of the Geology of some of the more famous localities in England, adding directions where to go, and how to work—which, to say the least, will be a great saving of time and labour, and enable those who are anxious to visit rich and instructive fields of research to make the most of perhaps only a brief holiday—a matter of no little moment in these days of almost unceasing toil.The lovers of nature who live in the smoky atmosphere of great towns, shut up day after day in a close counting-house, enjoy a ramble amongst new or favourite haunts all the more on this account; and it matters not whether they are naturalists, geologists, artists, or merely admirers of the picturesque—the relish for their particular hobby is more keenly felt because it can be rarely indulged in, even if many difficulties stand in the way.Few persons who have a scientific turn have unlimited time and means at their disposal; and, therefore, to the majority in such a case it is of some consequence to see as much as they can, and take the shortest route to their destination. The rapid and comparatively cheap means of transit afforded by the railway is equally available both for business and pleasure; but where science is the object, it is not always easy in a new country to find out the best and most productive places, and a few hints from any one who knows them well are invaluable.
The Carboniferous System in Scotland Characterized by its Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Much has been written on the geology of Scotland, and perhaps no country has given birth to a larger proportion of eminent inquirers. The names of Hutton, Playfair, Murchison, and Lyell will ever be remembered among those of the great Scotchmen, who by their acquirements, genius, and perseverance, have so materially contributed to elevate the science of Geology to the rank it now holds among all men of learning.Much has, however, still to be achieved before the geological and palæontological details connected with our country will have been completely worked out, and many zealous inquirers must be summoned to the field; some will do much, others little; but every accurate observation is so much gain, and will tend towards the complete elucidation of the subject, as well as help to form a basis upon which great minds may found with safety their general views and appreciations. I therefore hailed with much hope and delight the foundation of a Geological Society in Glasgow, which originated in May, 1858, with about a dozen young men, who wished to gain knowledge of the geological phenomena in the neighbourhood of their great city, under the guidance of an experienced and practical geologist; and thus, owing to the active co-operation and direction of Mr. J. P. Fraser, and that of some of its founders, the Society has already done some good work, and increased its numbers to about one hundred.
Geological Localities.—No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Slowly the calm sea ebbs. As the pulse of the great ocean beats, its glassy ribbon-waves flow swellingly along in long thin lines, and then drain rapidly away. Every now and then, with higher swelling motion, one wavelet ripples further in, leaving us doubtful for a moment of the tide's recess. But gently, surely are those slippery rocks unveiled, and on their smooth and purple flats the glittering fossils lie.There, in their radiant iridescence in scores are pearly Ammonites. A. lautus, A. splendens, A. auritus, A. tuberculatus, and the little ribbed and everywhere bestrewn A. varicosus.There hundreds of amber-like translucent Belemnites (B. Listen) protrude their spine-like forms from the dark blue solid clay.Curled Hamites, small nut-shaped Nuculœ (N. pectinata and N. ovata), spiny Rostellariœ, Pterocera, and Naticæ, and black phosphatic caste of antique forms of crabs and prawns, and little stud- and cup-like corals await your gathering. Everything to your hand, resplendent as the sea has left them for you. Every here and there the smallest portion of some shell or crab reveals the untouched treasure buried underneath. Pick, trowel, knife, anything will dig into that moist yielding clay, or cut your treasure out. Patience and care are all you want.
Gems from Private Collections. III.–Phacops Caudatus; from the Dudley Limestone
Authors: Tennant J. 
Published: March 2016

The beautiful specimen of Phacops caudatus, which we figure in Plate V., has long been in the private collection of Professor Tennant. It is from the Upper Silurian limestone of Dudley, and would be a perfect example but for the exception only of its having the segments of the body somewhat bent inwards, and slightly distorted from their natural positions by pressure. The lateral edges and their segments are unfortunately obscured by being embedded in the matrix, so that they cannot be accurately delineated.This characteristic species of Trilobite was first noticed by Brunnich, in 1781, under the name of Trilobus caudatus. It was subsequently termed Asaphus caudatus by Brongniart, Dalman, Dr. Buckland, and other writers. Burmeister, however, in his valuable work on the “Organization of Trilobites,” called it Phacops caudatus, which generic determination modern palæontologists have followed.
Geological Localities.—No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Crossing the railway to the harbour, a footpath brings us to some old white-washed cottages, “The Folly Houses,” as they are called (but why I know not), where a young dealer (Griffiths) lives, of whom some good specimens may often be got. Continuing the footpath to the edge of the cliff, we descend by rugged green-sand steps again to the favourite collecting ground, Eastwear Bay.Slowly the bright green tide is quitting the flat shore, and leaving again exposed the dark blue clay, dotted with black phosphatic nodes and glittering iridescent shells, washed clean and bright. Daily may you pick up hundreds of these ancient inhabitants of the sea; gather the crop as clean as you will, there will be another harvest for you when the next tide falls. Here are Inocerami, or “fibre-shells,” in abundance. Two species, the Inoceramus sulcatus and Inoceramus concentricus—the furrowed and concentric are particularly characteristic of the gault.
Geological Localities.—No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Of all the Gault fossils, the Ammonites take precedence both for beauty and number; and, holding as the Cephalopods do the highest rank of molluscous animals, we cannot but view their extraordinary variety in this deposit with singular interest. If, therefore, we dwell here somewhat at length on their general classification, we could scarcely choose a more fitting occasion.As ordinarily seen in collections, the Gault Ammonites appear to be all more or less of diminutive size. Few exceed two inches in diameter; many are little more than an inch; while one of three inches would be looked upon as a fine individual.These specimens are, however, for the most part only the central whirls solidified or hardened by interior walls, or in-fillings of iron-pyrites. In the Gault itself Ammonite-shells of far larger size—commonly of six or seven inches across, sometimes more than a foot—are not merely frequent, but extremely abundant, although, from the fragile state of the main mass, they are commonly cleft to pieces in breaking out the central pyritous cores without attracting observation.
American Politics and Political Science in an Era of Growing Racial Diversity and Economic Disparity
Authors: Hero Rodney E. 
Published: March 2016

Political science should play a larger role in grappling with the political roots, meanings, and implications of the various levels and unique configurations of class inequality and racial diversity that have characterized the last several decades of U.S. history. I offer some observations about the discipline’s research, or lack thereof, and indicate suggestions about how we might think about and do more in these respects.I will come at these concerns by noting some developments that influenced the present in social and political terms and other events in political science; identifying intellectual guideposts that may help how we think about research issues of our day; considering why race and class are not studied (more); acknowledging how the questions have been studied, as well as noting some reservations about these; and providing several examples from the research in which I have been involved, both directly and indirectly, that suggest how we might or can study these questions.
Morphodynamics of submarine channel inception revealed by new experimental approach
Authors: de Leeuw Jan , Eggenhuisen Joris T. , Cartigny Matthieu J. B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSubmarine channels are ubiquitous on the seafloor and their inception and evolution is a result of dynamic interaction between turbidity currents and the evolving seafloor. However, the morphodynamic links between channel inception and flow dynamics have not yet been monitored in experiments and only in one instance on the modern seafloor. Previous experimental flows did not show channel inception, because flow conditions were not appropriately scaled to sustain suspended sediment transport. Here we introduce and apply new scaling constraints for similarity between natural and experimental turbidity currents. The scaled currents initiate a leveed channel from an initially featureless slope. Channelization commences with deposition of levees in some slope segments and erosion of a conduit in other segments. Channel relief and flow confinement increase progressively during subsequent flows. This morphodynamic evolution determines the architecture of submarine channel deposits in the stratigraphic record and efficiency of sediment bypass to the basin floor.
Exciton localization in solution-processed organolead trihalide perovskites
Authors: He Haiping , Yu Qianqian , Li Hui , Li Jing , Si Junjie , Jin Yizheng , Wang Nana , Wang Jianpu , He Jingwen , Wang Xinke , Zhang Yan , Ye Zhizhen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOrganolead trihalide perovskites have attracted great attention due to the stunning advances in both photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. However, the photophysical properties, especially the recombination dynamics of photogenerated carriers, of this class of materials are controversial. Here we report that under an excitation level close to the working regime of solar cells, the recombination of photogenerated carriers in solution-processed methylammonium–lead–halide films is dominated by excitons weakly localized in band tail states. This scenario is evidenced by experiments of spectral-dependent luminescence decay, excitation density-dependent luminescence and frequency-dependent terahertz photoconductivity. The exciton localization effect is found to be general for several solution-processed hybrid perovskite films prepared by different methods. Our results provide insights into the charge transport and recombination mechanism in perovskite films and help to unravel their potential for high-performance optoelectronic devices.
The antimicrobial polymer PHMB enters cells and selectively condenses bacterial chromosomes
Authors: Chindera Kantaraja , Mahato Manohar , Kumar Sharma Ashwani , Horsley Harry , Kloc-Muniak Klaudia , Kamaruzzaman Nor Fadhilah , Kumar Satish , McFarlane Alexander , Stach Jem , Bentin Thomas , Good Liam 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo combat infection and antimicrobial resistance, it is helpful to elucidate drug mechanism(s) of action. Here we examined how the widely used antimicrobial polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) kills bacteria selectively over host cells. Contrary to the accepted model of microbial membrane disruption by PHMB, we observed cell entry into a range of bacterial species and treated bacteria displayed cell division arrest and chromosome condensation, suggesting DNA binding as an alternative antimicrobial mechanism. A DNA-level mechanism was confirmed by observations that PHMB formed nanoparticles when mixed with isolated bacterial chromosomal DNA and its effects on growth were suppressed by pairwise combination with the DNA binding ligand Hoechst 33258. PHMB also entered mammalian cells, but was trapped within endosomes and excluded from nuclei. Therefore, PHMB displays differential access to bacterial and mammalian cellular DNA and selectively binds and condenses bacterial chromosomes. Because acquired resistance to PHMB has not been reported, selective chromosome condensation provides an unanticipated paradigm for antimicrobial action that may not succumb to resistance.
A p-i-n junction diode based on locally doped carbon nanotube network
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Chen Changxin , Wei Liangming , Hu Nantao , Song Chuanjuan , Liao Chenghao , He Rong , Dong Xusheng , Wang Ying , Liu Qinran , Zhang Yafei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA p-i-n junction diode constructed by the locally doped network of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was investigated. In this diode, the two opposite ends of the SWNT-network channel were selectively doped by triethyloxonium hexachloroantimonate (OA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) to obtain the air-stable p- and n-type SWNTs respectively while the central area of the SWNT-network remained intrinsic state, resulting in the formation of a p-i-n junction with a strong built-in electronic field in the SWNTs. The results showed that the forward current and the rectification ratio of the diode increased as the doping degree increased. The forward current of the device could also be increased by decreasing the channel length. A high-performance p-i-n junction diode with a high rectification ratio (~104), large forward current (~12.2 μA) and low reverse saturated current (~1.8 nA) was achieved with the OA and PEI doping time of 5 h and 18 h for a channel length of ~6 μm.
Quantification of HER2 heterogeneity in breast cancer–implications for identification of sub-dominant clones for personalised treatment
Authors: Buckley Niamh E. , Forde Claire , McArt Darragh G. , Boyle David P. , Mullan Paul B. , James Jacqueline A. , Maxwell Perry , McQuaid Stephen , Salto-Tellez Manuel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBreast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, at both an inter- and intra-tumoural level. Appreciating heterogeneity through the application of biomarkers and molecular signatures adds complexity to tumour taxonomy but is key to personalising diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The extent to which heterogeneity exists and its interpretation remains a challenge to pathologists. Using HER2 as an exemplar, we have developed a simple reproducible heterogeneity index. Cell-to-cell HER2 heterogeneity was extensive in a proportion of both reported ‘amplified’ and ‘non-amplified’ cases. The highest levels of heterogeneity objectively identified occurred in borderline categories and higher ratio non-amplified cases. A case with particularly striking heterogeneity was analysed further with an array of biomarkers in order to assign a molecular diagnosis. Broad biological complexity was evident. In essence, interpretation, depending on the area of tumour sampled, could have been one of three distinct phenotypes, each of which would infer different therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we recommend that heterogeneity is assessed and taken into account when determining treatment options.
Autonomous pump against concentration gradient
Authors: Xu Zhi-cheng , Zheng Dong-qin , Ai Bao-quan , Zhong Wei-rong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUsing non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods, we have studied the molecular transport in asymmetric nanochannels. The efficiency of the molecular pump depends on the angle and apertures of the asymmetric channel, the environmental temperature and average concentration of the particles. The pumping effect can be explained as the competition between the molecular force field and the thermal disturbance. Our results provide a green approach for pumping fluid particles against the concentration gradient through asymmetric nanoscale thin films without any external forces. It indicates that pumping vacuum can be a spontaneous process.
Treatment temperature and insult severity influence the neuroprotective effects of therapeutic hypothermia
Authors: Wood Thomas , Osredkar Damjan , Puchades Maja , Maes Elke , Falck Mari , Flatebø Torun , Walløe Lars , Sabir Hemmen , Thoresen Marianne 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTherapeutic hypothermia (HT) is standard care for moderate and severe neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), the leading cause of permanent brain injury in term newborns. However, the optimal temperature for HT is still unknown, and few preclinical studies have compared multiple HT treatment temperatures. Additionally, HT may not benefit infants with severe encephalopathy. In a neonatal rat model of unilateral hypoxia-ischaemia (HI), the effect of five different HT temperatures was investigated after either moderate or severe injury. At postnatal-day seven, rat pups underwent moderate or severe HI followed by 5 h at normothermia (37 °C), or one of five HT temperatures: 33.5 °C, 32 °C, 30 °C, 26 °C, and 18 °C. One week after treatment, neuropathological analysis of hemispheric and hippocampal area loss, and CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neuron count, was performed. After moderate injury, a significant reduction in hemispheric and hippocampal loss on the injured side, and preservation of CA1 pyramidal neurons, was seen in the 33.5 °C, 32 °C, and 30 °C groups. Cooling below 33.5 °C did not provide additional neuroprotection. Regardless of treatment temperature, HT was not neuroprotective in the severe HI model. Based on these findings, and previous experience translating preclinical studies into clinical application, we propose that milder cooling should be considered for future clinical trials.
Minocycline as a re-purposed anti-Wolbachia macrofilaricide: superiority compared with doxycycline regimens in a murine infection model of human lymphatic filariasis
Authors: Sharma Raman , Jayoussi Ghaith Al , Tyrer Hayley E. , Gamble Joanne , Hayward Laura , Guimaraes Ana F. , Davies Jill , Waterhouse David , Cook Darren A. N. , Myhill Laura J. , Clare Rachel H. , Cassidy Andrew , Steven Andrew , Johnston Kelly L. , Ford Louise , Turner Joseph D. , Ward Stephen A. , Taylor Mark J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are parasitic helminth diseases, which cause severe morbidities such as elephantiasis, skin disease and blindness, presenting a major public health burden in endemic communities. The anti-Wolbachia consortium (A·WOL: http://www.a-wol.com/) has identified a number of registered antibiotics that target the endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia, delivering macrofilaricidal activity. Here we use pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis to rationally develop an anti-Wolbachia chemotherapy by linking drug exposure to pharmacological effect. We compare the pharmacokinetics and anti-Wolbachia efficacy in a murine Brugia malayi model of minocycline versus doxycycline. Doxycycline exhibits superior PK in comparison to minocycline resulting in a 3-fold greater exposure in SCID mice. Monte-Carlo simulations confirmed that a bi-daily 25–40 mg/Kg regimen is bioequivalent to a clinically effective 100–200 mg/day dose for these tetracyclines. Pharmacodynamic studies showed that minocycline depletes Wolbachia more effectively than doxycycline (99.51% vs. 90.35%) after 28 day 25 mg/Kg bid regimens with a more potent block in microfilarial production. PK/PD analysis predicts that minocycline would be expected to be 1.7 fold more effective than doxycycline in man despite lower exposure in our infection models. Our findings warrant onward clinical investigations to examine the clinical efficacy of minocycline treatment regimens against lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.
An investigation of mobile payment (m-payment) services in Thailand
Authors: Phonthanukitithaworn Chanchai , Sellitto Carmine , Fong Michelle W.L. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– Despite the significant efforts by the Thai Government to promote the use of mobile payment (m-payment) services, this new mode of financial payment has had limited consumer interest. Indeed, whilst it is seemingly desirable to facilitate the uptake of m-payment services given government promotion, limited research has been undertaken to examine the factors that might promote adoption. The purpose of this paper is to address this research gap.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study developed a conceptual model based on elements of innovation diffusion theory and technology acceptance. The model was empirically validated using structural equation modelling analysis using the responses gained from 529 Thai mobile phone users. The intercept interview/survey across eight different locations was the instrument used for data collection.

Findings
– The empirical results indicate that consumer adoption of m-payment services in Thailand was determined by four factors – compatibility, subjective norm, perceived trust, and perceived risk. Surprisingly, the construct of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived cost were found not to have a direct effect on behavioural intention.

Research limitations/implications
– The results regarding electronic payments highlight the importance of four factors that are fundamental in understanding consumer behaviour in regards to financial m-payments. The conceptual model developed in the study is well suited as a primary research framework to explore other aspect of technological innovation in a Thai context. Even though the model is not generalisable, it has the potential to be refined for use in other countries. The findings from the research contribute to the small, but growing number of studies focusing on technological business innovation in Thailand.

Practical implications
– The results of this study will be of value to various groups associated with m-payment services such as mobile network operators, financial institutions, and payment service providers. The findings will potentially inform appropriate service strategies and business models in order to improve the uptake of this type of financial payment by Thai consumers. The factors identified are significant in informing how the capacity of the Thai Government’s investment in electronic infrastructure could be more fully utilised.

Originality/value
– This study adds to the literature by bridging the gap in explaining consumer intentions to adopt new technological services amongst people who know about the service but have not adopted it as yet. Moreover, this paper is a pioneer study about the adoption of m-payment services in Thai setting.