bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theorizing Reciprocity: Andean Cooperation and the Reproduction of Community in Highland Bolivia
Authors: Walsh‐Dilley Marygold 
Published: June 2017

ResumenLos estudios andinos han sido cuajado, en gran parte, por la noción compartida de la reciprocidad como un elemento central de la cultura indígena andina, y la reciprocidad (ayni) continúa ser tanto como una práctica activa de las comunidades andinas y una forma idealizada en los movimientos políticos contemporáneos. Sin embargo, los usos de ayni en los discursos politicos contemporáneos han sido criticadas fuertemente como esencialista, estático y anticuado. En este trabajo, se propone una nueva teorización de la reciprocidad andina como una práctica económica‐moral‐simbólico que se reproduce socialmente a través de las prácticas cotidiana. Re‐imaginando la reciprocidad de esta manera nos permite ver cómo la reciprocidad andina es una forma de interración dinámica y cambiante que sirve los propósitos éticos, simbólicos y económicos, y por lo tanto evita tratar la reciprocidad andina como un artefacto tradicional. Basándose en extenso trabajo de campo etnográfico en tres comunidades del altiplano boliviano, este trabajo propone que la interacción recíproca constituye un sitio importante donde las comunidades andinas sean reproducido.
Formation and preservation of fresh lawsonite: Geothermobarometry of the North Makran Blueschists, southeast Iran
Authors: Hunziker D. , Burg J.‐P. , Moulas E. , Reusser E. , Omrani J. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTA low‐grade metamorphic “Coloured Mélange” in North Makran (SE Iran) contains lenses and a large klippe of low temperature, lawsonite‐bearing blueschists formed during the Cretaceous closure of the Tethys Ocean. The largest blueschist outcrop is a >1,000 m thick coherent unit with metagabbros overlain by interlayered metabasalts and metavolcanoclastic rocks. Blueschist metamorphism is only incipient in coarse‐grained rocks, whereas finer grained, foliated samples show thorough metamorphic recrystallization. The low‐variance blueschist peak assemblage is glaucophane, lawsonite, titanite, jadeite±phengitic mica. Investigated phase diagram sections of three blueschists with different protoliths yield peak conditions of ~300–380°C at 9–14 kbar. Magnesio‐hornblende and rutile cores indicate early amphibolite facies metamorphism at >460°C and 2–4 kbar. Later conditions at slightly higher pressures of 6–9 kbar at 350–450°C are recorded by barroisite, omphacite and rutile assemblages before entering into the blueschist facies and finally following a retrograde path through the pumpellyite–actinolite facies across the lawsonite stability field. Assuming that metamorphic pressure is lithostatic pressure, the corresponding counterclockwise P–T path is explained by burial along a warm geothermal gradient (~15°C/km) in a young subduction system, followed by exhumation along a cold gradient (~8°C/km); a specific setting that allows preservation of fresh undecomposed lawsonite in glaucophane‐bearing rocks.
Taxation in digital media markets
Authors: Kind Hans Jarle , Koethenbuerger Marko 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDigital media goods and digital media platforms exhibit cost structures and network effects that might imply that price and quantity effects of consumption taxes are qualitatively different compared to what we typically find for physical goods. For instance, in most European countries and U.S. states, printed newspapers and books face favorable value added taxes (VATs) or sales taxes. This has probably increased their circulation. In contrast, reducing the VAT rate on digital newspapers has the opposite effects; it increases prices and leads to lower sales. This is not true for ebooks, but a low‐tax policy is still ineffective if the aim is to reduce prices. The primary effect of exempting ebooks from VATs is to increase profits for publishers.
Targeted antimicrobial therapy in the microbiome era
Authors: Stone V.N. , Xu P. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryEven though the oral microbiome is one of the most complex sites on the body it is an excellent model for narrow‐spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Current research indicates that disruption of the microbiome leads to a dysbiotic environment allowing for the overgrowth of pathogenic species and the onset of oral diseases. The gram‐negative colonizer, Porphyromonas gingivalis has long been considered a key player in the initiation of periodontitis and Streptococcus mutans has been linked to dental caries. With antibiotic research still on the decline, new strategies are greatly needed to combat infectious diseases. By targeting key pathogens, it may be possible to treat oral infections while allowing for the recolonization of the beneficial, healthy flora. In this review, we examine unique strategies to specifically target periodontal pathogens and address what is needed for the success of these approaches in the microbiome era.
Organizational Response to Changing Demands: Predicting Behavior in Donor Networks
Authors: AbouAssi Khaldoun , Tschirhart Mary 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe integration of resource dependence theory and a network perspective results in a parsimonious “strategic response model” for the organizational responses of exit, voice, loyalty, and adjustment. Four cases illustrate the model's application to nonprofit organizations by focusing on relations with a government aid agency that switched funding priorities. The model helps explain why networks of recipients of funding may change over time and predicts organizational responses to changing demands from resource providers.
Occupation Coding During the Interview
Authors: Schierholz Malte , Gensicke Miriam , Tschersich Nikolai , Kreuter Frauke 
Published: June 2017

SummaryCurrently, most surveys ask for occupation with open-ended questions. The verbal responses are coded afterwards, which is error prone and expensive. We present an alternative approach that allows occupation coding during the interview. Our new technique uses a supervised learning algorithm to predict candidate job categories. These suggestions are presented to the respondent, who in turn can choose the most appropriate occupation. 72.4% of the respondents selected an occupation when the new instrument was tested in a telephone survey, entailing potential cost savings. To aid further improvements, we identify some factors for how to increase quality and to reduce interview duration.
Role of vascular calcification inhibitors in preventing vascular dysfunction and mortality in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Gungor Ozkan , Kocyigit Ismail , Yilmaz Mahmut Ilker , Sezer Siren 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTCardiovascular events make up the primary cause of death in hemodialysis patients, and the risk for cardiovascular mortality is significantly increased by vascular calcification, a condition observed frequently in this patient population. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of vascular calcification are complex, and many factors facilitate or hinder the development of calcification. In this review, we first summarize the main factors contributing to the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in patients with end‐stage renal disease. We then explore the role of calcification inhibitors in the calcification process, as well as their effect on vascular dysfunction and mortality in hemodialysis patients.
The Rise of Han‐Centrism and What It Means for International Politics
Authors: Friend John M. , Thayer Bradley A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article addresses the rise of Han‐centrism, a form of hyper‐nationalism, in contemporary China. As Chinese nationalism has become more ethnocentric since the 1990s, the cultural chauvinism of Han‐centrism has become increasingly more influential in the debate over national identity. Within this narrative, Han culture is considered to be the authentic character of the nation; to deviate from the Han identity will only tarnish Chinese exceptionalism and impede China's rise. While Chinese nationalism consists of many competing discourses, we argue that Han‐centrism has a significant influence within both policy‐making circles and the public sphere in China, and, as a result, has important consequences for the future of international politics.
The interaction between individual, social and environmental factors and their influence on dietary intake among adults in Toronto
Authors: Liadsky Daniel , Ceh Brian 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHealth outcomes related to vegetable and fruit consumption are widely recognized in the literature. This study investigates how dietary intake is influenced by individual, social, and environmental factors in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area. The analysis and findings are based on data from the Canadian Community Health Survey which provides self‐reported vegetable and fruit intake from 6,513 adults in 2009‐2010. Food environment measures were constructed from commercial databases using kernel density estimates and network drive times. Spatial and multivariable techniques were used to determine the associations between diet, the food environment, and other health and socioeconomic factors. Particular emphasis was given to understanding the interaction between the food environment and socioeconomic position. Unexpectedly, supermarket density was found to have an inverse association with vegetable and fruit intake. Interaction terms for individuals with low income and reduced mobility produced different responses in men and women, confirming that the influence of the food environment is not uniform for all subgroups.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis, Nanotization, and Anti-Aspergillus Activity of Optically Enriched Fluconazole Analogues
Authors: Malhotra Shashwat , Singh Seema , Rana Neha , Tomar Shilpi , Bhatnagar Priyanka , Gupta Mohit , Singh Suraj K. , Singh Brajendra K. , Chhillar Anil K. , Prasad Ashok K. , Len Christophe , Kumar Pradeep , Gupta Kailash C. , Varma Anjani J. , Kuhad Ramesh C. , Sharma Gainda L. , Parmar Virinder S. , Richards Nigel G. J. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Despite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods in antifungal research, aspergillosis still remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. One strategy to address this problem is to enhance the activity spectrum of known antifungals, and we now report the first successful application of
Candida antarctica
lipase (CAL) for the preparation of optically enriched fluconazole analogues. Anti-
Aspergillus
activity was observed for an optically enriched derivative, (−)-
S
-2-(2′,4′-difluorophenyl)-1-hexyl-amino-3-(1‴,2‴,4‴)triazol-1‴-yl-propan-2-ol, which exhibits MIC values of 15.6 μg/ml and 7.8 μg/disc in broth microdilution and disc diffusion assays, respectively. This compound is tolerated by mammalian erythrocytes and cell lines (A549 and U87) at concentrations of up to 1,000 μg/ml. When incorporated into dextran nanoparticles, the novel, optically enriched fluconazole analogue exhibited improved antifungal activity against
Aspergillus fumigatus
(MIC, 1.63 μg/ml). These results not only demonstrate the ability of biocatalytic approaches to yield novel, optically enriched fluconazole derivatives but also suggest that enantiomerically pure fluconazole derivatives, and their nanotized counterparts, exhibiting anti-
Aspergillus
activity may have reduced toxicity.
Potent
In Vitro
Synergism of Fluconazole and Osthole against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans
Authors: Li De-Dong , Chai Dong , Huang Xiao-Wen , Guan Shao-Xing , Du Jiang , Zhang Hao-Yu , Sun Yan , Jiang Yuan-Ying 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Osthole is a natural coumarin that exhibits wide biological and pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, osteogenic, immunomodulation, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the antifungal effects of osthole
in vitro
. A checkerboard microdilution assay showed that osthole has significant synergistic effect with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant
Candida albicans
. Similar results were obtained from a growth curve assay. Meanwhile, XTT reduction assay demonstrated the synergism of fluconazole and osthole against
C. albicans
biofilm formation. Microarray results showed that the expression of genes involved in the oxidation-reduction process, energy metabolism, and transportation changed significantly after the combined treatment with fluconazole and osthole, and further results showed that endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased in the combination group. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the synergism of fluconazole and osthole against fluconazole-resistant
C. albicans
and indicate that endogenous ROS augmentation might contribute to the synergism of fluconazole and osthole.
In Vitro-In Vivo
Discordance with Humanized Piperacillin-Tazobactam Exposures against Piperacillin-Tazobactam-Resistant/Pan-β-Lactam-Susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains
Authors: Stainton S. M. , Monogue M. L. , Nicolau D. P. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Recent findings have identified
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strains that are pan-β-lactam susceptible (PBL-S) but piperacillin-tazobactam resistant (TZP-R)
in vitro
. We assessed the efficacy of a humanized exposure of piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) against 12 TZP-R/PBL-S
K. pneumoniae
isolates in an immunocompromised murine lung infection model. Discordance between the
in vitro
resistance profile and the
in vivo
efficacy of human-simulated TZP exposures against this phenotypic profile was observed. Additional studies are required to define the clinical implications of these TZP-R/PBL-S strains.
Comparison of Two Phenotypic Algorithms To Detect Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Dortet Laurent , Bernabeu Sandrine , Gonzalez Camille , Naas Thierry 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

A novel algorithm designed for the screening of carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
(CPE), based on faropenem and temocillin disks, was compared to that of the Committee of the Antibiogram of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM), which is based on ticarcillin-clavulanate, imipenem, and temocillin disks. The two algorithms presented comparable negative predictive values (98.6% versus 97.5%) for CPE screening among carbapenem-nonsusceptible
Enterobacteriaceae
. However, since 46.2% (
n
= 49) of the CPE were correctly identified as OXA-48-like producers by the faropenem/temocillin-based algorithm, it significantly decreased the number of complementary tests needed (42.2% versus 62.6% with the CA-SFM algorithm).
Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Liposomal Amphotericin B Nephrotoxicity in Patients with Hematological Malignancies
Authors: Stanzani Marta , Vianelli Nicola , Cavo Michele , Maritati Alessandro , Morotti Marta , Lewis Russell E. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

We retrospectively examined the incidence, onset, risk factors, and outcomes of renal injury during 103 treatment courses of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in 97 adult patients with hematological malignancies. All the patients were analyzed before, during, and after the administration of L-AMB, and renal injury was graded according to the RIFLE criteria (risk, injury, failure, loss of function, end-stage renal disease). Most patients (87.3%) received L-AMB at 3 mg/kg of body weight/day. Nearly two-thirds (61.7%) of the treatment courses did not meet any RIFLE category for renal injury, while 19.4% of patients were classified at risk, 13.6% met an injury classification, and 5.8% were categorized as developing renal failure. However, 15% of the patients developed renal injury within 48 h of the onset of multiorgan failure associated with sepsis, bleeding, or progressing malignancy. When these patients were analyzed as a competing risk for L-AMB-associated renal injury (RIFLE category I or above) in a multivariate Cox regression model, receipt of cyclosporine (subhazard ratio [SHR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 6.27;
P
= 0.03), cyclosporine plus furosemide at ≥40 mg/day (SHR, 5.46; 95% CI, 1.89 to 15.74;
P
= 0.002), or cyclosporine plus foscarnet (SHR, 9.03; 95% CI, 3.68 to 22.14;
P
< 0.0001) were the only comedications significantly associated with increased rates of renal injury. The cumulative incidence of L-AMB renal injury during the first 10 days of therapy was 7% overall but only 3% in patients who were not receiving cyclosporine. Hence, the renal risk of L-AMB therapy may be lessened if patients are switched to alternative agents after 7 to 10 days or if aggressive diuresis and/or foscarnet is avoided, especially among patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors.
Prevalence, clinical features and risk assessment of pre-diabetes in Spain: the prospective Mollerussa cohort study
Authors: Vilanova María Belén , Falguera Mireia , Marsal Josep Ramon , Rubinat Esther , Alcubierre Núria , Catelblanco Esmeralda , Granado-Casas Minerva , Miró Neus , Molló Àngels , Mata-Cases Manel , Franch-Nadal Josep , Mauricio Didac 
Published: June 2017

PurposeThe Mollerussa prospective cohort was created to study pre-diabetes in a population-based sample from the primary care setting in the semirural area of Pla d’Urgell in Catalonia (Spain). The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of pre-diabetes in our population, the likelihood to develop overt diabetes over time and to identify risk factors associated with the progression of the condition.ParticipantsThe cohort includes 594 subjects randomly selected between March 2011 and July 2014 from our primary care population, who were older than 25 years, consented to participate and did not have a recorded diagnosis of diabetes.Findings to dateAt baseline, we performed a clinical interview to collect demographic, clinical and lifestyle (including a nutritional survey) characteristics; carotid ultrasound imaging to assess subclinical cardiovascular disease was also performed, and a blood sample was collected, with an overall <5% rate of missing data. An additional blood draw was performed 12 months after initial recruitment to reassess laboratory results in patients initially identified as having pre-diabetes, with an 89.6% retention rate. Several studies investigating various hypotheses are currently ongoing.Future plansAll subjects recruited during the cohort creation will be followed long-term through annual extraction of data from health records stored in the electronic Clinical station in Primary Care database. The Mollerussa cohort will thus be a sound population-based sample for multiple future research projects to generate insights into the epidemiology and natural history of pre-diabetes in Spain.
Estimating the incidence and the economic burden of third and fourth-degree obstetric tears in the English NHS: an observational study using propensity score matching
Authors: Orlovic Martina , Carter Alexander William , Marti Joachim , Mossialos Elias 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveObstetric care is a high-risk area in healthcare delivery, so it is essential to have up-to-date quantitative evidence in this area to inform policy decisions regarding these services. In light of this, the objective of this study is to investigate the incidence and economic burden of third and fourth-degree lacerations in the English National Health Service (NHS) using recent national data.MethodsWe used coded inpatient data from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) for the financial years from 2010/2011 to 2013/2014 for all females that gave birth during that period in the English NHS. Using HES, we used pre-existing safety indicator algorithms to calculate the incidence of third and fourth-degree obstetric tears and employed a propensity score matching method to estimate the excess length of stay and economic burden associated with these events.ResultsObserved rates per 1000 inpatient episodes in 2010/2011 and 2013/2014, respectively: Patient Safety Indicator—trauma during vaginal delivery with instrument (PSI 18)=84.16 and 91.24; trauma during vaginal delivery without instrument (PSI 19)=29.78 and 33.43; trauma during caesarean delivery (PSI 20)=3.61 and 4.56. Estimated overall (all PSIs) economic burden for 2010/2011=£10.7 million and for 2013/2014=£14.5 million, expressed in 2013/2014 prices.ConclusionsDespite many initiatives targeting the quality of maternity care in the NHS, the incidence of third and fourth-degree lacerations has increased during the observed period which signals that quality improvement efforts in obstetric care may not be reducing incidence rates. Our conservative estimates of the financial burden of these events appear low relative to total NHS expenditure for these years.
What impact has the NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship (ACF) scheme had on clinical academic careers in England over the last 10 years? A retrospective study
Authors: Clough Sally , Fenton James , Harris-Joseph Helen , Rayton Leesa , Magee Caroline , Jones David , Cotterill Lisa Ann , Neilson James 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe Academic Clinical Fellowship (ACF) was introduced to support the early career clinical and research training of potential future clinical academics in England. The driver for the model was concern about falling numbers of clinical academic trainees. This study examines the impact of the ACF model, over its first 10 years, in developing clinical academic careers by tracking the progression of ACF trainees.DesignRetrospective analysis of National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ACF career progression. This was performed using mixed methods including routine data collections of career destination, analysis of application rates to doctoral level fellowships and supplemented by survey information that captured the perceived benefits and challenges from previous ACFs and their current career activities.Participants1239 NIHR ACFs who completed or left their posts between 2006 and March 2015.ResultsACFs are perceived by the candidate population as attractive posts, with high numbers of applications leading to high fill rates. Balancing clinical and academic commitments is one of the reported challenges when completing an ACF. We have found that undertaking an ACF was shown to increase the likelihood of securing an externally funded doctoral training award and the vast majority of ACFs move into academic roles, with many completing PhDs. Previous ACFs continue to show positive career progression, predominantly in translational and clinical research. The knowledge acquired during the ACF continues to be useful in subsequent roles and trainees would recommend the scheme to others.ConclusionsThe NIHR ACF scheme is successful as part of an integrated training pathway in developing careers in academic medicine and dentistry.