bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the boundaries of the meaning of ornamental compositions in the art of the Pazyryk culture
Authors: Grigoreva Alina 
Published: October 2024

The article is devoted to the analysis of the semiotic field of the term "ornamental composition" in the context of definitions of ornament and composition in the art of the Pazyryk culture and its historiography. The subject of the study is ornamental compositions from elite burials of the Pazyryk culture of different periods of its development – the early Second Bashadar kurgan and the Tuekta burial ground and the late Pazyryk burial ground. In addition, the paper examines the specifics of the use of the terms "composition" and "ornament" in order to highlight the history of their meanings, as well as analyzes certain provisions of theoretical works on the study of the theory of composition and ornament. The purpose of the study is to identify the components of the semantic field of an ornamental composition related to the field of interaction of the composition with the viewer, and not to the field of meaning of specific figurative images. The article proposes using the method of formal analysis in combination with some provisions of the Gestalt approach described in the works of E. Gombrich and R. Arnheim to analyze a series of ornamental compositions with and without figurative images in the art of the Pazyryk culture. The scientific novelty of the study is predetermined by the absence in the Russian historiography of works describing the specifics of the meaning of ornamental composition in the context of visual perception in the art of the Pazyryk culture. The researchers note that the significance of ornaments in Pazyryk art could be related to the meaning of multi-figure compositions (when zoomorphic images are included in the ornament) and reflect the worldview of the bearers of the Pazyryk culture, or the types of symmetry used in the construction of ornaments could reflect the social structure of society. However, in both of these trends, the analysis of an ornamental composition without figurative images remains outside the scope as a structural and semantic, integral work of art interacting with the viewer. As a result of the research, the assumption is put forward that it is possible to designate a single semantic field for ornamental and multi-figure compositions in Pazyryk art. Clarifying and expanding the scope of the ornamental composition allows us to identify a single specificity of interaction with the viewer of both figurative and non-figurative images of Pazyryk art, to emphasize the game element in the nature of culture.
Ecological motivation for cultural and philosophical understanding of color categorization
Authors: Nankevich Alyona Anvarovna 
Published: October 2024

The article considers conceptual ideas of color categorization as a cultural practice. Color categorization is the process of dividing the color continuum into discrete color groups (color categories) and fixing them in the human mind through the cutural sign system. In modern color studies, this process is viewed from the ecocentric perspective. According to ecocentrism, humans and other living being are equal parts of nature, and they should coexist in harmony and peace. In this regard, it becomes important to search for ecological motivation not only in the human body, but also in human activity, especially in cultural practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze conceptual ideas of color categorization from the ecocentric perspective. The systematization of the indicated conceptual ideas allowed us to identify three key directions based on ecological motivation: (1) nature-centered, (2) body-oriented and (3) socio-cultural. The mentioned directions are formed on the basis of such concepts as "environment", "corporeality" and "sociality", respectively. Acting as the main factors that determine the content and structure of color categories, environment, human body and culture form the main vector of color categorization. The environment comprises a set of objects with chromatic characteristics. They are the material for color categorization, and their configuration sets examples of color combinations. The physiological and biological features of the human body determine the process of color perception and its cognitive processing resulting into color categories. As the color categories become a part of human activity, their cultural semantics is created in the form of cultural meanings and connotations.
Spatially Variable Geothermal Heat Flux in West Antarctica: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Begeman Carolyn Branecky , Tulaczyk Slawek M. , Fisher Andrew T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGeothermal heat flux (GHF) is an important part of the basal heat budget of continental ice sheets. The difficulty of measuring GHF below ice sheets has directly hindered progress in the understanding of ice sheet dynamics. We present a new GHF measurement from below the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, made in subglacial sediment near the grounding zone of the Whillans Ice Stream. The measured GHF is 88 ± 7 mW m−2, a relatively high value compared to other continental settings and to other GHF measurements along the eastern Ross Sea of 55 mW m−2 and 69 ± 21 mW m−2 but within the range of regional values indicated by geophysical estimates. The new GHF measurement was made ~100 km from the only other direct GHF measurement below the ice sheet, which was considerably higher at 285 ± 80 mW m−2, suggesting spatial variability that could be explained by shallow magmatic intrusions or the advection of heat by crustal fluids. Analytical calculations suggest that spatial variability in GHF exceeds spatial variability in the conductive heat flux through ice along the Siple Coast. Accurate GHF measurements and high‐resolution GHF models may be necessary to reliably predict ice sheet evolution, including responses to ongoing and future climate change.
Multipoint Observations of Energetic Particle Injections and Substorm Activity During a Conjunction Between Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and Van Allen Probes
Authors: Turner D. L. , Fennell J. F. , Blake J. B. , Claudepierre S. G. , Clemmons J. H. , Jaynes A. N. , Leonard T. , Baker D. N. , Cohen I. J. , Gkioulidou M. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Mauk B. H. , Gabrielse C. , Angelopoulos V. , Strangeway R. J. , Kletzing C. A. , Le Contel O. , Spence H. E. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study examines multipoint observations during a conjunction between Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and Van Allen Probes on 7 April 2016 in which a series of energetic particle injections occurred. With complementary data from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, Geotail, and Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit (16 spacecraft in total), we develop new insights on the nature of energetic particle injections associated with substorm activity. Despite this case involving only weak substorm activity (maximum AE <300 nT) during quiet geomagnetic conditions in steady, below‐average solar wind, a complex series of at least six different electron injections was observed throughout the system. Intriguingly, only one corresponding ion injection was clearly observed. All ion and electron injections were observed at <600 keV only. MMS reveals detailed substructure within the largest electron injection. A relationship between injected electrons with energy <60 keV and enhanced whistler mode chorus wave activity is also established from Van Allen Probes and MMS. Drift mapping using a simplified magnetic field model provides estimates of the dispersionless injection boundary locations as a function of universal time, magnetic local time, and L shell. The analysis reveals that at least five electron injections, which were localized in magnetic local time, preceded a larger injection of both electrons and ions across nearly the entire nightside of the magnetosphere near geosynchronous orbit. The larger ion and electron injection did not penetrate to L < 6.6, but several of the smaller electron injections penetrated to L < 6.6. Due to the discrepancy between the number, penetration depth, and complexity of electron versus ion injections, this event presents challenges to the current conceptual models of energetic particle injections.
Ion‐Scale Wave Properties and Enhanced Ion Heating Across the Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer During Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability
Authors: Moore T. W. , Nykyri K. , Dimmock A. P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the Earth's magnetosphere, the magnetotail plasma sheet ions are much hotter than in the shocked solar wind. On the dawn sector, the cold‐component ions are more abundant and hotter by 30–40% when compared to the dusk sector. Recent statistical studies of the flank magnetopause and magnetosheath have shown that the level of temperature asymmetry of the magnetosheath is unable to account for this, so additional physical mechanisms must be at play, either at the magnetopause or plasma sheet that contributes to this asymmetry. In this study, we perform a statistical analysis on the ion‐scale wave properties in the three main plasma regimes common to flank magnetopause boundary crossings when the boundary is unstable to Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI): hot and tenuous magnetospheric, cold and dense magnetosheath, and mixed (Hasegawa et al., 2004). These statistics of ion‐scale wave properties are compared to observations of fast magnetosonic wave modes that have recently been linked to Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) vortex centered ion heating (Moore et al., 2016). The statistical analysis shows that during KH events there is enhanced nonadiabatic heating calculated during ion scale wave intervals when compared to non‐KH events. This suggests that during KH events there is more free energy for ion‐scale wave generation, which in turn can heat ions more effectively when compared to cases when KH waves are absent. This may contribute to the dawn favored temperature asymmetry of the plasma sheet; recent studies suggest KH waves favor the dawn flank during Parker‐Spiral interplanetary magnetic field.
Study of Volcanic Activity at Different Time Scales Using Hypertemporal Land Surface Temperature Data
Authors: Pavlidou Efthymia , Hecker Christoph , van der Werff Harald , van der Meijde Mark 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe apply a method for detecting subtle spatiotemporal signal fluctuations to monitor volcanic activity. Whereas midwave infrared data are commonly used for volcanic hot spot detection, our approach utilizes hypertemporal longwave infrared‐based land surface temperature (LST) data. Using LST data of the second‐generation European Meteorological Satellites, we study (a) a paroxysmal, 1 day long eruption of Mount Etna (Italy); (b) a prolonged, 6 month period of effusive and lateral lava flows of the Nyamuragira volcano (Democratic Republic of Congo); and (c) intermittent activity in the permanent lava lake of Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo) over a period of 2 years (2011–2012). We compare our analysis with published ground‐based observations and satellite‐based alert systems; results agree on the periods of increased volcanic activity and quiescence. We further apply our analysis on mid‐infrared and long‐infrared brightness temperatures and compare the results. We conclude that our study enables the use of LST data for monitoring volcanic dynamics at different time scales, can complement existing methodologies, and allows for use of long time series from older sensors that do not provide midwave infrared data.
Distal Enhanced Sedimentation From Volcanic Plumes: Insights From the Secondary Mass Maxima in the 1992 Mount Spurr Fallout Deposits
Authors: Eychenne Julia , Rust Alison C. , Cashman Katharine V. , Wobrock Wolfram 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSome tephra fallout deposits show an increase of mass and thickness at distances from the source >100 km (areas of secondary mass maximum, ASMM) which demonstrates distal enhanced sedimentation from volcanic plumes. We explore development of the ASMMs during the 1992 August and September Mount Spurr eruptions, USA, by combining field data on the spatial distribution of mass and grain size with (1) simulations of individual particle settling through a homogeneous and horizontally stratified atmosphere and (2) mesoscale models of the three‐dimensional wind field that include the effect of the underlying topography. The crosswind and downwind variations of deposit characteristics indicate that the increase of sedimentation at the ASMMs is not formed solely because of preferential settling of small ash particles (<125 μm), as commonly assumed in aggregation models. Instead, ASMM grain sizes correspond to the fine modes of the bimodal total grain size distributions. There also appears to be a link between the ASMM and the topography: the mass local minima occur across the windward flank of 2 km high mountain ranges, while the ASMMs spread on the leeward flank. Mesoscale models of the three‐dimensional wind field show vertical oscillations in the wind over mountainous regions which may enhance mechanisms of en masse sedimentation (aggregation, hydrometeor formation, and particle boundary layers), as well as strong spatial variations of the horizontal wind field in the lower troposphere. Our study demonstrates the importance of using grain size, as well as mass, data to constrain the complex processes responsible for particle sedimentation from volcanic plumes.
A Geomagnetic Paleointensity Record of 0.6 to 3.2 Ma From Sediments in the Western Equatorial Pacific and Remanent Magnetization Lock‐In Depth
Authors: Sakuramoto Yukihiro , Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Kimoto Katsunori , Miyairi Yosuke , Kuroda Junichiro , Yokoyama Yusuke , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInformation of past geomagnetic intensity variations is important for better understanding of the geodynamo, and efforts to recover continuous paleointensity records continue, in particular for ages older than 2 Ma. In this study, a new relative paleointensity (RPI) record of 0.6 to 3.2 Ma was obtained from a sediment core in the western equatorial Pacific, which has good age control by the oxygen isotope stratigraphy from 2.0 to 3.2 Ma. The RPI record could well be correlated to existing RPI templates despite the low sedimentation rate of ~5 m/Ma and will be useful for future construction of a stacked paleointensity curve beyond 2 Ma. Magnetic minerals of the core consist mainly of biogenic and terrigenous oxidized magnetite. Some rock magnetic contamination to long‐term RPI changes is recognized; RPI inversely correlates with the ratio of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to saturation remanent magnetization, which may be caused by differences in remanence acquisition efficiency between the biogenic and terrigenous magnetic components. The lock‐in depth of the studied core is estimated to be approximately 0 from a line of evidence including no apparent offset between RPI and cosmogenic beryllium nuclide flux changes across some polarity boundaries. Lock‐in depths vary locally from core to core or even within a single core and have no obvious relation with sedimentation rates and carbonate contents. Lock‐in depths may be controlled by factors that are currently difficult to be evaluated, such as variations in sediment flocculation sizes and biogeochemical remanent magnetization dependent to chemical conditions of sediments.
Remote‐Sensing Estimation of Phytoplankton Size Classes FromGOCISatellite Measurements in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea
Authors: Sun Deyong , Huan Yu , Qiu Zhongfeng , Hu Chuanmin , Wang Shengqiang , He Yijun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhytoplankton size class (PSC), a measure of different phytoplankton functional and structural groups, is a key parameter to the understanding of many marine ecological and biogeochemical processes. In turbid waters where optical properties may be influenced by terrigenous discharge and nonphytoplankton water constituents, remote estimation of PSC is still a challenging task. Here based on measurements of phytoplankton diagnostic pigments, total chlorophylla, and spectral reflectance in turbid waters of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea during summer 2015, a customized model is developed and validated to estimate PSC in the two semienclosed seas. Five diagnostic pigments determined through high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements are first used to produce weighting factors to model phytoplankton biomass (using total chlorophyllaas a surrogate) with relatively high accuracies. Then, a common method used to calculate contributions of microphytoplankton, nanophytoplankton, and picophytoplankton to the phytoplankton assemblage (i.e.,Fm,Fn, andFp) is customized using local HPLC and other data. Exponential functions are tuned to model the size‐specific chlorophyllaconcentrations (Cm,Cn, andCpfor microphytoplankton, nanophytoplankton, and picophytoplankton, respectively) with remote‐sensing reflectance (Rrs) and total chlorophyllaas the model inputs. Such a PSC model shows two improvements over previous models: (1) a practical strategy (i.e., modelCpandCnfirst, and then deriveCmasC‐Cp‐Cn) with an optimized spectral band (680 nm) forRrsas the model input; (2) local parameterization, including a local chlorophyllaalgorithm. The performance of the PSC model is validated using in situ data that were not used in the model development. Application of the PSC model to GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) data leads to spatial and temporal distribution patterns of phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) that are consistent with results reported from field measurements by other researchers. While the applicability of the PSC model together with its parameterization to other optically complex regions and to other seasons is unknown, the findings of this study suggest that the approach to develop such a model may be extendable to other cases as long as local data are used to select the optimal band and to determine the model coefficients.
Uncertainty in Predicting CCN Activity of Aged and Primary Aerosols
Authors: Zhang Fang , Wang Yuying , Peng Jianfei , Ren Jingye , Collins Don , Zhang Renyi , Sun Yele , Yang Xin , Li Zhanqing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnderstanding particle CCN activity in diverse atmospheres is crucial when evaluating aerosol indirect effects. Here aerosols measured at three sites in China were categorized as different types for attributing uncertainties in CCN prediction in terms of a comprehensive data set including size‐resolved CCN activity, size‐resolved hygroscopic growth factor, and chemical composition. We show that CCN activity for aged aerosols is unexpectedly underestimated ~22% at a supersaturation (S) of 0.2% when using κ‐Kohler theory with an assumption of an internal mixture with measured bulk composition that has typically resulted in an overestimate of the CCN activity in previous studies. We conclude that the underestimation stems from neglect of the effect of aging/coating on particle hygroscopicity, which is not considered properly in most current models. This effect enhanced the hygroscopicity parameter (κ) by between ~11% (polluted conditions) and 30% (clean days), as indicated in diurnal cycles of κ based on measurements by different instruments. In the urban Beijing atmosphere heavily influenced by fresh emissions, the CCN activity was overestimated by 45% at S = 0.2%, likely because of inaccurate assumptions of particle mixing state and because of variability of chemical composition over the particle size range. For both fresh and aged aerosols, CCN prediction exhibits very limited sensitivity to κSOA, implying a critical role of other factors like mixing of aerosol components within and between particles in regulating CCN activity. Our findings could help improving CCN parameterization in climate models.
Heat Waves in China: Definitions, Leading Patterns, and Connections to Large‐Scale Atmospheric Circulation and SSTs
Authors: Wang Pinya , Tang Jianping , Sun Xuguang , Wang Shuyu , Wu Jian , Dong Xinning , Fang Juan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBased on the daily maximum temperatures (Tmax) from 587 surface observation stations in China during 1959–2013, heat waves are detected using both absolute and relative definitions. The spatiotemporal variations of heat wave occurrence/duration/amplitude are compared between the two definitions. Considering the significant differences in regional climatology, relative threshold is more meaningful to detect the local extremes. By utilizing the empirical orthogonal function, the integral index heat wave total intensity is decomposed into three dominant modes: interdecadal (ID), interannual‐tripole (IA‐TR), and interannual‐dipole (IA‐DP) modes. The ID mode shows uniform anomalies over the whole China, with the maximum in north, and its corresponding time series depict notable interdecadal variations with a turning point around mid‐1990s. The IA‐DP mode exhibits opposite‐signed anomalies over north and south China. The IA‐TR mode shows an anomalous tripole pattern with negative anomalies over central China and positive anomalies over north and south China in its positive phase. Both the IA‐DP and IA‐TR patterns are more obvious since mid‐1990s with mainly year‐to‐year variations before that. All the three modes are controlled by anomalous high‐pressure systems, which are accompanied by local‐scale dry land conditions. The diabatic heating associated with anomalous convective activities over tropical western Pacific triggers Rossby wave trains propagating northward along the East Asia, which causes abnormal heat waves through descending motion over the high‐pressure nodes. In turn, the severe convections are generated by enhanced Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific due to warming and/or cooling sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western and eastern Pacific, respectively.
Modeling C1–C4 Alkyl Nitrate Photochemistry and Their Impacts on O3 Production in Urban and Suburban Environments of Hong Kong
Authors: Lyu X. P. , Guo H. , Wang N. , Simpson I. J. , Cheng H. R. , Zeng L. W. , Saunders S. M. , Lam S. H. M. , Meinardi S. , Blake D. R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs intermediate products of photochemical reactions, alkyl nitrates (RONO2) regulate ozone (O3) formation. In this study, a photochemical box model incorporating master chemical mechanism well reproduced the observed RONO2 at an urban and a mountainous site, with index of agreement in the range of 0.66–0.73. The value 0.0003 was identified to be the most appropriate branching ratio for C1 RONO2, with the error less than 50%. Although levels of the parent hydrocarbons and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly higher at the urban site than the mountainous site, the production of C2–C3 RONO2 was comparable to or even lower than at the mountainous site, due to the lower concentrations of oxidative radicals in the urban environment. Based on the profiles of air pollutants at the mountainous site, the formation of C2–C4 RONO2 was limited by NOx (volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) when total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs)/NOx was higher (lower) than 10.0 ± 0.4 parts per billion by volume (ppbv)/ppbv. This dividing ratio decreased (p < 0.05) to 8.7 ± 0.4 ppbv/ppbv at the urban site, mainly due to the different air pollutant profiles at the two sites. For the formation of C1 RONO2, the NOx‐limited regime extended the ratio of TVOCs/NOx to as low as 2.4 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.1 ppbv/ppbv at the mountainous and urban site, respectively. RONO2 formation led to a decrease of simulated O3, with reduction efficiencies (O3 reduction/RONO2 production) of 4–5 parts per trillion by volume (pptv)/pptv at the mountainous site and 3–4 pptv/pptv at the urban site. On the other hand, the variations of simulated O3 induced by RONO2 degradation depended upon the regimes controlling O3 formation and the relative abundances of TVOCs and NOx.