bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of aging and Parkinson’s disease on motor unit remodeling: influence of resistance exercise training
Authors: Kelly Neil A. , Hammond Kelley G. , Bickel C. Scott , Windham Samuel T. , Tuggle S. Craig , Bamman Marcas M. 
Published: December 2017

Aging muscle atrophy is in part a neurodegenerative process revealed by denervation/reinnervation events leading to motor unit remodeling (i.e., myofiber type grouping). However, this process and its physiological relevance are poorly understood, as is the wide-ranging heterogeneity among aging humans. Here, we attempted to address 1) the relation between myofiber type grouping and molecular regulators of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability; 2) the impact of motor unit remodeling on recruitment during submaximal contractions; 3) the prevalence and impact of motor unit remodeling in Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease; and 4) the influence of resistance exercise training (RT) on regulators of motor unit remodeling. We compared type I myofiber grouping, molecular regulators of NMJ stability, and the relative motor unit activation (MUA) requirement during a submaximal sit-to-stand task among untrained but otherwise healthy young (YA; 26 yr, n = 27) and older (OA; 66 yr, n = 91) adults and OA with PD (PD; 67 yr, n = 19). We tested the effects of RT on these outcomes in OA and PD. PD displayed more motor unit remodeling, alterations in NMJ stability regulation, and a higher relative MUA requirement than OA, suggesting PD-specific effects. The molecular and physiological outcomes tracked with the severity of type I myofiber grouping. Together these findings suggest that age-related motor unit remodeling, manifested by type I myofiber grouping, 1) reduces MUA efficiency to meet submaximal contraction demand, 2) is associated with disruptions in NMJ stability, 3) is further impacted by PD, and 4) may be improved by RT in severe cases. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Because the physiological consequences of varying amounts of myofiber type grouping are unknown, the current study aims to characterize the molecular and physiological correlates of motor unit remodeling. Furthermore, because exercise training has demonstrated neuromuscular benefits in aged humans and improved innervation status and neuromuscular junction integrity in animals, we provide an exploratory analysis of the effects of high-intensity resistance training on markers of neuromuscular degeneration in both Parkinson’s disease (PD) and age-matched older adults.
Short-term menthol treatment promotes persistent thermogenesis without induction of compensatory food consumption in Wistar rats: implications for obesity control
Authors: Vizin Robson Cristiano Lillo , Motzko-Soares Anna Carolina P. , Armentano Giovana Marchini , Ishikawa Débora T. , Cruz-Neto Ariovaldo P. , Carrettiero Daniel Carneiro , Almeida Maria Camila 
Published: December 2017

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of daily repeated menthol treatments on body mass and thermoregulatory effectors in Wistar rats, considering that menthol is a transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel agonist that mimics cold sensation and activates thermoregulatory cold-defense mechanisms in mammals, promoting hyperthermia and increasing energy expenditure, and has been suggested as an anti-obesity drug. Male Wistar rats were topically treated with 5% menthol for 3 or 9 consecutive days while body mass, food intake, abdominal temperature, metabolism, cutaneous vasoconstriction, and thermal preference were measured. Menthol promoted hyperthermia on all days of treatment, due to an increase in metabolism and cutaneous vasoconstriction, without affecting food intake, resulting in less mass gain in menthol-hyperthermic animals. As the treatment progressed, the menthol-induced increases in metabolism and hyperthermia were attenuated but not abolished. Moreover, cutaneous vasoconstriction was potentiated, and an increase in the warmth-seeking behavior was induced. Taken together, the results suggest that, although changes occur in thermoeffector recruitment during the course of short-term treatment, menthol is a promising drug to prevent body mass gain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Menthol produces a persistent increase in energy expenditure, with limited compensatory thermoregulatory adaptations and, most unexpectedly, without affecting food intake. Thus short-term treatment with menthol results in less mass gain in treated animals compared with controls. Our results suggest that menthol is a promising drug for the prevention of obesity.
A model-based approach to interpreting multibreath nitrogen washout data
Authors: Bates Jason H. T. , Peters Ubong 
Published: December 2017

The multibreath nitrogen washout (MBNW) test, as it is currently practiced, provides parameters of potential physiological significance that are derived from the relationship between the volume-normalized Phase III slope of the exhaled nitrogen fraction ([Formula: see text]) vs. the cumulative change in lung volume (V). Reliable evaluation of these parameters requires, however, that the subject breathe deeply and evenly, so that Phase III can be clearly identified in every breath. This places a burden on the test subject that may prove troublesome for young children and those with lung disease. Furthermore, the determination of the slope of Phase III requires that a decision be made as to when Phase II ends and Phase III begins. In an attempt to get around these methodological limitations, we develop here an alternative method of analysis based on a multicompartment model of the lung that accounts for the entire exhaled nitrogen profile, including Phases I, II, and III. Fitting this model to [Formula: see text] and V measured during a MBNW provides an estimate of the coefficient of variation of specific ventilation, as well as functional residual capacity, dead space volume, and a parameter that reflects structural asymmetry at the acinar level in the lung. In the present study, we demonstrate the potential utility of this modeling approach to the analysis of MBNW data. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The multibreath nitrogen washout test potentially provides important physiological information about regional ventilation heterogeneity throughout the lung, but the conventional analysis requires the subject to breathe deeply and regularly, which is not always practical. We have developed a model-based analysis method that avoids this limitation and that also provides measures of functional residual capacity and dead space volume, thereby expanding the applicability and scope of the method.
Reinventing the wheel: comparison of two wheel cage styles for assessing mouse voluntary running activity
Authors: Seward T. , Harfmann B. D. , Esser K. A. , Schroder E. A. 
Published: December 2017

Voluntary wheel cage assessment of mouse activity is commonly employed in exercise and behavioral research. Currently, no standardization for wheel cages exists resulting in an inability to compare results among data from different laboratories. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the distance run or average speed data differ depending on the use of two commonly used commercially available wheel cage systems. Two different wheel cages with structurally similar but functionally different wheels (electromechanical switch vs. magnetic switch) were compared side-by-side to measure wheel running data differences. Other variables, including enrichment and cage location, were also tested to assess potential impacts on the running wheel data. We found that cages with the electromechanical switch had greater inherent wheel resistance and consistently led to greater running distance per day and higher average running speed. Mice rapidly, within 1–2 days, adapted their running behavior to the type of experimental switch used, suggesting these running differences are more behavioral than due to intrinsic musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, or metabolic limits. The presence of enrichment or location of the cage had no detectable impact on voluntary wheel running. These results demonstrate that mice run differing amounts depending on the type of cage and switch mechanism used and thus investigators need to report wheel cage type/wheel resistance and use caution when interpreting distance/speed run across studies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study highlight that mice will run different distances per day and average speed based on the inherent resistance present in the switch mechanism used to record data. Rapid changes in running behavior for the same mouse in the different cages demonstrate that a strong behavioral factor contributes to classic exercise outcomes in mice. Caution needs to be taken when interpreting mouse voluntary wheel running activity to include potential behavioral input and physiological parameters.
Effect of changing feedback delay on spontaneous oscillations in smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys
Authors: Goldreich D. , Krauzlis R. J. , Lisberger S. G. 
Published: December 2017

Pages 625–638: D. Goldreich, R. J. Krauzlis, and S. G. Lisberger, ,Effect of changing feedback delay on spontaneous oscillations in smooth pursuit eye movements of monkeys.- Page 634, legend to Fig. 11, second line from bottom, ,Functions for nonlinear gain elements …,- the first equation should read: See PDF for Equation
Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission at sensory-motor and interneuronal synapses of Aplysia californica.
Authors: Trudeau Louis-Eric , Castellucci Vincent F. 
Published: December 2017

Pages 1221–1230: Louis-Eric Trudeau and Vincent F. Castellucci, “Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission at sensory-motor and interneuronal synapses of Aplysia californica.” Page 1225, Fig. 4, should have appeared as follows: See PDF for Figure
Analysis of AMPA Receptor Properties During Postnatal Development of Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes
Authors: Seifert Gerald , Zhou Min , Steinhäuser Christian 
Published: December 2017

Seifert, Gerald, Min Zhou, and Christian Steinhäuser. Analysis of AMPA receptor properties during postnatal development of mouse hippocampal astrocytes. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2916–2923, 1997. Glial cells in the mammalian brain express various types of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, including glutamate receptors (GluRs) of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-subtype. In the present study we followed developmental changes in the functional properties of AMPA receptor (AMPA-R) channels expressed by astrocytes of the mouse hippocampus between postnatal days (P) 5–35 to learn more about the physiological significance of these glial receptors. A fast concentration clamp technique was applied to cells acutely isolated from the CA1 stratum radiatum subregion to quantitatively analyze rapidly activating and desensitizing receptor responses. The equilibrium responses of glutamate and kainate differed between P5 and P12. Although the maximum current induced by kainate was almost the same at all developmental stages, a steep rise in the maximum glutamate response was observed within the same time range. Between P5 and P12 there was an increase in the potentiation of AMPA-R currents with cyclothiazide (CTZ); at the same time, the dissociation kinetics of CTZ became significantly slower. These changes in the pharmacological properties suggested a variation in splice variant expression. With proceeding maturation, we observed an increase in the degree of desensitization of the glutamate- and AMPA-induced receptor currents. In addition to the shift in flip/flop splicing, these findings could hint at a developmental regulation of RNA editing in the arginine/glycine site. Altogether, the present results demonstrate changes in astrocytic AMPA-R functioning early in postnatal development, although after P12 the receptor properties remained almost constant. Although the overall Ca2+ permeability did not vary during development, the prolonged receptor opening in the early postnatal period causes an enhanced Na+/Ca2+ influx into the immature astrocytes. This could influence glial proliferation and differentiation during CNS ontogenesis.
Finlands svenskspråkiga ungdomars dryckesvanor i Österbotten och huvudstadsregionen: En jämförelse med finskspråkiga ungdomar
Authors: Tigerstedt Christoffer , Jaana Markkula , Karlsson Thomas , Jukka Jokela , Minna Pietikäinen 
Published: December 2017

There is some research evidence which suggests that drinking habits among Swedish-speaking Finns differ from those of Finnish-speaking Finns. The limited literature on this subject routinely lumps the minority of Swedish-speaking Finns into one single group. The assumption is that drinking habits in the Swedish-speaking population are less damaging to health than drinking habits in the Finnish-speaking majority. In this study we use data from the nationwide School Health Promotion Study, which in principle covers all pupils in the 8th and 9th grade of comprehensive school and the 1st and 2nd grade of upper secondary school. We chose to focus on two areas with a sufficiently large number of Swedish-speaking residents and, by tradition, different drinking habits, i.e. Ostrobothnia and the metropolitan Helsinki area. All in all, the data consist of 5,698 Swedish-speaking and 29,708 Finnish-speaking adolescents aged ca. 14–18. The results show that when the populations from the two areas are taken together, there are indeed differences between the two language groups. The almost ten-year downward trend in youthful drinking in Finland is clearly attributable to Finnish-speaking youth. This is also true for the reductions seen in frequent drinking and binge drinking. In a comparison of Ostrobothnia and the metropolitan Helsinki area, it turns out that the differences between Swedish-speaking youngsters are considerable: abstention, less frequent drinking and less binge drinking are clearly more prevalent in Ostrobothnia than in the Helsinki area. By comparison, the Finnish-speaking adolescents in the two regions differ less clearly from each other. Conspicuous subgroups within the Swedish-speaking minority are the binge drinking upper secondary students in the Helsinki area, the abstaining girls from comprehensive schools in the almost exclusively Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnian municipalities, and the abstaining youngsters from the “bible zone” in Ostrobothnia. In contrast to earlier findings, we found that in Ostrobothnia the drinking habits of the two language groups are quite similar.
Unregistered alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm in Sweden, 2001–2005
Authors: Norström Thor , Ramstedt Mats 
Published: December 2017

Background and Aim During recent years unregistered alcohol consumption has increased markedly in Sweden, and the market share of the State Monopoly (Systembolaget) has decreased. The sales through Systembolaget are regulated by strict rules. Further, previous research suggests that the intake of unregistered alcohol is associated with a more risky drinking pattern. We test the hypothesis that the larger the market share of Systembolaget, the lower the prevalence of alcohol-related harm. We also address a related issue, namely whether alcohol-related harm responds differently to different components of total alcohol consumption (registered and various forms of unregistered). Data and Method Data on consumption of various forms of unregistered alcohol consumption were obtained from monthly surveys. Registered consumption was gauged by sales data from Systembolaget. The harm indicators included two alcohol-related crime indicators (police-reported assaults and drink driving offences), and two indicators on admission to treatment for alcohol-related diagnoses. The montly data were aggregated into quarterly observations separately for southern Sweden, mid-Sweden and northern Sweden. The study period was Q1 2001- Q4 2005. In addition to regional analyses, the data were analyzed by means of time-series analyses (ARIMA-models). Findings The findings did not suggest that a high market share for Systembolaget would be associated with lower rates of alcohol-related harm. As to the effects of the various components of total consumption on harm, there was no systematic pattern implying that any specific component would carry a greater risk than any other – most of the estimates were insignificant. However, all harm indicators responded significantly to the comprehensive consumption indicator (including unregistered consumption as well as Systembolaget's sales), suggesting that total consumption still matters.
Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish alcohol policy after the seminal year of 2004
Authors: Karlsson Thomas 
Published: December 2017

Aim To assess how Finland, Norway and Sweden reorganised their alcohol policies after the travellers import quotas for alcoholic beverages were abolished in 2004. Data & Methods Alcohol taxation, alcohol programs and other alcohol policy changes, as well as common alcohol policy initiatives by the Nordic Alcohol monopoly countries are examined. In addition to relevant research literature, the main sources used are public reports and documents as well as interviews with nine key informants in the field of alcohol policy. Results Finland is characterized as the country with the highest alcohol consumption and an alcohol policy that is different from the policies in Norway and Sweden. Typical for Norway, apart from an increased availability of alcoholic beverages, is an active engagement in international alcohol policy issues, whereas Sweden is characterized by big administrative alcohol policy changes, and by the rulings of the EC-court in alcohol policy matters. Conclusions Alcohol policy in Finland has not been as prioritized as in Norway and Sweden, and there has not been an active political support for restrictive social alcohol policy in Finland. Despite clear similarities, the differences in Finland's, Norway's and Sweden's alcohol policies have increased since 2004, and it has become increasingly difficult to talk about a common Nordic alcohol policy.
Alkohol och äldre
Authors: Abrahamson Maria 
Published: December 2017

M. Abrahamson: Old people's values and ideals in the public call for writing “Alcohol in my life” The aim was to investigate how old people – who during their lives have experienced the displacement of drinking's moral border from soberness to moderate drinking – are presenting themselves, and their values, and attitudes towards alcohol. Thirty-one answers to the autobiographical question list “Alcohol in my life” from informants born between 1914 and 1930 were scrutinized using a qualitative thematic analysis. The results displayed two different repertoires for writing about the shifting experiences of alcohol during the life course: the sober repertoire and the moderate repertoire. Within the sober repertoire alcohol was important and abstention was an organizing principle for life. Within the moderate repertoire, however, alcohol was presented as natural and unimportant. In common for both repertoires was the significance of alcohol in the context of social intercourse. In the sober repertoire it was crucial to show the sobriety in such a way that it should not bother people around. In the moderate repertoire it was crucial to take part in the social drinking without seemingly being affected by alcohol and at the same time stress the personal lack of need for alcohol. Even though both repertoires were filled with moral values of right and wrong they were characterized by an absence of moralistic judgements of others’ alcohol habits, with the exception of young people's drinking habits. Then values appeared which put forward young people's life in former times as good examples.
Nya Grepp i Preventionsarbetet? – En Granskning av Alkoholkommitténs och Mobilisering mot Narkotikas Massmediekampanjer
Authors: Karlsson Patrik , Bergmark Anders 
Published: December 2017

Aims To analyze how “pleasure” and similar recreational motives for drug use permeate and are handled in contemporary drug preventive massmedia campaigns in Sweden. Design Three campaigns were included in the analysis. Two campaigns were developed by the Alcohol Committee (entitled “Basic course for you who like to be drunk” and “The Party Method”) and one campaign by Mobilization against Narcotics (entitled “There are many reasons not to try narcotics”). Results Recreational motives for drug use are recognized in all three campaigns. The reason for this, it seems, is to facilitate the overall trustworthiness of the campaigns. No campaign attempts to counteract the validity of the positive sides of drug use. Instead, they try to make people aware that the negative sides of drug use far outweigh positive sides. Conclusion The campaigns partly employ a novel approach to dealing with drug problems but their “core” content resembles traditional elements in drug preventive interventions.
Socialtjänstens Användning av Standardiserade Klientbedömningsinstrument – ASI som Retorik och Praktik i Två Svenska Kommuner
Authors: Abrahamson Maria , Tryggvesson Kalle 
Published: December 2017

Aim The aim of the paper is to study how the Addiction Severity Interview (ASI) is integrated in the ordinary work of social services in two Swedish towns that use ASI regularly. According to an ideal model for using ASI, it should fulfil three functions: to be a structured tool for assessing client problems, to facilitate the follow-up of treatment measures for each client, and to form a basis for the systematic follow-up of treatment units. This paper asks specifically how ASI is used compared to this ideal ASI model, how ASI is viewed by the different hierarchical levels within the social service organisation, how the social worker's tasks are perceived, and how the use of ASI is followed up. Methods Qualitative interviews were undertaken with staff at different levels within the social service organization in the two towns, which were chosen from a county known for its extensive use of ASI. Results Although rhetorically the social workers have adopted the use of ASI, in practice, however, the use of ASI seemed rather far from ideal. The foremost advantage the social workers perceived with ASI was that it supplied basic information in an initial investigation of client needs. The problems connected to the use of ASI were that it is not suitable for all clients and that some clients are subjected to too many ASIs. Other problems were that it was hard to maintain sufficient quality in the use of ASI due to too high staff turnover and too few opportunities to conduct interviews. In spite of the well-known obstacles for efficient use of ASI, little control was undertaken to monitor use or how information from the interviews is used. Conclusions The demand on social work to meet politician's expectations for service development can be in direct conflict with the practical considerations of the social service work, which may explain the shortfall between rhetoric and practice. From a political legitimacy point of view, it is more important that the social service organization is supported by the political funding sources than to meet demands for treatment efficiency. A loose coupling between rhetoric and practice allows for ASI to be adopted only rhetorically, while the regular work can continue to meet the practical considerations. The use of ASI cannot therefore be seen as a simple solution to the problems that the Swedish treatment system is struggling with.