bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review
Authors: GIORDANI FEDERICA , MORRISON LIAM J. , ROWAN TIM G. , DE KONING HARRY P. , BARRETT MICHAEL P. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYPathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in Africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in South America and Asia. Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. However, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current options available for the treatment and prophylaxis of the animal trypanosomiases, with a special focus on the problem of resistance. The key issues surrounding the main economically important animal trypanosome species and the diseases they cause are also presented. As new investment becomes available to develop improved tools to control the animal trypanosomiases, we stress that efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the biology of the relevant parasite species and strains, to identify new drug targets and interrogate resistance mechanisms.
Processing the Spanish imperfect subjunctive: Depth of processing under different instructional conditions
Authors: ADRADA-RAFAEL SERGIO 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to examine 88 intermediate learners of second language Spanish’ depth of processing under different types of instruction when being exposed to a complex grammar form, the imperfect subjunctive, on a reading task. Depth of processing was measured by employing think-aloud protocols. Due to the absence of reactivity, six silent and think-aloud conditions were merged into three experimental ones differing in explicitness. The study followed a pre-, post-, and delayed test design with 2 weeks between tests, which consisted of interpretation, controlled-production, and comprehension tests. Overall, results showed that participants in the more explicit condition produced more instances of processing, and that deeper processing correlated with a more accurate production of the target form and with a higher comprehension of the reading passage.
A survey of paediatricians on the use of electrocardiogram for pre-participation sports screening
Authors: Patel Angira , Webster Gregory , Ward Kendra , Lantos John 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to determine general paediatrician knowledge, practices, and attitudes towards electrocardiogram (ECG) screening in school athletes during pre-participation screening exam (PPSE).MethodsPaediatricians affiliated with a tertiary children’s hospital completed a survey about ECGs for PPSE.ResultsIn total, 205/498 (41%) responded; 92% of the paediatricians did not include an ECG as part of PPSE; 56% were aware of a case in which a student athlete in their own community had died of sudden unexplained death; 4% had an athlete in their practice die. Only 16% of paediatricians perform all 12 American Heart Association recommended elements of the PPSE. If any of these screening elements are abnormal, 69% obtain an ECG, 36% an echocardiogram, and 30% restrict patients from sports activity; 73% of them refer the patient to a cardiologist.ConclusionMost of the general paediatricians surveyed did not currently perform ECGs for PPSE. In addition, there was a low rate of adherence to performing the 12 screening elements recommended by the American Heart Association. They have trouble obtaining timely, accurate ECG interpretations, worry about potential unnecessary exercise restrictions, and cost-effectiveness. The practical hurdles to ECG implementation emphasise the need for a fresh look at PPSE, and not just ECG screening. Improvements in ECG performance/interpretation would be necessary for ECGs to be a useful part of PPSE.
The International Registration of Non-traditional Trademarks: Compliance with the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention
Authors: ZHAN QIAN 
Published: October 2016

AbstractContemporary international trademark law is subject to a dynamic process. As communication and marketing strategies steadily evolve, enterprises seek to develop non-traditional signs as trademarks in international trade. Since non-traditional trademarks have received broad protection among WTO Members, the international registration of non-traditional trademarks has raised certain questions. This article focuses on issues of the registration of non-traditional trademarks from an international perspective. With a brief introduction to the new category of trademarks, Section 2 discusses whether non-traditional signs can constitute trademarks by analyzing the trademark definition that is stipulated in Article 15.1 of the TRIPS Agreement and introduces the current status of the legal protection afforded to non-traditional trademarks under the domestic trademark legislations in WTO Member states. Section 3 presents an in-depth analysis of Article 6quinquies of the Paris Convention and aims to address the significance of Article 6quinquies with regard to the international registration of non-traditional trademarks by comparing the essential difference between the two modes of international registration of trademarks. The conclusion provides strategical suggestions and practical guidance for both trademark applicants and competent authorities of WTO Members.
Precision in harsh environments
Authors: French Paddy , Krijnen Gijs , Roozeboom Fred 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMicrosystems are increasingly being applied in harsh and/or inaccessible environments, but many markets expect the same level of functionality for long periods of time. Harsh environments cover areas that can be subjected to high temperature, (bio)-chemical and mechanical disturbances, electromagnetic noise, radiation, or high vacuum. In the field of actuators, the devices must maintain stringent accuracy specifications for displacement, force, and response times, among others. These new requirements present additional challenges in the compensation for or elimination of cross-sensitivities. Many state-of-the-art precision devices lose their precision and reliability when exposed to harsh environments. It is also important that advanced sensor and actuator systems maintain maximum autonomy such that the devices can operate independently with low maintenance. The next-generation microsystems will be deployed in remote and/or inaccessible and harsh environments that present many challenges to sensor design, materials, device functionality, and packaging. All of these aspects of integrated sensors and actuator microsystems require a multidisciplinary approach to overcome these challenges. The main areas of importance are in the fields of materials science, micro/nano-fabrication technology, device design, circuitry and systems, (first-level) packaging, and measurement strategy. This study examines the challenges presented by harsh environments and investigates the required approaches. Examples of successful devices are also given.
Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans
Authors: Trammell Samuel A. J. , Schmidt Mark S. , Weidemann Benjamin J. , Redpath Philip , Jaksch Frank , Dellinger Ryan W. , Li Zhonggang , Abel E. Dale , Migaud Marie E. , Brenner Charles 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNicotinamide riboside (NR) is in wide use as an NAD+ precursor vitamin. Here we determine the time and dose-dependent effects of NR on blood NAD+ metabolism in humans. We report that human blood NAD+ can rise as much as 2.7-fold with a single oral dose of NR in a pilot study of one individual, and that oral NR elevates mouse hepatic NAD+ with distinct and superior pharmacokinetics to those of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. We further show that single doses of 100, 300 and 1,000 mg of NR produce dose-dependent increases in the blood NAD+ metabolome in the first clinical trial of NR pharmacokinetics in humans. We also report that nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), which was not thought to be en route for the conversion of NR to NAD+, is formed from NR and discover that the rise in NAAD is a highly sensitive biomarker of effective NAD+ repletion.
Tissue-specific and convergent metabolic transformation of cancer correlates with metastatic potential and patient survival
Authors: Gaude Edoardo , Frezza Christian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCancer cells undergo a multifaceted rewiring of cellular metabolism to support their biosynthetic needs. Although the major determinants of this metabolic transformation have been elucidated, their broad biological implications and clinical relevance are unclear. Here we systematically analyse the expression of metabolic genes across 20 different cancer types and investigate their impact on clinical outcome. We find that cancers undergo a tissue-specific metabolic rewiring, which converges towards a common metabolic landscape. Of note, downregulation of mitochondrial genes is associated with the worst clinical outcome across all cancer types and correlates with the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene signature, a feature of invasive and metastatic cancers. Consistently, suppression of mitochondrial genes is identified as a key metabolic signature of metastatic melanoma and renal cancer, and metastatic cell lines. This comprehensive analysis reveals unexpected facets of cancer metabolism, with important implications for cancer patients’ stratification, prognosis and therapy.
Identification of a common mesenchymal stromal progenitor for the adult haematopoietic niche
Authors: Hu Xingbin , Garcia Mayra , Weng Lihong , Jung Xiaoman , Murakami Jodi L. , Kumar Bijender , Warden Charles D. , Todorov Ivan , Chen Ching-Cheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMicroenvironment cues received by haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are important in regulating the choice between self-renewal and differentiation. On the basis of the differential expression of cell-surface markers, here we identify a mesenchymal stromal progenitor hierarchy, where CD45−Ter119−CD31−CD166−CD146−Sca1+(Sca1+) progenitors give rise to CD45−Ter119−CD31−CD166−CD146+(CD146+) intermediate and CD45−Ter119−CD31−CD166+CD146−(CD166+) mature osteo-progenitors. All three progenitors preserve HSC long-term multi-lineage reconstitution capability in vitro; however, their in vivo fates are different. Post-transplantation, CD146+ and CD166+ progenitors form bone only. While Sca1+ progenitors produce CD146+, CD166+ progenitors, osteocytes and CXCL12-producing stromal cells. Only Sca1+ progenitors are capable of homing back to the marrow post-intravenous infusion. Ablation of Sca1+ progenitors results in a decrease of all three progenitor populations as well as haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Moreover, suppressing production of KIT-ligand in Sca1+ progenitors inhibits their ability to support HSCs. Our results indicate that Sca1+ progenitors, through the generation of both osteogenic and stromal cells, provide a supportive environment for hematopoiesis.
Flare differentially rotates sunspot on Sun’s surface
Authors: Liu Chang , Xu Yan , Cao Wenda , Deng Na , Lee Jeongwoo , Hudson Hugh S. , Gary Dale E. , Wang Jiasheng , Jing Ju , Wang Haimin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSunspots are concentrations of magnetic field visible on the solar surface (photosphere). It was considered implausible that solar flares, as resulted from magnetic reconnection in the tenuous corona, would cause a direct perturbation of the dense photosphere involving bulk motion. Here we report the sudden flare-induced rotation of a sunspot using the unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution of the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope, supplemented by magnetic data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory. It is clearly observed that the rotation is non-uniform over the sunspot: as the flare ribbon sweeps across, its different portions accelerate (up to ∼50° h−1) at different times corresponding to peaks of flare hard X-ray emission. The rotation may be driven by the surface Lorentz-force change due to the back reaction of coronal magnetic restructuring and is accompanied by a downward Poynting flux. These results have direct consequences for our understanding of energy and momentum transportation in the flare-related phenomena.
High-harmonic generation by field enhanced femtosecond pulses in metal-sapphire nanostructure
Authors: Han Seunghwoi , Kim Hyunwoong , Kim Yong Woo , Kim Young-Jin , Kim Seungchul , Park In-Yong , Kim Seung-Woo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPlasmonic high-harmonic generation (HHG) drew attention as a means of producing coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation by taking advantage of field enhancement occurring in metallic nanostructures. Here a metal-sapphire nanostructure is devised to provide a solid tip as the HHG emitter, replacing commonly used gaseous atoms. The fabricated solid tip is made of monocrystalline sapphire surrounded by a gold thin-film layer, and intended to produce EUV harmonics by the inter- and intra-band oscillations of electrons driven by the incident laser. The metal-sapphire nanostructure enhances the incident laser field by means of surface plasmon polaritons, triggering HHG directly from moderate femtosecond pulses of ∼0.1 TW cm−2 intensities. The measured EUV spectra exhibit odd-order harmonics up to ∼60 nm wavelengths without the plasma atomic lines typically seen when using gaseous atoms as the HHG emitter. This experimental outcome confirms that the plasmonic HHG approach is a promising way to realize coherent EUV sources for nano-scale near-field applications in spectroscopy, microscopy, lithography and atto-second physics.
Data from a pre-publication independent replication initiative examining ten moral judgement effects
Authors: Tierney Warren , Schweinsberg Martin , Jordan Jennifer , Kennedy Deanna M. , Qureshi Israr , Sommer S. Amy , Thornley Nico , Madan Nikhil , Vianello Michelangelo , Awtrey Eli , Zhu Luke Lei , Diermeier Daniel , Heinze Justin E. , Srinivasan Malavika , Tannenbaum David , Bivolaru Eliza , Dana Jason , Davis-Stober Clintin P. , du Plessis Christilene , Gronau Quentin F. , Hafenbrack Andrew C. , Liao Eko Yi , Ly Alexander , Marsman Maarten , Murase Toshio , Schaerer Michael , Tworek Christina M. , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Wong Lynn , Anderson Tabitha , Bauman Christopher W. , Bedwell Wendy L. , Brescoll Victoria , Canavan Andrew , Chandler Jesse J. , Cheries Erik , Cheryan Sapna , Cheung Felix , Cimpian Andrei , Clark Mark A. , Cordon Diana , Cushman Fiery , Ditto Peter H. , Amell Alice , Frick Sarah E. , Gamez-Djokic Monica , Grady Rebecca Hofstein , Graham Jesse , Gu Jun , Hahn Adam , Hanson Brittany E. , Hartwich Nicole J. , Hein Kristie , Inbar Yoel , Jiang Lily , Kellogg Tehlyr , Legate Nicole , Luoma Timo P. , Maibeucher Heidi , Meindl Peter , Miles Jennifer , Mislin Alexandra , Molden Daniel C. , Motyl Matt , Newman George , Ngo Hoai Huong , Packham Harvey , Ramsay P. Scott , Ray Jennifer L. , Sackett Aaron M. , Sellier Anne-Laure , Sokolova Tatiana , Sowden Walter , Storage Daniel , Sun Xiaomin , Van Bavel Jay J. , Washburn Anthony N. , Wei Cong , Wetter Erik , Wilson Carlos T. , Darroux Sophie-Charlotte , Uhlmann Eric Luis 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present the data from a crowdsourced project seeking to replicate findings in independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. In this Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) initiative, 25 research groups attempted to replicate 10 moral judgment effects from a single laboratory’s research pipeline of unpublished findings. The 10 effects were investigated using online/lab surveys containing psychological manipulations (vignettes) followed by questionnaires. Results revealed a mix of reliable, unreliable, and culturally moderated findings. Unlike any previous replication project, this dataset includes the data from not only the replications but also from the original studies, creating a unique corpus that researchers can use to better understand reproducibility and irreproducibility in science.
Exact low-temperature series expansion for the partition function of the zero-field Ising model on the infinite square lattice
Authors: Siudem Grzegorz , Fronczak Agata , Fronczak Piotr 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we provide the exact expression for the coefficients in the low-temperature series expansion of the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising model on the infinite square lattice. This is equivalent to exact determination of the number of spin configurations at a given energy. With these coefficients, we show that the ferromagnetic–to–paramagnetic phase transition in the square lattice Ising model can be explained through equivalence between the model and the perfect gas of energy clusters model, in which the passage through the critical point is related to the complete change in the thermodynamic preferences on the size of clusters. The combinatorial approach reported in this article is very general and can be easily applied to other lattice models.
Stabilization of endogenous Nrf2 by minocycline protects against Nlrp3-inflammasome induced diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Shahzad Khurrum , Bock Fabian , Al-Dabet Moh’d Mohanad , Gadi Ihsan , Nazir Sumra , Wang Hongjie , Kohli Shrey , Ranjan Satish , Mertens Peter R. , Nawroth Peter P. , Isermann Berend 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhile a plethora of studies support a therapeutic benefit of Nrf2 activation and ROS inhibition in diabetic nephropathy (dNP), the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone failed in clinical studies in type 2 diabetic patients due to cardiovascular side effects. Hence, alternative approaches to target Nrf2 are required. Intriguingly, the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, which has been in clinical use for decades, has been shown to convey anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic patients and nephroprotection in rodent models of dNP. However, the mechanism underlying the nephroprotection remains unknown. Here we show that minocycline protects against dNP in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, while caspase -3,-6,-7,-8 and -10 inhibition is insufficient, indicating a function of minocycline independent of apoptosis inhibition. Minocycline stabilizes endogenous Nrf2 in kidneys of db/db mice, thus dampening ROS-induced inflammasome activation in the kidney. Indeed, minocycline exerts antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, reducing glomerular markers of oxidative stress. Minocycline reduces ubiquitination of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and increases its protein levels. Accordingly, minocycline mediated Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibition and amelioration of dNP are abolished in diabetic Nrf2−/− mice. Taken together, we uncover a new function of minocycline, which stabilizes the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, thus protecting from dNP.
The anti-hyperglycemic efficacy of a lipid-lowering drug Daming capsule and the underlying signaling mechanisms in a rat model of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Xiaoguang , Li Jiamin , Zhang Qingwei , Chen Xiaohui , Liu Xin , Zhang Yue , Zhang Haiying , Yang Huan , Hu Yingying , Wu Xianxian , Li Xin , Ju Jiaming , Yang Baofeng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder manifested by hyperglycemia. Daming Capsule (DMC), a combination of traditional Chinese herbs, is used clinically as a lipid-lowering drug. This study was designed to evaluate if DMC possesses an anti-hyperglycemic effect and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Compared to diabetic rats, the rats received DMC (200 mg/kg/d) had significantly lower blood lipid and glucose levels. DMC markedly restored the decreased secretion of GLP-1 and GIP as well as the coding gene GCG and GIP in ileum. Moreover, DMC normalized depressed GCG and GIP transcription by significantly enhancing the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway and expression of TCF7L2, a transactivator of GCG and GIP in diabetic rats. DMC possesses an anti-hyperglycemic property characterized by preservation/stimulation of GLP-1 and GIP secretion in DM rats. Here, we proposed DMC → GSK-3β/β-catenin↑ → TCF7L2↑ → GLP-1, GIP secretion↑ → blood glucose↓ as a regulatory pathway of blood glucose homeostasis. Our findings suggest DMC as a promising therapeutic drug in the clinical treatment of diabetes.
Neurodevelopmental Expression Profile of Dimeric and Monomeric Group 1 mGluRs: Relevance to Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Lum Jeremy S. , Fernandez Francesca , Matosin Natalie , Andrews Jessica L. , Huang Xu-Feng , Ooi Lezanne , Newell Kelly A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGroup 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/mGluR5) play an integral role in neurodevelopment and are implicated in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. mGluR1 and mGluR5 are expressed as homodimers, which is important for their functionality and pharmacology. We examined the protein expression of dimeric and monomeric mGluR1α and mGluR5 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus throughout development (juvenile/adolescence/adulthood) and in the perinatal phencyclidine (PCP) model of schizophrenia. Under control conditions, mGluR1α dimer expression increased between juvenile and adolescence (209–328%), while monomeric levels remained consistent. Dimeric mGluR5 was steadily expressed across all time points; monomeric mGluR5 was present in juveniles, dramatically declining at adolescence and adulthood (−97–99%). The mGluR regulators, Homer 1b/c and Norbin, significantly increased with age in the PFC and hippocampus. Perinatal PCP treatment significantly increased juvenile dimeric mGluR5 levels in the PFC and hippocampus (37–50%) but decreased hippocampal mGluR1α (−50–56%). Perinatal PCP treatment also reduced mGluR1α dimer levels in the PFC at adulthood (−31%). These results suggest that Group 1 mGluRs have distinct dimeric and monomeric neurodevelopmental patterns, which may impact their pharmacological profiles at specific ages. Perinatal PCP treatment disrupted the early expression of Group 1 mGluRs which may underlie neurodevelopmental alterations observed in this model.
Characterization of WY 14,643 and its Complex with Aldose Reductase
Authors: Sawaya Michael R. , Verma Malkhey , Balendiran Vaishnavi , Rath Nigam P. , Cascio Duilio , Balendiran Ganesaratnam K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe peroxisome proliferator, WY 14,643 exhibits a pure non-competitive inhibition pattern in the aldehyde reduction and in alcohol oxidation activities of human Aldose reductase (hAR). Fluorescence emission measurements of the equilibrium dissociation constants, Kd, of oxidized (hAR•NADP+) and reduced (hAR•NADPH) holoenzyme complexes display a 2-fold difference between them. Kd values for the dissociation of WY 14,643 from the oxidized (hAR•NADP+•WY 14,643) and reduced (hAR•NADPH•WY 14,643) ternary complexes are comparable to each other. The ternary complex structure of hAR•NADP+•WY 14,643 reveals the first structural evidence of a fibrate class drug binding to hAR. These observations demonstrate how fibrate molecules such as WY 14,643, besides being valued as agonists for PPAR, also inhibit hAR.