bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring consumer outcomes: Development and testing of the Australian Community Care Outcomes Measure
Authors: Cardona Beatriz , Fine Michael , Stebbing Adam , Duncan Cathy , Samsa Peter , Eagar Kathy 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesIn the increasingly competitive environment of aged care in Australasia, how can providers and consumers be sure that the care support delivered is efficient and makes a positive difference? Monitoring outcomes has long been emphasised for ensuring quality service delivery, yet there is currently no consistently applied approach available.MethodsThis paper considers the importance of measuring outcomes in community care and reports on the development and field trial of the Australian Community Care Outcomes Measure (ACCOM). The ACCOM combines data already collected by services on the capabilities and care needs of individual consumers and their demographic characteristics with a short questionnaire on quality of life based on the Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT). It is completed by consumers and staff.ResultsIn the first round of a field test of the ACCOM (2016), baseline data were successfully collected for over 200 individual aged care clients, each receiving consumer‐directed care (CDC) packages at home. Results show the measure to be practical and easy to use. A second round to measure change and enable the calculation of outcomes for each consumer was successfully completed 6 months later.ConclusionField testing of the ACCOM shows promising results. More extensive trials of the measure are planned across Australia.
Tales from the ACFI: Dementia in residential aged care
Authors: Joenperä Jenni 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveProvide an overview of how care needs in permanent residential aged care differ by dementia status.MethodsOn entry into permanent residential aged care, people's care needs are assessed on the Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI). ACFI also captures health conditions that are considered to affect the cost of people's care, such as dementia. Data were compared between 2009 and 2015.ResultsAssessed care needs have increased regardless of dementia status. However, compared with people without dementia, people with dementia were more likely to be rated ‘high’ in each of the three care need domains. In addition, people with dementia were more likely to require some assistance in specific areas that underlie these broad domains, such as nutrition, continence and cognition.ConclusionDementia is associated with increased complexity in assessed care needs in permanent residential aged care.
Persistence of the effect of frugivore identity on post‐dispersal seed fate: consequences for the assessment of functional redundancy
Authors: Lugon Ana Paula , Boutefeu Marion , Bovy Emilie , Vaz‐de‐Mello Fernando Z. , Huynen Marie‐Claude , Galetti Mauro , Culot Laurence 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLarge frugivores play an important role as seed dispersers and their extinction may affect plant regeneration. The consequences of such extinctions depend on the likelihood of other species being functionally redundant and on how post‐dispersal events are affected. We assess the functional redundancy of two seed dispersers of the Atlantic Forest, the muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) and the tapir (Tapirus terrestris) through the comparison of their seed dispersal quality, taking into account post‐dispersal events. We compare tapirs and muriquis for: (1) the dung beetle community associated with their feces; (2) the seed burial probability and burial depth by dung beetles; and (3) the seed mortality due to predators or other causes according to burial depth. We determine how seed burial affects seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) and compare the dispersal quality of four plant species dispersed by these frugivores. Muriqui feces attract 16‐fold more dung beetles per gram of fecal matter and seeds experience 10.5‐fold more burial than seeds in tapir feces. In both feces types, seed mortality due to predation decreases with burial depth but seed mortality due to other causes increases. Total seed mortality differ within plant species according to the primary disperser. Therefore, the effect of seed burial on SDE varies according to the plant species, burial depth, and primary disperser. As tapirs and muriquis differently affect the seed fate, they are not functionally redundant. Since the effect of the primary disperser persists into the post‐dispersal events, we should consider the cascading effects of these processes when assessing functional redundancy.
Measuring Flow Rate in Crystalline Bedrock Wells Using the Dissolved Oxygen Alteration Method
Authors: Vitale Sarah A. , Robbins Gary A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDetermination of vertical flow rates in a fractured bedrock well can aid in planning and implementing hydraulic tests, water quality sampling, and improving interpretations of water quality data. Although flowmeters are highly accurate in flow rate measurement, the high cost and logistics may be limiting. In this study the dissolved oxygen alteration method (DOAM) is expanded upon as a low‐cost alternative to determine vertical flow rates in crystalline bedrock wells. The method entails altering the dissolved oxygen content in the wellbore through bubbler aeration, and monitoring the vertical advective movement of the dissolved oxygen over time. Measurements were taken for upward and downward flows, and under ambient and pumping conditions. Vertical flow rates from 0.06 to 2.30 Lpm were measured. To validate the method, flow rates determined with the DOAM were compared to pump discharge rates and found to be in agreement within 2.5%.
On‐axis versus off‐axis Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction technique: application to the characterisation of severe plastic deformation‐induced ultrafine‐grained microstructures
Authors: YUAN H. , BRODU E. , CHEN C. , BOUZY E. , FUNDENBERGER J‐J. , TOTH L.S. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryA new configuration for Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) in a scanning electron microscope is presented; called ‘on‐axis TKD’. Compared to the usual off‐axis configuration, the scintillator is placed perpendicular to the incident beam under the electron‐transparent sample, not in vertical position. In this way, the setup benefits from intense forward scattered electrons enabling short acquisition times. At equivalent diffraction pattern quality, the electron dose needed on the sample is estimated to be 20 times lower in comparison to the off‐axis configuration. The technique is particularly suited to the characterisation of severe plastic deformation induced ultrafine grained microstructures. The evolution of the microstructure of an Al–Mg alloy deformed by high pressure tube twisting was analysed. It is shown that the grain refinement was in the steady state stage for a shear strain of 24 with a mean grain size of 120 nm.
Investigation of C3S hydration mechanism by transmission electron microscope (TEM) with integrated Super‐XTM EDS system
Authors: SAKALLI Y. , TRETTIN R. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryTricalciumsilicate (C3S, Alite) is the major component of the Portland cement clinker. Hydration of Alite is decisive in influencing the properties of the resulting material. This is due to its high content in cement. The mechanism of the hydration of C3S is very complicated and not yet fully understood. There are different models describing the hydration of C3S in various ways. In this work for a better understanding of hydration mechanism, the hydrated C3S was investigated by using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and for the first time, the samples for the investigations were prepared by using of focused ion beam from sintered pellets of C3S. Also, an FEI Talos F200x with an integrated Super‐X EDS system was used for the investigations. FEI Talos F200X combines outstanding high‐resolution S/TEM and TEM imaging with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy signal detection, and 3D chemical characterization with compositional mapping.TEM is a very powerful tool for material science. A high energy beam of electrons passes through a very thin sample, and the interactions between the electrons and the atoms can be used to observe the structure of the material and other features in the structure. TEM can be used to study the growth of layers and their composition. TEM produces high‐resolution, two‐dimensional images and will be used for a wide range of educational, science and industry applications. Chemical analysis can also be performed. The purpose of these investigations was to get the information about the composition of the C‐S‐H phases and some details of the nanostructure of the C‐S‐H phases.
Two Paradoxes of Common Knowledge: Coordinated Attack and Electronic Mail
Authors: Lederman Harvey 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe coordinated attack scenario and the electronic mail game are two paradoxes of common knowledge. In simple mathematical models of these scenarios, the agents represented by the models can coordinate only if they have common knowledge that they will. As a result, the models predict that the agents will not coordinate in situations where it would be rational to coordinate. I argue that we should resolve this conflict between the models and facts about what it would be rational to do by rejecting common knowledge assumptions implicit in the models. I focus on the assumption that the agents have common knowledge that they are rational, and provide models to show that denying this assumption suffices for a resolution of the paradoxes. I describe how my resolution of the paradoxes fits into a general story about the relationship between rationality in situations involving a single agent and rationality in situations involving many agents.
A morphometric study of the canine skull and periorbita and its implications for regional ocular anesthesia
Authors: Klaumann Paulo Roberto , Moreno Juan Carlos Duque , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveA hypothetical relationship between canine cranial length and the length of the periorbita could be used for intraconal anesthetic volume estimation.Study subjectsForty‐one canine cadaver heads and one macerated dog skull.ProceduresInion and nasion points were recognized in the macerated skull and used as landmarks for cranial length measure. Thirty cadavers classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic were distributed in three study groups. Anatomic references of the skull shapes were recognized and parameters measured: body weight (BW), cranial length (Lcr) and length of the periorbita (Lpo). Results were compared and statistical analyses were performed to find correlations between BW and the skull parameters. Contrast medium was injected in another 11 cadavers with a total volume calculated based on Lcr (10 cadavers) or BW (one cadaver) and then submitted to computerized tomography examination to compare techniques, estimate the capacity of the intraconal space of the periorbita and to illustrate practical implications.ResultsThere is a positive correlation between BW and Lpo (P < 0.001) as well as between Lcr and Lpo (P < 0.0001). Linear regression of the variable BW predicts only 71% of the variable Lpo (r2 = 0.71), whereas the variable Lcr predicts 88% (r2 = 0.88) of Lpo.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a mathematical relation between Lcr and Lpo. A method for calculating anesthetic solution volumes based on canine morphometric features is presented. The formula 0.1 mL/cm Lcr to calculate total intraconal anesthetic volume is suggested.
Effect of needle diameter on the viability of equine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Lang Hayley M. , Schnabel Lauren V. , Cassano Jennifer M. , Fortier Lisa A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are frequently delivered via needle injection for treatment of musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of needle diameter on the viability of MSCs.MethodsEquine bone marrow‐derived MSCs from 5 horses were suspended in PBS, and held at room temperature for 7 hours to mimic shipping conditions. Two replicate samples for each needle size (20, 22, 23, or 25‐gauge [ga]) were aspirated into a 3 mL syringe and re‐injected into the holding vial 3 times, to reproduce the resuspension of cells prior to injection in clinical cases. Cells were stained with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide to measure viability. Flow cytometry (FC) was performed to compare cell debris and intact cells between groups.ResultsMSC viability was higher when cells were passed through a 20‐ga rather than a 25‐ga needle. Cell suspensions passed through a 20‐ga needle contained a larger percentage of intact cells, compared to 25‐ga samples. The percentage of debris present in cell suspensions tended to increase with decreasing needle diameter. Neither horse nor passage had a significant effect on viability.ConclusionsCell damage is more likely when MSCs are passed through 25‐ga rather than 20‐ga needles.Clinical relevanceUse of needles larger than 25‐ga is recommended to maintain the viability of MSCs injected in horses.
Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity of Influenza A Viruses during the Hajj
Authors: Cobbin Joanna C. A. , Alfelali Mohammad , Barasheed Osamah , Taylor Janette , Dwyer Dominic E. , Kok Jen , Booy Robert , Holmes Edward C. , Rashid Harunor 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Outbreaks of respiratory virus infection at mass gatherings pose significant health risks to attendees, host communities, and ultimately the global population if they help facilitate viral emergence. However, little is known about the genetic diversity, evolution, and patterns of viral transmission during mass gatherings, particularly how much diversity is generated by
in situ
transmission compared to that imported from other locations. Here, we describe the genome-scale evolution of influenza A viruses sampled from the Hajj pilgrimages at Makkah during 2013 to 2015. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the diversity of influenza viruses at the Hajj pilgrimages was shaped by multiple introduction events, comprising multiple cocirculating lineages in each year, including those that have circulated in the Middle East and those whose origins likely lie on different continents. At the scale of individual hosts, the majority of minor variants resulted from
de novo
mutation, with only limited evidence of minor variant transmission or minor variants circulating at subconsensus level despite the likely identification of multiple transmission clusters. Together, these data highlight the complexity of influenza virus infection at the Hajj pilgrimages, reflecting a mix of global genetic diversity drawn from multiple sources combined with local transmission, and reemphasize the need for vigilant surveillance at mass gatherings.

IMPORTANCE
Large population sizes and densities at mass gatherings such as the Hajj (Makkah, Saudi Arabia) can contribute to outbreaks of respiratory virus infection by providing local hot spots for transmission followed by spread to other localities. Using a genome-scale analysis, we show that the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses at the Hajj gatherings during 2013 to 2015 was largely shaped by the introduction of multiple viruses from diverse geographic regions, including the Middle East, with only little evidence of interhost virus transmission at the Hajj and seemingly limited spread of subconsensus mutational variants. The diversity of viruses at the Hajj pilgrimages highlights the potential for lineage cocirculation during mass gatherings, in turn fuelling segment reassortment and the emergence of novel variants, such that the continued surveillance of respiratory pathogens at mass gatherings should be a public health priority.
BST-2 Expression Modulates Small CD4-Mimetic Sensitization of HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Richard Jonathan , Prévost Jérémie , von Bredow Benjamin , Ding Shilei , Brassard Nathalie , Medjahed Halima , Coutu Mathieu , Melillo Bruno , Bibollet-Ruche Frédéric , Hahn Beatrice H. , Kaufmann Daniel E. , Smith Amos B. , Sodroski Joseph , Sauter Daniel , Kirchhoff Frank , Gee Katrina , Neil Stuart J. , Evans David T. , Finzi Andrés 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAntibodies recognizing conserved CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env and able to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been shown to be present in sera from most HIV-1-infected individuals. These antibodies preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation. CD4 downregulation by Nef and Vpu dramatically reduces exposure of CD4i HIV-1 Env epitopes and therefore reduce the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV-positive (HIV+) sera. Importantly, this mechanism of immune evasion can be circumvented with small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) that are able to transition Env into the CD4-bound conformation and sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ sera. However, HIV-1 developed additional mechanisms to avoid ADCC, including Vpu-mediated BST-2 antagonism, which decreases the overall amount of Env present at the cell surface. Accordingly, BST-2 upregulation in response to alpha interferon (IFN-α) was shown to increase the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC despite the activity of Vpu. Here we show that BST-2 upregulation by IFN-β and interleukin-27 (IL-27) also increases the surface expression of Env and thus boosts the ability of CD4mc to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.IMPORTANCEHIV-1 evolved sophisticated strategies to conceal Env epitopes from ADCC-mediating antibodies present in HIV+ sera. Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation was shown to decrease ADCC responses by limiting the amount of Env present at the cell surface. This effect of Vpu was shown to be attenuated by IFN-α treatment. Here we show that in addition to IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-27 also affect Vpu-mediated BST-2 downregulation and greatly enhance ADCC responses against HIV-1-infected cells in the presence of CD4mc. These findings may inform strategies aimed at HIV prevention and eradication.
Confirmation of longer FIX activity half-life with prolonged sample collection after single doses of nonacog alfa in patients with haemophilia B
Authors: Hua Baolai , Wu Runhui , Sun FeiFei , Luo Binyu , Alvey Christine , LaBadie Robert R. , Qu Peng Roger , Korth-Bradley Joan M. , Rendo Pablo 
Published: March 2017

SummaryA multicentre, single–dose study enrolled 12 previously treated patients with moderately severe to severe (factor IX [FIX] levels ≤2 IU/dl) haemophilia B to assess FIX pharmacokinetics after nonacog alfa administration and to evaluate the impact of length of sampling time on half-life (t½). After refraining from FIX replacement for four days, patients received 50 IU/kg as an intravenous (IV) infusion over 10 minutes. Blood samples were collected predose and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, 24, 50, 72, and 96 h post dose. Tolerability and safety were assessed by monitoring adverse events and were subsequently summary tabulated. FIX activity was measured by a one-stage clotting assay with a lower limit of quantification of 0.010 IU/ml, and inhibitors to FIX were measured using the Bethesda assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis and were descriptively summarised. Half-life estimates were calculated first using all available data, then excluding 96-h observations (truncated at 72 h) and, finally, excluding both 72– and 96-h observations (truncated at 50 h). No patient was positive for FIX inhibitors. No treatment-emergent adverse events were reported. Prolonging the duration of the sample collection to 96 h resulted in a terminal t½ estimate of 39.6 ±7.4 h in the eight patients aged 18 years and older, which was longer than the estimates obtained using shorter periods of observation: 29.6 ± 5.5 h (truncated at 72 h) and 27.2 ± 7.0 h (truncated at 50 h). To accurately assess an adult patient’s t½, sampling should be continued for at least 96 h.
ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ (ЦИВІЛЬНОЇ) ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я ТА ОСВІТИ В КАНАДІ
Authors: Savickiy V. L. , Klishevitch B. A. , Goncharenko I. F. 
Published: March 2017

Військово-медична освіта в Україні за період свого існування стала предметом дослідження багатьох науковців. В умовах дії Воєнної доктрини стара система медичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України стає неефективною і економічно недоцільною. Зважаючи на зацікавленість, що спостерігається сьогодні серед військовослужбовців та цивільного населення щодо підготовки нової генерації військових медиків, автори вивчили організацію системи державної охорони здоров’я та підготовки медичних кадрів у Канаді.Мета дослідження: вивчення організації системи державної медицини та підготовки медичних кадрів у Канаді, як дружньої до України держави.В дослідженні застосовано методи системного підходу та системного аналізу наукових джерел.В статті висвітлено ефективний шлях побудови державної системи охорони здоров’я та освіти дружньої до України держави та враховані кращі досягнення, що їх доцільно врахувати в Україні для формування ефективної системи підготовки військово-медичних кадрів.
γδ T Cells Mediate Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Vascular Injury
Authors: Caillon Antoine , Mian Muhammad Oneeb Rehman , Fraulob-Aquino Julio C. , Huo Ku-Geng , Barhoumi Tlili , Ouerd Sofiane , Sinnaeve Peter R. , Paradis Pierre , Schiffrin Ernesto L. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Innate antigen-presenting cells and adaptive immune T cells have been implicated in the development of hypertension. However, the T-lymphocyte subsets involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension remain unclear. A small subset of innate-like T cells expressing the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) rather than the αβ TCR could play a role in the initiation of the immune response in hypertension. We aimed to determine whether angiotensin (Ang) II caused kinetic changes in γδ T cells; deficiency in γδ T cells blunted Ang II-induced hypertension, vascular injury, and T-cell activation; and γδ T cells are associated with human hypertension.

Methods:

Male C57BL/6 wild-type and
Tcrδ
−/−
mice, which are devoid of γδ T cells, or wild-type mice injected IP with control isotype IgG or γδ T cell-depleting antibodies, were infused or not with Ang II for 3, 7, or 14 days. T-cell profiling was determined by flow cytometry, systolic blood pressure (SBP) by telemetry, and mesentery artery endothelial function by pressurized myography. TCR γ constant region gene expression levels and clinical data of a whole blood gene expression microarray study, including normotensive and hypertensive subjects, were used to demonstrate an association between γδ T cells and SBP.

Results:

Seven- and 14-day Ang II infusion increased γδ T-cell numbers and activation in the spleen of wild-type mice (
P
<0.05). Fourteen days of Ang II infusion increased SBP (
P
<0.01) and decreased mesenteric artery endothelial function (
P
<0.01) in wild-type mice, both of which were abrogated in
Tcrδ
−/−
mice (
P
<0.01). Anti-TCRγδ antibody-induced γδ T-cell depletion blunted Ang II-induced SBP rise and endothelial dysfunction (
P
<0.05), compared with isotype antibody-treated Ang II-infused mice. Ang II-induced T-cell activation in the spleen and perivascular adipose tissue was blunted in
Tcrδ
−/−
mice (
P
<0.01). In humans, the association between SBP and γδ T cells was demonstrated by a multiple linear regression model integrating whole blood TCR γ constant region gene expression levels and age and sex (
R
2
=0.12,
P
<1×10
-6
).

Conclusions:
γδ T cells mediate Ang II-induced SBP elevation, vascular injury, and T-cell activation in mice. γδ T cells might contribute to the development of hypertension in humans.