bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF SELF-TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON STRENGTH OF RAILWAY WHEEL DISK AFTER ACCELERATED COOLING
Authors: Vakulenko L. I. , Bolotova D. M. , Proydak S. V. , Grischenko M. A. , Vakulenko I. O. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The paper aims at estimation of resource of strength increase for railway wheel disk. Methodology. The material for research was carbon steel of railway wheel containing 0.57%C, 0.65%Si, 0.45%Mn, 0.0029%S, 0,014%P, 0,11%Cr. A railway wheel was heated to the temperatures above and was held at this temperature until the completion of аustenite homogenization processes and then the disk was cooled at a growing rate to a certain temperature. A temperature interval of completion of the speed-up wheel disk cooling was 200-450C. Structure was studied with the use of research methods under electronic and light microscopes. After accelerated cooling the estimation of metal structure imperfection degree was carried out with the use of X-ray structural analysis method. The stress and yielding limit of carbon steel were determined at tension, at a speed of deformation . The microhardness of steel structural components was estimated using the microhardness tester of PMT-3 type. Findings. The properties complex of railway wheel carbon steel depending on the temperature of the accelerated cooling termination is determined by the correlation of soften and work-hardening processes development. The effect of work-hardening is based on blocking of mobile dislocations due to a precipitation carbon atoms and dispersion work-hardening from the formed particles of carbidic phase. At the temperatures of the accelerated cooling termination of carbon steel higher than 300-350C the decrease rate of strength properties is determined by the exceeding of total soften effect from disintegration of solid solution, acceleration of spheroidithation and coalescence of cementite particles above the dislocations blocking by the carbon atoms and dispersion work-hardening. Originality. Authors proved that the strength level of the railway wheel carbon steel from the temperature of accelerated cooling completion is determined by the influence ratio of the solid solution satiety degree and dispersion work-hardening from a carbidic phase. For the temperatures of accelerated cooling termination 200-300C a decrease of solid solution satiety degree is a basic factor, which determines the level of the strength characteristic. Practical value. When making the whole-rolled railway wheel one can increase the strength limit of disk metal using the accelerated cooling to the middle interval of temperatures, which was successfully proven by authors.
Chromosome 17p Homodisomy Is Associated With Better Outcome in 1p19q Non-Codeleted and IDH-Mutated Gliomas
Authors: Labussière Marianne , Rahimian Amithys , Giry Marine , Boisselier Blandine , Schmitt Yohann , Polivka Marc , Mokhtari Karima , Delattre Jean-Yves , Idbaih Ahmed , Labreche Karim , Alentorn Agusti , Sanson Marc 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background.
The 1p19q non-codeleted gliomas with IDH mutation, defined as “molecular astrocytomas,” display frequent TP53 mutations and have an intermediate prognosis. We investigated the prognostic impact of copy number-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNLOH) in 17p in this population.

Methods.
We analyzed 793 gliomas (206 grade II, 377 grade III, and 210 grade IV) by single nucleotide polymorphism array and for TP53 mutations.

Results.
Homodisomy revealed by CNLOH was observed in 156 cases (19.7%). It was more frequent in astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas (98/256, 38%) than oligodendrogliomas (28/327, 8.6%; p &lt; .0001) or glioblastoma multiforme (30/210, 14.3%; p &lt; .0001), tightly associated with TP53 mutation (69/71 vs. 20/79; p = 2 × 10−16), and mutually exclusive with 1p19q codeletion (1/156 vs. 249/556; p &lt; .0001). In the group of IDH-mutated 1p19q non-codeleted gliomas, CNLOH 17p was associated with longer survival (86.3 vs. 46.2 months; p = .004), particularly in grade III gliomas (overall survival &gt;100 vs. 37.9 months; p = .007). These data were confirmed in an independent dataset from the Cancer Genome Atlas.

Conclusion.
CNLOH 17p is a prognostic marker and further refines the molecular classification of gliomas.
Management of Adverse Events Following Treatment With Anti-Programmed Death-1 Agents
Authors: Weber Jeffrey S. , Postow Michael , Lao Christopher D. , Schadendorf Dirk 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a mainstay of melanoma therapy and are playing an increasingly important role in the treatment of other tumor types. The clinical benefit afforded by these treatments can be accompanied by a unique spectrum of adverse events, called immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which reflect the drug’s immune-based mechanism of action. IrAEs typically originate in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and endocrine system, although other organ systems may also be affected. This article provides an overview of irAEs associated with anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) as monotherapy or in combination with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 inhibition (ipilimumab), followed by a discussion of irAEs of special clinical interest based on the potential for morbidity, frequent steroid use, and inpatient admission. We review clinical trial data and provide recommendations on how to manage irAEs associated with anti-PD-1 agents based on clinical experience and established management guidelines. We further illustrate the practical considerations of managing irAEs by presenting three cases of immune-related toxicity in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab. A better understanding of the identification and management of irAEs will help inform health care providers about the risks associated with anti-PD-1 treatment, to ensure the safe and appropriate use of these important new treatments.
Cancer Control in Central and Eastern Europe: Current Situation and Recommendations for Improvement
Authors: Vrdoljak Eduard , Bodoky Gyorgy , Jassem Jacek , Popescu Razvan A. , Mardiak Jozef , Pirker Robert , Čufer Tanja , Bešlija Semir , Eniu Alexandru , Todorović Vladimir , Kubáčková Kateřina , Kurteva Galia , Tomašević Zorica , Sallaku Agim , Smichkoska Snezhana , Bajić Žarko , Šikić Branimir I. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The incidence of many cancers is higher in Western European (WE) countries, but mortality is frequently higher in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. A panel of oncology leaders from CEE countries participating in the South Eastern European Research Oncology Group (SEEROG) was formed in 2015, aiming to analyze the current status and trends of oncology care in CEE and to propose recommendations leading to improved care and outcomes. The SEEROG panel, meeting during the 11th Central European Oncology Congress, proposed the following: (a) national cancer control plans (NCCPs) required in all CEE countries, defining priorities in cancer care, including finance allocation considering limited health care budgets; (b) national cancer registries, describing in detail epidemiological trends; (c) efforts to strengthen comprehensive cancer centers; (d) that multidisciplinary care should be mandated by the NCCPs; (e) that smaller hospitals should be connected to multidisciplinary tumor boards via the Internet, providing access to specialized expertise; (f) nationwide primary prevention programs targeting smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption and centrally evaluated secondary prevention programs for cervical, colorectal, and breast cancers; (g) prioritize education for all involved in cancer care, including oncology nurses, general practitioners, and palliative care providers; (h) establish outpatient care in day hospitals to reduce costs associated with the current inpatient model of care in CEE countries and to improve patients’ quality of life; (i) long-term pharmacoeconomic evaluations of new therapies in CEE countries; (j) increase national oncology budgets in view of the higher mortality rates in CEE compared with WE countries; and (k) CEE countries urgently need help from the European Union to increase and monitor overall investment in cancer care.
The case for clinical scholarship
Authors: Bloch Frank 
Published: July 2016

<p>Lines between theory and practice have been blurred considerably in law teaching already, with the spreading influence of clinical legal education around the world.2 In this article, I address the implications of this trend on legal scholarship – the aspect of legal academia where theory-practice tensions tend to be strongest. Following a brief discussion of clinical education’s still uncertain place in the legal academy, I turn to the role of legal scholarship and the potential contributions of clinical education to legal academic literature. Rejecting the strongest criticisms voiced by some clinicians to the effect that scholarship adds little or no value to the primary mission of legal education, which is the training of future lawyers, I explore the many facets of an emerging “clinical scholarship” informed by clinical practice. I also reject the notion that scholarship is less important for clinicians than for other law faculty, by making the case that clinical scholarship strengthens clinical legal education by helping advance its two main goals of improving the quality of law practice and enhancing the public role of the profession.</p>
Para construir outro olhar: notas sobre o ensino de história e cultura africanas e afro-brasileiras
Authors: Costa Hilton 
Published: July 2016

O presente texto busca destacar a importância da construção de um novo olhar no que diz respeito ao ensino de história e cultura africanas e afro-brasileiras. O texto se divide em dois momentos: o primeiro versa sobre a importância da alteração da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação brasileira, por meio da Lei 10.639/2003, e sua relação com a formação de docentes. O segundo aponta para uma sugestão de trabalho em sala de aula: parte-se do contexto intelectual pós-abolição no Brasil, indicandosua relação com o senso comum e a maneira como este articula a manutenção de estereótipos e estigmas acerca da população negra no Brasil.
Os índios na história política do Império: avanços, resistências e tropeços
Authors: Moreira Vânia Maria Losada 
Published: July 2016

Resenha de Sposito, Fernanda Nem cidadãos, nem brasileiros: indígenas na formação do Estado nacional brasileiro e conflitos na província de São Paulo (1822-1845) São Paulo: Alameda, 2012. 292p.
O tempo presente e os sentidos dos museus de história
Authors: Oliveira Cecilia Helena De Salles 
Published: July 2016

O propósito deste artigoé o de questionar as relações entre os museus de história e a construção de narrativas nacionais e de um passado unívoco para a nação. É o tempo presente que sustenta os fundamentos dessa escrita, repondo conteúdos e interpretações destinados a fazer ver circunstâncias pretéritas. Relativizam-se, assim, continuidades nas trajetórias dessas instituições e a compreensão de que são isentas de tensões e contradições, pois uma das chaves para o entendimento dos significados contemporâneos dos museus de história está no mapeamento das rupturas institucionais que sofreram e ainda sofrem, bem como no debate e na convivência conflituosa que, desde sua origem, mantêm com outros agentes de cultura.Palavras-chave: museu; museu de história; história; memória; tempo presente.
Ensino da história e inovação pedagógica na transição para a democracia (Portugal, décadas de 1960 e 1970)
Authors: Pereira Henriques Raquel , António de Sousa Pintassilgo Joaquim 
Published: July 2016

Pretende-se, com este artigo, refletir sobre as transformações que ocorreram no nível do ensino da História em Portugal durante o curto mas complexo período anterior ou subsequente à revolução do 25 de abril de 1974. Que inovações foram sendo introduzidas nos programas? Quais as características dos manuais e de outros recursos então produzidos para o apoio aos alunos? Que métodos pedagógicos são prescritos aos professores? Concentrar-nos-emos no nível de ensino que parece ter sido mais marcado pelo espírito renovador, o Ciclo Preparatório do Ensino Secundário, correspondente aos atuais 5º e 6º anos de escolaridade. Utilizaremos como fontes um conjunto de documentos legais, designadamente programas, para além de manuais escolares e outros recursos educativos que então circularam entre o ministério e os professores.
Entre o discurso e a prática: implementação do currículo de História no programa educacional São Paulo faz escola
Authors: Giavara Ana Paula , Marques de Freitas Barreiro Iraíde 
Published: July 2016

No âmbito do programa educacional São Paulo faz escola(2008-2012), este artigo oferece ao leitor uma visão crítica acerca do processo de proposição e implementação do currículo de História em duas escolas públicas do interior paulista. Partindo da reforma curricular paulista da década de 1980, busca delinear uma trajetória para as discussões acerca do ensino de História na contemporaneidade. Para tanto, utiliza documentos da reestruturação curricular elaborados pela Secretaria da Educação estadual, depoimentos dos sujeitos educacionais, bem como observações do cotidiano escolar. Partilha da perspectiva cultural de análise da escola, que confere autenticidade às ações de seus sujeitos e interroga como professores de História e gestores escolares participaram do processo de elaboração e implementação do referido currículo.
Sistema UAB: a visão dos coordenadores de polos de apoio presenciais da região Sul
Authors: Pagel Eidelwein Monica , Eclai de Vargas Gil Vicente Dilce , Renata da Cruz Duran Maria 
Published: July 2016

O sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB) é composto pelo esforço das instituições de ensino superior, do governo federal (representado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior, Capes) e dos municípios e estados, que cumprem a função de criar e manter os chamados polos de apoio presencial. Num modelo de ensino a distância como o brasileiro, em que a modalidade é semipresencial, os polos de apoio presencial representam o locusdesse tipo de formação docente. A partir da visão dos coordenadores de polos de apoio presenciais da região Sul, tentamos dar uma ideia do que seja esse sistema, qual sua contribuição e quais seus dilemas.
Educação online colaborativa: implicações teórico-metodológicas de uma nova modalidade de ensino e aprendizagem
Authors: José Betti Galasso Bruno , Trento Rebello de Souza Denise 
Published: July 2016

O artigo problematiza alguns elementos básicos da educação online. Considera que a vida nas sociedades contemporâneas é atravessada pelas Tecnologias Digitais de Comunicação e Informação (TDIC) e que, portanto, a educação se beneficiaria desse suporte na revisão de seu modo de operar. Parte de pesquisa concluída recentemente sobre educação onlinepara apresentar alguns dos elementos essenciais dessa modalidade de ensino, tais como trabalho colaborativo, interação, virtualização e hipermídia, bem como para refletir sobre características e sobre o lugar docente na educação online.
A expansão e a avaliação dos cursos de História no Brasil
Authors: Robl Fabiane , Dias de Mello Paulo Eduardo 
Published: July 2016

O artigo aborda a relação entre a expansão e a avaliação dos cursos de História no Brasil, entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. A expansão dos cursos é analisada sob a ótica da categoria administrativa das Instituições de Educação Superior (público versusprivado) e da organização acadêmica (Universidades, Centros Universitários, Faculdades e Institutos de Tecnologia). Na análise dos resultados das avaliações são considerados o conceito Enade e o Conceito Preliminar de Curso (CPC). Cabe destacar que as análises trarão o comparativo entre os cursos de Formação de Professores de História e os Cursos de Bacharelado em História.
Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Talus
Authors: Gross Christopher E. , Sershon Robert A. , Frank Jonathan M. , Easley Mark E. , Holmes George B. 
Published: July 2016

➢ More than 60% of the talar surface area consists of articular cartilage, thereby limiting the possible locations for vascular infiltration and leaving the talus vulnerable to osteonecrosis.➢ Treatment strategies for talar osteonecrosis can be grouped into four categories: nonsurgical, surgical-joint sparing, surgical-salvage, and joint-sacrificing treatments. Nonoperative and joint-sparing treatments include restricted weight-bearing, patellar tendon-bearing braces, bone-grafting, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, internal implantation of a bone stimulator, core decompression, and vascularized or non-vascularized autograft, whereas joint-sacrificing or salvage procedures include talar replacement (partial or total) and arthrodesis.➢ In patients with a Ficat and Arlet grade-I through III osteonecrosis, evidence in favor of a specific treatment is poor, although tibiotalar or tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis may represent a suitable salvage operation.
Factores de éxito emprendedor en dos municipios de la montaña de Guerrero, México
Authors: Morales Jiménez Juan 
Published: July 2016

El Objetivo del trabajo fue identificar la motivación para el emprendimiento y los factores del éxito competitivo de los emprendedores de pequeños negocios que se ubican en la Montaña de Guerrero, México. Se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas, con una escala de tipo Lickert, con variables de los factores económicos, psicológicos, sociales y culturales para identificar diferencias de emprendimiento y del éxito competitivo. Estas diferencias fueron medidas con base en la importancia que el dueño le asignó a las acciones de desarrollo del negocio. Con la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney se evaluó estadísticamente si había diferencias en el éxito competitivo entre los municipios de Huamustitlán y Metlatonoc. Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de los emprendedores son jóvenes y en su mayoría son mujeres, quienes inician la microempresa con ahorros propios y predomina en su operación la informalidad. El factor económico de motivación para emprender una microempresa o negocio fue la mejora en el ingreso. El principal factor psicológico fue la confianza en el éxito del negocio, siendo importante la motivación del o la conyugue. El factor social fue el desempleo y el factor espacial fue la buena ubicación del negocio. Al comparar entre municipios, se encontró diferencia estadística significativa entre ellos (p ≤ 0.001) para todos los factores evaluados. El análisis de regresión logística binaria indicó que las variables de mayor peso para la consolidación o éxito de las empresas de los emprendedores de la Montaña de Guerrero son la edad, la escolaridad y el lugar donde estén ubicados.
Análisis estratégico sobre el desarrollo de las líneas aéreas de bajo costo en México
Authors: Canseco Gonzalez Adriana Denisse , Zúñiga Alcaraz Catya Atziry , Blanco Martínez Luis 
Published: July 2016

En las últimas décadas, las aerolíneas alrededor del mundo se han enfrentado a un constante crecimiento del mercado. Estas han hecho modificaciones significativas tanto en sus operaciones como en sus costos, que les ha permitido responder eficazmente dichos cambios, desarrollando un nuevo modelo de negocio llamado “de bajo costo”. Las aerolíneas de bajo costo han ido incrementando su participación en el mercado y se están posicionando como una notable alternativa para el viajero, tanto turista como de negocios a nivel mundial. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las características y el desarrollo de las aerolíneas de bajo especialmente en México. Para dicho efecto, se presenta análisis FODA, el cual permite identificar la situación real de las aerolíneas de bajo costo en México, tomando en consideración diversos factores internos y externos para así maximizar el potencial de las fuerzas y oportunidades minimizando así el impacto de las debilidades y amenazas.
THE BURDEN OF HAND INJURIES IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: OTENE Cletus I , IKUBOR Joyce E , IDIAKHOA Odisi O , OTENE Christopher O 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: The hand is a very vital part of the human body in structure and function. Injuries to the hand can be very devastating affecting individual and national productivity because of inability of the usually active workforce to use their hands adequately. This study is therefore, to document the pattern of hand injuries and the disabilities from such injuries in our environment.METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective review of patients who presented and were managed for hand injuries at the outpatient clinics of two tertiary hospitals in Delta State of Nigeria between January 2013 and December 2015. The admission and operation registers as well as case notes of patients treated at the units were the sources of the information. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics committee of the Teaching Hospital. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to represent frequency distribution. RESULTS: A total of 102 patients were managed in the 2 tertiary hospitals in the state in the study period. 63.7% were males and 36.3% females. The age range most commonly affected was the 20 – 29 years (35.3%) followed by 30 – 39 years and 10 – 19 years at 15.7% each. Majority were students (38.2%) followed by civil servants (19.6%). Commercial motorcyclists, artisans and machinery operators lumped together made up 15.7%. The commonest cause of injury was machete/ knife cuts and stab wounds (24.5%), followed by RTA (20.6%), burns (14.7%) and machinery accidents (13.7%). On the types of injuries sustained, deep lacerations (injuring tendons and nerves) were the commonest (33.3%). Contractures secondary to burn injuries were next (13.7%) whereas, 11.8% had crush injuries as well as another 11.8% with fractures/ dislocations. 61.8% of patients had good outcomes following treatment while 38.2% had outcomes adjudged as poor or fair.CONCLUSION: Hand injuries are disabling and may deny the citizenry and the nation of useful workforce and productivity. Hand trauma can be prevented by encouraging civil societies and providing safe home and workplace environments. KEY WORDS: Burden; pattern; hand injuries; disabilities.
An Apparatus for the Manufacture of Sample Cigarettes out of Small Quantities of Cut Tobacco / Eine industrielle Methode zur Herstellung von Versuchscigaretten aus kleinen Mengen von Schnittabak
Authors: Flesselles J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe described apparatus is suitable for the rapid manufacture of some thousands of cigarettes out of some kilogrammes of tobacco. The experiments proved that it is possible to produce cigarettes mechanically even out of 600 grammes of tobacco. Remainders are to a great extent avoided by the small capacity of the spreader. The use of the device in question together with the most modern machines results in extremely favourable weight dispersions, which enables an eventually necessary selection by severe standards to be made
An Automatic Smoking Machine for Rapid Series Analyses and for the Preparative Collection of Smoke Condensate: Part I and II / Eine automatische Schnellrauchmaschine für Serienanalysen und für die präparative Gewinnung von Rauchkondensaten: Teil I und II
Authors: Seehofer F. , Miller J. E. , Elmenhorst H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractModifications were made to the automatic smoking machine for rapid series analyses which is now suitable for the smoking of 30 cigarettes. The efficiency of the generator producing the electrostatic field is adapted to the requirements of the new device. The results obtained by 4-year routine examinations are satisfactory. The results furnished by the smoking of larger quantities of non-selected cigarettes are nearly as good as those obtained by the smoking of a smaller number of selected cigarettes