bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Token‐based reviewer economies: Proposed institutions for managing the reviewer shortage problem
Authors: Chua Cecil Eng Huang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis opinion paper presents two proposed token‐based systems to fix the information system academy's review system. At present, the review system consumes more human resources than the information systems academy has by an order of magnitude. The cost of this overflow is borne entirely by information systems researchers. I argue this is because the review system is based on a gift economy that cannot handle the currently sized market. Both proposals involve the creation of tokens and a central governing body. The first proposal involves a market built around a review bank (central governing body) that issues review tokens that function as a proxy currency. Journals function as intermediaries between authors and reviewers. Authors pay journals for reviews, and journals pay experts such as reviewers and editors for their services. Reviewers exchange their review tokens on the open market or trade review tokens for favours with institutions like universities. The second proposal involves a gift economy where reviewers transfer their allegiance from peers to the information systems academy. In this proposal, each individual token is unique, like a trading card and an affiliation board tracks the transfer of tokens, linking former possessors of a token together in a review ring. As tokens are regifted, they accumulate history, and thereby social worth, captured in the form of messages each possessor writes. Former possession of a large number of tokens and of tokens with particular histories confers status benefits. These benefits in turn lock reviewers into the review ring system encouraging them to do further reviews. Economic, social, and other implications of both policies are discussed and questions are posed for the information systems academy to grapple with. Example issues discussed include the effect of the proposals on the political power of reviewers and shifts in political power in the information systems academy.
Adherence and treatment discontinuation of oral semaglutide and once‐weekly semaglutide injection at 12 month follow‐up: Japanese real‐world data
Authors: Horii Takeshi , Masudo Chikako , Takayanagi Yui , Oikawa Yoichi , Shimada Akira , Mihara Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAdherence and treatment continuation rates of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) semaglutide for both oral (O‐SEMA) and subcutaneous injection (SEMA‐SC) remain unknown in real‐world clinical practice. This retrospective observational study compared the 12 month adherence and treatment discontinuation of O‐SEMA and once‐weekly SEMA‐SC in patients with type 2 diabetes using a real‐world claims database. SEMA‐SC initiators were 1:1 propensity score‐matched to O‐SEMA initiators. Non‐adherence was defined as <0.8 of the proportion of days covered. SEMA‐SC had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for non‐adherence than O‐SEMA (OR: 1.39). The hazard ratio for treatment discontinuation, using O‐SEMA as the reference, was 1.45 for SEMA‐SC, although the discontinuation rate of O‐SEMA was higher during the early stage. O‐SEMA initiators showed significantly higher adherence and greater persistence in therapy than SEMA‐SC initiators at 12 months, which could lead to earlier initiation of GLP‐1RA treatment.
Association of nursing home antipsychotic reduction policies with antipsychotic use in community dwellers with dementia
Authors: Coe Antoinette B. , Zhang Tingting , Zullo Andrew R. , Gerlach Lauren B. , Daiello Lori A. , Varma Hiren , Lo Derrick , Joshi Richa , Bynum Julie P. W. , Shireman Theresa I. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundAntipsychotic and other psychotropic medication use is prevalent among community‐dwelling older adults with dementia despite the potential for adverse effects. Two Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) initiatives, the National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care (“the Partnership”) and the Five Star Quality Rating System for antipsychotic use reporting, have been successful in reducing antipsychotic use in nursing home residents. We assessed if these initiatives had a spillover effect in antipsychotic and other psychotropic medication use among community dwellers with dementia due to potential overlap in prescribers across settings.MethodsAmong community‐dwelling older adults with dementia, we examined psychotropic medication class use (i.e., antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers, antidementia) in 2010–2017 Medicare fee‐for‐service claims using interrupted time series analyses across three periods (“Pre‐Partnership”: July 1, 2010 to March 31, 2012; “Post‐Partnership”: April 1, 2012 to January 31, 2015; “Five Star Quality Rating”: February 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017).ResultsWe included 1,289,401 community dwellers with dementia contributing 26,609,697 person‐months. The mean age was 80 years, most were female (70%), approximately 80% were non‐Hispanic Whites, 10% were non‐Hispanic Blacks, and 5% were Hispanic ethnicity. Antipsychotic use was declining pre‐Partnership (β = −0.06, 95% CI: −0.08, −0.05) and post‐Partnership (β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.02, −0.01). Post‐Five Star Quality Rating, antipsychotic use remained stable with a nearly flat slope (β = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.01, 0.00). Anticonvulsant and antidepressant use increased and anxiolytic and antidementia medication use decreased among community‐dwelling older adults with dementia.ConclusionsThese two CMS policies on antipsychotic use for nursing home residents were not associated with a spillover effect to community‐dwelling older adults with dementia. Strategies to monitor the appropriateness of psychotropic medication use may be warranted for community‐dwellers with dementia.
Effects of hand‐bathing on noise‐induced vasoconstriction: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sugawara Keita , Takeno Eriko , Mabuchi Takahito , Sukeda Ayano , Ohashi Sana , Ohnishi Norikazu 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAimThis study assessed the effects of hand‐bathing on sympathetic nervous activity exacerbated by psychological stress. Participants immersed one hand in warm water for 2 min while exposed to noise, and changes in blood flow and skin temperature of the non‐immersed hand were observed.MethodsTwenty‐nine healthy university students aged 20 years or older were randomly assigned to either the hand‐bathing group (n = 14) or the control group (n = 15). After a brief rest in a quiet environment, participants were exposed to noise for 6 min. Those in the hand‐bathing group submerged their left hand in a 40°C thermostatic bath for 2 min, starting 2 min into the noise exposure. The tympanic temperature, blood flow, and skin temperature of the non‐immersed hand were continuously measured, along with blood pressure and subjective evaluations before and after the noise exposure.ResultsBoth groups experienced a decrease in fingertip skin temperature at the start of the noise exposure, persisting longer in the control group. Conversely, the hand‐bathing group showed increased fingertip skin temperature after 150 s, significantly higher after the noise exposure than the control group (p = .04). Participants in the hand‐bathing group reported significantly increased overall body warmth, thermal comfort, and relaxation during hand‐bathing (p = .007, p = .01, p < .001).ConclusionsThe 2‐min hand‐bathing intervention reversed the pronounced vasoconstrictive response induced by noise exposure and elicited heightened sensations of overall body warmth, thermal comfort, and relaxation. Hand‐bathing may mitigate heightened sympathetic nervous activity associated with psychological stress induced by noise exposure.
Exchange Rates and Prices in the Netherlands and Britain over the Past Four Centuries
Authors: LOTHIAN JAMES R. , DEVEREUX JOHN 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe paper studies the long‐term stability of the purchasing‐power‐parity (PPP) relation using data for the Netherlands and Great Britain (earlier the Dutch Republic and England) from 1590 until 2020. We begin by investigating the behavior of the real exchange rate in rate‐of‐growth form finding strong evidence supporting long‐run relative PPP. Turning to price levels, we find evidence of mean‐reverting behavior over the whole period with one long‐lived shift in mean between 1788 and 1931. The myriad other factors that varied over this long period that might have affected the stability of the PPP relation do not appear to have mattered.
What is the utility of point‐of‐care ultrasound for suspected pulled elbow? A single‐centre case series
Authors: McCreary David J , Tambe Nikhil , Mullen Niall 
Published: September 2024

Radial head subluxation, known as pulled elbow or nursemaid's elbow, is a common presentation to the Paediatric Emergency Department (PED). Fifty per cent of children present following an unwitnessed injury or with an atypical history. Furthermore, examination can be difficult in an upset or frightened child meaning the precise location of the injury is not always easily identifiable. Many children receive upper limb x‐rays unnecessarily and others undergo attempted reduction for suspected pulled elbow when a fracture is the cause of their pain.ObjectiveTo evaluate the ability of point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) to correctly identify cases of suspected pulled elbow.MethodsA retrospective review of patients aged 0–5 years presenting to the PED of our large District General Hospital from November 2020 to November 2022. We reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients presenting with a triage category of ‘elbow Injury’. We excluded patients presenting with obvious deformity, significant swelling and history of road traffic collision or other major trauma mechanism such as a fall from a height. POCUS was carried out by the authors according to pre‐existing clinical protocols.ResultsThirty‐seven patients underwent POCUS. Twenty‐nine had a typical history and all had a positive POCUS for pulled elbow. Of the remaining eight patients with an atypical history, three were found to have a positive POCUS compared to unaffected elbow. Five patients with an atypical history had negative POCUS findings and were diagnosed as soft tissue injuries after further assessment. All 32 with positive sonographic signs had a final diagnosis of pulled elbow, meaning the specificity was 100% (47.8–100) (P = 0.00003). The sensitivity was 100%.ConclusionUse of POCUS by appropriately trained clinicians, as an extension of a clinical examination, in this retrospective study reliably confirmed pulled elbow. This has the potential to reduce both unnecessary radiation as well as the time in the emergency department for the child and their carers.
Associations between longitudinal fluoride intakes from birth to age 23 and multi‐row detector computed tomography bone densitometry outcomes at age 23
Authors: Bhatia Gurjot Kaur , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Rysavy Oscar A. , Saha Punam K. , Zhang Xiaoliu , Zeng Erliang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the relationships between longitudinal fluoride intakes and bone densitometry outcomes in young adults.MethodsData were analyzed from the Iowa Fluoride Study and Iowa Bone Development Study, which followed 1,882 infants from birth in 1992. Daily fluoride intakes were assessed using detailed questionnaires sent every 1.5–6 months, and multi‐row detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of distal tibia were obtained from 330 participants aged 23 years. Sex‐specific bivariate and multivariable associations with MDCT outcomes were examined using linear regression. Because of the multiple statistical analyses being conducted, p‐values < 0.01 were considered statistically significant.ResultsIn fully adjusted analyses, no statistically significant (p < 0.01) or suggestive (0.01 < p < 0.05) associations were found between period‐specific or cumulative fluoride intake and bone measures for either sex, although there were suggestive positive relationships in unadjusted analyses.ConclusionsLongitudinal fluoride intakes had little association with bone measures at age 23. As there were no adverse effects from fluoride intake on bone health in young adults, results support the continued use of fluorides, particularly community water fluoridation is the most cost‐effective method of dental caries prevention.
Parasomnias and sleep‐related movement disorders induced by drugs in the adult population: a review about iatrogenic medication effects
Authors: Dumont Sylvain , Bloch Vanessa , Lillo‐Lelouet Agnès , Le Beller Christine , Geoffroy Pierre A. , Veyrier Marc 
Published: September 2024

SummaryParasomnias and sleep‐related movement disorders (SRMD) are major causes of sleep disorders and may be drug induced. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to examine the association between drug use and the occurrence of parasomnias and SRMD. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines for reporting systematic reviews, we searched PubMed databases between January 2020 and June 2023. The searches retrieved 937 records, of which 174 publications were selected for full‐text screening and 73 drugs were identified. The most common drug‐induced parasomnias were nightmares and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorders and sleepwalking. In terms of drug‐induced SRMD, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorders (PLMD), and sleep‐related bruxism were most frequent. Medications that inhibit noradrenergic, serotonergic, or orexin transmission could induce REM sleep (e.g., nightmares). Regarding sleepwalking, dysregulation of serotoninergic neurone activity is implicated. Antipsychotics are mentioned, as well as medications involved in the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway. A mechanism of desensitisation‐autoregulation of GABA receptors on serotoninergic neurones is a hypothesis. SRMD and PLMD could involve medications disrupting the dopamine pathway (e.g., antipsychotics or opioids). Opioids would act on mu receptors and increase dopamine release. The role of adenosine and iron is also hypothesised. Regarding bruxism, the hypotheses raised involve dysregulation of mesocortical pathway or a downregulation of nigrostriatal pathway, related to medications involving dopamine or serotonin. Parasomnias are rarely identified in drug product labels, likely due to the recent classification of their diagnoses. An analysis of pharmacovigilance data could be valuable to supplement existing literature data.
Procedural constraints and regulatory ossification in the US states
Authors: Yackee Jason Webb , Yackee Susan Webb 
Published: September 2024

AbstractScholars of the US regulatory process routinely assert that rulemaking is “ossified”—that it has become so encumbered with procedural constraints that it is difficult for agencies to issue socially desirable regulations. Yet, this claim has rarely been subject to empirical testing, and this is particularly true at the sub‐federal (i.e., US state) level. But the same factors that allegedly cause ossification in federal agencies also exist in the states. Using original survey data from 1460 agency leaders from across all 50 states, we present evidence suggesting that state agencies issue numerous rules and appear to do so quickly. We then focus on the procedural constraints that supposedly drive ossification and present some of the first evidence questioning the argument at the state level. We conclude that fears about the supposed tendency of procedural oversight mechanisms on the ability to regulate may be exaggerated.
Vagus nerve stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: Neural substrates, neuromodulatory effects and therapeutic implications
Authors: Schambra Heidi M. , Hays Seth A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPaired vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a promising strategy to potentiate recovery after neurological injury. This approach, which combines short bursts of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve with rehabilitation exercises, received approval from the US Food and Drug Aministration in 2021 as the first neuromodulation‐based therapy for chronic stroke. Because this treatment is increasingly implemented in clinical practice, there is a need to take stock of what we know about this approach and what we have yet to learn. Here, we provide a survey on the foundational basis of VNS therapy for stroke and offer insight into the mechanisms that underlie potentiated recovery, focusing on the principles of neuromodulatory reinforcement. We discuss the current state of observations regarding synaptic reorganization in motor networks that are enhanced by VNS, and we propose other prospective loci of neuromodulation that should be evaluated in the future. Finally, we highlight the future opportunities and challenges to be faced as this approach is increasingly translated to clinical use. Collectively, a clearer understanding of the mechanistic basis of VNS therapy may reveal ways to maximize its benefits.
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Retinal curvature in Chinese children with myopia measured by ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Wu Haotian , Zhang Bo , Chen Jun , Qi Ziyi , Xu Xun , Li Huo , He Xiangui 
Published: September 2024

AimsTo quantitatively measure retinal curvature (RC) in children with myopia and explore its association with refractive status.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included participants aged 5–18 years who underwent comprehensive ocular examinations, including cycloplegic refraction and macula 24×20 mm optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. RC was derived from OCT data using a three-dimensional reconstruction system. Mean RC was assessed in concentric circles (RC I–VI) with diameters of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 mm around the fovea, as well as in four orientations (RC S/I/N/T).ResultsA total of 443 eyes were included in the analysis. The values from RC I to RC VI were 0.51±0.19, 0.53±0.19, 0.62±0.19, 0.76±0.23, 0.86±0.23 and 0.81±0.18 10−2mm−2, respectively. RC I exhibited the smallest curvature, while RC V displayed the highest (p<0.001). High myopia (HM) group demonstrated larger RC I and smaller RC III/IV/V/VI compared with low myopia (LM) group (p<0.01). Significant differences among RC S/I/N/T were observed in HM group (pairwise comparison, p<0.001), but not in LM group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age, sex, corneal curvature radius and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were associated factors with foveal RC, while age, SFCT and axial length (AL) were associated factors of peripheral RC.ConclusionRC can quantitatively characterise retinal shape and the morphological changes induced by myopia. Myopia progression results in a bulging macular retina accompanied by a flattening peripheral retina in children, and also increases the irregularity among the four quadrants. Age, AL and SFCT are associated factors of RC.
The global health and economic value of COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Sevilla JP , Burnes Daria , Knee Joseph S , Di Fusco Manuela , Kyaw Moe H , Yang Jingyan , Nguyen Jennifer L , Bloom David E 
Published: September 2024

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic triggered one of the largest global health and economic crises in recent history. COVID-19 vaccination (CV) has been the central tool for global health and macroeconomic recovery, yet estimates of CV’s global health and macroeconomic value remain scarce.MethodsWe used regression analyses to measure the impact of CV on gross domestic product (GDP), infections and deaths. We combined regression estimates of vaccine-averted infections and deaths with estimates of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) losses, and direct and indirect costs, to estimate three broad value components: (i) QALY gains, (ii) direct and indirect costs averted and (iii) GDP impacts. The global value is the sum of components over 148 countries between January 2020 and December 2021 for CV generally and for Pfizer-BioNTech specifically.ResultsCV’s global value was US$5.2 (95% CI US$4.1 to US$6.2) trillion, with Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccines contributing over US$1.9 (95% CI US$1.5 to US$2.3) trillion. Varying key parameters results in values 10%–20% higher or lower than the base-case value. The largest value component was GDP impacts, followed by QALY gains, then direct and indirect costs averted. CV provided US$740 of value per dose, while Pfizer-BioNTech specifically provided >US$1600 per dose. We estimated conservative benefit-cost ratios of 13.9 and 30.8 for CV and Pfizer-BioNTech, respectively.ConclusionsWe provide the first estimates of the broad value of CV incorporating GDP, QALY and direct and indirect cost impacts. Through December 2021, CV produced significant health and economic value, represented strong value for money and produced significant macroeconomic benefits that should be considered in vaccine evaluation.
Brain reserve and physical disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: John Nevin , Li Yingtong , De Angelis Floriana , Stutters Jonathan , Prados Carrasco Ferran , Eshaghi Arman , Doshi Anisha , Calvi Alberto , Williams Thomas , Plantone Domenico , Phan Thanh , Barkhof Frederik , Chataway Jeremy 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundThe brain reserve hypothesis posits that larger maximal lifetime brain growth (MLBG) may confer protection against physical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Larger MLBG as a proxy for brain reserve, has been associated with reduced progression of physical disability in patients with early MS; however, it is unknown whether this association remains once in the secondary progressive phase of MS (SPMS). Our aim was to assess whether larger MLBG is associated with decreased physical disability progression in SPMS.MethodsWe conducted a post hoc analysis of participants in the MS-Secondary Progressive Multi-Arm Randomisation Trial (NCT01910259), a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of the neuroprotective potential of three agents in SPMS. Physical disability was measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), 9-hole peg test (9HPT) and 25-foot timed walk test (T25FW) at baseline, 48 and 96 weeks. MLBG was estimated by baseline intracranial volume (ICV). Multivariable time-varying Cox regression models were used to investigate the association between MLBG and physical disability progression.Results383 participants (mean age 54.5 years, 298 female) were followed up over 96 weeks. Median baseline EDSS was 6.0 (range 4.0–6.5). Adjusted for covariates, larger MLBG was associated with a reduced risk of EDSS progression (HR 0.84,95% CI:0.72 to 0.99;p=0.04). MLBG was not independently associated with time to progression as measured by 9HPT or T25FW.ConclusionLarger MLBG is independently associated with physical disability progression over 96 weeks as measured by EDSS in SPMS. This suggests that MLBG as a proxy for brain reserve may continue to confer protection against disability when in the secondary progression phase of MS.Trail registration numberNCT01910259.