bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing chemical weathering during the Lower Mesozoic in the Western-Central Mediterranean area: a review of geochemical proxies
Authors: PERRI FRANCESCO 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Triassic–Jurassic rift-valley stage of Tethyan rifting in the Western-Central Mediterranean area is characterized by a development of a puzzle of plates and microplates with the deposition of continental redbeds (in the internal domains of the Gibraltar Arc and Calabria–Peloritani Arc) that can be considered a regional lithosome. This paper aims to reconstruct the chemical weathering conditions of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the Western-Central Mediterranean area using the geochemical and mineralogical composition of continental redbed mudrocks of Mesozoic age. The mudrocks from the Calabria–Peloritani Arc show higher values of weathering (mobility) indices (αMg=(Al/Mg)sed/(Al/Mg)UCC;αK=(Th/K)sed/(Th/K)UCC;αBa=(Th/Ba)sed/(Th/Ba)UCC) than the Gibraltar Arc samples. Furthermore, the CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) and MIA (Mineralogical Index of Alteration) values and the ‘Rb-type indices’ (e.g. Rb/Sr and Rb/K ratios) are higher for the Calabria–Peloritani Arc mudrocks than the Gibraltar Arc samples. All these geochemical proxies closely resemble each other and show similar variations suggesting climatic changes towards humid conditions through the Uppermost Triassic to Lowermost Jurassic that favoured chemical weathering conditions. This period is probably characterized by seasonal climate alternations corresponding to an increase in palaeoclimatic humidity. The mineralogical compositions of the Mesozoic mudrocks further confirm these indications as shown by a higher abundance of kaolinite, related to warm–humid conditions, in the Calabria–Peloritani Arc mudrocks than in those of the Gibraltar Arc.
Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Hauser T. U. , Iannaccone R. , Dolan R. J. , Ball J. , Hättenschwiler J. , Drechsler R. , Rufer M. , Brandeis D. , Walitza S. , Brem S. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to functional abnormalities in fronto-striatal networks as well as impairments in decision making and learning. Little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms causing these decision-making and learning deficits in OCD, and how they relate to dysfunction in fronto-striatal networks.MethodWe investigated neural mechanisms of decision making in OCD patients, including early and late onset of disorder, in terms of reward prediction errors (RPEs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RPEs index a mismatch between expected and received outcomes, encoded by the dopaminergic system, and are known to drive learning and decision making in humans and animals. We used reinforcement learning models and RPE signals to infer the learning mechanisms and to compare behavioural parameters and neural RPE responses of the OCD patients with those of healthy matched controls.ResultsPatients with OCD showed significantly increased RPE responses in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the putamen compared with controls. OCD patients also had a significantly lower perseveration parameter than controls.ConclusionsEnhanced RPE signals in the ACC and putamen extend previous findings of fronto-striatal deficits in OCD. These abnormally strong RPEs suggest a hyper-responsive learning network in patients with OCD, which might explain their indecisiveness and intolerance of uncertainty.
Justice as Lawfulness and Equity as a Virtue in Aristotle'sNicomachean Ethics
Authors: Guest James W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis essay examines Aristotle's account of justice as a virtue in theNicomachean Ethicsby considering two related parts of it: Aristotle's elevated account of justice as lawfulness and his description of equity as a virtue. I focus on moral rather than legal questions by emphasizing Aristotle's identification of justice as lawfulness with complete virtue, and a broad sense of equity as superlatively good character. Some of the more difficult passages in book 5 prove to be tied together by the question of the goodness of justice and I argue that Aristotle points to a specific confusion in this regard characteristic of virtuous people. I conclude that Aristotle's critique of our ordinary opinions about justice offers crucial, albeit limited, support for the superiority of the contemplative life announced at the end of book 10.
BIOLOGICAL WELFARE AND NUTRITIONAL INEQUALITY IN RURAL MEDITERRANEAN SPAIN: THE IRRIGATED AREA OF VALENCIA, 1859-1939
Authors: Ayuda María-Isabel , Puche Javier 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article analyses the biological welfare and inequality of the male population of the irrigated area of Valencia between 1859 and 1939. It studies the effects that the agrarian development process had on physical welfare and the relationship between height and access to land ownership. Height data for conscripts in five municipalities constitute the source for the study. The results reveal that there was a growing trend in the evolution of heights in the irrigated area of Valencia at the beginning of agrarian capitalism. Nutritional inequalities can be observed between farmers and farm workers: land owners were taller than landless labourers. However, this biological inequality diminished over the period under study.
Best practices in global governance
Authors: Bernstein Steven , van der Ven Hamish 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBest practices are increasingly used to govern a range of global issues. Yet, the rise of global governance through best practices has received scant attention in the International Relations literature. How do best practices differ from other modes of governance? How are they constructed? And to what end? We offer a novel conceptualisation of best practices as a unique mode of global governance principally distinguished by basing claims of political authority on existing practices. Belying their apolitical terminology, best practices in global governance are purposively constructed by political actors to steer targeted actors toward desired ends. We illustrate the characteristics of governance through best practices with reference to state and non-state global governance initiatives in a wide range of issue areas, ranging from finance and development to human rights and the environment, and through an in-depth case study of the ISEAL Alliance, a disseminator of best practices for transnational sustainability standard-setters. We find that governance through best practices has both positive and negative consequences. While it offers a pragmatic approach to global governance under conditions of fragmentation and polycentricity, it can also mask underlying power dynamics and political agendas and therefore requires ongoing critical scrutiny.
INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES INTO A HEALTH ECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Marsh Kevin , Ganz Michael , Nørtoft Emil , Lund Niels , Graff-Zivin Joshua 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Traditional economic evaluations for most health technology assessments (HTAs) have previously not included environmental outcomes. With the growing interest in reducing the environmental impact of human activities, the need to consider how to include environmental outcomes into HTAs has increased. We present a simple method of doing so.Methods: We adapted an existing clinical-economic model to include environmental outcomes (carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions) to predict the consequences of adding insulin to an oral antidiabetic (OAD) regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over 30 years, from the United Kingdom payer perspective. Epidemiological, efficacy, healthcare costs, utility, and carbon emissions data were derived from published literature. A scenario analysis was performed to explore the impact of parameter uncertainty.Results: The addition of insulin to an OAD regimen increases costs by 2,668 British pounds per patient and is associated with 0.36 additional quality-adjusted life-years per patient. The insulin-OAD combination regimen generates more treatment and disease management-related CO2 emissions per patient (1,686 kg) than the OAD-only regimen (310 kg), but generates fewer emissions associated with treating complications (3,019 kg versus 3,337 kg). Overall, adding insulin to OAD therapy generates an extra 1,057 kg of CO2 emissions per patient over 30 years.Conclusions: The model offers a simple approach for incorporating environmental outcomes into health economic analyses, to support a decision-maker's objective of reducing the environmental impact of health care. Further work is required to improve the accuracy of the approach; in particular, the generation of resource-specific environmental impacts.
Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections linked to whole apples used in commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples: United States, 2014–2015
Authors: ANGELO K. M. , CONRAD A. R. , SAUPE A. , DRAGOO H. , WEST N. , SORENSON A. , BARNES A. , DOYLE M. , BEAL J. , JACKSON K. A. , STROIKA S. , TARR C. , KUCEROVA Z. , LANCE S. , GOULD L. H. , WISE M. , JACKSON B. R. 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYWhole apples have not been previously implicated in outbreaks of foodborne bacterial illness. We investigated a nationwide listeriosis outbreak associated with caramel apples. We defined an outbreak-associated case as an infection with one or both of two outbreak strains of Listeria monocytogenes highly related by whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) from 1 October 2014 to 1 February 2015. Single-interviewer open-ended interviews identified the source. Outbreak-associated cases were compared with non-outbreak-associated cases and traceback and environmental investigations were performed. We identified 35 outbreak-associated cases in 12 states; 34 (97%) were hospitalized and seven (20%) died. Outbreak-associated ill persons were more likely to have eaten commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples (odds ratio 326·7, 95% confidence interval 32·2–3314). Environmental samples from the grower's packing facility and distribution-chain whole apples yielded isolates highly related to outbreak isolates by wgMLST. This outbreak highlights the importance of minimizing produce contamination with L. monocytogenes. Investigators should perform single-interviewer open-ended interviews when a food is not readily identified.
Evaluation of Electrospray as a Sample Preparation Tool for Electron Microscopic Investigations: Toward Quantitative Evaluation of Nanoparticles
Authors: Mielke Johannes , Dohányosová Pavla , Müller Philipp , López-Vidal Silvia , Hodoroaba Vasile-Dan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe potential of electrospray deposition, for the controlled preparation of particles for imaging in electron microscopes, is evaluated on various materials: from mono-modal suspensions of spherical particles to multimodal suspensions and to real-world industrial materials. It is shown that agglomeration is reduced substantially on the sample carrier, compared with conventional sample preparation techniques. For the first time, it is possible to assess the number concentration of a tri-modal polystyrene suspension by electron microscopy, due to the high deposition efficiency of the electrospray. We discovered that some suspension stabilizing surfactants form artifact particles during electrospraying. These can be avoided by optimizing the sprayed suspension.
New insights into the correlation structure of DSM-IV depression symptoms in the general population v. subsamples of depressed individuals
Authors: Foster S. , Mohler-Kuo M. 
Published: January 2017

Aims.Previous research failed to uncover a replicable dimensional structure underlying the symptoms of depression. We aimed to examine two neglected methodological issues in this research: (a) adjusting symptom correlations for overall depression severity; and (b) analysing general population samples v. subsamples of currently depressed individuals.Methods.Using population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal data from two nations (Switzerland, 5883 young men; USA, 2174 young men and 2244 young women) we assessed the dimensions of the nine DSM-IV depression symptoms in young adults. In each general-population sample and each subsample of currently depressed participants, we conducted a standardised process of three analytical steps, based on exploratory and confirmatory factor and bifactor analysis, to reveal any replicable dimensional structure underlying symptom correlations while controlling for overall depression severity.Results.We found no evidence of a replicable dimensional structure across samples when adjusting symptom correlations for overall depression severity. In the general-population samples, symptoms correlated strongly and a single dimension of depression severity was revealed. Among depressed participants, symptom correlations were surprisingly weak and no replicable dimensions were identified, regardless of severity-adjustment.Conclusions.First, caution is warranted when considering studies assessing dimensions of depression because general population-based studies and studies of depressed individuals generate different data that can lead to different conclusions. This problem likely generalises to other models based on the symptoms’ inter-relationships such as network models. Second, whereas the overall severity aligns individuals on a continuum of disorder intensity that allows non-affected individuals to be distinguished from affected individuals, the clinical evaluation and treatment of depressed individuals should focus directly on each individual's symptom profile.
The Evolution of Human Uniqueness
Authors: Boyd Robert 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe human species is an outlier in the natural world. Two million years ago our ancestors were a slightly odd apes. Now we occupy the largest ecological and geographical range of any species, have larger biomass, and process more energy. Usually, this transformation is explained in terms of cognitive ability—people are just smarter than all the rest. In this paper I argue that culture, our ability to learn from each other, and cooperation, our ability to make common cause with large groups of unrelated individuals are the real roots of human uniqueness, and sketch an evolutionary account of how these crucial abilities co-evolved with each other and with other features of our life histories.
Bi- and uniciliated ependymal cells define continuous floor-plate-derived tanycytic territories
Authors: Mirzadeh Zaman , Kusne Yael , Duran-Moreno Maria , Cabrales Elaine , Gil-Perotin Sara , Ortiz Christian , Chen Bin , Garcia-Verdugo Jose Manuel , Sanai Nader , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMulticiliated ependymal (E1) cells line the brain ventricles and are essential for brain homeostasis. We previously identified in the lateral ventricles a rare ependymal subpopulation (E2) with only two cilia and unique basal bodies. Here we show that E2 cells form a distinct biciliated epithelium extending along the ventral third into the fourth ventricle. In the third ventricle floor, apical profiles with only primary cilia define an additional uniciliated (E3) epithelium. E2 and E3 cells’ ultrastructure, marker expression and basal processes indicate that they correspond to subtypes of tanycytes. Using sonic hedgehog lineage tracing, we show that the third and fourth ventricle E2 and E3 epithelia originate from the anterior floor plate. E2 and E3 cells complete their differentiation 2–3 weeks after birth, suggesting a link to postnatal maturation. These data reveal discrete bands of E2 and E3 cells that may relay information from the CSF to underlying neural circuits along the ventral midline.
Luminescent hyperbolic metasurfaces
Authors: Smalley J. S. T. , Vallini F. , Montoya S. A. , Ferrari L. , Shahin S. , Riley C. T. , Kanté B. , Fullerton E. E. , Liu Z. , Fainman Y. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhen engineered on scales much smaller than the operating wavelength, metal-semiconductor nanostructures exhibit properties unobtainable in nature. Namely, a uniaxial optical metamaterial described by a hyperbolic dispersion relation can simultaneously behave as a reflective metal and an absorptive or emissive semiconductor for electromagnetic waves with orthogonal linear polarization states. Using an unconventional multilayer architecture, we demonstrate luminescent hyperbolic metasurfaces, wherein distributed semiconducting quantum wells display extreme absorption and emission polarization anisotropy. Through normally incident micro-photoluminescence measurements, we observe absorption anisotropies greater than a factor of 10 and degree-of-linear polarization of emission >0.9. We observe the modification of emission spectra and, by incorporating wavelength-scale gratings, show a controlled reduction of polarization anisotropy. We verify hyperbolic dispersion with numerical simulations that model the metasurface as a composite nanoscale structure and according to the effective medium approximation. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate >350% emission intensity enhancement relative to the bare semiconducting quantum wells.
The microbiota maintain homeostasis of liver-resident γδT-17 cells in a lipid antigen/CD1d-dependent manner
Authors: Li Fenglei , Hao Xiaolei , Chen Yongyan , Bai Li , Gao Xiang , Lian Zhexiong , Wei Haiming , Sun Rui , Tian Zhigang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe microbiota control regional immunity using mechanisms such as inducing IL-17A-producing γδ T (γδT-17) cells in various tissues. However, little is known regarding hepatic γδT cells that are constantly stimulated by gut commensal microbes. Here we show hepatic γδT cells are liver-resident cells and predominant producers of IL-17A. The microbiota sustain hepatic γδT-17 cell homeostasis, including activation, survival and proliferation. The global commensal quantity affects the number of liver-resident γδT-17 cells; indeed, E. coli alone can generate γδT-17 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Liver-resident γδT-17 cell homeostasis depends on hepatocyte-expressed CD1d, that present lipid antigen, but not Toll-like receptors or IL-1/IL-23 receptor signalling. Supplementing mice in vivo or loading hepatocytes in vitro with exogenous commensal lipid antigens augments the hepatic γδT-17 cell number. Moreover, the microbiota accelerate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through hepatic γδT-17 cells. Thus, our work describes a unique liver-resident γδT-17 cell subset maintained by gut commensal microbes through CD1d/lipid antigens.
CDK4/6-dependent activation of DUB3 regulates cancer metastasis through SNAIL1
Authors: Liu Tongzheng , Yu Jia , Deng Min , Yin Yujiao , Zhang Haoxing , Luo Kuntian , Qin Bo , Li Yunhui , Wu Chenming , Ren Tao , Han Yang , Yin Peng , Kim JungJin , Lee SeungBaek , Lin Jing , Zhang Lizhi , Zhang Jun , Nowsheen Somaira , Wang Liewei , Boughey Judy , Goetz Matthew P. , Yuan Jian , Lou Zhenkun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTumour metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from the original tumour site followed by growth of secondary tumours at distant organs, is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths and remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of CDK4/6 blocks breast tumour metastasis in the triple-negative breast cancer model, without affecting tumour growth. Mechanistically, we identify a deubiquitinase, DUB3, as a target of CDK4/6; CDK4/6-mediated activation of DUB3 is essential to deubiquitinate and stabilize SNAIL1, a key factor promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition and breast cancer metastasis. Overall, our study establishes the CDK4/6–DUB3 axis as an important regulatory mechanism of breast cancer metastasis and provides a rationale for potential therapeutic interventions in the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
CD8+ T cells stimulate Na-Cl co-transporter NCC in distal convoluted tubules leading to salt-sensitive hypertension
Authors: Liu Yunmeng , Rafferty Tonya M. , Rhee Sung W. , Webber Jessica S. , Song Li , Ko Benjamin , Hoover Robert S. , He Beixiang , Mu Shengyu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecent studies suggest a role for T lymphocytes in hypertension. However, whether T cells contribute to renal sodium retention and salt-sensitive hypertension is unknown. Here we demonstrate that T cells infiltrate into the kidney of salt-sensitive hypertensive animals. In particular, CD8+T cells directly contact the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in the kidneys of DOCA-salt mice and CD8+T cell-injected mice, leading to up-regulation of the Na-Cl co-transporter NCC, p-NCC and the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Co-culture with CD8+T cells upregulates NCC in mouse DCT cells via ROS-induced activation of Src kinase, up-regulation of the K+channel Kir4.1, and stimulation of the Cl−channel ClC-K. The last event increases chloride efflux, leading to compensatory chloride influx via NCC activation at the cost of increasing sodium retention. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanism for adaptive immunity involvement in the kidney defect in sodium handling and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Submesoscale transition from geostrophic flows to internal waves in the northwestern Pacific upper ocean
Authors: Qiu Bo , Nakano Toshiya , Chen Shuiming , Klein Patrice 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWith radar interferometry, the next-generation Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission will improve the measured sea surface height resolution down to 15 km, allowing us to investigate for the first time the global upper ocean variability at the submesoscale range. Here, by analysing shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements along 137°E in the northwest Pacific of 2004–2016, we show that the observed upper ocean velocities are comprised of balanced geostrophic flows and unbalanced internal waves. The transition length scale, Lt, separating these two motions, is found to depend strongly on the energy level of local mesoscale eddy variability. In the eddy-abundant western boundary current region of Kuroshio, Lt can be shorter than 15 km, whereas Lt exceeds 200 km along the path of relatively stable North Equatorial Current. Judicious separation between the geostrophic and internal wave signals represents both a challenge and an opportunity for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission.
Recent developments in computational modelling of nucleation in phase transformations
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ren Weiqing , Samanta Amit , Du Qiang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNucleation is one of the most common physical phenomena in physical, chemical, biological and materials sciences. Owing to the complex multiscale nature of various nucleation events and the difficulties in their direct experimental observation, development of effective computational methods and modeling approaches has become very important and is bringing new light to the study of this challenging subject. Our discussions in this manuscript provide a sampler of some newly developed numerical algorithms that are widely applicable to many nucleation and phase transformation problems. We first describe some recent progress on the design of efficient numerical methods for computing saddle points and minimum energy paths, and then illustrate their applications to the study of nucleation events associated with several different physical systems.