bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Re-Igniting Critical Race In Canadian Legal Spaces: Introduction To The Special Symposium Issue Of Contemporary Accounts Of Racialization In Canada
Authors: Senthe Shanthi , Xavier Sujith 
Published: April 2017

Osgoode Hall Law School, York University’s Challenging Conventions! Speaker Series organized Re-Igniting Critical Race: A Symposium on Contemporary Accounts of Racialization in Canada on November 2, 2012. The symposium sought to explore critical race theory and its praxis within the Canadian legal academy by inviting emerging scholars and practitioners to engage with the scholarship of Professor Patricia Williams.
ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL: TOWARDS AN “EXPANSIVE VISION” OF JUSTICE AND TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Bailey Jane , Burkell Jacquelyn , Reynolds Graham 
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the authors examine developments in the Canadian access to justice dialogue from Macdonald’s seminal 2005 analysis to the recent reports of the National Action Committee on Access to Justice in Civil and Family Matters [NAC]. They draw on the NAC’s call for an “expansive vision” of access to justice as the basis for critically evaluating examples of particular technologies used or proposed as responses to the access to justice crisis in Canada. In so doing, they illustrate the importance of conscious consideration of deliverables and beneficiaries in prioritizing technologies for deployment, in determining how the technology ought to be deployed, and in evaluating the potential of a technology to facilitate access to justice. The authors argue that nuanced accounts of the relationships between justice deliverables, technological mechanisms for delivery and intended justice beneficiaries are essential to developing good decision-making mechanisms with respect to access to justice and technology.
THE EVOLUTION OF SMALL CLAIMS COURT: RISING MONETARY LIMITS AND USE OF LEGAL REPRESENTATION
Authors: McGill Shelley 
Published: April 2017

Do higher small claims court monetary limits expand access to “simplified” justice or do they erode the character of the “People’s Court”? This paper reports the initial findings of a study of claims filed in the Toronto Small Claims Court in the two years before and after Ontario raised the Court’s monetary limit from $10,000 to $25,000. Claim values and distribution across the value range are significantly changed following the monetary limit increase while claim volume remains at pre-increase levels. Predictably, proportionate use of legal representation by plaintiffs and defendants also increases after the limit increase.
ADVOCACY FATIGUE: SELF-CARE, PROTEST, AND EDUCATIONAL EQUITY
Authors: Basas Carrie Griffin 
Published: April 2017

Much of the literature in education has focused on the experiences of teachers and school leaders as they encounter students with individualized or “special” learning needs and their families. This body of literature places the professional at the center of its concern by studying such phenomena as burnout and compassion fatigue. In this article, the Author argues that this vigilance for the experience of schools has overlooked the material, psychological, and social impact on families that must advocate for their students in the U.S. educational system. Examining educational conflicts that occur in special education and English Language Learner [ELL] settings, the Author defines this “advocacy fatigue” as the increased strain on resources that comes from continued exposure to system inequities and inequalities. In the final section of the Article, she identifies strategies for collaboratively addressing educational equity that range from resistance to self-care, community wholeness to professional development.
« PLACER LE CITOYEN AU CŒUR DU SYSTÈME » : ORIGINE ET FONDEMENTS D’UNE IDÉE POPULAIRE
Authors: Iavarone-Turcotte Cléa 
Published: April 2017

This article looks into an idea which, today, seems to be on everyone’s lips. An idea put forward by observers of the legal world (academics, journalists) as well as by actors and decision makers taking part in it, and that is, thus, echoed not only in civil society, but also within the legal community’s inner circle. This idea is the following: to put the citizen at the very heart of the civil justice system.
To assist in understanding this idea, which she calls “recentring”, the author provides the context in which it emerged. She does so in a two-step process: she first examines the background against which this recentring was first proposed; she then identifies its underlying justification, or the philosophy on which it is based.
BUSINESS DOMINANCE IN THE “PEOPLE’S COURT”: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN THE TORONTO SMALL CLAIMS COURT
Authors: McGill Shelley 
Published: April 2017

This article examines business dominance in small claims courts from four perspectives: party entity, party relationship, claim subject matter, and business plaintiff success. Using data collected from the Toronto Small Claims Court, it compares business activity before and after the monetary limit rose from CDN $10,000 to CDN $25,000. Although most claims are brought by business plaintiffs against individual defendants, business dominance did not worsen following the limit increase. In some ways, it actually receded. Individual defence rates rose, and business plaintiff success fell. In sum, capping monetary limits is not recommended to reduce business activity in small claims courts. Dans cet article, l’auteure étudie la dominance des entreprises devant les cours de petites créances sous quatre angles : celui de la personne morale, celui des rapports des parties entre elles, celui de l’objet revendiqué et celui du succès de l’entreprise demanderesse. En se servant de données provenant de la cour des petites créances de Toronto, l’auteure compare les proportions d’instances introduites par les entreprises avant et après le passage de 10 000 $ à 25 000 $ CDN de la limite pécuniaire des réclamations. Bien que la plupart des instances soient introduites par des entreprises demanderesses contre des particuliers défendeurs, la dominance des entreprises ne s’est pas accentuée après le relèvement de la limite pécuniaire des réclamations. À certains égards, cette dominance a en fait reculé. Les moyens de défense des particuliers se sont accrus et le taux de succès des entreprises demanderesses a baissé. En conséquence, il n’est pas recommandé de plafonner la limite pécuniaire des réclamations pour réduire la place que prennent les entreprises devant les cours de petites créances.
Detección e identificación de Salmonella spp. en huevos para consumo humano, provenientes de diferentes localidades de Bogotá, Colombia, 2015
Authors: Castañeda-Salazar Rubiela , Pulido-Villamarín Adriana Del Pilar , Mendoza-Gómez María Fernanda , Carrascal-Camacho Ana Karina , Sandoval-Rojas Karen Lizeth 
Published: April 2017

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Salmonella spp. en muestras de huevos para consumo humano en localidades de Bogotá.Materiales y métodos: Se obtuvieron 96 muestras en tiendas y plazas de mercado de 4 localidades de la ciudad. Se procesó de forma separada la cáscara y el contenido interno mediante métodos microbiológicos y moleculares para aislamiento e identificación Salmonella spp.Resultados: Se determinó una prevalencia total de Salmonella spp. de 9,4% (n=9), de ésta el 55% (n = 5) provenían del contenido interno y 44% (n = 4) de cáscara, sin embargo no se logró tipificar el serovar de Salmonella entérica presente. Las localidades con mayor presencia del patógeno fueron Usaquén y Fontibón.Discusión: Estudios realizados en Colombia evidencian bajas prevalencias de Salmonella spp. (0–1,74%) en muestras de huevos, sin embargo los hallazgos de este estudio evidencian una mayor recuperación, lo que podría asociarse con inadecuadas condiciones de manejo y/o almacenamiento del producto.Conclusión: Se estableció la presencia de Salmonella spp. En las muestras de huevo evaluadas, lo que implica un riesgo potencial para la salud pública, por lo que es necesario ampliar este tipo de estudios para conocer la situación real a nivel nacional frente a este patógeno.
Amnestic Somnambulism and Nocturnal Eating Disorder Associated with Zolpidem Use as a Contributing Factor in Accidental Death
Authors: Stump Michael , Presnell S. Erin 
Published: April 2017

Zolpidem is a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor modulator used commonly in the treatment of insomnia. It is effective at initiating sleep and has primary effects similar to benzodiazepines. Zolpidem has gained some notoriety for its association with rare but unusual side effects of compulsive nocturnal activity with anterograde amnesia. Review of the literature documents zolpidem-associated nocturnal activities, which include walking, eating, and more complex activities such as house cleaning or driving. During these events, the sleeper may be able to converse and initially appear normal to an observer, but has limited, if any, recollection of the event. Other literature reviewing zolpidem-related deaths, hospital admissions, falls, and somnambulism found a high rate of concurrent alcohol and/or other drug use than when using Zolpidem alone. We present a case of a 67-year-old woman with a history of somnambulism and amnestic eating during the night after using Zolpidem who was found deceased on the pavement below her opened second story bedroom window. Autopsy revealed nonocclusive food substances in her airways, and head and neck trauma, consistent with a fall from the second story window. Toxicological analysis of peripheral blood revealed Zolpidem (69 ng/mL), pseudoephedrine (150 ng/mL), citalopram/escitalopram (400 ng/mL), and caffeine. Blood and vitreous ethanol concentrations were 194 mg/dL and 160 mg/dL, respectively. Given the decedent's nocturnal activity history associated with Zolpidem, Zolpidem use combined with ethanol was considered contributory to her death.
Benefits of Utilizing Full-Body Lodox Digital Radiography in Forensic Pathology
Authors: Jorgenson Kyla M. , Lanter Joshua , Wiens Do Andrea L. 
Published: April 2017

Introduction The purpose of this study was to measure the time spent by a single autopsy assistant in obtaining full-body radiographic imaging in a forensic pathology setting. The Lodox digital radiography (DR) system was compared with a traditional cassette-based portable computed radiography (CR) system to quantify time saved by the implementation of the Lodox imaging system. Methods Decedents were examined with the Lodox DR and portable CR systems to provide full-body coverage with each system. Timing was divided into preparation, acquisition, and postacquisition stages, with an additional transfer stage being required for the Lodox DR system. A neutral observer timed each stage for each decedent examined with both systems. Results The Lodox DR system provided an 87% time savings ( p < 0.001) over the portable CR system to complete full-body radiographic scanning. While the portable CR system was faster at image acquisition ( p < 0.001), the Lodox DR system was faster during the preparation ( p < 0.001) and postacquisition ( p < 0.001) stages. Conclusions The time required for a full-body radiographic examination is markedly shortened with utilization of the Lodox DR system. Seven full-body examinations can be completed with the Lodox DR system in the time that a single full-body examination is completed with the portable CR system. In a forensic pathology setting, the Lodox DR system is therefore more time-efficient than the portable CR system studied, as it provides the same scope in a shorter time period, allowing for streamlining of radiographic imaging studies.
Surveillance of Drug Overdoses Using Google Fusion Tables
Authors: Cain Matthew D. , McGwin Gerald , Atherton Daniel 
Published: April 2017

Introduction Drug use is a constantly evolving public health challenge. We present the use of Google Fusion Tables and Google Maps for the surveillance of drug-related deaths and discuss its potential large-scale use. Methods Demographic and geographic data for deaths related to cocaine and heroin use occurring from 2012-2014 was queried from the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner's Office. Fusion Tables was then used to plot each address onto a map. Results We developed a method to automatically import data into Fusion Tables. Individualized icons were then used to denote specific demographics and locations on a Google Map where filters could be applied to visualize findings such as only 18-25 year old white males. These features provided an easy means to visualize the relative high frequency of heroin-related deaths in white males. Furthermore, the date filters highlighted heroin-related deaths more than doubled in 2014 compared to previous years. Conclusions Mapping of health-related data has a long-standing history in public health, though its use in the forensic pathology community is limited. Fusion Tables provides users with the ability to visualize and analyze patterns and share data. Many geocoding solutions exist; however, we found this software to be user friendly and flexible. Our office now includes these visualizations into the annual summary that is provided to local law enforcement, public health officials, and the general public.
Are There Hallmarks of Child Abuse? II. Non-Osseous Injuries
Authors: Kepron Charis , Walker Alfredo , Milroy Christopher M. 
Published: April 2017

Certain conditions have been considered hallmarks of child abuse. Such pathognomonic conditions have led to an inevitable diagnosis of inflicted injury. Forensic pathologists are faced with complex analyses and decisions related to what is and what is not child abuse. In this review, we examine the literature on the specificity of five conditions that have been linked to inflicted injury to varying degrees of certainty. The conditions examined include tears of the labial frena (frenula), cigarette burns, pulmonary hemorrhage and intraalveolar hemosiderin-laden macrophages as markers of upper airway obstruction, intraabdominal injuries, and anogenital injuries and postmortem changes. Analysis of the literature indicates that frena tears are not uniquely an inflicted injury. Cigarette burns are highly indicative of child abuse, though isolated cigarette burns may be accidental. Pulmonary hemorrhage is seen more commonly in cases with a history suggestive of upper airway obstruction, but is not diagnostic in an individual case. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages may be seen in cases with inflicted injuries and in natural deaths. Abdominal injuries may be seen in accidents and from resuscitation, though panreatico-duodenal complex injuries in children under five years of age are not reported to be seen in falls or resuscitation. The understanding of anogenital injuries is increasing, but misunderstanding of postmortem changes has led to miscarriages of justice.
Death Resulting from Pneumocephalus Complicating Endoscopic Food Bolus Retrieval in a Patient with Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Fuhs Amy K. , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: April 2017

Pneumocephalus is a rare complication of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), but existing literature does not discuss pneumocephalus surrounding endoscopic food bolus retrieval. We present a death involving pneumocephalus complicating endoscopic food removal from the esophagus. A 40-year-old man presented with dysphagia and suprasternal discomfort 12 hours following chicken ingestion. On flexible endoscopy, chicken was visualized in the distal esophagus. After successful retrieval, a mucosal laceration was noted where the chicken had been lodged. He was unarousable following the procedure and was emergently transported to a hospital, where computed tomography scanning showed pneumocephalus. He was later declared brain dead. The case was referred for medicolegal autopsy. The brain was examined first, revealing rare air bubbles within meningeal vessels and numerous, diffuse petechiae-like hemorrhages within the brain parenchyma. The esophageal mucosa had focal discoloration and a partial thickness laceration; microscopic examination revealed eosinophilic esophagitis. Eosinophilic esophagitis is a known risk factor for food bolus impaction and should be suspected in such patients. Pneumocephalus is a rare possible complication of EGD for food bolus retrieval. In patients unresponsive after endoscopy, radiographic detection of potential pneumocephalus should be encouraged to enable timely therapy and improved outcomes, or to supplement autopsy in the event of patient death. Forensic pathologists should understand that pneumocephalus is a potential mechanism of injury/death in patients experiencing esophageal trauma, including injury incurred during EGD.
L’assurance obsèques au sein du marché funéraire
Authors: Boissin Olivier , Trompette Pascale 
Published: April 2017

L’assurance obsèques se développe de façon accélérée depuis les années 2000 en France, consacrant l’entrée en scène des acteurs financiers – assurance et bancassurance – sur le marché funéraire. Cet article décrypte les enjeux de cette mutation en s’intéressant à la façon dont se déploie cette intermédiation financière dans l’achat d’obsèques. Il montre que la qualification du « mandat » entre la famille, l’assureur et les pompes funèbres est au cœur des luttes professionnelles et concurrentielles au sein du secteur. En prenant appui sur la notion « d’agencement organisationnel » proposée par J. Girin, il décrit l’apparition de nouveaux intermédiaires de marché, les plateformes d’assistance funéraire, qui pourraient jouer un rôle déterminant dans le contrôle de l’interface entre bancassurance et réseaux d’entreprises funéraires.
Comorbidity and polypharmacy in chronic heart failure: a large cross-sectional study in primary care
Authors: Baron-Franco Bosco , McLean Gary , Mair Frances S , Roger Veronique L , Guthrie Bruce , Mercer Stewart W 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundComorbidity is common in heart failure, but previous prevalence estimates have been based on a limited number of conditions using mainly non-primary care data sources.AimTo compare prevalence rates of comorbidity and polypharmacy in those with and without chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).Design and settingA cross-sectional study of 1.4 million patients in primary care in Scotland.MethodData on the presence of LVSD, 31 other physical, and seven mental health comorbidities, and prescriptions were extracted from a database of 1 424 378 adults. Comorbidity prevalence was compared in patients with and without LVSD, standardised by age, sex, and deprivation. Pharmacology data were also compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were 17 285 patients (1.2%) who had a diagnosis of LVSD. Compared with standardised controls, the LVSD group had greater comorbidity, with the biggest difference found for seven or more conditions (odds ratio [OR] 4.10; 95% confidence interval (CI] = 3.90 to 4.32). Twenty-five physical conditions and six mental health conditions were significantly more prevalent in those with LVSD relative to standardised controls. Polypharmacy was higher in the LVSD group compared with controls, with the biggest difference found for ≥11 repeat prescriptions (OR 4.81; 95% CI = 4.60 to 5.04). However, these differences in polypharmacy were attenuated after controlling for the number of morbidities, indicating that much of the additional prescribing was accounted for by multimorbidity rather than LVSD per se.ConclusionExtreme comorbidity and polypharmacy is significantly more common in patients with chronic heart failure due to LVSD. The efficient management of such complexity requires the integration of general and specialist expertise.
Digitizing specimens in a small herbarium: A viable workflow for collections working with limited resources
Authors: Harris Kari M. , Marsico Travis D. 
Published: April 2017

Premise of the study:Small herbaria represent a significant portion of herbaria in the United States, but many are not digitizing their collections.Methods:At the Arkansas State University Herbarium (STAR), we have created a viable workflow to help small herbaria begin the digitization process, including suggestions for publishing data on the Internet. We calculated hourly rates of each phase of the digitization process. We also mapped accessions at the county level to determine geographic strengths in the collection.Results:All 17,678 accessioned flowering plant specimens at STAR are imaged, databased in Specify, and available electronically on the herbarium's website. Students imaged the specimens at a mean rate of 145/h. We found differences in databasing rates between the graduate student leading the project (47/h) and undergraduate assistants (25/h). The majority of specimens at STAR were collected within the counties neighboring the institution.Discussion:With this workflow, we estimate that one person can digitize a 20,000‐specimen collection in less than 2.5 yr by working only 10 h/wk. Because STAR is a small herbarium with limited resources, the application of the workflow described should assist curators of similar‐sized collections as they contemplate and undertake the digitization process.
Development and characterization of 18 polymorphic SSR markers for Barthea barthei (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Huang Guilian , Liu Haijun , Sun Hongbin , Liu Ying , Zhou Renchao , Liao Wenbo , Fan Qiang 
Published: April 2017

Premise of the study:To examine population differentiation, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed in Barthea barthei, a shrub with a disjunct distribution in the southern mainland of China and Taiwan.Methods and Results:We used Illumina HiSeq technology to sequence a genomic library for SSR identification. Twenty‐seven SSR loci were developed, of which 18 SSR loci were polymorphic in three populations composed of two varieties of B. barthei. At the population level, the number of alleles ranged from one to seven, and the observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0 to 0.850 and from 0 to 0.809, respectively. Higher genetic differentiation between the two populations of B. barthei var. barthei (FST = 0.474) was observed relative to the two varieties (FST = 0.387 and 0.418, respectively).Conclusions:These polymorphic SSR markers may be useful for understanding phytogeographic history of B. barthei. Lower genetic differentiation between the two varieties than between the two populations of B. barthei var. barthei suggests that the taxonomic treatment may not hold.
Development of microsatellite loci in Mediterranean sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera; Smilacaceae) using transcriptome data
Authors: Qi Zhe‐Chen , Shen Chao , Han Yu‐Wei , Shen Wei , Yang Man , Liu Jinliang , Liang Zong‐Suo , Li Pan , Fu Cheng‐Xin 
Published: April 2017

Premise of the study:Although several microsatellite markers of Smilax aspera (Smilacaceae) have been reported in a previous study, due to universality issues in cross‐population amplification, we have newly developed microsatellite markers for S. aspera based on transcriptome data to further investigate gene flow and genetic structure of its circum‐Mediterranean, East African, and South Asian populations.Methods and Results:A total of 4854 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs were designed from 99,193 contigs acquired from public transcriptome data of S. bona‐nox. Forty‐six microsatellite loci were selected for further genotyping in 12 S. aspera populations. The number of alleles varied from three to 28, and 93.5% of the developed microsatellite markers could be cross‐amplified in least one of three congeneric Smilax species.Conclusions:The SSR markers developed in this study will facilitate further studies on genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of S. aspera in intercontinental geographical scales.