bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of an endurance cycling competition on resting serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3
Authors: Chicharro J L , López-Calderon A , Hoyos J , Martín-Velasco A I , Villa G , Villanúa M A , Lucía A 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine whether consecutive bouts of intense endurance exercise over a three week period alters serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and/or its binding proteins.Methods—Seventeen professional cyclists (mean (SEM) Vo2max, 74.7 (2.1) ml/kg/min; age, 27 (1) years) competing in a three week tour race were selected as subjects. Blood samples were collected at each of the following time points: t0(control, before the start of competition), t1(end of first week), and t3(end of third week). Serum levels of both total and free IGF-I and IGF binding proteins 1 and 3 (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3) were measured in each of the samples. Cortisol levels were measured in nine subjects.Results—A significant (p<0.01) increase was found in total IGF-I and IGFBP-1 at both t1and t3compared with to(IGF-I: 110.9 (17.7), 186.8 (12.0), 196.9 (14.7) ng/ml at t0, t1, and t3respectively; IGFBP-1: 54.6 (6.6), 80.6 (8.0), and 89.2 (7.9) ng/ml at t0, t1, and t3respectively). A significant (p<0.01) decrease was noted in free IGF-I at t3compared with both toand t1(t0: 0.9 (0.1) ng/ml; t1: 0.9 (0.1) ng/ml; t3: 0.7 (0.1) ng/ml); in contrast, IGFBP-3 levels remained stable throughout the race.Conclusions—It would appear that the increase in circulating levels of both IGF-I and its binding protein IGFBP-1 is a short term (one week) endocrine adaptation to endurance exercise. After three weeks of training, total IGF-I and IGFBP-1 remained stable, whereas free IGF-I fell below starting levels.
Distal radial fractures in young goalkeepers: a case for an appropriately sized soccer ball
Authors: Boyd K T , Brownson P , Hunter J B 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To assess the rate of wrist fractures in young goalkeepers sustained by the specific mechanism of “saving the ball” and the potential influence of ball size and environmental conditions.Methods—A prospective, clinic based study in one institution over a 17 month period. Patients were identified by specific questioning. Information on play circumstances and subsequent clinical progress was documented.Results—Twenty nine fractures of the distal radius were identified in young goalkeepers (age range 6–15 years) as a direct result of saving the ball. Most were managed simply in a plaster cast. Three patients required minor surgical interventions, and all fractures went on to unite without significant complications. Where ball size was known, 12 of the 15 fractures in children aged 11 years or less occurred as the result of impact with an adult sized ball compared with three when a junior ball was involved. This is statistically significant (p = 0.039). In the 10 children aged 12–15 years, only one fracture involved a junior ball; this is also statistically significant (p = 0.027). Six of the injuries (21%) occurred when the ball was kicked by an adult. Injuries occurred in both organised and informal games throughout the year.Conclusions—This specific mechanism of injury has not been widely acknowledged nor has the potential influence of ball size as a causative factor been examined. Recommendations for an appropriately sized soccer ball for young players exist but are not in universal use. Increased awareness of this particular injury mechanism is required.
Dust exposure and impairment of lung function at a small iron foundry in a rapidly developing country
Authors: Gomes J , Lloyd O L , Norman N J , Pahwa P 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESA cross sectional prospective study was carried out among iron foundry workers (exposed) and soft drink bottling and supply company workers (unexposed) to assess their occupational exposure to ambient respiratory dust in their work environment and its effect on their lung function profile.PARTICIPANTSLung function was measured in 81 exposed and 113 unexposed workers. Personal respirable dust concentrations were measured for all the exposed and the unexposed workers. Information on respiratory signs and symptoms was also collected from the participants.RESULTSAmong the exposed workers, midexpiratory flow (FEF25-75), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), FEV1/FVC, and FEV1/VC ratios were significantly lower whereas the vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were non-significantly higher. Job at the iron foundry was a significant predictor of lung function. Exposure to high concentration of respirable dust at the iron foundry was also a significant predictor. Workers working in high exposure areas (general works, furnace, continuous casting areas, and fabrication workshop) had lower lung function values than workers in medium and low exposure areas. Smoking did not enhance the effects of exposure to dust on lung function.CONCLUSIONSExposure to respirable dust was higher among the iron foundry workers; and among these, general, furnace, rolling mill, and fabrication workers had higher exposures to dust than did workers in continuous casting, the mechanical workshop, and the bottling plant. Job type and exposure to dust were significant predictors of lung function. Implementation of industrial hygiene and proper and efficient use of personal protection equipment while at work could help to protect the respiratory health of industrial workers.
Osteomyelitis and possible endocarditis secondary to Lactococcus garvieae: a first case report
Authors: James P Rachael , Hardman Suzanna M C , Patterson David L H 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Although osteomyelitis is commonly caused by staphylococcal infection, the first case of a lumbar osteomyelitis secondary to Lactococcus garvieaeis reported. The case was complicated by possible endocarditis of an aortic valve prosthesis.
Management of leg ulcers
Authors: Sarkar P K , Ballantyne S 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Leg ulcer is a leading cause of morbidity among older subjects, especially women in the Western world. About 400 years BC, Hippocrates wrote, “In case of an ulcer, it is not expedient to stand, especially if the ulcer be situated on the leg”. Hippocrates himself had a leg ulcer. The best treatment of any leg ulcer depends upon the accurate diagnosis and the underlying aetiology. The majority of leg ulcers are due to venous disease and/or arterial disease, but the treatment of the underlying cause is far more important than the choice of dressing. The aetiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and the future trends in the management of the leg ulcers are discussed in this review.
Evaluation of local invasion by oesophageal carcinoma—a prospective study of prone computed tomography scanning
Authors: Wayman J , Chakraverty S , Griffin S M , Doyle G J , Keir M J , Simpson W 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the value of prone computed tomography compared with the traditional supine position, in the assessment of invasion of adjacent mediastinal structures by oesophageal cancer. A prospective, single blind case-case comparative study of signs of local tumour invasion was conducted. Sixty nine consecutive patients undergoing computed tomography for preoperative staging of oesophageal carcinoma were studied. Computed tomography scanning of the thorax was performed in the standard supine followed by prone position; in 39 patients the computed tomography findings were correlated with the surgical findings. Four established radiological signs used to assess mediastinal invasion were scored in each case.
Based on the radiological scoring system, there was a significant down staging in the probability of aortic invasion in 12 of the 69 cases (p&lt;0.05). A similar improvement in accuracy was seen in the cases undergoing surgery; of the 38 cases who did not have aortic invasion at operation, 10 cases were scored as high for aortic invasion on the supine scans compared with only three on the prone position (p&lt;0.05). Prone scanning was not of significant additional value in the assessment of major airway or pericardial invasion.
Modification of the computed tomography protocol to include scanning in the prone position will improve the accuracy of the preoperative staging of patients with oesophageal malignancy and reduce the chance of overstaging disease. Especially in centres where endoscopic ultrasound is not available, our modification may reduce the chance of denying patients potentially curative operations.
Management of shoulder pain in patients with stroke
Authors: Walsh K 
Published: July 2002

AbstractShoulder pain affects from 16% to 72% of patients after a cerebrovascular accident. Hemiplegic shoulder pain causes considerable distress and reduced activity and can markedly hinder rehabilitation. The aetiology of hemiplegic shoulder pain is probably multifactorial. The ideal management of hemiplegic stroke pain is prevention. For prophylaxis to be effective, it must begin immediately after the stroke. Awareness of potential injuries to the shoulder joint reduces the frequency of shoulder pain after stroke. The multidisciplinary team, patients, and carers should be provided with instructions on how to avoid injuries to the affected limb. Foam supports or shoulder strapping may be used to prevent shoulder pain. Overarm slings should be avoided. Treatment of shoulder pain after stroke should start with simple analgesics. If shoulder pain persists, treatment should include high intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation or functional electrical stimulation. Intra-articular steroid injections may be used in resistant cases.
Phase-Space Picture of Squeezing via Driven Generalized Parametric Oscillator
Authors: Baskoutas S. , Schommers W. 
Published: July 2002

In the present work we study the phase space picture of squeezing using the model of the driven generalized parametric oscillator. Exploiting the SU (1, 1)⊕ h (4) algebraic structure of the Wigner operator we find the exact solution of the time dependent Wigner equation as well as the variances of the operators q and p. Due to the fact that we have not any violation of the Liouville's theorem, this model is appropriate to study pure quantum effects (for instance tunneling time) with the classical trajectory molecular dynamics technique.
SOME EXAMPLES IN COGALOIS THEORY WITH APPLICATIONS TO ELEMENTARY FIELD ARITHMETIC
Authors: ALBU TOMA 
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to provide some examples in Cogalois Theory showing that the property of a field extension to be radical (resp. Kneser, or Cogalois) is not transitive and is not inherited by subextensions. Our examples refer especially to extensions of type [Formula: see text]. We also effectively calculate the Cogalois groups of these extensions. A series of applications to elementary arithmetic of fields, like: • for what n, d ∈ ℕ* is [Formula: see text] a sum of radicals of positive rational numbers • when is [Formula: see text] a finite sum of monomials of form [Formula: see text], where r, j1,…, jr ∈ ℕ*, c ∈ ℚ*, and [Formula: see text] are also presented.
BIOMECHANICAL MODELING OF HUMAN MOTION WITH APPLICATIONS TO SPRINT AND DISTANCE RUNNING
Authors: KARALIS T. K. 
Published: July 2002

An athlete may be near exhaustion because his muscles have depleted their supply of ATP, and oxidation and glycolysis have not yet been able to replenish the muscles with their primary source of energy. In order that the time relations of these processes offer some practical hints, a simplified "pay-off" theory for the "best" possible way to reach a desired velocity is examined, in terms of its physical appropriateness and mathematical foundation. The derivation of the basic equations under quite general assumptions is provided. A discussion of the physical interpretation of the state and control parameters is given, and a solution of typical simplified problems is obtained.
Interactive proofs and the hardness of approximating cliques
Authors: Feige Uriel , Goldwasser Shafi , Lovász Laszlo , Safra Shmuel , Szegedy Mario 
Published: July 2002

The contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, a connection is established between approximating the size of the largest clique in a graph and multi-prover interactive proofs. Second, an efficient multi-prover interactive proof for NP languages is constructed, where the verifier uses very few random bits and communication bits. Last, the connection between cliques and efficient multi-prover interaction proofs, is shown to yield hardness results on the complexity of approximating the size of the largest clique in a graph.
Of independent interest is our proof of correctness for the multilinearity test of functions.
A specification language for direct-manipulation user interfaces
Authors: Jacob Robert J. K. 
Published: July 2002

A direct-manipulation user interface presents a set of visual representations on a display and a repertoire of manipulations that can be performed on any of them. Such representations might include screen buttons, scroll bars, spreadsheet cells, or flowchart boxes. Interaction techniques of this kind were first seen in interactive graphics systems; they are now proving effective in user interfaces for applications that are not inherently graphical. Although they are often easy to learn and use, these interfaces are also typically difficult to specify and program clearly.
Examination of direct-manipulation interfaces reveals that they have a coroutine-like structure and, despite their surface appearance, a peculiar, highly moded dialogue. This paper introduces a specification technique for direct-manipulation interfaces based on these observations. In it, each locus of dialogue is described as a separate object with a single-thread state diagram, which can be suspended and resumed, but retains state. The objects are then combined to define the overall user interface as a set of coroutines, rather than inappropriately as a single highly regular state transition diagram. An inheritance mechanism for the interaction objects is provided to avoid repetitiveness in the specifications. A prototype implementation of a user-interface management system based on this approach is described, and example specifications are given.
A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration
Authors: Batini C. , Lenzerini M. , Navathe S. B. 
Published: July 2002

One of the fundamental principles of the database approach is that a database allows a nonredundant, unified representation of all data managed in an organization. This is achieved only when methodologies are available to support integration across organizational and application boundaries.
Methodologies for database design usually perform the design activity by separately producing several schemas, representing parts of the application, which are subsequently merged. Database schema integration is the activity of integrating the schemas of existing or proposed databases into a global, unified schema.
The aim of the paper is to provide first a unifying framework for the problem of schema integration, then a comparative review of the work done thus far in this area. Such a framework, with the associated analysis of the existing approaches, provides a basis for identifying strengths and weaknesses of individual methodologies, as well as general guidelines for future improvements and extensions.
Concurrency control in a system for distributed databases (SDD-1)
Authors: Bernstein Philip A. , Shipman David W. , Rothnie James B. 
Published: July 2002

This paper presents the concurrency control strategy of SDD-1. SDD-1, a System for Distributed Databases, is a prototype distributed database system being developed by Computer Corporation of America. In SDD-1, portions of data distributed throughout a network may be replicated at multiple sites. The SDD-1 concurrency control guarantees database consistency in the face of such distribution and replication.
This paper is one of a series of companion papers on SDD-1 [4, 10, 12, 21].
An authorization mechanism for a relational database system
Authors: Griffiths Patricia P. , Wade Bradford W. 
Published: July 2002

A multiuser database system must selectively permit users to share data, while retaining the ability to restrict data access. There must be a mechanism to provide protection and security, permitting information to be accessed only by properly authorized users. Further, when tables or restricted views of tables are created and destroyed dynamically, the granting, authentication, and revocation of authorization to use them must also be dynamic. Each of these issues and their solutions in the context of the relational database management system System R are discussed.
When a database user creates a table, he is fully and solely authorized to perform upon it actions such as read, insert, update, and delete. He may explicitly grant to any other user any or all of his privileges on the table. In addition he may specify that that user is authorized to further grant these privileges to still other users. The result is a directed graph of granted privileges originating from the table creator.
At some later time a user A may revoke some or all of the privileges which he previously granted to another user B. This action usually revokes the entire subgraph of the grants originating from A's grant to B. It may be, however, that B will still possess the revoked privileges by means of a grant from another user C, and therefore some or all of B's grants should not be revoked. This problem is discussed in detail, and an algorithm for detecting exactly which of B's grants should be revoked is presented.
Precision Weighting—An Effective Automatic Indexing Method
Authors: Yu C. T. , Salton G. 
Published: July 2002

A great many automatic indexing methods have been implemented and evaluated over the last few years, and automatic procedures comparable in effectiveness to conventional manual ones are now easy to generate. Two drawbacks of the available automatic indexing methods are the absence of reliable linguistic inputs during the indexing process and the lack of formal, analytical proofs concerning the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
The precision weighting procedure described in the present study uses relevance criteria to weight the terms occurring in user queries as a function of the balance between relevant and nonrelevant documents in which these terms occur; this approximates a semantic know-how of term importance. Formal mathematical proofs are given under well-defined conditions of the effectiveness of the method.
Modeling concepts for VLSI CAD objects
Authors: Batory D. S. , Kim Won 
Published: July 2002

VLSI CAD applications deal with design objects that have an interface description and an implementation description. Versions of design objects have a common interface but differ in their implementations. A molecular object is a modeling construct which enables a database entity to be represented by two sets of heterogeneous records, one set describes the object's interface and the other describes its implementation. Thus a reasonable starting point for modeling design objects is to begin with the concept of molecular objects.
In this paper, we identify modeling concepts that are fundamental to capturing the semantics of VLSI CAD design objects and versions in terms of molecular objects. A provisional set of user operations on design objects, consistent with these modeling concepts, is also defined. The modeling framework that we present has been found useful for investigating physical storage techniques and change notification problems in version control.
A framework for effective retrieval
Authors: Yu C. T. , Meng W. , Park S. 
Published: July 2002

The aim of an effective retrieval system is to yield high recall and precision (retrieval effectiveness). The nonbinary independence model, which takes into consideration the number of occurrences of terms in documents, is introduced. It is shown to be optimal under the assumption that terms are independent. It is verified by experiments to yield significant improvement over the binary independence model. The nonbinary model is extended to normalized vectors and is applicable to more general queries.
Various ways to alleviate the consequences of the term independence assumption are discussed. Estimation of parameters required for the nonbinary independence model is provided, taking into consideration that a term may have different meanings.
Unification in primal algebras, their powers and their varieties
Authors: Nipkow Tobias 
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the unification problem in the class of
primal algebras
and the varieties they generate. An algebra is called primal if every function on its carrier can be expressed just in terms of the basic operations of the algebra. The two-element Boolean algebra is the simplest nontrivial example: Every truth-function can be realized in terms of the basic connectives, for example, negation and conjunction.

It is shown that unification in primal algebras is unitary, that is, if an equation has a solution, it has a single most general one. Two unification algorithms, based on equation-solving techniques for Boolean algebras due to Boole and Lo¨wenheim, are studied in detail. Applications include certain finite Post algebras and matrix rings over finite fields. The former are algebraic models for many-valued logics, the latter cover in particular modular arithmetic.
Then unification is extended from primal algebras to their direct powers, which leads to unitary unification algorithms covering finite Post algebras, finite, semisimple Artinian rings, and finite, semisimple nonabelian groups.

Finally the fact that the variety generated by a primal algebra coincides with the class of its subdirect powers is used. This yields unitary unification algorithms for the equational theories of Post algebras and
p
-rings.
THE ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF REEFS
Authors: Wood Rachel 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Many groups of extinct and extant organisms have aggregated to form reefs for over 3.5 billion yr (Ga). Most of these communities, however, grew under ecological and environmental controls profoundly different from those that govern modern coral reefs. Not only has the global distribution of reefs varied considerably through geological time—determined largely by sea level, and latitudinal temperature/saturation gradients—but more importantly the trophic demands of reef-building organisms have changed, as has the degree of biological disturbance faced by sessile biota in shallow marine environments. Reefs differentiated into open surface and cryptic communities as soon as open frameworks developed in the Proterozoic, some 1.9 million yr ago (mya) and diverse and complex ecosystems were established by the early Cambrian (∼520 mya). Calcified heterotrophs were conspicuous in reefs during the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, but considerable rigidity was imparted to these often otherwise fragile communities both by indirect microbial processes that induced the formation of carbonate and by rapid early cementation. While photosymbiosis was probably acquired by scleractinian corals early in their history (∼210 mya), this does not appear to have immediately conferred a superior reef-building ability. Large, modular corals and coralline algae showed notable powers of regeneration after partial mortality but poor ability to compete with macroalgae for limited substrate in the absence of intense herbivory; they did not rise to prominence in reef communities until the early to mid-Cenozoic. This may be related to the appearance at this time of major predator groups such as echinoids, limpets, and particularly fish that are capable of rapid algal denudation and excavation. The existence of this reciprocal relationship is corroborated by the observation that branching corals, which appear to flourish because and not in spite of breakage, show a particularly dramatic increase in diversity coincident with the increase in predation pressure from the late Mesozoic onwards.