bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric moped-related injuries in the United States from 2002 to 2014: Age-related comparisons of mechanisms and outcomes
Authors: Johnson Nathaniel K. , Johnson Brandon M. , Denning Gerene M. , Jennissen Charles A. 
Published: June 2017

Mopeds are a popular means of transportation, especially in urban areas. However, few studies have investigated moped-related injuries in the United States. This study's goal was to compare the crash mechanisms and injuries suffered in moped-related crashes involving youth versus adults, as well as between younger and older children.

INTRODUCTION
Mopeds are a popular means of transportation, especially in urban areas. However, few studies have investigated moped-related injuries in the United States. This study's goal was to compare the crash mechanisms and injuries suffered in moped-related crashes involving youth versus adults, as well as between younger and older children.

METHODS
Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed using National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data and additional variables coded from injury narratives. Multivariate regression analyses were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for categorical outcomes, controlling for significant covariates.

RESULTS
From 2003 to 2014, there were 779 youth (17 years or younger) and 2,453 adult moped-related emergency department visits in the database. The number of youth injured remained relatively constant over time, while the number of adult victims doubled. Relative to 14- to 17-year olds, victims younger than 14 years were more commonly female (p = 0.037) and non-Caucasian (p = 0.008). Victims 14 to 17 years of age had a higher proportion of brain injuries (p = 0.012) and were more commonly in motor vehicle collisions (p = 0.02), as compared to younger victims. Relative to adults, youth crashes occurred more commonly in the summer (p < 0.0001), and off the street/road (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed crashes on streets/roads were two and a half times more likely to involve victims who were 14 to 17 years of age as compared to those younger (aOR, 2.55; CI, 1.64–3.97). Additionally, male youths were twice as likely as females to have a motor vehicle collision (aOR, 1.97; CI, 1.19–3.24), and pediatric crashes were approximately twice as likely to result in extremity injuries as compared to adult crashes (aOR, 1.95; CI, 1.19–3.20).

CONCLUSION
Differences in crash mechanism and injuries sustained between two youth age groups and between youths and adults indicate the importance of targeted injury prevention efforts. This would include improved operator training and standardized, evidence-based, well-enforced safety legislation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Epidemiologic study, level III.
Remote ischemic conditioning preserves cognition and motor coordination in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sandweiss Alexander J. , Azim Asad , Ibraheem Kareem , Largent-Milnes Tally M. , Rhee Peter , Vanderah Todd W. , Joseph Bellal 
Published: June 2017

INTRODUCTION
Management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is focused on minimizing or preventing secondary brain injury. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is an established treatment modality that has been shown to improve patient outcomes in different clinical settings by influencing inflammatory insults. In a clinical trial, RIC showed amelioration of SB100 and neuron-specific enolase. The aim of our study was to further elucidate the mechanisms and outcome when applying RIC in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.

METHODS
We subjected 100 male C57BL mice to a closed-skull cortical-controlled impact injury. Two hours after the TBI, the animals were allocated to either the RIC group (n = 50) or the sham group (n = 50). By clamping the exposed femoral artery, we induced RIC by six 4-minute cycles of ischemia and reperfusion. Circulating levels of S100-B, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were measured at multiple time points. Animals were additionally observed daily for cognition and motor coordination via novel object recognition and rotarod. Brain sections were stained and evaluated for neuronal injury at post-TBI Day 5.

RESULTS
The RIC animals had a significantly higher recognition index than did sham at 24, 48, and 72 hours after intervention. Rotarod latency was higher in the RIC animals compared to the sham animals at all-time points, and statistically significant at 120 hours after intervention. The RIC group demonstrated preserved cognitive function and motor coordination compared to the sham. On hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining of brain sections, there was less area of neuronal degeneration and astrocytosis, respectively, in the RIC group compared to the sham group. There was no significant difference in systemic neuronal markers between the RIC and sham animals.

CONCLUSION
Remote ischemic conditioning 2 hours after injury preserved cognitive functions and motor coordination in a mouse model of TBI. Remote ischemic conditioning can preserve viability of neurons and astrocytes after TBI and has potential as a clinically noninvasive and relatively easy method to improve outcome after TBI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic studies, randomized controlled trial, level I.
Lattice discontinuities affecting the generation and annihilation of diffusible hydrogen and vice versa
Authors: Kirchheim Reiner 
Published: June 2017

Lattice discontinuities include lattice defects and surfaces both providing traps for hydrogen atoms. It will be discussed under which conditions discontinuities of a given distribution either release trapped hydrogen to become diffusible or capture diffusible H-atoms to become trapped. It will be shown that for any distribution, the self-diffusion coefficient of hydrogen is determined by the product of the H-diffusion in the perfect lattice times the fraction of hydrogen being diffusible. In this context, the quantities diffusible hydrogen, lattice hydrogen, thermodynamic activity of hydrogen and chemical potential of hydrogen are interchangeable in a general way. New discontinuities are generated during hydrogen embritllement (fracture surfaces, voids, dislocations) and dislocations move by kink pair formation. The production rate of these discontinuities depends on the chemical potential of hydrogen within the defactant concept or the generalized Gibbs adsorption isotherm. Thus, the chemical potential of hydrogen determines both the amount of trapping and the defect generation rate. For a crack propagating by dislocations generation, the chemical potential affects its velocity independent of the accompanying concentration enhancement in front of the crack tip or the related adsorption on the freshly generated crack surface.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.
Hydrogen-enhanced fatigue crack growth in steels and its frequency dependence
Authors: Matsunaga Hisao , Takakuwa Osamu , Yamabe Junichiro , Matsuoka Saburo 
Published: June 2017

In the context of the fatigue life design of components, particularly those destined for use in hydrogen refuelling stations and fuel cell vehicles, it is important to understand the hydrogen-induced, fatigue crack growth (FCG) acceleration in steels. As such, the mechanisms for acceleration and its influencing factors are reviewed and discussed in this paper, with a special focus on the peculiar frequency dependence of the hydrogen-induced FCG acceleration. Further, this frequency dependence is debated by introducing some potentially responsible elements, along with new experimental data obtained by the authors.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.
Hydrogen embrittlement: the game changing factor in the applicability of nickel alloys in oilfield technology
Authors: Sarmiento Klapper Helmuth , Klöwer Jutta , Gosheva Olesya 
Published: June 2017

Precipitation hardenable (PH) nickel (Ni) alloys are often the most reliable engineering materials for demanding oilfield upstream and subsea applications especially in deep sour wells. Despite their superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties over a broad range of temperatures, the applicability of PH Ni alloys has been questioned due to their susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), as confirmed in documented failures of components in upstream applications. While extensive work has been done in recent years to develop testing methodologies for benchmarking PH Ni alloys in terms of their HE susceptibility, limited scientific research has been conducted to achieve improved foundational knowledge about the role of microstructural particularities in these alloys on their mechanical behaviour in environments promoting hydrogen uptake. Precipitates such as theγ′,γ′′ and δ-phase are well known for defining the mechanical and chemical properties of these alloys. To elucidate the effect of precipitates in the microstructure of the oil-patch PH Ni alloy 718 on its HE susceptibility, slow strain rate tests under continuous hydrogen charging were conducted on material after several different age-hardening treatments. By correlating the obtained results with those from the microstructural and fractographic characterization, it was concluded that HE susceptibility of oil-patch alloy 718 is strongly influenced by the amount and size of precipitates such as theγ′ andγ′′ as well as the δ-phase rather than by the strength level only. In addition, several HE mechanisms including hydrogen-enhanced decohesion and hydrogen-enhanced local plasticity were observed taking place on oil-patch alloy 718, depending upon the characteristics of these phases when present in the microstructure.This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.
Hydrogen effects in non-ferrous alloys: discussion
Authors: Patel Mitesh , Stopher Miles A. 
Published: June 2017

This is a transcript of the discussion session on the effects of hydrogen in the non-ferrous alloys of zirconium and titanium, which are anisotropic hydride-forming metals. The four talks focus on the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms that affect zirconium and titanium components, which are respectively used in the nuclear and aerospace industries. Two specific mechanisms are delayed hydride cracking and stress corrosion cracking.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.
Hydrogen-enhanced cracking revealed by
in situ
micro-cantilever bending test inside environmental scanning electron microscope
Authors: Deng Yun , Hajilou Tarlan , Barnoush Afrooz 
Published: June 2017

To evaluate the hydrogen (H)-induced embrittlement in iron aluminium intermetallics, especially the one with stoichiometric composition of 50 at.% Al, a novel
in situ
micro-cantilever bending test was applied within an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), which provides both a full process monitoring and a clean,
in situ
H-charging condition. Two sets of cantilevers were analysed in this work: one set of un-notched cantilevers, and the other set with focused ion beam-milled notch laying on two crystallographic planes: (010) and (110). The cantilevers were tested under two environmental conditions: vacuum (approximately 5 × 10
−4
Pa) and ESEM (450 Pa water vapour). Crack initiation at stress-concentrated locations and propagation to cause catastrophic failure were observed when cantilevers were tested in the presence of H; while no cracking occurred when tested in vacuum. Both the bending strength for un-notched beams and the fracture toughness for notched beams were reduced under H exposure. The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility was found to be orientation dependent: the (010) crystallographic plane was more fragile to HE than the (110) plane.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.
A genome-wide polygenic approach to HIV acquisition uncovers link to inflammatory bowel disease and identifies potential novel genetic variants
Authors: Power Robert A. , Thorball Christian W. , Bartha Istvan , Perry John R.B. , McLaren Paul J , Oliveira Tulio de , Fellay Jacques 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPolygenic approaches using genome-wide data have been hugely successful in confirming and quantifying the heritability of complex human traits. Here, we highlight their ability to identify potential novel risk variants by looking for variants with pleiotropic effect in genetically overlapping phenotypes.We used LD Score Regression in a sample of 6,315 HIV+ European individuals and 7,247 controls to test for phenotypes genetically overlapping with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Using LD Hub, a web tool that performs LD Score Regression, identified two phenotypes with significant genetic overlap: schizophrenia (rG =0.19, p=0.0007 and ulcerative colitis (rG=0.22, p= 0.0061). We further showed that the genetic overlap between HIV acquisition and schizophrenia is likely driven in part by their shared overlap with cannabis use and sexual behavior. BUMHBOX analyses suggested that these genetic overlaps were driven by genome-wide pleiotropy with HIV acquisition rather than heterogeneity within the HIV acquisition sample. The two diseases identified as genetically overlapping with HIV-1 acquisition have >100 associated variants, and we tested if any of them significantly associated with HIV acquisition. We observed three variants that exceeded our threshold for statistical significance. Two of these were eQTLs in whole blood for genes coding for proteins suspected to be involved in HIV biology: rs1819333 inCCR6(p=0.0002) and rs4932178 inFURIN(p=0.00033). However, no signal was found for these variants in two smaller African samples totaling 1015 cases and 963 controls, though the mode of acquisition and genetic architecture of these populations differed.These results highlight the ability to use polygenic methods to gain new insights into complex diseases and identify potential associations with individual variants. Crucially, the leveraging of existing, publically available data makes these methods a cost-effective approach. In this case, our results add to the evidence for the role of risk taking behavior and inflammation of the bowel in HIV acquisition.Author SummaryThe biology of what puts certain individuals at greater risk of HIV acquisition is poorly understood. Using several novel polygenic methods, we identify supporting evidence for two important factors leading to acquisition. First, the role of an individual’s genetic predisposition to risk taking behaviours such as number of sexual partners, age at first sexual intercourse drug use, and mental health problems. Second, the role of gut inflammation, in particular a genetic overlap between HIV acquisition with inflammatory bowel disease and the potential role of CCR6 during infection.
Fluctuations of fMRI activation patterns reveal theta-band dynamics of visual object priming
Authors: Guo Bingbing , Lu Zhengang , Goold Jessica E. , Luo Huan , Meng Ming 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe brain dynamically creates predictions about upcoming stimuli to guide perception efficiently. Recent behavioral results suggest theta-band oscillations contribute to this prediction process, however litter is known about the underlying neural mechanism. Here, we combine fMRI and a time-resolved psychophysical paradigm to access fine temporal-scale profiles of the fluctuations of brain activation patterns corresponding to visual object priming. Specifically, multi-voxel activity patterns in the fusiform face area (FFA) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA) show temporal fluctuations at a theta-band (~5 Hz) rhythm. Importantly, the theta-band power in the FFA negatively correlates with reaction time, further indicating the critical role of the observed cortical theta oscillations. Moreover, alpha-band (~10 Hz) shows a dissociated spatial distribution, mainly linked to the occipital cortex. These findings, to our knowledge, are the first fMRI study that indicates temporal fluctuations of multi-voxel activity patterns and that demonstrates theta and alpha rhythms in relevant brain areas.
Variable sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic modulated by cell type-dependent bimodal p53 dynamics
Authors: Yang Ruizhen , Huang Bo , Zhu Yanting , Li Yang , Liu Feng , Shi Jue 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMechanisms that determine drug sensitivity of distinct cancer types is poorly understood for most cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this study, we elucidated a new resistance mechanism to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic through modulation of p53 dynamics. While both sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines activated similar p53 oscillation followed by cell-cycle arrest in response to low dose of DNA damaging drug, they switched in a bimodal manner to monotonic or single pulse dynamics at high drug dose. Cell lines with monotonically increasing p53 underwent rapid and extensive drug-induced apoptosis, while those exhibiting a single p53 pulse mostly survived. By combining single cell imaging with computational modeling, we characterized a regulatory module involving ATM, p53, Mdm2 and Wip1, which generates bimodal p53 dynamics through coupled feed-forward and feedback, and we found that basal expression of ATM determined the differential modular output between drug sensitive and resistant lines. Moreover, we showed combinatorial inhibition of Mdm2 and Wip1 was an effective strategy to alter p53 dynamics in resistant cancer cells and sensitize their apoptotic response. Our results point to p53 pulsing as a potentially druggable mechanism that mediates resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
A group of nuclear factor Y transcription factors are likely sub-functionalized in the endosperm development of monocot
Authors: Zhiguo E , Tingting Li , Huaya Zhang , Zehou Liu , Hui Deng , Sandeep Sharma , Xuefeng Wei , Lei Wang , Baixiao Niu , Chen Chen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a heterotrimeric transcription factor that consists of three subunits, NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC. Although NF-Ys play multiple roles in plant development, their functions during endosperm development are not well understood. In this study, we identified eight NF-Y encoding genes, includingOsNF-YA8, OsNF-YB1,9, andOsNF-YC8,9,10,11,12, which predominantly express in the rice endosperm. Interestingly, the closest homologs of these OsNF-Ys are present only in the monocot species. All the genes are preferentially expressed in the endosperm, suggesting their roles in the regulation of endosperm development. A systemic analysis of the interactions between rice endosperm-preferential NF-Ys in yeast revealed that NF-YBs and NF-YCs could interact with each other. OsNF-YA8 is a recently evolved NF-YA in rice. Generally, NF-YA does not interact with NF-YB monomers in plants; however, in the present study, we found that OsNY-YA8 interacts with OsNF-YB9. Our results also indicated that the endosperm-preferential OsNF-YBs and OsNF-YCs could interact with some ethylene response factors (ERFs) of rice. Unlike the OsNF-YC8,9,10, the members of OsNF-YB1, 9 or OsNF-YC 11 and 12 showed lack of transcriptional activation when present alone. However, they displayed functional activity while in dimer form. In addition,OsNF-YB1knockout lines showed significant changes in the seed morphology, further confirms its role in endosperm development. Our findings have provided strong evidences that the group of phylogenetically conserved NF-Ys are differentiated in monocots to regulate the endosperm development.
The mismeasure of (obese) man – body mass index is an inadequate indicator of body condition
Authors: Kratochvíl Lukáš , Flegr Jaroslav 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe body mass index (BMI), recommended also by the World Health Organization, is currently used as the leading body condition indicator in clinical and epidemiological studies and has become popular among the general public. Here we provide evidence of a systematic bias in BMI, showing that BMI is dependent on body height. As a result, shorter persons have a greater chance of being classified as underweight, while taller persons as overweight, even if they have identical nutritional status. Use of BMI should be thus abandoned in diagnosis as well as in clinical and experimental studies.
Tumor subclonal progression model for cancer hallmark acquisition
Authors: Matsui Yusuke , Miyano Satoru , Shimamura Teppei 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRecent advances in the methods for reconstruction of cancer evolutionary trajectories opened up the prospects of deciphering the subclonal populations and their evolutionary architectures within cancer ecosystems. An important challenge of the cancer evolution studies is how to connect genetic aberrations in subclones to a clinically interpretable and actionable target in the subclones for individual patients. In this study, our aim is to develop a novel method for constructing a model of tumor subclonal progression in terms of cancer hallmark acquisition using multiregional sequencing data. We prepare a subclonal evolutionary tree inferred from variant allele frequencies and estimate pathway alteration probabilities from large-scale cohort genomic data. We then construct an evolutionary tree of pathway alterations that takes into account selectivity of pathway alterations via selectivity score. We show the effectiveness of our method on a dataset of clear cell renal cell carcinomas.