bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of UltraiQ software for objective ultrasound image quality assessment using images from a commercial scanner
Authors: Long Zaiyang , Tradup Donald J , Stekel Scott F , Gorny Krzysztof R , Hangiandreou Nicholas J 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe evaluated a commercially available software package that uses B‐mode images to semi‐automatically measure quantitative metrics of ultrasound image quality, such as contrast response, depth of penetration (DOP), and spatial resolution (lateral, axial, and elevational). Since measurement of elevational resolution is not a part of the software package, we achieved it by acquiring phantom images with transducers tilted at 45 degrees relative to the phantom. Each measurement was assessed in terms of measurement stability, sensitivity, repeatability, and semi‐automated measurement success rate. All assessments were performed on a GE Logiq E9 ultrasound system with linear (9L or 11L), curved (C1‐5), and sector (S1‐5) transducers, using a CIRS model 040GSE phantom. In stability tests, the measurements of contrast, DOP, and spatial resolution remained within a ±10% variation threshold in 90%, 100%, and 69% of cases, respectively. In sensitivity tests, contrast, DOP, and spatial resolution measurements followed the expected behavior in 100%, 100%, and 72% of cases, respectively. In repeatability testing, intra‐ and inter‐individual coefficients of variations were equal to or less than 3.2%, 1.3%, and 4.4% for contrast, DOP, and spatial resolution (lateral and axial), respectively. The coefficients of variation corresponding to the elevational resolution test were all within 9.5%. Overall, in our assessment, the evaluated package performed well for objective and quantitative assessment of the above‐mentioned image qualities under well‐controlled acquisition conditions. We are finding it to be useful for various clinical ultrasound applications including performance comparison between scanners from different vendors.
Enhanced Terahertz Shielding of MXenes with Nano‐Metamaterials
Authors: Choi Geunchang , Shahzad Faisal , Bahk Young‐Mi , Jhon Young Min , Park Hyunchul , Alhabeb Mohamed , Anasori Babak , Kim Dai‐Sik , Koo Chong Min , Gogotsi Yury , Seo Minah 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTerahertz (THz) shielding becomes increasingly important with the growing development of THz electronics and devices. Primarily materials based on carbon nanostructures or polymer–carbon nanocomposites have been explored for this application. Herein, significantly enhanced THz shielding efficiencies for 2D titanium carbide (Ti3C2 MXene) thin films with nanoscale THz metamaterials are presented. Nanoscale slot antenna arrays with strong resonances at certain frequencies enhance THz electromagnetic waves up to three orders of magnitude in transmission, which in turn enormously increases the shielding performance in combination with MXene films. Drop‐casting of a colloidal solution of MXene (a few micrograms of dry material) can produce an ultrathin film (several tens of nanometers in thickness) on a slot antenna array. Consequently, THz waves strongly localized in the near‐field regime by the slot antenna undergo enhanced absorption through the film with a magnified effective refractive index. Finally, the combination of an ultrathin MXene film and a nano‐metamaterial shows excellent shielding performance in the THz range.
One‐pot Synthesis of Alkynylated Coumarins via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Aryl Thiocarbamates with 1,3‐Diynes or Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Gao Yuan , Zeng Fenfen , Sun Xudong , Zeng Minfeng , Yang Zhen , Huang Xianqiang , Shen Guodong , Tan Yongsheng , Feng Ruokun , Qi Chenze 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA convenient and selective synthesis of alkynylated coumarins from various aryl thiocarbamates and 1,3‐diynes or terminal alkynes via rhodium‐catalyzed C−H bond activation has been developed. In this transformation, both symmetrical and asymmetrical 1,3‐diynes could be applicable, obtaining various 3‐alkynylated coumarins in moderate to excellent yields. When the substituent is aryl group, the resulting compounds were found to exhibit intense fluorescence in the range of 412–443 nm with quantum yield of up to 0.57 in CH2Cl2. Moreover, the internal alkynes were readily converted to 1,2‐dione, olefins, alkanes, and bisheterocycles under certain conditions.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Three‐Component Cascade Bisthiolation of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Li Jianxiao , Li Can , Ouyang Lu , Li Chunsheng , Yang Shaorong , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn efficient and novel NHC(N‐heterocyclic carbene)‐palladium‐catalyzed three‐component cascade bisthiolation of terminal alkynes, K2S (potassium sulfide) and diaryliodonium salts for the assembly of functionalized (Z)‐1,2‐bis(arylthio)alkene derivatives has been accomplished for the first time. This unique observation features a broad substrate scope, excellent functional‐group tolerance, and high regioselectivity. Especially, an arylthiolate anion from diaryliodonium salts and potassium sulfide was proposed as the key intermediate in the catalytic cycle.magnified image
IntrinsicConstraints on theDiversification ofNeotropicalCichlidAdductorMandibulaeSize
Authors: Arbour Jessica , López‐Fernández Hernán 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThe diversification of functional traits may be constrained by intrinsic factors, such as structural, mechanical, developmental, or physiological limitations. We explored the biomechanical and constructional constraints on the size of the major jaw closing muscles, the adductor mandibulae complex (AM), in a diverse clade of freshwater fish ‐ the Neotropical cichlids. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we contrasted patterns of size variation and diversification rates of three AM divisions with variables describing head size and biomechanical coefficients describing force and velocity transmission. We found that all three AM muscles examined were impacted by constructional constraints, namely, (1) the space available in the head (head length and width—all AMs), (2) competition with the eye (AM1 and AM2), (3) competition for space among the three major AM divisions (e.g., AM1 vs. AM3), and (4) potentially the shape of the lower jaw (AM2). Only AM2 size was significantly associated with lower jaw biomechanical coefficients, but opposite predictions based on force transmission (i.e., no compensation for low mechanical advantage). Diversification rates of the mass of the divisions of the AM were also not connected to the diversification rates of their biomechanical coefficients. Previously suggested compensation in AM mass for reduced force transmission among ram‐feeding predators appears to be driven by overall body plan changes (lengthening of the head in elongate bodies) and only indirectly to biomechanical trade‐offs. Strong constructional constraints on AM size likely limit potentially functional morphospace occupation, and highlight the highly integrated nature of ram‐suction feeding functional adaptations in Neotropical cichlids. Anat Rec, 301:216–226, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM
Authors: Orsbon Courtney P. , Gidmark Nicholas J. , Ross Callum F. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThe tradeoff between force and velocity in skeletal muscle is a fundamental constraint on vertebrate musculoskeletal design (form:function relationships). Understanding how and why different lineages address this biomechanical problem is an important goal of vertebrate musculoskeletal functional morphology. Our ability to answer questions about the different solutions to this tradeoff has been significantly improved by recent advances in techniques for quantifying musculoskeletal morphology and movement. Herein, we have three objectives: (1) review the morphological and physiological parameters that affect muscle function and how these parameters interact; (2) discuss the necessity of integrating morphological and physiological lines of evidence to understand muscle function and the new, high resolution imaging technologies that do so; and (3) present a method that integrates high spatiotemporal resolution motion capture (XROMM, including its corollary fluoromicrometry), high resolution soft tissue imaging (diceCT), and electromyography to study musculoskeletal dynamicsin vivo. The method is demonstrated using a case study ofin vivoprimate hyolingual biomechanics during chewing and swallowing. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that small deviations in reconstructed hyoid muscle attachment site location introduce an average error of 13.2% toin vivomuscle kinematics. The observed hyoid and muscle kinematics suggest that hyoid elevation is produced by multiple muscles and that fascicle rotation and tendon strain decouple fascicle strain from hyoid movement and whole muscle length. Lastly, we highlight current limitations of these techniques, some of which will likely soon be overcome through methodological improvements, and some of which are inherent. Anat Rec, 301:378–406, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dietary Correlates of Primate Masticatory Muscle Fiber Architecture
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Deutsch Ashley R. , Leischner Carissa L. , Pastor Francisco 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTAnalyses of masticatory muscle architecture—specifically fascicle length (FL; a correlate of muscle stretch and contraction speed) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA; a correlate of force)—reveal soft‐tissue dietary adaptations. For instance, consumers of large, soft foods are expected to have relatively long FL, while consumers of obdurate foods are expected to have relatively high PCSA. Unfortunately, only a few studies have analyzed these variables across large primate samples—an order of particular interest because it is our own. Previous studies found that, in strepsirrhines, force variables (PCSA and muscle masses; MM) scale with isometry or slight positive allometry, while the body size corrected FL residuals correlate with food sizes. However, a study of platyrrhines using different methods (in which the authors physically cut muscles between fascicles) found very different trends: negative allometry for both the stretch and force variables. Here, we apply the methods used in the strepsirrhine study (chemical dissection of fascicles to ensure full length measurements) to reevaluate these trends in platyrrhines and extend this research to include catarrhines. Our results conform to the previous strepsirrhine trends: there is no evidence of negative allometry in platyrrhines. Rather, in primates broadly and catarrhines specifically, MM and PCSA scale with isometry or positive allometry. When examining size‐adjusted variables, it is clear that fascicle lengths (especially those of the temporalis muscle) correlate with diet: species that consume soft, larger, foods have longer masticatory fiber lengths which would allow them to open their jaws to wider gape angles. Anat Rec, 301:311–324, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Anatomy of Bat Jaw Musculature via Diffusible Iodine‐Based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography
Authors: Santana Sharlene E. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTNoctilionoid bats exhibit an extraordinary array of cranial specializations that match diverse diets, including variation in jaw musculature physiological cross‐sectional areas (PCSA), lever arms, and relative contribution to bite force. Although previous research in this group has linked variation in skull shape and muscle mechanics to biting performance, there are still important gaps about the anatomical underpinnings of noctilionoid dietary adaptations, including the degree of compartmentalization of the jaw musculature, and whether and how muscle attachment sites have evolved across noctilionoid species that specialize on derived diets. Here, we paired dissections with Diffusible Iodine‐based Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography (diceCT) scanning in a comparative anatomical study of the jaw musculature of 12 noctilionoid species that span all diets found within the clade. We evaluated changes in jaw muscle attachments across species, identified differences in muscle compartments, examined scaling relationships, and compared the power of diceCT and dissections to generate morphological data. We found that diceCT enables more detailed investigation of muscle compartments and generates greater PCSA values, but these are strongly correlated with estimates from dissections. Jaw muscle origin and insertion sites are relatively conserved across noctilionoids when compared to other species‐rich and ecologically‐diverse mammalian groups. However, we found interspecific differences in the degree of separation of the m. masseter, and in the scaling relationships of different jaw muscles with body mass, both of which might be associated with diet and feeding behavior specialization. Our study highlights an unexplored diversity in the compartmentalization and fiber architecture of bat jaw muscles. Anat Rec, 301:267–278, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Functionalized (η5‐Indenyl)rhodium(III) Complexes and Their Application to C−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Terasawa Jyunichi , Shibata Yu , Kimura Yuki , Tanaka Ken 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt has been established that reductive complexation of functionalized benzofulvenes, which are readily prepared from commercially available indene and 2‐methylindene, with RhCl3 in ethanol affords the corresponding indenyl–rhodium(III) dichlorides bearing substituents at the 1‐ (H or CO2Et), 2‐ (H or Me), and 3‐ [CH2Ph or CH2(2‐MeOC6H4)] positions. The indenyl–rhodium(III) complexes bearing one ethoxycarbonyl group showed higher thermal stability and regioselectivity than our previously reported CpERhIII complex toward the oxidative [3+2] annulation of acetanilides with internal alkynes.
Neonatal subcortical bruising
Authors: Delanghe Gwenda , Squier Waney , Sonnaert Michel , Dudink Jeroen , Lequin Maarten , Govaert Paul 
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical MessageA specific type of acute brain injury can occur during birth, presenting on ultrasound examination with focal, unilateral, or asymmetrical change in the core of the superior frontal gyri. Ultrasound inspection of the superior gyri near the convexity of the frontal lobe is warranted following mechanically difficult delivery.
Glucocorticoid‐remediable aldosteronism in a young adult with a family history of Conn's syndrome
Authors: Methe Heiko , Pehlivanli Sinan 
Published: January 2018

Key Clinical MessageGlucocorticoid‐remediable aldosteronism is a hereditary form of primary hyperaldosteronism and the most common monogenic cause of hypertension. We present the case of a 24‐year‐old man with a family history of Conn's syndrome. Yet, in the index patient, classical characteristics of mineralocorticoid excess could be reversed by exogenous glucocorticoids.
Ternary Composite Nanosheets with MoS2/WS2/Graphene Heterostructures as High‐Performance Cathode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Lin Tsung‐Wu , Sadhasivam Thangarasu , Wang Ai‐Yin , Chen Ting‐Yu , Lin Jeng‐Yu , Shao Li–Dong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA new class of ternary heterostructures consisting of a reduced graphene oxide, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide (rGO‐MoS2‐WS2) is prepared through a simple chemical method. According to Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a MoS2/WS2 heterostructure is uniformly formed on the conductive rGO support. Furthermore, rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 possesses s large surface area of 109 m2 g−1 and a hierarchical pore architecture. When serving as the electrode for supercapacitors, rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 exhibits pseudocapacitive behavior in a KOH solution. It is found that rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 displays a specific capacitance (Cs) of 365  F g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is much higher than those of single TMD (MoS2 or WS2)‐based composites. The enhanced electrochemical performance of rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 is attributed to the lower internal resistance through heterostructure formation, the wide range of TMD oxidation states, and uniform distribution of the few‐layered TMD nanosheets on the rGO surface. Furthermore, the optimal loading amount of MoS2/WS2 heterostructure in the composite is investigated. To demonstrate its practical application, rGO‐MoS2‐WS2 is used as a positive electrode for an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC). The maximum energy density of the ASC device is 15 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 373 W kg−1. Furthermore, the device remains approximately 70 % of the initial Cs value after 3000 cycles, which shows the excellent cycling stability.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclizations of Tryptamine‐Ynamides Yielding 1H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Wang Yanshi , Lin Jingsheng , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Guanghui , Zhang Xinhang , Yao Bo , Zhao Yuandong , Yu Pengfei , Lin Bin , Liu Yongxiang , Cheng Maosheng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Yongxiang Liu and Maosheng Cheng at Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. The image depicts a tetracyclic indoline, a core scaffold in a series of indole alkaloids. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201705189.
Carbon2Chem® – A Cross‐Industry Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Oles Markus , Lüke Wiebke , Kleinschmidt Ralph , Büker Karsten , Weddige Hans‐Jörn , Schmöle Peter , Achatz Reinhold 
Published: January 2018

AbstractReduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen und Begrenzung der Erderwärmung auf deutlich unter 2 °C sind die großen Ziele des Pariser Klimaschutzabkommens. Die technische Realisierung dieser Ziele stellt viele emissionsreiche Industriesparten weiterhin vor große Herausforderungen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz ist der synergetische Verbund von Großindustrien in cross‐industriellen Netzwerken. Mit Carbon2Chem® ist erstmals der Zusammenschluss der Sparten Stahl, Chemie und Energie gelungen. Ziel der Initiative ist es, Hüttengase aus der Stahlproduktion als Ausgangsstoff für chemische Produkte zu nutzen.
Role of mineral flotation technology in improving bitumen extraction from mined Athabasca oil sands: I. Flotation chemistry of water‐based oil sand extraction
Authors: Zhou Joe , Li Haihong , Zhao Liyan , Chow Ross 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe role of surface hydrophobicity in water‐based oil sand extraction is examined from the perspective of mineral flotation separation. Although anionic carboxylates (sulphonates) released from bitumen are helpful for charging bitumen and liberating bitumen from sand grains, their presence in oil sand slurries tends to make bitumen and bubbles less hydrophobic. In addition, solid hydrophobization under oil sand extraction conditions can occur through different mechanisms of carboxylate adsorption. It is the hydrophobized fine solids that present challenges for achieving a high bitumen recovery with a good froth quality, due to their competition with bitumen for attachment to bubbles. While chemisorption of carboxylates contributes to hydrophobization of heavy minerals present in oil sands, carboxylate adsorption activated by hydrolyzed metal cations alters silica and clays from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Different adsorption mechanisms of calcium on silica, clays, and other minerals are analyzed to explain why fine solids of varying mineralogy in combination with calcium affect bitumen extraction differently. Metal ions that activate solid hydrophobization under oil sand extraction conditions are identified from dynamic attachment of solids from mature fine tailings (MFT) to bitumen. To mitigate the effect of fines on oil sand extraction, selective flocculation of fine solids is recognized as especially feasible for bitumen flotation recovery from oil sand middling streams. Future research in reducing or eliminating caustic addition, understanding the role of inorganic anions, and searching for feasible techniques for treating MFT based on different mineralogy and surface properties, are briefly discussed.
Chemie Pur – Unterrichten in der Natur: Ätherischen Ölen auf der Spur
Authors: Engl Alexander , Schmelzer Alexandra , Risch Björn 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChemieunterricht muss nicht zwangsläufig auf den Klassenraum beschränkt sein. Die natürliche Umgebung der Schulen stellt einen gut zu erreichenden außerschulischen Lernort dar. Hier können naturnahe Kontexte in den Chemieunterricht integriert werden, um zum einen ein Bewusstsein für Naturphänomene und ‐prozesse zu entwickeln und zum anderen das Fach‐ und Sachinteresse zu steigern. Das Projekt „Chemie Pur – Unterrichten in der Natur“ setzt genau an diesem Punkt an. Das Konzept wurde entwickelt, um Jugendliche verstärkt für die Natur und die dort ablaufenden Prozesse zu sensibilisieren. Die Philosophie von Chemie Pur wird im Rahmen des Artikels vorgestellt, anhand der erprobten Lerneinheit „Ätherischen Ölen auf der Spur” konkretisiert und mit ausgewählten Forschungsergebnissen flankiert. Die Lerneinheit fokussiert den Kompetenzbereich Erkenntnisgewinnung und orientiert sich inhaltlich am Basiskonzept „Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen“ des Fachs Chemie der Sekundarstufe II.
Hollow Mesoporous Silica@Metal–Organic Framework and Applications for pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Jia Xiaomin , Yang Zhiyuan , Wang Yujun , Chen Ya , Yuan Haitao , Chen Heyin , Xu Xiaoxiang , Gao Xueqing , Liang Zuozhong , Sun Yu , Li Jian‐Rong , Zheng Haoquan , Cao Rui 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMetal−‐organic frameworks (MOFs), a new type of porous crystalline material, hold great potential in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery. However, the efficacy of drug delivery is limited by low drug loading. In this work, we synthesized hollow mesoporous silica (HMS)@MOF capsules that can be used as a pH‐responsive drug delivery system for the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). DOX is loaded into the inner cavity of HMS. Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles are then coated on the outer surface of the DOX‐loaded HMS. The obtained material is a capsule (denoted as DOX/HMS@ZIF), in which DOX is encapsulated. The DOX/HMS@ZIF can be used as an efficient pH‐responsive drug delivery system. DOX is not released under physiological conditions (pH 7.4), but is released at low pH (4–6) from DOX/HMS@ZIF. The DOX/HMS@ZIF capsule shows much higher cytotoxicity than free DOX and alters the delivery pathway for DOX in cancer cells, while the drug‐free HMS@ZIF shows excellent biocompatibility. This opens new opportunities to construct a safe and efficient delivery system for targeted molecules using pH‐responsive release for a wide range of applications.