bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk‐based seismic design for collapse safety
Authors: Sinković Nuša Lazar , Brozovič Marko , Dolšek Matjaž 
Published: March 2016

SummaryRisk‐based seismic design, as introduced in this paper, involves the use of different types of analysis in order to satisfy a risk‐based performance objective with a reasonable utilization rate and sufficient reliability. Differentiation of the reliability of design can be achieved by defining different design algorithms depending on the importance of a structure. In general, the proposed design is iterative, where the adjustment of a structure during iterations is the most challenging task. Rather than using automated design algorithms, an attempt has been made to introduce three simple guidelines for adjusting reinforced concrete frames in order to increase their strength and deformation capacity. It is shown that an engineer can design a reinforced concrete frame in a few iterations, for example, by adjusting the structure on the basis of pushover analysis and checking the final design by means of nonlinear dynamic analysis. A possible variant of the risk‐based design algorithm for the collapse safety of reinforced concrete frame buildings is proposed, and its application is demonstrated by means of an example of an eight‐storey reinforced concrete building. Four iterations were required in order to achieve the risk‐based performance objective with a reasonable utilization rate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fetch effect on aeolian sediment transport on a sandy beach: a case study from Magilligan Strand, Northern Ireland
Authors: Lynch Kevin , Jackson Derek W. T. , Cooper J. Andrew G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExperiments were conducted on Magilligan Strand, Northern Ireland, to assess the influence of the fetch effect on aeolian sediment transport. During each experiment surface sediments were uniformly dry and unhindered by vegetation or debris. The leading edge of erodible material was well defined, with the limit of wave up‐rush demarcating the wet–dry boundary; the work was conducted during low tides. A number of electronic and integrating traps were utilised, with two ultrasonic anemometers used to measure wind direction and velocity at 1 Hz. The combination of 1o direction data and trap locations resulted in a range of fetch distances, from 2 to 26 m. Data integrated over 15‐minute intervals (corresponding to the integrating trap data) revealed a distinct trend for all the experiments. An initial rapid increase in the transport rate occurred over a short distance (4–9 m). This maximum transport rate was maintained for a further 5–6 m before a steady decay in the flux followed, as fetch distance increased. A measured reduction in wind speed (6–8%) across the beach suggests a negative feedback mechanism may be responsible for the diminishing transport rate: the saltating grains induce energy dissipation, thus reducing the capability of the wind to maintain transport. For one experiment, the presence of compact sediment patches may also have contributed to the reduction of the transport rate. The decay trend calls into question the utility of the fetch effect as an important parameter in aeolian studies that seek to understand sediment budgets of the foredune‐beach zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein thermisch‐mechanisches Stoffmodell für Steinsalz mit Berücksichtigung von Schädigung, Bruch und Verheilung
Authors: Missal Christian , Gährken Andreas , Stahlmann Joachim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAktuell werden Grubengebäude im Steinsalz für die Endlagerung von schwach‐ und mittelradioaktiven oder chemotoxischen Abfällen genutzt. Um für diese Grubengebäude Aussagen zur Integrität der Barriere zu machen oder um geotechnische Abdichtungsbauwerke zu bemessen, sind numerische Werkzeuge erforderlich. Am Institut für Grundbau und Bodenmechanik der Technischen Universität Braunschweig ist für Prognoseberechnungen das Stoffmodell TUBSsalt entwickelt worden. Die Formulierung des Stoffmodells erlaubt die Abbildung der wesentlichen Kriechvorgänge sowie der Phänomene Schädigung, Bruch und Verheilung. Ebenso wird der Einfluss der Temperatur auf das mechanische Verhalten berücksichtigt. Die erforderlichen Parameter können anhand von Laborversuchen bestimmt werden. Die Implementierung des Stoffmodells erfolgte in zwei unterschiedlichen numerischen Programmsystemen der Methode der Finiten Elemente und der Methode der Finiten Differenzen. Mit einem einheitlichen Parametersatz für einen Salztyp kann eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den berechneten Daten und den Versuchsergebnissen erzielt werden. Um ein vielseitiges und zuverlässiges Werkzeug zur Bemessung von Hohlräumen im Salzgebirge zu erhalten, wird die Validierung des Stoffmodells auch an komplexeren Strukturen fortgesetzt.A thermal‐mechanical constitutive model for rock salt with consideration of damage, failure and healing. Numerous mine workings in rock salt are used in the present for the disposal of low and intermediate level radioactive waste or chemo‐toxic waste. In order to get information about the integrity of the mine workings' barrier or to calculate geotechnical sealing structures, numerical tools are necessary. For this purpose, the constitutive model TUBSsalt was developed at the Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering of the Technische Universität Braunschweig. The constitutive model's formulation enables the simulation of the significant creeping mechanisms as well as damage, failure and healing. The influence of the temperature on the mechanical behavior is also considered. The parameters can be determined by laboratory tests. The implementation of the constitutive model is realized in two different numerical program systems. By using a uniform set of parameters for a type of salt a good match between the calculated data and the measured data can be achieved. In order to get a versatile and reliable tool for the calculation of cavities in rock salt, the validation of the constitutive model will be continued with more complex structures.
Combining tract‐ and atlas‐based analysis reveals microstructural abnormalities in early Tourette syndrome children
Authors: Wen Hongwei , Liu Yue , Wang Jieqiong , Rekik Islem , Zhang Jishui , Zhang Yue , Tian Hongwei , Peng Yun , He Huiguang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder that causes uncontrolled repetitive motor and vocal tics in children. Examining the neural basis of TS churned out different research studies that advanced our understanding of the brain pathways involved in its development. Particularly, growing evidence points to abnormalities within the fronto‐striato‐thalamic pathways. In this study, we combined Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and Atlas‐based regions of interest (ROI) analysis approach, to investigate the microstructural diffusion changes in both deep and superficial white matter (SWM) in TS children. We then characterized the altered microstructure of white matter in 27 TS children in comparison with 27 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls. We found that fractional anisotropy (FA) decreases and radial diffusivity (RD) increases in deep white matter (DWM) tracts in cortico‐striato‐thalamo‐cortical (CSTC) circuit as well as SWM. Furthermore, we found that lower FA values and higher RD values in white matter regions are correlated with more severe tics, but not tics duration. Besides, we also found both axial diffusivity and mean diffusivity increase using Atlas‐based ROI analysis. Our work may suggest that microstructural diffusion changes in white matter is not only restricted to the gray matter of CSTC circuit but also affects SWM within the primary motor and somatosensory cortex, commissural and association fibers. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1903–1919, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Medial Temporal Lobe Regions in Incidental and Intentional Retrieval of Item and Relational Information in Aging
Authors: Wang Wei‐Chun , Giovanello Kelly S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConsiderable neuropsychological and neuroimaging work indicates that the medial temporal lobes are critical for both item and relational memory retrieval. However, there remain outstanding issues in the literature, namely the extent to which medial temporal lobe regions are differentially recruited during incidental and intentional retrieval of item and relational information, and the extent to which aging may affect these neural substrates. The current fMRI study sought to address these questions; participants incidentally encoded word pairs embedded in sentences and incidental item and relational retrieval were assessed through speeded reading of intact, rearranged, and new word‐pair sentences, while intentional item and relational retrieval were assessed through old/new associative recognition of a separate set of intact, rearranged, and new word pairs. Results indicated that, in both younger and older adults, anterior hippocampus and perirhinal cortex indexed incidental and intentional item retrieval in the same manner. In contrast, posterior hippocampus supported incidental and intentional relational retrieval in both age groups and an adjacent cluster in posterior hippocampus was recruited during both forms of relational retrieval for older, but not younger, adults. Our findings suggest that while medial temporal lobe regions do not differentiate between incidental and intentional forms of retrieval, there are distinct roles for anterior and posterior medial temporal lobe regions during retrieval of item and relational information, respectively, and further indicate that posterior regions may, under certain conditions, be over‐recruited in healthy aging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
State Prices of Conditional Quantiles: New Evidence on Time Variation in the Pricing Kernel
Authors: Metaxoglou Konstantinos , Smith Aaron 
Published: March 2016

SummaryWe develop a set of statistics to represent the option‐implied stochastic discount factor and we apply them to S&P 500 returns between 1990 and 2012. Our statistics, which we call state prices of conditional quantiles (SPOCQ), estimate the market's willingness to pay for insurance against outcomes in various quantiles of the return distribution. By estimating state prices at conditional quantiles, we separate variation in the shape of the pricing kernel from variation in the probability of a particular event. Thus, without imposing strong assumptions about the distribution of returns, we obtain a novel view of pricing‐kernel dynamics. We document six features of SPOCQ for the S&P 500. Most notably, and in contrast to recent studies, we find that the price of downside risk decreases when volatility increases. Under a standard asset pricing model, this result implies that most changes in volatility stem from fluctuations in idiosyncratic risk. Consistent with this interpretation, no known systematic risk factors such as consumer sentiment, liquidity or macroeconomic risk can account for the negative relationship between the price of downside risk and volatility. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative evaluation of diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy in the detection of cervical cancer
Authors: Shaikh Rubina , Prabitha Vasumathi G. , Dora Tapas Kumar , Chopra Supriya , Maheshwari Amita , Deodhar Kedar , Rekhi Bharat , Sukumar Nita , Krishna C. Murali , Subhash Narayanan 
Published: March 2016

Optical spectroscopic techniques show improved diagnostic accuracy for non‐invasive detection of cervical cancers. In this study, sensitivity and specificity of two in vivo modalities, i.e diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), were compared by utilizing spectra recorded from the same sites (67 tumor (T), 22 normal cervix (C), and 57 normal vagina (V)). Data was analysed using principal component – linear discriminant analysis (PC‐LDA), and validated using leave‐one‐out‐cross‐validation (LOOCV). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for classification between normal (N) and tumor (T) sites were 91%, 96%, 95% and 93%, respectively for RS and 85%, 95%, 93% and 88%, respectively for DRS. Even though DRS revealed slightly lower diagnostic accuracies, owing to its lower cost and portability, it was found to be more suited for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. On the other hand, RS based devices could be ideal for screening patients with centralised facilities in developing countries.
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Application of HIF‐1α by gene therapy enhances angiogenesis and osteogenesis in alveolar bone defect regeneration
Authors: Zhang Yang , Huang Jiao , Wang Chao , Zhang Yan , Hu Changhong , Li Guangyue , Xu Ling 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundA successful clinical outcome for implanted tissue‐engineered bone is dependent on the establishment of a functional vascular network. Gene‐enhanced tissue engineering represents a promising approach for vascularization and osteogenesis. In the present study, we tested the angiogenesis and osteogenesis efficacy of gelatin as the scaffold carrier in combination with a virus encoding the HIF‐1α gene in a rat alveolar bone defect model.MethodsThree groups of 10 rats each were either left untreated, treated with adenovirus encoding hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (AdHIF‐1α)/gelatin sponge or treated with gelatin sponge with adenovirus encoding red fluorescence protein, respectively. At 4 weeks, all samples were determined by micro‐computed tomography, histological analyses and immunohistochemical studies.ResultsScaffolds loaded with AdHIF‐1α were able to sustain the release of AdHIF‐1α for up to 21 days and alveolar bone defects treated with scaffolds containing AdHIF‐1α significantly induced new bone and new vessel formation in vivo.ConclusionsOverexpression of HIF‐1α by gene therapy may be a useful method for enhancing alveolar bone defect osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of phosphorus in temperate zone forest soils as assessed by combined wet‐chemical fractionation and XANES spectroscopy
Authors: Prietzel Jörg , Klysubun Wantana , Werner Florian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhosphorus availability in terrestrial ecosystems is strongly dependent on soil P speciation. Here we present information on the P speciation of 10 forest soils in Germany developed from different parent materials as assessed by combined wet‐chemical P fractionation and synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Soil P speciation showed clear differences among different parent materials and changed systematically with soil depth. In soils formed from silicate bedrock or loess, Fe‐bound P species (FePO4, organic and inorganic phosphate adsorbed to Fe oxyhydroxides) and Al‐bound P species (AlPO4, organic and inorganic phosphate adsorbed to Al oxyhydroxides, Al‐saturated clay minerals and Al‐saturated soil organic matter) were most dominant. In contrast, the P speciation of soils formed from calcareous bedrock was dominated (40–70% of total P) by Ca‐bound organic P, which most likely primarily is inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) precipitated as Ca3‐IHP. The second largest portion of total P in all calcareous soils was organic P not bound to Ca, Al, or Fe. The relevance of this P form decreased with soil depth. Additionally, apatite (relevance increasing with depth) and Al‐bound P were present. The most relevant soil properties governing the P speciation of the investigated soils were soil stocks of Fe oxyhydroxides, organic matter, and carbonate. Different types of P speciation in soils on silicate and calcareous parent material suggest different ecosystem P nutrition strategies and biogeochemical P cycling patterns in the respective ecosystems. Our study demonstrates that combined wet‐chemical soil P fractionation and synchrotron‐based XANES spectroscopy provides substantial novel information on the P speciation of forest soils.
Crystalline, thermal and swelling properties of starches from single‐segment substitution lines with different Wx alleles in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Teng Bin , Zhang Ying , Du Shiyun , Wu Jingde , Li Zefu , Luo Zhixiang , Yang Jianbo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn rice, five common Wx alleles, wx, Wxt, Wxg1, Wxg2 and Wxg3, have been identified according to their apparent amylose content (AAC) phenotypes. Previous studies revealed that this Wx allelic variation may also affect other starch properties. However, so far, to what extent the five Wx alleles influence the crystalline structure, thermal and swelling properties of rice starch is still unclear. For this purpose, a set of single‐segment substitution lines (SSSLs) harboring five different Wx alleles, varying widely in AAC, was used for comparative studies.RESULTSThe crystalline structure, thermal properties and swelling behavior of starches from the SSSLs varied widely depending on Wx genotype. Effects of different Wx alleles on relative crystallinity followed the order wx > Wxt > Wxg1 = Wxg2 > Wxg3. The glutinous and Wxt genotype starches showed higher gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy compared with other Wx genotypes. The order for swelling power was wx > Wxt > Wxg1 > Wxg2 > Wxg3, while the order for degree of solubility was Wxg3 > Wxg1 > Wxg2 > Wxt = wx. Correlation analysis indicated that AAC was significantly and negatively correlated with relative crystallinity (r = −0.996, P < 0.01) and swelling power (r = −0.982, P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONThe present results provide new knowledge about the influence of different Wx alleles on the structural and physicochemical properties of rice starch. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison between field and laboratory pH measurements for seawater on the East China Sea shelf
Authors: Chou Wen‐Chen , Gong Gwo‐Ching , Yang Chin‐Yo , Chuang Kai‐Yuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of sample storage on pH analysis, a comparison experiment between field and laboratory pH measurements was conducted on a total of 88 seawater samples collected on the East China Sea shelf during 16 July 2014–29 July 2014. The results show that although pH directly measured onboard was statistically higher than the pH later measured onshore with an average residual of 0.0052 ± 0.0057, after correcting for the perturbation caused by the addition of the HgCl2 solution, the observed difference was within the uncertainty in pH measurement. Therefore, our result suggests that, similar to total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon determinations, seawater samples can be stored for pH analysis with a precision that is comparable to the uncertainty of onboard measurement for a period of at least 20 d.
Non‐centrosymmetric plasmonic crystals for second‐harmonic generation with controlled anisotropy and enhancement
Authors: Kolkowski Radoslaw , Szeszko Justyna , Dwir Benjamin , Kapon Eli , Zyss Joseph 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRectangular arrays of pyramidal recesses coated by silver film are investigated by means of polarization‐resolved nonlinear microscopy at 900 nm fundamental wavelength, demonstrating strong dependence of the dipole‐allowed SHG upon the lattice parameters. The plasmonic band gap causes nearly complete SHG suppression in arrays of 650 nm periodicity, whereas a sharp resonance at 550 nm periodicity is observed due to excitation of band edge Bloch states at fundamental frequency, accompanied by symmetry‐constrained interactions with similar modes at the second‐harmonic frequency. Additionally, coupling with modes at the bottom side of the silver film may lead to extraordinary optical transmission, opening a channel for SHG from the highly nonlinear GaAs substrate. Changing the lattice geometry enables SHG intensity modulation over three orders of magnitude, while the effective nonlinear anisotropy can be continuously switched between the two lattice directions, reaching values as high as ±0.96.
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Synthesis of Hydrophobic Polymeric Cryogels with Supermacroporous Structure
Authors: Chen Xilu , Sui Weiwei , Ren Dayong , Ding Yuanyuan , Zhu Xiaoli , Chen Zhiyong 
Published: March 2016

A versatile approach to synthesis of hydrophobic polymeric cryogels is proposed using acetic acid crystals instead of ice crystals as porogen through cryo‐polymerization. In the range of 60 to 90 vol% of acetic acid, polymerization at ambient temperature gives rise to particulate polymers in beaded or amorphous shape, while polymerization at 4 °C, lower than the melting point of acetic acid (16.6 °C), leads to the formation of cryogel‐like monoliths with supermacroporous structure, which is mainly ascribed to cryo‐concentration effect. According to the measurements by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry, the dried samples are supermacroporous with pore size mainly ranging from several micrometers to several hundred micrometers, which can be feasible for rapid mass transfer. The forming cryogels display a superfast responsiveness to organic solvents, possibly stemming from their supermacroporosity and distinctive hydrophobicity.
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Long‐term Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor: Clinical Outcome and Stimulation Parameters
Authors: Rodríguez Cruz Pedro M. , Vargas Antonio , Fernández‐Carballal Carlos , Garbizu Jose , De La Casa‐Fages Beatriz , Grandas Francisco 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe reasons underlying the loss of efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM‐DBS) over time in patients with essential tremor are not well understood.MethodsLong‐term clinical outcome and stimulation parameters were evaluated in 14 patients with essential tremor who underwent VIM‐DBS. The mean ± standard deviation postoperative follow‐up was 7.7 ± 3.8 years. At each visit (every 3–6 months), tremor was assessed using the Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marin tremor rating scale (FTM‐TRS) and stimulation parameters were recorded (contacts, voltage, frequency, pulse width, and total electrical energy delivered by the internal generator [TEED1sec]).ResultsThe mean reduction in FTM‐TRS score was 73.4% at 6 months after VIM‐DBS surgery (P < 0.001) and 50.1% at the last visit (P < 0.001). The gradual worsening of FTM‐TRS scores over time fit a linear regression model (coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.887; P < 0.001). Stimulation adjustments to optimize tremor control required a statistically significant increase in voltage (P = 0.01), pulse width (P = 0.01), frequency (P = 0.02), and TEED1sec (P = 0.008). TEED1sec fit a third‐order polynomial curve model throughout the follow‐up period (R2 = 0.966; P < 0.001). The initial exponential increase (first 4 years of VIM‐DBS) was followed by a plateau and a further increase from the seventh year onward.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that the waning effect of VIM‐DBS over time in patients with essential tremor may be the consequence of a combination of factors. Superimposed on the progression of the disease, tolerance can occur during the early years of stimulation.