bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical parallel AES algorithms on cloud for massive users and their performance evaluation
Authors: Fei Xiongwei , Li Kenli , Yang Wangdong , Li Keqin 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMany e‐business or social network servers have been constructed on cloud. On such open environments, private data of massive users have to be protected by encrypting, such as using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and furthermore, this process must be finished in a short time for users' better experience. This gives huge pressure on cloud servers, especially common servers, such as web servers. We urgently need an inexpensive and highly efficient method to relieve cloud servers' pressure. Fortunately, many cores of a graphics processing unit (GPU) can undertake this hard mission because of stronger computing power and lower price. The GPU environments can be virtualized on demand by cloud through the vCUDA technology. Of course, for those clouds not equipped with a GPU, a central processing unit (CPU) can still work as multithreads in parallel. Thus, in a cloud, AES can be parallelized using many cores of a GPU or multicores of a CPU with high efficiency and low cost. For typical cloud applications, such as web services, there are massive users and each one has short plaintext. If we simply parallelize AES in such an application, we cannot obtain better performance because of the GPU's extra data transferring cost. Thus, we coalesce the massive users' data and cut these data into same‐length slices for improving the performance of parallel AES as much as possible. So we design six parallel AES algorithms using GPU parallelism or CPU parallelism, which differ in parallel scope and whether data are coalesced or cut to slices. Specifically, they are coalescent and sliced GPU (GCS), coalescent and unsliced GPU, uncoalescent GPU, coalescent and sliced CPU, coalescent and unsliced CPU, and uncoalescent CPU. Moreover, we implement them on two representative platforms and evaluate their performance. Through comparing their performance, GCS has the best performance among these algorithms. In a cloud with Nvidia GPUs, GCS is a more powerful algorithm for massive users' data encrypting, relatively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Intercellular bridges” in a case of well differentiated squamous carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Michaela , Mikita Geoffrey , Hoda Rana S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntercellular bridges may aide in definitive identification of malignant cell origin, especially in squamous cell carcinoma. They are difficult to identify in routine cytologic specimens and are especially rare in smear preparations. Herein, we present images of intercellular bridges from a case of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a cytologic specimen obtained from FNA of a paraesophageal lymph node. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:121–123. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Squares of different sizes: effect of geographical projection on model parameter estimates in species distribution modeling
Authors: Budic Lara , Didenko Gregor , Dormann Carsten F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn species distribution analyses, environmental predictors and distribution data for large spatial extents are often available in long‐lat format, such as degree raster grids. Long‐lat projections suffer from unequal cell sizes, as a degree of longitude decreases in length from approximately 110 km at the equator to 0 km at the poles. Here we investigate whether long‐lat and equal‐area projections yield similar model parameter estimates, or result in a consistent bias. We analyzed the environmental effects on the distribution of 12 ungulate species with a northern distribution, as models for these species should display the strongest effect of projectional distortion. Additionally we choose four species with entirely continental distributions to investigate the effect of incomplete cell coverage at the coast. We expected that including model weights proportional to the actual cell area should compensate for the observed bias in model coefficients, and similarly that using land coverage of a cell should decrease bias in species with coastal distribution. As anticipated, model coefficients were different between long‐lat and equal‐area projections. Having progressively smaller and a higher number of cells with increasing latitude influenced the importance of parameters in models, increased the sample size for the northernmost parts of species ranges, and reduced the subcell variability of those areas. However, this bias could be largely removed by weighting long‐lat cells by the area they cover, and marginally by correcting for land coverage. Overall we found little effect of using long‐lat rather than equal‐area projections in our analysis. The fitted relationship between environmental parameters and occurrence probability differed only very little between the two projection types. We still recommend using equal‐area projections to avoid possible bias. More importantly, our results suggest that the cell area and the proportion of a cell covered by land should be used as a weight when analyzing distribution of terrestrial species.
Individualized covariance profile of cortical morphology for auditory hallucinations in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Yun Je‐Yeon , Nyun Kim Sung , Young Lee Tae , Chon Myong‐Wuk , Soo Kwon Jun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNeocortical phenotype of cortical surface area (CSA) and thickness (CT) are influenced by distinctive genetic factors and undergo differential developmental trajectories, which could be captured using the individualized cortical structural covariance (ISC). Disturbed patterns of neocortical development and maturation underlie the perceptual disturbance of psychosis including auditory hallucination (AH). To demonstrate the utility of selected ISC features as primal biomarker of AH in first‐episode psychosis (FEP) subjects experiencing AH (FEP‐AH), we employed herein a support vector machine (SVM). A total of 147 subjects (FEP‐AH, n = 27; FEP‐NAH, n = 24; HC, n = 96) underwent T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. The FreeSurfer software suite was used for cortical parcellation, with the CSA‐ISC and CT‐ISC then calculated. The most informative ISCs showing statistical significance (P < 0.001) across every run of leave‐one‐out group‐comparison were aligned according to the absolute value of averaged t‐statistics and were packaged into candidate feature sets for classification analysis using the SVM. An optimal feature set comprising three CSA‐ISCs, including the intraparietal sulcus, Broca's complex, and the anterior insula, distinguished FEP‐AH from FEP‐NAH subjects with 83.6% accuracy (sensitivity = 82.8%; specificity = 85.7%). Furthermore, six CT‐ISCs encompassing the executive control network and Wernicke's module classified FEP‐AH from FEP‐NAH subjects with 82.3% accuracy (sensitivity = 79.5%; specificity = 88.6%). Finally, extended sets of ISCs related to the default‐mode network distinguished FEP‐AH or FEP‐NAH from HC subjects with 89.0–93.0% accuracy (sensitivity = 88.4–93.4%; specificity = 89.0–94.1%). This study established a distinctive intermediate phenotype of biological proneness for AH in FEP using CSA‐ISCs as well as a state marker of disease progression using CT‐ISCs. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1051–1065, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ritual, Change and Psychotherapy
Authors: Schwartzman John 
Published: December 2015

Symptomatic behavior often appears or is initially perceived during transitional stages in the life cycle when changes in behavior and relationships are culturally appropriate. Symptomatic behavior legitimates lack of change in the relationships of the symptomatic individual and those in his or her social context. By this it provides a pseudo‐solution to the universal problem of dependency and autonomy (Sluzki & Vernon, 1971), which must be solved by individuals in every society.Many non‐Western societies have rites of passage (van Gennep, 1960) to ritualistically mark significant transition. The performance of these rituals helps individuals change their position in the social context while at the same time validating the context. Rites of passage are characterized by paradoxical communications. The paradoxical structure of these rituals will be described and implications for the use of ritual in family therapy will be suggested using a case example as illustration.
Enteric Diseases of Homosexual Men
Authors: Baker Robert W. , Peppercorn Mark A. 
Published: December 2015

Certain enteric ailments are particularly common among homosexual men. They are primarily infectious diseases and include not only such common veneral diseases as gonorrhea and syphilis but also infections not usually regarded as being sexually transmitted. Among the latter are shigellosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis.Patients' symptoms are non‐specific and seldom helpful in diagnosing particular diseases. The practitioner must be prepared to identify a number of infections with similar presentations that may occur singly or together in gay men.Gonorrhea is probably the most common bacterial infection in gay men. Carriage rates as high as 50% have been reported, and extra‐genital carriage is common; this necessitates culturing the urethra, rectum, and pharynx. Procaine penicillin G is the treatment of choice for most patients; spectinomycin is probably the drug of choice in penicillin‐sensitive patients. In contrast to other venereal diseases, syphilis may have a characteristic protoscopic presentation. Benzathine penicillin G is the treatment of choice for most patients. Lymphogranuloma venereum causes penile lesions and inguinal lymphadenitis in heterosexual men, whereas homosexual men are more prone to proctitis. The disease may mimic Crohn's disease. Recommended treatment includes tetracycline or sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim. Shigellosis usually presents as an acute diarrheal illness. Patients generally require only supportive treatment with fluids.Herpes simplex viral infection is difficult to diagnose and has several different presentations, including lumbosacral radiculomyelopathy. Symptomatic treatment with sitz baths, anesthetic ointment, and analgesics is recommended. Venereal warts are believed to be caused by the same virus that causes verrucous warts; they are usually found in the anal canal or around the anal orifice. They are commonly treated with 25% podophyllin solution.Parasitic infections include giardiasis, amebiasis, and pinworm infections. Metronidazole may be used in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis and amebiasis, but it is not approved for the former indication; quinacrine is approved for giardiasis. Pinworm infestation may be treated with pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole.Cure of enteric diseases in homosexual men must be documented.
Pharmacology, Therapeutic Efficacy, and Adverse Effects of Bumetanide, A New “Loop” Diuretic
Authors: Flamenbaum Walter , Friedman Richard 
Published: December 2015

Bumetanide is a recently developed natriuretic and diuretic agent, belonging to the “loop” class of diuretics. Since it is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration, oral and parenteral formulations have a similar pharmacokinetic profile. Peak plasma levels are achieved approximately 30 min after oral administration. The apparent half‐life is 1.2–1.5 hr, and the volume of distribution is about 25 liters. Plasma clearance is 228–255 ml/min. Bumetanide is promptly and almost completely eliminated by metabolism of the butyl side chain and urinary excretion of the parent drug and its metabolites. The principle renal site of action is the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, with a minor effect on the proximal tubule. The drug causes decreases in both free water clearance (during water diuresis) and solute free water reabsorption (during hydropenia), increased fractional delivery of sodium choloride to the distal tubule and a natriuresis approaching 20% of the filtered load of sodium, calciuria, phosphaturia, and minimal bicarbonaturia.Extensive clinical studies have been conducted with both oral and parenteral bumetanide in patients with a variety of edematous conditions. The agent has been clearly demonstrated to be an effective diuretic in the treatment of edema due to cardiac disease (congestive heart failure) and edema, with or without ascites, due to hepatic disease. Bumetanide has also been shown effective in treating edema due to renal disease, even when modest to severe renal insufficiency is present, and it may be useful in the treatment of edema refractory to other loop diuretics.As would be predicted for any potent diuretic, bumetanide administration has been associated with hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic aklalosis, hyperuricemia, and prerenal azotemia. Alterations in glucose metabolism are an inconsistent finding. Transient thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia have been noted, but no consistent or important alterations in biochemical parameters have been observed. In some patients, especially those with renal failure receiving high doses, myalgias and muscle tenderness have been described. To date only a very limited potential for ototoxicity has been observed. Bumetanide has been administered without difficulty to patients having side effects from other loop diuretics.
Recovery of Normal Testicular Ultrastructure and Sperm Motility after Cessation of Gossypol Treatment in Rats
Authors: HOFFER ANITA P. , LISSER STEVEN P. 
Published: December 2015

This study evaluates the reversibility of the effects of gossypol on testicular ultrastructure and the motility of epididymal spermatozoa. Adult male rats were treated 6 days weekly with the vehicle alone (Group A), or with 10 (Group B) or 20 (Group C) mg/kg of gossypol for 12 weeks, and then sacrificed six or 12 weeks after cessation of treatment. Although epididymal spermatozoa in Groups B and C were 100% immotile after gossypol treatment, little evidence of abnormality could be detected with the light microscope in the seminiferous tubules or interstitium. By contrast, at the ultrastructural level, there were demonstrable pathognomonic defects in the mitochondrial sheath and axonemes of step 18 and 19 spermatids which were identical to those reported earlier (Hoffer, 1983). In addition, an ultrastructural defect in the flagella of late testicular spermatozoa is described for the first time. This defect consists of an indentation, or constriction, of the mitochondrial sheath at outer dense fibers (ODFs) 1, 2, and 9, resulting in a separation of these 3 ODFs from the other fibers. This defect, though visible in an earlier ultrastructural study (Hoffer, 1983), was not described.In Group B rats allowed to recover from gossypol treatment, ultrastructural defects in step 18 and 19 spermatids could not be detected at six or at 12 weeks after cessation of treatment, and sperm motility also did not differ significantly from controls by the end of either recovery period. In Group C rats, sperm motility returned to the normal range within six weeks after treatment ended, but a few morphological defects in the midpiece and axoneme of late spermatids could still be detected with the electron microscope. However, after 12 weeks of recovery, ultrastructural evidence of drug treatment could no longer be seen. The results of this study do not support the concern that use of gossypol leads to subtle irreversible damage in the testis which has previously escaped detection. These findings provide the first reported ultrastructural evidence that recovery from gossypol treatment is time and dose‐related, and that there is a complete reversal of its deleterious effects. The observations on the motility of epididymal spermatozoa at the end of the treatment and recovery periods support these conclusions.
Intratesticular Factors and Testosterone Secretion. Effect of Treatments That Alter the Level of Testosterone Within the Testis
Authors: SHARPE RICHARD M. , KERR JEFFREY B. , FRASER HAMISH M. , BARTLETT JOHN M. S. 
Published: December 2015

The authors recently have reported the presence of a nongonadotropic polypeptide factor in rat testicular interstitial fluid that can exert marked stimulatory effects on Leydig cell testosterone production. To assess the potential physiologic significance of this factor, its effective levels in rat interstitial fluid have been investigated in response to treatments that either markedly reduce interstitial fluid testosterone concentrations (anti‐LH treatment; transient or chronic experimental cryptorchidism; destruction of Leydig cells with ethane dimethanesulphonate) or that significantly elevate testosterone levels in interstitial fluid by injection of hCG. The possible relationship between this factor and changes in testicular weight, serum LH and FSH, and interstitial fluid volume also were monitored.When testosterone levels in interstitial fluid were decreased by 75 to 99% either acutely (5–72 hours) or chronically (20–75 days), there was an accompanying increase (P < 0.001) in the levels of the interstitial fluid factor(s), as determined by the ability of charcoal‐stripped interstitial fluid from individual rats to enhance hCG‐stimulated testosterone production by Percoll‐purified Leydig cells in vitro. Anti‐LH treatment increased the levels of the interstitial fluid factor(s) over the ensuing 5 to 48 hours. In abdominal testes from rats made unilaterally or bilaterally cryptorchid for 20 or 55 days, a decrease in interstitial fluid testosterone levels was associated with increased levels of the interstitial fluid factor(s). The same inverse relationship was found 72 hours after treatment with ethane dimethanesulphonate in which Leydig cells had disappeared from the testis. When interstitial fluid testosterone levels were raised to supraphysiologic levels with hCG, however, levels of the factor(s) exhibited a stepwise decrease (P < 0.001) over 4 to 48 hours. No consistent correlation was found between changes in interstitial fluid volume and levels of the factor(s). In rats made bilaterally cryptorchid for 2 days, and in which unilateral or bilateral redescent of the testis occurred, redescended testes partially recovered in weight and interstitial fluid testosterone levels returned to normal, but levels of the factor(s) remained elevated. Raised serum FSH (but not LH) levels and/or presumed Sertoli cell dysfunction were always associated with increased levels of the interstitial fluid factor(s). Therefore, although the processes that control levels of the interstitial fluid factor(s) have not been identified unequivocally, our results suggest that modulation of its levels in interstitial fluid may be of physiologic significance.
Evolution‐development congruence in pattern formation dynamics: Bifurcations in gene expression and regulation of networks structures
Authors: Kohsokabe Takahiro , Kaneko Kunihiko 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSearch for possible relationships between phylogeny and ontogeny is important in evolutionary‐developmental biology. Here we uncover such relationships by numerical evolution and unveil their origin in terms of dynamical systems theory. By representing developmental dynamics of spatially located cells with gene expression dynamics with cell‐to‐cell interaction under external morphogen gradient, gene regulation networks are evolved under mutation and selection with the fitness to approach a prescribed spatial pattern of expressed genes. For most numerical evolution experiments, evolution of pattern over generations and development of pattern by an evolved network exhibit remarkable congruence. Both in the evolution and development pattern changes consist of several epochs where stripes are formed in a short time, while for other temporal regimes, pattern hardly changes. In evolution, these quasi‐stationary regimes are generations needed to hit relevant mutations, while in development, they are due to some gene expression that varies slowly and controls the pattern change. The morphogenesis is regulated by combinations of feedback or feedforward regulations, where the upstream feedforward network reads the external morphogen gradient, and generates a pattern used as a boundary condition for the later patterns. The ordering from up to downstream is common in evolution and development, while the successive epochal changes in development and evolution are represented as common bifurcations in dynamical‐systems theory, which lead to the evolution‐development congruence. Mechanism of exceptional violation of the congruence is also unveiled. Our results provide a new look on developmental stages, punctuated equilibrium, developmental bottlenecks, and evolutionary acquisition of novelty in morphogenesis. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 326B:61–84, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beneficial health characteristics of native and hydrolysed konjac (Amorphophallus konjac) glucomannan
Authors: Tester Richard F , Al‐Ghazzewi Farage H 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe impact of ingesting glucomannans on health is not limited to colonic‐focused fermentation into short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which might have some local health benefits; it also helps in treating disease states and enhancing the body's immune system, both within the gut and in/on other parts of the body. The local and systemic roles of hydrolysed glucomannans, especially konjac glucomannans, in the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin and vagina, are highlighted. Therapeutic applications are discussed. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Solving inverse scattering problems in biological samples by quantitative phase imaging
Authors: Kim Taewoo , Zhou Renjie , Goddard Lynford L. , Popescu Gabriel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuantitative phase imaging (QPI), a method that precisely recovers the wavefront of an electromagnetic field scattered by a transparent, weakly scattering object, is a rapidly growing field of study. By solving the inverse scattering problem, the structure of the scattering object can be reconstructed from QPI data. In the past decade, 3D optical tomographic reconstruction methods based on QPI techniques to solve inverse scattering problems have made significant progress. In this review, we highlight a number of these advances and developments. In particular, we cover in depth Fourier transform light scattering (FTLS), optical diffraction tomography (ODT), and white‐light diffraction tomography (WDT).
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New Ways to Generate Flat‐Top Profiles
Authors: Hracek Bronislav , Bäuerle Holger 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPreviously, flat‐top beam profiles were usually generated in laser technology through homogenizers. These beam shaping optics are, however, both expensive and diminish the laser output. Optical fibers with a rectangular core geometry offer an alternative, by being able to homogenize the intensity distribution of a laser beam without reducing its performance.