bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Reported Sleep Problems Prospectively Increase Risk of Disability: Findings from the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States
Authors: Friedman Elliot M. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo determine whether subjective poor sleep prospectively increases functional limitations and incident disability in a national sample of adults living in the United States.DesignProspective cohort.SettingLongitudinal Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS).ParticipantsYoung, middle‐aged, and older men and women (aged 24–75) surveyed in 1995/96 (MIDUS 1) and followed up in 2004–06 (MIDUS 2). Complete data were available for 3,620 respondents.MeasurementsData were from telephone interviews and self‐administered questionnaires. Participant reported chronic sleep problems within the prior month; functional limitations were assessed using the Functional Status Questionnaire. Demographic (age, sex, race), socioeconomic (educational attainment), health (chronic conditions, depression), and health behavior (obesity, smoking) covariates were assessed to reduce potential confounding.ResultsApproximately 11% of the sample reported chronic sleep problems at both MIDUS waves. Average number of activity of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) limitations increased significantly between MIDUS 1 (ADL limitations: 0.06; IADL limitations: 0.95) and MIDUS 2 (ADL limitations: 0.15; IADL limitations: 1.6; P < .001). Adjusted regression models estimating change in ADL scores showed that chronic sleep problems at MIDUS 1 predicted significantly greater increases in ADL (incident rate ratio (IRR) = 1.55, P < .001) and IADL (IRR = 1.28, P < .001) limitations. In those with no functional limitations at baseline, logistic regression models showed that chronic sleep problems significantly increased the odds of incident ADL (odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.68–3.24, P < .001) and IADL (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.21–2.42, P = .002) disability.ConclusionReports of chronic sleep problems predicted greater risk of onset of and increases in functional limitations 9 to 10 years later. Poor sleep may be a robust and independent risk factor for disability in adults of all ages.
Pharmacological evidence of specific acetylcholine transport in rat cerebral cortex and other brain regions
Authors: Muramatsu Ikunobu , Yoshiki Hatsumi , Uwada Junsuke , Masuoka Takayoshi , Sada Kiyonao , Taniguchi Takanobu , Nishio Matomo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFunctional acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) were recently demonstrated to exist not only in the plasma membrane but also intracellularly in brain tissues. In order to activate intracellular AChRs, endogenous hydrophilic ACh must cross the plasma membrane. Here, we examined the pharmacological characteristics of this process, including whether it is mediated by active ACh uptake. When ACh esterase (AChE) was suppressed by diisopropylfluorophosphate, [3H]ACh was effectively taken up into segments of rat cerebral cortex and other brain regions, in contrast to peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney. The uptake of [3H]ACh in rat cerebral cortex was temperature‐dependent, and the uptake capacity was comparable to that of [3H]choline. However, [3H]ACh uptake was inhibited by lower concentrations of ACh, carbachol, tetraethylammonium (TEA), compared with uptake of [3H]choline. Uptake of [3H]ACh was also inhibited by several organic cations, including choline, hemicholinium‐3 (HC‐3), quinidine, decynium 22, clonidine, diphenhydramine, but was little affected by some amino acids and biogenic amines, corticosterone, spermine, atropine, and tetrodotoxin. Unlike diisopropylfluorophosphate, several ACh esterase inhibitors, including drugs for Alzheimer's disease, such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, also suppressed the uptake of [3H]ACh, but not [3H]choline. These results indicate that in the brain, ACh is specifically taken up through a unique transport system with different pharmacological properties from known organic cation transporters (OCTs), and suggest that this mechanism may be involved in intracellular cholinergic transmission in the brain.
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Vulnerability in patients and nurses and the mutual vulnerability in the patient–nurse relationship
Authors: Angel Sanne , Vatne Solfrid 
Published: September 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine the mutual vulnerability of patients and nurses, anticipating that an enhanced understanding of the phenomenon may help reduce vulnerability.BackgroundPatient vulnerability is a key issue in nursing, aimed at protecting the patient from harm. In the literature, vulnerability is described both from a risk perspective and a subjective perspective. This implies that the objective dimension of patient vulnerability does not necessarily reflect the patient's own perception of being vulnerable. However, external judgment may influence internal perception. Adding to this complexity, attention has also been drawn to the vulnerability of the nurse.DesignA definition deduced from central literature on vulnerability captures the complexity of objective versus subjective vulnerability. Based on the perspective of vulnerability in general, vulnerability in healthcare services shows how dependency may increase patient vulnerability. Further, despite education, training and supportive settings, patients may increase nurse vulnerability. The core of this mutuality is explored in the light of Martin Heidegger's philosophy of being.ConclusionThe patient's need for help from the nurse opens the patient to engage in supportive and/or harmful encounters. Thus, dependency adds to the vulnerability related to health issues. The nurse's vulnerability lies in her engagement in caring for the patient. If failing to provide proper care, the nurse's existence as ‘a good nurse’ is threatened. This is exacerbated if the patient turns against the nurse. Therefore, the core of vulnerability seems to lie in the fact that the patient and the nurse are both striving to be the persons they want to be, and the persons they have not yet become.Relevance to clinical practiceRecognition of the mutual vulnerability in the patient–nurse relationship calls for collective acknowledgement of the demanding nature of caring relationships, for support and for a strengthening of professional skills.
Factors related to taste sensitivity in elderly: cross‐sectional findings fromSONICstudy
Authors: Uota M. , Ogawa T. , Ikebe K. , Arai Y. , Kamide K. , Gondo Y. , Masui Y. , Ishizaki T. , Inomata C. , Takeshita H. , Mihara Y. , Maeda Y. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe sense of taste is important, as it allows for assessment of nutritional value, as well as safety and quality of foods, with several factors suggested to be associated with taste sensitivity. However, comprehensive variables regarding taste and related factors have not been utilised in previous studies for assessments of sensitivity. In the present study, we performed cross‐sectional analyses of taste sensitivity and related factors in geriatric individuals who participated in theSONICStudy. We analysed 2 groups divided by age, 69–71 years (young–old,n= 687) and 79–81 years (old–old,n= 621), and performed a general health assessment, an oral examination and determination of taste sensitivity. Contributing variables were selected by univariate analysis and then subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis. In both groups, females showed significantly better sensitivity for bitter and sour tastes. Additionally, higher cognitive scores for subjects with a fine taste for salty were commonly seen in both groups, while smoking, drinking, hypertension, number of teeth, stimulated salivary flow salt intake and years of education were also shown to be associated with taste sensitivity. We found gender and cognitive status to be major factors affecting taste sensitivity in geriatric individuals.
Hyaluronan metabolism in overloaded temporomandibular joint
Authors: Shinohara T. , Izawa T. , Mino‐Oka A. , Mori H. , Iwasa A. , Inubushi T. , Yamaguchi Y. , Tanaka E. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis study aimed to examine hyaluronan (HA) metabolism in relation to the onset and progression of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ‐OA) induced by mechanical overloading. Two‐month‐old and 6‐month‐old C57BL/6N mice were divided into experimental and untreated control groups (n = 5/group). A sliding plate was attached to the maxillary incisors of the experimental mice for 10 days to overload the condylar cartilage in TMJ. In experimental group, profound cartilage degradation was detected in haematoxylin–eosin, Safranin‐O‐Fast Green‐stained sections. It was also shown that the cartilage degradation was greater in older mice in both the control and the experimental groups. The number of HABP‐positive cells was decreased by mechanical overloading and with age. The reduction of HA expression was correlated with the progression of cartilage degradation induced by mechanical overloading. The absolute quantification of the mRNA expression related to HA synthesis and HA degradation was also performed in each group. The mRNA expression levels of HA synthase (HAS) 2 and 3 were lower in the experimental group compared with the control group in the younger mice. In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of the HA degradation gene, HYAL2 and KIAA1199, were higher in the experimental group compared with the control group in the older mice. Thus, mechanical overload differently affected the balance of HA degradation and HA synthesis in the older and younger mice, respectively. In conclusion, mechanical overloading affects HA metabolism and it might initiate or amplify the condylar cartilage degradation.
Establishing routines to cope with the loneliness associated with widowhood: a narrative analysis
Authors: Davies N. , Crowe M. , Whitehead L. 
Published: September 2016

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject?

Loneliness in older adults has been identified as an important public health issue in many countries.

Widowhood is a time when many older people experience loneliness.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Little is known about strategies that are effective in mitigating experiences of loneliness and this paper explores this with older people who have been through the process.

The narratives of the older people in this study described a trajectory in which loneliness was experienced as both a loss of spouse and a loss of routines that enabled them to maintain connections with others.

This trajectory moved onto the establishment of new routines that enabled connections to be developed.

What are the implications for practice?

Loneliness is strongly associated with depression and anxiety in the elderly and mental health nurses should be encouraged to screen for loneliness when undertaking assessments.

Interventions that facilitate the development of meaningful routines could be integrated into mental health nursing care of older people.

AbstractBackgroundLoneliness in older people is a public health concern in many Western countries. While not necessarily a symptom of mental disorder, it is often associated with depression and anxiety. Widowhood is a transition period during which many older people experience acute loneliness but over time develops strategies to manage it. Little is known about effective strategies that older people have used to manage the experience. The strategies older people used to manage this was the focus of this paper.AimThe aim was to examine older widows’ experiences of loneliness.DesignThe design of this study was a qualitative narrative analysis with thematic analysis and the participants were 40 older widow/widowers aged between 70 and 97 years.FindingsThe study found that the participants negotiated the experience of loneliness following widowhood from an acute phase of experiencing an absence and the associated loss of routine connection to the establishment of new routines that provided new connections and a new sense of identity as an individual rather than a couple.ConclusionsIt is important for mental health nurses to screen for loneliness and be able to facilitate interventions that may alleviate the experience of loneliness.
Increased expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and 2 in inflamed human gingiva
Authors: Chen S. S. , Wang K. , Zhao J. , Wu W. C. , Wu Y. F. , Zhao L. 
Published: September 2016

Background and ObjectivePeriodontitis is an infectious disease in which the host immune and inflammatory responses play essential roles in resistance to bacterial infection, as well as the induction of tissue destruction if the immune response is dysregulated. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) modulates inflammatory and innate immune signaling. TREM‐1 is considered as an amplifier of the immune response, while TREM‐2 is a negative regulator that has yet to be explored in periodontal disease before. We hypothesized that TREMs participated in the innate immune responses during the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate TREM‐1 and TREM‐2 expression in the gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects as well as their correlation with clinical periodontal parameters. This study is the first to identify TREM‐2 in periodontal tissue, as well as the protein expression changes of TREM‐1 and TREM‐2 in periodontal tissues.Material and MethodsGingival tissue sections were collected from 31 healthy subjects and 53 patients with chronic periodontitis. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction were employed to evaluate the protein and mRNA expression of these receptors in gingival tissues. The recorded clinical parameters were probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index and bleeding on probing.ResultsIn addition to myeloid cells in gingival connective tissues, TREM‐1 and TREM‐2 were also found expressed in gingival epithelial cells. In particular, TREM‐1 was detected in almost all gingival epithelium from both healthy and inflamed biopsies. The expression levels of TREM‐1 and TREM‐2 were significantly increased in the periodontitis group compared to the healthy group. Increased levels of these receptors are to be positively correlated with site‐specific periodontal parameters.ConclusionThe increased expression of TREM‐1 and TREM‐2 levels in periodontitis may confer diagnostic and potential therapeutic targets as well as indicating their association with the clinical severity of the disease.
Retrospective characterisation and outcome of canine idiopathic mesenteric purulent lymphadenitis and lymph node abscesses at a teaching hospital from 2005 to 2015
Authors: Salavati Schmitz S. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundIdiopathic purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis or lymph node abscessation, even though rare in dogs, are important diseases in which rapid diagnosis and treatment is critical. This study aimed to characterise the typical features of these conditions in dogs.Material and MethodsArchived records from 2005 to 2015 were retrospectively evaluated for the occurrence of idiopathic purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis or lymph node abscesses in dogs. History, physical and clinicopathological abnormalities, diagnostic tests performed, treatment and outcome were reviewed.ResultsA total of 14 cases with histopathologic and/or cytologic confirmation were identified. Typically, there were gastrointestinal signs including abdominal pain and elevated body temperature. Blood analysis revealed non‐specific inflammatory changes including elevated C‐reactive protein. Half of the bacterial cultures from lymph nodes showed growth of various bacteria. A primary cause was not identified in any case. Out of 14 cases, 10 cases underwent surgery and all dogs were discharged from the hospital. Three suffered from a relapse between 1 and 5 months after discharge but were successfully managed with antibiotics.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceIdiopathic purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis or lymph node abscessation are infrequent but clinically important diseases. Surgical, symptomatic and antibiotic treatment led to resolution of clinical signs in the evaluated cases. Thorough and standardised diagnostic workup and treatment of future cases are necessary to investigate possible pathogeneses and optimal therapeutic options. Outcome was favourable overall.
Preferential attention towards the eye‐region amongst individuals with insomnia
Authors: Akram Umair , Ellis Jason G. , Myachykov Andriy , Barclay Nicola L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryPeople with insomnia often perceive their own facial appearance as more tired compared with the appearance of others. Evidence also highlights the eye‐region in projecting tiredness cues to perceivers, and tiredness judgements often rely on preferential attention towards this region. Using a novel eye‐tracking paradigm, this study examined: (i) whether individuals with insomnia display preferential attention towards the eye‐region, relative to nose and mouth regions, whilst observing faces compared with normal‐sleepers; and (ii) whether an attentional bias towards the eye‐region amongst individuals with insomnia is self‐specific or general in nature. Twenty individuals with DSM‐5 Insomnia Disorder and 20 normal‐sleepers viewed 48 neutral facial photographs (24 of themselves, 24 of other people) for periods of 4000 ms. Eye movements were recorded using eye‐tracking, and first fixation onset, first fixation duration and total gaze duration were examined for three interest‐regions (eyes, nose, mouth). Significant group × interest‐region interactions indicated that, regardless of the face presented, participants with insomnia were quicker to attend to, and spent more time observing, the eye‐region relative to the nose and mouth regions compared with normal‐sleepers. However, no group × face × interest‐region interactions were established. Thus, whilst individuals with insomnia displayed preferential attention towards the eye‐region in general, this effect was not accentuated during self‐perception. Insomnia appears to be characterized by a general, rather than self‐specific, attentional bias towards the eye‐region. These findings contribute to our understanding of face perception in insomnia, and provide tentative support for cognitive models of insomnia demonstrating that individuals with insomnia monitor faces in general, with a specific focus around the eye‐region, for cues associated with tiredness.
Reading‐Specific Flexibility Moderates the Relation Between Reading Strategy Use and Reading Comprehension During the Elementary Years
Authors: Gnaedinger Emily K. , Hund Alycia M. , Hesson‐McInnis Matthew S. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe goal was to test whether cognitive flexibility moderates the relation between reading strategy use and reading comprehension during the elementary years. Seventy‐five second‐ through fifth‐grade students completed a think aloud task and a metacognitive questionnaire to measure reading strategies, two card‐sorting tasks to measure general and reading‐specific cognitive flexibility, and one standardized measure of reading comprehension, as well as measures of oral reading fluency and vocabulary. As expected, oral reading fluency and vocabulary predicted reading comprehension, as did reading‐specific flexibility. Importantly, reading‐specific flexibility had a significant moderating effect, over and above the other effects. Specifically, weak reading‐specific flexibility skills were associated with a negative relation between reading strategy use during think aloud and reading comprehension, suggesting that children with weak flexibility skills are less adept at using reading strategies effectively.
University Educator Mindsets: How Might Adult Constructive‐Developmental Theory Support Design of Adaptive Learning?
Authors: Stewart Cherry , Wolodko Brenda 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThis article explores Robert Kegan's adult constructive‐developmental (ACD) theory. We compare these ideas to the way educators at each of Kegan's meaning‐making levels might plan, implement, and assess digitally enhanced teaching activities. Using Drago‐Severson's interpretation of Kegan's concepts, the authors propose that behaviors of university teaching practitioners indicate mindsets evident at four ACD levels—instrumental, socialized, self‐authoring, and self‐transforming. Higher education professional development literature has identified a significant gap in practitioner implementation of interactive strategies using digital tools. If university practitioners increase their mental complexity they may become more adaptive in the application of interactive pedagogies and digital technologies. Adaptive approaches might cultivate new pedagogies supporting and challenging students toward more complex and flexible qualities of mind.
Panoramic Image Stitching for Arbitrarily Shaped Tunnel Lining Inspection
Authors: Zhu Zhi‐Heng , Fu Jin‐Yang , Yang Jun‐Sheng , Zhang Xue‐Min 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article presents a low‐cost panoramic image stitching system for tunnel lining inspection. The system can produce a high‐quality layout panorama of the target lining using photographs taken freely in a tunnel with a hand‐held camera and the tunnel design information as inputs. The three‐dimensional (3D) freeform shape corresponding to the tunnel design geometry is used as the warping surface for photograph rectification. A newly designed random sample consensus algorithm is used to estimate the freeform tunnel shape from the 3D reconstructed point cloud, which can perform the registration between point sets with different sizes. These processes can make full use of the geometry information of a real tunnel and the reconstructed scene; thus, the photographs can be precisely rectified, and a planar motion stitching can composite them together. Two field applications demonstrate that the system can create a tunnel layout panorama with sufficient accuracy in tunnel lining inspection and that it is applicable to noncircular‐shaped tunnels.