bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient Care and Daily Stress Among Emergency Medical Technicians
Authors: Boudreaux Edwin , Jones Glenn N. , Mandry Cris , Brantley Phillip J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:There is conflicting research regarding the extent to which patient care is a source of stress for emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Some research indicates that it is important, whereas other studies suggest that it takes a “back seat” to administrative and organizational problems. This study sought to explore this issue further by investigating the relationship between caring for patients, daily workday stress, and daily nonworkday stress among EMTs.Methods:All EMTs employed by East Baton Rouge Parish Emergency Medical Services were eligible for participation. After the study was described, subjects completed a demographic information sheet and informed consent was obtained. Participants then completed 30 days of monitoring with a standardized measure of daily stress (the Daily Stress Inventory) and a measure of patient-care stress designed for use in this study (Emergency Call Questionnaire).Results:A very large portion of the variance in the EMTs' overall daily workday stress was associated with patient care (r = 0.677, p <0.001). Additionally, patient care stress on workdays significantly predicted overall daily stress on the following nonworkday (i.e., post-workday) (r = 0.633, p <0.001). Finally, EMTs who had stressful pre-workdays rated their patient care as more stressful on the following workday (r = 0.512, p <0.01).Conclusions:Results suggest that patient care is a critical factor in daily stress among EMTs, both on workdays and post-workdays, providing preliminary evidence for a carryover effect. Evidence also suggests that stress on the day before work may influence EMTs' perceptions of their patients on workdays.
Complex Emergencies: Expected and Unexpected Consequences
Authors: Schull Michael J. , Shanks Leslie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractComplex emergencies emerged as a new type of disaster following the end of the Cold War, and have become increasingly common in recent years. Human activity including civil strife, war, and political repression often coexist with and contribute to natural phenomena such as famine. They frequently result in high mortality, population displacement, and the disruption of civil society and its infrastructure. This article reviews the context of recent complex emergencies, and their expected health consequences, such as diarrhea, measles, malnutrition and outbreaks of infectious disease, and the disruption of mechanisms of disease control and surveillance. However, the complex nature of these emergencies also may have unexpected consequences, such as hindering understanding of their causes or limiting the attention paid to them by the public. This paper discusses the context and consequences of complex emergencies from the health standpoint, and explores some of their unexpected effects.
Military Assistance in Complex Emergencies: What Have We Learned Since the Kurdish Relief Effort?
Authors: Sharp Trueman W. , Wightman John M. , Davis Michael J. , Sherman Sterling S. , Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAfter the success of relief efforts to the displaced Kurdish population in northern Iraq following the Gulf War, many in the US military and the international relief community saw military forces as critical partners in the response to future complex emergencies (CEs). However, successes in subsequent military involvement in Somalia, Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and other CEs proved more elusive and raised many difficult issues. A review of these operations reinforces some basic lessons that must be heeded if the use of military forces in humanitarian relief is to be successful. Each CE is unique, thus, each military mission must be clearly defined and articulated. Armed forces struggle to provide both security and humanitarian relief, particularly when aggressive peace enforcement is required. Significant political and public support is necessary for military involvement and success. Military forces cannot execute humanitarian assistance missions on an ad hoc basis, but must continue to develop doctrine, policy and procedures in this area and adequately train, supply, and equip the units that will be involved in humanitarian relief. Militaries not only must cooperate and coordinate extensively with each other, but also with the governmental and non-governmental humanitarian relief organizations that will be engaged for the long term.
Rehabilitating Public Health Infrastructure in the Post-Conflict Setting: Epidemic Prevention and Preparedness in Kosovo
Authors: Brennan Richard J. , Valderrama Camilo , MacKenzie William R. , Raj Kamal , Nandy Robin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe war in Kosovo in 1999 resulted in the displacement of up to 1.5 million persons from their homes. On the subsequent return of the refugees and internally displaced persons, one of the major challenges facing the local population and the international community, was the rehabilitation of Kosovo's public health infrastructure, which had sustained enormous damage as a result of the fighting. Of particular importance was the need to develop a system of epidemic prevention and preparedness. But no single agency had the resources or capacity to implement such a program. Therefore, a unique six-point model was developed as a collaboration between the Kosovo Institute of Public Health, the World Health Organization, and an international, nongovernmental organization. Important components of the program included a major Kosovo-wide baseline health survey, the development of a provincewide public health surveillance system, rehabilitation of microbiology laboratories, and the development of a local capacity for epidemic response. While all program objectives were met, important lessons were learned concerning the planning, design, and implementation of such a project. This program represents a model that potentially could be replicated in other post-conflict or development settings.
In Memoriam, Michael Pozen
Authors: Ricci Edmund M. 
Published: July 2016

The relatively young scientific field of health services research, whose practitioners are still struggling to establish legitimacy within the vast domain of health care, owes much to Michael Pozen. Indeed, Michael must be counted as one of the founders of this new speciality in that his brief but incredibly productive career began as the field of health services research took form and emerged as a distinct career specialty. His very significant contributions to health care can be assessed from two perspectives.The most visible perspective upon Michael Pozen's professional work can be obtained from a review of his research as reported in his published articles and presented papers. Michael clearly established himself as a creative and resourceful scholar and researcher who had a particular interest in improving the design and delivery of emergency medical services as well as the clinical aspects of emergency medical care.
Limitations of Abdominal Binding during CPR
Authors: Alifimoff James K. , Safar Peter , Bircher Nicholas 
Published: July 2016

Sudden cardiac death is the number one killer in the western world. In the USA alone, CPR attempts are justified in 200,000 cases per year. Recovery of brain function requires immediate initiation and uninterrupted maintenance of artificial ventilation and circulation by basic life support (BLS) until restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is possible with advanced life support (ALS). Presently recommended standard CPR (SCPR) produces only 6–30% of normal common carotid blood flow. For this reason, a more effective method of prolonged CPR-BLS is necessary in the absence of ALS ambulance services, which is common in rural areas.Augmentation of blood flow during CPR can be accomplished by intravenous fluid load and epinephrine, which are unavailable to BLS personnel. Sustained abdominal compression in dogs during CPR increases blood flow but produces a high incidence of hepatic trauma. The use of military anti-shock trousers (MAST) during short-term SCPR has been shown to increase common carotid blood flow (CCABF); this, however, has not been evaluated with a long-term model.
The United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO)
Authors: Lütem Ilhan 
Published: July 2016

In the late 1960's and early 1970's, several major disasters occurred in rapid succession. The most devastating of them was no doubt the earthquake in Peru in 1970, which claimed some 50,000 lives and caused untold damage and destruction in that country.Experience in these, and indeed in other disasters, made it clear that much of the generous aid provided by the international community in the wake of these disasters was, in the absence of co-ordination, often wasted or did not correspond to the real needs of victims. Enormous quantities of goods, some of them quite unsuitable, would pour in, together with countless well-meaning individuals wishing to help. Unfortunately, many of them were more hindrance than help. Obviously, some order had to be created to rectify this haphazard approach, and to ensure that relief supplies of the right kind and in appropriate quantities would reach the survivors rapidly to cover their basic and most urgent requirements during the emergency period.
84. Over-Utilization of Prehospital Rapid Blood Glucose Measurements
Authors: Michelson Edward A. , Pearlman Kenneth S. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Determination of rapid blood glucose (RGB) by colorimetric stick test aids in the prehospital identification and treatment of hypoglycemia. The test may be applied unnecessarily to patients not at risk for, and in clinical situations not associated with hypoglycemia. We attempted to estimate the rate of over-utilization of RGB in a large urban EMS setting.Methods: All run sheets during a one week period from 7 sites providing radio command to both city and private EMS units serving a large urban population were screened. Those runs including RGB determination were further classified for presence or absence of a test indication. RGB was considered indicated with history or finding of: altered mental status, decreased level of consciousness, seizure, syncope and near syncope, generalized weakness or dizziness, with or without a history of diabetes.Results: 613 RGB determinations were identified during one week (annual rate = 31,876). 371 (61%) met indication criteria for test performance, and 242 (39%) failed to meet criteria. The patient complaint in cases not meeting criteria included; cardiac - 80, respiratory distress - 66, trauma - 38, abdominal pain -15, burns - 12, OB - 8, CVA - 6. Moreover, among these patients fewer than half had a history of diabetes. If this rate of over-utilization were maintained for one year, in excess of 12,500 extra tests would be performed in this system.
Diagnostic accuracy of refractometer and Brix refractometer to assess failure of passive transfer in calves: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Buczinski S. , Fecteau G. , Chigerwe M. , Vandeweerd J. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCalves are highly dependent of colostrum (and antibody) intake because they are born agammaglobulinemic. The transfer of passive immunity in calves can be assessed directly by dosing immunoglobulin G (IgG) or by refractometry or Brix refractometry. The latter are easier to perform routinely in the field. This paper presents a protocol for a systematic review meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of refractometry or Brix refractometry versus dosage of IgG as a reference standard test. With this review protocol we aim to be able to report refractometer and Brix refractometer accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity as well as to quantify the impact of any study characteristic on test accuracy.
Can living mulches in intercropping systems reduce the potential nitrate leaching? Studies of organic cauliflower (Brassica oleraceaL. var.botrytis) and leek (Allium porrumL.) production across European conditions
Authors: Xie Yue , Tittarelli Fabio , von Fragstein Peter , Bavec Martina , Canali Stefano , Kristensen Hanne Lakkenborg 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effect of introduction strategy for living mulches (LMs) to reduce the potential nitrate leaching was investigated when grown with vegetables with high nitrogen (N) demand and low use efficiency in four European countries: Italy, Slovenia, Germany and Denmark over 2 yr. The plant N uptake and soil nitrate N content at harvest, in the autumn, and in the following spring were measured below open-pollinated and hybrid cultivars of cauliflower and leek crops. The cultivars performed differently over the 2 yr. In Italy and Slovenia, when LM of burr medic or white clover was broad sown (addition design ADD) at the same time as crop transplanting, the N uptake of crops was hampered without increasing the total aboveground N accumulation. Delaying LM sowing by 2.5–4 weeks maintained the N uptake of crops. In Germany, delaying white clover sowing for a month in cauliflower reduced soil nitrate at the start of leaching by 17–33 kg N ha−1in the ADD design and 25 kg N ha−1in the substitution design (SUB), where rows of cash crops were replaced by rows of LM. An overwintering LM of grass–clover incorporated in strips and root pruned decreased soil nitrate at the start of the leaching period by 35 kg N ha−1in cauliflower, and in leek, an LM of dyer's woad decreased the soil nitrate by 55 kg N ha−1at harvest and 30 kg N ha−1at the start of leaching. The effect of delayed LM sowing depended on the LM species and system design. Overall, the SUB and ADD designs showed potential to reduce nitrate leaching, whereas the ADD design had stronger competition against either cash crop or LM. The key to reduce soil nitrate N without jeopardizing crop yields may be to identify suitable growing periods, sometimes combined with root pruning, for each LM species and system design. The LM introduction strategy can be used to control competition and reduce the potential leaching, but the performance depends on the intensity of the interspecific competition and the local conditions.
THE LOGIC OF LEIBNIZ’SGENERALES INQUISITIONES DE ANALYSI NOTIONUM ET VERITATUM
Authors: MALINK MARKO , VASUDEVAN ANUBAV 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTheGenerales Inquisitiones de Analysi Notionum et Veritatumis Leibniz’s most substantive work in the area of logic. Leibniz’s central aim in this treatise is to develop a symbolic calculus of terms that is capable of underwriting all valid modes of syllogistic and propositional reasoning. The present paper provides a systematic reconstruction of the calculus developed by Leibniz in theGenerales Inquisitiones. We investigate the most significant logical features of this calculus and prove that it is both sound and complete with respect to a simple class of enriched Boolean algebras which we call auto-Boolean algebras. Moreover, we show that Leibniz’s calculus can reproduce all the laws of classical propositional logic, thus allowing Leibniz to achieve his goal of reducing propositional reasoning to algebraic reasoning about terms.
Clozapine users in Australia: their characteristics and experiences of care based on data from the 2010 National Survey of High Impact Psychosis
Authors: Siskind D. J. , Harris M. , Phillipou A. , Morgan V. A. , Waterreus A. , Galletly C. , Carr V. J. , Harvey C. , Castle D. 
Published: July 2016

Aims.Clozapine is the most effective medication for treatment refractory schizophrenia. However, descriptions of the mental health and comorbidity profile and care experiences of people on clozapine in routine clinical settings are scarce. Using data from the 2010 Australian Survey of High Impact Psychosis, we aimed to examine the proportion of people using clozapine, and to compare clozapine users with other antipsychotic users on demographic, mental health, adverse drug reaction, polypharmacy and treatment satisfaction variables.Methods.Data describing 1049 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who reported taking any antipsychotic medication in the previous 4 weeks, were drawn from a representative Australian survey of people with psychotic disorders in contact with mental health services in the previous 12 months. We compared participants taking clozapine (n= 257, 22.4%) with those taking other antipsychotic medications, on a range of demographic, clinical and treatment-related indicators.Results.One quarter of participants were on clozapine. Of participants with a chronic course of illness, only one third were on clozapine. After adjusting for diagnosis and illness chronicity, participants taking clozapine had significantly lower odds of current alcohol, cannabis and other drug use despite similar lifetime odds. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes were more common among people taking clozapine; chronic pain was less common. Psychotropic polypharmacy did not differ between groups.Conclusions.Consistent with international evidence of clozapine underutilisation, a large number of participants with chronic illness and high symptom burden were not taking clozapine. The lower probabilities of current substance use and chronic pain among clozapine users warrant further study.
Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chahal Harvind S. , Lin Yuan , Ransohoff Katherine J. , Hinds David A. , Wu Wenting , Dai Hong-Ji , Qureshi Abrar A. , Li Wen-Qing , Kraft Peter , Tang Jean Y. , Han Jiali , Sarin Kavita Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma represents the second most common cutaneous malignancy, affecting 7–11% of Caucasians in the United States. The genetic determinants of susceptibility to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma remain largely unknown. Here we report the results of a two-stage genome-wide association study of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, totalling 7,404 cases and 292,076 controls. Eleven loci reached genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10−8) including seven previously confirmed pigmentation-related loci: MC1R, ASIP, TYR, SLC45A2, OCA2, IRF4 and BNC2. We identify an additional four susceptibility loci: 11q23.3 CADM1, a metastasis suppressor gene involved in modifying tumour interaction with cell-mediated immunity; 2p22.3; 7p21.1 AHR, the dioxin receptor involved in anti-apoptotic pathways and melanoma progression; and 9q34.3 SEC16A, a putative oncogene with roles in secretion and cellular proliferation. These susceptibility loci provide deeper insight into the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma.
High-resolution imaging and computational analysis of haematopoietic cell dynamics in vivo
Authors: Koechlein Claire S. , Harris Jeffrey R. , Lee Timothy K. , Weeks Joi , Fox Raymond G. , Zimdahl Bryan , Ito Takahiro , Blevins Allen , Jung Seung-Hye , Chute John P. , Chourasia Amit , Covert Markus W. , Reya Tannishtha 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough we know a great deal about the phenotype and function of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, a major challenge has been mapping their dynamic behaviour within living systems. Here we describe a strategy to image cells in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution, and quantify their interactions using a high-throughput computational approach. Using these tools, and a new Msi2 reporter model, we show that haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells display preferential spatial affinity for contacting the vascular niche, and a temporal affinity for making stable associations with these cells. These preferences are markedly diminished as cells mature, suggesting that programs that control differentiation state are key determinants of spatiotemporal behaviour, and thus dictate the signals a cell receives from specific microenvironmental domains. These collectively demonstrate that high-resolution imaging coupled with computational analysis can provide new biological insight, and may in the long term enable creation of a dynamic atlas of cells within their native microenvironment.
Deletion of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein triggers Rac2 activity and increased cross-presentation by dendritic cells
Authors: Baptista Marisa A. P. , Keszei Marton , Oliveira Mariana , Sunahara Karen K. S. , Andersson John , Dahlberg Carin I. M. , Worth Austen J. , Liedén Agne , Kuo I-Chun , Wallin Robert P. A. , Snapper Scott B. , Eidsmo Liv , Scheynius Annika , Karlsson Mikael C. I. , Bouma Gerben , Burns Siobhan O. , Forsell Mattias N. E. , Thrasher Adrian J. , Nylén Susanne , Westerberg Lisa S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the WASp gene. Decreased cellular responses in WASp-deficient cells have been interpreted to mean that WASp directly regulates these responses in WASp-sufficient cells. Here, we identify an exception to this concept and show that WASp-deficient dendritic cells have increased activation of Rac2 that support cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Using two different skin pathology models, WASp-deficient mice show an accumulation of dendritic cells in the skin and increased expansion of IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph node and spleen. Specific deletion of WASp in dendritic cells leads to marked expansion of CD8+ T cells at the expense of CD4+ T cells. WASp-deficient dendritic cells induce increased cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells by activating Rac2 that maintains a near neutral pH of phagosomes. Our data reveals an intricate balance between activation of WASp and Rac2 signalling pathways in dendritic cells.
Molecular-scale dynamics of light-induced spin cross-over in a two-dimensional layer
Authors: Bairagi Kaushik , Iasco Olga , Bellec Amandine , Kartsev Alexey , Li Dongzhe , Lagoute Jérôme , Chacon Cyril , Girard Yann , Rousset Sylvie , Miserque Frédéric , Dappe Yannick J , Smogunov Alexander , Barreteau Cyrille , Boillot Marie-Laure , Mallah Talal , Repain Vincent 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSpin cross-over molecules show the unique ability to switch between two spin states when submitted to external stimuli such as temperature, light or voltage. If controlled at the molecular scale, such switches would be of great interest for the development of genuine molecular devices in spintronics, sensing and for nanomechanics. Unfortunately, up to now, little is known on the behaviour of spin cross-over molecules organized in two dimensions and their ability to show cooperative transformation. Here we demonstrate that a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements and ab initio calculations allows discriminating unambiguously between both states by local vibrational spectroscopy. We also show that a single layer of spin cross-over molecules in contact with a metallic surface displays light-induced collective processes between two ordered mixed spin-state phases with two distinct timescale dynamics. These results open a way to molecular scale control of two-dimensional spin cross-over layers.
Room temperature manipulation of long lifetime spins in metallic-like carbon nanospheres
Authors: Náfrádi Bálint , Choucair Mohammad , Dinse Klaus-Peter , Forró László 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe time-window for processing electron spin information (spintronics) in solid-state quantum electronic devices is determined by the spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times of electrons. Minimizing the effects of spin–orbit coupling and the local magnetic contributions of neighbouring atoms on spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times at room temperature remain substantial challenges to practical spintronics. Here we report conduction electron spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times of 175 ns at 300 K in 37±7 nm carbon spheres, which is remarkably long for any conducting solid-state material of comparable size. Following the observation of spin polarization by electron spin resonance, we control the quantum state of the electron spin by applying short bursts of an oscillating magnetic field and observe coherent oscillations of the spin state. These results demonstrate the feasibility of operating electron spins in conducting carbon nanospheres as quantum bits at room temperature.