bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productive versus unproductive entrepreneurship
Authors: Gohmann Stephan F. , Hobbs Bradley K. , McCrickard Myra J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlation between the degree of economic freedom in state institutions and industry employment and then determine how these correlations relate to economic growth.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors find the correlation between employment and economic freedom for each NAICS industry code and then calculate total employment in industries with positive correlation and negative correlations. The authors use these values in a GDP equation.

Findings
– The authors find that employment growth in industries characterized by a negative correlation is associated with a decline in state per capita GDP. When the correlations between employment and economic freedom are positive, state per capita GDP tends to grow, even after accounting for overall economic freedom in the state.

Research limitations/implications
– Eliminating or reducing opportunities for firms to use government institutions to gain special treatment will lead to greater economic growth.

Originality/value
– This paper allows the data to determine which industries potentially engage in productive and unproductive entrepreneurship.
US phytosanitary restrictions: the forgotten non-tariff barrier
Authors: Jouanjean Marie-Agnes , Maur Jean-Christophe , Shepherd Ben 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to provide new evidence that the US phytosanitary regime is associated with a restrictive market access environment for fruit and vegetable products. One chief reason seems to be that the US regime uses a positive list approach, under which only authorized countries can export.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology of the paper is primarily qualitative. This paper reviews the US sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) system and its scope for use to protect markets, in addition to protecting life and health. The approach is institutional and political economic.

Findings
For most products, only a portion of global production is authorized for export to the USA. Even among authorized countries, only a small proportion is actually exported. As a result, the number of countries exporting fresh fruit and vegetables to the USA is far lower than those exporting to countries like the EU and Canada, but it is on a par with markets known to be restrictive in this area, such as Australia and Japan. Using a data set of fruit and vegetable market access and political contributions, this paper also provides evidence showing that domestic political economy considerations may influence the decision to grant market access to foreign producers.

Originality/value
The US SPS system has not previously been analyzed in this way, and the distinction between negative and positive list approaches is highlighted in terms of its implications for third-party exporters. Similarly, the analysis of political contributions is novel and suggestive of an important dynamic at work in the determination of the US policy.
Reassessing North-South relations: the case of North-South preferential trade agreements
Authors: Sahakyan Davit 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purposes of this paper are to provide a new framework for the (re)assessment of North-South relations, with a specific focus on North-South preferential trade agreements (PTAs); advance a new mechanism of how first-order, i.e. Southern countries’ first, North-South PTAs can affect the outcomes of second-order, i.e. Southern countries’ subsequent, North-South PTA negotiations; and re-examine the effects of North-South power asymmetries on the outcomes of North-South PTA negotiations.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper focuses on how North-South power asymmetries affect the outcomes of North-South PTA negotiations. It introduces the concept of “first-order” and “second-order” North-South PTAs to show that the “order” of an agreement can be a crucial factor in PTA negotiations. The claims of the paper are also supported by primary data obtained through the author’s personal interviews with European Union and USA trade officials and policy-makers (see Appendix).

Findings
The paper advances a new theoretical framework that takes a longer-term view on North-South trade relations, whereby, against the backdrop of the proliferating PTAs, first-order North-South agreements can raise the bargaining powers of Southern countries during subsequent North-South PTA negotiations, with strong implications for both developed and developing countries.

Research limitations/implications
The paper is largely theoretical. A systematic empirical study of North-South PTAs will be required to validate or refute the theoretical framework advanced in this paper.

Originality/value
The paper introduces a new variable, namely the “order” of an agreement, which affects the logic of North-South PTA negotiations. Hence, the paper sets out a new theoretical framework that allows for a more accurate assessment of North-South power asymmetries and their effects on the outcomes of North-South PTA negotiations.
A strategy model – better performance through improved strategy work
Authors: Friis Ole , Holmgren Jens , Eskildsen Jacob Kjær 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to develop a strategy model which explains what organisations should focus on in their strategy work, both in terms of the environment and how the strategy is implemented. In addition, the purpose is to demonstrate how this can influence and improve the organisations’ performance.

Design/methodology/approach
The study uses different state-of-the-art strategy approaches to create and validate a solid and causal strategy model, which was validated by making use of a questionnaire.

Findings
The nature of strategy is complex, and organisations are indeed facing more complex tasks which require that internal resources are available to meet the environmental demands, develop an effective strategy for today and tomorrow, implement the strategy and execute the action plans. A model consisting of five areas divided up in strategy content (productivity, flexibility and innovation) and strategy process (execution and culture) has been validated, and the empirical results indicate that execution and innovation are the areas in which organizations face the greatest challenges.

Originality/value
Suggesting a new strategy model designed to evaluate companies’ strategy work.
Are they really persuaded with the brand embedded in the game?
Authors: Vashisht Devika , Pillai Sreejesh S. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of the paper is to examine whether there is any difference in persuasion of brands embedded in the advergame because of the differences in nature of the game (speed), and are there any differences in persuasion in the same context if the brand is prominently placed versus subtly placed and congruent versus incongruent with the game context.

Design/methodology/approach
A 2 (nature of advergame: fast or slow) × 2 (brand prominence: prominent or subtle) × 2 (game-product congruence: high or low) between-subject measures design is used; 280 graduate students participated in the study. A 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects ANOVA is used to test the hypotheses.

Findings
The findings support that slow-paced advergames with prominent brand placements result in high ad-persuasion compared to subtle brand placements. On the other hand, fast-paced advergames show no difference in persuasiveness despite the fact that whether it is a subtle placement or prominent placement. Furthermore, results also indicate that slow-paced games with prominent placement in low game-product congruence condition resulted in high ad-persuasion compared to that in high game-product congruence condition.

Research limitations/implications
The process of experimentation used in this study to collect responses were susceptible to some limitations. However, findings of the study are very important for advertising practitioners in terms of game design, implementation and for an effective use of brand and product placements in advergames.

Originality/value
This research contributes to the literature of online advertising, specifically advergaming context by exploring the impact of nature of game and brand prominence on gamers’ ad-persuasion. Also, this study is the first attempt toward understanding the moderating role of game-product congruence on gamers’ ad-persuasion in the context of advergames.
Hard versus soft leadership? Examples and illustrations
Authors: Rao M.S. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this research paper is to explore soft leadership to achieve organizational excellence and effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper elaborates with 11 Cs that constitute soft leadership – character, charisma, conscience, conviction, courage, communication, compassion, commitment, consistency, consideration and contribution. It differentiates between hard and soft leadership.

Findings
It concludes that exploring soft leadership helps greatly for the leaders to satisfy all stakeholders to achieve organizational excellence and effectiveness.

Practical implications
It unfolds that soft leadership can work for any company and country regardless of its size or budget.

Social implications
The social implications of this research suggests that stakeholders of both profits and nonprofits must reap the rewards of soft leadership.

Originality/value
It emphasizes that soft leadership creates a resourceful environment to enhance employee engagement to achieve organizational productivity and performance.
Microbial Biotechnology 2020; microbiology of fossil fuel resources
Authors: Head Ian M. , Gray Neil D. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis roadmap examines the future of microbiology research and technology in fossil fuel energy recovery. Globally, the human population will be reliant on fossil fuels for energy and chemical feedstocks for at least the medium term. Microbiology is already important in many areas relevant to both upstream and downstream activities in the oil industry. However, the discipline has struggled for recognition in a world dominated by geophysicists and engineers despite widely known but still poorly understood microbially mediated processes e.g. reservoir biodegradation, reservoir souring and control, microbial enhanced oil recovery. The role of microbiology is even less understood in developing industries such as shale gas recovery by fracking or carbon capture by geological storage. In the future, innovative biotechnologies may offer new routes to reduced emissions pathways especially when applied to the vast unconventional heavy oil resources formed, paradoxically, from microbial activities in the geological past. However, despite this potential, recent low oil prices may make industry funding hard to come by and recruitment of microbiologists by the oil and gas industry may not be a high priority. With regards to public funded research and the imperative for cheap secure energy for economic growth in a growing world population, there are signs of inherent conflicts between policies aimed at a low carbon future using renewable technologies and policies which encourage technologies which maximize recovery from our conventional and unconventional fossil fuel assets.
Extracting DNA from ‘jaws’: high yield and quality from archived tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) skeletal material
Authors: Nielsen E. E. , Morgan J. A. T. , Maher S. L. , Edson J. , Gauthier M. , Pepperell J. , Holmes B. J. , Bennett M. B. , Ovenden J. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractArchived specimens are highly valuable sources of DNA for retrospective genetic/genomic analysis. However, often limited effort has been made to evaluate and optimize extraction methods, which may be crucial for downstream applications. Here, we assessed and optimized the usefulness of abundant archived skeletal material from sharks as a source of DNA for temporal genomic studies. Six different methods for DNA extraction, encompassing two different commercial kits and three different protocols, were applied to material, so‐called bio‐swarf, from contemporary and archived jaws and vertebrae of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier). Protocols were compared for DNA yield and quality using a qPCR approach. For jaw swarf, all methods provided relatively high DNA yield and quality, while large differences in yield between protocols were observed for vertebrae. Similar results were obtained from samples of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Application of the optimized methods to 38 museum and private angler trophy specimens dating back to 1912 yielded sufficient DNA for downstream genomic analysis for 68% of the samples. No clear relationships between age of samples, DNA quality and quantity were observed, likely reflecting different preparation and storage methods for the trophies. Trial sequencing of DNA capture genomic libraries using 20 000 baits revealed that a significant proportion of captured sequences were derived from tiger sharks. This study demonstrates that archived shark jaws and vertebrae are potential high‐yield sources of DNA for genomic‐scale analysis. It also highlights that even for similar tissue types, a careful evaluation of extraction protocols can vastly improve DNA yield.
Discuss the role of microorganisms in the aetiology and pathogenesis of periapical disease
Authors: Aw Vincent 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe literature indicates that microorganisms have a critical role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of apical periodontitis. The advancement in microbiological study methods has allowed for the identification of newer species associated with the disease process. At our current understanding, however, the exact roles of specific microorganisms in apical periodontitis are not fully understood but the poly‐microbial aetiology of the disease appears to be supported by the literature. The endodontic microbiota is comprised of a subset of microbiota present in the oral cavity, consisting of predominantly anaerobic bacterial species, some fungal and viral species. The pathogenesis of apical periodontitis is essentially the result of a complex interplay between bacterial and host factors, giving rise to a range of presentations depending on the balance of the interaction. The role of endodontic microbiota in the initiation and persistence of apical periodontitis means that the mainstay of endodontic treatment is the elimination of such bacteria. A challenge to the resolution of apical periodontitis after treatment lies in the inadequacy of treatment protocol in completely eradicating the pathogenic species and the inherent ability of certain species to survive the treatment. This issue should be the focus of future research as we continually search for more predictable treatment methods of achieving the resolution of apical periodontitis.
Effect of temperature on the reproductive success, developmental rate and brood characteristics of Ips sexdentatus (Boern.)
Authors: Pineau Xavier , David Guillaume , Peter Zsuzsanna , Sallé Aurélien , Baude Mathilde , Lieutier François , Jactel Hervé 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Global warming is predicted to enhance the development rate and increase the number of generations in multivoltine insects. For secondary forest pests, such as the pine bark beetle Ips sexdentatus, the resulting increase in population level could trigger more frequent outbreaks. However, this positive effect could be outweighed by a temperature‐dependent decrease in offspring quality.
To test these hypotheses, we carried out a laboratory rearing experiment with maritime pine logs at six temperature regimes reproducing hourly fluctuations and averaging 12–25.5 °C. We estimated the thermal requirements for a complete development of the beetle and the number of offspring per female. The offspring quality was estimated using three traits: dry body weight, elytra length and lipid content.
The minimum and maximum developmental threshold were estimated at 10.9 and 36 °C, respectively, and the thermal requirements for complete development were estimated at 517 degree‐days. We predicted a mean of two generations per year in southwestern France, although an additional generation could occur during warmer years. The number of offspring increased exponentially with temperature, although we observed a curvilinear response of offspring traits to temperature, with optima at 15–18 °C.
This suggests that there are trade‐offs between productivity and quality of offspring. Global warming is therefore likely to result in higher number of generations of I. sexdentatus per year, with larger broods but of reduced fitness at high temperatures.
Proactive therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab: a comparative study of a new point‐of‐care quantitative test with two established ELISA assays
Authors: Afonso J. , Lopes S. , Gonçalves R. , Caldeira P. , Lago P. , Tavares de Sousa H. , Ramos J. , Gonçalves A. R. , Ministro P. , Rosa I. , Vieira A. I. , Dias C. C. , Magro F. ,   Portuguese IBD Study Group (GEDII)
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundTherapeutic drug monitoring is a powerful strategy known to improve the clinical outcomes and to optimise the healthcare resources in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Currently, most of the methods commercially available for the quantification of infliximab (IFX) are ELISA‐based, with a turnaround time of approximately 8 h, and delaying the target dosage adjustment to the following infusion.AimTo validate the first point‐of‐care IFX quantification device available in the market – the Quantum Blue Infliximab assay (Buhlmann, Schonenbuch, Switzerland) – by comparing it with two well‐established methods.MethodsThe three methods were used to assay the IFX concentration of spiked samples and of the serum of 299 inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients undergoing IFX therapy.ResultsThe point‐of‐care assay had an average IFX recovery of 92%, being the most precise among the tested methods. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients of the point‐of‐care IFX assay vs. the two ELISA‐based established methods were 0.889 and 0.939. Moreover, the accuracy of the point‐of‐care IFX compared with each of the two reference methods was 77% and 83%, and the kappa statistics revealed a substantial agreement (0.648 and 0.738).ConclusionsThe Quantum Blue IFX assay can successfully replace the commonly used ELISA‐based IFX quantification kits. This point‐of‐care IFX assay is able to deliver the results within 15 min makes it ideal for an immediate target concentration adjusted dosing. Moreover, it is a user‐friendly desktop device that does not require specific laboratory facilities or highly specialised personnel.
The impact of delayed biliary decompression and anti‐microbial therapy in 260 patients with cholangitis‐associated septic shock
Authors: Karvellas C. J. , Abraldes J. G. , Zepeda‐Gomez S. , Moffat D. C. , Mirzanejad Y. , Vazquez‐Grande G. , Esfahani E. K. , Kumar A. ,   the Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundCholangitis‐associated septic shock carries significant mortality. There is uncertainty regarding the most appropriate time to achieve biliary decompression.AimTo determine whether the timing of biliary decompression and anti‐microbial therapy affect the survival in cholangitis patients with septic shock.MethodsNested retrospective cohort study of all cholangitis‐associated septic shock patients (hypotension requiring vasopressors) from an international, multi‐centre database between 1996 and 2011.ResultsAmong 260 patients (mean age 69 years, 57% male), overall mortality was 37%. Compared to nonsurvivors (n = 96), survivors (n = 164) had lower mean admission Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II (22 vs. 28, P < 0.001) and lower median serum lactate on admission (3.4 vs. 4.6 mmol/L, P < 0.001). Survivors were more likely to receive appropriate anti‐microbial therapy earlier (median 2.6 vs. 6.8 h from shock, P < 0.001). Survivors were also more likely to undergo successful biliary decompression earlier (median 8.8 vs. 22 h, P < 0.001). After adjusting for co‐variates, APACHE II (odds ratio, OR 1.21 per increment (1.11–1.32), time delay to appropriate anti‐microbial therapy [OR 1.15 per hour (1.07–1.25)] and delayed biliary decompression >12 h [OR 3.40 (1.12–10.31)] were all significantly associated with increased mortality (P < 0.04 for all; c‐statistic 0.896).ConclusionsPatients with septic shock secondary to acute cholangitis have significant mortality. Endoscopic biliary decompression >12 h after the onset of shock and delayed receipt of appropriate anti‐microbial therapy were both significantly associated with adverse hospital outcome. This might suggest that early initiation of anti‐microbial therapy and urgent biliary decompression (within 12 h) could potentially improve outcomes in this high‐risk patient population.
The response of sub‐Mediterranean grasslands to rainfall variation is influenced by early season precipitation
Authors: Chelli Stefano , Canullo Roberto , Campetella Giandiego , Schmitt Armin Otto , Bartha Sándor , Cervellini Marco , Wellstein Camilla 
Published: August 2016

AbstractQuestionClimate change will likely modify patterns of precipitation, with an expected increase in intra‐annual variability and increased frequency and magnitude of extreme events. The Mediterranean area is expected to be very sensitive to such events because water availability is already limited. However, the effect of precipitation variability on ecosystem services, such as plant productivity, is little known. What is the short‐term effect of an experimental precipitation gradient on above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) of two contrasting sub‐Mediterranean grassland ecosystems? How does early season precipitation, i.e. dry or wet spring, influence ANPP? Do the functional groups of grasses and forbs differ in their response?LocationTorricchio Nature Reserve, Central Apennines, Italy.MethodsWe selected two grasslands characterized by contrasting geophysical and soil chemical parameters (north‐ and south‐facing slopes). In both sites, during two climatically different years, mid‐season (summer) precipitation was manipulated in order to obtain a gradient of rainfall availability, comprising additional rainfall, ambient rainfall conditions and rainfall reduction. The above‐ground biomass, subdivided according to the functional groups of forbs and grasses, was collected at the end of each treatment period.ResultsA significant increase in ANPP due to experimental increase in summer rainfall appeared in the year with the wet spring, but only in the mesic north‐facing slope. This response was driven by the increased productivity of perennial forbs, while grasses showed stable above‐ground production. In contrast, in the year with the dry spring, ANPP did not respond to the experimental rainfall gradient, meaning that a dry spring leads to lower ANPP even under increased summer rainfall. The variability of ANPP increased significantly in the xeric south‐facing slope in the year with the wet spring, most likely reflecting indirect effects of small‐scale heterogeneity such as variations in soil depth.ConclusionsIntra‐annual precipitation variation can have noticeable implications for sub‐Mediterranean montane grassland agriculture: to avoid degradation due to overgrazing, livestock pressure should be limited in years with a spring drought, regardless of summer precipitation, especially in mesic grasslands.