bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Visual Attention Patterns of People With Aphasia and Adults Without Neurological Conditions for Camera-Engaged and Task-Engaged Visual Scenes
Authors: Thiessen Amber , Beukelman David , Hux Karen , Longenecker Maria 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of the study was to compare the visual attention patterns of adults with aphasia and adults without neurological conditions when viewing visual scenes with 2 types of engagement.

Method
Eye-tracking technology was used to measure the visual attention patterns of 10 adults with aphasia and 10 adults without neurological conditions. Participants viewed camera-engaged (i.e., human figure facing camera) and task-engaged (i.e., human figure looking at and touching an object) visual scenes.

Results
Participants with aphasia responded to engagement cues by focusing on objects of interest more for task-engaged scenes than camera-engaged scenes; however, the difference in their responses to these scenes were not as pronounced as those observed in adults without neurological conditions. In addition, people with aphasia spent more time looking at background areas of interest and less time looking at person areas of interest for camera-engaged scenes than did control participants.

Conclusions
Results indicate people with aphasia visually attend to scenes differently than adults without neurological conditions. As a consequence, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) facilitators may have different visual attention behaviors than the people with aphasia for whom they are constructing or selecting visual scenes. Further examination of the visual attention of people with aphasia may help optimize visual scene selection.
Whey protein hydrolysates enhance water absorption in the perfused small intestine of anesthetized rats
Authors: Ito Kentaro , Yamaguchi Makoto , Noma Teruyuki , Yamaji Taketo , Itoh Hiroyuki , Oda Munehiro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We evaluated the effect of whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) on the water absorption rate in the small intestine using a rat small intestine perfusion model. The rate was significantly higher with 5 g/L WPH than with 5 g/L soy protein hydrolysates or physiological saline (p &lt; 0.05). WPH dose-dependently increased the water absorption rate in the range of 1.25–10.0 g/L. WPH showed a significantly higher rate than an amino acid mixture whose composition was equal to that of WPH (p &lt; 0.05). The addition of 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, an inhibitor of PepT1, significantly suppressed WPH’s enhancement of water absorption (p &lt; 0.05). The rate of water absorption was significantly correlated with that of peptides/amino acids absorption in WPH (r = 0.82, p &lt; 0.01). These data suggest that WPH have a high water absorption-promoting effect, to which PepT1 contributes.
Predicting the effects of habitat loss on corsac fox occupancy in Mongolia
Authors: Lkhagvasuren Myagmarjav , Murdoch James D. , Munkhzul Tserendorj , Strong Allan M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLandscape change affects the distribution of wildlife and represents a conservation concern, especially in Asia, which is experiencing rapid development. We examined the impacts of landscape change on corsac foxes in Mongolia. We addressed 2 questions: 1) how do common features of a landscape, such as habitats, topography, and human structures, shape the distribution of the species? and 2) how will the loss of those features affect distribution? We developed an occupancy model based on locations (n = 2,437) collected in Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, then estimated the marginal loss in average occupancy across the landscape when features were removed. The model with the most support indicated that occupancy was best described by the additive combination of open plain, tall grassland, and shrubland habitats. Average occupancy across the reserve was 22% under current conditions. Simulations involving the removal of each habitat resulted in a marginal loss of 12%, 35%, and 49% in average occupancy, respectively. The loss of all 3 habitats, as expected under climate change projections, will probably make the landscape unsuitable. The results provide the first model of corsac fox occupancy, which can be used to examine distribution and impacts of change in other parts of the species’ range. They also suggest that managers should plan conservation activities to allow corsac fox distribution to shift northward as the region becomes warmer and drier and vegetation communities change.
A young cluster with an extended main-sequence turnoff: confirmation of a prediction of the stellar rotation scenario
Authors: Bastian N. , Niederhofer F. , Kozhurina-Platais V. , Salaris M. , Larsen S. , Cabrera-Ziri I. , Cordero M. , Ekström S. , Geisler D. , Georgy C. , Hilker M. , Kacharov N. , Li C. , Mackey D. , Mucciarelli A. , Platais I. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We present Hubble Space Telescope photometry of NGC 1850, a ∼100 Myr, ∼105 M⊙ cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The colour–magnitude diagram clearly shows the presence of an extended main-sequence turnoff (eMSTO). The use of non-rotating stellar isochrones leads to an age spread of ∼40 Myr. This is in good agreement with the age range expected when the effects of rotation in the main-sequence turnoff (MSTO) stars are wrongly interpreted in terms of age spread. We also do not find evidence for multiple, isolated episodes of star formation bursts within the cluster, in contradiction to scenarios that invoke actual age spreads to explain the eMSTO phenomenon. NGC 1850 therefore continues the trend of eMSTO clusters, where the inferred age spread is proportional to the age of the cluster. While our results confirm a key prediction of the scenario where stellar rotation causes the eMSTO feature, direct measurements of the rotational rate of MSTO stars is required to definitively confirm or refute whether stellar rotation is the origin of the eMSTO phenomenon or if it is due to an as yet undiscovered effect.
Turbulent cosmic ray reacceleration and the curved radio spectrum of the radio relic in the Sausage Cluster
Authors: Fujita Yutaka , Akamatsu Hiroki , Kimura Shigeo S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
It has often been thought that the northern radio relic in the galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301 (the “Sausage” Cluster) is associated with cosmic ray (CR) electrons that are accelerated at a shock through the diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) mechanism. However, recent radio observations have shown that the radio spectrum is curved, which is inconsistent with the prediction of a simple DSA model. Moreover, the CR electron spectrum before being affected by radiative cooling seems to be too hard for DSA. In this study, we show that these facts are natural consequences if the electrons are reaccelerated in turbulence downstream of the shock. In this model, DSA is not the main mechanism for generating high-energy electrons. We find that the mean free path of the electrons should be much shorter than the Coulomb mean free path for efficient reacceleration. The scale of the turbulent eddies must be smaller than the width of the relic. We also predict hard X-ray spectra of inverse Compton scattering of photons.
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based Membrane Skeleton in a Broad Range of Neuronal Cell Types and Animal Species
Authors: He Jiang , Zhou Ruobo , Wu Zhuhao , Carrasco Monica , Kurshan Peri , Farley Jonathan , Simon David , Wang Guiping , Han Boran , Hao Junjie , Heller Evan , Freeman Marc , Shen Kang , Maniatis Tom , Tessier-Lavigne Marc , Zhuang Xiaowei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractActin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular compartments, and across different animal species. Here, we investigated the organization of spectrin in a variety of neuronal and glial-cell types. We observed the presence of MPS in all of the tested neuronal types cultured from mouse central and peripheral nervous systems, including excitatory and inhibitory neurons from several brain regions, as well as sensory and motor neurons. Quantitative analyses show that MPS is preferentially formed in axons in all neuronal types tested here: spectrin shows a long-range, periodic distribution throughout all axons, but only appears periodic in a small fraction of dendrites, typically in the form of isolated patches in sub-regions of these dendrites. As in dendrites, we also observed patches of periodic spectrin structures in a small fraction of glial-cell processes in four types of glial cells cultured from rodent tissues. Interestingly, despite its strong presence in the axonal shaft, MPS is absent in most presynaptic boutons, but is present in a substantial fraction of dendritic spine necks, including some projecting from dendrites where such a periodic structure is not observed in the shaft. Finally, we found that spectrin is capable of adopting a similar periodic organization in neurons of a variety of animal species, includingCaenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila,Gallus gallus,Mus musculusandHomo sapiens.
Why Mutant Allele Frequencies in Oncogenes Peak Around 0.40 and Rapidly Decrease?
Authors: Kannan Kasthuri , Heguy Adriana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe mutant allele frequencies in oncogenes peak around 0.40 and rapidly decrease. In this article, we explain why this is the case. Invoking a key result from mathematical analysis in our model, namely, the inverse function theorem, we estimate the selection pressures of the mutations as a function of germline allele frequencies. Under complete dominance of oncogenic mutations, this selection function is expected to be linearly correlated with the distribution of the mutant alleles. We demonstrate that this is the case by investigating the allele frequencies of mutations in oncogenes across various cancer types, validating our model for mean effective selection. Consistent with the population genetics model of fitness, the selection function fits a gamma distribution curve that accurately describes the trend of the mutant allele frequencies. While existing equations for selection explain evolution at low allele frequencies, our equations are general formulas for natural selection under complete dominance operating at all frequencies. We show that selection exhibits linear behavior at all times, favoring dominant alleles with respect to the change in recessive allele frequency. Also, these equations show, selection behaves like power-law against the recessive alleles at low dominant allele frequency.
Discovery of a Natural Microsporidian Pathogen with a Broad Tissue Tropism inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Luallen Robert J. , Reinke Aaron W. , Tong Linda , Botts Michael R. , Félix Marie-Anne , Troemel Emily R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMicrobial pathogens often establish infection within particular niches of their host for replication. Determining how infection occurs preferentially in specific host tissues is a key aspect of understanding host-microbe interactions. Here, we describe the discovery of a natural microsporidian parasite of the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansthat has a unique tissue tropism compared to other parasites ofC. elegans. We characterize the life cycle of this new species,Nematocida displodere,including pathogen entry, intracellular replication, and exit.N. disploderecan invade multiple host tissues, including the epidermis, muscle, neurons, and intestine ofC. elegans. Despite robust invasion of the intestine very little replication occurs there, with the majority of replication occurring in the muscle and epidermis. This feature distinguishesN. disploderefrom two closely related microsporidian pathogens,N. parisiiandN. sp. 1, which exclusively invade and replicate in the intestine. Comparison of theN. disploderegenome withN. parisiiandN. sp. 1 reveals thatN. displodereis the earliest diverging species of theNematocidagenus and devotes over 10% of its genome to a single species-specific gene family that may be mediating host interactions upon infection. Altogether, this system provides a convenient whole-animal model to investigate factors responsible for pathogen growth in different tissue niches.
The impact of Total Quality Management and entrepreneurial orientation on organizational performance
Authors: Al-Dhaafri Hassan Saleh , Al-Swidi Abdullah 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
One of the primary goals of this study was to examine the joint effect of entrepreneurial orientation and Total Quality Management on the organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach
To examine the hypothesized model of the study, the survey questionnaire research design was employed. The data were collected from Dubai police departments. The total number of questionnaires distributed was 320 out of which only 111 usable questionnaires were returned. The Structural Equation Modelling partial least squares approach was used.

Findings
The statistical results confirmed the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and TQM on the organizational performance.

Practical implications
. Further details and valuable implications of this study were discussed throughout the study. The results of this study have many practical implications. The results will help managers to take the proper decision when deciding to implement TQM in their organizations. The TQM can help managers with strong EO to achieve the maximum performance in organizations and to remain competitive in the market.

Originality/value
This study is considered one of the very few empirical studies that examine the effect of EO and TQM the organizational performance.
Dynamic quality cost model based on complexity theory
Authors: DUARTE JUNIOR NASARIO DE SOUSA FILIPE 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This article presents a dynamic model of decision-making on Quality Costs, using the concepts of the Complexity Theory, consistent with the PAF models (Prevention Appraisal-Failures) and with the “optimum” derivation feature (generally towards Zero Defects).

Design/methodology/approach
After a literature review and the mathematical model development, this model was simulated in several situations and the results were evaluated, producing new insights.

Findings
The results show that the larger the delay between action and reaction "t" is, the more complex the system will be, and the effects of the decisions are experienced for “k” later periods, but for some specific “t” a dynamic balance is possible.

Research limitations/implications
The strategy is immutable. The quantity produced is not a variable in the model. The investment amount “x” is fixed.

Originality/value
This model is original due to the use of the Complexity Theory, and also to show that the optimum in terms of quality costs can be a positive value or Zero Defects, being in fact a moving target, depending on external conditions. The model value lies in the fact that it is dynamic, so closer to the reality of decision-making enterprises, and for revealing the importance of factors involved with complexity has, such as the time lag "t" for the success of management strategies of Quality Costs.
Critical assessment on the Six Sigma Black Belt roles/ responsibilities, skills and training: a global empirical study
Authors: Antony Jiju , Karaminas Harry 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the first global empirical study on the roles/ responsibilities and skills of Six Sigma Black Belts (SSBBs), followed by the most recent trends on an effective Black Belt (BB) training curriculum.

Design/methodology/approach
The study is based on a survey questionnaire which was designed and distributed to (primarily) SSBBs around the world. A total of 105 responses from 14 different countries were received.

Findings
The results of the study show that change agent and advocate on the use of statistical tools are being considered as the most significant roles that a Black Belt undertakes. Additionally, analytical skills followed by expertise in Six Sigma method (DMAIC) along with all the related tools and techniques top the ranking with the most important skills that BBs should acquire. In terms of BB training, basic statistics appears to be the most important prerequisite, while the inclusion of soft skills in the BB curricula is being strongly supported. Finally, a consultation session after the formal training appears to be highly desired.

Practical implications
This study identifies the roles/ responsibilities that BBs should hold in organisations operating in the 21st century and the skills they should acquire. The findings are presented as a set of criteria on how to develop the world class Black Belts of the future. Companies and recruitment agencies could benefit from spotting the most talented BBs, resulting in cost savings in the recruiting and training processes.

Originality/value
Contribution is being made by identifying the most commonly cited roles/ responsibilities in the literature and comparing them to the practitioners’ views. A comparison on the characteristics of the currently provided BB training curricula and those of the best possible training program is also presented.
Change agent aides: effect in a public information campaign
Authors: Vejlgaard Henrik 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This study aims at establishing if the use of change agency aides can have an effect on a specific target group in a public information campaign. The target group is elderly citizens.

Design/methodology/approach
Using both diffusion theory and social network theory the theoretical concept for the interpersonal network communication campaign is presented. The object of this study is the analogue terrestrial television (ATT) switch-off in Denmark. The units of analysis are the whole Danish population and elderly Danish citizens. The rate of awareness-knowledge of the ATT switch-off among all Danish households and the rate of awareness-knowledge of the ATT switch-off among elderly citizens aged 65+ were measured.

Findings
In the 3 month campaign period the double-digit gab (12 percent) was reduced to a two percent gap. It appears that interpersonal network communication can have an effect, with respect to elderly citizens who are targeted by change agent aides.

Research limitations/implications
It is a limitation of this study that the change agent aides were not monitored and surveyed systematically to document their effort.

Practical implications
It is likely that the use of change agent aides can make sense with respect to other target groups. However, the use of change agent aides will not necessarily work with any subject matter. Who can benefit from using change agent aides, can vary from subject matter to subject matter, and with the complexity of the subject matter.

Originality/value
Little research appears to have been carried out in recent years. One can only speculate as to why apparently no research has been carried out in recent years, but if practitioners are unsure of the effect of using change agent aides, for instance, they may refrain from using them, and consequently there may not be many cases to study.
Civil servants as superior presidential spokespeople
Authors: Alaimo Kara 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This study investigated whether political appointees or civil servants are more effective spokespeople for the President of the United States.

Design/methodology/approach
A series of rare, detailed, confidential interviews were conducted with civil servants and political appointees who worked in public affairs for the U.S. Department of the Treasury under Presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush, as well as with reporters who interacted with the officials frequently.

Findings
The findings suggest that civil servants more effectively advance the President’s positions in the press than political appointees. Reporters place significantly less trust in information they receive from political appointees because they assume that appointees are politically motivated – a phenomenon this study calls the “appointee discount.” Appointees also have significantly less knowledge of the policies they are responsible for communicating. Civil servants are therefore positioned to more effectively shape media coverage on behalf of the President.

Research limitations/implications
The findings suggest that the increased use of political appointees by modern Presidents may have been misguided. Further research should be conducted in other government agencies to confirm the findings.

Practical implications
The findings suggest that it would be in the interests of the President of the United States to use civil servants rather than political appointees as spokespeople for non-political policies.

Originality/value
This is the first study to investigate whether political appointees or civil servants better advance the interests of the President of the United States in the press.
Integrated commissioning and structural integration: the experience of Northern Ireland
Authors: Gray Ann Marie , Birrell Derek 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
Across the UK integrated commissioning is seen as important to achieving integrated care. In Great Britain this has largely meant separate health and social care agencies coming together to assess need and the planning and delivery of services. Achieving integrated commissioning has proved difficult in the context of different funding systems and different organisational and professional values and cultures. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom to have a system of total structural integration of all health and social care. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges of operationalising integrated commissioning in Great Britain and to assess whether the Northern Ireland model of structural integration has resolved such difficulties

Design/methodology/approach
The paper reviews how integrated commissioning is working through analysis of published research. The authors draw on policy documents to assess and evaluate the structure and process of integrated commissioning in Northern Ireland.

Findings
It is concluded that structural integration is not a pre-requisite for integrated care and that there may be risks to social care in moving toward structural integration. While there is a rhetorical commitment to integrated care across the UK this is not followed through in commissioning practice.

Originality/value
The paper presents an original assessment of the operation of integrated commissioning in Northern Ireland that has relevance for debates in Britain about the integration of health and social care.