bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Opportunity, Health Behaviors, and Mortality in the United States
Authors: Venkataramani Atheendar S. , Chatterjee Paula , Kawachi Ichiro , Tsai Alexander C. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We assessed whether economic opportunity was independently associated with health behaviors and outcomes in the United States. Methods. Using newly available, cross-sectional, county-level data from the Equality of Opportunity Project Database and vital statistics, we estimated associations between all-cause mortality rates (averaged over 2000-2012) and economic opportunity, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and health system covariates. Our measure of economic opportunity was the county-average rank in the national income distribution attained by individuals born to families in the bottom income quartile. Secondary outcomes included rates of age- and race-specific mortality, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Results. An increase in economic opportunity from the lowest to the highest quintile was associated with a 16.7% decrease in mortality. The magnitudes of association were largest for working-age adults and African Americans. Greater economic opportunity was also associated with health behaviors and risk factors. Conclusions. Economic opportunity is a robust, independent predictor of health. Future work should investigate underlying causal links and mechanisms.
Nonmedical Opioid Pain Relievers and All-Cause Mortality: A 27-Year Follow-Up From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
Authors: Cottler Linda B. , Hu Hui , Smallwood Bryan A. , Anthony James C. , Wu Li-Tzy , Eaton William W. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We investigated whether nonmedical opioid pain reliever use is associated with higher mortality in the general US population. Methods. We assessed the history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use among 9985 people interviewed at baseline of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program initiated in 1981 to 1983 in Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Durham, North Carolina. We linked the data with the National Death Index through 2007. Results. Nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was 1.4%. Compared with no nonmedical drug use, mortality was increased for nonmedical opioid pain reliever use (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 2.53) or nonmedical use of other drugs (HR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.62). Mortality was also higher for males and for those beginning nonmedical opioid pain reliever use before aged 15 years. Conclusions. A history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was associated with increased mortality, in particular for males and early onset users.
Independent and Interactive Effects of Smoking Bans and Tobacco Taxes on a Cohort of US Young Adults
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Kelly Brian C. , Kadowaki Joy 
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We examined the mutual effects of smoking bans and taxes on smoking among a longitudinal cohort of young adults. Methods. We combined a repository of US tobacco policies at the state and local level with the nationally representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (2004–2011) from ages 19 to 31 years and Census data, to examine the impact of tobacco policies on any current and daily pack smoking. The analytic sample amounts to 19 668 observations among 4341 individuals within 487 cities. Results. For current smoking, we found significant effects for comprehensive smoking bans, but not excise taxes. We also found an interaction effect, with bans being most effective in locales with no or low taxes. For daily pack smoking, we found significant effects for taxes, but limited support for bans. Conclusions. Social smoking among young adults is primarily inhibited by smoking bans, but excise taxes only deter such smoking in the absence of a ban. Heavy smokers are primarily deterred by taxes. Although both policies have an impact on young adult smoking behaviors, their dual presence does not intensify each policy’s efficacy.
Effect of Gun Carrying on Perceptions of Risk Among Adolescent Offenders
Authors: Loughran Thomas A. , Reid Joan A. , Collins Megan Eileen , Mulvey Edward P. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We observed how perceptions of risks, costs, crime rewards, and violence exposure change as individual gun-carrying behavior changes among high-risk adolescents. Methods. We analyzed a longitudinal study (2000–2010) of serious juvenile offenders in Maricopa County, Arizona, or Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, assessing within-person changes in risk and reward perceptions, and violence exposure as individuals initiated or ceased gun carrying. Results. Despite being associated with heightened exposure to violence, gun carrying was linked to lower perceptions of risks and costs and higher perceived rewards of offending. Gun carrying was not time-stable, as certain individuals both started and stopped carrying during the study. Within-person changes in carrying guns were associated with shifting perceptions of risks, costs, and rewards of crime, and changes in exposure to violence in expected directions. Conclusions. Gun carrying reduces perceptions of risks associated with offending while increasing actual risk of violence exposure. This suggests that there is an important disconnect between perceptions and objective levels of safety among high-risk youths. Gun-carrying decisions may not only be influenced by factors of protection and self-defense, but also by perceptions of risks and reward associated with engaging in crime more generally.
HIV Diagnoses and Care Among Transgender Persons and Comparison With Men Who Have Sex With Men: New York City, 2006–2011
Authors: Wiewel Ellen Weiss , Torian Lucia V. , Merchant Pooja , Braunstein Sarah L. , Shepard Colin W. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives. We measured HIV care outcomes of transgender persons, who have high HIV infection rates but are rarely distinguished from men who have sex with men (MSM) in HIV surveillance systems. Methods. New York City’s surveillance registry includes HIV diagnoses since 2000 and HIV laboratory test results for transgender persons since 2005. We determined immunological status at diagnosis, delayed linkage to care, and nonachievement of viral suppression 1 year after diagnosis for transgender persons diagnosed with HIV in 2006 to 2011 and compared transgender women with MSM. Results. In 2006 to 2011, 264 of 23 805 persons diagnosed with HIV were transgender (1%): 98% transgender women and 2% transgender men. Compared with MSM, transgender women had similar CD4 counts at diagnosis and rates of concurrent HIV/AIDS and delayed linkage to care but increased odds of not achieving suppression (adjusted odds ratio = 1.56; 95% confidence interval = 1.13, 2.16). Conclusions. Compared with MSM, transgender women in New York City had similar immunological status at diagnosis but lagged in achieving viral suppression. To provide appropriate assistance along the HIV care continuum, HIV care providers should accurately identify transgender persons.
Art and money: Three aesthetic strategies in an age of financialisation
Authors: Haiven Max 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRecent decades of financialisation have seen a significant growth in art that mobilises various forms of money as artistic media. These range from the integration of material money (coins, bills, credit cards) into aesthetic processes, such as sculpture, painting, performance, and so on, to a preoccupation with more ephemeral thematics including debt, economics, and the dynamics of the art market. This article explores three (and a half) strategies that artists use to engage with money: crass opportunism; a stark revelation of money's power; a coy play with art's subjugation to money; and a more profound attempt to reveal the shared labour at the heart of both money and art's aesthetic-political power. Money's perennial appeal to artists stems from the irony of its tantalising capacity to almost represent capitalist totality. At their core, both money and art are animated by a certain creative labour, a suspension of disbelief, and a politics of representation. Artistic practices that use money can provide critical resources for studying, understanding, and seeing beyond the rule of speculative capital.
HUBBLE AND KECK TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE ASTEROID 288P/300163 (2006 VW139)
Authors: Agarwal Jessica , Jewitt David , Weaver Harold , Mutchler Max , Larson Stephen 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Keck 10 m telescope observations of active asteroid 288P/300163 (2006 VW139) taken to examine ejected dust. The nucleus is a C-type object with absolute magnitude H

V
= 17.0 ± 0.1 and estimated diameter ∼2.6 km (for assumed visual geometric albedo p

V
= 0.04). Variations in the brightness of the nucleus at the 10%–15% level are significant in both 2011 December and 2012 October but we possess too few data to distinguish variations caused by activity from those caused by rotation. The dust scattering cross-section in 2011 December is ∼40 km2, corresponding to a dust mass ∼9 × 106 kg (88 μm mean particle radius assumed). The FWHM of the debris sheet varies from ∼100 km near the nucleus to ∼1000 km 30″ (40,000 km) east of it. Dust dynamical models indicate ejection speeds between 0.06 and 0.3 m s−1, particle sizes between 10 and 300 μm and an inverse square-root relation between particle size and velocity. Overall, the data are most simply explained by prolonged, low velocity ejection of dust, starting in or before 2011 July and continuing until at least 2011 October. These properties are consistent with the sublimation of near-surface ice aided by centrifugal forces. The high spatial resolution of our HST images (52 km pixel−1) reveals details that remained hidden in previous ground-based observations, such as the extraordinarily small vertical extent of the dust sheet, ejection speeds well below the nucleus escape speed, and the possibility of a binary nucleus.
THE PARKER INSTABILITY IN DISK GALAXIES
Authors: Rodrigues L. F. S. , Sarson G. R. , Shukurov A. , Bushby P. J. , Fletcher A. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We examine the evolution of the Parker instability in galactic disks using 3D numerical simulations. We consider a local Cartesian box section of a galactic disk, where gas, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays are all initially in a magnetohydrostatic equilibrium. This is done for different choices of initial cosmic-ray density and magnetic field. The growth rates and characteristic scales obtained from the models, as well as their dependences on the density of cosmic rays and magnetic fields, are in broad agreement with previous (linearized, ideal) analytical work. However, this nonideal instability develops a multimodal 3D structure, which cannot be quantitatively predicted from the earlier linearized studies. This 3D signature of the instability will be of importance in interpreting observations. As a preliminary step toward such interpretations, we calculate synthetic polarized intensity and Faraday rotation measure (RM) maps, and the associated structure functions of the latter, from our simulations; these suggest that the correlation scales inferred from RM maps are a possible probe for the cosmic-ray content of a given galaxy. Our calculations highlight the importance of cosmic rays in these measures, making them an essential ingredient of realistic models of the interstellar medium.
CHONDRULE FORMATION VIA IMPACT JETTING TRIGGERED BY PLANETARY ACCRETION
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Wakita Shigeru , Matsumoto Yuji , Oshino Shoichi 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
Chondrules are one of the most primitive elements that can serve as a fundamental clue to the origin of our solar system. We investigate a formation scenario of chondrules that involves planetesimal collisions and the resultant impact jetting. Planetesimal collisions are the main agent to regulate planetary accretion that leads to the formation of terrestrial planets and cores of gas giants. The key component of this scenario is that ejected materials can melt when the impact velocity between colliding planetesimals exceeds about 2.5 km s−1. Previous simulations have shown that the process is efficient enough to reproduce the primordial abundance of chondrules. We examine this scenario carefully by performing semi-analytical calculations that are developed based on the results of direct N-body simulations. As found in the previous work, we confirm that planetesimal collisions that occur during planetary accretion can play an important role in forming chondrules. This arises because protoplanet–planetesimal collisions can achieve an impact velocity of about 2.5 km s−1 or higher, as protoplanets approach the isolation mass (M

p,iso). Assuming that the ejected mass is a fraction (F
ch) of the colliding planetesimals’ mass, we show that the resultant abundance of chondrules is expressed well by F
ch
M

p,iso, as long as the formation of protoplanets is completed within a given disk lifetime. We perform a parameter study and examine how the abundance of chondrules and the timing of their formation change. We find that the impact jetting scenario generally works reasonably well for a certain range of parameters, while more dedicated work would be needed to include other physical processes that are neglected in this work and to examine their effects on chondrule formation.
CYTOKINE RESPONSE ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS CLEARANCE IN HIV COINFECTED PATIENTS INITIATING PEG INTERFERON- BASED THERAPY.
Authors: Nguyen Truong Tam , Niloofar Reihani , Rubbo Pierre-Alain , Nils Kuster , Bollore Karine , Ducos Jacques , Pageaux Georges-Philippe , Reynes Jacques , Van de Perre Philippe , Tuaillon Edouard 
Published: December 2015

Background: Treatment against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection based on peginterferon-a (pegIFNa) and ribavirin induces important changes on cytokine release and T cell activation.Objective: Immune response to pegIFNa-ribavirin therapy was explored in patients coinfected by HCV and HIV.Methods: Concentrations of 25 cytokines and CD8+ T cell activation were monitored in HCV/HIV coinfected patients classified as sustained virological responders (SVR, n=19) and non-responders (NR, n=11). Results: High pretreatment concentrations of IP-10 (CXCL-10) and MCP-1 (CCL-2) were associated with poor anti-HCV response. PegIFNa-ribavirin therapy increased CD8+ T cell activation and induced significant changes in levels of eleven cytokines related to both Th1 and Th2 responses in SVR (IL-1b, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12p40/70, IL-13, IP-10, eotaxin, MCP-1) but only six cytokines in NR (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-5, IL-12p40/70, IL-13, eotaxin). Highest rise in MIP-1b and MCP-1 levels was observed four weeks after anti-HCV treatment initiation in SVR compared to NR (p=0.002 and p=0.03, respectively), whereas a decrease of IL-8 concentration was associated with treatment failure (p= 0.052).Conclusions: Higher and broader cytokine responses to pegIFNa-ribavirin therapy were observed in SVR patients compared to NR. Changes in IL-8, MIP-1b and MCP-1 serum concentrations may be associated with efficacy of pegIFNa- and ribavirin-based therapies in patients coinfected by HCV and HIV.
FEATURES OF ADOLESCENTS TUBERCULOSIS AT A REFERRAL TB'S HOSPITAL IN TEHRAN, IRAN
Authors: Lotfian Ferial , Bolursaz Mohammad Reza , Khalilzadeh Soheila , Baghaie Noshin , Hassanzad Maryam , Velayati Aliakbar 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOBJECTIVE: To identify the pattern of the clinical, radiological, diagnostic procedures and loss to follow -up of the diagnosed cases of active tuberculosis (TB) adolescents.METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 143 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years with tuberculosis who were admitted TB wards of National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD) in Tehran, Iran, between March 2006 and March2011. RESULTS: Of the 143 patients identified, 62.9% were females. Median age of the patients was 16 years. The contact source was identified in 47.5%.The most common presenting symptom was cough (86%).Isolated pulmonary TB (PTB) was detected in 113 patients (79%), 21 patients (14.7%) had extrapulmonary TB(EPTB), and 9 patients (6.3%) had PTB and EP TB .The most common site of EPTB was pleural (14%) .The most common radiographic finding was infiltration (61%).Positive acid fast smears were seen in 67.8%.Positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M. TB) were seen in 31.6%. Positive PCR results were seen in 60%.The adolescents aged 15 to 18 years were more likely to lose weight (p=0.001), smear positive (p=0.002)and have positive PCR results (p=0.009). The type of TB (p=0.017) was a significant factor influencing loss to follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with the high rate of positive sputum smear results and the high treatment default rate are more likely to increase risk for TB transmission to the community. The TB control programs should pay more attention to prevention and treatment of TB in adolescents. Key words: adolescents, tuberculosis, Lost to follow-up, prevention
La investigación en comunicación con metodología BigData
Authors: López Cantos Francisco 
Published: December 2015

Las tecnologías digitales están facilitando nuevas herramientas y metodologías de análisis en el ámbito de la comunicación, al igual que en otras áreas de investigación. En este trabajo abordamos los aspectos relacionados con la investigación [1] en comunicación con la metodología Big Data, que está creando muchas expectativas y está dando buenos resultados en otros ámbitos científicos. Metodología: Tomamos como corpus de trabajo un conjunto de artículos y utilizamos sobre esa muestra las técnicas de análisis y representación de Big Data como metodología de análisis de contenido para valorar su pertinencia y efectividad. Conclusiones: Como resultado de nuestro estudio podemos concluir que esta metodología en nuestra área de conocimiento puede ser de utilidad pero tiene una efectividad limitada.
On Polynomial Maximum Entropy Method for Classical Moment Problem
Authors: Ding Jiu , Rhee Noah H. , Zhang Chenhua 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe maximum entropy method for the Hausdorff moment problem suffers from ill conditioning as it uses monomial basis {1,x,x2,...,xn}. The maximum entropy method for the Chebyshev moment probelm was studied to overcome this drawback in. In this paper we review and modify the maximum entropy method for the Hausdorff and Chebyshev moment problems studied in and present the maximum entropy method for the Legendre moment problem. We also give the algorithms of converting the Hausdorff moments into the Chebyshev and Lengendre moments, respectively, and utilizing the corresponding maximum entropy method.
Reduction of Numerical Oscillations in Simulating Moving-Boundary Problems by the Local DFD Method
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhou Chunhua 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this work, the hybrid solution reconstruction formulation proposed by Luo et al. [H. Luo, H. Dai, P. F. de Sousa and B. Yin, On the numerical oscillation of the direct-forcing immersed-boundary method for moving boundaries, Computers & Fluids, 56 (2012), pp. 61–76] for the finite-difference discretization on Cartesian meshes is implemented in the finite-element framework of the local domain-free discretization (DFD) method to reduce the numerical oscillations in the simulation of moving-boundary flows. The reconstruction formulation is applied at fluid nodes in the immediate vicinity of the immersed boundary, which combines weightly the local DFD solution with the specific values obtained via an approximation of quadratic polynomial in the normal direction to the wall. The quadratic approximation is associated with the no-slip boundary condition and the local simplified momentum equation. The weighted factor suitable for unstructured triangular and tetrahedral meshes is constructed, which is related to the local mesh intervals near the immersed boundary and the distances from exterior dependent nodes to the boundary. Therefore, the reconstructed solution can account for the smooth movement of the immersed boundary. Several numerical experiments have been conducted for two- and three-dimensional moving-boundary flows. It is shown that the hybrid reconstruction approach can work well in the finite-element context and effectively reduce the numerical oscillations with little additional computational cost, and the spatial accuracy of the original local DFD method can also be preserved.
A High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Two-Dimensional Time-Domain Maxwell’s Equations on Curved Mesh
Authors: Lu Hongqiang , Xu Yida , Gao Yukun , Qin Wanglong , Sun Qiang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, a DG (Discontinuous Galerkin) method which has been widely employed in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is used to solve the two-dimensional time-domain Maxwell’s equations for complex geometries on unstructured mesh. The element interfaces on solid boundary are treated in both curved way and straight way. Numerical tests are performed for both benchmark problems and complex cases with varying orders on a series of grids, where the high-order convergence in accuracy can be observed. Both the curved and the straight solid boundary implementation can give accurate RCS (Radar Cross-Section) results with sufficiently small mesh size, but the curved solid boundary implementation can significantly improve the accuracy when using relatively large mesh size. More importantly, this CFD-based high-order DG method for the Maxwell’s equations is very suitable for complex geometries.
Modelling the initial expansion of the Neolithic out of Anatolia
Authors: Brami Maxime , Zanotti Andrea 
Published: December 2015

Using the space-time distribution of 1162 uniformly recalibrated dates from 71 sites in Asia Minor, the Aegean Basin, Southern Thrace and Macedonia, this article presents geostatistical (kriging) and graphical simulations of the Neolithic expansion out of Anatolia. How fast was the advance of the agricultural pioneer front? Did it proceed in a single wave, moving at a steady pace, or did it involve instead long periods of stasis, punctuated by rapid advances? The article suggests that the expansion was more arrhythmic than linear. The spread of farming halted in Central Anatolia for several hundred years, before quickly expanding into Europe.
“A dor e a delícia” do internato de atenção primária em saúde: desafios e tensões
Authors: Bezerra Daniela Fontes , Adami Fernando , Reato Lígia de Fátima Nóbrega , Akerman Marco 
Published: December 2015

Introdução: As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o curso de Medicina sinalizaram a necessidade de formar um médico capaz de atuar conforme as necessidades de saúde da população visando o fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde. A implantação de um estágio, na área de Atenção Primaria à saúde, na Faculdade de Medicina ABC, resultou em uma reforma mais ampliada do internato médico. Objetivo: Identificar a percepção dos estudantes quanto a inserção do ciclo de Atenção Primária à Saúde (CAPS) no internato médico. Métodos: Estudo transversal que utilizou um questionário fechado, aplicados aos estudantes do 5º e 6º anos, totalizando 157 participantes, em 2011 abordando os aspectos teóricos e práticos do CAPS. Resultados: Chamou a atenção na comparação entre o 5º e 6º anos do Ciclo de Atenção Primaria à Saúde: o CAPS no 5º ano teve o maior número de quesitos respondidos com regular e fraco, enquanto que o 6º ano teve um grande número respondido com ótimo e bom. Observaram‑se diferenças marcantes quanto à percepção dos estudantes entre os aspectos abordados do CAPS entre os estudantes do 5º e 6º, com destaque para maior grau de satisfação com o 6º ano (UBS tradicional) do que com o 5º ano Estratégia de saúde da família (ESF). Conclusão: Há indícios de que os respondentes validaram a implementação do CAPS, mas ainda restam desafios e tensões quanto à estruturação e integração ensino e serviço.